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Author: Орлова Е.С.
Tags: языки мира лингвистика грамматика английский язык изучение языков
ISBN: 5-9524-0557-6
Year: 2003
Text
Ε.С. Орловд
АНГЛИЙСКАЯ
ГРАММАТИКА
ПО-НОВОМУ
UNIVERSITY UNIVERSAL
|Курс английского языка
||||для1 университетов .
Москва
иентрполигрнФ
2003
ББК 81.2
0-66
Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим объединением по
образованию в области лингвистики Министерства образования
Российской Федерации в качестве учебника
для неязыковых вузов
Орлова Е.С.
0-66 Английская грамматика по-новому. University
Univelsal: Курс английского языка для
университетов. — М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2003. — 479 с.
ISBN 5-9524-0557-6
В книге приведен курс английского языка, рекомендуемого
студентам любых факультетов вузов, аспирантам, специалистам и всем
желающим научиться реальному общению с иностранцами. Курс также
может быть использован старшеклассниками средних учебных заведений с
углубленным изучением английского языка.
Курс является победителем II Всероссийского конкурса «Лучший
учебник/учебное пособие по иностранному языку для неязыковых
вузов», проведенного Учебно-методическим объединением по образованию
в области лингвистики Министерства образования Российской
Федерации в 2002 г.
ББК 81.2
ISBN 5-9524-0557-6 © Орлова Е.С, 2003
Памяти профессора
Софьи Кирилловны Фоломкиной
посвящается.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
В настоящее время, когда знание английского языка
приобретает для специалистов особую актуальность, важнейшей задачей
становится разработка новых технологий обучения. Курс
английского языка «University Universal», представленный в этой книге,
является одним из возможных вариантов ее решения.
Курс развивает новый уникальный подход, благодаря
которому владение английским языком становится реально достижимым.
Как известно, грамматика этого языка строится в основном на
элементарных, парадигматически устойчивых формах. Эти простые,
мало меняющиеся внешне и потому сами по себе легко
узнаваемые слова, выстраиваясь в цепочку высказывания, обнаруживают,
тем не менее, сложную систематику преобразования смысловых
сигналов. Эта особенность английской речи и является главной
трудностью усвоения логики ее построения.
Модель курса «University Universal» основана на
элементарных грамматических образах, понятных каждому. Именно им
свойственно определенным образом связывать другие слова и
создавать более сложные высказывания, оставаясь при этом их ядром.
Такая форма и последовательность усвоения смысловых структур
способны поддерживать непрерывность формирования новых и
более сложных идей. Тем самым обеспечиваются условия для
действительного овладения динамикой выразительных средств
изучаемого языка.
Курс «University Universal» позволяет увидеть грамматику
английского языка в новом свете, что значительно повышает
производительность процесса обучения, активизирует интеллектуальную
деятельность каждого его участника и стимулирует поиск
собственных выразительных решений, а также создает индивидуальные
условия речевой деятельности.
Поступательно развивающаяся логико-грамматическая сюжет-
3
ная линия также формирует представительный и достаточный
словарь, составляющий функционально активное семантическое поле.
Списки слов, вовлеченных в процесс учебной коммуникации,
представлены в конце каждой из шести основных глав.
Заключительная седьмая глава содержит разнообразные задания и тесты
современных форматов.
«University Universal» предоставляет практически полное
грамматическое и достаточное лексическое обеспечение (свыше 5000
единиц), гарантируя тем самым комфортную речевую деятельность
и возможность естественного перехода к любому
специализированному курсу, преподаваемому на английском языке. Учебник
обеспечивает достаточный языковой уровень как для участия в
проектах, предполагающих адекватное англоязычное общение
участников, так и для сдачи различных квалификационных
экзаменов в нашей стране и за рубежом.
В силу указанных особенностей «University Universal» может
использоваться для преподавания английского языка на
практически любых факультетах университетов, у студентов которых есть
реальная потребность в грамотном иноязычном общении в
различных формах на высоком уровне. Настоящий курс может также
использоваться на курсах повышения квалификации и
переподготовки специалистов различных профилей. В отдельных случаях
возможно его использование в работе с учащимися средних школ,
работающих по программам углубленного изучения английского
языка. «University Universal» содержит материалы для
интерактивной работы в аудитории и самостоятельного изучения. И те, и
другие предусматривают различные смысловые преобразования,
дающие возможность использовать усвоенные модели в возможно
большем количестве контекстов.
В настоящее время многие естественнонаучные факультеты
включают в свои учебные планы дополнительные программы по
иностранным языкам.
Благодаря регулируемой интенсивности обучения курс
«University Universal» применим к любой из ныне действующих
моделей в диапазоне от 340 до 1100 часов (соответственно 170 и
550 в аудитории). Максимальное количество учебных часов
предназначено для получения дополнительной квалификации «Пере-
4
водчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации». В процессе
подготовки студентов к ее получению курс «University Universal»
может использоваться в качестве основного компонента.
Грамматика и лексика курса «University Universal» полностью
соответствуют требованиям программы дисциплины «Английский язык»
и Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего
профессионального образования, утвержденных Министерством
образования Российской Федерации.
ABOUT THIS COURSE
«University Universal» is one of the best English texts I have seen.
Where many texts focus almost completely on rigid grammatical
construction using «High English», this text is rich in its use of
vernacular and idiomatic expressions necessary for the mastery of
contemporary American English. With well developed examples,
exercises and dialogues, it is an easy text for both students and teachers
to use whether it be in the classroom or for individual study. I highly
recommend this text to all teachers of English as a second language
who wish to develop in their students a strong comprehension of
American English.
Carl Luna, Ph.D.,
Fulbright Scholar, Mesa College,
California, the USA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Dr. C. J. Luna for revising and recording the
course.
CONTENT GUIDE
SECTION 1: 32
GRAMMAR. 7o-Infinitives: re-Infinitives Modified By what,
where, who, whom, which, why, whether, how, how long, how much,
how many. Infinitive Phrases And Clauses be (un)sure to do, be
(un) certain to do, be (un) likely to do, be liable/not liable to do. The
Verb Be In The Present. Modals be to, be due (to), ought to, be about
to, be permitted to, be allowed to, be going to. Other Meanings Of due
(to). Nouns And Adjectives + Infinitives. Positive And Negative
Statements. Questions And Answers. The Possessive And Reflexive
Pronouns. The Objective Pronouns. The /w-Infmitive Clause. Both
As A Pronoun And Determiner. Nouns Showing Agents, Or Doers.
ГРАММАТИКА. Неопределенная форма
глагола—инфинитив — с частицей to. Слова what, where, who, whom, which, why,
whether, how, how long, how much, how many, уточняющие
инфинитив. Инфинитивные фразы и обороты типа be (un)sure to do, be
(un) certain to do, be (un) likely to do, be liable/not liable to do. Глагол
be в настоящем времени. Модальные глаголы be to, be due (to),
ought to, beabout to, be permitted to, be allowed to, begoingto.
Прочие значения due (to). Инфинитив после существительных и
прилагательных. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения.
Вопросы, вопросительные слова и ответы. Притяжательные, объектные
и возвратные местоимения. Слово both. Агентивные
существительные.
DISCUSSION ISSUES: Problems, Dilemmas And Alternatives.
I'm A Lucky Person. My Learning Style. Something I Am About To
Do /1 Am Going To Do. Is It Likely To Happen? What Sort Of Person
Is Your Colleague Likely To Be? People: Their Personalities And Skills.
Some Features/Characteristics To Want In A Researcher (In A Good
Student, In A Friend). What Is He Likely To Do, I Wonder? Is Your
Academic Record Superior? What Are You Going To Achieve?
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ: Проблемы, дилеммы и
альтернативы (выбор). Мне везет. Мой учебный стиль. Что я
собираюсь сделать? Возможно ли, что это произойдет? Что за люди
работают с вами? Люди: их характеры и умения. Вот качества,
6
которые хотелось бы видеть в исследователе (в студенте, в друге).
Вы учитесь отлично? Чего вы собираетесь достичь?
1.1. Го-Infinitives. Infinitive Phrases And Clauses. What, where,
who, whom, which, why, whether, how, how long, how much,
how many specifying /o-infmitives. The Verb Be.
«Be + A djective» Pattern 32
1.1.1. Simple Го-Infinitives 32
1.1.2. Го-Infinitives As Responses To Situations 32
1.1.3. Outlining Problems, Dilemmas And Alternatives 32
1.1.4. Wh- And Other Conjunctions Specifying Го-Infinitives 33
1.1.5. The Verb Be In The Present 33
1.1.6. Be (un) certain, be(un) sure, be careful, doubtful,
undecided: Questions, Answers And Responses 33
1.1.7. How, what, when, where, who/whom: Sentence
Completion 34
1.1.8. Whether And Other Conjunctions In Statements 34
1.1.9. How, what, when, where, who/whom:
Sentence Completion 34
1.1.10. Practicing Prepositions And Conjunctions 35
1.1.11. On The Contrary 35
1.1.12. The Infinitive Clause «He Is (Un)Sure To Do», «He Is
(Un)CertainDo» 35
1.1.13. The Idea Of (Uncertainty: Rephrasing 36
1.1.14. The Verb £έ?: Practice 36
1.1.15. Questions And Answers 37
1.1.16. Responses To Situations 37
1.1.17. «I'm A Lucky Person»: Story Making 38
1.2. Single- And Multi-Word Modals. «Too + Adjective/Adverb
+ To-Infinitive» And «Adjective/Adverb + Enough
+ To-Infinitive» Patterns.The Infinitive Clause
«BeLiable ToDo», «Be (Un) Likely 38
To Do». Nouns, Adjectives And Verbs. My Learning Style 38
1.2.1. Modals: be going to (do), be about to (do), be able
to (do), be liable to (do), be due to (do), be to (do),
be allowed to (do), be permitted to (do). Presentation 38
7
1.2.2. Modals: Examples 39
1.2.3. Modals: Rephrasing 40
1.2.4. Questions And Answers. Practicing Positive And
Negative Contractions 40
1.2.5. Vocabulary Practice 41
1.2.6. Vocabulary Practice 41
1.2.7. Questions And Answers 42
1.2.8. Questions And Answers 42
1.2.9. 7o-Infinitives As Adverbials Of Purpose 42
1.2.10. The Indefinite Article: Practice 43
1.2.11. «Adjective/Adverb + Enough + To-Infinitive» Pattern:
Practice 43
1.2.12. «Too + Adjective/Adverb + To-Infinitive» Pattern:
Practice 43
1.2.13. «Adjective/Adverb + Enough + To-Infinitive» And «Too +
Adjective/Adverb + To-Infinitive» Patterns: Practice 44
1.2.14. «Adjective/Adverb + Enough + To-Infinitive» And «Too +
Adjective/Adverb + To-Infinitive» Patterns: Practice 44
1.2.15. My Learning Style: A Topical Scenario 45
1.2.16. My Learning Style: Practice 45
1.2.17. The Infinitive Clause «Be Liable To Do», «Be (Un) Likely
To Do»: Expressing The Idea Of (Un)Likelihood 45
1.2.18. Things In Terms Of (Un)Certainty/(Un) Likelihood 46
1.3. Revision Of Infinitive Clauses And Modals. Adjectives And
Nouns.« What sort of person is he?»: People And Their
Personalities 47
1.3.1. Evaluation In Terms Of (Un) Likelihood: Responses 47
1.3.2. Some Information About Allan: Statement Evaluation 48
1.3.3. Nouns Ending With -er/- or Suffix: Presentation 48
1.3.4. Nouns Ending With -er/- or Suffix: Practice 49
1.3.5. Adjectives And Nouns 49
1.3.6. Mary Flemming Is A Woman Who Is...: People And
Their Characters 50
1.3.7. People And Their Characters: Practice 51
1.3.8. Give Better Descriptions: Practicing Synonyms 51
1.3.9. People And Their Characters: More Practice 52
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1.4. Го-Infinitives After Adjectives And Nouns. In terms of, with
regard to, from the point of view 52
1.4.1. Го-Infinitives After Adjectives: Examples 52
1.4.2. Го-Infinitives After Adjectives: Practice 52
1.4.3. Questions And Answers 52
1.4.4. Situation Modeling 53
1.4.5. «It is difficult to understand him./He is difficult
to understand»-Pattern. Practice 54
1.4.6. Го-Infinitives After Nouns: Examples 54
1.4.7. Го-Infinitives After Nouns: Practice 55
1.4.8. In terms of with regard to, from the point of view. Practice
Through Rephrasing 55
1.4.9. Story Making 56
1.5. «Theproblem is (how) to do it»: Revision 56
1.5.1. «The problem is (how) to...»: Revising The Pattern 56
1.5.2. «Theproblem is (how) to...»: Practice 56
1.5.3. Problems, Questions, Alternatives: Discussion 57
1.5.4. Dialogue Practice 57
1.6. Modals: Revision And Further Development 58
1.6.1. Due (To): Revision 58
1.6.2. Due (To): Practice 58
1.6.3. Other Meanings Of Due 58
1.6.4. Be (To): Revision 60
1.6.5. Be (To): Practice 60
1.6.6. Ought (To): Revision 60
1.6.7. Ought (To):Practice 61
1.6.8. Due (To), Be (To), Ought (To,):Practice 61
1.7. Conjunctions And Prepositions. Questions And
Answers. Reading Comprehension 61
1.7.1. Conjunctions And Prepositions: Revision 62
1.7.2. Conjunctions And Prepositions: Practice 62
1.7.3. Reading Comprehension: I'm positively sure this hotel
is no good. I assure you .... Jane Parker's academic
record is superior. Sorry, I'm due to leave in a minute 63
9
1.7.4. Always, never, ever, sometimes, occasionally, seldom,
rarely, already, just: Questions And Answers 64
1.8. The Possessives, Objectives And Reflexives. The For-Phrase. 64
1.8.1. Possessive Pronouns (Possessives): Presentation 65
1.8.2. Possessive Pronouns (Possessives): Practice 65
1.8.3. Objective Pronouns (Objectives): Presentation 66
1.8.4. Objective Pronouns (Objectives): Practice 66
1.8.5. The For-Infinitive Clause (The For-Phrase): Presentation.. 66
1.8.6. The For-Infinitive Clause (The For-Phrase): Practice 67
1.8.7. Reflexive Pronouns (Reflexives):Presentation 67
1.8.8. Reflexive Pronouns (Reflexives): Practice 68
1.8.9. Reflexive Pronouns: Peculiarities 69
1.8.10. Possessives, Objectives, Reflexives: Practice 69
1.9. Common Errors: Peculiarities Of Both 70
1.9.1. Peculiarities Of Both: Presentation 70
1.9.2. Peculiarities Of Both: Error Specification And Correction.... 71
UO.Wordlist 72
SECTION 2: 88
GRAMMAR: The Imperatives. Lei-Patterns. The Personal And
Objective Pronouns. The Future Simple Tense. Shall As A Modal. Be
In The Past Tense. CoreModals Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Should
And Multi-Word Modals (Be A ble To, etc.). Interrogative Patterns: Echo-
Question, Yes/No Questions, Negative Questions, W#-Questions, IF
or WHETHER, Sentences With There.
ГРАММАТИКА: Формы повелительного наклонения.
Структуры со словом let. Личные и объектные местоимения. Простое
будущее время. Модальный глагол shall. Глагол be в прошедшем времени.
Ядерные и составные модальные глаголы: can, could, may,
might, must, should и be able to и др. Вопросительные структуры:
вопросы как формы реагирования, общие, отрицательные и
специальные вопросы. Союзы IF и WHETHER. Предложения,
начинающиеся с there.
10
DISCUSSION ISSUES: Can You Do Everything Correctly All The
Time? Occasional Difficulties We Have Learning And Doing. It is
Simply A Matter Of Time (Money). Your Project Will Be Very Valuable
To Us. I'll Leave No Stone Unturned ... Education And Career
Expectations (Prospects). What Is Establishment? Something About
The USA: New York, Manhattan. Who Is In Charge Of Scheduling
Lectures (Gregarious Events)? Who Is Your Adviser? «Power Struggle»:
Goals And Means. You Are Something New In This World... The
University Library. Your Fixed Views About A Business. Official
Ceremonies Are Always Alike. The High Technology Area: What Is
Typical Of It? Something About The Future.
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ: Вы можете делать всегда
все правильно? Отдельные трудности в изучении предмета. Это
всего лишь вопрос времени (денег). Ваш проект является очень
ценным для нас. Я сделаю все возможное... Образование и
профессиональные перспективы. Что такое истэблишмент? Немного
о США: Нью-Йорк, Манхеттен. Кто руководит составлением
расписания (общественными мероприятиями)? Кто ваш научный
руководитель? Борьба за власть: цели и средства. Вы уникальны.
Университетская библиотека. Ваши твердые убеждения
относительно организации дела. Официальные церемонии. Район
высоких технологий: что ему свойственно? Кое-что о будущем.
2.1. The Imperatives 88
2.1.1. Imperatives: Presentation 88
2.1.2. Imperatives: Practice 88
2.1.3. Imperatives: Practice 88
2.1.4. Negative Imperatives: Presentation 89
2.1.5. Negative Imperatives: Practice 89
2.1.6. Negative Imperatives: Practice 89
2.1.7. Informal Imperatives: Presentation 89
2.1.8. Informal Imperatives: Practice 90
2.1.9. Imperatives: Practicing Dialogues 91
2.2. Personal And Objective Pronouns: Revision 91
2.2.1. Personal And Objective Pronouns: Examples 91
2.2.2. Reading Comprehension: Do you know whether «I»
11
or «me» is correct? К Quick Review Of Personal And
Objective Pronouns 91
2.2.3. Personal And Objective Pronouns: Practice 92
2.2.4. Personal And Objective Pronouns: Story Making 93
2.3. Lei-Patterns 93
2.3.1. Lei-Patterns: Examples 93
2.3.2. Lei-Patterns: More Complicated Examples 93
2.3.3. Lei-Patterns: Negative Statements: Examples 93
2.3.4. Positive Lei-Patterns: Responses 94
2.3.5. Negative Lei-Patterns: Responses 94
2.4. The Future Simple Tense 95
2.4.1. The Future Simple Tense: Presentation 95
2.4.2. The Future Simple Tense: Practice 96
2.4.3. The Future Simple Tense: Dialogue Practice 97
2.4.4. The Future Simple Tense: Dialogue Practice 98
2.5. Meanings Of Shall 99
2.5.1. Shall: Examples 99
2.5.2. Shall: Dialogue Practice 99
2.6. The Verb Be In The Past Tense 100
2.6.1. The Verb Be In The Past Tense: Revision 100
2.6.2. The Verb Be In The Past Tense: Questions And Answers ... 100
2.6.3. The Verb Beln The Past Tense: Dialogue Practice 100
2.6.4. Reading Comprehension: James Loran was 101
2.6.5. Supposedly, immensely, properly, inexplicably, probably:
Vocabulary Practice 102
2.6.6. Superior, envious, enviable, wealthy, gigantic, expensive,
incorrigible, condescending: Vocabulary Practice 102
2.6.7. Sole, solely, whole, wholly, wholly and solely: Vocabulary
Practice 103
2.6.8. Enterprise (s), stuff, record, expectation(s), faculty,
establishment, (the) Establishment, scholar, property:
Vocabulary Practice 104
2.6.9. Vocabulary Practice 104
2.6.10. Story Making 105
12
2.7. The Modals be able/unable to do, be allowed/permitted to do, be
likely/unlikely to do: Revision 105
2.7.1. Be able/unable to do, be allowed/permitted to do,
be likely/unlikely to do: Practice 105
2.7.2. Reading Comprehension: Dorothea is responsible for 105
2.7.3. Modals: Rephrasing 106
2.7.4. Dialogue Practice 106
2.8. Bare Infinitives. Core Modals Can, Could, May, Might, Must,
Should. Be Bound To 108
2.8.1. Can, could, may, might, must, should; be bound to :
Presentation 108
2.8.2. Can, can't, could, couldn't-.Practice Ill
2.8.3. Can, could, be able to: Practice 112
2.8.4. Can, could: Questions And Answers 112
2.8.5. May, might: Practice 113
2.8.6. May: Dialogue Practice 113
2.8.7. Should, ought to: Practice 113
2.8.8. Should, ought to: Practice 114
2.8.9. Must, be bound to: Practice 115
2.8.10. Core Modals: Practice 115
2.8.11. Core And Multi-Word Modals: Practice 116
2.9. Interrogative Patterns. Reading And Dialogue Practice 116
2.9.1. Echo Questions: Responses To Positive Statements 116
2.9.2. Echo Questions: Responses To Negative Statements 117
2.9.3. Reading Comprehension: The conversation shifted
suddenly 118
2.9.4. Dialogue Practice 118
2.10. Interrogative Patterns 119
2.10.1. Reading Comprehension: You are something new
in this world 119
2.10.2. Yes/No Questions And Answers 119
2.10.3. ЖЯ-Questions And Answers 120
2.10.4. Making Questions 121
2.10.5. Negative Questions And Answers 122
13
2.10.6. Questions Beginning With Who And What 123
2.10.7. .//And Whether: Presentation 124
2.10.8. If And Whether: Practice 125
2.11. There- Sentences 125
2.11.1. There- Sentences: Presentation ...„ 125
2.11.2. 77ie/-e-Sentences: Practice 128
2.11.3. 77ie/-e-Sentences: Practice 128
2.11.4. 77ie/-e-Sentences: Practice 129
2.11.5. 77ii?/-e-Sentences: Practice 129
2.11.6. 77iere-Sentences: Dialogue Practice 129
2.11.7. Reading Comprehension: Gerard has fixed views 131
2.11.8. Reading Comprehension: There were flags everywhere.. 131
2.11.9. Reading Comprehension: The high technology area 132
2.11.10. There-Sentences: Story Making 132
2.11.11. 77K?re-Sentences: Story Making 133
2.11.12. Reading Comprehension: Some vague ideas about
the future 133
2.12Wordlist 133
SECTION 3: 149
GRAMMAR. Possessives As Pronouns And Determiners. The
Genitive. Echo Questions, Tag Questions, So Do I/Neither Do /Patterns.
Yes/No Questions. Information Questions. Negative Statements.
Operators As Utterance Making Instruments And Substitution Elements.
The Present And Past Simple Tenses. Quantifiers Some, Any, No And
Their Compounds. Quantifiers Few, A Few, Quite A Few, Fewer, The
Fewest, Little, A Little, Quite A Little, Less, (The) Least, Many, Much
ГРАММАТИКА. Притяжательные местоимения как
замещающие («чистые») местоимения и как определители.
Притяжательный падеж имен существительных. Вопросы как формы
реагирования (вопросы «эхо»). Формула «И я тоже». Общие вопросы
(вопросы, требующие ответа да/нет). Вопросы с
вопросительными словами (информационные вопросы). Отрицательные
высказывания. Оператор как средство построения вопросительного и
отрицательного предложения и как замещающее слово. Настоя-
14
щее простое время. Прошедшее простое время. Количественные
местоимения (квантификаторы) Some, Any, No и их сложные
производные. Употребление слов Few, A Few, Quite A Few, Fewer, The
Fewest, Little, A Little, Quite A Little, Less, (The) Least, Many, Much
DISCUSSION ISSUES. People And The Community. That Many
Hobbies. What Does Your Job Have To Do With? Insurance Issues.
Learning Styles: New Insights. Effect of Community Pressure. Got The
Go-Ahead? Faith In Appearances Over Achievement. Being Inducted
Into Prestigious Organizations. Round Out Your Understanding Of Me.
The Climate Here Is As Close To Perfect As You Can Get. Benefit Of
Advice. Unsolicited Counsel. Family Ways And Rituals. «I Can't Walk
Away In The Middle Of Pursuing A Hot Lead».
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ. Люди и общество. Так много
увлечений. С чем связана ваша работа? Вопросы страхования.
Стиль учебы: новые грани. Воздействие давления со стороны
окружающих. Получили добро (разрешение действовать)?
Приверженность к формальным показателям в ущерб истинным
достижениям. Официальное вступление в престижные организации.
Постарайся лучше понять меня. Здешний климат почти
совершенен. О пользе советов. Советы, которых не просят. Семейные
традиции и ритуалы. «Я не могу просто уйти в разгар работы».
3.1. Revision Of The Verb Be. Possessives As Determiners And
Pronouns. Echo Questions 149
3.1.1. Revision And Speaking: Be In The Present And Past 149
3.1.2. Practicing Patterns Be Bound To, Be Surprised, Be (More Or
Less) Public Property, My Worst Fears Were Realized, It Is
Wrong (To Neglect Your Interests), What The Future Has In
Store For Us, Make The Most Of 149
3.1.3. Possessive Pronouns: Revision 150
3.1.4. Possessives As Determiners: Practice 151
3.1.5. Possessives As Pronouns (In Place Of Nouns):
Presentation And Practice 151
3.1.6. So Is Mine/Neither Ami Patterns 152
3.1.7. Vocabulary Practice: Fortunately, Remarkable, Scrupulous,
(In) Capable, By Nature, Looks, Shrink From. Possessive
Patterns. Stories And Dialogues 154
15
3.1.8. Practicing Echo Questions 155
3.1.9. Practicing Echo Questions 155
3.2. The Present Simple Tense 156
3.2.1. The Present Simple: Presentation 156
3.2.2. The Present Simple: Presentation 157
3.2.3. That Many Hobbies: Reading 157
3.2.4. That Many Hobbies: Practice 158
3.2.5. That Many Hobbies: Practice 158
3.2.6. The Present Simple: Tense Form Practice 158
3.2.7. Lloyd's, The World's Biggest And Best Insurance
Bazaar: Reading 158
3.2.8. Lloyd's, The World's Biggest And Best Insurance
Bazaar: Grammar Practice 159
3.2.9. Lloyd's, The World's Biggest And Best Insurance
Bazaar: Vocabulary Practice 158
3.2.10. Insurance: Discussion 160
3.3. Question Patterns 160
3.3.1. Practicing Yes/No Questions 160
3.3.2. Development Patterns 161
3.3.3. Information Questions 162
3.3.4. Learning Styles: Preliminary Questions 162
3.3.5. Learners And Learning Styles: Reading 163
3.3.6. Learners And Learning Styles: Discussion 164
3.4. Quantifiers No, Any, Some And Their Compounds 164
3.4.1 .Quantifiers No, A AzyAnd Their Compounds In Negative
Statements: Presentation 165
3.4.2. Quantifiers Some, Any And Their Compounds In Positive
Statements And Questions: Presentation 165
3.4.3 No, Any And Their Compounds In Negative Statements:
Practice 167
3.4.4. Some, Any And Their Compounds In Positive Statements 168
3.4.5. AnyAtfid Its Compounds In Questions 168
3.4.6. Any, Some And Their Compounds In Questions 168
3.4.7. No, Any, Some And Their Compounds In Utterances:
Practice 169
16
3.4.8. Quantifiers Few, A Few, Quite A Few, Fewer, The Fewest,
Little, A Little, Quite A Little, Less, (The) Least, Many,
Much: Presentation 169
3.4.9. Quantifiers Few, A Few, Quite A Few, Fewer, The Fewest,
Little, A Little, Quite A Little, Less, (The) Least, Many,
Much: Practice 170
3.5. Learning The Tenses 171
3.5.1. The Past Simple Tense: Presentation 171
3.5.2. «Round Out Your Understanding Of Me»: Reading 171
3.5.3. The Past Simple Forms: Practice 172
3.5.4. Story Development. «Round Out Your Understanding
Of...» 173
3.5.5. «What Sort Of People Are They?»: Discussion 173
3.6. Echo-Questions 175
3.6.1. Echo-Questions: Practice 175
3.6.2. Echo-Questions: Dialogue Practice 176
3.6.3. Echo-Questions: Making Responses 175
3.6.4. Making Questions: Practice 178
3.6.5. So Do I/Neither Does He Patterns: Practice 178
3.7. Tag-Questions 179
3.7.1. Tag-Questions: Presentation 179
3.7.2. «I Actually Live In A High-Technology Area...», «I Have
Been Fortunate To Always Have Excellent Health», «I
Have Worked As A Communications Psychologist For
Years»: Reading 180
3.7.3. Tag-Questions: Dialogue Practice 182
3.7.4. Further Pattern And Story Development 183
3.8. Learning Interrogative Patterns: Further Practice 183
3.8.1. Yes/No Questions 183
3.8.2. ЖЯ-Questions 184
3.8.3. Practicing Questions And Answers 184
3.9. Learning Negative Patterns: 185
3.9.1. Negative Patterns: Presentation 185
17
3.9.2. Practicing Operators In Negative Statements 185
3.9.3. Practicing Operators In Negative Statements And
Questions 186
3.9.4. Operators: Summary 186
3.9.5. Operators: Practice 187
3.9.6. Operators As Elements Of Substitution: Presentation 188
3.9.7. Substitution: Practice 189
3.9.8. «In The Hotel Lobby Jack Stopped At The Phones»:
Reading 190
3.9.9. Story Development 192
3.10. Word List 192
SECTION 4 205
GRAMMAR. Modals: Revision And Further Development. Have
To As A Modal. Shall, Will And Would As Modals. Operators: A
Systematic Approach. Sentence Structure. Affirmative, Negative And
Interrogative Statements. Making Questions. Responses. The Present
Simple. The Past Simple. Nouns In Sequence. Do, Does, Did As
Emphatic Means. Adverbs And Adverbials. IF- And WHEN- Clauses.
Subjunctives: Mandatives And Conditionals. The Tense Shift.
Adjectives And Adverbs: Modification Grades And Degrees Of
Comparison.
ГРАММАТИКА. Модальные глаголы: повторение и изучение
нового. Модальный глагол Have To. Модальные глаголы Shall, Will,
Would. Операторы: системное обобщение. Структура предложения.
Утвердительные, вопросительные и отрицательные высказывания.
Вопросы и ответы. Простые времена: настоящее и прошедшее
(повторение). Существительные в качестве определения. Do, Does,
Did кик средства особой выразительности. Наречия и
обстоятельственные выражения. Выражение будущности в придаточных
времени и условия. Сослагательное наклонение: выражение
настоятельности «Я требую, чтобы вы сделали...». Сослагательное
наклонение: условные предложения.
Согласование времен. Прилагательные и наречия: степени
сравнения.
18
DISCUSSION ISSUES. Don't Judge By Your Likes Or Dislikes.
Watch Your Language. Resolving Conflicts Constructively. The Statue
Of Liberty. It Is An Inferior Film. Granting University Degrees. If You
Pass Muster They Will Offer You A Job. The Candidate Is Supposed
To Be A Certified Intellectual Of The Highest Calibre. Setting Up A
Task Force. I Have A Hunch.... Sedentary Or Active? He Wouldn't
Hear A Thing That Would Contribute To The Hotel's Exoneration. My
Grant Has Expired. I'm Going To Make A Verbal Outline Of My
Research. Academic Issues Are Always Relevant.
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ. Не судите по своим
симпатиям и антипатиям. Следите за тем, что вы говорите.
Конструктивное разрешение конфликтов. Статуя Свободы. Это
второсортный (посредственный) фильм. Присуждение ученых
степеней. Если вы отвечаете их требованиям, они предложат вам
работу. Кандидат должен быть дипломированным специалистом
высочайшей квалификации. Организация рабочей группы. У меня
есть предчувствие... Малоподвижный или наоборот? Он не
желает слушать ничего, способствующего оправданию репутации
отеля. Мой грант закончился. Я кратко сформулирую
содержание моего исследования. Академические вопросы всегда
актуальны.
4.1. Modals: Revision 205
4.1.1. Modals: Revision Via Rephrasing. «Lincoln Never Judged
Men By His Like or Dislike For Them», «Watch Your
Language», «He Must Be As Mad As Donald Duck», «New
York Is Trying To Get You», «Get Down To The Nitty-
Gritty», «I Don't Mean Anything Specifically» 205
4.1.2. Modals: Revision Via Rephrasing: «Resolving Conflicts» 206
4.1.3. Nouns In Sequence: Presentation 206
4.1.4. Nouns In Sequence: Practice 207
4.2. Reading And Learning New Means Of Expression 208
4.2.1. «The Liberty Belle» Was Rumbling Towards Liberty
Island»: Reading 208
4.2.2. Do, Does, Did As Means Of Emphasis: Presentation 208
4.2.3. Do, Does, Did As Means Of Emphasis: Practice 209
19
4.2.4. Do, Does, Did As Means of Emphasis: Practice 210
4.2.5. Reading For Information: Granting University Degrees ... 210
4.2.6. Granting University Degrees: Discussion 212
4.2.7. Adverbs And Adverbials: Unhappily, Socially,
Journalistically, Purposefully, Admittedly, Conceivably,
Allegedly, Inexplicably, Purposely, Economically 212
4.2.8. Practicing Adverbs , 213
4.2.9. Story Development 213
4.3. Modals: Revision And Development 214
4.3.1. Had Better, Should, Ought To, BeSupposedTo 214
4.3.2. Modals In Dialogue 215
4.3.3. Have To (Do) 216
4.3.4. Practicing Have To Do 216
4.3.5. Practicing Have To Do 217
4.3.6. Word-Building Patterns 217
4.3.7. Word-Building: Practice 218
4.4. Meanings Of Will/Won't 218
4.4.1. The Future Simple Vs. Modal Meanings 218
4.4.2. Will As A Modal: Rephrasing 219
4.4.3. Will As A Modal: Further Practice 219
4.4.4. «We'd Better Get Back To Headquarters»: Reading 220
4.4.5. Will: Further Practice 221
4.4.6. Vocabulary Practice 221
4.4.7. Shall As A Modal 222
4.4.8. Shall: Practicing Responses 222
4.5./F-And WHEN-Clauses 223
4.5. \.IF- And WHEN Clauses: Practice 224
4.5.2. Pattern Development 224
4.5.3. Until- And Unless- Clauses 225
4.5.4. Questions And Answers: Practice 225
4.5.5. Confusables: Public, Society, Community, Company,
Audience 226
4.5.6. Confusables: Public, Society, Community, Company,
Audience 227
20
4.6. Meanings Of Would 228
4.6.1. Would: Presentation 228
4.6.2. WouldOndtr The Tense Shift (The Future-In-The-Past)... 229
4.6.3. Would: Specifying Meanings 230
4.6.4. Will And Would: Authentic Usage Through Reading 230
4.6.5. Conditionals: The Indicative Vs. The Subjunctive:
Presentation 233
4.6.6. Conditionals: The Indicative Vs. The Subjunctive:
Practice 234
4.6.7. Conditionals: The Indicative Vs. The Subjunctive:
Practice 234
4.6.8. Conditionals: Questions And Answers 235
4.6.9. Would Like To Do/Would Rather Do: Presentation 235
4.6.10. WouldLike To Do/WouldRather Z)o: Practice 236
4.7. More About The Subjunctive Mood: «It Is Advisable
That You Be There» 237
4.7.1. The Mandative Use Of The Subjunctive: Presentation 237
4.7.2. The Mandative Use Of The Subjunctive: Practice 238
4.7.3. Story Making 238
4.7.4. «Can The Thought Count?»: Using Subjunctives
In A Discussion 238
4.7.5. Adjectives And Adverbs: Modification Grades And
Degrees Of Comparison: Revision 239
4.7.6. The Dean's Autumn Reception For New Faculty:
Practicing Degree And Comparison Patterns 242
4.8. Word List 242
SECTION 5 253
GRAMMAR. Infinitive Patterns Of Purpose: To, In Order To, So
As, So That... Won't/Wouldn't/Don't/Can/Could/Would.Ing-Fonns.
The Progressive Aspect. Action And State Verbs. Dynamic And Stative
Usage. Modals: The Problem Of Ambiguity; Action And Belief
Modality. Progressive (Continuous) Infinitives. The Present Continuous
(Progressive) Tense. The Present Continuous Vs. The Present Simple.
21
The Past And Future Continuous (Progressive). Ing- Forms (Gerunds)
And /wg-Participles. Zrcg-Participles: Pre- And Post- Modifiers;
Adverbials. The Nominal Nature Of Ing- Forms. /wg-Clauses With The
Subject. Ing- Forms And Infinitive Patterns. The For-Infinitive Clause.
ГРАММАТИКА. Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели.
Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели, уточняющийся
союзами in order to и so as. Обстоятельственные придаточные
предложения цели so thai... won 't/wouldn 't/don 't/can/couldAvould.
Глагольная форма с суффиксом -ing ( инговая форма). Несовершенный
вид. Глаголы, выражающие действие, и глаголы, выражающие
состояния. Модальные глаголы: проблема неоднозначности
значения. Модальность действия и модальность точки зрения.
Сложный инфинитив Continuous (Progressive): несовершенный вид,
выражающий действие в развитии. Настоящее продолженное
время The Present Continuous (Progressive). Простое или
продолженное настоящее время? Прошедшее и будущее продолженные
времена. The Past And Future Continuous (Progressive). Причастие с
суффиксом -ing (причастие I) и герундий: две омонимичные
глагольные формы. Причастие I как определение и обстоятельство.
Номинативная природа герундия (инговой формы).
Герундиальный оборот. Герундий или инфинитив? Инфинитивный оборот с
предлогом/о/· (повторение).
DISCUSSION ISSUES. Search For Relevant Information. Modern
Computers: Staying Online. Rational Logic And Intuition. Getting
Hired. Optimization Of Production Costs. Multidimensional Space-
Time. Our Speech, Its Precision And Ambiguity. Filters Of Meaning.
Multicriteria Problems. A Single Aggregate Measure For Complex
Phenomena: Is It Plausible? Adequate Measures Of Multidimensional
Entities. Scientific Information Condensed Into Easily Digestible
Figures: Could It Pervert The Real Meaning Of The Original Data?
Environmental Issues: Sustainability Indicators. Never So Happy As
When Doing Something On Your Own. Getting A New Line Of Credit.
Plays And Characters. Film Making. Models Of Industrialization. The
Pollution Of The Environment Is Not Inevitable. Self-help Books.
Thinking Like A Scientist.
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ. Поиск нужной информации.
Современные компьютеры: работа в сети. Рациональная логика и
22
интуиция. Как получить работу. Оптимизация производственных
затрат. Система, имеющая три пространственных измерения и
измерение времени. Наша речь, ее точность и двусмысленность.
Модификаторы смысла. Многокритериальные проблемы. Единая
единица измерения сложных явлений: возможно ли это?
Адекватные единицы измерения многомерных сущностей. Научная
информация, выраженная в простой и доступной форме: может ли она
исказить первоначальный смысл? Вопросы охраны окружающей
среды: критерии устойчивости. Больше всего люблю делать дела
сам. Получение нового кредита. Пьесы и действующие лица. Как
снимают кино. Пути индустриализации. Загрязнение окружающей
среды не является неизбежным.
Самоучители. Можно ли научиться думать, как настоящий
ученый?
5.1. Infinitive Patterns Of Purpose: Formation And Practice 253
5.1.1. Го-Infinitives Showing Purpose: Examples 253
5.1.2. Го-Infinitives Showing Purpose: Practice 253
5.1.3. Го-Infinitives Showing Purpose: Practice 253
5.1.4. In Order To: A Formal Expression Of Purpose 254
5.l.5.SoAs...To 255
5.1.6.SO That... Won't/Wouldn't/Don't/Doesn't 257
5.1.7. Cosmic Coincidence: Practicing Purpose Patterns 259
5.2. /wg-Forms: Introduction And Practice 260
5.2.1. Making /wg-Forms 260
5.2.2. Action And Stative Verbs; Dynamic And Stative Usage;
Progressive (Continuous) Infinitives: Introduction 260
5.2.3. Modals: A New Overview: Action And Belief Modality;
Modal Ambiguity 261
5.2.4. Explaining Modal Ambiguity: Practice 262
5.2.5. Specifying Action Or Belief Modality 262
5.2.6. Modals Followed By Simple And Progressive Infinitives:
Introduction 263
5.2.7. Progressive Infinitives: Practice 265
5.2.8. Progressive Infinitives: Practice 265
5.2.9. Progressive Infinitives After Modals: Practice 266
23
5.3. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense 267
5.3.1. The Present Continuous: Presentation 267
5.3.2. The Present Continuous: Practice 267
5.3.3. The Present Continuous: Practice 270
5.3.4. It Sounds Like A Wonderful Idea: Reading And
Discussion 270
5.3.5. In The Near Future: Reading And Discussion 271
5.3.6. Written Practice 273
5.3.7. Question Making (Revision) 273
5.3.8. The Present Continuous Vs. The Present Simple:
Specification 274
5.3.9. The Present Continuous Vs. The Present Simple:
Practice 277
5.4. The Past And Future Continuous (Progressive) 277
5.4.1. The Past Continuous: Dialogue Practice 277
5.4.2. «I Was Investigating...»: Reading And Discussion 278
5.4.3. The Future Continuous: Practice 279
5.4.4. The Future Continuous: Practice 280
5.4.5. «I Have Been Doing Development Consulting....»:
Reading And Further Development 280
5.4.6. Dialogue Practice 281
5.5. Functions Oflng-Forms 281
5.5.1. «Healthy, Wealthy And Wise?»: Reading And
Specifying /ng-Participles As Pre-Modifiers 281
5.5.2. /rtg-Participles As Pre-Modifiers: Practice 282
5.5.3./ng-Participles As Attributes: Practice 283
5.5.4. /rtg-Participles As Post-Modifiers: Practice 283
5.5.5. /rtg-Participles In Oral Practice 283
5.5.6. .fag-Participles As Adverbials: Presentation 284
5.5.7. /ng-Participle Adverbials With Conjunctions
(when, if, etc.): Practice 285
5.5.8. Rephrasing Participle Clauses 285
5.5.9. Making Participle Clauses 287
5.6. /rtg-Forms (Gerunds) 287
5.6.1. Ing-Forms Of The Nominal Nature: Introduction 287
24
5.6.2. fog-Forms As Pre-Modifiers 289
5.6.3. fog-Forms Having Direct Objects: Practice 290
5.6.4. Prepositions Before fog-Forms: Practice 291
5.6.5. fog-Forms: Rephrasing 291
5.6.6. fog-Forms In Oral Practice 292
5.6.7. Questions And Answers (Revision) 293
5.6.8. Questions And Answers (Revision) 294
5.7. More About fog-Form Patterns 294
5.7.1. «I Feel Like Doing»: Dialogue Practice 294
5.7.2. «Help To Do»l«Help Do»/«Can 't/Couldn 't Help
Doing»: Examples 295
5.7.3. «Help To Do»/«Help Do»/«Can 't/Couldn't Help
Doing»: Practice 295
5.7.4. «Help ToDo»l«HelpDo»l «Can't/Couldn't Help
Doing»: Dialogue Practice 296
5.7.5. fog-Form Or Infinitive? Introduction 296
5.7.6. fog-Form Or Infinitive? Practice 298
5.8. Nominal fog-Clauses And For-Infinitive Phrases:
Presentation 299
5.8.1. .fog-Clauses: Presentation 299
5.8.2. fog-Clauses: Practice 300
5.8.3. 77i<?.F0/--Phrase: Revision 300
5.8.4. 77i<?/w-Phrase: Practice 302
5.8.5. 77if?Fiv-Phrase: Practice 302
5.8.6. fog-Clauses: Practice 303
5.9. Revision 304
5.9.1. «Used To» Vs. «Would»: Practice 304
5.9.2. Reading And Further Development 304
5.9.3. Dialogue Practice 305
5.10. Word List 306
SECTION 6 331
GRAMMAR. Era-Forms. Have/Get Something Done- Pattern. The
Past Simple And En-Forms. The Active And Passive Voice. Simple
25
Passive Infinitives. Passive Predicates: Passive Infinitives After Modals,
Simple And Progressive Passive Predicates. Passive Sentences With
Prepositional Verbs. Яу-Objects. £w-Forms As Pre- And Post Modifiers.
£w-Forms As Adverbials. The Perfect Aspect. Perfect Infinitives.
Modals Followed By Perfect Infinitives. The Present Perfect Tense.
The Past And Future Perfect. Perfect Passive Infinitives And Predicates.
Perfect Progressive Infinitives. The Present Perfect Continuous
(Progressive). The Past And Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive).
Infinitive Clauses: «He is considered to do/We consider him to do».
The Participle Clause «We saw him doing». Conditionals: Revision
And Further Development.
ГРАММАТИКА. Причастие П, или третья основная форма
глагола, или ел-форма. Структура have/get something done. Активный
и пассивный залог. Простой инфинитив в пассивном залоге.
Пассивные формы сказуемого: инфинитив в пассивном залоге после
модального глагола, простые и продолженные времена в
пассивном залоге. Пассивные предложения с глаголами, требующими
предложного управления. Дополнения с предлогом by. Причастие
II в качестве определения и обстоятельства. Настоящее
завершенное время (the Present Perfect Tense). Модальные глаголы,
сопровождаемые сложными перфектными инфинитивами. Прошедшее
и будущее перфектные времена. Сложный перфектный
инфинитив в пассивном залоге. Завершенные времена в пассивном
залоге. Сложный инфинитив Perfect Progressive. Перфектные
продолженные времена. Инфинитивные обороты Не is considered to do/
We consider him to do. Причастная конструкция « We saw him doing».
Сослагательное наклонение: условные предложения.
DISCUSSION ISSUES. Getting Something Done: The Art Of
Delegating. Something I Bought In A Souvenir Shop. What Is Art?
Public Speaking. Logical Reasoning And Intuition In Study, Research
And Discovery-Making. Lectures And Lecturers. Internet Addiction:
Does It Really Exist? I Have Always Admired Your Intelligence. We
Have Been Friends For Many Years. How Long Have You Worked
There? Since Then I Have Never Laughed At People Who.... Word Is
You Have Spent Some Time In India. And I Realized That It Had All
Changed Drastically. What Will You Have Done By The Time The
Next Semester Starts? You Must Have Been Learning Many Subjects
26
In The Past Few Years. The Best Way To Bridge The Gap Is To
Understand The Difference. My Colleague Has Been Doing
Development Consulting With A New Production Company Lately.
We Had Been Studying For A Couple Of Weeks When Bert Joined Us.
How Long Will You Have Been Learning English Before You Are Able
To Make Use Of It? Getting University Degrees: A New Overview
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ. Как заставить что-то
сделать для себя: искусство поручать дела другим. Кое-что, что я
купил в магазине сувениров. Что такое искусство? Выступление
перед аудиторией. Логическое рассуждение и интуиция в учебе,
научной работе и открытиях. Лекции и лекторы. Когда не можешь
жить без Интернета: так бывает? Я всегда восхищался твоим умом.
Мы друзья уже много лет. Как давно вы здесь работаете? С тех
пор я никогда не смеюсь над людьми, которые... Говорят, вы
побывали в Индии. Я понял, что все полностью изменилось. Что вы
сделаете к началу следующего семестра? Должно быть, вы
изучали многие предметы последние годы. Лучший способ установить
сходство—это понять различие. Последнее время мой коллега
работает экспертом по развитию в кинокомпании. Мы уже
занимались недели две, когда он к нам присоединился. Сколько
времени вы будете изучать английский, прежде чем сможете им
воспользоваться? Снова о получении ученых степеней.
6.1. Ял-Forms: Presentation And Practice , 331
6.1.1. Еи-Forms: Introduction 331
6.1.2. Ял-Forms: Initial Practice 331
6.1.3. «Have/Get Something Done» 331
6.1.4. «I Am Also In A New Play»: Reading And Interpretation 332
6.1.5. «Have/Get Something Done»: Rephrasing Practice 332
6.1.6. Past Simple Or Ял-Form? Practice 333
6.2. The Active And Passive Voice 334
6.2.1. Active Vs. Passive: Introduction 334
6.2.2. Passive Infinitives: Presentation 335
6.2.3. Passive Infinitives: Practice 335
6.2.4. Active Or Passive Infinitives: Practice 336
6.2.5. Progressive Or Passive Infinitives: Practice 336
27
6.2.6. Active, Passive Or Progressive Infinitives 337
6.2.7. What Did You Say You Bought In The Souvenir Shop?
Dialogue Practice 337
6.3. Passive Predicates 338
6.3.1. Making Passive Sentences 338
6.3.2. Passive Sentences With Prepositional Verbs 339
6.3.3. ^-Objects: Presentation And Practice 340
6.3.4. Passive Continuous (Progressive): Presentation And
Practice 340
6.3.5. Passive Continuous (Progressive): Practice 342
6.3.6. «I Also Starred In A Film»: Reading And Further
Development 342
6.4. Other Functions Of Ял-Forms 343
6.4.1. Ял-Forms As Pre-Modifiers: Presentation And Practice ... 343
6.4.2. Ял-Forms As Post-Modifiers: Presentation And Practice.... 343
6.4.3. Ял-Forms As Post-Modifiers: Practice 344
6.4.4. Ял-Forms As Adverbials 345
6.4.5. Public Speaking: Reading And Discussion 346
6.4.6. When To Rely On Your Intuition? Reading And Further
Development 347
6.5. The Perfect Aspect 349
6.5.1. The Perfect Aspect: Presentation 349
6.5.2. Perfect Infinitives: Practice 350
6.5.3. Perfect Infinitives After Modals: Presentation 350
6.5.4. Perfect Infinitives: Practice 351
6.5.5. Perfect Infinitives In Dialogue: Practice 352
6.6. The Present Perfect Tense 353
6.6.1. The Present Perfect: Making Sentences 353
6.6.2. Reading For Further Development 354
6.6.3. Reading And Discussion 355
6.6.4. The Present Perfect: Further Study And Practice 355
6.6.5. The Present Perfect: Coherent Words 356
6.6.6. The Present Perfect: Practice 357
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6.7. The Present Perfect Showing Incomplete Actions (ever,
never, always, often, frequently, long) 358
6.7.1. The Present Perfect: Extending Into The Present 358
6.7.2. Be, Have, Know In The Present Perfect 359
6.7.3. The Present Perfect: Dialogue Practice 359
6.7.4. Reading For Identification 361
6.7.5. Reading For Further Development , 362
6.7.6. Present Perfect Vs. Past Simple: Presentation 363
6.7.7. Present Perfect Vs. Past Simple: Practice 363
6.7.8. Present Simple Vs. Present Perfect; Present Continuous
Vs. Present Perfect 364
6.7.9. Dialogue Practice 365
6.8. Other Perfect Patterns 366
6.8.1. Past And Future Perfect: Making Sentences 366
6.8.2. Reading For Further Development 367
6.8.3. Reading For Further Development 368
6.8.4. Perfect Passive 369
6.8.5. Perfect Passive Infinitives 369
6.8.6. Perfect Active And Passive Infinitives After Modals 370
6.8.7. Perfect Passive Predicates 371
6.8.8. Perfect Passive Predicates 371
6.9. The Perfect Continuous (Progressive) 372
6.9.1. Perfect Progressive Infinitives: Making Sentences 373
6.9.2. Perfect Progressive Infinitives: Further Practice 373
6.9.3. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) 374
6.9.4. The Present Perfect Continuous: Making Sentences 374
6.9.5. Reading For Further Development 375
6.9.6. Present Perfect Vs. Present Perfect Continuous 376
6.9.7. Present Perfect Vs. Present Perfect Continuous: Practice.... 377
6.9.8. The Past And Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive).... 377
6.9.9. The Past And Future Perfect Continuous: Practice 378
6.10. Infinitive Clauses 378
6.10.1. The Subject Infinitive Clause: Revision 379
6.10.2. The Subject Infinitive Clause: Further Development 379
29
6.10.3. The Object Infinitive Clause. The Object Participle
Clause. Presentation 380
6.10.4. Infinitive And Participle Clauses: Rephrasing 382
6.10.5. Infinitive Clauses: Making Sentences 382
6.11. Conditionals 383
6.11.1. Conditionals: Revision And Further Development 383
6.11.2. Conditionals: Making Sentences 384
6.11.3. The 3rd Conditional: Further Practice 385
6.11.4. Conditionals: Further Development 386
6.11.5. The 3rd Conditional Without «7/>> 387
6.11.6. Conditionals: Story Making 387
6.11.7. Reading And Discussion 387
6.12. Word List 389
SECTION 7. Achievement Tests And Additional
Assignments 404
7.1. Listening Comprehension Tests 404
7.1.1. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 404
7.1.2. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 404
7.1.3. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 405
7.1.4. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 406
7.1.5. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 406
7.1.6. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 407
7.1.7. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 408
7.1.8. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 408
7.1.9. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 408
7.1.10. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 409
7.1.11. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 410
7.1.12. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List 410
7.2. Reading Comprehension 410
7.2.1. Reading Comprehension Test 410
7.2.2. Reading Comprehension Test 412
7.2.3. Reading Comprehension Test 413
30
7.2.4. Reading Comprehension Test 415
7.2.5. Reading Comprehension Test 417
7.2.6. Reading Comprehension Test 418
7.2.7. Reading Comprehension Test 419
7.2.8. Reading Comprehension Test 420
7.2.9. Reading Comprehension Test 421
7.3. Reading For Writing 423
7.3.1. Reading For Information 423
7.3.2. Reading For Information 424
7.3.3. Reading For Information 425
7.3.4. Reading For Information 426
7.4. Semantic And Grammar Tests 428
7.4.1. Rephrasing Test 428
7.4.2. Names And Descriptions 430
7.4.3. Rephrasing Test 432
7.4.4. Names And Descriptions 433
7.4.5. Grammar Test 434
7.4.6. Grammar Test 434
7.4.7. Grammar Test 435
7.4.8. Derivative Test 436
7.4.9. Error Correction Test 438
7.4.10. Achievement Test 1 443
7.4.11. Achievement Test 2 445
7.4.12. Achievement Test 3 448
7.4.13. Achievement Test 4 456
7.4.14. Achievement Test 5 463
For Teachers , 471
Keys 477
SECTION 1
1.1. What is a fo-infinitive?
It is hoped that you can easily recognize some English infinitives
and their combinations with other words.
1.1.1. The most familiar infinitives are simple ^-infinitives. Study
and repeat the following phrases several times. If the words are
not familiar, learn them.
Problems... Dilemmas... Alternatives...
To be or not to be... (Shakespeare)
To go out or to stay at home?
To phone or to send a fax?
To telephone or to fax?
To keep the appointment or to cancel it?
To wait or to come again later?
To wait or to leave right now?
To approve or to disapprove of it?
To do research or to do business?
To check or to take for granted?
To accept or to refuse?
To do homework assignments or to have fun?
1.1.2. Respond to the following situations using the phrases of 1.1.1.
Pattern: A new job.
You say: A new job ... To accept or to refuse?
1. Some new information. 2. You are a graduate. 3. Your friend is
late. 4. The secretary is not in. 5. Today's appointment. 6. A
communication problem. 7. Saturday's night. 8. A new idea.
1.1.3. Outline your own problems (dilemmas, alternatives, ideas)
using some of the infinitive phrases of 1.1.1.
Pattern: My problem? To accept or to refuse, I think.
32
or My current alternative? It's to approve or to disapprove of the
new project, certainly.
or My dilemma? It's certainly to check or to take for granted.
or My current alternative is to wait or to leave right now.
1.1.4. Recall WH — words and some other conjunctions:
what, where, who, whom, which, why, whether, how, how long,
how much, how many
Study the pattern and make similar sentences.
Pattern: The problem is how to check the information.
The question is who to assign to the project.
The idea is what to accept.
1.1.5. Recall:
I am sure. You are sure, aren't you? Tom is sure. He is always sure.
Is Margaret sure, too? We (you, they) are sure of (about) it.
1.1.6. Memorize:
be certain = be sure
be uncertain = be unsure
be not certain =
be not sure
be careful
doubt
be doubtful
be undecided
33
I'm certain of the fact.
We are certain about the information.
John is unsure of it.
They are uncertain about the deal.
We aren't sure (certain) of the project.
John is careful about everything.
Maybe too careful.
No doubt, the idea is good.
I'm not sure. I'm doubtful about the
plan.
John isn't sure what to do. He is
undecided.
1.1.7. Complete the sentences using how, what, when, where, who/
whom. For some statements there may be more than one choice.
1. We are sure... to do it.
2. The boss is uncertain... to assign someone else to the project.
3. Tom is careful about... to deal with. He is particular about his
business partners.
4. My friend is careful about... to deal with. She deals only with
what is adequate.
5. We are not always sure... to refuse.
6. You are sometimes uncertain... to accept.
7. Are you certain... to assign to this job?
8. Sam is undecided... to leave.
9. My friends are sure... to go tonight.
1.1.8. Study the following patterns:
■ I am not sure whether to go.
We are unsure whether to approve of it.
They are not sure whether to assign Martin to the project.
He is unsure whether to cancel his appointment.
I am uncertain how to assign someone else to the project.
Sandra is undecided how to refuse.
I am always careful not to say anything wrong.
The future is too doubtful to make plans.
1.1.9. Complete the sentences using what, who/whom, how, when,
where, whether.
1. Martin is certain... to accept.
2. We aren't sure... to approve of the plan.
3. I'm undecided... to do the assignment right now.
4. The Dean is doubtful... the project is adequate.
5. The directors of the company are careful about... to appoint the
General Manager.
34
6. Our boss is certain ... job to assign to me.
7.1 know... to go for ray holidays.
8. We are sure ... to make a business plan for our project.
9. Are you sure... to take this for granted?
1.1.10. Use proper prepositions and conjunctions:
1. We are almost certain ... it.
2. Are you sure... the result?
3. They are careful... whom to deal with.
4. Fred isn't sure... to take the information for granted.
5. I'm unsure... to refuse.
6. My friends are still undecided... to go out tonight.
7. The boss isn't sure... to assign Martin to the project.
8. You are particular... business projects.
1.1.11. «On the contrary, ...»: complete the sentences building up
the opposite idea.
1. You are sure what to do. On the contrary, I....
2. — His idea is right.
— On the contrary, it is —
3. Your choice is to work tonight. On the contrary, mine is....
4. — Your boss is sure to approve of your idea.
— On the contrary, he is certain... of it.
5. — If you are busy, cancel the appointment.
— On the contrary, I am sure... it.
1.1.12. Learn the following pattern:
Tom is sure to come in time.
Who is sure? Is it Tom? No. The speaker is sure that Tom will
come in time.
More Examples:
You are sure to like this film.
The project is not good. It is sure to fail.
It is sure to rain.
35
Margy is certain to take everything for granted.
Robert is so talented! He is certain to do research after he graduates.
The project isn't sure to succeed.
They aren't certain to do the assignment in time.
1.1.13. Rephrase:
Pattern: We are sure John is a nice boy.
You say: John is sure to be a nice boy.
We aren't sure the idea is good.
You say: The idea isn't sure to be good.
I know he comes to work on time.
You say: He is sure to come to work on time.
1. I'm certain that you approve of bright ideas.
2. We know you are busy.
3. I'm sure you are careful about everything.
4. I'm sure you are careful not to say anything wrong.
5. We are certain that you are doubtful about the project.
6. We are not sure Tom is always careful not to say anything wrong.
7. I'm uncertain whether Fred is very particular about his project.
8. I'm not sure that my friend is on a new project now.
9. I'm sure that Ted will refuse.
10. We know that Professor Allan makes a few appointments every
day.
11. Dillan is very careful. He checks every bit of information.
12. Mary is very naive. She takes everything for granted.
1.1.14. Complete the following sentences using correct forms of be:
1. Jack... almost certain of it.
2. We... not quite sure of it.
3. She... undecided how to refuse.
4. We... uncertain about what to do.
5.1.. .always careful about whom to deal with.
36
6. — Your project... sure to succeed.
— To succeed? On the contrary, it... certain to fail!
7. They... undecided how to cancel the appointment.
8. The result... too doubtful to be sure of it.
9. The weather... not very good today. It... sure to rain.
10. My friends ... sure to do all the assignments.
11. Robert and I... undecided whether to work or to have fun
tonight.
1.1.15. Answer.
1. Are you sure whether to go out tonight?
2. Are you sure where to go?
3. If the film is very popular are you sure to like it too?
4. Are you always careful about everything?
5. Are you always careful not to say anything wrong?
6. Are you a good student? Are you certain to do all assignments in
time?
7. Are you always certain how to refuse?
1.1.16. Respond according to the pattern:
Pattern: Today you have an appointment with Mr. B. He is always
very punctual.
You say: He is sure to keep the appointment.
Today you have an appointment with Mr. С You are not sure to
keep it because you are too busy.
You say: I am undecided whether to keep my appointment or to
cancel it.
Your friend is always very particular about all his projects.
You say: He is always careful about what to deal with.
You are not sure whether the new project is good.
You say: I am doubtful about the new project.
I am doubtful whether it is good.
37
1. You think the new research project is not adequate.
2. You do not want to keep your today's appointment, but you aren't
sure whether it is adequate.
3. The sky is gray and the sun is not shining.
4. The film is already very popular. Your friend is going to see it
tonight.
5. You are very particular about your business partners.
6. You do not like your friend's idea.
7. You are uncertain about a new business project and don't want
to make a business plan for it.
8. The directors of the company want to assign a new expert to the
project, but no decision is made yet.
1.1.17. Make a story entitled «I'm A Lucky Person».
Say something like
I'm a lucky person because I'm sure of my future. I am certain to
succeed because I am always careful who and what to deal with. I'm
very particular about my projects and my business partners. So, I'm
always careful not to do or say anything wrong. I'm not a naive person.
I'm not sure to take things for granted. I always check everything
carefully. Sometimes I'm not sure whether the deal is adequate. Then
I'm sure to disapprove of it even if my boss, on the contrary, is certain
to approve. It is nice to be sure about what to do. Then you are certain
not to fail too often. I'm always lucky. Well; almost always. That's why
I am happy.
1.2. Learn Modals And Infinitive Clauses:
1.2.1. Memorize the following single- and multi-word modal verbs.
Mind that some of them refer specifically to time:
be going to (do) We are going to approve of the idea.
Frank is going to leave tomorrow.
The project is going to succeed.
It is going to rain. (the future)
38
be about to (do) They are about to leave.
John is about to accept a new job.
I am about to succeed.
be able to (do)
be liable to (do)
be due to(do)
You are able to make your decision.
I am able to understand.
He is able to refuse.
I am liable to refuse.
We are liable to assign a new man to
the project.
Tom is liable to take everything for
granted.
You are due to keep today's
appointment.
We are due to be careful about
what to deal with.
I am due to analyze the facts.
We are to be particular about
certain things.
You are to come to work at 9.
If you aren't going to keep the
appointment, you are to cancel
it.
be allowed to (do) Students are allowed to work
be permitted to(do) in the lab.
You are permitted to come later
today.
1.2.2. Study more examples:
1.1 am going to learn all the words of Section 2.
2. We are going to analyze some grammar points.
3. Robert is about to accept a new job.
(the future)
(possibility)
be to (do)
(possibility)
(obligation)
(obligation)
(permission)
39
4. The Committee is just about to approve of our plan.
5.1 am due to leave soon.
6. If you aren't sure, you are to refuse.
7. We are able to succeed.
8. Jane is liable to take everything for granted.
9. Good students are allowed to take their exams ahead of schedule.
1.2.3. Rephrase the italicized words:
1. My friend is going to take a new job quite soon.
2. Is it possible for you to fax this document?
3. Our business has a tendency to growth.
4. Our good friend is liable to believe everything.
5. They are not allowed to make personal calls at work.
6. Robert is sure to do research after he graduates.
7. Mary is certain to be careful about such things.
8. You are not allowed to miss classes. On the contrary, it is
necessary for you to attend them all.
9. Your duty is to do all assignments in time.
10. Students are not permitted'to cancel their classes.
1.2.4. Answer:
Pattern: — Are you going to learn all the English words of this
lesson?
—Yes, I am. And more. I'm going to learn the grammar
points, too.
— Is your boss due to leave for New York soon?
— No, he isn't. He's going to stay in the office.
— Is your adviser able to assign you to a new project?
—Theoretically yes, but actually he isn't liable to.
MIND THE SHORT FORMS OF BE:
I'm, you're, he's, we're, they're
Negative: I'm not, you're not = you aren't, he's not = he isn't,
we're not = we aren't, they're not = they aren't
40
1. Are you about to accept a new job?
2. Are you about to submit your paper?
3. Is your adviser liable to approve of your paper?
4. Is your friend liable to take everything for granted?
5. Are you due to keep your appointments?
6. Are you to do your assignments every day?
7. Is your adviser (boss) able to assign you to a new project?
8. Are your friends allowed to cancel their classes?
9. Are you permitted to refuse to do your assignments?
10. Are you to come to class in time?
11. Are you allowed to take your exams ahead of schedule?
12. Are you able to succeed in your field?
1.2.5. Learn some vocabulary items to discuss your own learning style:
a risk-taker, a good observer, a good persuader
reasonable, sensible, cute, sensitive, open-minded, careful, practical,
conceptual, demanding, active, receptive, responsible, studious,
hardworking
to consider the meaning, to work with others, to analyze, to try
things out oneself (i.e. myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves), to have strong feelings, to have (take) time to
reflect, just to do it, to understand ideas fully, to be reserved, to trust
one's intuition, to watch and listen, to be motivated, to depend on logic,
to consider all sides, to evaluate (the) facts, to be responsible and get
things done, to do homework assignments
1.2.6. Practice the following patterns using words of 1.2.5:
— What is a good researcher like?
He/she is a good observer.
He/she is open-minded and demanding.
He/she is to be open-minded and demanding.
He is able to get things done.
He is to be able to get things done.
41
Speak about a good researcher, a good student, a good boss, a good
teacher etc.
1.2.7. Answer:
1. What are you like?
2. What is your friend like?
3. What are your classmates like?
4. What is your teacher like?
5. What is your professor like?
6. What are your colleagues like?
7. What is your associate like?
1.2.8. Answer:
1. Are you liable to work with others?
2. Are you able to try things out yourself?
3. Are you allowed to take some time to reflect when you are in
class?
4. Are you liable to watch and listen carefully when you are in
class?
5. Are you a motivated student?
6. Are you liable to depend more on logic than on intuition?
7. What are you to do when you are about to make a decision?
8. What are responsible people liable to do?
9. Are you liable to have any strong feelings about your learning?
(for learning?)
10. What are you to do when in class?
1.2.9. Practice infinitives as adverbials of purpose:
Pattern: What are to going to do first to learn a new word?
You say: To learn a new word, I 'm going to consider its meaning
first.
What are you able to do to make a good decision?
You say: I'm able to consider all sides to make a good decision.
42
1. What are you able to do to approve of a new method?
2. What are you to do to give a correct answer?
3. What are you due to do to be a good student?
4. What are you to do first to learn successfully?
5. What are you going to do to succeed in your profession?
6. What are you due to do to take your exams ahead of schedule?
7. What are you going to do first to do well in your profession?
1.2.10. Insert indefinite articles where necessary.
1. Jim is... reasonable and practical.
2. Our teacher is... open-minded but demanding.
3. My friend is... demanding professional.
4. Mary is ... responsible girl.
5. We are... very practical, studious and careful.
6. My classmates are... receptive.
7. They are... hardworking and sensible guys.
8. Alex is ... active student.
9. He is ... conceptual learner.
10. What... cute kid Jerry is!
1.2.11. Practice the following pattern, using the prompts to make
some sentences:
Joe is responsible enough to get things done.
Margy is careful enough to try things out herself.
1) I, practical, to trust my own intuition.
2) Mary, active, to be motivated.
3) Our chief, responsible, to assign a good expert to the project.
4) The film, popular, to go and see it tonight.
5) The students, studious, to consider all sides.
6) My colleague, receptive, to watch and listen carefully.
7) We, practical, to try things out ourselves.
1.2.12. Practice the following pattern using of the prompts to make
some sentences:
My friend is too careful to say anything wrong.
We are too practical to take everything for granted.
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1) Robert, conceptual, to trust his intuition.
2) I, open-minded, to take time to reflect.
3) Mary, sensitive, to be reserved.
4) This job, demanding, to do it every day.
5) My friend, reasonable, to accept this job.
6) My colleagues, reserved, to approve of this project right away.
7) We, tired, to analyze things.
1.2.13. Answer making use of too- or enough- infinitive clauses:
Pattern: — Are you going to submit your paper in time?
— Yes, I am. I'm responsible enough to complete it in time.
— Is your boss going to keep today's appointments?
—No, he isn't. He is too busy to keep them. I think he's going to
cancel all of them.
1. Is your adviser liable to approve of your paper?
2. Is your friend liable to trust everybody?
3. Are you able to watch and listen carefully when you are in class?
4. Are you going to do all assignments your teacher gives you?
5. Are you able to succeed in your field?
6. Are you able to get things done?
1.2.14. Respond:
Pattern:—Are you open-minded?
— I think so. I am reasonable enough to be open-minded.
— Are you frivolous?
— No, I am not. I am too serious to be frivolous.
Here are some descriptions you might need, in addition to the given
above:
frivolous, careless, lazy, disorganized, undisciplined, closed-minded,
ambitious, selfish, tolerant, success-oriented, family-oriented, accurate,
punctual, forgetful, hard-driven, a wretched latecomer, a procrastinator
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1.2.15. Considering your own learning style, you might say:
My own learning style? Oh, I'm sure to know something about it.
I'm afraid I am not very studious, but I am able to analyze and try
things out myself. When I am permitted to take some time to reflect, I
am able to understand ideas fully. I am undecided which is «best» to
do: to trust my intuition or to depend on logic. That is why I am going
to do both. Because I am not very hardworking, I am liable to watch
and listen carefully when I am in class. That is, I am going to spend less
time on my homework assignment's. For the same reason (because I'm
not very hardworking), I am not liable to have any strong feelings about
my learning. But I am responsible enough to do all assignments. Maybe
I am not a very good learner. But my teacher is to be a good persuader.
This is to be a must! Otherwise I'm not going to learn at all!
1.2.16. Make your own story about some of your personal
characteristics and your learning style. Make good use of the
patterns and the vocabulary of 1.1 and 1.2.
1.2.17. Learn the patterns:
I am liable to watch and listen carefully =
I am likely to watch and listen carefully.
More examples:
We are likely to approve of the plan now.
Mr. Brown is likely to be a good persuader.
Betty and Jane are likely to get things done.
Now make sentences about what IS LIKELY to be or happen:
1) Students, to be motivated.
2) My friend George, to try things out himself.
3) The girls are very friendly. They, to work with others.
4) The expert, to evaluate all the facts.
5) I, to trust my intuition.
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Learn:
I am not liable to accept the job =
I am unlikely to accept the job = I am not likely to accept it.
More examples:
Some students are unlikely to be very motivated.
Mr. B. is not likely to leave for New York tomorrow.
Jane is unlikely to do the assignments so soon.
Now make sentences about what IS UNLIKELY to be or happen:
1) Our boss, to approve of our idea.
2) Some students in the class, to be open-minded.
3) We, to take everything for granted.
4) This young lady, to depend on logic.
5) I, to have fun tonight.
1.2.18. Comment on the following situations in terms of certainty,
uncertainty, likelihood or unlikelihood. Use be likely/unlikely, be
sure/unsure, be certain/uncertain.
Pattern: Your friend is liable to procrastinate.
You say: He is likely to procrastinate.
Your friend is certainly going to accept this job.
You say: She is certain to accept.
1. Our students are very motivated, (get things done)
2. Some of them are good observers, (watch and listen carefully)
3. Robert is very conceptual, (trust his intuition)
4. We are doubtful about the information we have, (take it for
granted)
5. We have many homework assignments, (have fun tonight)
6. Our friend is very responsible, (get things done)
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7. Jack is quick-tempered, (be reserved)
8. We are about to make the right decision, (consider all the sides
and evaluate all facts).
9. I am liable to try everything out myself, (check every bit of
information)
1.3. Revise:
1.3.1. Do some revision; say whether someone is likely or unlikely
(not likely) to do something:
Pattern: A serious man says: «I am practical enough to trust my
own intuition».
You say: He is likely to trust his own intuition.
Robert is too conceptual to trust his intuition.
You say: Robert is unlikely to trust his intuition/... isn't likely to
trust his intuition.
1. Mary is active enough to be motivated.
2. A first-year student says: «I am too open-minded to have time
to reflect».
3. Our chief is reasonable enough to assign a good expert to the
project.
4. The film is popular enough to go and see it tonight. (We....)
5. Mary is too sensitive to be reserved.
6. The students are studious enough to consider all sides.
7. A lazy student says: «This job is too demanding to do it every
day».
8. Our friend is too reasonable to accept that job.
9. The professor says: «My colleague is receptive enough to watch
and listen».
10. The professor adds: «My colleagues are too reserved to approve
of the project right now».
11. The professor's colleagues say: «We are practical enough to try
things out ourselves».
12. The students in the class say: «We are too tired to analyze things
now».
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1.3.2. Here is some information about Allan:
Allan is just about to accept a new job. He is due to give his
final answer in a couple of days. So he is permitted to think it over.
Allan is sure to consider all the sides and evaluate all the facts. The
point is that he is still undecided whether to accept or to refuse. The
job is too demanding to be good for Allan, because he is not always
hardworking.
Now look through (listen to) some statements and specify those
which are true to the information just given; use «This is true (to the
given information)»/ «This isn't quite true»/ «This isn't true at alb:
1. Allan is to get a new job.
2. Allan is going to get a new job.
3. Allan is able to give his final answer some day.
4. He is allowed to think it over.
5. He is to give his answer in two days.
6. Allan is likely to consider all the sides and evaluate all the facts.
7. Allan is certain to consider all the sides and evaluate all the
facts.
8. He is undecided how to refuse.
9. The idea is too doubtful to approve of it immediately.
10. The job is too demanding for Allan to accept it right away.
1.3.3. «We say «yes» to hope, «yes» to cooperation, «yes» to a builder,
not a blamer».
From the President's Speech
Learn how to make some specific nouns:
to build — builder, to blame—blamer, to take a risk—a risk-
taker, to observe—observer, to persuade—persuader, to procrastinate—
procrastinator, to educate — educator, to research — researcher, to
dream—dreamer, to employ—employer, to advise — adviser
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Mind that some of these nouns denote professions: to teach —
teacher, to educate—educator, to work—worker.
Others show functions or actions: to employ—employer, to advise
adviser, to think — thinker, to observe—observer, to learn — learner.
Many of them emphasize features or characters or just something
the person in question does (well): to procrastinate — procrastinator,
to persuade — persuader, to dream — dreamer, to complain —
complainer.
And, finally, a number of them denote things used for specific
purposes, e.g. instruments, medicines, etc.: to quench — (thirst-
quencher, to record — recorder.
Rephrase the following ideas using this kind of nouns.
Pattern: Someone who calls you. — A caller.
1. A person who holds (that is, possesses or has control over)
something, e.g. land, money, etc.
2. Someone who complains a lot.
3. A person who is able to observe acutely. (An acute....)
4. Someone who deals with some business.
5. A person or animal ready to kill.
6. A label with a picture or message on the front which we stick
on to things.
7. A person who is able to break any code professionally. (A
professional..)
8. Someone who is likely to procrastinate.
9. A person who educates.
10. Someone who advises people on different subjects.
1.3.4. Talk about your friends (roommates, classmates, colleagues,
etc.), or yourself (or both) describing them (yourself) in terms of
the nouns described in 1.3.3.
1.3.5. Adjectives are used in close connection with nouns:
Our teacher is a good persuader.
I hope he is adequate to this job.
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A smart student is likely to consider not only the form but meaning,
too.
Robert is good at getting things done.
I am rather bad at driving.
Some students are bad at math.
Here are some more adjectives which are often used to describe
personalities:
intellectual, careless, frivolous, forgetful, vulnerable, accurate:
accurate in one's work, in what one says; quick and accurate at figures,
acquisitive: acquisitive of new ideas = receptive, open-minded,
responsive, energetic, hospitable, kind-hearted, honest, handy, sensible
Questions about people's personalities often sound like this:
What kind of man is he? What type of specialist is she?
What sort of researcher is he? What kind of student are you?
What's your new boss like? What are your roommates like?
Ask each other questions like these; also make use of the patterns
given in 1.1.12,1.2.11,1.2.12,1.2.17 and 1.3.1, for example:
My friend is sure to be accurate in his work.
He is likely to be responsive.
He is too smart to say anything wrong.
1.3.6. Study some sketches:
Mary Fleming is a woman who is, most of the time, optimistic,
positive, cheerful, energetic, joyful and playful with a sense of humor.
She is not very good-looking but she can make the most of herself.
Jack Fleming is even-tempered, kind, sincere, honest,
compassionate, sensitive to the feelings of others, caring, tolerant,
reliable and giving, with good self-esteem.
John Brain:
I would describe my personality as very logical, ambitious, hard-
driven, success-oriented, in my work ethic. At home I am very faithful,
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loving, home and family-oriented. I am very athletic. I ride my bicycle
about 35 kilometers per day on my work days and about 70 on my rest
days. I really love bicycle riding.
This guy Clinton is fine. He is decent, progressive, smart,
thoughtful, experienced, skilled. These are the characteristics — or
most of them — to want in a president. More boldness would be nice,
too, in the form of a little less eagerness to please everybody. Bill
Clinton is a grand opportunity for the American people to revive
American politics.
From «Daily News», Dayton (Ohio)
—A good researcher is to be tough-minded, realistic.
— A good researcher also ought to be imaginative, flexible.
1.3.7. Describe the people whose personalities are presented in 1.3.6.
Use phrases like «According to the author,...». «According to John
himself,....», «According to the article ...,».
1.3.8. Give a better description using a synonym:
e.g. Mary is, most of the time, optimistic and....
You say: Mary is, most of the time, optimistic and cheerful.
1. Professor Dillan is absent-minded and ....
2. Our dear friend is open-minded and....
3. People like that are usually ambitious and....
4. A good researcher is to be logical and ....
5. Our associate is very smart and
6. For a girl her age, she is fairly reasonable and....
7. Be precise and ....
8. The man is decent and ..., I think.
9. Jack is reserved and ....
10. It is right to be kind and....
11. Our partner is honest and
12. The new assistant is resourceful and
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1.3.9. Make the most of the sketches in 1.3.6. Discuss them and
make similar plots.
1.4. Practice Го-Infinitives After Adjectives And Nouns.
1.4.1. Study some examples in which Го-infinitives come after
adjectives:
Mike isn't able to speak very clearly. It is difficult to understand
him. Or He is difficult to understand.
It is necessary to answer this question. Or
This question is hard to answer.
Mind that io-infinitives might come after any adjective but most
often they follow such adjectives as
difficult, easy, impossible, hard, necessary, important.
1.4.2. Make meaningful sentences using:
It is pleasant to be accurate against
complete chaos
It is difficult to acquire an active lifestyle
It is easy to win this honorable title
It is important to observe this blatant
hypocrisy
It is necessary to have some good advice
It is desirable to obtain abundant proof
It is rewarding to be an acute observer
It is disgusting to be sensitive and vulnerable
It is good to be quick and accurate at figures
(not very good) to be an aloof character
to have a strong personality
to be humane (tender, kind, kind-hearted)
to collect the necessary evidence
1.4.3. Answer:
1. What sort of proof are you going to obtain to support your pet
theory?
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2. What kind of evidence are you able to collect for your course
paper?
3. What are you to do if you want to use a new concept in your
course paper?
4. What are some characteristics to want in a colleague (a
teammate)?
5. What is an obvious lie called?
6. What is a person who is not sociable called?
7. What are you liable to get when you are undecided?
8. How would you describe a colleague of yours who never makes
a single mistake in calculations?
9. What sort of person is he who is too sensitive to things?
1.4.4. Think of a situation in which the following responses are
possible. Infer the initial utterances using the prompts below.
e.g
—What an aloof character!
You say: — Bobby isn't in the mood to talk again.
—What an aloof character!
1
— That's the whole point.
2
— Good advice! Thank you.
3
— Yes, he is good at arithmetic.
4
— Isn't it disgusting?
5
— What good is this information for me?
6
— Hypocrite!
7
— Yes, such a mess.
8
— It's still more important to be humane.
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9
— I agree. It's an obvious lie.
10
— Why? Isn't it obvious?
11
— That's the most honorable title.
— You ought to be flexible.
— I am really compassionate towards other people's feelings.
— Interesting, but not relevant to the issue at stake.
—What is a Nobelist?
— To say that, you are to collect the necessary evidence.
—Our laboratory assistant is quick and accurate at figures.
— Complete chaos!
—Actually, we ought to obtain abundant proof of it to be
convincing.
— She is so eager to please everybody.
— It's necessary to be tough-minded.
— Blatant hypocrisy!
1.4.5. Convert «It is difficult to understand him» into «He is difficult
to understand».
1. It is quite easy to collect this sort of evidence.
2. It is difficult to acquire an active lifestyle.
3. It is impossible to translate some words.
4. It's not very difficult to establish a new point of reference.
5. It is difficult to explain some grammatical rules.
6. It's pleasant to deal with him.
1.4.6. Study some more examples in which fo-infinitives come after
nouns and modify them:
— Don't be long about it! I have got a job to go back to.
— No one is in the mood to laugh.
— We have no reason (no wish) to linger.
— There is uo place to read in peace!
— This is just a trick to win popular affection.
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1.4.7. Match up parts to make sentences:
Uncle Basil is...
There is no place...
This is no reason...
I have no wish...
...hard to establish
... to win this title
... a trick to win popular affection
... the only member of the family
to live there.
I am not in the mood...
This is just...
A new point of reference is.
An active lifestyle is...
This is an obvious reason.
It is a great honor...
This is nothing but...
These shoes are...
Big cars are...
. to make experiments
. to cancel the appointment
. blatant hypocrisy
. to work hard today
. hard to acquire
. to linger
. to refuse
. expensive to drive
. practical to wear
1.4.8. Practice through rephrasing:
in terms of = with regard to = from the point of view
e.g. The project isn't going to be important to the business, but is
theoretically relevant.
You say: The project isn't important in terms of the business but it
is relevant with regard to its theoretical value.
1. In the light of the information we have the project is doubtful.
2. The idea seems to be quite adequate if you depend on logic.
3. We are able to explain certain things intuitively.
4. You are to evaluate your future profession considering its job
opportunities.
5. Are you able to evaluate your decision-making abilities?
6. This is nothing but guesswork. We are to discuss the matter
referring to proof.
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1.4.9. Make up a story using words and patterns of 1.4.
1.5. Revise And Practice Longer Utterances.
1.5.1. Read and make similar sentences:
The problem is to analyze or to try things out yourself.
The question is to make experiments or to trust your own intuition.
The alternative is to win or to lose.
The alternatives are to gain or to lose.
All we can do is to inform our colleagues about the incident right away.
Our purpose (aim, goal) is to obtain new evidence.
What is in store for me in the near future is somewhat confusing.
NOTE. We may also say:
The question is how to establish a new point of reference.
The problem is what is relevant or adequate.
The alternatives are whether to be reserved or to be a risk-taker.
1.5.2. Make similar sentences using
how, where, when, what, which, who, whom, how long, whether
and the words below
e.g. The problem is how to consider all sides.
The question is whether to implement the project now.
to undertake/take up research, to employ a new laboratory
assistant, to attend all the classes or to miss some of them, to deal
with familiar basic ideas or to establish a new point of reference, to
implement a new scientific project, which project to approve of, to
consider all sides and evaluate all facts, to be easy-going, to be hard-
driven, to consider facts carefully or to take them for granted, to trust
intuition or to depend on logic, to assign to a new project, to work, to
have fun tonight
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1.5.3. Say something about your own problems, questions,
alternatives, etc. using the patterns of 1.5.1—1.5.2.
1.5.4. Practice Dialogues.
L — Are you going to do anything special next week?
— Well, yes. I'm going to complete my research project. My
purpose is to submit it ahead of schedule.
— What exactly are you going to do to achieve it?
— To keep long hours, certainly.
Modifications: to do all the assignments in time
to please my teacher
to cram all night
to consider all the sides of my big problem
to make the right decision
to take some time to reflect
Π. — What are you going to achieve in the near future?
— What is in store for me in the near future is somewhat
confusing. Actually, my goal is to find a rewarding job.
—What are you going to do to achieve it?
— To become a demanding professional, certainly.
Modifications: to enjoy popular affection
to please everybody
to win this honorable title
to undertake a big research project
Ш. — You are about to implement a new scientific project, aren't
you?
—That's right. To be more exact, I'm going to try my evidence out.
— To try your evidence out?
— Exactly. That's my aim.
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Modifications: to assign Ben to our new project
to employ him as a laboratory assistant
to establish some new points of reference in your paper
to make a better use of familiar basic ideas
1.6. Practice Modals And Some Other Important Expressions:
1.6.1. Revise due (to):
be due (to) — arrangements for the future made in advance;
something expected or supposed (to happen, to arrive), obligation
I'm due to leave at 4. (1)
We are due to decide by next Monday. (2)
The train is due at 10. (3)
Mr. Brown is due at 3 this afternoon. (4)
John is due for an increase in pay soon. (5)
Mind that it is sometimes possible to omit the infinitive after due.
We may omit the infinitive, for example, when we talk about somebody's
arrival or about some event that is sure to occur (3) — (5).
1.6.2. Make sentences using be due (to):
1) The next train to London/at 4 o'clock.
2) The bill/today.
3) he/win this honorable title
4) our team/complete the project soon
5) I'm afraid I/leave now. I've got a deadline.
1.6.3. Learn and practice other meanings of be due to, due to and
due.
1. Be due to is not always a modal. It also means
{be the result of) —являться результатом, быть
обусловленным
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Your achievements are usually due to the effort you take.
This new point of reference in the article is due to the necessity
to explain things better.
(be caused (by) — быть вызванным
Our wish to talk is due to our interest in the project.
2. Due to also means owing to, because of:
Due to the new evidence we are able to make the right decision.
3. Due is an adjective meaning proper, correct or suitable. It is
usually used formally:
You are to do it with due care and attention.
We must give credit when it is due.
More examples:
e.g. His success is entirely due to hard work.
Our increase in profits is due in part to our innovative
market strategy.
cf. Due to our business strategy we are likely to increase
profits.
Due to his hard work he is likely to win this honorable
title.
To be convincing, we are to submit all due proof.
