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AKA,l{EMHSI HAYK CCCP
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r JIaBHbIH peJI.aKTOp
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B. H. r JIYHHH (OTBeTCTBeHHbIH peJI.aKTOp),.
A. B. MEJII1KCETOB, M. <1>. IOPbEB,
¥I. B. BOJIKOBA (OTBeTCTBeHHblH CeKpeTapb)
H 72 HOBeHlUaSi HCTOpHH KHTaSi. 1917-1927. M., rJIaB-
HaH pe,naKll.HH BOC'TOIJHOH JIJITepaTypbI H3,naTeJIbCTB3:
«HaYKa», 1983.
399 c.
OCHOBHoe CO,lJ.ep>KaHHe KHHrH nOCBSI eHO HCTOpHH HaIJ.HOHaJIbHO-Oe-
Bo(50,lJ.HTeJIbHOrO ,lJ.BH>KeHHSI B KHTae. KOTopoe pa3BHBaJIOCb B 1911-1921 rr.
KaK npO,lJ.OJl>KeHHe ()Opb()bI npoTHB HMnepHaJlHCTH\leCKOrO rHeTa H BHYT-
peHHHX peaKIJ.HOHHbIX CRJI, HO Y>Ke B HOBblX MC)I{.l1.YHap0.l1.HbIX YCJIOBHSlJC.
C03,AaHHblX no()c,lJ.oA COI.\HaJlHCTHqeCKOA peBOJllOl.\HH B POCCHH. OCBe .-
IOTCSI COIJ.HaJlbHO-3KOHOMHtleCKOe H nOJlHTHtieCKOe nOJlO>KeHHe K.HTaH K HS.
qany HOBeAruero BpeMeHH, BonpocbI 3KOHOMHKH, H.lI.eOJlOrHH H KYJlbTYPbI,
Aae-rcSI xapaKTepHcTHKa OCHOBHblX CO()bJTHA B >KH3HH CTpaHbJ - BHewHeA
nonHTHKH, MHJlHTapHCTcKHX BoAH, KPyweHHSI MRJlHTapHCTCKIJX pe>KHMoa-
R CTaHOBneHHSI rOMHHb,lJ.aHOBcKoA: BnaCTH,- HCTOpHSI rocY,lJ.apCTBa H
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HblX COTPYJI.HHKOB I1HcTHTYTa JI.aJlbHerO BOCTOKa AH CCCP noJI. PYKOBOJI.CTBOM
qJleHa-KoppeCnOHJI.eHTa AH CCCP M. 11. CJla,ll.KOBCKoro. B HanHcaHHH TpeXTOMHH-
Ka npHHHMaJlH TaK1Ke yqaCTHe HCTOPHKH-KHTaeBe,ll.bl H3 I1HcTHTYTa BOCTOKOBeJI.e-
HHH H 1111cTHTYTa HaYIIHOH HH<popMaUHH no o6w.eCTBeHHbIM HaYKaM AH CCCP,
MOCKOBCKoro rOCYJI.apCTBeHHoro HHCTHTYTa Me1K,lI.YHapO,ll.HblX OTHOl11eHHH, I1HcTH-
1'YTa CTpaH A3HH H A<PPHKH npH MOCKOBCKOM rocy,napCTBeHHOM YHHBepCHTeTe.
nepBblH TOM OXBaTblBaeT nepHO,ll. rocno,nCTBa MHJIHTapHCTCKHX pe1KHMOB H Ha-
UHOHaJlbHOH peBOJlIOUHH noJI. PYKOBOJI.CTBOM rOMHHb,ll.aHa (11917-1927), BTOpOH
TOM - nepHO,ll. rOMHHbJI.aHOBCKoro pe1KHMa H HaUHOHaJlbHO-JI.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH pe-
BOJlIOUHH noJI. PYKOBOJI.CTBOM KOMnapTHH KHTaH (1928-1949), TpeTHH TOM -- nepH-
:o,n KHTawcKoH HapOJI.HOH Pecny6J1HKH (1949-1981). 113,l1.aHHe paccIIHTaHo Ha l11H-
pOKHH Kpyr IIHTaTeJleH.
OCHOBHbIMH aBTopaMH nepBoro TOMa HBJUIIOTCSI: BBe,ll.eHHe - A. B. MeJlHKCe-
1'OB H A. C. MyrPY3HH (9 1), A. B. MeJlHKCeTOB ( 2); rJlaBa l-K. B. llIeBeJleB
npH YlJaCTHH 11. 51. BYPJIIfHraC H B. M. rJIYHHHa; fJIaBa 2 - B. 11. f.HYHH'H nplH yqa-
CTHH P. A. MHpOBlH[J.KOH, A. C. MyrPY3Hua; r.naBbl 3, 4, 5 - M. cI>. IOpbeB npH
yqaCTHH 11. 51. BYPJlHHrac, C. A. fop6YHOBOH, A. C. MyrPY3HHa; rJlaBa 6-
B. <1>. COpOKHH; rJlaBa 7- A. B. MeJlHKCeToB. PYKoBOJI.HTeJlb aBTopcKoro KOJlJleK-
THBa -B. 11. fJlYHHH.
B pa3pa6oTKe OT,lI.eJlbHbIX np06J1eM npHHHMaJlH YllacTHe CJle,ll.YIOw.He aBTopbl:
11. 51. BypJlHHrac (Me1KJI.YHapOJI.Hble OTHOl11eHHH H BHel11HHH nOJlHTHKa); P. A. MH-
pOBHD.KaSi (coBeTcKo-KHTaHcKHe oTHollleHHSI); B. 11. fJlYHHH (KoMnap"HH KHTaH);
C. A. rOp6YHoBa (pa6oqee JI.BH1KeHHe); 'K. A. EropoB (rocYJI.apCTBeHHbIH cTpoii);
H. JI. MaMaeBa (roMHHb,ll.aH); H. 11. MeJlbHHKOBa (IO>KHOe npaBHTeJlbCTBO CYH!»
51TceHa); A. A. MocKaJleB (HaUHOHaJlbHbIH Bonpoc); A. C. MyrpY3HH (KpeCTbHH-
CKoe JI.BH1KeHHe); T. B. lliaHKoBa (I01KHble MHJlHTapHcTbI); JI. JI.. BOHH, 10. 11. fas-
pHJlOBa, C. A. MaHe>KeB, A. B. OCTPOBCKHii, 11. B. llieBeJlb (Bonpocbl 9KOHOMH-
KH); H. E. BopeBcKaH, 11. B. faH,lI.a, B. JI. CbIqeB, C. A. ToponueB, H. B. <I»paH-
lIYK (Bonpocbl KYJlbTYPbl).
B TeXHHqeCKOH nOJI.rOTOBKe TOMa npHHHMaJlH yqaCTHe 11. B. BOJIKOB3,
C. A. fop6YHoBa, 11. H. JI.OJlrOBa, O. B. MaKapqeHKoBa, H. n. MariaeBI,
H. 11. MeJIbHHKOBa, M. A. XopeBa, 11. 11. l.(eJI.HJIHHa, T. B. IllaHKoBa, K. B. Ille-
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,nHHaCTHH UHH 6bIJlO BbIHYLK,lI.eHO cor JIaCHTbCH Ha HepaBHonpaBHbIe
,norOBopbI, «OTKpbIBlIIHe» KHTaH ,lI.JIH KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKOH 9KCnJIya-
Tau.HH H npe,lI.OCTaBHBlllHe HHOCTpaHuaM Ba}KHbIe npHBHJlerHH. Ooc-
JIe n06e,lI.bI .HnoHHH Ha,lI. KHTaeM B BOHHe 1894-1895 rr. HflOHCKHe
nO,lI.,naHHbIe (a 3aTeM H no,n,naHHbIe, H rpa}K,lI.aHe ,lI.PyrHx cTpaH) no-
JIYtJHJIH npaBO CTpOHTb B KHTae npe,nnpHHTHH. «3aKJIlOtJHTeJIbHbIH
npOTOKOJI» 1901 r. BCJIe,lI. 3a no,naBJIeHHeM BOCCTaHHH HX9TyaHei{
HMnepHaJIHCTaMH 3aKpenJIHJI nOJIYKOJIOHHaJIbHOe nOJlOLKeHHe KH-
TaH. K npHBHJlerHHM HMnepHaJIHCTOB OTHOCHJIHCb: OTKpbITHe ,lI.JIH
HHocTpaHHoH KOMMepIJeCKOH ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH OKOJIO 100 nopTOBbIX
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TOB, 9KcTeppHTOpHaJlbHOCTb HHocTpaHHbIx nO,lI.,naHHblX, HH3KHe Ta-
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nYHKToB CeBepHoro KHTaH, ,nOJIrOBaH Ka6aJIa KHTaH BCJle,lI.CTBHe
orpoMHoH KOHTPH6Yll.HH 1901 r., B03MOLKHOCTb lIIHpoKoro H,lI.eHHO-
nOJIHTHtJeCKoro B03,lI.eHCTBHH Ha BHYTpeHHlO1O LKH3Hb CTpaHbI (co-
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TaJlHCb OTToprHYTb H pH,n KHTaHCKHX TeppHTopHH. K HaH60JIee
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TepMaHHeA - nopTOB D-HH,lI.aO H D-3HOtJ}K0Y B npOBHHI.(HH lllaHb-
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J.I. HMnepHaJIHCTHqeCKOH OOpbOe CTpeMHJIHCb YTBep.llHTb CBOH «ccl>e-
M BnMHHHH». 3TOT npouecc oc06eHHO YCHJIHJICH nOCJIe pacna,lI.a
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uHA B cOuHaJIbHO-nOJIHTHtJecKoM pa3BHTHH cTpaHbI.
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BHCHMYIO, nOJIYKOJIOHHaJlbHYIO CTP8HY. «OTKpblTHe» KHTaH nOJlo-
} HJIO HatJaJIO nOCTeneHHO HapaCTaBllIeMY npOIl.eccy BKJIlOtJeHHH
KHTaHCKoro X03HHCTBa B MHPOBYJO KanHTaJlHCTHtJeCKYIO CHCTeMY, B
!(OTOPOH OH 3aH5IJI, KaK CTp8Ha CJIa60pa3BHTaH H nOTepneBlIlaH no-
paiKeHHe B HeCKOJIbKHX BOHHax, 3aBHCHMoe H 3KCnJIyaTHpyeMoe no-
JIO>KeHHe.
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KHTaHCKoro pWHKa H HHOCTpaHH e KanHTaJIOBJIO)KeHHH HanpaBJIH-
JIHCb B OCHOBHOM B npe,nnpHHTHH, CBH3aHHbIe C BHelIlHeH ToprOB-
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npOHBnHTbCH B KHTae C KOHIl.a XIX B., KOr,lI.a npHTOK HHOCTpaH-
Horo KanHTaJIa HatJaJI 6bICTpO B03paCTaTb (XOTH reorpacpHtJeCKH
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KpbITbIX nopTOB), npHIJeM OKOJlO nOJlOBHHbI ero npHXO,lI.HJIOCb H8
lllaHxaH - ll.eHTp ToproBoH, <pHHaHcoBoH H npe,nnpHHHMaTeJIbCKOH
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1902 r. 6bIJIO BBe3eHO HHocTpaHHbIx KanHTaJIOB Ha CYMMY
788 MJIH. ,nOJIJI., TO K 1914 r. 3Ta CYMMa B03pOCJIa 60JIee tJeM
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1IiBHO AeHcTB03aBllIaH Ha KHTaHcKoM pbIHKe co BpeMeHH ero QT-
KpbITHH; nOCJIe,lI.YIO He MeCTa K 1914 r. 3aHHMaJIH uapcKaH POCCHH,
repMaHHSI, 51noHHH. 3a rO,lI.bI nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbI 9KcnaHCHSI
I1HocTpaHHoro KanHTaJIa (3a HCKJIlOtJeHHeM HnOHCKoro H aMepHKaH-
cKoro) pe3Ko oCJla6JIa. 06 HH 06'beM HHocTpaHHbIx KanHTaJlOBnO-
>KeHHA B 1918 r. MOLKHO oueHHTb B 1691 MJIH. ,nOJIJI., B TOM qHCJIe
npHMble HHBeCTHI..(HH- 1092,8 MJIH. ,lI.OJlJl., 3a,lI.On}KeHHOCTb KHT8A-
CKoro npaBHTeJIbCTBa - 575,4 MJlH. ,nOJIJI., 3a,nOJILKeHHOCTb tJaCTHbIX
KOMnaHHA - 22,7 MJlH. ,lI.OJIJI. 2 .
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BJIo?,<eHHH B KHTae HBJlHJIOCb nOJlHOe npe06J1a,lI.aHHe npHMblx .ne-
JIOBbIX BJlo}J{eHHH B KHTaHCKoe X03HH'CTBO. B 1914 r. npeo6na.naJlH
BJIo>KeHHSI B TpaHcnopT -- 531 MJIH. ,lI.OJIJI. (33%). C 1896 no
1916 I". HHocTpaHHble KOMnaHHH nOJlYtJHJIH KOHll.eCCHH Ha CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBO 34 TblC. KM }KeJle3HQ,lI.OpO}KHbIX nYTeii, H K 1911 r. OUH
BJI8 eJlH UJIH KOHTpOJIHpOBaJIH tJepe3 cHcTeMY 3aHMOB 93,1 % >Re-
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130J].HOM TpaHcnopTe CTpaHbl, r,l{e HaKaHYHe MHpOBOH BOHHbI Ha
AOJlIO HHOCTpaHHoro KanHT8JIa npHxo,nHJlOCb notJTH 80% TOHH8LKa
Bcex MOpCKHX H petJHblx napOXO,lI.HbIX nepeB030K 1[294, c. 98].
KanHTaJIOBJlO>KeHHH B 06pa6aTbIBalO YIO H ropHopY,lI.HYIO npo-
MbIWJIeHHOCTb, a TaK}Ke B KOMMYHaJIbHble npe,lI.npHHTHH COCTaBnHJIH
197 MJIH. ,lI.OJIJI. (12,3 % ), tJTO 60JIee IJeM B,lI.BOe npeBbIlIlaJIO npo-
MbIIIlJIeHHble BJIOLKeHHH HaUHOHaJIbHOrO KanHTaJta 1[23, c. 106].
I1HocTpaHHbIx npe,lI.npHHTHH 6blJlO Bcero HeCKOJIbKO COT, HO 9TO
OblJlH caMble KpynHbIe H TeXHHtJeCKH nepe,lI.OBbIe ,lI.JIH KHTaH npe,lI.-
:nPHHTHH. TaK, B H8H60JIee pa3BHTOH XJIo'ntJaT06YMa)KHOH npOMbIW-
JIeHHOCTH HHOCTpaHHOMY KanHTaJIY npHHa,lI.JIe)KaJIo 42,9% o6I1I.ero
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77,3 0 / 0 (1918 r.) J23, c. 143, 129, 131].
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TpOJIHpOBaJlH ,l(eHeLKHbIH pbIHOK. B YCJlOBHHX nOJlHTHtJeCKOH pa3-
,np06JIeHHOCTH, HapaCTaHHH yrp03bI BHYTpeHHHX BOHH, npaHoBoH
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QHTeJIbHOH Mepe cpaKTHQeCKH onepHpOBaJIH KHTaHCKHMH Cpe,lI.CTBa-
MH 3. I1MeHHo' B 3TH 6aHKH nocTynaJIH TaMO)KeHHbIe ,l(OXo,nbl, a C
1913 r. H ,lI.OXO,lI.bI OT COJIHHOH MOHOnOJIHH, KOTopbIe HaXO,lI.HJIHCb Ha
CneUHaJIbHbIX «rapaHTHHHbIX ClJeTax», KOHTpOJIHpOBaBIIlHXCH HHO-
CTpaHHbIMH 6aHKaMH C ueJlblO cpHH8HcoBoro 06ecnetJeHHH ynJlaTbl
KHTaHCKHX ,lI.OJIrOB. I1HocTpaHHbIe 6aHKH 06JIa,lI.aJIH TaKLKe HCKJIIO-
tlHTeJIbHO BaLKHbIM npaBOM ,lI.eHe>KHOH 9MHCCHH, perYJIHpYH 06'beM
,lI.eHe>KHoH MaCCbI, tJTO BeJIO K KOHIl.eHTpall.HH cepe6pa B HHOCTpaH-
HbIX 6aHKax, K ,lI.aJlbHeHlIleMY YCHJIeHHIO KOHTpOJIH .3a KHTaHCKHM
eHelKHbIM pbIHKOM r 157, c. 22-23].
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"pOJleM: uce PYKOBO,lI.H He nOCTbI B reHepaJIbHOH TaMO>KeHHOH HH-
cneKUHH 3aHHMaJIH HHOCTpaHl..(bl (rJIaBHbIM o6pa30M aHrJIHIJaHe).
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nOlllJlHHbI ObIJIH orpaHHtJeHbI 5% CTOHMOCTH TOBapa; TOBapbl, npOH3-
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OCBOOOiK,lI.aJIHCb OT JIHI..(3HHfl (BHYTpeHHHx nOIIlJlHH). I1MnepHaJIH3M
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Cft H ,nOCTHr B 1919-1921 rr. (8 Cpe,lI.Hero,nOBOM HCqHCJIeHHH)
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282 MJlH. JJ.OJlJl. Oc06eHHocTblO KHTaAcKoro 3KcnopTa 6h1J1o cyme-
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C O T BoA npoJJ.YKUHH (39,5 % ) H nOJly<p a6 pHK8TOB (20,5%), npH'IeM
T. C
rJlaBHOH CTaTbeH 9KcnopTa OCTaBaJIaCb npO,lI.YKUHH peMeCJIa; 0 -
1aJlbH8H 1JaCTb 9KcnopT8 CKJIa,nMBaJIaCb B OCHOBHOM H3 cenbCKO-
X03HHcTBeHHoro CMpbH H (B BeCbMa He60JIbWOH Mepe) np0Jj.YKUHH
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06JI8JJ.aJlH npe,nMeTbI nOTpeOJIeHHH (71,5 %), npHtJeM arpapHblH KH-
TaH BB03HJI B 3HaqHTeJIbH X KOJIHqeCTBaX npOAOBOJlbCTBHe H XJlO-
nOK r23, c. 83, 87-88].
C06blTHH nepHO.ll.a nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbl He TOJIbKO BpeMeHHO
OCJIaOHJlH 9KcnalICHIO JlHOCTpaHHoro KanHTaJla B KHTae, HO H pe3KO
YCHJlHJIH HepaBHOMepHOCTb B aKTHBHOCTH HMnepHaJIHCTH1JeCKHX Aep-
JK8B, cymecTBeHHO H3MeHHJIH YCJIOBHH HX KOHKypeHUHH. OKTH6pb-
CKaH peBOJlIOUHH C,l(eJlaJIa POCCHIO COlO3HHKOM KHTaHCKoro H APY-
rHX HapOJJ.OB B 60pb6e npOTHB HMnepHaJIH3Ma. nOTepneBwaSl
nOpa:>KeHHe repMaHHH npaKTHtJeCKH YTpaTHJIa CBOH JJ.OBOJIbHO CHJIb-
IIbIe n03HUHH B KHTae. BOMHa cyw.CCTBeHHO orpaHHtJHJIa B03MO}K-
1f0CTH 3KOHOMHtJeCKOH 9KcnaHCHH AHrJlHH, Cl>paHUHH H ApyrHx eBpo-
neHCKHX JJ.epLKaB B KHTae. JIHlllb 51noHHH H CIlIA B YCJlOBHHX
nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHH nOJlYQHJlH 60JIee oJlarOnpHHTHble B03MO -
HOCTH ,llJIH npeBpaw.eHHH KHTaH B c<I>epy CBoero MOHOnOJlbHOrO
BJlHHHHSI. 3TO XOpOlliO BHJj.HO H3 ,lI.aHHbIX 0 KOJIHtJeCTBe nOCTpoeH-
HbIX B KHTae HHOCTpaHHbIX npOMblllIJIeHHblX npe,nnpHHTHH Ir66, T. 2
c. 18, 277, 421]:
llo 1895 r. 1896-lb02 rr. 1908-1913 rr. 1914-1921 rr. Bcero
SlnOHHS1 .
AHr JlHS! .
CllJA. .
3
73
11
6
10
4
154
34
2
222
17
22
385
134
39
B XJIonQaT06YMaLKHOH npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTH KOJIHqeCTBO BepeTeH
Ha SlnOHCKHX npe,lI.npHHTHHX BbIpOCJIO B 3 pa3a, TKaUKHX CTaH-
KOB - nOtITH B 2 pa3a. B 9TH rO,lI.bI HatJHHaeTCH H pa3BHTHe HUOH-
CKOH THLKeJIOH npOMbIIIlJIeHHOCTH' B KHTae. 51noHHH nOUblTaJIaCb
MOHOnOJlH3HpOBaTb npe,lI.OCTaBJIeHHe KHTalO 3aHMOB, CnpaBe,lI.JlHBO
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CKOJlbKO ,lI.eCSlTKOB 3aHMOB Ha 06IUYIO CYMMY 675 MJIH. HeH. OAHO-
npeMeHHO YCHJIHJIOCb H OCBoeHHe HnOHCKHMH KanHTaJIHCTaMH KH-
18HCKoro pbIHKa. 3a rO,lI.bI BOHHbl y)(eJIbHbIH Bec .HnoHHH BO BHew-
Heu TOprOBJIe I(HTaH cpaKTHtJecKH Y,lI.BOHJlCH [23, c. 84]. Pe3KO
B03pOC BB03 B KHTaH xJIontJaT06YMaLKHOH npH>KH H TKaHeH, oy-
MarH, caxapa H HeKOTopblX pyrHx TOBapOB, Ha paCWHpeHHe npo-
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UblH K3nHTaJl.
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tfeCKOH 3KcnaHCHH B KHTae, HO TaK}Ke nOnbITaJICH nOAtJHHHTb ce6e
IIOJIHTHKY neKHHCKoro npaBHTeJlbCTBa. 3axBaTHB oceHblO 1914 r.
7
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KypeHToM HnOHCKOH 3Kcn8HCHH Mor CTaTb (H ,lI.eHCTBHTeJlbHO CTaJl)
TOJlbKO aMepHKaHCKHH HMnepHaJIH3M, rJI06aJIbHbIe n03H HH KOTO-
poro, BnpOtJeM KaK H n03H HH B KHTae 4, CY1UeCTBeHHO OKpenJlH 38
ro,nbI nepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHb!. .
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u u
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t;pe3Bblt(,at1 'J YCKOpJlJl eeo (KYPCHB HallI.- ABT.)>> ,[ 13, c. 362].
3TOT npol.( cc BeJl K Me,nJIeHHoMY pa3JIO>KeHHIO cTapbIx CO HaJIb-
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B TaKoH orpoMHoH cTpaHe, KaK KHTaH, pa3J10>KeHHe cTapblx
YKJla,lI.OB H CTaHOBJIeHHe HOBoro, KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKoro B pa3HbIx
paHoHax cTpaHbI npOHCXO,lI.HJIH KpaHHe HepaBHoMepHo. HapH,lI.Y C
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OCHOBOH Bcero Hapo,nHoro X03HHcTBa npo,lI.oJI>KaJIo OCTaBaTbCH
(KaK H B Tpa,nHI.{HOHHOM KHTae) CeJ1bCKOe X03HHCTBO, r,ne 6b1J1o
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8.
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'fbI Ha CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHbIx pa60Tax.
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B KOHue XIX - HaIJaJIe XX B. B KHTae npOHCXO,lI.RJI HeKOTopbIH
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3a ,1921-1926 rr., B CeBepHoM KHTae 56,5% yp0)KaH CeJIbCKO-
X0351HcTBeHHbIx KYJIbTYP no"rpe6JIHJIOCb BHYTPH X0351HCTB, a 43,5%,
C6bIBaJIOCb Ha pbIHKe, TOr,lI.a KaK B UeHTpaJIbHOM H BOCTOIJHOM
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pbIHOK IIlJIO 62,8% yp0)KaH [23, c. 301-302]. BbIcoKaH TOBap-
BOCTh KpecTbHHcKHX X03HHCTB [{eHTpa bHoro H BOcTotJHoro KHTa51
no cpaBHeHHIO c CeBepHbIM KHTaeM BH,lI.Ha H3 ,lI.aHHbIX 06 Y,l(eJIb-
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23, c. 86]:
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1901-1903 rr. 1909-1911 rr. 1919-1921 rr.
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3 pa3a H DOJlee. OTHOCIITeJIbHO BbICOKHe 3apa60TKH npHBJleKaJIH OT-
XO,lI.HHKOB H3 npOBHHIl.HH CeBepHoro KHTaH, npHtIeM <t>OpMbI Hau-
Ma OblJlH 6JIH}Ke K I<anHTaJlHCTHqeCKHM, qeM r,l(e 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO
B KHTae. CeJlbCKOe X03HHCTBO MaHbq}KYPHH OTJIHtJaJIH BWCOKa5f
TOBapHOCTb H npHMbIe CBH3H C BHeIIlHHM pbIHKOM.
npeACTaBJleHHe 0 COOTHomeHHH BYX BH,lI.OB 3KCnJlyaTaI1HH MO-
rYT ;:taTb CBe eHHH KHTaHCKOH CTaTHCTHKH 06 y,neJIbHOM Bece
KpecTbSlH-c06cTBeHHHKoB H apeH,lI.aTOpOB B 60JIbWHHCTBe npoBHH-
UHH CeBepHoro H UeHTpaJlbHo-IO>KHoro KHT8H (%) [67, T 3)'
c. 728-730] 6:
tQI2 r. 1981 r.
CeoepHblA KHTaA:
KpecTbSlHe-c06cTBeHHHKu . .
nonyapeHJ1aTOpbl ...
apeHJ1aTOpbl . . . . . . . .
L1eHTpanbHo-IO)lCHhlft KUTaA:
K peCTbSlHe-c06cToeHHUKH
nOJlyapeHJ1aTOphl . . . . . .
apeHAaropbl . . . . . . . .
64,00
19,75
16,25
31,45
25,67
42,88
62,75
20,50
16,75
27,33
26.78
45,89
CeBepH H KHTaH 6 n perHoHoM 3HaQHTeJIbHOrO npeo6 a aHHg
KpecTb H-c06cTBeHHHKoB npH cna60H TeH;:teHIl.HH K HeKoTopoMY CO
KpaU1eHHIO HX y;:teJIbHOrO Beca B OoIIteM qHCJIe X03HAcTB. nOMe-
HtJbe aeMJIeBJIa,l(eHHe B CeBepHOM KHTae OXBaTblB8JIO 10--'150;0'1'
aeMnR, a BMeCTe C KYJIaUKHM - 25-30%. UeHTpaJlbHO-IO}KHblii
I<HTaA - paROH 3HaQHTeJIbHOrO npe06J1a,lI.aHHH apeH;:taTopCKHX XO.'
3S1HCTB. Y,lI.eJIbHblH Bec tIaCTHonOMeIItHQberO 3eMJleBJIa,neHHH K Ha.-
tlaJIY 20-x rO;:toB COCTaBJIHJI B OT,l(eJlbHWX npOBHHUHHX ,25-45 ok ,..
a BMeCTe C KYJIaUKHM - 40-60% H Bblllle. 3;:tecb npOHCXO,ll.HJIO 3a-
MeTHoe YMeHbllIeHHe KOJlHtJeCTBa X03HHCTB KpecTbHHoo.CoocTBeH-
HHKOB H pOCT tIaCTHOnOMell{HqberO 3eMJIeBJIa,lI.eHHH, B TOM QHCJle'
3a CqeT npHBaTH3aUHH «ooIIteCTBeHHbIX» 3eMeJIb, y,neJIbH U Bee
KOTOPblX COKpaTHJICH C 25% (1877 r.) ,lI.0 10% (npHMepHo) B KOH-
e 20-x - HatI8J1e 30-x OJJ.OB XX B. '[23, c. 264].
It
,QaHHwe KHTaHCKOH CTaTHCTHKH nOKa3blBalOT npe06JIa,naHHe Ha-
1'ypaJIbHOH apeH,lI.bI B ,lI.BYX OCHOBHbIX ee pa3HOBH,lI.HOCT5IX: 3epHOBOH
H H3,nOJIbHOH. B Cpe,lI.HeM no CTpaHe (npH 60JIbillOM pa3Hooopa3HH
no npOBHHUHHM) pa3MepbI apeH,lI.HOH nJIaTbI paBHHJIHCb 50% ypo-
>l\a5l. no CBoeH 3KOHOMHtJeCKOH CYlll.HOCTH 3eMeJIbHaH peHTa C tJaCT-
HOnOMeInHtJbHX 3eMeJIb 6bIJIa ,lI.OKanHTaJIHCTHtJecKoH, TaK KaK H3bI-
MaJIa y apeH,naTopoB (,lI.a>Ke Ha JIYtJIIIHX 3eMJIHx) BeCb npH6aBOtJ-
HbIH np0,l(YKT.
Bce BH,nbl apeH,lI.bl 6b1JIH CBH3aHbi C nepe>KHTKaMH oTpa60TOK
11 npHMOH: JIHtJHOH 3aBHCHMOCTblO OT nOMell.{HKa, Bblpa>KaB.I1IeHCH B
OOH3aTeJIbHWX nHtIHWX YCJIyrax H ,nooaBOtJHblX nJIaTe>Kax. To, tJTO
nOMelll.HKH CTaHOBHJIHCb nOMelll.HKaMH-KynII-aMH, BeJIO K Y>KeCTOqe-
HHIO 3KcnnyaTa HH, ocooeHHo B paHoHax pa3BHToro TOBapHoro xo-
3HHCTBa. Bce illHpe pacnpoCTpaHHJIaCb npaKTHKa BHeceHHH ,neHe}K-
.,
Horo 3aJIOra 3a npaBO apeH,l(W B pa3Mepe npHMepHO rO,l(OBOH apeH;:t-
HOM nJIaTbI. 4T06bI BHeCTH 3aJIOr, KpeCTbHHe BJIe3aJIH B ;:tOJIrOBYIO
KaOaJIY. POCTOBlll.HtJecTBo ObIJIO Hepa3pblBHO CBH3aHO C TOprOBJIeH,
tlTO 3aCT8BJIHJIO KpeCTbHH BbIcTynaTb Ha pWHKe. lIlHpoKoe pac-
npocTpaHeHHe npHOOpeJIa KOHTpaKTanHH ypO>KaH 0Y,lI.Ylll.ero rO,lI.a
II noceBOB Ha KOpHIO no,lI. BbI,lI.atJY HeOOJIbIlIHX CYMM ,lI.eHer. HeCMOT-
pH Ha HaTypaJIbHbIH xapaKTep npOH3BO,lI.CTBa, KpeCTbHHe npHMO
UJIH tJepe3 nOMeIItHKa, KynII-a, pOCTOBlI.{HKa (Hepe,lI.KO 3TO OhIJIO 0,lI.-
80 JIHUO) OhIJIH BbIHy>K,lI.eHbI nOCTaBJIHTb Ha pblHOK 3HatIHTeJIbHYIO
OJIIO CBoeM npO,l(YK HH, npO,lI.aBaH He06xo,lI.HMOe eMY npo,nOBOJIb-
CTBHe, a nOTOM nOKynaTb ero, HO no OOJIee BbICOKHM ueHaM. no-
3TOMY nOnO>KeHHe KpeCTbHHHHa 3aBHCeJIO OT PWHOtJHWX neH, H OH
OhlJI BWHY>K,neH npHCnOCaOJIHBaTbCH K TpeOOBaHHHM pblHKa H B03-
J(eJlWBaTb Te \I<YJIbTYPbI, H3 KOTopbIe HMeJIC5I pbIHOtJHbIH cnpoc.
j(eHTenbHOCTb pOCTOBIItHtJeCKoro H ToprOBoro KanHTaJIa cnoc06CT-
BOBana no,npWBY OCHOB npOCToro BocnpOH3BO,lI.CTBa H 51BJIHJIaCb 0,lI.-
HUM H3 Ba>KHeHWHX cpaKTopOB naynepH3aII-HH KpeCTbHHCTBa, HO He
BeJIa K KatIeCTBeHHOMY npeoopa30BaHHIO rOCnO,lI.CTBYIOlll.ero 3KOHO-
MHqeCKOrO CTpOH.
