XOpOlliO OpraHI130BaHHbIf'r BHVTpH3aBO.rr.CKHH X03paCIJ:eT cnOc06cTByeT Y."Iyq-
llieHlI10 OpraHH3aUHH npOH3BO.rr.C'TBa, BHe.rr.peHHIO HOBOH TeXHHKH, nepe.n.OBOH
TeXHOJ"IOrHH, npOHBlIeHHIO HHHUHaTHBbI Tpy.rr.Hrn.HXCH.


r.n a Ba XVIII
onEPATMBHO-KA
EH
APHOE n
AHMPOBAHME
B CEPMfmOM npOH3BO,lJ.CTBE


OCHOBHOH oco6eHHOCTbIO KalIeH.rr.apHoro n.'IaHlIpOBaHHH B cepHHHoM npo-
1I3BOlJ.CTBe HBJIHeTCH CTporaH nOBTopHeMOCTb H3rOTOB.'IeHHH napTHH .rr.eTaJIeH,
C60pKH C60P0IJ:HbIX e.n.HHHU H H3.rr.e.'IHH. u03TOMY BonpOCbI YCTaHOB."IeHHH H co-
6JIIO;r,eHHH KaJIeH.n.apHO-n.i"IaHOBbIX HopMaTHBOB npHo6peTaIOT BeCb!\Ia cyrn.e-
CTBeHHoe 3Ha<IeHHe.
B cepuHHoM npOH3Bo.rr.CTBe K KaJIeH.rr.apHo-n.'IaHOBbIM HopMaTHBaM OTHO-
CHTCH: pa3MepbI H pHTlVIbI napTHH .n.eTaJIeH; )J.JIHTe.'IbHOCTb npm!3Bo.n.CTBeHHbIX
UHKJIOB 06pa60TKH napTHH )J.eTaJIeH, C60PKH C60PO<IHbIX e)J.HHHU H H3.rr.eJIHH;
onepeJKeHHH 3anycKa H BbInYCKa napTHH )J.eTaJIeH H C60PO<IHbIX eJ],HHHU.



 1. PaCqeT pa3MepoB H pHTMOB napTH"
eTaJIeH
06pa60TKa )J.eTaJIeH napTHHMH npoH3Bo)J.HTCH Ha Tex pa60<IHX MeCTax, r.n:e
BbInOJIHHeTCH HeCKOJIbKO pa3JIH<IHbIX onepaUHH.
Pa3Mep napTHH )J.eTaJIeH HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM KaJIeH)J.apHO-nJIaHOBbIM HOp-
MaTHBOM, OT Hero 3aBHCHT Bce OCTaJIbHbIe KaJIeH.rr.apHO-nJIaHOBbIe HopMaTHBbI.
PHTMH<IHbIH 3anycK H BbIllYCK napTHH )J.eTaJIeH Ha pa60<IeM MeCTe (rrpH nOJIHOH
3arp)'3Ke ero) MOJKeT 6blTb J].OCTHrHYT TOJIbKO npH C06JIIO)J.eHHH COOTHOllieHHH
MeJK)J.y pHTMaMH H .n.J1HTeJIbHOCTblO 06pa60TKH rrapTHH )J.eTa.'IeH Ha )J.aHHOM pa60-
<IeM MeCTe, onpe)J.eJIHeMbIX ypaBHeHHeM 1






I Rd = Tna
 [
: J + Tn6 B [
: ] + ... + T nKA
 [ R
J ' (XVIII.I)


rjJ.e K A - IJ:HCJIO HaHMeHOBaHHH .n:eTaJIeH, 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIX Ha )J.aHHOM pa60QeM
MeCTe; Rd - pHTM napTHH )J.eTaJ1eH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH; Rat R(j, . . -, RKn-
pHTM napTHH )J.eTaJIeH a, 6, . . ., K A ; T na T n(j' . .., T nKJI. - npO)J.OJIJKHTeJIb-
HOCTb 06pa60Tl<H rrapTHH )J.eTaJIeH a, 6, . . ., K A no BceM onepallHHM, BbIllOJIHHe-
MbIM Ha )J.aHHOM pa60<IeM MeCTe.
YpaBHeHHe (XVIII.I) rrOJIY<IaeTCH CJIe)J.YIOrn.HM 06pa30M. 3a BpeMH o.n:Horo
pHTMa napTHH, HarrpHMep )J.eTaJIH a, He06xo.n.HMO 06pa60TaTb O)J.HY rrapTHIO
J].eTaJIeH a, [ :: ] napTHH .n:eTaJIeH 6 H T. )J.., T. e. )J.OJIJKHO 6bITb C06JIIO)J.eHo
CJIeJ].YIOrn.ee P aBeHCTBO:
Ra = [
: ] T na + [ i:J T n6 + . . . + [ :;J T nKp'


HanHcaB aHa,7lOrHIJ:HbIe paBeHcTBa .n:J1H pHTMOB napTHH )J.eTaJIeH Bcex Ha-
HMeHoBaHHH, 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIx Ha )J.aHHOM pa60qeM MeCTe, H npocYMMHpoBaB
HX, nOJIY<IHM ypaBHeHHe (XVIII. I), C06JIIOJ].eHHe KOToporo
JIH Bcex pa60QHX


I 3neCb II B JJ:aJIbHeH:IIIeM KB3JJ.paTHbre CK06Kll 03HallaWT, liTO nO.'!YlIeHHyro B cKo6Kax BeJIH-
lIllHY HY)KHO oKpyr JIllTb JJ:0 6JIll)KaHIlIerO 60.'!bIlIero u.eJIoro lIllCJ1a.


303




MeeT B03MO}!{HO, KaK rrpaBH.'IO, TOJIbKO rrpH 0.n.HHaKOBbIX pHT:\taX napTHH .rr.eTaJleH
BceX HaHMeHOBaHHH.
Cl1eil.OBaTe.1bHO, )J..15I il.OCTH}!{eHII5I pHTMHIJ:HOH pa60TbI Ha KaJK.IT.OM pa60<IeM
:\!eCTe He06xo,.1HMO CTpe
IHTbCH K TOMY, <IT06bI pHTMbI (pa3!\1epbI) napTHH 06pa-
6aTbIBaeMbIX .n.eTaJIeH 6bI.1H paBHbIMH.
1> 1eJK il.Y pHTMOM H pa3MepOM napT!IH .n:eTa.1eif U;\feeTCH 3aBUCIUWCTb, onpe-
1].e.1eHHaH cpOplllYJ10H (11.6),


R = nr.


Y<IHTbIBaH, <ITO corJlaCHO <p0pMy.le (11.4)
<1>;
r= 'vB


,il..ilH cepHI1Horo npOH3EOJ],CTE3 MOJKHO HanHcaTb TaKYIO 3aBHCIIMOCTb:
n = RNiJ,H H R = . \
 ,
, ;(H


.


ere N;(H - Cpe,.1He;rHeBHOH BbIlI)"CK lI.eTa.1eH.
n03TOMY, onpe;:r,e.1JIB pZ3:\fep rrapTliH ,.1eTa.le;1,
IbI no.1YQE:\I H punI napnm,
TaK KaK Ni1,B eCTb Be.1HQUHa nOCTOHHHaH. H Hao6opOT, onpe;J.eilIIB pIITl\I napTHH,
MbI HaH.lleM pa3:-'iep napnm ,.1eTa.1eH.
npH O,.1HHaKoBbIX pHnrax ;'I..l5I .J.eTa.leii Bcex HaIfl\feHOBaHHH pa3MepbI nap-
THM ,lI,eTa"leH onp e .D. e .leHHbIX HaH;\IeHOBaHHlf 6Y.J.YT nponopu H OHa.1bHbl cpe.rr.He-
,lI,HeBHOMY BbIlI)"CKY HX, KOTOpbIH pa3J1HIJ:eH ..'!..15I ,'J,eTa.leH pa3.1H{IHbIX HaHMe-
HOBaHHH. C. 1Je .llOBaTe.lbHO, B 3TOM c.1Y<Iae pa3:-.repbI napnIH 6Y)J.YT pa3.'IHQHbIMH
lW5I pa3JIH<IHbIX HaH:\!eHOBaH!lH ,.1eTa.leiL
Pa3Mep rrapTHll ;J.eTa.1eH OKa3bIBaeT CYIllenBeHHoe B.1HHHHe Ha rrpOH3BOlJ;H-
Te.lJbHOCTb Tpy.n.a pa60<Iero, ce6eCTOH:\IOCTb 06pa60TKII )J.eTa.'Iel'I, ,lI,JIHTeJIbHOCTb
npOIf3BO.llCTBeHHoro uIIK.la H 06beNI He3aBepllieHHoro npOI!3BO)J.CTBa.
upOH3BO,ll,HTe.!lbHOCTb TpY,.1a paCTeT C YBe.'IHllemreM pa3i\Iepa napnm .n.eTa-
JleH, Bo-nepBbJX, Bc.'Ie.n.CTBHe npH06peTeHHH pa60{HnIH npu 06pa6OTKe KaJK)J.OH
O<Iepel{HOH .i1eTa.1H Bce 66.lblilHX HaBbIKOB B BbIilO.1HeHHU .n.BHJKeHHH H npHeMOB,
<ITO npHBO.llHT K cOKpaIlleHi-IIO cpaKTH<IeCKHX 3aTpaT lllTYIJ:HOrO BpeMeHH H3 06pa-
60TKY .lI.eTaJIeH. PY'-!Hoe Bpe:\Hr cOKpaIllaeTCH B 60.1JbllieH Mepe, <IeM MalliHHHoe
HJJH MalliHHHO-PY<IHoe. uPOlI3BO,ll,HTe.lbHOCTb TPY.lI. a C YBeJIH<IeHHeM pa3Mepa
napTHH .n.eTaJJeH 6bICTpO paneT .1Hllib .n.o onpe,.1e.'IeHHOro npe.n.eJIa, 3aTeM pOCT
3aM e .llJJHeTCH. 3TO 06b5ICHHeTCH TeM, <ITO nOBbIllieHHe HaBbIKOB pa60<IHX npHBO.llHT
K 3a!\1eTHOMY t OCTY rrpOH3B0..1IfTe.lbHOCTH Tpy.n. a .'Il1llib )J.O onpe,ll,eJ1eHHoro npe-
)J.eJla. BO-BTOPbIX, npOH3BO.J,HTe.'IbHCCTb TpY.E(a paCTeT 3a C<IeT cOKpaIllemI5I .n.OJIH
nO)J.rOTOBHTeJIbHO-3aKJ11O{HITe.lbHoro Bpe:lieHIi, npHXO,il.Hrn.eHCH Ha O.D.HY lliTYKY.
Ce6eCTOHMOCTb .rr.eTa.'IH CHI1JKaeTCH npu YBe.'IH<IeHHH pa3Mepa rrapTHIf 3a
CIIeT YMeHbllieHIIH 3apa6OTHOH n.'IaTbI pa60Qero H YCJIOBHO-nOCT05IHHbIX HaKJIa.n.-
HbIX paCXO.llOB, npHxo;J.5IIllHXCH Ha O.J.HY lliTYKy, BCJIe)J.CTBHe YMeHblileHHH )J.OJIH
nO.llrOTOBHTeJIbHO-3aK.llO<IHTe..-lbHoro BpeMeHH Ha O.llHY lliTYKY H COKparn.eHHH
cpar<TIIQeClmro lliTY<IHOrO BpeMeHH o6pa60TlUI .n:eTa.'IeH.
LtnHTeJIbHOCTb npOH3Bo.n.CTBeHHoro UHKJIa H BeJIH<IHHa H€3aBepllleHHoro
rrpOH3BO.llCTBa, KaK 6y.n.eT rrOKa3aHO HHJKe, YBe.'IH<IHBaIOTCH C YBe.'IU<IeHHeM pa3-
Mepa napTHH il.€TaJIeH.
3TH rrpOTHBOpeIJHBbIe lpaKTopbI Y<IIITbIBaJOTCH nYTeM onpe,!l,e.'IeHH5I onTH-
MaJIbHOro pHTMa (pa3:\fepa) napTHH. OH onpe.n.e.'IHeTC5I KaK e,.1UHbIH .n.JI5I Bcex
ll.eTaJJeii II H3)J.e.'IHH no RceM uexa:-.f.
E.llUHbIH pHTM napTHH .n.eTa.1eH He TO.'lbKO cnOC06C'fBYeT ll.OCTHJKeHHIO paBHO-
MepHoro BbIlIYCKa np0..1)'KUH.H, HO If yrrpoIllaeT onepaTHBHo-npOH3BOJ],CTBeHHoe
rrJIaHHpOBaHHe, OpraHl-I3aUHIO H n.1aHHpOBaHHe MaTepHa.'IbHOrO 06eCne<IeHHH
II CKJIa.llCKoro X03HikTBa; Y:lIeHblliaeT He3aBeplileHHoe npOH3BO.!l,CTBO 3a C<IeT
JJHKBH.n.allIIII 060pOTHbrx 3a,.1e.10B II 60.1ee paB!IO:llepI:!Oir pa60TbI; COKpar.u.aeT
TpY.llOeMKOCTb paCIJ:eTcl K<I.!1eH,.1apHo-n.laHOBbIX HOpMaTlfBOB.
304




O)J.HaKO B p 5I .lle c.'IY<IaeB MorYT 6bITb OTK.I0HeHU5I OT e;r.HHoro pHTMa napTHH,
11, B IJ:aCTHOCTH, OH YMeHblllaeTC5I npH 06pa6OTKe J],eTa.leH Ha nOTO<IHbIX JIHHHHX
H YBe.'IHIJ:HBaeTCH Ha Y3KHX MeCTax H Ha pa60<IHX MeCTax, rJ],e Bpe:\iH Ha nepe-
Ha
a;r.KY 060py;r.OBaHHH )J.OCTaTOQHO Be.'IHKO.
OnTm.'I3,HbHbIH pHDI napTHH ;.r.eTa.len .D.0.1JKeH onpe;J.e.1HTbCH H3 yc.l0BH5I,
IJ:T06bI CYMMa 3aTpaT C Ha H3rOTOB.leHlfe Bcex U3,J.e.1HH H cpe,J.CTB, B.'IOJKeHHbIX
B He33BepllleHHoe npOH3BO;J.CTBO, nOi\iHOJKeHHbIX Ha HOpi\lY HapOJ],HOX035IHCTBeH-
HOH 3qxpeKTlfBHOCTII KanHTaJ1bHbIX B.I0JKeHHH E H , 6bI.la MHHHMa.1bHOH,l T. e.
He06xo;J.H
iO, IJ:To6bl


K H3 KR3
C = 1:c I13 . +EH L Z"3. = min,
j=l J j=l J


(XVIIL2)


r)J.e K1!3 - <IHC.'IO HalIMeHoBaHHH H3;r.e;lHH, BbrnycKaeilibIx 3aBO.D.Oill; C1!3' - 3a-
I
TpaTbI Ha H3rOTOB.leHHe o;.r.Horo H3,J.e.1HH j-ro HaJI:IleHOBaHHH, py6'/U3J]..; ZH3' -
!
CBH3bIBaHHe cpe,J,cTB B He3aBepllieHHoM npoH3Bo,J.cTBe npH H3rOTOB.leHHH H3.D.e-
JIlIlI j-ro HaUMeHOBaHH5I, py6./H3J]..
3aTpaTbI Ha H3rOTOB.leHHe H3)J.e.nm'I COCTOHT II3 3aTpaT Ha H3rOTOB.leHHe
;J.eTa.'IeH H C60PKY C60P0<IHbIX e;r.HHHU H H3;r.e.'IHH. [loc.1e.D.HHe He 3aBHCHT OT
pllTrl13 napTHl! ;r.eTa.leH. C.le;r.OBaTeJIbHO, norm MOJKHO npHH5ITb, "lTO 3aTpaTbI Ha
1I3rOTOB.:leHHe H3;J.e.1UH C1!3j 6y;r.YT paBHbI 3aTpaTaM Ha 06pa60TKY )!.eT3JleH C Oj _
BeJIHIJ:HHa CO' onpe.D.e.l5IeTC5I no 1p0pMy.le
J


K Aj ( Kond )
C o .=
 L C O ' dk +C"'d '
J d=l k=l J J


(XVIII.3)


r)J.e Kjj.i - IJ:HC,;'10 HaHMeHoBaHHH )J.eTaJleH, BXO.ll,Hrn.HX B H3)J.e;me j-ro HaHMe-.
HOBaHH'5J; Kond - <IUCJIO onepaUHH, BbIll0.1HHeMbIx B npou ecce 06P36OTI{lI
,D.eTaJIH d-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH; C Ojdk - 3aTpaTbI Ha 06pa60Tl{y no k-H onepaU HH
,D.eT3JIeH d-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH, HJ].yrn.HX Ha O.rr.HO H3.D.e.'1He j-ro HaHMeHOBaHIf5I,
py6./H3)J..; C M ., - 3aTpaTbI Ha OCHOBHbIe MaTepHa.'Ibl Ha .lleTa.'1H d-ro HaHMeHO-
I..
BaHH5I, H.lI.yrn.HX Ha O.D.HO H3)J.eJIHe j-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH, py6./ H3 .J..
LlJIH BbIHBJleHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH C Oidk OT pHTMa napTHH .D.eTaJ'1eH ueJIeco06-
pa3HO onpeJ].eJIHTb BenHqHHY C Ojdk no 1p0pMYJIe


C Ojdk = 30jdk + CnCTjdk + CnePjdk'


(XVIII. 4)


r.n:e 30jdk - 3apa6OTHaH nJIaTa 3a 06pa6OTKY Ha k-H onepaUHH ;r.eTa.lel! d-ro
HaHMeHOBaHHH, H,il.yrn.HX Ha O;r.HO H3.D.e
lHe j-ro HaHMeHOB3HHH, py6'/H3,il..; CnCTjdk
H CnePjdk - YCJIOBHO-nocToHHHble H YCJI0BHo-nepeMeHHbIe HaKJIa)I.HbIe pac-
XO,D.bI, npHxo.n.5Irn.HecH Ha k-IO onepaUHIO )J.eTa.:leH d-ro H3HMeHOB3HHH, HJ].yrn. HX
Ha O)J.HO H3)J.eJIHe j-ro HaHMeHOB3HHH, py6.1H3J],.
BeJIHqHHa 30jdk onpe.D.eJIH€Tc5J no 1p0pMYJIe
3 - 3 ( t ...L IT3 jdk )
O ' dk - q ' dk UJ7' d k I t ,
1 1 I n;dk


(XVIII. 5)


r .ll. e 3 - QaCOBa5J Ta p ll'+'HaH CTaBKa P a60t:J.ero, BbIllO,;'1HHIOrn.ero k-IO one p a-
'I ;dk 't' .
U.HIO no ):LeTa.'1H d-ro H3HMeHOBaHHH .lI.JI5I 1I3;I.e.1HH j-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH, py6./Q;
t. II t n3 - Ho p Ma lliTV<IHOrO H nOJ].roToBHTeJIbHO-3aKJIlOqHTeJIbHOrO
UJT ldk Idk J
BpeMeHH no k-H onepaUHH J].eTa;m d-ro HaHl\leHOBaHHH H3.n.eJIHH j-ro HaHC\leHO-


I .'\\eTOJ.!!KY paClIeTa et.: C. ,\. Co K 0 .1 H UbI H. P",ClIeT e;ulHoro onTH)..!a.1bHoro pa3Mepa
napTHH .J.eTa.leH. - B c6. TPYJ.OB .nnn «3KOHOMHKa
!allJHHOCTpoeHHH», 1963, .1\11 227.


