Text
профессиональное Н. И. Соколова
образование
PLANET OF ENGLISH
Учебное пособие Humanities Practice Book
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Н. И. СОКОЛОВА
CW
of English
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Английский язык.
Практикум для специальностей гуманитарного профиля СПО
Рекомендовано
Федеральным государственным автономным учреждением «Федеральный институт развития образования» (ФГАУ «ФИРО») в качестве учебного пособия для использования в учебном процессе образовательных учреждений, реализующих программы среднего профессионального образования по дисциплине «Английский язык»
2014 г. ФГАУ «ФИРО»
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Москва
Издательский
центр -Академия-
2014
УДК 811.111(075.32)
ББК 81.2Англя723
С594
Рецензент — преподаватель иностранного языка Государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения среднего профессионального образования г. Москвы «Гуманитарный колледж информационно-библиотечных технологий № 58» Н.А.Мясникова
„ 97964
Соколова Н. И. J '
С594 Planet of English. Humanities Practice Book = Английский язык. Практикум для специальностей гуманитарного профиля СПО : учеб, пособие / Н.И.Соколова, — М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2014. — 96 с. : ил.
ISBN 978-5-7695-8062-8
Практикум нацелен на развитие навыков чтения, говорения и письма на профессиональные темы гуманитарной направленности и формирование не только коммуникативной, но и профессиональной компетенции. Наряду с лексическими и грамматическими упражнениями в него включены задания творческого и дискуссионного характера, а также задания, связанные с анализом конкретных ситуаций повседневного и делового общения.
Материал практикума соответствует учебнику английского языка «Planet of English» авторов: Безкоровайная Г.Т., Соколова Н.И., Койранская Е. А., Лаврик Г. В. (М.: Издательский центр «Академия»).
Для студентов учреждений среднего профессионального образования.
17--МСТ' 7-ВОО' 'АЗОВАНИ: 1 Г.Л : ’ «O"nM*
УДК 811.111(072.32)
ББК 81.2Англ я723
Оригинал-макет данного издания является собственностью И здательского центра «Академия», и его воспроизведение любым способом без согласия правообладателя запрещается
© Соколова К. И., 2014
© Образовательно-издательский центр «Академия», 2014
© Оформление. Издательский центр «Академия», 2014
ISBN 978-5-7695-8062-8
Contents
Unit 1. Hello! My Name Is ... ................................................ 4
Unit 2. Files, Files....................................................... 14
Unit 3. When We Turn to Their Help......................................... 24
Unit 4. Why Do We Need Notaries?...............................................32
Unit 5. My Successful Career............................................. 40
Unit 6. Useful/New/Interesting (Underline) Information....................... 50
Unit 7. Commercial Break............................................... 58
Unit 8. They Make Our Life Beautiful...........................................66
Unit 9. We Know It from Books........................................... —74
Unit 9
Hello! My Name Is
She's got straight hair and is thin-faced.
She's got long, wavy hair and she's round-faced.
He's bald.
4
Unit
Hello! My Name Is
He has got grey hair.
He is a rather plump/stout man.
5
Unit
Warm-up
1 Answer the questions.
1. When and where were you born?
2. What is your native town/country?
3. How can you describe your appearance?
4. What do your friends say about your character?
Vocabulary
2 Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. surname — forename — full name
2. nickname — pseudonym
3. divorced — separated — widowed
4. immigrant — foreigner
Find combinations from these jumbled words for describing people. You can use words more than once.
Model: good-looking.
round looking mixed dressed legged well haired good long weight middle black faced red aged build tanned complexion
4 Complete the sentences using the words from the box.
pessimistic, sociable, sensible, assertive, generous, sensitive, argumentative
1. If you prefer to be in the company of other people, you are ...
2. If you think 'my glass is half empty', you are ...
6
Hello! My Name Is ...
3. If you find it easy to tell your teacher if you feel he or she treated you badly, you are ...
4. If you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason, you are . . .
5. If you often disagree with what other people say, you are ...
6. If you can't sleep at night when someone has said something bad to you, you are . ..
7. If you never do anything stupid, you are . ..
5 Fill in the table about nationalities.
Country Adjective Nationality Nation Capital
The United States of America American an American (the) Americans Washington
an Englishman/ Englishwoman
Paris
Italian
Russia
(the) Japanese
6 Study the following words and expressions.
syllable — слог
adult — взрослый, зрелый to vote — голосовать partly — частично saying — поговорка survey — исследование to define age — определять возраст
7
Unit
Reading
Read the text.
About Age
"How old are you?" It's a simple question, and there is usually a simple answer: "Sixteen years
old", "Twenty years old" etc. But if someone is described as "young" or "middle-aged" or "old", then how old are they? It's difficult to know because these are words that have different meanings for different people. Except for the word "teenager", which describes someone whose age ends in the syllable "teen" such as fifteen, seventeen. When does a baby I stop being called a baby and become a young child? When
i does a boy become a young man and a little girl become - a young woman? At what age does middle age begin?
At what age does someone become an adult? In some countries, like Britain, France and the United States, it ; is when the government says that a person is old enough
I to vote. The answers to all these questions partly depend on how old you are. There is a saying that old age is always ten years
older than you. If you are a youth of fifteen, then you think it's someone aged twenty-five, if you're seventy, then you think it's someone eighty years old. A recent survey showed that there was some truth in an old saying. People were asked: "When is middle age?" Those in their early twenties usually answered: "Between thirty-five and fifty", and people in their thirties answered: "Between forty-five and sixty."
8
Hello! My Name Is...
8 Answer the questions using information from the text.
1. Is it easy to define a person's age?
2. In what countries is age important for voting?
3. How do you understand the saying from the text?
4. How will you answer all these questions from the text?
Act out the dialogue between the agent and the visitor.
Agent: Good morning. Come in, please.
Kate. Thank you. Good morning.
Agent- Sit down, please. What's your name?
Kate: Kate Springfield.
Agent: Well, Kate, tell me about your ideal man. Do you like tall men, old men or young men?
Kate: I'm short myself, so my ideal is a man of average height, well-built, one who has a kind disposition and is honest and generous.
9
Unit
Agent: Does his age matter?
Kate: Yes, not more than 40,1 think.
Agent: OK, let me see .,. average height, middle age, honest... What about Tom Miles?
Kate: What does he do? What does he look like?
Agent: Tom is in his early forties. He runs a book store in Fleet Street. Tom has dark hair and brown eyes. He is a very reliable person in all ways.
Kate: This sounds very good.
Agent: Yes, I think he would like a young woman like you, with green eyes and dark hair. We'll arrange a meeting with him for you.
Kate: Well, is he a formal kind of man, or does he dress casually?
Agent: Oh, he rarely dresses casually. He always wears three-piece suits and ties. He dresses very much in style.
Kate: Oh, I see. I'd better dress up then ... Wish me luck.
Agent: Yes, for sure. You can tell me what happens.
Kate: I will. Thanks.
Agent: Goodbye.
Kate: Goodbye.
Grammar
THE PRESENT SIMPLE
(I WORK; YOU WORK; HE/SHE WORKS)
10 Put the words in the correct order.
Model: eats I dog I too I your I much
Your dog eats too much.
1. live I I I that I house I in
2. library I Kate I in I a I works
3. badly I guitar I plays I the 1 very I Mike
4. Italy I those I from I teenagers I come
5. young I very I father I your I looks
10
Hello! My Name Is...
11 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs from the boxes. Model: Sam always gets up late on Sundays.
ask, go, make, play, speak
1. Tony and Mike sometimes......tennis at weekends.
2. My mother often.....French at home.
3. Small children ...... questions all the time.
4. Peter ...... to Moscow to see his mother twice a week.
5. I......more mistakes in English when I'm tired.
say, sit, try, wash, watch
6. Ann always.....her clothes on Sundays.
7. That child never...."Thank you".
8. My grandmother......in the same chair every evening.
9. My cousin......to go skiing every year.
10. He.......TV most evenings.
Speaking
-- Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your 1 ’ choice using the following phrases:
— I agree with the statement because I think . ..
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because . . .
1. Sometimes it is not advisable to use a nickname.
2. Families in our country are not the same as they were a century ago.
3. It's important to have good relationships among the members of the family.
4. Children in one family always have the same characters and are usually alike.
5. If you marry someone of a different race, your own culture and traditions will be lost.
6. Appearances are deceptive. You can't always judge by looks.
11
Unit
U Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations. Begin with:
It's a person who ...
It's a period (condition) when .
1. to be separated
2. to be divorced
3. to be related
4. an immigrant
5. a foreigner
6. a widowed woman
7. to be in one's twenties
Writing
14
Get some pictures of people from magazines. Write your description of any person you like.
12
Hello! My Name Is...
Write a letter to a friend concerning problems teens may have with their parents/grandparents. Ask your friend's opinion.
Role-play
Think of someone in the group. Give a clue to your groupmates like this:
— I'm thinking of a girl.
Your groupmates try to guess who she is:
— How old is she?
— What is she wearing?
— How tall is she?
— Is she wearing a blue blouse?
— What kind of hair does she have?
— Is it... (a name)7.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• Wouldn't you agree that.. . ?
• Don't you think . .. ?
• Just on the contrary.
• I see your point.
• Possibly. / Maybe so.
• Come off it! You can't be serious.
• I'm bound to agree.
• Right you are. That's it.
Unit 4Б
Files, Files ...
Warm-up
Answer the questions. Discuss in your group.
1. What is the difference between a museum and an archive?
2. How does a catalogue help people?
3. What does record-keeping deal with?
4. When do we use archives? Is it difficult?
14
Unit
Files, Files...
Vocabulary
Complete the sentences using the words from the box.
a museum, a library, a secretary, an archive, a librarian, an archivist, a catalogue
1. Someone who gives out and gets back books, journals and newspapers is......... .
2. A place where documents are kept and stored is....
3. Someone who combines paperwork with coordinating the business activity of a firm is........
4. Someone who collects, organizes, presents and maintains control over information determined to have long-term value is ...... .
5. A collection of unique objects is ..
6. Something which describes data set attributes and indicates where the volumes set is located is ......
7. A place where books, journals, newspapers are stored is ...... .
3 Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. librarian — archivist
2. data base — catalogue — archive
3. to keep — to store — to save — to secure
4. acquisition — accession
4 Study the following words and expressions.
outsourcing — делопроизводство
concept — понятие
to promote — содействовать распространению
solution — решение, разработка
paperwork — обработка документов
workflow — документооборот
to distinguish (between) — различать
document management — документационное обеспечение управления
15
Unit
to cover — охватывать
issue — вопрос
implementation — осуществление
storage — хранение
creation — создание
execution — выполнение
measure — мероприятие, действие
to ensure — обеспечивать
record keeping — делопроизводство
i. e. — то есть
clerical — канцелярский
completion — заполнение
determination — определение, установление
retrieval — доступ
business process — деловые процедуры
sequence — последовательность
Reading
5 Read the text.
Outsourcing, Document Management and Business Procedures:
What Is the Difference?
