/
Tags: linguistics chinese language languages of the world
Year: 1985
Text
ELEMENTARY CHINESE
READERS
BOOK FOUR
Ж Ж Ж ¥
ft X Ж Ш ft
м
First Edition 1980
(Second printing 1985)
Foreign Languages Press
24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, China
Printed in the People's Republic of China
ЖЗЕ+ЛгЖ ......................... 1
Ж А + Ш 16
ЖА+—гЖ —ЛНгй.................. 30
ЖАА-тЖ 41
ЖА+^гЖ .................•••• 54
ЖА+йтЖ Д%ВЖ£................... 72
ЖА+ЕтЖ ..................... 90
ЖАЖтАЖ из
ЖА+-ЕШ .................... 127
ЖА+AiM »»••••................... 147
ЖА+АЖ ...................... 165
Ж -t + Ш 182
ЖАА-W ........................М.. 210
Ж-Ь+—$ ...................... 225
Ж-Ь+Н> ййй.................... 249
wl Г а ..................... 274
X-^-To
— X, Д
M, JLWfl-W—'b^XAAii^-, —iiA,
—• ii”A s -f*.Ш tf] -f-.” 12. X A®t
Л«, WlMMMO T o Д
Щ й Л HO, MWIlW
E§. F/to
AMFt<, t m £jU£: “S
Jl ,ИЛ— 'e ’ff! ”
Ж Д4П-$ ШШiJt: ДЛП — /tM ifr & 4й
i^fmo w
<X^To Д, ДД-Ж F^^rfeHBf^,
лытин«мм<ди-н£:
” Д#№<: “ДП^Л
ЛЯД, ДЯЖ ” ИТ Л,Л, ^«^®То
мши®., М-
Л, Д-£<4&о ДАНШИЛГЯ, X ЯЛй<Д<
^tM, дЕ-Я^ХХ^ТИ-Д, Д-^х<_ЕИ-
Д^И—^г, 4&МИЛ. “ Дй” $i*'b'Xо
Ж4Т^ Ж>Д Т > фт> J&H М Д Н Д я:
“ня-э^^т, штоШо
ДЯ Д @ М^-^ДИНХ-Т-М Т it Я" ^1^,
1ИА^О ”
2
*ло д«&4ни^, u-uw @л^
^Li^0
—, 4 Я
1. jq ( g ) haiyuan
2- 4ft- ( g ) julebu
3. a () fu
(&) shouzhi
5. X ( ) ya
6. ®T ( ) duan
7. (£) fujin
8. 4—'^* dan xin
9. Щк (£) yisheng
10- t (^J) kao
11. 4г -Ж ( ) anwei
12. fang xin
13. M
14. -J-
15. 1#
16. %
(%J)
(&)
(^)
(№)
• • aw
Jie
shoushu
fuhuo
jin
seaman
club
to support, to help
finger
to crush, to press
to break off, to sever
nearby
to worry, to feel anxious
doctor
to rely on, to depend
on, to lean against
to comfort, to console
to set one’s mind at rest,
to be at ease
to join, to piece together
surgical operation
to recover, to revive
tight, close
3
17. ( £ )
18. Й (^)
19. (Ж)
20.
Ш-
21. (Ж)
22. EJ ( S )
23. 3^^ (Ю
24. (g&)
boli glass
xiu to embroider
zhuanxin absorbed, concentrated
lian- • -don
(ye)--- even
weida great
jieri festival
zhengui valuable, precious
zhenxi to treasure, to value,
to cherish
Bide
name of a person
H, й 0iJ №
“ft* Ш,
тЯЙШЖо ЖП:
rtS” is a verb which functions either as the main element
of the predicate or, together with its object, as the adverbial
adjunct of another verb, e.g.
(1) iX'MtA iid-J, W dt W
7^, Л Л 'b M ’Ff!
4
(2) JMWX'fr,
т — 4^-^ , lit
2. g
SOTWO*
has the following different meanings:
A.
To join, connect or put together.
(1) — <”£o
(2) — 4^ФВфкХ>^,
4W T о
В.
To follow or go after.
(1) jH# ( < ) —4
mio
(2) i£_ a] # Д.# ( iq )
C. M
To catch with hands or hold.
(i) Д4е<<ЬПИь,
(2) > ?h iia T - fa pfj
5
To receive.
e. a®
To meet.
9
(i) ДадХн^ЛЛ>А^НЬ^,
(2) -^f-£XJ IL ®
a-f о
F.
To take over or replace.
3. *±*
ШЬо ЖП:
As a complement of result, “ _h” can indicate that some-
thing stays at a certain place or becomes attached to some-
thing else through an action. The object of the verb is the
thing that stays or becomes attached, e.g.
(1)
If we want to point out the place where the thing remains
or becomes attached to, we should use the preposition-object
6
construction before the verb as an adverbial ad-
junct or use a word or phrase denoting a place as the subject
of the sentence, e.g.
(2) O.h T — ЖЙ. JLo
(3) M -ft T о
4.
"А” Лп±йЖй1!?, w
ЖП: “%
' Л/ЬТ„' «/b5F
In everyday life, when we address a familiar comrade, we
use plus his surname to show cordiality and respect if
he is not very young or advanced in age, and “/]\” plus his
surname to show endearment if he is rather young, as in
E,” , , ft/bT” and .
5. ЯЛ.
“ЯЛ.”
“ЯДЕ”
ЛЯД1” is more often than not used to introduce the
description of what is seen by the speaker who is fascinated by
it- “ЯДЕ” usually occurs at the beginning of the second
clause of a compound sentence and there must not be any sub-
ject before it, e.g.
<D ЖЛП ft, Я £is.^ я jb Д
7
(2) X
(3)
Я j£-
6. 4-W±*m&
• •
тжвддашйм жюйл
^♦^Jo Ж
Interrogative pronouns can also be used in declarative
sentences to stand for an indefinite person or thing, e.g.
(i) 12.4"p]-J-itS-ДЖН — Ro
(2) Я JL Я,
;lo
(3) lUitJLfffe’t, R* ДД4U-J-£ Д
7. “£•••« (ib)
(•&)•••” джшж^жйдаь ж^жеда!
»lfc, ЖЖТ. MS,
«к ( “&” )
The construction “&•$> (-th,) •••v is used to give one
or more special cases to show others go without saying.
The cases in point may be the subject, predicate, verb, pre-
posed object or adverbial adjunct etc. When the predica-
tive verb is emphasized, it should be repeated after or
and takes other elements after it, e.g.
8
(i) Ж4^-^^$гЯх#,
То
(2) <4£ХМ:
(3) ЭД ® #) Bf<, ДЖ—
#> о
(4> ДЗДД’ТгА-йД^Т,
ЖЖ—<^<ДТО
8. Mifi-S
ЖМи й—•” жж«
«Ш~т, ^х^Ш®«1Яй1Г®^-М5!)-№0г51
Ж
л—” can be placed before a verb to show an action lasts
only for a very short duration. «—...» often occurs in the
first clause of a compound sentence and the second clause usually
tells of what the short action results in, e.g.
(1) Ж-<, Штто
' «p^
гйвЖй: “W” , iWf₽,
%Д0 ШП:
When v is used in combination with verbs such as
a^” and “PJf” etc., the second clause usually indicates that
one suddenly finds out something he didn’t know before, e.g.
(2)
(3) fcjit-t, <АХДНЖ%о
9
<4) fcMn-f,
-ft & о
A,
И, ifi Я й И №
ЕШ 1нЖ
A. “Mfe” WfflT££№*, WOfllW»
“fa*” HfgffiT&*flW0 Шп,
лЕЛд” can apply to a past event as well as a future one
while can only apply to a past event, e.g.
(1) ^УН^ЛЛ^^Т о
УЛ
(2)
Ул fa
To
<3) vAfe
(4) vxj& ^Д-frj ;Lpd
в. “wa”
“Js%” M/FtBo «Ш
ЛКШ” can be qualified by a word or phrase denoting
either time or an event, but л,1д Ж” cannot, e.g.
(1) Д'П'М T t M X $
ДяД^о
(3) g , Д e> =.ад T о
10
1. т£Т>тЖ
Ж н» Л---№ Д % It Ж Д Л
т ЛЛ«Л о
(I) МДй£ (2) МЛМЩ
(3) ДАДЛК. <4) ДАДД
(5) й Я4 <б) Д_к«
(7) ^Л?КЖ
2. зъЙсТЭД^Ф:
(I) ЛАа«£^Д^, Х£0
(2) Лк^_шт&—<, X £
(3), X £ R Д^гДД,
Д^ДД&Д, А^^Д-Д<^М;#фо
(4) , X £ А Д| Д < Д Д
U_k, Д 0
(5) — ф Я Д Ф Ф ХЛ& X’] #
? X £о
(6) й Л дЕ. Д f X % цф £ Д А
”А: аф.М Д...” А Е7 —
> X £о
3. »Ж^бЖйИАл1 (ifu ff-k, WL, !®)«ATyiJW
(i) МД
11
(2) а _______________-£
(3) Д-ЧА£МЛ£ММ
^Дре.о
(4) М-ЬКН, 5Ctf£ т— £JL>17, ЛД
$tM о
(5) it'b AtvAiK, JUiti^A M^iS-ALit
fco
(6) Д it'bM , T iL < ДЖ it _^b #
4. ffl rtJ$-«15 ( Ш ) -n ^gfc^T^J^JT:
Я» ДА/frit —'b t §
<it— 'bi7 Ш
ito
(1) 4f it № АЯ ft ж T , № ;УШС-£^Ж
<ЯЯ£То
(2) №^йт-ьа_ь.«^, w^To
(3) Ж^З-^'Ж Я М}£ iM $ 'J it it '№ X о
(4) kX й № A itE- it fit 5’1 t' ® Д # о
(5) ДРШ, МЖ/ТтХо
(6) -f- /К-it# T у? 'Mf , <fcin Л —
/И* о
(7) It ?t H Ж., & A ijj A-irit^ 71.%?
12
<б)
<8)
о
7. Й1ЖТЖЙЙА, '/ШМтШёЙДЙа
Д. А ® , A tl к* it £) Ж (Baiqiu’en, Norman
Bethune) £ sf. o £; EL Д_ — A ф A (Jianada,
Canada) g.A, — A=--tA, $3 T А Ш А &fit
^E) ,fcАЯ 113| ,,
a$W£O, мл
•A fil it—# fit A & , •& A № 1A T Й- $ Я < shangyuan,
wounded soldier) *£ ^? 5# Afr-l g.
^4МПЛ<,
& < M' zt A j£ Я Й C -h fit J&- (xie, blood) Д it
A^- -db o
м-ffitsc
# ж fit A1A > ik iX £ < & A A, # W M >4
в ‘m’ о
Ж A fit A < А Д>] А Д & < к A о Я
£«A;M£fitJ.A, ап-t, z4£-Aa^
AA^it^^A, <A^ULitА,
WfiHUTo
кAiA-Д-^^ЖА^^ T — T, Ai>]
«ДА#Т-#, Х|Е^£Т--ААЯ,&£,Зг
14
АЖЙ it/LJUt
-Я-^гДЛо 1МПЖ М
-^ад-^^Яо " a-f11М4£^<
ЖАЖй^А,
— АЖЖ^^, Ж-f Tо
Лз А, & АЖ А А-^-ЖГА^—М, i'J #] й^ль
7Т-iro М^й^ЗСА^^ АЖ АЛМ^Г — ЯЯ. (shuang,
pair) (buxie, clothshoes), St-feit: "AiH Ж it
#] Й$ Дit*M£Л Д < Й-l, < S < A
Жо ”
i) АЖ A AMitAu^, “ it 4t Ж
4MA , Д ’1^ it Д 4^z, <*)t A in @J
л^йИйо ”
15
111
UAA, X”li^o №
И^П Д^4, 5Сг^5С^_, МТ
Л^-, <—Л, 4Ме. Ж <ИгА'Н i'J
—&, it: "Ж1^ДJ7jb<<’’Ml^n п , £
<ДА^АТ£То ”ЙЛ4е.^>А, ЮТ? ” &
Wf,
XtoWA-^%? ” Ш: “^кХ
4е./&£-М'1&Ж-£! ”
Ж — А-¥-_Ь-, — ^A<J4-£ т о
Мо <: 11^ ^A-
<-f, 6Ue.itЯДиЛAo ” АИПЯЧй^-
16
1- # (S?J) yi to remove, to move
2- (£ ) gudai ancient times
3. 1Й) s ( ) yuyan fable
4. (£ ) laoren old man
5. -М ( 5?) ) dang to obstruct, to block
6. (& ) chulu way out
7. j£ > §5) zheng right, exactly, just
8. Xf dui to face, to confront
9. (ft zanmen we, us
ю. ( £ ) sunzi grandson
ii- ItA (% zancheng to approve, to be in
favour of
12. 4^- (% ) qizi wife
13. ( xinxln confidence
14. ) dong to move, to get moving
15. (£ ) linju neighbour
16. -f- ( ) gan to do, to work, to make
17. 4Й (%] pa to fear, to be afraid of
18. (Ж xinku toilsome, hard, strenuous
19- It (%] ) wa to dig
20. (« ) laotouzi old man
21. T Я (Ж ) kexiao funny, ridiculous
18
22. 23. 41 24. 25. -f- 26. 27. % ( £ ) cao ( Sb) ba ( ij]) buru ( %, ) ping ( <5 ) shenxian ( Sb ) bei grass to pull, to pluck not as good as, not up to level, flat, even angel, spirit to carry on the back
w
1. Yugong Foolish Old Man
2. ^4b Huabei North China
3- Zhisou Wise Old Man
4- Л'ф’ Shangdi God
H, jsj i= 0|J №
1.
ЙЯ” ЯИШЙЖЮ, джх
±1#, “Я” WMOlSbi^, ТОШШШЙЛШ
Ж^о ШП:
ЛД” is an adverb which can be placed only before a
verb rather than a noun. Sometimes ЛЯ” imposes a limit to
the action denoted by the verb, and sometimes the thing or
quantity after the verb, e.g.
4?it,
(1)
X IE. 4$, 'Г it 4$ о
19
ДХтАгЯ4&,
(3) Д X Т — -^F X.i& o
Й№ЙЖ tuS^if^MfcS, TOffl W , №
'е(|'1Юййд йд<” о шп,
If a limit is imposed to the person or thing that is the
subject, the preposed object or the quantity of the object, rtR
must be used instead, e.g.
(4) X^T'b^-^Mf,
Шо
(6) ДХ<£^;£45£<, ЯШЖД
2.
• •
“Г (К*ГШЬЖ,
As a potential complement, indicates that the person
or thing referred to by the subject has (or has not) enough
strength to carry on an action, arid changes (or does not change)
his or its position as a result of the action, e.g.
(1)
(2) ДМ T,
шп»
If the verb takes an ooject, indicates that one has
(or has not) enough strength to make the person or thing re-
ferred to by the object change his or its position through the
action indicated, e.g.
(3)
(4)
мгазд-сто
Ш1^о ЗЖйШШХ, ЯЙЙЯЙ ?S W S м
ЙИЖЛШо Х#П:
This is a rhetorical question formed of an interrogative
pronoun. Questions of this kind usually do not expect any
answer but are asked for the sake of effect or emphasis on the
part of the speaker. Such a question lays emphasis on nega-
tion if it is affirmative and the opposite is the case if it is nega-
tive. means that, in the speaker’s
opinion, the two mountains can never be removed away. Fur-
ther examples:
(1) WTO, ДЖОТЭДМ?
(2> йр]fit ® ЛЯX, H% %
(3) Ш ЭД th Ft, £ £ & s3 _h
4.
Oft, ЖП:
21
When used at the end of a question or a rhetorical question,
the modal particle “ijlg” has the effect of making the tone
moderate or mild, implying that one needs time to think over
or gives the person he talks to time to think over, e.g.
(1) 0 T, О
(2)
<3)
5.
gijwi rtx” до
in«
The adverb rtXv can sometimes be used to introduce
another reason or cause or condition, e.g.
<D ШШ,
(2) feXM-l,
6.
жп:
The adverb “$t” here is about the same as “xFM”
(so, hence). It is used to show what goes before is a
premise or prerequisite and what comes after it is the natural
consequence, e.g.
22
(1) cL
Д T о
(2) ?кд£#-г R Ж. Д1ПТ Т Д %-, <, i£
^Д^ПМ-Ь -£ДШ'1Ж&£о
7. ®^5О#-^лтш*т
жмйшм лж» ч шдел
ШП:
The simple directional complement or л£” some-
times indicates that the person referred to by the subject comes
or goes somewhere for a certain purpose, e.g.
(1)
Д '$4 Д -jc о
(2) <T, Is)Д T о
8. Tin
"Tin” ЙАТШ” ЙЙВЯЖД лАй
ЛТ-^П” is used to denote comparison. “АТЙ1В” means
“A&<B#”, e.g.
(1)
An adjective or a verbal construction can also be used
in combination with to point out in what respect A
cannot match B, e.g.
(2) if
(3) ii 4^ Ф 4*-2? W"о
23
е.
gijwl “%” W «ладв” Й£)
?Ф, OIBE^WAO, Швйтшк
®£Ж^То Жгв&ЭДЖВЭД’, “Й1” 51ЙЖ<> ЖП:
Sometimes the adverb Л£Е” means “even”. It can be
used in “A^-^B” to form “AJE^^qB”, which means that В
is not quite satisfactory or up to standard while A is not even
up to В. лй£” should be pronounced in the neutral tone
when so used, e.g.
(i)
(2)
iff X й ЭД M
Щ=ИП ШП
wi ” w, м w a as л» a a
fll” miMWiSA, йТОЖ ЭД&»
“ngfl'J” о the inclusive first person plural, is exactly the
same as . But the difference between rtng-f|']” and
is that ЛШП” may or may not include the
person or persons one is talking to, e.g.
(i)
(2)
24
(4) ЭДАТАД^ПА
(5) EJ ДП-^ДД,
о
35\ £ 3
ШТЯтЯМ “%]’’ ЖйГШЬЖй^?:
Ч: М %
itX^TAit, Д — АА#Т^О
J& А
£'I <ii#A, i£A#^
АЯ^^?
(1) -Ж. >6
(2) й#4
(3)
(4)
(5) % «
(6) зЫ#
WlW&^T^2?:
6-Hiit £ А, — it'fr^o
А, X' tL Ъ ^tf it it
%?
25
(i) it A A &
(2) itA^JJUMf, A^i —
(3) Bit£AA&,
(4) ’И1 A£ —o
(5) it it o
(6) ЛЛЛЖМДШ
(7) it'MAA—^A^A^To
(8) U4UTO
3. ^T?l!W ( аЖ “«Г TO):
(i) й ЗГ Д J-» № A ]£., 3L
(2) IfA ^F- яч it tfj A R Д' 'tfe
AT^T, Я o
(3) 4|5 Д ri'l < 5'1 & , <
(4),<.t|5<< Й #4T о
(5)ДА^^ЛМ T Ч Й ”
Й
(6) 4*t Я fr-F A A ”7? < Ф # H о
4. жтт^та^тев “^ъ” ишь
^11: ti’JMJH’1 0 Ao
26
(i) Wo
(2) fit < 4л Ш fit о
(3)
(4) it _E/Л. А 4П _4t fit $P ^-^o
(5) AitW#, ^zrA^dtni^TyA Я -ж<
•ft
5? ктитйо “*tn” №ws
$J: Яр it fit it it fit о
it it fit Яр it fit £ о
(1) &$НИН^ШЖ
(2) ^it^^}t^-^<^, <£i£<vXjfr$L
Wo
(3) ]MpПйfiWНЯ-&ЖПйfi3iljо
(4) g&^fit±}££HWit^^> ^Л1Д
П ]fii
(5) it^:W>tMit^ WAi£4?tit^o
6. ffl “Ш” Ш “Ш'Г Жё:
(1) Ж-fit? 1Л: ^iiJL^A.,
£>!*%? "
(2) < 51] 4p fil ;O £t, 1 & X M it: “ #
vFf, Mj 9 it Д £
27
(3) it <ft fa Д
<4) 4fti£<^AiX
<5) itJLX^JrcJLX^, -ftit
£it;i
(6) fftW<^£i£;£<
g
7. 1ЯЖТЖШ:,
ik
5C^#7L( ikiKvL^- ) ,
"-” JL^3j_kC^To XWit)
5С<5СЛ1«ЛЖ-?-±^
“—” iEJL-fit, JL-f To 5C
‘ — ’ ^v5>?
i*T? ”
“XitT— 'ЬЯЛ,
<%д...цц* , rt®ML-n>E” )
T> (manyi, satisfaction)
28
<f it Ф /& £ Я -f - 4я , t (bian, to become)
f Qinzi, gold) , & T ftoiX^'ftW’ T^?5' >
1£Л^<о 4a, 4&—
^T-^r-f-, Хй-Tfto
Rfts “it^W-fttlO^? ”
iX^A^Ot: "Д&...........& &
“W’ > rt—--sb-” . )
0t -f- (xiazi> blind man) , 5Щ|1 A < Д —
Mo <^АЯМ^О
^fARft: "ft
Я, £ ft ” at -f i£: “*iti R
ЛЭДХ, ftR^]fT^^^, -£#<T£,
Ж4ь£То "
a-^-” . rtx,?» “ugffr )
29
“ I 0 й
197949 Я 11 9 Ht
Т, Т --«о
ПА^М, Wo 4
AA^SL&^MLT, & ЙЕ^РЖ’^’А?
—Т "W, АП <. А ® НА $ Д &
it, ^А&ЯАП^И^а’^АП-й: ЗМП
if, AitifcH’ <it A# ГЯ tf]
—£«*£! ” AH<t
Д-Х: “АИ-Ж^Ж^'^— А А 5'НЬ ^?,
A-£WW-h,
дл-сН^АН, iXA-^®A^it, ^ААтйЖА,
it ДМ A® Ff'ft/f 4, ЯРДМАА^^Д.
АА^ЯААПАA-<«T
30
T, Д№»
Ж, ДЖ Д> £&T4<—Tt’Hi
г^шяапш tiei^A^
1ШШШ, U&W
<o ВАШ, itU.-£^Д1П Д£*ЯД<О
5'] T p£ £ &, ®£'Ш£ И4
Д^Ж&, «JrA'F @ Jk;#,
T o ® Jk/IL' Д^Ш-—Д
—, st Й1
1- EJ iiL
2. ff|-
3-
4.
(^)
( )
( §0)
\ *\
ГЦ1
qing
lud
zhongyu
5- ) jihui
(^,Ж) lixiang
( )
( )
shixian
jiddng
diary
fine, clear
to fall, to go down, to set
finally, in the end
chance, opportunity
ideal, idealistic
to realize, to come true
to excite, to be excited, to
be moved
31
9.
( & )
zugu6
10- (ДЙ ) biaoshi
( §fj) ganxie
(tBstl) yuanyi
jianzhii
14.
15.
( ж ) zhuangli
( ) xiongwei
16- £ ( §0 ) duome
17. ( & ) chenglou
18. ( £ ) yingxiong
19. (5tK&) jinian
20. ( ^ ) bei
21 • Ф $ ( £ ) zhuxi
22. genung
23. -f4 $7 it ( )
24. itX (R)
25.
bowuguan
zheli
xi zao
motherland
to show, to express, to ex-
tend
io thank
to be willing
building, architecture
magnificent, majestic
grand, imposing, magnifi-
cent
how
city-gate tower, here: ros-
trum
hero, heroine
to commemorate, to mark,
commemoration
monument
chairman
revolution, to make revolu-
tion
museum
here
to take a bath
32
ъ>. <
( gij ) jiang
shall, will, to be going
to, to be about to
1-
2-
3.
4- Ю
5. A A jsL
Renmin Yingxiong Jinian Bei
the Monument to the People’s
Heroes
Mao Zhuxi Jiniantang
Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial
Hall
Zhongguo Geming Bowuguan
Museum of Chinese Revolution
Zhongguo Lishi Bowuguan
Museum of Chinese History
Renmin Dahuitang
the Great Hall of the People
H, i=l ® СТ Й?
1.
w tew®
СТЙ:
indicates that one achieves his goal or attains his
aim only after having made great efforts or a long wait or other
setbacks. It usually comes after the subject, e.g.
33
(1) А Д
M^-To
(2) 4"^Д^‘Т^^,1 T ДДО
(3) _=-Л^>^, #_E^®т41^ТХ>£Tо
2. WA$AmfnffiS«i5s®£fnia
1'Ж “Z” ЭДЙ1»
The adverb u^.n also means “even, moreover” or “in
addition”, e.g.
(1)ДШ№ «ЛДДД,
Д^Д^ рШ,
(2) T Л &,
&<^ДГ1-£•#.£ Д<о
(3) ДЭДЛЯД^-О'Ф, Д ЭД
о
ШП»
“^.тр.” indicates that one expresses his ideas, feelings or
attitude towards something either in words or actions, e.g.
d) Д{П*^ Д ® "fr ^F
КДШ Д ЛяЛ^Е-о
(2) ]йДят: —х. №
34
(3) Д i1-» МЛ, №
^WO,
4. ашжйжйй-^лилж
мra Rwi й£-$>йЖ£>лшж*ё^ Ф^ет, mft
<^йл^о»й( smwwwk “tr
OTTO., МЙ1:
Another non-interrogative usage of the interrogative
pronouns is that they can express an arbitrary denotion in
declarative sentences. An interrogative pronoun thus used
stands for any person or thing, emphasizing that there is no
exception. Note that there is often or to go with
it, e.g.
(О
(2) ®
(3) 4&Л
(4) MttJlo
5.
• •
ШП:
ЛЯР^"#,15* is a kind of rhetorical question. When used
in the predicate, “Ф/Е-'-иДФ stresses the affirmation of a
statement, e.g.
(1)
35
(2) о] % ’Д? %) Я* £
МТ %?
£ «^” ЭДФЯЯ <%-пц» о дад.
In a “%” sentence,however, only is used, e.g.
(3)тт,
6.
e®’ ЖИШЖ <0t
, "W* ЖП: '
The modal particle , when used at the end of a
declarative sentence, gives an affirmative tone. There may be
an optative verb such as or in the predicate some-
times, e.g.
(1)
(2) 4fe—
И. S 3
1.
^J: Q it
a ito
36
2.
(1) x/un t T — A, it U Я
(2) g:it—^^3,Д<П о
(3) Л] T А Я Н зф ГЯ, Д
it А Д о
(4) Д£М<А&
Ф, _________
(5) Д& г ВД ДА & Т, Н Т JL А
(6) Д 4^-f-< # Я. £ Д,
____________о
<7) ,§- -^г Л. , 'f^-
WAT о
3. JE “&” МТЙ^ТЙЭЙО:
(1) Д&.Е, tWA£MUn<#, ^Д
(2) Ш^4т<Ж,^<АЖ, ^Тг^Жо
(3) й^Л0^±Д< T-At ТЛ & Т 'Ж,
Ti^Xo
(4) Т,
© ад дм т - wifit о»
37
(5) ftЛ.fa 4* ® R '&ivr, Я x
EHiio
4. ( 8ЖШ» ):
<2> ft (ft) x# (-f) ft, %
ft, o (^;l)
(3) ij.ft W J& 4^-3г, о (ft
£ )
(4) |s] ft
ft-W-o (Ж)
(7) -5Г vX, Д Д ж <
ft о ( ft £ )
(8) Дfr-jД1T , Я
(ft^)
5. «TF^-WF &^T3WWW£№W:
(1) ft "д' X 9 th" ft 3% ij. X ’’EL!
(2) Зг Л. ix ft , ft ft ft pC о
38
(3) W ДЛ4-П
(4)
(5) ]£ДШХи <, 4&Д^;14т££%о
(6) -ил&Т^Т Л-^ЛТ~Мл^ЛА
<о
6. ЯН£^Што! Лб*Г
(1) Л. А # $ь it: “ Ъ Jfi
»
(2)
(3) £к И it: “’Hl^ % Ж &
$ Л й^ , о
(4) Ч£о
(5) Д Л ® Ж ,& о
7. lWT®lWS>Uf;fii£:
EJ iz> ”F3& -=^ &t ( haochu, advantage) .