B arpapHOM CTpoe Tpa,l(HUHOHHoro KHTa51 pOJIb CTpYKTypo06-
pa3YIOIlterO 3neMeHTa BbInOJIHHJIH npeLK,lI.e Bcero rocY,lI.a pCTBeHHbIe
IIHCTHTYTbI, HeCWHe 4>YHKUHH BHeWHeH H BHYTpeHHeH 3aIItHTbI (ap-
MHfl), COltHanbHoro CTpaXOBaHHH OT CTHXHHHblX H -HHWX (5e;:tCTBHH
(OOll.{eCTBeHHble aMoapw H XpaHHJIHIIta), 3a60TY 0 nOMep>KaHHH
HppHraUHOHHhlX COOPYLKeHHH H TpaHcnopTHblX nYTeH, ,lI.opor, KaHa
JlOB, 00 06IneCTBeHHOM 06pa30BaHHH H np.
K rocy,napCTBeHHWM e HHCTHTYTaM npHMblK8JIa pa3BeTBJIeHHaH
CHCTeM8 MeCTHblX opraHOB, ,neSiTenbHOCTb KOTOpblX ooecnetJHBaJIaCb
,noxo,naMH OT TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX 06IIteCTBeHHWX 3eMeJlb. K HatJaJIY
1I0BeHwero BpeMeHH 3Ta Tpa,nHUHOHHaH CHCTeMa npHIIIJIa B yna-
AOK: «06IItecTBeHHble» 3eMJIH paCXHIItaJIHCb roc nO,lI.CTByIOIItH M
KJlaCCOM, cenbCKHe 06ll.{HHbI CTpa,lI.aJIH OT rpa6e>Ka COJI;:taTHH H pa3-
60Sl Ty4>3eB, CHCTeMa COII-HaJIbHOrO CTpaXOBaHHH oe3;:teHCTBOBaJIa,
TaK KaK OOlI.{eCTBeHHble aMoapbl (SbIJIH nYCThI, ;:toporH, KaHaJTbf. HP-
12
pHraUHOHHble coopY>KeHHH He peMOHTHpOBaJIHCb H npHXO,llHJlH B He-
rO HOCTb HJIH 3anYCTeHHe. B TO BpeMH KaK X03HHCTBeHHbIe H opra-
HH3aTopCKHe YHKll.HH rOCY,lI.apCTBa npHXO,lI.HJlH B nOJIHbIH yna,llOK,
pa,llHnHOH,"aH IHaJIOrOBaH CHCTeMa COXpaHHJIaCb B HenpHKOCHOBeH-
1I0CTH. OHa CTana OCHOBOH CYll{eCTBOBaHHH MHnHTapHCTCKHX pe)KH-
MOB, KOTopbIe no OTHoweHHIO K CeJIbCKHM 06ll{HHaM YLKe He HeCJlH
<PYHKll.HH COll.HaJIbHOH 3all{HTbI H CTpaXOBaHHH H OTHbIHe BbInOJIHH-
JIll TOJlbKO « YHKUHIO» rpa6eLKa H HaCHJIHH.
focy,napCTBeHHbIe HaJIOrH H nOBHHHOCTH npO,l(OJILKaJIH OCTaBaTb-
CH HaH60nee TH)KeJlOH H oopeMeHHTeJIbHOH ,l(JIH 60JIblIIHHCTB8
KpeCTbHH cpOpMOH 9KCnJlyaTall.HH. C60p HanorOB 6bIJI CB5I3aH C ,no-
nOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH n060paMH H 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHH5IMH MeCTHbIX BJla-
CTeH, K TOMY LKe B 10-20-x rO,l(ax aKTHBHO B03pOLK,lI.aJIHCb Ha..
,-ypaJIbHbIe Tpy,nOBbIe nOBHHHOCTH, npaKTHKOBaBWHeCH BoeHHbIMH
BJIaCTHMH. Hx B03pO)K,neHHe HOCHJIO HBHO perpeCCHBHbIH xapaKTep,
, u
nOCKOJIbKY, COrJlaCHO KHTaHCKHM HCTOtIHHKaM, OHH nOtJTH HCtle3J1H
K KOHUY XIX B. OOll{aH CYMMa HaJIOrOBOH H CBH3aHHOH co C60POM
HaJIOrOB 9KcnnyaTanHH, nJIIOC nOBHHHOCTH, npHMepHo paBHHnacb t
a B03MO)KHO, H npeBOCXO,lI.HJIa CYMMY peHTHoH .3KCnJlyaTaUHH. Kpo-
Me Toro, OHa 3aTparHBaJIa npaKTHtJeCKH Bce cnOH CeJlbCKOrO Ha-
CeJIeHHH.
BTOpbIM CTPYKTypo06pa3YlOIItHM 3JIeMeHTOM arpapHoro CTpOH B
u u
HOBeHwee BpeMH HBJlHJIaCb tJaCTHonOMe HtJbH CHCTeMa X0351HCTBO-
BaHHH. nOMell{HtJbH opraHbl B3HJIH Ha ceo51 cne,nYIOll{He cpYHKUHH:
3alll.HTY OT nOKyweHHH Ha COll.HaJIbHbIH nOpH,lI.OK (nOMell{HtJbH ca-
IO,l(eHTeJIbHbIe BoeHHbIe 06pa30BaHHH THna MHHbTyaHeH); COII-HaJIb-
Hoe CTpaXOBaHHe (<<nOMOlll.b» 6e,l(H5IKaM CCY,l(aMH ,lI.eHer H 3epHa,
B CBSl3H C tJeM }!enOMepHO B03pOCJIa pOJIb POCTOBll.{HlIeCTBa); 3a60TY
u
() MeCTHbIX opraHax no nO,lI.,l(epLKaHHIO HppHraUHOHHblX coopY1KeHHH t
opor; opraHH3all.HIO MeCTHbIX opraHOB HapO,lI.HOrO 06pa30BaHHH
H np.
B CBH3H C 9TH-M YCHJlHJIHCb TeH,lI.eHII-HH K MeCTHHtJeCTBY H perHO-
1-laJIH3MY (,nBH1KeHHe 38 «caMoynpaBJIeHHe» H «pecpopMbl»). OCJIao-
eHHe ueHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTH H ee CPYHKII-HH Ha,n30pa H KOHTpOJlH
cnoc06CTBOBaJlH B03MO>KHOCTH nO)KHBHTbCH npH c60pe HaJIOrOB.
GpaBHeHHe X03HHCTBeHHOH H COII-HaJIbHOH pOJIH ooeHX CHCTeM
. U
nOKa3bIBaeT, tITO nOMelll.HtJbe «X03HHCTBO» pOCJlO H nporpeCCHpOBa-
JIO, Tor,na KaK HaJIOrOBaH CHCTeMa nepeCTaBaJIa BblnOJlHSlTb CBOH
1J0JlOLKHTeJlbHble <PYHKIl.HH. lJacTHOnOMeIItHtJbe X03HHCTBO Bee 60JIee
BTHrHBaJIOCb B TOBapHoe X03HHCTBO, SlBJISlHCb Be,nYIUHM 3J1eMeHTOM
arpapHoro CTpOSl. B3aHMooTHoweHHH ,lI.BYX CHCTeM arpapHoro CTpOSl
8 STOT nepHO,n OTJIHlIaJIHCb OCTpblMH npOTHBOpetlHSlMH. fOCY,AapCT-
BeHHaH HaJIOrOBaH CHCTeMa npeBpall{aJlaCb B TOpM03 pa3BHTHSI., Me-
lUalOInHH pocry nOMell{HlIberO 3eMJIeBJla,lI.eHHSI H KanHTaJIHCTHlIeCKOK
.3BOJI lO nHH arpapHoro CTpOH. 06e CHCTeMbI .3KCnnyaTanHH (HaJIOra--
BaH H peHTHaH) 6b1JIH npeHMYll{eCTBeHHO ,nOKanHTanHCTHtJeCKHMH,
HO BTopaH ,l(OnYCKaJIa KanHTaJlHCTHlIeCKYIO 9BOJIIOnHIO, TorAa KaK
nepBaH eA npenSlTCTBOBaJIa.
13
TpeTHH 3JIeMeHT arpapHoro CTpOSl, KOTOpbIH Mor 6bI CblrpaTb
CTPYKTypoo6pa3Y IO l.Il.YIO POJlb,- KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKHH YKJIat( Haxo-
nHJICH B 3aqaTOqHOM COCTOHHHH H He CTaJI CKOJIbKO-HH6Yt(b 3aMeT-
u u u u u
HOH IIH X03HHCTBeHHOH, HH COll.HaJIbHOH CHJIOH.
3HaqHTeJIbHO 9HeprHqHee npOXO,l(HJIa KanHTaJIHCTliIJeCKaH TpaHC-
<popMaIl.HH ,l(0<pa6PHIJHOH npOMbIWJIeHHOCTH, npO,llOJI)KaBllleH K Ha-
IIaJIY HOBeHillcro BpeMeHH HrpaTb pellIaIOl.Il.YIO pOJlb B 06eCneIJeHHH
HY)K,n rOpO,l(CKOro H CeJIbCKOrO HaCeJIeHHH B nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHX TOBa-
pax H B cHa6)KeHHH KpeCTbHHHHa H peMeCJIeHHHKa 0pY,lI.HHMH TpY,l(a.
Bo Bcex cpopMax ,lI.ocpa6pHIJHOH npOMbI.llIJIeHHOCTH 6bIJIO 3aHHTO He
MeHee 10 % HaCeJIeHHH cTpaHbI, B TOM IJHCJle B ropO,lI.ax 60JIee
12 MJIH. paGOIJHX 6blJIO 3aHHTO B peMeCJIe ,f 158, c. 464, 483]. BKJIIO-
qeHHe KHTaH B MHpOBOH KanHTaJlHCTHtJeCKHH PWHOK H pa3BHTHe
<pa6PHIJHO-3aBO,lI.CKOrO npOH3BO,lI.CTBa B caMOM KHTae rrpHBeJIH K rH-
UeJIH HeKoTop X OTpaCJIeH KycTapHo-peMeCJIeHHOrO H MaHy aKTYP-
Bora npOH3BO,lI.CTBa (XJIOnKOnpH,l(eHHe, npOH3BO,lI.CTBO MaCJIHHbIX CBe-
1 HJIbHHKOB Ii T. n.); O,lI.HaKO B ll.eJlOM ,lI.ocpa6pHqHaH npOMbIllIJleH-
HOCTb npO,lI.OJI)KaJIa pa3BHBaTbCH. Pa3PyrnaH O,lI.HH OTpaCJIH ,lI.ocpa6-
PHqHOH npOMbIIllJIeHHOCTH, MHpOBOH pblHOK CTHMYJlHpOBan pOCT
,aPyrHx H ,na)Ke cnoc06CTBOBaJI B03HHKHOBeHHIO HOBbIX OTpaCJICH
(npOH3BO,lI.CTBO Ha 9KcnopT cnHtJeK, KpY}I{eB, COJlOMeHHblX lllJIHIT
H T. n.). COBepIlleHCTBOBaJlOCb 060PY,lI.OBaHHe B TKaqeCTBe. lllBeH-
HOM H BSl3aJIbHOM npOH3BO,l(CTBe. 3KcnopT KYCTapHo-peMeCJleHHOH
npO,lI.YKlI.HH H3 I<HTalz CHCTeMaTHtJeCKH YBeJIHtJHBaJICH: C 8,8 MJlH. JIH-
HOB B 1875 r. ,lI.0 33,4 MJIH. JISIHOB B 1928 r. (B u.eHax 1913 r.),.
1. e. B Cpe,l(HeM Ha 2,6% B ro,l( r327, c. 169].
Llo<paopHIIHaSl npOMbIllIJIeHHOCTb K HatJaJlY HOBeHwero BpeMe-
HH )taBaJla npHMepHO 3/. Bcen npOMblllIJIeHHOH npo,nYKllHH CTpallbl.
,lla>Ke B TaKoH nepeJl-OBOH OTpaCJlH, KaK XJlonlIaT06YMa1KH8S1, r)1e
$a6pHtJHoe npOH3Bo CTBO pa3BHBaJIOCb oc06eHHo 6bICTpO, n03HUHH
peMeCJIeHHO-MaHycpaKTypHoro npOH3BO,lI.CTBa He OhlJIH eII.te nOKO-
.71eOJleHbI: B 1918 r. KycTapHbIM H MaHy<paKTYPHblM cnoco6oM nepe-
pa6aTbiBanocb 67% Bcero XJIOnKa r226, c. 133]. Pa3BHTHe llo<t>a6-
pHtJHOH npOMhlWJIeHHOCTH HaKaHYHe HOBeHwero BpeMeHH, XOTSI H
npoHCXOAHJIO B YCJIOBHHX ee KanHTaJlHCTHtJecKoH TpaHc opMaUHH,
He BblHBHJIO BMeCTe C TeM MaCCOBoro BhlTeCHeHHH HH3WHX 4>oPI\{
KanHTaJIH3Ma BbICllIHMH [237, c. 78-79, 87]. OJl-HHM H3 4>aKTopoB
nOBblweHHoH YCTOHIIHBOCTH ,n0<pa6PHtJHOH npOMhlWJleHHOCTH HaKa-
HYHe HOBeHwero BpeMeHH OblJI TOBapHblH rOJlO,l(, nOpOLK,lI.eHHblH nep-
BOH MHpOBOH BOHHon. nOCKOJlbKY B nepBble ,lI.eCSlTHJleTHSI HOBeu-
wero BpeMeHH BORHa CTaJIa npaKTHtJeCKH nOCTOHHHbIM cnYTHHKOM
KHTaHCKOH 1I<H3H8, cTOBapHblH rOJlO,lI.» H3 SlBJIeHHSI KOH'bIOHKTypHoro
npeBpaTHJlCH B HBJIeHHe nOCTOSlHHoe.
COBpeMeHHoe KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKoe npe,l(npHHHMaTeJlbCTBO ( a6-
PHtJHO-3aBO,l(CKoe, 6aHKOBCKoe, ToprOBoe) B03HHKaJIO no npHMbIM
u u
BJIHHHHeM HHOCTpaHHoro, a TaKLKe B TeCHon 3KOHOMHtJeCKOH H reo-
rpa<pHtJeCKOH CBH3H C HHM. HallHOHaJlbHbIe npe npHHTHH HOBoro
'THna nOHBJISlJIHCb npeLK e Bcero B u.eHTpax rocnO CTBa HHocTpaH oro
14
nll TaJla - OTKpblThlX nOpTaX, KOHl(eCCHHX, CeTTnbMeHT8X, KYJ{a
:1< a TpeMHJlCSI HaLtHOHaJlbHhlH KanHTaJl, H60 OH, HeCMOTpH Ha AHC-
ye HMHHaUHIO H OCTPYIO KOHKypeHl(HIO co CTOpOHbI HHOCTpaHHoro
J< n"TaJla, HMeJl 3.l(eCb HecpaBHeHHO 60Jlee 6J1arOnpHSlTH1>Ie YCJlOBHH
K nR ceoe" J{eHTeJIbHOCTH, tIeM B OCTaJIbHhIX paHOHax CTpaHbI.
a 4>SKTHQeCKH OTToprHYThlX HMnepHaJlH3MOM TeppHTopHHX Ha-
ca>KJtaJICH 6ypLKya3HblH npaBonopH,nOK, KOTOpblH np'H Been CBoeH
1COJlOHHaJlbHOH OrpaHHlIeHHOCTH Bce-TaKH ,naBan TaKHe npaBOBhle
rapaHTHH JlHtJHOCTH H co6CTBeHHOCTH KHTaHCKOMY npeJlnpHHHMa-
"TeJlIO, KOTOpblX B CBoeH CTpaHe OH He HMen. HeManOBa}KHYIO ponb
HrpaJIH H _ BblrO,lI.HOe reorpa<pHtJeCKoe nOJlO>KeHHe 9THX paiiOHOB,
.60JIbWHe B03MO>KHOCTH HMnopTa o(Sopy,nOBaHHH H TeXHOJlOrHH. npH-
Mble KOHTaKTbI C HHOCTpaHHblM npe,nnpHHHMaTeJIbCTBOM, CBH3H C
'MHpOBblM pblHKOM.
Hau.HOHaJlbHaH <pa6PHtJHO-3aBo,nCKaH npOMbIWJ1eHHOCTb CKJla)lbl-
BaJIaCb nOtJTH HCKJllOtlHTenbHO B npHMopCKHX ropO,lI.ax, H B nepBYIO
()qepe,llb B llIaHxae. nepBble KHTanCKHe <pa6PHKH H 3aBOJlbi C03,na-
toTCH B nOCJIeJtHeH TpeTH XIX B. HaKaHYHe HnOHO-KHTaHCKoA BOH-
Mbl 1894-1895 rr. B KHTae HactJHTblBaJlOCb 108 KHTaHCKHX npe,n-
npHHTHA C 85 TblC. pa60QHX H KanHTaJlOM 183 MJlH. lOaHeH. Ha-
xaHYHe nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHhI HaCtJHTblBaJlOCb Y}I{e 698 npe,n-
npHHTHH C 271 TblC. pa60tJux H KanHTaJlOM 331 MnH. lOaHeH.
Bo BpeMSI MHpOBOH BOHHhI pe3Ko COKpaTHJICH BB03 npOMhIllIJ1eHHbIX
'TOBa pOB B KHTaA H3 CTpaH EBponhI, OJ{HOBpeMeHHO nOBhICHJ1CH
cnpoc Ha BHeWHHX pbIHKax Ha KHTaHCKoe Cblpbe H nOJly<paOpHKaTbI.
3TO C03,lI.aJIO 6J1arOnpHSlTHbIe YCJlOBHH ,l(JIH pa3BHTHH HaUHOHaJIbHOH
npOMblillJIeHHOCTH; tJHCJIO npe,lI.npHHTHH BbIpOCJlO ,lI.0 1759, tJHCJIO 38-
HHTbIX pa601lHX -,no 558 TbIC., KanHTaJl -,l(0 501 MnH. lOaHeR
(1920 r.) ,r66, T. 1, c. 54-56] 7,
CaMOH pa3BHTOH OTpaCJIblO Hall.HOHanbHOH <l>a6pHtJHOH npo-
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TbIBaIOIItaSl, Ha BTOpOM MeCTe - nHlI.{eBaH. TH>KeJlaH npOMbIWJleH-
HOCTb OCTaBaJlaCb tlpe3BhItJaHHO CJlaOOH; JIHWb B ,no6b1l1e yrJlH Ha-
UHOHaJlbHbIH KanHTaJl 3aHHMaJl 3HatJHTeJIbHOe MeCTO. K HatJaJlY
u
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B CTpOHTeJlbCTBe H 9KCnJIyaTall.HH LKeJIe3HbIX ,l(opor 6bIJIO HeBenHKO
(HeCKOJIbKO COT KHnOMeTpOB); BO BHYTpeHHeM cy,nOXO,lI.CTBe Ha ero
llOJIIO npHxOAHnOCb OKOJIO 1/3 Bcex nepeB030K. B HatJaJle XX B.
CKna,n BaeTCH COBpeMeHHbIH Hal(HOHaJlbHMH 6aHKOBCKHH KanHTaJl.
B 1918 r. <PYHKIl.HOHHpOBaJlo Y}I{e 60 KHTaHcKHx 6aHKoB C KanHTa-
JlOM 34 MJIH. lOaHeR [260, c. 64], HO OHH npaKTHtJeCKH He 3aHHMa-
lHCb <pHHaHCHpOBaHHeM HaIl.HOHaJIbHOH npOMbIlIIJIeHHOCTH H He Mor-
JlH a)Ke nOTeCHHTb Tpa,lI.Hll.HOHHWe Kpe,lI.HTHhIe ytJpe>K,neHHH - Me-
IIHJlbHMe JIaBKH H JIoM6ap,lI.bl, KOTOpbIX B 1918 r. HaCtJHTWBaJIOCb
(TonbKo o<pHIJ.HaJlbHO 3aperHcTpHpoBaHHbIx) 3 TbIC. C KanHTaJIOM
169 MJIH. lOaHeH 1[260, c. 64]. nOCJle,nHHe onpe,l(eJIHJlH JIHIJ.O KH-
78HCKOH Kpe,lI.HTHOH CHCTeMbI B ee HH30BbIX 3BeHbHX. CHnbHbIe 00-
3HnHH HaIJ.HOHanbH H KanHTaJI 3aHHMan BO BHYTpeHHeH ToproBne.
15
.(),ltH8KO 3,lteCb OH (ShlJI OCOOeHHO p8CnhlJIeH. nOJlHOCTblO npeo6na,lta-
JlH Tpa,ltHlI.HOHHble cpOpMbI OpraHH3aIl.HH TOprOBJIH.
KHTaHCKHH HaIJ.HOHaJlbHbIH KanHTaJI, TaKHM 06pa30M, HaqaJl
HrpaTb cyrnecTBeHHYIO pOJlb B 9KOHOMHIJeCKOH }KH3HH CTpaHbI, O,ltHa-
KO ero pa3MepbI K HaIJaJIY HOBeHllIero BpeMeHH y.naeTCH onpe,lI.e-
JIHTb JIHWb BeCbMa npH6J1H3HTeJlbHO. YqHTblBaH p5l,lI. paC1.JeTOB KH-
TaHCKHX aBTopOB, BeCb HaIl.HOHaJIbHWH KanHTaJI K HaIJaJIY HOBeH-
wero BpeMeHH MOLKHO Oll.eHHTb npHMepHO B 5 MJIp,lt. lOaHeH I[ 160
c. 188-190; 266a, c. 46; 66, T. 1, c. 561 npH COOTHOlIIeHHH KanH-
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cOBpeMeHHbIH, pa3BHToH 6aHKoBcKHH H ToproBbIH KanHTa TI, B oc-
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a TaK>Ke MeLK,l(Y HaIl.HOHaJIbAOH 6YP)Kya3HeH H ,lI.OKanHTaJIHCTHqe-
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16
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18
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nocpe,nHHtJeCTBO OCTaBaJIOCb npH6bIJIbHbIM 3aHHTHeM KHTaHcKoro
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ecc KOHCOJIH,naUHH KHTaHCKOH 6ypLKya3HH.
npouecc KOHCOJIH,lI.all.HH KHTaHCKOH 6YP)Kya3HH 6b1J1 YCKopeH
no6e,noH CHHbxaHcKoM peBOnlOIl.HH 1911 r., SlBHBweHcH Ba)KHOH Be-
XOH B npoJJ.ecce pa3pyweHHSI Tpa,l(HIl.HOHHOH COJJ.HaJIbHO-.3KOHOMHtJe-
CKOD CHCTeMbI, cToHBlIIeH rJIaBHbIM npenHTcTBHeM Ha nYTH pa3BH-
THSI KHT3HcKoro KanHTaJIH3Ma. 3Ta n06e,lI.a cnoc06cTBoBana 3KO-
lIoMHtJecKoMY H nOJIHTHtJecKoMY pa3BHTHIO KHTaHcKoH 6YPLKya3HH,.
POCTY ee tJHCJIeHHOCTH, 60raTcTBa, BJlHSlHHSI. B 1915 r. Y}I{e H3CtJH-
TblB3J10Cb 1262 ToproBble naJlaTbI C 245728 ee tJJleHaMH ,[273, c. 40]..
npOMbllIIJleHHblH poeT B ro,nbl MHpOBOH BOHHbI 3HatJHTeJIbHO YCH-
nHJ1 n03HIl.HH KHTaHCKOH Hall.HOHaJIbHOH 6YP)Kya3HH, cnoc06CTBOBan
BblSlBJleHHIO ee npOTHBopetJHH C cpeOJlaJIbHblMH CHJIaMH, CTaBHJI 3a-
.AatJY C03JlaHHSI HaHJIytJWHX YCJIOBHH ,lI.JISI KanHTaJlHCTHQeCKOrO pa3-
BHTHH CTpaHbl. B TO )Ke BpeMH KHTaHCKaH HaJJ.HoHaJIbHaH 6ypLKya-
3HH BnepBbIe OCTpO nOQYBCTBOBaJla CTOJIKHOBeHHe CBOHX HHTepeCOB'
C HHTepecaMH HHOCTpaHHoro KanHTaJIa H HMnepHaJlHCTHtJeCKHX ,lI.ep-
}KaB. BMeCTe C TeM K HatJaJlY HOBeHwero BpeMeHH B KHTae eIf(e;o-
He 6bIJIO nOJIHTHtJeCKHX H 9KOHOMHtJeCKHX OOll.{eHaJJ.HOHaJlbHbIX opra-
HH3aIl.HH KHTaHcKoH 6ypLKya3HH, OHa He Bbl,lI.BHHYJIa co6CTBeHHbIX
nOJIHTHKOB H H,neOJIOrOB, cnoc06HbIX CCPOPMYJlHpOBaTb nporpaMMY
6YP>Kya3Horo pa3BHTHSI CTpaHbl H ){06HBaTbCH rJIaBeHCTBYIOl.Il.eH
nOJIHTHQeCKOH pOJIH CBoero KJIaCC8.
2-
19
06111HpHbIH CJIOH CeJIbCKHX 3KCnJIyaTaTopOB-apeH,l(O,l(aTeJIeM,
'pOCTOB HKOB, TOprOBII-eB, 61OpOKpaTOB 6bIJI peaKII-HOHHbIM CJIOeM,
TOpM03HBlllHM nOJlHTIiIJeCKOe, 3KOHOMHIJeCKOe H KYJIbTypHoe pa3BH-
THe CTpaHbI I2 . 3TOMY CJIOIO npHHa,nJIeLKaJIa BJIaCTb He TOJlbKO B
,lI.epeBHe, HO H BO BceH CTpaHe. Ba)KHoH COCTaBHOH ttacTblO 3Toro
-cJlOH HBJISlJIOCb Tpa,nHIl.HOHHOe COCJIOBHe W3HbWH, KOTopoe B HMne-
paTopcKoM KHTae nOCTaBJISlJIO OCHOBHYIO Maccy CJIY)KHJ10rO tIHHOB-
1-IHtJeCTBa. B HaIJaJIe XX B. nOtJTH CnJIOWb BbIXO,l(ll.aMH H3 CeJlbCKOH
3KCnJIyaTaTopcKoH cpe,lI.bI 6bIJlO ocpHIl.epCTBO H reHepaJlHTeT MHJIH-
TapHcTcKHX apMH". UUHpoKHe CBH3H C CeJIbCKHMH 9KcnJlyaTaTopa-
MH HMeJIH TaK)Ke KHTaHCKaH HHTeJlJlHreHIl.HH H HaIl.HOHaJIbHaH oyp-
)Kya3HH.
,LlJIH KHTaH 6bIJIa xapaKTepHa OTHOCHTeJIbHaH MHorotJHCJIeH-
HOCTb nOMelll.HKOB npH cpaBHHTeJlbHO HeOOJlbWHX cpe,nHHX nOKa3a-
eJIHX KOJIHlIeCTBa 3eMJIH Ha O,l(HOrO nOMel1I-HKa, npHtJeM OCHOBH8H
Macca C,l(aBaeM X B apeH y 3eMeJIb npHHa,l(JleLKaJla MeJIKHM 3eM-
.JIeBJIa,lI.eJlbll.aM. lJacTo nOMell{HK - .3TO He TOJIbKO 3eMJIeBJIa,lI.eJIell.,
HO H rJIaBa pO,lI.a, paCnOpH,l(HTeJIb «06lll.eCTBeHHoro» HMYlll.eCTBa
(rJIaBHbIM oopa30M 3eMJIH) H np. B JlHTepaType OTMetJalOTCH 3a-
MeTHbIe H3MeHeHHH B COCTaBe \\lOMe HtJbero KJlaCCa B 10--20-x ro-
ax, nepeMelll.eHHH 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH OT «CTapbIX» nOMe-
I{{HKOB K nOMelll.HKaM '«HOBOrO THna», ,nJIH KOTOpbIX CBOHCTBeHHa
pa3HOCTOpOHHOCTb 3aHSlTHH H HHTepeCOB. KHTaHCKHH 9KOHOMHCT
'lJ9H XaHbC.3H nHCaJI: «MHorHe nOMelll.HKH-pOCTOBlll.HKH CTaHOBHTCH
1I0Mell{HKaMH-Kynu.aMH, MHorHe nOMelll.HKH-Kynll.bl npeBpalll.alOTCH B
nOMe HKoB-Kynll.OB-lIHHOBHHKOB. B TO >Ke BpeMH nOMelll.HKH tIaCTO
.HMeIOT BHHoKypeHHbIe H MacJIo60HHbIe 3aBO,lI.bl, XJIe6HbIe CKJIa,lI.bl...
XOTSI TOJlbKO ,lI.JIH HeKOTOpwX H3 HHX POCTOBI.l.\HlIeCTBO HBJIHeTCH
TJlaBHbIM 3aHHTHeM, nOtJTH Bee OHH HMeIOT K He MY TO HJIH HHoe
()THOllIeHHe. O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO MHorHe nOMell{HKH HBJIHIOTCH BoeHHbIMH
it rpaLK,lI.8HCKHMH tJHHOBHHKaMH; tJaCTO, eCJIH He Bcer,na, OHM nOJIY-
qalOT apeH,lI.HYIO nJIaTY H co6HpalOT HaJlOrH» (Il.HT. no [226,
. 70-71]).
Cpe,lI.H nOMelll.HKOB MOLKHO pa3J1HtJaTb: a) KpynHbIx nOMell{H-
KOB - MHJIHTapHCToB, tJHHOBHHKOB, Tyxao H JIeW9Hb,- KOTopble ca-
MY OOCTaHOBKY npOH3BOJIbHbIX nooopOB H MHJIHTapHCTCKoro rpa6e-
JKa HCnOJIb30BaJIH KaK OJIarOnpHHTHoe YCJIOBHe ,lI.JlH CBoero ooora-
ll{eHHSI; 0) CJIO" OOYPLKya3HBwHXCH nOMelltHKOB, rJIaBHhIM 06pa-
u
30M Cpe,lI.HHX, OCHOBHOH HHTepec BH,lI.eBllIHX B CBH3HX C phIHKOM;
B) MHorOtJHCJleHHbIH CJlOH MeJlKHX nOMell{HKOB, lIaCTHtJHO pa30pHB-
IllHXCH,- OCHOBHOH nOCTaBll{HK rOpO,lI.CKOH H CeJlbCKOH HHTeJIJIHreH-
UHH, MeJlKOH H cpe,nHeH oyp1Kya3HH, o<pHnepCTBa. HaH60nee MHO-
rOtJHCJleHHbIe CJlOH Cpe,lI.HHX H ocooeHHO MeJIKHX nOMelltHKOB ,nOCTa-
TOtJHO OCTpO lIYBCTBOBaJIH THLKeCTb HaJIOrOB H n060pOB. aTO 00-
CTOHTeJIbCTBO HMeJIO BaLKHoe nOJIHTHtJeCKoe 3HatJeHHe. KaK rOBO-
pHJIOCb BbIllIe, HHTepeCbl 00ypLKya3HBaBweHCH IJaCTH nOMelll.HKOB
npHXO,l(HJIH B npOTHBOpellHe C OCTaTKaMH Tpa,nHu.HOHHOH 06ll{eCTBeH-
HaM CHCTeMbI, liTO HBJISlJIOCb rJIy6HHHOH npHtJHHOH KOH JIHKTa
21
BHYTPH caMoro rocnO CTBYIO ero KJIaCCa H ero u paCKOJIa Ha Ba
npOTHB060pCTBYIO HX JIarepH: O,llHH - CBH3aHHblH C BJIaCTHMH, BO-
eHIUHHOH, tIHHOBHHIJeCTBOM (H, CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, C HaJIOrOBOH
9KCnJlyaTal.(Heif) H ,Qpyroif - CBH3aHHbIH C peHTHOH H ToprOBo-pOCTOB-
IUHQeCKOH 3KCnJIyaTaU H eH KpeCTbHHCTBa (CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, C KyneIJe-
CKHM KanHTaJIOM, ropo aMH H COBpeMeHHOH c<I>epoH KHTaHCKoro
06meCTBa) ·
MHOrOIJHCJIeHHble BblXO UbI H3 CeJIbCKOH 3KCnJIyaTaTopCKOH cpe-
AW aKTHBHO YIJaCTBOBaJIH B aHTHMOHapXHtJeCKHX H HaUHOHaJIbHO-
oCB06o,llHTeJlbH.bIX BHLKeHHHX, Hepe,llKO B03r JIaBJIHH nOCJIe,lI.HHe.