From the producers of software in paperwork we often hear the words "outsourcing", "document", "electronic archive", "business process" etc. As a rule, all these concepts are used synonymously to promote their solutions and technologies.
16
Files, Files...
How does paperwork differ from workflow? For many people these two concepts are similar, but we need to distinguish between them. Here are some terms to enable a better understanding:
• Document management covers issues of documentation, organization of work with documents, implementation of their control, and organizes their archival storage,
• Documentation is the creation of documents, i. e. their preparation, execution, coordination and production.
• Paperwork is written or clerical work, such as the completion of forms or the writing of reports or letters.
• Organization of work with documents ensures the movement, finding, storing and use of documents.
• Systematization of archival documents is the determination of rules of storage, created in the organization of information retrieval and use, to support decision-making and business processes.
• Workflow is the movement of documents within document management.
Business process is a sequence of operations (operations, tasks, procedures), committed by organizations to solve some problem or goal as part of the business or organization.
Electronic archh e solves the problem <?frs^^^j^|j|On <Sf archival storage of electronic doc amepts within.document m^nAgopp’nt.
' , > A
p m «•«
17
Unit
6 Match the left column with the right one.
1. workflow
2. document management
3. systematization
4. business process
5. paperwork
6. organization of work with documents
7. documentation
a. ensuring the movement, finding, storing and use of documents
b. determination of rules of storage
c. the movement of documents within document management
d. the creation of documents
e. covers issues of documentation
f. a sequence of operations (operations, tasks, procedures)
g. written or clerical work
Speaking
— Act out the dialogue between a secretary and an employee. The following < чг words and phrases may help you.
Record Office — архив (зЭ. небольшой архив на предприятии) Archive Help — архивная справка to apply for information — обращаться за информацией it takes time — требуется время
AT THE RECORD OFFICE
Employee: Good morning, madam. My name is David Lane.
Secretary: Good morning, Mr Lane. Take a seat, please. Can I help you? Employee: Yes, madam. I worked at the Engineering Department of your company about 30 years ago. The question is that I'll soon be 60. I'm going to retire on a pension. I need a document from my place of work about my salary for the period from 1982 to 1988.
Secretary: Sure, I can help you. You need Archive Help, don't you? Employee: Yes, madam, and I need it very soon.
18
Files, Files...
Secretary: Sorry, I'm not sure that it will be immediately. It takes time to apply for information to the Central Archive because the data you need must be there.
Employee: Don't you have this information here, in the Record Office?
Secretary: Unfortunately, no. Information of such kind is kept in the Archive. You worked for us 30 years ago. We cannot store such volume of data here.
Employee: How much time will it take? Secretary: You know, Mr Lane, I'll have to make an inquiry there, they will find necessary information and send it to me. As soon as I get it, I will give you this document. But before that, please, fill in the form that I'm going to give you.
Employee: OK, thank you, madam.
Grammar
THERE IS/ARE; THERE WAS/WERE
8 Put questions to these statements and give answers to them.
Model: There are some new pictures in our museum.
— Are there any new pictures in your museum?
— Yes, (sure), there are.
— No, (I'm afraid) there are not. There are no new pictures in our museum.
1. There are some inquiries in our archive today.
2. There will be a new museum in this street soon.
3. There were many visitors in our office today.
4. There is a new catalogue from the exhibition on the table.
5. There was nothing wrong in this document.
19
Unit
Transform the sentences using there is!are in the correct tense form.
Model: — I see (have) several interesting books on the shelf.
— There are several interesting books on the shelf.
1. I see a man on the comer.
2. I noticed only two mistakes in his letter.
3. We have a lot of museums in our city.
4. I can't see anybody here.
5. We have only one archivist at our enterprise.
Speaking
10 Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your choice using the following phrases:
— I agree with the statement because I think . . .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because .. . k
1. Automated business processes are not difficult at all.
2. While working with documents, you need to be attentive.
3. Paperwork doesn't differ from workflow.
4. A museum normally has a collection policy for new acquisitions.
5. When we need Archive Help, we should apply to a library.
Translate this scheme into English using a dictionary if necessary. Describe it and discuss with your groupmates.
Факс
Email
Исходные документы и представления
Ручной ___— ввод
----- Поиск и печать
Комментарии и версии . документов
Поиск и редактирование
Делопроизводство документов
Автоматический ввод
Электронный
Документооборот архив
20
Files, Files ...
Describe the pictures, using the words of this Unit.
21
Unit
Writing
13 Using the given pattern of the letter of inquiry, write your own letter about:
• getting an education;
• salary;
• getting rewards;
• date of birth.
You may choose any reason you like.
Открытое акционерное общество
« Металл отрейд»
Ул. Дзержинского. л. 29, ст. 2, Москва, 112756 Тел.: (495) 508 08 08, факс: (495) 508 08 09 http://www.mrtallradc.ru. е mail: mfoOmetaJUade.nl ОКПО 29901357, ОГРН 1028754360427 ИИН/КПП 7719874824/772501001
__19.01.2010 №_____07 05/17 ...
На №ат
Директору ГОУ «ГАОО*
A.B. Смоленской
О получении архивной справки
Просим выдать архивную справку о том, состоял ли Громыкин И.В. в должности заместителя директора ОАО • Московского хлебного завода» с 29.08.2001 г. по 30.09.2004.
Документы просим выдать секретарю САО «Мсталлотрейд» Куницыной А. В.
С уважением, ...—
Генеральный директор ' О.В, Романов
А. В. Куницына
508 08 08, лоб. 102
22
Files, Files.
Role-play
14
Work in groups. Dramatize your visit to an archivist/a secretary. The possible reasons for visiting them may be:
• getting Archive Help;
• obtaining information about your possible going abroad.
Think of any other reasons.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• Could you help me, please?
• May I have your attention, please.
• To put it briefly ...
• What can 1 do for you?
• With pleasure.
• In fact, I know about ...
• Do me a favour and . ..
• Do you happen to know . . . ?
• Can I find out some details about...?
• To be exact,...
• Personally, I would advise you to ...
• I would/wouldn't recommend you ...
• That seems like good advice. Thank you very much!
Unit
When We Turn to Their Help
Warm-up
_ I Answer the questions. Discuss in your Mr group.
1. What do social workers do?
2. Have you or has your family had to deal with social workers? When was it?
3. Do you think it is easy to work in the social sphere? Why?
4. What are some advantages/disadvantages of social work?
5. What do you understand by living conditions?
6. Are your living conditions good or bad? Characterize them.
7. Would you raise your own family in these conditions?
Vocabulary
2 Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. handicapped — disabled — veteran
2. adolescent — adult — grown-up — teenager
3. society — country
4. old-age pension — disability pension
24
Unit
When We Turn to Their Help
3 Find the hidden words.
f c h i 1 d r e n P 1. дружба
a s s i s t a n c e 2. социальный
m d a P w i s t b n 3. усыновить
i s о c i a 1 d e s 4. поведение (АтЕ)
1 о n P e b X к h i 5. семья
У t 0 s t c i P a о 6. пенсия
о f f e n d e г v n 7. дети
f r i e n d s h i p 8. нетрудоспособный
r о b w s e f n о e 9. преступник
d i s a b 1 e d r c 10. помощь
4 Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
awful, confidential, more, peer pressure, bully, fed up, experience, adolescence
1. Your......can be a very confusing time.
2. I don't know what the problem is, but I've been really ...... all week.
3. If anyone tries to...you, just tell your teacher.
4. Don't tell anyone what I told you. It's..
5. Children with handicaps become......sensitive to their differences during
the elementary school years.
6. Many young people start smoking because of.......
7. I had a(n)....argument with my parents last night.
8. Parents of elementary school children have more..than when the
children were younger.
25
Unit
5 Divide these items into two groups and write them down.
1. Good or Bad
Religious, anti-social, humanist, racist, fascist, democratic, partisan, nationalist.
2. Associated with Social Work Practice or Not Associated with Social Work Practice
Nursing home, disability services, alcoholism, banking system, anti-poverty, agriculture, adoption, fitness centre.
6 Study the following words and expressions.
socially excluded — не принимаемый обществом
to enable — давать возможность
service user — пользователь (социальных) услуг
to maintain professional relationships — поддерживать профессиональные отношения
assistant — помощник
offender — преступник
drug and alcohol abusers — наркоманы и алкоголики
the elderly — пожилые (люди)
undertaking — принятие на себя обязательств, гарантирование assessment — зд. отчет
to assess — оценивать
counselling — консультирование
to give evidence in court — свидетельствовать в суде
Reading
7 Read the text.
Activities of a Social Worker
Social workers work with people who have been socially excluded or who are experiencing a crisis. Their role is to provide support to enable service users
26
When We Turn to Their Help
to help themselves. They maintain professional relationships with service users, acting as guides, advocates or critical friends. Qualified social workers are often supported by social work assistants. They also work closely with other health and social care staff.
Social workers work with young people and their families, also with young offenders, drug and alcohol abusers, and the elderly. They fulfil the following tasks:
• undertaking and writing up assessments (often with medical staff);
• conducting interviews with service users and their families to assess and review their situation;
• linking clients with agencies and programmes that will meet their psychological needs;
• counselling (psychotherapy);
• giving evidence in court;
• teaching social work in schools and many others.
The work of social workers is very important and necessary for people.
8 Answer the questions using information from the text.
1. Who do social workers work with?
2. What professional relationships do social workers maintain with service users?
3. What are the main tasks that social workers fulfil?
4. Is social work important? Why?
9 Act out the dialogue between two friends.
Helen: Hello, Ann! Haven't seen you for ages! How are you?
Ann: Hello, Helen! I'm glad to see you! I'm very well, thank you. We've just moved to a new flat.
27
Unit
Helen: Oh, I'm happy to hear that! But why did you move? What happened? Ann: You know, Helen, our old flat was rather small and it didn't have all modem conveniences.
Helen: Yes, I remember. There were only two small rooms in it, and there are five in your family — you, Jack and the three children.
Ann: No, not five, we are seven now. Helen: How come?!
Ann: Our twins were born three months ago — a boy and a girl. Helen: Oh, my congratulations! Now I understand why you've moved. Ann: Thank you. Yes, now we have a five-room flat with all modem conveniences. Our five children will feel more comfortable here. I hope our life will change for the better.
Helen: I'm very glad for you! I wish you and your big family happiness!
Ann: Thank you so much!