(1) M-W 1=) £iOo <Л4е.х^^ ЗМ ЗГ
^r^iE й е> £ < it---О
jt—T, -Xt>] ?tii До iX44 Й (L ?£ j$t
^mr.
39
'ft-itBЯ>МЖ& £ &%? "T kX Jb — JF 0
1LO
<3> 2j 9 — >bif ^Ж^АТ F) X
#0 <Ая-^ —#, iU#4Mt0
Э О T, % x# IE Л -iL^M^ T о
40
-U —-JB
/X Г —* 1%
П ng
><> о
££«Ж£О ^ЖКйЖо
-ШШо
Кл /£' if, /'] ^Т R <*'!
41
Я t:
£ Й < W ,W t «o
Я 'т : if,
^<^-ЛЛХД?Цк, it£#UWo *r
Я <Ts ЖД, ШИ,
г^о
<WMO <
ИЭШИОо
Я "г : ! НО Л Д 5 Ж 00 Д, Д XL Д
(^Т-Т, «<T±lWsmW, я
115) £•, S £ Д^£ Ж © &?
Я t: (^Т^ХДД® A&£#w® Mi,
<АЖЖ® &aL^Jlo
<^Яч: Я "т Д', Д-^-МДЛ £ ( J7
) it £ i- <14£Тр^!
Я *Т: it.At^iUto
<s-^4tTo
Я t: Ъ, ДЛ^>1£О &&,
ptW<,
^^Яч: ikit ix>о ЯД1ЯД, Ж^й Д"Ю,
42
М Г:
X/ ELii% #-
о fc-fc-faty -^ZEfо
СЯ^ЧХ^ИйЖо
it £ ft *СО ( М&W it £ £
Ж5'1 й JL ® -£-, -f 4П ”1 о
Ло (<Т<ЖШ£)
1“] Лх;, $ч 4Х, Д-М ~3~ Cl 1“J /£ Ж1
(«Ш»ЖйЖо йТ-£Л) Л<Е/
^То
itUt-^ШМ^о ^i±
( ЖЖйШй^4?) Я R £,
Д-^^Х/х^о 4£!
1. £М ( ^ ) s6ng
2. НГ ЙЧ (3$) qinglang
3- -f-Д ( Й ) zaochen
4 • М, А ( ^ ) didian
5. 7<4^ ( й ) renwu
to give, to give as a present,
to send
fine, sunny
morning
place
character
43
6. ( g ) mishu
7- /'& Я, ( g ) yumin
8. (g) bujing
9- Х.^ ( g ) wenjian
10. ( g ) dianhuaji
11. j|L kai mil
12. -^-Л, (g) zaodian
13. Ж (Sb) guanli
14. (g) yuye
15. ( g ) zhengfu
16. (g) yuchuan
17. ( Sb ) gou
18. (Sb>g) xuyao
19. Д ( g ) yu
20. ( Sb ) shou
21. ( MG) tedl
22- < (&) cha
23 • $SL ( Sb ) fiiwu
24. (ИХ.) ya
25. Л. i'fe’ ( ) wuliin
26. (sf ( R ) ruhe
secretary
fisherman
scene
document
telephone set
the curtain rises
breakfast
to manage, to run
fishery
government
fishing boat
to be enough
to need, need
fish
to accept, to receive
specially, particularly
poor, not up to standard
to serve
an interjection
no matter
how, what
44
27. (i£) bugud
28. -f - ( gij ) qianwan
but, however, only
be sure
Liening
Lenin
—> i=I if 0!l ft?
1.
• •
frit
As a complement of result, “±.” sometimes indicates
that one has attained a goal which is hard to attain, e.g.
(1) o
(2)
“±” “Я”
frit
A potential complement can be formed by adding or
before “ , e.g.
%?
(4) #о
45
г.
indicates that someone does something for a
special purpose, e.g.
^}-£JL£M.^-o
(2)
з.
мш
^nj^: {(ШЙШтд^Йо ШП:
“ffi.” , as a complement of degree, shows a very high
degree or extent. It mostly comes after adjectives or a few
verbs that can be qualified by , e.g.
(2) z/v'WJUxT^, a-*,
....
о) далишн
-------
4. Зст6Й<п1^1|ЙТ
л?с»М” M
(^ДМ)о.ШП:
is exactly the same as , mean-
ing “under any circumstances”, e.g.
46
(1) it'Х 5^^Л о
(2) th/’^о
5. «тШШТЖЙЗБ
• •
Яп’й1й]Жя ЛШЖ”
Ж®Жо ЙМ—Ж1ФЛУ£о ШП:
The compound directional complement "ЖЖ” can also
show that a person or thing appears or becomes visible through
the action indicated by the verb. This is an extended usage, e.g.
(1) -fM th <
(2) M & iX'b R MM th 'Л' & T РЛ) ?
ЙШГ tu^UJL л#” Ж
A potential complement can be formed by adding “f#”
or л/р' before ЛН1Ж” > e.g.
(3)&vblWMU|,
# th 7^0
<4) T , th T о
(5) it O H T ? ib i: th
чЗ)?
6.
“W” Й^МОТПт, M/t
^УлП” о imn*
Л=Р7Г” , mostly used in imperative sentences, means
“be sure to . ..” or “urge again and again”, implying a—/E-j?
or , e.g.
47
2.
______________о
(2) % $ М *Т *£ & &,
_______о
(3) ДЛП Д^ьт^Х Д i#j #j нф fa] Т, Д &
_________________о
<4) о
(5) Ц.Дя^^ийтД^яй^Ж#-^:
, о
(6) т£ tL -f* Т — Л,
3.
^|J:
*Мт-^^£й, де.^дд*дТо
(1) х."^
& Л
(2) i^-
# -ife- Hi
th Д
49
4.
Ж,Ж й eL Ж Ж, _h
Ж '&
A Bf ГА Ж Ж* А
ЖАЖЯ^тМ-f-
T't'iiitrf £ Ж
Ж А Л' fit в| ГА & Ж
— A 0f Я &} -ЖД, Я 'т АЖ Й йДЛ' А Ж о
fit х ft # < *Ь= $о №
—Ж^<,Ж®&, —ЖДхЖо ЖВША^Ж
ЖЯ^т, АЖй К.А £Мо Я -^- Д’) it# ifiЖ
/’^ДЖАо
А 'А Д £ 5’) Я <1, -я- Д’)о
Я^тifrAflzДЖТ, r°1fctfl‘^fo АГ^ДЯ'Я
ГА, <>Tfit^
,4-, о
Я^тАШТ-ТЖ^Д, ЖЖК ^^riAfit
о Ari^iXt^T^o
Ж Г^ Я, А Я Я -Ж Ж ,Ж © eL > ДХ Ж Ж R;
“SA”tX® ^”5)? ’’ЯАЖгШ,
£Г£ ДА| 1%о
^<Ж®еЬ”ъ, ДХЖЯ^иТо
50
Я Ъ Я£о % & Л<; % к
fr, 1Х£^, W4£'hMf о &
Л- Фт лях Т Ж JL о
япт, х«тя,
^НйД^ОШЛ®, Ж^ТД ТИП Д-р£ Т о Я'тЖ
К ДМ -f in, Ж« Я.о < Я & #
о Я^т Я^-ir^^, ИМк^,
__________iX: "Д
П^Х^!
5. ЖХгЖ^Т^ТФЙ^аШ:
(1) Шт^ЧМт^х, м:Ж^'^о
(2) <ТйЬМ^й^<| То
(3) т £'&М<ДХЗк, ^jk, Ж зк & <
^-Ж-о
(4)ТТЯч Л1П^^Л”сКо — жп, ж
<01ЯЖ&<0
(5) Ш'1^ЛЯЖХД^3 4£Ж JLJb it
Jk{k^it7L^< д о
(6) “ifЯ, Ж—Д^^ДЯ*£3ik;f?
ЧМ^&Ж^ДЯ^о ”
51
6. кож,
wlin ) :
4-A, #ЮХ, THrk-lr, Л^^Оо
Я?£ЛНМ^пШ0 Я^
T/O-^s еладн^И & & т о
R & *t Я *T i>L:
“ЯГЯ&, ПИШНо ЛШ
'<£, ^Ж#гаАД, ДДА^^^-
“^,” я^^-й, ‘чмпи£^&^<,
#'W? &Д£@/Л£?Я|5НЖ
й^, ^^А^гаА^^^Л,
JZ ^., <^ДЯ ( shengli,victory ) J , f'] ^ ££
A'fc-o Я|Ч£1Яга A-^t,
*t Я 'l %:
“Я *?“ Я А? Ж Д S Д1ДM -~ # Л. T
*£! ,tx^it£^,
-Я- ? j&'fr ra A^-,' #-$ ( ddng,to freeze ) Лр
6to SAifc-JM5rALJ£-4£~“'HL$rA^"<o
m, ^AT>Aii#M, t
Д To
52
Т,
$]ffivLih^^o
(-ШЙ, IH#-, #^ЖЖ, Wife, W±, =F7j,
»M, )
53
( — ) Й^Ё^Л.
Au§, i'1 %t-4vA
Mil it:
“ДЖЛ ® *ЁО Ж Д ®
Is)i&,
о
Й —^А4ЯМ<М^Ё® Я1 T о ЙА,
#<Mit:
‘ЧМП ® 'КЯЧ Aii^b 2ОЁ $»• _L IL X
Wo П
itejE.Д^^ё®W^ЙМ, Л—
^Ёа^т, it:
54
ЭЛ,
t| ”
( — ) -М- в$ -8# ]£•
<-Л, “#”
wX, 4е<^ ®^U_L<T<0 Wii^
т|г ф , ifj Т Я> 1/, <<*X't‘^isj
55
^o EZi’J
— Зсй^ХЛ, МЖ^щ^Д^ Т<£ о ”
Jl-fTrT, &'b=£&#J wj
4z^o Т»
56
1 • («) chengyu idiom, set phrase
2. (^ ) hua to paint, to draw
3. (е.) she snake
4. tian to add, to append
5- X (£) ZU foot
6. /лМ (Ю congqian before, formerly, once
upon a time
7- & (S) hu pot
8. $ (£) jiu wine
9- 5'1 Д ( ui'J ) daodi after all, at last
ю. (£) bantian (for) a long time, half a day
п- Т (^) liao to end up
12. М-& (%) tiyi to propose, to suggest
13. #41 (&) shuzhi twig, tree branch
14. #]А (R) bieren other people, others
15. (&) zud left
16. (£) you right
17. « (Ж) deyl elated, exulting, pleased
with oneself
18. (Ж) na a modal particle
19. % (Ж •> §Ь) ling another, other
20. 0Л (£) yinci hence, therefore, thus
57
21. ш (£) miao seedling, sprout
22. (J&) xingji impatient, short-tempered
23. ( sj] ) zhong to grow, to plant
24. Щ (£) tian field, farm
25. (^) xiang to resemble, to be like, to take after
26. (Ж) jimang hurried, in a hurry, in
haste
27. < (*) ke a measure word
28. hui tou to turn one’s head
29. ( §0) dique indeed, really
30. ("Й > §0 ) yuanlai original, former, originally
31. ( и1! ) shifen very, extremely
32. (&) zheng whole
33. xA (£) gongfu time
34. jg^iJ gandao to feel
35. (m) qiguai strange, queer
36. (MO) lianmang promptly, immediately
ЭД Ж
1. Й! 1ЖЯ«- • . "44 A°B
58
means sufficient in quantity, functioning as the
predicate by itself, e.g.
(1)
(2) Hf fa] J
ж, дшюжй. mn,
can also take after it an object made of a verb, verbal
construction or subject-predicate construction to point out in
which respect something satisfies one, e.g.
О)
(4) Й X && T, T Д Д M M
(5) iX 'f— Д Я ?
w Шп»
Sometimes indicates something comes up to certain
standard or reaches a certain degree or extent, e.g.
(6) Дж Д£ЕД Й fr-j
(7)
2.
Used as an adverbial adjunct, carries the following
two meanings:
“Ж” о WS-.
То ask for a definite final answer. In this sense, it usually
occurs in an affirmative + negative question, an alternative
59
question or a question with an interrogative pronoun. What
should be borne in mind is that, in answers, it is unnecessary to
repeat , e.g.
T,
(2) 3'1Д?МТ?
ДЛПлЖТ о
<3) Л X
----
В . ” ЙО. ЖП:
To mean (in the end or at long last), e.g.
(i) S M Я T ‘У Bt R £Л, Д i'J лМйЯР
tTo
^a_ETo
3.
«т* fMWHi, лв” о Wt
When used as a potential complement, means either
ЙШ’Л , e.g.
(1)
(2)
Or Л^Е” , e.g.
60
(3) •№—M’lT'T o
(4)
4. i££®£, ЙГ®ШЖ
M И ft w! WS—if+ffiffl ЙЖЖ Ф о ft Ift,
йжотфш, miiHmww, Mfflftim
“®t” о ШП:
An interrogative pronoun can also be used in a declarative
sentence to denote a definite person or thing. This is a non-
nterrogative usage of interrogative pronouns. In this sense,
the interrogative pronoun is, as a rule, used in the first clause of
a compound sentence, and the same interrogative pronoun
must be repeated in the second clause where the adverb "gt”
should be used in the same clause, e.g.
(i)
(2)
“st” от
KIWB&C ШП:
“gJt” can be omitted especially when the two clauses
are quite simple and symmetric structurally, e.g.
(3) , ( <, ) МЯ" & ife
(4) ill ( ) X' £ о
< M Ж—ft ft Ж Ж Й И ft wl, ЮЛ ft wJ J и ft ft wl о
Ю:
A personal or demonstrative pronoun is sometimes used
instead of the repeated interrogative pronoun in the second
clause, e.g.
61
(5) Is) ДЬО
(6) Щ ix £]
JL-i'o
5. ^$$&йй&±й£г&
• •
“№’ ЙМФ31ФЖХ,
W, »
One of the extended usages of the compound directional
complement is to indicate the beginning of an action
or a state of affairs and its continuation when it comes after
a verb or an adjective, e.g.
iWfsJo
If the verb takes an object, it should be inserted between
and , e.g.
(3)
^o
(4) RWЛ<мM
Wo
6.
“9” > “Г IW-#O rtW” ж«ви-
йь tfj—a, о,
o.ej, uHt, ya ( ) , M —ou
62
wa ( ® ) , Wtf—Ж < -n Bt na (ЯВ) , й
—-ng Ю nga o 45W, о $1
The modal particle ЛЯР is a variety of “10” “10”
s very often pronounced in a different way because of the in-
fluence of the final or final ending that precedes it. For exam-
ple, if the final in the preceding character is “a, o, e, e, i” or
“u”, " ВД ” is pronounced as “ya” (. It is pronoun,
ced as “wa” ( b£ ) when preceded by “u”, “ao” or “ou”,
and when following “-n” or “-ng”, it is pronounced as “na”
(ЯП and “nga” respectively. In writing, however, “ya”>
“wa”, “na” and “nga” can all be written as “00” , e.g.
(1)
(2) 1^^!
<3)
(4)
7.
• •
ЖЖ “ж” ?п л№” я^
rtM” W л№” <в§т,
ШП:
In some sentences with a verb or adjective predicate, the
predicate is the construction • Such a predicate
serves to explain the subject. “Д” and “й” here only express
63
an affirmative or intensive tone, and sometimes they make
the sentence moderate. Without and the mean-
ing remains the same, e.g.
(i)
<2)
О)
(4) j&i^jДДЛo
“jt - й"- фrsjаште /ё
5^o ЖП:
Such a sentence is made negative by changing what is
inserted in to negative form, e.g.
(5)
(7)
8.
• • •
5Ы “Ж” -&WW “Ж—“Ж
The verb “Ж” can function as the predicate by itself and
be used in the construction ЛЖ'”~1Т” or “Ж'"ЯГ>Ж ( )
•••* as well, e.g.
(i)
(2) &4-я£§-^7К—
0) fa fa т 0
64
9. «РЙЖ Ш£Й*)Й Й5ЕТ
#П:
“ВДЙЬ'ЙР , also лтШ^Ж” , means “to one’s surprise”
or “beyond one’s expectation”, e.g.
(i) тт^^т,
T,
(2) &&
ФВФТ о
ш, й я Й эд к
ЛХ^” й “Жар
ЭДЙЬ
Both "Хй” and “ftfl'Hp indicate a period of time with
a fixed starting point and end, e.g.
“X^P ft “WibP
Differences between “Xffe” and “HJb]” are:
а. &яшш±л/г/М'Тий, ж
“Wi'sp , Ж “XiV ж
65
In asking about “how long . . we use either
or . If it is only a period of within a few hours,
when is used in the question, we often say
or » and when is used in the question, we
say , e.g.
(1) T £ st fa] ® & l№
(2) Г0"! T?
----> 'Mt
To
(3) T Ю kx A?
----O^xATJc, XfT-^JLo
в. ШЖДМ. rtX
лЖнр' can indicate either a period of time or a point
in time, but “jyfc” can indicate a point in time only, e.g.
<^^Htfa]^^ A-^o
С.
®O ШП«
"S'tl'sJ” also means “time”. But carries no such
meaning, e.g.
Ht fa] -T- T , Д th £”2.0
D. w
fee
ЛХ^<” can indicate the time when something takes place.
la]” connot be used this way, e.g.
66
*Но
Е. “Х^” Ж1ЙО “W
Гйр МййЖ №
can also indicate one’s skill or ability or attain-
ments. In this sense, it is usually written as . “ШИ”
cannot bp used this way, e.g.
(1) iX 'b $L !Д -Д- Я" А О
(2)
Z, & 53
1. W ЙСТШЖ
(1) Ой
(2)
(3) T^?
(4) t Bt 1'0] ? T> & Д ?£ — ЙС it &
4l •??
(5) IE Я £ nt la] ?
(6)
(2) >№, 4%-pi
(3) ® JL
it! ^-o
, -^- -^- ”Л i
, 4Н£ fr-1 < £ o
_, ЖЛП:# T
67
(4) Jzfc
(5) П с? Д J4 4& А, '5Г Д
, iOii Ю it - ЯО
(6)
о
3. ffl^^^sSWlRjftwJgfc-^'Bj-?:
\
Я» Ail'1 5'J -i-^JLo
А'Д 0 Д% Л, Ain 31Я А 0 -А
3£JL
(1)
(2) A^fr® A® ii'A® JL
(3) HJ A#^f #} w Я, Ай^АА"~ o
(4) i&/fc4r£’lXAД^-^-й^МД-^-о
(5) ift in А ГП Ж^М th A^o
(6) i^<<it^^> vgA-^^W^o
4. rt«” £±Ю, #«:
(i) it^1 & ”1^ ( )i A
(2> -MO >W ( ).'
(3) -fi fit A^r i'J Aii A ilj T , Я
(
(4) ii "I^T (
To
63
(5) Ж^А^ХТМ'Шн£, £ ( ) !
(6) Ж fa $ £ % 1^ ( ) , j£, А
AiM.^;W£o
5. яш^ж^йшжй^'и]?:
(1) Ж^ЖЖ^МТ, Д^- — /^'д^'До
(Д—^)
(2) -Ь Ж Tf Щ , {£ •£ iff к. , к
Мо (Л---^)
(3) Ж # ЖЖ 4^о
( )
(4) ДЖ& А, Ж% ^ЖТ — А к, #•
^нзЖ^Ж—А? о }£- '^' ^'1 > Ж X A tg X
Т о ( <^в< )
(5) 1£<>^Я5О£е?'ЬА^’Н! (Л--^)
(6) — A itg,, ii-Д’;g —
То Ж х Д нт Ж, м X АЖ
jg^Tii-i-o (^F^ii)
6. ffi Л^Ж” Ш "ЖЖ” Жё:
(1) —^АЖЖ, ДЖ_к® —
Ж а ЗМ^ ’ W -ж Ж о Ж £ к
ДЖ_Ь.®о
(2) —хД^-^^-Д’^нТ
69
4^, —ЛАД:
То ^®ЯЛД^,Ж —
Л&£.^Я£<ДД, Т>Ж*
О) ^Д44^Яа, Фо —
Я, fe Й-— Д & & , < & ,t- 'b= 'Ь= Л, ^'1
О, Я ТЧе-щгТ — ^о
(4) f rt&’Ff, ># Л £ £
___То
(6) МЛ^Д^-Ж^
Жл1 То
7. I^MTSfeX:
д^-t^4 <о 7л^х5'] дw £ >}' д
i^, /Оа^-йт^Мо ^мю^$л£, ял
_ъ«=.-t > £0
ял#Д^^х#ЯвШ, Я—<&
ШМЛ<ПШ*П,Шо
Ла—ФЛА
Я т§-а" ‘ИдДз-ДЯо Д#Я Л^сЯ>^ Д—#
70
fit,
AW it fit , ‘MW’
£Ai£, ЛЛ^ 4^'b it fit o ^-ii#fit Ai#'b
it , £E 'fr £ о
A IS tf A^ A A,
$L t£ 4t 5'1
A A i'J A ?§ it 4$ о
ад — ^A>, %. , Л-&МЯ
fit<^£0-A.fito ii>^i-&fit^^A<, Д—Mfit
АЗИ^^о
A^, itj itj-7>-7чЖ$лХ. IJ EJ o
<A«n#fit<Xi£^^, ^Mfit^-Я^^
<^'o fMfit^^T,
i1] < fit A i^- о 4& it fit A i-p, iS-i'l fit Ai-a, it
ад-f-E, <X^fit3t^, <, i£ —
^«tX'fito
71
W Л W—^^Ж#, 4т W Л <
£о ^ЖФЛ *ЬзШ££#^Ж4*Ь 4r#tr^
^£^Ж#^? -£<ОЮ
#, ЛШОо
<?«^ЖЖЖЖЖ4*Ж £_ktr, t
ОТо &<tr *ь&&<^Ж4*гз? ^вж
^о ^Ж#&ЛДФЛ*Ь
&о
й F* -^b ii /я. 4f -Г* Ж4^”, -^"4^-4^ Ж Ft 'Mr ^t»-Ж’4
®г, ££<МШо
TAMaWU,
ЖА^ЖРтЛЖ, Х^Й£-й^хЯ^.
М4* М &о Ж й Ж 1=) е> М &ЖЖ Ft -ft ХЯ>^
t-,
Wii44"“4^&Ж: л^М-t Ж А -Ж T — 4&
-f, 4М«^ЖЛ^>£^Л.Ж€АТо ТЛВ
72
— 2^—7^, §.— >МЙ’^Г-?‘^О ЯТ
ДЛ, 4Ш ir-f 4U’I T о $ Л J4 /А Bf
<, 4й^-Т4-Д^±То £^4<яр^4р^Л
-T, it#6V<, $№%-
—44ifr £ Ф fit A T о
яр^-£^г^А, «>-х
<^ЯаЬ0
£ 13
1- (^>Ж) shiji
2. (^»Ж) genben
reality, realistic
foundation, root,
basic, fundamental
73
5. (Ж)
6. ($Ш
7. 4Ш (Я)
8. ЭД& (Ж.^)
9. < (^)
10. (Sj)
11. (тй)
12. (£,Ж)
13. (£)
14- && (S)
15. й; Т (^)
16. (тй)
17. (Ж)
18. Д.(МО
19. 4vt (*Л)
cunzai to exist
benlai original, originally, at
first
bulun no matter
genju to base on, basis,
ground
panduan to judge, to assess,
to determine
mingbai clear, apparent, ob-
vious, to understand,
to know
zub to do
diaocha to investigate
ping to base on, to take as
the basis, to rely on
zhuguan subjectivity, subjective
yuanwang aspiration, desire
xiangfa idea, thinking
youyu because of, owing to,
due to
fuhe to conform, to be in
keeping with
budan not only
fan’er but, on the contrary
gao to do, to make, to get
74
23. -ГД
(£)
()
(й)
(30
fuzi
huaiyi
tou
yushl
24.
25. -f
(£)
26.
27. /А
28. %.
29. kZ^J
30.
31- «
32. jpf
33.
34. 4141
35. fa
(th)
(£)
(^)
(£)
(-Й)
(£)
()
(I1))
( 5& )
xingdong
yangzi
yi ju yi
dong
kan
chai
yiwei
cudwu
shishi
mianqian
jiuzheng
wangwang
fan
ax
to doubt, to suspect
to steal
hence, thereupon, as a
result
action, activity, to act
shape, manner
(of a person’s) one and
eyery move
to chop
firewood
to think, to consider
mistake, error
fact
front, in the face of
to correct, to redress
often, usually
to commit, to make (a
mistake)
H. Й S «4 M
1.
ЖП:
75
As a noun, indicates the source or origin of a
thing or its most important part, e.g.
ЖЖ" . As an adjective, ЙЖЖ” only serves as an attributive
rather than the predicate, e.g.
(1) T It
“ШЖ" , however, mostly serves as an adverbial adjunct
carrying the following three meanings:
(from beginning to end) or (completely
or entirely). In this sense, it is very often used before a
negative word and there is usually the adverb in the
sentence to make it more emphatic, e.g.
(i)
(2)
В. ДДЖ. ЖЖбШЖо Шп»
"ДЖ" ог "ЖЖ" > e.g.
(1)
*£ I*) S-%?
76
2.
“ЖЖ” ОЖЙ.
{ЯМ
As an adjective, л2|кЖ” means “original” and can only
function as an attributive rather than the predicate, e.g.
(i)
т, To
gi]^ “ЖЖ” шч
Zgo ШП:
As an adverb, means “originally, formerly” or
“previously, before”. It can be placed either before or after
the subject. The optative verb, negative word or other adverb,
if there is any, should be placed after a^^.” , e.g.
(2) grit--f
£ T о
(3) ”^f iM. А Ш1
(4)
3.
w йжт&” ад-w»
77
“П” . “Ш” ШП:
is exactly the same as лЯл£” in meaning. It is
often followed by a question, which may be one with an inter-
rogative pronoun, an affirmative + negative question or
alternative question, to indicate a condition, implying that
something remains the same as it is no matter what happens.
It is usually accompanied by the adverb or “fa” , e.g.
(1)
(2) WWiTWMiUMO
Ж/ Д ^7 о
(3) Д te -I-с ' 7' # < о
ДЛП&—
4. ЙТ
±ttjc
ЛЙТ” is a preposition to show the cause or reason of
a thing or an event. It mostly occurs in written language. The
object of may be either a verb or a verbal or subject-
predicate construction. The construction •••” is more
often than not used before the subject, e.g.
ДЯ — 'ЬЯ GtBtlH],
78
(2) ф-f-< т
(3) "Ш^ЛЯ^о
5. SW
«от а^; мда
*ЙЖМШЖ, ГЛвТИД “W о л^гТп”
ЯйЁДЙЖ®Ф§ШШ£Ш±Мо шп«
is used when something has turned out to be con-
trary or opposite to the result a certain condition ought to have
brought about. It can only be placed before what is to be
qualified in the predicate of the sentence but not before the
subject, e.g.
(1)
(2)
йда# (ъ) ” , w “R
г®” таяшюш. шп*
Sometimes the construction . (75 ) •••” is used
in the first clause of a compound sentence and “jzlfu” is used
in the second clause to indicate that the condition not only failed
to produce the expected result, but brought about a contrary
one, e.g.
(3)
(4)
Г о
79
«Д “№” , “Т” . “Ш>” . “&” ^Ж®0 Д№ЖЖ®
^1:^#т5Ж Шп»
ЛШ” can stand for a lot of verbs. It’s up to the context
to decide its exact meaning, and the main ones are ДЙ” , “-"p” ,
and . Its objects are rarely monosyllabic
words, e.g.
(i) 0
<2> IMKiiAW
(3) -fH
(4) “ДЛП— Д Л _h
-ir!
ШП:
Sometimes means “to try to get”, e.g.