Make Similar Sentences:
1) business success/be/usually/due to/adequate business planning
2) due to/adequate business planning/it/be/possible/to succeed
3) good health/be/largely/due to/an active lifestyle
4) due to/the necessary evidence/we/be able/to evaluate the facts
5) Ben's success/be/due to/his popular affection
6) due to/the new point of reference/it/be/easy/ to understand/the
problem
7) this grand opportunity/be/entirely/due to/your honorable title
8) we/ought/drive/with /due/ care and attention
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1.6.4. Revise be to:
be to — orders, rules, arrangements for the future, obligation
Students are to attend all classes to complete the course.
Visitors are to leave the office building at 5.
You are not to smoke here.
We are to meet in a week.
1.6.5. Make sentences using be to:
1) this discovery/have a major effect/ on the treatment of heart
disease
2) writing your essay/you/cover/relevant issues only
3) to say that/we/obtain/all the proof necessary
4) to be persuasive/the speaker/rely on evidence
5) a successful politician/enjoy/popular affection
6) if something is wrong/the deal/be off
7) you/attend/all the classes to complete the course
1.6.6. Learn ought to:
ought to — advice, recommendations, obligation, evaluation/
prediction
You ought to be more careful.
A child ought to have good self esteem.
We ought to assign someone else to the project.
Is he really able to speak four languages? He ought to be a very
smart man.
I am not sure if (whether) I ought to talk to John.
The chief ought to consider all the sides before making a decision.
He ought not to take anything for granted.
Jane oughtn't to be so carefree.
Ought the students to attend all classes?
Oughtn't he to be more reserved?
The deal ought to stand or fall on its merits.
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1.6.7. Make sentences using ought to:
1) students/attend all classes/to complete the course
2) you/not/raerely/take up a new research project;
you/be able/to complete it
3) we/trust/our intuition sometimes
4) he/go/his own way
5) a scientist/observe things/acutely
6) a big boss/be/humane?
7) every person/have/good self-esteem?
8) why/the deal/stand or fall/on its merits?
9) you/not/complain that much
1.6.8. Draw your own conclusions using be due (to), be to or ought to.
Pattern: Mary Fleming is cheerful, joyful and playful.
(she/ have/ a good sense of humor)
You say: She ought to have a good sense of humor.
1. Mr. Brown is going to give a press conference this afternoon.
(he/at 3)
2. Students are responsible for all assignments,
(they/do/all assignments in time)
3. Jack is not always particular about bis appointments,
(he/keep his appointments; he/not/cancel them too often)
4. Beryl is going to have a baby next month,
(her baby/next month)
5. Why believe everything?
(you/not/take everything for granted)
6. — All business, no small talk. Such is life!
— (you/have fun/sometimes)
7. The idea is really good,
(we/approve of it)
8. John is always good at getting things done,
(he/be/smart and skillful)
1.7. Praatice «Small Words».
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1.7.1. Practice conjunctions and prepositions:
I am not sure whether to go.
We are not sure about the way, so we ought to ask someone.
You ought to be more careful about your money.
He says he is able to do it, but I'm doubtful about it.
He's very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.
They are responsible for the project
sure of/about
unsure of/about/whether
not sure of/about/whether
careful about/with
doubtful about/as to whether
puzzled about/over/as to whether
certain about
uncertain about
undecided about/(as to) whether
good at
adequate to
acquisitive of
responsible for
particular about
relevant to
1.7.2. Complete the sentences using prepositions and/or
conjunctions:
1. Allan is uncertain... this job. He is undecided... to accept or to
refuse.
2. I'm really puzzled... the results of the experiment.
3. Our chief is doubtful... the new research program.
4.1 am not sure... to establish new points of reference in my lecture.
5. John is not always careful... what he says.
6. Who is responsible... this project?
7. We are doubtful... this is adequate.
8. Jane is sure... her success.
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9. Jill is certainly not adequate... this job.
10. She is not very acquisitive... new ideas.
11. Are you always particular... the subject of your research?
12. John is a brilliant student. He is good... all the subjects.
13. The idea is good, but not relevant... the issue at stake, I'm
afraid.
1.7.3. Read the plots and answer the questions. Reproduce the texts.
Make the most of your language skills and ability to act.
1. I'm going to tell you something. I'm positively sure this hotel is
no good. That's why the best thing for me to do now is to get a shower,
dress, pack my suitcases, and find a new hotel before my first business
appointment of the day.
What is the speaker going to do?
2.1 assure you these two men are pretty obviously professional
muscle. You know this type. Tall, big hands, big arms. You could
break ax handles across their necks, and they'd think it is just a sudden
breeze.
What are the men in question likely to do?
(guards, security guards, bodyguards)
3. Jane Parker's academic record is superior, just superior. She is
an undergraduate, but she's already an authority in the field of social
science.
What is Jane certain to do when she graduates?
4 Sorry, I'm due to leave in a minute. My math class is to start in
half an hour. That's where I need to work the hardest, you know.
Is the speaker likely to be good at math?
5. Look, Sheila, if the book you need is not here, go and find it in
the stockroom.
What is Sheila allowed to do?
Mind: a stockroom = a store room
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1.7.4. Answer the questions using the words specified below:
always, never, ever, sometimes = from time to time, occasionally,
seldom = rarely, already, just
Example: Are you always doμbtful about new things?
Answer 1: Yes, I think I am. Not always, certainly, but sometimes.
Answer 2: No, never. I'm always certain about what to do.
Answer 3: Doubtful? Oh, I'm just puzzled about the question....
Yes, perhaps I am doubtful from time to time.
...and so on.
1. Are you businesslike?
2. Are you good at getting things done?
3. Are you adequate to the job you do?
4. What sort of person are you?
(careful/carefree, easy-going/hard-driven, optimistic, positive,
even-tempered/quick-tempered, sincere, caring, ambitious, a
risk-taker, a procrastinator etc.: review all the suitable words of
Section 1)
5. Are you success-oriented? Family-oriented? Spiritually-oriented?
6. Are you liable to leave no stone unturned in your work? (your
research, your business)
to leave no stone unturned = to do everything you ought to
7. What is your learning style? Your lifestyle?
Are you open-minded? Acquisitive of new ideas?
8. Are you often in the mood to procrastinate? To linger?
9. Are you hard (easy) to deal with? Why do you think so?
10. Are you likely to have all characteristics you want?
What are the characteristics to want in a partner?
In a friend? In a colleague? In a classmate? In an associate?
11. What ought you to do to become happier?
12. Are you able to achieve what you want?
1.8. Practice Possessives, Objectives, /w-Phrases And Reflexives.
64
1.8.1. Review the possessives pronouns (the possessives).
Is Robert likely to come to our office?
Their idea is unlikely to be successful.
What is your opinion of it?
Where are my books, I wonder?
His personality is unusual.
Mind the parallelism:
I am in my own office. You ought to have your own opinion.
He is going to pack his suitcases and leave.
Is she in her room? Every university campus has its rules.
We are sure to do our job. They are able to make their own decision.
MIND the difference between «its» and «it's». The word
«its» is a pronoun. The word «it's» is NOT a pronoun. It's a
contraction for the word «it is».
It's pleasant to deal with Sam.
Every university campus is to have its rules.
1.8.2. Choose the proper word:
1. Business has (its/it's) laws.
2. (its/it's) going to be a cold winter.
3. These men are certain (their/they're) correct.
4. The deal ought to stand on (its/it's) merits.
5. Jane is going to do (her/our) best to study well.
6. Robert is so secretive. What is (their/his) opinion of it, I wonder?
7. Are you interested in (my/me) opinion?
8. Mr. Smith and his colleagues are likely to submit (his/their/
there) report.
9. Mr. Jones is certain of (her/his) grounds.
10. Our firm is proud of (her/its) record.
11. Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith are on (his/their) way to the meeting.
12. Mr. Jones, as well as Mr. Smith, is on (his/their) way to the
meeting.
13. The committee is in (his/their/its) meeting room.
65
1.8.3. Learn the objective pronouns (the objectives). Distinguish
between:
I — me he — him she — her we—us they — them
Note: you — you it — it
My adviser is certain what job to assign to me.
What good is this information for us?
— Some of my friends are going to come to my birthday party.
— Only some of them?
The film is really good. We're about to see it.
1.8.4. Choose the proper pronoun.
1. Fred isn't too particular about (him/his) project.
2. Diana ought to call (him/his) right now.
3. If you aren't going to keep the appointment, you are to cancel
(its/it).
4. Are you to do (your/you) assignments every day?
5. I'm eager to help (your/you).
6. The Dean ought to consider (they/them) for the project.
7. (I/me) am pleased with the result.
8. These are the characteristics — or most of (their/them) — to
want in a president.
9. What is in store for (we/us) in the future is confusing.
10. (our/us) purpose is to implement the project.
11. Sandra is due to take (his/her) exam. You ought to persuade
(she/her) to complete the course.
1.8.5. Learn the/or-infinitive clause (the/or-phrase):
cf. It is necessary to attend classes.
It is necessary for me to attend classes.
66
Is it possible to fax this document?
Is it possible for us to fax this document?
It is good to be particular about evidence.
It is good for your colleague to be particular about evidence.
1.8.6. Make the following statements more specific using for-
phrases.
e.g. It is necessary to undertake a new research project, (we)
You say: It is necessary for us to undertake a new research project.
1. It is desirable to obtain abundant proof. (I)
2. It is easy to acquire an active lifestyle. (a young man)
3. It is impossible to deal with familiar ideas all the time, (we)
4. It is hard to implement this project, (our team)
5. It is possible to employ a new laboratory assistant, (you)
6. It is necessary to keep long hours to complete the project, (he)
7. It is important to establish some new points of reference, (the
speaker)
8. It is difficult to obtain this sort of evidence, (she)
9. It is rewarding to take some time to reflect, (they)
10. It is good to submit the course paper ahead of schedule, (you)
11. It's not very good to submit the paper one day late. (I)
12. The best thing to do now is to find a better hotel, (we)
1.8.7. Review the reflexive pronouns (the reflexives):
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves
Reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that the subject and the
object have the same reference, that is, the subject and the object are
the same person:
I am going to enjoy myself at the party.
Robert is likely to entertain himself every weekend.
She is pleased with herself.
67
They are also used to show that the action of the verb is performed
by the subject rather by someone else (emphatic use):
I am to do it myself. You are able to do the assignment yourself.
Is Betty going to prepare lunch herself?
The plan itself is good.
We ought to see it ourselves.
You, my dear colleagues, are sure to do business yourselves.
Are they going to make a deal themselves?
MIND: a reflexive preceded by «Ay» means «alone»:
It's no good to do your homework assignments together. You ought
to study by yourself.
No one is with Pat now. She is by herself.
Is he liable to start a new project by himself?
MIND: the phrase «all by oneself» means «without assistance»:
Are you able to evaluate the facts all by yourself?
1.8.8. Rephrase using reflexives:
Pattern: I am alone. — I am by myself.
We are going to do it without anyone's help.
We are going to do it ourselves. Or
We are going to do all by ourselves.
1. I'm not liable to take anything for granted. Other people aren't
going to try things out for me.
2. If you are doubtful, Ben oughtn't to evaluate facts for you.
3. No one is with Chuck at the moment.
4. Not only your friends are able to entertain themselves. (We....)
5. No one is going to help me with this research.
6. We are certain to learn the reflexives without assistance.
7. No one is going to wash a cat.
68
1.8.9. Mind:
Certain verbs which are reflexive in Russian are not used with
reflexive pronouns in English:
This hotel is no good. That's why the best thing for me to do now is
to shave, wash, dress and try to find a new hotel, (not * shave, wash,
dress myself)
You ought to feel strange, (not * feel yourself)
Some other verbs which are not to be used with reflexives: open,
concentrate, sell, hurry. Mind that behave might be used both with a
reflexive and without it:
You are to behave (yourself) at a formal dinner party.
1.8.10. Make sentences using personal, objective, possessive or
reflexive pronouns or no pronoun at all.
1. Brenda is going to shop. She wants to get... some new shoes.
2. I'm going to do it solely for....
3. — Is John likely to enjoy... honorable title?
— Oh,... really is.
4...., my dear colleagues, are to learn to work together.
5. The company ought to grow.... oughtn't to shrink.
6. If one is unable to find the information ..., one ought to ask
others.
7. How are the exams? Are you about to get through...?
8. This is human nature at... best.
9. My roommates are about to move out. I'll stay by
10. If you are going to live here, you are to behave
11. I'm really puzzled about all that. Are you able to give... a piece
of advice?
12. Obviously, we are able to do everything all by
13. Imagine... as a teacher.
14. Ted is rather reserved. Is he really likely to answer a question
that is personally relevant to...?
15. If 50 million people say a foolish thing, ... is still a foolish
thing. (A.France)
16. It's so immodest of Kate to say that... is talented. Someone is
going to teach... a lesson some day.
69
17. Hi! I remember ...!
18. To call Fred now? Oh, yes, I'm due to call.
wash and dress....
..., but only after I
19. Students oughtn't to imitate all the time.... are to learn to make
... own decisions.
20. Why are we to do all the job ... ? This isn't
21. Serge is bad at English. It's impossible for...
... duty, is it?
to translate articles
22. Doing this, you are going to make... vulnerable.
1.9. Avoid Common Errors.
1.9.1. Learn some peculiarities of both:
1. Both her parents are doctors.
2. Both of them are medical doctors.
3. They are both doctors.
4. Both sides are keen to reach an agreement.
5. She and her husband are both keen on dancing.
6. «I don't know which to buy». —«Why not buy both (of them)?»
7. They are bothprocrastinators.
8.1 am unable to do both research and business.
9. It is an adequate stuff, both then and now.
10. She is able to speak both French and Italian.
MIND:
1. Do not use both + negative verb; use neither + affirmative verb:
Neither of them is/are able to tell the truth.
2. Both comes before a determiner, not after it.
Both the boys are here.
3. Both cannot be placed immediately before be:
Two of the biggest firms are Apple and IBM, both of which are in
the computer business./
Two of the biggest firms are Apple and IBM, which are both in the
computer business.
70
Unless it is used as a pronoun:
Two of the biggest firms are Apple and IBM. Both are in the
computer business.
4. Do not use two after both.
The new model is more efficient than both the previous ones (not
*both the two previous ones)
5. Both cannot replace a first person pronoun (we) or second person
pronoun (you).
Γ m going to write this letter to tell you both (both of you) about
my time in America.
1.9.2. Is it right or wrong to say so? Correct the sentences that are wrong.
Pattern: — Both the students have superior academic records.
— Right!
— The both students have superior academic records.
—Wrong! Both the students have superior academic
records.
1. It is good that both the sides are able to understand each other.
2.1 think Jill and Betty are alike. Both of them are not able to do
any job by themselves.
3. We have two research projects at the moment, which are both in
computer science.
4. We have two experts on computer science, who both are
recognized authorities in the field.
5. The Committee is going to listen to two reports which both are
important.
6. We are going to consider two applications both of which are
likely to be interesting.
7.1 am going to tell both that you are wrong!
8. There are three children in the family: Betty, John and Richard.
Betty is completely different from both the two boys.
9. They are both aloof characters.
71
1.10. The Words You Are Suppi
ability — способность
able — способный, умелый; be ~
(to) — мочь,быть в состоянии
about— о, относительно, насчет, с;
be ~ to—собираться вот-вот
сделать ч.-л.
absent—отсутствующий
absent-minded — рассеянный,
невнимательный
abundant — немалый, обильный,
изобильный, многочисленный
academic — университетский,
академический, учебный
accept — принимать, признавать,
допускать, соглашаться
according (to) — согласно, по, в
соответствии; по мнению к.-л.
accurate — точный, правильный
achieve — достигать, добиваться
acquire — приобретать, достигать,
овладевать (знаниями, навыками,
предметами), получать
acquisitive—стремящийся
приобрести, способный усвоить
across — о, через
act— играть (роль); действовать
action—действие, работа,
деятельность
active—активный, деятельный
acute—острый, проницательный,
тонкий
acutely — остро, резко,
проницательно, тонко
add—добавлять, дополнять,
складывать
adequate — адекватный,
надлежащий, соответствующий, какой
надо
adequately — должным образом,
как надо
ed To Know:
adjective — прилагательное
(грамм.)
advance: in ~ — заранее,
заблаговременно
advice — совет (неисчисл.)
advise — советовать,
консультировать, извещать
adviser — научный руководитель,
консультант
affection — привязанность, любовь,
расположение; popular ~
популярность
afraid: be ~ of— бояться ч.-л.
after — после, после того как
afternoon — день после полудня; in
the ~ днем; this ~ сегодня днем
again — снова, вновь, опять, еще
раз
against — против; на фоне, среди
age — возраст
agreement—соглашение, договор
ahead — вперед; ~ of schedule —
досрочно (об экзаменах, сроках
выполнения работы и пр.)
aim — цель
alike — похожий, подобный, такой
же, одинаковый; подобно, точно
так же, одинаково
all — все, весь; at all — вовсе,
совсем
allow — разрешать; be ~ ed to do
(something) — быть
разрешенным, разрешается. Не is allowed
to take his exam. — Ему
разрешается (можно) сдать экзамен.
almost — почти
alone—один, в одиночестве; только
along — вдоль; ~ with — наряду с
aloof— отчужденный,
равнодушный
72
already — уже
also—тоже, также
alternative—альтернатива, выбор
always — всегда
ambitious — честолюбивый
analyse (BrE) — analyze (AmE) —
анализировать
animal — животное
answer — ответ; отвечать
anything — что-нибудь (β βοηρ.
предл.); что угодно (β утверд.
предл.); ничего (в отр. предл.)
appointment—деловая встреча; to
make an ~ назначить встречу; to
keep an ~ явиться на встречу; to
cancel an ~ отменить встречу
approve — одобрять, считать
правильным (of)
arithmetic — арифметика
arm — рука
arrange — организовывать,
устраивать, уславливаться,
договариваться
arrangement — договоренность,
соглашение, мероприятие,
приготовление
arrival — прибытие, приезд
arrive — прибывать, приезжать,
приходить (at, in)
ask—спрашивать, просить,
попросить
assign — назначать, определять,
поручать, приписывать
assignment—задание, поручение
assistant—помощник
assistance — помощь
associate — компаньон, союзник,
партнер, коллега, товарищ
assure—уверять, заверять
athletic — спортивный, сильный,
здоровый
attend—посещать
attention — внимание
authority — авторитет, крупный
специалист; a recognized ~
признанный авторитет
ах—топор
baby—ребенок, младенец
basic—основной, базовый
be—быть, находиться, являться; be
to do {something) — быть
должным сделать ч.-л.
become—становиться
before — перед, прежде чем
behave — вести себя
believe—верить, полагать
below — ниже, внизу
best—наилучший; лучше всего; do
one's ~ сделать все, что можно
bicycle — велосипед;
кататься/ездить на велосипеде
big—большой
blame — обвинять, винить
blatant—явный, очевидный,
вопиющий
bold — храбрый
boldness — храбрость
both—оба, обе; и... и, и то, и
другое
break—ломать, разбивать,
нарушать, разрываться (broke,
broken)
breeze—легкий ветерок, бриз
brilliant—блестящий,
выдающийся
build — строить, создавать (built)
building — здание, строение
business—бизнес, коммерция;
компания, предприятие
businesslike — деловой
busy—занятый
buy — покупать (bought)
73
calculation — вычисление,
исчисление, подсчет, расчет
call—звонить; звать, называть;
звонок; make a ~ позвонить
campus — университетский
городок
сап — мочь
cancel — отменять, ликвидировать
саг — машина, легковой
автомобиль
саге — внимательность,
тщательность, осторожность; забота
carefree — беззаботный
careless — небрежный,
невнимательный
careful — осторожный,
внимательный, тщательный
carefully — осторожно,
внимательно, тщательно
caring — заботливый
cause—вызывать, быть причиной
certain — уверенный,
определенный; be ~ — быть уверенным
certainly — конечно
chaos — хаос
character — характер
characteristic — характеристика;
характерный
check — проверять (for, on, up); ~
out проверить на практике,
оценить (путем опыта,
практического применения)
cheerful — веселый, бодрый,
неунывающий
chief— начальник, шеф
choose — выбирать (chose, chosen)
class—занятие; класс (группа
студентов); in ~ на занятии, на уроке
classmate — одноклассник
clearly — четко, ясно
close—закрываться); близкий,
расположенный недалеко; близко,
недалеко (to)
closed-minded — предвзятый,
предубежденный, ограниченный
code — шифр, код
cold — холодный
colleague — коллега
collect— собирать
combination — сочетание
come — приходить, приезжать
(came, come)
committee — комитет, комиссия
communication — передача,
сообщение; общение, связь,
коммуникация; ~ problem —
проблема в общении, понимании
смысла
company — фирма, компания
compassionate — сочувствующий,
сопереживающий
complain — жаловаться
complete—полный, законченный,
завершенный; заканчивать,
завершать
completely — полностью
conceptual — понятийный;
опирающийся на понятия, теорию, те-
ретически мыслящий
conclusion — вывод, заключение;
draw a сделать вывод
confusing—вызывающий
путаницу, замешательство
conjunction — союз (грамм.)
connection — связь
consider—считать, рассматривать
contraction—сокращенная форма
(грамм.)
contrary — противоположный,
обратный; on the наоборот,
напротив
control — контроль, управление;
74
контролировать, управлять; тж.
have ~ over—контролировать
convert — превращать,
преобразовывать
convince — убеждать; ~ ing —
убедительный
cooperation — сотрудничество
correct — правильный, правый;
исправлять, корректировать; ~ness
— правильность
could — мог, мог бы
couple — пара; in a ~ of days —
через пару дней
course — курс; ~ paper — курсовая
работа
cover — покрывать, закрывать,
охватывать; освещать, публиковать
(в СМИ)
cram— наспех заучивать,
зазубривать, готовиться второпях;
заполнять, переполнять, набивать
битком
credit — вера, доверие, честь,
заслуга, похвала
current—текущий, сиюминутный,
настоящий, нынешний
cute — умный, сообразительный,
смышленный, проницательный
dance — танцевать
day — день; every ~ каждый день;
some ~ когда-нибудь
deadline — (крайний) срок
представления (сдачи); предельное,
конечное время
deal — сделка; make a ~ заключить
сделку; the ~ is off— сделка
расторгнута
deal — иметь дело, сталкиваться,
касаться, заниматься, вести,
разбираться (with) (dealt)
decent — приличный, порядочный
decide — решать
decision — решение; make a ~
принимать, принять решение
demanding — требовательный,
предъявляющий высокие
требования
denote — обозначать
depend — зависеть от ч.-л.,
полагаться на ч.-л. (on)
describe — определять, давать
определение, описывать
desirable — желательный
determiner — определитель
(грамм.)
difficult—трудный
difference — различие, разница
different — различный, разный,
отличный, несходный
dilemma — дилемма
disapprove — неодобрять (of)
discovery — открытие
discuss—обсуждать, спорить
disease—заболевание, болезнь
disgusting— отвратительный
disorganized —
дезорганизованный, неорганизованный,
беспорядочный
do — делать, заниматься ч.-л.
doubt — сомнение
doubtful — сомнительный,
сомневающийся
dream — мечта; мечтать
drive — водить машину, ездить на
машине; двигать, продвигать,
приводить в движение (drove, driven)
due—должный, надлежащий,
обязанный, ожидаемый; be ~ to —
быть должным; быть
обусловленным, являться результатом, быть
вызванным; ~ to—благодаря, из-
за, в силу
75
duty—долг, обязанность
each — каждый; ~ other — друг
друга (другу и пр.)
eager — стремящийся,
нетерпеливый, жаждущий
eagerness — стремление, желание
easy — легкий; ~ -going—легкий,
спокойный, добродушный
easily —легко
educate—обучать, давать
образование, просвещать
effect — воздействие, влияние,
результат, следствие
efficient — продуктивный,
работающий с высокой отдачей и
производительностью,
деятельный, расторопный,
оперативный, эффективный; ~ 1у —
быстро и хорошо, с высоким
качеством;
высокопроизводительно
e.g.— лат. «exempli gratia» —
например
else — еще; someone
кто-нибудь еще, кто-то другой
emphasize—подчеркивать,
придавать особое значение, выделять
employ—принимать, нанимать на
работу
energetic — энергичный
English — английский, английский
язык
enjoy — наслаждаться, получать
удовольствие
enough—достаточно
entertain — развлекать
entirely—полностью, всецело
entitle—называть, озаглавливать
essay—письменная работа,
сочинение
establish — устанавливать,
создавать, учреждать, определять,
организовывать
esteem — мнение, оценка; self— ~
—самооценка
etc.—Latin «etcetera»—итак далее
ethic—нравственный, этичный
evaluate—оценивать
evaluation—оценка, оценивание
event — событие, явление, факт,
случай
even-tempered—обладающий
спокойным нравом, характером
ever—когда-либо
every — каждый
everybody — все, каждый
everything — все
evidence — основание, данные,
факт(ы), свидетельство (-ва),
доказательство (-ва)
exact — точный; ~ 1у — точно,
именно
example — пример
expect—ожидать, рассчитывать
expensive—дорогой,
дорогостоящий
experienced — опытный
experiment — опыт, эксперимент;
make an ~ ставить эксперимент,
проделывать опыт
expert—эксперт, специалист
explain — объяснять
expression — выражение
fail — не удаваться, не получаться,
терпеть неудачу, проваливаться
faithful — преданный, верный
fall — падать; проваливаться,
оказаться неудачным (fell, fallen)
fax — факс; посылать по факсу
familiar —знакомый
family — семья; ~ -oriented —
заботящийся о своей семье
76
feature—черта, признак, свойство,
характеристика
feeling — чувство
few — мало (с исчисл. сущ.) а
несколько (с исчисл. сущ.)
field —поле, область
figure — цифра, фигура
film—фильм; пленка
final — окончательный
finally—в конечном итоге, в конце
концов
find — находить (found)
fine—прекрасный, тонкий
first — первый; в первую очередь,
прежде всего
five — пять
flexible — гибкий
follow — следовать ч.-л. или за ч.-
л. (к.-л.)
following — следующий
foolish — глупый
forgetful — забывчивый
form—форма; формировать; in the
~ of— в форме, в виде
formally—официально, формально
four — четыре
frequent—частый,
распространенный
friend — друг
friendly —дружеский,
дружелюбный
frivolous — легкомысленный,
поверхностный, несерьезный
front — лицевая сторона, фасад
fully — полностью
fun — развлечение (-я,),
удовольствие (-я); have развлекаться
function—функция;
функционировать
future — будущее, будущий; in the
near ~ в недалеком будущем
gain—приобретать, получать
get — получать; ~ things done —
достигать результата, доводить
дело до конца; ~ through —
заканчивать, проходить, сдавать
give — дать, давать (gave, given)
giving —дарующий, дающий
go — идти, ехать; go back —
возвращаться (went, gone)
goal — цель
go — идти, ходить, пойти, ехать
going: be ~ (to) — собираться
сделать ч.-л., намереваться,
планировать
go out — выходить, выйти: ~ of the
room — выйти из комнаты;
отправиться к.-л. отдохнуть и
развлечься
good — хороший; be ~ at — уметь
делать ч.-л. хорошо, хорошо
успевать;
~-looking — красивый,
хорошенький
graduate — [-it] 1) выпускник; 2)
студент, готовящийся получить
ученую степень магистра или
доктора наук; 3) [-eit] заканчивать
(особ, колледж или университет)
grammar — грамматика; ~ points
— аспекты грамматики, вопросы
грамматики
grammatical — грамматический
grand — грандиозный, большой,
великолепный
gray (AmE), grey (BrE) — серый,
седой
great — великий, огромный,
большой
ground—основание, причина, мотив
growth — рост, развитие,
увеличение
77
guard — охрана, охранник; security
работник службы
безопасности; body телохранитель
gncsswork — догадки, ни на чем не
основанные предположения
guy — парень, мальчик, молодой
человек
half—половина, наполовину; ~ an
hour — полчаса; (pi. halves)
hand — рука
handle — 1) рукоятка, ручка 2)
управлять, справляться; вести
handy — умелый, ловкий; удобный
happen — случаться, происходить
happy — счастливый
hard—упорный, трудный, тяжелый;
упорно, трудно; (the)~est—самый
трудный; упорнее, труднее всего
hard-driven — несговорчивый,
неуступчивый, упрямый
hardworking — трудолюбивый
have — иметь; ~ a major effect on
— оказать значительное влияние,
воздействие на ч .-л.
he — он
health — здоровье
heart — сердце
her — ей, ее
here — здесь, сюда; вот
him — ему, его
himself—(он) сам
his — его
hold—держать, содержать,удержи-
вать, сохранять контроль, владеть
(held)
home—дом, домой; at дома
homework—домашняя работа
honest — честный
honor (AmE), honour (BrE) — честь
honorable (honourable) —
почетный, благородный
hope—надежда; надеяться
hospitable—гостеприимный
how—как, каким образом; ~ long
— как долго; ~ many — сколько
(с исчисл.сущ.); ~ much — сколь-
• ко (с неисчисл. сущ.)
humane — человечный
hypocrisy — лицемерие
hypocrite — лицемер
1-я
idea— идея, мысль, понятие
if— если; ли
imaginative — одаренный богатым
воображением; обладающий
творческим воображением
imagine — воображать,
представлять себе
immediately — немедленно,
непосредственно
implement—выполнять,
осуществлять, обеспечивать выполнение,
проведение в жизнь
important — важный
impossible — невозможный
in — в, через (предлог)
incident — случай, происшествие,
инцидент
increase—[in'kri:s] увеличиваться,
возрастать, расти; ['inkri:s]
увеличение, возрастание, прибавка
indicate—указывать
infer — делать заключение,
вывод; выводить;означать,
предполагать, подразумевать,
толковать
infinitive — инфинитив,
неопределенная форма глагола
inform — информировать,
сообщать
initial—начальный,
первоначальный, исходный
78
innovative —новаторский,
новейший
instrument — прибор, инструмент
intellectual — умственный,
интеллектуальный, мыслительный;
мыслящий; мыслящий, умный
человек, человек широких
интеллектуальных запросов,
интеллигент
intuition — интуиция
intuitively—интуитивно,
подсознательно
issue—вопрос, предмет
обсуждения, выпуск, номер, издание,
исход, результат; the ~ at stake —
рассматриваемый вопрос,
предмет, (-ая) тема
it — 1) он, она, оно (личн. место-
им. для неодушевл. сущ.);
формальное подлежащее в безличных
предложениях: It is good to be
optimistic. 2) его, ее; это
its — его, ее
italicize—выделить курсивом;
подчеркивать, выделять
item—пункт, параграф, статья,
номер (программы), вопрос,
предмет
job — работа; ~ opportunity —
возможность найти работу, вакансия
joyful — радостный,
жизнерадостный
just—просто, только, только что
keen — живо интересующийся ч.-
л., увлекающийся; be ~ on —
увлекаться ч.-л
keep — держать, иметь, хранить,
содержать, обеспечивать,
сдержать: ~ a promise — сдержать
обещание; ~ an appointment —
явиться на встречу
kill—убивать
kilometer — километр
kind — 1) добрый 2) тип, вид, сорт:
What kind of man is he? Какой он
человек?/Что он за человек?
kind-hearted —добросердечный
know — знать (knew, known)
label—этикетка, наклейка
land — земля
language — язык
largely—в основном, в
значительной степени
late — поздний, поздно; be ~
опаздывать; later—позже, позднее
laugh — смеяться
law — закон, право
lazy — ленивый
learn—учиться, изучать, узнавать
leave—покидать, уходить, уезжать,
оставлять; ~ for — уезжать в к.-л.
пункт (left)
less — меньший; меньше, менее
lesson — урок
liable—подверженный, склонный,
расположенный, могущий под-
вегнуться ч.-л., обязанный
lie—ложь; лгать, говорить
неправду, врать
life—жизнь
lifestyle — стиль жизни
light — свет; аспект, вид,
восприятие; in the ~ of—в свете
like— подобный, похожий;
подобно, как; ~ this/that — такой,
такая, такие, так, вот так, таким
образом; любить, нравиться
likely — вероятный
linger — задерживаться, медлить
listen — слушать
little—маленький; мало; а ~
—немного (с неисчислхущ.)
79
logic — логика
logical—логический
long — длинный, долгий; be ~ —
задерживаться, медлить
look — смотреть; ~ at — смотреть
на ч.-л.; ~ through—просматри- .
вать
lose—терять, проигрывать (lost)
lot: a lot (of), lots of— много,
множество
love —любовь, любить
lucky—удачливый, везучий
major — значительный; больший,
более важный
make—делать, заставлять,
заниматься, составлять, формулировать,
строить; ~ the most of—
полностью (максимально) использовать,
показать в наилучшем виде,
представить в выгодном свете
man — человек, мужчина; (pi. men)
may—мочь, возможно
maybe — может быть
meaning — смысл, значение
meaningful — имеющий смысл,
значимый
medicine—лекарство, медицина
meet — встречать(ся) (met)
meeting — встреча, собрание
member — член
memorize — запоминать
merely — только, просто,
единственно
merit — заслуга, достоинство
message—сообщение, записка
might — мог, мог бы
million — миллион
mind — 1) ум, разум, память; 2)
возражать, быть против (~ doing
something); 3) обратить внимание,
иметь в виду
miss—пропускать; скучать
modal — модальный глагол;
модальный
money — деньги
month — месяц
. mood - настроение
more— больше, более
most — больше всего, большая
часть (большей частью), в
высшей степени, весьма,
чрезвычайно; ~ of the time — большую
часть времени; make the ~ of—
извлекать наибольшую пользу,
максимально использовать,
полностью использовать
motivate — мотивировать; be
motivated — быть
мотивированным, иметь мотив сделать ч.-л.;
быть целеустремленным
multi много— (компонент
сложных слов)
muscle — мускул, мускулы;
professional ~ физически
подготовленные профессионалы
must — должен; а
обязательное условие
ту — мой (-ая, -ое)
naive—наивный
near—возле, рядом, близко; рядом
расположенный
necessary— необходимый
necessity—необходимость
negative — отрицательный,
негативный
neck — шея
need — необходимость,
потребность; нуждаться; нужно: I need
to go.—Мне нужно идти.
neither — никакой, ни один (из
двух), ни тот, ни другой; neither
... nor — ни ...ни
80
never — никогда
new — новый
next — следующий, соседний,
будущий
nice — приятный, милый,
красивый, хороший
по—никакой; нет
Nobelist — лауреат Нобелевской
премии
not — не
nothing — ничто, ничего; ~ but —
ничего кроме
noun — существительное (грамм.)
number — число, количество; а ~
of— ряд, несколько
object — предмет; дополнение
(грамм.)
obligation — обязательство
observe—замечать,наблюдать
obtain — получать, приобретать
obvious — очевидный; — 1у —
очевидно
occasionally — время от времени
office — служебное помещение,
кабинет, офис
often — часто
one—неопред, местоим. в безличн.
предл.: One is able to say...
Можно сказать...
oneself—себя, себе, собой
only — только; единственный
open-minded — восприимчивый,
непредубежденный
opinion — мнение
opportunity — возможность
optimistic — оптимистичный
order— 1) порядок, приказ, заказ;
2) приказывать, заказывать
oriented: success
стремящийся достичь успеха; family-~
считающий семью большой
ценностью, заботящийся о семье;
spiritually верующий,
религиозный
other—другой
otherwise — иначе, иным образом,
по-другому, или же, в противном
случае
ought (to) — следует
our — наш (-а), (-е), (-и)
onrselves — (мы) сами
outline—наметить, обрисовать
owing (to) — благодаря
own — собственный
pack — упаковывать, собирать
вещи
paper — письменная работа
(студента), статья, научный труд;
course ~ — курсовая работа
part—часть; in отчасти
particular—частный, конкретный,
именно этот; in в частности;
be ~ about — придавать особое
значение ч.-л., быть
придирчивым, взыскательным
particularly — особенно
partner — партнер
party — вечеринка, прием гостей;
сторона (в договоре), партия
pattern—образец, пример, модель,
форма, рисунок, структура,
строение
pay—платить (paid); плата,
оплата
peace— мир, покой
peculiarity — особенность,
специфичность, характерная черта
people — люди
per — в (предлог); — day — в день
perform — выполнять,
осуществлять
perhaps — возможно
81
permit — разрешать; be ~ ed to do
(something) — быть
разрешенным: He is permitted to attend. —
Ему разрешается посещать.
person — человек, личность
personal—личный, персональный
personality — характер, личность
persuade — убеждать
persuasion — убеждение
persnasive — убедительный
pet—любимец, (любимое)
домашнее животное; ~ theory —
любимая теория
phone — звонить; телефон; on the
по телефону
phrase — фраза
picture — картина, изображение
place — место; помещать
plan—план, планировать
playful — игривый, веселый
please—доставлять удовольствие,
угождать, нравиться; пожалуйста;
~d—довольный (with)
pleasant — приятный
plot — сюжет, план, схема
point—точка, пункт, характерная
черта, вопрос, дело, главное,
смысл, деталь, подробность,
цель; а ~ of reference — понятие;
the ~ is — дело в том, что;
grammar правило
грамматики; ~ of view—точка зрения
politician — политик
politics — политика, политические
события
popular — популярный
positive — положительный,
конструктивный, несомненный,
уверенный, совершенно ясный
positively — несомненно,
определенно, ясно, безусловно
possess—владеть, обладать
possessive — притяжательный: а
possessive/ possessive pronoun —
притяжательное местоимение
(грамм.)
possible — возможный
possibility — возможность
practical—практический,
практичный
precise—точный, определенный
practice—практика;
практиковаться (АшЕ)
practise — практиковаться (ВгЕ)
prediction—предсказание
prepare — готовить(ся)
preposition — предлог (грамм.)
president — президент
pretty — красивый, хорошенький;
очень (АтЕ)
previous — предыдущий
problem—проблема, задача;
трудность
procrastinate — медлить,
откладывать, «тянуть»
professional — профессиональный;
профессионал
professionally — профессионально
profit—прибыль, польза; получать
прибыль, извлекать пользу
progressive — прогрессивный
project — проект; проектировать
prompt — подсказка,
напоминание
pronoun — местоимение (грамм.)
proof— доказательство (неисчисл.)
proper — правильный,
надлежащий, должный
prove —доказывать; оказываться
(proved, proved, also proven,
особ, амер.)
pnnctual — пунктуальный
82
purpose — цель; for specific ~s —
для конкретных целей
puzzled — озадаченный: be ~ about/
over something
quench — удовлетворять (желание,
потребность); уничтожать,
подавлять; thirst-quencher — напиток,
утоляющий жажду
question — вопрос; in
рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый: the
problem in рассматриваемая
проблема
quick — быстрый
quick-tempered — вспыльчивый,
несдержанный
quite — вполне, совсем
rain — дождь; идти (о дожде)
rarely — редко
rather —довольно, довольно-таки;
скорее, предпочтительнее
reach — достигать
read — читать (read)
really—в самом деле, действительно
reason — причина; здравый смысл;
for the same ~ по той же причине
reasonable — разумный,
целесообразный
recall — вспоминать
receptive—восприимчивый
recognize—узнать, узнавать
recommendation — рекомендация
record — запись, факты, данные;
academic данные об
успеваемости; записывать
refer — относить(ся), упоминать,
ссылаться
reference — ссылка, упоминание,
сноска, отношение, связь,
стандарт; a point of понятие
reflect —думать, размышлять;
отражать
reflexive '■— возвратный: a reflexive/
reflexive pronoun — возвратное
местоимение (грамм.)
refuse—отказывать(ся)
regard — отношение; with ~ to —
относительно, в отношении, что
касается; считать, рассматривать
relevant — относящийся к делу,
уместный, релевантный; важный,
значительный, ценный
reliable — надежный
rely—полагаться, опираться (on)
repeat — повторять
rephrase — перефразировать
report—доклад, сообщение;
сообщать, рассказывать
research — исследование, научно-
исследовательская работа; do
заниматься научными
исследованиями
reserved — сдержанный,
необщительный
resourceful—находчивый,
изобретательный
respond — реагировать, отвечать,
отзываться на 4.-n.(to)
responsible — ответственный
response—ответ, реация,
реагирование, отклик
responsive—быстро реагирующий,
очень отзывчивый
reproduce — воспроизводить,
воссоздавать
rest — 1) остаток, остальное; 2)
покой, отдых; отдыхать; on ~ days
— в выходные дни; the ~ of the
days — оставшиеся/остальные
дни
result — результат
review — рассматривать,
просматривать, проверять, повторять
83
revise—просматривать, проверять,
пересматривать, повторять
revision — повторение, проверка
revive — возрождать(ся)
rewarding — вознаграждающий,
хорошо оплачиваемый
right — правый, прямой,
правильный; правильно; ~ now, ~ away —
прямо сейчас
ride — ездить (особ, на лошади,
велосипеде); (rode, ridden)
risk — риск; take a ~—рисковать
room — комната; место
roommate — тот, кто живет в
одной квартире, комнате
rule—правило; управлять
same — тот же самый
Saturday — суббота
say — говорить, сказать; (said)
schedule — расписание, график;
ahead of досрочно
science—наука; ~s—естественные
науки; social социология
scientific — научный
scientist — ученый
secretive —скрытный
section — раздел, глава
see — видеть, понимать; (saw, seen)
seldom — редко
self— само- (компонент сложных
слов)
send — посылать (sent)
sense — чувство, ощущение,
восприятие, сознание, смысл,
здравый смысл; а ~ of humour —
чувство юмора
sensible—разумный,
здравомыслящий
sensitive — чувствительный
sentence — предложение (грамм.)
serions — серьезный
several — несколько
shine — сиять, светить (shone)
shoe(s)— туфли, полуботинки
short — короткий, краткий
show — показывать, обозначать;
(showed, shown)
shower — душ; shower, get a
приниматьдуш
shrink — уменьшать(ся),
сокращаться); (shrank, shrunk)
side—сторона
similar—похожий, подобный
simple — простой
sincere — искренний
single—один, единственный
sketch—набросок, эскиз
skill—умение, навык, мастерство;
~s—квалификация
skilled—квалифицированный,
умелый
skillful — искусный, ловкий,
умелый
sky — небо
small — маленький
smart — умный, шикарный
smoke—курить, дымить; дым
so—итак, поэтому, следовательно;
и что же?
social — общественный
some—некоторый, несколько
someone — кто-то, кто-нибудь
something—что-то, что-нибудь
sometimes — иногда
somewhat—несколько, отчасти, до
некоторой степени
soon — скоро, вскоре
sort — сорт, вид, тип
sound — звук; звучать
speak — говорить (spoke, spoken)
special — особый, особенный,
специальный
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specialist — специалист
specific — конкретный, данный;
~ally — именно, конкретно,
определенно, точно
specify — конкретно указывать,
выделять, определять, называть
speech — речь
spend — проводить, тратить (spent)
spiritually: —oriented —
религиозный, верующий
stake—доля, ставка; the issue at ~
—рассматривемый вопрос
stand — стоять (stood)
start — начинаться), учреждать,
запускать, заводить
statement—утверждение,
формулировка, заявление
stay — оставаться, временно жить
г.-л., остановиться г.-л.
stick—придерживаться,
держаться: ~ to (facts) —
придерживаться фактов; ~ on to (things) —
наклеивать, приклеивать к ч.-л.
(stuck)
stockroom — хранилище, склад,
кладовая
stone — камень; leave no ~
unturned — сделать все, что
можно, добросовестно и тщательно
выполнить работу
store — запас, склад, магазин; in ~
—впереди, в будущем; а ~ room
—склад, кладовая
story — рассказ, история, сюжет,
легенда, вымысел
strategy—стратегия
strong — сильный
student: first-year ~
—студент-первокурсник
studious—прилежный, усердный,
старательный
study — изучение, исследование;
учение, учеба, занятия; наука;
изучать, заниматься, исследовать
stuff—материал, вещество, вещь;
дрянь, ерунда
style — стиль
subject — предмет, тема;
подлежащее (грамм.)
submit—представлять (особ,
письменную работу), сдавать
succeed — преуспевать,
добиваться успеха, удаваться
success—успех; ~
oriented—стремящийся к успеху
successful — успешный, удачливый
such — такой; ~ as — такой как,
такиекак
sndden — внезапный
suitable — подходящий,
соответствующий
suitcase — чемодан
sun — солнце
superior — высший, вышестоящий,
лучший, превосходный,
исключительный
support — поддерживать,
оказывать поддержку, обеспечивать,
защищать, помогать, содействовать
suppose—предполагать, полагать
sure — уверенный; be быть
уверенным
take — брать, взять; ~ for granted
— считать само собой
разумеющимся, принимать на веру; ~ а
risk—идти на риск, рисковать; ~
up—заняться ч.-л., взяться за ч.-
л. (took, taken)
talented — талантливый
talk — разговор, разговаривать;
small ~ — светская беседа,
неофициальный разговор, болтовня
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tall — высокий
teach — учить, обучать,
преподавать (taught)
team-mate—член той же команды,
товарищ по работе; союзник
ten — десять
tendency—тенденция, склонность,
направление (to)
tender — нежный, ласковый
tense — время (грамм.)
term — семестр; термин; in ~s of
— по, на языке, с точки зрения,
относительно
text — текст; учебник; set ~ —
основной, обязательный учебник
или книга
that — тот, та, то (указ. мест); что,
который (подч.союз); that is why
— вот почему; that is — то есть
their — их
theoretical — теоретический; ~ 1у
— теоретически, с точки зрения
теории
these — эти; These are facts. —
Таковы факты (букв. Это факты.)
they — они
this — этот (-а, -и): This is a fact. —
Это факт.
thing — вещь, дело; ~s — дела,
события get ~s done — доводить до
конца, добиваться результата
think — думать; ~ (smth) over —
обдумывать (thought)
those — те; Those are facts. —
Таковы факты, (букв. То факты)
thoughtful — содержательный
вдумчивый, задумчивый
through: get заканчивать,
проходить, сдавать
time — время; раз; in (on) ~ —
вовремя
tired — усталый
title—заглавие; титул
today — сегодня, сейчас
tolerant — терпимый (of)
tomorrow — завтра
tonight — сегодня вечером
too—также; слишком
tough—жесткий, твердый, крутой
train — поезд
treatment—лечение; обработка
trick — прием, хитрость, трюк
true — верный, правильный,
правдивый, истинный; be ~ to —
соответствовать ч.-л.
trust—доверять
try — пытаться, стараться;
попытаться, попробовать; ~ out —
испытывать, пробовать, проверить
type—тип; печатать
value ■— ценность, значение
verb — глагол (грамм.)
very — очень
view — взгляд, мнение, суждение
vocabulary — словарь, словарный
запас
vulnerable — уязвимый
uncertain — сомнительный,
неясный, неопределенный
undecided — нерешительный,
колеблющийся: I am Я еще не
решил.
undergraduate — 1) студент
последнего курса; 2) студент,
обучающийся на степень бакалавра
understand — понимать
(understood)
undertake — предпринимать,
начинать, браться за ч.-л. (undertook,
undertaken)
undisciplined — необученный,
недисциплинированный
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university — университет
unless — если не
unlikely — маловероятный
unsure — неуверенный,
неопределенный
unusual — необычный
use — польза, использование,
употребление; использовать; make ~
of— использовать, применять
usnal — обычный; ~ 1у — обычно
utterance — высказывание
wait — ждать (for)
want — хотеть, желать
wash — мыть, стирать
watch — наблюдать, смотреть
way — путь, способ; go one's own
делать по-своему, идти
своим путем
wear — носить (одежду,
украшения); быть одетым во ч.-л. (wore,
worn)
weather — погода
week — неделя
well — хорошо
what — что, какой
when — когда
where — где, куда
whether — ли (союз)
which—который (-ая, -ое)
who—кто, кого, кому
whole — весь, целый
whom — кого, кому, кем
why — почему, зачем
win — выигрывать, побеждать
(won)
winter — зима
wish — желание, желать
with — с (предлог)
without — без (предлог)
woman — женщина; pi. women
wonder — интересоваться, желать
знать
word — слово; ~ is ... — говорят
(разг.)
work — работа; работать
would — вспомогат. глагол сосла-
гат. наклонения: I would say — Я
бысказал(а)
wretched — противный,
несносный, подлый, несчастный
wrong — неправильный,
неуместный
year — год
yet — еще
yon — ты, вы
your — твой (-я, -е), ваш (-а, -е)
SECTION 2
2.1. Learn The Imperatives.
2.1.1. The sentences that give a command or make a request are
called imperative sentences:
Be yourself. Trust your own intuition.
Listen! Pack our suitcases, we are going to leave.
Stop it! Stop talking!
Stop procrastinating —just sit down and do it!
Quit it! Quit smoking.
Grab a cab!
Occasionally, to give emphasis, we include the subject (always the
addressee):
You take my advice, Jane.
2.1.2. Ask your partner:
— to apply for the job;
— to imitate the teacher's (the speaker's) pronunciation;
— to write a book out of his (her) own experience, observations
and convictions;
— to comment on the fact;
— to establish a new point of reference;
— to choose a better description;
— to accept the invitation;
— to grab a cab.
2.1.3. Produce longer utterances combining 2.1.2. and the prompts
below:
e.g. Bright red does not become to you. Choose another color.
1) When in class,....
2) If you are unable to write a book commensurate with Tolstoy....
3) If you are really interested in this position....
4) If you know something about it....
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5) If you have no reason to refuse....
6) This description is not convincing.
7) When your idea is not quite clear....
8) When you get here,... and come to the main office.
2.1.4. Study negative imperative sentences:
Don't take the job if you are not sure.
Don't imitate others, be yourself.
Don't spend money lavishly.
Young lady, don't you ever call somebody that.
2.1.5. Ask your partner
— not to smoke (that much);
— not to procrastinate this project;
— not to accept that job;
— not to wash his (her) cat (...your....);
— not to take everything (anything) for granted;
— not to be too particular about other people's opinions.
2.1.6. Make longer utterances combining 2.1.5. and the prompts
below.
1.1 don't like people smoking in my house. So,....
2. The project is very valuable to us
3 It is to wash itself.
4. If you are doubtful,....
5. Don't be so naive
6. You are to look for your own way
2.1.7. Learn some of the informal uses of imperatives.
Think nothing of it! (acknowledging apology/thanks)
Do it my way. (advice)
(Do) forgive me. (apologizing)
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Excuse me. (apologizing, starting to speak to a stranger)
Please do. (giving permission)
Look here, (attention-getting)
Tell me another! (disbelief)
Get lost, (rebuffing)
Look out!/ Watch out! (warning)
Take care, (saying farewell)
Check out! (focusing)
2.1.8. Complete the following dialogues making use of the
imperatives in 2.1.7.
1) — Oh, I'm late again. Do forgive me, John.
2) — The ceiling here is not likely to be safe.
— It isn't
3) — I know, dear, you are bored, but perhaps I'm going to tell you
something now.
4) — See you later, Dave.
— See you....
5) —... I'm going to tell you something.
— Yes?
6) — You are a cynic!
— I am. And more. I enjoy every word I say and every gesture I
make , Jane. Enjoy your beautiful time on earth.
7) —... Is there a post-office near here?
— It's just across us.
—Thanks.
8) —This is an absolutely true story!
9) — May I put my suitcase here?
10) —...! These two men are pretty obviously professional muscle.
— They are, are they?
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2.1.9. Make dialogues using imperatives.
2.2. Revise Personal Pronouns And Objectives (See 1.8.3. of Section I):
2.2.1. The pronouns /, he, she, we, they are used as the subject of a
sentence:
I am going to see some people today.
You are going to do it, too.
Me, him, her, us, them are always objective pronouns. We use
objective pronouns as objects of verbs or objects of prepositions.
— This is just an idea. Give me facts.
— The result is important to us.
—What is important to us is important to them.
NOTE: you and it may be both personal and objective pronouns:
You are really good at math. (You is the subject.)
I am going to tell you something. (You is the object.)
The idea is good. It is really good. {It is the subject.)
All of us are going to approve of it. (It is the object.)
2.2.2. Read and analyze:
«I want my notes. I wish you wouldn't displace—Are these they?»
I noted her correct phrase. «Are these they?» and it seemed just over
the border of correctness. Perhaps, after all, this woman was strange,
vicious, in the wrong.
After Muriel Spark
Do you know whether «I» or «me» is correct? Do you know how to
distinguish between the use of «he» and «him», «she» and «her», «we»
and «us», or «they» and «them»?
If you are able to use these words properly at all times, you are a
rare and fortunate person. In fact, you are a genius, and we would advise
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you not to read further in 2.2.2. However, if you are an ordinary mortal
like the rest of us you will occasionally have difficulty choosing the
proper pronoun, and 2.2.2 is for you. We are going to show you how to
make the choice of pronouns easy and correct.
Quick Review:
1. Use /, he, she, we or they as the subject of a sentence.
2. Use me, him, her, us or them as objects of verbs or objects of
prepositions.
NOTE: We usually use me, her, him, us and them in conversations
after as, than and be:
I am not as clever as her. I'm smarter than him. It's me.
In FORMAL WRITING, however, it is possible and even
advisable to write:
... as clever as she... smarter than he It is I.
But people often try to express the idea in a different way:
I am not as clever as she is. I'm smarter that he is. I am the one/the
person.
2.2.3. Choose the right word; account for your choice.
1) (we/us) students ought to be cheerful and efficient.
2) (I/me) am pleased with your work.
3) (them/they) are due at 3 this afternoon.
4) The director is pleased with (we/us) secretaries.
5) Between you and (I/me), he isn't smart.
6) It is (me/I).
7) It is (he/him).
8) It is (them/they).
9) The last person to leave is (she/her).
10) That is (them/they) walking to us.
11) Send (they/them) the letters at once.
12) Permit (I/me) to say that I am against.
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13) It is (she/her).
14) The message is for (she/her).
15) (we/us) salesmen are to plan our campaigns carefully.
16) The man is a better salesman than (I/me).
17) She is a better researcher than (I/me).
18) She does a better job than (him/he).
19) He is not so good as (she/her).
20) He is as good as (I/me).
21) We are better than (they/them).
2.2.4. Make a short story emphasizing the usage of objectives.
2.3. Study Let-Patterns.
2.3.1. There are other sentences that also give commands (orders,
instructions etc.) or make requests (suggestions, invitations etc.):
Let me say. Let him go. Let her know. Let it be.
Let us start. Let's begin. Let them try.
2.3.2. Study more complicated examples.
Let us find ourselves and be ourselves.
Let's stop this useless discussion.
Let's quit trying to pretend to be what we aren't.
Let her remind me of the conference.
Let them make an appointment with you.
Let me remind you of some fundamental facts.
Let our colleagues take part in the discussion.
2.3.3. Mind the negative forms.
Don't let me repeat. / Do not let me repeat.
Don't let him go. Don't let her know. Don't let it happen.
Don't let them try.
But Let's not start the discussion now.
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More Examples:
Let us not start a useless discussion.
Let's not imitate others.
Let's not discuss it right away, there is no time for it.
Do not let him accept this offer.
Do not let her wear bright red. It does not become to her.
Do not let them spend money lavishly.
Don't let your children do whatever they like.
2.3.4. Comment on the following situations making use of positive
/«/-patterns:
Situation: You and your associates are going to launch a large-scale
enterprise in adult education.
You say: Let's launch a large-scale enterprise.
1. You think your manager ought to watch expenses more carefully.
2. Your friend ought to quit trying to imitate others.
3. You think your friend ought to apply for the job.
4. You and your colleagues are to analyze your mistakes.
5. You think your partners are not to spend too much money in
advertising.
6. You think that you and I oughtn't to continue the useless
discussion.
7. Your young associates oughtn't to imitate others; they are to look
for their own way in science.
8. You think that the deal ought to stand on its merits.
2.3.5. Comment on the following situations making use of negative
let-patterns:
e.g. Situation: You don't think it is good for you and your
colleagues to take up a new research project.
You say: Let us not take up a new project.
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Situation: You think your colleagues are not to consult an recognized
authority in the field; they ought to make a decision themselves.
You say: Don't let them consult authorities.
1. You think your associate ought not to be so secretive.
2. You think the lecturer is not to establish too many points of
reference.
3. You think you and your partners are not to cancel appointments
too often.
4. Your friend oughtn't to complain that much.
5. Children ought to have good self-esteem.
6. Occasionally all of us are to take things for granted.
7. Students are to be cheerful and efficient.
8. Don't you know? The worst vice is advice.
2.4. Learn The Future Simple Tense.
2.4.1. Apply the formula will do to all persons:
I will do ...You will do ...He will do ...We will do....
They will do....
also: I'll do ... You'll do ... He'll do ... etc.
e.g. I doubt Jane will be much help. You'll probably get more out
of Ann.
I'll do anything to help you.
Saying «will do» we usually decide to do it at the time of speaking
without planning before:
—You are not pleased with your job. Will you look for another?
— I'm not sure. Maybe I will.
—Where will you be this time next year?
— I'll be in France.
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That is why the Future Simple Tense often goes with:
probably: I'll probably come home late tonight.
(I) expect: We expect our client will phone soon,
(I'm) sure: I'm sure you'll pass your exam.
(I don't) think: I don't think the exam will be difficult.
I wonder: I wonder what he will say.
The negative of will is will not = won't:
Our chief will not approve of it.
Wait for me. I won't be long.
I'm afraid we won't have time for lunch today.
In British English we can also use shall with / and we:
I shall come tomorrow. Or I will come....
We shall contact you as soon as possible. Or We will contact....
The negative οι shall is shall not = shan't.
I shan't be here tomorrow. Or I won't be here.
In American English shall in the Future Simple is unusual.
2.4.2. Make sentences using will to talk about the future; mind
questions and negative forms.
1. Our schedule is so tight; if you submit your paper one day late, it
(not/be) worth a damn to us — not one damn.
2. (you/apply) for a driver's license this month?
3.—I am going to invite some of my friends to my birthday party.
—Only some of them? The others (be) angry.
4. — Some students from our department are going to set up a
photography exhibit.
— Where (they/find) the room for it, I wonder?
5. — (you/do) research for Professor Allan next semester?
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— No, I (work) as his teaching assistant.
6. — I (bet) the competition for parts in the class play (be) tough
this year.
— Oh, an actor, are you?
7. The ice skating rink (not/open) until December.
8. — Don't let John buy that used car! Try to persuade him not to!
— I doubt that (do) any good. His mind is already made up.
9. — Do you think we are to review the history of the Industrial
Revolution?
—Without a doubt, it (be) on the exam.
2.4.3. Study the following conversations; say what kind of
communication each of them is:
A) small talk B) business talks C) academic discussion
D) private conversation
1. — Mr. Daniels, you are to arrive at Charlottesville the day after
tomorrow. Remember: not one day late.
— Will you cover all expenses?
— Well, yes. It's simply a matter of money. Use your car and
we'll pay 12 cents a mile. We'll pay your hotel bills but you are
not permitted to take a suite at the Brown Palace.
— OK. I'll be there.
2. — Let's not talk about it now.
— Is it really difficult for you?
— Later.
— When?
— When we have the time.
— When will that be?
—We'll talk about it at lunch.
— Will we have time for lunch today?
— We'll make time.
— We'll see.
— Yes, we will. Now we've got some work to do.
4 Орлова Е. «Английская грамматика по-новому»
97
3. — Your project will be very valuable to us, Professor Venor. A
lot of foundations are going to look for projects dealing with
American history.
— My editors are likely to publish a double issue of «US» with
an in-depth analysis of some American communities.
—And you will go to those communities and study them from
the inside, won't you? I'm sure you will leave no stone unturned
and hand in an excellent paper, Professor.
— I will... It won't be a quick once-over job. What I'm after is
much deeper... nothing less that the soul of America... as seen in
microcosm.
4. — Will you go anywhere for this weekend?
—No, not this time. We are going to Ron's party.
— Ron's party? What party?
—Don't you know? He's going to arrange a reception for all the
teaching staff tomorrow night.
2.4.4. Reproduce dialogue 3; make similar dialogues using:
1. our schedule, tight, submit one's paper, one day late, to plan our
campaigns carefully, be due, at the right time, people who are adequate
to their jobs, people who are able to do their job adequately
2. to apply for the job, to take frequent business trips, your boss,
very businesslike, a rare and fortunate person, to have adequate
experience, occasionally, to be too particular about unimportant details
3. both the sides, to be keen to reach an agreement, an adequate
stuff to work on, to do research in cooperation with, to evaluate possible
results, to start up a new research program, to implement a new scientific
project
4. a brilliant student, Jane's academic records, superior, a recognized
authority in one's field, to assign (smb) to a new project, doubtful /1
doubt, be unable to, at her age (at her time of life)
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2.5. Focus On Certain Peculiarities Of Shall:
2.5.1. We use shall to ask someone's opinion, to make an offer or a
suggestion:
Shall I take a message?
Shall we go?
Shall we consult a recognized authority?
If we accept, we respond saying:
Yes, please. Do please./ Please do. I think so./ Why not?
If we do not accept, we respond saying:
I/we'd rather you/we didn't.
2.5.2. Make short dialogues combining the following utterances or
your own ones:
e.g. — Shall I set up a photography exhibit?
— Please do.
— Shall I answer the phone?
— Yes, please.
— Shall we discuss the issue at stake right now?
— No, I'd rather we didn't.
— Shall we cancel the appointment this afternoon?
— Shall I use my own car?
— Shall I do only a quick once-over job?
— Shall we take a suite at the Brown Palace?
— Shall I hand in my paper in a month?
— Shall we start a large-scale enterprise in adult education?
— Shall we plan our campaign now?
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2.6. Review Some Of The Past Tense:
2.6.1. Recall be in its past forms:
was, were: I was absent from class yesterday.
You were absent from your lecture last week.
He was rather busy all last month.
We were happy to meet our friends at the party last night.
You were happy, too.
They were late for the reception.
2.6.2. Answer the following questions:
1) Were you businesslike when at school?
2) Were you going to launch a large-scale enterprise when you were
fifteen?
3) Were you fond of learning when you were in the fifth grade
(form)?
4) Were you absolutely happy when you were in your first year of
study at University?
5) Were you present at your last lecture on math?
6) When were you present at your English class last?
7) Why were you absent from your last class?
2.63. Read the dialogue; specify how many people are speaking; convert
it into a story using the past tense; make nse of the questions given:
— Pardon, where were we?
—That mysterious creature.... Who's Tarzan, Mr. Archister?
—Oh, it's a story. This is a great white ape, supposedly one hundred
feet tall.
—That's right. He's half man, half ape, but white... gigantic. And
... do you know what I'm going to do? I'm going to shoot and
stuff him and then hang him on the wall of my club. He is going
to be my trophy.
— You will not do it, James Parker!
— Isn't it going to be good, Jane?
After E.R. Burroughs
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1. What sort of creature was Tarzan?
2. What was James Parker going to do?
3. Who was against James Parker's plans?
2.6.4. Read the text and discuss it in a dialogue using both the present
and past tenses; make use of the hints given:
James Loran was the son of two elderly, immensely wealthy parents.
His education was properly Eastern Establishment: Andover and Amherst,
with the proper expectations of a Manhattan-based profession—banking,
brokerage, advertising. He was unlikely to deviate from this pattern.
Inexplicably, James Loran whose academic record was gentlemanly
but hardly superior, attended Columbia University's graduate school.
He was going to become a high-calibre scholar and acquire an enviable
reputation in the academic community.
Hint 1. James Loran is a recognized authority in his field now and
has an enviable reputation in the academic community. Two of his
current colleagues are talking about him, one of them is definitely
envious of Loran's career. Try to reproduce their conversation.
You may make a dialogue like that:
— There he is!
— He who?
— Loran. If there is anything incorrigible about our faculty, it's
him. In fact, he's probably the sole owner of this property.
— Incorrigible? Do you mean it?
— Yes. He won't try to get more humane.
— Isn't he humane enough? I think James is very nice to everybody.
—Nice? He's condescending, self-confident, aloof... eccentric.
—Jaded, maybe. A lot of people mistake that for eccentricity. After
all, he's a regular idea factory.
—And this is strange. You know there was an inexplicable turning
point in his life.
— Yes, I heard something about it. He was about to take up a
Manhattan-based career and suddenly quit it.
— Exactly. Word is his academic record was gentlemanly but not
superior. Isn't it strange for a man like him to be a high-calibre
scholar?... etc.
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Hint 2. Establishment is the powerful organizations and people
who control public life and support the established order of society,
e.g. He is an important Establishment figure.
The party is basically anti-Establishment.
He's very Establishment.
In Britain, members of the Establishment are usually men who have
been to public schools and Oxford or Cambridge University and then
become heads of big companies or colleges, important civil servants,
etc. The establishment is generally considered to be bad and unjust by
people who are not part of it. In the US, the Establishment is especially
associated with people from the East Coast, especially people who have
been to schools such as Harvard and Yale.
Hint 3. Manhattan is an island in New York Bay at the mouth of the
Hudson River. Manhattan is the business and cultural centre of New York
City. The business area is centred on Wall Street on the southern end, where
the Stock Exchange is and where the World Trade Centre used to be. Fifth
Avenue has many expensive shops and department stores. There are many
theatres near on Broadway. Manhattan has several important museums,
including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which is on the edge of Central
Park, a very large green area in the middle of Manhattan island. Harlem, at
the north end of Central Park, has cheap housing, but other places in
Manhattan are very expensive to live in. Often when people say they have
been to New York they mean that they have been to Manhattan.
2.6.5. Give more emphasis or add new nuances to the following
statements.
Make use of supposedly, immensely, properly, inexplicably,
probably.
1. Mr. D. is popular. 2. Students are to do their homework assignments.
3. The project will be very valuable to the department. 4. Our opponents
are going to start a new campaign. 5. He is about to quit.
2.6.6. Complete the sentences using superior, envious, enviable,
wealthy, gigantic, expensive, incorrigible, condescending. Some of
them are to be used more than once.
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1. Roy will work with... energy. I am... of his enthusiasm.
2. He has an... reputation for integrity of reasoning.
3. This school is likely to rate. It will train ... children.
4. The trustees of the Institute are all... people themselves.
5. You are the same. You are ....
6. To be a regular idea factory, one is to have ... intellect.
7. This is lots of money. A... sum.
8. Big cars are... to drive.
9. This air of superiority of his! He is so ....
2.6.7. Consider sole, solely, whole, wholly as well as wholly and solely.
Sometimes their meanings are alike, and sometimes not. Distinguish
between them.
sole — the only one, unique; solely — only, exceptionally
whole — all, total, complete, entire, having all proper components
wholly — completely, totally, fully
wholly and solely — excluding other things, entirely
Complete the sentences using sole, solely, whole, wholly as well as
wholly and solely :
1. James is the ... author of the project. Naturally, he has the...
rights of publication.
2. Let's give our... attention to the experiment.
3.... milk is part of our daily menu.
4. The lab is ... for our research.
5. I'm afraid our good friend is... after money.
6. You are to rely... on yourself.
7. We are likely to take part in the... series of the experiments.
8. To devote myself... to this work, I'd rather cancel everything
else.
9. Word is they will grant this privilege... to Loran.
10. A quorum for the purpose is to consist of two thirds of the ...
number of trustees.
11. James is likely to be the... owner of this property.
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2.6.8. Complete the sentences using enterprise (s), stuff, record,
expectation (s), faculty, establishment, (the) Establishment, scholar,
property.
1. What's this sticky... in the glass?
2. His new..., a restaurant on Fifth Avenue, was a complete failure.
3. The... of the Brannon Institute was a big event in the town.
4. Such experiences are the very ... of life.
5. Small... are an important part of the economy.
6. Your academic adviser is also to be a member of the —
7. I'm unable to carry all my... alone.
8. Contrary to all..., Mary was able to pass her exam.
9.... is likely to control public life in any advanced country.
10. Tom's academic... was very good. He was likely to have proper
career....
11. A high-caliber ... like Loran is sure to get interested in the
project.
2.6.9. Read the following statemeuts and explain the meanings of
the italicized words; make use of the prompts below.
1. Don't stuff anything else in, the bag is full.
2. I'd like some cheese-stuffed potatoes.
3. You will see some stuffed animals in the museum.
4. Let's buy a stuffedanimalTor the kid.
5. Allan is about to quit working.
6. We're going to support the project.
7. He is unlikely to deviate from his schedule.
8. Don't tell me we only got powdered stuff 'for cream. I hate it.
9. It's a great stuff, both then and now.
Prompts: approve of something and help the success of something;
move away from; put, push (into); filled with (something), with
something in; dead animals with their skin filled to make them look
real; a stuffed animal—AmE—a soft toy; to stop, to give up; substance,
often food; books, articles, etc.
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2.6.10. Make a story of your own relying on the issues considered
in 2.6. and making good use of the vocabulary.
2.7. Revise Some Modals:
2.7.1. Review be able/unable to do, be allowed/permitted to do, be
likely/unlikely to do; match up parts to make meaningful utterances:
1) If you are absent from more than one class....
2) While we are here....
3) If you work harder....
4) We will be able to evaluate the facts adequately....
5) Was he really unable to do anything himself....
6) If it is necessary ....
7) If the competition is very tough....
8) When Ron was a freshman....
9) If you fail your exam....
10) With the proper expectations of a business profession....
... you won't be allowed to take it again this term.
... he was not likely to care about his study.
... I will be unable to get a part in the show this term; I am not
so good an actor.
... I will be able to consider all the sides properly.
... when he was the Director of the Institute?
... James was unlikely to deviate from it.
... if we look to them properly.
... you will be able to pass your exam in physics.
... we are able to help you any time.
... you are unlikely to pass the course.
2.7.2. Review modals; read and answer:
Dorothea Deverell is responsible for administrative work at the
Institute. She is in charge of scheduling lectures, chamber music
concerts, art exhibits, trustees' meetings, charity functions, luncheons,
receptions, and many other gregarious events at the community-minded
Brannon Institute.
After R. Smith
105
What is Dorothea to do at the Brannon Institute?
What sort of events is Dorothea responsible for?
Ought she to enjoy many gregarious events at the Institute?
What is another description for gregarious event? (sociable or
social)
Gregarious person? (sociable)
Are you a sociable person? Are you able to enjoy gregarious
(sociable, social) events?
2.7.3. Focus on:
Dorothea is in charge of scheduling lectures.
BUT: She is to schedule lectures.
She is responsible for arranging meetings.
BUT: She ought to arrange meetings.
Rephrase The Sentences Using Be To, Be Able/Unable To, Ought
To, Be Due To:
1) Miss Deverell is very good at arranging gregarious actions.
2) James Loran was capable of consulting on any issue in his field.
3) Mr. Merdock is charmingly incompetent. He won't do anything
without his assistants.
4) These projects are very valuable to us. Many foundations are
going to support them, in my opinion.
5) The classes will begin at 9; so you will come in time.
6) Be careful! Don't make a mistake!
7) The secretary's duty is to come to the office at 8 in the morning.
2.7.4. Practice dialogues interpreting the given plot:
— Hi!
— Hi!
— What's that? Your lecture notes?
— No. It's going to be my course paper.
106
— Course paper? I have no idea we are to write course papers this
term.
—Kidding? It seems you are not very particular about your study
here.
— Actually, I am. I am not aware of the course paper, that's all.
You'd better tell me what it is all about.
— Well, to begin with, you are to consult your adviser.
— My adviser?
— Only don't tell me that you have no idea you are to have an
adviser!
— But this is true! I have... I had no idea about any adviser.
— Now you know.
—And who is my adviser?
— Professor Johnson. He gives us lectures on statistics. He is my
adviser, too.
— Is he? So, we have the same adviser.
— But different subjects. If you think that I am going to give you
my notes you are wrong. I am not liable to help you.
— Why not? Am I not a good friend? Aren't you due to work with
others?
—With others, not for others, mind it.
— Come on, we are due to be humane ...
— Oh, we are, are we?
—... compassionate, reliable and giving, and...
— Good persuader! Forget about my notes. I am going to give you
some advice instead.
— I'd prefer the notes.
— It's out of the question, so forget it. Now listen carefully. First of
all, consult Professor Johnson and choose your subject as soon
as possible.
—This advice isn't worth much.
—Take it or leave it. You are about to miss your last chance to save
your reputation in the eyes of our adviser. So you are not to
procrastinate.
— Well, what am I to do first to save my reputation?
— Specify your subject. Do some research and specify all sides
relevant.
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— How am I to learn what is relevant to ray paper?
—You are sure to know when you reflect on it. Trust your intuition.
—Intuition? Is intuition really relevant to writing course papers?
— Hypocrite! You know it is. To be conceptual and depend on
logic, you are to study many books. We aren't able to find the
time for it, as you know.
— Is our adviser liable to approve of... an intuitive approach?
— Why not? Professor is open-minded. He is certainly able to
understand any ideas. We are allowed to establish new points
of reference. The necessary evidence isn't difficult to find, say,
on the Internet.
—The problem is how to obtain proof to the ideas you are going to
build up.
— To prove them, you are to know mathematical methods well.
Are you good at them?
—No, I'm afraid I'm not.
—I'm not good at math, either. This subject is hard for me to acquire.
So, I am going to make the most of what I know well.
—Right. New methods are too conceptual to study them right away.
No time to acquire them. I think I am to take your advice.
— Good. Maybe, I'll give you my notes.
2.8. Learn:
Infinitives (to-infinitives or bare infinitives) always come after
modals. Го-infinitives follow be due, be able, be unable, ought. Bare
infinitives come after can, could, may, might, must, should.
2.8.1. We use can to say that something is possible or somebody has
the ability to do something (is able to do something). We also use
could to say that something is possible now or in the future. Could
is less sure than can.
e.g. Ralph is a competent business manager. He can handle any
difficult situation.
— Excuse me. Where can I find the manager?
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— Sorry, I can't help you. I'm not familiar with this place.
— I need a car to use for a couple of days.
—You could always rent one.
Sometimes could is the past of can:
The subject of yesterday's lecture was new to me but I could
understand everything.
We could take our exams ahead of schedule when we studied at the
University.
We use could to talk about the past, especially with see, hear,
smell, taste, feel, remember, understand:
I could understand everything about yesterday's lecture.
When in the exam, Peter could remember everything, and his answer
was excellent.
At that time, Roger was the champion of the University.
No one could play tennis as well as he did.
So we use could for general ability. To describe a particular
situation, we use was/were able to... or managed to (not could):
The computer virus was going to ruin all the files but we were able
to prevent it.
Davis was going to leave his job but his boss managed to persuade
him not to.
The negative forms: cannot = can't; could not = couldn't
Can't and couldn't show that something is impossible.
e.g. That can't be true, can it?
He was a decent man, he couldn't do anything wrong.
Be able to is possible instead of can:
Can you cover all expenses? or
Are you able to cover all expenses?
109
We always use be able to in the future tense as can is au operator
itself and does not go aloug with will:
You will be able to talk about it later, when you are not so busy.
We often use can or could when we ask someone to do
something:
Can you wait a moment, please?
Can you do me a favor?
Excuse me. Could you tell me where to find the office manager?
We use may or might to say that something is a possibility.
The competition for parts in the show may be tough.
It might be tough.
James and Susan may be in class now.
They might be in class now.
Usually it doesn't matter whether to use may or might.
Brian may be able to help you. or Brian might be able to help you.
We use may to say that somebody is allowed to do somethiug.
You may take these papers.
You may go now.
We use may to ask for permission:
May I use your computer?
The negative forms are may not and might not/mightn't.
Sometimes can and could mean almost the same as may and
might:
You can find the dictionaries on this shelf.
You could find some information in these journals. Or
You may/might find it there.
110
We use must to say that it is (absolutely) necessary to do
something:
I must cancel ray appointment, I'm afraid.
We also use must to say that something is very probable (next
to the fact):
James and Susan must be in class now.
The negative form is must not or mustn't. We often use it to
express prohibition:
You mustn't start a useless discussion now (so don't do that).
We use be bound to say that something is very likely or certain
to happen or that we have a duty to do something:
It's bound to rain soon.
In a group as big as this you are bound to get occasional
disagreements.
I'm bound to say that our opponent is right.
You are not legally bound to answer these questions.
We use should to give advice or an opinion:
You should be adequately prepared for the exam.
We shouldn't be late for the lecture.
We can also use ought to instead of should because both of them
mean actually the same :
You ought to be adequately prepared for the exam. Or
You should be adequately prepared.
2.8.2. Make sentences using can/can't/could/couldn't:
1.1... (buy) you some stamps on my way to the grocery store, if
you like.
Ill
2. It is a risky business; the results... (not/be) certain.
3. At that time, no one... (run) as fast as Jesse Owens.
4.... (you/drop) these letters in the mail if it isn't much trouble?
— It's no trouble at all.
5. Our director is a charmingly incompetent gentleman. He... (do)
nothing without his assistant.
6. Roger is excessive. He... (not/stop) in time. It isn't his nature to
do things by halves.
7. When you are in Europe, Dave, people there... (say) that you
are uniquely American. But in America who... (say) that of you?
8. — I'm going to invite a few friends to dinner.
— You... (not/invite) just a few. The others will get angry.
9. Dr. Ryotte's assignments are always very tricky. No one... (do)
them quickly.
10. How in the world... (you/force) somebody to be free?
11. Political problems... (be solved) incrementally: piece by piece.
12. Sometimes the majority... (be) wrong.
13. Perhaps we... (come) to an agreement some day.
14. My priority is to help in any way I....
2.8.3. Make sentences using can/could/be able to:
1. Why hurry? You... (do) research when you graduate.
2. (we/talk) the matter over when we meet tomorrow.
3. The Board of Directors was about to assign the wrong man to
the.project; thanks God, (we/prevent) from it.
4. When I was ten I (remember) every word I read.
5.... (you/possibly/specify) this concept?
6. The idea is simple. As soon as we develop a new scientific project
(we/implement) it.
7. (you/observe) things acutely?
8. (you/tell) me what is going to be on the exam?
9. — (anyone/believe) such nonsense?
— Hardly.
2.8.4. Answer:
1. Can you do research?
112
2. Can the results of your research always be certain?
3. Could you implement your scientific project if its results are
promising?
4. Could you assign the right people to your scientific project?
5. Will you be able to give a presentation of your implementation
when it is necessary?
6. Could you remember what the last presentation you attended
was about?
7. Could you remember all the relevant information when you were
listening to the speaker at the last presentation?
2.8.5. Complete the sentences using may or might:
1. If you order laboratory equipment you... (pay) in stages.
2. With a spot of luck we... (be) on our way home before the day is
over.
3.... I (switch on) the radio?
4. Sometimes a business deal... (go) badly.
5. Occasionally you (not/make) the right decision.
6. You... (not/know) what is on his mind.
7. Where is Roger?... he (be) in the main campus? What do you
think?
2.8.6. Make short dialogues of your own according to the patterns:
— May I take part in the presentation?
—Yes, certainly.
(Yes, you may.)
(By all means do.)
— May we have a look at your papers?
—No, I'd rather you didn't.
(No, I can't agree to that, I'm afraid).
2.8.7. Advise your friend(s) (colleagues, partners) to do something
(not to do it). Use should or ought to. Be careful to say:
You should trust your own intuition. (NO to)
BUT: You ought to trust it.
113
You shouldn't start a useless discussion now.
BUT: You oughtn't to start it now.
Make Dialogues and Develop Your Ideas Further:
— to keep (his, her, their) appointments;
— to be more particular about (his, her, their) business/scientific
projects;
— to approve of the new project;
— not to be that excessive;
— to consider all the sides of the matter;
— not to reconsider (his, her, their) decision;
— to evaluate all the facts;
— not to take everything for granted
— to be more sensible (reasonable)
2.8.8. Say what the person in question should do/shouldn't do
or what should be done/shouldn't be done in the situations
outlined:
e-g-
Jack says: «This job is too demanding to do it every day».
You say: «Jack should be more hardworking, I think» or
«He shouldn't be that lazy».
1. Our colleagues are too reserved and too careful to make a decision
right away.
2. Bill is still undecided whether to accept the job or not. There
isn't much time left to think it over.
3. Mr. F is good at doing research but he is a bit too flexible.
4. My friend always spends his money lavishly.
5. Dennis has a full schedule on Mondays. It is not reasonable for
him to plan anything else.
6. Gary's quick temper will get him in trouble some day.
7. Harry is going to buy some new shoelaces before his break.
8. John's going to buy a used car.
114
2.8.9. Complete the sentences using must or be bound to, both
positive or negative; be bound to might also be used in the present
and past.
1. Roy is very upset. He... have trouble.
2. Mr. Daniels... be at Chalottesville the day after tomorrow. Not
one day late.
3. The ruling idea of his life was that he... to show his gratitude
to people who helped him.
4. Unfortunately, we... to cover all expenses ourselves.
5. Mr. Daniels... take a suite at the Brown Palace.
6. The competition for parts in the class play ... be tough this
term.
7. Loran's opponent... to admit that Professor had his merits.
8. As an administrator, Dorothea ... set up art exhibits at least
twice a year.
9. Mr. Archister... to say that Tarzan was a figment of someone's
imagination.
10. The foundation is unlikely to support the project. It... be simply
a matter of money.
11. If Dorothea is in charge of administrative work she... like it.
12. In my job I... to take frequent business trips.
2.8.10. Complete the sentences using the modals presented:
1.... you arrange our meeting?
2. Frankie... (not) deal with the orders efficiently.
3.1 need someone I... trust here.
4. ... you call me back if I leave my number?
5. We... grow, we... (not) afford to shrink, (a business rule)
6. The best we... hope to do is guesswork.
7.1 guess we... pack now. There's not much time left.
8. When you are a big shot, you... (not) always choose your friends.
9. Who... schedule lectures next semester?
10. Because both of them were in a bit of difficulty, they ...
understand each other.
11. Your suit is ten years out of date. You... buy a new one.
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12. I'm no more naturally sociable than you.... I miss the party this
time?
13. We ... (not) procrastinate this research project. It's far too
important.
14. This is something you... understand.
2.8.11. Make sentences using core and multi-word modals.
1. Statistics show that lucky people... to trust their intuition.
2. To improve your paper, you ... establish some new points of
reference.
3. To write an adequate college application essay, one ... to
emphasize specific observable qualities that show one's
distinctive personality.
4.... you do me a favor?
5.1... to say that our opponent is right.
6. The situation was hard to handle but our good friend ... to
settle everything.
7. We have certain rules to observe. We... (not) break them.
8.... I have a piece of paper?
9. ...I help you?
10. Professor Quin isn't here. She... be still in the lab, or she... be
at home.
11. Jack is always even-tempered and tolerant of others. He... be a
rare and fortunate person.
12. If you want to see the manager, you... hurry. He... to leave.
13. I'm really surprised that Kevin is absent from our meeting. There
... be some reason. He... (simply/not) know.
14. You ... to change your major during your course of study.
2.9. Practice Some Interrogative Patterns.
2.9.1. Respond to the statements.
Mind that questions like that are not asked to get information but
are used to express your reaction to what has been said. Such questions
are called echo questions. In particular, they may show your interest,
surprise, etc.
116
— Human nature is much the same everywhere.
— Is it?
—Young men are often obstinate.
— Are they?
— Charles would rather go home.
—Would he?
— One should be prepared to take risks sometimes.
— Should he?
1. You are almost half an hour late.
2. Mary may keep the book for seven days.
3. The only place to work in peace is the library.
4. Julia was absent from her last English class.
5. He is aware of his good looks.
6. It is up to you.
7. All of them were in a very nervous state.
8. There is something to talk about.
9. My mind is made up.
10. There is a catch in this somewhere.
11. There was a silence after Joyce said that.
12. You will speak first.
13. There may be some financial arrangements to make.
14. You ought to believe it.
2.9.2. Respond to the negative statements:
— I wouldn't miss your party for the world.
— Wouldn't you?
—You can't help it.
— Can't I?
— There is not any evidence.
— Isn't there?
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MIND CONTRACTIONS: isn't (is not), aren't (are not), wasn't
(was not), weren't (were not), can't (cannot), couldn't (could not), won't
(will not), shan't (shall not), wouldn't (would not), shouldn't (should
not), mightn't (might not), mustn't (must not), needn't (need not)
1. The children were not in the room.
2. There is not a soul in the place now.
3. Their methods aren't scrupulous.
4. It's not up to me to decide.
5. He wasn't speaking for all of us.
6. Joe will not write any notes in textbooks.
7. You shall not make remarks like these.
8. You must not interfere.
9. They needn't worry.
10. I'm not very fond of staying in other people's houses.
2.9.3. Read:
Then conversation at the table shifted suddenly, like a landslide,
and within seconds the subject was the «power struggle» at the Brannon
Institute. Roger Krauss, a new member of the board of trustees, was
condescending or outright rude to Dorothea, when they were together.
He was also fond of talking behind her back to other members of the
board and to the director, Mr. Morland. The point was that Krauss had
his own candidate for the directorship, a nephew-in-law currently
working at the Whitney Museum. This was part of his campaign against
Dorothea, and he was clever enough to present it only as a part; his real
objection to her taking over the directorship, he said, was ideological.
He would not trust her, he had several times declared, not to «subvert»
the Institute for her own political ends.
After R. Smith
2.9.4. Imitate scraps of conversation at table using patterns of 2.9.1.
and 2.9.2. You may begin your dialogue like this:
The 1st Speaker: Word is Krauss started a campaign against
Dorothea.
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The 2nd Speaker: Oh, did he? I can't believe it! I've never thought.
I could be surprised by anything but I'm stunned now.
The 3d Speaker: I think it could be extremely dangerous for her.
The 1st Speaker: Don't be ridiculous. It's unpleasant but certainly
not dangerous.
The 3d Speaker: I mean every word I said. Roger will do anything
to prevent Dorothea from taking over the position.
The 2nd Speaker: Why? What drives him so much?
The 3d Speaker: Hatred. Pure and simple.
The 1st Speaker: Who does he hate? Dorothea?
The 3d Speaker: No. I didn't mean anyone specific... Well, as you
could see it's hatred for the circumstances in his own life.
The 2nd Speaker: What circumstances?
(To Be Continued)
2.10. Read And Speak:
2.10.1. Read and say what you think about it.
You are something new in this world. Be glad of it. Make the most
of what nature gave you. In the last analysis, all is autobiographical.
You can sing only what you are. You can paint only what you are. You
must be what your experiences, our environment, and your heredity
have made you. For better or for worse, you must cultivate your own
little garden. For better or for worse, you must play your own little
instrument in the orchestra of life.
After D. Carnegie
2.10.2. Answer some yes/no questions; stick to the patterns:
Patterns: — Can you always make the most of yourself? — Yes, I
think I can. And more. I should make the most of myself.
