S Й О f *
ELEMENTARY CHINESE
READERS
BOOK THREE
it Ж ® Ж ¥ К Ж
it Ж
SINOLINGUA
BEIJING
First Edition	1980
Third printing	1987
ISBN 7-80052-027-7
Copyright 1987 by Sinolingua
Published by Sinolingua
24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing, China
Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation
(Guoji Shudian)
P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China
Printed in the People’s Republic of China
a
жга+нш...........................................i
К, Жй
1.	В+НЬЖС-•) The complement of time (1)
2.	The complement of time (2)
3.	The adverb “g”
4.	Ж1НЖ	as a complement of
result
ЖЩ+ВД...........................................20
Г,
К, ЖЙ
1.	The construction
2.	(2Z) The adverb “gfe” (2)
.....................................  35
П, Ж#
1
К,
1.	The compound directional
complement
2. “Т’?ПЖ*£|ч]|М5 The aspect particle «J”
and compound directional complement
ЖИ+АШ ЖЖ9).................................51
..................................61
r, Wzfc O*
H,
И, ЖЙ
1. RTflalbio The potential complement
2. RTflail'The potential comple-
ment and the optative verb
3l,
ЖИ+АЖ......................................76
Г,
H,
И, Ж&
1.	efE’ sentence (1)
2.	Different requirements
of a “JE” sentence
3.	.
2
The position of the optative verb or
negative adverb in a "ftj’ sentence
..........-....................94
Г,
“$E” 3^(22) “$EW sentence (2)
ЖЯ (10)...................... 108
Points to be borne in
mind concerning "ftj’ sentences
Г, Ж
И,
3u
ЖК+-Ж............................... 121
г, шад##
К,
1.	“bls”	Comparison expressed by
the preposition “Ms”
2.	Villi'in The complement of quantity
з.	a-^bis-as an
adverbial adjunct
3
S, ^я
^S+ГШ........................................ 136
г, But
S, £1Я
га,
1.	The construction “$!•••—№я
2. “Ж----The negative form
of the construction
3.	Comparison
expressed by or
s,
......................................... 155
-, ШЯ
Г,
(21)ФИ
S, £Ш
га,
1.	Numeration (2)
2. ^МП'ёГFraction and percentage
3. fn$t Multiple numbers
Е, 'ЗЯ
^г+гаж мя (id................иг
-ч ж#
X, £15]
н, ^я
Ж£+5Л£..................... 182
-, #^Я
4
22,	Ж*
Н,
И,
1.	The sentence showing existence,
emergence or disappearance
2.	The construction “j££.
3.	•••’&& The construction	”
........................................... 196
22,	Ж*
H, £тЯ
И,
1.	The sentence passive in
meaning
2.	ЛЙГ sentence
3.	The sentence with verbal
constructions in series (2)
S,
дег+'ЕШ...............................................2i2
Г,
Н, £1л|
га, шй
1.	The construction ...gfc...”
2.	The compound sentence
3.	£b” The construction
5
4.	The reduplication of
measure words or numeral-measure words
5.	The reduplication of adjectives
Ж, «Я
Ж Я (12).................................. 233
Different types of Chinese
sentences
Г, Ж
mi
И, £13
51. &Я
Vocabulary ....................................249
Outline of Grammar for Review ..........273
6
£4П£'Шз£7^+'Ь-Ь1Н-.
• • • •
WJke^iBj-^To
• •
-. t ft S 5
Ф4=, ЙД+-^=Й11ЙЙ|-^=Й1, ЙКТ-'Ь
d'H\
i.	й'] 7"'fast 7
jL'HbBt?
M t Д« 7
-^-bHto
2.	AMHsJF-j£# 7 / -£. at fa] ?
i
...	^0^-}^,	Й>Ь^Н+:&
3.	# Л £~Ш r£ 7 J Mt |HJ ?
$ЛП £	7 ^+^'b8to
&Ш,	—'b-^-'bst
^4:, iBj'b'Mt
4.

tr, <, ra + ^Ht
2
--''b /]
5.	&&&>&№ fa ft 7 ><st|SJ?
utЛЙ3 &# 7-'b8to
3F£'bi£, #, .
^P^b^-a-, V^T, +'Ь8|
6.	Ji^7o
aS
-£rit)7T
7.	$А^-ад?£в8 Ло
----- w - — — --
{t, — ^тЧЛ
Ж,
ф, Л^#й<
з

=' *
- it' «
|s)^ :
##! A + Э Ы & , '<£ t -2- t1)	4*,
5'H Э is—'M 7
£#ВШ,	Ай-
S'U^R,
4
Й SL7 й.
Л>о ^<ДД8Й^ЙЖ^Н8 л , <ЙЛ£Л.
5£о	,	...
fcAW^UU '< A_L
см'Bf-;£•>&<о	'b+-J'Hto Т
st^’Tf^-g-, <вф1&#4й4о в£,_±.£-Д
;  Л ’ л
c?4^-Jko
Ю’МЬЖ’Ш^, ^£3'К&Л,# А
=1,	7 -'ЬМо
яо-У'Ш^ТГ t&ifi °
ДЙ.7Г ft	Д fll	+F
^^4L?	То
Вф|а]^-Т-7 , StlO’liiA^o f##
й$®4<о
5
^310!
MX
79 10 Я 15
= . ± i3
1.		(^) zhongwij	noon
2.	i£#	(зЬ) jinxing	to carry on, to go on
3.		(MO) duo	how
4.	<	(Я2) chang	long
5.	Bfl'al	(%) shTjlan	time
6.		(%) zhongtou	hour
7.		tdolun	to discuss
8.	Д) (Ю	(^j) hua(chuan)	to paddle (to row) a boat
9.	J£jk	bi ye	to graduate
6
пг ' - 
ю.	(MlR Я£) chabuduo more or less, almost	
п. <	($&) П	to send, to post, to mail
12. if	(it) feng	a measure word e<r <'f?	rlt,f
13.	(£) xTn	letter
14.	(®J) I'ke	at once, immediately
15.	(zjfj) yuonllang	to pardon, to excuse
Ю. ДЙ.	(£) zuTjTn	recent ’	'.'
17.	(^) shoudu	capital
18.	(^J) ting	to stay, to stop
10.	Ж) jTnzhang	intense, tense, nervous
г». 4S4	(^j) fudao	to coach	*
2i. -ф-Jk	(^) zhuanye	speciality, profession
22.	(£>&) huoddng	activity /Hj г-
23. jft'.fe	(^) xldoxl	news
24.	(£) blanhud	change i
25.	(^) hufxTn	/- a 'letter in reply, to reply
		letter, to reply by letter
26.	(sb) zhd	to wish
27.	ПпЬй	progressive. progress, to
make progress
7
lb jfe £ isl
1.	МЛ	(£)	xTngmfng	surname and name, full name
2.	О	(£>	dTzhT	address
3.		(£)	xTnfeng	envelope
4.		(^)	youpido	stamp
5.		<«)	baogud	postal parcel (packet)
К. £
1. И* Albin (—) The complement of time (1)
эд
$п»
The complement of time is used to tell how long an
action or a state of things lasts, e.g.
tnWM,
(2)
* * * */Z • '
(3)	7 4“7 о
• • • •
ЙМЙЙЙФЙ®, -Й8яжаш, И*|И§а:вЖЖй
йй)нИ. ИМ
If the verb takes an object, it should be repeated, and
then comes the complement of time, e.g.
• • • •
<5> -mWW-WF*.
• • • • •
8
<6)
шя](4)(б)о
The adverb or optative verb, if there is any, should be
put in front of the repeated verb as shown in Examples (4)
and (6).
£ШФ|еО Сё^£1£±101 пТМпв^и) о Шп:
If the object of the verb is not a personal pronoun, the
word and phrase denoting time can be put between the verb
and its object. (In this case, “$)” can also be inserted between
the word and phrase denoting time and the object), e.g.
• • • •
(8)	7	(#) f-^a
• • • •
2. В+ШМяС—) The complement of time (2)
(SffiiSW) KW
Я.	Й, in “^(®\ “Я”.
“Ж’. “S5JF’«. МЙйКй, Mitt®
Mins
The complement of tims sometimes indicates a period of
time from the beginning of an action until a certain later
time (or the time of speaking). Most of the actions are ones
which are already completed and usually shown by such
verbs as Л*£Ж”,	«£”, “Т(Ж “Я (sT, to
die)” and (iTkal, to leave)” etc. The complement of
time should be put after the object if the verb takes one e.g.
9
(i>	=-47o
• •
(2)
• •
(3>
• • •
и-п»
<4> г^Тт^+^ФП , R4П
• • • •
i 7 о
3. §ШТ The adverb «>”
^’^адгГо	шп:
Placed in front of an adjective (usually a monosyllabic
one), the adverb “g” is used to ask the degree or extent of
something. In addition, may also be preceded by .
plus an adjective can serve either as the predicate,
e.g.
Г'
(1) JL-f" /
• •
(2)	f}4
• •
• •
— Д O1
гЕ«Гй№£Ш. «Ш
Or as an attributive or object, e.g.
<4>	7 XBti’sl 7?
10
—&<F7
(5)	7 / i&?
4^, А. 7
4. “й”	as а complement of result
‘£’№SM}b®»»W«»i±a№eK-*ft3Sf«Ai£
«4*1»
e^w, as a complement of result, shows that someone
gives or hands over something to someone else or a collec-
«и siw<,	Mo
(2)
shiliang Ьйуй complement of time
& 5J
1.	Rewrite the following sentences
in the manner of the examples given:
$] (1)
а^Лв£,_ь	7 Ф'ЬФИфо
7 i^^-b0t<#o
<n	"Jf-g-	+
&to
и
<2)	7
34=
<	з> 8£Яв£-Ь№Л12И<^ Т—'ЬФ^о
«> мл|д 'жжхз
<	5> юг-л^^Тч#, #1 д*17 -
До
<	е>	7 — _L
<	7>	7 га-^-о
W (2)
7^ + ^<Н’о
а) -$^8^АД/>@Л'17Х^'Ь^Ж
<	2> Д ЙЯ 3? 7	Е) 4to
<	з> 4,-г1:'>№ЛП8£ 7-=-£']#Йо
«) ТЛЯ7— 4ЧЧ'1Н-ДЖ
<	5> 5Д>яяЖ. 7 -^^^^#0
12
(6)	й’а 7 -Г-Ч-^$Н£0
(в)	ЛЧ^Л 4Й.4П	7 iXfto
2. ятэдйа+й&йЗйЖйЯйй^.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words and phrases from
the list below, and then complete the sentences. Make any
other necessary changes.

Ш
’Tfilfc-g-fa
4

45
<i>	—
<2) vt 7	®
13
о
<3>	$ЛП
«> __________________________
^ + Wo
<5) -^гАТ^ГА¥
44+^0
(о)	"§" К,
-*•0
т Ю~1ЧЛ<П
• -S-'NbUto
<8) MX-iX,	____________
-M^buto
(9) _LJL$ El	-f Д & Bl
Я Ф 'Mt о
(io)	/
A st J »J ?
14
<и> Ю.5.4НШ
<12>	____________
аз) .ы.^ a ______________
х^4+0
3. ЖО]1ММШШММб^-7-: Make a sentence with the
complement of time, using each of the following groups of
words and phrases in the manner of the example given:
7 i’H-I'IUW.
(1)	’ЪХгёГ#
(2)	«X
(3)	:7f#Tfc-£-
(4)	j/J
<5)
-74^
15
<в) pt-f-K
<z>
<8>	£c? + .=.-i£	-^/b#
<9)	® + ^<t
(io)	*f й
4.	(Ш^гГрШЬ Answer the following questions:
<i) 'й^Л-Ь.'Х-р&т^.-.Ь
(2)	JL-^'25li&?
(3)
Гй]?
I'p]?
<5)	7?
(6)	&_К#ЛДВ£Й?	ММ'
Bf?
<7>	W-15 £> & / < Bf I"1
7?
16
5.
Say something about your studies and everyday life in
our institute, using the following passage as an example.
A -J' sto
AAAAA^'l-tA,	AA4+
А-ЖХо -tAAH^-Ho
"LA-S-A4to	+A><A,	-t-
ЛА4й1
•eu _ь-^^П-±.®'Ь8Фй1-»§-д1о
AAA,7Jf~&,	£ — A A
-buto TA-^A, <8tMW3M'Uifi4--
A~ 'b st
TA^AA-, ДМ^-4-
'Ь#,	^#1£4т#Жо
’Э4Ж,
lT'J<=M^Nb8to	°AA4-
'ЬВф&ААЛо + АА-Ь-А-й&й,
17
6.	glnl IS: Read the following passages, then answer
the questions given after each of them:
<!>	^4^
та+^fFo >•] 7 /Дй ,4йЛП&£ЛЬФо .-fit fit
I
Jl&Jj, AJ4_L5€, tj>, — -ЙЛП—>b +
'bHto T£vX£,
№o	ifitO
JKWW. -bi^Mttf ЛЯЛ1, &
(fanguanr, restaurant) 9
’ttlo л^Л'Мйй^^йй.^,
ли^^рдапп, лт+^Ф!’»
<& in a	# st & Д. JL A jl ?
(2) <bit53-U-U'4 i£c,
18

ЛМЬ.ж£’].±-Л;	— +
га-ь#о Х^й^ЯЛ, ^±АД^Я-.
ЯШ, Х^Я-^Я-ЦЧ- Я о #5с^-
, •№х4'7 -2-л,	£ 7 - £
й&о	44 j£0£_h.7T А4+й-| X-$-Е>
йЬ .?. ^о
Х-В-?
19
и + иш
• •
• •
-, 8 ft S 3
1.
&Д.4^Л>Я
£4+Л -Lfl^+i-f-
а^ЛТ-^ ЯА<_к
2.
&Х^ЛА-Е>££^о
i^j^r £-1Ь -^-Т” А^-й-^t
20
3.

£Я£,	#й#£
л<
—'ЬА, зяк&й— м
4.
лд^^^я><^о
	_h;<
	
	^r Яй^Ь'гг
	^^.Яг
>	S
5. fe<f|-^8t<-*W5?
21
JEO)
•ML£JE<£,
МАЯ
жГ A
Л<^
й-^-
Д»В, А адЕЙШЙППЙЯ.Т-^ЛВ&.
а* 'Ш}	а^?
в: ДЛ-Е-Л +	Д.к:'>-(£ J
—4^3.Ж, ^.^АЛй^йЬ^о
А:
в:	Л£Х4^Й$О
А:
в: Т>Л, ДЛЖ-4MULffl-&£й$о
ffl
a:
в:	<ДД
A:	В|</ £&t
/ Ьс/''' &
Га]?
23
в; 'КАДДА'йС,
А @14;
Ж £
й^о	Д4П#Й1
А: ^ЛИйН^АДМ^Д^Ж^А ’-Я?
в: Чо Д^ЛГ01А 1216-to 2'1&АГя1
ХЖХХ’й,	<з£>тН4^
А: ААЖ^^й^ —	—й£Ай^,
^ДХ1й.^А0	Т,
3-£4Vffco
В: -ЯЪ, &ДАГя1Х^#о
1. Я-^-
2. 'КАД
(.£i) qlantlan the day before yesterday
(.£) dalbldotuan delegation  '
3.	BJ ES <&> 9U^R international (
24
гЦ) P $U/6
i.	(^Fj) juxfng to hold -*	z' ж
J	c^p	'1 /
5.	(£) yunddnghuT sports meet ‘
s. is.^^ (^)yunddngchang sports (athletic) ground,
ZiH-P pl , ZZ <-47?
playground /	*
7. КД	daibldo	delegate, representative, to (ci f i Ci 7 delegate, to represent, on behalf of			 .
8. 9. <4-	(£) *uesh0 baogao	academic knowledge report, to report
19.	(£) yanjlijsuo	institute Л/17С/
и.	(Й) qingzhO	* i •_ .	Cb:? '  to celebrate r\r
12.	(zft) yanjiu	to research UC ft 11	' : f '
is. £Jk	(£) nongye	agriculture
14.	(£) tTcao	gymnastics t f	/Z -*	z A
15. 16. i§X	(£) qiannlan yu jlan	the year before last /rMf ?ГлЛ/1.С to meet, to encounter
17.	0Ю lao	old, veteran С /
18.	(£) fdndldn	
		
19.	'fjZ. 20.	ffl-fc 21.	JcM	(» wel (£) tuanzhdng (glj) dagal	a measure word t 'i .	 ifC'Ci rr-i , < head of a delegation <'•< il<\< < 1 АМчУ* probably, most likely	' & C ' . ,\Л * ? V 1	25
22.	-S-	(ft) gd	each к г/ #	/
23.		(>) plan	a measure word lC^t	^~'
24.	ЛГ«]	(£) fangjlan	room ГГП<-} /5
25.		(зЬ) he	to drink / I-( ( / И
26.		(» bel	a measure word, cup /	/ & W
27.	&	(£) cha	tea Va Л
			«
1.	#4L	Dongbdl	the Northeast of China
2.	BeljTng Fdndlan Beijing Hotel		
		ФЬ Зь ± i^]	
1.		(£) diantT	lift, elevator
2.		(£) canting	dining-hall
3.		(£) fangudnr	restaurant j
4.		(£) IQgudn	hotel	j
5.		(£) yushT	bath-room X/ z	(
6.	li I'i]	(^) wdlshengjlan toilet	, < Г tiv Lt* И 1	
и, ® %
1. “!!••• б*)” The construction “Д•••$]’’
26
йй»-А±м<лчга®»>,	м>
In order to stress the time, place or manner etc. of an
action which has already taken place, the construction"
is used. should be put immediately before what is to be
stressed (sometimes it can be omitted), and is put at
the end of the sentence, e.g.
CD 'Й.Д.Н^
«> ДЛЛО1Ш ft о
<3)
(4)
ШП:
If the verb takes an object, the object is frequently put
after if it is a noun, e.g.
(5) fll Л Д a fa о
(6> (Л) £ fa 0 ?
----Д(Л)МЙ	, 44.
(Л)
8®&»гай*«>’да, лжзгймптвин-, и
м
The object can be put before as well, and this is
especially likely if the object is a pronoun, e.g.
27
(7)		
(8)
• z •
ДОМ
If a verb-object construction takes a directional com-
plement, should be put at the end of the sentence,
e.g.
(9)
(io)
ТЖЖ »:
The negative form of the construction “Д’" (ft” is
in which can never be omitted, e.g.
• • • •
(12) ДТ>|ЖЯ1-, л-4-
2, glJj^st’CZl) The adverb "gfe” (2)
“лГ	Шт
“gft” can also be used to affirm an objective circums-
tance or stress that something is indeed the case, e.g.
(1)М<ТЛй<4о
28
<2>
Ф'Э dong bin jiegdu verb-object construction
3
1.	Ask questions on the un-
derlined parts of the following sentences:
<1)
(2)
<3>
<4>
<5) g
<й$о
(7)	я^ЛД^лоз'ггЛ^-7, ДЛЖН- X—
<8)	® KfeTj, Д?1/Л4<4П^R->
29
#3,
2 .	Answer the following questions:
<i>
<2)
(3>
<« 4M.—^ЛЖЯ)^—
й^?
(5)	74?Л££
•£<$?
(6) ^>]itcJL.йхЛэ,
<7>	7 °3?
Й-»?
3. ЖТЭД1ДШ^ ft7^— ftT	Make a sentence with
the construction	using each of the following
groups of words and phrases in the manner of the example
given:
+Л-^.
30
i S'!	Т3"^-
а)
<2>
«> я^ЛТ-7’
u> _h^^a
(5)
<б> ДЛётЁЖ А
(7) —4^А
(8> ЖЛЯХ — &
4 .	иЖ^ЛМ^Нй: Маке UP а dialogue using each of
the following phrases in the manner of the example given:
A:	A#-^r <	7
B:	^7o
A:
B:	AtTtfiAikiW.
31
А:
B:
A;
B: &ДЛ1М-
A:
в: ТЛ, Д4ПЛ^'Я4-А-^о
A:	^ЛПЛЛ^Л®Ж^?
B:	$/П Д..5- А+и
* * ♦
(i)	ЁЖХ^ЬЬ#
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)	Л-»
(6)
<7) O,tM
5. Л^Й^ГйШ: Read the following passages, and then
answer the questions given after each of them:
32
CD Ф&^ФХ£$а;М')Ф@-£3*>Л.о
ф^АМй#^^^, ф1«ЯЛ£#>
<Ь£ДДхГ£•#„ 4Ь
ад<-^-к/ид#*&#о ф&# £ $ ф
0+ФХ, -bfl<i#|t) #£-Ф0Ш^-+
ФХО 'bi^.r.p Дф g + ХФХ, ;^-$-
-ФИф^кХ^га + ^Хо ФОЙ^1»
£j£-h&#4b ФХ£#;1£ Ate-LIM
+^w.	- '-
(2) -
4М1Л-ЬФЯ A^4t
4ЫП££'Ш£#о
£'li£jLk^>6, К^-Й'&АХ'Й & Tfio
К^ЙХ<ЬТЯ^-ФЯЯХ, B’l-^To
ДТЯ1ЛО, ^ЬТХ^-7-ф йт£,
7 о IM'XA—
ЯЮО, ^Х#А^#Г=Г X,
яадл'ЬЛГиЪ
T'-A-fi —^ЬЛГ^о	',...,
мхд^пдт, ^ах< в м а
#, ;*nWSj^o ЯX4-УТ-ЯгТ,
4&ЛЖА«#А- & -£- ^о
Дт-Й.,	о А^-
#М&^£М^Л х,
ЛЬ^о 4Ь&,
^К^ЙДЛЛ A-f * Я^?
ffl-^-О 1>'А?
6.	Convert the text from a dialogue
into narrative prose.
34
• •
• •
• •
-, в Й6 *$. 3
1. ЖЯ>М£--Ш
^i£, at*
#T, _L£
JL X, th i
*Fii, it4
2.
W^it£To
EM£, Л
Щ-Л, it
35