305




no H3,!1,e
lHIO foro HaHMeHOBaHHH.
HopMa lliTYIJ:HOrO Bpe!\feHH YCTaHaB.'lHBaeTCH KaK Cpe,D.HHH BeJIll<IHHa npH
onpe)J.e,;'1eHHOM pa3!\Iepe napTHH )J.eTaJIeH, C YBeJIH<IeHHeM KOToporo lpaKTH<IeCKHe
3aTpaTbI lllTY<IHOrO BpeMeHH YMeHbllialOTcH, H Ha06opOT. 3aBHcHMoCTb MeJKJJ.Y
pa3MepoM napTHH .n.eTa.'leH no H lpaKTH<IeCKHM lliTY<IHbIM BpeMeHeM t
lT MOJKeT
6bITb BbIpaJKeHa B C-:leJJ.YIOI.IJ.e:lf TaKOM BH.n.e: 1
n

, 0 !lIT
t lilT = --.£. ,
n a


(XVIII.6)


r;J.e no - pa3!\Iep napTHIf J],eTa.lel'I, npH KOTOpOM }TTaHaB.1IfBaeTCH HOp!\fa lliTY<I-
Horo BpeMeHH; ex - nOKa3aTe.lb CTeneHH I!3!\feHeHH5I lllTYIJ:HOrO BpeMeHH npH
H3MeHeHHH pa3!\lepa napTIm J],eTaJIeH; t WTo - lllTY<IHOe BpeMH npH pa3Mepe nap-
THH ,lLeTa.'IeH, paBHOM no; n - pa3Mep napTHH .rr.eTa.'Iel'I, OT.i1H<IalOrn.eHCH OT no'
upaKTHIJ:eCKH Me HOp:lW illTY<IHOrO BpeMeHH, a C,;le.n.OBaTe.'IbHO, H BenH-
IJ:HHa 30jdk oCTaeTCH HeH3!\feHHOH J],O Tex nop, nOKa pa3!\Iep napTHH J],eTa.rreH
pe3KO He H3I\!eHHTC5I.
YC.'IOBHO-nOCTOHHHbIe HaK.la.rr.HbIe paCXO,lLbI. npHXO,D.Hrn.HeCH Ha o.n.HY J].eTa,;'1e-
onepaUMlO, nponopUHOHa.'IbHbI lpaKTH<IeCKHIII 3aTpaTaM illTY<IHO-Ka.'1bKy.'HIUH-
OHHoro BpeMeHH. D03TOl\iY MOJKHO HanHC3Tb, IJ:TO


( [' a t' )
C - C' lilTojdknOjdk + n.a jdk
IICTjdk - nCT a n.'
h 1dk Idk


(XVIII. 7)


rJ],e C
CT - YC.'10BHO-nOCTOHHHbIe HaK.'13.lI.HbIe paCXOl{bI, npHxo.rr.HI.IJ.HeCH Ha 1 q
o6pa60TKH .'J.eTaJIeH, npHHHMaeMble o.rr.HHaKOBbIl\fll .lI..'IH Bcex )J.eTaJIeH no H3.lI.e-
JIHHM Bcex HaHMeHoBaHHH, py6.1IJ:; t
T - dk H t
 3. k - lpaKTH<IeCKHe 3aTpaTbI
01 . Id.
illTY<IHOrO H nO)J.rOTOBHTe,;lbHO-3aK,;'1IO<IHTe.lbHoro BpeMeHH no k-H OnepaUlnI
,!I,eTaJIH d-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH H3.n.eJIHH j-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH, cKoppeKTHpoBaHHble
C Y<IeTOM npoueHTa BbIllO.'1HeHHH HX pa60IJ:HMH, IJ:/H3J],. H <I.
YC.l0BHo-nepel\feHHbIe HaKJIaJ],HbIe pacxo)J.bI (pacxo)J. YHHBepCaJIbHOrO HH-
cTpYMeHTa, 3JIeKTp03HeprHH Ha 06pa6oTl{Y .lI.eTaJIeH If )J.p.) no cpaBHeHHIO
C yCJIOBHO-nocTOHHHbIMH - He3Ha<IHTeJIbHbI, H HX MOJKHO B paC<IeT He npHHHMaTb.
Y<IHTbIBaH, <ITO .


njdk = RjdkNjJ.Hjdk'


(X VIII. 8)


I
i


::
..
:::
3
..
..
.,






j


H nO)J.CTaBHB B IpOPMY.'1)' (XVII 1.4) 3Ha<IeHHH 30jdk H CnCTjdk H3 Ip0P-
MY.'1 (XVIII.5) If (XVIII.7), MOJKHO HanHcaTb


c' [' R a
C 3 t + nCT lilTojdk 0 jdk ...L
°jdk = qjdk UlTojdk I
R'tdk


3 t + c' ['
...L qjdk n3jdk nCT n3jdk
I N R
AH jdk jdk


Dprr O.lumaKOBbIX pHTMax napTHH 3aTpaTbI Ha 06pa6oTKY napTHH .n.eTa,;'1eu
d-ro HaH!\IeHOBaHHH 6Y.'J.YT paBHbI
I 6jd ! Bjd
C Ojd = ajd I Ra ,. R' (XVIII. g)


] :''JTa 3aBllcHMOCTb YCTaHOBJIeHa pH./{OM HCCJ1epOBaTeJleH Ha OCHOBaHHll 06pa60TKll
lHoro-
fHc.'IeHHbIX Ha6.1IO;!eHHiL Be.1HlIHHa a KO.le6.1eTCH B npepe.lax 0,05-0,2.
J06








rAe


Ken
d
aid = L 3 q , 'dkt/JlTO I 'dk;
k=l


Kon d

 ' a
6id =
 CncTtwT . dk Ro' dk '
k=l 01 I'


Kond
Bid =

k=l


N 1 ( 3q;dktn. 3idk + C
ci
. 3idk )
IJ,H idk


3aTpaTbI Ha 06pa6OTKY Bcex )J.eTaJIeH, H)J.yrn.HX Ha O,D.HO H3.n:eJIHe j-ro HaHMe-
HOBaHHH, 6YJ].YT onpe)J.eJIHTbCH no 1p0pMYJIe
u , E'. B:
C Rsi = Ai + R
 + + + CMf' (XVIII.10)


rJJ.e


KlJ, . KOfid
. 1
Ai = L L 3 q . dk f/JlT 'dk;
d=l k=l 1 01


KlJ,. Kon d
. 1
E i = C ncT L L tUJTOidkJ{{; , "dk;
d=l k=l


K1J.j Kond
B;=


d=l k=l


N 1 ( 3Qidktn,sidk + C
cTt
'Sidk ) ;
lJ,Hjdk


K1J.i
CM' = L C M . d .
1 d=l 1


CB5I3bIBaHHe cpe)J.CTB B He3aBeplieHHml npOH3Bo.rr.CTBe no H3)J.eJIHIO CKJIa-
)J.bIBaerCH H3 CYMMbI CB5I3bIBaHHH cpeJ].CTB B npouecce 06pa60TKH )J.eTaJIeH, HX
npOJIeJKHBaHHH nepe.n: C60pKOH H 3a BpeMH HaXOJK,D.eHH5I B npouecce c60plm.
upH O.llHHaKOBbIX pa3Mepax napTHH .n.eTaJIeH o.rr.Horo H Toro JKe HaHMeHO-
BaHHH no BceM uexaM, B KOTOpbIX npOH3BO)J.HTCH 06pa6OTKa, BeJIHIJ:HHa CBH3bJ-
BaHH5I cpe)J.CTB B rrpOllecce 06pa6OTKH OJJ.HOH napTHH .n:eTaJIen orr pe.rr.eJIHeTCH ,
KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. (XVIII.1), nJIorn.a)J.blO, OrpaHH<IeHHOH JIOMaHOH JIHHHeH.
3aMeHa JIOMaHOH JIHHHH np5IMOH )J.aeT He3HaIJ:HTeJIbHYIO norpelliHOCTb, He HMe-
IOrn.YIO 3Ha<IeHHH .D.JIH npaKTH<IeCKHX paC<IeTOB. Tor.n:a, COrJIaCHO pHC. XVIII. 1,
CBH3bIBaHHe Cpe.llCTB B npouecce 06pa60TKH OAHOH rrapTHH )J.eTaJIeH (ZOnjd)
6YJ].eT paBHo


[ c + c ]
M'd °id
ZOnjd = njd J 2 T u;d'


r)J.e TIJ,jd - )J.JIHTeJIbHOCTb npOH3BO)J.CTBeHHOrO UHKJIa, 06pa6OTlm napTHH JJ.eTa-
JIeH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH j-ro H3,D.eJJH5I BO Bcex uexax.
CB5I3bIBaHHe Cpe.D.CTB, rrpHXO.n.5Irn.eeCH Ha OJ].HH KOMrrJIeKT )J.eraJIeH ZOid' 6y.n. eT
B njd pa3 MeHblie, T. e.


Z = [ C Mjd +COjd ] Tu..
0jd 2 id,


(XVIII. H)


301




BeJIHqHHa TI1.;I1' K3K BH.n.HO H3 pHC. XVIII.1, MO)!{eT 6bITb IIp e .n.CTaBJIeHa
B EH.lle


r.n.e T
T' d - cYMMa lpaKTH<IeClmX 3aTpaT IlITYQHOrO BpeMeHH no BceM olIepa-
J .
UHHM BO Bcex uexax .D.E:'TaJIH d-ro HaHJ\IeHOBaHHH foro H3.n.enHH IIPH pa3Mepe nap-
THH, paBHOM njd; KOnjd - qHCJIO onepauHH, BbInOJIH5IeMbIX BO Bcex uexax )J.JI5I
06pa60TKH .n.eTaJIH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH j-ro H3.llenHH; t MO - MeJKOnepauHoHHoe
BpeMH (npHHHMaeTcH O)l.HHaKOBbIM .n.JIH Bcex UeXOB); KU.jd - <IHC,;'10 ueXOB.


T U;d = n;dT
T;d + T
3/d + Kon;JMo + (KUjd - 1) T pe3 ,


{XVIII. 12)


1
I I
I
!
I
, :::.,
I ""I
It:),


I ""I
!
I
1 ""I
I I 1
.....


,
I
1:1: I,,\::!
:::,1 ...,
;:'1"
RI.

q,1

"'I

I

I
B perm


.
.


I
I


{/
Tqjd


Tqjd


PRC. XVIII. I. fpa<pRK CBH3bIBaHHH cpe.nCTB B npo.
u.ecce 06paoOTKH OJlHOH napTllll .neTa
eH


B KOTOpbIX npoH3BO)J.HTC5I o6pa6OTKa .n.aHHOH .lleTaJIH; T pl!,3- pe3epBHoe onepe-
}!{eHHe MeJK.llY .llBYII'!5I CMeJKHbIMH uexaMH (npHHHMaeTCH paBHblM nJIH KaJK.n.blx
.n.BYX CMeJKHbIX UexOB).
Cor JIaCHO npe.llbI)J.yrn.eMY, BeJIH<IHHa T m ' MOJKeT 6bITb on p e.n.eJIeHa KaK
Tjd
r' na.
T I11Tojd °jd

Tjd = a.
n jd
r)l.e T;I1T O jd- CYMM3 cpaKTHQeClmX 3aTpaT llITY<IHOrO BpeMeHH no BeeM onepauHHM
BO Bcex uexax no .n.eTa;lH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH H3.n.enHH j-ro HaHMeHOBaHH5I npH
pa3Mepe napTHH, paBHoIlI no'
LlJIH .n.a,;'1bHeHIllHX paC<IeTOB 1p0pMYJIa (XVIII. 12) MOJKeT 6bITb HanHcaHa
B 60Jlee npoCToM BH)J.e


r.lle


I--a.' a.
T njd = njd T lliTojdnOjd + 2jd,


(XVIII. 12a)


2jd = T
3jd + KOnjjMo + (Knjd - 1) T pe3 '
n0.'1CT2BHB B <POpIHYJIY (XVIII.l1) BMeCTO COjd H Tnjd HX 3HaQeHH5I CO-
rJ12crVJ IpOpl\lY,;'13M (XVIII.9) H (XVIILI2a) H C.lI.eJIaB npe06pa30BaHH5I, nO,;'1Y'IIIM
Be.IJHtIHHY CB5I3bIBaHU5I Cpe.n.CTB B npouecce 06pa60TKH .n.eTa.'IH d-ro HaHMeHO-
B3IU!fl. upOCYMMl1pOBaB ero no )J.€TaJIHM Bcex HaHMeHoBaHHH K1I.j' HafI,u:eM SeJIH-
<IHHY CB5I3bIB3HHH cpe;J:cTB B npouecce 06pa6OTlm no H3.lleJIHIO B ueJIOM


Z . = A': I E" + B; + r':RI-2rx + It RI--a..
OJ J .- Ra. R I J


(XVIII. 13)


308




3.rr.eCb K03(jJlpHIJJleHTbl npH HeH3BeCTHQ;\1 paBHbI:
A; = £ (C Mjd + a
d) Cjd;
d=l


1(1J,.
" tI
.

Sj = T .t..J
d=l


. 1
8jd T WToJd + 2


1(1J,j

 6id 2 jd
d=l


Nr:J. '
1J,Hjd


1(1J,j
. I
 1
Bj = 2
 8jdCjd
;
d=l lJ.H jd
1(1J,/
" r:J.
 ( a/d )
11./ = n OI £..J C Mjd +:2 T WTojd .
i d=l


n
. 1(1J,/
r. -

, 6. d T ' .
I - 2 ..... I' UJTo J "d'
d=l


CBH3bIBamIe cpe).!.cTB BCJIe)J.cTBHe npO.;1eJKHBaHHH napTHH .n:eTaJIeH nepe.n:
C60PIWH II BO BpeMH HaXOJK.n.eHHH ).!.eTaJIeH B npou:ecce C60PKH Zct<. COrJIaCHO
"I!Jd
pHC. XVIII.2 6Y).!.eT CKJIa.D.bIBaTbCH H3 Tpex <IaCTeH: I - BCJIe)J.cTBHe HaJIH<IIlH
pe3epBHoro onepeJKeHHH nepe).!. C60PIWH (T p e3 c6 jd)' II - BO BpeMH HaXOJK)J.e-
HHH )J.eTaJIeH B npouecce c60pl<H (TC6jd) H III - BCJIe.n:CTBHe pa3HbIX pa3MepoB
napTHH ).!.eTaJIeH H C60pO<IHOH napTHH H3).!.eJIHH.