<5) ft ji] ж T ?
VfSj
(6) Z ill <—A IL $ Д ?
7. -£-5Й,
a№}” ЧШ1-ШШ л№” WM®
л№” Шп,
can be used to form a “$j” construction, meaning
“the person who ••• ”. Sometimes such a construction refers
to a person who is engaged in doing some job, especially when
is combined with a verb-object construction, e.g.
80
(1)
(2)
(3) Длл^л^4-Ь^^, я/гкХ#^-б^^
£>ад-^#ДТо
ЙМ-^^йШйь ЖЖЖШ»Я'1А
What should be borne in mind is that, in the examples
above, and etc. are casual expressions.
They are not usually used to address people, for they sound
a bit impolite or rude.
8. ...ТЖ-Ф^ИВДАТ
ЛХ” МЙМЕШ “Ч
, лшд”, «та* ш л£р” »:
“Xv in the text expresses a mild tone of contrast. In
this usage, it can sometimes be preceded by a conjunction such
as “ЭД” , or “£p” etc., e.g.
(i) МГИЖ
(2) МнТ 4V A A R
To
9. ИЙ
йЮ”
Й$ЙЖ, ЛЮ” JSffi
81
“PAjfy” indicates the estimate or judgement one forms
of a person or thing. Its object is usually a verbal construction,
an adjective construction or a subject-predicate construction.
There can be a comma after to show a pause if its
object is a long one, e.g.
(1) A %&i% £ Vf, £
it.
(2)
MM
№П:
also indicates that one finds his estimate or judge-
ment was proved incorrect or wrong afterwards, e.g.
(3) Д kX t) Ш”! A kX №\T'ikiZ, % ЙИЫП
<4) A t % № Л < It, Ж Л
Ш, jfi Я i=| $
1. ffiie йш
Й»
“ЖЙ1” is a verb, and a noun as well. As a verb,
often takes an object and serves as an adverbial adjunct, in-
82
dicating that one takes something as a premise from which
«
he draws a certain conclusion or as a basis of his words or
actions, e.g.
(1) < W&, ДГП >> A i£
(2)
“s®” д-ы, 'й-й1<±йтжж шштимж
М, ЖШЙШбШйо -0Ш:
is a preposition and has the same meaning as that
mentioned above, but what it emphasizes is that one does some-
thing according to what he is told or instructed, e.g.
(3) it M X Д Ж # ifr о
(4) ш & & HS ад A & ifc 75- & X # Sj,
м Ж- > ад у 0
дал шп»
Sometimes the object of ЛЖЙЗ” refers to the source or
origin of certain information or data, but is seldom
used in this way, e.g.
(5)
As a noun, ЛЖЖ” means “ground” or “basis”,
has no such meaning, e.g.
(6)
83
г. ж зе
“В” ft “П” ЫЖ
Following аге the differences between "В” and •
А. “ГШЖВ, «П:
ЛВ’7 means “to lean against or on”, e.g.
(1)
(2)
means the same only when it is used in written
language, as in •
в. «в” w&aatJM, шп»
й$” means “to be near or close to”, but “%” does not
carry such meaning, e.g.
с. “ГОЛМ, ffi “$£” йМ1Л
ВйЖЖйЛН*,^ “В” о
rtB” means “to depend on” or “to rely on”, so does
“%” , but emphasizes the condition on which some-
thing is done. That is why the object of “B” is usually a
noun referring to a person, e.g.
84
(3) jiMrj A
о
й?< Л^ЖЛ«” Kffldb "Ж” жж
In the expression "^ЖЛАй" (Admission by ticket only),
“j®” cannot be replaced by ЛЛ” » for “n.” here means “to
show something as a certificate or evidence”.
>]
1.
Л Я & &
• • • •
МН
Mt
< FT' R <
F--b ffl
<# Ff' -ft Я
• • • • • •
й %
• • • •
^я -ft я
-(Я
#*Я£
85
<!) 13-Ж аГ &с-^ ?
(4^-4^)
(2) а#Ё;^Аз21ф&^Ж, М —Ф® xl^^A
^Я" 2Ue.>®^4fr Т it-i? ( Ж^- )
(3)
( Ж*-)
(4) Щ кХ^Г, Я^ Л. Я" & Ж fr-J ?
( )
iiА%? (ЖЖ)
(ЖЖ)
< 1), 4 Л № м№ —
Ф &ф О ( )
(2) , о ( кХ )
(3) Я* £ Щ Xfc, о
<4) , й ЖМ Ж. Т о
( кХ ^} )
<5), т:
1кХ^хЯ^Жо (7>^)
86
№ Ж it &
со
98
6 £
°ii49^
‘Ш WH'IHO WWW W ‘
£J- ‘ШОТФ WfWW
УШ ‘¥WWW* WWW&
T‘W 4.1^4’ t-f-П НТТфЦпи^
V ‘^1WW& WWW-W ‘Y—
:^^ая.жи *9
°*
WWW# ‘4^5^ 4Z <8)
°X^f
У: ‘ 4> > ‘ *?' is! 49 ХП -Hr <£>
~V4W <9)
‘^WT
°www
¥Х¥И¥ ‘^^49 ^>W#3£^¥?f <t>
‘^49fi?i^^ (о
^4 о
Я <ФГ'МФХ<^ДД^ Й
о
Я* J^. ‘й
•У
89
я ±
'^Л^НМх.М, it А Д А П &
it^ Д^Г Т —^'Ь П, $• ДН
fcAL-M'Uo Ш1ТО, Я£4£ММЛ^О
X', Н-^ДА'Ь По •#-f* Ч X :Я & s
®Д^А, t^ЛЛ<^^МЭ
4flT<X, МХ<: ‘Д@1;ИЛ
Тг ”
AfrA
4^г_t- А' Д.'<я Т Ао —Д'МзД,
<ЛУе-±№ it 1£, Ж—Ж’/f, #, &
S3
<Х<:
АЖ A4i%?
•IWi: ‘W'1
Д'): ЧХАЯ* <йМ+&#^ААо
®Х<^ til, fi&fr-j A-i-o -fa
МЛ^@ХДЛ;Иt til^j, ДЛПС/Ж t
ДЖХЖАЖ 6tA, fif t fa #1 A ®
<A&T
— 4"^г^Л^о —A, A
АЛДД<— AA/A-^ii^:
з£о
AX R s “iX^AA-f ”
X^EZ^S Ч^-bi, AA®AO ”
MX-^T, #iit *t AX A: M
АХЯЧ£Л^М^&Д-й: “Л₽л-<л, te
ХМДДЖЯ>х&, й^М^их^о X*JMe.
й^Я^М1^1^о iXA
I*J3mKA^A#o длп
TA-i'lAlSKtAT'b^o ДЛ, it—А
АХ^А^”е! ”
91
£ Я
1- £ (^) dang to fill an office, to
serve as
2. ( £ ) dashi ambassador
з. iUf ( Й)) zhangde to grow
4. м (Ж) ai short of stature
5- (ЖЛЧ) lingwai other
92
6- (£) weibing
7- (£) zhiyou
8- fa (£) gou
9. -;jsj (£) dong
10. p (Ж) hti
и. (£) renjia
12. M ( Л ) ( иО ) zong (shi)
13. > (ЙкЖ) ji
14. (Ж) man
15. (&) zhiyao
16. (^j) JU
17. (Ю xiiizi
18. ±FE! (£) taiyang
19. < (th) zhe
20. shuai
21. (Ю han
22. gtM (ЙО jiran
23. ( & ) yuanze
24. Яфзг (£) duifang
25. (£) guowang
guards
only
dog
hole, cave
a measure word,
household
household
always
to squeeze, to be
crowded, crowded
full
so long as
to raise, to put up
sleeves
the sun
to cover, to shade
to fling, to cast away
sweat, perspiration
since
principle, funda-
mental rule
opposite side
king
93
26. ( ) caineng ability and talent
27. mei yong useless
28. i (Й) chenggong to succeed
29. (£) zhuyi idea
30. (£) yanhui banquet
31. 4i ( ) la to pull, to drag
32. ф^ (£) xiaotou thief, pilferer
33. # ( ) zhuan (shen) to turn round, to face about
34. < ( 2Л ) • ai to like, to be fond of
35. bu huang bii mang in no hurry, unhurriedly
36- #-f (£) • ✓ • JUZ1 orange
37. vX (Й) yi to
38. Й (*й) • • / Jie to bear (fruit)
39. (£) guoshi fruit
40. (Ж) xiang fragrant, nice- smelling
41. &• (Ю tian sweet
42. a (Ж) suan sour
43. ig# (£) ylnwei because, as
44. 7JCJ_ (£) shuitu water and soil
94
45-
guanxi
46.
47. t
conglai
bian
relation, to matter,
to concern
at all times, always
to change
£
Yanzi name of a person
Chu Wang King of the Chu State
Huai He the Huai River
—, ®
I. »3t
“mw” “M”
“mw-a-” чтмж откядаф.
In the construction “MW"’^"’” , what follows “MW”
is the only necessary condition and what follows “W” is the
conclusion or result. “MW’"A"” can be used either in
a compound sentence or a simple sentence, e.g.
Ж о
(2)
(3) T 1±jkЯ, t it
(4)
95
жаждем,“t” Jmsmovi . “%”, «w
W” ^o
What should be borne in mind is that “/f” is often
followed by the optative verb or лй]’2А” .
2. Л^Г’АЖ
мт“^”1нй<$лда, rt®r
ЖП:
is an adverb which emphatically indicates a large
number of persons or things. is pronounced in the
neutral tone when it is followed by a numeral-measure word,
and the word or phrase which usually shows the condition or
circumstances under which the persons or things exist should
be pronounced with stress, e.g.
— —- -it. ]#j
(2) mow,
-fl’VXtt-i- T Л-'Ьо
The verb after may be omitted sometimes, e.g.
(4) ^-fra Я
) i- /1К
96
з. М(Л)
( Д) ” №п,
“Й ( тЕ ) ’’means “always”, “consistently” or “all along”,
e.g.
(i)
(2)
*й (д*НайЖ®о Wiltr®iWW<
“Й ( те ) ” als° means “after all”, “in the end”, “at
long last” or “sooner or later”. Sometimes there is a con-
junction such as or to go with it
in the preceding clause, e.g.
(3) Я'Ю-,
4. «Rg- №£
W’ £Жй»
In the construction , ЛЯ5В” means “so
long as” or “on condition that”, indicating the only condition
necessary for one to do something, and the word or phrase
after “t” indicates the conclusion arrived at<or the result
brought about, e.g.
97
О) йеА’&.-А
(2) X -Я4& fit & & A% Ж Д£
# Я?, fit M & & — -я о
^Ф-^Ж “®Г О Ж:
If the second clause is a rhetorical question, "gt” is
generally not used, e.g.
(3) WWH, fit ж
.JX1
5. “&$•••$•••”
>io, тж-^Ф, «й’
In the construction is a conjunc-
tion, meaning “since” or “seeing that”, and usually occurs in
the first clause of a compound sentence, "st” occurs in the
second clause. The construction indicates that a prerequisite
is first given, then comes the conclusion. If the second clause is
a rhetorical question, the interrogative pronoun
or or the adverb SI” is used instead of rtgc” , e.g.
(i) , с^д
'ftl'i’Mg —T'e fi^ I*]
(2) M Hfizj4'1 йтЛО fi^, fb
Й 'j& jI- A ?
(зт&ЖТ,
93
в.
Й “IX” W Л_Ь Т, Ж. /Н, rt(nei), Яч ж, S, Ж,
tt” ШШЯ, «1чк Я®.' »ЙЖ Шп»
Position words formed of л£1* plus a±_” , ,
“wl” , “fn” , “Й (nei, inside) ” , , “Ж” ,
"®” , ог “Л” respectively indicate the limit of a
time, position or quantity, e.g.
(i) и % , & ,
(2) «Т,
(a^*)
(3) Ж-$ Шizs
Hf vx i*) — /t T vX 4^ if о ” (a^Ht и)
(4) Ж^ХГ ^ХА^ХЛ-t кХЛЛ^Г R
£o (^/T«)
7. Й^0Й?к±Й<1££
• • • • •
a^is^fts <лй^й-йш
ЙО. Ф1'0рШД-4^й,
ШП:
ЛИЙ"-Й^Ж” indicates the reason or cause of a thing
or a statement, meaning “as •••is limited”. In "g|^j•••StJ^
either a construction or a noun can be inserted to tell the
reason or cause, but the latter is more common than the former,
eg-
99
(1) ® wfa] XMT ’I’ ® й
M.®-?• 14№tiо
(Wl'alW)
<2)
^Д}£То (Айэдр)
(3)
m-m®s
> “ШвШЙМ* ,
й>»{®Ж”
>
и1Ш&”, wtgffl йнй-й^ж” о
rtЙ^J•••№5<^’, cannot be used in the above three sen-
tences if WlMM” , and are
the reasons.
8. &5fc
“АЖ” ^Aut*»i£o “ДЖ”
"АЖ” indicates that someone or something remains the
same all the time from the past to the present. Generally
speaking, ЙД^” applies more to negative sentences, e.g.
(1)
(2)
(3) T,
100
9.
^Жо ШП:
indicates that something is no longer the same
as it was. It often takes a complement to tell the result of
“5?” , e.g.
(i)
v z xj -X- TX -J о
(2) 4b ,f, Д ян T о
“%.” •ЙЖЯШЖИ'Ж Л$Г
#П:
can also be used in combination with the comple-
ment of result and the object is the result of , e.g.
(4) — 'НЛ- ®
To
(5) 'Hl К it
ЖП:
Sometimes the object of tells in what respect a
person or thing changes, e.g.
(6) TX4T,
(7) £££ T
To
101
1. ЯЯ' Я Жй$
ЫёЫо
's an adjective, and an adverb as well.
A. Ш
ШП:
As an adjective, “-5^^” means “other” or “another”,
referring to the person or thing in addition to what has already
been mentioned in the preceding context, e.g.
(i) 4" А.Д4ПitЯ'
<2) Д i^j -Ш^0-, —X »
gjw лш”
1 fO 0 Li о
Л^Р is more often than not used in combination with a
numeral-measure word. When so used, precedes the
numeral-meansure word.
B. gijwj
И1±Ж $1
M
As an adverb, means “besides”, “in addition to”
or “moreover”. It always comes before the verb. If the verb
takes an object, the object represents the person or thing in
addition to what has already been mentioned before, e.g.
102
(1) th т ,
% *1'0- <p^o
ЛЖ” UiTOi££W, ЙЮЖvWfiJF,
ШП«
лй^Н can also come before the subject, and there is
a comma after it sometimes, meaning “in addition to” or “be-
sides”, e.g.
(2) ОД V XM U Г01 > X „
can be shortened as when it comes before
the verb as an adverbial adjunct or before rt—” and a mea-
sure word as an attributive. In either case, the following two
points should be noted:
A. HB»wl
“%” cannot be combined with any other numerals ex-
cept u—” .
В. ‘Я’ШШЖЛМте,
i£ “%” Йо ШП»
If there is another adverbial, it is usually put before
but not between and the verb.
fl ft W it f ifc T ,
Я-Л 3j —
103
Ж МЯТ, §Owl "S* . "X* , «Ж*
"^Ь* М, Ж "W” Во
In sentences with rt^^b* , one of the adverbs “M” ,
ЛХ* and "X* etc. may come either before or after .
“йоде* miw, отржлт,
-йжиделшт» оадж bbiw^wWc
ШИ.
"gljfft* is a pronoun, meaning “other” or “else”, refer-
ring to the person or thing besides what has already been men-
tioned. In this sense, it is used when no particular range or
scope is given. If the context leaves no room for doubt, the
word qualified by л5ЭДде” can be left out, e.g.
(2) S £ JI *5) 9
“gij№* ГШОШ0, OiiW, "Ш* ЖЖ2Е
$dtwl±Bo Ю:
When used with a numeral-measure word, which is a
rare case, "ЙЧЙ* comes after the numeral-measure word, e.g.
(3) <МП ДЛ.Л.Т, J5’j fr-l
о
«ЙО де*
In no case can ugi]№* function as an adverbial adjunct.
2. MW-tf”
"mw* "mw* та "mw*
-де^^, "mw* ^де
^мтаи<йуде><фв
104
ftffl ЛЯ<-^-” iW< Ш1Ш,
twi, жп*
Both “Я-ЯГ” and лЯ1с* show a condition, but their
difference is that stresses this is the only condition and
no other conditions will do whereas “Я5?” indicates it’s
enough to have this condition though there are still others.
Besides, in sentences with “Я'ЁГ what is stressed
is the condition itself, and in sentences with ЛЯ
the conclusion arrived at or the result brought about, e.g.
felt faff o
(2)
• • • • •
eo
ЛЯИin the sentence below cannot be replaced
by лЯ-Й‘,”^*"'да •
(3)
—ЙйЯДТЖ^Ф, plfflT
Ж'&Ь ШМИЯ $1#П:
is as a rule used in a compound sentence
and may be used either in a compound or a
simple sentence, e.g.
(4) ЯItJkis],
• • • • •
(5)
105
3. Ей ЙТ
"Ий/” ft "йт” ю^жтпайй.
ШП:
ЛЙЙ” is about the same as ЛЙТ* in meaning. They
both show the reason or cause of something or some event, e.g.
<d
Ш J
“Ш1” MiO3,
'oj'plllto {ЯМ
is a conjunction. It mostly occurs in the first
clause of a compound sentence or sometimes at the beginning
of the second clause, e.g.
(2) <ifl Й t-x ffi.
(3) 0W7O
лйт” 4mns
is a preposition. Its object may be either a
word or phrase, e.g.
(4) ХЯТ=-Л^хА,
Д T о
“ЙТ” 1Ш«-Д±1Ж W1 (Do
Or a subject-predicate construction as in Example (1).
& Al
1. тЙШЮД:
vX: tXi^J
-ft Д. M
106
4Я •?*
vX _h
кХТ
кХ |*J
< ;Й кХ
в££-
14М
I “Ж-зГ-’' $.
(1)
(2)
(3) ij=|
(4) Щй
(5)
(6)
ЛД§B'”6£"-’'’ }ЕТ^Ф'йЖ}£^VhJtF:
:k.$t
Я^5СМ5С<
107
со
о
00
о
(3) о
()
(4) 4Е TjC Д JL W Ч i ( Wangfujmg )
( М'Д )
(5) , Д Л < Bf Is! -к
”Е,О ( EtB )
(6) ifc i>L fr-f i2L A , Д /X' it
fr-j44"f*%? ( /А*.)
(7) £,о
( )
(8) X -^--гА-ДлЯ 4 ,о
( й > A
\ Xj? Zs~ /
(9), it ;l
(>a^)
6. ЙгШЖё:
JPb m ъ
(1) миш^т, ДШ£W—
A-^o
(2) ^ДЛ;Д A-4-^o
(3) —xL#£<K»A-vt: “Д£>^4й^;®
^.T,
-E. TLX Wo ”
109
<4)
ifc- А ?к Л.Ж, ^Р
1Х#й^А%? ”
(5) АхПа, гЕШД-
(6) 4^<±$Л Т
<7) >М1, ?КЖ,
i£ ЗГ—Ф о
0
(8)МО£Л Т £
'Pf-jLfpo
(9) i£.^& Л.'h=, aL ixL^-lb JL j-h о
(10) ^^Д±рэТ<^<,
-7> ^4^ >Т о
(И) — #, ЙГ
^йМ_Ьй а^г ito
(12) “&<<Wt
iL, ”
7. ЙЖШХ-.
Й
-—4^А, W’^’J *И1 А^'Г'&а £j С>» ii-й»
Ч Й ii^ о
ио
— s? 4-Л П > 3; 4 Й A
д^пхйНМ
st Д Д> 4-
Й4-А—
ЯХШ ( to get a divorce ) o fr-j -к» Ж th T
fl* £ ffl s " fl: Я Д. % fl" & <• Ж & $}
%? ”
lx, -лт>й’^о
4И, W£«W-T,
i'i&o Щ£&#Й;й^А, Д;flЖ-ЯЯШ-— <
<k#To "
#aL^t^ tb Й ;W T о
< 4 Ж Я ,
— <£>W14W
jb Й6ИЛ4
Л.4ШЯ^А, Я>it-№4->
^txil T о
in
to
-2^
Л, *£l^TMo &<
•£§§, A A fit —lzn£ 1& o
x^Afc3H£ffit#^o тКЛО/Л
fit, x^A^^A^fito -pH#fitBf4£,
A, ^ti'l —^.fitM^r, — If о ^&x^
вф, A4f fiti£ x^Hf $[%?
^tA>#Mo ^вф^^Л^-о ;fr—'fA-r#, ;tlA<
^#A<tfitjr<4Mfito
^T — fA, ^tJL^ T — £L^-A0 4M"1jE--$U#
fitBfK, >b&T<^£To ^А^Д-5-^^.Л^
T-^^s “ТйД^Г о fefit^^A: “T
ЙТ, ” xA^rT,
iW^A-^M. A, oi T — “ A W A
113
((
^3. Т о ^-АЙ- Т itS-» АТ^А^Жт,
bH-f, ^]-Т< t & Т it#:
“BU, ^А, &АА? $1 ” ХА^А
х^Я Я # A 4t ? >
, ( , ) , 4j -f
> ( ! ) kX^I', i'E'fr
Я" 4&— <*] i& fit <<S
z, S й
(^)
ce.)
(«)
biaodian
fiihao
shehui
li kai
5- ХД- (^) gongju
6. z'X jig, ( ^ ) sixiang
7. ( §ij ) hiixiang
punctuation
mark, symbol
society
to leave, to depart from,
to deviate from
tool, instrument
thought, thinking, idea
each other, mutually
114
8. — U (R) yiqie all, everything
9. Х^ (g) wenzi written language, character
ю. йЖ (Sj) jilu to record
11- 7-§-Х ( g ) yuqi tone, manner of speaking
12. (Si) tingdim to pause
13. (5tl) nong to make, to do
14- Я# (g,^]) xiaohua joke, jest, to crack a joke, to laugh at
15. яЛЛ (§!). g) shudming to explain, to show, to illustrate
16. (%) zhongyao important
17. ft Я (g,^) zuoyong function, effect, to function
18. you yi to have a mind to, in- tentionally, deliberately
19. £А (g) zhuren host, hostess, master, owner
20. ft&CK kai wanxiao to make (crack) a joke (fun)
21. & (^]) lian to link, to join, to connect
22. j)a ( ) jia to add
23. is-^- (g) douhao comma
24. Rf (g) wenhao question mark
25. ( g ) gantanhao exclamatory point
26. vftvft (ЖЯ) haha onomatopoeia
27. 6)^ (g) jiihao period, full stop
115
28. -ту- ( й ) dunhao pause mark
29. 'щ ( ^ ) maohao colon
30. ( €, ) yinhao quotation mark
31. shengliiehao dotted line
32. ) shiyong
33. ^3%. ( zft ) biaoda
34. mingque
to use, to utilize
to express, to voice, to
convey
clear and definite, clear-
cut, explicit
= , Й ® W Ж
1.
Sometimes double negation can be used in a sentence
to emphasize affirmation, e.g.
(I) Д1П R, —
(2)
(3)
(4)
sjwowm, is—
о »:
In a compound sentence the two negatives are used sepa-
rately in the two clauses, and there is often the adverb
in front of the second negative in the second clause, eLg.
116
<5) UMW
(6) CJk>£?M4
2. -tJJ
«-•Й” RfWm®, <W “?Bo 4
-№±Ж, Mi>, Йи» Ж
rt—Й” is a pronoun meaning “all” or “everything” and
is usually accompanied by л^|>” . It can function as the sub-
ject, object or attributive, e.g.
(i) Д4П<— ЖО th <o
(2) O-m-ИАЖ
(3) — b) H <Д jn M T о
. (4)
3.
жйи, жп:
u—'£” is an adjective as well as an adverb. As an
adjective, it means “particular”, “fair”, “due” or “inevitable”
e.g.
(1)
(2) fSii IC^ я fr-J 3 Я2-T
(3)
(«№)
117
(4)
X fr , it fa ?К- .i- ^j* — ?t о
( )
4. 1ЙВД
“W ЖП:
йгЙВЛ” is a verb, e.g.
(i) Д it i)t ЭД—T it fr-j ту o
(2) ilHMe-Й M &-Я-it ЭД--T, if’-Rj?
‘ЧЙФГ “WW о 1Ш, &0Л
МХ^-ЙПЧ Л1ЙВД ( # ) ” О ЖП:
” is also a noun as in the common expression rt{f
—4'1ЙВД”. Besides, printed words aiming at explanation are
also known as лъ&ВД ( , e.g.
(3) Д1П tL-^ — irML0/)
(4) fc Xf Д ft: “ A pt Й Ж > —
Т<0Ло ”
Sometimes indicates that something leads to a
certain conclusion, e.g.
(5) 4& >51 it if, 1£<Л/И& —
(6) Л’Г'й^ >£ ;L, — Л «t-T
, iti£a/I ДШМо
118
5. ff-ffl
,
, “Ж” ЖЕо ЖП:
rtf₽ffi” ’s а verb, and a noun as well. As a noun, “fp
ffi” very often goes together with verbs such as “ ;ta” , ft
fa” , and (fahui, to bring into play)” etc., e.g.
(1)
(2) T, Д & ib -£
(3) %) T ДiL'bR
4^ ( fahui, to bring into play ) J fax fa
Я
ЕЭ, ific X ЭД ft?
1. # JU
A. ft “W’ те , “T” , afo”
Both rt^” and “Л” have the meaning of Л{Й” ,
fl
Лгр” or rt^j” and can be used to indicate actions which are
difficult or unnecessary to define, e.g.
(i) ijt&T ?
(2) x Z, t iUe. R M 4
%,5J
B. ft rt^5” ЖП:
119
Both and mean “to try to get”, e.g.
<D
(2) Д &
с. “&> швдййж er
Шп«
also means “to fiddle about with”, but
has no such meaning, e.g.
(1) Ф В7 Й1] "|£-ifc Л'] Я "T Tf*'E'о
(2) <Ath^r
To
D. Д»й1®о W® WKJiO,
M о fth “^ЖтЯ\ “1йХ№\
“^ЖЯк\ “й5ХЯк\ ЛШЗЙ*
“iti” also means “to carry on or out” or “to go in for”.
In some set phrases such as “Ой’, “SSX
Г”, шг, “BW”, “ww
and > “ffii” can never be replaced by .
2. ЖЙ
a. оджйаад
is a verb and its object is as a rule a noun.
means that one expresses, voices or writes out his thinking
or feelings, e.g.
120
a) , д дне я Д &
& М Т о
(2) мммм Л£Я'&ян£-г^д
(3) Мй^ П ( koutou, oral ) Дз&|£ j] М
ТЛ££Д£1ЕХМ«О
л^^к” -t!l>^)wl, Жтё вШД^тдк Й/wK
МДЖйайШШ, £Ж<£М^тО1А, Wffl
1О)Атж яш
is also a verb and its object may be a noun, verb,
verbal construction or subject-predicate construction.
2F.” means that one voices his feelings or opinions or states
his attitude or position either in words or in actions, e.g.
(4) Д 1^) ii. Д Д ]o) ,
M
Д 7F Й £. < Jt о
(5) Xf Д fa , ^ДтиЗЁ^^Жо
(6) 4&Д-тг, fcOiД>М°Д4Пй^Д<^о
лй” a^v ±шшжо
If the object of is a verb, the recipient of the
action represented by the verb can be combined with the pre-
position “Xj” or л[й] (xiang, to, towards)” to form a preposi-
tion-object construction which should be placed before
121
as an adverbial adjunct. For example,
MM” , , «тамад
^атВЙ'Й” . «ай” , however, can never be used this way.
