NICHOLAS J. BROWN
Senior Lecturer in Russian
School of Slavonic and East European Studies
University College London
THE NEW PENGUIN
RUSSIAN COURSE
@
PENGUIN BOOKS

CONTENTS


Introduction Xl
Acknowledgements XIV


LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN Alphabet and
Pronunciation; Transliteration; Street Signs 1
2 RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION 12
3 EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR
Naming Things; Basic Grammar; Gender; Map of Russia 24
4 DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Present Tense; Conjugations; Word Stress; Nouns and Cases;
Conversation in the Metro 36


5 ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
Indeclinable Nouns; Dialogues 46
6 POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE
CASE Russian Personal Names; Dialogues 56
7 DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES Masculine, Feminine
and Neuter Adjectives; 'What kind of . . . ?'; 'This' and 'That';
Prepositional and Accusative Cases of Adjectives; Adverbs;
Moscow Street Map 68
8 PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS
Spelling Rule 1; 'Is There. . . ?'; Spelling Rule 2; Map of Europe 81
9 NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE 1-5,000; Genitive
Singular and Plural; Quantities; Roubles and Dollars; Buying Things;
Street Market 92
10 'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE Genitive Pronouns;
'There Isn't'; Prepositions Taking the Genitive; Genitive of Adjectives;
'Whether'; Dialogues 107


Vll




CONTENTS


11 THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS The Founding of
St Petersburg
12 THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
Imperfective and Perfective; 'To Want'; Dative; 'To Give';
'To Please'; Spelling Rules 3 and 4; Prepositional Plural;
In the Restaurant; Visiting Friends 133


122


13 ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES Aspect of
the Infinitive; Reported Speech; More about 'Whether'; Dialogue 149
14 ASPECT IN THE FUTURE; IMPERSONAL
CONSTRUCTIONS Dialogue 162
15 REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE Summary of
Aspect Use; Two Lost Tourists; Phoning a Bureaucrat 171
16 THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE 3TOT and TOT; Declension of
Surnames; A Family at Home; Volodia and the KGB 188
17 TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS Months;
Years; The Daily Life of Chaikovskii (Tchaikovsky) 201
18 THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE
CLAUSES WITH KOT6phIA ('Who', 'Which'); Victor
Wants to Meet Mary; Siberian Superlatives; Map of Siberia 215
19 THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION Cll;6JI)KEH);
PREFIXES Mary Seeks an Absent-Minded Professor 230
20 VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING
Travelling Around; Tania in Motion 240
21 POSSESSION (CBOA); PURPOSE (IIT6ShI)
Mr Thornthwaite Doesn't Like His Hotel; Was Turgenev
a Revolutionary? 257
22 FUN WITH NUMBERS Declension of Numbers; 'Both';
Collective Numerals; Fractions; Soviet Divorce Statistics 269
23 TIME EXPRESSIONS 'When?', 'How Long?'; Vadim and
Eva; Mr Kuznetsov and Mr Pope 283
24 NEGATION; PLACE OF HE Nothing, Nobody, Never;
HIIK8KOi, aeKoro, &hero; A Pineapple, but No Bananas 294
25 DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES; POLITENESS
'The Fox and the Rolling-Pin' 305
26 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER;
WRITING LETTERS A Letter to Mrs Pope 320
27 PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS A Classic Film 332


Vl11




CONTENTS


28 VERBAL ADVERBS Peter the Great; A Recipefor
Mushroom Solianka


343


29 'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES;
PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
Vladivostok; The Winter Palace 355
30 ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS;
P ARTICLES A Complete Chekhov Story: TOJJcThIi H TOHKHii
(Fat and Thin) 368


Grammatical Tables 378
The Four Spelling Rules 387
Russian-English Vocabulary 388
English-Russian Vocabulary 428
Key to Exercises and Translation of Texts 453
Glossary of Grammatical Terms 503
Index 508


IX




Notes on Russian Prices. Since the fall of Communism, Russia has been
afflicted by serious inflation. Rouble prices have risen a thousandfold in
the last few years and continue to rise at an alanning rate. In the sections
of this book which deal with money and shopping (Lessons 9 and 10), we
have decided to leave the stable pre-inflation prices. These provide better
practice for beginners, since they do not involve large numbers in the
hundreds and thousands; they are also very much part of Russian folk
memory (for example, the price of the standard loaf of bread did not
change for thirty years). Some of the dialogues give prices in US dollars,
which Russians have used since Communist times as a parallel 'hard' currency
for trade, the tourist industry, and 'black market' deals and as a sensible
way to store savings 'under the mattress' (or, as Russians say, B 'fynKe 'in
a stocking'). If/when Russia returns to financial stability, the author hopes
that Russia's central bank will remove several zeros from its hopelessly
inflated currency, restore the old rouble-dollar exchange rate which was
(officially) about one to one, and enable a grateful population to return to
the days of three-rouble notes and two-kopeck coins.
x

INTRODUCTION
Like its Penguin predecessor, the New Penguin Russian Course is a grammar
of Russian for adults which aims to take the reader to the equivalent of
A-level standard. It is designed primarily as a self-tutor for all those who
intend to study this important language without a teacher. This means that
there is plenty of explanation, a concern for completeness, a key to all
exercises and English translations of all the Russian texts. It can thus also
serve as a reference work for students and others who are following a
more communicatively based classroom course but want to know the
grammar in detail. It includes all the basic structures of the language, a
fairly large vocabulary of over 1,500 words, a variety of exercises, and a
good number of texts (including conversations) intended both to illustrate
the use of the language and also to give infonnation about life in Russia.
Unlike its predecessor, the NPRC emphasizes functional and communi-
cative aspects of language learning, in tune with current developments in
language teaching. Exercises involving translation from English into
Russian include only things the learner might actually need to say (or
write) in Russian. Furthennore, the lessons try to distinguish material
which is essential for basic competence in Russian from less important
points (marked EXTRA), which can safely be ignored by those in a hurry.
The grammar is presented in an order which, in the author's experience,
works well with university students. The overall intention is that all the
basic grammar of Russian should be covered, but the main concern is use-
fulness for the foreign learner. The examples and exercises concentrate on
the kind and level of Russian which can reasonably be attained by serious
students who wish to make themselves understood and to speak correctly
but who are not necessarily aiming to become master spies or pass them-
selves off as Russians. The Russian in. the texts, which has all been written
Xl

INTRODUCTION
and/or carefully checked by native speakers, is in some cases more
complicated than the Russian which learners will be able to produce them-
selves, but one's ability to understand a foreign language is always greater
than one's ability to speak or write it.
Each lesson begins with examples of expressions which the learner is
likely to need in dealing with Russians and which contain grammar points
to be dealt with in the lesson. If you, the student, begin each study period
by trying to memorize these expressions, you will have a good functional
basis with which you can begin to communicate. The explanations then
give you a basic understanding of how the grammar works, with further
examples and reading texts.
The theoretical basis of the book as a teaching aid is the notion that
traditional structure-based grammar (e.g. 'present tense', 'genitive singular
of nouns') and communicative grammar (e.g. 'how to address Russians',
'how to complain about something') should as far as possible be combined.
Thus the functional usefulness of each structure is made the main reason
for learning it, and the examples which the student is asked to memorize
are clearly relevant to the needs of a foreigner.
Exercises. Each lesson contains one or two grammar exercises to let you
check that you have understood the main points; some sentences for trans-
lation into Russian concentrating on things you might need or want to say
or write in Russian - so the sentences are functional and short; and a com-
prehension exercise which asks you to find particular infonnation in a text.
For those who find Russian-English translation a useful exercise, all the
Russian texts in the lessons are translated in the key at the end of the book.
There are revision exercises at five-lesson intervals.
Vocabulary. Russian grammar is interesting and fairly easy to follow.
Your most demanding task will be the vocabulary. At first, you will feel
you are forgetting words as fast as you learn them - but persevere, and the
task gets easier. The number of new words is lower in the early lessons
(350 in the first ten) and then increases to give you a good working vocab-
ulary of around 1,500 by the end of Lesson 30.
A Note on Modern Russian. Despite all the changes which have taken
place in Russia this century, the essentials of the language have been
Xli

INTRODUCTION
almost unaffected. The spelling refonn of 1917-18, whose main effect
was the abolition of a number of redundant letters (notably the replacement
of D bye), is probably the only major example of government interference
- and it is worth noting that the plans for the spelling refonn were put for-
ward before the 1917 socialist revolution. Under the Communists, many
new vocabulary items were introduced, particularly political and industrial
tenns, but there was no attempt to alter the grammar of the language. The
standard remained that of the educated Moscow classes, not the workers or
the peasants. Indeed, in conttast to their economic and socio-political failures,
it can be argued that Russia's Communist rulers had considerable linguistic
success. They managed to maintain linguistic continuity with the past
while spreading literacy throughout the population, turning Russian into a
world language and making it a lingua franca for a sixth of the land sur-
face of the globe. This important language is in all essentials the one used
so richly by Tolstoi and Chekhov a hundred years ago; it remains, and will
remain, the key to a rich culture, a world-class literature and communica-
tion with 150 million native speakers. In the new post-Cold War Europe,
we must recognize that Russian is both an important part of the European
cultural heritage and also the first language of more Europeans than any
other.
SSEES,London,1996
NJB
Xlll

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the
University of London which granted me a year's leave from teaching and
other duties in order to complete this book. I am particularly grateful to Dr
Lyudmila Ivanovna Matthews, who read and discussed two separate drafts
and made many valuable suggestions. Thanks are also due to Aleksei
D'ich Prokhnevskii and Tat'iana Aleksandrovna Golova, who checked all
the Russian, and to Shirley Adams, Joan Fernald, John Garrett and Sarah
Hurst, who commented on the manuscript from the leamer's point of view.
XIV

1
PYCCKASI A35YKA
LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN
Before you finish this lesson you'll be able to pronounce the Russian
heading above, which means 'the Russian alphabet'.
1 . 1 The Russian Cyrillic Alphabet
Russian Cyrillic is based on an alphabet invented around AD 863 by a
Macedonian monk, who spoke a South Slavonic language closely related
to Russian and also knew Greek; the inventor was later canonized as Saint
Cyril, hence the name Cyrillic. This original Slavonic alphabet was based
on the Greek one, so some of the letters will be familiar, e.g. n, the
Russian p, which you may recognize as the Greek pi, used in mathematics.
The alphabet is the first hurdle when you tackle Russian, but it is not a
daunting one. Once you know the sounds of the thirty -three letters, you
can read Russian words comprehensibly; unlike English, it is generally
true to say that Russian words are pronounced as they are written. In this
lesson, you will learn the essentials for reading and pronouncing Russian.
In Lesson 2, you will find details of the regular minor differences between
Russian spelling and pronunciation.
1.2 Learning the Russian Alphabet
To make thirty-three letters easier to learn, we'll divide them into four
groups.
1

LESSON 1
Capital Small
A a'
K K
M M
0 0
(a) The first group contains five letters which are easy to learn:
Pronunciation
[a] as in father
[k] as in kangaroo
[m] as in man
[0] as in bottle - but note that in
unstressed t1 syllables' (Le. with
no stress mark ') standard
Moscow pronunciation of 0 is
closer to [a]. For 'stress', see 2.2.
[t] as in tan
T
T
TOT [tot]
KOT [kot]
TaK [tak]
TaM [tam]
KTO-TO [kt6-ta]
So now you can read Russian words such as:
'that'
'cat'
'so'
'there'
'someone' (second 0
pronounced [a] because it is
unstressed). This word has the
same rhythm as English 'totter',
which is stressed on the o.
(b) The second group contains seven letters which look like English ones
but have different sounds:
Capital Small Pronunciation
B B [v] as in vet
E e rye] as in yes
H H [n] as in never
P p [r] as in error (rolled as in
Scottish English)
I Words marked t are technical terms which are explained in the lessons and/or in the
glossary on page 503. The · is inserted when a term is first used and occasionally
thereafter as a reminder that the term is defined in the glossary. Syllables' (a syllable is a
vowel plus preceding consonants) are separated by hyphens (-) in the [bracketed] English
transcriptions.
2

LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN
c
y
X
c
y
X
Words for practice:
HeT [nyet]
MocKsa [mask-va]
MeTp6 [mye-tr6]
6H [on]
oHa [a-na]
CecTp8 [sye-stra]
pecTopaH [rye-sta-ran]
[s] as in sit
[00] as in boot
[h] pronounced like the ch in
Scots loch or German Bach
'no'
'Moscow'
'metro', 'underground railway'
'he'
'she'
'sister'
'restaurant'
Now try these ones, covering the pronunciation on the right with a piece of
paper:
c8xap
saM
Bepa
Yrpo
Hesa
Kacca
KapTa
MapKa
Translation
'sugar'
'to you'
'Vera'
'morning'
'Neva'
'cash desk'
'map'
'postage stamp'
Pronunciation
[ sa-har]
[vam]
[vye-ra]
[0 'o-tra]
[nye-va] (river in St Petersburg)
[k8-ssa]
[kar-ta]
Imar-ka]
It is worth going through these lists twice, since you will meet all these
useful words again.
(c) The third group contains thirteen letters which look unfamiliar but have
familiar sounds:
Capital Small
6 6
r r
A A
IE it
Pronunciation
[b] as in bet
[g] as in get
[d] as in debt
[yo] as in yonder. (Note: Russians
normally omit the two dots, so in
books, newspapers etc. this letter
looks the same as e rye]; how-
ever I the dots are printed in dic-
tionaries and books for foreigners)
3

LESSON 1
3 3 [z] as in zoo
M 14 [ee] as in eel
M i [y] as in boy; i forms diphthongs,
so 6i sounds like [oy] in boy,
ai sounds like the igh in sigh,
yi [ooi] sounds like oui in the
name Louis
n n [I] as in people
n n [p] as in pet
cD  [f] as in fat
3 3 [e] as in fed
10 10 [yoo] as in universe
SI SI [ya] as in yak
Examples:
MMp [meer] 'peace', 'world'
AS [da] 'yes'
YT66n [foot-b61] 'football'
cnacM60 [spa-se ' e-ba] /' 'thank you'
AO CBMABHMSI [da svee-da-nee-ya] 'goodbye' (AO has no stress, so
is pronounced [da])
IOrocnBBMSI [yoo-ga-sla-vee-ya] 'Yugoslavia'
AneKc8HAP [a-Iye-ksandr] 'Alexander'
cny,.HMK [spo' ot-neek] 'sputnik', 'travelling companion'
Bn8AMBocT6K [vla-dee-va-st6k] 'Vladivostok'
POCCMSI [ra-sse ' e-ya] 'Russia'
TonCT6i [tal-st6y] 'Tolstoi' (author of War and Peace)
314MB [zee-ma] 'winter'
&encl»8CT [byel-fast] 'Belfast'
SI 3H81O [ya zna-yoo] 'I know'
A3pon6T [a-e-ra-fI6t] 'Aeroflot' (the Russian airline)
nMKip [1ee-ky6r] 'liqueur' (I always carries the
stress, so there is no need to
print the' mark on I)
caMoneT [ sa-ma-ly6t] 'aeroplane'
6oiK6T [bay-k6t] 'boycott'
napK [park] 'park'
4

KM6cK
&aMKan
Ten6H
npaBAS
LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN
[kee-osk]
[bay-kal]
[lye-Iye-fon]
[prav-da]
'kiosk'
'Baikal' (lake in Siberia)
'telephone'
'Pravda' (= truth)
(d) The last group contains eight letters which take longer to learn:
Pronunciation
[zh] pronounced like the [s] in
pleasure
[ts] as in its
[ ch] as in church
[sh] as in shut
[shsh] as in Welsh sheep
'hard sign' - this letter has no
sound of its own but represents a
very short pause
[i] as in bit, but with the tongue
tip further back
'soft sign' - [y] as in yet, but
pronounced simultaneously with
the letter before it - so Hb sounds
like the [ny] in canyon. Try not to
separate the [y] from the
preceding letter, particularly at
the ends of words; to remind you
of this, we shall show the b as a
small raised Y in our transcriptions,
e.g. conb 'salt' [soIY]
Capital Small
>K )I(
LI '"
Lf 'I
W W
 tq
"b 'b
bl
b
Examples:
)l(YPHan
Ll8p8BM'I
rOCTMHML18
'laM
APY)l(6a
tqM
66ptq
bl
b
[zhoor-nal]
[tsa-rye-veech]
[ga-ste e-nee-tsa]
[chay]
[dro ozh-ba]
[shshee]
[borshsh]
'magazine'
'son of the tsar'
'hotel'
'tea'
'friendship'
'cabbage soup'
'beetroot soup'
5

waMnaHcKoe
WOTnaHAMR
WOCTaKOSM't
06WKT
CblH
peCTOpaHbl
KpblM
KOetJe
60nbWoi
KpeMnb
LPlpb
LESSON 1
[sham-pan-ska-ye]
[shat-Ian-dee-ya]
[sha-sta-k6-veech]
[ab-yeld]
[sin]
[rye-sta-ra-nl]
[krlm]
[k6-fye]
[bal'-sh6y]
[kryemlY)
[tsar]
'champagne', 'sparkling wine'
'Scotland'
'Shostakovich'
'object' (the 'hard sign' simply
separates the [b] from the [y])
'son'
'restaurants'
'Crimea'
'coffee'
'big' (Iv is I+y pronounced
simultaneously, like Iy in the
name Lyuba)
'the Kremlin'
'tsar' (pb = r +y pronounced
together, one of the most difficult
of Russian sounds)
If you learn the values of the thirty-three letters given above, you will
be understood when you read any Russian word. Read them by the syllables t ,
as in the transcriptions above: [Vla-dee-va-st6k]. A syllable t is a vowel plus
any preceding consonants; consonants at the end of a word go with the last
vowel; if a word contains a large or awkward group of consonants, split the
consonants so that some go with the preceding vowel and some with the
following one, e.g. MocKsa 'Moscow' can be read [Mask-va]. While you are
learning to read Cyrillic, use that slow pronunciation, syllable by syllable.
Now try this practice exercise. Cover the transcription (and the translation)
on the right.
Bna.qHMMp
TYaneT
MeTpo
Tponnei6yc
KaneHAitpb
nepecTpoiKa
rnacHocTb
YKpaMHa
Pronunciation
[Vla-de e-meer]
[too-a-Iyet]
[mye-tr6]
[tra-Ilyey-boos]
[ka-Iyen-dar]
[pye-rye-str6y-ka]
[glas-nast']
[oo-kra-e e-na)
Translation
'Vladimir'
Itoilet'
'metro', 'underground'
'trolleybus'
'calendar'
'perestroika', 'reorganization'
'openness'
'Ukraine'
6

CM6Mpb
Bonrs
M8H'I8CTep
5MpMMHreM
nMsepnynb
A6epAMH
nOpTCMyr
Cl)Mn8AenMR
MaM8MM
ronY3M
Ay6nMH
Menb6YPH
nepT
AS'I8
XOPOwO
Ao6poe Yrpo
LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN
[see-be 'err]
[v61-ga]
[man-chye-styer]
[be' er-meen-gyem]
[Iee-vyer-po '01Y)
[a-byer-de en]
[port-smoot]
[fee-la-dyeIY-fee-ya]
[ma-ya-mee]
[g6-loo-ey]
[do 'ob-leera]
[myeIY-boorn]
[pyert]
[da-cha]
[ha-ra-sho]
[do-bra-ye 0 'o-tra]
'Siberia'
'the Volga river'
'Manchester'
'Birmingham'
'Liverpool'
'Aberdeen'
'Portsmouth I
'Philadelphia'
'Miami'
'Galway'
'Dublin'
'Melbourne'
'Perth'
'country cottage'
'good', 'well', 'OK'
'good morning'
1.3 The Russian Alphabet in Dictionary Order
Here is the Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet in its nonnal dictionary order.
Cover the transcription on the right and check your pronunciation of the
thirty-three letters again. To help you learn the order of the letters, notice
that it is similar to the Latin alphabet as far as letter no. 21 (y), so you
should concentrate on the letters from c1J.
1 As [a] 12 KK [k] 23 Xx [h] as in loch
2 66 [b] 13 nn [I] 24 4 [ts]
3 Bs [v] 14 MM [m] 25 "1'1 [ch] as in church
4 rr [g] 15 HH [n] 26 Ww [sh]
5 A [d] 16 00 [0] 27 aq [shsh]
6 Ee rye] 17 nn [p] 28 Db hard sign
- brief pause
7 i [yo] 18 Pp [r] 29 bl bl [i]
8 )1(. [zh] 19 Cc [s] 30 bb [y] as in canyon
9 33 [z] 20 TT [t] 31 33 [e]
10 MM fee] 21 Yy [00] 32 1010 [yoo]
11 MM [y] 22 CDcIJ [f] 33 fiR [ya]
7

LESSON 1
1 .4 Russian Italics
NOTE: In Russian italic printing, r is 2, A is 0, .. is u, M is ii, n is A, n is n,
T is m. You will see in Lesson 2 that most of these resemble the handwritten
fonns.
EXERCISE 1/1
Read the following words. Can you translate them? The pronunciation and
translations are in the key at the end of the book.
1 6opi4c ........................................................
2 AfJ ............................................/................
3 HeT ...........................................................
4 60n bw6M .....................................................
5 cnaci460 ......................................................
6 PYCCK8S1 a36YKa (the heading of the lesson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 66PU4 .........................................................
8 '18M ...........................................................
9 caxap .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 0 MYPHan ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EXERCISE 1/2
Here are some common signs. Check your pronunciation in the key at the
back of the book.
1 A3POn6PT
2 6YcDET
3 rOCTMHM
4 AMPEKTOP
5 3AKPblTO
6 3AnPEILIEH6
7 MHTYPMCT
8 KACCA
9 K CE6E
AIRPORT
SNACKBAR
HOTEL
MANAGER, DIRECTOR
CLOSED
FORBIDDEN
INTOURIST
CASH DESK/TICKET OFFICE
PULL
8

LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN
10 HE KYPMTb
11 OT CE6S1
12 nAPMKMAXEPCKASI
13 n6"1T A
14 PEM6HT
15 PECTOPAH
16 TYAnET
A3PonOPT
lli)Wlf
...- -==--:.:-.
--
EXERCISE 1/3
What do these say?
1 6AP
4 CTOn
7 nM4 XAT
10 HblO-MOPK
13 &MTna
NO SMOKING
PUSH
HAIRDRESSER/BARBER
POST OFFICE
CLOSED FOR REPAIRS
REST AURANT
TOilET
2 nPABAA
5 MOCKBA
8 BnAAMMMP nEHMH
11 rnACHOCTb
14 WEKcnMP
3 TAKCM
6 noc AHA>KEnEC
9 M3BECTMSI
12 ponnC-POMC
15 XEnbCMHKM
9

nPAIAA
nlllQQt KaT
In addition to the main material of the lesson, this book will also give you
extra infonnation which is not essential to a basic competence in Russian.
If you choose to skip these parts, marked EXTRA, or to return to them
later, your progress through the lessons will not be hindered.
1.5 EXTRA
(1) The names of the Russian letters
Above we gave only the pronunciation of the letters. You need the names
of the letters only when you read abbreviations (see Lesson 30), just as in
English the letters pronounced [I], [b], [m] are read lay- bee e m] in the
abbreviation IBM.
a [a], 6 [be], 8 [ve], r [ge], A [de], e rye], i [yo], )I( [zhe], 3 [ze], M lee],
it [ee knit-ka-ye ('short ee')], K [ka], n [el], M [em], H [en], 0 [0], n [pe],
p [ er ], c [ es ], T [ te ], y [00], cIJ [ ef] , x [ha] , 14 [tse], 't [ che ], w [ sha],
aq [shsha] , 11 [tvy6r-di znak ('hard sign')], bl [yerf] , b [myah-kee znak
(' soft sign')], 3 [e], 10 [yoo], R [ya]
So CCCP, the name of the country, is pronounced [es-es-es-er]. KrS
(= the KGB) is pronounced [ka-ge-be].
(2) Transliteration of Russian In English letters
Transliteration is the representation of Russian letters by English ones, for
example when spelling the names of Russian people and places in English
10

LEARNING TO READ RUSSIAN
newspapers. Transcription (or 'phonetic transcription') is the representa-
tion of Russian sounds, for example to help foreigners learn to pronounce
correctly. Since there are a number of differences between Russian
spelling and Russian pronunciation (see Lesson 2), transliteration and tran-
scription can never be the same thing. There are various standard ways of
transliterating Russian into English letters. The American Library of
Congress system is now generally preferred by those professionals, e.g.
cO,mpilers of library catalogues, who need to worry about such things as
how to spell Russian names consistently in English. Most of the equiva-
lents in the list below are obvious from the pronunciation; those which are
not, or which are transliterated differently in other systems, are marked
with an asterisk (*):
6 b d * *.... * h *' *.... k
8 = a , = ,S = v, r = g, A = I e = a, e = a, )K = Z I 3 = Z, M = I, M = I, K = ,
n = I, M = m, H = n, 0 = 0, n = p, p = r, C = 8, T = t, *y = u, cIJ = t, *x = kh, 14 = ts,
'I = ch, W = sh, *aq = shch, *11 = ", *bl = y, *b = " 3 = a, *10 = iu, *R = ia.
Example of transliteration I (a woman's name):
H8T8nbR ESreHb8S8 Xpyaqis8 = Natal'ia Evgan'ava Khrushcheva
This system is used in this book for proper names (i.e. 'Vania' rather than
'Vanya' for 88HR), except where traditional spellings are likely to be
much more familiar, e.g. 'Yalta' (rather than 'Ialta') for the town of SlnT8
in the Crimea.
I For comparison, in the phonetic transcription used in this book, this name would be
[n8-ta-lrya yev-gy6-n v ye-va hroo-shshy6-v8].
11

2
YPOK HOMEP ABA
RUSSIAN HANDWRITING;
MORE ON PRONUNCIATION
(If your aim is not to speak or write Russian but only to be able to read
Russian books and periodicals, you can skip the whole of Lesson 2 - or
skim through it now and come back to it later.)
2.1 Russian Handwriting
(Even if you decide not to copy out the examples written here, this section
will give you some useful alphabet revision and reading practice.)
Russians all learn the same rather florid handwriting style at school.
You should fonn the letters as indicated here, though you will not be mis-
understood if you choose not to join the letters or if you make fewer loops.
Here are the handwritten fonns of the letters in alphabetical order:
Aa[a] jt a
6 6 [b] E cr
Eaaa 666a [ba-ba] 'Peasant woman'
B 8 [v]  .0-
r r [g) T 2
A A [d] J) 9
r A8 [da] 'yes'
12

There is also an old-fashioned form of small A: a
Ee[ye] C .e
 rAe [gdye] 'where'
 e [yo] l .e
>K )I( [zh] JK, J1C
 .q8>Ke [da-zhe] 'even'
3 t
U 11,
! MAtti [ee-de'e] 'Go!'
11 u
J)aa! Asil [day] 'Give!'
X-Je
3 3 [z]
M M [ee]
M i [y]
K K [k]
n n [I]
RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION
Jl It The initial short downstroke is an integral part of this
letter and must be present, whatever the preceding letter. Look at
these examples: !'o/l 3811 [zal] 'hall', 'large room' u.p.,.u MnM
[e'8-lee] 'or'
M M [m] M  As in the case of n, the initial short downstroke must
be present; Jtp Ap.8M 'Adam' :R;tuft KnMM 'Clement' (if
the downstrokes on nand M are omitted, the letters become
indistinguishable: J0zau )
H H [n] Jt 1f
00[0] 0 0
6H 'He' If the following letter is n or M, do not try to join them:
M AOM 'house' .A..fOA(>KO MonoKo 'milk'
n n [p] J[ n
P p [r] j'J p
13

LESSON 2
C C [s] 0 .c
CnalUUfCi CnacM60 [spa-see-ba] 'Thank you'
T T [t] JJl m Note the difference between the printed and handwritten
fonns.
lllom TOT 'That' J<I1ZO-mo KTo-TO [kt6-ta] 'someone'
nun HeT [nyet] 'no'
Some Russians 'cross their t's' by putting a bar over the letter, like
this: mom T6T, but they are in a minority. Another minority
writes T as T T
Yy [00] Y Jt
cD  [f] 1Y tp Notice that, like all Russian capital letters except aq and 4
with their small 'tails', capital cD does not go below the line. You
don't need to spend long practising capital j:J ,since initial  is
rare in Russian.
E.e.l1f/Jac.m &enCT 'Belfast' tI/ c1Jyr66n [foot-b6I] 'football'
X x [h] X x
.1Jcur 6ax 'Bach'
 4 [ts] 7J, 'it Keep the loop small, much smaller than the loop of y
Jf [00] 'loCH1JJJUUJ,(Z rocTMH M 48 [ga-ste e-nee-tsa] 'hotel'
 PM48 [tsa-re'e-tsa] 'Empress'
LI 't [ch] "1"t Note that the bottom stroke of the capital fonn turns the
opposite way from:Y '1 [00]. Make sure that your small fonn
looks different from r t [g).
'l{ail 4ai'Tea' pea A8'1a [da-cha] 'country cottage'
 'tenoBeK [chye-Ia-vyek) 'person'
W w [sh] Zii 'lU Unlike an English w, the last stroke ends at the foot of
14

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIA nON
the letter: Xapcuto Xopow6 'Good' [ha-ra-sh6]. Some
Russians put a bar under w 7JJ. to make it clearly distinct from M 11,:
.Jt1llJJfJJkl MawMHa 'car'
  [shsh] 14 w, As in the case of 14 14 ,keep the loop small:
 i1\M [shshee] 'Cabbage soup' d0fJ/4 66plI4 [borshsh]
'beetroot soup'
Db [-] -u There is no need to practise a capital fonn, since this letter
never starts a word.
od",tIC11'l 06'b8KT [ab-yekt] 'object'
bl bl [i] IJI, No capital fonn, since it never starts a word.
CIJIH CblH [sin] 'son'
b b [y] b No capital fonn required. Make sure your b b is half the
height of B -8--: -u,ap/J L48Pb [tsarr] 'tsar'
l1PO<fJJ npoK6b8B 'Prokofiev'
3 3 [e] :J.7 Jmom 3TOT [8-tat] 'This' /totpAOm A3pn6T' Aeroflot'
10 10 [yoo] JO HJ
lOtoCrltaBU/l IOrocnaBMR 'Yugoslavia' ..«tIHC M8HIO 'menu'
S1 R [ya] !i 8. Like n.lt and M eM. , this letter must always have a
distinct initial short downstroke. To help you remember those three
letters, here is a word with all three of them together:
JI 38Mnll [zye-mlys] 'earth'
Read and copy:
Ao CBMA8HMR. no. [da svee-da-nee-ya] (Goodbye)
npMB8T. J[puiJem. [pree-vyet] (Greetings/Hi)
CnacM6038 Bci. Cnat-Uoo J<l.dci. [spa-se'e-ba za vsyo]
(Thank you for everything)
15

LESSON 2
rAe *e nMCbMO? tie  11J.ICbM,()? [gdye zhe pees'-m6] (Where
is the letter?)
3TO Moi CblH LfapnM. Jmo.MJJij CMH ¥a,ovw.
[e-ta moy sin char-lee] (This is my son Charlie)
AoporaR Knapa! lJopo1-a.fl, kpa.l [da-ra-ga-ya kla-ra] (Dear Klara)
LqM A8 Kawa - nMtq8 Hawa. l/JytJ p a - fUIt4a Ha/JJ(1.
[shshee da Im-sha - pee-shsha na-sha] (Cabbage soup and
kasha are our food)
SI nlO6nlb yr6on. 9, .Jt.I«f./JlO tjynufOA. [va Iyoo-blyo'o
foot-b61) (I love football)
3TO xopowaR rocTMHM. 3mo JeO/JOWa& 1,UC./1'VUHtlllJ,ll.
[e-ta ha-r6-sha-ya ga-ste'e-nee-tsa] (This is a good hotel)
nO't8MY? lTo'UcM,y ? [pa-chye-mo '0] (Why?)
06'bRBneHM8. Olfb,gj. [ab-ya-vlye-nee-ye] (Announcement)
2.2 More on Russian Pronunciation: Stress t
As in English, some syllables t are pronounced more prominently than
others. Compare the English word 'ph6tograph', where the first syllable is
stressed, with 'phot6graphy', where the stress is on the second syllable.
Although normal Russian spelling, like English, does not show the place
of the stress, it is important to learn the stress when you learn the word. Be
careful with those Russian words (particularly names) which are some-
times used in English, since the traditional English pronunciation often
does not match the Russian. A good example is the name Bna.qMMMp
'Vladimir'. In English we often say Vladimir, but in Russian the stress is
always on the second syllable [Vla-de'e-meer]. Other examples:
The writer Pasternak is nacTepHaK (not Pasternak)
Nabokov is Ha6oKoB (not Nabokov)
Oblomov, the man in the dressing-gown in Gonchar6v' s famous novel, is
06noMoB (not Oblomov).
16

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING, MORE ON PRONUNCIATION
Russian stress is heavier than in English and it is also much harder to pre-
dict which syllable is the stressed one. You will find that different fonns
of the same word may have different stresses. For example, the Russian
for 'hand' is PYKa, stressed on the end [roo-ka], but 'hands' is PYKM,
stressed on the first syllable [ro'o-kee].
If you have to read a word whose stress you do not know, the safest
thing is to read it with no stress at all, syllable by syllable.
2.3 EXTRA: One-Syllable Words and Stress
Dictionaries and most grammar books do not put a stress mark on one-
syllable words, since there is obviously only one place for the stress to fall.
We shall follow that practice except in the case of one-syllable words con-
taining the letter o. There are some short Russian words, particularly
prepositions (words like 38 'for', OT 'from', AO 'until'), which are nonnally
pronounced with no stress, as if they were joined to the following word.
As you learnt in Lesson 1, 0 sounds very different (like [a]) if it is not
\
stressed, so AO 'until' is pronounced [da]. Practise:
\
AO CBMABHMA [da-sve_-da-nee-ya] 'goodbye', literally 'until meeting'.
\
The preposition AO 'until' is unstressed and pronounced as if joined to the
word CBMABHMA.
SO to help you pronounce correctly, when 0 is pronounced [0], we give
it a stress mark (e.g. 66pl1\). Pronounce unstressed ° as [a].
The pronunciation of the vowel letter ° as [0] only when it is stressed
(marked 6 in this book) and elsewhere as [a] (like the first letter of the
alphabet) is a notable feature of Moscow pronunciation. I
I To be more precise, 0 and a in the syllable before the stress both sound like the
vowel in 'cup', phonetically [A); in most other unstressed positions they both sound like
the a in 'about', phonetically [9]. But for practical purposes think of both vowel letters
as being equivalent to unstressed [8].
17

LESSON 2
2.4 EXTRA: Other Non-Essential Pronunciation Features
If you simply want to be understood, you can ignore the following details.
If you read Russian words as they are spelt, you will not cause misunder-
standings. But if you are interested in the details of the small differences
between the way Moscow Russian is written and the way it is pronounced,
study these six points.
2.5 Softness'
Probably the most important feature of a 'good' Russian accent is the
correct pronunciation of soft t consonants. 'Soft' means that the consonant
is pronounced with a simultaneous y sound. A consonant is soft if it is
followed by e e M 10 R or the soft sign b. So the two consonants in AeHb
[dxen1 'day' are soft. The main thing is to pronounce the y simultaneously
with the consonant; English speakers tend to pronounce them separately.
The word COBeT 'council' is pronounced [s-a-vY-e-t] - five sounds. The yY
(soft B) is one sound. In English we known this word as 'soviet' - six
sounds s-o-Y-I-e-t.
2.6 Hard' Consonants versus Soft' Consonants
'Hard' means pronounced like most English consonants, with no [V]
sound. In the alphabet you learnt in Lesson 1, there are twenty consonant
letters. All of these, except '4 and aq, represent hard sounds. 11 and aq are
always soft (i.e. they always contain a [V] sound). Of the other eighteen
consonants, fifteen regularly have soft equivalents. If a consonant is to be
pronounced soft, it will have e i M 10 R or b written after it. So n is hard t
[I], while nb is soft t [11. To a Russian, [I] and [IY] are completely different
sounds, while to an English speaker they may simply sound 1ike variant
pronunciations of the same letter 'I'. If you compare your pronunciation of
the I in 'people' and the I in 'leaf', you are likely to find (depending on
your dialect) that the 'people' I is like n while the 'leaf' I is like nb. If you
18

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION
have a tape or a teacher, listen for the difference between these two
Rus&ian words:
MMno [me 8-la] 'nice' - hard' n
MMnR [me e-Iya] 'mile' - soft' nb
Then try:
nYK [look] 'onion' - hard' I
nlOK [Iyook] 'hatch' - [Iy] is soft' 1
More examples of contrasting hard and soft consonants:
MaT [mat] 'bad language', 'abuse' - hard' T
MaTb [mat'] 'mother' - soft' Tb
MaTb [mat'] 'mother' - hard' m
MRTb [myat'] 'to crumple' - soft' [my]
Before M the [V] element is less audible but the consonant is none the less soft t .
6MTb [beet'] 'to beat' - soft' b
If the 6 was hard, the vowel would be not M but bl, as in:
6blTb [bit'] 'to be' - hard' b
A possibly helpful note on hard' versus soft t
The difference between the English pronunciations of 'booty' and 'beauty'
is close to the difference between 6 and soft 6b in Russian. 'Do' and 'dew'
give you a good comparison with AY and AIO in Russian. Compare 'fool'
and 'fuel' with Ayn and c1JlOn, 'poor' and 'pure' with nyp and nlOp. The
correspondence between 'pure' and nlOp is not exact, because the p and y
sounds are not simultaneous in 'pure' while the n and the [V] element from
the 10 are pronounced simultaneously in nlOp, but for practical purposes
the correspondence is close enough.
2.7 The Consonants )I( 14 ware Always Hard'
Although the letters e i M 10 R b make the preceding consonant soft t , there
are three exceptional consonants: )K 14 w. These three letters are always
19

LESSON 2
pronounced hard t (Le. with no [V] sound), whatever the following letter. So
)l(eHa 'wife' is pronounced [zhe-na] - the [V] of the letter e lye] simply
disappears. >KiHbl 'wives' is pronounced as if written )l(6Hbl [zh6-nl]. Tbl
3Haewb 'you know' is pronounced as if written Tbl 3Haew [zna-vesh] -
the soft sign has no effect and is only there for historical reasons.
You should also be able to hear that after )I( LI and w the vowel M lee] is
pronounced as if it were bl [I]:
)l(MTb [zhlt y ] Ito live'
LlMpK [tslrk] Icircus'
2.8 Volced t Consonants Can Become Unvoiced'
The first six consonants of the alphabet 6 BrA )I( 3 are all voiced t , that is,
pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords. At the ends of words these
six turn into their unvoiced' equivalents (Le. pronounced with little or no
vibration of the vocal cords):
Voiced Unvoiced
6 [b] Is pronounced n [p]
B [v] /1 * If]
r [g] /I K [k]
A [d] /I T It]
)I( [zh] // w [sh]
3 [z] /I C Is]
So neTep6ypr is pronounced [pve-tyer-bo 'ork] - r [g] becomes [k] at the
end of the word.
rop6a'tiB is [gar-ba-chvofi - B [v] becomes If]
Within words, the six voiced consonants above become unvoiced if they
stand immediately before an unvoiced consonant (K n c T * x LI 't w 114).
Look at the following examples:
B6AKa is pronounced [volka] - A becomes It] before K
38BTpa 'tomorrow' is [zaftra] - B becomes If] before T
Bx6A 'entrance' is [fhot] - B is If] before x
20

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION
2.9 Unvoiced' Consonants Can Become Voiced
Similarly, unvoiced consonants become voiced before the voiced con-
sonants 6 r A)I( 3 (but not B). So:
BOK38n 'station' is pronounced [vag-zal] - K is [g] before 3 [z]
But the consonants in MocKBa 'Moscow' are pronounced as written:
[mask-va] - B does not affect preceding unvoiced consonants.
2.10 The Vowels 0, e, R In Unstressed Syllables
As you learnt above (2.2), syllables' marked ' have a heavy stress, heavier
than in English. So unstressed t vowels sound much less distinct than
stressed' ones. You already know that 0 and a sound the same in
unstressed syllables. You may also be able to hear that unstressed e is
almost indistinguishable from unstressed M, so that, particularly in the pro-
nunciation of younger speakers, neTep6ypr (St Petersburg) sounds as if it
were written nMTMp6YPK [pee-teer-bo ark]. The vowel A, in the syllable
before the stress, also sounds like M, so that R3blK 'language' at nonnal
speed sounds like [ee-zik], rather than [ya-zfk].
Remember: IF YOU CHOOSE NOT TO BOTHER WITH THE DETAILS ABOVE,
OR IF YOU DECIDE TO LEAVE THEM UNTIL LATER, YOU WILL NOT CAUSE
MISUNDERSTANDINGS. As we said in Lesson 1, to get by it is sufficient to
know the values of the thirty-three letters of the alphabet and to read words as
they are written. There is nothing wrong with a foreign accent, as long as you
are comprehensible.
2.11 Pronunciation Practice
neHMHrP8A
Slow
[Iye-neen-grad]
MocKBa
[mosk-va]
Normal Speed
[Iye-neen-grat] ('Leningrad') - soft
nb, soft Hb, A becomes T at the
end of the word
[mask-va] ('Moscow') - [0]
becomes [a] when unstressed
21

LESSON 2
KMeS [kee-ev] [ke e-ef] ('Kiev') - [v] becomes [f]
at the end of the word
AocToeBcKMM [do-sto-yev-skeey] [da-sta-yef-skee] ('Dostoevskii')
- [v] becomes [f] before s; [y] is
inaudible after [ee]
nacTepH8K [pa-styer-nak] [pa-styer-nak] ('Pasternak') - [ty]
is one sound, soft Tb
s6AKa [vod-ka] [v6t-ka] ('vodka') - A devoiced t
before K
nMLlLlepMR [pee-tse-ree-ya] [pee-tse-re e-ya] ('pizzeria') - no
[y] sound after LI
5p8)1(HeB [bryezh-nyev] [bryezh-nyef] ('Brezhnev') - B
devoiced at end of word
rop6a'liB [gor-ba-chyov] [gar-ba-chy6f] ('Gorbachev')
npoK6cj)b8B [pro-ko-fY-yev] [pra-k6-f v yef] ('Prokofiev' or
'Prokof'ev')
Ha66KoB [na-bo-kov] [na-b6-kaf] ('Nabokov')
5epHapA W6y [byer-nard sho-oo] [byer-nart sh6-00] ('Bemard Shaw')
nMA3 [Ieedz] [Ieets] ('Leeds')
2.12 Exceptional Pronunciation Features
In addition to the above list of regular divergences between spelling and
Moscow pronunciation, there are a few less predictable irregularities. Here
are some common examples - these are all words which you will meet again:
'IT6 'what' pronounced [shto], not [chto]
nO)l(inyicTa 'please' usually pronounced [pa-zhal-sta], without the yi
3AP8BcTByiTe 'hello' pronounced [zdra-stvooy-tye] without the first B
era 'his' pronounced [yev6]. not [yeg6]
cer6AHR 'today' pronounced [sve-v6d-nya] not [sye-g6d-nya]
PBAMO 'radio' pronounced [ra-dee-o] not [ra-dee-a], because of its
foreign origin
In many recently borrowed words, educated Russians pronounce e as 3, e.g.
TeHHMc 'tennis' [te-nees] (not [tye-nees])
KOMnblOTep 'computer' [kam-pvo' o-ter] (not [-tyer])
22

RUSSIAN HANDWRITING; MORE ON PRONUNCIATION
HANDWRITING EXERCISE 2/1
Write out the Russian words in 2.11.
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE 2/2
Read the following words, fairly new to Russian. Then check your pronun-
ciation (and the translations) in the key.
1 BMCKM. 2 MHclJnRL4MR. 3 MapKeTMHr. 4 MI03MKJ1. 5 H6y-xay.
6 nepcoHanbHblM KOMnbtOTep. 7 npMB8TM38L\MR. 8 POK-MY3bIK8.
9 cTpMnTM3. 10 3KcKnlO3MBHoe MHTepBblO.
FUN SECTION: PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE 2/3
Here are some reading practice words which English learners sometimes
find amusing for one reason or another. Check your pronunciation with the
key:
llqMT 'shield'. 2 WMT 'sewn'. 3 6p8T 'brother'. 430noToBon6coe
'golden-haired', 5 38IJ4MIq8IOIJ4MM 'defending'. 6 HOK8yrMpOB8Tb 'to knock
out'. 7 3KcnepMMeHTMpoB8Tb 'to experiment',
8 AocTonpMMe't8TenbHocTM 'sights'. 9 'tenoB8KoHeH8BMcTHM't8CTBO
'misanthropy' .
23

3
YP6K H6MEP TP
EVERYDAY PHRASES;
BASIC GRAMMAR
3.1 Some Everyday Words and Phrases
Here are some useful words and phrases to read and learn. If you've stud-
ied the handwriting in Lesson 2, you can also write them out and check
your version with the key (exercise 3/1).
As
HeT
3To
CnacM60
.q66poe Yrpo
A66pblM A8Hb
Ao CBM.q8HMJI
npOCTMTe
[da]
[nyet]
[e-ta]
[spa-se e-ba]
[d6-bra-ye a 'a-tra]
[d6-brl dyen V ]
[da svee-cta-nee-ya]
[pra-ste 8-tye]
Yes
No
Thisrrhat/lt
Thank you
Good morning
Good day
Goodbye
Excuse me/I'm sorry
With special pronunciation features:
nO)l(anyiCTa Please/Don't mention it/You're welcome usually
pronounced without the yi as [pa-zhal-sta]
3ApaBCTBYMT8 Hello (the commonest greeting) pronounced without the
first B as [zdra-stvooy-tye]
LfT6 What pronounced [shto]
rA8 Where [gdye], if pronounced carefully, but if you simply
say [dye] without the r [g), no one will notice
24

EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR
And the numbers up to five:
1 OAMH [a-de' en]
2 ABa [dva]
3 TPM [tree]
4 'teTblpe [chye-ti-rye]
5 nATb [pyat v ]
3.2 Some Simple Questions and Answers
A: LfTO [shto] iTO? What's this/What's that?
B: 3T0 'taM. That/This/lt is tea.
A: CnacM60. Thank you.
B: nO)l(anYMCTa. Don't mention it.
A: LfTO iTO? What's this?
B: 3T0 Py6nb. It's a rouble.
A: rAe Bn8AMMMP? Where is Vladimir?
B: BOT OH. There he is.
A: rAe'taM? Where is the tea?
B: BOT OH. Here it isfThere it is.
A: rAe BOAKa? Where is the vodka?
B: BOT OHa. Here it isfThere it is.
A: rA8 MeHIO? Where is the menu?
B: BOT OHO. Here it is.
A: CnacM60. Thank you.
B: nO)l(anYMcTa. Don't mention it.
A: npOCTMTe, iTO BMHO? Excuse me, is this wine?
B: HeT, iTO BOAKa. No, it's vodka.
3.3 Some Culture: nO>KSnyicTa In Reply to CnacM60 'Thank you'
If someone says cnacM60 'thank you' you should always reply
nO)l(anYMCTa [pa-zhal-sta] 'you're welcome'j'don't mention it'.
25

LESSON 3
3.4 More on nO>KanYMCT8 'Please'
nO)l(anYMCTa is a .versatile word. It also means 'please', and 'here you
are' when you give something to somebody.
Customer: ABa, no*anYMcTa.
Assistant: nO)l(8nYMCTa.
Customer: CnacM60.
Assistant: nO)l(anYMcTa.
Two please.
Here you are.
Thank you.
You're welcome.
3.5 Some Grammar: No 'Is', 'am', 'are'
You will see from the examples above that Russian manages without any
equivalent of the present tense of 'to be' ('am', 'is', 'are')
3To 'taM. This (is) tea.
Note: If both parts of the sentence contain nouns ('Mary is an
Englishwoman '), the missing verb can be represented by a dash (M3pM
[noun] - aHrnM't8HKa1fioun]).
3.6 And No Equivalent of the Articles 'a' and 'the'
B6T MeHIO. Here (is) (a or the) menu.
3.7 'Thls'I'That': 3TO
3To is a useful word corresponding to both 'this' and 'that'. It also trans-
lates 'it' when 'it' can replace 'this' or 'that' in English, for example in
naming things:
A: LfT6 3TO? What is this/that/it?
B: 3TO B6AKa. ThatfThis/lt is vodka.
26

EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR
EXAMPLES
A: LfT6 3TO? What's this? /What is it?
B: 3TO 6oPLI4. It's beetroot soup.
A: A 'ITO 3TO? And what's this?
B: 3TO cMeT8Ha. It's sour cream.
[e-ta smye-ta-na]
(Russian soup is nearly always served with a spoonful of sour cream float-
ing on the top.)
3.8 Here he/she/it is: BOT 6H10H8/0HO. Gender
All Russian nouns' (Le. words like 'Ivan', 'vodka', 'taxi', 'beauty') belong
to one of three different categories, depending on what the last letter is.
These three categories are masculine (m), feminine (f) and neuter (n).
Most male beings, like Bn8AMMMp, are masculine, but so are days, towns
and languages; all these are referred to as 'he' OH. Most females, like
MaMa 'mother', are feminine, but so are vodka (B6AKa), truth (npaBA8)
and Moscow (MOCKB8), which are all called 'she' OHa. The neuter category
is the smallest one and includes such things as morning (trpo) , wine
(BMHO) and taxi (TaKcM); they are all called 'it' oH6. If you know about
gender from studying French and Gennan, you will be glad to know that
the gender of Russian nouns is much easier to learn since you can nearly
always tell the gender from the ending. Here are the details:
(a) Masculine nouns nonnally end with a consonant or i:
6oPL14 'beetroot soup'
MBsH 'Ivan'
'1ai 'tea'
(b) Feminine nouns nonnally end -a or -R:
CMeT8Ha 'sour cream'
HaTanbR 'Natalia' [na-ta-Ivya]
MocKBa 'Moscow'
27

LESSON 3
(c) Neuter nouns end -0 or -e:
OKH6 'window'
BMH6 'wine'
ynpa)l(HeHMe 'exercise' [oo-prazh-nye-nee-ye]
So you can nonnally tell the gender of a noun just by looking at it.
However, there are awkward cases:
(d) Most nouns ending -b (soft sign) are feminine, but there are many mas-
culine ones too, so you have to learn the gender of soft -sign nouns.
Feminine examples:
CM6Mpb 'Siberia' [see-be'er]
MaTb 'mother' [mat v ]
ABepb 'door' [dvyer]
Masculine examples:
py6nb 'rouble' [roobl1
Mropb 'Igor' [e'e-gar1
AeHb 'day' [dyen v ]
(e) Nouns ending -a or -A which denote males are masculine:
nana 'father', 'dad'
Bon6AA 'Volodia' (a familiar form of Vladimir)
AAAJI'uncle'
(f) If a noun ends -M or -y or -10, it is likely to be a foreign borrowing and
to be neuter:
TaKCM 'taxi'
MeHIO 'menu'
(g) Foreign words denoting females are feminine, whatever their endings:
neAM (f) 'lady'
M3pM (f) 'Mary'
MaprapeT (f) 'Margaret'
28

EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR
But if they do not end -8, -A or -b, they are indeclinable' (see 5.10).
3.9 It
When you're talking about something which has already been named, 'it'
will be 6H/oH8/0H6, depending on the gender of the noun to which 'it'
refers.
A: rAe '4ai?
B: BOT OH.
A: rAe BMH6?
B: BOT OHO.
3.10 Vocabulary
Where is the tea?
There it ('he') is.
Where is the wine?
There it is.
Here is the essential vocabulary for this lesson. These are words which
you should try to learn:
NOUNS
8HrnM'I8HKa
66paq
6 paT
BilHA (m)
BMHO
BOAKa
BonoAR
ra38Ta
ABepb(f)
AeHb (m)
AOM
ARAR (m)
MaTb (f)
MeHtb (n)
MOCKB8
[an-glee-chan-ka]
(borshsh]
[brat]
(va-nya]
[vee-n6]
[v6t-ka]
[va-16-dya]
(ga-zye-ta]
[dvyerY]
(dyen V ]
[dom]
( dya-dya]
(matY)
(mye-nyo '0]
[mask-va]
Englishwoman
beetroot soup
brother
Vania (familiar form of Ivan)
wine
vodka
Volodia (familiar form of Vladimir)
newspaper
door
day
house
uncle
mother
menu
Moscow
29

OKHO
nana (m)
py6nb (m)
CM6Mpb (f)
CMeTaH8
T8KCM (n)
ynp8)1(HeHMe
Yrpo
'taM
wOKoniA
LESSON 3
[ak-n6]
[pa-pa]
[rooblY)
[see-be er v ]
[smye-ta-na]
[tak-se e)
[oo-prazh-nye-nee-ye]
[0' o-tra]
[ chay]
[ sha-ka-Iat]
QUESTION WORDS
rAe
'tTO
PRONOUNS
OH
OHa
OHO
3TO
OTHER WORDS
8
BOT
Aa
A06pblM AeHb
AO CBMA8HMR
3APaBCTBYMTe
HeT
no*'nYMCTB
[gdye]
[shto]
[on]
[a-na]
[a-n6]
[ e-ta]
[a]
[vot]
[da]
[d6-brl dyenY)
[da svee-da-nee-ya]
[zdrast-vooy-tye]
[nyet]
[pa-zhal-sta]
window
father, dad
rouble
Siberia
sour cream
taxi
exercise
morning
tea
chocolate
where
what
he
she
it (referring to neuter nouns)
this/that/it
andlbut (indicating a slight contrast)
here/there (when pointing)
yes
good day
goodbye
hello
no
please/don't mention it/
here you are
30

EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR
npOCTMTe
cnaC;M60
[pre-ste' e-tye]
[spa-se' e-ba]
excuse mell'm sorry
thank you
The main problem in learning Russian is making all these unfamiliar
words stick in your memory. Unlike French or Spanish, the basic vocabu-
lary of Russian looks quite different from that of English. YTpO does not
look or sound like 'morning', and 3ApaBcTByiTe looks like nothing on
earth. For many of the words, as well as listening to them being spoken,
repeating them, writing them down, you will have to make up deliberate
links. Some links are easy: a word like AOM 'house' can easily be connect-
ed to its English equivalent by a link word such as 'domestic'; ra3eTa [ga-
zye-ta] can be linked to its meaning 'newspaper' by the word 'gazette'.
But a wurd like cnacM60 [spa-se' e-ba] 'thank you' takes a little longer,
because a link has to be invented. For example, think of thanking Sarah for
passing the butter.
3.11 Dialogues. (Cover the translation on the right and test yourself.)
A: npOCTMTe. '"ITO 3TO? Excuse me. What is this?
B: 3TO BMHO. It'sfThat's wine.
A: A 3TO? And this?
B: 3TO BOAKa. That's vodka.
A: A 3TO? And what about this?
B: nencM-Kona. Pepsi-Cola.
A: CnacM60. Thank you.
B: nO)l(anyicTa. Don't mention it.
A: npOCTMTe, nO)l(anyicTa, 'tTO 3TO? Excuse me, please, what's this?
B: 3T0 wOKoniA. It's chocolate.
A: TpM, nO)l(anyicTa. Three, please.
B: nO)l(anyicTa. Here you are.
A: CnacM60. Thank you.
B: nO)l(anyicTa. Don't mention it.
A: r Ae TaKcM? Where's the taxi?
B: BOT OHO. There it (neuter) is.
31

LESSON 3
A: rAe M3pM?
B: BOT OHa.
A: rAe AAAR BaHR?
B: B6T 6H.
A: rA8 CM6Mpb?
B: B6T OHa.
Where's Mary?
There she is.
Where's Uncle Vanya?
There he is.
Where's Siberia?
There it (feminine) is.
3.12 EXTRA: Different Equivalents of 'It'
In identifying sentences (e.g. 'What is this/it?' 'It's a rouble'), 'it' is trans-
lated as 3TO. In such English sentences 'it' can be replaced by 'this' or
'that' ('Itffhis{fhat is a rouble'); 'this' and 'that' are also 3TO in Russian.
So if the predicate t (the verb and the part after the verb, e.g. 'is a rouble')
contains a noun, 'it' is always 3TO.
If you're saying something about a noun which has already been identi-
fied, then you refer to it as 6H, OHa or oH6, depending on the gender:
A: rAe BMHO?
B: B6T oH6.
Where is the wine?
There it is.
Remember always to translate 'it' as 3TO in identifying sentences in which
the predicate t is a noun (e.g. 'It's wine'):
A: '"ITO 3TO?
B: 3T0 B6AK8. 3T0 (not OHa) CT8pK8.
A: rAe B6AK8 (feminine)?
B: B6T OHa.
What's this?
It's vodka. It's Starka (a type of vodka).
Where's the vodka?
There/Here it ('she') is.
EXERCISE 3/2
Answer the questions, using BOT: 'Here{fhere he/she/it is'
1 rA8 AHH8? 4 rA8 AAAR BaHR?
2 rA86p8T? 5 rA8 B6AK8?
3 rAe T8KCM? 6 rAe BMH6?
32

EVERYDAY PHRASES; BASIC GRAMMAR
EXERCISE 3/3
Answer the questions in Russian, using the words in brackets:
1 TO 3TO? (It's tea.)
2 l.fTo 3TO? (It's a rouble.)
3 3T0 BOAK8? (No, it's wine.)
4 rA8 T8KCM? (There it is.)
EXERCISE 3/4
Say in Russian:
1 Hello.
2 Excuse me, what's that?
3 It's wine.
4 Thank you.
5 Don't mention it.
6 No, this is beetroot soup.
7 Where is the sour cream?
8 Excuse me, please, where is Vanya?
9 There he is.
10 Thank you. Goodbye.
EXERCISE 3/5
Read the names of these towns on the Trans-Siberian Railway and say
which are 6H ('he'), which OHa ('she') and which OHO ('it'):
1 BnSAMBocT6K. 2 CKOBOPOAMHO. 3 06nY'ib8. 4 I.IMTa. 5 CnIOAHHK8.
6 &aMKanbCK. 7 MocKsa.
EXERCISE 3/6
Which of the following are male names and which female?
1 XpMCTMaH [hree-stee-an]. 2 IOnMaH [yoo-Iee-an]. 3 ApKBAMM [ar-ka-dee].
4 MaMR [ma-ya).
Can you guess (or do you know) which of these names in -b are masculine
and which feminine?
5 Mropb [e'e-gar v ]. 61OAHcI»b [yoo-de'ef v ]. 7 nlO66Bb [lyoo-b6f v ]. 8 HMHenb
[nee-nyel v ).
33

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(KAZAKHST AN)
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POCCVlSt (POCCVICKA <S>EAEPAH) (RUSSIA)

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4
YPOK HOMEP LlETblPE
DOING THINGS - VERBS;
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
4. 1 Useful phrases
CK8JKMTe,nO)KanYMCT8...
SI He nOHMM81O.
Bbl MeHR nOHMM8eTe?
Bbl rOBOpM"re nO-PYCCKM?
6H He rOBopMT nO-PYCCKM.
rlpoCTMTe, K8K sac 3OBjT?
MeHR 30BYT Bon6AA.
eHb npMfrrHo.
Bbl 3H88T8, rp.e EBa?
SI He 3H81O.
rp.e Bbl )KMB8T8?
SI )KMBY B &p8MToHe.
He KYPMTbl
Tell me, please. . . Could you tell me . . .
I don't understand.
Do you understand me?
Do you speak Russian?
He doesn't speak Russian.
Excuse me, what's your name?
My name is Volodia.
Pleased eVery pleasant') to meet you.
Do you know where Eva is?
I don't know.
Where do you live?
I live in Brighton.
No smoking!
4.2 The Eight Personal Pronouns t ('I', 'you' etc.)
R I
Tbl you (when speaking to a friend, relative or child). This is called the
'familiar' (fam) you.
36

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS
6H he J you met
oHa she those in
oH6 it Lesson 3
Mbl we
Bbl you (when speaking to someone you do not know well or to more
than one person). This pronoun is the polite or plural (poi/pi) you.
OHM they
4.3 Verbs
To do things, you need verbs. A verb t is a word expressing an action or
state, the kind of word which would fit in the gap in the sentence 'She
in New York', e.g. works, worked, was, lives, drives. In Russian
dictionaries, verbs are listed in their infinitive t form (this corresponds to
'to drive', 'to be' etc. in English). Russian infinitive forms nonnally end
-Tb (e.g. KYPMTb 'to smoke', 3H8Tb 'to know').
4.4 Conjugation' of Verbs in the Present Tense. Type 1: 3tI8'Tb 'to know'
The present tense' describes actions taking place at the moment of speech
('I work in Moscow', 'She is walking to schoo1'). In Russian there is only
one present tense, corresponding to both 'I do' and 'I am doing' in English.
The list of verb forms which go with the eight personal pronouns is
known as the conjugation t of the verb. The form to which the personal
endings are attached is called the stem t of the verb. Most (not all) 3H8Tb-
type verbs have a stem which is simply the infinitive form minus the -Tb.
So 3HaTb has the stem 3Ha-. The endings are underlined.
R 3Ham
Tbl 3Ha ewb
6H 3Ha eT
oHa 3H81I
oH6 3Hall
Mbl 3Hag
Bbl3HaID
(zna-yoo]
[zna-yesh]
(zna-yet]
(zna-yet]
[zna-yet]
I know
you (familiar) know
he knows J these three forms
she knows are always the same
it knows in the present tense
of all verbs
[zna-yem]
[zna-ye-tye]
we know
you (polite/plural) know
37

LESSON 4
OHM 3H8 1OT
[zna-yoot]
they know
Note: In colloquial (infonnal) Russian, the pronoun can be omitted, so that
'I know' can be simply 3H81O. But remember that this is infonnal usage
and rare in stylistically neutral' Russian.
EXAMPLES
Mbl 3H8eM, rAe 88HfI.
Bbl 3HaeTe MeHR?
We know where Vanya is.
Do you know me?
The majority of Russian verbs have this type of conjugation, and we shall
call it the 3H8Tb type or Type 1.
4.5 Type 2: rOBopMTb 'to speak'
The standard example of the second type of present-tense conjugation is
rOBopMTb 'to speak'. The stem' is rOBOp-:
fI rOBOpm
Tbl rOBop Mwb
oHroBoPHI
oHaroBopm
OHO rOBop!fi
Mbl rOBoPHM
Bbl rOBop MTe
oHMroBoPBI
I speak/am speaking
you (familiar) speak
he speaks
she speaks
it speaks
we speak
you (polite/familiar) speak
they speak
Note the ending -fiT of the oHM-form.
EXAMPLES
SI rOBoplO nO-PYCCKM.
OHM rOBopliT no-cI»P8H4Y3CKM.
Bbl rOBopMT8 no-aHrnMMcKM?
I speak Russian.
They speak French.
Do .you speak English?
38

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS
4.6 Type 1 B: eX8Tb 'to go (by transport)', )l(MTb 'to live'
The third (and last) type is a variant of the 3H8Tb type. These verbs have
much the same endings as the 3H8Tb type, but the problem is to predict the
stem t from the infinitive t . Our first example is the verb eX8Tb 'to go (by
transport), to ride'. The stem happens to be eA- (you just have to learn that,
you couldn't guess it) and the conjugation t is:
R «¥w
Tbl 6AelWi
6H 8AII
OHa eAn
I go/am going
You (familiar) go
he goes
she goes
OHO eAn
Mbl eAIM
Bbl8AID
OHM 8An
it goes
we go
you (polite/plural) go
they go
You can see that the R and OHM fonns have -y where the 3H8Tb type has -10
but otherwise the endings are the same.
Here is another example, the verb )l(MTb 'to live ' (despite its -MTb end-
ing, it is a eX8Tb-type verb). The ungues sable stem is )l(MB- [zhiv] (2.7)
and the conjugation is:
R )l(MBi
Tbl )l(MB
OH )l(MBi!
OHa )l(MBi!
EXAMPLES
I live/am living
you (familiar) live
he lives
she lives
6H eAeT AOMOi.
s:I )l(MBY B nOHAoHe.
OHO )l(MBi!
Mbl )l(MB 8M
Bbl )l(MBiD
OHM )l(MBjr
He's going home.
I live in London.
it lives
we live
you (polite/plural) live
they live
The endings are the same as the endings of eX8Tb except for the change of
e to 8. This change is conditioned by the place of the stress: if the letter e
in a verb ending is stressed, it always turns into 8 (though remember that
Russians don't normally write the dots - see 1.2c).
Another useful example of the eX8Tb type is the verb 3B8Tb 'to call',
whose stem is 3OB-. The first two forms are a R 3OBY, Tbl 3OB8Wb, but the
one to remember is (OHM) 30BYr '(they) call', which turns up in the
idiomatic question:
K8K B8C 3OBjT? 'How you (they) call?' (= What's your name?).
39

LESSON 4
B8C is the accusative t case t of Bbl 'you'; the details of the accusative are in
Lesson 6.
These three sets of similar endings in 4.4-4.6 give the present tense of
nearly all Russian verbs. These endings don't take long to learn; the main
problem is remembering the stem (and the stress pattern) of verbs like
eX8Tb, )l(MTb and 3B8Tb. Although most verbs are like 3H8Tb or
rOBopMTb, there are many irregular infinitives like )l(MTb. In the vocabu-
laries, we give the R and the Tbl form of each verb (since you can work out
the other forms from these two).
4.7 Verb Summary Table
Infinitive 3H8Tb (1) rOBopMTb (2) )l(MTb (1 B) eX8Tb (1 B)
Stem 3H8- rOBop- )l(MB- eA-
R -10 -10 -y -y
Tbl -eWb -MWb -eWb -eWb
6 tt10H8/0H0 -eT -MT -iT -eT
Mbl -eM -MM -eM -eM
Bbl -eTe -MTe -eTe -eTe
OHM -lOT -HT -y-r -'iT
Stress notes. (1) A few 3H8Tb-type verbs are stressed on the.end, so each e
turns into e. An example is ABB8Tb 'to give' (12.4), which has the stem
p,a-. The stressed endings are: p,a 1O , p,a iWb , p,a eT , p,a iM , p,a 8Te , p,a IOT .
(2) Many rOBOpMTb-type verbs are stressed on the stem (see 4.9). but the
spelling is not affected.
4.8 Negation ('not')
To make a verb negative ('I don't know') simply put He 'not' in front of
the verb:
s:I He 3H81O.
OH He nOHMM8eT.
I don't know.
He doesn't understand.
40

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS
4.9 EXTRA: Stress Patterns
As you have probably noticed by now, stress is a very tricky subject in
Russian, because of the difficulty of predicting where to put it in any word
- and to make things even more awkward (or interesting, depending on
your point of view) Russians often disagree about the correct place of the
stress. As a comparison, English speakers argue about 'controversy' versus
'contr6versy', but there are hundreds of such debatable cases in Russian.
Even at this early stage, a few general rules may help:
(a) if the word contains e, the stress always falls on the e, e.g. )I01BeT 'lives',
so we don't need to put a stress mark on words with e;
(b) if the infinitive of a verb is stressed on any syllable except the last one,
e.g. exsTb 'to travel', the stress is fixed (i.e. always in the same place
in all of the forms of the conjugation - eAY, eAewb etc.);
(c) if the infinitive is stressed on the last syllable, e.g. rOBopMTb 'to
speak', KYPMTb 'to smoke', the JI form is stressed on the ending (JI
rOBoplO, JI KYPIO); the other five forms will either all have the stress on
the ending (Tbl rOBopMwb, OH rOBopMT etc.) or all have the stress on
the stem (Tbl KVPMWb, OH KVPMT etc.).
4.10 A Brief Survey of Russian Grammar: Nouns and Cases'
Russian is an inflected language, which means that the endings of words
change according to the grammar of the sentence. For example, the name
MBSH (nominative' form) becomes MBSHB if you mean 'of Ivan'; it
becomes MBSH)! if you mean 'to Ivan'; MBSH becomes MBaHB in a sen-
tence such as 'I (s:I) know (3HalO) Ivan (MBaHS)'. Nouns and adjectives
each have six different endings, called cases' (nominative" accusative',
genitivet, dative" instrumental', prepositional t ). English has a genitive case
ending's, used with people, e.g. 'Ivan's house' (= 'the house of Ivan ') and
pronouns have accusative forms (he/him, she/her, they/them), but there are
very few such changes in comparison with Russian. Like English, Russian
also distinguishes singular and plural (as in 'book'/,books'). Verbs (words
like 'to do', [she] 'wants', [they] 'know') have different endings depending
41

LESSON 4
on who is doing, wanting, knowing etc. and on the tense. All this means
that to a speaker of English, Russian seems to have a 'lot of grammar'.
However, although learning all the endings is a burden at first, the system
is not difficult to understand; you will find that learning vocabulary is a
much bigger task.
To make the sets of endings more digestible, we shall take them in
small doses. However, if you want to tackle the whole system in one go,
you will find grammar tables on pages 378-86.
4.11 Prepositional' Case l
As an example of the way nouns change their form, look at these sentences:
Sf )I01BY B &paiToHI.
OH )IUtBeT B MOCKBj.
Sf eAY H8 8BT66YCI.
I live in Brighton.
He lives in Moscow.
I'm going on a bus (by bus).
After the prepositions B 'in' and H8 'on', most masculine nouns add -e and
most feminine nouns change their last -8 or -JI to -e.
MOCKBa 'Moscow'
6paiToH 'Brighton'
8BT66yc 'bus'
B MOCKB. 'in Moscow'
B 6paMToHI 'in Brighton'
H8 8BT66yc 'on a bus'
There are more details of these case endings in Lesson 5.
4.12 Vocabulary (in alphabetical order)
8BT66yc [8f-t6-boos] bus
B in
B8C you (accusative' - explained in
Lesson 6)
Bbl you (polite or plural 4.2)
rOBopMTb [ga-va-re stY) to speak
JI rOBoplb, Tbl rOBopMwb
rocTMHM hotel
AOM6M home, to one's home
eX8Tb [ye-hat v ] to go (by transport)
JI eAY, Tbl 8Aewb
)l(MTb [zhlt V ] to live
JI )lUtBY, Tbl )lUtBiwb
388Tb to call
JI 3OBY, Tbl 30aewb
3A8Cb [zdyes v ] here
3ApaBcTByi [zdra-stvooy] hello
(to someone you call Tbl see 4.13,
note)
3HaTb to know
JI 3Hluo, Tbl 3Haewb
M and
42

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS
M3 t ''IaTb to study
fI M3Y't8IO, Tbl M3Y't8ewb
OK how
KYAS (to) where (whithr)
KYPMTb to smoke
JI KYPIO, Tbl KYPMWb
n6HAOH London
MeH me (accusative t - explained
in Lesson 6)
MeTp6 (n indeclinable 5.10) metro,
underground
Mbl we (4.2)
Ha on
HO but
He not
OHM they
6'1eHb very
no-aHrnMicKM in English
[pa-an-gle ' e-skee] 1
nOAPyra (female) friend
nOHMM8Tb to understand
JI nOHMM81O, Tbl nOHMM8ewb
no-PyccKM in Russian
no-cI»paHL\Y3cKM in French
[pa-fran-tso 'o-Ikee]
nO'IeMY [pa-chye-moo] why
npMTHo pleasant
npocneKT avenue, prospekt
(wide street)
npocneKT MMpa Peace Avenue
(Avenue of Peace)
pa66TaTb to work
JI pa66TalO, Tbl pa60Taewb
POCCMJI Russia
PYCCKMi Jl3blK Russian language
[ro ' o-skee ee-zrk] 1
CKa)l(MTe [ska-zhf-tye] tell/say
(imperative t form)
Tenepb now
TO)l(e [t6-zhe] 1 too
Tponnei6yc trolleybus
Tbl you (familiar 4.2)
ynML\a street
ynM48 BonrMHa Volgin Street
(Street of Volgin)
xopowo [ha-ra-sh6] well
JI I (4.2)
A3blK [ee-zfk] 1 language
4.  3 AManorM Dialogues. (See Key for Translations.)
(1) BOT BnBAMMMp CMMpHoa M M3pM P66MHCOH. OHM B MOCKBe, B
rOCTMHML\8 «POCCMJI». OHM rOBopT no-pYCCKM.
BC: 3ApaBcTByiTe, MeH 30BYr BonoAA. A KaK Bac 30BYr?
1. Pronunciation notes: in -MM and -biM the M is inaudible; R [ya] before the stress
sounds like [ee] (2.10); for Wb,)I(8 and)l(M see 2.7.
43

MP:
BC:
MP:
BC:
MP:
BC:
(2) B:
H:
(3) A:
6:
(4) B:
E:
B:
(5) E:
B:
H:
LESSON 4
M3pM. s:I aHrnM't8HKa.
Bbl xopowo rOBopMTe nO-PyccKM.
s:I M3)A181O PYCCKMM R3blK 3AeCb B MocKBe. A Bbl
rOBopMTe no-aHrllMicKM?
s:I nOHMM81O, HO He rOBoptb. rA8 Bbl )l(MBeTe, M3pM?
Ha YIIML4e BonrMHa. A Bbl?
Ha npocneKTe MMpa.
3AP8SCTSYM', HaT8wa. Tbl eAewb AOMOM Ha aBTo6yce?
3AP8BCTByi, B8HR. HeT, R eAY Ha Tpollnei6yce.
nO'teMY M3pM eAeT Ha Tponnei6yce, a He Ha MeTpo?
s:I He 3H81O.
KaK Bac 30BYr?
MeHH 30BYr EBa. A KaK Bac 30BjT?
BaAMM.
3TO HaT8wa.
6'teHb npMHTHo. MeHH 30BYr BaAMM.
6'teHb npMHTHo.
EXERCISE 4/1
Put on the correct endings and translate:
1 s:I He 3H8( ).2 6H He rOBOp( ) nO-PyccKM. 3 Bbl xopowo rOBop( )
no-aHrnMMcKM. 4 r Ae Bbl )l(MB( ) ? 5 s:I )l(MB( ) B nOHAOH( ).
6 Mbl M3Y'tS( ) PYCCKMM R3bIK. 7 M3pM )l(MB( ) B MOCKB( ).
8 BaH eA( ) Ha aBT06yc( ), a M3pM eA( ) Ha Tponnei6yc( ).
9 OHM eA( ) AOMOM.
1. 3ApascTsyi 'Hello', to someone you call Tbl. 3ApascTsyiIl is for people
you call Sbl. 3ApaSCTSYMT8 is literally an imperative (a command) meaning 'Be
healthy'. All imperative fonns, such as npOCTMD 'Excuse me', drop the -T8
(npOCTH) when you're speaking to someone you call Tbl (Lesson 15).
44

DOING THINGS - VERBS; PERSONAL PRONOUNS
EXERCISE 4/2
Say in Russian:
I Excuse me. 2 I don't know. 3 I don't understand. 4 Do you speak
English? 5 Where do you live? 6 What is your name?
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 4/3
(Translation in key)
See if you can find the answers to the following three questions in the text
below. The text contains some points you won't meet until Lessons 5-7,
but these should not prevent you finding the information you need.
1 What are the names of A, 6 and B?
2 Where do A and 6 live and where does B study?
3 What are we told about B's knowledge of languages?
Pa3rOBOp B MeTpo (Conversation in the metro)
A bumps into his fellow student 6, who has a companion B.
A: 3ApaBcTByi, BaHR. KYAB Tbl eAewb?
1>: AOMOi, Ha ynML4Y BonrMHa. A Tbl eAewb B YHMBepcMTeT?
A: HeT, R To.e 8AY AOMOi. R Tenepb )IUtBY Ha ynML4e BaBMnoBa.
1>: n03H8KoMbTecb*. 3TO MOR* nOAPyra MapM, OHa 8HrnM"I8HKa.
OHa M3Y'4aeT PYCCKMi R3blK 3AeCb B MocKBe. MapM, 3TO MMwa.
B: 3ApaBcTByiTe, MMwa.
A: npOCTMTe, Bac 30BYr M3pM?
B: HeT, MapM. 3TO cl»P8HL4Y3CKoe* MMR. Ho R He rOBoplb no-
cl»P8H L4Y3CKM.
* Extra vocabulary for Exercise 4/3
n03HaKoMbTecb Let me introduce you CBecome acquainted').
MOR my
cl»paHL4Y3cKoe MMR French name
45

5
YPOK HOMEP nSlTb
ASKING QUESTIONS;
THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
5.1 Phrases
rA8 BOK38n?
KorAS pa66TaeT My36i?
nOeMY peCTopaH H8 pa60TaeT?
KTo 3TO?
3TO BOAKa?
npHMO M HanpaBO.
OHM B CM6MpM.
Ha TaKcM.
5.2 Asking Wh-Questions
Where.s the station?
When is the museum open
(When works the museum)?
Why is the restaurant closed?
Who is that?
Is this vodka?
Straight on and turn right.
They're in Siberia.
By taxi.
Wh-questions are questions with question words such as 'what', 'who'
'when', 'why', 'how'. You already know rA8 'where', T6 'what'
noeMY 'why'.
KorAS is .when',
KorAS pa66TaeT pecTopaH? When is the restaurant open?
KTO is .who',
KTo 3Ha8T?
Who knows?
Often the emphatic particle *8 is added after the question word:
46

ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
rAe)l(e OHa?
Where is she?
>Ke emphasizes the previous word, so the effect is like pronouncing
'Where is she?' with extra emphasis on 'is' (or on 'where').
5.3 Yes-No Questions'
These are questions which expect the answer 'yes' or 'no'. In Russian they
look the same as statements, apart from the question mark:
3T0 SOAKS? Is this vodka?
3TO SOAKS. This is vodka.
In the spoken language, it is intonation which distinguishes 3TO SOAKa?
(yes-no question') from 3TO sOAKa (statement). 3TO sOAKa? is pro-
nounced with a sharp rise-fall on so - like saying in English 'Dh, this is
vodka, is it?', with a sharp rise and fall on the vod. This intonation pattern
sounds surprised or indignant in English, but in Russian it is the nonnal
way of asking such questions. Practise the intonation, making sure that
your voice goes up and down on the stressed syllable of the word you are
asking about:
,.....
BblaeTe?
3TO J!6c1Ht?
6H aHrnMHMH?
OHa aHrnM aH Ka?
oHi aHrnMaHKa?
Do you know?
Is this coffee?
Is he English?
Is she English?
Is she English?
Notice the voice does not go up at the end of the question, unless the key
stressed syllable happens to be the last thing in the sentence:
,.....
31'0 'laM? Is this tea?
In this case the Russian and English sentences sound very similar in their
intonation.
5.4 Prepositional Case'
In Lesson 4 we met the question 'Where do you live' rAe (Where) Sbl
47

LESSON 5
(you) )l(MBiTe (live)? [Gdye vi zhi-vyo-tye?]. And we met answers such as
B 5paMToHe 'in Brighton', B MocKse 'in Moscow', s rOCTMHML48
ccPOCCMA» 'in the Hotel Russia'. The Russian for 'in' is B (the same as the
third letter of the alphabet), but after B meaning' in', following nouns have
an ending (usually -e) called the prepositional case. This case.ending does
not mean anything; it is simply a grammatical ending which must be
added after certain prepositions if you want to speak correctly. These
prepositions are:
B
Ha
o
npM (fairly rare)
in
on
about, concerning
attached to; in the presence of
So neTep6ypr 'St Petersburg' with B becomes B neTep6ypre [fpye-tyer-
bo'or-gyer 'in St Petersburg'.
B plus MocKBa becomes B MocKBe [vmask-vyer (a changes into e).
, I n Bristol' is B &pMcTon.
'On a trolleybus' is Ha TponneM6yc.
DETAILS OF THE PREPOSITIONAL (PREP.)
Nouns which end with a consonant add -e; nouns which end -i, -8 or -0
change the vowel to -e.
nOHAOH London
MY3eM museum
MocKBa Moscow
nMcbMo letter
B n6HAoHe in London
B My36e [vmoo-zye-ye]
B MocKBe in Moscow
B nMcbMe in a/the letter
in the museum
The awkward category is nouns which end -b; if the noun is masculine the
b changes to -e, but if it's feminine the b changes to -M.
&pMCTonb (m) Bristol
CM6Mpb (f) Siberia
L48pb (m) tsar
B &pMcTone in Bristol
B CM6MpM in Siberia
o L48p8 [a-tsa-rye] about the tsar
1 Pronunciation note. Russian prepositions are read as if they are joined to the follow-
ing word. So B [v] sounds like [f] before unvoiced consonants. See 2.3 and 2.8.
48

ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
Nouns which end -JI or -e also have the prepositional ending -e unless the
letter before the -JI or -e is -M, in which case the ending is a second -M:
Mope sea
BSHJI Vania
AHrnMJI England
ynpa)l(HeHMe exercise
B Mope in the sea
npM BSHe in Vania's presence
B AHrnMM in England
B ynpa)l(HeHMM in the exercise
5.5 EXTRA
Those few nouns, mainly male names, which end -Mi in the nominative
have the prepositional ending -M, e.g. IOpMi: 0 IOpMM 'about lurii';
BacMnMi: Ha BacMnMM 'on Vasilii'
5.6 Exceptions (Russian Grammar Has Many)
A few masculine nouns, usually short ones, have -y (always stressed)
instead of -e in the prepositional case after B 'in' and H8 'on'.
KpblM Crimea
caA garden, orchard
nec wood, forest
AOH the Don River
KnMH Klin (town NW of Moscow)
B KpblMj [fkrl-mo'o] in the Crimea
B cBAi [fsa-do'o] in the garden
B necj [vlye-so'o] in the forest
POcToB-Ha-AoHj Rostov-on-Don
B KnMHj in Klin
But after 0 'about', these nouns have the nonnal-e ending:
Mbl rOBopMM 0 c8M.
We're talking about the garden.
The two nouns MaTh 'mother' and A6&tb 'daughter' always add -ep- before
any ending. So their prep. case fonns are M8Tmm and AO'4mm.
49

LESSON 5
5.7 Prepositional Case of Personal Pronouns
Tbl Te6e o Te6e
6H HeM o HeM [a-ny6m]
OHa HeM Ha HeM
OH6 HeM B HeM [vnyom]
Mbl Hac o Hac
Bbl Bac OBac
OHM HMX Ha HMX
The eight pronouns, we met in 4.2 have the following prepositional foons:
nom prep example
R MHe 060 MHe [a-ba-mnye] about me (060 is a variant
ot 0 used with MHe)
about you (tam)
about him
on her
in it
about us
about you (pol/pl.)
on them
5.8 Band Ha: 'in', 'on', 'at'
, In' is B, 'on' is Ha, 'at' will be B with enclosed spaces or buildings (' at
school' B wK6ne) and Ha with open spaces and activities/events ('at work'
Ha pa66Te, 'at a concert' Ha KOH4epTe). Note that English 'in' sometimes
corresponds to Russian Ha when the place (e.g. a street) is an open space
or was originally an open space (e.g. BOK38n 'station ').
in the street
in the square
in/at the station
Ha ynM4e
Ha nn6lq8AM
Ha BOK38ne
Unpredictable uses of Ha for 'in'/'at', e.g. Ha YKpaMHe 'in the Ukraine',
are shown in the vocabularies.
5.9 '-ITO as a Conjunctlon t = 'that'
As well as 'what', '1T6 is also a conjunction' which joins clauses t :
OHa rOBopMT, '1TO BaHR B CM6MpM. She says that Vania is in Siberia.
50

ASKING QUESTIONS. THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
Note that the 'IT6 cannot nonnally be missed out in Russian, though you
can say 'She says Vania is in Siberia' in English. Note also that the
comma in front of 'IT6 is compulsory - Russian schoolchildren get bad
marks in their exams if they miss out the commas.
5.10 Indeclinable Nouns
Some nouns borrowed into Russian from other languages are indeclinable,
that is, they do not obey Russian grammatical rules and never change their
endings regardless of the grammar of the sentence. The principal cate-
gories are these:
(a) words ending -M, -V, -10 e.g. TaKcM 'taxi', MeHIO 'menu' - these words
are neuter;
(b) female names ending with a consonant (or anything other than -a, -R,
-b), e.g. AHH 'Anne', A*eMH 6CTMH 'Jane Austen', M3pM 'Mary' -
these words are of course feminine. So, while names like 'John Smith'
A*6H CMMT are treated as nonnal masculine nouns and decline (Mbl
rOBopMM 0 A*oHe CMMTe), 'Jane Smith' A*eMH CMMT is indeclin-
able (Mbl rOBopMM 0 A*eMH CMMT).
(c) many (but not all) foreign words ending -0, e.g. nanbT6 'overcoat'
(from an old French word paletot), KMHO 'cinema', MeTp6 'metro',
'underground railway', paAMo 'radio' (in this word the last letter is
pronounced [0] not [a]). These words are neuter; B KMHO 'in the cinema'.
(d) Note the unusual case of K6 'coffee'. This indeclinable word is
masculine in fonnal, educated Russian: rAe Koe? 86T OH. Although
in infonnal colloquial Russian it is sometimes neuter, foreigners are
advised to keep to formal nonns.
In other cases, foreign words are treated like native ones. nOHAOH
'London' and KOMnblOTep 'computer' are nonnal masculine nouns (Ha
KOMnblOTepe 'on the computer'); Ae60pa 'Deborah' and nencM-K6na
'Pepsi-Cola' decline as feminine nouns.
51

LESSON 5
5.11 Vocabulary
aHrn"'ISH"H Englishman
AHrn"R England (also, loosely,
'Britain')
BOK38n [vag-zeil] station, terminus
Ha BOK38ne at the station
BOH TaM over there (pointing)
)l(e (emphasizes previous word)
"HCT",yr institute (university-level
institution specializing in one
area, e.g. physics or foreign
languages)
KorAs when
KOcIJe (m indeclinable) coffee
KpblM prep. case B KpblMY
Crimea (Black Sea peninsula)
KTO prep. case KOM who
nee prep. case B necy wood, forest
MOpe sea
MY3ei museum
HaneBo to the left
HanpsBo to the right
HOMep number
5.12 Dialogues (Translation in Key)
1 A: rAe MOCKBS?
6: B POCCM".
2 A: rA8 nOHAOH?
6: B AHrn.....
3 A: rAe KM8B?
6: Ha YKpaMHe.
4 A: rA8 SlnTa?
6: B KpbIMY.
o + prep. case about. concerning
o AHrn.... about England
(0 becomes 06 before a .. 0 y 3)
n..CbMO [peesY-m6] letter
nnob (f) [pI6-shshat Y ] square
Ha nn61q8A" [na-pI6-shsha-dee]
in/on a square
nO'ITa post office
Ha nO'ITe at the post office
np.. + prep. case attached to; at
the time of
npRMo straight on
pecTopsH restaurant
cBA prep. case B caAY garden,
orchard
TaM there (opposite of 3Aeeb 'here')
TyaneT toilet
YKpaMHa Ukraine
Ha YKpaMH8 in the Ukraine
YH..B8pc..TeT university
Ll8pb (m) tsar (emperor)
48HTP centre
52

ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
5 A: rAe pa60TaeT ARAR BaHR?
5: B neTep6ypre.
6 A: 0 'IeM 1 Bbl rOBopMTe?
5: 0 POCCMM.
7 A: Bbl rOBopMTe 0 M3pM?
5: HeT, Mbl rOBopMM He 0 Hei, a 0 Te6e.
8 A: rAe Bbl )l(MBeTe?
5: B rocTMHM4e ccPOCCMR».2
A: A rAe )l(MBYT A>K6H M MaprapeT?
5: TO)l(e B ccPOCCMM».2
9 A: rAe MpKYTcK?
5: B CM6MpM.
10 A: rAe )l(MBeT M3pM P66MHCOH?
5: B MocKae, H8 ynMLIEt BOnrMHa. A B AHrnMM oHii )l(MB8T B 5pMcrone.
II A: CKa)l(MTe, nO)l(anyicTa, rAe ynML18 BonrMHa?
5: npRMO M HanpaBo.
12 A: CKa)l(MTe, nO)l(anyicTa, rAe 3Aecb TYaneT?
5: HaneBo.
A: CnacM60.
5: nO)l(anyicTa.
13 A: rAe Bbl )l(MBeTe, MBsH neTp6BM'I?
5: SI )l(MBY B BopoHe)l(e, B 4eHTpe.
14 A: MapM M3Y'1aeT PYCCKMi R3blK B YHMBepcMTeTe?
5: HeT, OHa M3Y'1aeT PYCCKMi R3blK B MHcTM1jTe.
15 A: npOCTMTe, nO)l(SnyicTa, Bbl He 3HseTe, rAe 3AeCb nO'lTa?
5: AOM H6Mep ABa.
A: A rAe 3TO?
5: B6H TaM, HanpaBO.
A: CnacM60.
5: nO)l(snyicTa.
1 iM is the prepositional case of'lTO.
2 A name in quotation marks is not declined if its generic noun (hotel, newspaper,
novel etc.) precedes it (B ra38T8 ccnpaBA8 'in the newspaper Pravda'). It is declined
if the generic noun is omitted (B ccnpaBA8) 'in Pravda').
53

LESSON 5
EXERCISE 5/1
Answer the question rAe OH8? 'Where is she?', putting the correct ending
on the word in brackets:
1 B (nOHAOH). 2 B (POCCMR). 3 B (rocTMHMLI8). 4 B (HbIO-M6pK).
5 B (ABCTpanMR). 6 B (AMepMKa). 7 B (ropoA). 8 B (CM6Mpb).
9 B (KpbIM). lOB (A6M). 11 Ha (ynMLI8). 12 Ha (nnOlq8Ab).
EXERCISE 5/2
o KOM Bbl rOBopMTe? About whom are you speaking?
1 0 (BaHR). 2 0 (MapMR). 3 06 (MBaH). 4 06 (AHH SpaYH). 5 0 (OHa).
6 0 (OH).
EXERCISE 5/3
Say in Russian:
1 Where is the toilet? 2 Is this beetroot soup? 3 Do you live in the centre?
4 I live in England, in Oxford. 5 We're talking about you.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 5/4
Work out what the names are in the following and write them out in
English and Russian (nominative t fonn):
I SI )l(MBY B AY6nMHe. 2 OHa .MBeT B raM6ypre, B repMaHMM.
3 Mbl rOBopMM 06 AHTOH8 n8BnOBM'I8 "texoB8. 4 OHM C8M'I8C B
PocT6B8-Ha-AoHY.
EXERCISE 5/5
REVISION OF LESSONS 1-5
(Refer to the numbered sections if you need to check something.)
54

ASKING QUESTIONS; THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
Pronounce:
1 MOCKB8 (1.2). 2 3Apa8cTByiTe! (3.1). 3 T6 iTO (3.1). 4 nO>KanyicT8
(3.1). 5 3TO Koe? (5.3).
Say in Russian:
6 Thank you (3.1). 7 Please (3.1). 8 Goodbye (3.1). 9 Excuse me (3.1).
Ask:
10 What's this? (3.2). 11 Is this tea? (5.3). 12 Excuse me, what's your
name? (4.1). 13 Do you know where the metro is? (4.1). 14 Do you speak
English? (4.5).
Answer:
15 I live in England/Manchester/Dublin (4.6, 5.4). 16 I don't know (4.7).
17 I speak Russian (4.5).
Put on the required endings:
18 SI eA Ha 88T06yc . (4.4, 5.4). 19 OHM 'A AOMOi
(4.6). 20 OH .M8 8 MocK8 (4.6, 5.4). 21 OHM .M8 B
CM6Mp (5.4). 22 Ha nn6aqa.q (5.4.) 23 OHa M3Y'l8
PYCCKMi R3blK 8 PoccM (4.12, 5.4).
55

6.
YP6K H6MEP WECTb
POSSESSION; GOING PLACES
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
6.1 Phrases
31-0 Moi CbIH.
rAe MOR rOCT MHM 48?
Bbl 3H8eTe HaTiwy?
Bbl nlO6wre MY3bIKY?
nOAO*AMTe MMHYTY.
n030BKre, nO)l(ilnyiCTa, ranlO.
n030BMTe f,1B8Ha neTp6BM'fa.
CnacM60 38 nMCbMO.
SI 8AY B MOCKBY.
KaK BaWe MMR M 6T'tecTBo?
This is my son.
Where is my hotel?
Do you know Natasha?
Do you like music?
Wait a minute.
Please call Galia = May I speak to
Galia? (when telephoning)
Call Ivan Petrovich.
Thank you tor the letter.
I'm going to Moscow.
What are your name and patronymic?
6.2 Possessives
m f n
Moi MOR Mae my
TB6i TBOR TBae your (tam)
Haw HaWa HaWe our
Baw BaWa Bawe your (pol/pl.)
56

POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
These words agree t with the gender of the noun:
M6i CblH my son MOR A6'1b my daughter
Haw CblH our son HaWa A6'1b our daughter
mlffn
er6 [ye-6]
ei [ye-y6]
er6 [ye-6]
Mol nMCbM6 my letter
HaWe nMCbM6 our letter
MX
his (NB: r pronounced [v] in this word)
her
its
their
These words are indeclinable" so they do not vary, whatever the following
noun or the grammar of the sentence.
er6 CbIH/AO'lblnMCbM6
MX CbIHlAO'lblnMCbM6
his son/daughter/letter
their son/daughter/letter
6.3 The Accusative Case
The accusative case is a set of endings which do not have any precise
meaning but which are required in the kinds of grammatical situations
where we use 'her' instead of 'she' in English. For example, the object of
a verb is typically in the accusative. We say 'I know her', not 'I know she'.
'Her' is the accusative of 'she', used after verbs like 'know', 'like', 'hit'.
But unlike English, it is not only Russian pronouns (II 'I', Tbl 'you', Mbl
'we' etc.) which have special fonn for the accusative, but also many
nouns, particularly nouns ending -a and -H.
Nouns ending -a or -H, whether masculine or feminine, change -a to -y
and -H to -10 in the accusative. So MOCKSa becomes MOCKSY in a sentence
like:
SI nlO6nlO MOCKSY.
OHa nlO6MT ARAIO BaHIO.
I love Moscow (like 'I love her').
She loves Uncle Vanya.
Feminine nouns ending in a soft sign (b) do not change:
OH nlb6MT A6'1b. He loves (his) daughter.
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant, soft sign (b) or i do not change
(unless they denote people or animals - see 6.4). Neuter nouns (including
MMR 'name') do not change.
57

LESSON 6
SI 3HalO neTep6ypr.
SI nlO6nlO BMHO.
EBa nlO6MT 'laM.
I know 8t Petersburg.
I love wine.
Eva loves tea.
6.4 Animate t Masculine Nouns
Nouns denoting people and animals (but not plants are called animate' in
Russian. Animate nouns have certain special grammatical features. One of
these features is a special accusative ending for masculine animate nouns:
-a added to nouns ending with a consonant
-R for nouns with the soft t endings -b or -M, which are replaced by the R;
notice the -b or -it are not needed because the [y] sound they represent
is contained in the R [a]
MBaH:
Bbl 3HaeTe MBaHa?
Mropb:
Bbl 3HaeTe MropR?
AHApeM:
Bbl 3HaeTe AHApeR?
Do you know Ivan?
,
Do you know Igor?
Do you know Andrei?
6.5 Feminine Animate Nouns
Notice that feminine animate nouns behave just like inanimate ones (a-y
R-+IO b-+b):
Bbl 3HaeTe MOCKBj? (inanimate)
Bbl 3HaeTe Maw? (animate)
6.6 EXTRA on Animate Nouns
Although it is usually obvious whether a noun is animate or not, there are
non-obvious cases. For example, singular nouns denoting groups of people,
e.g. HapoA 'a people, nation', apMMR 'army', are inanimate. Also inanimate
58

POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
are nouns denoting parts of animate beings: nM4a 'face' is inanimate (but
nlI"a meaning 'person' is animate). There are doubtful cases: MMKpa6bl
· microbes' are inanimate for most people, but sometimes animate for biol-
ogists; dolls and other anthropomorphic toys, e.g. MaTpewKM, the wooden
dolls which fit inside each other, are usually animate, as are the court-cards
(TY3 'ace', Kopanb 'king', AaMa 'queen', BaneT 'jack') in card-games.
6.7 Accusative Case of Pronouns
Just as 'me' is the accusative of 'I', so MeHSI is the accusative of R. Here is
the full list of personal accusative pronouns:
Nominative Accusative
A MeHSI me
Tbl you Te6S1 you
aH he era [ye-)l6] him
OHa she ei her
oHa it er6 [ye-v6] it
Mbl we Hac us
Bbl you Bac you
OHM they MX them
6.8 Uses of the Accusative
(1) After verbs, where you would use 'him' not 'he' in English ('I know
him' not 'I know he '):
SI 3HalO MBaHA.
Bbl 3HaeTe er6 [ye-)l6]?
I know Ivan.
Do you know him?
(2) In time expressions of duration and frequency:
nOAO*AMTe MMHj1y.
SI 3Aecb y_e HeAenm.
Wait a minute.
I've been here for a week. (literally
'I am here already a week' -
HeAenR 'week')
59

LESSON 6
p83 B r6A
once a year (pa3 'once', 'one time')
(3) With B 'into' and H8 'on to' to express motion to somewhere:
Mbl eAeM B MOCKBY.
We are travelling to Moscow.
(4) With the prepositions 'tepe3 'through', 'across', 38 'for' (in return for)
'tepe3 nec
'tepe3 ynM4Y
Cn8cM60 38 nMcbM6.
through the forest
across the street
Thank you for the letter.
'tepe3 'through' is also used with time words to mean 'afte r the named
period of time has elapsed':
"Iepe3 HeAenlO Mbl eAeM B
CM6Mpb.
In a week's time we're going to
Siberia.
6.9 'To Go on Foot': MATH
You already know eX8Tb 'to go by transport' (a Type-lB verb - see Lesson 4).
'To go on foot' is the verb MATM, an unusual verb as you can see from its
ending -TM. The stem is MA-, and the endings are the same as those of
.MTb 'to live':
J1 MAY
Tbl MAeWb
6H10H8 MAeT
MblMAeM
Bbl MAeTe
OHM MAYr
As mentioned in 6.8 (3) above, to describe motion to some destination,
you use the same two prepositions Band H8 which you met in Lesson 4,
but in this meaning of motion from place to place, you use them with the
accusative instead of the prepositional. So B MOCKBj (ace.) means 'to
Moscow', while B MOCKBj (prep.) means 'in Moscow'.
fI MAY B LleHTp.
MapM MAlT B rOCTMHM4Y.
Bbl MAITe H8 pa661)f?
I am going (on foot) to the centre.
Mary is going to the hotel.
Are you going to work?
60

POSSESSION; GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
EXERCISE 6/1
Put the possessives in the correct fonn:
I (My) _ CbIH. 2 (Our) _ AOb. 3 (His) _ M8Tb. 4 (Your) _
rocTMHML\8. 5 (Her) _ MY)I(.
EXERCISE 6/2
Where necessary, change the endings of the nouns:
1 fI nlO6nlO (MY3bIK8) _.
2 OHa nt06MT (MY)I() _ ?
3 n030BMTe, nO)l(anYMcT8, (nI060Bb) _ (BnSAMMMpoBH8) _.
4 nOAO*AMTe (MMHYr8) _.
5 Cn8CM6o 38 ('t8M) _.
6 Cn8cM6o 38 (BOAK8) _.
6.10 Russian Names and How to be Polite (or Familiar)
FIRST NAMES FIRST
The first Russians you meet socially are likely to give you their names as
H8Taw8 'Natasha', BonoAR 'Volod1a', TaHJ1 'Tania' and so on, all ending
in the sound [8]. These are short or 'intimate' fonns of their 'official' first
names. On her birth certificate H8Taw8 is H8TSnbJ1 (f), BonoAR is
BnSAMMMp (m), T8HR is T8TbRH8 (f). Here are some of the commonest
Russian first names:
Females
'Official'
EneH8
H8T8nbJ1 (or -MJ1)
T8TbRH8
6nbr8
M8pMJ1
MpMH8
CBeTnaH8
r8nMH8
'Intimate'
neH8
H8Taw8
TaHJ1
6nJ1
Maw8
MP8
CBeT8
rSnJ1
61