3.	-j; 7 о
4. 4ЬллЛ7~Х^Ф —

36
ТМЛ, ®
i±
5.
Й-ТХ, ft*, Я4НчЯК.
ftT, ФХ, ХЖ;'уК
•О,	^Е),	—
ft ах,
-. W Л:
t / •
i$. ifr &
X, 0Й;ЛШ^^* 7 О &ФАн
Д. № iS	® о
iS^^X Д#^о -ЬЛ-5-+£> 1£^М
Ж^7о ад1£, iOi£;£#;£, R * <П
iEft^EJ'ft^^ft^o ft»] $t S') ft По, >
37
“te,
xД4+, «§.^Л Л	A 7,
SFAteAitjL# £
вН£, мШйк! о
issHEWMo
Й-fSH;	^"^^“Лой”, is.^»
^-L*lW7o
Ш Л -^-Яо Й-l
0’Лл?Л1йо
4t & Z — ffl # 8f
&&#Я7о
Л АЛ
Й
A, Xit 7 .h Ao
Л£, ША<7Ж
-2^0 itatig, -
38
НМ® 1
ДЛз, ЛтК##
•а
ф “ЖйАйЛаЛзёайй,’ й'Ь-^йИЖ***^
йй&йг’ажвй.
In this sentence, the predicate ^Ж^Пзг^Й^” tells
the aim of the subject
S, £ 13
1.		(£)	ydu’eryuan	kindergarten
2.	FA#.	(£)	duTwu	contingent, troops
3.	it	(Й)	zhuT	to run after, to pursue
4.	ig.^ fl	(£)	yundongyuan athlete, sportsman, player	
5.	31$ c?	СЙ)	zhijxTtal	rostrum
6.	-^-Гй]	(£>	chejlan 7.	(%J)	no 8,	(fi)	p‘n9	workshop to take, to hold a measure word, bottle
39
9.	(£)	qlshuT	aerated water, mineral water
io.	<&>	tfbao	hand-bag, bag
it.	<£)	iTwi)	present, gift
12.	<й)	jfhe	to muster, to rally, to as- sembfe	J
13.
dang...de shfhou when
ii. <4	(£) gudnzhdng	audience, spectator
15.	0	(j£i) xiangmu	event
16. ж	(Й) Hao	to jump, to spring
17.	(^J) hdn	to shout, to yell >
18. Ло;^1	Jia you	to pep up, to cheer (players)
		
		on	r
		
19. ЗА.	(JI2) renao	bustling and astir, boisterous
М'Ч I 1		
20.	(ft) ml	metre
21.	sai pao	to run a race, race
22. Щ	(ft) quan	a measure word, circle
23.	(§!]) hQran	suddenly, all of a sudden
24. #	(^j) shual	to fall
25.	(зЬ) dao	to fall down
26. i	(ft) ztjT	self
40
27.	5L
28.	j&lJo
29.	Л
(Я) уби
(£,) zuihdu
(Jft) mfng
again, once more
last, at last
a measure word, place
fb & i^l
1. <£)	shubao	satchel, schoolbag
2.	tiaogao	high jump
3.	(-&)	tiaoyuSn	long jump, broad jump '7 -
i.	hua bing	ice-skating, skating /7-
5- ДЯ Л <£>	calpanyuan	referee, judge, umpire

1,	The compound directional complement
ад *±, T. Й, Ж, 0. i±,
a^\ ^я-адй^мм,
The verb л±”, a“p, “iF, e0\ “it” or “fe”
etc. can take after it or to serve together as the
complement of another verb. This is known as a compound
directional complement.	-
		'"f*			0	it	
&			iO		0 %.		
				ifc-£	0^-		
41
я&ййнжфй **’»°*’ ймм»«»ьй
u%” or in the compound directional complements is
used in the same way as the simple directional complement
“%? or e.g.
<1)
<2>	tL
• •
Й1Ж#Я:ВгЙ15,	t№
If there is an object denoting a place in the sentecne, it
must be put in front of a^№ or e.g.
(3) # <, A A.	£ 1'0). < 7 o
(4) th Х.Г" 7 o
<5>	о
й“*’.	«Ш
If the object is a thing rather than a place, it can be
put either before or after “%” or a^n, e.g.
ЛА-# £_h^T— 13C^5
<6)-J	..........
•Л®. /А -iS	_h f T £ — £’t’ X ^5 о
• • • • •
42
(7)1	....
• • • •
2.	"Т’^ПЖ'И ^|n||bi« The aspect particle ’7’ and the
compound directional complement
а.	“T”
/Но 0Ш
If the verb takes no object, the aspect particle *~f№
can be put either after the verb, e.g.
<i> 'fciJtx.-Й'Й 7
(2) ЛДПОЙТ-1ЙЛШ0
(о (2>о
Or after the compound directional complement. In this
case, it becomes indistinguishable from the modal particle
"7” as shown in Examples (1) and (2) in 1.
в.	“7” -d&ifc&'foM, ЧМ
If the verb takes an object, the aspect particle “7” is
usually put at the end of the sentence, in which case it
becomes indistinguishable from the modal particle “7”, or
between the compound directional complement and the object,
in which case it is usually omitted, e.g.
43
(3> -Й-f
(4)	7O
(5) #-^^12)	7 )—
i, Ж 2Э
1. ^ЖДТ£l]itifl]Gt)£in]^e! Give nouns for each of the
following measure words:
Ж % if if
& & £
2. »ЙТИ#И(ИЯ,»45И)№ЖЙЙ^ШЙ^.
Make a sentence suggested by each of the 'following pic-
tures (see page 45), using the compound directional com-
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate compound direc-
tional complements selected from among the following:
« T £
-t-£	i±-£
(1) Hb,M5&-*.$-£^|5,
Ж___7 о
<2)	К—
44
45
<	3)	__ж____,	Й
<	0 и-?дй-гet, Af£iO
_	И45'1$	7о
<	5)	“1S.7L
»
__о
<	6) 1НЛА^Ж5-Х<_— Xf Д-&:
(7)
<8> $ЛП ji-iJf IH# > — ^5?Л •$• Л Я'
— 7о
(9) Д&/£ п О, Д<£^ЖАл^Я^Л
____7 ,	_Ж'№<'Й'7'о
<ю) Ol>t__т$Я&
&W_>Mr^o
4. ЖШТЙЙ4П?, ЙЖййЛвА-^й*.
46
Tell where the speaker is for each of the following sen-
tences:
<1>
<2>
<3>	7 ,
Wo
(4)
(вД^ЛЙПП,	"
Ш	Л1П-^7о
(в)	>W<T#
(7)	-£4Ш£-Л •&.: ‘ТЙ
7о”
(8)
.5. Д0Г«&ЙЙ)И> ®±Ж^ЙЙ1ЬЙЙ«^Ь
Complete the following sentences with the verbs given
in brackets and their compound directional complements:
47
с» й-млад-ат,
<	-ft J- Я о (J&)
<2> 1Й.£Л^-'1£:	Т,
6^ 4j/i zA._£. $ &©
Gt)
(3) ^'Ь-Й-ТФМ'П, 4ЬЙ 
__о ОЮ
<4> #лад№Т, -ftZA^^X
_о (t)
(5) &Д<Т'’Н?&5С, -ft’O'li^,
________о (М)
(6)	Я|5
(Ю	'
№.ВЛА®8), ££-*М?чй,
£ДО£о <Ф)
<8> <Л4й4Аз4Ж 7,
_______о (Й)
48
6.	Make a sentence using each of the fol-
lowing phrases:
(1)	<2)	(3)
\af	'"~4
(4)	<5>	<»>
(7)5&T^	<8)	<9)	it_L^
/ • i'-v'"7£.
?. й»ат®х и-ma, в®«йзадж>$®зг1*1й1
Read the passage, then make a sketch of the route fol-
lowed and retell the story according to it:
Но
-№ЛПН£^о тОЖ-^Ь
jfb.h^- 7,	4ЫПДФ
-кЗйЛЛ—X — ^Z<J4_hJ&TT^o
(hO, lake), {(МПЛ^^-Ь
49

®^й.#яш,4Ь1пай-
iisjt 7-^ь^ляХо 4ып#дах5£ —
&T-tr°l SI, iK'K./lo ii
i, •——$.,
№.т?о
44ЛП ЛМЕ.	® 5'1 R &j Bt-fg, &
R»t_h^A4t7 о
8.	#$91$! Put the following phonetic
transcriptions into Chinese characters and translate them
into English:
(1)	yOndonghui baogaohuT yinyuehuT (2)	tTcao tTyuchang (3)	tTcaoduT palqiuduT	taolunhuT	qTngzhuhuT zhanlanhuT	huanyfnghuT wdnhuT	wQhuT tTyu	tTyOguan lanqiudul	zuqludui pTngpangqiudul
50

(6)
+	<- о
11 -Ц- Ф th '•
1SULO”
LO
Лялт44#о”
‘ч 1 # Л 4 &	Д -
Й’З?”
Дяи<#
'йЛх^к’З'о	£]<JcX,
Tikfio МЛ*!—flt ^k, >fr JL
л.
52
7О it
4\Я i i М	Л Ж # 7	А о
ОТААЛД 4< ^Ча****7
£^4# 7 , A'frii.ijA.^-LMT 4,
йОй'МК^, te£7^o”
“iM*47?”
“ЛЬ, лЛ^^-'Но, 4^
^1Ы71Ыо il7-'ЬЯ,
7o”
± 13
1. Я7г	<£)	zhdnshl	soldier
2.	( ш!] )	feichang	very, extremely, highly
3. Д	(*)	zud	a measure word '
4. Ы	(^)	tldlu	railway
5.	(»	kual	a measure word /
6. >5	(^)	shftou	stone
7. J']	(»	liB	a measure word
8.0		ydng IT	to exert one’s strength, with
			great strength r
9. Ж	(Sj)	ban	to remove, to move
53
10.	($) shou to suffer from r
11.	shong wound, to be wounded
ФН £ is)
1.	(^)	bTng	soldier '' '
2.	(^)	junduT	army, troops
3.	(zfi)	zhdnddu	to fight, to combat
4.	(fl£) yonggon	brave, courageous
5.	(£) ylngxlong	hero
=» £ 53
1. WitlbiM	Rewrite the following sen-
tences using the complement of time:
(1) ЛА 1980 Х-5'l 1984 -X,
3-fJko
54
<2) в^А&А, ллАА+5'l АА^+5
а 7О
<з> + А £4 Я 'fc А зй fi Bl 7 > 4- A th
Bio
(4) тЛ^Л^Л-h^S'hb^^,
A&_h+A4+-t-#rA-£, 4-Ab£JLzv
A 4+ ttJ'J 7 о
<5)Л-^лЛ+>	Й-К-А-Й^^A
414-0
A7o
<б)	7-^Hto iMMt
VMK, O-T-fxA^i'JwA+o
(?) 4~ A0£_hz^-t A5'1 z\. A-^ A -ft 4t
^#7 xfcitKAffl^A-o
(в)
<9> T Л й-t -40-M A it) A A A- > s^AstA
55
<ю>	—	— А®+ 5.
О11 в#
2.	Rewrite the following sen-
tences using the construction
(i> йЛПДШ» @ -^-^g 7 А. Й't' ® ® A
(2)	_L3.^ 0	7 ?
(3)	44. WI 7 + ® ^<^5^
^o
(4)	А Д4П A#	7
^2~ О
<5)	7
<6>
<7> 5ЯЙЙ	ilS'l 7 * Я
56
<8>	1* а,
®	Ж.—Д 7 о
«> а^лт4 31 Д Л & >Я 7
»о	.
(Ю)
з.	ЯЗЗйШйЛВй^йЖАТЯйХй£1&+>
Fill in the blanks in the passage with appropriate verbs
and their directional complements:
я 4П
______________7 о л
з^Л
Э Д1—
____7 о
о	^-f#{i'j7o
4ЬЛй>!,о	Д>ё,	—
^о
-^“У1^’ГЙ 0	9*р (jidoshT, teacher) ^=-
57
it#o	7о
ЗШД'Й,	о
Д>ё— 0 А#$=О is^ я Л % #
й is & #	11 л □ а >
А%,ч?. ^а Зл Л я?, ^а о
^->Я	i% о_h#	4 Is)
,<•, /а о _t_ж^ё.я л—&. я?Л =fao
4. ЗЬЙЙТЙЙЙ?, йй»ЯЗЙЗДЖтё»¥#^й.
Read the following examples, then explain in Chinese the
meaning of the new words in the manner of the examples
given:
№
(1)	4
Й“о
(2)	So
Я —	it #
ifto
(3)	$E»	Hs 0 9
58
jzj Ж i§) о
(4)	Ж:	А1П Л) X
-f- /л—Жо
(5)	# £ :	Я № М ’*!
(6>^Я: 1-Й^Я^о
(1)	-	<2) Ж Ж <3>
(4) ^-fi]	<5) <О£	(6)
(7) -ff^.	(8) @ l^tb^F-
(9)
5. ISiSTHtajt, KHJieaKiisligftft^i;.®.?
Read the following passage and explain in Chinese the
meaning of each of the underlined words and phrases:

59
хГЙ&И,'
i£< —
ffip, iS^'l 7
Д-'М^З&о 4ЫП-&
<W|oO«t, 1«Л6М> 7 о 4Ь
4П£7-^Ь, M^4&7o
it;A<^-^,	— ;A^A#ife^o
^Йо
тяеит/^bat.
7
8f
^Г-+~ A 7 о Я <П ?Я ₽t 7
A®.,	•?•££)-x-JUL^^-jr
-t-’Jlo
60
• •
>-е±'Ь,
• • •
5t?
• • • •
- t й Й 3
1. «А^0$.»^т
Ф?
7 Фо
4t<We3?
Я'ЬН,
’-<1
2.	^>a^?
*&X7,<7>Jto
61
Я>Г i# й^г 'ЛТ
& X	Д5 Д
3.	Д^х^>^^/ПО.АГ'Д?
’JT4JJL, MWfe«
^-#4л* ;^-{Нл ^#4^ £>•&
4.	4Г4т<< W^5°3?

<+@>® jt.it>>
Д, я^А^г^4И<
Д,
8t, Й
$ь 1£.уЬт41&
5.
ijUMtJk-1>	Zl
62
63
Л
й & -g-
’О<о	£Й й AJ,
АЛ<йп#1Нй4о’’
££Д_к4К Жт. iOi£:
“ Д # 41д > 4 i - А а ># Мо ”
$£ййи’'
k Й)W # Ф ^Т < < М vJr t> ?fr <, А
^адр4-<т#<о ZWWJvL: “>rt^
z; .	. . х
^Ф4л4Г7,	/ЬФ-^Л^-Й,—тЛо”
1,кХй-М-ллло
64
.ТГДА, JLM
i±ZTo	1ч), 7'Ь<Ъ, flLtft&ll#
Й«4-7О
j|||	'ЙгДЛЙМЛ 7 -
Д'Й Д о к1]А Г°] flL,
'""	" ' ~~ Я) Я" £ кНк -f -» ft
U: “4#M^ibL#t£tfo’’ 4>1 7
5Ti&,	A-L^JZ^ Й 4 # & ^ki/T*
^АД#<^4^?
-fK j	7 ^гД,
%: “'l*T<7, ®^7^7, Т-тШ#
=» ± iU
1. 0 $1	(£> rTbdo
2.	(£) tian
daily paper, daily
the sky
65
'tf Lk L' z A4 %	-тиъ<1	1 IS]			
3, Я"	(£) he	7b river У	s
< &	(£) hd	lake	
5. ?§•	(£) hal	sea	
6. Xfe	(^) helbdn	blackboard	
7. It	(£) zhong	clock	
8.	(^) SrjT	earphone	
9. fi "a"	(4q) shengyln	voice, sound	
io. &;ЙЛЛ	(£) dlanshTjT	TV set	
и- <	(^j) zhao	to touch, to hit	
12.	(£) ITshT	history	
13. <	(^J) dIQ	to lose	
14. %.	(^) bido	watch	
15. #	(^Fj) cal	to guess - A ' • ’ 	6C5I
io. Mil-	(^) miyu	riddle	‘	t
17.	(^) zudye	homework	
18. jlf'life	(glj) gdnkual	hurriedly, «in a	hurry, at
		once	
19. Д	(<) ceng	a measure word.	storey
20. — Ajl	yT dldnr	a little, a bit	
21.	—‘J!UL	y5u yT didnr		some, a little, a	i bit, some-
what
66
СР
22.	(Jfc) dudn	short	'
23. fi]	(it) pan	a measure word /€'~ "
24. Д	(^j) ddl	to wear
25. if	(Ж, Й) hual	bad, spoiled, damaged
26. &	(^j) hudn	to change, to exchange
27.	(Ж)	gu	ancient
28.	(Ж)	xidoxTn	careful, cautious
29.	(£)	Jidn	sword
30. 4^.	<a>	dido	to drop, to lose у '	-
3i.	<%)	jlhao	mark, sign
lb Л ±				
i.	<S)	fushd	to	retell, to repeat
2.	(Sb)	tTngxIe	to	dictate, to have dictation
3.	(Й)	gdlxle	to	rewrite
4.		tian kongr	to	fill in a blank
s.	«Jlchij Hdnyu keben»
“Elementary Chinese Readers”
67
и, ® й
1.	The potential complement
МЫ
"IWiS. чГ1ё#®Ж^йГ«. 5Й»Й:МЯ “%’ R#
MAh
A potential complement, which expresses possibility,
is formed by adding the structural particle in front
of the complement of result or the directional complement.
Its negative form is made by using “ф* instead of
e.g.
(i)	iH-l'W
(2)	.ярд Ji i<), 4МП—^.^•^-t-'Д’о
(3)	7 , -2-,£vX
ffr Is)
(5)7,	ft’HJiX
• •
£ЁЖ|ЭДЙ^1«о $J&ls
If the verb takes an object, it is placed after the
potential complement. If the object is long, however, it is
usually transferred to the verb, e.g.
68
(6) "У VS? kZ Ipj* 'ffc 'ft fa tL
• •
i’3?
<7) 'И^^-Дй-гЯр^ 4* зс Ф-Й>, Д
«о
ЗЬУШ ^1НМ1$1Е£ШйШ£Д:
The affirmative + negative questions of the verb taking
a potential complement are shown in the following examples:
<8>
• • • • • •
«) •£?
/ /Tj	>.............
'. 51	Z\'-	/' 
2.	The potential complement and
the optative verb
4тЬШМ^ЙЛЖ*«1Г№ЛШт£Й№#:ЙЯ*»*»
*№’, “чГРГ ШИЁЛ>5<Ь£*®Я',
Blit,
3!)is]“ffi’*“^riU’, WH£M “№’ S ‘чГа’ ft-W, Я
омйшви-ж. м “®чй»*»37’ swffim ‘aa®
ЯЯ-, #»йтй1®ч«д№е||-йй'й?ф, иьчпик
й±*ве’й'«га’. win.
A potential complement indicates that one has ability to
carry on an action and make it bring about a certain result
69
while the optative verb or u etc., besides indica-
ting the above meaning, indicates moral or factual necessity.
Therefore, in some cases, a potential complement can be
used instead of the optative verb or “rTUX”, but this is
not always the case, e.g. “3^	can’t be said as
In addition, in order to intensify the tone of the sen-
tence, or “ nfUA” can also be used simultaneously with a
potential complement, e.g.
<» it %, < 4	8t
• •
• •
• •
RTfUilbio кёпёпд Ьйуй potential complement
$ 3
1*	Fill in the blanks with appro-
priate verbs and potential complements:
<i>	Д
<2>
<3>	Д	о
70
& ifc 4л- VT	7, Д - -
i£o
<	5>	<_I_L—о
<	e> iiM^4H4-T^, -Ml ' - - - B
<	7> ix /i il) rlj, #, ; Vj o
<	8> 'й.4-#ДДгГй1-?’ 7 , Ло;
(9> AA#7f'й.тй‘4МЖ;К$, Д^-т^Ь
Mi&, ' о
<10)	Л-ffl^ '
сю П^'Ь7, ^^;U’
(12)	7,
^4 о
(13) te^is7,	'_____O
2. ЙТЙЙЙ'6]&Й«"Г№11'ЙЙ»Й'Й)»|В1»1
Change the following to questions using a potential com-
plement and answer them:
71
—
<i>
<2> 4£ — yNb#1&M£it*‘'5:&'’-3?
<з> flL#$57,	а’4?
(5)	Д X Д £tt-££.izc., te/JTTfr
Й.’Д?
(6)
т M'fH'J—^-ХМЯЛ’Д?
<8)
о)
<ю) it^b^ @
<n) -HAv^tvT,
«2>
<i3)
72
<i5)
•Ч. /й“—АЛ’Й	Fill in the blanks with
either “—Д_11” or “<-ДЛ”:
<i)	4s
ш Tfi 7, <b't>'l L,	7 о
(3)	'b,	#)o
<	4> #i<jb.v ,
г f IT * bf .-
? 7 о
<	5)
T7O
<	6> jj it;, лрД111ць.,
<	7>	., -ffc-S-xt
<	8>	о
<	9)	ЙН
<10>	—±.'Ь7Л
73
4.	Read and retell the following
dialogue:
T: MX,
Ms	О’З?
T :	»Й.-ё’4ЛаЕ.Д'Й1т41§-, &
ft,	It
OML,	^’’’Ts
#•*№,
%> T 4*-^- ®,
^4*— ffl H'jsfe
$Л1Й- — Й:,	Й)?
°Я, MX, 4Ш
<7’4?
Ms Д<#<7,
Ts M,
74
......
FT: ТЛ,
T:	A?L*£e
FT: £<L<;rt,
£o ’ft, ЛЬЙ!
Лй±<ф> >£
4йЛ}£^Г*> t
1.
2.
76
$ И + Л Ж


#£То
ЭДА#т£,	
^Ай-пЖх,	
wr^,	
	4т А

3.	"во
Л#4Г,	3F
SM,	t
4.
ф-it*. feiki 4i-:fe* г£Т*
5.	^4ьЛ-Ь^'Й~4а^о

77
=. » X
Ж
Й-Ш^-i1! 7,	W@
^<<£0
ЙНлЛ, 3fcT4f£®o tei'l^ut
«. fTffibo &8Ш,
yb-k-l5)£, 4x< — W^> ^-i^4fc<-
ii*-ei*“l§),i,#4e^.#M, дт/
“>>! ” Л-i-И £•< 7 <WJ,
^Й-7^о
78