O,nHaKO pa3Me}l(eBaHHe CeJIbCKHX 3KCnJIyaTaTopOB He MOrJIO 6blTb
HH npOCTbIM, HH OKOHIJaTeJIbHbIM.
CBoe06pa3HbIe YCJIOBHH, B KOTOpbIX npOHCXOJ(HJI npouecc pac-
CJIOeHHH KpeCTbHHCTBa B KHTae, npHBeJIH K TO MY, tITO 3HaIJHTeJIb-
HaH 1JaCTb KYJIa1JeCTBa, HCTopHtJeCKH npH3BaHHoro CTaTb HOCHTe-
JIeM KanHTaJIHCTHtIeCKHX npOH3BO,lI.CTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH B ,lI.epeBHe,
6blJIa Hepa3pbIBHO CBH3aHa C nOJIy<l>eOJ(aJlbHbIMH cnoc06aMH
3KCnJIyaTaUHH. CBOH KanHTaJIbI OHH, KaK npaBHJIO, HCnOJIb30BaJIH
Ha ToprOBbIe cneKYJlHUHH, nOKynKY 3eMJlH, ,QaBaJlH B poeT. KYJla-
tleCTBO 3aMeTHO eJIHJIOCb Ha ,lI.Be IJaCTH. O Ha, OOJIee 60raTaH,
npHMeHHJIa B OCHOBHOM nOJIy<l>eOJ(aJlbHble MeTO,QbI 9KCnJIyaTaUHH,
npe,lI.n01JHTaH 60JIbWYlO tIaCTb CBoeH 3eMJIH C,lI.aBaTb B apeH y, a
He BeCTH c06CTBeHHoe X03flHCTBO. BWCOKHH ypOBeHb 3eMeJIbHOH
peHTbl B KHTae cnoc06CTBOBaJI 3BOJIIOUHH 3Toro CJIOH rJIaBHbIM 06-
pa30M B nOMe HKOB - nOJIytJaTeJIeH peHTbI, a He B KJlaCC CeJIb-
CKOH 6yp>Kya3HH. pyraH IJaCTb KYJIaKOB 3BOJIIOUHOHHpOBaJIa B
HanpaBJIeHHH MeJIKOrO npe,lI.npHHHMaTeJlbCTBa, HBJIflHCb 3a1JaTKOM
KJIaCCa KanHTaJIHCTHIJeCKHX cpepMepOB H COCT3BJIHH IJaCTb CeJIbCKOH
MeJIKOH 6YP}l(ya3HH. 3TH KYJIaKH BeJlH c06CTBeHHoe, cpaBHHTeJIbHO
KpynHoe X03HHCTBO, BbIHY,}I(,lI.aeMbIe K 3TOMY He,lI.OCTaTKOM 3eMJIH, a
CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, H He,lI.OCTaTotJHOCTblO MaCCbI peHTbI B TOM CJIytJae,
eCJIH 6bI OHH C aBaJlH 3eMJIIO B apeH Y. Ba}l(HYIO pOJIb B HX XO-
v u
3HHCTBax HrpaJla ceMeHHaH KoonepaUHH, B CBH3H C IJeM HX ceMbH
ObIJIH 3HatJHTeJIbHO KpynHee ceMeH 6eAHHKOB, a WHpOKHH cnpoc
Ha pa601JYID CHJIY OHM npe,QoHBJIHJIH TOJIbKO B ce30H KpeCTbHH KOR
CTpa,nbI.
Bee KYJla1JeCTBO B ueJlOM nO,ll,lI.ep}KHBaJlO Tpe60BaHHe cTa6HJlH-
3aUHH 06CTaHOBKH B CTpaHe, H npeLK,Qe Bcero ynopH,Q01JeHHfl Hano-
rOB, 'ITO OTKpbIBaJlO nepeA HHM B03MOLKHOCTb nocTynaTeJlbHOrO
pa3BHTHH, B03MOLKHOCTb BeCTH CBOH X03HHCTBa Ha 60JIee paUHO-
HaJIbHOH OCHOBe H paCWHpHTb npOH3BO,lI.CTBO.
Oco6eHHOCTH arpapHO-KanHTaJIHCTH1JeCKOH 9BOJIIOUHH B KHTae
OCTaBJIHJIH MaJlO MeCTa ,QJlH MeJIKOTOBapHoro YKJlaJ(a H, CJIe,QOBa-
TeJIbHO, ,l(JIH pa3BHTHH MeJIKOH 6YP}l(ya3HH. n peBpaJl\eHHe KpeCTbfl-
IIHHa B MeJIKOro 6YP}l(ya, T. e. B MeJIKOrO c06CTBeHHHKa, BeJ(YIne-
ro C8MOCTOH'TeJIbHOe MeJIKOTOBapHoe X03HHCTBO, c,nep}l(HBaJlOCb Ma-
JI03e eJIbeM, TH}I(eCTblO Tpa HUHOHHbIX <l>OPM 3KCnJIyaTaUHH, 3a-
TparHBaBlllHX H «caMOCT05ITeJIbHoro» KpeCTbHHHHa, 06IneA KanHTa-
21
nHCTHIJeCKOA Hepa3BHTOCTblO CTpaHM. B 06CTaHOBKe KHTaH KaHYHa
u
HOBCHllierO BpeMeHH e e HeJIb3H CTaBIITb 3HaK paBeHCTBa Me}K)I.Y
nOHHTHHMH «MeJIKHH 6YP>Kya» H «cepe HHK». YCJIOBHO K MeJIKO-
6YP)Kya3HoH npOCJIOIiKe B KHTaHCKOH epeBHe MO)KHO npHIJHCJIHTb
He 60JIee 20% CeJIbCKOrO HaCeJIeHHH. K CeJIbCKOH MeJIKOH 6YP}l(ya-
3HH MO)KHO OTHeCTH TaK}I(e IJaCTb MeJIKHX TOprOBlJ.CB H peMec.nCH-
HHKOB, 06CJIY}l(HBalO Hx MeCTHbIH pbIHOK ,[234, c. 135]. TaKHM
06pa30M, ypO JIHBOCTb KanHTaJIHCTHQeCKOIi 3BOJIIOUHH eJIaJ1a
MeJIK06YP}l(ya3HbIH CJIOH B KHTaHCKOH ,nepeBHe OtIeHb TOHKHM; 0
MeJIK06YP}l(ya3HocTH KpeCTbHHCTBa B UCJIOM B 3THX YCJIOBHHX rOBO-
pHTb He npHXO,lI.HTCH.
5e,llHHKH, 6aTpaKH, rOJIbITb6a (naynepbI) COCTaBJIHJIH 60-700/0
CeJIbCKOrO HaCeJIeHHH. Cpe,lI.H 6e,lI.HOrO H 6e HeHwero KpecTbHHcT-
na MO}l(HO pa3JIHIJaTb: a) napueJIJIbHbIX KpecTbHH - apeH,lI.aTOpOB H
c06cTBeHHHKoB,- BJIa,lleBlliHX MHHHMYMOM HMy ecTBa H HHBeHTa-
pH; 6) c06CTBeHHO 6aTpaKOB; B) nOJIynaynepoB H naynepOB. ,LLBe
nOCJIe,lI.HHe rpynnbI <l>aKTHIJeCKH He BJIa,lleJIH HHKaKHM HMy ecTBOM..
nOJIO)KeHHe KpeCTbHH - MeJIKHX c06CTBeHHHKOB H KpeCTbHH-apeH-
AaTopOB xapaKTepH30BaJIOCb\HaJIHQHeM B HX IJHCJle (a B paHOHax
RbICOKOH KOHueHTpaUHH 3eMJIeBJIa eHHH - npe06JIa aHHeM) 60JIb-
llioro KOJIHIJeCTBa 6e33eMeJIbHbIX apeH,lI.aTOpOB-H3J(OJIb HKOB, a
13K)Ke HX Ka6aJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTblO OT nOMe HKOB.
Y,lI.eJIbHbIH Bec c06CTBeHHO 6aTpaKOB 6bIJI He3HatIHTeJIeH (n<>
aHHbIM KHTaHCKOH CTaTHCTHKH, nOCTOHHHbIe 6aTpaKH, a T8K>Ke
HaHHMalO HeCH BpeMeHHO COCTaBJIHJIH B Cpe,lI.HeM OKOJIO 10% CeJIb-
CKoro HaCeJIeHHH). OnHcaHHH KHTaHCKHMH 3KOHOMHCTaMH <pt)pM
HaHMa nOKa3bIBa1OT, tITO TaK Ha3b1BaeMblH HaeMHblH TPYJ( H8 AeJIe
qaCTO TaKOBbIM He 6b1JI. no ,lI.aBHeH Tpa,lI.HUHH 9TOT TepMHH
npHMeHHJICH K oTpa60TKa f 3a ,lI.OJIrH H nOJIb30BaHHe pa60tfHM
('KOTOM, K oTpa60TKaM nOMelllHKY B CH.ny Ka6aJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH
H J(a}Ke K naTpHapxa.nbHbIM H nOJIypa6cKHM OTHoweHHHM.' B CBSI-
3H C 9THM a6CTpaKTHbIe onpe,lleJIeHHH BH,lI.OB 3Kcn.nyaTaUHH KaK
4>eOJ(a.nbHOH (npH B3HMaHHH peHTbI) HJlH KanHTa.nHCTHtJeCKOtl (eCJIH
npHMeHHJIH HaeMHbIH TPY,Q) MOrJIO 6b1Tb OWH60IJHblM. 3Ha I IHTe..fJb-
Hoe npe06.na,lI.aHHe Ka6aJIbHbIX OpM HaHMa He n03Bo.nHeT xapaK-
TepH30BaTb 6e,nHHKOB H J(a)Ke 6aTpaKOB KaK nOJlynpOJIeTapnaT If
npo.neTapHaT.
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CYllleCTBOBaTb Ha MH3epHbIH ,lI.OXO,lI. OT CBoero X03HHCTBa, 1I3-33'
cJla60ro H HenOCTOHHHoro cnpoca Ha pa60tIHe PYKH 6WJIO KpaHHe
HeOOeCneQeHHbIM. MHOrOIJHCJleHHOCTb CJIOH naynepoB - HaH60JIee-
RpKaH, 6pOCalOlI.(aflCfl B r .na3a oc06eHHOCTb KHTaHCKOH ,QepeBHH..
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MeCTHblX YCJIOBHH OHM, KaK npaBHJIO, COCTaBJIHJ1H
OT HeCKOJIbKHX ,QO 20 % Bcex ,QBOpOB. MaccbI ,lI.epeBeHcKoH rOJlbtTb6br
1-1 6e,lI.HeUWero KpecTbHHcTBa 1JaCTO nO,llHHMaJIHCb Ha CTHxHHHbIe
6YHTbI, H B TO >Ke BpeMH H3 HX 1JHCJIa nOnOJIHHJIHCb MHJIHTapHCr-
CKHe apMHH, H3 HHX >Ke COCTOHJIH MHOrOIJHCJIeHHble waHKH 6aH-
,llHTOB (Tycp3eB), rpaOHBWHe KpeCTbHH. BCH 3Ta CeJIbCKaH Macca
22
. u
6b1JIa nOCTaBneHa B TaKHe YCJlOBHH, KOr)(a nepe.n HeH CTOHJIa nHWb
()J1H3 38.natJa - BbI>KHTb, H Y>Ke B CHJIY 3Toro OHa npe,lI.CTaBJIHJl3
060H B3p BoonaCHYIO CHJIY. Bo BpeMH B cTynJIeHHH 9THX cnoeB
,nepeBHH npoHCXO HJI paCKOJI Bcero cenbCKoro HaCeJIeHHH H3 )(Be
qacTII - HMYll\YIO H HeHMYll\YIO. B nepBOH OKa3bIBaJlHCb nOMell\HKH,
KYJlaKH H, KaK npaBHJIO, cepe HHKH. B cnoKOHHbIe >Ke BpeMeHa 3a-
JKHTOQHast BepXYWKa .nepeBHH B COlO3e C cepe.nHstKaMH H tJaCTblO
6eJ1HHKOB (HMeHHO TOU HX tJaCTblO, KOTopaH BJIa.neJla KaKHM-J1H60
1fMYIIJ.eCTBOM H 60HJlaCb ero nOTepHTb) Y,lI.ep*HBaJla KOHTpOJlb Ha,n
.
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l(HaJIbHOrO ,ltBH>KeHHH npOTHS HaH60Jlee O,L\H03HblX npOHBJIeHHH Tpa-
u .
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THB MHJ1HTapH3M8. 3TO ,lI.BH>KeHHe BKnlOtJaJIO npaKTHtJeCKH Bee CJlOH
CeJIbCKOrO HaCeJIeHHH H MOrJIO npOHCXOJ(HTb nOJ( PYKOBOJ(CTBOM
'3KCnJIyaTaTopCKHX 9neM'eHTOB. I1cxoJ(HBllIHe HHor J(a H3 cpe)(bI nay-
nepOB Tpe60BaHHH «tJepHoro nepeJ(eJIa» He npe,lI.CTaBJIHJIH onaCHO-
CTH J(JIH rOCnO,lI.CTBYIOInero CJlOH, TaK KaK He HaXOJ(HJlH nOJ(.llep>KKH
Y Tpy,nOBoro KpeCTbHHCTBa.
B eJIOM COlI-HaJIbHbIe OTHoweHHH B KHTae KaHYHa HOBeHwero
npeMeHH xapaKTepH30BaJlHCb pa3JIOLKeHHeM Tpa,nHlI.HOHHbIX COlI.HaJlb-
HblX 06ll.{HOCTeu H He3aBepllIeHHOCTb1O CKJIaJ(bIBaHHH HOBblX KJIaC-
COB 6ypLKya3Horo 06111eCTBa. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3Toro KaK B ropO,lI.e,
1'aK H B ,lI.epeBHe Y>Ke CYllleCTBOBaJIH MHorotJHCJleHHble nepeXOJ(Hble
H npOMe>KYTOqHbIe CJlOH, B qaCTHOCTH MeJlK06YPLKya3HbIe 3JIeMeH-
ibI ropO,lI.a H ,lI.epeBHH. B ,lI.epeBHe naynepH3HpylOll(aHCH Oe,lI.HOTa
Bee ellle cOXpaHHJIa npHHa,lI.JIe>KHOCTb K Tpa,lI.HlI.HOHHOH COllHaJIbHOH
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..npyroro BblXOJ{a. B ropoJ(e }Ke oeJ(HOTa, HenpepbIBHO nOnOJIHHB-
lliaHCH pa30pHBUlHMHCH «X03HeBaMH» Ii MHorOtJHCJleHHbIMH BbIXOJ(-
aMH H3 ,llepeBHH, OKa3bIBaJIaCb BHe Tpa,nHlI.HOHHbIX COCJIOBHblX
paMOK H nOnOJIHHJIa pH,lI.bl TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIx MaprHHaJIbHblX CJIOeB.
DblCTpO paCTYll.{HM no 1JHCJIeHHOCTH H no CBoeMY COlI-HaJIbHOMY
3Ha1JeHHIO KOMnOHeHTOM npOMeLKYTOIJHOH Cpe,lI.bl 6b1JIH TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMbIe HOBbIe cpeJ(HHe CJIOH - CJIYLKaIl{He pecny6JIHKaHCKHX YtJ-
peLKJ(eHHH H KanHTaJIHCTHqeCKHX CPHPM, HHTeJIJIHreHllHH, CTY,lI.eH-
lIeCTBO, OcpHlI.epCTBO, KOTopble lllJIH Ha CMeHY CTapOH KHTaHCKOH
u u u
HHTeJIJlHreHll.HH, CBH3aHHOH C 3K3aMeHaUHOHHOH CHCTeMOH H HB-
u u
JIstBllIeHCH COCTaBHOH qaCTblO rOCnO,L\CTBYIOIl{ero Tpa,nHlI.HOHHOro
CJIOst. BMeCTe C OhlCTpbIM pOCTOM apMHH MHJIHTapHCTOB pa3paCTa-
JIaCb B HeBH,lI.aHHbIX ,lI.JIH CTaporo KHTaH MaCIIITa6ax ocpHlI.epCKaH
u
npOCJlOHKa, tIaCTHIJHO YLKe HMeBwaH COBpeMeHHYIO nO,lI.rOTOBKY.
Pe3KO YBeJIH1JHnOCb tJHCJIO CTY,lI.eHTOB B KHTae H KHTaHCKHX CTY-
eIITOB 3a Py6e>KOM. HOBbIH CTaTYC H HOBYIO ccpepy ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH
nOJ1yqaJlH JIHlI-a CBo60,lI.HbIX npocpeCCHH. Pa3J10>KeHHe CTapblX co-
lJ.H3JIbHbIX 06lll.HOCTeH H He3aBepllleHHOCTb <l>opMHpoBaHHH HOBblX
23
,neJIaJlH aBTOHOMHblMH COUHanbHble n03HUHH 3THX cpe,nHHX cnoea, a
OTHOCHTeJIbHO BblCOKHH 06pa30aaTeJlbHbIH ypOBeHb (Bcer,na nOJIb-
30BaBWHHCH B KHTae 60JIbWHM npeCTH}KeM) H npH061l{eHHOCTb K
COBpeMeHHbIM cpopMaM npOH3BO CTBeHHOH H nOJIHTHtJeCKOH .opraHH-
3aUHH n03BOJlHJIH HM npeTeH OBaTb Ha aBaHrap,l(HYIO pOJIb B no-
u .
nHTHtJeCKOH LKH3HH CTpaHbI.
Oc06eHHOCTH COUHaJIbHO-9KOHOMHtIeCKOH CTPYKTypbl KHTaH no-
MoralOT nOHRTb npOHCXOLK,lleHHe, COll.HaJIbHYIO pOJIb H KJIaCCOBYIO'
npHpO,l(Y KHTaHCKoro MHJIHTapH3Ma KaK cpaKTHtJeCKH onpe,lI.eJIHlOrn e -
u U
ro MOMeHTa COIl.HaJIbHO-nOJIHTHqeCKOH cHTyall.HH B KaHYH HOBeH-
mero BpeMeHH. npOHCXOLK,lI.eHHe KHTaHCKoro MHJIHTapM3Ma CBH-
3aHO C nOOe,lI.OH CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIOUHH 1911 r., oCB060 HBlllefi
cTpaHY OT BJIaCTH tIYLKe3eMHoH ,lI.HHaCTHH H pa3PYlllHBllleH ,lI.eCnOTH-
1feCKYIO HMnepHIO. O,lI.HaKO Ha MeCTe npe}l(HeH e,lI.HHOH HMnepHH
cpaKTHqeCKH He CJIOLKHJICH e,lI.HHbIH pecny6JIHK3HCKHH pe}l(HM, H6o.
I
npe06JIa,lI.aJIH ,lI.e3HHTerpaUHOHHbIe npl)Il.eCCbI, BbI3BaHHbIe HaqaJIOM
KanHTaJlHCTHIJeCKOH 9BOJIIOll.HH. Pa3BaJI HMnepHH CTHMYJlHpOBaJI 3TH
npoueCCbI, YHHtITOLKHB MOll\HYIO COUHaJIbHO-nOJIHTH1JeCKYIO cKpeny'
CTaporo 06 eCTBa, a HOBbIX KJIaCCOB, napTHH, opraHH3aUHH, cno-,
C06HbIX CTaTb npeeMHHKaMH MaHbtI}I(ypCKHX HMnepaTopOB H pea-
JIH30BaTb nOJIHTHtIeCKYIO n06e,lI.Y 1911 r., He 6bIJIO. B 06CTaHOBKe:
cpaKTHIJeCKOH rpaLK,lI.aHCKOH BOHHbI HaIJaJICH pa3BaJI e,lI.HHOH rocy-
,lI.apCTBeHHOCTH, BJlaCTb Ha MeCTax nepeXO,lI.HJIa K TeM, Y Koro 6bI-
.I1a BoeHHaH CHJIa. «X03HeBa» apMHH ,lI.eJIaIOTCH H aKTHqeCKHMK
npaBHTeJIHMH Ha MeCTax (OTCIO,lI.a H Ha3BaHHe 3TH X pe}l{HMOB-
«MHJIHTapHCTCKHe») .
CTpaHa pacna,lI.aJIaCb Ha MHO}l(eCTBO MHJIHTapHCTCKHX «Y,lI.eJIOB»
DpH BceM pa3JIHIJHH B O OpMJIeHHH CBoeH BJIaCTH Bce MHJIHTapHct-
CKHe peLKHMbI HMeJIH xapaKTep BoeHHo-6IOpOKpaTHtIeCKHX ,lI.HKTaTYp.
BoeHHO-a,lI.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIH annapaT - rJIaBHaH H, B CY ROCTH
e,lI.HHCTBeHHaH nOJIHTHIJeCKaH onopa 3THX peLKHMOB, a CHCTeMa Ha-
Jlor006JIO)KeHHH - OCHOBHOll HCTOIJHHK HX Cpe,lI.CTB cy ecTBoBaHHH
B TOM tIHCJle H CO,lI.epLKaHHH apMHH. He CJIY1JaHHO pacnpocTpaHe-
HHe 3TH X pe)KHMOB Bcer,Qa COnpOBO)K,QaJIOCb 3HaqHTeJIbHbIM pOCTOM
HaJIoro06JIo)KeHHH.
BHelllHe COIl.HaJIbHO-nOJIHTHqeCKaH CTpYKTypa MHJIHTapHCTCKHX
U U
pe)KHMOB HanOMHHaJIa CTPYKTYPY Tpa,lI.Hll.HOHHOH ,lI.eCnOTHIJeCKOH
HMnepHH C ee npOTHBOCTOHHHeM 6IOpOKpaTH1JeCKOrO annapaTa Mac-
caM MeJIKHX npOH3BO,lI.HTeJIeH, HBJIHBlllHXCH 06'beKTOM 3KCnJIyaTa-
ll.HH IJepC3 CHCTeMY HaJIoro06JIo)KeHHH. O,l1.HaKO MHJIHTapHCTCKHe
pe)KHMbI HBJIHJIHCb He npOCTO OCKOJIKaMH H YMeHbllleHHbIMH KonHH-
lH npe)KHeH ,l(eCnOTHH, a COIl.HaJIbHbIM nOpO)K,lI.eHHeM nepeJIoMHoH,
nepexo,lI.HoH K KanHTaJIH3MY 9nOXH H BO MHorOM cnoc06CTBOBaJIH
YCKopeHHIO 3Toro nepexo,l(a 13.
nOCJIe,lI.OBaBlllee 3a n06e,lI.OH CHHbxaHcKoH peBOJIIOUHH ,lleCHTH-
JIeTHe CTaJIO nepHO,lI.OM HeBH,lI.aHHOrO npe)K,lI.e pa3BHTHH npOH3BO,lI.H-
reJlbHWX CHJI cTpaHw, 06HOBJIeHHH 9KoHoMHIJecKoH, nOJIHTHIJecKoH
JI.YXOBHOH )KH3HH KHTaHcKoro 06lll.eCTBa. Ho Y 9Toro KanHTaJIH-
24
THqeCKOrO no CBoeH CYInHuCTH nO)('beMa 6hIJla H 060pOTHaH CTOpO-
H3: pa3BaJI HaIl.HOHaJIbHOH rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHOCTH ycyry6HJI nOJIYKOJlO-
HH3JIbHOe nOJIO}KeHHe CTpaHbI. MHJIHTapHCTCKHe pe}KHMhI B enHX
CBoero YCHJIeHHH ,lI.OMOraJlHCb nOMepLKKH HMnepHaJIHCTHtJeCKHX
,nepLKaB, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHhIX B paCWHpeHHH TaKHM nYTeM CBOHX
«ccpep BJIHHHHH». nOCJIepeBOJlIO HOHHaH 06CTaHOBKa He TOJIbKO
,cnoc06CTBOBaJla CTHXHHHOMY pa3BHTHIO Ha HOHaJIbHOrO KanHTaJIH3-
Ma, HO H 6J1arOnpHHTCTBOBaJIa npOHHKHOBeHHIO HHOCTpaHHoro Ka-
nHTaJIa B HeBH)(aHHWX npe ,lI.e pa3Mepax. Pa3BaJI Ha HOHaJIbHOH
TOCY,lI.apCTBeHHOC'TH He n03BOJIHJI RHTalO OTCTaHBaTb Ha Me ,lI.Y-
HapO,lI.HOH apeHe CBOH HHTepeCbI, )(eJIaJI RHTaH 06'beKTOM MeLKHM-
\nepHaJIHCTHlIeCKHX C,lI.eJIOK.
rOCnO,lI.CTBO MHJIHTapHCTCKHX pe>KHMOB, 03HallaBIllee cpaKTHqe-
v
.CKHH pacna;l CTpaHbI H HeBH,llaHHOe npeLK,lle Hal(HOHaJIbHOe YHH-
JKeHHe, 060CTpHJIO BHYTpeHHHe npOTHBOpeqHH H BhIHBHJIO OCHOBHoe
CO,llep}l(aHHe 06ll\eHa HOHaJIbHOH 3a,lI.aqH 06'be,lI.HHeHHH CTpaHbI H
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH Hal(HOHaJlbHOH rocy)(apCTBeHHOCTH, cnoc06HOH B03-
pO,lI.HTb H 06HOBHTb RHTan B COOTBeTCTBHH C COBpeMeHHbIMH YCJIO-
BHHMH, OCB060,lI.HB ero OT nYT KOJIOHHaJIbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH. BMeCTe
C TeM nepHO,lI. MHJIHTapHCTCKOH pa3,lI.p06JIeHHOCTH He 6WJI TOJIbKO
BpeMeHeM Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO YHHLKeHHH H 060cTpeHHH Bcex npoTHBo-
petJHH cTpaHbI; OH 6bIJI H BpeMeHeM BbI3peBaHHH COUHaJIbHO-3KOHO-
MHtJeCKHX H nOJIHTHKO-H,lI.eOJIOrHlIeCKHX npe)(nOCbIJIOK 06'be,lI.HHeHHH
H B03pOLK,lI.eHHH KHTaH, nOpO}l(,lleHHbIx pa3BHTHeM KanHTaJIHCTHtIe-
'CKoro YKJIa,lI.a B 3TH rO,lI.bI.
KaHYH HOBeHwero BpeMeHH CTaHOBHJICH H KaHYHOM rJIy60KHX
u
COll.HaJIbHbIX nOTpHceHHH.
nOJIHTHKO-HAeOJlOrHqeCKaH cHTyaQHH a KHTae
u
K HaqaJlY HOBeHwero apeMeHH
nOJlHTHKO-H,lI.eOJIOrHtJeCKaH cHTyall.HH B KHTae K HatIaJIY HOBeH;
lllero BpeMeHH onpe)(eJIHJIaCb cBoe06pa3HeM nOJIHTHtJeCKHX npo ec-
u
COB, npOTeKaBlIIHX B CTpaHe no,lI. HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHbIM B03,lI.eHCTBHeM
nOOe)(bl CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIOl(HH. CBepLKeHHe MaHbll}l(ypCKoro Hra,
YHHtJTO}l(eHHe )(eCnOTHtJeCKOH HMnepHH, npOB03rJIaWeHHe pecny6JIH'-
u v
KH BWHBHJlH CO BceH OTlIeTJlHBOCTblO Hepa3BHTOCTb nOJIHTHlIeCKOH
v u v
'CTPYKTypbI CTpaHbI, OTpa1KaBWeH KaK BeKOBOH rHeT ,necnOTHlIeCKOH
HMnepHH, TaK H CJlaOOCTb <pOpMHpOBaHHH HOBbIX COl(HaJlbHO-KJIaC-
eOBblX CHJI. B CTpaHe He OKa3aJIOCb 06ll\eHa HOHaJIbHbIX opraHH3a-
UHA, cnoco6HbIX B03rJlaBHTb npo ecc nOJlHTHtJeCKoro 06HOBJIe-
HHH H coxpaHHTb e,lI.HHCTBO CTpaHbI, He HMeBwee ell{e )(OCTaTOtJ-
v
HbIX 3KOHOMHtIeCKHX npe,lI.nOCbIJIOK, Cpe,lI.CTBaMH nOJIHTHtJeCKOH ,lI.e-
MOKpaTHH.
npe}l(,lI.e Bcero BbIHBHJIaCb CJla60CTb peBOJIIO HOHHOH ,lI.eMOKpa-
THH B JlH e KHTaHCKoro 06'be)(HHeHHOro COI03a, CblrpaBwero pe-
walOInYIO pOJIb B nO,l(rOTOBKe H npOBe,lI.eHHH CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIO-
25
:qHH. OCHOBHaH CHJla ,ltBH>KeHHH, B03rJIaBJIHBWerOCH CYHb 5ITceHoM
3aKJIIOtJaJIaCb B TOM, 1JTO OHO BbIpa>KaJIO rJIy60Koe Hal1HOHaJIbHOe
3HTHMaHb1JLKypCKOe HaCTpoeHHe WHpOKHX CJIOeB KHTaHCKoro 06Ine-
CTBa. n06e,ll.a CUHbxaHCKOH peBOJIlOlI.HH H perneHHe rJIaBHOrO BO-
u - ..
npoca 3TOH peBOJIIOI1HH - Bonpoca 0 CBepLKeHHH ,lI.eCnOTHtJeCKOH
BJIaCTH MaHbtILKypCKHX Y3ypnaTopOB - TYT >Ke BbIHBHJ1H CJIa60CTb
OO'be,ltHHeHHOro COI03a, He HMeBllIero HH MaCCOBOH 06IneHaI1HOHaJlb-
. u u
HOH nOJIHTHlIeCKOH opraHH3all.HH, HH peaJIHCTHtJeCKOH nporpaMMbl
nepeYCTpOHCTBa KHTaHCKoro 06IUeCTBa. B HOBbiX YCJIOBHHX, KorJ{a
aHTHMaHbtJLKypCKHH CTHMYJI nOJlHTHIJeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH Y}I(e He ,lI.eii-
CTBOBaJI, BblHBHJIaCb CJIa60CTb nOJIHTHtJeCKOH onopbl peBOJlIOIl.HOHe-
pOB. n03TOMY CYHb 51TceH, CYH U3HOLK9Hb H ,lI.pyrHe JIH,lI.epbl 06'b-
e HHeHHoro COlO3a BbIcTynHJIH HHHI1HaTOpaMH ero CJIHHHHH C tJe-
TbIpbMH J{PyrHMH nOJIHTHqeCKHMH rpynnHpoBKaMH H 06pa30BaHHH
B._ Brycxe J. .12 r. Hal1HOHaJIbHOH napTHH (rOMHHb,lI.aHa), nporpaMMa
KOTOpOH 6bIJIa- h Tfanejfel{a npe>KJI.e Bcero Ha 3 n HTY pecny6JIHKaH-
CKHX HHCTHTYTOB MeTOJ{aMH napnaMeHTCKOH ,l(eMOKpaTHH. BblJtBH-
HYB Tpe60BaHHSI, HanpaBJIeHHbIe npOTHB ,lI.HKTaTOpCKHX nOnOJl3HOBe-
HHH npe3H,lI.eHTa aHb UUHKaH, rOMHHb,ltaH 3aBOeBaJI OOJlbWHHCTBO
MeCT B napJIal\1eHTe Ha "BbI60pax B HatIaJIe 1913 r. O,lI.HaKO lOaHb
IllHKaH, onHpaHcb Ha npHMYIO BoeHHYIO CHJIY H nO,lI.,l{ep>KKY HMne-
pHaJIHCTHIJeCKHX ,lI.ep}l(aB, opraHH30BaJl YOHHCTBO CYH U3HO>K3HH,
3anpeTHJI B HOH6pe 1913 r. rOMHHb,ltaH, a B HHBape 1914 r. paao-
rHaJI napJIaMeHT, YCTaHOBHB CBOIO ,lI.HKTaTYPY.
nOTepneB nopaLKeHHe, CYHb 5ITceH B HIOHe 1914 r. B 9MHrpa-
I1HH (B TOKMo) peopraHH30BaJI rOMHHb,lI.aH B KHTaHcKYIO peBonlO-
ll.HOHHYIO napTHIO, KOTopaH MbICJIHJIaCb KaK Y3KaH ooeBaH opra-
HH3aUHH, cnoc06HaH cBeprHYTb ,lI.HKTaTYPY lOaHb lllHKaH. CYTb
ee nporpaMMbl BH,lI.Ha H3 KJIHTBbI, KOTOPYIO ,lI.aBaJIH BCTynaBwHe
B opraHH3all.HIO: «Bo HMH cnaceHHH KHTaH OT rH6eJIH, nOBHHYHCb
CYHb 51TceHY, BHOBb ocy ecTBHTb peBOJIIOll.HIO, npeTBopHTb B >KH3Hb
,lI.Ba npHHIl.Hna - HapO,lI.OBJIaCTHe H HapO,lI.HOe 6JIarOCOCToHHHe, YtJ-
peJl.HTb "KOHCTHTYI1HIO nHTH BJIaCTeH", HcnpaBHTb rocY,ltapCTBeHHoe
ynpaBJIeHHe, YJIyqUlHTb )KH3I1b HapO,lI.a, YKpenHTb OCHOBbl racy ap-
CTBa H 06eCneQHTb l\fHp BO BceM MHpe» (UHT. no f264, c. 182]).