LESSON 6
Males
AneKcsHAP
&OpMC
Bn8AM MM p
MBaH
MMX8Mn
HMKOnsi
nSBen
Ceprei
CaW8
&OpJ1
BonoAA
BaHJ1
MMW8
KonJ1
nSW8
Cepi)l(8
Strictly speaking, these 'intimate' fonns are only to be used when you are
on Tbl tenns with your new acquaintance, but Russians (for example tour
guides or street traders) will often introduce themselves to you with their
intimate names because these fonns are easier for foreigners.
6.11 Patronymics
However, in more formal circumstances a new Russian acquaintance will
be introduced with his or her full first name and middle name, which is
formed from the father's official first name and is called a patronymic'
(in Russian 6T"ecTBo from the word oTe4 'father'). Male patronymics end
-OBM'I or -eBM'I (meaning 'son of'), female ones end -OBH8 or -eBH8
('daughter of'). The ending -OBM'I/-OBH8 follows hard consonants (MBaH -
B8HOBM'tMB8HOBH8); -eBM'I/-eBH8 is the corresponding 'soft' ending,
replacing the i or b of names such as Mropb (MropeBM't/MropeBH8) or
AHApei (AHApeesM"IIAHApeesH8). Note that if the name ends -Mi
(B8cMnMi), the M is replaced by a soft sign (B8cMngeBM'I/B8CMn)z8BH8).
So you may hear:
- n03H8KoMbTecb, nO)l(SnyicT8, 3TO Bn8AMMMp &OpMCOBM'I. 'Let me
introduce you (become acquainted), please, this is Vladimir Borisovich
('son of Boris').'
MBSH MBaHoBM'I Ivan Ivanovich (son of Ivan)
&OpMC CepreeBM" Boris son of Sergei (-8BM't for names ending b or i)
BceBonoA Bn8AMMMpOBM" Vsevolod son of Vladimir
H8TanbJ1 MBaHoBH8 Natalia daughter f Ivan
M8pMJ1 CepreeBH8 Maria daughter of Sergei (-eBH8 for names ending b
or i)
62

POSSESSION, GOING PLACES; THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
These long double names are in such common use between people who
call each other Bbl that patronymics are usually shortened in speech,
dropping the -OB- or -8B- (unless stressed). So Cepr8eBM" is normally pro-
nounced CepreM", MB8HOBH8 is pronounced MBaHH8. However, a
patronymic such as n8TpOBM", stressed on the -6B-, cannot be shortened
in that way.
Russians do not expect you as a foreigner to have a patronymic, though
there is nothing to stop you creating one - (P8A*MH8nbAOBM"1 A*OHOBH8/
A8P3HOBM"/A*oPA*8BH8 or whatever). If you do not want to leave a blank
against OT'fecTBO on Russian fonns, you can put in your middle name(s), if
you have any.
6.12 EXTRA: Exceptional Patronymics
A small number of male official first names (i.e. not intimate fonns) end-8
e.g. HMKMT8. Such names are rare. They fonn patronymics as follows:
MnbR (Elias): MnbM"MnbMHM"H8
KY3bMa: KY3bMM'IIKY3bMMHM"H8
nYK8 (Luke): nYKM"lnYKMHM"H8
HMKMT8:HMKMTMMKMTM"H8
CDOMS (Thomas): C»OMM'IIC»OMMHM'tH8
6.13 EXTRA On Choice of Names
Russians are conservative when naming children, keeping to a relatively
small number of old, safe names such as EneH8, HMKon8M, Bn8AMMMp,
H8TanbJ1. You will probably find that all the Russian men you meet share
about a dozen names, while the women have about two dozen. There was
a fashion in the thirties for more 'international' names such as Po6epT,
3AyapA, and immediately after the revolution for new, revolutionary
names, but now people prefer to play safe. In the case of boys, parents
always bear in mind that an 'unfortunate' choice of name (Cny-rHMK
'Sputnik', TpaKTop 'Tractor'), which seemed all right at the time, will be
inflicted on the grandchildren too through the patronymic. Some relics of
63

LESSON 6
the revolutionary names survive: B..nop8 (from the initial letters of
.BnSAMM"p Mn bM'I lleH"H gpr8H..38Top geBonlOt4.... - 'V.I.L. Organizer
of the Revolution'; P"KC (P866'1"x .. KpecTbRH cOlO3 'Union of the
Workers and Peasants'), PeM or PeM8 (PeBonlOt4..R MM po8aR 'World
Revolution') M8pneH ('Marx and Lenin'), Bn8AJ1eH ('Vladimir Lenin'),
H..Henb ([nee-nyeI Y ] a female name - neH"H backwards).
6.14 Surnames
Every Russian has a surname or family' name (8MMn"R), typically end-
ing -os, -eB, -8B, -MH or -blH for men (6pe)l(He8, rOp68'18B, K8peH..H,
COn)l(eHMt4bIH), and -OB8, -e88, -"H8, -b1H8 for women (6pe)l(HeB8,
rOp68'18Ba, K8peH"Ha). The commonest Russian surnames are
MsaHoB/MB8Hosa, non08lnonoB8, CM"PHOB/CM"PHOB8 (though in
Russian jokes the equivalent of 'Smith, Jones and Brown' is M88HOS,
neTpoB M CMAOpos). Some surnames, for example AocToe8cK..M, are
adjectives, so the feminine fonn ends -8R (AocToescK8R - see 7.3).
Surnames with other endings, e.g. n8CTepHaK, roronb (the writer
Gogol'), WMMAT (Schmidt), 6paYH (Brown), noyn (Pope) do not have
feminine foons. As you might expect (5.10), they decline for males, but as female
names are indeclinable: Bbl 3HseTe PM'IapAi noyn.? 'Do you know Richard
Pope (ace.)?'; Bbl 3HaeTe 6ap68PX no yn ? 'Do you know Barbara Pope?'
6. 15 Etiquette
Acquaintances who call each other Bbl will nonnally use the first name
and patronymic. So if MBSH MB8HOBM'I CM"PHOB meets his acquaintance
MpMH8 neTposH8 nOn088, the conversation may begin:
M.M.: 3APSScTBYMTe, MpMH8 neTpoBH8.
M.n.: 3Apa8cTBYMTe, M8SH MB8HOBM'I.
Children use Bbl to adults and call their teachers by their MMR-OT'IeCTBo.
Adults reply with Tbl, and use the intimate fonn of the first name. So if little
Tat'iana meets her friend's mother Klara Aleksandrovna, the conversation
may start:
64

POSSESSION; GOING PLACES, THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
T.: 3ApaBcTBYMTe, Knilpa AneKCilHAPOBHa.
K.A.: 3APSBCTBYM, TSHJ1.
Although you, as a foreigner, may not be expected to handle the long
double names, your politeness will be appreciated if you make the effort.
When you meet someone you are likely to have to deal with again, ask
npOCTMTe, KaK Bawe MMJ1 M O'NeCTBo? 'Excuse me, what ('how') are
your name and patronymic?' If you address MBSH MBSHOBMif CMMpHOB as
MBSH MBsHoBMIf, that is the equivalent of 'calling him Mr Smimov in
English. Although every Russian has a'surname, there are no generally
used equivalents of Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms.
When talking to or about foreigners, Russians usually use Russified
versions of foreign titles: MMcTep CMMT, MMCCMC/MMCC YonKep for 'Mr
Smith' and 'Mrs/Miss Walker', MOC" for 'monsieur', *psy for Gennan
'Frau', and so on.
6.16 Vocabulary (in Alphabetical Order)
Baw your (poi/pI. 6.2)
rOA [got] year
prep. B rOAY [vga-do'o] in a year
AeAywKa (m) grandfather
AOIfb (f) prep. AOIfepM (5.6) daughter
ero [ye-x6] his; its (6.2)
ee [ye-y6] her (6.2)
>K8Ha wife
38 + ace. for (in return for)
cnacM60 38 + ace. thank you
for (5th)
38BTpa [zaf-tra] tomorrow
MATM [eet-te'e] to go (on foot)
J1 MAY, Tbl MAeWb
MMJ1 (neuter!) forename, first name
MX their (6.2)
nlO6MTb to love, be fond of
J1 n 106 n 10, 1 Tbl ntb6Mwb
Mara3MH shop
MMHy"a minute
MOM (6.2) my
MY>K [moos h) husband
MY3blKa music
Haw (6.2) our
HeAenJ1 week
Hennoxo not bad, not badly
oTeLl (ace OTL\i) father
OT"lecTBO [6-chye-stva] patronymic
1. Every rOBOpMTb-type (type 2) verb whose stem ends 6 B M n or cIJ (all labial
[lip] consonants) has this extra -n- in the 'I' (II) fonn.
65

LESSON 6
nOAO*AMTe (noA0*AM with Tbl)
wait (imper')
nO)l(MBaTb to live, get along
KaK no*MB88'r . . .? How is. . . ?
n03APSBnAIO! congratulations!
(= I congratulate)
n03HsK6MbTecb meet (become
acquainted) (imper ' )
[ps-zna-k6m y -tyes y ]
n030BMTe (n030BM with Tbl) call
(imperative form)
6.17 Dialogues (Translation in Key)
pS60TS work
HS ps66Te at work
HS ps66TY to work
cei'lac now, at the moment
CblH son
TSK so
TBOi your (fam 6.2)
Y)I(e [oo-zhe] already
sMMnMR surname
'1SC hour
'1epe3 + acc. through; across; after
(a period of time)
BSAMM: Bbl n.o6MTe MY3bIKY?
EBs: 6'1eHb. SI nlO6ntb rnMHKY M &opoAMHa.
BBAMM: A npoK6b8Ba?
EBs: He 6'1eHb.
KM: 3ApaBcTByiTe, MMxsMn neTp6BM'I, KSK Bbl )l(MBiTe?
Mn: Henn6xo, KOHCTSHTMH MMxainoBM'I. A Bbl?
KM: TO)l(e Hennoxo.
Mn: KYAB Bbl MAITe?
KM: Hs ps6oTY. A Bbl?
Mn: fI MAY B Msrs3MH. A KSK nO)l(MBaeT BaWS )l(eHa, HSTanbR
&OpMCOBHS?
KM: Xopow6. 3aBTps OHa eAeT B MOCKBY. Haws A6'1b HMHS
)l(MBiT TSM Y)I(e raA. Bbl3HaeTe ei MY)I(S AHApeA?
Mn: As, R era 3HalO.
KM: A MX cblHa 30BYr MMWS.
Mn: CbIHS?r TSK Bbl Y)I(e AeAywKs, KOHCTSHTMH MMxainoBM'I.
n03APsBnAIO Bsci
66

POSSESSION, GOING PLACES. THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
EXERCISE 6/3
Using n03OBM1"8 'call' and the accusative fonn of the name, call the following
to the telephone:
I Call BaH, please (= May I speak to Ivan, please?).
2 Call Mropb neTpoBM't.
3 Please call H8T8wa.
4 Please call HaTanbR AneKc8HAPOBH8.
EXERCISE 6/4
Say in Russian:
I Good morning, Ivan Petrovich.
2 Where is our hotel?
3 Thank you for the wine.
4 Please wait a minute.
5 Is that your (pol) wife?
EXERCISE 6/5
What are the nominative fonns of the names of the five people mentioned
in these two dialogues?
A: n030BMTe, nO)l(anyicT8, MMx8Mn8 CepreeBM't8 M nlOAMMny
AHAp8eBHY.
6: CeM'tac.
A: Bbl nlO6MTe MapK8 TBeH8?
6: HeT. Sf nlO6nlO C3nMHA*ep8 M Ar8TY KpMCTM.
67

7
YPOK HOMEP CEMb
DESCRIBING THINGS:
ADJECTIVES
7.1 Phrases with Adjectives
&onbwoi TesTp
PYCCKMi fl3blK
.Q06Pbli AeHb
TBepcKafi ynML48
A06poe Yrpo
B &onbwoM TeaTpe
H8 KpacHoM nnolq8.qM
Bolshoi (Big) Theatre
Russian language
Good day
Tver' Street (Moscow's main street)
Good morning
in the Bolshoi Theatre
in (on) Red Square
Pronunciation note: the M in the endings -biM and -MM is inaudible, so
there's no need to make an effort to pronounce it.
7.2 Adjectives
An adjective is a word such as 'good', 'interesting', 'Soviet' which can
describe a noun, that is, any word which fits in the gap in a sentence such
as 'It's a thing'. In Russian, adjectives have endings which must
agree with the noun, that is, if the noun is neuter (Yrpo 'morning'), then
the adjective must have a neuter ending too (the ending -oe on A06poe in
.Q06poe Yrpo 'Good morning').
If you look in a dictionary, you will find adjectives in their masculine
nominative t fonn. There are three possible masculine endings: -biM (the
commonest), -MM and -OM. These endings are all related: -bli is the
68

DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES
commonest one, -MM is the ending if the last consonant of the adjective is
soft (7.5) or one of the spelling rule consonants (8.3), and -6i replaces -bli
and -Mi if the adjective is stressed on the ending.
Three standard examples are:
HOBbli
PYCCKMi
BTOp6i
new
Russian
second
Russian adjectives are much simpler than nouns. First, once you know the
basic endings, you find that there are really no exceptions. Second, once
you have learnt the stress on the masculine fonn, the stress is on the same
syllable in all other fonns of the adjective.
7.3 Feminine Adjective Ending: -8R
Here are the feminine fonns of our three typical adjectives:
HOB8f1
PYCCK8f1
BTopaR
H6BIB ynM
PycCKIB r83eT8
BTOPH ABepb
new street
Russian newspaper
the second door
7.4 Neuter Adjectives: -oe
H6Boe
PYCCKoe
BTop6e
H6B MMR
PYCCK MMR
BTopa ynp8JKHeHMe
new name
Russian name
second exercise
EXERCISE 7/1
Put on the required endings:
1 3an8AH(bIM)_ CM6Mpb (f) Western Siberia. 2 pYCCK(MM)_ 'f8M
Russian tea. 3 H6B(bli)_ rocTMHM new hotel. 4 KpacH(bIM)_
nn61L18Ab Red Square. 5 &onbw(6i)_ KB8pTMp8 large flat.
69

LESSON 7
6 MilneHbK(MM}_ OKHO small window. 7 nYWKMHCK(MM)_ nnOlq8Ab
Pushkin Square. 8 6pMT8HCK(Mi)_ noc6nbcTBo The British Embassy.
7.5 Soft Adjectives (-HMi)
There are a few 'soft' adjectives ending -HMi. These have -Mi where
H6Bbii has -bIM, -JIJI where H6BbiM has -aJl, -ee where HOBblM has -oe.
Most 'soft' adjectives have a time meaning, e.g. the parts of the day and
the seasons. Here is a list of the commonest:
m f n
nocneAHMM last nocneAHRR nocneAHee
YTpeHHMM morning YTpeHHRJI YTpeHHee
Be'tepHMi evening Be'tepHJIJI Be-.epHee
BeceHHMM spring BeCeHHJlR BeceHHee
3MMHMM winter 3MMHJIJI 3MMHee
neTHMM summer neTHJlR neTHee
oceHHMM autumn OCeHHRJI oceHHee
Be'tepHJIJI ra3eTa evening newspaper
BeceHHMM AeHb spring day
3MMHee nanbTo winter overcoat
neTHJIJI HO'tb summer night
OCeHHJIJI noroA8 autumn weather
For xopowMi 'good' see 8.10.
7.6 An Exception: the TpeTMM ('Third') Type
The only important exception is TpeTMM 'third', whose endings do not fit
in any of our categories above. This adjective has the ending -bJi in the
feminine and -be in the neuter:
TpeTMM AeHb
TpeT bJl HO'tb
TpeT YTPO
third day
third night
third morning
70

DESCRIBING THINGS. ADJECTIVES
7.7 EXTRA: More Examples of the TpeTMi Type
The other (rare) adjectives of the TpeTMM type are nearly all derived from the
names of living things, particularly animals, e.g. c06a'tMM 'dog's' (C068'tbJl
)l(M3Hb 'dog's life'), KOW8'tMM 'eat's' (Kowa'tbJl wepcTb 'cat fur'). One to
note is OO)l(MM from 60r 'god' (66)1(bJi MMnoCTb 'God's mercy').
EXERCISE 7/2
Put on the required endings:
1 nOcn6AH_ MMHy...8 The last minute. 2 3MMH_ y...po Winter morning.
3 TpeT_ YPOK The third lesson. 4 TpeT_ ynMLl8 The third street.
7.8 KaKoi 'What (kind of) . . .'?
If you want to ask what something is like, use the adjective K8KOM (same
endings as BTOpoi):
K8K8J1 3TO M8WMH8?
K8K8R nOrOA8 B MocKBe?
K8K6e 3TO BMH6?
What kind of car is it?
What's the weather like in Moscow?
What wine is this?
7.9 'This' and 'That': 3TOT and TOT
When used in noun phrases ('this house', 'that woman'), 'this' and 'that'
are translated by 3TOT, which agrees t with its noun like this:
m
3TOT AOM
this house
3TOT AOM cTapblM.
3T8 KHMr8 MOR.
f
3Ta KHMr8
this book
n
3TO nMcbM6
this letter
This house is old.
This book is mine.
71

LESSON 7
If you wish to contrast 'this' (i.e. near me) with 'that' (Le. not near me),
you can translate 'that' with the word TOT, which has the same endings as
3TOT:
TOT AOM
that house
Ta KHMra
that book
TO nMCbM 6
that letter
3Ta KHMra MOR, a Ta KHMra BaWa. This book is mine and that one is yours.
7.10 EXTRA: 3Ta KHMra MOR versus 3TO KHMra
Note the difference between 3ToT/3Ta in sentences such as 'This book is
mine' 3Ta KHMra MOR and indeclinable 3TO in sentences such as 'This is
my book' 3TQ MOR KHMra (Lesson 3). In 3Ta KHMra MOR, 'this' and 'book'
are part of the same noun phrase and therefore agree. In 3-ro MOR KHMra
'This is my book', 3TO and KHMra belong to different parts of the sentence.
Note also that because 3TO, the neuter fonn of 3TOT, looks and sounds the
same as indeclinable 3TO, 3TO nMcbMo has two meanings: it means both
'This letter' and 'This is a letter'.
7. 11 Prepositional Case of Adjectives
If the noun is in the prepositional case, the adjective must agree', Le. be in
the same case as the noun. The endings are:
m and n (always the same): -OM for the HOBblilPyccKMilAPyroM types
-eM for soft adjectives (with -HMM) and
adjectives like XOPOWMM 'good' (see 8.10)
B HOBQM ropoAeJKaclHt
B PYCCKQM ropoAeiKacIJe
B APyr6M ropoAeiKacIJe
B 3MMHB! ropoAeinanbTo
Tp8TMM 'third' has -beM
B Tp8TIIIM oMelnMcbMe
in a new town/cafe
in a Russian town/cafe
in another town/cafe
in a wintry town/winter overcoat
in the third house/letter
72

DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES
The f equivalent of -OM is -OM; the f equivalent of -eM is -eM:
B HOBgj KHMre
B PYCCK OM KHMre
B APyrgj KHMre
B 3MMHU wanKe
B Tp8T beM KHMre
in a new book
in a Russian book
in another book
in a winter hat
in the third book
7.12 Accusative of Adjectives
Masculine (m) and neuter (n)
If the noun doesn't change, the adjective doesn't change:
pYCCKMM Jl3bIK (m nom.) KpacMBbIM. Russian is beautiful.
s:I 3HalO PYCCKMM Jl3blK (m ace.). I know Russian.
3TO Hawe HOBoe MeTpo (n nom.). This is our new metro.
s:I nlO6nlb Hluue H6Boe MEnp6 (n ace.). I love our new metro.
With masculine animate t nouns (people and animals), adjectives of the
HOBblWPYCCKMWBTOPOM types end -oro (note that r in this ending is
pronounced [v]):
Bbl 3HaeTe HOBoro PyccKoro
coceA8?
OHa nlb6MT BTop6ro My.a?
Do you know the new Russian
neighbour?
Does she love her second husband?
Adjectives of the nocn6AHMM and Tp8TMM types have -ero (r again pro-
nounced [v]):
Mbl 3HaeM nocneAHero 48PIl.
Bbl 3HaeTe ee Tp8TberO My.a?
We know the last tsar.
Do you know her third husband?
This alternation of 0 and e in the endings -oro and -ero is part of a pattern
in adjective endings. Compare the endings -OM and -eM of the prepositions
in 7.11 above.
Feminine (f)
-aJI becomes -YIO
-JiR becomes -1010
TpeTbJl becomes Tp8TblO
73

LESSON 7
nom.: xonOAHaR 3MMHJIJI noroA8 cold winter weather
Bbl nlb6MTe xonoAHm 3MMH norOAY? Do you like cold winter weather?
7.13 Accusative of Moi, Taoi, Haw, saw, 3TOT, TOT
m inanimate and n: same as nominative
Bbl 3HaeTe MoM/Haw/ToT r6pOA? Do you know my/our/that town?
OH nlO6MT Hawel3To BMHO. He loves our/this wine.
m animate
Bbl 3HaeTe Moero/H8wero APyra? Do you know my/our friend?
OHa nlO6MT 3Toro/ She loves this/that Englishman.
Toro aHrnM'IaHMHa.
f
Bbl 3H8eTe MOtb/H8WY AO'lb?
SI 3H81O 3TY!Ty )l(eHMHY.
Do you know my/our daughter?
I know this/that woman.
7.14 Prepositional of Possessives (MOM etc.), 3TOT and TOT
m and n
B Mo eMfr B 08M AOMelnMcbMe
(note the dots)
B H8w eMl Baw eM AOMelnMcbMe
B 3 TOMITOM AOMelnMcbMe
in my/your house/letter
in our/your house/letter
in this/that house/letter
f
B MOi8/TBOti\ KHMre
B H8wdlB8Wd, KHMII
B 3Tmt!Tm;, KHMre
in my/your book
in our/your book
in this/that book
7.15 Example Phrases
3Ta KHMra Ha PYCCKm! Jl3b1Ke. This book is in Russian (Russians say
lon' a language, not lin').
74

DESCRIBING THINGS' ADJECTIVES
H8 KpaCHmt nn611\8AM
B 60nbW TeaTpe
B TpeTI4i KBapTMpe
B ae'lepHU ra38Te
B neTHIM Kac1»6
7.16 Adverbs
on Red Square
at the Bolshoi Theatre
in flat number three (the third flat)
in the evening paper
in the summer cafe (street cafe)
Adverbs t are words which can fill the gap in a sentence such as 'She
speaks Russian " e.g. quickly, well, often, impressively. English
adverbs are often fonned from adjectives by adding -ly (nicely, cleverly,
coldly etc.). The commonest adverb ending in Russian is -0, replacing the
-bIM/-MM/-6M adjective ending. Adverbs are always indeclinable t . Examples:
KpaCMBblM beautifu I
MHTepecHblM interesting
xon6AHbiM cold
XOp6WMM good (see Lesson 8.10)
OHa rOBopMT xopow6.
KpaCMBO beautifully
MHTepecHo interestingly
x6noAHo coldly (NB stress)
xopow6 well (NB stress)
She speaks well.
7. 17 Vocabulary (with Pronunciation Check)
aMepMKaHCKMM American (adD
[a-mye-ree-kan-skee)
60nbw6M [bal v -sh6y) large
6pMTaHCKMi [bree-tan-skee) British
BaHH8fI (f adD (vil-nna-ya) bathroom
Be'lepHMM [vye-chyer-nee]
evening (adD
BTOp6M [fta-r6y] second
rnaBHblM [glav-nl] main
r6poA [g6-rat] town, city
A66pblM (d6-brl] good, kind
A6Ma [d6-ma] at home
eCTb [yest v ] is/are (8.9)
38nBAHbIM [za-pad-nl] western
3MMHMM [ze 'em-nee] winter
3HaMeHMTbiM [zna-mye-ne' e-tl]
famous
MHTep6cHblM [een-tye-rye-snl)
interesting
KaK6M [ka-k6y] what kind of
KsapTMpa (kvar-te e-ra] flat,
apartment
KHMra [kne' e-ga] book
KpacMBblM [kra-se' e-vl] beautiful,
attractive
KpacHblM [kra-snl] red
KpeMnb (m) [kryemlY) the Kremlin
(fortress)
75

LESSON 7
KYXHJI [ko 'oh-nya] kitchen
S or H8 KyxHe in the kitchen
neTHMM [Iyet-nee] summer
M8neHbKMM [ma-Iyenv-kee] small
MOCT [most] bridge
prep. H8 MOCry [na-ma-sto'o]
on a bridge
HOSblM [n6-vl] new
nanbTo (n indeclinable) [pal v -t6]
overcoat
nepsblM [pyer-vi] first
nnSH [plan] plan I street map
noroA8 [pa-g6-da] weather
nOK83blSSTb ( +acc.) [ps-ka-zi-v8tY)
to show (something)
JI nOK83b1S81O, Tbl
nOK83bls8ewb
nocneAHMM [pa-slyed-nee] last
n0c6nbCTBO [pa-s6l v -stva] embassy
peK8 acc. peKY [rye-ka rye-koo]
river
PYCCKMM [ro o-skee] Russian
PHAOM [rya-d8m] nearby, alongside
ceroAHJI [NS: sye-v6d-nY8] today
Cn8nbHJI [spalv-nya) bedroom
CT8H4MJI [stan-tsl-ys] station
(on metro or in country)
H8 cTaH4MM [na-stan-tsi-ee] at
a station
cTapblM [sta-ri] old
T8K)I(e [tag-zhe] also, in addition
TeaTp [tye-atr] theatre
TennblM [ty6-pli] warm
TOT [tot] that (7.9)
TpeTMM [trye-tee] third (7.6)
xonoAHblM [ha-16d-ni] cold
wKon8 [shk6-la] school
3T8)1( [e-tash] floor, storey
H8 3T8)1(j [na-e-ta-zhe] on
a floor
3TOT [e-tat] this (7.9)
7.18 TeKcTbl Texts (Translations in Key)
A: MOCKS8 - 60nbwoM r6poA. B MocKse Kp8CMS8J1 peKa,
3HsMeHMTbiM YHMsepcMTeT. Bbl y)l(e 3HaeTe KpacHYIO nn6&q8Ab,
50nbwoM TeaTp, TsepcKYIO ynM4Y.
5: 3H81O. TsepcK8J1 ynM48 - 3TO rn8SH8J1 ynM48.
A: (nOK83bls8eT H8 nnaHe) BOT TsepCK8J1, SOT H6SbiM Ap68T, 8 SOT
CTapbli Ap6aT, O'teHb CTapSJI ynMLI8. 3T0 rOCTMHM4S ccPOCCMJI»,
O'teHb 60nbwaJl rOCTMHMLI8. 3AeCb KpeMnb, PRAOM 50nbwoi
KaMeHHbli; MOCT, S 3TO 6pMT8HCKoe noc6nbCTSO, Ha
H86epe)l(H0i1*. BOT 8MepMKaHCKoe noc6nbCTSO, 8 SOT
K8HBACKoe* .
76

DESCRIBING THINGS: ADJECTIVES
A: Ao6poe YTPo.
6: Ao6pblM AeHb.
A: nO'teMY Bbl B 3MMHeM nanbTo? noroA8 cer6AHJI TinnaJi.
6: 3TO He 3MMHee nanbTo, a neTHee.
*
Mbl )l(MBiM B MOCK Be. Mbl - 3TO fI, naBen naBnOBM't neTpOB, MOR
)l(eHa CBeTnaHa AneKc8HAPoBHa M Hawa AO'tb EneHa. B wKone ei
30BYT neHa, a AOMa Mbl ei 30BiM neHywa. MOR MaTb, 3MHaMA8
EropoBHa, TO)l(e )l(MBiT B MocKBe. OHa )l(MBiT B CTapOM AOMe B
4eHTpe, a Mbl )l(MBiM B HOBOM KB8pTMpe B HOBOM AOMe Ha .oro-
3ltnSAe t . Haw AOM Ha npoCneKTe BepHitAcKoro. Bbl 3HaeTe CT8H4MIO
«lOro-3itnSAHaJl»*? Mbl )l(MBiM H8 TpeTbeM 3Ta)l(e. B HaweM KBapTMpe
eCTb npMXO)l(aRt, 6onbw8R KOMH8Ta, Cn8nbHJI. ECTb T8K)I(e
ManeHbKaJl KYXHJI, B8HHaR M ,-yaneT.
t Extra Vocabulary for Texts
K8MeHHbiM [k8-mye-ni] stone (adj)
KaH8AcKMM [ka-nat-skee] Canadian
Ha6epe)l(HaJi (f adD embankment
[na-bye-ryezh-na-ya]
npMXO)l(aJi (f adj) [pree-h6-zha-ya]
entrance hall
EXERCISE 7/3
Ibro-3ltnSA [yo' o-ga-za-pat] the
south-west
Ha tbro-3ltnSAe in the south-west
«lOro-3ltnSAHaJl» (f adj) 'South
Western' (metro station)
[yo o-ga-za-pad-na-ya]
Put on the required endings and translate:
1 OH )l(MBiT B 38nSAH_ CM6Mp_. 2 Bbl 3HaeT8 HOB_
rOCTMHM4_? 3 OHM MA- H8 KpltCH_ nno llA . 4 OHa B 3MMH_
nanbTo. 5 Bbl 3HaeTe MO_ BTOp_ )l(eH_? 6 B 3T---:-
Mara3MH_ pa60TaeT MO_ AO'tb. 7 OHa nOKa3blBaeT HOB_
3MMH_ nanbTO. 8 - KaK_ ceroAHR noroA8? - Tinn_.
77

Mara3MH
ccMOCK6BCKM A6M
KHMrM» 
\
c:,
.'.'
,.
V;),.
'I'
"'.:,.
:o.
>..-.:;. ;
eHTpanbHM i2
U/ M48'
,. Hanb'"
9Cl  <.... / /
"'''ita  
..,OHOT /
)$: D
I
.0
1' .. , . .. . 1 . . . . . .. . . . r7
'' v/
..
,
nep. CM848B Bpi>K8K
I D
Pblneeea yn.
L/
nnaH 48HTp8nbHOM aCTM r6poAS (Map of the city centre)
..... *-tlt
'o

<If

f1er'Ul'6.
KpaCHaR
nn6b
(Red Squareb
,
MOCKBA
(MOSCOW)

LESSON 7
EXERCISE 7/4
Say in Russian:
1 Where is Red Square?
2 She is in (on) Red Square.
3 We're going to Red Square.
4 Is this book yours?
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 7/5
1 What is the most direct route from GUM to Miasnitskaia Street?
2 On which square does the Natsional' Hotel stand?
3 Tell an English visitor who knows enough Russian to read the street
names how to get from Great Stone Bridge to Pushkin Square.
80

8
YP6K HOMEP B6cEMb
PLURALS; SPELLING RULES;
BUYING THINGS
8.1 Key Phrases
rAe HSWM MeeTS?
ABitTe, nO.&nyitCTa, anenbCMHbl.
r Ae MOM APY3bll?
ECTb aMepMK8HCKMe ra3eTbl?
nMp0)l(KM, nO)l(snyitcTS.
ECTb 6nMHbl?
BOT AeHbrM.
Where are our seats (places)?
Give (me) (some) oranges, please.
Where are my friends?
Are there (any) American newspapers?
(Some) pies, please.
Are there pancakes?
Here is the money.
8.2 Nominative Plural of Masculine and Feminine Nouns
All the phrases in 8.1 contain nouns in the fonn of the nominative plural
('seats', 'oranges', 'friends' etc.). To make nouns plural, the basic ending
for both masculine and feminine nouns is -bl. Masculine nouns add -bl,
feminine nouns replace their -a with -bl. So:
6nMH 'pancake' becomes 6nMHt21 'pancakes'
ra38Ta 'newspaper' becomes raHT)d 'newspapers'
The ending -bl has the variant -M, depending on the last consonant of the
noun. If the masculine noun ends with a soft sign (b) or it, then the plural
ending replaces the soft sign or it with -M. If the feminine noun ends b or ",
then the ending replacing the b or JI is also M:
81

LESSON 8
ABepb door
HeAenJi week
ABepH doors
HeAenH weeks
8.3 Spelling Rule 1
In addition, you have to know the so-called 'spelling rule s " which affect
the spelling of endings right through the grammar. The first spelling rule,
which we need to fonn plurals correctly, is as follows:
After the following seven letters, where you would expect -bl, for example
in the plural, you always find -M instead.
r J these three letters are all
K pronounced in the same
x place, at the back of the mouth
)I( } these are two of the three consonants
W which are always hard (see 2.7)
'I } these are the two consonants
114 which are always soft (2.6).
This rule has no particular logic to it. It is simply a result of sound and
spelling changes in the history of Russian. But it is worth learning, since
you will need it frequently.
Because of this rule, the plural of Jl3blK 'language' is Jl3blKM (not
Jl3bIKbl), the plural of KHMr8 'book' is KHMrM 'books' (not KHMrbl). (This
rule also explains why the ending of the adjectives PYCCKMM 'Russian' and
XOPOWMM 'good' is -MM and not -biM as in HOBblM 'new' - see 7.2.)
8.4 Nominative Plural of Neuter Nouns
Replace the ending -0 with -8 and (usually) change the place of the stress.
Nouns ending -e replace the ending -e with -Jl.
MecTO 'place'
OKHO 'window'
BMHO 'wine'
MeeTS 'places'
OKH8 'windows'
BMH8 'wines'
ynpa)l(HeHMe 'exercise'
ynp8)1(HeHMJI 'exercises'
82

PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS
8.5 Plural Exceptions (Nouns We've Met So Far)
8HrnM'f8HMH Englishman aHrnM'f8H Englishmen
AOM house AOMi houses
6p8T brother 6pa TbR brothers
ropoA town ropoAi towns
AO'fb daughter AO'f epM daughters (that extra -ep-)
APyr friend AP Y3b friends
MMR name MMeHB names
M8Tb mother M8 TepM mothers (extra -ep-)
MY)l( husband MY)I(I!B husbands
CblH son CbIH sons
6noKo apple 6noKH apples
These are unpredictable. The biggest category of exceptions is short
masculine nouns ending in a consonant and stressed on the stem in the sin-
gular, many of which end in -8 in the plural. AOM 'house' AOM8 'houses'
is a good example. Many names of professions and jobs also end -8, for
example npocIJeccop 'professor' npocj)eccop8 'professors', AMp8KTOp
'director' AMpeKTOp8 'directors'; in this type of case, which is getting
more widespread, the stress of the singular is not a factor. You will meet
variants. MH>KeHep 'engineer' in dictionaries has the plural MH)I(eHepbl,
but many engineers call themselves MH)I(eHep8. Irregular plural fonns will
be shown in the vocabularies.
8.6 Mobile' or 'Fill' Vowels: oT(e)4 pl. OT4bl
Some masculine nouns which end consonant + e (or 0) + consonant, e.g.
oTe4 'father', drop the e or 0 whenever an ending is added. So the plural
of oTe4 is not oTe4bl but OT4bl. These disappearing vowels are called
'mobile' or 'fill' vowels and they are shown in parentheses in the vocabu-
laries like this: oT(e)4
Other examples:
8MepMK8H(e)4
npoA8B(e)4
nMpO)l(o)K
pie
pI. 8MepMK8H4bl
pl. npoA8Bbl
pI. nMpO)l(KM
American
sales assistant
83

A(e)Hb (m)
pbIH(O)K
LESSON 8
day
market
pI. AHM
Ha pblHKe (prep.) at
the market
The ending -e4, common with names of nationalities, nearly always has a
mobile e, e.g. RnoH(e)4 'Japanese' pI. Rn OHL&bl .
The endings -ee4 [ye-yets], -se4, -oe4, e.g. in eBpone(e)q 'a European',
also have a mobile e, but when the e drops out it leaves the consonantal [y]
sound in the fonn of the letter M. So the plural of eBpone(e)4 'European'
is espOneM4bl.
Other examples:
KMTs(e)4 Chinese pI. KMT8M4bl
sannM(e)4 Welshman pl. BannMM4bl
8.7 Nominative Plural of Adjectives
All adjectives in the nom. plural end -ble (or -Me for soft adjectives and
those whose stem ends with one of the seven 'spelling rule' letters r, K, x,
., 'I, W, Iq - see 8.3 above).
HOS ble KHMrM
CTap APY3bR
60nbwg AeHbrM
nocneAHU AHM
PYCCKM 6nMHbi
new books
old friends
big money (a lot at money)
last days
Russian pancakes
8.8 Nominative Plurals of Possessives and Demonstratives
M6M/MOR/Mol
Ts6M1TsOMsoi
Haw/Hawa/H8we
saw/s8wa/s8we
3TOT/3Ta/3TO
TOTITah6
MO M [ma-e'e]
TSOH [tva-e' e]
H8W M [na-shl]
SSW!! [va-shl]
3TH [e-tee]
T [lye]
my
your (tam)
our
your (poi/pI.)
these
those
Er6, ei and MX are indeclinable, so do not change in the plural.
84

PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS
Examples:
MOM APY3bR
H8WM AeHbrM
3TM R6noKM
ero cnoBs
my friends
our money
these apples
his/its words
EXERCISE 8/1
Make the nouns plural and translate:
Regular examples: 1 ynMLI8. 2 TponneM6yc. 3 YHMBepcMTeT.
4 wKona. 5 MY3ei. 6 npoASB(e)L\. 7 nMcbMo. 8 nnolq8Ab. 9 MMHjTa.
10 HeAenJi. 11 clJaMMnMJI. Spelling-rule examples: 12 KHMra. 13 Jl3bIK.
14 nMpO)l(o)K. Irregular examples: 15 AO'fb. 16 AOM. 17 aHrnM'I8HMH.
18 nec. 19 TaKcM. 20 CbIH. 21 MMJI. 22 R6nOKO. 23 APyr.
EXERCISE 8/2
Make the adjectives and possessives nominative plural and translate:
1 PyccKaJl KHMra. 2 3TOT R3bIK. 3 neTHMM AeHb. 4 Haw CbIH. 5 CT8pblM
r6poA. 6 Moi APyr. 7 6onbw6i Mara3MH. 8 TOT rOA. 9 Bswe MecTo.
10 3TO ynp8)l(HeHMe.
The nominative plural fonns you met above are also the endings of the
accusative plural except for all phrases involving animate nouns.
AiliTe 3TM R6noKM, nO)l(il.nyiCTa. Please give (me) these apples.
SI nlO6n.o PyccKMe 6nMHbl. I love Russian pancakes.
Animate accusatives, e.g. 'I love Russian girls', are in Lesson 10.
8.9 ECTb 'is', 'are'
If you want to ask if something is available, use ecTb, with the rise-fall
intonation you met in 5.3:
85

"faM eCTb? or ECTb'laM?
&nMHbl ecTb? or ECTb 6nMHbl?
KoetJe ecTb?
ECTb.
nMpO)l(KM eCTb?
nMpO)l(KM 8CTb.
LESSON 8
Is there tea?
Are there pancakes?
Is there coffee?
There is.
Are there pies?
There are pies. (Pies are available.)
Although Russian does not nonnally require an equivalent of 'am', 'is',
'are' (6H PYCCKMM 'He (is) Russian '), eCTb is used for all fonns of the
present tense of 'to be' when 'to be' means 'to exist' or 'to be present'.
&or eCTb.
"faM eCTb.
8.10 Spelling Rule 2
God is. (God exists.)
There is tea.
Spelling Rule 1 (8.3) concerns the occurrence of M where you would other-
wise expect bl. So the nonnal nominative adjective ending is -biM (HOBbIM
'new'), but 'Russian' is PYCCK}tM and 'good' is XOp6W}tM. Rule 2
accounts for the occurrence of e where you would expect o. It affects
XOPOWMM and all adjectives ending -)I(MM, -WMM, -'IMM, -IqMM, e.g. CBe)l(HM
'fresh', rOpR'IMM 'hot', cneAYlOlqMM 'next'.
After ., 'I, W, aq and L\ (the last four of the letters in Rule 1 plus LV, you
find e where adjectives like HOBblM have o. So the nominative neuter end-
ing of XOpOWMM is xop6wee (not -oe), and the prepositional endings are
-eM and -eM (7.11), not -OM and -OM.
Xop6W18 PYCCKoe BMH6
CBe)l(e& JlML\O
B rOpR'IM BOAe
B XOp6WM PYCCKOM pecTOp8He
good Russian wine
a fresh egg
in hot water
in a good Russian restaurant
This rule also explains why Haw 'our' and Baw 'your' never have 0 after
the w:
B H8W.U HOBOM AOMe
in our new house
Rule 2 also applies to L\, as we shall see when we meet the rule again
in grammatical endings involving nouns (16.2). There are almost no
86

PLURALS, SPELLING RULES; BUYING THING
adjectives ending -L\bli, but should you ever meet KYL\bli 'tailless' or
KpacHOnML\bli 'red-faced', the neuter fonns will be KYL\ee and Kpa-
CHonML\ee.
Note. Rule 2 does not apply to stressed 6, so 60nbw6i 'big' has 0, not
e, after w. However, 60nbw6i is unique. There are no other adjectives
ending -w6i, and none ending -)I(oi, -'loi, -11\6i or -L\oi.
8.11 Vocabulary
anenbCMH orange
6enbiM white
6nMH pancake
pl. 6nMHbi
6yTep6pOA [boo-tyer-br6t] open
sandwich
BKYCHblM [fko' o-snl] tasty
BOAs ace. B6AY water
Bcer All [fsyeg-da] always
ropRMi hot
AiMTe give (imperative')
AenaTb to do; to make
R AenalO, Tbl AenaeWb
AeHbrM (pI.) [dyenv-gee] money
Aopor6i dear, expensive
APyr [drook] friend
pl. APY3bR
ecnM if
eeTb [yestV) (there) is, (there) are
KapT6clJenb (m) (no plural)
potatoes
KecIJMP fermented milk drink
KMn6 (n indeclinable) kilo(gram)
KMnorp8MM kilogram
Kon6acll salami
Mscno butter, oil
M8cTO pl. MeeTS place, seat
MonOKO milk
Mon6Hb1M milk, dair (adD
URCO meat
OTAen [ad-dyel] section (of a
shop)
nMpo)l(6)K [pee-ra-zh6k] pie
nnoxoi bad
nOKynsTb to buy
R nOKynslO, Tbl nOKynilewb
npoASBlITb to sell (3HaTb -type,
stem npoAS-, stressed on the
end - 4.7)
R npoASIb, Tbl npoASewb
npOA8B(e)L\ sales assistant
npoAYKTbl (m pI.) groceries, food
pbIH(O)K market
Ha pblHKe in/at the market
cilxap sugar
CBe.Mi (8.10) [svye-zhl] fresh
cn8AYIOI1\MM (8.10) following, next
cn6Bo word
Cblp cheese
T6nbKo only
clJPYKT a piece of fruit
xne6 bread
'XOp6WMi (8.10) [ha-,o-shl] good
'tepHblM black
87

R6nOKO apple
pl. R6nOKM
LESSON 8
RML40 [yee-t96] egg
pI. RML\8 [Y8y-t9a]
8.12 Dialogues (Translation in Key)
1 npOAYKTbl
M3PM:
BonoAfl:
M3PM:
BonoAfl:
M3pM:
BonoAfi :
2 cDPYKTbl
AHHa:
60pMC:
AHHa:
60pMC:
KaKMe npoAYKTbl PyccKMe nOKynalOT B Mara3MHe?
B Mars3MH8 Mbl nOKynaeM Kon6acy, Cblp, MonoKo, RM48,
MaCnO, KapTocl»enb, caxap. M xne6, KOHe'fHO, 'fepHblM M
6enblM. pYCCKMM xne6 6'1eHb BKYCHbIM, BcerA' cBiuKMM.
Mbl O'leHb nlO6MM AenaTb 6yrep6poAbl.
A cl»PYKTbl?
cDPYKTbl Mbl nOKynaeM H8 pblHKe. OHM AoporMe, HO
CBe)l(Me. Mbl nOKynaeM R6nOKM M anenbCMHbl, ecnM eCTb.
rAe Bbl nOKynaeTe MRCO?
B Mara3MHe MRCO nnoxoe. Xopowee, CBe)l(ee MRCO eCTb
TonbKo Ha pblHKe.
rAe npOAalOT+ anenbCMHbl?
TonbKO H8 pblHKe.
A R6noKM?
6noKM eCTb B Mara3MHe, H6 OHM nnoxMe.
1= Where do they sell oranges?/Where does one sell oranges?/Where are
oranges sold? If you use the third person plural (the 'they' fonn) of the
verb without OHM, the meaning becomes impersonal. rOBOpRT, 'ITO
PYCCKMM xne6 BcerAi CBe)l(MM 'It is said that Russian bread is always
fresh' .
3 Ha pblHK8
A: 3TM nMpO)l(KM BaWM?
6: MOM.
A: OHM CBe)l(Me?
88

PLURALS; SPELLING RULES; BUYING THINGS
6: CBluKMe, o'teHb xop6wMe.
A: .Q8MTe, nO)l(SnYMcTs, KMnorpsMu.
4 B Mara3MHe
M3pM: CKa)I01Te, nO)l(iu1yicTa, B KaKoM oTAene nPOAStOT
KecIJMP?
npOABBe4: B Mon6'fHoM.
M3pM: A RM48?
npOASBe4: TO)l(e B Mono'tHoM.
M3pM: CnacM60.
EXERCISE 8/3
Say in Russian:
1 Is there (any) coffee? 2 Are there (any) fresh sandwiches? 3 Where are
your friends? 4 I love Russian pancakes. 5 Black bread, please. 6 Give
(me) these oranges, please.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 8/4
Here is a list of fifteen of the peoples of Europe. Guess who is who and
see if you can work out the masculine singular fonn of each nationality,
bearing in mind the example aMepMKsH(e)4IaMepMK8H4bl in the section
on mobile vowels (8.6 above). The capital city of each nationality is given
in brackets.
B EBpOne )l(MBYT 6enopycbl (MMHcK), BannMM4bl (KsPAM"), BeHrpbl
(6YASnewT), MpnsHA4bl (Ay6nMH), Mcn8H4bl (MSApMA), naTblwM
(PMra), nMT6BL\bl (BMnbHIOC), HeM4bl (6epnMH), nonRKM (BapwsBa),
clJpaHL\Y3bl (napM)I(), PYCCKM8 (MOCKB8), YKpaMHL\bl (KMeB), WB8Abl
(CToKronbM), wOTnsHA4bl (3AMH6ypr), 3CTOHL\bl (TannMHH).
89

ii:', ..<" ..... ....' .',. '" .......... ">,':' <' ':,;)Y  )!;{'H:\"" ,.
'Pi." ',, . :.<, < /: . ..>:"'"jJ\ £";'{>i:,{'. ':;"'"', '
',i\; :", " ,,',,' ii':/<i' :;/ - \ ,\' :'/ .' . "', " '.'
,'Y d '.' <i.';;' '" .' ", ", ,,'t...i"'i,'i \ .-,,\, ,i.:,.', ,
'. ':L, ,<;',.:/. /.:""'!}</:' \ .;,,;' '.,'\'<Y'., ,
,.;...,/'..' ....'., ,x' . t:...;' '\ 'b b -;" .' , 'Ai' "'.. '
',>j:"?""""/",,...-., 1 ",'", ,:,jfc :,," .
..........,' .............,;.....,..:.......,..:..:.. ,', \  "." ,.,... ,......,; ,ex',
"".' ",.. H..,....> <'?!r' ,.,., '.I!J.lIiJ'!,</t/. <' ',i,'.,:;;. .;-'
X\{'),!. .....,,\'J....,};;,' JBtJlt¥.,:,{;Tj. '(" </i.e};,:;::
:;.:.: p"'\:y;)"'{>\;  \,  J \ii y.;;?'i;i';;!V:',,';.'\J,:', "\;',::,::,;' ,
......,.........;. S;\/,: .,,'1".., ,.'" ."'1 11  "", ,.......;i/',;,. , ...;.f..'.:..... ''''.,;'f'.
1':'\H,;t> " ': '-) :,.,),,' \, -t1. , l ' lit...  f'" ,,;'ii .CyW( !;; ",,<t''...;,;'..:'.. " '
fi";)::./;'':' ',,/:, f!Y"' ' .Jt . '7',<.. >;)"g"'. : '.k{-I.i)';';.dF'; .,;,' ",' '.':it';/' i ,,;..:y;,.,";': ',' "
['.,,}<;,;ff C '\. '", , L:}<' ,:,..,'> ?'», --1. 1 '. E';<"'" /!fiS.,:.,".""-%;h,.!\.:,,,:([....
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rj\': j .'!P:r:</;;''';'i ; )'i'>':'; 'LV.,","",;,!'';';'; "';:,\,,,";1';, ',c; '0-;..; /'''','';, ,';,//;\r{\i".:,k <:',:''', / ;"",<)<;,:]":." :::;>";;'j/.,,':'i';'<Y.:, ,,,.,,,, : '
..,. ..r:'.. ../....c";, ','..<::j........,.'.'y "",,':"'.. ',.,..,/'........ "3...,.:; .);' """,,, <'....<-C'....{..;.:... "'".. ',,,,,. ';-". . ' .,i"'" " '
:<;;"" ............. ','.;;i:' ", ....'...,N',' '",t."q>,WC,' ,< " .,};,,'<. y.:" "ji;:'{..,:,,';"'''\ '" " '
,../"';;.', ," ,:)'f,',.', ' " ',:(/ i"/L:''"'' ")i:,.\ /"',- /., ,X', :', "r>"(> ; "':f;(\:;' \//,  :"" '>.;.":
l:;,' '........ t"r'tG_jij(,f.} :',' ;: }',:;Zr:',:,', ":\'>o "", 'i'''''; "i,i .......2i:"";",,>;. /" ,i)' ,,;:,,':
n",;';;:;).'"': .'" '.", ,", ' ';:" : ::,!f<.;';;;,':.':..;;,;'i):,;,','.:,:;:2,,:;' .,;,;:rt,:;:,,, "<;,,,,'j,"';;'?:;:')"'<:'i ':,",'-
f'  ....... 2 ', .'" ",: " :': i:' ,.i,;"";;,::::.}ik,,y: "<;c'"  y E.:;;;t.';,j)<' ." '''\;T ,i'" ,; """,<:';:.Hi;';,;+ 'Li ',';....
r>;', '. ': 3 'tAW>\'1ketari:ift. ,,:, ' "F.>:":';";,.;.::.', ';'"..........  tF:;;8;f<".J'." ,,:' ,.%'::ii.' <j".;,'<',: :.i<> if?:,
, " '. ",,.?9:1 J " ...., Xi" ',':' '..")- VV ...- ,.'h'y+;,,, , ," ';.-:.i"'.;r:;/':<'.i;:::'
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-: ,f', 5 ' .i:uiOd . ( .. . ;\ '.' , " ,'\:":.,..;:, , ,.>\ 2  " : 0"""'" "i;:;': ,:' '/ <1<;' ;:
,....,i.,. .......,.... rfanceJ;,.:./r, ,'.:'.;::. ":'.:", /.',/ ....""':.../..,.:',';- ....,:,) ,,'C'.' :>,
' I s:;": ...A.' ( '...... ) ' , ',:, ',,' ",},,,'.'\,.;,,, ".. ,;.,".: -,', ,,.... . «}},:\' .......:,',,'/?'-';: v
, ..: v ',I.'. >:,>Y,f.,' ", . , <;i< " ,.".,. .-(' .;" 'f:;,;';,:'.,"';"'''''::;J;i: ',:: ,;' ,,' , I (
>; '1, <., '< ", :',' ::', " ' .;,£,", '}\ } ?':;:;'''',<, "';,\,," ,.,,,':7,' ""',\:<1 i):"):".\;\f"":;;'7'-':',",,;..., ,,,",; ,;.: . ,.", '"
/' " ,. '>", ' " ' ,,'. k '.;. ....,......,. .'....,......",.-.,. ' ;r.:"..;..... .... - ' ,I, I
..... ",' 8 ' I:':A.' ',.i!\1oi\" "' ' ''>/.", ';"',},"'>:';' .;..\.:,:,;,.,.,.:..." ':ty ,. '.:,;.: ;: ,;;, , "...,...-..... ,
»+. ,. " Q9\'V.", ,',';, ,:Z/,:'. .', .........: .'" ,,;: i', '>:,i':\;...(, ,{.;'...1; ';1:, ,>, ." ',," 9>'>-....,....._ /
, '9 u.&;I..Jr.iIlw' ) ,:{,\,'" ......;;.., >".: ' . .....,.Y.......'. .'.'t ..' :.........//).;.:?,}>::,i.i........ ,..':.......;..)}:;).' "
, :.:;' 1 h;;z:Z£.:7Z } 'i.: ) \:5';".}:i{;,f',,;, '::,,':, , ":'",,;,, "'2,<"/":>":: :' :::':""/". ..........'r .:',;\"",;,:i /\ . ..... '" '
.:. ;','!:Y """f'J,:,,g'.J '" :., ,':/' ('" d';,}.;: ..... ..... .:,<}'....,,/',' "O:'<,.";,,};,,, " ,,',' .,'
'.  I  ' ' ,,,.../', "', , ";." <"v./<"",:,:'(""';" "".,,,.:,:,;,.: :.i/'::'i".:.,,}'): ',;';"\/:1
;',:,;, 12 ';yay,:.' : "L"/'<: ; \i;':.5' .....':)y;'i', i ,;,;\" :;:;;\t.".... x" ....:;.. ".?"../;,,>,:' :::. ""i ..'i/>./. ',r- \
'H,} '13, W {} " ,'" >. ,'/':' , ';:::,J/,'i' ................ ,';.,'XC j """ < ;';,<;, ':}(.\<i' x ,:/':.' 13
<,' ,'.'  r., ' (Fi "',' " ',) '.(: (.<','i.... "i<..," . . ......"................. 1&
".,... ;...,..........\ '.' '" ,., .. .. . : , ';': . . ';" 7./ . , ..', ".... . ....,
'. '". ..JJIJ4faI.NI',' ." .' , ... .....:.. .'. " :,.' . ..' " . ,...' .. ':'. . '. .. ". .  .:' . ,':',. I
,..",', .' ,.,.' .. "" .' ,,' "'.". ...,.'.... ""',,,' ,;-., .' ..,' . .... ."'-
.f,.p;; ( P;,iwa ) '" .' "":.:";' .. ,,":;:,»'.} """'" )
. .', "":'l R L==7!' --, ;," '" "', ,:';.' ',,:\\, .:" . ">'X, 12 I
" i, .'. , ;or,lQti.r.rQ'" . ' ' " '. . ...;-:t;r;:,";' '. ,." " . ':', ,,",7
f: .....,... 'e'" , ..... ". . .. " " ., , .r
t v;;;"Jt'<;:" ,"''l6 7 "  T "  } ) "'t <:<'., .,(:"';' ,: ' :. ,:, , ,.<;::".." _ A ;:;;:' :" ,:: "i: :".;i A tJlJ ' ... I
" ,., '0 pnn \I;;,UJ. . ".' , , '(:.,"".  ' " ':'\ ' T
f' is:' 11..t.(H);{:' '.' .' ",'l :,>, ',' "', ',. ,";;..:rf.'rt '.' ' ,"', " "".'"'".i "'1) l '
l :1,':;;r' , " ','/'.'v,'",,'" '<';; " ";'.U';,i./, ,,i.' ;(,./.., .. , ?",, (t" ,,:" ,,;/,;,/,,'»:';"'E.,;;";) V
I:", ,9''(l\ '.. "', ,.;",,::/';, .": ; :f'...... ,5) ,{')',.//i}Y,,:" ",,,.;;,
',' 2Q'.6i{): ' , .' : ,,,Fi' ...';" ," ) ;v'A ','7 , "";.:';>';';'; 4 " ......  ,. '  n
, . ".' ..... " . 3 _" ,/.':;.",}" '11'. 'I
,,' . ,21, n6.nwuaJ'nd)..?. '; ."" ;, : ,;' ' " .' '" ' ""-"7 ......"',:',:;,,:;>,, . . " : .......... .M '
:;;;::.'''} ,;,'. >;i ... .i-.;"},/'.,:: >.,;_-/,, 4 ".:.\'\; .... ; ;'.'.,i,,;, q(}f:':" ,t.
!:,,23QnoUk..,USkWa1Oa) " ',' " .' :.' ':",< > : ,....'..:"f':'  ,..:.". '.::,..,....c; .' . r "<'
rilt;;2Y{). . , " . , ,"L, .' . . ..' '. .( l; " "':'c.. " "
:':;';:':;:25:Md/<r' "0' ..'," . :;:..,d;' ,:' ,'-:),}:' , '.:. ',....\S? ..... t /f. 7
. :" ;", '..., , " :; d' . ' ." ,:' . , ,',:.::','" '::';)';-' . ;.."  '" 9 (
;\,. rp'(G) " . ' " : " </,;,:"';' 'i,' 'l,; .- ';T't"." -. -Ii',,, '
';: " :fI::'i1;.h iAtM ) ', " ",'7'\';;:';>..','2:,;/',2.,\: .i\:e;;'«,........;.i.,,>i.;:,::;5!1......+Dy "\z 8 'c
:,; T" .... ..,., ,;<,/", "Xi'" ......... ',' ::.c'<,..;;'{)\
;;:, :1_,+V',':,<::,... ...,N..........,',) ,,,<',' "/,x"".'{'>;  ..... (.,
'<i::'-:.: '" ...... '. ,.:' '" ' ','. ' ' ,,<,,:,!\<,'\';,:, "P';» ' ,'  43
X::';j::Jk'",' ..,f' ;'/,>:'.:.,:;'.? ' :/,. .' '. :t'... ) .
;.,,":3a'.66st......1)'.. ". .: ' .' ,; .... ',;'<:',' :,i', ,,". ... '" l'
;, 'i:1' . . .",." ,.." . " "':,"".,,;. '.' ....,. ",/. .'.; ." ,',.' :';,C),;:
... t f.::'}... ,>':',';Jtl'()'< "',; '. '.' .i...... "';:'}':"i,'..,;,';,;/...,;:. '. .< '.:... :'''<'>",;',%i) ...
":'.a2' Aatrankt ,;.,' .' '", .......-,;i/.,",;...'- . ',,,":;A?:';':, 5 - - -..,.,
...,/';,,/, ,1.< t . y:;,,. , .',": > :22\...:;t,< .' >,.".;. 40 C .., 39
;",:;; M '.,."/,::>,:.:,,<);,, ,<:, ".., ,:'; 
g< )/;(}" . ::,' . ',' .... "'<')f\';'J .,'
fti, ' :'::i',{.i?1
h{};;?,, ,=_r ',;:;;:-, :..'.'.....:.,)ir;i);tp. 6
rf;;;0;'L> ' '': i{_fi...;,,::1J' 'i . .'»);';.;',;',
li;:;\".:,=, : "'.".'."etf
"+';X'4i'_ i'i..:l"", " :.";'
";;'::,:-(,L,. : '.'.,' :2;j {.:. '. );r>;,,,',<,<:',<' : ,".>,if>}"
,:;>tf2,:rlT} .':;"5,, .'" "'" ......... < .>? / .
....j,!...':.&.;,; " ) t a';;,c"/.'.,:.;' "..
.....;..,...., ". :./'' .;." ,... ,. '. '.. . ' ,'.;...,........... ',. ....c/.". .(....
:\.'i .:....;!t ..rh '1;.,.\;','; "i? >« ..};. . 'i"',
:..'.:';ri:.r)'0:';:,\f\, ;:3:.":?" "i.'})
)::-<.'."; -..,;'\;;;.+."0;.;5}'.;.;......(:...".,:.. .',' ....\
./ ':i>/:<"<\>\</;;f.":;'v' "\.C.,>".',; ..... .' 
:>',;';,;;.\<}"5t/,;\/:""; . ?:?; .>,'
/'O';'" "<- ');:?>";/' /." . ,
h:;,,".,0' :';''i:. ..,'; 'iT;t:',,' "{'
;f;\l'i;,{;{." .
',,)'> ....:.. ./r 
' ''7
'A':'
,I
,I
10
22
--
o
I
 
 37
.:\- ...--
,9'JA " "!', ;;;<;</':iA':  ;
j>:'';i.;'0; " Y'J-? " ' "\>.,> :
,:;;:\' ,,;.; f(j .. ,'<f.,
 ' r'.)',,),.J:"':t, ie': " , "',;.','\
, "/:" . ":j:/,;.:" " ': j.. < . ' \..:,.<:;;/' I
A<,:" ::\,",' .',,;';:>';'3[-'" ." 0 ':' ',' " "'. . . f\,
£""'1') ',;';'/"';;::;:"""';;;;\,.' '>", '.,;;.,/ ..'
''''-- d"?';)fi.i,(,.i'" ':<,'. ' '. .i;,,;:" :.. .....;<v:,:.,h ,;
't:::\ 'E';:;>"i"""".",':<)'.i';: ";%.< ,'. ..' /' :;:2,;/;:,{" ,r....f, .,:............. ;,;;':';...... .....',..t1'
,::Ff":i.:d,C,:",.t:.'...........:. '. :,.">: ',"i,;,' ;",,',..;j.i/;' . ...;,it:1L';, ;.1 j "
 .,... '" ,.\ .;;{' { \t.,\::.:.,:,.;l;, . ..",...... : '::,v ... J ..r'i}l...... ; .J
v: .'': ' ',. .' ".:."'.'.' "
";'i. "",;:, :', 'i' '... . ......'l,?;'. ". .
(':('::"""<" "..<'L
600 Km \t' ,; "BJ;'i , >. " ,.::,: :; ..); ,
I r,. ....., ,',:' ,.... ../.: ,',,',.i';
 " .....;. ". ,.... .. ,.,.'':. . ,',i'.,.
I ., '" ":f.':',', :".2S, ....:'<,;'..
300 Miles ,','::, . it, </\';;,"1,:
\ ';),.; ..;;"".:i'y...::,;....>'
41
7
EsponA (EUROPE)

, -
'", ./'1 
",:.",.
",'7
.:?.'
; 'i%iJi\ 0.j';1' . :,
,: :;!"'" $?&x', f.,II;.;ii
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Y,
.,,;K. . ;"" ;i --; ,,4i: i
.....,.. } ;  - -  . - ,..'"'- , .
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'Sp/  I' . 
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15
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r ......-...- ""'-
.,/-.
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9.. 16
.
If ......'.\.:' ,
f17 -19
, 
1,-
 18
20
°1 - .- 2'!1
- "'v- - -- - I
,.''1
)1
I
-
-
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29
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i 34 -
--
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24
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25. ,
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42 
-
-
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'..,
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I
I

9
YPOK HOMEP AEBSlTb
NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
9.1 Key Expressions
CKonbKO 3TO CTOMT?
OAMH py6nb
ABa py6nll
'teTblpe py6nll
nHTb py6neM
C Bac AeCRTb AonnapOB.
OAH8 KoneMKa
ABe KoneMKM
nHTb KoneeK
nHTb 'taCOB
'taCOB nRTb
H8cKonbKo 'taCOB
KBapTMpa HaT8wM
AO CBMABHMH
HeT BMH8
How much does this cost?
one rouble
two roubles
four roubles
five roubles
You owe ten dollars.
one kopeck
two kopecks
five kopecks
five hours
about five hours
several hours
Natasha's flat
goodbye (= until meeting)
there is no wine
9.2 Numbers
1 OAMH (m)/oAH8 (f) OAHO (n)
2 ABa (m and n)/ABe (f)
3 TPM
92

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
4 'IeTblpe
5 nHTb
6 weCTb
7 ceMb
8 BoceMb
9 AeBHTb
10 A8cHTb
11 OAMHH8ALI8Tb [a-dee-na-tsat')
12 ABeH8ALl8Tb [dvye-na-'sa'V]
13 TpMH8,qLlaTb [tree-na-tsat']
14 'IeTblpH8ALI8Tb [chye-tlr-na-tsat')
15 nHTH8,qLIBTb [pee'-na-tsa'')
16 WecTH8ALlBTb [shes-na-tsa"]
17 CeMH8ALI8Tb [syem-na-tsat')
18 BoceMH8ALlBTb [va-syem-na-tsat']
19 AeBHTH8ALlaTb [dye-veet-na-tsat')
20 AB8,qLl8Tb [dva-tsat']
21 AB8,qLlaTb OAMH (m)/AB8,qLlaTb OAH8 (f)/AB8,qLlaTb OAHO (n)
22 AB8ALI8Tb ABa (m and n)/AB8,qLIBTb ABe (f)
23 AB8A4aTb TPM
30 TpMALlBTb ['re' e-tsal']
40 COpOK
50 nHTbAecAT [pee-dye-syat]
60 wecTbAeCAT [shez-dye-sya']
70 CeMbAecHT
80 BoceMbAeCHT
90 AeBHH6cTo
100 CTO
101 CTO OAMH (m)/cTo OAH8 (f)/CTO OAHO (n)
125 CTO AB8AI48Tb nHTb
200 ABecTM
300 TPMCT8
400 'feTblp&CTa
500 nHTbCOT [pee'-56']
600 wecTbCoT [shes-s6']
700 ceMbCoT
800 BoceMbCOT
900 AeBHTbCoT [dye-veet-s6']
93

LESSON 9
1000 TbICJI'Ia [ti-sya-cha] or (faster) [tl-shsha]
1357 TbICJI'Ia TpMcTa nJiTbAeCRT ceMb
2000 ABe TbICJI'IM
5000 nJlTb TbICJI'I
To help you spell: Notice that no Russian one-word number has more than
one soft sign (e.g. 50 nJlTl!AeCRT - no soft sign at the end). In numbers
below 40, the soft sign is at the end (e.g. 10 AeCJlTt!. In words above 40,
the soft sign is in the middle.
9.3 .'Flve (of) roubles': Numbers are Used with the Genitive Case
The genitive case, whose basic meaning is 'of' as in 'the name of the girl',
is in Russian used with numbers and other quantity words. That is,
Russians say 'five of books', 'ten of roubles', 'much of money'. In
English we use similar constructions such as 'a lot of money', 'a great deal
of work' , 'hundreds of books' .
9.4 Formation of the Genitive Singular (abbreviated 6gen.sg.')
These fonns are straightforward:
Masculine (m) and neuter (n) nouns have -a or-JI
-a is added to masculine nouns ending in a consonant and replaces the -0
of neuter nouns:
APyr 'friend'
nMcbMo 'letter'
APyrA 'of a friend'
nMcbMj 'of a letter'
-JI replaces the b (soft sign) or it of masculine nouns and the -e of neuter
nouns:
py6nb 'rouble'
Mropb 'Igor'
My36it 'museum'
Mope 'sea'
CBMABHMe 'meeting'
py6n ll 'of a rouble' (note stress)
Mro pJl 'of Igor'
My36a 'at a museum'
MOpa 'of the sea'
CBMABHM JI 'of a meeting'
94

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
Note: The ten neuter nouns ending -MJI have genitive -eH":
Bp8MJI 'time'
MMJI 'name'
Bp8M eH" 'of time'
MM eH" lof a name'
Feminine nouns (and masculine nouns with feminine endings) all
have-blor-..
Replace nominative -a with -bl:
MOCKB8 'Moscow'
nana 'dad'
MOCKB bl 'of Moscow'
n8n bl 'dad's'
Replace -JI or -b with -..:
HeAenJi 'week'
ABepb Idoor'
BaHA 'Vania'
HeAen .. lof a week'
ABe p.. 'of a door'
B8H .. 'of VaniaNania's'
Remember that Spelling Rule 1 (8.3) will apply to nouns ending -Ka, -ra,
-xa, -)I(a, -'la, -wa, -1J48. They all have genitive -.. instead of -bl.
KoneMKa 'kopeck'
KHMra Ibook'
Cawa 'Sasha'
KoneMK " lof a kopeck'
KHMr.. lof a book'
Caw.. lof Sasha/Sasha's'
Note. AO'lb 'daughter' and MaTb 'mother' always add -ep- before any case
ending, so their genitive fonns are AO'lep.. 'of daughter' and M8Tep..
'of mother' (same as the prep. case).
9.5 Uses of the Genitive
The genitive, the commonest case after the nominative and accusative, has
five main uses:
(a) With numbers and quantity words:
TP" py6nll 'three roubles' (lit. 'three of rouble')
MHoro BpeMeH" 'a lot of time'
If you invert the number and the noun, the meaning is 'about', 'approximately'
95

LESSON 9
py6nR TPM labout three roubles'
After the numbers ABa/ABe 'two', TPM 'three', 'teTblpe 'four' and any
number ending ABa/A Be, TPM, 'teTblpe (e.g. AB8ATb TPM 'twenty-
three '), the noun is genitive singular:
ABa py6nR
two roubles = two of roubl
Numbers from nRTb 'five' upwards are followed by the genitive plural -
see 9.9 below.
(b) Possession, corresponding to's' in 'Ivan's house', and related mean-
ings, corresponding to of, e.g. in 'map of the town':
AOM MBaHB
nnaHropoAl
MMR AO'ttmt
Ivan's house
map of the town
daughter's name
(c) After a large number of prepositions - see lesson 10.6:
AO CBMA8HMR
goodbye Cuntil meeting')
(d) With HeT meaning 'there isn't' (see 10.5 for more examples). Her
'there isn't' is the opposite of eCTb 'there is' (8.9). It is a different word
from HeT 'no' (the opposite of p,a):
ECTb is used with the nominative: ECTb 'taM 'There is tea'
HeT is used with the genitive: HeT 'taR 'There is no tea'
HeT Bp8MeHM IThere is no time' CThere is not of time')
(e) The genitive is also used after negated transitive t verbs. This topic is
dealt with in Lesson 24.
OHS He 3HaeT R3b1Ka.
She doesn't know the language.
EXERCISE 9/1
Put the bracketed nouns in the genitive:
1 .qB8 (py6nb). 2 TpM (nMcbMo). 3 MMR (CbIH). 4 TpM (*8HII.\MH8). 5
YnMLlbi (MOCKBa) IThe streets of Moscow'. 6 ABe (KHMra). 7 ABe (A6'tb).
96

NUMB ERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
8 CT8KaH (MonoKo) 'a glass of milk'. 9 Ao (cBMA8HMe). 10 HeT (K6cj)e)
'There's no coffee'.
EXERCISE 9/2
Say in Russian:
1 Two kopecks. 2 There's no sugar. 3 Three words. 4 Two sons. 5 Two
weeks. 6 Volgin Street (= street of Volgin). 7 Masha's husband. 8 A bottle
(6yrblnK8) of wine. 9 The number of the house. 10 There is no tea.
9.6 Genitive Plural (abbreviated 'gen.pl. ')
This is the most complex ending in Russian. The five main rules are given
here. Other, less important, rules are given in the 'EXTRA' section. The
genitive plural fonn of awkward nouns (e.g. KOneMK8 - KoneeK 'of kopecks')
is given in the vocabularies.
(a) All nouns ending -b, whether m or f, replace the soft sign with -eM
(which is often stressed, i.e. -eM, particularly if the noun is short, but the
stress is hard to predict).
py6nb (m) 'rouble'
A(e)Hb (m) 'day'
nnob (f) 'square'
)l(MTenb (m) 'inhabitant'
py6nli 'of roubles'
AHB 'of days'
nno lllAAeM 'of squares'
)l(MTend 'of inhabitants'
Remember that M8Tb and AO'lb always have -ep- before endings:
MaTb 'mother'
AO'lb 'daughter'
MaTe_ 'of mothers'
AO'le_ 'of daughters'
(b) Nouns ending -)1(, -'I, -W, -114 add -eM (as in (a), often stressed -eM):
3Ta)l( 'floor' 3T8)I(B 'of floors'
Bpa'l 'doctor' Bp8'1H 'of doctors'
TOBilpMII4 'comrade' TOBapMII4Ii 'of comrades'
97

LESSON 9
(c) Most other masculine nouns ending with a consonant add -OB (so the
common ending -oB, by coincidence, means 'of')
A3blK 'language' . A3blK OB 'of languages'
8BT06yc 'bus' 8BT06ycml 'of buses'
Spelling Rule 2 (8.10) applies to nouns ending -1.\, i.e. their gen.pl. is - I.\OB
when stressed, otherwise - l.\eB (the gen.pl. has the same stress as the nom.pl.).
OT(e)1.\ 'father'
8MepMK8H(e)1.\ 'American'
M8cHI.\ 'month'
OT I.\OB 'of fathers'
8MepMK8HLUm 'of Americans'
M8cA l.\eB 'of months'
(d) Feminine nouns with -8 in the nominative and neuter nouns with -0
simply lose their -a or -0 (so they have a 'zero ending'):
ynML18 'street' ynMI.\_ 'of streets'
TbICA'I8 'thousand' TbICH'I_ 'of thousands'
cnoBo 'word' cnoB_ 'of words'
(e) All nouns ending -MR and -Me replace the -A or -e with -i (and the
stress never shifts):
c1J8MMnMA 'surname'
ynp8)1(HeHMe 'exercise'
c1J8MMnMi 'of surnames'
ynp8)1(HeHMi 'of exerci ses'
9.7 Genitive Plural of Other Nouns
Apart from these five main rules, covering most nouns, there are minor
rules, given in EXTRA section 9.8. However, if a noun does not obey one
of the rules above, its genitive plural (gen.pl.) is always given in the vocabu-
lary list, and you will probably find it easier to learn such forms as excep-
tions. Here are the exceptional nouns we have met so far:
8HrnM'I8HMH 'Englishman'
8HrnM'I8HK8 'Englishwoman'
A8AYWK8 'grandfather'
nMcbMo 'letter'
OKHO 'window'
cnanbHR 'bedroom'
gen.pl.
8HrnM'I8H_
8HrnM'I8H
A8AywK
nMc_
OKgff
cnanlH
98
CblH 'son'
APyr 'friend'
AllAR 'uncle'
MOpe 'sea'
6p8T 'brother'
My36M 'museum'
gen.pl.
cblHo Bei
APY3M
AII_
MOpti
6p8TI!H
MY 38eB

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
RM40 'egg'
AeHbrM 'money'
KoneMK8 'kopeck'
HeAenH 'week'
KYXHH 'kitchen'
HBlI
AeHIr
Kon8H
HeAelU!
KYxOHlz
MMH 'name'
rOA 'year'
MMitt
neT (lit.
'of
summers')
9.8 EXTRA: Further Details of the Genitive Plural
If you do wish to know what the minor rules behind many of the excep-
tions are, here is a list. But, as stated above, it is probably simpler to learn
the gen.pl. of awkward nouns as you meet them.
(0 Nouns with irregular nominative plurals ending unstressed -bH (e.g.
6p8T - 6paTbH 'brothers') repeat the irregular stem (6paTb-) in all fonns
of the plural.
6p8T 'brother' nom. pI. 6pSTbH
AepeBO 'tree' nom. pl. AepeBbH
6paT 'of brothers'
AepeB 'of trees'
(g) Nouns with nom.pl. fonns ending stressed -bR have gen.pl. -eM (with
no soft sign - note that the gen.pl. ending -eM never has a soft sign before it):
CblH 'son' nom.pl. CblHOBbR
M)')K 'husband' nom.pl. My*bR
CblHOBji 'at sons'
MY)I(eM 'of husbands'
(h) Nouns ending -M have 1.8B:
MY38M 'museum' nom.pl. MY38M
UY38eB 'of museums'
(i) Nouns ending -)I(K8, -'fK8, -WK8 have -)I(eK, eK, -weK in the gen. pI.
Nouns ending -4K8, -bK8 (rare) become -4eK, -eKe That is, rule (d) applies
(i.e. delete final-a), and the final consonant group is split with a 'mobile' e:
nO)l(K8 'spoon' nO)l(1K 'at spoons'
AeBywK8 'girl' AeBYWB 'of girls'
AO'tK8 'little daughter' Ao 'teK 'at little daughters'
nonbK8 'Polish woman' nonu 'at Polish women'
99

LESSON 9
(j) Other consonants + K8 become consonant + OK:
8HrnM'faHK8 'Englishwoman'
MapK8 'postage stamp'
8HrnM'faH 'of Englishwomen'
ua poK lot postage stamps'
(k) Other -8 and -0 nouns with 'awkward' consonant groups also split the
final consonants with 0 or e.
OKH6 'window'
nMcbM6 'letter'
6KOH (same stress as nom.pl. OKH8)
nMceM (e replaces the soft sign)
Note: The consonant groups -TB, -rp, -PT are not split. So the gen.pl. of
noconbCTBo 'embassy' is noc6nbC TB (by rule (d».
(1) Nouns ending -MK8 have -8K:
KoneMK8 'kopeck'
KoneeK
(m) Nouns ending consonant + R generally replace the A with b, but if the
ending is consonant + HR, the ending of the gen.pl. is consonant + eH:
HeAenR 'week'
K8cTp.onR 'saucepan'
necHR 'song'
cnanbHA 'bedroom'
HeAelll!
K8cTp .onb
neceH
cnaneH
(n) Nouns ending -8HMH or RHMH, and six other animate nouns ending -MH
lose the final -MH:
8HrnM'f8HMH 'Englishman'
rp8*A8 HMH , Icitizen'
60RpMH 'boyar'
8HrnM'faH
rp a *A8H
60Rp
There are plenty of unpredictable cases. Even native Russian speakers are
sometimes unsure of the genitive plural of rare words - and, like foreigners,
have to check in a dictionary.
9.9 Genitive Plural after Numbers 5, 6 etc.
While ABa, TPM, 'f8Tblpe and numbers ending 2, 3 and 4 are followed by
100

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
the genitive singular (Asa py6nR 'two of rouble' 9.5), nRTb and upwards
are followed by the genitive plural, e.g. nRTb py6neM 'five of roubles' .
AecRTb Aonnapos ten dollars ('of dollars')
CTO ASSAt48Tb cnos a hundred and twenty words
EXERCISE 9/3
Translate and put the required endings on the bracketed words:
1 nRTb (py6nb). 2 AecRTb (AOM). 3 WecTb (HO'tb). 4 TpMcTa ()lOtTenb).
5 CeMb (3T8)1(). 6 CTO ASSAt48Tb wecTb (KHMra). 7 AseHiATb
(ynpa)l(HeHMe). 8 AesRTH8ALI8Tb (spa't). 9 nRTb (6yrep6p6A). 10
AS8.q4aTb (MecTO). 11 COpOK (ra38Ta). 12 AeBRTb (anenbcMH). 13
AsecTM (aMepMK8H(e)L.I). 14 nRTb (TblcR'ta). 15 KMnorp8MM (R6noKo).
16 WecTb (Apyr). 17 HeY (AeHbrM). 18 COpoK (KoneMKa). 19 0AMHHBA"-"
(nMcbMo). 20 CeMbAecRT (aHrnM't8HMH). 21 OAMHH8ATb (H8AenR). 22
LleTblpecTa nRTbAeCRT (roA). 23 CeMb (Mope). 24 BoceMb (MMR). 25
AeBRHocTO (aHrnM't8HKa).
EXERCISE 9/4
Read, adding the genitive plural endings:
(1) 10 py6n_ 30 Kone_. (2) 5 'tac_. (3) 15 MMHYT_. (4) 5
HeA8n-. (5) 80 anesudH _. (6) 50 A6nnaP-. (7) 20 (.qeHb)
(8) 5 M8cRL\_. (9) 100 cnos_. (10) 260 KsapTMp_.
9.10 One: OAMH etc. (Table 7)
Note that one (OAMH, OAHi, OAHO etc.) is not a numeral (i.e. it is not a
quantity word followed by the genitive case). It behaves like an adjective,
agreeing t with the following noun, and has the same endings as 3TOT, 3Ta,
3TO 'this'. The M of OA(M)H is a mobile t vowel (8.6).
SI 3H81O OAHY A8SYWKY.
SI 3H81O oAHoro aMepMKaHi48.
I know one girl (ace.).
I know one American (animate ace.).
101

LESSON 9
All numbers which end with a fonn of OAMH, e.g. 21, 151  behave in the
same way and any accompanying noun is singular:
S1 3H81O CT6 AB8A__Tb OAHj AeBywKI. I know 121 girls (' 121 girl').
9.11 Last Number Determines Agreement
It is a general rule that the last number detennines the fonn of the noun:
ABSA__Tb OAMH A6nnap_
ABSAL48Tb 'teTblpe A6nnapa
AB8ALI8Tb C8Mb A6nnapmt
'teTblpe-nRTb A6nnapa,
EXERCISE 9/5
twenty-one dollars
twenty-four dollars
twenty-seven dollars
four or five dollars
Put the required endings on the words in brackets and translate:
1 TpM (MMHYra). 2 nRTb (MMHYra). 3 ABBAi48Tb OAH8 (MMHYra). 4 ABa
(r6A). 5 A8cRTb (roA). 6 CTO ABiA__Tb TPM (AeHb). 7 TbICR't8 ABecTM
WeCTbAecAT OAMH (A6nnap). 8 "IeTblpe (A6'tb). 9 COpOK (OAMH)
(KoneMK8). 10 S13H81O ABBA__Tb (OAMH CTYAeHT).
9.12 Other Quantity Words
Other quantity words also take the genitive - singular or pI ural, according
to meaning:
MH6ro
MHoro APy36M (gen.pl.)
MH6ro c8xapa (gen.sg.)
Mano
M8no c6xapa
H8cKonbKo
HecKonbKo MMHYr (gen.pl.)
cKonbKo?
CK6nbKo BpEtMeHM? (gen.sg)
much, many, a lot
many friends
a lot of sugar
few, little
not much sugar
some, a few
a few minutes
how much? how many?
How much time? What time is it?
102

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
CKonbKO 'Iacos? (gen.pl.)
CTOl.lbKO
CTonbKO pa60Tbl (gen.sg.)
60nbwe
66nbwe AeHer
MeHbwe
MeHbwe cn6s
9.13 Vocabulary
60nbwe + gen. more
6yrbinKa gen.pl. 6yrbinoK bottle
santbTHblM currency, foreign
currency (adD
sererapM8HK8 gen.pl. senrrap..aHOK
(female) vegetarian
seAb you know/isn't it/aren't you,
etc. (indicating that the speaker
expects agreement)
Sp8UR gen.sg. Bp8MeHM time
rpaMM gen.pl. rpaMMos or rpaMM
gram(me)
AeBywK8 gen.pl. AesyweK girl
AO + gen. as far as; until
Aonnap dollar
eaqi 'lT6-HM6YAb? anything else?
(lit. 'more anything')
)lU4Tenb (m) inhabitant
MnM or
MHorA6 sometimes
K8*AbIM each, every
KoneMKa gen.pl. Kon6eK kopeck
(1/10Oth of a rouble)
Mano + gen. little, not much
ueHbwe + gen. less
U6cR4 gen.pl. M6cR4eB month
How many hours?
so many, so much
so much work
more
more money
less, fewer
fewer words
MMnnMOH million
MHoro + gen. much, many
MO*8T 6blTb perhaps
HO'Ib (f) gen.pl. HO'IeM (NB stress)
night
OSOiqM gen.pl. OBOaq6M vegetables
OT + gen. from
nonKMno (indecl) half a kilo
nOny&laTb + ace. to receive, get
R nonltlO, Tbl nOnY"laeWb
n03ToMY so, consequently
pa3 gen. pI. pa3 a time
pa3HbiM various
pOAMTenM (sg. pOAMTenb m)
parents
py6nb (m) rouble
PYCCKMM (m) (adD a Russian (man)
C Bac you owe (idiom lit. 'from you')
cA8'ta change (money returned)
cKonbKo + gen. how much, how
many
CTOMTb + acc . to cost
CKonbKo 3TO CTOMT?
How much does this cost?
CKonbKO OHM CTORT?
How much do they cost?
103

LESSON 9
TO'4HO exactly
TYp,8 there (motion 'thither')
cl»VHT pound (weight and
currency)
XOAMTb to go (there and back,
on foot)
R XO)l(V, Tbl XOAMWb
'4TO-HM6YAb anything
9.14 Dialogues (Translation in Key)
Buying things
(1 )
A: AiiTe, nO)l(anyicTa, TPM Kocl»e, TPM '4aR, nRTb 6yrep6poAoB M
nRTb nMp0)l(KoB.
6: C Bac '4eTblpe py6nR AB8AI48Tb BoceMb KoneeK.
A: nO)l(anyicTa.
6: BOT cp,8'4a - nRTb py6nei c8MbAecRT ABe KoneiKM.
A: CnacM60.
6: nO)l(anyicTa.
(2)
A: AiiTe, nO)l(anyiCTa, AB8cTM rpaMMoB cblpa M nonKMno Kon6acbl.
6: CeMb py6nei AB8AI48Tb WecTb KoneeK.
(3)
A: CKonbKo 3TO CTOMT?
6: ABeH8AI48Tb py6nei KMnorpaMM.
A: "'IeTblpecTa rpaMMoB, nO)l(anyicTa.
6: nO)l(anyicTa. LfeTblpe py6nii BOCeMbAecRT KoneeK.
(4)
A: nO)l(anyicTa, p,8iTe KMno R6noK.
6: Eaqe '4To-HM6YAb?
A: CKonbKo CTORT anenbCMHbl?
6: "'IeTblpH8ALI8Tb py6nei.
A: nonKMno, nO)l(anyicTa.
6: C Bac WeCTH8ALI8Tb py6nei.
104

NUMBERS; THE GENITIVE CASE
Population figures
A: CKonbKo 'lu1Tenei B MocKBe? ABa-TpM MMnnMoHa?
6: HeT, 66nbwe. BoceMb MMnnMoHoB. A B neTep6ypre )l(MTenei
MeHbwe - '4eTblpe MMnnMoHa.
A: A cKonbKo B POCCMM?
6: Sf He 3H81O T6-4HO. MO)l(eT 6blTb, CTO nRTbAecjT MMnnMoHOB.
EXERCISE 9/6
Read the following 1990 prices in Russian:
'4aCbl (watch)
BMAeoMarHMTocl»6H (video recorder)
MOT04MKn «Yp8n» ('Ural' motorbike)
aBTOM06Mb «>KMrynM» BA3 21063 (ZhigulilLada car)
4BeTHoi TeneBM30p (colour tv)
aneKTpM'4eCKHi caMoBap (electric samovar)
MMKpoKanbKynmop (pocket calculator)
aneKTpoMMKcep (electric mixer)
p8AM0npMiMHMK (radio)
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 9/7
21 py6nb
1 200 py6nei
1 873 py6nj
9 000 py6nei
755 py6nei
52 py6nR
50 py6nei
35 py6nei
36 py6nei 60 KOn8eK
1 How long has Mary been in Moscow?
2 How often does she go to the market?
3 Why doesn't she buy more vegetarian food in the foreign currency food
shop?
CKonbKO MecR4eB Bbl y)l(e B MocKBe, M3pM?
Y)I(e TPM MeCRLI8, MnM, ecnM TO'4HO, OAMHH8ALI8Tb HeAenb M
'4eTblpe AHR.
KaK Bbl )l(MBiTe? BeAb Bbl BereTapM8HKa, a PyccKMe O'4eHb
n.o6RT MRCO.
Sf nOKynalO MHoro npoAYKTOB Ha pblHKe. Sf XO)l(Y TYp,8 ABa
- YpM p838 B H8AenlO;. MHorp,8 R XO)l(Y B B8I1.oTHbli
Mara3MH «C8AKO). TaM ecTb p83Hbie Mon6'tHble nPOAYKTbl,
BonOAR:
M3pM:
BonOAR:
M3pM:
105

LESSON 9
MH6ro oBoaqei M cl»PVKTOB, H6 BCe CT6MT A6poro*.
KMnOrpaMM Cblpa CT6MT nRTb c1JVHTOB, AeCSlTb Ri", CT6RT
ABa c1JVHTa. SI nonY't81O OT pOAMTenei T6nbKO CT6
AB8A48Tb cl»VHTOB B MeCR"" n03TOMY R nOKyn81O TaM 6'4eHb
Mano.
* AB8-TPM pa38 B HeAenlO two or three times a week (lit. 'in
week' - accusative, 6.8 (2))
*Bce cT6MT A6poro everything costs a lot
106

10
YPOK HOMEP ECSlTb
'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
10.1 Key Phrases
Y Bac eeTb K6cIJe?
Y Bac eCTb AeTM?
aR HeT.
Y MeHR HeT AonnapoB.
CBo6oAHbiX MeeT HeT.
Have you any coffee?
Have you any children?
There's no tea.
I have no dollars.
There are no seats left.
10.2 To Have
In Russian there is no commonly used verb corresponding to 'to have'.
When you want to say 'Have you any children?', you use a construction
which literally translates as 'By you is children?' Y Bac ecTb AeTM? Y
means 'by', Bac is the genitive form of the word Bbl 'you', eCTb means
'is' in the sense of 'exists', and AeTM is 'children'.
Y Bac eCTb K6cI»e?
Y Bac 8CTb BOAKa?
Do you have coffee?
Do you have vodka?
The answer could be simply:
ECTb.
This is literally 'Is' or 'Exists', but here it corresponds to 'There is' or
'We do.'
107

LESSON 10
Y Bac 8CTb CbIH?
ECTb.
Do you have a son?
I do.
Or the answer could be HeT 'No, I don't'.
If you want to say 'My brother has a car', the structure is the same: Y +
genitive of the possessor + eCTb + thing possessed in the nominative:
Y 6paTa ecTb MawMHa.
(My) brother has a car. ('By
brother is car.')
10.3 Genitive Pronouns
The genitive fonns of R, Tbl etc. are the same as the accusative fonns we
met in 6.7: MeHR, Te6R, ero [ye-v6], ee, er6, Hac, Bac, MX.
Remember that after a preposition, ero, ei and MX have an initial H:
Hero, Hei, HMX. Here are examples of the 'have' construction with all the
personal pronouns:
Y MeHR eCTb CbIH.
Y Te6R 8CTb Aonnap?
Y Hero 8CTb )l(eHa?
Y Hei eCTb MY)I(?
Y HBC eCTb BpeMR.
Y Bac ecTb AeHbrM?
Y HMX ecTb AeTM?
I have a son.
Do you have a dollar?
Does he have a wife?
Does she have a husband?
We have time.
Have you any money?
Have they any children?
You will also meet the Y Bac construction without the ecTb. For example,
Y Bac 6onbw6i AOM? 'Is your house large?' In this case you are not
being asked whether you have a house, but whether your house is a big
one or not. That is, the question with eCTb asks about existence ('Do you
or do you not have a house?'); without the eCTb, the question asks about
some feature of the thing possessed.
Y Bac ecTb CbIH?
100 you have a son?' (Does a
son exist?')
If you reply, As, ecTb, the next question might be: Y Bac CblH 6onbwoi
MnM ManeHbKMM? 'Is your son big or small?'
108

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
Exercise 10/1
Translate:
I Y BBAMM8 eCTb )l(eHa? 2 Y Hero eCTb PYCCK8R nOAPyr8. 3 Y EBbl
8CTb 6paT? 4 6paT8 Y Hei HeT. 5 Do you have (any) white wine? 6 They
have a daughter and two sons. 7 Does she have (any) money?
10.4 EXTRA: MMeTb 'to have'
There is also a verb MueTb (3H8Tb-type): R MMelO, Tbl MM8eWb 'to have'.
This verb is not used in the everyday sense of possession (' I have a car' is
Y MeHR eCTb M8WMH8, not SI MMelO uawMHY). Instead, it is used with
abstract nouns in a number of fixed expressions:
MMeTb npaBO 'ta have the right'
MMeTb MecTo 'to take place'
MMeTb B03UO)l(HOCTb 'to have the opportunity'
MMeTb B BMAY 'to have/bear in mind'
MMeTb 3H8'teHMe 'to matter'
Bbl MM8eTe npaBO. You have the right.
3TO He MU8eT 3H8'teHMR (gen.). It doesn't matter.
10.5 There isn't: HeT + genitive
The opposite of ecTb 'there is/there exists' is HeT 'there isn't'. This word
looks and sounds the same as the word HeT meaning 'no', but it is actually
a shortened fonn of the phrase He eCTb 'not there is'.
Whatever there isn't is put in the genitive case:
A: L48i eCTb?
B: "fiB HeT.
A: Y Bac 8CTb CaX8p?
B: Cix8pa HeT.
Is there tea?
There is no tea.
Have you any sugar?
There's no sugar/No, we haven't.
Note the idiomatic use of HeT + person to mean 'not here'.
109

B8AMMI (gen.) Hey.
Eli (gen.) HeT A6M8.
LESSON 10
Vadim isn't hereNadim isn't in.
She's not at home.
You may guess that 'I don't have. . . '/,1 haven't got. . .' is Y MeHR HeT +
genitive:
Y MeHR HeT AeTei.
Y 6p8T8 HeT M8WMHbl.
I have no children.
My brother has no car.
10.6 Prepositions Used with the Genitive
683
K6e 6e3 MonOKi
AI1f1
nMCbM6 AI1f1 B8A MM I
AO
AO CBMA8HMB
143
143 MOCKBbl
OAMH 143 ei APY3H
Kp6Me
Bce Kp6M8 EB bl
MMMO
Mbl ltAeM MMMO ny6RH KM .
6Kono
6Kono A6uI
OT
nMCbM8 OT APY3tii
n6cne
n6cne yp6KB
np6TMB
np6TMB M8ra3MHB
P8A M
pjAM AeTtii
C
without
coffee without milk, black coffee
for
a letter for Vadim
until
until (our) meeting, goodbye
from (out of) - opposite of B + ace.
('into')
from Moscow
one of ('out of') her friends
except
everybody except Eva
past
We're passing the Lubianka (KGB
HQ).
near/approximately
near the house
from (people)
letters from friends
after
after the lesson
opposite, against
opposite the shop
for the sake of
for the sake of the children
from - opposite of H8 + ace. ('on to')
110

'TO HAVE', MORE ON THE GENITIVE
C BOK38nA
from the station
by, near; at (someone's place), chez
by the window
in our house/ in our country/ at our
place
y
y OKHA
YH8C
10.7 EXTRA: Another Fourteen Prepositions with the Genitive
6nM3 'near', B6nM3M 'near', BAonb 'along', BM8cTO 'instead of', BHe
'outside', BHyrpM 'inside', B63118 'near', BOKpyr 'around', M3-38 'because
of', M3-noA 'from under', H8K8HYHe 'on the eve of', nOMMMo 'apart
from'/'besides', nocpeAM 'in the middle of', cpeAM 'among'/'in the middle
of'.
143-38 nor6Atd
BAonb peKB
CpeAM APy3ti\
because of the weather
along the river
among one's friends
10.8 EXTRA: Partitive' ('Some') Genitive
A minor use of the genitive case is to express the meaning 'some' with
food and drink nouns:
AiiTe BoAt!llBMH6Ixn66a. Give me some water/some wine/some bread.
(A8iTe xne6 corresponds to 'Give me bread' or 'Give me the bread'.)
A small number of nouns have a special y/tO ending for the partitive. You
may hear the question:
Bbl xOTMTe 't8tO? Would you like some tea?
"'810, with a special genitive ending -to (an alternative to -A), is the parti-
tive' genitive of't8M 'tea'. Other nouns which may have this -y ending are
c8x8p 'sugar', MeA 'honey', Cblp 'cheese':
n6)1(K8 c8xapx (or c8xapa)
a spoonful of sugar
111

LESSON 10
10.9 Genitive of Adjectives
The genitive singular for all adjectives with masculine or neuter nouns is
-oro or -ero. The r is pronounced [v]. This is the same adjective ending
you used with accusative masculine animate nouns in 7.12. With feminine
nouns the adjective ending is -OM or -eM, the same endings as in the prepo-
sitional (7.11). Here are the four types of adjective we met in Lesson 7:
HOBblM 'new' (all adjectives ending -bli or -OM)
nMcbuo OT HOBQ.[Q [n6-v8-8] a letter from a new friend
APyra
MUH HOB Oi nOAPyrM the name of the new female friend
PYCCKMi 'Russian' (all adjectives ending -rMi, -KMi, -XMM):
KHMrM 143 PYCCK uara3MH8 books from a Russian shop
nMcbMo OT Pycc Koi nOAPyrM a letter from a female Russian friend
XOPOWMM 'good' (e not 0 after Spelling Rule letters )1(, '4, W, Iq, 1.0:
HeT xopow BMHa. There isn't any good wine.
OT xOpOWmt nOAPyrM from a good (female) friend
nocn8AHMi 'last' (soft adjective - in the nominative they all end -HMM):
Yrpo nocneAH AHH the morning of the last day
AO nocneAHmt MMHYrbl until the last minute
Remember the extra b in TpeTMM 'third' (7.6)
YrPO TpeT AHH
143 TpeT)di KBapTMpbl
the morning of the third day
from the third flat (flat three)
EXERCISE 10/2
Put the required endings on the words in brackets and translate:
1 MipM nonY'48eT nMCbua OT (PYCCKMi APyr). 2 OKono (&onbwoi
TeaTp) eCTb CT8HL\MH MeTpo. 3 (BonoAJI) HeT Aoua. 4 Anfl (ApY3bR) Ubi
nOKynaeu 6yTbinKY (xopowee BMHO). 5 CeroAHH nGcne (pa66Ta) Bce,
KpoMe (Cawa), MAYr B TeaTp. 6 nO)l(anyiCTa, A6iTe ABa (KMnorpiMM)
(CBe)l(aH Kon6aca).
112

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
10.10 Genitive Plural of Adjectives
Unlike nouns, the adjective endings are as usual simple and regular and
the same for all genders: -biX for the HOBblWAPyroit types and -MX for all
the others:
Y Hac HeT HOBIidX KHMr.
OT PYCC KMX APY38M
4eH8 XOPOWIm il6nOK
MMMO nocneAH}tX AOMOB
CBo60AH biX MeCT HeT.
We have no new books.
from Russian friends
the price of good apples
past the last houses
There are no free places. (There are
no seats left.)
10.11 Genitive of Possessives and Demonstratives
MoMhBoilHawlB8W have adjective endings which are the same as those
of XOp6WMM: -ero/-eM in the singular and -MX in the plural:
Y Mo ero (NB stress) 6paTa HeT
AeHer.
6e3 TBOU )l(eHbl
KBapTMpa H8Wm:Q APyra
nMcbuo OT U OMX PYCCKMX
APy36i
MMeH8 B8W MX AeTeM
My brother has no money.
without your wife
our friend's flat
a letter from my Russian friends
the names of your children
3TOT and TOT have the adjective endings of HOBblit in the singular
(3 Toro/3 Tm!, T (NB stress) /ToM ), but in the genitive plural 3TOT has
3 TMX and TOT has TU Le. the n.p!. endings (8.8) plus x.
MMMO 3Tgrg HOBgrg Aoua
AO Toro AHR
OT 3T AeBywKM
LleH8 3 TMX fi6noK
OT TU AeByweK
past this new house
until that day
from this/that girl
the price of these apples
from those girls
113