R T pC3 /O}d Tco. jd


..,

......
.."
....,




R c 5jd R c 5jd RcD.jd Rco.jd Rcojd Rc5jd Rcojd BpetfR
R


PRC. XVII 1.2. fpa<pllK CBH3bIBaHllH cpe./{CTB Bc.
eJJ.CTBHe npOJIe)KllBa.
HHH napTllH
eTaJIeH rrepeJl COOpKOH II BO BpeMH H3XO»CJleHllH B npo-

ecce c60PKll


''''
BeJIH<IHHa CBH3bIBaHHH cpe)J.cTB nO KaJK.n:OH H3 3THX IJ:aCTeH onpe.lleJIHeTCH
nJIorn.a)J.blO, 3allITpHxoBaHHoH Ha rpalpHKe oT.n.eJIbHO ,[!.JIH KaJK.n:oH COCTaBJIHIOrn.eH.
3Ta Be,,'1H<IHHa J].JIH nepBbIx .llBYX cOCTaB,,'1HIOrn.HX 6y.n.eT paBHa npOH3Be.lleHHIO
ce6ecToHMoCT11 napTHH .lleTaJIeH COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha BeJIH<IHHY Tpe3c6 id H TC6jd'
TpeTbH <IaCTb onpe.lleJIHeTCH KaI< CYMMa <IJIeHOB apHIpMeTH<IeCIWH nporpec-
CIIH, nepBbIH <IJIeH KOTOpOH paBeH
(Cjdnjd - C/ d n C 6 jd ) RC6 jd ,


r)J.e nC6'd H RC6'd - COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3Mep Ii pHTM C60pO<IHOH napTHH; 110-
1 1 R
CJIe.n:HHi-i <I.lJeH paB€H 0, a <IHCJIO Bcex <IJIeHOB paBHo - R (R - pHTM napTHH
" C6jd
,[!.eTaJIei-'I) .


3C9




Tor)J.a BeJIH<IJIHa ZC6 n;d 6y.n:eT paBHa
( n;d - n C6ja )
ZC6 n jd = n;'£;d (T pe3 . C6 jd + T C6 ;d) + CidR 2 .


Ha pUC. XVIII.2 H B .llaHHOH 1p0pMYJIe He Y<ITeHO CBH3bIBaHHe Cpe.n.CTB,
pacxo.n:yervIbIx B npouecce c60plm H3.n.eJIHH, no npH<IHHaM, YKa3aHHbIM BbIIlle.
Pe3epBHoe onepeJKeHHe nepe.n: c60plmH TpC3C6jd 06bI<IHO npHHHMaeTCH
ma<IHTeJIbHO 60JIblllHM, <IeM pe3epBHoe onepeJKeHHe .n:JI5I .n:pyrHx UeXOB, C TeM
IT06bI HM€Tb 60JIbIllYIO rapaHTHIO B 6ecnepe60HHoCTH cHa6JKeHHH c60plm .n:eTa-
151MH, H n03ToMY npHpaBHHBaTb ero BenJI<IHHe TPeJ"fa HeJIb3H.
BeJIH<IHHa TC6jd paBHa BpeMeHH OT MOMeHTa nOCTaHOBKH )J.eTaJIH Ha H3)J.e-
me .n:o MOMeHTa OKOH<IaHHH c60plm. ECJIJI .n:eTaJIb CTaBHTCH Ha U3.llenJIe B HaqaJIe
60PKJI, TO 9Ta BeJIH<IHHa paBHa nOJIHOMY uJIKny C60PKH JI3.n:eJIHH TC6" Cpe.n.HHH
J
eJIHqHHa TC6' d M01KeT 6bITb npJIHHTa paBHOH nOJIOBHHe TC6'.
J J
Pa3Mep C60POQHOH napTHH n C6ja B 60JIbliHHCTBe c';'1YQaeB paBeH e.n:HHHue
:60pKa no O.n:HOMY H3.n:eJIHIO). B cOOTBeTCTBHJI C 3THM CBH3bIBaHHe Cpe.n:CTB,
PHXo.n:5uu.eecH Ha O.n:HH KOMnJIeKT )J.eTaJIeH (Ha O.n:HO H3.n:eJIHe), BCJIe.n:CTBHe
pOJIeJKHBaHH5I HX nepe.ll C60pKOH H HaX01K)J.eHH5I B npouecce C60PKH ZC6;d'
:nH Y<IeCTb, <ITO R = n/NM/jd (r.n: e N11. H jd - Cpe.n:He.n:HeBHoH BbIllYCK H3)J.eJIHH
1'0 HaHMeHOBaHHH), MOJKeT 6bITb BblpaJKeHO B BH.n.e


( I ) Cjd
ZC6 jd =C jd \ Tpe3C6j +2 TC6j +(R- 1)2"


C He60JIbliOH norpeillHocTblO MOJKHO C<IHTaTb, <ITO


( I ) Gjd
ZC6 jd = C jd . TpC3C6j + 2 TC6j + R 2'


(XVUI.14)


IL.IJ:5I H3.n:eJIH5I B ue,,10M Be.'IH<IHHa CBH3bIBaHHH Cpe.n:CTB BCJIe.n:CTBHe npOJIe-
BaHHH .n:eTa.lJ:eif nepe.n. C60pKOH H HaXO}!{)J.eHHH B npOuecce c60plm nOJIY<IHTCH
reM CYMMHpOBaHHH BeJIHIJ:HH ZC6. no )J.eTaJIHM Bcex HaHMeHOBaHHH, T. e.
J


/(ll.j
ZC6 j =
 ZC6 jd = (Tpe3C6j + -} T C6j )
d=1


/(11.j

 Cia +
d=1


/(1l.;


 C jd .
d=l


(XVIII. 15) .


/(11.j
TaK KaK
 C ja = CIf3., TO, nO)J.CTaBHB B 1p0PMYJIY (XVIII. 15) BMeCTO
d=1 J


Cja ee 3H2<IeHHe cor,,1acHo <popMYJIe (XVIII.IO) H c)J.eJIaB npe06pa30BaHHH,
Y<IHM cne.llYIOrn.ylO 3aBHCHI\iOCTb ZC6 OT R:


n1 "1
1/' E; Bj tJ1 I-a PI
ZC6 j = Aj + RrY. + R +P.jR + JK.jR,


(XVIII.I6)




f]J.e


.. , ( 1 )
A j =Aj Tpe3C6j+yTc6j ;


"' , ( 1 )
EI = E; Tpe3C6j + 2 TC6; ;


.. , ( 1 )
B 1 = B; Tpe3C6j + 2 TC6j ;


"' 1 '
J1.j = 2 Ej ;


"' 1 ( ,
)1<'; = 2"" Aj + CM)'


3Ha'leHHH K034>1pHuHeHToB A;, E; H B; 6bIJIH npHBe.n:eHbI BbIllie.
TOf)J.a, COrJIaCHO 1p0p
JIe (XVIII.2), BeJIH<IHHa C 6Y)J.eT paBHa
C = A + ; +
 + r R I - 2a + J1.R 1 -a + JKR, (XVIII.17)


r.n.e


/{83
A =
 (A; +EHA; +EHA"' +C M .);
j=1 I
K83
E =
 (E; + EHE; + EHE;);
j=1
K83
B = L (B
 + EHB; + EHB;);
;=1
K H3
p. = E H L (p,; + po;);
j=1


K83
JK =EH LJK7.
j=1
B3HB nepBYIO npOH3Bo.n:HYIO no R COrJIaCHO 1p0pMYJIe (XVIII.17), npHpaB-
HHB ee HYJIIO H peliHB nOJIY<IeHHOe ypaBHeHHe OTHOCHTenbHO R, HaH.n:eM pHTM
napTHH )J.eTaJIeH, npH KOTOpOM BeJIH<IHHa C 6y.u.eT MHHHMaJIbHOH (Rom):
dC =_
_-!!-+ (1-2a)r + (I-a)Jl. + )I(=O ( XVIII 18 )
dR R 1 + a R 2 R 2a Ra ..
onT onT anT


ECJIH )J.onYCTHTb, <ITO liTY<IHOe BpeMH Ha o6pa6OTKY .n.eTaJIei1 He 3aBHCHT OT
pa3Mepa napTHH J].eTaJIeH (ex = 0), TO nOJIY<IHM
B
-
+r+l1.+)I(=O;
RoIT'I!


. "Ii B
Rom = r r + Jl. + E '


(XVIII. 18a)


3T0 Tpa.n:HUHOHHa5I 1p0pMYJIa, KOTopaH 6bIJIa yJKe BbIBe)J.eHa MHorHMH aBTO-
paMH. O)J.HaKO TaKoe )J.onyrn.eHHe npHBO,!l,HT K 3HaIJ:HTeJIbHOH 1I0rpeliHOCTH B onpe-
)J.eJIeHHH BeJIH<IHHbI Rom. KaK nOKa3aJIH paC<IeTbI, norpeliHOCTb B onpe)J.eJIe-
HHH BeJIH<IHHbI Rom npH OT6paCbIBaHHH COCTaBJIHIOrn.HX B 11 r 6Y.D.eT He3Ha'lH-
TeJIbHOH. B 3TOM CJIY<Iae .n:JIH onpe.n:eJIeHHH BeJIH<IHHbI R OnT He06xo)J.HMO peliHTb
ypaBHeHHe


(1- ex) P.Rom + )I(R


 = exE.


(XVIII. 19)
31l




nOCJIe HeKOTopbIX npe06pa30BaHHH K03cplpHUHeHTb! E, p. H )!( MO}!{HO onpe,ll,e-
JIHTb no 1p0pMYJIaM:


K HS
E = C
cU'
 T 1I1T"R.
.;
;=1 oJ I

 ( e
 R
j
 2 C
CT. ) .
II. = E" f,J
", f:; T ""0 i' CO" + 2y 3. i fr T w'oi' + -. 1(;;, T ""0," '
/(113
)!( =
H
 (3qj T 1I1Te; + C Mj ),
1=1


r.lle l' -- Cpe.llHHH K03<p<p H U He HT Bb!nOJIHeHHH HOpM BpeMeHH pa60tIHMH 3aBOJ].a;
Tun " d - cYMMa HOpM lliTY<IHOrO BpeMeHH no BceM onepauHHM .n:eTaJIH d-ro
oJ
HaHMeHOBaHH5I Ha O.llHO H3)J.eJIHe j-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH, <I! H3 .ll.; C Mjd _ 3aTpaTbI Ha
OCHOBHOH MaTepHaJI no .n:eTaJIH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHH5I Ha O)J.HO H3J],eJIHe i-ro HaHMe-
HOBaHHH; CM' - CYMMa 3aTpaT Ha OCHOBHbIe MaTepllaJIbI no BCellJ J],eTaJIHM Ha
O)J.HO H3)J.eJIH
 foro HaIIMeHOBaHIIH, Py6.1H3)J..; N11.Hj - cpe.rr.He)J.HeBHoii BbmYCK
U3.n;eJIHH i-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH, II3.n:. '.llH.; T 1I1To; - CYMMa HOpM IllTY<IHOrO BpeMeHH
o6pa60TKH no BceM onepaUHHM Bcex .D.eT3JIeH, H)J.yrn.HX Ha O)J.HO H3.n:eJIHe i-ra
HaHMeHOBaHHH, IJ:!H3.n:.
Pa3Mep napTHH .lleTaJIeH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH nd 6Y.lleT onpe)J.eJIHTbCH B co-
OTBeTCTBHH C 1p0PMYJIOH (11.6)


nd = RN11. H d,


(X VII 1.20)


r.n:e N JJ.Hd - cpe.n.He.n:HeBHOH BbInycK .n:eTa.'1eH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH Ha II3)J.enHH Bcex
HaHMeHOBaHHH Ii Ha 3anaCHhI€ {WCTIi, onpe.n:eJIHeMbIH no <popMYJIe
/(113

 N B ,gjd+ N 3
j=l J qd
N 11. H d = ll.p 1llT./)J.H.,


(XVIII.21)


r.n:e N FJ1 - rO)J.oBoH BbmycK H3.n:eJIHH foro HaHMeHOBaHH5I; gjd _ KOJIH<IeCTBO
J].eTaJIeH d-ro HaHMeHoBaHHH, H.n:yrn.H.X Ha 0.llHO H3J],eJIHe i-ro HaHMeHoBaHIIH,
IllT.lH3)J..; N g . "'d - J{OJIH<IeCTBO .n.eTaJIeH d-ro HaHMeHOB3HH5I, H.n:YIUHX Ha 33nac-
HbIe <IaCTH, lliT.lro)J.; fl p - <IHCJIO pa60<IHX .n.HeH B ro.n:y, .n.H.lro.n:.
B npaKTHKe npHMeHHIOTCH cJIeJ].YIOr.u.He ynp0rn.eHHble llIeTo)J.bI paCI,IeTa pa3-
MepoB napTHH )J.eTaJIeH 1.
U e p B hI H MeT O)J.. Pa3Mep napTHH .n:eTaJIeH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I TaKOH,
I,IT06bI .llOJIH nO)J.rOTOBHTeJIbHO-3aKJIIOIJ:HTeJlbHOrO BpeMeHH no OTHOIlleHHIO K lliTYI,I-
HOMY BpeMeHH Ha BCIO napTHIO .n:€TaJIeH He npeBbIlliaJIa onpe)J.eJIeHHOro npOll.eHTa,
T. e. <IT06bI 6bIJIO C06JIIO)J.eHO YCJIOBHe
t m P ng
nt wT = 100 '


r.lle Pro - npOUeHT nO)J.rOTOBHTeJIbHO-3aKJIIOI,IHTeJIbHOrO BpeMeHH no- OTHOIlIe-
HHIO J{ lliTyqHOMY BpeMeHH Ha napTHIO )J.€TaJIeH.
OTCIOJ].a


100t m
n=
Pnst wT .


(XVII I. 22)


] 3TH MeTOlIbI rrpHMeHSlIOTCH BCJIe1ICTBHe Toro, 'ITO npyrHe, 60JIee TO'IHb!e, Tpe6yIOT HCnOJIb.
30BaHllH 38M. B 6YlIYlll.eM 3TH lIIeTOlIbI BPHll JIll 6Y1IYT npHMeHHTbCH.
312




PaCCqHTblBaerCfl pa3l\1ep napTHH A.'HI TOH Onep3l.lHH ,!J,eT3JIH, JV15i KOTOpOH
1m #
 c,
OTHOWE'HHe - t 0Y.'J.eT HaHOQ.;lhWH'\!. .JTOT pa3I\H'p napnm npllHHM3eTC5J II .n.llH
lllT
BCeX OCTa.1bHbIX onepaUHH no .n.aHHOH .n.eTallH. i\loJKHO paCCqHTbIBaTb pa3Mep
n3pTHlI ):LeTaJIeH H no CYMMapHoc-.'Y no.n.rOTOBHTe:lbHO-33KlllO<IHTeJIbHOMY H llITY<I.
HOMY BpeMeHH Ha Bce onepaUlIH, T, e. no lpopMYJIe


n=


l(on
100
 t n9
k=l k
Kon
P a9
 t lllT
k=l k


(X VIII.22a)


r)l,e Kon - <IHCllO onepaUHH, BblllOllH5JeMblX B 0AHO:VI uexe no .lleTallH .llaHHoro
H3HMeHOBaHHH.
TaK K3K B Me.1KocepHHHOM npoH3Bo.n.CTBe He MOJKeT 6bITb O<IeHb 60llblllHX
pa3MepOB napTHll )J.eTalleH, TO BellH<IlIHa P n9 .llOllJKHa 6blTb npHHHTa )l,JIH Hero
60llbllIaH, <IeM .llllH KpynHocepHHHoro npOll3-
Bo.n.CTBa. LlllH YMeHbllIeHHH He33BepllIeHHoro
np01l3BO):LCTBa BelIH<IHHa P n9 .llO.1JKHa 6bITb
60.llbllIe .llllH .llOpOrHX .llera.TJeH.
B Ta6ll. XVII I.l npHBe)l,eHbl OnblTHble
.n.aHHbIe BelIHqHHbI P n9'
upH TaKOM MeTO.lle paC<IeTa pa3MepOB
napTHH OrpaHH<IHB3erCH Y.lleJIbHblH Bec no.ll-
rOTOBHTeJIbHO-3aK.TJIO<IHTe.'1bHOrO BpeMeHH
B 06rn.eM BpeMeHH 06pa6oTKH H TeM caMblM
ero BllHHHlIe Ha YBeJIH<IeHHe ce6eCTOHMOCTH
.n.eTalleH.
B TOp 0 H MeT o.rr.. Pa3Mep napTHH
.n.eTalleH Onpe.llell5JeTCH H3 YClIOBHH, <ITO
BpeM5J o6pa60TKH O.llHOH napTHH Ha ll1060M
pa60<IeM MeCTe He .llOJI}!{HO 6bITb MeHbIlle
CMeHbl WIll nOlIYCMeHbJ. 3T0 YCllOBHe 06bHCHHeTCH CTpeMlleHHeM He .llorry-
CK3Tb <IaCTbIX nepeXO):LOB OT 06pa6OTKH 0.llHHX napTHH .lleTaJIeH K 06pa6OTKe
.llpyrHx H, C. lIe .n.oBaTe.'IbHO, <IaCTbIX nepeHa.'Ia.n.oK pa6oIJ:ero MeCTa, CHlIJKaEOrn.HX
npoH3Bo.n.HTe.1bHoCTb TpY.lla pa60qHX II HcnOllb30BaHHe npOH3BO.llCTBeHHOH MOrn.-
HOCTH.
PaC<IeT pa3Mepa napTHH .rr.eTa.1eH Be.rr.erCH no 1p0pMY.1e