— Will you call me back if I leave my number? — Yes, I will.
What is it?
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— Is Dave busy on Monday?
— Yes, he is. He has a full schedule on Mondays.
1. Is it difficult to collect the necessary evidence for your research
project?
2. Ought the boss to consider all the sides before making a
decision?
3. Will you go anywhere for your next vacation?
4. May students miss classes?
5. Is the establishment considered to be bad?
6. Must you make important decisions quite often?
7. Are you always particular about your projects?
8. Will you consult a recognized authority if you are to make an
important decision?
9. Are you liable to take everything for granted?
10. Is any foundation going to support your project?
11. Was your academic record superior when you were in high
school?
12. Are you open-minded and acquisitive of new ideas?
13. Can you implement new scientific projects?
14. Is it easy to understand grammatical rules?
2.10.3. Practice WH-questions (information questions):
Patterns: — Why was Dennis going to launch a large-scale
enterprise?
— Because he was going to earn much money.
— What is Vice Dean in charge of?
— He is in charge of scheduling lectures and classes.
— What time is the conference?
—At 10 tomorrow morning.
1. What are you especially fond of?
2. Why are some people procrastinators?
3. Why isn't Roger likely to make decisions quickly? (Perhaps,....)
4. What is any researcher good at?
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5. What are you interested in?
6. What kind of person is a real detective? A good researcher? A
good boss?
7. Are you fond of gregarious events at your department? Why?
(Why not?)
8. Why should people try to make the most of themselves?
9. Why can't business companies afford to shrink?
10. What time will the classes begin tomorrow?
11. What are you responsible for?
12. How can one acquire a good reputation in the academic
community?
13. How long will it take you to write your term paper? (Your
dissertation/thesis, etc.)
14. Who is in charge of scheduling lectures at your department?
15. What is the business and cultural center of New York City?
16. Where will you go for your next holiday?
2.10.4. Study the following note and make questions using the
prompts:
NOTE. Making a statement, we say:
Any researcher is good at logic.
The class will begin at 9 tomorrow morning.
We should implement our project.
That is, the subject comes first and the predicate follows it.
To make a question, we are to interchange the positions of the subject
and the word coming after it:
Is any researcher good at logic?
What time will the classes begin the day after tomorrow?
Why should we implement our project?
MIND that we interchange the positions of the subject and the word
coming right after it when the latter is one of these:
is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, can, could, may, might, must,
should, ought, would
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It is hoped that you are well familiar with them now.
Now make use of what you have learned:
1 .You could see me any other time. (When exactly....)
2. We four must keep in touch. (What... for?)
3. George is a drifter, nothing organized. It is difficult for his friends
to follow the logic of his life. (Why....)
4. You were to know of our arrival. (How... .1....)
5.1 was able to live on the fee for writing a gossip column in a
local weekly. (... really....)
6. The news of our failure will soon get about. (How soon....)
7. Fred can handle lots of issues during the day. (How many....)
8. Not much time is left to complete the research. (How much....)
9.1 ought to get in touch with Michael. (When....)
10. We all must stick together. (Why....)
11. We should make an appointment. (Where....)
12. Dave is an unusual character. (What kind of person....)
13.1 like all the pictures in the exhibit. (Which picture/which of
them/you/be going/ to buy?)
14. The alternative is to work very hard or to do nothing at all.
(Which/best/todo?)
15. Roy isn't a very good advertisement for the driving school —
he's failed his test six times, (he/ever/pass it)
2.10.5. Practice negative questions:
e.g. — Ben is lazy and inefficient! (hardworking)
— I'm surprised to hear that. Isn't he hardworking?
(Разве он не...?)
— You can paint only what you are. (something else)
—Can't I paint something else?
(Разве.. ./Неужели я не могу...?)
1 .Our boss will disapprove of us. (be pleased)
2. We must grow, (can/afford/to shrink)
3. Professor B. always gives his students good marks, (be/too
flexible)
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4. Look! Harry's shoelaces are going to break, (be going/to buy/
some new ones)
5. Any leader should be good at dealing with people. (... also... ./at
decision-making)
6. Our laboratory equipment is very expensive, (can/you/pay in
stages)
7. Don't tell Amy about it! (why/can/I)
2.10.6. Pay attention to some special cases:
«Guess who came into the shop this afternoon,» she said.
«Who?»
«George».
e.g. Who is responsible for administrative work at your department?
Who can help me handle these issues?
Who will attend the seminar?
What is unusual about it?
MIND: No inverted word order if we ask about the subject.
BUT: Who is the Dean responsible to? (Перед кем....?)
Who can I help? (Кому....?)
Who will you discuss the matter with? (С кем....?)
What are you going to consider?
MIND: The last four questions are not about the subject.
Now Make Questions Using Who.. ./What...
Pattern: This description is not convincing(can/give/another)
Who can give another?
Professor Allan will assign someone to the project, (he/assign)
Who will he assign?
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This idea is not quite clear, (and what)
And what is not clear?
We should consider all sides, (what else)
What else should we consider?
1. Some of you will occasionally have difficulty making a decision,
(who/specifically)
2. We are going to show how to make the right choice, (who/you)
3. Students should be cheerful and efficient, (who else)
4. We are going to talk to some experts about the matter, (who/you)
5. Someone must watch expenses, (who/be going)
6. Our schedule is so tight; any efficient idea will be valuable to us.
(what exactly)
7. The foundation is going to look for special projects, (what exactly/it)
2.10.7. Distinguish between if and whether:
We use both if and whether in reported questions, or after verbs
like know, wonder, remember, etc., or after be sure, be certain, etc.:
e.g.
Are the students going to set up another photography exhibit?
Ask the students if (whether) they are going to set up another
photography exhibit.
Am I allowed to take a suite?
Can you tell me if (whether) I am allowed to take a suite?
We are not sure if (whether) the competition for parts will be tough
this year.
I wonder if (whether) James will buy that used car.
But we must use whether (not if)
— before infinitives: We aren't sure whether to accept the terms.
— after prepositions: The result will depend on whether the method
is adequate.
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— with or not: Ask them whether or not they will agree.
2.10.8. Complete the sentences using if or whether, for some items,
there may be both the choices; specify them.
1. We don't know... or not the experiment will be successful.
2.1 have no idea ...Brian is going to apply for a driver's license
this month.
3.1 am not certain ... you are able to establish a proper point of
reference.
4. It is up to you to decide ... to accept or to refuse.
5. The profits will depend on ... we'll be able to implement an
innovative market strategy.
6.1 wonder.. .your partner is really immensely wealthy.
7. Loran's colleagues are not aware... any foundations will support
their project.
8. It is necessary to understand... the project is worth undertaking.
9. Professor was not sure... his team is able to implement the idea
promptly.
2.11. Study There — Sentences.
2.11.1. Review sentence patterns with expletive there:
There are three children in the family.
If there is anything incorrigible about our faculty, it's Loran.
There was an inexplicable turning point in his life.
There are many theatres on Broadway.
There is something to talk about.
There was a silence after Joyce said that.
There may be some financial arrangements to make.
There is not a soul in the place now.
Consider some examples:
There is a reference room in the main library.
There are many students in the reference room in the afternoon.
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There was a chance for me to get a top job when I was very young.
There were a few peculiar incidents yesterday.
In such sentences, there is an empty, grammatical subject.
The notional subject is placed later in the sentence, after the
predicate which usually implies is, are, was, were, will be, may be, can
be, must be etc.
More Examples:
There will be some interesting careers in the new institute.
There can be some companies working in advanced medical
research.
There may be some research projects to implement this year.
Sentences with there introduce the idea of existence or happening.
The negative sentences with there show the idea of absence and
may be of three kinds:
(1)... no room... (no books, no time)
There is no reference room in our departmental library but there is
a reading room.
There are no encyclopedias in our local library. There are only
handbooks.
There is no time left.
(2)... not any... /... not many... /... not much....
There isn't any book stack in the hall of the library.
There aren't any book stacks in the lecture theatre.
There aren't many people in the reference room in the morning.
(3)... is not a... ./isn't a
There is not a back file in our departmental library. There are only
current periodicals.
There isn't a fax in this office
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More Examples:
There will not be any interesting careers here in the nearest future,
I'm afraid.
There won't be any careers....
There will be no careers....
There cannot be any companies like that.
There can't be any companies....
There can be no companies....
Making interrogative fAiri-sentences, we actually observe the rule
described in 2.10.4. The difference is that is, am, are, was, were, will,
can, may, must and other operators are placed before there to mark the
question:
Is there anything else to talk about?
Will there be any essays to write next term?
Can there be any reliable results at the end of the experiment?
— Is there a reference room in the University library?
— Yes, there is. There is a periodicals room, too.
—Are there dictionaries in the reference room?
— Yes, there are. There are also handbooks and encyclopedias.
— Are there many students in the reference room (in the reading
room) in the morning?
— No, there aren't. There are just a few because most of them are
in class in the morning.
— When are there many students in the reference and reading
rooms?
—In the afternoon usually.
— Is there a little time for us to work in the reading room before
the lecture?
— No, I'm afraid there isn't. There is little time left. We shouldn't
be late.
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More Examples:
— Will there be any interesting careers here?
— Yes, there will. The company is going to develop.
— Can there be some companies like that in the region?
— Yes, there can. There is a big market for them here.
— May there be any promising research projects?
— Yes, there may. Why not?
2.11.2. Make sentences with there using the prompts given. Point 3
is not to be used every time.
1) there is, there are, there must be, there can be, there should be,
there will be, there was, there were
2) certain characteristics to want in a president, some evidence
we could use, words which are impossible to translate, rules to
observe, new projects to implement, more people with good self-
esteem, a discovery that had a major effect on the treatment of many
diseases, an inexplicable turning point in our research, many want
ads
3) in the text, next year, last term, in the past, in the future, not long
ago, in today's paper, all the time, around
2.11.3. Make negative sentences with there using the prompts given.
Point 3 is not to be used every time.
1) there is, there are, there must be, there can be, there should be,
there will be, there was, there were
2) no, not any, not, not many, not much
3) a single relevant issue, proof, popular affection the candidate
might enjoy, career opportunities, any stone left unturned, merits,
reference room, companies like that, promising research projects
4) in this field, in what our opponent says, about the project, to the
now existing theory, in the departmental library, in this region
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2.11.4. Make questions with there using the prompts given. Point 3
is not to be used every time.
1) is there, are there, must there be, can there be, should there be,
will there be, was there, were there
2) an area with a higher average level of education, any careers in
the disk drive design, any interesting projects in semiconductor wafer
processing, many technical careers, any manufacturing facilities to make
use of, yummy desserts
3) this year, at the reception, at the Institute, than Silicon Valley, in
this industrial center, in the course of the experiment
2.11.5. Make sentences beginning with there using prompts:
1) a reference room, in the main library
2) many students, in the reference room, in the morning?
3) a periodicals rack with periodicals, in the reading room.
4) not, a periodicals rack, in the reference room.
5) both, reference and periodicals rooms, in the University library.
6) people, in the reference room, all the time.
7) both, current periodicals and back files, in the periodicals room?
8) a newspaper shelf, in the reference room?
9) a book stack, in the reading room.
10) stacks with the stock of books, in the store room.
11) not any stacks with the stock of books, in the lecture room.
12) an issue desk, in the reading room?
13) a reference library, at the University?
14) a librarian, in the reference room?
2.11.6. Practice dialogues:
—Hi, Jimmy.
— Hi! Glad to see you, Kathy.
— Going to the lecture?
— Not yet. There is a little time left, and I am going to the library.
— I think I could go with you, if you don't mind.
— Certainly not. Let's go together.
5 Орлова Е. «Английская грамматика по-новому»
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— Are you going to the reading room?
— No. To the reference room.
— The reference room? Is there such a room in our library?
— Kidding?
— No, I'm quite serious. There are only two rooms I know of in
our library — the reading hall and the lending library. I have never
been elsewhere.
— I think the reference library is very helpful. There are hundreds
of handbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias and what not there. You can
establish any points of reference you need for your research paper. I
can't understand how you could do without reference literature.
— Elementary, my dear. There is always a librarian in the reading
room. All you should do is to tell her the titles of the books your
teacher requires. There are all points of reference I must know in the
textbooks.
—Was the librarian able to find the books you needed every time?
— Yes, always. Obviously, they've got a very qualified staff.
— You are lucky, then. But I'm sure this won't work when you
have to write a big paper. This is when you should leave no stone
unturned and hand in an excellent piece. You will need lots of books
then, and no librarian, whatever qualified, will be able to make a list for
you. You will do it yourself.
— Will I? I hope this day is still far off. So far I am quite satisfied
with what I can have now. But I am getting more and more interested.
Why do you think I should attend... what is it called?
—The reference room. Because you can develop the logical base
of your work most efficiently using its resources.
— But I can't take books from there, can I?
— No, you can't. You should study them in the place they are.
—Then it isn't my idea of doing things efficiently. I prefer to borrow
books from the library and study them when I have time for it.
— It's just a matter of habit. I'm sure you will like it when you try
it yourself.
— OK, you may be right. I'll try it and see what is going to come of
it. Thanks for the advice. By the way, shall I produce my library ticket
to enter the room? [... my borrower's ticket....]
— No, you needn't.
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2.11.7. Read and reproduce; describe a place (a restaurant, cafe,
bar) you like in a similar way:
Gerard has fixed views about restaurants. His own business is
organized accordingly. His restaurant is on the quay at the Vieux Port.
There are tables outside, for the tourists. There are tables inside, for
serious eaters. And at the back, for sailing people and locals, and for
the winter, when the tourists are elsewhere, there is a bar, with booths,
pictures and a stove. The food is good, with plenty of shellfish, but
only the oysters eaten raw, not the whole lot, in the disgusting manner
of the new gastronomy.
After S.Llewellyn
2.11.8. Read, learn the words, and reproduce the text; make a similar
plot of your own:
There were flags everywhere, fluttering in the small easterly
breeze. There were people, too. There was the usual bunch of local
worthies, standing as far as possible from the band, chewing at local
gossip. There was a gaggle of men with leather jackets and cameras
and microphone booms, from American television and «Paris-Match»,
clustered round a long black car, which would be carrying the
Ambassador. And there was a ragbag of boat journalists and
rubberneckers, eddying in an aimless manner, waiting for the boring
bit to be over and the drinking to start.
After S. Llewellyn
Vocabulary Notes:
worthy — formal, sometimes humor: a person of importance
a bunch of worthies—informal: a group of important persons
a gaggle of (men) — a group of noisy people who talk a lot
a ragbag of (different people) — a confused mixture
cluster — to gather in a group (a cluster)
eddy — to move round and round or in a varying direction
rubberneck — AmE informal — to look about or to watch
something with too much interest, especially an accident
a rubbernecker — a person who is watching ... (See 1.3.3.)
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2.11.9. Read and answer the questions.
The high technology area about 35 miles south of San Francisco
is often called «Silicon Valley». The microprocessor was invented
here. There isn't an area with a higher average level of education.
This area is also one of the best in the world for exciting technical
jobs. It is the base of the US integrated circuit business and from
its name «Silicon Valley» is well recognized for this. There are
also many other technical careers here. There are careers for
mechanical engineers in the areas of disk drive design, development
of computer packaging, development of 1С packaging, development
of medical equipment, and development of manufacturing facilities.
For chemists, there are many careers in semiconductor wafer
processing, medical, and biological companies. The University of
Berkeley is mapping human DNA under the GENO program. There
are many companies working in advanced genetic research, cloning
and creating synthetic drugs. This bio-tech may be the new
technology for the valley. They say someone even cloned a frost
resistant strawberry plant so you can have yummy desserts all year
around!
1. Is there an area with a higher level of education than Silicon
Valley, in the author's opinion?
2. What kind of area is Silicon Valley?
3. What sorts of careers are there in this area?
4. What kinds of careers for mechanical engineers are there?
5. What sorts of careers for chemists are there?
6. What may be the new technology for this area?
7. Describe another area you know well in terms of technologies
and careers developed there.
2.11.10.1) Reproduce text 2.11.9. 2) Review some information about
Manhattan (2.6.4, Hint 3). Reproduce it using sentences with there.
3) Make a story about a high-tech area you are familiar with or an
interesting place to visit.
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2.11.11. Read for further development:
SOME VAGUE IDEAS ABOUT THE FUTURE
We know only two things about the future:
— It cannot be known.
— It will be different from what exists now and from what we now
expect.
These assertions are not particularly new or particularly striking.
But they have far-reaching implications.
1. Any attempt to base today's actions and commitments on
predictions of future events is futile. The best we can hope to do is to
anticipate future effects of events which have already irrevocably
happened.
2. But precisely because the future is going to be different and cannot
be predicted, it is possible to make the unexpected and unpredicted
come to pass. To try to make the future happen is risky; but it is a
rational activity. And it is less risky than coasting along on the
comfortable assumption that nothing is going to change, less risky than
following a prediction as to what «must» happen or what is «most
probable».
After P.Drucker
2.11.12. 1) Reproduce and discuss the text. 2) Describe the
prospects for your department (school, university, institute,
company, etc.) relying both on facts and suppositions. Use the
patterns given in 2.11.6., 2.11.8 and 2.11.9. 3) Make dialogues
discussing the same.
2.12. The Words You Are Supposed To Know:
absent — отсутствующий; be нимать, подтверждать, выражать
отсутствовать благодарность/признатель-
absolutcly— абсолютно, полное- ность
тью across — напротив
accordingly — соответственно activity — деятельность
account for — объяснять address (somebody) — обращаться к
acknowledge — признавать, при- к.-л.
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addressee—тот, к кому
обращаются, адресат
administrative —
административный
advanced — передовой,
прогрессивный, развитый, продвинутый
advertising — реклама, рекламное
дело
advisable — рекомендуемый,
целесообразный
adult—взрослый; взрослый
человек
afford—позволить (себе) ч.-л.
after: ~ all — в конце концов; be ~
— стремиться к ч.-л.,
преследовать (цель)
against: против, вопреки; be against
— быть против
age — возраст; век, эпоха
agree—соглашаться,
договариваться, сходиться в мнениях (with);
условиться, договориться,
принять условия (to);
соответствовать, гармонировать
aimless — бесцельный
also—тоже, также
alumnus—бывший студент,
выпускник (pi. alumni)
ambassador — посол
analysis — анализ; in the last в
конечном счете, в конце концов
angry — сердитый, разгневанный
another — еще один, другой
anticipate—ожидать, предвидеть
anywhere—где угодно, куда
угодно; где-нибудь, куда-нибудь
аре—обезьяна
apologise (BrE) — apologize (AmE)
—извиняться
apology—извинение
appear—появляться; казаться
apply — обращаться с просьбой,
просить(Гог); ~ for a
job—подавать заявление о приеме на
работу; использовать, применять,
употреблять для ч.-л. (to)
approach — подход {к
рассмотрению, изучению чего-л.)
area — область, район, площадь,
пространство, зона
around—кругом, вокруг,
поблизости; all ~ — повсюду
arrival — прибытие, приезд
art — искусство
as—как, в качестве, так как, когда
assertion — утверждение
associate—ассоциировать,
соединять; присоединяться (with)
assumption — предположение,
допущение
attempt—попытка; пытаться
attention — внимание
anthor — автор
autobiographical —
автобиографический
average — средний
aware: be ~ (of)—знать, осознавать
back — задняя, более удаленная
часть, задний план; at the ~ —
сзади, дальше, подальше; сзади,
позади, обратно, назад; спина;
talk behind one's говорить
за спиной, распространять слухи
о к.-л.
badly — плохо
band — оркестр
banking — банковское дело
bar — бар
bare — лишенный ч.-л., едва
достаточный, минимальный; голый
base — основа, база , базис;
основывать
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basically — в основном, по
существу
bay—бухта, залив
be after—иметь в виду, хотеть
сказать, преследовать цель
beautiful — красивый,
прекрасный
become—стать, становиться; ~ to
— подходить, «идти» (об одежде
и т.п.) (became, become)
begin — начинать (began, begun)
behind—сзади, позади, за (ч.-л.)
bet—держать пари, биться об
заклад, ручаться
better — лучший; лучше; for ~ or
for worse — так или иначе; в
счастье и в несчастье, в радости и в
горе
between — между, посреди
bill — счет
biological — биологический
birthday —день рождения
bit — немного, чуть-чуть,
небольшое количество; часть (of)
black — черный
board — совет, комитет
boat—лодка, корабль, судно
book—книга
boom—шумиха, шумная реклама;
быстрый подъем; операторский
кран, микрофонный журавль
booth—кабина, будка
border — граница, предел, грань;
over the за гранью, за
пределами
bored: be пребывать в
состоянии скуки и/или раздражения; get
приходить в такое состояние
boring—надоедливый, нудный
borrow — брать на время,
одалживать
bound — обязанный,
вынужденный, связанный, непременный
bright — яркий, блестящий
brokerage—маклерство, брокераж
bunch—группа, компания; букет
cab — такси
calibre (BrE), caliber
(AmE)—уровень, качество, размер, калибр;
high крупный, выдающийся
camera—фотоаппарат;
видеокамера
campaign—кампания
candidate—кандидат
capable—способный: ~ of learning
—способный к учебе
care: ~ about—заботиться,
ухаживать, придавать значение, ценить;
take быть осторожным,
беречься
career — профессия, работа,
карьера
carry — нести, везти, иметь при
себе, содержать
catch—ловушка, подвох, западня
ceiling — потолок
centre, тж.center (AmE) — центр,
середина, центральная точка
chamber: chamber music —
камерная музыка
champion — чемпион
chance—возможность, шанс
change — перемена, изменение;
менять(ся), изменяться)
charge: be in ~ of— иметь на
попечении, распоряжаться, быть
главным
charity—благотворительность
charmingly—очаровательно
cheap — дешевый
check out — расплатиться в
гостинице и уехать; обратить внимание
135
chemist — химик
chew—жевать, пережевывать
child — ребенок (pi. children)
children — дети (sing, child)
choice — выбор; make a ~ —
сделать выбор
circuit—схема; integrated circuit—
интегральная схема
circumstance — обстоятельство
citizen — гражданин
civil—гражданский; штатский,
невоенный
clear — ясный, четкий
clever — умный
clone — клонировать, выводить
cluster — группа, скопление;
гроздь; собираться группами,
толпиться; ассоциироваться
coast — побережье; плавать вдоль
побережья; перен. пребывать,
оставаться (along)
college — высшее учебное
заведение, университет; частная
средняя школа, самоуправляемая
средняя школа
color (AmE), colonr (BrE) — цвет,
окраска
column — столбец, колонка,
раздел, отдел; gossip раздел
светской хроники, «колонка
сплетен»
combine — сочетать
command—команда; командовать,
приказывать
commensurate—соответственный,
соизмеримый, соразмерный
comment — комментировать,
толковать, объяснять (on)
commitment — обязательство;
совершение
communication — общение, связь
community—община, сообщество,
объединение
competent—компетентный,
знающий
competition—конкуренция,
соперничество
concept — понятие, идея;
концепция
concert — концерт
condescending —
снисходительный, покровительственный
conHdent — уверенный,
самоуверенный, самонадеянный
consult — советоваться,
совещаться; ~ an anthority on smth —
проконсультироваться с
выдающимся специалистом по ч.-л.
contact — связаться с к.-л.
controversial—спорный,
дискуссионный
conversation — разговор, беседа;
устная речь
conviction — убеждение,
убежденность
convince — убедить, убеждать;
convincing — убедительный;
convinced — убежденный
core—сердцевина, ядро; суть,
сущность
counsel — советовать,
рекомендовать, консультировать
cover—покрывать, охватывать; ~
expenses — покрыть расходы,
компенсировать расходы
create—создавать, творить
creature — существо, создание
cultivate—возделывать, развивать,
улучшать, совершенствовать
current—текущий, нынешний,
современный
cynic—циник
136
damn: not worth a не стоить
ломаного гроша
dangerous — опасный
dean — декан; vice
заместитель декана
decent — приличный
declare—заявлять, объявлять
deep — глубокий
definitely — определенно, точно
department — факультет, отдел,
отделение; департамент,
управление
departmental — факультетский,
кафедральный, ведомственный
depth — глубина; in глубокий,
глубинный
description — определение,
описание
design — конструкция,
конструирование, проектирование; disk-
drive ~ — контруирование
дисководов
dessert —дессерт, сладкое блюдо
detail —деталь, подробность
detective—сыщик, детектив;
детективный; детективный роман или
рассказ
develop—разрабатывать, развивать
development — разработка,
развитие
deviate—отклоняться, уходить,
уклоняться
dictionary — словарь
difficulty — трудность
dinner — обед
director — директор
directorship—должность
директора, директорство
disagreement — несогласие,
разногласие
disbelief — неверие
discussion — обсуждение,
дискуссия
dissertation —диссертация
distinguish — отличать, различать,
проводить грань, отделять
(between)
DNA — ДНК (диоксирибонук-
леиновая кислота, носитель
генетической информации в
клетке)
double — двойной
drift — плыть по течению
drink — пить (drank,drunk)
drive — вести, приводить в
движение, править, управлять: What ~s
him so much? — Что им так
движет? (drove, driven)
driver — водитель
drop — бросать, ронять
drng— наркотик, лекарство
duty—долг, обязанность
earn—зарабатывать
earth — земля
east — восток; восточный
easterly—восточный; в восточном
направлении
eat — есть (ate, eaten)
eccentric — эксцентричный,
странный
eccentricity — странность,
эксцентричность, оригинальность
echo — эхо, отражение
eddy—слоняться, шататься, ходить
около ч.-л.
edge — край, стык, кромка,
граница
editor — издатель; редактор
education — образование
effect — результат, следствие,
воздействие, влияние
efficiently — действенно, ква-
137
лифицированно,
высокопроизводительно
elderly — пожилой, преклонного
возраста
elect — выбирать, избирать
(голосованием)
election — выборы
elementary — простой,
элементарный
eligible — полноправный,
имеющий право на ч.-л., подходящий
elsewhere — где-нибудь,
куда-нибудь, в другом месте
emphasis — подчеркивание,
ударение, акцент, выделение; give ~ —
придать особую
выразительность, подчеркнуть
empty — пустой
encyclopedia — энциклопедия
end — цель; конец
engineer — инженер; mechanical ~
—инженер-механик
enter—входить; поступать
enterprise — предприятие
enthusiasm — энтузиазм,
воодушевление
enviable—завидный, вызывающий
зависть
envious — завидующий,
завистливый (of)
environment—окружающая среда,
обстановка
equipment—оборудование
especially — особенно
establishment — господствующая
верхушка, правящие круги,
консервативные элементы, истаб-
лишмент; создание, основание,
установление
Europe — Европа
even — даже
event—событие
everywhere — везде, повсюду
exactly—точно, именно
exam—экзамен усокр. examination)
examination—экзамен;
исследование, изучение, обследование
excellent—отличный
excessive — чрезмерный;
безудержный, неуемный
exchange— обмен; биржа: stock —
—фондовая биржа
exciting—захватывающий,
увлекательный, волнующий
excuse — извинять, прощать,
служить оправданием
exhibit — показ, экспозиция,
выставка; экспонат
exist — существовать
existence—существование
expect-— ожидать, рассчитывать
expectation — ожидание
expense—расход, трата
expensive—дорогой
experience — опыт; случай,
приключение, эпизод; испытывать,
переживать, узнать по опыту
expletive—вставное, «пустое»
слово (грамм.)
express—выражать
extemporize—импровизировать
extremely — чрезвычайно
face — лицо; находиться, стоять
перед ч.-л., сталкиваться с ч.-л.
facility: — средство, устройство;
facilities — оборудование;
manufacturing средства
производства
factory—завод, фабрика
faculty—профессорско-преподавательский состав; факультет,
отделение
138
failure—неудача, провал, отказ
familiar — знакомый
far — далекий, дальний, далеко; —
off — в далеком будущем; —
reaching —далеко идущий; as ~
as—насколько, так... как
(только): as ~ as possible—как можно
дальше; такой же ... как; так же
... как;во~—пока
farewell — прощание; say
попрощаться
fast—быстрый; быстро
favor (AmE), favour (BE) —
услуга, любезность; do somebody a ~
— оказать услугу
fee—гонорар, плата
feel — чувствовать (felt)
feet — μη. число от foot
fifteen — пятнадцать
file — подшивка, комплект, дело,
досье; файл (комп.); back
подшивка старых периодических
изданий, газет
financial—финансовый, денежный
first — первый, первостепенный;
прежде всего, в первую очередь
fix—устраивать, решать;
устанавливать, определять; закреплять
flag — флаг
flutter—развеваться, колыхаться,
трепетать
focus — сосредотачиваться (on)
fond: be ~ of—любить ч.-л.,
увлекаться ч.-л.
food—еда, продукты
foot — фут (мера длины); нога,
ступня (pi. feet)
force—сила, the полиция;
заставлять, принуждать
forgive — прощать (forgave,
forgiven)
form — форма; класс (в школе)
formal — формальный,
официальный
formula — формула (pi. тж.
formulae)
fortunate—удачный, счастливый
foundation — фонд (основанный
для культурного, научного и т.п.
начинания)
freshman—новичок, первокурсник
frustration—разочарование; крах,
крушение, срыв, расстройство
full — полный
further—далее, дальше;
дальнейший
futile — бесполезный, пустой,
несерьезный
gaggle — стая (гусей); гоготанье;
перен. шумная компания
garden — сад
gastronomy — кулинария,
гастрономия
general — общий, обычный,
распространенный, общего
характера, неспециальный; ~ 1у —
обычно, как правило, вообщем,
вообще
genetic — генетический
genius — гений; {pi. genii)
gentlemanly — приличный,
честный, порядочный, свойственный
джентльмену
gesture — жест, движение
gigantic — гигантский
glad: be ~ — радоваться, быть
радостным
glance — взгляд; at (the) first
на первый взгляд
glass—стакан, бокал
gossip — сплетни, слухи,
разговоры
139
grab—хватать, схватить
grade—степень, ступень, качество,
ранг; оценка, отметка; класс
gratitude—благодарность
great — большой, великий
gregarious — общительный;
общественный
grocery—бакалейные товары,
бакалейный магазин, также grocery
store
grow — расти, развиваться (grew,
grown)
guess—догадываться, угадывать
guesswork—угадывание, догадки
habit—привычка
handbook—справочник
hand in — представлять, сдавать
(письменную работу)
hang—вешать, подвешивать,
развешивать (hung)
hardly — вряд ли, едва, едва ли
hate — ненавидеть, не переносить
hatred — ненависть
have to—должен, должны: I have
to go/He has to go/They had to
go
head—голова, глава, руководитель
hear — слышать (heard)
helpful — полезный
heredity — наследственность
high — высокий
hint — намек; намекать
hold — владеть, иметь, быть
владельцем; держать, удерживать,
содержать (held)
holiday — праздник, нерабочий
день; каникулы, отпуск
house — дом
housing — жилье
however — однако, тем не менее,
несмотря на это
human— человеческий,
свойственный человеку
hundred — сто, сотня
hurry — спешить, торопиться
ice—лед; мороженое
ideological — идеологический
imitate — подражать, копировать,
имитировать, подделывать
immensely — замечательно,
необычайно
imperative — повелительный,
императивный; глагол в
повелительном наклонении {грамм.)
implementation — осуществление,
выполнение, внедрение
implication — причастность,
вовлечение; скрытый смысл, значение;
far-reaching ~s — далеко идущие
выводы, последствия
imply — подразумевать,
предполагать, иметь в виду, означать
importance — важность, значение,
значительность
include — включать, заключать в
себе
incompetent — некомпетентный,
несведущий, неспособный
incorrigible — неисправимый,
безнадежный
incrementally — (постепенно)
увеличиваясь, возрастая; в
возрастающем порядке
industrial — промышленный
inefficient — нерасторопный,
неоперативный
inexplicable — необъяснимый,
непонятный
inexplicably — необъяснимо,
непонятно
informal — неформальный,
неофициальный
140
inside — внутри, вовнутрь
instead — вместо (of)
institute — институт
instruction—команда, инструкция;
обучение
instrument—инструмент, прибор
integrity — целостность, чистота,
ясность
intellect — интеллект, ум
interchange — переставлять,
менять (ся)
interest — интерес, интересовать
interested: — заинтересованный; be
~ in — интересоваться ч.-л.
interfere — мешать, служить
препятствием, нарушать;
вмешиваться (with)
interrogative — вопросительный
introduce — вводить, вносить,
представлять
invent — изобретать, выдумывать
invert — перевертывать,
переставлять, менять порядок; inverted —
обратный, перевернутый
invitation — приглашение
invite — приглашать
irrevocably — неизменно,
безвозвратно, необратимо, окончательно
island — остров
issue—выдача; ~ desk—стол
выдачи (книг в библиотеке)
jacket—куртка; жакет
jaded — пресыщенный, уставший,
не проявляющий интереса (из-за
слишком большого количества
работы, информации и пр.)
journal — журнал
journalist — журналист
kid — ребенок; шутить
lab — сокр. laboratory
laboratory—лаборатория
lady — дама, женщина, леди
landslide — оползень; резкое
изменение
large — большой
last — последний, прошлый; в
последний раз; at ~ — наконец;
длиться, продолжаться
launch — начинать, пускать в ход,
открывать
lavishly — щедро, чрезмерно
law — закон, право; in
родственники со стороны мужа или
жены
leather — кожа; кожаный
lecture—лекция; читать лекции
legally — по закону, законным
образом, законно
lend — давать взаймы, на время
(lent); lending library —
абонемент (в библиотеке)
let—разрешать, позволять (let)
letter—письмо; буква
level—уровень
leverage—выигрыш, результат
librarian — библиотекарь
library— библиотека
license — лицензия, разрешение;
driving ~, driver's
водительские права
list — список; перечислять
literature—литература
live — жить
local — местный, локальный
look: ~ for — искать
looks — наружность, внешность
(рбыкн. pi.)
lost — прич. от lose: потерянный,
исчезнувший
lot— партия, серия; the whole
все подряд
lucky — удачливый, везучий
141
lunch—ленч, второй завтрак
mail—почта
main—главный, основной
majority — большинство
make—заставлять (~ smb do smth)
make up—составлять, собирать; ~
one's mind — принять решение;
My mind is made up. — Мое
решение принято.
manage—управлять, справляться,
удаваться
manner — манера, стиль, прием
manufacturing — промышленный,
производственный; ~ facilities—
средства производства
тар—карта (геогр.); отображать,
чертить; моделировать
mark—знак, метка, оценка;
отмечать, обозначать
matter — дело, вопрос, вещество,
материал; иметь значение
mean—значить, означать, иметь в
виду; говорить серьезно, желать
выразить именно то, что
говорится (meant)
means — употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. ч.
— средство, способ; by all ~ —
конечно, обязательно, любым
способом, любыми средствами,
во что бы то ни стало
mechanical — механический,
машинный; автоматический;
машинальный
medical—медицинский
message—сообщение, письмо,
послание; take a принять
сообщение для передачи к.-л.
method — метод, способ, система
microcosm—микрокосм
microprocessor — микропроцессор
middle — середина
mile — миля (=1609 м), морская =
1852 м
mistake — ошибка; make a
делать ошибку; ~
for—ошибочно принимать за ч.-л., путать с
ч.-л.
moment — момент
more—больше, более, более того
morning — утро; tomorrow ~
завтра утром
mortal — смертный; an ordinary ~
—обыкновенный смертный
mouth — рот; отверстие, выход;
устье
mnch — много (с неисчисл.сущ.);
that так много
mnsenm — музей
mysterious — таинственный,
загадочный
naturally — конечно, как и
следовало ожидать, разумеется;
естественно, от природы, по природе,
от рождения; свободно, легко
nature—природа, натура
negative — отрицательный,
негативный
nephew — племянник
nervous—нервный, нервозный
night — ночь, вечер; to
сегодня вечером; tomorrow
завтра вечером
north — север
note — запись, записка;
примечание, ссылка, уведомление; ~s —
конспект; замечать, обращать
внимание
nothing — ничего, ничто
notional—значащий, понятийный
{грамм.)
objection — возражение (to)
objective—объективный, действи-
142
тельный, объектный,
относящийся к дополнению; личное
местоимение в объектном падеже
(грамм.)
observe—наблюдать, замечать
obstinate — упрямый,
настойчивый, упорный
occasional — происходящий время
от времени, отдельный,
случайный
offer — предлагать; предложение
once—однажды; at
немедленно; —over — разовый,
краткосрочный
opponent—противник, оппонент
orchestra — оркестр
ordinary — обычный,
обыкновенный, посредственный
organization — организация
organize—организовывать,
устраивать
outline—наметить в общих чертах,
нарисовать контур, сделать
набросок; планировать, составлять
план (особ, статьи,
выступления, реферата и пр.); схема, план,
конспект
output — продукция,
производительность, мощность, отдача
outright—открыто, прямо,
совершенно; прямой, открытый
outside — внешний, наружный,
посторонний; на улице, вне
помещения, вне, за пределами
over — над, наверху, наверх; через;
вновь, опять; свыше, сверх; be -
—истекать, заканчиваться
own — собственный
oyster — устрица
packaging—упаковка; разработка
компактности
paint — рисовать красками,
заниматься живописью; изображать
papers — личные или служебные
документы
parent — родитель
part — роль
pass — проходить, миновать; ~ an
exam, ~ a course—сдать экзамен;
come to происходить
past—прошлое, прошедшее,
прошлый
peculiar — особенный,
своеобразный
peculiarity — особенность,
специфичность, характерная черта
periodical — периодическое
издание, журнал
permission — разрешение
photography —фотография,
фотографирование
piece—штука, часть, кусок
plant — растение
play — играть, сыграть
plenty—большое количество,
много (of)
point — точка, место, пункт;
момент (времени); главное, смысл,
суть, цель; turning
поворотный момент
political—политический
position—должность, положение,
место
possible—возможный
possibly—возможно, вероятно, как
только возможно, по
возможности
post-office — почта
power—сила, мощь, могущество,
власть
powerful—сильный, мощный,
могучий
143
precisely —точно, именно
predicate — сказуемое (грамм.)
predict—предсказывать
prediction—предсказание, прогноз
prefer—предпочитать
prepare — готовить(ся),
приготавливаться), подготавливаться)
prepared—готовый,
подготовленный
preposition — предлог (грамм.)
present ['preznt] настоящий,
данный; [pri'zent] — представлять,
выдвигать
presentation — представление,
предъявление, изложение,
презентация
pretend — притворяться
prevent—мешать, предотвращать
(from)
priority — приоритет, первенство,
порядок очередности, срочность;
самое важное
private — частный
privilege—привилегия,
преимущество
probable — вероятный
probably — вероятно
processing — обработка
produce—изготовлять, производить,
создавать, делать; предъявлять
prohibition — запрещение
promising — подающий надежды,
многообещающий
prompt — подсказка; подсказывать
promptly — быстро, немедленно,
срочно
pronunciation — произношение
properly —должным образом, как
надо
property — свойство;
собственность
prospect—вид, панорама,
перспектива; ~ s — перспектива, виды,
планы на будущее, надежда
public — общественный,
государственный, правительственный; ~
school — закрытое частное
привилегированное среднее учебное
заведение (в Англии); бесплатная
средняя школа (в США,
Шотландии)
publication — публикация, издание
publish — публиковать
pure — чистый, простой
put —класть, положить, помещать,
поставить (put)
qualified— квалифицированный
quality — качество, достоинство,
свойство, признак
quay — [ki:] — причал,
набережная
quit—бросать, прекращать,
оставлять (quit)
quorum — кворум
rack — полка, подставка, стойка,
стенд, стеллаж
ragbag — всякая всячина, пестрая
смесь, пестрая компания
гаге—редкий
rational — разумный, мыслящий;
благоразумный, рассудительный;
рациональный
raw — сырой
reaction — реакция, реагирование;
воздействие, действие
real—действительный, реальный,
неподдельный
rebuffing — отпор, резкий отказ
reception — прием
recognize—узнавать, осознавать,
признавать
reconsider — пересматривать
144
red—красный
reference — упоминание; справка,
справочная работа, пользование в
стенах библиотеки; сноска,
ссылка; ~ room—зал справочной
литературы
region—область, район, край
regular—правильный, регулярный
rely — полагаться, основываться,
опираться (on)
remark—замечание; примечание
remember — помнить, вспомнить
remind — напоминать (of)
rent — брать напрокат, снимать;
сдавать в аренду, давать напрокат
reported — сообщенный,
переданный в косвенной речи (грамм.)
reproduce — воспроизводить,
повторять; представлять (мысленно)
reputation — репутация
request — просьба; просить
require — требовать
resistant — устойчивый; frost- - —
морозоустойчивый
resource— источник, ресурс
restaurant — ресторан
result—результат; являться
результатом
review — обзор, обозрение,
просмотр, повторение;
рассматривать, обозревать, повторять
revolution — революция
reward — награда,
вознаграждение; успех
ridiculous — смешной, нелепый
rink: skating каток
risky—рискованный
round — AmE around — вокруг,
кругом; круглый
rubberneck — глазеть,
рассматривать
rubberneck, rubbernecker —
зевака, любопытный человек
rude—грубый
ruin — разрушать, уничтожать
run — бегать, бежать; управлять,
руководить (ran, run)
safe—безопасный
sail—плавать, совершать плавание;
sailing people — моряки,
яхтсмены
salesman — продавец, торговец
satisfy—удовлетворять
scale — масштаб; large— —
крупномасштабный
schedule — расписание, график,
запланированные дела;
составлять расписание, планировать
scholar—ученый; ученик,
учащийся
school: graduate этап
университетского образования,
завершающийся присуждением ученых
степеней магистра и доктора,
магистратура и аспирантура; тж.
graduate courses; high
средняя школа (AmE)
scrap—обрывок, клочок, кусочек
scrupulous — честный,
порядочный, добросовестный,
безупречный; щепетильный, тщательный,
скрупулезный
second — секунда; второй (по
счету, времени)
secretary — секретарь
secretive—скрытный, замкнутый
seem—казаться
semester — семестр
semiconductor — полупроводник
sensible—разумный,
здравомыслящий
series — ряд, серия (pi. series)
145
servant — слуга, служащий; civil ~
— чиновник, государственный
служащий
set up — основывать, учреждать,
организовывать, вводить,
устанавливать
shall — 1) выражает
желательность или обязательность
действия; предлагаемую услугу или
совместное действие: ~ I come
here tomorrow?—Мне приходить
сюда завтра?
~ we start our campaign? — Будем
начинать кампанию?; Τ) может
служить для образования
будущего времени в первом лице: I
shall come here tomorrow. См. тж.
will
shelf— полка (pi. shelves)
shellfish — моллюски
shift — перемещение, изменение,
сдвиг; перемещать(ся),
передвигаться), менять (ся), изменать(ся)
shoelace— шнурок
shoot—стрелять, застрелить (shot)
shop — магазин
shot — выстрел; a big большой
человек, важная персона
should — следует
shrink—сокращаться,
уменьшаться, садиться (о ткани); ~ from —
уходить, уклоняться от ч.-л.
(shrank, shrunk)
silence — тишина, молчание
silicon — кремний
simply — просто
sing — петь (sang, sung)
small — маленький
smell—запах; пахнуть
sociable—общительный
society — общество
146
sole—единственный, одиночный,
исключительный, единоличный
solve—решать
somewhere — где-то, где-нибудь;
куда-то, куда-нибудь
son — сын
soon—скоро, вскоре; as ~ as—как
только; as ~ as possible — как
можно быстро, быстрее
soul—душа
south — юг
southern — южный
special—особый, особенный,
специальный
specific—точный, определенный,
конкретный; ~
ally—определенно, исключительно, конкретно,
точно и ясно, а именно
spot—небольшое количество;
пятно; with a ~ of luck — при
некотором везении
stack — стеллаж; book
книжный стеллаж, полка
staff—штат, персонал
stage — стадия, этап; in stages —
поэтапно
stamp — марка
start—начинаться), приступать к
ч.-л.; ~ up — возникать, быстро
расти; открывать новое дело,
предприятие и т.п.
state—состояние, положение;
государство; штат; излагать,
заявлять, формулировать
statement — утверждение,
формулировка, заявление;
утвердительное предложение (грамм.)
sticky—липкий, клейкий
stock — акция, акции; Stock
Exchange—биржа; запас, фонд,
имущество
stop — останавливать(ся),
прекращать
store: department универмаг
story—рассказ, история, предание,
сказка; сюжет, сценарий
stove — печь
strange—странный; незнакомый
strawberry — земляника
striking—поразительный,
замечательный
struggle — борьба; напряжение,
усилие
stuff—материал, вещество,
материя; вещь, штука; имущество,
вещи; дрянь, чепуха, ерунда,
хлам; набивать, наполнять,
запихивать, начинять, фаршировать
stuffed — наполненный,
фаршированный; ~ animal—чучело
животного; (АтЕ)—мягкая
игрушка
stun—ошеломлять; be ~ ed—быть
удивленным, ошеломленным
subvert—разрушать, уничтожать;
подвергать опасности
уничтожения
suggestion — предложение
suit—костюм; подходить,
соответствовать
suite — [swi:t] — номер-люкс
superiority — превосходство,
преимущество, старшинство
support—поддерживать, помогать,
обеспечивать, содержать
supposedly — предположительно
supposition — предположение,
гипотеза
surprise — удивлять; be ~d —
удивляться, быть удивленным
switch — переключать; ~ on —
включать; ~ off— выключать
synthetic—искусственный,
синтетический; комплексный
table — стол; at (the) за
столом; таблица
take: ~ over — принимать
(должность и т.п.) от другого; ~ part (in)
—принимать участие
talks — переговоры
taste — вкус; ощущать на вкус
technical—технический,
промышленный; формальный
technology — технология, техника,
технический прогресс
temper — характер, нрав; quick ~
—вспыльчивость
theatre (BE), theater (AmE) —
театр; lecture лекционный зал
there—там, туда; вот, вон; служит
сигналом идеи существования
или присутствия, сочетаясь с
глаголом be и некоторыми
другими глаголами: There is an idea how
to do it. Есть идея, как это сделать.
There must be a way out. Должен
быть выход.
thesis — диссертация (pi. theses)
ticket — билет
tight — трудный, тяжелый;
плотный
together — вместе, совместно
top — верх, вершина; ~ job —
престижная и высокооплачиваемая
работа
touch — приконовение, касание,
контакт; keep in ~ , stay in
поддерживать связь, не терять
связи, не «пропадать»; get in
связаться
tourist — турист
trade— торговля; ремесло,
профессия
147
tricky — хитрый, ловкий,
мудреный, сложный, запутанный
trip—поездка, путешествие; take a
отправляться в путешествие,
поехать, отправиться в поездку
trophy — трофей, добыча
trouble—волнение, беспокойство,
неприятности, сложности,
проблемы
trustee — попечитель, опекун
unexpected — неожиданный
uniquely — особенно,
необыкновенно
university — университет
unjust—несправедливый
unpleasant — неприятный
unpredicted — непредвиденный
up: it is ~ to you — зависит от вас,
вам решать
useless—бесполезный
usually — обычно
utterance—высказывание
vacation — отпуск, каникулы
vague — неясный, смутный,
неопределенный
valley — долина
valuable — ценный
vice—недостаток, зло, порок
vicious — злой, злобный, плохой,
порочный
view—точка зрения
virus — вирус
vote—голосование; голос (при
голосовании); cast one's
проголосовать
wafer—плата; пластина
wait — ждать (for)
walk—идти, шагать, гулять,
прохаживаться
wall — стена
warning — предупреждение
wealthy—состоятельный, богатый
wear — носить (об одежде), быть
одетым во ч.-л. (wore, worn)
week — неделя
weekly—еженедельно,
еженедельный; еженедельное издание
whatever — что бы ни; все, что
white — белый
whole — весь, целый; ™ lot — все,
что есть; все подряд
will — служит для образования
формы будущего времени во всех
лицах: I ~ work oh it, and you ~
work on it, too.
within — в пределах, в течение; в
рамках, внутри
world — мир, свет; (not) for the ~
—ни за что на свете
worry — беспокойство;
беспокоиться), волновать(ся): (with,
abont)
worse — худший, хуже; for better
or for так или иначе, к
счастью или несчастью
worst—наихудший, самый плохой;
хуже всего
worth—стоящий, заслуживающий,
имеющий цену или стоимость
worthy — знаменитость;
достойный, заслуживающий (of)
would: ~ rather (do) —
предпочитать (сделать)
write — писать (wrote, written)
year — год
yesterday — вчера
young—молодой
yummy — вкусный
SECTION 3
3.1. Revise And Speak.
3.1.1. Complete the sentences using proper forms of be:
1. The book... entitled «... Happy».
2. In a place like this everybody's private life... more or less public
property.
3.1 tell you frankly, Clode: to neglect your own family in favour
of a stranger... wrong.
4. Last night my worst fears... realized.
5. What... in store forme in the near future... somewhat confusing.
6. All we can do... to inform our colleagues about the incident
right away.
7. It... all the same to you, I think.
8. What ...the problem?
9. They... fairly near the house when it began to rain.
10.... you surprised when you saw him there?
11. Jake... a nice guy but hopelessly obstinate.
12. The question... whether or not it.. up to you to decide.
13. There... something you should know.
14. The weather... fine and we decided to go out.
15. The weather was rather cold, and there... few people on the
beach.
16. Women like that... bound to have a history.
17.... you really fond of this music?
18. I ... sure it ... too silly of people not to make the most of
themselves.
19. As it happened my friend and I... wrong.
20. There... many people at the last reception.
3.1.2. Make stories or dialogues relying on the meaningful patterns
outlined:
e.g.
I am not surprised ...
... (it) is more or less public property...
149
... the question is whether it is up to him ...
... some people are bound to neglect their interests...
... to make the most of...
— Dr. Krauss is so excessive, absolutely excessive... I am not
surprised that the power struggle at the Brannon Institute is more or
less public property now.
—Actually, it's a matter of priorities. Roger's is to win in any way.
He is after an end by any means.
— Is he? He has several times declared that his real objection to
Dorothea's taking over tne directorship is purely... ideological.
—Stuff and nonsense! The matter is quite simple and pure. Dorothea
is a rare and unfortunate person. She thinks she is bound to neglect her
own interests in favor of the community's.
—You mean she's too reserved and tactful to compete successfully?
— Exactly. It isn't up to her to control the campaign. She won't
make the most of the situation. Her problem is that she trusts everybody
implicitly.
— That's all so very confusing. Perhaps, in an institute as big as
this you are bound to have occasional disagreements.
Now make use of the following set:
... my worst fears are realized...
... the subject of (one's) research is more or less public property...
... it is wrong to neglect your team's interests in favor of publicity...
... what the future has in store for us is somewhat confusing...
... the question is whether it is up to us...
... all we can do...
... we are bound to have (trouble, disagreements)...
... make the most of...
3.1.3. Focus on possessive pronoun agreement. Repeat the sentences,
adding possessive pronouns in appropriate places.
e.g. He does some homework daily.
He does his homework daily.
150
1. We have an English class at 2 o'clock.
2. John always brings a notebook to class.
3. The other students don't always bring notebooks.
4. Ann writes notes in the textbooks.
5.1 don't like to write notes in a textbook.
6. You study lessons in the evening, I think.
3.1.4. Complete the sentences using appropriate possessive
pronouns.
1. Miss Duane is responsible for ...job.
2. All I am thinking about is... approaching exam.
3. John is determined to do it.... mind is made up.
4. The Browns are not at home;... place is empty.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Brown were in the room but... children were
outside.
6. Because of my friend's eccentric behavior... private life is now
public property.
7.1 tell you frankly: it is wrong to neglect... own duties.
8. All we can do is to inform ... colleagues.
9. Women like that are bound to have... own history.
10. If anyone calls, take... name.
11. Those of us who care should write to... congressman.
12. The secretary and the accountant must do... duties.
3.1.5. Remember that possessive pronouns are of two kinds: those
used before nouns, as determiners, and those nsed in place of nouns:
This is my story. What is yours?
Your property is yours. Mine is mine.
Our place is fairly near here. Theirs is farther away.
Her book is entitled «Life Without Risk». What is his called?
His methods are unscrupulous. What are hers?
Nouns in their possessive forms can convey the meaning of the
noun modified by them:
My position was wrong as well as my friend's, (that is, my friend's
position)
151
Give responses to the following statements making the necessary
changes in the possessive pronoun forms. Stress the pronoun or the
possessive noun in the response. Make use of the prompts given.
e.g. Miss Denver is your assistant, (my)
You say: Mr. Smith is mine.
Also:
I wouldn't miss Ginny's party for the world, (your)
—I wouldn't miss yours, either.
Kathy's suit is very becoming, (my)
— Kathy's? Mine is as becoming as Kathy's /hers.
You can keep my book for seven days, (my)
—Thank you. You can keep mine, if you like.
1.1 think this man is Jane's admirer, (your)
— Jane's? I think he is ....
2. We saw him at your last reception, (my)
— Was it really ...?
3. His good looks are locally admired, (her)
— And...?
4. My worst fears were realized, (their)
— On the contrary,... weren't.
5. Clode's approach was wrong, (his friend)
— But... was right.
6. Her marriage was not a very happy one.
— Her marriage? And what about...? (his)
7. — Our chief is fond of being melodramatic. That's his usual
manner, (our)
—... is the same.
3.1.6. When a positive statement about one person (thing) also
applies to another person (thing), we can use a short answer
with so:
e.g. My mind is made up. (her mind)
So is hers.
Yesterday my worst fears were realized, (my fears)
152
So were mine.
Roger's priority must be to win in any way. (Mr. Morland's
priority)
So must Mr. Morland's.
Their only wish will be to leave, (our wish)
So will ours.
1. His private life will be more or less public property, (her life)
2. Their children should be outside, (our children)
3. His approaching exam must be important, (your exam)
4. Her approach is adequate, (his approach)
5. Her idea of it is quite clear, (my idea)
6. Clode's behavior was certainly wrong. (Robert's behavior)
7. Our marriage is a happy one. (their marriage)
When a negative statement about one person (thing) also applies
to another person (thing), we can use a short answer with neither or
nor (the latter esp. BrE):
e.g. His method is not scrupulous, (your method)
Neither is yours.
Their place is not empty now. (our place)
Nor is ours.
Her apartment building won't be far from here, (my
apartment
building)
Neither will mine.
1. Your approach is not efficient, (your approach).
2. His project won't be worth a damn, (his colleague's project)
3. My future can't be known, (my future)
4. His next story wasn't interesting, (her story)
5. Our business shouldn't shrink, (their business)
6. Dorothea's style oughtn't to change. (Roger's style)
7. Your decision might not be right sometimes, (your colleagues'
decision)
153
3.1.7. Build up short stories of your own relied on the words you
have chosen. Convert the plot of the story into the form of a dialogue.
e.g. The Words Chosen: be sure, men (women) like that, fortunately,
remarkable, scrupulous, shrink from, by nature, mean, responsible,
(in)capable, hopelessly, be bound to, looks
You compile a sketch like this:
Mary Brown works in the office next door. She is a nice young girl,
though she is not remarkable for her good looks. What she is really
remarkable for is that she is very scrupulous in every duty of hers. She
never shrinks from doing any work. She is very responsible and
hardworking by nature. There are some people, though, who think that
Mary works that hard not because she means it, but because she is
hopelessly incapable of doing anything efficiently. Naturally it takes
her much time and she keeps long hours working late. Fortunately, not
all her colleagues think so. Some of them believe women that responsible
are bound to work late.
Convert the story above into a dialogue like this:
— It's about five now, isn't it?
—Yeah, time to leave.
— Look, Mary is still at work.
—Is she? Well, she is very responsible. Women like that are bound
to overwork.
— Is she really responsible? I'm sure that she is just hopelessly
incapable of doing anything efficiently.
— Don't start jumping to conclusions. Don't you know how
remarkable she is for being scrupulous in everything?
— I know she never shrinks from doing any work. But not because
she means it.
— She doesn't mean it?
— Of course not. She just has to. Girls like that are bound to work
late not to be fired. People often take that for being hardworking.
— Fortunately, few people here think so.
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3.1.8. Respond to the statements; mind that questions like that
are not asked to get information but are used to express your
reaction to what has been said. For example, to show your interest,
surprise, etc.
— Human nature is much the same everywhere.
— Is it?
—Young men are often obstinate.
— Are they?
— Charles would rather go home.
— Would he?
— One should be prepared to take risks sometimes.
— Should he?
1. You are almost half an hour late.
2. Mary may keep the book for seven days.
3. The only place to work in peace is the library.
4. Julia was absent from her last English class.
5. He is aware of his good looks.
6. It is up to you.
7.1 am really fond of dealing with bright people.
8. All of them were in a very nervous state.
9. There is something to talk about.
10. My mind is made up.
11. There is a catch in this somewhere.
12. There was a silence after Joyce said that.
13. You will speak first.
14. There may be some financial arrangements to make.
15. You ought to believe it.
3.1.9. Respond to the negative statements:
— I wouldn't miss your party for the world.
— Wouldn't you?
— You can't help it.
— Can't I?
— There is not any evidence.
— Isn't there?
MEND contractions: isn't (is not), aren't (are not), wasn't (was not),
weren't (were not), can't (cannot), couldn't (could not), won't (will
not), shan't (shall not), wouldn't (would not), shouldn't (should not),
mightn't (might not), mustn't (must not), needn't (need not)
1. The children were not in the room.
2. There is not a soul in the place now.
3. Their methods aren't scrupulous.
4. It's not up to me to decide.
5. He wasn't speaking for all of us.
6. Joe will not write any notes in textbooks.
7. You shall not make remarks like these.
8. You must not interfere.
9. They needn't worry.
10. I'm not very fond of staying in other people's houses.
3.2. Review The Present Simple Tense:
3.2.1. Study the examples:
1. Every day companies employ people.
2. People apply for jobs.
3. All applicants that travel look better than those who don't.
4. When you write your resume, focus on your skills. You have
certain skills.
5. Prices tend to go up and down. When we fix the price, we don't
fix the problem.
6. We develop our skills during our lifetime.
7.1 know how to develop my skills.
8. Kevin runs the local post-office. He is the boss and has ten people
under him.
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9. He has trouble with accounts sometimes.
10. Delia does some administrative work at our Institute. She often
interviews people applying for jobs.
11. This course requires a lot of books.
12. It takes a few years to get established.
3.2.2. In the Present Simple, we use the base form of the verb that
comes right after the subject:
Companies employ... We develop...
You focus on... I know...
For the third person singular it is inflected with -s:
Kevin runs... He runs...
Delia interviews... She interviews...
The course requires... .It requires...
There are also some special cases:
Wehave.... BUT He has...
Ido... BUT She does...
3.2.3. Read:
Yann: That Many Hobbies...
I like spending time in the outdoors. I ski, hike, bicycle, go rock-
climbing and white-water rafting. I like camping, observing nature and
the stars and planets in the sky. I go prospecting for gold and gemstones
and also on archaeological digs. It seems, to some degree, that many
friends of mine share an interest in the outdoors and nature.
I like most sports, and play softball and volleyball regularly. I also
ride horses and swim. There are ranches, stables, and ocean beaches
near to where I live. The apartment complex itself contains several
swimming pools, a very large hot-tub spa, and a sand volleyball court
outside my window.
I equally enjoy indoor cultural activities, including watching many
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films of many different kinds, experiencing the ballet, theater, concerts,
and browsing museums. I have recently enjoyed an exhibition of Russian
art, and the Catherine The Great—Treasures of Imperial Russia exhibit
at the Armand Hammer Museum here in Los Angeles.
I also like reading. I devour books and magazines. I like to share
the best parts of these with my friends.
3.2.4. Reproduce text 3.2.3 in the third person saying what Yann
likes to do.
3.2.5. Say something about your hobbies. Make use of text 3.2.3.
3.2.6. Complete the sentences making use of the verbs given below;
some of them are to be used more than once.
1. Her job... a lot to do with making tea.
2. She ... a very ambitious girl and ... to prove a lot of things to
herself and the world.
3. Experienced underwriters always... risk.
4. Some underwriters... efficient syndicates.
5. Brokers... information and... to ask the right questions in the
right places.
6. Ralph... as a broker, therefore he... asking questions.
love have try assess be run wish work
3.2.7. Read:
Mary Ellen has got a job at Lloyd's, the world's biggest and best
insurance bazaar, and things are going fine. The job has a lot to do with
making tea, and very little to do with insurance. But Mary Ellen has
plenty of things that she wishes to prove to herself and the world. She
is going to become a big wheel in McMurdo Syndicates. And she thinks
she is well on her way to it.
A syndicate at Lloyd's is a group of underwriters who assess risks
and accept premiums to insure those risks. Behind the underwriters sit
thousands of «names», private citizens who provide the financial
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underpinning for the bets taken by the underwriters. In a good year,
when the sum of the premiums paid exceeds the sum of the claims
against the underwriters, the profits are divided up among the names.
In a bad year, when the claims exceed the premiums, the names dig
deep to make good the losses.
Underwriters who run efficient syndicates spend their lives under
siege from brokers, whose job is to find insurers for people wanting
insurance. Brokers can be clever and not at all scrupulous. Good
underwriters have to be sharp as knives, and very reliable, and not given
to irrational acts.
After S.Llwellyn
3.2.8. Complete the sentences relying on text 3.2.7.
1. At her work, Mary Ellen mostly....
2. Mary Ellen... to prove many things to herself and the world.
3. She... well on her way to becoming a big wheel in the company.
4. Underwriters... risks.
5. Private citizens... the financial underpinning for the bets taken
by the underwriters.
6. In a good year, the sum of the premiums... the sum of the claims.
7. In a bad year, the claims... the premiums.
8. In bad times, private citizens... deep to make good the losses.
9. Brokers... insurers for people wanting insurance.
10. Good insurers... to be sharp and reliable.
3.2.9. Rephrase the italicized words:
1. Lloyd's is the world's biggest and best insurance company.
2. The job has a connection with insurance.
3. Mary is going to become an executive in McMurdo Syndicates.
She is getting close to it.
4. Insurers evaluate risks.
5. They take payments to make against those risks.
6. Private citizens give the financial support for the agreements to
risk money taken by the underwriters.
7. In a good year, the sum of the premiums is more than the sum of
claims against the insurance company.
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8. In a bad year, the insurers have to work hard to compensate for
the losses.
9. Good underwriters are not inclined to unreasonable steps.
3.2.10. Speak on: (1) The Principles Of The Insurance Business;
(2) The Risky Nature Of The Insurance Business; (3) The Role Of
Brokers; (4) Your Buying Or Selling Insurance.
3.3. Learn Interrogative Patterns.
3.3.1. Practice yes/no questions:
— Do you like spending time in the outdoors?
— Yes, I do. I ski, hike, bicycle and go rock-climbing.
— Does your friend share your interest in the outdoors and nature?
— Yes, he does. We often go camping together.
— Do many people equally enjoy outdoor and indoor activities?
— No, they don't. Most people prefer either outdoor or indoor
activities.
— Does Yann prefer outdoor activities to indoor ones?
— No, he doesn't. He equally enjoys both. He seems to enjoy
everything.
Answer:
1. Do you like observing nature?
2. Do you sometimes go on archaeological digs?
3. Do many friends of yours share an interest in the outdoors and
nature?
4. Do you often attend art exhibitions?
5. Do you enjoy reading?
6. Do you devour books and magazines?
7. Does your best friend go white-water rafting?
8. Does he (she) like to observe the stars and planets in the sky?
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9. Does your apartment complex contain a swimming pool and a
tennis court?
10. Does your associate share your interest in arts?
11. Does he devour books as you do?
12. Does he like to share the best parts of the books he reads with
his friends?
13. Do you travel much? Do you have many great experiences when
you travel?
14. Does each University course require a lot of books?
15. Do applicants that travel look better in the eyes of employers
than those who don't?
16. Does it take one many years to get established?
17. Do you work and study?
18. Do you do any administrative work?
3.3.2. Answer making use of similar patterns:
— Do you like traveling?
—Yes, I do. I travel mostly when I am on vacation.
— Are there many places of interest in the area where you live?
— Yes, there are. There are mountains, lakes and ocean beaches.
—Are you going to travel next summer?
— Yes, I am. Why not?
1. Is there a swimming pool in your apartment complex?
2. Are you fond of swimming? Which do you prefer: a swimming
pool or an ocean beach?
3. Does it seem that many people are interested in the outdoors
and nature?
4. Will you go prospecting for gold and gemstones next summer?
5. Does your apartment complex contain a hot-tub spa?
6. Are you able to browse museums for hours?
7. Do you often experience ballet, theatre and concerts?
8. Was your last holiday quite an experience to you?
9. Can you ride horses?
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10. Do you occasionally go rock-climbing and white-water rafting?
11. Do you think that white-water rafting is too demanding for you
to take it up?
12. Are there many things you are keen on?
3.3.3. Practice information questions:
—What do you like about nature?
— Everything, particularly the sky with its stars and planets.
— Where do you usually go for your holiday?
— To the mountains. I admire rock-climbing.
BUT: — Who goes hiking with you?
— My friends (do).
— What helps you keep in shape?
— Sport mostly.
l.Whatdoyoudo?
2. What does your job have much to do with?
3. What sort of people do you deal with?
4. How often do you deal with insurance problems?
5. How often do you have to assess risks?
6. What does a deal have to stand on?
7. Who provides the financial underpinning for your research
(business)?
8. What helps you get things done?
3.3.4. Answer some questions about the way you learn:
1. How do people learn? Do some of them learn from concrete
experience? From active experimentation? From books?
2. How do you learn? Do any ideas of your learning style ever
occur to you?
3. How does your classmate sitting next to you learn?
4. How do you treat each situation in class? What do you tend to
be oriented at?
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5. What do you mostly rely on while you learn?
6. In what situations do you learn best?
7. What sort of learning situations do you prefer?
8. What kind of situations do you resent?
9. Will you appreciate your teacher's explicit instructions?
10. Do you often have to take implicit ideas into consideration as
well?
3.3.5. Read for information:
There are basically four groups implementing their own learning
style.
The first group includes imaginative learners who rely heavily on
personal experience and reflect on that experience. They want to know,
«Why do I need to learn this?». They prefer interaction with others
when checking out their ideas and feelings. The methods that work
best to answer their questions are discussion and sharing, allowing them
to «pull it all together».
The second group comprises analytic learners. These are
introspective and rely on their intellectual ability for understanding.
They prefer to know «what» the facts are or «what» the experts say.
They would appreciate information in an organized fashion, resulting
in a set of facts or skills which can then be used to formulate concepts.
The common sense learners represent the third group. They need
to find the answer to «How does the concept work?» They need to try it
for themselves. They personalize learning by practice and application.
And they work best when there are materials open to this kind of
experimentation.
The fourth group, dynamic learners, integrates the application with
experience. They rely on intuition as they test their knowledge gained
through personal experience, and experiment in order to answer the
questions, «What if...?» or «What will make this better?». Because of
their need to learn on their own, active self-discovery works well.
Imaginative, or innovative, learners
— seek personal meaning;
—judge things in relationship to values;
— function through social interaction;
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— want to make the world a better place;
— are cooperative and sociable;
— respect authority when it is earned.
Analytic learners
— seek intellectual competence;
—judge things by factual verification;
— function by adapting to experts;
— need to know «the important things» and want to add to the
world knowledge;
— are patient and reflective;
— prefer chain and command authority.
Common sense learners:
—seek solutions to problems;
—judge things by their usefulness;
— function through kinesthetic awareness;
— want to make things happen;
— are practical and straightforward;
— see authority as necessary, but will work around it if forced.
Dynamic Learners
— seek hidden possibilities;
—judge things by gut reactions;
— function by synthesizing various parts;
— enjoy challenging complacency;
— are enthusiastic and adventuresome;
—tend to disregard authority.
3.3.6. Study the information given in 3.3.5; make questions to ask
your partner about his/her learning style and produce dialogues;
report on your own learning style in detail.
3.4. Learn Some, Any, No, Their Compounds And Other
Quantifiers.
Distinguish between
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— no and any in negative sentences
— some and any in statements
— any and some in questions
3.4.1. No makes a sentence negative. It is to be the only negative
element in the negative statement.
Study the examples:
1. He left no stone unturned and produced an excellent paper.
2. There is no doubt in my mind whatsoever.
3. No student can do without a good dictionary.
4. Anyway, we have no time.
Any is not actually negative. We use it with negative predicates
and other negative elements.
Study the examples:
1. Your partner isn't to spend any money lavishly.
2. Actually, we didn't have any time to reflect.
3. There aren't any new points of reference to establish.
4. No one can make any sense of it.
The same fully refers to various compounds of no and any.
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere, as well as never and none are
negative elements that occur in negative statements and clauses.
Anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, as well as ever go with a
negative predicate and/or negative elements like no, etc.
3.4.2. We use some and its compounds typically in statements.
I think I have some idea of it.
Some students are imaginative learners.
We should rely on something we know very well.
Somebody might get interested in our project.
The post office ought to be somewhere near here.
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However, any and its compounds also occur in structures that
look affirmative:
(1) in comparative structures
This project is more important than any other.
Now we have more evidence than anyone else.
(2) frequently in f/-condition clauses
If there are any calls take the names.
If Gerard establishes any new business he will let us know.
(3) after quantifiers like few:
Few of us have any experience with devices like these.
(4) with adverbs like rarely, seldom, hardly, scarcely:
Scarcely anyone was allowed to take the exam ahead of schedule.
(5) in complements and ί/ζαί-clauses after semantically negative
predicates like pre vent, deny, refuse, for bid:
The human mind holds a great deal of power to prevent any of
these diseases.
Parents should flatly forbid any programs that go in for violence.
(6) in that-clauscs after certain negative predicates, think, believe
and regard being the most common:
I don't believe that anyone will ever ask this question.We don't
regard the contract as having any validity.
Structures (1—6) involve any and its compounds to express thoughts
about what is or may be unreal and untrue. In other words, any is
associated with hidden negative or unreal meaning.
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Any in the meaning of «every», «no matter which» and its
compounds are also used in statements:
Any child knows it. Take any of the books here.
In questions, any and its compounds are typically used.
Study The Examples:
1. Are there any gregarious events at the Institute?
2. Will anybody ever accept such terms?
3. Is anything going to happen at all?
4. Are you going anywhere this weekend?
5. Is there any financial underpinning for your project?
Some might also be used in questions. It means that the answer
«yes» is expected.
Cf. Are there some new implementations of your invention now?
(The speaker is almost sure that there are some and wants to
show it.)
Can there be any applications of your theoretical research? (The
speaker wants to know if there can or can't be practical applications.)
3.4.3. Complete the sentences using no, any or their compounds.
1. We have... reason to linger.
2. Allan is still undecided whether to undertake... research at all.
3. This is... reason to cancel the appointment.
4. He will hardly answer... questions.
5.1 am always careful not to say ... wrong.
6. This is ... but a trick to win popular affection.
7.... is with Pat now. She is by herself.
8.1 don't think ... is going to help me with this project.
9. He is after ... less than the soul of the community.
10. Few students seem to know... about experimental techniques.
11. The file is missing. I can't find it....
12. If you learn ... about it let me know.
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3.4.4. Complete the sentences using some, any or their compounds.
1. Lloyd's is more powerful than ... other insurance company in
the world.
2. The point is that... problem needs a solution.
3. If there is... worth knowing let me know.
4. We might anticipate... that is going to happen in the future.
5. The expert will appreciate ... information in an organized
fashion.
6. If you know ... other area with a higher average level of
education, name it.
7. We seldom seek ... hidden possibilities under ordinary
circumstances.
8 guests will be coming from abroad. I'll make arrangements
for them to stay at the hotel.
9. Fellow workers of mine hardly pay... attention to such details.
10. A few students in our class want to make... things happen.
11. Few students judge... by factual verification. They are mostly
liable to take things for granted.
12.... will accept an axiom.
13.1 admit that... might enjoy challenging complacency. So far as
I'm concerned, I don't like it.
14. After all, this isn't the only underwriter to deal with. We can
buy insurance... else.
3.4.5. Complete the sentences using any or its compounds.
1. Does your job have ... to do with computer packaging?
2. Do you share... parts of the books you read with your friends?
3. Is ... able to ask the right question at the right time, I wonder?
4. Do you and your friends share... interests?
5. Is Kevin going to develop ... skills if he does the course?
6. Does this course require... books?
7. Are you arranging archaeological digs... this summer?
3.4.6. Complete the questions using any, some or their compounds.
1. Do you remember ... words the men uttered?
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2. Doesn't it remind you of... you used to have long ago at school?
3. Would you like to add ... else on the point?
4. Would you like ... tea?
5. Does Phil live ... in the neighborhood?
6. Are there... learning situations you resent?
7. Would you appreciate... explicit instructions about what to do
next?
8. Are they going to consult... authority on the point?
3.4.7. Complete the sentences making use of some, any, no and their
compounds.
1 person implements his own learning style.
2. There are... imaginative learners in our class who rely heavily
on ... from their experience.
3. Do you really need to learn ... like this?
4 interaction between students in class means little progress.
5. If you need to check ... ideas you should interact with your
classmates.
6. Few students can choose ... methods that work best to satisfy
their needs.
7. Would you appreciate... information in an organized fashion?
8. Are you going to formulate ... concepts in the course of our
research?
9. Do you seek ... personal meaning when you learn?
10. Does an imaginative learner respect... authority at all?
11. Will you seek ... hidden possibilities in... project you take?
12. Would you like to add ... to the world knowledge?
13. We will get... trying to disregard all authority.
14.... is able to implement a project without... practical value.
3.4.8. Choose the right quantifier:
few, a few, quite a few, fewer, the fewest, many for countable nouns
little, a little, quite a little, less, (the) least, much for uncountable
nouns
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MIND that uncountable nouns are always singular and are not
normally used with a/an. Some nouns which are countable in Russian
are uncountable in English. Here are some of them:
accommodation (a place to live), advice, equipment, furniture, hair,
knowledge, luck, money, news, permission, progress, research, travel,
work
Some nouns have mixed uses: paper — a paper, experience—an
experience, work — a literary work, much difficulty — a difficulty.
3.4.9. Complete the sentences choosing the right quantifier: few, a
few, quite a few, fewer, the few est, many or little, a little, quite a little,
less, (the) least, much.
1.1 don't travel on business very often. I take only ... business
trips a year.
2. Your friend won't have... difficulty making the right decision.
3. ... people realize they are something new in this world,
unfortunately.
4. My friends and I do many different things. We have... shared
experiences.
5. A challenging job like that requires ... experience.
6. There is... rent-free accommodation, so far as I know.
7. This conference is very authoritative researchers are eager
to attend.
8. Frankly, I do very... research. I prefer to focus on the practical
side, so to say.
9 travel is very broadening.
10. Twenty years ago we used... appliances in our household.
11. The best paper is the one with ... mistakes in it.
12. Burt is the laziest employee in the office. He probably does...
work in our company.
13. Reading... books means making ... progress.
14. As you get more experienced you spend... time and effort on
each operation.
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3.5. Learn The Tenses:
3.5.1. Review the Past Simple tense:
In the Past Simple, we use the same form for all persons:
I (he, we...) wanted...
I (he, we...) wrote...
Except be: I was... You were... He (she, it) was ... We were ...
They were...
But this single form is NOT made in the same way for all verbs.
Very often the Past Simple ends with -ed:
We learned... He observed... They shared...
I worked... You stopped... They passed...
We attended... The sum exceeded...
I visited...
These verbs are known as regular, or standard. But many important
verbs are irregular, or nonstandard:
We all left the party early.
The chief found the right man for the project.
I was there yesterday.
3.5.2. Read and specify the past simple forms.
John Smith:
Talking about my today's friends reminds me of the friends I used
to have long ago in school. Let me ramble on a bit as long as I am
remembering the stuff. As you know I like to share everything with my
friends. You are my friend, aren't you? So here is a test for you.
It will help round out your understanding of me. Or, it will create
an enigma.
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When I was in high school, I led a double life, filled with many
scholastic honors on one side and many pranks on the other. By day, I
was always one of the top scholars and leaders of my school. In classes
and school activities, my best friends were leaders of the school and of
my class. Away from school, at home in my neighborhood, I was a
member of a social «gang». I and my non-school friends all wore black
corduroy jackets with a devil's head emblem sewn on the back. Our
names also appeared on the back of these jackets, spelled out by studs,
you know, such little metal rivets. We fought a bit with each other and
with other social gangs; and we robbed neighborhood gardens, among
other things. I guess we were what you could call benign hooligans.
Unfortunately, my two lives often clashed, as I often masterminded
pranks that were played at school. Consequently, I was punished by the
faculty of my school. They spoke out against me when I was a candidate
for student leadership posts in the school. They also would not allow
me to be inducted into a prestigious student organization in the U.S.
called the National Honor Society. I was such a good scholar, though,
that student pressure built up on them to allow me to be chosen for it.
Finally, two months before I was to graduate when I had little time
remaining to do harm to the school's reputation, they allowed it. In a
ceremony with the whole school in attendance, a very good friend of
mine, who was the student president of the school, announced it to the
students. When he did so, he said the school's chapter of the National
Honor Society had been waiting a long time to make the announcement
and when they finally got the go-ahead, he asked to make the
announcement personally out of friendship. I was moved to tears. But,
I also had a bit of rage in my heart at the school's teachers and
administrators that put so much faith in appearances over achievement,
at my expense. Alas, this is too often the way of the world. Well, I still
do not conform to it.
3.5.3. Complete the sentences putting one of the verbs given below
in the Past Simple.
1. When John... in high school, he... a double life.
2.... you a top scholar and a leader of your class in high school?
3. When in high school, Ϊ ... never a member of any social gang.
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4. Many people... this style clothes last summer.
5. Different cultures often... throughout the history.
6. The faculty of the school... John for his pranks. They against
him when he... a candidate for student leadership posts of the
school.
7. Beryl's parents... her to attend the ballet school.
8. At first the local authorities ignored the campaign against the
new atomic power plant project. But the community pressure...
... on them to freeze it.
9. We were not able to pass the Committee with our new project for
a long time but finally we... the go-ahead.
punish buildup get be allow
speak out clash wear lead
3.5.4. Speak about John Smith and his double life he led when in
high school; do the test John offered: round out your understanding
of him. Say what kind of personality he is in your opinion.
3.5.5. Read what some people say about themselves. Guess what
sort of people they are. Answer the questions and reproduce the
texts in the Present Simple making the necessary changes in persons.
Kevin Duane:
Hi! Nice to meet you. Would you like to learn something about
me? Now I will tell you about myself. I am 35 years old. I am divorced
but have no children. I work for the United States Postal Service as a
Postmaster in the town where I live. That means I am the boss and have
10 people working for me delivering mail in this town. I am a Christian
and attend church at a local Presbyterian Church. I like sports, movies,
traveling, nature and being outdoors, enjoy flowers, especially roses,
and music. I am kind, honest and respectable. I am easy-going and
enjoy laughter. I graduated from high school but I did not go to college.
I do not smoke. I live in the state of Iowa in a town named Ackley. It is
a town of about 1660 people. Many of the people here are farmers who
grow corn and soybeans. I like living here. You also would.
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Questions:
1. How old is Kevin?
2. Does he have children?
3. What company does he work for?
4. How many people work for him?
5. Is Kevin spiritually-oriented?
6. What does he admire?
7. What sort of person is he?
8. What sort of education does he have?
9. Does he smoke?
10. What sort of town does he live in?
11. What sort of state is Iowa?
David Hillkirk:
I'm very lucky to be working for a great company like Hewlett
Packard in a job that is very challenging and very rewarding. The
research work that I do is right on the edge of the newest computer and
semiconductor technology. I have Master's Degree in Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science and specialize in the design of
microprocessor integrated circuits. I still attend short seminars and
several conferences a year to keep up. It's really amazing how quickly
technology is moving today. I love it! Keeps me on my toes.
Questions:
1. What sort of job does David have?
2. What company is he working for?
3. What field is his research in?
4. What degrees does David have?
5. What does he do to keep up?
6. Why does he admire quickly moving technology of today?
John Brain:
I currently work for the US Post Office as a mechanic/electrician. I
also own a small photography business that does work taking pictures
for the local school system. My educational background is BS in
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mathematics with a minor in Electrical Engineering and a second minor
in chemistry. I am currently taking graduate level courses in mathematics,
part time, with the hope of eventually getting a Master's Degree in
Mathematics. I also like doing work on the computer. Even though
computer science and mathematics are different disciplines, there is a
great deal of crossover work. Eventually most mathematical theories
are applied to some real world problem and require a numerical solution.
I would describe my personality as very logical, ambitious, hard-driven,
success-oriented, in my work ethic.
Questions:
1. What does John do?
2. What kind of business does he own?
3. What is his educational background?
4. What sort of courses is he taking now?
5. What does he think of computer science and mathematics?
6. How does he describe his personality?
Is he really the person he appears to be?
3.6. Practice «Echo»-Questions:
3.6.1. Respond to the statements following the pattern:
Pattern: — Kevin is divorced.
— Is he?
— He works as a postmaster.
— Does he?
— Ten people deliver mail in this town.
— Do they?
1. David does research in the design of microprocessor integrated
circuits.
2. His research is right on the edge of the newest computer and
semiconductor technology.
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3. Quickly developing technology keeps us on our toes.
4. Many researchers attend seminars and conferences to keep up.
5. It's amazing how quickly technology is moving today.
6. There is a great deal of crossover work in computer science and
mathematics.
7. John would describe his personality as rather logical.
8.1 like doing work on the computer.
9. Most mathematical problems require a numerical solution.
10. His educational background is BS in computer design.
3.6.2. Build up dialogues talking on the subjects outlined in 3.5.2
and 3.5.5.
3.6.3. Respond to the statement in the way familiar to you:
— I'm tired of having to change my life to adjust to what happens
to other people.
— Are you?
— People do not always understand economics well.
— Don't they?
1. Some politicians are out of touch with the real problems of the
country.
2. Phil is active in both work and play. This is a healthy way to
live.
3. Hartley wouldn't like to invite another girl to the party.
4. Loud rock music makes your ears ring after several hours at a
concert or club.
5. You look kind of young to be hitchhiking around the country.
6. She would never know a thing.
7. The unusual circumstances draw widespread media attention.
8. This letter is obviously a forgery.
9. In the early morning birds sing loudest between the first glimpse
of dawn and the actual sunrise.
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10. It's what I do when I feel bored.
11. Noise unnerves him much.
12. We are part of a very cosmopolitan city with great museums,
symphonies, opera, theatre and restaurants.
13. Phil makes pancakes almost every morning.
14. People are interested in learning today about the sort of life
they'll be leading tomorrow.
15. In late afternoon, Lee turns up heavy rock music on the kitchen
radio.
16. Research can have some quite unexpected effects.
17. She often offers lame excuses about her being constantly late.
18. There may seem to be little difference between a biotechnology
company and a university lab.
19. Luke watches the famous TV talk show «Psychologist» every
Saturday night.
20. We should make the most of ourselves.
21. The psychologist urges everyone to take responsibility for a
child, whether related to them or not.
22. A variation on an old theme might grip you sometimes.
23. We would be wise to heed the words of the people famous for
their intelligence.
24. We will keep your application secrete.
25. To avoid Ralph and his family of die-hard Republicans, Joe
spends a lot of time outside every weekend.
26. Men have to be like that.
27. Your article lists the electronic magnetic fields from various
household appliances at 30 centimetres, but there is no mention
of electric blankets or duvets.
28. Wilson is at his best here.
29. You will have to reconsider your decision.
30. Many scientists can't afford to spend ten years working on a
controversial theory or a difficult problem where the results
may be hard to come by.
31. It's a pity you ignore their requests. After all, you could help.
32. You don't have a lot of choice in cars when it comes to matching
the top-of-the-range Mercedes and BMWs.
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3.6.4. Build up questions to the statements in 3.6.3 developing the
ideas a little more fully:
e.g. Some politicians are out of touch with the real problems of the
country.
— Are they really out of touch with the real problems? They
are not concerned about the interests of the society then.
The unusual circumstances draw widespread media attention.
— Do non-trivial things always draw widespread media
attention? Do they seem to be most important to mediamen?
The article lists the electronic magnetic fields from various
household appliances...
— Does it list magnetic fields from all appliances in use now?
It's hardly possible because they are so varied.
3.6.5. Respond:
e.g. — I am able to travel and work with top universities.
— So are we.
— Dave enjoys his work.
— So do I.
— Faye always delivers her advice in a gentle voice.
— So does my sister.
—John's teachers wouldn't allow him to be chosen for student
leadership posts.
—Neither would mine.
— Our profits won't exceed the usual standard.
— Nor will ours.
1. Your story will help round out my understanding of you. (your
story)
2.1 like to share everything with my friends. (I)
3. Robert didn't lead a double life when he was at school. (Jack)
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4. My best friends are leaders of our school, (my friends)
5. Cultures always clash, (opinions)
6. Your adviser didn't announce any exams yesterday. (Professor
Collins)
7. David specializes in the design of microprocessor integrated
circuits. (Phil)
8. Kevin doesn't attend any conferences to keep up. (Hartley)
9. Mathematics is applied to real world problems, (computer
science)
10.1 would describe his personality as rather logical. (I)
11. Hartley wouldn't like to invite another girl to the party. (Wilson)
12. They are out of touch with the real problems of the country,
(you)
13. The unusual circumstances draw widespread media attention,
(trivial things)
14. Chuck doesn't actually drive a truck. (Bruce)
15. Many scientists can't afford working on a controversial problem,
(manufacturers)
16. We don't have a lot of choice in good ideas when it comes to
teaching elementary things, (our opponents)
3.7. Practice Tag Questions:
3.7.1. Review tag questions.
Tag questions are questions with tags. A question tag is a kind of
yes/no question which is added to a statement. The statement may be
positive or negative. If the statement is positive, the tag is usually
negative and vice versa:
Phil is active in both work and play, isn't he?
The letter is not a forgery, is it?
Any scientist can pursue and develop a specific research interest,
can't he?
Many scientists can't afford to work on a controversial theory,
can they?
Loud rock music makes your ears ring, doesn't it?
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Luke doesn't watch talk shows every day, does he?
I am not late, am I?