LESSON 10
EXERCISE 10/3
Translate:
1 Y B8WMX PYCCKMX APy36M 8CTb A8TM? 2 nO'IeMY y BSC HeT cse*Mx
PYKTOB? 3 OKono H8wero A6M8 ecTb MHCTMTjT MHOCTp8HHbIX
R3bIK6B. 4 Mx HeT A6M8. 5 Here is a letter from my Russian (female)
friend. 6 A kilo of these large apples, please. 7 We have a'few (9.12) books
for your friends. 8 Two bottles of red wine and one bottle of Russian vodka.
9 He has a lot of interesting books. 10 We have no Russian money.
10.12 Accusative Plural of Animates = Genitive Plural
In 8/2 it was mentioned that all animate nouns (people and animals) of
whatever gender have special endings in the accusative plural. These end-
ings, and the endings of any accompanying adjectives, possessives and
demonstratives, are the same as the endings of the genitive plural.
SI nlO6nlO PYCCKMX AeByweK. I love Russian girls.
PYCCKB,X AeBywg also means 'of Russian girls'
Mbl 3HseM 3 TMX 8MepMKsHLUm. We know these Americans.
3TMX 8MepMKsH4eB also means 'of these Americans'
EB8 nlO6MT 8HrnMMCKB,X C06SK_. Eva loves English dogs.
10.13 Adjectives with Numerals
There are no surprises with OAMH or numerals which are followed by the
genitive plural:
Sl3H81O wecTbA8CRT OAH6 PyccKa (nom.sg.) cn6Bo (nom.sg.) I know 61
Russian words
nRTb H6B (gen.pl.) cn6B (gen.pl.) five new words
But after AB8, TpM, '1eTblpe, nouns are in the genitive singular (9.5) and
any adjectives are in the genitive plural with masculine and neuter nouns
and in the nominative plural with feminine ones:
AB8 MHOCTp8HHIdX (gen.pl.) R3blK8 (gen.sg.) two foreign languages
114

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
TPM HOB blX (gen.pl.) cnOBB (gen.sg.) three new words
ABe.Kp8cMB (nom.pl.) AeBywKB (gen.sg.) two pretty girls
eTblpe HOBI!UL(nom.pl.) KHMrH. (gen.sg.) four new books
The grammar of Russian numerals has other intriguing complications. For
details see Lesson 22.
EXERCISE 10/4
Put the required endings on the words in brackets:
1 OHa 3HaeT (MOM 8MepMKaHCKMe APY3bR). 2 TpMA48Tb nRTb
(8MepMK8HcKMM Aonn8p). 3 OH8 nOKynaeT nRTb (60nbw8R 6yrblnK8)
COK8 M (OAH8 ManeHbK8A 6yrblnK8) BMH8. 4 M3pM 3HaeT TPM
(MHOCTp8HHbIM R3bIK).
10.14 EXTRA 2, 3, 4 with Feminine Adjectives
Note: It is pennissible to use the genitive plural with feminine nouns too,
which makes things a little simpler: ABe MonoAblx AeBywKM. However,
Russians prefer to use the nominative plural of adjectives with all those
feminine nouns whose genitive singular is identical to the nominative plural
- A8BYWKM (gen.sg. 'of a girl') = AeBywKM (nom.pl. 'girls'). Those femi-
nine nouns which have different stresses in the genitive singular and nominative
plural (e.g. peK!\ 'of a river' - p6KM 'rivers') are more likely to have genitive
adjectives: ARe PYCCKMX (gen.pl.) peKM (gen.sg.) 'two Russian rivers'.
10.15 Question Word nM 'whether'
Yes/no questions (5.3) can also be asked with nM (a particle t you will meet
again with the meaning 'whether'). No question intonation is required, so
you may prefer it if you have difficulty getting used to the rise-fall inton-
ation pattern described in 5.3. The question particle nM is always the second
115

LESSON 10
item in the question. A typical example is:
HeT nM Y BaC . . .
HeT nM Y B8C A6nnapoB?
Don't you have. . . ?
You wouldn't have dollars, would you?
This question is an alternative way of asking:
Y Bac HeT A6nnapoB? with rise-fall on H8T.
Other examples:
6blnM nM Bbl B MocKB'? Have you been to Moscow?
(Cf. Bbl 6blnM s MocKse? with rise-fall on 6blnM)
ECTb nM Y sac «npaBAS)? Do you have Pravda?
(Ct. Y Bac ecTb «npaBAS»? with rise-fall on eCTb)
rOBOpMTe nM Bbl no-PyccKM? Do you speak Russian?
HeT nM Y HMX CBe)l(MX cl»PYKTOB? Don't they have any fresh fruit?
Note the colloquial phrase T6 nM) 'is it?'/'am I?'/,are you?' etc., (express-
ing surprise or hesitation), always placed at the end.
CT6 A6nnapoB, T6 nM?
6H PYCCKMi, T6 nM?
10.16 Vocabulary
aBMaKOHBepT airmail envelope
aHrnMicKMi English
6aH8H banana
683 + gen. without
6MneT ticket
6paTb + acc. to take
R 68PY, Tbl 6epiWb
Bcl (from BeCb 'all') everything
6YcI»6T snackbar
Belqb (f) gen.pl. Beaqii thing
Bcer6 in all/only
Bep8 yesterday
AeTM, (sing. pe6iH(O)K) children
gen.pl. AeTei
A hundred dollars, is it?
He's a Russian, is he?
AIIR + gen. for
3H8MT so (that means)
M3 + gen. out of, from
MHOCTp8HHbii foreign
K CO)l(aneHMIO un10rtunately
KapTa map
KOHB'PT envelope
KOH"HO [ka-nyeab-na] of course
Kp6M8 + gen. apart from, except
nM (question word); whether
T6 nM? am I? is it? etc. - see
10.15
MapKa gen.pl. M8POK stamp
MawMHa car; mac hine
116

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
MMMO + gen. past
H8npoTMB opposite (place adverb)
HeT + gen. there isn't/there aren't
HeYA66Ho it's awkward
oKono + gen. near; approximately
nMpor (M3 + gen.) (large) pie
(made of) (nMpo)l(OK small pie)
nacne + gen. after
nocMoTPMTe look (imperative)
nO'tToBbIM postage (adj)
npMRTHblM pleasant
npocTo siply
np6TMB + gen. opposite
nyreBoAMTenb (m) guidebook
PBAM + gen. for the sake of
pa3roBop conversation
p83Mep size, dimension
pbl68 fish
pbl6HbiM fish (adD
C + gen. off, from
cBo6oAHbiM free
ceroAHJI YTPOM [sye-6d.nY8]
this morning
cnMwKoM too (excessively)
cnoBapb (m) gen.sg. cnoB8PB
dictionary
C068K8 dog
cOBceM completely
cOBceu HeT + gen. none at all
COK juice
CneLlM8nbHO specially
Cp8AHMM average; middle
cTonbKo + gen. so much, so many
cIOpnpM3 surprise
T8K K8K since (because)
T8KOi such
Y + gen. near; by
LleH8 pl. LleHbl price
You have now met about 350 Russian words. If you feel you've forgotten
most of them, that's normal. Just go back and learn them again. Once
you've made the first few hundred stick, it then gets easier and easier to
learn new ones.
10. 17 PS3roBopbl B 6YcIJeT8 M B Msrs3MH8 Snackbar and Shop
Conversations
(1)
A: Y BBC eCTb 't8i?
&: HeT, H6 8CTb COK.
A: A KOetJe 8CTb?
&: ECTb.
(2)
A: ECTb nM Y B8C 68H8Hbl?
&: HeT. &8H8HOB HeT.
117

LESSON 10
A: A "ITO )1(8 Y B8C ecTb?
6: ECTb R6noKM. ApyrMx PYKTOB HeT.
(3)
A: A "ITO Y B8C ecTb BblnMTb*?
6: BMHO. &enoe, KpacHoe. BOAKM HeT.
A: nO)l(8nyicT8, A6iTe 6yrbinKY 6enoro BMHS.
6: nO)l(8nyicT8.
*TO y B8C ecTb BblnMTb? What have you got to drink (alcohol)?
H8 nO"lTe At the Post Office
A: CK8)1(MTe, nO)l(SnyiCT8, HeT nM y B8C 8BM8KoHBepToB?
6: ECTb.
A: A cKonbKo CTOMT T8KOi KOHBepT?
6: ABM8KoHBepT CTOMT nRTbAeCRT '1eTblpe KoneiKM.
A: nO)l(anYMCT8, AB8 KOHBepTa.
6: OAMH py6nb BoceMb KoneeK.
A: Xopowo.
I n the Map Section
A: CK8)1(MTe, nO)l(SnyicT8, y B8C eCTb nnaH ropoA8?
6: K CO)l(aneHMIO, Cei'l8C HeT, HO eCTb nyreBoAMTenb.
A: A KapTbl POCCMM eCTb?
6: KSpTbl eCTb. nOCMOTpMTe BOT 3TY.
A: HeT, 3Ta KspTa cnMwKoM M8neHbK8R. Y B8C HeT 6onbwoi KapTbl?
6: 60nbwMx HeT. Ho ecTb BOT T8KSR, CP8AHMX p83MepoB.
A: Xopowo. s:l6epy 3T)'. CKonbKo OHa CTOMT?
6: eTblpH8AL48Tb KoneeK.
A: Bcero '1eTblpH8ATb KoneeK! TaK Mano! K8KOi npMATHblM
clOpnpM3!
B pbl6HOM M8ra3MHe In the Fish Shop (a Typical Shortage Joke)
nOKynsTenb *: CK8)I(MTe, nO)l(inyiCT8, y B8C HeT MAca?
npoA8Bln,,: HeT, 3TO pbl6Hbii M8r83MH. Y Hac HeT pbl6bl. MAca
HeT B M8r83MHe H8npOTMB.
*Customer ('buyer').
118

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
10.18 Signs (Everyday Genitives)
CBo66AH bIX MeCI.. HeT.
M8cTo 'place', 'seat'
6Mne TOB HeT.
6MneT 'ticket'
OrAen 38Ka3QII
38Ks3 ' order'
MeCTO AJ1R KypeHMB
KypeHMe 'smoking'
KOMH8T8 MSTmnt M pe6iHg
M8Tb 'mother'
pe6iH(O)K 'child'
ynML18 if8iKOBCK [a-a]
KaMep8 xp8HeHM R
xpaHeHMe 'keeping'
There are no free seats (restaurant).
There are no tickets left.
Orders Section (Section of Orders)-
part of a shop where certain categories
of people (e.g. war veterans, mothers
of large families) may order
scarce goods
Place for Smoking (Smoking Permitted
here)
Mother and Child Room in stations and
airports (for changing nappies etc.)
Chaikovskii Street (Street of
Chaikovskii)
Left luggage room (room of keeping)
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 10/5 (Translation in Key)
1 What has Vadim borrowed from Eva's parents in the last two days?
2 Does Eva have any brothers?
3 Does Eva's mother like Vadim?
B8AMM: HeT nM y Te6H nOToBbIX MSpoK? Y MeHH TPM nMCbMa AJ1R
8HrnMicKMx APY38i, HO cOBceM HeT MapoK.
EB8: Y MeHH TonbKo ABe w8CTMKOn8e"lHble* MapKM. CnpocM* y
MOMX poAMTenei.
B8AMM: HeYA06Ho. s:I 6epy y* HMX cTonbKo pS3HbiX Beaqei - B'IepS
HecKonbKo 8HrnMicKMx r83eT, cer6AHR YTPOM AB8
8HrnMicKMx cnoB8pH . . .
EB8: T8K K8K Y HMX HeT CbIH8, Tbl AJ1R HMX - K8K CbIH. Tbl
MMeewb* npaBO 6p8Tb Bci, T6 Tbl X6'1ewb*.
119

LESSON 10
EBa:
A AJ1S1 Te6R R KTO - TBoi 6paT, TO nM?
HeY, KOHENHO. Tbi npacTo OAMH M3 MOM X APy36i.
CnacM60. 3HaMT, R np6cTo OAMH M3 TBOMX APy.i. Ho M8HA
nlO6RT TBOM poAMTenM.
As, ceroAHR M6Ma AenaeT nMpor M3 CBe)l(MX :A6nOK,
cneqMSnbHo AJ1R Te6R.
B8A MM :
EBa:
B8A MM :
:f:Extra Vocabulary
:f:WecTMKOn8e'tHbIM six-kopeck
(adD
:tCnpocM y MOM X poAMTenei. Ask
my parents ('Ask at my parents').
:f:S1 6ePV Y HMX. I borrow from them
('I take at them').
*Tbl MM8eWb npaso you have the
right (10.4)
:t BCe , '1TO Tbl XO'leWb everything
that you want
EXERCISE 10/6
REVISION OF LESSONS 6-10
You should be able to say the following in Russian:
1 I don't understand.
2 Do you speak English?
3 Do you live in Moscow?
4 Do you know where the post office is?
5 He doesn't speak Russian.
6 Thank you for the letter.
7 What are her name and patronymic?
8 I'm going to Red Square.
9 I'm not very fond of Borodin.
10 I think that McDonald's (MaKAOH&nAc) is in Pushkin Square.
11 My friends live in this street.
12 Twenty-five dollars.
13 There is the house of my friend Ivan.
14 There is no milk today.
15 Have you any English books?
16 Excuse me, do you have any coffee?
120

'TO HAVE'; MORE ON THE GENITIVE
17 I have many Russian friends.
18 Natasha has two small sons.
19 Give e a bottle of good white wine, please.
20 Do you know these girls?
121

11
YPOK HOMEP O.QHHA.QATb
THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS
11 . 1 Key Phrases
Bbl 6blnM B nOHAOHe?
S1 He 3Han.
S1 He 3Han8.
KaK 3TO H83bIBa8TCR?
Have you been in London?
I didn't know (man speaking).
I didn't know (woman speaking).
What CHow') is this called?
11.2 Talking about the Past
MBaH 6bln 3Aecb B't8pa.
HaT8W8 6blna B napM)I(e.
Ivan was here yesterday.
Natasha was in Paris.
When you want to talk about the past in English, you use fonns like
'I was', 'She knew', , We were talking', 'I have been to Moscow'. These
verb fonns are all fonns of the past tense. The past tense of verbs is very
easy in Russian, much easier than the present tense. To make the past
tense of most verbs, there are two simple steps. First, you take off the -Tb
of the dictionary fonn (the infinitive, corresponding to 'to know') and
replace it with -no Second, you make the ending match (agree with) the
gender (m, f or n) and number (singular or plural) of the subject, according
to the following table:
msing
-n
f sing
-na
n sing
-no
m/f/n plural
-n..
122

THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS
So the past tense of 3HaTb 'to know' is:
OH 3H8n
he knew
OH He 3Han
he didn't know
OHa3Hana
she knew
OHO 3H8n0
it knew
OHM 3HSnM
they knew
Other examples
pa66Tahb Ito work' R pa60Tan, R pa66Tana, Mbl pa66TanM Iworked'
npo.qasillrb Ito sell' R npo.qaBan, R npoA8Baina, Bbl nPOA8BBnM old'
)l(Mhb Ito live' R )l(Mn, R )l(tlna, OH )l(Mn, oHa )l(Mna 'lived'
6blTb Ito be', which does not have a nonnal present tense, fonns its past
tense like any other verb:
OH 6bln
he was
OHa 6blna
she was
(NB stress)
OHO 6blno
it was
OHM 6blnM
they were
Remember that the gender of the subject must be shown if the subject is
singular. So if you are a man, your past tense fonns end -n, but if you are a
woman, the past tense fonns of all your verbs end -na. So if you want to
say 'I was in Moscow', the Russian will be
either SI 6bln s MocKBe (man speaking)
or SI 6blna B MocKse (woman speaking)
And if you're using Tbl, the verb ending will also depend on the sex of the
person you're talking to:
Tbl 6bln B nOHAoHe?
Tbl 6blna B nOHAoHe?
Were you (man) in London?
Were you (woman) in London?
However, Bbl always takes a plural past tense ending, even if you are talk-
ing to one person:
MsaH neTpoBM, Bbl 6blnK B CM6MpM? Ivan Petrovich, have you been
in Siberia?
Here is the complete list with 6blTb:
R 6bln (m), R 6blna (f)
Tbl 6bln (m), Tbl 6blna (t)
I was
you were (tam)
123

LESSON 11
OH 6bln
OHa 6blna
OH6 6blnO
Mbl 6blnM
Bbl 6binM
he was
she was
it was
we were
you were (pol./pl.)
Remember Bbl always takes plural past tense endings, even if you are
talking to one person.
OHM 6blnM
they were
Note that the negative fonns of 6blTb have an unusual stress pattern. The
stress moves to the He except in the feminine:
R He 6bln
R He 6blna
OHO .1ft 6blno
Mbl.lft 6blnM
I wasn't (m)
I wasn't (f)
it wasn't
we weren't
11.3 Past of ecTb and HeT 'there isn't'
Since 8CTb 'there is/are' is the present tense of 6blTb, the past -tense fonns
of eCTb are those of 6blTb:
Y Hac ecTb A6nnapbl.
Y Hac 6blnM Aonnapbl.
We have dollars (10.2).
We had dollars ('By us were dollars').
The past of HeT + genitive is He 6blno (note stress) + genitive
HeT'Io. There's no tea (10.5).
He 6blno 'IaR. There was no tea.
Y HaC COBC8M He 6blno AOnnapoB. We had no dollars at all.
11.4 EXTRA: Stress of the Past Tense
As a general rule, if the infinitive has only one syllable ()I(MTb, 6paTb), the
feminine fonn will be stressed on the -a (oHa )l(Mna, to she lived'; oHa
6pana 'she took'), while the other fonns will be stressed on the stem (OHM
124

THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS
)l(MnM, OHM 6panM). 3HaTb is an exception: oHa 3Hana 'she knew'. Where
the stress moves, this will be shown in the vocabularies.
Longer verbs (npoA8B8Tb 'to sell') are likely to have fixed stress (oHa
npoA8Bana 'she sold'). But verbs with prefixes (Lesson 19) nonnally
have the same stress pattern as the root verb; so M36p8Tb 'to pick out', 'to
elect' has the past tense OH8 M36pani 'she elected' because it is derived
from the verb 6paTb 'to take', which has the past tense oHa 6pani 'she
took' .
The shift of the stress to He with 6blTb (see examples above) is found
with a small number of one-syllable verbs, e.g. )l(MTb 'to live' (6H He )l(Mn,
Mbl He )l(MnM) and A8Tb 'to give' (12.7), but the only important one is
6blTb, because its negative fonns are so common.
11.5 Exceptional Verbs
If the infinitive ends in something other than -Tb (e.g. MATM 'to go' 6.9,
MO'Ib 'to be able' 11.8), then the masculine singular past tense stem can-
n)t easily be predicted (the m past of M6'1b is Mor 'was able'). However,
once you know the masculine foon, the other foons always end -na, -no, -nM:
MCNb 'to be able' JI Mor, JI Morna, OHO Mo rno. OHM Mo rnM (was able, could)
Note the odd past tense of MATH 'to go on foot', which has both an un-
expected stem w(i) and a fleeting vowel.
OH wen, oHa wna, OHO wn6, OHM wnM 'he/she/it/they was/were going'
No other Russian verb has such a difference of stem between the infinitive
and the past tense.
EXERCISE 11/1
Make the verbs in brackets past tense and translate:
1 MBaH (6bITb) B MOCKSe.
2 Mawa TO)l(e (6bITb) B MOCKBe.
3 SI (6bITb) B KMeBe ABa AHJI.
125

LESSON 11
4 OHM (pS60TaTb) Becb AeHb.
5 SI (ps66TaTb) B1f8p8.
6 Bbl (3HSTb), 'IT6 OH8 (6bITb) B &epnMH8?
7 Bbl (BMAeTb ito see') Moer6 MY.S?
8 OHS He (M6Ifb) pa66TSTb.
9 Mbl (MATM) M6AneHHo.
10 KorAi JI (BMAeTb) er6, 6H (MATM) B Msra3MH.
11 Y BSC (ecTb) APY3bH B MocKBe?
12 Y Hei (ecTb) PYCCKMM APyr.
13 B 6yeTe (HeT) MonoKs.
14 Y Hac (HeT) PYCCKMX AeHer.
11 .6 Reflexive' Verbs
Many Russian verbs have a suffix -CJI, which is short for Ce6H, meaning
'self' (21.4). Our example is OA8B8TbCR [s-dye-va-tsa] 'to dress oneself'.
Note that -TbCR is always pronounced [tsa]. These verbs are called
reflexive t . The suffix -CR (pronounced [sa] after T), which becomes Cb [SV]
after a vowel, is simply added to the endings you already know (present
tense - Lesson 4; past tense above).
OAeB8Tb 'to dress (someone)' has the 3HSTb-type endings OA8B81O,
0AeB8ewb, so the endings of OAeB8TbCR 'to dress oneself' are:
JI oAeB81OCb I dress myself Mbl oAeB8eMcJI we dress ourselves
[a-dye-va-yoosV] [a-dye-va-yem-sya]
Tbl QAeB8eWbCJI you dress yourself Bbl oAeB8eTecb you dress yourself
[a-dye-va-yesh-sya] [s-dye-va-ye-tyes v ]
OH OAeB8eTCR he dresses himself OHM oAeB81OTcJI they dress themselves
[s-dye-va-ye-tH] [s-dye-va-yoo-tH]
OH8 oAeBieT MinblfMKs. She dresses the boy.
OHi oAeBi8TcJI KpSCMBO. She dresses (herself) well.
The past tense works in the same way (CJI added after consonants, Cb after
vowels):
R oA8B8ncJI I dressed myself (man speaking)
R OAeB8nSCb I dressed myself (woman speaking)
Mbl oAeB8nMcb we dressed ourselves
126

THE PAST, REFLEXIVE VERBS
In English we often omit the 'self' ('I dressed') but in Russian the -CJI is
not .optional Apart from oAeB8TbCJI, MblTbCJI 'to wash oneself' (JI
M6IOCb, Tbl M6ewbCJI), 6pMTbCJI 'to shave (oneself)' (JI 6p8IOCb, Tbl
6p8eWbCJI), there are a large number of verbs which have a reflexive suffix
-CJI for no obvious reason:
ynbl6aTbCJI
ynbl6alOCb, ynbl6itewbCJI
cMekrbCJI
cMelOcb, CMeiWbCJI
cePAMTbcJI
cepJKjcb, cepAMwbCJI
pyraTbCJI
pyr8lOCb, pyraewbCJI
to smile
to laugh
to be angry
to swear
You simply have to learn that these verbs have -CJI suffixes, even though
there is no meaning of 'self' .
Another common use of -CJI is with verbs like OTKpblBaTb 'to open',
38Kpb1B8Tb 'to close', H8'tMH8Tb 'to begin', when they are used 'intransi-
tively', that is, the thing which opens, closes, or begins is made the subject
of the sentence and there is no object in the accusative case. Compare
transitive' (a) with intransitive t (b):
(a) MBSH H8'tMHaeT KOH",epT. Ivan begins the concert.
(b) KOH4epT Ha'tMHaeT. The concert begins ('itself').
KOH4epT H8'tMH8eT . . . is an incomplete construction to a Russian, who
expects to hear an object in the accusative case or a following verb, e.g.
KOH4epT H8'tMHaeT HBAoeASTb 'The concert begins to bore' or KOH4epT
H8'tMHaeT H6BYlO cepMIO 'The concert begins a new series'; if there is
no following noun or infinitive, then the reflexive ending is added 'The
concert begins itself' (KoH4epT Ha'tMH8eT). This structure is common
with verbs (e.g. OTKpblB8Tb 'to open') which are normally followed by an
accusative noun ('He opens the door') or an infinitive verb ('He continues
to talk') but which can also be used with an inanimate noun as subject
('The door opens '):
SI OTKpblB81O ABepb.
ABepb OTKpbIB8eT.
Mbl npoAOnJKaeM yp6K.
I open the door.
The door opens.
We continue the lesson.
127

YpOK npOAOn)l(ileT.
Mbl npOAOn)l(aeM paOOTSTb.
PS6GT8 nPOAon)l(aeT.
LESSON 11
The lesson continues.
We continue to work.
The work continues.
11.7 Common Phrases with Reflexive Verbs
C8A MT 8Cb.
(C8AMTbCR 'to sit down')
K8K iTO H83b1BaeTcR?
(H83bIBaTbCR 'to be called' of
things, not people)
P83AeB8MT8Cb.
(pa3AeBsTbcR 'to undress')
H8AelOCb.
(H8AeRTbCR 'to hope')
He TonKaMTecb. Don't push.
(TonK8TbCJI 'to push', ' to shove')
KorAi OTKpblB8eTcR M8r83MH?
K8)1(eTCJI . . .
(from K838TbCR 'to seem')
Ka.eTcR, 6H AGU8.
K838nocb . . .
6H, K838nOCb, cepAMncR.
EXERCISE 11/2
When does the shop open?
it seems (often corresponding to
'I think')
I think he's at home.
It seemed . . .
He seemed to be angry.
('He, it seemed, was angry.')
Take a seat. (Sit yourself down.)
What is this called? (What does this
call itself?)
Take your coat off. (Undress
yourself.)
I hope (so).
Translate the verbs:
1 nO'leuy 6nR He (smiles)? 2 Mbl (got dressed). 3 ABepb (opens).
4 ABepM (opened). 5 KorAs (begins) cl»MnbM?
128

THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS
11.8 Vocabulary
&anTMicKoe MOpe Baltic Sea
60nuHb (1) disease
6bITb (only present form ecTb) to be
BenMKMi great
B8Cb gen. pI. Bcex (Table 4) all
BMAeTb: BM)I(Y, BMAMWb to see
BCe paBHa nevertheless, all the
same
Bce (pI. of B8Cb) everybody
AO*Ab (m) gen.sg. Ao-M rain
A6nro for a long time
38xoAMTe come in (to guest)
M3-38 (+ gen.) because of
M3BMHMTe 38 (+ ace.) excuse me
for
MCK8Tb (+ ace. or gen.): MU4Y,
Ml1Iewb to look for, to seek
Ka)l(eTCR [kB-zhe-tsa] it seems,
I think
KMHO (n indecl) cinema
KOH4epT concert
Ha KOHL4epTe at a concert
KpacoTa beauty
KpecTbRHMH nom.pl. KpeCTbRHe
peasant
gen. pI. KpecTbRH
MaMa mother, mum(my)
MO"lb: MOrY, MO)l(eWb, MOar to
be able
(past Mor, Morna, Morn6,
MornM)
Ha3blB8Tb (+ ace.) (like 3HaTb) to
name (sth)
Ha3blB8TbCR [n8-zl-va-tsa] to be
called (of thing, not person)
Ha"lMH8Tb(CR) (11.6) (like 3HaTb)
to begin
HBAeRTbCR: HBAelOCb,
HBA8eWbCR to hope
HeBa Neva River
H8A8BHO recently
HM"Iera! [nee-chye-6] it doesn't
matter/that's all right
HM"IerO [nee-chye-v6] He + verb
nothing
HY)I(HO it's necessary
oAeB8Tb(cR) (like 3HaTb) (11.6) to
dress (oneself)
O)l(MABTb (+ gen.) (like 3H8Tb) to
expect ( something/someone)
ono3A8HMe lateness
OTKpbIB8Tb(CR) (like 3H8Tb) (11.6)
to open
nopT prep. B noPTY port
npaBAS truth
npaBA8? Is that so?
npoAOn)l(8Tb(cR) (like 3H8Tb)
(11.6) to continue
npoxoAMTe go through (imper)
np6wnbli previous, last
B npownoM rOAY last year
pa3AeB8MTecb take your coat off
cepAMTbCR: Cep)l(ycb, cepAMwbCR
to be angry
cnblw8Tb: cnblwy, cnblwMwb to
hear
CMeRTbCJI: cMelOcb, CMeiwbCJI to
laugh
CMOTpeTb (+ acc.) to watch; to
look at (the content of)
129

LESSON 11
CMOTptb, CMOTpMWb
CMOTp8Tb Ha (+ acc.) to look at
(the surface of)
coceA pI. COC8AM gen.pl. coc8Aei
neighbour
CTORTb: CTOtb, CTOMWb to stand
cTp6MTb: CTpOIO, CTpOMWb to
build
cTp6MTbCA to be built ('build itself')
Tano'tKM gen.pl. TanO'IeK slippers
1)fM8H mist, fog
11 .9 .QMan6rM
(1)
Bn:
EBa:
Bn:
EBa:
(2)
EBa:
B8A MM :
EBB:
(3)
KM:
A5:
KM:
A5:
Y't(e HeT (+ gen.) there is/are
no more
ynbl6aTbCA [oo-U-ba-tsa] to smile
ynbl68lOCb, ynbl6aewbCA
cl»MnbM film
x6noA cold
'lac hour
B ceMb 'tacoB at seven o'clock
wy,.Ka gen.pl. WYTOK joke
3pMMTS)I( the Hermitage
(8t Petersburg museum)
Bbl 6blnM B neTep6ypre?
As. B npownoM rOAY. Sl6bln8 TaM '1eTblpe AHA.
"ITO Bbl TaM BMAenM?
SI BMAena HeBCKMi npocneKT, HeBY, neTponaBnOBCKYIO
KpenOCTb, 6blna B 3pMMTa)l(e, KOH6'lHO. SI He 3Hana, '1TO
neTep6ypr TaKoi KpaCMBbii ropOA. SI MHoro cnblwana 06
3TOM ropoAe, HO Bcl paBHo R He o)l(MAina T8Koi Kp8COTbl.
KorAi Ha'lMHaeTCA KOHL4epT?
Ka.eTCA, B ceMb 'taCOB. nO'leMY Tbl ynbl6aeWbCA?
SI 3HalO, '1TO 6MneTOB Y't(e HeT. Ho B KMH6 MAlT XOp6WMi
aMepMKaHCKMi c1JMnbM. MaMa B'Iepa CMOTpena. OHa
rOBopMT, '1TO Bce CMeRnMCb.
MMnOCTM npOcMM*! 3axoAMTel Pa3AeBaiT8Cb. BOT TanO'fKM.
Knapa MMxsinOBHa, M3BMHMTe 38 ono3A8HMe. HBAelOCb, Bbl
He cepAMTeCb. SI 6'1eHb A6nro MCK8na TaKCM.
HM'tero, HM'Ier6. npOXOAMTe, nO)l(snyicTa.
CB066AHbIX MaWMH He 6blno COBC8M. SI He 3Hina, '1T6 A8naTb.
130

THE PAST; REFLEXIVE VERBS
KM: n03H8KOMbTeCb, 3TO H8W coceA, BnBAMMMp neTpOBM'4. OH
HeA8BHO 6bln B nOHAOHe.
A6: O'leHb npMkrHO. MeHH 30BYT AHHa 60pMcoBHa. A If TO Bbl
TaM BMAenM?
Bn: K CO)l(aneHMIO, M3-38 TYM8Ha R HM'IerO He BMAen.
A6: np8BA8? nO'IeMY Bbl CMeiTecb?
an: 3TO wy,.Ka, KOHe'4HO. TYM8HOB He 6blno. Ho nOCTOHHHO wen
A°*A b .
*MMnocTM npocMM! welcome! (to guests)
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 11/3
(Translation in key)
OCHOB8HMe neTep6ypra The Founding of 8t Petersburg (1703)
1 Was 8t Petersburg founded on a completely empty site?
2 What hardships did the peasant labour force endure?
pYCCKMM 48pb neTp BenMKMM clfMTan, '1TO HY)l(HO CTpOMTb HOBblM
nopT Ha 6anTMMcKOM MOpe. 3T0 ropoA CaHKT-neTep6ypr, MnM
neTep6ypr, K8K ero 06bl'4HO Ha3bIB8IOT. 3TO HOBoe «OKHO B EBpony»*
cTpoMnM Ha peKe HeBe, rAe Ha OCTpOBe* y)l(e CTORna
neTpon8BnOBCKaR*KpenOCTb.
neTep6ypr CTpOMnCR 6blCTpo. AnJi nOCTpOMKM* ropOA8 co Bcex
KOH'-'OB* POCCMM KiuKAblM rOA nOCblnanM TbICR'4M KpecTbRH. OHM
pa60TanM B xonOAe, nocToRHHO win AO*Ab M Ayn* BeTep. OHM
cToRnM no KOneHM* B BOAe M rpJl3M. KiuKAblM r6A TbICR'IM nlOAeM
norM68nM* OT 60ne3Hei, ronOA8 M HenOCMnbHoro* TPYA8.
*Extra vocabulary (less common words and phrases, not worth learning at
this stage). In alphabetical order:
BeT(e)p wind
ronoA hunger
rpR3b (f) mud
B rpR3M in mud
AYTb to blow
co Bcex KOH'-'OB (KoH(e),-, end)
from all corners rends')
131

HenOCMnbHblM excessive,
over-demanding
«OHK6 B EBp6ny» window on
Cinto') Europe
6CTPOB pI. OCTpOB8 island
neTponaBnoBcK8se KpenocTb
Peter and Paul Fortress
LESSON 11
no KoneHM up to (their) knees
norM6aTb to perish
nocTp6MK8 construction
nocblnaTb to send
C'IMT8Tb [Jlmbee-tat y ) to consider
TPYA labour, work
132

12
YPOK HOMEP ABEHAAATb
THEFUTURE;ASPEC
THE DATIVE CASE
12.1 Useful Phrases
SI n03BoHIG 38BTpa.
SI npMBAY B Cp8AY.
Bbl HaM CK8)1(eTe?
SI XO'ty nOMTM B KpeMnb.
MOCKBlI MHe Hp8SMTCR.
I'll phone tomorrow.
I'll come on Wednesday.
Will you tell us?
I want to go to the Kremlin.
I like Moscow.
12.2 Aspect: Imperfective (I) and Perfective (P) Verbs
If you look up any verb, e.g. 'to write', in an English-Russian dictionary,
you will usually find two Russian verbs. 'To telephone' is both 3BOHMTb
and n03BoHMTb. 3BOHMTb is called the imperfective aspect fonn of this
verb, and n03BoHMTb is called the perfective aspect fonn. The imperfec-
tive and perfective fonns are usually, but not always, fairly similar to
look at.
All the verbs you have met so far in this book (apart from some
imperative t fonns) have been imperfective. From now on imperfectives
will be marked i, and perfectives p.
The present tense is always fonned from imperfective verbs. The future
is most often fonned from perfective verbs, as in this lesson. The meaning
of the two aspects, their use in the past tense, and the imperfective future
are dealt with in Lessons 13 and 14.
133

12.3 Future Tense
LESSON 12
A major use of perfective verbs is the fonnation of the future tense. If you
add to perfective verbs the same verb endings which you met with imper-
fective verbs in Lesson 4, the meaning is future.
3BOHMTb ' to telephone
present tense
H 3BoHIO I phone/am phoning
Tbl 3BoHMwb you phone
OH 3BOHMT he phones
Mbl 3BoHMM we phone
Bbl 3BoHMTe you phone
OHM 3BOHRT they phone
n03BoHMTb P to telephone
future tense
H n03BoHIO I'll phone
Tbl n03BoHMwb you'll phone
OH n03BoHMT he'll phone
Mbl n03BoHMM we'll phone
Bbl n03BoHMTe you'll phone
OHM n03BoHHT they'll phone
Another example
The perfective of OTAbIX8Tb ' 'to rest' is OTAOXHYrb P . OTAOXHYrb P is a
)l(MTb- type verb with the stem OTAoXH-. So:
H OTAblX81O is 'I rest' and H OTAOXHY is II shall rest'/TII take a rest'
Tbl OTAblx8ewb 'you rest' Tbl OTAOXHiwb 'you'll rest'
12.4 More Pairs of Imperfective and Perfective Verbs
Notice that a perfective (e.g. noexaTb P ) fonned from an imperfective
(ex8Tb ' ) by the addition of a prefix (no- in this case) always has the same
conjugation (endings) as the imperfective:
AenaTb ' to do
H AenalO, Tbl Aenaewb I do etc.
MATM I to go on foot
H MAY, Tbl MAiwb I go etc.
eX8Tb I to go by transport
H eAY, Tbl eA8Wb I go etc.
nOK83blBaTb i to show
H nOK83b1BalO, Tbl
nOK83blB8ewb
CAenaTb P
H cAenalO, Tbl cAenaewb I'll do etc.
nOMTM P
H nOMAY, Tbl nOMAiwb 1.11 go etc.
noexaTb P
H no6AY, Tbl noeA8wb I'll go etc.
nOKa38Tb P
51 nOK8)I(Y, Tbl nOK8)1(eWb I'll show
etc.
134

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
nOKyn8Tb t to buy
51 nOKynalO, Tbl nOKynaewb
BMAeTb ' to see
H BM)I(}f, Tbl BMAMWb
nOMor8Tb ' to help
H nOMor81O, Tbl nOMor8ewb
ASB8Tb ' to give (stem p.8-)
H p.81O, Tbl ABiwb
Mbl MAiM' HB KpaCHYIO
nnOlq8Ab.
Mbl nOMAiM P HB Kp8CHYlO
nnOlq8Ab.
S1 BM)I(}f' ei KfvKAblM AeHb.
S1 YBM)I(YP ei 38BTpB.
OHM He nOMor8IOT. '
OHM He nOMOryT.p
KynMTb P
H KynnlO, Tbl KynMwb I'll buy
YBMAeTb P
H YBM)I(Y, Tbl YBMAMWb I'll see
nOMobP
H nOMorY, Tbl nOMO)l(eWb, OHM
nOMOryT I'll help
p.8Tb P (irregular verb)
H p.8M, Tbl p.aWb, OH ABCT, Mbl
ABAMM, Bbl ABAMTe, OHM ABAtr
We're going to Red Square.
We'll go to Red Square.
I see her every day.
I'll see her tomorrow.
They're not helping.
They won't help.
Very occasionally, the i and p partners look very different:
rOBopMTb i to say
H rOBoplO, Tbl rOBopMwb
6paTb' to take
H 6epy, Tbl 6epiWb
OH8 rOBopMT ' cccnBcM60»).
OH8 cKluKeT P cccnBcM6o».
Mbl 6epiM ' wBMn8HcKoe.
Mbl B03bMeMP wBMn8HcKoe.
EXERCISE 12/1
CKB38Tb P
H CKB)I(y, Tbl CKa)l(eWb I'll say
83HTb P
H B03bMY, Tbl B03bMiwb I'll take
She says 'thank you'.
She'll say 'thank you'.
We're taking champagne.
We'll take champagne.
Translate into Russian:
1 I'll help. 2 Will you help? 3 We'll see her tomorrow. 4 We'll go to Red
Square. 5 They won't go (by transport). 6 I'll buy this book. 7 We shall rest.
8 He won't come. 9 I'm taking this book. 10 I'll say two words.
135

12.5 XOTeTb ' 'to want'
LESSON 12
There are very few irregular (unpredictable) verb conjugations in Russian
(though there are plenty of awkward infinitives). One unpred ictable verb is
xOTeTb, which has eX8Tb-type endings in the singular and rOBopMTb- type
in the plural:
51 xoy
Tbl x6'lewb
OH xo'teT
I want
you (fam) want
he wants
Mbl xOTMM
BbixoTMTe
OHM XOTHT
we want
you (poL/pI.) want
they want
Most commonly this verb is used with an infinitive ('I want to go to the cir-
cus '). If what you want to do is a single event, use the perfective infinitive:
S1 XO'fY nOMTM P B 3pMMT8JK.
S1 xO'ty noex8Tb P B KMeB.
I want to go to the Hermitage.
I want to go to Kiev.
If what you want to do is to be repeated or has no specified duration, use
the imperfective:
Mbl XOTMM rOBopMTb' no-PyccKM. We want to speak Russian.
Compare:
S1 xOY npoMTaTbP 3Ty KHMry.
S1 xOY MT8Tb' PyccKMe KHMfM.
Note also:
S1 XO'fY nMTb I .
S1 xO'IY BblnMTb P .
I want to read (and finish) this book.
I want to read Russian books (in
general, no specified number)
I'm thirsty.
I want a drink (a strongly alcoholic one,
not beer).
XOTeTb can be used with a noun in either the accusative case (with specif-
ic objects) or the genitive (with abstract objects, or in the partitive mean-
ing - see 10.8), but constructions with an infinitive are much commoner:
"ITO Bbl xOTMTe?
S1 xoy 6yrep6poA.
Mbl xOTMM MMpa.
XOTMTe alO?
What do you want? (The questioner
supposes you want something
definite.)
I want a sandwich (a specific thing).
We want peace (abstract noun).
Like some tea? (partitive 10.8)
136

THE FUTURE; ASPECT. THE DATIVE CASE
XOTeTb ' is a good example of a verb whose meaning (a state, not an
action) is naturally associated with the imperfective aspect. However,
there is a perfective 38xoTeTb P , which means 'to start to want', 'to con-
ceive a desire', and is used quite frequently to form the future:
MOJKeT 6blTb, 38BTpa OHM 38XOTRTP nOMTM B TesTp.
Tomorrow they may decide that they want (lit. 'perhaps they will begin to
want') to go to the theatre.
EXERCISE 12/2
Translate into Russian:
1 What do you want? 2 I want to go (p) to Siberia. 3 We don't want (to). 4
They want to buy vodka. 5 Do you (fam) want to have a drink (p)?
.
12.6 Dative Case: Pronouns
The basic meaning of the dative case endings is 'to' as in 'She gave it to
me'. The dative forms of the personal pronouns are:
R MHe to me
Tbl Te6e to you (fam.)
6H eMY to him
OHS eM to her
OHO 8MY to it
Mbl HaM to us
Bbl B8M to you (poi/pI.)
OHM MM to them
He MY after prepositions!
HeM after prepositions
HeMY after prepositions
H MM after prepositions
OH8 ABCT P MHe nRTb py6neM. She'll give (to) me five roubles.
K H8MY towards him
Bbl P/JPIrreP eMj A8cRTb py6nei? Will you give him ten roubles?
12.7 AaTb 'To Give': Another Irregular Verb
Like XOT8Tb' in 12.5 above, ABTb P is an awkward verb:
137

LESSON 12
Rp,aM
Tbl p,aWb
OH ABCT
I'll give
you'll give
he'll give
MblABAMM
BblABAMTe
OHM ABAYT
we'll give
you'll give
they'll give
The only other verb of this type is eCTb ' 'to eat' - see 12.18.
12.8 HpaBMTbCR 'To Please'
Note the use of the dative in the Russian structure corresponding to 'Do
you like. . .?' using the verb Hp8BMTbCR (third person Hp8BMTCR/Hp8BRTCR)
'to please':
8aM Hp8BMTCR MOCKB8? Do you like Moscow? (lit. 'To you
pleases Moscow?')
MOCKB' MHe He Hp8BMTCR. I don't like Moscow ('Moscow to me
does not please').
MH8 BaWM AeTM iNeHb Hp8BRTCR. I like your children very much. ('To me
your children very please').
A common question is:
KaK 88M Hp8BMTCR . . .1 What do you think of . . .?
KaK 88M Hp8BMTCR 3TOT cjJMnbM? What do you think of this film?
nlO6MTb 'to like/love' (with the accusative) can be used when the feeling is
stronger:
S1 nlO6nlO MOCKBY.
I love/am very fond of Moscow.
12.9 Formation of the Dative Singular of Nouns
The dative is an easy case to fonn:
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant add -v:
APyr friend
APY to a friend
Masculine nouns ending -b or -M replace the b or it with -10:
Mropb Igor
8acMnMM Vasilii
MropJg to Igor
8acMnMJg to Vasilii
138

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
Neuter nouns replace -0 with -y and -e with -10:
OKtfO window
CO)l(aneHMe regret
C'I8CTbe happiness, luck
OKHj to the window
K CO)l(aneH MIO unfortunately ('to regret')
K C'48CTbm fortunately ('to happiness')
MMR 'name' has dative MMeHM (same as the genitive fonn)
Feminine nouns (and masculine nouns ending -al-R) have the same end-
ings as in the prepositional case (see 5.4):
HaT8wa
AHR
CM6Mpb
MaTb
POCCMR
B8HR
SI n03soHIG MS8HY.
SI A8M M8we nRTb Aonnapos.
HaT8w to Natasha
AH to Ania
CM6M pM to Siberia
MaTIRlt to mother
POCCM M to Russia
B8H to Vanya
I'll phone (to) Ivan.
I'll give (to) Masha five dollars.
OHa nOMOraeT MY*Y. She helps (to) her husband.
6H He nOMoraeT )l(eH8. He doesn't help (to) his wife.
(noMoraTb'/nOMO'lb P 'to help' is followed by the dative case)
EXERCISE 12/3
Put dative endings on the words in brackets and translate:
1 SI A8M (Sbl) nRTb Aonnapos. 2 Bbl (R) nOMO)l(eTe? 3 SI nOKa)l(Y
nMcbMo ()I(eH8). 4 SI n03soHIG (Esa M BBAMM). 5 K (C'I8CTb8), PyccKMe
XOTRT MMpa.
12. 1 0 Formation of the Dative Plural
All nouns, regardless of gender, add either -8M or -JIM to the stem of the
nominative plural (Lesson 8). That means:
(a) If the nominative plural (see Lesson 8) ends -bl or -8, replace the -bl or
-a with -aM:
139

LESSON 12
AOMa houses
AesywKM girls
nMpbM8 letters
MMeH8 names
AOM 8M (AOM 'house')
AesywKIM (AesywK8 'girl')
nMCbMIM (nMcbMo 'letter')
MMeH6M (MMR 'name')
(b) If the nom. plural ends -M or -R, replace the M or R with $1M:
APY3bH friends
MaTepM mothers
HeAenM weeks
APY3 bHM Ita friends' (APyr Ifriend')
M8Te pHM 'to mothers' (M8Tb Imother')
H8Aeno 'to weeks' (HeAenR 'week')
12.11 The Last Two Spelling Rules (3 and 4)
Rule 3. After r, K, x, 't, ., W, Iq, LI (all the eight letters involved in Rules 1
and 2), you always find iI not B. SO the dative plural of KHMra 'book' (pI.
KHMrM) is KHMrlM (not KMMrRM). 'They are learning Russian' from the
rOSOpMTb-type verb Y'tMTb 'to learn' is OHM j't8T (not y'tRT) PYCCKMM
R3bIK.
Rule 4. After those same eight letters, you always find y, not 10. So 'I am
learning Russian' is R Y't-i (not y'tlO) PYCCKMM R3bIK.
12.12 The Main Uses of the Dative
(1) To translate to a person in sentences such as 'I wrote to my friend' (Sf
nMCan APYry - Y is the dative ending), 'I shall give ten dollars to the
waiter' (Sf A8M AecRTb Aonn8poB ocl»MLlMaHT!). The dative is the oppo-
site of OT + genitive 'from'.
(2) In impersonal constructions with words like HSAO 'it is necessary',
MO.HO 'it's possible', the person affected is in the dative, e.g. EMY
MO.HO 'He's allowed to' (lit. ITa him it is possible'). See Lesson 14 for the
details.
(3) After certain verbs, including most vers of speaking and communicating
and many which have a sense of giving something:
140

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
rOBopMTb 1 /cK838Tb Pl to say', 'to tell' (to someone)
p8CCKa3bIB8Tb ' /p8CCKa38Tb P 'to tell (a story)' (to someone)
ASB8Tb'lA8Tb P 'to give' (to someone)
npMHocMTb ' /npMH8CTM P 'to bring' (to someone)
nOMor8Tb ' /nOMO'lb P 'to help'
p83peWaTb ' /p83peWMTb P 'to permit'
st. CK8_Y. I'll tell him.
OH paCCK83blB8l1 H8M 0 CM6MpM. He told us about Siberia.
OHa nOMor8eT pOAMTen RM . She helps her parents.
(4) After the prepositions K 'towards'/'to (a person)' and no 'along',
'according to' and various other meanings depending on context (no is the
vaguest of Russian prepositions).
st xOAMn K APY3 bRM .
no r6po
no ynMLUIM
no nn8H
no nO'lT
no HMeH}!
I went to (see) my friends.
around the town (ropoA 'town')
along the streets (ynM48 'street')
according to plan (nn8H 'pl an ')
by post (n6'1T8 'post', 'post office')
by name (MMSI 'name')
The dative is the least common case of nouns.
12.13 Dative of Adjectives, Possessives, Demonstratives (3TOT
and TOT)
Check that you know the prepositional endings of adjectives, possessives
and demonstratives (7.11, 7.14). The masculine and neuter endings of the
dative simply require the addition of Y to the -OM or -eM of the prepositional,
i.e. the dative endings are always -OMY or -eMY. The feminine dative is the
same as the feminine prepositional, i.e. always -OM or -eM.
H8WmD xop6 we u APYry
to our good friend (cf. prepositional 0
HaWeM xop6weM APyre)
a specialist on the Russian theatre
to that waiter
to my Russian friend (same endings as
prep.)
CnM8J1MCT no PYCCKgf8 Te8Tpy
TOUY 0MI4M8H
M oeM PYCCKgj nOAPyre
141

LESSON 12
no 3MMH ropoAY
across the wintry town (3MUH M i
'winter', 'wintry' has soft endings)
I'm helping this girl.
s:I nOMoralO 3Tmt AesywKe.
Note: all fonns of Moi and Tsoi are stressed on the last syllable, so the m
and n dative foons are MoeMY and TSoeMY (prepositional: MoiMfrsoiM;
remember that i only occurs in stressed syllables - 1.2 (c), 4.9 (a»:
MoeMY APYry
to my friend
12.14 Dative Plural of Adjectives, Possessives, Demonstratives
Adjectives ending -bli or -oi have -biM
Adjectives ending -MM have -MM
HOB blM APY3 bRM to new friends
PYCCKItM APY3 bRM to Russian friends
The possessives and demonstratives (3TOThoT) simply add -M to the end-
ing of the nominative plural (8.8):
M OMM APY3bRM
3TMM AlrrHM
to my friends (MoM APY3bR 'my friends')
to these children (3TM A'TM 'these
children')
to those girls (Te AesywKM 'those girls')
Tg AesywK8M
For the foons of TpeTMM 'third', see Table 5.
12.15 Common Phrases with the Dative
K SOK38nY
K noe3A8M
Tosapbl no cHM_eHHI!!M 4eHAM
BXOA nOCTopOHH MM socnpeaqiH
To the station
To the trains
Goods at reduced prices
Private (entry to strangers forbidden)
142

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
12.16 EXTRA: Minor Uses of the Dative
With four rarer prepositions: 6n8roASPR 'thanks to', cornicHo 'according
to', BonpeKM 'in spite of' , H8BCTp6'fy 'towards':
6n8roASpR xop6weM noroAe
cornicHo nniHY
H8BCTp6&ty H8M win A'AYWK8.
thanks to the good weather
according to the plan
Grandfather was coming towards us
(to meet us).
In infinitive phrases (LITO Aen8Tb? 'What is to be done?') you can add a
subject in the dative:
LITO H8M Aen8Tb I? What are we to do? ('What to us to do?')
EXERCISE 12/4
Put in the dative singular:
1 MOR )l(eH8. 2 B8W PYCCKMM APyr BonoAR. 3 3TOT MHTep8cHbIM
8HrnM'I8HMH.
EXERCISE 12/5
Put dative plural endings on the words in brackets:
1 K (tt8WM pGAKrenM). 2 no (3TM ynMLlbI). 3 OH nOMor8eT (Te 8MepMOHLlbI).
4 SI n03BoHIO (MOM APY3bR). 5 OHi cne4ManMCT no (C08AMHiHHble
WT8Tbl).
12. 17 Prepositional Plural
It is convenient to deal with the plural of the prepositional case (Lesson 5)
after the dative plural, since for both adjectives and nouns the preposition-
al endings can always be derived from the dative endings by replacing the
final -M with -x.
143

LESSON 12
M OMM APY3 bRM
TmI AeSYWKIM
HOSJi!(M ropoAiM
o MOg APY3 bRX
o TU AeSYWKIX
S HOS)dX ropoAix
Dative plural:
Prepositional plural:
to my friends
to those girls
to new towns
about my friends
about those girls
in new towns
So the prep plural endings for nouns are always -ax or -RX. The prep.pI.
endings for adjectives are always -biX or -MX. Since the dat.pl.. of TOT 'that'
and seCb 'all' are TeM and sceM, the prep.pI. are Tex and scex.
EXERCISE 12/6
Put the words in brackets in the dat. or prep. case and translate:
1 SI paCCK83blsana (pyccKMe APY3bR) 0 (HawM Aent). 2 80 (Bce PyccKMe
AOMa) 'taCTO rosopRT 0 (CoeAMHeHHble WTaTbl). 3 npOAYKTbl S (3TM
Mara3MHbl) (Mbl) He HpaSRTCR.
12.18 Vocabulary
6MclJwTeKc [beef-shteks] meat
rissole, hamburger
6nlOAo pI. 6nlOA8 dish, course of
a meal
6YAbTe A06pbl be so good
(polite phrase before a
request)
sereTapMaH(e)4 (male) vegetarian
sereTapMaHcKMi vegetarian (adj)
S3RTb P (6paTb') S03bMY,
s03bMewb to take
BblnMTb P (see nMTb') (+ ace.) to
have a drink
sblnblO, SblnbeWb
r6cTb (m) gen.pl. rOCTji guest
MATM' (noMTM P ) S rOCTM K (+ dat.)
to go visiting someone
6blTb S rOCTRx Y (+ gen.) to be
visiting someone
rpM6 pi rpM 6bl mushroom
A8saTb'/A8Tb P (see 12.7) to give
A811eKo (OT + gen.) far (from)
eCTb' (C'b8CTb P ) (+ ace.) (past en,
ena) to eat
eM, eWb, eCT, eAMM, 8AMTe,
eA*r
3S0HMTb ' (no-P) (+ dat.) to telephone
(someone)
3S0HtO, 3S0HMWb
KanyCTa (no pI.) cabbage
144

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
KOTneTbl nO-KM8sCKM Chicken
Kiev (with butter and garlic)
Kp6M8 Tor6 also, in addition
('besides that')
KpblMCKMi Crimean
nMHMR line
MMH8panbHbiM mineral (adD
MMp peace; world
Hp8SMTbCR' (no-P) (see 12.8) to
please
MH8 Hp8SMTCR I like
06eA dinner; meal
o6eA8Tb ' (no- p ) (like 3H8Tb) to
dine, have a meal
oTAblxaTb'/oTAoXHYrb P (12.3) to
rest
OcIJM"'M8HT waiter
ocl»M",MaHTK8 gen.pl. ocIJM",MaHToK
waitress
nMTb' (Bbl- P ) nblO, nbiwb (+ ace.)
to drink
noex8Tb P (ex8Tb') to go (by trans-
port)
noeAY, noeA8wb
noiA8M S rOcTM let's go visiting
nOMMAop tomato
noo66A8Tb P (see 066AaTb ' ) to
dine, have a meal
noc8TMT8nb (m) customer
nOT6M then, next
nOToMY 'tTO because
npeAynpeJKA8Tb ' (3H8Tb - type) to
warn
npMiTMP (npMxoAMTb ' ) to arrive,
come
npMAY, npMAiwb
npMH8cMT8 bring (imperative)
npMH8cTMP (+ ace. + dat.) to bring
(something to someone)
npMH8cy,npMH8cewb
(npMHocMTb', npMHowy,
npMH6cMWb)
npRM6i direct, straight
p8CCK838Tb P (paccKa3bls8Tb') to
tell, talk about (to somebody)
p8CCK8)1(Y, p8CCKa)l(8Wb ( +dat.)
c8n8T salad
CK838T1JP (rosopMTb ' ) (+ ace. + dat.)
to say (something to someone)
CK8)1(Y, CK8)1(8Wb
C8MbR, gen.pl. c8Mei family
cnyw8Tb' (no p ) (+ ace.) to listen to
cnyw81O, cnyw88wb
C08AMH8HHbl8 WT8Tbi AMepMKM
United States of America
CTP8H8 pl. CTpSHbl country
TO then (in that case)
TorAi at that time, in that case
yiTMP (YXOAMTb') to leave
R YMAY, Tbl yiA8wb
xOTeTb ' (38- P ) (see 12.5) to want
't8CTO often
'tMT8Tb' (npo-p) (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
to read
w8MnaHcKoe n adj champagne,
sparkling wine
145

LESSON 12
12.19 Man6rM Dialogues
B pecTopaHe In the Restaurant
Ocl»M",MsHTKa:
nOceTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MaHTKa:
nOC8TMTenb:
Ocl»M",MaHTKa:
nOceTMTenb:
Ocl»M ",MaHTKa:
nOCeTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MsHTKa:
nOceTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MsHTKa:
noceTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MsHTKa:
A66pbli AeHb.
3APSBcTsyiTe.
TO Sbl XOTMTe?
Mbl XOTMM no068A8Tb.
nO)l(anyiCTa.
A '4TO Y Bac 8CTb?
Y Hac eCTb rpM6bl S CMeTaHe, pbl6Hbii cansT,
6McI»wTeKc [beef-shteks], 6eclJcTpOraHOS*, KOTneTbl
nO-KMeSCKM. LfTo Bbl XOTMTe?
MOR )l(eHa S03bM8T rpM6bl M KOTneTbl, a R S03bMY
rpM6bl M 6ecI»cTporaHOB. MMHepsnbHaR BOAS eCTb?
As.
A 'frO Y sac ecTb SblnMTb?
Y Hac eCTb waMnSHCKoe M BMHO.
nO)l(anyiCTa, npMHecMTe Molti )l(eHe 6yTbinKY
MMHepsnbHoi BOAbl, a MHe KpacHoe SMHO.
XopOwo. SI npMHecy saM Hawe KpblMCKoe KpacHoe.
*poraHOB Beef Stroganov (chopped beef in a cream sauce)
noceTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MSHT:
noceTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MSHT:
nocentTenb:
()cI)M ",MaHT:
noceTMTenb:
Ocl»M",MaHT, 6YAbTe A06pbl.
SI sac cnywalO*.
SI SereTapMaHe",. Y sac ecTb sereYapMaHcKMe 6nlOA8?
As. Bbl xOTMTe pbl6y?
HeY, R eM TonbKO OBO....
Xopowo, R npMHecy saM KapT6cl»enb, KanyCTY M
nOMMAopbl.
CnacM60.
*SI B8C cnywalO What would you like? (Tm listening to you l )
noiA8M B r6cTM Let's Go Visiting
EBa:
8aAMM:
KYA8 Mbl noiAiM?
Assai noiA8M K TSOMM APY3bRM.
146

THE FUTURE; ASPECT; THE DATIVE CASE
EBa:
BSAMM:
K KOMY Mbl noiAiM?
K Bepe M Onery.
B rOCTRx Visiting Friends
Bepa:
EBa:
BSAMM:
EBS:
XOTMTe BblnMTb?
HeT, cnacM60. SI xo'ty 6yTep6p6A - M nencM, 6cnM ecTb.
A 51 BblnblO.
np8Aynpe)l(.qillO: ecnM Tbl Bblnb8Wb MH6ro, T6 51 YiAY
6e3 Te6I1.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 12/7
1 What are Vadim's three objections to going to visit Natal'ia Petrovna and
Boris Karlovich?
2 How does Eva win the argument?
EBa:
BSAMM:
EBa:
BSAMU:
BSAMM:
AsBili noeA8M K MOMM APY3bRM.
K Bepe M Onery?
HeT, K HSTBnbe nerp6BHe M ei CeMb8.
SI He XO'ty exsTb K HMU. BeAb* OHM )l(MBy,- B
COK6nbHMKax*. 3T0 lNeHb A8"eK6.
TYA8 MA8T npRM8R nMHMR MeTp6.
Kp6M8 Tor6, HSTSnbR neTpOBH8 nOCToRHHO rOBopMT 0
ManeHbKMx A8TRX. MHe 3TO HeMHTep8cHO*.
E8 MY'K p8CCK8)1(eT 1"866 0 CTp8Hax 38n8AHOi EBp6nbl.
&OpMC KipnOBM't - CneLptBnMcr no EBponeicKOMY*
COI03Y, 6H 't8CTO nyTeW8cTByer no 3TMM CTp8HSM.
SI He XQlfY cnyw8Tb neKLptIO* no 3KoH6uMKe*. no8AeM
K Bepe.
MHe Ka.eTCJI, Tbl He x6'tewb eX8Tb K HST8nbe M
&OpMCY T6nbKO nOTOUY, 'fT6 OHM He nblOT. A B8pa
ABeT Te68 BblnMTb.
KSK Te66 He CTbIAHO* ! Tbl )1(8 3H8eWb, 'tT6 MHe
HpaBtneR 1"p63Bbli* 66p&3* )l(M3HM HST8nbM nerp6BHbl
M ei MY.S.
lEBa:
BaAMM:
EBa:
BaAMM:
lEBa:
147

Esa:
LESSON 12
TorAi no8AeM K MOMM Tp83BeHHMKSM*. Cei'l8C R MM
n03BoHIO, 8 nOTOM Mbl n03BOHMM MiMe M cKiDKeM, 'lTO
Ubi K o66AY He npMAiM.
; Extra Vocabulsry
B8Ab you know
ABCT Te6e BblnMTb will let you
have a drink ('will give to you to
drink')
EBponeMcKMM COlO3 European
Union
38nBAHSR EBp6ns Western
Europe
neKI4MR lecture
HeMHTep8cHo uninteresting,
bori ng
06pa3 kind, type
66pS3 )l(M3HM way of life
nYTeW8cTBOBSTb l (no + dat.) to
travel (around)
nYTeW8cTBYIO, nYTeW8cTByewb
COKonbHMKM Sokol1niki (Moscow
district north-east of the centre)
cneLlManMcT (no + dat.)
specialist in
CTblAHO shameful
K8K Te68 He CTblAHO you ought
to be ashamed
Tp83BeHHMK abstainer
Tpe3BblM sober
3KOHOMMKS economics
148

13
YPOK HOMEP TPMHAAI..\ATb
ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES
13.1 Key Examples of Aspect in the Past Tense
(a) MATM'/noiTM P to go (on foot)
Mbl wnM' no ynMLl8.
BeAHM nowin p AOM6i.
We were walking along the street.
Vadim went home.
(b) 386bIB8Tb ' /386bITb P to forget
OH8 't8CTO 386bIB8na' er6 MMR.
Cer6AHR OH8 386blna p
n03BoHMTb.
She often forgot his name.
Today she forgot to phone.
(c) 6blTb' to be
OH8 6bln8 A6Ma.
She was at home.
(d) nMc8Tb'/HanMc8Tb P to write
SI nMcan' B8Cb AeHb.
SI HanMcan p ABa nMCbM8.
I wrote all day.
I wrote two letters.
( e) 3BOHMTb ' /n0380HMTb P to telephone
EBa He 380HMna ' . Eva didn't phone.
EBa He n03BOHMna p . Eva failed to phone.
(f) 380HMTb ' /no38oHMTb P to telephone
149

LESSON 13
fI 3BOHMna', HO Bac He 6blno.
SI n03BOHMna p M CKa_nap I 'IT6
npMAY.
I phoned but you weren't in.
I phoned and said I'd come.
13.2 Use of Aspect In the Past
Both perfective and imperfective verbs have past tense fonns. The rules
for making the past tense of perfective verbs are exactly the same as for
imperfective verbs (see 11.2). The past tense of imperfective verbs, as you
know from Lesson 11, corresponds to English 'I did' or 'I was doing'. The
past tense of perfective verbs, on the other hand, has an extra element of
meaning. Basically, the perfective past indicates that the action was a com-
pleted whole. So, while the imperfective 0H8 'IMT8na l means 'she read' or
'she was reading', the perfective 0H8 npG'tMT8na means "she read (and
finished what she was reading or read a specific amount)'; because of its
meaning, the perfective npG'tMTtrb will nearly always have an object noun
(e.g. nMCb116 'letter', p.B8 KHMnt 'two books') specifying how much was read.
The six sets of sentences above are typical examples of the use of the
aspects in the past tense. Here are some general rules for the use of the
imperfective and the perfective, using the examples above.
Imperfectlve(')
(a) Actions in process (unfinished actions) are always imperfective.
If you use the English continuous past (I was doing something; We were
rt;ading)\ the Russian equivalent will always be imperfective. 'We were
walking' indicates an action in process (i.e. unfinished), so it cannot be
perfective (it cannot be a completed whole). Mbi wnM' -:- 'We were walk-
ing'. Mbi nownMP, on the other hand, means 'We went (somewhere)' or
'We set off' .
(b) Actions repeated habitually or an unspecified number of times are
imperfective.
OH8 ..8CTO 386bIBana ' 'She often forgot'. Mw 3BOHMnM' KbcAblM A8Hb
'We telephoned every day'. But Cer6AHA OH8 386wna p ('Today she
forgot') indicates that we are talking about one single occasion.
150

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES
(c) Verbs denoting states rather than actions are nonnally imperfective.
OH 6bln' A6Ma 'He was at home', OHM )l(MnM' s MocKse 'They lived in
Moscow' .
(d) Expressions of duration ('all day', 'for three hours') require the imper-
fective.
 nMcan' Becb AeHb 'I wrote/was writing all day'. This sentence does not
indicate how much I wrote or whether I finished what I was writing, so it
has to be imperfective. You will find that duration phrases such 'for a long
time' (Aonro), 'for three hours' (TpM 'lacs), 'all night' (SCIO HO'lb) always
go with imperfective verbs. I
(e) If there was no action, use the imperfective.
OH8 He 3s0HMna'.
She didn't phone.
(t) Actions attempted but without result are imperfective.
SI saM 3BOHMna'.
I telephoned you (but you weren't in).
Perfectlve<p)
(i) Use the perfective for completed single events.
Mbl nownMP AOM6i.
We went home.
(ii) Sequences of actions, except when they are repeated actions (see (b)
above) are perfective, since each action must be finished before the next
one can take place.
 n03BoHMna p M cKa3ina p ,
'ITO npMAY.
I phoned and said I'd come.
(iii) With negation (He) the perfective indicates failure to do something.
OH8 He n03BOHMna p .
She failed to phone (though she was
expected to).
1. Except for perfective verbs with the prefix npo- meaning 'to spend a specified
amount of time doing something' e.g. Mbl np6JKMnM P TaM TP" r6A8 'We lived
there for three years.'
151

LESSON 13
13.3 EXTRA: Minor Uses of the Imperfective
(a) The imperfective is also used in the past in cases where the fact of
completion is irrelevant. Bbl 'I MTin M ' ccBoiHY M MMp»? 'Have you read
War and Peace?' I'm not concerned with whether you finished the book or
not, only with whether you have some knowledge of it. The question Bbl
npO'lMTinM P ccBoiHY M MMP»? would correspond to 'Have you finished
War and Peace?'
(b) The past imperfective is also used for actions which though com-
pleted, were reversed or undone or cancelled. This situation is common
with verbs of motion:
Moi APyr npMexan p KO MHe.
My friend came to (visit) me (and left
again).
My friend has come to (visit) me (and
is here now).
M6i APyr npMe3)1(an' KO MHe.
In M6i APyr npMe3)1(Sn i KO MHe my friend 'undid' his arrival by leaving
agaIn.
SI OTKpbI88n ' OKHO.
I opened the window (and later closed
it)!1 had the window open.
13.4 Aspect of the Infinitive
In sentences such as 'I want to work', you have to make the same choice
between the aspects of the infinitive (S1 XO'lY pa6oTaTb'/R XO'lY
nopaooT8Tb P ). If you mean 'work in general (e.g. to have a job)' or aren't
specifying how much work you're going to do, use the imperfective. If
you mean to do a fixed amount of work and then stop, use the more
specific perfective nopaooT8Tb P 'to do a bit of work'.
S1 pewMn '1MT8Tb ' 3TY KHMry. I have decided to read this book (not
necessarily all of it).
SI pewMn npO'lMTaTb P 3TY KHMry. I have decided to read this book (and
finish it).
152

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES
In many situations the choice of aspect in the infinitive will seem difficult,
but, fortunately, you are unlikely to cause any serious misunderstandings
if you choose the wrong one.
One handy rule to note is this: after the verbs Ha'tMH8Tb ' /Ha'taTb P 'to
begin', npoAon.8Tb' 'to continue' and KOH'tSTb'/KOH'IMTb P 'to finish', any
infinitive is always imperfective:
SI Ha'lMH81O nOHMu8Tb'.
OH' nPOAon.'na' 'IMT8Tb'.
Kor.qa Sbl KOH'IMTe p nMcaTb ' ?
I am beginning to understand.
She continued to read.
When will you finish writing?
EXERCISE 13/1
Say why the verbs are 1 or P in the following story:
EBa M B8AMM wnM' no TsepcKoi ynML\e M rosopMnM J 0 ei APY3bRX.
BAPyr EBa scnoMHMna p , 'ITO OHS 386blna p n03BoHMTb P Bepe. O6bl'lHO
oHa ei 3soHMna' K'*Aoe jTpo, HO ceroAHR oHa ei He n03S0HMna p .
- SI XO'IY' n03BoHMTb P , - cKa3ina p OHS BBAMMY. - HiAo HaiTM P
aSToMST.
OHM MCKanM' ero A6cRTb MMHyY M HaKOHeL\ HawnMP OKono
rOCTMHML\bl ccMHTYPMCT».
Eva and Vadim were walking along Tverskaia Street, talking about her
friends. Suddenly Eva remembered (scnoMMHsTb'/BcnoMHMTb P 'to recall')
that she had forgotten to ring Vera. Usually she rang her every morning,
but today she hadn't rung her.
- I want to make a phone call, - she said to Vadim. - We need to find
(HaxoAMTb'/HaiTMP 'to find') a call-box.
They searched (McKaTb' 'to search for', 'to seek') ('for it') for ten minutes
and finally found (Hawn.. - past of HaMTMP) one near the Hotel'lntourist'.
13.5 Use of Tenses: Reported Speech
He said he spoke (past) Russian.
OH cKa36n, 'ITO OH rOBopMT (pres.) no-pyccKM.
153

LESSON 13
In Russian, when someone' s words are reported, the tense (past, present or
future) of the original words stays unchanged. So if Mary says SI rOBop.o
(pres.) no-PyccKM, then any report of her words ('Mary said that she
spoke Russian') will keep the present tense (M3pM cKa3ilna, 'tTO oHa
rOBopMT no-PyccKM). English grammar is more complicated here. Notice
how in English a future tense statement (e.g. Vadim: I shall phone Vera)
acquires a 'would' fonn if it is reported: ('Vadim said that he would phone
Vera'). In Russian the future tense remains.
B8AMM: SI n03BoHIO Bepe.
Reported speech: B8AMM cKa36n, 'tTO OH n03BoHMT (fut.) Bepe.
Other examples:
Vera: I was (past) in London.
Report: Vera said that she had been (pluperfect) in London.
Bepa: Sl6blna (past) B nOHAoHe.
Report: Bepa cKa38na, 'tTO oHa6blna (past) B nOHAoHe.
This preference for keeping the tense of the original words is extended to
cover seeing, hearing and other fonns of perception in addition to verbs of
speaking:
I heard you were now living (i.e. are living) in Siberia.
SI cnblwan, 'tTO Bbl cei'tac *MBiTe B CM6MpM.
1 knew he was Russian.
SI 3Han, 'tTO OH PYCCKMi ('I knew that he is Russian').
We thought he was in Berlin.
Mbl AYMsnM, 'tTO OH B &epnMHe (pres.).
Vera realized that he was annoyed (Le. that he is annoyed).
Bepa nOHllna, 'tTO OH cepAMTcII (pres.).
13.6 Whether: nM
The same retention of the original tense is found in reported yes-no ques-
tions. In English, if John asked 'Does Anna speak Russian?', the question
will be reported as 'John asked if Anna spoke (past tense) Russian.' When-
ever English 'if' can be replaced by 'whether', 'if' must be translated
154

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES
as nM (not ecnM). This is the same nM as in the structure for yes-no ques-
tions in 10.15; nM is placed second in the clause" and the verb tense is the
same as in the original question.
AMaH cnpOCMn: ccAHHa rOBopMT (rOBOpMT nM AHHa) nO-PyccKM?»
John asked: 'Does Anna speak Russian?'
Report of John's question:
AM6H cnpocMn, rOBOPHr (pres.) mt AHH8 nO-PyccKM.
John asked if Anna spoke (past) Russian.
More examples:
I asked if (=whether) Boris was at home. (Actual question: 'Is Boris at
home?')
SI cnpocMna, AaMa nM 60pMC (present tense).
The reported question SI cnpocMna, 6bln nM 60pMC AaMa would corre-
spond to 'I asked if Boris had been at home.'
This same construction with nM is used in all structures involving
'whether' or 'if' in the meaning 'whether'.
I didn't know if (=whether) she would come. (Actual thoughts: 'I didn't know
if she will come.')
SI He 3H&n, npMAiT (future) nM OHa.
EXERCISE 13/2
Translate:
1 Mbl cnpocMnM, 3HaeT nM oHa 60pMC8 neTpOBM'ta. 2 EBa He 3Hana,
YBMAMT nM OHa BBAMM8. 3 I don't know if he speaks Russian. 4 I don't
know if she'll telephone tomorrow. 5 We didn't know if she spoke English. 6
She asked whether I was an American. 7 I'll ask her if she wants to go to
the theatre.
13.7 Learning
One of the first topics on which you are likely to become fluent is the
155

LESSON 13
question of how you started to learn Russian and what other languages you
know:
to study: M3)"t8Tb' +acc. - II M3)"talO, Tbl M3y'taewb
or
to learn )"tMTb ' +acc. - II y'tj, Tbl Y'tMWb, OHM j't8T (note y (not 10) and s
(not II) after't - Spelling Rules 3 and 4 (12.11)
SI M3y'talO PYCCKMi 113b1K y*8 nllTb M8cIl",eB.
I have been studying Russian for five months (lit. 'I am studying Russian
language already five months').
SI )"tY PYCCKMi 113b1K)')I(8 W8CTb neT.
I have been learning Russian for six years.
Both M3)"taTb ' and Y'tMTb ' mean 'to study', but )"tMTb, like 'to learn', has
connotations of memorizing. Both verbs can be used of learning a language.
But 'I'm learning these words' (Le. committing them to memory) is SI Y'lY
3TM cnoBa, while 'She's studying mathematics' (not 'She's learning math-
ematics') should be OHa M3)"t8eT M8T8MaTMKY.
The perfective of M3Y'taTb ' is M3)"tMTb P (M3)"tY, M3Y'tMWb) and the per-
fective of )"tMTb ' is Bbl)"tMTb P (BbIY'ty, Bbl)"tMWb). Since perfective verbs
always describe a successful, completed act, M3)"tMTb P and Bbl)"tMTb P cor-
respond to 'to master', 'to learn successfully':
M3pM Bbl)"tMns p PYCCKMM 113bIK. Mary mastered Russian.
60pMC KapnoBM't M3y'tMn p 3KOHOMMKY AHrnMM. Boris Karlovich has
made a thorough study of the British economy.
Note: If you want to say that you're studying without saying what you're
studying, use the reflexive verb y'tMTt.mI 'to study' (somewhere):
SI y'ty B n6HAoHe. I'm studying in London.
13.8 Vocabulary
AMepMK8 America
6blCTpo quickly
Ba*Hbli important
BAPyr suddenly
B03M6*HOCTb (f) possibility,
opportunity
Boi,-Mp BoiAY, BoiAiWb past
Bowin, Bowna - like MATM
(BxoAMTb ' like XOAMTb) to
enter
156

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES
Boo6aqe altogether, totally
BOT nO'feMY that is why
BcnoMMH8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb)
(BcnoMHMTb P BcnoMHIO,
BcnoMHMwb) (+ ace.) to
remember, recall
BbIY'fMTb P (see Y'fMTb ' ) (+ ace.) to
master (13.7)
A8BH6 long ago, since long ago
Aeno B T6M, 'fT6 . .. the thing is
that. . .
*ypHsnMCT journalist
386bIB8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(386bITb P 386YAY, 386YAewb)
to forget
38cMeIlTbCAP (cMeIlTbCA')
38cMetOcb, 38CMeiWbCA to
start laughing
M3Y'faTb ' (like 3H8Tb) to study
(13.7)
M3)"tMTb P M3Y'fY, M3Y'fMWb to
master (13.7)
KYPCbl (pI. of KYPC) classes, a
course of study
nMTepa'ljp8 literature
MSnb'fMK boy
MH6rMe (pl. adj.) many (people)
MonoA6M young
H8'f8Tb P (H8'fMH8Tb ' like 3H8Tb)
H8'fHY, H8'fHiwb past H.'fan,
H8'f8n6, H6'fanM + 'inf to begin
H83iIA ago; back
HapoA people, nation
H8XOAMTb' H8XO*Y, Hax6AMWb
(H8MTM P H8MAY, H8MAiwb past
H8win, H8wna) to find
HeMH6ro (+ gen.) a little
06bl'fHO usually
OK6H'fMTb P (+ ace.) OKOH'fY,
OKOH'fMWb (OK8H'fMB8Tb' like
3H8Tb) to finish,
graduate from
opMrMHan original
OCT8HOBMTb P (+ ace.)
OCT8HOBlltO, OCT8H6BMWb
(OcT8H8BnMB8Tb l like 3H8Tb) to
stop (something)
oTBeTMTb P (+ dat.) OTBe'fY,
oTBeTMwb (oTBe'f8Tb ' like
3H8Tb) to answer
(someone)
OTHOCMTbCA ' K (+ dat.) to relate to,
regard, treat
nepeBoAMTb' nepeBo*y,
nepeB6AMwb (nepeBecTM P ) to
translate
nepe6x8Tb P nepeeAy,nepe6Aewb
(nepee3*aTb ' like 3H8Tb) to
move (house); to drive across
nMcaTb ' (Ha- p ) nMwy, nMwewb to
write
nOBe3n6 (+ dat. of person)
(someone) was lucky
MHe nOBe3l16 I was lucky
(idiom)
no-MOeMY in my opinion
no-Heit'LtKM (in) German
nOHRTb P noMMy,noMM8wb
pastnQHAn,nOHRn8,noHAnM
(noHMM8Tb' like 3H8Tb) to
understand, realize
nonynllpHblM popular
157

LESSON 13
nOCMOTpeTb P (H8 + ace.)
(CMOTpeTb ' CMOTptb,
CMOTpMWb) to have a look (at)
nOCTYnMTb P (B + ace.) nOCTynntO,
noCTjnMwb (nOCTYn8Tb ' like
3H8Tb) to enter
(university etc.)
nO'fTM almost
npenoA8B8Tenb (m) teacher, lec-
turer
npenoA8B8Tb ' (+ ace.) npenoA8tO,
npenoA8iwb to teach
npMex8Tb P npMeAY,npMeAewb
(npMe3)1(8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to
arrive (by transport)
npMK838Tb P (+ dat. + inf)
npMK8)1(Y, npMK8)1(8Wb
(npMK83bIB8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to
order someone to do sth
np0)l(MTb P npo)l(MBY, npO)l(MBiwb
()I(MTb') to live (for a specified
period)
PSBHOAYWHO indifferently, with
indifference
P8AoCTb (f) joy
OT P8AOCTM from joy
peWMTb P pewy, peWMWb (+ ace.)
(pewaTb'1Iike 3H8Tb) to decide;
to solve
13.9 ABa TeKcTa
pOAMTbCJl P to be born
pastpoAMnCJI,pOAMn6cb
pOM8H novel; love affair
C8M (m)/c8M8 (f)/CBMM (pI.) oneself
(see Table 4)
CMO'fb P CMOrY, CM{UKeWb, CMOryr
to be able (to), manage (to)
(UO'fb ' ) (+ inf) past cuor,
CMorna, cMorno, cMornM
cOBpeMeHHblM modern,
contemporary
cnpilwMB8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb)
(cnpocMTb P cnpowy,
cnpocMwb) to ask
(a question)
C'IMT8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb) to consider,
count
TeneBM30p television
TPYAHblM difficult
YMeTb ' YMelO, YMeewb (+ inf.) to
know how to
Y'lMTb ' Y'lY, Y'lMWb (Bbl..P) to study
(see 13.7)
Y'fMTbCJI ' Y'tYCb, Y'IMWbCJI to study
(somewhere - see 13.7)
woctJip driver
HH:
MapM:
HH:
MapM:
KorAit Bbl H8'fanM M3Y'18Tb PYCCKMi Jl3bIK?
"IeTblpe rOA8 Hs38A.
8SM PYCCKMi Jl3blK Hp8BMTCJI?
6'leHb. Ho OH O'feHb TPYAHbli.
158

HH:
M3pM:
HH:
M3pM:
HH:
M3pM:
HH:
ASPECT I N THE PAST, USE OF TENSES
KaKMe R3blKM Bbl 3HaeTe, KpOMe PYCCKOrO?
SI rOBoplb HeMH6ro n0-ci'paHLlY3CKM. B HSWMX WKOnaX nO'tTM
BCe AeTM j'taT cl»paHLlY3CKMM. M R YMelO 'tMTSTb no-HeMeLlKM,
HO He rOBoplO.
A PYCCKMM R3blK Y Bac* nonynRpHblM?
MHorMe XOTRT er6 M3)"t8Tb, nOToMY 'tTO Bee 3HaIOT, 'tTO 3TO
O'teHb BiuKHblM R3blK B COBpeMeHHOM MMpe. Ho
B03MO*HOCTei M3Y'taTb ero y Hac t B wK6nax Mano. SI caMS
XOAMna Ha B8'tepHMe KYPCbl. MHe nOBe3n6: B MoeM ropOAe
eCTb MHCTMTjT, rAe )')Ke AaBH6 npenoA8IbT PYCCKMM Sl3bIK.
Boo6aqe aHrnM'taHe OTHOCSlTCSI K MHOCTP8HHbiM R3blK8M
paBHOAYWHO. 06bl'tHO OHM C'tMT8IOT, 'tT6 Becb MMp rOBopMT
no-aHrnMMcKM.
A no'teMY Bbl pewMnM M3Y't8Tb PYCCKMM?
Aeno B TOM, '1TO HeCKonbKO neT Ha38A SI Ha'tan8 'tMTaTb
pOM8Hbi AOCToesCKoro - nO-SHrnMMcKM, KOHe'tHo. nOTOM SI
38xoTena 'tMT8Tb PYCCKYIO nMTepaTjpy B opMrMH8ne. BOT
nO'IeMY R peWMna 38nMC8TbCR Ha* KYPCbl. SI He 3H81O, CMOrj
nM R BbIY'tMTb R3bIK, HO SI y*e npO'tMTana TPM pOM8Ha
AocT08BcKoro no-PyccKM.
no-MoeMY, Bbl er6 y*e Bbly'tMnM.
*y Bac in your country (10.6)
*38nMcaTbCR P Ha + acc to enrol for
CripblM aHeKAOT An Old Joke
>KYPHanMcT npoBoAMn ' * onp6c Ha ynMLI8x MocKB":
- npOCTMTe, rAe Bbl pOAMnMcb P ?
- B CaHKT-neTep6ypre.
- A rAe Bbl oKoH'tMnM p wK6ny?
- B neTporpiAe.
- A rA8 Bbl *MBiTe Tenepb?
- B neHMHrpiAe.
- A rAe Bbl xOTMTe *MTb ' ?
- B CaHKT-n8Tep6ypre.
*npoBoAMTb ' onp6c to conduct a survey
159

LESSON 13
Note: Peter's city on the Neva, founded 1703, was officially CaHKT-
neTep6ypr until the First World War, though the name was often short-
ened to neTep6ypr. CSHKT 'saint', neTep 'Peter' and 6ypr 'town' are all
German borrowings; the Russian equivalents would be cBRTai, niTp and
rapoA or rPSA. During the War, in 1914, the German-sounding name was
Russified into neTporpBA. In 1924, after Lenin's death, the city acquired
its Communist-era name neHMHrpilA.
EXERCISE 13/3
Translate, noting the aspects:
Bep8 pOAMnaCb P B MocKBe. OHa npoMMna p TaM TPM rOAR, nOTOM
ceMbR nepeexana p B MpKjTCK. TaM OHa OKOH'tMna p wKony M
nOCTynMna p B MHCTMTjT. KorAi oHa Y'tMnacb ' B MHcTMTjTe, oHa
BnlO6Mnacb P B MonoA6ro npenoA8BilTenR. TaK K8K OH npenoASBan '
aHrnMicKMi R3blK M nepeBoAMn' sHrnMicKMM pOMaH, oHa pewMna p ,
'tTO TOMe xO'teT M3)"taTb' 8HrnMMCKMi. n03TOMY OHa HS'tana p XOAMTb '
Ha Be'tepHMe KYPCbl.
BnlO6MTbCSlP B + ace. to fall in love with
EXERCISE 13/4
Say in Russian:
1 I have been studying Russian (for) three months.
2 We want to master Russian.
3 Mary moved to Moscow and quickly mastered Russian.
4 I don't know if Vadim speaks English.
5 If he speaks English, I'll give him this novel.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 13/5
A Brezhnev Joke (Translation in key)
1 Why did Brezhnev order his chauffeur to stop?
160

ASPECT IN THE PAST; USE OF TENSES
2 What was his first question to the small boy?
3 Why did the boy think Brezhnev was his American uncle?
6pe*HeB exan l Ha MawMHe no OAHOMY M3 MOCKOBCKMX npocneKTos.
6H pewMn p nocMoTpSTb P , KaK *MBiT cOBeTcKMi* HapoA. 6H
npMKa38n p woclJipv oCTaHoBMTb P MawMHV V MHoro3Ta*Horo* Aoua.
6H Bowin p ; B AOU M n03BoHMn p B nepBVIO KBapTMPV. ABepb oTKpbln p
ManeHbKMi Manb'tMK. 6pe*HeB cnpocMn p Manb'tMKa, 8CTb nM V Her6 B
AOMe TeneBM30p.
- ECTb, - oTBeTMn Manb'tMK.
- A xonoAMnbHMK*?
- ECTb.
- A MarHMTocIJoH*?
- ECTb.
- TaK BOr, Bce 3TO p Te68 H!
Manb'tMK 38cu8RncRP OT PSAOCTM:
- MaMa, nina, ARp.R MMwa M3 AMepMKM npMexan p !
tExtra vocabulary
Bowen P entered (past of BOMTMP Ito
enter')
MarHMToclJ6H tape recorder
MHoro3Ta*Hb1M many-floored
COBeTCKMM Soviet (adj)
TaK BOT well then (idiom)
xonoAMnbHMK refrigerator
Note: Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Soviet
Communist Party from 1964 to 1982.
161

14
YPOK HOMEP LlETblPHAAI..\ATb
ASPECT IN THE FUTURE;
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
14.1 Key Expressions
SI 6YAY AOMa.
3aBTpa Mbl 6YAeM OTAblxaTb ' .
Sl6YAY nMcaTb ' 'taCTO.
Bbl 6YAeT8 CM8HTbCJI, HO . . .
EcnM 6YAeT BpeMJI . . .
MO*Ho?
MHe x6nOAHO.
14.2 The Future of 6blTb i
JI 6YAY
Tbl 6YA8Wb
6H10H8/0HO 6YA8T
Mbl6YA8M
Bbl6YA8T8
OHM 6YAYT
SI 6YAY B MOCKBe.
Bbl 6YA8T8 3.q8Cb 38BTpa?
I shall be at home.
Tomorrow we shall rest.
I shall write often.
You're going to think this funny, but
('You will laugh, but. . . ')
If there is time. . .
May I?
I'm cold.
I shall (I'll) be
you (tam) will (you'll) be
he/she/it will ('II) be
we'll be
you (pol/pl.)'11 be
they'll be
I shall be in Moscow.
Will you be here tomorrow?
162

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE; IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
14.3 Imperfective Future
As in the past tense, Russian has a choice of aspects in the future too. The
imperfective future is asy. Simply use the future fonns of 6blTb (14.2)
plus the impeifective infinitive of the required verb.
SI 6YAY rOBopMTb ' nO-PyccKM.
rAe Tbl 6YAewb )l(MTb ' ?
OHa 6YAeT rOBopMTb '
nO-PyccKM?
Mbl 6YAeM OTAbIXaTb ' B KpbIMY.
B MOCK Be Bbl 6YAeTe )l(MTb l
Y Hac.
OHM 6YAYT nMCaTb' 'faCTO.
I'll speak/be speaking Russian
(literally. 'I shall be to speak. . .').
Where will you live?
Will she speak Russian?
We're going to take a holiday ('rest')
in the Crimea.
In Moscow you will stay (live) with us.
They will write often.
(Note that the future of 6blTb is simply II 6YAY etc., as in 14.2, never
SI 6YAY 6blTb. 'I shall be in Moscow': SI 6YAY B MocKBe)
The choice of aspect in the future follows the same basic principles as the
choice in the past (i.e. the imperfective simply names the action, while the
perfective specifies that the action is seen as a completed whole). But in
practice the choice in the future will seem much simpler. Rule of thumb: In
most cases (90 per cent) use the peifective, as in Lesson 12. Use the
impeifective only if the action will be unfinished or repeated.
EXERCISE 14/1
Translate, using the imperfective future:
1 I shall be in Moscow. 2 Will she be at home tomorrow? 3 We shall study
Russian. 4 Tomorrow I shall be working. 5 In Moscow I shall speak only
Russian. 6 They will telephone every day.
14.4 Use of Tenses: Future for English Present
In Russian, after the conjunctions Kor.qa 'when', ecnM 'if' (never
163

LESSON 14
'whether'), nOKs . . . He 'until', the future tense (i or p) must be used if the
meaning is future (English often uses the present):
Kor p.tJ fI 6YAY' B MocKBe, fI n03BoHIO P er6 cecTpe.
When I am (will be) in Moscow, I'll phone his sister.
EcnM Bbl 6YAeTe ' M3Y'4STb ' PYCCKMM fl3blK, Bbl nonY'4MTe P XOPOWYIO
p86oTY.
If you study (will study) Russian, you will get a good job.
EcnM Bbl M3Y'4MTe P PYCCKMM fl3blK, Bbl nonY'4MTe P xopowYIO p866TY.
If you master (will master) Russian, you will get a good job.
s:I CK8*Y P C8CTp8M, KorAii MX YBM)I(Y P (future).
I'll tell (my) sisters when I see (pres.) them (i.e. when I will see them).
EcnM 6YAeT ' BpeMfI, Mbl nOMA8M P B PYCCKMM MY3eM.
If there is (will be) time, we'll go to the Russian Museum.
B8AMM He YMA8T P , nOKS EB8 He n03BOHMTP.
Vadim won't leave until Eva phones (will phone).
Be careful to note the aspect when translating such Kor Ail and ecnM
clauses:
KorAS fI 6YAY OTAbIXSTb ' , fI H8'4HY '4MTSTb «BOMHY M MMP»).
When I'm on holiday ('shall be resting' - action in process), I'll start reading
War and Peace.
KorAi fI OTAOXHY P , fI H8'tHY 'tMT8Tb «BOMHY M MMP».
When I've had a holiday ('when I finish resting' - completed action), I'll start
reading War and Peace.
EXERCISE 14/2
Translate:
1 Korp.tJ Mbl 6YAeM B MOCK Be, Mbl 6YAeM )l(MTb B rOCTMHM4e
ccPOCCMfI». 2 EcnM Bbl H8nMweTe ei nMcbMo, OHS oTBeTMT. 3 EcnM
B8AMM BblnbeT MH6ro, EB8 YMA8T 6e3 Her6. 4 Mbl B8M CK8)1(eM, Korp.tJ
Bbl npMeAeTe. 5 KorAs Mbl noo6eA8eMP, Mbl nocMoTpMM TeneBM30p. 6
When I'm (14.4) in Moscow, I shall speak only Russian. 7 When Eva
arrives P , Vadim will phone us. 8 If you (pol. pI.) give p him ten dollars, he'll
give you the tickets. 9 I don't know if (14.4) she will be at home.
164

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE, IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
14.5 EXTRA: Planned Future
Do not confuse the 'hidden' future of 'If you write (= will write) she'll
answer' (14.4) with the planned future of 'I'm working tomorrow', where
the present ('We're working') is used with a future time word ('tomor-
row') to show that some future event is regarded as an accepted fact. In the
case of the planned future, Russian and English have the same usage.
3aBTpa fI pa6oT81O (pres.) 'Tomorrow I'm working' (pres.). "fepe3 Mecfl4
Mbl eAeM (pres.) B CM6Mpb 'In a month's time we're going (pres.) to
Siberia. '
14.6 Dative in Impersonal Constructions
Many English constructions such as 'It is cold today', 'I have to go', 'He
needs to study' have Russian equivalents in which 'is cold', 'have to',
'needs' are translated not by verbs but by indeclinable adverb-type words
usually ending -0 (e.g. xonoAHo 'is cold', HY)I(HO 'is necessary'). Words
like HY)I(HO are often called 'category of state' words (K8Ter6pMfI
COCTOSlHMfI), because they describe states, not actions. If you want to indi-
cate the person who is affected by the state of affairs (e.g. 'I am cold'), in
Russian the person is in the dative (12.6) case (MHe x6noAHo literally 'To
me is cold'). Look at these useful examples:
Cer6AHfI x6noAHo.
EMY xonoAHo.
B TeaTpe )l(apKo.
EM Tenno.
H8Ao/HY)I(HO MATM.
MHe H8Ao MATM.
3Aecb CKy...HO. [sko'olh-na]
HaM 3AeCb CKY'tHO.
MO)l(HO OTKpblTb OKH6?
M6)1(HO MHe BOMTM?
It's cold today. (Today is cold.)
He's cold. (To him is cold.)
The theatre is hot. (It's hot in the theatre.)
She's warm. (To her is warm.)
It's necessary to go.
I have to go.
It's boring here.
We're bored here. (To us here is.boring.)
Is it possible to (May I) open
the window?
May I come in? (Is it possible to me
to come in?)
165

LESSON 14
N OW read through this list and then try to find idiomatic translations for
the examples which follow, covering up the answers below with a piece of
paper:
He06xOAMMO
MHTepecHo
CBeTno
HYMHO (like HBAO)
(it) is essential
(it) is interesting
(it) is light
(it) is necessary
1 8aM Heo6xoAMMO KynMTb wan KY.
2 8aM MHTepecHo cMoTpeTb *yr66n?
3 8 3TOM KOMHaTe o'teHb cBeTno.
4 H8M HY)I(HO KynMTb ABe 6yrblnKM MMHepanbHOM BOAbl.
1 You must buy a hat. (To you is essential to buy a hat.)
2 Do you like watching football?/Do you find watching football interesting?
(To you is interesting to watch football?)
3 This room is very light. (In this room is very light.)
4 We need to/have to buy two bottles of mineral water. (To us is necessary
to buy . . .)
Note that it is not common in Russian for a place (e.g. 'Siberia') to be the
subject t when the sentence describes something that happens in the place:
8 CM6MpM xonoAHo.
B KOMH8Te cBeTno.
Ha ynM4e WYMHO.
Siberia is cold. ('In Siberia is cold.')
The room is light. ('In the room is light.')
The street is noisy.
Note also Henb3f1 'it is not possible', 'it is not permitted', which behaves
in the same way though it does not end -0.
KYPMTb Henb3f1.
8aM Henb3f1 3Aecb KYPMTb.
Smoking is not permitted.
You may not smoke here.
These indeclinable words can be made past tense by placing 6blno ,'was'
after the 'state' word. (6blno can also be placed before the 'state' word,
particularly those like xonoAHo or MHTepecHo which are also used as
adjectives Le. xonoAHblM 'cold', MHTepecHblM 'interesting'.)
HaM HaAO 6blno n03BOHMTb P .
HaM 6blno x6nOAHO.
Henb3f16blno H8MTM P TaKCM.
We had to make a phone call.
('To us was necessary to phone.')
We were cold.
It was impossible to find a taxi.
166

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE, IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Similarly, to make these 'state' words future, put 6YAeT after (or before)
them:
BaM H8Ao 6YAeT n03BoHMTb P . You will have to phone.
MO)l(H() 6yP/Sf BepHjTbcRP H8 TaKCM. It will be possible to come back by taxi.
TaM 6YA8T xonOAHO. It will be cold there.
Note some special features of negation with these words:
The opposite of MO)KHO is not He M6)KHO. Use either Henb3H ('it's
impossible'/'it's not permitted') or HeB03MO)KHO ('it's impossible')
Henb3H OTKpbIBaTb ' OKHO.
Henb3wHeB03M6)KHO 6blno
OTKpblTb P OKHO.
It is not permitted to open the window.
It was impossible to open the window.
(Note the use of the i infinitive in the meaning of 'not pennitted' and the
use of the p infinitive in the meaning 'it's impossible' - see 15.11.)
He HSAo and He HY)KHO both have the meaning 'one shouldn't'/,don't' (as
well as 'it is not necessary'):
He HSAO rOBopMTb ' 06 3TOM. Don't talk about that.
He HSAo TaK MHoro pa6oT8Tb'. You shouldn't/it's not necessary
to work so much.
A: EcnM xOTMTe, 51 88M paccK8>Kj If you like, I'll tell you about the
06 3KOHOMMK8 CM6MpM. - economy of Siberia.
B: He HilAO. I'd rather you didn't.
Other 'state' words:
>Kanb (or )KanKo). It's a pity.
>K8nb, 'tTO Bac T8M He 6blno. It's a pity you weren't there.
MHe )KanKO Te6H (gen.). I'm sorry for you.
nopa . . . it's time. . .
HaM nopa MATM. It's time for us to go.
HeoxOTa (coli) one doesn't feel like + verb
MHe HeoxoT8 06 3TOM rOBopMTb ' . I don't want to talk about it.
CTbIAHO. It's shameful.
KaK BaM He CTbIAHO?! You should be ashamed of yourself!
EcnM Bbl H8nbiTecb P , B8M If you get drunk, you'll feel
nOToM 6YAeT CTbIAHO. ashamed afterwards.
167

LESSON 14
EXERCISE 14/3
Translate:
1 - 8aM He xonOAHO? - eT, MHe AS>Ke Tenn6. 2 8 MocKse B aBrycTe
HaM 6blno >KapKo. 3 - MO>KHO OTKpblTb OKHO? - nO>KSnYMcTa, HO
6YAeT WYMHO. 4 3SBTp8 HY>KHO 6YAeT KynMTb wsnKY. 5 Is it possible to
buyP vodka here? 6 This room is very cold. 7 You will not be bored.
8 Vadim is not allowed to drink.
14.7 Vocabulary
aBrYCT August
6ecnoKoMTbCfI ' 6ecnoK6lOcb,
6ecnoKoMwbCfI to worry
He 6ecnOKOMCfI don't worry
BepHYrbCflPBepHYCb, BepHiwbcfI
to return, come back
(B03BpaaqaTbcfII like 3HaTb)
B03pa>KaTb ' (like 3H8Tb)
(so3pa3MTb P S03p8>KY,
B03pa3Mwb) to object
BOMHa war
BpeAHo harmful, it's harmful (14.6)
rOAOBlqMH8 anniversary
ronoc pl. ronocs voice
rp6MKMM loud
Aoe even
>Kanb ()I(SnKo) it's a pity (14.6)
>KapKO hot (of weather), it's hot
( 14.6)
>KeHIqMHa woman
MHTepecHo (it's) interesting (14.6)
KOMHaT8 room
KOMnaHMfI company
KpacMso it's attractive
neToM in summer
MO>KHO it's possible, one may
( 14.6)
MY)I(CKOi male
HSAo (= HY)I(HO) it's necessary,
one must (14.6)
H8nMTbcflPHanbcb,H8nbiwbCfI
(H8nMB8TbcfI' like 3HaTb) to get
drunk
HacTpoeHMe mood
A11f1 HacTpoeHMfI tor a (good)
mood (= to relax)
HeS03MO)l(HO (+ Pint) it's
impossible (to do sth) (14.6)
HeASneKo not tar
Henb3f1 it's not allowed; it's
impossible (14.6)
HeMHO>KKO a little (diminutive t ot
HeMHoro)
Heo6xoAMMO it's essential (14.6)
oceHblO in autumn
OCT8TbCfl P OCTSHYCb,ocT8HewbCfI
(ocTaB8TbCfI ' oCTalOeb,
oCTaiwbCfI) to remain, stay
OTKpblTb P OTKpOIO, oTKp6ewb
(OTKpbIBaTb ' like 3HaTb) to open
168