(0,5 + 1,0) Tc"P Bbln
n = lOOt .
UlT mln


T a 6 JI II U. a XVIII. I. npHMepHble
3HatJeHllH BenHtJl1HbI PIT>


BeJlHqHHa Pn

npH THne npo-
H 3BOACTBa
Ce6eCTOBMOCTb ::. ::. '"
OAHOt! AeTaJlH. py6 '0 ,0 0
0_ Q.J= o



 :r""
0('" "'-
",-
"'0. <10. <I

0.<1 0.<1
"'''' "" "'"
1J.0 2 2 3 5
Or 2 JlO 50 3 5 8
CBbIllie 50 5 8 12


(XVIII.23)


r):Le TCM - npo)J.OJIJKHTeJIbHOCTb pa60<IeH cMeHbI; tWTmln - MHHHMaJIbHaH HOpMa
IlITY<IHOrO BpeMeHlI no KaKOH-JIu60 onepamm; P Bbln - npoueHT BbIllOllHeHHH
HOpMbI BpeMeHlI no onepaUHH, HMelOrn.eH tWTmln'
Pa3Mep napTUH .n.eralleH, Onpe.llelleHHbIH no 1p0pMYlie (XVIII.23) .lllIH_ onepa-
UHH, HMeEOrn.eH MHHHM3.TJbHOe llITyqHOe BpeMH, npHHHMaercH H .llJIH Bcex OCTallb-
HbIX Onepau.HH, BbIllO.'IHHeMbIX B .n.3HHml uexe no 3TOH .n.eTalIll. upH Onpe.llelle-
HHH pa3Mepa napTI-IH: no 3TOMY MeTO.llY Y<IHTbIBaeTcH Bcero lIllIllb O.llHH lpaK-
TOp - npOH3BO.llHTeJIbHOCTb TpY.lla.
P3C<Ier pa3MepOB napTHH no nepBOMY Mer0.llY uelleco06pa3Hee npOH3BO.llHTb
)J.JISI .lleTalleH C 60J1bllIHM nO.llrOTOBHTeJIbHO-3aKlllO<IHTellbHbIM BpeMeHeM (BpeMe-
HeM nepeHa.1a.llKH pa6o<Iero MecTa), a no BTOPOMY MeTo.AY - .llJIfl .lleTaJIeH, .llJIH
KOTOpbIX 9TO Bper.m He3Ha<IHTeJIbHO Hlm BOBce OTCYTcTByeT.


313




PaCIleTHbIe pa3MepbI napTUH .n.eTa.llei'J KOppeKTHpYIOTCH. uOC.lle KOppeKTH-
pOBKH pa3Mep napnm .lleTa.lleH )J.O.lIJKeH 6bITb:
1) 60JIbllIe H.lm MeHbllIe MeCHIJHOrO BbInycKa .lleTa.lleH B ue.lIOe <IHC.lIO pa3;
He06xo)J.HMO CTpeMHTbcH TaKJKe K MaKClIMa.llbHoMY cOKparn.eHlIIO pa3Ho06pa3HH
pa3MepoB napTHii .lleTa.TJeH, BbIpaJKeHHb!X B .n.HHX MeC5I<IHOrO BbmycKa, <ITa ynpo-
rn.aeT onepaTHBHo-npOH3BO)J.CTBeHHoe n.lIaHHpOBaHHe;
2) B ue.lIoe <IHC.lIO pa3 MeHbllIe HJIH 60.lIbllIe Toro KO.lIH<IeCTBa .lleTa.lIeH, KOTo-
poe onpe.lle.lIHeTCH CTOHKOCTbIO TeXHO.lIOrH<IeCKOrO OCHarn.eHHH;
3) TaKHM, <IT06bI npOH3BO.llCTBeHHble H C!Wa.llCKHe n.lIorn.a.llH 6bl.lIH AOCTa-
TO<IHbI .ll.lIH xpaHeHH5I .lleTa.lIeH (oc06eHHo KPynHora6apHTHblX) Ha pa60<IHX Me-
CTax H B KJIa)J.OBbIX;
4) KpaTHbIM H.lIH paBHbIM pa3MepaM napTHH B CMeJKHbIX uexax, B KOTOpblX
npOH3BO.llHTCH 06pa6OTKa .lleTa.lIeH )J.aHHoro HaHMeHOBaHHH (31'0 npHBO.llHT,
KaK 6Y.lleT nOKa3aHO HHJKe, K YMeHbllIeHHIO 060POTHbIX 3a.lle.1I0B H He3aBepllIeH-
HO:'O npOH3BO.llCTBa).



 2. PaCqeT .llJIHTenbHOCTH npOH3BO.llCTBeHHwx UHKnOB
Ll.lIHTe.lIbHOCTb npo1I3BoAcTBeHHbIx UHK.lIOB 06pa60TKH napTHH .lleTa.lIeH
H C60PKH Y3.1I0B H.lIlI H3.lle.lIHH B cepHHHoM npOH3Bo.llCTBe He06xo.llHMa .ll.lIH onpe-
)J.eJIeHHH He3aBepllIeHHoro npOH3BO.llCTBa (UHK.lIOBbIX 3a)J.e.1I0B), onepeJKeHHH
H CpOKOB 3anycKa (BblTIyc
a) napTHH.


TpOHcnopmupoBKO
n pOlleH(lJBuHlle
f-R onepuquH
lfoHmponh
TpOHCnoPlJlupoBKO
nponeJKUBUHUe
2-R onepuquR
lfoHmpon6
TpuHcnopmllpoBKu
nponeHwBuHue
J-F/ onepol{l/J1
t nt lfoHmpOnA
"'.0] W.K] HJJ.












...
.



...
...
...
PaCqeT .ll.lIHTeJIbHOCTH npoH3BoACTBeHHbIx UHK.lIOB MOJKeT npOH3Bo.llHTbCH

aHa.lIHTH<IeCKHM, rpalpH<IeCKHM H rpalpo-aHa.lIHTH<IeCKHM MeTO.llarv1ll. Ll.lIH pacqeTa
 :::... "' .. '"
AJIHTe.lIbHOCTH npOH3BO.llCTBeHHblx U.HK.lIOB 06pa6OTKH napnlII .lleTaJIefI npHMe-
HHIOTCH aHaJIHTH<IeCKHH H rpalpH<IeCKHH MeTO.llbl, a C60PO<IHbIX npoueccoB - :::
rpalpo-aHa.lIHTH<IeCKHH. :::
AHanHTHqeCKHH MeTO.ll. Ha rpalpHKe pHC. XVIII.3 nOKa3aHbl COCTaBJIHIOrn.He 3
)J..lIHTe.lIbHOCTH npOH3Bo.n.CTBeHHoro u.HKJIa 06pa6OTKH napTHH .lleTa.lIeH, Y<IHTbl- ;
BaeMbIe npH paC<IeTe 1. ==
uepeA nepBoH onepauHeH, KaK BH.llHO H3 rpalpHKa Ha pHC. XVIII.3, OTCYT- =
CTByeT BpeMH KOHTpO.lI5I, a noc.lIe nOCJIe.llHeH - BpeMH npo.lIeJKHBaHHH.
<PaKTH<IeCKaH )I,.lIHTe.lIbHOCTb MeJKOnepaUHoHHoro BpeMeHH Me}!{)l.Y KaJK)I,OH
napoH CMeJKHbIX onepauHH MOJKeT 6bITb pa3.lIH<IHOH, HO npH pac<IeTe )J..lIHTeJIb-
HOCTH npOH3BO.llCTBeHHoro UHK.lIa OHa npHHHMaeTCH O.llHHaKOBOH )I,.lIH Bcex one-
pauHH.


t
.o,


ntf/JXI


t",.o,


ntlll. KZ


r;


PllC. XVII 1.3. fpa<pHK .!{.1IllTeJIbHOCTH rrpOll3BOllCTBeHHoro IJ.llK.118. o6pa60TKH
rrapTHH Jlenweii


] LlJIH yrrpollleHHH Ha rpa<pHKe He nOKa3aHO BpeMH eCTeCTBeHHbIX npOu.eCCOB.


314




LlJIHTeJIbHOCTb npOH3Bo.n.CTBeHHoro UHKJIa o6pa60TKH napTHH
eTaJIeH
Bblpan<aeTCH B pa60<IHX .llHHX. u03TOMY BpeMH BbITIOJIHeHH5I OCHOBHblX onepaUHH
H Men<onepaUHOHHoe BpeMH .ll0lI}!{Hbl 6bITb TaKn<e BbIpan<eHbJ B pa60<IHX
H5IX.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM ):LlIHTeJIbHOCTb npOH3BO.llCTBeHHoro u.HK.l1a 06pa60TKH
napnIH lJ.eTaJIei1 Tu B pa60<IHX ,iJ,HHX ):L.1H nOCJle)l,OBaTeJIbHoro BHAa )l,BHn<eHH5I
onpe.lle
5IeTC5I no 1p0pMYJIe


l(on
T- lOOn

<\ - KCMTcM £..J
k=l


t mK
Q p k + Kont Me + te,
k Bhlnk


(X VIII. 24)


r.lle n - pa3Mep napTHH .lleTaJIeH; KCM - <IHCJIO pa60<IHX CMeH B CYTKH; T CM -
np O .llo.l1n<HTeJIbHocrb CMeHbl, MHH.; Kon - <IHCJIO onepauHH no o6pa60TKe .lleTa-
JIeH B uexe; t WKk - liTY<IHO-Ka.l1bKy.l1HUHOHHoe BpeMH Ha BbIllO.l1HeHHe k-H
onep, aUHlI MHH.; Qk - <IHCJIO pa60<IHX MeCT, Ha KOTOpbIX O;I,HOBpeMeHHO Bbl-
nO.l1HHeTCH k-H onepauHH; P BbInk - npoueHT BbIllo.l1HeHHH HOpM BpeMeHH Ha
k-H onepaUHH; t MO - Men<onepauHoHHoe BpeMH B pa60<IHX )J.HHX; t e - }J..l1HTe.l1b-
HOCTb eCTeCTBeHHbIX npoUeccOB, pa6. .llH.
Bce COCTaB.l1HIOrn.He lp0pMy.l1bI (XVII 1.24), 3a HCK.l1IO<IeHHeM BeJIH<IHHbl
Me}!{OnepaUHoHHoro BpeMeHH, 06bl<IHO H3BecrHbl. Me}!{OnepaUHoHHoe BpeMH
cOCTaB.l15IeT, KaK npaBH.l1O, 60.l1bllIOH Y.lle.l1bHbIH Bec B 06rn.eH .n.JIHTeJIbHOCTH
npoH3BoJJ.CTBeHHoro UHKJIa 06pa6OTKH napTHH .lleTaJIeH B cepHHHoM npoH3Bo)J.-
CTBe, H TO<IHOe onpe.lle.l1eHHe ero HMeeT cyrn.eCTBeHHoe 3Ha<IeHHe. Onp e .lle.l1HTb
ero MOn<HO aHaJIHTH<IeCKHM, rpalpH<IeCKHM H CTaTHCTH<IeCKHM cnoc06aMH.
upH a H a .11 H T H <I e C K 0 M C n 0 C 0 6 e r.l1aBHaH cocTaB.l1HIOll.LaH Men<-
onepauHoHHoro BpeMeHH - BpeMH npOJIen<HBaHHH napTHH .lleTa.l1eH Ha pa60<IHX
Mecrax - onpe
e.l15IeTCH nYTeM HCnOJIb30BaHHH TeopHH BepoHTHocTeH.
TaK KaK BpeMH npOJIen<HBaHHH B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIY<IaeB 3Ha<IHTeJIbHO 60JIbllIe
BpeMeHH BbIllOJIHeHHH BcnOMOraTeJIbHblX onepaUHH, TO Men<onepaUHOHHoe BpeMH
Mon<eT onpe.lle.l1HTbCH BpeMeHeM npo.l1en<HBaHHH.
upo.l1en<HBaHHe napTHH .lleTa.l1eH Ha pa60<IeM MeCTe BC.l1e.llCTBHe 3aHHTOCTH
ero 06pa60TKOH napTHH )J.PyrHx .lleTaJIeH B03HHKaeT no .rr.BYM npHQHHaM: H3-3a
pa3.l1H<IHbIX TeXHO.l1OrHIleCKHX MapllipYTOB npoxon<.lleHHH napTHH .lleTa.l1eH no
pa60<IHM MeCTaM B npouecce o6pa6OTKH H Bc.l1e.llCTBHe HepaBeHCTBa .rr.JIHTe.l1bHOCTH
06pa6OTKH napTHH .rr.eTa.l1eH pa3.l1H<IHbIX HaHMeHOBaHHH Ha pa60<IHX MeCTax.
Cpe.llHeBepOHTHoe BpeM5I npOJIen<HBaHHH napTHH .lleTa.l1eH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT KOlIH<IeCTBa H np o .n. o .l1n<HTe.l1bHOCTH .lleTaJIeOnepaUHH, BblTIo.l1HHeMblX Ha O.llHOM
pa60<IeM MeCTe, MOn<HO onpe.lleJIHTb no lpopMy.l1e


to>K = (I - 2
p,o ) t ncp '


(XVIII.25)


flJ.e to>K - Cpe.llHee BpeMH npOJIen<HBaHHH napTHH .lleTa.l1eH Ha O.rr.HOM pa60<IeM

leCTe; t n - cpeJJ.H5IH npO.llOJIn<HTeJIbHOCTb 06pa6OTKH napTHH )l,eTa.l1eH Ha
cp
).aHHOM pa60<Iel\1 MeCTe; Kp,o - <IHC.l1O .lleTa.l1eOnepaUHH, BbIllOJIHHeMblX Ha pa60-
qel\1 MeCTe.
113 1p0PMYJIbl (XVIII.25) BH.llHO, <ITO Cpe.llHee BpeMH npo.l1en<HBaHH5I napTHH
J.eTa.l1eH YBe.l1H<IHBaeTCH C B03paCTaHHeM <IHCJIa .n.eTa.l1eOnepaUHH, BblTIOJIHHeMblX
Ha O.n.HOM pa60<IeM MeCTe.
3aBHCHMOCTb Men<.lly Cpe.llHHM <IHCJIOM .lleTaJIeOnepaUHH, BbInOJIHHeMbIX Ha
D)I,HOM pa60<IeM MeCTe, H Cpe.llHeH Be.l1H<IHHOH Men<onepaUHOHHoro BpeMeHH nOKa-
3aHa B Ta6JI. XVII 1.2, COCTaB.l1eHHOH no .llaHHbIM 4500 Ha6.l1IO.lleHHH. He60JIb-
ma5I Be.l1H<IHHa t Me HMeeT MeCTO B KpynHocepHHHoM npOH3BO.llCTBe, B KOTOpOM
lliHpOKO npHMeHHeTC5I napa.l1.l1e.l1bHO-nOCJIe.llOBaTe.l1bHbIH BH.ll .n.BHn<eHHH, Bc.l1e.ll-
:TBHe <Iero Men<onepauHoHHoe Bperv1H no.l1Y<IaeTCH oTpHuaTe.l1bHbIM.