IfWWWWffl “%&” MIO , ©
«ай” «а^” wjmww
«й-та” wo. ж
Sometimes either «ай” or “BB” can be used in the
same sentence, but there is a difference between them: what
«ай” stresses is that one expresses or writes out his thinking
or feelings. When «a^B” is used, it is necessary to point out
the person to whom something is expressed and it implies "[Й] •••
a^” , e.g.
e - & л z & & &
( juexin, determination ) o
в. «ам’ жвдш, «та”
«а^В” is also a noun, but лай” is not, e.g.
с. «та” ж ж
also means “to show”, “to display” or “to de-
monstrate”, but has no such meaning, e.g.
122
(1) Л
( dian, to nod ) X Д 57т R o
(2) “J”
4U
i, $ 53
1.
^11: < ntf/unt &£>&&&, X^TMo
£ < i> < А 4П Ж A к й. -% & , X 4iq T
Mo
(i) о
(2)ЯТ#Л<^,
(4)
(5) Л-МЯ]
JWA<-to
(6)
TW'It^o
2.
(i) i£Ai§-tW4£,
<2) ;k.^^^LTF, А Ди Д ii4£
(3) ih$T#'&, о
(4) ittitx4-
123
(5) it^^J-f о
(6) Д ff] ж £ < A o
3. ffl «—ЙГ Й^А
$J: WWf, ih to
— taMitZ^Ft it £o
(1) ^ff^xit, ШИШ^£о
(2) {& Й)1] i1] ijJl, $ ft £ j£ Й7 № 'K -S' O
(3) Ш<£'1 it Л , Д -T Я—А Л £
1£Ж^<-#o
(4) Д1П^ЛА И -t -S'
йо
4. ffl ЛЙП”
$1:
•It ^t-Я Д -t' #, $ЛПit ft 4
itfT—/А-й Яо
(1) it it- it^RM
(2) <i^
(3)
(4) ЯХ
(5) ft
(6) i£0/)
^M^it JLXfWA
it ‘I#
124
5.
(i) о ( )
(2) £<Я , О
( -13€НЯ )
<3) #A#-f о (^Я)
(4) M Hfl'0'! Д Д,о
(5) о ( <0Л )
(6) о ()
(7) EJ < : “ Д 4П ® ;Д к <
л> / _ /ч. \
О \ - ~ /
(8) о (<0Л)
6. ^T®№:O±M??<s
Ж Л 'Д £ jr
^•Ш^ОТ —4г — ii
Я < < ДЛ
Ж •f’ -t- pt Bf № Ж ? #ЖЖ##
л^д
_L 3^ T — »7 1^^.Д Ж’Т _hii 4) # Д Д 44 Jl
125
i^oj i£&$s-_h# ДЯ^ Ж — ^.-f-Л^—,<
J^. X j/if if ^М^?£^йг^^Д_Ейц^-Т —
f - >b *ЯЛ - -f it# it i) «t Д T it Д
126
WWH! ДД^ЖЛА,
® Т Ж. № tS ££ 'l£ ”F J-» Т о Д V&JL
a fw д д л < &: с л & ]й < ^1 д. м
Л & Д Ж, Д 4П & ,4' .ft u ЕГ А о
‘Ч^<, ” Д^ЯЯЧя<Ш*-
^г^ — ]а]^Хо
А А— А, П_Ь^<
ДП>#П, ЯТД, АЛ1>Ж# ?к, зг
А, ..о 1%
дмт,и, ем^
zK, TAiAi'WKAT^?
ЖН4А ПA—'iS-AA, — А
127
“’’FT, T ! ” Д it# & < , -i I?] Й
AA, 4<A<: "iO/Hl 4M'WitiU£
it, ±H£T, Д4т4£1..”
“^, MAtil^£Ao ” £A<<£
it, “Д&А#^, AM^A, £>ИЖ
ААЯ4т^АЭДЮ1, An£T, iU7^, AA
Ait^A^&, M-AAW4&, Д^
T—#_L$A, -o^£/<, #A
Ж-AAtritito ААДАA^-xAitA^to
*£}ШЛМ£М? ”
ААРА]”— crfej, 'ft. 'K J& iz;
лД4т°ЛАЖ^Ao ’A<itl0'l>A<A^it
a &] o x ала^Аа^4я, z ’Ч м ж о ”
“Мй” ,
Ж-А-^Л, Д4йДА4з#-ТAifif-, 4&Д
<i£4&£4e.it£W/t’^
^Да ТТАо
Д/П ЭД А, В — # Ф #< 1Й 51Я,
A Ait Ao Mitfr-j —А, Я1 # о
“<«<! ” ^аАА’ЧтмАо
“ йЖ#, М -^Я! ” A A A it -Д it,
“ # П iii& А А Т it 1^ А.”
128
...”
...”
“^A+JL-Ж^, ” Й^Г-
fW<?£>iiitSo «Т<^, Ш'ТбШЛИ
^ОТо Ж — Я.4МПit-f-Д&ЛА^Ж, А
4UU2i£itX, Л^ГАД
itJL-jMio -'b&i-pt:
д1^А....’ Д-Ья^я'Тг Т
t^ixr^'bMt^к, -ж<те>-Жо "
129
fl- £ л л? ”
Но
Я^Ж, it^f-<!'-&-ЖМ it
То ^ЛНЗЖШ
*
^HtWsWW, <я^й<&
«It-—
^р#^ж, ..
& я
1. < (£) и
2. ( ^ ) yanqian
pear
in immediate presence, un-
der one’s nose
130
3. (Ю fengjing scenery, scene
4. £ (Ж) mei beautiful, pretty
5- (kl > к) xiesheng to sketch, to make a sketch
of, to draw living or non-
living objects
6. (£) tongban companion
7. ( яО ) kongpa perhaps, I’m afraid
8. < (^) gan to hurry on
9- (Я]) zhusu to stay for the night
Ю- Л& (£) tianse time or weather of the day
as judged by the colour of
the sky
11. (£) shulin wood, forest
12. cao wu straw shed
13. (&) mi rice
14. & (£) yan table salt
15. ^.$1 (£) lajiao. pepper
16. ft (*) hang a measure word
17. ^(Ю (ЯП zud (fan) to cook, to do the cook-
ing, to prepare a meal
18. sheng hud to make (light) a fire
19. (II)) hao how, very, really
20. (£) jian shoulder
131
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. &
27.
28.
29. <
30. fe)
31. 4т‘Тт
32. -й-Ж
зз.
34.
35.
36. ££
37.
38.
( £ )
(йЛ)
(Ж)
lieqiang
darao
guolii
da lie
gud ye
( ) bao
( ij]) cha
( Ti ) уйтао
(^ ) xi
(£)
(51J)
(Ю
(чЮ
(£)
(fi)
(*)
yan
dating
giiniang
chou
kdngr
sud
qun
zhuang
zhu tong
39. (ПЯ) aiya
hunting gun
to disturb, to trouble
passing, to pass by on
one’s way
to hunt, to go hunting
to stay overnight, to stay
for the night
to wrap
to plug in, to insert
feather
to draw, to breathe, to
smoke
cigarette
to inquire, to ask
girl
to try to find (time)
free time
a measure word
a measure word, group,
crowd
to contain, to hold
bamboo section used as a
holder or container
an interjection
132
40. & (£) уё night
41. (S!j) lin to take a shower, to be caught in the rain
42. (Ю shi wet
43. dong shou to start doing something, to proceed to do something
44. — jl ( шО ) yizhi all the time, always, straightly
45. f ( ) guan to be in charge of, to take charge of
46. ( Й5) meidang every time when, whenever
47. (МО) buyoude could not help doing sth.
48. Ш) huopo lively, vigorous
49. £ (*) duo a maesure word
50. & (Ю se colour
51. (R) nayang such
52. -К- вЯ Ш) meili beautiful
53. (Ж) ke’ai lovely
1-
2-
3. W
€
Lihua name of a person
Hanizu the Hani nationality
Yaojia the Yao nationality
133
= , Ж Ж да №
1. l»£T±PBBg<TiUT
“Т” W&, ЁЖЯЙЖ
^i£iSA£W±SS!l-АЭДЮТЯй! й SO M # ШJg, ft
лв^, a%” йж®о г^Ф^вй» дай:
л1$” is sometimes used in combination with the modal
particle “T” to intensify the tone of the sentence, indicating
that, from the speaker’s point of view, something has reached
a certain degree or extent beyond his expectation. In this
sense, means “Eg” or (jing, unexpectedly)” and is
pronounced in the neutral tone, e.g.
<i) ЛЛДТ,
(2) To
(3) M]^T^, я
To
2.
“ЖЙ” Wig,
“ЖЙ” when used as cn adverbial adjunct shows an
estimate with worry, e.g.
(i) fcAT tlT^o
(3) № T , ^'1йЦ^ЛТо
3. ЯЖЙ«РК, ЙР§ЙЖ"И
^jwIhu,
дай:
134
When used in front of an adjective or a verb, ” indi-
cates a high degree or extent something reaches and carries a
tone of exclamation. In this sense, more applies to
exclamatory sentences, e.g.
(1) if &/ "f!
(2) Ж'We ft !
(3) ^^ft^iiJL,
й^, ВДЛйт With “ifJit” . “if®” . “Н-Ф
WW "if” ft , “A”
МИ “t” ft “А” ЙЙЙ. ЖП:
Besides, "if" can also be used in front of a numeral-
measure word or time word to emphasize a large quantity or a
long period of time, e.g. "ifJI/f" ,
and z?JL” etc. Sometimes "if" can also be combined
with , “&” or “t” to emphatically convey the above-
mentioned meaning, e.g.
(4)ВДМЖ WlfTftifftJt,
(H'WUT?
(5) T ”&?
(6) if & £ т, ft д iO ft £
4. ...ЖЙВгЖзёЭДЖвЯТТЖ
Win*
The compound directional complement can *п“
dicate that a person or thing is to be held or retained through an
135
action so that he or it may not be lost, taken away or forgotten,
e.g.
(i) ftife$
MT
(2) iftftin~a&T^, ДЛ
TiiTHMo
(3) «Я & it Д X T & fa] % T
о
5. IW
“m” жшо тает»» ийй/т4ж. a
^mWo »> hsu зтш
In Chinese, interjections express strong feelings and emo-
tions and sometimes greetings and response. is ore
expressing surprise, delight, puzzle or perplexity and worrying
or anxiety, e.g.
(1) ^ftl ft WU £ T !
(2) ft! T !
(3) Tftl
О
(4) *£ftl M ft * T , /1 'Л'ЦЛ.?
6.
• • •
«МИЯ ЖЖИо
136
" Д/р Д ” is often used when one wants to reassure whether
the guess or judgement he has made at a thing is true. лД/р
Д” can be placed either in front of the main element of the
predicate of the question or at the beginning or end of the ques-
tion, e.g.
(1)
(2)
(3)
7. -Ж
.в. Н l y J I 'иА'Ил;
Ж” carries the following two meanings:
А. ШП:
Someone goes in one direction without turning aside, e.g.
(1) Jbt,
(2) —JUi#o
в. $1
Й1:
An action continues without interruption or a state of
affairs remains unchanged from beginning to end, e.g.
(1)
(2) fit it T, TA
Д—
(3) X4WO
rt-<” iw®, wi (2 >.
137
The negative word, if there is one, should be placed after
Ж” as in Example (2).
8.
means “to take charge of” or “to be in (under) the
charge of”, e.g.
(1)
<2)
“<gr” also means “to concern oneself with”, “to mind” or
“to bother about”, e.g.
<3)
9.
Ж
means that, upon facts or one’s own experiences,
one forms a judgement that something must be as he expects,
e.g.
(i) а^мтд^дт,
М -Мт А. Т о
<'2глкж^^|адльй
(ж)
а^^о
fro й^ти-. Жт-и, ЙЖ-.
138
, шют.
лЯРДтЙ* often acts as an independent element in a sen-
*
tence. In Chinese, an independent element is not supposed to
act as any sentence members such as subject, predicate, object,
attributive, adverbial adjunct, complement, nor can it act as a
conjunction. In a word, it has nothing to do with all the
sentence members in grammatical function. ‘М'йШ” can
occur either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
10.
“ЯГ-Й#” indicates that one acts in response to an action
or a situation naturally or spontaneously, e.g.
(D
To
Ш ТЙ7 4g, 4г pi
& № < д e, & % ж
(2)
И, jfi X Я №
й ® ( it, П4 )
А. “й” ЖО»» 'Й.
♦1Wo mffl лй”
mom
igo Ши»
139
serves to introduce the agent or doer of an action,
indicating that some work is to be given to someone as a duty.
“ Й ” has no passive sense and can apply to either a completed
action or one to be done soon. In a sentence with
the verb seldom takes after it a complement of result since
stress is not on the result brought about by the action represented
by the verb. The recipient of the action represented by the
verb may be either the subject or object, e.g.
(1) Ф iO1] fr-J Й) ДJL 4" А а о
(2) OAa
“Г №
In Chinese, sentences show the passive. In a
sentence, the recipient of the action represented by the verb
should be placed at the beginning of the sentence as the subject,
The verb is usually followed either by showing the com-
pletion of an action or by a complement to tell the result of the
action, e.g.
(3) Ф iU'J W it 40'1
'М$П:
А sentence usually applies to a situation which would
be harmful or unpleasant to the recipient of the action repre-
sented by the verb. лй” can never apply to any unexpected
actions one doesn’t want to do, but can be used this way,
e.g.
140
(4) о
(5) о
в. ^5И№^ШШШНПО‘л, ЖИ
^о “Ш” ЛЦ&&^Яо Ж
can also bring in the components of a thing or the
manner or cause of some event, but cannot be used
this way, e.g.
(1)
(2) ‘‘OO’'^''V;T’Kr
(3) T Д & W 51M (yfaqi,to give
rise to ) o
с. W2teF®i®, ‘гтай
ЖЖ о ЖПх
“Й” also means ЛД” showing a starting point, but
has no such meaning, e.g.
(1) TWWHHWo
(2) о
(3) T , Л ч.ififФ 'ф- $. и£ ( fa
ШТЖЮОД-Ж rt • ” адж,
t
141
• • •
• • • •
2. JE V Ws
(1) t'H,
(2) ТЛ1£&£То
(3) HtraJ^^T,
(4) Л. н£ T , Fb M- T J-» -£? T, т-Д 4^ Ж тт
T о
(5) Bt fa] it< , Д1П|^Х^ £Л£ —
4To
(6) it'NM-f t Я. %, Л
Д1-ИТо
3. ,ffl ЛД?5Д,Л ®ТЖз£ШйШ!'йЖ
(i) MiW#M;UA4, ЯЧ£А
(2) е>АД<»л^^, «йШ<—£4Fl
дЛ
~z^l О
(3) т , — £Л4Ь.йЯШо
(4)
(5) М-Ня<А71<, ^ТйиЖ’А^о
(6) it^Wf
142
4. ЗсДЙ'ц)’?:
(i) it £ < Т , Ш &XW £,о
( )
(2), хл;^з1 д ft х
АНо ОЖ “if” )
(3) , кХД Я 4£ м
yjТ о (—ж)
<4) ДД&4М4Д,
<£бШядадмо ОЖ “if” )
(5) л. х if ,, ifc Д iX)L 4i
—<, 0Я^#Ар£о (£Мй )
(6) Зг jk гХ ,, i’J Ж.
ДеЛ£-|-ЛДТв (-JL)
(7) ! 'Ж Я> Т
^-SZ^^-^o (й']^ “If” )
<8) _____
© С_ _ -й-)
(9)^Д^П#<, ТЛ>ДЖ£#А,
___________о (&№)
5. йВя]Ж:ё
(1) АДМ&б$Я|5'Н£Ж>
< Я 4
143
НИ,
<2) < £ <5'] # Д М± ж Л , <
^ММ.Ж Л -h <W^ ДО А о
(3) л^елшт, пши, длп
4гЯ;5'1 й$ж >у, <
4^. Д О
(4) Ж-ЛД4-#Ж£,ЭДА^<^Ж^Л
j t. %- * А_ Я fS) ~7\ о
Ф < ( it, Н )
<5) 2£з1;^#-&&£, ЛНХИ
№,4$ 4^- 0
(6) Д Ж -f - Л Ж Д •in ”ъ
То
(7) Ж Л it
ЛТо
(8) “ДЛПД«Ч/5Г
Щ @ X 6^ it ZL т$.
<6^0 ”
(9) й Х 4& Ж ’A i®, iB)
^•^ Т о
(Ю) ^<^T#7T'W, it<,
144
(11) iil'a] ОД—
(12) ОМ*ШМ,
M&o
(13)i£jL£MbA.,it T й^-МИМ^,
T о
(14) _Ь-^Я4Ь^^ A4->
0Д _Ь- $'] о Ж. '$ Зч. -ф- Й 4Д № о
6. Мйс1ШЖИЖ£&!
О'ЬМ&й Ж (И ЙЗЬЙШМЙ^АиЦЙ
Ж) о №
J47K® JL, ^TA4^®JLo
JLO
ifc
71 о ® 71 ’Д 1'®] W — 4^
Д, 7L<^<#, ^ii^7L<<
Mo <м_ьзъ$ T &
'M4jo TiM^o
U7, Дк ^]Пл£Д®Ж^^1о
145
£Мг, дЕ-ДиМ^о
( JT$tffi6tl$!J ) Д'М&М.А.*— jL А-
ito А А^МтАМ^, #J^'|£itiOt
^X-i-To W^iiAA^A,
$=.&®йнллож
<6Ш^ЖЖ<£, ^Г^>И-^ЖЯМ^Мо
4МПКл.^/АJ-jАТА»
ТАо
д^<Мен&, дадх^д<: “Л^па
РШ, ” Д—<А»<: “’£ЦТ!
вфГ01 itл•&, адА&^ншп ”
146
ж ip & £ а
±-Ж — f?o
& & /к % & & д—х а, < < *t %
“^Mat^ik, «Д^!
ititA, <te4Mr/to гЬДД^ at n tltfe
”&! #11 T it Ф, Д T №W
&o ”
7t<aw^'r^
#-T, <i>L: ‘4f Д«^о ” 4Ме<о^4т
ff, Ж Ж й at #, ЙЦеЛЯ<йЬД-о 4Мй$-ДЯ
©3>w, it^^, £ЛЖ«о
Д^йШДДЮ, £ Sj at > <
To “Д±, 1-ШД &•&- AJL?
To ” <<<МД^Л, it?гЛ|5Дx4e<*e atM4a
147
»£T, <R?MP£
jk: “ <X T, &<£;£<? ” $ ?F£
“£<£o ItJlW— £'W£,
d'jfmTo ” <•;&
<'b^itT^To
£ s, T, < Д a fix
<: u^tX, T >x< Д th-£ T о ”
T ^r, <: “ДЛ1ДШ&Т,
•&*Ж^Я^ркй;Ь ££^-M/L0 тЬ^Й^ДД,
148
&it4O'l До it Д4еЛ£ А Т ” it< < & % ?Р
А А 41'Д'о
-f^AA^t-te, 7Ж1ЧШ $-4Ы
it&A'^if^! if it£ Д-^$ Ф1 ”
j£-ДЖ9fК, W^i^tТ — АДо if'?!5
ААД'ЬМе^ А Д4*Д, <feif^o 1'ШМ
A it i£it А, 4М£ 4fr’4Hts “№ Я1] А 4с. Д 4® М
ДДсМДж, Л&з£ДТ4И£До Ж^ЛА
Д Д, ЙЯ аЯ ЛМ Я Л. Д о <# ip A j£ it ₽t
"Я)? ”
if t!5 Д±4^Д Д, Д Д it, Ш Д it X
X Д. 0 Т 44“ *с ,
^ДДЙТМ^: 4MW#Д^^4з«о
it Д tr 4Д ,1 <#Т—X Ж? Д <^г — < А Д'
^ii-t'fr-jo ” ^I^STo 'Е'5L it if ^i5 А А 4е<'S'4®
&Д, «Т о<0 &в4Ч£, АДД^-f II5 А А
its Ж,Д4f $• Д Т о ><ХЛз-Л-iiLii:., ^itW’^^i'
?f ФДМ, Т й Со ”
1- 1К
(^)
£ я
lang wolf
149
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. «J"<]ф-
(£) 1й
( £ ) bei
( zb ) tu6
( £ ) koudai
( ) huangzhang
( ) renci
(zb ) dud
( Jt) cheing
( ^ ) zainan
( gi]) yongyuan
( ^ ) haochu
(J&'Zb) youyu
(ЯК*Й) kelian
15. Ж® ( ^ ) Italian
16. jsj j=L (§0) jianzhi
17. 4?. ( ) zhud
18. M (g) tui
19. 4® ( zb ) kun
20. E ifj ( ^ ) shangmian
21. ( S'J ) Уёхй
22- >5 ( ) ( ft ) yan (zhe)
donkey
back
to carry on the back
sack
flurried, flustered
kind, merciful
to hide, to dodge
a measure word
disaster, calamity
always, forever
benevolence, mercy
uncertain, to hesitate
pitiful, to pity
inside, within
virtually, simply
to seize, to catch, to capture
leg
to tie
top, above
perhaps, maybe
along
150
23. ( ffllj ) • • \ • • 4 jianjian gradually, little by little
24. fa ( ) fang to let go, to set free, to release
25. fa (й^) e hungry, to be hungry, to
starve
dao di to the end, thoroughly
27. 4b (^) pu to jump on (upon)
28. (7Й) haipa to fear, to be afraid
29. (^r) jie by means of, by the help of
30. (^) didang to resist, to parry
31. < (&) zui mouth
32. bu zhu not firmly, not securely
33. (&) liangxin conscience
34. if ping li to judge
35. Д (Ob) ya to press, to lay (sth. heavy)
on
36. ( ш1! ) mingming quite clear, obviously
37. R C ) men to stifle, to depress
38. Jf A (&) huairen bad person, evil-doer
39. < (SBS&) gai should, ought to
40. sheng qi to be (get) angry
41. # ( §0 ) bing an adverb placed before a
negative word to show not
as might be expected
151
42. (^) xiangxin
43. dei
44. (Ж) anquan
45. t ($J) hai
to believe, to trust
must, to have to, should,
to need
safe
to cause harm to, to injure
%
Dongguo surname of a person
Я if 1ЭД ft?
1. ifDB
& “W” МЙМ й/тЖ $IM
” or can act as a one-word sentence, expressing
one’s consent or agreement, e.g.
(i) &£#?
---if, ’’Hl —
2. Г^Ж
“гйй” <ве
is an intensive adverb used to emphatically indi-
cate that something has completely or nearly developed to
a certain degree or even to the extreme sometimes. It usually
implies an exaggerated statement, e.g.
(i)
(2) ЫМТ Ж—o
(3)
<4) & e, t @)
— #O
(5) |aj jtL 4-Я. T О
3.
^ЖФ^ЙЙЯ^ШЙо ШП:
The compound directional complement has an
extended usage, that is, indicating that scattered persons gather
together or separated things are joined up, e.g.
(1)
(2) 0 7J
(3) & t SJ
4. «ЖФЙЖТФТ
‘1У^” #-^51ФЖХ,
Wtl:
The compound directional complement also in-
dicates an action starts from the present to the future. This is
an extended usage in which no object occurs after > e-§-
153
(2)
"Т кХ<— <о
5. &£кж«т, «йшаяй
“Ж1йГ WiS^T “~ЖЙЖЙ” ЙО= ШП:
As a complement, “gijjg” means “-Юй” , e.g.
(i) Д]Г1— T^o
(2) M in 4 i& -in 'if <Иг # th $-
5 I«1M, ХГПЯЖ.О
6. .......
M “^г” й№М»Ж1Шт, tfil
ш‘‘wj---wjs” , s# "й” , «ж” ^'6»?
&О “Ш-” , о -9Ш:
Followed immediately by a subject-predicate or verb-
object construction, the verb means
or л---ПЛ7fa'v and is often accompanied by “gfc” or
л^” . Its negative form is or , e.g.
(1)
(2)
(3) Д-fi’WO, i£&f Ail'UO'J Д U, t
S>Ci№To
7. ВДЧЯ
ЛВДНЯ” ЙМД:
жяжэд№ -if Жо а
'ИЙЬ
154
means “such is the obvious fact” or “such is
indeed the case”. The clause or rhetorical question that follows
usually stresses something contrary or opposite to what is
stated in the preceding clause, often implying incomprehension,
perplexity, dissatisfaction or suspicion on the part of the speaker,
e.g.
(I) WW
£T?
(2) $ Ip Д ЛМ
% & it & Ip jk < Я JL о
W iWMo И
Й1:
Sometimes the rhetorical question comes before the sen-
tence with Л0^0Д” e.g.
(3) £ £ МТ? t Д ЭД % £ № <
it X ©
8. Й#й<)#АйЕТ&п£ПЗ
о ши»
When used in a rhetorical question, “jp' intensifies the
tone. “22” in the text is the negative form of “ ,
which stresses affirmation. At the end of the question there
may be a "uij” to go with it, e.g.
(1) Ж — ”5)?
(2)
155
9.
(шм wtfi» ж
The optative verb has the same meaning as that of
“Еу/Й” • In this sense, it is mostly used in colloquial speech,
e.g.
(1) £1НШП, <ATO
(2) A fa Я E) ]3| , I*) , -t, Я
ATo
ill:
also indicates an inference from common sense or
experience that something is bound to or may bring about a
certain result, e.g.
(3)
(4)
Sometimes л?й” means “it is one’s turn to do sth.” and
is usually followed immediately by a noun, pronoun or subject-
predicate construction, e.g.
(5) T —A T> 0 T о
(6)
10. RJS
W ЙО. ШП:
means or (only, merely), e.g.
156
(i) X, % А А
(2) AtW® JL, j*j
и. #
“#” & <%” ш “ше’ й, яожт, жд
Йй#г№ДТJU.> 1Й0ЛЖ^ЖЖй1Ж|Жо
ШП:
When used before л7р’ , ог other negative
expressions, “Д” stresses negation. It usually occurs in the
second clause of a compound sentence, which shows something
opposite to what is related in the first clause to give real fact, e.g.
(i)
(2) 0HTT-O, AAAAAAAAo
(3) iff Д, &&
£> ItAc'iiL'Xs?
(4>
Ш, й Я 00 №
№ StS
Л'Й”
v has the following four meanings:
А. Й/ТчЖ Wtt:
To indicate fear or dread, e.g.
(i) ДtiHf £ SI Фо
157
(2)
В.
То indicate “cannot stand” or “cannot bear”, e.g.
(1) А W , itL Д.
^wto
(2)
c . Шп,
To indicate worry, e.g.
(1) Д'ЬЖА^^,
Bo
(ЗНИВШПзкХ В 4П Л ЯЧа it В £ Ч
Ж^о
D. ЖП:
To indicate “I’m afraid”, e.g.
(i) W^'f'£ Tri”£.?
(2)МТ1И-+ЛТо
“-Ш” ж “№’ шо, шигкта»
fb го “ft" юштадамяе..iw
Жо JW лШй” “й”
rtWtS” has the same meaning as A of лй” only. In
this sense, what л§й” stresses is the state of mind of the
person represented by the subject; with лй” > however,
stress is laid on what the person represented by the subject
fears or dreads, e.g.
(1) 1ЧЙТ, tMAo
158
(2) К # —
> лйж" > “1Ш”
In addition, in some set phrases such as Л'ЙИЖ” ,
Л,Й1?” , ЛЙЖ” and rt,f6^E” , only л|й” is used.
в®й” ±w^№-h-,< «лж», «ui#* ййй» ±®
лй” ЗРШ&Ж “®'й” о WW “>й” &
ttmo, шнймй, ла?й-йжп
...” “«t.......’л^о ±®c^jsWJ6J^№ л№* W
Й?О” о ЖП:
й?&'1Й” chiefly indicates one’s estimate of a thing or a
situation, meaning “;kM” or . In the two examples
in D above, л'й” can be replaced by • Sometimes
Л®1Й” implies some worrying. "f&'IS” is an adverb rather
than a verb. So it is wrong to say or “$c?&
tS'№”’w • In th® two examples in C, "fg” cannot be replaced
by Л?&'Й” • “Stffi” can be placed either before or after
the subject, e.g.