ASPECT IN THE FUTURE; IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
OTMe't8Tb' (like 3HSTb) (oTMeTMTb P
OTM"'Y, oTMeTMwb) to mark,
celebrate
nOKa. . . He until (14.4)
nOHflTHo comprehensible (= I see)
nopa (+ inf) it's time (to do sth)
( 14.6)
nbflHblM drunk
p83BOA divorce
cecTpa pI. cecTpbl, g.pl. cecTep,
dat.pl. cecTp8M sister
cMAeTb ' (no- p ) CM)I(Y, CMAHWb to
sit, be sitting
CKY'tHO [sko'o-Ihna] boring, it's
boring (14.6)
14.8 Dialogues (Translation in Key)
CTblAHO shameful (14.6)
cy666T8 Saturday
B cy66(1)f on Saturday
Tenno it's warm (14.6)
THXO quiet, it's quiet (14.6)
TPYAHO difficult, it's difficult (14.6)
yex8Tb P yeAY, yeAewb to leave
(by transport)
(ye3)1(aTb' like 3H8Tb)
xonoAHo it's cold (14.6)
WanK8 g.pl. wanoK hat (no brim)
WYMHO noisy, it's noisy (14.6)
lOr south
HS .ore in the south
BSAHM: Tbl He 6YAewb B03p8>KaTb, ecnM B cy660TY 51 nOMAY K
Anewe? Mbl 6YAeM OTMe'taTb rOAOBHHY ero p83B0A8. B
MY)l(CKOM KOMnaHMM, KOHe'tHO, 683 )l(eHI14MH.
EB8: nOHflTHO. 3Ha'tMT, Tbl 6YAeWb nMTb BOAKY BeCb Be'tep. A
Te6e nMTb BpeAHo.
BeAHM: SI BblnblG HeMHO)l(KO, TonbKo An51 H8cTpoeHM51. SI 3HalO, 'tT6
HaAO nMTb B Mepy.*
EB8: EcnM Tbl Hsnbewbc51, Te6e nOToM 6YA8T CTbIAHO.
BeAHM: He 6ecnoKoic51.
*B Mepy in moderation (Meps measure)
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 14/4
(Translation in key)
1 What three reasons does VP give for choosing to spend the summer in
his Moscow flat rather than in the Crimea?
2 What is AM's reaction to his summer plans?
3 What will VP do in the autumn?
169

LESSON 14
Bn: rAe Bbl 6YAeTe OTAblX8Tb neToM?
AM: Ha .ore, B KpbIMY, HeAaneKo OT SlnTbl. TaM O'teHb KpaCMBO.
Bn: MHe neTOM B KpblMY He HpSBMTCfI. 6'teHb )l(apKO. M TPYAHO
HaiTM KOMHaTY.
AM: A MO)l(HO Bac cnpocMTb, 'tTO Bbl 6YA8Te AenaTb B 8BrycTe?
Bn: Bbl 6YAeTe cMeRTbcfI, HO Mbl pewMnM OCT8TbC:fI B MocKBe.
Mbl 6YAeM cMAeTb AOMa M cMoTpeTb T8neBM30p.
AM: Ho B8Ab 6YA8T CKY'tHO [sko'o-shna).
Bn: 3 aTo :t 6YA8T TMXO. Bce coceAM yeAYT, He 6YA8T cnblWHo i
HM i nbRHblX ronOCOB, HM PyraHM*, HM rpOMKoi
POK-MY3bIKM i .
AM: A B HSW8M AOM8 3BYKoM30nR4MfI:t xopowafl.
Bn: Y Hac O'teHb WYMHO. nOTOM OC8HblO, KorAi Bce B8pHYTCfI B
MOCKBY, Mbl 6YA8M OTAblX8Tb B CO'tM, Y Moei C8CTpbl.
:tExtra Vocabulary
38TO on the other hand
(in compensation)
3BYKoM30nR4MfI sound-proofing
HM . . . HM neither.. . nor
POK-MY3bIKa rock music
PyraHb (f) swearing
cnblwHo audible
He 6YA8T cnblWHO + gen. we
won't hear ('won't be audible')
170

15
YPOK HOMEP nSlTHAAATb
REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
15.1 Key Examples
CK8)1(MTe, nO)l(anyicT8
nOK8)I(MT8, nO)l(anyicT8
npOCTMT8, nO)l(anyicT8.
YXOAMT8.
npMXOAMT8 K H8M.
CBAMTeCb.
ABMTe, nO)l(anYMCT8.
nOMOrMTe H8M.
rOBOpMT8 MeAl1eHHO.
H8386YAbTe.
Tell (me), please/Could you tell me?
Show (me), pleasel'Nould you show me?
Excuse (me), please.
Go away.
Come and see us.
Take a seat.
Give (me), please/Could you give me?
Help us.
Speak slowly.
Don't forget.
15.2 Asking People to Do Things: Imperative Form
When we ask people to do things in English, we tend to use such polite
constructions as 'Would you pass me the bread?', 'Could you open the
window, please?' Russians make such requests with a fonn of the verb
called the imperative! (the form for giving commands), which ends -iTS,
-MTe or -bTe, depending on the verb. The imperative in English is the same
as the infinitive (without 'to'), as in 'Pass the bread', 'Give !TIe that book,
please'. 'Give me that book please' sounds abrupt in English, but its literal
equivalent AiiTeP MH8 3TY KHMry, nO)l(anyicT8 is nonnal usage in
Russian.
171

LESSON 15
We have already met examples of the imperative. If you have learnt
these, then you already know all the possible types.
.Q8MTe p , nOJKanYMCTa . . . (8) Please give (me) . . .
Pa3AeB8MTeCb (11 ) . Take you r coat off.
CK8>lOtTe p , nO)l(inYMcTa . . . (4.11) Please tell (me) . . .
npOCTMTe p (3). Excuse (me).
n03H8K6MbTecb P (11) . . . Meet (Become acquainted) . . .
The three possible endings are -MTe, -MTe, -bTe, if you are speaking to
someone you call Bbl. If you are speaking to someone you call Tbl, leave
off the -Te. Reflexive verbs add CR after M or band Cb after M or Te.
(a) -M(Te) is the ending if the stem of the verb ends with a vowel (for
'stem' see 4.4), e.g.
'tMT8Tb ' Ita read' stem 'tMTa- imper 'tMTaM(Te)
BaHR, 'tMTaM ' , nO)l(anYMcTa. Vanya, read, please.
ABTb P 'ta give' stem Aa- imper ABM(Te)
AilMTe p , nO)l(anYMCTa, ABa CTaKaH8. Please give (me) two glasses.
6ecnOK6MTbCR I Ita worry', stem 6ecnoK6-
He 6ecnoK6McR'lHe 6ecnoK6MTecb ' . qon't worry.
A1l3H8Tb-type verbs have this ending.
EXERCISE 15/1
Make the verbs imperative:
1 (AaTb P ) MHe B8W TenecfJ6H 'Give me your telephone number.'
2 (nOcnyw8Tb P ) MeHR, nO)l(ilnYMcTS! 'Please listen to me.'
3 (OAeBaTbcR ' ), nO)l(anYMcT8, Y)I(e nopa eX8Tb 'Please get dressed, it's
time we were leaving.'
(b) M(Te) is the ending if the stem of the Tbl- form ends in a consonant and
the R-form of the present (i-verbs) or future (p-verbs) is stressed on the
end. This is the ending for most rOBopMTb- and )l(MTb- type verbs.
npMxoAMTb ' Ita come' stem npMxoA- (as in Tbl npMx6AMWb), stress of R
npMxo)l(j on ending, so imper npMxoAM(Te)
172

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
npMXOAM ' K H8M 38BTpS. Come (tam) and see us tomorrow.
rOBopMTb ' 'to say, speak' R rOBoptb, Tbl rOBopMwb stem rOBop-, stress
on end, so the imperative is rOBopM(Te)
rOBOpMTe, nO)l(anYMcT8, MeAJ1eHHo. Speak slowly, please.
CK838Tb P 'to say' R CK8)1(Y, Tbl cKa.ewb stem CK8)1(-, stress on end, so the
imperative is CK8)1(M(Te)
CK8)1(MTe p , nO)l(anYMcT8, rA8 3AeCb KMHO? Could you tell me where the
cinema is, please?
CBAMTbCR ' 'to sit down' R C8>KYCb, Tbl C8AMWbCR stem c8A-, stress on
ending, so the imperative is CSAMCblc8AMTecb 'take a seat'
EXERCISE 15/2
Make the verbs imperative:
1 (npMHecTM P ) H8M w8MnaHcKoe, nO)l(anYMcT8 'Bring us champagne,
pl9ase.' 2 He (YXOAMTb ' ) 'Don't go away!' 3 (KynMTb P ) AB8 6MneTs 'Buy
t\lIO tickets.' 4 (nOCMoTpeTb P ) HS Hee! 'Look at her!'
(c) -b(Te) is the ending for verbs whose stem ends in a consonant with the
stress on the stem. So the difference from type (b) is determined by the
place of the stress on the R-form of the present/future.
386b1Tb P 'to forget' R 386YAY, Tbl 386YAewb, stem 386YA-, stress on the
stem in all fonns, so imper 386YAb(Te):
He 386YAbTe p CK838Tb eM 06 3TOM. Don't target to tell her about it.
n03H8KOUMTbCRP 'to become acquainted' R n03H8KoMnlOcb, Tbl
n03HsKoMMWbCR, stem n03HsKoM- (from the Tbl-fonn), stress on the stem
in the R-fonn, so imper n03H8KoMbTecb (no3HsKoMbCR)
n03H8KoMbTecb. M3pM, 3TO SonoAf'. Mary, meet Volodia.
6blTb ' 'to be' forms its imperative from the stem 6YA- of the future tense:
6YAbTe 3AOpOBbl!
Be healthy! (Set phrase)
173

LESSON 15
&YAbTe Ao6pbl.
Be so good. (Set phrase introducing a
request)
This ending -b(Te) is by far the least common of the three.
EXERCISE 15/3
Make the infinitives imperative:
1 (OCTSTbCRP 14.7) 3Aecb 'Stay here.' 2 nO)l(SnyicTa, (oTseTMTb P ) Ha
Asa sonpoca 'Please answer two questions.' 3 BSHR, He (3a6bITb P )
n03S0HMTb Ese 'Vania, don't forget to ring Eva.'
15.3 Choice of Aspect
Rule 1: Use the perfective for commands and requests involving single
events:
CKa)l(MTe p , nO)l(snYMcTa . . .
n030sMTe p , nO)l(snYMcTa, Esy.
Could you tell me . . .
Please call Eva.
Rule 2: Use the imperfective for commands to do something repeatedly or
without time limitation, as you would expect from the general rules of
aspect usage:
rOSOpMTe I no-pyccKM,
no>K8nyicTa.
Write to me often. (Compare HanMw.ne P
eM nMcbM6 'Write her a letter'.)
Speak Russian please. (Compare
CKa)l(MTe p 3TO no-PyccKM,
nO)l(anyicTa 'Say that in Russian,
please.')
nMWMTe ' MHe 'tSCTO.
Rule 3: Use the imperfective for negative commands (Don't. . .) with He:
He yxoAMTe ' .
He cnpawMsaMTe ' .
Don't go away.
Don't ask.
174

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
Rule 4: Use the imperfective for invitations.
npMXOAMTe ' K H8M.
&epMTe' eiqi
C8AMTeCb ' .
Do come and see us.
Take some more (food).
Take a seat.
EXERCISE 15/4
Translate and account for the choice of aspect:
1 npMXoAMTe ' K H8M B rocTM B cy66(1)f. 2 OTKpoMTe p OKHO,
nO)l(snYMcT8. 3 - MO)l(HO 38KYPMTb P ('to light a cigarette')? -
nO)l(SnYMcT8, KYPMTe ' . 4 OTBeTbTe p H8 AB8 Bonpoc8. 5 ABMTe p MHe B8W
TenecIJoH. 6 &epMTe l nMp0)l(OK. 7 He yxoAMTe l .
EXERCISE 15/5
Translate, using the imperative fonns:
1 Phone P me tomorrow. 2 Could you teli P me where the station is? 3 Don't
forget p to bring p the juice. 4 Write ' to us often. 5 Do have a seat ' . 6 Would
you give p me two tickets, please? 6 Don't open l the window. This room is
cold.
15.4 Imperative Exceptions
There aren't many exceptions. Of the verbs we have met so far, only the
following need to be noted:
nMTb ' Ito (kink' has neM(Te) Idrink'
All prefixed fonns of nMTb (e.g. BblnMTb P 'to have a drink') have the same
ending:
BblneMTe p .
Have a drink.
The imperative of both eX8Tb ' (eAY, eAewb) and noex8Tb P 'to go by trans-
port' is noe3)1(si(Te),/P.
175

LESSON 15
nOMO'lb P (nOMOr-y, nOM6)1(eWb) Ito help' has nOMorM(Te) (not nOMO)l(M(Te»
In this lesson you meet BblMTMP (BbIMAY, BblMAewb) 'to go out', which has
the imperative BbIMAM(Te) (not BbIMAb(Te», probably because all the other
-MTM ('go') verbs have -M(Te) in the imperative (BbIMTM is the only one
stressed on the stem).
Any other exceptions are shown in the vocabularies.
15.5 EXTRA: An Unexpected Idiomatic Use of the Imperative
The Tbl- imperative is occasionally used idiomatically with the meaning
'If . . .'
5YAb R H8 TBoeM MecTe, R 6bl ywns OT Hero. 'If I were you (in your
place), I would leave him,'
3H8M OHM, 'ITO . . . 'If they had known that. . ,flf they knew that. . "
15.6 EXTRA: Two More Imperative Aspect Rules
Rule S. Negative commands which are warnings rather than prohibitions
('Mind you don't. . .') can be perfective. There aren't many of these. Just
learn the following:
He 386y Ab(Te)P.
He ynBAM(Te)p.
He npOcTYAMTecb P .
Mind you don't forget.
Don't fall/Watch your step.
Mind you don't catch a cold.
Rule 6. Insistent or peremptory commands may be imperfective, particu-
larly when you are telling people to get on with something they know they
ought to do. The customs officer asking you to open your case will say
OTKp6MTe p , nO)l(inYMcT8 'Open it, please', using the perfective as in
Rule 1. If you hesitate, he may repeat the command as OrKpbIBsMTe l !
'Go on, open it (as you know you're supposed to)'.
176

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
15.7 First Person Imperative
The equivalent of 'Let's' in 'Let's go to Red Square' is AsB8M(Te) plus
either the first person plural (the Mbl fonn) of the future perfective or the
imperfective infinitive, depending on whether the proposal is for a single
action (p) or a repeated one (i).
AsB8MT8 nO MAiM P H8 KpacHYIO
nn6lq8Ab.
AsBaM n03BOH MM P KaTe.
Let's go to Red Square.
(AsBaMTe to someone you call Bbl)
Let's ring Katia. (AsBaM to someone
you call Tbl)
AaBaMTe npo'lMT8H P ei nMcbM6. Let's read her letter. (Completed act of
reading with amount specified)
Let's read. (No amount specified)
Let's have a talk. (noroBopMTb P
means 'to do a little talking'.)
AsBaMT8 rOBopm ' nO-PyccKM. Let's talk Russian. (No amount or time
limit specified)
AsBaMTe'lM TaTb ' .
AsBaMTe noroBop MM P.
The imperfective infinitive is a shortened version of the impelfective
future, Le. AsBaMTe (6YAeM) rOBopMTb (14.3). If the imperative is nega-
tive ('Let's not. . . '), the 6YA8M must be included. 'Let's not talk about
that' AsBaiTe He 6YA8M rOBopMTb ' 06 3TOM.
15.8 Third-person Imperative ('Let')
If you want some third person to do something, i.e. if you want to say the
equivalent of 'Tell her/them to (Let her/them) come back tomorrow', you
can use nycTb (lit. 'let', 'allow') with the third person of the verb:
nYCTb (OHa) npMAiT 38BTpa.
nYCTb rOBopRT.
EXERCISE 15/6
Let her come tomorrow.
Let them talk.
Translate:
1 AsBaMTe BblnbeM. 2 AaBaMTe noeAeM K EBe M BBAMMY.
177

LESSON 15
3 He cepAMTecb. nYCTb eAYT, ecnM XOTfiT. 4 EcnM BonoAS' n03BoHMT,
CK8)1(MTe 8MY, 'fTO $I ywna. nYCTb n03BoHMT 38BTp8. 5 Let's speak
Russian. 6 Let's phone Eva. 7 Let's not think about work. 8 Let him study
French if he wants (to).
15.9 Official Imperative
In official style (e.g. on notices), commands, particularly negative ones
('Don't . . . '), are often in the infinitive. This construction often corre-
sponds to the English 'No' + noun structure.
He KYPMTb ' ! (4.1)
MOn'f8Tb'!
He p83roBapMB8Tb'!
no r830H8M He XOAMTb ' !
He COpMTb ' !
No smoking
Be quiet!
No talking!
Do not walk on the grass
No litter
15.10 More Everyday Phrases with Imperatives
P83pewMTe p npoMTM.
nepecTaHbTePI
06p8TMTe p BHMM8HMe.
5YAbTe' OCTOP0)l(Hbl.
nOK8)1(MTe p 3TO, nO)l(lu1yicTa.
He KnBAMTe ' Tpy6KY.
npMXoAMTe' K HaM.
Excuse me (Let me pass).
Stop it!
Note/T ake note.
Be careful (set phrase).
Show me that, please (asking a shop
assistant to show you something).
Don't hang up (on telephone).
Come and see us (invitation to visit).
15.11 Revision and Summary of Aspect Use:
Fourteen Key Examples
The imperfective is used:
(1) for present-tense actions
SI 'fMT81O ' .
I read/I am reading.
]78

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
(2) for uncompleted actions, so that English continuous fonns ('I was
doing', 'She will be working ') always correspond to the imperfective:
Mbl wnM ' AOMOM.
SI 6YAY 'IMT8Tb' B8Cb B8'tep.
(3) for states and processes:
6H )l(Mn' B MOCKBe.
MapM M3ana' PYCCKMM Jl3bIK.
Mbl 6YAeM )l(MTb' Y APY38M.
We were walking home.
I shall be reading all evening.
He lived in Moscow.
Mary studied Russian.
We'll stay with friends.
(4) for negated actions (particularly in the past), to indicate absence of
action:
OHS He npMXOAMna' .
She didn't come.
(5) with infinitives and the negated imperative (15.3, rule 3) to indicate
undesirability of an action:
He HBAO nOKyn8Tb' 31)f KHMry. You shouldn't buy that book.
He nOKynaMTe'a1)f KHMry. Don't buy that book.
SI cOBetylO BaM He nOKynaTb ' ee. I advise you not to buy it.
(6) for actions repeated an unspecified number of times:
SI BcerA8 3BoHMna ' B C8Mb 'tacoB. I always rang at seven.
SI 6YAY nMc8Tb''tacTo. I shall write often.
nMWMTe''laCTo. Write often.
(7) in the past tense, to indicate that the result of an action was cancelled
or annulled - particularly with verbs of motion (13.3):
B'Iepa npMxoAMn' MOM My Russian friend came yesterday
PYCCKMM APyr. (and left again).
SI OTKpblBan' OKHO. I had the window open (it's closed now).
(8) when the fact of completion is irrelevant:
Bbl'tMTanM' «BOMHY M MMp..?
Have you read War and Peace?
(I'm not concerned with whether
you finished it)
179

LESSON 15
KTO cTp6Mn' 60nbwoi TeaTp? Who built the Bolshoi Theatre?
(I want to know the name of the
architect, not to stress the fact that the
theatre was finished)
The perfective is used:
(9) to describe an action as a completed whole, with a beginning and an end:
B cy6601)f JI KynMn p ccnpaBAY».
Sl3TO cAenalO P 38BTpa.
A8MTe p ABa 6MneTa, no.anYMCTa.
SI XO'lY KynMTb P CnOBapb.
I bought Pravda on Saturday.
I'll do it tomorrow.
Would you give me two tickets?
I want to buy a diction ary.
(10) to indicate the relevance of the result:
Bbl KYnMnMP ccnpaBAY» cer6AHJI? Have you bought Pravda today?
(I.e. perhaps I want to borrow it)
(11) to indicate completion, particularly in sequences of actions, where
each action must be finished before the next one can begin:
BSAMM npMwin p AOM6i, BblnMn p Vadim came home, drank some water
BOAbl M cen p Y oKHa. and sat down by the window.
(12) with infinitives, to show that something is impossible or can't be
done:
OTKpblTb P OKH6 HeB03MO)l(HO.
OHa He Morna HaiTMP T8KCM.
It's impossible to open the window.
She couldn't find a taxi.
( 13) with negation ( He) in the past tense, to indicate failure to do some-
thing:
MBaH xOTen OTKpblTb OKHO,
H6 He cM6r P .
OHa cKa3lu1a, 'IT6 npMAiT,
H6 (TaK M) He npMwna p .
Ivan wanted to open the window
but failed.
She said she'd come but (in fact)
she didn't.
(14) perfective infinitives and imperatives are used after negation (He)
(15.6) to indicate that something might happen by chance:
180

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
S1 He XO'lY Bac 06MAeTb P .
He 386YAb P !
CMOTpM He yn8AMP!
I don't want to offend you (by chance).
Don't forget.
Mind you don't fall.
These example sentences illustrate typical imperfective and perfective sit-
uations. Learn these and then try to relate other situations to this list. For
example, if 'Have you read War and Peace? is Bbl 'IMTanM I ccBoiHY M
MMP»?, then 'Have you seen this film?' is the same type of imperfective
situation: Bbl cMoTpenM ' 3TOT cl»MnbM?
Short Summary: General Rules of Thumb
(a) In the present, verbs are imperfective.
(b) In the future, use the peifective, unless the action will be repeated or
unfinished.
(c) In the past (where about 50 per cent of verbs are perfective and 50 per
cent are imperfective), remember that the perfective always carries the
meaning 'action seen as a completed whole', while the imperfective
simply names the action without saying anything about completion.
(d) In the imperative, use the peifective (plus nO)l(snyicTa) for polite
commands and requests (CK8)I(MTeP, nO)l(anyiCTa . . . 'Could you tell me . . .'
Use the imperfective for invitations, repeated or unfinished actions, and
for negated commands and requests (He AenaMTe' 3Toro 'Don't do that').
(e) For the infinitive choose the peifective for actions with an intended
result (particularly after all verbs meaning 'want', 'to be able or unable',
'try', 'forget' (S1 MOrY/He MOrY npMMTMP 38BTpa 'I can/can't come to-
morrow'). Use the impeifective after all verbs meaning 'begin', 'continue'
and 'finish' (6H HS'lan nMc8Tb i 'He started writing'), and for repeated,
unfinished and undesirable actions, particularly with all phrases meaning
'one shouldn't', 'it's not allowed', 'it's not necessary' (He HBAO ei npM-
rnaWaTb l 'You shouldn't invite her').
15.12 EXTRA: Linguistic Note on Aspect
Aspect is about how actions take place in time; tense is about when. We
have aspect in English too: the difference between 'He was reading
181

LESSON 15
, War and Peace' and 'He read War and Peace' is a difference of aspect,
not of tense (they're both past tense). 'He was reading' tells us that the
reading was in process, not finished; 'he read' simply tells us what kind of
activity it was - perhaps he finished the book (as in 'He read War and
Peace in sixty-five minutes'), perhaps he didn't (as in -He read War and
Peace for a couple of hours and realized he would never finish if).
EXERCISE 15/7
Translate, noting the aspects:
IOpa: Bbl 'IMTSnM ' pOMSH «AHHa KapeHMHa»?
WMpnM: nOKS HeT. SI KynMna p ero B npownoM rOAY. XOTena '
npO'lMTSTb P , HO JI MHoro pa6oTana ' , O'leHb YCTaBsna ' M
HM'IerO He ycneBsna ' . BOT 6YAY B sBrycTe OTAbIXSTb ' , TorA8
06J138TenbHO npO'lMTSIO P .
IOpa: KorAit npO'lMTSeTe p , Mbl norOBopMMP, 0 TOM, nOHMMan ' nM
TonCTOM )l(eHCKOe cepA4e.
15.13 Vocabulary
60RTbCJI ' 6olOcb, 60MWbCJI
(+ gen.) to be afraid (of)
Be'lepOM in the evening
BHM3 down
BblMTMP BbIMAY, BbIMA8Wb past
Bblwen, Bblwna, BblwnM
imper BbIMAM(Te)p
(BbIXOAMTb ' BbIXO)l(Y,
BbIXOAMWb) to go out
BblXOA exit
AOBonbHo fairly, quite
AOMTMPAOMAY, AOMAewb
(AO + gen.) past Aowin,
AOWna, AownM (.qOXOAMTb ' )
to reach (on foot)
eaqe pa3 again
*A STb' (noAo- P ) MAY, *AiWb
(+ ace.) to wait for (someone)
)l(eHCKMM female
3anMcKa g.pl. 38nMcoK note
3ASHM8 building
KnMeHT client
nlO6oM any (anyone you like)
M6'1b ' (c-p) MO..y, MO)l(eWb, Moryr
past Mor, MOrna, Morno, MornM
to be able
HBAOenO that's enough, I'm tired
(of it)
182

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
H8K838Tb P H8K8)1(Y, H8K8>KeWb,
(H8K83bIS8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to
punish
H8n6MHMTb P H8n6MHIO,
H8noMHMwb (H8noMMH8Tb ' like
3H8Tb) (+ dat.) to remind
(someone)
H8XOAMTbCR ' H8XO)l(YCb,
H8XOAMWbCR to be situated
, ? h . ?
rpp HaxoAMTcR . . .. were IS . . ..
o6R38TenbHo definitely, without fail
ocso6oAMTbCRP OCS060)l(YCb,
ocso60AMWbCR
(oCS060*A8TbCR' like 3H8Tb)
to become free
OCT8SMTb P oCT8snlO, OCT8SMWb
(ocT8snilTb like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
to leave (sth)
nepeASTb P (like A8Tb 12.7) to
pass, transmit, give a message
(nepeA8s8Tb' like A8a8Tb ' )
(+ dat.) (to someone)
nepececTbpnepecilAY,
nepecilAewb
(nepeC8)1(MS8TbCR ' ) (H8 + ace.)
to change (from one form of
transport to another)
nepecT8Tb (+ I inf) nepecT8HY,
nepecT8Hewb (nepecT8s8Tb ' )
to stop (doing sth)
nepex6A street crossing
nn8K8Tb ' nn8'1Y, nna'leWb to cry
(38- P 'to start crying')
nosepHYrb P nosepHy,nosepH8wb
(nosOpa'lMS8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to
turn (change direction)
norosopMTb P (of rosopMTb ' ) to tal k
for" a while (cf. CK838Tb P 'to say')
nOA3eMHbiM underground
nOKa HeT not yet (while not)
npoex8Tb P npoeAy,npoeAewb
.
(npOe3)1(aTb ' like 3HaTb) (BlH8
+ ace.) to travel to
npocMTb ' (no- p ) + ace. + info
npowy, npocMwb to ask
someone to do something
nycTb let (15.8)
p83pewaTb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ dat.)
(p83pewMTb P p83pewy,
p83peWMWb) to al10w (someone)
CSAMTbCR ' C8)1(YCb, C8AMWbCR
(see cecTb P ) to sit down; (H8
+ ace.) to take (transport)
ceKpeTapb (m) gen.sg. ceKpeT8pil
secretary (male or female)
cepA4e gen.pl. cePAe4 heart
ceCTb P cilAY, cilAewb past cen,
cen8 (see c8AMTbCR') to sit
down; (H8 + ace.) to take
(transport)
cnes80ntheleft
co6op B8cMnMR 5n8)1(eHHOrO
St Basil's on Red Square
('the Cathedral of Vasilii
the Blessed')
cnycTMTbCRP cnYi1\ycb,
cnycTMwbCR (cnycKaTbCR ' like
3H8Tb) to go down
cTopoHa ace. CTOPOHY, pl.
CTOpOHbl gen.pl. CTOpOH side,
direction
B CTOPOHY (+ gen.) in the
direction of
TenecIJoH telephone
183

LESSON 15
T6nbKO 'IT6 (+ past) just (= very
recently)
Tp8MBai gen. pl. TpaMBa8B tram
TYPMCT tourist
ycneBsTb' (like 3H8Tb) (ycneTb P
ycnelO, ycneewb) to have time
(to do something)
YCT8B8Tb ' YCTaIb, yCTBiWb (yCT8Ta,P
YCTaHY, YCTsHewb) to get tired
'IeTBepTbli fourth
15. 14 AMan6rM
Two Lost Tourists
TYPMCT: CK8)I(MTe, nO)l(anYMcT8, K8K npoex8Tb H8 BOK38n?
B8AMM: C8AMT8Cb H8 'IeTBepTbli Tponnei6yc, BblMAMTe H8
nnOU48AM, 8 T8M nepeCRAbTe H8 nlO66i Tp8MBaM.
*
TYPMCT: nO)l(anyicT8, CK8)1(MTe, K8K AOMTM AO rOCTMHM4bl ccPOCCMJI».
EB8: AsBaiTe nOCMOTpMM nn8H ropOA8. BOT rOCTMHML48, H8A8-
neKO OT KpeMnR. Mbl H8XOAMMCJI 3AeCb, OK0l10 peCTOpSH8
ccM8KAOH8nAC» H8 nYWKMHCKOi nn6U48AM. nOBepHMTe
H8npSBO M MAMTe npRMO no TBepcK6i. Y rOCTMHM4bl
ccH84MOHanb» Bbl YBMAMTe nOA3eMHbii nepex6A.
CnYCTMTeCb BHM3, MAMTe npRMO, H8MAMTe BblXOA H8
KpSCHYIO nnOU48Ab. MAMTe B CTOPOHY c060pa B8CMnMJI
6n8)1(eHHoro. CneB8 OT c066p8 Bbl YBMAMTe 60nbwoe
COBpeMeHHoe 3AaHMe. 3TO M eCTb* ccPOCCMJI».
*3TO M eCTb that is ('that indeed is')
P83rOBOp no TeneoHY A Telephone Conversation
EB8: M3BMHMTe, nonpocMTe* B8AMM8 K Tenecl»6HY.
HH: OH T6nt.:<o 'IT6 Bblwen. 3TO EB8 rOBopMT?
EB8: As.
HH: OH 3BOHMn 88M A8cJlTb MMHyY H838A, H6 BaC* He 6blno A6M8.
EB8: CK8)I(MTe eMY, 'ITO JI 6YAY AOM8 B8'lepOM. nYCTb n03BOHMT
eaqi p83.
HH: 06J138TenbHO.
184

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
:t:nonpOCMTe (imper of nonpocMTb 'to ask') BBAMM8 K TeneclJoHY. Ask
Vadim (to come) to the phone.
*B8C He 6blno A6M8. You weren't at home ('of you wasn't' 10.5).
nlOAMMn8 neTp6BH8 M ManeHbK8JI TaHJI
nn:
TaHJI:
nn:
TaHJI:
nn:
TaHJI :
nn:
T8HJI:
TaHJlI LfTO Tbl Aen8eWb?! nepeCTaHb!
Ho JI XO'lY.
He p83pewalO! Henb3R!
nO'IeMY Henb3l1?
TaHJI, H8Aoeno!
Sf Te611 He 6olbCb.
Sf Te611 H8K8)1(j.
EcnM Tbl MeHII H8K8)1(eWb, JI 6YAY nnaK8Tb.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 15/8
(Translation in key)
Borlsov seeks Ravvlnov
1 What four things did Borisov ask the secretary to do during the first call?
2 Did she carry out the four instructions?
3 What did Borisov ask her to do during the third call?
4 How did she propose to carry out his instruction?
nepBbli 3BOH6K First Call
n030BMTe P8BBMHOB8, nO)l(anyicT8.
K CO)l(8neHMIO, OH 38HJlT*. n03BoHMTe '1epe3 '18C.
He KJ1BAMTe TPy6KY, nO)l(SnyicT8. nepeA8iTe eMY, '1TO
3BoHMn 60pMCOB.
CeKpeTapb: Xopow6, nepeA8M.
60pMCOB: nonpocMTe er6 n03BoHMTb MHe no Tene6HY 125-36-47.
CeKpeTapb: He 6ecnoKoiT8Cb, JI nepeA8M.
*OH 38HJlT he's busy
60pMCOB:
CeKpeTapb:
60pMCOB:
185

LESSON 15
BTOp6M 3BOHOK Second Call
60PMCOB: Bac 6ecnoK6 MT :t: EBreHMM MaTB8eSM'I &OpMCOB.
nonpocMTe PaBBMHOB8 K Tenecl»6HY, nO)l(anYMcTa.
CeKpeTapb: OH Y)I(e ywin.
60pMCOB: KaK ywin?:t: nO'IeMY 6H He n03BOHMn?
CeKpeTapb: He 3HalO. Sf eMY cKa38na, '1T6 Bbl 3BoHMnM.
60pMCOB: nO)l(anYMcTa, Han6MHMTe eMY eaqi pa3 38BTpa.
CeKpeTspb: 06A38TenbHo.
:t:Bac 6ecnoK6MT . . . 60pMCOB 'You is troubling . . . Borisov'. Polite fonnula
corresponding to: 'My name is Borisov. Excuse me for troubling you.'
:t:KaK ywin? 'How can he have left?'
TpeTMM 3BOH6K Third Call
50pMCOB:
3ApaBCTBYMTe, rOBopMT 60pMCOB. PaBBMHoB Ha
MecTe:t:?
Ha MecTe, H6 6H *AiT KnMeHTa.
KorAS 6H oCBo6oAMTCA, Han6MHMTe eMY, nO)l(SnYMcTa,
'1T6 A npoCMn er6 n03BOHMTb MHe.
Xopow6, A eMY OCTaBnlO 38nMCKY.
CeKpeTspb:
60pMCOB:
CeKpeTapb:
:t:paBBMHOB Ha MeCTe? Is Ravvinov in ('on (his) place')?
EXERCISE 15/9
REVISION OF LESSONS 11-15
(Tense, Aspect, Dative)
Say in Russian:
1 I want to buy a hat. 2 We stayed ('lived') in the Hotel'lntourist'. 3 - Have
you read the novel Anna Karenina? - No, I haven't. 4 We often telephoned
Vadim and Eva. 5 - Will you come tomorrow? - I'll come if I can ('shall be
able'). 6 If we have time tomorrow, we'll phone (our) friends. 7 We'll be
waiting for you. 8 I'll have a rest, then I'll go (on foot) to Red Square. 9 It's
impossible to open this door. 10 Please bring me a bottle of mineral water.
11 Please don't open the window. We're cold. 12 Write (fam) 10 me often. I
shall write to you every week. 13 Don't forget that tomorrow we are going to
186

REQUESTS AND THE IMPERATIVE
(see) Natal'ia Petrovna. 14 Take a seat (pol). I'll come in ('4epe3) a few
mir ,qtes. I have to telephone p the children. 15 Let's not talk about children.
187

16
YPOK HOMEP WECTHAAL\ATb
THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
16.1 Useful Phrases
B8&tepOM
C HOBblM r6AoM!
C YAoBonbCTBM8M I
Me*AY HaMM
n03H8KOMbT8Cb C MOMM APyroM.
PyKaMM He TporaTb
Sf MHTepeCYlOCb pycCKoi
nMT8paTypoi.
16.2 Instrumental t case
in the evening
Happy New Year! (lit. 'With New Year')
With pleasure!
between us
Meet my friend.
Don't touch (with your hands)
(sign in museums)
I am interested in Russian literature.
Here we meet the last of the six cases. For many learners it is the one
which is most distinctively Russian. Its primary meaning is 'with' (in the
sense by means of) as in the sentence 'He wrote with (= by means of) a
pencil' - OH nMCan KapaHABw6M. The ending -OM on a masculine noun is
the instrumental case. It has a number of other uses (see 16.5), particularly
with six prepositions including C 'with' in the meaning 'accompanied by'
or 'together with' .
188

THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
16.3 Formation of the Instrumental Singular
For m nouns ending in a consonant and neuter nouns ending 0, the instru-
mental is -OM:
KapaH.q8W 'pencil'
B8&tep 'evening'
Yrpo 'morning'
KapaHA8wg,.
B8&tepa
Yrpa
with (by means of) a pencil
in the evening
in the morning
If the m noun ends with a soft sign b or i, replace the b or M with -eM (-1M
if stressed); if the neuter noun ends -e or -I, add -M:
Mropb 'Igor" MroPIM by Igor'
A(e)Hb 'day' AHIM in the daytime/in the afternoon
MOpe 'sea' MOpU! by sea
For m and f nouns ending -8 the instrumental is -OM:
BeCHa 'spring'
nana 'dad'
B8CHmt.
C nangi
in the spring
with dad
If the noun ends -R, replace the R with -ei. Stressed R becomes Ii:
BanR 'Valia'
ceMbR 'family'
Band.
c ceM.
Feminine nouns with -b add 10:
H6'1b 'night'
oceHb 'autumn'
AO'lb 'daughter'
HO'lb)g
OC8Hb)g
c AO'lepblQ
by Valia
with the family
at night
in autumn
with a daughter (remember
the extra -ep- 5.6)
Remember that Spelling Rule 2 (8.10) will apply to nouns (with uns tressed
endings) whose last consonant is )1(, 'I, W, III or 4. After these consonants
you find e instead of unstressed 0:
Mawa 'Masha' c Mawd (not Mawoi) with Masha
TOBaptuq 'comrade' C TOBapMUUIM (not -aqOM) with a comrade
aMepMKSH84 'American' c aMepMKaHLUU4 with an American
(but 'with father' is C OTLl6M because the ending is stressed)
There are no exceptions to these rules.
189

EXERCISE 16/1
LESSON 16
Put the nouns in brackets in the instrumental:
1 "Iai C (BapeHbe) Tea with (together with) jam. 2 BapeHb8 8ART
(n6)1(Ka) One eats the jam with (by means of) a spoon. 3 OH npMAiT
(jTpo) He'll come in the morning. 4 Sf npMAY C ()I(8H8 M AO'tb) I'll come
with (my) wife and daughter. 5 C (Cawa) With Sasha. 6 C (4.8Pb HMKonaM)
With Tsar Nicholas (LtBPb is stressed on the ending).
16.4 Instrumental Plural
To fonn the instrumental plural, you need to know the nominative plural
(see Lesson 8). If the nominative plural ends -bl or -a, replace the bl or a
with -aMM; if the ending of the nom. pI. is -M or -Jl, replace the M or JI with
-JiMM. The gender of the noun does not matter.
Mara3MH 'shop'
A6M 'house'
6paT 'brother'
H8AenJi 'week'
CblH 'son'
nom.pl.
Mara3MHbi
AOMa
6paTbJl
H8AenM
CblHOBbfl
inst.pl.
Mara3MHaMM
AOMaMM
6paTbJlMM
H8AenJlMM
CblHOBbflMM
Don't forget Spelling Rule 3 (-a not -JI 12.11):
KHMra 'book'
TOBapM 'comrade'
KHMrM
TOBapMM
KHMraMM (not -JlMM)
TOBapMaqaMM
There are four exceptions (apart from some cases with unpredictable stress).
These have the ending -bMM:
A8TbMM (from AeTM 'children')
AO't8pbMM (from A6't8pM 'daughters')
nOwBAbMM (from nOWBAM 'horses')
nlOAbMM (from nlOAM 'people')
A few nouns have alternative fonns in -RMM (neutral sty Ie) and -bMM
(bookish style) ABepRMM - AB8PbMM 'doors'.
190

EXERCISE 16/2
THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
Put on the required endings:
1 C (C8cTpbl) 'With sisters.' 2 C (6yrblnKM) 'With bottles.' 3 C <AeTM)
'With the children.' 4 C (8MepMK8HLlbl) 'With Americans.'
16.5 Uses of the Instrumental (in Russian TBopMTenbHblM
"SAlt. 'creative case')
(1) To indicate the instrument used to carry out an action:
OH nMcan K8p8HABWQM. He wrote with (= by means of) a pencil.
3To M6)1(HO 8CTb nO)l( KOM . You can eat this with a spoon.
(2) After six prepositions:
38
Me*AY
H8A
nep&A
nOA
C
behind, beyond
between
38 ABepblO behind the door
Me*AY necoM M peKoi between
the wood and the river
H8A ropoAoM above the city
neP8A AOMOM in front of the house
nOA 38Mnei under the ground
C YAoB6nbcTBM8M with pleasure
above
in front of
under
with
(3) The instrumental is used with parts of the day and the seasons of the
year answering the question 'when?':
Yrpo
AeHb
Be'lep
HO'Ib (f)
B8CH8
neTo
6ceHb (f)
3MM8
YrPOM
AHeM
Be...epoM
HO'I blO
B8CH6i
neToM
6ceHbIO
3MM6i
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
at night
in spring
in summer
in autumn
in winter
(4) The instrumental is used after certain verbs, e.g. 6blTb 'to be',
38HMM8TbCJI ' 'to occupy oneself with/to study', K838TbCJI ' 'to seem',
191

LESSON 16
H83blB8TbCJI' 'to be called', cTaHOBMTbCJI'/CTaTb P 'to become', JlBnRTbCJI'
lit. 'to appear' (frequently used in fonnal style with the meaning 'to be'):
OHa CTana MH)I(8HepQM. She became an engineer.
Mbl 38HMMaeMCJI MCT6pM eM We are studying the history of Russia.
POCCMM.
OH JlBnRnCJI AMp8KTOPQM. He was the director.
The most important of these is 6blTb 'to be'. As you will remember from
Lesson 3, the verb 6blTb is nonnally omitted in the present tense (Sf
8HrnM'IaHMH 'I am English ') but it has nonnal past and future fonns (6bln,
6blna etc.; 6YAY, 6YAewb etc.). The past and future fonns, and also the
infinitive, are nonnally followed by the instrumental:
Er6 oTeLl6bln Bpa'lQM.
Haw CblH 6YAeT Y'4MTen eM .
Er6 CnYTHM KOM 6bln PYCCKMM
6M3H8CMeH.
His father was a doctor.
Our son will be a teacher.
His travelling companion was a Russian
businessman (see 16.8(b)).
(5) Note the idiomatic use of c + inst. to join two human subjects where
English uses 'and':
npMwnM MBaH C )l(eH6M .
Ivan and his wife came.
English 'X and I' is in Russian Mbl C X ('we with X'):
Mbl C MY)I(eM
Mbl c ESOM pewMnM noex8Tb B
CM6Mpb.
my husband and I
Eva and I have decided to go to Siberia.
16.6 Instrumental of Adjectives, Possessives and Demonstratives
Singular. If the nominative adjective ends -biM or -6M, the masculine and
neuter instrumental ending is -bIM. Adjectives with nominative -MM have
instrumental -MM. Feminine adjectives have -OM or -eM, exactly the same
endings as in the feminine singular of the genitive, dative and prepositional.
C H6BIdM PYCCKHM APyroM
C H6smt PYCCKmt nOAPyroM
with a new Russian friend
with a new Russian girlfriend
192

TH E INSTRUMENTAL CASE
Plural. All genders have -bIMM (-bIM and -OM adjectives) or -MMM (-MM
adjectives):
C HOB blMM PYCCK MMM APY3bAMM with new Russian friends
MOM, TSOM etc. all have -MM (m and n sg.), -eM (f sg.), -MMM (pI.)
C TB OMMM AeTbMM with your children
OHM 6blnM HaW MMM CnYTHMK8MM. They were our travelling companions.
Two tricky words: 3TOT and TOT (see Table 4).
3TOT 'this' has mln 3THM, f 3ToM, plural 3 TM MM
TOT 'that' has mln TgM, f TOM, plural T6MM
C T eMM nlOAbMM
with those people
16.7 Instrumental of Pronouns
SI 38 B8MM.
MHOM
T060M
MM (HMM after prepositions)
eM (HeM after prepositions)
MM (HMM after prepositions)
HaMM
BaMM
MMM (HMMM after prepositions)
I'm behind you (phrase used to book a
place in a queue).
What's the matter with him?
JI
Tbl
OH
OHa
OHO
Mbl
Bbl
OHM
"IT6 C HMM?
Note also: KTO 'who' has inst. KeM; 'tTO 'what' has 'teM (Table 4):
"IeM Bbl 38HMMaeTecb?
KeM 6bln A3ep)l(MHcKMM?
What are you doing? ('With what are
you occupying yourself?')
Who was Dzerzhinskii?
193

LESSON 16
EXERCISE 16/3
Put the words in brackets in the instrumental and translate:
1 SI BHO 38HMMalOCb (PYCCK8J1 MY3bIK8.). 2 Mbl C (6p8T) OTAbIX8nM B
KpbIMY. 3 B8AMM nbiT K C (MOnOKO), 8 M3pM nbiT BO.qKY C (8nenb-
CMHOBblM 'orange' COK). 4 SI XO'fY n03H8KoMMTb sac C (MO'M PyccKMe
APY3bA). 5 "ITo C (oHa)? nO'feMY OHa He XO'feT pa3roaapMB8Tb C (Mbl)?
16.8 EXTRA: Instrumental with 6blTb: Two Problems
(a) With 6blTb the nominative may be used instead of the instrumental
(MoM OTel.\ 6bln Bp8'f instead of Bp8'f 'My father was a doctor'). The
nominative is common if the complement (the phrase after 6blTb) denotes
a pennanent characteristic of the subject, Le. if your father was a doctor all
his life. Llep'fMnnb 6bln 8HrnM'faHMH 'Churchill was English' (all his life).
The nominative is also very common if the complement is an adjective
rather than a noun, e.g. noro.qa 6blna XOPOW8R (nominative) rather than
xopoweM (instrumental).
(b) The second problem arises with sentences such as 'The main problem
was the grammar'. Which noun, npo6neM8 'problem' or rp8MMaTMK8
'grammar', is in the nominative and which in the instrumental? Generally,
the more specific word will be nominative, the more general one instru-
mental. A good test is to replace the verb 'to be' with the verb 'constitute'
and see which order sounds more natural: 'The problem constituted the
grammar' or 'Grammar constituted the problem'? The latter, you should
agree, so 'grammar' is the subjece: rnaBHoM npo6neMoM (inst.) 6blna
rpaMMaTMK8 (nom.). The word order in neutral Russian requires the
new infonnation to come at the end (see 26.8), so if you are stressing 'the
grammar', it comes after the verb. If you want to stress 'main problem',
you turn the sentence round: rp8MM8TMK8 6blna rnaBHoM npo6neMoM.
In the example MO MM cny"HMKQM 6bln PYCCKMM 6M3HecMeH 'My trav-
elling companion was a Russian businessman' you are saying 'A Russian
businessman constituted my travelling .companion' and you are indicating
that the new infonnation is 'Russian businessman'.
194

THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
16.9 Declension of Surnames
Russian male surnames nonnally end -bIH, -MH, -OB, -eB or -eB. These
were originally possessive adjectives (MB8HOB meant 'belonging to Ivan ').
They have nonnal noun endings except in the instrumental, where the end-
ing is the adjectival -biN (not -OM). SO SI nlO6nlO LlexoB8 'I love
Chekhov' but SI 38HMMalOcb LlexoB blM 'I am studying Chekhov'. Female
surnames (-bIH8, -MH8, -OB8, -eB8, -eB8) are more adjectival. Apart from
the accusative (ending -V, like a feminine noun), all the other cases have
-oi, like adjectives. In the plural ('the Ivanovs '), all endings except the
nominative are adjectival.
N
A
G
o
I
P
Mr Ivanov
MB8HOB
MB8HOB8
MB8HOB8
MB8HOBY
MB8HOBJ!(M (not OM)
MB8HOBe
16.10 Vocabulary
6blBWMM former
B8peHbe jam, preserves
BMecTe (c + inst.) together
(with)
BMecTo (+ gen.) instead of
Bp8'f gen.sg. BP8'f8; doctor
BCT8BaTb ' BCT81O, BCT8iwb
(BCT8Tb P BCT8HY, BCT8Hewb)
to get up
rMA guide (person)
rMTap8 guitar
rOToBMTb ' (npM-p) rOToBDIO,
rOToBMwb (+ ace.) to prepare;
to cook
Aanbwe further
Mrs/Miss/Ms Ivanov
MB8HOB8
MB8HOBY
MB8HOB OM (not bl)
MB8HOBmt (not e)
MB8HOBOM
MB8HOBmt (not e)
the Ivanovs
MB8HOBbi
MB8HOB biX
MB8HOB biX
MB8HOB biM
MB8HOBId.MH
MB8HOBJ;dX
AO'fK8 gen.pl. AO'feK (little)
daughter
38 (+ inst.) (16.5) behind; for
Cto fetch')
38BOA factory
H8 38BoAe at a factory
38BTP8K breakfast 38 38BTp8KOM
at ('behind') breakfast
38BTp8K8Tb ' (no- P ) (like 3H8Tb)
to breakfast
38HMMaTbcR ' (+ inst.) (like 3H8Tb)
to study (something)
3H8KOMMTb ' (nG-P) (+ ace.; C + inst.)
3H8KOMDIO, 3H8KOMMWb
to acquaint someone with
195

LESSON 16
someone, to introduce someone
to someone
3H8KOMMTbCR ' (no- p ) (c + inst.)
to beome acquainted with, to get
to know, to meet
MrpaTb ' (cblrp8Tb P ) (like 3H8Tb)
to play
MH)I(eHep engineer
MHOcTp8H(e)1.\ foreigner
MHTepec interest
MHTepecoB8TbCR ' (38- P ) (+ inst.)
MHTepecYlOcb,
MHTepecyewbcJI to be
interested (in)
MCTOpMR history
K8p8H.q8W gen.sg. K8p8HASW8:1:
pencil
K8W8 kasha, Russian porridge
nMMoH lemon
1I106MMbiM favourite
nlOAM gen.pl. nlOAeM dat.pl.
IIIOARM, inst.pl. nIOAbMM,
prep. pI. IIIOARX people (pI. of
'fenOBeK 'person')
Me-.qy (+ inst.) between (16.5)
MOn'f8Tb' (38- P ) MOn'fY, MOn'fMWb
to keep silent, say nothing
MY3blKaHT musician
H83B8HMe name
H83bIB8TbCR ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.)
to be called
H8CTORU4MM real, genuine
HMKOr.q8 (He) never
opr8HM38I.\MJI organ ization
n811(e)4 g.sg. n8nlll.\8, pI. nalllll.\bl
finger
nepe.q + inst. before, in front of
( 16.5)
neTb ' (c-P) nolO, noiwb (+ ace.)
to sing (sth)
noiT see neTb (he) sings
n03AHo late
n03H8KoMMTb(-CJI) - see
3H8KOMMTb(CJI)
npeAceA8Tenb (m) chairman
npMBbl'fK8 gen.pl. npMBbl'feK habit
npocIJeccMoHan professional
(noun)
p83roBapMB8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb)
(c + inst.) to converse with, talk to
p8HO early
p8Hbwe before; earlier
peBOnlOI.\MOHep revolutionary
peBonlOl.\MR revolution
pllAOM (c + inst.) beside
CnY'lMTbCJlP (c + inst.) to happen (to)
LfT6 CIIY'IMnocb? What happened?
CH8'f8n8 first, at first
cn8Tb' (no- p ) cnlllO, cnMWb
to sleep
cny-rHMK travelling companion
CT8HOBMTbCR ' CT8HOB Il IOCb,
CT8HOBMWbCJI (CTBTb P ) (+ inst.)
to become
CT8Tb P CT8HY, CTBHeWb (+ inst.)
to become
cTeH8 acc. cTeHY, pI. cTeHbl wall
CTOII gen.sg. cTona:l: table
TeM8 theme, topic
YBneK8TbCR ' (like 3HaTb) (+ inst.)
to be keen on I enthusiastic (about)
YAoBonbCTBM8 pleasure,
satisfaction
Y)I(MH supper
y)l(MH8Tb' (no-P) (like 3H8Tb)
to have supper
196

THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
YPOK lesson
YXOAMTb' YXO)l(Y, YXOAMWb (yiTMP)
to leave
Y'lMTenb (m) pI. Y'lMTeI1A teacher,
schoolteacher
XOTR although
RBnRTbCR' RBnRlOCb, RBnRewbCR
(+ inst.) to be (something)
(used in formal style, not in
conversation)
RM'fHM [ye' esh-nee-tsa]
fried eggs
*Stress Note. If the genitive singular of a masculine noun is shown as
stressed on the end (cTona), that means all fonns of the word are stressed
on the end (pl. cTonbl, dal. cTony etc.)
16.11 TeKcT (Translation in Key)
YTpOM Mbl C 6paTbRMM CepreeM M AneKcaHAPoM BCTaeM paHo,
oAeBaeMcR M MAeM Ha KYXHIO. Mbl 38BTpaKaeM 06bl'fHO BM8cTe C
OT40M. 6H CMAMT 38 cTonoM*, nbiT Kocl»e C MonOKOM M C MHTepecoM
'fMTaeT ra38TY. C HaMM OH nO'fTM HMKorAi He pa3rOBapMBaeT 38
38BTpaKOM. PaHbwe OH 6bln Y'fMTeneM M 38 38BTpaKOM BcerA'
rOTOBMn YPOKM. BOT nO'feMY Y Hero TaKaR npMBbl'fKa - 'fMTaTb M
MOn'faTb 38 CTonOM. Ho KorAii Mbl CSAMMCR 38 cTon*, OH rOBopMT:
- 3ApaBcTByiTe, Manb'fMKM! 3ApaBcTByi, AO'fKal KaK cnanM?
- Xopow6, nana, - OTBe"laeM Mbl*.
nOTOM Mbl Ha'fMHaeM eCTb. MOM 6paTbR 06bl'fHO eAkr Kawy.
Cepe)l(a 8CT nO)l(KOM, a Cawa - nanb48MM, TaK KaK OH 3HaeT, 'fTO oTe4
Ha Hero He CMOTpMT. SI eM 6yrep6poAbi C CblpOM. Mbl nbiM 'fai C
nMMoHoM MnM C Bap6HbeM. MHorAi MaMa AenaeT MHe RM'fHM4Y C
Kon6acOM, HO 06bl'fHO OHa BCTaeT n03AHO.
Hawa MaMa He nlb6MT 38BTpaKaTb. OHa BCTaeT nocne Hac M eAeT
Ha 38BOA, rAe pa60TaeT rnaBHblM MH)I(eHepOM*. Be'fepoM OHa B03-
BpaaqileTcR AOMOi, nana rOTOBMT Y)I(MH, M Mbl Bce y*MHaeM BMeCTe.
nocne y*MHa Mbl CMAMM nepeA TeneBM30pOM, HO 06bl'fHO Mbl He
CMOTpMM. MaMa CMAMT Me*AY MHOi M 6paTbRMM, M Mbl
pa3rOBapMBaeM. 3To O'leHb npMSrrHO. K CO)l(aneHMIO, MHorAi BMeCTO
pa3rOBopa Cepe)l(a MrpaeT Ha rMTape M Cawa noiT. XOTR R
197

LESSON 16
MHTepeCYlOCb MY3bIKOM, R He Mory MX cnYW8Tb, KorAS OHM A810T
T8KOi KOHl.\epT. OHM rOBopRT, 'ITO XOTRT CT8Tb npoclHtccMoHan8MM, HO
nO-MoeMY OHM HMKorAa He 6YAYT H8CTORU4MMM MY3bIK8HT8MM. KorAa
OHM H8'1MHaIOT, JI rOBoplO, 'ITO MHe HiAO 38HMMaTbCR, M 51 YXO)l(Y M3
KOMH8Tbl. Ho nan8 O'leHb YBneKaeTCJI aTMMM KOH4epT8MM M cnyw8eT
cblHoBei C YAoBonbcTBMeM.
*CMAeTb 38 cTonoM (inst.) to sit at Cbehind ' ) the table (place)
tC8AMTbcR'/ceCTbP 38 cTon (ace.) to sit down at the table (motion)
toTBe'laeM Mbl 'answer we'. After direct speech the verb and the subject
are nearly always in that order in Russian.
tp86oT8Tb + inst. to work as something
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 16/4
Volodia and the KGB
1 Which three places mentioned by Volodia have new names?
2 What organization did Dzerzhinskii head?
3 Why does Mary ask if Dzerzhinskii was a foreigner?
4 Of the 'old Bolsheviks' listed by Volodia, which two were women?
5 What two opposing views of the Chekists does Volodia mention?
BonOAJI :
M3pM:
BonOAR:
MapM:
KyAS Bbl xOTMTe noiTM ceroAHJI?
SI XO'lY n03H8KOMMTbCJI C AocTOnpMMe'laTenbHocTRMM t
MocKBbl. Bbl 6YAeTe MOMM rMAoM?
C YAoBonbcTBMeM. AaBaiTe noeAeM B 4eHTp. Cei'l8C JI
B03bMY nn8H ropoAS. BOT. noeAeM CH8'1ana H8 OXOTHbli t
PJlA. 3TO 6blBWMi npocneKT MapKc8. no HeMY Mbl AoiA8M
AO Te8TpanbHoi* nnotq8AM - OHa paHbwe H83blBanaCb
nnOtq8AblO CBepAl10B8. A BOT M* 3H8MeHMTbii &onbwoi
TeaTp. PRAOM C HMM - Manbli t TeaTp. nOTOM Mbl nOMA8M
Aanbwe, H8 ny6RHCKYIO nn6tq8Ab. nocne peBonlOl.\MM
ny6RHK8 Aonroe t BpeMJI H83blBan8Cb nnOl1l8AblO
A38P)l(MHCKoro.
KeM 6bln A38p)l(MHCKMi? no-MoeMY, OH npocnaBMnCJI*
'IeM-TO t He O'leHb npMRTHbIM.
198

BonOAR:
MapM:
BOIIOAR:
MapM:
BOIIOAR:
MapM:
BonoAR:
MapM:
BOIIOAR:
MapM:
BOIIOAR :
THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
Cl)enMKc 3AMYHAOBM'f .Q3ep)l(MHCKMM 6bln OAHMM* M3
nepBblX 'feKMCTOB t . TO'fHee*, OH 6blll npeAC8AaTeneM -
BCepOCCMMCKOi* 'fpe3Bbl'faMHOM KOMMCCMM no 60pb6e* C
KOHTppeBOIl104MeM* M c860Ta)l(eM* - BLlK* [ve-chye-ka].
Cl)ellMKc 3AMYHAOBM'f? 6H 6bln MHOCTp8HeLf?
no npOMCXO*AeHMIO* OH 6blll nOIlRK*1.
A 'fTO cnY'fMIIOCb C ero Llpe3Bbl'f8MHOM KOMMMccMeM?
3T8 opr8HM38I.\MII HecKollbKO p83 MeHRII8* H83B8HMe:
Tenepb aTo KrS [ka-ge-be] - KOMMTer rOCYA8pcTBeHHoM*
6e30nacHocTM i . ECIIM xOTMTe, II B8M P8CCK8)1(Y
6Morpa4JMIO* A3ep)l(MHCKoro.
Cn8cM60, R 6eCCOHHMl.\eM* He CTp8AalO*.
M3BMHMTe, He "OHIIII.
3TO 6bllla WYTK8 2 . A nO'feMY Bbl T8K YBlleK8eTeCb aTOM
TeMoM?
MOMM 1I106MMbiM npeAMeToM* B wKone 6bln8 MCTOpMII. SJ
O'feHb MHTepecoBancli CT8pblMM 6onbweBMKaMM* -
neHMHbIM, KpyncKoM, TP0I.\KMM, 6yxapMHblM, K8MeHeBbIM,
3MHoBbeBbIM, KOlllloHTaM, A38p)l(MHCKMM M APyrMMM. B
'faCTHocTM*, II y)l(e A8BHO 38HMMalOCb A3ep)l(MHCKMM M ero
nOMoU4HMK8MM*. XOTR Tenepb MHorMe C'fMT8IOT 'feKMcToB:t
npecTjnHMK8MM*, AS>Ke y6MMI.\8MM*, II C'fMTalO, 'fTO OHM
6blllM H8cToinqMMM peBolllOqMoHep8MM, npeA8HHbIMM*
MAeIlM* neHMH8.
MO)l(eT 6blTb, Be'fepOM BepHeMCR K aTOM TeMe. A K8K* C
HawMM M8PWPYrOM* no MocKBe?
Xopowo. nOTOM Mbl noiA8M no HMKOllbCKOi YIIMl.\e.
nepeA B8MM oTKpoeTcII* BMA* H8 KpacHYIO nnolqaA b ,
M8B30nei* neHMH8 M, 38 M8B30neeM, KpeMII8BcKYIO* cTeHY
C 6awHIIMM*.
1 After 6blTb the nominative can be used for permanent features of the subject (see
16.8).
2 In .It was/will be something' sentences, it is normal to make 6blTb agree with the
noun. 3TO 6blno WYTKOM (iost.) is possible but less common.
199

LESSON 16
tEXTRA Vocabulary for Comprehensln Exercise (in Alphabetical
Order)
6aWHR tower
6e30nacHocTb (f) security, safety
6ecCOHHML48 insomnia ('without
sleepness')
6MorpacIJMR biography
60nbweBMK gen. 60nbweBMKA
Bolshevik
6opb6a (c + inst.) struggle
with/against
BMA H8 + acc. view of
BcepoccMMCK8R pe3Bbl8MH8R
KOMMCCMR All-Russia Special
Commission
BLiK the Cheka (Lenin's secret
police 1917-22)
rocYASPcTBeHHblM state (adD
Aonroe BpeMR for a long time
AocTonpMMeaTenbHocTM (f. pI.)
sights
.. and; even; (used for emphasis)
8 BOT M and here is
MAeR idea
K8K (c + inst.) what about. . . ?
KOMMTeT committee
KOHTppeBontOLlMR counter-
revolution
KpeMneBcKMM Kremlin (adD
M8B30neM mausoleum
ManblM small (rarer form of
ManeHbKMM)
M8pWPYT route
MeHRTb ' to change
H83bIB8TbCR ' (+ inst.) to be called
something
OAHMM (inst. of OAMH ) (Table 7)
one (same endings as 3TOT)
OTKpblTbCRP to open (intrans)
OXOTHblM PRA 'Hunting Row'
nonRK Pole
nOMoU4HMK assistant
npeABHHblM (+ dat.) devoted to
npe.qMeT subject (of study); object
(thing)
npecTjnHMK criminal
npOMCxo*AeHMe origin
npocnaBMTbcRP npocnaBnlOcb,
npocnaBMwbcR (+ inst.) (npo-
cn8BnRTbcR ' like 3H8Tb) to
become famous (for)
c86oTa>K sabotage
CTPBAaTb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.) to
suffer (from)
cMTaTb' (+ ace.) (+ inst.) to
consider sth to be sth
Te8TpanbHbiM theatre (adD,
theatrical
TO'tH8e more precisely
y6MML48 (m and f) murderer
B acTHocTM in particular
eKMcT Chekist (member of secret
police)
eM-To (inst. of TO-TO) by
something
200

17
YPOK HOMEP CEMHAAATb
TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS
17.1 Phrases: Time, Date, Age
MH8 ABiAl.\aTb n8T.
B npOWIIOM rOAY
B cneAYIOtq8M (6YAYtq8M) rOAY
npMXOAHT8 B nRTHMI.\Y.
Mbl npMeA8M nRToro MaR.
B TbICR'fa A8BRTbCOT
A8BRHOCTOM rOAY
B anpen8 A8BJlHOCTO nepBoro
rOA8
KOTOpblM 'fac?
CKonbKO BpeM8HM?
Llac.
ABa 'fica.
nRTb MMHyY BToporo
&83 nJiTH AeBRTb.
17.2 Days of the Week
Monday
nOH8AenbHMK
Tuesday
BTOpHMK [ft6-]
I am twenty.
last year
next year
Come on Friday.
We'll arrive on the fifth of May.
in 1990
in April (19)91
What time is it?
What time is it?/How long?
(It is) one o'clock.
(It is) two o'clock/Two hours.
(at) five past one
(It is/At) five to ntne.
'after Sunday day' from the old
word for Sunday H8AenJi which
now means 'week'
'second day' - BTOpoi 'second'
201

Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Cp8A'
'1eTBepr [-rk]
nRTHM
cy666Ta
BocKpeceHbe
LESSON 17
'middle day' - CpeAHMM 'middle'
'fourth day' - '1eTBepTbiM 'fourth'
'fifth day' - nRTblM 'fifth'
'Sabbath'
'resurrection' (g.pl. BocKpeceHMM)
On a particular day is B + the accusative:
B nRTHMI.\Y
BO BT6pHMK
B cpeAY
on Friday
on Tuesday (B-BO before a word beginning with
B + consonant)
on Wednesday (note stress)
17.3 Time of day
KOT6pblM 'lac? or CK6nbKO BpeM8HM? What time is it?
If the answer is a full hour, say:
Llac.
ABa '1aca.
CeM'IaC nflTb '1aC6B.
(It is) one o'clock.
(It is) two o'clock.
It is now five o'clock.
See Lesson 9 for the fonns of nouns after different numerals.
17.4 From the Full Hour to Half Past
If the answer is between the full hour and half-past, Russian says 'It is so
many minutes of the xth hour'. The hour from twelve to one is called
nepBblM 'lac ('the first hour'); from one to two is 'the second hour'
BTOp6M 'lac, and so on. For the list of the Russian equivalents of ',first',
'second' etc., see 17.5 below. 'Ten past one' is 'ten minutes of the
second', using the genitive case of BTOp6M, i.e. BTop6ro:
A8cflTb MMHYr BTop6ro [-ova]
ABSAI.\8Tb MMHYr nRToro
W8CTb MMHYr TpeTberO
ten past one
twenty past four ('twenty minutes of
the fifth')
six minutes past two
202

TIME, DATE, AGE: ORDINAL NUMBERS
'Half' is nonoBMH8, and 'half past six' is 'half of the seventh' nonoBMH8
c8AbM6ro.
17.5 Ordinal Numerals (Number Adjectives)
nepBbli fi rst
BTOp6i second
TpeTMi (see Table 5) third
'f8TBepTbli fourth
nRTbli fifth
W8CTOi sixth
C8AbM6i seventh
BOCbM6i eighth
A8BRTbiM ninth
A8CRTbiM tenth
OAMHHSAL48Tbli [-a-tsa-tl]
eleventh
AB8H8A48TbIM [-8-tsa-tl] twelfth
TpMH8AL48TbIM thirteenth
'f8TblpHBAL48TbIM fourteenth
nJlTH8AL48TbIM fifteenth
17.6 Half.past to the Full Hour
W8CTHSA48TbIM sixteenth
C8MHSAL48Tbli seventeenth
BOC8MH8AL48TbIM eighteenth
A8BRTHSAL48TbIM nineteenth
ABBA48Tbli twentieth
ABSAL48Tb nepBblM twenty-first
TpMA4BTbIM thirtieth
COpOKOB6i fortieth
nJlTMA8CRTbiM fiftieth
W8CTMA8CRTbIM sixtieth
ceMMA8cRTbiM seventieth
BOCbMMA8CRTbiM eightieth
A8BJlH6cTbiM ninetieth
C6Tbii hundredth
CTO nepBblM hundred and first
From half-past to the full hour, Russian says 'without so many minutes x
hours', so 'ten to eight' is 'without ten eight' 683 A8CJlTM B6c8Mb. After
683 'without', numbers, like nouns (see 10.6), must stand in the genitive
case. The genitive of the numbers up to twenty-five is:
nominative
1 OAMttloAH8IoAH6
2 ABa/AB8
3 TPM
4 'f8Tblpe
5 nRTb
6 W8CTb
genitive
oAHor6 (m/n )/OAHOM (f)
ABYX
Tpix
'feTblpix
nJlTM
WecTM
203

7 C8Mb
8 BOC8Mb
9 A8BRTb
10 AecRTb
11 OAMHH8A48Tb
12 AB8H8A48Tb
13 TpMHaAI.\8Tb
14 "I8TblpH8A48Tb
15 nRTHSA48Tb
16 W8CTH8A48Tb
17 C8MH8A48Tb
18 BOC8MH8A48Tb
19 A8BRTH8A48Tb
20 ABSA48Tb
21 ABSAL\8Tb OAMHloAH8/oAHO
22 ABaA48Tb ABalAB8
23 ABSA48Tb TPM
24 ABSA48Tb "I8Tblp8
25 AB8A48Tb nRTb
LESSON 17
C8MM
BOCbMM
A8BRTM
A8CRTM
OAMHH8A48TM
AB8H8A48TM
TPMHSA48™
't8TblpH8A48™
nRTHSA48™
W8CTHSA48™
C8MHaAI.\8TM
BOC8MHSA48™
A8BRTH8A48™
AB8A48™
AB8A48™ oAHor%AHoiJoAHoro
AB8A48™ ABYX
AB8A48TM Tpix
AB8A48TM "I8Tblpix
AB8A48TM nRTM
683 AB8A48TM AeBRTb twenty to nine
CeM't8C 683 AB8A48TM nRTM nRTb. It is now twenty-five to five.
As in English, if the number does not divide by five, it is nonnal to add the
word for 'minutes' (MMHYr8: MMHYTbl (gen.sg.) /MMHYr (gen. pl.)).
It is nineteen minutes to one.
It is now one minute to four.
EXERCISE 17/1
683 A8BRTHaAI.\8TM MMHYr 't8C.
C8M'tac 683 OAHOM MMHYrbl 't8Tblpe.
Translate:
1 B BocKp8CeHbe. 2 C8M'tac W8CTb 't8COB. 3 C8M"IaC ABSA48Tb nRTb
MMHYr TpeTbero. 4 On Wednesday. 5 It's ten past fou r. 6 It's twenty to
twelve.
204

TIME, DATE. AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS
17.7 AtaTime
To say at an hour, simply put 8 in front of the time:
8 't8C
8 AeCRTb 't8C08
at one o'clock
at ten o'clock
At half-past 8 non08MH (prepositional case):
8 non08MHe nRToro
at half past four
For 'at any other time', use the same fonn as for 'It is such and such a
time' :
OH npMw8n AecRTb MMHYr He came at ten past six.
ceAbMoro.
(CeM'tac A8cRTb MMHYT C8AbMoro. It is now ten past six.)
S1 npMAY 6e3 nRTM 0AMHH8A1.\8Tb. I'll come at five to eleven.
(CeM't8c 6e3 nRTM 0AMHH8A48Tb. It is now five to eleven.)
17.8 a.m.lp.m.
Either use the twenty-four hour clock (8 A88A48Tb OAMH 't8C 'at 9 p.m.' -
21 hours) or the following divisions of the day and night:
4 a.m. - midday: yrpa ('of the morning' from YTPO 'morning')
midday - 6 p.m.: AHR ('of the day' from A(e)Hb 'day')
6 p.m. - midnight: 88'tep8 ('of the evening' from 8e'tep 'evening')
midnight - 4 a.m.: HO'tM ('of the night' from HO'tb 'night')
10 p.m.
He came back at 3 a.m.
(three in the morning).
AeCRTb 't8C08 8e'tep8
6H 8epHyncR 8 TPM 't8ca HO'tM
('at three of the nighf).
EXERCISE 17/2
Translate:
1 OHa npMAiT 6e3 nRTM 8oceMb. 2 As8aM nOMA8M Typ.8 8 cy660Ty 8
non08MHe TpeTbero. 3 CDMnbM H8'tMHaeTcR A8cRTb MMHYT 8ocbMoro.
4 Mbl npMeAeM 8 AeCRTb 't8C08 8e'tepa. 5 I'll come on Wednesday at six.
6 The film starts at ten to seven. 7 He'll telephone at half past four. 8 In
London it is 11 p.m.
205

LESSON 17
17.9 EXTRA: Some Alternatives
'Midday' can be AseH8A48Tb 'tacos or nonAeHb; 'midnight' can be
AseHliAl.\aTb 'tacos or nonHo'tb; 'a quarter' can be nRTH8A48Tb MMHYT
or 'teTBepTb (f).
6H npMwin B ABeH8A48Tb He came at midnight.
'tacoBlB nonHo'tb.
S1 n03BOHtO 6e3 nRTHaAl.\aTM/6e3 I'll call at a quarter to seven.
'teTBepTM ceMb.
There is also an official sty Ie for giving times, used in station announce-
ments and on the radio. This uses the twenty-four-hour clock and gives the
hours and minutes as follows:
14.53 '"IeTblpHaA48Tb 'tacoB nRTbAecRT TPM MMHYrbl
10.02 AecRTb 'tacoB ABe MMHYrbl
23.00 AB8A48Tb TPM Honb-Honb
MOCKOBCKoe BpeMR - soceMH8A48Tb 'taCOB nRTH8AI.\8Tb MMHyY.
Moscow Time is 6.15 p.m.
17. 1 0 Months
The months, all masculine, are:
Nominative Genitive Prepositional
January RHBapb RHBapR B RHBape
February cl>eBpanb cl>eBpanR B cl>eBpane
March MapT MapTa B MapTe
April anpenb anpenR B anpene
May Matt MaR BMae
June MtOHb MtOHR B MIOHe
July MtOnb MtOnR B MIOne
August 8BryCT aBrycTa B aB rycTe
206

TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS
September
October
November
December
ceHTR6pb
OKTR6pb
HOR6pb
AeKa6pb
ceHTR6pR
OKTR6pR
HOR6pR
A8Ka6pR
B ceHTR6pe
a OKTR6pe
B HOR6pe
a AeKa6pe
Note that the first two months and the last four have the stress on the end
in the genitive, while the six in the middle have fixed stress on the stem.
'In a month' is a + prepositional. Since all the months are masculine, all
end -e in the prepositional case:
in March B M8pTe
in December a AeKa6pe
What is the date today? is KaKoe ceroAHR 'tMcno? '"IMcno means 'num-
ber'. A day in the month is the adjective form of the numeral (see 17.5
above) in its neuter form (agreeing with the word 'tMcno 'number', 'date',
which is usually omitted). So 'the first' is nepaoe. The month is then in
the genitive ('of April ').
CerOAHR BTOp08 RHBapR.
AB8A48Tb TpeTbe MaR
Today is the second of January.
the twenty-third of May
On a date is expressed by the genitive ending of the adjective:
S1 npMeAY aOCbMQrQ MaR.
I'll come on the eighth of May.
17. 11 Years
The year is an adjective too, so once again we need the ordinal numerals
from 17.5. The year 1991 is 'the thousand nine hundred ninety-first year'
TbICR't8 AeBRTbcoT AeBRHocTO nepBblM rOA.
TbICR't8 A8BRTbCOT COPOK nRTblM rOA 1945
TbICR't8 nRTbcoT nRTbAeCRT BTOpOM rOA 1552
Note: It is perfectly acceptable to omit the century if it is obvious:
S1 pOAMncR B COpOK BOCbMOM rOAY. I was born in 1948 ('in forty-eighth
year').
'In a year' is B + prepositional case. (Note prep. of rOA is B ro#W.)
207

LESSON 17
B TbICR"Ia A8BRTbCOT A8BRHOCTO In 1992
BTOp6M rOAY
If the month is included, say 'In May of the year (gen.)'
S1 pOAMnaCb B MlbH8 COpOK
BocbMoro rOA8.
I was born in June 1948 Cin June
of 48').
EXERCISE 17/3
Translate:
1 rnaBHbl8 npa3AHMKM B CCCP 6blnM nepBoe RHBapA, nepB08 MaR,
A8Bfrr08 MaR, C8AbM08 HOR6pll. 2 neHMH pOAMncR AB8ALtSTb BToporo
anpenR TbICR"Ia BOC8MbCOT C8MMA8CAToro rOA8. 3 OHM npMexanM B
W8CTb "IaCOB Be"l8pa B nOH8AenbHMK TpMA48Tb nepBoro A8Ka6pR
TbICR"Ia AeBRTbcoT A8BRHOCToro rOA8. 4 On the sixth 01 April 1991. 5 At
9 a.m. on Friday the eleventh of January. 6 At 5.45 on the tenth of October
1977.
17.12 From (c + gen.), Until (AO + gen.), After (nacne + gen.)
These three prepositions are used with all the time words in the preceding
sections.
C W8CTM (gen.) "IaCOB
AO nAToro OKTR6pR
AO BTopHMKa
C W8CTbA8CRT c8AbMoro rOA8
from/since six o'clock
until fifth October
until Tuesday
since (19)67
C W8CTM "IaCOB AO OAMHH8A48TM from six o'clock until eleven
OT (+ gen.) . . . AO can also be used
With dates, no + ace. (meaning 'up to and including') is the equivalent of
'inclusive' (American 'thru'):
C A8cIIToro MaR D.Q nRTH8A48Tmt from the tenth to the fifteenth of May
inclusive
208

TIME, DATE, AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS
17.13 Age
To give your age in Russian, you say 'To me (dat.) is twenty-five years'.
Remember that the genitive plural of rOA is neT (from neTo 'summer'):
MHe (dat.) AB8A48Tb nRTb neT.
CKonbKO BaM neT?
EMY TpMAL48Tb TPM rOA8.
Ei 6blno (n.sg. - see 22.12)
AB8A48Tb neT.
I am twenty-five.
Howald are you? ('How many to you
of years?')
He is thirty-three.
She was twenty.
For other expressions of time and duration, see Lesson 23.
EXERCISE 17/4
Translate:
(1)
A: CKonbKo B8M neT?
&: MH8 TpMAL48Tb '1eTblpe rOAB.
A: KorAs Baw AeHb pO*AeHMJ1?
&: AB8A48Tb TpeTberO MapTa.
A: CKonbKO neT BaWMM AeTRM?
&: CblHY AeCRTb neT, 8 AO'lepM BoceMb.
A: Bbl ABBHO B MocKBe?
&: C npownoi nRTHML4bl.
(2)
A: BaHR, B KaKoM rOAY Tbl CTan Y'IMTeneM?
&: B W8cTbA8CRT TpeTb8M.
A: CKonbKo Te6e 6blno neT TorAi?
&: AS8AL48Tb TPM.
(3)
A: CK8)I(MTe, nO)l(anyicTa, KorAS pa60TaeT 3TOT Mar83MH?
&: C AeBRTM yrpa AO AecRTM B6'lepa.
(4)
A: Cei'l8C nRTHBAL48Tb MMHYr nRToro.
209

LESSON 17
5: KaK?! Ha MOMX 'facax i eLL\8 HeT 'feTblpix.
i'faCbl watch
(5)
TYPMCT:
EBa:
TYPMCT:
EBa:
CK8)1(MTe, nO)l(anYMcTa, KorAS ps66TaeT pYCCKMM MY3ei?
Ka>KAbli AeHb, KpoMe BT6pHMKS, C AeBRTM AO wecTM.
Cn8cM60.
nO)l(SnYMcTa.
(6)
A: CKa)l(MTe, nO)l(anYMcTa, KorAii OTKpblB8eTcR 3TOT Msra3MH?
5: B oAMHHaA48Tb "ISCOB.
A: A KorAll nepepblB Ha 06eA?
5: C ABYX AO Tpix.
(7)
A: KorAll B rYMe nepepblB H8 06eA?
5: ryM pa66TaeT 6e3 nepepblBs.
(8)
A: KorAs B rscTpoH6M8X BblXOAHOi AeHb?
5: rSCTpOH6Mbi pa6oT81OT 6e3 BblXOAHblX AHei.
17.14 Vocabulary
(See also Days 17.2, Months 17.10, Ordinal Numerals 17.5)
60l1bWMHCTB6 majority
6YAYLL\Mi future (adD
61Opo (n indecl) office
BO Bp8MR (+ gen.) during (23.3 (h))
BblXOAHOM AeHb day off
rscTpoH6M food shop
ryl1ATb ' (no- p ) rynAIO, ryl1AeWb
to take a walk
A8TCTBO childhood
38KpbIB8Tb(CR)' (like 3HaTb)
38KpbITb(CR)P 38Kp61O,
3aKp6eWb to close
38Me'f8Tel1bHbIM remarkable
38Py6e)l(HbIM foreign
38TeM then, next (= nOToM)
KTO . . . KT6 some. . . some
MOCKBM"I gen. MOCKBM"I8 (stress)
Muscovite
MOCKOBCKMM Moscow (adj)
HeKoTopblM some, certain (adD
naMRTb (f) memory
nepepblB break
210

TIME. DATE. AGE: ORDINAL NUMBERS
KorAS MOCKBM'IM o6eA8IOT AHeM?
KTO B ABeH8A48Tb '1SCOB, KTO B 'lac, KTO B ABa, KTO M* B
TPM. HeKOTopble Mara3MHbi 38KpbIB8IOTCR C Tpix '1aCOB AO
'1eTblpix, MHorAS AS)I(e C '1eTblpix AO nRTM. MHorMe
Msrs3MHbi pa60TSIOT 6e3 nepepblBs.
A KorAS OHM OTKpblBalOTCR YrPOM?
npOAOBonbCTBeHHbie Mara3MHbi C BOCbMM, a
npOMTOB8pHbie C A8CRTM.
KorAS OHM 38KpbIB8IOTCR?
n03AHO [p6-zna]. &onbwMHCTBO pa60TseT AO BOCbMM,
neTep6yprcKMM Petersburg (adD
nMc6Tenb (m) writer
n6e3A (pI.) noe3Aa train
nonoBMHa half
npa3AHMK [praz-neek] national
holiday; festival
npMpoA8 nature (scenery)
npoBoAMTb ' (npoB8CTMP) BpeMR
npOBO)l(Y, npoBoAMWb to
spend ('conduct') time
npo..ynKa gen.pl. npo..ynoK walk
npoAoBonbCTBeHHblM food (adD,
grocery
npoMToBapHblM Mara3MH non-
food goods shop (npoM is from
npoMblwneHHblM 'industrial'
and TOBap means 'goods' or
'wares')
pOBHO precisely; evenly
pO*AeHMe birth
AeHb PO*AeHMR birthday
17.15 Texts
Moscow Working Hours
M3pM:
BonoAR:
M3pM:
BonoAR:
M3PM:
BonoAR:
CMepTb (f) death
cHoBa again
c03A8BaTb' c 0 3A8 Ib , C03A8iwb
(C03A8Tb P like A8Tb 12.7) to
create
C(6)H sleep; dream
nepeA CHOM before bed
('before sleeping')
CpeAM (+ gen.) among
cTeneHb (f) degree, extent
AO TSKOM cTeneHM to such a
degree
CIOA8 here, hither (motion equiva-
lent of 3AeCb)
TMWMH8 silence, quiet
Ypan the Urals
Ha Ypane in the Urals
'IaCbl (pI. of 'lac) watch; clock
'IYAecHbIM wonderful
3KCKYPCMR excursion
211

LESSON 17
HeKOTopble AO AeCRTM. Ho 61Opo 38KpbIBiIOTCA paHbwe,
OKono nRTM.
A B cy660TY M BocKpeCeHb8?
r8CTpOHOMbi pa6oTalOT Ki*AbiM AeHb. &lOpO B 3TM AHM He
pa60T81OT.
*M even (particle' - see Lesson 30).
M3pM:
BonOAR:
In the Hotel Service Bureau
Kor.qa OTXOAMT* noe3A B BopOHe*?
B OAMHH8AL48Tb "I8COB Be"lepa.
A KorAS R CMOrj nOnyw.4MTb 6MneT?
3aBTpa YrPOM.
Xopowo. S1 npMAY B BoceMb "IaCoB.
3TO piHO. &lOpO OTKpblBaeTcR B AeBRTb.
Ho 38BTpa R He CMOrj npMMTM B AeBRTb. Haw8 3KCKYPCMR
no ropoAY H8"1HiTCR B BoceMb TpMALI8Tb.
TorAS Mbl 6YAeM *A8Tb Bac nocne 3KCKYPCMM. Mbl
p86oT8eM AO BOCbMM "I8COB Be'lepa.
*OTXOAMTb to depart (of a train).
rOCTb:
AeBywKa:
rOCTb:
AeBywKa:
rOCTb:
AeBywK8:
rOCTb:
AeBYWKa:
EXERCISE 17/5
Translate:
1 Howald is she? 2 I am thirty-six. 3 In 1988 he was forty. 4 I'll come on
Tuesday at a quarter to three in the afternoon. 5 Please phone me on the
tenth after six. 6 We'll be in Siberia from the ninth of May to the sixteenth of
June. 7 I have lived (= am living) in London since 1973.
READING AND COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 17/6
1 Read in Russian (or write out in full) the three dates in the first
paragraph: 'in 1840', 'from 1885', 'in May 1892',
2 Write out Chaikovskii's twelve-part daily timetable in Klin.
3 Which two dates are mentioned in the last paragraph?
212

TIME. DATE. AGE; ORDINAL NUMBERS
4 Why are these two dates significant?
neTp nbM'I "IaMKoBcKMM pOAMnC" Ha Ypane B 1840 rOAY. MY3blKY OH
HS'Ian CO'lMHRTbf: Y)I(e B AeTcTBe. MY3blKsnbHoe 06pa30BaHMe* OH
nonY'IMn B neTep6yprcKoM KOHcepB8TopMM*. C 1885 ro.qa
"IaMKoBcKMM )l(Mn B oKpecTHocT"X* ropo.qa KnMHa, H8AaneKo OT
MOCKBbl. A B AOMe, rAe Tenepb AOM-MY3eM "IaMKoBcKoro, neTp nbM"I
nocenMnc,,* B Mae 1892 rOA8. 3Aecb 6blno BCe, K 'Ieuy "I8MKOBCKMM
AaBHo cTpeuMnc,,*: 38Me"l8TenbH8" npMpo.qa, TMwMHa, B03MO)l(HOCTb
nMcaTb MY3bIKY. 6H BCT8Ban B BOCbMOM* 'lacy yrpa,.qo AeBATM
3aHMManc" 8HrnMMcKMM "3bIKOM M '1MTan. B nonoBMHe .qecRToro
npMcTYnan* K p86oTe. P86oT8n neTp nbM'I AO '1acy* AH". "'lac
06eABn, 8 38TeM pOBHO ABa '1aca rynRn. rynRn 06"38TenbHO OAMHf:,
T8K K8K BO Bp8M" nporjnoK nO'lTM BcerAi CO'lMHRn MY3bIKY. C nATM
.qo ceMM n8Tp nbM'I CHOBa p86oTan. nocne p860Tbi rynRn MnM
Mrpan H8 opTenbRHO*. B BoceMb "IaCOB no.qaBancAf: y)l(MH. nocne
Y)l(MH8 "IaMKoBcKMM npOBOAMn BpeM" C rOCTRMM, a ecnM rOCTeM He
6blno, 'IMTan. B O.qMHH8AL48Tb win B cBolbf: KOMH8TY, nMcsn nMcbMa M
nepeA CHOU CHOBa 'IMTan. B 3TOM .qOMe "IaMKoBcKMM C03A8B8n CBOM
nocne.qHMe npOM3BeAeHM"f:, cpeAM HMX reHManbHYIO* WecTjIO
CMUOHMIO* .
Tenepb KnMH - ropOA "'IaMKoBcKoro. Aou n.. "IaMKoBcKoro B
KnMHY CTan MY3eeM. ABa pS38 B rOA, ceAbMoro ua", B AeHb
pO*AeHM" neTpa MnbM'Ia, M wecToro Ho,,6pR, B AeHb ero cMepTM,
clOAa npMe3)1(alOT OTe"leCTBeHHblef: M MHocTpaHHble MY3bIKaHTbl.
M 3A8Cb CHOB8 3BY'lMT* 'IYAecH8A MY3blK8 neTps MnbM'Ia
"IaMKoBcKoro. TorAs MHorMe cnyw8TenM BcnoMMH81OT cnoBa
BenMKoro pyccKoro nMcaTenfi AHToHa nSBnOBM'I8 "'IexoB8: ccSl rOToBf:
AeHb M HO'Ib CTORTb B nO'l8THoM* K8p8yne y KpblnbLl8f: Toro Aoua, rAe
)l(MBeT niTp nbM'I.»
*Extra Vocabulary
B BOCbMOM 'lacy between 7 and 8
('in the eighth houri - see 17.4)
reHM8nbHbiM brilliant
rOToB (m) rOToBa (f) rOToBbl (pl.)
ready (short adj - 29.7)
3BY'lSTb ' 3BY'lMT to sound
KOHcepBaTopMA conservatoire
KpblnbL\O porch; front steps
MY3blKanbHbiM musical
06pa30B8HMe education
OAMH/OAH8/oAHO/OAHM alone
OKpecTHOCTM (pI.) environs
213

LESSON 17
OT8&t8CTB8HHbIM home ('of the
fatherland', from oTe't8cTBo
'fatherland', 'Russian')
nOA8BaTbcR' to be served
nocenMTbcR P to take up residence
no'tiTHblM Kapayn guard of
honour
npMCTYnaTb' K (+ dat.) to get
down (to), start (on)
npoM3B8AeHM8 a work (of art)
B CBOIG KOMHaTY to his own room
CMMcI»OHMR symphony
CO'tMHtTrb ' (CO'tMHMTb P ) to
compose
CTpeMMTbCR' K (+ dat.) to strive
for, aspire to
cl»opT8nbRHo piano (modern
equivalents are pORnb (m)
('grand piano') and nMaHMHo
(indecl) ('upright'))
'tac hour; one o'clock (17.3)
AO't8CY until one o'clock
('tacy is a variant of the
genitive 'tica) -
214

18
YPOK HOMEP BOCEMHAAATb
THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES;
RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOTOPblM
18.1 Phrases with Comparatives
3TO 6YAeT nY'twe.
KaKoe SMHO AeWeSne?
TOT cl»MnbM MHTepeCHee.
6blCTpee!
n06blCTpee!
rOSOpMTe MeAJ1eHHee!
A8iTe KOcl»e nOKpen'te.
That will be better.
Which wine is cheaper?
That film is more interesting.
Faster!
A bit faster!
Speak more slowly!
Give me stronger coffee.
18.2 Comparative of Adjectives and Adverbs: Examples to Learn
better
cheaper
easier
larger
less
longer
more
more beautiful
more difficult
more expensive
more interesting
nj'twe
Aewesne
ner'te
60nbwe
MeHbwe
AJ1MHHee
60nbwe
KpacMsee
TPYAH8e
AOpOJKe
MHTepecHee
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
215
xopowMi good
Aewisbli cheap
nirKMi easy
6onbwoi large
ManeHbKMi small
AJ1MHHbli long
6onbwoi large
KpacMsbli beautiful
TPYAHbli difficult
Aoporoi expensive
MHTepecHbli interesting

more often
nicer
quicker
shorter
simpler
slower
smaller
stronger
worse
'tiuqe
npMRTHee
6blCTpee
Kop6'te
np6e
MeAl1eHHee
MeHbWe
Kpen'te
xy.e
LESSON 18
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
'teCTO ofte n
npMRTHblM pleasant. nice
6blCTpblM quick
KOpOTKMM short
npocToM simple
MeAneHHblM slow
M8neHbKMM small
KpenKMM strong
nnoxoi bad
Use these as adverbs ('Write faster') or as predicative t adjectives, i.e. with
no following noun, in sentences such as 'This hotel was/will be better' 3T8
rocTMHM4a 6blna/6YAeT nY'twe.
In infonnal Russian, no- 'a little' is often added to the comparative:
n06blcTpee 'a bit faster', nOMeHbwe 'a little less'
'Than' is 'teM:
B8W8 KOMH8T8 nY'twe,
'teM HaWa.
neTep6ypr KpaCMBee,
'teM MOCKBa.
B neTep6ypre MHTepeCHee,
'teM B MOCK Be.
Bbl rOBopMTe 6blCTpee, 'teM R.
SI 3H81O EBY ny'twe, 'teM Bepa
(nom.).
SI 3H81O EBY nY'twe, 'teM Bepy
(ace.).
Your room is better than ours.
Petersburg is more beautiful
than Moscow.
It's more interesting in
Petersburg than in Moscow.
You speak faster than me/than I do.
I know Eva better than Vera does.
I know Eva better than I know Vera.
But in colloquial Russian, instead of 'teM + the nominative case, the
genitive (with no 'teM) is preferred:
Bawa K6MHaTa ny'twe
H8WU (gen.).
neTep6ypr KpacMBee MOCKBII!!
(gen.).
Bbl rOBOpMTe 6bl CTpee MeHR
(gen.).
SI 3H81O EBY ny'twe Be pbl (gen.). I know Eva better than Vera does.
Your room is better than ours.
Petersburg is more beautiful than
Moscow.
You speak faster than me/than I do.
216

THE COMPARATIVE, SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOTOPblM
18.3 Formation and Use of Comparatives
If the last consonant of the adjective or adverb is H, n, p or a labial (lip
consonant - n, 6, M, B) simply add the indeclinable ending -ee. If the
adjective has only two syllables, the stress is generally on the -ee.
KpaCMBblM
YMHblM
beautiful
clever
KpaCMBee
YMHee
more beautiful(ly)
cleverer/more cleverly
Note the stress of:
BecinblM cheerful
xonoAHblM cold
BeCenee
XOnOAHee
more cheerful(ly)
colder/more coldly
If the adjective or adverb has some other ending, such as -KMM or -TbIM, the
stem changes and the ending is a single indeclinable -e. See the list in
18.2. Stress is always on the stem.
6nM3KMM near 6nM)I(e
60raTbiM rich 6ora'te
BblC6KMM tall Bblwe
rny66KMM deep rny6)1(e
A8niKMM far Ainbwe
MonoA6i young Mon6)1(e
HM3KMM low HM)I(e
TMXMM quiet TMwe
wMp6KMM wide wMpe
Two common adjectives have totally unpredictable comparatives, as in
English:
XOp6WMM
nnox6M
good
bad
nY'twe
xY)I(e
better
worse
Since it is sometimes difficult to work out, or guess, the -8 comparative of
an adjective, it is reassuring to know that there is a simple alternative: just
place the word 66nee 'more' (not 66nbwe in this construction) in front of
the adjective, which then has its nonna! case, gender and number endings.
So 66nee AewiBblM (m), 60nee AewiB8R (f) or 66nee AewiBoe (n) is
another way of saying AeweBne 'cheaper'.
3T8 KHMrs 66nee AeweBsR. This book is cheaper.
217

LESSON 18
However, Russians much prefer to use the indeclinable fonn: 3Ta KHMra
Aewesne.
But note that if you put a comparative before a noun ('a cheaper book'),
you must use the 66nee construction:
S1 KynnlO 60nee AewisylO (not Aewesne) KHMry. I'll buy a cheaper book.
OHa 6blna B 60nee AJ1MHHOM nnaTbe. She was wearing ('in') a longer
dress.
With the 66nee comparative, 'than' is always 'teM, never the genitive:
Bepa 60nee MHTepecH8R )l(eHiqMH8, 'teM ES8.
Vera is a more interesting woman than Eva.
Russians tend to avoid using the 66nee construction, except with long
adjectives (four syllables or more, e.g. YAMBMTenbHblM 'surprising',
eCTecTBeHHblM 'natural' 3TO 66nee 8CTecTBeHHo 'That's more natural').
So in equivalents of sentences such as 'I want a lighter room', Russians
nonnally say 'I want a room (which is) lighter'.
Sf xo'ty KOMH8TY nocBeTnee l (though you can also say Sf xo'ty 66nee
cseTnylO KOMH8TY).
'Much' with comparatives is HaMHOrO (fonnal usage) or rOp83Ao (colloquial):
'"18M H8MHoro/rop83Ao AeweBne BMH8. Tea is much cheaper than wine.
EXERCISE 18/1
Translate:
1 KaKoe SMHO ny'twe? 2 3TM 8nenbcMHbi Aopo)l(e. 3 npMXoAMTe K H8M
nO'taaqe.4 no6blcTp6e, nO)l(anYMcT8, y)l(e nonoBMH8 SOCbMoro. 5 ES8
Mon6*e Bepbl. 5 B MocKse nor6A8 6blna ny'twe, 'teM B neTep6ypre.
7 pYCCKMM R3blK H8MH6ro TPYAH8e cl»P8H4Y3cKoro. 8 ccBOMH8 M MMp»
66nee AI1MHHblM pOM8H, 'teM ccAHH8 K8peHMH8». 9 B8pa 6b!!"'18 B 60nee
I In this construction, no- ('a little') is always added to the comparative.
218

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES, RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOTOPblM
AoporOM nnaTb8, 'teM EBa. 10 M3pM rop83Ao MHTepecHee EBbl. 11
M3pM MHTepecyeTcR A3ep'lo1HCKMM MeHbwe BonoAM. 12 nO)l(anyicTa,
A8iTe MHe pa66TY nonee.
EXERCISE 18/2
Translate the words in brackets:
1 B nOHAoHe )l(M3Hb (is better). 2 B8AMM rOBopMT (more slowly than
you). 3 B6AKa CTOMT (much more expensive) B pecTop8He, (than in the
shop). 4 Bepa 3HaeT (more than Eva). 5 AocToeBcKMi M "texoB (are more
interesting) nMc8TenM, (than Tolstoi). 6 Sf nOKynalO BMHO (more often),
'teM (vodka).
18.4 Special Comparatives
When used before a noun, four common adjectives have declinable com-
parative fonns which must be used instead of the 60nee construction
above. They have the same endings as xopowMi.
xopoWMi good nY'twMi better
nnoxoi bad XYAWMi worse
6onbw6i big 6QnbwMM bigger (note stress)
ManeHbKMM small MeHbwMi smaller
EBa )l(MB8T B ny'twd KBapTMpe, 'teM Bepa. Eva lives in a better flat than
Vera (not B 60nee xopowei).
EBa )l(MB8T B 60nbWft KBapTMpe. Eva lives in a bigger flat (not B 60nee
6onbwoM).
Note 1: If there is no 'teM 'than', nY'twMM also means 'best', XYAWMM
means 'worst', MeHbwMi means 'least' (see 18.7):
BaAMM - MOM nj'twMi .qpyr.
Vadim is my best friend.
"""
Note 2: Two more common adjectives sometimes behave like the four
above: MonoAoM 'young' has the comparative Mn6AwMM in the meaning
'junior', and cTapblM 'old' has cTapwMi in the meaning 'senior'. They are
also used for 'younger' and 'elder' in family relationships.
219

3TO MOR MniAW811 CeCTp8.
66nee cTipbli AOM
but
cTapwMi oMep
LESSON 18
This is my younger sister.
an older house
a senior officer
Note 3: If there is no following noun, the comparatives nwMi, XYAWMi,
6onbwMi, MeHbwMi must be replaced by the indeclinables nwe, xj)Ke,
66nbwe, MeHbwe (the fonns in 18.2):
3TO K6MH8T8 nY'twe (not nY'tw8R). This room is better.
(3T8 K6MH8T8 nY'tw8R (= 3TO ny'tw8R KOMH8T8) means 'This room is the
best/This is the best room' - Note 1)
18.5 Less
MeHee 'less' (an alternative fonn of MeHbwe) is used like 66nee.
HeMe4KMM R3blK MeHee TPYAHbIM, 'teM PYCCKMM.
German is less difficult than Russian.
More colloquially, you can use He T8K6M . . . K8K ('not such. . . as') with
adjectives and He T8K . . . K8K ('not so . . . as') with adverbs:
CDp8H4Y3CKMM R3blK He T8KOM
TPYAHbli, K8K PYCCKMM.
He T8K 'faCTO, K8K paHbwe
18.6 Superlatives
French is not as difficult as Russian.
not as often as before
If you want to say 'the cheapest wine', 'the most interesting girl', simply
place C8MbiM ('the very') in front of the adjective. CaMblM is itself an
adjective (same endings as HOBbli), so it has the same gender, number and
case as the adjective which comes after it:
AewiBoe BMHO
caMGe AewiBoe BMHO
Sf rOBopMn C MHTepecHoM
AeBywKoM.
S1 rOBopMn C c8MOM
MHTep8cHoM AeBywKoM.
cheap wine
the cheapest wine
I talked to an interesting girl.
I talked to the most interesting girl.
220