Grammar
THE GERUND
*
Some of the verbs followed by the Gerund:
to enjoy to like
to finish to love
to hate to mind
E. g. They enjoyed playing basketball. — Они получили удовольствие от игры в баскетбол.
I hate watching TV commercials! — Я ненавижу смотреть рекламу по телевизору!
28
When We Turn to Their Help
_ _ Finish the sentences with the expressions from the box. Think of the 1 alternatives. Write them down.
surfing the Internet, listening to music, waking up early, playing football, writing letters, visiting museums, swimming, walking under the rain, watching soap operas, being interrupted, going by bus
1. I like......
2. I hate......
3. I enjoy.....
11 Answer the questions using the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.
Model: — Why do you never fly? (hate)
— I hate flying.
1. Why do you always wear a T-shirt? (like)
2. Why does Alex listen to music so often? (enjoy)
3. Why do you never go to the circus? (not / like)
4. Why does Tom take so many photos? (like)
5. Why don't you work on Saturdays? (hate)
Speaking
Z—Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your
choice using the following phrases:
> i
— I agree with the statement because I think . . .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because .. .
- - - - —
1. To be a social worker is hard work.
2. The better living conditions are, the less problems people have.
3. Children of alcohol abusers are always alcoholics.
4. To avoid many social problems, we must work with teenagers.
5. An average family should have more than two children.
6. To adopt a child, parents must be mentally healthy.
29
Unit
Writing
13. Write a short handbook (памятка) for a social worker working with 4* ’ children rejected by their peers. You may start like this:
The characteristics of children most popular with their peers are: being themselves,...
The rejected and neglected children are mainly: aggressive,.. .
There are ways for training rejected and neglected children, such as ...
Role-play
Work in groups. Dramatize political parties before elections. Explain your platform.
30
When We Turn to Their Help
Party Taxes Social sphere Education
Brown Cut taxes Cut spending on social services. Increase spending on health Higher university fees. Cheap loans for students
Yellow Increase taxes on high-income earners Higher pensions Grants for students. More secondary professional colleges
Red Wealth tax, tax rates on high incomes Increase spending on all social benefits. State pensions at 55 Abolish private schools
Green High property taxes; anti-pollution tax on cars and factories Pay state wages to alt adults. Free health care. Big subsidies for rented housing Free compulsory education, free nursery schools
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• I'd like to focus your attention on . ..
• That's one way of looking at it, but...
• To speak plainly, ...
• Well, to put it in simple terms,, ..
• It's an open secret that...
• How right that is!
• No, I don't think .. .
• I see your point,
• If you ask me ...
• Wouldn't you agree that. .. ?
• Please do consider my words carefully.
• May 1 interrupt you?
• Please let me explain!
• Fair enough. Go on.
• No, let's turn to . , . So, in conclusion, I'd like to stress that...
Unit T
Why Do We Need Notaries?
Warm-up
1 ‘ Answer the questions. Discuss in your group.
1. On what occasions do we refer to notaries?
2. Have you ever visited a notary? What for?
3. Why is the legal profession gaining popularity in Russia?
4. What do you know about the activities of a notary; a lawyer?
32
Unit
Why Do We Need Notaries?
Complete the sentences using the words from the box.
0-7 9g (у
a notary, a code, a murderer, a witness, innocent, a judge, a statute
1. A document which details elements of a crime is.
2. Someone who acts in the interests of citizens and organizations is ...... .
3. Someone who killed a person is....
4. Someone who is the final arbiter of the law is ...... .
5. Someone who is found not guilty is ...... .
6. A document which regulates legal behaviour is...
7. Someone who gives evidence is.....
3 Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. criminal — innocent — witness
2. thief — robber — murderer
3. suicide — murder
4. crime — offence
Combine the words from the left side with those from the right side.
1. to pass a. a notarial act
2. to commit b. a criminal
3. to prove c. a case
4. to impose d. sentence
5. to catch e. a crime
6. to perform f. a guilt
7. to lose g. a fine
. _ Divide the words below into three groups: People Connected with MShF the Law, Crimes and Punishments, and write them down.
Prison, lawyer, detective, smuggling, notary, a fine, hijacking, death penalty, judge, bribery, drunken driving, witness, theft, probation.
33
Unit
Study the following words and expressions.
authorized — уполномоченный on behalf of — от имени
stateless person — лицо без гражданства jurisdiction — компетенция, юрисдикция to ensure — обеспечивать
legal entity — юридическое лицо
prescribed — установленный
to be engaged — заниматься
executive authorities — исполнительная власть consular office — консульское учреждение to issue — выдавать
Who Is a Notary?
A notary is a specifically authorized person who has the right, on behalf of the Russian Federation, to perform under regulations of the notarial acts in the interests of Russian citizens and organizations (entities), citizens and organizations of foreign countries, as well as stateless persons.
We should also note that an individual notary acts within the limits established by legal jurisdiction and may become an official of the executive authorities of the Russian Federation and in other states or a consul on behalf of the Russian Federation.
34
Why Do We Need Notaries?
The main task of the notary is to ensure the reality of the rights of individuals and legal entities and consolidation of these rights in the prescribed legal form. Only a Russian citizen who has received a licence for this activity has the right to be engaged in notary activity on the territory of Russia. This requirement does not apply to officers of the executive authorities and consular offices, authorized to perform notarial acts.
The procedure for issuing licences is set by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. Licence is issued by the authorized bodies of Justice after the qualifying exam and qualifying on the basis of the decision of the commission.
Answer the questions using information from the text.
1. Who do we call a notary?
2. Who has the right to be a notary?
3. What bodies can issue licences?
4. What is the main task of a notary?
9 Fill in the gaps using the vocabulary.
1. A notary is a specifically..person.
2. Notaries act....of the Russian Federation.
3. A certain notary acts within the limits established by legal.. .
4. A notary can become an official of the............of the Russian
Federation.
5. A licence is....by the authorized bodies of Justice.
6. The main task of the notary is...the reality of the rights of individuals.
7. A notary must ensure these rights in the...legal form.
10 Study the following words and expressions.
judge — судья
indisputable case — бесспорное дело
preventive — предупредительный
lawful interests — законные интересы
court — суд
lawyer — адвокат
bound — связанный
rigid — жесткий
frameworks — рамки
35
Unit
Speaking
/ Act out the dialogue about the differences between a notary, a lawyer and a judge.
Mr Baker- Good morning! My name is John Baker. I'm a lawyer from London. Here is my business card.
Mr Green: Good morning, Mr Baker. My name is David Green. I'm a notary from Leeds. Here is my business card.
Mr Baker: Nice to meet you, Mr Green. What kind of work do you do?
Mr Green: My duties are to protect citizens and legal persons.
Mr Baker: But these are also the tasks of a judge! What's the difference then? Mr Green: Yes, you're right. But the subject of my activity is only indisputable cases. I must protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens and legal persons. My activity is preventive in nature, I work with documents very much. You know that a judge is the final arbiter of the law.
Mr Baker: Oh, now I see the difference.
Mr Green: Mr Baker, what do you do at your firm? Do you work in a law office of an enterprise or agency?
36
Why Do We Need Notaries?
Mr Baker: You see, Mr Green, I'm employed by the Trade Agency as legal consultant. My activities are not bound by such rigid frameworks of procedural nature as those of yours. I am also an officer of the court and I'm required to deal fairly and honestly with the court. I must protect the interests of the firm I'm working for.
Mr Green: That is interesting work. I'm happy to meet you, Mr Baker.
Mr Baker: It was nice speaking with you, Mr Green.
Grammar
THE PAST SIMPLE
Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple.
1. He (not to pay) a fine and was taken to the police station.
2. The notary public (to require) some certificates and documents from the visitor.
3. That thief (not to steal) the money yesterday.
4. She (to explain) to the notary that it (to be) her mother's will.
5. Because the crime (to be) very serious, the judge (to sentence) the man to ten years in prison.
Your friend asks you to do something. Refuse politely and say that you already did it in past. Use the following words if necessary:
last week, yesterday, a month ago, 2 hours ago
Model: — Discuss this case now.
— But we discussed it last week.
1. Pay the fine immediately.
2. Invite your friend to the party.
3. You should consult a lawyer.
4. Please submit your documents to the notary.
5. Ask your brother to fill in the form.
37
Unit
14 Here are the answers. Guess about the questions and write them down.
1. - ...
— We signed this document yesterday at 3 o'clock.
2. - ...
— Yes, she was in court yesterday.
3. - ...
— I passed my exam successfully.
4. - ...
— No, it was not easy to learn Law.
5. - ...
— He didn't pay the fine because he had no money.
Speaking
Fill in the table using the words and phrases below connected with the documents, duties and activities of a notary, a lawyer and a judge. Speak about each of the professions.
Court, to protect interests, notarial acts, verdict, disputable cases, preventive, to judge, to consult, certificates, Code, to defend, dispute, to sentence, to act on behalf of, to deal with the court
38
Why Do We Need Notaries?
Writing
Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper headline. Give some details about the crime using as many words from this Unit as is appropriate.
legacy — наследство по завещанию
"Two Brothers Arrested Last Friday with Legacy Motives"
Role-play
Work in groups. Dramatize your visit to a notary/a lawyer. The possible reasons for visiting them may be the following:
• to issue a driving warrant;
• to confirm the legal validity of some documents;
• to consult on legacy problems;
• to sign a legal document.
Think of any other reasons.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• I'm sorry to trouble you, but... ?
• I'd like to have the validity of these documents confirmed.
• I'd like to have this document signed, please.
• Excuse me, could you help me with a driving warrant?
• I'm sorry; 1 don't know much about it.
• Would you advise me to ... ?
• Let me explain. You see ...
My Successful Career
о
Unit
My Successful Career
In your group discuss advantages and disadvantages of the following professions:
• lawyer;
• shop assistant;
• librarian.
Mark your position on the scales and explain your choice.
Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.
1. A person who applies for a job is called a candidate/a manager.
2. If you are an electrician, you work as/for an electrician.
3. When you finish at a college, you get a diploma/a licence.
4. Diplomas and certificates show your work experience/qualifications.
5. If you want to find a good job, you should write an accurate resume/test.
6. When you run your own small business, you are self-employed/ unemployed.
Unit
д Fill in the table with Z if you agree that the profession has such
• ; characteristics; with x if you don't think so. Be ready to explain your choice.
Profession Respected Dangerous Unnecessary Unskilled Capturing
Librarian
Shop assistant
Lawyer
Nurse
Waiter
Teacher
Typist
Cook
5 Explain the difference between the given words and phrases.
1. pension — salary — wages — income — profit
2. employee — employer
3. to retire — to be fired — to be dismissed
6 Rank these benefits from the most to least important for you.
1. Free medical insurance.
2. Sports and social facilities.
3. Salary.
4. Friendly colleagues.
5. Pension plan.
6. Long holidays.
7. Developing your professional skills.
8. Christmas bonus.
Study the following words and expressions.
decision — решение
occupation — занятие, род занятий, профессия
to evaluate — оценивать
to lie (about interests) — находиться
to take into consideration — принимать во внимание overcrowded — переполненный
required — требующийся
well-paid — хорошо оплачиваемый
to be of great demand — быть в большом спросе highly-qualified — высококвалифицированный hard-working — трудолюбивый
responsible — ответственный
appreciated — оцениваемый
Read the text.