BHYTPH HTaH PeBOJIlOl1HOHHaH napTHH HMeJIa nO)lJlep}KKY r'JIaB-
HhIM 06pa30M B IOLKHbIX npOBHHI1HHX, HO He CYMeJIa CTaTb Macco-
BOH BJIHHTeJIbHOH opraHH3all.HeH. OTCIO,lI.a - CTpeMJIeHHe CYHb 51T-
ceHa onepeTbCH Ha MHJIHTapHCTOB, BbIcTynaBwHx npOTHB npaBH-
1eJIbCTB B neKHHe, HCnOJIb30BaTb YCHJIHBWHHCH perHOHaJIH3M.
CHHbxaUCKaH peBOJllOl1HH He 3aTpOHYJIa 3KOHOMHtJeCKHX npHBH-
u u
erHH KHTaMCKHX rOCnO,ll.CTBYIOlll.HX KJIaCCOB H nOJIHTHIJeCKHX npH-
BHJIerHH npaBHll.{eH 6IOpOKpaTHH. nO,lI. B03,lI.eHCTBHeM TH>KenbiX no-
pa}l(eHHH [(HHCKO" HMnepHH B «onHYMHbIX» BOHHax Cepe,l1.HHbI
XIX B. H,lI.eH caMOYCHJleHHH Bee 60JIbWe npH06peTaJIH MOJl.epHH3a-
TOpCKHH OTTeHOK. nepcneKTHBbI B03pO}l(,lI.eHHH BeJIHtIHH cTpaHbI Bce
60JIbWe OTO:>K,lI.ecTBJIHJIHCb C Mo.nepHH3a11HeH no 3anaJl.HoMY H HnOH-
CKOMY 06pa3u,aM, KOTopaH B XX B. CBH3bIBaJIaCb C KOHCTHTYI1HOH-
26
'}lbIMII pe<l>opMaMH. KHTaHCKaH 61OpOKpaTHH CTaJIa BOCnpHHHMaTb
UHHCKHii pe)KHM KaK npenHTCTBHe ,l(JlH CaMOYCHJIeHHH KHTaH. Bce
3TO JIHlllHJlO ee CTHMYJIOB ,lI.JlH no,a,lI.epLKKH na,nalOI.IJ.ero no,lI. Y,lI.a pa-
MH peBOJIlOlI.HH pe)KHMa. YnoTpe6JIHH COBpCMeHHble TepMHHbI, MOLl{-
.110 CKa3aTb, IJTO KHTaell.eHTpH3M H cpeO,lI.aJIbHbIH HalI.HOHaJIH3M OKa-
u
3aJIHCb CHJlbHee npeKJlOHeHHH nepe,l( H,lI.eeH MOHapXHH.
nOCJleCHHbXaHCKHe C06bITHH, Ka3aJIOCb, nO,lI.TBepLK,lI.aJIH npaBOTY
paCtJeTOB MHoroonbITHOH '6IOpOKpaTHH: CYHb 5ITceH H Bce pa,lI.HKaJIb-
'HOe KpbIJIO aHTHll.HHCKOro ,lI.BHLKeHHH TepneJIH nopaLKeHHH B 60pb-
6e C lOaHb lIIHKaeM, OJIHll.eTBOpHBlllHM HHTepCCbI npe)KHHX npa-
BHllI.HX rpynn, H npe)K,lI.e Bcero CTOJIHqHOH 6IOpOKpaTHH. LleHCT-
BHTeJIbHO, lOaHb llIHKaH, CTaB npe3H,neHTOM, CKOHueHTpHpOBaJI B
CBOHX PYKax BJlaCTb, npH6J1HLKaBlIIYIOCH K ,l(HKTaTOpCKOH, H ,l(aLKe
HaqaJl nO,lI.rOTOBKY co6CTBeHHOH KOpOHaUHH. O,lI.HaKO OH CTOJlKHYJI-
CH C conpOTHBJIeHHeM caMbIX pa3JIHlIHbIX nOJIHTHIJeCKHX CHJI - OT
pa,lI.HKaJIbHbIX pecny6JIHKaHll.eB H 60JIee llIHpOKHX ,lI.eMOKpaTHIJeCKHX
'CJIOeB ,lI.O '«npOCBe eHHbIX lli3HbUlH» H IJaCTH 6IOpOKpaTHH, paCCqH-
TbIBaBUlCH npH pecny6J1HKaHCKOM CTpoe ,lI.06HTbCH 60JIblllerO JIHtI-
Horo BJlHHHHH. B pe3YJIbTaTe lOaHb IllHKaH 6bIJI BbIHY)K,lI.eH OT-
Ka3aTbCH OT H,lI.eH peCTaBpaUHH MOHapXHH.
nepBbIMH npOTHB lOaHb lIIHKaH . BbIcTynHJIH MHJIHTapHCTbI
IOHbHaHH, npOB03rJIaCHBlllHe CBOIO He3aBHCHMOCTb B KOHIl.e 1915 r. 14 .
TIocTeneHHo no,lI. aHTHMOHapXHtJeCKHMH JI03YHraMH HaIJaJlH 60pb-
6y II MHJlHTapHCTbI JI.Pyrux IOLKHbIX H IOrO-3ana HbIX npoBHHnHH--
fyaH,lI.YHa, fyaHcH, fYHtILKOY, CbItJyaHH, XYHaHH, cI>Yll.3HHH. I1c-
nOJIb3YH pOCT CTHXHHHWX aHTHMOHapXHqeCKHX HaCTpoeHHH II onH-
paHCb Ha Tpa,lI.HIl.HOHHWe cenapaTHCTCKHe YCTpeMJIeHHH IOra, Boe-
HaIJaJIbHHKH Ha3Ba t HHbIX npOBHHIIJIH pa3BepHYJIH npOTHB IOaHb lllH-
.KaH BOHHY B 3a HTY pecny6JIHKH». BOHCKa lOaHb lIIHKaH Tep-
neJIH nOpa)KeHHH, nOCKOJlbKY ero reHepaJIbI He XOTeJIH BoeBaTh
.rrpOTHB IOLKaH. BecHoH 1916 r. ,LlyaHb I..{HLKYH, CIOH lIIHlIaH, <1>3H
fOIJ)KaH, 'lJLKaH CIOHb H ,lI.pyrHe 69HHHcKHe MHJIHTapHCTbI B 06cTa-
nOBKe pa3BepTbIBaBllleHcH rpaLK,lI.aHCKOH BOHHbI CeBepa H IOra
CKJlOHHJlHCb K oTKa3Y OT nO,lI.,lI.ep>KKH MOHapXHtIeCKHX aBaHTlOp
R)aHb lIIHKaH. Bce 3TO 03HatIaJIO nOJIHOe nopaLKeHHe ,lI.HKTaTOp-
CKHX Ii MOHapXHIJeCKHX 3aMbICJIOB lOaHb lIIHKaH.
fpaLK,lI.aHCKaH BOHHa 1915-1916 rr. H nOpa}KeHHe lOaHb lIIH-
KaH HMeJIH orpoMHbIe H HeO,lI.H03HatJHbIe nOCJIe,lI.CTBHH ,lI.JJH HCTOpHH
CTpaHbl. npOBaJI lOaHbllIHKaeBCKoii aBaHTIOpbI - 9TO, oe3YCJlOBHO,
u u"
nopa>KeHHe MaxpoBoH KHTaHCKOH peaKlI.HH, HO O,lI.HOBpeMeHHo H
npOBaJI nonbITKH coxpaHeHHH e,nHHoro H neHTpaJIH30BaHHoro KH-
TaHcKoro rocY,lI.apCTBa. B nOJlHOM Mepe CKa3aJIOCb pe3Koe 060cTpe-
RHe perHOHaJlHCTCKHX TeH,lI.eHlI.HH nocJle CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIlOlI.HH.
Pa3pYIlleHHe TaKOH MO HOH COII.HaJIbHO-nOJIHTHtJeCKOH CKpenbI, KaK
AeCnOTHlIeCKaH MOHapXHH, npHBeJlO K BCnJleCKY neHTp06e>KHbIX CHJI,
nOtJYBCTBOBaBIllHx orpOMHble B03MOLKHOCTH B YCJlOBHHX pe3Koro OC-
JIa6JIeHHH neHTpaJIbHOH BnaCTH. OueHKa 3THX perHOHaJlHCTCKHX,
neHTpo6e>KHbIX CHn npe,nCTaBJlfleT HeKOTOpylO CJIO>KHOCTb. C O,lI.-
27
HOH CTOpOHbI, B 06 eM nOTOKe 9THX ,lI.BH}I(eHHH MO)KHO BbI,lI.eJIHTb
Onpe,lI.eJIeHHYIO 6YPLKya3HO-,lI.eMOKpaTHIJeCKYIO CTPYIO, CBH3aHHYIO C
pa3BHTHeM (OC06eHHO Ha H)re) MeCTHblX KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKHX PblH-
KOB H MeCTHOH 6YP)Kya3HH, THrOTHBllIeHCH rHeTOM fleKHHa, C Tpa-
,lI.Hll.HHMH HapO,ll.HOrO aHTHMaHbq)KypCKOrO ,llBHLKeHH , C aHTH,l(HKTa-
TOpCKHMH HaCTpOeHHHMH. C ,l(pyroH CTOpOHbI, 9TH CTHXHHHbIe eMO-
KpaTHIJeCKHe HaCTpOeHHH 6 JIH HCnOJIb30BaHbI HaH60JIee BJIHHTeJIb-
lIbIMH rpynnaMH MeCTHbIX 6IOpOKpaTOB, OC06eHHO BOeHatIaJlbHHKaMH,
,l(JIH YTBep)K,l(eHHH CBOeH 6eCKOHTpOJIbHOH BJIaCTH Ha MeCTaX, ,l(JIH
C03,lI.aHHH TaK Ha3b1BaeMbIX MHJIHTapHCTCKHX peLKHMOB. npeTeH,lI.YH
Ha 60JIblllYIO BJIaCTb H 66JIbmyIO TeppHTOpHIO, MHJIHTapHCTbI no-
u
CTOHHHO BeJIH ,lI.Pyr C ,lI.PyroM BOHHbI, BCTynaJ1H B KOaJIHIl.HH C 0,lI.-
HJiMH npOTHB PyrHx, npH3HaBaH BJIaCTb 60J1ee CHJIbHbIX H nO)J.IJH-
HHH ce6e (Ha Ha1JaJIaX, HanOMHHalOlll.HX IJeM-TO BaCCaJ1HTeT) 60J1ee
CJla6bIX. HCKaJ1H nOKpOBHTeJIbCTBa HMnepHaJIHCTHqeCKHX ,lI.ep}l{aB H
HaXO,lI.HJIH ero. ,LlOJIrHe rO,lI.bI 9Ta MHJIHTapHCTCKaH MeLK,lI.oyc06Hu.a
OCTaeTCH OCHOBHbIM nOJIHTHtIeCKHM OHOM CTpaHbl, Ha KOTOpOM nO-
CTeneHHO BbIpHCOBblBalOTCH pa3JIHtIHble HanpaBJIeHHH Hall.HOHaJIbHO-
OCB060,lI.HTeJIbHOrO ,lI.BH)KeHHH.
BMeCTe C TeM pa3BaJI CTapOH, Tpa HIl.HOHHOH nOJIHTHqeCKOH
CTPYKTypbI, npOBaJI nonbITOK C03,lI.aTb HOBYIO, pecny6JIHKaHCKO-KOH-
u
CTHTY HOHHYIO CHC.TeMY, HapaCTaHHe MHJIHTapHCTCKOH MeLK OYCO-
OHll.bI 03HaIJaJIH H pa,lI.HKaJIbHOe OCJIa6JIeHHe nOJlHTHtIeCKOH CHJI
npaBHllI.ero CJIOH rOCnO,lI.CTBYIO ero KJIaCca.
Pa3BaJI 06 eHall.HOHaJ1bHOrO rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHoro annapaTa 03Ha-
tIaJl H pa3BaJI e,lI.HHOH nOJIHTHQeCKOH opraHH3all.HH rOCnO,lI.CTBYIOllI.e-
ro KJIaCCa, nOJlHOe B0306J1a,lI.aHHe MeCTHbIX 3KOHOMHtIeCKHX H no-
.rIHTHIJeCKHX HHTepeCOB Ha,lI. 06 eHaUHOHaJIbHbIMH, B3aHMHoe CTOJIK-
HOBeHHe 9THX MeCTHbIX HHTepeCOB H MeCTHblX npaBH HX rpynn,
npaKTHQeCKYIO Hecnoc06HOCTb KOHcepBaTHBHblX nOJIHTHIJeCKHX CHJI
06'be,lI.HHHTbCH ,lI.JIH 3allI.HTbI CBOHX 06lll.HX HHTepeCOB Ha Me>K,lI.YHa-
u u
pO,lI.HOH H BHYTpHnOJIHTHIJeCKOH apeHe.
KHTaHCKaH pecny6JIHKa cpopMaJIbHO npo,nOJI}I(aJIa CYllleCTBOBaTb
kaK e,lI.HHOe rOCY,lI.apCTBO: B neKHHe HaXO,lI.HJIOCb HOMHHaJIbHO 06-
u
ll(eKHTaHCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO, npH3HaBaBweecH HHocTpaHHbIMM
u
,l\ep)KaBaMH H B KaKOH-TO Mepe MeCTHblMH MHJIHTapHCTaMH, HO He-
npepbIBHaH'MHJIHTapHCTcKaH 60pb6a pa3pyrnana KHTaHcKYIO rocy-
J1.a pCTBeH HOCTb.
nocJIe cMepTH lOaHb IllHKaH (HIOHb 1916 r.) npe3H,lI.eHTOM CTaJl
JIM lOaHbxYH, BHll.e-npe3H,lI.eHTOM - <l>3H rOIJ}I(aH, npeMbep-MH-
HHCTpOM - ,ayaHb UHLKYH. HOBbIH npe3H,lI.eHT OO'bHBHJI 0 BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHHH KOHCTHTYUHH 1912 r. H C03BaJI pa30rHaHHbIH ero npeJ(-
weCTBeHHHKOM napJIaMeHT. npe3H,lI.eHT BbIpa>KaJI HHTepecbI IOLKHbIX
MHJIHTapHCTcKHX rpynnHpoBoK, npeMbep-MHHHCTp - ceBepHoH. Me}K-
JJ.Y HHMH UlJIa oCTpaH 60pboa, pacnpocTpaHHBrnaHcH H Ha napJIa-
MeHT. nO,lI.JIHHHOH np060H CHJI OKa3aJICH Bonpoc 0 BCTynneHHH
KHTaH B BOHHY Ha cTopoHe CTpaH AHTaHTbI.
CeBepH e MHJIHTapHCTbI CBH3bIBaJIH C 9TOM aKUHeH onpeAeJIeH-
28
Hble nJIaHbl YKpenJleHHH CBoero nOJlHTHqeCKOrO H BoeHHoro BJIHHHHH..
,l{yaHb ll,H)KYH B Mae 1917 r. nOCTaBHJI Bonpoc 0 BCTynJIeHHH B
BOHHY B napJIaMeHTe, HO nO,lI.,lI.ep}l(KH He nOJIYIJHJI. JIH IOaHbXYH
BOCnOJIb30BaJICH napJIaMeHTCKHM npOBaJIOM ,LLyaHb ll,HLKYH H CMe-
CTHJI ero C nOCTa npeMbepa, tJTO, O,lI.HaKO, BbI3BaJIO OTBeTHoe ,l(aBJIe-
HHe ceBepHbIX MHJIHTapHCTOB Ha npe3H,lI.eHTa, KOTopoe BblHY,l(MJIO
ero pacnYCTHTb CTponTHBbIH napJIaMeHT. nOJIHTHtIeCKOH Hepa36e-
pHxoA nOnbITaJICH BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH HpbIH peaKUHOHep reHepaJI
1.J}I(aH CIOHb: 1 HIOJIH 1917 r. OH BBeJI CBOH BOHcKa B neKHH H
npOB03rJIaCHJI BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe MOHapxHH BO rJIaBe C nOCJIe,lI.HHM ,
HMnepaTopoM ny 11. lJepe3 12 ,lI.HeH BblcTynJIeHHe 1.ILKaH CIOHH
6bIJIO no,naBJIeHO BOHcKaMH ,ayaHb ll,H)KYH, KOTOpbIH nOCJIe 3Toro
BHOBb CTaJI npeMbep-MHHHCTpOM, a MeCTO ywe,lI.wero B OTCTaBKY JIIf
IOaHbxYHa 3aHHJI <P9H rOtI}I(aH. 14 aBrYCTa KHTaH 06'bHBHJI BoAHY
repMaHHH. OnHpaHcb Ha nO,lI.,llep}l(KY 51noHHH, ,LLyaHb UH)KyA C,lI.e-
JlaJI nonbITKY 06'be,lI.HHeHHH cTpaHbI, tITO JIHlllb YCHJIHJIO nOJIHTHqe-
CKHH pacna,lI. KHTaH.
DOJIbWHHCTBO ,l(enYTaToB pa30rHaHHoro ceBepHbIMH MHJIHTapH-
CTaMH napJIaMeHTa 6eLKaJIH Ha lOr, r,lI.e BMeCTe C IO>KHbIMH MHJIH-
1'apHcTaMH BbIcTynHJIH npoTHB ceBepHoH KJIHKH. JIeToM 1917 r.
CYHb 51TceH npHeXaJI B KaHToH (fyaHtI}I(oy), r,lI.e 25 aBrYCTa OT-
KpbIJIaCb IJpe3BbIQaHHaH ceCCHH napJIaMeHTa, Ha KOTOpOH 6bIJIO 06'b-
HBJIeHO 0 C03,lI.aHHH BoeHHoro npaBHTeJIbCTBa BO r JIaBe C CYHb.
5ITceHoM B 3BaHHH reHepaJIHCcHMyca. O,lI.HaKO, He 06JIa,lI.aH peaJIb-
liOH CHJIOH, OH 6bIJI BbIHY)K,lI.eH onHpaTbcH Ha IOrO-3ana,lI.HblX MHJIH-
TapHcToB, KOTopble, B CBOIO OIJepe,lI.b, paccMaTpHBaJIH CYHb 51TceHa
Hllib KaK «nonYJIHpHOe npHKpblTHe» ,lI.JIH CBOHX cenapaTHcTcKHX
,l(eHCTBHH. BoeHHoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO npOB03rJIaCHJIO HaQaJIO CeBep-
Horo noxo,lI.a no,lI. JI03YHraMH 3all.\HTbI KOHCTHTYll.HH 1912 r. O,lI.HaKO-
. IOHbHaHbCKHe, ryaHcHHcKHe H CbItIyaHbcKHe MHJIHTapHCTbI cTpeMH-
JIHCb He K 06'be,lI.HHeHHIO CTpaHbI no,lI. BJIaCTblO napJIaMeHTa, a K YK-
penJIeHHIO CBOHX n03HIl.HH Ha MeCTax; OHH ,lI.a)Ke BCTynaJIH B no-
JIHTHQeCKHe C,lI.eJIKH C ceBepHbIMH MHJIHTapHCTaMH. Bee 9TO OIJeHb-
CKOpO npHBeJIO K TOMY, tITO CYHb 51TceH OKa3aJICH JIHWHHM. B Mae
1918r r. tJpe3BbIIJaHHaH ceCCHH napJlaMeHTa 3aMeHHJIa rJI8BY BoeH-
u
Horo npaBHTeJIbCTBa ,lI.HpeKTOpHeH H3 ceMH tIeJIOBeK, BKJllOqaH H
CYHb 51TceHa, HO peaJIbHaH BJIaCTb HaXO,lI.HJIaCb B PYKax ryaHcHH-
CKoro MHJIHTapHCTa JIy IKYHTHHa, H CYHb 51TceH 6bIJI BblHY}I(,neH
BepHYTbCH H3 KaHToHa B llIaHxaH, npH3HaB TeM caMbIM CBoe no-
pa>KeHHe.
Ho H ceBepHoH rpynnHpoBKe He XBaTaJIO CHJI ,lI.JIH nO,lI.IJHHeHHH
!Ora. nOCJIe CMepTH lOaHb llIHKaH OHa paCnaJIaCb Ha aHbxOHCKYIO
II t[)KHJIHHCKYIO KJIHKH (nOHMeHOBaHHbIe TaK B COOTBeTCTBHH C Ha-
3BaHHHMH npOBHHUHH, H3 KOTOpbIX 6bIJIH HX JIH,lI.epbI). rJIaBOH aHb-
XOHCKOH rpynnHpoBKH 6bIJI ,ayaHb UHLKyii, B OCHOBHOM KOHTPOJIH-
pOBaBIIIHH B 1917 r. npoBHHuHH CeBepHoro KHTaH. lJLKHJIHHCKYIO
rpynnHpoBKY, rOCnO,l(CTBOBaBUIYIO B [{eHTpaJlbHOM H BOCTOtJHOM KH-
Tae, B03rJIaBJIHJI <l>3H fotJ>KaH, a nocJle ero CMepTH - [{ao KYHb
2
" Y n9H<PY. <l>aKTHtJeCKH He3aBHCHMblMH 6b1J1H ry6epHaTOpbl OpO-
BHHIl.HH lllaHbcH (5IHb CHlliaHb) H 1lI3HbcH (LI3Hb lIlYQ>aHb). MaHb-
1J>KypHH KOHTpOJlHpOBaJIaCb Q>3HTHHbCKOH (MYK,l(eHCKOH) rpynnH-
pOBKOH BO rJIaBe C q)KaH ll,30JIHHeM, opHeHTHpoBaBwHMCH Ha no,n-
)(epLKKY HnOHHH. Bopb6a 3a nOJlHTHtJeCKoe H BoeHHoe BJIHHHlle, 3a
KOHTpOJIb Ha,lI. TeppHTopHHMH, HaJlOraMH H T. n. IllJIa He TOJIbKO
MeLK,lI.Y rpynnHpoBKaMH, HO H BHYTPH HX.
MHJIHTapHCTCKHe pacnpH ,lI.OnOJIHHJlHCb elll.e H TeM, qTO nOJIH-
'THtJeCKaH LKH3Hb B neKHHe Bce 60JIee BbIpOLK,lI.aJIaCb. HeKOr,lI.a BJIHH-
1'eJIbHaH nporpeCCHBHaH napTHH BO rJIaBe C JIHH lLHqaO nOCJIe
pH,lI.a ee peopraHH3all.HH, KaLK,lI.aH H3 KOTOpbIX OTpaLKaJIa nOTeplO
ero nOJlHTHIJeCKOrO BJIHHHHH, BbIpO,lI.HJIaCb B I1cCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbCKYIO
KJIHKY, KOMnpOMeTHpylOHI.YIO ce6H nO,lI.,lI.epLKKOH aHTHHaUHOHaJIbHOH
nOJIHTHKH ,ayaHb UHLKYH. PH,lI. 6bIBllIHX rOMHHbJl-aHOBCKHX ,l(eny-
TaTOB napJIaMeHTa C03,lI.aJI 06lll.eCTBO nOJIHTHIJeCKHX HaYK. Y3KOH
no COCTaBY, HO BJIHHTeJIbHOH B cpe,lI.e BbICUlHX 61000KpaTOB H H-
HaHCHCTOB CTaJIa rpynnHpoBKa nYTeH co06 eHHH BO rJIaBe C npo-
HnOHCKHM nOJIHTHKanOM ll,ao )KYJlHHeM. B 1918 r. B03HHK KJIy6
AHb Y KaK nOJIHTHIJeCKaH opraHH3aUHH npoHnoHcKoH aHbxoHcKOH
KJlHKH. .
B YCJIOBHHX MHJlHTapHCTcKOH rp 3HH H nOJIHTHtIeCKOrO pacna,lI.a
napJIaMeHTCKaH LKH3'Hb npHHHMaeT KapHKaTypHbIe cpOpMbI. JIeToM
1918 r. neKHHCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO aHbxoHcKOH rpynnHpoBKH npo-
13eJIO napJIaMeHTCKHe BbI60PbI, OTJIHtJaBWHeCH KpaMHeH KopPYMnll-
pOBaHHocTblO H ,lI.aBIllHe n06e,lI.Y aHb<PYHcTaM. Ope3H,lI.eHTOM 6bIJI
1t36paH, CTaBJIeHHHK ,[{yaHb UHLKYH - CIOM IlIHlIaH. IOLKHoe BoeH-
Hoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO H CTapbIH napJIaMeHT, 3ace aBlllHH B I(aHToHe,
He npH3HaJIH 3THX BbI60pOB. K KOHll.Y MHpOBOH BOHHbI 60pb6a MH-
JIHTapHCTCKHX rpynnHpoBOK BpeMeHHO nOYTHXJIa, He npHHeCH n06e-
AbI HH O,lI.HOH H3 HHX II He ,lI.aB CTpaHe nO,lI.JIHHHOrO MHpa.
MHJIHTapHCTCKaH 60pb6a B OCHOBHOM lliJIa B COll.HaJIbHO-nOJIH-
THlIeCKHX paMKax rocno,ncTBYIOInHX H npHBHJIerHpOBaHHbIx KJIaCCOB
H rpynn, O,lI.HaKO Bce B 60JIbIlleH CTeneHH OHa 3aTparHBaJIa KopeH-
u u
HbIe HHTepeCbI nOtJTH I{aLK OrO KHTaHua, npHBO,lI.H B paHOHax BoeH-
HbIX ,lI.eHCTBHH. K 60JIbIllHM LKepTBaM Cpe,l(H HaCeJIeHHH, K nOBce-
MeCTHOMY H 3HatJHTeJIbHOMY YBeJIHlIeHHIO HaJIOrOBOro 6peMeHH, OCO-
GeHHO THLKeJIOrO ,lI.JlH pH,lI.OBOrO TpYLKeHHKa, HO Bce 60JIbllle 3aTpa-
rHBaBllIero H HHTepeCbl HMYIUHX CJIOeB. MHJIHTapHCTCKHe apMHH 6bI-
..TIH 06'beKTOM HMnepHaJlHCTHtJeCKoro MaHHnYJlHgoBaHHH, a He opY-
J(HeM 3all1JITbl HanHOHaJIbHbIX HHTepeCOB. MHJlHTapHCTbI Bee 60JIbWe
u
,l(eJIaJIHCb OJIHIl.eTBOpeHHeM Bcex HeCtJaCTHH CTpaHbI, BocnpHHHMa-
u
HCb KaK rJlaBHWH HCTOllHHK MaTepHaJIbH X THrOT H HanHOHaJlb-
Horo YHHLKeHHH, KaK OCHOBHoe npenHTcTBHe Ha nYTH B03pOLK eHHH
KHTaH. BMeCTe C TeM C06blTHH nOCJleCHHbXaHCKHx JIeT C HX aHTH-
lOaHbIllHKaeBcKoH 60Pb60H, «BOHHOM B 3aInHTY pecny6JIHKH», IllH-
pOKHM ,lI.BHLKeHHeM npoTHB npHHHTHH «21 Tpe6oBaHHst» 51noHHH,
napJlaMeHTCKHMH Bbl6opaMH, Me>KMHJIHTapHCTcKHMH BOHHaMH BeJlH
K BTHrHBaHHIO B nOJIHTHKY npeLK,lI.e Bcero rOpO,lI.CKOrO HaCeJIeHHst,
.30
u
COJl.l\aT HaeMHblX apMHH, a HHOr.l\a H tJaCTH CeJIbCKOrO HaCeJIeHHH..
3TH rOAbI CTaJIH TaK>Ke BpeMeHeM 06paIneHHH nOJlHTHKOB K H36H-
paTeJIH f C Il.eJlblO 3aBoeBaHHH rOJIOCOB. Bopb6a 3a pacwHpeHHe'
G
«napTHn», 3a npHBJIetJeHHe Ha CBOIO CTOPOHY nOJIHTHtJeCKHX ,neHTe-
neA H rpynn npHBena K HCnOJIb30BaHHIO npecc , pacnpOCTpaHHB-
lieu nOJIHTHtJeCKHe H,neH H cnoc06CTBOBaBllleH C03,naHHIO HOBoro
nOJIHTHtJeCKoro KJIHMaTa B CTpaHe 15. .
YrJlY()HJlOCb HOBoe HaUHOHaJIbHOe npOTHBopetJHe, BbI,nBHHYBlllee
Ha nepB A nJIaH 3a,lI.atJY 60pb6M 3a HaUHOHaJIbHOe 06 e,nHHeHHe
CTpaH KaK npe,lI.nOCbIJIKY oCB060LK,lI.eHHH OT nOJIYKOJIOHHaJIbHOH 3a-
BHCHMOCTH H OT CKaHHSI nYTeH ,nJIH ee COUHaJIbHOrO 06HOBJleHHH..