315




T a 6 lJ B n a XVIII.2. 3aBI1CllMOCTb Me1KJ/.Y CpeJl,HllM 'iI1CJ10M J/.eT<lJIeOnepaullH.
BbinOJIHSleMbIX Ha OAHOM pa60'ieM MecTe,
II cpeJ/.HeH BeJIll'lIlHOH Me)!Wnepau.I1OHHoro BpeMeHI1 *


/(11,0 I 2,9 I 3 I 5 1 8 . 5 / 9 1 9 ,1 III /11.8114.4117.9118,3/21,4121,6
[MO, q 1- 1 ,01-3,3/1,6/2,1 /2,88/2,214,0 14,8/7,5 j 5,28/8.2/ 8 /9,12


.. 1(. r. TaT e B 0 COB. OCHOBHble BonpOCbI opraHH3a
HH H 3KOHOMHQeCKOfi 9<jJ<l>eKTHBHOCTH paB-
HOMepHoro npOH3BOl1,CTBa B MalI1HHOCTpoeHHH. ABTopecjJ. l1,OKT. AHCC. 1957.


upM 3Ha<IMTellbHOM I:IMClie OnepaUHH, 3aKpell.lleHHbIX 3a paOO<IHM MeCTOM,
cpe.rr. Hee BpeMH 02KM.llaHHH, KaK BH.rr.HO M3 4>OPMYllbl XVII 1.25, npH6.l1HJKaeTCH
K Cpe.llHelf npO)J.o.l1JKHTe.l1bHOCTH 06pa6oTKH O)J.HOH napTHH AeTaJIeH t ncp ' u03TOl\JY
BO MHorHX CJIY<IaHX npHOJIH}KeHHO MOJKHO npHHHMaTb


to>K = t n .
cp cp


,lI,JIH YMeHblieHHH cpe)J.HeH npO)J.OJIJKHTe.l1bHOCTH 06paOOTKH napTHH H cpeA-
HerO BpeMeHH npOJIeJKHBaHHH Heooxo.rr.HMO YMeHbliaTb pa3Mep napTHH
)J.eTaJIeH.
UpM I' P a 4> M q e C K 0 M C n 0 cotS e MeJKOnepaUHOHHoe BpeMH onpeAe-
.11HeTCH M3 rpa4>HKOB 3arpy3KH paOO<IHX MeCT H.l1H CTaH.rr.apT-nJIaHOB paOOTbl
Y<IaCTKOB (CM. HH2Ke). upH nOCTpoeHHH rpa4>HKoB 3arpY3KH paOO<IHX MeCT CTpe-
MHTCH MaKCHMaJIbHO COKpaTHTb AJIHTe.l1bHOCTb npOH3BOACTBeHHblX UHK.l1OB oopa-
OOTKH napTMH 3a CqeT COKparn.eHllH Me2KOnepaUHOHHoro BpeMeHH. Bo MHOfnx
c.l1Y<IaHX MCKOMoe Me2KOnepaUMOHHoe BpeMH npH 310M nOJIyqaeTCH MeHbllIe, qeM
npH OnpeAeJIeHMH ero aHaJIHTH<IeCKHM cnOCOOOM.
upH C TaT H C T H q e C K 0 M C n 0 C 0 6 e MeJKOnepaUHoHHoe BpeMH
M02KeT onpe.rr.eJIHTbCH nyTeM cTaTHCTH<IeCKOH otSpaooTKH )J.aHHbIX, no.l1Y<IaeMbIX
M3 HenocpeAcTBeHHbix Hao.l1IO.lleHHH H.l1H H3 cooTBeTcTBYIOrn.HX .llOKYMeHToB (paoo-
<IHX HapH.rr.oB H.l1H MapllIPYTHblX KapT). B nOCJIe.rr.HeM cJIY<Iae no .llOKYMeHTaM
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH BpeMH Ha<IaJIa oopaoOTKH Ha nepBoH onepauHH H OKOH<IaHHH
oopa60TKH Ha nOCJIe.rr.HeH onepauHH, a OTCIO.lla - 4>aKTH<IeCKaH A.l1HTeJIbHOCTb
npoH3BoAcTBeHHoro UHKJIa T %' BpeMH, 4>aKTH<IeCKH 3aTpa<IeHHOe Ha BbIllO.l1He-
HHe OCHOBHbIX (TexHo.l1OrH<IeCKHx) onepauHH. TOCH' onpe)J.e.l1HeTCH HenOCpe.ll-
CTBeHHO H3 Hao.l1IO)J.eHHH (.rr.oKYMeHToB) H.l1H no HopMaM BpeMeHH H npoueHTaM
HX BbIllOJIHeHHH. Bbl<ITH BeJIH<IHHY T ocH H3 A.l1HTe.l1bHOCTH npoH3BoAcTBeHHoro
UHKJIa H p a3 .lle.l1HB nOJIY<IeHHYlo pa3HocTb Ha <IHC.l1O onepauHH oe3 O.llHOH, nOJIY<IHM
cpeAHee Me2KOnepaUMoHHoe BpeMH, T. e.


T [!cI1 - T OCB
1 M . 0 = K 1
on-


06blQHO Me2KOnepaUHoHHoe BpeMH npHHHMaeTCH B npe}J.e.l1ax OT 0,25 no
1 pa6o<Iero AHH. LlJIH KpynHocepHHHoro npOH3BO.llCTBa npHHHMaeTCH HaHMeHbllIee
3HaQeHHe, TaK KaK <Inc.l1O onepauHH, npHXO.llHIII.eeCH Ha O)J.HO pa60<Iee MeCTO,
B KpynHocepHHHoM npOH3BO.llCTBe MeHbIlle, '1eM B Me.l1KOCepHHHoM.
upli oopaoOTKe Ma.l1OTpY.llOeMKHx AeTa.l1eH .rr.JIHTeJIbHOCTb npOH3BO)J.CTBeH-
HblX UHKJIOB M02KeT paCC<IHTblBaTbcH YKpynHeHHo - KaK npoH3BeAeHHe <IHCJIa
onepaUHH Ha Cpe.llHee BpeMH BbIllO.l1HeHHH O.llHOH onepaUHH (c Y<IeTOM Me2KOnepa-
IJ,HOHHOro BpeMeHH).
,lI,.l1H napa.l1.l1e.TJbHO-noc.l1e.rr.oBaTe.l1bHOrO BH.lla .rr.BH}!{eHHH C nepe.lla<IeH AeTa.l1eH
C onepaUHH Ha onepauHIO TpaHcnopTHbIMH napTHHMM nTp A.l1HTeJIbHOCTb npoH3-
316




BO.llCTBeHHoro UHKlIa o6pa6OTKH napTHH AeTaJIeH no BceM onepaUII»M, B COOT-
BeTCTBHH c <POPMYJIOll (II.3), 6Y.lleT paBHa


[ Kon
100 t DlTk
Tu. = K T n Tp
 Q P + (n-nxp)X
C:M C:M
 k Bblllk
k=l


(
 t
 t )]
6k ,. . Mk I
X / I Q -----p-- - / j Q P + Kont Mo T t e .
..... k Bblnk .... k BbInk
kE6 kE:.t


(XVIII.26)


BpeMfl npOlleJKHBaHHH napTHH J],eTa.TJeH Ha pa60qHX MeCTax npH 3TOM BHAe
J],BHJKeHHfl B 60.TJbllIlIHCTBe CJIY<IaeB MeHbllIe, <IeM npH nOCJIe.ll0BaTe.lIbHOM. Ll.1I5I
ynporn.eHlIH paCqeTOB MOJKeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa 60JIee npOCTaH npH6.TJlI
eHHaH
lpopMYJIa


KOll
t
T IlnaplOO

 mTk I K t i-
Ll, = K T n Q p T on MOl te,
eM eM
 k Bblnk
k=l


(X VIII.26a)


rJ],e ana _ Ko9$PHUHeHT napa.lIJIe.lIbHOCTH, Y<J:HTbIBaIOrn. HH O.llHOBpeMeHHoe
Bbmo.lIHe
He OCHOBHblX onepaUHH n KOJIe6.lIIorn.HHCfl B npeJ],eJIax 0,3-0,9.
uapaJI.lIeJIbHbIH BH.ll J],BHJKeHHH B cepHHHOM npOH3Bo.rr.CTBe npHMeHHeTCfl
pe.llKO, KaK npaBH.lIO, Ha nOTO<IHbIX .1IHHHflX C60PKH c60POIJ:HbIX e.llHHHU H.JlH H3J],e-
.1IHH. B TaKHX c.lIY<IaHX AJIHTe.lIbHOCTb npOH3BOACTBeHHoro UHKJIa onpe.rr.e.lIHeTCH"
no lpopMYJIe (11.2).
rpal}mqeCKHH MeTO.u.. no 9TOMY MeTOlJ.Y .llJIHTeJIbHOCTb npOl13BoAcTBeHHoro
1I.HK.lIa onpeJ],e.lIfleTC51 KaK pa3HoCTb MeJKJ],Y CpOKOM OKOH<IaHHH nOCJIeAHeH onepa-
IJ.HH H CpOKOM Ha<Ia.lIa nepBOH onepauHH .ll.lIH OAHOll H TOH JKe napnm .rr.eTa.lIell,
YCTaHaBJIHBaeMaH no rpalpHKY, KOTOpbIH 06bI<IHO CTpOHTCH B BHJ],e nO.lleTa.lIbHO-
noonepaUHOHHoro CTaHAapT-n.lIaHa (CM. ra6.1I. XVII 1.20). LlJIH pa3.lIHqHbIX nap-
THH J],eTaJIeH o.rr.Horo H Toro JKe HaHMeHOBaHHH .ll.TJHTe.lIbHOCTb npoH3BoACTBeH-
HbIX UHK.lIOB, YCTaHaB.lIHBaeMaH TaKHM MeT0.lloM, MOJKeT 6bITb pa3.lIH<IHa.
rpalpH<IeCKHH MeTO]]. npHMeHHeTcH rJIaBHblM 06pa30M B KpynHocepHllHoM
npO H3BO .llCTBe, rJ],e <IHCJIO J],eTaJIeOnepauHH, npHxoJ],51rn. eecH Ha OJ],HO pa6o<Iee
MeCTO, H€3Haql1Te.lIbHO, YC.lIOBHfl npoH3BO.llCTBa 6o.lIee YCTOH<IHBbI H nOToMY
nocTpoeHHe rpaqmKoB MeHee TpYJ],oeMKo, a OTKJIOHeHH51 OT HHX HMeIOT MecTO
peJKe.
rpal})O-aHaJlHTHqecKHH MeTO.u.. LlJIHTeJIbHOCTb npoH3BoACTBeHHoro uHIma
C60P0<IHbIX npOlJ,eCCOB no 3TOMY MeToAY onpeAe.lIHeTC51 nYTeM nocTpOeHH51 UHK.lIO-
BbIX rpa<pHKoB.
IJ.HK.lIOBOH rpalpHK C60PKH CTpOHTCH B noc.TJeAOBaTe.lIbHOCTH, 06paTHoH XO.lly
TeXHO.lIOrH<IeCKOrO npolJ,ecca, T. e. H8<J:HHaH C 06rn.eH C60PKH H KOH<IaH C60pKOll
HaH60.TJee MeJIKHX C60pO<IHbIX e.llHHHlJ,." np0.llO.lIJKHTe.lIbHOCTb KaJKJ],oro OTJ],e.lIb-
HOro c60pO<IHOrO npouecca tLl,c6 Ha eJ],HHHUY H3AeJIHH onpe.lle.JlHeTCH no <p 0 pMy.lIe
t _ l00t c 6 (XVII 1.27)

 - P BWl K cM T c "'-Sc6 '


r.lle t c6 _ Tpy,noeMKocTb c6opo<J:Horo npouecca; P BbIll - npoueHT BbWO.lIHeHHH
HOpM BpeMeHH pa60'IHMH-c60prn.HKaMH; KCM - lIHC.TJO CMeH C60pKH; T CM -
npoJ],OJIJKHTeJIbHOCTb OJ],HOH CMeHbI pa60<IHX-c60prn. HKOB ; Sc6 - <IHCJIO pa60<IHX,
o,nHoBpeMeHHo 3aHHTbIX Ha BbInOJIHeHHH ,naHHoro C60pO<IHOrO npouecca.
Bem1qHHa Sc6 orrpeJ],e.lIHeTC51 no YC.lIOBHHM TeXIi-O.lIOrHH H ra6apHTaM H3J],e-
JIHH. Ll.lIH 3TOH lJ,e.lIH He06x0.llHMO CTpOHTb rpalpHK 3arpY3KH pa60<J:Hx-c60prn. HKOB ,
Ha OCHOB8HHH KOToporo onpeJ],eJIHeTCH YTO<J:HeHH8H A.TJHTe.TJbHOCTb UHKJIa C60pKH.
317




B COOTBeTCTBHH co CXe
IOfr C60pO<IHOrO COCTaBa, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pRC. XVII 1.4,
H TeXHOllOrn<IeCKOrO npouecca C60PKR C60pO<IHOH eJ],HHHUbi (Ta6JI. XVIII.3) Ha
rpalpHKe A pHC. XVII 1.5, npHBe)l,eH UHKllOBOH rpalpHK, nocrpoeHHblH 6e3 Y<IeTa
paBHoMepHoH 3arpY3KH pa60<IHX-c60prn.HKOB 1. 3arpY3Ka nOClle)l,HHX (ll.IIOTHOCTb
pa6OTbl) J],JIH 3Toro cllYQa5I nOKa3aHa Ha rpalpHKe E pHC. XVII 1.5.


T a 6 JI II U a XVllI.3. TeXHOJIOnl'leCKHH npou.ecc C60PKll C60pO'lHOH e./{llHllLlbI
(Koprryc C rrepe)l.aro'lHbIM MexaHll3MOM H nOD,cTaBKOii)


(,. n HopMa BpeMeHH, MHH
..
., 0 . ., 0 QI
0"" ., '0 .,
U<[ ., HalfMeHOBaHHe " S2 =
:gQ '"

(!)C1) =< 0- ;>. ,,""
" onepa
Ha '" .,

:ii: g


:::==0::: 0- <[ ;>. ..



;:Q QI 0. f-to...c.
t: c; .. " 0:0:=(0 0"

g;::f 0 0- S t:


: :::s:: 0.:;:
'"





 " ., " 00.,
0.., <[
Il. '" = c...
::!: UUQI
C60pKa 1 1 C60pKa Ka'laJIKll co 4 0.82 246 15 Ko 2-n orre-
CToHKoH paUllH
2 C60pKa KallaJIKll co 4 1,9 570 I r
v -
CTOHKon H CllJIb<PoHOM
» 2 3 ITpOMbIBKa CllJIb<PoHa 3 0,35 105 15 K 8-H orre-
paU.llH
4 ITpoBepKa CHJ1b<PoHa 4 2,33 700 15 -
Ha repMeTll'lHOCTb
» 3 5 C60pKa BllJIKH c BTYJI- 3 1,1 330 15 K 6-n orre-
KOH paLlllH
6 JIY1KeHlle KOHUOB BllJIKH 4 0,8 240 15 -
» 4 7 ITpllrraHKa rrpoBoJla 4 1,0 300 15 K lO-n one-
paUllH
8 C60pKa Koprryca c rrepe- 4-5 2,2 660 15 -
JlarollHbIM MexaHH3MOM
9 CYlliKa 3 15 - - -
10 C60pKa Kopnyca c BHk 3-4 1,77 531 15 -
KOH
» 5 II CYlliKa 3 15 - - K 14-H orre-
paUHll
12 3aJIHBKa BHJIKH HllTpO- 3-4 0,36 108 15 -
9MaJIblO
13 CYlliKa - - - - -
» 6 14 C60pKa Koprryca c rrepe- 4 365 1095 15 -
./{arollHbIM MexaHH3MOM
I c Ha./{cTaBKon
Bcero (6e3 YlleTa 16.28148851165 I -
orrepaLlllH CYIlIKll)


LlJIH .llOCTHJKeHHH paBHOMepHoH 3arpY3KH C60prn.HKOB He06xo.llHMO npoH3Be-
CTlI 3aKpenJIeHHe onepaUHH 3a HHMH. upHMep TaKoro 3aKpen
eHHH npHBe
eH
B Ta6JI. XVIII.4 .llllB TOH JKe C60pOIJ:HOH e)l,RHHUbI. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM 3aKpen-
JIeHHeM onepaUHH nOCTpoeH Kal1eH.rr.apHblH rpaqmK 3arpY3KH pa60<IHX MeCT
(rpalpHK B Ha pHC. XVII 1.5). rpalpHK r Ha pHC. XVIII.5 nOKa3bIBaeT, <ITO .llllH-
TeJIbHOCTb npOH3BO)l,CTBeHHoro UHKlla C60PKH napTHH c6op0<IHOII e.llHHHUbI nO<ITH
He YBeJIH<IHBaeTCH no cpaBHeHHIO C UHKllOM Ha rpalpHKe A, nOCTpoeHHoM 6e3


] A. H. HeR Map K. OpraHH3au.HH rrpOH3BO./{CTBeHHoro npou.ecca C60pKH npll60pOB.-
B KH.: n. H. BYJIOBCKllH. OCHOBbJ rrocrpoeHHH TeXHOJIOrnlleCKoro rrpOLlccca C60pKll npH6opOB.
M., 060pOHrH3. 1959, rJI. V.
318




Y<IeTa 3arpY3KH pa60<IHX-c60prn.HKOB. B Apynrx C.rIY<IaHX MOJKeT nO.'IY<IHTbCH
yBellH<IeHHe 9Toro UHKlla.
IJ;HK.TJOBbIe rpalpHKH He06xo.llHMO CTpOHTb TaKHM 06pa30M, QT06bI Tpe6yel\lOe
<IHC.TJO Bcex pa60<Iux-c60prn.HKOB ,D,lIH C60PKH O,!l,HOro H3,J.eJIHH 6bI.'W no B03l\!OLK-
HOCTU O..].HHaEOBbI!l1 Ha rrpOTHJKeHH Bcero uHK_la.