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOTOPblM
18.7 Superlative Adjectives (see 18.4 Note 2 above)
Although 'best' can be C8Mbii XOp6WMM (as in 18.6), 'worst' can be
caMbli nnox6i and 'smallest' /' least' can be C8Mbii ManeHbKMi, it is
common to use nwMi and (less commonly) xYAWMi and MeHbwMi
(18.4) as superlatives, with or without C8Mbli:
B8AMM - M6i (caMbIM)
nY'IwMi APyr.
B xYAweM cn8e
Vadim is my (very) best friend.
in the worst case
In bookish style, these three superlatives can have the prefix H8M- ('most'),
instead of the word caMblM:
H8MnWMi the very best
H8MMeHbwMi the least
H8MnY'IWMe rOAbl the best years
C H8MMeHbwMM TPYA6M with the least effort
H8M66nbWMM 'biggest' also exists as the superlative of 6onbw6i.
EXERCISE 18/3
Translate:
1 Mbl KynMM CaMbl8 AoporMe 6MneTbl. 2 Mbl )l(MB8M B nwei
rOCTMHML\e. 3 &8iKan - c8Moe 6onbwOe o3epo B MMpe. 4 He bought (p)
the cheapest vodka. 5 This is the easiest exercise.
18.8 EXTRA: Another Type of Superlative: BenM'.uiMWMM
This type of adjective has the ending -eiWMi or, for certain adjectives (see
below), -aiWMM. It is rarer than the caMbli type of superlative and differs
from it in meaning by being more emotive. It can indicate a high degree of
the quality expressed by the adjective (' a very great writer') without nec-
essarily implying that no other case is greater ('the greatest writer'):
nYWKMH - C8Mbii BenMKMM PYCCKMi n03T. Push kin is the greatest
Russian poet.
221

LESSON 18
nYWKMH - B8I1M'IaMWMM PYCCKMM no3T. Pushkin is a very great Russian poet.
Examples:
'1MCTbIM clean/pure
MHTepecHblM interesting
'1MCTeMWMM purest/very pure
MHTepecHeMwMM most interesting
Adjectives whose stem ends K, r, x change the K, r, x to '4, )1(, W respec-
tively and add the ending -aMwMM:
BenMKMM great
WMpOKMM wide
TMXMM quiet
Aoporoi dear
BenM'IaiwMM greatest
WMp0'laMWMM widest
TMwaMwMM quietest
AP8)1(aiwMi dearest (from AparoM,
a rarer form of AoporoM)
Three -3KMM adjectives have exceptional fonns: 6nM3KMM 'near'
6nM)I(SMWMM 'nearest'; HM3KMM 'low' HM)I(aMWMM 'lowest'; Mep3KMM
'foul', 'disgusting' Mep3eMwMM 'foulest'.
It is unnecessary to learn this method of fonning superlatives. But note
these phrases:
HeT HM M8neMwero cOMHeHMJI. There isn't the slightest doubt (from
MsnblM 'small').
'1MCTeMWMM B3AOP utter rubbish ('purest rubbish')
AP8)1(SMW8J1 nonoBMH8 better half (wife or husband, literally 'dearest half')
C BenM'IaMWMM YAoB6nbcTBMeM with the greatest of pleasure
B Kp81'1iMWMM CpOK in the shortest possible time (from KpaTKMM 'short')
rAe 6nM)I(8MW8J1 OCT8HOBK8 8BT06YC8? Where's the nearest bus-stop?
HM)I(aMWMM nOKnoH kindest greetings ('lowest bow')
Mep3eMwee H8cTpoeHMe foulest mood
18.9 Relative Clauses t with KOTOpblM ('Wha'/'Whlch')
If you want to say 'That's the girl whom /the film which I saw yesterday',
the Russian word you need is KOTOpbIM. This is an adjective with the same
endings as HOBbIM.
222

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES, RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOTOPblM
rAe 6yrblnKM, KOTopble
CrORnM 3AeCb?
BOT AeBYWK8, KOTOp8R 6blna
B peCTopaHe.
Where are the bottles which
were standing here?
There's the girl who was in
the restaurant.
It is curious that English makes a distinction here between animate (the
girl who. . .) and inanimate (the glass which. . .) while Russian doesn't.
KOTOpblM agrees in number and gender with the noun to which it
relates: AeBywK8, KOTOPIB (f sg.) 6blna . . . The girl who was . . .;
AeBywKM, KOTop ble (pI.) 6blnM . . . The girls who were. . .
KOTOpblM also has case endings, but these depend not on the preceding
noun but on the role of KOTOpblM in its own clause t . So in the sentence
'This is the girl who(m) you saw yesterday' BOT AeBYWK8 (nom.),
KOTOPYIO (ace.) Bbl BMAenM B"Iepa the relative KOTOPYIO has an
accusative ending because it is the object of BMAenM. If in English you say
'whom you saw', then you are obeying the same grammatical rule, since
'whom' is the accusative of 'who'.
BOT OMLlMaHT (m sg. nom.), KOToporo (m sg., ace.) Bbl MCKanM.
There's the waiter (whom) you were looking for.
rAe oMLlMaHT, C KOTOpblM (m sg., inst.) R rOBopMn?
Where's the waiter I was talking to (with whom I was talking)?
Bbl 3HaeTe AeByweK (pl., ace.), C KOTOpblMM (pl., inst.) R
n03H8KoMMncR B 6ape?
Do you know the girls I met in the bar (with whom I became acquainted)?
EXERCISE 18/4
Put the required ending on KOTOpbIM:
1 >KeHIqMH8, KOTOp_ CMAMT B yrny, 8MepMKaHK8.
The woman who is sitting in the corner is American.
2 >KeHIqMH8, C KOTOp_ Bbl rOBopMnM, TO)l(e 8MepMKaHK8.
The woman you were talking to is also American.
3 nO)l(anYMcT8, nOK8)1(MTe KHMrM, KOTOp_ Bbl KynMnM.
Please show me the books which you bought.
4 Mbl )l(MBiM B rocTMHMLle, KOTOp_ nocTpoMnM MHHbl.
223

LESSON 18
We are staying in a hotel which was built by (which built) the Finns.
5 Mbl )IOtBeM B HOMepe (m), B KOTOp_ HeT TeneBM30pa.
We have a room without a television (in which there is no television).
6 3To nMcaTenb, KOTOP_ R O'leHb nlO6ntO.
He's a writer I like very much.
In English 'which'/, who '/' whom , can be omitted 'There's the waiter
(who) you were looking for', but in standard Russian KOTOpblM must
always be present in such sentences.
18.10 Use KTO/'4TO, not KOTOpbIM, after the pronouns TOT 'that',
BeCb 'all'
After the pronouns TOT 'that' (pI. Te 'those'), Bce 'everybody' and Bce
'everything', KOTOpblM is usually replaced by KTO (for animates) or 'ITO
(for inanimates). The verb in the KTO/'ITO clause t is singular if KTO Or'lTO
is the subject, since KTO is grammatically a masculine singular word and
'ITO is grammatically neuter singular. However, some Russians make the
verb plural after KTO if the verb in the main clause is plural.
Te, KTO (not KOTopble) 6bln (possible: 6blnM) Ha Be'lepe, BepHynMcb B
TPM 'Iaca HO'IM.
Those who were at the party came back at three in the morning.
Bce, 0 'IeM (not 0 KOTOpOM) OH rOBopMn, Mbl v-e 3HanM.
Everything which he talked about we already knew.
TOT, 0 KOM Bbl cnpawMBanM, yexan B'Iepa.
The one you asked about left yesterday.
CnacM60 38 Bce, 'ITO Bbl CAenanM AJ1R Hac.
Thank you for everything (which) you've done for us.
18.11 Vocabulary (See also comparative lists 18.2, 18.3)
A3MR Asia
aMepMKaHKa gen.pl. aMepMKaHoK
American (woman)
aHeKAoT joke, anecdote
ax oh
&aMKan Lake Baikal
6ap bar
66per prep. Ha 6epe..y pI. 6epera
bank, shore
60nee more
224

THE COM PAR A T I V E; SUP E R LA T I V E S, R E LA T I V E C LA USE S WIT H K OT 6 P bl M
60nbWMM (18.4) bigger
BOAMTb ' BO)l(Y, BOAMWb (20.2) to
take, lead (there and back)
BOCTOK east
H8 BocToKe in the east
BOCTO'lHbIM eastern
BblCOKMM tall
Bblwe taller
rny60KMM deep
ropj acc. r6py, pI. r6pb1 hill; mountain
rp8HM48 border
AOCT8B8Tb ' AOCT81O, AOCT88Wb
(AOCTaTb P A0CT8HY, AOCT8Hewb)
to get hold of, obtain; to reach
ApeBHMM ancient
38HMMaTb ' 38HMMalO, 38HMMaewb,
(38HJ1Tb P 38MMY, 38MM8Wb)
+ ace. to occupy (something)
3ilnSA (H8 3iln8A8) west (in the west)
38n8c stock, reserve
3Bepb (m) gen. pI. 3BepeM (wild)
animal
30noTo gold
KMTaM China
KOH(e)4 end
KOTOpblM who/which (18.9)
neK4MR lecture
nY'Iwe (18.3) [Io'o-tshe] better
nj'lwMM (18.4, 18.7) [Io'o-tshl]
better, best
MOHronMR Mongolia
MH8 (m) [moo-Dbe'e-na] man
H8npMMep for example
H8'1anO beginning
orpoMHblM enormous
o3epo pI. 03ip8 lake
OCTpOB pl. oCTpoBa island
oTAenbHbli separate
no6nM)I(e a bit closer (18.3)
n038B'Iepa the day before
yesterday
nOMHMTb ' nOMHIO, nOMHMwb to
remember
npMrn8cMTb P npMrn8wy,
npMrn8cMwb (npMrn8w8Tb ' like
3H8Tb) (+ acc.) to invite (some-
one)
nTM48 bird
peAKMM rare
C8MbiM very, most (18.6)
ceBep (H8 ceBepe) north (in the
north)
ceBepHblM northern
cne4M8nMcT (no + dat.) specialist
(in)
TeppMTopMR territory
xYAoi thin; bad
'I8CTb (f) gen. pI. 'I8CTeM part
'IenOBeK pI. nlOAM (16.10) person
MonoAoM 'IenOBeK young man
'IeM than
'IMCTbIM pure I clean
IO)I(Hbii southern
18.12 TeKcT Vlktor Wants to Meet Mary
BonoNl: Bbl nOMHMTe BMKTOp8?
M3pM: 3TO TOT MonOAoM 'IenOBeK, C KOTOpblM Bbl rOBopMnM
225

LESSON 18
B'Iepa B 6ape?
BonoAR: HeT. 3TO TOT, KTO AOCTin HaM* 6MneTbi B TeaTp Ha
TaraHKe* .
M3pM: 3To He TOT xYAoi MY>K'IMHa, C KOTOpblM Mbl p&3roBapM-
BanM Y Bepbl?
BonGAII: LITO Bbll* 3TO APyroi BMKTOp. SI rOBoplO 0 TOM BMKTope, C
KOTOpblM Bbl XOTenM n03HaKOMMTbCR n06nMJKe. BblCOKMM
TaKoi*, Bblwe MeHII, C npMRTHblM ronOCOM.
M3pM: Ax p.a, nOMHIO. KOTOpbli nj'lwe Bcex paCCKa3blBaeT
aHeKAOTbl.
BonGAII: TOT caMbli*. TaK BOr, OH nOMHMT Bac M XO'leT npMrnaCMTb
Ha neKL4MIO, KOTOPYIO OH '1MTaeT B CpEtAY.
M3pM: Ha K8KYIO TeMY? HBAelOCb, ero neKL4MR 6YA8T MHTepeCHee,
'1eM neKL4MR 0 '1eKMCTax, Ha KOTOPYIO Bbl MeHR BOAMnM
n038B'Iepa.
BonGAII: He 6ecnoKoiTecb. BMKTop - Haw nY'IwMi CneL4ManMCT no
PYCCKOMY TeaTPY.
*AOCTan HaM 6MneTbi got us ('to us') tickets
*TeaTp Ha TaraHKe the T aganka Theatre (on T aganka Square in Moscow)
*LlTo Bbl! Come now! (mild reproach)
*BbICOKMi TaKoi a tall fellow (TaKoi 'such' used colloquially for emphasis)
*TOT caMbli that's the one ('that very')
*TaK BOT well then
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 18/5
Siberian Superlatives and Comparatives:
1 What are the boundaries of Siberia?
2 A geographical feature of Siberia is number one in the world for three
things. Find the details.
3 Something else in Siberia is described as number one in the world.
What is it?
4 What does AlmbHMM BOCTOK ('Far East') mean to a Russian geographer?
CM6Mpb 38HMMaeT 6onbwyIO '1aCTb CeBepHoi A3MM OT y.panbCMx* rop
Ha 3ilna.qe AO TMxoro* oKeaHa Ha BocToKe M OT 6eperoB
226

THE COMPARATIVE; SUPERLATIVES; RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH KOT6pblM
CeBepHoro* n8AOBMTOrO OKeaHa Ha CeBepe AO K»KHbIX CTeneM* M
rpaHM4bl C MOHr6nMeM M KMTaeM.
CM6MpCKMe peKM 66b, EHMCeM M neHa BXOART B AecRTKY* CaMblX
60nbWMX peK MMpa. Kp6Me peK, B CM6MpM eCTb KpaCMBeMWMe*
ManeHbKMe M 60nbWM8 03epa C 'IMCTeMWeM* BOAOM, OAHO M3
KOT6pbIX, 6aMKan - C8MOe ApeBHee, CaMOe rny66Koe, C8M08
60nbWOe B MMpe npeCHOBoAHoe* 638pO.
B CM6MpM Hax6AMTCR 66nbWe nOnOBMHbl npMpOAHblX pecYPCOB*
POCCMM: yronb*, He(j)Tb*, ra3*, 30nOTO, anM83bl*, peAKMe MeTannbl*.
A no 38nacaM rMAP03HeprMM* OHa 38HMMaeT nepBoe MeCTO B MMpe.
CM6Mpb - 3TO caMble pa3Hbie 3BepM, nTM4bl, 4eHHeMWMe* pbl6bl -
HanpMMep, oceTp*, nOCOCb*.
reorpa(j)bl* 'Iaaqe* Bcero* AenRr CM6Mpb Ha 3ilna.qHYIO CM6MPb,
BOCT6'lHYIO CM6Mpb M .Q8nbHMM* BOCTOK, KOTOpblM OHM C'IMT8IOT
OTAenbHblM perMOHOM*. A8nbHMM BOCT6K - 3TO orp6MHaJi
TeppMTopMR, KOT6paR BKnlO'IaeT KaM'IaTKY, SlKYTMIO M OCTpOB
CaxanMH. CaMblMM B8)1(HblMM ropoAilMM RBnRIOTcR* Xa6apOBCK M
Bna.qMBOCT6K.
*Extra Vocabulary for Siberian Text
anM83 diamond
BKnlO'laTb' to include
ra3 gas
reorpa geographer
rMApo3HeprMR hydroelectric power
AilnbHMM far
AenMTb ' to divide
AecRTKa a group of ten
KpacMBeMwMM very beautiful (18.8)
nococb (m) salmon
MeT8nn metal
HeTb (f) oil, petroleum
OC8Tp sturgeon (source of caviare)
npecHoBoAHblM freshwater
npMpoAHblM natural (npMpoAfi
'nature')
perMoH region
pecypCbl (m pI.) resources
CeBepHblM neAoBMTblM oKeaH
the Arctic Ocean
CTenb (f) steppe (flat, dry
grassland)
TMxMM oKe8H Pacific Ocean
(TMXMM 'quiet')
yr(o)nb (m) coal
YP8nbcKMM Ural (adD
4eHHeMwMM highly valuable (18.8)
(L\8HHbIM 'valuable')
'Iaaqe Bcero most often (= 'more
often than all' - comparative of
'I8CTO 'often' + gen. of Bce 'all')
'IMCTeMWeM very pure (18.8)
('IMCTbIM 'pure')
RBIIRI01"CR (+ inst.) are - see 16.5 (4)
227

\..;
'C',,!:. )<","",..>;.'i" :"",' " .,'
<;'" ;;'>ti,: ....' . i\{
i i,>.'..:"?'
,', ;.... .,., ." .. ........,.... ..' ,<,/,...;} . .......;,'. ... ;,;(,:./!; '?"':;',,:'.X>.;,> ......",
",............ . ",;?" .','  <"'L:>,;' ......., ...... ......,';,?';.{\ ........ ....';............,.C)';.;;> .......,'
.' .....".';',,>:<:. .... . ..... ".) .......  "'ii' .,«f'"",';,,:."',"';;" ':. .... "::'.. "<,,,:' ."?'.</'
.,:".,.,/,)""."....  .:\,.;; ........':.:,':;. ".::>;:)';;:", . ,,"';: ...,......J'{....;;.. "(;>. ................;
.............f,;;,.<,.i....... '.;,1   '.i ......;,'\':,..,::)..;'.',.,;/'.,,'.;',;(;.,.":\,,-,:<-,,;,,<\. ,./ i';
/ ....... ,'....,1 1", ....c.' "". ." ......,';C'':'..',,; ....; /'.} ; 'r,,;
" .......'.;.:": ,.;'. '\.:, ,...,.",., :; ':, :''>';:':,>; ,: ... '
<;"'f:l':' ". .' ........ '",>«"'/' .............. ......" ........... .,'> "-:,
';'iT""..,. ....';. .....,:,.';.:\--L"..;........................'."., ..........; ....;.,;;,;,',/".,:':; ....: '.' ':'
, . .,.,::,,"",";.';'...:,.'" ......'...i;.! ',' '/: ...../:" ;', ....;,
.....>;,...........}.>.. ...............: '.:,..' ...... .,;....... ......,:...,y....;, ...;.......,.../..,:..>;./,:..., ..., ,:;;;,:,'. ".,C;;,'. ;....:.. ...,.......... .,......;.......... ......;.; ........................... '. .
.....,'.,. ".' . ". . .','..,'».,.., ,'. '.' ":,'.::., ..,>. "'.'.'; ",i". '.' :;:<'.
. ) ><' . .: .............. J:>i ....... . ...........:e; <'i' )f.,. d/\ ....................... '" ................ ".
'_;.<.-..,'>. «,,;..,i.' '\, ,
>>;:'-;...,,/:,r:...;: :.....:>,:,::>..... '/.':.,;;< "".:.' ..',
.. \." . .>,,;,j> 'ii '.' .. ..,>,X;><,':x/> '," ....i.;..,i}.,.:irn,.
I)\.; // .....i... . .... >/  ti. . '.
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(URAL MOUNTAINS)

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3AnAAHA CV16l-1Pb
(WESTERN SIBERIA)
CpeAHecM6MPCKoe nnocKor6pbe
(Central Sibenan Plateau)

EKaTepMH6ypr
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KpacHC»lPCK
H08OCM6MpcK
KA3AXCTAH
( KAZAKHSTAN)
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C6l-1Pb (SIBERIA)

r-
,'::',\',.:....;'
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,. ..' i/ F F" ,.', /C', i,.'/';"
,. ...." "'.' ..,...... i.Y..'" ..Y",.
.,,'c';.... "/' .,' . 'i<;.."";)" ", ,i, // i"-" <'ii."'.' '. '.' .......,.F
'i.<" 'i/;; /'/,"'i/'", ".'O' L ,-,'i""":)',,v. :,:'",,"!:'''0''' A/ , i'. . ) ;;(>;::.'" ;,; 'i Tl
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.....,,.,,' .,./"....... i.i' " ",... i'. . . I' X "v'. c' .F,
.'. ....,.,.i,,c:i,, ",l,i i< ..' ./' ." .::. ii"':;'" ';"'//;7'" /"!\!  li' ..,.,...., ",\;'::"
'. .....', ii"'i,!:""; ...., i.;.";,,i',/'1- /. '. ,.., i'i '. .i'" '.
, "':.i,"'i X,i,ii ,." ,.....w I .,..,...>:i'. ii',.. .. .'. ....
,'c i..er""- .,} ... i" ,i-ii.;iii'X":'! / 'i .,. Y' .X'
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..;';.:.:.i ;:. t."'''-':''';'''''':''''' ;.,.>:,';i1 : ,.'::"F/ ......
:<c,c',,"., ..x !. ' ,,":"':.'{;" ., .{ :',.:., · ': .,fe. .... , . . "... I -- ...:./:' .
" ..:.., ,'" .'"...>'i""O' ':"i:.. i.; ...:. · I .. '.
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":.': .....".:::.,::.,<i.J I I .'
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(FAR EAST)
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19
YP6K H6MEP AEBS1THAAA Tb
THE CONDITIONAL;
OBLIGATION (A6n>KEH);
PREFIXES
19.1 Key Phrases
EcnM 6bl 51 3Han, R ywin 6bl. If I'd known, I would have left.
S1 6bl XOTen(a) Bac npMrnaCMTb. I would like to invite you.
S1 AOn)l(eH/AOn)l(H8 M3BMHMTbCJI. I must apologize.
Mbl AOn)l(Hbl 6blnM oTKa38TbcR. We had to refuse.
npOXoAMTe. Go through.
BXOA/Bblxo.q/nepexoA/yxOA Entrance/exit/crossi ng/departure
19.2 Conditional Mood
EcnM 61!! 51 )l(Mll{a) B POCCMM, R 61!! rOBopMn(a) nO-PyccKM.
If I lived in Russia, I would speak Russian.
The equivalent of 'would' in Russian is a particle t 6bl, which suggests a
hypothesis or something contrary to fact or something which you would
like to happen. &bl has no meaning of its own and is never used without
other words; it cannot occur first in the sentence or clause. It adds a mean-
ing of hypothesis, doubt or wish to the verb with which it is used. SO 6H
6bln means 'he was' while OH 6bln 6bl means 'he would be' or 'he would
have been'. In Russian equivalents of such conditional sentences as 'If I
knew Russian, I would go alone', there-are three points to note:
230

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (6n>KEH); PREFIXES
(a) there is a 6bl in each clause;
(b) the verbs are always past tense ;
(c) it is nonnal to put one 6bl after ecnM ('if') and one 6bl before or after
the verb in the other clause.
To convert the sentence 'If I am (=shall be) in Moscow, I'll telephone
him' into 'If I had been in Moscow, I would have telephoned him', add
two 6blS and make the verbs past tense:
EcnM 51 6YAY S MocKse, R eMY If I'm in Moscow, I'll phone him.
n03s0HtO.
EcnM 6bl 51 6bln s MocKse, 51 6bl If I'd been in Moscow, I would have
eMY n03soHMn. phoned him.
Since Russian has only one past tense, this sentence could also be trans-
lated 'If I was in Moscow, I would phone him.'
The 6bl can also stand after the verb: 51 n03soHMn 6bl eMY.
As in English, the conditional can be used for polite requests. 'I would
like' is SI xOTen(a) 6bl ('I would want'):
SI xOTena 6bl noexaTb S CY3A8nb.
I would like to go to Suzdal'.
EXERCISE 19/1
Translate:
1 EcnM 6bl OHa rosopMna MeAJ1eHHee, 51 6bl nOHRna. 2 EcnM 6bl Mbl
3HanM, 'IT6 Sbl 6YAeTe S MocKse, Mbl 6bl n03soHMnM. 3 BaAMM
HanMcan 6bl Ese nMCbM6, ecnM 6bl Y Her6 6blno speMR. 4 Bepa
XOTena 6bl norosopMTb c saMM.
EXERCISE 19/2
Translate:
1 If he was in Moscow, he would phone p us. 2 They would have come P if
you (pol) had invited p them. 3 If Eva knew that Vadim was (= is) drinking
wine with us, she would get angry (paccepAMTbcRP). 4 I would like to
invite p you (poL).
231

LESSON 19
19.3 EXTRA: On 6bl
Russian has a very restricted set of verb endings, so those of you who have
struggled with subjunctives in Gennan or the Romance languages (Latin,
French etc.) will be glad to know that the various contrary-to-present-
reality meanings associated with the subjunctive do not involve the learn-
ing of any new endings in Russian. The 6bl + past tense construction which
you learnt for the conditional above also serves in 'subjunctive' -type situ-
ations such as:
I don't know anyone who could help.
SJ He 3MSIO HMKoro, KTO Mor 6bl nOMO'Ib (Le. as far as I know, there is no
such person).
I want you to clean up your room (Le. at present it's a mess).
SJ XO'ly, 'ITo6bl Tbl y6psn caolO KOMH8TY. (These 'ITo6bl (='ITO + 6bl)
structures are dealt with in 21.8.)
6bl sometimes occurs without a past-tense verb:
n060nbwe 6bl T8KMX nlOAei!
H6.qo 6bl cnpocHTb.
We need more people like that.
We ought to ask.
19.4 Obligation: A6n)l(8H + infinitive
The closest equivalent of 'I must' is R AOn)l(eH (man), R AOn)l(HS
(woman). 'Ivan must go' is MasH AOn)l(eH MATH. 'Must' is a verb in
English, but AOnJK8H is an adjective which literally means 'obliged'. It is
a special kind of adjective (called a short fonn - see 29.7) which has only
one case, the nominative, and four endings, AOn)l(eH (m), AOn)l(H8 (f),
AOn)l(HO (n), and AOn)l(Hbl (pl.):
MasH AOn)l(8H MATH.
AHH8 AOn)l(H8 p86oT8Tb.
Bbl AOn)l(Hbl M3aMHHTbCR.
Ivan must go.
Anna must/has to work.
You must apologize.
AOn)l(eH can also express probability or expectation ('should '):
OHa AOn)l(HS CKOpo aepHjTbcR. She should be back soon.
3ro neK8pcTBO AOn)l(HO nOM6'lb. This medicine should help.
232

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (A6n>KEH); PREFIXES
Note the phrase AOn)l(HO 6blTb 'probably', 'very likely' (lit. 'must be'):
6H, Aon)l(H6 6blTb, Y'f(e &epHyncR. He has probably already returned.
In the meaning 'have to', the construction HSAO/HY)I(HO + dative (Lesson
14.6) and the construction with the adjective A6n)l(8H are, with humans,
nearly synonymous, though A6nJKeH can carry the meaning of moral
obligation (duty) as well as necessity. However, notice (a) that only
A6n)l(eH has the probability meaning of 'must' ('If she hasn't arrived yet,
the train must be late'), and (b) only AOnJKeH is used with inanimate
nouns: CaMoneT AOn)l(eH BblneTeTb 'fepe3 ABa 'faci 'The plane
should/is due to leave in two hours' (not CaMonih-y HSAO . . .).
19.5 Past/Future of AOn)l(eH
Since AOn)l(8H is an adjective, the past and future are fonned with 6blTb,
but note that the fonns of 6blTb are placed after AOn)l(eH:
6H AOn)l(8H 6bln npoASTb He had to sell the car.
MawMHY.
Mbl AOn)l(HbI6YA8M M3BMHMTbCR. We shall have to apologize.
(AOn)l(eH also means 'owing'. In this meaning, 6blTb is placed before
AOn)l(eH: Bbl MHe AOn)l(Hbl nRTb py6neM 'You owe me five roubles';
OHa 6blna MHe Aon)l(Hi ABa Aonnapa 'She owed me two dollars').
EXERCISE 19/3
Put AOn)l(eH in the correct fonn:
1 OHi (must) BepHYTbCR 38BTpa. 2 6H (had to) M3BMHMTbCR. 3 Mbl (will
have to) ceCTb Ha MeTp6.
19.6 Prefixes
Russian uses a lot of prefixes t . Prefixes (such as, in English, un-, re-, over-)
are attached to the beginning of words to add an extra element of meaning
233

LESSON 19
to the root'. For example, these prefixes can be added to the verb root 'do'
to make 'undo', 'redo' and 'overdo'. You know that the prefix no- has the
basic meaning 'a little' and is particularly common with comparatives
(n066nbwe 'a little more') and as a way of making verbs perfective
(nocMAeTb P 'to sit for a while'). It is indeed the commonest prefix in
Russian: if you come across a set of the seventeen-volume Soviet
Academy of Sciences Dictionary of Russian in a library, you will see that
one whole volume consists of words beginning with no-. But there are
another twenty-five or so common prefixes with more or less easily learnt
meanings, and they are well worth memorizing as a way of increasing
your vocabulary.
You will notice that some of these prefixes, e.g. 6e3/6ec 'without' are
similar or identical to prepositions you have met (6e3 + gen. 'without').
6e3-/6ec-*
8-/80-
83-/8C- *1
B03-/BOC-*
without
6e38nKor6nbHblM
6e3ntOAHbiM
6ecnoKoMTbCR
in
BXOAMTb l /80MTMP
8XOA
up
8038ecTMP
836MTb P
non-alcoholic
uninhabited (ntOAM 'people')
to be uneasy (noK6M peace)
to go in
entrance (XOA going)
to elevate ('uplead')
to beat up B36MTb cnM8KM
to whip cream
to inflate ('upblow' - AYTb
to blow)
to rise to the surface ('upswim')
rising ('upgoing') - 80CXOA
conH48 sunrise
83AYrb P
8cnnblTb P
80cx6A
8bl- out
8blMTMP to go out
8blxoA exit
AO- up to/as far as
AoxoAMTb ' to go as far as/to reach,
38- (1) behind/calling in on the way
38XOAMTb l /38MTM P to call in 38X6A conH48
sunset ('going behind of the sun')
234

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (AOn>KEH); PREFIXES
(2) starting:
383S0HMTb P
between
Me*AYH8POAHbIM
( 1) on
H8xoAMTb/H8MTM
(2) a quantity of
H8A8nBTbP (+ ace. or gen)
not
HeMHTepecHo
away/back
oTnycK'TboTnycTMTbP
oTnycK
(1) across (trans-)
nepexoAMTbl/nepeMTMP
(2) again (re-)
nepe"lMTbls8Tb l /
nepe"l MTaTb P
nepecTpoMK8
a little
no6onbwe
norosopMTb
(1) under
nOA6opoA(O)K
nOAn MCbl88Tb'/no.qn Mc8Ta,P
nOA6MpaTb'/noAo6paTb P
(2) approaching
nOAXoAMTb'/noAoMTMP
pre-
nP8Al10)l(eHMe
npeAl10r
npeAs08HHblM
(1) arrival
npMxoAMTb'/npMMTMP
235
to start ringing
international (H8pOA nation)
to come upon, to find
to make a quantity of something
uninteresting
to let go (nycKaTb l to let)
leave/holiday (from a job)
to cross
to reread
reconstruction/reorgan ization
(CTpOMK8 construction)
a little more
to talk a bit
chin (6opoA8 beard)
to sign ('under-write')
to pick up ('take hold of
underneath')
to go up to, approach
offer, suggestion (no)l(- means
'put' or 'pose')
preposition
pre-war (soMHa war)
to arrive

npo-
pa3-/
pac-*
c-/co-
LESSON 19
(2) proximity
npMM6pcKMM
(1) through/past
npoxoAMTb'/npoMTMP
(2) pro-
npoaMepMKaHcKMM pro-American
dis-/breaking upidifferent directions
aSOA divorce ('apart-taking')
pa3ros6p conversation (several people
talking)
to undress ('dis-dress')
scattered (ceRTb to sow)
coastal (Mope sea)
to go through/to pass
pa3AesaTbcR
pacceRHHblM
(1) off/down
CXOAMTb'/COMTMP
(2) with
to go down
cny-rHMK
companion (with-journey-person'
from nyrb journey)
y- away
YXOAMTb'/YMTM P to go away/to leave
*spelt 6er;jsoc/sr;/pa before the ten unvoiced consonants K, n, c, T ,(j), x,
4, 'I, W, 114.
**oTo/noAo before some groups of two consonants.
In Lesson 20, there is a special section on prefixes with verbs of motion.
EXERCISE 19/4
Guess the meaning of the following. The words underlined are items from
previous lessons combined with prefixes from the list in 19.6 above.
1 OTA8Tb AeHbrM. 2 nep8A8Tb nMCbM6. 3 pa3nlO6MTb My.a. 4 APY3bR M
H8APyrM . 5 oCMoTpeTb r6poA. 6 npMropoA MOCKsbl. 7  C pa66Tbl.
8 nepecTp6MTb A6M. 9 AoexaTb AO sOK38na. 10 6e3AoMHaR c06aKa. 11
npeAnocn6AHMM AeHb. 12 npej:lSMAeTb pe3ynbT8T.
236

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (AOn>KEH); PREFIXES
19.7 EXTRA: Rarer Prefixes
8HTM- 'anti-' 8HTMBoeHHbiM 'antiwar'; BHe 'outside' BHe6pa'tHb1M 'extra-
marital' (6p8K 'marriage'); BHYTPM 'inside', 'intra' BHyrpMBeHHblM 'intra-
venous'; e)l(e 'each' e)l(e",HeBHbiM 'everyday', 'daily'; M3-/MC- 'out'
McnMcaTb P 'to use up (paper, pencil) by writing'; Ha,q- 'above' Ha.qCTpOMK8
'superstructure'; He",o- 'not as far as'f'insufficient' HeAocTpoeHHblM 'un-
finished' (of building); HM3-/HMC- 'down' HM3nO)l(MTb P 'to depose'; 0-/06-
'about', 'round' 06",YM8Tb p 'to consider, think about'; OKono- 'around';
non(y)- 'half', 'semi-' nony6cTpoB 'peninsula' ('semi-island'); np8- 'pre-',
'proto-' np6.qe", 'great grandfather'; npe- 'extremely; npoTMBo- 'counter-';
cBepx- 'super-' cBepx'tenoBeK 'superman'; Tp8HC- 'across', 'trans-' Tp8HC-
cM6MPCKMM 'trans-Siberian'; pe3-/'tepe3-/'tepec- 'across' 'tpe3MepHblM
'excessive' ('across measure'); 3KCTp8- 'extra-' 3KcTp8ceHc 'psychic'.
19.8 Vocabulary
6a6ywK8 gen.pl. 6a6yweK
grandmother
BocnMTb1B8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
to bring up (someone)
BCe-YaKM all the same,
nevertheless
BCTpeTMTbcRP (c + inst.)
BCTpe'tycb, BCTpeTMwbcR
(BcTpe't8TbcR' like 3H8Tb)
to meet (someone)
Bx6", (B + ace.) entrance (to)
",eKaH dean (university or institute)
",eno pI. ",ens matter
",epeBHR gen.pl. ",epeBHb vil-
lage; country (opposite of town)
",oroBopMTbCRP (c + inst.)
<AoroBspM8TbCR' like 3H8Tb)
to come to an agreement, make
an arrangement (with someone)
",6n)l(eH (19.4) must, obliged
",On)l(HO 6blTb probably ('must
be')
AOCTSTO'tHO (+ gen.) enough (of
something)
",YM8Tb (no-) (like 3H8Yb) to think
K8K Bbl AYM8eTe? What ('how')
do you think?
)l(M3Hb (f) life
3a6aMKanbe region beyond (38)
Lake Baikal
38BepHYrb P (38 + ace.) 38BepHY,
38BepHeWb (38Bopa'tMB8Tb '
like 3HaTb) to turn (round
something)
38BMceTb' (OT + gen.) to depend
(on)
237

LESSON 19
Bee 38BHCMT OT noroAbl It all
depends on the weather
38nMcaTb P 38nMwy, 38nMwewb
(38nMcbIBaTb i like 3HaTb) to
note down
M3BMHMTbCRP M3BMHlOcb,
M3BMHMWbCR (M3BMHRTbCR')
(like 3HaTb) (38 + ace.) to
apologize (for)
KOMaHAMpoBKa business or study
trip, assignment
nepeMTM P nepeMAY,nepeMA8wb
past nepewin, nepewna
(nepexoAMTb ' ) ('tepe3 + ace.)
to cross ('overgo')
nOA8p(o)K present, gift
nOAHMMMTecb see nOAHRTbCR
nOAHRTbCRP nOAHMMYCb,
nOAHMMewbcR (noAHMM8TbCR '
like 3HaTb) to climb up; to rise
nOAw3A entrance, doorway
('towards drive')
nOMoaqb (f) help
npoMTMPnpoMAY, npoMAiwb
(npoxoAMTb') to go
through/past
npocl»8ccop pI. npoeccop8
professor
pa3BeCTMcb P pa3seAycb,
pa3B8AiwbCR past pa3B8ncR,
pa3Benacb (p83BOAMTbCR '
pa3BO)l(ycb, pa3BoAMwbCR)
(c + inst.) to get divorced (from
someone)
pacceRHHblM absent-minded
cBeT()(j)6p traffic light
Cepb83HO seriou sly
CpO'lHbIM urgent
Tiaqa mother-in-law (wife's mother)
yr(o)n prep. B/Ha yrny corner
38 yron (note stress) round the
corner
19.9 AMan6r Mary Seeks an Absent-Minded Professor
M3pM: npOCTMTe, Bbl He 3HaeTe, rAe npo*eccop MMp'taHoB?
6H AOn)l(eH 6bln BCTpeTMTbCR co MHOi4 3Aecb B ABa
'lacs. KaK Bbl AYMaeTe, R AOn)l(Ha nOAo*A8Tb?
CeKpeTapb: As, p,a, R nOMHIO, 'tTO Bbl AorOBopMnMCb C MnbiM
ErOpOBM'IeM BCTpeTMTbCR cerOAHR. .qon)l(HO 6blTb, OH
3a6bln. nO-MoeMY, OH y)l(e ywin AOMOi. Sl6bl eMY
HanOMHMna, HO, K CO)l(aneHMIO, R 6blna Bce y-rpo y
AeKaHa.
M3pM: EcnM 6bl R 3H8na, 'ITO OH TaKOM pacceSlHHblM, R 6bl
n03BoHMna y-rPOM. A KaK MHe HaMTH er6? .qeno
238

THE CONDITIONAL; OBLIGATION (AOn)l(EH), PREFIXES
CpO'lHoe. SI 38BTp8 ye3)1(alO B KOM8H"'"POBKY B
3a68MKBnbe.
CeKpeTapb: Bbl AOn)l(Hbl BblMTM M3 MHCTMTjT8, nOMTM npRMo, nOTOM
38BepHYrb 3iI yron Y M8r83MH8 ccnOABPKM». T8M
nepeMAMTe ynMLlY, AOMAMTe AO CBeTo*op8, npoMAMTe
MMMO BXOA8 B MeTpO, H8MAMTe ",OM HOMep weCTb,
BOMAMTe B TpeTMM nO"'W3A, nOAHMMMTeCb H8
'IeTB8pTbIM 3Ta. M n03BOHMTe B COpOK BTOPYIO
KB8PTMPY.
M3pM: Cn8cM60, R Bci 38nMC8n8.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 19/5
1 What does Elena Sidorova want and why?
2 What is her husband's view of her proposal?
3 Does Elena accuse her husband of doing no housework?
Y EneHbl M naBn8 CM",OPOBbIX ro", H838A pOAMnacb ",6'1K8 TaHR.
neH8 AYM8eT, 'ITO )l(M3Hb 6blna 6bl nef"le, ecnM 6bl pll",OM 6blna
6a6ywK8.
- SI 6bl He B03p8)1(an8, ecnM 6bl C HaMM )l(Mna MOR MaM8, - rOBopMT
neH8. - OHa nOMoran8 6bl MHe rOTOBMTb M BocnMTblB8Tb TaHe'lKY.
- nO-M6eMY, J1 Te6e nOMoralO AOCTaTOI4HO, - B03p8)1(aeT nSBen,
KOTOpblM C'IMTaeT, 'ITO T8aqa AOn)l(Ha OCTaTbCR B ",epeBHe.
- EcnM 6bl Tbl MHe He nOMoran, R 6bl C To6oi p83BenaCb! -
Cepb83HO OTBe'laeT neH8. - Ho BCi-T8KM 6blno 6bl nY'iwe, ecnM 6bl R
He 38BMcena TonbKO OT TBOei nOMoU4M.
239

20
YP6K H6MEP .QBA.QI..\ATb
VERBS OF MOTION:
GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING
20.1 Key Examples
B np6WnOM roPty A 83p.Mn(s)
a MocKay.
SI 'taCTO xo.y a KMHO.
B'tepa Mbl HMKYp.it He xoPtMnM.
Kyp.6 Bbl MPteTe?
SI MPtya rOCTMHM4Y.
nOMPteM.
MPteT PtO*A b .
Ka)I(IJ.blM PteHb MPtiT CHer.
KSKMe ceM'tac MPty-r cpMnbMbl?
KSK npOMTM HS KpaCHYIO
nn6aqaPtb?
KSK PtoexSTb 1'.0 YHMaepcMT8TS?
KorAS BblneTaeT CSMoneT?
Last year I went to Moscow.
I often go to the cinema.
We didn't go anywhere yesterday.
Where are you going?
I'm going to the hotel.
Let's go.
It's raining.
It snows every day.
What films are on ('going')?
How do I get to Red Square?
How do I reach the university?
When does the plane leave?
20.2 Basic (Unpreflxed) Verbs of Motion: XOAMTb ' , MATH' etc.
'To go on foot' is either X0PtMTb' or MPtTM' (see 20.3 for perfective forms).
X0PtMTb' means 'to walk in more than one direction' (e.g. there and back),
or 'to walk around'. MATM' means 'to walk in one direction'. So 'I go to the
240

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING. RUNNING, BRINGING
cinema often' is SI 't8CTO XOJKY B KMHO because each trip to the cinema
involves coming back. But 'I'm going to the cinema' (now, or this
evening) is SI HAY a KMHO, and this means that you're only talking about
the trip there.
There are fourteen pairs of verbs which express this distinction
between one direction and more than one direction. The eight common
ones are:
more than one direction'
(multidirectional'm')
XOAMTb
XO)l(Y, x6AHWb
e3AMTb
e3)1(Y, 83A MWb
6er8Tb
6er81O, 6er8ewb
neT8Tb
neT81O, neT88wb
HOCMTb
HOWY, HOCMWb
aOAMTb
aO)l(Y, aOAMwb
a03MTb
aO)l(Y, a63Mwb
nnsa8Tb
nnsa81O, nnsB8ewb
The other six are:
nS3MTb
na)l(Y, nS3Mwb
one direction'
(unidirectional'u')
MATM to go (on foot)
MAY, HAiwb
past win, wn8
eX8Tb to go (by transport)
eAY, 8Aewb
imper nOe3)1(SMTe
6e)l(STb to run
6ery, 6e)l(MWb, OHM 6erjT
imper 6erMTe
neTeTb to fly
ne'ty, neTMwb
HecTM
to carry
Hecy, Hec8wb
pastH8c, Hecn8, Hecn6
BecTM to lead (take on foot)
a8AY, a9Aiwb
pastain, aena, Ben6
Be3TM to transport
ae3Y, ae3iwb
pasta83,Bean8,ae3no
nnblTb to swim/to sai I
nnblay, nnblBiwb
past nnbln, nnblna, nnblno
ne3Tb
ne3yr, ne38wb
past ne3, ne3na
to climb
241

n6n38Tb
n6n38lO, n6n38eWb
T8CKaTb
T8CKalO, T8CKaeWb
K8TaTb
K8T81O, K8TaeWb
rOHRTb
rOHRIO, rOHReWb
6PO,",MTb
6po)l(Y, 6p6,",HWb
non3TM
LESSON 20
to crawl
non3Y, non3iwb
pastnon3,nOn3na,nOn3nO
T8aqMTb to drag
T8aqy, TaaqHwb
K8TMTb to roll
K8'ty, K8THWb
rH8Tb to chase, drive
rOHIO, r6HHwb
pastrH8n, rH8na, rHino
6peCTM (6PO,",MTb) to wander
6peAY, 6pe,",iwb (6pecn1) to pld along
past6pin,6pen8,6pen6
All these verbs are imperfective fonns.
Note that the multidirectional (m) verbs are generally easier to learn
than the more irregular unidirectional (u) ones.
Three basic rules detennine the choice between the XO,",MTb-type (m
column) and the H,",TM-type (u column):
(1) If the motion involves more than one direction, use the XO,",MTb (m)
type. If the motion is in one direction, use the H,",TM (u) type.
SI XO)l(Y (m) B HHCTHTjT Ka*AbiM
,",eH b.
Mbl 'IaCTO 83AHM (m) B &epnHH.
B'tep8 Mbl 83AMnM* (m)
B 3ar6pcK.
Mbl xO,",MnH (m) no r6po,",y.
AeTM 6eranH (m) BO ABope.
KYA8 Bbl H,",iTe (u)?
Sl6erj (u) B M8r83MH.
38BTpa Mbl neTMM (u) B MOCKBY.
K8*Abli ,",eHb HA8T (u) ,",0*Ab.
I attend the institute every day.
We often go to Berlin (there and back).
Yesterday we went to Zagorsk
(there and back):t.
We walked around the town.
The children were running around in
the yard.
Where are you going?
I'm running to the shop.
Tomorrow we're flying to Moscow.
It rains every day (rain goes in only
one direction, i.e. down).
*Note that XOAMTb-type (m) verbs can be used for a single round trip only
in the past tense.
242

VERBS OF MOTION. GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING
(2) If there is no motion, the multidirectional verbs are used:
He xOAMTe Ha 3TOT MnbM.
B'tepa Mbl HMKYA8 He XOAMnH.
6H HMKorAi He neTaeT.
Don't go to that film.
Yesterday we didn't go anywhere.
He never flies.
(3) If the number of directions is irrelevant, use the multidirectional verb:
Bbl neTanM KorA6-HM6YAb Ha
caMoniTe?
SI nlO6ntb nnaBaTb.
Have you ever flown in a plane?
I like swimming.
EXERCISE 20/1
Mark the verbs as multidirectional (m) or unidirectional (u) and translate:
1 B npownoM rOAY Mbl eMnM B HblO-MopK.
2 Ka*AbiM AeHb )l(eHa B63MT AeTeM B wKony Ha M8WMHe.
3 B'tepa OHa BOAMna ManeHbKoro CblHa B napK.
4 KYAa Bbl T8U4HTe 3TH orpOMHble cnoBapM?
5 06bl'tHO R BCTa.o B BoceMb 'tacoB, 38BTpaKalO M B AeBRTb MAY Ha
pa6oTY.
6 BpeMR neTMTI
7 5erMTe! cDHnbM Ha'tMHaeTcR 'tepe3 nRTb MMHy-r.
8 KS>KAbIM rOA Mbl C My*eM e3AMM Ha Mope.
9 Bbl neTanM KorAa-HM6YAb (ever) Ha PYCCKOM c8MoniTe?
10 SI He YMelO nnaBaTb.
11 He XOAM Ha 3TOT (j)MnbM. Te6e 6YAeT CKY"IHO.
12 He HAM TaK 6bICTpO, y Hac eU48 eCTb BpeMR.
13 Mbl He n.o6MM 6eraTb nepeA 38BTpaKOM.
You will see from these examples that the unidirectional verbs always
have the specific meaning of one direction, while the multidirectional
verbs are vaguer - so the m verbs are used when there is no motion or the
number of directions doesn't matter (rules 2 and 3 above). So as a 'rule of
thumb', use the m verbs in contexts involving repeated motion, e.g.
MHorAa 'sometimes', "IaCTO 'often', 06bl"lHO 'usually', Ka*AbiM AeHb
'every day' (SI 'tacTo XO)l(Y B TeaTp 'I often go to the theatre'). With
243

LESSON 20
MHorAB etc. only use the unidirectional verbs if the motion is clearly in
one direction, for example:
LlacTo MAiT (u) CHer. It often snows.
06bl'lHO R MAY (u) Ha pa60Ty newKOM, a AOMOi B03BpaIOCb H8
aBTo6yce. Usually I go to work on foot and return home by bus.
Ka*Abli AeHb R BCTatO B BoceMb '1aCOB, 38BTpaK81O M MAY Ha pa6oTy.
Every day I get up at eight, breakfast and leave for work. (In this last case
you are concerned only with the journey to work, not with the journey back.)
EXERCISE 20/2
Choose the correct verb (in each pair, the multidirectional one is first):
1 KYAB Bbl (xoAMnMlwnM) B cy66oTY?
Where did you go on Saturday?
2 Mbl C )l(eHoi '1aCTO (neTaeMineTMM) B OAeccy.
My wife and I often fly to Odessa.
3 KyAS (XOAMT/MAiT) nliTbli aBTo6yc?
Where does the number 5 bus go? (What's its destin ation?)
4 KaK M6AneHHo (non38eT/non3iT) BpeMRI
How slowly time crawls! CHow time drags!')
5 Mbl (6poAMnM/6penM) no ropoAY BeCb AeHb.
We wandered round the town all day.
6 0cj)M4MaHT (HocMT/HeciT) H8M 6yrbinKY waMnaHcKoro.
The waiter is bringing us a bottle of champagne.
20.3 Aspect Usage with Multidirectional/Unidirectional Verbs
All twenty-eight verbs can be made perfective by adding no-. Note that no
+ MATM is spelt noiTM.
no- gives multidirectional verbs the meaning 'a little', 'a limited
amount'. So noxoAMTb P means 'to walk about for a while', no6eraTb p
means 'to run about for a while'.
Cei'lac 6YAeT aHTpaKT. AsBai nox6AMMP no TeaTPY.
It's the interval. Let's go for a little walk around the theatre.
244

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING. BRINGING
no- gives unidirectional verbs the meaning 'to make a complete trip in one
direction' or, in the right context, 'to start'/' to set off' .
noiAiMI
rAe c8CTpa?
OHS nowns 8 TeSTp.
nowin A0*Ab. Bce n06e)l(anM.
Let's go/Let's set off.
Where's your sister?
She's gone to the theatre.
It started to rain. Everybody began to run.
To express the meaning 'to make one round trip', multidirectional verbs
(except 6pOAMTb) have a different prefix C-, e.g. c68raTb P 'to run some-
where and come back'. This is a different prefix from c- 'off' (19.6).
S1 c68ralO p (m) 8 Mara3MH 38
xne60M.
I'll run to the shop for some bread
(and come straight. back).
Note that for single trips in the future the unidirectional verbs are much
commoner than the multidirectional ones. Even if you expect to come
back, it is nonnal to say 38BTpa R nOiAjP 8 . . . 'Tomorrow I shall go to . . .'
neToM Mbl noeAeM P (u) Ha Mope. In the summer we'll go to the seaside.
The perfective round-trip verbs (CXOAMTb P (m) etc.) are used when you
want to emphasize that you're coming back or that you won't be away for
long:
S1 CXO)l(Y P K BaAMMY.
I'll pay a call on Vadim (and come back).
Imperfective future fonns of the verbs of motion are rare. As you might
expect, the imperfective future of multidirectional (XOAMTb-type) verbs is
used for unfinished multidirectional motion and repeated round trips,
while the imperfective future of MATM-type verbs (very rare) denotes
uncompleted motion in one direction:
S1 6YAY XOAMTb ' Ha neK4MM npocj)eccopa MMp'laHoBa.
I shall attend Professor Mirchanov's lectures (repeated round trips).
OHM 6YAYT XOAMTb' no ropoAY.
They will be walking round the town.
3SBTpa 8 80ceMb '1aCOB II 6YAY MATM' no 8awei ynM4e.
Tomorrow at eight I shall be walking along your street.
245

LESSON 20
EXERCISE 20/3
Translate:
1 Mbl noxoAMnMP (m) no Mara3MHaM, nOToM nownMP (u) B KMHO.
2 Mbl cb83AMnMP (m) B napM)I( Ha (for) TPM AHfI.
3 AeTM n06eranM P (m) B napKe, YCTanM M nownMP (uj AOMOi.
4 Cer6AHfI YrPOM Mbl cBoAMnM P (m) T8HIO K Bpa'fY.
5 Mbl 6YAeM nnaBaTb l (m) B 6acceiHe (pool) K8*AOe Yrpo.
6 C6erai p (m), nO)l(8nyicTa, B Mara3MH 38 (for) xne6oM.
20.4 Verbs of Motion with Other Prefixes, e.g. BblneT8Tb'
'to fly out'
If you put a prefix such as Bbl- 'out' or npo- 'through' on any of the
unprefixed verbs (20.2), you fonn a new verb which combines the type of
motion (flying, running etc.) with the direction specified by the prefix. So
Bbl + neT8Tb' means 'out' + 'fly', Le. 'to fly out', 'to take off' (of an aero-
plane). The equivalent perfective is BblneTeTb P .
The eleven prefixes (see 19.6) commonly used with verbs of motion are:
B-
Bbl-
AO-
3a-
OT-
nepe-
nOA-
npM-
npo-
c-
y-
in
out
as far as
calling in (on the way somewhere else)
away (to or from a specified place)
across
approach
arrival
th roug h/past
off (a different prefix from c- 'there and back')
away
Here is the general rule for fonning prefixed verbs of motion: if you add a
prefix to one of the multidirectional verbs of motion (e.g. neTaTb) you get
a new imperfective verb (e.g. BblneT8Tb'). The equivalent perfective verb
is fonned from the unidirectional verb (e.g. BblneTeTb P ).
246

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING
(Note that no- 'a little' and c- 'there and back' behave differently and
are dealt with separately in 20.3.)
Examples (same conjugation details as in 20.2):
BneTaTb'
BblneT8Tb i
AoneT8Tb'
npMneT8Tb i
nponeT8Tb'
OTHOCMTb'
nepeBOAMTb '
OTB03MTb '
BneTeTb P
BblneTeTb P
AoneTeTb P
npMneTeTb P
nponeTeTb P
oTHecTMP
nepeBeCTMP
OTBe3TM P
CaMoneT BblneTaeT ' B C8Mb.
ABe HeAenM nponeTenMP KaK
OAMH AeHb.
nana Bac oTBe3eTP Ha BOK38n.
EBa oTHeceyP rpR3Hbie TapenKM
Ha KYXHIO.
EBa oTBena p PYKY BaAMMa
OT 6yrblnKM.
to fly in
to fly out
to reach by flying
to arrive (by plane)
to fly past or through
to take away somewhere
(by carrying)
to lead across/transfer
(also to translate)
to take somewhere (by
transport)
The plane takes off at seven.
The fortnight flew past like
a single day.
Dad will drive you to the station.
Eva will take the dirty plates
to the kitchen.
Eva led Vadim's hand away
from the bottle.
However, the common verbs MATH and 83AMTb change slightly when they
are prefixed in this way: MATM becomes -MTM after a prefix, and prefixes.
ending with a consonant add -0-; e3AMTb becomes -e3)1(aTb. XOAMTb and
exaTb do not change. Examples:
BXOAMTb'
npMxoAMTb '
npMe3)1(aTb '
npoxoAMTb '
BOMTMP (NB extra 0)
npMMTMP
npMexaTb P
npoMTM P
6H BcerAi npMxoAMn ' paHo.
npOXoAMTe l B 6onbwyIO K6MHaTY.
n6e3A OTowen p OT nnaTcj)6pMbl.
to enter (on foot)
to arrive (on foot)
to arrive (by transport)
to walk through or past
He always arrived early.
Go through into the big room
(the living-room in a
Russian flat).
The train left the platform.
247

LESSON 20
3axOAMT8 1 K HaM.
Call and see us (when
you're passing).
6eraTb, the multidirectional verb 'to run', changes its stress to -68r8Tb
when it fonns prefixed imperfective verbs:
y6eraTb '
y68)1(8Tb P
20.5 Bring
to run away
Notice the different equivalents of 'to bring':
npMHOCMTb1npMH8CTMP
npMH8CMT8 P , nO)l(lu1YMcTa,
ABa CTaK8Ha.
npMBOAMTb'/npMBeCTMP
npMB8AMT8 P APyra.
npMB03MTb ' /npMB83TMP
s:I npMBe3 P BaM nOASPOK M3 AHrnMM.
to bring (by carrying)
Please bring tWQ glasses.
to bring (by leading)
Bring your friend.
to bring (by transport)
I've brought you a present
from England.
Similarly, 'to take away' can be YHOCMTb ' /YH8CTMP (by carrying),
YBOAMTb ' /YB8CTMP (by leading), YS03MTb'/YS83TMP (by transport).
20.6 Everyday Examples (Prefixed Verbs of Motion together with
Prepositions That Normally Accompany Them)
npMXOAMT8 K HaM.
Come and see us.
no Aop6re B MHCTM1jT Mbl 38MAeM B Mara3MH.
On the way to the institute we'll call at the shop.
3axOAMT8 1 K HaM.
Do call and see us (when you're passing).
Ao M8TpO AOB83iyP?
Will it (this bus/tram etc.) take me to (as far as) the metro station?
nO)l(8nYMCTa, OTH8CMT8 TapenKM H8 KYXHIO.
Please take these plates to the kitchen.
248

VERBS OF MOTION. GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING
S1 K BaM nOAOMAY B ABa aca.
I'll come up to you (1 ' 11 meet you) at two.
Mbl npownM MMMO n6Tbl.
We walked past the post offi ce.
npOXOAMTe, nO)l(anYMCTa. Go in, please. (Go on through.)
6H C YMa cowin?
Has he gone mad? ('Has he gone off his mind?')
OHa ywna C pa6oTbuM3 YHMBepcMTeTaloT MY)I(a.
She has left her job/the university/her husband.
6H Bblwen p Ha AecflTb MMHy-r. nOAO*AMTe, nO)l(anYMcTa.
He's gone out for ten minutes. Please wait.
EXERCISE 20/4
Translate:
1 6H CKOpO npMeAeT B nOHAOH. 2 OHa Bowna B KOMHaTy. 3 6H
Bblwen M3 Mara3MHa. 4 KorAs Bbl AOMAITe AO yrna, nOBepHMTe
HanpaBO. 5 nO)l(anYMcTa, OToMAMTe OT oKHa. 6 .q&BaMTe nepeMAIM
(epe3) Aop6ry Y cBeTo4»6pa. 7 6H nOAowin K HeM. 8 YxoAMTe.
20.7 EXTRA: XOAMTWMATM with Vehicles
As a general rule, vehicles, particularly large ones such as trains, boats,
buses and trams, go 'on foot' (XOAMTb/MATM). In particular, XOAMTb/MATM
is nonnal when you are talking about the route of a vehicle or its
timetable, as in the first three examples below.
KYAa MAiT 3TOT aBT66yc? Where does this bus go?
KorAS OTXOAMT n6e3A? When does the train leave?
TaKCM MAlT B napK. The taxi is going to the depot (it's the end of the
driver's shift).
n6e3A Bbl XOAMT M3 TyHHenfi. The train is coming out of the tunnel.
BOT HAir TpaMBsM. There's a tram coming.
Tennox6A BblJlUUl M3 raBaHM. The steamer left the harbour.
249

LESSON 20
But smaller vehicles, particularly MawMHa 'car', 'lorry', are often used
with e3AMTwexaTb ('to ride').
MawMHa n poexana 'Iepe3 nec M Bbl exana Ha wocce.
The car drove through the wood and came out on to the main road.
Bo ABOp B 'b83)1(aeT ccB6nra». A .Volga' (make of car) drives into the yard.
And any land vehicle can be used with e3AMTwexaTb if you are stressing
its movement rather than where it's going:
n6e3A eAeT 6'1eHb 6b1CTpo. The train is going very fast.
In many situations with vehicles, XOAMTWMATM ('go on foot') verbs and
e3AMTwexaTb (' ride ') verbs are interchangeable: you can also say n6e3A
MAiT 6'1eHb 6bICTpO.
20.8 Aspect with Prefixed Verbs of Motion
The general rules (15.11) apply, of course, but note that it is common to
use the imperfective to denote a single round trip in the past.
KorA6 Te6R He 6blno, 38XOAMnM ' EBa M BSAMM.
While you were out, Eva and Vadim called (and left again).
neToM npMe3)1(anM ' MOM PyccKMe APY3bR.
My Russian friends came in the summer (and have now gone home).
This is the 'cancellation of result' use of the imperfective, mentioned in
Extra 13.3. That is, the result of reaching one's destination is 'cancelled'
by returning. Compare:
B'Iepa npMexana p MOR Tiaqa.
B'Iepa npMe3)1(ana ' MOR Tiaqa.
My mother-in-law came yesterday
(and is staying with me now).
My mother-in-law came yesterday
(and went home).
250

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING, RUNNING, BRINGING
EXERCISE 20/5
Translate the motion verbs in brackets:
1 Mbl (are going on foot) B KMH6. 2 3aBTpa Mbl (are flying) B MOCK BY. 3
nO'teMY OHM (are running)? 4 Bbl 'tacTo (go on foot) B TeaTp? 5 B
np6wnou rOAY Mbl (went and came back) B napM)I(. 6 3SBTpa Ubi (shall
go by transport) B r6poA. 7 OHS (is taking by transport) cblHa K 6a6ywKe.
8 He (go on foot) B 3TOT 6ap. nMBO ('beer') TaM nnox6e. 9 6H BcerAi
(arrives on foot) B ceUb 't8c6B. 10 MOR Ti1q8 (will arrive by transport)
38BTpa. 11 TaHfI (ran away). 12 O.tI"MaHT (will bring) "IMcTbli cTaKaH
('glass'). 13 nO)l(SnyicTa, (bring by transport) ABe 6yrblnKM BMHa. 1 
Mbl (got out) M3 aBT66yca Ha H6BOM Ap6aTe. 15 B ceHTfl6pe (came and
left again) MOM APY3bR M3 MMHCK8.
20.9 EXTRA: Other Changes to Verbs of Motion when Prefixed:
nnaBaTb 'to swim or sail' becomes -nnblBaTb'
npMnnblBaTb' npMnnblTb P 'to arrive' (ship)
na3MTb 'to climb' becomes -ne38Tb'
Bne38Tb ' Bne3Tb P 'to climb in'
n6n38Tb 'to crawl' becomes -non38Tb'
Bnon38Tb' Bnon3TMP 'to crawl in'
T8cKaTb 'to drag' becomes -TacKMB8Tb'
BbiTacKMB8Tb' BblTaaqMTb P 'to drag out'
K8TaTb 'to roll' becomes -KaTbIB8Tb'
BbiKaTbiBaTb ' BblKaTMTb P 'to roll out'
6pOAMTb 'to wander' becomes -6peASTb '
386peAiTb ' 386peCTM P 'to wander in'
All the imperfective fonns of these verbs are conjugated like 3HaTb.
Note that the only one of the unidirectional verbs which changes after a
prefix is MATM - and its change to -iTM is a very minor one.
To drive in is B 'b8 3)1(aTb ' B1!8X8Tb P . Note the hard signs. If a verb
begins with a [y] sound (e.g. eX8Tb [xe-hat'] 'to travel' , flBMTb
[yee-ve'et'] 'to show'), any prefix ending with a consonant (B- 'in',
251

LESSON 20
06- 'around', 'totality', nOA- 'under', 'approaching') is separated from the
[y] sound by a hard sign: 06W3)1(aTb ' /06'b8xaTb p 'to drive round',
06'bflBnRTb ' /06'bflBMTb P 'to announce', nOA'b83)1(aTb ' /nOA'beXaTb P 'to
drive under/towards'.
20.10 Vocabulary (See also Verb list 20.2)
BarOH carriage
BnepeA forward
Bbl6e)l(aTb P (BbI6er8Tb ' ) to run out
(20.4)
repMaHMfI Germany
rpR3HbiM dirty
AOe3)1(aTb ' /AoexaTb P AO (+ gen.)
to reach, go as far as (20.4)
3a6eraTb'/386e)l(aTb P to call in
(running) (20.4)
38KpM'taTb P 38KpM'ty, 3aKpM'tMwb
(KpM't8Tb ' ) to shout, start shouting
3axoAMTb ' /38MTMP to call in (20.4)
KaK pa3 exactly, just
KMHOTe8Tp or KMHO (n indecl) cinema
ccKMT8M-ropoA» 'China Town'
KMT8MCKMM npocneKT 'Chinese
Prospect'
necTHM48 staircase
oKa38nocb P it turned out
oKa38Tbcfl P to turn out; to find
oneself
oCTaHoBKa gen.pl. OCTaHOBOK stop
napK park
newKoM on foot
n06e)l(8Tb P (6e)l(8Tb ' ) to run (20.2)
non'tac8 half an hour
npM6e)l(8Tb P (npM6er8Tb ' ) to arrive
(running) (20.4)
npMBe3TMP (npMBo3MTb') to bring
by transport (20.5)
npMBecTMP (npMBoAMTb ' ) to bring
(by leading) (20.5)
npMneTeTb P (npMneT8Tb') to arrive
(by air) (20.4)
npoTMBOnOnO)l(HblM opposite (adj)
nyrb (m) (unique noun)
gen./dat./prep. nyrM, inst.
nyreu way
caMoneT aeroplane
cBopa'tMBaTb ' (like 3HaTb)
(cBepHYTb P cBepHY,
cBepH8wb) to turn off
CKOpO soon
CHer prep. B cHerY, pI. CHer8 snow
COMTM P (CXOAMTb ' ) C (+ gen.) to
get off (20.4)
coceAHMM neighbouring, next
cTaAMoH stadium
Ha cTBAMOHe at a stadium
CTp8HHO strange; it's strange
TapenKa g.pl. TapenoK plate
y6mK8TbP (y6er8TbI) to run away (20.4)
ycnblwaTb P ycnblwy, ycnblwMwb
(cnblwaTb') to hear
4eHTpanbHbiM central
252

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING. RUNNING, BRINGING
20.11 TeKcTbl (Translations in Key)
Tania in Motion
- TaHR, oTHecM, nO)l(lu1YMcTa, 3TV rpR3HYlO TapenKY Ha KYXHIO M npM-
HecM '4MCTVIO.
T8HR y6e)l(ana.
'"Iepe3 AeCJlTb MMHYT R nowin ei MCKaTb: 38xoAMn Ha KYxHIO, TaM
ee He 6blno, TorAS JI 38win B cnanbHIO K 686YWKe.
- TaHJI CIOA8 He 386erina?
- HeT. MHe Ka)l(eTCJI, '4T6 R cnblwana ei ronoc B coceAHeM
KBapTMpe.
- CTpaHHO, - CKa38n JI. - A6paMOBbi yeX&nM B repMaHMIO MeCJlLI
Ha38A.
s:! no6e)l(an K coceARM. OKa3anOCb, '4TO A6paMOBbi TonbKO 'tT6
npMneTenM M3 <Dp8HK(j)YPTa. TaHJI ycnblwana, KaK OHM npMexanM, M
Bbl6e)l(ana Ha neCTHMLlY.
- As, TaHJI y Hac, - 38CMeilnMCb coceAM. - OHa npM6e)l(ana MMHYT
nJlTH8A48Tb HaUA. CKOpO Mbl npMBeAeM ei AOMOM.
- nana, nocMoTpM, KaKMe KpacMBble BeaqM OHM npMBe3nM! -
38KpM"Iana TaHJI. - SI XO'4Y nepeexaTb )l(MTb B repM8HMIO!
Finding the Way
A: KaK npo6x8Tb H8 eHTpanbHblM CT8AM6H?
6: nY'4we Bcero AoexaTb Ha MeTp6 AO cTaHLlMM «CnopTMBHaJl».
A: A cK6nbKo TVAS exaTb?
6: .QYMalO, nOn'4ac8.
*
A: Bbl He CKa)l(eTe, KaK npoexaTb B rOCTMHMLlY «POCCMJI»?
6: Bbl AOn)l(Hbl 6YAeTe ceCTb Ha aBT66yc M npoexaTb TPM
oCTaH6BKM.
A: CnacM60.
6: nO>K8nYMcT8.
*
A: CK8)I(MTe, nO>KanyicTa, KaK AoexaTb AO rocTMHMLlbl «POCCMJI»?
6: Ha MeTp6 AO cTaHLlMM ccKMT8M-ropoA».
253

LESSON 20
A: A MO)l(HO Typ,8 Aoex8Tb H8 8BTo6yce?
&: MO)l(HO. C8AMTecb H8 AB8AL48Tb '1eTBepTbiM 8BT06yc. 6H MAeT no
KMT8MCKOMY npoCneKTy. Ho nj'lwe H8 MeTpo.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 20/6
1 What are Ivan Petrovich's instructions for getting to his house by metro?
2 How can Eva get there by number 57 bus?
3 Why is the number 10 less suitable?
Mn: 38nMcblB8iTe, K8K K H8M eX8Tb. H8AO ceCTb H8 MeTpo M
Aoex8Tb AO CT8Hi4 MM ccnpo*coI03H8S1». MAMTe B CTOPOHY
nocn8AHero B8roH8 M BblMAMTe H8 ynMi4Y. nosepHMTe HaneBo. ..
EB8: MMHYrO'lKY. S138nMcbIB81O: BblMTM H8 ynMi4Y M nOBepHYrb
KYp.fJ?
Mn: nOBepHMTe H8neBo, AOMAMTe AO yrn8 M nepeMAMTe H8
npoTMBOnOnO)l(HYIO CTOPOHY. nOBepHMTe el1l8 p83 H8neBo,
MAMTe no npoCneKTy AO H8weM ynMi4bl.
EB8: MBSH neTpOBM'I, Henb3R nM H8MTM 66nee npocToM nyrb?
Mn: EcnM Bbl 6YAeT8 Y B8AMM8, B8M nY'lwe noex8Tb H8 8BTo6yce.
nSiTbAeCRT ceAbMoM 8BT06yc MA8T no er ynMe. H8AO
npoex8Tb '1eTblpe OCT8HOBKM M COMTM H8 nRToM, Y KMHoTe8Tp8.
MMMO He npoeAeTe, KMHOTe8TP 60nbwOM, K8K p83 H8npOTMB
OCT8HOBKM. npOMAMTe no npOCneKTy HeMHoro BnepeA, AO
H8wero AOM8. MO)l(HO eX8Tb M H8 A8CRTOM 8BT66yce, HO OH
CBOp8'1MB8eT H8neBO, H8 ynMi4Y H8pOAHoro OnOn'leHMSI, M AO
KMHOTeSTp8 He Aoe3)1(8eT.
EXERCISE 20/7
Say in Russian:
1 Where are you (fam) going (on foot)? 2 I'm going to Red Square.
3 They've gone to the Kremlin. 4 I go to the cinema often. 5 I went to
Novgorod on Wednesday. 6 We go to Russia almost every year. 7 I like to
run before breakfast. 8 I shall fly to Tallinn in three days' time. 9 We want to
254

VERBS OF MOTION: GOING. RUNNING, BRINGING
go to the market. 10 The waiter is bringing (carrying) beetroot soup.
11 Where are you taking (leading) us? 12 Does it rain often?
EXERCISE 20/8
REVISION OF LESSONS 1-20
Translate the following and put the correct endings on the words in brackets.
(Y ou have now done all the verb, noun, pronoun and adjective endings.)
1 S1 He (3H8Tb). S1 He (rOBopMTb) no-ct»P8Hi4Y3CKM. S1 (JKMTb) B
AHrnMM. (pres. 4)
2 S1 (AaTb) nSlTb Aonn8poB. (fut. 12)
3 M3BMHMTe, '1TO Mbl (npMMTM) T8K n03AHO. Mbl He (MO'lb) H8MTM
T8KCM. (past 11)
4 (nOK838Tb) STO, nOJKSnyicT8. (AaTb) AB8, nOJKSnyicT8. (imper 15)
5 EcnM 6bl $I (3H8Tb), $I (no3BoHMTb) 6bl. (cond. 19)
6 n030BMTe, nOJKSnYMcT8, (MSpMR CDeAopoBHS) MnM (MBsH
neTpOBM'I). (ace. 6)
7 S1 He MOrY OTKpblTb (3TS ABepb). (ace. 6)
8 npMHecMTe, nO)l(SnyicT8, nSlTb (6yrblnKs) (MMHepanbHSSI BOAS),
TPM ('18i) M nSlTb (nMpO)l(OK). (gen. 9, 10)
9 Y ($I) HeT (PyccKMe A8HbrM). (gen. 10)
10 BMKTOp - Cnei4M8nMCT no (PYCCKMM TeSTp). (dat. 12)
11 nOMorMTe (OHM), nOJKSnYMCT8. nOMorMTe (STM TYPMCTbl). (dat. 12)
12 n03H8KoMbTecb C (Moi HOBbli APyr). (inst. 16)
13 S1 XO'lY n03H8KoMMTbCSI C (BawM APY3bR). (inst. 16)
14 Y B8C eCTb KHMrM H8 (aHrnMMcKMM S13bIK)? (prep. 5, 7)
15 Mbl rOBopMnM 0 (OH). (prep. 5)
Say in Russian:
16 Come in, please (i). Take a seat (i).
17 I would like to go (p) to the Bolshoi Theatre.
18 Could you tell me how to get (p) to the institute by metro?
19 Please give (p) me two tickets. Does the film begin at half past seven?
20 I'm sorry I'm late ('for lateness' 11.8). It was very difficult to find (p)
your house.
255

LESSON 20
21 I spoke (i) to (with) Vladimir Smirnov yesterday. He s.aid (p) that I
should telephone (p) you.
22 It is cold in my room. It's also very noisy. The window doesn't close.
23 There is no toilet paper (TYaneTHaSi 6YMara). Please do not say that
should buy Pravda.
24 I have reread (p) the letter. I cannot understand (p) It.
25 Cross (p) the road, walk past (p) the shop and turn (p) right.
256

21
YPOK HOMEP ABAAI..\ATb OAMH
POSSESSION (CBOM);
PURPOSE (LlT05bl)
21.1 Phrases
S1 nlO6nlO CB6i r6pOA.
OHa rOBopMT 0 CBOMX AeTSIX.
OHa nowna K ce6e.
"4T66bl BbIY'tMTb PYCCKMi S13bIK,
HBAO 'tMT8Tb LleXOBa.
S1 Xo'ty, 'tT06bl OH ywin.
I love my (own) town.
She talks about her (own) children.
She went to her (own) room.
To learn Russian, you have to read
Chekhov.
I want him to leave.
21.2 Csai: 'Own'
CB6i means 'own', belonging to the subject of the verb. It has the same
declension as M6M. It is always used instead of er6, ei, MX (4.2) and some-
times M6i, TBoi, Haw, Baw, when the subject owns whatever is men-
tioned in the predicate' of the clause t .
6H rOBopMT 0 cBoeM pa66Te. He's talking about his job.
OHM He M6ryr HaiTH  6M11ln"bl. They can't find their tickets.
B 11 'tac6B LlaiK6BcKMi win B At 11 o'clock Chaikovskii went
cBolO KOMHaTy. to his room.
If the subject is $I, Mbl, Bbl* the use of cBoM, instead of M6i, Haw, Baw, is
optional, since it doesn't make any difference in meaning.
257

LESSON 21
Sf B3An CBoi (or Moi) 6MneT. I took my (my own) ticket.
B03bMMTe Bswe (or CBOe) nanbTo. (You) Take your coat;;
* Note 1. When the subject is Tbl, cBoi is much preferred to TBOi. Say
Tbl B03bMeWb CBoe (not TBOe) nanbTo? 'Will you take your coat?'
** Note 2. You can save effort by remembering that Russians often do not
use an equivalent of 'my', 'his' etc. if the possessor is obvious. For
example, 'I love my wife' would normally be s:I nlO6ntb JKeHY (rather
than cBolO JKeHY or MOIO JKeHY) because the hearer can assume that
you mean your own wife. 'Take your coat' would be B03bMMTe
nanbTo ('Take coat'), with no translation of 'your" if it is clear from
the context who owns the coat.
If the subject is third person (he, she, it, they or equivalents), you must use
cBaM if the thing belongs to the subject. As you see in the next two exam-
ples, the meaning changes depending on whether you use cBaM or era.
Ceprei He 3Han, 'ITa MBSH B3An
cBaM 6MneT.
Ceprei He 3Han, 'ITa MBSH B3An
era 6MneT.
OHM He 3HSIOT, rAe MX 6MneTbl.
Sergei didn't know that Ivan had
taken his (Ivan's) ticket.
Sergei didn't know that Ivan had
taken his (i.e. Sergei's) ticket.
They don't know where their tickets are.
Be careful not to misuse cBai. Remember that it refers to the subject of
the same clause' (see 'Glossary of Grammatical Tenns' for 'clause '). So
'They do not know where their tickets are' is OHM He 3H81OT, rAe MX (NOT
cBoM) 6MneTbi because rAe MX 6MneTbi is a different clause from the one
with OHM in it. One simple rule for avoiding mistakes is: DO NOT USE
CB6A IN THE NOMINATIVE CASE.
EXERCISE 21/1
Choose the correct possessive and translate:
nO'IeMY MBSH He 3HaeT, rAe (era, CBoi) 6MneT? nO'teMY aH He MaJKeT
HaiTH (era, CBoi) 6MneT? 6H He 3HseT, rAe 6MneT nOTOMY, 'ITa (era,
CBOR) JKeHa Aana (era, CBoi) 6MneT (ee, cBoei) nOAPyre.
258

POSSESSION (CBO); PURPOSE (T06bl)
EXERCISE 21/2
Translate the possessives:
1 OHM nownM B (their).KoMHaTy. 2 B03bMM (your) nanbT6. Ha yn1I"e
x6noAHo. 3 n03HaK6ubT8Cb. 3To MBaH n8TpOBM't. (His) )l(8H8 - (my)
ceKpeTapb. 4 Bepa B3J1na (her) nanbT6, a EBa oCTaBMna (hers) A6Ma.
21.3 EXTRA: On CSOM
Occasionally cB6i is used in the nominative (meaning 'one's own', 'not
somebody else's), particularly in the 'have' construction (10.2). Examples:
Y Ka*Aoro CBOe MHeHMe.
Y Ka*AorO cB6i A6M.
Y H8r6 CBoR MawMHa.
Each has his or her own opinion.
Each has his or her own house.
He has a car of his own.
Notice also the proverb:
CBoR py6awKa 6nM)K8 K Teny. One's own shirt is closer to the body
(= charity begins at home).
And the special meaning 'home-made':
Xne6 CB6i, He M3 Msrs3MHa. The bread is our own, not from the shop
(i.e. we made it ourselves).
You may also meet cases where cB6i refers to a non-nominative subject,
e.g.
MHe HBAO HaiTM  6MneT. I must find my ticket.
21.4 Ce611: Self
The grammar of Ce6R 'self' is similar to the grammar of cB6i. If the per-
son affected by the action is also the subject of the clause, then ce6fi is
used instead of M8HRlTe6I1lHac etc., just as in English we say 'I talk to
259

LESSON 21
myself' not 'I talk to me', 'She loves only herself' not 'She loves only her'
(i.e. the person loved is the same person as the person who is doing the
loving). But unlike cB6i, whose use is compulsory only with third person
subjects, Ce6R must be used if the person affected is the same as the subject.
Bbl n.o6MTe T6nbKo .
nOCMOTpM H8 .
You love only yourself.
(You) look at yourself.
Since 'self' cannot be the subject of a sentence, ce6fi (which is the
accusative/genitive fonn) has no nominative case. The other case fonns
match those of Te6R, namely:
N
A1G Ce6R
D ce66
I co66i
P ce6e
MBSH B3S1n 60Ksn AI1S1 Hei.
MBSH B3S1n 60Ksn AnSI ce6fi.
OHS rOBopMna 0 Hei.
OHS rOBopMna 0 ce66.
Ivan took a glass for her.
Ivan took a glass for himself.
She talked about her (somebody else).
She talked about herself.
Because the fonns of ce6fi must be used if the subject and the person
affected are the same, Russian and English uses of 'self' do not always
match:
Mbl B3RnM AeTei c co66i.
3aKp6iTe ABepb 38 co66i.
EXERCISE 21/3
We took our children with us
Cwith ourselves').
Close the door behind you ('yourself).
Say in Russian:
1 Take her with you. 2 Tell us about yourself. 3 She considers (C'IMTaeT)
herself very interesting (inst.).
260

POSSESS I ON (CBOM); PURPOSE (T06bl)
21.5 Idioms with ce6R
OHa nowna K ce6e.
npMMTM B ce6fi
She went to her (own) room/home
('to herself).
He's at home/at his own place/
in his own room.
to come to one's senses/to recover
('to come back into oneself')
I haven't any money on me
('attached to myself).
He gave his name ('named himself).
PUSH (notice on doors, i.e.
'away from self')
PULL (Le. 'towards self)
6H y ce6fi.
Y MeHfi HeT npM ce6e AeHer.
6H Ha3Ban ce6fi.
OT CE6
K CE6E
21.6 EXTRA: ce6R versus -Cft
Ce6fi always means 'self, while the reflexive verb ending -Cfl may express
the meaning 'self' less emphatically and sometimes not at all (e.g. in
ynbl6aTbcSI 'to smile'). As you know from 11.6, most 'self' verbs (e.g.
'wash oneself' MbITbCfI', 'dress oneself' 0AeB8TbcSI') have -CSI, but note the
following contrasting pair, where the more emphatic 'self' meaning of
ce6fi is clear:
C'IMT8TbCSl I 'to be considered' (by other people)
C'IMTaTb' ce6fi 'to consider oneself
6H C'IMTaeT Cnel.\ManMcToM.
6H C'IMTaeT  Cnel.\MSnMcToM.
He is considered a specialist.
He considers himself a specialist.
21.7 "'ITo6bl [lht6-bi]: in order to
When 'to' has the meaning of purpose ('in order to'), use '1To6bl In
Russian:
We live (in order) to work. Mbl )l(MB8M, '1To6bl pa66T8Tb.
261

LESSON 21
(In order) to master Russian, you have to study three hours every day.
"IT66b1 Bbiy'lMTb pYcclOti Jabll<, H8Ao 38HMMinbcR TpM 'I8C8 KiDKAbli A8Hb.
After verbs of motion (but not non-motion verbs), 'tT06bl can be omitted:
6H yex8n B repM8HMIO ('tT06bl) npenOABB8Tb PYCCKMi A3bIK.
He's gone to Germany to teach Russian.
OH pa66Taer C8Mb AHeM B H8A8nlO, 'lT66bl nOMOr8Tb POAKr8nRM )l(eHbl.
He works seven days a week to help his wife's parents.
21.8 LfT06bl in 'Someone Wants Someone To Do Something'
constructions
L.lT06bl, which comes from 'tT6 + the particle 6bl (see lesson 19) is also
used when somebody wants somebody else to do something. The two
clauses are linked by 'tT06bl and the verb after 'tT66bl is in the past tense
(just as 6bl is followed by the past tense - see 19.2).
s:I xo'ty, 'tT66bl OHa npMwns I want her to come on Wednesday.
B cP8AY.
Mbl XOTMM, 'tTOObl Bbl oTAoxHynM. We want you to have a rest.
Most other verbs which indicate that somebody wants somebody to do (or
not to do) something are also followed by the same 'tT66bl construction,
for example verbs meaning 'to order', 'to wish', 'to insist', 'to demand':
BeneTb ' / P (Ben.o, Tbl BenMwb) (+ dative) Ita order
rOBopMTb ' /CK838Tb P Ita tell'
npMKs3bIB8Tb ' /npMK838Tb P (13) ( + dative) Ita order'
H8CTSMB8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb)/H8CTORTb P (H8CTOIO, H8CTOMWb) Ita insist'
)l(enaTb'/no- p (like 3H8Tb) Ita wish'
Tpe6oB8Tb ' (Tp66ylO, Tp86yewb)/no- p Ita demand'
6H BenMT, 'tT66bl Bbl
npMwnM 38BTp8.
MipM cK838n8, 'tT06bl
OH nOAo*Ailn.
OHS H8cTsMB8eT, 'tT66bl
OH M3BMHMncR.
He orders you to come tomorrow.
Mary told him to wait.
She insists that he apologize.
262

POSSESSION (CBOM); PURPOSE ('fT06b1)
Mbl JK8naeM, '1T66bl Bee We want (wish) everything to go well.
6blno xopow6.
TYPMCTbl noTP86oBanM, '1T66bl MX nepecenMnM B APYrYlO rocTMHMLlY.
The tourists demanded to be moved to another hotel.
Some verbs can be used either with 'tT66bl or with an infinitive. The main
ones are npocMTb'/no- p (15) 'to request' and npMK83bIB8Tb ' /npMK838Tb P
'to order':
S1 npocMn, '1T66bl OHa npMwnlt. I asked her to come.
or S1 npOCMn ei (ace.) npMMTM.
Ott8 npMK838na, 'fT66b16tt npMwin. She ordered him to come.
or OHa npMK83ltn8 8MY (dat.) npMMTM.
EXERCISE 21/4
Say in Russian, using '1T66bl:
1 We're going to Russia to study (i) Russian. 2 I want them to come (p)
tomorrow. 3 He wants you to ring (p) in the evening. 4 Give me two
kopecks to make a phone call (p). 5 We told her to take (p) her coat.
21.9 Vocabulary
aBTOp author
8AMMHMcTpaTop administrator;
hotel manager
60Kan wineglass
6YMar8 paper
TY8neTH8R 6YMar8 toilet paper
BepMTb ' BeplO, BepMwb (noJ» to
believe (+ dat. = someone)
(B + ace. in someone or
something)
B3rnSiA view
BKnlO'I6Tb ' (like 3H8Tb)
(BKI1IO'IMTb P BKnlO'IY,
BKJ1IO'1MWb) to plug in, switch on
BMecTo Tor6 '1T66bl (+inf) instead
of (doing something)
BpSiA nM hardly, unlikely
Bbl3B8Tb P Bbl30BY, Bbl30B8Wb
(BbI3bIBaTb ' like 3H8Tb) to
summon
Bblp8)KeHM8 expression
BbIXOAMTb'/BbIMTMP M3 Ce6R to
lose one's temper ('go out of
oneself')
263

LESSON 21
repOM gen.pl. repoes hero
rHesHblM angry
ropHM'tH8R (f adD maid
esponeMcKMM European
>KanOS8TbcR' (no- P ) (H8 + ace.)
>KanYlOcb, >KanyewbcR to
complain (about)
38RSMTb P 38Rsn.o, 38RSMWb ( +
ace.) (38RsnRTb ' like 3H8Tb) to
announce (sth)
MMeTb ' S SMAY to bear in mind
K8caTbcR ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ gen.)
(KOCHYTbCRP KOCHYCb,
KocHewbcR) to touch (sth); to
concern
'tTO K8c8eTcR (+ gen.) as for
('what concerns')
KMnRT(o)K boiling water
KpOS8Tb(f) bed
KynbTYP8 culture
ne>K8Tb ' ne>KY, ne>KMWb (no- p ) to
lie, be in a lying position
nM40 pI. nM48 face; person
M8cTep pI. M8cTep8 skilled work-
man
MMnM4MR police
MOHTep electrician
H8sepHoe probably
H8pO'tHO deliberately
HOMep pI. HOMep8 hotel room;
number
060M (m pI.) gen.pl. o6Oes wall-
paper
OAMH8KOSbiM identical
oTHoweHMe attitude
nepesoA'tMK translator
nepeHecTMP (like HecTM) + ace.
(nepeHOCMTb' like HOCMTb) to
transfer
nepecenMTb P ( +acc.) nepecen.o,
nepecenMwb (nepecenRTb ' like
3H8Tb) to move, resettle
(s.o.)
nosoA cause
noe3AK8 gen.pl. noe3AoK journey
nonb30s8TbCR ' (aoc- p ) (+ inst.)
nOnb3YlOcb, nOnb3yewbcR to
use (sth)
nOTpe6os8Tb P (Tpe6os8Tb ' )
nOTpe6ylO, nOTpe6yewb to
demand
npM'tMH8 reason. cause
npo6neM8 problem
nposepMTbPnposeplO,
nposepMwb (nposepRTb ' like
3H8Tb) (+ ace.) to check
npO>KMS8IOlqMM em adD resident
npocb68 reques1
nyrewecTBos8Tb ' nyrewecTsylO,
nyrewecTByewb to travel
p83sMTMe development
p83AenRTb' (like 3H8Tb) + acc.
(p83AenMTbP p 8 3A e n.o,
p83AenMwb) to share
peMoHT repair(s), maintenance
pOAMH8 homeland
H8 pOAMHe in one's homeland
p038TK8 gen.pl. p03eToK
electricity socket, power point
C8MOS8p samovar, urn
CSOM own (21.2)
ce6R self (21.4)
ceTb (f) network; circuit
co6cTseHHbiM own, personal
264

POSSESSION (CSOM); PURPOSE (T06bl)
cnpRT8TbPcnpRy,cnpReWb
(+ ace.) (npRT8Tb l ) to hide
cpa3Y)I(e immediately
CpOHO urgently
cTMnb (m) style
TepneTb' (no- p ) TepnnlO, TepnMwb
to endure; to be patient
TepneTb He MOrY (+ ace.) I can't
stand (s.o. or sth)
Tpe60s8Tb ' see no- to demand
(21.8)
TYprpynn8 tourist group
Tjcl»nM (f pI.) gen.pl. Tjcl»enb
shoes, house shoes
YB8)1(aTb ' (like 3H8Tb) to respect
21.10 B rocTMHM4e In the Hotel
YCTpaMB8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(YCTp6MTb P YCTPOIO, YCTPOMWb)
to organize (sth); to suit (s.o.)
XOTR although
4seT pl. 4BeTa colour
aMHMK kettle; teapot
acTblM frequent
awK8 gen.pl. aweK cup
To6bl [sht6-bl] (in order) to
YBCTBOS8Tb' (no- p ) (+ ace.) to
feel (something)
YBCTSYIO, YBCTByewb
YBCTBOB8Tb ce611 xopowo
to feel well
3neKTp06pMTB8 electric razor
A = AAMMHMcTpaTop
n = nepesoAMK TYprpynnbl
n: 3ApascTsYMTe. Y MeHR K B8M npocb68. MMcTep TOpHTY3MT xoeT,
To6bl Bbl eMY AanM APyroi HOMep. OH rOBopMT, TO sere)
HOMepe HeT p03eTKM, 8 6H xoeT CAen8Tb ce68 aWKY K6c1»e.
A: P038TK8 eCTb 06J138TenbHo, 38 KposaTblO. Ho Bo06lqe Mbl He
nI06MM, To6bl npO)l(MS81OlqMe BKl1IOanM S ceTb H8rpeB8TenbHbie
npM6opbl.* CK8>KMTe eMY, 'fTO rOpHMH8JI AilCT eMY KMnJlTOK M3
csoero C8Mosap8.
n: XopOWO, JI nepeAaM.
Lfepe3 AeCJlTb MMHYT . . .
n: MMCTep8 TOpHTY3MT8 3TO He YCTpaMS8eT. OH rOBopMT, TO OH He
xoeT nOnb30S8TbCJI C8MOS8poM ropHMHOM. OH rosopMT, TO,
H8sepHoe, C8MOBap y ropHMHOM rpR3Hbli, 8 y Hero CBoi 'faMHMK,
M OH 6YAeT n6nb30s8TbCJI TonbKO CSOMM co6CTBeHHbiM
aiHMKoM.
A: A po36TKY OH H8win?
265

LESSON 21
n: H8win, HO OH rOSOpMT, 'fTO OHa He pa60T8eT. KpOM8 Toro, OH
)l(anyeTcR, 'tTO OH He MO)l(eT SKl1IO'tMTb CSOIO 3neKTpo6pHTBY, 'fTO
HeT TYaneTHOM 6YMarM M 'fTO I.\BeT 060es eMY He HpaBMTCR.
A: Xopowo. SI Bbl30BY MOHTipa, 'tT06bl OH npoBepMn P038TKY, M R
CKIUKj ropHM'tHOM, 'fT06bl OH8 npMHecna TY8neTHYltO 6YMary. A
'tTO K8caeTcR 060es, R HM'ferO He MOrY CAen8Tb. Bo Bcex HOMepax
060M OAMHaKOBble.
n: OT ce611 CK8)1(Y*, 'tTO R TepneTb He MOrY 3Toro MMCTep8
TOpHTY3MT8. 6H AYM8eT TonbKO 0 ce6e, OH Sce speMR cepAMTCR,
SblXOAMT M3 ce611 no nlO60MY nOSOAY. KorAS Mbl 6blnM S
MOCKOSCKOM rOCTMHM4e M OH He Mor H8MTH CSOM 1jnM, OH
nOTpe60s8n, 'fT06bl R CpO'tHO Bbl3s8n MMnMI.\MIO. npMwna
MMnHI.\MR, M OK838nOCb, 'tTO yYcf)nM ne)l(aT nOA ero KposaTblO.
BMeCTo Toro, 'tT06bl M3SMHHTbCR, OH 38RBMn, 'tTO ropHM'tH8JI
H8pO'tHO cnpRT8n8 ero ,.ycf)nM, 'tT06bl nOTOM npOABTb MX H8
'tipHOM pblHKe.
nOAXOAMT 8HrnM'faHMH C rHeBHblM Bblp8*eHMeM nML48.
n: MHCTep TOpH1)f3MT Tp86yeT, 'fT06bl ero cpa3Y *e nepecenMnM B
APyroM HOMep.
A: Xopowo. ECTb cBo60AHbie HOMepa H8 AesRToM 3T8*e, xOTIl T8M
MAiT peMoHT M sPRA nM eMY T8M 6YAeT nY'twe. SI MOrj
nonpocMTb, 'tT66bl ero nepecenHnM TYAS.
n: 50nbwoe cnacM60.
A: nYCTb MMcTep TMp8H . . . K8K ero . . . nYCTb 8HrnMMcKMM rOCTb
MAiT K ce66 B HOMep. SI CK8.y ropHM'tHOM, 'fT06bl oHa nOMorna
eMY nepeHecTH seaqM.
*H8rpesaTenbHblM npM60p heating appliance.
*OT ce611 CK8*Y speaking for myself ('from myself I'll say').
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 21/5
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev
1 When was Turgenev born?
2 What was the name of his birthplace? (You may need a map to find the
nominative form.)
266

POSSESSION (CB6M), PURPOSE (T66bl)
3 Translate the first sentence of the second paragraph paying special
attention to CBOIO POAMHY, CBOM H8pOA, ero KynbTYPY,  A3bIK.
4 He spent a lot of time in Western Europe. What two reasons are men-
tioned?
5 Did Turgenev want to overthrow the Tsar or did he consider Russia to
be paradise on earth?
M3BecTHbiM PYCCKMM nMc8Tenb MBaH CepreeBM'4 TypreHeB, aBTop
pOMaH8 «OT4bl M AeTM», pOAMncA AB8A48Tb BocbMaro OKTA6pA
(AeBAToro HOA6pA no HOSOMY cTMnlO*) TbICA't8 BoceMbcoT
BoceMHaA48Toro rOA8 S ropoAe Opne, K lOry OT MocKBbl.
XOTA TypreHeB o'teHb J1106Mn cBolO POAMHY, CSOM H8pOA, era
KynbTYPY, ero A3bIK, OH npoBoAMn MHoro BpeMeHM 38 rp8HM4eM. 6H
y'tMncA B 5epnMHe, Aonro )l(Mn B n8pM*e, nyrewecTBoB8n no
cTpaH8M 3anBAHOM EBponbl, 6bln B AHrnMM, rAe B TbICA't8 BoceMbcoT
wecTMAecAToM rOAY OH npOBen TPM H8AenM H8 YaMTe*, a B TbICJI't8
BoceMbcoT CeMbAecRT AeBAToM rOAY nony'tMn nO'teTHYlOt cTeneHb t
6KCoPACKoro YHMBepcMTeT8.
C'tMTaeTcR, 'tTO rnasHoM npM'tMHoM ero 'tacTblx noe3AoK 38
rp8HM4Y 6blna ero npMsfl38HHOCTb t K c1JP8H4Y3CKOM neBM4e* n.
BM8PAO, C KOTOpOM OH n03H8KoMMncA B 1843 rOAY. Ho MHorMe
c'tMTaIOT, 'tTO OH 'tYBcTBoB8n ce6A nY'4we B 3anBAHOM EBpone, 'teM B
POCCMM. XOTA OH nMcan 0 np06neM8x cBoeM pOAMHbl, OH 6bln
eBponeMcKMM nMcaTeneM.
Csai nY'IwMi POM8H ccOTl.\bl M AeTM» OH ony6nMKoBan* B TbICA't8
BoceMbcoT WeCTbAeCflT nepBoM rOAY. H8 38nSAe MHorMe 3H81OT 3TOT
pOMaH M era repoA, «HMrMnMcT8»t-peBonI04MoHep8 5836pOB8.
TypreHeB YB8)1(an cBoero My.ecTseHHoro* repoR, HO He p83AenAn
ero B3rnAAOB. LlT06bl nOHATb ero ABOMCTseHHoe t OTHoweHMe K
5838POSY, HSAO MMeTb S BMAY, 'tTO TypreHes xopowa 3H8n sce
np06neMbi cBoei OTCTanOM* pOAMHbl, HO C'tMTan ce6A nM6epanOM t , 8
He peBon104MOHepOM. 6H He BepMn B He06xOAMMOCTb t peBonlO4MM B
POCCMM. 6H 6bln «36nBAHMKOM»*, TO eCTb OH C'tMTan _n&AHO-
eBponeMCKMM, K8nMT8nMCTM'teCKMM* nyrb p83BMTMR npMeMneMblM*
AJ1A POCCMM.
267

LESSON 21
tExtra Vocabulary for Turgenev Exercise (In Alphabetical Order):
AB6MCTB8HHbiM dual
36nSAHMK westernizer, i.e. one
who believed that Russia could
learn from the West; their oppo-
nents, the Slavophiles
(cn8BRHocf)Mnbl) believed in a
non-western, Slavonic, path
K8nMT8nMCTM'feCKMM capitalist
nM6epan liberal
My.ecTBeHHbIM manly,
courageous
Heo6xoAMMOCTb (f) necessity
HMrMnMcT nihilist (an 1860s revolu-
tionary who believed that all the
existing social institutions should
be swept away)
ony6nMKoB8Tb P to publish
oTCT8nbiM backward
neBMI.48 (female) singer
nO'feTH8R cTeneHb honorary
degree
npMBfl38HHOCTb (1) attachment,
affection
npMeMneMblM acceptable
no H6BOMY cTMnlO new style (by
the western calendar adopted
after the 1917 revolution)
YaMT Isle of Wight
268

22
YPOK HOMEP ABAAATb ABA
FUN WITH NUMBERS
22.1 Key Phrases
Me*AY nJiTblO M C8MblO 1f8c8MM
oonbWe (oonee) rumtc6T py6nei
OH8 rOBopan H8 TpiX Jl3bIK8X.
C 06eMX CTOpOH
068MMM PYK8MM
H8 o66MX CTonax
co MH6rMMM PYCCKMMM
B HecKonbKMX ropoAix
between five and seven o'clock
more than five hundred roubles
She speaks three languages.
from both sides
with both han ds
on both tables
with many Russians
in several towns
22.2 The Declension of Numbers and Quantity Words
The material in this lesson is concerned with the complexities of Russian
number usage. If you find the difficulties of doing arithmetic in Russian
intriguing, then enjoy yourself. If the grammar of numbers turns you off,
then skip through the lesson to see the kinds of situations to avoid, and
move on quickly to Lesson 23. The essential material on numbers is in
Lessons 9 and 17.
Have you revised 9.5 and 9.9 on 'two dollars' As8 A6nn8f)1, 'five dollars'
nJlTb A6nn8pm! etc? The two main grammar points to note in this lesson
are:
(a) that numbers and quantity words (nJITb, cT6, MH6ro) have declensions
269