B YCJIOBHHX, KOr,lI.a K HatJaJIY CHHbxaAcKoA peBOJIIOUHH 06'beKTHB-
H e 9KOHOMHtJeCKHe npe,nnOC JIKH e,nHHCTBa CTpaHbI OblJIH eIne He
pa3BHT , pellIeHHe 06IlleHaIl.HOHaJIbHOA 3a,lI.atIH 06 e,lI.HHeHHH CTpa-
HbI MOrJIO 6 Tb ,nOCTHrHYTO ,nBYMH pa3JIHtJH MH nYTHMH: Bo-nep-
B X, Ka3aJIOCb 6 , 60JIee 6blCTpbIM nYTeM BoeHHo-nonHTHtJeCKoro
06 e,nHHeHHH Ha CTapOH COI..(HaJIbHO-nOJIHTHtJeCKoA OCHOBe (oe3YC-
nellIHbIe nonbITKH npe,lI.npHHHMaJIHCb lOaHb lllHKaeM, RaH IOBgeM,
4>KaH CIOHeM, ,ayaHb I..{H>KyeM) HJIH, BO-BTOp X, 60Jlee Me,nJIeH-
HblM nYTeM COIl.HaJIbHO-9KOHOMHtJeCKoro «H3LKHBaHHH» MHJIHTapH3-
Ma Qepe3 pa3BHTHe HOB X ueHTpOCTpeMHTeJIbH X CHJI, B paCTaB-
u v u
llIHX B XO,lI.e YCKopHBllleHCH KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKOH 3BOJIIOUHH KHTan-
CKoro 06w.eCTBa. 3TH ,nBa nYTH MorYT 6 Tb npOTHBonOCTaBJleHbI
Pyr ,nPyry KaK «peaKIl.HOHH H» H «nporpeCCHBH A» cnoc06w pe-
v u
weHHH HaIl.HOHaJIbHOH 3a,lI.atJH, O,lI.HaKO B peaJIbHOH >KH3HH OHH He-
TOJlbKO CTaJIKHBaJIHCb, HO H nepenJIeTaJIHCb MeLK,lI.Y C060H, tJTO
BnOJlHe 06 HCHHMO, H60 «nOJIHTHtJecKHH» H «COIl.HaJIbHbIH» cnoc06b1
06 e,nHHeHHH He MOrJIH He B3aHMo,ne CTBOBaTb, nOCKOJIbKY HOBwe
c.OUHaJlbH e CHJIbI He MOrJIH npeHe6petJb nOJlHTHtJeCKHMH (B TOM
IlHCJIe H BoeHHbIMH) MeTo,naMH YCKopeHHH 06 e,lI.HHeHHH KHTaH.
K HatJaJIY HOBeHllIero BpeMeHH B03MO>KHOCTH «nOJIHTHtJeCKoro»
06 e.l\HHeHHH (TeM 60JIee Ha CTapOH COIl.HaJIbHOH OCHOBe) 6WJIH
cymecTBeHHO OCJIa6JIeHbI. n paBHllI.aH tJaCTb rocno,ncTBoBaBlllero B
HMnepaTopcKoM KHTae KJIaCCa OKa3aJIaCb nOJIHTHIJeCKH 06eccH-
JIeHHOH CHHbxaHcKoH peBOJIIOUHeH, a TaK>Ke nOCJIe)l.YIOw.eH 60pb6oH
MHJIHTapHCToB H nOJIH M TopLKecTBoM HX MeCTHbIX HHTepecoB.
H XOTH cTapaH 6IOpOKpaTHH, MHJIHTapHCT , KpynHbIe 3eMJIeBJIa-
.l\eJIbIl.bI ew.e HeCKOJIbKO .l\eCHTHJIeTHH cOXpaHHJIH CBOH rocno,ncTBYIO-
InHe 3KOHOMHtJeCKHe n03HIl.HH, OHH YLKe He CMOrJIH coxpaHHTb pe-
lllalOllI.He nOJIHTHIJeCKHe n03HUHH. B 9TOM 3aKJIIOtIaJICH r JIaBH H HTor
nOJIHTHtJeCKoro pa3BHTHH CTpaHbI OT CHHbxa CKOH peBOJIlOl..(HH ,lI.0
HaqaJIa HOBeHwero BpeMeHH. 3TO pe3Koe nOJIHTHtJeCKoe OCJIa6JIeHHe
HaH60JIee peaKUHOHH X CHJI BeJIO K oopa30BaHHIO cBoe06pa3Horo
«nOJIHTHtJeCKoro BaKYYMa::., H60 nporpeCCHBHbIe CHJIbI, npe.l\CTaB-
JIHBllIHe HOB e, KanHTaJIHCTHtJeCKHe COIl.HaJIbHO-9KOHOMHtJeCKHe TeH-
)leHUHH, 6bIJIH BeCbMa CJIa6bI H He o<popMJIeH H He CYMeJIH ew.e
CT8Tb peaJlbHOH 8JIbTepHaTHBoA MHJlHTapH3MY. 0 CJIa60CTH HOBblX
nOJIHTHIJeCKHX CHJI CBH,lI.eTeJIbCTBYIOT HX Hecnoc06HOCTb B 9TH ro,nbI
31:
K CaMOCTOHTeJIbHbIM BbIcTynJIeHHHM, CTHXHAHOCTb H BCnOMOraTeJIb-
llaH ponb B nOJIHTHtJeCKOH >KH3HH 9THX JIeT pa60tJero ,ltBHLKeHHH 16
O,ltHaKO B nepHO,lt nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbI 3aKJIa,ltbIBaIOTCH npe,ltno-
c nKH nOJIHTHtJeCKoro caMOOnpe eJIeHHH 9THX HOBbIX CHJI.
CBep>KeHHe MaHbq>KypCKOfO Hfa H 6b1CTpOe oCJIa6JIeHHe l(eHT-
paJIbHOH BJIaCTH npHBeJIH K aKTHBH3al(HH 60pb6b1 Ha HOHaJIbHbIX
MeHblllHHCTB KHTaH, KOTOpbIM CHHbxaAcKaH peBOJIIOl(HH H pecny6-
JIHKaHCKHH pe>KHM He TOJIbKO He MOrJIH 06ecnetJHTb nOJIHTHtJeCKO-
ro H 4>aKTHQeCKOrO paBeHCTBa, HO ,lJ.JISI KOTOpbIX nO,l\06Hble eJlH
a>Ke He CTaBHJIHCb. B KOHCTHTY HH 1912 r. npOB03rJIalllaJIOCb paB-
HonpaBHe '«Bcero Hapo,na KHTaHcKoH pecny6JIHKH 6e3 pa3JIHtJHH
paCbI, COCJIOBHH H peJIHrHH» ( HT. no r279, c. 23]), Ha OCHOBe
J{OKTpHHbI «paBeHCTBa nHTH Ha HH» - xaHb eB (c06CTBeHHO KH-
TaH eB), MaHbtJ>KypOB, MOHrOJIOB, «MYCYJIbMaH» H TH6eTIl.eB 17.
TIpoB03rJIallleHHe H,neH paBHonpaBHH Hal(HH H BbIOOp Ha3BaHHblX
Ha HH onpe,neJIHJICH CTpeMJIeHHeM Y,l\epLKaTb B npe eJIax e,l\HHOrO
'KHTaHCKoro rocy apcTBa 06111HpHble OKpaHHHble TeppHTopHH., OHO
OTHIO b He 03HatJaJIO OTKa3a OT Tpa,nH HOHHbIX aCCHMHJIHTOpCKHX
J{OKTpHH, 6a3HpOBaBlllHXCH Ha npe,ncTaBJIeHHH 06 HCTopHtJecKoM H
KYJIbTypHOM npeBocxo cTBe xaHb eB. TaK, lOaHb lllHKaH 3aRB-
.JIHJI B 1912 r., tJTO CMeLK,ny HHMH (nSlTblO Ha HOHaJIbHOCTHMH.-
ABT.) 60nbllIe HeT pa3JIHtJHH, HMeBlllHXCH npH HMnepaTopcKoM npaB-
JleHHH... OTHbIHe MOHrOJIbI, TH6eT bl H MYCYJIbMaHe ,nOJI>KHbI >KHTb
B cOBepweHHoH rapMOHHH, ,na6bl OCymeCTBHTb HCTHHHoe coe HHe-
'HHe nHTH pac B O,nHY» ( HT. no 1[363, c. 166]). Tpa,nH HoHHbIH
KHTae eHTpH3M B TO BpeMH ew.e He 6bIJI npeO OJIeH, H npai3(o Ha-
u u
UHn Ha caMoonpe,neJIeHHe He npH3HaBaJIOCb HH O,nHOH H3 nOJIHTHtJe-
CKHX CHJI pecny6JIHKaHCKoro KHTaH, B TOM tJHCJIe H CYHb 51Tce-
HOM. nOJIHTHKa pecny6JIHKaHCKHX npaBHTeJIbCTB 6bIJIa HanpaBJIeHa
Ha no,naBJIeHHe oCB060,nHTeJIbHOrO ,nBH>KeHHH Ha HOHaJIbHbIX MeHb-
IUHHCTB.
PoeT <l>aKTHtJeCKOH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH TH6eTa OT neKHHa,
-cTpeMJIeHHe THoeTCKHX BJIaCTeH ,nOOHTbCH IOpH,nHtJeCKoro npH3Ha-
HHH 9TOH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH npHBeJIH K nOCbIJIKe KHTaHCKHX BOHCK
B TH6eT eme HaKaHYHe CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIO HH ( 1910 r.), tJTO
BbIHy,nHJIO ,naJIaH-JIaMY 6e>KaTb Ha TeppHTopHIO 6pHTaHcKoH HH,nHH.
O,l\HaKO nOCJIe na eHHH HMnepHH KHTaHCKHe BOHcKa H tJHHOBHHKH
no,n B03,neHcTBHeM conpOTHBJIeHHH TH6eTcKoro Hapo,na H no HaLKH-
MOM BeJIHK06pHTaHHH nOKHHYJIH TH6eT, H B HHBape 1913 r. TpH-
Ha,n aTbIH ,naJIaH-JIaMa B03BpaTHJICH B JIxacy. O,nHHM H3 nepBbIX
.ero nOJIHTHtJeCKHX aKTOB 6bIJIO ony6JIHKOBaHHe ,neKJIapaIl.HH 0 He-
3aBHCHMOCTH THoeTa. neKHHcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO BHOBb nOCJIaJIO B
TH6eT BOHCKa 18. BoeHHbIe ,neHCTBHH B KOHetJHOM CtJeTe npHHeCJIH
'ycnex TH6eTCKHM BOHCKaM, KOTopbIe 3aHHJIH 3HatJHTeJIbHYIO tJaCTb
3ana HOH CbItJyaHH, HaCeJIeHHYIO TH6eT aMH, IJaCTb TaK Ha3bIBae-
Moro BOCTOtJHoro TH6eTa. B 1918 r. "PH nocpe HHtJeCTBe 6pHTaH-
'CKHX BnaCTeH 6bIno 3aKJIIOtJeHO nepeMHpHe, pacnpOCTpaHHBlllee KOH-
TpOJIb JIxacbl Ha,n 3aHHTblMH TeppHTopHHMH (npaB,na, BoeHH e ,neu-
32
CTBHH C 60JIblIIHMH nepepbIBaMH npO,lI.OJI:>KaJIHCb nOIJTH ,llO KOHu.a
30-x rO,lI.OB). C 3TOrO BpeMeHH TH6eT ,lI.e- aKTO COXpaHHJI He3aBH-
CHMOCTb OT KHT3H.
nO,lI.'beM oCBo60)J.HTeJIbHOH oopb6bI MOHrOJIbCKOrO HapO,l(a HatJaJI-
CH elll.e HaKaHYHe CHHbxaMCKOH peBOJIIOIl.HH. PYKOBO)J.HTeJIHMH 3TOH
oopb6bI 6bIJIH MOHrOJIbCKHe <}JeO,l(aJIbI, HCnOJIb30BaBIlIHe aHTHMaHb-
q>KypCI{He H aHTHKHTaMCKHe HaCTpOeHH5I IIIHpOKHX HapO,Z:(HbIX Macc,
CTpa,l(aBIlIHX OT Hall.HOHaJIbHOrO H KOJIOHHaJIbHOrO rHeTa MaHbtIJKY-
U u
pO-KHTaHCKHX qHHOBHHKOB H KHTaHCKHX pOCTOBlll.HKOB H TOprOBIl.eB.
Y>Ke JleTOM 1911 r.. CBeTCKHe H ll.epKoBHbIe cpeo;raJIbI HatJaJIH BeCTIi
nO,lI.rOToBKY K CBep)KeHHIO IJY)Ke3eMHOro Mra, a B H05I6pe H3rHaJIH
u
MaHbtI)Kypo-KHTaHcKHe BJIaCTH H npOB03rJIaCHJIH He3aBHCHMOCTb
BHelliHefl MOHrOJIHH. I-IaqaBlllaHCH BCKope peBOJIIOIJ.HH B I(HTae Ii
nocTeneHHbIM pacna,Z:( KHTaHCKOH rocy a pCTBeHHocTH cnoco6cTBO-
BaJIH ycnexy oCB060,Z:(HTeJIbHOrO ,lI.BH)KeHHH MOHrOLTIbCKOrO Hapo,Z:(a.
O,Z:(HaKo B Tex HCTOpHqeCKHX YCJIOBHHX 3Ta n06e,Z:(a He MOrJIa 6WTb
nOJIHoiL He Hl\le5I nO,Z:(JIHHHOH: MeLK,Z:(YH a pO,lI.HofI nO,lI.,Z:(epLKKH, MOII-
rOJIbCKHe BJIaCTH BbIHY)K,l(eHbI 6bIJIH COrJIaCHTbCH Ha cTaTYc aBTO-
HOMHOH TeppHTopnH B COCTaBe KHTaHcKoH pecny6JIHKH (KHXTIiH-
CRoe COrJIallleHHe 1915 r.). Y,l(OBJIeTBOpHB B KaKoM-To Mepe HHTe-
peCbI <peo aJIbHOH BepXYlllKH, HOBaH cHTyaIl.HH - C03,lI.aHHe cpeo-
J(aJIbHO-TeOKpaTHqeCKOH: rocYJ(apcTBeHHocTH B paMKax KHTaH - He
CHHl\faJIa np06JIeMbI HaII.HOHaJIbHOrO H COII.HaJIbHOrO OCB060)l{,lI.eHHH
MOHrOJIbCKOrO HapO,l(a. B 1919 r. neKHHCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO, Mcny-
raBlllHCb peBOJIIOIJ.HOHH3HpYlomero B03,l1.eHCTBH5I npHMepa COBeT-
CKOM POCCHH Ha paCTYlll.ee apaTCKoe ,l(BHJKeHHe, BBeJIO CBOH BOHCKa
B MOHrOJIHIO H JIHKBH,l(HpOBaJIO ee aBTOHOMHIO. O HaKo OCTaHOBHTb
1I0,lI.'beM HaIl.HoHaJIbHO-OCBooo,Z:(HTeJIbHOH 60pb6bI 6bIJIO YLKe HeB03-
MO>KHO. K HaqaJIY HOBeHllIero BpeMeHH B MOHrOJIHH HapaCTaJIa
peBOJIIOll.HOHHaH cHTyaIl.H5I.
B ,l(PyrHx OCHOBHWX paMoHax paCCeJIeHHH HaUHOHaJIbHWX MeHb-
llIHHCTB B KHTae - CHHbU35IHe, fyaHcH, IOHbHaHH - CHHbxaMcKaH
peBOJIIOII.HH TaKLKe npHBeJIa K aKTHBH3aII.HH Hall.HOHaJIbHbIX ,Z:(BH)Ke-
HHM, XOTH HX nO,lI.'beM OTHOCHTCH YLKe K HOBeMllieMY BpeMeHH.
060cTpeHHe nOJIHTHqeCKOH oopb6bI COnpOBOJK,l(aJIOCb II cYllI.eCT-
BeHHbIMH C,Z:(BHraMH B ,l(YXOBHOH JKH3HH KHTaMcKoro 06lll.ecTBa. ECTe-
CTBeHHO, tITO Ha pa3JIHqHbIX ypOBHHX ,lI.YXOBHOH )KH3HH 3TH H3Me-
HeHH5I 6bIJIH HeO,l(HHaKOBbI. Ha ypOBHe 06bI,l(eHHOrO C03HaHHH
HapO,lI.H X Macc HHepll.HH ,[(YXOBHWX Tpa,lI.Hll.HH 6wJIa BeCbMa BeJIH-
Ka H 3TH H3MeHeHHH npOXO,l(HJIH OqeHb Me,Z:(JIeHHO, HO TeM He MeHee
MO>KHO CKa3aTb, IJTO nOJIHTHqeCKHe C06bITHH HaIJaJIa XX B. CTHMY-
JIHpOBaJIH HeKOTopoe 06HOBJIeHHe 3Toro «HHLKHero ypOBHH» ,l(Y-
XOBHOH )KH3HH HaUHH.
llOBbIllIeHHa5I HHepll.HOHHOCTb 06bI,l(eHHOro C03HaHHH 6bIJIa CBR-
3aHa C KOH YIl.HaHCKOH H,l(eOJIOrHeH, HrpaBIlIeH B Tpa,l(HUHOHHO 1
KHTae H pOJIb OCHOBHOH peJIHrH03HOH CHCTeMbI. Ee cOCYlll.eCTBOBa-
HHe B TeIJeHHe MHorHX BeKOB C ,lI.aOCH3MOM H 6Y'[(,llH3MOM pa3BHJIOCb
B peJIHrH03HbIH CHHKpeTH3M, B06paBIllHH B ce6H TaK>Ke HapO,l(HbIe
a 3aK. 830
33
06bIIJaH H cyeBepHH. 3Ta CHHKpeTHIJeCKaH peJIHrH03HaH CHCTeMa
6e3pa3,l(eJIbHO rocnO,[(CTBOBaBllIaH cpe,[(H no,[(aBJIHIOIll.eH MaCCbI KH-
Ta HIl.eB r 161, c. 360-431], 6bIJIa opHeHTHpoBaHa (oc06eHHo B
c epe COIl.HaJIbHbIX oTHoweHHH) Ha KOH YIl.HaHcKYIO CHCTeMY Il.eH-
HocTeH, IJTO ,[(aBaJIO KOH YIl.HaHCKOH 6IOpoKpaTHH 60JIbWHe B03MO)K-
HOCTH ,lI.JIH H,[(eOJIOrHIJeCKOrO MaHHnYJIHpOBaHHH MaccaMH. KOH Y-
HaHCTBO BbIcTynaJIO KaK HaH60,lIee KOH<pOpMHCTCKHH 3JIeMeHT Mac-
COBoro C03HaHHH, OCTaBaHCb BMeCTe C TeM Hero HaH60JIee paIl.HOHa-
JlMCTHIJeCKOH IJaCTblO H npOTHBOCTOH TeM caMbIM HOHKOH OpMHCT-
CKOH MHCTHKe ,[(aOCH3Ma H 6Y,lI.,lI.H3Ma, a TaK)Ke xpHCTHaHCTBa. POJIb
nOCJIe,lI.Hero npOHBHJIaCb, B IJaCTHOCTH, B OpMHpOBaHHH H,lI.eOJIOrHH
'I'aHnHHOB, Tor,[(a KaK Ha HX3TyaHeH rJIy60Koe BJIHHHHe OKa3aJI ,lI.ao-
CH3M. B >KeCTOKOH H YPO,[(JIHBOH opMe 3,[(eCb BbIpa3HJICH CTHXHH-
HbIH npOTeCT npOTHB THnHIJH X ,[(JIH KanHTaJIH3Ma MeTo,lI.OB BKJIIO-
eHHH CJIa60pa3BHTOH CTpaHW B CHCTeMY MHpOB X nOJIHTHIJeCKHX,
X03HHCTBeHHbIX H H,[(eOJIOrHIJeCKHX CBH3eH. BMeCTe C TeM B H,lI.eOJIO-
rHH HX3TyaHeH HBCTBeHHO npocTynaJI Koh YUHaHCKHH KHTaeueH-
TPH3M C ero KceHo 06HeH.
MHorHC C06bITHH HaIJaJIa XX B., BKJIIOIJaH Ii rO,lI.bI MHpOBOH BO I-
lIbI (<<21 Tpe60BaHHe» 51noHHH H T. n.), BeJIH K HenpepbIBHoMY po-
CTY nOTeHIl.HaJIa HaUHOHaJIHCTHIJeCKOH peaKUHH Ha Hall.HOHaJIbHOe
YHHLKeHHe, IJTO H 6bIJIO HaH60JIee cy ecTBeHHbIM C,lI.BHrOM B C03Ha-
HHH WHpOKHX Hapo,[(HbIX Macc.
KOCHOCTb MaCCOBoro C03HaHHH 6bIJIa eCTeCTBeHHbIM pe3Y bTa-
TOM HH3Koro ypOBHH pa3BHTliH MaTepHaJIbHOrO npOH3BO,[(CTBa, He-
p33BHTOCTH KJIaCCOBOro IJJIeHeHHH, nOJIYKonOHHaJIbHOrO nOJIOLKeHHH
CTpaHbI. Tpa,[(HIl.HOHaJIH3M, TaKHM 06pa30M, e e nOJIHOCTblO npe-
OOJIa,naJI B MaCCOBOM C03HaHHH, HO H Ha BbIcweM, H,[(eOJIOrH3Hpo-
BaHHOM ypOBHe 06 eCTBelIHoro C03HaHHH OH TaK)Ke Bce ellI.e OC-
u u u u
1'aBaJICH BamHeHllleH ,lI.YXOBHOH CHJIOH.
flOCJIeCHHbXa CKHH nepHO,[( BWHBHJI KpH3HC ocpHIl.HaJIbHOH KOH-
Q>YIl.HaHCKOH H,[(eOJIOrHH. Ho a,lI.enTbI peaKll.HOHHOH H,[(eOJIOrHH B
onpe,[(eJIeHHOH Mepe B03,[(eHCTBOBaJIH Ha ,[(YXOBHYIO )KH3Hb CTpaHbI II
B HOBbIX ycnoBHHX, 3aHHMaH Bce e e Be,[(y ee MeCTO B CHCTeMe
06pa30BaHHH, B 61OpOKp3THIJeCKOM annapaTe. O,lI.HaKO B H,[(eHHbIX
OHTB3X Toro BpeMeHH Be,[(y aH pOJIb npHHa,[(JIe)Kana CTOpOHHHKaM
06HOBJIeHHH.
Pa3Ho06pa3HbIH Kpyr 3THX H,l(eH CJIOLKHJICH B OCHOBHOM B npe,lI.-
rneCTBYIOllI.He ,[(Ba-TpH ,[(eCHTHJIeTHH. flocJIe «OTKpbITHH» CTpaHbI KH-
TaHCKaH ,[(YXOBHaH >KH3Hb Bce 60JIbWe CTaHOBHTCH COCTaBHOH
tIaCTbIO MHpOBbIX H,[(eOJIOrHIJeCKHX CTPYKTYP; aHa pa3BHBaeTC5I KaK
cBoe06pa3HbIH CHHTe3 COBpeMeHHbIX H,[(eOJIOrHIJeCKHX KOHLI.enLI.HH,.
npHBHeceHHbIX H3BHe, H Tpa,lI.HII.HOHHbIX HaII.HOHaJIbHbIX H,L(eOJIOrH-
l.JeCKHX KOHIl.enII.HH. fl pH 9TOM BKnlOIJeHHOCTb H,[(eHHOH >KH3HH Ha
ee «BepXHeM ypOBHe» B rJI06aJIbHbIe npOIl.eCCbI H,lI.eHHOrO pa3BH-
THH 6bIJIa 3HaIJHTeJIbHO 60nee rJIy60KoH, IJeM BKJIlOqeHHOCTb KHTaH-
CKOH 3KOHOMHKH B MHpOBoe X03HHCTBO. A 9TO Beno K TOMY, IJTO
H,l(eHHaH >KH3Hb KHTaH 3aIJaCTYIO 06rOHHna c06CTBeHHoe «COLI.HaJIb-
24
'Hoe BpeMH». B 3TOM npOHBJ151JIHCb OTHOCHTeJIbHaH caMOCTOHTeJIb-
HOCTb H,lI.eOJIOrHH H ee pacTyrnHe B03MO.iKHOCTH B03,lI.eHCTBHH Ha rJIY-
() II H II bI e a 6llI. cc TB e II II bI e n p 0 U ecc bI.
Bee MbICJIHllI.He JIIO,lI.H KHTaH nOHHMaJIH, IJTO nepe,lI. cTpaHoH
CTOHT CJIO)KHaH np06JICMa BbI60pa nYTeH He TOJIbKO C03.l1.aHHH HO-
BOH rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHOCTH, HO H rJIy60Koro 06HOBJIeHHH Bcex CTOpOH
Hall.HOHaJIbHOH )KH3HH, B TOM IJHCJIe H,lI.eOJIOrHIJeCKHX opHeHTHpOB.
B 06CTaHOBKe H,lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHIJeCKOrO KpH3Hca JIH,nepbI npeLKHe-
ro JIarepH pe opMaTopOB (JIHH UHIJaO, KaH IO'B9H H ,lI.p.), BbICTY-
naH KaK OCHOBHbIe H,lI.eOJIOrH rOCnO,lI.CTBylOllI.erO KJIaCCa, CTpeMH-
JIHCb nepeOCMbICJIHTb CBOH B3rJI5I,lI.bI B CBeTe onbITa pa3BHTHH KH-
Ta5l, OC03HaTb B TeOpeTHIJeCKHX nOH5ITHHX CYTb npOHCXO,lI.HrnerO KPH-
3Hca, HaHTH nYTH BbIXO,lI.a H3 Hero 6e3 HOBbIX 06llI.eCTBeHHbIX no-
Tp5lCeHHit
«BJIaCTHTeJIb ,lI.YM» nepe,LlOBOH KHTaHCKOH 06meCTBeHHOCTH npe,n-
peBOJIIOIl.HOHHbIX JIeT JIHH ll,HIJaO B oKTH6pe 1912 r. B03BparnaeTcH
B KHTaH nOCJIe 14 JIeT BbIHY)K,lI.eHIIOH 3MHrpaIl.HH H cpa3Y >Ke aK-
THBHO BKJIIOIJaeTCH B H,lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHqecKYIO 60pb6y. JIeHTMOTHBOM
ero BblcTynJIeHHH CTaHOBHTCH npH3bIB K 06'be,lI.HHeHHIO Bcex KH-
TaHcKHx naTpHoToB B HX 60pb6e 3a npe,lI.OTBpa eHHe nOJIHTHqeCKO-
fO pacna,lI.a CTpaHbI KaK ocnOBHoro npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHOrO YCJIOBHH
06HOBJIeHHH KHTaH.
OH nO,lI.IJepKHBaeT CBoe npHHII.HnHaJIbHOe HenpHHTHe peBOJIIOUHH,
HO B OTJIHIJHe OT npe,npeBOJIIOIl.HOHHOro nepHO,lI.a, Kor,na, OCTaBaHCb
CTOpOHHHKOM KOHCTHTYll.HOHHO-MOHapXHIJeCKOH CHCTeMbI, OH BbICTY-
naJI O,lI.HHM H3 HaH60JIee cepbe3HbIx KpHTHKOB cy ecTBOBaBlI1erO
CTpOR, npHopHTeT OT,lI.aeTC5I H,lI.ee YKpenJIeHH5I Il.eHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTH
Ii cTa6HJIH3aIl.HIf nOJIHTHIJeCKOrO nOJIOLKeHHH. B 9TOM OTpa3HJICH
C,lI.BHr B COUHaJIbHO-nOJIHTHIJeCKOM nOJIOLKeHHH JIHH I..{HIJaO H Bcex
KOHcepBaTHBH X HaIl.HOHaJIHCTOB, Ha H,lI.eOJIOrHqeCKOM ypoBHe npo-
5IBHBlllHHCH B OC03HaHHH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a cnaceHHe e,lI.HHCTBa
KHTaH H rocnO,l(CTBYlOrnero nOJIOJKeHHH B HeM CBoeH COII.HaJIbHOH
rpynnbI. Il03TOMY H3MeHHJIOCb H OTHOlIleHHe JI5IH IJ.HqaO K KOH-
<PYIl.HaHCTBY. ,[Lo CHHbxaHcKoH peBOJIIOUHH OH 6bIJI O,lI.HHM H3 ca-
MbIX rJIy60KHX KpHTHKOB KOH<PYIl.HaHCTBa, BH,lI.H B HeM rJIaBHOe
npen5lTCTBHe Ha nYTH MO,lI.epHH3aIl.HH CTpaHW. Tenepb e OH B -
cTynaeT 3amHTHHKOM KOH YUHaHCTBa KaK MomHOH H,lI.eOJIOrHIJeCKOH
CKpenbI KHTaHCKoro 06meCTBa. «I-Iarna CTpaHa CYMeJIa coxpaHHTb
eJIOCTHOCTb H no,n,nepLKaTb CBoe cyrnecTBoBaHHe B TetJeHHe 2 TbIC.
JIeT,- llHlIleT OH.- MbI 06H3aHbI 3THM TOMY, qTO KOHcpYII.HaHCKOe
YIJeHHe CJIY>KHJIO HeBH,lI.HMbIM cTepLKHeM 06rnecTBa. He06xo,lI.HMO
n03ToMY HCnOJIb30BaTb KOH<PYll.HaHCTBo KaK H,lI.pO 06rnecTBeHHoro
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36
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37
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38
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HHH 3a HOBYIO KYJIbTYPY» aHTHHMnepHaJIHCTHqeCKHe JI03YHrH npH-
10 He BbI,lI.BHraJIHCb, HO HMeHHO 3a HTa npaB JIHIJHOCTH, 60pb6a no)J.
JI03YHroM «HaYKa H ,lI.eMOKpaTHH!», peaJIbHbIe ,l(OCTHLKeHHH «JIHTe-
paTypHoH peBOJIIOIl.HH» H T. n. npHBeJIH K pa3BHTHIO Toro orpoMHo-
fO nOTeHll.HaJIa no,nJIHHHOrO naTpHoTH3Ma, KOTOpbIH BbIcTynHJI Ha
3BaHCneHY Ha CJIe,lI.YIO eM HCTOpHIJeCKOM 3Tane.
Pa3pbIB C Tpa,nHIl.HOHHOH H,l(eOJIOrHeH H Tpa,lI.Hll.HoHHbIMH co-
UHaJIbHO-nOJIHTHIJeCKHMH HHcTHTYTaMH 6bIJI eTepMHHHpYIOllI.HM "
CBH3YIOInHM MOMeHTOM B CKJIa,nbIBaHHH caMoro «,l(BH)KeHHH 3a HO-
39
BYIO KYJIbTYPY» KaK H eHHO-nOJIIiTHIJeCKOrO TeIJeHHH. O,lI.HaKO B 60-
ee lliHpOKOM KOHTeKCTe MHpoB033peHIJeCKHe H nOJIHTHlfeCKHe n03H-
llHH YIJaCTHHKoB 3Toro ,nBH)KeHIIH BeCbMa CYllI.eCTBeHHO pa3J1HtJa-
JIHCb. BbIcTynaH e,nHIIbIM pOHTOM B 60pb6e npoTHB Cpe,lI.HeBeKOBbH,
B. CBoeM CTpeMJIeHHH nocTpoHTb HOBbIH KHTaH OHH qeM aJIbllIe,
TeM 60JIblIle pacxo,nHJIHCb ,lI.Pyr C ,lI.PyroM B nOHHMaHHH Il.eJIeH II
cpe,ncTB 3Toro npoIl.ecca. l1,lI.eMHo-noJIHTHtJecKHe pa3JIHIJHH Me>K,ny
aKTHBHCTaMH «,nBH)KeHHH 3a HOBYIO KYJIbTYPY», BbIHBHBwneCH YLKe
u u U u
B ro,nbI nepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI, nepepOCJIH B ,naJIbHeHlIleM B npo-
THBOCTOH He H,lI.eMHO-nOJIHTHIJeCKHe nJIaTcpopMbI. O,AHH H3 JIH,AepOB
,l(BHJKeHHH CTaHOBHTCH MapKCHCTaMH Ii peBOJIIOIl.HOHepaMH (HanpH-
Mep, JIH ,Qaq}Kao), ,l(PyrHe BblcTynaIOT KaK aKTHBHbIe npOTHBHHKH
MapKCH3Ma H peBOJIIO HH (HanpHMep, Xy IllH).