I am mistaken, aren't I? ( am not is contracted in questions to
aren V)
Positive question-tags are quite common after positive statements
which do not convey new information but are «attention signals». The
speaker repeats something he(she) knows and uses the tag to express
interest, surprise, concern or some other reaction.
Research can have some quite unexpected effects, can it?
A variation on an old theme might grip you sometimes, might it?
You will have to reconsider your decision, will you?
3.7.2. Read what these people say:
David Hillkirk again:
As I mentioned before, I actually live about 35 miles south of San
Francisco in a high technology area often called «Silicon Valley». The
microprocessor was invented here and I do not know an area with a
higher average level of education. I manage a team that designs
integrated circuit computer chips.
Educationally, I have a MS in electrical engineering and a MS in
computer science and so this area is just perfect for me. If you want a
challenging career in the sciences, engineering, or medicine you are
sure to find it here around Palo Alto California. I really enjoy my work
and, in addition to being rewarded with a very good salary, I am able to
travel and work with a few top universities as well. The management
position I have presents a very enjoyable blend of working with high
technology as well as working with bright people. Through it I have
learned a great deal about myself. My colleagues and I are able to travel
and build up a very enjoyable set of shared experiences.
Phil Seager:
I've been fortunate to always have excellent health, and I participate
in a wide variety of sports to keep in shape and just feel good. Living in
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Northern California near San Francisco makes participating in sports
and enjoying nature much easier than in Chicago, Illinois where I grew
up. The weather here is as close to perfect as you can get. It never
snows... well, almost never, and the summers are very mild and dry.
The Pacific Ocean comes into the San Francisco Bay and provides stable
temperatures, as well as a somewhat cold body of water to sail on. You
have to be pretty tough to swim anywhere but near the sandy beaches
on a warm day since the water temperature just a few feet offshore
stays between 50-60 degrees F. Although we are part of a very
cosmopolitan city with great museums, symphonies, opera, theater, and
restaurants, this bay area is also full of many natural wonders. We have
many beaches, mountains to hike, and many isolated areas to bicycle
and camp. Just to the north is the wine country of Napa and Sonoma
where you can go for a weekend to sample wines, enjoy natural springs
and even take a mud bath. To the south you will find several interesting
beach towns like Carmel and Monterey where the «rich and famous»
go to relax and play golf. To the east we have the Sierra Mountains
about 150 miles away. The skiing is very good. Nice dry snow. Great
entertainment cities like Lake Tahoe and Reno. There are also many
interesting small towns that you can explore in the summer. Yosemite
National Park, one of the most beautiful places that I have visited
anywhere in the world, is close enough for a weekend of hiking.
Chuck Lock:
Let me tell you something about me. I have worked as a
communications psychologist for years. I have a BS and a Master's
Degree in Psychology. I work in an office in my home. I rent a 2-bedroom
townhouse apartment that has a total of 6 rooms on two floors. Right
now, I rent one of the bedrooms to a friend by the name of Bruce. He is
30 years old, in his last year of college, studying to be an accountant.
We also have a house guest, a film producer from Australia. His name
is Dudley. He sleeps on the sofa. The other member of our little family
is a very cute little gray cat whose name is Hobie.
In my work as a communications psychologist, I do many different
things. I produce, write and direct effective training and public relations
films, and commercials for television. I also write books and training
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programs for publishers, and develop tests that help people (especially
handicapped people who are blind, deaf, crippled and mentally retarded)
choose jobs and careers in which they will be happy to work. For doing
this work, I usually earn between $50,000 and $100,000 a year.
I am also an actor and a model, having recently had parts in over a
dozen feature films, television series programs and commercials. I am
studying the acting techniques of Michael Chekhov and am presently
being considered for the lead role of a movie that would be the first
episode of a television series called «Finer Instincts», in which my
character drives a «lunch» truck that delivers sandwiches and prepared
meals to people in office buildings. While doing so, my character helps
the people to whom he delivers the food deal with their personal
problems.
I am also being considered as a host for a new television quiz show
called «Flashbacks». On the show, I would ask contestants questions
about details of the American culture over the last 40 years.
3.7.3. Build up dialogues talkiug to «David HiUkirk», «Phil Seager»
and «Chuck Lock» as if you are making sure you've got everything
they said straight; make good use of tag questions, e.g.:
—Your team designs integrated circuit computer chips, doesn't it?
— Exactly. It is a very demanding job, I'd say.
—You are not tough enough to sail on cold water, are you?
— No, I'm afraid I'm not. I prefer to swim somewhere near the
sandy beaches where the water is fairly warm.
— You also produce commercials for television, don't you?
— Yeah, quite a few every year.
NB! When you are answering a tag question, your answer refers to
the statement, not the question tag. You say «yes» to confirm a positive
statement:
You are also an actor and a model, aren't you?
Yes, I am. And I am a good one, aren't I?
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If you want to disagree with a positive statement, you say «no»:
You have got a doctorate in Psychology, haven't you?
No, not yet.
If you want to confirm a negative statement, you say «no»:
It never snows in California, does it?
No. Well, almost never.
When you disagree with a negative statement, you say «yes»:
Phil does not enjoy indoor cultural activities, does he?
Yes, he does./But he does.
3.7.4. Build up your own stories using vocabulary items from the
plots given above.
3.8. Revise Interrogative Patterns.
3.8.1. Practice yes/no and alternative questions:
— Did you ever visit a zoo?
— Yes, I did. I visited one last summer.
—Did the authorities ignore the problem?
— No, I think they didn't. Though they didn't pay due attention to
it, either.
— Does Chuck rent a house or an apartment?
— An apartment. It's quite a big one, I'd say.
1. Did you ever take a trip on a plane?
2. Did you leave in the morning or in the afternoon?
3. What time did you get on the plane?
4. Did you choose a seat in the front of the plane or in the back?
5. Did you fasten your seat belt when you sat down?
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6. Did the hostess hang up your coat?
7. Did she bring you some coffee?
8. Did she offer you any food?
9. Did she make you comfortable?
10. Did you thank her?
11. Did you enjoy your trip?
3.8.2. Practice Wff-questions:
— When did John lead a double life?
— When he was in high school.
—What did John and his non-school friends wear?
— They wore black corduroy jackets.
BUT: — What appeared on the back of those jackets?
—A devil's head emblem and the boys' names spelled out by studs.
—Who announced the decision?
— The President of the School.
1. What did the boys of the «gang» do when they got together?
2. Why did John's two lives often clash?
3. What did the faculty of John's school do to punish him?
4. Why didn't they allow him to be inducted into the National Honor
Society?
5. What built up on the faculty to allow John to be chosen for that?
6. Why didn't John mastermind pranks when there were two months
left before he was to graduate?
7. Who announced the good news about John's being chosen for
the NHS?
8. Why did John have a bit of rage in his heart at the school's teachers
and administrators?
3.8.3. Answer sticking to the right pattern:
1. Are you a good student?
2. Were you a good student in maths when you were in high school?
3. What grades did you get in your finals?
4. Did you have non-school friends when you were in high school?
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5. How often did you and your non-school friends get together?
6. Do you live in a dormitory?
7. Who lives in the University dormitory?
8. Do you live in a private room? In your own apartment?
9. Do you live with your parents?
10. Where do you parents live?
11. How often do you phone your parents?
12. What time do you usually call them?
13. What is their area code? Their number?
14. When did you call your parents last? Was there any special
reason to make a call?
15. Were they glad you called them?
3.9. Learn Negative Patterns.
3.9.1. Review the way we make negative statements in the Present
and Past Simple.
To make negative statements, we need the same «symbols» we use
in questions:
cf.Do you know?— I do not/don't know.
Does he know? — He does not/doesn't know.
Did they know?—They did not/didn't know.
NB: As in questions, in negative statements we never use either the
-s-form (knows) or the Past Simple Form (knew).
3.9.2. Make negative statements using don't, doesn't or didn't:
1. He made his decision instantly. He (reflect) on it.
2. She (like) romantic fiction—she prefers detective stories.
3. When a child, I (like) hockey. I much preferred football.
4. Today's schedule (include) any lectures on sociology.
5. Drivers (rely) on weather.
6. Andrew is very careless. He (check out) the information he gets
from different people.
7. When the manager goes on a day's business trip he (leave)
anybody in charge.
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3.9.3. Complete the sentences using the operators do, does, did, don't,
doesn't, didn't:
1. How many years' experience of doing research... you have?
2. The high school student... usually learn by experience; he should
have good instructors.
3. I'm surprised to hear that.... the broker have to check out every
bit of information he gets?
4. Some people... have to be very ambitious or well-qualified to
make a career.
5.... Laura make a claim on the insurance when her car was stolen?
6. The annual premium on my policy is $250.... you think it's too
much?
7. If the profits exceed the losses it... mean that the business is OK.
8. What... your company usually do to make good the losses?
9. — What... Professor Allan teach in his last class?
—He taught grammar.
3.9.4. Review the operators:
Operators are mobile elements we use to make sentences. Some
operators are meaningful (can, must, and other modals), some are
«empty» (do, does, did, have, has, had in the Perfect Tenses), the rest
might be both (be, shall, w///and some others). To understand how we
should use operators let us divide them into two groups:
Group 1: is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, can, could, may, might,
must, should, ought, would, need; also have, has, had in the perfect
tenses.
Group 2: do, does, did (dummy operators).
Operators of Group 1 are part of positive, negative and interrogative
statements. In positive statements, they come immediately after the
subject.
They will come. We are busy.
To make a question, we just put the operator before the subject:
Will they come? Are you busy?
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To make a negative statement, we put «not» after it:
They will not/won't come. We are not/aren't busy.
Operators of Group 2 do not normally appear in positive statements like
I know. He knows. They knew.
But we use one of the «dummy» operators of Group 2 to form a
question:
Do you know? Does he know? Did they know?
or a negative statement:
I don't know. He doesn't know. They didn't know.
NB: Recall that negative questions like
Aren't they aware? Don't you know? etc.
express surprise, amazement, resentment etc.
Cf. Russian «Разве/Неужели...?»
3.9.5. Complete the sentences using doldon't, doesldoesn't, did/didn't,
islisn't, canl can't, shouldlshouldn't, must/mustn't:
1.1 have a gut feeling that something... going to be right.
2. It seems like a good proposal but without all the facts I... really
judge.
3. Our good friend ... have the necessary authority to make this
sort of statement.
4. Everybody... well aware of the facts.
5. The director... always to listen to what his employees say. He...
disregard their opinion.
6. — Some people in the team tend to disregard Professor A.'s
authority!
— Oh, ...they?
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7. Complacency is what resents me most.... you enjoy challenging it?
8. My method of doing research is to function through awareness.
... your method imply the same?
9. To be good at research, one... be imaginative.
10. To succeed in business, you... seek only personal meaning in
everything you are doing.
11.... be that naive! You... make the world a better place.
12. The faculty of the school... allow John to be inducted into the
NHS.
13.... the faculty of the school announce their decision before the
whole school in attendance?
14. In any teacher's opinion, a student... do harm to the school's
reputation. On the contrary, he... enhance it in every possible
way.
15. Putting so much faith in appearances over achievement... a
matter of opinion. It's a matter of ethics.
16. Every modern parent... be well-versed in child psychology.
3.9.6. The operators are also important in the process of
substitution:
e.g. 1) — I don't understand you.
— I think you do.
2) — This rock goes on forever, and ever, and ever...
—Nothing goes on forever.
—Wrong! It does and I do.
3) — I'm sorry if I sounded... abrupt.
— You didn't at all.
4) — I assure you Brian won't ever take up anything like that!
— I assure you he will. Quite soon.
Study the examples and specify the operators which stand for
certain verbs; produce sketches or dialogues using the same
technique:
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1) — Robert and Sheila waited for a while and then left.
— Oh?
— I know they did. They left a note.
2) I never have the least little trouble handling a car. It's a sort of
talent. Don't know where I got it from. My mother doesn't drive.
My old man does, but he's one of the worst you've ever seen.
Scares hell out of me to ride with him. But me — I have a
knack for handling a car. So don't worry.
3) «You don't mean that!» Davey nodded: yes, yes, yes; he did
mean it; he absolutely, positively did.
4) I studied English, but it's not my native language, so maybe I
make mistakes I don't know anything about. If I do, then I
certainly have to study harder if I ever hope to pass the TOEFL.
5) My friend warned me that Charles would tell me his story within
fifteen minutes after I met him. He did.
6) I said to myself that if Andrew can be happy, cheerful and
confident without a University degree, I certainly can with it.
7) Daddy was a grown-up, like Aunt Faye, sure, but he wasn't
stubborn, and he listened to kids in a way that few grown-ups
did.
8) — I was sure we'd never meet again.
— But we did.
— We sure did.
— God, did we ever!
— Are you sorry we did?
9) — You don't have to go on.
— Yes, I do. I have to tell you. So you'll understand why... why
I am like I am about certain things.
10) I made up my mind then and there that I would change and be
my old self again — and I did.
11)1 went in to dinner, determined to have a good time. And I did.
3.9.7. Use the proper operators to stand for the particular verbs:
1.1 was not around last week. But Tom.... And so... Mary.
2. Frankie did not know what goodbye meant. But I..., and so ...
Mary Ellen.
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3.—Justin works as a broker. Brokers love information, you know.
— So ...I.
4. — You weren't with our company.
— No. I was otherwise engaged. But you....
5. — Come, gentlemen, we sit too long on trifles.
— We..., indeed.
6. He looked at me as he always... and said nothing.
7. Do what you feel in your heart to be right — for you'll be
criticized anyway. You'll be damned if you... and damned if
you....
8. In my early days, I was eager to have all the employees in the
organization think I was perfect. If they..., it worried me.
9.—I don't understand what it is all about.
— You aren't that naive. I think you....
10. Burt had no answer to the question. Who...?
11. «I'm sorry, Miss,» the desk clerk said. «You can't have any
rooms now if you have no reservations. The hotel is totally
occupied. Many people we expected to check out,.... So you
can't check in.»
12. — Let me take you home, Professor.
— I'd really prefer that you....
3.9.8. Read:
In the hotel lobby, Jack stopped at the public phones. He tried to
call Nayva, the woman who did the cleaning and some baby-sitting for
him. Because of the task force assignment, he wouldn't be able to pick
up the kids after school, as planned, and he hoped Nayva would be free
to meet them and keep them at her place for a while. She didn't answer
her phone, and he thought perhaps she was still at his apartment,
cleaning, so he tried his own number, too, but didn't have any luck.
Reluctantly, he called Faye Jamison, his sister-in-law, his late wife's
only sister. Faye had loved Linda almost as much as Jack himself had
loved her. For that reason he had considerable affection for Faye —
although she wasn't an easy person to like. She was convinced that no
one else's life could be well-run without the benefit of her advice. She
meant well. Her unsolicited counsel was based on a genuine concern
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for others, and she delivered her advice in a gentle voice. But she was
nonetheless irritating for all of her good intentions, and there were times
when her soft voice seemed, to Jack, as piercing as a police siren.
Like now, on the telephone, after he asked if she would pick up the
kids at school this afternoon, she said, «Of course, Jack, I'll be glad to,
but if they expect you to be there and then you don't show, they're
going to be disappointed, and if this sort of thing happens too often,
they're going to feel worse than just disappointed, they're going to feel
abandoned.
«Faye—»
«Psychologists say that children need — »
«Faye, I'm sorry, but I don't really have the time right now to listen
to what psychologists say. I—»
«But you should make time for just that sort of thing, dear».
He sighed. «Perhaps I should».
«Every modern parent ought to be well-versed in child psychology».
Jack glanced at his companion and shrugged as Faye rattled on:
«You're an old-fashioned, seat-of-the-pants parent, dear. You think you
can handle everything with love and cookies. Now, of course, love and
cookies are part of it, but there's a whole lot more to the job than —»
«Faye, listen, nine times out often, I am there when I tell the kids I
will be. But sometimes it isn't possible. This job doesn't have the most
regular hours. A detective can't walk away in the middle of pursuing a
hot lead just because it's the end of his shift. Besides, there's a crisis
here. A big one. Now, will you pick up the kids for me?»
«Of course, dear,» she said, sounding slightly hurt.
«I appreciate it, Faye».
«It's nothing».
«I'm sorry if I sounded... abrupt».
«You didn't at all. Don't worry about it. Will Davey and Frankie be
staying for dinner?»
«If it's all right with you —»
«Of course it is. We love having them here, Jack. You know that.
And will you be eating with us?»
«I'm not sure I'll be free by then».
«Don't miss too many dinners with them, dear».
«I don't plan to».
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«Dinnertime is an important ritual, an opportunity for the family to
share the events of the day».
«I know».
«Children need that period of tranquility, of togetherness, at the
end of each day».
«I know. I'll try my best to make it. I hardly ever miss».
«Will they be sleeping over?»
«I'm sure I won't be that late. Listen, thanks a lot, Faye. I don't
know what I'd do without you and Keith to lean on now and then;
really, I don't. But I've got to run now. See you later».
Before Faye could respond with more advice, Jack hung up, feeling
both guilty and relieved.
After D.R.Koontz
3.9.9. Reproduce the conversation between Jack and Faye; retrieve
the missing parts of it and make it sound natural.
3.10. The Words You Are Supposed To Know
about — около, примерно
abrupt —резкий, грубый,
внезапный, неожиданный
accommodation — жилье (неис-
числ.)
account — счет
accountant — бухгалтер
act—поступок, дело; действовать,
поступать
activity — деятельность; activities
— виды деятельности, занятия
actually — фактически, по
существу, на самом деле
adapt—адаптировать(ся),
приспосабливаться), изменять в
соответствии с ч.-л. (to)
adjust — приспособлять,
прилаживать, подгонять; регулировать,
настраивать, устанавливать (to)
admire — восхищаться,
восторгаться, любоваться, обожать
adventuresome — полный
приключений, авантюрный
adverb — наречие (грамм.)
affirmative — утвердительный
(грамм.)
agree—соглашаться,
договариваться; согласовываться (грамм.)
agreement — соглашение,
согласование (грамм.)
almost — почти
amaze—удивлять, поражать
announce — объявлять, извещать,
заявлять, оповещать
announcement— объявление,
сообщение; make an ~ сделать
заявление, объявить
apartment — квартира; ~ complex
— жилой комплекс
appear — появляться; казаться: Не
isn't the person he appears to be. —
Он не тот, каким кажется.
192
appearance — видимость, облик,
внешность; появление
appearances: put (much) faith in ~
over achievement — придавать
значение формальной стороне
дела, заботиться о соблюдении
приличий
appliance — электрический
бытовой прибор; приспособление, ус-
тройство; ток. household
appliance
applicant — тот, кто подает
заявление, кандидат, претендент
application — заявление
apply — использовать, применять,
употреблять в ч.-л./где-л. i)xi\
appreciate — ценить, высоко
ставить, быть признательным за ч.-
л.
approach — подход; наступление,
приближение; подходить,
приближаться
appropriate — соответствующий,
подходящий, уместный
archaeological — археологический
area — район, область, зона,
территория; сфера (деятельности),
область (исследования,
соглашения), размах, охват; площадь
article — статья
as — так как, когда, по мере того,
как; as... as — так же ... как,
такой же... как
assess — оценивать, определять
размер
attendance — посещаемость; take
отмечать посещаемость
attention — внимание
authoritative—влиятельный,
авторитетный
avoid — избегать ч.-л.
awareness— осведомленность,
знание
В А — Bachelor of Arts, бакалавр
искусств; тж.: BS/SB—Bachelor
of Sciences — бакалавр точных
(естественных) наук
background — подготовка,
образование, квалификация,
биографические и анкетные данные, досье,
происхождение, общественное
положение; фон
ballet — балет
basically — в основном, в целом, по
существу, в самой своей основе
bazaar—базар, большой магазин,
торговый зал; здесь: крупная
фирма
beach — пляж, отлогий морской
берег
becoming—соответствующий,
идущий к лицу
begin — начинать, начать (began,
begun)
behaviour — (BrE), behavior (AmE)
—поведение
behind—сзади, позади, назад, за; в
запасе
belt—ремень; seat ~—ремень
безопасности
benefit—польза, благо,
преимущество, благодеяние
benign—неопасный, безобидный,
легкий, слабый
bet—ставка, условия; take a ~
принимать условия, заключать
сделку на определенных условиях;
держать пари, спорить, ручаться:
I'll bet/I bet he will win.
blanket — одеяло
blend — смесь, сочетание
blind — слепой
193
body—основная часть ч.-л.; тело
book — книга
broker — маклер, брокер
browse—бродить, ходить
bnild: ~ up on somebody to do
something—вынуждать к.-л.
сделать ч.-л.
business — фирма, предприятие,
дело (исчисл.); коммерция,
бизнес (неисчисл.)
call—звонок (по телефону)
саге: не быть безразличным: those
who care—те, кому не все равно
case—случай; футляр
catch — ловушка, подвох; ловить
(caught)
ceremony — церемония
chain—последовательность, цепь,
система, ход; ~ authority —
субординация
challenge — требовать; бросать
вызов, вызывать; сомневаться;
вызов, сомнение, притязание,
требование; a challenging job —
работа, предъявляющая высокие
требования
change — перемена, изменение;
изменяться), меняться)
chapter — глава
check in — зарегистрироваться в
отеле
check out — выехать из отеля
chemistry — химия
choose — выбирать (chose, chosen)
Christian—христианин;
христианский
church — церковь; go to ~ —
посещать церковь
citizen — гражданин
claim — требование, иск,
претензия; требовать, претендовать
clash—сталкиваться, приходить в
столкновение
clause— 1) придаточное
предложение; 2) причастный, инфинитив-
. ный или герундиальный оборот
(грамм)
climb [klaim] — взбираться,
карабкаться, подниматься,
влезать; rock-climbing —
скалолазание
clock — часы; 9 o'clock — 9 часов
clothes — одежда (pi.)
come: come by — приобрести,
получить, достать; come
to—доходить (о деле)
command—команда; командовать;
~ authority — командный стиль
управления
commercial — рекламный ролик
(фильм, объявление) на
телевидении или радио
common — общепринятый,
обычный, распространенный; ~ sense
—здравый смысл
comparative—сравнительный
compensate—возмещать,
компенсировать
competent — компетентный
compete—соревноваться,
конкурировать
complacency — самодовольство
complement—дополнение(г/?алш.)
compound—сложное производное
(грамм.)
comprise—включать, заключать в
себе, охватывать
concept — понятие, идея, общее
представление, концепция
concern—касаться, иметь
отношение; be concerned with — быть
связанным с ч.-л., иметь отноше-
194
ние к ч.-л.; be concerned about —
быть озабоченным ч.-л.
concert — концерт
condition — условие, состояние
conjunction — союз (грамм.)
construction — конструкция
(грамм.)
contain — содержать
contestant—конкурсант, участник
конкурса, состязания
controversial — противоречивый
conclusion — заключение
concrete—конкретный
conform — соответствовать,
приспосабливаться (to)
consequently — следовательно
considerable—значительный
control — управление, контроль;
контролировать, управлять
convert—превращать,
преобразовывать
convey—передавать, выражать
cooperative — сотрудничающий,
участвующий в совместной
работе, склонный к сотрудничеству;
совместный
corduroy — вельвет
corn — зерно, пшеница
cosmopolitan —
космополитический
counsel—совет; советовать, давать
совет
court — корт
crossover — переход (в разных
уровнях); переходный,
перекрещивающийся, (частично)
перекрывающийся и/или
совпадающий
currently — в настоящее время,
сейчас
daily — ежедневный; ежедневно
dawn — рассвет
deaf—глухой
deal: a great ~ of— много,
множество
declare—заявлять, объявлять
degree — степень; to some ~ — до
некоторой степени; a Bachelor's
Degree — степень бакалавра; а
Master's Degree—степень
магистра
deliver — доставлять
deny — отрицать
determine — определять,
устанавливать, обусловливать; принимать
решение; be determined to do
something—твердо решить
сделать ч.-л.
device—прибор, устройство
devil—дьявол
devour—поглощать, проглатывать
diehard — убежденный,
несгибаемый; жизнестойкий тж. а
diehard: a real diehard — человек,
твердо придерживающийся
определенных взглядов,
консерватор
dig—копать, раскапывать,
докапываться (dug); digs — раскопки
directorship—должность
директора
disappoint—разочаровывать; feel
~ed—чувствовать себя
разочарованным
discovery — открытие
disease—болезнь, заболевание
disregard—пренебрегать, не
принимать во внимание
divide—делить, разделять
divorce—разводиться, расторгать
брак; be divorced — быть
разведенным
195
do: have (something) to ~ with —
быть связанным, касаться
door: next door — рядом, по
соседству
dormitory—студенческое
общежитие, тж. dorm
down — вниз, внизу; go (get) up and
down—подниматься и
снижаться, улучшаться и ухудшаться
dozen—дюжина
draw — привлекать, притягивать,
собирать (drew, drawn)
dry — сухой
duvet [du(:)'vei] — пуховое или
электрическое одеяло
dynamic —динамичный
earn—зарабатывать
ear — ухо
edge — край, грань; right on the ~
of—прямо на границе (на
стыке)
either — тоже, также (в отр. предл.)
emblem — эмблема
end — конец: at the ~ -в конце; in
the в конечном счете, в
конце концов; цель; заканчивать,
заканчиваться
engineering — техника; electrical ~
—электротехника
enhance — усиливать
enigma — загадка
enjoy — наслаждаться, получать
удовольствие
entertainment — развлечение
enthusiastic — заинтересованный,
полный энтузиазма
entitle—называть, давать название
equally — в равной мере, степени
ethic — ( = ethical) этичный,
моральный, нравственный;
этический
eventually — в конечном счете, в
итоге, в конце концов
exceed—превышать
excuse—предлог, объяснение,
извинение
executive—исполнительный;
руководитель высокого ранга
exhibition — выставка
expense — расход, трата; at
somebody's expense—за ч.-л. счет
explicit — ясный, точный,
подробный, недвусмысленный
explore — исследовать, изучать,
разведывать, выявлять
eye — глаз; in the eyes of — в
глазах, с точки зрения
factual — фактический,
действительный
fairly —довольно
faith — вера, доверие, убеждение,
преданность; put much ~ in
appearances over achievement —
см. appearances
fashion — манера, образ, стиль,
мода; old-fashioned —
старомодный
fasten — связывать, скреплять,
привязывать, пристегивать
favor (AmE); favour (BrE): in favor
of— в пользу к.-л. или ч.-л., ради
fear — страх, опасение; бояться,
опасаться
feature—черта, свойство; ~ film —
художественный фильм
fight—бороться, сражаться,
драться (fought)
financial — финансовый
fine—тонкий; прекрасный
fire—увольнять (с работы)
flashback — возвращение к
прошлому, ретроспекция
196
flatly—решительно,
категорически
floor — этаж; пол
flower — цветок
forbid — запрещать (forbade/
forbad, forbidden)
force — вынуждать, навязывать;
сила; task оперативная
группа, команда
forgery — подлог, подделка
formulate—формулировать
frank — откровенный, искренний,
честный
frankly — откровенно, искренне
freeze—замерзать, замораживать,
замирать (froze, frozen)
front—передняя часть; in the
впереди
function — функция;
функционировать
gain—приобретать
gang — банда, шайка
gemstone—драгоценный камень,
самоцвет
gentle — нежный, мягкий
genuine— подлинный, истинный,
настоящий
glance—взгляд; взглянуть
glimpse — проблеск, мелькание;
мимолетное впечатление
go-ahead—разрешение или
приказание действовать, двигаться
вперед; get the ~ — получить добро
gold — золото
graduate: graduate level —
уровень университетского
образования, предполагающий получение
ученых степеней магистра и
доктора (PhD); магистратура и
аспирантура
grip—схватить, захватить
guest — гость
guilty — виновный
gut — кишка; внутренности (р/.);
перен. трущобы (р/.); - reaction
—подсознательная реакция,
«шестое» чувство, ощущение нутром
handicapped—имеющий
физические или умственные недостатки
hardly — вряд ли, едва ли
harm — вред; наносить вред
have (to)—должен, быть должным,
вынужденным; She has to work
hard not to be fired.
have: ~ a lot to do with — часто
иметь дело с ч.-л.; ~ little to do
with—мало иметь дело с ч.-л.; ~
nothing to do with — не иметь
дела, не иметь никакого
отношения
head—голова; глава, начальник;
возглавлять
health — здоровье
healthy — здоровый
heart — сердце; центр
heavily — тяжело; сильно,
интенсивно, много
heed—обращать внимание,
учитывать
her — ей, её; hers — её (зам. мест.)
hide — прятать, скрывать (hid,
hidden)
hike — путешествовать, ходить
пешком; ходить в походы
history — история; прошлое
hitchhike — путешествовать
бесплатно на попутных машинах
(«автостопом»)
hobby—любимое занятие, хобби
honour (BrE), honor (AmE):
scholastic отличие в учебе
hooligan — хулиган
197
hopeless — безнадежный; ~ ly —
безнадежно
horse—лошадь
host—ведущий телепрограммы
hour—час; half an ~ полчаса; keep
long ~s — работать подолгу,
сверхурочно
house — дом
hurt — причинять боль, болеть,
вредить, задевать, обижать (hurt)
ignore — игнорировать, не
замечать, не придавать значения
implementation — осуществление,
внедрение, проведение в жизнь
implicit — подразумеваемый, не
выраженный прямо;
~1у—неявно; полностью, всецело
incline—склонять, располагать к.-
л. к ч.-л.; be ~ed — быть
склонным, расположенным
indoor — комнатный, домашний,
находящийся или происходящий
в помещении; indoors: тж. in the
indoors—в комнате, в доме, в
помещении
induct — официально вводить в
должность, назначать или
утверждать на должность, посвящать;
be ~ ed into — быть
утвержденным на должность
inflect — прибавлять/изменять
окончание слова {грамм)
innovative—новаторский,
передовой, прогрессивный
insurance — страховка;
страхование
insure—страховать
integrate — объединять в единое
целое, составлять единое целое,
завершать, придавать
законченный вид
interaction — взаимодействие
interfere—мешать, служить
препятствием, быть помехой
(with)
interview—проводить
собеседование с претендентами на работу;
собеседование
introspective— интроспективный,
склонный к самоанализу
invention — изобретение
involve—вовлекать, включать,
содержать, подразумевать,
предполагать, влечь за собой, вызывать
irrational—неразумный,
нерациональный
irregular—неправильный {грамм)
irritate—раздражать, сердить
isolated — изолированный,
уединенный
judge—судить о к.-л. или о ч.-л.
jump — прыгать; ~ to conclusions
—делать поспешные выводы
keep: ~ one on one's toes — не
давать расслабляться, держать в
боеготовности, в форме; ~ up—не
отставать, быть в курсе дел, быть
в форме
kinesthetic — кинестетический
{психол.)
knack—умение, ловкость,
сноровка (for)
knife — нож; pi. — knives
knowledge—знание, знания {неис-
числ.)
lake—озеро
lame—неуклюжий, неудачный
lead — вести, приводить (led)
leadership — лидерство, позиция
лидера; ~ post—ведущая
должность, руководящая должность
life — жизнь; pi. lives
198
lifetime— целая жизнь,
продолжительность жизни
live — жить
lobby — фойе, вестибюль
local—местный, локальный; ~1у —
в пределах данной местности
(города, района и пр.)
looks — внешность, внешний вид
(pi.): Her looks are admired.
loss — потеря
loud—громкий; громко
magazine — журнал
mail—почта, корреспонденция
make: ~ against — говорить не в
пользу к.-л. или ч.-л.; принять
меры против; ~ good (the) losses
— возместить потери; ~ up —
составлять, организовывать,
создавать; My mind is made up. —
Мое решение принято.
mark—отметка; отмечать
marriage—брак, супружество
mastermind — управлять,
руководить (особ, тайно)
match—соответствовать, сочетать,
приводить в соответствие
meal — еда; prepared ~s—готовая
еда
means — средство; pi. means
media (the) —pi. средства массовой
информации
melodramatic—мелодраматичный
mention—упоминать, ссылаться
metal—металл; металлический
method — метод
mild — мягкий, умеренный
mine — мой, -я, -е {местоим.,
замещающее существ.)
minor — второстепенный,
меньший из двух, малый;
дополнительная специализация (степень),
включаемая в университетский
диплом
miss: be missing — недоставать,
отсутствовать, быть потерянным,
исчезнувшим
modify—изменять, видоизменять,
влиять, определять {грамм)
more—больше, более
mostly — главным образом,
большей частью, обыкновенно,
обычно
mountain — гора
movie — фильм; the movies—кино
mud — грязь; а ~ bath — грязевая
ванна
ту — мой, -я, -е {определяющее
притяж. местоим.)
naive — наивный
native — естественный, родной,
местный
naturally — естественно
neglect—пренебрегать
neighbourhood (BrE), neighborhood
(AmE)—соседство, округа,
район, квартал
neither — ни тот, ни другой, ни
один; neither ... nor — ни ... ни
nervous — нервный, нервозный,
нервирующий
night — ночь, вечер
nod — кивать
noise — шум
nonsense—чепуха, абсурд
nor: — neither ... nor — ни ... ни
note — {часто pi) запись, заметка,
записка, примечание
notebook — тетрадь
notion — понятие, представление
numerical — численный
obstinate—упрямый
occasional — случающийся время
199
от времени,иногда, редкий,
случайный
occupy—занимать
осспг — случаться, происходить;
приходить на ум
ocean — океан
order: in ~ to—для того, чтобы
organization — организация
otherwise—иначе, иным образом,
или же, в противном случае
overwork — перерабатывать,
работать сверхурочно
ontdoor — находящийся или
совершающийся вне дома, на
открытом воздухе
outdoors — тж. in the outdoors —
на открытом воздухе, вне
помещения
own — владеть
pancake — блин
part: part time — исполняемый по
совместительству: a part time
job; по совместительству
participate — участвовать,
принимать участие
patient — терпеливый
payment—оплата, уплата, платеж
perfect—совершенный,
завершенный
personalize— принимать/относить
на свой счет, воплощать,
олицетворять
personally — лично
pick up — собирать, забирать
picture: take-~s—фотографировать
pierce—пронзать, проникать,
сверлить
planet — планета
plant: power электростанция
plenty — много, множество (of)
plot — сюжет, сценарий, история
polarity — полярность
policy—страховой полис;
политика, политический курс
politician — политик
pool: swimming плавательный
бассейн
postal — почтовый; ~ service —
почта, почтовая служба
postmaster — начальник
почтового отделения
power — энергия, сила, мощь,
власть
premium — страховая премия,
взнос
presently — в настоящее время
pressure — давление
prestigious — престижный
pretty — очень; красивый,
хорошенький
price — цена, стоимость
private — частный
proposal — предложение
prospect — (часто pi.)
перспектива, вид, план
provide—давать, предоставлять,
предусматривать; ~ with—снабжать,
обеспечивать; ~ for—обеспечивать
средствами к существованию,
принимать меры на случай
непредвиденных обстоятельств
psychologist — психолог
public — общественность;
общественный
publicity — известность, слава,
гласность, реклама
pull: ~ together — соединять
воедино, объединять
punish — наказывать
purely — чисто
pursue — преследовать, искать;
заниматься, избрать ч.-л.
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quantifier — квантификатор,
местоимение с количественным
значением (грамм.)
quiz—серия вопросов, викторина;
~ show—телепередача,
участники которой отвечают на
различные вопросы
raft — плот; white-water rafting —
спуск на плотах по горным рекам
(вид спорта)
rage — ярость, гнев
ramble—говорить, болтать,
перескакивая с предмета на предмет
(on)
ranch—ранчо, крупное хозяйство,
животноводческая ферма
range—ряд, линия, диапазон,
пределы; top-of-the-range—лучший
в своей группе, номинации
realize — осуществлять,
осознавать; be realized — становиться
правдой, реальностью;
оправдываться
refer — ссылаться на ч.-л.,
упоминать о ч.-л.
reflective — мыслящий,
размышляющий
regard — считать, рассматривать,
касаться, иметь отношение
regular—регулярный; правильный
(грамм.)
regularly — регулярно
relate—относиться, иметь
отношение, устанавливать связь или
отношение, соотноситься
relationship — отношение,
взаимоотношение, связь, союз
relax — отдыхать, расслабляться
relieve — ослаблять, облегчать;
освобождать (от обязанностей и пр.)
reluctant — неохотный,
вынужденный, делающий ч.-л. с неохотой;
~1у—неохотно
remain— оставаться
remark—замечать, отмечать;
замечание
remarkable — необыкновенный,
замечательный, удивительный
rent — снимать, брать внаем, в
аренду; сдавать внаем, в аренду
represent — представлять
reproduce — воспроизводить,
воссоздавать, пересказывать
request — просьба; просить
resent — негодовать, возмущаться,
раздражаться по поводу — Не
resents criticism.
reservation — предварительный
заказ (места в самолете, гостинице
и т.п.)
respect — уважать
respectable — уважаемый,
представительный, респектабельный
resnlt — приводить в результате,
являться результатом (in)
resume — продолжать,
возобновлять, вновь обретать
retard — замедлять, задерживать;
mentally retarded—умственно
отсталый
review—рассматривать,
пересматривать, повторять
reward — награда,
вознаграждение; награждать, вознаграждать
ride — ездить (rode, ridden)
right: ~ away — прямо сейчас
ring — звенеть, звонить (rang,
rung)
rivet [rivit] — заклепка
rob—грабить, ограбить
rock — скала
room — место; комната
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Tound out — завершить, сделать
полным/ законченным
run — бежать, бегать; управлять
(ran, run)
sail—плавать, совершать плавание
sample — пробовать; образец,
проба
sand — песок
scarcely — едва, вряд ли, почти
(не.../ни...)
scare — испугать, пугать
scholar — ученик, учащийся; top
scholar — лучший ученик;
ученый, филолог, часто классик
school: high ~ —средняя школа
scrupulous — честный,
порядочный, добросовестный,
безупречный; ~ 1у—честно,
добросовестно
seat-of-the-pants — полагающийся
на собственные знания и навыки,
игнорирующий (не
использующий) советы других,
официальные предписания,
опубликованные данные и др.
secretary — секретарь; АтЕ —
министр
seek — искать, вести поиск (sought)
seem—казаться
set—комплект, набор, коллекция
sew [sou] — шить (sewed |soud|;
sewed, sewn)
shape — форма; keep in ~ —
держаться в форме; формировать,
создавать
share — делить, разделять, иметь
ч.-л. общее
sharp—острый, проницательный
shift — смена; меняться,
переключаться
shrink—уменьшаться, сжиматься,
съеживаться; ~
from—уклоняться, отлынивать; (shrank, shrunk)
shrug—пожать плечами
siege—осада
silence—молчание, безмолвие,
тишина
single—единственный, один,
одинокий
siren — сирена
ski—кататься на лыжах
skill — умение, квалификация,
навык
slight—слабый, незначительный,
поверхностный; ~1у—слегка
society — общество
soft — мягкий, легкий, нежный,
тонкий
Softball — софтбол, разновидность
бейсбола
solution — решение (to)
somewhat — несколько
soybeans—соевые бобы
spa—минеральный источник; hot-
tub spa—небольшой
подогреваемый бассейн с минеральной водой
speak ont—говорить внятно и
отчетливо; открыто высказывать
specialize — специализироваться
(in)
specify — конкретно определять,
указывать
spell — произносить или писать
слово по буквам
spring — источник, родник
stable—манеж, конюшня
star — звезда
state—состояние; штат
step—шаг, этап, действие
still — еще, все еще
story — история, сюжет, рассказ,
легенда
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straightforward — прямой,
честный, откровенный; ~1у—прямо,
откровенно
strange—странный, незнакомый
stress—давление, нажим,
напряжение; ставить ударение, подчеркивать
struggle — борьба; бороться
stubborn — упрямый
stud—кнопка, запонка
successfully — успешно
suit — 1) костюм; 2) подходить,
соответствовать
suitable—подходящий
sum—сумма
sunrise — восход солнца
support — поддерживать;
поддержка
swim — плавать (swam, swum)
symphony — зд. филармония
syndicate—синдикат, группа
компаний, объединенных вместе
tactful — тактичный
tag — этикетка, ярлык; конец,
завершающая часть;
завершающая часть разделительного
вопроса (грамм.)
tea — чай; make готовить,
заваривать чай
temperature—температура
test — испытание, проверка, тест;
испытывать, проверять
take: ~ over приобретать контроль
над ч.-л., сменить (особ,
владельца или руководство), занять
должность, сменив к.-л.
take: ~ risks — рисковать, идти на
риск
technique — прием, метод; ~s —
методика, техника
tell — говорить, сообщать,
рассказывать (told)
tend — стремиться к ч.-л.,
проявлять определенные склонности
или тенденции, иметь
склонность/тенденцию
textbook—учебник
their — их (определяющее пршпяж.
местоим.); theirs — их
(замещающее притяж. местоим.)
theme — тема
there — там, туда
therefore—следовательно,
поэтому
though—однако, хотя
thonght—мысль, размышление
thonsand — тысяча
touch: be out of быть
оторванным от ч.-л.
together — вместе
tranquility — спокойствие,
уравновешенность
travel — путешествие, -я (неис-
числ.); путешествовать
treat — обращаться, обходиться,
рассматривать, трактовать,
относиться
trifle — мелочь, пустяк
trip — поездка, путешествие; take
a trip — отправиться в поездку,
путешествие
truck — грузовик
turn: ~ up — прибавлять,
увеличивать, зд. — громко включать
радио
validity—верность, правильность,
вескость, обоснованность
value — ценность, значение
variation — изменение, перемена,
колебание
varied—разносортный, различный
various — разнообразный,
различный
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verification — проверка, контроль,
утверждение, подтверждение
истинности
versed — опытный, сведущий (in)
vice versa — (Latin) — наоборот,.
обратно
violence — насилие, ярость,
ожесточенность
voice — голос
under — внизу, в конце, под ч.-л., в
подчинении
underpinning — поддержка,
подкрепление
underwriter—страховая компания,
страховщик
unfortunate — неудачный,
несчастливый
unnerve — нервировать, лишать
спокойствия
unscrupulous-нечестный,
недобросовестный, непорядочный
unsolicited — незатребованный,
непрошенный, представленный
добровольно
up — вверх, наверх; up to — в
соответствии, в состоянии; It's up to
you to decide. — Вы должны
решать/Вам решать; go (get) up and
down — улучшаться и
ухудшаться, колебаться
urge — побуждать, заставлять,
убеждать, настаивать
useful — полезный; ~
ness—полезность
way: be well on somebody's ~ to
something—значительно
продвинуться по пути к намеченной цели
weak—слабый
well: as ~ as так же, как
whatsoever — (β βοηρ. и отр.
предл^) (хоть) какой-нибудь, какой
бы то ни было, вообще, совсем
wheel — колесо: a big ~ — важная
персона, большой человек
widespread — широко
распространенный, всеобщий,
всеобъемлющий
window — окно
wine — вино
woman — женщина; р\. women
wonder — чудо, нечто
удивительное; natural ~ — чудо природы
work: ~ around (round) —
принимать ч.-л. точку зрения
world—мир, свет, земной шар
worry—беспокоиться, тревожиться
worst—самый плохой, наихудший;
хуже всего
would: would rather (do) —
предпочитать
write — писать (wrote, written)
yours — ваш, твой {замещающее
местоим., грамм.)
zoo — зоопарк
SECTION 4
4.1. Revise Some of The Modals:
4.1.1. Read the following fragments, specify modals or view
statements and rephrase them:
e.g. I am able to talk with conviction about this subject.
You might say: I can talk with conviction about this subject.
I'm sure he is late again.
You might say: He must be late again.
1. No other man in American history was ever more denounced
and hated and double-crossed than Lincoln. Yet Lincoln,
according to Herndon's classic biography, «never judged men
by his like or dislike for them». He was capable of understanding
that his enemy was able to do things just as well as anyone.
2. Our duty is to remember that our children are very much what
we make of them. Watch your language. Maybe your remark is
trivial to adults but the children are listening.
3. Does George know the news? I'm sure he is as mad as Donald
Duck.
4. — New York's trying to get you. If I got the name right, it's one
of the editors of «US».
— The magazine?
— I admit I was wrong, perhaps. They are holding in my office
... Probably it's quite rewarding, John. It is possible that they
have something that would interest you.
5. Is there a chance for me to New York on the late plane?
6. It would be good for us to get down to the nitty-gritty.
7.1 don't mean anything specifically but may be it is just a matter
of money.
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4.1.2. Comment on the following using modals.
RESOLVING CONFLICTS WITHOUT HARD FEELINGS
Partners in all healthy relationships disagree. It's how they argue
that's a major key to whether their unions will last. «One of the best
predictors of marital success is a couple's ability to handle conflicts
constructively», says Howard Markman, whose 12-year, 150 couple
study is sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health. Couples
in his University of Denver conflict and problem-solving program have
a 50% lower divorce rate than a comparison group. Markman's
structured approach to preventing blow-ups is particularly helpful to
men who «have difficulty handling negative emotions». His ground
rules for handling conflicts:
—MAKE A DATE. When something bothers you, ask your partner
to set a time to talk within 24 hours.
— FOCUS ON THE PROBLEM. Talk face to face, with nothing
else to disturb you. Don't worry about the solution yet. About
70% of relationship issues just need an airing, not a solution.
The first speaker talks without interruption. The listener can't
react or concentrate on his or her own response, but should
occasionally sum up what's said.
—TAKE A TIME OUT. If things heat up, take a break and resume
within 24 hours.
—DEAL WITH OBSTACLES. If your partner won't respond, ask
why, but give assurances no fight will start.
— GO ON TO PROBLEM-SOLVING, IF YOU NEED IT. Be
creative; brainstorm solutions.
— TRY THE SOLUTION. Go back to the drawing board if
necessary for a new one.
— HOLD WEEKLY HALF-HOUR MEETINGS. Focus on
relationship issues then; don't let resentments build up.
4.1.3. Focus on nouus that modify nouns — nouns in sequence.
When two and more common nouns occur in sequence, the first
one(s) modifies (modify) the last:
206
comparison group, divorce rate, ground rules, relationship issues,
conflict and problem-solving program,
12-year, 150 couple study
Mind that a noun which modifies is usually singular: 12-year study
(not «years»), the shoe business (not «shoes»).
You may see some exceptions to this rule, however, for the pattern
seems to be changing. For instance, the library has a Periodicals
Room and the engineering college has a Materials Testing
Laboratory.
Proper nouns which are plural forms may also be used in modifying
position:
a United States citizen
United Nations observer groups
4.1.4. What do we call the following? Answer by giving the noun
and its modifiers. Be careful to distinguish between singular and
plural:
e.g. a farm where the fanners grow vegetables — a vegetable farm
stores where we buy shoes — shoe stores
a lamp we use on a desk
a book from which we study history
a class given in a gym
a degree granted by a university
a book that has 200 pages
an apartment with 5 rooms in it
a break that lasts 10 minutes
a student studying in high school
statements showing one's point of view
an account for savings (pi.)
207
4.2. Develop your reading comprehension skills; focus on certain
means of expression.
4.2.1. Read:
«The Liberty Belle» churned a white wake, rumbling towards
Liberty Island. The gaily dressed passengers now crowded the front of
the boat. The huge Statue seemed to glide closer, the great haunted face
serene in the brightening morning. Professor Quin saw the streaks
leading down from the face of Liberty. She had never realized that the
face was melancholy.
«It's different from «Saboteur», isn't it?» she said. «How would
you define the difference?»
Chris smiled. «It's more, I don't know, impassive».
«Yes. That's a good word. It has no qualities».
«Until Hitchcock makes us see it as dangerous».
«Exactly».
At least she had got him to talk, she thought. Kay Quin leaned
forward at the railing. The great crown — a tiara — of the Statue had
tiny black openings, windows from which people could view the harbor
below. She let Chris ramble. Like the others, he tried to impress her. It
was vaguely pleasant, at first. He did seem to know a lot about
Hitchcock. But his voice grated. She half listened as she looked up at
the shadowed side of the Statue.
«In any case, «Saboteur» was the inferior film». Chris continued.
«Don't you agree, Professor? Robert Cummings and Priscilla Lane were
good, but not strictly Hitchcock types. And the story line. Jesus, so
unbelievable. All those highly convenient delays to heighten suspense.
Cars run out of gas, planes forced to land. So desperately phony, so
false... Don't you agree, Professor Quin?»
After F. De Felitta
4.2.2. Learn do, does and did as means of giving emphasis; study
the following situation:
The First Security Guard: Hey, what do you think you are doing?
Do you own the building?
208
(The man being addressed smiles but says nothing.)
The Second Security Guard (addressing the man):
Excuse us, sir!
The First Guard: What the hell? What's going on?
The Second Guard (In An Undertone): He does own the building.
When we want to put emphasis on the predicate of a spoken sentence
we sometimes use the operators do, does, or did:
Children do need tranquility and togetherness.
She has a gentle voice but it does irritate people.
Chris did seem to know a lot about Hitchcock.
Do come to our reception.
4.2.3. Put emphasis on the following statements using do, does or did:
1. When you are approaching the Statue it seems to glide closer.
2. Professor Quin saw the streaks leading down from the face of
Liberty.
3. She realized that the face was melancholy.
4. Hitchcock makes his audience see ordinary things as dangerous.
5. Like others, Chris tries to impress his Professor.
6. In a movie, highly convenient delays heighten suspense.
7. In a long conflict, things heat up.
8. If your partner won't respond give assurances you will start no
fight.
9. There are always some relationship issues that need airing.
10. Our boss is the epitome of tolerance. He handles conflicts
constructively.
4.2.4. Develop dialogues (stories) along the lines mentioned; make
similar sketches of your own:
1. — An American lady living in Europe?
— She does live in Europe but she's actually from the Midwest.
2. — Strange, but it hangs together. It's strangely logical. Except
for this inexplicable gap. It doesn't fit. Illogical.
— The gap does fit, too.
209
3. «You don't mean that, Dave». He nodded emphatically,
vigorously: yes, yes, yes, he did mean it, he absolutely, positively
did.
4. Worst of all, many people do put much faith in appearances over
achievement. I still do not conform to it.
5. — Margo! What a pleasant surprise
— Excuse me, Mr. Claymore, I want to see my lawyer now.
— Margo, you don't return my calls any more.
—Well, that's not true. I never did return your calls.
— I know. I can't imagine why.
— It's because I don't like you.
6. —We could build up an enjoyable set of shared experiences.
There could be a close bond between us.
— Evidently. But only as long as your interests do not run too
contrary to my own.
— Under what extraordinary circumstances would my interests
run counter to your own?
— If you tried to borrow money from me, for example.
4.2.5. Read for information:
GRANTING UNIVERSITY DEGREES
In England and Wales and in the United States first degrees include
a BA for arts subjects and a BSc (BrE)/BS/SB (AmE) for sciences and
social science. Higher degrees include an MA or an MSc (BrE)/MS
(AmE) and a PhD. In Scotland degree courses last four years instead of
three, and an MA or an MSc is a first degree, at the same level as a BA.
Thus, MA (MSc/MS) is a title for someone who has a university degree
in an arts subject at the first level above the BA (BSc/BS). PhD is a title
for someone who has a university degree of very high rank, above an
MA or MSc/MS, which takes about three years and usually involves
doing research. Someone who has a PhD is said to have a doctorate and
is often given the title of Dr: Dr. Jason Hope. PhD/ Dr. Jason Hope.
In the US one can also earn an AA degree for two years study in a
210
junior college, but this is a lower degree than a BA. In Britain, students
can graduate with an ordinary degree or an honours degree which is
better.
The purpose of the academic program at a college or university is
to give students a solid command of basic principles, a versatility of
insight and perspective concerning natural and social phenomena, the
habit of continued learning and the power that comes from a thorough
and systematic approach to learning.
University education implies graduate and undergraduate study.
Undergraduate study involves courses for bachelor's degrees. Graduate
study includes programs granting master's degrees and doctorates
(PhDs). Many students believe graduate study to be essentially an
extension of undergraduate work, «only harder». On the contrary, the
basic character and objectives of graduate and undergraduate study differ
in many important particulars. The doctorate, and to a certain extent
the master's degree, signifies the attainment of a high level of expertise
in a given academic or professional field as well as the mastery of the
investigative techniques of the scholar. Achievement of these goals relies
on the cultivation of habits of rigorous self-discipline and diligent
thoroughness of mind.
«A course is a course, of course».
Not necessarily in general, at some universities the word «Course»
(capitalized) refers to an organized curriculum leading to a specific
degree. Generally students should be prepared to examine with an open
mind a wide range of Courses (majors) available at the University.
Students are encouraged to attend departmental orientation programs.
They should select electives that will help them think about possible
majors.
The word «course» (lower case), or subject, refers to the individual
class.
A number of fields in science, engineering, architecture, and the
humanities, arts, and social sciences offer minor programs. The minors
are coherent programs providing significant experience in their
disciplines. Students who successfully complete minor programs will
have their fields of study specified on their bachelor's degrees.
211
ΒΑ — Bachelor of Arts
BSc/BS — Bachelor of Sciences
MA — Master of Arts
MSc/MS — Master of Sciences
PhD, also D Phil — Doctor of Philosophy
4.2.6. Talk on what you have learned about granting university
degrees in western universities; outline your own career plans in
terms of the western academic system; compare the order of
granting degrees in the west to that adopted in our country.
4.2.7. Study adverbs and adverbials:
Work Through The Examples:
1. Charles was—however unhappily and pointlessly — a married
man.
2. We came to know each other socially.
3. The young man began writing journalistically soon after he left
school.
4. Tarzan was supposedly 30 feet tall.
5. The boy must eat! He is so alarmingly thin.
6. The woman spoke so strangely and purposefully. Before all the
mediamen in attendance.
7. So far as he knew (admittedly, he could not absolutely know)
bis name wasn't on any promotion list.
8. George phoned all the agencies where the information might
conceivably be found.
9. Jessy was keenly aware too of the many missteps and blunders
of her daily life.
10. They were allegedly aware of everything happening.
11. Dave was the kind of person, inexplicably stubborn at times
who was inclined to deny the obvious.
12. — I'm sorry I stepped on your flowerbed. It was an accident.
— It wasn't. You did it purposely.
13. Economically, the country is in a very healthy state.
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4.2.8. Rephrase making use of adverbs:
1.1 suppose she might be in her mid-thirties.
2. Although their partnership is pointless they are still partners.
3. These alarming statistics show that unemployment is rising
steadily.
4. Did you leave your note on purpose?—Yes, I did it intentionally.
5. His political opponents will do anything for the scandal to break
— they are determined to arrange it.
6. Can you imagine what sort of questions are asked in the exam?
7. My friend is very keen on his education. I think he is interested
in bis graduate course.
8. It is fairly obvious that the crime rate is dependent on social
and economic conditions.
9. Is your friend going to write for a newspaper?
10. We admit that our evidence, though taken from a smaller sample,
is different from yours.
11.1 admit that Tony is a lousy husband but he also has some good
points.
12. According to what some newspapers allege Martin Blake is
involved in an illegal gambling operation.
13. Jeremy takes an excessive interest in clothes.
14. We can't account for his behavior.
4.2.9. Practice written assignments. Build up stories along the lines
outlined making use of patterns you have learned from the course.
1. Brian produced a small card from his pocket and looked at it.
«Oops, somebody else's card got mixed with mine». He
exchanged the card with another smiling.
2.1 can arrange a discount if you are interested.
3. If you believe the newspapers everything nice is bad for you.
4. The woman behind the reception desk gaped at me as if I was an
alien from outer space.
5.1 never sunbathe. It gives you skin cancer.
6. This new decision represents a breach of our original argument.
7. Thanks God, the explosion didn't breach the reactor. They picked
up no radiation.
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8. Ibis is a highly fluid situation.
9. Energy released from burning fuel is turned into electricity. What
is in store for our civilization when conventional kinds of fuel,
such as gas, oil or coal are exhausted?
10. When you take up a risky project you are to be prepared for
every contingency.
11. This is an example of good reporting that covers the news with
clearness and balance.
12. We often make plans upon the assumption of a stable economic
structure.
13. Can't we find out everything about the Universe simply by
thinking of it? Can scientists rely on pure reasoning to make
discoveries about nature?
4.3. Study and Compare.
4.3.1. had better do should do
ought to do be supposed to
All these mean nearly the same: recommendation, advice, or
obligation, or expectation. But their meanings are not quite identical.
Compare:
You had better apply for the job now. (A particular situation: if
you don't apply now it will probably be too late).
We'd better complete our revision today.
He had better sign the document.
You had better not sign anything. You are not legally bound to.
So had better do implies advice given to provide against getting
into a worse or more complicated situation and refers to particular
circumstances.
Should and ought to are used in any types of situation to express
advice, expectation, evaluation, prediction or an opinion.
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You should see a doctor as soon as possible.
Our friend should certainly apply for the job.
My check ought to arrive next week.
It should rain tomorrow.
John has many scholastic honors. He ought to be very smart.
Be supposed to denotes something that is said, planned, arranged,
expected, allowed or advisable.
He is supposed to be here.
You are supposed to know these words.
We are not supposed to work late.
4.3.2. Point out modals and specify their meanings; learn the
dialogue and act it out; make similar dialogues of your own:
— What's this I hear about «US» wanting to borrow our finest
history man for the autumn term?
— I really know nothing about it. They want to interview me
tomorrow morning, and if I pass muster, they want to offer me a job
from term-end to Christmas.
— When is your next sabbatical?
— I was planning to spend next spring quarter in the Oregon
libraries.
—I remember. Settlements of the northwest. Mmmmmmm?
— I thought it should be natural for me to -
— Complete the cycle? Yes. Yes. You do that and you'll be a very
valuable man to us. A lot of foundations are going to be looking for
projects dealing with the American past. We ought to offer you as a
man who is supposed to be a certified intellectual for expertise of the
highest calibre. We had better generate still more interest in a man like
that. You have done your homework, Virginia to Oregon...
—So you think I should stay here and work on my Oregon project?
— I haven't said what I think. But I know for a fact... I know that
a lot of these foundations would just love to place a project in Georgia.
Gets them off the hook of appearing too provincial.
— Then I'll tell the editors...
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— You shouldn't tell them anything. Go. Listen. See what they
have to sell. And if by chance it should fit into your grand design...
After J. Michener
4.3.3. Learn have as a modal: have to = be forced to, must
Have to is not an exact paraphrase of must, but their meanings are
similar.
Study the examples:
We have ίο put up with unsolicited counsel sometimes.
Jack had to call Faye, though he didn't want to.
I'll have to phone you later.
Do you have to be well-versed in management to keep up?
Does Jack have to call Faye occasionally?
Why did Jack have to ask Faye to pick the kids after school?
Will you have to reconsider your decision?
You don't have to accept the job if you don't want to.
Jack doesn't have to accept her advice.
We didn't have to account for the fact.
Have to differs from the core modal must in a significant aspect: it
is not an operator and is to be or may be combined with those elements
which are operators:
You may have to change your mind.
(Also see questions and negative statements above.)
4.3.4. Make sentences according to the pattern:
Pattern: None of us really want to be seat-of-the-pants experts.
You say: I don't want to be a seat-of-the pants expert. I just have to.
Jack didn't want to sound abrupt.
You say: He didn't want to sound abrupt. He simply had to.
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1. Dave isn't inclined to deny the obvious. He just...
2. Prof. Allan doesn't like to sum up what he says. But occasionally...
3. Our manager had no wish to linger. He simply...
4. Our partner didn't want to cancel our appointment. He obviously...
5.1 wouldn't like to admit that our opponent is right. But I'm afraid...
6. It won't be suitable for us to check out tomorrow. But it seems we...
4.3.5 Make short dialogues asking questions or building up negative
statements with have to:
Pattern: — You are to attend all these conferences to keep up.
You say: — Do there really have to be so many conferences? I need
some routine work to do, too, if I really want to keep up.
or
— I don't really have to go to conferences to keep up.
Something else is to keep me on my toes.
1. We want to make another experiment.
2. Every executive is to be well-versed in management.
3. We should put up with unsolicited counsel sometimes.
4. If I move to New York my team will feel abandoned.
5. If I pass muster they will offer me a job as a host in a new television
quiz show.
6. I hope my speech will get us off the hook of appearing too
conservative.
7. Partners in all healthy relationships disagree.
8. I'd like to come to your party but I'm afraid I can't. I have a
previous engagement.
4.3.6. Revise some word building patterns:
bold—boldness eager — eagerness
Make similar nouns of the following adjectives using the suffix -ness:
happy, cheerful, positive, faithful, smart, lucky
Be aware of some other noun-building patterns:
precise — precision, decent — decency,
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sincere — sincerity, honest — honesty,
responsible—responsibility
4.3.7. Reproduce the dialogue and make similar plots talking about
various streaks:
— Lionnel, I know there's a certain streak in you...
—What certain streak is that?
— Call it an excessive degree of open-mindedness.
— How is it possible to be excessively open-minded? That's like
being too honest.
4.4. Revise will/won't; Study Their Modal Meanings.
4.4.1. Recall the Future Simple tense:
He will go ... They will help... She'll be busy...
I will come. Or I shall come (BrE).
This is a common way we talk about the future using will for all
persons, or shall for first persons (see also 2.5.).
We also use will /shall when we decide to do something just at the
time of speaking:
I think I'll walk home today.
Will as well as shall (see 2.5.) has some modal meanings. It is used
1) to say that somebody (something) is (isn't) willing or ready to do
something:
We can't find anyone who will take the job.
We will leave immediately.
I asked him about it many times but he won't tell me.
The door won't open.
2) to ask if somebody wants something or is willing to do something
(polite offers, requests etc.):
Will you have another cup of tea?
Will you go with us? Will you phone me?
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3) to show what always happens:
Boys will be boys. Accidents will happen.
If you teach a man anything he will never learn.
Oil will float on water.
How will that do? (Do you think this is adequate?)
4) to show what is possible/impossible (used like can)
This car will hold five people comfortably. (This car can hold...)
It's already hard enough for everybody, and it won't get easier.
(It can't get easier.)
5) to show what is likely (used like must)
That will be Ann. (That must be Ann.)
Jane will know that by instinct (Jane is sure to know it.)
4.4.2. Rephrase making use of will:
e.g. With the salaries they offer, they are sure to be short of staff.
You say: With the salaries they offer, they will be short of staff.
You just don't want to make the effort any more!
You say: You won't make the effort any more!
1. Racism undoubtedly exists at all levels of society.
2. Unquestionably money is one of the main causes of disagreement
between couples.
3. The kids are bound to be hungry when they get home.
4. Have you asked Ted? He must know.
5. The drop in prices and lack of demand are certain to affect the
manufacturing industry.
6. We are certain to see this technique widely used in the future.
7.1 can't start the car. Something is wrong with it. (The car...)
8. She is determined to enjoy every minute of her vacation.
9. The city authorities are resolved to build a new school within six
months.
4.4.3. Specify the meaning of will in every situation:
1)—This park is not only for the superrich. Everyone in the world
has the right to enjoy it.
— They will, they will.
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2) I will not get drawn into another financial debate with you,
Dennis, I really will not.
3) — So, what really happened yesterday?
— I can't tell you.
— Can't or won't?
4.4.4. Study the following scraps of dialogue; try to identify who
the speakers are and what they do; describe some of their actions
using will.
Linda said, «We'd better get back to Headquarters».
Jack took the photograph of Lavelin out of the envelope and tucked
it inside his coat.
«What are you doing?» Linda asked.
He handed her the envelope. «I'll be at Headquarters in an hour».
«What are you talking about?»
«Two o'clock at the latest».
«Where are you going?»
«There's something I want to look into.
«Jack, we've got to set up the task force, prepare a —»
«You get it started».
«There's too much work for one —»
«I'll be there by two, two fifteen at the latest».
«Damnit, Jack».
«You can handle it on your own for a while».
«You are going up to Harlem, aren't you?»
«Listen, Linda—»
«Up to that damned voodoo shop».
He didn't say anything. She said, «I knew it. You are running up
there to see Carver Hampton again. That charlatan. That fraud».
«He's not a fraud. He believes in what he does. I said I'd get back
to him today».
«This is crazy».
«Is it? Lavelin does exist. We have a photo now».
«So he exists? That doesn't mean voodoo works!»
«I know that».
«If you go up there, how am I supposed to get to the office?»
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«You can take the car. I'll get a uniform to drive me».
«Jack, damnit».
«I have a hunch, Linda».
«Hell».
«I have a hunch that... somehow... the voodoo subculture — may
be not any real supernatural stuff— but at least the subculture itself is
inextricably entwined with this. I have a strong hunch that's the way to
approach the case».
«Christ».
«A smart cop plays his hunches».
«And if you don't get back when you promise, if I'm stuck all
afternoon, handling everything myself, and then if I have to go in and
face Cresham —»
«I'll be back by two-fifteen, two-thirty at the latest».
«No later than two o'clock!»
«I'll make it as fast as I can».
After D.R.Koontz
4.4.5. Rephrase the sentences making use of will.
1. Linda said: «We can go to Headquarters now».
2. Jack doesn't want to go to Headquarters right away.
3. Jack is sure to get to Headquarters at two-thirty at the latest.
4. Jack and Linda are likely to set up the task force today.
5. Linda can handle the case on her own for a while.
6. Carver Hampton can be a fraud.
7. Jack has a hunch that the subculture must be inextricably entwined
with the case.
4.4.6. Rephrase using some words and word combinations from
text 4.4.4.:
1. Linda said: «We ought to return to Headquarters».
2. Jack took the picture out of the envelope and put it inside his
coat.
3. Jack and Linda are to arrange a group for performing the task.
4. Linda can deal with the case on her own for a while.
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5. How is Linda going to get to Headquarters?
6. Jack has a gut feeling that the case is linked up with the voodoo
subculture.
7. That's the way to attack the problem.
4.4.7. Shall is used to make offers or suggestions that ask the hearer
to decide:
Shall I carry that for you?
Shall I say it again?
Shall I open the window? = Do you want me to open the window?
Where shall we go this evening?
What shall we do about it?
This is one of the rare occasions when we can't use will.
Shall is formally used in official writing to show a promise,
command, or law:
Payment shall be made by cheque.
The Congress shall assemble at least once every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
Law appoint a different day. (From The Constitution of the United States)
Affirmative and negative sentences usually show the speaker's
intention when we can alternate shall with will:
I shall go and stay with Frankie for a few days, (intention)
I shan't change my mind, (determination)
We shall meet whatever happens, (promise)
I shan't find it easy to accept, (threat)
I shan't be very sorry when tonight is over, (understated foreboding)
4.4.8. What would you say in these situations? Make offers and
suggestions; show your determination, intention, etc.
1. Your friend is inclined to deny the obvious. (Shall I remind you
of...?)
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2. Your adviser wants to obtain some new information relevant to
your research project. You know where it might be conceivably
found. (I shall contact... or I will contact...)
3. You think that only a certified intellectual for expertise of the
highest calibre can participate in your research project. (We shall
invite ... or we will invite ...)
4. You believe that the new approach is going to get your team off
the hook of appearing too conservative. (Shall/Shan't we take
up this approach immediately...)
5. You want to visit your friend at the dorm but the woman behind
the reception desk is gaping at you as if you were an alien from
outer space. (Shall I produce...)
4.5. Study The Following Excerpt For Introduction:
If you show an interest in a thing, the price goes up. If this rule
applies to houses it is all the more true because here people are
concerned. This brings me back once more to some more odious
comparisons.
The ordinary American manager says to himself, «If we show an
interest in that guy he will become more and more useful to us; his
British counterpart an ocean away is saying, «If we show an interest in
that bloke he will cost us more money».
If we show an interest in that guy he will become more useful.
This sentence has two parts (clauses): he will become (the main
clause) and if we show an interest (the //"-clause). The sentence is future
but we do not use will (shall, be going to) in the //"-clause. Instead we
use a present tense, usually the Present Simple: If we show. The
same is relevant to other conditional clauses beginning with even if,
only if provided/providing, unless, on condition that, on condition, etc.
We also observe this rule in time clauses (when, while, as, till, until,
after, before, as soon as, as long as, etc.):
When Professor Venor's research project is completed he will
become a very valuable man to his department.
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4.5.1. Open the brackets and use the proper tense form; all the
sentences are about the future:
1. We won't solve crime until (we/solve) unemployment.
2.1 will send you the material as (it/accumulate) month by month,
in a series of envelopes.
3. Whatever am I to tell her when (she/find out)?
4. The company will buy the real estate even if (they/raise) the
price.
5. If (Jessy/do) well in her exam she will enter the University.
6. Whatever happens (we/have) two months to complete the
project.
7. Even if the government survives this crisis (they/still/face)
enormous problems.
8. (I/lend) you the money on condition that you pay it back within
three weeks.
9. As soon as you give me the letters (I/drop) them in the mail.
10. — I'm having a terrible time working out this calculus proof.
— (it/be) a lot easier if you take one step at a time.
11. — This job is really awful.
— Why not give it up then?
— You know how it is. If you need the money (you/just/have)
to grin and bear it.
12. (you/be) quite safe as long as (you/follow) all instructions.
13. Provided (the candidate/get) support from the trade unions (he/
win) the election.
14. Of course, (I/look) through your paper providing (you/drop/it/
off) at my house, that is.
15. While (I/be) here ask me for further information any time.
4.5.2. Make sentences relying on hints:
Pattern: You will produce commercials for television if...
You say: I will produce commercials for television if I have nothing
better to do.
1. You will buy insurance only if...
2. You will accept authority on condition that...
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3. You won't put much faith in appearances over achievement
unless...
4. You will get a go-ahead from your boss on condition that...
5. You will attend seminars and conferences to keep up as long as...
6. You will do a great deal of crossover work as soon as...
7. You won't start working on a controversial theory until...
8. You will accept the position of a host for a new television show
provided...
9. You will make a claim on your car insurance only if...
10. You will have to get third-party insurance in case...
4.5.3. Focus on some particulars of until- and ил/lm-clauses: their
predicates are to be positive.
Wait until I call.
Unless the government agrees to give extra money the theatre will
have to close.
Make sentences opening the brackets:
1. I'll be very much surprised unless our problems (be) inextricably
entwined with this event.
2. We are going to be quite prosperous until another drop in prices
(occur).
3. Don't accept the offer unless it (fit) into your grand design.
4. The evidence won't be reliable unless it (be) taken from a large
sample.
5. Gossip will never emerge until somebody (allege) something.
6. You won't have to work on paper unless the computer system
((break) down.
7. There's no chance to contact him until he (get) back to the
headquarters.
4.5.4. Answer:
1 - Will you be able to handle your research project on your own for
a while if your adviser takes a sabbatical?
225
2. What will you do when task forces of educators start debating
overproduction of doctorates?
3. Will you be able to develop your own hypothesis unless you
consult a certified intellectual?
4. Will anybody have a chance to participate in your project unless
he is a certified intellectual?
5. Will you attend departmental orientation programs provided you
are encouraged to?
6. Will you take part in any coherent programs providing this
stimulates your own?
7. What will you do in case your failure is inextricably entwined
with someone else's success?
4.5.5. Practice:
public, society, community, company, audience
public — people in general: The public is/are not really interested
in this issue.
public — controlled, provided, owned and paid for by the
government — public health services, public libraries, the public
sector — all the industries and services that are owned or paid
for by the government.
the community — the people in the society — used especially
when discussing matters such as the law, health and education:
The entire international community will condemn terrorism.
community, communities — a small group of people who are
closely connected because they live in a small local area or are
the people in this area who belong to a particular professional or
religious group, race, etc.
The President will meet representatives of the academic
community.
society — people in general considered as a organized group
that lives together according to a system of laws and accepted
behaviour:
Society has the right to expect people to obey the law.
society — a particular broad group of people who share laws,
organizations, customs etc.
America is a multi-racial society.
226
audience — the people listening to or watching a performance,
speech, lecture, television show etc.
Before giving a presentation learn your audience.
company (non-count.) — the presence of another person,
companionship, the people with whom the person spends
time, guests:
Amy admires company. She entertains her friends every weekend.
a company/companies (count.) — an organization, business,
firm, etc.
4.5.6. Complete the sentences making use of society, community, the
publiclpublic, company.
1. Speaking in... is a big problem for many people.
2. The whole ... will benefit from the wide range of resources
available at the college.
3. We aim to educate our students to be useful and responsible
members of....
4. In 1977, only 43% of the population had access to ... health
services.
5.1 was grateful for Jean's... on the long journey up to Stockholm.
6. Copies of the documents are available at... libraries.
7. Competition is an important part of a free-market....
8. The job of a politician is to serve the whole....
9. A pay freeze might be imposed on... employees.
10. The people at the party were really pleasant....
11. The... has the right to know what their elected representatives
are doing with their money.
12. An increased program of ... education will contribute to
improved qualification standards within the....
13. Shopaholics are a new problem, born of the affluent....
14. All the people here are so boring. Present... excepted, of course!
15. We want to find out what you, the..., really think about the
situation.
16. We are expecting... tonight.
17. Such behaviour is unacceptable in a civilized....
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18. This is a popular TV program with an... of 20 million viewers.
19. Drug abuse is one of the problems confronting modern Western....
20. Who is going to learn from your presentation? What sort of...
are you going to address?
21. Our... sells farm machinery.
4.6. Study The Meanings Of Would.
4.6.1. Would has a variety of meanings:
1) Would is the past form of will and replaces the latter in indirect
speech:
I said (that) I would get back soon.
Flur thought she would like it until she tried.
2) Would describes hypothetical actions and situations (The
Subjunctive Mood in its free, not structurally dependent usage).
Some utterances make a polite suggestion, request, etc.:
It's nearly four now. With a spot of luck, we would be on our
way home before a gaggle of reporters could come barrelling
up.
Maybe she would be happier working in an office.
I would say, your friend is very persuasive.
You're supposed to be the manager, so I wonder if you would
mind being a bit of a help?
Would you lend me your pen?
3. As a modal would denotes:
a) a habitual action in the past along with used to:
Every evening Mr. March used to stay in his office where he
would check his financial reports page by page.
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Both used to and would are used to talk about habits and states that
existed in the past but no longer exist. But the range of wouldis narrower
than that of used to:
— wouldis mainly used with action verbs like attend, discuss, talk
etc. to talk about past actions, not past states while used to can be
applied to both;
— wouldis not to be used at the beginning of a story.
b) shows that one is annoyed at something that always happens or
is typical:
That's always like him — he would lose the key.
c) shows that somebody (something) was not willing or ready to
do something in the past:
—Jack didn't say anything.
—Didn't or wouldn't?
Ben tried the door but it wouldn't open.
d) expresses prediction with a more tentative meaning «It is possible
that...» compared with will that is used with the sense of «It is
likely that...»:
cf: Jim would say «No». (He may say.../It is possible that he will
say...)
Jim will say «No». (He must say .../He is likely to say...)
4.6.2. Practice the tense shift; make sentences according to the
pattern:
Pattern: Jack promised, «I will be back by two-fifteen».
You say: Jack promised (that) he would be back by two-fifteen.
Jack said: «I'll be at the headquarters in an hour.»
You say: Jack said (that) he'd be there in an hour.
1. Jack remarked, «I'll look into the matter».
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2. Linda told Jack, «We'll have to set up the task force».
3. Jack supposed, «I'll get a uniform to drive me».
4. Linda admitted, «Probably, the subculture will be inextricably
entwined with the case».
5. Jack asked Linda, «Will you be able to handle it on your own for
a while?» (...asked if/whether...)
6. Jack admitted, «We will approach the case properly».
4.6.3. Specify the meanings of would; use the following statements
as impacts on dialogues or stories:
1. Lieutenant Brady always does the driving himself. Normally,
the Sergeant would drive the Lieutenant but Brady loves to drive.
2. — Didn't you know our representative was there?
— Why would I know?
3. People were looking at him—not, you felt, because they knew
who he was, but because there was an atmosphere about him
you would no more ignore than you would ignore a lightship.
4. There would be no sense in saying that.
5. What would you do first to make a brilliant career?
6. Would you agree with me?
7. This is a little more than one would expect.
8. Wouldn't it be better to reconsider your decision?
9. If I win a scholarship that would help me over the first years; I
might pull through.
10. Would you say he wants a success?
11. It would hardly be wise to do that.
4.6.4. Read the text specifying the meanings of will and would.
Jack Dawson, the police officer, had figured Burt Wicke to be slow-
moving, slow-talking, a weary and sedentary man, but Wicke spoke
with considerable nervous energy. He couldn't sit still, either. He paced
the room, sat down in a chair, bolted up almost at once, paced, all the
while talking, answering questions—and complaining. He was a
nonstop complainer.
«This won't take long, won't it? I've already had to cancel one
business meeting. If it takes long I'll have to cancel another».
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«It shouldn't take long.» Jack said.
«I had breakfast here, in the room. Not a very good breakfast. The
orange juice was too warm, and the coffee wasn't warm enough. I asked
for ray eggs over well, and they came sunny-side up. You'd think a
hotel like this, a hotel this expensive, would be able to give you a
decent room service breakfast. Anyway, I shaved and got dressed. I
was standing in the bathroom combing my hair, when I heard somebody
shouting. Then screaming. I stepped out of the bathroom and listened,
and I was pretty sure it was all coming from the next door there. More
than one voice».
«What were they shouting?» Linda asked.
«Sounded surprised, startled. Scared. Real scared».
«No, what I mean is—do you remember any words they shouted?»
«No words».
«Or maybe names?»
«They weren't shouting words or names; nothing like that».
«What were they shouting?»
«Well, maybe it was words or names, or both, but it didn't come
through the wall all that distinctly. It was just noise. And I thought to
myself: Christ, not something else gone wrong. This has been a rotten
trip all the way».
Wicke wasn't only a complainer; he was a whiner. His voice had
the power to set Jack's teeth on edge.
«Then what?» Linda asked.
«Well, the shouting part didn't last long. Almost right away, the
shooting started».
«Those two slugs came through the wall?» Jack asked, pointing to
the holes.
«Not right then. Maybe a minute later. And what the hell is that
joint made of, anyway, if the walls won't stop a bullet?»
«It was a .357 Magnum. Nothing'U stop that».
«Walls like tissue paper», Wicke said, not wanting to hear a thing that
would contribute to the hotel's exoneration. He went to the telephone that
stood on a nightstand by the bed, and put bis hand on the receiver. «As
soon as the shooting started I scrambled over here, dialed the hotel operator,
told her to get the cops. They were a very long time coming. Are you
always such a long time coming in this city when someone needs help?»
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«We do our best» Jack said.
«So I put the phone down and hesitated, not sure what to do, just
stood listening to them screaming and shooting over there, and then I
realized that I would be in the line of fire. Then, all of a sudden, I was
in the line of fire. The first shot came through the wall and missed my
face by maybe six inches. The second one was even closer. I dropped to
the floor and hugged the carpet. But those were the last two shots —
and just a few seconds later, there wasn't any more screaming, either».
«Then what?» Jack asked.
«Then I waited for the cops».
«You didn't go into the hall?»
«Why would I?»
«To see what happened».
«Are you crazy? How was I to know who would be out there in
the hall? Maybe one of them with a gun was still out there».
«So you didn't see anyone. Or hear anything important, like a
name?»
«I've already told you. No».
Jack couldn't think of anything more to ask. He looked at Linda
who seemed stymied, too. Another dead line.
They got up from their chairs, and Burt Wicke—still fidgety, still
whining — said, «This has been a rotten trip from the beginning,
absolutely rotten. First, I have to make the entire flight from Chicago
sitting next to a little old lady from Peoria who wouldn't shut up. You
wouldn't believe how boring old ladies could be! And the plane hit
turbulence like you wouldn't believe. Then yesterday, two deals fall
through, and I find out my hotel has rats, a expensive hotel like this —»
«Rats?» Jack asked.
«Huh?»
«You said the hotel had rats».
«Well, it does».
«You've seen them?» Linda asked.
«It's a disgrace», Wicke said. «A place like this, with such an
almighty reputation, but crawling with rats».
«Have you seen them?» Linda repeated.
Wicke cocked his head, frowned. «Why are you so interested in
rats? That's got nothing to do with the murders».
232
«Have you seen them?» Linda repeated in a harsher voice.
«Not exactly. But I heard them. In the walls».
«You heard rats in the walls?»
«Well, in the heating system, actually. You know how those hollow
metal heating ducts will carry sound. They sure sounded close.
Squeaking. A funny sort of squeaking. Chittering, twittering sounds.
Maybe half a dozen rats, by the sound of it. I could hear their claws
scraping on metal... a scratchy, rattly noise that gave me the creeps. I
complained, but the management here won't bother attending to
complaints. From the way they treat their guests, you'd never know
this was supposed to be one of the finest hotels in the city».
After D.R.Koontz
4.6.5. Learn to distinguish between possible and hypothetical
situations:
If the editors publish your book, many people will get interested. (1)
If the editors published your book, many people would get interested. (2)
Sentence (1) describes a possible situation of present or future time.
«If the editors publish» implies «they might publish». So we use
indicatives, not subjunctives in sentences like that.
Sentence (2) describes a hypothetical situation, one that is either
contrary to the real facts of the present, or unlikely to occur in the
future. «If they published» implies «they do not want to publish».
Here we use subjunctives. Published'^ a subjunctive. It looks like a
past simple form but it is not about the past. We use subjunctives
that look like past simple forms in i/-clauses to describe a hypothetical
situation. In the main clause we use would followed by a simple bare
infinitive: would get. «Many people would get interested» implies that
actually people will not get interested because the book is not going
to be published.
NB! The verb be is the only one with two past simple forms. So we
are to specify how they are used in the subjunctive mood. In modern
English, we can make use of both. In other words, it is both correct to
say:
233
If I were you, I wouldn't accept this job. =
Iflwasyou....
If the evidence were reliable we would make the most of it. =
If the evidence was reliable .....
4.6.6. Convert possible situations into hypothetical ones:
Pattern: I will complete my research sooner if I take a sabbatical.
You say: I would complete my research sooner if I took a sabbatical.
1. If the claims exceed the premiums the company will dig deep to
make good the losses.
2. If I have some time I will attend the exhibition.
3. If you travel you will look better in the eyes of employers.
4. He will enhance his reputation if he is more straightforward.
5. We will heed the words of the people famous for their intelligence
if we are wise.
6. If the theory is controversial there won't be many scientists
working on it.
7. If things heat up we will take a break and resume later.
4.6.7. Describe the following in terms of hypothetical situations:
Pattern: Lieutenant Brady loves driving and always drives himself.
You say: If Brady didn't love it, the Sergeant would do the driving.
1. Math is my major, and I decided to take up a coherent selective
program in computer science.
2. It doesn't make very much sense to learn the same things, «only
harder». That is why graduate and undergraduate study differs
in many important particulars.
3. Hitchcock's films are still popular because they create a
tremendous sense of suspense.
4. The problem needs not just an airing. It needs a solution. So I
have to talk to you.
5. My job doesn't have the most regular hours. I can't walk away in
the middle of business talks just because it's the end of my
working day.
234
6. Kevin is liable to look through Dave's paper, of course. But Dave
doesn't want to drop it off at his house.
7. Ben is an experienced interviewer, so he never shows an interest
in the candidate he interviews.
8. We are having a terrible time working out this calculus proof.
4.6.8. Answer:
1. What would you do if you wanted to make the world a better
place?
2. Would you ever neglect your own interests in favor of the
community's if you had to?
3. What would you do if you were going to add to the world
knowledge?
4. What would you achieve if there were more financial
underpinning for your research project?
5. How would you study if you were an imaginative learner?
6. How would you implement your innovative idea if you had a
chance to?
7. What would you do if you had all University degrees?
8. What would you do if task forces of administrators started
debating overfinancing of your research project?
9. What would you do if your research problem required a
numerical solution?
10. What would you do if your research had some quite unexpected
effects?
4.6.9. Revise would like to do and would rather do.
Would like to do means want to do:
Joseph would like to take a correspondence course so he can
graduate sooner.
I would truly like to drop this subject, Laura.
We'd like to know what you're going to do next.
We would not like to move a vote of no-competence unless we
have to, of course.
This is a really difficult course, and I wouldn't like to take the plunge
now.
235
Would rather do means prefer to do:
Which would you rather do: go to the cinema or stay at home?
I would rather do it this way.
I'd rather not say what I think.
I'd rather you didn't tell him that.
4.6.10. Comment on the following situations making use of would
like to dolwouldn't like to do and would rather do/would rather not
e.g. The President of the company said: «I want to move a
vote of no-competence. Unless I get an explanation now.
You say: The President would like I'd like to move a vote of no-
competence.
The Mayor is very concerned. He would prefer to get timely
information.
You say: The Mayor would rather get timely information.
1. It crosses Robin's mind, not for the first time, that it is a pity she
lives so far from the metropolis where many exciting events are
always happening.
2. Edwin said: «My grant has expired, and I am still some way off
completing my PhD dissertation».
3. Chris remarked: «I'm going to make a verbal outline, a
description of my research. So you'll know what I went through.
What was involved. You'll know it wasn't easy to get to my
present state».
4. Mr. Harte wants us to transfer the money to his current account.
5. «Does anyone know,» the executive said, «how many different
products our firm will make next year? 930. That's about nine
hundred too many, in my opinion.»
6. There was a time when Robert's «cell» as he insisted on calling
this, was lined with books on three sides and up to the ceiling on
each. I wish I could stay there again for a while, in the atmosphere
of peace and tranquility, (the speaker)
236
7.1 mean, I liked your news show, Mr. Safran. I think you're on to
something. I think you'll be interested in my information. You
won't miss your chance, will you?
8. You skim out of the border. You could make trouble. (I)
9. Jerry answered angrily: «With all hours I work, what time do I
have to meet girls»?
10. The Chief Engineer explained: «Every new specification means
that we have to stop production, retool or reset the machines,
stop a flow line, or whatever. That costs time, and time is
money».
4.7. Learn More About The Subjunctive Mood.
4.7.1. The particular form of the subjunctive under consideration
is frequent in American English and getting such in British English.
This is the so-called mandative use of the subjunctive that occurs
in subordinate </za/-clauses, and looks like the base form of the verb.