LESSON 22
just as nouns do (nocne neHMHA 'after Lenin'; nocne nR TM 'after five' -
genitive case);
(b) the agreement rules for nouns and numbers in 9.9 (and adjectives
10.13) do not apply if the number is in the gen., dat., i.nst. or prep. case
('of three', 'with fifty' etc.). Note this new rule: When the number is in
one of these four cases, for example the instrumental, any accompanying
adjectives and nouns are in the plural of the same case as the number.
Examples:
(nom./acc. number) ABa AonnapA two dollars ('of dollar' 9.5)
(inst. number) C ABYMB AonnaPDnt with two dollars ('dollars' in inst. plural)
Ase Mono. AeBYWK M two young girls (see 10.13)
ABYM Mono AblM AeBywKIM to two young girls (dat. pI.)
ABa 'taci
nocne ABU 'tac
TPM MHOCTpaHHRIX CTYAeHTB
C Tp eMR MHOCTpaHHI2!M.tt
CTyAeH TaMM
two o'clock
after two o'clock (gen. pI.)
three foreign students (10.13)
with three foreign students (inst. pl.)
HeCKonbKO R3blKOB
Ha H8cKonbKHX R3blKIx
several languages
in several languages (prep. pI.)
In practice, Russians avoid using numbers, particularly big ones, in cases
other than the nom./acc./gen., and you can do the same. For example, a
sentence such as 'I arrived with 540 dollars' (instrumental C nRTblOCT8MM
COpOK8 AonnapaMM) can be rephrased as 'I had 540 dollars when I
arrived' (KorAi R npMexan, Y MeHR 6blno nRTbcoT COPOK AonnapoB).
22.3 Declension Details
Numbers which end with a soft sign in the nominative (e.g. 5-20) behave
like soft-sign feminine singular nouns, so the genitive of nRTb is nRTM (cf.
CM6Mpb-CM6MPH). But many numbers are idiosyncratic. ABa, TPM and
'teTblpe have unique declensions, and other numbers have special features
too. See the tables on pp. 378-86.
270

FUN WITH NUMBERS
As mentioned in Lesson 17 on times and dates, the only number case
forms you have to know are the genitive fonns of the low numbers, up to
twenty-five or so (17.6). But for reference purposes it is useful to know
how the phrases at the beginning of this lesson are fonned.
0AMH, as you may remember, has the same grammar and endings as
3TOT ('this '):
Sl3HalO oAHor6 (note stress)
nMCaTenR.
SI n03HaK6MMnacb C OAHMM
MonoAblM 'tenoseKoM.
nMcbMo OT OAHOi AesywKM
I know one (= a certain) writer.
I got to know a certain Cone')
young man.
a letter from one (a certain) girl
OAMH also has plural fonns (for use with nouns which have no singular):
OAHM'taCbl
one watch
OAMH also means 'alone':
OHa OAHa.
Mbl OAHM.
s OAHMX 6plOKax (6pIOKM
'trousers ')
She is alone.
We are alone.
wearing only trousers (in trousers
alone)
Asa/Ase, TPM and 'teTblpe have the following fonns:
NAsa TPM 't8Tblpe
A ABaJABYX* TPMhpex* 'teTblpel'f8Tblpex*
G ASYx Tp8X 'teTblpix
o ASYM TpeM 't8Tblp8M
I ABYMA TpeMR 'teTblpbMA
P ASYx Tpex 'teTblp8x
* Asyx, Tpix and 'teTblpix are used with animate nouns - see 22.9 below.
nRTb, W8CTb, Boc(e)Mb etc. look like feminine singular nouns.
N nRTb s6ceMb nRT H 8ALlSTb AB8ALI8Tb
A nRTb soceMb nRTHBALI8Tb A S 8AlpITb
G nRTM BOCbMM nRTH8ALI8TM A B 8ALI8TM
0 nRTM BOCbMM nRTH8ALI8TM ABBAlpITM
I nRTblO SOC8MbIO nRTH8ALI8TblO A S 8ALI8TblO
P nRTM SOCbMM nRT H 8ALlSTM A B 8ALI8TM
271

LESSON 22
The stress is on the end of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20 and 30. It is fixed on the
stem of 11-19.
COpOK, A8BRHOcTO and CTO have strange (but easy) declensions:
N COpOK AeBRHocTO CTO
A -COpOK AeBRH6cTo CTO
G COpoKa AeBRHocT8 cTa
o COpOK8 AeBRHocT8 CTa
I copOKa A8BAHOcT8 CTa
P copOKa AeBRHOCT8 CTa
The numbers 50, 60, 70, 80, and the hundreds - 200 etc. - are two-part
words and both parts decline:
N nRTbAeCRT
A nJlTbA8CRT
G nRTMA8CRTM
o nATMA8CJlTM
I nJiTbIOA8CRTblO
P nATMA8CRTM
BOCeMbA8CRT
BOCeMbAeCAT
BOCbMMA8CRTM
BOCbMMA8CRTM
BoceMblOAecATblO
BOCbMMA8CRTM
ABeCTM
ABecTM
ABYXCOT
ABYMCT8M
ABYMRCT8M M
AByxcTax
nRTbCOT
nRTbCoT
nRTMcoT
nRTMCTaM
nRTblOCTaMM
nRTMcTax
The numbers 60 and 70 are like 50; 300 and all the other hundreds are like
200 and 500. Grammar Table 7 (see page 383) gives more examples.
For 'thousand' (TbICR'I8) and million, see 22.6 below.
EXERCISE 22/1
Translate:
1 6H npMA8T Me*AY TpeMR M nRTblO 'I8CaMM. 2 OHa 38p86aTblB8eT
(earns) 66nbw8 'IeTblpix TbICR'I Tp8XCOT Aonn8poB B MecR. 3 B
Haw8M M8ra3MHe npoA8IOTcR KHMrM H8 BOCbMMA8CJlTM ABYX A3blKax.
EXERCISE 22/2
Read (or write out) the numbers in Russian:
1 nOJKiu1yicT8, n03BOHMTe MHO AO 11 'I8COB Please ring me before
eleven. 2 SI xO'ly B8C n03H8KoMMTb C 2 MHT8p6cHbINM AeBywK8MM 'I
272

FUN WITH NUMBERS
want to introduce you to two interesting girls. 3 MMcTep noyn rOBopMT Ha
8 R3blK8X Mr Pope speaks eight languages. 4 AAMMHMCTp8TOp nonY'tMn
nMcbMo OT 31 aMepMK8H48 The manager has received a letter from thirty-
one Americans.
22.4 Both: 66a166e

These words behave like ABalAB8 'two', so 06a is used with m and n
nouns, while 66e goes with f ones. After 6681668 in the nom. or acc., the
noun is genitive singular:
66a APyra
66e nOAPyrM
both friends
both female friends
The declensions of 66a and 66e are:
M 66a
A 668 (inanim)/o66MX (anim)
G o66MX
o o66MM
I o66MMM
P o66MX
06e
66e (inanim)/o6eMx (anim)
o6eMx
o6eMM
o6eMMM
o6eMx
Here are some phrases you might need:
06eMMM PYK8MM
SI 3H81O MX 060MX .
B o66MX cny't8Rx
with both hands
I know them both.
in both cases
Note that' both' linking two words is M . . . M:
SI 3H81O M EBY, M BBAMMa. I know both Eva and Vadim.
22.5 nonTopa: One and a Half
One and a half is always translated as nonTop8 (nonTopbl with feminine
nouns), never as OAMH C nonoBMHoM. After nonTopa (which is short for
nonoBMH8 BToporo 'half of the second'), use the genitive singular:
273

LESSON 22
Mbl *AinM nOnTOpS 'ISCS
(gen. sg.).
nonTOp8 KMnorpSMMS
We waited for an hour and a half.
one and a half kilograms
The feminine form is officially nonTopbl:
nonTopblHeAenM
one and a half weeks
,
But in infonnal, colloquial speech nonTopa is used with all nouns.
22.6 EXTRA: Declension of nonTopS
Like all numerals, nonToplllnonTopbl decline. The GID/IIP of both non-
Topa and nonTopbl is nony-rops.
60nbwe nonjTops TbICJI'I
(gen. pI.)
more than one and a half thousand
22.7 Thousand, Million, Billion
Note that TbICJI'IS (1,000), MMnnM6H (million), MMnnMapA (US billion =
thousand million), and 6MnnM6H (million million) are grammatically nouns,
not numerals, which means that (a) they have nonnal noun endings, and
(b) they behave like KMnorpaMM, not like nJlTb, Le. following nouns and
adjectives are always in the genitive:
C ABYMII KMnOrp8MMsMM with two kilos of oranges
snenbCMHg&
C ABYMA MMnnM6HsMM Py6nei with two million roubles
(not py6nilMM)
Tp8M TbICJI'ISM sMepMK8H4eB to three thousand Americans
(not sMepMK8H48M)
But remember (9.11) that in Russian it is always the last number which
determines agreement:
TpiM TbICJI'ISM Tp8MCTaM sMepMKaHL\IM to 3,300 Americans
274

FUN WITH NUMBERS
SJ nIXNMTin AB8 TbICJI'tM PYCC KMX KHM[. I have read 2,000 Russian books.
s:I npo'tMTin TbICJI'tY ABecTM OAHY PYCCK KHMry. I have read 1,201
Russian books.
't8Tblpe-nJlTb M8eJlL\U. (gen.pl.) four or five months
22.8 Quantity Words: Declension of MHoro etc.
MH6ro 'many', HeCKonbKO 'a few', 'several', and cK6nbKo 'how many'
have the following type of declension:
N MHoro
A MHoro (inanim)/MHorMx (anim)
G MHorMx
o MH6rMM
I MHorMMM
P MHorMx
BO MHorMx oTHOWeHMJlX
s:I rOBopMn co MHorMMM
TYPMCTSMM.
B HecKonbKMx M8CT8X
in many respects
I spoke to many tourists.
in several places
EXERCISE 22/3
Put the numbers/quantity words in the correct form and translate:
1 Mbl 6blnM B 32 cTpaHsx. 2 Mbl exsnM 1,5 "Iaca. 3 Msrs3MH pa60TseT C
9 yrpa AO 5 Be't8ps. 4 s:I n03HaKOMMnCJI C (068) AeBywKsMM. 5 Mbl
n06blBanM BO (MHoro) PYCCKMX ropoAilx. 6 Mbl pS3roBapMBanM C
(HecKonbKo) PYCCKMMM MH)I(8HepsMM.
EXERCISE 22/4
Read the following sentences aloud and translate, noting that each second
sentence is a simpler version of the preceding one, avoiding awkward
declined numerals:
275

LESSON 22
1 Mbl npownM newKoM oKono 250 (gen.) KMnoM8TpoB. 2 Mbl npownM
newKoM npMMepHo (= approximately (adverb)) 250 (ace.) KMnoM8TpoB.
3 6H npMex8n C 540 (inst.) AonnapaMM. 4 KorAi OH npMex8n, Y Hero
6blno 540 (nom.) Aonn8poB. 5 SI npMAY Me*AY 10M 11 't8C8MM. 6 R
npMAY B 11-oM (adj) 't8CY (17.4).7 B MocKBe )l(MBiT 60nee 6.500.000
(gen.) 'tenoB8K. 8 H8ceneHMe (population) MOCKBbl npeBblwaeT
(exceeds) 6.500.000 (ace.) 'tenoB8K.
22.9 The Accusative of Numbers with Animate Nouns
General rules. Only the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 have animate accusative
fonns (Le. oAHoro, ABYX, Tpix, 'teTblpix). Numbers ending 1 decline the
1, but numbers which end 2, 3 and 4, e.g. 22, 32, 5,134, do not have
animate accusative fonns.
Note these three model sentences:
SI 3H81O ee ABn (anim ace.) 6p8TbeB. I know her two brothers.
Mbl XOTMM 38K838Tb CTon H8 AB8ATb AB.I (inanim form) 'tenoBeK8.
We want to book a table for twenty-two people.
Mbl XOTMM 38K838Tb cTon H8 AB8A48Tb OAH (anim) 'tenoBeK8.
We want to book a table for twenty-one people.
22.10 Collective Numerals
There is another set of number words which you will meet occasionally,
particularly when Russians give the number of children in a family.
Instead of AB8 pe6iHK8 'two children' ('two of child '), they nonnally say
ABOe AeTei, 'a twosome of children'. There are nine of these collective
numerals, from two to ten, but only the first three are common:
ABoe 'two', 'a twosome'
Tp6e 'three', 'a threesome'
'teTBepo 'four' I 'a foursome'
The others are nlrrepo, w6cTepo, c8Mepo, BOcbMepo, A8BJlTepo,
.q8cRTepo. You need these collective numerals:
276

FUN WITH NUMBERS
(a) when counting children (A8TM) and men (MY)I('tMHbl):
Y Hee Asoe AeTei. 'She has two children' (more idiomatic than ABa
pe6iHKa).
ABoe MY)I('tMH 'two men' (not ABa MY)I('tMHbl)
(b) when counting words which have no singular fonns (since ABa, TPM,
'teTblpe require the gen. sg.), e.g. CYTKM 'twenty-four hours', 'tacbl
'watch' , 6plOKM 'trousers', HcnM 'creche':
B n6e3Ae Mbl exanM Tp6e Cy...OK. We spent three days and nights on the
train.
Y MeHR AB6e 'tac6B. I have two watches.
Ha 3TOM 38B6Ae ABoe RcneM. This factory has two creches.
(c) in phrases such as 'There are four of us'. Hac 'teTBepo.
Hac 6blno Tpoe. There were three of us.
22.11 EXTRA: More on Collective Numerals
Optionally, collective numerals can be used for groups of males (not
females or mixed groups), e.g. ABoe conAST 'two soldiers' (or ABa
conASTa), Tpoe Y'tMTenei 'three teachers' (or TPM Y'tMTenR). This usage
is rather colloquial. Tpoe MMHMCTPOB (' a threesome of male government
ministers') would sound disrespectful; TPM MMHMcTpa is more polite.
The other collective numerals up to ten are, as we saw above: nliTepo
'five', w8cTepo 'six', ceMepo 'seven', BocbMepo 'eight', AeBRTepo
'nine', AecRTepo 'ten', but the higher the number, the rarer it is. Instead
of Hac 6blno nHTepo 'There were five of us' you can say Hac 6blno nRTb
'tenoBeK. Since the numbers nRTb, weCTb etc. take the genitive plural,
you do not need to use nRTepo, w8cTepo etc. with words which have no
singular. So 'five days and nights' is simply nJlTb Cy...OK (no need to say
nkrepo CYTOK), 'five children' is nJlTb A8TeM.
Like all numerals, AB6e, Tp6e etc. decline, but Russians generally
avoid structures in which declined fonns would be necessary. Here are the
declensions of ABoe ('two') and 'teTBepo ('four'):
N ABoe
'teTBepo
277

LESSON 22
A ABoe (inanim) ABOMX (anim)
G ABOMX
o ABOMM
I ABOMMM
P ABOMX
'teTBepo (inanim)/'teTBepblx (anim)
't8TBepblx
'teTBepblM
'teTBepblMM
'teTBepblx
Tpoe declines like ABOe, the others like 'teTBepo.
In a hotel: HOMep H8 ABOMX 'a room for two (people)', 'a double'
pa66T8Tb 38 TpOMX 'to work for three' (do as much as three people).
There are no collective numerals beyond A8cATepo 'ten', so there are
problems if you should ever want to say 'twenty-three watches' ('tacbl
m pI. 'watch') or 'eighty-two creches' (HcnM pI. 'creche'), since numbers
ending 2, 3, 4 require the genitive singular. In such cases, the construction
has to be rewritten to separate the number from the noun, e.g. Mbl
oTKpblnM HcnM B KonM'teCTB8 BOCbMMA8CATM ABYX "We have opened
creches in the quantity (to the total) of eighty-two. '
22.12 Verb Agreement with Numbers
The general rule is: when the subject is a numeral, make the verb neuter
singular:
Y MeHR 6blllQ. nATbAeCRT
A6nnapoB.
Ei TorAi 6blM TPM r6A8.
npMwM nATb 'tenoBeK.
I had fifty dollars.
She was three years old then.
Five people came.
But note the following details:
- Plural verbs are quite common if the subject is animate (i.e. people):
npMwn6 (npMwnM) A8cATb aMepMK8H4eB. Ten Americans came.
- Plural verbs are normal with animate subjects if (a) the number is ABa,
TPM, '1eTblpe, or the collective numerals AB6e, Tp6e, ...eTBepo, and/or (b)
the subject comes before the verb:
278

FUN WITH NUMBERS
Ei TPM CblH8 *AanM (not *A8no) H8C H8 BOK38ne.
Her three sons were waiting for us at the station.
AeCRTb-nRTH8A48Tb TYPMCTOB XOTRT (not X6"1eT) nOMTM B TeaTp.
T en or fifteen tourists want to go to the theatre.
npMAYr ABOe. Two men will come.
a B8roHe-pecTopsHe CMAenM/cMAeno Tp6e 8MepMK8HL\eB.
There were three American men sitting in the restaurant car.
EXERCISE 22/5
Say in Russian:
1 We have two children. 2 There are three of us. 3 You have to travel for
three days and three nights (use CYrKM). 4 Two men were waiting for us.
5 I had more than (6onee + gen.) a hundred dollars.
22.13 Fractions
You should already know the feminine nouns nonoBMH8 'half' and
"IeTBepTb 'a quarter'. Notice also TpeTb (f) 'a third'. The other fractions
are all feminine adjectives, with the usual adjective endings after numbers:
OAHa nRT8R
oAHa wecTH8AT8R
ABe nRTblx (gen. pl.)
TPM M nRTb A8CRTbIX
one-fifth
one-sixteenth
two-fifths
3.5 (three and five-tenths)
Both decimal fractions and vulgar fractions are read in the same way. So
4,3 and 4 3 /10 are read as "IeTblpe M TPM AecRTblx*. After fractions, ad jec-
tives and nouns are in the genitive singular:
2,6 pe6iHK8
nRTbAeCRT WecTb M B6ceMb A8CRTbIX npOL\eHT8
fifty-six and eight-tenths of a per cent (npOL\eHT is a
masculine noun)
2.6 children (two and six-tenths of a child)
56,80/0
* A note on halves. 'Half' is nonoBMH8 in everyday contexts and nRTb
279

LESSON 22
A8CATbIX ('five-tenths') in statistical contexts. In everyday speech 'two/
three/four etc. and a half' is ABa/TpM/'teTblpe etc. e nonoBMHoM ('with
a half); the fonn of the following noun is then governed by the integer
(the whole number), not by the fraction. For example:
nRTb C nonoBMHoM MeTPDII (gen.pl. after 5) five and a half metres
But in a more mathematical/statistical/official context ('5.5 metres'):
nRTb M nRTb AecHTbix (5,5) MeTpa (gen.sg. after a decimal fraction)
Remember that 'one and a half' is nonTopa (see above 22.5).
Note that Russians use a decimal comma (5,5), not a decimal point.
22.14 TeKcT. CT8TMCTMK8 ('Statistics')
As a difficult and entirely optional exercise, you can try reading out the
numbers. They are written out in words immediately following the text.
B 1982 rOAY B COBeTcKoM COlO38 npO)l(MBanO 60nee 268.000.000
'tenoBeK, M3 HMX oKono 5.000.000 CTYAeHTOB, KOTOpbl8 Y'tMnMcb B 900
YHMB8pcMTeT8x M MHCTMTy,,8X. B 1982 rOAY 6blno oKono 1.000.000
Bpa'teM. B TOM )1(8 rOAY B MOCK Be 6blno 60nee 8.350.000 )l(MTeneM,
KOTopble cMoTpenM CneKT8KnM B 26 TeaTpax. MOCKOBCKM8 AeTM
xOAMnM B 1.000 wKon.
Answers to the numbers exercise: 1&82 TbICR't8 AeBRTbcoT B6ceMb-
AecRT BTOpOM - '1982nd year' (17.11); 268.000.000 ABYXCOT W8CTM-
AecATM BOCbMM MMnnMoHoB - 60nee = 60nbwe + gen. 'more than
(18.2); 5.000.000 nRTM MMnnMoHoB - gen. after OKono labout'; 900
AeBATMCTax - prep.; 1.000.000 (oAHoro) MMnnM6H8; 8.350.000 BOCbMM
MMnnMoHoB TpixcOT nRTMAecRTM TbICR't - gen.; 2fi AB8AL48TM W8CTM -
prep.; 1.000 TbICR'ty - ace.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 22/6
Russian Divorce Statistics
Find the answers to the following questions:
280

FUN WITH NUMBERS
1 What percentage of married couples get divorced in anyone year?
2 How do the divorce figures for 1950 compare with those for 1977?
3 At the time of writing what proportion of marriages break up within five
years of the wedding?
4 What proportion of divorcing couples have no children?
EcnM cpaBHMTb 'tMcno pa3BoAoB 36* rOA C 'tMcnoM 6pS'tHbIX* nap,
KOT6pble cYl1IeCTBOBanM B Ha'tane r6A8, T6 36 rOA pa3B6AMTCR Bcer6
6Kono nonjTopa* npoLleHToB cynpyroB, TO eCTb 38 rOA pacna.q8eTcR*
Bcero OKono nJiTHBALI8TM M3 TbICA'tM ceMeM.
B 1950 rOAY Ha TbICR'4Y cBilAe6 6blno TpMALI8Tb ABa p83B0A8. B
1977 rOAY Ha TbICR'tY CBBAe6 6blno Y)I(e TpMcTa ABSALI8Tb TPM
pa3BoA8.
MccneAoBaHMR* nOK836nM, 'tTO TpeTb Bcex pa3BoAoB npoMcx6AMT
H8 nepBoM rOAY ceMeMHoM )l(M3HM, el.L\8 TpeTb npMxoAMTCR* Ha ceMbM,
cYl1IecTBYIOI.L\Me* OT oAHoro AO nRTM neT. M3 CTa HOBblX ceMeMHblX
nap H8 nepBOM rOAY )l(M3HM pacnaAieTcR oAMHHaALI8Tb, AO nRTM neT
pacna.q8eTcR ABSALI8Tb ABe ceMbM.
M3BecTHO, 'tTO B Tex cny...aRX, KorAi B CeMb8 el.L\8 HeT AeTeM (MX
HeT Y 'teTBepTM pa3BOARI.L\MXCR nap), MY)I(bR BblCTYnSlOr
MHMLlM8TopaMM* B nonOBMHe cnY'taeB. A B ceMbRx c AeTbMM
MHMLlM8TopaMM 'tsaqe BbICTYnSIOT* )l(eHI.L\MHbl - ABe TpeTM Bcex
MCKOBbIX* 38RBneHMi* B ceMbRx c OAHMM-ABYMR AeTbMM nOA8nM
)l(eHIqMHbl (TaKMx CeMbAeCRT npoLleHToB OT Bcex pacna.q8lOaqMxcR*
ceMeM, C 60nbwMM KonM'tecTBoM AeTeM - Bcero nRTb npoLleHToB).
TeM CSMbIM* )l(eHLqMHbl cTpeMATcR* 38LqMTMTb AeTei OT KOHcI>nMKToB
ceMeMHoM )l(M3HM. OHM C'tMTSIOT, 'tT6 AeTRM 6YAeT nY'twe 6e3 OTLI8,
'teM C nnoxMM OTLIOM.
(Based on figures quoted by the demographer B. nepeBeAeHLleB in 1981.)
22.15 Vocabulary
(*W ords marked with a * are less common and probably not worth learning
at this stage.)
60nee (bookish) (gen.) more (than)
(18.2) (same as more colloquial
60nbwe + gen.)
6paK marriage
281

LESSON 22
t6p8'tHaR napa married couple
tBblCTYnaTb MHM4MaTOpOM to
initiate (divorce proceedings)
AB6e two, a twosome
38RBneHMe application
t36 rOA (note stress on prep.)
during the year
38I14MTMTbP 38I11MI14Y, 38I14M™wb
(38I14Maq8Tb' like 3HaTb)
(+ ace.) to defend, protect
(someone)
M3BecTHO it is known
tMHM4MaTMBa initiative
tMHM4MaTop initiator
tMCKOB6e 38ABneHMe divorce
application
MccneAoBaHMe investigation,
research
KonM'tecTBo quantity
tKoHnMKT conflict
MMnnMapA a thousand million
(US billion)
668/66e both (22.4)
napa couple
nOABTb P (like ABTb) (+ ace.)
(nOABBaTb' like ABB8Tb) to
serve, hand in, lodge
nonTopa one and a half (22.5)
nonjTopa gen. of nonTopa one
and a half
nonY'tMTbPnonY'tY,nonY'tMwb
(+ ace.) (nonY't8Tb) to receive,
get
tnpMXoAMTCR Ha ceMbM happens
to families
npo.MBaTb' (like 3HaTb) to reside
npoMcxoAMTb ' (like XOAMTb)
(npOM30MTM P like MATH)
to occur
npo4eHT a per cent
tpa3BOAHI14MMCR divorcing
tpacnWIOI14MMCR breaking up
tpacnWTbcA' to break up
PYKa ace. PYKY pI. PYKM, PYKau
hand, arm
CB8.qb68 gen.pl. cBiAe6 wedding
ceMeMHblM family
cnj'taM gen.pl. cnY'taeB case
COBeTcKMM COlO3 Soviet Union
cneKT8Knb (m) performance,
show
cpaBHMTb P cpaBHIO, cpaBHMwb
(Cp8BHMBaTb ' like 3H8Tb) to
compare
ecnM cpaBHMTb if one
compares
tCTpeMMTbCR' to strive, try
CTYAeHT student
tcynpyrM (pl.) husband and wife
(from cynpyr 1 m spouse',
cynpyra If spouse')
CYI148cTBoBaTb' cYl14eCTBYIO
cYl14eCTByewb (npo- p ) to exist
tCYl14ecTBYlOl14MM existing
(Lesson 29)
t-reM C8MbiM in this way Cby that
very')
TO ecTb that is
TP8Tb (f) a third (22.13)
Tpoe three, a threesome
'teTBepo four, a foursome
'teTBepTb (f) quarter (22.12)
'tMcno pl. 'tMcna gen. pl. 'tHcen
number
282

23
YPOK "HOMEP ABAAATb TPM
TIME EXPRESSIONS
23.1 Key Phrases
B'tepa Be'tepoM
B npownylO cpeAY
B TOT A8Hb
B ABBAL\8TOM BeK8
B WeCTMA8CRTbiX rOAaX
38 'tac AO H8'tan8
SI eAY B MOCKBY H8 HeAenlO.
Mbl WnM AO TeSTpa AecRTb
MMHy-r.
Mbl AOWnM AO TeaTpa 38
nRTb MMHy-r_
yesterday evening/last night
last Wednesday
that day
in the twentieth century
in the sixties
an hour before the start
I'm going to Moscow for a week.
It was a ten-minute walk to the
theatre.
We reached the theatre in five
minutes.
23.2 Grammar of Time Expressions
The main structures for telling the time and giving the date are in Lesson
17. This lesson gives you more infonnation on the grammatical patterns
and also deals with the question of duration ('How long?'). There are
several types of time meanings. Three basic types answer the following
questions:
(1) When?
(2) How long does something go on? 'He worked for three days.'
(3) How long does something take to finish? 'He did it in three days.'
283

LESSON 23
23.3 When?
The 'when' type is the commonest and the one with the biggest variety of
answers. Notice that in English, when answering the question 'When did
she arrive?', possible answers are on Wednesday, at three o'clock, in the
morning. The use of 'on', 'at' or 'in' depends on what the noun is. In Rus-
sian too there are several different constructions, depending on the noun.
(a) The first regularity to notice is the common use of B to mean in/at/on
with time words: B cpeAY 'on Wednesday', B ABB '1aclt 'at two o'clock'.
We met such examples in Lesson 17.
(b) If the word denotes a day or shorter (e.g. hour, second etc.), B is used
with the accusative case:
B CpeAY
B 'lac
B nlO6oM AeHb
on Wednesday
at one o'clock/in an hour
on any day
(c) if the time word is longer than a day (e.g. week, month, year etc.), B is
used with the prepositional case:
B SlHBapi
B 3TQM roAi
B AeBSlTH8.qTmLBeKe
in January
this year
in the nineteenth century
Exception: HeAenSi 'week' is used with Ha (+ prep.) instead of B:
ItA np6wnoM HeAene
ItA 3TOM HSAene
ItA cneAYlOaqeM (6YAyaqeM)
HSAene
last week
this week
next week
(d) The parts of the day and the seasons are in the instrumental with no
preposition: YrPOM 'in the morning', B8CHOM 'in spring' (see 16.5).
(e) Words which denote activities (e.g. BOMH' 'war', ypOK 'lesson') or indefi-
nite periods (e.g. anoxa 'era' and BpeMSI 'time' itself) rather than specific
time periods (e.g. HSAenSi 'week') are used with B and the accusative:
284

TIME EXPRESSIONS
B 3TO BpeMR
B BOMHY
B Hawy anoxy
at that time
in the war
in our epoch/era
(f) In the plural, all time words nonnally take B + ace.:
B 3TM AHM/M8cRLlbi/roAbi during these days/months/years
(g) Decades
The nineties are AeBRHocTbie rOAbl 'the ninetieth years', the eighties are
BocbMMAecHTble rOAbl and so on. In this context, the genitive plural of
rOAbl is rOAoB (not neT):
B KOHLle weCTMAeCHTblX rOAOB at the end of the sixties
'In a decade' is either the prepositional or the accusative. So 'in the
seventies' is B ceMMAecH Tbix roAix (prep. - slightly commoner) or B
ceMMAecHT rOAl!( (acc. - in accordance with (f) above).
(h) During
To indicate that something took place over a period of time (rather than
momentarily), the two commonest equivalents of English 'during' are:
BO BpeMR (+ gen.) with activity words, and
B T8",eHM8 (+ gen.) with specific time words
BO BpeMR BOMHbl/yp6Kai
peBonlOLlMM
B Te'teHMe HeAenM
during the war/the lesson/the
revolution
during the week, in the course of a
week
(i) From.. . until (see 17.12)
Both 'since' and 'from' are C with the genitive:
C 'teTBepra
C COPOK 'teTBepToro rOA8
since/from Thursday
since (nineteen) forty-four
'Until' is AO with the genitive:
AO CpeAbl
AO ABYXTblcR'tHoro rOA8
until Wednesday
until the year 2000
285

LESSON 23
'From. . . to' is C . . . AO (or C . .. no with the accusative in the meaning
, inclusive'):
C wecTM 'tacoB AO AeBSlTM
C AecRToro no TpMH8A48Toe
from six o'clock to nine
from the tenth to the thirteenth
inclusive
(j) A month before / A week after
These structures involve two prepositions in Russian:
before: . + acc . . . AO + gen.
3a uecSlL\ AO noe3AKM OH cxoAMn P B nocanbcTBo.
A month before te trip he went to the embassy.
after: 'tepe3 + acc . . . nocne + gen.
"fepe3 H8AenlO nacne 3K38MeHoB Mbl yexanM Ha Mope.
A week after the exams we left for the seaside.
(k) Before
AO + gen. means 'before'; nepeA + inst. means 'immediately before':
AO BOMHbl
nepeA BOMHOM
before the war
just before the war
(1) Once
'Once' in the meaning 'one day' is OAHi*Abl:
0AHa*Abl BecHOM 51 rynRn no Ha6epe)l(HoM.
One day in spring I was strolling on the embankment.
OAHi*Abl Be'lepOM
one evening
'Once' meaning 'one time' is pa3 (or OAMH pa3):
cKonbKo pa3 (m)? how often?
'Twice' is ABa paM (gen. sg.). 'Five times' is nRTb pa3 (gen. pl.). If you
want to say 'twice a week', 'a' translates as B with the accusative:
twice a week
five times a year
three times a month
ABa pa. B HeAenlO
nSlTb p83 B rOA
TPM pa. B M8cRL\
286

TIME EXPRESSIONS
EXERCISE 23/1
Translate the words in brackets:
1 EBa npMA8T (on Saturday at seven). 2 (This year) Mbl 6YAeM
OTAblX8Tb B KpbIMY. 3 MMcTep noyn 6bln 3Aecb (last week). 4 (During
the war) Mbl )l(MnM B CM6MpM. 5 MipM BCTpe'laeTCSI C Bon6Aei (four
times a week).
23.4 How Long?
(a) If the question is about duration (CKonbKo BpeMeHM?lKsK Aonro? -
both meaning 'How long?'), the answer is simply the accusative with no
preposition:
CKonbKO BpeMeHM Bbl 6YAeTe
3Aecb? or KaK A6nro Bbl
6YAeTe 3A ecb ?
SI 6YAY 3Aecb OAHY HeAenlO.
Mbl )l(MnM B CM6MpM TPM rOA8.
nOAO*AMTe MMHYrO'lKY.
How long will you be here?
I shall be here (for) a week.
We lived in Siberia (for) three years.
Wait a moment ('a little minute' -
see Lesson 25).
(b) 'For' in the meaning 'in order to spend' ('We're going to Moscow for
a month') is Ha with the accusative: Mbl eAeM B MocKBY Ha MeCSlL4.
OHa npMexana Ha HeAenm.
.QMpeKTOp Bblwen Hit nSlTb
MMHYr.
6H npM'AeT Bcer6 Hit OAMH A8Hb.
She's come for a week.
The director has gone out for five
minutes.
He'll come for just one day.
Rule of Thumb: 'for' in time expressions
If 'for' can be omitted in English ('He waited (for) ten minutes'), it must be
omitted in Russian (6H *A811 A8cRTb MMHjT). If 'for' cannot be omitted in
an English time expression ('He's coming for a week'), then it is Ha + acc.
in Russian (6H npM83*8er HI HftA6nIO).
287

LESSON 23
23.5 How Long Did It Take?
If the question concerns how long something took to finish, then the
preposition 38 with the accusative is used:
SI npO'lMTana ccBOMHY M MMp»
38 M8cJU".
Mbl BCe CAenSeM 38 H8AenlO.
I read War and Peace in a month.
We'll do everything in a week.
Note the use of perfective verbs because the meaning involves completion.
EXERCISE 23/2
Translate the words in brackets:
1 Mbl >KA8nM (twenty minutes). 2 M3pM 6YAeT B KMeBe «for) a week).
3 Mbl eAeM B MOCKBY (for three months). 4 AMpeKTop Bblwen (for five
minutes). 5 MipM npO'lMTana ccAHHY KapeHMHY» (in two weeks). 6 EBa
Aoexana AO AOMa (in an hour).
23.6 Until! After/Before with Verbs
'Before' with a verb is AO Toro KaK (or nepeA TeM KaK 'immediately
before '):
Ao Tora KaK MipM noexans B MOCKBY, OH8 Y'IMnaCb B 6pMcTone.
Before Mary went to Mosow, she studied in Bristol.
Ao is a preposition', so it cannot be immediately followed by a verb. If you
don't like the complex conjunction AO Toro KaK, use AO with a noun in
the genitive. The above sentence could thus be Ao noe3AKM B MOCKBY
MipM Y'lMnaCb B 6pMcTone (' Before her trip. . . ').
Similarly, 'after' with a verb is nacne Tora KSK:
nacne Toro KSK Mbl BepHiMcSI M3 KMeBs, Mbl noeAeM B CM6Mpb.
After we return from Kiev, we'll go to Siberia.
But notice that the simpler KorAi ('When') Mbl BepHiMcSI M3 KMess . . .
has the same meaning.
288

TIME EXPRESSIONS
'Until' with a verb is nOKa . . . He:
S1 6YAY *ASTb B 6ape, nOKa OHa He BepHiTCSI.
I'll wait in the bar until she returns (= will return).
nOKa Bbl He ASAMTe MH8 6MneT, 51 He yiAY.
Until you give me a ticket I won't leave.
EXERCISE 23/3
Translate the words in brackets:
1 (After I master Russian), 51 npo'tMT{UO ccAHHY KspeHMHY». 2 BSAMM
6YAeT cMAeTb AOMS, (until Eva rings). 3 Bbl AOn)l(Hbl cnpRTsTb
6yrblnKY, (before Eva comes home),
EXERCISE 23/4
Say in Russian:
1 We went to Russia last year. 2 Life will be better in the twenty-first
century. 3 Next week we'll go to Siberia. 4 In the summer Eva and Vadim
will go to Yalta for a month. 5 That day we got up at 6 a.m. 6 Ivan Petrovich
lived in America for two years. 7 He'll be working all week. 8 I've been
there twice. 9 Mary read War and Peace in sixty-two hours. 10 During the
war they worked eighty hours a week.
23.7 Vocabulary
sKLleHT accent
6M6nMoTeK8 library
6nM)I(siwMi next, nearest
6YAHMe AHM (or 6YAHM pI.)
weekdays
6bIBSTb ' (like 3HSTb) to be
(repeatedly/often)
BeK pI. BeKs century
BM38 visa
BCTp8'ts meeting
AMp8KTOP pI. AMpeKTopa director
AOBonbHo rather
38BMAOBSTb ' (no- p ) (+ dat.)
38BMAYIO, 38BMAyewb to envy
(someone)
38ex8Tb P 388AY, 386Aewb K (+ dat.)
(38e3)1(STb ' like 3H8Tb) to call
on someone (by transport)
289

LESSON 23
38K83bIBSTb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(38K838Tb P 38 K8)I(Y ,
38K8)1(ewb) to order
(something)
38uecTMTenb (m) deputy
3BY'l8Tb ' (like rOBopMTb) to sound
3TO 3BY'lMT cMewHo that
sounds funny
M3AitTenbcTBo publishing house
KOHTiucr contact
KOHTp8KT contract
KOPOTKMi short
ueHRTb(cR)' ueHfno(cb),
ueHHewb(cR) to change - for
-CR see 11.6 (end)
uMHMCTepCTBO ministry
OAH8*Abl once , one day
onYA8 from there
napMKu8xepcK8R(fadj)
hairdresser's, barber's
neperoBopbl (m pI.) negotiations,
talks
BeCTM neperoBopbl to conduct
negotiations
no (+ ace.) up to and including
( 17 .12)
nOAnMc8Tb p nOAnMwy,
nOAnMwewb (noAnMcbIB8Tb '
like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.) to sign
n03Ap8BMTb P (+ ace.) n03AP8BnlO,
n03Ap8BMWb (no3APsBnHTb '
like 3HSTb) to congratulate
nOCbln8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(nocn8Tb P nownlO, nowniwb)
to send (someone or something)
n033MR poetry
n03T poet
npepB8Tb P npepay,npepaiwb
(+ ace.) (npepbIB8Tb' like
3HaTb) to interrupt
npecTspenbli aged
npMe3A arrival
npMHL4Mn princip'e
p8cnpoCTp8HeHHbii common,
widespread
cMewHo (it's) funny
CpOK period of time; time limit
CTMXM (pI. of CYMX) gen.pl. CTMXOB
poetry
CjrKM (f pI.) gen. pI. CjrOK twenty-
four hours (22.10)
CBRTOi (m adD saint
TorAilwHMi (call) then (adj)
Y'lpe*AeHMe in stitution; office
YMMpaTb ' (like 3H8Tb) (YMepeTb P )
to die
cl>MpM8 firm, company
XOTb even
WyTMTb ' (no- p ) WY'lY, Wy-rMWb
to joke
3K38MeH exam ination
3MMrpMpoBsTb IIp 3MMrpMPYIO
3MMrpMpyewb to emigrate
3nox8 era, epoch
290

TIME EXPRESSIONS
23.8 Pa3roBop
BaAMM:
EBa:
BSAMM:
EBa:
BSAMM:
EBa:
BaAMM:
EBa:
BSAMM:
EBa:
BSAMM:
n03APSBb MeHR! "fepe3 Mecsn" MeHR nocblnalOT B
KOMaHAMpoBKY B nOHAOH.
n03ApaBnRIO - M 38BMAYIO. CKonbKo BpeMeHM Tbl 6YAewb B
AHrnMM?
C ABSALI8Tb AeBRToro MaSi no nepBoe MIOHSI. K CO)l(aneHMIO,
SI eAY Bcero Ha 'teTblpe AHSI.
"fTO Tbl ycneewb YBMAeTb 38 TaKoi KOpOTKMi CpOK?
HaBepHoe, TonbKo CMTM, c060p CBSIToro nSBna M, MOJKeT
6blTb, 6Mr 6eH. BeAb SI 6YAY BeCb AeHb BecTM neperoBopbl
B p83HbiX )"tpe*AeHMSIx.
Tbl eAewb noe3AoM MnM neTMWb?
ne'ty, KOHe'tHo. Ha noe3Ae H8Ao exaTb no'tTM ABoe CYrOK, S
HS CSMoneTe SI Aone'ty 38 TPM C nonoBMHoi 'tacs. 5MneT SI
AOn)l(eH 38KS38Tb Y)I(e ceroAHSI, AO nSlTM 'tacoB. A KaKMe Y
Te6Si nnsHbl HS ceroAHSI?
SI eAY s 6M6nMoTeKY. nOTOM SI 38eAY K BMKTOPY nSsnoBM'ty
B MHCTMTjT HS non'tsca. OnYAB SI MAY B nspMKMsxepcKYIO.
SI Te6e n03BoHIO OKono wecTM, nocne Toro KSK BepHYCb.
SI BepHYCb M3 ropoAa He p8Hbwe nonOBMHbl W8CToro.
MeHbwe 'teM 38 TPM 'tacs SI 6MneT He AOCTSHY. nOTOM 38iAY
K BonOAe. H6 SI He yiAY, nOKa Tbl He n03BOHMWb.
Tbl MAeWb K Bon6Ae?
He 6ecnoKoicSi. Tbl )l(e 3HaeWb, 'tTO B 6YAHMe AHM Mbl
COBceM He nbiM.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 23/5
Two Businessmen Meet
1 What is Mr Pope's Russian background?
2 Why did his father change his name?
3 What leads him to believe that the business atmosphere in Russia has
changed?
KM: 3ApSBcTByiTe, MeHR 30ByY KY3HeLloB, KOHcTaHTMH MB8HOSM't. SI
291

LESSON 23
38M8CTMTenb AMp8KTOp8 no KOHTaKT8M C 38py6exHblMM
M3AitTenbCKMMM* c1JMPM8MM.
pn: 3ApaBCTBYMTe, KOHCT8HTMH MBaHOBM't. MOR c1J8M MnMR noyn.
PM't8PA noyn.
KM: Bbl rOBopMTe nO-PYCCKM nO'tTM 6838KLleHTa. Bbl 'IaCTO 6blBaeTe
B POCCMM?
pn: HeT. 38 nocneAHMe ABIiALI8Tb neT 51 6bln 3A8Cb TonbKO TPM
pa38. Ho A rOBoplO no-PyccKM C AeTCTB8. MOM oTeLl
3MMrpMpoB8n M3 POCCMM B Ha'tane AB8ALI8TbIX rOAoB, BO BpeMR
rpmKA8HcKoM t BOMHbl. Ero c1J8MMnMR TorAS 6blnii nOnOB, HO
'tepe3 ABa rOA8 nocne npMe3A8 B AHrnMIO OH peWMn CT8Tb
noynOM.
KM: nO'teMY? BeAb «noyn» - 3TO nana; pMMCKMM.
pn: XOTR B POCCMM nOnOB - OAHa M3 caMblx p8cnpOCTp8HeHHbiX
clJaMMnMM, B AHrnMM OH8 3By'tMT CMewHO. H8npMMep, KorAa B
BOCbMMAeCRTblX roAlix npeCT8penbie COBeTcKMe nMAepbl* -
6pe)l(HeB, AHAPonOB, l.fepHeHKO - YMMpanM OAKH 38 APyrMM,
8HrnM'taHe wyrMnM, 'tTO cneAYIOU4ero 6YAyr 3B8Tb nOnOB, a
nocne Hero 6YAeT A68yrTynOnoB. A 'tTO K8caeTcA c1J8MMnMM
noyn, TO Moi OTeLl XopOWO 3H8n CTMXM 8HrnMMCKoro n03T8
BOCeMHBALI8TOrO BeK8 AneKCaHAP8 n6yn8. KOHe'tHO,
60nbWMHCTBO 8HrnM'taH AOBonbHO xonOAHO OTH6cMTCR K
n033MM, 8 OTeLl, K8K H8CTORU4MM PYCCKMM, O'teHb YB8)1(an n03TOB,
M CBOMX, M 38py6e)l(HbIX.
KM: 6'teHb MHTepeCHO. Ho 51 AOn)l(eH B8C npepBaTb. Y)I(e nopa MATM
K AMpeKTOpy. 6H 06bl'tHO 6blBaeT 3AeCb TonbKO BO BTOpOM
nonOBMHe AHR*, HO cer6AHA YrPOM OH npMeX8n M3
MMHMCTepCTB8 cne4ManbHO AJ1R Toro, 'tT06bl BCTpeTMTbCA C
BaMM. 6H eHb H8A8eTCA, 'tTO Mbl CMO)l(eM nOAnMcaTb
KOHTpaKT C BaweM c1JMpMOM B Te'teHMe 6nM)I(aMWMX ABYX-Tp8X
AHeM.
pn: K8K BpeMeHa MeHRIOTcR! KorAit A 6bln B POCCMM npownblM p83,
B KOHLle ceMMAecRTblx rOAOB, A 3BOHMn TorASwHeMY AMpeKTOPy
3Toro M3A8TenbCTB8 TPM pa38 B AeHb, HO OH COBceM He XOTen
BCTpe'taTbCR co MHOM.
292

TIME EXPRESSIONS
* Additional Vocabulary
BTOp8A nonOBMHa AHA afternoon
('second half of the day')
rpa*A8HcKaA BOMH8 civil war
M3A8TenbcKMM publishing (adD
nMAep leader
nana pMMCKMM the Pope ('Father
Roman')
293

24
YPOK HOMEP ABAAATb LlETblPE
NEGATION; PLACE OF HE
24.1 Key Phrases
 3Toro He 3Han(a).
He o6paLl.\llMTe BHMM8HMfI.
 He nOHMM81O HM OAHor6 cn6Ba.
He'fero AenaTb.
I didn't know that.
Pay no attention.
I don't understand a single word.
There is nothing to do.
24.2 Genitive or Accusative after a Negated Verb
There is a general rule which says: if a transitive' verb (a verb which takes
the accusative case) has He in front of it, the object is in the genitive, not
the accusative:
6H 3HaeT PYCCKMM fl3blK.
6H J:!I 3HaeT PYCCK fl3blKa.
OHa 'fMTana PYCCKM KHM rM .
OHa J:!I 'fMTana PYCCK MX KHM[.
Notice these set phrases:
MrpaTb pOnb (f ace.)
3To He MrpaeT p6n!! (gen.).
o6paU48Two6paTMTb
BHMMaHMe (ace.)
6H He 06paU48eT BHMMaHMB (gen.).
He knows Russian.
He doesn't know Russian.
She read Russian books.
She didn't read Russian books.
to playa role
That doesn't matter/plays no part.
to take note/pay attention
He pays no attention.
294

NEGATION; PLACE OF HE
MMeTb 3Ha'feHMe (ace.)
3TO,He MMeeT 3Ha'feHM8 (gen.).
to have meaning/significance
It's of no importance.
However, this genitive rule often does not apply, particularly in conversa-
tional Russian. If the negation relates to the verb more than the noun, the
accusative is preferred:
He OTKpblsaiTe OKHg (ace.).
 He 3H81O 3TY )l(eHU4MH (ace.).
KY3He140S He nOHRn WjTK (ace.)
MMCTepa noyna.
Rules of Thumb
Don't open the window
(emphasis on 'Don't open').
I don't know that woman
(stressing 'don't know').
Kuznetsov didn't understand
Mr Pope's joke (stressing
'didn't understand').
1 If the object is strongly negated, the object must be in the genitive, par-
ticularly if a word such as HMKaKoi 'no kind of' (see 24.7) or HM OAMH 'not
a single' is present, or if in English you would use 'any' ('I didn't buy any
souvenirs'):
 He nOHMM81O HM OAHD cnosa.
Sf He KynMn HMKa KMX cyseHMpmt.
I don't understand a single word.
I didn't buy any souvenirs (at all).
2 Use the genitive if the object is an abstract noun, something indefinite or
the word iTO:
He 06palq8iTe BHMM8HMR (gen.).
SI He 'fMT81O ra38T (gen.).
 3Tm:g (gen.) He rosopMn(a).
Pay no attention.
I don't read newspapers.
I didn't say that.
3 Use the accusative if the object is a definite person or definite thing
(e.g. with 'the' in front of it):
SI Es He nlO6ntb (ace.).
SI He 'fMTin ra36TV (ace.).
4 If in doubt, use the genitive.
I don't like Eva.
I haven't read the newspaper.
295

LESSON 24
24.3 EXTRA: Explanation
There is a connection between the use of the genitive after a negated verb
and the use of the genitive after HeT meaning 'there isn't' (10.5 HeT ra38T
'There are no newspapers'). If you say SI He 'fMT81O r83eT (gen.). the state-
ment is akin to 'There are no newspapers which I read'. But in a sentence
such as He OTKpblssMTe OKHQ (ace.) 'Don't open the window', you are not
saying that there is no window, so the accusative is used.
SI He BM)I(Y nMcbMg (ace.).
SI He BM)I(Y nMcbMj (gen.).
I can't see the letter
(but I know it's there somewhere).
I can't see a (any) letter
(maybe there isn't one).
24.4 Place of He
He is placed in front of what it negates. Usually that is the verb, but it can
be other parts of the sentence, depending on the meaning.
Esa He KynMna 8HaHsca (gen.). Eva didn't buy a pineapple.
EBa KynMna He aH8H8C (ace.), Eva bought not a pineapple,
a T6pT. but a cake.
AH8HSC KynMna He EBa (nom.), a It wasn't Eva who bought the
BaAMM (for word order see 26.8). pineapple, but Vadim.
Notice that the genitive instead of accusative rule (24.2) only applies when
He goes with the verb.
Note the construction SI He MOrY He + infinitive, which is the equiva-
lent of 'I can't help' or 'I can't avoid':
SI He MOrY He KynMTb
nOASpOK (ace.).
I can't not (= I must) buy a present.
The meaning is positive, because the two He's cancel each other, so the
noun is accusative.
296

NEGATION; PLACE OF HE
24.5 EXTRA: Another Negative Oddity
Phrases which are equivalent in meaning to HeT 'there isn't' sometimes
have the genitive instead of the nominative (and the verb is singular):
CMH)tX aH8H8CQII (gen.) He CYI1I8CTByeT. Blue pineapples don't exist
(CYIq8CTBOB8Tb ' 'to exist') = CMHMX 8H8H8COB H8T. There are no blue
pineapples.
He H8wn6cb HM OAHQrQ MHT8pecHQrQ MY)I('4MH (gen.).
There wasn't a single interesting man (HaMTMcb 'ta find itself).
Sometimes this structure is overused, as in this comic example:
(Someone is attacking a queue-jumper) Bac (gen.) 3A8Cb He CTOAno!
'You weren't standing here!' (by analogy with Bac (gen.) 3A8Cb He 6blno
'You weren't here'). Nonnal would be Bbl (nom.) 3AeCb He CTOAnM.
EXERCISE 24/1
Put the nouns in the genitive and translate:
1 He o6p8aqiMTe H8 HMX (BHMM8HMe). 2 SI He KynMn (HM OAMH
nOA8poK).3 Mbl He XOTMM (3TO). 4 TypreHeB H8 pa3AenAn (B3rnHAbl)
Sa38poBa (Ex. 21/5).
EXERCISE 24/2
Say in Russian:
1 I won't give (p) you (pol.) a single kopeck. 2 Why didn't you (f fam) buy
(p) any wine? 3 Don't buy that book. 4 It wasn't Vadim who bought (p) the
wine. 5 I'll come (p) not on Friday but on Saturday.
297

LESSON 24
EXTRA: Exercise 24/3
Choose between the accusative and the genitive:
1 SI He nblO BMHO/BMH8 'I don't drink wine'. 2 OHa He AOCTana
6MneT/6MneT8 'She didn't manage to get a ticket'. 3 AHIO/AHM Mbl
cerOAHR He BMAenM 'We didn't see Anya today'. 4 He TepliM
Bp8MWBp8MeHM 'Don't waste any time' (TepRTb' Ito lose').
24.6 Nothing, Nobody, Never
You have already met negative words such as HMKorAS Inever' (16.10) and
R HM'tero He BMAen II saw nothing' (11.8). The common ones are:
HMKTO
HM'tTo(gen. HM'tero)
HMrAe
HMKYAB
HMK8K
nobody
nothing
nowhere (place)
nowhere (motion)
in no way
Any sentence with one (or more) of these words always has He before the
verb. A Russian negative sentence must have a He in it somewhere.
HMKTO He 3HaeT.
Mbl HMKYAB He XOAMnM.
Nobody knows.
We didn't go anywhere/We went
nowhere.
I just can't open the door.
He never buys anything
('He never nothing doesn't buy').
SI HMKBK He MOrY OTKpbITb ABepb.
6H HMKorAai HM'tero He nOKYnaeT.
Note that HMKTO 'nobody' and HM'tTO 'nothing' have the same declensions
as KTO Iwho' and'tTo Iwhat' (Table 4):
SI HMKoro (gen .lace.) He 3H81O.
B Mara3MHe HM'tero (gen.) HeT.
I don't know anybody.
There's nothing in the shop
(HeT 'there isn't' from He + eCTb).
If there is a preposition, it comes between the HM and the rest of the word:
298

NEGATION; PLACE OF HE
BaAMM HM C KeM (inst.) He roBopMn. Vadim didn't talk to (with) anyone.
Bep8 HM 38 'tT6 (ace.) He nnaTMT. Vera doesn't pay for anything.
EXERCISE 24/4
Translate the negative words in brackets:
1 BonoAR (never) nOMoraeT )l(eHS 'Volodia never helps his wife.' 2 Mbl
(nothing) nOHMMaeM 'We don't understand anything.' 3 OHS He
38HMMaeTCR (anything - inst.) 'She doesn't do anything.' 4 SI He nony't81O
nMceM OT (anybody). 5 B KHMre (there was nothing) MHTepecHoro. 6
68H8HOB (there aren't anywhere).
24.7 HMK8KOi: 'no'
HMK8KOi 'no' (= Inone at all') is declined like K8KOi (7.8). Any preposition
comes between HM and KBKOi:
Y HBC HeT HMK8KMX npaB.
6H He OCT8HOBMTCR HM nepeA
KaKMMM TPYAHOCTRMM.
HM npM K8KMX 06CTORTenbCTB8X
We have no rights (at all).
No difficulties of any kind will stop him.
in no circumstances (of any kind)
24.8 HeKoro, He'lero: There is No One/Nothing
Russian has another set of negative words which all begin with stressed He
and which translate as 'there is no one/nothing etc.'
HeKoro cnpocMTb.
He'tero AenaTb.
There is no one to ask.
There is nothing to do.
The verb is always in the infinitive (i or p depending on meaning). You
may add the person affected - in the dative case:
MHe HeKoro cnpocMTb.
MM H8'terO AenaTb.
There is no one for me to ask
(I have no one to ask).
There is nothing for them to do
(They have nothing to do).
299

LESSON 24
Remember that a Russian negative sentence contains one He, so do not try
to put another He before the verb.
As with HMKTO etc., the other case foons are based on the fonns of KTO
and 'fTO (see 24.6) and any preposition comes between the He and the fonn
of KTO or 'fTO:
H.6 C JmM noroBopMTb.
Hi OT  nonY'taTb
nMceM.
There is no one to talk to (with).
There is no one from whom (I) could
receive letters.
The future is fonned with 6YAeT and the past with 6blno:
HaM Hi 0 'feM 6blno rOBopMTb. We had nothing to talk about.
(No dots on 'feM because stress on He)
The other words in the set are HerAe 'there is nowhere' (place), HeKYAS
'there is nowhere' (motion) and HeKorAS 'there is no time', based on rAe
'where', KYP/J 'where'/'whither', and KorAi 'when'.
Her Ae ceCTb.
HaM HeKYAa MATM.
MATM 6blno HeKYAS.
MHe HeKorAS.
There is nowhere to sit down.
There is nowhere for us to go.
(We have nowhere to go.)
There was nowhere to go.
I haven't got time.
EXERCISE 24/5
Translate:
1 B 3TOM ropoAe H€Nero AenaTb BlNepoM. HeKYAS nOMTM. HerAe nMTb
KOclHt MnM nMBo ('beer'). HaM CKj'fHO. 2 B8AMM He 3HaeT, Bepa He
3HaeT, MapMHa M BMKTOp TOMe He 3HaIOT. 66nbwe HeKoro cnpocMTb. 3
M3BMHMTe, R He MOrY 88M nOMO'tb. MHe HeKorAa, fI O'teHb cnewy
(cnewMTbl'to hurry'). 4 B Kael»' He 6blno HMKoro. He C KeM 6blno
noroBopMTb. 5 M3pM npO'tMTana TypreHeBa AOMa B AHrnMM, nOToMY
'fTO OHa 3Han8, 'tTO B MOCKBe 'fMT8Tb eM 6YAeT HeKorAS.
300

NEGATION. PLACE OF HE
24.9 Vocabulary
(See also list of He- and HM- words 24.6, 24.8.)
aH8Hac pineapple
BanlbTa currency, hard currency
BnacTM gen.pl. BnacTei pl. of
BnacTb (f) power, authorities
BHMMaHMe attention
o6paaqaTb ' (like 3HaTb)/
o6paTMTb P (o6p a I1tY,
06p8TMwb) BHMMilHMe H8
(+ ace.) to pay attention to
rpynn8 group
3HaeHMe meaning, significance
HM . . . HM neither. . . nor
HMrAe nowhere
HMK8K6i no; none at all; any (24.7)
o6CToRTenbCTBo ci rcumstance
nepe)l(MBaTb' (like 3HaTb) to be
upset, worry
He nepe)l(MB8i(Te) don't be upset
nn8TMTb ' (38- P ) nn8Y, nnaTMWb
(38 + ace.) to pay (for)
no6blBaTb P (no i) (like 3HaTb)
(+ prep.) to visit (somewhere)
nOABPMTb ' nOABplb, nOASPMwb
(AapMTb P ) to give, present
npaBo pI. npaBa right
npeKpacHbli beautiful, fine
npMAYM8Tb P (like 3HaTb) (+ ace.)
(npMAYMbIB8Tb ' like 3HaTb) to
think up, invent
npOAS)I(8 sale
pacTH ' (Bbl- P ) pac,.y, pacTiwb
(pastp6c,pocna,pocn6,
pocnM) to grow
caMocToRTenbHo independently
('self standing ')
cnaiHo by chance
cneKynRHT speculator (black
marketeer)
cneWMTb ' (no-D) cnewj, cneWMWb
cnewiT (Spelling Rules 3 and 4)
to hurry
CnpaBKa gen.pl. cnpaBoK (piece
of) information
cT6MTb' to cost, be worth
He CT6MT (+ i inf) it's not worth
cYMKa gen.pl. CYMOK bag, shop-
ping bag
ToproB(e)4 (+ inst.) trader
(dealing in)
TPYAHOCTb (f) difficulty
y*e He no longer
L&epKOBb (f) gen./dat./prep.
L&epKBM, inst. L&epKOBblO, pI.
4 e pKBM,4 e pKB8X,4 e pKBei,
4epKB8M, L&epKBaMM church
301

LESSON 24
24.10 A Pineapple, but No Banana_
EBa: 3TO* Bbl npMHecnM 8HaHac?
Bn: HeT, R HMKaKoro aHBHaca He npMHOCMn. rAe Bbl BMAenM
aHaHac?
EBB: TaHR rOBopMT, 'tTO H8 KYxHe B CYMKe ne)l(MT aHalt8c.
Bn: He 06paaq8MTe BHMM8HMR Ha TO, 'tTO rOBopMT TaHR. OHa
HMKorAi B )l(M3HM He BMAena aHaHaca. OHa .q8)1(e He 3HaeT, 'tTO
3TO TaK6e*.
*
EBa, nO'teMY Tbl cKa3llna M8pMHe, 'tTO Ha KYXlte ne)l(MT
aNaHic?
3To* He R cKa3llna, a TaHR. 3TO* OHa npMAYMana.
HeY, OHa 3TOT 8HaHaC He npMAYMana. SI ero KynMn cnY't8MHo
Ha pblHKe. SI xOT'n nOASPMTb ero MapMHe M BMKTOPY.
Tenepb 3TO y_e He ClOpnpM3.
He nepe)l(MBaM. 3TO He MMeeT 3H8'teHMfI. Bce paBHo* 3TO
npeKpacHblM noAipoK.
*3To is used colloquially for emphasis: 'Was it you who brought the
pineapple?' 'It wasn't I who said it, it was Tanya.'
*'tTO 3TO T8Koe what it is
*Bci pasHo (11.8) All the same.
BIJAMM:
EBa:
BIJAMM:
EBa:
*
M3pM: SI He MOrj KynMTb 6aH8HOS. Mx HMrA' HeT.
BonOAR: M He CTOMT MX MCKaTb. SI HMKorA' HMrA' He BMAen B POCCMM
68H8HOB, HM H8 pblHKe, HM y cneKynRHTOB. 6aH8Hbi 3A8Cb
He paCTjT.
M3PM: M Bbl AYMaeT8, 'tTO MX HMKOr.q8 He 6YAeT HM npM K8KMX
06CTORTenbCTBax?
BonOAR: HeT, R 3Toro He rOBoplb. PaHbwe y Hac H' 6blno BanlbTbl,
He H8 'fTO 6b1no MX nOKynaTb. Ho CKOPO y Bcex 6YAeT
BanIbT8, TorA' npoxoA8* He 6YAeT OT TOprOBl4eB 68H8H8MM.
*npoxoA8 He 6YAeT OT + gen. there win be no way of avoiding
302

NEGATION; PLACE OF HE
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 24/6
A Tourist Negotiates with Intourist
1 A tourist (T) wants to go to the religious centre in the town of Sergievskii
Posad (formerly Zagorsk), 74 km NE of Moscow. Why is the Intourist
woman (M) initially unwilling to assist?
2 Why does the tourist reject her otter of the Friday excursion?
3 If he accepts her second proposal, how much notice must he give?
4 Why shouldn't he go at the weekend?
T: CKa)l(MTe, no_anyicT8, Bbl He MO)l(eTe nOACK838Tb*, K8K MHe
noeX8Tb B CeprMeBCKMi nociA? SI cnblwan, 'tTO T8M MHoro
KpacMBblX LlepKBei. SI XO'tY noeX8Tb OAMH, 6e3 rMAS.
M: K CO)l(aneHMIO, R He MOrj B8M nOMO'tb. Mbl npOAS8M 6MneTbi
TonbKO H8 3KCKYPCMM. CnpaBOK Mbl He ABeM. A ecnM Bbl xOTMTe
noexaTb C8MocToirrenbHo, TO, K CO)l(8neHMIO, R He MOrj B8M
HM'teM nOMO'tb.
T: SI XO'tY noeX8Tb B CeprMeBCKMi nociA, M HMKTO MHe He MO)l(eT
nOM6'tb, M AiI_e He MOryr nOACKa38Tb, K8K MHe npoeX8Tb Typ.il.
M: Ha BOK38ne B8M BCe CKiuKYT. A Mbl KOMMep'tecK8R* opr8HM38L1MR
M 38HMMseMcR npoAil_ei ycnyr* M 6MneToB Ha 3KCKYPCMM.
T: nOHkrHO. H6 BCe P8BHO R xO'tY n06blBsTb B CeprMeBcKoM nocilAe.
M: nO)l(anyicT8, Bbl Mo_eTe noexaTb c rpynnoi B nHTHMLlY.
T: Cn8cM60. H6 JI He xO'ly eX8Tb c rpynnoi. SI xO'tY noex8Tb C8M,
C8MocToflTenbHo.
M: TorAil Bbl MO)l(eTe 38K838Tb MawMHY M rMAS 38 Cy,.KM AO noe3AKM.
T: M6)1(HO noex8Tb TYAa C rMAoM B nlO66i AeHb?
M: B nlO6oi AeHb, Kp6Me cy666Tbl M BocKpeceHbR.
T: CK8)I(MTe, 8 nO'teMY Henb3R B cy660TY M BocKpeceHb8?
M: B npMHLlMne MO)l(HO, HO LlepKoBHble* BnacTM* nonpocMnM, 'tT06bl
Mbl He nOCblnanM TypMCTOB no cy666T8M M BocKpeceHbRM. OHM
6bl He XOTenM, 'tT06bl MX 6ecnOKOMnM BO BpeMR 60rocny_eHMi.*
T: nOHRTHO. Cn8cM60.
M: nO)l(anyicT8.
One often gets the impression in Russia that officials are programmed to
be unhelpful. But if you are politely insistent and always take the trouble
303

LESSON 24
to ask three times for what you want, they will often soften up. In Russia,
never expect to do business quickly.
*Addltional Vocabulary
6orocny*eHMe (church) service
KOMMep'48CKMM commercial
nOAcK838Tb to suggest
ycnyra service
L\epKOBHbIM chu rch (adj)
304

25
YPOK HOMEP ABAAI..\ATb nSiTb
DIMINUTIVES; PROPER
NAMES; POLITENESS
25.1 Key phrases
B03bMMT8 CT8K8H'4MK. Take a glass.
XOTMT8 '48MKY? Would you like a little tea?
ASMT8 KOnee'4KY, nO)l(ilnyicT8? Would you have a one-kopeck coin?
25.2 Diminutives
In infonnal conversations with Russians, you begin to notice that large
numbers of everyday words are given suffixes such as -MK and -'4K8. These
fonns are known collectively as 'diminutives'f, denoting smallness, like -let
in English (booklet, coverlet). So, cT6nMK is literally 'small table' and
C06S'4K8 is 'small dog'. In most cases, however, the intended meaning is
not smallness but politeness, tenderness or some related emotion. English
has a similar phenomenon in the use of the ending - ie (' a doggie',
'Johnny', 'Annie'), but relatively few words, other than personal names, can
have endings such as -ie or -let, at least in standard English. In Russian, as
well as personal names, every noun can be made into a diminutive. Where
in English you might offer a friend 'a nice cup of tea', a Russian offers
'48iKY, 'some little tea', fonning the partitive' ('some') genitive of '48(e)K,
the 'diminutive' of '48i 'tea'. And the tea may come in a CT8KSH'4MK 'a
little glass' from CT8KSH 'glass'. Diminutives are an important part of
friendliness and politeness in everyday Russian.
305

LESSON 25
They are also essential if you have to deal with Russian children, or read a
children's story. All hands are little hands, all foxes are little foxes, and
many of the words may be hard to find in your pocket dictionary unless
you know the basic rules for fonning diminutives. The rules are fairly
simple, which is why dictionaries do not nonnally list diminutives.
Here are some examples of diminutives. Look for the patterns.
Dimlnutlv8 form
6p8T brother 6paTMK little brother
BOAS water BOAM'fK8 a little water
BOAKS vodka BOAO'fK8 a little vodka
AOU house AOMMK cottage
M368 peasant cottage M36YWK8 little cottage
KHMr8 book KHM)I(K8 small book
KOMH8T8 room KOMH8TK8 little room
H8AenR week H8AenbK8 little week
Hora foot, leg HO)l(K8 little foot, little leg
OKHO window OKOWKO little window
nMcbMo letter nMcbM 8 40 little letter
nnOlq8Ab square nnoK8 piece of ground;
staircase landing
peK8 river p8'fK8 stream, rivulet
pyK8 hand, arm PV'tKa little hand, little arm
C8CTp8 sister CecTpM'fK8 little sister
CT8KaH glass CTaKaH'fMK little glass
CT8Ha wall cTeHK8 partition; a set of
wall units (shelves
and cupboards)
CTon table CTonMK small table;
restaurant table
CTyn chair C1jnb'fMK small chair
'tawKS cup 'taW8'fKS little cup
'Diminutives' suggest smallness, and cTonMK is indeed a small table, for
example a restaurant table as distinct from a domestic dining-table.
However, much of the time, so-called 'diminutives' have little to do with
size. Their main stylistic colourings are tenderness, familiarity or politeness.
306

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES; POLITENESS
If someone offers you CT8KBH'tMK COK8 ' a little glass of juice', it will be
no sI:I1aller than a nonnal CT8KBH 'glass'.
Some diminutives are particularly frequent. People commonly call a
kopeck coin KOne8'tK8 'little kopeck', rather than KoneiK8. Within fami-
lies AO'tK8 'little daughter' is much commoner than AO'tb, and fonns such
as MBMK8 (from MaM8) and nano'tK8 (from nan8) are much used.
AeAywK8 'granddad' is commoner than A8A 'grandfather', and the origi-
nally diminutive 6a6ywK8 'granny' (6a68 'old woman') is now the stan-
dard word for' grandmother' .
Foreign learners need to be able to recognize diminutives rather than to
fonn and use them. If you do bother to add the common ones to your
active vocabulary, it is worth noting that diminutives have the advantage
of regular grammatical endings and predictable stress. So a difficult word
like c8CTpa (pI. CecTpbl, c8CTep, cicTp8M) becomes quite regular if you
use the fonn CecTpML18 (pI. C8CTpM4bl, C8CTpM4, CecTpMLI8M).
Some general points:
(1) Any noun can have several diminutives. To the 'everyday' diminutive
(examples above), further suffixes can be added - with further nuances of
greater tenderness, familiarity, derision and so on. For example, from
C8CTpMq& 'little sister' can be fonned the more affectionate 'double
diminutive' C8CTpM'tK8, and from C8CTpM'tK8 comes the colloquial 'triple
diminutive' CecTpM'tYWK8 'darling little sisterlet' (diminutives are notori-
ously hard to translate). There are other variants too, e.g. C8CTp8HK8 and
CecTp8HO'tK8. M36YWK8 (from M366 'peasant cottage') produces the
even more affectionate fonn M36yw8'tK8. Here we shall restrict ourselves
to 'everyday' diminutives.
(2) 'Everyday' diminutives nonnally keep the same gender as the base
noun.
Feminine diminutives nonnally end -K8 (always unstressed):
ronOBa
A6-oIb
n8'fb
head
daughter
stove
ronOBK8
A6-oIK8
n8'tK8
little head
little daughter
I ittle stove
Nouns whose nonnal fonns end with -K8 or a group of consonants have
-'tK8:
3Be3A8
MrpywK8
star
toy
3Bi3AK8
MrpYW8'fK8
little star; asterisk
little toy
307

LESSON 25
KoneMK8 kopeck Kon'tK8 one-kopeck coin
naMn8 lamp nSMnO'tK8 little lamp; bulb
PYK8 hand, arm pj'tK8 little hand or arm
The last consonant before the -a often changes:
AOpOr8 road AOpO>KK8 little road; path
Hora leg, foot HO>KKa little leg or foot
CT8PYX8 old woman CT8PYWK8 little old woman
Other variations:
AB8pb door ABep148 little door I car door
MKpa caviare MK6pKa nice caviare
KYPM hen Kypo'tK8 little hen
ynMJ.48 street ynO'tK8 little street, lane
Masculine nouns add -MK (unstressed) or -(O)K:
r6poA
cnoBspb
CTon
town, city
dictionary
table
ropoA(6)K
cnoBapMK
CTonMK
Some nouns (with -n, -M, -H, -p) add -'tMK:
60KSn
CT8KaH
wineglass
glass, tumbler
60Ksnb'tMK
CT8KSH'tMK
Sometimes there are consonant changes:
APyr
CT8pMK
friend
old man
APy*(O)K
CTapM't(o)K
small town
small dictionary
small table
little wineglass
little glass
pal
little old man
Neuter nouns have a variety of (neuter) endings:
Aeno matter I piece A6 nb l48 small matter
of business
A'peBO tree Aepe B 4 o / little tree
Aepe B 48
38J1BneHM8 application 38J1BneHb M 48 small application
nM40 face nM'IMKO little face
M8cTO place M8CT6'lKO little place
OKHO window oK6H4e10KowKO little window
nMcbMo letter nMc bM8 40 little letter
308

DIMINUTIVES, PROPER NAMES: POLITENESS
nnSTbe
CnOBO
ConH48
jxo
R6nOKO
dress
word
sun
ear
apple
EXAMPLES
iTe,no*inyiCTa,cTaKaHMK
iH. (CTaKSH 'glass')
XOTMT8 SW8'tKY K*?
(SWKa 'cup')
npMXOAMT8 epe3 H8AenbKY.
(H8AenR 'week')
nO)l(anYMCTa, nMwMTe
38RBneHbM4e.
(38RBneHM8 'application')
EXERCISE 25/1
nnaTbM48
cnoBL\6
conHblwKo
YWKO
R6no'tKo
little dress
little word
little sun
little ear
little apple
Could I trouble you for a glass of tea?
Would you like a nice cup of coffee?
Could I ask you to come back in a week
or so?
Would you mind writing an official
request?
Find the non-diminutive fonns of th diminutives in the following and
suggest translations of the phrases:
1 Sales assistant: Y sac H8T J(oneeKM? 2 Elderly theatre usher: Saw
6MneTMK, nO)l(anYMcTa. 3 Polite customer: ASMT8 OAHY 6yrblno'tKY
MMH8panbHoM SOAbl, nO)l(snyicTa. 4 Mother: TaH8'4Ka, HSAeHb (put on)
wanoKY. 5 Fond aunt: nOCMOTpM Ha neHoKY. KaKOe KpacMBoe
nnaTbML\e! 6 Mother to child: Asi KOWK8 (cat) BOAM'tKM. 7 Hostess:
XOTMT8 aMKY? 8 Street trader: MKOpKM He *ens8Te? 9 Grandmother to
child: KaKMe Y Te6R rpR3Hbl8 pj'4KM! 10 Taxi driver: 3aKpOMT8 Asep4Y.
11 To a friend: nOAo*AM MMHy,.OKY, nO)l(snyicTa. 12 Mother to son:
nOCMOTpM B OKOWKO. MO)l(8T 6blTb, AO*Ab y*e npowin.
309

LESSON 25
25.3 Proper Names
As mentioned in 6.10, 'diminutive' (or 'intimate') fonns of proper names
are very popular in Russia as ways of indicating affection, familiarity and
so on. Here are examples of the large range of possibilities. (There is also
scope for individual creativity.)
From MapMR:
(Commoner fonns) MapycR, MapyceHbKa, Mapyce'tKB, MapycbKa,
MapMiKa, MapblOwKa, MapbRwa, Mawa, Maw8HbKa, MawKa, MaHR,
MaH8'4Ka, MaHbKa, MycJI, MyceHbKa, Myc8'tKa, MycbKa, Mapa, Mypa,
MYPo'tKa, MapRTa. (Rarer fonns) Mawe'tKa, MapMwa, MapJl, MapIOHR,
MapYHJI, MapynJl, MynJl, MaCR, MacHTa, MaplOTa, MaplOxa, Mapyxa,
MaplOwa, Mapywa, Mywa, MaHIOHR, MaHlOpa, MaHIOcR, MaHIOTa,
MaHlOxa, MaHlOwa, MaHRTKa, MaKS, MaHRwa, MawBHJI, MawoHR,
MawYKa, MawYHJI, MYHJI, Mawypa, Mawapa, MawjTa, MjTa, Mawyxa,
MOpR.
From BnBAMMMp:
Bna.qMMMPywKa, BnilAR, nW, BW, BaBa, BSBynJl, BaBycR,
BonoAR, BonoAIOKa, BonoAlOxa, BonoAlOwa, BonoARKa, BonoARxa,
Bonowa,BoBa,BoBynR,BoBYHR,BoBYCR,BoBywa,B6nR.
25.4 'Diminutive' Adjectives
Adjectives can be given the same connotation of affection or 'niceness' by
replacing the final -blil-6i or -KMi with -eHbKMi. So MonoAoi 'young'
becomes MonoA8HbKMi 'nice and young'; XYAoi 'thin' becomes
xYAeHbKMi 'thin in a nice way' (slim);1 CTilPblM 'old' becomes
I In a culture where fat tends to be regarded as a good thing (it keeps the cold out),
there are some features of the Russian language which should intrigue westerners
obsessed with slimming. Note that xYA6i 'thin' also means 'bad', nonpaBMTbCR 'to
get fatter' also means 'to get better', )lulpHbli 'fat' has associations with richness
(.MpHbli Kyc6K 'fatty piece' is used of something tempting), and the phrase c
)Iotpy 6ecMTbCR 'to be in a rage because of fat' means 'to be too well off'.
310

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES, POLITENESS
cTipeHbKMM 'attractively old'. An equivalent feature of English is the use
of 'small' and 'little'. 'Small' is a neutral description of size ('a small dog')
while 'little' means 'attractively small' ('a little dog'). Note, however, that
the adjective M8neHbKMi 'small', originally fonned from Milnbli 'small'
with the same ending -eHbKMM, has lost its positive connotation of niceness
and is now a neutral word. Its hypocoristic (affectionate) equivalent is
M8sIIbceHbKMi 'little'/'Iittle tiny' or MSceHbKMM, a children's nursery word.
SI nlO6nlb TaKMe A6MMKM, KaK B8W, cTilpeHbKMe A8 TenneHbKMe.
I'm very fond of little houses like yours, nice and old, nice and warm.
25.5 Politeness Phrases
Apologies
M3BMHMTe (38 + ace.) . . . Excuse me/I'm sorry (for) . . .
npocTMTe (38 + ace.) . . . Excuse me/I'm sorry (for) . . .
SI A6mutt (AomKHi) M3BMHMTbcR. I must apologize (more formal).
M3BMHMTeJnpOCTMTe 38
onoWHMe.
M3BMHtfre 38 6ecnoKoicTBO.
npocTMTe, R H8'l8RHHO.
M3BMHtfre, A COBCeM He
XOTen(a) B8C 06MAeTb.
Pa3peWMTe npoiTM.
Responses to Apologies
nO)l(inyicTa.
HMero[nhye-16]
He CT6MT.
Hy 'lTO Bbl!
nYCTAKM!
HM'Ier6 CTpawHorol
I'm sorry I'm late.
Sorry for troubling you.
I'm sorry, it was accidental.
I'm sorry. I didn't mean to offend you.
Excuse me (when you want someone
to let you pass).
That's all right.
It doesn't matter (lit. 'nothing').
There's no need to.
Forget it (informal).
It's nothing.
Nothing to worry about.
311

Requests
M3SMHMT8 38 6ecnoK6icTSO.
&YAbTe A06pbl . . .
EcnM SSM He TPYAHO . . .
CAensiTe 0AOn)l(eHMe. . .
LESSON 25
Excuse me for troubling you.
Would you mind . . . CBe so good . . . ').
If it isn't too much trouble. . .
Could you do me a favour?
npOCTMTe, Y ssc He 6YAeT ASYX KoneeK, 'tT66bl n03soHMTb?
Excuse me, could you let me have two kopecks to make a phone call?
Note how the Russian polite negative ('you won't have two kopecks?')
often corresponds to the English use of the conditional.
EXERCISE 25/2
Translate:
1 npoCTMTe, R He XOTen SSC o6MAeTb. 2 M3sMHMTe, R, KSJKeTCR, 38HRn
sawe MecTo. 3 npOCTMTe, nO)l(SnyicTs, R SSM He nOMewin? 4
M3sMHMTe, ecnM He TPYAHO, npMHecMTe 'tMCTbli cTsKaH. 5 6YAbTe
A06pbl, Sbl He CKa)l(eTe, rAe 3Aecb n6'tTS?
25.6 Acceptance
s:I HM'tero He MMelO npOTMS.
s:I He npb!
OXOTHO.
C YAosonbCTSMeM.
C PBAOCTblO!
C senM'taiwMM YAosonbCTSMeu.
25.7 Refusal
M3SMHMTe, He M0rY.
HMKBK He MOrY.
s:I 38HRT(S).
I've nothing against (it).
I'm willing ('I'm not averse').
Willingly.
With pleasure.
With pleasure ('With joy').
With the greatest of pleasure.
I'm sorry but I can't
It's quite impossible.
I'm busy.
312

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES. POLITENESS
TO-TO MHe He xO'teTCR.
HM B KoeM cnj-tae!
HM 38 'tTO!
HeT Y)l(I
OTKa3blBalOCb HaoTpe3.
I don't feel like it.
On no account/Out of the question.
Not for anything.
I do mean no ('No really').
I absolutely refuse.
EXERCISE 25/3
Translate the three dialogues:
(a) B Accidentally Bumps Into A
A: Oil
6: M3BMHMTe, R H8'taSlHHo.
A: nO)l(illlyiCTa, nO)l(anyicTa.
(b) Acceptance
AHApei: AaBaMTe noeAeM KO MHe. Y MeHR AOMa XOpOWMM KOHbRK.
60pR: S1 He npO'tb!
BacR: S1 TO)l(e HM'tero He MMelO npOTMB.
AHApeM: Cepe)l(a, Tbl noeAeWb C H8MM? >KeH8 npMroTOBMT HaM Y)I(MH.
Cepe)l(a: C YAoBonbCTBMeM. C BenM'taiwMM YAoBonbCTBMeM.
AHApei: A Tbl, Bon6AR?
BonoAS': C P'AOCTblO! OXOTHO.
AHApei: Hy 'tTO )l(e*, no6AeM.
* HY 'tTO)l(e well then.
(c) Refusal (A Telephone Conversation)
AHApeM: BIlAMM, iTO Tbl? Mbl Bce c06panMcb y lIeHR, oTlle'taell AeHb
PO*AeHMR 0AHor6 ToaapMaqa. 3aXOAM.
BIlAMM: HMK8K He M0rY. S10'teHb 38HSlT.
AHApeM: Hy Bblnei C H8UM XOTR 6bl CTO rpaMU*.
BSAMU: HM B K6eU cnj-tae! HM 38 'ITO! Tbl *e 3HlIeWb, 'tTO EBa He
pa3pewlieT.
AHAJ)8i: Hy, BblneM 'IaiKY.
BIlAMM: T6-TO UHe He x6'leTcR. Assai ny...we 38sTpa.
313

LESSON 25
AHApei: Cnyw8i, He 06p8utii BHMMSHMR H8 EBY. nOAYM8i 0 H8C. He
386b1BSi APY'38i. B03bMM T8KCM M npMe3.ai!
BSAMM: HeT Y)I(! He XO'fY o6MAeTb aEBY.
AHApei: OrKs3blB8eWbCR H80Tp83? >KanKO.
*CTO rp8MM 100 grams - a generous glass of vodka (Russians measure
vodka in grams, not glasses, treating half a litre as 500 grams).
25.8 Vocabulary
(See also diminutive list 25.2 and phrases 25.6-25.7)
6pOCMTb P 6powy,6poCMWb
(6p6cSTb ' like 3H8Tb) (+ acc.)
to throw, throwaway
BCe (BCe BpeMR) all the time
BCKO'fMTbPBCKO'fY, BCKO'fMWb
(BcKaKMB8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to
jump in/up
BblCKO'ItfrbP BbICKO'IY, BblCKO'IMWb
(BbICKSKMB8Tb l like 3H8Tb) (M3
+ gen.) to jump out (out of)
rn83 pI. rn838 gen.pl. rn83 (dim
rn83(o) K pI. rna3KM) eye
rnRAeTb ' (no-) rnR)I(Y, rnRAMwb
(H8 + ace.) to look (at)
AeBO'fK8 dim of AeB8 'maid' little
girl
Aen8Tb ' H..ero there was nothing
to be done, there was nothing
for it
Aopor8 (dim AOpO)I(K8) road
)l(SnKO (dat. of person + inf 14.6)
it's a pity; to grudge
38HRT (m)/38HRTa (f)/38HHTbl (pl.)
busy __
M368 pI. M36bl peasant cott;g
MKpS (dim MK6pK8) caviar(e)
McnyraTbCRP (nyrsTbCR') (+ gen.)
(like 3H8Tb) to take fright (at)
KOHbRK gen. KOHbRK8 cognac,
brandy
nerns see ne'fb P
ne'fb P nRry, nR)I(eWb past nir,
nerns imper nlir(Te)
(nO)l(MTbCR ' nO)l(ycb,
nO)l(MWbCR) to lie down
nliry see n8'fb P
MewaTb' (no- p ) (like 3H8Tb) (+ dat.)
to hinder (someone)
Mew(6)K bag, sack
MY)I(MK gen. MY)I(MK8 peasant
man (orig. dim of MYJI( 'man')
HM'ferO He nOAen8eWb there's
nothing one can do (idiom)
Hora pI. H6rM (dim HO)l(K8) leg.
foot
HY well
06 06"*y, 06MAttwb (+ acc.)
(06M)I(sTb' like 3H8Tb) to offend,
hurt
OTABBSTb' (like ABB8Tb) to give up
314

DIMINUTIVES, PROPER NAMES, POLITENES::>
OTA8Tb P (like ABTb) to give away
OTK83bIB8TbCR ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ inf)
(OTK838TbCR P OTKIUKjCb,
OTKiul(eWbCR) to refuse
OXOTHO willingly
ne'fb (f) gen.pl. nENeM (dim n6'fK8)
stove
nepeHO'IeB8Tb P (HO'feB8Tb ' ) nepe-
HO'fYIO, nepeHO'fyewb to
spend the night
necHR gen.pl. neCeH song
no.q (+ ace.) under (motion)
no.qHRrbPno.qHMMy,no.qHMMewb
(noAHMM8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to lift,
pick up
nOM! (imper of neTb ' ) sing!
nOnO)l(MTb P nono)l(y, nOnO)l(MWb
(Kn8cTb' K1IBAY, KnBAewb)
(+ ace.) to put
nOCTY'f8TbPnocy,nocMwb
(CTy'f8Tb ' ) (B + ace.) to knock (at)
npMMTMcb P (+ dat. of person + inf)
like npMMTM (npMxo.qMTbCR' like
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 25/4
npMxo.qMTb) to be forced to
npMwnocb see npMMTMcb P
nYCTMTb P nYiL\yY, nYCTMwb (+ ace.)
(nycK8Tb' like 3H8Tb) to let, per-
mit; to let in/out
CecTp8 pI. cecTpbl cecTep
cecTp8M C8cTp8MM C8cTp8X
sister
CT8K8H glass, tumbler
CXB8TMTb P (+ ace. 38 + ace.)
CXB8'fY, CXB8TMWb (XB8Tl1Tb l or
CXB8TbIB8Tb' both like 3H8Tb)
to seize (someone by some-
thing)
TecHo crowded; tight
TOB8pMiL\ comrade, friend
TYT here (= 3Aecb)
yxo pI. YWM (dim YWKO pI. YWKM)
ear
X03RMH pI. x03ReB8 gen. pI.
x03ReB host, owner, master
Note the diminutives in this well-known Russian folk tale 'The Fox and
the Rolling-Pin ' (or, literally, 'The Little Fox and the Little Rolling-Pin ').
1 The rules of peasant hospitality allow travellers to ask for a bed for the
night at the first house they come to. However, the fox is not a very wel-
come guest. How does the peasant try to turn the fox away?
2 How does she counter this objection?
3 If a guest loses something, the host has to make good the loss. How
does the fox acquire a hen?
4 What happens to the hen?
315

LESSON 25
5 What does the fox want for the goose and what does she get?
6 How does the surreal conversation in the burrow under the tree-stump
lead to punishment for the fox?
Wna nMCM'IKa* no AOp6)1(Ke, Hawna CKanO'IKy i . nOAHRna ei M
nownil Ainbwe. npMwna B A8p8BHIO M nOCTy'lana B ABepb nepBoM
M36bl:
- CTYK-CTYK-cTyK*!
- KTO TaM?
- SI, nMCM'IKa-CeCTpM'IKa i , nYCTMTe nepeHO'IeBSTb.
- Y Hac M i 683 Te6R T8cHO.
- As i R He nOTeCHIO* Bac: caMa nRry Ha naBO'lKY*, XBOCTMK* nOA
naBO'lKY, CKanO'IKY nOA ne'lKY.
Ei nycTMnM.
OHS nerna caMS Ha naBO'fKY, XB6cTMK nOA naBO'fKY, CKanO'fKY nOA
ne'fKY.
PaHO y-rpoM nMCM'fKa SCTana, cO)l(rns* CBOIO CKanO'fKY, a nOTOM
cnpOCMna:
- rAe)l(e MOR CKSnO'fKa? AssaMTe MHe 38 Hee KYPO'fKY*!
MY)I(MK - AenaTb H8'fero! - OTASn ei 38 CKanO'fKY Kypo'fKY. B3Rns
nMCM'fKa KYPO"lKY, MAiT M noeT:
- Wna nMCM'fKa no AOpO)l(Ke,
Hawna CKanO'fKY.
38 CKanO'fKY B3Rna KYPO"lKY!
npMwna oHa B APYrYlO AepeBHIO:
- CTyK-CTYK-CTYK!
- KTO TaM?
- SI, nMCM'fKa-cecTpM'fKa, nYCTMTe nepeHO"leBaTb.
- Y Hac M 6e3 Te6R TeCHO.
- As R He nOTecHIO sac: caMa nRry Ha nSBO"lKY, XSOCTMK nOA
nSBO'fKY, KYPO"lKY nOA ne'fKY.
Ei nycTMnM.
nMCM'fKa nerna caMS Ha naBO"lKY, XS6cTMK nOA naso"l KY, KYPO"lKY
nOA ne'fKY.
PSHO y-rpOM nMCM'fKa nOTMXOHbKY* BCTana, CXBaTMna KYPO"lKY,
c'b6na, a nOTOM M rOBopMT:
- rAe )l(e MOR KYPO'fKa? AaBaMTe MHe 38 Hee rjCO'fKY*!
316

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES. POLITENESS
HM'ferO He nOAenaeWb, npMwn6cb X03RMHY OTABTb ei 38 KYPO'fKY
rjCO'ftcy. B3Rna nMCM'fKa rjCO'fKY, MAlT M noeT:
- Wna nMCM'fKa no Aop6)1(Ke,
Hawn' CKanO'fKY,
3a CKSnO&lKY B3S1na KYPO'fKY,
3a Kypo'fKY B3Rna rjco'fKyl
npMwna OHa B8'fepoM B TpeTblO AepeBHIO:
- CTYK-cTyK-cTyK!
- KTO TaM?
- SI, nMCM'fKa-cec1"pM'fKal nYCTMTe nepeHO'feBiTb!
- Y Hac M 6e3 Te6R T8cHO.
- A R He nOT8CHIO Bac: caMa nRry Ha naBO'fKY, XBOCTMK nOA
naBO'fKY, rjCO'fKY nOA n6'fKY.
Ei nycTMnM.
OHa nern8 caMa Ha naBOKY, XBOCTMK nOA niBO'fKY, rjCO'fKY nOA
niNKY. Y1"pOM nMCM'fKa BCKO'fMna, cXB8TMn8 rjCO'fKY, c'b8na, nOToM M
rOBopMT:
- A rAe )l(e MOR rjcO'fKa? AaBaiTe MHe 3a Hee AeBO'fKyl
A My*MKY AeBO'fKY )l(anKO oTASBaTb. nOnO)l(Mn OH B MewoK
60nbwyIO c06aKY M oTASn nMce:
- 5epM, nMca*, AeBO'fKY!
BOT nMca B3Rna MeWOK, Bblwna Ha AOPOry M rOBopMT:
- AeBO'fKa, noi* n8cHM!
A c06aK8 B MewKe 38pbl'fanr!
nMCM'fKa Mcnyrinacb, 6p6cMna MewoK, no6e)l(ana.
Tyr co6aKa BbICKO'fMna M3 MewKa - M 38 Hei!
nMc8 OT c06aKM 6e>Kina-6e)l(ana AS nOA neHeK* B HOPY* 386e)l(ana.
CMAMT TaM M rOBopMT:
- YWKM MOM, YWKM! LITo Bbl AenanM?
- Mbl BCe cnYW8nM.
- A Bbl, HO)l(KM, 'fTO AenanM?
- Mbl BCe 6e*anM.
- A Bbl, rna3KM?
- Mbl BCe rnRAenM.
- A Tbl, XBOCT*?
- A S1 BCe Mewan Te68 6e)l(8Tb.
317

LESSON 25
- A, Tbl Bee Mewin! Hy nOCToi )l(e*, BOT R nOKS.y Te6e:f;! - M
BbiCYHyns* XBOcT M3 HOpbl: - EWb ero, co6iKS!
Tyr co6iKS eXBSTMns nMCML4Y 38 XBOCT, BblTsaqMna* H3 HOpbl M
HS'fsni ei Tep3iTb *!
*Extra Vocabulary for Comprehension Exercise
BblCYHyrb P to thrust out
BblTSaqMTb P to drag out (Bbl +
TSaqMTb 20.4 + 20.2)
..yCO'fKS (dim from ryCblHR coli)
little goose
AS (coli) (30.4) and/but
38pbl'fiTb P to start growling
KYPM48 (dim KYPO'fKS) hen
naBK8 (dim naBO'fKa) bench in
peasant hut
nMCa pl. nMcbl fox
nMCM'fKS-CeCTpM'fKS little fox-little
sister (standard rhyming name
for the fox in folk tales)
nMcML48 (dim nMCM'fKs) fox, vixen
Hopi burrow; lair
n(e)Hb (m) (dim neH(i)K) tree
stump
EXERCISE 25/5
REVISION OF LESSONS 21-25
BOT R nOKa)l(Y Te68! I'll show you!
nocTo")I(e hang on a moment
nOTecHMTb P (+ acc.) to constrict
(someone); to get in (someone's)
way
nOTMxoHbKY (call) noiselessly
(dim. from TMXO 'quiet')
cKanKa (dim CKanO'fKs) little
rolling-pin (for rolling pastry)
cO)l(rna burnt
past of C)I(e'fb P (+ ace.) to burn
( something)
CTYK-CTYK-CTYK knock-knock-
knock
Tep38Tb ' to pull about, torment
XBOCT tail
Put the words in brackets in the correct fonn and translate:
1 3a WecTb AHeM Mbl n06bIB8.nM B (wecTb ropoAoB). 2 Mbl
pa3roBapMBsnM C (TpM PYCCKMX CTYAeHTs). 3 SI BaM ABM He 60nbwe
('feTblpe Aonnspa). 4 Mbl 6YAeM B neTep6ypre (OAHa HeAenR).
Translate:
5 She loves only herself. 6 They are in their hotel room. 7 We have come
to Russia in order to speak Russian. 8 I want him to apologize. 9 She is
318

DIMINUTIVES; PROPER NAMES; POLITENESS
here alone. 10 They have three children. 11 There are four of us. 12
I do!')'t know anybody in Irkutsk. 13 She doesn't understand a single word.
14 There's no one to ask (p). 15 There was no one for her to talk to (i).
Translate the English into Russian and Russian into English:
A: MMcTep CMMT, Mbl C )KeNoi XOTMM sac npMrnacMTb K ce6e .qoMoi.
&: With pleasure.
A: Bbl CMO)KeT8 npMiTM nocn838BTpa, B nRTHM4Y?
&: Unfortunately, I can't. I shall be in Kiev for three days.
A: TorAi npMxoAMT8 AB8A48Tb c8AbMoro.
&: On that day I'm busy.
A: A TpM.q",aToro?
&: I think I have no meetings (BcTpe'ta) at all after the twenty-ninth.
A: npeKpacHo. Mbl Bac *AiM TpM.qToro, nocne ceMM 'tacoB.
319

26
YPOK ABAAATb WECTb
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS;
WORD ORDER;
WRITING LETTERS
26.1 Useful Expressions
KT6-HM6YAb 3BoHMn? Did anyone ring?
KTo-TO 3BoHMn. Someone rang.
OHa ywna KYAlI-TO. She's gone off somewhere.
PaCCK8)I(MTe 'fTo-HM6YAb 0 ce6e. Tell me something about yourself.
26.2 Someone KTo-TO
KTO-TO 'someone' means someone definite, though the speaker may not
know who. It is declined like KTo:
KTO-TO CTy'lMT B ABepb.
SI BMAen Koro-To.
Someone is knocking at the door.
I saw someone.
26.3 Anyone KTO-HM6YAb
KT6-HM6YAb 'anyone' means that no specific person is meant:
EcnM KT6-HM6YAb npMAeT, If anyone comes, say I'm out.
CK8)1(M, 'tTO M8HR H8T.
320

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS, WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS
For most uses of someone/anyone, English and Russian usage coincide:
KT6-TO npMwin. Someone has come.
EcnM Tbl KOMY-HM6YAb cKluKewb, If you tell anyone, I'll divorce you.
R C T066i pa3BeAycb.
But note the following differences:
( 1) The distinction between definite person (-TO) and no specific person
( -HM6YAb) tends to be stricter than in English, so an English sentence such as
'If someone rings, tell them I'm out' should be EcnM KT6- HM6yIV' n03BoHMT
if you do not know who is going to ring. This means that future and imper-
ative sentences will nearly always have -HM6YAb.
CnpocMTe Koro-HM6YAb.
Ask someone (I have no specific
person in mind).
(2) When English 'anyone' means 'no one', i.e. in negative sentences,
fonns of the Russian word HHKTO ('no one', 'nobody' 24.6) are used:
I don't know anyone.
Don't tell anyone.
SI HMKoro He 3HiliO (= I know no one).
He rOBopMT8 HMKOMY
(= Tell no one). (See Lesson 24.)
26.4 Somewhere, Anywhere, Sometime, Anytime etc.
The rules for other -TO and -HM6y.qb words are exactly the same:
something 'fTO-TO
somewhere r.qe-To
somehow K8K-TO
(to) somewhere KYAB-TO
sometime Kor.qil-To
for some reason nO'feuY-To
SI Bac rAe-To BM.qen.
EcnM Bbl6YAeTe KorAi-HM6YAb
B MocKB', n03BOHMTe HaM.
anything 'fTO-HM6y.qb
anywhere r.qe-HM6y.qb
anyhow K8K-HM6y.qb
(to) anywhere Ky.qa-HM6YAb
anytime Kor.qa-HM6y.qb
for any reason nO'feMY-HM6YAb
I've seen you somewhere (somewhere
specific, though I can't remember
where).
If you are ever (anytime) in Moscow,
telephone us.
321

OH KYAi-TO ywin.
AaBaiTe noe.qeM KY.q8-HM6YAb.
OHa 'ITa-TO KynMna.
OHa '1TG-HM6YAb KynMna?
OHa HM'IerO He KynMna.
OHM HMKYAi He XOAMnM.
26.5 K8KOi-TO/K8KOi-HM6YAb
LESSON 26
He's gone off somewhere.
Let's go somewhere (I have nowhere
specific in mind).
She's bought something.
Has she bought anything/something?
She hasn't bought anything.
They didn't go anywhere.
Notice also the adjectives KaKoi-To 'some (or other)', 'some kind of' and
KaKoi-HM6y.qb 'any', 'any kind of':
88M 3BOHMns KaK8R-TO
)l(eHIlptHa.
OH MaqeT KSKjlO-HM6YAb ps60Ty.
Mbl HaiA8M KSKYIO-HM6YAb
rOCTMHMLlY.
EXERCISE 26/1
Some woman rang you.
He's looking for any kind of job.
We'll find some kind of hotel.
Translate the words in brackets:
1 OHa KynMna (something). 2 Bbl KynMnM (anything)? 3 Mbl He KynMnM
(anything). 4 PaCCKa)l(MT8 HaM (something) 0 )l(M3HM B C..6MpM. 5 EcnM
(anybody) n03BoHMT, CKS)I(MTe, '1TO R 6YAY nocne ceMM. 6 OHi ywna
(somewhere) C (some) MonoAblM '1enOBeKoM. 7 (For some reason) OHa
He MO)l(eT npMMTM. 8 Bbl )l(Mn.. (ever/at any time) B .qepeBHe?
26.6 Rules of Thumb for 'Some-/Any-' Words
(a) -TO is 'some'.
(b) -HM6y.qb is 'any'.
(c) Use -HM6YAb for 'some' in sentences about the future, in orders and
questions.
(d) Use HMKTO/HM'ITo/HMrAe (24.6) etc. for 'any' in negative sentences.
322