Choosing a Career
Choosing the right career is one of the most important decisions you will make in your life because we spend a great part of our lives at our jobs. Many students finish school and begin college without a clear idea of what they want to do in the future. There are more than 2,000 kinds of jobs, and it's difficult to say which one will interest you. So, you should collect a lot of information about the occupation which interests you and also you should evaluate yourself. Find out where your interests and talents lie. Besides, you should take into consideration that some occupations are already overcrowded and it will be hard for you to find work there. But there exist new and growing industries which will offer jobs now and in the future. Working professions
Unit
are always required and they are also well-paid. Many professions in the social sphere are of great demand now. In order to find a good job, you should be a highly-qualified specialist in your field, be able to study and develop
your skills, you should like and respect the occupation you are in, you should be hard-working and responsible. These are the qualities which are always required and appreciated in any occupation.
9 Answer the questions.
1. Why is choosing a career the most important decision?
2. How many kinds of jobs are there in the world?
3. What should you do to obtain a clear idea about a job?
4. What kinds of professions are always required in our society?
5, What personal qualities are always required?
Vocabulary
10 Study the following words and expressions.
job fair — ярмарка вакансий to advertise — рекламировать undergraduates — студенты neat — опрятный
irresponsible — безответственный
application form — анкета поступающего на работу relevant — важный, значимый
proof — доказательство
44
11
Visiting a Job Fair
Although some graduates will still be unemployed six months after leaving universities and colleges, the majority will have found a job by then. Many of these will even have been offered a job while at college or university, as a result of visiting a job fair.
Job fairs are held at many places each year. Companies come along to advertise jobs which are in demand. Job fairs are an effective way for undergraduates to find out what kind of job they might be interested in. If you go to a job fair, dress professionally. Don't wear jeans and a T-shirt. Try to be neat. You don't want to look irresponsible when you have your first meeting with your potential employer. If you are interested in a job offer, you may have to fill in an application form, so it's helpful to take along relevant information with you. You'll also need proof of all your qualifications, so don't forget to take photocopies of all your certificates with you.
12 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
offered, form, interested, advertise, unemployed, professionally, neat, fairs, certificates
1. Going to a job fair, try to be.....
2. Many students are.......a job while they are at college or institute.
3. Job......are held every year.
4. If you are......in a job offer, fill in an application...
5. It's very useful to take....with you.
6. Many companies..........jobs which are of great demand.
7. My Mend had been.........for 10 months before he found a good job.
8. When you first meet with your potential employer, dress........
Unit
Grammar
THE PRESENT PERFECT, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS, PAST SIMPLE
Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect (have/has made) ' or the Past Simple (made).
Mary (be) in her present position for five years. After she (leave) college, she (work) as a sales manager for three years. But today Mary faces a dilemma. In the last three weeks she (receive) no less than three proposals. First, her boss suddenly announced his resignation. Mary (be) shocked and surprised when a few days later their HR Manager (call) to offer her the position. Tire second proposal (arrive) that same day; her friend Sandra who (already/work) for several firms (invite) her to become a partner in a new branch and finally, Mary's boyfriend Jack (just/ask) her to marry him.
14 Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect (have/has worked), Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been working) or Past Perfect Continuous (had been working).
Since he left university, Mark (prefer) to live alone. For the last four years he (look for) a property to buy, and he (just pay) a deposit on a small flat not far from the railway station. He (save) money for three years before he could make such a decision. But suddenly he no longer knows if he is doing the right thing. Before he graduated from the university, he (live) in a quiet place near the park for 15 years, and he got used to it. Now he is also thinking of getting married. It would be better for his children to walk in the park, not near the station. So, Mark sits down and pours himself another coffee. He (already/have) ten cups today, but he can't find a solution.
Speaking
- - Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your V choice using the following phrases:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
— I agree with the statement because I think .. .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because . . .
When you are answering a question in a job or exam interview:
1) your answer should be logical;
2) you can give extra information if it is relevant;
3) you should give one-word answers;
4) your response should answer the question;
5) your answer should be as long as possible.
16
Answer the following interview questions. Work in pairs, change the parts.
1. Why do you want this job?
2. When could you start working?
3. Where do you see yourself in five years' time?
4. How would you manage working with someone who doesn't like you?
5. What are your weaknesses?
6. Why did you choose to work for us?
7. Can you give an example of a situation you found stressful, and how you coped with it?
8. What are your strengths?
9. Do you prefer to work independently or on a team?
10. What are your hobbies?
Unit
Describe the pictures. Speak about the professions of the people " in the pictures: what they usually do and what they are doing at the given moment.
In pairs ask and answer these questions.
1. What does your mother/father/uncle/sister do for a living?
2. What do you want to do when you leave college?
3, Would you like to work in a factory/office/shopAibrary?
4. Are you ambitious?
5. Do you plan to work full-time/part-time?
My Successful Career
Writing
®Look at the plan and write your own resume according to it.
1. Name.
2. Address.
3. Phone.
4. Email address.
5. Particular position (your job objective, aim).
6. Experience (achievements, skills).
7. Education + additional courses, specific training programmes, language courses.
8. Personal data.
Role-play
(длк Imagine you are working in an HR office and deal with applicants' resumes. You know well how to write a good resume and what questions applicants are usually asked. Several applicants have come to you. They are seeking a new job. Explain how to write a resume and ask them some usual questions. Work in groups.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• I'm looking for a new job.
• What's the reason for... ?
• Would you mind working in ... ?
• What kind of work are you thinking of?
• I'm (not) sure I can do that.
• Isn't there anything else I could do?
• What are your strengths/weaknesses?
Unit <7
Useful/New/lnteresting (Underline) Information
Warm-up
Answer the questions. Discuss in your group.
1. Do you think there is too much news on TV?
2. How often do you use the Internet?
3. Do you read newspapers to find out news?
4. What informs the public better — TV programmes or newspapers and magazines?
SO
formation
Unit
Useful/New/lnteresting (Underl
Vocabulary
Complete the sentences using the words from the box.
a journalist, press, articles, cable TV, a comic book, announcer, broadcasting, published, media
1. A magazine with cartoon stories is called...
2. The word.....refers to TV, radio, newspapers and magazines.
3. Someone whose job is to give information about television or radio programmes is...........
4. Newspapers and news magazines or journalists who work in them are called...........
5. The most common types of radio.....are AM and FM.
6. This journalist usually writes..about business.
7. This book was.....by Academia Publishing House.
8 is very popular nowadays.
9. A foreign correspondent is....who sends news from abroad.
Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. press — media
2. announcer — commentator
3. talk show — quiz show — game show
A. Study the types of TV programmes:
• documentaries;
• mysteries;
• news;
• detective shows;
• current events shows/news specials;
• nature shows;
• soap operas;
• dramas;
• talk shows;
• sports;
• weather;
• game shows.
B. Give an example of any programme you know for each type.
51
Unit
6
C. What kind of TV programmes are these?
1. The Amazing Underwater World.
2. The $5,000 Question.
3. World Cup Special.
4. Last Week in London.
5. The Rich Also Cry.
5 | Study the following words and expressions.
viewing — просмотр (телепередач) pastime — времяпрепровождение broadcasting — трансляция, вещание accountable (to) — ответственный (перед кем-л.) to retain — удерживать, сохранять essential — существенный, необходимый to embrace — охватывать, включать
to operate — управлять
channel — канал
to transmit — передавать
to complement — дополнять
Reading
Read the text.
Television Viewing in Britain
Television viewing in Britain is the most popular leisure pastime. 96 per cent of families have a colour TV set. Broadcasting in Britain has traditionally been based on the principle that it is a public service accountable to the people through Parliament. While retaining the essential public service element, it now embraces the principles of competition and choice.
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) operates two national television channels; BBC 1 and BBC 2 transmit from breakfast to the early hours of the
52
Useful/New/lnteresting (Underline) Information
following day. In 1994 — 95, BBC Worldwide Television became the largest exporter of television programming in Europe.
The Independent Television Commission (ITC) regulates two television services — Channel 3 and Channel 4 — which complement each other and are largely financed by advertising. ITC also includes cable and satellite services.
7 Answer the questions using information from the text.
1. How many families have a TV set in Britain?
2. What British television productions are especially popular?
3. How many national television channels does the BBC operate?
4. Why is the BBC the largest exporter of TV programming in Europe?
5. What does the ITC regulate?
6. How are Channel 3 and Channel 4 financed?
7. What else does ITC include?
8 Complete the sentences with the words and phrases from the box.
viewing, television set, serials, channel, broadcasting, Worldwide, broadcast
53
Unit
1. Britain's most popular leisure pastime is television......
2. Last week we bought a new...........
3. Please switch to another........
4. BBC........Television is self-financing.
5. When does ...... on this channel end?
6. The Prime Minister's speech will be.......on television tomorrow.
7. Every evening her granny watches..........
9 Study the following words and phrases.
to televise — передавать по телевидению telly = TV set
host — ведущий программу
newscast — последние новости newscaster — диктор новостей coverage — репортаж, освещение событий to switch over to — переключать на to be on the air — быть в эфире
10
Act out the telephone conversation about television.
Alex: Hello, Mike! It's great you are at home! My telly is out of order. Can I watch the concert at your place? I can't do without television and especially
without music programmes.
Mike- Of course, Alex! What time will they televise this concert?
Alex: Half past eight.
Mike: Well, we have forty
minutes before it starts. Let's switch the television on and watch a programme. Do you mind if I watch the news? I'm interested in the latest news. I prefer Channel 3.1 will switch over to this channel. Alex: Look, Mike, today Mr Crofts is on the air. He is my favourite newscaster. What other programmes do you watch besides the news?
54
Useful/New/lnteresting (Underline) Information
Mike-. I like talk shows. And what about you? What programmes do you like? Alex: I like music programmes best of all, though I watch the news, some quiz shows and films. Oh, can you turn the sound up? I can't miss sports coverage on this channel.
Mike: Well, don't forget about the concert. It's time to switch over to Channel 2. Alex: Mike, we have five more minutes. I'll watch this sports coverage to the end.
Grammar
GERUND
read + -ing = reading
Subject
Object
Reading is pleasure.
Do you like reading?
11 Complete each sentence with a gerund. Use the verb in brackets.
Model: John is good at (run). — John is good at running.
1. (take) a long walk is relaxing.