+-fo”
“#»ЛЖ	JL-f-’b?”
...”
“fL*£S<\ 7/<+f 7, Mi’e-o’’
“т>,	4®£o”
...’’
Х%
1$,
“^Г, Л^М^к-^То
4еЛ-±-^<^4н, 5'ШХ^о” 4ОШ^Ж
79
$/ri ii#-#
#). 4М-&^£Л7,	#
ГЧМ ^7.Ш, 44-Я
fc Й) 4- Ф iM. 4 •••••• ”
t	4 4х	? ”
>±
&#Ш£О «П: “Щаг\ и^^\ “Й^Ж£’\ й»1^^
Ж\
One of the extended usages of the compound directional
complement	is to indicate the beginning of an action
and its continuation, e.g. “gStajfe”,	“Kta#*”,
‘"am*’-
® Ж-&ЙЙ1Ь® “fi*” ЙЯ-»51ФЖХЙ«^
К№Ка№№ЙК\ ИМ “а#ЖШе&§М, №£*«.’
Another extended usage of the compound directional com-
plement	is to mean	(when
one is putting a certain action in practice), e.g.
80
® моггзг
ЙШ&^£±, Wn±JLW&gcM^Mim!W&o
The adverb “Jt” can indicate that two states of affairs
exist simultaneously. In the text it indicates two facts
that Auntie Xie is advanced in years and her son works
somewhere away from home exist simultaneously,
is a tag question used to stress confirmation
of a statement, e.g. ‘^£<7 JIWSSS^T^? gmMB
		is)
1. 4e>	(1ft) ba	a preposition showing disposal
2. £	(ft) bao	a measure word, parcel
3. ii-fer	<$Jy £) tongzhT	to note, to inform, note
4. 4&	(z&) bao	to carry in one’s arms
5.	(ft) dal	a measure word, bag
6-	(£) llangshl	grain j >	'
7.	(zft) kang	to carry on one’s shoulder, to shoulder
8.	(£) shen	body
SI
9.		(%> 5ЙО	to sweep
ю.		(£) fangf6	method, way
и.		(£) yTsl	meaning, sense
12.		($Ь) ГёпхТ	to analyze
13.	*т-^	(^) xTnnian	New Year
14.		(£) xiu jld	to be on holiday (leave)
15.		(£) mijqin	mother
16.		(MO) geng	even, still
17.	Щ	(Жч^) kunnan	difficult, difficulty
18.	Ф	(z$) bang	to help
19.	Л.Ж	(^) daniang	auntie, aunt
20.	ж-?-	(£) erzi	son
21.		(Ж) jiezhe	after, following, next
22.	KiX	(z^j) renshi	to recognize, to know, to be
			familiar with
23.		(£,) nlanjl	age
24.		(J^) fangblan	convenient
25.	Я 7	(^t) welle	for
26.	.4?.®	(ЗЙ) zhaogu	to take care of, to look after
27.		gQnddng	moving, touching, to move,
			to be moved
82
2Я.	О)	guanxTn	to show concern for, to be concerned about, to take care of
2".	(Ж)	keql	polite, courteous
		W	
i. >RP1		Xie Gang	name of a person
2. IpJ M		Xiangyang Lu	name of a street
3.		LT LanyTng	name of a person
		lb ± isl	
1.	(£)	mianfen	flour " ' ‘
2.	<£)	damT	rice
3. &	(«)	yu	fish
4.	(£)	Ji	cock, hen, chicken
5.	(£)	jldan	hen’s egg
6.	’	(%)	shucai	vegetable
			&
Г.	(-		-) etE” sentence (1)	
“JE” sentence (1) is one of the sentences with verbs as
their predicates. When we want to emphasize how something
is disposed of and what result is brought about by disposing
83
of it, we use a “jf}” sentence, e.g.
<1>
<2>	лм io
ra#tos:s, шнкй91даш1Ж. мл.
The same meaning as shown in the two examples above
can also be conveyed by an ordinary sentence without “ft*”»
e.g.
<3>	To
<ам < з > < 4) ЯЙ-
. м (i > < 2 >
1М‘1с’й&йШтййй:ая:г&жй*й.
1й»иам. ЙСЙ«»Й5Я«.#©В11|»1^.
The meaning expressed by the above two kinds of sen-
tence patterns is about the same, but Examples (3) and (4)
are simply narrative while Examples (1) and (2) aim as
well at stressing how the object of “ft»» is disposed of and
what the result of the disposal is. Disposal here means the
thing disposed of changes its position, alters its shape or
how it is influenced,
‘а" ^едиялт.
The word-order of a “flj” sentence is as follows:
Efetg-“Й”--------------------------gffe
Wils
84
subject-----------object (the thing to be disposed
of)----verb---other elements (the result of dispo-
anl) e.g.
<5> > Л	7' о
<6)
• ••••• • •
2.	Points to be borne in mind in
using a “jg” sentence
А.	-4£fel
The object of the preposition “#>* is, in meaning, the
receiver of the action indicated by the main verb, and it is,
as a rule, a definite one in the mind of the speaker.
There is usually some other element after the verb (such
as the aspect particle "7Г”, a complement or an object etc,
or the verb is reduplicated) to tell how something is dispo-
sed of or what the result of the disposal is. The verb cannot,
however, take a potential complement after it.
с.
м “r\	a7^\
“fciiT,	“ЙГ
islo
The main verb (or verb-complement construction) must
be a transitive one and usually possesses the sense of dispo-
85
sal. That’s why some verbs such as "W”,
“Ж” and “Зх” etc. can never serve as the main verb
in a “fg” sentence,
3.	“JE*
The position of the optative verb or negative adverb in
а sentence
Як>
In a a^2” sentence, the optative verb or negative ad-
verb, if there is any, must be placed before the preposition
“IE”, hot before the verb, e.g.
<1)	A >ifa Я?, fa fa > £, 7 & fa
7 о
Д 4П it fa Ж P
• •
“ba”zTjij eJE” sentence
H, £ 3
1.	Change the following to
eftJ’ sentences:
86
• <п
(2) 4tL^j£;frйЯ^'Мйо
(3) '№л£,й 7 ’^?
<5)	*о
<б> ^Л^Я4з7 4з^ЯЯЛ^<о
(8)	st tfc Э R
2.	Change the following
to sentences without
Д^еТ -"•& ±Я ® -3 -if 1 o
(i) i|•5"^#^^To ’
<2>	7 о
87
<	з>	7, Д'ПД4тФ,йо
£<7К&о
<	5) ШП	7 £<?
<	в)	Л4т^о
(7)
<8> ?i'££Tflg7,
^о
о) <Т£4еЗ#Н^А^А^>|#гЛ-й.Ш£о
<ю) <|з]^Л4е^5^Л^0
(in 4ь &МД0 Ы &, $ЛП 0
Ш£7О
4П^^<^0
з. 1ПШдЙ^Шиз1‘‘#2’’1?:^): Маке а “JE” sentence using
each of the following groups of words and phrases:
TtJE #
88
(i)
(2)	^'^'!'" 1'с*',:-
(3)	<Х	&
(4)	x#7	1М.
<5)	4#
(6)	4<	•1
(7)
t	и /’"
(8)	Д-Т Ж ^''
4.	Answer the following questions on
the text:
i, T
1&л^ЯЛ* A?
<з>	J -j^Y
(4)	— Ti^xl^i^Ao
89
5. йгтмйййвгъйй.
following verbs:
И
И-Ч&Н,
Ж>Ме,
Give objects for each of the
•fe 4* 4з
Ж#5-, ftlf,
Ж/б
а м ft a
д % <
6.	Write each of the following words
in phonetic transcription in a Chinese character:
bdo	(		7^ bao		( )
—•	dal	(	dal	(	)^ffl
ddi	(		dal	(	) £
ke	(	П	h	ke	( )
gdn	(	Ж	gdn	(	
liang (			liang (		)!£
xln	(		Ф	xln	( )
У'	(	)Ж	XT	(	)F£
yan	(	)£ЯГ	yan	(	
yi	(	)£	yi	(	
УТ	(	)-f			
90
7.	1ДTXjiSs Carry on the following dialogue
with three students reading the different roles in turn:
Ш-fc,
» Йй¥й±Жй1), Д/йЙтё;±Ж, WJALtuSte * Й


Ж Я’1:
V / —
:
W ВД:
M :
> Я0:
$ Я0:
₽J£,	7, &
я;,
Iirk-k,
^”6,	(^£ЙЙ*£Т1И
Й)
^А.4#Д, 'ft-i-'W?
(tlao, a measure word) b p
91
см
о>


> ад.
... (WWW й №
йш£аж£ш4)
Л м М Я) 4 'Я! т < л. i, &
Ж£й>о Й*1&4е>£4:&£, 4з
4н^.±.й§4, -мд£4^&#-
^"Ьо
Д,	...
’Я’, £-f,	it
*-о
4Г1£к&<#ША, 44-Я
£<5?<Ин£ф1О'1^ К4о 4-
£Я)&,	!
ЧЧ!
93
I и + лш
fefll fe £ -f Ж 5'И £ 7 о
• •
-1НЛ Д ijUL о
• •
-. g Й « 3
I. 4ЫП Ж Ж 5'1 >1'i&£ 7 о
2.
94
7^-5	«1,	EFt
	& 9	il
Ю,		_h>&
J14-,		
£ ^\9	Й,	^3.
		^7L@
В?. Я,	Й,	Ж-f-h
	‘44,'	&х
tsfs	Й., )	<-f--h
;1£,	-if,	Г1 р
	%’	-^5 к
12^*’	"1^1,	
		3|5JL
з. if 4ь 4И
it&jO, Ж
ii+4feMj -й.
4.
95
96
‘ 1 Й-'К ЕГ-W1	¥
		‘Т&фЖ??
	‘^2	(4rL?^^
п<"&		
	£>ik	‘jfc^f^^T
<}¥		
	‘=Ш-	
Mi,
“<in^4-4^i-T^o лльД-тй
-<
“а. ж дал й|	”
“^Д&Д’Ярллл?’’
“йот, тШн/
; Ду ’ X У
“тяа^аЛ^рь?”
“Й’Х, itte'fi'/'Д;„—Т> ЛД
Д, ^4сД-?Л^МТ/о”
й.#Ж-ь>я;^44?”
. £'* -
й^-^о А4е.Ж»->, 3?_ь‘д&
-£-’=.4^0 а.Й'^.^.Й-Й'Ж, тШ^’й,
“Д-$.-£->^-<-, JlAJtiA—До 4&^
-^HX‘4lM'JiS.i£.^, 4е.'ей.Д:&,)Ь.”
97
1 *3? &№t @Я)!^т#
РТ±Й<ПЬ&, 'ЧЙ1
<, &ЛП£П’
%
® *±’ №йЖ#1ёте«»ййЙ№Ж«*»!й11?ай
Ю»^ЖЯ:. Шп> “Ж^±Й±Т«о’ ‘АПФТ, Ж# Л®
Л_Ь”, as а complement of result, indicates that sth.
stays at a certain place or in contact with sth. else through
an action, e.g. “£7±Ж±ТЙ”,	OAW±
7^”.
н, £ is]
1.	(£)	Jfangzhuo	lecture desk
2. да	<«)	bTngren	patient
з. 45	<а)	reng	to throw, to cast 1
4. «	<а)	bai	to put, to place
5.	ей)	ddyT	overcoat, topcoat
6.	СЙ)	maozl	hat, cap
1. ii	(Й)	Я	to write down, to record
8. &	<й)	xT	to wash
98
	(£) ГёпЬТ	chalk // ।
io. х '	(sb) jiao	to hand over, to hand in, to
		deliver
И. д	(sb) cheng	to become, to turn into ' ’
12. И]	(£i) yuanxfng	round, circular
13. X#	(£i) wenzhang	literary composition, essay,
		article
14.	£	(sb) buzhT	to arrange, to dispose /
15.	(^) huTchdng	meeting-place, conference
		(assembly) hall
is. &	(sb) gai	to change
17.	(sb) xiwang	to hope, to wish
18. Д11	(gj) zudtan	to have an informal discus-
		sion
12. _Х->£	(sb) jlaollu	to exchange
20.	JTngyan	experience
21. #	(£) ydng	shape
22. £	(ft) ta	it
23.	(^) kecheng	course, curriculum j
24. %.	(£) biao	table '.
25- #1?	lao jla	would you mind***? can you
99
do me a favour***?
26. 27. #	OJ) ble (sb) cd	do not, don’t to sweep
28.	(£,) zudwei	seat
29. 4s	(sb) zhl	to point at, to point to
ФЬ £ ± 15)
1. 7)$}	<£)	fangxmg	square
-S-O	<£)	sanjidoxlng	triangle
3.		llanhuan huT	get-together
4.	(£)	xie	shoes
5.	<£)	wazl	socks, stockings
(21) “ft!” sentence (2)
A.	&
ШП:
If the main verb is followed by both the complement of
result “^Ij” and an object denoting a place, thus forming a ver-
bal construction indicating that the thing or person to be dis-
posed of reaches a certain place through an action, а
sentence must be used, e.g,
(i)	7
• •
100
(2)	4-	П er
• • • • • • •
В.	*|*±>йЖй#Ж££й^»»КЯ:0тй«1£й, й
M2&filWfe£A»&a№jSl41;F«№W, ЙЖЙ1ШТ, &
ЯШ “Й’ 3^0 Min.
If the main verb is followed by both a compound direc-
tional complement and an object denoting a place, thus forming
a verbal construction indicating that the thing or person to
be disposed of tends towards a certain place through an ac-
tion, a sentence, in some cases, must be used, e.g,
<3> 4Ь;1еЛ-£-^Л.П Р’Ж 7 о
• ' • • • •
(о	7 о
С.	й
in.
If the main verb is followed by both the complement of
resultand an object denoting a place, thus forming a ver-
bal construction indicating that the thing or person to be
disposed of stays at a certain place through an action, a
sentence must be used, e.g.
с» йИШйМНП.
• • •
<6>	7 о
• • • •
101
Min.
If the main verb is followed by both the complement of
result and an object denoting a physical object, thus
forming a verbal construction indicating that the thing to be
disposed of is given to the object thruogh an action, a
sentence, in some cases, must also be used, e.g,
<7>	»
• •
• • •
Win:
If the main verb is followed by both the complement of
result and an object denoting a result, thus forming a ver-
bal construction indicating what the thing or person to be
disposed of has become through an action, a “IE” sentence
must be used, e.g.
o)	’t’st 7 о
• • •
(10)
• • •
“F.
3
1.	ejfce££s Fill in the blanks with
а$\”, u&” or “fc”.
102
<D	g'j (Ш-LjrK
<2)	ilJLo
<з> i1Hfcfel£iKx.	fco
u> T75 •£
’to
(5> itfeit^-^x^]^^# zA i*£.o
<e>	-z 4fc. 4f’3?
<z) wi^jLno.
<e)	7 E.l’bo
сю т jt Л Д -te it Ф X Sj Д ЛЛ
Л.О
<10) it-f^feit^b^J ЛХ “fe”6)о
<11)	“Д”7о
аг) 4-^#4е.^^Й>^^Д^По
2,	Complete the following sentences:
m	о
(2)	£4ПД®^0!&йШЯ«Ф,
103
_________о
<з)ТйТ, Т^#йЛт£а£7, <
4с* 4т$• v*> о х
<4> ii-Жх^Д £ 7, <^4e.'&i£
•-о
<5) <^ЬЯ	0^6^ £
ЙЖ о
<б> т<4а&;А Ai£^#p|#4>L-vt ‘ ~	, о
<7>А^^79 Ят^4е*^Л^^-Ж"'-
а - И'
'I .	> - . .	°
(в)	Д'И^-Мь
Гс -’ > о 34
3. ШЛ^Й^1£заа$Е’’^£Ъ Маке а “й” sentence using
each of the following groups of words and phrases:
(i)	4±Д
<2) Jj$L
(3)	^,^-
<4>
104
(5)	it
(в)
(7)
tit
4.	ИЙЯ1ИТЙЙ.	ШЙШОЗ
Ж*.
<» t5	A
(2)	&	<	ir
<3> _t»-J"
<4> ля л a
(5)	|SJ д
(6)	SJ^-
(7)
< JfrM
% )Ч i£
£ tt
(8)	(judnzl, examination paper)
C'lfi&J <*
5.	ЖИАКЖ, ИЖЖФИИадйЙ-&*ЯЛо ПЫПЕ-Й
.................. ижйш-&а#т, *?,
USS, ft®, ФИи, Jgfr. ffiJL, tin, «*,
ИЖ...о ШШИЖФв-ТЙ£. «Ийв^й
Л1ЛГЛСУ
-	-	*r •	.>№.
6.	Read the following passage and
answer the questions given after it:
105
Л 5'1 ЛЯ A.	& (zuo ка, to be a guest)о
4д^л.^«о ^<4-^44
МЛК ^яяа-ьа44^х4<,
^Л,О7» <44O>4&*fe—АхЛе.
А А А Л 4-0
ШЛЛаТМвТг-Я1, 4ь X & А лк. th
£, ^4дхо	&<44
Я. кла^лЯ&Ф^МвХо
ЯА^-А’ЯР^’Л? ^Лй-ТХоШ
Льй4т^, Льй’Т’Лт-^, —
ьЕЛ&^ЛМЯо Ш£Х
Й^, 4еЙ^^11АТ^4То
^4^'К4х,й-?-х^|5>£^‘’Л?
(to recall) 7 ; _h<JML-fe.3F
44W2'liO-A-£7o ЖЛХЯ^ТЖ
л^О-Д £7 о
&&£П7о фяа
106
<:	%%, -1Ы-ТП.”
ШЯ4ьЛ^йЛ£4^®ММ&, Ь
йлЛ^+^7о
<£?
«> ШЯ-MFjUV’I 7
<4> ДЛ.-#-й<$Г, ЖЯ й-Тй-Д^Р^Ь?
4Д.^,й<>ё ,ЖЯ4ай'7’й.
7?
<5> ШЯ^Л1я]Д#Х^ЛД<Т?
107
ЯЯ (Ю)
—,	Sentence Patterns and Grammar
Points to be borne in mind
concerning “ft*” sentences
а.	'ёйздш zb ж <j£ zb
MltWiiO (sS^I^
-мот ^Фо m, w. лшптжйдй
£T”, ЯвЖ: лШП5ЙЖЙ£Т”о
ЯИЖ: “ПЫШ^ТШГЖЖЖ’о
The primary purpose of a “IE” sentence is to show dis-
posal, Its predicative verb (or verb-complement construction)
usually implies disposal. Verbs (or verb-complement con-
structions) which have no sense of disposal can never occur
in a “jE” sentence. That is why we can neither say
as лШП1еЖЙд££Т% nor can we say л^|р]
b.	er	$
The function of the preposition “jE” is t0 point out that
its object is the person or thing to be disposed of and is, as
a rule, definite or already mentioned, not indefinite. That is
108
why we cannot say	but only:
(i) 44,^#—^--^o	*)
<2) 4&>4е.Я|5^45^® К (В&й-Ф)
it, гока<кяя:гйй*й4Ь®й*й;. вл, ±sa«-
йтж йййй“т\ яййшм^. им
The function of а “Цп* sentence is to tell not only the
disposal of something or someone, but also the result or man-
ner of the disposal. Therefore, there is usually a comple-
ment, the aspect particle "T”, an object or an adverbial ad-
junct etc. after the main verb, e.g.
(i)	-L^o
<2)4^46751^^^,7,
<3) 4fc4e.^|4f*4-W4fc
(4) 55'146 45 Д, (luan, disorder) ^Co
What should be noted is that the verb of a aft>* sentence
can never take after it a potential complement since a poten-
tial complement indicates possibility only, not the actual re-
sult. The verb of a “j=E” sentence cannot take after it the
aspect particle denoting a past experience either.
109
ВШ
Although part of “IE” sentences ,can sometimes be writ-
ten as ordinary sentences without "$£*, these two kinds of
sentences differ greatly from each other in emphasis, e.g.
<i>	7 *2)4
(2)	1 °3?
-ЩЛИ7.
, (йГп1^Ж“^=|5”й^Ж1й:Тй^>
—, i4 jC

475 $	Д Д Л	£	i»7
,4?,	if	Й	it	>c?	4
{/.*	’
it	7Й1	Я?. Ж Jt-й.	tM >1#
110
13
tUi Г#	№ S3