The that-clause follows demands, proposals, recommendations, etc.:
The Republicans demanded that the President resign his office. (1)
It was imperative that our press officer stop giving information. (2)
The general requirement is that freshmen receive grades at P-level. (3)
This subjunctive use occurs in //ζβί-clauses following:
verbs like decide demandinsist order prefer propose require suggest
ask request
adjectives like advisable desirable essential imperative necessary
vital
nouns like decision demand insistence order resolution requirement
The verb in the ίΛαί-clause is always like a base form, regardless
of the tense of the verb in the main clause. The tense-shift does not
apply in these cases (see 1,2).
237
4.7.2. Study the pattern:
George was having trouble with economics.
His adviser suggested that he work hard.
Complete the utterances making use of the proper form of the
Subjunctive Mood:
1. Our research needed financial underpinning. Chris suggested
that...
2. The deadlines were tight. It was necessary that we...
3. This test is elementary. It is advisable that...
4. Burt wasn't pleased with the room service at the hotel. He
demanded that...
5. Brian doesn't like unexpected visitors. He prefers that...
6. Few people can handle conflicts constructively. Psychologists
recommend that...
7. Faye was convinced that no one else's life could be well-run
without her advice. She insisted that...
8. Jack had borrowed a lot of money. His father forbid that...
9. George likes to hear from his sister. He requested that...
10. Mrs. Allan's car was in the garage. She asked that ...
4.7.3. Develop the following statements into complete short stories:
1.1 must ask that everything I tell you be confidential. Can you
agree to that?
2. Protocol required, however, that Captain Emergy answer the
District Attorney immediately.
3. The Mayor is terribly concerned. He ordered that his press officer
release a statement to the public this afternoon.
4. It is vital that you do all you can to prevent a disaster.
5. It is absolutely necessary that we find those addresses.
4.7.4. Read and comment on the idea making use of subjunctives.
e.g. It is necessary that any researcher make as many experiments
as possible.
238
If we focused only on experiments we wouldn't ever form up
adequate conceptual grounds.
Can The Thought Count?
Can't we find out everything about the Universe simply by thinking
about it?
Experiments do not always need laboratories and equipment. With
thought experiments, scientists can rely on pure reasoning to make a
discovery about nature, or to expose a paradox or inconsistency within
accepted theories without ever lifting a test tube. Thought experiments
can be used to argue that now existing theories are wrong, or at least
incomplete, on essentially conceptual grounds. How far can one get
with thought alone? In particular, are thought experiments limited to a
few quirky topics, or might they apply to almost all science? Is it
conceivable that pure thought might deliver enough information about
the real world for us to discover the laws of the Universe without going
to the trouble and expense of doing actual experiments? Galileo,
Schrodinger, Einstein... These are only a few famous names associated
with classic thought experiments.
Now, what is your idea of the role of thought experiments in the
history of science?
4.7.5. Review adjectives and adverbs. Modification grades and
degrees of comparison.
To add the idea of degree to adjectives and adverbs we can use too,
enough, so, as, extremely, slightly, very, pretty, rather, fairly, quite, a
little, a bit, not very, not at all, how, etc. Review some examples:
1. Pure thinking might be extremely efficient.
2. We were fairly near the house when it began to rain.
3. These two men are pretty obviously professional muscle.
4. Hitchcock's films are still rather popular with some people.
5. My current grades are not as good as my friend's.
(... are not so good as...)
6. We weren't at all enthusiastic about the idea.
239
Mind that a little and a bit are mostly used to express negative
ideas:
He is a bit of an individualist. And a little selfish, too.
It is also important to know the formation of the degrees of
comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Study the examples:
It's a big problem. It's much bigger than the previous one.
Actually, it's the biggest problem we have ever had. (1)
Talk louder.
He usually turns up hard rock music the loudest in the late afternoon.
This problem is easier to solve. Perhaps, it's the easiest of all. (2)
I am much happier now than I was yesterday. (3)
When were you the happiest?
Actually, technology is moving more slowly than one might think. (4)
You'd better use commoner concepts in your course paper. Or
You'd better use more common concepts .... (5)
To be more exact, he is a financial adviser.
Michael is more independent than any of his colleagues. (6)
Our place is fairly near here. Theirs is farther away.
Whose place is the farthest from here?
Let's go further.
He won't stop at that. He will go the furthest.
You should be more confident. It is necessary for you to have
better self-esteem.
We want you to work here because you are the best of the best of
the best in your profession. (7)
The sooner we achieve some positive results, the better. (8)
For better or for worse, you must cultivate your own little garden. (9)
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As you can see from the given examples, short one-syllable
adjectives and adverbs normally have comparatives and superlatives
ending in -er and -est (1). Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y have -
ier and — iest (2), (3). But this does not apply to two-syllable
comparative and superlative adverbs ending in -y (4). With certain two-
syllable adjectives, -er and -est and more/most are both possible, e.g.
narrow, clever, simple quiet, polite, common (5). With others, including
adjectives ending in -ing, -ed, -fill, -less, only more/most is possible.
The same refers to longer adjectives (6).
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparison:
good
well
bad
badly
little
much
many
better (than)
worse (than)
less (than)
more (than)
(the) best (of)
(the) worst (of)
(the) least (of)
(the) most (of)
Far/farther/farthest are used for distance. Fur/further/furthest are
also used for distance, but can also mean extra, advanced, more (7).
The more, the terter-patterns are quite frequent as well as some particular
expressions like for better or for worse (8), (9).
There are quite a few subtleties about comparatives and
superlatives. In particular, short adjectives that normally have -er and
-est might occasionally have more/most. This can happen, for example,
when we compare two descriptions saying that one is more suitable
than another:
He is more lazy than stupid.
In a rather formal style, most can be used with adjectives expressing
approval or disapproval:
Thank you. This is most kind of you.
Superlative adjectives in the predicative position tend to have the:
241
— You are good!
— No, I'm actually the best.
But the might be dropped in an informal style:
This dictionary is best.
The is sometimes dropped before superlative adverbs in an informal
style:
Who can do it (the) fastest?
And the is not used with superlatives when we compare the same
person or thing in different positions:
Michael is nicest when you praise him.
He works hardest when the problem grips him entirely.
To find out more about comparatives and superlatives, check in a
good dictionary or grammar book.
4.7.6. Read the text and comment on it using degree and comparison
patterns.
The Dean's autumn reception for new faculty in 1990, that's when
it was. Just back from India after his second Fulbright there and still
jet-lagged, Michael slouched against the dean's refrigerator, tugging
on his second beer of the afternoon. He looked past faces looking at
him or what they took to be him and answered tedious questions about
India, suffering the white noise of academic chatter in the spaces around
him.
An accountant's wife had taken over the India interrogation. Michael
gave her 38.7 percent of his attention, planning escape routes and taking
a long slow swallow of beer while she spoke.
«Didn't the poverty just bother you horribly?»
«What poverty?»
He was thinking about Joseph Conrad now, being halfway through
«Heart of Darkness» on his third reading of it.
«In India. It must be awful».
«No. I was in the south, and the people looked pretty well-fed to
me. You've been watching those television shows that concentrate on
good Catholic sisters hobbling around in the guts of Calcutta».
She jumped a little when he said «guts» as of it were a word she
hadn't heard before or maybe didn't like to think about.
242
«Did you see any cobras?»
«Yes, the snake charmer in the market place had one in a basket.
The snake's mouth was sewn shut to keep it from doing any damage».
«How did it eat?»
«It didn't. It eventually dies. Then the snake man goes out and finds
another one and sews its mouth shut, too. That's the way it works».
«My God, that's cruel, even though I abhor snakes».
«Yeah, working conditions have gone downhill all over. On the
other hand, it's pretty much like the university. We just use heavier
threads, that's alb.
The accountant's wife blinked at him in the way some people do
when they encounter lunacy and went on.
«Did you see any of those naked men with white paint or whatever
on their bodies? Isn't that strange?»
«No, I didn't see any. They're mostly up north, I guess. Benares, or
Varanasi, as they call it now, places like that. Whether it's strange or
not I can't say, depends on your worldview and career plans, I suppose».
«Jellie Braden's been in India, you know. The senior man in
comparative economics,» leapfrogged the accountant's wife and had
Michael's attention.
«Who?»
«Jim Braden's wife. He's the new guy in econometrics we hired
away from Indiana».
Braden? Braden ... Braden ... Braden? Ah, yes, Jim Braden. He'd
interviewed him six months ago before going to India. Never met his
wife. She'd been out with a realtor looking at housing during their
recruiting visit. Michael felt like writing: «Standard issue, greater than
or equal to earnest and boring» on the evaluation form. But he didn't
and wrote instead «Jim Braden is a perfect fit» which amounted to the
same thing.
Michael heard a car door shutting in the driveway. The senior man
turned and looked out of the window.
«Oh, here they come now. They're a delightful couple».
The faculty and assorted others with short attention spans laid down
India and took up repertoire number two, another set of standard
questions. This time with the Bradens, leaving Michael slouched there
against the fridge by himself.
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«How do you like Cedar Bend?»
«Are you all moved in now?»
«What courses are you teaching, Jim?»
«Jeilie — what an interesting name...»
The dean's wife came over.
«Hello, Michael».
«Hi, Carolyn, what's up?»
He and Carolyn had always got along well even though the ol'
deanaroo secretly wished Michael would pack it up and go somewhere
else, anywhere. He occupied a high salary line, mainly, because he'd
been at the university fifteen years, and Arthur Wilcox would have
preferred something a little less expensive and a lot more manageable
sitting in Michael's office.
After R.J. Waller
4.8. The Words You Are Supposed To Know:
abhor—ненавидеть, питать
отвращение
access — доступ
accident — случай, случайность;
несчастный случай, катастрофа,
авария
account — считать, признавать;
счет (в банке); ~ for—объяснять
accountant—бухгалтер
accumulate — накапливать,
складывать
admit— признавать, допускать
agency—агенство, бюро
air—воздух; проветривать,
вентилировать
alarm — тревога, сигнал тревоги;
burglar ~ — охранная
сигнализация; ~ clock—будильник
alarming — тревожный,
волнующий; ~1у — тревожно,
настораживающе
alien — иноземец, иностранец,
чужой человек; пришелец
allege—голословно утверждать,
заявлять ч.-л., ссылаться на ч.-л. для
оправдания (~ something)
alleged — мнимый, утверждаемый;
~ 1у — якобы, по утверждению
almighty — всемогущий
alternate — [-it] чередующийся,
поочередный, переменный; [-eit]
чередоваться, сменять друг
друга
amount—равняться ч.-л., доходить,
достигать
argument—довод, доказательство;
аргументация; диску сия, спор
assemble — собираться
assurance — уверение, заверение,
гарантия; уверенность
attainment—достижение,
приобретение
available — имеющийся,
присутствующий, доступный
audience — аудитория, слушатели,
зрители, публика
244
awful — ужасный
balance — равновесие,
уравновешенность, гармоничное
сочетание, сбалансированность
barrel: barrel up (in) — врываться,
вламываться
basket—корзина
bear — нести, иметь (признаки,
следы), выдерживать, нести
нагрузку; ~ in mind — иметь в виду,
помнить (bore, borne, born)
behaviour (BrE), behavior (AmE) —
поведение
benefit — благо, преимущество,
благодеяние
blink — мигать, моргать; мерцать
bloke — парень, тип, личность
blow-up — взрыв; взрываться
blunder — грубая ошибка
bolt: ~ up — вскочить, вскакивать
bond — связь, общий интерес
bother — беспокоить(ся),
надоедать, докучать
brainstorm — быстро и тщательно
обдумывать
breach — нарушение,
повреждение; нарушать, повреждать
brighten — проясняться, наполнять
радостью, освещать(ся)
bullet — пуля
calculus — исчисление,
вычисление
cancer — рак (заболевание)
capitalize — печатать или писать
прописными буквами, начинать с
прописной, большой буквы
carpet — ковер
case: lower строчная буква
cell — камера, келья, ячейка,
клетка, элемент
certified — утвержденный
(подтвержденный) официальным
свидетельством, дипломом и т.п.
chatter — болтовня, трескотня
chitter — чирикать
churn — вспенивать
claw — коготь
cock — насторожиться
coherent — связанный, логически
последовательный, связный
comb — причесывать, расчесывать
command — владение, знание: solid
твердые знания
commercial — рекламная
коммерческая передача, ролик
companionship — дружеские
отношения, товарищество
company — общество, компания,
гости
comparative — сравнительный;
сравнительная степень, форма
сравнительной степени (грамм.)
compare—сравнивать
comparison — сравнение
complain — жаловаться
conceivable — постижимый,
понятный, мыслимый, возможный
conceive — постигать, понимать,
задумывать, замышлять, полагать,
думать
condemn — осуждать, порицать
considerable — значительный
contingency — вероятность,
возможность, непредвиденное
обстоятельство
contrary — противоположный,
обратный, противоречащий (to)
contribute — делать вклад,
способствовать, содействовать (to)
controversial — противоречивый
convenient — удобный
сор — полицейский (разг.)
245
correspondence: ~ course —
заочный курс
cost — стоить; стоимость
counter — противоположный,
обратный (to)
counterpart — копия, точное
соответствие другой вещи или лицу;
одноименная вещь (лицо)
crawl—ползти, ползать, тащиться
crazy — сумасшедший,
помешанный, увлеченный
creep — содрогание, мурашки
(разг.); give (somebody) creeps —
вызывать мурашки
crowd—толпа; множество, масса
crown — корона
cruel — жестокий
cultivation — развитие,
выращивание, обработка
curriculum — учебная программа
(pi. curricula/curriculums)
damage — ущерб, вред,
разрушение, повреждение
debate — обсуждать,
дискутировать
define — определять, давать
определение, устанавливать,
характеризовать
delay — приостановка,
промедление, откладывание, задержка
denounce — осуждать, обвинять,
разоблачать; денонсировать,
расторгать
dependent — зависимый
design — замысел, проект
desperately — крайне, очень,
ужасно, отчаянно
determination — решимость,
решительность; определение,
установление
dial—набирать номер
diligent — прилежный, усердный,
старательный
discount — скидка
disgrace — позор
distinct—ясный, отчетливый;
различный, разный; ~1у —
отчетливо
disturb — беспокоить, доставлять
хлопоты, нарушать
doctorate — ученая степень
доктора^. PhD)
double-cross — обманывать,
проводить
downhill — вниз, под уклон, под
гору; зд. от развитых стран в
менее развитые
drop — бросать, ронять; ~ in the
mail—бросить в почтовый ящик;
опускать, пропускать
drop off—завезти, «забросить»
duct—труба, трубка
earnest — серьезный, убежденный
egg —яйцо
elect — выбирать, избирать
elective—факультативная
программа в университете
emerge — появляться, выходить,
возникать, всплывать
emphatically — подчеркнуто,
многозначительно, настойчиво,
решительно
encourage — поощрять
energy — энергия
engagement — назначенная
встреча, договоренность;
обязательство
enhance — усиливать, увеличивать
enormous — огромный; ~ 1у —
чрезвычайно, крайне, очень
entwine — переплетать(ся),
обязывать
246
envelope — конверт
epitome — воплощение,
олицетворение
escape — бегство, побег; убегать,
совершать побег
estate: real ~ — недвижимость
except—за исключением
exception — исключение
excerpt — фрагмент, отрывок
exchange — обмен; обменивать(ся)
executive — руководитель;
исполнительный
exhaust — истощать, исчерпывать;
утомлять, изнурять
exoneration — оправдание,
реабилитация; освобождение (от
обязательств, ответственности)
expectation — ожидание, надежда
expertise — специальные знания,
компетентность, эрудиция в к.-л.
области
expire—заканчиваться, истекать
explosion — взрыв
extension—расширение,
распространение, увеличение
extent—протяженность, мера,
размер, величина
face—сталкиваться (с проблемой)
fidgety — неутомимый,
беспокойный, суетливый
fit — соответствовать, подходить;
подходящий, соответствующий
flight—полет, рейс (самолета)
fluid — текучий, неустойчивый,
изменяющийся; жидкость
force: task force — оперативная
группа, рабочая команда
forebode — предвещать, служить
предзнаменованием
fraud — обман, мошенничество;
мошенник
freeze—замерзать, замораживать,
замирать (froze, frozen)
frown — хмуриться, смотреть
неодобрительно
fuel — топливо
gaily — весело, ярко
gap—пропуск, брешь, пустое
место, разрыв, расстояние (между
предметами)
gape—глазеть, смотреть в
изумлении
get: ~ down — приниматься за ч.-л.;
~ mixed — смешиваться; get
уходить, уезжать, идти; ~ drawn
— втягиваться; ~ something to do
with — сталкиваться с ч.-л., иметь
дело с ч.-л.
glide — скользить, плавно
двигаться
graduate: ~ school — (AmE) — этап
университетского образования,
предусматривающий
присуждение магистрских и/или
докторских степеней, магистратура и
аспирантура
grant—подтверждать, присуждать;
стипендия, грант
grate—действовать раздражающе
grateful — благодарный
grin — широко улыбаться,
ухмыляться
habit — привычка
hair — волосы (неисчисл.)
hang: ~ together — хорошо
подходить, быть связным, увязанным
(hung, hanged)
guy — парень
harbour (BrE), harbor
(AmE)—гавань
harsh — резкий, грубый, жесткий
haunted — задумчивый
247
headquarters—управление,
правление, штаб, главный офис
heat—нагревать(ся), отапливать;
~ up — накаляться; heating —
отопление
hesitate — колебаться, быть в
нерешительности
heighten — усилить, повысить
hobble — ковылять, хромать; зд.
толкаться, суетиться
hole—отверстие, дыра, окно
honours, (AmE — honors) —
отличие; an honours
degree—диплом (степень) с отличием
hook: get off the ~ (of) —
освободиться), выйти из трудного или
неловкого положения
horribly — ужасно
hug—крепко обнимать, сжимать;
держаться, придерживаться
(мнения)
huge — огромный
hunch — предчувствие,
подозрение, интуиция
hypothesis — гипотеза; (pi.
hypotheses)
hypothetical — гипотетический
ignore — игнорировать
illegal — незаконный
imbalance — неустойчивость,
неуравновешенность,
несоответствие
impassive — бесстрастный,
безмятежный, безразличный
impose — налагать,
устанавливать, предписывать, облагать
impress— производить
впечатление, поражать
inch — дюйм
inconsistency —
непоследовательность, несоответствие
indicative — указывающий,
свидетельствующий; изъявительный
(грамм.)
inextricably — запутанным,
сложным, непостижимым образом
inferior — низший по качеству или
положению (to); худший
insight — глубокое понимание,
проницательность, способность
проникновения в сущность
intellectual — человек широких
интеллектуальных интересов и
запросов; умственный,
мыслящий, мыслительный
intentionally — намеренно
interrogation — допрос, дознание
interruption — перерыв, временное
прекращение, приостановление;
вторжение, препятствие
investigative — исследовательский
jet-lagged — испытывающий
последствия длительного перелета
через несколько часовых поясов
juice — сок
jnnior — младший
lack — недостаток, нехватка;
испытывать недостаток
lean — опираться; ~ forward —
наклоняться вперед,
облокачиваться
leapfrog — прыгать,
перепрыгивать; резко менять тему
lightship — плавучий маяк
line: story-line — сюжет, сюжетная
линия; ~ of fire — линия огня;
dead тупик; flow ~ —
конвейер
lousy — ничтожный,
отвратительный
Μ А — (Master of Arts) — магистр
искусств
248
major — главный, основной;
специальность, профиль
marital—супружеский, брачный
mayor — мэр
minor —дополнительная
квалификация
misstep — неверный шаг, ошибка
MS—Master of Sciences—магистр
естественных/точных наук
multi-: ~
-racial—многонациональный
muster — смотр, проверка,
освидетельствование; pass
пройти проверку
naked — голый, обнаженный
narrow — узкий
nervous — нервный, нервозный
nightstand — тумбочка
nitty-gritty — самая суть дела,
самое трудное, важное
obey— подчиняться, слушаться
objective — цель
obstacle — препятствие
occasion — случай, возможность,
событие
occur — случаться, происходить;
приходить на ум
odious — отвратительный,
гнусный, одиозный
opening — окно, отверстие
orange — оранжевый; апельсин
orientation — ориентация,
ориентировка
outer—внешний, наружный,
отдаленный; ~ space — космос
outline — обрисовать, наметить в
общих чертах; схема, план
overproduction —
перепроизводство
own: on one's own — один, одному,
в одиночестве
расе—шагать, расхаживать
paint — краска; окрашивать;
рисовать, писать красками
particular—деталь, подробность
party — сторона; third party
insurance —страхование для
пешехода, «третьей стороны»,
участвующей в движении автотранспорта
perspective — перспектива, вид;
перспективный; ~ 1у — в
будущем, в перспективе
persuasive — убедительный
PhD—доктор философии, доктор
наук
phenomenon — явление (pi.
phenomena)
phony, тж. phoney — пустослов;
подделка; фальшивый,
поддельный
plunge — стремительный бросок,
продвижение; take a ~ —
начинать, приступать
point —указывать, направлять; ~
out—подчеркивать, выделять
poverty — бедность, нищета
praise — похвала; хвалить
promise — обещать; обещание
promotion — содействие,
поддержка; распространение;
продвижение по службе
prosperons — процветающий
public — общественность;
общественный
pull — тянуть, вытягивать; ~
through—протянуть, дотянуть
purposefully — целенаправленно,
решительно, преднамеренно
purposely — нарочно, с целью,
преднамеренно
quality—качество, черта, признак,
характеристика
249
quarter — четверть
quirky — извилистый, запутанный
raise — поднимать, повышать
ramble—разглагольствовать,
говорить, перескакивать с одного на
другое в разговоре (оп)
range — диапазон, пределы, ряд,
сфера, область; изменяться в
определенных пределах
rank — достоинство, чин,
должность, ранг; квалифицировать,
относиться) к к.-л. категории
rate—размер, ставка, тариф;
скорость
rattle— трещать, грохотать
receiver — телефонная трубка
refrigerator — холодильник тж.
fridge
regardless — независимо от (of)
release — освобождать
repertoire — репертуар
representative — представитель
resentment — негодование,
возмущение
reset—вновь устанавливать,
налаживать, возвращать в исходное
положение
resign— отказываться от
должности, слагать полномочия
response — ответная реакция, ответ
retool—переоборудовать
rigorous — точный, строгий,
неукоснительный
rotten — отвратительный, дрянной
route — маршрут
rumble — греметь, урчать; громко
говорить
run: ~ out — заканчиваться,
иссякать
sabbatical — творческий отпуск
saboteur — диверсант
sample — образец, проба
save—спасать, оберегать; беречь,
экономить
savings — сбережения (pi.)
scared—напуганный, испуганный
scholarship — стипендия
skim — бегло просматривать,
поверхностно знакомиться
(through, over); ~ out—выходить
за рамки
scramble — быстро передвигаться,
перемещаться (over)
scrape — скрести, царапать, слегка
задевать
scratchy — царапающий, грубый,
неискусный
scream — кричать, пронзительно
визжать
sedentary — малоподвижный
select—выбирать, отбирать
serene—спокойный, безмятежный,
невозмутимый
settlement — поселение,
населенный пункт
set: ~ up — устанавливать,
воздвигать, ставить, организовывать
shave — брить(ся)
shoot — стрелять^Ьо!)
short: be ~ of— испытывать
нехватку, недостаток ч.-л.
shout—кричать
signify—означать, быть признаком,
иметь значение
skin — кожа
slouch—наклониться,
прислониться, горбиться, сутулиться
slow—медленный
smile—улыбка; улыбаться
snake—змея; ~ charmer—
заклинатель змей
society — общество
250
sound — звук; звучать; глубокий,
основательный
space — расстояние, промежуток,
интервал, пространство
span—интервал, промежуток
времени; пролет
squeak — пищать, писк
startle—напугать, испугать;
вздрагивать; поразить, сильно удивить
state — состояние; государство;
штат
statistics—статистические данные
ipl)
step — шагать, ступать; step out —
выходить за пределы
stick — останавливаться,
придерживаться; be stuck to/on — быть
приверженным ч.-л. (stuck)
still — еще, все еще
storm—штурмовать, брать
приступом; brain ~ — быстро и
тщательно обдумывать
streak — полоса, полоска; черта
характера
strict — строгий; ~1у — строго
stymie ['staimi] — поставить в
затруднительное положение,
загнать в угол
subjunctive — сослагательный
{грамм)
subtlety ['sJItlt?] — тонкость,
тонкое различие
sudden — внезапный; all of a
внезапно
suffer — страдать, терпеть,
выносить
sunbathe— загорать
sunny-side up — в виде яичницы-
глазуньи: Let's cook some eggs
sunny-side up.
superlative—величайший,
непревзойденный; превосходный;
прилагательное или наречие в
превосходной степени (грамм)
survive — выживать
suspense — тревога ожидания,
напряженное ожидание,
нерешенность, неопределенность
swallow — глоток; глотать,
проглатывать
syllable — слог
tedious — скучный,
утомительный
tentative — гипотетический,
предполагаемый, предварительный
thorough — тщательный,
основательный; ~ 1у—тщательно
thoroughness — тщательность,
основательность
thread — нить, нитка
threat — угроза
tiara — тиара
timely — своевременный
tiny — маленький, крошечный
tissue: tissue paper—бумажная
салфетка
tolerance — терпимость
turbulence—возмущение,
завихрение; hit попасть в вибрацию,
завибрировать
tooth — зуб; (pi. teeth)
transfer — перенос, перемещение;
переносить, перемещать,
переводить
tremendous — огромный
trivial — тривиальный,
незначительный
tuck—прятать, засовывать
tug—потягивать; тащить, тянуть,
дергать
twitter—щебетать, чирикать;
болтать
251
vague—неопределенный, неясный,
смутный; ~ 1у — неясно, смутно
versatility — разносторонность,
многосторонность,
универсальность
view — вид, точка зрения;
обозревать, рассматривать
vigorous — сильный, энергичный,
мощный; ~1у—сильно, мощно
voice — голос; залог (грамм.)
vote — голосование, голос, право
голоса; а ~ of no-competence —
вотум (решение) о
некомпетентности, служебном
несоответствии; move a ~ of no-competence
— выдвинуть на голосование
вотум о некомпетентности
unacceptable — неприемлемый
undergraduate: ~ school — первый
этап университетского
образования, завершающийся
присуждением ученой степени бакалавра
(BA/BS/SB/BSc)
understate — преуменьшать,
сдержанно высказываться
undoubtedly — несомненно
unemployment — безработица
uniform — форма
union—союз; trade ~ — профсоюз
universe — вселенная
wake—просыпаться,
пробуждаться (woke, waked; waked, woken,
woke)
way: be some ~ off something — не
завершить, не закончить
weary — усталый, утомленный;
утомительный
whine — ныть, хныкать
wife — жена; pi. wives
work—произведение (литературы
или искусства); ~
out—разрабатывать
SECTION 5
5.1. Revise Infinitive Patterns.
5.1.1. Study the examples and specify the fragments showing
purpose.
She agreed with Brian, to avoid an argument.
You are to rely on evidence to be persuasive.
You didn't come all that way just to see me, did you?
To say that, you should obtain all the proof necessary.
To be efficient, you are supposed to get things done.
5.1.2. Specify the phrase denoting purpose and make meaningful
sentences.
Pattern: spread salt on roads — prevent the formation of ice
— They spread salt on roads to prevent the formation of ice.
1. avoid quirky topics in the academic discussion — argue on
essentially conceptual grounds
2. implement one's project — apply to something of actual
importance
3. scupper your pet theory — show it leads to a paradoxical
unpalatable prediction
4. expose a paradox or inconsistency within accepted theories —
make a discovery
5. have no problem with authority — do teamwork
6. be forthcoming—tell the truth
7. conform to this world — understand the way of it
5.1.3. Answer the questions using the prompts given.
1. What are lab experiences designed for? (to complement one's
work in a course)
2. What do you usually attend your fist lab class for? (to become
familiar with the lab setup and equipment)
253
3. Why do you need regular instruction when you work in the lab?
(to set up your experiments and understand the results)
4. Why are you to take proper precautions when you are in the lab?
(to be physically safe)
5. Why do you need to take breaks working on the computer? (to
prevent your eyesight from damage)
6. What can you use your own ideas for? (to argue that now existing
theories are wrong, or at least incomplete)
7. Why would you like to explore your subject further? (to make it
big)
5.1.4. Practice:
In Order To: A Formal Expression Of Purpose
e.g. In order to understand fully how film reacts to light, it is
necessary to analyze the chemicals that are in the film.
Complete The Sentences Using The Prompts Below:
1. In order to... punch in the numerical code.
2. I'm going to be as forthcoming as I can be, Mr. Brighton. In
order to ... you are to be at your desk on time from this day
forth.
3. Obviously, an efficient economic system should produce an
adequate supply of products and services in order to....
4. Galileo dropped two spheres of different weights from the top of
the leaning tower of Pisa in order to... that the spheres would
strike the ground together.
5. In order not to ..., the council decided to set up a subcommittee
to deal with the matter.
6. You often do things in order to ..., maybe making a phone call
to an associate suggesting that a decision be made in a certain
way.
7. Fatigue leads to a loss of efficiency, impaired initiative, distorted
judgement, skewed perception of time and heightened anxiety.
What can we do in order to ...?
254
get into a lengthy discussion
get on with your job influence events slightly
enhance the quality of life demonstrate to sceptics
disarm the apparatus recharge our batteries
5.1.5. Practice:
So As : Causing Something Else To Happen:
e.g.
We take everything we don't normally use away from the office
so as to save as much space as possible.
The number of employees of the company was cut to a bare
minimum, so as to lower production costs.
Read The Fragments And Complete The Statements In
Accordance With The Information Given; Make Use Of The Hints
Below.
1. It is not hard to find information on the Internet. But finding
relevant information is a little trickier. Now surfers are pleased
to hear about «the mother of all search engines». The nitty page
submits your request to six of the bigger search engines at the
same time, formatting the query into the correct syntax for each
site. The list of responses is usually more tightly focused and
shorter than you would get from just one search engine.
Users will address the nitty page a.thttp://www.mamma.coml so as...
2. One of the most important points of criticism of education in
some countries is the mismatch between education and the labor
market. In particular, agricultural education is almost non-existent
in many countries where agriculture provides the main source of
employment and livelihood.
The system of education is to provide the right balance between
labor and its market so as...
255
3. Like light coming through a colored filter, our mental filter of
reality—our worldview — dictates our behavior. I admit that I
have a self-centered, «me» orientation. I perceive life in simple
terms: «What can I get out of it?»
One has to change one's worldview so as ....
4. Intuition, of course, can lead to just as many mistakes as rational
logic can. By definition, creative intuition cannot be the product
of a formula. But certain questions are useful in determining
whether your «gut feeling» is worth following.
One of them is whether or not your intuitive conclusion is based
on what psychologists call selective perception.
Do you want to keep your project alive so as...?
5. Whether you are out of work or just looking for a better paying
opportunity, there is no such thing as a foolproof way to get hired.
In contacting a prospective boss for the first time, your sole
objective is to get an interview. If you expect to get hired before
the employer has «seen the merchandise», you are in for a heavy
disappointment.
Send in your resume or application letter so as
6. Computer users must remember that precision is not accuracy.
Without question, computers operate with great precision. They
can perform long and complex processing of instruction, text
and numbers without introducing any new errors.
But there may be input data errors which are impossible to detect,
particularly those made at an earlier stage in collecting the
information.
We shouldn't rely too heavily on computer output so as
Hints: to change one's behavior patterns, to keep the latter steady,
to take pride in your authorship, to motivate an employer to meet with
256
you, to avoid computer fundamentalism which is a dangerous
assumption, to search for the necessary information efficiently
5.1.6. Practice:
So That... Won't/Wouldn't/Don't: Making It Impossible
Ed tried to be as forthcoming as he could so that the opponent
wouldn't misinterpret his words.
I unplugged the telephone so that nobody would disturb me.
Get straight to the point so that you won't waste any time on
trifles.
... don't waste...
Steps must be taken so that this kind of disaster never happens
again.
... will never happen ...
So That... Can/Could/Would: Making It Possible
We use this search engine so that we can find relevant information
easily.
Brian said he needed a modem at home so that he could spend
more time online.
Mr. Miller hired another assistant so that he would attend to
complaints.
Read the text and complete the coherent statements below
making use of the pattern under consideration:
Vic Wilcox asks Brian Everthorpe to stay for a meeting he has
arranged with his technical staff and production managers. They file
into the office and sit down round the long oak table, slightly on awe of
Vic, serious men in chain-store suits, with pens and pencils sticking out
of their breast pockets. Vic unfolds a sheet of computer printout.
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«Does anybody know,» he says, «how many different products this
firm made last year?» Silence. «937. That's about nine hundred too
many, in my opinion».
«You mean different specs, don't you? Not products.» — says the
technical manager, rather boldly.
«All right, different specs. But every new specification means that
we have to stop production, retool or reset the machines, stop a flow
line, or whatever. That costs time, and time is money. Then the operatives
are more likely to make mistakes when set-ups are continually changing
and that leads to the increased wastage. Am I right?» Silence.
«I've been looking at your expense account, Brian,» says Vic turning
over a small pile of bills and receipts.
«Yes?» Brian Everthorpe stiffens slightly.
«It's very modest».
Everthorpe relaxes. «Thank you».
«I didn't mean it as a compliment». Everthorpe looks puzzled.
«Sorry».
«I'd expect the Marketing Director of a firm this size to claim twice
as much for overnight stays».
«Ah, well, you see Beryl doesn't like being on her own in the house
at night».
«But she has your kids with her».
« Not during term, old man. We send them away to school — have
to, living in the depths of the country. So I prefer to drive back home
after a meeting, no matter how far it is».
«Your mileage is pretty modest, too, isn't it?»
«Is it?» Brian Everthorpe, beginning to get the message, stiffens
again.
After D. Lodge
1. Wilcox announced the meeting in advance so that his technical
staff and production managers could...
2. Vic arranged the discussion so that the executives would ...
3. The company is to plan its production, so that it doesn't...
4. The manager is to inform his employees about the current state
of affairs so that they don't...
5. Set-ups are not to be too numerous so that the operatives won't...
258
6. The Marketing Director has to stay overnight quite frequently
so that he can ...
7. Vic looked at expense accounts regularly so that he could ...
8. Every new specification is given so that the employees don't...
9. Brian mentioned his family problems so that Vic wouldn't...
10. Vic revealed a discrepancy in Brian's argument so that Brian
wouldn't...
5.1.7. Read the text and comment on it using purpose patterns.
COSMIC COINCIDENCE
Why do we live in a universe with three dimensions of space and
one of time? According to a Swedish physicist, it is because physics in
space-times with more or less than four dimensions would not permit
the existence of observers like us. Such universes would either be too
simple, too unstable or too unpredictable.
The question of the dimensions of space-time has become important
principally because of superstring theories, which picture fundamental
particles as tiny pieces of «string» vibrating in space-times with up to
26 dimensions. Theorists say that all but four of those dimensions are
rolled up in a strange way so that we are not aware of them.
Obviously, life as we know it could not exist in a universe with less
than three space dimensions. What's more, it turns out that the
mathematics of any universe with less than three space dimensions
forbids the existence of gravity.
There are problems, too, for space-times with more than one time
dimension. These could exist while any observer's perception of time
could remain one-dimensional. However, this results in a world that is
far less predictable than our own. The problem is that physics is infinitely
sensitive to initial conditions so it's impossible to predict the future.
So only a universe that leaves three space dimensions and one time
dimension unfolded is likely to provide the richness, predictability and
stability to generate interesting structure, including life. We can't say
categorically that other space times cannot contain observers. But we'd
say the prospects are pretty bleak.
From «New Scientist»
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5.2. Practice lng- Forms.
5.2.1. Mind that the simplest ing-iorm is made in an elementary
way:
do — doing, be — being, check — checking, allow — allowing,
remain — remaining, study — studying, etc.
There might be spelling particulars: continue — continuing, lie (to
recline, to deceive) — lying
5.2.2. Read and remember:
The ing-ϊοτνα is a multifunctional grammar constituent. It shows
the progressive aspect. Aspect is the characteristic of verbs which shows
whether the action of the verb is still in progress or complete. So the
ing-iorm marks verb forms for the progressive aspect. To be exact, the
progressive aspect is shown in the verb phrase which consists of the
verb be and the ing-iorm (the present participle):
be + < -ing >
To understand the progressive aspect, you are to be able to
distinguish between the so-called action verbs and state verbs.
Broadly speaking, verbs refer to actions, processes and states. Verbs
(predicates) that are used dynamically denote actions, processes and
events. Examples of verbs (predicates) that are normally (sometimes
always) used dynamically include:
talk, jump, persuade, become, decide, etc.
Predicates that are used statively show mental or physical states,
relations, attributes and attitudes. Nothing is viewed as happening; it
just «is». Examples of predicates that are normally (in some cases,
always) used statively include:
be angry, be a teacher, know, believe, own, think, understand,
suppose, need, depend, want, hear, see, like, love, hate, prefer, belong,
contain, consist, mean, agree, apologize, appreciate, etc.
Keep in mind that most predicates are not inherently dynamic or
stative, but rather are used dynamically or statively, or vice versa.
Let us consider some examples:
260
John is tactless. (characteristic behavior)
John is being tactless. (his behavior at the time of utterance)
Ed believes that he is mistaken sometimes, (believes generally; belief
is a state of mind rather than a process)
Ed is believing that he was mistaken, (believes at this moment but
this may change; belief is a process rather than a state)
We see many people on the street every day. (an ability inherent to us)
Our friend is seeing his adviser now. (an action, that of having an
interview or a consultation)
Evidently, this also refers to progressive infinitives: (to) be checking,
(to) be studying, etc. The progressive infinitive generally shows that its
action is in progress at the moment (period) of speaking:
I am very lucky to be working for a great company like Hewlett
Packard.
You look kind of young to be hitchhiking around the country.
Progressive infinitives follow modals to show actions which are
(were/will be) certain (likely) to be happening at the time of speaking:
This firm must be making about one thousand different products now.
We don't want any public exposure. Some reporters might be getting
interested. You are to stop that.
At that time they were experiencing difficulties and had to be trying
various testing techniques to choose the best one.
What are you doing here? You should be talking to the Dean.
5.2.3. Modals: a new overview.
Considering modals, especially those followed by progressive and
perfect infinitives, one should bear in mind certain semantic peculiarities
inherent to them. Modal verb meaning falls into two major semantic
261
categories, one referred to as the action modality and the other as belief
modality. The action modality has to do with ordering, recommending
or forbidding. The belief modality expresses the speaker's belief about
the likelihood of some situations (whether past, present or future) as
well as prediction, evaluation of events or deduction. Since mostmodals
can be used in either meaning they can be systematically ambiguous
unless they are disambiguated by the linguistic or nonlinguistic context.
e.g. The electrician may come this afternoon.
It is not quite clear if the speaker is indicating belief (the belief
modality) or giving permission for an action (action modality). The
addressee is to use contextual knowledge to determine it.
5.2.4. Explain the ambiguity of each of these examples:
1. Computer users must remember that precision is not accuracy.
2. The policyholder should meet certain standards. In some states,
an insurance company may not sell life insurance to someone
who has tested positive for AIDS.
3. If you are a workaholic, you can't be a manager.
4. When an employee is irreplaceable, problems often become
emergencies and emergencies often become crises. He must
sometimes be away from his job, and then responsibilities have
to be taken by a superior, not by someone under him as should
be the case.
5. We can work out a timetable at our next committee meeting.
5.2.5. Specify action or belief modality.
1. In mechanical systems, it is obvious that parts must be
replaceable.
2. Reading aloud must not degenerate into saying words as they
appear on the page.
3. A person may not be able to obtain health insurance if he or she
has certain diseases.
4. We must acknowledge our areas of dependency. Once we admit
262
that we are not islands of autarchy, and learn to delegate, we
can multiply our own resources of stamina by recruiting the
strength of others.
5. The knowledge of your limitations can itself provide a source
of energy, because it tells you where to concentrate.
6. The ultimate source of our ability to stay the course must be
self-discipline.
7. The average person who is capable of looking at himself
objectively can usually do himself much good.
8. If you find that you tire too quickly, you may want to ask yourself
whether you are exposed to various psychological stresses.
9. Feelings of hostility can consume enormous amounts of psychic
energy.
10.1 was tired of trying to do what did not come easily to me. I was
aware that I had a limited vocabulary, no lyric quality, no gift
for metaphor and simile, no imaginative sweep... On the other
hand, I had an acute power of observation and it seemed to me
that I could see a great many things people missed. I could put
down in clear terms what I saw. I had a logical sense, and if no
great feeling for the richness and strangeness of words, at all
events a lively appreciation of their sound. I knew that I should
never write as well as I could wish, but I thought with pains I
could arrive at writing as well as my natural defects allowed.
After S. Maugham
5.2.6. Modals as filters of meaning.
Study The Examples:
Many people are interested in Professor Venor's article. It must be
very important. (1)
Professor Venor's article didn't appear in this month's magazine. It
must be appearing in the next month's issue. (2)
You can't be serious. You must be kidding. (3)
The article must appear in the next month's issue. (4)
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Sentence (1) shows the speaker's evaluation relying on assurance:
the article is sure to be important. Sentence (2) involves an inference
from evidence strong enough to oblige one to believe it. The inference
is about a future situation. Notice that it is acceptable only when the
progressive aspect is used. The progressive aspect indicates a present
plan for the future action. Apparently, must cannot refer to the future
time unless it is accompanied by the progressive aspect. In the belief
modality, must requires the progressive aspect to refer to the future
time. Must followed by the progressive aspect is also a way to show
that we feel something is true (3). Sentence (4), on the contrary, is not
acceptable in the belief modality. But it is perfectly acceptable in the
action modality as an instruction or order.
Now see what happens iimay is used instead of must:
The article may be very important. (5)
The article may be appearing in the next month's issue. (6)
The article may appear in the next month's issue. (7)
Sentences (5), (6) and (7) are based on inference from evidence,
but the evidence is not strong enough to oblige one to believe it but
strong enough to permit these inferences. Both may appear and may be
appearing are acceptable in the belief modality.
Consider more examples:
It's the only occupation where you can be making progress. You
could be doing many things and flatter yourself a bit. (showing
opportunity, theoretical possibility) (8)
Jack said he would be back by two at the latest. It's half past two
now and he's never late. He can't be coming. (showing impossibility
referring to the present or future) (9)
You shouldn't be discussing the subject in the abstract. Try to
be more specific, (showing that something is not right or what we
expect) (10)
264
Your team needn't be doing so much field work. What you really
need is called deduction, also
You don't need to... (showing absence of necessity to do something)
(Π)
5.2.7. Practice progressive infinitives; reproduce the dialogue and
make a similar one.
— Don't be stopping to smell the roses, Jack! There's no time
for it.
— What do you think I should be doing?
— Seconds count, buddy. You should be driving your Mercedes
heading for the airport.
— How come best friends are always boring?
— Just be moving!
5.2.8. Make sentences using progressive infinitives.
1.1 just happened (pass).
2. If you were speaking to a customer you (might/talk) to a total
stranger and would certainly not use slang.
3. The members of the team (must/will) to cooperate with each
other.
4. As a manager, you are not supposed to do everything yourself.
You should (delegate).
5. Set-ups shouldn't (continually/change) because it results in the
increased wastage.
6. Dave can't (look for) a better paying opportunity as you called
it. He has just got an excellent job.
7. It's rather difficult to say what I will be doing next summer. I
could (travel) or (attend) a summer school.
8. A lot of foundations are going (look for) projects dealing with
American history.
9. You look kind of young (hitchhike) across the country.
10. Jim is likely (make) some progress in his French course.
11. It's nearly four. Professor Quin is unlikely (give) a class this
time. You'll probably find her in the lab.
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12. Working in the lab one is sure (take) proper precautions.
13. We are too busy (waste) our time on trifles.
5.2.9. Rephrase the following statements making use of modals
followed by progressive infinitives:
Pattern: If your friend accepts the proposition he will do himself
much good.
You say: If my friend accepts the proposition he could be doing
himself much good.
1. How could my boss possibly know that I should have an interview
on that particular day and at that particular time? Does he have a
room somewhere opposite the house where he sits watching with
binoculars? If he is not there himself someone is doing it for
him, of course. Someone is watching, following and waiting
for the moment. The most unremarkable moment. If one did not
know what my boss was like that would be enough to drive one
out of one's socket. (The boss can't... himself. Someone else
must...)
2. Part of the art of management is knowing when to delegate.
(A manager is to ... when it is necessary.)
3. My friend called me this morning to say that his secretary would
call in for the keys to the office on Ascent Street. (The secretary
must... this afternoon.)
4. Brian sounds very bossy. You might think he is about to take
charge of the case. (He might really...)
5. Brian Everthorpe, the Marketing Director produced a very modest
expense account. He didn't claim much for overnight stays. (The
Marketing Director of the firm this size was supposed...)
6. Mary is keeping long hours to complete her project before the
deadline. (She needn't... because there is plenty of time before
the deadline.)
7. Half past seven! It's about time the kids got up.
(Shouldn't the kids...?)
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5.3. Learn And Practice The Present Progressive (Continuous)
Tense:
5.3.1. Study the examples:
I am reading
be + (read)ing: You are reading
He is reading
We use the Present Progressive (Continuous) tense to talk about
the actual present moment, about the short-term present, the long-
term present and for certain events in the future.
Tell me what is happening! (an incompleted action in progress at
the moment of speaking)
Our team is trying different techniques of experimenting. ( a
repeated action taking place over a relatively short period that spans
the present: the short-term present)
Set-ups are continually changing and that leads to the increased
wastage.
(a repeated event occurring in the immediate past and likely to
continue in the immediate future used with frequency adverbs: always,
constantly, continually, forever, often showing complaints, irritation,
irony, pride or other attitude: the long-term present)
We are giving a presentation of our new project before the academic
council next Monday, (a planned or expected event in the future arising
from present human decisions or arrangements)
5.3.2. Practice the Present Continuous (progressive).
Reproduce the dialogues and modify them using prompts as
well as ideas of your own:
— Slight change in plans! Unfortunately, I have to leave. I have
a plane to catch.
— Why, Mr. Loring! Are you leaving us?
267
Modifications: we — to reconsider the entire framework; a new
idea to implement; to start it all over again
— Talking about my today's friends reminds me of the friends I
used to have long ago at school. Let me ramble on a bit as long
as I am remembering the stuff.
— I am all ears!
Modifications: driving this car; when I was younger; tell you about
an experience of mine
— Take a pen and write down ... What are you doing?
— I am taking the pen.
—This is my pen. Get your own, please. This is my own personal
one.
Modifications: to take a diskette; to copy
— You are all wet! You are dripping! Is it raining?
— No, I just parked too close to the fountain.
— You should get out of these clothes immediately. You'll catch
your death of pneumonia.
— Yes, I probably will. But it's all part of life's rich pageant.
We, salespeople, have to put up with a lot of things because of
our duties that in private life one wouldn't normally tolerate.
Modifications: to cough; to sneeze; to fall ill; be allergic to perfume;
get back home immediately; death of an allergy attack; underwriters
— Look! What's that? The man must be collecting the evidence...
— He is collecting the evidence. Actually, he is checking up on
me. Probably, on you, too. On our bank accounts.
Modifications: to look through bills and receipts; on expense
accounts
Reproduce the dialogue; think of some circumstances under
268
which the situation might occur; make a similar dialogue on a
similar situation:
Helena rang on the internal telephone.
— We're all counting on you to dig in and make the most of it,
Jeremy. You are still top dog as far as I am concerned.
— Helena, sweetheart, I've got to see you. You are mixing your
animals.
— Animals?
— I mean I've got to see you. It's important.
— Yes, but when? I'm on my way to see Julia Goldwater. She's
in hospital again.
— Well, when you can. As soon as you can.
— I'll ring you back. Promise.
After R. Walshe
Read and provide some background to clear up the situation;
use the questions below as hints:
The whole world seems to spin on its axis —
We are on-line in a studio apartment that seems overgrown with
technology but is almost devoid of furniture.
A blinking cursor is pulsing in the electric darkness of the screen.
An anonymous message is slicing into it: «Don't think about what you
are doing and why. Your computer will tell you what to do and you will
do it». And now the entire screen is filling with racing columns of
numbers. Shimmering like green electric rivets, they are rushing at a
10-digit number in the top corner. The first three numbers are identified—
they suddenly get fixed, leaving only seven flowing columns.
After M. Gosson, A. Ogle, et ah
1. Where might the scene be laid?
2. Who are the probable participants of the action?
3. What is the real meaning of the message that is slicing into the
screen?
Is it a warning? An instruction? Or anything else?
4. What sort of number is the one in the top corner of the screen?
269
5.3.3. Reproduce the sketch you made in 5.3.2.
5.3.4. Read and discuss developing ideas you can infer from the
text; use the questions given below as clues.
It sounds like a wonderful idea. Britain wants to be the first to sum
up the state of its society and environment in a few media-friendly
figures. But does it make scientific sense?
Television news may never be the same again. It might be presenting
not just the weather forecast, pollen counts warnings and reports on
interest rates, but also updates on the state of the countryside, air
pollution levels, water quality, the health of wildlife, climate change,
the rate at which we are using natural resources and even income
distribution and trends in death rates by social class.
The aim is to create a complete picture of the nation's wellbeing by
presenting pointers to environmental and social performance alongside
economic statistics. With this in mind, the government is developing a
set of 8 to 10 «sustainability indicators» to entice the public with easily
digestible bites of information condensed from the original detailed
scientific data. The pointers are also intended as a guide for government
and local authorities. They are the first of their kind in the world and
will form a centerpiece on sustainable development to be published
later. They will also let ministers consider the bigger picture before
making policy decisions.
Although environmental campaign groups, academics and
statisticians are broadly supportive, some experts have reservations.
Will such simplified indicators be scientifically credible or meaningful?
There is a danger, they warn, that they might be so crude as to pervert
the message of the original data and send public and policymakers
careering off in the wrong direction. To take one example, environmental
groups are lobbying for the extent of hedgerows across the country to
be used as the key indicator for the health of Britain's wildlife. But
experts point out that this might prompt farmers to favor hedgerows at
the expense of other environmental priorities, such as cutting down the
use of damaging chemicals.
«What we are doing now is only quasiscientific», says Hilary Hillier,
head of environmental statistics at the Department of Environment,
270
Transport and the Regions (DETR). «Of course, there is a danger that
we may miss out major impacts on the environment. But we are aiming
to convey a general message that gives a balanced overall picture, not
trying to produce the full story».
From «New Scientist»
Questions:
1. Would a few media-friendly figures make any scientific sense
if they were to sum up the state of both the society and
environment?
2. What might television news programs be offering?
3. What is a «sustainability indicator»?
4. What is another word for «indicator?
5. What is the aim of developing «sustainability indicators»?
6. What are environmental groups lobbying for?
7. What is the government developing now?
8. What are the experts involved aiming at?
9. Why are some experts reserved about the environmental
campaign?
10. Why does the idea apply even if it is quasiscientific?
5.3.5. Read for further information and discuss in a similar manner.
In the near future, civil servants, scientists and representatives of
pressure groups will meet for a brainstorming seminar designed to
generate a short list of key indicators. However, developing them is
proving slow and difficult. The expert advisory group on air quality
indicators, for example, has concluded that it would be both misleading
and scientifically unsound to produce a single national measure of all
the pollutants pumped out annually across Britain. «In an ideal world
we would produce a single aggregate figure for nitrous oxides, ozone,
particulates and all the other pollutants measured at all monitoring sites
across Britain throughout the year», says a member of the advisory
group. «In practice, we agreed the technical difficulties would be
insurmountable and the danger of misleading results too high».
The researchers are now considering using a single pollutant as a
271
measure of national air quality, one that best reflects the contribution of
all the others. Alternatively, in preference to actual pollution levels the
DETR may opt for an indicator that measures the trends in industry and
lifestyle that contribute to poor air quality, such as rates of traffic growth.
The researchers have also encountered problems in trying to devise
a single, accurate measure of the «tranquility and beauty of the
countryside». Britain's environment minister wants this to be a key
indicator because it is an issue close to the nation's heart. But the
government own advisory agency is of the opinion that it would not be
feasible to measure such a subjective concept.
Not all the indicators will be so tricky. «Wildlife health», for
example, is likely to be measured in terms of farmland bird populations,
an area of research where decades of scientifically rigorous data are
available.
For the sustainability indicators to be newsworthy and meaningful,
the government will need to improve the way it gathers environmental
and social data. At present, most national environmental data lags behind
by several years. Current published figures for carbon dioxide emissions,
for example, date from 1999.
Whatever their shortcomings, there is no doubt that environmental
and social indicators are here to stay. Even the sceptics generally admit
that the criteria now used are inadequate measures of national wellbeing.
Indeed, there is now an entire international industry aimed at devising
measures of natural social wealth to complement traditional economic
barometers.
From «New Scientist»
Questions:
1. What is the aim of the brainstorming seminar planned?
2. Why is developing key indicators proving slow and difficult?
3. Why might a single national measure of all the pollutants appear
to be misleading?
4. What kind of measure are the researchers considering now?
5. What sort of measure are they trying to devise?
6. What is an alternative to measuring actual pollution levels? Which
technique is going to be more efficient?
272
7. How could subjective concepts be measured?
8. What can make sustainability indicators meaningful?
9. Why does the new evaluation system have the future?
5.3.6. Write a 300 word essay on the problem of searching for adequate
measures of multidimensional entities. Outline some general problems
researchers typically encounter as well as some particular ones you and
your team (associates, colleagues etc.) are experiencing now while you
are trying to devise a single measure for a comprehensive entity. Make
use of some vocabulary items from 5.3.4 and 5.3.5:
updates on the state of; to create a complete picture of/ to give a
balanced overall picture / to consider a bigger picture; to generate a
short list of key indicators / (sustainability) indicators / pointers / to
produce a single aggregate figure for /to entice somebody with easily
digestible bites of information condensed from; to be broadly supportive
; to be crude / to pervert the message of the original data / to be an
inadequate measure of/ to career off in the wrong direction / to be
quasiscientific / to be (both) misleading and scientifically unsound; to
favor something at the expense of; developing... is proving slow and
difficult; scientifically rigorous data; to measure a subjective concept
; to be newsworthy and meaningful; to measure in terms of; the
(technical) difficulties... may be insurmountable; a measure of; (an)
indicator that measures, etc.
5.3.7. Exchange some ideas you have outlined and developed in
5.3.6; transform clauses into questions and make dialogues covering
the following issues.
Ask your partner
if (whether) multidimensional problems are directly related to his/
her research;
if (whether) the problem of developing «sustainability indicators»
also applies;
what sort of area his/her multicriteria problem applies to;
what sort of difficulty he/she is facing in developing a set of
indicators (pointers) to describe the phenomena considered;
who the pointers are intended as a guide for;
273
what will form a centerpiece in the system he and his team are
developing;
if (whether) the indicators they are developing are going to be
scientifically sound;
what the key indicator is;
what the competitive team might opt for;
what exactly they are considering now;
what makes him/her think that their system is here to stay, etc.
5.3.8. The Present Progressive Vs. the Present Simple: consider a
bigger picture.
Revise the Present Simple Tense; (also make use of Section 3:3.2):
The Present Simple is used to show the long-term present: the
«timeless» and habitual present, the short term present: the actual
and instantaneous present, and the future.
The timeless present.
In this meaning of the present simple we talk about the timeless,
eternal truths of the world:
Scientists often rely on pure reasoning.
Time flies.
The habitual present.
The habitual present is used to talk about habits, repeated actions
and states:
Students attend compulsory classes and select electives that help
them think about possible majors.
The actual present.
274
We often use verbs with a stative meaning in this way:
I agree with you. What do you mean?
The instantaneous present is a reminder that we use it for the
shortest kind of action as described by a sports commentator or someone
demonstrating a process:
Now he swims over, (not «is swimming»)
Now we make a curve, (not «are making»)
The Present Simple for fixed future
We use the Present Simple when we talk about timetables, schedules,
programs, etc.
The train arrives at 2 p.m.
The lecture begins at 9 tomorrow morning.
We can use the Present Simple for people if their plans are fixed
like a timetable:
We present our new program at the next session.
What time do you finish work tomorrow?
But the Present Progressive (Continuous) is more usual for
personal arrangements:
I am taking my interview tomorrow.
The Present Simple for past meaning.
Sometimes an author switches into the present to give his
description greater reality:
As Vic descends the stairs, a high-pitched electronic squeal rises
from below.
275
Vic Wilcox asks Brian Everthorpe to stay for a meeting he has
arranged for his technical staff and production managers.
(Also see 5.1.6 in this Section)
Similarly writers of newspaper headlines, story makers, etc. use
the present simple.
More commonly, we report past events in the Present Simple to
imply that what was said or heard still applies:
Now the experts say that the indicators pervert the message of the
original data.
I hear you submitted your paper yesterday.
The Present Simple Vs. The Present Progressive:
A Brief Summary
Such things happen.
I suppose we should call it
«luck».
Do you hear me?
Now we turn on the circuit.
Our company specializes
in electronics.
It develops computers, ·
printers and scanners.
Some people have fixed
views about life.
You snooze, you lose.
We meet for talks next
Monday.
The train leaves at
7 tomorrow.
What is happening, I wonder?
—
—
Our team is developing a new
device.
He is constantly having great
ideas.
I am always losing my keys.
What time are you meeting
the film director tomorrow?
Are you leaving tomorrow?
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5.3.9. Compare the Present Simple and the Present Progressive;
make sentences using the correct tense form:
1. — Will such simplified indicators be scientifically credible and
meaningful?
— (I/come) to that.
2. (every science/need) mathematical precision.
3. What nonsense (I/talk)!
4. (it/seem) to me the evidence (you/look) for is contained in this
file.
5. (experiments/not/always/need) laboratories and equipment.
6. (John/currently/take) graduate level courses in mathematics.
7. If (you/want) a challenging career in sciences you are sure to
find it here.
8. Partners in all healthy relationships (disagree).
9. (Mick/be/unusually/nice) today. Perhaps, he is up to something.
10. «Dirty trick», said Miss Bream as she put down the telephone
receiver, «(somebody/play) us a dirty trick».
11. (I/appreciate) your question.
5.4. Practice The Past And Future Continuous (Progressive).
5.4.1. Practice dialogues reproducing and modifying them:
— Why did Charles go out of the room?
— He was having difficulty with the telephone.
— But there is no telephone here!
— That's why he was having difficulty with it.
Modifications: to leave one's job; to have difficulty with the
computer
— Mr. Burnet said you were arranging the conference.
— That's right. Would you like to participate?
Modifications: to take charge of the case; to make a statement
—When I was taking my driving test I made so many mistakes that
I was sure I had no chance of passing. To my great surprise, the examiner
nodded and said: «All right, Miss Denver. I'm going to pass you».
— Obviously, your mistakes weren't that many.
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Modifications: to have one's interview, to say a lot of stupid things;
no chance of passing muster; the job is yours; let them see the
merchandise; no foolproof way to get hired
5.4.2. Read and talk.
I was investigating John Ziman and his «Reliable Knowledge», to
find out what was wrong about metaphors as meaningful models, when
Janette came down into the room and took up a stance. You know what
wives are like when they do that: never so beautiful as when they are
angry.
«Put it away».
I was not sure if she meant the reference volumes, the notebook,
the ballpoint pen, the coffeepot, the chocolate biscuits, the plastic bags
or my navel; all I can tell you is that I didn't like the sound of it. She
didn't ask me what progress I was making at the institute. She didn't
even ask me what sort of nonsense I was wasting my time on. It came
without nuances.
«Put it away. If you don't put it away I will leave you, and I will
take the pictures».
I took it as a warning, and I gathered up my materials. End of travail, and
it was a wrench. I am never so happy as when I am doing something with my
own hands. So I had to invent something else, and pursue it until she had
recovered her calm. Seriously, she was right. I had dithered too long.
The project, then, was to take up the search for a new line of credit
against the securities Janette was using for collateral to start her
company. She had international banking brokers trying to set this up.
But, right now, the banks involved were squabbling like little children
over whose rules we should all play by in that deal.
How much time do we need to make strokes of genius seem
plausible? In this instance I allowed five minutes to elapse before I
announced my plan. I would meet a friend from a music industry
background and see if the funding might come from investors in the
showbiz. It would cost me an evening in town, but what was an evening,
won or lost, to either of us now? I quoted a verse from Moses' prayer
without attributing the source: «For a thousand years in thy sight are
but as yesterday when it is past». For all she knew I might have written
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it myself. I hoped I would be forgiven one day for finding encouragement
in her silence.
After R. Walshe
Answer:
1. What was the narrator doing when his wife came down into the
room?
2. Did Janette ask her husband what progress he was making at the
institute?
3. Did she ask him what he was doing? Why?
4. What was Janette using for collateral to start her company?
5. What were the banking brokers trying to do?
6. What were the banks involved doing?
5.4.3. Read and specify the future continuous.
Chuck Lock:
Next Friday night we will be doing the play «One Way Cafe» in a
television studio where three cameras will be taping it. The tape will
then be edited and shown on a Beverly Hills television station in January.
We will also get to keep a copy of the tape. This station will be providing
good exposure for us, as most of the film and television community of
producers and directors live in Beverly Hills.
Many people came to see the play during its last weekend. They
were mostly friends we invited. The theater was overflowing. During
one of these nights, one of my co-stars skipped three pages of dialogue
and finished a scene with lines that came later in the play. We had no
choice but to go on from there. It was an honest mistake. These things
happen. Luckily, it was the kind of play that no one in the audience
noticed the omission until the end when most felt, that somehow, the
play didn't make very much sense.
As a final note on «One Way Cafe», the director changed the concept
of my character. I was no longer a vampire who drinks blood. My character
became a human slave of the lady vampire. So, my character's conflict
was caught between my infatuation with our latest victim and my loyalty
to my vampire mistress. During the play, they both reject me for each
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other. So, at the resolution, I chop one of them up in a juice blender. Can
you guess which one? The play is meant to be a black comedy.
What is in store for me in the near future is somewhat confusing. I
acted three days last week on a film called «I'll Do Anything». It's a
musical, starring Nick Nolte. I also acted in two television shows. One
is a stupid cop show called «Sirens». I played a mobster who hired a
witch to create civil disturbances in a neighborhood where I was running
an illegal gambling operation. My character did this so the police would
be busy with the witch, and thus would not have the time to bother his
gambling operation.
Now, you can imagine a little bit what my world is like.
5.4.4. Complete the sentences relying on the text.
1. Next Friday night Chuck will be acting...
2. Three cameras...
3. Shown on television, the play...
4. Due to the success of the play, the company... next season, too.
5. The theater... all next season.
6. Success sometimes makes people casual towards work. Some
actors will probably...
7. No one in the audience will notice the omission unless ...
8. A black comedy like this will be appealing ...
9. The mobster employed a witch so that...
5.4.5. Read and discuss.
Chuck Lock again:
However, I have been doing development consulting with a new
production company, Unica Entertainment. The head of it, Lou Nathan,
comes from a music industry background. He managed and promoted
the careers of such singers as Cyndi Lauper, Nell Young and Bon Jovi.
These people were big stars over there.
Anyway, Lou got a bunch of his music industry friends to lend him
$100 million worth of securities which he is using for collateral to start
the company. Now, we have put together a package of eight films. Four
of them have something to do with gambling because the funding of all
eight of these films may come from investors in the gambling industry.
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He is also trying to get a line of credit against the securities. We have
international banking brokers trying to set it up. But, right now, the
banks involved are squabbling like little children over whose rules we
should all play by in this deal. I think a lot of this has to do with our
recent Presidential elections. The banks are not funding any new film
production companies right now until after they see what life will be
like under the new administration.
When these films do get made, I will have good acting roles in all
of them. I also helped Lou put these packages together, so I will become
a staff member of Unica. My title will be Creative Vice-President (or
Director) and I will be in charge of development (finding projects and
putting the packages together) and production (actually filming and
editing the films).
With Dudley, I will rewrite and associate-produce some of his films.
They are all about the exploration and subjugation of the Caribbean.
One of them, «El Dragon» is about the adventures of Sir Frances Drake,
the English explorer. I have a contract with Dudley for a co-starring
role in it to play either Drake's adversary, Sir John Hawkins—another
pirate like Drake — or his buddy, Victor Carlyle. My drama coach
suggested that I play Hawkins, as there is usually more meat in the
roles of villains. In another film, «Cities Of Stone», which is about the
discovery of the ruins of the great Mayan cities in Mexico, my contract
is for a co-starring role to play an archaeologist that helps to find them.
These are the two roles I will be filming in Puerto Rico in the spring.
5.4.6. Outline your interview with Chuck as if you were a reporter.
Think over questions you might want to ask him and write them
down.
5.5. Study Some Other Functions Of Ing-Forms.
5.5.1. Read and specify iwg-forms.
HEALTHY, WEALTHY AND WISE?
Few people in the developing world realize that the Western model
of industrialization and urbanization is a highly toxic one. As they
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become increasingly industrialized, all countries go through a period
of intense air and water pollution—as epitomized by London's stinking
Thames of the 1850s and Tokyo's choking atmosphere of the 1970s.
Few of them shake it off entirely. Those Western cities that are passably
habitable had to make major investments in pollution control and
prevention to become so.
But when cities of developing countries attempt to imitate the
Western model they mistakenly try to do it on the cheap and turn their
habitat into a living hell.
As Asian cities become wealthier, they have run into serious air
pollution problems. Delhi is the richest city in India, but with 2 — 6
million vehicles. The levels of suspended dust in its atmosphere make
it the fourth most polluted city in the world. A large number of Delhi
citizens now have enough money to buy one of the old, highly polluting
two-stroke scooters whose technology was imported from Italy in the
1960s. With the arrival of low-cost Suzuki cars, the upper and middle-
income groups are rapidly becoming car owners. And what is happening
in Delhi is slowly happening in many cities across Southern Asia as
national economies grow.
However, pollution is not inevitable. If growing wealth is the key
cause, political stupidity and public indiscipline make the situation worse.
Singapore avoided the urban nightmare through discipline and foresight.
It became famous for its firm ruling that only odd or even number vehicles
should enter the city center on specific days. Later, it even limited car
ownership. Bit by bit, it also invested in an excellent public transport
system. In Delhi there have been no such efforts and in the absence of an
efficient transport system, everybody wants a private vehicle.
From «New Scientist»
5.5.2. Change the position of the attribute adding some coherent
words:
e.g. the developing world — the world developing in accordance
with the laws of nature
a developing country — a country rapidly developing nowadays
the choking atmosphere, highly polluting vehicles, growing wealth,
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the increasing demand, a travelling applicant, the organizing group,
the remaining time, the inducting official (into), a working woman,
changing weather, the rising temperature, the growing market, the
brightening morning, the burning fuel, misleading results (into), a never
ending stream of information, a blinking cursor, disappointing figures,
increasing criticism, an exciting event
5.5.3. As attributes, /^-participles show a permanent or temporary
action performed by the noun modified. They might also describe
its state or function.
Transform the attributes in the phrases given in 5.5.2 into clauses:
e.g. the developing world — the world that (which) develops
a developing country — a country that (which) is developing
5.5.4. Answer making use of /ng-participles as pre- and post-
modifiers.
1. How many people are there realizing that the Western model of
industrialization is a highly toxic one?
2. What are some examples epitomizing intense air and water
pollution?
3. What are the cities imitating the Western model gradually turning
into?
4. What sort of vehicles can Delhi citizens mostly afford?
5. What are growing national economies frequently associated with?
6. What is the key cause of the pollution problem?
7. What are numbers of cars entering the city center of Singapore
on specific days?
8. What do you think about a legal issue limiting car ownership?
5.5.5. Read and comment on the text making use of /«^-participles;
see some hints below:
The self-help books industry produces a never ending stream of
advice and reassurance. To take just one publisher, Sheldon, there are
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books on how to cope with agoraphobia, pain, migraine, irritable
bowel, depression, blushing, cot death, thrush, strokes, phobias,
tinnitus, stress, shingles, singles, tingles, and many more ills. But self-
help publishers have been living with an appalling fear. How will
they cope when there are at least ten books for every ailment from
agoraphobia to zits, and their readers have run out of problems for
them to solve?
But these people know all about mastering anxiety and turning
problems into opportunities for positive thinking. Many of the readers
are now parents. Will they be able to cope? Will they turn out children
who are happy and bubbling with self-esteem? It is obvious that this is
a growing market because even academic publishers like Oxford
University Press are getting into the child mental health act.
From «New Scientist»
You might make use of:
there are lots of books dealing with ...; publishers living with an
appalling fear are always on the lookout for something special...; they
are concerned about readers running out of their problems; only a person
mastering anxiety and turning problems into opportunities can cope in
the self-help publishing business; the image of a child bubbling with
self-esteem is very appealing to parents; etc.
Note. Words with an :>zg-ending are not necessarily /ng-participles.
In particular, they might be adjectives: an appalling fear, appealing
results, etc.
5.5.6. Practice in^-participles as adverbials:
e.g. Coming to the next issue the speaker observed that the evidence
on it was vast. (1)
Getting wealthier Asian cities have experienced serious pollution
problems. (2)
The speaker sounded very convincing presenting bits of
statistics. (3)
Imaginative learners prefer interaction with others when
checking out their ideas. (4)
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Notes. When a participle clause has no stated subject, we assume it
is the same as the main clause subject. So, in sentence (1) we assume
that the ing-clause means «As the speaker was coming to the next
issue...» But when we say «*Coming to the next issue the evidence
was vast...» we cannot relate the participle to the subject of the main
clause because «the evidence was not coming to ...» In this case we
have demonstrated an unattached participle (or dangling participle)
which is usually bad grammar and sometimes ludicrous.
Participle adverbials are sometimes modified by when, while, if
or other suitable conjunctions (4).
5.5.7. Modify participle adverbials with conjunctions when, while, if:
e.g. Imaginative learners prefer interaction with others checking
out their ideas.
You say: They prefer interaction with others when checking out
their ideas.
1. Raymond despises his parents' affluence continuing to enjoy its
comforts and conveniences.
2. In the new film, my character delivers prepared meals to people
in office buildings. Doing so, he helps them deal with their
personal problems.
3. «Sensationalism», the young man said happily, checking the very
syllables, (as if)
4. You will occasionally encounter difficulty making a decision.
5. Doing research you can obtain some quite unexpected results.
6. Coasting along on the comfortable assumption that nothing is
going to change, you may make big losses.
5.5.8. Rephrase transforming participle clauses.
e.g. Talking to a prospective boss for the first time, you are aiming
at getting an interview.
You say: When you are talking to a prospective boss for the first
time, you are aiming at an interview.
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Processing information with great precision, computers become very
powerful research instruments.
You say: As computers process information with great precision,
they become very powerful research instruments.
Occasionally you have to reformat the original sentence for it
to make more sense:
The nitty page submits your request to six of the bigger search
engines formatting the query into the correct syntax for each site.
You say: When the nitty page submits your request to bigger search
engines, it formats the query into the correct syntax for each site.
Make use of when, while, as, because, if, as long as, as soon as,
after, and:
1. Considering modals one should bear in mind certain peculiarities
inherent to them, (while)
2. Maria spent the night awake cramming for the test, (because)
3. Even allowing for the long Christmas holiday, we are to admit
that we're having a considerable downturn of the production.
(even if)
4. Taking my exam I made many mistakes. (when)
5.1 didn't know what to do. I just stood listening to him. (and)
6. Vic turned on the light in the bathroom making sure the
connecting door was closed, (after)
7. The alarm clock woke him cheeping insistently, (as)
8. Wildlife is getting streetwise moving from the country to the
city where life is easier, (as)
9. He always spoke in a brisk manner condensing his argument
into a single word. (As he spoke... )
10. It was probably a foolish thing to say but I shrugged off any
regret putting down the receiver, (as soon as)
11. Readers will need self-help books trying to solve their problems,
(as long as)
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12. — We are all sentient creatures. That, in our consciousness, we
are one.
— Including animals?
—Yes. Including animals. Animals have personalities.
— Does a sponge have «personality»?
And David, meaning to be amusing, said in an undertone, «A spider?
A slug? What about bacteria?» Those who heard him smiled, (and)
5.5.9. Rephrase making participle clauses.
e.g. The students will make marked improvement if they use videos,
recordings and other learning aids alongside the books.
You say: The students will make marked improvement using videos,
recordings and other learning aids alongside the books.
1. When you are exposing an inconsistency within an accepted
theory, you are about to make a discovery.
2. We will be absolutely safe as long as we take proper
precautions.
3. We get much happier if we conform to this world.
4. Sometimes statistics are crude and pervert the message of the
original data.
5. What civil servants, scientists, and representatives of pressure
groups really need is a brainstorming seminar which generates
a list of key indicators.
6. What do you usually do when you encounter problems in your
research?
7. While you are learning science you are acquiring habits of mind,
ways of arguing and standards for evaluating data.
8. The film is about a team of scientists who are forging their
accounts of the world.
5.6. Learn More About /n^-Forms.
5.6.1. Learn how to communicate more nuances through /од-forms.
In addition to ing-participles, there are so-called gerunds. Gerunds
look like wg-participles but they are more nominal:
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Learning science is learning to think like a scientist. (1)
In sentence (1), «learning» functions first as the subject and then as
the object.
Using an ing-foims as the subject of a sentence, we often apply an
«it is»-pattern to place end-focus on the part of a clause which normal
word-order would not allow:
Listening to that boring stuff [was awful ]. (2)
focus
It was awful [ listening to that boring stuff].
focus
The gerund might be part of the predicate:
She is incapable of doing anything efficiently. (3)
The best method for collaboration is sharing. (4)
Gerunds modify nouns being their attributes. They function as pre-
modifiers:
We are working on a new purchasing policy. (5)
or post-modifiers:
You have no intention of carrying out my instructions, do you? (6)
As a pre-modifier, the gerund describes the purpose of the noun,
e.g.:
a purchasing policy — a policy of purchasing;
a swimming pool — a pool for swimming
As a post-modifier, the gerund is preceded by a preposition
specifying its nuances:
intention of carrying out instruction
methods for teaching and learning
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Gerunds also function as adverbials:
Raymond remembered to set the burglar alarm after coming in at
God knows what hour. (7)
Sometimes it is done without my knowing about it. (8)
The nominal nature of the gerund is manifested by its ability of
functioning like nouns (see sentences 1—8) as well as by the usage of
prepositions and certain determiners (possessives) — see sentences 3,
5—7. But the gerund cannot be modified by an adjective or preceded
by an article. Being nominal, the gerund remains verb-like: it may have
a direct object as verbs in general and ш^-participles frequently do:
learning science, doing anything, carrying out instructions (1,3.6). It
may also be modified by an adverb (3).
Modern grammar, though, tends not to use the term «gerund», but
prefers to speak of the ing-form when it is used more like a noun, and
participle when it is used in other ways.
Remember that the fog-form, whatever word class it is operating
as, still carries a sense of ongoing activity.
5.6.2. Describe the purpose of nouns using wig-forms as pre-
modifiers:
e.g. a cabinet for files — a filing cabinet
a program used to train people in a particular subject;
responsibilities one takes on for writing and production;
techniques used for implementation; an opportunity that gives more
pay; a system used to screen people (to test in order to find out
ability, suitability, loyalty, etc.); a period of time necessary for
adaptation; a system that may vary (slide) according to changing
conditions; techniques used in exploration; the limit on the amount
that can be loaded
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5.6.3. Rephrase using {'од-forms followed by direct objects; you may
have to change certain words in the statement bearing in mind that
ing-iorms show ongoing activity:
e.g. The use of thought experiments can prove that some of now
existing theories are wrong, or at least incomplete.
You say: Using thought experiments can prove that...
To sum up the state of society and environment is a grand idea.
You say: Summing up the state of society and environment is a
grand action.
It is useful to determine what your gut feeling is worth.
You say: Determining what your feeling is worth is useful, or
It is useful determining what this unusual feeling is worth.
1. The development of «sustainability indicators» will entice
the public with easily digestible bites of information.
2. The measurement of environmental and social performance
implies adequate units of measure.
3. It is necessary to work out adequate measures of national
wellbeing, whatever their shortcomings are.
4. To investigate meaningful models is to involve a variety of
areas.
5. The search for a new line of credit is our priority now.
6. The announcement of the exams is an important formal
procedure.
7. The solution of every day problems implies mastering
anxieties and turning difficulties into opportunities.
8. Further exploration of your subject will make it big.
9. The loss of efficiency usually impairs drive and initiative.
10. The provision of new laboratory facilities will be of great
benefit to the students.
11. The enhancement of the quality of life is the centerpiece of
sustainable development.
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12. The study of three-dimensional space shows that it is likely
to support interesting structures including life.
5.6.4. Use the proper preposition where it is necessary:
1.1 am tired ... trying to persuade you.
2. We can multiply our own resources of stamina ... recruiting the
strength of others.
3. Part of the art of management is knowing... when to delegate.
4. They are trying to create a complete picture of the nation's
wellbeing.. .presenting economic statistics.
5. Ministers are to consider a big picture... making policy decisions.
6. Developing.. .objective key indicators of national performance
is proving slow and difficult.
7. You may encounter problems ... trying to devise a single and
accurate measure of a common thing.
8. There is now an entire international industry aimed... devising
... measures of national social wealth.
5.6.5. Rephrase using ing-iorms:
e.g. Can we find anything about the Universe if we simply think
about it?
You say: Can we find anything about the Universe simply by
thinking about it?
1. Marjorie used to buy Christmas presents early, hide them away
and forget all about them. (She had the habit of...)
2. To cram for a test is to prepare oneself for it through hard
and quick study. (by ... hard and quickly)
3. People would like to learn today what sort of life they will be
leading tomorrow. (... are interested in ...)
4. What really matters is whether you concern natural and social
phenomena perspectively. (.. .your concerning...)
5. Robert insisted that everybody call his apartment «cell».
(... on calling...)
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6. A scientist can expose a paradox or inconsistency within accepted
theories even if he never lifts a test tube, (...without ever ...)
7.1 get pleasure when I receive and read your letters. (I enjoy ...)
8. Ralph really makes me bored because he is constantly talking
about his career. (.. .by his talking so much...)
5.6.6. Read and discuss making use of ing-forms.
HOW TO THINK, NOT WHAT TO THINK
Learning science means learning how to think like a scientist. Along
with the facts, theories and techniques of your subject you also acquire
habits of mind, ways of arguing and standards for evaluating data. The
path to a degree is an initiation into a particular style of thought.
You won't get much chance to reflect on this during a science course.
The people who run it are constantly struggling to fit in what they regard
as the essentials of an ever-expanding field. The exams they set will
focus on the facts.
Yet it is the intellectual style you also learn that will stay with you
long after the details of a subject are lost. So you probably owe it to
yourself to pursue some of the larger questions. What other styles might
there be? What is it like to use them? How do denizens of other scientific
tribes and territories see the world?
The search is on, then, for the one book — not too long, not too
dense—which might start you off. Passing by any number of weightier
tomes on the philosophy of science, could it be John Ziman's «Reliable
Knowledge»? This is still a good place to discover some of the things
the sciences have in common. Ziman did enough good physics to earn
him a fellowship of the Royal Society, but what he will be best
remembered for is a string of elegant books on the logic and lore of
science.
This one, first published in 1978, is now available in Cambridge's
Canto paperback series. It is a very readable introduction to how
communities of scientists forge their accounts of the world. His
observations on topics such as metaphors and models, pattern
recognition, world maps and pictures go some way towards answering
those large questions. He is currently working on a sequel («Even more
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reliable knowledge» perhaps) which will take into account recent work
in philosophy and sociology of science.
Another candidate might be John L. Casti's «Searching For
Certain ty», an exploration of how well we can turn explanation into
prediction. Casti is a mathematician who writes large, satisfying books
that synthesize science across a wide range of disciplines. Here he covers
five kinds of forecasting: weather, living forms, stock market
movements, war and whether arithmetical statements are provable. As
the diversity suggests, just putting these into a common framework for
analysis, let alone one that is easy to follow, is an impressive feat.
A new book offering a different slant on similar questions is
Theodore M. Porter's «Trust In Numbers». This is the work of a historian
who wants to know what generates the drive towards quantification
that is as evident in economics as in physics. Porter delivers a fine,
scholarly account of how numerical measurement is used both to
standardize results and to communicate them unambiguously. Perhaps
it is not immediately obvious how a work that dwells at length on
accountants and actuaries, and on the rise of cost-benefit analysis, can
be about scientific and technological expertise. If so, it is well worth
finding out how Porter links them all together.
From «New Scientist»
5.6.7. Ask your classmates
— what learning science means;
— what they acquire along with the facts, theories and techniques
of the subject;
— what the path to a degree is;
— if they will get much chance to reflect on the subject during a
science course;
— why the exams will mostly focus on the facts;
— what will stay with them after the details of the subject are lost;
— what John Ziman will be best remembered for;
— what sort of book «Reliable Knowledge» is;
—what his observations on the topics covered go to;
—what the author is currently working on;
— what «Searching For Certainty» is;
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— how many kinds of forecasting L.Casti covers in this particular
book;
— what the diversity of books by L.Casti suggests;
— what «Trust In Numbers» offers;
— what is worth finding out about Porter's book.
5.6.8. Answer:
1. What do you need brainstorming seminars for?
2. What are some simplified indicators describing the nation's
wellbeing?
3. What sort of digestible information is worth presenting to the
public?
4. What is dangerous about crude criteria (indicators, pointers,
coefficients) describing a particular area of knowledge?
5. What sort of process is developing objective criteria and
indicators?
6. Is it possible to produce a single measure of multidimensional
reality? What is inherent to multicriteria problems in any area?
Is the solution to them economically and scientifically feasible?
7. The path to scientific thinking is an initiation into a particular
style of thought. Is your intellectual style developing when you
are taking a science course? Why is there little time to reflect on
global issues when you are taking a particular science course?
Do you owe it to yourself to pursue some of the larger questions?
Would you like to discover some of the things the sciences have
in common? What may be referred to as the essentials of a specific
discipline?
5.7. More About /л^-Form Patterns.
5.7.1. Practice dialogues:
«I feel like doing» = «I'd like to do»;
«I'm in the mood to do»
— I suggest you take the matter under serious consideration. To
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cope with the current business situation it is necessary to use modern
methods. That's my opinion, anyway.
— Well, I feel like talking it over.
— By your own account, Kevin was behaving like a crazy man and
you felt like going away.
— Precisely. I was about to leave when his secretary came in.
—There is something 1 don't understand.
— I really feel like dropping the subject.
— And I feel like clearing the situation up. You personally took
charge. Barton was relieved yesterday. Why did you reassign him to
the project today?
—This is a good question and it deserves an answer. But what I am
about to tell you must remain in the strictest confidence. This morning
at 7:00 I received a phone call from a superior. I was informed that
certain influential parties—extremely influential—were interested in
having Barton back on the case. I had no choice but to comply.
— Amazing!
—If I divulged the identity of the caller, you'd realize how amazing.
— But why?
—That's another good question and for that I have no answer.
After Η. KurnitzandM. Achard
5.7.2. «Help» and «Can't help ...»
We can say: «help to do» and «help do» (infinitive with or without to)
My adviser helped me to choose a selective. Or
He helped me choose a selective.
Can't /couldn't help doing something = can't/couldn't stop oneself
from doing it
— Sorry, I couldn't help overhearing. You were talking so loud.
— It's OK. I don't mind.
5.7.3. Complete the utterances focusing on «to help to do»/«help
do»/«can't/couldn't help doing»:
1. The candidate made a speech emphasizing the need for
collaboration. We couldn't help
295
2. — The boss is very supportive of the idea.
— He just can't help ..., I'm afraid.
3. Part of your job as the President's secretary is ... to organize
conferences and keep him informed.
4. Being a seasoned traveller, Michael was fully prepared for the
long delay at the airport. I couldn't help ....
5. Books on the philosophy of science ... us think like scientists.
6. — If you agree, it will be excellent exposure to you.
— If I agreed, I'd be pulling too much exposure. I can't help....
7. You can't help ... when you have to deal with that charmingly
incompetent fellow in their office.
5.7.4. Make dialogues using the patterns in 5.7.1 and 5.7.2.
5.7.5. Ing-¥orm or infinitive?
When the predicate is to be followed by a verb, which are we to
choose: the ing-iorm or the infinitive? This can be extremely puzzling
and thus is worth considering.
We will distinguish between three types of patterns:
(1) either of the forms is equally possible and the choice is of little
semantic significance;
(2) either of the forms is possible but a particular choice has a
significant effect upon the meaning communicated;
(3) either the ing-form or the infinitive is possible; the other choice
would be ungrammatical.
1. There is, for example, little semantic difference between the
following sentences:
She preferred to swim in an unheated pool.
She preferred swimming in an unheated pool.
It started raining. / It started to rain.
We intended buying a computer.
We intended to buy a computer.
296
Some other verbs that might be followed by both the /ng-form and
the infinitive:
begin, continue, bother
Note. We cannot use the /wg-form when the first verb is in the ing-
form too. We might say:
She began learning English some time ago.
Even his great admirers are beginning to wonder if he is too old for
the job. (not «to be wondering»)
2. There are contexts in which a particular choice does have a more
or less significant effect on the meaning.
e.g. I remember putting my paper in my briefcase.
(I put my paper in my briefcase and now I remember this).
I remembered to put my paper in my briefcase. (I didn't forget to
put it in my briefcase). also
Remember to call me. = Don't forget to call me.
I regret saying it so abruptly. (I said it abruptly and I regret it).
I regret to say that our grant has expired. (I am sorry that I have
to say it).
He tried to compose a brief newspaper advertisement.
(He made an attempt to do it).
He was looking for a job and tried giving an advertisement in
the local newspaper. (He gave an ad in the local newspaper hoping it
would work).
Jack stopped buying a newspaper.
Jack stopped to buy a newspaper.
The first sentence tells us what Jack stopped doing: he didn't buy a
newspaper any more. The second sentence tells us why Jack stopped:
he wanted to buy a newspaper.
Brian liked taking exercise in the morning. (He enjoys doing
so).
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Brian liked to take exercise in the morning. (He thinks it is the
right thing to do).
The participants went on discussing political issues for a few
hours. (They continued doing the same thing).
After discussing the political issues, the participants then went
on to discuss the environmental situation. (They began doing something
new).