2. What do you think of (collect) stamps?
3. (watch) TV too much isn't healthy.
4. All my friends like (play) basketball.
5. Is Ann interested in (listen to) news on the radio?
6. (shout) at people is rude!
12 Change each sentence starting it with a gerund.
Model: It's tiring to study late at night. — Studying late at night is tiring.
1. It's hard to get up early.
2. It's interesting to visit other countries.
3. You are not allowed to smoke here.
4. It's relaxing to listen to music.
5. It's not necessary to call him now.
6. You are forbidden to park here.
55
Unit
Speaking
13 Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your ' choice using the following phrases:
— I agree with the statement because I think . . .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . ..
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because . . .
1. It would be exciting to be a reporter in a war zone.
2. Having more channels would be a good thing.
3. The Internet is becoming a bigger part of our lives.
4. Newspapers are a more popular type of media than the Internet.
5. TV programmes for children should all be educational, and being funny for them is not important.
6. The fastest way to learn news is via the Internet.
56
Useful/New/lnteresting Underline) Information
Writing
Write a letter to your friend about a TV programme or a newspaper/Intemet article which you found very interesting. Use the words from this Unit.
Role-play
Work in groups. Dramatize any TV programme. One of you will be the host of the programme, the others will take part in it. Types of programmes may be:
• a newscast;
• talk show;
• a sports coverage;
• your variant.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• Ladies and gentlemen, are we ready to begin?
• As we know, we are here today ...
• First of all. I'd like to focus your attention on ...
• The major point is ...
• What's your attitude to ... ?
• We can now look at. ..
• Let me explain. You see ...
• My own view is ...
• Let's go point by point.
• There's no denying that. ..
• I want to make it clear that...
• That's, of course, a big problem . ..
• What do you feel about... ?
• In conclusion I'd like to say that...
Unit Z
Commercial Break
Warm-up
Answer the questions. Discuss in your group.
1. Is advertising important nowadays? Prove your point of view.
2. What types of advertising do you know?
3. What can you say for and against advertising?
4. Which goods/services are advertised more frequently?
58
Unit «у
Commercial Break
Vocabulary
Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.
1. Advertising aims to make the audience produce/purchase some goods or services.
2. Advertising appeared/arrived in the late/early 20th century.
3. People who spend money to advertise their products are called promoters/ advertisers.
4. Very often good films on TV are interrupted by commercial breaks/ advertising pauses.
5. Modern advertising developed with the rise/fall of mass production.
6. One of the main aims of advertisers is to achieve high profit/revenue/salary.
7. He saw this advertising/advertisement somewhere in the street.
Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. promoter — advertiser
2. press advertising — newspaper advertising
3. to persuade somebody — to convince somebody
Here are some words and phrases that are typical of advertising language. Put them in the sentences. You may use more than one word in one sentence.
colossal discounts — колоссальные скидки rock-bottom quality — сногсшибательное качество innovative — инновационный
remarkable — выдающийся
extremely fashionable — невероятно модный
state-of-the-art — по последнему слову техники
1. All our computers are ...... .
2. There are.....at our sale.
3. These cars are....this year.
4. Buy our latest DVD, it has many.....features.
5. Our cosmetics are of.....quality.
59
Unit
5 I Study the following words and expressions.
mobile billboards — мобильные рекламные щиты
vehicle mounted billboards — рекламные щиты, установленные на автомобиле
backlit — с подсветкой
target advertising — целевая реклама
in-store advertising — реклама в магазинах
retail store — розничный магазин
at eye level — на уровне глаз
aisle — проход
to come to prominence — стать известным
street furniture — предметы уличной мебели
affordable — доступный
Reading
6 Read the text.
Different Ways of Advertising
Here are some interesting ways of ads.
Mobile Billboard Advertising
Mobile billboards are generally vehicle-mounted billboards or digital screens. The billboards are often illuminated, some being backlit, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change, for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including target advertising, one-day and long-term campaigns, sporting events, store openings and similar promotional events.
60
Commercial Break
In-store Advertising
In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters, eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays.
Coffee Cup Advertising
Coffee cup advertising is any advertisement placed upon a coffee cup that is distributed out of an office, cafe or drive-through coffee shop. This form of advertising was first popularized in Australia, and has begun growing in popularity in the United States, India and parts of the Middle East.
Street Advertising
This type of advertising first came to prominence
in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements. Working with products such as Reverse Graffiti and 3D pavement advertising, the media has become an affordable and effective tool for getting brand messages out into public spaces.
7 Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
cup, a retail store, furniture, static, popularized, metropolitan areas, backlit
1. Coffee cup advertising was first...in Australia.
2. In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in......
3. Some billboard displays are........
4. Mobile displays are used in.........
5. Some billboards are being........
6. Street advertising is used on street.....
7. Coffee......advertising is any advertisement placed upon a coffee cup.
Unit
8 Answer the questions using information from the text.
1. What types of situations are mobile displays used for?
2. What does in-store advertising include?
3, Where was coffee cup advertising first popularized?
4. What information about street advertising was new for you?
9 Match the left column with the right one.
1. television advertising
2. radio advertising
3. online advertising
4. product placements
5. press advertising
6. mobile billboard advertising
7. in-store advertising
8. coffee cup advertising
9. street advertising
a. reverse graffiti and 3D pavement advertising
b. form of advertising first popularized in Australia
c. generally vehicle-mounted billboards or digital screens
d. a form of advertising via the medium of radio
e. placement of a product in visible locations in a store
f. advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper
g. the most effective mass-market advertising format
h. covert advertising, also known as guerrilla advertising
i. advertising networks and email marketing, email spam
Act out the telephone conversation about advertising.
Customer: Hello.
Manager: Hello.
Customer: Is this the shop "Paradise"?
Manager: Yes. What can I do for you?
Customer: I've heard on the radio that you are having colossal discounts this week, aren't you?
Manager: Yes, you are right. What are you interested in? Customer: I wanted to buy a huge bag for travelling. How much is it now?
62
Commercial Break
Manager: Oh, I'm afraid the bags are not on sale now. The price is the same as always.
Customer: O-oh! It's a pity! What about tents then? I'm planning to go to the country for a week.
Manager: Let me see ... Sorry. There are no discounts on them.
Customer: Then, I think, summer caps must be cheaper. Manager: No, they have become even more expensive.
Customer: Then why do you say on the radio that you are having COLOSSAL discounts this week?
Manager: You know, this is just advertising. We must display ads from time to time if we want our goods to be sold.
Customer: Yeaah ... I see. Thank you.
Manager: You are welcome.
Grammar
11
MODAL VERBS
Choose the correct answers.
Model: Сяи/Should/Mustn't I help you?
1. If you travel to the USA, you can/should/must have a visa.
2. Passengers must/must not/should not smoke in the toilets.
3. The doctor thinks you should/must/may eat less and take more exercises.
4. You shouldn't/don't have to/couldn't laugh at old people.
5. A good advertisement can/may/must be clear and brief.
12 Choose the correct verbs and rewrite the sentences with the same meaning.
Model: I know how to skate, (can/may) — I can skate.
1. It's not good for people to watch TV all the time, (mustn't/shouldn't)
2. It is not necessary for you to wait, (mustn't/needn't)
3. I want to take your photo, (may/must?)
4. It's useful for you to walk in the park, (can/should)
5. Do you want me to open the window? (shall/will)
63
Unit
Speaking
Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your choice using the following phrases:
— I agree with the statement because I think .. .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because . . .
к ........ >
1. All travel agencies must advertise their tours and services.
2. It is impossible to buy a product without advertising.
3. Children like to watch TV commercials.
4. Advertising is very harmful.
5. More and more people work in advertising today.
6. A good brand and high quality are not the same.
7. Commercial TV breaks spoil the films.
64
Commercial Break
Writing
Write an advertisement for one of these products:
• a car;
• a lipstick;
• a TV set.
Try to use some of the new vocabulary from this Unit.
Role-play
Work in groups. Dramatize your visit to a travel agency/a department store. The possible reasons for visiting them may be the following:
• going abroad for a weekend;
• wishing to buy a new TV set.
Think of any other reasons.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• Excuse me, could you help me?
• May I have your attention, please?
• What would you advise me .. . ?
• Where would you recommend me to go?
• What kind of... will you advise me to buy?
• What's the price of... ?
• How much will it cost me to buy ... ?
• Could you explain me the difference between ... ?
• In my opinion, it's better to ...
• I think you ought to ...
• . . . my advice would be ...
• It might be a good idea if. ..
• Thank you for your help/advice.
• It was a pleasure for me . ..
• You are welcome.
• Please come to us again.
Unit
They Make Our Life Beautiful
Warm-up
1 Answer the questions. Discuss in your group.
1. When did you last visit an exhibition?
2. Are you fond of the arts? Why?
3. What kind of performing arts do you like more — music, the theatre or the cinema?
4. What kind (style) of music do you most like to listen to?
66
autiful
Unit
They Make Our Lif
Vocabulary
Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
embroidery, craftsman, art lover, creative ability, performing, fine, knit, crafts, performance
1. A person who loves art is.......
2. Music, theatre, cinema, dance belong to the....arts.
3. My grandmother can .......very beautiful and warm sweaters.
4. Ceramics, sculpture and architecture belong to the....arts.
5. I admire people who have........
6. We visited the theatre yesterday. The....was wonderful!
7. Folk art and.....are very important for Russian culture.
8. My friend is skilled in the art of....She made a beautiful tablecloth.
9. A person who can make pieces of art with his own hands and tools is a...
3 Find the hidden words.
S о г c a r P e t о
е с е r a m i c s t
Р а и m i r a c e c
а У h 1 a c e i s a
i с 0 1 P e r t 0 r
п t h e a t r e p V
t с i n e m о q X i
Р а t t e r n r e n
е t a P e s t r У g
W е a V e z k n i t
1. керамика
2. театр
3. ткать
4. гобелен
5. вязать
6. скульптор
7. резьба
8. ковер
9. рисовать
10. узор
11. кружево
67
Divide these words into three groups: Performing Arts, Fine Arts and Folk Arts and Crafts and write them down.
Concert, movies, exhibition, painting, sculpture, ballet, wood carving, opera, lace, architect, weaving, painting, performance, embroidery, porcelain.
Match the words from the left with those from the right to make a word combination.
1. to embroider
2. porcelain
3. art
4. famous
5. ballet
a. exhibition
b. sculptor
c. dancer
d. cup
e. a tablecloth
6 Study the following words and expressions.
technique — техника
artist — художник
weaving — ткачество
rug — ковер
tapestry — гобелен
ceramic work — керамическая работа
folk arts and crafts — народные художественные промыслы
integral — неотъемлемый
craft — ремесло
regional body — региональный орган власти
executive power — исполнительная власть
painting — роспись
porcelain — фарфор
enamel — финифть
lace — кружево
wood carving — резьба по дереву
carved bone — резная кость
painted tray — расписной поднос
weapons — оружие
artistic weaving — художественное ткачество
embroidery — вышивка
to inspire — вдохновлять
68
They Make Our Life Beautiful
7
Reading
Read the text.