^£
н. » X
4
«ШЙ4£&, А4П^^51ЯЛиЯ^
- i-;A, Я
ЛЙ7^^-
р^о
nt
i.££5C^ 7
— о <Ь4Йо
“мл.я, 4
> 7 - Р Ф
4Й?”
Й/£#|Ы 7	5Li 7 -р ф
111
7o’
— Р4Й,	“-if, #,
>6itJ?)4S, -й-2'lAiix^'fg'o” it<,
РИЙТТо
itiu., Г*ГХ<к^4£4йо ЫЛ
МХЙ--Я-Х— о <Й,	с Jc4S^-
Йг 7 Г»7ЛЯо
it 7 — 4-
М, Xi± 7
-'М.ЯЬ Я
ЛЬЯ&£1£4Йо
-£- Д
4t, ЯХЯ*
7 о №.-?- X it
112
'лф
#ъ it 7 йЛЛ^То’
Ч+£?” o£>i	£
“ш&А/ь-ъ Ля-^т4л%?”
it
O&flMfls	«•fe’fg. Min. “iOS
аяяияя&.’‘адн14й»&1®£№.'
An interrogative pronoun can also be used in a declara-
tive sentence to stand for any person or thing, stressing that
there is no exception. There is very often "^P” or to
go with it, e.g. “ишемий’’ , а»шш
OF-
Ик ± is)
1.		<£>	guo	cooking-pot	k
2.		<£>	dTzhti	landlord
3.	i	(Й)	sheng	to bo born, to give birth to
4.		(i£)	sudyl	so, therefore ?	'
5.		(i£)	yaoshl	if
из
6. &	<Sb)	lid	to accept, to take, to leave
7.		din bu ql	I’m sorry, sorry, excuse me,
		!	pardon me
8. Л		si	to die
9.	<&>	tie	iron v
1.	Xinjiang	Xinjiang (Province)
2.	Weiwu’erzu	Weiwur nationality	(the
Uighur)
3.	ЯЯдЯ	AfantT	name of a person
	lb	& ± isl
i. iA	(£i) zhuren	host, master
2.	(^) koudal	bag, sack
з. &-T	(^) beizl	cup
8. a-r	(£) kuaizl	chopsticks
5.	(£) chahu	teapot, kettle
6. Яд	(1Ю ke	thirsty
1. ЙГЕЙ.ТЙ'б),	Correct each of the
following erroneous sentences and explain the reason for
114
what you have done:
с» t ®	7, ЫМЪ
ОЖ
<2)	4-xto
<3)
<	« |:Л±-^лА, Дffl-te$ 2 ifeД -t-
(5>
о
<	6> Д^е.—7 0
<	7>
(8)	't'AT	#•$?„
<э) &4е.—7 ^-ito
<io) $ДШ—
(11) ‘tfe-fe_t.# Ф 43,5'] Д Я 5Lwe.o
<i2)	i# 7г^4&44л.До
(13) $ЛП—
115
<U>
<i5)
<16)	Jb'SJI^o
<17>
<18)
<19)
2. ffl“ft’	Complete the following sentences us-
ing “#5”s
(I)	<^А^М1±>5Г,
tie], _
<2)
&O,	_____________
______о
(з)	___
________о
<4) ^AM,	-t-’bo
<5)	4t4-£:W’’rr4£
Jo
116
~ГЯ о
<7>	о”
3.	Change the following to negative
sentences:
(i>
<2)
<3) OXWHW.
«> ftW-f^ii^feXKo
(5) ^#Ш4иЬ-й-о
(в) #, -vt	Bl i£ ix, -ff	o
w> ’t’ BH£O
(8) Щ	о
<9>
4.	^ЖТ^1]1ЛЖН5£1й]: Give the antonym for each of the
following words:
£—M	£—
117
—			p	
	1Z£ —	д^.	
		-—	—
#—	> —	life—
T—		—
—			—
5. ЙМ£#Ж5£;	Read and retell	the passage:
(1)	—Л, ЯШАМИ,
То
в*ГЯЖ,	favt,
$ЛП -tefl- •£ 'If ii Т± > /£ "й -toft £ 'И
\
(wdng dido, to forget) ?П
Г’ГЯЖ&ТЙ-,
7	7£Л«
&ЪтЫ£> ^#^Л'|Л^7-^^, Я
ЙЛЖ££-#«”
<2) — -МЯХ,	%-
118
— ^^А,- i&t,
—iiA^'JA^ji^^etM, -te^ff vt #) <£ Ф
fti№ (koudai, pocket) Жо М’ЛЖЛ
f f  i& •X* /jciXa ,	5Д> (chahu, teapot)
П	(dao, to pour) о
ШОШ?
$36
(ke, to thirst) T ? "ill ,& Jb ^o ”
0.	in each blank with an appropriate word
or phrase from the list given below:
it /t'if ШШ Я'Иг-Ч.
;£O
•$&> it$i*
<i>	nt&i£,
8tMi>t о
119
«> Я А ф ЯЛ л
%, 4^МММ#$ЯЛ«Лг
Д &•%.•, 5- Д #1 А •&.#)
нШ, #®&Д4Г о
<3)	<рвпд, to touch, to tun into) 7 Л'] A
; -!•<
АЙ,_____
_____o
120
'b % о
-, g м э
1.
#^т, л
$W,	£
ЛАС^З, 4&
^-ЯЕ.С#Ъ *?<
2.	# Л Л о
121
Ф,	
Sj ,	— ,£JL
-Л- TH) ?	J
«Ж,	
3.	7-b-f
4.
4^#Jk, ik-M-
122
ю
tJ Ц 4 3 ~
fib <
t"* d>
I	О *N
$	0 ms \15 н|
123
£7#
< ^iwar’o xii^jcAjEA-fc
tbvx^XTo *&
7 — Ф<Л^О
^ijLtbvX'^r^ 7 о 'ЖМ&тНД.Л П Вф
124
i'l 7 ЖПо ,	А»
и>л.	. .	,- .
Я*- й М ЬЬ М *^F J ’  Ф 9 %
^ЬЛкУ<ДМ>7 о
i7 о :Й<^^^х^&4з£Ло
^М*Й>?	ЯЬДДФ Ж
vif	$l5C<L<M4
^.-4- То	^г .,
9	9 4"^ А4-4?
flVf	о # Л
<п 4 45— л ьь—л^т о
4&flliX# 1%9 £>^4^’1 7
125
= , ± in
i. Ms	Ghsb) ьт	a preposition showing com- parison, than
2. #5-	(£) cunzl	village
 3. £	(» tiao	a measure word
4- Ж	(M) kuan	wide, broad <
5.	(M) nianqTng	young
6.	£	(i) suT	a measure word, year,
		age
7. O	<Ж£) jiankang	healthy, health
8. d'i	(^) xiaomai	wheat '
«. H	(^) chanhang	volume of production,
		output
10.	(?Й) zengjia	to increase, to raise
11. -f	Ж) qian	thousand
12.	(£) jiqi	machine
13. ^r	(fi) taj	a measure word
14.	(^) nongcun	countryside
15. JjlZ.	kdo shT	to sit for examination,
examination
126
16.		(£) shtfjla	summer vacation
17.		(ijfj) JuedTng	to determine, to de-
			cide '
18.		(£) fuqln	father
19.		(^) zhongxue	middle school
20.		(?&) faxian	to find, to discover
21.		(зЬ) gai	to build
22.	-ff ж	(zjfj) xiulT	to repair, to mend
23.		(,£) fangzi	house
24.	'b^	(^) xidoxus	primary school
25.		(%J) frigged	to pass through (by)
26.	tn	(^) damen	gate
27.	ЛЬ	(^) dT	land, field
28.	£	($j) zhdng	to grow
29.	д'	(O mu	a Chinese measure for
land, equal to 1/15
hectare
ЭЕ St ffll
1.	M (^i) hanjia winter vacation
2.	“
127
aSdn-Bd” GuojT International Working
Laodong Fund Jie Women’s Day (March 8)
3.
“Wij-YT” GuojT International Labour
Laodong Jie Day, May Day (May 1)
ChQn Jie	the Spring Festival
И, iS &
1. “bt”	Comparison expressed by the pre-
position “ft/
Comparison can be expressed by the preposition “Hs” and
the general form of the sentence is:
A----“tt”-----В----£glj
A-----“fct’----В----the difference in comparison e.g.
(1)	9	Д
• •
• •
Шп.
128
In sentences of this kind, the adverb or which
expresses the degree of comparison can be used in front of
the predicative adjective, e.g.
<3>
—<•	><•>-
A) i£ J о (ЯИ*4>^й^£Вй?й£Т)
The adverb of degree	or “^c”, however,
can never be used in front of the predicative adjective. It is
wrong to say “й:Н;й<ЙЛ’> “йу1'Ф#йЖ£Н;Я54чФЗНЁ Ж
#’•
“tt’ibntt». «Ш
In addition to the above-mentioned sentences with adjec-
tives as their predicates, there are some sentences with verbs
as their predicates in which is used to express compari-
son, e.g.
<5)	)£>$,< 7
• • •
<6>	7
4п*9йФёЙ1Ь1ё, “tt-”
iw»	*ьь-’да®мййй»г*»ьж±®й
№
If the verb takes a complement of degree, “!£•••* is
placed either before the verb or before the main element
129
of the complement; if the verb takes both a complement of
degree and an object,	is placed either before the repeated
verb or before the main element of the complement, e.g.
<z> ШШНЬ
(8)
(9>
(io> £&2g/Я.2gHi-^Fo
• • • •
2.	The complement of quantity
In a sentence of comparison with “Hs”, if we want to
point out what the exact difference between two things is,
we can use a complement of quantity, e.g.
<i>
<2>
“—АЛЛ “-S’ ift
If we want to express a rough difference, we use Д
JLS °г “—to indicate that the difference is very little.
If we use the complement of degree we mean that the
difference is very great, e.g.
<3) «.ЛДЛ-АЛС-#)»
• • •
130
Cs С К t <'С (,s
(_/
(4)	>I
fo*ilfissm*ewis, ‘-ЛЛ’,
/Е?ЮЙ±В« Win:
If the predicative verb takes a complement of degree,
* -'AJL”, л—Щ?” or should be placed after the comple-
ment, e.g.
(5)
• '• • • •
(6) T Л Лf о
3. bL-^w>№4£in	as an adverbial
1ЙВДМ»»
МйЫИ£, ВДЙАЖЙЫ. Win.
or a—can serve as an adver-
bial adjunct, indicating the continuous change of things
with the passage of time, e.g.
(2>	ЛЛ-7o
• • • • •
l&JtlMn shullang buyu complement of quantity
3\ & 3
l.	: Ask questions after the example,
based on the information given:
131
> 'Jr'?
(1)	rS)AA^, Ярд J-J ^i-f-^.o
<2)	+ ЯЯ+—^O
<3) зМП^^Га.'Ь^ а» $ыг|$£-;^г+'1<!^
Ao
(4)	£Я	А^ГрЛ < AW Jf ,
-i? t A- W /г о
<5> iSJa] Л •? £ ® -fc, Яр Гй] Л ? X -5-
о
<6>	ftW 7-'f
МЯ
(7) “А”^+-£,“Л”^Л£о
(8)	— A^bA^i, Яр-'ML^’X
i W'b Д 4io
132
(9>
^o
(10)	t-^, WX<
4£-1^Ж> T^o
2. 0^|n]®: Answer the following questions:
а) фх,<)^,<14^аЛ#ИХ» -ь
-^ + х.^о 'b^M-^-fe, +
'b&lbbi'bi’^, Л'ЬфЛ
Ф&/Л?
(2) ii'b^HA^-’F-'bi w/t-tr'§’ Jf, Н>Д-
W^7i+/To
(3) i^_>b#-f’^rRybtF : M
-b
<^±o + +
<4> 4^Л^ + ^->8., а^Л+^Д., 4"AA
133
(5)
а‘5’о	7
> ^'^±?
<в> ИХ—^ФНЁЛ^-+уЬй1^, жя —
яхлшл^
Wo Г’ГЖ^НЬЬШЯJL'HX
^2
<?> &—Ж/»—•'Hf-'b
B+^^Jko >ZlHs<4tff'S.o я
3.	Read the following passage and
answer the questions given after it:
£ ? “%--2- p A: 5c^	.'4'_4"-,dtfc.
4M*4to	#
ДЛ,
134
+ ^Н+о
-Ч’-Ч’Л.	, '№,Лй’Ф47
,Ait?X^F
+ -b£, Ш£, B)l-^Jk0
Jk vx J& < 4-Й-Ft iK	Я л Я d' X
ДФ^^г», Hfl4tX + ^o
(i)	Х-^^-ф^> ФФ&,?
(2)	Х-^Й^5СЖ	jl
(3)	7 JL4
J? . -
(4)	№.ЯЯ>±?
135
• •
T* ft о
• • • •
- в й Я 3
1.	itl”j EJWeL—#o
МШ йШ)
лат
2.	#o
136
з.	4^ r5) о
iZ-ДФ,
Д^Д Ф,
Д4П	, /


AMtJLiiJ^., ZA^JL, ii
4- jcJcS|L$pД—4i^^,o
-ffr—Ф-Й.
5.	rS)o
П
Х^О,
-АД#
137
с.
&&&, £
&Е-%, ЯрЕ-Я, #
Д^Иг^, 1Ь^ё|4т-$-, <
-> w *
w £ % 3
,^-lS^f'bA’"] ®,§-o -ft
&, Р4-АШ5:Д£ХФ£ 7 JLEdff^o _h;A
&W34tl, 4-А^Л4®^-;Л, ^7
^^f?”
s> ,^-^oii. £] tL^ Д	Sjif, ‘(s.
ХЗД^Х-4#-;Ло
^Г-i^B®	-t-^F
138
3,
Д^_=.;АО ШМтЙЛк
tbW-^7» £-^,я&ЯЯ)4йи
W^Fi^o
^ха^,йЖ^А«7о ^лЖТЯ-
, J- £'J4^i£4f % ~ % Л #в
&: 4-А#Л^5С^7 о it8tl£,SJ&f!
->мчл<*е*,	^И4
131)

&
ж я. ini
'Л№Х»ЯТ-М®, 4-ХХ»ЯТ-й®.’“аП«£Ж=^
1Л. ИХХ*ЛЯ1=Т, Х£#тЛТ.’
The adverb “X” indicates that an action or a state of
affairs has already been or is bound to be repeated though
it has not been repeated, e.g.
«т-£нг',	x$
©gijiirs*	ШП: “SWimilll
10ШНЙом
The adverb “|ip indicates that an action or a state of
affairs has not been repeated yet, e.g.
= . £ Я
1.	|7t	(» РГ	a measure word
2.		(£) md	horse
3.	-#	(Ю yiyang	same
4.		(45) banfd	method, way
5.		(ft) zheme	such, so
6.		(ft4i£) name	such
7.		sal ma	horse race
8.		(^|) shu	to lose
9.	yr	(glj) zhThSo	can not but, can only,
141
to have to
10. 11.	W	(зЬ) fen (£) dengji	to divide grade
12.		(^) shdngdeng	superior grade, first
			class
13.		(^) zhongdeng	medium grade
14.	Tf	(^) xladeng	inferior grade
15.		(O chdng	a measure word >
16.	лВс	(%J) ying	to win
17.		(^T) anzhao	according to
18.	ЙЖ	Ш) JleguS	result, consequence, as a
			result, in the end, fi-
			nally
19.	И	(Ж) tong	same
20.		<ЙЛ4з) mingling	to order, to issue an
			order, order 1
21.		(4B) xTn	heart
22.		(Ж) dlsheng	in a low voice
23.	<£	zhao jf	to be anxious (worried)
			about
24.	ip	(§IJ) qud	but, however
142
25.	it#	(ft)	zhdyang	such, thus, in this way
26.	ЙМ	(i£)	suTran	although, though
27.		(B)	jiandan	simple
28.		(«)	yTdTng	certain, definite
29.		(£>	shuxue	mathematics
30.	<ж	cfe)	daolT	reason
31.		(Й1)	shengchdn	to produce	'
32.	Л-ft	(ft)	qita	other
33.	ZF®	(£)	fangmidn	aspect, respect
				
1.	S) &		Tian JT	name of a person
2.	^r®		Qiguo	the Qi state
3.			Qf Wang	lord of the Qi state
				
1.		(£)	niu	ox, cow
2.		(£)	yang	sheep
3.		(£)	gou	dog
4.	№	(£)	mao	cat
143
5.	(£) wulTxue	physics
6.	(£i) huaxue	chemistry
Es io >4
1. “$!•••	The construction «{gg...—
“-W”	^Tiufnwi^o. «И:
“—is an adjective and can serve as the predicate
of a sentence, e.g.
a)
(2) jtfll#o
Wins
“ — can be preceded by the prepositional con-
struction	as an adverbial adjunct, e.g.
<3>
#o
(4) №, й^ JiL й-^ J?. —44о
• • • • •
If the nouns that represent the two sides in comparison
are preceded by an attributive, either of them can be omitted.
Sometimes can be omitted as well, e.g.
(5)	(й$$|£) Ж^£4я£йИ.й
• • •
144
<б> йОЛОЙ (^Д) — #0
«щ.—вййт-4-0±йййо 'ёч'
lUttMws. <Ьргил№Жтё» я*1.
ejg...—has now become a set construction, and ser-
ves either as an adverbial adjunct or as an attributive, e.g.
<8*
• •••••
2.	ЛЖ‘—‘W*	The negative form of the
construction
>—«Ц:
takes in its negative form. a^” may
be put in either of the following two positions:
(1)
<2>
It is more usual, however, to put before
3.	Comparison expressed by
or “&W”
The verb can also express one’s estimate of a thing
or comparison of two things, meaning "to come up to a
14-5
certain degree or extent”. Its negative form is
meaning "not come up to a certain degree or extent” or "not
so good as”, e.g.
(1)	B] ее? i л Л1ГА
7O
(2>	47o
(3)	Bl Ш	тт'Э-
• •
A,
(4)
• • •
The general form of the sentence of comparison expres-
sed by is as follows:
a——в——ькш»®
A--“fa”-В-(“££* or “SP£/’)-aspect be-
ing compared
зштоо» »ns
This formula indicates that A has come up to the degree
or extent of В in the aspect being compared, and applies
more to negative and interrogative sentences, e.g.
• • •
• • • •
146
• •
(7)	7 о
ЯUUffl
«Ш
As well as adjectives, optative verbs or verbs that can
measure the degree or extent of a thing can also take u^—”
to express comparison, e.g.
(8)
<9)
inJt^WaSW,
Ш1:
If the verb takes a complement of degree, the position
of “^‘•••’ is the same as that of	e.g.
сю)
<u>
(i2>
аз)
• •
5\ £ 3
1,	Д agg...—Rewrite the following sentences
147
using --------
тК- О ~
я ж я* <“а о л —#о
ci)	? 4ЬR
(2>-Д^яоб$*Л 0 ДЛ^^, Д^^^-л»й^
*Л 0 aMiMo
(з)
<4) dhbЯ i^/i^ii9
ri о
(5)	Д^7-^ХЛ^, ^aL^7-#X
(6)	#,—ФН1ьЛ^'>Х, Д—'bflt<4&
Л^^Хо
(7)	£-£ЛКФ<^Л 800 J?9
148
800 /Го
(в) ДЛ I960	1960 -¥-£.
&}»
2.	Rewrite the following sentences
using
0J
& # Й	йНа T> - #o
(1) й'ЬШ.Ш,
(2) J^r3.^%^ ,
<3)	EJ , '1'3-
Я|АЙМ1&Л
— Mi#o
<5>	a <<#, —
3 Л'Ь-Йг#)о
149
Make up a dialogue between two students as in the fol-
lowing example, using the information given:
0J
cL
Ts
X:
T:	^4£.&o
X:
Т: #<£1±Ф&йШёЛ?
Т:
<Й5о
X: -if,
M.g.,4’-^?
Ts Ч, ЖШо
150
О)
«>
4.	W”Rewrite the following
sentences using the verb expressing comparison:
«>	—#r^o
(2)	#t.o
<*> 'fttt&M—	3pvo
<5> &—+'NX3:, fc—
(6)
(?)	A^'o
<8>	—4¥ч§)о
5.	ЯЖ/т:ЬЬЙ№“?5*’Й'!5ТЯ1^?: Rewrite the follow-
ing sentences using	expressing comparison:

151
A'lfeo
(2)	Л <
«о
(3)	АЛЛрЖ#Жй-)А/о
(4)	+ -5-^’Л^, MS.—
^МШЗ^ + ^о
(5)	НХ’аЖ’^-*?, >ZJ’S<’§ ff £
#о
(6)	Жо
6.	Read and retell the following passage:
Й M &
I
____Q]	7 > T
ZJ I5] fll—
ЙЛ-h,
т-йтйл«^£7о 5'П^Й,^
152
т£ф,1.О<^®£йш&жвй^£
-#о ityb4t&X4x^,-Lii£<“ibi’’
,-ЙЛЙ.МЛг, }£ЗГЯ*И^10о-№.
&,-£Л+£бНм^<йПо iiW&A
т|й^%?	ДЙ-Ж4<.&.6^А, A-h
fc<&&4fco	1
тл4г^я&,?&^<а4л^^
Ж й- (dTzhT, address) О ^и Ж &	J') .<& "F > 4b /3L
4V’i^ik,z°s<^^44o т#я<4Ло
Я^-ЙЙ-Л4-й4т 7 -^i-й, #в Ws# Д
~Д-£-Я(М$ЯЬ£о \
Й&йЛ-^Й^о
k,
ТЛТ^Вф^,FWl-te
153
4t.jb#,t, Л-ф-Й
ft Is) & Л it , i£. Bf Т
Л 4лй1^- 7 о 7 it
<&о
154