(1)
(2)ШПАПМ^,
Z, £ 53
1. ffl i(№” £ ЛТ*” Ж&
(i) ________
(2) Й-Н# i£ & , ih №. <p£. о
159
< 3) < М,. & 1%. £
________о
< 4) «We.it^44a v&, «^Ао
< 5) iS.^ Д fit FA<£ ж Т ,
mWHo
(6) it£}-#-&•Т, <it#
(7) 4MMi, it^x^M^itfr, 4
A^^<4£tfito
2.
(1) №tUW £ -ft, 1И A A,
O ( I*) Jl )
(2) feitJL^±-ft T, о ( f<JL)
<3) Wz4&, о
(4) ikT^in, Д4П1а£-^^< 4 fit
-Ш1-, Д>x ?tAAWiAfit — st
<, о ( # )
(5) ж«д^ел£«4ГйП,
о ( < )
(в) елё-г-лт, , дл
'ГАДЛА^о ( it )
160
(7) BO R SSL -S. if,
о ( Я Ж )
(8) i^/А iMf <A#7T^-,
________________о ( тД )
(9) о (я)
з.
$i: №Ж$г1Н)1То
(1) -fe’ii-i-
(2) fc X Я, ^-4.
(3) <_h
(4) ft if ^'A
^J: ЭДЭДА&Я/сДо
(1) iVK
(2) £f№f T>1fX/
(3) A-^-3^6^
(4) <if& Я&.Ф
Д1О4Яй1£^ЯЛ, X A^7 T ih^ifif
(1)
(2) -yt i£ if it X
(3) #£it,L ff
(4) A< £ ‘У Я Л JL Bt )a]
161
ft
(2) WiH
(3)
4*
(4) & /L ^г га га 7L
4. ЙТ^ЛЖ^^й^ййЯг “2-” йЖ.И'&Js
$1: £S^, ifcMiX-?-—A JL-AiJf
Шо
ifc i£ A iM -? — A JL -A
ЙГ Ш?
(1) >-fтД^НтТо
(2)
(3)MX^$W,
<4)
(5) ABtl'0'],
(6) о £Ф, ЛТ^^М, A
iit it *e & iA & о
5. Йс-ДЖ§1:
№ iS 'Nj W“ i&
(i) o
(2)lfS;HA, fe
162
ЛЛ о
(3)
(4)
(б) Я’]-i-ЯЛ, —
'fll'i’o
(7) #)0
(8) Ш ^Hf £ *t ifc it i£
А ЛЛ^^о
(9) it £ tK3> <, Я’]
,&iW-£o
6. JE^iSX^J^/MSSlo
7.
t R
— ‘К'К^Д^ААМ о
Ж^Лт£^о —й
ЯАЛ'Д&гМй, Х'|й4е.'кГЯ^, 'e^irttSo
£о
163
^4й'е ^tA<Xiifit ДЯ1Я,
ih£ r.t < t C fit IMK
^^it^f-tSL^fit^t^» i^’^M^it ^. T о
'-Ж-f^^-o №
Ф^Ж^е-МЛ^М-Ж^Ж Д, ^'X,^! ЖДД4&
^ШёШ^ТД-То i,UKM
iM£^&4^fite*t, ^U-tWiL
ДS£- it# M <, it < < ft fit
^P W it Д ”Л ( yao, to bite ) T Д —
E? о ^-t1), ^M^^f^^fitMzr, 4-^
<, T ,
3^0
.<&М«Ю T T,
Д1М<; “ЭД0ЯДД<Т^,
До 4fcit&jt^'fit $ RJljM^To Я']^ДЛ
4Д Д. 'fj' о
^M^it^ii^fitiW,
&TO
164
в м
— &<£<> M^thK ЖК#'Н£/<Х’”И
Sj, #~1~М'|л -гА-М-о №.^<—*7#, <
— ^, fe —Л£Ш<ЖМ
<i£, it;*Lpl Д?
<—Л, Я Д< — £ Ф Г, i’l #_t.-£*x jl о 4Ж
Л, & th Т *] #: “ Д •;&&#, 40 Я Т
По ” ^д?^х
&уГ& %? Ш — Ht & £
Т, ТЛ<Д^Г #_t- — i< — 1<Ж^, ISjBtii^^-
« 4V ^хжм:<о
£ £ it й M Г Д <ЛЛ, Ф -W £Л<
—#, 4ЯяНи&о
165
itt Д , эд © T —* Д Д ir e # M
K, ktthn, ^TAii
4£f&, — ^JLj£ Д 3Uf
“4Г “IL” ^^4^, ФДг^<^-Д1А|^Д
'B^SWo _h. 4i T T
й е>ед T4fio
4& Й Сд—41# 4j #;Xit T —
i€,
14W5,
166
£W, W&
—М'&МЯ'^-о ft Дг’Jf it-&A *& fit A
^itiA, <. R 4& *t it. Ф # И £ о
&, <: ''Д1£<‘4Г^‘4Г«о
Ж, ДЯтиТ, — ^Mt АЧ^-#’J&ILig 3ч П, it
” ШШ ЧГ
т “<” mw чш” it ar, <
Az<it it tf], ;t & A*t R <e ^.’b
ИЖ, АХ<Ж,
1- 41
2- W
з. т%
4. i^A
5-
6. JL-f
7- ДХ
8. <Ft
9. £Нф
10. }ЛЛ
(«)
(«)
(Ж)
( §0 )
(?b)
(^fj)
qiao
tuiqiao
shi
shiren
keku
jihfl
fanfu
xiugai
to strike, to knock
to weigh and consider, to
ponder
poem
poet
assiduous, hardworking
almost, nearly
to repeat
to modify, to revise, to correct
( ) dangshi at that time, then
( §5/ ) liuchuan to spread, to circulate
167
И.
12.
13. Ifaiz
14.
15. £
16. д
17.
18. •&
19. 4f
20. Я
21 • -fgj 2g
22.
23. —
24. |s)Hf
25.
26.
27.
28. 4Л
29. £L
(4г) guanyu about, on, concerning, with regard to
(£) qizhong among (whom or which)
ju shud it is said that, to be said to
(£) jingcheng capital
(*) tou a measure word
(«) niao bird
(ЙО sii to dwell, to stay overnight
(£) chi pond, pool
(£) seng monk, priest
(£) yue the moon
(Sb) miaoxie to describe
(Ю huanjing circumstances, environment, surrounding
(£) yishi for a while, for the time being
(£) tongshi at the same time, simulta- neously
(%) ddngzuo action, movement
(^) wanquan entire, complete
(Sb) wangji to forget
(fi\Sb) chao to, towards, to go (move)
toward
(Ж) luin disorderly, confused
168
30. t ( £ ) guan official
31. (O) fengjian feudalism, feudal
32. (Ю shidai times, era
33. laobaixing common people, ordinary ci-
34. ( ttizrfj ) bixu vilian must, to have to
35. — ( S'J ) yixm with one heart and one mind,
36. (Ж) erqie heart and soul, concentrate moreover, besides, and (not
37. $ (%) chuang only ...) but also ... to rush in by force or
38. 39. chuang hud laoshi improperly, to force one’s way in or out to precipitate a disaster, to lead to trouble honest
40. Pj ( ) qiao coincidental, opportune, as
41- (Ж) youming it happens, as luck would have it famous, well-known
42. 44 (^) zhuang to clash into, to knock into
43. > (Ж) jing quiet, tranquil
44. Я Z (Ю yueguang moonlight
45. « । ) dede onomatopoeia
169
46.
47 • 'flr^
( ) shanmen
( & ) qingjing
( ) kaolu
yaoqiu
gate to a monastery
general aspect, situation,
scene
to think over, to ponder over
f
to demand, to require
50.
51-
( ) zhflnque accurate, precise, exact
( ) shengdong vivid, lively
Tangdai the Tang Dynasty
Jia Dao name of a person
Han Yu name of a person
H, Я 15 0>l &
1. Л¥
ДёОЯ, №П:
“JUf” is an adverb meaning “almost”, “nearly” or
“so* • • that • • • ”, e.g.
(i)
(2) 1МП £ JL -f- Z
(3)
T e
17®
2.
ffl
рИИ^Ж, Шёо fHfcW, Wd££i§llu®o Ши».
Preposition-object constructions formed of the prepo-
sition and its object show the scope, respect or con-
tent related or involved. The construction л XT ••• v
may function as either an attributive or adverbial adjunct.
As an adverbial adjunct, must be placed before
the subject, e.g.
(1) T —
< 2) Д4П T — Tisc^
< 3) ®ttjPW, £ЛМФ
T ^4ffo
о
< 5> Д-H" it-<
/Ь о
< 6) T Д {sf лЕ.jf] A 4T
•f-»^ X^o
3. МФ
ЛМФ” M rt>Siiw , ЛМ”
#Jo ЖП:
“йф” means “among whom or which”. "M” refers
to the persons or things mentioned before, e.g.
171
#MW 4HWW-H
<^o
4. —Bt
“-BF
Ш^сЖо ШП:
B^” means “for the time being”, “within a momentary
period of time” or “in a twinkling”. It may serve as either an
attributive or adverbial adjunct, e.g.
(i)
(2) ФЛ'Пв^^й-М1О'1^Ж^-,--“
Bf iJH#o
5 1Ш
ФЖ' ШП:
rt|s]ftf” means “at the same time ” or “meanwhile”, e.g.
<1> Д4П Я
(2) ДПR Hti£
(3)
X 10 О
W “M* й®йо «:
“|э]й^” also means “furthermore”, implying “#Д”, e.g.
172
<4)
1Мо
(5) XL Д , Is) Bf-iLXL Д йt ЯЛ Д О
6. SL
“SL” »W, ixt^So ЖП:
*§[/' is an adjective meaning “disorderly” or “unmetho-
dical”, e.g.
(1) Д^ад<1,
(2)
&o
ЛЙ1” №Й, Шп»
rtSL” , as an adverbial adjunct, means “at will”, “at
random” or “not properly”, e.g.
(3) T, £ it < Д
mo
(4) it £1 0
Ш, ifi X Я ЭД №
Й^Т\ “Xt” Mfl-Wl ( “M”i£W»wl),
, лХ^Т’г and "X'j” arealiprepositions (
is a verb as well). Prepositional constructions formed of
T” , ” and and their objects can function as
attributives or adverbial adjuncts.
173
“£Т” Й “МТ”
Differences between Л|£Т” and “МТ” аге:
а. “^т” меешм,
мжма, тй^тжй “:%т”
“МТ” о Шп»
“^Т” shows a certain scope and introduces the person or
thing related or involved; ЛМТ” emphasizes how one treats
as a subjective action. “^T” in the following sentences
cannot be replaced by “MT” :
(1) «о
(2) fcWX'bW, ®
(3) £ T % Ft th £ R 4<МП Ж &
ЗЧг—
TB^JTSW “МТ” TOIW “£Т” о ШП:
“МТ” in the following sentences cannot be replaced by
“^T” :
<4) Жо
(5)
о
(6)
WM, 1^^-T'&JTWffl “^T” , “MT” о
ffl “i£T” M, МгЙВЖИРШИЙ, “M
т” м, л®тй1±дажмЖо mu
174
In some cases, however, either or * can be
used in the same sentence. The difference is that the scope or
respect is stressed when is used, and the object is
stressed when “Xj'T” is used, e.g.
<7) a e-
(8)
в.
As an adverbial adjunct, "XT---” should be placed
before the subject, and "X'j’T—” can be placed either before or
after the subject.
С. й “XT”
юж л#т* ааж e&iE'WT-*
Preposition-object constructions formed of "XT ” and
its object can act as titles of books, articles, reports or lectures.
“MT” cannot be used this way. If so used, it is necessary
to put "MT” before what it qualifies as an attributive, e.g.
(1) % 5’1 — Ж X #
175
<2) Ж-^ Т
iSj Ял> zK-f- Й-I < £» о
d. “#
Я^о ЖП:
can be inserted in the construction “Д-”Й”
as the predicate while “Xt^” cannot, e.g.
(2)
“МЯ” ft “W ЯМЖ “MT* АШ1ИО
$ “M” , ® “M” OM №№
“ЯЯ” and are similar in meaning and interchan-
geable in usage. Following are the two meanings peculiar to
:
а. «я» www “isr ш "Ж” iw®o #ож»
“Xtw means л[й]n or "Jig.” sometimes, e.g.
<1)№Я^ДЯТХ<: ”
(2) иЛЛМ-ЯЖК^Э! Л@То
ЛМ” also means *X^^V , e.g.
(1) o
(2) #?
ЯМЯИШ, “M-” ЯО№£ЖЖЖо
In the two cases above, can only be placed after
the subject.
176
1. ffl
Л.iMPT
”1#O
(3) it;l\O Hl^l T, 1M1
itit^'lt^o
(4) axf< & Kit,t£o ж Ж# *& R Jt T ,
(5) i£A<ii;L,
T о
2. 5W4i-b
(1) it'HtA^iOl^ J?j#, o
(<t)
(2) JF_h, ДП < £ - № <,
о (£t)
(3) _____o (-M-t)
(4) it^^# ДЯ-t, Д&^МТ^Ъ
, (& t)
(5) .
( )
(6) Д4П
Bt J'C'H7 Л1] 7£ , o ( #L )
177
(Ъ 45 ^_Е # 45 Я1]„ ( £1 )
(8)
4гЛ,
( & )
3. j&wJMS:
Т xf Т *4"
(1)
<2>>х£
^- 44 & о
(3) ft WWHM, ОШ&
•ft—ЧТо
(4) <<l'WMWo
<5> «
itTo
(6) л^<Л^ # A i>]
Л. о
< 7>$.it# #4x g, t T Й
< 8) 4фж ii Д nJ-^-,
X#r<o
< 9) fe —
Фо
178
(Ю)_
—вф я Bf
(H>tt<<&
c r т & & t о
(12)ДЛП MlliU, tWlMo
<13)#^А4^'& ,aL< —
#AO
(14)-pLiSli>HHt^, Д ii < , {S.
£it£if f*»Л "Й о
(15)ФТ й £>££<+
£М/5"То
(16) £# ft Bf <, Д411Д &i'l р| -f & #)
, i£ Д 1Д<ЖЯ &# Д it # £ Ж
> £ Д о
4.
(1)
(2) <—;Л Ш Д$-Л $ Т Я- ?
(3)
(4) tт^, мит’Д?
(5) “Я” itЛX’ ?
179
5.
( LI He ) 6^ifA, feZOb Bf
<^A^t4fifo i*A^^BfK,
A^<4fifo <-Ч —АМ
<if^0 if^J&ifT, C^AiiTAo
if ><Х Лз, л^р ААMi A JLi§.o ^f А if, -А
— АЯ, Xlifft, —jO’J^f
#Ач1 -f^iMf Т , AMifftii сг^Жо
А—AXA, А1д A^Aif R АХ ^if а
#^о А*5Я’1 /кfr-jЖ EJ Ао Яр — А
А чЛ^ Я’] $•, 1 10 ( kun,sleepy ) ,
Ж & Я/ ± 3£ 1, <. & it А -£ i% А Н А иД А #
Ао Л'А^В’^^А^АА#-^, i^AAA—4^
if ifr'fcl’f ft Bf <, А й? #А Ц АЛР A#T it
Ao —pj,
А, <ЖА^Ж^: “цхЛ, if if, Л A if if
’If! ” /Wfeteif tZ, -s^MitAteitte-fr-f-
if Aifr T i&AoitBf^'te.— A AaLA<#0 T о
#ir—A> А^аААЖ, tf^o ^A
#ir^A<ikiK A о Яр А Д A ’M' A Bf M,
#$глда Ait A A if if, fa
ito ^A, $>&^TA1T£, itA^ifif, А я
180
181
гл !W
# ‘&4WWW#
° £J,
£ "# ‘ -^ tX ‘ X [й T Xfl
^лтато
4=^£^ДЛ^<, tISUM’l ТЛ i&o
/к^\, ® tN£ & 1£, 'l7 ® Л. 'Ь “
Й” Юо t
ЙХД£М;£<<|1Й^?
182
WWWOO, WW
&WZ, ik% 'MSjat/Mt.-M'
4ДЛ ад ^>14, wmTWo fe
Mih, Д i& ДЖФМ» Е.зЗЫт>& $<^о 4^9 >Ей^
<£, 4М Т4/Оад^Ж&Д£Жй^ Д#о
— адад, Ч^Ъ^Л^ад^адй
•Нх]ШТо ^^£4- й Д^Т<^х^о
<Л£ЛТ 07, М
Т4=^£<Ш^Ж: “iti*”
® ад -3)<-4 #€4-*© oZMO'J £4J& 07 ,
t^ад&хзкж&дд&^т, лйл<—4
HS—-4МЛо <Д, Л^§||*Ж;т©Яад&,
^пАШ, <4-^5
^t^o
М^Лп<й^#^о }&
ЖХй^ич, и> -йХ^-4, ЛД^^/Дй^
йШ^о 4=0^^Я/J ^й^^Ж,
Т^#о ШтЛ^йД^й^
183
M-OU, #-&Wfito R —
jEfit-^^^it, МД —
^I’Jfitis.^t^'.A, ЯЛ Jk^R fit j!#- # o it
44» Ш4£.№>Jfc i£. A T—Л^1^г4хо
ii^o W|S|kX,£, — ii-ft X^4£#, —
^£x^0 ЛХНМ MTtHJH
x,
|еШИЖ Й1АК„ 4МИиШ£
#t SAWWo -/LK9£^, ^<4Я
«^3ffit^<, <
^щ^1Т1е®о
— A.vg7L-f, ^gAMt^O + W’f'lT, О
A^@MiTo 4^ЛЛВД|2Р1',
fit -^- ж£ sj T M ® о
-tiO-^i/1, T <fit
£>£Л4£То ® fitM^K A-f^
-^-Ж, fe—ii^4s-^x^, —
ж#т4ол<о
— X-L —4-, 4= Л, ® л>« T , £ BfA-f
Oo Д^иОШШйШ^Л,
184
1. М 7^ ) dizhixue
2- (Ж) jia
3. — jk ( € ) yisheng
4. jk ( £ ) shiye
5. (§!)^) gbngxian
6.
7. >& Й
8.
9.
ю.
П-
12.
13. Q'ffi-
14.
15. -%
16.
( g ) gongji
( £ ) shiyou
( ^ ) xuezhe
( §ij) cengjing
pin you
(glj,£) jiujing
( ) qiantu
(£>Ж) jingji
( ) dizhi
( Ж ) zhe
( ) lilun
geology
a nominal suffix for such
words as writer, artist, etc.
all one’s life, life time
cause
to contribute, to render
service, contribution
merits, achievement
petroleum
scholar
(at) some time in the past
to be poor in oil
after all, whys and where-
fores, the reasons for
prospect, future
economy, economic
geology
a nominal suffix, equivalent
to -er, -or, -ist, etc.
theory
185
17 ik%
18. -f %
19.
20.
21.
22. МЖ
23. £#
24. < £
25.
26.
27.
(*й) renwei to take for, to consider, to regard as
(£) pingyuan plain
(^) chansheng to produce, to give rise to, to bring about
(&) diqu area
(^) pucha to make a general investiga- tion (survey)
(£) zongli premier
(^) zhichi to support
( bO ) qinzi personally, in person
(S) xiang a measure word
( §0 ) shouxian first of all, above all, in the first place
(&) youtian oilfield
28. -pE.B/J zhengming
29. Я, yujian
30 • iff }$ ( ) ziyuan
31 • Щ I*) ( £ ) guonei
32. iJ4 r? (sbv^) chukou
33. ( ^ ) lixue
to prove, to confirm, proof
foresight, prediction, to
foresee
resources
inside the country
to export, export
mechanics
186
34.
35. и
36.
37.
38.
(Й)
(й)
chuangli
men
diqiu
qiuling
xingcheng
39. ••• yilai
40. ( & ) xianxiang
41.
( & ) yuanli
42. I) R g ) ziranjie
43. (^),^) lianxi
44. <4
45. ]SJ-
46.
47.
48.
49. «
50. Я
51.
(%)
(&)
(S)
(£)
(£ )
guilu
tdngyi
yunddng
fangshi
gouzao
( € ) tixi
( Ж ) ze
( gj ) shi
to set up, to establish
a measure word, branch
the earth
an earthen mound, hill
to take shape, to form,
to become
since
phenomenon
principle, theory
natural world, nature
to contact, to get in
touch with, to connect,
ties, connection
law
same
movement
fashion, way, manner
structure, construction,
to construct
system
but, however, then
to make, to cause
187
52. ( sft ) jinru
53. ( £ ) jieduan
54. gj ( ij] ) liuxue
55. -ЗЧХ. ( ^ ) niandai
56. ) lunwen
57 • ( ijft ) re’ai
58. #• £ ( ) jiejian
59. |£| (ft ) guowai
60. JJtzfiJ (5ft, ft) shengli
61.
62. 4|5
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. ф
69.
(ft)
( ^ )
( 5ft ) dansheng
( ft )
(ft)
( Й )
Ьй
biizhang
shijian
( ftj ) qude
chengji
shishi
xiang
jinjun
to enter, to make one’s
way into
period, stage
to study abroad, to go
abroad for further study
years
essay, thesis
to love
to receive, to give an
interview
abroad
to win victory, victory,
triumph
to be born, to give birth to
ministry
minister
to practise, to put in
practice
to obtain, to achieve, to
get
achievement
to pass away, to die
to, towards
to march on, to advance
188
70. «
71 •
(£)
keji
( g ) bangyang
science and technology
example, model
£
1-
2.
3.
4-
5-
6- ЛМ’КйВД
7.
8. a
9.
10.
Li Siguang
Mao Zedong
Zhou Enlai
Daqing Youtian
Daging Youtian
Shengli Youtian
Hubei Sheng
Riben
Chongqing
Yingguo
name of a person
Mao Zedong
Zhou Enlai
Daqing Oilfield
Dagang Oilfield
Shengli Oilfield
Hubei Province
Japan
Chongqing
Britain
= . Я ® W M
«И:
Nouns plus the suffix usually refer to those’who
have a good command of a branch of learning or knowledge in
a certain field and achieve great successes or are engaged in
special pursuits in a certain sphere, e.g.
189
2.
As a noun, Й^Ж” has the following four meanings:
a. iss^mo ж
The relation between two things, e.g.
(1) $. i£ jb ik iX i Л Я** £ & fr-j %, o
(2) A , -fa X
в. Шп8 “И^Ж” л “й
The relation between two persons or two groups of people,
e.g. , “й^^Ж” , , “5Ш
Ж” , and Л^^5&Ж” etc.
с. Ж1й Л^ЖЛ/Ь’' л<
М^Ж* о Ш:
Indicating the influence on or the importance to something.
We have such common phrases as and
^Ж” , e.g.
(1)
(2) ЯД £ Ъ M, в£— А X -f- А, £
о
190
Indicating something is restricted by a certain condition
and often used together with or , e.g.
(1)
(2) fcf
“ФР о »:
As a verb, means (to concern)” or
and more often than not takes after it as its complement
of result or the aspect particle “Ц” , e.g.
(2) Д 4П t" it И A #1 & £ # й
(3)
(4) f Х7К^ itjkX Д
3o
191
& “HF , “й” йШтЯ±Шп±
ЯЙЛШ». ШП: лй<” , “JsW\ йх^” , ftXW”
A verb or an adjective plus the suffix л^з ” forms a noun
which refers to those who perform a certain action represented
by the verb or possess a certain nature or quality shown by
the adjective, e.g.
and rt
A noun plus usually refers to those who have a
faith in a certain doctrine or principle or go in for a certain
profession, e.g. ( = ) £ ( ) XfFt”,
etc.
“tF, aJs” or a numeral plus often refers to what
goes before in the context, e.g. , “X^”
and etc.
||” indicates that someone does something in his
own person because he takes it seriously or it requires his
presence, e.g.
(1) Й
(2) w й Ж fr, %
tj -fe’ & O
(3) ij.4^ 1=] 0
192
5. аде
(1) it'Mb
(2) №я МЛjb^ , d№'l T i£ 8ЯО
(3) T 10^
y& $ # ^o
£wi лавл” ижтаадмво mn.
The noun лйЕ0Л” also means “certificate” or “identifica-
tion”, e.g.
(4) £Й< В &
Д #—££ ЭД ’’С о
6. -eufc
“ШЖ” AWwHn/nilJ, Ж^ЕячДЛОДЯ^д
<»Ж4;ШЖГЙ\
“Ж” , ЛЙД” %, Ж "ИЖ” №o ЖП:
“HZЖ”,when added to a word or phrase denoting a
point in time, means a period of time from some time in the
past to the present. Sometimes there may be а л|=р ,
or ЛЙД* before that word or phrase to go with Л£1Ж* , e-g-
(i)
<2) 5'] t @ vxTAo
(3) ли958-^Х^, ft) т
193
ЛНЖ” МттЖЮЖЙ, адамию
Wl0lo &Bt, ШДЙ Й-Ж” о
^а^пх
“ИЖ” , also “-"Ж” , when added to a word or phrase
denoting a period of time, means the time from the starting
point of that period up to the present, e.g.
(4) =.^Я
(5)
(6) ланД, jt Д Л1 jl Ж ДRMo
7. ЖЖ
лФсЖ” is a verb, and a noun as well. When the noun
“ЖЖ” is used as an object, the predicative verbs we have
learned are usually and , e-g-
(i)
(2) Ж Ж F-h ©
(3) %- Oo
(4) —
&T,
(5) Д R iX/Л^- & ft &
^, Д тЖ’Й’о
8. Ж
Ю1 “WJ” »RW45ffiiWo
194
W:
The conjunction is a function word in classical
Chinese and is still used only in modern writings. It is usually
used to connect the two clauses of a compound sentence showing
comparison and occurs in the second clause. It can be put
either after or before the subject. In either of the cases, it
gives an adversative tone.
(1)
® Ж о
(2) itzOj
R,
JE $ Л wl Ш Й §Ь i5l ВЦ о ЖП:
is equivalent to • In the
text, it is for the sake of emphasis that the verbal measure word
is transposed to the verb "^JaL” , e.g.
(1) ЖЛП % < И ИО T Ш П
4х.о
(2) /А th Я if Ro
JhMWM'JwI “st” & “Е ( W
ЙЬ
195
Used as an adverbial adjunct, emphatically indicates
that something began to exist or took place long ago. In this
sense, is very often followed immediately by the adverb
or «Е ( , e.g.
(1)
(MWT, |ПШТО
(3)
(4)MW3a, Д-КХ&То
(5) ТЛАИЯй
< To
11. SBRft
w«iii± “\w> w^stiwi,
Ж» ЖП:
“VG” , equivalent to “-ize”, is suffixed to some nouns
or adjectives to form verbs, meaning that something has obtain-
ed the character or state shown by the noun or adjective, e.g.
(1) 1958-^fXJ^,
ftTo
(2) ’X ‘)b faj -ft, o
(3) Д4Г]-^-ЖМ ( ffihua, to afforest ) o
(4) ® А Д-^Пе, C^30.® Mil Д — 44i
“ft” «я ам (. лшг
( , “mt (- w ng м ж о
n^wi-awai “ft”, й “^sfjft” > “Wft” о
196
Most of the verbs with “ft” are intransitive except a
few of them, such as “^ft ( ^:lll ) ” , “fgift (ZX^ ) ” and
“15 ft (^|Я? campus)”. Only a few verbs can take “ft” after
them, e.g. and .
12.
• •
“Ф” s. ' «ф|0]» ЙЖЖ, Лй-Ф” ЖЖ^вЙ^
“•••OfiftiW о П^Ж^ЖЖо ШП:
лф* is exactly the same as eg’ or rtфfaj” in meaning,
and л^Е---ф” often means (in the course
of ••• ) ”. л^£-..ф» is rarely met in colloquial speech, e.g.