Art
The word "art" means something beautiful. We can distinguish two branches of human
work: the arts and the sciences. The arts require skill. It is the combination of talent and technique. An artist is a person who can do something well with his or her own hands and tools. Art comprises weaving rugs, tapestries, ceramic work. Folk arts and crafts are an integral part of our culture.
Russia is one of the few countries that have managed to preserve the historical tradition and style features of folk arts and crafts. In order to preserve the
traditional arts and crafts in the market economy, and to protect and represent them in federal and regional bodies of executive power, in 1990 the initiative of enterprises Association "Folk Arts and Crafts of Russia" was established.
The Association has about
250 organizations located in 64 regions of the Russian Federation. Among them are world-famous centre of
folk art, producing products with Khokhloma and Gorodets painting on
wood, Gzhel and Kislovodsk porcelain, Rostov enamel, Volgograd and Elets lace, Bogorodsk wood carving, Kubachi jewellery, Tobolsk and Kholmogorskaya carved bone, Zhostovo and Nizhny Tagil painted trays, Skopin and Pskov ceramics, Torzhok gold embroidery, Zlatoust and Tula weapons, artistic weaving of various regions of Russia.
Art inspires the human spirit. Painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, weavers — they all contribute to a better life for us.
69
8 Answer the questions using information from the text.
1. Which are the two branches of human work?
2. Whom do we call an artist?
3. Has Russia preserved the historical tradition and style features of folk arts and crafts?
4. When was the "Folk Arts and Crafts of Russia" Association established?
5. How many organizations in Russia does it include?
6. What towns are named in the text?
7. What crafts are developed in these towns?
9 Act out the dialogue between two friends.
Maria: Hello, Liza! I called you several times yesterday, but you were not at home.
Liza: Hello, Maria! Yes, I was away. I visited an interesting art exhibition.
I spent all day there.
Maria: Oh, I see. What was interesting there?
70
They Make Our Life Beautiful
Liza: You know, I'm fond of knitting, embroidery, tapestry and other crafts. So, there were so many works of art presented there. All of them were very beautiful. The authors of those works are so skilled and creative!
Maria: Did you manage to buy anything?
Liza: Yes, of course! I bought a nice tablecloth, a lacy shawl and a warm scarf.
Maria: You must have spent a lot of money on them. 1 know such pieces of art are expensive. Liza: Yes, you're right. They are expensive because they are hand-made and unique. By the way, why did you call me several times?
Maria: I wanted to invite you to a music hail. There
was a wonderful concert of folk ensemble there. I'm fond of folk music and
dance. I had to go alone, but I don't regret it. I enjoyed the concert very much! Liza: Oh, I'm very glad for you!
Grammar
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
10
If you are happy, I'm happy.
If+ Past Simple, . . . would . . .
If+ Past Perfect, . . . would have . ..
Put the verbs in the correct form.
Model: If it rains, we will have the party inside, (rain, have)
1. I......happy if I.......my exam well, (be, pass)
2. If you.....now, you.........the train, (leave, catch)
3. If I...free tomorrow, I.........the Art Exhibition in our museum,
(be, visit)
4. Mary.......weaving next year if she........time, (study, have)
5. I......you to the station if I.....find my keys, (drive, can)
6. If he......her to the theatre, she.....very happy, (invite, be)
71
12
What would you do if you had a free year and a lot of money? Write three or more sentences.
travel round the world, study, go to .. . (other answers)
Speaking
Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your choice using the following phrases:
— I agree with the statement because I think . . .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because . . .
1. Classical music has a strong ethical effect on people.
2. Going to exhibitions is a waste of time and money.
3. Only talented people can become craftsmen.
4. Visiting art galleries is useful for cultural education.
5. Works of art are mostly very expensive.
Say what these people usually do, using the words from this Unit.
A musician, a composer, an artist, a sculptor, a craftsman, a spectator.
Writing
14 Write a letter to your friend describing your visit:
• to a theatre;
• to an art gallery;
• to an exhibition of folk arts and crafts.
Use the vocabulary of this Unit.
72
They Make Our Life Beautiful
Role-play
15
Work in groups of three or four. Dramatize your visit to the Fair-Exhibition of Folk Arts and Crafts. One of the students will be a guide, others visitors. You may ask the guide about works of art, their masters, their prices. You can take with you a piece of art and describe it.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• The reason we are here is to ...
• Let me say at the beginning ...
• If you ask me ...
• I'll start by saying that...
• Could you tell us about... ?
• What is your impression about... ?
• My feeling about... ? Well, ...
• I want to make it clear that...
• When was this picture/piece of art sculpture ... created?
• Who created this masterpiece?
• That's just what I need!
• It's an impressive/picturesque/fantastic unusual/outstanding piece of art!
• Thank you for your interesting informative/ ... excursion.
Unit X
We Know It from Books
Warm-up
1 Answer the questions. Discuss in your group.
1. Are you fond of reading books?
2. What famous English and Russian writers and poets do you know?
3. What publishing houses do you know? What kind of books do they publish?
4. Is it easy to teach/to learn the Russian/the English language? Why?
74
Unit
We Know It fn
oks
Vocabulary
Complete the sentences using the words from the box.
publishing, languages, book printing, libraries, texts, Internet, electronic means
1. Ivan Fyodorov is one of the founding fathers of.....in Russia and
Ukraine.
2. A branch of culture and production that involves the preparation, production and distribution of books, magazines, newspapers and graphic materia] is called..........
3. In the Internet age less people go to the ...... .
4. Literature may consist of.....based on factual information.
5. It is very important nowadays to speak foreign......
6. A library may use the ...... in a number of ways.
7. Modern libraries are extending services beyond the walls of a building by providing material accessible by...........
Explain the difference between these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1. library — archive
2. publishing — printing
3. journal — magazine
4. novel — story — poem
Divide the words below into three groups: Printed Media, People Connected with Books and Literature and Genres of Literature, and write them down.
Poet, romance, book, writer, novelist, crime, magazine, fantasy, librarian, newspaper, adventure, editor.
Study the following words and expressions.
literally — буквально influence — влияние not necessarily — не обязательно despite — несмотря на paramount — первостепенный
emigre — эмигрант to undergo — пережить astounding — удивительный significantly — значительно to contribute — вносить вклад
75
Reading
Read the text.
English and Russian Literature
Literature is the art of written work. The word literature literally means "things made from letters". Literature may consist of texts based on factual information, as well as on original imagination. Literatures can be divided according to historical periods, genres and political influences. English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England. There are many great English writers such as Robert Bums, Oscar Wilde, Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle and many others. But despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its emigres. Roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages. From
the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Russian authors significantly contributed almost to all known genres of literature. Russia had five Nobel Prizes in Literature laureates. As of 2011, Russia was the fourth largest book producer in the world. Russians are considered to be "the world's most reading nation".
76
We Know It from Books
Answer the questions using the information from the text.
1. What does literature consist of?
2. How can literature be divided?
3. What is called English literature?
4. What famous English writers do you know?
5. What does Russian literature refer to?
6. When did Russian literature undergo its golden age?
7. What facts show that Russian literature is outstanding?
8. What great Russian writers do you know?
Act out the dialogue between two friends.
Ann: Hello, Kate! Did you get into the College?
Kate: Yes, I'm so glad!
Ann: Congratulations! What are you going to study?
Kate: Pedagogy. It's so interesting. Education is very important now. Ann: So, you will be a teacher.
Kate: Yes, I would really like to be a teacher of the Russian language. I like the Russian language and Russian literature. I also like children, and maybe I will teach in a school.
Ann: 1 know that you already have some teaching experience. Last year you taught children in the kindergarten. Am I right? Kate: Yes, Ann, right you are. And 1 liked it very much. I think I will go on working in this kindergarten.
Ann: Will you also have any teaching practice at schools during your studies? Kate: Yes, I will. We will attend classes of experienced teachers and, of course, will give lessons ourselves.
Ann: I wish you good luck in your studies! I think you will be a good teacher. Kate: Thank you very much!
77
Unit
Grammar
THE FUTURE SIMPLE
9 Put the words in the correct order.
Model: here I Nick I be I will I tomorrow. — Nick will be here tomorrow, drive I station i to I you I the I I'll I now. — I'll drive you to the station.
1. begin I class I will I the I at 9.30.
2. be I they'll I home I soon.
3. the I library I be I closed I will I in 20 minutes.
4. her I not I speak I will I I I to I tomorrow.
5. published I book I this I be I will I not I soon.
10 Make questions with will. Be careful when questions have long subjects.
Model: What time will the concert of the famous group start?
1. What time I tomorrow evening's concert I start?
2. When I you and your family I get back from Paris?
3. Where I you I be I this evening?
4. How soon I you know I the answer to this question?
5. Tom and Susan I want I to play golf tomorrow?
6. When I the famous poet I visit I our native town?
7. How long I your brother and two sisters I stay at their grannie's?
TO BE GOING TO FOR FUTURE ACTIONS
I am going to read. He/she is going to read. 1 2 We/you/they are going to read.
11 What is going to happen? Use the words from the box.
break the window, crash, have breakfast, win this game, post a letter
1. The man .. .
2. He . . .
3. The cars . ..
4. The ball. ..
5. The team . . .
78
We Know It from Books
Speaking
12 Read the statements and decide whether they are true or false. Explain your " choice using the following phrases:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
— I agree with the statement because I think .. .
— I don't really agree with this. In my opinion, . . .
— I cannot agree with this.
— I fully agree with the statement. I think the same because . . .
1. One can become a teacher without pedagogical training.
2. A good teacher is a strict teacher.
3. Ordinary (printed) books will not be used in the future.
4. The Russian language is more difficult than the English language.
5. Most people prefer to learn news from the Internet, not from the newspapers.
6. In several years libraries and librarians will become unnecessary.
13
Describe the pictures, using the words of this Unit.
79
Writing
1 Write a letter to your friend about the future. You may use the following . ₽» themes for writing:
• Books in ten years.
• The school classroom in ten years.
• Myself in ten years.
Make grammar of this Unit.
Role-play
15 Work in groups. Dramatize your visit:
• to a library to get some book or some information about a Russian or an English writer;
• to a kindergarten to tell the children about some interesting book. Suppose your groupmates are small children;
• to a shop to buy an electronic device for reading books;
• to a printing house to learn how it works.
Make use of the following helpful phrases:
• Could I ask you about... ?
• I'm looking for a ...
• Would you advise me ... ?