Ifopn!!c c nepeiJumO'lflb/f'1
MeXUII1I3f'10M II C HOiJ-
cmoBKoiJ
(Co. 5)
I
I
KDfo
c
c nepe a O'lHbIM
HeXUHII3f'10M
( Co. 5 J
I
IfO'lO/lKO BU/lKO
co cmoiJlfOiJ II
CU/lb(POHOM C npoBo{JHUKOf11l
( Co. 2) rC5.lfJ
I I
I I
KOI/O/lKO BunKo
co cmoOKOU c Bm!/./lKoiJ
(CO.!) (C6.J)
I I
I I I I I
I .4emO/IU I


PHC. XVIII.4. CxeMa C60pOllHOro COCTaBa C60PO'IHOH e.1HHllu.bl


C60pKa napTHH npe.llMeTOB MO}!{eT npOH3BO.llHTbCH no nOCJIeJ],OBaTeJIbHOMY,
napaJI.'Ie.'1bHOI\IY H.'1H napa.TJ.'1ellbHo-nOC.'1e.llOBaTe.'1bHOMY BH,II,aM. LllIHTe.lIbHOCTb
npOH3BO):LCTBeHHoro uHKJIa C60pKH napTHH H3J],e.'1HH onpe,Il,e.'1HeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH
3aBHCH!\iOCTeH, paCCMOTpeHHbIX B rJI. II,
 2.


T a 6 Jl II U. a XVIIIA. 3aKperrJIeHlle onepau.llH 3a pa60tJliMH MeCTaMIi C60Pll\HKOB
II pactJeT 3arpY3KIi pa60tJllx MeCT


3arpY3Ka pa60'lHX "eCT H8 Ka>KAbli! nepHoA
VcnOBHoe 0603HaQeHHe x
 (2,5 pa60'lHX .t\H"1. MHH
C60pO'lHOl! e.l\HHHUbJ onepaUHH I I I
I II [II [V
I
C60pKa 1 1 246 - - -
2 570 - - -
» 2 3 105 - - -
4 - 700 - -
)} 3 5 330 - - -
6 - 240 - -
)} 4 7 - 300 - -
8 - - 660 -
)} 5 10 - - 531 -
12 - I - - 108
I )} 6 14 - - - 1095
I
i Bcero (6e3 YlIETa Ha.la.JoK) I 1251 I 1240 I 1191 I 1203
I
K03<jJqmuueHT 3arpY3KH 1,04 I 1.03 I 0.99 1.0
I !


319




No BPf!/'1Jl
clio lru
CoopKa6
COOpKO 5
COOpKO it
CliOpJwJ
CliopKa 2
CoopKal


A. Ha/leH8apHblii 2patpuK CDOpO'lHOl?O q//K/IO
Pllml'f nopmuu-2,5iJn. PumH napmuu-2,50HfI puml'1 nopm//lI-2,5iJHfI
Ilf a f
Ilf 5,...._ =:::t::::-
8 10
- fZ 6 7
I
5


to


5


2_6-7 I
,....---
I


Tu,
o. rporpl/Jf n/iomHOCml/ paoombl


r. !/mOl/HeHHblU eparpulf n/l(JmHocmu pOOOmbJ


If
2
o v:J"
fl. !/mOl/HCHHblU Ifa/ieHIJOpHbJII 2parpllJf COOpOl/HOZO l{lIJf/iO
fij


coopKoB 8 -'o-
2i -
COOpKOS
CoopKolf 6 7
CliOpKoJ
---
GOOplfO 2 2 - 3-4
CoopKof .!-; Tu
,


I E.rparplll< HopacmaHUR sam pam mp!/fJo 8 He308epWeHHOlt npoj}!/Kl/Ull

--
---------------------
I -- t
I
---

I --

I ----

1 ----

__- t::: .....
I
r' "
I
>c



I'::


. :::
I





COOpO"HbIC eill1Hul{bl
- napmuu m
----- -,,-m-f
= -,,- m-2
- -,,- m+f
= -,,- m+2


PllC. XVII 1.5. l1.HKJIOBble rpa<!JHKll C60PKH C60pOllHOll e.!l.HHHu.bJ. (Apa6cKlle
U.H<jJpbJ Ha.ll orrepau.lloHHbIJIIll u.HK.JlaMH o603HallalOT HOMep onepau. llll )




Oorn.aH J],JIHTellbHOCTb npOH3BOJICTBeHHoro LLHKJIa H3rOTOBJleHlUI H C60PICH
rrapTHH H3J],elIHH, T. e. ,lLJIHTeJIbHOCTb o6pa6OTKH napTIUI J],eT3JleH H C60PKII napTHH
U3)J,eJIHH, MOJKeT 6blTb onpe.lleJIeHa Ha OCHOBaHll11 onepeJKeHHt! 3anyCKa H BbIllYCKa
rrapniH .lleTaJlelf (CM. HlIMe).
COKparn. eHHe .llllHTellbHOCTH npOH3BO)J,CTBeHHoro Ull K.Jla , KaK BH.llHO H3 1p0p-

ly.I1bI (XVIII.24), MOJKeT 6blTb .llOCTHrHyTo C.'Ie.llYIOrn.Hl\!ll cnoc06a1\!ll:
1) O.llHOBpeMeHHblM Bbwo.TJHeHHeM KaKoH-l1H60 onepau Hu Ha HeCKO.'1bKHX
pa60<IHX MeCTax; 9TO HHOr.lla YBe.JIl!qHBaeT 3aTpaTbl nOJlrOToBHTe.TJbHO-3aKmOIJ:H-
TeJIbHOrO BpeMeHH H, c.TJeAOBaTellbHo, ce6ecToHMoCTb J],eTa.l1etI, B CBH3H C qeM
ue.TJeC006pa3Ho npH6eraTb K .llaHHoMY MeToJ],Y .11HllIb npH He3HaIJ:UTeJlbHOU Be.l1lI-
<IHHe nOJ],roToBHTe.l1bHO-3aKJIIOqHTe.l1bHOrO BpeMeHH;
2) YBe.l1HIJ:eHHeM npoH3BO.llHTe.l1bHOCTH Tpy.rr. a (YBe.l1H<IeHHeM npou eHTa BbrnOJI-
HeHH5I HOpM BpeMeHH);
3) YMeHbmeHHeM Me}!{OnepauHoHHoro BpeMeHH (BpeMeHH npo.TJeJKHBaHHH)
nYTeM y.l1Y<ImeHHR BHYTpHuexoBoro onepaTHBHo-npoH3BoAcTBeHHoro nJWHUpOBa-
HHH H opraHH3auHH BcnOMoraTe.l1bHblX H 06C.l1YJKHBaIOrn. Hx X03HHCTB;
4) YBe.TJH<IeHHeM CMeHHOCTH pa60TbI; .rr..l1H 9Toro Heo6xoJ],HMO B pHAe c.TJYIJ:aeB
OTKa3blBaTbCH OT 3aKpen.l1eHHH ,lI.eTa.l1ei'f 3a CMeHaMH (MacTepaMH).



 3. PaCqeT onepe1KeHHH 3anycKa H BbmycKa napTHH ,lJ,eTaJIeH
floa onepeJICeflUeM aanyclW nOflUMaemCR
 BpeMR om /,wMeflma aanycKa napmuu
aema/leii B o6pa6omKY (U/lU C60PO'iflblX eaUflUI1 fla C60PKY) B aaHHOM l1 exe ao
/,WMeHma 6btnycKa co C60PKU Bcex uaae.'luii, a/lfl Komopblx 6bl/lU aanYUleHbl aema/1U
o6pa6omKY (U/lU c60pO'iHble eaUHUl1bl B C60PKY).
OnepeJKeHHe BbInycKa MeHbllIe onepeJKeHHH 3anycKa Ha Be.l1H<IHHY A.l1HTeJIb-
HOCTH npOH3 BO .llCTBeHHoro UHKJIa 06pa60TKH napTHH J],eTa.l1eH (C60pKH C60P°<IHbIX
e)J,HHHU H.l1H H3,lI.e.TJHH) B uexe, ,lI.JISI KOToporo onpeJ],e.l1HIOTCSI onepeJKeHHH.
OnepeJKeHHH He06xo.rr.HMbl .ll.l1H onpe.lleJIeHHH H C06.l1IO.lleHHH CpOKOB 33nYCKa
n BbwYCKa napTHH AeTa.l1ei'f no uexaM, B KOTOpblX npoH3BO.rr.HTCSI HX 06pa6OTKa.
lJ.l1H HaH60.l1ee 06rn.ero CJIyqaH, npH OTHOllIeHHll 60.l1bmerO pHTMa napnIH .
;J.eTaJIeH K MeHbllIeMY B .llBYX CMeMHbIX no TeXHOJIOrH<IeCKoMY M3PllIPYTY nexax,
He paBHOM ue.TJOMY QHC.l1Y, onepeJKeHHe 3anYCKa napTHH ,lI.eTaJIell B nepBOM Llexe
Os] onpe.lle.l1SIeTCH COrJIaCHO rpalpHKY 1 Ha pHC. XVIII.6, a (npH R 1 :> R 2) no
<}JopMYJIe 2


OS1 = * Tl( + TCJ(D + ([

 ] - 1) R2'


r.lle T CAD - c.rr.BHr MOMeHTa 3anycKa nepBOII napTHH J],eTa.l1eII BO BTOpOM uexe
no OTHOllIeHllIO K MOMeHTY BbmYCKa 9TOH napTHH H3 nepBoro uexa.
ECJIH 3anycnITb BO BTOpOM uexe nepBYIO napTHIO cpa3Y nOCJIe BbIllYCKa ee
1I3 nepBoro uexa, TO TaKOH CABHr aBTOMaTH<IeCKH B03HHKHeT ,lI..TJSI OAHOH H3 nOCJIe-
.il.YIOrn. HX napTHH H pHTMH<IHOCTb 3anYCKa - BbWYCKa napTHH J],eTa.TJeH BO BTO-
pOM LLexe HapYllIHTC5I. Be.l1HqHHa T CAD onpe.lle.l1HeTCH no lpopMy.'!e 3
T CAB = RM - dR,
r,ILe RM - MeHbllIHH H3 pHTMOB napTHH ,lI.eTaJIeH B J],BYX CMeJKHblX uexax; d R -
061l1.HH HaH60JIbIlIHH ,lLe.l1HTe.l1b - ,IL.l1H pHTMOB napTHH ,lLeTa.l1eH B .llBYX CMeJKHbIX
uexax.


] Ha rpa<pHKe pllC. XVIII.6 II Ha Bcex nOCJ1e.nYIOIlllIx rp, a<!mKax Ha KOTOpbIX nOKa3aHO
ZlBH2KeHlle rrapTllH lIeTaJIeH, pHTMbI nOCJ1eAHllX npllHHTbI YCJ10BHbIMll, YJl06HbIMll Jl.J!H nOHCHeHH1I
2 B aToH <jJopMYJIe BeJIllllHHa ( [

 ) - 1) 03Ha'laeT, liTO nOJIYlIeHHoe B HeH lIaCTHoe OT ./{eJ1e-
HHH oKpyrJIHeTCH ./{O 6.f!ll)KaiiIlIero 60JIbIlIero u.eJIoro lIHCJ1a. 113 Hero BbIlIliTaeTCH eJ\HHHu.a, TaK IWK -
nepB3H napTHH BO BTOpOM uexe 3arrYCKaeTCH cpa3Y )Ke nOCJle BbIIIYCKa rrepBOH rrapnm B nepBO:\! u.exe.
3 C. A. Co K 0 JI H U bI H. 06Illaf[ MeTO)J;llKa paclIeTa 060pOTHbIX 3anaCOB B pliTMHlIHOM
npOll3 BO .!l.CTBe. - B c6. TpYJlOB JII111 «3KoHoMllKa, opraHH3au. HH , rr.J!aHHpoBaHlle I1pOll3BO
CTBa»,
1956, N
 186.


321


11 A. H. KJIHMOB




.
1.
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'" '"
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"'- 0
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<::> Q)
..., 3


I ,Q
<::>1 <;

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'-':> 0
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0..

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'" '" ><»
c:;; Q:: "'<;
><CJ
Q):>:
<::> ::!::r
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:cO

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'"
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=>-

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<:> '"
I <;>.
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c::, -I N
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(l)


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322




uO.llCTaBHB BMeCTO'TcJi.B ero 3HaIJ:eHHe corJlaCHO 9TOH 1p0pMYJle, nOJIyqHM
0 31 = * T u + R2 - d R + ( [

 ] - I) Rz.


9Ta 1p0pMYJIa cnpaBe.llJIHBa H .llJIH CJIY<IaH, KOr.lla R 1 < R 2 (pHC. XVIII.6, 6),
GPH KOTOpOM BeJ1HqHHa B cK06Kax 6Y.lleT paBHa HyJIIO, TaK KaK [

 ] = 1.
C.llBHr MOMeHTa 3anycKa nepBoH napTHH BO BTOpOM uexe no OTHOllIeHHIO K MO-
:.1eHTY BbmyCKa ee H3 nepBoro uexa 3.lleCb 6Y.lleT COCTOHTb H3 .llBYX qaCTeH. uepBbIH
LABHI' npoHcxOAHT BCJIeACTBHe Toro, qTO pHTM (pa3Mep) napTHH .lleTaJIeH B nep-
80M uexe MeHbllIe, qeM BO BTOpOM. BeJIH<IHHa CABHra paBHa R 2-R l' BeJIHqHHa
BToporo C.llBHra, npOHCXO.llHrn.ero, KaK H B nepBOM CJIyqae, BCJIe.llCTBHe Toro, IJ:TO
OTHOllIeHHe 60JIbllIerO pa3Mepa napTHH K MeHbllIeMY He paBHO ueJIOMY IJ:HC.TJY,
onpe.lleJIHeTC£ KaK R ]-d R - 06rn.aH BeJIHqHHa C.llBHra l\10MeHTa 3anycKa nepBOH
llapTHH BO BTOpOM uexe 6Y.lleT paBHa R 2-R 1 + R 1 - dR' [103TOMY cYl\lllIapHbIH
C.llBHr 6YAeT TaKJKe paBeH R 2 - dR'
Do AaHHoH 1p0pMYJIe Onpe.lleJIHeTCH MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MOJKHaH BeJ1HIJ:HHa
onepeJKeHllH AJIH nepBoro uexa. 9T0 06'bHCHHeTcH TeM, qTO onepeJKeHlle 3anycKa
(HJIH BbrnycKa) OnpeAeJIHeTCH (UpH HeKpaTHoM OTHOllIeHHH pHTMOB HJIH pa3MepoB
napTHH B CMeJKHbIX uexax) He no OTHOllIeHHIO K BeJIHqHHe BbmYCKa H3 BToporo
uexa Tex H3.lleJIHH, .llJIH KOTOpbIX 3anyrn.eHbI .lleTaJIH B 06pa60TKY B nepBOM uexe,
a K HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbllIeMY qllCJIY. HanpHMep, nepBaH napTHH B nepBOM u exe
3anYCKaeTCH B KOJIHqeCTBe 100 IlIT., a onepeJKeHHe 3anycKa .llJ1H Hee onpe.lleJIHeTCH,
KaK BH.llHO H3 rpalpHKa Ha pllC. XVIII.6. no OTHOllIeHHIO K BbInycKY H3 BToporo
uexa 120-H llITYKll.
ECJIH BbmycK H3 BToporo nexa npOHCXO.llHJI paBHoMepHo KaJK.llbIH .lleHb, TO
onepeJKeHHe, onpeAeJIHeMoe AJIH nepBoro uexa no OTHOllIeHHIO K BbInycKY 100-H
llITYKH H3 BToporo uexa, 6bIJIO 6bI MeHbllIllM Ha BeJlH'lHHY T CAB H OAHHaKOBbIM
nJISI JII060H napTHH nepBoro u exa .
ECJIH napTHH AeTaJIeH npoxoAllT 06pa6OTKY 60JIee qeM B ABYX uexax (rpalpHK
Ha pHC. XVIII.7), nOJIYIJ:HM
KIJ. KIJ. Ku- 1
0 3 / =
 T Ui +
 R i -
 d Ri , i+l +
i=1 i=l+l i=l
+ ([ R
J - 1) RKu' (XVIII.28)


r.lle I - nopHAKoBbIH (no XO.llY TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOrO npouecca) HOMep u exa , .llJIH
KOToporo onpeneJIHeTCH onepeJKeHHe 3anyCKa; KIJ. - qHCJIO Bcex UeXOB, B KO-
TOpbIX npOH3BO.llHTCH 06pa60TKa (H c60pKa) .llaHHOH napTHH .lleTaJIeH; R K -
u u
pHTM napTHH .lleTaJIeH B nOCJIe.llHeM u exe .
ECJIH [ R
IJ. ] paBHo ueJIOMY qHCJIY, TO 1p0pMYJIa npHHHMaeT 60JIee npocToH


BHA:


Ku KIJ.-l KIJ.-l
03l =
 T Ui +
 Rl -
 d Ri , i+l'
i=l i=l i=l


(XVIII.28a)


upH onpeAeJIeHHH onepeJKeHHH He06xo.llHl\10 TaKJKe yqHTbIBaTb pe3epBHoe
onepeJKeHHe MeJK.llY BbInycKoM napTHll H3 npe.llbI.llyrn.ero u exa H 3anycKoM ee
B CJIe.llYIOrn.eM uex
, KOTopoe He06xoAHMO Ha CJIyqaH 3aAepJKKH BbInycKa napTHH
neTaJIeH H3 npeAbI.llyrn.ero uexa HJIH npeJKAeBpeMeHHoro 3anycKa 9TOH JKe napTHH
B CJIeAYIOrn. eM uexe. B pe3epBHoe onepeJKeHHe BKJIIOqaeTCH H MeJKueXOBOe BpeMH,
COCTOHrn.ee H3 BpeMeHH oIpopMJIeHHH AOKYMeHToB H TpaHcnopTHpoBKH napTHH
J],eTaJIeH H3 uexa B uex. 06bIqHO pe3epBHoe onepe}!{eHHe npHHHMaeTcH paBHbIM
'" 323