(1) < ifc Й
(2)
(3) t T 0$, R £ 1П —
ЕЭ, ifi X Я 0|J №
1. Ж1К
a. §i]i^ ft «ад» йИ’Штй'чь
ШП:
Both and “Ш1Ш” are intensive adverbs and
apply to questions to ask for a definite final answer. They can
197
be put either before the verb or adjective they qualify or before
the subject, e.g.
(I)
<2)
МЖОЙШ — Й^ЙСЙ^ЖшГо Шй:
л5ъ!Й” and Л^!]Ж* must be put before the subject about
which the question is asked, e.g.
(3)
(4) Jn
Я /&
ЛЙ1Й” ft “ЙЖ” MJW “Щ” 6Ш1'6Ж
Neither nor л50 Ж” can be used in questions
with “E,” .
B. ft “ЖЖ”
and ЛЙ1Ж” also mean “after all” and mostly
apply to declarative sentences, giving a ring of appraisal or
admiration or comment, e.g.
(1)
198
(2)
^^1^0
С. “Wl®” 2WKlO, Mo ШП:
"Ж)Й” also means “in the end” or “finally” but
does not have this meaning, e.g.
(1) -f/M'l ДО T о
(2) i*
A^’l Д4&itrXth T о
D. Жте^тдЬ ЖЖ йП®
Ж«Я “уг” о “Ж” ЖШ ШП:
"Й3£” is also a noun, indicating the end, result or all
the details of something or some event. In this sense, “ЙЗа”
usually takes the measure word лф” before it. ЛЖЖ”
can never be used this way, e.g.
Дth ДЯ T & < ? Д Л 4МЛ-
it % It 0
2. iA$ Ю
ЙАЙ” "НЙ” W
i^m^o
The object of л>ЛА” or лНй” is usually a subject-pre-
dicate construction, a verbal construction or an adjective con-
strution, etc.
' лНй”
"Н.Й” carries the following two meanings:
199
ШП:
Indicating that one forms an estimate or judgement of a
thing or situation which was proved to be incorrect or wrong
later, e.g.
cd ОТ,
П T о
(2) Д vx 3/й i£
Indicating that one takes a certain view of or has a certain
opinion or estimate of a person or thing, e.g.
(1) ^АМ-^З/^А^^-Ь Й 5, ZA
%?
(2) д^37<Фе—т
“1КЪ” RW “M” «Ж~W, И
лю” RAA’ о “v<A’
лйЖ”, , “W’, л—й:” , лш,;, “£”
шп*
“тЛУэ” possesses the second meaning of only.
So Л1УЗ)” in the two examples above can be replaced by
^j”o Besides, in the object of “тЛЗГ there is often a ,
, “W” , “—%.” , or to go whit
it, e.g.
200
(1) — tOC
SAA” AA.fflA Л4Г 1Ш
№)” , W AA” о ШП:
“\№)” can be used in а sentence, thus forming the
construction such as л$с-ЧЛЙ7“’” or >
however, can never be preceded by , e.g.
(3) isiii-Щ к iA % A— Д %f'
(4) ДЖ/А1ё.^^Д < яА
misW>00
1.
(i) t-z '• • 4V th ЮА
jiNA th J) — A?
Тд" ,1АЖ A
(2)
• • • •
Я-
яяхАм
201
• • • • • • t-j
<3) Л ДЛ
МИ
л^-хл Д
(4) <ДЖ
4^ ДНЯ
тШ—W
(5) ^ДкХД
-ЯМДД
ДДХЖЩ Д
(6)
Ж & % Д
(7) ^.Х^Д
Д#^Д
Д^ Д Д
ДДл# Д
<-f ££
д д н
Л ДЛ'НШЖ
£^ДНЯ
££-••• 4^ Д НЯ
<Ж ДНЯ
Ж 4Ь Д кХ Д
Жз^Е Л-> Д Д
ZL Д X 4V Д
Ж«
«—
М W' ж.
Д f д
д^дд
дд^д
Д]ё)---^^^
2. tE^R'hJ’F:
а) ^л-ддд^^а^/д,
Дй^А,о ( )
<2) №Л<^ДШ^йД
-^~ , _-__о ( J4 )
202
f
(3) £ #йШ^о ( £ £ Я - )
(4) ДЛП X % о ( £ & £']••• )
(5) ^Х^НЖ-!- о ( А
О-)
(6)
о ( Ж- £ )
(7) it X. А Т М $ < И о
( £#)
(8) Дл ik% Ш Й^ я #аЬ^, о
( X#)
(9) *t Я- & Д /М & й^,
_________о ( X# )
(Ю) ШАД^П^Л-й^-^--^-^, Х4^ # ik
-Д'» о ( й )
(Н) , кХ Stit^X^ < # Й^
Ой)
(12)
< , о ( < X )
(13), 4£<хМ£Т£4М&
it^ FT' й Жй^ & о ( < X )
(14) it Й^ж, л 4я li о
( -рЕ.0Л )
203
<15)i2 it > -t It fl < £ fr < £ x ,
_________о (-ХЭД)
(1б)М;ШЛММ*ШАА, ^Tl;l
____________о (-рьЭД)
itjo (”-^^)
, o (MM)
<20)21k kX£ Л« ,o T 4MWйЖт,
]й о ( )
(24);OW^ T, <
__________O ( )
204
3. Siw]ЖS:
я < &
(1) Й ®
4VH>6^, £ T
(2)________________$Lit/A< < & #J__< > A £ Ж
J^r
(3) ^ЛЖ< T
VE* is
о
(4) —/LjL/V-^f-fX flip, fe Д 4b £ k.
^.ji^'^^o
(5) ij.jg A Ek Д /Ы"vX й
7 о
<6) Л-£ii
—/ko
(7) #|5 7) tf} я < # <, Д-£ T
—;AT, <£&&£— гко
i1! Д. /С
<8) -Г й^ A ,is: AifMat T Д Й^
-k?
(9) To
205
(io)xf й
_________О
MS M 7)
(ii)MWWb^Ф£Л
Т Т ^Х~ТО
(12)Ш'1 Я '1Ж1-& т — Т 4с #
4$ о
<13)^^л^4Ь ТТД^Д'Г, М
^штт^ате&о
(i4)iXM#UI ДЯ* £if%?
(15)-^-^Я viz^.,
Д-i-g. if М'—To
X4^ T о
(17) % х IS. Ft £ АШ-] «П XT
ХАЯр —><<Д о
(18)М&«£^71ТТ, Д]П1£Т«,
206
(20)Д З^А^ДА'МА^ t ® Д
5’1 7,5 too
(21)^А SJ Ж# & Л 41
—41, ;?£^Г>-Х-j££-Mfitj — -^,
it 4Ш eq Ж1 A 7 о
(22)^^^;^^^^^АД# Ж 4а
4. ЙШ®>С:
— 0041Я^9, ^и?ХА^РЬ1н75’1 7
4Ь^О ^г^1^#йТо
BMtASMtO^o 4fc#tol4U4i
Ш Л , '5Г VX А £'] А-£ П , А 5’111Л &•( =& \Ц ( Yan
Shan, name of a mountain ) FW VPT, ^Г St
Ж’ 4ОШЯА#АВ®АТ,
. Ж — ЛТ-t^A, fe-AA-tLA^i'l, М
—Я МЖД й Д^гШ4П 7 о М
f f *Ш4£ Я А, S 5’1 Ж # А?Ж < (wen-
nuan, warm ) о А 4& 1£ 7^ 4а 4t ii А-Д-fr-l о ЯМ
ЧМ’1Д®Д7, ИЖЛ;£ГА<
SJ Д,« ft А — А Е7 Д о • • • • • • # ,
^^А^Д7иЗ)? "
М^НА7^е9ХйЖЖ4Ш, #JL^№-A
207
ЮТif 4^# —/Л, Юс. # o МЖ.
,UW'| T —
( huijian, to meet with ) o fOlxEiOJ T Я' ®
Tf T” 30'1 T M<7^ /? 30’1 T
4£ & Д Й;1 Я1 о M Ж xO& (zhexue, philosophy)
Ж Я $ '1 & 7) ® 4> ft — R о № R « #
4*ng < Ai£A T Д МЖ vX fe, 40'1
WT’l ЛИП Ж, Pingjing xialai, to
calm down ) o Щ Ш Ait: “ -Д- & i& i’l M Ж
•zfij. It Д1Г1, Jt &Ж'ЙЕ#М/Й ,
5 о if”Mi fe
x££^-|fit£ ”
— Ai —Ш| Й;! M> TjS -§F $. JZ- (chengli, to
establish) fo — Д zt^l5
WF, -fLi
$НЬ-^F-F^з йЬ i|- X4^ff Jt&
To йTitJ^x4^o ^iiM^xi^
^fl/L-^^#^, ttOT W, #<A
T эНрЖЗ'РлЬ ® о 4= 09X<Ki#fft &
<i’l Т^бШЭД: t
2’08
дЛ^И^Х
© М •&: “ 4х I5) <*', ifr № Я jb TjC Zr (Beijing Ting,
Beijing Room in the Great Hall of the People) —- *f“ o ”
^AabAf^o UIU4, 40
^•’Ж д Я&ЛШТ, №
BjJLvL-. _±Л, ЛЛ^То ” 4МК
£<T, 4№<s “4=c?£R£,
I^K-o
й e,jl-t-w<]л
209
fa % « -s- -fc & о
“fyi ” <
<Д, <o “&WWf: ---
‘-ши-нм,
To SOW, 4&th^^A<, -kfet)
uo-m*»
“-Ы/зЮТиО^о’М^
Я —# ЙИ#О
“ - it: ‘ Т- № t о ’ № Т А <
‘‘-AA:‘itaAW^A^A^o4^A#
i'l — Ж <^й4т0
210
W<, ft..”
“W&, ftJf-fts ‘’Mt! ita-f’Ff! &Ш1
jz £.0 F5J‘v|f! ^’’4"! Hehe! he, hehehehe! ’ ”
(-^£UflA0o )
—, ± Й
1. ji-te-
2.
3- -!#<
4.
5. ft X
li liin
(5ft,£) meng
( £ ) jiangtang
( sil ) yubei
zud wen
(5ft)
(£)
(5ft)
(*)
qlngjiao
yanjing
xieshe
( £ ) yanguang
jia
he jia
loading
to set forth one’s reviews,
to express an opinion
to dream, to make a dream,
dream
classroom
to prepare
to write a composition, com-
position, essay, writing
to consult, to ask for advice
gi asses, spectacles
to look sideways
eye
»»
a measure word
the whole family
thorough, extreme
211
13. -ЙЯ man уиё (of a baby) one month old
14. Й В (Ж>Ю ziran natural, nature
15. ( ^ ) zhaotou sign, omen
16. ( £ ) jianglai future
17. fa cai to make a fortune
18. < (ffi) fan a measure word
19. ( й ) gbngwei to flatter, to compliment
20. ( Й ) dun a measure word
21- ( тй ) heli to join forces
22- (MO tong severely, bitterly
23. (Ю biran inevitable, to be bound to
24- < # ( ) fugui rich and honourable, wealth
- and rank, riches and honour
25. -# ( ) xu to promise, to tell (a lie)
26- < ( Й ) huang lie, to lie
27. hao bao to be amply rewarded, to have
a good luck
28. if. ( ) zao to meet with, to suffer
29. L — ji ••• ye ••• both ••• and •••
зо. в ( ) qiao to look
212
31. м
ж
я iJi-
Lu Xun
an interjection
%
Lu Xun
E, Й g fg
1.
1ЬЖ “F > “5Г “5?” “f₽” о
0Ш:
is a verb, and a noun as well. As a verb, it usually
takes after it “Jg,” or “jrij” as its complement of result. As
a noun, it is very often used in the collocation in
which is a verb and is the object, e.g.
(1) t 1LЖ & t * Я
-£•47 T о
(2)
(3)
a±” eaw .«iu<
When added to a noun, rt_h” means “within a certain
range, scope or limit”. Sometimes it’s about the same as
'«S’ , e.g.
(1) H:Л£ o
(2) ‘У П Ж о
213
(3) W±W>^fiW^,
(4) 4&Д^_к^-йт Л#Л.^^Я^О
#№1№йо Шп«
“ _h” also means “in a certain respect” sometimes, e.g.
(5) fit
A^o
(6)
(7)^WT«,
л,
(8)
з. w
«Wffl rt|fi]” ШНЯтЖЙШНо -0Ш:
aT#t^” means “to ask for advice from someone” or
“to consult someone on something”. usually takes
after it two objects, that is, the indirect object and the direct
object, or only the direct object, with “ [Й] ” put before
to introduce the person consulted, e.g.
<D — Wo
(2) T,
fit if Ao
4.
ТА ШИ:
214
As an adjective, carries two meanings: one is
“natural”---coming in the ordinary course of events, e.g.
(о
(2) T 71 й
ШП:
The other is “of course” or “naturally”, e.g.
(3)
<4> X, <ХЛ, Й М%- о
also means “natural” or “without artificiality”.
In this sense, л^” in should be pronounced in the
neutral tone, e.g.
-mW,
%vb ЛЙ«Г Jt Ktfio ЖД:
As a noun, ЛЙ^” means , e.g.
(6) Й &o
(7) Тй. Tf........
5. &&7ЯЖЖ&ОД
, rtB” (ЯМ
When added at the end of a declarative sentence, the modal
particle expresses a tone of certainty, indicating that
215
something must or is bound to turn out as is stated or
expected. There is often the optative verb
or a potential complement in the sentence to go with it, e.g.
(1) “*’]<&,
(2) Wth , Д4a it Ш 4П
(3) phzrЖ*Ж 41i'l4bzr— £ -fc
(4)
fiwl W “it” ,
ЖП:
The measure word 맔 is similar to the measure word
“aJw” or in meaning and can only be combined with
the numeral л—” . applies more to actions which
take much time or a lot of effort or have a complete course of
development, e.g.
(i) МШН&Т- 4,
Mo
(2) if T — #
can also be used before a noun sometimes, e.g.
216
(3) ®
(4) “ % T f fllK
it, Ain-fr-f-A^it-f ifc— Jk^o
(5) TiW^it<«, Д in 4И-X &
7. ®
*wl “№” < л&” iME, £l\ Jt5L Й
<^f₽o ДОЙ1:
The measure word has the same meaning as the
measure word “'fc” . It usually applies to actions represented
by verbs such as , “ft” , “%”, “fin” and
“M” ,e.g.
(i) Aii'K^t-^Ws -¥&., W. нШо
(2> ^'bi^^A^it-lT T —
8.
ХКШЙЖ, -ЙЛДТ до
can function as either an attributive or adverbial
adjunct. It can also be inserted in the construction л71:’”
, e.g.
(2) it if o
(3)
9. йИШИТтйА, -Й^ЙШ
217
Jo-i? lb JE ife ВД» f$l
ЙЪ
The construction rt®E•••^^l•••’, means “both .. .and ...”
or “as well as” and is used to join two parallel verbal or adjec-
tive constructions, indicating that two states of affairs or two
qualities exist simultaneously, e.g.
(1) <,
(2) j-fc дВ тёг, Z£ i®
Mo
WBt, ‘Г ft “X” Ой Ж
Sometimes *56’’ goes together with eX’ to form the
construction Л§5Е"-Х"’” which is more intensive than
• ••” , implying a certain emotional colouring, e.g.
(3) X А Д % о
(4)
(5) 1Я X, X^tt -5t X ,
Д Д -— tIs & ifr & о
10. W
"Ж”
The optative verb has the following two meanings:
a. йм,
W^±01I, ЖйГЯЗЙЙ&ЛШ,
218
To indicate necessity, meaning , “'J&ffi” or
• In this sense, its negative form is ,
ЛЙТ7^ or . “ffi” can be used before a
numeral-measure word, a subject-predicate construction as
well as a verb or an adjective, e.g.
(i) ’W1OAUT, &
Д-f T £ > #o ” Я Ж ,
(3) |£Х:И:ЦИ|ИАо
(4) if iX X -fc ?
я^гт, - WTo
(5)
в W u^” o
^!l^ns
To indicate inevitability, meaning rt — In this
sense, its negative form is , e.g.
(1)
—д—$lC£'Jo
(2) “4<Д^МТ, -t-
219
T*EL! ”
1. fflT®StliWjfija'&l:
(1) (2)
(3) Жтсг_Ь- (4) -^^_E
(5) 4£^_E (6) X^±
(7) (8)
(9) ЮТ'-к
2.
й в •& в
(1) я, #->W$ #Т 9
ЖЛ’Кг—4о
(2) &длш^л 1,аТ^-
О) х^й e^Jxtfe£4W--W,
it— AJL^L^<-Kro
(4) ^нНШо
(5) it#< t-ЖДit £ < # £
M^o
(6)^M4aT, , X
-£, if!
220
<7) Д А X
(о) I* А-МЗ/ТТЯ }£ , А Л vx
fa IzHf ^о
i^. /А Ж
(9) Й'^Мг А 4т ib '—'Jk А
%?
(Ю) Д4&Д 6W X #, X Лк А А Т —
_________о
di) AFWT АТ
# ф В<До
(12) ДПХ WK Т —К, <Т —
<, М-А^.АТо
(13) Д4П Х«> Т Л—, Ж Аз А А А
(14) MAT^'ttT, Ж з-Х #МТ Д ТГ> 4т —
(15) <М4Ш, <^ТЧй Щ Фо —,
, =-,ТИ-НШТ-А, #АМ^
221
LO
to СЛ
CO
(3) Ж Д Д & Д М» 4^ А X AM ft" М А ~~ А
(4) дадИМ, T>«lOiU, if
A^T4Wftlo
(5) &-£Я)Ч1ЛЗ ИА, Д<АО
(6) ЖМ-<Д-^А;кА>ГТ, ЖЛПЖДЖ
«АМАо
(7) М Ж № it. Т it ft jft Ж, 'Pf’ft'isjAo
(8) МДМ, <#Ж<ТЙо
6. ffl Й ВЙЙ1Й—гЙЖЖЖХ^Й^о
7. ШШ:
A: ЙМП^Д^З
В: Д4Г1 jbД ф«_г_-^»о
А: X# Aifc^ И?
В: At МД Hft^tA^Ho
А: -f-ЖИ X# Д ДМ Ж
в: А’М, t^Н^ИДД
аммм^х & я -
ИД&Д&о т^АЖИх#,
№ yj ik Д &—&, ML М,
11ЕНЛ
A: ft ft < t ЖА “ft , ХА А “ ft
^Г”,
В: ft^AHA, ^.it—Д’Ж, ДДДДИЗ
4tWX, ^AtiW-ATr^H Ao ft
223
А, A-pt , Ж—XАst %- — >£-
О*Й$<>
А: <ВШ1<Я — ЛХ^^гМК, ^ТА<
В: A4Tit^<^o
&АЯО <t&
МД—'Н^о
А: ’лХ^Я^^МД^/А^ — А^Ж^%?
В: <^о ХХ^ЖХЯА^^^^МДй^,
4^А^ ^^-Я^^ЖМД ААЯ Ж
— А А. & о #1 -& ( lini> for example ) jr
1ХАЯ, 'fr Aii # A #
>1Ж^-рс^ А^.Ж^ Д#^Ж
ii 4f 0
A: i^.Ц- — 44%?
В: Ц1ХЙ^ДЛ^^14о
“Wtf-fc” о
A: AA^ T ^M>Xi£^-P], Ж
— ^^Ao
B: A£#o
224
ж -t + п ж
-л £
— AU яй-i—до
ш, “’&, $о
!§)£, — f’ff! ” ДЕ7^ — <, £й<_Ь-Д
— ДДЯ^о Д'^ЯгМ: ft £ 4 И Ж it % ? Д
д<#4? Л Д f М Т 4 , Д Л -Д R: “R
iX-U Д R Д Д zf , -4 д it Л i^-
Jko Д<ММ^,
_к^$ф,Ж: “R,£, ftД4ЯJUMP
"До ”. <iHZ<i£o
rt^WT£<? ”
“Й4? itJL%o ” Д^4Л-^о
ЧФТ,
223
|\1
” a Hi it:
ЭД 4" i" А &) л A fft 41 it, ДАА А
Т^<Ай, ЭД-t, /^м£рЬЯо ДДФМША.
ЭД-ЗМ1А, ^Лй, ”
Д^Л^АН-ДчЛМД £--Л^М,
й’г^/Д^ФТ Ай 6^ А До <A-M-6W± Ай, А
ДЛйШ#--£АДШТ, Д'-ХМ-До
А А И Я Д ЭД ;А, •?£ Д i’fr^it: ЛДД
ДАИХАЛА&—Т? "Я'^Л? й< Т #ApC|”it
226
й&йШ^М^о ”
№’/г Д Ж # i#, itS- Т Mi£: “12JL
f# =.-t-.O£, ”
" Ab »
$lu O
“WZ, ЙШИ, ”
M_L4,
j&T—-f-t, 'ТгЯТО, it
<-МД,
• ii> * T о
W4it: ЖЖъН#£МО|’’
pL<,
T-^'h#-fo m-a#, л^АзМи£^лд
4&Sj^pT^, 4e.4-#1"~'b$ "f"’T
— Д)КйШТо
“Я&, ^J^T, ” №it
Ai’l РАй^ 4fc Й £> X'|t if-f"#] й;Г
ifr -£ T о
227
ДМ, f Ж/ Д Ж й 'It M <##it#if
%? itBt, A
M £Д-Т-Ь^ 4# 4л it 1яД
6W-£±O:
s, , <tR Wtf O-i
fto ” ж£ЗН^А: AU
a ”
ДЭД6Т,
a&—” &wu-t,
x^<4HitrlO*Vio №‘IUW
ЖМП#T? «14г#^££#? ” Д-t^
>Д Ж SJ : “« А >h М Д , № Л < # < # t
Ж #1 о ЖЖ^л'о
“#]^ДТ, #&! ” Д£<.#ЛТй4£о
йМЛН-, ДКО-Н$о йЛз^Лл
А;и£,4sА, ДМ^-f-^o ДМ,
Г>^-ДЖ^аА^А^^ЖШйД-М, M-IMt
£ ДКЙ%!
— ч ± М
gan 1й
1. MJ&
to hurry (push) on with
one’s journey
228
9.
10. ifr
14. I)
16. fjL
17. Й
18. M
19. M
( 5b ) jiyong
( £ ) wuzi
( :g ) dangtian
( g ) houmian
( 5b ) chuan
( % ) jlcu
( 5b ) da
( §4 ) ganjin
( 5b ) ying
( Ж ) zixi
( £ ) yubu
( 5b ) zhou
( rg ) meitou
( Sj ) gai
( Й ) qixiang
( Ж ) yuan
( ) yubao
(*) ji
13. <
to be badly in need of,
to be urgently needed
material, matter
that very day, at the
same day
back, behind
to spread, to go round
hurried, rapid
to get a lift (in a car,
cart, etc.)
hurriedly, in a hurry
to go to meet, to greet
careful, attentive
waterproof cloth,
waterproof canvas
to frown, to knit
(one’s brows)
brow
to cover
meteorology
a nominal suffix
to forecast
a measure word, force
229
20. (?0) lin to be about to, on the point of
21. (£ yun cloud
22. ££ (£ dache cart
23. < ( ) wei to feed, to raise, to keep
24. X ( ) lan to block, to hold back, to stop
25. (Ж yaojin important, urgent
26. ig ( ) bi to seek shelter (from a rain)
27. X (ft ) li a measure word, a Chinese unit of length (= 1/2 kilometre)
28. (£ ) lei thunder
29. $l(O (25tJ ) sui (zhe) to accompany, to go with, to follow
30. F4- (fi ) zhen a measure word
31. ) liang cool
32. (£ ) wuyun black (dark) clouds
33. 34. ( ) baofengyu •••zudybu rainstorm, storm around, about
35. ( B'J ) dayue approximately, about
36. ) xie to unload, to discharge
230
37. (&) pengzi
38. < — A IL ( MO ) chayidianr
39. (£) caoliao
40. -$-4^ (SJj) anpai
41. (§0) nandao
42. £ (&) shixian
43. (Stj) fan
44. IhJ (в) hui
45. (ЖЯ) ling
46. 4Ф" (£) ling
47. (Sb) xiang
48. (» §0) zhenghao
49. ( iJ] ) ganji
50. ДЯ (Ж) zhoudao
51. a# i ”4 4 -f (%) rehuhu
52. (&) jinmi
shed, shack
almost, nearly
forage, fodder
to arrange
is it possible .. . ? is
it conceivable .. . ?
in advance, beforehand
to look through, to turn
over
a measure word
onomatopoeia
bell
to ring
fit, suitable, just, just
all right
to be grateful, to be
obliged, to gratitude
I
thoughtful, attentive
and satisfactory
warm
close, intimate
231
1
2-
Gailin name of a place
Hongqi name of a people’s
Gongshe commune
H, Й ® ft?
1.
“±Ж” ,
гл и
“ft” ШШ£, “Ж” , "Ж”
#^#МтЙйА ( ) ЮЖ ШП:
The compound directional complements Л_ЕЖ” and “ _h
can also indicate the direction of an action getting nearer
to someone or something. л±f in “_ЬЖ” and in*
dicates that the action is getting closer towards the person or
thing approached while ЛЖ” and indicate that the action
goes respectively towards or away from the speaker (or the
object concerned), e.g.
(1)
(2) «A4ti£] T , О
-Я T
(3) , &
232
2.
Й<ЙЮ®ВО »:
When preceded by a position or location word as an
answer, "nig” indicates that someone or something is staying
or existing at some place, e.g.
(1)
(1)
------I'W,
3. МВД
As a complement of result, “Q” indicates:
a. ши8
Something has been fixed or held at some place as a result
of an action, e.g.
(WU-OW,
(3)
<4)
Something is covered, hidden or concealed, e.g.
T , Д1ПМ £ # %
233
Шп± ОТ
ШП:
When takes before it or “7p’ to form a po-
tential complement, still has the above-mentioned mean-
ings, e.g.
(i)
(2) —, А ГЯ A l£-1
4. 1|ш
1Ж ЛВШ” , “Г , Л2Ш” .
лвГ ШП:
"||д” is more often than not put before a verb or a verb-
object construction to indicate the period of time just before
the action represented by the verb or verb-object construction
takes place. Moreover, the verb or verb-object construction
is usually followed immediately by the noun ,
го “й” . The construction “1[д---’7 often serves as
an adverbial adjunct, e.g.
(i) о
(2) ®
(3)-----’]£ ih A flvlt A -Я 4e- 2, Ф If
<-------iMo
5. №
Wil» »s
234
"ffi” very often goes with “Ц” and seldom acts as the
predicate but, together with its object, as an adverbial adjunct,
e.g.
(1) 4ЖКД0Е1 ifcOflTo
IHo
(3) #-X £
(4)f<<AMtMt, T <ДО
6.
“№P> Ol«imOO8f, fti+o ЖП:
means “judging from the present situation”, e.g.
(i) T, лн-т-ъ
T о
(2) <нт^,
-4 Я£о
<3) wjunдM-'*мъг.
<nt, 11№пгшйл1о -Ю:
There may sometimes be an attributive before
to qualify it, e.g.
(4) X
Д T о
235
7. ••<£*
^о
“'tc.'fa” , when added to a figure, indicates an approximate
number which may be either slightly larger or smaller than the
figure itself, e.g.
(1)
(2) T
Й~ ^7 ^- ”1” о
шп:
If the figure takes after it a measure word, а'^^п should
be placed after the measure word, e.g.
(3)
(4) JrA£-o
“tt” “№> о Шпг
When a numeral-measure word plus functions
as an attributive, there must be а йй” between the attributive
and what it qualifies, e.g.
(5) MU№Wo
(6) —
r^'^To
When applying to time, must be placed after the
noun denoting time, e.g.
236
(7)
(8) ДЛЯТ Л А # |н], С 4с. iX
Я А« ® А К Ж s' iCf »>1# £ T о
ms, w -tuo^t&wiа^” ±н, © “&» ч
и<в§о да,
When applying to money, must be placed after
the word which, however, can be omitted, e.g.