• What is your impression about... ?
• What book would you recommend me?
• I really like this ...
• This book/story/tale/novel/... is worth reading.
• It's one of my favourite .. .
• This book describes ...
• Thank you for your advice!
Texts for Additional Reading
Books
Despite fears that the so-called electronic media — especially radio, television, and videos — might damage book publishing, the opposite seems to be true. Book sales since the introduction of television have increased considerably, well beyond the increase in population. In fact, the U.S. leads in the number of books read per capita. These books range from the most recent best-seller or biography to histories, gardening and cookbooks, or technical volumes and encyclopedias.
Several reasons have been offered to account for this fact. First, American schools have traditionally stressed and tried to develop a "love of reading," to make it a habit. This general educational emphasis has been successful. One notes how many people are reading books — not only newspapers or magazines — in city buses, airports, during lunch breaks, or on the beach. Secondly, public libraries have always been very active in communities throughout the country. Here, too, the general policy has been to get books to people rather than to protect the books from people. A favorite way of raising money for libraries is to have thousands of used books donated by the community and then to have a book sale ("Any five for $11"). The money made in this fashion goes to buy new books for the library. Such popular community fund-raising activities also increase the feeling among people that the library is theirs.
The third and probably most important reason is that there are no laws which protect book sellers or fix prices. Anyone can sell new and used books at discount and sale
81
Texts for Additional Reading
prices, and just about everyone does. Very early, books were sold everywhere, in drug stores and supermarkets, department stores and 24-hour shops, through book clubs and by colleges, as well as in regular book stores. Many university book stores are student-owned and run. They operate on a nonprofit basis, that is, all profits go towards keeping the prices of books down, for paying the student employees, and often to support student scholarships and other financial aid. Then, there are the large "paperback supermarkets" located in most shopping centers, which sell mainly paperback books on a variety of subjects. These, too, have done a great deal to keep the book trade healthy and growing. Nationwide radio and television shows, new movies, and filmed versions of books have often helped to create spectacular book sales.
Newspapers
I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set 1 go into the other room and read a book.
Groucho Marx
When it comes to American newspapers, a lot of people outside the United States think of that slender, serious paper, The International Herald Tribune, said to be on the daily reading list of many world leaders. The Herald Tribune, however, is not really an American paper. It is published in Paris (and printed simultaneously in Paris, London, Zurich, Hong Kong, Singapore, The Hague, Marseille, and Miami) as an international digest of news, most of it taken from its much-larger parents, The New York Times and The Washington Post. Many people in America have never heard of it. And few Americans would read it when they can get the real thing, that is, the full-sized daily newspapers.
In 1986, a total of 9,144 newspapers (daily, Sunday, weekly, etc.) appeared in 6,516 towns in the United States. Most of the daily newspapers are published rain or shine, on Christmas, Thanksgiving, or the Fourth of July (Independence Day). Including the 85 foreign-language newspapers published in 34 different languages, the daily newspapers in the United States sell over 63 million copies a day. The 762 Sunday papers are usually much larger than the regular editions. The record for a Sunday paper is held by The New York Times. One issue on a Sunday in 1965 contained 946 pages, weighed 36 pounds, and cost 50 cents. Reading the Sunday paper is an American tradition, for some people an alternative to going to church.
82
Newspapers
Getting through all of the sections can take most of the day, leaving just enough time for the leisurely Sunday dinner. The Sunday newspapers have an average circulation of 57 million copies. There are also more than 7,000 newspapers which are published weekly, semi-weekly, or monthly.
Most daily newspapers are of the "quality" rather than the "popular" (that is, non-quality) variety. Among the twenty newspapers with the largest circulation only two or three regularly feature crime, sex, and scandal. The paper with the largest circulation, The Wall Street Journal, is a very serious newspaper indeed.
It is often said that there is no "national press" in the United States as there is in Great Britain, for instance, where five popular followed by three quality newspapers dominate the circulation figures and are read nationwide. In one sense this is true. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally, people buying one of the big city newspapers in addition to the smaller local ones. A few of the best-known newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal can be found throughout the country. Yet, one wouldn't expect The Milwaukee Journal to be read in Boston, or The Boston Globe in Houston. There has been one attempt to publish a truly national newspaper, USA Today. But it still has only a circulation of 1.2 million and, in its popular form, can only offer news of genera] interest. This is not enough in a country where state, city, and local news and political developments most deeply affect readers and are therefore especially interesting to them.
In another sense, however, there is a national press, one that comes from influence and the sharing of news. Some of the largest newspapers are at the same time newsgathering businesses. They not only print newspapers, they also collect and sell news, news features, and photographs to hundreds of other papers in the U.S. and abroad.
Three of the better-known of these are The New York Times', The Washington Post's, and the Los Angeles Times' news services. In one famous example, an expose of the CIA published in The New York Times also appeared in 400 other American papers and was picked up or used in some way by hundreds more overseas. "Picked
83
Texts for Additional Reading
up" is not quite right. Such stories are copyrighted, and other newspapers must pay for their use. Often newspapers try to avoid paying for this news by using the original newspaper's story and quoting the story indirectly ("The Washington Post reported today that. .. "). Because so many other newspapers print (or "borrow") news stories from the major American newspapers and magazines, they have great national and international influence. This influence spreads far beyond their own readers.
American Genius
Benjamin Franklin
Franklin was easily the foremost American scientist of his day, and his ingenuity was immensely wride ranging. He was a printer, publisher, writer, statesman, and scientist.
He was also a gifted inventor. Here are some of his inventions.
Having established by observation and logic, and then by a practical kite test, that lightning is atmospheric electricity, he went on to invent the lightning rod, to this day a building's best protection against thunderbolts.
Franklin also originated much of the vocabulary of electricity, including such terms as "battery," "condenser," "charge," "discharge," "positive," "negative."
Americans had previously relied on the open fireplace, which sent most of the heat up the chimney, or the German stove, which made breathing uncomfortable by constantly reheating the air. Franklin pulled the stove away from the wall to increase its heating efficiency and gave it a flue that lost less heat and also served as a simple radiator.
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American Genius
His restless mind fixed on problems, large and small. It is to Franklin that we are indebted for the grocer's claw, the mechanical hand attached to a pole used for reaching items stored on high shelves.
At the age of 83, under the spur of his own nearsightedness, Franklin invented the bifocal. The top half of each lens was for distance viewing, the bottom half for reading.
Samuel F. B. Morse
Morse gave up a successful career as a portrait painter to pursue his interest in telegraphy and gained more fame and wealth than he could have imagined as a painter. Before his invention of the unique dot-dash code that bears his name and the remarkable electromagnetic system that he assembled to transmit the message, the exact location of a fast-moving train was not known, and this lack of exactitude was often fatal.
Morse had completed a model of his system, including the code, by 1853. The telegraph was not patented until 1844 and not put to practical use on the railroad until 1851. Although it immediately proved to be the best available method on communicating between railway stations to determine whether or not a given train had arrived at that point or had already left, established practices die hard, and the telegraph system was not universally adopted for full 20 years after its first use.
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The Sewing Machine
The sewing machine was the creation of many minds. Walter Hunt, probably the 1800s most prolific inventor, was one of the first to create a device that could sew.
millionaires.
He built his machine in about 1833, but thinking it would deprive seamstresses of their work, he withheld it from the market.
Elias Howe had no such compunction; he patented his sewing machine in 1846 and spent years fighting to maintain the exclusive rights for his invention.
Among his opponents was the machinist and promotional genius Isaac M. Singer, who had built a machine with several marked improvements.
In prolonged litigation over patent rights, Howe emerged the victor in 1854. Two years later, Howe, Singer, and two more competitors agreed to pool the best sewing machine patents and share the royalties.
This reasonable approach proved to be a good idea: Singer and Howe both became
"India Rubber"
Charles Goodyear was obsessed with gum elastic, or "India rubber." It its natural state, the material was too soft for practical use in hot weather and too hard when it was cold. Goodyear was determined to stabilize it by some curing process, and he had a blind faith that he would hit on something if he kept trying every method he could think of. As it turned out, the process that made rubber a useful servant of man was discovered by accident. After patenting his process of vulcanization in 1844, Goodyear advocated rubber for almost every use including clothing, tobacco pouches, and bathtubs. He died in 1860, and was, therefore, not destined to see its universal use in automobile tires.
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American Genius
Thomas Elva Edison
Edison once remarked that genius is "one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration." Certainly neither inspiration nor industry were lacking in this prolific inventor, who was granted a total of 1,097 patents — an all-time record.
Thomas E. Edison was bom in Milan, Ohio, in 1847. He had but a few years of formal schooling, but his mother taught him at home, and he early developed an interest in science. He took his first job as a railroad newsboy and "candy butcher," and then became an itinerant telegrapher, an occupation that started him on the road to developing his amazing potentialities for electrical innovation.
His first commercially successful invention was an improved stock ticker, used by speculators in gold and securities. He used the $40,000 he got for this — a small fortune for a 23-year-old — to open a factory in Newark, New Jersey. There he made telegraph instruments and stock tickers, and methodically set about turning out further inventions.
In 1876, Edison moved from Newark to Menlo Park, New Jersey, where he established his "invention factory," the first industrial research laboratory. A torrent
of discoveries and inventions was soon pouring from his fertile brain. Edison's invention, in 1877, of a "talking machine" that could record, store, and reproduce human speech or music was revolutionary. His only discovery in pure science came in 1883: it was the Edison effect. He patented this discovery in 1884 but did not investigate it further. Other scientists used it to develop the electronics industry, particularly radio and television.
Edison's character was not a simple one, he was not always successful. But the urge to experiment and improve never lagged. When he died at 84, many people dimmed their lights in honor of the wizard who had extended their days with the incandescent light bulb.
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Alexander Graham Bell
It is hard to imagine that until a century ago the world had to get along without the telephone. Its inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, was bom in Scotland in 1847
and came to the United States at the age of 24. In 1873, he became professor of vocal physiology at Boston University. For several years, he had been experimenting with transmitting the human voice. On March 10, 1876, he called over his transmitter: "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you." His assistant raced from the laboratory to Bell's bedroom, shouting that he had heard every word clearly.
By the turn of the century, more than 1.5 million telephones were in use across the country. Its impact on business and industry was explosive.
Bell became a wealthy man, but money had never been his goal. He plunged into other projects, building, devising, and inventing something all his life.
The Oldest Plants and Animals
In 1497, a German fisherman caught a ringed pike dated 1230. This meant that the pike was more than two hundred and sixty-seven years old. But the pike cannot compete with a turtle found in 1737 and brought to the London Zoo. When the turtle was found, scientists studied it and said that it was more than a century old. Two hundred years later, the same turtle was still living in the Zoo. There are also crocodiles that live as long as turtles.