3. These are some verbs which are to be followed by the Hi£-form:
avoid, admit, consider, deny, imagine, involve, practice
Whatever happens avoid jumping to conclusions.
Here are some verbs which are to be followed by the infinitive:
agree, aim, arrange, attempt, decide, fail, forget, hope, learn,
manage, offer, promise, refuse
We decided to reconsider our approach.
5.7.6. Complete the sentences opening the brackets and using ing-
forms or infinitives; for some items there may be two answers:
1. Sometimes it is necessary (cut through) the red tape and (strike)
at the matter.
2. It's no use (worry). So calm down and concentrate.
3. It felt funny (watch) myself on television.
4. It cost $900 (repair) the car.
5. I'm Phil. Nice (meet) you.
6. It is very nice (see) you again.
7.1 hope he remembered (buy) some stamps.
8. Ms. Deverelle gave a long presentation and I distinctly remember
her (think).
9. Johnson admitted (give) false information.
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10. The pressure group arranged (hold) a brainstorming seminar
next Monday.
11.1 am beginning (think) the matter over.
12. Chuck helped Lou (put) the film packages together.
13.1 know I don't get healthier with computer games but I simply
can't help (play).
14. If you want to learn (speak) English practice (speak).
15. Can we really start (put) these figures into a common framework
for analysis?
16. The researchers tried (devise) a single accurate measure of the
global environment.
17. The Minister dwelled first on the concept of sustainable
development and then went on (consider) the current economic
situation.
18. What sort of evidence is worth (publish)?
19. Imagine (cross) a river full of crocodiles.
20. We agreed (keep) the incident in the strictest confidence.
21. It was a thankless task (take care) of Tommy.
22. Eustace was, roughly (speak), an accountant.
23. It was impossible (keep up) our social pretences any longer.
24. She asked me her question instead of first (answer) mine.
25.1 regret (say) that we can't get a bank loan.
5.8. Study Nominal /w^-Clauses And For-Phrases.
5.8.1. If the ing-iorm (the gerund) has a subject, there is a choice of
noun or pronoun forms before the -ing.
We met not long before Tony's flying to Geneva, or
We met not long before Tony flying to Geneva.
He will arrive within a month of his taking up the appointment, or
He will arrive within a month of him taking up the appointment.
In each case, the first, possessive, alternative is formal; the second
is conversational style.
299
5.8.2. Specify nominal frig-clauses and account for the situations
using other verbal patterns:
e.g. Occasionally, Jerome undertakes some projects without his boss
knowing what is happening.
You say: Occasionally, Jerome undertakes some projects and his
boss does not know anything about what is happening, or
... while his boss does not know ...
Burt Wicke hesitated, not sure what to do. He just stood listening
to them shouting and shooting over there.
You say: They were shouting and shooting over there and Burt was
just listening to it.
1. Except for their working in the lab, Kathy and Maria were never
in the same room.
2. Eventually, his approach led to him scuppering his own pet theory.
3. This was the very topic Dorothea dreaded their taking up, and
the worst of it was they were obviously not so much taking it up as
reverting back to it, as if, before Dorothea's belated arrival, they had
been discussing it, and her, at
length, (after R.. Smith)
4. Roger's real objection to Dorothea's taking over the directorship
was purely ideological as he declared.
5. Tom Baxter did not like his colleagues repeating the gossip.
6.1 strongly object to his talking to me like that.
7. The manager insisted on every employee's prioritizing the
interests of the company.
8. Why not begin thinking in terms of your doing things/or people
instead of ίο them?
5.8.3. Read and answer:
— My job doesn't have the most regular hours for I travel a lot.
Imagine you wake up at Air Harbor International. If you wake up at a
different time, in a different place, could you wake up as a different
person? There is tiny life everywhere I travel. Single-serving sugar and
cream. Single pat of butter. The microwave cordon bleu hobby kit.
300
Shampoo-conditioner combos. Sample-package mouthwash. Tiny bars
of soap. The people I meet on each flight are single-serving friends.
Between take-off and landing, we have our time together. That's all we
get. On a long enough time line, the survival rate for everyone drops to
zero.
I am a recall coordinator. My job is to apply the formula. A new car
built by my company leaves somewhere travelling at 60 mph. The rear
differential locks up. The car crashes and burns with everyone trapped
inside. Now, should we initiate a recall? Take the number of vehicles in
the field, A. Multiply it by the probable rate of failure, B. Then multiply
the result by the average out-of-court settlement, C. Α χ Β χ С = X. If X
is less than the cost of a recall, we don't do it.
—Are there a lot of these kinds of accidents?
—You wouldn't believe.
—Which car company do you work for?
— A major one.
After J. R. Haygoog
Questions:
1. Who might the narrator be talking to? Isn't it someone sitting
next to him in the plane? Why can we suppose so?
2. What is the reason for a new car crashing and burning?
3. Does every accident give sufficient grounds for the company to
initiate a recall?
4. Does the narrator approve of his company attending to
complaints by «the formula»?
5. What are the factors of the formula?
6. Does the formula really give an objective aggregate figure to
rely on in attending complaints?
7. What does X being less than the cost of a recall testify to?
8. Is the narrator divulging the information mat is supposed to be
confidential?
9. Would the narrator be that frank if he were talking to someone
belonging to his own circle?
10. What would you say about the idea of a single-serving friend?
301
5.8.4. The infinitive clause with its own subject introduced by for
is often called the/or-phrasc (also see 1.8.5. and 1.8.6.):
The best thing would be for you to tell it nobody.
It is difficult for me to follow the logic of this concept.
It is a great pleasure for me to handle a car.
One of the best predictors for you to succeed is your ability to
handle conflicts constructively.
Professor Venor left his manuscript with the secretary for his
publisher to consider it.
There is only one way for things to go ideally, and a number of
ways for things to go wrong.
5.8.5. «Who is going to do it?» Make infinitive clauses with a subject:
e.g. There are some securities to use for collateral to start a company.
(we)
You say: There are some securities for us to use for collateral to
start a company, or
There are some securities to use for us to start a company.
1.1 have a candidacy to consider, (you)
2. This is going to be a new line of credit to set up. (your broker)
3. The best decision will be to take charge of the project. (I)
4. It is necessary to prioritize this project not to submit the company
to bigger losses, (you)
5. The best approach is to offer a different slant on familiar questions,
(the author)
6. We developed a new technique to standardize results and
communicate them unambiguously, (our team member)
7. Is it difficult to calculate the number of vehicles in the field?
(the recall coordinator, he)
302
8. The manager made a draft contract to develop it further, (his
assistants, they)
9. There seemed to be only one line to pursue. (I)
10. The company developed a formula to apply, (its recall
coordinators)
11.1 hoped to converse under less adverse conditions, but you can
never count on hope, can you? (this conversation/take place)
5.8.6. Clear the situation up or change it altogether by adding a
subject to the wig-clauses:
e.g. I strongly object to arguing in a manner like that, (he)
You say: I strongly object to him arguing in a manner like that, or
I strongly object to his arguing in a manner like that.
1. Diana dreaded being late for this important occasion, (her
husband)
2.1 hate the idea of losing, (we)
3. Taking a hard line in pay negotiations isn't going to make things
easier, (they)
4. Mrs. Brown made it clear that she didn't want delving into the
family story, (any journalists)
5.1 suddenly found I was saying out aloud «This is all too damned
silly». (I suddenly found myself...)
6. Dr Ryonne was constantly dreaming of pursuing a more
rewarding career, (his son)
7. This fellow Krauss sounds like bad news. We might think about
bringing a lawsuit against him if he does ease you out of the
campaign, (you)
8. You may remember that once there was a case of funding a
start-up film production company, (a real estate man)
9.1 would never think of being connected with the matter, (he)
lO.The appearance of David's article led to taking over a
management position in the team, (he)
11. This decision of getting admitted to the Board of Trustees goes
against all tradition, and you well know it. (a complete stranger)
12. We are not formal here, and being called by my first name makes
me feel younger, (everybody)
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5.9. Revise.
5.9.1. Revise would Vs. used to ( see 4.6.1.3a). Read and comment
on the usage of used to and would. Make a similar plot talking
about the past.
A few years ago I used to have a friend whose name was Tim. He
was far more mischievous than I. He was often outrageous. He would
dance on tables at clubs we would visit and was liable to say anything
to anybody at any time, to express his feelings of the moment and to get
a laugh. He always carried a pack of skinny balloons with him which
he would blow up and fashion into balloon animals, balloon hats for
all, balloon guns and swords, balloon guitars and other musical
instruments, etc. He also did magic and cards tricks. He was a real life-
of-the-party type, working as a street performer in our city of San
Francisco.
Then he met a woman who domesticated him. She made him stop
drinking so much, eat healthily, and ride a bicycle for exercise (instead
of his motorcycle). In a few months, he was just like anybody else,
though, somehow, he was able to preserve a twinkle in his eyes. Maybe,
Tim reminds you of anybody you know?
5.9.2. Read and recall whether you once read or heard something
like this; comment on the viewpoint given:
This guy George W. Bush is fine. He is decent, progressive, smart,
thoughtful, experienced, skilled. Those are the characteristics — or most
of them—to want in a president. More boldness would be nice, too, in
the form of a little less eagerness to please everybody. But in 2001
George W. Bush represents a grand opportunity for the American people
to revive American politics by replacing a decrepit, embarrassing,
floundering, characterless, mean-spirited leadership with forces of
change founded in mainstream American values... The team of George
W. Bush and Richard Chaney has declined to sink into the morass of
ugliness Bill Clinton has jumped into shamelessly. They are not the
lesser of evils. They are actually pretty good guys.
From «Daily News», Dayton (Ohio)
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5.9.3. Practice more dialogue:
— Amazing! Watching television and enjoying yourself!
Aren't you taking your test tomorrow?
—Yes, sure.
— Don't you have to study?
—No.
—Kidding?
—I know the Money and Banking plus exam very well. I've taken
it three times already.
— But it's supposed to be different this year. 35 questions in 2
hours.
— And what of it? Here are some examples. All multiple choice.
Mmm... Money acts as a
A. — store of wealth, B. — medium of exchange, C. standard of
value, D. all of the above.
The answer is D — all of the above. Quite simple.
— Good luck on the test then.
— Good luck on the test tomorrow!
— Test? What test?
— The Foreign Administrative Boards. I put you on the top of the
list.
— But it's the fist time I have heard about it.
—Your schedule is tomorrow morning. I am sure I told you.
—What is the exam like?
■—Well, it's a qualifier for positions in management sections in our
branches overseas.
— I can't take that test tomorrow. I haven't studied and I'm not
prepared.
— I'm afraid you have to.
— Now I see. You planned this. You want me to fail the test so that
you can keep me down here on the center of the earth doing your
work for you.
— You'd better watch your mouth, Mr. Where are you going?
—Home, to study.
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— It'll be fun cramming for an exam that important all night.
Good luck!
— You know what I am going to do? I am going to pass this exam
and get out of this room of yours. I will do some really important
work for our company to be profitable and me to be prosperous.
By the way, I was about to do your family a favor and hock up
the Disney Channel for three weeks. Now forget it!
After D. Aykroyd and D. Thomas
5.10. The Words You Are Supposed To Know:
absence — отсутствие, недостаток,
неимение
academic — университетский,
академический, учебный
acceptable — приемлемый
accompany — сопровождать,
сопутствовать
accordance — согласие, гармония;
in ~ with—в соответствии с ч.-л.
account—счет (в банке); отчет,
доклад, сообщение, описание; мнение,
отзыв, оценка; значение, важность,
основание; take into ~ принимать
в расчет; by your own account —
по вашему собственному
свидетельству; объяснять, давать отчет
(for); считать, признавать: ~
something a merit — считать ч.-л.
достоинством; he is much
accounted of— его высоко ценят
accuracy — точность,
правильность, тщательность
actual — фактически
существующий, действительный, текущий
actuary — актуарий {страх.);
секретарь, регистратор, служащий
суда
adaptation — приспособление,
адаптация, переделка
addition—дополнение,
прибавление, сложение; in ~ to — кроме
того, вдобавок, к тому же
administration — администрация,
управление делами,
правительство
adverbial — относящийся к
наречию, обстоятельственный;
обстоятельство, обстоятельственное
выражение (грамм)
adventure — приключение,
происшествие, смелое предприятие
adversary — противник, враг,
соперник
adverse — враждебный,
неблагоприятный, противоположный
ad—см. advertisement
advertisement — сокр. ad —
объявление, реклама, рекламное
объявление
advisory — совещательный,
консультативный
affair — дело, занятие; state of
affairs — положение дел
affluence — изобилие, обилие,
богатство
aggregate — совокупность, целое;
совокупный, общий, собранный
вместе в одно целое
306
ago — тому назад; long ~ (очень)
давно, давным-давно
agoraphobia — боязнь
пространства, открытой площади, толпы
(мед.)
agricultural
—сельскохозяйственный, земледельческий
agriculture — сельское хозяйство,
земледелие
aid — помощь, содействие; ~ s —
(вспомогательные) средства,
пособия; помогать, оказывать
помощь
AIDS, Aids — Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome — СПИД,
синдром приобретенного
иммунного дефицита
ailment — недомогание,
нездоровье, болезнь
aim — цель, намерение, мишень;
стремиться к ч.-л., ставить ч.-л.
своей целью
airport — аэропорт
alive — живой, полный жизни;
существующий, действующий
allergic — аллергический,
имеющий аллергию на ч.-л., не
выносящий ч.-л. (to)
allow: ~ for — предусматривать,
учитывать, принимать во
внимание
alongside — около, рядом, у,
вблизи, бок о бок, наряду (something
/ of something)
aloud — вслух, громко
also — также, тоже
alternatively — альтернативно, в
качестве альтернативы
although — хотя, несмотря на то,
что
altogether — в общем, в целом,
учитывая все; вполне, совсем,
совершенно
amaze—удивлять, поражать,
изумлять
ambiguous — двусмысленный,
неясный, нечеткий
amount'—количество, общая
сумма, итог; составлять, доходить до,
достигать, быть равным,
равнозначным (to)
amuse—забавлять, развлекать
amusing—забавный, смешной,
занимательный
annual—ежегодный, годовой
anonymous — анонимный
anxiety — тревога, беспокойство,
страх; стремление, рвение
anybody — любой, кто угодно (в
утв.предл.); кто-нибудь, кто-либо
(в вопр. предл.); никто (в отр.
предл.)
appalling — ужасный,
потрясающий
apparatus—аппаратура,
оборудование, приборы (пеисчисл.)
apparently — видимо,
по-видимому; явно, очевидно, несомненно
appeal — просить; привлекать,
интересовать; апеллировать,
обращаться (to)
appealing—привлекательный,
обаятельный, нравящийся
appreciation — высокая оценка,
признательность, признание,
оценка по достоинству,
правильное понимание
archaeologist — археолог
argue—спорить, приводить
доводы, аргументировать; утверждать,
доказывать
arise—возникать, появляться; про-
307
истекать, являться результатом
(from); (arose, arisen)
aspect—аспект, сторона, точка
зрения; вид (грамм.)
associate—ассоциировать,
соединять (with)
assume — принимать,
предполагать, допускать
atmosphere — атмосфера
attack — нападать, атаковать,
набрасываться, энергично браться
за ч.-л.; нападение, (враждебные)
нападки; приступ (болезни)
attribute — отличительная черта,
качество, свойство; определение
(грамм.)
attitude — отношение, позиция,
взгляд
autarchy—автократия,
самодержавие
author — автор
authorities — власти, начальство,
администрация
authority—субординация;
начальство, руководство (неисчисл.)
authorship — авторство
awake — бодрствующий, не
спящий: She spent the night ~
cramming for the test.
away — прочь; вдали, вдаль; take
something ~ убрать ч.-л.
awe — благоговейный страх,
трепет; be on ~ of—испытывать
благоговейный страх
awful — ужасный
axis — ось (pi. axes)
back — задняя, более отдаленная
часть ч. -л., задний план; задний,
обратный, отдаленный; сзади,
позади, обратно, назад
bacterium — бактерия (pi. bacteria)
bag—сумка, портфель
balance—приводить в равновесие,
уравновешивать, подытоживать
balloon — воздушный шар
ballpoint: ~ pen — шариковая
ручка
bar — брусок, кусок, плитка: ~ of
soap/ ~ of chocolate
bare — простой,
неподтвержденный, голый, неприкрытый; ~
minimum — самый минимум; ~
infinitive — инфинитив без
частицы/о
barometer—барометр
base — основывать, обосновывать
(on, upon)
bathroom — ванная комната
battery— аккумулятор,
аккумуляторная батарея; recharge ~s —
подзарядиться, восстановить
силы
be: be in for — ожидать
неприятностей, навлекать неприятности
bear — нести, выдерживать
тяжесть, нагрузку, иметь; ~ in mind
— иметь в виду, помнить (bore;
borne, born)
beauty — красота
because — так как, потому что;
because of — из-за
behave — вести себя, поступать
belated — запоздалый,
задержавшийся
belief— вера, убе/сдение, доверие
belong — принадлежать ч. -л. (to)
binoculars — бинокль (pi.)
bird — птица
biscuit — сухое печенье, галета
bite — байт
black — черный
bleak—открытый, холодный, уны-
308
лый, мрачный; ~ prospects —
мрачные перспективы
blender — смеситель
blink — мерцание, небольшая
вспышка; миг, мгновение;
мерцать, смотреть, подсматривать
blood — кровь
blow — дуть, веять, (blew, blown);
~ up (into)—раздувать, взрывать
(ся)
blush — краснеть (от смущения)
boldly — смело
bossy—распоряжающийся,
заправляющий все, начальственный
bowel — пищеварительный тракт,
кишечник; irritable
воспаленный, расстроенный кишечник
bracket— (круглая) скобка
brainstorming — организованный
для быстрого обмена различными
мнениями с целью решения к.-л.
задачи
branch — ветвь, отрасль; филиал
break — перерыв
breast — грудь
brief— краткий, короткий
briefcase— портфель— дипломат,
кейс
brisk — живой, оживленный,
интенсивный
broadly — широко, прямо,
откровенно, решительно
bubble — кипеть, бить ключом;
быть неистощимым,
преисполненным
buddy — приятель, друг (АтЕ)
burglar — грабитель, взломщик
burn — гореть, сжигать, обжигать,
загорать (burnt, burned)
butter — сливочное масло
cabinet — шкаф
cafe — кафе
call: ~ in — зайти
calm—успокаивать, умиротворять;
~ down успокаиваться;
спокойствие, тишина; спокойный, тихий
characteristic — характерная
черта, особенность, свойство;
характеристика, параметр;
характерный, типичный (of)
candidacy — кандидатура
carbon — углерод, химически
чистый уголь
card — карта
career — мчаться, нестись во весь
опор; ~ off
carry — нести, носить, содержать,
заключать; ~ out — выполнять,
доводить до конца
casual — небрежный, случайный,
легкомысленный, несерьезный
catch—поймать, ловить, схватить,
уловить; успеть
categorically — категорически,
безусловно
category—категория, разряд, класс
cause — причина, основание; быть
причиной, вызывать, причинять
centerpiece — главное; основное
содержание, главный вопрос
certainty — уверенность,
убеждение
chain-stores—«цепные»,
однотипные магазины; сеть магазинов,
принадлежащих одному
предприятию розничной торговли,
выигрывающих за счет экономии на
издержках и предлагающих
товары по более низким ценам
charge: take ~ of something —
возглавить, взять на себя руководство
cheep — пищать
309
chemical — химический;
химическое вещество, химикат
child — ребенок (pi. children)
children — дети (see child)
chocolate—шоколад; шоколадный
choke—душить, заглушать
chop — рубить, крошить,
провертывать через мясорубку
Christmas — Рождество;
рождественский
circle — круг; окружение; сфера,
область
civil—гражданский, относящийся
к гражданам или гражданству
claim—требовать, утверждать,
заявлять, претендовать,
предъявлять права на ч.-л.
clear— освобождать, очищать,
устранять препятствия; ~
up—выяснить, прояснить, раскрыть
club — клуб
clue — ключ к разгадке, улика,
сведение, информация
coach — инструктор, тренер,
преподаватель; drama ~
преподаватель актерского мастерства
coffee — кофе
coherent — связанный, связный,
логически последовательный
coincidence — совпадение,
стечение обстоятельств
collaboration — сотрудничество
collateral—залог, обеспечение; for
в качестве залога
colored (AmE) — coloured (BrE) —
цветной
combo — (AmE) — смесь,
сочетание, группа, компания
comedy — комедия
comfort — поддержка, утешение;
комфорт, уют; — s—удобства
comfortable — удобный,
комфортабельный
communicate — сообщать,
передавать, общаться
compare—сравнивать
competitive — соперничающий,
конкурирующий
complaint — жалоба, претензия
complement — дополнять
complex — сложный, трудный,
составной, комплексный
compliment — комплимент,
похвала; говорить комплименты,
хвалить
comply — исполнять, подчиняться
(with)
compose — составлять, сочинять,
создавать
comprehensive — всеобъемлющий,
всесторонний, исчерпывающий,
обширный
compulsory — обязательный
concentrate—сосредотачивать(ся),
концентрироваться)
concern: be concerned about —
быть озабоченным ч. -л.
conclude — заключать, прийти к
заключению, сделать вывод
condense — конденсировать;
сжато выражать
conditioner — кондиционер
conference— конференция
confidence—доверие, уверенность,
самоуверенность; секрет
conflict — конфликт,
противоречие
connect — соединять, связывать,
устанавливать связь
consciousness — сознание;
осознание, понимание
consideration — рассмотрение, об-
310
суждение; under ~ на
рассмотрении
consist— состоять (of);
заключаться (in)
constant — постоянный; ~ 1у —
постоянно
co-star — известный актер
(актриса), играющий вместе с другим
известным актером (актрисой)
constructive — конструктивный,
созидательный, творческий; ~1у
— конструктивно, творчески
consultation— консультация,
совещание
consume — потреблять,
расходовать
context — контекст; ситуация,
среда, окружение
contextual—контекстуальный,
связанный с контекстом
continually—непрерывно, все
время, снова и снова, неоднократно
continue — продолжать
contract—договор, контракт
contribution — вклад, содействие,
участие
convenience — удобство
converse—разговаривать,
поддерживать беседу, общаться
cooperate — сотрудничать
coordinator — координатор
соре — справиться (with)
сору — копия, экземпляр;
копировать
cordon bleu — первоклассный (о
еде, кухне)
cosmic — космический
cost—стоить, требовать; цена,
стоимость; production costs —
производственные затраты
cot—детская кроватка
cough —кашель; кашлять
council — совет
connt — счет, подсчет; считать; ~
on something/somebody —
рассчитывать на ч.-л./к.-л.
country—страна; загородная зона,
сельская местность
countryside — сельская местность
course: of course — конечно
cram — наполнять, переполнять,
набивать битком, впихивать;
наспех зазубривать
crash —грохот, треск; крушение,
авария; падать, рушиться с
грохотом или треском; потерпеть
крушение, аварию (особ, о самолете)
cream — сливки
creative—творческий,
созидательный
credible — правдоподобный,
вероятный, заслуживающий доверия
credit — вера, доверие; зачет;
кредит
crisis — кризис (pi. crises)
criterion — критерий (pi. criteria)
criticism — критика
crocodile — крокодил
crude — сырой, необработанный,
неразработанный, незрелый,
непродуманный
cursor—курсор, указатель
curve — кривая
cnstomer—заказчик, клиент
cut—резать, разрезать, сокращать,
пересекать; ~ down—сокращать,
уменьшать; — through—
преодолеть, прорваться (cut)
damage — повреждать, портить,
причинять ущерб; вред,
повреждение, ущерб, урон
danger — опасность
311
dangling — висящий;
обособленный (грамм.)
dark — темный; ~ ness — темнота
data — данные
date—датироваться, относиться к
определенному времени (from)
deadline — установленный срок
представления, подачи
dean—декан
death — смерть, смертность
decade — десятилетие
deceive — обманывать
decrepit — дряхлый, ветхий,
обветшалый, изношенный
deduction — вывод,
умозаключение, следствие; дедукция
defect —дефект, недостаток,
неисправность
definition — определение
degenerate — вырождаться,
ухудшаться, становиться хуже;
выродившийся, ухудшившийся
delegate — поручать к.-л. сделать
ч.-л.; уполномочить к.-л. сделать
ч.-л.
delve — рыться (в документах и
т.п.), копать(ся), выкапывать,
извлекать
demand — требовать, предъявлять
требования, нуждаться;
требование, спрос
demonstrate — демонстрировать,
показывать
denizen — житель, обитатель;
давать права гражданства
dense—плотный, густой,
насыщенный
dependency — зависимость
depression — упадок, депрессия,
подавленность
depth—глубина
descend — спускаться, сходить,
снижаться
deserve — заслуживать
design — предназначать
desk — письменный стол
despise — презирать
detail—деталь, подробность,
элемент; ~ ed — подробный
devise—придумывать, изобретать,
разрабатывать
devoid — лишенный ч.-л.,
свободный от ч.-л. (of)
dictate — диктовать,
предписывать
differential—дифференциал,
перепад (давления, температуры и
т.п.); дифференциальный,
разностный; rear differential —задний
дифференциал, дифференциал
заднего моста
digestible — усваиваемый,
удобоваримый
digit — цифра
dimension — размер, величина,
измерение
dimensional — размерный,
относящийся к размеру, имеющий
измерения, пространственный
dioxide — двуокись (хим.)
direct — прямой,
непосредственный; направлять, руководить,
управлять; ~ 1у—прямо,
непосредственно
direction — направление
dirty — грязный
disagree — не соглашаться,
расходиться во мнениях, не
соответствовать
disambiguate — устранить
двусмысленность, сделать
однозначным
312
disappointment — разочарование
disarm — обезоруживать,
разоружаться), умиротворять
disaster— бедствие, несчастье,
катастрофа
discipline—дисциплина; предмет
discrepancy — несоответствие,
различие, расхождение, несогласие
diskette — дискета
distort — искажать, перекашивать,
извращать, деформировать
distribution — распределение,
распространение
disturbance — нарушение
равновесия, тревога, беспокойство; —s
—волнения, беспорядки
dither — приводить в смятение,
возбуждение; находиться в
крайнем возбуждении, смятении
diversity—разнообразие,
многообразие, различие
divulge — разглашать,
обнародовать
domesticate—приручать,
одомашнивать, цивилизовывать, обучать
ведению домашнего хозяйства
door — дверь
downturn—(экономический) спад,
спад деловой активности
draft — проект, набросок, эскиз,
чертеж; делать эскиз,
набрасывать, составлять план, проект; ~
contract—проект контракта
dread — бояться, страшиться
(something)
drip — капать, стекать
drive — езда, поездка, прогулка;
наступление, гонка, спешка;
кампания, поход; энергия,
напористость
during — во время, в течение
dust — пыль; стирать, смахивать
пыль
dwell—рассуждать о ч. -л.,
подробно останавливаться (on)
dynamically—динамически,
динамично
ease — ослабить, смягчить, сделать
более свободным, облегчить; ~
somebody out of something —
освободить к.-л. отч.-л., вывести
из игры; свобода, легкость,
непринужденность, покой
economic — экономический
economically — с экономической
точки зрения; экономно,
бережливо
economics — экономика,
экономическая наука
economy—хозяйство, экономика,
экономическая система;
экономия
edit—редактировать,
подготавливать к печати; быть редактором
efficiency — эффективность,
действенность; сноровистость,
расторопность; производительность,
коэффициент полезного действия
effort — усилие/усилия,
напряжение, борьба
either: оба, и тот, и другой, любой
(из двух); either ... or — или ...
или;либо ...либо
elapse — проходить, протекать,
пролетать (о времени), истекать
election — выборы
electric —электрический
electrician — электрик
elegant — элегантный
embarrass — беспокоить, смущать,
приводить в замешательство,
затруднять, осложнять; ет-
313
barrassing — смущающий,
затруднительный, стеснительный
emergency — чрезвычайная
ситуация, критическое положение,
непредвиденный случай, крайняя
необходимость
emission—выделение,
распространение, выпуск
employee — служащий
employment — занятость, работа,
служба; применение,
использование
enconnter — встретить, встречать,
наталкиваться
encourage — поощрять,
поддерживать, воодушевлять
encouragement — поощрение,
поддержка
engine — машина, двигатель,
инструмент, механизм; search
программа поиска
enhancement — усиление,
увеличение
entertainment — развлечение,
увеселение, представление
entice — увлекать, заманивать,
вовлекать
entire — весь, целый, цельный
entity — сущность, существо;
объективное реальное
существование, реальность
environmental — относящийся к
окружающий среде,
окружению
epitomize — воплощать, кратко
излагать, резюмировать
error -ошибка
especially — особенно
essay—письменная работа; очерк,
зтюд.эссе
essentially — существенно,
существенным образом, в основном,
по существу
essentials—сущность,
неотъемлемая часть, основное, самое
главное
eternal — вечный, неизменный
even — ровный; четный (о числах);
даже
evidently — очевидно, явно, ясно
exact—точный
examine — экзаменовать;
рассматривать, обследовать, проверять
exercise—физическая активность,
движение; упражнение,
тренировка; take - —двигаться, быть
физически активным
expand — расширять,
распространять, развивать
explanation — объяснение
exploration — исследование,
разведка, изыскательские работы
expose — выставлять, подвергать,
ставить под удар, раскрывать
exposure — выставление (напоказ,
под действие ч. -л.), раскрытие,
разоблачение; реклама
eyesight — зрение
face—лицо, внешний вид, лицевая
сторона; сталкиваться с ч.-л.,
быть обращенным к ч.-л.,
встречать, смотреть в лицо
factor — фактор, движущая сила,
составной элемент; сомножитель
(мат.)
fall: ~ ill — заболевать; ~ into —
распадаться, разделяться
false — ложный, неверный,
ошибочный; поддельный,
фальшивый, неискренний;
искусственный
famous—известный, знаменитый
314
farmer — фермер
fashion — придавать вид, форму;
выделывать, моделировать
fatigue — утомление, усталость
favor — поддерживать, одобрять,
оказывать предпочтение;
оказывать внимание, благоволить
feasible — осуществимый,
выполнимый, возможный
feat—мастерство, ловкость,
искусство; дело, профессия; подвиг
fellow—человек, парень; товарищ,
собрат; аспирант, стипендиат,
занимающийся исследовательской
работой; действительный член
научного общества
fellowship — стипендия аспиранта,
дотация научному или
творческому работнику; товарищество,
содружество, сообщество
file—дело, досье, папка; файл;
хранить в определенном порядке,
подшивать; официально
регистрировать
fill — наполнять, заполнять
film—фильм, фотопленка; снимать
фильм
filter—фильтр; фильтровать
find: ~ out — выяснять, узнавать
firm — твердый, прочный,
устойчивый; укреплять, уплотнять;
фирма, торговый дом
first—первый; впервые, во-первых
fit — соответствовать, годиться,
подходить; ~ in — вмещаться,
вписываться, входить; вместить,
вписать, уложиться в рамки
fixed — постоянный,
неменяющийся, твердо установленный,
неподвижный, закрепленный; get ~
стать-
flounder — барахтаться, стараться
выбраться, путаться, сбиваться,
делать ошибки
flow — течение, поток, ход; течь,
литься, происходить
fly — летать, лететь (flew, flown); ~
in the face of something —
противоречить ч.-л., входить в
противоречие с ч.-л.
focus— сосредоточие, центр;
оптический фокус
foolish — глупый
foolproof — безопасный при
неосторожном обращении, верный,
надежный
for—для, в течение; так как
forecast — предсказание, прогноз;
делать прогноз, предсказывать
foresight—предвидение, дар
предвидения; предусмотрительность
forever — навсегда, навечно;
беспрестанно
forge—ковать, выковывать;
подделывать, фальсифицировать
forget — забывать (forgot,
forgotten)
format — формат, размер;
форматировать
formula — формула; pi. formulae/
formulas (for)
forth — вперед, дальше, впредь
forthcoming — предстоящий,
грядущий, приближающийся;
обходительный, вежливый,
непосредственный, общительный (обыкп.
в отриц. контексте)
formation — образование,
формирование, учреждение; формация
found — основывать, учреждать,
создавать; обосновывать
fountain — фонтан
315
fragment — кусок, осколок,
фрагмент, отрывок
framework — каркас, конструкция,
структура, рамки, пределы
French — французский;
французский язык
frequency — частота, частотность,
повторяемость
frequently — часто
fund — финансировать; фонд
fundamental — основной,
существенный, фундаментальный,
элементарный
fundamentalism—фундаментализм,
строгое следование правилам
funding — финансирование
funny — смешной
furniture — мебель
further—далее, дальше;
дальнейший
gambling — азартные игры;
игорный бизнес; игра в азартные
игры, игра на деньги
gather—собирать, накапливать
general—общий, всеобщий,
широкий; главный; ~ 1у—обычно, как
правило, в общем смысле,
вообще; широко, повсеместно
generate—производить,
образовывать, генерировать, порождать
gerund — герундий (грамм.)
get: get on — продолжать;
продвигаться вперед, делать успехи
gift—подарок, дар; одарять,
наделять
government — правительство
gravity — тяжесть, сила тяжести,
тяготение; серьезность, важность
gronnd — земля; почва, грунт
group — группа, класс;
группировать
guide — направлять, руководить,
вести; руководство, учебник; гид,
проводник
guitar — гитара
gun — огнестрельное оружие,
ружье, пистолет, пушка
habitable — жилой, обитаемый,
годный для жилья
habitat — место проживания,
(естественная) среда обитания
habitual— обычный, привычный
hand — сторона, положение; рука;
on the one ~ с одной стороны;;
on the other ~ с другой стороны
hat — шапка, шляпа
head — возглавлять, стоять во
главе, направлять
headline—газетный заголовок
heavy — тяжелый, тяжеловесный;
крупный, большой, массивный
hedgerow — живая изгородь;
полезащитная полоса
hell — ад
highly—высоко, в высшей степени
hire—нанимать, принимать на
работу; get hired—быть принятым,
получить работу
historian — историк
hock — заложить (сленг); ~ up —
(незаконно) подключать к
информационным каналам (телефон,
телевидение и пр.)
honest—честный, откровенный
hospital— больница, госпиталь
hostility—враждебность, вражда
husband — муж
human — человеческий
ideal—идеал, идеальный
identify—отождествлять,
устанавливать тождество,
идентифицировать, определять
316
identity — тождественность,
идентичность, тождество;
подлинность
ideological — идеологический
if—если; ли
ill—больной, нездоровый; плохой
imagine — воображать,
представлять себе
immediate — непосредственный,
прямой; немедленный; ~
1у—непосредственно, прямо,
немедленно
impact — удар, толчок, импульс;
влияние, воздействие; влиять,
воздействовать(on)
impair—ослаблять, портить,
ухудшать, уменьшать
import—импорт, ввоз;
импортировать, ввозить
importance — важность, значение
impressive — впечатляющий,
производящий глубокое впечатление,
выразительный
improve—улучшать(ся),
совершенствоваться)
improvement—улучшение,
усовершенствование; make marked
заметно улучшать, добиваться
заметно лучших результатов
inadequate — неадекватный,
несоответствующий
incapable — неспособный (of)
income—доход
incompetent — некомпетентный,
несведущий
incomplete — неполный,
несовершенный, незавершенный;
incompleted, uncompleted —
незаконченный, недоделанный
increasingly — все больше и
больше, в возрастающем масштабе
(объеме и пр.), в большей и
большей степени
indeed — действительно, в самом
деле
indicator—показатель, указатель
indiscipline—недисциплинированность
industrialization —
индустриализация
industrialize — проводить
индустриализацию,
индустриализировать
indnstry — промышленность;
отрасль промышленности
inevitable — неизбежный,
неминуемый; неизменный
infatuation — сильное увлечение,
страсть
infer—заключать, делать
заключение, вывод; предполагать,
подразумевать
inference — вывод, заключение,
умозаключение;
подразумеваемое, предполагаемое,
предположение
infinitely—бесконечно,
безгранично, беспредельно
influence — влияние, воздействие
influential — влиятельный
information — информация
inherent — присущий,
свойственный, неотъемлемый (to) ~ ly — в
своей основе, по своему существу
initial—начальный,
первоначальный, исходный
initiate — начинать, приступать,
проявлять инициативу
initiative—инициатива, начинание
input — ввод, загрузка, вход
insistently — настойчиво, упорно,
настоятельно
317
Instance — пример, образец,
частный случай; требование, просьба;
обстоятельство; инстанция
instantaneous — мгновенный,
моментальный, немедленный
institute — институт; ассоциация,
общество
insurmountable — непреодолимый
intend — намереваться,
предполагать, собираться; предназначать
intense — сильный, напряженный,
интенсивный, значительный
interaction — взаимодействие
introduce — представлять,
знакомить; вносить, вводить,
устанавливать
introduction — представление,
знакомство; предисловие; введение,
внесение
invest — помещать, вкладывать
деньги, капитал, инвестировать
investment — капиталовложение,
помещение денег, инвестиция;
make ~ s — вкладывать деньги,
делать инвестиции
investigate — расследовать,
тщательно рассматривать;
исследовать
irony — ирония
irreplaceable — незаменимый
irritation—раздражение, гнев
island — остров
judgement — суждение, мнение,
взгляд, оценка; критика,
осуждение, разбирательство;
рассудительность, здравый смысл
juice — сок; сущность
key — ключ (к замку, решению);
важный пункт, ключевая позиция
kid — шутить
kit—комплект, набор
lab — лаборатория (сокр. от
laboratory)
labor (AmE), labour (BrE) — труд,
работа, усилия; рабочая сила,
работники; трудиться, напряженно
работать, прилагать усилия (in,
at)
laboratory—лаборатория
lady — дама, женщина, леди
lag — отставать, запаздывать,
медлить (behind)
land—земля, суша, почва;
земельный участок; приземляться,
высаживаться
landing — посадка, высадка
latter — недавний, последний
(сравн. от late); последний из двух
названных, второй (the)
lawsuit — иск; судебный процесс;
bring a ~ against — возбудить
дело, предъявить иск против к. -
л.
lean—полагаться, опираться на к.
-л. или ч.-л.; тощий, скудный,
бедный
least — наименьший, меньше
всего; at - по крайней мере
length — длина, расстояние; at ~
подробно, детально, пространно
lengthy—растянутый, длительный,
слишком длинный
lesser—меньший, малый,
небольшой; - of evils — меньшее из зол
lie—лежать, быть расположенным,
ложиться; заключаться в ч. -л.
(lay, lain; lying)
Не—ложь, обман; лгать (lied, lied,
lying)
light — свет, освещение; светлый,
легкий; зажигать, освещать (lit or
lighted)
318
like—любить, нравиться
likelihood—вероятность
limit—предел, граница, лимит
limitation — ограничение
line —линия, граница, предел;
линия поведения, образ действий:
hard ~—жесткая линия; группа,
серия; flow ~ — конвейер
linguistic — лингвистический
link — связующее звено, связь;
соединять, связывать
little — маленький, мало; a little —
некоторое количество, немного
livelihood — жизнь, проживание;
живость, подвижность; быстрота,
острота (восприятия)
lively—живой, полный жизни,
веселый, оживленный; быстрый,
острый (об уме и тд.)
load—нагрузка, тяжесть, груз;
грузить, загружать
loan — заем, ссуда; давать взаймы,
ссужать
lobby—лоббировать, пытаться
воздействовать на членов
законодательного органа путем
закулисных интриг (for)
lock—замок; запирать (на замок),
соединять, сцеплять, сплетать; ~
up—замыкать, заклинивать
long: ~ term—долгосрочный,
длительный
look—выглядеть; ~ for -искать
lookout—бдительность,
настороженность, наблюдение; be always
on the lookout for something —
всегда проявлять интерес к ч. -.л.,
всегда находиться в состоянии
поиска
lore — профессиональные знания,
знания в к. -л. области
lower — низший, нижний;
понижать, опускать, уменьшать
loyalty — верность, преданность,
лояльность
luck — удача, везение
ludicrous — смешной, нелепый
lyric—лирический
machine — машина, механизм,
средство
main—главный, основной
mainstream — главное
направление, общепринятое суждение,
традиционное отношение;
традиционный, ортодоксальный,
общепринятый
manifest—делать очевидным,
доказывать, обнаруживать,
проявлять
manuscript — рукопись
many — много (с исчислхущ.)
тар—карта (геогр.); отображать
mark — знак, метка, след; оценка,
отметка; ставить знак, отмечать,
обозначать
market — рынок
master — справляться,
преодолевать; глубоко изучать, осваивать
mathematician — математик
matter—вещество, материя; дело,
вопрос; no matter—вне
зависимости, независимо
mean-spirited — подлый, низкий,
злонамеренный
measure — мера, единица
измерения, размер, степень, предел;
мероприятие, мера; измерять,
мерить
measurement—размер; измерение
meat—мясо; пища для
размышлений, содержание, суть
medium — средство, способ; сре-
319
да; середина, промежуточная
ступень (pi. media)
mechanical — механический
mental—умственный, мысленный,
ментальный
merchandise — товар, товары
metaphor — метафора
microwave — микроволна;
микроволновый
migraine — мигрень (мед.)
mileage—расстояние в милях;
пробег автомобиля в милях
mind — обращать внимание;
возражать, иметь ч. -т. против
minimum — минимум,
минимальный
minister — министр
mischievous — вредный; озорной,
проказливый
misinterpret — неверно
истолковывать или понимать
mislead — вводить в заблуждение,
обманывать
mismatch — несоответствие,
неудачный подбор; не
соответствовать, плохо сочетаться
miss — пропустить, не заметить,
проглядеть; скучать; ~
out—пропустить, выпустить (слово)
mistake—ошибаться,
заблуждаться
mistakenly— ошибочно
mistress—хозяйка, госпожа
mix — смешивать, мешать;
смешиваться, соединяться
musical — музыкальный; мюзикл
mobster — гангстер
modal — модальный глагол;
модальный (грамм.)
modality —модальность (грамм.)
model — модель; моделировать
modem — модем
modern — современный
modest — скромный
morass — болото, трясина, топь
morning — утро
mother — мать, мама
motorcycle — мотоцикл
mouth — рот; устье (реки)
move — движение, перемена;
поступок, шаг, ход; двигаться),
передвигаться); перемещаться)
movement — движение; течение,
направление
mnch — много (с неисчисл. сущ.)
multidimensional — многомерный;
многосторонний
multifunctional —
многофункциональный
multiple — составной, сложный;
многократный, многочисленный,
множественный
multiply — умножать, множить
narrator — рассказчик
nation — страна, государство;
народ, нация
national—национальный,
государственный, народный
natural — природный,
естественный
navel — центр, середина
nearly — почти, около,
приблизительно
negotiations — переговоры
news — новость, новости
newsworthy—достойный
освещения в печати, интересный, новый
nightmare — кошмар
nine — девять
nitrous — азотистый
nitty: --gritty — самая важная или
практически значимая часть ч. -
320
л.; ~ page — главная страница,
главный каталог
nominal — номинальный;
условный, символический
non-existent — несуществующий
normally—нормально,
обыкновенно, как правило
nothing — ничего, ничто
notice — замечать, обращать
внимание, отмечать
nuance — нюанс, оттенок
numerical — числовой, цифровой,
численный
numerous — многочисленный
oak—дуб; дубовый
object — возражать (to)
oblige—обязывать, заставлять
observation—наблюдение;
замечание, высказывание
obviously — очевидно
odd — нечетный; случайный;
странный
omission—пропуск; упущение
one— один; единственный;
неопределенное местоимение, особ, в
безличных предложениях: One
must know... Необходимо знать
ongoing — продолжающийся,
непрерывный
online — сетевой; управляемый
компьютером; в сети, у
включенного компьютера, за
компьютером
operate — действовать, работать,
оперировать, управлять
operation—действие, работа,
функционирование, операция;
сделка, бизнес
operative — механик, наладчик,
квалифицированный рабочий
opposite — противоположный,
обратный; напротив, против
opt—выбирать, делать выбор (for)
orientation—ориентировка,
ориентация, координирование
original—первоначальный,
исконный, оригинальный, подлинный
output — продукция, выпуск;
производительность, мощность,
отдача; выход, выходной сигнал
over — над, сверх свыше; ~ there
— вон там
overall — общий, полный; вообще
overflow— быть переполненным
overgrow — перерастать, зарастать
oversea—заграничный,
заокеанский; ~ s—за границей, за морем
overview— общая картина, общее
представление
owe — быть должным, задолжать
own: on one's own
—самостоятельно, независимо
ownership — собственность, право
собственности
oxide— окись, окисел
ozone — озон
package — пакет, серия
page — страница
pageant—пышное зрелище, живая
картина
pain — боль
paradox — парадокс
paradoxical—парадоксальный; -1у
—парадоксально
park — парк, заповедник; ставить,
оставить, парковать
part — деталь, часть
participant — участник
participle — причастие (грамм.)
particulate — вещество в форме
частиц
321
particle — частица
passably— приемлемо, сносно
pat — кусочек, кружочек сбитого
масла
path—путь, маршрут, траектория
реп — ручка
pencil — карандаш
perceive — воспринимать,
различать, чувствовать, осознавать
perception — восприятие
perfectly — совершенно, вполне
performance — выполнение,
исполнение, действие; представление,
спектакль
perfnme — запах, аромат; духи
period — период, промежуток
времени; время, эпоха
permanent — постоянный
personal — личный
pervert — искажать, неправильно
истолковывать
pet — любимец; ~ theory —
любимая теория
philosophy — философия
phobia — страх, боязнь, фобия
physical — физический; ~ 1у —
физически
physicist — физик
physics — физика
picture — изображать, рисовать,
описывать, представлять себе
pile — пачка, связка, стопка
pirate — пират
pitch — уровень, степень,
интенсивность, высота; high-pitched—
высокий (о звуке)
plausible—правдоподобный,
вероятный
play—играть; пьеса
please—угождать, доставлять
удовольствие, нравиться
pleasure—удовольствие
plug — штепсельная вилка;
включить в электросеть
pins — плюс; преимущество; от...
и выше
pneumonia — пневмония,
воспаление легких
pocket — карман
pointer—указатель, показатель
policyholder— владелец
страхового полиса
pollen — цветочная пыльца
pollutant — вещество,
загрязняющее окружающую среду
pollute — загрязнять
pollution — загрязнение
poor—бедный, неимущий; плохой,
слабый, низкого качества
population — население
position—положение, должность
possibly — возможно
pot—горшок, сосуд; сумма ставок
powerful—сильный, мощный,
могущественный
prayer — молитва; просьба
pre до-; пред-; пре-;
предварительный
precaution — предосторожность,
мера предосторожности; take
proper ~s—принять надлежащие
меры предосторожности
precede — предшествовать; быть,
находиться или идти впереди
precision—точность, четкость
predictable — предсказуемый
preference — предпочтение,
преимущество
presentation —доклад, презентация;
представление, предъявление
preserve — сохранять, хранить,
поддерживать
322
presidential — президентский
pretence — притворство, обман;
отговорка, предлог; претензия
prevention — предотвращение,
предупреждение
pride — гордость; take ~ in —
гордиться ч.-л.
principally — главным образом,
преимущественно
print—печать; печатать
printout— распечатка
prioritize — делать
первоочередным, считать самым важным
problem — проблема, задача
procedure — процедура, процесс,
методика
process—процесс, ход;
обрабатывать
product—продукт, продукция,
изделие; результат; произведение
{мат)
production — производство,
изготовление; продукция, продукт,
изделие; производительность,
выработка
profitable — прибыльный,
выгодный, полезный
progress—прогресс, развитие,
движение; успехи, достижения; ход,
течение; in progress — в ходе, в
развитии; имеющий место,
происходящий
progressive — прогрессивный
promote — продвигать, повышать
в чине или звании; содействовать,
способствовать, поддерживать
prompt — подсказывать, внушать,
побуждать
proposition—утверждение,
заявление; предложение, план; дело,
занятие
prospective — будущий,
ожидаемый, предполагаемый
provision — снабжение,
обеспечение; положение, условие,
оговорка; заготовка, запас
psychic — психический
psychological — психологический
pull—тянуть, тащить, притягивать;
~ too much exposure — быть
слишком заметным, привлекать
слишком много внимания
pulse—пульсировать, вибрировать
pump — качать, накачивать,
нагнетать; ~ out — выкачивать,
откачивать
punch: punch in — набрать (код,
номер)
pnrchase — покупка,
приобретение; покупать
put — класть, ставить, положить;
помещать; ~ down — опустить;
записывать; ~ together —
соединять, скреплять, составлять; ~ up
with — мириться, примириться
qualify—определять,
характеризовать; готовить, обучать к.-л. для
к.-л. цели
quantification — определение
количества
quasi квази-, полу -
query — вопрос; сомнение
quote—цитата; цитировать, делать
ссылку
race—состязание, гонки; раса; the
human человечество;
состязаться, мчаться, нестись,
стремительно продвигаться
rapid — быстрый; ~ 1у—быстро
rate: interest ~ процентная ставка;
survival ~ минимальный
прожиточный уровень
323
rather: rather than — а не
rational—разумный,
целесообразный, рациональный
react — реагировать, отзываться
(to)
reality—реальность,
действительность
reasoning — рассуждение,
логический ход мысли; аргументация,
доводы
reassign — вновь назначить,
повторно назначить
reassurance — заверение,
подтверждение
recall — отзывать; брать,
принимать назад; вспоминать
receipt — расписка в получении,
квитанция
receive — принимать, получать
recent—недавний; - 1у—недавно
recharge — повторно заряжать,
подзарядить
recline—откидывать назад,
раскладывать, приводить в
горизонтальное положение; полулежать,
сидеть развалившись
recognition — узнавание,
распознавание; признание; pattern
recognition — распознавание
структур
recommend — рекомендовать
record — записывать,
регистрировать, фиксировать
recover—выздоравливать;
наверстывать, возмещать; получать
обратно
recruiting—набор, вербовка;
комплектация, пополнение
refer: be referred to as —
называться
reformat— переформатировать
region—область, местность,
регион
regret — сожалеть
reject — отвергать, отклонять
relative— относительный,
относящийся; ~1у—относительно
repair — ремонтировать, чинить,
исправлять, восстанавливать
rephrase — перефразировать
replace—заменять, замещать;
возвращать (на место)
replaceable —заменяемый,
взаимозаменяемый
reporter — журналист, репортер
representative— представитель
reservation — оговорка;
сохранение, резервирование, оставление
resolution—решительность,
решимость; решение
reset—подрегулировать, вновь
устанавливать, возвращать в
исходной положение;
переустанавливать
resource—возможность, средство,
способ, ресурс
responsibility— ответственность
resume — возобновлять,
продолжать; подводить итог,
резюмировать
retool — переоборудовать,
оснащать новой техникой
reveal — показывать,
обнаруживать, разоблачать, открывать
revert—возвращаться (в прежнее
состояние), обращаться вновь,
(back to something)
rich—богатый; ~ ness—богатство
rise — восходить, вставать,
подниматься; возрастать,
увеличиваться (rose, risen)
river — река
324
road—дорога, путь
roll: roll up — скатывать,
свертывать, завертывать, свертываться
roughly — грубо, небрежно;
приблизительно
royal — королевский; the Royal
Society — Королевское Научное
Общество
ruins—развалины, руины
rush — устремляться, мчаться,
нестись
salt—соль; соленый; солить
sample — образец, образчик,
проба; шаблон, модель; выборка
scan — пробегать, просматривать;
изучать, подробно разбирать,
рассматривать
scene—место действия, сцена; The
scene is laid ... —Действие
происходит ...
sceptic — скептик
scholarly — ученый, свойственный
ученым; старательный,
прилежный
scientifically — научно
scooter — мотороллер
screen—экран, защита, прикрытие;
защищать, прикрывать;
сортировать, тщательно отбирать
scupper—уничтожить, погубить
search — искать, изучать,
рассматривать (for)
season—время года, сезон
seasoned — закаленный
securities — ценные бумаги
selective — выборочный,
избирательный; учебная программа по
выбору
self: self-centered —
сосредоточенный на самом себе
semantic— семантический,
sensationalism — сенсационность;
склонность к сенсациям
sentient—чувствующий,
ощущающий
sequel —продолжение, результат,
следствие, последствие
series—ряд (мат.); серия, выпуск;
paperback series — серия книг в
дешевой бумажной обложке;
сериал (тел.); (pi. без измен.)
servant — слуга, служащий; civil ~
чиновник
serve — служить, работать,
состоять на службе; обслуживать;
single-serving — расфасованный
по одной порции для
однократного употребления
service—служба, работа,
обслуживание
session — заседание, совещание;
сессия (судебная, парламентская);
(АтЕ) — учебный год, учебное
время
set—ставить, устанавливать,
подавать (пример); вводить (моду),
формироваться; разрабатывать,
составлять (экзаменационные
материалы)
settle — решать, принимать
решение, договариваться, определять;
улаживать, разрешать;
обосновываться, поселяться
settlement — урегулирование,
соглашение, договоренность;
поселение, колония; out-of-court ~ —
договоренность сторон,
достигаемая без суда
setup (also set-up) — система,
структура, организация;
положение, ситуация, обстановка
shake—трясти, встряхивать, сотря-
325
сать (shook, shaken) ; ~ off —
стряхивать, избавляться отч.-л.
shame — позор, стыд; стыдить,
пристыдить
shameless — бесстыдный,
неприличный; ~ 1у—бесстыдно
shampoo — шампунь
sheet — лист, страница, обширная
поверхность, слой; простыня
shimmer — мерцать, блестеть
shingle — гравий, галька: a shingly
beach; AmE вывеска, частная
практика, дело: When I get my law
degree I am going to hang out my
shingle in my old home town,
короткая стрижка; ~
s—опоясывающий лишай (мед.)
short: ~ -term — краткосрочный
shortcoming — недостаток,
несовершенство, изъян
should — следует (мод.)
show — зрелище, спектакль,
представление; показ,
демонстрация
showbiz — шоу-бизнес (сюнг)
shrug—пожимать (плечами); ~ off
—не придавать значения;
пренебрегать
sight — вид; зрение; поле зрения,
зрелище
significance—важность, значение
significant — важный, значимый,
значительный
simile — сравнение (сшил.)
simplify—упрощать
since — так как; стех пор как, с (к.
-л. момента времени)
sing — петь (sang, sung)
siren — сирена
sit—сидеть, заседать, садиться; sit
down — садиться
site — местоположение,
местонахождение; площадка; сайт
size—размер, величина, объем
skew — уклоняться, сворачивать в
" сторону, отклоняться; искажать
skinny—имеющий характер
пленки или оболочки, кожистый;
тощий
skip—пропускать; перескакивать
slang — сленг, неформальный
разговорный слой языка
slant — уклон, склон, скат; точка
зрения, отношение, позиция,
подход; offer a different ~ on —
предлагать другой подход к ч. -л.
slave — раб, жертва
slice—рассекать, резать
ломтиками или слоями; ~ into —
выпадать, появляться (на экране
монитора)
slide — скольжение; скользящая
часть механизма; скользить,
плавно двигаться
slug — слизень, слизняк
(насекомое)
sneeze — чихать
snooze—дремать; бездельничать
so: so as—так ... чтобы; так... что
socket — гнездо, углубление, паз;
штепсельная розетка; drive one
out of one's вывести из себя,
из равновесия
source — источник, начало,
происхождение
space — пространство; космос;
space-time — система, имеющая
три пространственных измерения
и время
span — интервал, промежуток
времени; расстояние, ширина,
пролет; перекрывать (об арке, кры-
326
ше); соединять, заполнять
(пробел, промежуток)
specification—подробное
определение, перечень, детализация;
спецификация, инструкция; сокр.
spec
sphere — сфера, область
spider — паук
spin — крутить(ся), вертеть(ся)
(spun, span; spun)
sponge—губка, губчатое вещество
spread — распространение, рост,
увеличение; распространять (в
т.ч. по поверхности), размещать
squabble— пререкаться, вздорить,
ссориться из-за пустяков
squeal — издавать резкие звуки;
пронзительно кричать, визжать
stability—устойчивость,
стабильность; состояние равновесия
staff— персонал, штат
stamina — жизнеспособность,
стойкость, сопротивляемость
stance—положение, позиция,
установка
standardize — стандартизировать,
нормализовать
star—играть главные роли, быть
звездой
start—начинать, основывать,
приступать; ~ something over again
—все начать заново
station—место, местоположение;
станция, центр; вокзал;
полицейский участок, отделение
stative— обозначающий состояние,
а не динамичное действие или
событие (грамм.); ~ 1у —для
обозначения состояния, при
обозначении состояния
stay— оставаться,
останавливаться; overnight stays —
сверхурочная работа
steady—прочный, твердый,
устойчивый, постоянный
stick: stick out — стоять до конца,
терпеть, выносить
stiffen — становиться
напряженным, напрягаться; цепенеть
stink—испускать зловоние, вонять,
смердеть (stank, stunk)
stop — останавливать(ся),
прекращаться)
straight — прямой, правильный,
ровный; прямо, точно
stream—поток, течение, вереница
street—улица
streetwise—знающий и опытный,
приспособленный; get стать
приспособленным, научиться
жить
strength—сила, прочность
strike—ударять, бить; достигать;
проникать (struck; struck,
stricken)
string—ряд, вереница, серия,
последовательность
stroke — удар, прием, ход; ~s of
genins — деяния гения; two
stroke scooter — мотороллер с
двухтактным двигателем
strong—сильный, твердый,
крепкий; ~ 1у—сильно, крепко,
твердо
structure—структура; строение
studio—студия
stupid — глупый
stupidity — глупость
subcommittee — подкомитет,
подкомиссия
subjugation — подчинение
sufficient—достаточный
327
sugar — сахар
suggest—предлагать, советовать
sum — сумма, количество, итог;
складывать, подводить итог; ~ up
—резюмировать, суммировать
summary—суммарный, краткий
supply—запас(ы), снабжение;
поставка, предложение (окон.)
supportive — поддерживающий
surfer — (здесь) — ведущий поиск
нужной информации в Интернете
suspend — подвешивать,
приостанавливать, временно прекращать
sustain—поддерживать, защищать,
подтверждать
sustainable—подтверждаемый,
устойчивый
sustainability — подтверждае-
мость, устойчивость
sweep — движение, размах, взмах
sweetheart — дорогой, любимый;
дорогая, любимая (в обращении)
sword — шпага, сабля, меч
syllable — слог {грамм.)
syntax — синтаксис
synthesize — синтезировать,
system — система, метод, учение
systematically — систематически
table — стол; таблица
tactless — бестактный
take-off — старт, подъем, взлет,
вылет
tape — лента (в т. ч. магнитная и
пр.); записывать на аудио- или
видеокассету; red tape — волокита,
бюрократизм
task—задача, задание
team—команда, группа; ~ work —
совместная работа
temporary — временный
term: in simple terms — просто
testify — показывать,
свидетельствовать (to)
thankless—неблагодарный
theorist — теоретик
theory — теория
those — те
three — три
through — через, посредством; по
throughout — повсюду, везде, все
время, на протяжении
thrush — стоматит, молочница
(мед.)
tightly — прочно, напряженно,
строго
timetable—расписание, график
tingle — звон в ушах; зуд,
покалывание, дрожь
tinnitus — шум в ушах
tire—утомлять(ся), уставать
tolerate — терпеть, выносить,
допускать, дозволять
tome—том, книга, фолиант
tomorrow — завтра
topic — тема
total—весь, целый, общий;
всеобщий
toward(s) — к, по направлению к,
по отношению к
tower — башня
toxic —ядовитый, токсичный
traditional—традиционный
traffic—движение, транспорт
train — поезд; ряд, цепь;
воспитывать, обучать
transform — преобразовывать,
трансформировать, видоизменять
transport — перевозка, транспорт;
перевозить, транспортировать
trap —ловушка, капкан; заманивать
в ловушку, оказываться в ловушке
travail—тяжелый труд, мучения
328
trend — направление, течение;
отклоняться в к. -л. направлении
tribe — племя, род, клан,
поколение
trifle — пустяк, мелочь; шутить,
относиться несерьезно;
заниматься пустяками
truth — правда, истина
turn: ~ on — включать, зажигать; ~
over — переворачивать(ся),
вращать, обдумывать; ~ out —
выключать, оказываться, оказаться;
воспитывать
twice — дважды, два раза; twice as
much — в два раза больше
twinkle — мерцание, огонек;
мерцать, сверкать
typical—типичный, обычный; ~ 1у
—обычно, как правило
ugly — безобразный, уродливый,
неприятный, противный; ~ ness
—уродство, безобразие
ultimate — окончательный,
конечный; основной, первичный
unambiguously—недвусмысленно,
точно
unattached — не присоединенный,
не привязанный, не
прикрепленный
undertone — полутон; in an
undertone — вполголоса
unfold—развертывать, развернуть,
раскрываться
unfortunately — к сожалению
ungrammarical — грамматически
неправильный, неграмотный; ~1у
unheated — не подогреваемый
unpalatable — невкусный,
противный, неприятный
unplug — выключать (из
электросети)
unpredictable — непредсказуемый
unsound — необоснованный,
ложный, ошибочный
unstable—нестабильный,
неустойчивый
until —до тех пор пока не
update—модернизировать,
приводить в соответствие с
требованиями современности; освежать
upper — верхний
urban — городской
urbanization — урбанизация,
распространение городского стиля
жизни
usage—употребление (слов,
выражений и т.д.)
usual — обычный
vampire — вампир
variety—разнообразие, множество
vary — менять(ся), изменять(ся),
разнообразить
vast— обширный, громадный,
огромный
vehicle — средство передвижения;
автомобиль, транспортное
средство, машина
verse — стихи, поэзия; писать
стихи
vibrate—вибрировать, колебаться
vice—порок, зло, недостаток; Vice /
(vice) — вице-
victim — жертва
video — видео
view — смотреть, рассматривать,
оценивать, судить
villain—злодей, негодяй,
отрицательный герой
volume—том, книга; объем,
количество, масса; емкость; громкость
звука (физ.)
war — война
329
warn — предупреждать,
предостерегать
wash — мытье, умывание; стирка
wastage—убыток, потери
waste — расточать, попусту тра- .
тить, терять; мусор, отходы,
обрезки; потери, убыль, ущерб
water — вода
wealth — богатство, изобилие,
благосостояние, состояние, капитал
weight — вес
weighty—увесистый, важный,
веский
wellbeing — здоровье,
благополучие, процветание
western — западный
wet — мокрый, сырой
whatever — что бы ни; все, что
when — когда
while — вто время как
why почему
wife — жена (pi. wives)
wildlife — живая природа,
животные, птицы, рыба в естественном
состоянии
wise—мудрый
witch — ведьма, колдунья
wonderful — чудесный,
превосходный
workaholic —трудоголик
worldview — мировоззрение;
взгляд на мир
would: would like to — хотеть,
хотелось бы
wrench — дергать, рвать,
вырывать
zit — особ. АгаЕ — пятнышко (на
коже)
SECTION 6
6.1. Review En-Forms; Distinguish Between Past Simple And En-
Forms.
6.1.1. The en-form (past participle, participle II, the 3rd form) for
regular verbs looks like the Past Simple form:
(to) accept—I accepted it. — the theory accepted by everybody
(to) organize—He organized it. — the organized curriculum
Irregular verbs have their particular Past Simple and еи-forms:
(to) speak—They spoke French. — the spoken language
(to) hide — High trees hid the next house where Sam lived.
— the hidden meaning
6.1.2. Recall past simple and en-forms of the verbs familiar to you
using wordlists; arrange them in the following fashion:
assessed, checked, enhanced, forced, gripped, matched, relaxed
admired, applied, changed, contained, involved, personalized,
alleged, expired, reviewed, declared, controlled, gained
adapted, disappointed, divided, exceeded, inducted, isolated
forbid—forbade/forbad—forbidden/forbid
hide — hid — hidden
shrink — shrank — shrunk
6.1.3. Learn have/get something done:
Pattern:
e.g. I didn't read the contract. I had it printed only yesterday.
(I didn't print the contract myself. Someone else printed it for
me).
331
I want to have this contract double-checked tomorrow morning.
(I'm not going to check the contract. Somebody will check it
thoroughly for me).
The boss wants to get the letter typed immediately.
(He wants somebody to type the letter).
Students who successfully complete minor programs will have their
fields of study specified on their bachelor's degrees.
Have/get something done is used to show that we arrange for
somebody else to do something for us.
6.1.4. Read and make a plot about someone's plans using the
structure specified.
Chuck Lock again:
I am also in a new play, «The Prince And The Swallow», through
November 22. It is a very inspiring children's play but it is also for
adults. You may know the Oscar Wilde story. It is about the statue of a
Prince who comes to life and directs a swallow to take the gold and
jewels that adorn him and deliver them to the poor of his country. I am
the villain. I play a selfish town councilman who wants to have the
statue torn down and replaced with one of my own.
6.1.5. Rephrase making use of have/get something done:
e.g. Vic Wilcox wants his secretary to prepare a sheet of computer
printout for the meeting.
You say: Vic wants to have a sheet of computer printout prepared.
1. Policymakers need to rely on relevant information, so statisticians
are to create a complete picture of the nation's wellbeing.
(Policymakers need ...)
2. Britain's environment minister asserts that tranquility and beauty
of the countryside is very important in terms of the nation's
wellbeing. The researchers are going to devise a single and
accurate measure of it. (The minister wants...)
332
3. Chuck and his associates are searching for a new line of credit.
There are some international brokers who could set it up. (Chuck
and his friends are going...)
4. Chuck will rewrite and associate-produce some of Dudley's films.
(Dudley will...)
5. Next Friday night Chuck and his co-stars will be doing the play
in a television studio where three cameras will be taping it.
(They are sure...)
6. The mobster would have more chance to run his illegal gambling
operation if there were civil disturbances in the neighborhood.
That is why he hires a witch to create them.
(The mobster is determined ...)
7. Every producer tries to raise as much money as possible for his
film. But the banks may not fund new film production
companies. (It's no easy matter...)
8. Certain kinds of books are aimed at helping people solve their
problems. (People just love...)
9. If the results of the laboratory test don't look convincing, let the
lab assistant check them again. (You will...)
10. We will assign our detectives to the case and they will clear it
up in seconds. (We will...)
11 .The Dean said that his assistants had already scheduled a staff
meeting. (The Dean said that he already had ...)
12. — You won't be able to get to the airport in time to catch that
plane at four o'clock.
— I realize that now. I have to do something about my ticket.
(I'll have to get...)
6.1.6. Read and specify past simple or en-forms:
1. Most math theories are applied to some real world problem and
require a numerical solution.
2. The gaily dressed passengers crowded the front of the boat.
3. Their research produced some quite unexpected effects.
4. — The story of the film is so unbelievable. All those highly
convenient delays to heighten suspense. Cars run out of gas.
Planes forced to land.
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— I can't agree more.
5. The very street was antique and otherworldly: cobbled, in chronic
need of repair, banked in so severely at the curb that Dorothea
invariably scraped the lower edges of the Mercedes' fenders
whenever she parked in front of the house — as she was doing
now. (After R. Smith)
6. She recognized the Carpenters' white Cadillac, on the opposite
side of the street, poised as is for a quick getaway.
7. My views concerning the program remained unchanged.
8. The last argument seemed the turning point. After that, Raymond's
parents appeared resigned to his leaving.
6.2. Active Vs. Passive.
6.2.1. Most verbs have active and passive forms. The difference is
known as voice.
I admire to be admired. (1)
Notice again that the subject of the active form — the doer, or
agent—may be and very often is dropped in the passive:
No one likes to be manipulated. (2)
Thus, active and passive forms of the verb are not two ways of
saying the same thing. We select the passive when the agent is
unknown, unimportant or to be disguised. The object of the action
which is very often the subject of the sentence is, on the contrary,
fairly important:
We prefer to be informed. (3)
Nice to be needed! (4)
The idea of the passive is shown by
be + < en-form >
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6.2.2. Learn passive infinitives.
Lab experiences are certain to be designed to complement our work
in the course.
Are you going to be instructed when you work in the lab?
Modals can be used to show both belief and action.
6.2.3. Complete the sentences using both to- and bare passive
infinitives:
1. The expenses are likely (cut) to the bare minimum in order to
lower production costs.
2. In what way is the decision going (make)?
3. You are going (please) to hear the news.
4. Steps must (take) so that this kind of situation never occurs
again.
5. Information for the public at large is (condense) into easily
digestible bites.
6. Is wildlife health likely (measure) in terms of farmland bird
population?
7. All the necessary evidence is (contain) in one file.
8. The tape will (edit and show) on a Beverly Hills television
station.
9. «Perhaps, I will bring a lawsuit against the Institute after all»,
Dorothea thought, amused. «As my lawyer friend Mr. Gallagher
has suggested. For why not? What's (lose)? My precious
femininity?» (after R. Smith)
10. Lou's secretary telephoned last week to ask if Kevin might be
willing (interview) on one of the television station's talk shows,
about his latest research.
11. The child needs (involve) more with the world.
12.1 don't want (disturb). I am working on confidential papers.
13. Our good friend wouldn't like (talk) to like that. People should
treat him politely.
14.1 would rather (inform) about all changes of the plan.
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6.2.4. Complete the sentences using active or passive infinitives:
(to) do / (to) be done:
1. The evidence is (take) from a large sample.
2. This sort of evidence isn't easy (collect).
3. There is always an opportunity for us (take up) a new field of
research.
4. If there is a paradox or inconsistency within your theory, it is
(expose) now.
5. Some English words are impossible (translate) into Russian.
6. Do you have (set up) new experiments quite often?
7. Your research schedule is too comprehensive. It should (more/
tightly/focus), in my opinion.
8. In some countries, agriculture will (provide) the main source of
employment and livelihood.
9. Many people are looking for jobs. Is there a foolproof way for
them (hire)?
10. The problem is how (determine) whether your gut feeling is
worth following.
11. An intuitive conclusion is based on what psychologists may
(call) selective perception.
12. For the work (do) before the deadline, we'll have to stay
overnight till the end of the month.
6.2.5. Complete the sentences using progressive infinitives (to) be
doing or passive infinitives (to) be done:
1. It would be pleasant (work) for a respectable software company
like this.
2. No one could (tell) the password. It must be absolutely secret.
3. The room seems (overgrow) with technology.
4. One might think that Phil was part of his computer. He seemed
(type) at it continually.
5. Don't (control) by your ambition.
6. You are (take) proper precautions when you are working in the
lab. This is (do) for your protection.
7. We want (train) to accept only what is rational and logical.
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8. The money is (transfer) to our current account.
9. Jeremy is going (stay) with Martin and me for a while.
10. Clearly, everybody seemed (talk) about the latest news. The
subject was in full throttle and had (allow) to run its course.
6.2.6. Complete the sentences using active, passive or progressive
infinitives (to) do/(to) be done/ (to) be doing:
1.1 don't have the hardware (handle) this software.
2. Nothing seems (happen). Everything is fine.
3. Since modals can (use) to show both belief and action, they are
systematically ambiguous.
4. Aren't you having an exam tomorrow? Shouldn't you (study)?
5. How can you know what I am doing now? You must (watch)
with binoculars.
6. Chuck would like (consider) as a host for a new television quiz
show.
7. When you take up a risky project you are (prepare) for any
contingency.
8. Now the surfers are pleased (hear) about a new search engine.
9. Input data errors are almost impossible (detect).
10. Set-ups are supposed (continually/change) as it leads to the
increased wastage.
11. We are bound (admit) that our world is far from being
predictable.
12. Mary has to work overnight (not/fire).
13. The faculty of the school didn't allow John (induct) into a
prestigious student organization in the U.S., called the NHS.
John was such a good scholar, though, that student pressure built
up on the teachers to allow him (choose) for it.
14. The exam is supposed (be) different this year.
6.2.7. Practice the dialogue, act it out and make a similar one
containing a description of something.
— What did you say you bought in the souvenir shop?
— I bought a matrioshka.
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—You bought what?
—The matrioshka or Russian doll.
—What does this matri.. .oshka look like?
— A matrioshka is a painted wooden doll, the top half of whose
body can be removed to reveal an identical but smaller doll inside. The
next doll can be decapitated in the same manner, revealing yet another
identical but smaller doll, and so on. In theory this reduction of the
wooden doll might go on to infinity; in practice, however, they are
usually quite small, the mother doll containing three others. But this
one was enormous — the largest I'd ever seen.
—And, perhaps, the most beautiful, too.
—No. They all look alike. Same naive drawing of face and costume,
same bold coloring.
— Why did you buy it then?
— Because I liked it.
After R. Walshe
6.3. Study Passive Predicates.
The «Be + En-Form» formula can be easily transformed into a
passive predicate: be turns into am, are, is (Present Simple Passive) or
was, were (Past Simple Passive) which function as operators.
I can't take the test tomorrow,
(be prepared) — I am not prepared.
(be shot)—The film was shot last year.
6.3.1. Make passive sentences opening the brackets:
1.1 am now writing a new story that spans space and time. I will
save the details for you to read it in its entirety when it (do).
2. In this film, the main character's conflict (catch) between his
infatuation with his competitor and his loyalty to his company.
3- The new production company (head) by Lou Nathan who comes
from a music industry background.
4. The play (write) by Jane Morris who is a great comedienne.
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5. Pranks (often/play) at schools.
6. Chuck was a very good scholar. He (induct) into a prestigious
student organization called the National Honor Society.
7. The exams (announce) only yesterday.
8.1 felt that all those events (inextricably/entwine).
9. Emily (train) as an art historian at Yale, traveled and studied
abroad in her early twenties.
10. Senior members of the government (provide) with research
assistants.
11. Scientific discoveries (often/apply) to industrial processes.
6.3.2. Make passive sentences with prepositional verbs. Mind that
the preposition refers to the subject:
e.g. Some executives spoke out against Mr. Davidson when he was
being considered for an executive position.
You say: Mr. Davidson was spoken out against when he was being
considered for an executive position.
1. They deal with all complaints in a respectable company like
this.
2. We allowed for the rate of inflation at 5% in the cost of the
product.
3. After a long time, we cut through the red tape of the planning
regulations and got the building started.
4. Lily can't live on her own. Someone is to take care of her. (Let
her...)
5.1 don't think anyone has the right to interfere with the way I
spend my ample time. (The way I spend my ample time is
not...)
6. We know little of the company.
7. Our Chairman insists that everybody talk to him politely.
8. We needn't insist on this term of our contract.
9.1 suspect he is up to something that many of us will strongly
disapprove of.
10. There aren't so many people you could really talk with.
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6.3.3. The by- object indicates the agent, or the doer:
The law provides that ancient buildings be preserved by the
government.
Dudley was told by his lawyer that funding for his film was coming.
We use it only when it is really necessary for the sentence to sound
complete. So, make the following sentences complete inserting by-
objects (see the hints below).
1. Chuck masterminded many pranks at school. In the end, he was
punished....
2. The new production company is headed ... who comes from a
music industry background.
3. I was not very much impressed ... in the exam.
4. All business problems need to be solved
5. The generation, coming up to university in early 1970s,
immediately after the heroic period of student politics, were
oppressed...
6. Applications are invited for a Research Assistantship in large
vocabulary automatic speech recognition. The project is funded
... and is of 36 months duration.
7.1 never thought I could be surprised ....
8. Strategic bioinformatics is your chance to shape your future. You
will have support of a research organization with a global
reputation. Salaries are complemented ....
Hints: the EU (the European Union), stimulated human minds, a
sense of belatedness, the faculty of the school, a full range of large
company benefits, his performance, anything, Lou Nathan
6.3.4. Practice passive continuous (progressive):
e.g.
Presently I am being considered for the lead role of a movie that
would be the first episode of a television series.
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The film Dudley was making was being funded by a rich Italian
real estate person.
cf. Simple Passive Continuous Passive
is done is being done
are considered are being considered
was funded was being funded
Change simple passive into continuous passive paying due
attention to the changing background:
e.g. As you see, the opposite coast is well observed through
binoculars. /
By a sudden flash of light in the distance, you can guess that you...
through binoculars.
You complete the sentence saying:
By a sudden flash of light, you can guess that you are being observed
through binoculars.
1. All applicants are thoroughly considered before the interview. /
Chuck... presently... for the lead role of a movie that would be
a television series.
2. At the last brainstorming seminar, the participants were given
convincing information sustaining the assets of the project. / In
the next room, the telephone conversation had acquired a new
urgency. Now the party at the other end of the line ... further
information sustaining the assets of the contract.
3. The man was aloof and mostly silent. He spoke reluctantly as if
words were coaxed from him. / The atmosphere was highly
charged. Everyone was looking at everyone else in alarm. In the
silence the President spoke in a peculiar slow voice as if the
words... from him against his will.
4. The necessary investigative techniques are systematically studied
by students attending lab classes./ Some new investigative
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techniques... currently ... by the students who are going to
participate in the new research program.
5. Financial issues are regularly attached due importance to. /
Correct me if you think the idea... too much importance to.
6. Complaints are scrupulously dealt with in any respectable hotel. /1
assure you that your complaint... properly... at the moment.
7. Forces of change are founded in the mainstream human values./
A new recreation center... near here.
6.3.5. Convert active statements into passive ones:
e.g. By the way, it is a good workout. You are showing marked
improvement.
You say: Marked improvement is being shown.
1. By your own account, Doctor Jones was drawing a diagram on
the blackboard at the moment when his belated opponent
appeared.
2. You wouldn't believe what sort of people they are gathering
now for doing research! Ten or fifteen years ago they would
have dumped them in a funny farm. It's so perverse.
3. Ten years ago they were selling just buildings, but now these
are fine department stores with a large stock of merchandise.
4. You know how it usually happens. You are cherishing grand
plans for the weekend when something unexpected occurs
ruining them all.
5. We were checking our software when Max encountered a bug.
6. The proctors were driving the tourists out of the exhibition
hall when the fire alarm rang.
7.1 was so furious that I scarcely knew what job I was doing.
6.3.6. Read the text and make a synopsis of a film script of your
own in which Chuck could have a part.
Chuck Lock again:
Also, I starred in a 28-minute film which the Academy Of Motion
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Pictures and Sciences commissioned the film school at the University
of Southern California (Steven Spielberg's and George Lucas' school)
to make. It will be shown during the Academy Awards Oscars ceremony
next year. It will be excellent exposure for me. The film «Shadows On
The Wall» is about the change in Hollywood from the old days when
studios made most of the films to today when independent producers
make most of them. I play the director in the old studio system who is
overthrown by his stars and crew. I speak all of my lines with a German
accent. I should have a copy of the film around the first of the year. It
has many special effects in it that involve my character. I am pursued
by a camera that becomes a vacuum cleaner. It sucks me into the camera.
It is all quite surreal. Oh well, only in Hollywood does such nonsense
pass for art. Or, maybe, it is art?
6.4. Focus On Another Function Of En-Forms.
6.4.1. Practice «it-forms as pre-modifiers:
an accepted theory — a theory that is accepted by many
a salaried employee — an employee who is paid salary
an isolated area—an area isolated from the rest of the neighborhood
Compress a descriptive attributive phrase into a pre-modifien
a curriculum specially organized for acquiring a specific degree;
learning that is being continued ceaselessly; fields of study that are
specified; the overall picture that is properly balanced; a fact one admits;
attempts which are being repeated; a flow of speech which is not
interrupted (an un ~...); growth that is sustained; the meaning which is
hidden; the director who is overthrown by his crew; the atmosphere
that is charged
6.4.2. Practice en-forms as post-modifiers:
e.g.
There was a short memorandum on the table in the morning
announcing to the staff that I was no longer senior Hterary editor. The
reason given was the expected reduction of the circulation.
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Rephrase statements converting an attributive clause into an
««-post-modifier; omit coherent words if necessary:
e.g. The job that had been done appeared to be perfect.
You say: The job done appeared to be perfect.
1.1 meant every word I said.
2. Professor Venor's selected papers which were shortly reprinted
spoke for themselves.
3. Your explanation still leaves certain factors which are not properly
accounted for. (un -...)
4. In a company that respectable, you are to arrive early and leave
late. This is the standard of behavior that is expected.
5. We are well aware of the difficulties that are involved in the
project.
6. There is a serious setback we encountered.
7. This is not the only goal that is being pursued by our team
members.
8. Let me bring you up-to-date on some statistics which were
produced at the last brainstorming seminar.
6.4.3. Practice en-forms as post-modifiers followed by coherent
words:
e-g.
In the near future, scientists will meet for a brainstorming seminar
designed to generate a short list of environmental indicators.
Rephrase statements converting attributive clauses into en- or
ing- post-modifiers:
1. When John was in high school he led a double life that was
filled with many scholastic honors on one side and many
pranks on the other.
2. John's non-school friends all wore black jackets with a devil's
head emblem that was sewn on the back.
3. Dynamic learners test their knowledge which is gained through
personal experience.
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4. The book contains a set of papers which has been written over
a span of more than 50 years and covers a broad range of
topics.
5. This is a study of communities that has been formed in reaction
to the society which has gone wrong.
6. In certain areas, decisions which are based on shrewd intuition
are often superior to those which are based on careful analytical
reasoning.
7. A lot of damage is done to publicity by foolish reports which
are being heedlessly circulated.
8. There may be some financial arrangements which are made
between them.
9. In his new film, Chuck is going to play the director of the old
studio system who is overthrown by his crew.
6.4.4. Practice en-forms as adverbials:
e.g. Given a variety of choices you are often undecided which is
the right one.
Professor Venor was after nothing less then the soul of America,
as seen in microcosm.
Because of the task force assignment, Jack was not able to pick
up the kids after school, as planned.
Rephrase statements converting an adverbial clause into an en-
adverbial using if, as if, when, while, as when necessary :
1. When Michael was asked discomfortingly personal questions,
he used to give clear and direct answers. He did not willingly
elaborate.
2. There were moments when Krauss seemed to retreat in his
shameless campaign, as if he were gripped by conscience.
3. If you are faced with a mushrooming workload, you need more
time-saving techniques.
4. As the text is being read as a memorandum addressed by my
boss to himself it begins to make a certain amount of sense.
5. When the skeleton of the book is assembled it leaves no grounds
of suspicion of plagiarism.
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6. If the article is done properly it'll be excellent exposure for you.
7. While the project was being considered for the implementation,
it was investigated by dozens of experts.
8. If Gary is driven out of his socket he is excessive and absolutely
unpredictable.
9.—Are you resigning from the company or from your position as
one of the trustees?
— If I am driven to it, from both.
6.4.5. Read and discuss:
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Those who hope to be at or near the top, need to know how to
prepare and read a speech. They cannot take chances with outlines,
because one slip can result in more than embarrassment. Success
depends on correct preparation and skilled delivery.
Reading aloud must not degenerate into saying words as they appear
on the page. When we write we separate words to identify them. But
spoken words must be linked together as syllables are linked. When
you run words together, as you do in normal conversational speaking,
you develop fluency, and believe it or not, clarity. As we rarely express
an idea in a word, groups of words or phrases must be perceived as
single units. The way to do this is by linking the words of a phrase,
saying them in an uninterrupted flow of air. The trick is to say the last
sound of each word as if it is the first sound of the next word. Your
meaning will then be easier to follow.
We also can stretch or shrink words when we say them, which we
cannot do in writing. You can reveal the relative importance of words
by amount of time you give them. To weaken words, you must say
them so quickly that their vowel sounds are almost eliminated.
While preparing your text and practicing, keep the following points
in mind and you will have a special advantage:
Know the difference between words in writing and in talking. They
are not the same. Consider: «Since you are aware of the difficulties
involved in the project...» vs. this spoken version, «Since you know
how hard the job will be...». Stick to words normally used in daily
conversation. Unless, of course, you swear a lot.
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Pay attention to your meaning. Be sure you emphasize nouns and
verbs, not prepositions and other helpers. Most people, for example,
say: «Give it to me» — the least meaningful emphasis. Any of these
would be better: «Give it to me», or «Give it to me», or «Give it to me».
Preparing the manuscript, use wide margins, quadruple spacing
of lines — lots of space all around. Use the space to make notes of
minor points or appropriate anecdotes to be included parenthetically.
One speaker I know makes such notes and ad-libs the short digressions
as a way of inserting spontaneity into his reading.
Practice without mirrors, video recordings or audio tapings.
I know this advice flies in the face of popular opinion. But you are
better off without them. Seeming spontaneity and naturalness is what
you need. Any device that makes you self-conscious undermines this
goal. Turn your attention away from yourself and to your audience.
After R. Proodian
Questions.
1. What does a successful public speech depend on?
2. How is reading from a prepared manuscript to be done?
3. What are some techniques of giving emphasis to certain words?
How can you reveal the relative importance of words?
4. What sort of language are you recommended to use to sound
natural?
5. You are to stick to your prepared speech. What are some ways of
achieving seeming spontaneity? How could short digressions be
ad-libbed?
6. Recording devices are not recommended by the author, are they?
Doesn't this advice fly in the face of popular opinion?
7. Are you self-conscious when you are speaking in public? What
are some techniques you use to speak as easily as you would in
normal conversation?
6.4.6. Read the text. Develop a few ideas of your own on the role of
logical reasoning and intuition in study, research and discovery-
making. Make a short verbal outline of what you think of the problem.
WHENTO RELY ON YOUR INTUITION
Albert Einstein attributed his theory of relativity to a flash of
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insight, not to the cold rationalism of the objective, data-oriented
researcher in the laboratory. True, his mind had been prepared by
much study and thought, but as he said later, «The really valuable
factor is intuition».
Decisions based on shrewd intuition are often superior to those
based on careful analytical reasoning. Business executives seem to have
an uncanny knack for determining what the consumer would want. In
particular, Jack Chamberlin, who was formerly with General Electric
recalls his decision about whether to go with an eight-track or cassette
tape, in the early days of the technology. One offered better fidelity; the
other, greater convenience for users. Deciding «to go by gut», he opted
for the latter, an intuition that proved right.
Defining intuition is not easy. Some people call it «a feeling in my
bones», guesstimate, speculation, imagination, creativity. There are some
who resist the term «hunch», saying it is unrelated to intuition. They
think hunches suggest a mechanical process, like the gambler playing
the horse that has the same name as a favorite aunt.