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324




HeCKOJIbKHM .llHHM (2-5), HO TaKaH BeJIHIJ:llHa ero IJ:aCTO OKa3bIBaeTCH He.llOCTa-
TO
JHOH. LlJIH 06eCne<IeHHH 3anycKa nap1:HI1 .n.eTaJIe
1 B c"leJ],YIOrn. eM u.exe B JII060H
nepHO.ll pHTMa He06xo.llHMO, <IT06bI MeJK.llY J],BYMH CMeJKHbIMH u.exai\1H HaXO.llHJICH
BCer.lla 3anac .lleTaJIeH, paBHbIH pa3Mepy napTHH J],eTaJIe
1 CJIe.llYIOlliero
lJ,exa


T pe3d / = Rd/+1'


r.lle Rd l - pHTM napTHH .lleTaJIeH B CJIe.nYIOrn.eM, (1 + l)-M lJ,exe.
+]
B cJIYIJ:ae BbInonHeHHH HeCKOJIbKHX nOCJIe.llHHX onepau. HH no HeCKOJIbKllM
.lleTaJIHM Ha O.llHOM H TOM JKe pa60IJ:eM MeCTe pe3epBHoe onepeJKeHHe .llJIH 9TI1X
.lleTaJIeH npH O.llHOBpeMeHHOH nOJ],a<Ie HX Ha C60PKY J],OJI}!{HO H3MeHHTbcH OT 0
.ll0 pa3Mepa pHTMa napTHH B .llaHHOM u.exe, a cpe)lHHH BeJIHqHHa ero T

3 d l
= -+ Rdl' rAe Rdl - pHTM napTHH .lleTa.'leH d-ro HaHMeHOBaHHH B 1-M u.exe.
OnepeJKeHHe 3anYCKa C yqeTOM pe3epBHoro onepeJKeHHH B 06rn.e
1 BII,Qe
6Y.lleT onpe.lleJIHTbCH no 1p0pMYJIe
Ku. Ku.- 1 Ku
0 31 =
 T u; + 1: T pe31 . 1+1 + L Ri-
i=/ i=! i=I+1


K1\-1
); dR. .-'- 1 +
.... r.
lt
1=/


+ ( [ :
J - 1) RKu'


(XVII 1.29)


<I:>opMYJIa XVIII.29 MOJKeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHa H .llJIH onpe.lle,'!eHHH .lllIHTe.'lb-
HOCTH npo H3Bo .llCTBeHHoro U.IIKJIa 06pa60TKH napTHH .lleTaJIeH. B O.llHOM u.exe npH
pa3-HbIX pa3Mepax (pHTMax) napTHH .lleTaJIeH no OnepalJ,HHM. LlJIH 9Toro BMeCTO
TU.i He06xo.llHMO npHHHMaTb npO.llOJIJKHTenbHocTb 06pa60TKH napTHH .lleTa.'leH
Ha O.llHOH onepaUHH, a BMeCTO T pe3 npHHHMaTb t MO '
OnepeJKeHHH 3anycKa (BbrnycKa) napTHH .lleTaJIeH B cepHHHoM npOH3BO.llCTBe
MorYT 6bITb BblpaJKeHbI He B pa60
mx .llHHX, a
mCJIOM llITYK O:I'Ha KOTopoe 3anYCK
.lleTaJIeH B .llaHHOM uexe .ll0JI}!{eH onepeJKaTb BbrnYCK H3.lle.TJHH CO C60PKI1, onpe.lle-
nHeMbIM no 1p0pMYJIe


0:/ = 031 N jl,H


HJIH


O
l = (
/ T Ui +

1 T pe3i , i+l) N AH + i=

l ni -
1 d ni . i+l +


+ ([ l
J - 1) nKu.;


(XVIII.29a)


rJ],e d n .. - 06rn.HH HaH60JIbliHH AeJIHTeJIb .llJIH pa3MepoB napnm .lleTa.'leH
1..1+1
B J],BYX CMeJKHbIX u exax .
DpH YMeHbliaIOrn.HXCH HJIH YBeJIHqHBaIOrn.HXCH B ueJIoe qHCJIO pa3 pHTMax
napTHH J],eTaJIeH B KaJK)l.oM CJIe.llYIOrn.eM uexe 1p0PMYJIbI (XVIII.29) H (XVIII.29a)
npHHHMaIOT 60JIee npOCTOH BHA
Ku Ku- 1
0 3 / = 1: T ui +
 T pe3i, i+l + Rmax - Rmin
i=l i=/


(X VII 1. 296)


H


( Ku. Ku.-l )
0 31 =
 T1\i+
 T pe3i ,i+l NAH+nmax-nmin.
t=l i=1


(XVIII.29B)


325




OnepeJKeHHH 38nycK8 (BbmYCKa), onpe;I,eJIeHHble no IpOPMYJI8M (XVIII.29)-
(XVIII.29B), HBJIHIOTCH M8KCHM8JIbHbIMH. Do HCTeIJ:eHHH pHTM8 n8pTHH .lleT8JIeii.
KOr.lla .llOJIJKH8 6bITb 3anyrn.eH8 Oqepe.llH8H napTHH, OHH .n.OCTHr8IOT MHHHMaJIbHOrO
3HaqeHHH, KOTopoe, c.'le.llOBa1
JIbHO, 6Y.lleT onpeJ],eJIHTbCH no 1p0pMYJIe 1


03 m int = 03t- Rt.


(XVIII.29r) .


OnepeJKeHHe 38nYCKa n8pTHH J],eT8JIeH MO}!{eT 6bITb YMeHbllIeHO COKp 8 rn. e -
HHeM .llJIHTeJIbHOCTH npOH3BO.llCTBeHHbIX UHKJIOB H pe3epBHbIX onepeJKeHHH, a
T8KJKe COKp8rn.eHHeM H BblpaBHHB8HHeM p83MepOB (pHTMOB) napTHH .lleT8JIeH no

eX8M.



 4. PaCqeT 3a.u.eJIOB


3aae.l/aMU H83blBaIOT H8XO.llHrn.HeCH H8 P83JIHqHbIX CT8.n.HHX npOH3 BO .llCTBeH-
Horo npouecc8 .n.eT8.TJH, C60pOIJ:Hble e.llHHHUbI HJIH H3)J,eJIHH, T. e. He38BepllIeHHoe
npOH3BO.llCTBO B H8TypaJIbHOM BblpaJKeHHH. OHH HBJIHIOTCH OBern.eCTBJIeHHbIM
BbIpaJKeHHeM onepeJKeHHH 38nycK8 n8pTHH .lleT8JIeH, C60POIJ:HbIX e)J,HHHU HJIH
H3.lleJIHH.
K8K 6e3 C06JIIO.lleHHH YCT8HOBJIeHHbIX onepeJKeHHH 38nycK8 H BbInycK8,
T8K H 6eg He06xo.llHMbIX 38.lleJIOB He MOJKeT 6bITb 06eCne<IeH8 6ecnepe60HH8H
BbICOKonpOH3BO.llHTeJIbH8H p8BHOMepH8H p86OT8 II p8BHOMepHbIH BbrnYCK npo-
.n.YKUUH. ¥I3JIHllIHHe H HeKOMnJIeKTHble 38.lleJIbI npHBO.llHT K YBeJIHIJ:eHHIO nOTpe6-
HOCTH B 060POTHbIX Cpe.llCTB8X H 38Me.llJIeHHIO HX 060paIJ:HB8eMOCTH,
P83JIHq8IOT BHYTpHueXOBbIe H MeJK
eXOBble 3a.lleJIbI. B cepHHHOM npOH3BO.ll-
CTBe K BHYTpHueXOBbIM OTHOCHTCH UHKJIOBble 3a.lleJIbI, 8 K Me}!{
eXOBbIM - 060-
pOTHble H pe3epBHble 38.lleJIbI. DOCJIe.llHHe J],Ba BH.ll8 38.lleJIOB Ha3blBaIOT T8K}!{e
CKJIa.llCKHMH, T8K K8K OHH .ll0JI}!{HbI H8X0.llHTbCH H8 CKJIa.llaX (Me}!{UeXOBblx HJIH
uexoBbIx).
l(H {,,'10BbIe 3a.n.eJIbI. IJ,HKJIOBOH 3a.lleJI - KOJIHqeCTBO .rr.eT3JIeH (C60POqHbIX
e.llHHUU HJIH H3.lleJIHH) , KOTopoe H8X0.llHTCfl B npoH3BoJ],cTBeHHoM npouecce
eX3
Ha TOT HJIH HHOH MOMeHT BpeMeHH.
¥I3MeHeHHe
HKJIOBbIX 38.lleJIOB nOK838HO H8 rp8lpHKe (pHC. XVII 1.8). DpH
38nycKe n8pTHH .lleT8JIeH B npOH3BO.llCTBO
HKJIOBOH 38.lleJI 6Y.lleT p8BeH p83Mepy
napTHH .lleT8JIeH. 4HCJIO n8pTHH .llet8JIeH O.llHOrO H Toro JKe H8HMeHoBaHllH,
HaX0.llHrn.HXCH B npOH3BO.llCTBe B K8}!{)J,bIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH, B Cpe.llHeM p8BHO
OTHOlieHHIO .llJIHTeJIbHOCTH npoH3BO.llCTBeHHoro UHKJI8 n8pTHH K PHTMY n8pTHIl
.lleT8JIeH. DO&T.JMY, K8K BH.llHO H3 rpalpHK8 (pHC. XVIII.8), Cpe.llHHH BeJIHqHHa

HKJIOBOrO 3a,n.eJI8 HUJ onpe.lleJIHeTCH no 1p0pMYJIe
Tu
H - -.i
Ul - nt Rl .
D 0 .llCT8BHB BMeCTO Rl ero 3H8qeHHe COrJI8CHO 1p0pMYJIe (11.6), no.TJY<IHM
TUl
HDoi = r = T UlNlJ,a. (XVIII.30)




::
::
-,



-


LlJIH cOKparn.eHHH UHKJIOBbIX 38.lleJIOB He06xoJJ.HMO YMeHbllIaTb JJ.JIliTeJIbHOCTb
npoH3BoJ],cTBeHHoro UHKJI8.
CYMM8 Cpe.llHHX UHKJIOBbIX 38J],eJIOB .llJIH .118HHOrO H8HMeHOB8HHH .lleTaJIH
no BceM ueX8M onpe.lleJIHeTCH nepeMHOJKeHHeM CYMMbI .llJIHTeJIbHOCTH npoH3BoJ],-
CTBeHHblX UHKJIOB no uexaM H8 cpe)J,He.llHeBHOH BbmycK .lleTaJIeu
Kq K


 HDoi =NlJ.H
 TUl'
l=1 l=l


] MnHllMa.'IbHble orrepe)KeHllH 3arrYCKa (BbIIIycKa) llCnOJIb3YIOTCH, KaK 6YJleT rrOKa3aHO Hll)Ke,
JlJIH COCTaBlIeHllH Ka.leH./{apHbiX rr.laHOB.
326




TaKHM 06pa30M, Cpe.n.HHe UHK.'IOBble 3a.n.e.'IbI HBJIHIOTCH BeUJ.eCTBeHHblM
=b!pan<eHHeM TOH qaCTH onepen<eHHH 3anYCKa, KOTOpaH OnpeAeJIHeTCH .llJIIlTe.lb-
::OCTbIO npOH3BO.llCTBeHHbIX UHKJIOB.
060pOTHbIe 3a.u.enbI 1. 060pOTHbIe 3a.n.eJIbI Men<.ILY ueXaMH onpe.n.eJIHIOTCH
:0; COOTBeTCTBHH C 061ll.eH MeTO.llHKOH onpe.neJIeHHH 3a.lleJIOB Men<J],Y .llBYJ\1H CMen<-
=:bIMH 3BeHbHMH npOH3BO.llCTBa, Kan<J],Oe H3 KOTOpbIX MOn<eT 6blTb pa60qHM MeCTOM,
COTO'lHOH JIHHHeH, yqaCTKOM HJIH UeXOM.
UepBOe (nO.llaIOUJ.ee) 3BeHO onpeAeJIHeT nopHAOK, T. e. xapaKTep (llITyqHbIH
3JIH napTHOHHbIH), CKOpOCTb, KOJIHqeCTBo H CpOKH nocTynJIeHHH, a BTopoe
rIoTpe6.1HIOUJ.ee) 3BeHO - nopHAOK nOTpe6JIeHHH.
UpH<IHHarvfll B03HHKHOBeHHH 3a.lleJIOB Men<.D.Y ABYMH CMen<HbIMH 3BeHbHMH
npOH3Bo.n.CTBa MoryT 6bITb: 1) pa3JIHqHbIH xapaKTep nocTynJIeHHH H nOTpe6JIeHHH
npe.llMeTOB (llITY<IHblH HJIH napTHoHHbIH); 2) pa3JIHqHble CKOpOCTH nocTynJIeHHH


I I: R wi .I
Tu
HI{
2n
fn

R


PllC. XVII1.8. fpa<pHK ll3MeHeHHH U.HKJIOBbIX 3alleJIOB BO BpeMeHll


H nOTpe6JIeHHH npe.n.MeToB;2 3) pa3JIHqHble nepHO]l.bI (pHTMbI) nocTynJIeHHH H
nOTpe6JIeHHH; 4) C.llBHr HaqaJIa nOTpe6JIeHHH no cpaBHeHHIO C HaqaJIOM nocTynJIe-
HHH npe.llMeToB.
Cp e .llHH5J BeJIHqHHa 060pOTHoro 3aAeJIa Men<.llY }:\BYMH CMe}KHbIMH 3BeHbHMH H 0
npH paBHoMepHoM H O.llHOBpeMeHHoM llITyqHOM nocTynJIeHHH H nOTpe6JIeHHH
np, e.llMeToB COrJIaCHO rpalpHKY (pHC. XVIII.9), MOn<eT 6bITb onpe}J,eJIeHa no
1p0pMYJIe


H _ p]-P 2
0- To '


(XVIII.31)


r.lle F 1 H F 2 - nJIOUJ.a.llb, OrpaHHqeHHaH COOTBeTCTBeHHO JIHHHeH nocTynJIeHHH
H JIHHHeH nOTpe6JIeHHH npe}:\MeTOB; To - nepHO)l O.llHoro 060pOTa 3a.lleJIOB.
BeJIHqHHbI F 1 H F 2 onpe.lleJIHIOTCH H3 rpalpHKa. UepHO.ll O.llHOro o6opOTa 3a.lleJIOB
onpe.n.eJIHeTCH no MOMeHTY BpeMeHH, KOr.lla KOJIHqeCTBO npe.llMeTOB no nocTynJIe-
HHIO II nOTpe6JIeHHIO cOBnaAaeT; OH .llOJIn<eH 6bITb paBeH
T-
 R -n] R
o - CI;; 1 - CI;; 2.


rAe nl H n 2 - pa3MepbI napTHH npe.llMeTOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO no nocTynJIeHHIO H
nOTpe6JIeHHIO; c!n - 06UJ.HH HaH60JIbllIHH .lleJIHTeJIb .llJIH pa3MepOB napTHH no-
cTynJIeHHH H nOTpe6JIeHHH npeAMeTOB.


1 060pOTHble 3aJl,eJIbI 06bIlIHO xpaHHTCH B u.exe-nOJIYlIaTeJle ./{eTaJIeiL
2 CKOpOCTb rrocTyrrJIeHllH npeJl,MeTOB B KaKoe-JIll60 3BeHO eCTb KOJIlllleCTBO rrpe./{MeTOB, nOCTY-
naIOlII.llX B e./{llHllu.y BpeMeHll, a CKOpOCTb nOTpe6JIeHllH - KOJIlllleCTBO rrpe./{MeTOB, nOTpeOJIHeMb!X
)J.aHHbIM 3BeHOM B eJl,llHllu.y BpeMeHll.
TIepllO./{ rrocTynJIeHllH - BpeMH, lIepe3 KOTopoe rrOBTOpHeTCH nOCTyIIJleHlle npeJl:'leTOB B KaKoe-
JIIIOO 3BeHO B 9TOM )Ke KOJIlllleCTBe. AHMomllHO rrepllOJl, rrOTpeOJIeHllH - BpeMH, lIepe3 KOTopoe
npe./{MeTbI nOTpeOJIHIOTCH B O./{IIHaKOBOM KOJIlllleCTBe. TIplIMeHllTeJIbHO K rrapTllHM npe./{MeTOB 9TII
rrepllO./{bI HBJIHIOTCH pllTMaMll rrocTyrrJIeHIIH B KaKOe-JIll60 3BeHO II nOTpe6JIeHllH llMll 9TllX npe)l-
MeTOB.