OJIO,lI.aH nporpeCCHBHaH HHTeJIJIHreH HH HCHO ,neKJIapHpOBaJIa
CBOIO npHBep)KeHHOCTb «3ana,L(HHIJeCTBY», o,nHaKO OHa OTIJaCTH eme
QCTaBaJIaCb B nJIeIIY HeKOTopbIX Tpa,l{HIl.HOHHbIX npe,l(CTaBJIeHHH, H60
06'beKTHBHbIe YCJIOBHH caMoro KHTaH eme He C03,L(aJIH ,lI.OCTaTOqH'OH
nOIJBW ,l(JIH nOJIHOrO pa3p Ba C HHMH. Bo MHorOM Tpa,lI.H HoHHoH
6bIJIa caMa OCHOBHa5I H,lI.eH 3Toro 06HOBJIeHIJeCKOrO ,lI.BH>KeHHH - «3a
HOBYIO KYJIbTYPY», r,l(e nOHHTHe «KYJIbTypa» BbIcTynaeT B lliHpOKOM
u u
KHTaHCKOM Tpa,l(Hll.HoHHOM HCTOJIKOBaHHH KaK OCHOBHOH perYJIHTOp
:>KH3HH H pa3BHTHH 06 ecTBa. lJepe3 06HOBJIeHHe «KYJIbTypbI» K 06-
HOBJIeHHIO 06llI.eCTBa, tIepe3 pa3BHTne «npaBHJIbHOH H,lI.eO"TJOrHII» Y
KHTaHcKoH MOJIO,L(e)i{H K .c03,lI.aHHIO «npaBHJIbHoro» 06I.UecTBeHHoro
YCTpoHcTBa. ,LLa>Ke B CaI\fOH KpHTHKe KOHCPYIl.HaHCTBa npOrJI5IJI.bIBa...TIH
HHOr,lI.a Tpa,nHIl.HOHHbIe qepTbI. TaK, Y 10M B 60pb6e C KOIIcpYU H3H -
CKOH H,L(eOJIOrHeH nOJIb30BaJICH 0PY}KHeM ,naOCH3Ma. JIH ,QaIJ}Kao
B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMH COXpaHHJI npe,l{CTaBJIeHHe 0 cy ecTBeH-
HMX npeHMy ecTBax KHTaHCKOH llBHJIH3aIl.HH nepe,L( eBponeHCKOH
B c<pepe ,l(YXOBHOH LKH3HH, CLJHTaJI, liTO KJIaCCHlIeCKHe KOHcPYIl.HaH-
CKHe TPY,lI.bI MorYT CJIYLKHTb pa3BHTHIO nporpeCCHBHbIX COIl,HaJIbHbIX
B3rJIH,l(OB H tITO KOH<PY IiaHCTBO, C KOTOpbIM Tenepb npHxo,nHTCH
BeCTH 60pb6y, 9TO YLKe cpaJIbCHcpH HpOBaHHoe, a He nO,L(JIHHHOe
yqeHHe BeJIHKOrO MbICJIHTeJIH [267, c. 230-233]. B ,lI.aJIbHeHlIleii
U U
M,neHHO-nOJIHTIPIeCKOI1 3BOJIIOIl.HH YIJaCTI-IHKOB ,lI.BH)KeHH5I 3Ta TpaJI.H-
IJ.HOHHaH nO,l(OCHOBa HX B3r JIH,l(OB cbIrpaeT orrpe,l(eJIeHHYIO pOJIb. .
Oc060e MeCTO B ,lI.YXOBHOH )KH3HH KHTaH paccMaTpHBaeMoro
nepHO,lI.a 3aHHMaeT pa3BHTHe 06 ecTBeHHO-nOJIHTHIJeCKHX B3rJIH,lI.OB
CYHb 51TceHa. B npe,l(llIecTBYIOlll.He TPH ,necHTHJIeTHH, HeCMOTpH Ha
U
pH,lI. THLKeJIbIX BpeMeHHbIx nOpa}KeHHH, OH HenpeKJIOHHO meJI K CBO-
U U u
eM OCHOBHOH eJIH - CBep}l{eHHIO HHCKOH ,nHHaCTHH Ii BeKOBoro
t(ecnOTH3Ma. n06e,L(a CHHbxaHcKoH peBOJIIO HH c,l(eJIaJIa ee BO)K,lI.H
nepBbIM npe3H,L(eHTOM KHTaHcKoH pecny6JIHKH. nOcJIe,L(YlOmee no-
paLKeHHe CYHb 51TceHa B ero 60pb6e C lOaHb lI1HKaeM H ,lI.pyrHe
HeY,l(aIJH 3aCTaBJIHIOT ero BpeMeHHo YMTH C aBaHCll.eH nOJIHTHIJe- .
CKOH :>KH3HH. BMecTe C TeM 3TH nOpa}KeHHH BbIHBHJIH H CYlll.eCTBeHw
HYIO CJIa60CTb CYHbHTceHOBCKOH nporpaMMbI B03pOJK,neHHH KHTaH,
KOTopaH He CMOrJIa CTaTb 3HaMeHeM MaCCOBoro nOJIHTHqeCKOrO ,lI.BH-
40
1KeHHH. HaIJHHaeTC5I ,lI.OBOJIbHO J(JIHTeJIbHa5I nO TIOCa H,lleHHO-nOJIHTH"
qeCKOrO KpIl31lCa CYIIb 51 TCena, H3 KOTOpOrO OH BbIXO,lI.HT TOJIbKO
nOCJIe OKT516pbCEOH peBOJIIOIl.HH B POCCHH, HO BbIXO,llHT CYlll.eCTBeH-
HO 06HOBJICHHbIH KaK nOJIHTHK H MbICJIHTeJIb, BHOBb CYMeBlllHH CTaTb
nO,lI.JIHHHbIM BO)K,lI.eM KHTaHCKOrO HaUHOHaJIbIlO-OCB060,lI.HTeJIbHOrO
)1.BII)KeHII5I. Ha 3TH KpH3HCHble rO,lI.bl npHXO,lI.HTC5I H peWalOlll.HH 3Tan
OpMHpOBaHHH MHpOB033peHHH CYHb 51TceHa, 3aKJIa,lI. BaHHe OCHOB
TOH nporpaMMbI ;rJIy60KHX COUHaJIbIl0-9KOHOMHIJeCKHX H nOJIHTHIJe-
CKHX npe06pa30BaHUH, KOTopaH B TeIJeHHe nOCJIe,lI.YIOlll.HX ,lI.eCHTHJIe-
THH CTaHeT BO MHorOM onpe,lI.eJIHTb 06JIHK HaUHOHaJIbHO-OCB060,lI.H-
TeJIbHOrO ,llBtDK€HHH B KHTae.
BHYTpeHHHH KpH3HC CYHb 5ITceHa 6bIJI BbI3BaH rJIy60KoH Hey,lI.O-
BJIeTBOpeHHOCTblO pe3YJIbTaTaMH CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, KOTO-
pbIe, KaK OH nHCaJI, «OKa3aJIHCb B BOnHIOlll.eM npOTHBOpeIJHH C
ee nepBOHaIJaJ1bHbI IH ueJIHMH» (112, c. 163]. C ,npyroii CTOpOHbI t
OH TH}KeJIO nepe)I(HBaJI nOJIHTHIJeCKHH H H,lI.eHHbIH OTXO,lI. aT Hero
TaKHX CBOHX CnO,lI.BH>KHHKOB, KaK XyaH CHH, 4>KaH DHHJIHH, CYHb
LL3HO>K9Hb.
B nOCJIeCHHbXaHCKue rO,lI.bI CYHbHTceHH3M KaK H,lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHIJe'"
CKoe TeIJeHne He npe,lI.CTaBJIHJI C060H 3aMeTIIoro HBJIeHHH Ha no-
BepxHocTH 06lll.ecTBeHHOH >KH3HH, nepe>KHBaH CTa,lI.HIO BHYTpeHHeH
TpaHccpop1\1aUHH, pa3pa60TKH HOBbIX nO,lI.XO,lI.OB K peweHHIO KopeH-
HblX np06JIeM pa3BHTHH CTpaHbI. yI,lI.eHHbIe nOHCKH HaWJIH OTpa){{e-
HHe B pH,lI.e pa60T CYHb 5ITceHa Taro BpeMeHH. Cpa3Y >Ke nOC.He'
CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIOl(HH OH BbIcTynHJI c cepHeH cTaTeD 0 npHHI.{H-
ne HapO,lI.HOrO OJIarO,lI.eHCTBHH, CIJHTaH, qTO peBOJIIOUHH Y)I{e peaJIH-
30BaJIa ,nBa nepBbIx npHHUHna - HaUHOHaJIH3M H HapO,lI.OBJIaCTHe;
OH Y,lI.eJIHCT B 3TOH CBH3H MHoro BHHMaHHH H,lI.eHM COunaJIH3Ma, npH-
1JeM nO,lI.IJepKHBaeT, IJTO eMY oc06eHHo OJIH3KH H,lI.eH «rocY,lI.apCTBeH-
Horo COUHaJIH3Ma» [112, c. 137-151]. O,lI.HaKO OH npH3HaeT, qTO
OCHOBIIbIe ue.nIi ell e IIC ,lI.OCTHrnYTbI, H nO-HoBoMY CPOPMYJIHpyeT HX.
TaK C03,l],aeTC5I lIaH60JIee CPYH,lI.aMCHTaJIbHblii TeOpeTHIJeCKHH TPYJI.
CYHbHTceHH3Ma - «npOrpaMMa cTpOHTeJIbCTBa rocY,lI.apcTBa»,- 3a-
BepllleHHbIH B 1917-1919 rr. 20 .
Pa3BHTHe COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHIJeCKOH H nOJIHTHIJeCKOH nporpaM-
MbI CYHb 5ITceHa TeCHO CBH3aHO C pellIeHHeM HM tHpOB033peHIJe-
CKHX BonpOCOB. OH YTBep)K,lI.aeTCH B HenpHHTHH npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH 0
KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e KaK ,nBH>Ky eH CHJIC HCTOpHH. B «YIJeHHH CYHb
B3HH» nO,lI.IJCpKHBaJIOcb: «3BOJIIOUHH tICJIOBelleCTBa npHHUHnHaJIbHO
OT TIHqaeTCH aT 3BO.1I1OIl,HH BH,lI.OB. B 10 BpCMH KaK OCHOBHbIM npHH-
Il,HnOM 3BOJIIOIl,IiH BH,lI.OB HBJIHeTCH 60pb6a 3a cy ecTBoBaHHe, OC-
HOBHbIM npHHll.HnOM 9BOJIIOl(HH IJeJIOBeIJeCTUa HBJIHeTCH B3aHMono-
!\10 b. 06 eCTBO H rOCY,lI.apCTBO - 3TO BHeWHHe <POp rvt bI BbIpa){{e-
HHH B3anMonOMO H, a ,lI.06pO,lI.eTeJIb, rYMaHHOCTb, CnpaBe,lI.JIHBOCTb
H ,lI.o.nr - ee HeOT'beM.lIeMble aTpH6YTbI. Kor,na l.IeJIOBeIJeCTBO CJIe,lI.Y-
eT 9THM npHHUHnaM - OHO npOUBeTaeT; KOr,lI.a aHa npeHe6peraeT
HMH - OHO rH6HeT. no 9THM npHHUHnaM IJeJIOBeIJeCTBO )KHBeT Y>Ke
COTHH TblCHIJ JIeT» If 112, c. 217]. 06 eCTBeHHaH CTpYKTypa KHTa51
41
npeJ(CTaBJIHJIaCb CYHb 5ITceHY aMopcpHOH, He 3aTpOHYTOH fJIy60KH-
MH KJI3CCOBbIMH aHTarOHH3MaMH, QTO, KaK OH nOJIaraJI, 06JIerIJaeT
COUHaJIbHOe nepeYCTpOHCTBO CTpaHbI.
I1CXO,llH H3 9TOH oo eH KOHIl.enUHH 06 eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH,
paCUIHpHeTCH CYHbHTceHOBCKoe nOHHMaHHe 3HaIJeHHH peBOJIIOl(HOH-
HbIX MeTO,lI.OB npe06pa30BaHHH 06 eCTBa: aHa He CBO,lI.HTCH JIHlll&
K pa3pymeHHIO CTaporo, a B,KJIlOtJaeT H CTpOH1"eJIbCTBO HOBoro.
CYHb 5ITceH xap3KTepH30BaJI peBOJIIOUHOHHoe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO KaK
«He06bIIJHoe», «cpOpCHpOBaHHoe»; OH npe,lI.JIaraJl BocnpHHHTb Bce
.L(OCTH:tKeHHH pa3BHTWX 3anaJ(HbIX CTpaH, HBJIHBWHeCH pe3YJIbTaTOM
«eCTeCTBeHHoro» pa3BHTHH, HO He nOBTopHTb 3TO eCTeCTBeHHoe pa3-
BHTHe (KOTopoe He n03BOJIHJIO 6bI KHTalO 6bICTpO BbIHTH B IJHCJIO
Ii 3H60JIee nepe,lI.OBbIX H MOIll.HbIX ,lI.ep:tKaB), a npepBaTb era H nOHTH
no nYTH YCKopeHHoro, «PYKOTBopHoro nporpecca» (CM. no po6Hee
[159, c. 54-65]).
B KOHuenl(HH «YCKopeHHoro nporpecca» COtIeTaeTCH OOOCHOB3H-
HaH yoe>K,lI.eHHOCTb B TBOpIJeCKHX cnoc06HOCTHX Ha pO,lI.a , pa36Y>KeH-
Horo peBOJI, IOIl.HeH B cnoc06HOCTH peBOJIIOl(HOHHOro ,lI.eHCTBHH YC-
KOpHTb HCTOpHIJeCKOe pa3BHTHe C nOIJTH MHCTHIJeCKOH BepoH B «oco-
6bIe» KatIeCTBa' KHTaHCKOH HaUHH, KOTopbIe n03BrJlHIOT eH He CIJH-
1'aTbCH C 3aKOHaMH HCTOpHH. «KHTaHCKaH HaUHH 1- caMaH 60JIbWaH
H caMaH O,lI.apeHHaH» - 3THMH CJIOBaMH HatJHHaeTCH ero paOOTa
«COUHaJIbHOe CTpOHTeJIbCTBO» [112, c. 322]. B «D POMbIWJIeHHOM
TIJIaHe» OH YTBep>K,lI.aJI, IJTO era npHHHTHe npHBe,lI.eT, B tIaCTHOCTH, K
TOMY, IJTO «MHJIJIHOH MHJIb ,lI.opor 6Y,lI.eT nOCTpoeHO B caMoe KOPOT-
Koe BpeMH, CJIOBHO nO MaHOBeHHIO BOJIwe6HOH naJIOtJKH» I[ 112,
c. 309]. OT,lI.aBaH ,naHb Tpa,lI.HUHOHHOMY KHTaeueHTpH3MY, CYHb
51TceH BCTaBaJI Ha 3bI6KYIO nOIJBY WOBHHHCTHIJeCKHX npe,lI.CTaBJIe-
HHH 06 «OC06bIX» B03MO>KHOCTHX KHTaHCKOH HaUHH.
B TO }Ke BpeMH CYHb 5ITceH Bce tIeTIJe OC03HaeT 3a,lI.aIJH OOpb-
UbI 3a BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe HaUHOHaJIbHOrO CYBepeHHTeTa. ECJIH ,lI.0 BOH-
HbI OH CtJHTaJI, IJTO B 60pb6e 3a nepeCMOTp HepaBHonpaBHbIX ,lI.O-
rOBopOB KHTaH CMO>KeT onepeTbCH Ha 5InoHHIO, TO HarJIble «21 Tpe-
uOBaHHe» H ,lI.PyrHe npOHBJIeHHH HnOHCKoro 3KcnaHCHOHH3Ma 3a-
CTaBHJIH CYHb 5ITceHa OTKa3aTbCH aT 3TOH HJfJII03HH. B 6pOllllOpe
«Bonpoc >KH3HH H CMepTH KHTaH» (anpeJIb 1917 r.) rOBopHTCH 0
rpaOHTeJIbCKOH BOHHe Me>K,lI.Y HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKHMH ,lI.ep:tKaBaMH 3a
nepe,lI.eJI MHpa. nOcJIe MHpOBOH BOHHbI OH nHCaJI: -«DoKa KHTaH
OCTaHeTCH OT,lI.aHHbIM Ha MHJIOCTb MHJIHTapHCTCKHX ,lI.ep}KaB, eMY
6Y,lI.eT rp03HTb HJIH pa3,lI.eJI H3 tI3CTH Me>K,lI.Y HeCKOJIbKHMH ,lI.ep:tKa-
BaMH, HJIH nOrJIOIll.eHHe O,lI.HOH H3 HHX» r 112, c. 317].
AH3JIH3HPYH npHtIHHbI Taro, qTO JI03YHr HapO,lI.OBJIaCTHH He 6bIJI
OCYIneCTBJIeH B XO,lI.e CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, CYHb 5ITceH BbICKa-
3 BaeT MbICJIb 0 HenO,lI.rOTOBJIeHHOCTH KHTaHCKoro HapO,lI.a K ,lI.eMO-
KpaTHqeCKHM Q>opMaM rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHOH >KH3HH. «BOT notJe-
MY,- ,lI.eJIaeT OH BbIBO,lI.,- npH nepeXO,lI.e aT MOHapXHH K pecny6JIH-
Ke HeOOXO,lI.HM nepHO,lI. nOJIHTHqeCKOH oneKH, 6e3 KOToporo MbI He-
H36eLKHO npH,lI.eM K xaocy» r 112, c. 239]. OneKYHoM, no MbICJIH
42
CYHb 5ITccHa, ,l(OJI)KHa CTaTb C03,llaHHaH HM peBOJIIOll.HOHHaH nap-
'fHH. KOlIuenUHH nOJIHTHtICCKOH OneI{H 6bIJIa CYIlI.eCTBeHHbIM 06HOB-
JIeHHeM TOJ1KOBaHII5I npHHIl.Hna HapO,llOBJIaCTHH, nOnbITKOH YIJeCTb
nOCJIeCHHbXaWCKIIC nOJIHTHIJeCKHe peaJIbHOCTH, HaHTH nYTH npeO,lI.O-
JleHHH nOJIHTHIJeCKOH KOCHOCTH HapO,lI.HbIX MaCC. 3Ta KOHIl.enll.HH OT-
pa}KaeT npe,lI.CTaBJIeHHH CYHb 5ITcclIa 0 Hap0,lI.e KaK 06'beKTe, a lIe
cy6'beKTe peBOJIlOriHoHHoro npe06pa30BaHHH B HaIJaJIe peBOJIIOIl.HH.
3aCTpeJIbllI.HKOM >Ke peBOJIIOIl.HOHHOro ,l(eHCTBHH BbIcTynaeT PYKOBO-
,l('HMaH HM napTHH, nOCTeneHHO npeBpalll.alOlll.aH HapO,l( B aKTHBHoro
60pll.a, B aKTHBHoro CTpOHTeJIH. Ha cpOpMHpOBaHHe 3TOH: npOTHBope-
-IIHBOi1 no CBoeH CYTH H no CBOHM nOJIHTHIJeCKHM nOCJIe,l(CTBHHM KOH-
Il.enUHH OKa3aJIli B.IIHHHlie Tpa,lI.HUHOHHbIe KOHcpYIl.HaHCKHe B033pe-
u u '"
HHH 0 npHpO,lI.HOM HepaBeHCTBC JIIO,lI.en, 0 nOJIHTHIJCCKOH pOJIH 00-
pa30BaHHOH 3JIHTbI H T. n.
Oc06eHHO OCHOBaTeJIbHO B 3TH rO,lI.bI CYIIb 5ITceH pa3pa6aTbIBa-
eT nporpaMMY COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHIJeCKOH nepeCTpOHKH KHTaH. C 0,lI.-
HOH: CTOpOHbI, 3TO ,l(eTaJIbHbIH nJIaH pa3BHTHH npOH3BO,lI.HTeJIbHbIX
CHJI KHTaH, BbInOJIHeHHe KOToporo nOCTaBHJIO 6bI KHTaH B IJHCJIO
HaH60JIee pa3BHTbIX H MorYlll.eCTBeHHbIX ,lI.ep>KaB C BbICOKHM YPOB-
HeM )l{H3HH. C ,l(PyroH - 3TO nOCTaHOBKa 3a,lI.aIJ H3MeHeHHH COIl.HaJIb-
HbIX H 9KOHOMHIJeCKHX YCJIOBHH: CTpaHbI, KOTopbIe 6bI H n03BOJIHJIH
,lI.06HTbCH 6bICTporo paCTa npOH3BO,lI.HTeJIbHbIX CHJI, «,lI.06HTbCH
CIJaCTbH ,ll.JIH KHTaH».
CYTb «npOMbIWJIeHHOrO nJIaHa» MO>KeT 6bITb CBe,lI.eHa K 6bICT-
POMY pa3BHTHIO Tpex OCHOBHbIX IJaCTeH X03HHCTBa: HHcppaCTpYKTY-
pbI (oc06enHO CTpOHTeJIbCTBO >KeJIe3HbIX ,lI.opor); npOMbIlllJIeHHO-
CTH (npe>K,lI.e Bcero TH>KeJIOH H ropHOPY,lI.HOH, a TaK>Ke nHlll.eBOH,
JIerKOH, nOJIHrpacpUIJeCKOH: H >KHJIH HOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa); CeJIbCKO-
fOX03HHCTBa (nYTeM MexaHH3aUHH, YJIYIJWeHHH arpOTeXHHKH, pa3-
BHTHH HppHrall.HH Ha OCHOBe nOCTeneHHoro npe06pa30BaHHH CO-
UHaJIbHOH CTPYKTYPbI ,lI.epeBHH). npHtJeM nJIaH He TOJIbKO CTaBHJI
06 He TeXHHI{0-3KOHOMHQeCKHe 3a,lI.aIJH, HO H cO,lI.ep>KaJI ,lI.eTaJIbHYIO
pa3pa60TKY C03,lI.aHHH cOBpeMeHHoro npOH3BO,l(CTBeHHoro annapa-
1 a. B «n pOMbIlllJIeHHOM nJIaHe» nOJIHOCTblO BbIHBHJIOCb CTpeMJIeHHe
CYHb TCCHa K MO,lI.epHH3aUHH CTpaHW nYTeM HCnOJIb30BaHHH Bcex
OCTH>KeHHH MHpOBOH HaYKH Ii TeXHHKH, era CTpeMJIeHHe H3>KHTb
Tpa,lI.HlI.HOHHbIH KHTaHCKHH H30JIHll.HOHH3M H BKJIIOIJHTb KHTaH B
nOTOK nporpeCCHBHoro pa3BHTHH Bcero qeJIOBeIJeCTBa.
OCHOBaTeJIbHO nO,lI.OllleJI CYHb 5ITceH If K pa3pa60TKe nporpaM-
MbI rJIy60KHX COunaJIbHO-3KOHOMHIJeCKHX npe06pa30BaHHH B KHTae,.
6e3 IJero, KaK OH CnpaBC,lI.JIHBO nOJIaraJI, HeJIb3H B pBaTb CTpaHY
H3 OTCTaJIOCTH. HCXO,lI.HbIM nYHKTOM 3TOH nporpaMMbI 6bIJIO npe,l(-
CTaBJICHHe a pelllalOllI.eH: pOJIH rocYJJ.apCTBa BO BCeH: >KH3HIi 06 e-
C1Ba, npHIJeM rpaHH Me>K,lI.Y nOHHTHHMH «06 eCTBO» H «roCY,lI.apCT-
BO» 3aIJaCTYIO CTHpaJOTCH, npOHCXO,lI.HT nOrJIOmeHHe nepBoro nOHHTHH
BTOpbIM. CYHb 5ITceH BbIcTynaJI 3a ncpexo,lI. aT OTCTaJIOH: nOJIY-
KOJIOHHaJIbHOH CTPYKTypbI K «CMellIaHHOH» rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHO-KanH-
TaJIHCTHIJeCKOH H 3aTeM K rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHO-KanHTaJIHCTHqeCKOH CH-
43.
CTeMe 6e3 qaCTHOro npe,lI.npHHHM3TeJIbCTBa, K nOJIHOH rOCY,lI.apCT-
BeHHOM l..{eHTpaJIH331..{HH K3nHTaJIOB (eM. nO,lI.p06Hee [228, c. 121-
152]). PeweHHe arpapHoH np06JIeMbI l\lbICJIHJIOCb HM nYTeM BbIK.Y-
na rOCY,lI.apCTBOM 3eMJIH H ee pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH H nOMOlll.H CeJIb-
u
CKOMY X03HHCTBY co CTOpOHbI HH,lI.YCTpHaJIH3HpOBaHHoro rocY,lI.ap-
CTBa.
OrocY 3pCTBJIeHHe c06cTBeHHocTH BbIcTynaeT KaK OCHOBHoe
Cpe,lI.CTBo YCKopeHHH pa3BHTHH npOH3BO,l(HTeJIbHbIX CHJI CTpaHbI H
KaK cpe CTBO npeO,lI.OJIeHHH COl.{HaJIbH X aHTarOHH3MOB. COll.HaJIb-
HYIO cHcTeMY 6Y,lI.Ylll.ero caM CYHb 5ITceH Ha3bIBaJI «COIl.HaJlH3MOM»
HJIH, IJalIl.e, «rocY,lI.apCTBeHHbIM COl.{HaJIH3MOM» [112, c. 144, 193].
Bce 3TO CBH,lI.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIO 0 HeHCHOCTH H npoTHBOpeIJHBOCTH co-
I.(HaJIbHOro H,lI.eaJIa CYHb 5ITceHa B Te rOJ.{bI, KOTOPbIH MO)KeT 6bITb
u u u
oxapaKTepH30Ban KaK «HeKHH H,lI.eaJIbHbIH rOCY,ll.apCTBeHHbIH KanH-
TaJIH3M» f265, c. 15].
CYHb 5ITceH paCCIJHTbIB3JI Ha 3HatJHTeJIbHYIO nOMOlIl.b pa3BHTbIX
epLKaB, HO He Ha OCHOBe 6.rrarOTBOpHTeJIbHOCTH, a Ha npHHl.{HnaX
B3 a HMO B bI ro,lI. H OC TH .
B TeOpeTHIJeCKOH pa60Te CYHb 51TceHa B .JTH rO,lI.bI npe06JIa-
)1aJIa pa3paOOTKa nepcneKTHBHbIX nJIaHOB nepeYCTpOHCTBa cTpalIbI,
a He BbIcTynJIeHHH Ha 3JI06y ,l(HH. OH nOJIaraJI, tITO nYTH peweHHH
nOJIHTHQeCKliX 3a,lI.aIJ TeopeTHtlecKH HCHbI H OCTaeTCH JIHlllb C)l.eJIaTb
3HaIJHTeJIbHbIe YCHJIHH ,lI.JIH HX BbInOJIHeHHH. HHoe ,lI.eJIo cOI..{HaJIbHO;-
3KOHOMHIJeCKaH nepecTpOHK3 06llI.CCTBa, B 06JIaCTb KOTOpOH Bce
60JIbllIe If nepe,lI.BHraJICH, KaK OH nOJIaraJI, UeHTp TH>KeCTH OCB060-
)l.HTeJIbHOH 60pb6bI KHTaHcKoro Ha pO,lI.a. 3,lI.eCb OH BH,lI.eJI CBOIO 3a-
aqy He TOJIbKO B BbIpa60TKe nporpaMMbI nepeYCTpOHCTBa KHTaH,
1I0 H B npe06pa30BaHHH H,l(eOJIOrHH CBOHX nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIeH, KOTopbIe
.nOJILKHbI 6bIJIH npeTBopS1Tb 9TY nporpaMMY B }KH3Hb. CBOH nJIaHbI
CYHb 51TceH paCCMaTpHBaJi B Hepa3pbIBHOH CBH3H C pell1eHHeM He-
OTJIO>KHbIX nOJIHTHtJeCKHX np06JIeM. «KJIlOtJ K 6Y,lI.Yll(eMY KHTaH-
I{ ero cYlll.eCTBOBaHHIO HJIH rH6eJIH - H 3aKJIIOIJeH KaK pa3 B TaKOM
npOMbIWJIeHHOM pa3BHTHH, npH KOTOpOM MbI coxpaHHM npaBo KOH-
TpOJIS1» 'f 112, c. 286]. Oc03HaHHe TeCHOH B3aHMOCBH3H HaUHOHaJIb-
HO-OCBOOO,lI.HTeJIbHbIX H COl.{HaJIbHO-9KOHOMHqeCKHX 3a,lI.31.J, peIllae-
lbIX Qepe3 YKpenJIeHHe Hall.HOH3JIbHOrO rocY,lI.apCTB , B03rJIaBJIHeMO-
u "
ro napTHeH, CT3HOBJIeHHIO KOTOpOH OH nOCBHTHJI CBOIO >KH3Hb, HB-
JIS1eTCH xap3KTepHoH oc06eHHocTbIO CKJIa,lI.bIBalO eflcH nporpaMMbI
CYHb 51TceHa.
B3rJlHAbI CYHb 5ITceHa HBJIHJIH C060H TBopllecKHH CHHTe3 Tpa-
.l(HI..{HOHHblX H HOBbIX, «33na,lI.HbIX» H,lI.eH H TeOpH". B paccMaTpH-
BaeMbIH nepHoA B ero pa60Tax OOJIbIl.Ie Bcero npOHBJIHeTCS1 cTpeM-
..#
JIeHHe COeJl-HHHTb Tpa,lI.HUHOHHble npe,lI.CT3BJIeHHH 0 pellialOll(eH co- .
u
l1HaJIbHO-9KOHOMHtJeCKOH pOJIH rocY,lI.apCTBa C H eHMH npOMbIlllJIeH-
HOR UHBHJ1H3al.{HH If TeM caMblM H36e>KaTb pa3BHTHS1 KanHTaJIH3M3
u
C ero pOCTOM COl.{HaJlbHbIX aHT3rOHH3MOB, nOHTH no nYTH «rocY,lI.ap-
CTBeHHoro COl.{HaJIH3Ma» 21. THnOJIOrHtJeCKH 9Ta CHCTeMa B3rJIH,lI.OB
MO>KeT ObITb 0003HaQeHa KaK «HapO,lI.HHlIeCKaH» ,[9, c. 403].
44
13 «HapO,l(HHIJeCTBe» npOrp3MMbI CYHb 51TceHa - ee OrpOMHaH npH-
1 Hr3TeJIbH3H CHJI3 ,lI.JIH WHpOKHX MacC KHTaHCKOrO HapO,l(a, o,lI.na
113 npHqHH, no KOTOpOH CYHbHTceHOBCK3H nporpaMM3 HalI.HOH3JIb-
Horo B03pOLK,lI.eHHH CT3HeT 3H3MeHeM MaCCOBOH 60pb6bI B nOCJIe-
Jl-YIOru.He rO,lI.bI.
OCHOBHwe H eHHo-nOnHTHIJeCKHe TeIJeHHH paCCMaTpHB3eMoro
BpeMeHH - KOHcepB3THBHoe, ,lI.eMOKpaTHtJeCKoe, «Hap0,lI.HHQeCKoe»,-
HeCMOTpH Ha CYllI.eCTBeHHble, nO,lI.qac KopeHHble paCXOiK,l(eHHH, BO
MHorOM B03,l(eHCTBOBaJIH Ha .lI.YXOBHYIO LKH3Hb CTp3HbI B 06ru.eM
H3npaBJIeHHH - OHH pa3BHB3JIH H HaK3nJIHBaJIH naTpHOTIIIJeCKHH H
u u u
H3Il.HOH3JIHCTHtJeCKHH nOTeHUH3.TI, KOTOpbIH B nOJIHOH Mepe BbIHBHJI-
.cH y*e H3 HOBOM HCTOpHIJeCKOM 9Tane. OTp3)K3H 06'beKTHBHble
u u u
npOu.eCCbI CTaHOBJIeHHH KHTaHCKOH HanHH, .3Ta H,lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHqe-
CK3H 60pb6a cnoc06CTBOB3JIa npeBpaIll.eHHIO HaIl.HOHaJIH3M3 B ,l(e-
Tep MHHH PYIOru.HH .3JI eMeHT nocn e,l(Y10 ru.ero nOJI HTHKO- H,lI.eOJIOrHqeCKO-
ro pa3BHTHH.
Ha3BaHHble H,lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHtJeCKHe TeqeHHH 6bIJIH OCHOBHbIMH, HO
OHH He HCtJepnbIB3JIH Bcero MHoro06p33HH ,lI.YXOBHOH >KH3HH KHTaH.