Nor is intuition to be confused with impulsiveness. The latter is
simply a rush of judgement, often motivated by plain laziness or a desire
to avoid the facts. Intuitiveness, on the other hand, welcomes data even
though it refuses to be limited to it. Einstein, informed by his intuitions,
nevertheless contrived a series of tests and experiments to prove or
disprove his insights.
Intuition, of course, can lead to as many mistakes as rational logic
can. By definition, creative intuition cannot be the product of a formula.
But certain questions are useful in determining whether your «gut
feeling» is worth following.
Ask yourself if you are influenced by wishful thinking and pure
guesswork. For example, it is possible to differentiate between «gut
and guess» by observing your own reactions to what occurs when your
colleagues are shooting down your ideas. If your feeling persists you
had better stay with your intuition.
Is your intuitive conclusion based on what psychologists call
selective perception? Do you want to keep alive a dying product simply
because you have pride of authorship, or do you have some basis for
your intuition? Do you want to sell off a successful project simply
because it bores you?
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Is your conclusion due not to intuition but to mental rigidity? That
is, are you reacting by habit or a desire to vindicate past policy, refusing
to recognize that a change has occurred in the environment?
Is your judgement being affected by your personal inclinations, for
instance, a tendency to be optimistic or pessimistic? Are you allowing
a flood of emotions to drown good sense? The classic case is that of the
British businessman who continued to make a money-losing product
because Buckingham Palace was still buying it, even though the general
public had turned thumbs down on it.
Can you set up a trial run and avoid a premature, irrevocable
commitment? The general who «feels» that the enemy's lines are
overextended might want to launch probing maneuvers before he
throws his full forces into battle. Intuition must be constantly
monitored and tested. Indeed, one of its advantages is that when
following it, you develop a natural tendency to stay closer to the
decision and audit it earlier and more often that in decisions based
on hard reasoning.
The ultimate safeguard is to avoid stubbornness, to listen
sympathetically to what others say and to subject all decisions, whether
the fruit of reason or intuition, to searching examination.
After M. R. Feinberg
6.5. Learn The Perfect Aspect.
6.5.1. The perfect aspect is shown by means of
have + en — form
It indicates that the event occurred in the period up to a given point
of time — before-now and before-then. Here are some examples of
perfect infinitives:
e.g. I am delighted to have been of assistance.
They were likely to have left for good.
You needn't have brought the umbrella. The weather
is fine.
Each of them shows a completed action prior to the main situation
described.
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6.5.2. Complete the sentences using perfect infinitives:
1. Robert claims (write) for a daily newspaper, a public relations office,
a scriptwriting enterprise and a small galaxy of advertising agencies.
2. Only by chance, Martin learned that Ann was the author of three
small art books. Of course, she was too modest (mention) them
herself when Martin had asked her about her work.
3. Allan realized from the boss' manner that it would be risky to
push the matter forth, especially, in view of the fact that he was
fortunate (escape) unscathed thus far.
4. My friend Horace is quite prepared to use me to accomplish any
purpose he may care to undertake. Normally, no one can be an
egoist and an altruist an the same time, but my friend seems
(accomplish) it.
5. You have noticed, I suppose, that my office was unattended
throughout the better part of the afternoon and that it was entirely
possible for anyone (creep in) and (take) away anything that
mattered.
6. My plan appears (succeed).
7. It would have been nice (be able) to take a sabbatical, but there
wasn't enough money.
8. — Well, the voyage appears (be) good for you, I must say.
— Oh, yes. I am fine now.
9. You seem (become) an expert on dictionaries and encyclopedias
and the hke.
6.5.3. Modals filter the meanings of perfect infinitives in terms of
the actual occurrence of actions and events denoted.
I looked into the drawer. It was empty. My colleague must have
taken the papers without my knowing. (1)
The perfect infinitive after must shows that something probably
happened.
You may have heard that James once worked with a respectable
software company, or
You might have heard... (2)
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The perfect infinitive after may/might shows what possibly
happened.
What do you think it can have been, doctor? (3)
After can, the perfect infinitive expresses attempted comprehension
or confirmation.
Of course, I could have phoned but I didn't want to. (4)
The perfect infinitive after could is used for things which were
possible but did not happen.
You should have warned me. (5)
(... ought to have warned me...)
The perfect infinitive after should/ought to expresses a reproach
for something one did or did not do.
6.5.4. Complete the sentences making use of perfect infinitives;
account for every situation.
1. That suit was not at all the sort of thing Merilyne (should/wear)
this evening. It looked ten years out of date.
2. The first thing, which some of you (may/read) about or I've told
you about — it (must/be) fifteen years ago — is the President's
resignation and the way he resigned.
3. Why didn't they ask me? I (could/do) it for them for half the
price.
4.1 (could/never/pass) this exam — I'm too ignorant.
5. The report says that the results (may/get lost).
6. It was so blurred a passage in my life, (might/in fact/be) a dream.
7. The gathering of six or seven people looked to Dorothea for
confirmation; but she murmured only a few ambiguous words
and (must/ show) her discomfort for they let her off lightly and
returned to their spiritual analysis of local gossip.
8.1 think I know of an instance which fits these conditions very
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aptly. You (may/see) some mention of this case in the papers of
a year ago.
9. My assistant (could/not/talk) to you here yesterday because he
was away on a business trip. Someone (must/play) a trick on
you.
10. — Our accountant retired but, if you contact him, he can verify
these facts.
— Don't you know? He died a month ago.
— Oh! But he (could /verify) them.
11. It takes a thoroughly clever person to do a thoroughly stupid
thing. Your friend (should/never/ disregard) the obvious.
12. Julia is so upset. What (can/happen), I wonder?
13. James (can't/prepare) for the test properly. Otherwise he
wouldn't have failed it.
14. The only explanation that will cover the facts seems to be that
Mr Clark for some reason or other deliberately sheltered his
competitor. There (might/be) some financial arrangements
between them.
6.5.5. Reproduce the given dialogues and make similar ones.
— Now where were we?
— My printout.
— Your printout, right, that you left on this desk. And now it's
missing.
— Somebody must have taken it by mistake.
— Or at least we presume somebody might have mistakenly taken
it.
— How else could it have happened?
— It's good I've checked all the old forms before throwing them
into the wastepaper basket. How very careless of you to have left it in
the drawer full of old rubbish.
— Ah! The paper must have got mixed with the rest on my desk.
— You should have been more careful. Put it away and keep under
lock and key. Next time you might not be that lucky.
—Thanks.
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6.6. Master The Present Perfect Tense.
The Present Perfect uses have/has + en-form
e.g. We have done the test quite well.
Jack has done it too, but not so well.
— Have you solved the problem?
—Not yet.
Unfortunately, I haven't found any new evidence supporting our
pet theory. My colleague hasn't discovered anything, either.
Have (has) functions as an operator.
The Present Perfect indicates that the event has occurred in the
period before now and thus created the current situation.
e.g. Through the management position I have learned a great deal
about myself. (And I know much about myself now.) (1)
My grant has expired. (I have no more money for my research.)
(2)
We've spent a lot of money underwriting this. (Our
investments are considerable now.) (3)
Ben's told us a dozen times that he doesn't want to be involved.
(4)
Thus, the Present Perfect is mostly used to talk about the present
in terms of a completed action. That is, the event is completed but still
has present significance. Whenever we use this tense we are thinking
of now.
6.6.1. Make sentences using the Present Perfect.
1. Although (I/not/mention) it to you, I'm sure you (hear) that I'm
leaving.
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2. How many times (you/tell) me those are the kind of people you
want working here, not sycophants?
3. — (you/ever/meet) George Graham, the publisher?
— Not yet, but I (hear) much of him.
4. You (impress) me enormously the short time you (be) to us.
5. I've a feeling that I (see) you somewhere.
6. The question (become) important principally because of some
latest discoveries.
7. What (the expert advisory group/conclude)?
8. What sort of problems (the researchers/encounter) in trying to
devise a single measure of the system's efficiency?
9. I've got a job now, but (I/not/find) any accommodation here
yet.
10. — Are you going to the main office?
—No, I (already/ be) there. Now I want to see the bank manager.
11. — I didn't know you had been to the Caribbean.
— Actually, I (be) everywhere.
12. Sorry, Mr. Brown (go) for the day. Shall I take a message for
him?
6.6.2. Read:
The University clock strikes eleven, its chimes overlapping with
the chimes of other clocks, near and far. Robyn Penrose, the Temporary
Lecturer, is making her way to Lecture Room A, along corridors and
down staircases thronged with students changing classes. She carries
under one arm her folder of lecture notes, and under the other a bundle
of books from which to read illustrative quotations. No young man
offers to carry that burden for her. Such gallantry is out of fashion.
Robin herself would disapprove of it on ideological grounds, and it
might be interpreted by other students as creeping.
In the lecture room, Robyn arranges her notes on the lectern, waiting
for latecomers to settle their seats. The lecture theatre resonates like a
drum with the chatter of a hundred-odd students, all talking at once, as
if they have just been released from solitary confinement. She taps on
the desk with an inverted pencil.
After D. Lodge
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6.6.3. In excerpt 6.6.2, the author switches into the present to give
the description greater reality. Let us visualize the scene and imagine
that Robyn is about to begin her lecture. Make a few sentences
about what she (her students) has done (have done) or hasn't done
(haven't done) by now.
e.g. Robyn has made her way to the lecture room through corridors
and staircases.
Some students have been late for the lecture.
Robyn hasn't asked anybody to help her carry the books.
No young man has offered to carry the books for her.
6.6.4. Read and discuss the problem outlined using the questions
given.
Did you buy your kids a computer to keep them away from drugs
and alcohol? Well, watch out. You may have opened the door to
something worse: Internet addiction. This latest cyberplague has been
identified at the University of Texas, Austin, where the Counseling and
Mental Health Center has just started detox courses for its unfortunate
victims.
Every last month, the center advertised a workshop to discuss
whether Internet addiction actually exists, and if so what can be done
about it. Jane Bost, the center's assistant director, says that the move
followed reports of students «missing classes and neglecting
friendships» because they were spending so much time online.
Six students showed up at the workshop. The rest, presumably,
couldn't tear themselves away from their terminals. One, Jerry
McLarty, said that her father had made her leave her modem at home
when she went off to college in the autumn. But even this didn't stop
her. She says she «started sneaking around to do it», borrowing a
friend's computer and «doing this instead of my homework».
The university, Bost says, wants to encourage «healthy» use of
the Internet instead of this compulsive behavior. We couldn't agree
more.
From «New Scientist»
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Questions:
1. Has it ever occurred to you that the Internet addiction exists?
(Yes, quite often./No, I've never thought it that way.)
2. Has cyberplague been identified in our country?
3. Has any organization started a workshop to discuss how to use
computers healthily?
4. How much time have you spent online today? This week?
5. Have you always used your computer only for work?
Have you often used it for other purposes?
6. Have any of your friends developed a computer compulsive style
of behavior? Have you?
7. What would you do if your modem were taken away from you?
8. Is the Internet compulsive behavior really socially dangerous?
Dwell on the issue.
6.6.5. Remember certain words and phrases which frequently go
along with the Present Perfect Tense:
e.g. It's too late to give him any advice — he has already made
up his mind. (1)
I haven't done much work yet, but my colleague has already
done his fair share. (2)
— Has the Ambassador arrived yet?
— Not yet. (3)
We have just drawn our conclusion. (4)
It has just gone 10 o'clock. (5)
Have you ever been to Paris? — No, never. / Yes, I have. (6)
I've never thought I could be surprised by anything. (7)
I haven't ever given them a call. (8)
It has been better than ever today. You have shown marked
improvement. (9)
If you have ever experienced a stress like this you must understand
what it is. (10)
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NOTE. Yet is used in negative forms and also in most question
forms (2), (3). But compare
Have you had an interview yet?—asking for information
Have you had an interview already? — expressing surprise
Ever is used mostly in questions, negatives, comparisons and
sentences with if (6), (8), (9), (10).
Have your done any tests lately? (11)
I don't know what has come over Roger lately —
he is so moody. (12)
There have been quite a few robberies around here recently. (13)
Mr. Daniels became a full-time official in 1999, and more recently
has been in charge of the training program. (14)
Professsor Quin has given three lectures so far. (15)
They haven't made much progress in the last few days. (16)
also: in the past few days, in the last (past) few months (years),
etc.
I saw Jane in Los Angeles a few years ago, but she has since
relocated to the East. (17)
She hasn't had a night out since she had the baby. (18)
Chuck's new co-star is speaking stiltedly and skipping pages of
dialogue.
It is the fist time she has acted in this play. (19)
I'm sure I haven't seen the man before. (20)
6.6.6. Make sentences choosing the proper words emphasizing the
Present Perfect Tense:
1. You have used a number of technical expressions there. They are
a bit difficult to follow without explanation, although you have
... specified some of them.
357
2.... leaving the army, he has spent most of his time looking for a
job.
3 when have you had a computer?
4. The new travel agency is unlikely to be doing well. There have
appeared too many agencies here
5. Have you had your paper typed ...?
6. Unbelievable! Has your friend ... got an MA?
7. I'm afraid I haven't prepared my manuscript....
8. It has... turned 7 o'clock.
9. Chuck has brought us up-to-date on his latest projects. He has
... had parts in over a dozen feature films, television series
programs and commercials.
10. All the editions of Dickens I have ... seen, at the beginning,
have a list of characters that one could consult as one goes
along.
11. No wonder Jack is speaking stiltedly.... he has given a speech
in public.
12. Frankly, I haven't completed my search for order in chaos
But I will some day.
13. A few fascinating monographs on space-times have been written
14.1 haven't experienced any Internet addiction
6.7. Learn More About The Present Perfect Tense.
6.7.1. We also use the Present Perfect to refer to the long-term
present stretching (far) back into the past and extending into the
present. These words help us mark it:
ever, never, always, often, frequently, long
e.g. You have always been impudent, Elizabeth, (and you are
impudent now)
It has long seemed to us an imperative duty to train every student
in the art of public speaking, (and we are of the same opinion now)
I have frequently admired your intelligence, courage and
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persistence, Jennifer, and it has often frightened me. If you had your
way women would soon be running our corporation.
(and the speaker still admires Jennifer's characteristics, though he
is a little scared, too)
Generally, any verb can express this sort of action on condition that
its long-term nature is shown adverbially or contextually. In addition to
the adverbs given above,/or and since might build up the necessary
background:
The monument has looked over the square for two centuries.
So far as I know they have worked together since the time the
Institute was established.
6.7.2. The Present Perfect is also used to talk about the short-term
present stretching back into the (recent) past and extending into
the present. This usage is usually associated with the verbs be, have,
know and does not imply long duration.
e.g. I have been here all day and now I am about to leave.
How long have you had this house?
We have known each other for a couple of years.
6.7.3. Practice dialogues developing your own ideas in the
framework outlined:
— Colonel! How are you? It's so good to see you again!
— Ah ... it's been a long time.
— Terrific!
— (Colonel in an undertone) Who was that guy?
* * *
— Harry! I am waiting for an explanation.
— But this is a complex situation and you are a busy woman,
359
Jennifer. Our company is just a party of the empire.
— I've asked for an explanation.
— Jennifer, we've been friends.
— Colleagues.
— We've known each other for forty years.
— If you have nothing more to say, I'd like to move a vote of no-
competence.
* * *
— This is the most regrettable result!
—Regrettable? Including the last investment, this brings the grand
total to 8 million.
— That just goes to prove what I have said all along. We shouldn't
have invested into an enterprise this risky.
—What you have said all along qualifies you as the greatest
prophet. But it won't help us in the least bit. What you have done
all along is what matters.
* * *
— Henry!
— Hello, Margaret! Hope I'm not late, (coughing)
— Hypocrite! You know you aren't. How long have you had that
cough?
— It's OK. What's wrong, Margaret?
— Wrong? Nothing!
— I've been your financial adviser and constant admirer for too
many years, Margaret. You are a creature of habit. When you make an
appointment for lunch on the day you are supposed to be in New York
—Oh, it's nothing serious. I want to liquidate some of my personal
assets and I thought you could handle it for me.
— Yes. Yes, of course.
— It's all right, Henry. I just need a little cash... So, I thought I'd
get rid of some real estate, jewelry and part of my art collection. And
here's the list. Do sit down, Henry, dear.
360
— A little cash? This represents several million pounds!
— I reckoned that 7 or 8 million. What do you think, Henry, dear?
— I think you've gone mad. Good God, Margaret. Why do you
suddenly need 7 or 8 million pounds? You are in trouble, aren't you?
— Come on now. Don't get so excited. I have a personal project in
mind, and I prefer to sell this. I have never been really fond of this
jewelry, and the real estate... It's of no importance to me.
— Yes, I know this. But the art collection. You've spent so much
time and love collecting it.
— With your help, and I am grateful.
— It's an absolutely wonderful collection!
— In that case it should fetch a wonderful price, shouldn't it?
Will you handle it for me?
— Yes, I suppose, yes. But won't you tell me what it is for?
— How long will it take to liquidate?
— Well... a month.
— Excellent. Don't look so miserable, Henry. What are you doing
about this cough?
— Well, I'm taking some stuff the doctor gave me. What's this?
— Goggle with that four times a day. Never fails. Old Yorkshire
remedy.
— Ha-ha! Bossy as ever, Margaret. You are incorrigible.
After В. T.Bradford
6.7.4. Read the text and identify the name of the character you
have encountered in the course before. Speak on his career in the
third person using the proper tenses.
Hewlett Packard makes computers, test and measurement
equipment, and analytical and medical equipment. I have worked for
them for 15 years in a variety of different positions. My first job was in
designing the integrated circuits for small hand-held calculators. This
was in the late seventies and only a small number of people were working
in the field. We felt like pioneers at the time, and I now find it interesting
to read a contemporary textbook on VLSI design and see how many
concepts that we had to learn the hard way are now explained in a few
pages. Over the years I have worked on designing integrated circuits
361
for several computers, laser printers, medical equipment like ultrasound
and wireless patient monitors, disk drives, tape drives and other computer
peripheral equipment. Right now I am on a wonderful research project.
I am in an environment with some of the brightest people in my industry
and the challenge has really brought out some of my best works.
6.7.5. Read the excerpt and use it to make an introduction into
your own story:
«And now, Dr. Pender, what are you going to tell us?»
The old clergyman smiled gently.
«My life has been passed in quiet places,» he said. «Very few
eventful happenings have come my way. Yet once, when I was a young
man, I had one very strange experience».
«Ah!» said Joyce Lempriere encouragingly.
«I have never forgotten it,» continued the clergyman. It made a
profound impression on me at the time, and to this day by a slight effort
of memory I can feel again the awe and horror of that terrible moment
when I saw a man stricken by apparently no mortal agency».
«You make me feel creepy, Pender,» complained Sir Henry.
«It made me feel creepy, as you call it,» replied the other. «Since
then I have never laughed at people who use the word «atmosphere».
There is such a thing. There are certain places imbued and saturated
with good or evil influences which can make their power felt».
«That house, the Larches, is a very unhappy one,» remarked Miss
Marple. «Old Mr. Smithers lost all his money and had to leave it. Then
the Carslakes took it and Johnny Carslake fell downstairs and broke his
leg, and Mrs. Carslake had to go away to the south of France for her
health».
«There is, I think, rather too much superstition about such matters,»
said Mr. Petherick. «A lot of damage is done to property by foolish
reports heedlessly circulated».
«I have known one or two «ghosts» that have had a very robust
personality,» remarked Sir Henry with a chuckle.
«I think,» said Raymond, «we should allow Dr. Pender to go on
with his story».
After A. Christie
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6.7.6. Distinguish between the Present Perfect and The Past Simple:
The Present Perfect is a present tense. It is used to talk about events
that have present significance. Therefore, the Present Perfect can be
used with adverbials referring to the present: today, this week, this
semester, etc. as well as those given in 6.6.5:
They have given a new course this semester.
The Vice Dean has interviewed a few people in the last few days.
The Past Simple is a past tense. It shows past events accordingly. It
often goes along with past-time adverbials like yesterday, last week,
last semester, some time ago, etc.
They gave a new course last semester.
The Vice Dean interviewed a few people last week, also
When did you take your interview? (not have you taken)
Note that the Past Simple might be used along with some of the
Present Perfect adverbials:
We gave a new course this term.
Did anyone ever really know the fact?
But the opposite is not possible. The Present Perfect is not to be
used with past-time adverbials. It is to be used with adverbials referring
to the present (see above, 6.6.5).
Occasionally, when you have no «binding» adverbials in your
utterance you may use both the Present Perfect and the Past Simple. In
this case neither present nor past reference is of particular importance;
the speaker is focusing on the event completed:
We talked the matter over, or
We have talked the matter over.
6.7.7. Make sentences using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
Specify «binding» adverbials as well as the cases in which both the
tenses might be used:
1. David (work) for the company for fifteen years and now he is an
executive there.
363
2. In the late seventies, only a small number for people (work) on
VLSI design.
3. Last month our department (advertise) a workshop in network
communication.
4. (you/make) a claim on the insurance when your office was
burgled?
5. (it/always/be) my opinion that editors and writers are natural
enemies.
6. (when/the faculty of the school/announce) the exam last term?
7. (I/often/have/put) quantity before quality.
8. Maybe (you/not/notice), but Warren prefers to be alone.
9. A week ago (we/put) our proposal before the planning
committee.
10. Fortunately, (I/be) there before.
11. — (you /finish) your article?
— Just about.
12.1 see (you/not/change) all that much. Still going around making
unwarranted assumptions.
13. (I/always/want) to be part of big things.
14. (I/be/here) all day, and now I'm leaving.
15. — Are you going to the planning committee?
—No, (I/already/be) there. Now I want to see the manager.
16. Can you remember when (you/encounter) this problem first?
17. There (be) a misunderstanding at the executive level, and a
failure to read the mind of the Chairman. We are unaware of
what (he/plot) at the moment.
6.7.8. Compare the usage of the Present Simple, the Present
Continuous and the Present Perfect. Make sentences using these
tenses.
1. (I/be) fortunate to always have excellent health.
2. It is the first time (I/hear) about tomorrow's test.
3. Every Wednesday, when (the University clock /strike) eleven,
(Robyn /make) her way to the lecture room.
4. — How long (we/not/see) each other?
— (it/be) ten years, actually.
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— Terrific!
5. (I/always/want) to make your acquaintance.
6. I'm afraid I have to be going now. (my editor/ expect) me.
7. In the past few years, (we/purchase/and/install) some new
facilities, and now our laboratory is adequately equipped.
8. (Frank/be) in the shoe business all his life. If there is anything
he doesn't know about it, it isn't worth knowing.
9. (I/move/house) today. No time for anything else.
10. (how many times/I/tell) you I am not going to get involved?
11. — How long (you/know) the man?
— (we/work) together since the time the company was
established.
12. (you/know) anything about the incident?
13. In law, at any rate in the few parts of the world, (we/allow)
ourselves the luxury of the presumption of innocence.
6.7.9. Practice dialogues within the framework offered:
— How do you do, Mrs. Braden.
— How do you do, Mr. Tyler.
— Since we are going to work together I would prefer that you call
me Michael. We are not formal here, and being called by my first name
makes me feel younger. A vanity, perhaps, yet it pleases me.
— All right, ... Michael. Call me Jellie. I think we'll be getting
along well.
— We will. I met your husband some time ago.
■— Oh, yes. You interviewed Jim during our recruiting visit.
— If I remember correctly I wrote «Jim Braden is a perfect fit» on
the evaluation form.
— Jim came back from the interview and said you were a regular
idea factory. He brought it up again the other day and said he was looking
forward to working with you.
— Sounds very promising to me. Word is you've spent some time
in India.
— Yes, I have.
— When were you in India and for how long?
— Some time back. I spent three years there.
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(Jellie was casually imprecise, and Michael wondered why.)
—What part?
—Southeast, mostly. Pondicherry.
— I've heard of it, never been there. Old French city, isn't it?
—Yes.
— Like it? Dumb question. Must have, if you stayed there three
years.
— It was up and down. Overall, pretty good. I went to do some
work for my master's thesis in anthropology. Never finished the paper.
—That happens. India pretty much sprits people into two categories:
you love it or you can't stand it. I'm in the former group.
— So am I.
After R. J. Waller
6.8. Practice Other Perfect Patterns.
The Past Perfect (had done) denotes the state or event that had
occurred before the point of the past specified verbally or contextually:
e.g. By the end of the meeting we had devised a set of criteria to
evaluate our achievements.
It took me more time to complete the paper than I had expected.
So, the Past Perfect refers to before-then.
The Future Perfect (will have done) shows the state or event that is
sure to occur by the point of the future shown verbally and/or
contextually:
e.g. How time flies! Next August, 6 we will have been married for
three years!
If James keeps behaving like that, his rating will have dropped
to zero by the beginning of the actual campaign.
6.8.1. Make sentences using Past or Future Perfect.
1. We were absolutely safe because (we/take) proper precautions.
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2. By the time you are to produce your forecast (these unconfirmed
statistics /pervert) it of the original data.
3. Only after (Vic /close) the door of the bathroom, he turned on
the light inside.
4. What happened was that I (have/decide) to go to the library after
lunch.
5. You know how empty-headed Mary Smith is! By the beginning
of the exam (she / forget) everything.
6. Inevitably, I arrived at the point where it all boiled over, and I
went to see Professor again. He wasn't there. Nobody (see) him
for days.
7. I'm afraid, I will make a poor detective. By the moment I get my
glasses to take the number of the car, (he /make off) round the
corner. Don't laugh, John, I am only short on technique.
8.1 (scarcely/have) time to ask myself what to do next when Angela
came into the room.
6.8.2. Read the text. Think of yonr own story that could be arranged
along the lines mentioned:
It was a dismal winter for Susan. Since her friend's departure, the
world had taken on a dreary cast. She still performed her work well
enough, but some of the joy had gone out of it, a fact she soon discovered
when she started a new piece and realized she was not humming to
herself.
She had been given permission to take a week off over the Christmas
holidays, and she spent the time with her family in Boston.
«I thought by this time you would have had your fill of the magazine
and be ready to move back home where you belong,» her father said
with a scowl.
«That is not likely to happen. I love what I am doing. It is absorbing
work and exciting».
She had to force enthusiasm into her voice, but despite her present
malaise, she still did love working on the magazine, and she was sure
that her moodiness would soon pass and she would be her old self again.
Susan had thought she might relax, regain some of her old high
spirits, with her family; but she had not been home three days before
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she knew it was not going to happen. Everything appeared to be dull
and gray in comparison to her life in New York, and she soon realized
she had changed drastically in the few months she had been there.
However, she had promised to spend a week at home and decided to
stay out the time.
After P. Matthews
6.8.3. Read the following humorous piece and develop yonr own
ideas about the future sticking to the style offered.
WHY NOT?
From the purely physical point of view the only
difference between any two material bodies consists solely in
different arrangements of the elementary particles such as electrons,
neutrons, protons, etc. Thus the only difference, from the point of view
of physics, between a philosopher and a piece of rock lies in the different
patterning of the elementary particles which constitute the two bodies.
If it were possible to obtain complete information about the elementary
structure of the philosopher and the rock, it would be comparatively
easy to make another identical philosopher out of the rock and vice
versa. If only it were possible...
Businessmen and scientists maintain that anything and everything is
possible as long as sufficient funds are available for research work. Let
us assume that the funds are available and some physicists are working
on the cybernetic transformation of bodies. When a perfect physical
description of a body has become feasible, they are going to transmit the
information by means of light signals which will also carry instruction to
materialize the information in bodily form. Thus a body described at one
point of space will be recreated at a different point of space through
organizing matter according to the information transmitted. This will be
tantamount to travelling at the velocity of light. In this way the organization
investing the research will be able to dispense with costly space vehicles.
The investing organization (10) will profit in many other ways, too.
Replicas of the most perfect of its executives will be placed on distant
planets within an impressively short time.
Let us now consider a possible though imaginary situation. A non-
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ΙΟ space expedition is heading at 100 000 miles an hour in the direction
of a planet where gold deposits have recently been discovered. The IO
management is informed about it. It is highly desirable that a IO-crew
reach the planet first. The non-IO rocket is due to soft-land on the planet
in a week's time. From the conventional point of view the situation
looks hopeless for the IO side. And yet there is no reason to panic.
Within a few minutes any number of IO operatives will have
reached the planet exactly one week ahead of the non-IO expedition.
They will have explored the planet thoroughly before the others have
a chance to land. The IO Headquarters in London will have had an on
the spot report four or five days before the landing of the non-IO crew
(provided that they manage to soft-land at all). All the objects of interest
will have been inspected, evaluated, catalogued and , if need be,
exact replicas will have been sent to London days before the other
explorers establish radio communication with their earth station.
By the time the non-IO travellers have a chance of setting up their
base on the planet, the IO operatives will have disappeared in the
ocean of space.
This small example illustrates the unlimited possibilities which
opens up for the IO as a result of the cybernetic transformation of bodies.
After L. Schkutnik
6.8.4. Practice Perfect Passive:
Consider have done vs. be done. When integrated, they result in
the perfect passive infinitive : (to) have been done.
The formula also applies to the perfect tenses:
Present Perfect: have been done (has been done)
Past Perfect: had been done
Future Perfect: will have been done
6.8.5. Make sentences using perfect passive infinitives:
e.g. This article is likely (write) long before we first encountered
the problem.
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This article is likely to have been written long before we first
encountered the problem.
1. This controversial theory seems (propagate) in the past few years.
2. Everything in his life is likely (make) secondary to his business
success.
3. It would have been nice for a new series of experiments (complete)
but there was no time for that.
4.1 am glad (invite) to accomplish the mission.
5. Obviously, David is competent enough (appoint) to an executive
position.
6. His health was too important to him (neglect).
7. Our goal appears (achieve).
8. The new legal issue is unlikely (pass). There is no mention about
it in papers.
6.8.6. Make sentences combining modals with perfect active or
passive infinitives:
1. The boss is very disappointed. He believes the assignment (should
/give) to someone else.
2. Although Jemma (might/not/inherit) her father's physical
characteristics, she had inherited his stubbornness and inflexible
will.
3. Yes, there were two copies of the article on my desk yesterday
morning. No, I hadn't the faintest idea how they had got there.
They (must/put) there the night before.
4.1 think Horace will be at the reception, too. He (must/invite).
5. «Perhaps, I (may/be) overly vigorous there,» Paul admitted.
6. You are sure to remember what happened then. It (can't/forget).
7. Warren, as you know, is not a confiding person. He is too
particular about his privacy (ever/mention) personal things to a
man like Harper.
8. My neighbor (could/not/assume) what I would do just to pass
the time of the day, or could she?
9. There were papers in all but one of the drawers; in that one, the
usual clutter of envelopes, paperclips, and pens to which I paid
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no attention, and a small canister of spiced tea to which I did.
Why on earth (should/it/not/keep) in the kitchen?
10. You (should/call) me, and the manuscript (could/drop off) at
your place.
6.8.7. Make sentences using present, past or future perfect passive
forms:
1. The number of employees of the company (cut) to a bare
minimum because of the current financial difficulties.
2. Education (always/criticize) for its mismatch with the labor
market.
3. By the time the interview is over I (hire).
4. You were unable to get me on the phone because I (unplug) it.
5. How many products (make) by this firm this year?
6. This new spec is a catastrophe! The flow lines (stop) and a new
setup (start). This will take time, and time is money.
7. I'm sorry to have disturbed you. I (misinform/terribly).
8. Varied techniques (test) before we chose the best one.
9. You will be doing well only after certain duties of yours
(delegate) to someone else.
10. By the time I start doing my test I (forget) everything.
11. Singapore avoided overall pollution because strict laws (pass)
to protect the environment.
12. «My life (pass) in quiet places,» the old clergyman said.
6.8.8. Convert the sentences from active into passive:
e.g. The reporters have done much damage to his reputation by the
heedless reports.
You say: Much damage has been done to his reputation by the
heedless reports in papers.
1. We have a discrepancy here. Obviously, you have perverted the
message of the original data. (The message of the original data
...)
2. I'm afraid you have missed the major impacts on the process in
your report.
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3. We believe our colleagues have produced a full story and given
a balanced overall picture.
4. What have the experts concluded?
5. The researchers have also encountered problems in identifying
certain criteria.
6. My wife didn't ask me if I had made any progress at the institute.
7. By the time the play is over the audience will have noticed the
omission.
8. The film was about gambling because investors from the
gambling industry had financed it.
9.1 assume we will have developed sustainability indicators by
the end of the seminar.
10. Had you produced a press release by the end of the session?
11. Have you covered all relevant issues in your survey?
6.9. Learn Perfect Continuous (Progressive):
have been doing
The combination of the perfect and progressive aspects shows that
the action started some time before-then or before-now. The action is
(was, will be)
(a) still underway (not completed) by now (by then):
Jack seems to have been doing science for quite a long time, (and
he is still doing it now) or
Jack seemed to have been doing science ...
(and he was still doing it at the time of speaking)
(b) completed by now (by then)
I am glad to have been working with you. I am grateful.
(I am through with our joint project and want to say «Thank you»)
or
I was glad to have been working with him. I was sorry to leave.
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In this case, it is the current impact of the activity that concerns us
rather than its completion: we talk about the activity itself, not the result
of it.
6.9.1. Make sentences using perfect progressive infinitives:
1. The papers seem (miss) for a few days.
2. «I'm an idiot,» he said. «I went through the whole volume before
I realized I (mustflook) in the wrong book».
3. It's a big mistake (neglect) your study. You (should/work) hard
since the beginning of the semester.
4.1 was lucky (watch) the entire process from the very beginning.
5. It was a spot of luck for David ( work) with the brightest people
in his industry.
6. Challenge seems (bring out) his best works.
7. She (might/live) in India for the past few years.
8. He (can't/do) this kind of work. He's totally unqualified.
9.1 haven't seen Jeffrey for the last two weeks. He (may/travel).
10. It was a pity that James inexplicably gave up his business career.
By the time he was forty he (could/work) with a respectable
company for years and (enjoy) all the privileges an executive
position gave.
6.9.2. Make sentences using infinitives like
(to) have done
(to) have been done
(to) have been doing
1. (might/not/your judgement/affect) by your prejudice against the
new technology?
2. You haven't been able to talk about anything but the incident
since it occurred. This flood of emotion (must/drown) you good
sense.
3. His explanation (must/cover) all the facts.
4. You think that, do you? You (must/read) this stuff. This penny-
dreadful trash!
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5. Doing social rounds is definitely not something for me to
prioritize. I am unlikely (ever/care)much for social chitchat.
6. His latest submission appears (accept) for publication.
7.1 fail to see how this issue involves politics in any way. You
(must/kid).
8. — How did you guess?
— It (must/be) a flash of insight.
9. Watch out. You (may/open) the door to something dangerous.
10. Hewlett Packard appears (make) computers and other kinds of
equipment for many years.
11. The steps you're taking now (should/take) long ago.
6.9.3. Learn the Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive):
The Present Perfect Continuous is used for an ongoing activity
which started in the past:
We have been waiting for the news since morning but there is no
information yet. ( and we are still waiting)
The Present Perfect Continuous is also used for a completed activity
the impact of which concerns us more than what it resulted in:
I have been waiting for this question for a long time, (and here it
comes at last)
George has been working all day. (and he has just stopped)
Mind the third person singular:
He has been staying in the hotel for the last few days.
6.9.4. Make sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous
(Progressive):
1. Somehow I must restore calm: this French business (spin) in my
head like a toy in space.
2. «(I/look) at your expense account, Brian,» said Vic turning over
the bills and receipts on his table.
3. (Chuck/do) development consulting with a new production
company lately.
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4. — Sorry to disturb you.
— It's OK. (I/read).
5. The work (I/do) on finance has involved quite a bit of research.
6. For the past few years, environmental campaign groups,
academics and statisticians (develop) a set of sustainability
indicators to describe the current environmental state in the
country.
7. Some political fund-raisers (recentlyAobby) for the extent of
resource centers to be used as the key indicator of public cultural
activities.
8. They (talk) for about an hour. No idea when the discussion might
be over.
9. The members of the Career Service staff (counsel) students since
the Office of Preprofessional Advising was established.
6.9.5. Read and think of two other adjacent areas that could be
compared and linked in a similar way:
It's been about 20 years since I studied accounting and finance as
two rather distinct disciplines at Harvard Business School. And it's
taken me the best part of those 20 years really to build the bridges
between these two disciplines. But because I've been teaching both
subjects, I have realized that entrepreneurs and large corporations cannot
use the same tools, financial instruments and techniques. By linking
accounting and finance I think I have a reasonable answer now to what
entrepreneurs need to understand as they call upon financial analysis to
plan and run their companies.
Paradoxically, the best way to bridge the gap is to understand the
difference. Only after we have given the differences their due, we can start
on either side and get to another. Now accounting is about historical record
keeping according to international or national standards. Accountants seek
to record what has happened in a company and what profit has been
achieved. Finance is much more about what is needed in the future.
There is even a kind of bridge discipline between accounting and
finance in the form of management accounting, where there are a number
of tools we use to analyze what will happen to a company if certain
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things are done, and what has happened to a company in the light of
what we plan to do versus what actually happened.
Accounting is about bookkeeping profits. In contrast, finance is
about cash. It's about measuring cash in terms of how much you need
to begin to make a success of the business. And it is about how much
cash is generated by the business operation. We measure the future
cash back which we hope to get against the cash we put into a business
and thus we determine the «rate of return».
Thus, we have drawn a borderline between the two disciplines. What
is something they have in common?
6.9.6. Compare the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect
Continuous:
Present Perfect Vs. Present Perfect Continuous
I have typed the letter.
(Here it is.)
—
He has lived here for a long
time. or
How long have you worked
here? or
I have collected books since
I was a child. or
He has lived (worked) there
all his life.
They have always wanted
to study at the University.
We have known each other
for a few years.
She has been here all day.
(And she is still here)
He has had his car for a
year. (And he still has it.)
I have been typing for an hour
but I am only half through.
It's OK. I can talk. I have been
just typing.
He has been living here for
a long time.
How long have you been
working here?
I have been collecting books
since I was a child.
—
—
Not «have been knowing»
Not «has been being»
Not «has been having»
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6.9.7. Make sentences using the Present Perfect or the Present
Perfect Continuous; point out the sentences in which both the tenses
are possible:
1. — Sorry to disturb you.
—It's OK. (I/read).
2. (you /always/not/want) to travel around the world?
3. (I/pursue) this hobby since I was a child.
4. (we/not/met) since we finished high school.
5. (what/actually/happen) to the company? What is its present
position?
6. For the last few days, (strange things/happen) in the house.
7. (we /achieve/much) for the past few years, and we are proud of
it.
8. Lionel is a peculiar man. So far as I know, (he/never/travel),
(he flive) in this town all his life.
9. How long (you/live) here?
10. (we /know) the Smiths for quite a long time.
11. — How long (you/be) here?
— For a few minutes.
12. It is the first time (we/encounter) this phenomenon.
6.9.8. Learn the Past and Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive):
We had been living in Boston for six months when Ben arrived.
The members of the board had been waiting for 10 minutes
before Chairman showed up.
The Past Perfect Continuous is concerned with expressing the
duration of an event or activity in the past which was interrupted or
concluded by another past activity or event.
We decided to stay at the hotel because it had been raining for
several hours.
The before-then activity also assumes its duration beyond (after)
the past moment.
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Professor Baxter will have been teaching chemistry for forty years
when he retires.
In September George will have been studying in this university
for two years.
The Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration of a
future event which is interrupted or concluded by another future
event. It also implies the duration of a future event beyond the future
moment.
6.9.9. Complete the sentences using the Past and Future Perfect
Continuous tenses or adding appropriate adverbials:
1. We (do) much team work until the management appointed a
new research coordinator.
2.1 suspect Delia (write) her memo until the end of the working
day.
3. Consider it thoroughly: you (work) on the book for several years
when it is published.
4. We (investigate) the new substance before we realized its full
impact on modern technologies.
5. By next Monday Betty (read) for her exam for ten days. She
has a chance to pass it, I think.
6. We (practice) grammar for four months when we finish the
course.
7. Jack Dawson (watch) with binoculars for about three hours
before the suspect appeared.
8. Horace (run) his business smoothly when a terrible disaster
occurred.
9. Bill (travel) for a few hours when he reaches Westview.
10. They (spread) salt on the roads till the winter was over. It must
have helped to prevent the formation of ice.
11. Dave (investigate) a new book for some time when Janette came
down into the room.
6.10. Practice Infinitive Clauses.
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6.10.1. Revise infinitive clauses:
Dr. Jones is likely to be doing research in the field of semiconductor
technology. He is said to be using some new methods of data processing.
Top jobs are unlikely to be advertised. They are filled through
recommendations or technical journal ads.
Men seem to define themselves by what they do. They are sure to
be particular about their professions.
In addition to be sure, be certain, be (un) likely, seem we may use:
be believed, be thought, be known, be expected, be understood, be
considered, be reported, be alleged, be supposed
turn out, prove, appear
These techniques are expected to be widely used in research.
The evidence proved to be of no importance.
6.10.2. Rephrase the statements using infinitive clauses; choose
proper forms of infinitives:
e.g. t is said that our worldview dictates our behavior.
You say: Our worldview is said to dictate our behavior.
It is known that most math theories are applied to real world
problems.
You say: Most math theories are known to be applied to some
real world problems.
I suppose that Robin is looking for a better paying opportunity.
You say: Robin is supposed to be looking for a better paying
opportunity.
It is reported that both the parties met.
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You say: Both the parties are reported to have met.
It is alleged that the contract has been signed.
You say: The contract is alleged to have been signed.
It turned out that Robert had been writing for big script companies
since he was an undergraduate.
You say: Robert turned out to have been writing for big script
companies since he was an undergraduate.
1. It is considered that some politicians are out of touch with the
real problems of the country.
2. It is likely that the latest events are drawing widespread media
attention.
3.1 know that my neighbor has been leading a double life.
4. It was believed his application had been kept secrete.
5. It is said the Board has been considering his candidacy for some
time.
6. It is alleged that any explanation is able to be turned into a
prediction.
7. It is thought that the author is currently working on a sequel of
his book.
8. We believe that a different slant on the question has been offered
in this book.
9. It proved that the two events were inextricably entwined.
10. It is expected that the author will be best remembered for a
string of elegant books on the logic and lore of science.
11. It is known that Chuck masterminded many pranks at school.
12. It seemed that some discomfortingly personal questions had
been asked during the interview.
13. It is certain that James has been driven out of his socket.
14. It is understood that your broker is trying to set up a new line of
credit for you.
6.10.3. Learn:
I want you to understand it. = I want that you understand it.
We thought him to have passed muster. = We thought he had passed
muster.
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As with infinitive clauses described in 6.10.1, only a set of certain
verbs follows this pattern. Some of them are concerned with letting or
making people do things:
ask, advise, allow, bid, cause, challenge, command, compel,
empower, enable, encourage, force, let, make, order, permit, persuade,
remind, request, warn
e.g. The lawyer advised me to read the contract carefully.
Another group of verbs are mental verbs:
assume, believe, consider, expect, know, prove, report, suppose,
think, understand, mean
e.g. We believe him to have been teaching finance for many years.
The third group includes verbs carrying meanings about likes,
wishes, emotions:
hate, like, love, need, prefer, require, want, wish
e.g. I prefer my colleagues not to know.
The fourth group comprises verbs of physical perception:
feel, hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, observe
e.g. I saw him sign the check. (He signed the check. I saw him do it.)
Mind that these verbs are followed by a bare infinitive when we
want to say that we heard or saw the whole action from beginning to
end.
If we want to say that we heard or saw part of the action, we use the
i'n£-participle:
We felt the floor shaking under us.
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Mind that the verbs make and let are followed by an object and the
bare infinitive.
We use make to talk about something we have to do but do not
want to do:
I wanted to leave early but my boss made me stay.
We use let to talk about being given permission for something:
Will you let me have an hour to spare?
6.10.4. Rephrase the sentences using object clauses with infinitives
or participles:
1. Jack stood up suddenly as he saw that Gilroy came out of the
building and got into his car.
2. Jemina felt that heat was burning her face.
3. Of course, we aren't through with the article. How could our
adviser expect that we would have finished redoing it so soon?
4.1 believe that our dear President has been doing nothing but
hurry these past weeks.
5. We understand that this article was given priority. It was
published first.
6. The police noticed that the man entered the bank with a briefcase.
7. They watched the runners as they were going past.
8. The visit gave us the opportunity to observe the famous scholar
at close range. We observed how he was talking, disputing and
arguing.
9.1 used to love watching when my sister was riding her horse.
10. We have every reason to believe that these checks are forgeries.
11.1 think we can safely assume that our students are studying hard
for the test at the moment.
12. I'm sorry. I was assuming that everybody had attended my
lecture.
6.10.5. Make sentences using infinitive clauses:
1. They initially refused to accept the terms suggested but the
coordinator (force/they/sign) the agreement.
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2. We can't (make/people/wear) seat belts even though it is
compulsory.
3.1 truly want (this issue/drop) and (another subject/take up).
4.1 don't think I will ever win this grant, but my friend (encourage/
I/keep on) trying.
5. Can you persuade (he/reconsider) his decision?
6. My agent warned (I/not/give) any interviews.
7. David doesn't let (anyone/borrow) his car.
8. My editor has been pressuring (I/ publish) more material that
will appeal to younger readers.
9. I'd expect (the Marketing Director of a firm this size /claim)
twice as much for overnight stays.
10. The report showed (the accident/be) the driver's fault.
6.11. Develop Conditional Patterns.
6.11.1. Review the conditionals:
If Brian knows it, he will tell us. (1)
If Brian knew it, he would tell us. (2)
If Brian had known it, he would have told us. (3)
Sentence (1) describes a possible situation of present or future time.
«If Brian knows» implies «he might know». We do not use subjunctives
to talk about situations like these. This pattern is frequently named the
1st conditional.
Sentence (2) describes a hypothetical situation, one that is either
contrary to the real facts of the present or unlikely to occur in the future.
«If Brian knew» implies «he doesn't know».
Conditionals describing hypothetical situations contain subjunctives.
The if-c\ause has a subjunctive which looks like a past tense form: knew,
were, asked. A continuous form is sometimes possible:
If you were asking fewer questions you would look better in the
eyes of the management.
The main clause contains would + simple bare infinitive. A
continuous infinitive may sometimes replace the simple one:
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If Bert were career-minded he would be working with a respectable
company now.
This pattern is often called the 2nd conditional.
Also see Section 4,4.6: 4.6.5-4.6.7; 4.7:4.7.1—4.7.4.
Sentence (3) describes a situation which was not actually realized
in the past and thus is entirely unreal. Conditionals referring to the past
and describing events or states that did not actually happen contain a
specific set of subjunctives. The if- clause has a subjunctive which looks
like a past perfect: had known, had been, had asked. A perfect
continuous form is sometimes possible:
If you had been asking fewer questions you would have got the
position.
The main clause contains would + perfect bare infinitive.
A perfect continuous infinitive might be used to describe certain
situations:
If she had had a degree she would have been enjoying the
advantages of University education for a long time before she actually
retired.
This pattern is also called the 3rd conditional.
Note. It is also possible to indicate a past unreal condition without
using the conjunction if. In this case, had is placed before the subject.
This clause usually comes first in the sentence:
If he had known he would have told us.
Had he known he would have told us.
6.11.2. Complete the sentences describing hypothetical situations
or past unreal conditions:
1. If Brian had been doing his job properly he (claim) much more
for overnight stays.
2. If our universe had more than three dimensions it (not/permit)
the existence of observers like us.
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3. The machine would be easier to operate if some of its parts (be)
replaceable.
4.1 would have never achieved anything if I (not/be aware) of my
limitations.
5. Everything could have been fine if you (take) proper precautions.
6. We would produce a single aggregate measure of the
environment if it (be) an ideal world.
7. If Janette hadn't been so angry she (ask) her husband about his
progress at the institute.
8. If you'd been here the meeting (might/go) more smoothly.
9. If the actor (be) more careful he wouldn't have skipped three
pages dialogue.
10. We'd have finished the project if the funds (be) available.
11. If you (warn) us in advance we'd have produced the information
in an organized fashion.
12. If Davis (give) the details their due, he wouldn't have made
such a mistake.
6.11.3. Learn and practice.
When we use the 3rd conditional we are imagining the opposite
situation. If what actually happened was negative, we use a positive
form. If what actually happened was positive, we use a negative form:
Actual fact: Owen had a flair for writing and he could make even a
dull event sound dramatic and exciting.
The 3rd Conditional: If Owen hadn't had a flair for writing he
couldn't have made every event sound exciting.
Actual fact: The terms were not agreeable to me and I didn't accept
the job.
The 3rd Conditional: If the terms had been agreeable to me I would
have accepted the job.
Now describe the following past situations in terms of unreal past
conditions.
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1. Bess knew the futility of debating the issue with her father, that
is why she did not even mention the subject.
2. She did not care much for social chitchat and avoided receptions
and parties.
3. Although many people considered Рое to be a genius, his genius
went unappreciated. He had to sell his work where he could.
4. From the 1960s onwards, many countries trained more doctors
than nurses, more engineers than mechanics and so on. People
with higher diplomas displaced people with lower diplomas. As
a result, many employees were overqualified for their work.
5. Raymond must have remembered to set the burglar alarm and it
worked.
6. Someone stepped on a wired pad under the stair carpet and the
burglar alarm was triggered.
7. Simon neglected his study and dropped out of the university.
6.11.4. Provide some background to the following excerpts to clear
up the situation:
1. If you'd had some urgent business at home, you could have asked
my permission without going through my secretary.
2. — That was the reason I didn't talk to you about my plan. I was
afraid that you wouldn't agree to my negotiating the matter.
— And you would certainly have been correct about that if you
had known my real attitude to it.
3. He wouldn't have done it if he had been in his right mind.
4. People in George's native town who knew him would likely not
have recognized him at first glance. He was far from the nattily
dressed man he was at home.
5. If only Julia's boss had assigned her to the project a few months
ago she would have been able to take up a much better approach.
6. Thomas definitely had a problem with authority. He thought he
was special. He thought that the rules did not apply to him. It
would have been bad enough for someone who had been working
for the company for some time but it was unthinkable that a person
as new as him should dare to do such a thing without asking
permission.
386
7. If Elizabeth's friends had not supported her, she would probably
have never finished her thesis.
6.11.5. Describe a past unreal condition without if.
e.g. If my associate had noticed the mistake the outline would have
produced a better impression on the members of the Council.
Had my associate noticed the mistake the outline would have
produced a better impression.
1. If we had known that the company was in financial difficulty we
would not have dealt with them.
2. If your system had had fewer magnetic contacts, infra-red
scanners, pressure pads and panic buttons it might have been
more popular with your clients at the time.
3. If Bob had not interfered with his sister's personal problems there
would have been peace between them.
4. We would have found a better selection if we had arrived at the
sale early.
5. Our team would have given the interview if it had provided some
exposure to us.
6.11.6. Make a story (dialogue) in terms of past time conditionals.
6.11.7. Read and discuss:
WHAT'S UP, DOC?
Wander into a university coffee room, and given the diversity of
nationalities you could be forgiven for mistaking it for an airport lounge.
However, despite the internationalization of science, great differences
remain in how graduates gain the key qualification that they need to
join this mobile workforce: a Ph.D.
British students normally start their Ph.D. after a first degree that
takes three or four years. They begin their doctorate aged around 21
and aim to finish three years later (but they usually take longer). This
contrasts with most other countries where candidates begin later and
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take longer. Many countries, including Germany and Australia, ask
candidates to complete the equivalent of a one-year MSc course first.
This delays the specialization inherent in doing a long stint of pure
research. And it allows the students to consider whether research is
right for them.
Most British students starting a Ph.D. are initially registered for a
MSc or MPhil which, in theory, they can write after a year. But the
beginning of a Ph.D. is rarely easy to translate into a discrete project.
So students who eventually realize that research is not for them often
find it difficult to opt out without creating a gap in their curriculum
vitae.
In Britain, Ph.D. students are largely left to get on with it, with
little incentive for universities to provide formal tuition. In countries
such as the US and Canada, taught courses make up a significant part
of graduate training. As a result, foreign students do not become highly
specialized early on in their careers and gain a greater understanding of
subjects other than their own.
Since it's probably safe to assume that extra funds won't be
forthcoming, the only way to change things may be to reallocate
resources. One way may be to ask graduates to complete a MSc course
first. Then, students who discovered that research wasn't for them could
stop after a year. This would allow universities to reduce the total number
of Ph.D. places available without drastically affecting the output of
committed new post doctorates.
Universities in Britain could also do with changing the type of thesis
candidates produce and the examination they undergo. Most other
European countries require a thesis about the size of a small paperback.
Numerous copies are distributed to libraries and colleagues. By contrast,
graduate students in Britain generally account to their supervisor and
examiners. After all that work, their pride and joy gathers dust in a
corner of the university library.
Before ringing the bank to tell them to start calling you Doctor,
you produce two or three copies of an enormous tome that is only
read once, and there is one last hurdle to overcome — the oral
examination. Again, Britain uses a curiously archaic procedure. Most
other countries have a panel of examiners, and frequently the public
is invited to attend the final rites of students. Although stressful for
388
the candidate, this ensures that the system is, and is seen to be,
reasonably fair and uniform.
In Britain, students have only two examiners, a benevolent member
of their department and an external one — the classic nice-'n'-nasty
interrogation team. The candidate's supervisor chooses the examiners,
giving the opportunity to tailor the rigor of the occasion to their
confidence in the student. Ph.Ds are probably not frequently awarded
to undeserving candidates, but there are certainly enormous variations
in quality.
The British Ph.D. system is the bedrock of scientific endeavor. As
such, it would benefit from a radical overhaul. Rather than pure research,
we should regard a Ph.D. as a training period. This would produce
more rounded postdocs and reduce the elements of luck that plays an
important part in how long the process takes. Scientific research is
enough of a lottery for established academics without subjecting students
to the whims of fortune. A fixed finishing date, corresponding to the
values of grants given to students, would emphasize the educational
nature of the process.
From «New Scientist»
6.12. The Words You Are Supposed To Know:
abroad — за границей, за границу ad-lib — импровизировать, гово-
absorb — поглощать, абсорбиро- рить (исполнять, играть и т.д.) без
вать; захватывать подготовки
academy — академия; высшее учеб- adorn — украшать, служить укра-
ное заведение шением
accommodation — жилье, поме- advantage — преимущество, пре-
щение; согласование, примире- восходство; выгода, польза
ние adverbially — в качестве наречия,
accomplish — выполнять, завер- как наречие, адвербиально
шать, доводить до конца affect — воздействовать на ч.-л.,
accounting — бухгалтерское дело, влиять
бухгалтерия agent — агент, представитель; дей-
addiction—зависимость, привязан- ствующая сила, фактор
ность, пагубная привычка, нарко- ahead — вперед, впереди; досроч-
мания но, с опережением
adjacent — соседний, смежный, alcohol—спирт, алкоголь
примыкающий allocate—размещать, прикреплять,
389
распределять; re
перемещать, перераспределять
along — дальше, вперед; вместе с
(with); all ~ все время, с самого
начала; во всю длину
altruist—альтруист
ambition — честолюбие;
стремление
ample—пространный, подробный;
вполне достаточный, обильный,
богатый
analytical — аналитический
ancient — древний, старинный
anecdote — анекдот
antique — древний, старинный;
античный; древнее (особ,
античное) искусство, античный стиль;
произведение древнего (особ,
античного) искусства
anthropology — антропология
aptly — соответствующим,
надлежащим образом; кстати
archaic — архаичный, устарелый
army—армия
assert—утверждать, заявлять
asset—преимущество, ценное
качество; — s — имущество,
собственность
attach — прикреплять,
присоединять, прикладывать, прикреплять,
приписывать, придавать (to)
attribute — приписывать, относить
к ч.-л., объяснять ч.-л.
attributive — определительный,
атрибутивный (грамм.)
audit — проверка, ревизия счетов
компании; проверять
automatic—автоматический
audio — аудио; ~ taping — запись
на магнитную ленту, аудиозапись
aunt—тётя, тётушка
award — награждать, присуждать
ч.-л.; награда, присуждение
baby—ребенок, младенец, дитя
bank — наклонять, образовывать
- уклон, склон; создавать
поперечный уклон дороги
battle — битва, сражение, борьба;
сражаться, драться, бороться
be: ~ up to something — делать или
замышлять сделать ч.-л.
нехорошее; ~ better off without
something — лучше обходиться
без ч.-л.
bedrock — базис, основа, основный
принципы, факты, лежащие в
основе (рассуждения)
belatedness — опоздание, позднее
появление
benefit — получать пользу,
извлекать выгоду (from); приносить
пользу, помогать, оказывать
благотворное воздействие
benevolent — благожелательный,
доброжелательный
bid—приказывать, просить,
объявлять, заявлять (bid)
bind — связывать, обязывать
(bonnd)
binding—обязательный,
обязывающий
blackboard — классная доска
blur — делать неясным,
затуманивать; стирать, сглаживать; blurred
—неясный, стертый
bodily — телесный, физический;
лично, собственной персоной;
целиком
bone — кость
bookkeeping—бухгалтерия,
счетоводство
borderline — граница
390
bore —надоедать, наскучить
bridge — мост; соединять мостом,
объединять; build (the) ~s
between — устанавливать связи,
находить ч.-л. общее
bring — приносить, приводить,
вызывать, влечь за собой; ~ up-
to-date — ввести в курс
последних событий, рассказать о
ныне существующем положении
вещей; ~ out — высказывать;
выявлять, обнаруживать;
привлекать, вызывать,
опубликовывать
broad—широкий, свободный,
просторный; заметный
bug—жук, жучок; микроб;
подслушивающее устройство; ошибка в
компьютерной программе;
увлеченный ч.-л.: a camera bug
bundle—связка, пачка; группа;
связывать, увязывать, укладывать
burden — ноша, тяжесть, бремя,
груз
burgle — взламывать, совершать
кражу со взломом
button — кнопка; пуговица
carpet — ковер
cash — наличные деньги,
наличные; рассчитаться наличными,
обменять на наличные; ~ back—
возврат денег, прибыль
cast — образец, склад (ума и т.п.);
take on a dreary приобретать
мрачный оттенок
category—категория, разряд, класс
catalogue — включать в каталог,
каталогизировать
catastrophe—катастрофа
chairman — председатель
charge — поручать, вменять в
обязанность; нагружать, загружать;
насыщать, наполнять; взимать,
братьплату
chatter — болтать, вести пустой
разговор, тараторить
cherish—лелеять, хранить в
памяти
chime: —s — звон курантов,
колокольный перезвон
chitchat—болтовня, толки,
пересуды; social ~—светская болтовня
chronic — хронический,
постоянный
circulate—распространяться, быть
в обращении, циркулировать
circulation — круговорот,
вращение, распространение,
обращение; тираж (газеты и т.п.)
clarity—прозрачность, ясность
cleaner: vacuum пылесос
clergyman — священник
coast—морской берег, побережье
coax—уговаривать, задабривать,
улещивать; добиваться ч.-л. с
помощью уговоров
cobble — грубо, топорно чинить,
ставить заплаты
colonel—полковник
comedienne — комик, комедийный
актер; автор комедий
commission — уполномочивать,
поручать; назначать на должность
commit — принять на себя
обязательства, связать себя
обязательствами (~ oneself); поручать,
вверять; совершать (чаще ч.-л.
дурное)
comparative—сравнительный; ~ 1у
—сравнительно
compel — заставлять, принуждать,
подчинить, заставить уступить
391
competitor — конкурент, соперник
comprise — включать, заключать в
себе, составлять, охватывать
compulsive—обязательный,
принудительный
confide — доверять, сообщать по
секрету (in)
confidence — доверие;
уверенность, самоуверенность
confidential — секретный
confiding—доверительный
confinement—тюремное
заключение; solitory одиночное
заключение
confirmation — подтверждение,
утверждение; доказательство
confuse — смешивать, спутывать,
ошибаться; приводить в
замешательство
conscience — совесть; сознание:
public общественное
сознание
conscious — сознающий,
понимающий; осознанный, сознательный;
ощущающий; находящийся в
сознании; self
самосознательный, самоосознанный
constitute—составлять; учреждать,
основывать
contemporary — современный,
одновременный
contexrually—контекстуально
contrast — сопоставлять,
сравнивать, противопоставлять (with)
contrive — изобретать,
придумывать, замышлять
conversational — разговорный
corner — угол, уголок
correspond — соответствовать,
отвечать (to, with)
corridor — коридор
costly—дорогой, ценный
costume— одежда, платье, костюм
courage — мужество, храбрость,
смелость
creativity — творческая
способность, творческая, созидательная
сила
creep — ползать; красться;
подкрадываться; пресмыкаться,
прислуживаться, раболепствовать; ~ in
— вползать, прокрадываться
creeping — заискивание,
раболепство
creepy—противный; вызывающий
мурашки, дрожь, «мороз по коже»
crew — команда, персонал, экипаж
criticize — критиковать
curb—обочина, край тротуара
возле мостовой
curiously — любопытно, странно,
необычайно
curriculum vitae — сокр. CV —
письменные сведения о работе и
занимаемых должностях, резюме
cyberplague — информационная
болезнь, киберчума
date—дата, число, день; пора,
эпоха; out of ~ несовременный,
немодный
decapitate — снимать голову,
обезглавливать; снимать
руководство правительственных
учреждений
deliberate — преднамеренный,
нарочитый; ~ 1у—намеренно,
преднамеренно
delight — восторг, восхищение;
восхищать
delivery — произнесение речи,
манера говорить, дикция; доставка,
поставка
392
deposit — месторождение; вклад в
банке, депозит, взнос
deserve — заслуживать
desire — желание; желать
despite — несмотря на, вопреки
detoxication —детоксикация,
обезвреживание яда; detox courses —
курсы, предназначенные для
избавления στ зависимости,
дурного пристрастия
diagram—диаграмма, график, схема
differentiate—отличать, различать,
проводить или устанавливать
различие, дифференцировать
digression — отступление,
отклонение, отход (от темы)
diploma — диплом
discomfort — неудобство,
неловкость, стесненное положение;
причинять неудобство, стеснять,
затруднять
discrete — прерывистый,
дискретный, разрозненный, состоящий из
разрозненных частей
disguise—маскировка, изменение
внешнего вида; обман;
маскировать, изменять внешность,
переодевать; представлять в ложном
свете, искажать
dismal — мрачный, печальный,
унылый, гнетущий, зловещий
dispense—распределять, раздавать
displace — перемещать,
переставлять, смещать
dispute—диспут, дискуссия,
дебаты, спор; обсуждать,
дискутировать, спорить
distance — расстояние
distant — отдаленный, дальний
distribute — распределять,
распространять
doctorate — степень доктора
doll — кукла
downstairs — вниз, внизу, на
первом этаже
drastically — решительно,
радикально, коренным образом
draw — рисовать, чертить; тащить
(drew, drawn)
drawer— выдвижной ящик стола
drawing — рисунок
dreadful — ужасный, страшный
dreary — мрачный, безотрадный,
печальный
dress — одевать(ся); платье,
одежда
drive—привод; disk дисковод;
tape ~ лентопротяжка
drop—падать, выпадать,
снижаться; ~ out — выпадать, выпасть;
«вылететь» (из университета)
drown— тонуть, утонуть, утопить
drum—барабан, цилиндр; стучать,
барабанить
due: give somebody/something his/
its due—отдавать должное к.-л./
ч.-л.
dull — унылый, печальный, вялый,
неповоротливый
dumb — немой, бессловесный;
молчаливый, неразговорчивый;
онемевший
dump— выбрасывать, выгружать;
сваливать, опрокидывать
duration — продолжительность,
срок
dust — пыль; стирать, смахивать
пыль
early—ранний; рано
edition — издание
egoist — эгоист
elaborate — тщательно, детально
393
разработанный, продуманный;
сложный, усложненный,
усовершенствованный; усердный,
старательный
electron — электрон (физ.)
eliminate — устранять, исключать;
уничтожать, ликвидировать
embarrassment — смущение,
замешательство, смятение;
нерешительность, колебание
empire — империя
empower—давать возможность или
право, уполномочивать, доверять
encouragingly — ободряюще,
обнадеживающе
enemy — враг, противник
ensure — обеспечивать,
гарантировать
enthusiasm — энтузиазм,
воодушевление
entirely — всецело, вполне,
совершенно
episode—эпизод, случай,
происшествие; серия, часть
escape—избежать; совершать
побег, убегать, уходить
European — европейский; the ~
Union — Европейский Союз
eventful — полный событий,
богатый событиями
evil — зло, порок; бедствие,
несчастье
examination—осмотр,
обследование, изучение, проверка,
рассмотрение, экспертиза; экзамен;
исследование, изучение
expedition — экспедиция, поход
extend — простираться, тянуться;
расширять, удлинять, растягивать,
увеличивать, распространять
external — внешний
faint — слабый, неотчетливый,
неясный
fair—честный, справедливый
far—дальний, далекий; далеко; so
пока, пока что
farm — хозяйство, ферма; fnnny ~
— сумасшедший дом (АтЕ,
slang)
fault—вина, недостаток, ошибка,
промах
favorite (AmE) — favonrite (BrE)
—любимый, излюбленный
femininity — женственность
fender — крыло (автомобиля)
fetch — принести, привести,
вызвать
fidelity—точность, правильность,
верность
fill: have somebody's ~ of something
—достаточно поиметь, испытать
fire — огонь, пожар; увольнять (с
работы)
flair — способность, склонность,
вкус, чутье
flash — вспышка, яркий свет;
проблеск; мгновение, миг
flood — наводнение, половодье;
поток, прилив
fluency — плавность, беглость
(речи)
folder — папка, скоросшиватель
former — прежний, бывший;
первый (из двух упомянутых); ~ 1у—
прежде, раньше
fortune — счастье, удача; судьба;
богатство, состояние
frighten — напугать, пугать
fruit — плод; фрукты; плоды,
результаты
furious — разъяренный,
взбешенный
394
futility — тщетность,
бесполезность
galaxy — галактика, плеяда
gallantry — галантность,
любезность, учтивость
gas — газ; (Аш£) бензин, топливо
generation — поколение
gentle — мягкий, добрый, нежный,
легкий, тихий; ~ 1у—мягко, тихо
getaway — бегство, побег, выход
ghost — призрак
global — мировой, всемирный
go — идти, ходить, пойти, ездить;
~ along —двигаться вперед,
продолжать, идти на пролом;
соглашаться с к.-л./ч.-л., поддерживать
(go along with)
goggle—полоскать горло
good—польза, добро, благо;
хороший; for ~ навсегда,
окончательно
guesstimate — оценка по догадке;
оценивать на основе догадок,
строить догадки
hall—зал, большое помещение
head — направляться
heat — жар, жара, зной, высокая
температура; нагревать,
подогревать; топить
heedlessly—неосторожно,
необдуманно, невнимательно
heighten — повышать, усиливать
heroic—героический, геройский
horror — ужас
hum — гудение, гул, нестройный
шум; гудеть, жужжать, хмыкать,
напевать
humorous — юмористический,
веселый, смешной
hundred: сто; ~ -odd — немногим
более ста
hurdle — барьер, препятствие,
ограждение; ограждать
hypocrite — лицемер
identical — идентичный,
одинаковый, сходный, тождественный
ignorant — несведущий,
незнающий; невежественный
illustrative — иллюстративный,
показательный
imbue—вдохновлять, вселять,
наполнять, насыщать, пропитывать
imprecise — неточный
impressively—выразительно, ярко
impudent — дерзкий, наглый,
нахальный
impulsiveness — импульсивность
incentive — мотив, стимул,
побуждение
inclination — склонность,
наклонность, предрасположение
independent — независимый,
самостоятельный
infinity—бесконечность;
бесконечно большое число
inflexible—непреклонный,
несгибаемый
infra-red — инфракрасный; ~
scanner — инфракрасный скан-
нер
inherit — унаследовать
innocence — невиновность
insert — вставлять, вкладывать,
вводить
insight — понимание, интуиция,
способность проникновения в
сущность; внезапно пришедшее
ясное понимание (не всегда
полное), озарение
insist — настаивать
inspire — вдохновлять
inspiring — вдохновляющий
395
install — устраивать, помещать,
устанавливать, монтировать;
официально вводить в должность: ~
somebody in an office
instant — немедленный,
мгновенный, непосредственный
intelligence — ум, интеллект,
умственный способности
interpret—толковать,
интерпретировать, объяснять; переводить
interrogation — устный экзамен
interrupt — прерывать, нарушать,
мешать, вмешиваться
invariably — неизменно,
постоянно
irrevocable — бесповоротный,
окончательный, неотменяемый
jewel —драгоценный камень
jewelry — тле. jewellery (BrE) —
драгоценности, ювелирные
изделия
joy — радость
knack—умение, ловкость, сноровка
land — приземляться; soft
совершать мягкую посадку, мягко
приземляться
laser — лазер
lately — последнее время, недавно
latest — самый новый, самый
последний, самый свежий; the ~
research—новейшие
исследования
laziness — лень
leg — нога; ножка, подпорка;
сторона (треугольника)
let — позволять; ~ somebody off—
отпустить к.-л.; отпускать,
выдавать
lightly—слегка, едва; легко,
быстро
liquidate — ликвидировать,
положить конец; оплатить долг;
превратить в деньги
lock — замок; keep under ~ and key
—держать под замком; хранить
запертым
look: ~ over—просматривать;
пропустить, не заметить; ~ forward
to something — ожидать ч.-л. с
нетерпением, удовольствием,
предвкушать
lottery — лотерея, дело случая
lounge—комната отдыха, зал
ожидания
luxury — роек ошь
maintain — поддерживать,
сохранять, содержать, обслуживать,
держать в хорошем состоянии
malaise—недомогание, нездоровье
maneuver (AmE) — тж. manoeuvre
(BrE) — маневр, движение,
маневрирование
manipulate — манипулировать,
управлять, влиять
margin — поле, край, грань;
разница, прибыль
materialize—материал изовать(ся);
осуществлять
means — средство, способ; pi.
means; by ~ of— посредством
memo — сокр. от memorandum
memorandum — служебная
записка; заметка; памятная записка
memory — память
mirror — зеркало
miserable — несчастный, жалкий,
ничтожный
misinform — неправильно
информировать
mission — задание, миссия
misunderstanding —
недоразумение, неправильное понимание
396
monitor — монитор; управляющее
или стабилизирующее
устройство; контролировать, управлять
moody — унылый, угрюмый; легко
поддающийся переменам
настроения; moodiness —
переменчивость настроения
move: ~ house — переезжать
murmur — тихо говорить,
бормотать, шептать, журчать;
бормотание, шепот
mushrooming — быстрый рост,
быстрое увеличение,
распространение
nasty—противный, неприятный
nationality — национальность
nattily — ловко, проворно,
искусно, аккуратно, опрятно
network — сеть
neutron — нейтрон (физ.)
nevertheless — хотя, все же,
несмотря на, однако
occurrence — случай,
происшествие; местонахождение,
распространение
omit — пропускать, не включать,
упускать
onwards — дальше, вперед
oppress — угнетать, притеснять,
действовать угнетающе
oral — устный
otherworldly — не от мира сего,
неземной, потусторонний
overall — полный, общий; в целом
overcome — преодолевать,
побороть; охватить, охватывать
(overcame, overcome)
overextend—слишком растягивать,
рассредоточивать; перенапрягать
overhaul — тщательно проверять,
разбирать, осматривать;
капитально ремонтировать,
перестраивать, реконструировать
overlap — перекрывать, частично
совпадать, заходить один за
другой
overly — надменный,
высокомерный; поверхностный, небрежный
overnight — с вечера и всю ночь; ~
stay—сверхурочная работа,
работа допоздна
overqualificd — имеющий слишком
высокую квалификацию для
выполнения данной работы
overthrow — свергать,
ниспровергать, побеждать; опрокидывать
(overthrew, overthrown)
pad—прижимная подушка, датчик
системы охранной сигнализации;
wired ~ датчик, подключенный к
системе
paint — раскрашивать,
разрисовывать; красить, рисовать
(красками)
panel — групта специалистов,
список (присяжных заседателей);
панель, щиток; а ~ of examiners —
группа экзаменаторов,
экзаменационная комиссия
panic—паниковать, запаниковать
paperback — книга в бумажной
обложке; мягкая дешевая
бумажная обложка
parenthetic,
parenthetical—дополнительный, вводный,
возникающий в ходе обсуждения,
спонтанный; 1у — дополнительно, по
ходу дела
passage — ход, проход, переход,
переезд, перелет; коридор,
галерея; ход, течение; отрывок, часть
password — пароль
397
patient — пациент
peculiar — особенный,
своеобразный, странный, необычный
penny — пенни, пенс; -s—монеты
в один цент; (АшЕ slang) —
полицейский: The penny over the
corner told the boys to get moving.
~ -dreadful—дешевый,
сенсационный (о произведении)
peripheral — периферийный
persist — упорствовать,
настойчиво продолжать ч.-л.
persistence — упорство,
настойчивость, выносливость, стойкость
picture — картина; motion ~ s —
кино, киноискусство
pioneer — пионер, первопроходец
plagiarism — плагиат
plain — понятный, ясный, простой
plot—план, схема, чертеж; сюжет,
фабула; заговор; составлять план,
схему; организовывать заговор,
плести интриги
poise — равновесие, устойчивость,
уравновешенность; состояние
нерешительности, нерешённость;
балансировать, удерживать
равновесие
polite — вежливый; ~ 1у- вежливо
postdoc — тж. postdoctoral —
относящийся к академической или
другой профессиональной работе
после получения ученой степени PhD
prank — проказа, проделка,
шалость
precious— ценный, драгоценный,
дорогой
prejudice — предубеждение,
предвзятое мнение, предрассудок
premature — преждевременный,
поспешный, необдуманный
presumably—возможно, вероятно,
предположительно
presume—полагать, предполагать,
допускать
presumption — предположение,
вероятность; ~ of innocence —
презумпция невиновности
prince — принц
prior — прежний,
предшествующий, более важный (to); ~ to —
до, прежде, раньше, перед
privacy — частная жизнь;
уединение; тайна, секретность
probing — пробный,
исследовательский
procedure — процедура
proctor — проктор, надзиратель
(обыкн. в Оксфордском и
Кембриджском университетах);
служитель музея
profound — глубокий,
основательный
propagate — распространяться),
проводить, передавать
prophet—пророк, предсказатель
protection — защита, охрана,
покровительство
proton — протон (физ.)
push—толкать, проталкивать,
ускорять, настойчиво продвигать,
добиваться, нажимать
quadruple — четырехкратный,
учетверенный; увеличивать(ся) в
четыре раза
quantity — количество, множество
quotation — цитата, цитирование
radical—коренной, основной,
первоначальный, радикальный
range — ряд, линия, серия,
направление; дальность, расстояние,
пределы, протяжение, простран-
398
ство; круг, диапазон; at close ~ с
близкого расстояния
rate: норма, размер; ставка, тариф;
скорость, темп, интенсивность; ~
of return — норма прибыли
rating—оценка, определение
стоимости; рейтинг
reaction — реакция, реагирование;
воздействие, влияние
reckon — считать, подсчитывать,
рассматривать
record — записывать
recording — запись
recreate — восстанавливать силы;
освежать, обновлять
recreation — активный отдых,
восстановление сил; обновление
reduce — уменьшать, сокращать,
снижать; превращать, приводить
reduction — снижение,
уменьшение, сокращение; превращение
regain—восстанавливать, обретать
вновь, получать обратно
regrettable — достойный
сожаления, печальный, прискорбный
regulation — правило, инструкция;
регулирование, упорядочение
relation — отношение, связь,
зависимость; public ~ s — связи с
общественностью, пиар
relativity — относительность
release—освобождать, выпускать,
увольнять, отпускать;
освобождение, выпуск, избавление; press ~
заявление для прессы
relocate — перемещать,
перебазировать
remedy — лекарство, лечебное
средство; средство, мера
remove — убирать, снимать,
смещать, уничтожать, удалять
replica —точная копия, модель
reply — отвечать
report—доклад, сообщение, отчет,
репортаж; spot report —
репортаж с места события
reproach — упрек, осуждение
resign—отказываться от
должности, слагать обязанности, уходить
в отставку
resignation — отказ от должности,
уход в отставку, отставка
resist—оказывать сопротивление,
сопротивляться,
противодействовать
resonate— резонировать
restore—восстанавливать;
возвращать (на прежнее место, в
прежнее положение и т.п.)
retire—уходить на пенсию,
оставлять должность, уходить в
отставку; удаляться
retreat—отступление, отход;
отходить, отступать, удаляться
return — возвращение, возврат,
оборот; возвращаться), отдавать,
идти обратно
rid: get ~ of something / somebody
—избавиться, отделаться от к.-л.
rigidity — жесткость,
непреклонность; точность
right — право
rigor — неподвижность,
оцепенение
risk — риск; рисковать
risky—рискованный
rite—церемония, процедура, ритуал
robbery—грабеж, разбой, кража
robust—здоровый, крепкий,
сильный; требующий усилий
rock—скала, камень, горная
порода
399
round — ряд, серия, тур, этап;
кругооборот, круговорот; do social ~s
— наносить визиты
rounded — закругленный,
завершенный; образованный,
развитый, эрудированный
rush — стремительное движение,
натиск; погоня, стремление за ч.-
л.; напряжение, спешка; мчаться,
устремляться, нестись
safeguard — охрана, мера
предосторожности, гарантия; охранять,
предохранять, гарантировать
salary—заработная плата, оклад
sale—продажа, торговля,
распродажа
saturate — пронизывать,
наполнять, насыщать, пропитывать
save—спасать, уберегать, беречь,
экономить; приберегать; ~ (the)
details — опускать детали
scarcely — едва (ли), почти (не),
еле-еле, с трудом
scowl — сердито смотреть,
хмуриться
script — сценарий, сюжет
seat — место (для сидения),
сиденье, билет, место (в театре и пр.)
secondary — второй (по порядку),
вторичный, производный;
второстепенный
secret — секрет; секретный
selfish — эгоистичный
sell — продавать (sold); ~ off—
распродавать
senior — старший
setback—препятствие, спад,
понижение, задержка, неудача
severely — строго, сурово, сильно,
тяжело
shadow — тень
shake —дрожание, тряска,
вибрация; трясти, встряхивать,
сотрясать; качать(ся), потрясать,
дрожать (shook, shaken)
shameless — бесстыдный,
бессовестный
share—доля, часть
shelter — убежище, пристанище;
дать приют, пристанище, спасать,
защищать, укрывать
shoot — стрелять; снимать фильм
(shot); ~ down — победить,
одержать верх в споре; сбить,
застрелить
shortly — скоро, вскоре
shrewd — проницательный,
тонкий, хитрый, остроумный
silent — молчаливый, тихий,
безмолвный
skeleton — скелет, остов, каркас;
схема, план, основная идея
slip—ошибка, промах; скольжение,
сползание
smoothly — гладко, ровно, плавно,
благополучно
sneak—делать ч.-л. украдкой,
тайком, незаметно; раболепствовать,
низкопоклонничать,
подлизываться; ~ around—выбираться из
трудного положения, искать
выход
software—программы,
программное обеспечение
sole — единственный, одиночный,
исключительный; ~ 1у—только,
исключительно, единственно
solitary — одиночный, отдельный
souvenir — сувенир
spacing — интервал, расстояние;
размещение
speculation— размышление, обду-
400
мывание; гипотеза,
предположение
spirit — дух, душа, решительность,
моральная сила; ~ s—настроение
spiritual — духовный,
интеллектуальный; религиозный, верующий
split — расщеплять, раскалывать,
разбивать, делить на части (split)
spoken—разговорный, устный
spontaneity — стихийность,
спонтанность, непосредственность
square — квадрат, площадь;
квадратный
staircase — лестница, лестничный
марш
standard — стандарт, норма,
критерий; общепринятый,
нормативный, стандартный
statistician — статистик
statue — статуя
stay — оставаться на время,
пожить; останавливаться (в отелей
пр.); ~ out (the time) — остаться
до конца (запланированного
пребывания)
stilted—высокопарный, чопорный,
неестественный, ходульный; ~ 1у
— неестественно
stimulate—стимулировать,
побуждать
stint — ограничение, норма;
ограничивать, урезывать, скупиться;
задавать урок, давать поурочную
работу
stock—запас
strategic — стратегический
stretch—растягивать, вытягивать,
удлинять, тянуть; протяжение,
пространство, промежуток
времени; вытягивание, натяжение,
распространение
stubbornness — упрямство
subject — подверженный,
склонный, зависимый (to); подвергать,
подчинять (to); ~ to—в том
случае если, при условии если
submission — представление,
подача; представленный материал;
подчинение
suck — засасывать, сосать
superstition—суеверие,
религиозный предрассудок
supervise—наблюдать, надзирать,
смотреть, заведовать, руководить
snpervisor — руководитель,
инспектор, куратор
survey — обозрение, обзор; опрос
общественного мнения;
обозревать, рассматривать, исследовать
suspect— подозревать,
предполагать, предчувствовать;
подозрительный; подозреваемый
suspicion — подозрение
swallow — ласточка
swear — клясться, присягать;
ругаться, богохульствовать (swore,
. sworn )
sycophant — льстец, подхалим;
доносчик, клеветник
sympathetically — сочувственно,
располагающе
synopsis—конспект, краткое
содержание, краткий обзор, резюме
take—брать, хватать (took, taken);
~ off— снимать, уменьшать,
сбавлять; взлетать (о самолете); take
a week off— взять отпуск на
неделю
tantamount — равносильный,
равноценный, эквивалентный
tap—постучать, легко ударять
tear — разрывать, рвать; (tore,
401
torn); ~ down—стаскивать,
сбрасывать вниз
tendency — тенденция,
направление
term — условие (договора);
семестр; термин
terminal—монитор с клавиатурой,
сетевой компьютер, терминал
terribly — ужасно, страшно
terrific — потрясающий,
необычайный, ужасающий
thesis — диссертация, сочинение;
pi. theses
thorough — тщательный,
основательный; ~ 1у — тщательно,
основательно, скрупулезно
throng — скапливаться,
собираться, толпиться
through — (AmE) no ...
включительно; be заканчивать,
завершать, проходить
throw — бросать, кидать, швырять
(threw, thrown)
thumb — большой палец руки; turn
~ s down on something — быть
против ч.-л.
thus—так, таким образом;
настолько; ~far—до сих пор
tome — том, фолиант
tool — инструмент, прибор
total — целое, сумма, итог; весь,
целый, общий, совокупный; grand
общий итог
toy—игрушка
track—след, признак; курс, путь
transmit — сообщать, передавать,
посылать, отправлять
trash — хлам, мусор, халтура
tree — дерево
trial — проба, испытание;
попытка; суд, судебное слушание
trigger — спусковой механизм,
курок, триггер; приводить в
действие, запускать
tuition— обучение; плата за
обучение
turn—оборот, поворот, изгиб;
поворачивать, вращать,
переворачивать, отклонять, менять
направление: // has ~ ed seven о 'clock. —
Пробило семь.
ultrasound — ультразвуковой
umbrella — зонт
unappreciated — непонятый,
недооцененный, непризнанный
unbelievable — невероятный
uncanny — необыкновенный,
сверхъестественный, жуткий
unchanged — неизменившийся
undergo — испытывать,
переносить, подвергаться (underwent,
undergone)
undermine — подрывать, тайно
вредить, разрушать, подрывать
(авторитет и пр.)
underway — путевой, дорожный;
be развиваться, происходить,
совершаться
underwrite — определить риск и
рассчитать страховую сумму;
субсидировать (рискованный) проект
undeserving — незаслуживающий,
недостойный
uniform — ровный, постоянный,
единообразный, одинаковый
unit — единица; комплект, блок,
узел,агрегат
unscathed — невредимый,
неповрежденный
unwarranted — необоснованный,
неоправданный, незаконный,
недозволенный, произвольный
402
upset — опрокидывать,
расстраивать, нарушать (upset);
расстроенный
urgency — срочность,
безотлагательность, крайняя необходимость
vanity — тщеславие, суета,
суетность
velocity — скорость
verbal — словесный, устный;
глагольный (грамм.)
verify — подтверждать,
устанавливать истинность, проверять,
контролировать
version — вариант, версия,
интерпретация
vigorous — сильный, энергичный,
решительный
vindicate—доказать, подтвердить;
отстаивать, защищать
vision — видение, зрение,
проницательность, образ, представление
visnalize—мысленно представлять
себе, рисовать в воображении
voice — голос; залог (грамм.)
vowel—гласный звук; гласная
буква (лингв.)
voyage — путешествие (морское
или воздушное), плавание, полет
wander — бродить, странствовать,
блуждать
wastepaper — ненужная бумага,
канцелярский мусор; ~ basket —
корзина для ненужной бумаги,
мусорная корзина
way — путь, дорога, сторона,
направление, расстояние; обычай,
привычка; by the кстати,
между прочим, попутно
weaken— ослаблять, ослабевать
week — неделя
weekend — уикенд, выходные дни
welcome—приветствовать,
радушно принимать
whim — прихоть, причуда; жадно
стремиться к ч.-л.
wide — ш ирок ий
will — воля
willingly — охотно
wireless—радио; беспроводный
wishful—желаемый; жаждущий
wooden — деревянный
workforce— рабочая сила,
работники, штат
workload—рабочая нагрузка
workshop — мастерская, цех;
научно-практический семинар
workont — тяжелая работа,
исполнение
yet—еще; уже (в вопросит, предл.)
zero — ноль
SECTION 7
Achievement Tests And Additional Assignments
7.1. Listen Carefully:
7.1.1. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List
For each item, you will see two words and you will hear a sentence
which contains one of the words. Write down the letter, A or B, of the
word you have heard in the sentence.
l.A.cute — B. acute 16. A.ads — B. adds
2. A.accept — B. except 17. A.ads — B. adds
3. A.chief— B. achieve 18. A.revision — B. decision
4. A.staff — B. stuff 19. A. worse — B. worth
5. A.accept — B. except 20. A.descend — B. decent
6. A.weather — B. whether 21. A.worth — B. worse
7. A.found — B. bound 22. A.implant — B. implement
8. A.stuff — B. staff 23. A. selfish — B. shellfish
9. A.expect — B. except 24. A.implant — B. implement
10. A.inquire — B. acquire 25. A.revision — B. decision
11. A.abound — B. abundant 26. A.particular—B. peculiar
12. A.stuff— B. staff 27. A.inexpressible —
B. inexplicable
13.A.sure — B. assure 28. A.priorto — B. priority
H.A.approve—B. prove 29. A.heredity — B. heresy
15. A.aloof— B. proof 30. A.neck — B. next
7.1.2. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List
For each item, you will see four words and you will hear a sentence
which contains one of the words. Write down the letter, А, В, С or D,
of the word you have heard in the sentence.