В)	йjfn < Л+-f-zr-й-Я о
Д1П	&й^кЯ Л о
• • • •
-, g й а з
1.	яр'Ь 81 =^й$ й^я^Г/
Д5уь а й ^^'£+2.
(530,000)-f^Xo
=-+-к 7Г=.?(372, ООО)
+ И (140, 000)
Я. Л 4 (56,000)
-t-f-b^ (7,700)
155
2.	^F^bS^TT>!>Ap?
Яр 'b Bl	5У Ao
—fc—-f	(110,000,000)
iBj-f Ifryv-b^ (20,800,000)
— §• X.+E3 if: =.(1,240,035)
X- §• Г. + -b Ъ 3. -f (2,273,000)
3.	liMl’l R (ft dei 11'?
dc££X^t-Q)o
ф
§ ^^LX-+<20%>
(1)
ЛЛ
?	— ДЛ(31.б%>
4.	7 > >'?
7-^o
156
ж
я
й) ё.
(-)
± & а
A:
В: -ir4F-W-t4‘-S-’S’4v^±J >4F->>"V4‘
jfri-b-'b,	7i<i+4^o
В:	Д<Х-§-о <Д^±йШ
а лм?ы^+^во
A:	^'Л-i-
i-i
В: t><-2.+о
157
4feo	3£Д
А:	i 7 / у
±?
В;
А:	а ^>з#ло
ȣ.?
в: й$чо	Jq-3fXta
^'l-^o
(-)
t Bl
’f	B)£jE.jH|&^|5, й<ЯЛи^Г
-^?Х^#Н<^В1ДЛ^ я &*To <
158
У
’И @ $ <^<^Ысо Я7 @<^fc > А
, £ЙАРЙЗЛК-, ktfJTlA
159
Л о Я* Э ДД Я Д<^+/ 4%
+ @л^=ккв|£о
Д@^—#,’FjiHj£.Xi,^@^o ^)4ай
@ <&к	1 X ?£
®, + ЭАЯ.дЕ.Д.^И, ^ЛМАДО
/ • <'" ' *	-'S	=, ±	1Я1
1. £)^Я	ей)	mlanjT	area	f'
2.	(ft)	wan	ten thousand
3-	ей)	pTngfang	ХлА square
4. ЛП	ей)	renkdu	population
5. -fa	(ft)	У'	a hundred million
			cc^	.
6. £	<а)	zhan	to constitute, to make up
7. •••^-		.••fen zhT«»«	formula for fraction
8- А	ОЙ)	dian	point, dot
9. -MS)	<а>	tfgao	to raise, to improve
io. -fi-	(*)	bel	a measure word, fold, times
			74/’ •
ll. Д	<£)	bu	cloth
12. X	СЙ)	cal	vegetable, dish
160
13. j£j	(£) rou	meat
1з. ^415	(£i) niunSl	milk
15- Й) (&,	(^) mianbao	bread
16- it а	(^) shurnO	number
17. dj $.	(Я2) dangran	of course
18. (A) it	(£) (ren)shu	number (of persons)
19.	U	(£i) gdngheguo	republic
20. ’/Hl	(£) zhou	continent
21. -S|5	(£) bu	part, section
22.	(£i) hdi’anxlan	coast line	°
23- «	(£) changdu	length
24. jx ,	(£) Jiang	river
25- db	(J^) quan	whole
26.	(^) nnTnzG	nation, nationality
27.	(j^> shSoshO	minority
28.	(^j) fazhSn	to develop
29. ...^	•••zhong	in, between, among -
30. %	(^) wei	for
si- ЯК4Ъ	(^j) xlandalhua	to modernize
32. JM	Ж qlang	strong, powerful
161
$ €
i-
Zhonghua Renmin the People’s Republic of
	Gongheguo	China
2. ЛЕ	'/}j| Ya Zhou	Asia
3. &	pL Chang Jiang	the Changjiang (Yangtze)
		River
4. -Ц"	У*Г Huang He	the Huanghe (Yellow)
		River
5. 'Я	Hanzu	the Han nationality
6. ж		
Disanshljle the Third World
lb & ±
i.	4МЯ	Fsi zh5u 2.	gfciHl	OU Zhou 3. Lading Mel Zhou 4.	jjfc, Д iH] B81 M8I Zhou 5.	iH Doydng Zhou	Africa Europe Latin America North America Oceania
162
И, %
1.	Numeration (2)
<-) ж, вмтй^-^hw
Numbers from 1 to 100 have already been taught in
“Numeration (1)” (See Lesson 20). The method of forming
the numbers above 100 is shown in the following diagram:
163
$‘+Л’, i,ooo,ooo$‘-W;5’, 10,000,000$
100,000,000$ итз” & *-ft\
in“+fL”,
In Chinese, “Jj” is used as the unit for any numbers
from “Jj” up, e.g. “100,000* is read “"TTj*, "1,000,000”
Юз”, "10,000, 000”"—and “100, 000, ООО” “-ЮГ
or	“f&” is used as the unit for any numbers from
аЭзЭз” up, e.g. “+V and	etc.
Here are some examples showing how to form big num-
bers:
(i)	345,678,912
y'V-f-уь’Э’—
(2)	20,0ф, 000
(3)	1,03(6,000	—
(4)	2,78J0,002
&£®&ФГЯ#Й4ЧЙЯ4'В1_Е1Й “o’ $4-
йи-, 4Ья$-»‘о’, мй(2)(4). fi^iS$St*w, ste
»Ф“0’Я1$Щ*. in‘2003060’
Note: in case of a big number, if there are two or more
“zeroes” in succession, only one “0” is read (See Examples
(2) and (4)). But if a big number is read, numeral by
numeral, all “0” must be included, e.g. “2003060” is read
164
2.	Fraction and percentage
&ЖЮЙ	limo M
fth
In Chinese	is used to indicate a fraction,
with the denominator preceding the numerator, e.g.
(1)	-r
(2)	-4-
(3)	-A-
lu	• •
(4)	-|r -2-+^^+-t
UV	ф ф
Mffio ШП:
A percentage is a fraction in which the denominator is
one hundred. In reading a percentage, the denominator comes
first, then the numerator, e.g.
(5> it'i-xp # 3 x (M x А) ££Гх
A^^X-f- (20%), tx (Jex
А) Л^^А-Н80%)о
(6)	(A
45&0)Йтх+(ЗОЖ).
• • •
3.	Multiple numbers
165
A multiple number is formed by adding the word afg”
to a numeral, e.g.  r r
<1)	J 3'4^
----z. tfj о 4g- Д.А. o	k
<2) ^.+£^.£55 jl4d?
(з)	X #	+
Jf 9	It ng §" ug 4*
ft 9 Э1Д itmpt#3 7 +1^о
H, £ 3
1. i« ilt Ж T ЭД & l&: Read each of the following
numbers:
<1)^65,789,312	30,056,000
763,822,495	20,078,000
2,036,000	5,790,003
4,057,000	6,087,000
166
/о\	1	1	1
<2)	—=—		
5	2	4
3	5	7
4	6	8
2	3	19
15	17	22
18	7	26
50	40	30
3	1	10
100	100	100
17	21	43
1000	10000	10000
2.	Fill in the blanks:
(1)	4&o
(2) -H-S"	+ о
(3)	4^о
(4) л»'S’ -^-+4§-Д.о
(5)	о
(6)	—Л
(7)	в
167
(8)	+	A о
3.	0^|r]®: Answer the following questions
using the approximate number “%n:
<d	i^j4t / У A-
X?
(2) tsowH?
<3> + a
j-K.?
(4) S^APt/ У?
<5) ’t» ao >'y^K^i
4.	0^IrJ^s Answer the following questions:
(	1)	+ ft,
^ЛаТЛ+ 7f , th M- Й. Я *a
(	2)	@ Hsflf й. шГ Л“
7 Л>^>	X	w "S’
<	з>	7#	7 £
168
(«	A, -Jc-X-^‘5’^'^-
+A, *ХАШ!1Ч
<	5> ^^ЖУй-^ААМЖ-- —4^
Я £>!>'?
<	б> M1MWW < Л - -f
£^,+ШМ?
<	7) ii'bi'i? — АЖ 7— -f Я’Ж, A.'S’Jr
ft, +А<Ж>!>^.? />'1*1?
«) 1£'НйЛжЛ?€—<-+^Ар, $F
‘У1
5.	Read and retell the following letter:
- Й 4*
X®:
169
021
В 62 и 01 -й-6261
-% jy
vim
/' /
IW
‘®Ж °® MJ 7?	492 i?
z  \ ' •' - '
W¥ ‘tyf*4»^"^
‘WnB4>	°y^^^.49
ayg^m^'Wf+y^
®^^fy-¥®4» °Ж</£&=-yy^
4	#7It< у °т! 4-k. #¥ 49 V ¥ ‘ f
•^^@4* °£’¥’¥> ^v<^'</y4-yf +
№игу ‘^йхт-^т^
./		.' ^ .. к 	'	;>? Л-_. 	
¥®4 °1-g?^w-#fe!y#>yv‘'^#l;49
® 4^-#l w‘
6.
й.
Notice the way of addressing an envelope in Chinese.
Write a letter as in the following example, using the
information given.
00
i&’a’-i-M

171
ЙЖ11)
« ж
# Ж
Вфtil, t a ;)W# А4П &Я. i±io
X,	> if
“1кхЖ£Л J Зьлл#/о”
172
j''‘c _	7 -у ч ^'2
“	— х й «.Ж — Е в, - # ± о *
“ъ, Д<^>ьА+Л<—5ь 4—ъ
Л’°”
:к^#"Йг ЗЖ-КМГй],—'bAiit:
-#'о”
Л£^&^*£<М^£^До зквШ,
— 4^% ^«Й'Т^ Л ^-Й*:
“4ь:&Х£-ф£Ш-Ь--£г,
, Д^РДЛ^—'bib’f’o^ xL'ii’l’, ^Ь
4 #)№&, й.^>7о 1кх4-^ж4.фл^
-#io-fe^*.T^> #-=&,	(Л)
173

1.	fa	(Я))	cheng	to weigh <r
2.		(&>	xiang	elephant
3.	4L^r	(&>	beifang	north, the North
4.	Й	(£>	Jido	foot
5.	м	eg)	zhongliang	weight
6.		(£)	cheng	scales <	'
7.	ф	(Й)	qian	to drag, to pulL
8.	fa		wang	to, towards
ФЬ ft ± 1^1
i. №	(^fe)	tuT	leg
2. ЯШ		gebo	arm
3. BM-B#	(^fe)	yanjing	eye
4. ^.-J-	<£)	bfzl	nose
5. 4*	(«)	drduo	ear
6-	<^fe)	zuT	mouth
н, $ 3
1. Ж>1ТЭДЖ5С: Review the
174
following verbs, paying attention to the different meaning
of each of them in each group:
1.	#	Ж 4&. M 4* 475
2.	Я it, $3
3.	Й	... Я"'
4.	' l“]	ii-fcs
b.	iiii ^4-	&&
в.	Г	Д
7.	4M	4t	44
в. ЛЯ
э.	i	JL	4Й	Й
io. 4-xt ‘Й з£44 7 M 4«il
Я
2. #|S.M$IT^IJ#isj• Explain in Chinese the meaning of
each	of the following words:
<D	(2)	(3)
(4)	Jit	<5)	(6)	If It
07)	^It	<«>	<01	45Д
175
з. штт
Read aloud the following dialogue and write the Arabic
numbers in parentheses in Chinese characters:
IS: MX,	&
it о	(2006), fa
FfX: Д-s^];&.-£•<> 
(2006), #’3?
IS: *Г, (НИ’&о
Я.Xs ШЛ,
^4-Д-То
iO:
MX: iHX,X&(0£o
7 о & Д.
(1003639)о
МГХ:	£
176
Л < А Д £,	Я « 4т,
(552231) &<,	(2006)
ЛГ*1<>
Ю: Bt-k-Jt!
* * *
Я X •. it Д(2006 ) -f л 1*1 ’3?
Л®; ЯХИ£А7,;и7 7 Л&тЫХХ’й!
НЯ:	J.’3?
Л®: *h$Л±1£Г'’Шо 0)-&.4£Д
(2004)-f л 1*1 о
Я Я:
Л®, л-мадт-ш, 4кМ—^)ивЛА
М-Ш-ЁЖ 7 о ЯХ,
7(10)>ЬЛ 7,
М^т’й!
ЯХ:	—T^fAo А
177
(200) > А, Д Ш^З£;А^-; <А
#(8000) >Ьх. А, г>А
Я,	Л#$->',
(юо))т, зла 
(800) )fj,	(8)
Hi кУ Я *# Л° 7(7)
Tfc i)i 1Л Й5 !# <Л !
16: ^ззиЛЛ^М+^К-АЙ &Л1й
#о <Ai3S^^^^^,4"AT-7-)t
T)L0
Н X : № Js < nt la) >') О1	3c )L ’&!
ХФ: -if,
MX: AAAa#(220) -f^lslo
М1Ч^-¥-7, &-ЙЛ7,
X®: #х—'^JL’E.!
178
MX;

MX; -Я-A!
4. шажФЯ'МЛФйдав, ЛП| tte£>K5mw£.
>^#1L i£j£44t&/4j: Compare: (1) the area and
population of the two cities, (2) Wang Zhong’s and Zhang
Wen’s age, height and weight, in the following tables,
then make up five sentences of comparison.
5.
Change each of the parts marked with “•* in the following
two passages to a sentence of comparison:

179
A—'t*7 WA, Ф
UWi+A	'!'f^4'°
4ЫП-£#я1>^#—-f HibM, ’t’^jLA
7®^^—^Д-K
• • • • •
AM(ol, short),#rvX	i. <И Д <b i. J&
i£o	-b^JUMr#,
• ••••• •••
(2) Д^ТЖЛ^ДО А, АДА Д 3,
4t Д ф zr # 3 о ЗАД АЛ	3 Я. if о«>ё
Ar^lS.^»
•	•••и	•••••	••••••
^A^TlTo
Д-йь'^'^’^'йигИво ДЗ? й§4#А,
'ffc^-A^j ttj'ltls.,
о #£& Btte,
Д^^^тй^-, 4Ь'^'^‘4т#з£о
в. ^й1я|фйй#&|щ?ж»й8«’1^(1)<2)*й-амй,
Do you know how to ask the age? Make up a dialogue
based on the information in the manner of the example
180
given:
ЭД

“Wl?’
a; ТЛЛ^/Л-7?
В: ^+?o
Ш R Л t 6 Л4?> £ A«.> я “ &>
*>' 7 ?”	“ & Л < 7 ? ”
<2) H-bWLJfT'fcJL^ 7?”
181
Ж £ + £ W
• • •
"T ^o
• • •
• •
i.
-. SUS3
м,	%,	40 JL
&-h,	9	
Г ^-k,	Й,	
i^, JL,	&,	T A^
2.
182
£8Т
fel		
7va~ 4^	‘nr и	‘IF/
	‘fc	‘M
	‘J-	6

mv		‘n?4'tw
C^Dnf'®		‘TW
СЭГ)£$		‘15^


Cbf^tv ‘-J£
‘3r$l£
‘?fM
C40 £
5.
ДЛ тЯ. ,	£
Д 4П 6-J т& И
4tm«,	+t
X. is X
ibtf Й-ЫМ-'Ь&^о
^.J^-hii^.—^^4-, -h 1L # —'f'
184
й Дй.
£^i£>ti±4--'fi^A,
41,
‘Шййо’ M#4#7£,
Ш4. ............
рш<л<£'1 <®i-, iAkikiit:
Шн,
%?9
i£XE
4, k^jtjL ДН1-М»’
s&, 4<МЫ1#7%?”
“ДйНа^-1^#-?Мйо	й
185
#1^7,
х -	-	/ _	- -	'
££й^7,	&
%,. &Й^4^-$-<Кь
^']A^5Hs^ 7-й.о”
=-Е4*У&’й'1£, —4-
jl, 3£зМ-тк7о
Ж $	*Т# 4 4f, ^Г Л ir
6i4£7, йж4'№,>-^-й^ль,^'^^^1£о
н, ± i^J
1. Д4-	(^)	mache	horse carriage, cart
2. f-	(£)	guangchang	square
3-	(^)	feijTchdng	airport, airfield
4. Л<	(Я))	fel	to fly
5. 7^.	(*)	jla	a measure word
6. d'M	(^)	xldozfl	group
7. ^•••^	• ••	yue««*yue*«	the more*** the more
8.	(£) nongmfn		peasant
186
9
yue lai yue««« more and more
10- 11. F*J ж	(Ж) fuza		complicated content
	(£>	neirong	
12.	(®)	shen	deep, profound
13.	(»)	fengfu	rich, abound
14.	(£)	fangxlang	direction >/>' ' •	/z
15. Й(-$-) (Й)		gan(che)	to drive (a cart) -
16.		kan yangzi	it looks like, it seems like
И.	(£,)	xiansheng	gentleman, sir, Mr.
18. ’’•’Г'Й.		ting shuo	it is said that, to be told
			that, to hear
19. ft %	&	you guanxi	it matters much, to have
			sth. to do with
20. 7	(Й)	lido	to end up
21. №	(Й)	pa	to fear, to be afraid of
22. *Г 5%	(i£)	keshT	but
23.		wang	to forget
24. <	(®)	yao	to shake
25. 41^.	(£)	jTshO	technique
26.	(£)	nenglT	ability
27.	(Й)	Jixu	to continue, to go on
187
28. ^4^	(£) tiaojldn
condition	(>’
* 4
M®	Chuguo the Chu state
lb % ± 1Д)
««	(^) cudwu (зЬ) fan ?tu	error, fault, mistake	
		to commit	о c	;'
i£jE	(^J) gaizheng	to correct	
	($}) jianchi	to insist on,	to persist in
И, IS
1.	The sentence showing existence, emergence
or disappearance
ЩЯйИ&№Йй1ИЙ5'$)®|,Ч#?®'йо ФЯ'Йй-)
иш&мдаш, гндяйадлйжйажййжи
ияи&шж ajsaffl*. iis-wf&wffs.
The sentence with a verb as its predicate which tells
the existence, emergence or disappearance of a person or
thing is known as a sentence showing existence, emergence
or disappearance. The predicative verb of such a sentence does
not chiefly indicate an action but tells the existence, emer-
gence or disappearance of a person or thing at a certain
place or time and in a certain state or manner. The word-
order of such a sentence is as follows:
188
aww —awi—
With
position word (or time word)-verb-the noun
denoting a person or a thing e.g.
(i)
(2)
(3)	—yb'tr ® 1§Ж
u)	fl'jJА7
• • •
W(1) (2):K»i№fft£> ЭД(3)ал<ЖЯ:ШЯТА'£,
«<4)
Examples (2) and (1) tell where a person and a thing
exist respectively. Example (3) tells where a person appeared;
Example (4) tells where and when a person left.
Points to be noted:
A.
eW\ Ibig^o
Except in some very special cases, there are some other
elements such as “7”, or a complement after the verb
in this kind of sentence.
в.
The person or thing that exists, appears or disappears
after the verb is, as a rule, indefinite.
189
2.	The construction
«П:
The construction “^•••^•••’, indicates that two things
increase or decrease in a parallel way, or that one increases
in the same degree as the other decreases, e.g.
• •
<2> .1Е.ДЯ|ЬСЖ#,
• •
\V-
о
(3)	4»
-8-?А^Го
3.	The construction
The construction	indicates that something
increases in degree with the passage of time, e.g.
• • •
• •
о
(3)	7 ©
• • •
cun xian ju sentence showing existence,
emergence or disappearance
190
3
1.	Change the following to sen-
tences showing existence, emergence or disappearance:
0J
я-'Muh-lh,
^_U±<~'b<elo
(i)	'b’}1 § Я	T о
(2)
(з)
<4) <—
<5) W-4fefiie.>A^-T_h#T^-To
(6)	£ _h£
$ о
<7>
(8)
o) tOAA^Tii^i.
(10)
<11)	OiUAr
191
о
аг) <—
2.	Rewrite the following sentences
in the manner of the example given:
fl’i’ii	it Ao
—	t^it^ 7 о
<i)
(2)
<з)
(4)	jL^b 'Jr & Я,
До
<5)	—
см 'Мл^-±.4|-<Л.^'Шо
(D	o-hjk<
3.	ЖТ^нШЖ'ч):	Make up sentences as in the fol-
lowing example, using each of the words and phrases
given below:
192
CD AitA
(2)	'Ш-Д-
(3)	#T A
<4>	ДЦ
<5)	4?<
<б)	j±; А ~
<п	ЖА7 -
(8)	*JTA
4.	<1ШЙЛЙ,	Та1к about tbe following
picture, using sentences showing existence, emergence or
disappearance as much as you can.
193
5.	Й&ШЗЙFin in the blanks with the words
or phrases given:

<	1>	7
5C &	>£, i< &% o
<	2>	<n 4-
?AP§O
'	' 'tfeo
<	4> it	%,
. W, -
<	5) ^ЛО^- A ‘ ' > , ^-' ‘	&
Ro
(6) ^1±^А4Г1й^Л,	*
' ^fo
(7) it^'b£-fc$*;t3j,
/ / < '
1^0
194
6. nifts Read and retell the following passage:
i-Л, MilWO:
* 4S,, •	£• 5L (zhengyf, justice) , ^Й jc
4*%?’ ЯЛ-Ot:
д-«Ако йй
ft
<Лх,	Т
195
I 5 +Ай
4b<W.3^£,To
• • • •
&НММо
-, V й » g
1. fcWW.
	Sdff
-&%>	
	##
	&-ГЗ-
2. <#^5ik4tL4§->t К
196
7 о
7 Д^-fSo)
з.
Ж-t- з" f Л,	£') A.
ЛЬ±, itJL
fti,	4t^J
4.	Э 7 о
&.h-£-
197
6.	Л St $Ljxl#)4feo
i2L Л £ £),
1^4“ Jt,
=, ® X
Й £ dr
410 &4-W{g
i,
i-Zbo
?T4t	— 4^ # ?
ii 7 #г-4-^йй,о
198
jE/|£4)-i±4>	5^
’1^7o
“44 7 <#«.,	>
4447, &4b#£>Lik4,44#$ш4
•. Z 1'-‘'	V...
W7o”
:Ш±О Ж>ё^ Й	7 о
JP A A,-g-^-о jtJk'&’it.
Й4Л5,	.4о -“ЛЙ.-Ь, 'ЙМО'Р&Ж^,
&4ь4-Л-&Й^, ЙЖ, ih>ti^.?!5,7 о Л
^ж4^7о 4-дА&Я7®>о
4-/ьЛмА^, л^4г'1 &44,
^М4тДо #^4^Л;Л&>4-в-/ь, >6 4,
4-£ й- 4££# ££ * £ 7 о
4£&<££4, Я-й&з'^Хо ярл.
199
“Д-^i
444®, Д«Л!”
4^4£Й4к, #^7k4K 4
^.,	Й iL£•>#? 5 4я4^&, ЖЛЬ
A4fo-A, л.^4фхА£’П4-;и, i-
t'lfetti*.® Ж-£ 7 о
Ий^41®, лк^й.4т
**	V z \	z — V \	' A Z	X X
200
о
%
© ж-й-йй»ж'т*’#-»?1Фжя»
mm.	ий. ютт.
Ж»^Т*е”
One of the extended usages of the compound directional
complement	is t0 indicate an action in progress start-
ing now. In this usage,	cannot take an object after
it, e.g.
ЙЖФо «Ш ЧкШПЕШ£&иЕ!'’
Another extended usage of the compound directional
complement	is to indicate concentration, e.g.
=ч ± iU
1.	(^) r§nwu	task ./'z</ •'
2*	(j^j) woncheng	to complete, to accomplish,
		to fulfil	y
з. it	(Д’) rang	by
4. v»l|	(Д’) jiao	by
5. <	(Д’) bel	a preposition indicating
		the passive voice, by
c. <	(z&) jlO	to save, to rescue
201
ft	huo	to live, living, alive
«. if. 9. 4т Я	($&) bi da ddo	-J/ • •	/. to cdmgeV t0 force, to press .	.. t 1 X • ».	'	' to overthrow/down with
i°- "Й" -?•	(£) qlngnian	youth
11.	(z$) Pai	to send, to dispatch
12. Я4*-	(^i) zhanzheng	war
13. $	(£) sheng	province
14. 15. ЙМ	(It) dul jle hOn	a measure word e ' to get married
16. 17. it-?-	(49 qian gud man	front, before to celebrate (spend) the New Year
18. -&-JL	(49 пй’ёг	daughter
19. 1®)	(^J) tongyT	to agree, to consent
20.	(^J) mal	to sell
21.	(zft) qtfng	to take away by fbrce, to grab, to seize
22. 4^ 23.	(^j) zhua gan huo	to catch to work, to do physical labour
24. 4т	($J)	to beat
202
25.	(Й)	md	to scola, to curse, to abuse
26.	<Й)	wuru	to insult* to offer’^n insult
			to	J'	?
27.	(£>	houlol	then, afterwards
28.	<Й)	too	to flee, to escape, to run
			away
29.	(£)	toufa	hair
з». 4RA		bao chou	to revenge, to avenge /1 / Г >'
31. If-itE.		jlefang qu	liberated area ~
32.	4^	<й.	llngddo	to lead, leader, leadership '
33. ЯД	ш	qtinzhdng	the masses > <'/' < /
34. -3}-ф-	(Й)	dduzheng	to struggle against '> r -
35.	<й)	tuanjle	to unite r<	')( , z,
36. ^ifg	(®)	xTngfu	happy
		4з
i.	BolmoonO	the White-haired Girl
2. 4л. El	Kong RT	
	Zhdnzheng	the War of Resistance Against Japan
203
3 . 'гГ-М
4.	ЛД
s.	4-х
6-	4^ й
7.	«4=.
8.
HebSl ShSng	Hebei Province
Dachun	name of a person
XT’er	name of a person
Yang Bailao	name of a person
Huang ShTren	name of a person
Baltjjun	the 8th Route Army
фь
1. ДЛ	(^) yapd	to oppress V ''	,i!
2. fljftl]	(zjfj) boxue	to exploit z '	' ' '“
3- 2я.4л.	(zft) fankang	to resist, to revolt against
4. 4^-	(O) geming	to make revolution, revolu-
		tion
5.	(£) Jieji	class
EQ, in &
1.	The sentence passive in meaning
In Chinese, the subject represents the agent of an action
in some sentences, as in	and	but
in other sentences the subject becomes the recipient of
204
an action. Such a sentence is called a sentence passive in
meaning. There is no difference at all in form between these
two kinds of sentences, e.g.
(1)	Io
• •
(2)
• •
(3)
• ••••••
Sentences of this kind are extensively used in our daily
life, and their subjects usually represent definite things.
2.	sentence
“it’.
'ИГ	"Ч	&
еж, н-й««.
й.
In Chinese, besides the sentences passive in meaning,
there are also sentences in the passive voice shown by the
preposition a$i”, “it” or “РЦ”, which are known as “$t”
sentences. The predicative verb of a a^” sentence is usually
followed by some other elements, which tell the result, degree
or extent or time of an action. The word-order of such a
sentence is as follows:
(£*) -----“th”-Я-iiOlftGfeW) —
“РЦ”
205
---
subject (the recipient of the action)-“th”-the ob-
ject of the preposition (the agent)-verb-other elements
П1МФ^л1Ь’,^лич”о «ш
is mostly used in written language while and
“РЦ” are usually used in colloquial speech, e.g.
T^7o
(2)	MM7<,
(3)	7 о
«МИИЙЙЙ “A” Jfeft
в» Mins
If it is impossible or unnecessary to tell who (or what)
the agent is, we use an indefinite “\v instead, e.g.
u>	7 o
• •
(5)
• •
#tt,	ЖЙЕЛЙИЛШ. “ВЧ\ “it’
SWSWffl». Win.
Sometimes	is followed immediately by the
predicative verb, without indicating any agent. “РЦ” or “th”»
however, cannot be used in this way, e.g.
206
(6)	То
<?> Мй.я'Г?£, %—<£.4&
^4T<^>7-f4>o
The negative adverb or optative verb, if there is one,
should be put before “fyi”, e.g.
<8)
• •
3. 53^^1(21) The sentence with verbal constructions in
-	<*£“&<’) Й&ЯИ0. «Й»
ЖЯ.
There is another kind of sentence with verbal construc-
tions in series in which the first verb is "W” (or
Such a sentence may have the following two forms:
ВШ
Where the second verb takes no object. In this case, the
object of the first verb is at the same time the recipient of
the action of the second verb in meaning, e.g.
•-------
207
—<о	xw/SH'U^o
в.	вйЯ.ЪЖГ'ЬйЖЙйЯ'Ж-
Фай1^й«'11'*йВДй№До fsyin-
Where the second verb takes an object. In this case, the
second verb-object construction merely serves to explain what
the first verbal construction is for in meaning, e.g.
<1>	TBit'S#
• • • • • • •
idto
(2) H Ж Hffi)
ftbei”zTju	sentence
3\ & 3
1.	Change the following sentences
in the passive voice into ones in the active voice:
(и	7 о
(2) 3[5'b5&A<±.A$7#7o
(3) 'й.ЗС^ТЕ^ —
a>	To
(5> й^Х#М-гЬ44.’<£Тв
208
(6)	7 o
(?) ^НЗДгШ51Д^#7, —
$T.
2. 1ЕТЭД^ЯРЙС$сЙ£зЬ^7: Change the following to sentences
in the passive voice:
co	Л Bl 7O
(2>
(з) ^/>4е.4Ьй^'Ь1>1#Л 7о
co АЫьДЖ И ДЖ tfa-Д 7 о
(5)	7о
(6)	7о
(7> 'fe.4a^pJfe^7^4#^7o
(в)	7о
О) 4(L}£#;teWi9^£#o
(ю) '№.4ь^Р4ь#7'Ж^'1#-Ь-Д 7 о
ап 4й.4е.Д£‘#в|Гя]£ 7в
209
3.	Make UP dialogues using the in-
formation given below:
«-g-
; $Д Д th3£'|t, ft Jk
ft, £«1^
ШЛ: W^BtWHtR?
: &ft 5t# Jk;3£.< nt |SJ 7,
T>-X<etibl’)r To
<i) "Jr-g-Jf;
(2) <^1!!,	<3>
4.	Read the following passage, and then
answer the questions given after it:
-Ip -4а.^а
ЙДя’Ь
210
+£,*444» Tiiki.Ai£447#&
&4й, ”1т wa&iL <-;1,вхе
Al, %.&;&, A —AtL —Ai, дА<^
А7хГ: c<..	' ' '
Й4т, 4ЙА£ШТ >о як^дт
ir # ^4-f-34 «ЙЛ Ai5JF<iA-k.^
^o	.	. 
EF^.X-i#,7о -ЗМИЗЪ.
ЛI®
^nipA’W^Mof
\
- -• * * *
(i) T^^-^tA-PA?
<2)
<з) -pt—9LO
211
\
-Tf Л,, &1Й.0 £о
7 ft ж кУ , $ЛП -Дл&о
-. «й® з
1. ft—
"G^TtA	a£7f-if&
г. Е£7-ХМЯ&кУ^,
#-а-^<Д.,
^454,
z^.-g-faC'N
’XС $zj
£4&<CAJ
^хФтлС^]
212


а. „а7, $Л1 #мо
7* i # # »	-£с
г^£йй, >£й^
5.	—
14^,
Ф-Т, Ik#
213

7.
WM,	$j—£JL
—, Ж X
& & % Я
(	I
-LMBHb -*кЙ^-УЗК##, &4П
зй.й<!^в А. Й	^7Ti<iK
Olf «1'3
I  /'
214
тОАЙ^Ь, £Б‘!Т£4,Й| «W^Jbo 31A > it
<ifl 4 4 '$ 4 # i Я $ & о
•Ь’Ж-^хЙ.44^/?^4£< fa ft i-Я» «& 7
4 * к, д <	%л, 4-4 4 'faik, f Л 4
-а'Л
4-?-4,	A
Л 4 4^ it о
X<iO
<45$ ЙШ, 45-ttf 44k 444^
iAiKo -i’ki&i'Jiiel,	-iL 4Ш.
M t	Л < 4" # ^P Л 4 - £ ft < & й
Л^о	iti^.4^ ? <
До	4^,
®/й^ДА;о Д4—MV'liVb^, — <44.
215
44£4^7о
#444= -4^«i44’^? >4444^
ЛЛгМ^йД#, 4ф4^4— ТМа r'
^4^» 4j4 “i£, 4, й” 4^4“ > Ъ
4. A”4w‘^v4uki”4^
i ”•.о “ > ’\“^”J‘ 1 ”^4«o
Л<<£Л^-4,
кйд4/ь^хА4'ьо
>>4л, -XtUiMW
4fo	44 J 7 —
<!»fo
h. ± ID
1,	—•••^••*	yT«««jiu....as soon as»««
2.	(£) Ii6n	face
3.	7 •••	?|*
216
	ch(jle«*«yTwai	except, with the exception /**> of, in addition to, besides
4.	(^) zldidn	dictionary _y?z? j> f'
5.	pTn yTn	phonetic transcription
6-	(jg) zlmij	alphabet
7. <|S|	(^) blhua	stroke /
8.	(^) duoshu	majority fi ^o,
9. Й	(JY) you	by, for
10.	(jg) bOfen	part
и.	zu cheng	to compose, to be composed
		Of	- -
12. spit’	(;£,) bushdu	radical	A//a •	<
13.	(£) deng	lamp
14. 7K-Jf-	(^) shuTpfng	level, standard
15. <	0Ю dT	low
16. 4~	(^j) cha	to look up (in a dictionary)
17.	(^J) jl^jue	to solve /-z'-
18. SE.^	(JE£) Zhengque	correct, right
19. .?	(Ж) lei	tired
20. i^S'l	yu dao	to run into, to encounter, to
	- -	come across	r 7 pl?' ‘‘	-
217
21.	(gj) zixue	to study on one’s own, to
		study independently, to teach
		oneself
		j\ i~ /1П'1
22. #	(зЬ) ban	to do, to handle, to tackle
23.	(gjj) deng	*	r rj -0	'	' > . etc.
24.	(i£) гйдиё	if	X c
25. £	(ft) m°u	certain !Ci(l f	’	
26. >1$	(£) shengdlao	tone
27.	(£) fayin	pronunciation	/
28.	(зЬ) du	to read
		t/ c	c	J4-'3 7
29.	yTn хй	phonetic order, sound order
зо.	(^) shunxQ	order	'
31. j/T	(>) У©	a measure word, page
32. $L	(зЬ) shu	to count
33.	(» zhdng	a measure word, kind
34.	(fl£) xlangtong	same, alike
35.	(gj) liru	for example
36. 4p	(£) Ьй	radicals by which characters
	J N ' '	are arranged in traditional
		Chinese dictionaries
37.	(glj) ranhou	then, afterwards
218
38.	(зЬ) ddngyu
39.	(gj) zhangwd
to equal, to be equal to
to master, to grasp, to gain
Control Of	'л V-6
4a
«Sf
«Xinhua ZTdian» “Xinhua Dictionary”
± ТЁ1			
1. #	(£)	ya	tooth
2. O1	<£)	yashua	tooth-brush
з. Я1#	<£)	yagao	tooth-paste
4- 4^^*	(^fe)	pianpang	radical, character component
			
1.	The construction	676
№n«
The construction	indicates that two things
take place one immediately after the other, e.g.
<D	WL
(2)	-ft—
WWteffl‘WJ-tt-’. Min.
Sometimes	is used in place of	e-8-
219
• •
*h 7 о
'—а..л	Ий.
The construction	also indicates that so-
mething is the condition for the occurrence of something else,
‘ e.g.	\
<4) &—<&,
• •
2.	The compound sentence
firic
ЯШ«4МИЛ>Ч£Й. «йЯ<д,
ЖЙХР. ИЙ!
A compound sentence is usually composed of two or more
simple sentences related to each other in meaning. The simple
sentences of which a compound sentence is composed are
called clauses. In a compound sentence the clauses are joined
by a relative connective, e.g.
(i) qHx.—й®.,
• •-
C2) “Д^в
• •
&Jt#£7o
• • • •
4^-7,
220
Ж, ^JJn>
In some cases, the relationship of the clauses is
indicated by the context rather than by a relative connective,
e.g.
(4)
3. “И?Т-£1Я'’ЖЛ	The construction T—ЕШ’
A. “I^T-ШЯ'”	“i£\
“И?т-а#ь’ФЯ4а»л«й. kw. wwi
«им
The construction	means “in addition to”
or “besides”. There is often the adverb	or “X”
to follow , it in the second half of the sentence. In this con-
struction a noun, a pronoun, an adjective or adjective con-
struction, a verb or verbal construction can be inserted, e.g.
• • • •	•
(2)	i£4±
• • • •	•
Mfflo
• • • • •
• • • •
в. “^т-нЯ'’
V .-.’e-l
221
ШИ:
The construction *1^Т••• UX£b” also means “with the ex-
ception of” or "except”. There is often the adverb "ЩГ to fol-
low it in the second half of the sentence. In this construction
a noun, a pronoun, a verb, a verbal construct ion or an adjec-
tive construction can be inserted, e.g.
i'J
• • • •
• • • • •
FC о
<3)	|а]^рд
• • • • •
• • • •
4. *Й1ЙЙ*Й*4 The reduplication of measure
words or numeral-measure words
111МФ^#М1ПГ1Го вш
When reduplicated, a measure word has the same meaning
of the word "^”,A reduplicated measure word can only qua-
lify the subject or the preposed object, not the object of the
222
sentence. In a sentence with a reduplicated measure word, the
adverb is more often than not used in the predicate to
show emphasis, e.g.
(1)	|aj |aj
(2)
A few nouns can also be reduplicated for emphasis. A
reduplicated noun has the same function as that of a redupli-
cated measure word, e.g.
(3)	*Jf 7	, л	Л
(4)
rTIX®#, ЖЙСШ:
A numeral + measure word can be reduplicated as well.
When reduplicated, a mumeral + measure word can be used:
A. №,
Either as an adverbial adjunct to tell the manner of an
action, e.g.	/ r,
<i> •ffr'in
<2>
7 о
В.
Or as an attributive to show enumeration of things one
by one, e.g.
223
a)о»
• • • •
• • • •
^To
5.	The reduplication of adjectives
-Sf^^SisJuTUieS,	ttSftO
Wo
JLfto	ft, ВД & “AABB” £ 1
Ж^ТОЖ-^Ш^Аплйк”о «П:
A part of adjectives can also be reduplicated. The redu-
plication of an adjective usually indicates the intensification
of the degree of some quality. In colloquial speech, when a
monosyllabic adjective is reduplicated, the second syllable is
often pronounced in the 1st tone with the retroflex “JL”.
When a disyllabic adjective is reduplicated, the syllables are
repeated in the pattern of “AABB” and the 4th syllable is
stressed. When used as an adverbial adjunct, a reduplicated
disyllabic adjective generally takes the structural particle “Й”,
but with a reduplicated monosyllabic adjective, “ЭД” is op-
tional, e.g.	4_,
(1)
• • •
$,o
(2)
Mln.
224
When used adverbially, “ttflffJL’’ carries the following
different meanings:
• • •
(4) ft %	<fll
• • •
if®)
(5)	Л.Ж-ЗННТЛ.'ТГо
• • •
ifJL-9f £о (&ЖЙ)
• • _____________

1.	donju
2.	fuju
3.	'fr'fy fenju
simple sentence
compound sentence
clause
5. $ 53
1. sniffed "J's Complete the following sentences:
ci)
-§- /> й< ,o
225
(3)	,
(4)	ffcl
________о
<5) jt.	iS- ir	7 4* Э R v^b >
________о
(6)	^йо12.;ЛХ^й-1 ,!$ 7,
(7)	я—ТЖ о
(8)	Л, 44.^Д,^€^|-О
О) №. — '#«о
<io> Д	,о
<11), 42Л-fc-а #<&=>
(12)	о
(13) WfcMWW,о
2. Й»ТЯ1*И, £й.
Reduplicate each of the following measure words, nouns,
numeral + measure words and adjectives, and then fill in
226
each blank with an appropriate one:
,ж it $: J’S! i5) fai -¥
<i> 4^Л$Л1 7 —
(2)	/:	" &&HL,
<з)	'еИП
__JL 7
<4>	45%-E
M&* 4M 45,ft #_t£ < - &
4tjO.-fUA^WWo.
(5) fc Я - JL Ф i£, sWbii'f' Ф •? ^1
^^<7fr<To
(6> J< Я Я5 "Й" i , Jt < 4ь 41 й$ < Si
<7>	£-t$L4tf,
227

(9)
з.	ЛШ1№ШдК	Rewrite each of the fol-
lowing sentences using a reduplicated measure word or
adjective:
(1)	7 ,
it-f-o
о
J(6)	-ЛП

4.	Read the following dialogue:
<U:	J?
228
ДйН; Д Ф 7 -£- + 'кчЖ 7 О
-bi;
Дйй:	5-ЛДЛФз , Й^ф-ifo
Я А Д 4П Й < & - & I % i + 7 о
Ф1,
КтКй^Ф?
Дня : #,
-bis iii’l
зЯнн:	ДЛИ-sSi'l?, 7 Н
;io ЯДДЛП Ф^-i # & 7 , ik Д
-bi: 7МП ф 7
зДйН:	/t
Л.’^Р'й’^
-bi: ЯД^С1ЯД|МН£ДФ-Ф,^
^1
229
tr?o
'J'i: Ь1Й-
:ЙлК^ %о 4£M#" Яй
Л»	«#г^
^Л» ^га^г=.+ЛЯо
'J'is ^i^-M-'feo	— iiS/b^F—
'
5ЯЙН: it^4o
“Л”, ^>Sio	a 4”»
tH’ traaH-W4’o
“53” 4>
+ i^,м.Л“Л”4о	&
“^”	“^” ii—4^—
230
+ -ко k-%, "4” т£‘Чйо’.
<^лл^”йН®о
ФХ: #4#/м^о я1д-й-4^4-т
sAhH: ’й’о
5.	p|5#fttl^s Fill in the blanks with characters
having the same radicals as those in each of the following
groups:
# M # M #  
’ . <n|	»£,	< %
Й M  
Д:	ffl	@	®	@  
< :	H 
•I :	<	It	’ft	<	'ft 
231
i . 4Ф 4^	ДВ. 
i : Я	1Л 
t:	. 
i - s if M *Й  
t
232 J
ЖЕ-b/lW Ж Я (12)