(9) ( 4Я ) A A, К % %
(ЮЩИМтЖДА
8. ЖШ
“M” JOMklWi^, “Щ” о
-й₽'Шй2ёЖшГо да»
лЯО(* is used to intensify a rhetorical question and
there is often the modal particle "E,” at the end. “ХШЖ”
can be placed either before the verb or before the subject, e.g.
(1) ЫШШ'1 $iOM<7Г 5’]?
(2) А{П/с<|й, 0=1 ^”5)?
(3) it я; < < of) {fi os, ?
9.
. “ДИГ ЙЙ-®,
^втшшЖо -да»
As a noun, means or лДнц” and can
function as either an attributive or adverbial adjunct, e.g.
237
(1) Jtf T o
(2) 1ХЖ^£<Л-Ъ
#Jo
gowi um^” а^отиижша. «:
As an adverb, ЛЖЖ” indicates that one has discovered
what he didn’t know before, e.g.
(3) —
<4) Д Л I’Ti'PI'SO-l, ifc 4- —
<;lo
10. EH
WwK ЖП:
“JEjtf” can be used to qualify a verb, an adjective or a
numeral-measure word, e.g.
(1) яЛЛ<й-1и
(2)
(3) XJtf-t—jfo
rtjE#fv may occur in the second clause of a compound
sentence, e.g.
(4) Д XT о
(5)
238
(6) itj, AM, А А й , j£-
11.
^yXinS., W—'^Ж^г'йтнЙ—'bM
Йо #п «аНЙГ . “ШМГ >
Й* о &^ШпТ^ЖЙЖЖП> &%№, ШИШШ
^Ь fi ?• йч 'a 7E IS /El Й, Я? Ills I® Ж ^п д’, IfU-S-ft^/Ь [₽i], ’а’Ж'Ш>Я?
ISo ШП:
In Chinese, the combination of a monosyllabic adjective
and the reduplicated form of a word can form a new adjective,
e.g. “ЙЖййЖ , “®»ЙЛ” and
Й” • Adjectives like these are more vivid and picturesque.
But the combination of this kind is more or less fixed and can
never be made at will. Moreover, an adjective may be com-
bined with the reduplication of different words to bear different
meanings, e.g.
(i) HO fit 'J' , Л. fit Ж в#
( yanjing, eye ) , X Й fit A /£ , A
(2) fWOSMTA,
(3) 'MIL £ fit , Я it X }R -;я fit ,
(4)AH'l<tU^, X-f-f fit^x M , iM
T,
239
Points worthy to be noted:
А. Й £ Ж & Я
%” ШЖ
Adjectives of this kind can not be qualified by adverbs
showing degree such as rt®.” , “%” and etc.
в. тшжвшжтао
When used as the predicate, such an adjective usually
takes after it.
с.
Most of the reduplicated words should be pronounced in
the first tone.
E3> ifi X Й ДО M
RW №
A. ‘W* ^iOt^AlWiBlo 4
ЖП:
is a noun denoting time, meaning a short time
ago. It can function as the subject, object, attributive or
adverbial adjunct. As an adverbial adjunct, it can be placed
either before or after the subject, e.g.
(i) Л Д ft Rj’J t -fc—A ;l T, M'J t Ж о
(2) RJ|J Ao
240
(3) RI'] t £
— ^1^0
(4) 4&RP] t ^Ла т — ^<^-0
в. лйУ^” 1ЖП:
лй0^'” applies to either affirmative sentences or negative
sentences, e.g.
(1) <RP] t ;£4-4r
To
(2) fl- £ Rj’J ;Мт ЯД i
^To
И0
A. «№” MMiJwl, я
i№»> лио/Г”
№, «WmTftm “ИО*
Ш ЛЙГ вдд
MAKWiW, /W” ЖП:
лй!]” is an adverb showing the immediate past. As an
adverbial adjunct, it occurs only before the verb, not before
the subject. takes the time of speaking as a starting
point, indicating what happened just before the time of speaking;
ЛИ!]” takes the happening of an action or a state of affairs
as a starting point, indicating it took place just now. Therefore,
can refer to some thing or some event that took place
long ago while can’t, e.g.
(i) ЖЛ]р£Х&—
241
<2) Я, WTW,
(3) п -г М В RPJ х ft & нф <, ff£
(4) Т —
Мй/1, ЙДЖФ, <№A<WiEW@№ “МФ” <
ЛЙР оЖП: “ЙШ ( Й«Ф ) ОТХ&ят£Г$
Т? ” ®ет1ШаШП^±ЧРДШЖ±ТХЖ^®гЖЖй “ЙГ
ЯД “ЙИФ” о
What should be noted is that, in colloquial speech, "ЙОФ”
as an adverbial adjunct is sometimes shortened as "Rij” , e.g.
‘WJ (ЙОФ) ХХ1ЙХХ, , but it
can be decided from the context whether it is “Щ” or ЛЙ!1Ф” •
as a rule applies to affirmative sentences only. To
negate it, is added before "Hi]” if it expresses a negative
sense, e.g.
S, 53
1.
(i)
(2) #}#& 'ftЖ ФО
242
(3)
(4) i]§ *£{ ']п> '|ё/с
__L
(5) -£#Х^ -$•##&
< # И 1'й]
(6) <Я Т
(8) ИЯЯ <ДЖ£’1
2. ЯЖ^ГЙ]Ж< “±Ж” л “±£-”
(1) т, А о
(2) ^4Д4ПГ^Л«Л,
Г о
(3) Д]ПЖ^ 1^Д^П-т^Т , Д —•
(4) 11AWJT4-, ДШ£о
(5) Д^И'Х^-^,
ДД—, £&£ШМ®О
(6) Т ,ДЙ'^о
3. ffl ftf£”
нШйШ:
(1)
(2) ЭД t /1' #• Т ?
243
о
(1),
(2)___
(3) T, о
(4) Й
To-
(5) Д'ТН'^ ? >о
(6) _o
(7) Tfc#. JL-f £ T , * о
(8) Д£;ия&, о
7. ffl
(1) М±ЛЛ
(2) ДчНй'Ь—
Д^ЙФнО — AJLo
(3)
(4) ДГКД^Э^З-Г'ЬЯ > -
Д JL о
(5) б-i Ж Tf б-i
M+-,
(6) zz.it 71 £<4Ш<А—i-^ i'l
(7)
245
<8) То
(9) W^o
8. Ж “»” ЖЪ
(D ММ,, Д/t Т % А л -Г*, JL Ж
&UW, о
(2) -^-Ж<, #Ж^ЖД'Ж^, ЖЖ х < я.
М, ЖДЖЖ>, ЖЖ-5LS£.ЗСЖ,._?
(3) ЗЬ’Ж ЖцО1 ?
(4) -к Ж t- я*WR&&у ЯО
Л- Ж Т ,?
(5) -^- рд, /< , ?
(6) Ж"-?Г Ж 7L, ?
9. ЕОШ:#ЖЙ1:
# & ж
н£_Ы“А^, — А-*
Ж Ф Ж КРШ Я^ Т Ж, < < =. Ж А & & _Е Т
Жо &Ж-ЖА.О-Ж-?А^^а-То it=.
ЖАЛ^Ж^ХЖл
АЖ^Т^То Ei# ,^-МЧЖ^- Я i^, Ж-А
ТЖ, зХФМЖЖФ'^>, 4е<—ф.ьЖЖ-’&М: Т Ж
246
HjMrj
it: <.HtT! ”
M-TWTM — <tlfo
1- <it (Ж)
2- (Й)
3- (£)
4. ( & )
5- "t "B* ( iS )
6. 'O (^)
7. 4ЬЖ (^)
8. f'H (£)
9. (£)
10. ^.-ф" ( Й )
и. ж (sfj)
putong
keche
chengwu-
yuan
yumili
qiguan
jmji
qiangjiu
lieche
lUke
shengming
tiqian
ordinary
passenger train
conductor (on a train)
maize grain
windpipe
urgent
to rescue
train
passenger, traveller
life
ahead of time, in advance
248
4fiit JC kX jp), zt A* EФ
МММ,
— Л, £ , ЛМ —
£ Жfr-ng £ T о 4t#4= >OJ
44МЖО WHi'J44-n П,
Mo ^^4е«П4т#,
Я'1 <&M, < 4t’ — >, #^UE/^o fe—
i>-£, ле
M4-H, 4; JUM'Uxxад о А4пад14=}£
Я7#
Ж^^Ж-^го —^L, ^F^zt^’W Т, —Т
-f-#<?g&cXo Д±
©ЖТА&Мт&М кХ^,
&<^^Ж1£ад#ад0
249
^>t^, zOt—T , Jt^it < ft & *Г i£
%? itAi±-t4r#£xjL;l — ^r,
tcS^ig #o jg^XA^oii
иХХз, Xf^itit: “ ^[5 Дх >g ft 4* iL^1]#”^! ”
Ml ЗГЯ1] i'J Ф ig 7> A
$o feA^—M, OI^IKT^, ЖШ
4-^TT'TAo 4=it
^^<<$иыт, ^”U4Ma^o -л,
t] t ”§ i§, #= it & % & $ 'J i£ it #] # #J
>@ > f’ ^-—*^to ^T Jt it >Й
R: “it^i-t^^? ££&£i£? ”
“1ХЛД*П^,
it-“ R, it: “ iff it "FT ! ” ^Xfe.'E’—ffcii.
•<•”§, ТЛ'й'J'tit^., <iJ'J Д T JLо 4=itkX^z
X, 4T#^5'KX#ito
Ht_k, it A< Д, Ж A _L £г, << £ t]
T it Ж < T < X it it: “ # >1,
tm0 влма
it, о itr^^, iET<^,
i£<Wi^0 4=it)W;
250
£Т,ТйМЖ«^Т, 1Н^ДЛ’’1о ”4=
&Х^ТМ££4О
feT, <%: 'ПТо’ 4=&O*J^AtH
&<ММА, <1МДА±Т^
Йо №<.^тл.ж^
|h№-tL-Я•&о Ж—Ж”^^,
^ТЛТ ;Ж— AJL->L^4To х
251
Т ЛЖ, Т , То й
;&. & fc it )й i£ & t № М t А о
M1”§)T, ^-tL^P^fTo >®AxA^itFX>^, <
£iEHiWAT ^ЮИИЗДЖ
АЛ, ^йЖ<Т-*Н^й^1 “*t^w о
X, £ Я
5. ;®4 (£)
8. ЯТ| <«>
9. 44 («)
ю. Яг (iS)
п. #)ч£ (S)
12. > (*)
chuanshuo it is said, legend
shanqu mountain area
zhen town
xi tou west end (of a street, etc.)
jiudian wineshop, public house
guitai counter
guang to be used up, nothing left
hudji salesman, shop assis- tant, waiter
kufang storehouse, storeroom
qu tofetch
yaoshi /' key
sheng a measure word
252
13. £ (Л) zhang a measure word, a unit of length, equal to 3| metres
14. хе- (£) weiba tail
15. (^) juan to roll, to wind
16. 4-Ж (£) fangliang roof beam
17. (ift) shen to stretch, to extend
18. fa. (£) gang vat, jar
19. ’7 (Й)) xia to frighten, to scare,
to intimidate
20. < (ИНЬ) gan dare, to dare
21. (й) zui to be drunk, to be
tipsy
22. —Td yi xiazi all at once, all of a
sudden, in one go,
in one stroke
23. (£) dongjing the sound of sth. astir,
happenings, noise
24. (Ж) kepa fearful, frightful, ter-
rible
25. Дл (£) gair lid, cover
26. ( взУ ) guoran as expected
27. > (£) xie blood
28. (51)) dao to pour, to tip
253
29. ) xing
30. (£) wiilai
31. (Ж) jingchang
32. guai
33. > («) yao
34. M ai da
35. («) wan
36. $ (§Ь) wen
37. — A ( ВО) yfqi
38. ^4- zhong du
39. (^) tuo
40- ; ) dasuan
41. ( ) zaishuo
42. A^T dian deng
43. JA (BO) lian
44. (Ж) qingkuai
45. 5e (Ж) turan
46. (£) die
(one’s) surname is ..
surname
rascal
constant, often
to limp
waist
to suffer a beating, to
be beaten, to take a
beating
bowl
»
to smell
at one go, at a stretch
to be poisoned
to pull, to drag, to haul
to plan, to intend, inten-
tion, plan
to put off until some
time later
to light a lamp
repeatedly, in succession
brisk, spry
sudden
father, dad
254
47.
48. Jl
49.
50. &
51. М
52.
(Ю
(£)
( я'1 )
(£)
(Й)
53. 4х Й
qidng
zhi
qiongren
bai
jiaqian
c6ngci
( ^ ) zhongyao
poor
straight, to straighten
the poor
for nothing, free of
charge, in vain
price
henceforth, thereupon,
from then on, from
now on
traditional Chinese medi-
cine
1.
2.
3-
D4bie Shan name of a mountain
Li Bo name of a person
Liu Wulai name of a person
=, ж ж од м
1. НЯНЕЙ
"0” й ?н0^№^|й]о ОДЙ1:
The verb *0’’ when preceded by means “return” or
“to return back”, e.g.
<D 9 ДЛП-^-ЮД, ^Д/VA Д
, T •f’ A+Д in it SZ A о
255
<2> ^г,
2. HF^iSikTStiS*
• •
*[гр ЖП:
л1Гр” means “to frighten” or “to scare”, e.g.
(2) ft JkЯ7* T о
ffl «ТО-” fft, Js,
ЖП:
When the construction л1Гр^.*.* is used, the subject of
the sentence can be placed after “ffi” , thus making the sen-
tence subjectless, e.g.
(3) (££’W £ th#
IЯЖ£Л-pL^th^^o
(4) (<ШЖ, th о
I % £ it # X, *Г % Д th T к rf a
3. -ТТЯЙЯЙШ
• • •
л-т^” Wi>, < WM,
$1#П:
Used as an adverbial adjunct, rt—T"P” is equivalent to
in meaning and is used to stress that an action is done
or a state of affairs takes place in a flash, e.g.
256
(2) Ж/б £ И/UH$, — T-f ?Ш/б £ ж
Д То
(3)
<^<3, ,t &W-MO
4. IEtt&W1t£"rtt«4E
мд<%
«£ “^-” о ЭДП
-” о ШП:
can be added before an adjective to form a
rhetorical question, meaning л7р---” or “TPX;---” .
£•••* should be used instead if such a question is changed to a
declarative sentence, e.g.
(1) Лад —M
(2) -f-TTs И i# &
(3)
5.
* * *
rt—” ) fr^wUnT,
£o л-----” nTlWiiiW, 1тШД u^”
( < ai&” ) о ШП«
The reduplication of a verb preceded separately by u—”
indicates that the action represented by the verb takes place in
257
succession. Such an expression may serve as a
predicate, an adverbial adjunct or an attributive and usually
takes after it “$j” or “j(b” , e.g.
(i) м—м
#jo
<2) -f-
(3) 4#—4^МАО
(4)
йШ-
е.
МЧтЯ “X” ЙЖ^Й, < ЛЧД* , Л£Г ^Ж®о
WMiS’nJUIW , “Й” ШП:
The adverb ЛХ*’ here expresses a turn in speech, meaning
"nTM” or . In addition, "X” can be used together
with “pJM” or in the same clause, e.g.
(1) &&ДТЙ,
Xjfc±Fa To
(2) x< —&1VIIVIR
SUWi’ITo
(3) ТИ21М
di 4^-0
258
7. Я®
The verb carries the following two meanings:
А. Д ( Й1ЙЛЙЯЙ) дао. #fj#ns
/
To think over or plan (for someone’s interests), e.g.
<D ft £ , Дfl’1Ж % < £ &i'l ©
Й (Ur#»
<2)
fn 4т # о
В. Te^flr, Т-+Й1-. В ( ) о
МЙ. 1ЖП:
То prepare or intend (to do something). In this sense, its
object is usually a verb or verbal construction, e.g.
(1) аШйК^йШ
513? th
(2) % jJif fn 4т T T —F/Hl 6$ < x
4Ф о
“О” да.
The noun means the idea, intention or plan for
what one is going to do in the future, e.g.
(i) #ft & 4т#?
<2) «kx^fta® ®^12? ®ft -¥
4t4T>o
259
8.
• •
“То” шп»
лМгЙ” means to leave something over until sometime in
the future, e.g.
it—
(2) Т^
(3) ft in & JM ? ft £ ft & ft in
iOr?
9:
rt^-w
ШП:
Coming after adjectives or some verbs as a complement of
result or degree, indicates a great difference between
two things by comparison, e.g.
(1)
(2) —.RL> 'bMTo
(3)
To
260
(4) £ о
(5)
10. Ё
ЖНн! “&” <Т®ИФЖ®8
As an adverb, лй” has the following two meanings:
a. ЯЗТнШ-.
ад^да^йшж,
“ЙЙ” о ШП:
То indicate that one does something in vain or for nothing
at the cost of time or effort. A й ” can also be reduplicated into
«66%e.g.
(i)
(2) Д^ГЛ0 % <
йЯ, Л.
Т№—Т^Го
<з) ijww, te-f-euM1! т
Д & %} Т о
в. whol “й
Й” О ШП,
То indicate that one does something free of charge or without
reward. "Й” cannot be reduplicated when it expresses such
a meaning, e.g.
(1)
261
(2) -т& FA A FA — 4® ( kun, a measure
word ) ;£ & ^i±o
И, й X 00 M
X S £
“%.”, “K”, M§ijiw, i$ wt
ж,
ЛХ” , and лй?л are all adverbs indicating re-
petition, but they are different in usage:
“Г
“JL” usually indicates a realized repetition, e.g.
(1) 1X4^ T—A. X
WttWo tfX’ ‘T’ 1Ш»±й» Ж
Sometimes it may indicate an unrealized repetition which,
however, is bound to come true, and the repetition is usually in
a regular manner. In this sense, rtX” mostly comes before
or an optative verb, e.g.
(2)
(3) TO =.Д4ПХ<<1АТо
ши,
indicates an unrealized repetition, e.g.
(4) T-;A,
о
262
«у»« «п» ой
S^wlBUo $№:
Both “X” and ЛЖ” аге used to indicate the repetition
of a certain state of affairs, which is sometimes structurally
negative and in that case “%” or comes before the
negative word, e.g.
(5) ^XiU^WTo
(6)
um-v етжвшда
ж, адяг< “~т” о жп:
The construction is an intensive expression
which indicates a certain state of affairs is never to repeat itself
and there is often а at the end of the sentence, e.g.
(7) T о /А, кх Ja Я-
ЭДЖЖ—Ж'&ЖЖИо Ж
The construction is an intensive expression
as well. It indicates that a certain state of affairs has never
repeated itself up to the present, e.g.
(8)
263
ФМ: “Ж” о ЖП:
“£Е” can also indicate an unrealized repetition, but it is
different from in the following two points:
1. u'^£” occurs more frequently in interrogative sentences
than лЦр > e;g.
(9) iUWUlHW,
vSj?
(10)
“%.” ж мм
т«1±Ж “И” £№0^wI±Jro Жп8
2. In a declarative sentence, if there is an optative verb,
Л£Е” comes before the optative verb, whereas after it,
e.g.
(in --Ж,
(12)
ЭД Л-JI- # if &—£< о
M “%” W “Ж” Жй-Wa,
ШП:
If “Z” and rtM” are used simu'.taneously in the same
sentence, should be placed before the optative verb
while after it. In this usage, the sentence sounds more
emphatic, e.g.
264
(13) T — it,
0Л ito
(14) Д
2. wtotoim #йяш-шотзад1шв»
\
265
266
з.
—д-д
—ж—м
----
—* ЗЗу -— 3%j
(1)
(2) #,—( n’> mud ) А, ^'Ь&А
м-f^n^Г М А
о
(3) itHMiTiJLo
(4) HUW«, ___^, Ы
<£о .
(5) , MW1 Т о
(6) &j , — A W ilj А
(7) № Д"W HtM, £#j,
Т£о
(8) №а^<, , МА Л
Т, о
4. ЯШ^ВЙЖМД^ВД;
(1) “^”
267
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(Ю)
(Н)
(12)
(13)
( )
”£₽t, ШН,
о ( ft EJ Л )
Ж t &< ДFя, о ( —T-f )
J-» Я Л #] , RI'J if if ,
i-T, о ( i=) )
, (&)
:( £ )
зЬ Я & М -т гЗ],
о ( & )
’ГЛ^ДТйТ,
________о ( X )
it 1# , feJtijt
л>лДТо ( X)
268
5.
а. ЯШ Ш”
5UE. т, ДА&, X Д д
Д ,<Ь о
ДЛШДхДТ, X
•^Д^сД^о
(1) МЖ’ЖЗЬ о
<2) №,< Т — W, .= А^£АЖо
О) № £#]$.Ж1Йй, АДй М
^it Т О
(4) длдд;#мдд
£о
(5) ДАДДД,
Я То
ь. д л<1+^-”
$Js Х^-Д^М—&,<^аЛ
^)о
Ж А&?£ Д Д Ф, л <Д М — ,< ,
< ДЛЯ йо
<1) ЖЛЧ£Д<ДДЯ^^Ж, Х-^-АХ^
3<^ЯТо
<2) Ж^Д^ГФ, Х#^Ж£
<?Х Д Ж Д о
269
(3) X^it^'e,
'tb &1L 'д' it о
(4) ttl^T^its “it#$:H-^*f, it# it
HWf, ”
c. «та»
0h ^WlW,<WI*iHlW£
-ft it i£ ”C!
it ВД £ T M IW £
-ftit”€l
(1) iUWlttHWWHH,
^-ifc^^it TitJLit-ft^#o
(2) T ,
Ait Д<## iMtiiit, #J Й;! 'It ЭД Л
^$4^0
(3) №з£^дллш, it
(4) it^H
(5) it itЖ-#-, it J& Я1] it,
'It vX -ft M /t о
(6) 5tA*t^A<: “it<Tif JL#$,
, <ДЛ it 4t-M--;£
270
Д Д < ВЯ Д М Т -Я-
/Е* о
d. ffl «-£Т* $t “'&%”
$l« 4&М4—4 7? 4 о
feHs<4itj>To
MlHIiff > o
<1) <i-t, 4-4—
-5^ о
(2) Ж —4,
'4» Я»"^‘Жо
(3)
(4) Ж4ь<^<-4^, W/4^t^Jr
i® о
(5) -f-/j-<, ^4-utXt.
<T=-4o
e. “30”
(2)
(3)
<4)
271
6.
^o( Maotai,
name of a place} tg Л Л i® o i£ *Н£Ж
Л.Я] “tgj” (zhongxin, centre
fr-J o^ Д^^И^^гМтк,1£^?|<'^Вр'1С|7
( xiushi chengfen, modifier ) -fa fr-j £ |5] o
“ЙГ £
fo^O, £ >®ЛтН^th
f- ( chuchan, to produce ) j'g o X >Й A % #J
^'H”: ^^-T> #Ж>
М.-^Ж.> Я > 4a ’F J'» Й5 •$. Л.
Й45, ^Я> Д^-
Л1ЛИЛЯ^.^О ДтёМ/&<Кг4ь^—-jS, #'H’,i&4-
#-f\ fel-u^-Ж^о -&НЛ£Ф#Д (tedian, char-
acteristic ) ^ 4Й ^> -, -R ( xingzhuang, shape, form )
(1) Ж^ЕШП^Ж--®wjil, ТЙЙ^ЖЖ'Ё(ПЙ>Й?Й<^И^
т'ВШЖйТййЖЖ: nW,
3tM, m. еж, a:®, юа> ый.
MJL, ЙЙ, №, ^5J£, ЙЬ^, ИИ, та®
fe, <Ф, M, iSEO, М
272
Ж&> ЯЖ№ S/тЯШ
(2)
ЯИ+£ЖШШ№ WzjsWjM-. Mfe-. ЖЖМ
273
г
A
a FW
ai
ai 4fUr
( ИЯ ) ayd
( К) aiya
ai da
ai
ai
an
& ( Ж ) ai
£ ( Sb ) ai
) anpai
£ ( Ж) anquan
•Зг^Й ( Sb ) anwei
an interjection 71
an interjection 67
to suffer a beating, to
be beaten, to take a
beating 73
short of stature 65
to like, to be fond of 65
to arrange 72
safe 68
to comfort, to con-
sole 59
В
Ы (Sb) ba
bai 6 (gij) Mi
ban ( £ ) bantian
bang # ( =g ) bangyang
bao (Sb) bao
to pull, to pluck 60
for nothing, free of
charge, in vain 73
for a long time,
half a day 63
example, model 70
to wrap 67
274
bao ДДЙ(£) baofengyu rainstorm, storm 72
bei (£) bei monument 61
r (sft) bei to carry on the back 60
bei f («) bei back 68
tei (Ж,М0) benlai original, originally, at first 64
bi (%J) bi to seek shelter (from a rain) 72
•>b (Ж) biran inevitable, to be bound to 71
(16Й) bixu must, to have to 69
biin ($) bian to change 65
biao If A (&) biaodian punctuation 66
biao A it (% ) biaodi to express, to voice, to convey 66
(Ob) biaoshi to show, to express, to extend 61
bie 3'JA. (ft) bieren other people, others 63
bing (§0) bing an adverb placed be- fore a negative word to show not as might be expected 68
bo ЗЙ.З& (&) boli glass 59
bo Ш ( & ) bowuguan museum 61
bu
(i£)
budan
bugub
bulun
not only 64
but, however, only 62
no matter 64
( $ )
275
bu
Kit
bu zhu
(£)
( S )
)
bu
bu huang
bu mang
bujing
buru
dj № ( s!|) buyoude
( ^ ) buzhang
not firmly, not se-
curely 68
ministry 70
in no hurry, unhur-
riedly 65
scene 62
not as good as, not
up to 60
could not help doing
sth. 67
minister 70
cai
cao
.w
(£)
(£)
(£)
(§O
ceng
cha
cha
chai
chan
f a
caineng
cao
caoliao
cao wu
cengjing
№ ( %] ) cha
cha
£—A JL. ( gij) chayidianr
$= ( ^ ) chai
/ A ( sb ) chansheng
ability and talent 65
grass 60
forage, fodder 72
straw shed 67
(at) some time in
the past 70
to plug in, to insert 67
poor, not up to
standard 62
almost, nearly 72
firewood 64
to produce, to give
rise to, to bring about 70
276
chang
chao
cheng
chi
ehou
chu
chuan
chuang
chuang
cong
(в) chang a measure word 68
chao to, towards, to go (move) toward 69
(^) chenggong to succeed 65
(£) chengji achievement 70
(£) chenglou city-gate tower, here:
rostrum 61
(£) chengyu idiom, set phrase 63
(£) chi pond, pool 69
4л ( ) chou to try to find (time) 67
th о chukou to export, export 70
ifejfS- ( £ ) chulu way out 60
ft ( ) chuan to spread, to go round 72
ftiit chuanshuo it is said, legend 73
SI () chuang to rush in by force or improperly, to force one’s way in or out 69
Й1Й chuang hud to precipitate a disaster, to lead to trouble 69
-Ё'1-i (Sfj) chuangli to set up, to establish 70
Akjlt. (Ж) congci henceforth, there- upon, from then on, from now on 73
277
conglai
congqian
ciln
cud
cunzai
cudwu
at all times, always
before, formerly,
once upon a time
to exist
mistake, error
64
64
da
da
da
dan
dan
dang
da to get a lift (in a car, cart, etc.) 72
da lie to hunt, to go hunting 67
darao to disturb, to trou- ble 67
dasuan to plan, to intend, intention, plan 73
dating to inquire, to ask 67
dache cart 72
dash! ambassador 65
dayue approximately, about 72
dan xin to worry, to feel an-
xious 59
dansheng to be born, to give birth to 70
dang to fill an office, to
serve as 65
dangshi at that time, then 69
278
dang 4^ (%J) dang to obstruct, to block 60
dang (%) dangtian that very day, at the
same day 72
dao (^) dao to pour, to tip 73
(gij) daodi after all, at last 63
dao di to the end, tho-
roughly 68
de zt? tv (ЖЖ) dede onomatopoeia 69
de *. Ш) deyi elated, exulting,
pleased with oneself 63
dei 4-T dei must, to have to,
should, to need 68
di ( й! ) dique indeed, really 63
di 4jW ( ) didang to resist, to parry 68
di' (Ю didian place 62
МлК (£) diqiu the earth 70
(£) diqu area 70
^7^ (&) dizhi geology 70
H£) dizhixue geology 70
dian АЙ* dian deng to light a lamp 73
dian й-й-К ( g ) dianhuaji telephone set 62
diao (Й) diaocha to investigate 64
die (&) die father, dad 73
dong (g) dong hole, cave 65
(^J) dong to move, to get mov-
ing 60
279
( й ) dongjing the sound of sth.