1. A. sign B. assign C. design D. align
2. A. keen B. dean C. keep D. deep
3. A. expensive B. exciting C. excepting D. excessive
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4. A. immensely Β. imminency С. immensity D. immediacy
5. A. gather B. leather C. feather D. further
6. A. objective B. excessive C. decisive D. positive
7. A. think B. drink C. shrink D. sink
8. A. senses B. licenses C. licensing D. utterances
9. A. processing B. pronunciation C. preposition D. prohibition
10. A. either B. driver C. neither D. fiver
11. A. reference B. evidence C. difference D. existence
12. A. demanding B. discussing C. distinguishing D. disgusting
13. A. assignments B. arrangements C. appointments D. adjustments
14. A. proof B. approve С prove D. proved
15. A. French B. bench C. quench D. branch
16. A. sensible B. sensitive C. sensational D. senseless
17. A. super B. superlative C. superior D. supermade
18. A. vulgarizable B. thereabout to С vulnerable D. thereunder
19. A. suite B. sweet С suit D. swift
20. A. a sense B. a sensor C. a license D. allowance
21. A. supposedly B. supposed C. supposing D. suppose
22. A. response in B. responding C. responsive D. responded
7.1.3. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List
For each item, you will see two words or phrases and you will hear
one sentence. Write down the letter, A or B, of the word or phrase most
closely paralleling a word that you have heard in the sentence.
1. A. sensitive B. sensible 2. A. able B. liable
3. A. responsive B. responsible 4. A. omit B. permit
5. A. control B. observe 6. A. futile B. future
7.A. responsible B. reasonable 8. A.whether B. weather
9. A. depend B. spend
10. A. stick together B. keep in touch
11. A. gregarious B. public
12. A. is apologizing B. is condescending
13. A. expensive B. excessive
14. A. advisable B. occasional
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7.1.4. Listening Comprehension Test: Answer List
For each item, you will see four words or phrases and you will hear
one sentence. Write down the letter. А, В, С or D, of the word and or
phrase most closely paralleling a word that you have heard in the
sentence.
1. A. establishing B. describing C. obtaining D. requiring
2. A. to deal with B. to listen to C. to persuade of D. to focus on
3. a) A. vulnerable B. expensive C. adequate D. useful
b) A. quit B. fast C. fuss D. quiet
4. A. experience B. an exciting experiment C. an exciting adventure
D. enough experience
5. A. undergraduate B. undertake C. understand D. underestimate
6. A. to take in B. to call in C. to arrive in D. to hand in
7. A. contain B. explain C. report D. count
8. A. chewing B. wearing C. loitering D. mapping
9. A. statements B. suggestions C. objectives D. commitments
10. A. adequate B. excessive C. gregarious D. lavish
11. A. certain B. safe C. definite D. decent
12. A. implement B. direct C. implicate D. directional
13. A. imaginary B. imaginable C. imaginative D. imagery
14. A. to be effective B. to be efficient C. to be effectual D. to be
effortless
15. A. common B. complete C. column D. compete
16. A. attention B. banking C. brokerage D. charity
17. A. experiences B. bank accounts C. benefits D. profits
18. A. willingly B. lavishly C. liberally D. luckily
19. A. revolve B. resolve C. contain D. cancel
20. A. clown B. copy C. cluster D. code
7.1.5. For each item, you will hear a sentence. Write down the letter,
A or Β , which corresponds to the action which is likely to logically
occur or take place.
1. A. I am going to accept the job. B. I am not liable to accept it.
2. A. He will believe anything. B. He isn't likely to accept things
easily.
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3. A. His academic record is superior. B. His grades are average.
4. A. He is sometimes easy to understand. B. He is sometimes
difficult to understand.
5. A. You are going to complete the course if you attend every
class. B. You are going to pass your exam in any case.
6. A. A realistic researcher will depend on his ideas fully. В. А
realistic researcher will depend on evidence.
7. A. It's likely to rain tomorrow. B. It's unlikely to rain tomorrow.
8. A. Mr.D. is liable to acquire new ideas easily. B. He isn't
acquisitive of new ideas.
9. A. We are going to approve of the concept. B. We'll collect
much data to support the concept.
10. A. Miss Brown is very flexible. B. Miss Brown is very reserved.
11. A. Allan is about to accept a new job. B. He is not certain to
accept it.
12. A. We are due to discuss it now. B. We oughtn't to discuss it
now.
13. A. He is eager to please everybody. B. He is certain of his
grounds.
14. A. I am myself. B. I am by myself.
15. A. Occasionally we are likely to linger. B. We are likely to
linger some day.
7.1.6. For each item, you will hear a sentence or sentences expressing
a goal and an action to achieve it. Write the letter, A or B, which
corresponds to the goal.
1. A. to blame someone B. to have all the proof necessary
2. A. to change our market strategy B. to increase profits
3. A. to implement our project B. to consult an authority
4. A. choose a better description B. understand the idea fully
5. A. to rest B. to do business alone
6. A. watch expenses B. employ a manager
7. A. to own this property B. to please everybody
8. A. Patrick's goal is to prevent B. Patrick's goal is to take over the
directorship
9. A. to establish a large-scale enterprise B. to start a business
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7.1.7. Listen to a short conversation between two people. The
conversation is followed by questions about it. Each question has
four answer choices. Answer on the basis of what is stated or implied
by the speakers.
1. The first speaker is
A. cheerful B. puzzled C. resented D. engaged
2. The second speaker has
A. much sense B. a sense of humor C. much practice D. much
experience
7.1.8. Listen to a short conversation between two people. The
conversation is followed by questions about it. Each question has
four answer choices. Answer on the basis of what is stated or implied
by the speakers.
1. The man trusts himself
A. explicitly B. occasionally C. partially D. entirely
2. People could trust the man
A. if they were close to him
B. if their aims were not wholly opposed to his
C. if no extraordinary circumstances occurred
D. if society at large were not involved
3. In the man's opinion, his interests
A. can't run counter to interests of society at large
B. don't run counter to them
С will not ever run counter to them
D. 'd better not run counter to them.
7.1.9. Listen to a short conversation between two people. The
conversation is followed by questions about it. Each question has
four answer choices. Answer on the basis of what is stated or implied
by the speakers.
1. The metal under consideration
A. is the substance the Universe is formed of;
B. can be a kind of fuel;
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C. would be a kind of fuel;
D. is a very good fuel.
2. The metal under consideration is
A. unstable on the molecular level
B. unsteady on the molecular level
C. untreatable on the molecular level
D. unbalanced on the molecular level.
3. The metal in question is given to
A. extension
B. exhaustion
C. exoneration
D. expansion
7.1.10. Listen to a short conversation between two people. The
conversation is followed by questions about it. Each question has
four answer choices. Answer on the basis of what is stated or implied
by the speakers.
1. In Ralph's opinion, the underwriter is not
A. to plan on his contingencies
B. to keep his initiative
C. to share command
D. to invest more money in the operation.
2. Ralph
A. commands
B. invests in the operation
С plans on his contingencies
D. shares command.
3. Ralph thinks that battle is
A. a very stable situation
B. a very changeable situation
C. a very dangerous situation
D. a dramatic situation.
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7.1.11. Listen to a short conversation between two people. The
conversation is followed by questions about it. Each question has
four answer choices. Answer on the basis of what is stated or implied
by the speakers.
1. Professor Fames is interested in
A. energy research
B. any military application of his research
C. money
D. oysters.
2. Sandy thinks that if Professor Fames listened to her he
A. would pay all his bills
B. wouldn't get interested in any military application of his
research
C. would like oysters
D. would think big.
7.1.12. Listen to a short conversation between two people. The
conversation is followed by a question about it. The question has
four answer choices. Answer on the basis of what is stated or implied
by the speakers.
The man did a rush job because he
A. went to the third floor
B. had to reformat the disk
C. had to prepare documents for the courthouse
D. couldn't get his car to start
7.2. Read Carefully:
7.2.1 Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word or phrase, you will see four associations of it. Write
down the letter, А, В, С or D, of the relevant association
You Must Learn To Get Your Priorities Right
At first glance, nobody is likely to have much difficulty setting
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priorities. Actually, the ability to do things in the order of their
importance is almost impossible to find. Few people are aware what
to begin with when they are facing many problems. That's why we
are to learn how to set priorities. We must frequently keep many
balls in the air at the same time and shift our energy and attention to
activities that will most increase the output of our work. In other
words, we should move to the point where our leverage will be the
greatest. The quality of your decision-making is likely to depend on
how well you comprehend the facts and issues in your business. I
know from long experience that one is not always able to do things
in the order of their importance, but I also know that some kind of
plan to do first things first is much better than extemporizing as you
go along.
1. to get one's priorities right
A. to get instructions about what to do on time
B. to learn which instructions to fulfil first
C. to deal with the most important things
D. to acquire due privileges
2. to keep many balls in the air at the same time
A. to be businesslike and energetic
B. to do many things at once
C. to show up-to-date knowledge
D. to be able to think and act quickly
3. to shift one's energy to other activities
A. to refocus one's energy on other activities
B. to shrink one's energy from other activities
C. to set up one's energy for other activities
D. to revive one's energy
4. leverage
A. level
B. result
С rating
D. action
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5. extemporize
A. exercise
B. improvise
C. implement
D. improve
6. go along
A. go around
B. go over
С go off
D. go on
7.2.2. Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word, you will see four associations of it. Write down the
letter, А, В , С or D, of the relevant association.
Fat And Fit Healthier Than Skinny Unfit
Being fit is more important for health than being thin. According
to a US researcher, those people who are fit are less likely to die
than thin people who do not exercise. Steven Blair, chemical director
of the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, is aware that his
research would be controversial but he thinks it could be more
important to tell overweight people to exercise than put them on a
diet or on drugs.
1. fit
A. fixed
B. healthy
С fitful
D. fitting
2. obese
A. fit
B.thin
С fat
D. thick
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3... director is aware....
A. director is away B. director is acquisitive
C. director learns D.director knows
4. controversial
A. causing much argument and disagreement
B. causing much fuss
C. causing much confusion
D. causing much discussion
5. overweight people
A. worthies
B. professional muscle
C. obese people
D. establishment
6. skinny
A. very smart
B. very thin
С very quick
D. very busy
7.2.3. Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word or phrase, you will see four associations of it. Write
down the letter, А, В, С or D, of the relevant association.
In theory, the American political system is the end result of the
democratic principles on which the United States relies. In practice,
however, many citizens and political pundits are liable to consider
the system to be corrupt and ineffective. In 1992, only 55% of
eligible voters actually cast their votes. Free and fair elections are
a part of American democracy. But most observers are bound to
say that the system of electing public officials is to be completely
re-invented.
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1. The US relies on certain democratic principles.
A. The US depends on certain democratic principles.
B. The US considers certain democratic principles.
C. The US rests on certain democratic principles.
D. The US develops certain democratic principles.
2. A citizen is a person who
A. lives in a particular city or town
B. lives in or belongs to a particular city (town, country) and has
voting and other rights there
C. enjoys civil rights
D. cites
3. A pundit is
A. a mobster
B. a bandit
C. an expert
D. a print journalist
4. corrupt
A. correct
B. contrary
C. disgusting
D. dishonest
5. An eligible voter is a person who
A. wants to vote
B. is liable to vote
C. has voting
D. has a choice
6. When you cast your vote for someone you actually
A. give your vote to him.
B. do not give your vote to him.
C. refuse to vote.
D. are not eligible to the electorate.
7. «Completely re-invented» means
A. renewed in some details
B. reconsidered
С made over again from the start
D. reformed through «tinkering», or minor modifications
7.2.4. Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word or phrase, you will see four associations of it. Write
down the letter, А, В, С or D, of the relevant association.
Office of Career Services and Preprofessional Advising
The Office of Career Services and Preprofessional Advising is to
serve students seeking information, advice or counselling on
employment, opportunities for future study and careers. The Career
Service staff is happy to talk with students on an individual basis
about their plans. The Office is also to arrange seminars at which
alumni and others discuss the rewards and frustrations of their own
career fields. The Office will maintain a comprehensive library
containing information on careers, specific employers in industry and
government, courses of graduate study, fellowships and opportunities
for work and study abroad.
Students who are unclear about the career may come in. The
counselling component of the office can assist in addressing the doubts,
worries and questioning that are often a natural part of career planning.
1. Students seeking information
A. want it
B. dream of it
С look for it
D. have it.
2. The staff is to counsel students on different problems.
A. The staff is to give advice and support.
B. The staff is to discuss students' problems in council.
C. The staff is to solve students' problems at council meetings.
D. The staff is to provide financial support for students.
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3. Employment implies
A. business
B. community service
C. class scheduling
D. paid work
4. The counsellors are happy to talk to students on an individual
basis.
A. The counsellors talk to students personally.
B. The counsellors talk to students separately.
C. The counsellors decide whether to counsel students
individually.
D. The counsellors talk to students privately.
5. An alumnus (alumni) is (are)
A. an employee (employees) of an aluminium company
B. a teacher (teachers) of a college or university
C. a former student (students) of a college or university
D. an expelled student (students) of a college or university
6. rewards and frustrations
A. advantages and disadvantages
B. gains and failures
C. assets and liabilities
D. benefits and drawbacks
7. «Comprehensive» implies all except
A. thorough
B. understandable
С broad
D. including a lot of everything
8. A fellowship is
A. money given to undergraduates to allow them to complete
their studies
B. money given to graduates to allow them to continue then-
studies at an advanced level
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C. money paid regularly for professional duties
D. money paid to someone on a low income
7.2.5. Read the text and do the assignments given below.
A new gene therapy is likely to repair human spinal cord injuries.
Using it, the researchers can now reverse paralysis in laboratory rats.
Although such a potential treatment is a long way from being perfected,
it will offer new promise for a currently untreatable condition. It is
common knowledge that spinal cord injuries are sure to impair the ability
to move. Some 200,000 Americans are partly or completely paralyzed
because of spinal injuries, most often caused by automobile or diving
accidents.
Assignment 1. Explain the outlined words through their equivalents:
1. to repair
A. to make worse
B. to put right
C. to double
D. to form into pairs
2. injury
A. people who judge a competition
B. injustice
C. damage to a living being
D. injunction
3. to reverse
A. to change round
B. to revise
C. to change for
D. to resolve
4. to impair
A. to make worse
B. to put right
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C. to double
D. to form into a pair
Assignment 2. Practice polysemantic words; specify the meaning
used in the text:
1. treat: A. cure by medical means B. deal with
C. regard and consider D. process
2. treatment: A. the manner of treating B. a method used in the
treating of an illness by medical means
3. condition: A. a state of being or existence B. a state of general
health C. something necessary in order for something else to
happen or exist D. an illness of the stated kind or body part.
Assignment 3. Pronounce correctly:
gene therapy, spinal cord, paralysis, laboratory rats, potential,
automobile, accident
7.2.6. Read and rephrase:
What is in store for this man in the nearest future is somewhat
confusing. The political fund-raiser John Huang is a Commerce
Department official. He is likely to receive secret briefings about China
and implement marketing projects relying on the evidence obtained.
But his current boss, ex-Commerce undersecretary Jeffrey Celton is
about to block Huang from having any role in China policy at Commerce
because he is «totally unqualified»... I cannot tell you with 100 percent
certainty that John Huang is going to attend the China embassy next
week. There is no immediate indication of what might help him deal
with the situation.
Give Equivalents Of The Following From The Text:
1. a person who raises money for political purposes
2. instructions
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3. to wall somebody off from....
4. a high official in a government department
5. entirely unskilled
6. There is no obvious sign of....
7. to handle a situation
7.2.7. Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word or phrase, you will see four associations of it. Write
down the letter, А, В, С or D, of the relevant association:
Monday, January 14th, 1986. Victor Wilcox lies awake, in the dark
bedroom, waiting for his quartz alarm clock to bleep. It is set to do this
at 6.45. How long he has to wait he doesn't know. He could easily find
out by groping for the clock, lifting it to his line of vision, and pressing
the button that illuminates the digital display. But he would rather not
know. Supposing it is only six o'clock? Or even five? It could be five.
Whatever it is, he won't be able to get to sleep again. This has become
a regular occurrence lately: lying awake in the dark, waiting for the
alarm to bleep, worrying.
Worries streak towards him like enemy spaceships in one of Gary's
video games. He flinches, dodges, zaps them with instant solutions, but
the assault is endless: the Avco account, the Lawlinson account, the
price of pig-iron, the value of the dollar, the competition from Roundrax,
the incompetence of his Marketing Director, the pressure from his
divisional boss, last month's accounts, the quarterly forecast, the annual
review...
After D. Lodge
1. Victor Wilcox can easily find out the time by
A. looking at the digital display of his clock
B. searching about for the clock
C. putting the clock close to his eyes and lightening the digital
display
D. pressing the button on the display.
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2. Victor Wilcox doesn't do anything to find out the time because
A. he hates doing it
B. he prefers not to do it
C. he doesn't like doing it
D. he doesn't want to do it.
3. Anxieties move to Vic very fast during the night, but he manages
A. to draw back and get round them by quick solutions
B. to streak to them and defeat them
C. to forecast them
D. to detect and attack them.
4. Vic's being awake at night
A. happens systematically
B. takes place occasionally
C. is endless
D. is worrying.
7.2.8. Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word or phrase, you will see four associations of it. Write
down the letter, А, В, С or D, of the relevant association:
The alarm clock cheeps. Instantly, by some perverse chemistry of
his body or nervous system, he feels tired and drowsy, reluctant to leave
the warm bed. He presses the Snooze button on the clock with a practised
finger and falls effortlessly asleep. Five minutes later, the alarm wakes
him again, cheeping insistently like a mechanical bird. Vic sighs, hits
the Off button on the clock, switches on his bedside lamp, gets out of
bed and paddles through the deep pile of the bedroom carpet to the
bathroom, making sure the connecting door is closed before he turns
on the light inside.
After D. Lodge
1. The chemistry of Vic's body and nervous system seems
A. to be contrary to reason
B. to be opposed to his nature
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C. to be conforming to his nature
D. to be changeable.
2. The Snooze button
A. totally disarms the alarm clock
B. is a pause button
C. is a repeat button
D. is a delay button.
3. The Off button
A. totally disarms the alarm clock
B. is a pause button
C. is a repeat button
D. is a delay button.
4. Vic is
A. a sedentary man
B. unwilling and slow to get up
С rigorous
D. vigorous.
5. Vic
A. turns on the light in the bathroom and closes the door
B. leaves the door of the bathroom ajar and turns on the light
C. closes the door of the bathroom and then turns on the light
inside
D. does not turn on the light in the bathroom.
7.2.9. Read the text and study the key words or phrases below. For
each key word or phrase, you will see four associations of it. Write
down the letter, А, В, С or D, of the relevant association:
As Vic descends the stairs, a high-pitched electronic squeal rises
from below. The pressure of his foot on a wired pad under the stair-
carpet has triggered the burglar alarm, which Raymond, amazingly, must
have remembered to set after coming in at God knows what hour last
night.
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Vic goes to the console beside the front door and punches in the
numerical code that disarms the apparatus. He has fifteen seconds to
do this, before the squeal turns into a screech and the alarm bell on
the outside wall starts yammering. All the houses in the neighbourhood
have these alarms, and Vic admits that they are necessary, with
burglaries increasing in frequency and boldness all the time, but the
system they inherited from the previous owners of the house, with its
magnetic contacts, infra-red scanners, pressure pads and panic buttons,
is in his opinion overelaborate. It takes about five minutes to set it up
before you retire to bed, and if you come back downstairs for
something you have to cancel it and start all over again. «The suffering
of the rich», Raymond sneered when Vic was complaining of this one
day—Raymond, who despises his parents' affluence while continuing
to enjoy its comforts and conveniences, such as rent-free centrally
heated accommodation, constant hot water, free laundry service, use
of mother's car, use of TV, video recorder, stereo system, et cetera et
cetera.
Vic feels his blood pressure rising at the thought of his eldest son,
who dropped out of university four months ago and has not been usefully
occupied since.
After D. Lodge
1. As Vic descends the stairs
A. a high-pitched electronic squeak rises from below
B. a rapidly picked computer-made squib comes from below
С a suddenly pinched squirrel appears from below
D. a high pitched tone sounds from below.
2. The wired pad under the carpet
A. disarms the alarm
B. puts the alarm in operation
C. switches the alarm on
D. checks the alarm.
3. Vic goes to the console and
A. bunches up several figures
B. keys the numerical code
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C. dials the number
D. numbers the keys.
4. In Vic's opinion, his alarm is
A. overestimated by his partners
B. overloaded with a large number of parts
С overcompensated for its price by the producers
D. overcharged.
5. Raymond despises his parents'
A. affliction
B. attitudes
С aftermath
D. wealth.
6. Accommodation implies
A. allocation
B. a place to live or work in
C. a place to keep one's belongings in
D. an exhibition hall.
7.3. Read Texts 7.3.1—7.3.4. Write A 500 — Word Essay About
Vic's Personality Relying On The Information Given.
7.3.1 Read:
The kettle boils. Vic makes a pot of strong tea, puts two slices
of white bread in the toaster and opens the blinds on the kitchen
window. A grey, blustery morning, with no frost. Squirrels bound
across the lawn like balls of fluff blown by the wind. Magpies strut
from flowerbed to flowerbed, greedily devouring the grubs that he
turned up in yesterday's gardening. Blackbirds, sparrows, robins and
other birds whose names Vic does not know skip and hop about at a
discreet distance from the magpies. All these creatures seem very
much at home in Vic's garden, although it is only two miles from
the city centre. One morning not long ago he saw a fox walking past
the same window. It is Vic's impression that wildlife is getting
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streetwise, moving from the country into the city where the living is
easier—where there are no traps, pesticides, hunters and sportsmen,
but plenty of well-stocked garbage bins, and housewives like
Marjorie, softhearted or softheaded enough to throw their scraps
into the garden, creating animal soup-kitchens. Nature is joining
the human race and going on the dole.
After D.Lodge
7.3.2. Read for further information:
Vic has eaten his two slices of toast and is on his third cup of tea
and first cigarette of the day when Marjorie shuffles into the kitchen in
her dressing-gown and slippers. She carries the «Daily Mail», which
has just been delivered.
«Smoking», she says, in a tone at once resigned and reproachful,
condensing into a single word an argument well-known to both of them.
Vic grunts, the distillation of an equally familiar rejoinder. He glances
at the kitchen clock.
«Shouldn't Sandra and Gary be getting up? I won't waste my breath
on Raymond».
«Gary doesn't have school today. The teachers are on strike».
«What?» he says accusingly, his anger at the teachers somehow
getting displaced on to Marjorie.
«Industrial action, or whatever they call it. He brought a note home
on Friday».
«Industrial «in-action», you mean. You don't see teachers out on
the picket line, in the cold and the rain, have you noticed? They're
sitting in their warm staffrooms, chewing the fat, while the kids are
sent home to get into mischief. That's not action. It's not an industry,
either, come to that. It's a profession and it's about time they started to
act like professionals».
«Well...» says Marjorie placatingly.
«What about Sandra? Is the Sixth Form College taking «industrial
action» too?»
«No, I'm taking her to the doctor's».
«Why can't she go on her own? A girl of seventeen should be able
to go to the doctor's without someone to hold her hand».
424
Vic regards his wife suspiciously. «You're not going shopping with
her afterwards?»
Marjorie blushes. «Well, she needs a new pair of shoes...»
«You're a fool, Marje!» Vic exclaims. «You spoil that girl something
rotten. All she thinks about is clothes, shoes, hairstyles. What kind of
Α-Levels do you think she's going to get?»
«I don't know. But if she doesn't want to go to university...»
«What does she want to do, then? What's the latest?»
«She's thinking of hairdressing».
«Hairdressing!» Vic puts as much contempt into his voice as he
can muster.
«Anyway, she's a pretty girl, why shouldn't she enjoy clothes and
so on, while she's young?»
«Why shouldn't you enjoy dressing her up, you mean. You know
you treat her like a doll, Marje, don't you?»
After D. Lodge
7.3.3 Read for further information:
At 7.40 the tempo of his actions begins to accelerate. He strides
through the kitchen and runs up the stairs. He goes into the bedroom
and puts on a clean white shirt and a suit. He has six business suits,
which he wears in daily rotation. Today is the turn of the navy-blue
pinstripe. He selects a tie diagonally striped in dark tones of red, blue
and grey. He levers his feet into a pair of highly polished black calf
Oxfords. A frayed lace snaps under too vigorous a tug, and he curses.
He rummages in the back of the wardrobe for an old black shoe with a
suitable lace and uncovers a cardboard box containing a brand-new
clock radio, made in Hong Kong, sealed in a transparent plastic envelope
and nestling in a polystyrene mould. Vic sighs and grimaces. Such
discoveries are not uncommon at this time of year. Marjorie has a habit
of buying Christmas presents early, hiding them away like a squirrel,
and then forgetting all about them.
When he comes downstairs again, she is hovering in the hall.
«Who was the clock radio for, then?»
«What?»
«I found a brand-new clock radio at the back of the wardrobe».
425
Marjorie covers her mouth with her hand. «Sss! I knew I'd got
something for your Dad».
«Didn't we give him a Christmas present, then?»
«Of course we did. You remember, you rushed out on Christmas
Eve and got him that electric blanket... Never mind, it will do for next
year».
«Hasn't he already got a clock radio? Didn't we give him one a few
years ago?»
«Did we?» says Marjorie vaguely. «Perhaps one of the boys would
like it, then».
«What they need is a clock with a bomb attached to it, not a
radio,» says Vic, patting his pockets, checking for wallet, diary,
keyring, calculator, cigarettes and lighter. «Get that idle shower out of
bed».
«They need sleep when they're growing, Vic».
«Raymond's not growing, for Christ's sake. He stopped growing
years ago, unless he's growing a beer belly, which wouldn't surprise
me».
«Well, Gary's still growing».
«Make sure he does some homework today».
«Yes, dear».
Vic is quite sure she has no intention of carrying out his
instructions. If she hadn't arranged to take Sandra to the doctor's
Marjorie would probably go back to bed herself, now, with a cup of
tea and the «Daily Mail». A few weeks before, he'd returned home
after getting to work because he'd left some important papers behind,
and found the house totally silent, all three children and their mother
sound asleep at 9.30 in the morning. No wonder the country is going
to the dogs.
After D. Lodge
7.3.4 Read for further information:
The telephone rings. Vic picks up the receiver. «Wilcox».
«Vic?»
The voice of Stuart Baxter, Chairman of Midland Amalgamated's
Engineering and Foundry Division, sounds faintly disappointed. He
426
was hoping, no doubt, to be told that Mr.Wilcox wasn't in yet, so
that he could leave a message for Vic to ring back, thus putting him
on the defence, knowing that his divisional chief knew that he,
Vic, hadn't been at his desk as early as him, Stuart Baxter. Vic
becomes even more convinced that this was the motive for the call
as it proceeds, because Stuart Baxter has nothing new to
communicate. They had the same conversation the previous
Saturday afternoon, about the disappointing figures for Pringle's
production in December.
«There's always a downturn in December, Stuart, you know that.
With the long Christmas holiday».
«Even allowing for that, it's well down, Vic. Compared to last year».
«And it's going to be well down again this month, you might as
well know that now».
«I'm sorry to hear you say that, Vic. It makes life very difficult for
me».
«We haven't got the foundry on song, yet. The core blowers are
always breaking down. I'd like to buy a new machine, fully automated,
to replace the lot».
«Too expensive. You'd do better to buy in from outside. It's not
worth investing in that foundry».
«The foundry has a lot of potential. It's a good workforce. They
do nice work. Any road, it's not just the foundry. We're working
on a new production model for the whole factory — new stock
control, new purchasing policy. Everything on computer. But it
takes time».
«Time is what we haven't got, Vic».
«Right. So why don't we both get back to work now, instead of
chattering on like a couple of housewives over the garden fence?»
There is a momentary silence on the line, then a forced chuckle, as
Stuart Baxter decides not to take offence. Nevertheless, he has taken
offence. It was probably a foolish thing to say, but Vic shrugs off any
regret as he puts the receiver down. He is not in the business of
ingratiating himself with Stuart Baxter. He is in the business of making
J.Pringle @ Sons profitable.
After D. Lodge
427
7.4. Semantics And Grammar Tests.
7.4.1. Rephrase the italicised words and phrases:
1. We are uncertain about what to do.
2. Good students are allowed to take their exams ahead of schedule.
3. You should do everything to complete what you are doing.
4. The experimentator ought to test everything himself.
5. John is sensible enough to accept that job.
6. Mary is responsible for this project.
7. The researcher is to be able to watch carefully.
8. Your assistant is fairly responsive to new ideas.
9. Isn't he kind to people?
10. Undoubtedly, our new director is very qualified.
11. This is a great chance for me to see the world!
12. It is necessary for me to analyze the data now.
13. Is there a better way to obtain knowledge?
14. When I graduate I am going to take up research.
15. Will you really do everything you can!
16. Mr. Jones is sure of his reasons.
17. Jack is about to hand in his essay.
18. The problem in question is not new.
19. I'd prefer to work alone.
20. I'm no more fond ofsocial events than you are.
21. Dr. Ranyeon is a prominent scientist.
22. Who is going to organize everything?
23. Mr. Desmond was the head of the international department.
24. These two concepts are alike. How can I know which is which!
25. All our attempts to predict future events are useless.
26. George is disorganized and indisciplined.
27. The company is about to get smaller.
28. Franky is able to deal with a lot of issues daily.
29. I'm afraid I can't allow myself "to buy this car. It's too expensive.
30. This is a really rare book. You can't find it anywhere else.
31. These statements are not especially new.
32. We may expect that certain events are going to happen.
33. In any case, I am not liable to procrastinate.
428
34. Do you know how to choose words correctly all the time?
35. If you hand in your paper late it won't be worth anything.
36. He is to make maximum use of the circumstances.
37. Our team is going to do research together with yours.
38. The man may be 30 years old.
39. For some unaccountable reason, Jack quit his University
course.
40. Michael is a highly qualified researcher.
41. Max is a very determined man. He is unlikely to step aside
from the pattern chosen.
42. Now we are going to arrange an exhibition.
43. I'm very busy, but YMfindihe time for the meeting.
44. We are to travel on business quite often.
45. The community won't approve of misinfirmation like that.
46. We are going to put our invention into practice immediately.
47.1 think she will accept your apology.
48. The Grahams are going to pay their hotel bill and leave
tomorrow.
49. There was a confused mixture of people at the reception.
50. The museum is right on the edge of the park, (at)
51. It's difficult to earn the money big enough to cover her needs,
(with)
52. The job of the director is very demanding.
53. The pattern is typical of the middle class at its most common.
54. He is an easily recognized figure in the academic community.
55. From some utterance, a person may guess all sorts of things
which neither the utterance nor the utterer implied.
56. When Tom was a kid, he was able to put together a little group.
They played at school dances and stuff like that.
57. It waspretty evident who the leader of the group was.
58. Your people have no idea what it is necessary for you to reach
security.
59. Because of the conditions beyond our control, I'm afraid we
won't be able to continue our talks.
60. We are certainly going to have an enjoyable evening.
61.1 think it's highly unlikely for him to succeed. (He ...)
62. Tony was the handiest with tools in our group.
429
63. You must certainly attend our seminar!
64. There is no mention of'the substance in this handbook.
65. Behind-the-scenes information is likely to influence the
conclusions of many people.
66. This kind of problem can be solved bit by bit.
67. Professor G. started a determined attack on academic criticism.
7.4.2. Give names or descriptions:
1) facts and data;
2) a date or time before which you should do or complete
something;
3) a set of actions to obtain a particular result, esp. in an election,
politics etc.
4) cost in money, time and effort;
5) a group of people living at the same place and sharing the same
interests;
6) a large formal party;
7) a student who is doing a university course for a BA
8) a very small set of electrical connections printed on a single
piece of semiconductor material;
9) silly and unreasonable;
10) something that needs attention or consideration before others;
11) the larger number or amount;
12) a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge,
or with one particular branch
13) unsuccessful, useless, having no effect;
14) a fact, condition or event concerned with and influencing another
event, person or course of action
15) a possible later effect of an action (decision etc.);
16) a forceful statement or claim;
17) carrying a new project into effect
18) one who is above another in rank or surpasses another in quality,
merit or excellence;
19) a distinguishing characteristic, distinctive feature;
20) to cause to grow by special attention or by studying, developing
or practicing;
430
21) the action of calling something to the attention of the public
(esp. goods or services);
22) the highest rank representative of a foreign government;
23) a declaration that is a formula or a theorem in an axiomatized
system;
24) an act of taking for granted or supposing that the thing is true;
25) a strong persuasion or belief;
26) an animal, person or just anything regarded as created;
27) a contest between rivals;
28) equal in measure, extent or degree;
29) a shop where we can buy articles of food and other goods;
30) the obligation to do something;
31) great or absolute need;
32) a peculiar benefit, advantage or favor;
33) a distinctive feature;
34) something designed or used as a model for making things;
35) the state of looking forward;
36) the surrounding conditions;
37) the state of being complete;
38) a final decision or statement;
39) something that establishes certainty;
40) the act or practice of pretending to be what one is not, or to
have principles or beliefs that one does not have;
41) the state of being;
42) a place in which security trading is done on an organized system;
43) difference of opinion;
44) the head of the faculty at a university;
45) an organization or institution established for support of research;
46) one who revises or arranges the contents and style of a literary work;
47) a forcefulness of expression, stress or relative importance given
to a certain part of an utterance;
48) the teaching staff;
49) the sum of qualities gained genetically;
50) a right or permission given in accordance with law by a
competent authority to do something;
51) something given in opposition;
52) a big paper written by a candidate for an academic degree;
431
53) an event observed or participated in;
54) a first-year student;
55) dulled by excess;
56) an inference regarding to the future event;
57) free assistance of the poor;
58) a display of works of art or other objects
7.4.3. Rephrase the italicized words and word groups:
1) The community does not approve of misinformation like that.
2) Upon closer inspection, your proposal is not as good as you led
us to believe. It seems you didn 't pay much attention to our
interests.
3) As a lawyer, Frank avoids dubious cases.
4) He is so lazy that it is difficult to evaluate his ability. He does
utterly nothing.
5) The price of the house was over a million.
6) We are going ioput our invention into practice immediately.
7) Our opponent is very particular about the formal side of things
and does not care about actual gains.
8) It takes effort to remain level in science.
9) John must either obey the rules or leave school.
10) A computer programmer relying only on his experience cannot
be very efficient now.
11) There is a pleasant variety of things you can do together with
your friends.
12) Raymond is going to be introduced into his new team officially
tomorrow.
13) Did they make known the date of the exam?
14) The manager shouldn't entirely ignore what his employees say.
15) He is given to irrational acts. This isn't going to make his
reputation better.
16) I don't want any advice I don't ask for.
17) How many hobbies does Yann carry on)
18) Will no one say anything against these people and their lousy
tricks?
432
19) It's not a very good idea to ask Ben to join our new project
because he is our convinced opponent.
20) His work is not as good as mine.
7.4.4. Give names or descriptions:
1) a spring of mineral water;
2) a person who makes a request, especially officially and in
writing;
3) a person who makes insurance contracts;
4) (financial) support;
5) a person, thing or event that is hard to understand;
6) a demand or request for something one has a right to have;
7) a payment made to buy insurance;
8) forceful influence;
9) a feeling of satisfaction with oneself, especially without good
reason;
10) something that is probable soon;
11) an idea or feeling rather than reason or facts;
12) a participant of a contest;
13) a playful but foolish trick;
14) the area around a point or place;
15) a method of doing something that needs skill;
16) a state of uncertainty causing anxiety or sometimes pleasant
excitement;
17) a thing or person that symbolizes the stated quality;
18) skill in a particular field;
19) a reduction made in the cost of buying goods;
20) a period, often one year in each seven, when a university teacher
does not do his ordinary job and may travel, study, etc. but still
gets paid as usual;
21) the difficult or practical part of the situation, the essence of
something;
22) the head of the city or town; 23) the central office or place
where people work who control a large organization
433
7.4.5. Make Sentences Opening The Brackets:
1. (why/James/be going/become) a scholar although his academic
record was not superior?
2. (there/be/many expensive shops and department stores) on Fifth
Avenue?
3. (you/be able/complete/the course) if you don't attend all the
classes?
4. (we/be sure/evaluate) the facts adequately if we have all the
information?
5. He was a decent man, so (he/could/not/do) anything wrong.
6. (you/must/not start) a useless discussion now.
7. (you/can/not/make) the right decision occasionally?
8. (what/you/be going/do) after you graduate?
9. (establishment/can/really/support) the established order of
society?
10. (you/be able/get a top job) if the competition is very tough?
11. (we/be likely/get) a university education with the proper
expectations of a business profession.
12. Our friend is very sociable, (he/ought/not/enjoy) sociable events
at the Institute?
13. Excuse me. (you/could/tell/me) where I can find the office
manager?
16. (we/can/not/afford) to shrink? (why/we/should/always /grow)?
7.4.6 Complete the sentences using positive or negative operators
including modals. There might be more then one choice for some
items.
1) That's kind of strange,... it?
2) The breach ... not be as bad as we thought.
3) What if it... an accident? What if he intentionally ruined the
file?
4) Of course, I'm not going to deny the obvious. Why... I?
5) Theoretically, insurance of this kind ... be worth a lot of
money.
434
6) We... be able to accomplish our experimental program unless
some genius figures out how to design and make the necessary
facilities.
7) I never thought I... see it.
8) — So, you ... have any regret about the deal.
— Regret... a waste of time. So ... gloating.
9) If I were you I... do the same.
10)... we fax you the material?
11) You ... touch with the real problems.
12) Many scientists... afford working on a controversial theory.
13)... I remind you of the deadline?
14) What... you do if you wanted to make the world a better place?
15) —... I look through these accounts?
— I'd rather you ....
16) Why... the teachers allow John to be inducted in the National
Honor Society? He was such a good scholar.
17) You... need some tranquility.
18) He didn't hear you,... he?
7.4.7. Make Sentences Opening The Brackets:
1) If only you listened to me the contract (be) ours.
2) — You will give all the papers over to me.
— Why (I/do) that?
3) Such a device will never exist unless (some genius/figure out)
how to design and make it.
4) We all want money but (we/not/devote) all our lives to it.
5) Federal law requires that (ingredients/be listed) for each product
on sale.
6) No, I can't agree to that, (it/not/be) fair to you.
7) You should be saving your money if (you/ever/be going) to
build a grand house.
8) (I/would like/truly/drop) this subject, Laura.
9) We won't start the operation until (you/transfer) the money to
my current account.
10) He tried to start the car but (it/not).
435
7.4.8. Use the prompt in the right-hand column and figure out the
suitable derivative to complete the sentence.
e.g. You should learn how to deal with your ... problems, person
You write: You should learn how to deal with your personal
problems.
His behavior is extravagant to an... degree. proper
He has no limit.
You write: His behavior is extravagant to an improper degree.
Occasionally the stem might not to be changed:
The results are going to be good. The method is really efficient
You write:... The method is really efficient.
1. It's our... duty to complete the research. honor
2. This air of... of his! How desperately false. superior
3. James looked into the two unsympathetic faces and
realized that the people were ... of his success. envy
4. Language... is a long-term process. acquire
5. Ben is outright rude to his colleagues. He won't
listen to any remarks. He is an... person,
absolutely incorrigible
6. We are to develop an outline of our research
on purely... grounds. concept
7. He is ... 20 years old. suppose
8 summer rains are pleasant. occasion
9. A worthy is typically .... wealth
10.Good memory is usually associated with
superior.... intellect
11...., Sean quit his promising career. explain
12. With your..., I'll look into the matter. permit
436
13. I'm afraid, I'm going to have... with statistics. difficult
14. The office is simply... with old papers. stuff
15. Get down here.... You are to take charge of the
project. immediate
16. So, you aren't liable to accept the terms.
We understand your ... to our signing the
contract. object
17. Long hours spent at the desk won't help him in the
least bit. He is ... to the job. adequate
18. It helps us to understand him and it helps us
to act.... accord
19. There are already many legends... about his
name. cluster
20. We'd like to apologize for the late... of the
plane. arrive
21. The man is... American. unique
22. Back in 1950s, the government started an
underfunded agency with the laughable purpose of...
contacts with a race not of this planet. establish
23. Let me give you a ... piece of advice. value
24. My friends and I knew that it was up to us ...
together. stick
25. None of my associates are at your.... calibre
26. — It would be one of the hottest days of the year.
Can you believe it's nearly October?
—.... hard
27. Our first experiment was a complete .... fail
28. If you don't say anything, people are always
liable to assume the.... bad
29. There's little time left, and we still have a lot
of... togo over. arrange
30. Second language... is no simple, unidimensional
reality. acquire
7.4.9. Error correction: fignre out the wrong fragment.
1. What are the essentials, the few but fundamental facts on which a
A B
demanding professional in the computer business creates a product
С
which looks good and sell around the world?
D
2. Both opposition Democrats and diehard Republicans aren't too keen
A
to have President at their side before the mid-term election when he is
В
trying hard to avert embarrassment and demonstrate his good faith to
С D
the public at large.
3. Back in 1950s, the government started an underfunded agency with
A B
the laughable purpose to establish contacts with a race not of this planet.
С D
4. The conversation with James developed as freely as conversations
A B
did when professional matters are not at stake: none of us touched on
С D
publishing at all.
5. It should be borne in mind that we are all subject to immaturity, the
A B
development of bad habits, errors of judgement, a presumptuous attitude
С
and some other human conditions making us to behave in an inappropriate
D
Шу..
438
6. Business managers are usually prepared to deal with their employees'
A B
blunders, when necessarily, and to prevent negative consequences which
С D
are possible.
7.1 should tear the paper because I realized then that it was my last
A B
chance to go about my own life in the ordinary wav. But I didn't, and I
С D
lost it·
8. It's always a relief to know that the real work will be going on
A B
elsewhere. I pass it along to you, you pass it along to your neighbor, he
passes it along to the next, and so on infinitely until we haven't solved
С D
unemployment.
9. Do take my advice. It's really rewarding to transfer your assets to a
A
money market account. Otherwise. I haven't advised it. Your money
В С
isn't drawing any interest sitting here.
D
10. Our friend has been carefully trying to transform our publishing
A B
house into a machine capable to clone bestsellers, and he's about to
С D
succeed.
11. In your CV, you should mention if it is your first job like that or not.
A
Our personnel manager is very particular about details. Produce your
В С
papers as soon as possible.
D
439
12. The man knew only too well that there was a whole set of wealthy
А ВС
women in the city who got up at noon and spent the rest dav trying to
D
relieve their boredom shopping.
13. You know the reason mother proposed not having any presents were
A B
because it is going to be a hard winter for everyone.
С D
14. What interests me about people is everything we don't know about
A B
them, which, when all will be said or done, is everything we think we
С D
know about them.
15.1 admit I may have been too abrupt. I do owe vou an apology. We
A B
don't sometimes sav what we really mean. So I regret to sav all that to
С D
VOUL
16. Although no item may immediate strike vou as the focus
A
of a distinctive essay, a few imaginative connections could lead
В С
you directly to a suitable subject.
D
17. Just as a highway map shows several routes from one town to
A B
another, there is no single way of getting from the beginning of a
С D
piece of writing to the end.
440
18. Regardless their topics or forms, any presentations shouldn't be
A B
difficult to break into at least three secondary points specifying
С D
particular issues.
19. The best stories usually begin with something catchy. Basically
A
it's a hook — a phrase, a sentence or an idea that will nab readers'
В С
interest so completely that they'll keep on reading almost in spite
D
themselves.
20. The paragraph indentation is a signal to readers to get ready for a
A
change in thought or idea, somewhat like the directional blinker told
В С
other drivers that you're about to turn.
D
21. If you look at learning like a process of operant conditioning
A
through a carefully paced program of reinforcement, you will learn
В С
accordingly.
D
22. Maybe the surest way to narrow vour subject is to begin writing.
A
If your essay seems dull and disappointingly after a couple of
В
paragraphs, you're probably being too vague, too impersonal, or
С
ЬоШ.
D
23. That's exactly like Gilroy. He would remember these two names;
A
and if any of them ever crossed his path again, giving him the
В С
opportunity to do them harm, he would most certainly do it.
D
24. Susan often dreamed about meeting people she could really talk
A
with. She had never cared much for social chitchat that appeared
В С
being a necessary part of the social scene.
D
25.1 thought by this time you would have your fill of that job and
A
be ready to move back home where you belong to.
BCD
26. Although she was dressed well enough. Dorothy felt a little
A
uncomfortable in the brightly lit hall. She would have much
В С
preferred to go home first to change, but it was too late.
D
27. If you have enough money with you for the entire school year.
A
you should consider opening a savings account. A savings account
В
usually offers a high rate of interest compared to a checking
С
account if the latter is an interest-bearing one.
D
442
7.4.10. Test Yourself— 1
1. Rephrase Using Enough- Or Too Infinitive Clauses:
1. This hotel is certainly no good» That's why I am not going to stay
in it.
2. This discovery is important. It is likely to have a major effect on
the treatment of heart disease.
3. Betty is always very busy. She is unable to entertain herself every
weekend.
4. These basic ideas are quite familiar. They are not confusing at
all.
5. This politician is fairly progressive. He ought to enjoy popular
affection.
6. Jack is quiet and even-tempered. He obviously has good self-
esteem.
7. Jill is frivolous. She is unable to take things seriously.
8.1 am not good at math. I am not to miss math classes.
2. Complete The Sentences Showing The Purpose:
1. We usually take time to reflect
2. John is due to study hard
3. The company ought to have a good business strategy....
4 , you are to be an acute observer.
5 , I am to study hard.
3. Evaluate The Following Situations In Terms Of Likelihood/
Unlikelihood:
1. Your business strategy is quite adequate, in my opinion. You are
able to succeed.
2. The man doesn't look like professional muscle. He isn't that
type.
3. Due to the new evidence we are able to evaluate the situation
adequately.
4. The book isn't here. Maybe, it is in the stockroom.
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5. John is very athletic. He probably enjoys good health.
6. Mary is cheerful, joyful and playful. Perhaps she has a sense of
humor.
4. Evaluate The Following Situations In Terms Of Certainty
(Uncertainty)/Likelihood (Unlikelihood):
1. Julia is very particular about evidence. She is going to check
every bit of it.
2. Familiar basic ideas are sometimes not enough. We are to establish
new points of reference to clear up the subject.
3. The idea is good but not relevant to the issue at stake. It is not
necessary for us to consider it. (We...)
4. The project is adequate. Our team ought to implement it.
5.1 am not liable to consult an authority on the point. I'm going to
make a decision myself.
6.1 assure you these two men are pretty obviously professional
muscle.
7. John is too conceptual to rely on intuition.
5. Complete The Sentences Using Modals:
1. Ted is serious about everything he does, (he/not/take things for
granted)
2. (Brian /for an increase) in pay soon.
3. (you/really/submit) your paper before the deadline? You have
little time.
4. Mary is joyful and playful, (she/have/a good sense of humor).
5. (good students/sometimes/take their exams ahead of schedule).
6. (every student /know) the rules of the campus.
7. You can't work all the time; (you/have fun/occasionally).
8. (Allan/give) his final answer in a couple of days.
6. Complete The Sentences Using A Proper Preposition,
Conjunction or Pronoun:
1. This grand opportunity is entirely... your hard work.
2. I am not sure ... to establish a new point of reference in my
lecture.
3 is in store for me in the near future is somewhat confusing.
4. Are you acquisitive... new ideas?
5. What is Jim particular...?
6. Do you think the Dean is going to approye... the new project?
7. What exactly are you good ...?
8. John is not always careful about... he says.
7. Rephrase:
1. It is no good to put things off repeatedly. Just sit down and do
it.
2.1 really enjoy these quiet hours when I am by myself.
3. What are some characteristics to want in a partner?
4. The company is going to apply a new technology and get a 100%
increase in profitability as the result.
5. They are going to get the best advantage from the situation.
6. Are you permitted to take books from the stockroom?
7. He is very success-oriented.
8. Any bit of new information has some common fundamental
ideas.
9. What sort of research are you liable to undertake?
10. Few things are more important than good opinion of oneself.
11. The issue at stake is brand-new.
7.4.11. Test Yourself— 2
1. Rephrase Using Enough- Or Too Infinitive Clauses:
1. An active lifestyle is hard to acquire. I am not that energetic, I'm
afraid.
2. Our decision is going to be very important. It is able to revive
our entire business strategy.
3. Ted is busy at the moment. He has no time to reflect.
4. Jack is very compassionate and not egotistical at all.
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5. This proof is quite abundant. It is adequate to support your theory.
6. Your boss is very experienced. He is hardly liable to make a
mistake like that.
7. Any researcher is liable to be tough-minded and realistic. He is
to get things done.
8. The project is very promising. We are going to implement it.
2, Complete The Sentences Showing The Purpose:
1...., the speaker is to rely on evidence.
2. Jerry is always careful not
3. When in class, I always watch and listen carefully
4 ,1 am going to do my assignments very well this time.
5. You are to consider all the sides
3. Evaluate The Following Situations In Terms Of Likelihood/
Unlikelihood:
1. It is good that both the sides are able to understand each other.
2. It isn't possible for you to acquire superior academic record
because you aren't motivated at all.
3. Perhaps, they are on their way to our meeting.
4. She doesn't look like a person who is liable to leave no stone
unturned in everything she does.
5. Maybe, your new colleague is unable to get things done.
6. Lionel is able to be very persuasive due to his charm and energy.
4. Evaluate The Following Situations In Terms Of
Certainty(Uncertainty)/ Likelihood (Unlikelihood):
1. Robert's academic record is just superior. He is going to become
a recognized authority some day.
2. A successful deal is to stand on its merits.
3. This hotel is not very good. I am undecided whether to stay here
or to leave right now.
4. An increase in profits is always due to much effort on your part.
5. You are not interested in my opinion, I think.
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6. Our colleagues are liable to take up this project but I'm not sure
that they are able to complete it.
7. We are competent enough to implement our innovation.
5. Complete The Sentences Using Modals:
1. Our success is entirely due to quick performance, (we/not/
procrastinate)
2. (the bill/today)
3. (security guards/be/very athletic)?
4. — (your adviser/approve of your new idea)?
—Yes, because it is very good.
5. ( students/ occasionally /take their exams) ahead of schedule.
6. (every employee/know) the rules of the company.
7. If you aren't sure about what to do next, (you/consult/ an
authority).
8. (we/make a decision) by next Monday.
6. Complete The Sentences Using A Proper Preposition,
Conjunction Or Pronoun:
1. I'm afraid your new secretary is not quite adequate... the job.
2. What are you especially interested ...?
3. What a team you have! It is pretty obvious that you are careful
about... to deal with.
4. It is difficult to be accurate... complete chaos.
5. Our boss is pleasant to deal....
6. Are you sure... to consider every application submitted?
7. What are you best... ?
7. Rephrase:
1. If you want to see the manager you are to arrange a formal
meeting.
2. These achievements are caused mainly by the innovative
techniques.
3. Are you really able to accept things without asking a question?
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4. You look helpless and uncertain.
5. Your adviser is going to give you a piece of work to do.
6. The director is going to put these suggestions into practice
immediately.
7. This is no way to show the idea is true.
8. Ben is that kind of person who does not like to talk about
himself.
9. We aren't going to linger. We are to bring the project to an end.
10. This is a clear reason why we are to refuse.
11. Our teacher is able to make everybody believe what he is
talking about.
7.4.12. Test Yourself—3.
1. READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
BELOW, MAKING THE RIGHT CHOICE. BE READY TO
READ THE TEXT ALOUD.
The following morning, April fourth, Ed went to Custer's
Appliance Store. Custer's was housed in a yellow-brick building dating
from about 1920, and the glittering high-tech merchandise in its display
windows was as anachronistic as tennis shoes on a Neanderthal. Ed
purchased a videocassette recorder, a video camera and half a dozen
blank tapes.
The salesman was a long-haired young man who looked like Mozart,
in boots, jeans, a decoratively stitched cowboy shirt, and a string tie
with a turquoise clasp. He kept up a continuous chatter about the
multitude of features the equipment offered, using so much jargon tha
he seemed to be speaking a foreign language.
Ed just wanted to record and play back. Nothing more. He didn't
care if he could watch one show while taping another, or whether the
damned gadgets could cook his dinner or make his bed.
His ranch already had a television capable of receiving a lot of
channels, because, shortly after his taking the property, he had installed
a satellite dish behind the stables. Ed seldom watched a program, maybe
three or four times a year, but he knew the TV worked.
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From the appliance store he went to the library. He checked out a
stack of novels by Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, plus
collections of stories by H. P. Lovecraft, Algernon Blackwood, and
M. R. James.
He felt no less a fool than if he had selected lurid volumes of
flapdoodle purporting to be nonfiction accounts of the Abominable
Snowman, the Loch Ness Monster, the Lost Continent of the Atlantis
or the Bermuda Triangle. He fully expected the librarian to sneer at
him or at least favor him with a pitying and patronizing smile, but she
processed the books as if she found nothing frivolous about his taste in
fiction.
After stopping at the supermarket as well, he returned to the ranch
and unpacked his purchases.
He needed two full days in order to get the hang of the video system.
The damned equipment had more buttons and switches and readouts
than the cockpit of an airliner, and at times it seemed the manufacturers
had complicated their products for no good reason, out of a sheer love
of complication. The instruction books read as if they'd been written
by someone for whom English was a second language — which was
very likely the case, as both the VCR and the camcorder were made by
the Japanese.
«Either I am getting feebleminded,» he groused aloud in one fit of
frustration, «or the world's going to hell in a handbasket».
Maybe both.
After D.R.Koontz
NOTES:
gadget — a small and often novel mechanical or electronic device
lurid—highly-colored
flapdoodle—foolish and empty talk, writing or ideas, nonsense
purport—to intend, to purpose
sheer — pure, unmixed
camcorder — [camera + recorder] a small portable videocassette
camera and recorder combined
grouse — to complain
449
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS MAKING THE RIGHT CHOICE:
1. An appliance is
A. anything that might be used
B. an instrument used in a household
C. a household instrument or machine that utilizes a power supply,
especially electric current
D. a video camera or a videocassette recorder
2. A blank tape
A. has a special label on it. B. is the one that is empty.
B. has gaps on it. D. is no good and cannot be used.
3. The salesman in the appliance store talked about
A. the wide range of options the devices possessed.
B. the magnitude of features the equipment offered.
C. the physical characteristics of high-tech equipment.
D. the multiplication of the operations the equipment could perform.
4. The salesman seemed to be speaking a foreign language because
A. he was Japanese.
B. he was wearing boots, jeans, a stitched cowboy shirt and a string
tie.
C. he spoke a confused, unintelligible language.
D. he frequently made use of characteristic idioms inherent to those
dealing with high-tech apparatus.
5. A satellite dish is
A. a man-made object or vehicle intended to orbit the earth.
B. a microwave antenna which is highly directive in wave reflection
from a satellite.
C. another vessel for food.
D. a device used in the stables.
6. When Ed was at the library,
A. he chose some bright glossy books about the Lock Ness Monster
and the Bermuda Triangle.
B. he didn't take any nonfiction accounts of the Lock Ness Monster
and The Bermuda Triangle.
C. the librarian found his taste in fiction frivolous.
D. he didn't expect the librarian to sneer at him.
7. The equipment Ed bought
A. was overelaborate.
B. had as many buttons and switches as an airliner.
С was easy to get the hang of.
D. was the cockpit of the airliner.
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES MAKING THE RIGHT
CHOICE:
1. — I saw him washing the car.
A. I, too.
B. I also did.
С So did I.
D.So I saw.
2. I'll do this thing as long as we... each other.
A. understand
B. will understand
С understanding
D. would understand
3. Your people have no clue to what security... and what it... to
achieve it.
l)A.be
B. are
C. to be
D.is
2) A. take
B. takes
C. to take
D. taking
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4. It was pretty ... who the star of the class was.
A. more obvious
B. obviously
C. obvious
D. the most obvious
5. Let's not... excited. We'll have to make an announcement.
A. get
B. to get
С getting
D.got
6. If... properly, this thing can be ... a million in free publicity.
1) A. to handle
B. handling
C. handle
D. handled
2) A. worthy
B. worse
C. worth
D. worst
7. He has a reputation for ... tough.
A. to be
B. been
С is
D. being
8. The only thing that I can figure ... that you could get it done.
A. may
B. is
C. maybe
D.—
9. Every time I read ... something new.
A. I read
B. to read
C. reading
D. we read
10. Few people would ever like... of such stuff.
A. something
B. everything
С anything
D. nothing
3. MAKE SENTENCES OPENING THE BRACKETS:
1.—What (Kevin/do) at the moment?
— I don't know, (he/might/do) some private stuff.
2.1 wouldn't be here if (I/not/think) it was important.
3. It is desirable that (the list /be) shorter.
4. Sandra views life as a serious undertaking. (she/be/Hkely/drive)
herself hard.
5. John sees himself as a character in a movie. He even hums
background film music when (he/drive and jog).
6. You seem to love computer, (everything about them/come) easily
and naturally to you?
7. (why/this story/both/entertain/and/inform) the reader?
8. The system is too complicated, (it/need/simplify).
9. (what time/the executive/call) yesterday?
10. (why/you/not/accept) the offer? It might be very promising.
4. REPHRASE THE ITALICIZED FRAGMENTS MAKING
THE RIGHT CHOICE:
1. When at school, I put together a little band. We played at school
dances, stuff like that.
A. adjusted
B. applied
C. assigned
D. arranged
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2. Due to the facts andconditions beyond our control, we won't be
able to develop the project further.
A. circumstances
B. attributes
C. occurrences
D. events
3. The car is fittedwith a radio transmitter.
A. fixed with
B. provided with
C. established with
D. connected to
4.1 gather the things that are actual, examine the keys and turn
them into the proof.
1) A. figures
B. effects
С facts
D. accounts
2) A. clues
B. hints
С items
D. points
3) A. assertion
B. suggestion
C. evidence
D. assessment
5. After a short pause, the participants went on disputing the issue.
A. continued to discuss
B. resumed debating
С assumed debating
D. summarized the discussion
6. By the way, that is a good workout. You're showing noticeable
progress.
A. matched implication
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8. measured imbalance
C. much importance
D. marked improvement
7. So, you may go home. You are relieved. I'm taking the charge.
1) A. to have some rest and piece
B. are freed of doing your duty
С are reliable
D. are convinced
2) A. control and supervision
B. advice and instruction
C. challenge
D. command and go-ahead
8.1 promise that you will be inconvenienced as little as possible in
the course of our investigation.
A. disapproved
B. disturbed
C. deceived
D. delegated
9. Nothing matters but facts.
A. means
B. is meaningful
С is a matter
D. is important
10. Aren't you tired of these promises of support? They are vague,
in my opinion.
A. not clearly spoken
B. not clearly expressed
С not very much varied
D. not very clearly verified
5. REPHRASE THE ITALICIZED FRAGMENTS:
1. What I am going to tell you must remain in the strictest secrecy.
2. Though not a naive man, he used to trust his associates completely.
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3. Every university asks prospective students to send their essays
for consideration. In the end, the essay will help the admission
committee make their decision.
4. None of the three applicants has former students' connections
— they'll sink or swim on their own.
5. Unfortunately, the information isn't obtainable.
6. Our plan is to take up the talks about a new line of credit to start
our company.
7. I'm just trying to show that I'm grateful for your assistance in
the making of the film.
8. The main grounds and buildings of the university are magnificent.
9. Oughtn't every employee of the company to work well, quickly
and without waste!
10. The history of scientific advance and the history of warfare are
linked in a complicated and inseparable way.
7.4.13. Test Yourself— 4.
1. READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
BELOW, MAKING THE RIGHT CHOICE. BE READY TO
READ THE TEXT ALOUD.
DOES LLOYD'S OF LONDON ENSURE WHEN
OTHERS DON'T?
Where can a company go to get pollution liability insurance or
kidnapping insurance for its key executives? The answer is Lloyd's of
London. How can an insurance company afford to assume the risks of
a satellite explosion or a chemical plant leak? Actually, no other
insurance company but Lloyd's can. As a matter of fact, Lloyd's is not
one big company, but rather an association of some 20,000 members
that buy and sell risks. These members have unlimited liabilities for
losses. In the past, losses were anticipated well, and the company was
very profitable.
Lloyd's was known as the company that insured the Titanic. It took
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a huge loss when it sank. It also took huge losses on ships that were
sunk during the Iran/Iraq War. During the 1980s, Lloyd's was struck
for huge claims. For example, it lost millions of dollars on satellites
that were lost. Now the company is bound to reconsider what risks it
will cover. It is getting more conservative and turning down certain
risks. For example, it turned down an oil, gas and chemical company in
Texas for environmental damage insurance. Lloyd's learned that the
losses from such plants could go into billions of dollars.
How would you like to be liable for the damages caused by a nuclear
plant disaster? Lloyd's knows how to avoid insuring these plants with
such huge risks involved. At one time, Lloyd's was the insurer of last
resort. If you were willing to provide sufficient underpinning, they were
willing to sell you insurance. No more! Now there is no place to go for
some kind of loss coverage.
After W. Nickels, J.McHugh, etal.
1. As a matter of fact,
A. Lloyd's is the only company that will insure the risks of a space
accident.
B. a few insurance companies will assume the risks of a cosmic
disaster.
C. almost any insurance company is able to accept the risks of a
space accident.
D. no insurance company will face the risks of a satellite explosion.
2. The members of Lloyd's
A. are liable not to limit the losses.
B. aren't limited in their activity.
C. are to compensate for the losses fully.
D. take losses frequently.
3. At one time, the insurers of Lloyd's
A. were constantly waiting for possible losses.
B. were good at figuring the losses.
C. were against the losses.
D. were liable to take losses.
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4. In 1980s,
A. the clients of Lloyd's were struggling for their claims.
B. the premiums at Lloyd's very much exceeded the claims.
C. the claims at Lloyd's very much exceeded the premiums.
D. the company was very strict to its employees because of the
numerous claims.
5. In 1980s, Lloyd's lost millions of dollars because
A. the money was kept on the satellite.
B. the satellites kept disappearing.
C. the financial underpinning got lost.
D. it insured some space objects and they disappeared.
6. If a chemical company wants environmental damage insurance,
A. Lloyd's will probably refuse it.
B. Lloyd's will take down the premiums.
C. Lloyd's will make the deal provided the underpinning is
high.
D. Lloyd's will recommend another company to go for this kind
of loss coverage.
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES MAKING THE RIGHT
CHOICE:
It is desirable that a certified intellectual... part in the project.
A. to take
B. takes
C.take
D. will take
You can hardly believe that the plane is likely... turbulence that
violent
A. to hit
B. to be hitting
С to be hit
D. hitting
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3. People with nothing better... often send letters like these.
A. do
B. doing
C. to do
D. done
4. Jane was sure that she ... be able to do everything herself.
A. can
B. will
С is
D. would
5. The line is engaged. Ronald is likely ... to his boss.
A. to be talked
B. to be talking
С talking
D. to talk
6. Wise parents will let their growing children ... friends to their
home.
A. bring
B. to bring
C. bringing
D. brought
7.... properly, this television show is a real chance to provide good
exposure to the cast.
A. provide
B. providing
C. provided
D. to be provided
8. It's not the right time... civil disturbances, is it?
A. create
B. to be creating
C. to be created
D. created
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9. We were lucky to meet all those people—without... smiles but
open-hearted, hospitable, self-ironic and by no means alien.
A. force
B. forcing
С forced
D. to force
10. Steve will sit at home... beer and contact you by modem until
you... him to come to the headquarters.
1)A. to sip
B. sipped
C. sips
D. sipping
2) A. asked
B.ask
С will ask
D. are asking
3. MAKE SENTENCES OPENING THE BRACKETS:
1. (we/really/have/get back) to the main campus this afternoon?
2. This painting is considered to be the first impressionist work in
history, (it/start) the impressionist movement, (it/influence)
major artists (who/go on/found) the first major schools.
3.1 would help you if (you/be) able to wait.
4. (it/not/seem) that there may be a couple of holes in his theory?
5. If we wanted to protect the apparatus in space, (it/have/have) a
beryllium case to contain it.
6. You wouldn't believe what stuff and nonsense (people/read)
nowadays.
7. — I take it by your presence that (the job/do).
— Well, almost.
8.1 have (some letters/sign). Tell everybody (I/not/be/disturb).
9. Wow! And I thought (this party/be going/be)another bunch of
boring bankers and oil billionaires.
10. To make the right decision, (I/must/inform) properly.
4. REPHRASE THE ITALICIZED FRAGMENTS MAKING
THE RIGHT CHOICE:
1. Sam wanted to travel to the Pacific coast by securing free rides
from passing vehicles.
A. hitch
B. hitchcock
C. hitchhike
D. hittite
2. Programs on television are degenerating into worn out, predictable
repetitions of each other.
A. weary
B. wearing
С wearable
D. wearier
3. Lincoln had his enemies but his intellectual influence cannot be
denied.
A. autarchy
B. authority
C. authenticity
D. authorship
4. His articles are easily recognizable because all of them have this
distinguishing characteristic.
A. ingredient
B. constituent
C. peculiarity
D. streak
5. The candidate lacks some qualities special to the executive's
style.
A. appropriate
B. specific
C. particular
D. individual
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6. This is a well-known organization functioning as the principal
underwriter of the costs of science.
A. fund
B. insurance company
С establishment
D. foundation
7. How beautiful! Is it authentic!
A. real
B. genuine
С actual
D. valuable
8.1 don't think I'll take my degree exam before next October. I'd like
to recharge my batteries before I actually rush into preparing for it.
A. take the time
B. take the opportunity
C. take the plunge
D. take the risk
9. Our team is very informal. We're all on a first-name basis. I
think you v/ulfit in fine.
A. suite
B.suit
C. sweet
D. sweat
10. The surrounding conditions might influence you more than you
expect.
A. envelope
B. enhancement
С entertainment
D. environment
5. REPHRASE THE ITALICIZED FRAGMENTS:
1. Could you explain the meaning of the statement?
2. Every candidate knows well that the competition is going to be
tough.
3. Isn't Roy the most hardworking student in the class?
4. Thomas ignored the remark of his associate.
5. Unwillingly, the manager agreed to deal with the complaint.
6.1 wouldn't rely on the medical treatment based on personal
experience rather than qualifications.
7. Being sociable is good but not enough to get along with others.
8. There are things we can't understand.
9. This is not your privilege; this is yourpaid'job.
10. What is your view of it?
7.4.14. Test Yourself— 5
1. READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
BELOW, MAKING THE RIGHT CHOICE.
HEALTH INSURANCE
There is not yet a national medical plan or health care service to
pay for health care in the United States. Since health care is so expensive,
a serious illness or a major accident can be a financial disaster.
As a result, many educational institutions have set mandatory health
insurance requirements as part of their efforts to ensure that foreign
students do not become a «public charge», that is, they do not become
dependent on the government to take care of them.
If health insurance premiums seem too high for your budget or if,
as a healthy young person, you think that health insurance is an
unnecessary expense, consider the following costs that could be incurred
in the United States for the specific medical problems listed below.
Hospital, doctor and other medical costs vary throughout the country
and they are constantly rising. For example, emergency room care
averages about $150 per visit. Hospital rooms vary in price depending
on the hospital and the region of the country, but currently one overnight
stay in a hospital room averages $200 to $ 1,000 per day (without medical
costs). Overall, national figures indicate that the average cost for a one-
week stay in a U.S. hospital is often as much as $7,000. Put another
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way, this is about half the total annual cost of attending some U.S.
colleges and universities.
Although health insurance covering your stay in the United States
can often be purchased in your home country, experience has shown
that most of these plans do not adequately cover your health care needs.
In addition, many U.S. health care providers are reluctant to bill foreign
insurance companies for health care charges. They prefer to bill the
patient and let the patient seek reimbursement from the foreign insurance
company. Unless you know for sure that the policy is equal to or better
than the policies of U.S. health care insurance companies and that your
home-country health insurance policy can be billed in the United States,
you should probably wait and buy health insurance when you arrive in
the United States.
1. In the United States
A. there is a wide network of free medical service.
B. there is a federal health care plan to pay for medical aid.
С health care is worth much.
D. health care is a national financial disaster.
2. Most of American universities demand that
A. health care be binding.
B. health care depend on the government.
C. the government provide health care for foreign students.
D. health care be public.
3. A healthy young person might think that health insurance expense
is
A. futile.
B. redundant.
С frivolous.
D. reluctant.
4. Young people won't buy health insurance because
A. it is too expensive.
B. they are healthy.
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C. they don't want to waste their money.
D. of all the above factors.
5. The overall price of attending some universities per year in the
U.S. is about
A. $ 14,000
B. $21,000
С $7,000
D. $28,000
6. If you aren't quite sure of your policy, it is better to buy health
insurance
A. in your native country.
B. in the US Embassy.
С in the US.
D. in the airport.
7. In the USA, medical institutions would rather
A. charge foreign underwriters for their services.
B. make the patient cover all costs.
С make sure that the patient's policy is as good as the policies
of American insurance companies.
D. wait for the patient to buy health insurance in the USA.
2. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES MAKING THE RIGHT
CHOICE:
1. Why... you assign Dr. Gallagher to the job? He is quite adequate
to it.
A. do
B. don't
С did
D. didn't
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2. This is something I never thought I... see.
A. can
B. would
С will
D.am
3. If I... it wouldn't be fair to you.
A. accepted
B.accept
C. will accept
D. am accepting
4. Although travel is broadening and fun, there is ... place like
home.
A. some
B.every
С no
D.any
5. The faculty will want students who will try... the life on campus
or in the community.
A. shaping
B. to shape
C. shape
D. shaped
6. Academic support will help you... how to manage your time.
A. learn
B. learning
C. learned
D. learns
7. If... early in the course, the term paper is usually... near the end
ofit.
1) A. to assign
B. assigning
C. assign
D. assigned
2) A. duly
Β. duty
C. due
D. dully
8. How much are you charged for... long distance?
A. to call
B. calling
C. called
D. calls
9. The only thing that matters... that you cope.
A. may
B. is
C. maybe
D.—
10. Every time I get cash... a personal check.
A. I cash
B. to cash
C. cashing
D. we cash
3. MAKE SENTENCES OPENING THE BRACKETS:
1. (every person/have/show) some form of photo identification to
enter the exhibition hall?
2. With the exception of my grandfather, no one in my family ever
thought (I/become) a journalist.
3. Ralph's father was a good mechanic, (he/launch) a small
manufacturing plant and (build) it up into a fairly large company
in its field. After his death (his son/take over) the business.
4. I wonder (what/it/be like) to be married to one of the
establishment.
5. If you flew across the Atlantic, (you/be/jet-lagged).
6. I'm afraid you don't quite realize (what/you/let/yourself) in for.
7. With the advent of computers, (enormous amounts of money/
can/transfer) instantaneously.
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8. (when/question) closely, they were» vague about who actually
had produced the device.
9.1 would suggest that (he/move along/and leave/us).
10. You left without asking permission, (if/you/have) urgent business
at home, (you/should/talk) it over with you chief.
4. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES MAKING THE RIGHT
CHOICE:
1. Our conclusions were arrived at by..., not by direct evidence.
A. infinite
B. infinity
C. inference
D. inferential
2. This air of superiority of his! She resented the note of... in his
voice.
A. condensation
B. condescension
C. concurrence
D. conscience
3. Mr.Hale usually does not employ any man who just walks into
his office, not without a... check into his background.
A. through
B. throughout
С though
D. thorough
4. If you sign the contract, you'll... commit yourself.
A. irrevocably
B. irrevocable
C. irresponsibly
D. irretrievably
5. The newspaper provides... coverage of world affairs.
A. complex
B. comprehensible
C. comprehensive
D. compulsory
6. It is not economically... to launch such a lavish production.
A. feasible
B. futile
С fearful
D. featureless
7. Scientific knowledge was often... to help cause destruction and
war.
A. perverse
B. pervasive
С pervert
D. perverted
8. International communication will bring suitably educated people
from every economic region into the... of the world economy.
A. main street
B. mainstream
C. mainspring
D. maintain
9. We are all subject to errorneous judgement and....
A. justice
B. prejudgement
С prejudice
D. prediction
10. There is superior high... equipment in every classroom of the
college.
A. fidelity
B. flying
С fidgety
D. fictional
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5. REPHRASE THE ITALICIZED FRAGMENTS:
1. The girl felt lonely and was happy to have someone to talk to.
2. My associate began going to the library daily and digging into
the books.
3. Perhaps it would be fitting here to quote a fragment from his
speech.
4. His eccentricity eventually led to his being discharged from the
company.
5. If done properly, your essay would account for one third of
your semester grade.
6. This is such a clear case that I'm afraid there is nothing to talk
about.
7. We very much approve o/your contribution to the project.
8. The alarm system contained a complex variety of devices.
9. An applicant is to produce a brief account of'his biographical
data.
10. The artist made a close copy of the picture.
FOR TEACHERS
Script For Listening Comprehension Tests
7.1.1.
1. What a cute little boy!
2. I'd accept this job, I think.
3. It looks as if there is too many a chief and not enough Indians in
this department.
4. You can find a couple of good articles in the last issue, but
otherwise it's a pretty boring stuff.
5.1 could do anything except this job.
6. He's undecided whether to undertake this project.
7. You're bound to have occasional disagreements.
8. Stuff and nonsense!
9. They expect to pass their exams.
10. Our company was able to acquire new offices in central London.
11. Questions abound as to the reasons of the President's decision.
12. At this school they have a staff of 30.
13. It is a sure sign of success.
14. Is he going to prove it?
15. His manner is somewhat aloof.
16. There are a few employment ads in today's paper.
17. This calculator adds quickly.
18. You should do some revision for the exam.
19. It's well worth making an effort to learn how to do it.
20. You can buy quite decent clothes there without spending too
much.
21. I'm afraid there may be a change for the worse.
22. Can we implement the idea immediately?
23. He is too selfish to share.
24. The idea may become a force only if you can deeply implant it
in minds.
25. We are to make an important decision right now.
26. There is nothing in the letter of particular importance.
27. We were likely to agree with each other. That's why I was very
surprised at his inexplicable rebuffing.
471
28. The arranging of our business agreement is a top priority now.
29. Some diseases are present by heredity.
30. How long will that be till the next session?
7.1.2.
1. Can you assign the day of our meeting?
2. Are you going to keep your car or sell it?
3. Laura takes an excessive interest in clothes.
4. A worthy is usually someone who is immensely rich and popular.
5. He says he can't stand leather; he'd like a tweed suit.
6. Such is reality. Try to be more objective about the facts.
7. The number of students in this department will supposedly
shrink.
8. There are licenses to sell some particular things.
9. Would you approve of the total prohibition of smoking?
10.1 think neither of these two secretaries can be efficient.
11. There's no reference to the problem of semiconductors in the
paper.
12. What a disgusting little thing!
13. He's in charge of the security arrangements for the talks.
14. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
15. Nothing can quench thirst better than water.
16. This is such a sensitive issue that perhaps we shouldn't inform
the press.
17. This is a very superior make of car, sir!
18. Your arguments are rather vulnerable to criticism.
19. She always has a suite in the Ritz when she comes to town.
20. The government is likely to think it has a license to print money.
21. This is supposedly reliable evidence.
22. You'll find that Sean is more responsive to praise than to
criticism.
7.1.3.
1. To try to make the future happen is a reasonable activity.
2. You are capable of doing an exciting technical job in a high-tech
area.
472
3. I'd say our new employee is rather acquisitive of the idea of
responsibility.
4. Will you allow me to use your borrower's ticket?
5. Because we are not to spend money lavishly someone should
watch the expenses.
6. All our attempts to clone a new synthetic drug are going to be
unsuccessful without a new technology.
7. Our friend is sensible enough not to draw far-reaching
implications.
8. I'm not sure if there are back files in our departmental library.
9.1 never rely on general opinions because the majority may be
wrong sometimes.
10. For further information, contact your local agent.
11. Who is in charge of arranging sociable events in your
department?
12. Mrs. Harris talks as if she is much better than us — who does
she think she is!
13. Brian is hard to deal with because he has no limit.
14.1 am not a very good player but I like a game from time to time.
7.1.4.
1. The manager spends much of his day acquiring information.
2. The manager is to handle customer complaints all the time.
3. This type of information is most valuable. It comes from quick
conversational exchanges, many of them on the telephone.
4. Our joint project is quite an experience.
5. What sort of research are you going to take up?
6. They are sure to submit the report in due time. It's so important
for them.
7. Aren't you to account for the calculations?
8. There are always a few teenagers eddying near the swimming
pool.
9. Politicians are to be very careful about their public utterances.
10. The salary is commensurate with your experience.
11. We are 100 percent positive that it's just a management problem.
12. There was no immediate indication of what they are going to
do next.
473
13. All the members of our team are very good at producing new
ideas.
14. Students are to work well, quickly and without waste any kind.
15. Rains are quite frequent in this part of the country.
16. Our company gives money and other help to families on a low
budget.
17. The movie shows the changing fortunes of a poor family in
Southern Australia.
18. Michael isn't ever likely to be well-off. He spends money
wastefully.
19. The government is bound to revoke many tax privileges quite
soon.
20. He has no originality— he's just a David Bowie clone.
7.1.5.
1. The job is too demanding for me to accept it.
2. My friend is liable to take everything for granted.
3. John is success-oriented.
4. Ben's manner of speaking is not always clear.
5. If you want to complete the course you ought to attend all the
classes.
6. The realistic researcher is to observe things acutely.
7. Rains are quite frequent here.
8. Mr. D. is pretty obviously conservative.
9. Our team is going to obtain abundant proof of the concept.
10. Miss Brown is eager to please everybody.
11. Allan is undecided whether to accept a new job.
12. The idea is good but not relevant to the issue at stake.
13. The new boss wants to win popular affection.
14. No one is in the room now except me.
15. We are all liable to procrastinate sometimes.
7.1.6.
1. To blame someone you are to have all the proof necessary.
2. We are going to change our market strategy to increase profits.
3. If we want to implement our project it is necessary to consult an
authority.
4. Let's choose a better description to understand the idea fully.
5. If you are an ordinary mortal like the rest of us you might
occasionally want to do things by yourself.
6. They ought to employ a manager to watch expenses.
7. Dennis is so eager to please everybody. Perhaps, he is the sole
owner of this property.
8. Patrick will do anything to prevent Jannifer to take over the
directorship.
9. The team is about to start a new business. They mean to establish
a large-scale enterprise.
7.1.7.
—You know something that puzzles me? How a man like yourself
who has absolutely nothing to do can be late for every little
engagement.
—Practice. Lots and lots of practice.
7.1.8.
—Has it ever occurred to you that you have a problem with trust?
— I trust myself implicitly.
—Yes, but can other people trust you?
— Do you mean society at large?
— I mean people close to you.
— Yes. They could trust me.
—Under what extraordinary circumstances would you allow this
to happen?
—Someone who is close to me could trust me as long as his interests
didn't run too contrary to my own.
— On society at large... What if its interests were to ran counter to
your own?
— Hope this never happens.
7.1.9.
— What is this stuff? Is it a metal?
— Sort of. I didn't think it existed. But my God, here it is. Some
people believed this was the substance the Universe was formed
of.
475
— Could it conceivably be used to make some sort of fuel?
—Theoretically, yes.
— How?
— Well, supposedly it's very unstable on the molecular level.
Constantly given to expansion. Only the cell bonds hold it in check.
But if the bonds were breached ...
— By an explosion?
— It wouldn't do it. But if the power of the cell were to turn on
itself in an implosion the molecular imbalance will be released. So you'll
get your fuel.
— How powerful?
— No man can say.
7.1.10.
— I've spent a lot of money underwriting this, Ralph.
— I do appreciate the money that you and your associates have
invested in this operation but it is an operation. This is actually
battle, and battle is a highly fluid situation. You plan on your
contingencies and I have. You keep your initiative and I will.
But what you don't do is share command. It's never a good idea.
7.1.11.
— No, no, no! I have told you a dozen times we are on an energy
research project. I'm not interested in any military application of it.
— So why 'd you let the War Department pay all the bills?
— 'Cause you talked me into it, Sandy. I just wanted to have enough
money to finish.
— Dr. Fames, you don't think big. If you only listened to me the
world could be our oyster.
— Oyster? I hate oysters.
7.1.12.
— It was this rush job. They needed these documents down at the
district courthouse. And, of course, the big problem.
— Problem?
— Yeah. Our printer shut down. I went to the third floor to use
theirs but they have the 1720 ...
476
—And what of it?
— And, of course, the disk isn't formatted for the 1720. So I had to
go back upstairs and reformat, go back downstairs and use their
printer. Then I couldn't get my car to start... then traffic. Well, I
barely got here.
KEYS
7.4.1. unsure 2. permitted 3. get things done 4. check all out 5.
reasonable 6. in charge of 7. observe acutely 8. acquisitive of/receptive
to 9. humanelO. skilled 11. grand opportunity 12. evidence 13. acquire
14. Undertake 15. make the most of yourself/do your bestfleave no
stone unturned; 16. grounds 17. submit 18. issue at stake 19. by myself
20. sociable 21. high calibre scholar 22. arrange/set up 23. in charge
24. distinguish between them 25. futile 26. a drifter 27. shrink 28. handle
29. afford 30. elsewhere 31 .particularly 32. anticipate 33. linger 34.
properly 35. submit, a damn 36. the most 37. in cooperation with 38. is
supposedly 39. inexplicably 40. very skilled scientist/scholar 41. deviate
42. organize/set up 43. make 44. take frequent business trips 45. will
disapprove 46. implement [our invention.] 47.acknowledge 48. check
out 49. ragbag 50. at the border 51. commensurate with 52. directorship
53. average 54. a familiar [figure] 55. infer 56. organize 57. quite obvious
58. achieve 59. circumstances 60. definitely 61. He will hardly [succeed.]
62. bunch 63. by all means 64. reference to 65. gossip 66. incrementally
67. launched
7.4.2.1) evidence 2) deadline 3) campaign 4) expense 5) community
6) reception 7) undergraduate 8) integrated circuit 9) ridiculous 10)
priority 11) the majority 12) encyclopedia 13) futile 14) circumstance
15) implication 16) demand 17) implementation 18) superior 19)
peculiarity 20) to cultivate 21) advertisement 22) ambassador 23)
assertion 24) assumption 25) conviction 26) creature 27) competition
28) commensurate 29) grocery store 30) commitment 31) necessity 32)
privilege 33) quality/property 34) pattern 35) expectation/anticipation
36) environment 37) integrity 38) conclusion 39) proof 40) hypocrisy
41) existence 42) stock exchange 43) disagreement 44) dean 45)
foundation 46) editor 47) emphasis 48) faculty 49) heredity 50) license/
477
licence 51) objection 52) thesis/dissertation 53) experience 54) freshman
55) jaded 56) prediction 57) charity 58) exhibition/exhibit
7.4.3. 1) disapproves 2) neglected 3) shrinks from 4) assess 5)
exceeds 6) implement 7) puts much faith in appearances over
achievement 8) keep up 9) behave 10) A seat-of-the-pants computer
programmer cannot... 11) an enjoyable set of shared experiences 12)
be inducted [into his new team tomorrow] 13) announce 14) disregard
15) enhance [his reputation] 16) unsolicited counsel 17) pursue 18)
speak out 19) diehard 20) inferior to
7.4.4.1) a spa 2) an applicant 3) an underwriter 4) underpinning 5)
an enigma 6) a claim 7) a premium 8) pressure 9) complacency 10)
prospect 11) a hunch 12) a contestant 13) a prank 14) neighborhood
15) a technique 16) suspense 17) (the) epitome 18) command 19)
discount 20) a sabbatical 21) nitty-gritty 22) (the) mayor 23) (the)
headquarters
7.4.9.1 D—sells; 2 A—Neither... Democrats nor... Republicans
... 3. С — the... purpose of establishing (to show an on-going, long-
term action); 4. В — as conversations do; 5. D — making us behave; 6.
С — when necessary; 7. A — should have torn; 8. D. until we have
solved; 9. В — I would not have advised it; 10. С a machine capable of
cloning; 11. A—whether it is your first job or not; 12.D — the rest of
the day; 13. В—was; 14. С—when it is said; 15.D — I regret saying;
16. A—immediately; 17. С—no single way to get (to show momentary,
short-term action); 18. A—Regardless of; 19. D—in spite of; 20. С —
the ... blinker tells; 21. A — learning as a process; 22. В —
disappointing; 23. В — either of them; 24. D — that appeared to be;
25. A — you would have had; 26. D — to have gone home; 27. С — a
higher rate
7.4.10:7.1. procrastinate 2. alone 3. features 4. achieve 5. make
the most of 6. allowed 7. ambitious 8. familiar basic concepts 9. take
up 10. self-esteem 11. problem in question
7.4.11:7.1. make an appointment 2. largely due to 3. take [things]
478
for granted 4. puzzled 5. an assignment 6. implement [these suggestions
immediately] 7. proof of [the idea] 8. reserved 9. complete [the project]
10. an obvious [reason] 11. be persuasive
7.4.12:5.1. confidence 2. implicitly 3. submit, finally/eventually 4.
alumni's 5. available 6. undertake, launch 7. acknowledge 8.... campus
... is 9. efficiently 10. inextricably entwined
7.4.13:5.1 .account for 2. is [well] aware 3. studious 4. disregarded
5. Reluctantly 6. seat-of-the-pants 7. communicative 8. are unable to
comprehend 9. employment 10. opinion
7.4.14: 5. 1. the company 2. delving 3. an excerpt 4. fired 5.
adequately 6. blatant 7. appreciate 8. elaborate 9. curriculum vitae 10.
replica