We all know that large parrots live long. There is one that lived 140 years. There are other birds that live to be a century old. But elephants do not usually live so long — not more than 50 to 70 years. The life of lions is even shorter — not more than 30 years.
But the animals who live the longest lives cannot compete with members of the plant world. Little blueberry plants can live more than
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What Is Your Favourite Colour?
three hundred years. Scientists have shown that Mexican cypress trees can live ten thousand years; but the prize for long life belongs to a tree in Australia that can live fifteen thousand years.
What Is Your Favourite Colour?
Colours do not exist. When your eye receives light, it sends messages to your mind. And your mind translates these messages into colours which vary according to the wavelengths of the light. You are all aware of the strange tricks your mind can play on you. It's not surprising that when it translates your eyes' messages into colours, it adds other messages. Colours become linked with memories, associations,
emotions and natural body reactions. Green begins to mean trees and leaves; red subconsciously reminds you of fire.
Perhaps this is why, over the centuries and throughout the world, colours have been given special significance and magical properties. Every colour has
a superstition associated with it. The great abstract artists of the 20th century studied
the psychological effect of colours. And recently scientists have begun to discover that colours can deeply influence our lives. Here are some of the meanings that old wives and contemporary science have attributed to basic colours.
RED — the colour of fire. Red is usually associated with passion. If red is your favourite colour, your heart rules your life. In China, red is a lucky colour for brides. Scientists believe that red stimulates the nervous system. Don't paint your walls red, it could drive you crazy.
YELLOW — the colour of sun. Yellow is a joyful colour, and it is associated with fertility because of harvest. Yellow is also a musical colour. It is like a high note and, according to the painter Kandinsky, it can cause a sharp pain in the eye, just as a high-pitch musical note can hurt your ear.
GREEN — the colour of trees and leaves. Green is always thought of as a harmonious colour, because it symbolizes growth in nature. It is a peaceful colour which can make you feel calm and rested. In some schools, blackboards have been replaced by
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greenboards because green-light wavelengths do not cause strain to the eyes. And, as an experiment, a black "suicide bridge" was repainted in bright green. As a result, the number of suicides decreased by a third.
BLUE — the colour of sky. Blue is a spiritual colour, and it is normally associated with the mind. If this is your favourite colour, you are either spiritual or very intellectual — or both. Blue light is cold. It can make you shiver and may dull your emotions. Scientists believe that in blue light time seems to pass quicker for you — because you are day-dreaming.
BLACK AND WHITE — these are not actually colours, but to most people black symbolizes death and evil, white means innocence and good. But in many oriental countries, black is good and white is for widows and the devil.
It's all in your mind.
A Peaceful Dog
By Jerome K. Jerome
We tried river water once, later on in the season, but it was not a success. We were coming down stream, and had pulled up to have tea in a backwater near Windsor. Our jar was empty, and it was a case of going without our tea or taking water from the river. Harris was for chancing it. He said it must be all right if we boiled the water. He said that the various germs of poison present in the water would be killed by the boiling. So we filled our kettle with Thames backwater, and boiled it; and very careful we were to see that it did boil.
We had made the tea, and were just settling down comfortably to drink it, when George, with his cup half-way to his lips, paused and exclaimed:
"What's that?"
"What's what?" asked Harris and I.
"Why that!" said George, looking westward.
Harris and I followed his gaze, and saw, coming down towards us on the sluggish current, a dog. It was one of the quietest and peacefullest dogs I have ever seen. I never met a dog who
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Gizmos
seemed more contented — more easy in its mind. It was floating dreamily on its back, with its four legs stuck up straight into the air. It was what I should call a full-bodied dog, with a well-developed chest. On he came, serene, dignified, and calm, until he was abreast of our boat, and there, among the rushes, he eased up, and settled down cozily for the evening.
George said he didn't want any tea, and emptied his cup into the water. Harris did not feel thirsty, either, and followed suit. I had drunk half mine, but 1 wished I had not.
1 asked George if he thought 1 was likely to have typhoid.
He said: "Oh, no"; he thought I had a very good chance indeed of escaping it. Anyhow, I should know in about a fortnight, whether I had or had not.
Gizmos
OK, OK, I know this Nokia looks like an unusually boring portable phone, but it's far from it. This is the one we've all been waiting for, the Excalibur of mobile telephony. It works, you see, over the Pond. No, not in Kensington Gardens; 1 am referring, in what was supposed to be a nonchalant manner, to the Pond. The Atlantic.
Yes, this ordinary Nokia is a phone you can use in America and Canada — pretty much anywhere — and be charged to your regular account in England. If you're not impressed yet, let me tell you this is a very big deal, the equivalent of finding an American who can say "human" and "humiliate" rather than "yuman" and "yumiliate." The systems are so different between here and there that we won't be able to use a British phone in the States, and you still have to rent or buy this American-made one especially before your trip. A bit convoluted, but it works. I was unable to catch the system out on a recent 15-city trip. I made and received trouble-free local and international calls on LA freeways, in taxicabs deep in Manhattan, from a train in New England, from fields in Texas, and in remote alligator swamps in Florida. The bills are steep — between £1 and £2 a minute depending on what you're doing — and you will probably feel compelled, as I did, to make fatuous calls to your best friend on his mobile in Shetland while you're in the Great Canyon. But you have the choice not to use the phone at all, and simply leave it on wherever you are, just in case. The ideal transatlantic travelling gadget.
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Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 —1930)
With the words "Elementary, my dear Watson ... ", the most famous detective of all time, Sherlock Holmes, starts to explain a crime to his friend, Dr Watson. That phrase has now entered the English language.
Sherlock Holmes first appeared in a book called Study in Scarlet. He became famous in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, first published in the Strand Magazine. After that came a whole series of books about him: The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, The Hound of the Baskervilles and many others. Many thousands of the Sherlock Holmes books are still sold every year.
Who invented Sherlock Holmes? Arthur Conan Doyle was his inventor. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland, of Irish parents. He was a doctor. In 1882 he moved from Scotland to England, to Southsea near Portsmouth, to set up a practice. One of the doctors he worked for, Dr Joseph Bell, was the model for Sherlock Holmes's friend, Dr Watson. Conan Doyle's medical knowledge was a great help to him in his detective stories.
Conan Doyle started the fashion of the detective story. Today the fashion goes on — with Simenon's Inspector Maigret stories and the stories of other writers.
And what sort of man is Sherlock Holmes? We learn a lot about him from the stories in which he appears. He has a thin face and intelligent eyes. He speaks when he has something to say. He smokes a pipe (he has a collection of them). He plays the violin. He lives at 221 "B" Baker Street in London.
If you go to London, you will not be able to find 221 "B" Baker Street. But
instead, you can go to a pub called "The Sherlock Holmes" in Northumberland Street (near Trafalgar Square). In that pub there is a room like Sherlock Holmes's room at 221 "B" Baker Street, as described in Conan Doyle's stories. There is also the stuffed head of a hound. It is said to be the original "hound of the Baskervilles"!
Sherlock Holmes after more than eighty years is still the most famous detective in the world.
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Arthur Conan Doyle (1859—1930)
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the novelist, first created his famous character, Sherlock Holmes, in 1885. Six years later, when he wrote another group of stories about the detective, Sherlock Holmes was a name that everybody knew.
When Conan Doyle began to get tired of writing detective stories, he decided to "kill" Holmes. He wrote a story in which Holmes meets his great enemy, Professor Moriarty, in Switzerland. Holmes and Moriarty fight, and fall over a cliff and are both killed. The public didn't like it. Conan Doyle had to write another story in which Holmes comes back. Conan Doyle was a famous writer. He became popular because of his love for people.
Silver Blaze
By A. Conan Doyle
In Devon, a valuable racehorse, Silver Blaze, had disappeared; its trainer, John Straker, was found dead.
Silver Blaze was ready to run in an important race in a few days' time. On the night he disappeared, a stable boy was guarding him. The boy had a dog with him, and two other boys were sleeping above the stable.
A girl who was taking the boy his supper saw a stranger near the stables. She ran back to the house to get help, and the stranger ran away. The stable boy said that the stranger had asked him, "Will Silver Blaze really win the race?" The boy said he hadn't opened the stable door. At about midnight, John Straker, the horse's trainer,
told his wife he was still worried about the horse. He went out, towards the stables, taking a sharp doctor's knife with him.
The next morning the stable door was opened. The horse had gone, and the stable boy was unconscious. Opium was found in his food. Usually, you can taste opium, but he had strong meat for supper, and that had hidden the taste.
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John Straker was found out on Dartmoor. He was dead, his head crushed. His coat was hanging over a bush. Near him was his knife, and a scarf which was recognized as the stranger's.
The police found and arrested the stranger, Mr Simpson. They said he had drugged the boy, stolen the horse and killed Straker. Simpson denied it all, and they still didn't know where the horse was.
Colonel Ross, the horse's owner, then sent a telegram to Sherlock Holmes, asking him to find the horse. Holmes and his friend, Dr Watson, were at their flat in Baker Street in London. They had read the whole story in the newspapers. Holmes took no notice of the telegram, saying that Silver Blaze was somewhere on Dartmoor, and would soon be found.
Two days later. Holmes understood he was mistaken, and he and Dr Watson took a train to Tavistock, in Devon. They went to the place on Dartmoor where Straker's body was found. There, Holmes found a match. Then they searched the place, and finally found the tracks of Silver Blaze. Some of the prints were alone, pointing towards Colonel Ross's stables; others had the footprints of a man with them, and pointed towards another stable.
Holmes and Watson talked to the owner there, and he finally admitted that he had stolen Silver Blaze, taken him home and hidden him. He wanted his own horse to win the race. He said he knew nothing about the murder.
Now, said Dr Watson, the mystery was over. The police had found the murderer, and they had found the horse. Sherlock Holmes didn't agree. When they went back to Colonel Ross's stables, Holmes asked, "Was there anything wrong with any animals on the farm?" A farm worker said that three of the sheep had gone lame.
If Simpson, the stranger, had drugged the stable boy, he was very lucky. He couldn't know that there was meat for supper. And how did he put the drug in the food?
The two boys sleeping hadn't woken up. So the dog hadn't barked. So the dog knew the thief.
Who carries a doctor's knife for self-defence? A knife like that is for something different — like making a horse lame. Someone who isn't a doctor would have to practise an operation of a horse's leg — perhaps he would practise on some sheep.
A man who hangs his coat on a bush, and strikes a match, doesn't run after thieves. He's going to do something difficult; like operating on a horse. The scarf? Straker must have found it near the stables and decided to tie the horse's legs with it. Silver Blaze became frightened, kicked back and killed Straker.
Why would Straker want to lame a horse which he trained? Because he had bet money on another horse. Elementary, my dear Watson!
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