ЙЖDifferent types of Chinese sentences
1.	W5>j£=
According to their structure, Chinese sentences can be
classified as follows:
A.	<S
Simple sentenes, usually composed of either a subject and
a predicate or a word or a phrase. Simple sentences can be
classified into the following categories:
Subject-predicate sentences. According to the structure of
the predicate, subject-predicate sentences can be subdivided
into:
а.
Sentence with a noun as its predicate, e.g.
(1)
x.»4 гол?
ь.
Sentence with an adjective as its predicate, e.g.
233
а) ярд
<2) +
с. зЬШЖт^
Sentence with a verb as its predicate, e.g.
<	i> &£®A7 —
<	2)	7 о
<	з) ЛТ^&чД^7о
d- ±iWiSi£^
Sentence with a subject-predicate construction as its pre-
dicate, e.g.
<n
<	2> Ё.МШЖ
(B)
Non-subject-predicate sentences:
а.
Sentence w ithout a subject, e.g;
<	1> *1Л 7 о
<	2) _L< 7 о
b.	One-word sentence, e.g;
(1)	-14-!	-	-
<2> >x<!
в.	s-sj
234
Compound sentences. According to the relationship bet-
ween the clauses, compound sentences can be classified into .
the follopring two major kinds:
win.
Compound sentences. In such sentences, the clauses are
co-ordinate and equal to each other in importance, e.g.
<2) jt ЙЛ	<4 ДЯ 7 Я, Л £ 7 о
(В)	ЙЕ—ла*
Win. , - .
Complex sentences. In such sentences, the clauses are
subordinate to each other in meaning. Generally speaking,
the subordinate clause precedes the main clause e.g.
(1)
4^.7,
ЙЬ-О
(2) Д + gj,	$ & %) № it (dTzhT,
address)	t-Js	'й'
235
The relationship of all the sentences explained above can
be shown diagrammatically like this:
^4
l'lft-й-Я'й)
.ЛЫ ]
2. MfSfflMifW. "Tikrit.
On the basis of their functions and tones, Chinese sen-
tences can be classified as follows:
a.
Declarative sentences, e.g.
а)	ал—
(2)	7	-й. Д —К
в. aisjSj
Interrogative sentences, e.g.
<i>
236
<2>
С.
Imperative sentences, e.g.
<i>
<2> &$ЛПЙйМ£’’й!
d. ]8"Z’^J
Exclamatory sentences, e.g.
а) ’ФТ!	7 1
(2)
=, тч) iE
Review the following verbs, paying attention to the dif-
ferent meanings and usages of each of them:
i.	4r
CD 4т Л.
<	2>	4r#	'
<	3)	4x^46.
<	4> 4tS^
<	s>	4т^П
237
<	6>	4т #
4т
2.
(1> -О Л
(2)
(3)
<«
(5)
з.	_h
(i)	_ЫЖ -t*>
(2)	XJj _h^ _h,< -MS 1Ш
(3)	_h'f£‘'fr _h$f
4.	T
(1> T^- T&-
(2)	T-£ T< T^S Т"Ш
(3)	ТЙ Tf
5.
238
(2)
(3)
н. «	*
Й*
/	/ '/ Д .<’	/ S
ййй-^A^-ffo зкЙ^, $Ж'£Л£ £ 7 ,Й.
i-^й^тА?£о	0Д-&, АЖ
’ " &^4аЛ££-УсИ# %? ♦ -I# i
Д££Пп##/ь£&10 7о -^к
А, ТАЙ, ^ййЙ^^кПо
йялЛ^ял, ^1кк4<? Ам,
iakA#^o жЛрХ^^Д, ^<7
-b’lt'X,	Я$4й4По
{ 	>А 7U
6	7	239
2^'	^1 Н'
4-i, кн'шда.
Л') А л о	# Я»£#Л>К£в
#№*£, 4Ць£кк#Л^4^&4П
"Т” О J& 9	Д
l£-<L-£A-ftLo 'МЖ'^’'^—£ Л FA.
й$#*Йо	Д
к,	г..
Д М >	й & й<
лй
>^e
4ew.#ik-A,
4МНЙК A^3#WA^,
-Г&&О
^^<А^4М'1 Ji^'t’R, ik£—М, АЛ
itii^f^F-feAiki^.X(X'^ik-iR^, i^ih'fc'fl'l
-MWo <4л«кк, &lW7o
240
Ф;£^1£ЛЛД.4Т-£#o й
^£4Ли, ^ХХт^ДтЬ-,
\ '	\ ' >г
-^-fi#, Ж'^й^тМо
хл$.'«хА#&о
%
® #-ЙДЖЛЙ®ЯЖ«й^^, *1«й, tttw, ЙМ.
"ЧЙК'б). й£»^^#ИвГЙ#ад,
Чййс МЛ. '№«®K»*»T!’ “Ч, ЙЖШДЖИ1’
In Chinese, there is a kind of sentences which express
241
strong emotions and feelings such as liking or love, surprise,
praise or exclamation etc. Sentences of this kind are known
as exclamatory sentences. In an exclamatory sentence, there is
sometimes an interjection at the head of the sentence, and
there is often a modal particle at the end, as in
“де, Mirar
И, ± Я
1.	ЙМЬ	(£) hunll
2.	0	(£) JierT
3.	♦ 'ft	(£) shlqing
4.		(£) yQshuT
5.		(zj/j) chong
6.		(^J) xiu
7.		shengchdn dul
8.	plaoliang
9.	(£) ylnxlang
10.	gdnqfng
11.	<30 > tuT
12.	ЛА.	zhangfu
wedding ceremony
festival
thing, business
rain
to wash,, to rinse, to flush
to repair, to mend
production team
beautiful, pretty
impression >3J
feelings, sentiments
to push
husband
9	€
Wdng ChunyTng name of a person
242
2.		Y6ng	Fuqun	name of a person
1.	; i 40	(£)	lb ft shengrl	birthday
2.		(.&>	xTnnlang	bride
3.		СЙ)	xTnlang	bridegroom
4.		<.&>	qTzl	wife
s, a g
Analyze the following, telling sentences in the
active voice from sentences in the passive voice (in-
cluding those passive in meaning):
<d
(2)
(3)
(4>	#
<5)
243
<	7 > "ft л, 7 о
<	8>	7
aith^lo
о) 4й4^;^й^ярЬ±ЛРА£^-Е£4о
<	ю)	FA-fciMr^ % 7 о
2.	Ж: Review the uses of the
following prepositions and fill in each blank with a
proper one:
4ь" Ж >	& AL
"A 42, iE ”4
4'4: фт.ММ» *F;b-£?
'J'T: Д-й-^-Яо'Ы^Й-Г-ЙНЬо
Ф4:	Г
ФТ: 4&Д2_Х^йЖ
”Д?
Ф4:
244
i»K -S--^7о £4МяИ, хЫ
X:UMI^
WWlUHMWTiif
7	tt Й., ?fc 7 ЛИЧ-^Ф X Л<
<M, I# %-£ # ЛЛЧГ-З- * ffl. #L
^T'b4jjo 'b^i£/bA, f’:£"f’-ff-##J
yi Ainttt» алА.ад
& A*-	7 „ &it#,'b^i
a aMtKJS.JE.
<~ —,-#-ЛоЕАХ
7,&tt
^^«7,
"й, <<-fc-ifl^<^L,
245
R о
'J'^S
чЛ. *ix -5-	о
ФТ: i£:O,	?Mlfr£g-T.4Ml
stikiK 7 о
<bT:	Д*-7Й
7 ,	, 1сД.Лк
£Й7^,Л7, HTiiW
A7 ,#rvX4t££.i)
’X!
3.	ЖЖТЭДрМ^ЖАг^Йп Engage in a dialogue, using the
following as an example:
Й X: 4А:Й-4-о lAfc^
£it4, #^<4ПЙФ~0-=-*Л^
3fc (hdnhuon, to have a get-together)
#0 Т^Л зМпй-^-^-О
246
лкЛД—^ОЙ0 ж
-in^^-^'b^-#, йе-^—'Ь'Ь-йД'!
«—Й15^ >> о Д'ЭД #4& •$-££--
тД-ЭД#4 й”й!
^ijt; Д^-Я—Хо Д^ДэдЙь-^^—^b
'bi£ Д1]	&— £»о
Ж Л-. Дэд<Л»хД^<^о £Е#,Йк
ДДжЙ-’Ь-Д’Й^Д^-, itB’Sl
'b’t* S^.	*Ж-8-
?ЛЖ#, Д]Пт#44.^Ш^—-ЬЯ,^
v	..,г /-
#о .....	1
^i-JE-s (к*)ДЯ)<-ЖЛ #<£,
£F-j<)°] ЭД 4г ЭД	ЭД 'Й ЭД
о
4гЯ] : Я]Jun 0Ло
247
R- X:	Д—
Ш Л-. ^>tA7 ЛЙЬкдЖи^’й!
ёг X: &,	йй&4&£. 7 о
Ш Ьг i£4v-a:^X.^>9“Xi’6!B^'i-|^
ШШ» -№.-х4*.4-Й
TK4HMi4o
Л°ХЛЕ: ЖЛ,1ЬД1П1в^А;^^,$112И^'Й:
Ff X:	7
Л	4a^xfc,-£-#4f.
’ <  ? !'• *"
248
Vocabulary
dn		(^Y) dnzhao	according to	52
		В		
ьа	ft	tfr) ьа	a preposition showing	
			disposal	48
ьа i	я	(зЬ) bai	to put, to place	49
ban	ft	(зЬ) ban	to remove, to move	46
ban	to	(gj) ban	to do, to handle, to	
			tackle	57
	frit	(£) bdnfa	method, way	52
bang	9	(&) bang	to help	48
bao	9	(4) bao	a measure word,	
			parcel	48
bao	ft	($J) bao	to carry in one’s arms	48
		bao chou	to revenge, to avenge	56
	4a Jb. TR a	baogao	report, to report	44
bel	ff	(Jt) bel	a measure word, cup	44
bei		(£) beifang	north, the North	54
249
bel		(» bel	a measure word, fold, times	53
	tt	(#) bel	a preposition indicating the passive voice, by	56
Ы	iS	(sb) bi	to compel, to force, to	
			press	56
bT	tt	tfhsb) bT	a preposition showing comparison, than	51
		(£) bThud	stroke	57
bT		bT ye	to graduate	43
bion		(£) bianhua	change	43
biSo		(£) biSo	watch	47
		(£) biSo	table	49
bie	SO	(MU) bie	do not, don’t	49
bTng		(^) bTngren	patient	49
bu	ft	(%) bu	cloth	53
	SB	(£) bo	part, section	53
	SB	<£) bo -	radicals by which char- acters are arranged in traditional Chinese dic-	
			tionaries	57
	SB#	(£) bufen	part	57
	SB^	(^) bushdu	radical	57
		(^j) buzhT	to arrange, to dispose	49
с
сЗ	(^j) cq	to sweep	49
250
cai		(S&) ca|	to guess	47
cal	£	(£) cal	vegetable, dish	53
ceng	Ji	(» ceng	a measure word, storey	47
cha	£	(£) cha	tea	44
	£	(zj&) cha	to look up (in a	
			dictionary)	57
cha		(WJ, J^)chabuduo	more or less, almost	43
chan		(£) chdnliang	volume of production,	
			output	51
chang	fc	(Ю chang	long	43
	fcJS	(£) changdu	length	53
chdng		(ft) chang	a measure word	52
che	^|H]	(^) chejian	workshop	45
cheng	ft	(zjb) cheng	to weigh	54
cheng	J®	(^j) cheng	to become, to turn	
			into	49
cheng	ff	(£) chdng	scales	54
chong	4	(gj) chong	to wash, to rinse, to	
			flush	58
chu	BfcT-	lU^b chGle«».yTwal	except, with the ex-	
			ception of, in addition	
			to, besides	57
cQn	ft*	(£) cQnzi	village	51
D
d6	(^j) da	to beat	56
251
			da ddo	to overthrow, down with	56
da		(ffl)	dagal	probably, most likely	44
	±n	(£>	damen	gate	51
		(£)	daniang	auntie, aunt	48
		<£)	dayT	overcoat, topcoat	49
ddl		(Й)	dai	to wear	47
	s§	(1)	dal	a measure word, bag	48
	fte	Cfe,	daibiao	delegate, representative,	
				to delegate, to represent,	
				on behalf of	44
		(£) daibidotuan		delegation	44
dang					
		dang*	••de shfhou	when	45
		(Ю	dangran	of course	53
ddo		Ol)	ddo	to fall down	45
dao	its	Ш	daolT	reason	52
deng	n	(£)	deng	lamp	57
deng		(й>	ddng	etc.	57
	&&	(£)	dengjf	grade	52
		<S)	dengyu	to equal, to be equal to	57
dT		<ю	dT	low	57
	1БЖ	(»)	dTsheng	in a low voice	52
dT	it	<£)	dT	land, field	51
	Uft±	(£)	dlzhij	landlord	50
dldn		(&>	dldn	point, dot	53
dian		<£)	dianshTjT	TV set	47
dido	Й	(Й)	diao	to drop, to lose	47
252
diu		(z&) dlQ	to lose	47
dou		($) douzheng	to struggle against	56
du	i&	<^J) du	to read	57
dudn	J©	(J&) dudn	short	47
duT	fl	(» duT	a measure word	56
	fl^fi	duT bu qT	I’m sorry, sorry, excuse	
			me, pardon me	50
	PAffi	(£) duTwu	contingent, troops	45
dud	£	(glj) duo	how	43
	&&	(£) dudshu	majority	57
		E		
er	JL^	(£) erzl	son	48
er		(^) drJT	earphone	47
		F		
fa		(zjfj) faxldn	to find, to discover	51
		<£) fayin	pronunciation	57
	«Ж	(zjb) fazhdn	to develop	53
fan		(^) fandian	hotel, restaurant	44
fang	ЯЯ	fangbldn	convenient	48
		(^i) fangfd	method, way	48
		(^) fangmian	aspect, respect	52
	Яй	(^) fangxiang	direction	55
fdng	Й1в]	(^) fdngjian	room	44
	Я*	(^) fangzi	house	51
253
fel	Пс	(^j) f§i	to fly	.55
		(§ij) feichang	very, extremely, highly .46	
		(£) feljTchang	airport, airfield	55
fen	Я	(sft) fen	to divide	52
		(^ft) fenxT	to analyze	48
	-#±-	>•	•••fen zhT«««	formula for fraction	53
fSn		(£) fenbT	chalk	49
feng	И	(» feng	a measure word	43
	ФЙ	(Ю fengfu	rich, abound	55
f □		(^ft) fiiddo	to coach	43
fO		(£) fuqln	father	51
	Ж&	(Ю fuza	complicated	55
		G		
g3i	St	(3ft) gfii	to change	49
gal	£	(3ft) gai	to build	51
g6n	fi($)	(3ft) g6n(che)	to drive (a cart)	55
	J® 3ft	(fl2>3ft) gandong	moving, touching, to	
			move, to be moved	48
	ei*	(glj) gdnkual	hurriedly, in a hurry,	
			at once	47
	ж»	(^) gQnqing	feelings, sentiments	58
gdn	Tt£	gan huo	to work, to do physical	
			labour	56
gd		(ft) ge	each	44
gSng	ж	(glj) geng	even, still	48
gong		(^) gongheguo	republic	53
254
g0	£	(Ж) go	ancient	47
guan		(zjfj) guanxTn	to show concern for, to be concerned about, to take care of	48
		(£) guanzhong	audience, spectator	.45
gudng		(£) guQngchdng	square	55
guo		(£) guo	cooking-pot	50
guo	Ill Её	(£) guojT	international	44
guo		guo man	to celebrate (spend) the New Year	56
		H		
hdl	7$	<£> h8l	sea	47
		(£) hdi’anxian	coast line	53
han	*	(^J) hdn	to shout, to yell	45
he		(zj/j) he	to drink	44
he	Я	(£) he	river	47
hel		(^) heibdn	blackboard	47
hou		(£) hdulal	then, afterwards	56
hO		(glj) huran	suddenly, all of a	
			sudden	45
hu	ЙИ	(£) hu	lake	47
hua	ЯКЙ&)	(zjlj) hua(chuan)	to paddle a boat, to	
			row	43
huai	я	huaj	bad, spoiled, damaged	47
huan	&	(^j) huan	to change, to exchange	47
hut		(^) hufxTn	a letter in reply, to	
			reply letter, to reply by	
25,5
		letter		43
huT		(£) hui’chdng	meeting-place, conference	
			(assembly) hall	49
hun	«IL	(£) hunlT	wedding ceremony	58
huo	7S	(M) huo	to live, living, alive	56
		(;£,, 3b)hu6dong	activity	43
J
Я	ftgs	(£) fqt	machine	51
	Жй	(^j) jThe	to muster, to rally, to	
			assemble	45
П	$	(zb) Jf	to send, to post, to	
			mail	43
	iB	(zb) JT	to write down, to	
			record	49
	iB^	(£) Jlhdo	mark, sign	47
	ft*	(£) jlshu	technique	55
		(zb) Jb<u	to continue, to go on	55
Jia		Jia you	to pep up, to cheer	
			(players) on	45
jld	£	(fi) jld	a measure word	55
jian	|н]	(S) jian	a measure word	47
Jldn	iw	(J&) jldndan	simple	52
Jian		(£) Jldn	sword	47
		(^) Jlankang	healthy	51
Jiang	£	(%) Jiang	river	53
jldng		(^) Jidngzhuo	lecture desk	49
256
Jl3o	$	<зЬ) Jl3o	to hand over, to hand	
			in, to deliver	49
	IM	(zfi) Jiaollu	to exchange	49
Jl3o	Ml	Ш jiao	foot	54
Jiao	ПЦ	(4t) Jiao	by	56
|1ё		(J£) Jiezhe	after, following, next	48
Jle		Cfc.SlJ) Jieguo	result, consequence, as	
			a result, in the end,	
			finally	52
	%%	jle hun	to get married	56
		(£) jlerT	festival	58
J*		jiefdng qu	liberated area	56
	fl*	(Я&) JiSjue	to solve	57
jTn	50	(J&) jTnzhang	intense, tense, nervous	43
fn		jTnbO	progressive, progress,	
			to make progress	43
	ЙЯг	(Я&) JlnxTng	to carry on, to go on	43
JTng		(^J) jTnggud	to pass through (by)	51
	££	(^) JTngyan	experience	49
Jlu		(зЬ) Jia	to save, to rescue	56
JQ		(^J) juxTng	to hold	44
Jue		(Й) Ju6ding	to determine, to decide	51
kdn	кап yangzl it looks like, it seems
like
55
257
kang	а	(sfr) kang	to carry on one’s- shoulder, to shoulder	48
kdo		kdo shT	to sit for examination,	
			examination	51
ke		G£) keshT	yet	55
ke		(£) kecheng	course, curriculum	49
	$4	(%) keql	polite, courteous	48
kual		(Й) kual	a measure word	46
kuan	Ж	(Ю kuan	wide, broad	51
kun	S5®	(Ж-.Ю kunnan	difficult, difficulty	48
lao		lao Jia	would you mind***? can you do me a favour***? 49	
Ido		ifio	old, veteran	44
Ie1	Ж	(Ю ISI	tired	57
IT		(£) ITwQ	present, gift	45
IT	ЗМ	• (glj) like	at once, immediately	43
	0ijio	(зЬ) lira	for example	57
		(£) IlshT	history	47
lldn		(£> han	face	57
liang		(£) liangshl	grain	48
liao	7	G&) lido	to end up	55
lie	50	(it) lie	a measure word	46
Ung		(ЗЙч^) iTngddo	to lead, leader, leader- ship	56
258
lift		(й)	llu	to accept, to take, to leave	50
			м		
m3		<£)	m3	horse	52
		<£)	m3che	horse carriage, cart	55
md		«Й>	ma	to scold, to curse,	
				to abuse	56
mai	£	<9)	mal	to sell	56
mao		<£)	maozi	hat, cap	49
rm		(£>	тТуй	riddle	47
ml	*	(*)	ml	metre	45
mlah	SrS	СЙ)	mianbao	bread	53
	ШЯ	 <£)	mianjT	area	53
min		<£)	mfnzij	nation, nationality	53
mi ng		(»	rning	a measure word, place	45
mlng		(z^r£) mingling		to order, to issue an	
- •				order, order	52
m5u	Ж	<ft>	той	certain	57
тй	ЁВ	(*)	тй	a Chinese measure for	
				land, equal to 1/15	
				hectare	51
		(£)	mQqin	mother	48
			N		
na	Ж	(й)	na	to take, to hold	45
259
nd		(R.H) ndme	such	52
nd l		(£) nelrong	content	55
neng	ЯёЛ	(£) nenglT	ability	55
n|an	эд	(£) nianjl	age	48
	ЭД	Ш) nlanqTng	young	51
nlG	ФЯ5	(£) nltindl	milk	53
n6ng	ОД	(£) nongcQn	countryside	51
	«К	(£) nongmm	peasant	55
	ОД	(£) nongye	agriculture	44
nO	&JL	(£) пй’ёг P	daughter	56
pd	1Й	(&) pa	to fear, to be afraid of	55
pal	Ж	(^b) p3i	to send, to dispatch	56
PT	К	(*) PT	a measure word	52
plan	Ж	(>) Plan	a measure word	44
pido	ЖЙ	pldollang	beautiful, pretty	58
pTn		pTn yTn	phonetic transcription	57
ping		O) pfng	a measure word, bottle	45
		(^) pingfang Q	square	53
qf	£1fe	(ft) qfta	other	52
qf	ftzk	(^) qTshuT	aerated water, mineral water	45
qidn	•Т	(|fc) qian	thousand	51
260
	$	(36)	ql3n	to drag, to pull	54
ql6n	1Й	(£)	qlan	front, before	56
		(£)	qfdnnian	the year before last	44
		<£)	qlantian	the day before yester-	
				day	44
qlfing	s	(®)	qlang	strong, powerful	53
qldng	ft	<й>	qldng	to take away by force,	
				to grab, to seize	56
qTng	w*	(£)	qTngnldn	youth	56
qlng		<36)	qingzhd	to celebrate	44
quan	Щ	(*)	quan	a measure word, circle	45
quan	£	(M)	quan	whole	53
qud	Я	(31)	que	but, however	52
qGn		(.&)	qdnzhdng	the masses	56
			R		
гбп		(31)	r6nhdu	then, afterwards	57
rdng	it	eft)	rdng	by	56
rd		(»)	renao	bustling and astir,	
				boisterous	45
ren	ЛП	<£)	renkdu	population	53
ren	UiR	<36)	rdnshl	to recognize, to know,	
				to be familiar with	48
			rdnwu	task	56
reng	05	(36)	reng	to throw, to cast	49
ri	Bffi	<£)	ribdo	daily paper, daily	47
rou	Л	<£)	rou	meat	53
261
гб	&&	(i£) гбдиб	if	57
		s		- -
sdl		sai md	horse race	52
	ЙЙ	sai pao	to run a race, race	45
sdo	Я	(Й7) sao	to sweep	48
shang.	ft	shang	wound, to be wounded	46
sbang		(45) shangdeng	superior grade, first class	52
shSo		(45) shdoshu	minority-	53
shen	>	(45) shen	body	48
		(Ж) shen	deep, profound	55
sheng		(glj) sheng	to be born, to give birth to	50
		(zjlj) shengchdn	to produce	52
		shengchdn duT production team		58
		(45) shengdiao	tone	57
		(^) shengyTn	voice, sound	47
shSng	£	(^) shSng	province	56
shf	BtlSI	(^) shfjian	time ,	43
		(^) shftou	stone	46
shT	Ж fit	(^) shTqlng	- thing, business	58
sh5u		(^) shSudij	capital .	43
shou	£	(^lj) shdu	to suffer from	46
sho	&	(^J) shu	to lose	52
shu	&	<^J) shQ	to count	57
	><E	(^). shOjld	summer vacation	51
sbil	(A)»	(^i) (ren)shu	number (of persons)	53
262
	MS	(45) shOrnO	number	53
	M^	(45) shuxue	mathematics	52
shuai	ж -	<^J) shuai	. to fall	45
sfniT		(45) shuTpfng	level, standard	57
shtifi		(45) shdnxQ	order	57
sT -	JE	<$J) sT	to die	50
SUT		(i£) suTran	although, though	52
suT-		(» suT	a measure word, year,	
	 - 		age	51
su5		(j£) sudyT	so, therefore	50
т
ta .		(ft) ta	it	49"
tai	a	(» tai	a measure word	51
tap	Я	(sfr) too	to flee, to escape, to	
			run away	56
tdo		(zjfj) tdolun	to discuss	43
tf .		(£) tibao	hand-bag, bag	45
		(^j) tigao	to raise, to improve	53
tT	w	(£) tTcao	gymnastics	44
tian		, (,4> tian	the sky	47
tiao	M	(O tiao	a measure word	51
		(45) tlaojlan	condition	55
tiao		(^) tiao	to jump, to spring	45
tie	&	(^) tie	iron	50
		(£) tlelO	railway	46
tTng	Фгй	tTng shuQ ‘	it is said that,, to be	
263
			told that, to hear	55
tfng		($) tfng	to stay, to stop	43
tong	1Й$0	tongzhT	to note, to inform,	
			note	48
tong		(Ж) tong	same	52