astir, happenings,
noise 73
dong shou to start doing some-
thing, to proceed to
do something 67
(g ) ddngzud action, movement 69
ddu ill V (£ ) douhao comma 66
duan ®r duan to break off, to
sever 59
dui (?tJ ) dui to face, to confront 60
(£ ) duifang opposite side 65
dim (в ) dun a measure word 71
(£ ) dunhao pause mark 66
duo £ ( иО ) duome how 61
dud duo a measure word 67
(%} ) duo to hide, to dodge 68
e e
er fa JL () erqie
hungry, to be hungry,
to starve 68
moreover, besides,
and (not only ...)
but also ... 69
280
fa fan (fi) (Si)
fan ( S'J )
(Si)
fan <E- (Si)
fang (£)
fang ЛЖ (£)
fang zk (Si)
feng (^,^)
M, 7>Ь (£)
fu (Si)
( )
(Si)
. ЛК.З- ( )
fu (&)
fu « # (Ж)
fa cai to makea fortune 71
fan a measure word 71
fan to look through, to turn over 72
fan’er but, on the contrary 64
fanfu to repeat 69
fan to commit, to make (a mistake) 64
fangshi fashion, way, man-
ner 70
fangliang roof beam 73
fang to let go, to set free, to release 68
fang xin to set one’s mind at rest, to be at ease 59
fengjian feudalism, feudal 69
fengjing scenery, scene 67
fu to support, to help 59
fuhao mark, symbol 66
fuhe to conform, to be in keeping with 64
fuwu to serve 62
ftizi ax 64
fugui rich and honourable, wealth and rank, ri- ches and honour 71
281
1# (%b) fuhud to recover, to re-
vive 59
(£) fujin nearby 59
G
gai (iBSfr) gai should, ought to 68
gai ($) gai to cover 72
Ajl ( £ ) gair lid, cover 73
gan ( ) gan to hurry on 67
OB^tr) gan dare, to dare 73
(^) gandao to fee! 63
(^) ganji to be grateful, to be obliged, to gratitude 72
( и!) ) ganjin hurriedly, in a hurry 72
gan lu to hurry (push) on with one’s journey 72
gantanhao exclamatory point 66
( %J ) ganxie to thank 61
gan ( ) gan to do, to work, to make 60
gang (£) gang vat, jar 73
gao ( %] ) gao to do, to make, to get 64
ge ( > ) geming revolution, to make revolution 61
gen genben foundation, root, basic, fundamental 64
282
(St)>£) genju to base on, basis, ground 64
gong ТЛ ( £ ) gongfu time 63
( £ ) gongjl merits, achievement 70
( & ) gongju tool, instrument 66
gongwei to flatter, to com- pliment 71
gong Ж M (sL£) gongxian to contribute, to ren- der service, con- tribution 70
gou $) ( £ ) gou dog 65
gou ( S) ) gou to be enough 62
$) ii. ( £ ) gouzao structure, construc- tion, to construct 70
gu ( 1^3 ) guniang girl 67
gu iA (&) gudai ancient times 60
guai % (30 guai to limp 73
guan *? ( S ) guan official 69
(S.3l) guanxi relation, to matter,
to concern 65
() guanyu about, on, concern- ing, with regard to 69
guan It (30 guan to be in charge of, to take charge of 67
fa (30 guanli to manage, to run 62
guang Л. (3)) guang to be used up, nothing left 73
283
gui J ) guilii law 70
gui c? (-g ) guitai counter 73
gu6 ® <*) ( £ guonei inside the country 70
m ) guowai abroad 70
ДХ (% ) guowang king 65
gud Ж& (10 guoran as expected 73
№ tft ) gudshi fruit 65
gud (% guolii passing, to pass by
on one’s way 67
gud ye to stay overnight, to
stay for the night 67
ha Ю haha onomatopoeia 66
hai &Й ( £ ) haiyuan seaman 59
hai в" ( zrfj ) hai to cause harm to, to
injure 68
Г4Й (i$ ') haipa to fear, to be afraid 68
han if (£ ) han sweat, perspiratic n 65
hang -fr (ft :) hang a measure word 67
hao (ЖЧ 1) hao how 67
hao bao to be amply reward-
ed, to have a good
luck 71
( & ) haochu benevolence, mercy 68
he he jia the whole family 71
284
(Sj) heli to join forces 71
hou (€) houmian back, behind 72
hu (£) hii pot 63
hii (fi) hu a measure word, household 65
( §0 ) hiixiang each other, mutually 66
hua (%)) hua to paint, to draw 63
huai (^) huaiyi to doubt, to suspect 64
huai /А^ь (£) huairen bad person, evil-doer 68
huan W (£) huanjing circumstances, en- vironment, surround-
ing 69
huang W (%n huangzhang flurried, flustered 68
huang it (£) huang lie, to lie 71
hui EJ (*) hui a measure word 72
hui tou to turn one’s head 63
huo (&) huopo lively, vigorous 67
hud R# (£) hudji т salesman, shop as- sistant, waiter 73
ji (^) J jidong to excite, to be ex- cited, to be moved 61
Ли ( §0) jihu almost, nearly 69
( S ) jihui chance, opportunity 61
ji it (*) • / JI a measure word, force 72
285
ji
JI
jia
jia
jian
jian
• • Л
Jian
jiang
jiang
(Ю J1CU hurried, rapid 72
,t- '|ё (%) jimang hurried, in a hurry, in haste 63
(O) ji to squeeze, to be crowded, crowded 65
( %}) jilii to record 66
( <3 -* ^J ) jinian to commemorate, to mark, commemora- tion 61
(Й) jiran since 65
gt”-4 ji ... ye -. both ...and ... 71
(^) jia to add 66
(Ж) jia a nominal suffix for such words as wri- ter, artist, etc. 70
(*) jia a measure word 71
(&) jiaqian price 73
(£) jian shoulder 67
Я X ( §0) jianzhi virtually, simply 68
*Й2&Г ( §0) jianjian gradually, little by little 68
jianzhu building, architec- ture 61
( И1) ) jiang shall, will, to be going to, to be about to 61
X (£) jianglai future 71
(£) jiangtang classroom 71
286
jie 44- (^) jie to join, to piece
together 59
(£) jieduan period, stage 70
44- £ ($) jiejian to receive, to give an interview to 70
jie (Я) jie to bear (fruit) 65
т a (Z) jian festival 59
• • \ Jie & (fi') jie by means of, by the help of 68
jin !£' (Ю jin tight, close 59
(Ю jinmi close, intimate 72
jin (^j) jinjun to march on, to advance 70
i£A (^) jinru to enter, to make one’s way into 70
jing (Ж) jingchang constant, often 73
(£) jingcheng capital 69
jingji economy, economic 70
jing # (Ю jing quiet, tranquil 69
jin m ) jiujing after all, whys and
wherefores, the rea- sons for 70
^JE. (^) jiuzheng to correct, to redress 64
jin (£) jin wine 63
;O (£) jitidian wineshop, public house 73
287
ju ( £ ) • / • JUZ1 orange 65
ju (*П ju to raise, to put up 65
• \ JU bjr» ( & ) jhhao period, full stop 66
(£ ) jiilebu club 59
4&w, ju shuo it is said that, to be
said to 69
juan («J) juan to roll, to wind 73
kai kai тй the curtain rises 62
kai wanxiao to make (crack) a
joke (fun) 66
кап (^) kan to chop 64
kao 7^* (^) kaolu to think over, to
ponder over 69
kao (gfc) kao to rely on, to de-
pend oh, to lean
against 59
ke (*) ke a measure word 63
4Ш (£ ) keji science and techno-
logy 70
ke *5" (Ж) ke’ai lovely 67
T'I4- <ЖйП kelian pitiful, to pity 68
T W (Ж) kepa fearful, frightful,
terrible 73
288
кё
kong
kong
kou
ku
(Ж)
(Ж)
( и) )
(£)
(£ )
(£)
kexiao
кёкй
kongpa
kongr
koudai
kufang
funny, ridiculous 60
assiduous, hard-
working 69
perhaps, I’m afraid 67
free time 67
storehouse, store-
room
kun ( Sb ) kun
to tie
la la В (Sb) la lajiao to pull, pepper to drag 65 67
(£ )
lan & ( ) lan to block , to hold
back, to stop 72
lang ( ) lang wolf 68
lao ПЙ ( & laobaixing common people,
ordinary civilian 69
( ) laoren old man 60
laoshi honest 69
( laotouzi old man 60
lei 'Si (& lei thunder 72
li % (£ ) li pear 67
li kai to leave, to depart
from, to deviate from 66
289
(fi)
a Chinese unit of
ZZifc ( ) lilun
(«) limian
lixiang
li li lun
lixue
lian lian
It ( §0 ) lian
length (= 1 /2 kilo-
metre) 12
theory 70
inside, within 68
ideal, idealistic 61
to set forth one’s
reviews, to express
an opinion 71
mechanics 70
to link, to join, to
connect 66
repeatedly, in succe-
ssion 73
lian •••dou even 59
(&) • • • (ye) •••
‘f-c (g'l) lianmang at once, promptly, immediately 63
lianxi to contact, to get in touch with, to con- nect, ties, connec- tion 70
liang (ЙП liang cool 72
(£) liangxin conscience 68
liao T (Sti) liao to end up 63
lie (£) lieqiang hunting gun 67
lin ( ) lin to take a shower, to be caught in the rain 67
290
ling
ling
ling
liu
luan
1ЙП
lud
hi
i|5 (zjj) lin to be about to, on
the point of 72
(€) linju neighbour 60
& <^Ж) ling onomatopoeia 72
& (Ю ling bell 72
3 (Ж III) ling another, other 63
)5*b (й? > §i]) lingwai other 65
(tb) liuchuan to spread, to circulate 69
(51)) liuxue to study abroad,
to go abroad for
further study 70
& (&) luan disorderly, confused 69
(£) lunwen essay, thesis 70
M- (511) lud to fall, to go down,
to set 61
(&) Id donkey 68
M
man
mao
mei
(Я 2) man full 65
Я man yue (of a baby) one
month old 71
(I 5 ) maohao colon 66
« £ U 5 ) meitou brow 72
mei yong useless 65
291
mei
(Ж)
(&)
mei
meidang
beautiful, pretty 67
every time when,
whenever 67
Л ЯЯ (Ж ) meili beautiful 67
men я ) men to stifle, to depress 68
men П (Я men a measure word,
branch 70
meng £) meng to dream, to make
a dream, dream 71
mi (% ) mi rice 67
mi ) mishu secretary 62
mian (£ ) mianqian front, in the face of 64
miao ( miao seedling, sprout 63
2^ (%} miaoxie to describe 69
ming НЛ & (Ж^) mingbai clear, apparent,
obvious, to under-
аЛ ( g!) ) mingming
mingque
stand, to know 64
quite clear, obvious-
ly 68
clear and definite,
clear-cut, explicit 66
na (R) nayang such 67
na (Ж) na a modal partical 63
nan () nandao is it possible .. . ?
is it conceivable ... ? 72
292
nian 4 К (% ) niandai years 70
niao Л (« ) niao bird 69
nong 4 (5Й) nong to make, to do 66
p
pa 1й (Sb ) pa to fear, to be afraid of 60
pan 44 ®т (Sb) panduan to judge, to assess,
to determine 64
peng to-f (Й : ) pengzi shed, shack 72
pin pin you to be poor in oil 70
ping ( D ping level, flat, even 60
/и (St 1 Ping to base on, to take as the basis, to rely on 64
if J£ ping li to judge 68
с .) pingyuan plain 70
pu 41- (Sb 1) pu to jump on (upon) 68
рй (St 1) pucha to make a general investigation (survey) 70
Q
qi 4^ (£) qizi wife 60
qi (Ж) qiguai strange, queer 63
(£) qizhong among (whom or
which) 69
qi It- (£) qixiang meteorology 72
293
qian -f- (gl]) qianwan be sure 62
qian ( £ ) qiantu prospect, future 70
qiao й! ( SJ) ) qiao to strike, to knock 69
qiao № ( $) qiao to look 71
qiao >5 (%) qiao coincidental, oppor-
tune, as it hap-
pens, as luck would
have it 69
qin Й ( §i] ) qinzi personally, in person 70
qing fete (Ж) qingkuai brisk, spry 73
qing (fc) qing fine, clear 61
'tfr 7Л ( fl ) qingjing general aspect, si-
tuation 69
(3$) qinglang fine, sunny 62
qing ($] ) qingjiao to consult, to ask
for advice 71
qiong % (Ж) qiong poor 73
S’ A ( fa ) qiongren the poor 73
qiu ( £ ) qiuling an earthen mound,
hill 70
qu Ж ( ij] ) qu to fetch 73
W ( $ ) qude to obtain, to achieve,
to get 70
qun (*) qiin a measure word,
group, crowd 67
294
re (^) (Ж) ' V • re ai rehuhu to love warm 70 72
ren (%}) renci kind, merciful 68
(^) renjia household 65
(&) renwu character 62
ren ik% ( ?й) renwei to take for, to consi-
der, to regard as 70
ri E) Л (%) FIJI diary 61
ru -fa (ft) ruhe how, what 62
s
se (£) se colour 67
seng {f (£) seng monk, priest 69
shan дт (£) shanmen gate to a monastery 69
J-j К (Ю shanqu mountain area 73
shang Ji® (&) shangmian top, above 68
she (&) she snake 63
she (£) shehui society 66
shen W shen to stretch, to ex-
tend 73
shen (£) shenxian angel, spirit 60
sheng (*) sheng a measure word 73
(Ю shengdong vivid, lively 69
£Л sheng hud to make (light) a
fire 67
295
sheng
sheng
shi
shi
shi
shi
shou
shou
sheng qi to be (get) angry 68
( & ) shengliiehao dotted line 66
JM'l (g^rg) shengli to win victory, vic- tory, triumph 70
s ( Ж) shi wet 67
( £ ) shi poem 69
( g ) shiren poet 69
utK ( g ) shidai times, era 69
( §i]) shifen very, extremely 63
(£>Ж) shiji reality, realistic 64
( ) shijian to practise, to put in practice 70
( gfr ) shixian to realize, to come true 61
>5 •& ( g ) shiyou petroleum 70
ft ( &J) shi to make, to cause 70
ftffl ( ijj ) shiyong to use, to utilize 66
( g ) shishi fact 64
Й£*1Й* ( ) shishi to pass away, to die 70
( ) shixian in advance, before- hand 72
^Jk ( g ) shiye cause 70
Я*. ( ij/j ) shou to accept, to receive 62
( g ) shoushu surgical operation 59
*Й* ( §ij ) shouxian first of all, above all, in the first place 70
296
•fa (€ ) shouzhi finger 59
shu a#- (£ shulin wood, forest 67
(£ ) shuzhi twig, tree branch 63
shuai ж (Si 0 shuai to fling, to cast away 65
shui ?f.±. (£ ) shuitu water and soil 65
shuo <ИЛ (Si, .£) shuoming to explain, to show, to illustrate 66
si ® Й- ( ,) sixiang thought, thinking, idea 66
song (St 1) song to give, to give as a present, to send 62
su a (St 1) su to dwell, to stay overnight 69
suan & suan sour 65
sui M.(M ) (St J) sui (zhe) to accompany, to go with, to follow 72
sun #-f ( .) sunzi grandson 60
sud 0Г (f [* ) sud a measure word 67
tai ±Fej (Ю taiyang the sun 65
te ( §0) tedi specially, particular-
ly 62
ti (Si) tiyi to propose, to sug-
gest 63
ti (£) tixi system 70
tian (Si) tian to add, to append 63
(£) tianse time or weather of
297
the day as judged by
the colour of the sky 67
tian (&) tian field, farm 63
ith (Ж) tian sweet 65
ting ( i» ) tingdun to pause 66
tong fl# (S) tongban companion 67
I*J nt (S) tongshi at the same time,
simultaneously 69
R- (&) tongyl same 70
tong ( §0 ) tong severely, bitterly 71
tou (gj) tou to steal 64
tou (ft) tou a measure word 69
tou (&) touding thorough, extreme 71
tu ( ) turan sudden 73
tui () tuiqiao to weigh and con-
sider, to ponder 69
tui № (%) tui leg 68
tuo fe ( ) tuo to pull, to drag, to
haul 73
tuo a (2Й) tuo to carry on the back 68
w
wa (Й)) wa to dig 60
wan 5b (Ю wanquan entire, complete 69
wan (£) wan bowl 73
wang ( и1] ) wangwang often, usually 64
298
wang
wei
wei
wen
wen
wu
wu
wu
xi
xi
xia
xian
xiang
) wangji
£e. (s ) weiba
(Ж) weida
•R (% wei
) weibing
14 1) wen
X# (% wenjian
(& ) wenzi
14-?- (£ ) wenhao
(& ) wuyun
(€ ) wulai
( ) wulun
if (£ ) wuzi
( 1 xi
xi tou
xi zao
J* 0 xia
(« -) xianxiang
(% ' ) xiang
to forget 69
tail 73
great 59
to feed, to raise, to
keep 72
guards 65
to smell 73
document 62
written language,
character 66
question mark 66
black (dark) clouds 72
rascal 73
no matter 62
material, matter 72
to draw, to breathe,
to smoke 67
west end (of a street,
etc.) 73
to take a bath 61
to frighten, to scare,
to intimidate 70
phenomenon 70
fragrant, nice-smel-
ling 65
299
(^) xiangxin to believe, to trust 68
xiang ( ) xiang to ring 72
Й- ;Л ( £ ) xiangfa idea, thinking 64
xiang ( ft ) xiang to, towards 70
( sjj ) xiang to resemble, to be like, to take after 63
(fi) xiang a measure word 70
xiao 'Mffr ( £ ) xiaotou thief, pilferer 65
xiao xiaohua joke, jest, to crack a joke, to laugh at 66
xie ( ) xieshe to look sideways 71
xie (&) xie blood 73
(Й1 -> -й ) xiesheng to sketch, to make a sketch of, to draw living or non-living objects 67
xie (isH xie to unload, to dis- charge 72
xln (Ж) xlnku toilsome, hard,
strenuous 60
xin *<* (£) xinxin confidence 60
xing (гй) xingcheng to take shape, to form, to become 70
(£^J) xingdong action, activity, to
act 64
xing (ЙК&) xing (one’s) surname
is ..., surname 73
300
44 ,f- ( ) xingji impatient, short- tempered 63
xiong (Ю xiongwei grand, imposing, magnificent 61
xiu (Sj) xiugai to modify, to revise, to correct 69
xiu ( ) xiu to embroider 59
(£) xiiizi sleeves 65
XU xuyao to need, need 62
XU if (30 xu to promise, to tell (a lie) 71
xue cj- (£) xuezhe scholar 70
ya J4\ (S)) ya to press, to lay (sth. heavy) on 68
ya & (3j) ya to crush, to press 59
ya (K) ya an interjection 62
yan Й) (£) yan cigarette 67
yan i ( ) yan table salt 67
•;s(< ) (^) yan (zhe) along 68
yan (£) yanguang eye 71
вя^. ВЯЙ1 (£) (£) yanjing yanqian glasses, spectacles in immediate pre- sence, under one’s 71
67
nose
301
yao .£ f
4Л
ye 4tif
уё <
— h
( & ) yanhui
( £ ) yangzi
( £ ) уао
yaoqiu
( %) yaojin
( £ ) yaoshi
( §ij) уёхй
( £ ) Уё
( £ ) yisheng
( ) yi
(giJ) yiqi
( ft ) yiqie
yi xiazi
banquet 65
shape, manner 64
waist 73
to demand, to re-
quire 69
important, urgent 72
key 73
perhaps, maybe 68
night 67
doctor 59
to remove, to move 60
at one go, at a stretch 73
all, everything 66
all at once, all of a
sudden, in one go,
yi
yi
« (I?j)
••• kX
kX X? ( %) )
-i (£)
-at (£)
V
yi
•••yilai
yiwei
yiju
yi ddng
yisheng
yishi
—<i.' ( SO) yixin
in one stroke 73
to 65
since 70
to think, to consider 64
(of a person’s) one
and every move 64
all one’s life, life time 70
for a while, for the
time being 69
with one heart and
one mind, heart and
soul, concentrate 69
302
-i. ( bG ) yizhi all the time, always, straightly 67
yin (&) yinci hence, therefore,
thus 63
( i£) ylnwei because, as 65
yin ( & yinhao quotation mark 66
ylng ( £ ) ylngxiong hero, heroine 61
ying ( St) ) ying to go to meet, to greet 72
yong bjciZ£. ( S1] yongyuan always, forever 68
you idj 4J ( ^~л ) youtian oilfield 70
dj-f (ft youyu because of, owing to, due to 64
(J^>St)) youyu uncertain, to hesitate 68
you ) youming famous, well-known 69
ws you yi to have a mind to, intentionally, de- liberately 66
you ( 1*7 you right 63
yu & (£ ) yu fish 62
й-fe C ) yuchuan fishing boat 62
'А R. ( ) yumin fisherman 62
fA (£) yushi hence, thereupon, as
a result 64
( yuye fishery 62
yu ( \Л ) yubu waterproof cloth, waterproof canvas 72
303
(£ (£ ) ) yumao yuqi feather tone, manner of speaking 67 66
yu ( ) yubao to forecast 72
(% yubei to prepare 71
® £ ( -Й . 7Й) yujian foresight, prediction,
to foresee 70
(£ уйуап fable 60
yuan ( ) yuan a nominal suffix 72
(&> взО) yuanlai original, former,
originally 63
(£ ) yuanli principle, theory 70
%, 0'J (% yuanze principle, funda-
mental rule 65
yuan (& ) yuanwang aspiration, desire 64
'Ж (^§!j) yuanyi to be willing 61
yue я (£ ) yue the moon 69
я * ( ) yueguang moonlight 69
yun '2^7 (£ yun cloud 72
yun ( ^~\ ) yundong movement 70
z
zai (& ) zainan disaster, calamity 68
zai (31) zaishud to put off until some
time later 73
zan °й -1П (ft) zanmen we, us 60
304
zan
zao
zao
ze
zhang
zhang
zhao
zhe
zhe
zhe
zhen
zhen
zheng
zheng
( ) zancheng to approve, to be in favour of 60
(S)J) zao to meet with, to suffer 71
-f-Д (&) zaochen morning 62
A ( £ ) zaodian breakfast 62
S'J (Ж) ze but, however, then 70
(Sj) zhangde to grow 65
( Ё1А zhang a measure word, a unit of length, equal to 3J metres 73
(£) zhaotou sign, omen 71
1^, (^) zhe to cover, to shade 65
(Ж) zhe a nominal suffix, equivalent to -er, -or, -ist, etc. 70
ИХ (ft) zheli here 61
(Ш zhengui valuable, precious 59
« (ЙО zhenxi to treasure, to value, to cherish 59
££• (*) zhen a measure word 72
M (£) zhen town 73
^1*^2. (Ж) zheng whole 63
fp_ (Ж > йЧ) zheng right, exactly, just 60
(£) zhengfu government 62
jE. if (Жч1Ч) zhenghao fit, suitable, just, just all right 72
305
(ЙКЙ) zhengming
zhi jt# ( Sfj) zhichi
zhi X (Ж>5!)) zhi
zhi X ( &) zhiyao
X < () zhiyou
zhdng gj ( ^ ) zhongyao
zhu
zhdng
zhongyu
zhdng
zhdng du
zhongyao
zhou Я! i1] (JU) zhoudao
zhdu at () zhou
zhu tong
zhu zhuguan
(&)
zhuren
( ^ ) zhuxi
( £ ) zhuyi
( zft ) zhiisu
to prove, to confirm,
proof 70
to support 70
straight, to straigh-
ten 73
so long as 65
only 65
traditional Chinese
medicine 73
finally, in the end 61
to grow, to plant 63
to be poisoned 73
important 66
thoughtful, atten-
tive and satisfactory 72
to frown, to knit
(one’s brows) 72
bamboo section
used as a holder or
container 67
subjectivity, sub-
jective 64
host, hostess, master,
owner 66
chairman 61
idea 65
to stay for. the night 67
zhu
306
zhuan (Ж) zhuanxin absorbed, conceit-
trated 59
zhuan zhuan (shen) to turn round, to
face about 65
zhuang (7Й zhuang to contain, to hold 67
zhuang (S) zhuang to clash into, to
knock into 69
(Ж) zhuangli magnificent, majes-
tic 61
zhun (Ж) zhunque accurate, precise,
exact 69
zhuo ) zhuo to seize, to catch, to
capture 68
ZI О (£ ) zlyuan resources 70
zi ff- (Ш zixi careful, attentive 72
zi Й $ (%^ ziran natural, nature 71
) ziranjie natural world, nature 70
zong £(Л) (MO i) zong (shi) always 65
л±- (£ ) zongli premier 70
ZU ( Tl ) ZU foot 63
ZU ( ) zuguo motherland 61
zui (£ ) zui mouth 68
zui (%J ') zui to be drunk, to be
tipsy 73
zuo A (£ ) zuo left 63
• ® •••zuoyou around, about 72
307
zuo ft(fcL) (Я) () ZUO zuo(fan)
ftx zuo wen
ft Я zuoyong
to do 64
to cook, to do the
cooking, to prepare
a meal 67
to write a composi-
tion, composition,
essay, writing 71
function, effect, to
function 66
308
Bide name of a person 59
c
Chongqing Chongqing 70
Я -I- Chu Wang King of the Chu State 65
fcS'J >fi
Щ
Л № W
Dabie Shan name of a mountain 73
Dagang Youtian Dagang Oilfield 70
Daqing Youtian Daqing Oilfield 70
Dongguo surname of a person 68
G
Gailin name of a place 72
Hanizu the Hani nationality 67
Han Yu name of a person 69
309
H6ngqi name of a people's
Gongshe commune 'll
Hubei Sheng Hubei Province 70
Huabei North China 60
Huai He the Huai River 65
J
Jia Dao name of a person 69
Lihua name of a person 61
Li Bo name of a person 73
Li Siguang name of a person 79
Liening Lenin 62
Lili Wulai name of a person 73
Lu Xun Lu Xun 71
M
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong 70
Mao Zhdxi Jiniantang
Chairman Mao Zedong Memorial
Hall 61
R
Renmin Dahuitang
the Great Hall of the People 61
310
Renmin Ylngxiong Jinian Bei
the Monument to the People’s
Heroes 61
Riben Japan 70
s
Shangdi God 60
Shengli Youtian Shengli Oilfield 70
TtK Tangdai the Tang Dynasty 69
Yanzi name of a person 65
Yaojia the Yao nationality 67
Yingguo Britain 70
Yiigong Foolish Old Man 60
Zhisou Wise Old Man 60
Zhongguo Geming Bowuguan
Museum of Chinese Revolution 61
Zhongguo Lishi Bowuguan
Museum of Chinese History 61
Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai 70
311
ШИВ
( )
Я\£ВДГЕРВИ
ФВВй?№Ш1Ш£^
( ФВЯйН5®) ®ff
Jt®399jSffi
1980i₽ ( *32Jf ) $-ЯЙ
1985*₽£“&WJ
( RS ) 9050—16
00550
9—E—1516PD