Cpe,l(H TeopeTHKOB, OKa33BllIHX Ha Hee onpe,lI.eJIeHHOe B03,lI.eHCTBHe,
6blJIH YtJeHHKH JIHH UHqaO - q)KaH ,LLYHCYHb H JlHH IllYMHH, HB- "
JIHBWHeCH nponara'H,lJ.HCTaMH H'HTYHTHBH3Ma BeprCOHa. 1.I>KaH ,aYH-
CYHb nepeBO,lI.HJI pa60TbI oeprCOHa H3 KHTaHCKHH H3bIK, nOCBHTHJI
pH.lI. CTaTeH cpHJIOCOcpHH KaHTa, ,a>KeMCa, PHKKepTa. JIHH IllYMHH
YBJIeKCH TaKLKe H3YQeHHeM MO,lI.epHH3HpOBaHHoro 6Y,l(,l(H3Ma, IJHTaJI
KYpC JIeKUHH no HH,lI.HHCKOH HJIOCOcpHH B neKHHCKOM YHHBepCHTe-
Te. nOCJ1e,lI.OBaTeJIeM BeprCOH3 6bIJI TaKiKe Y>KaH U310HbMaH [216,
c. 280-283]. Cpe,lI.H KHT3HCKOH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH MOLKHO 6bIJIO HaH-
TH CTOpOHHHKOB nOIJTH Bcex COBpeMeHHbIX 6YP>Kya3HbIx cpHJIOCOcp-
u u
CKHX H,lI.eHHbIX TetJeHHH.
Ho B KHTae B p3CCM3TpHBaeMoe BpeMH 6bIJIH nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIH
He TonbKO 6YP>Kya3HbIx, HO Ii aHTH6ypiKY33HbIX H,lI.eHHbIX TetJeHHH
3an3,lI.a. Cpe,lI.H HHX HaH60JIee BJIHHTeJIbHbIM 6bIJI 3H3pXH3M. nep-
Bble aHapXHCTCKHe opraHH3aUHH 6blJIH C03,lI.aHbI eru.e ,lI.0 CHHbxaH-
CKOH peBOJIlOlI.HH Cpe,lI.H KHT3HCKHX 9MHrpaHTOB BO <I>paHlI.HH H
51noHHH. B 1911 r. B03HHKJI3 nepBaH aHapxHcTcKaH opraHH3alI.HH
B KaHToHe, a 3aTeM B I113Hx3e, TIeKHHe H HeKOTopbIX ,lI.PyrHx ropo-
.nax. YcnexH npOnaraH,l(bI 3H3pXH3Ma Cpe,lI.H HHTeJIJIHreHI.(HH CBH3a-
UbI 60JIbIl.Ie Bcero C HMeHeM - JIIO IllHcpy, H3tJHHaBllIero CBOIO ,lI.eSJ-
'TeJIbHOCTb B KatJeCTBe copaTHHKa CYHb 51TceHa. OH CtIHTaJI, qTO
u
«aHapXH3M - 9TO COlI.HaJIH3M, npe,lI.YCMaTpHBalOlll.HH YHHtJrO>KeHHe
npaBHTeJIbCTBa» (UHT. no 'r258, c. 89]). Co CTpaHHn H3,lI.aBaeMOro
UM >KypHana «MHHbIl.I3H» (<<rOJIOC Hap0,lI.a»), a TaK>Ke pH,lI.a ,lI.PY-
rHX aHapXHCTCKHX H3,lI.aHHH WHpOKO pacnpoCTpaHHJlHCb H)J.eH BaKY-
HHHa, KponoTKHH3, npY.lI.OH3, KOTopble OK333JIH 3H3t1HTeJIbHOe BJlHH-
BHe Ha IlIHpOKHe CJIOH nepe,lI.OBOH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, XOTH ee (}OJIb-
WHHCTBO H He npHMKHYJIO K aHapXH3MY. H3WJIH OTpa>KeHHe B
3THX H3,l1aHHHx H H.lI.eH MapKCH3Ma, npaB,lI.a 3atJaCTYlO B HCKa>KeH-
110M BH.lI.e. B 3TOM OTHOllIeHHH BeCbMa npHMetJaTeJIbHa nOJIeMHKa
45
KOTOpylO BeJI JIIO lllH Y B nepBbIe nOCJIeCHHbXaHCKHe rO.l{bI C CYHb
5lTceHoM H l..{3HH KaHxy.
JIIO IllHCPY nO,lI.Bepr KpHTHKe BbIcTynJIeHHH CYHb 51TceHa 1912 r.
no np06JIeMaM COIl.HaJIH3Ma, nOKa3aB, IJTO KOHuenUHH CYHb 51Tce-
Ha ,l(aJIeKa OT nO.l{JIHHHOrO COIl.HaJIH3Ma. DpH 3TOM JIIO IllH Y npO-
,l{eMOHCTpHpOBaJI HenJIOXOe 3HaHHe «KanHTaJIa» K. MapKca.
CTOJIb )Ke OCTpOH 6bIJIa H nOJIeMHKa JIIO IllH Y C l..{3HH KaHxy-
JIH,lI.epOM COIl.HaJIHCTHIJeCKOH napTHH 22, B3rJIH,lI.bI KOToporo OH cnpa-
Be,lI.JIHBO paCCMaTpHBaJI KaK 60JIee rpyooe HCKa}KeHHe COUHaJIH3Ma,.
qCM TeOpeTHIJCCKHe nOCTpoeHHH CYHb 5ITceHa. BbIcTynJIeHHH JIIO
llIH Y H U3HH KaHXY B 9TOH nOJIeMHKe BbIHBHJIH BMeCTe C TeM
tITO HeKOTopbIe Ma pKCHCTCKHe H,lI.eH 6bIJIH ,lI.OcTynHbI pH,lI.Y nepe-
,lI.OBbIX ,lI.eHTeJIeH KHTaH Toro BpeMeHH [258, c. 88-107].
AHapxHcT n TaJIHCb HaHTH .l{opory H ,lI.JIH npOnaraH,lI.W CBOHX
l1,lI.eH Cpe.l{H pa60IJHX, 6bIJIH C03,lI.aTeJIHMH nepBbIx npocpcolO30B II
opraHH3aTopaMH 3a6acToBoK. Ho BMeCTe C TeM HX ,lI.e5ITeJIbHOCTb
WIO}KHO paccMaTpHBaTb B PycJIe 06 e,lI.eMOKpaTHIJeCKOH 60pb6bI npo-
THB iOHapXHIJeCKOH, KOHcepBaTHBHow, peaKUHoHHOH H,lI.eOJIOrHH H
nOJIHTHKH, nO,lI.pbIBY KOTOpbIX OHH, 6e3YCJIOBHO, CO,l(eHCTBOBaJIH. Co-
)l.eHcTBoBaJIH aHapxHcTbI H np06Y)K,lI.eHHJO H pacllIH!, HHIO HHTepe-
ca KHTaHcKoH 06lll.ecTBeHHocTH K COUHaJIH3MY H MapKcH3MY. B pac-
cMaTpHBaeMoe BpeMH JIIO IllH<PY H HeKoTopbIe ,lI.pyrHe H,lI.eOJIOrH
3HapxH3Ma TeM caMbIM HrpaJIH nporpeccHBHYIO 06 ecTBeHHYIO
pOJIb.
06'beKTHBHoe pa3BHTHe COIl.Ha bHO-.3KOHOMHIJeCKHX H nOJIHTHIJe-
CKHX npoTHBOpeIJHH KHTaH B KaHYH HOBeHIllero BpeMeHII CTaBHJIO
Ha nOBecTKY AHH yrJIYOJIeHHe ,lI.eMOKpaTHqeCKOrO nepeBopoTa, HaIJa-
Taro CHHbxaHCKOH peBOJIJOuHeH 1911 r. Ee n06e,lI.a 3HaMeIIOBaJIa
nepBYIO nonbITKY CJIOMa cpeO,lI.aJIbHO-KOJIOHHaJIbHOH Ha,lI.CTpOHKH;
OHa 6bIJIa MO HbIM Y,lI.apOM nepBOH «BOJIHbI» peBOJIJOUHOHHOH 6ypn
no .l{eCnOTHIJeCKOH HMnepHH. CHHbxaHCKaH peBOJIIOIl.HH HBHJIaCb Ha-
tIaJIOM .3nOXH ,lI.e fOKpaTHIJeCKOrO nepeBopOTa, 3aBeprneHHe KOTOpO-
ro CBH3aHO Y}Ke C n06e,lI.OH Ha pO,lI.HOH peBOJIIOIl.HH B 1949 r. O,l(Ha-
KO CHHbxaHcKaH peBOJIIOIl.HH He CYMeJIa C03,lI.aTb TaKYIO HaIl.HOHaJIb-
HYIO rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHOCTb, KOTopaH 6bIJIa ObI cnOCOOHa CTaTb pbIIJarOM
nOJIHOrO HaIl.HOHaJIbHOrO OCB060)K,lI.eHHH OT HMnepHaJIHCTHIJe-
CKoro rHeTa. Bce .3TO npHBeJIO K BeCbMa npoTHBOpeqHBbIM nOCJIe,lI.-
CTBHHM ,lI.JIH HCTOpHIJeCKHX cY,lI.e6 KHTaH. .
C O,lI.HOH CTOpOHbI, B nOCJIeCHHbXaHcKHe rO,lI.bI KHTaH C,lI.eJIaJI
CYllI.eCTBeHHbIH lllar B CBoeM .3KOHOMHIJeCKOM pa3BHTHH, YCKOpHJIOCb
CTaHOBJIeHHe 1I0BbIX COUHaJIbHbIX CHJI, orpoMHbIH nO,lI.'beM xa paK-
TepH30BaJI ,lI.YXOBHYIO }KH3Hb KHTaHcKoro 06llI.eCTBa. C ,l(PyroH CTO-
pOHbI, 3TH rO,lI.bI CTaJIH H BpeMeHeM YCHJIeHHH HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKOrO
rHeTa, aKTHBH3aUHH BMelllaTeJIbCTBa HnOHCKoro, aHr JIHHCKOro, aMe-
pHKaHCKoro HMnepHaJIH3Ma no BHYTpeHHHe ,lI.eJIa KHTaHCKoro Hapo-
a, lllHpOKoro HCnOJIb30BaHHH MHJIHTapHCTCKOH pa3,lI.p06JIeHHOCTH B
HHTepecax YKpenJIeHHH CBOHX n03HUHH B KHTae. Pa3BHTHe .3THX
)I.BYX npOIl.eCCOB npHBeJIO K HeBH,lI.aHHOMY npe}K,l(e 060CTpeHHIO npo-
46
7HBope4HH KHTaHOKOH HaUHH C HMIIepHaJIH3MOM H OC03HaHHIO nepe-
.,AOBOH KHTaHCKOH 06 eCTBeHHOCTblO 9Toro npOTHBOpetlHH KaK Ha-
lJ.HOHaJIbHOrO KpH3Hca" KOTOpbIH He06xo,lI.HMO H B03MO>KHO npeo,no-
eTb Ha nYTHX Ha HOHaJIbHO-OCBOOO,lI.HTenbHOH 60pb6M. 3THM 06-
CTaHOBKa B KHTae K HatlaJIY HOBeHlliero BpeMeHH npHHUHnHa bHO
'OTJlHIJaJIaCb OT cHTyall.HH KaHYHa CHHbxaHcKoH peBOJIIO HH, tITO
CBH,lI.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIO 0 pOCTe Ha HOHaJIbHOrO caMOC03HaHHH KHTaH-
CKoro HapO,lI.a. Ha H,lI.eOJIOrH1.JeCKOM ypoBHe 9TO npOHBHJIOCb B 6yp-
HOM pocTe H,l(eH Hall.HOHaJIH3Ma, 3aHHBlliHX ,l(OMHHHpYIOlll.ee nOJIO-
JKeHHe B H,lI.eHHOH >KH3HH 06lll.eCTBa.
T M caMbIM KHTaHCKaH peBOJIIOll.HH npHOOpeJIa IJepTbI Hall.HO-
H aJI bH O-OCBOOO,lI.HTeJI bHOH, H a HOH anbHO- ,lI.eM OKp a THtleCKOH peBOJI 10-
UHH. O,nHaKo cBoeoopa3He peaJIbHOH COll.HaJIbHO-nOJIHTHIJeCKOH 06-
CTaHOBKH B KHTae K Hatlany HOBeHllIero BpeMeHH npHBeJIO K TOMY,
{[TO HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHbIM 06'beKTOM HaUHOHaJIbHO-OCB060,lI.HTeJIbHOH
.60pbObI Ha 9TOM 9Tane ObIJI He CTOJIbKO caM MHpOBOH HMnepHaJIH3M,
CKOJIbKO Te CO HaJIbHbIe CHJIbI BHYTPH KHTaH, KOTopbIe npenHTCTBO-
BaJIH C03,lI.aHHIO YCJIOBHH ,lI.JIS1 nO,lI.JIHHHOrO HaUHOHaJIbHOrO OCB060>K-
,lI.eHHH KHTaH. Petlb H,lI.eT 0 KHTaHcKoM MHJIHTapH3Me. I1MeHHo MH-
JlHTa pHcTcKaH pa3,lI.po6JIeHHOCTb BocnpHHHMaJIaCb KaK rJIaBHOe
npenHTcTBHe B03pO>K,lI.eHHIO nO,lI.nHHHOH Hall.HOHaJIbHOH rOCY,lI.apCT-
BeHHocTH, cnocooHoH nOCTaBHTb H pellIHTb 3a,lI.atlH CO HaJIbHOrO
06HOBJIeHHH KHTaH Hero OCBOOO>K,lI.eHHH aT nOJIYKOJIOHHaJIbHOrO
rHeTa. Tpe60BaHHH Ha HOHaJIbHOrO e,lI.HHCTBa H BOCC03,lI.aHHH CHJIb-
HOH KHTaHCKOH rOCY,lI.apCTBeHHOCTH ,lI.eJIaIOTCH OCHOBHbIMH Tpe60Ba-
HHHMH KHTaHCKoro Hall.HOHaJIbHO-OCB060,lI.HTeJIbHOrO ,lI.BH>KeHHH, OT-
pa>KaBlliHMH nepBOOIJepe,lI.HbIe 3a,lI.a IIH KHTaHCKOH peBOJIIOIl.HH Ha
aHHOM 9Tane.
Ba>KHeHWHM CTHMYJIOM nO,lI.'beMa HaIl.HOHaJIbHO-OCBOOO,lI.HTeJIbHOH
60pb6bI B KHTae HBHJIaCb n06e,lI.a BeJIHKOH OKTHOpbCKOH CO HanH-
CTHIJeCKOH peBOJIIOIl.HH B POCCHH, OTKpbIBllIaH 9noxy OOlll.ero KPH3H-
ca HMnepHaJIH3Ma H KpH3Hca KOJIOHHaJIbHOH CHCTeMbI HMnepHaJIH3-
Ma, C03,lI.aBlliaH 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe BHelllHHe YCJIOBHH ,lI.JIH pa3BHTHa
3TOH 60pb6bl.
fJlaBa 1
HAQAnO HOBoro 3TAnA HA"HOHAnbHo-ocB06oAHTEnbHon
60Pb6W KHTAHCKoro HAPOAA
(1917-1922)
M e>K,lJ.Y Hap O,lJ.H oe
H BHYTpHnO HTHqeCKOe nO O>KeHHe KHTag
u u u
K KOHQY nepBOH MHpOBOli BOHHbl.
naTpHOTHqeCKOe ,lJ.BH>KeHHe «4 MaSl» 1919 r.
BeJIHKaH OKTn6pbcKaH COIIJlaJIHCTff1IeCKaH peBOJIIOUHH, KaK YKa-
3bIBaJI B. M. JIeHHH, OTKpbIJIa «HOBYIO BceMHpHo-HCTOpHtlecKYIO 9nO-
xy» ,r 12, c. 417] - 3PY KpyweHIIH KanHTaJIH3Ma, TOpli ecTBa COI.{Ha-
JIH3Ma H KOMMYHH3Ma.
OKTH6pbcKaH peBOJIIOI.{HH COe,lI.HHHJIa B e HHOM nOTOKe 60pb6y
npOJIeTa pHaTa H ,lI.pyrHx peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX CHJI 3a COl.{HaJIH3M C 60pb-
60H yrHeTeHHbIx HapO,lI.OB npOTHB HaI.{HOHaJIbHO-KOJIOHHaJIbHOrO
pa6cTBa. OHa ,lI.OKa3aJIa He06xo,lI.HMOCTb COlO3a pa60IJero ,l(BH)KeHHH
-c Hau.HOHaJIbHO-OCB06o,lI.HTeJIbHOH .60pb60H HapO,lI.OB BO HMH CBep>Ke-
HH5I HMnCpHaJIHCTHlleCKoro rOCnO,lI.CTBa, BO HMH H8UHOHaJIbHOrO Ii
COI.{HaJIbHOrO OCB060}K,lI.eHHH HapO,l(OB.
BeJIHKHH OKTH6pb OKa3aJI MHorOCTopOHHee peBOJIIOUHOHi1JiIpylO-
lll.ee BJIH51HHe Ha KHTaH, 3aMeTHO YCKOPHB npOll.eCC COUHaJIbHO-nO-
J1HTUIJeCKOrO 06HOBJIeHH51 KHTaHCKoro 06lIl.CCTBa. OKTH6pbCKaH pe-
BOJlIOUHH B KopHe H3MeHHJIa Me>K,l(YHapO,lI.HYIO 06CTaHOBKY Ha
,[{aJIbIlCM BOCTOKe. Ha MeCTe HMnepHaJIHCTHtleCKOH POCCHH - CO-
yqaCTHHKa KOJIOHUaJIbHOrO orpa6JIeHHH KHTaH - B03HHKJIO rocY,lI.ap-
CTBO - pa60Q-HX H KpeCTbHH, BbIcTynHBwee aKTHBHbIM C0103HIiKOI'v1
OOplOlIl.HXCH HapO,lI.OB Bcex CTpaH, BKJIlOtlaH KHTaM. C. nepBbIX }Ke
HeH CBoero CYlIl.eCTBOBaHHH COBeTCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO CTano npo-
BO,lI.HTb B )KH3Hb nOJIHTHKY MHpa H ,lI.PY}K6bI, nOJIHOrO paBHonpaBHH
HapO,lI.OB. OCHOBOnOJIaralO He npHH[(HnbI .3TOH nOJIHTHKH 6bIJIH BO-
nJIOmeHbI B ,QeKpeTe 0 MHpe, npUHHTOM 8 H05I6pH 1917 r., eKJIa-
pal.{HH npaB HapO,l(OB POCCHH aT 15 HOH6pH 1917 r., 06pa eHHlI
<<.Ko BceM TPY,l(H HMCH Myc)'JIbMaHaM POCCHH H BocToKa» OT 3 ,lI.e-
Ka6pH 1917 r. H ,lI.pyrHx ,lI.OKYMeHTax COBeTcKoM BJIaCTH.
C nepBbIX ,l(HeH CBoero cYll.{ecTBoBaHHH COBeTcKoe npaBHTeJIb-
CTBO 1TpllJIaTaJIO YCHJIH5I K YCTaHOBJIeHHIO HOBbIX, ,lI.eiicTBHTe.lIbIlo
pY)KeCTBeHHblx paBHonpaBHbIx oTHoIlIeHHH C KHTaeM Ha OCHOBe
nOJIHOrO pa3pbIBa C nOJIHTHKOH Il.apH3Ma, pOCclIHcKoro HMnepIia..1H3-
48
13. Bee B3LKHeHllIHe ,nHnJIOM3THIJeCKHe ,l(OKYMeHTbI, B TOM IJHCJIe
npHr:7rallleHHH npHHHT yqaCTHe B MHpHbIX neperOBopax, a "TJHllle-
HUH ll.apCKHX ,lI.HnJIOMaTHtIeCKHX H KOHCYJIbCKHX IJHHOBHHKOB, He npH-
I151BIllHX nJIaTcpopMY COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH, npaBa npe,lI.CTaBJIHTb Co-
BCTCKYIO POCCHIO, HCH3MeHHO HanpaBJIHJIHCb KHTaHCKOH MHCCHH B
PaCCHH, KaK H MHCCHHM KPynHeHlliHX CTpaH 3ana.u.a. Ha py6e)Kc
1917-1918 rr. 6bIJIa pa3pa60TaHa COBeTCKaH nporpaMMa no KHTaH-
CJ{OMY .Bonpocy. aHa npe,lI.YCMaTpHBaJIa pa3BHTHe OTHOllleHHii Ha
COBeTCKHx BHelilHenOJIliTHIJeCKHX npHHUHnax - npHHUHnax p3BeH-
CTBa, MHpa, ,ll06poco..c..ellCTBa, -nOMOlll.H HapoJI.Y B pelI.IeHHH ero KO-
p-eHAf>IX np06JIeM. Tor,lI.a )Ke COBeTcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO npe,l(JIO}KlIJIO
KHTalO BCTynHTb B neperoBopbI 06 OTKa3e OT Bcex OC06bIX npas
H npHBHJIerHi1 POCCHH B KHTae - aT .3KCTeppHTOpHaJIbHOCTH, KOH-
CYJIbCKOH IOpHC,l(HKUHH, KOHueCCHH, «60KcepcKoti» KOHTPHOYLI.HH
(npH .3TOM, HMeH B BH y cBoe06pa3He nOJIHTHIJeCKOH 06CTaHOBKH B
CTpaHax BOCTOKa, COBeTCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO BbIpa3HJ10 nO)Ke..1aHHC,
4T06bI npUIJHTaJOmneCH POCCHU CYMMbI nOlllJIH Ha HYLK,lI.bI npOCBe-
eHlIH H KYJIbTypHoro pa3BHTHH KHTaHCKoro HapO,lI.a, H3 ,lI.eJIO C6t1'IH-
*eHHH KHTaHCKoA H PycCKoA ,lI.eMOKpaTHA). COBeTCKoe npaBHTeJIb-
CTno BOCCT3HaBJIHBaJIO CYBepelIHTeT KHTaH 1-Ia nOJIOcy 3eMJ1H, no
KOTOpOH 6bIJIa npOJIO}KCHa KB)K,IL, npe,lI.JIaraH no Bonpocy 0 caMoii
,Aoporc 06CY,l(HTb B03MO)KIIOCTb tlTJH KIITaH (B CJIYIJae B03MelnC:IIMH
ltaCTII BJIO)KeHHbIX B CTpOHTeJIbCTBO KBII(,LL ,l(eHer) )l.OJIrOcp01.JIIoro
ee BbIKyna KHTaHCKHM Hau.IIOHaJIbHbIM KanHTaJIOM IIJl H COBMeCTIIoff
COBeTCKO-KHTaHCKOH Korv1Mep1.JeCKOH .3KCnJIyaTaUHH. COBeTCKoe npa-
BHTeJIbCTBO 06'bHBHJIO He lIMelOllI.HMH CHJIbI TaHHbIe PYCCKO-HnOIICKHe
oroBopbI 1907-1916 rr. B IJaCTH, KacalO eHcH KHTaH. 3TO 6bIJIa
nporpaMMa «B03Bpa eHH51 I{HTaHcKoMY Hapo y Bcero Toro, lITO 6bI-
JIO OTHHTO Y Hee II.apCKHM npaBHTeJIbCTBOM caMOCTOHTeJIbHO JIH601
3aO,lI.HO C HnOHIl.aMH H COJ03HHKaMH» [21, T. 2, c. 223]. COBeTcKHe
npe,lI.JIO}KCHHH no pa3BHTHIO ,lI.PY}KeCTBeHHbIx OTHOllleHHH C fIOJIY-
KOJIOHHaJIbHbIM KHTaeM 6bIJIH cBoeBpeMeHHo, B HHBape - cpeBpaJIC
1918 r., ,l(OBe,l(eHbI ,lI.0 CBe,lI.eHlfH neKHHCKoro npaBHTeJIbCTBa QCpe3
KHTaHcKYIO MMCCHIO B PaccMH.
4 HIOJIH 1918 r. COBeTcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO C TPH6YHbI V Bce-
poccHlfcKoro C'be3,lI.a COBeToB, oCYlll.ecTBJIHBWerO BepXOBHYIO BJIaCTb
B cTpaHc, nO,lI.TBep,lI.HJIO n03HIl.HIO B Bonpocax cOBeTcKo-KHTaHcKHx
OTHoweHHH.
I1TaK, HOBbIe npHHUHnbI COUHaJIHCTHtleCKOH BHeWIIeH nOJIHTHKH
HaWJIH KOHKpeTHoe BbIpa}KeHHe B COBCTCKOH n03Hll.HH no BonpocaM
OTHOllleHHii C KHTael\1. COBCTCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO 6bIJIO He TOJIbI<O
fOTOBO K C03,lI.aHHIO KaIJeCTBCHHO HOBbIX OTHOllleHIiH C KHTaeM, no
Ii aKTHBHO 3Toro ,l(06HBaJIOCb.
BHeWHHH nOJIHTHKa COBeTCKOH POCCHH C03,l(aJ1a 6JIarOnpH5IT-
IIbIe" YCJIOBlfH ,lI.JIH pa3BHTHH 60pb6bI KIITaHCKoro HapO,lI.a 3a CBoe
IIall.HOHaJIbHOe II COUHaJIbHOe OCB060)K,lI.eHHe. OC06hHf pe30HaIIC I3
CTpaHe BbI3BaJI aHTHHMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKHH, aHTHKOJIOHHaJIbHbIH xa-
paKTep COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH, Harne,l(IllHH CBoe OTpaLKeHHC, c O,lI.HOH
4 3aK. 830
49"
u .
CTOpOHbI, B pelllHTeJIbHOM pa3pbIBe C 3aXBaTHHtleCKOH nOJlHTHKOH
-hpe)KHHX npaBH:reJIeH POCCHH, a C ,lI.pyroH - B ycnewHoH 60pb6e
OpOTHB HHTepBeHIl.HH HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKHX ,lI.epLKaB, -3a Ha HOHaJIb-
HYIO CBo60,l(Y H He3aBHCHMOCTb.
B TO }Ke BpeMH nepe,lI.OBbIe CHJIbI KHTaHCKoro 06I.I.I.eCTBa YBH,lI.e..
JIH B OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOIl.HH B,lI.OXHOBJIHIOI.I.I.HH npHMep OCB060}K-
,lI.eHH& aT BCHKoro rHeTa Ii 9KCnJIyaTaIl.HH, npHMep ycnelliHoro ope-
u
1BopeHHH B )KH3Hb H,lI.eH HaYIJHOrO COIl.HaJIH3Ma.
LITO KacaeTCH HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKHX CHJI B KHTae, a TaK>.Ke
3KCnJIyaTaTopCKHX KJIaCCOB KHTaHCKoro 06 I.I.I.eCTBa , TO OHH YCMOT-
peJIH B OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIO HH peaJIbHYIO yrp03Y CBoeMY rocno,lI.-
CTBY H C,lI.eJIaJIH Bce B03MO>KHOe ,lI.JIH Toro, tIT06w 3a,lI.YWHTb PYC-
CKYIO peBOJIIOll.HIO, BocnpenHTCTBOBaTb npOHHKHOBeHHIO B KHTaii
H,lI.eH OKTH6pH, HaCa,lI.HTb B CTpaHe aHTHKOMMYHH3M H aHTHCOBe-
TH3M.
nOMHMO HenOCpe,lI.CTBeHHoro yqaCTHH B pa3rpOMe COBeTOB pa..
60tlHX H COJI,lI.aTCKHX ,lI.enYTaTOB B Xap6HHe H ,lI.pyrHx HaceneHHWX
nYHKTax 30HbI OTIJY>K,lI.eHHS1 KB)I(,Q, nOCbIJIKH KHTaHCKHX BOUCK B
npe,lI.eJIbI COBeTCKOH CH6HpH H ,LLaJIbHerO BOCTOKa, rIpe,lI.OCTaBJIeHHH
:y6e}KH a 6aH,lI.aM CeMeHOBa, KaJIMbIKOBa H ,lI.pyrHx 6eJIOrBap,lI.eH-
CKHX aTaMaHOB, HCnOJIb30BaBllIHX TeppHTopHIO MaHbIJ}KypHH B Ka-
qeCTBe nJIaIl.,lI.apMa ,lI.JIH Be,lI.eHHH BOOPY)KeHHOH 60pb6bI C COBeT-
CKOH POCCHeM, KHTaHCKHe BJIaCTH npe,lI.npHHHJIH pH,l( Mep ,lI.JIH CO-
u
3,lI.aHHH nOJIHueHCKoro KOp,lI.OHa npOTHB pacnpOCTpaHeHHH B CTpaHe
npaB,lI. 0 HOBOH POCCHH. C .3TOH Il.eJIblO neKHHCKOC npaBHTeJIbCTBO
11 HHBapH 1918 r. 3aKpbIJIO cOBeTcKo-KHTaHcKYIO rpaHHUY, npHHS1JIO
HeCKOJIbKO ,lI.eKpeTOB 0 60pb6e C 60JIbllleBH3MoM, tIHHHJIO npenHTcT-
'HHH B03Bpa eHHIO Ha pO,lI.HHY H3 POC'CHH KHTaHCKHX pa60IJHX.
reM He MeHee H,lI.eH OKTH6pH Bce }Kp np06HBaJIH ce6e nYTb
CKB03b CTeHY lllTbIKOB H KJIeBeTbI, KOTOpVIO B03BeJIH BOKpyr Co BeT-
CKOH POCCHH npaBHTeJIH KHTaH H HHOCTpaHHbIe HMnepHaJIHCTbI.
nepBbIe H3BeCTHH 06 OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH no-
HBHJIHCb Ha CTpaHHuax KHTaHCKHX ra3eT y*e 10 HOH6pH 1917 r.
11 HOH6pH lllaHxaHcKaH ra3eTa «IllH6ao» C006lll.HJIa, tITO «CoBeTbI
COJI,lI.aTCKHX H pa60QHX ,l(enYTaToB nJIaHHpYIOT B HaCTOH ee BpeMH
CJIe,lI.YIOlll.He MeponpHHTHH: 1) HeMe,lI.JIeHHbIH CnpaBe,lI.JIHBbIH MHp;
2l__pa3,lI.eJI nOMelll.HIJbeH 3eMJIH Me2K,lI.y KpecTbHHaMH; 3)" nepe,lI.aIJY
COBeTaM COJI,lI.aTCKHX H pa60IJHX ,lI.enYTaTOB BceH nOJIHOT HCnOJI-
HHTeJIbHOH BJIaCTH; 4) C03bIB napJIaMeHTa, ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO H36paH-
Horo HapO,lI.OM» (U.HT. no r 185, c. 48]). BCKope nOCJle,lI.OBaJIH H
nepBbIe pa3HOpeIJHBbIe Oll.eHKH C06bITHH B POCCHH. 113BecTHbIH B
npOllIJIOM pecpopMaTop, CTaBllIHH K 1917 r. MOHapXHCTOM, RaH IOB3H
)PBH,lI.eJI B HOBOH POCCHH BOnJIOlll.eHHe CBoeH YTonHH «,Qa TYH»
[170, c. 195]. OpraH YMepeHHOH KHTaHCKOH HHTeJIJIHreH HH >KYP-
HaJI «TaHnHH'bHH» (<<THXHH OKeaH») BCTaJI Ha CTOPOHY KepeHCKoro
Ii Ha3BaJI OKTH6pbCKYlO peBOJIIOIl.HIO «6YHTOM TOJInbI» Ir 170, c. 194].