327




UOJ],CT8BHB 3HaIJ:eHHH F I' F 2 H To B 1p0PMYJIY (XVIII.31) H CJ],eJI8B npeo6pa.
30BaHHH, nOJIY<IHM


Ho = -.!i (I -
 ) _ n 2 ( 1 -
 ) ,
2\ rv] 2 rV 2
r.lle VI H v 2 - CKOpOCTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO nocTynJIeHHH H nOTpe6JIeHHH npe.llMeTOB,
T. e. KOlIH'leCTBO llITYK, nocTyn8IOUJ.Hx HJIH nOTpe6JIHeMbIX B e.llHHHUY BpeMeHH.
lvlHHHJ\I8JIbHbIll cJ],BHr H8<I8JIa nOTpe6JIeHHH H8 60JIee n03.llHHH CpOK no OTHO-
llIeHHIO K HaQa.'1Y nocTynJleHHH, C TeM qTo6bI nOTpe6JIeHHe HHKor;:t,8 He npeBbI1lI8.IIO
nocTynJ1eHHH, J],o.TJJKeH 6bITb p8BeH I
TCI1B = n L ( r -
 ) - d n ( r -
 ) ,
min v 2 [JM


r.lle V M - MeHb1lI8H H3 CKopOCTeH nocTynJIeHHH H nOTpe6JIeHHH.
To


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nz


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PllC. XVIlI.9. fpa<pllK nocTyn.1eHHH II nOTpe6c1eHi'IH npe
-
MeTOB MeJK,D;Y L\BYMH CMe}KHbIME 3BeHbHME IIPE o./{HoBpe-
MeHHOM HallaJIe paBHoMepHoro IlITYlIHOro nocTyn.1eHllH
II IIOTpe6JIeHllH


C.llBHr CpOKOB BbI3bIBaeT YBeJIIIQeHHe CpeJ],HerO 060pOTHoro 3aJ],eJIa H8 BeJIH-
<IHHY
H 0' paBHYIO
" H - T CI1B
U 0--'
r


B COOTBeTCTBHH C 9THM


H =-.!i ( n-
 ) _!!L ( 1 -
 ) + TCAB , (X VII 1.32)
o 2 rv] 2 /v 2 r


8 MHHHMaJIbHOe 3H8IJ:eHHe H 0 COCT8BHT
Ho =!!:!. ( 1 -
 ) + !!L ( I - -.!.. ) - d n ( 1 -
 ) . (XVII 1.33)
2 rv] 2 rV 2 rV M


B CepHHHOM npOH3BOAcTBe nocTynJIeHHe npe.llMeTOB B uexa H HX nOTpe6JIeHHe
npOHCXO.llHT He nOCTeneHHO, a cpa3Y BceH n8pTHeH; npH 9TOM VI -> 00, V 2 -> 00
H V M -> 00.
lvlHHHMaJIbHbIH Cpe.u.HHH 060POTHbIH 38.lleJI MeJK;:t,y )J.BYMH CMe}!{HbIMH ue-
X8rviH B 3TOM CJIyq8e 6YJ],eT p8BeH
Ho = n] t n2 - d n . (XVIII. 34)


] CM. CHOCKY 3 Ha CTp. 321.


328




ECJIH OTHOlieHHe 60JIbllIerO pa3Mepa napTlIH n6 K MeHbllIeMY n M B .D.BYX
CMeLKHbIX Uexax paBHO ueJIOMY qHCJIY (pHC. XVIII.I0 H XVIII. 11), TO IpOpMYJIa
(XVI I I .34) npHHHMaeT eUJ.e 60JIee npocToH BH.rr.


H _ n6- n M
o-
.


(XVIII.34a)


CYMMapHbltI cpeJ],HHt! 060POTHhIH 3a}J.e.'1 MeJK.lly BCeI\UI UeXaI\III onpe.ILe.TJHTCH
nyTeM CYMMHpoBaHHH 060pOTHbIX 3a.n.eJIOB J\[eJK.D.Y KaJK)J.oH napotl OleJKHbIX ueXOB
11 6Y.D.eT COCTaBJIHTb


K -1

 H = n] + nKU
l.J 01, 1+1 2
1=1


1<1.\-1 KI.\-1
t-
 nl -
 d lTl , l+l .
1=2 1=1


(XVIII.35)


UpH YBeJIH<IIIBaIOUJ.HXCH (HJIH YMeHblllaIOUJ.HXCH) B u.eJIOe qHCJIO pa3 pa3Me-
pax napnIM B KaJK.D.0M CJIe.n.yIOUJ.eM no X0.lly TeXHOJIOrHIJ:eCKOrO npOILecca llexe
COrJIaCHO cpopMYJIe XVIII.35 CYMMa 060POTHbIX 3aJ],eJIOB COCTaBHT
K -1

 H = n max - nmln ( XVIII. 35a )
kJ ° 1 , 1+1 2
1=1


r,1J,e f1 max II n mln - COOTBeTCTBeHHO I\IaKCHMa.lbHbIH II MHHHMa.'1bHbIll pa3:\lep
napnlli no BceM uexaM, B KOTOPbIX npoH3Bo.n.HTCH o6pa60TKa .n.eTaJIeti lIJIn c60pKa
C60P0IJ:HbiX e.n.lIHHU lJ H3.lleJIHH.
113 aHaJIH3a 1p0PMYJI (XVIII.34) Ii (XVIII.35) BbITeKaeT. <ITO .n..JIH YMeHblie-
HHH 060pOTHbIX 3a.lleJIOB He06xoJ],HMO YBe.'1HqIIBaTb MeHbliHtI II.'lIl )'MeHbllIaTb
60JIbllIHH pa3Mep napTHII .lleTaJIeH B CMe}!{HbIX uexax. HanpHMep, npH n 1 = 100
u n 2 = 20 Cpe.llHHH 060pOTHbIH 3a.n.eJI COrJIaCHO 1p0pMYJIe (XVIII.34a) 6y.n. eT
paBeH 40 liT., a npH n 2 = 50 - TOJIbKO 25 illT.
YBCJIH<IeHHe MeHbllIero pa3Mepa napTHH .D.eTaJIeH O.llHOBpeMeHHo npHBe.n.eT
K YBeJIHIIeIlHIO .llJIHTeJIbHOCTH npOH3BO.llCTBeHHoro UIIKJIa H COOTBeTCTBeHHO
cpe,1J,HHX UHKJ10BbIX 3a.lleJIOB.
ConocTaB.'1eHHe 3TIiX H3MeHeHHH B pa3Mepax UHK.TJOBbIX Ii 060POTHbIX 3a,lLe-
.'10B IIIOJKeT B KaJK.llOM KOHKpeTHoM cJIyqae nOKa3aTb ueJIeC006pa3HocTb Toro
HJIII IIHoro H3I\IeHeHIIH pa3Mepa napTIIH J],eTaJIeH.
Pe3epBHble 3a.u.eJIbI. Pe3epBHble 3 a.lleJIbI, KaK BH.n.HO H3 rpalpIma
(pHC. XVIII. 12), onpe.lleJIHIOTCH aHaJIOrH<IHO UHKJIOBbIM 3aAeJIaM. CpeAHHH
BeJIHIJ:IIHa pe3epBHblx 3aAeJIOB H pea paBHa


H pea = TpeaNTJ.H'


(XVIII. 36)


r)le T pea - pe3epBHoe onepe}!{eHlIe Me}!{.D.Y .D.BYMH CMe}!{HbIMH uexaMII, .D.HH.
Pe3epBHbIe .3a.lleJIbI 06pa3YIOTcH npH C06JIIO.n.eHHH pe3epBHbIx onepeJKeHHH
MeJK.llY CJ\1eJKHbIMH uexaMH. OHH MorYT TaKJKe 6blTb C03.llaHbI 3apaHee nYTeI\l
o6pa60TKH B Ka)K)J.OM uexe .llOnOJIHHTeJIbHO Toro KOJIH<IeCTBa .lleTaJIeH, KOTOpoe
Tpe6yeTcH .llJIH C03.llaHHH pe3epBHbIx 3aAeJIOB MeJK.D.Y BceMH nOCJIe.llYIOlllHMH lI.e-
xaMH.
B03MOJKHbI .llBa MeTO.lla TaKoro C03.llaHIIH pe3epBHbIx 3a.lleJIOB.
UepBbIH MeTO.ll - 3anycK HeKOToporo qHCJIa nepBbIx napTHH B KaJK.llOM
uexe, YBeJIHqeHHbIM Ha


KI.\-1
i
 H pesi , i+1
!'!..nl= K
n.8


r.lle Kn. s
 <IHCJIO napTHtI C YBeJIHqeHHbIM pa3MepoM, Heo6xo.JHMoe .n..1H C03,1J,a-
HHH pe3epBHbIx 3a.lleJlOB.
BTOpOH MeTO.ll - YBeJIHqeHHe CMeHHOCTII pa60TbI, eCJIH npH npHHHToH CMeH-
HOCTH pa60qHe MeCTa 3arpYJKeHbI nOJIHOCTbIO.


329




N
 n, R
O
[Jexo wm. Oil/)
80 24


Tq,
IlPo
OffU
l.;


..,
::
,


t:::
0>

 60
..,
';:' 50

 40

 30

20
'<:5
<::>


2 20 6


2


r Rz


r


PllC. XVIII. 10. fpaqmK ll3MeHeHllH 060POTHbIX 3a)J.eJI0B npll OTHOIlIeHllll pa3Mepa napTlH1
LleraJlel1 B I-M
exe K pa3Mepy napTHH lJ,eTaJIefi BO 2-M u.exe, paBHoM U.eJIOMY 'IHCJ1y
-


2 itO f2 7


PIg n, R T
a.
pao.
qcxa wm. OHU 'JHU
f 20 6 Z Rf --=1


PllC. XVII 1.11. fpa<pH K ll3MeHeHllH 060POTHbIX 3a)leJIOB rrpll OTHOIlIeHHll pa3Mepa
rrapTllH lleTa.1Iefi BO 2-M u.exe K pa3Mepy rrapTllll lleTMefi B I-M u.exe, paBHoM
U.eJI0MY 'IllCJ1Y


Nfl n, r.
e,oo. f!,Yo.
qexa wm. 'ilHU 'ilHIJ
f 40 f2 4


.2


20 6


J


r. 6:J


20
R1;


*0


60


PllC. XVIII.I2. fpa<pllK ll3MeHeHllH pe3epBHblx 3al{eJI0B Me)K)lY ./{BYMH CMe)KHbIMll u.exaMll


330




Ha nepl1o.n. C03.n.aHHH 3a.n.eJIOB qHCJIO pa60qHX Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOrn. HX pa60qHX

,1eCTaX .n.OJIJKHO 6bITb BpeMeHHO YBeJIHqeHO nyTeM nepepacnpe.n.eJIeHHH HX MeJK.ILY
"\'{WCTKaMH H UeXaMH 3aBO.n.a.
# Cpe.n. HHH CYMMapHaH BeJIHqHHa BCeX 3a.n.eJIOB no 3aBO.n.y B UeJIOM AJIH .n.eTa.rr11
oARoro HaHMeHOBaHHH Hcp onpe.n.eJIHeTCH KaK CYMMa Cpe.n.HHX 3aAeJIOB no BceM
uexaM B COOTBeTCTBHH C lpopMYJIaMH (XVII I. 30), (XVIII.34) H (XVIII.36).
CYMMapHbIH nepexoAHrn.HH 3a.n.eJI no 3aBo.n.y B UeJIOM Ha KaKOH-JIH60 MOMeHT
BpeMeHH onpe.n.eJIHeTCH nyTeM BblqHTaHHH H3 KOJIH<IeCTBa .n.eTaJIeH, 3anyrn.eHHblx
B nepBoM uexe, qHCJIa .n.eTaJIeH, BbInyrn.eHHblx H3 nOCJIe.n.HeI'O (C60pOqHOro)
U.exa Ha 9TOT MOMeHT BpeMeHH.
KOJIHqeCTBO .n.eTa.JleH, KOTopoe .n.OJIJKHO 6bITb 3anyrn.eHo B nepBoM uexe Ha
cooTBeTcTBYIOlllHH MOMeHT BpeMeHH x, paBHo npoH3Be.n.eHHIO <IHCJIa napTHH,
nO.n.JIeJKarn.HX 3anycKY B nepBoM uexe K .n.aHHoMY i\iOMeHTY BpeMeHH Knx' Ha
pa3Mep napTHH nepBoro uexa.
BeJIH<IHHa Kn onpe.n.eJIHeTCH no lpopMYJIe
x


_ [ 0:, + N ku ]
Kn - ,
x n]


rAe 0: - onepe}!{eHHe 3anycKa .n.JIH nepBoro uexa; N k - KOJIHIJ:eCTBO Bbrnyrn. eH -
] u
HbIX (BollIe.n.lllHx B H3.n.eJIHH) .n.eTaJIeH, HapacTaIOrn.HM HTorOM C HaIJ:aJIa I'o.n.a 1;
n] - pa3Mep napTHH .n.eTaJIeH nepBoro uexa.
ToI'Aa cYMMapHbIH nepexo.n.Hrn.HH 3a.n.e.TJ H nep no 3aB0.n.y B ueJIOM Ha KaKoH-
JIH60 MOMeHT BpeMeHH 6y.n.eT onpe.n.eJIHTbCH no 1p0pMYJIe
H nep = ([ 0:, :]N ku ] -1) nl - N ku'


(XVIII. 37)


yb aHaJIH3a IpOPMYJIbI (XVIII.37) CJIe.D.yeT, qTO .n.JIH cOKparn.eHHH cYMMapHblx
nepexo.n.Hrn.HX 3a.n.eJIOB no 3aBo.n.y B ueJIOM He06xo.n.m.w cOKparn.aTb onepeJKeHHe
3anycKa napTHH .n.eTaJIeH B nepBoM uexe. LlOCTHraeTCH 9TO nYTeM BbipaBHHBaHHH
11 cOKparn.eHHH pHTMa napTHH .n.eTaJIeH no uexaM. CYMMHpoBaHHe paCCIJ:HTaHHblx
no npHBe.n.eHHbIM lpopMYJIaM Cpe.n.HHx pa3MepoB Bcex BH.n.OB 3a.n.eJIOB (B e.n.HHHUax
TpYAoeMKocTH HJIH B .lleHeJKHOM BblpaJKeHHH) no BceM HaHMeHOBaHHHM .lleTaJIeH
J]:aeT cpe.n.HHe HopMaTHBHble pa3MepbI He3aBepllIeHHoI'o npoH3BoJ],cTBa COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO .llJIH yqaCTKa, uexa H 3aBo.n.a B UeJIOM.



 5. Oco6eHHocTH paCqeTa Ka
eHnapHo-nnaHoBMx HopMaTuBoB
cTaH.u.apTH30BaHHblx, HOpMaJIH30BaHHMx,
YHH(lmD.HpOBaHHblx U 3anaCHbIX .u.eTaJIdi
C TaH .llapTH30BaHHble H HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIe .lleTaJIH B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIYIJ:aeB
H3I'OTOBJIHIOTCH B CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHblx uexax HJIH Ha yqaCTKaX (aBToMaTHo-
peBOJIbBepHblx, aBTOMaTHO-llITaMnOBOqHbIX, HOpMaJIeH H T. n.), nOCJIe IJ:eI'O OHH
H.llYT HenOCpe.llCTBeHHO Ha C60PKY pa3JIHqHbIX C60P0IJ:HbIX e.llHHHu H H3.lleJIHH.
CpOKH nOAa<IH HX Ha C60PKY BeCbMa pa3Ho06pa3HbI H nJIaHHpOBaTb no HHM H3ro-
TOBJIeHlIe .rr.eTaJIeH TPY.llHO. U09TOMY He06xo.llHMO nJIaHHpOBaTb H3roToB:leHHe
C TaH .llapTH30BaHHbIX H HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIX .lleTaJIeH «Ha CKJIa.n.» C TaKHM paCIJ:eTOM,
<IT06bI Heo6xo.llHMOe KOJIHqeCTBO HX .llJIH C60PKH C60P0IJ:HbIX e.llHHHU II H3.n.e.TJHH,
BbWYCKaeMbIX B CJIe.llYIOrn.eM MeCHue, 6bIJIO H3rOTOBJIeHO B npe.llbI.llyrn.eM MeCHue.
BBH.llY He6oJIbliiOH ce6eCTOHMOCTH CTaH.llapTH30BaHHbIx H HoprvIaJIH30BaHHbIX
J]:eTaJIeH TaKoe onepeJKeHHe BbWYCKa HX nepeJ], C60pKOH He npHBe}J.eT K 3HaIIH-
Te.TJbHOMY YBeJIHqeHHIO He3aBepllIeHHOI'O npOH3BO.D.CTBa.


] C'unaH, 'ITO BbIIIYCK npollcxollllT e)Ke;:(HeBiIO II paBHOMepHO co cpe)J.Hei'! Be.'IU'IllHOH N AH'
331