		(^J) t6ngyT	to agree, to consent	56
tou		(£) t6ufo	hair	56
tuon	Sl%	(^j) tuanjie	to unite	56
	ак	(^) tuanzhdng	head of a delegation	44
tui	at	(%J) tuT	to push	58
w
won		can	wancheng	to complete, to accom- plish, to fulfil	56
wdn		(Ю	wan	ten thousand	53
wdng	£		wdng	to forget	55
		(Л-)	wdng	to, towards	54
wel			wel	a measure word	44
			wel	for	53
		(fr)	welle	for	48
wen		СЙ)	wenzhang	literary composition,	
				essay, article	49
wu		<3!»	wijrii	to insult, to offer an	
				insult to	56
XT		<a>	xTwdngi	to hope, to wish	49
264
хТ	&	($&) xT	to wash	49
xid		(£) xiadSng	inferior grade	52
xian		(£) xiansheng	gentleman, sir, Mr.	55
xian		($) xiandaihua	to modernize	53
xiang		(fl£) xiangtong	same, alike	57
xlang		(^) xiang	elephant	54
	ijsa	(£) xidngmu	event	45
xiao		(45) xiaoxi	news	43
xl6o	фж	(45) xidomal	wheat	51
	'J 4'	(J^) xldoxTn	careful, cautious	47
		(45) xidoxue	primary school	51
	Ф£й	(45) xiaozu	group	55
xTn		(45) xTn	heart	52
		(j^) xTnnlan	New Year	48
xln	Is	(%) xTn	letter	43
xTng	^33	(Я2) xingfQ	happy	56
xIO	fc	C^J) XIQ	to repair, to mend	58
	ttIK	xIQ jld	to be on holiday	
			(leave)	48
		(^) xiulT	to repair, to mend	51
xue		(^) xueshu	academic knowledge	44
убп		<a»	yanjiu	to research	44
		<^>	yanjiijsuS	institute	44
yang	ft	(^)	yang	shape	49
убо			yao	to shake	55
265
ydo		(8)	ydoshl	if	50
уё	Я	(*)	уё	a measure word, page	57
ут			yT...jiu.»	•••as soon as«««	57
ут		да	yTdTng	certain, definite	52
		(®)	yfyang	same	52
уТ	&	<»>	ут	a hundred million	53
	-£JL		уТ dianr	a little, a bit	47
		(£)	yisl	meaning, sense	48
yTn			yTn хй	phonetic order, sound order	57
yTn	ера	да	yTnxlang	impression	58
yfng	ж	<ЗЮ	ying	to win	52
удпд	ял		ydng IT	to exert one’s strength, with great strength	46
уби	Й	(fr)	you	by, for	57
уби			уби guanxl	it matters much, to have	
				sth. to do with	55
	Я-		уби yT diSnr	some, a little, a bit,	
				somewhat	47
уди	X	(М>	уди	again, once more	45
	4ЙЛ®	да	ydu’eryuan	kindergarten	45
уй	Ж*	да	yijshuT	rain	58
уй	iS₽J		yu ddo	to run into, to encoun-	
				ter, to come across	57
	ал		уй jldn	to meet, to encounter	44
yuan	Ж1Ж	да	yuanllang	to pardon, to excuse	43
	ия£	да	yudnxing	round, circular	49
уиё	ЙЯЙ-		уиё lai уиё»«»	more and more	55
266
			уиё»«»уиё»»»	the more»»the more	55
yun		сё)	yundong-	sports (athletic) ground,	
			chdng	playground	44
		сё)	yundonghuT	sports meet	44
		сё)	yunddngyuan athlete, sportsman,		
				player	45
			z		
zeng	ад	<а>	zengjia	to increase, to raise	51
zhan	ЕЁ	<а>)	zhdn	to constitute, to make	
				up	53
		<«)	zhanshl	soldier	46
		сё>	zhanzheng	war	56
zhdng	•fc	(Й)	zhdng	to grow	51
		(3))	zhdngwd	to master, to grasp, to gain control of	57
zhdng		(£)	zbangfu	husband	58
zhao		(Й)	zhao	to touch, to hit	47
	«а		zhao jf	to be anxious (worried)	
				about	52
zhdo	йш	(Й)	zhaogu	to take care of, to look after	48
zhd	&&	<ю	zhdme	such, so	52
	Й1¥	(Ю	zheydng	such, thus, in this way 52	
zhdng	ЕЙ	с»)	zhengqud	correct, right	57
zhl	й	®)	zhl	to point at, to point	
to	49
267
		(§l]> zhThdo	can not but, can only, to have to	52
zhong	tt	(£) zhong	clock	47
	-Ф	•••zhong	in, between, among	53
	Ф^	(£) zhongdSng	medium grade	52
		(^i) zhongtdu	hour	43
	ФФ	(£) zhongwu	noon	43
	Ф^	(£) zhongxue 	middle school	51
zhdng	ft	(S) zhdng	a measure word, kind	57
zhdng	Sfi	(^) zhongllang	weight	54
zhou		(£) zhou	continent	53
zhO		(^) zhOxltal	rostrum	45
zhO		(зЬ) zhQ	to wish	43
zhua		($) zhua	to catch	56
zhuan		(45) zhuanyd	speciality, profession	43
zhuT	it	(&) zhuT	to run after, to pursue	45
zT		(45) zTdidn	dictionary	57
	ЙВ	(ft) zTjT	self	45
	эд	(^) zimu	alphabet	57
		(^tj) zixue	to study on one’s own,	
			to study independently,	
			to teach oneself	57
zQ		zq cheng	to compose, to be	
			composed of	57
zuT	>Jh	(jg) zuThdu	last, at last	45
	йзй:	(^) zuijin	recent	43
zud	&	(» zud	a measure word	46
268
£1$	($]) zudtan	to have an informal	
		discussion	49
	(^) zudwel	seat	49
	(£) zudye	homework	47
269
	Afantf	name of a person	50
		в	
Дй£	BalOjan	the 8th Route Army	56
	Baimaonu	the White-haired Girl	56
	Beijing Fandian	Beijing Hotel	44
		c	
-Б-л:	Chang Jiang	the Changjiang (Yangtze)	
		River	53
	ChOguo	the Chu state	55
		D	
	Dachan	name of a person	56
	DTsanshTjid	the Third World	53
	D6ngbe|	the Northeast of China	44
270
ж»	На пай	the Han nationality	53
	Hebei ЗЬёпд	Hebei Province	56
	Huang He	the Huanghe (Yellow)	
		River	53
Jtttt	Huang Shiren	name of a person	56
	Kang RT Zhanzheng	the War of Resistance	
		Against Japan	56
	LT LanyTng	name of a person	48
	Q		
яя	Qfguo	the Qi state	52
№	Qi Wang	Lord of the Qi state	52
	R		
«ЛЕВ»»	«RenmTn RTbdo»	"People’s Daily’	47
271
	Tian Ji	name of a person	52
		w	
	Wang Chijnying	name of a person	58
	Welwu’erzu	Weiwur nationality (the	
		Uighur)	50
		X	
WJL	XT’er	name of a person	56
Г=1Ий	Xiangyang Lu	name of a street	48
жт	Xie Gang	name of a person	48
«»^л»	«Xinhua ZTdidn»	“Xinhua Dictionary”	57
«я	Xinjiang	Xinjiang (Province)	50
ЯЕЯН	Ya Zhou	Asia	53
	Yang Bailao	name of a person	56
	Yang Fuqun	name of a person	58
	z		
	ZhSnghua Renmfn	the People’s Republic	
	Gongheguo	of China	53
272			
Outline of Grammar for Review
—, -йюар# words
(—)	Parts of speech
1.	Nouns
(i)	ФН	-fc» ЛЙ¥
(2)	-Mt	тк
(3)	Sit	жа
(4)	й^(21») СШСЗбЖ) ф|й] B^(27»>
Chinese nouns have no grammatical numbers in general.
(5)	—
(6)
de»)
Some nouns denoting person can sometimes take the
suffix “{П” after them to show plural number (See Lesson 16),
(7) j'bae^fefn
*ж“«’йй®. <57»)
A number of nouns when reduplicated have the same
273
meaning of the word (See Lesson 67).
<8)
<9)
2.	ТС1Я Pronouns
А.	Personal pronouns
а шп » « ea
B.	Interrogative pronouns
Ж ВДЛ	£^<20»)
Л<13»)
C.	Demonstrative pronouns
Й Я5 Ю1 Я5Л ЯР£
& 4ft (32®)
3.	йй Verbs
(1)	I№ %® Й
(2)	Ш
(3)	Д W Й<27»)
<®айпГЙМ, (39Ж)
Some verbs can be reduplicated (See Lesson 39).
(4)	ffi.(—*£(—)*£
(5)
(6)	^^tlf
4.	(28Ж) Optative verbs (See Lesson 28)
№ "ГЦ & ® “ГвЁ
274
5.	Adjectives
S.	&
¥£
<®«ЙИВГРЧЖ4» <57»)
Some adjectives can be reduplicated (See Lesson 57).
(1)	fflffJL 1S«JL
(2)	S*gE?f
6.	I&inj Numerals
A. (20Ж 53jU) Cardinal numbers (See Lessons 20
and 53)
Йаз») Ф E +“ =Ж*А ЛТИ
-b+EE -ЖЕ+Е
В» )Т^(32Ж) Ordinal numbers (See Lesson 32)
-Й -%-b-t^ ХЛЛ.Н<32»)
С. Ж1&(53Ш) Approximate numbers (See Lesson 53)
<1) ЙЕ +2£ -+ЛЛ AE+
——Ж j4==F EAE E/VSE
(2) +Л r+Л Л+ ЛЖ E=F ЛЕ
(3) И+£ -=F^
В. 4У1&(53Ж) Fractions (See Lesson 53)
В’^Е+Е<95»Л>
275
Е. ^н^(53Ж) Multiple numbers (See Lesson 53)
7.	ftiflj (18Ш) Measure words (See Lesson 18)
А. ^41Д](42Ж) Nominal measure words (See Lesson
42)
wwzst л/тж>
-g^d?»	Я№«
Й+ЙШ Я$-+^<20Ж>
йЖв. «7»
A measure word when reduplicated has the same meaning
of the word (See Lesson 57).
(i)
(57»
A numeral - measure word can be reduplicated to func-
tion as an adverbial adjunct (See Lesson 57).
(2)
В.	зЬЙ1л] (39Ж 42Ж) Verbal measure words (See Les-
sons 39 and 42)
МЛ ST
8.	Prepositions
#(24» Д(24» 33» & # Eft
ft IS it «4 It ft й И
9.	BlJiRl Adverbs
£15(17» -^(17» £(43» fg Bg Я
276
ИО Ш(17®) ic Ж #(52®) Х<«® 52®)
tf<31®) gfc(31® 44®)	S(W)
10.	Ж1Л| Conjunctions
ЙНИЮ Ш чд ш
11.	ЖЫШ Particles
А. |д#Ш1л] (34Ж) Structural particles (See Lesson 34)
Jfc
в.	Aspect particles
T W i±
с. Щ'ЧЭДтЯ Modal particles
ПЦ П£(44Ж) ПВ(37Ж) т <29i£ 31W ft) ад
12.	ЧХ.Ш Interjections
чи
13.	Onomatopoeia
Sentences
(-)	(58Ж)
Classification of sentences Chinese sentences can be
divided into simple sentences and compound sentences (See
Lesson 58);
I.	Simple sentences
1.
According to their structure, simple sentences can be
classified into the following categories:
277
A.	The subject-predicate sentences
(A)(21Ж) The sentence with a noun as its
predicate (See Lesson 21)
ci) 4-^а^адалт.
(2) fik±iSAo
(3) АШ,
—&-Ь+Л<£>Т.
(В) JgjfjS]iWi§'nJ( 15K 18Ж) The sentence with an
adjective as its predicate (See Lessons 15 and 18)
(i)
<2)
JLfe. »1Ю
<С)Й)йИ1о^](1бЖ) The sentence with a verb as its
predicate (See Lesson 16)
(1)
(2>
FA.
(3) 1lfe^a-5fc®W№+SBiJL.
<O)SiWiWiS'FK21i!6) The sentence with a sebject-pre-
dicate construction as its predicate (See Lesson 21)
(1)	М3».
(2)
B.	The non-subject-predicate sentences
273
(А)^Е^/Ь](36Ж) The sentence without a subject (See
Lesson 36)
(i)	TST.
(2)
(3)
(B^jsj'fej The one-word sentence
(1)	&Й!
(2)	«$!
2.	йсЖз&З)’: According to their function, simple
sentences can be classified as follows:
A.	The declarative sentences
(1)	ФВ<—
<2)	<56»>
B.	The interrogative sentences
(А«]^М(11Ю Questions of type (1) (See Lesson
11)
(1)	(ШИ?
(2)	BfcKBg«&»Tl4r
(Zl) (12Ж) Questions of type (2) (See Les-
(i)
(2)
(з)
<4>
279
(12Ж) Questions of type (3) (See Lesson
12)
(1)
(2)
(В)Шр1^(Ю (19Ж) Questions of type (4) (See Lesson
19)
(1)
(2) ятт й£ШТЖ£ЖТ?
С. 1Л(37Ж) The imperative sentences (See Lesson
37)
(1) И«±ЙЙЙ»
(2) »дЙ!
D. ^5Я.^](58Ш) The exclamatory sentences (See Lesson
58)
(1) a'bftWttJWP?!	j
(2) ВД1 agwffTi
I. Ж^(57У^) Compound sentences (See Lesson 57)
1.	The compound sentences
(2) flba®»JL^T^JL, SfcfcT.
(3)	Я;18йЖ
2.	The complex sentences
а. ла^-»(ад gw •••’’“SM-iai
280
(rTh^) •••” indicates a converse.
(i)
(2)	{ШИШШ
4>.
B.	“ИЙ—BfUl—’Лл^йЖ	“ВЛ(yTnwel, because) —
$j£V»»w indicates cause and effect.
co а<ижт
(2)
(55®)
C.	Й—’SSIS&	“S&—VL—’indicates sup-
position.
(1)	ЙЙИЙЛЯЙШТ.
»"Eo
D.	“—-St—(57®)	“—St—’ indicates a
condition (See Lesson 57).
(i)
(2)	fife—
(X)	Sentence members
1.	ii§ 1&«Ж ЛЙ»Г№±ЙЯ', #да.
йй. ай. айв» <а&. ай-,	±®йй
^ШТШ№±1§. (35®)
Subject Besides nouns and pronouns, adjectives, nume-
rals, measure words, verbs, verbal constructions and subject-
281
predicate constructions etc. can all function as the subject
of a sentence (See Lesson 35).
(1)	ЙЯИШТЯ, WffeM
(2)
(3)	НёёМ
(4)
(5>
(7>
(8)
О) >&ЖКЖ5£.
(io)
2.	«is ай, «и, «*й, ±tm»
"TElftiBW.
Predicate Verbs, adjectives, nouns, numeral - measure
words and subject-predicate constructions can all function
as the predicate of a sentence.
sbiiiL	(35Ю
Object Besides nouns and pronouns, adjectives, nume-
ral-measure words, verbs, verbal constructions and subject-
predicate constructions etc. can all function as an object
(See Lesson 35).
282
<2)
(3)
(4) й:МйёЖ®^>^<,
(5> ай^й^шешс.
(6) Ш^ЗЙ^ёВЙЖЙЬ4>. <55Ж>
(28j^) Preposed Object (See Lesson 28)
(7)	zbia.jEW*ii.
• • • • •
4. л£1М(12Ш 15Ш 18Ш ЗЗШ 34Ш) Attributives
(See Lessons 12, 15, 18, 33 and 34)
A-	A noun as an attributive
When a noun is used as an attributive to show posses-
sion or when a time word or position word is used as an
attributive, it usually takes “ЭД” after it. If the noun as an
attributive tells the quality of what it qualifies, no is
used.
(D
аЛ5сй“ШЖ
ЛЙЙЬЙ!^
(2)	£ьал
283
В-	A pronoun as an attributive
JmMWe
-ИЖ»
When a personal pronoun is used as an attributive to
show possession, it usually takes after it. But if what
it qualifies represents a kinsfolk of the attributive or the
collective of which the attributive is a member,is usually
done without.
<D
<2>
ЙЧПЯ
(is®)
When a demonstrative pronoun or a measure word is
used as an attributive, it takes no after it (See Lesson
15).
(3)	йФйгй	\
(4)	Я5&&Й
C.	(13Ш) A numeral or numeral
-measure word as an attributive (See Lesson 13)
When a numeral is used as an attributive, it usually
takes after it. Sometimes can be omitted. A nume-
ral-measure word used as an attributive usually takes no
"^l” after it.
284
(1)	Ийп®
Ж^±А+(Й)Я1
(2)	—
D.	An adjective as an attributive
М^15®$й№й®-®*ЯГй’'>
IBWHd-RTUXWB&o	JH®-
W. (32Ш)
A monosyllabic adjective as an attributive usually takes
no “Qij” after it while a disyllabic one takes which
can be omitted sometimes. An adjective construction as an
attributive usually takes “$]” (See Lesson 32),
(1)
аж
(2)
(3)
йгИ®»±Мй, E'MIM
Д*Й’.
When the adjective or “J?” is used attributively,
it is usually preceded by an adverb and takes no after it.
(4)
285
E.	^ft±ig(29i£) A verb as an attributive (See
Lesson 29)
When a verb is used attributively, it usually takes
after it. But a disyllabic verb as an attributive, which shows
possession, usually takes no “ftj”.
(i)
(2)
F.	$Ь1Х|й:1Ф^л£Ж(29й1) A verbal construction as an
attributive (See Lesson 29)
When a verbal construction is used attributively, it takes
“Qij” after it.
(i)
(2>
(3)	шт
Ф&ЙЬЖЖ
G.	(33i£) A subject-predicate construc-
tion as an attributive (See Lesson 33)
glSSW.
A subject-predicate construction used attributively usually
286
takes aftes it.
(1)
(2)
5.	331Ж 34Ж) Adverbial adjuncts (See
Lessons 17, 33 and 34)
A.	An adverb as an abverbial adjunct
A monosyllabic adyerb when used as an adverbial ad-
junct takes no “hfe” after it. A disyllabic adverb, when used
as an adverbial adjunct, takes no “jfy” either.
(1)	Ш^Ж
(2)
B.	An adjective as an adverbial adjunct
“ЯГо
*Я1\	ИГЯГо
A monosyllabic adjective used as an adverbial adjunct
usually takes no “ifa” after it while a disyllabic one usually
takes. An adjective when preceded immediately by an adver-
bial adjunct takes
(1)
(2)
(3)
с.	A time word or a position
287
Word as an adverbial adjunct
A time word or a position word when used as an ad-
verbial adjunct takes no after it.
(1)	ЧЙЬ-ЬЖ^Э
(2)
(з)
D.	(24^) A prepositional construction
as an adverbial adjunct (See Lesson 24)
A prepositional construction when used as an adverbial
adjunct takes no after it.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
6.	lb Complements
А.	@Й|Ь1« (25l£ 26Ю Complement of degree (See
Lessons 25 and 26)
Besides adjectives, verbal constructions and subject-pre-
dicate constructions etc. can all function as complements of
degree.
(1)
(2)
288
(3)
В.	ДЦ'Ж (35Ш) Complement of result (See Lesson
35)
(i)	iUfttif.
(43»)
(2)
(3)
C.	SlnJlhiS<37Ж 45») Directional complement (See
Lessons 37 and 45)
(1)	№01t-££T.
(2)	Мг£ТЛ*®Г=15.
(3)	&ДЙ1ЙЙЙЭ?1в1&—
(4)	|ё!ф{П»Жа
(5)	1ЕШПИ£Ш*"Е| ВД)
(6)	WJL®:	&8ЙЙГ
(56»)
D.	nTtlsll'iM (47УЮ Potential complement (See Lesson
47)
(i)	IWffOil&iSo 
(2)	ЯЖ1*/ЬТ,
(3)	XSfOJMff«ыпля -+г H
289
E.	(43®) Complement of time (See Lesson
43)
(i)
zhW»
<2)
и+а-ж
(3)
F.	(39®) Complement of verb + measure word
(See Lesson 39)
(i)	Л j±
<2) ±»ИШ№£ТИ5ЙЖ±.
(з) йФЖЙЯйТИкЯ®,
G.	’I&itll'ia (51®) Complement of quantity (See Lesson
51)
(i>
(2)
(3)	/SUL
(H) 3&iiO$);cS Aspects of verbs
W, (31® 34® 42® 45®)
The completion of an action can be expressed by the
aspect particle “T”. The adverb “^Ww instead of is
used for its negative form (See Lessons 31, 34, 42 and 45).
290
(о шпаййятнж, шжятйж.
(2)	wt a w?
2.	"ГИЛ“Е\ “1Е£”, “в”, “ЧЁ” £ ‘ЕЙ
(40»)
The progress of an action can be expressed either by
ЛЕ\ ejE&’, “ft”, < or by	(See Lesson
40).
(1)
(2)
з.	“&W-
«’. (41»)
The static state of an action or a state of affairs can be
expressed by	is used for its negative form
(See Lesson 41).
(1)
(2)	'шшма®#®.’
(3)	Ж^-ЬЙЙЙТЕЛ, ЯЙЙ-^О..
4.	й№ЮВД»££1адяГЯ5?---Т’.
(36»)
The immediate future can be expressed by
or *ЙЙ£'”Т’ (See Lesson 36).
(i)	“Е-’я^ата-^т.
(2)	4-¥-ЕЛ8Й®Ф>1кТ.
5.	i±*&gB5ffl“i±’’*S.	(42»)
The past experience one had can be expressed by
291
is used for its negative form (See Lesson 42);
(i)
(2) ШЙЙЙЙ»
(Щ)	'Й Several special sentences with
verbs as their predicates
1,	“fe” sentences
A.	<—) (11Ш 27j£) sentence (1) (See
Lessons 11 and 27)
(i)
(2)	^ПШ-ШЮГй.
(3)	Я7Ж£=|5,
В.	“ft’tji'gJ ( —) (19i8) “ft’ sentence (2) (See
Lesson 19)
(i)
(2)	KiTfftW, ШП1№й4-№о
2,	(13Ш 27^) “W” sentences (See Lessons
13 and 27)
(1)
(2)
(3)	-ЗМГ+-ФЛ, г+-4'ДЖ
(4)	=|ЗШ<&Ж£4$,
«и»)
292
(5)
3.	49S 50»)	•#•• sentences (See
Lessons 48, 49 and 50)
(1)	ЙЕЗДМ,
(2)
(3)	itfeffin^JFSJ4t^tRjSnn^S.
4.	(56Ю "ЙЕ” sentences (See Lesson 56)
(1)
(2)	stsjasjL.
5.	Ж “&—№1” 55iH3)№K)Wf3>	й; § Й
(44Ш) Sentences in which the construction	is used
to stress the time, place or manner etc. of an action (See
Lesson 44)
(1)
(2)	ТЛ—
(3)
(4)
6.	(55Ш) Sentences showing existence,
emergence or disappearance (See Lesson 55)
(i)
(2)
<3) Ш^Вй^АйЬЁТЙ'Мй^о
293
7.	(32Ш 5бУ|) Sentences with verbal cons-
tructions in series (See Lessons 32 and 56)
(1)
ЙЯо
(2)
(3)	№5с±-гр,
•ЙЛ.
8.	(40Ш) Pivotal sentences (See Lesson 40)
(i)
(2)	WW#—
(47)	Different ways of expressing comparison
1.	To show difference
А.	“Ж\ “Ж” Use of or
(i> SKWMRft, SISE^ffifiMtfe.
(2)	fflifl-S
B.	“tt’(5118) Use of “bt” (See Lesson 51)
(i)	й&КЫЛ&йй,
(2)	ЙЙЙ^НзЯРЙЙ^/Ь—£JU
(3)
(4)
294
<5)
С.	“Й#-Ж^(Й^)-’<52Ж) Use of “Ж-Ж^СЙ
£)•••” (See Lesson Й2)
ci)
(2>	W№H5^w ж
2.	To show similarity and dissimilarity
A. *R--(52Ш> Use of ---(See Lesson 52)
(i)	/ь^ажнш.
(2)	ЙОЮЛ-
в. “<-j№£(»£)•••’(52») Use of М?-Я5£ (Й
•••” (See Lesson 52)
(1)
(2)
295
Ж=Я»
*
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