Cpe,lI.H aHapxHcToB peBOJIJOlJJIH B POCCHH nOHaIJaJIY nOJIyqHJIa
IIOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIH OTKJIHK. I(aK OTMeIJaJI B anpeJJe 191R r. )KypHaJl
50
«.naO.ll.YH» (<<Tpy.lI.»), 3Ta «peBOJIIOIl.HH npHKOBaJIa K ce6e BIIHMaHUe
BCeH MHpOBOH 06ll{eCTB.eHHOCTH, I{OTOpaH ,l(aBHO npHCJIYllIHBaeTCH
KO BeeM C006llI.eHHHM 0 HeW, aIIaJIH3HpyeT ee pe3YJIbTaTbI. KpyrH,
6JI1I3KHe K npaBHTeJIbCTBY, 60HTCH, tITO BOJIHeHHH npHMYT rpaH,LIJI03-
HbIC MaCllITa6bI H HM HC Y,LI.aCTC5I coxpaHHTb CBoe npe)KHee nOJIO-
)KeHHC. Hx onaceHHH pa3,lI.eJIHIOT nOMellI.HKH H 60raTeH, KOTopbIe
CTpalllaTC5I KOMMYHH3Ma, H60 3TO MO)KeT JIHUlHTb HX C06CTBCHHO-
CTH, npH06peTeHHOH nYTeM 06MaHa H rpa6e)Ka... H TOJIbKO 06e3.l1.0-
JIeHHbIe TPY,LI.HllI.HeCH, C Ha,lI.e)K,lI.OH CMOTpH Ha peBOJIIOIl.HIO, )Ka)K,LI.YT
ee cKopel1Ulew n06e,lI.bI, KOTOpa5I C,lI.eJIaeT Bcex CB060,lI.HbIMH, paBHbI-
M H H C IJ aCT JI Ii B bI M H » ( Il.H T. no I r 185, c. 49]).
BCCHOH 1918 r. CYHb 51 TceH BbICKa3aJICH 3a npH3HaHHe COBeT-
CKOH POCCHH rOCY,lI.apCTBaMH A3HH, 3a TO, IJT06bI neIJaTb 3TH X CTpaH
npOnaraH,LI.HpOBaJIa 3aBoeBaHHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOIl.HH [264,
c. 2221. JIeToM 1918 r. nOCJIe CBoero BbIHY)K,LI.eHHOro OT'be3,LI.a H3
KaHToHa B UUaHxaH CYHb 51TceH HanpaBHJI IJepe3 KHTaHcKHx 3MH-
rpaHTOB B AMeplIKe npHBeTcTBeHHYIO TeJIerpaMMY B. H. JIeHIIIIY.
B HeH OH nHCaJI: «PeBOJIIOIl.HOHHaH napTHH KHTaH BbIpa)KaeT rJIY-
60Koe BOCXIIllI.eHHe TH)KeJIOW 60Pb6oi1:, KOTOpylO Be,LI.eT peBo.lIlOIJ.HOH-
HaH napTHH BallieH cTpaHbI, H Bblpa)KaeT Ha)le)K,lI.Y, IJTO peBOJIIO-
I.I.HOHHbIe napTHH KHTaH H POCCHH 06'be,LI.HHHTCH ,lI.JIH cOBMecTIIoi1
60Pb6bI» (Il.HT. no r245, c. 68]).
O,lI.HH H3 JIH,lI.epOB «,LI.BH)KeHHH 3a HOBYIO KYJIbTYPY», JIH ,LLa-
llLKaO, HanHCaJI B 1918 r. Il.HKJI CTaTeH (<<CpaBHeHHe paHIl.Y3CI{OH
peBOJIIOIl.HH C PYCCKOH», «fl06e,LI.a HapO,LI.a», «fl06e,LI.a 60JIbllIeBH3-
Ma»), B KOTOpbIX oueHHBaJI OKTH6pbCKYIO peBOJIIOIl.HIO KaK «BC,,1H-
tIaHUlHH nOBopOT B HCTOpHH», nO,lI.IJepKHBaJI ee HHTepHaUHOHaJIH3M,
npe,lI.CKa3bIBaJI, IJTO «6Y,lI.Y HH MHp 6Y,lI.eT MHpOM KpacHoro 3HaMe-
HH», H npH3WBaJI CBOIiX COOTeIJeCTBeHHHKOB nOCJIe,lI.OBaTb npHMepy
HOBOH POCCHH r 104, c. 61, 80].
OKTH6pbcKaH peBOJIIOIl.HH H nOCJIe,lI.OBaBllIHe 3a HeH peBo.nfO-
Il.HOHHbIe BbIcTynJIeHHH BO MHorHX CTpaHax MHpa n06Y,lI.HJIH KHTaH-
CKHX peBOJIIOIl.HOHepOB nepecMoTpeTb npe)KHHe npe,lI.CTaBJIeHH5I 06
HCTOpHIJeCKHX cY)J.b6ax CBoeH cTpaHbI, nO-HoBoMY nOCTaBHJIH Bonpoc
o nYTHX COIl.HaJIbHOrO H HaIl.HOHaJIbHOrO 06HOBJIeHHH KHTaH, naJIH
MOllJ.HbIH TOJIIJOK peBOJIIOIl.HOHHOMY ,LI.BH)KeHHIO.
TaK )Ke KaK H BO MHorHX ,LI.PyrHx CTpaHax, no,LI. B03,LI.eHCTBHeM
OKTH6pH B KHTae npOHCxo,lI.HT nO,lI.'beM HaIl.HOHaJIbHO-OCB060,lI.HTeJIb-
Horo ,lI.BH)KeHHH.
flOMHMO BJIHHHHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOIl.HH OCHOBHbIl\fH aKTo-
paMH, BbI3BaBllIHMH peBOJIIOUHOHHbIH KpH3HC B KHTae, 6bIJIH pOCT
KHTaHCKoro KanHTaJIH3Ma Ha OHe 3aCHJIbH eO,lI.aJIbHbIX OTHOUle-
HHA B ,LI.epeBHe, nOJIHTHQeCKOA pa3,lI.p06JIeHHOCTH H nOJIYKOJIOHHaJIb-
Horo nOJIO)KeHH5I CTpaHbI, BbIpO)K,LI.eHHe KOHCTHTYIl.HOHHO-napJIaMeHT-
CKOH CHCTeMbI, YCHJICHHOe IIacTynJIeHHe Ha KHTaw HHOCTpaHHoro MO-
HOnOJIHCTHtIeCKOrO KanHTaJIa H 060CTpeHHe Me)KHMnepHaJIHCTHIJe-
CKHX npOTHBOpeIJHH B KHTae.
B 06CTaHOBKe pacna,lI.a ll.eHTpaJIbHOH BJIaCTH Ii nOCTOHHHbIX
4*
51
Me}l(,lI.oyc06HIl. BJIaCTb H3 MeCTaX nepeXO,LI.H.na K TeM, Y !{oro (jbJ"TJCI
BoeHHaH CHJIa. X03HeBa apMHH - KpynHbIc H MeJIKHe MHJIHTapHCTbI,
KaK npaBHJIO, OJIHIl.eTBOpHJIH cunw KHTaHCKOH peaKIl.HH H Hepe,lI.KO
BbIcTynaJIH B KatIeCTBe npHMOH areHTypbI HMnepHaJIHCTHtIeCKHX
,l(ep)KaB. D03ToMY JIHKBH,LI.aIl.HH MHJIHTapH3Ma H 060e,lI.HHeHHC KHTaH
u
Ha HaIl.HOHaJIbHO-,lI.eMOKpaTHtIeCKOH OCHOBe HapH,lI.Y C JI03YHraMH
Cnep)KeIIH5I rOCnO,lI.CTBa HMnepll3JIH3Ma H 3aBOCBaHHH nO,lI.JIHHHOfI
He3aBlICHMOCTH 6bIJIH O,lI.HOH H3 OCHOBHbIX 3a,lI.aq KHTaHCKOH peBO-
JI IOIl.HH.
B TO )Ke BpeMH HeKOTopbIM MHJIHTapHCTaM (B tIaCTHOCTH, 43Hb
D3IOHMHHY, Y fl3HCPY) He 6bIJIH IJY)K,lI.bI HOBbie nOJIHTHIJeCKHe BeH-
HHH; OHH 3aHMCTBOBaJIH MO,lI.HbIe JI03YHrH, HrpaJIH Ha HaUHOHaJIH-
CTHIJeCKHX IJYBCTBax CBoero Ha pO,lI.a, onYCKaJIH OrpaHHIJeIlHbIe pe-
$OpMbI. 3TH «YBJIeIJeHHH» Hepe,lI.KO HOCHJIH BpeMeHHbIH xapaKTep, HO
1 CM He MeHce OTKpbIBaJIH peBOJIIOlI.HOHHbIM CHJIaM CTpaHbI HeKOTO-
pbIe B03MO)KHOCTH ,lI.JIH MaHeBpa.
B KO-HI.Ire LO:-x - naqaJle 20-x rO,lI.OB npaBHTe.nbCTBO B rIeKHHe I
OWJIO 06oeKTOM OCTpOH 60pb6w Tpex HaH60JIee CHJIbHWX rpynnH-
pOBOK MHJIHTapHCTOB, ,lI.eHCTBOBaBllIHX B CeBepHOM, r:eBepo-BoCTOIJ-
HOM H UeHTpaJIbHOM KHTae (aHbXOHCKOH, tILKHJIHHCKOH H CP3HTHHb-
CKOM KJIHK). MHOrOIJHCJIeHHbIe reHepaJIbCKHe Me)K,LI.oyc06HIl.bI, KOTO-
pbIe pa3,lI.HpaJIH H otreCKpOBJIMBaJlH KHTaH, npOHCTeKaJIH H3 CTOJIK-
HOBCHHH HHTepeCOB perHOHa"TIbHbIX rpynn rOCnO,lI.CTBYIOllJ.HX I{JI aCCOB,
a TaK>Ke H3 COnepHHIJeCTBa HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKHX ,lI.ep>KaB, HaTpaB-
JIHB3BWHX MHJIHTapHCTOB ,lI.pyr Ha Apyra, cHa6)KaBlllHX HX 0PY)KH-
eM, CHapH>KeHHeM H ,lI.eHe)KHbIMH Cpe,lI.CTBaMH.
K HCXO,lI.y nepBofI MHpOBOH BOHHbI, CTaB COlO3HHKOM AHTaHTbI
H 5InoHHH, KHTaH TeM He MeHee HH Ha llIar He npO,lI.BHHYJICH no
nYTH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH CBoero nonpaHHoro CYBepeHHTCTa. Ero He-
3aBHCHMOCTb 6bIJIa elll.e 60JIee ype3aHa; CTpaHa OKa3aJIaCb nepeJI.
peaJIbHOH onaCHOCTblO pa3,lI.eJIHTb YIJaCTb Kopcn. f JIaBHaH yrp03a
Ha,lI. KHTaeM HaBHCJIa CO CTOpOHbI HnOHCKoro HMnepHaJIH3Ma.
PaCIJeTJIHBO HCnOJIb30BaB cHTya HIO, CJIOLKHBWYIOCH Ha ,[{aJIb-
HeM BUCTOKe B pe3YJIbTaTe BOBJIeIJeHHOCTH 3ana,lI.HbIx ,lI.ep>KaB B
CMepTeJIbHYro CXBaTKY B EBpone, 5InoHHH BMcTynHJIa Ha. CTopOHe
AHTaHTbI II npH6paJIa K PYKaM BJIa,l(eHHH, npaBa H npHBHJIerHH
repMaHCKoro HMnepHaJIH3Ma B KHTae H Ha THXOM OKeaHe. I1rHo-
PHPYH npOTeCTbI KHTaH, OHa BbICa,lI.HJIa 30-TbICHIJHYIO apMHIO B
III a Hb,lI.YHe, 3aXBaTHJIa U3HOtJLKOY, >KeJIe3HO,lI.OpO>KHYIO JlHHHIO UHH-
ao-U3HHaHb H cpaKTHqeCKH nOCTaBHJIa npOBHHUHIO noJI. cnOH KOH-
TpOJIb. 3THM YtlaCTHe 5InoHHH B BOHHe Ha CTopOHe AHTaHTbI 3a-
1\0HtlHJIOCb. CTpeMHTeJIbHOCTb onepaUHH no 3aXBaTY Ill8Hb,nYHa 060-
5!CHHJIaCb He BoeHHbIMH HY}K,lI.aMH AHTaHTbI H TeM 60JIee He yrp030H
caMOH 5InoHHH co CTOpOHbI fepMaHHH. 3aKpenJIeHHe B lllaHb,lI.YHe
06eCnetIHBaJIO eH HOBbIe KOJIOCCaJIbHbIe 3KOHOMHQeCKHe H CTpaTerH-
IJCCKHe npeHMYlIl.eCTBa B 60pb6e 3a YCTaHOBJIeHHe rOcnO,lI.CTBa H8A
KHTaeM. O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO 5InoHHH TOpOnHJIaCb Onepe,lI.HTb KHTaH, no-
1ewaTb eMY HCnOJIb30BaTb KpH3HC HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKOH CHCTeMbI
.52
J{JIH Toro, tlTo6bI BepHYTb IllaHb YH H, JIHKBH,lI.HpOBaB HepaBHonpaB-
HbIe ,llOrOBOpbI C repMaHHefI, np06HTb TeM caMbIM 6peIIlb B 06meM
pe>KHMe KanHTYJIHIl.HH, 06peKaBllIeM KHTaH Ha nOJIOLKeHHe nOJIYKO-
JlOHHn MHpOBoro I1MnepHaJIH3Ma. flpaB5I He KpyrH 5InoHHIf CTPeMH-
JIHCb HCK.HIOIJHTb MaJIeHIIlYIO B03MO}KHOCTb, KOTopaH MOrJIa 6bITb HC-
IIOJIb30Balla KHTaeM B CJIO)KHBllIHXCH 06CT05lTe TIbCTBaX B HHTepe-
cax BbIXO)I.a Ha nYTb caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO HaUHOHaJIbHOrO pa3BHTHH.
llaJIee 5IJ10HHH 3ac.raBWIa..neKHHCKoe npaBHTeJlbCTBO no nHcaTb
H OCHOBe «21 Tpe60BaHHH» pH Ka6aJIbHbIX COrc,TJaIlleHHH, npeBpa-
maBlllHX IllaHb,l(YH BO BTOpOH no 3HaIJeHHID (nocJIe MaHbtl>KYPHH)
51I)OIICKHH nJIaIl.,LI.a pM B KHTae H elII.e 60JIee. paclll pHBIIlI X cc roc-
flO,LI.CTBO B MaHbtl}KYPHH. B 1917 -1918 rr. yrp03al\fH H nO,l(KynoM
(c nOMO blO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX 3aHMoB HHcHxapa) OHa HaBH3aJIa
KHTalO HOBYIO cepHIO HepaBHonpaBHbIX COrJIarneHHH Ha 6a3c
«21 Tpe60BaHHH». -
Oc06eHHo THLKeJIble nOCJIe,lI.CTBHH BJIeKJIO 3a C060H COrJIaWeHHe
o lIlaHb,llYHe OT 24 ceHTH6pH 1918 r. [82, T. 2, c. 1445-1446], <paK-
1 HQeCI{H npH3HanaBIIlee KOHTpOJIb 5IrroHHH lIa,lI. )KeJIe3HO,lJ,OpO)KHOH
ceTblO npOBHHll.HH, tlTO n03BOJIHJlO 5InoHHH COXpaH5ITb TaM CBOH
BOHCKa. C03,lI.aBaH BH,lI.HMOCTb ,lI.OrOBOpHo-npaBOBoro ocpopM.neHHH
COrJIaCHH KHTaH B 3TOM Bonpoce, ,l(OKYMeHT Ha 6Y,lI.y eH MHpHOH
KOHcpepeHUHH Boopy*aJl HnOHCKYIO ,lI.HnJIOMaTHIO BeCKHM ,lI.OBO,lI.OM
B nOJIb3Y JIeraJIH3aIl.HH 3aXBaTa III a Hb,lI.YHa , HeCMOTpH Ha TO tlTO
KHTafi B ,lI.aHHOM CJIYIJae rrpe,lI.CTaBJIHJIa JIHllib KYtIKa KopPYMnHpo-
BaHHbIX nOJIHTHKaHOB. O,lI.HOBpeMeHHO 5InoHHH 3apYtlHJIaCb no,lI.-
,lI.ep)KKOH CBOHX 3aXBaTOB n IllaHb,lI.YHe co CTOpOHbI ,lI.ep}KaB. B cpeB-
paJIe - MapTe 1917 r. OHa 3aI{JIIOQHJIa ceKpeTHble COrJIallIeHHH 0
nepe,lJ.aqe eH 6WBlliHX repMaHCKHX BJIa,lI.eHHH H npaB B UJaHb,lJ.YHe
c AHfJIHeH, POCCHeH, <ppaHUHeH Ii I1TaJIHeM. B HOH6pe 1917 r.
5InoHH5I nO,lI.nHCaJIa COrJIallIeHHe C CIlIA (JIaHcHHr-l1cHH), ROTO-
poe- 6bIJIO HCnOJIb30BaHO elO ,lI.JIH HCTOJIKOBaHHH n03HI.(HH CIllA B
CBOIO nOJIb3Y, B TOM IIHCJIe H B Bonpoce 0 III a Hb,lI.YHe. KaK)1 ce-
KpeTHbIe COrJlallIeHHH C AHTaHTOH, COrJIarneHHe JIaHcHHr - HCHH
ObIJIO 3aKJIIOtleHO 6e3 Be,lI.OMa KHTaH, 3a ero cnHHOH.
ToponHCb nO>KHBHTbCH B KHTae H 3a CqeT nOTepneBIIlero KPY-
meHHe pYCCKoro l.{apH3Ma, 51noHHH, npeCJle,lI.YH KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOH-
HbIe, rpa6HTeJIbCKHe l(eJIH B OTHOllIeHHH PYCCKoro aJIbHerO Bo-
CTOKa, o,nHOBpeMeHHO HCnOJIb30BaJIa «yrp03Y 60JIblIIeBH3Ma» KaK
npe,nJIor ,nJIH ,lI.aJIbHeHl.lIerO paCI.lIHpeHHH CBoero rOCnO,lI.CTBa B KH-
Tae. OHa HaBH3aJIa neKHHY BoeHHoe «COTpY,lI.HHtleCTBO» npOTHB Co-
BeTCKoro rOCY,lI.apCTBa H pH,lI. ,lI.PyrHx COrJIaIlleHHH 1[82, T. 2, c. 1411-
1412], KOTopbIe BeJlH K YCTaHOBJIeHHIO BoeHHoro KOHTpOJIH Ha,lI. KH-
TaeM, npHOJIH>KaH peaJIH3al(HIO «nHToH rpynnbI» «21 Tpe6oBaHHH».
K HCXO,lI.Y MHpOBOH BOMHbI HnOHCKaH 9KcnaHCHH 06peJla Mac-
lliTa6bI peaJIbHOH yrpo3bI HaUHOHaJIbHoMY cYlll.eCTBOBaHHIO KHTaH.
Xapal{TepH3YH CJIO>KHBlllYIOCH 06cTaHoBKY, B. 11. JIeHHH YKa3bIBaJI,
GTO «51noHHH OTCH,lI.eJIaCb BO BpeMH HMnepHaJIHCTHqeCKOH BOHHW H
3a6paJIa ce6e nOQTH BeCb KHTaH» r 11, c. 180]. OHa 3aHHMaJla B
53
KHTae MO HbIe BoeHHO-nOJlHTHIJeCKHe H 9KOHOMHtIeCKHe n03HIl.HH.
I1cnoJIb3YH ,llaBHHe, HaJIa>KeHHbIe CBH3H C ceBepHbIMH MHJIHTa PH-
CTaMH, OHa cpaKTHIJeCKH KOHTpOJIUpOBaJIa ,l(eHCTBHH ueHTpaJIbHOrO
npaBHTeJIbCTBa B fleKHHe. Ha CJIyqaH He)KeJIaTeJIbHOrO ,l(JIH Bee
IIOBopOTa C06bITHH B DeKHHe 51noHHH 06eCneIJHJIa ce6H KpaTIJaH-
llJHMH nO,lI.CTynaMH K HeMY: )KeJIe3HO,lI.OpO)KHbIe MarHCTpaJIH UHH.-
,lI.ao-ll,3HHaHb H3 IllaHb,lI.YHa H IOM>K,LL H3 MaHbIJ)KYPHH KpaCHor:e-
l1HBO cpaBHHBaJIHCb B MHpOBOH neIJaTH Toro BpeMeHH c «HnOHCKHMH
lUHnIl.aMH», C)KHMaBUlHMH «neKHHCKHH opex». PacnOJIaraH llIHpOKOM
areHTypoH H Ha CeBepe H Ha lOre KHTaH Ha Bcex ypOBHHX H aK-
THBHO HCnOJIb3YH ee B ueJIHX YCHJIeHHH B CTpaHe Me ,lI.oyco6Huw,
CMYTbI H xaoca, HMnepHaJIHCTHIJeCKHe KpyrH 5InoHHH YLKe BbIHa-
IlIHBaJIH nJIaHbI nOJIHOrO 3aKa6aJICHHH KHTaH nYTeM paClIJIeHeHHH
ero Ha pH,lI. MapHOHeTOtIHNX rOCY,lI.apCTB no,lI. CBoeH oneKOH.
B03MO)KHOCTb OCJIa6HTb HnOIICKHH HaTHCK, BbIpBaTbCH 113 Ka6a-
JI «21 Tpe60BaHHH» CBH3WBaJIaCb B KHTae C OKOHIJaHHeM BoAHM
H npHBJIeIJeHHeM BHHMaHHH 3ana,lI.HbIX ,lI.epLKaB K nOJIO)KeHHIO ,lI.eJI
Ha ,LLaJIbHeM BocToKe. BOKpyr KHTa5I C HOBOH CHJIOH pa3ropaJl0cb
Me>KHMnepHaJIIiCTHIJeCKOe cOnepHHIJeCTBo. HecMoTpH Ha COI03HHIJe-
CKHe OTHOllieHHH C 5InoHHeH, AHrJIHH He C06HpaJlaCb MHpHTbCH C
YTpaTOH Be,lI.y eH pOJIH B KHTae. C OC060H OCTpOTOH CTaJIKHBa-
JIHCb C aJIIJHbIMH YCTpeMJIeHHHMH HnOHCKoro HMnepHaJIH3Ma B KH-
Tae nJIaHbI CIllA. Ha Coe,lI.HHeHHbIe IllTaTbI B KHTae B03JIaraJIlI
HaH60JIbIIlHe Ha,lI.e)K,lI.bI, II He TOJIbKO B CHJIY Tpa,lI.HIl.HOHHbIX paCIJe-
10B Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHe npOTHBOpeIJHH B JIarepe BeJIHKHX ,l(epmaB
B OTHOllleHHH CIllA B nOJIHTHtJeCKHX H 06llI.eCTBeHHbIX Kpyrax
HTaH cy ecTBOBaJIH onpeAeJIeHHbIe HJIJIlO3HH. OnaCHOCTb nOJIHTH-
KH «OTKPbITbIX ,lI.BepeH» BocnpHHHMaJIaCb HMH ellI.e KaK OT ,lI.aJ.IeHHaH
nepcneKTHBa, B TO BpeMH KaK pa3 eJI KHTaH Ha «CcpepbI BJIHHHHH»
OTTOp)KeHHe ueJIbIX paHOHOB CTpaHbI no,lI. npe,lI.JIOrOM «cneunaJIb-
HbIX HHTepeCOB» 6bIJIH rp03HOH peaJIbHOCTblO. fl03TOMY MbICJIb 0
B03MO)KHOCTH onepeTbCH Ha ,lI.OKTPHHY «OTKpbITbIX ,lI.BepeH» KaK I1a
npOTHBOBec nOJIHTHKe paCIJJIeHeHHH CTpaHbI H 3aXBaTa ee no IJa-
CTHM Ka3aJIaCb npUBJIeKaTe.TIbHOH ,lI.a)Ke ,lI.JIH nporpeCCHBHbIX CIIJl
KHTaH. 3TH HJIJII03HH oc06eHHO B03pOCJIH nOCJIe Toro, KaK aMepn-
KaHCKa5I npOnaraH,lI.a lllHpOKO pa3peKJIaMHpOBaJIa «14 .nYHKToB»
npe3H,lI.eHTa ClllA BHJIbCOHa C HX ,lI.eMarOrHeH 0 npaBe HaUHH Ha
caMOOnpe,lI.eJIeHHe, 0 rapaHTHHX nOJIHTHIJeCKOH He3aBHCHMOCTH H
TeppUTOpHaJIbHOH ueJIOCTHOCTH 11 T. n.
B XO,lI.e nOCJIeBOeHHoro yperYJIHpOBaHHH KHTaH Ha,lI.eHJICH nplf
nO,lI.,lI.ep)KKe 3ana,lI.HbIX ,lI.ep)KaB ,lI.06HTbCH B03BpameHHH 3aXBaQeH-
HbIX 5InoHHeH 6bIBlllHX repMaHcKHx BJIa,lI.eHHH H npHBHJIerHH B
lllaHb,lI.YHe, JIHKBH,lI.all.HIf «21 Tpe60BaHHH», JIeraJIH3aIl.HH pacTop-
)KeHHH HepaBHonpaBHbIx ,lI.OrOBOpoB C repMaHHeH H ee COI03HHKa 1H
H Ha 3TOH OCHOBe nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc 0 nHKBH aUHH CHCTeMW He-
paBHonpaBHblx ,lI.OrOBOpOB B ueJIOM.
OTMeHa HepaBHonpaBHbIx ,lI.OrOBOpoB 6bIJIa O,lI.HHM 113 OCHOBHbIX
1 pe60BaHHH HapaCTaBlllero B KHTae MOIII.IIoro aHTHHMnepHaJIHCTH-
54
qeCKOrO ,lI.BH)KeHHH. Oc06yIO HenaBHCTb BbI3bIBaJIH 3KCTeppHTOpH-
. u
-<lJIbHOCTb HHOCTpaHueB H JIHIIleHHe CTpaHbI TaMO)KeHHOH He3aBHCH-
MOCTH. YMaJIHH CYBepeHHTeT CTpaHbI H OrpaHHqHBaH ee Me>K,lI.YHa-
pO,lI.HYIO · npaBocnoc06HOCTb, 3TH OCHOBOnOJIaralOmHe HHCTHTYTbI
pe)KHMa KanHTYJIHUHH CTaBHJIH HHOCTpaHueB BHe ,lI.OCHraeMOCTH KH-
TaHCKHX 3aKOHOB, OCTaBJIHJIH He3a
H
eHHOH KHTaHCKYIO npOMbIIll-
JIeHHOCTb, TOpM03HJIH 3KOHOMHqeCKOe pa3BHTHe CTpaHbI. B Macco-
DOe ,lI.BH)KeHHe npOTHB HepaBHonpaBHbIX ,lI.OrOBOpOB, BbIHY)K,lI.aeMaH
CBOHMH >KH3HeHHbIMH HHTepecaMH, Bce 60JIee aKTHBHO BOBJIeKaJIaCb
KHTaHCKaH Hal..(HOHaJIbHaH 6YP>Kya3HH. B rO,lI.bI BOHHbI, KOr,lI.a Ha-
THCK HMnepHaJIHCTHqeCKHX ,lI.ep>KaB 6bIJI oCJIa6J1eH, OHa OKpenJIa H
Bce HaCTOHqHBee Tpe60BaJIa Orpa,lI.HTb ee OT pa3PYllIHTeJIbHOH KOB-
KypeHI..(HH HHOCTpaHl..(eB, BOCCTaHOBHTb TeppHTOpHaJIbHYIO ll.eJlOCT-
HOCTb CTpaHbI, ee HaUHOHaJIbHbIH CYBepeHHTeT. I1rHopHpoBaTb 3TH
Tpe60BaHHH He MOfJIO Y>Ke HH O,lI.HO KHTaHCKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO.
HeCMOTpH Ha TO qTO C npe,lI.CTOHBWefi MHpHOH KOH
epeHUHeH
. B KHTae CBH3bIBaJIHCb Ha,lI.eLK,lI.bI Ha OTKpbITIIe qYTb JIH He «HOBOM
3pbI» B HCTOpHH OTHOllIeHHH KHTaH C ,lI.ep>KaBaMH, 06CTaHOBKa B
CTpaHe HaKaHYHe napHLKCKOH KOHcpepeHll.HH 6bIJIa qpe3BbIQaHHO
TpeBoLKHoH. «21 Tpe60BaHHe» 6ecnolll.a,lI.Ho 06HaLKHJIO MacIIlTa6bI
HaBHcllieH Ha,lI. KHTaeM HnoHcKoH yrp03w. CTpaHa 6wJIa OXBaqeHa
8HTHHnOHCKHMH HaCTpoeHHHMH.
5InoHHH llbITaJIaCb nO,lI.aBHTb conpOTHBJIeHHe KHTaHcKoro Ha-
pO,lI.a, onHpaHcb Ha CBOHX CTaBJIeHHHKOB H3 aHbxoHcKoH KJIHKH-
MHJIHTapHCToB BO rJIaBe C reHepaJIOM
yaHb UH>KyeM, KOTOpbIH C
1916 no 1920 r. (c nepepbIBaMH) B03r JIaB.IIHJI neKHHCKoe npaBHTeJIb-
CTBO. nOcJIe Toro KaK 14 aBrYCTa 1917 r. Ka6HHeT B fleKHHe 060-
51BHJI BOHHY repMaHHH, C nOMOmblO HnOHll.eB 6bIJIa C03,lI.aHa TaK
Ha3bIBaeMaH ApMHH ,lI.JIH yqaCTHH B BOMHe no,lI. KOMaH,l(OBaHHeM CIOH
lllyq)K3Ha, KOTopaH cpopMaJIbHO npe,lI.Ha3HaqaJIaCb HK06bI ,lI.JIH Be-
eIIHH BoeHHbIX ,lI.eHCTBHH B EBpone, a Ha caMOM ,l(eJIe 6bIJIa opY-
HeM aHbxoHcKOH KJIHKH B 6opb6e 3a nO,lI.QHHeHHe ,lI.pyrHx MHJIHTa-
pHCTOB H 06'be,lI.HHeHHe cTpaHbI BoopY>KeHHbIM nYTeM.
PacnycTHB B 1917 f. HenOCJIYllIHbIH eH napJIaMeHT, aHbxoHcKaH
KJIHKa BO fJIaBe C
yaHb UH>KyeM H CIOH IllYQ)K3HOM npHcTynHJIa
K BbI60paM HOBoro napJIaMeHTa - IOpH,lI.HqeCKOfO npHKPbITHH cBoeM
MHJIHTa pHCTCKOH ,lI.HKTaTypbI. B cpeBpaJIe 1918 f. 6bIJIa 3aBepllIeHa
pa60Ta Ha,lI. 3aKoHoM 06 opraHH3all.HH napJIaMeHTa H 3aKoHoM 0
BbI60pax. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKoHoM 06 opraHH3aUHH napJIalVleHTa
COXpaHHJIOCb pa3,lI.eJIeHHe napJIaMeHTa Ha ,lI.Be naJIaTbI - ceHaT II
IIaJIaTY npe,lI.CTaBHTeJIeH. O,lI.HaKO QHCJIO ,lI.enYTaTOB cOKpa
aJIOCb
Ha 30 % , qTO ,lI.OJI)KHO 6bIJIO, no MHeHHIO COCTaBHTeJIeM 3aKOHa, 06-
JIerQHTb ynpaBJIeHHe napJIaMeHTOM r352, c. 93]. COrJIaCHO HOBOMY
3aKoHY 0 BbI60pax YCTaHaBJIHBaJIHCb BbICOKHe HMYll.{eCTBeHHbIe H
,lI.pyrHe l..(eH3bI, KOTopbIe JIHlliaJIH npaBa rOJIoca UlHpOKHe MaCCbI KH-
TaMCKoro HapO,lI.a. 1136paHHe ceHaTopoB, HanpHMep, ,lI.OJI)KHO 6bIJIO
npOBO,lI.HTbCH KOJIJIerHHMH BbI60plll.HKOB, qlIeHaMH KOTOpbIX MOfJIH
6bITb JIHll.a, HMeBUlHe BbICllIee 06pa30BaHHe, npOCJIY>KHBWHe He
55