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS
Key examples:
KTO-To Bac MaqeT.
Bbl KynMnM 'fTO-HM6YAb?
CnpOCMTe Kor6-HM6YAb.
Mbl HMKor6 He 3HseM.
Someone is looking for you.
Have you bought anything?
Ask someone.
We don't know anyone.
26.7 EXTRA: -I1M60 and KOe-
There is another suffix -nM60, which is similar to -HM6YAb but implies
even more unrestricted choice:
EcnM B8M 'fT6-nM60 HY.HO . . . If you need anything (whatever) . . .
It is also a little more fonnal than -HM6YAb so it is not common in conver-
sation.
Note also the prefix K6e-, which generally has a distributive meaning:
Koe-rAe
K6e-KT6
K6e-KYAS
K6e-'fT6
in several places/here and there
a number of people (declines like K(6)
to several places
certain things (declines like 'fT6)
K6e-rAe ne)l(Sn CHer.
KOe-KOMY (dat.) 3TO He
nOHpaBMTCR.
Snow lay here and there.
A number of people won't like this.
Prepositions with K6e-KT6 and K6e-'tT6 generally come between the two
parts:
OHS y*8 K6e C KeM
n03H8K6MMn8cb.
She's already met a few people.
However, K6e- can also be an equivalent of -TO, but with the extra nuance
that the speaker is concealing the identity of the person, thing or place.
SO KOe-KT6 can mean 'someone' in the sense 'a certain person whom I am
not naming'. S1 npMB83 ei K6e-'fT6 'I've brought her something (which I'm
not naming)'; S1 MAY K6e-KYAB 'I'm going to a certain place' (a euphemism
for the toilet).
323

LESSON 26
Note that KOe-KaK means 'badly', 'sloppily' or 'with difficulty', not 'in
several ways'/'in a certain way': 6H Bei AenaeT K6e-K8K 'He does
everything sloppily.' np06aBnReMcR KOe-KaK 'We manage to get by'
(30.5).
26.8 Word Order
You will have noticed that Russian word order is very flexible. The end-
ings of words show the relationships between parts of the sentence so
these parts can go in almost any order without causing misunderstandings.
The basic rule for written Russian is that new information (or emphasized
information) comes at the end of the sentence.
3Aecb 6bln BaCR. Vasla was here (emphasis on Vasia).
6H cBo6oAHO rOBopMT nO-PyccKM M no-HeueL4KM. He speaks fluent
Russian and German (emphasis on the languages, not the fluency).
6H rOBopMT no-PyccKM cBo6oAHO. He speaks Russian fluently (emphasis
on the fluency).
B anpene Ubi 6blnM B COM. In April we were in Sochi (emphasis on
where). B CO'tM Mbl6blnM B anpene (emphasis on when).
As general rules, note that un emphasized time and place expressions come
first in the sentence and that unemphasized adverbs come before the verb.
For the beginner in Russian there is nothing very important to remem-
ber about Russian word order - other than the fact that it is very flexible.
However, it is worth noting that some things which are complicated in
English are simpler in Russian because of this flexibility. An English sen-
tence such as 'It was T olstoi who wrote Resurrection' (emphasizing
'Tolstoi') can be in Russian «BocKpeceHMe» HanMcan TonCToi.
EXERCISE 26/2
Translate, paying attention to the word order:
1 Some woman rang you (tam) (emphasis on 'some woman'). 2 She
324

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS, WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS
bought something (emphasis on 'bough!'). 3 There are no bananas in
Moscow (emphasis on 'no bananas'). 4 There was a Russian book lying
(ne)l(aTb) on the table (emphasis on 'Russian book'). 5 It was Mary who
brought the book (emphasis on 'Mary'). 6 I'll phone you (tam) tomorrow
(main emphasis on 'tomorrow', some emphasis on 'phone'). 7 I'll phone
Vadlm tomorrow (emphasis on 'Vadim').
26.9 EXTRA: Word Order in Speech
Different rules apply in informal conversation, where intonation and stress
play important roles. For example, important information is likely to come
first and to be pronounced with extra emphasis:
TepnjTb He Mort KorAi pyralOTCJI! 'I can't stand people swearing!'
26.10 Russian Addresses
A Russian address (iApec pI. BApeca) runs backwards (from a western
point of view), starting with the town and ending with the name of the resi-
dent. Here is an example:
MocKsa 127436
yn. HosaTopos
A.35, Kopn.2, KS. 236
CMMPHOSY B.C.
(Moscow + six-figure postcode)
(ynML&8 'Street of the Innovators ')
(Aou 'house' 35, Kopnyc 'block' 2,
KsapTMpa 'flat' 236, which can also
be written 3512/236)
(to Mr V. S. Smirnov - dative case)
Most city dwellers live in blocks of flats. The street number, 35 in the
example above, may cover several buildings one behind the other, each of
which is called a Kopnyc. Blocks of flats are often built round an open
space called a ASOP 'yard', which may contain benches, a children's play-
ground, trees, a kindergarten and sometimes a parking lot. The entrances
(noAw3A 'porch', 'entrance ') to the blocks are usually on the ASOP side
of the building, not on the street.
325

LESSON 26
26.11 Writing Letters
In English we begin 'Dear . . .', whether writing to a friend or the tax
inspector. In Russian, the greeting depends on the degree of formality. If
you are writing to someone you call Tbl, you can use:
AoporoM ('Dear') B8HR!
or AoporaJ1 M8WS!
or 3ApaBcTBYM, BaHRIMMws!
The ending of the letter can be l.tenylO Te6R ('I kiss you'), 06HMM81O Te6R
('I embrace you'), Ao CBMABHMR or Ao CKOpoM BCTp8'IM ('See you soon').
If writing to someone you call Bbl, use YBS)I(8eMbiM 'respected':
YBS)I(8eMbiM neTp MB8HOBM'f!
YBS)I(8eMSR MSpMR Bn8AMMMpoBHS!
An even more honorific form of address is MHoroYB8JK8eMbIM 'much
respected' :
MHoroYBS)I(aeMblM npoclHtccop MMp'f8HOB!
The ending of the letter should be:
. C YBSJKeHMeM ('With respect')
26.12 Vocabulary
ilApeC pI. 8Apeca address
STMOCclHtPS atmosphere
BecenblM cheerful, jolly
B03BpSII48HMe return
rscTponM (f. pI.) gen.pl. rscTpOneM
(theatre) tour ('guest roles')
AepeBo pI. AepeBbJl gen. pI.
.qepeBb8B tree
AeTcKsR nnoU48AKs children's
playground
38CTOnbe party (round a table,
with food and drink)
3AOpOBb8 health
3HSKOMSJI (f adj) female acquain-
tance
3HSKOMbiM (m adD male acquain-
tance
3HSKOMCTBO acquaintanceship,
first meeting
K8'18nM (pI.) gen..pl. KS'f8nei swings
K6e-KsKMe certain, a number of
(26.7)
Kp8nKo firmly, strongly
MSTepM8n material
326

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS
Mblcnb (f) thought
H84MoHanbHbiM national
Heo)l(MA8HHbIM unexpected
HecMoTpR H8 T6, 'tT6 in spite of
the fact that
HOBoroAHMM New Year (adD
OK838TbCRP OK8.yCb,
OK8)1(eWbCR (OK83bIB8TbCR'
like 3H8Tb) to find oneself; to
turn out
OC06blM special
oTnM'tHbIM excellent
OTbe3A departure
ne'tanb (f) sadness
nOBTopRTb' (like 3H8Tb)
(noBTopMTb P nOBToplO,
nOBTopMWb) (+acc.) to repeat
n03AP8BneHMe greeting,
congratulation
nOKoneHMe generation
nOHpaBMTbCRP to please
KHMra MHe nOHpaBMnacb
I liked the book
nocenMTbCR P nocentbcb,
nocenMwbcR (nocenRTbcR ' like
3H8Tb) to settle, take up resi-
dence
npe*Ae Bcer6 first of all, primarily
npMCTYnMTb P npMcTYnnlO,
npMc,.ynMwb (npMcTYnaTb' like
3H8Tb) (K +dat.) to get down to,
to start on
npMBeT greetings (informal usage)
nJlTM3TinKHbiM five-floor
pa66T8 HSA (+ inst.) work on
something
cepeAMH8 middle
cKaMeMK8 gen.pl. cK8MeeK bench
(dim. of CK8MbR 'bench')
C06Mp8TbCR' (+ inf) to intend to
C06P8Tb P co6epy,co6epewb
(C06Mp8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to gather
CT8pMK old man
cTapywK8 old woman (dim 25.2)
CT8TbR article
C't8CTbe happiness, luck
T8K'tTO so, so that
T6, 'tTO the fact that
TPYA gen.sg TPYA8 work
YB8JK88MbIM respected
YB8)1(eHMe respect
YAMBneHHo with surprise
YAM BnRTbCR' (like 3H8Tb) (+ dat.)
(YAMBMTbCRP YAMBn.ocb,
YAMBMWbCR) to be surprised (at)
ynbl6K8 gen.pl. ynbl60K smile
YPoB(e)Hb (m) level
LtenOB8Tb ' LtenylO, 4enyewb (no- P )
to kiss
'tT6-nM60 anything whatever (26.7)
WYMHblM noisy
327

LESSON 26
26.13 nMCbM6, 3anMcKa, n03ApaBneHM8
YB8)KaeUbli npocl)eccop HMKMcIK»POBI
M3BMHMTe 38 T6, 'fT6 R TaK Aonro He nMcana. S1 C06Mp8naCb
HanMciTb Ball Cpi3Y *e nocne B03BpaaqeHMR M3 MocKBbl, HO Aen
6blno cnMwKoM MHoro.
Ha np6wnoi HeAene R npo'tMTana Bawy npeKpacHYIO KHMry 0
6onbw6M TeaTpe. OHa MHe O'leHb nOHpaBMnaCb.
epe3 napy HeAenb nocne B03BpalqeHMR B 6pMCTonb R
n03BOHMna B Haw Ha4MoHinbHbii TeaTp M rOBopMn8 C Biwei
3HaKoMoi. OHa CKa38na, 'tT6 KOe-KaKMe MaTepMinbl AI1R Sac OHi P8
co6pani, TaK 'I TO, KorAi Bbl 6YAeTe B nOHAOHe B aBrycTe, Bbl
CMO)l(eTe Cpi3Y npMc-rynMTb K pa60Te HSA CTaTbii 0 racTp6nRX
60nbworo TeiTpa B AHrnMM.
EcnM HM'tTO He nOMewaeT, TO Mbl C PM'IapAOM CHOsa OKa)l(eMCR B
MOCKBe rAe-TO B cepeAMHe MlOnR. EcnM R CMOry BaM 'teM-HM6YAb
nOMO'tb ('ITa-TO nepeAiTb OT Bawei 3H8KaMoi Mn.. 'tTo-nM60 eaqi),..
3BOHMTe MHe.
Eaqe pa3 cnacM60 38 OTnM'tHYIO KHMry.
Bcero BaM A66poro*.
C YB8)1(eHMeM
6ap6apa nayn
*Best wishes (short for S1 )l(enilO BaM Bcero A06poro (gen.) 'I wish to
you all good ').
3anMCKa (A Note)
AoporiR Moll AHHywKa!
npMBeT Te6e M3 napM)I(a. 3Aecb CTanbKO MHTepecHoro, 'ITa
HeKorAa nMciTb nMCbMa. SI BepHYCb B 'teTBepr, nacne weCTM.
npMXOAM B rOCTM, R Te6e Bce paCCKa)l(Y.
,-,enylO KpenKO,
IOpa
328

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS; WORD ORDER; WRITING LETTERS
HoaorOAHee n03AP8aneHMe (New Year Greetings)
YB8>KieMbIM niTp MB8HOBM'I1
nYCTb ne'linM oCTiHyrCR B npownoM rOAY. nYCTb B BiweM AGue
nocenMTcR C'ISCTb8! >KenalO B8M Becinoro 38cTonbR, ynbl60K,
P8AOCTM, 3AOpOBbJl. >KenillO BaM ycnexoB B )l(M3HM M B TPYA8.
>KenslO BaM Toro, 'fTO Bbl )l(enSeTe ce6e.
C YB8>KeHMeM
EBa AHToHoBa
Note that in letters (a) the first line is positioned towards the middle of the
page, (b) the name is followed by an exclamation mark" and (c) all fonns
of Bbl are written with a capital letter.
EXERCISE 26/3
Translate:
Note the word order: in eleven cases the subject (noun in the nominative
case) comes after the verb (see 26.8).
ABOp ('The Courtyard' - see 26.10)
BonoAR M MapM BownM BO ASOP nRTM3Ta)l(HOrO AOMa. XOTR
WYMHblM npocneKT 6bln HeABneKO, BO ABOpe 6blno TMXO, pocnM
60nbwM8 cTilpble AepesbR, a B caMoM 4eHTpe 6blns AeTcKaR
nnoU4ilAKa C Ka'lenRMM. Ha cK8MeMKax cMAenM cTapMKM M cTapywKM,
nepeA HMMM MrpanM AeTM.
- 3APilBcTBYMTel 3ApaBcTBYMTe - nOBTopRn BonoAR.
- Tbl Bcex 3A8Cb 3Haewb? - YAMBniHHo cnpocMna MapM.
- KOHe-tHO. SI B8Ab BbipoC B 3TOM ABOpe. B cTapblx MOCKOBCKMX
AOMax oco6aR aTMocc:lJepa. B HMX MHorAi )l(MBYr ABa-TpM nOKoneHMR.
BOT 3TM CTaPYWKM 3HanM MOMX AeAYWKY M 6i16YWKY, BMAenM, KaK
POC MOM nana KaK poc R, K8K poena MOR cecTpii Mawa. 3Aecb
npowna MX )l(M3Hb. M OHM nlO6J1T M aTOT AOM, M Bcex, KTO B HiM )l(MBiT.
329

LESSON 26
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 26/4
1 Where exactly did Vera Petrishcheva and Barbara Pope meet?
2 Y MeHA B03HMKI18 Mblcnb . . . What is Vera's idea?
3 What two reasons does she give for considering this idea realistic?
4 What does she want Mrs Pope to do?
3ApaBCTBYMTe,
YB8*seMaR MMCCMC noyn!
He YAMBnAMT8Cb, nO)l(SnYMcTa, MoeMY HeO)l(MASHHOMY nMcbMY,
HecMoTpA Ha TO, '1TO CO AHR HaWerO 3H8KoMCTBa y>Ke npowno
BoceMb MeCRL4eB.
Aeno B TOM, '1TO* TonbKO Bbl CMo*eTe nOMo'tb MHe M MOMM
APY3bAM. Ho AnR H8'tan8 R H8nOMHIO HeMHoro 0 ce6e.
MeHA 30ByY Bep8. SI M3 ropOAB MMHYCMHCK8. Tor6 ManeHbKoro
npOBMHL4ManbHoro* cM6MpcKoro ropOAKa*, rAe Bbl co CBOMM MY)I(eM
6blnM B KOM8HAMpOBK8 B Mae npownoro rOA8.
SI o'teHb CO)l(8nelO, '1TO 3TO nMCbMO R He H8nMCBna CPS3Y nocne
Bawero OTb83A8, HO, K8K Y Hac rOBopAT, ccny...we n03)1(e*, '1eM
HMKorAil.
nocne 3H8KOMCTB8 C BaMM B HsweM My36e Y MeH" B03HMKI1a*
Mblcnb, KOTOp8R He nOKMAan8* MeHR y*e HMKorAil. OHa
38KnlO'IaeTCR* B TOM, '1TO R XO'ty K8K-TO no6nM)I(e n03H8KoMMTbCR C
BaweM CTpaHOM, C ee 06bl't8RMM* M nIOAbMM.
Tenepb iTO CTano 60nee peinbHO*, 'teM paHbwe. H8BepHoe, 3TO
CBA38HO t npe*Ae Bcero C oTTenenblO* B nOnMTM'I8CKMX* M
KynbTYPHbIX* oTHoweHMRx* Me*AY H8WMMM CTp8H8MM, a, KpOMe Toro,
R nOcTYnMn8 B MHCTMTjT, rAe R H8'18na 38HMMaTbcR 8HrnMMcKMM
R3bIKOM, KOTOpblM npenOAB8TcR* H8 HennoxoM* YPoBHe.
n03TOMY R 6bl xOTen8, 'tTo6bl Bbl nOMornM MHe CBR38TbCR* C KeM-
HM6YAb M3 YHMBepcMTeT8 B 6pMcTone, KTO MHTepecyeTcR MCTopMeM
CM6MpM.
EcnM R CMOrj '1eM-HM6YAb nOMO'Ib B8M, 6YAY O'leHb P8Aa*.
C HeTepneHMeM* *AY Bawero nMcbMa.
330

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS, WORD ORDER, WRITING LETTERS
MOM SAPec:
660022 r. Kp8CHORpCK,
yn. A6aKaHcKaJl 33/21315
neTpMU4eBoM Bepe
M3BMHMTe 38 6ecnoKoicTBO.
C YBlUKeHMeM
Bep8
tExtra Vocabulary
BHMKHYTbPpastBo3HMK,
B03HMKJ1a to arise
Y MeHR B03HMKn8 Mblcnb
I had an idea
ropoA(o)K small town (dim 25.2)
Aeno B TOM, 'tTO the thing is that
38KJ1KN8TbCJI' (B + prep.) to consist
of, to be
3H8KOMCTBO acquaintance with,
first meeting
KynbTYPHblM cultural
HennoxoM(adj) not bad
HeTepneHMe impatience
C HeTepneHMeM impatiently
06bl't8M custom
oTHoweHMe relation
OTT8nenb (f) thaw
no6nM)I(e (comp of 6nM3KMM 18.3)
a bit closer
nOKMTb' to leave
nonMTM'tecKMi political
n(3)1(8 later (comp of n03AHO)
npenOABB8TbCJI ' to be taught
npoBMH4ManbHbiM provincial
PiIAa (f adj - 29.7) glad
peanbHo realistic
CBJl38TbCJl P C (+ inst.) to make
contact with
CBR38HO C (+ inst.) connected
with
CO)l(aneTb ' to regret
331

27
YPOK HOMEP ABAAATb CEMb
PARTICIPLES:
TYPES AND STRESS
27.1 Key Examples
Bce 6YAeT cAen8Ho.
Bce 6MneTbi npOA8Hbl.
Mbl 6blnM YAMBneHbl.
3TO MecTo 38HRTO?
Everything will be done.
All the tickets have been sold.
We were surprised.
Is this seat occupied?
27.2 Participles'
In Russian, there are six other verbal fonns which you need to know, or at
least to recognize, if you want to read Russian. These six fonns are differ-
ent types of participle" that is, verb fonns which have some of the features
of adjectives or adverbs. Equivalent participles in English are 'murdered',
'exhausted', 'sitting' in 'Was Stalin murdered?', 'Exhausted by participles,
1 needed a large whisky', 'I know the girl sitting in the comer'. Four
types of Russian participles are verbal adjectives, dealt with in this lesson
and in Lesson 29. Two are verbal adverbs, dealt with in Lesson 28.
The most important of these participles is the past passive participle
(PPP), corresponding to 'done', 'exhausted' etc. in English.
332

PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS
27.3 Past Passive Participle (PPP) or Past Passive Verbal Adjective
Bce 6YA8T cAen8Ho.
Everything will be done.
The participle cAen8Ho 'done' is from cAen8Tb P 'to do'. The neuter ending
-HO agrees with the subject Bce. The linking verb is always a form of
6blTb 'to be'.
These participles are quite common, though more so in bookish style.
They correspond to 'murdered', 'surprised' in such sentences as 'Stalin
was murdered' and 'He was very surprised'. They are fonned only from
transitive t verbs (i.e. verbs which can be followed by a noun in the
accusative case) and normally only from perfective verbs (since PPPs
denote completed actions).
27.4 Formation of Past Passive Participles (PPPs)
There are three categories, based on the endings of the infinitive. Under
each category, note that there are two separate rules to remember, namely
(a) how to form the participle, and (b) where to put the stress.
(1) Fairly Simple: -8Tb-type Verbs
(a) Ending. If the verb ends -8Tb, take off the Tb and add -H (m)/-H8(f)/
-Ho(n)/-Hbl (pI.) It doesn't matter what the future conjugation' of the verb
is or how irregular it is. So:
A8Tb 'to give' has the PPP: A8H/ASHa/A8H6/ASHbl'given'
(b) Stress. If the verb ends -ATb, the stress moves back a syllable. So:
npo'tMT8Tb 'to read' has: npo'tMTaHlnpo'tMT8Halnpo'tMT8HoI
npo'lMT8Hbl'read'
A one-syllable verb such as A8Tb 'to give' always has the stress on the last
vowel, so the endings are ASH, ASHa, ASH6, ASHbl 'given'. Where the
stress moves back a syllable on to a prefix, the stress is often on the ending
in the feminine fonn: OTASH, oTASHa, 6TASHO, OTASHbl 'given back'.
Common phrases with PPPs ending -8H/-aH8/-8Hol-aHbl:
333

LESSON 27
CAenaTb P 'to do'
Bce cA6naHo.
&YA8T CAenaHo.
nOKa38Tb P 'to show'
Cl)MI1bM 6YAeT nou38H 38STpa.
npOABTb P 'to sell'
BC8 6MneTbi npoA8Hbl.
Everything's done.
(It)'11 be done.
The film will be shown 'omorrow.
All the tickets have been (are) sold.
Note that the missing present tense fonn of 6blTb 'to be' can correspond to
the English perfect tense 'has/have been', as in the last example.
(2) Trickier: -MTb and -TM Verbs (and -eTb verbs of Type 2, Le. with
conjugation -10, -MWb)
(a) Ending. To find the PPP of these verbs, you need to know the first
person R ('I') fonn of the future conjugation. Take off the -y or -10 and add
-eH or -iH, depending on the stress. Examples:
06MA8Tb 'to offend' R 06M*y, PPP: 06M)I(8H 'offended'
npMrnacMTb 'to invite' R npMrnawy, PPP: npMrnaweH 'invited'
nP8ACT8SMTb 'to present' R npeACT8snlO, PPP: nP8ACT8sn8H 'presented'
npMsecTM 'to bring' R npMs8AY, PPP: npMs8AeH 'brought'
(b) Stress. If the verb is stressed on the stem (Le. not on the -MTb), the
stress is on the stem in all forms, so:
npeAcT8sMTb 'to present' has nP8AcT8sn8H (m), nP8ACT8sneHa (f)
np8AcT8sn8Ho (n), npeAcT8sn8Hbi (pI) 'presented'
If the m fonn is -8H, the f, n and plural fonns are always unstressed eHa,
8HO, 8Hbl.
If the verb has fixed stress on the ending in the future, then the PPP
always ends eHleH8I8Ho/eHbl:
npMrnacMTb 'to invite' (R npMrnawy, Tbl npMrnacMwb), PPP: npMrnawiH
'invited'. The f, n and plural are npMrnaw8H8, npMrnaw8Ho, npMrnaW8Hbi.
Note that if the m fonn ends -eH, the other three endings are always 8HA,
8HQ, 8HI!!.
If the stress of the future shifts back from the ending to the root, the
stress of the PPP is likely to match the stress of the Tbl fonn (though there
are exceptions). Examples:
334

PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS
KynMTb 'to buy' (51 KynnlO, Tbl KjnMWb). The PPP is KynnmtlKynneHai
KynneHo/KynneHbl 'bought').
06'bRBMTb 'to announce' 51 06'bRBnlb, Tbl 06'bBBMWb, PPP: 06'bRBneH
'announced'.
Examples:
Bonp6c 6YAeT peWiH.
&MneTbl y*e KynneHbl.
The question will be dealt with
('solved', 'decided').
The tickets have already been bought.
(3) Easy Ones: Verbs with Unusual Infinitives -oTb, -YTb, -RTb, -bITb, -eTb
(if not Type 2)
(a) Endings. Simply take off the soft sign. The four endings are then
-T/Tafrofrbl. Example:
38KpblTb 'to close' PPP: 38KpbIT, 3aKpblTa, 38KpbITO, 38KpblTbl 'closed'
(b) Stress. Verbs in -blTb have fixed stress on the -bl. Verbs in -oTb and
-jTb shift the stress to the stem like -8Tb verbs (see l(b) above). Verbs in
-RTb also shift the stress forward, but the feminine fonn tends to be
stressed on the -8. Examples:
38TRHYrb 'to tighten': PPP 38TRHYT, 38TRHYTa 'tightened'
npoKonoTb 'to pierce': PPP npoKonoT, npoKonoT8 'pierced'
38HRTb 'to occupy': PPP 38HRT, 38HRT8, 38HRTO, 38HRTbl'occupied', 'busy'
OTHRTb 'to take away': PPP OTHRT, OTHRT8, OTHRTO, OTHRTbl 'taken away'
oAeTb 'to dress': PPP oAeT, OAeTa, OAeTO, oAeTbl'dressed' (B + ace. 'in')
OHit 6b1l1i opfmJ. B I<p8cHoe nnlrrbe. She was wearing a red dress.
Notice that BblnMTb 'to drink' belongs to type 3:
BblnMT, BblnMTa, BblnMTo, BblnMTbl'drunk' (of a liquid, not a human)
B'Iep8 6blno BblnMTo MHoro. A lot was drunk yesterday.
27.5 Use of PPPs
Pa60Ta CAenaHa.
Pa60Ta 6bln8 cAenaHa.
Pa66Ta 6YAeT cAenaHa.
Pa60Ta 6blna 6b1 cAenaHa.
The work is/has been done.
The work was done.
The work will be done.
The work would bel
would have been done.
335

LESSON 27
If you want to say who did it, use the instrumental, meaning 'by':
Pa60Ta 6blna cAenaHa Mawgi. The work was done by Masha.
(Mawei is the instrumental case of Mawa.)
27.6 EXTRA: Exceptional Cases
HaiTM 'to find', PPP HaMAeH, HaMAeH8, HaMAeHo, H8MAeHbi 'found' (note
stress). BblHYAMTb (R BbIHY*Y, Tbl BbIHYAMWb) 'to force', PPP
BbIHY*AeH 'forced'. YBMAeTb 'to see', PPP YBMAeH 'seen'. HS'taTb 'to
begin', PPP Ha'taT, Ha't8Ta, Ha't8To, Ha'taTbl 'begun'.
27.7 PPPs with -bIM-adjective Endings
In dictionaries you will find PPPs given with a long-form adjective end!
ing, i.e. -HHbIM (types 1 and 2 - note the two HH'S) or -TbIM (type 3). For
example HanMcaHHblM 'written' or B3i1TbIM 'taken'. These long fonns,
which have all the case endings of an adjective, are used in certain bookish
constructions which you will meet when you read technical books or liter-
ature and newspapers. Examples:
80 Bcex KHMrax, HanMca HHblx (prep. pI.) 3TMM aBTopoM AO 39-ro rOA8,
8CTb MHTepecHble *eHIqMHbl.
In all the books written by this author before 1939 there are interesting
women.
In more neutral style, you would say:
Bo Bcex KHMrax, KOTopble 6blnM HanMcaHbl 3TMM 8BTOpOM AO 39-ro
rop,a, ecTb MHTep8cHble *eHU4MHbl (or Bo Bcex KHMrax, KOTopble
HanMc8n 3TOT aBTop . . .).
These 'long' participles replace a clause beginning KOTOpblM 'which', just
as in English you can say either 'all the books written by this author' or
'all the books which were written by this author'. Notice that it is easier
and less bookish to use KOTOpblM + the short participle in Russian; if you
336

PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS
choose to miss out the KOTOpbli, then you must use the long participle and
make its adjective ending agree with the noun to which it refers.
BOT nRTb 6MneTOS, KOTopble 6blnM KynneHbl s'tepa
or BOT nJlTb 6MneTOB, Kynne HHblX (gen. pl.) B'tepa.
Here are five tickets (which were) bought yesterday.
Pa6oTY, KOTopaR 6blna CAenaHA Mawei, AOn)l(eH 6bln CAenaTb BaHR.
The work which was done by Masha should have been done by Vanya.
Pa66TY, cAena HHYIO (f ace. sg.) Mawei, A6n)l(eH 6bln cAenaTb BaHR.
The work done by Masha should have been done by Vanya.
If you miss out the 'which' in the participial clause, then you have to use
the long fonn of the participle and make it agree in case with the noun to
which it relates (in this instance pa60TY in the accusative).
In bookish style you will also meet constructions in which the long par-
ticiple is placed in front of its noun, often with words inserted between
them, e.g.:
HanMca HHbl8 AOCToescKMM S 3TO SpeMR pOMaHbl CTanM o'teHb
nonynRpHblMM.
'The written-by-Dostoevsky-at-this-time novels became very popular'
(i.e. 'The novels written by Dostoevsky at this time. . . ').
B Ha3sa HHbiX KHMrax MO)l(HO HaiTH MHoro MHTep6cHoro.
In the named books one can find much of interest.
The fonns given in section 27.4 above (CAena ttlaJoIbl etc.) are the ones
you will nonnally meet and use. Do not mix up the short and long foons
of the participles! In a sentence of the type 'Something is/was/will be
done', you must use the short fonn. For 'The work is done' it is wrong to
say Pa66T8 cAenaHHaR. Correct is Pa66Ta cAensHa.
EXERCISE 27/1
Translate:
1 Bcl 6YAeT cAenaHo. 2 Mara3MM rYM 6bln nocTp6eH S
AeSJlTH8ALlBTOM seKe. 3 3rOT POMaH 6bln HanicaH TonCTbiM. 4 HMKTO
He 386bIT, HM'tTO He 386bITO (quotation from the poet Bepa MH6ep at the
337

LESSON 27
main Petersburg war cemetery). 5 Cl)ecTMsBnb 6bln opr8HM30s8H
CTYAeHT8MM. 6 Mbl 6blnM npMrn8weHbi H8 Be'tep B .QoMe APy.6bl.
7 He Bce BonpOcbl 6blnM peweHbl. 8 P866T8 KOH'teHa. 9 AnenbCMHbl
6blnM npMBe38Hbl 143 AcI»PMKM. lOB neP8A8't8 (programme) 6YAeT
paCCKB38HO 0 )l(M3HM S CM6MpM. 11 Ase Tp8TM Bcex MnbMoB,
nOKB38HHbIX H8 _TMBBne, 6blnM KynneHbl 8MepMKBHLI8MM. 12
MHorMe 143 npMHRTblX B MHCTMTjT CTVAeHTOB - MHOCTp8H4bl.
EXERCISE 27/2
Put the corre'ct endings on the words in brackets:
1 Cl)MnbM 6YAeT (noK838Tb) 38BTP8 The film will be shown tomorrow. 2
Bce MecTs 6blnM (38HRTb) All the seats were occupied. 3 Bonpoc V)I(e
(peWMTb) The matter has already been dealt with. 4 3TOT Bonpoc 6bln
(38A8Tb) (PYCCKMM )l(VPH8nMCT) This question was asked by a Russian
journalist. 5 Mar83MH (38KpbITb) The shop is closed. 6 6blno (06'bRBMTb),
'tTO KOHLlepT H8'tH8TCR B ceMb 't8COS It was announced that the concert
would begin at seven. 7 Baw 38K83 (npMHRTb) Your order has been
accepted.
EXERCISE 27/3
Say in Russian:
1 All the tickets have been sold. 2 The museums will be closed tomorrow.
3 Is this seat (MecTo) occupied? 4 The tickets will be ordered (38K838Tb P )
tomorrow. 5 In our shops it is difficult to find (p) books written by modern
Russian writers.
27.8 EXTRA: The Present Passive Participle (or Present Verbal
Adjective)
This participle is very rare. You may find examples if you read scientific
Russian and other texts in 'bookish' style. Its meaning is 'being V -ed' (V
338

PARTICIPLES' TYPES AND STRESS
being any transitive t verb), e.g. YB8JKaSMbiM 'being respected' from
YBs*aTb 'to respect'. Here is an example:
OHa 'tenOB8K, YBmK8eMbIM Bc8MM. She is a person who is respected
(being respected) by everybody.
These participles are fonned from the first person plural (the Ubi fonn) of
imperfective transitive t verbs by adding the adjective ending -bIM:
YB8*aTb l 'to respect': Ubi YB8)I(aSM: YB8*aeMbIM '(being) respected'
'tMTaTb l 'to read': Ubi 'tMTaeM: 'tMTaeMbIM '(being) 'read'
opr8HM30B8Tb l /P 'to organize': Mbl opr8HM3yeu: opr8HM3yeMbii
'(being) organized'
06CY*A8Tb " to discuss': Mbl o6cY*A8eM: o6cY*A8eMbli 'being
discussed'
The stress is generally the same as the infinitive:
nlO6MTb ' 'to love': Ubi ntb6MM: nlO6MublM '(being) loved'
Special cases:
BeAoMblM 'being led' (from BeCTM 'to lead'), HecoMblM 'being carried'
(from HecTM 'to carry')
Like past passive participles, present passive participles match the nouns
to which they relate in number, gender and case.
npocl>6ccop MMp't8HOB A8BHO 38HMMaeTcR Bonp6c8MM,
o6cY*A8eMb1MM H8 3TOM KOHclMtpeHLlMM. Professor Mirchanov has long
been concerned with the questions being discussed at this conference.
These participles are sometimes used as adjectives:
YBmK8eM8JI nMAMJI HMKonaeBHa! Respected Lidiia Nikolaevna!
(start of a fonnalletter - see Lesson 26)
3TO nOASPoK AI1J1 UoeM nlO6MMoM cecTpM'tKM.
This is a present for my beloved ('being loved') little sister.
339

LESSON 27
EXERCISE 27/4
A text with and without PPPs. Translate:
(a) B cf)6Ay 6blno 06"bABneHo, 'tTO Bce 6MneTbi y*e npOASHbl. Mbl
6blnM o'teHb YAMBneHbl, nOToMY 'tTO B nMCbMe AMpeKTOpa 6blno
H8nMc8Ho, 'tTO 6MneTbi AnR Hac 6YAYT KynneHbl B'teTBepr.
(b) B cf)6Ay 06"bRBMnM, 'tTO Bce 6MneTbi YJKe npoASnM. Mbl o'teHb
YAMBMnMcb, nOToMY 'tTO B cBoeM nMcbMe AMpeKTOp HanMcan, 'fTO
6MneTbi AnR H8C KynRT B 'feTBepr.
27.9 Vocabulary
8reHT agent
8KTep actor
8KTpMC8 actress
snnoAMpoBSTb' (38- P )
8nnoAMPy,8nnoAMPyewb
(+ dat.) to applaud someone
AclJPMKS Africa
BenMKo6pMT8HMR Great Britain
BeT(e)p wind
BKn'tMTbP BKn'ty, BKnlO'tMWb
(BKl1't8Tb' like 3HaTb) (B
+ ace.) to include (in)
B03MO*HbIM possible
Bonpoc question
BnepBble for the first time
Bbl6paTb P Bbl6ePY, Bbl6epewb
(BbI6MpSTb ' like 3HSTb) (+ ace.)
to choose
BblHYAMTb P BbIHY*Y, BblHYAMWb
(PPP BbIHY*AeH) (BbIHY*A8Tb'
like 3HSTb) (+ ace. + inf.) to
force (someone to do something)
BblcKa38TbCRP BblCK8)1(}fCb
BblCK8)I(eWbCR (38 + ace.)
(BbICK83bIB8TbCR like 3H8Tb) to
speak for/in favour of
r8Hepan general
8AMHCTB8HHO only
*YPH8nMcTK8 gen.pl.
*YPH8nMcToK female journalist
38A8Tb P (like .q8Tb 12.7) (38A8B8Tb
38A8tb, 38A8ewb) to set, pose
38A8Tb BonpOc (+ dat.) to ask
(someone) a question
M3BecTHbiM well-known
MCKnlO'tMTb P MCKn'fY,
MCKnlO'tMWb ("cKn'taTb' like
3H8Tb) + ace. to exclude
K8Mn8HMR campaign
KMHocj)ecTMBanb (m) film festival
Koponb (m) gen.sg. Koponll king
Me*AYH8POAHbIM international
o6naA8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.) to
possess
06Cy*A8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(o6cYAMTb p o6cy*y,
o6cYAMWb) to discuss
06"bRBMTb P 06"bRBntb, 06"bABMWb
340

PARTICIPLES: TYPES AND STRESS
(o6"bJlBnRTb' 06"bRBnjlO,
06"bRBnileWb) (+ ace.) to
announce
onpoc survey
opr8HM30BBTb '/P opr8HM3YIO,
opr8HM3yewb (+ ace.) to
organize
n0Kl10HHMK admirer
npttACT8BMTb P npeAcTsBnlO npeA-
CT8BMWb (npeACT8BI1ATb ' like
3H8Tb) (+ ace. + dat.) to
present something/someone
to someone
npe3MAeHT president
npeMb4!p8 premiere
npeMb8p-MMHMCTp prime minister
npMHRTb P npMMY, npMMewb past
npMHRn,npMHRI18,npMHJlI1M
(npMHMMBTb ' like 3HaTb) (+ acc.)
to accept
npMHRTb peweHMe to take a
decision
npMo6pecTM P npMo6peTj,
npMo6peT9wb past npMo6pen,
npMo6pel1s, -110, -11M
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 27/5
« YHeceHHbie BeTpOM»
(npMo6peTaTb ' like 3H8Tb)
(+ ace.) to acquire
nporp8MM8 programme
p83BeAeHHbii divorced (originally
a PPP)
peanbHbli real, real-life
p83ynbT8T result
B pe3ynbT8Te (+ gen.) as a
result of
peweHMe decision
COAep)l(8HMe content, contents
cnopMTb' cnoplO, cnopMwb
(no- P ) to argue, dispute
cynep3Be3A8 superstar
Te8TpanbHbiM theatre (adj.)
Y'faCTBOB8Tb ' Y't8CTBYIO, )"taCTBY-
eWb B (+ prep.) to participate in
YAMBMTb P YAMBl1tO, YAMBMWb
(+ ace.) (YAMBnRTb' like 3H8Tb)
to surprise (someone)
YHecTM P (like HecTM 20.2) (YHOCMTb'
like HOCMTb' 20.2) to carry away
'fMHOBHMK bureaucrat
'tMcno number
B 'tMCl1e (+ gen.) among
1 What is the English name of this film?
2 The film was made in 1939. What reason is suggested for its absence
from Soviet screens until 1990?
3 What main principle determines how English or American names are
spelt in Russian transcription?
4 Translate the eight underlined PPPs.
341

LESSON 27
B 1937 rOAY, nocne Toro KSK 6blno npMHJlTO peweHMe cAensTb
c1JMnbM no pOMaHY ccYHeceHHble BeTpoM», 8reHT npoAIOcep8 A3BMAB
Cen3HMKs, Paccen &epABenn, Ha'fSn KaMnaHMIO B AMepMK8 -
nOKnoHHMK8M pOM8H8 6bln 38IIaH Bonpoc: KTO *e Aon*eH MrpaTb
CKapneTT M Pena?
nlOAM nepecTSnM 06CY*A8Tb peanbHYIO ApaMY - poMaH
8HrnMMcKoro KOpOnt1 3AyapAB VIII C p83BeAeHHoM 8MepMKaHKoM
Yonnec CMMncoH (B pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo Koponb AHrnMM 6bln
BbIHY*AeH OTpe'fbCJI* OT npecTona). B KiuKAoM CeMb8 38 06eAoM
cnopMnM 0 TOM, 'fTO, Mo*eT 6blTb, rapM Kynep . . . A ecnM 3ppon
CbnMHH? . . . Ho KnapK reM6nl . . . AeBJlHOCTO nJlTb np04eHToB Tex,
KTO Y'tacTBoBan B onpoce, H83BanM KnapKa reM6na eAMHcTBeHHo
B03MO*HbIM PenoM 6aTnepoM. TO K8CaeTCJI CKapneTT O'Xapbl -
COpOK nJlTb np04eHToB BblcKa38nMcb 38 5eTT A3BMC, KOTOp8J1 y*e
06nBA8na ABYMt1 cc6CK8P8MM». Ho OHa oTKa3inaCb. Cen3HMK Bbl6pan
aHrnMMCKYIO TeSTpanbHYIO aKTpMCY BMBbeH nM.
CbMnbM cAenan BMBbeH nM cynep3Be3AoM. B 1943 rOAY, 'fepe3
'feTblpe ro.qa nocne npeMbepbl, BO BpeMJI ei KOH4epTOB B ceBepHoA
AclJPMKe eM 8nnoAMpoBsnM 8MepMKaHcKMM reHepan 3M38Hxayep M
6pMTaHcKMM reHepan MOHTroMepM.
CbMnbM cCYHeceHHble BeTpoM» 6bln nOKa38H BnepBble B POCCMM B
OKTJl6pe 1990 rOAB. PaHbwe OH 6bln BKnlO'feH B nporpaMMY oAHoro
M3 MOCKOSCKMX Me*AYHSPOAHbIX KMHocIJecTMBanei, HO nO'teMY-To
MCKnlO'teH B nocn8AHIOIO MMHjTy. HaBepHoe, K8KMM-TO 'tMHoBHMKaM
cOAep*aHMe c1JMnbMa He nOHpaBMnOCb.
np8Ba nOKa3blBSTb cc YHeceHHbix BeTpOM» 6blnM npM06peTeHbi Y
aMepMKaHCKOM KOMnaHMM cclOHaMTeA MHTepH3wHn nMK'tep3». Ha
npeMb8pe B KMHOTeaTpe ccOKTt16pb» c1JMnbM 6bln npeACT8BneH
npe3MAeHTOM cclO.M.n.», TeAOM TepHepOM. 5blno MHoro rOCTeM, B
'tMcne KOTOpblX - A*eiH CbOHAB, M3secTHbiM 8HrnMMCKMM SKTep 5eH
KMHrcnM C *eHoi, *YPH&nMCTK8 K3pon T3T'tep, AO'tb TorAiwH8ro
npeMb8p-MMHMCTpa BenMKo6pMT8HMM.
*OTp8'tbCJI OT npeCTon8 to abdicate ('renounce from throne')
342

28
YPOK HOMEP ABAAI..\ATb BOCEMb
VERBAL ADVERBS
28.1 Key Examples
YXOAR, raCMTe CBeT.
6H ywin, He CKa38B HM cn6Bs.
As you leave, put out the light.
He left without saying a word.
28.2 Verbal Adverbs ('Gerunds')
Russian has two types of verbal adverb (sometimes called 'gerunds' in
old-fashioned grammars of Russian). They are fairly common in writing,
and you may occasionally hear one used in conversation.
28.3 Imperfective Verbal Adverb
The basic meaning of this verb fonn is 'while doing something'; it gener-
ally corresponds to English verbs with the ending '-ing'. SO YXOAR (from
YXOAMTb l ) is 'while leaving'. As its name tells you, it is fonned only from
imperfective verbs. The characteristic ending is -H.
Formation
Take the third person plural fonn of the present tense (the OHM fonn), take
off the last two letters and add -H:
343

LESSON 28
rosopMTb"to speak' (OHM rosopllT) rosop + R = rosopR '(while) speaking'
3H8Tb I 'to know' (OHM 3H81OT) 3Ha + R = 3HU'(while) knowing'
MATM' 'to go' (OHM MAy,.) MA + R = MAR '(while) going'
Verbs with the stress pattern of KYPHTb: R KYP.o, Tbl KYPMWb (see 4.9)
stress the verbal adverb on the end:
YXOAMTb' 'to leave' yxo.y, OHM YXWT: yxoA + R = YXOAR '(while) leaving'
If the verb is reflexive', add -Cb after the R:
ynbl68TbCR 'to smile' OHM ynbl6alOTCR: ynbl68 + R + Cb = ynbl6aRcb
'(while) smiling'
Note. Don't forget the 'spelling rule' which says that after r, K, x, *, 'f, W,
, LI you find 8 instead of R (see 12.11). So:
CneWHTb 'to hurry' (OHM cneW8T) cnew + 8 (not R) = cnewa 'while hurrying'
Y'tMTbCR 'to study' (R Y'tYCb, OHM j'f8TCR) Y't + 8 (not R) + Cb = Y'facb
'while studying'
28.4 EXTRA: Exceptions
(a) Verbs ending -8S8Tb, e.g. ASS8Tb' 'to give', keep the -8S- of the infini-
tive in the verbal adverb:
ASsaTb 'to give': ASSaR 'while giving' (not Ad from OHM ABIOT)
SCT8S8Tb 'to get up': BCT8S8R 'while getting up' (not SCT8R from OHM
SCT8.oT)
(b) Some verbal adverbs are unexpectedly stressed on the stem:
CTORTb 'to stand': CT6R 'while standing' (preferred to CTOR)
cMAeTb 'to sit': CMAR 'while sitting' (not CMAR)
(c) Some, generally short, verbs have no verbal adverb. The ones to note
are eCTb 'to eat', nMTb 'to drink' (nMR is archaic), nMcilTb 'to write', eX8Tb
'to travel' (but see (d) below), verbs ending -HYTb (e.g. TRHy,.b 'to drag')
(d) There is an alternative ending -Y'tM, which is used with 6blTb: 'to be':
344

VERBAL ADVERBS
6YAY'tM 'being'. Colloquially, this ending can be used with exaTb 'to
travel': eAY'tM 'while travelling'. MAY'tM 'while going' is a colloquial equiva-
lent of M.qR.
28.5 Use of Imperfective Verbal Adverbs (IV As)
Although we suggest the translation 'while Verb-ing' ('while going' etc.),
the actual translation in context will vary.
YxoAR, racMTe cseT (common notice).
As you leave/When leaving, put out the light.
OHa Y'tMT cnos8, CT6R Ha ronose. (ronos8 'head')
She learns words standing on her head.
B03Spaaq8JlCb AOMOi, Mbl nenM PyccKMe necHM.
On our way home (While returning home), we sang Russian songs.
The negated IV A (with He) can be translated 'without V-ing':
n6e3A MAlT s XenbCMHKM, He 38XO.qR s neTep6ypr.
The train goes to Helsinki without calling at St Petersburg.
He A083)1(8R AO cseTocIJopa, csepHMTe Hanpaso.
Before you reach (Without going as far as) the lights, turn right.
Notice that it is more important to be able to recognize IV As than to be
able to fonn them. You can always avoid an IV A by using a clause begin-
ning with KorAit 'when' or some equivalent conjunction:
Y'faCb s MocKse, Mropb _Mn s TinnOM CTaHe
means the same as
KorAit OH Y'tMncR s MocKse, Mropb _Mn s TinnOM CTaHe.
Studying/When he studied/in Moscow, Igor lived in Teplyi Stan.
Basically, the IV A describes an action or state which is simultaneous with
the action expressed by the verb in the main clause. As in English, the sub-
ject of the verbal adverb is the subject of the verb in the main clause, i.e. in
the last example the person studying is the person living in Teplyi Stan.
Common phrases based on verbal adverbs:
CYAR no (+ dat.)
judging by (CYAMTb 'to judge')
345

CYAR no BaweM cl»aMMnMM,
Bbl YKpaMHeL4.
H8CMOTpR Ha (+ ace.)
H8CMOTpR Ha nnoxylO noroy,
Mbl nownM B napK.
He rOBopR (Y*) 0 (+ prep.)
Ha'fMH8R C (+ gen.)
EXERCISE 28/1
LESSON 28
Judging by your surname,
you're Ukrainian.
despite (not looking at)
Despite the bad weather,
we went to the park.
not to speak of (not talking about)
beginning with
Translate:
1 3H8R, 'tT6 EBa BepHITcR n03AHo, B8AMM BblnMn CT8K8H B6KM.
2 npoe3JK8R MMMO TesTpa, Mbl Y3HanM, 'tTO MAlT nil8ca ccTPM
cecTpbl». 3 OTAblXaR B KpbIMY, M3pM n03HaKoMMnacb C MHTep8cHblM
npocj)8ccopoM. 4 Mbl wnM He cnema, BpeMeHM 6blno MHoro. 5
3aHMMSRCb TPM 'taca KaJKAblM AeHb, BonoAR Bbly'tMn aHrnMMcKMM
R3blK 38 B8 rOAR.
28.6 Perfective Verbal Adverb (PVA)
The closest English equivalent of the perfective verbal adverb (PV A) is
'having Verb-ed', e.g. 'having said'. PV As are fonned from perfective
verbs and have the characteristic endings -B, or, for reflexive verbs,
-BWMCb.
Formation
If the infinitive ends -Tb, replace the Tb with B:
CKa38Tb P 'to say'
AaTb P 'to give'
CKa38B 'having said'
ARB 'having given'
If the infinitive does not end -Tb, form the PV A using the rules for the
imperfective VA, i.e. replace the third-person plural ending with -R:
YMTMP 'to go away' OHM YMAjT: viA + R = YMAR 'having left'
BblMTM P 'to go out' OHM BbIMAyr: BbIM + R = BblMAR 'having gone out'
npMHecn1 p 'to bring' OHM npMHecjT: npMHec + R = npMH8CR 'having brought'
346

VERBAL ADVERBS
In both cases the stress is the same as on the infinitive.
Most non-Tb verbs are verbs of motion based on MATM 'to go', BecTM 'to
lead', HecTM 'to carry' and B83TM 'ta transport', e.g. yiTMP 'to go away',
YB8CTMP 'ta lead away', npMBe3TMP 'ta bring by transport'. If you should
ever want to fonn a PV A from a verb ending -TW-'lb which is not a verb of
motion, e.g. ne'tb 'ta lie down', use the rule given in EXTRA (a) below.
Reflexive verbs have -BWMCb:
ynbl6HYrbCR 'to smile': ynbl6HYBWMCb 'having smiled'
npo'tMT8B nMcbMo, OHa cpa3Y *e n03BOHMn8 M8TepM.
Having read the letter, she immediately phoned her mother.
The 'having done something' structure often sounds stilted in English.
Simpler translations are possible in context.
BOMAR B KOMH8TY, OH cen y OKH8.
Coming into the room (rather than 'Having come into'), he sat down by the
window.
npO_MB B CM6MpM TPM MecRLI8, OH BepHyncR B KMeB.
After spending (rather than 'Having lived') three months in Siberia, he went
back to Kiev.
6H ywin, HM'tero He CK838B.
He left without saying anything (having said nothing).
Basically, the perfective VA describes an action completed (that's why it's
perfective) before the action described in the main clause.
EXERCISE 28/2
Translate:
I npoeX8B TPM OCT8HOBKM, M3pM Bblwn8 H8 CTaHi4MM «YHMBepcMTeT».
2 HM'tero He KynMB B M8r83MHe, Bep8 peWMn8 noiTM H8 pbIHOK.
3 38MHTepecoB8BWMCb 'teKMcT8MM, BonoAJI H8't8n npoBoAMTb Bce
cBo60AHoe BpeMR B 6M6nMoTeK8x. 4 He AOMAR AO npocneKT8, Mbl
cBepHynM H8neBo. 5 B8AMM ywin, He 38KpblB OKH8.
347

LESSON 28
28.7 EXTRA: on PV As
(a) Non-Tb verbs can also fonn the PV A by adding -WM to the masculine
fonn of the past tense:
YHecTM 'to take/carry away': past YHic, PV A YH8cWM 'having taken away'
n8'fb 'to lie down': past nir, PVA nirwM 'having lain down'
(b) But note that verbs based on MATM (yiTM, BbliTM etc.) have PV As
ending -w8AWM (not -winwM):
yiTM 'to go away': yweAwM 'having gone away'
swiTM 'to go out' BblW8AwM 'having gone out'
(c) Some writers fonn perfective V As from -Tb verbs using the fonnation
rule for imperfective VAs. So you may meet fonns such as YSMAR 'having
seen' (instead of the more nonnal YBMAes).
(d ) Note also that in nineteenth-century literature you may also meet -BWN
where the modem language has -B. SO cKa38BwM 'having said' is simply
an older version of cKa38s.
EXERCISE 28/3
Translate the words in brackets, with or without verbal adverbs (your
choice) :
1 (Not knowing) PyccKoro R3b1Ka, Kapon He MOrna HaiTM cBOIO
rocTMHMLlY. 2 EBa ywna, (without saying), Kyp,8 OHa MAlT.
3 (After drinking) ABa CT8K8H8 B6AKM, B8AMM peWMn 38iTM K Bepe.
4 (After getting dressed - 0A8TbCR), Mbl C 6p8TbRMM MAiM 38BTpaKaTb.
28.8 Vocabulary for 'Peter the Great'
6ecnoutiAHo mercilessly
6opop,8 acc. 6PAY pI. 66poAbl
beard
60RpMH pI. 60Rpe gen.pl. 60Rp
(9.8n) boyar (powerful
landowner)
348

VERBAL ADVERBS
6pMTb ' (no-P) 6pelO, 6peeWb to
shave
6blT way of life
BoeHHo-MopcK6e Aeno naval
matters, naval science ('war-sea
matter')
BoeHHblM military
BoccT8HMe uprising
BCK6pe soon
BblABtOlqMMCR outstanding (29.3)
Bblex8Tb P (Bble3)1(8Tb ' ) (20.4) to
depart (by transport)
BblRCHMTb P BbIRCHIO, BblRCHMWb
(BbIRCHRTb l like 3H8Tb) to find
out, establish
rn8Ba pI. rnaBbl chief, head;
chapter
BO rn8Be (+ gen.) at the head of
ronn8HAMR Holland
rocYABPCTBeHHbli state,
belonging to the state
rp8HM border
38 rp8HML4Y abroad (motion)
38 rp8HML4ei abroad (place)
ABOpRHMH pI. ABopAHe gen.pl.
ABOpAH nobleman, member of
gentry
Ao6MUTbCR ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ gen.)
<A06MTbCRP Ao6btOcb,
Ao6biwbCR) to work for, get,
obtain
eBponeM3lI4MR Europeanization
eBpone(e)L4 (8.6) European (noun)
)l(eHMTbCR','P JKeHtOcb, )l(eHMWbCR
(H8 + prep.) to marry (of a man)
('to wife on')
38roBop plot
38CeABHMe meeting, sitting
H8 38CenAtt MM at a meeting, sitting
M3A8Tb P (like ABTb) (M3A8B8Tb')
(+ ace.) to publish
K83HMTb ' / P K83HtO, K83HMWb to
execute
K8'tecTBO quality
B K8'tecTBe (+ gen.) as ('in the
quality of')
KoneHo pI. KoneHM gen. pI.
KOneHeM knee
no KOneHM (ace. pI.) up to
one's knees
Kopa6nb (m) gen.sg. Kopa6nA ship
KpenocTHM'tecTBo serfdom
KpenoCTH6i (m adj) serf, semi-
slave in pre-1861 Russia
KynbTYPHblM cultural
Kyn(e)4 gen.pl. Kynt46B merchant
MeAM4MH8 medicine
H8n6r tax
H8npaBMTb P H8np8BnlO,
H8npaBMwb (HanpaBnATb like
3H8Tb) (+ ace.) to direct
H8Y'fMTbCRP (+ inf) (Y'fMTbCR ' ) to
learn to do sth
He06xoAMMOCTb (f) (+ gen.)
necessity (for)
HenocMnbHbli excessive,
over-demanding
H6)1(HM4bl (pI.) gen.pl. H6)1(HML4
scissors
HOCMTb' (20.2) to carry around; to
wear
06pe38Tb P 06pe)l(Y, 06p6)1(eWb
(06pe3llTb' like 3H8Tb) to clip,
cut
349

LESSON 28
06cepBaTopMR observatory
o6bl'tai gen. pl. o6bl'taeB custom
06R3b1BaTb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(06R38Tb P 06R-Y, 06RJKewb)
to compel, oblige
OAHoBpeMeHHo at the same time
opr8HM38Top organizer
OCT8H8BnMB8TbCR ' to stop
OTCT8B8Tb i oTCTalO, OTCT8iwb
(OTCT8Tb P like CT8Tb) (OT +
gen.) to be backward, lag
behind (s.o.)
OTCTSnOCTb (f) backwardness
napn8MeHT parliament
nepeAoBoi advanced, progressive
nnoTHMK carpenter
no-eBponeicKM in European style
('Europeanly')
norM6HYTb P pastnorM6,norM6n8
to perish
nO&q8AMTb P nO&q8)KY, nO&q8AMWb
(&q8AMTb') (+ ace.) to spare
noceaq8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
(noceTMTb P nocey,
noceTMwb) to visit (a place)
nocnewMTbpnocnewy,nocn.
WMWb (cnewMTb l ) to hurry
nonHocTblO completely
npeAnpMRTMe firm, company,
business
npeo6pa30B8HMe reform
(= pecl)OpM8)
npeoAoneTb P npeoAonelO,
-oneewb (npeoAoneB8Tb ' like
3H8Tb) (+ ace.) to overcome
npM (+ prep. (5.4» at the time of,
under
pM6er8Tb' (npM6eJKaTb P ) (K
+ dal.) to resort to
npMroHRTb ' (like rOHfrrb 20.2)
(npMrHaTb P like rH8Tb 20.2) to
drive (to somewhere)
npMroBopMTb P (K + dal.)
(npMroBapMB8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) to
condemn to, sentence to
npMK83 order
npMo6aq8Tb' (like 3H8Tb) (K + dal.)
(npMo6aqMTb P npMo6y,
-06aqMWb) to introduce to
(something)
npoBeAiHHblM (PPP of npoBecTM)
conducted, passed, executed I
carried out
npoMblwneHHocTb (f) industry
npoMblwneHHbl i industrial
npoTMBHMK opponent
p86o'tMi (m adj) worker
p8cnpaBnRTbCA' (like 3H8Tb) (c +
inst.) (p8cnpaBMTbCAP pacnpa-
BnlOCb, pacnp8BMwbCR) to
deal with
p83KO sharply
pecl)opMa reform
pewMTenbHo resolutely, with
determination
pOAHOi own (of family
relationships); native
C8MOAepJK8BMe autocracy
cornacMe agreement
C cornacMR (+ gen.) with
('from') the agreement of
co3AiHMe creation
cnoc66HocTb (f) ability
cnOC66cTBOBaTb'Cnoc06CTsylO,
350

VERBAL ADVERBS
cnoc06CTByewb (+ dat.) to
assist, facilitate
cnycTR later, after (a period of
time)
cTpen(e)i4 gen.pl. cTpenb40B
strelets (member of privileged
military corps in sixteenthl
seventeeth century Russia)
ToproBnR trade
TR_inbiM heavy, hard
YAenHTb ' (YAenRIO, YAenRewb)
(YAenMTb P YAenlO, YAenMwb)
(+ ace.) to give, devote
YAenkrb BHMMaHMe (+ dat.) to
give attention to
Y3HaTb P (like 3HaTb) (Y3HaB8Tb'
Y3H81O, Y3Haiwb) to find out
YKpenneHMe strengthening
YMcTBeHHblM mental
YHM'ITO_eHMe annihilation
ycnoBMe condition
YXYAWMTbCRP (yxYAwaTbCR ' ) to
get worse
c1JM3M'IeCKMM physical
LlSp8BM'I son of the tsar
Llenb (f) goal, aim
4MBMnM3i4MR civilization
3KOHOMM'IecKMM economic
3HeprMR energy
28.9 neTp BenMKMM Peter the Great (Translation in Key)
neTp pOAMncR 30 MaR 1672 r0A8 1 . B 1689 rOAy 2 OH JKeHMnCR Ha
AO'lepM MOCKoBcKoro 60RpMHa EBAOKMM nonYXMHoM. L\8p8M OH CTan
B 1696 rOAy 3 . 06n8A8R BblA8lOlqMMMCR YMcTBeHHblMM cnoc06-
HOCTRMM M orpoMHoM 3HeprMeM, OH nocToRHHO YLlMncR. 3HaR, '1TO
POCCMR oTcTaeT OT nep8AoBblX cTpaH 3an8A8, OH xopowo nOHMMan
Heo6xoAMMOCTb 3KOHOMM'IeCKMX, BoeHHblX M Kynb,.ypHblX
npeo6pa30B8HMM. B 1697 rOAY OH Bblexan 38 rpaHMi4Y. B ronn8HAMM
OH HaY'IMnCR CTpOMTb Kopa6nM, pa60TaR npocTblM nnoTHMKoM. 6H
noceaqin 38BOAbl, wKonbl, MHTepecoBancR MeAMI.4MHoM. B AHrnMM OH
M3YL1an BoeHHo-MopcKOe Aeno, noceTMn o6cepB8TopMIO, no6blBan H8
38ceABHMM napn8MeHTa. B 8BrycTe 1698 r0A8 5 , Y3H8B ° BOCCT8HMM
cTpenb40B B MocKBe, niTp Aon_eH 6bln nocnewMTb Ha POAMHY.
1 TPMA4BTOro MaR TbICR'I. WecTbc6T c8MbA8CRT BTop6ro r6A8 (17.11).
2 B TbICR". WecTbCOT B6ceMbA8CRT "eBRTOM rOAY.
3 B ThlCR". W8CTbC6T A8BRH6cTo wecT6M rOAY.
4 B TblCR". WecTbCOT A8BRH6cTO C8AbM6M ro"y.
5 B aBrycTe TbICR". W8CTbCOT A8BRH6cTO BocbM6ro r6.
351

LESSON 28
38 rp8HMI.4ei niTp n03H8KoMMncR C 6blTOM M 06bl'fBJIMH
espOneil.4eB. BepHYBWMCb B MOCKBY, OH CTan peWMTenbHO
npM06aqaTb PYCCKMX ABOpRH M Kyn",oB K eBponeicKOi I.4HBHnM.",MM.
KorAS 60Ape M ABopAHe npMwnM n03AP8BMTb neTpit C npMe3AoM, OH
HO_HMI.48MM 06p838n Y HMX 66poAbl. BCK6pe 6bln M3A8H npMK83,
KOT6pbli 06A3blBBn ABOpRH OAes8TbCR no-eBponeicKM H 6pMTb
6OpoAbl. Kynl.48M niTp pa3pewMn HOCMTb 66pOAY, HO 38 3TO OHM
nn8TMnM H&nor.
niTp YAenRn MHoro BHMM8HMR BonpocaM pa3BMTMR npOMblW-
neHHOCTM M ToprOBnM. AsBSR Kynl.l8M AeHbrM AJ1R C03AilHMR
npoMblwneHHblX npeAnpMATMi, OH npMrOHRn rOCYASpcTBeHHblX
KpeCTbRH B ropOAB B Ka'tecTBe KpenOCTHblX pa60'tMX.
A06MB8RCb CBOMX ",enei, OH HM nepeA 'teM He OCTaH8BnMsanCR.
CTpOR ropoA neTep6ypr, OH He o6paaqan BHMMSHMR H8 TR_inble
ycnoBMR. P860T8R B xonoAe, nOA AO*AiM, CTOR no KOneHM B BOAe M
rpR3M, TbICR'tM KpecTbRH norM6nM OT 6one3Hei, ronoAB M
HenocMnbHoro TPYAB. Co CSOMMM npoTMBHMKaMM niTp pacnpaBnRncR
6ecnoHo, MHorAil npM6eriR K MX M3M'tecKOMY YHM'tTo_eHMIO. B
1698 rOAY, SbIRCHMB, 'tTO BO rnaBe BOCCT8HMR cTpenbl.40S CToRnM
60Rpe MMnocn8BcKHe, OH K83HMn opr8HM38TopOB M 60nee TbICR'tM
cTpenbl.40B. HeKoTopoe BpeMR cnycTA niTp He nOI1\8AMn poAHoro
CblH8 AneKc8R, Y3H8B, 'tTO I.48p8SM't Y'lSCTByeT B 3lIroBOpe. B 1718
rOAY C cornacMR OT4B AneKcei 6bln npMroBop8H K cMepTM.
PEKj)6PMbl, npoB8AiHHble neTpOM, cnoc66cTsosanM esponeM38"'MM
PoccMM. OAH8KO OH He CMor nonHOCTblO npeOAoneTb OTCTanOCTb
CTpaHbl, YaK K8K ero pe6pMbl 6blnM OAHOBpeMeHHO Hanp8BneHbi H8
YKpenneHMe C8MOAep_SBMR M KpenocTHM'tecTB8. npM neTpe _M3Hb
H8p0A8 pe3KO YXYAWMnaCb.
28.10 Vocabulary for Solianka Recipe
6ltnbli rpM6 boletus
Bblno_MTb P (BblKl18AbIB8Tb') to
spread out
ron6BK8 little head (dim)
ronoBK8 nYK8 an onion
rpM6H6i mushroom (adj)
A068BMTb P (Ao68BnATb ' ) to add
AYXOBOi WK8c1! oven
_MP fat, grease
38MeHMTb P (38MeHRTb ' ) to replace
352

VERBAL ADVERBS
38neKSHMe baking
K8cTpIOnA gen.pl. K8cTplOnb
saucepan
KS8W8HbiM sour, fermented
KMnRMM boiling
n8spOsbiM nMCT bay leaf
nOMTMK slice
nYK onions
M8cnHH8 olive
MHCK8 bowl
H8p83a'rbP (Hape3iTb') to cut, slice
06.apMTb P (06_SpMS8Tb ' ) to fry
all over
oryp(e)4 cucumber
OKoH't8HMe end
oCTaswMMcA remaining
O'tHCTMTb P (O'tMaqaTb ' ) to clean
nep(e)i4 pepper
nOAS't8 serving
nOA6epi30sMK brown mushroom
nOA'f(SpMTb P (nOA'f(SpMs8Tb ' ) to
brown
nOKpblTb P (noKpblB8Tb ' ) to cover
nocbln8Tb P (nocblnsTb ' ) to
sprinkle (with sth solid)
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 28/4
npM6aSMTb P (npM68snRTb ' ) to add
npoMblTb P (npoMbls8Tb ' ) to wash
thoroughly
Pbl_MK saffron milk-cap
C6pbl3HyTb P to sprinkle (with liquid)
cKosopoAS frying-pan
CMS38Tb P (CMS3bIB8Tb ' ) to grease
sth with sth
CM838HHbIM greased (27.7)
CM8W8Tb P (cMewMs8Tb ' ) to mix
coniHblM salted, pickled
conb (f) salt
conRHK8 solianka (spicy cabbage
dish)
cTonoBblM table (adj)
CYX8Pb (m) rusk
CYWiHblM dried
TOMaT-nlOpe tomato puree
TOT _8 the same
TYWeHMe stewing
TYWiHblM stewed
TYWHTb ' (no- p ) to stew
YKCYC vinegar
1 Does this dish contain any meat?
2 What does the recipe tell you to do with the cabbage?
3 Apart from the choice of type of mushrooms, three instructions involve
options. What are the three options?
4 Translate literally the seven underlined verbal adverbs.
353

LESSON 28
ConRHK8 rpM6H8R A Recipe for Mushroom Solianka
(Note how the recipe uses infinitives as impersonal commands)
Ha 500 r (nJlTbCOT rp8MMoB) CBe)lUtX rpM66B - 1 Kr (OAMH KMI10rp8MM)
CBe)l(ei KanYCTbl, 1 (OAMH) cOl1eHbli orypeLl, 1 (oAHa) r0l10BKa I1YKa,
2 CT. (ABe CTol16Bble) 110)l(KM TOM8Ta-nlOpe, 1-2 (OAHi-ABe) 'f8iHb18
116)1(KM c8xapa, 2 CT. (ABe cTol16Bble) n6)1(KM M8Cl1a.
KanyCTy Hap83aTb, nOl1o)l(MTb B KaCTplOl1lO, A06aBMTb M8CI10 M
HeMH6ro BOAbl. TywMTb 6K0l10 'f8ca. 3a 15-20 MMHYT AO OKOH'f8HMJI
TYWeHMR npM68BMTb TOM8T-nlOpe, cuap, C611b, nepeLl, l1aBpoBblM
I1MCT, YKCYC.
O'fMCTMB M npoMblB rpM6bl (68l1ble, nOA6epi30BMKM, Pbl)KMKM M
APyrMe), n0l10)l(MTb MX Ha 10-15 MMHYr B KMnRU4YIO SOAY. 3aTeM
Hape38B l1oMTMKaMM, 06)1(8pMTb B MaCl1e. n0l10)l(MB rpM6bl B MMCKY,
Ha T6i )1(8 CKOBopOAe nOA*8pMTb I1YK M 38TeM CMeW8Tb ero C
rpM6aMM, A068BMB Hape38HHbli orypeLl, COl1b, nepeLl.
n0l10BMHY TYweHoi KanYCTbl n0l10)l(MTb Ha CM838HHYIO )l(MpoM
CKOBOPOAY, Ha KanyCTY Bbl110)l(MTb npMrOT6BI1eHHbl8 rpM6bl M
nOKpblTb OCT8BweicR KanYCToi. nOCblnaB KanyCTy cyxapRMM M
C6pbl3HYB M8CI10M, nOCT8BMTb B AYXOBOi wKa AJlR 38neK8HMR.
nepeA noAll'fei Ha COI1RHKY MO)l(HO n0l10)l(MTb 116MTMK I1MMOHa MI1M
MaCI1MHbl.
rpM6HYlO COI1RHKY MO)l(HO npMrOT6BMTb T810Ke M3 KB8weHoi
KanYCTbl, He A06aBI1RR B 3TOM cl1j'fae YKCYca. CseMMe rpM6bl M6)1(HO
38MeHMTb COl1eHblMM MI1M cyweHblMM.
354

29
YPOK HOMEP .QBA.QATb .QEBSlTb
'BOO KISH' STYLE; ACTIVE
PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION;
SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
29.1 Key Examples of Active Participles
CI18AYIOlqMi
HalfMH810lqMi
BblASIOlqMicSi
nMWYaqaA MaWMHKa
*81181OlqMi
ono3A8BWMi
B 3TOi A8peBH8 )l(MByY I1IGAM,
rOBOpRlqM8 nO-PYCCKM.
Mbl rOBOpMI1M co CTVAeHTaMM,
npM8xaBWMMM M3 MpKYTCKa.
29.2 Active Participles'
following, next
beginner ('one who is beginning')
outstanding
typewriter ('writing machine')
wishing; person who wants to
latecomer ('who has come late')
In this village live people who speak
Russian.
We talked to the students who had
arrived from Irkutsk.
Russian has two active participles, whose use is restricted to fonnal, book-
ish Russian (novels, scholarly works, some newspaper writing). The
present active participle corresponds to English '-ing' verb fonns in such
sentences as 'The man reading the newspaper is a spy' .
The past active participle, which has both imperfective and perfective
fonns, corresponds to 'who/which + the past tense' ('The woman who
gave you all this money is a spy').
355

LESSON 29
Both participles are met quite frequently in written Ru ssian (particu-
larly in newspapers and scientific writing) but they are not used in the
spoken language. They can always be replaced with a clause beginning
KOTOpblM followed by the present or past tense.
Like the passive participles you met in Lesson 27, active participles are
fonned from verbs and have adjective endings. In some grammar books,
these participles are called 'verbal adjectives'.
29.3 Present Active Participle (WholWhich is VERB-ing)
These participles are easily recognized by their characteristic -114- followed
by the adjective ending -MM. To fonn them, take any imperfective verb in
its OHM fonn (e.g. 'tMT8IOT), take off the -T and add -114M..:
'tMT8Tb (OHM 'tMT8IOT) - 'tMT81O + aqMM = 'tMT8IOlqMM 'readin g'
rOBopMTb (OHM rOBoplrr) - rOBopR + IqM" = rOBOpRlqMM 'speaking'
These adjectival fonns agree with the noun to which they relate. The end-
ings are the same as those of the adjective XOPOWMM (see Table 5.)
SI 3H81O AeBywKY, 'tMT8IOlqYIO (f. ace. sg.) ra-TV.
I know the girl reading the newspaper.
Notice that this sentence means exactly the same as:
SI 3H81O AeBywKY, KOTOpaSi 'tMT8eT ra38TV-
I know the girl who is reading the newspaper (see 18.9 for KOT6pbIM).
If the verb is reflexive, add -CSI (which is never shortened to -Cb in parti-
ciples):
AeBywKa, 38HMM8IO UUlSICSI PYCCKMM The girl studying Russian
Sl3b1KOM, nOAPyra Bepbl_ is a friend of Vera.
(38HMM8TbCSI 'to study': 38HMM81O + IqMM + CSI 'studying')
There are no exceptions to these rules for fonning present active participles.
Occasionally the stress is hard to predict (e.g. participles from -MTb verbs
with the stress pattern of KYMTb (KYPIb, KYPMWb, KYPSIT) tend to have the
stress of the first person, i.e. KYPBaqMM 'smoking', not KjpSllqMM), but the
stress is of little importance since you will rarely have to use them in speech.
356

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
EXERCISE 29/1
Find the infinitives from which the participles are fonned and translate the
sentences:
1 Mbl wnM no Aopore, BeAYIiji a nee. 2 Bce yaa*slOT nMcsTeneM,
nMwYLI&Mx npaBAY 0 KOMMYHM3Me. 3 MMcTep n6yn BCTpelfaeTcR C
6M3HeCMeHOM ('businessman'), CTpORLI&MM HOBbie 38 BOAbl B CM6MpM.
4 AnR H8wero Mara3MHa Mbl MaqeM *eHU4MH, YMelOiqMX OASB8TbCR
KpacMao. 5 B 3TOM cM6MpCKOM r6poAe, cYiqeCTBYlOut8M Bcero
A8cRTb neT, y.it 60nee nRTH TblCRIf .MTeneM. 6 AMpeKTOp BCTpe-
lfaeTCR C pa601fMMM, OTK83blBalOiqMMMCR pa60TaTb B BocKpeceHbe.
29.4 Past Active Participles (WholWhich VERB-ed/was VERB-ing
These participles have the characteristic ending -BWMi, an adjective end-
ing which agrees in number, gender and case with the noun to which it
relates. It means 'who (or which) VERB-ed or was VERB-ing'.
M3}f'4aBWMM'
M3YlfMBWMMP
who was studying
who mastered
They are fonned from both imperfective and perfective verbs using this
rule: take off the -n of the past tense and add -BWNM:
M3Y'1aTb ' 'to study' (past M3}f'48n) - M3Y'1aBWMM:
CTvAeHTbl, M3Y'18 BWM8 1 PYCCKMM R3bIK, HawnH MHTep8cHYIO pa6oTY.
The students who studied Russian found interesting work.
M3Y'1MTb P 'to master' (past M3Y'1Mn) - M3}f'4MBWMM:
6M3HeeMeHoa, M3YlfM BWMX P (gen. pi) PYCCKMM R3bIK, olfeHb M8nO.
There are very few businessmen who have mastered Russian.
If the verb is reflexive, add -CR (never -Cb).
38HMMaTbCR' 'to study' (past 38HMManCR) - 38HMM8BWMMCR:
Bce AeBywKM, 38HMM8awM8CR' PYCCKMM R3b1K6u, ablWI1M 38MY. 38
PYCCKMX.
All the girls who studied Russian married Russians.
357

lESSON 29
If the past tense of the verb does not end -n, add -WMM (without the B) to
the masculine singular of the past tense:
npMH8CTM P 'to bring' (past npMHec) - npMHecwMMP 'who brought'
Exceptions
The main one is MATM (and all its prefixed fonns) which has the past par-
ticiple fonn W8.qWMM:
BOMTM P
npoiTM P
BOW8AWMMP 'who went in'
npoweAwMi p 'who went through'
Note also:
BecTM' (to lead)
npMo6pecTM P (to acquire)
BeAWMi ' 'who/which led'
npMo6peTwMi P 'who acquired'
These participles always correspond in meaning to KOTOpbli + the past
tense:
6M3H8CM8HOB, M3Y'tM BWMX PYCCKMM R3bIK, eHb Mano = 6M3H8CMeHoB,
KOT6pb.e 1t3Y'1 Hnit PYCCKItM .A3bIK, O'feHb Mano.
EXERCISE 29/2
Translate:
1 CTyAeHTbl, onoWBwMe P Ha 3K38MeH, 6'teHb 6ecnoK6MnMcb. 2
nlOAei, BMAeBwMx ' neHMHa, Tenepb 6'feHb Mano. 3 >KeHU4MHY,
Haw8J&wylO P CYMKY, npocHT nOAoMTM K BAMMHMCTpaToPY Teirrpa.
29.5 Participles as Adjectives: 'Has been Wife'
A number of active participles, mainly present ones, are commonly used
as adjectives (i.e. they are used in front of a noun and have little or no ver-
bal meaning of action). They are listed in dictionaries.
358

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
Examples:
cneJWlOlJ&Mi A8Hb
nM wy""," MawMHKa
B 8AY"," pOnb
6nec TR ilt A A KHMra
KMnRut8JI BOAB
BblA8IOUlMecA nMC8TenM
HenblOlJIMi
6bIBW8.A )KeHa
npoweAwee Bp8MA
Some are used as nouns:
the following day (from cneAoBaTb 'to follow')
typewriter ('little writing machine') (from nMc8Tb
'to write')
leading role (from BecTM 'to lead')
brilliant ('shining') book (from 6neCTeTb Ito
shine ')
boiling water (from KMneTb 'to boil')
outstanding writers (from BblA8B8TbCSI Ita
stand out')
non-drinking, abstemious (from nMTb 'to drink')
former (Ihas been') wife (6bIBWMM is the past
active participle of 6blTb Ita be')
past time, past tense (npoweAwMMP from
npoMTM P 'to pass')
Mbl npMrnawaeM Bcex
)KenalOlqMx.
6H paooTaeT C HaMHaIOlqMMM.
Ono3A8BwMx npbcSlT
nOA°*ASTb.
EXERCISE 29/3
We invite all those who want to come
()Ken8I01qMM 'who wishes' from )KeniTb).
He works with beginners (HaMHaIOIqMM
'beginning' from HaMHaTb 'to begin').
Latecomers are asked to wait
(ono3A8BwMM P 'who was late' from
ono3A8Tb p 'to be late').
Translate the words in brackets, using a participle or KOTOpblM (your
choice):
1 CTYAeHTOB, (who wish - )KensTb) M3yaTb aHrnMMcKMM Sl3bIK, 6eHb
MHoro. 2 B MHcTMTjTe Ubi pa3rOBapMBanM co CTYAeHTaUM, (who are
studying - 38HMMaTbCSI) PYCCKMM Sl3bIKOM. 3 npocop MMpaHoB
"T88T neK4MM 0 n03T8x, (who wrote') npM CTanMHe. 4 AMpeKTOp
npMrnacMn Ha BlNep BC8X CTYAeHTOB, (who had arrived p ) M3
BnBAMBOCT6Ka.
359

LESSON 29
29.6 EXTRA: Punctuation
You may have noticed above that an active participle is always separated
from its preceding noun by a comma. Russian has very strict rules for the
use of commas. In English, we tend to insert a comma when we pause; in
Russian, on the other hand, the placing of commas is detennined primarily
by grammatical structure and only secondarily by meaning or intonation.
The main rule: a comma is always used to separate a main clause 1 from a
subordinate' or participial clause, e.g.:
B8AMM cKa3in, 'tTO CKOpO npMAeT. Vadim said he would come soon.
Imain clausel subordinate clausel
A comma would look most unnatural in this English sentence, but in Russian
it is compulsory. If you miss it out, you look uneducated. Russian school-
children are not considered literate if they don't put the main commas in.
KBapTMpa, B KOTOpoi OH )l(MBeT, O't8Hb 6onbw8R. 'The flat he lives in is
very large.' The main clause is KB8pTMpa 0't8Hb 60nbwaA and the subor-
dinate clause, separated by commas, is B KOTOpoi OH )l(MaeT.
Note the number of commas in the following (all compulsory):
KS)I(8TCR, T8, KTO npMWen B BOC8Mb, cMornM KynMTb 6MneTbl, 8 T8M,
KTO npMwin B AeBATb, AMpiU<TOp cK83in, 'tTO Bce 6MneTbi npOA8Hbl.
It seems that those who came at eight were able to buy tickets, while those
who came at nine were told by the director that all the tickets had been
sold.
By contrast, note that Russian does not use commas to separate time and
place phrases from the rest of the clause. In English you can write 'In 1937,
we lived. . .' but in Russian there is no comma: B 1937 rOAY Mbl )l(MnM . . .
There are other differences between Russian and English punctuation,
particularly in representing direct speech, but the use of commas is the
only one likely to be noticed.
360

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
29.7 Long- and Short-Form Adjectives
This grammar aims to be complete. That is, it deals with all the basic
structures of Russian grammar, even with those which you are unlikely to
use, because you will meet them in the speech or writing of Russians. One
of these minor topics is the choice between the long and short fonns of
adjectives. You have met some short-fonn adjectives simply as vocabulary
items, e.g. AOn)l(8H/AOn)l(H8IAOn)l(HO/AOIUKHbl 'obliged' (19.4), PSA,
PiAa, PBAo, PSAbl 'glad' (26). What has not been mentioned is the fact
that most adjectives of the H6sbli/MonoAoM/senMKMM types (7.2), but not
those ending -CKMM, can have the short endings .Jalolbl in certain circum-
stances.
Short-fonn adjectives are met only in sentences of the type 'The film is
interesting', 'She was grateful', in which an adjective used predicatively
(i.e. with no noun after it) is linked to the subject by a fonn of the verb 'to
be'. These short-fonn adjectives have only one case, the nominative, and
therefore only four possible endings, namely masculine, feminine, neuter
and plural. They are called 'short-fonn' adjectives because their endings
are truncated versions of the nominative 'long-fonn' adjective endings you
met in 7.2. Here are the two sets of endings compared.
m
HOSblM
HOS
f
HosaR
HOS8
n
HOBoe
HOSO
pi
HOBbie 'new'
HOSbl .new'
long forms
short forms
You will see that short-fonn adjectives have the endings you associate
with nouns (consonant ending: masculine; -8: feminine; -0: neuter; -bl:
plural).
If you want to say 'a new house', using the adjective 'new' attributive-
ly (i.e. in front of a noun), the only possible fonn is HOSblM AOM. But if
you want to say 'The house is new', you have a choice between AOM
HOSblM and AOM HOS. The difference is a stylistic one: in most cases, the
long fonn is nonnal, neutral Russian, while the short fonn is bookish. This
means that the long fonn is the one you have been using, but when reading
bookish Russian (fonnal articles, speeches, scientific writing, poetry) you
will meet many examples of short fonns.
361

lESSON 29
Here are examples of short fonns you may meet:
BepHblM true BePIH, BepH8, BepHo, BepHbl
KpaCMBbli beautiful KpaCMB,KpaCMB8, KpaCMBO, KpaCMBbl
MHTep8cHblM interesting MHTep8clH,MHTep8cHa,MHTep8cHo,
MHTep8CHbl
xonoAHblM cold x on OAeH, xonoAHa, xonoAHo,
x6noAHbi
HjJKHbli necessary HjJKeH,HY*Ha,HjJKHo,HY*H bl
(Hj)l(Hbl also occurs)
AoporoM dear/expensive AQpor, Aopora, Aoporo, AoporM
KpSTKMM short Kp8T2K,KpaTK8,KKO,Kp8TKM
nirKMi light/easy niroK, nerKa, nerKo, nerKM
(r pronounced x before K)
TPYAHblM difficult TPYAeH, TPYAH8, TPYAHO, TPYAHbl
BenMKMi great BenMK,BenMKa, BenMKo, BenMKM
xOpOwMi good xOpOw, xopowa, xopowo, XOPOWM
You may notice that the neuter fonns are the same as adverbs (7.16).
Special cases
6onbwoi
ManeHbKMi
large
small
Examples:
3To Aoporo.
S1 6YAY Kp8ToKlKpaTKa.
3To nerKo.
Bawa AO'lb O'leHb KpacMBa.
Bonpocbl 6blnM cnMwKoM
TPYAHbl AIIR Hac.
3TOT CTyn BaM Hy.eH?
Points to note:
BenMK, BenMKa,BenMKO, BenMKM
Man, Mana, Mano, Manbl
That's expensive.
I shall be brief.
That's easy.
Your daughter is very pretty.
The questions were too difficult for us.
Do you need this chair? ('Is this chair
to you necessary?')
Short-fonn adjectives are harder to fonn than long-fonn ones. While
r
long-fonn adjectives are very regular and have fixed stress (see 7.2), short
362

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT -t=ORM ADJECTIVES
fonns involve irregularities. Although the basic rule for fonning short-
fonns is 'Take off the last two letters of the masculine fonn (HGBbIM
becomes HOB) and the last letter of the other three fonns (HoBaR becomes
HOBa, HOBoe becomes HOBO, HOBbie becomes HOBbl)', there is a general
tendency for the stress of two-syllable adjectives to shift to the end in the
feminine (and sometimes in the plural as well). Many adjectives have
other stress shifts, e.g. MonoA6M 'young' has the short fonns MonoA,
MonoAi, MonoAo, uonoAbl. Adjectives with a consonant group before
the ending, e.g. MHTe pecH bli, usually add -e- (or -0-) between the con-
sonants in the masculine fonn only (MnbM MHTep8ceH 'The film is interest-
ing '). Many adjectives, particularly all those ending -CKMi and most soft
adjectives (e.g. nocneAHMi 'Iast'), have no short fonns at all.
Usage
(1) As mentioned above, you can manage without short adjectives most of
the time because they tend to be bookish, while the fonns you learnt in
Lesson 7 are nonna} everyday Russian. However, there are a few adjec-
tives (such as P8A 'glad' - see above) which, when predicative (used with
no following noun), are always in the short fonn. Here are the main ones:
rOTGBblM 'ready' is only used in the short fonn rOToB, rOToB8, rOT6Bo,
rOTGBbl in sentences such as 'I am/was/will be/would be ready':
SI rOTog/roToBA.
KorA6 Bbl 6YAeTe rOTos bl ?
6YAbT8 Ao6pbl
I'm ready.
When will you be ready? (Note: With
Bbl, short-fonn adjectives are always
plural (ending -bl), even when you are
talking to one person.)
Be so good (in polite requests).
PSA, p8.qa, P8AO, PBAbl 'glad'. (Notice that in English, too, 'glad' is
nearly always used predicatively: 'She is glad' is much more likely than
'She is a glad person'.)
SI TaK  sac B
Mbi 6YAeM .
I'm so glad to see you (woman speaking).
We'll be glad.
nOXCUKMM 'similar': noxa)l(, noxa)l(a, noxo)l(e, nOXa)l(M:
Bbl noxa)l(lt H8 KnapK8 rei6na. You look like Clark Gable.
363

LESSON 29
HY)I(Hbli 'necessary' always has the forms HY)I(eH, MY.Hi, HY)I(HO,
HY)I(Hb. if it is used predicatively:
BaHA - HY)I(Hb.i 'fenOBeK.
Vanya is a useful ('necessary') person.
But
BaHR H8M HY*mt.
We need Vanya ('Vanya to us is
necessary') .
I need your help ('To me is necessary
your help').
MHe try)KHi BaW8 nOMOl1lb.
(2) If the subject is 3TO 'this/that/it' or Bce 'everything', the predicative
adjective must be short:
3TO Aoporg (not Aoporoe).
Bce 3Aecb MHTepec Ho .
That's expensive.
Everything here is interesting.
(3) As well as sounding more bookish, the short fonn may carry other con-
notations, depending on the situation: it may sound more categorical!
emphatic, or it may restrict the description to a particular situation - see (4).
OHa TaK8R rny naR .
OH8 T8K rnyni.
She's so silly (long fonn).
She's so stupid (short fonn - more
emphatic ).
Note that 'so' is T8K with short adjectives (and adverbs) and T8KOi 'such'
with 'normal' (long fonn) adjectives.
(4) If the adjective has a dependent phrase such as 'difficultfor me', '(too)
big for you', then the short form should be used:
noroA8 XOpOW8R.
The weather is good.
But
noroA8 xopowi AJlR nbl)l(.
31'0 nanbTo eMY BenM Ko .
The weather is good for skiing.
That coat is (too) big for him.
364

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION; SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
EXERCISE 29/4
Translate:
A Conversation with Short Fonns
ME: 3AJ)8BCTBYMTe, B8pa ne-rpOBHa. P8A Bac BMAeTb.
Bn: S1 TO)l(e PW, MnbR EropoBM't.
ME: Bbi rOTOBbl?
an: Y)I(e rOToBa.
ME: 6YAbTe Ao6pbl, nep8A8iTe nopTnb, OH MHe HY)I(eH.
an: Baw nopTclHtnb noxo. Ha 'teMoASH.
ME: 31'0 BepHo. Ho Bilwa cYMKa To.e 6blna 6bl noxo.a Ha 'teMOABH,
ecnM 6bl Bbl 6blnM TaK)I(e 38HRTbl, KaK R.
EXERCISE 29/5
Translate, using short forms:
1 I was glad. 2 She looks like her father. 3 That's good. 4 That's expen-
sive. 5 They need dollars. 6 Tania, are you ready? 7 We'll be ready in
('tepe3) five minutes. 8 The hat (wanKa) is too big for ('to') her.
29.8 Vocabulary
AAMMpanTeMCTBO Admiralty
aHcaM6nb (m) ensemble
apKW arcade
apxMTeKTjpHblM architectural
6apoKKo (n indecl) baroque
6oraTcTBo richness, wealth
BopoTa (n pI.) gen.pl. BOpOT gates
BenMKonenHblM magnificent
BenM'tecTBeHHo- npeKpacHblM
majestically beautiful
BepHblM true; faithful
B03BbiwaTbCR t (like 3HaTb) to
tower
Bne'taTnRIOI1IMM impressive (from
Bne'taTnRTb' (call) to impress)
B'b83AHble BopoTa entrance
gates
BblA8BaTbcR ' (BblA8TbCRP) to
project, stand out
BblCTynalOlqMM projecting
BblCTYnaTb ' to project, stick out
BbIXOAMTb ' Ha (+ acc.) to look out on
365

LESSON 29
BblC8AMTbCRP (SbIC8JKMS8TbCJI')
to disembark, land
r8pMoHM'tHbIM harmonious
rnynblM stupid, silly
rOToBlaJo/bl ready (29.7)
AeKop decoration
ABop(e)L4 palace
AsopoBaR nnOlq8Ab Palace
Square
38MY)I(
BbIXOAMTb'/BbIMTM P 38MY)I( (38
+ ace.) to marry (of the woman)
('to go out after a husband')
McnonHeHHblM executed, carried
out PPP of McnonHMTb P to carry
out, execute, perform
KonoHHa column, pillar
Kpblno pl. KpblnbR wing
n8HAwsT landscape
nbl)l(M (pI.) gen.pl. nbl)l( skis
M8CWTil6 scale
M8TpOC sailor
MOAenb (f) model
My36MHb'M museum (adj)
Hs6epe)l(HaR (f adj) embankment,
quay
HSM60nee most
Heo6bl'taMHo e xtraord inari Iy
HenoBTopMMblM unique
HY)I(HblM necessary
66pa3 form; image; manner
o6paaqiH PPP of 06paTMTb P
turned
oKeaH ocean
ono3AiTb p ono3AilO, ono3Aiewb
(ona3AbIBaTb' like 3HaTb) (Ha
+ ace.) to be late (for)
onpeAenMTb P onpeAenlO, -nMwb
(onp8Ae1lRrb' like 3HSTb) (+ ace.)
to determine, define
oCHoBaTb P ocHYIO,OCHY8Wb
(+ ace.) (OCHOBblB8Tb' like
3H8Tb) to found
napilAHblM grand
nonyocTpoB peninsula
nopTenb (m) briefcase
nJ)eAcTaBnRTb' (np8AcTaBMTbP)
ce6e to imagine
npoeKT plan, project
npOnOPL4MA proportion
pa3Hoo6pa3Me variety
pscnonsrsTbcSI ' (like 3HaTb) to be
situated, placed
pacnonO)l(eHlalo/bl situated
pew8TK8 gen.pl. pew8ToK grille,
railing, decorated ironwork
cKnoH slope
cTyn pi cTjnbR, gen.pl cTjnbeB
chair
cy6TponM'tecKMM subtropical
TOp)l(8cTBeHHbIM grand, splendid,
majestic
TpoMHOM triple
YKpSCMTb P YKp8WY, YKpaCMWb
(YKpswaTb ' Ii ke 3H8Tb) (+ ace.)
to adorn
ac8A faade
'teMoASH suitcase
366

'BOOKISH' STYLE; ACTIVE PARTICIPLES; PUNCTUATION, SHORT-FORM ADJECTIVES
29.9 BnSAMBocToK Vladivostok (bookish style)
BnBAMBOCTOK paCnOnC))K8H H8 nonyocTpoBe, BblAalOtqeMcR B
TMXMM OKe8H. 3r0 orp6MHbiM nopT. CaM8fI MHTep8cHaR 'taCTb ropoAS-
Ha6epe)l(H8fI. 3Aecb B03BblwaeTCA KonOHH8 C MOAenblO Kopa6nR, C
KOToporo BblC8AMnMcb MaTpocbl, oCHoBilBWMe BnaAMBocTOK B 1880
rOAY. rOpoA, cnycKalOtqMMCJI no CKJ10HaM K MOplO, o'teHb KpacMB. Ero
He06bl'taMHo YKpaw810T HenoBTopMMblM naHAwacln, cy6TponM'IeCKaR
npMpoA8.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISE 29/6
1 What is the connection between the Hermitage Museum and the Winter
Palace?
2 What are we told about the location of the Winter Palace in relation to its
Petersburg surroundings?
3 Find and translate the four active participles, the one verbal adverb and
the four past passive participles.
3MMHMM ABopln" The Winter Palace (Another bookish text, not easily
translated)
KiI*AbIM, XOTb OAMH pa3 n06blsaBwMM B 3pMMTa)l(e, BcnOMMHileT
o HiM, np8ACTaBnRR ce66 senM'tecTBeHHo-npeKpaCHblM 3MMHMM
ABop8L4 - caMoe 38Me't8TenbHoe 14 HaM60nee Bn8'taTnRlOlI.\ee 143 nRTM
My36MHbIX 3A8HMM. nOCTp6eHHbIM B 1754-1762 rOA8x no npOeKTY
cDpaH't8cKO &apTonoMeo PacTp8nnM (1700-1771), OH onpeAenMn
BenMKonenHblM apXHTeKTYPHblM aHcaM6nb Ha 6epe..y Hesbl.
Macwni6aMM, 6oraTcTBoM, pa3Hoo6pa3HeM apXMTeKyYpHoro
AeKopa, a TaK)I(e npOnOPL4MeM 'taCTeM 3MMHMi AB0p84, McnonHeHHblM
B cTMne PyccKoro 6apoKKo, C03A88T rapMoHM'tHbiM 14 TOp)l(ecTBeH-
HblM 06pa3.
ABa Kpblna C 38nBAHOM CTOPOHbl 06pall.\eHbi K AAMMpanTeMcTBY;
rnilBHblM cl»ac8A, BblXOARtqMM Ha ABoPL4oBYIO nn6lq8Ab, - HaM60nee
napSAHblM. B cpitAHei, BblcrynalOlI.\eM, 'tacTM pacnonaraeTcR
TpoMHaR apK8.qa B'b83AHbIX BOp6T, YKpaweHHblx B8nMKOnenHoM
peWiTKOi.
367

30
YPOK HOMEP TPM.QATb
ABBREVIATIONS;
NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS;
PARTICLES
30.1 What's Left?
You have now covered all the basic grammar you need to speak cOlTectly
and to work your way through written Russian texts. Your main task now
is to build up your working vocabulary sufficiently to be able to follow l'
Russian speech and read Russian books and newspapers without constantly
hunting in dictionaries.
This lesson deals with a few vocabulary points and then tests your
mastery of Russian with a complete classic short story.
30.2 Dictionaries
You will need the largest Russian-English/English-Russian dictionary
you can afford. The best three currently available are those published by
Collins, Oxford University Press and Penguin Books. If you want a pocket
dictionary, the best is the Oxford Pocket Russian-EnglishIEnglish-Russian
Dictionary .
30.3 Russian Abbreviations
A feature of post-1917 Russian has been the widespread use of abbrevia-
tions, including acronyms such as TACC 'TASS' and 'stump compounds'
368

ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES
(made up of parts of words) such as YHMBepMsr 'department store' from
YHMBepc anbHblM Ml[83MH 'universal shop'). Good dictionaries, such as
those mentioned above, include the commonest ones.
To read abbreviations such as MrY (Moscow State University
MOCKOBCKMM rocYASPCTBeHHblM YH, MBepcMTeT) you need to know the
names of the letters - see 1.5.
MrY (MGU)
py (CIA)
CCCP (USSR)
KrS (KGB)
Note CWA (USA)
[em-ge-o'o]
[tse-er-oo]
[ es-es-es-er]
[ka-ge-be]
Though the letters are [es-sha-a] the
pronunciation is usually [se-she-a]
However, if the letters form a pronounceable word, they are read as a word
(like Unesco or Nato in English):
TACC pronounced (tas]
IOHECKO pronounced as in English [yoo-ne-sko]
Note the Russian predilection for abbreviations constructed out of parts of
words (stump compounds), particularly for the names of companies and
trading organizations. That is, rather than names of the type IBM (from
International Business Machines) or BBC (from British Broadcasting
Corporation), Russians prefer the type we find in Natwest (from National
Westminster Bank).
YpanMaw [oo-ral-mash] (from YpanbCKMM 38BOA TA)I(enOrO M8WMHO-
CTpoeHMR) Urals Heavy Machinery Works in Ekaterinburg.
cOBMMH (COBlrr MMHMCTpoS) Council of Ministers
MMHnernpOM (MMHMcTepcTBo nerKoM npoMblwneHHocTM)
Ministry of Light Industry
MMHMRcoMonnpoM (MMHMCT8pcTBO MIICHOi M MOnO'IHOi npoMblw-
neHHocTM)
Ministry of the Meat and Milk Industry
rocTenepiAMo (rOCYA8PCTBeHHoe TeneBMAeHMe M PiAMO)
State Television and Radio (an analogy would be 'Britbroadcorp' for the
BBC)
369

LESSON 30
rnaBC8xanMH6YMnpOM (rniBHoe ynpaBneHMe 6YMa.HOM npOMblW-
neHHOCTM Ha CaxanMHe) Chief Administration of the Sakhalin
Paper Industry
30.4 Particles
Some of the trickiest words to translate are the so-called 'particles t '
('tacTMl.\bl). A particle is a (usually short) word, such as )l(e (5.2), which
occurs only with other words, never on its own, to indicate such things as
emphasis ()I(e), speaker's attitude (S8Ab), emotion, or, sometimes, gram-
matical structure (e.g. nM, indicating a yes-no question 3Ha8T8 nM Sbl . . .?
'Do you know. . .?').
rA8 MSSH?
rAe )1(8 MsiH?
Where is Ivan?
Where is Ivan?
Other particles you have met are S8Ab, indicating that the speaker expecs
you to agree with his statement or to know the infonnation already (B8Ab
OHa yexsns! She's left, you know); 6bl indicating doubt or hypothesis (SI
6bl KynMn ABa I would buy two/I would like to buy two); BOT here/there is,
used to draw attention to what follows (BOT nO't8MY That's why); HY
corresponding to the English hesitation word 'well' (Hy, 51 TO'tHO He 3Hiuo
Well, I'm not quite sure).
Other particles to note are:
-TO which (apart from its use in words like KTo-TO 'someone' (26.2» is a
colloquial and weaker equivalent of )1(8
B TOM-rg M Aeno.
HapoAY-TO!
That's just itffhat's just the point.
Such crowds!
-K8 which softens imperatives, making them friendlier or more like invita-
tions. CKS)l(M-K8 . . . Do tell me . . . nOAOMAM-K8 Come here, won't
you? He WYMMTe-KS You'd better stop making a noise.
-K8 with verbs in the first person future indicates tentative intentions:
3aeAY-Ka K HeMY. I think I might call on him (example from The Penguin
Russian Dictionary).
AS which apart from meaning 'yes' is a weaker, colloquial equivalent of 8
(' and/but')
370

ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES
npMHeCMTe MHe BOAKM, AS nocKop8e! Bring me some vodka, and quick
about it! (example from The Oxford Russian Dictionary)
M leven', 'too', emphasizes the following word:
OHi He 3Han8, 'ITO M OH oTKluKeTcR. She didn't know that even he
would refuse.
More examples:
Bar He O)l(MAin!
BOT ClOpnpM3!
As KHMry )l(e 386bln 51
eMY nepeA8Tb-TO!
Hy, p,a nOrnRAM)I(8 Ha MeHRI
Hy, 'tT6 )1(8 Tbl?
Hy p,a 66r C HMUI
T6-TO MOHO!
Hy p,a?1
As HY!
KaK 6bl He TaK!
I didn't expect this!
What a surprise!
Oh, but I've gone and forgotten to
give him the book though!
Well, but just take a look at me then!
Well, how are you then?
Well but what does it matter?
(66r 'God')
That's it!
Really? (astonishment with
a note of distrust)
Oh, no! (disagreement, unwillingness,
refusal)
Not at all. On the contrary.
30.5 Vocabulary for Chekhov's ToncTblM M TOHKMM 'Fat and Thin'
6aTIOWKMI good gracious!
6naroroBeHM8 reverence
60r [boh] pI. 60rM gen.pl. 6oroB
God; god
60r C HMMlH8M good luck to
him/her; what does it matter?
60raTbiM (short form 6oraT) rich
H86oMCR ' (from 60krbCJI) don't be
afraid
BeAoMcTBO department
B8nbMO)l(8 grandee, big shot
S8T'1MHa ham
BMWHR gen.pl. BMW8H cherry
BOCKnMKHyTbPBOCKnMKHY,
-KHeWb (BOCKnMLlSTb ' like
3H8Tb) to exclaim
BOCTOp)l(8HHO enthusiastically
BpOA8 (+ gen.) like
BblrnRAblB8Tb ' (like 3H8Tb)
(BblrnJlHyTb P BblrnJlHY,
SblrnJlH8wb) to look out
BblTRHyTbCAP BbITAHYCb,
-HeWbCR to stretch; to stand
erect
371

LESSON 30
BblTRHyrbCRP BO 4»PYHT to stand
to attention
repocTp8T Herostratus (who burnt
down the temple of Artemis at
Ephesus)
rMMH83MCT grammar-school boy
rMMH83MR grammar school
rnRAeTb ' (no- p ) rnRJKY, rnRAMwb
(Ha + ace.) to look (at)
rony6'1MK dear friend, my dear
r6cnoAM! good heavens! good
Lord!
ax Tbl r6cnoAM! oh, good
heavens!
ry68 pI. rY6bl dat.pl. ry68M lip
rYlJ48 grounds, dregs
AenapT8MeHT (old word)
(government) department
AepeBo wood (also 'tree')
AI1MHHblM long
AocnY)I(MTbCR P AocnYJKycb,
AocnY)I(MWbCR (AO + gen.)
(Aocny.MBaTbCR ' like 3HaTb)
to reach a position, the top
APa3HMTb' APa3HIO, AP83HMWb
(+ ace.) to tease, (+ inst.) to
call someone a name (in order to
tease)
APyr APyra each other
APyr Ha APyra at each other
(30.6 note 3)
AYWOH(O)K swell, smart lad
JK8nOBaHbe (old word) salary
JKene3H8R Aopora railway ('iron
road')
JKeH8T (short adD married (of a
man)
)l(MBMTenbH8JI Bnara (coli)
intoxicating liquor
38cTerHyYb P 38cTerHY,
38cTerHewb (38CTirMBaTb ' ) like
3HaTb) (+ ace.) to fasten
38xMxMKaTb P (like 3HaTb) to start
giggling (XMXMK8Tb ' to giggle)
3Be3Ai pI. 3 &AVY'" " gen.pl. 3Bi3A
star
143-38 (+ gen.) from behind
M3YMMTbCRP M3YMn lOeb, M3YMMWb-
CR (M3YMnIlTbCA' M3YMnRlOCb,
-lIeWbCR) to be astonished
MCKpa spark
MCKpMBMTbCR P MCKpMBnlOcb,
MCKpMBMWbCR (McKpMBnllTbCR'
MCKpMBnRlOCb, -RewbCR) to
become distorted, to twist
Ka3iHHbIM state, belonging to the
state
KaK 6bl as it were
KapToHKa gen.pl. K8pTOHOK
cardboard box
KMcnoT8 pI. KMcnoTbl acidity,
sourness
KMT8(e)LI Chinese (noun)
macc class, form
TpeTberO Knacca of the third
form
KHM)I(Ka (dim 25.2) gen.pl.
KHMJKeK book, small book,
some book (fam)
KOe-K8K (26.7) somehow, just. with
difficulty
KOnne)l(CKMM ac8ccop collegiate
assessor (eighth grade in fourteen-
grade tsarist civil service)
372

ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES
K*iHbli coffee (adj)
Kpac8B(e)LI handsome man
n06b138HMe (old word) kiss
nocHMTbCA' nocHlOcb,
nocHMwbCA to shine, gleam
nIOTepaHK8 gen.pl. nlOTepaHoK
Lutheran (Protestant)
MMnocTMBbii (old word) gracious,
kind
MMnbli Moil my dear
MYHAMP uniform
H8BbKNMTb P H8BblO'ty,
H8BblO-lMWb (H8BbIO-lMB8Tb'
like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.) to load
(with)
He66cb (call) probably
HeKoTopblM 06p830M somehow;
so to speak
HMKonaeBcK8JI )l(ene3H8A
Aop6ra The Moscow-St
Petersburg line (named after
Tsar Nicholas I)
06n06bl38TbCAP (like 3H8Tb)
(n06bl38TbCR t ) (old word) to
kiss each other
oK8MeH8Tb P oK8MeHelO, -H8eWb
(K8MeH8Tb') to turn to stone
oTBepHjTbcRPoTBepHycb,
-HiwbCA (oTBopa'tMBaTbCA ' like
3H8Tb) (OT + gen.) to turn away
(from)
OTKYAB from where
OTKYAB Tbl B3RncR? where
have you sprung from?
owenoMMTb P owenoMnlb, -MMWb
(owenoMnkrb l -MnRIO, -IIeWb)
to stun, astound
n8nMp6cK8 (dim of n8nMp6ca)
Russian-style cigarette
namo (past of naxHyrb ' to smell) it
smelled
n8xno OT Hero (+ inst.) he
smelled of
nepeB8AiH (PPP of nepeBecTM)
transferred
n06neAHeTbPno6nHelO,
-Heewb (6n8AH8Tbl) to turn pale
nornRAeTb P (see rnRAeTb ' ) (Ha
+ acc.) to take a look at
nOABTb P PYKY to hold out one's
hand
nOA60poA(0)K chin
nOAipHyr(bli) (PPP of
nOASPHyrb) covered, coated
nOAYM8Tb P (AYM8Tb ' ) (like 3H8Tb)
to think for a moment
nO)l(aTb P nO)l(MY, nO)l(Miwb
(nO)l(MM8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) (PYKY)
to press, squeeze, shake
(hands)
nOKlloHMTbCRP nOKnoHlOcb,
nOlU1oHMwbCA (nolU1oHRTbCR '
nOKnoHRlOcb, -RewbCA) to
bow
nonHol (call) enough of that!
nonHblM (+ gen.) full (of)
nOMMnYMTe p pardon me
nOMopMTbCAPnoMopYCb
nOMOpaqMWbCR (MOpaqMTbCR')
to crease, wrinkle; to frown
nopTcMrap cigarette-case,
cigar -case
nocbln8TbCR P nocblnn8TcR to
rain down
373

LESSON 30
nO'lTMTenbHbli respectful,
deferential
npeBocxoAMTenbCTBo Excellency
(title of general and equivalent
ranks)
npMB8THO (old word) privately
npMiqypeHHbli half-closed (of
eyes)
npMRTenb (m) friend
npo68BnRTbCR' -nRlOcb,
-nllewbCR to get by, make do
( coli)
np0)l(8'lb P npo)l(rY, npOJlOKeWb
npo)l(rYr past npo)l(er,
npO)l(rn8 (npO)l(MraTb ' like
3H8Tb) to burn through
npOaq8HMe farewell, parting
H8 npOaq8HMe in farewell
npoTMBHO disgusting, disgusted
nyroBK8 gen.pl. nyroBoK button
cr6p6MTbCR P cr6p6nlOcb,
-6MWbCR (r6p6MTbCR') to
hunch up, become bent
cniAocTb (f) sweetness
cne38 pi cne3bl, gen.pl. cne3,
dat.pl. cne38M tear, teardrop
cnY)I(MTb' cnv-j, cnY)I(MWb
(+ inst.) (no-P) to serve, to work
(as)
CHRTb P CHMMY, cHMllewb (+ acc.)
(CHMM8Tb' like 3H8Tb) to take off
cnenblM ripe
cnMH8 acc. cnMHY, pl. cnMHbl back
cnplmrrbcRP cnpsNycb, -'IeWbCA
(nplmrrbCA') (38 + acc.) to hide
(oneself) behind
Cr8HMcn8B Order of St Stanislas
(tsarist civil-service medal)
CT8TCKMi (coBeTHMK) Councillor
of State (fifth highest civil-service
rank)
cTOnOH8'18nbHMK (old word) head
of a civil-service section
CY3MTbCA P CY3MTCA(CjJKMB8TbCA'
like 3H8Tb) to become narrow
C'bI)I(MTbCAP C'biMyCb,
C'bI)I(MWbCA (C'bi)l(MB8TbCR '
like 3H8Tb) to shrivel, shrink
T8MHbiM (coBeTHMK) Privy
Councillor (third highest civil-
service rank)
ToncTblM fat
TOH tone
TOHKMM thin
TpoeKp8THO thrice, three times
TjnoBMiqe body, torso
Y3(e)n pI. Y3nbl bundle
ypo-.qeHH8A nee (indicating
maiden name)
ypoHMTbP ypoHtO, YpOHMWb (+ ac.)
(pOHRTb ' POHRIO, pOHRewb) to
drop
YCTpeMMTb P YCTpeMnlO, YCTpe-
MMWb (ycTpeMnRTb -nRIO,
-nRewb) (rna38 H8 + acc.) to
direct, fasten (one's gaze on)
yc1jnK8 gen.pl. yc1jnoK price
reduction; concession
Y'leHMK gen.sg. Y'leHMK8 pupil
cl»nipAop8H)I( orange blossom
(scent)
cl»YpB)I(K8 gen. pl. cl»YpB)I(eK
peaked cap
xepec sherry
374

ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS; PARTICLES
xopoweHbKO properly, well and
truly (25.4)
x6-xo ho-ho!
xYAeHbKMi thin (25.4)
'IeMoABH suitcase
'IMHOnO'IMTaHMe respect for rank,
kowtowing, boot-licking
wapKYHTb P wapKHY, wapKHewb
(W8pK8Tb ' like 3H8Tb) (+ inst.)
to shuffle
WapKHYTb P Horoi to click one's
heels (HOra 'foot')
WMpo'laiwMi widest (18.8)
WyYK8 thing, piece
iqeronb (m) dandy
3c1»ManbT Ephialtes (Greek traitor)
R68AHM'I8Tb' (H8- P ) (like 3H8Tb)
to tell tales, sneak
30.6 A taste of Russian nineteenth-century literature, a complete
early comic-satirical Chekhov story from 1883:
TonCTbli M TOHKMi The Fat One and the Thin One
H8 BOK38ne HMKonaeBcKoi )l(ene3Hoi AOpOrM BCTpeTMnMcb ABa
npMRTenR: OAMH ToncTbli, APyroi TOHKMi. ToncTblM TonbKo '1TO
noo6eASn H8 BOK38ne, M ..y6bl ero, nOAepHYTble M8cnoM, nocHMnMcb,
K8K cnenble BMWHM. namo OT Hero xepecOM M cl»nepAOp8H)I(eM.
TOHKMi )l(e 1 TonbKO 'ITO Bblwen M3 B8roH8 M 6bln H8BblO'IeH
'IeM0A8H8MM, Y3118MM M K8pTOHK8MM. namo OT Hero BeT'lMHOi M
KoiHOi rYiqei. M3-38 era cnMHbl BbirnRAblB8n8 xYAeHbK8R
)l(eHII4MH8 C wntHHblM nOA6opoAKOM - ero )l(eHa, M BblCOKMi
rMMH83MCT C npMiqypeHHblM rna30M - ero CbIH.
- nopcl»MpMil - BocKI1MKHyn ToncTbli, YBMAeB TOHKoro. - Tbl nM
3TO? rony6'1MK Moi! CKonbKo 3MM, cKonbKo ne-rl
- 68TIOWKM! - M3YMMnCR TOHKMi. - MMW8! Apyr AeTCTB8! OrKYAS
Tbl B3RncR?
npMRTenM TpoeKpltTHO 06n06b138nMcb M YCTpeMMnM APyr H8
APyr8 3 rn838, nonHble cne3. 668 6blnM npMRTHO owenOMneHbl.
- MMnbli Moil - H8'18n TOHKMi nocne n06bl38HMR. - BOT He
O)l(MA8n4! BOT CIOpnpM31 Hy, AS nornRAM )l(e 5 H8 MeHR xopoweHbKol
T8KOi )l(e Kp8caBe4, K8K M 6bln 6 ! T8KOi )l(e AYWOHOK M iqeronb! Ax
Tbl r6cnoAMI Hy, 'ITO )l(e Tb1 7 ? 6or8T? >KeHaT? SI y)l(e )l(eHaT, K8K
BMAMWb . . . 3To B6T MOR )l(eHa, nYM38, YPO*AiHH8R BaH4eH68x . . .
375

LESSON 30
nlOTepaHKa . . . A 3TO CblH M6i, HacIHIHaMn, Y'l8HMK TpeTberO Macca.
3T0, HaHR, Pl'yr Moera A8TCTBal B rMMHa3MM BM8CTe Y"MnMcb!
Hacl»aH8Mn HeMHoro nOAYMan " CHRn wanKY.
- B rMMH83MM BMecTe Y'tMnMcbl - nPOAon)l(8n TOHKMi. - nOMHMWb,
KaK Te6i1 APa3HMnM? Te6R APa3HMnM repoCTp8ToM 38 TO, 'ITO Tbl
Ka38HHYIO KHM)I(KY n8nMp6cKoi npO)l(er, a MeHR 3c1»MSnbTOM 38 TO,
'ITO R R6eAHM'ISTb nlO6Mn. X6-xo . . . AeTbMM 6blnMI He 66icR,
Hacl»sHRI nOAOM.qM K HeMY n06nM)I(e. . . A 3TO MOR )l(eHa,
YPO*AeHHaR BSHLleH6ax . . . nlOTepaHKa.
Hacl»8HaMn HeMHoro nOAYMan M cnplrrancR 38 cnMHY oTLIiI.
- Hy, KaK )l(MBeWb, APyr? - cnpocMn TonCTbli, BOCTOp)l(eHHO
rniIAR Ha APyra. - Cny.Mwb rAe? AocnV- MncR ?
- Cny.y, MMnbli Moil KOnne)l(CKMM aC8ccopoM v-e BTOp6i rOA M
CTsHMcnSBa MMelO. >KsnoBaHbe nnoxae . . . HY AS 60r C HMM 8 ! >KeHa
yp6KM MY3blKM .qaeT, R nopTCMrapbl npMB8THO M3 A8peBa AenalO.
OrnM'IHble nOpTCMrapbl! no py6nlO 9 38 urrjKY npo.qalO. EcnM KT0 10
6epiT A8cRTb WTYK M 66nee, TOMY", nOHMMaeWb, ycTjnKa.
np06aBnReMCR KOe-K8K. CnV-Mn, 3HaeWb, B AenapTaMeHTe, a Tenepb
clOAii nepeBeAeH CTOnOHa'l8nbHMKOM 12 no TOMY )l(e'3 BeAOMCTBY . . .
3AeCb 6YAY cnY*MTb. Hy, S Tbl KaK? He6ocb, y*e CTaTCKMi? A14?
- HeT, MMnblM Moi, nOAHMMai nOBblwe, - CKS38n T6nCTbli. - SI y)l(e
AO TaMHoro AocnY'lUtnCR . . . ABe 3B83Abl MMelO.
TOHKMi BAPyr n06neAHen, OKaMeHen, HO CKOpO nML40 ero
MCKpMBMnOCb BO Bce CTOpOHbl WMpO'l8iwei ynbl6Koi; Ka3ilnocb, '1TO
OT nMLla M rna3 era nOCblnsnMCb MCKpbl. CaM OH c'bi)l(MnCR,
crop6MnCR, CY3MnCR . . . Ero '1eMO.q8Hbl, Y3nbl M KapTOHKM
c'bi)l(MnMCb, nOMopiqMnMCb . . . AnMHHbli nOA60pOAOK )l(eHbl CTsn
eiqi AIIMHHee; Hacl»aHaMn BblTRHyncR BO cl»PYHT M 38cTerHyn Bee
nyroBKM cBoero MYHAMpa . . .
- SI, Bawe npeBOCXOAMTenbCTBO . . . O'leHb npMRTHo-c 15 ! Apyr,
MO*HO CKa38Tb, AeTCTBa M BAPyr BblwnM'6 B TaKM8 BenbMO)l(M-C! XM-
XM-C.
- Hy, nonHo! - nOMOplqMnCR ToncTbli. AnR 'Iero 3TOT TOH? Mbl C
T060i APY3bil AeTcTBs - M K '1eMy 17 TYT 3TO 'IMHOnO'IMTaHMel
- nOMMnyiT8 . . . "ITO Bbl-C . . . - 38XMXMKan TOHKMM, eaqe 60nee
376

ABBREVIATIONS; NAMES OF RUSSIAN LETTERS. PARTICLES
CW)lOtBSRCb. - MMnOCTMBoe BHMM8HMe B8WerO npeBOCXOAMTenbCTB8
. . . BpOA8 KSK 6bl )l(MBMTenbHoi BnarM . . . 3r0 BOT, B8we npeBOC-
XOAMTenbCTBO, CblH Moi HsclJaHsMn . . . )l(eHiI nYM38, nlOT8piHKS,
HeKOTopblM OOpS30M . . .
TonCTbli XOTen 6bln0 18 B03pa3MTb '4T6-TO, HO HS nMLt8 y TOHKor0 1t
6blno HsnMCSHO CTonbKO 6narorOBeHMR, cniAOCTM M nO'fTMTenbHOM
KMcnOTbl, '4T6 TiMHOMY COBeTHMKY cTino npOTMBHO. OH oTBepHyncR
OT TOHKoro M nOAlL" eMY H8 npoaq8HMe PYKY.
TOHKMi nO)l(an TPM nanbLt8, n0Kl10HMnCR BceM TjnoBMaqeM M
38XMXMKan, K8K KMTSel.\: «XM-XM-XM». >KeHa ynbl6HynaCb. HaSHSMn
wapKHyn Horoi M ypoHMn ypa)l(KY. Bce Tp6e 6blnM npMRTHO
owenOMneHbl.
Notes:
'TOHKMM )l(e (emphatic particle) 'As for the thin one, he . . .' 2CKonbKo
3MM, CKonbKO neT! 'How many winters, how many summers' = 'Long time
no see!' 3APyr HS APyrs 'at each other'; in the structure APyr APyr8 'each
other', the first APyr is indeclinable, while the second declines like APyr
'friend'. Prepositions come between the two APyr words. 4BoT (30.4) He
O)l(MAin 'I didn't expect this.' 5See the particles section 30.4. The meaning
here is 'Look straight at me so that I can have a good look at you.' 6T8KOi
*e KpaCaBel.\, KaK M 6bln (30.4) 'The same handsome fellow that you
(always) were.' 7Hy, '4TO )1(8 Tbl? 'Well how are you doing then?' 8S ee par-
ticles, section 30.4 9no py6ntb 38 urrjKY 'at a rouble each.' 10EcnM KTO . . .
'If anyone. . .' 11 TO MY . . . ycTjnK8 'he gets a reduction' ('to that (one) a
reduction '). 12CTOnOH8'4anbHMKoM (inst.) 'as a section head.' 13no TOMY
)l(e BeAoMcTBY 'In the same ('that very') department.' 14A? Eh? 15The -c
suffix is short for CYA8Pb 'sir.' 16BblwnM B TSKMe BenbMO)l(M-c! . . . 'you've
become such a VIP, sir!' Note the change to Bbl. 17K '48MY 'why.' 11 xoT en
6blno 'was about to.' 19H8 nMl.\e y TOHKoro 'on the thin one's face.'
377

GRAMMATICAL TABLES
Declension of Nouns. N = nominative, A = accusative, anim = animate
accusative, inanim = inanimate accusative, G = genitive, D = dative, I = instru-
mental, P = prepositional
1 Masculine Nouns
table writer
singular plural singular plural
N cTon cTonbi nMc8Tenb nMc8TenM
A cTon cyonb. nMc8TenR nMcaTenei
G cTona cTonoB nMc8TenR nMc8Tenei
0 cTony cTonaM nMcaTenlO nMc8TenRM
I cTonoM cTonaMM nMcaTeneM nMc8TenRMM
p cTone cTonax nMcaTene nMc8TenRx
museum Englishman
singular plural singular plural
N MY38i MY3eM 8HrnM'faHMH aHrnM'faHe
A My.i MY38M 8HrnM'faHMH8 8HrnM'faH
G My36R My36eB 8HrnM'faHMH8 8HrnM'faH
0 MY3810 MY38RM 8HrnM'f8HMHY 8HrnM'faHaM
I My36eM MY38AMM aHrnM'faHMHOM aHrnM'faH8MM
p My36e MY38RX aHrnM'faHMHe 8HrnM'faHaX
378

GRAMMA TICAL TABLES
boy grandfather
singular plural singular plural
N Manb'fMK Manb'fMKM A8AYWKa A8AYWKM
A Manb'fMKa Manb'fMKOB A8AYWKY A8AYW8K
G Manb'fMKa MSnb'tMKOB A8AYWKM A8AYW8K
0 Manb'fMKY MSnb'tMKaM A8AYWK8 A8AywKaM
I Manb'fMKOM M8.nb'fMKaMM A8AYWKOM AeAywKaMM
p Manb'fMK8 MSnb'tMKax A8AYWK8 A6AywKax
2 Feminine Nouns
newspaper week
singular plural singular plural
N ra38Ta ra38Tbl H8A8nR H8A8nM
A ra38Ty ra38Tbl H8A8nlO H8AenM
G ra38Tbl ra38T H8A 8nM H8A8nb
0 ra38T8 ra38TaM H8A e ne H8A8nRM
I ra36Toi ra38TaMM H8A6nei H8A8nRIlM
P ra38T8 r&36Tax H8A8n8 H8AenRx
square surname
singular plural singular plural
N nnOlq8Ab nnolq8AM cl»aMMnMR clJaMMnMM
A nnoU48Ab nnolq8AM clJaMMnMIO clJaMMnMM
G nnOIq8AM nno&q8Aei cl»aMMnMM cl»aMMnMM
0 nnolq8AM nnoU48AAM cl»aMMnMM clJaMMnMRM
I nnoU48AblO nnoU48AAMM clJaMMnMei cl»aMMnMRMM
p nnolq8AM nnol.q8AAx clJaMMnMM cl»aMMnMRx
379

GRAMMATICAL TABLES
3 Neuter Nouns
matter, business exercise
singular plural singular plural
N A8nO A8na ynpa)l(HeHM8 ynpa)l(H8HMR
A Aeno A8na ynps)I(HeHMe ynpa)l(HeHMR
G Aena p.en ynps)I(H8HMR ynpa)l(HeHMi
0 A8ny AenaM ynpa)l(H8HMIO ynpa)l(HeHMRM
I AenoM A8naMM ynpa)l(HeHM8M ynpa)l(H8HMRMM
p Aene p.enax ynpa)l(HeHMM ynpa)l(HeHMAx
name, first name
singular plural
N iMA MMeHa
A MMR MM8Ha
G MM8HM MMiH
0 MM8HM MM8H'M
I MM8H8M MMeHaMM
p MMeHM MM8Hax
4 Pronouns
who what you he she it we you they
N KTO "TO 51 Tbl OH OHa OH6 Mbl Bbl OHM
A Koro 'I TO M8HA Te6A 8r6 ei 8r6 Hac sac MX
G Kor6 'C8ro MeHR Te6R ero ei 8ro Hac sac MX
0 KOMY 'f8MY MHe Te68 8MY ei eMY H8M BaM MM
I KeM 'feM MH6i To66M MM ei MM H8MM BaMM MMM
p KOM 'fiM MHe Te66 HiM Hei HiM Hac Bac HMX
this that
m f n pi m f n pi
N 'TOT aTa 3TO 3TM TOT Ta TO Te
A 3TOT 3Ty 3TO 3TH TOT TV TO Te
Aanim 3Toro 3ty 3TO 3TMX Tor6 TV TO TeX
G 3Toro aTOM aT oro 3TMX Toro T6i Toro Tex
0 3TOMY 3TOM aTOMY 3TMM TOMY TOM TOMY TeM
I aTMM aTOM 3TMM aTMMM TeM T6i TeM TeMM
p 3TOM 3TOi 3TOM 3TMX T6M T6M TOM Tex
380

G RAMMA TICAL TABLES
all self
m f n pi m f n pi
N BeCb BCA Bcl BC8 caM caMa caMO caMM
A BeCb BCIO Bel BC8 caM caMoi* caMO CaMM
Aanim Bcer6 BCIO Bce BC8X caMoro caMoi* caMO caMMx
G Bcer6 Bcei Bcer6 Bcex caMoro caMoi caMoro caMMx
D BceMY BceM BceMY BeeM caMoMY caMoM caMoMY caMMM
I BeeM Beei BeeM BCeM" caMMM caM6i caMMM caMMMM
p BeIM Beei BeeM BC8X caM6M C8M6i caMoM C8MMX
*or caMY
5 Adjectives
new
m f n pi
N HOBbli HOBaR HOBoe HOBbie
A HOBbli HOBYIO HOBoe H6Bbie
Aanim HOBoro HOBYIO H6Boe HOBblX
G H6Boro HOBOM H6Boro HOBblX
0 H6BOMY HOBOM H6BOMY HOBblM
I HOBblM H6BOi HOBblM H6BblMM
P H6BOM HOBOi HOBOM HOBblX
Russian
m f n pi
N PYCCKMi PyccKaR PYCCKoe PyccKMe
A PYCCKMi PYCCKYIO PYCCKoe PyccKMe
Aanim PyccKoro PYCCtcylO PYCCKoe PYCCKMX
G PyccKoro PyccKoi PyccKoro PYCCKMX
D PYCCKOMY PyccKoi PYCCKOMY PYCCKMM
I PYCCKMM PyccKoi PYCCKMM PYCCKMIIM
P PYCCKOM PyccKoi PYCCKOII PYCCKMX
381

GRAMMA TICAL T ABLI:S
good
m f n pi
N xop6wMi xop6waR xopowee xop6WMe
A xop6wMi xop6wylO xop6wee xop6wMe
Aanim xop6wero XOp6WYIO xop6wee XOp6WMX
G xop6wero xOp6w8M xop6wero XOp6WMX
0 xop6weMY xop6wei XOPOWSMY xOp6wMM
I XOp6WMM xop6wei XOPOWMM XOp6WM....
P xOp6w8M xop6wei xopoweM XOp6WMX
last
m f n pi
N nocn6AHMi nOCn8.qHRA nOcn8.qHee nOCn8.qH"s
A nocn6AttMi nOCn8.qHIOIO nocn8.qHee nocn6AHMe
Aanim nOcn8.qHerO nocn8.qHIOIO nocn8.qH88 nocn8.qH"x
G nocn8.qHero nocn8.qHsi nOcn8.qHero nocn8.qHMx
0 nocn8.qHeMY nocn8.qHei nocn8.qHsllY nocn8.qHMM
I nOCn8.qHMM nocn8.qHei nOCn8.qHMM nocneAHMMM
p nocn8.qHeM nocn8.qHsi nocn8.qHeM nocn8.qHMx
third
m f n pi
N TpeTMi TpeTbR TpeTbe TpeTbM
A TpeTMi TpeTblO TpeTbe Tp8TbM
Aanim TpeTbero TpeTblO TpeTbe TpeTbMX
G TpeTberO Tp8Tbei TpeTberO TpeTbMX
0 Tp6TbeMY TpeTbei Tp8Tb8MY TpeTbMM
I TP8TbMM TpeTbei TpeTbMM TpeTbMMM
p TpeTbeM TpeTbeM TpeTbeM YpeTbMx
382

GRAMMATICAL TABLES
6 Possessives
my (same endings for our (same endings for Baw 'your')
TB6i 'your't cB6i 'own')
m f n pi m f n pi
N Moi MOR Mol MOM Haw Hiwa Hiwe HawM
A Moi MOIO Moi MOM Haw H8WY Hawe HaWM
Aanim Moero MOIO Mol MOM X Hawero H8WY Hawe H8WMX
G Moer6 Moei Maero MOMX Hawero Hawei Hawero HawMx
0 MoeMY Molti Maell' MOMM HaweMY Hawei HaweMY H8WMM
I MOMM MaeM MOMM MOMMM HawMM Hawei HawMM HBWMIIM
p MoiM Molai MoiM MOMX HaweM Hawei HBweM H8WMX
7 Numbers (See 22.3 for declensions of ABa/ABe, TPM, '4eTblpe, nRTb,
wecTb,B6ceMb,c6poK,nRTecRT,B6ceMecRT,AeBRH6cTo,cT6,
ABecTM, nRTbC6T)
one twenty three hundred
m f n pi
N OAMH oAHa OAH6 OAHM ABSALI8Tb TpMcTa
A OAMH OAHY OAHO OAHM AB8.q148 Tb TpMCT8
Aanim oAHoro OAHY OAHO OAHMX ABaA48 Tb TpMcTa
G oAHor6 OAHOi oAHor6 OAHMX ABSALI8TM Tpixc6T
D OAHOMY OAHOi OAHOMY OAHMM AB8ALI8TM TpiMcTBM
I OAHMM OAHoi OAHMM OAHMMM !1"A TbIO 1PeUI&T'"
p OAHOM OAH6i OAH6M OAHMX AB8ALI8TM TJ)ixcTax
8 Verbs
The references are to lesson numbers
active participles, 29
aspects (perfective and
imperfective), 12, 13, 14,15
conditional, 19
future tense, 12, 14
imperatives, 15
infinitive, 4
passive participles, 27
past tense, 11, 13
present tense, 4
reflexives, 11
verbal adverbs, 28
383

GRAMMATICAL TABLES
Verb typeS
Type 1 3H8Tb ' 'to know' (imperfective example), stem 3Ha-
present past future imperative
51 3HalO 3HBn(a) 6YAY 3HaTb
Tbl 3Haewb 3Han(a) 6YAewb 3HaTb 3Hai
OH 3HaeT 3Han 6YAeT 3HaTb nycTb 3HaeT
OHa 3HaeT 3Hana 6YAeT 3HaTb nYCTb 3HaeT
OHO 3HaeT 3Hano 6YAeT 3HaTb nYCTb 3HaeT
Mbl 3HaeM 3HanM 6YAeM 3HaTb A8Bai(Te) 3H8Tb
Bbl 3HaeTe 3HanM 6YAeTe 3HaTb 3HaiTe
OHM 3H81OT 3HanM 6YAYT 3HaTb nYCTb 3H81OT
pres. active participle 3HalO&qMi
past active participle 3HaBwMi
verbal adverb 3H8R
Type 1 npO'fMT8Tb P 'to read' (perfective example)
past future imperative
51 npO'fMTan(a) npo'fMTalO
Tbi npG'fMTan(a) npo'fMTaewb npo'fMTai
OH npO'fMT8n npO'fMTaeT nycTb npO'fMTaeT
oH8 npO'fMT8na npO'fMTaeT nycTb npO'fMTaeT
OHO npG'fMTanO npo'fMTaeT nycTb npo'tMT8eT
Mbl npo'fMTBnM npo'lMTaeM A8B8i(Te) npo'tMT8eM
Bbl npO'fMTanM npO'fMTaeTe npO'fMT8iTe
OHM npO'fMTanM npO'fMTaIOT nycTb npG'fMT8IOT
past passive participle npO'fMTaH(HbIM)
past active participle npo'fMTaBWMi
verbal adverb npO'fMTaS
384

GRAMMATICAL TABLES
Type 1 with stress on the end: same endings, except that stressed 8 turns into i
BCTaBaTb l Ito get up'; present tense stem BCTa-
present past future imperative
51 BCTa.o BCT8Bsn(a) 6YAY BCT8aaTb
Tbl BCTaiwb BCTaBsn(a) 6YAewb BCTaB8Tb BCTaBai
6H BCTaeT BCT8Ban 6YAeT BCTaBaTb nycTb BCTaeT
oH8 BCTaiT BCTasana 6YA8T BCTaB8Tb nycTb BCTaiT
OHO sCTaiT BCT8sano 6YA8T BCTauTb nycTb BCT8iT
Mbl BCTaeM BCTaBanM 6YA8M BCTauTb B8i(T8)BcTaBaTb
Bbl BCTaeTe BCTasanM 6YA8T8 BCTaBaTb BCTaaaiT8
OHM BCTa.oT BCTasanM 6YAYT BCTaB8Tb nyCTb BCTa.oT
pres. active participle BCT8.oaqMi
past active participle BCTaBaBwMi
verbal adverb SCT8B8R
Type 1 B )l(MTb' Ito live', with stem ending in consonant )l(MB-
present past future imperative
51 )l(MBY )l(Mn(a) 6YAY)I(MTb
Tbl )l(MBiwb )l(Mn(a) 6YA8Wb )l(MTb )l(MBM
6H )l(MBiT )l(Mn 6YA8T )l(MTb nycTb )l(MBiT
OHa )l(MB8T )l(Mna 6YA8T )l(HTb nYCTb )l(MBiT
OH6 )l(MB8T )l(Mno 6y A8T )l(MTb nYCTb )l(MBiT
Mbl *MBiM )l(MnM 6YA8M )l(MTb A8Bai(T8) )l(MTb
Bbl )l(MBeTe )l(MnM 6YA8T8 )l(MTb )l(MBMT8
OHM )l(MByY )l(MnM 6YAYT )l(MTb nYCTb )l(MBYr
pres. active participle )l(MByaqMi
past active participle )l(MSWMi
verbal adverb )l(MBR
385

GRAMMATICAL TABLES
Type 2 rOBopMTbl'to speak ' (imperfective example), stem r080p-
present past future imperative
A rOBoplb rOBopMn(a) 6YAyroBOpMTb
TW rOBopMwb rOBopMn(a) 6YA8wb rOBOpMTb rOBopM
6H rOBopMT rOBOpMn 6YA8TrOBOpMTb nycTb rOBopMT
OHa rOBopMT rOBOpMna 6YA8TrOBOpMTb nYCTbrOBOp.rr
OH6 rOBopMT rOBopMno 6YA8T rOBOptfrb nYCTb rOBopMT
IIbI rOBopMII rOBopMnM 6YA811 rOBopMTb AflB8M(T8) rOBopMTb
Bbi rOBopMT8 rOBopMnM 6YA8T8 rOBOpMTb rOBopMT8
OHM rOBopRT rOBopMnM 6YAYTrOBop.rrb nYCTb rOBopRT
pres. active participle rOBOpAlI4MM
past active participle rOBopMBWMM
verbal adverb rOBOpA
386

THE FOUR SPELLING RULES
Rule 1 (8.3) M instead of bl after r, K, x, )1(, W, 'I, Iq
So KHMrtt (not KHMrbl) 'books'
Rule 2 (8.10) e instead of unstressed 0 after )1(, W, 'I, Iq, LI
So C Caw_.. (not Cawoi) 'with Sasha'
(but B 60nbw2M Te8Tpe)
Rule 3 (12.11) 8 instead of 51 after r, K, x, )1(, W, 'I, Iq, LI
So OHM reliT (not y...RT) PYCCKMi R3bIK.
They're learning Russian.
Rule 4 (12.11) Y instead of 10 after r, K, x, )1(, W, 'I, Iq, 1..1
So SI Y'fj (not Y'f1O) PYCCKMi R3bIK.
1 1 m learning Russian.
387

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
In alphabetical order: 8 6 BrA e i (e and e are treated as one letter in
dictionaries) )I( 3 M i K n MHO n p C T Y * x 1.1 't W  'b bl b 3 10 A.
This is a complete list of all the words given in the main lesson
vocabularies, together with other words used in examples and exercises.
Its main purpose is to enable you to find words whose meaning or
grammatical fonns you may have forgotten or want to check. The
bracketed number refers to the lesson in which the word is first used or in
which there is further infonnation.
Nouns. Gender is shown (as m, f or n) only when it is not obvious from
the ending (see Lesson 3). Mobile vowels are shown in brackets, e.g.
OT(e)1.1. Irregular plurals are also shown. If the noun is unpredictably used
with H8 (+ prep. 'in', 'at'; + acc. 'to'), this is shown as (H8).
Stress of nouns. Where no other infonnation is given, e.g. 8H8Hac, the
stress on all fonns of the words is on the same syllable as in the
nominative. Where the genitive singular (gen.sg.) of a masculine noun is
given (e.g. cTon gen.sg. cTona), the stress is always on the ending of all
fonns. If the nominative plural (pI.) of a noun is given, with no other
fonns, then the singular fonns have the same stress as the nominative
singular and all the plural fonns have the same stress as the nominative
plural. For example, ropoA pI. ropo.q8 means that the dative singular
(dat.sg.) is rQpoAY and the dative plural (dat.pl.) is ropoASM. If only the
genitive plural (gen.pl.) is shown, then the dat.pl, instrumental plural
(inst.pI.) and prepositional plural (prep.pI.) have the same stress as the
gen. pI., while all other fonns have the same stress as the nominative
singular (e.g. 3Bepb gen.pl. 3Bepei means that the stress is on the first
e, except in the fonns 3Bepei, 3BepAM, 3BepAMM, 3BepRx). A very
388

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
few nouns, e.g. nIbAM, have different stresses in the gen.pI., dat.pI.,
inst.pI. and prep.pI.; for these nouns, all plural fonns are given. Some f
nouns (e.g. PYK8 'hand') are stressed on the end in all fonns except the
accusative singular (ace. sg.) and the nom./acc.pI. They are shown thus:
PYK8 acc.sg. PYKY, pI. PYKM.
Verbs (see Lessons 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). The first and second person
singular pres./fut. (the R and the Tbl fonns) are given. The other four fonns
will have the same stem and stress as the Tbl fonn. If a verb is not
nonnally used in the first or second person (e.g. npMxoAMTbCR), the third
person singular (the 6H10H8IOH6 fonn) is given instead. Any exceptions to
this pattern, e.g. M6ryr 'they can' (from MO'tb), are also given.
Unpredictable past tense and imperative fonns are shown. Where the
stress of the past tense is on the ending of all four fonns (m, f, n and pl.),
the m, f and n are given (the stress of the pI. is always the same as the n).
If only the m and f fonns are given, the stress of the n and pI. is the same
as the f fonn. If only the f fonn is given, then the m, n and pI. fonns have
the same stress as the infinitive. The perfective P or imperfective '
equivalent, if one exists, is given in brackets.
Abbreviations:
ace. accusative IVA imperfective verbal adverb
adj adjective m masculine
adv adverb mv multidirectional verb (20)
anlm animate n neuter
coil colloquial usage nom. nominative
comp comparative past past tense
dat. dative p perfective
dim diminutive pI. plural
f feminine pol polite
fam familiar PPP past passive participle
fut. future tense prep. prepositional
gen. genitive pres. present tense
imperfective PVA perfective verbal adverb
imper imperative sg. singular
inanim inanimate s.o. someone
indecl indeclinable sth something
inf infinitive T Grammatical Table
inst. instrumental (see pages 378-86)
intrans intrans u unidirectional verb (20)
389

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Main list
a (3) and/but (slight contrast)
aBrycT (17) August
aBMaKoHB8T (10) airmail
envelope
aBT06yc (4) bus
8BTOp (21) author
8r8HT (27) agent
aAMMHMcTpSTOp (21) administrator;
hotel manager
AAMMpanTeMcTBo (29) Admiralty
8Apec (26) pI. aApeca address
A3MR (18) Asia
8KTep (27) actor
aKTpMca (27) actress
aK48HT (23) accent
AMepMK8 (13) America
8M8pMKaH(e)4 (8) American (man)
8MepMKaHKa (18) gen.pl. aMepMK8HoK
American (woman)
aMepMKaHcKMM (7) American (adD
8HaH8c (24) pineapple
8HrnMMcKMM (10) English
8HrnM'f8HMH (5) pI. aHrnM'I8H8, gen.pl.
aHrnM'f8H Englishman (T1)
aHrnM'f8HKa (3) gen.pl. aHrnM'faHOK
Englishwoman
AHrnMR (5) England (also, loosely,
'Britain')
aHeKAOT (18) joke, anecdote
8HcaM6nb (m) (29) ensemble
anenbcMH (8) orange
annoAMp/oBaTb ' (27) -YIO, -yewb
(+ dat.) to applaud someone
anpenb (m) (17) April
8pKi.qa (29) arcade
apxMT8KTYPHbii (29) architectural
aTMocclJ8pa (26) atmosphere
Ac1»PMKa (27) Africa
ax (18) oh
6a6YWKa (19) gen.pl. 6a6yweK
grandmother
5aMKan (18) Lake Baikal
5anTMMCKoe Mope (11) Baltic Sea
6aH8H(10) banana
6ap (18) bar
6ap6KKo (n indecl) (29) baroque
6aTlOwKM! (30) good gracious!
6awHR (16) gen.pl. 6i1weH tower
68raTb ' (mv) (20) 6eralO, 6eraewb to
run
6erj see 6e)l(8Tb
6e)l(aTb ' (u) (20) 6erj, 6e)l(MWb, 6erjT
(no- p ) to run
683 (10) (+ gen.) without
6enbiM (8) white
6eper (18) prep. H8 6eperY, pI.
6eper8 bank, shore
6ecnoK6MTbCR ' (14) -KOlOCb,
-K6MWbCR to worry
6ecnO&q8AHO (28) mercilessly
6M6nMoTeK8 (23) library
6M3H8cMeH (29) businessman
6MneT (10) ticket
6MwTeKc (12) [-shteks] meat
rissole, hambu rger
6narOrOBeHMe (30) reverence
6nM)I(aMWMM (18) (23) next, nearest
6nM)I(e (18) nearer
6nM3KMM (18) near
6nMH (8) pI. 6nwHbi pancake
6nlbAo (12) pI. 6nlbA8 dish, course of
a meal
6or8TcTBo (29) richness, wealth
60raTbii (18) rich
60ra'fe (18) (comp of 60raTbli) richer
390

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
He 66MeR ' see 60RTbCR don't be afraid
60K11 (21) wineglass
66nee (18) (22) more (forms comp of
adj/adv); (+ gen.) more than
(= 60l1bwe)
60l1e3Hb (f) (11) disease
6611bwe (9) (18) (+ gen.) more; more
than
66nbwe He (+ verb) no longer, no more
60nbwMM (18) bigger
60nbwMHcTBO (17) majority
60nbwoM (7) large
60P0A8(28)acc.60pOAY, pI.
66poAbl, gen.pl. 60pOA beard
66PII4 (3) gen.sg. 60piqil beetroot soup
60RpMH (28) pI. 60Rpe gen.pl. 60Rp
boyar (powerful landowner)
60RTbCR ' (15) 60tOCb, 60MWbCJ1
(+ gen.) to be afraid (of)
6paK (22) marriage
6paT (3) pI. 6paTbR gen.pl. 6paTbeB
brother
6paTb ' (10) 6epy, 6epiwb f past
6pana (B3RTb P ) to take
6pa'fHaR napa (22) married couple
6pecTM' (u) (20) 6peAY, 6peA8Wb past
6pil1. 6pena. 6pel16 (no- p ) to plod
along
6pMTaHcKMM (7) British
6pMTb ' (28) 6pelO, 6peewb (no.p) to
shave
6pMTbCR ' (11) 6p81IOCb, -eWbeR (no- p )
to shave oneself
6pOAMTb (mv) (20) 6po)l(Y, 6p6AMWb
to wander
6pocmb ' (25) -10, -eWb (6pOCMTb)
(+ ace.) to throw, throwaway
6pOCMTb P (25) 6powy, 6p6cMWb (6po-
caTb) (+ ace.) to throw. throwaway
6ptOKM (pI.) (22) gen.pl. 6plOK trousers
6YAHM (pi) (23) gen.pl. 6YAHeM
weekdays
6YAHMM A(e)Hb (23) weekday
6YAY, 6YAewb - see 6blTb
6YAYI14MM (17) future (adj)
6YAbTe A06pbl (12) be so good
(introducing request)
6YMara (21) paper
6yTep6p6A (8) open sandwich
6yTbinKa (9) gen.pl. 6yTbl110K bottle
6yeT (10) snack bar
6bl ( 19) (conditional particle 'would')
6bIB8ITb' (23) -10, -eWb to be
(repeated Iy loften)
6blBWMM (16) former
6blCTpO (13) quickly, fast
6blCTpblM (18) quick
6blT (28) way of life, everyday life
6blTb (11) (only pres. form eCTb; fut
6 YAY , 6YAewb, imper 6YAb(Te);
past 6bln, 6blna, 6'-no to be
61Op6 (17) (n indecl) office
B (4) + prep.; + ace. (+prep.) in;
(+ ace.) to (a place)
Bar6H (20) carriage
B8)1(Hbii (13) important
Bal1tOTa (24) currency, hard currency
BantOTHblM (9) currency, foreign
currency (adj)
B8M, BaMM - see Bbl (T 4) you
BaHHaR (f adj) (7) bathroom
BaHR (m) (3) Vanya (familiar form of
Ivan)
BapeHbe (16) jam, preserves
Bac - see Bbl (T 4) you
Baw (6) your (T6)
BAPyr (13) suddenly
391

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
BereTapMaH(e)4 (12) (male)
vegetarian
BereTapMaHKa (9) g.pl. BereTapMaHoK
(female) vegetarian
BereTapMaHcKMM (12) vegetarian (adD
B8.qOMCTBO (30) department
BY, BSAiwb see BeeTM lead
BeAb (9) you know/isn't it/aren't you
etc. (indicating that the speaker
expects agreement)
Be3ITM ' (u) (20) -3Y, -IWb, past B83,
Be3l1a, B83I16 (no- p ) to transport
BeK pI. BeKa (17) century
Bin, Bena - see BecTM led
BenMKMM (11) great
BenMK06pMTaHMR (27) Great Britain
BenMKonenHblM (29) magnificent
BenM'f8CTBeHHo-npeKpacHbIM (29)
majestically beautiful
BenbM6)1(a (30) grandee, big shot
BepMTb ' (21) BeplO, BepMwb (no- p )
to believe (+ dat. = s.o.) (B + ace.
= in s.o. or sth)
BepHly"bCRP (14) -YCb, -iWbCR
(B03BpaaqaTbCfI ' ) to return, come
back
BepHblM (29) true; faithful
Bscinbli (18) cheerful
BeeHa pI. BicHbl gen.pl. BiceH spring
BeeTM' (u) (20) BeAY, B8Aiwb, past
Bin, Bena, Beno (no- p ) to lead
BSCb (11) (see T4) all
BeT(e)p (27) gen.sg. BeTpa wind
Be1'lMHa (30) ham
B8'fep (16) pI. B8'fepa evening;
evening party
B8'fepHMM (7) evening (adD
B8'fepoM (15) in the evening
BeLl4b (f) (10) gen.pl. BeLq8M thing
B3rnRA (21) view, opinion; look
B3RTb P (12) B03bMY, B03bMiwb past
B3Rn, B3Rna, B3AI10 (6paTb') to
take
BMA (18) view; form
BMA8Tb (11) BM)I(Y, BMAMWb (y_P) to
see
BM38 (23) visa
BMHO (3) pI. BMH8 wine
BMWHR (30) gen.pl. BMW8H cherry
BKnlO'fa/Tb' (21) -10, -8Wb
(BKnIO'fMTb P ) (+ ace.) to switch on,
plug in; to include
BKnlO'f/MTb P (21) (27) -V, -MWb see
BKnlO'faTb '
BKYCHblM (8) tas.ty
BnaCTb (f) (24) gen. pI. BnacTeM power
BnaCTM (24) gen.pl. BnaCTeM authorities
BneT8ITb' (20) -10, -eWb (BneTeTb P ) tb
fly in
BneTeTb P (20) Bne'fY, BneTMwb - see
BneTaTb '
BMecTe (16) (c + inst.) together (with)
BMecTO (16) (+ gen.) instead of
BM6cTO Tor6 'fT66bl (21) (+ inf)
instead of (doing something)
BHM3 (15) down
BHMMaHM8 (24) attention
BO BpaMR (17) (+ gen.) during
BO = B before BI + consonant
(+ prep.) in; (+ ace.) to (a place)
BOAS (8) acc.sg. BOAY, pI. BOAbl,
dat.pl. BOAiM water
BOAMTb ' (mv) (20) BO-V, BOAMWb to
take on foot, lead
BOAKa (3) vodka
BoeHHO-MOPCKOe Aeno (28) naval
matters, naval science
BoeHHblM (28) military
392

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
B03Bpal1l8/TbCR' (14) -IOCb, -eWbCR
(B8pHYrbCRP) to return, come back
B03Bpal1leHM8 (26) return
B03BbIW8frbCR ' (29) -8TCR to tower
B03MTb ' (mv) (20) BO.Y, B03MWb to
transport
B03MO)l(HOCTb (f) (13) possibility,
opportunity
B03MO)l(HbiM (27) possible
B03pa)l(8frb ' (14) -10, -8Wb
(B03pa3MTb P ) to object
B03pal3MTb P (14) --V, -3MWb - see
B03p8>K8Tb '
BOMH8 (14) pl. BOMHbl war
BOMTMP (13) BOMAY, BOMAeWb past
BOWen, Bowna, Bowno (BXOAMTb')
to enter
BOK38n (5) (Ha) station, terminus
BonoAR (m) (3) Volodia (fam form of
Vladimir)
BOH TaM (5) over there
Bo06aqe (13) altogether, totally
Bonpoc (27) question
BopoTa (n.pl.) (29) gen.pl. BOpOT gates
BOC8MH8A48Tb (22.3) eighteen
BOceMb (22.3) eight
BOC8MbAeCRT (22.3) eighty
BoceMbcoT (22.3) eight hundred
BocKnMKHlyrb P (30) -y, -eWb
(BocKnMLl8Tb ' ) to exclaim
BocKpeCeHbe (17) gen.pl.
BocKpeceHMi Sunday
BocnMTblBalTb' (19) -10, -eWb (+ acc.)
to bring up (s.o.)
BOccT8HMe (28) uprising
BOCTOK (18) (Ha) east
BOCTOp)l(eHHO (30) enthusiastically
BOCTO'fHbIM (18) eastern
BOT (3) here/there (when pointing)
BOT nO'feMY (13) that is why
Bowin, Bowna - see BoiTM entered
BnepBble (27) for the first time
Bne (20) forward
Bn8'faTnRlOlqMi (29) impressive
Bpa'f (16) gen.sg. BP8'f8 doctor
BpeAHo (14) harmful, it's harmful
BpeMR (9) gen.sg. BpeMeHM, gen.pl.
BpeMeH time
BpoAe (30) (+ gen.) like
BPRA nM (21) hardly, unlikely
Bee (11) (pI. of BeCb 'all' T 4) everybody
Bce (10) (see Becb 'all' T4) everything
Bce (25) (Bee Bp8MR) all the time
Bce paBHO (11) all the same; it's all the
same
BcerAii (18) always
Bcero (10) (also gen. of BeCb T4) in
all/only
Bce-TaKM (19) nevertheless
BCK8KMB8ITb ' (25) -10, -eWb
(BCKO'fMTb P ) to jump in/up
BCKOpe (28) soon
BCKO'fMTb P (25) BCKO'fY, BCKO'fMWb
(BcKaKMBaTb l ) to jump in/up
BcnoMMH8/Tb ' (13) -10, -8Wb
(BcnoMHMTb P ) (+ acc. or 0 + prep.)
to recall
BcnoMHlMTb P (13) -10, -MWb see
BcnoMMH8Tb'
BCTaB8Tb ' (16) BCTatb, BCTaiwb,
imper BCTaB8M(Te) (BcTaTb P ) to get
up
BCTaTb P (16) BCTaHY, BCT8Hewb
(BcTaB8Tb ' ) to get up
BCTpetrMTbCRP (19) -'fYCb, -TMWbCR
(BcTpe'faTbCR ' ) (c + inst.) to meet
(s.o.)
BCTpe'fa (23) meeting
393

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
BCTp8'f8JTbCR' (19) -lOCb, -8WCR
(BcTpeTMTbcR') (c + inst.) to meet
(s.o.)
BTOpHMK (17) Tuesday
BTOpOM (7) second
BXOA (19) (B + acc.) entrance (to)
BXOAMTb' (13) BXO)l(Y, BXOAMWb
(BOMTMP) to enter
B'f8P8 (10) yesterday
B'b83AHbI8 BopoTa (n pI.) (29)
entrance gates
Bbl (4) (see T4) you
BbI68r8JTb' (20) -IO -8Wb
(Bbl6e)l(aTb P ) to run out
Bbl6e)l(aTb P (20) Bb168ry, Bb16e)l(MWb,
Bbl6eryT - see Bbl6er8Tb'
Bbl6paTb P (27) BbI68PY, Bbl6epeWb
(BbI6Mp8JTb ' -10, -8Wb) (+ acc.) to
choose
Bblrl1RAblBalTb ' (30) -10, -eWb
(BblrI1RHlYTb P -y, -ewb) to look out
BbIAalB8TbCR ' (29) -IOCb, -iWbCR
(BbIABTbCRP) to project, stand out
BblA8lOlqMMCR (28) outstanding;
projecting
Bblex8Tb P (28) Bbl8AY, Bbl8A8Wb
(Bble3)1(8Tb') to leave (by transport)
Bbll3BaTb P (21 ) -30BY, -30B8W b
(BbI3bIB8Tb') to summon
BbI3bIB8frb' (21) -10, -8Wb (BbI3BaTb P )
(+ acc.) to summon
BblMTM P (15) BbIMAY, BblMA8Wb past
Bb1W811, BblWl1a, imper BbIMAM(T8)
(BbIXOAMTb') to go out
BbI118T8frb' (20) -10, -eWb (BbI118T8Tb P )
to fly out
Bbll1eheTb P (20) -'fY, -TMWb - see
Bb1118T8Tb '
Bbl110)l(MTb P (28) -y, -MWb
(BbIKl18AbIBaTb ' ) to spread out
BblHYAMTb P (27) BbaHy*y, BbIHYAMWb,
(BbIHYTb' -10, -ewb) to force
BbIHy-.q8H (27) PPP of BblHYAMTb
forced
BblnMTb P (12) BblnblO, BblnbeWb
(nMTb ' ) (+ acc.) to have a drink
Bblpa)l(eHM8 (21) expression
BblCalAMTbCRP (29) ->KYCb, -AMWbCR
(Bblca.MBaTbcA' (29) to
disembark, land
BblC8)1(MBalTbCR' (29) -IOCb, -8WbCR -
see BbIC8AMTbCRP
BbICKal38TbCRP (27) -)I(YCb, -)I(8WbCR
(BbICK83bIBalTbCR' -IOCb, -ewbcR)
(38 + acc.) to speak for/in favour of
BblCK8KMBalTb' (25) -10, -eWb
(BbICKO'fMTb P ) to jump out
BbICKO'flMTb P (25) -y, -MWb
(BbICK8KMB8Tb i ) to jump out
BblCOKMM (18) tall
BblcyYn8frb ' (29) -10, -8Wb
(BbICyYnMTb P ) 10 project. stick out,
step out
BblcTyn810lqMM (29) projecting
BblTRHlYTbCRP (30) -YCb, -8WbCR to
stretch; to stand erect
BblY'fMTb P (13) BbIY'lY, BblY'lMWb
(Y'fMTb ' ) (+ acc.) to master
BbIXOAMTb ' (15) BbIXO>KY, BblXOAMWb
(BbIMTMP) to go out
BblXOA (15) exit
BblXOAHOM A8Hb (17) day off
BblW8 (18) taller
BblRCHlMTb P (28) -10, -MWb
(BbIRCHRTb ' ) to find out, establish
ra3eT8 (3) newspaper
rapMOHM'fHbIM (29) harmonious
394

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
racTp6nM (f pI.) (26) racTp6neM
(theatre) tour
racTpoH6M (17) food shop
rp.e (3) where
rAe-HM6YAb (26) anywhere
rAe-To (26) somewhere
reHepan (27) general
repM8HMR (20) Germany
rep6M (21) gen. pI. rep6eB hero
rMA (16) guide (person)
rMMHa3McT (30) grammar-school boy
rMMH83MR (30) grammar school
rMT8pa (16) guitar
rnaB8 (28) pI. rn8Bbi chief, chapter
rn8BHbiM (7) main
rna3 (25) pI. rna38 gen.pl. rna3 eye
rna3(0)K (25) pI. rn83KM little eye
rny6)1(e (18) comp of rny66KMM
deeper
rny66KMM (18) deep
rnynbli (29) stupid, silly
rnRlAeTb ' (25) -)I(Y, -AMWb (no- p ) (Ha
+ ace.) to look (at)
rHaTb ' (u) (20) rOHIO, rOHMwb, past
rH8n8 (noJ» (+ ace.) to chase, drive
rHeBHblM (21) angry
rOBopMTb' (4) -10, -MWb (no- p ;
cKa38Tb P ) to speak, say
rOA (6) prep. B rOAY, gen.pl. neT,
dat.pl. rOA8M year
rOAOBlqMHa (14) anniversary
ronn8HAMR (28) Holland
ronoB8 (28) ace. ronoBY, pI. ronoBbl,
gen.pl. ronoB head
rOnOBKa (28) gen.pl. ronoBOK little head
ronoBKa nYKa (28) an onion (nYK
onion, onions)
ronoc (14) pI. ronoc8 voice
rony6'fMK (30) dear friend, my dear
rOHAlTb ' (mv) (20) -10, -eWb (+ ace.) to
chase, drive
rop8 (18) ace. r6PY, pI. r6pbl, dat.pl.
rop8M hill; mountain
rop83A0 (18) much (with
comparatives)
rOpHM'fH8JI (f adD (21) maid
ropoA (7) pI. ropo.q8 town, city
rOpR'fMi (8) hot
r6cnoAMI (30) good heavens! good
Lord!
rocTMHM48 (4) hotel
r6cTb (m) (12) gen.pl. rocTei guest
6blTb B rocTilx y (+ gen.) to be
visiting s.O.
MATM B r6cTM K + dat., to go to
visit s.O.
rocYA8PcTBeHHbIM (28) state.
belonging to the state
rOT6B1aJo/bl (29) (short adj) ready
rOT6B1MTb ' (16) -nlO, -MWb (npM- p )
(+ ace.) to prepare; to cook
rpaMM (9) gen.pl. rp8MMoB or rpaMM
gram(me)
rp8HM48 (18) border
38 rpaHM4eM (21) (28) abroad
(place)
3a rpaHM4Y (21) (28) abroad
(motion)
rpM6 (12) pI. rpM6bl mushroom
rpM6HoM (28) mushroom (adD
rpoMKMM (14) loud
rpynna (24) group
rpR3HbiM (20) dirty
rpR3b (f) (11) prep. sg. B rpR3M mud
ry68 (30) pI. rj6bl, dat. pI. ry68M lip
rynRlTb ' (17) -10, -eWb (no- p ) to take a
walk
..yaqa (30) grounds, dregs
395

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
p.a (3) yes
p.aB8Tb' (12) p.alb, p.a8Wb, imper
p.aB8i(T8) (AaTb P ) to give
p.aBHO (13) long ago, since long ago
A8)1(8 (14) even
A8iT8 (8) give (imperative')
p.a118KMi (18) far
ASI18KO (12) (OT + gen.) far (from)
A8l1bW8 ( 16) further, onwards
ASTb P (12) ASM, A8Wb, ASCT, ASAMM,
ASAMT8, ASAtr, past A811, AB118,
ASI10 (AaBaTb') to give
ABa (m and n)/AB8 (f) (22.3) two
AB8A4aTb (22.3) twenty
AB8H8A48Tb (22.3) twelve
ABepb (f) (3) prep.sg. B AB8pM, gen.pl.
ABepei door
ABecTM (22.3) two hundred
ABOe (22.10) two
AB6p (26) gen.sg. ABopa yard,
courtyard; royal court
ABop(e)4 (29) gen.pl. ABOP40B
palace
.QBOP46BaR nl101q8Ab (29) Palace
Square
ABOpRHMH (28) pI. ABopRHe gen.pl.
ABOpRH member of nobility or gentry
ABYX - gen. of ABa/AB8
AeBO'fK8 (25) dim of AeB8 'maid' little
girl
AeBywKa (9) gen.pl. AeByw8K girl
A8BRHOcTO (22.3) ninety
A8BRTH8A48Tb (22.3) nineteen
AeBRTb (22.3) nine
A8BRTbCOT (22.3) nine hundred
AeAywK8 (m) (6) gen.pl. A8AYW8K
grandfather
A8Ka6pb (m) gen.sg. A8Ka6pR
December
A8K8H (19) dean (of university or
insititute)
A8KOp (29) decoration
Aen8/Tb' (8) -10, -8Wb (c- P ) (+ ace.)
to do; to make
Aeno (19) pI. A811a matter
Ael10 B TOM, 'I TO . . . (13) the thing is
that. . .
A(8)Hb (m) (3) day
A8Hb pOJKAeHMR (17) birthday
AeHbrM (pI.) (8) gen.pl. AeH8r, dat.pl.
A8HbraM money
A8n8pTaM8HT (30) (old word)
(government) department
A8peBHR (19) gen.pl. A8peBeHb
village; country (opposite of town)
AepeBo (26) pI. A8peBbR gen.pl.
A8peBbeB tree; wood (material)
AecRTb (22.3) ten
AeTM (10) (sg. pe68H(O)K) gen. A8Tei,
dat. AeTRM, inst. A8TbMM, prep.
AeTRx children
AeTcKaR nl1oaq8AK8 (26) children's
playground
AeTcTBo (17) childhood
A8weBn8 (18) cheaper
A8W8Bbii (18) cheap
AMp8KTOp (23) pl. AMpeKTopa
director
AJ1MHHbli (18) long
AJ1R (10) (+ gen.) for (benefit, purpose)
AO (9) (+ gen.) as far as; until
AO cBMAaHMR (3) goodbye
AO T8KOi cTen8HM to such a degree
A06aBlMTb p (28) -1110, -MWb
(A068BI1ATb') (+ ace.) to add
A06aBI1NTb ' -10, -8Wb - see
A06aBMTb P
A06MB8/TbCR' (28) -lOCb -8WbCR
396

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(A06MTbCRP) (+ gen.) to work for,
achieve
A06MTbCRP (28) A06b1OCb,
A06biwbCR - see A06MB6TbCR '
A06pblM (7) good, kind
Ao6pblM AeHb (3) good day
AOBOl1bHO (15) fairly, quite
AoroBapMBalTbcR' (19) -lOCb,
-eWbCR (c + gen.) to reach an
agreement (with s.o.)
AoroBop/MTbCRP (19) -IOCb, MWbCR
(c + inst.) - see AorOB8pMBaTbCR'
A083)1(8trb' (20) -10, -eWb (AoeXSTb P )
(AO + gen.) to reach, go as far as
AoexaTb P (20) AOeAY, Ao6Aewb - see
AOe3)1(8Tb '
AO*Ab (11) (m) gen.sg. AO*Plt rain
AOMTMP (15) AOMAY, AOMA8Wb, past
AOW811,AOWI18,AOWI10
(AOXOAMTb ' ) (AO + gen.) to reach
(on foot)
AOl1ro (11) for a long time
AOl1eT8trb ' (20) -10, -eWb (AOl1eTeTb P )
to reach by flying
AOl1eTeTb P (20) AOn8'4Y, AOl1eTMWb -
see A0l1eT8Tb '
AOl1)1(eHi AOn)l(H8J AOI1)1(HO/ AOl1)1(Hbl
(19) obliged, must
AOI1)1(HO 6blTb (19) probably ('must
be')
AOI1I1SP (9) dollar
AOM (3) pI. AOM8 house
AOMa (7) at home
AOMOM (4) home, to one's home
Aopors (25) road
AoporoM (8) dear, expensive
AOpO)l(KS (25) (dim of Aop6rs) gen.pl.
AOpO)l(eK little road
PPC/11Y>KMTbCff' (30) -Y>KYCb, -Y.MWbCR
to reach a position, reach the top
AOCTSB8Tb ' (18) AocTalO, AOCT8iwb -
see AOCT8Tb P
AOCT8TO'fHO (19) (+ gen.) enough (of
something)
AOCT8trb P (18) -HY, -eWb (AOCT8B8Tb l )
(+ ace.) to get hold of, obtain; to
reach
AOx/OAMTb ' (15) -o-y, -OAMWb
(AOMTMP) (AO + gen.) to reach
AO'fKS (16) gen.pl. AO'feK (little)
daughter
AO'fb (f) (5.6) gen.sg. AO'fepM gen.pl.
AO'fepei, inst.pl. AO'fepbMM
daughter
AOW811, Aowna - see AOMTM reached
APS3H1MTb ' (30) -10, -MWb (+ ace.) to
tease (s.o.)
ApeBHMM (18) ancient
APyr (8) pI. APY3bA, gen.pl. APy3ltM
friend
APyr APyrs (30) each other
APY)I(6s (1) friendship
APY3bR pl. of APyr friends
AYMalTb ' (19) -10, -eWb (no- p ) to think
Ayw6H(0)K (30) swell, smart lad
AYXOBOi wKscIJ (28) oven
PltAR (m) (3) gen.pl. p/tAeM uncle
eBpone(e)4 (28) European (noun)
eBponeM384MR (28) Europeanization
eBponeMcKMM (21) European
ero (indecl) (6) [ye-6] his/its
ero, eMY - see OH (T4) him
eAMM, 8AMTe, ep/tT see ecTb' eat
8AMHcTBeHHo (27) only
'AY, eAewb see exsTb
ei (indecl) (6) her (possessive)
eI, eM see OH8 (T4) her (pronoun)
397

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
83AMTb ' (mv) (20) e3, eMwb to go
(by transport)
eM, eWb, eCT see 8CTb' eat
ecnM (8) if
eCTb (7) (8) is/are
eCTb' (12) eM eWb 8CT eAMM eAMTe
eART past 8n, en8, imper eWb(T8)
(C'b8CTb P ) (+ ace.) to eat
exaTb ' (u) (4) (2) #JAy, 6Aewb (no- p ) to
go (by transport)
ei (9) yet; still; more
ei p83 (15) again
)l(anKO (14) it's a pity; to grudge
)l(aI10B8Hb8 (30) (old word) salary
)l(an/oB8TbCR ' (21) -YIOCb, -yewbcR
(no- p ) (H8 + ace.) to complain
(about)
)l(811b (14) it's a pity
)l(apKO (14) hot (of weather), it's hot
JKA8Tb ' (15) >KAY, >KA 8Wb , f past
>KA8na (noAo- p ) (+ acc./+ gen.) to
wait (for s.o./sth)
)1(8 (5) (emphasizes previous word)
)l(enatrb' (21) -10, -eWb (no- p ) (+ gen.)
to wish
)l(811e3HaR Aop6r8 (30) railway ('iron
road' )
)l(8Ha (6) pI. )l(iHbl, gen.pl. >KiH dat.pl.
)l(iH8M wife
)l(8HaT (30) (short adD married (of a
man)
)l(8HMTbCR ' / P (28) )l(8HIOCb, )l(eHMWbCR
to marry (of a man)
)l(eHCKMM (15) female
)l(eHMH8 (14) woman
)l(MBMT8nbH8R Bl1ara (30) (coli)
intoxicating liquor
)l(M3Hb (f) (19) life
)l(Mp (28) prep.sg. B )l(MPY, pI. )l(Mpbl
fat, grease
)l(MTel1b (m) (9) inhabitant
)l(MTb ' (4) )l(MBY, )l(MSBWb, f past )l(Mna
(npO)l(MTb P ) to live
)l(YPHal1 (1) magazine
pH8I1MCT (13) journalist
)l(YPH8nMcTK8 (27) gen.pl.
)l(YPH8I1MCTOK female journalist
38 (+ ace.) (6) for (in return for);
behind (motion)
38 (+ inst.) (16) behind (place),
beyond; for (to fetch)
3a68MK811b8 (19) region beyond (38)
Lake Baikal
3a6er8frb ' (20) -10, -eWb (386e)l(aTb P )
to call in (running)
386e)l(aTb P (20) 386erj, 386e)l(MWb,
386erjT - see 386eraTb '
386bIB8/Tb' (13) -10, -8Wb (386bITb P )
(+ ace.) to forget
386b1Tb P (13) 386YAY, 386YAewb
(386bIBaTb') (+ ace.) to forget
38BepH/YTb P (19) -V, -iWb
(38BOpa'fMBafrb ' -10, -ewb) (38 +
ace.) to turn (round sth)
38BMAOB8Tb ' (23) 38BHAY/IO, -eWb
(no.p) (+ dat.) to envy (someone)
38BWceTb ' (19) -wy, -CMWb (OT + gen.
to depend (on)
38B6A (16) (HS) factory
38BOpi'fMBafrb' (1 9) -10, -8Wb
(38B8pHYrb P ) to turn (a corner); to
wrap
38BTp8 (6) tomorrow
38BTp8K (16) breakfast
38BTp8Kafrb ' (16) -10, -8Wb (no- p ) to
breakfast
398

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
3ilroBop (28) plot
38A8B8Tb ' (27) 38A81b, 38A8iwb
(38A8Tb P ) to set, pose
38.q8Tb P (27) like A8Tb, past 38A8n,
38A8n8, 38A8110 (38A8B8Tb') to set,
pose
38.q8Tb Bonp6c (27) to ask a question
3a83>K8frb' (23) -10, -8Wb - see
38ex8Tb P
38ex8Tb P (23) 38eAY, 38eAewb
(38e3)1(alTb ' ) (K + dat.) to call on
someone (by transport)
38MHTepecoB8TbCRP-see
MHTepecoB8TbCR '
38MfrMP (20) -AY, Aiwb, past 38wen,
38wn8, 38wno (38xoAMTb ' ) to call in
38K83 (27) order (for goods or
services)
3aK838Tb P (23) 38K8>KY, 38K8>K8Wb
(38K83bIB8Tb ' ) (+ ace.) to order (sth)
38K83blBalTb' (23) -10, -eWb - see
38K838Tb P
38KPM'fI8Tb P (20) -V, -MWb (KpM'f8Tb ' )
to shout. start shouting
38KpbIB8ITb' (17) -10, -eWb (38KpbITb P )
to close
38Kp/bITb P (17) -010, -6eWb - see
38KpbIB8Tb '
38KYPMTb P (15) 38Kyplb, 38KYPMWb
(KYPMTb ' ) to smoke, light a cigarette
38M8HMTb P (28) 38MeHIb, 38MeHMwb
(38M8HNTb ' -10, -ewb) to replace
38MecTMT8nb (m) (23) deputy
38M8'48T8nbHbIM (17) remarkable
38M}f)K (29): BbIXOAMTb'/BbliTMP
38M}f)K 38 (+ ace.) to marry (of a
woman)
38HMM8frb ' (18) -10, -8Wb (3aHATb P ) to
occupy (something)
38HMM8frbCR ' (16) -lOeb, -eWbCR
(+ inst.) to study (something)
38HRT (25) (m)/38HRT8 (f)/38HRTO
(n)/38HRTbl (pI.) occupied, busy
38HHTb P (18) 38MMY, 38MMiwb, past
38HRn, 38HRna, 38HRI10 (+ ace.) to
occupy
38n8A (18) (H8) west
38n8AHbIM (7) western
38n8c (18) stock, reserve
38neK8HMe (28) baking
38nMc8Tb P (19) 38nMwy, 38nMwewb
(38nMCbIBaTb ' ) (+ ace.) to note down
3anMcK8 (15) gen.pl. 38nMcoK note
38nMcbIBalTb ' (19) -10, -eWb
(38nMc8Tb P ) (+ ace.) to note down
38nl1aK8Tb P - see n118K8Tb ' to start
crying
38Py6e)l(HbiM (17) foreign
38ce.q8HMe (28) (H8) meeting I sitting
38CMelATbCRP (13) -IbCb, -ewbcR
(cMeHTbcR ' ) to start laughing
38cTentlYTb P (30) -V, -iWb
(38cTerMB8Tb ' ) (+ ace.) to fasten
38CT611b8 (26) party
38TeM (17) then, next
38xMXMKalTb P (30) -10, -eWb
(XMXMK8Tb ' ) to giggle, start giggling
38xOAMTb ' (20) 38XO.y, 38X6AMWb
(38iTM P ) to call in
38xoTeTb P see xOTeTb ' to begin to
want
38LqWTMTb P (22) -LqY, -TMWb
(38LqMaqaTb ' ) (+ ace.) to defend
(s.o.)
38LqMiqi/Tb ' (22) -10, -eWb (38LqMTMTb P )
(+ ace.) to defend (s.o.)
38RBMTb P (21) 38RBI1Ib, 38RBMWb
(38RBnATb ' ) to announce
399

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
3851 BnAlTb ' (21) -10, -eWb (38RBMTb P )
to announce
38RBn8HM8 (22) application
3B8Tb ' (4) 30BY, 30Biwb, f past 3Bana
(no.p) (+ ace.) to call (s.o.)
3B83A8 (30) pI. 3Bi3Abl, gen.pl. 3B83A
star
3Bepb (m) (18) gen.pl. 3BepeM (wild)
animal
3BOHlMTb ' (12) -10, -MWb (coli
3BOHMWb) (no- p ) (+ dat.) to
telephone (s.o.)
3BY'faTb ' (23) 3BY'fMT to sound
3AaHM8 (15) building
3A8Cb (4) here
3AOpOBb8 (26) health
3ApaBcTBYM(Te) (3) hello
38MnR (2) ace. sg. 3eMnlO, pI. 38MnM,
gen.pl. 38Menb, dat.pl. 3eMnRM
earth, land
3MMa (16) ace. sg. 3MMY, pI. 3MMbl,
dat.pl. 3MMaM winter
3MMHMM (7) winter
3H8KOM8R (f adD (26) female
acquaintance
3H8KOMlMTb ' (16) -nlO, -MWb (no- p )
(+ ace. + inst.) to acquain't someone
with, to introduce someone to
3H8KOMlMTbCR ' (no- p ) -nlOcb, -MWbCR
+ inst. to become acquainted with,
to meet
3HaKoMcTBO (26) acquaintanceship,
first meeting
3H8KOMbiM (m adD (26) male
acquaintance
3HaMeHMTbiM (7) famous
3H8Tb ' (4) 3H81O, 3Ha8wb (+ ace.) to
know
3H8'feHMe (24) meaning, significance
3H8'fMT (10) so (that means)
30BYr see 3B8Tb (they) call
30noTo (18) gold
M (4) and
MrpaTb ' (16) -10, -eWb (cblrp8Tb P ) to
play
MATM' (u) (6) MAY, MAiwb, past win,
wn8 (noMTMP) to go (on foot)
M3 (10) (+ gen.) out of, from
M36& (25) pI. M36bl, gen. pI. M36
peasant cottage
M3B8cTHo (22) it is known
M3B8cTHbiM (27) well-known
M3BMHMTe (11) 38 ( + ace.) excuse me
for
M3BMHlMTbCRP (19) -tbCb, -MWbCR
(M3BMHRTbCR') (38 + ace.) to
apologize (for)
M3BMHRlTbCR ' (19) -IOCb, -eWbCR
(M3BMHMTbCRP) (38 + ace.) to
apologize (for)
M3A8IB8Tb l (28) -10, -iWb (M3AiTb P
(+ ace.) to publish
M3AiTenbcTBo (23) publishing house
M3AiTb P (28) (like A8Tb) (M3A8B8Tb ' )
(+ ace.) to publish
M3-38 (11) (30) (+ gen.) because of;
from behind
M3yMlMTbCRP (30) -ntbcb, -MWbCR
(M3YMnNrbcRP -IOCb, -ewbcR) to
be astonished
M3Y'f8/Tb ' (4) (13) -10, -eWb (M3Y'fMTb P )
(+ ace.) to study
M3Y'fMTb P (13) M3)f'tY, M3j'fMWb
(M3Y'f8Tb ' ) (+ ace.) to master
MKOPK8 (25) dim of MKpa
MKP& (25) caviare (fish roe)
MnM (9) or
400

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
MMeJTb ' (10) -10, -eWb (+ ace.) to have
(+ abstract noun)
MMR (n) (6) gen.sg. MM8HM, pI. MM8Ha
(T 4) forename, first name
MH)I(8Hep (16) engineer
MHM4M8TMB8 (22) initiative
MHM4M8TOp (22) initiator
MHorA' (9) sometimes
MHOCTp8H(8)4 (16) foreigner
MHocTpaHHblM (10) foreign
MHCTMTtr (5) institute
MHTepec (16) interest
MHT8peCHO (14) (it's) interesting
MHTepecHblM (7) interesting
MHTep8C/OBirrbCR ' (16) -jtocb, -yewbCR
(3a-") (+ insl.) to be interested (in)
MCK8Tb ' (11) Maqy, MLqeWb (no- p )
(+ ace. or gen.) to look for, to seek
MCKnlO'fIMTb P (27) -V, -MWb
(MCKJ1IO'f8Tb ' ) to exclude
MCKp8 (30) spark
MCKpMBlMTbCRP (30) -I1IOCb, -MWbCR
(MCKPMBI1RTbCR ' ) to become
distorted, to twist
Mcn611HeHHbiM (29) executed, carried
out
Mcnyr8lTbcRP (25) -IOCb, -8WbCR
(nyr8TbCR ' ) (+ gen.) to take fright (at)
MccneAoB8HMe (22) investigation,
research
MCTOPMR (16) history
MX (indecl) (6) their
MX, MM, MMM see OHM (T 4) them
MWY, MLq8Wb see MCK8Tb
MlOl1b (m) (17) July
MIOHb (m) (17) June
K (12) (+ dal.) to (a person), towards
K8-.qbIM (9) each, every
Ka.eTCR (11 ) (from K838TbCR) it seems,
I think
K838TbCR ' (11 ) K8.yCb, K8)1(8WbCR
(no- p ) to seem
K83iHHbIM (30) state, state-owned
K83HMTb ' / p (28) to execute
K8K (4) how
K8K 6bl (30) as it were
K8K pa3 (20) exactly, just
K8K6M (7) what kind of
K8KOM-HM6YAb (26) any kind of
KaKoM-To (26) some kind of
K8K-TO (26) somehow
K8Mn8HMR (27) campaign
KanycT8 (12) (no pI.) cabbage
K8paHAiW (16) gen.sg. K8p8HA8W8
pencil
K8pT8 (10) map
K8pTOHK8 (30) gen.pl. K8pT6HOK
card board box
\ K8pToenb (m) (no pI.) potatoes
K8CitrbCR ' (21) -IOCb, -8WbCR
(KOCHYrbCRP) (+gen.) to touch (sth);
to concern
'fT6 K8C88TCR (+ gen.) as for ('what
concerns')
K8CC8 (1) cash desk/ticket office
K8cTplOnR (28) gen.pl. K8CTplOI1b
saucepan
K8T8/Tb ' (mv)(20) -10, -8Wb to roll
K8TMTb ' (u) (20) K8'fY, K8TMWb (no- p )
to roll
K8'48nM (pi) (26) gen.pl. K8'f8neM swings
K8'f8CTBO (28) quality
B K8'f8CTB8 (28) (+ gen.) as ('in the
quality of')
K8W8 (16) kasha, Russian porridge
KB8PTMP8 (7) flat, apartment
KB8W8HbiM (28) sour, fermented
401

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
KeM - see KTO
KeclJMP (8) fermented milk drink
KMn6 (n indecl) (8) kilo (gram)
KMI10rpaMM (8) kilogram
KMHO (n indecl) (11) cinema
KMHoTeaTp (20) cinema
KMHoctJecTMBal1b (m) (27) film festival
KM6cK (1) kiosk
KMnRT(o)K (21) boiling water
KMnR&qMi (28) boiling
KMCI10Ta (30) pI. KMcnoTbl acidity,
sourness
KMTa(e)4 (30) pI. KMTaM4bl Chinese (n.)
KMTaM (18) China
KI18CC (30) class, form
KI1MeHT (15) client
KHMr8 (7) book
KHM)I(K8 (30) (dim of KHMr8) gen.pl.
KHM)I(eK small book, some book
KO = K before K + consonant, MHe and
BceilBceMlBceMY
KorAa (5) when
KorA6-HM6YAb (26) ever; sometime (in
the future)
KorAS-To (26) sometime
Koro [k8-v6] - acc./gen. of KTO
KOe-rAe (26) here and there
K6e-K8K (26) (30) badly, sloppily; with
difficulty
KOe-K8KMe (pI.) (26) certain, some
K6e-&fT6 (26) something, some things
K0l168Ca (8) (no pl.) salami
KOl1eHO (28) pI. KOl1eHM gen.pl.
KOl1eHei knee
KOI1M'f8CTBO (22) quantity
KOl1l1e)l(CKMM 8c8ccop (30) collegiate
assessor (eighth grade in fourteen-
grade tsarist civil sevice)
K0l10HH8 (29) column, pillar
KOM - prep. of KTO
KOM8HAMp6BK8 (19) (B 'on') gen.pl.
KOMaHAMp6BoK business or study
trip, assignment
KOMMYHM3M (29) Communism
K6MH8T8 (14) room
KOMnaHMR (14) (27) company;
company, firm
KOMY - dal. of KTO
KOHBepT (10) envelope
KOH(e)4 (18) gen.sg. KOH48 end
KOH8'fHO (10) [ka-nyem-n8] of
course
KOHTaKT (23) contact
KOHTpaKT (23) contract
KOHI1MKT (22) conflict
KOH4epT (11) (H8) concert
KOH'f8JTb ' (13) -10, -eWb (KOHMTbP -
-MWb) to finish
KOHbRK (25) gen.sg. KOHbRKa
cognac, brandy
KoneMK8 (9) gen.pl. KoneeK kopeck
(1/100th of a rouble)
KOp8C)l1b (m) (28) gen.sg. Kopa611R ship
KOpOl1b (m) (27) gen.sg. KOpOI1R king
Kop6TKMM (18) (23) short
Kop6'fe (18) shorter
KOCH!jTbCRP (21) -HYCb, -iWbCR
(K8caTbcR ' ) (+ gen.) to touch
KOTl1eTbl nO-KMeBcKM (12) Chicken
Kiev (KOTl1eT8 cutlet)
KOT6pblM (18) who/which
K6 (m indecl) (5) coffee
KoeMHbIM (30) coffee (adD
Kp8caB(e)4 (30) handsome man
Kp8CMBO (14) it's attractive
KpacMBblM (7) beautiful, attractive
KpacHblM (7) red
KpacoTa (11) beauty
402

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
KpeMl1b (m) (7) g.sg. KpeMnii the
Kremlin (fortress)
Kp8nKMM (18) strong
KpenKo (26) firmly, strongly
KpenocTHM'f8CTBO (28) serfdom
KpenocTHoM (m adj) (28) serf
Kpen'fe (18) stronger
KpeCTbRHMH(11) pi KpecTbRHe
gen. pI. KpecTbilH peasant
KpM8Tb' (20) -V, -MWb (3a- p ) to shout
KPOB8Tb (f) (21) bed
Kp6Me (10) (+ gen.) apart from, except
KpoMe Toro (12) also, in addition
Kpbl110 (29) pI. Kpbll1bJ1, gen.pl.
Kpblnb8B wing
KpblM (5) prep. B KpblMY Crimea
KpblMCKMM (12) Crimean
KTO (5) (T4) who
KTG-HM6YAb (26) anyone
KT6-TO (26) someone
KYAS (4) (to) where (whither)
KYA8-HM6YAb (26) anywhere (motion)
KYA8-TO (26) somewhere (motion)
KYl1bTjpS (21) culture
KynbTYPHblM (28) cultural
Kyn(e)4 (28) gen.sg. KYnLli merchant
KynMTb P (12) Kynl1lO, KYnMwb
(noKyn8Tb ' ) (+ acc.) to buy
KYPMTb ' (4) KYPIO, KYPMWb (no- p , 38- P )
to smoke
KYPCbl (pI. of KYPC) (13) classes, a
course of study
KjxHR (7) (B or H8) gen.pl. KjxOHb kitchen
I1SBpOBblM nMCT (28) bay leaf
1183MTb ' (mv) (20) 118, 1183MWb to
climb, clamber
l1aHAw8T (29) landscape
I1Ar - see n8'tb
nArKMM (18) easy
nerl18 see n8'lb P
l1er'fe (18) easier
ne)l(8Tb ' (30) ne.y, l1e)l(MWb (no- p ) to
lie, be in a lying position
ne3Tb ' (u) (20) ne3Y, ne38wb past
l1e3, ne3na (no- p ) to climb, clamber
neK4MR (18) (Ha) lecture
118C (5) prep. B l1ecy, pI. l1eca wood,
forest
118cTHM48 (20) staircase
l1eT (9) gen.pl. of rOA and l1eTo years;
summers
11 eT8IT b ' (mv) (20) -10, -eWb to fly
l1eTeTb ' (u) (20) ne'fY, neTMwb (no- p )
to fly
l1eTHMM (7) summer
l1eTo (16) pI. neTS summer
l1eToM (14) in summer
n8'tb P (25) l1i1ry, 11i1)1(eWb past ner,
nern8, l1erl10, imper I1Rr(Te)
(nO)l(MTbCJ1 I ) to lie down
nM (10) (13) (yes-no question word);
whether
nMM6H (16) lemon
nMHMR (12) line
I1MTepaTjpa (13) literature
I1M40 (21) pI. nML18 face; person
n06bl3llHMe (30) (old word) kiss
nO)l(MTbCR ' (25) 110.yCb, 110)l(MWbCR
(ne'fb P ) to lie down; to go to bed
nO)l(Ka (16) gen.pl. 116)1(eK spoon
110MTMK (28) slice
nOHAOH (4) London
110cHlMTbCR ' (30) -tbCb, MWbCJ1 to
shine, gleam
nYK (28) (no pI.) onions
nY'4we (18) better
nY'4wMM (18) best
403

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nbl)l(M (pi) (29) gen.pl. nbl)l( skis
nlO6MMbli (16) beloved; favourite
nlO6MTb i (6) nlO6nlb, nlb6Mwb (no- p )
(+ acc.) to love, be fond of
111066i (15) any (anyone you like)
I1IOAM (16) gen.pl. nlOAei, dat. nlb,qRM,
inst. I1IOAbMM, prep. nlbARx people
(pI. of 'fenOBeK 'person')
nlOTepaHKa (30) gen.pl. nlOTepaHoK
Lutheran (Protestant)
I1Rry see l18'fb P
Mara3MH (6) shop
MarHMTo6H (13) tape recorder
Mai (17) May
Mal1eHbKMi (7) small
ManO (9) (+ gen.) little, not much
Manb'fMK (13) boy
MaMa (11) mother, mum (my)
MapKa (10) gen.pl. MapoK stamp
MapT (17) March
MaCI1MHa (28) olive
Macno (8) butter; oil
MacTep (21) pI. MacTepa skilled
workman
MacwTa6 (29) scale
MaTepMan (26) material
MaTp6c (29) sailor
MaTb (f) (3) (5.6) gen.sg. MaTepM,
gen.pl. MaTepei mother
MawMHa (10) car; machine
M8AMLlMH8 (28) medicine
M6AneHHbli (18) slow
Me*AY (16) (+ inst.) between
Me*AYHap6Abli (27) international
MeHee (18) less
MeHbwe (9) (18) (+ gen.) less; less than
MeHIb (n indecl) (3) menu
MeHR - see 51 (T4) me
M8HWrbCR ' (23) -IOCb, -eWbCR to
change (intrans)
M8cT0 (8) pI. MecTa place, seat
MecR4 (9) gen.pl. MecALleB month
MeTp6 (n indecl) (5) metro,
underground
Mew8frb ' (25) -10, -8lWb (no- p ) (+ dat.)
to hinder (someonE)
Mew(6)K (25) gen.sg. MewKa bag, sack
MMI1M4MR (21) police
MMnnMapA (22) a thousand million
(US billion)
MMI1I1MOH (22) million
MMI10CTMBbii (30) (old word)
gracious I kind
MMnbli (30) dear, sweet, lovable
MMMO (10) (+ gen.) past
MMHepanbHbli (12) mineral (adj)
MMHMcTepcTBo (23) ministry
MMHy-ra (6) minute
MMp (12) (18) peace; world
MMcKa (28) gen.pl. MMCOK bowl
Mn6AwMi (18) younger; junior
MHe, MH6i - see R me
MHorMe (pI. adD (13)) many (people)
MH6ro (9) (+ gen.) much, many
MOrY, M6ryT, M6r, Morna, Morn6,
MOrl1M - see MO'fb
MOAenb (f) (29) model
MO)l(eT, M6)1(eWb, M6)1(eM, MO)l(eTe-
see M6'fb
M6)1(8T 6b1Tb (9) perhaps
M6)1(HO (14) it's possible, one may
M6i (6) (T6) my
MonoA6i (13) young
MonoAoi 'fenOBeK (18) young man
MOnO)l(e (18) younger
MonoKo (8) milk
Mon6'fHbli (8) milk, dairy (adD
404

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
MOn'faTb ' {16) MOn'fY, MOn'fMWb (38- p )
to keep silent, say nothing
MOHr6nMA (18) Mongolia
MOHTip (21) electrician
M6pe (5) gen. pI. Mopei sea
MocKBa (3) Moscow
MOCKBM'f (17) gen.sg. MOCKBM'fS
Muscovite
MOCK6BCKMi (17) Moscow (adD
M6cT (7) prep. Ha MOC,y, pl. MOCTbl
bridge
M6'fb ' (11) (13) (15) MOrY, M6)1(eWb,
MOryr past Mor, Morna, Morn6,
MornM (C-P) to be able
MY)I( (6) pI. MY)I(blt husband
MpG1K (25) gen.sg. MpOtKS peasant man
My>KCKOi (14) male
My>K'fMHa (m) (18) man
My3iti (5) gen.pl. My368B museum
My36iHbli (29) museum (adD
MY3blKa (6) music
MY3blKaHT (16) musician
MYHAMP (30) uniform
Mbl (4) we (T4)
Mblcnb (f) (26) thought
MRCO (8) meat
Ha (4) on
Ha6epe)l(HaA (f adj) (29) embankment,
quay
HaBepHos (21) probably
HaBbtO't/MTb P (30) -y, -MWb
(HaBbIO'fMB8Tb') (+ inst.) to load (with)
HaA (16) (+ inst.) above
H8AeRTbCR ' (11) H8AelOCb, Ha.q8ewbCA
to hope
HaAo (14) it's necessary, one must
H8Aoep/J/Tb' -10, -eWb (H&Ao6cTb P )
(+ dat.) to bore (s.o.)
H8Aoeno (15) past of H8Ao8cTb P that's
enough, I'm tired (of it)
Ha38A (13) ago; back
Ha3BaHMe (16) name
Ha3bIB8ITb ' (11) -10, eWb (Ha3B8Tb P )
(+ acc.) to name (s.o./sth)
Ha3bIB8ITbcR' (11) -eTCA (+ inst.) to
be called (of thing, not person)
HaM- (18) most (forms superlatives)
H8M60nee (29) most
HaiTMP (13) HaMAY, HaiAiwb past
Hawin, Hawns, Hawn6
(HaxoAMTb') (+ acc.) to find
HaKa3aTb P (15) HaKa)l(Y, HaKa)l(eWb
(HaKa3bIBaTb) (+ acc.) to punish
HaKa3blB8frb ' (15) -10, -eWb (HaKa38Tb P )
(+ acc.) to punish
HaneBo (5) to the left
Han6r (28) tax
HaMH6ro (18) much (with comparatives)
HanMB8/TbcR' (14) -lOCb, -eWbCA
(HanMTbcR P ) to get drunk
HanMcaTb P (13) HanMwy, HanMwewb
(nMcaTb') to write
HanMTbcRP (14) HanbtOCb, HanbiwbcR
(HanMBaTbCR ' ) to get drunk
HanoMMH8/Tb ' (15) -10, -eWb
(Han6MHMTb P ) (+ dat.) to remind
(someone)
HanoMHlMTb P (15) -10, -MWb
(HanoMMHaTb l ) (+ dat.) to remind
(someone)
HanpaBlMTb P (28) -nlO, -MWb
(HanpaBnRTb') (+ acc.) to direct
HanpaBo (5) to the right
HanpMMep (18) for example
Hanp6TMB (10) opposite (adv of place)
Ha38TbP(28)-,-)KEKUb(Hape38T)
to cut, slice
405

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Hap6A (13) people, nation
HapO'fHO (21) deliberately
HaCTaMB8ITb l (21) -10, -8Wb (Ha + prep.)
to insist (on)
HacToRU4Mi (16) real, genuine
HacTpoeHM8 (14) mood
HaY'lMTbCRP (28) HaY'tycb, Haj'fMwbCR
()f'tMTbCR ' ) (+ inf.) to learn to do sth
HaxoAMTb ' (13) Haxo.y, HaxoAMwb
(HaMTMP) (+ acc.) to find
HaxoAMTbCR ' (15) HaxoAMTcR to be
situated
Ha4MoHBnbHbii (26) national
Ha'fanO (18) beginning
Ha't/aTb P (13) -HY, -Hiwb past Ha'fan,
Ha'fana, Ha'fanO (Ha'fMHaTb ' )
(+ acc.) to begin sth
Ha'fMH8ITb ' (11) -10, -eWb (Ha'faTb P )
(+ acc.) to begin sth
Ha'fMH8/TbcR (11) -8TCA to begin
Haw (6) our (T6)
Hawin, Hawna - see HaiTM
He (4) not
He60cb (30) (coli) probably
HeBa (11) Neva River
HeB03MO)l(HO (14) (+ P inf) it's
impossible (to do sth)
HerA8 (24) there is nowhere (place)
Her6 - form of 6H, oH6 (T4) him, it
H8ABBHO (11) recently
H8.qan8K6 (14) not far
H8AenA (6) gen.pl. H8Aenb week
HeAOCTaTO'fHO (27) insufficiently
H8i, Hei - forms of oHa (T 4) her
HeKorAS (24) there is no time
HeKoro (24) there is no one
HeKoTopbli (17) some, certain
HeKYA8 (24) there is nowhere
(motion)
H8nb3A (14) it's not allowed j it's
impossible
HeMe4KMi (18) German (adD
HeMH6ro (13) (+ gen.) a little
H8MH6>KKO (14) (dim of HeMH6ro)
(+ gen.) a little
H8MY, HiM - forms of 6H, oH6 (T4) him, it
He06xoAMMO (14) it's essential
Heo6xoAMMOCTb (f) (28) (+ gen.)
necessity (for)
He06bl'faiHO (29) extraordinarily
HeO)l(MASHHbli (26) unexpected
Henn6xo (6) not bad, not badly
H8noBTopMMbii (29) unique
H8nocMnbHbii (28) excessive,
over-demanding
HecKonbKo (9) (+ gen.) several, a few
HecMoTpll Ha (+ acc.) (26) in spite of
H8CTM I (u) (20) Hecy, Heciwb past
Hic, Hecna, Hecn6 (no- p ) to carry
HeT (3) no
H8T (10) (+ gen.) there isn't/there aren't
H8YA66HO (10) it's awkward
He'ferO (24) [nye-chye-a] there is
nothing
HM . . . HM (24) neither. . . nor
HMrAe (24) nowhere (place)
HM>K8 (18) lower
HM3KMi (18) low
HMKBK (24) in no way
HMKaKoi (24) no; none at all; any
HMKorAs (16) (24) never
HMKTO (24) nobody
HMKYAB (24) nowhere (motion)
HMM, HMMM, HMX - forms of 6H, OH6,
OHM (T4)
HM'f8rO (11) [nee-chye-6] see HM'fT6
nothing; it doesn't matter/
that's all right
406

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
HM'fTO (24) nothing
H6 (4) but
HOBor6AHMi (26) New Year (adD
H6BbiM (7) new
Hora (25) ace. H6ry, pI. H6rM, dat.
HoraM leg, foot
HO)l(Ka (25) (dim of Hora) gen.pl.
H6)1(eK little leg, little foot
H6>KHM4bl (pI.) (28) gen.pl. HO)l(HM4
scissors
H6M8p (5) (21) pI. HOMepa number;
hotel room
HOCMTb ' (mv) (20) (28) HOWV, HOCMWb
to carry; to wear
Ho'lieBaTb ' (25) -VIO, -vewb (nepe-p)
to spend the night
HO'fb (f) (9) gen.pl. HO'feM night
H6'fblO (16) at night
HOR6pb (m) (17) gen.sg. HOR6pR
November
HpsBlMTbCA ' (12) -nlOCb, -MWbCA (no. P)
to please
HY (25) well
HY>K8H/HY)I(Ha/HY)I(HO, HY)I(Hbl (short
adD (29) necessary
HY.HO (11) it's necessary
HY.HbIM (29) necessary
0(5) (+ prep.) about concerning
06 = 0 before a, M, 0, Y, 3
06a (m/n) 668 (f) (22.4) both
06e (12) dinner; meal
06eA8/Tb ' (12) -10, -8Wb (no- p ) to
dine, have a meal
06>KaplMTb p (28) -10, -MWb
(06)1(apMBsTb ' ) to fry all over
06MA8Tb P (25) 06M*Y, 06MAMWb
(06M)I(STb ' ) (+ ace.) to offend,
hurt
06M)I(8/Tb ' (25) -10, -8Wb (06MAeTbl?)
(+ ace.) to offend, hurt
06n8A8/Tb ' (27) -10, -8Wb (+ inst.) to
possess
06n06bl38TbCAP (30) (old word) to
kiss each other
066M (m pI.) (21) gen.pl. 0608B
wallpaper
66pS3 (29) form; image; manner
06pSTMTb (29) (06paIq8Tb ' ) (+ ace.)
to turn
06paaqa/Tb ' -10, -eWb (06pa/TMTb P
-aqV, -TMWb) BHMMaHM8 (24) HS
(+ ace.) to pay attention to, note sth
06pe3sTb P (28) 06pe)l(Y, 06pe)l(8Wb
(06pe381Tb ' -10, -8Wb) to clip, cut
06pe38Tb ' (28) see 06p83aTb P
06cePBaT6pMR (28) observatory
06cToRTenbcTBo (24) circumstance
06C)f)KA8/Tb ' (27) -10, -8Wb
(06CYMTbP) (+ ace.) to discuss
06'bRBMTb P (27) 06'bABnlb, 06'bRBMWb
(06'bABnATb') to announce
06'bRBneHMe (2) announcement
06'bRBnRhb ' (27) -10, -eWb
(06'bABMTb P ) to announce
06bl'fSM (28) gen.pl. 06bl'fSeB custom
06bl'fHO (13) usually
06R38T8nbHo (15) definitely, without
fail
06113b1BalTb ' (28) -10, -eWb (06A3aTb P
06R)I(V, 06A)I(8Wb) to compel
6BOaqM (9) gen.pl. oBoaqei vegetables
orpoMHblM (18) enormous
0ryp(e)4 (28) gen.sg. oryp4ll cucumber
OA8B8frb(CR)' (11) -1O(Cb), -8Wb(CA)
(oeTb(CR)P) to dress (oneself)
oe/Tb(CR)p -HY(Cb) -8Wb(CR) - see
08BSTb(CR)'
407

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
OAMH (m)/OAH8 (f)/OAH6 (n) (T7) one
0.qMH8KOBbIM (21) identical
OAMHHSATb (22.3) eleven
OAH8>K.qbl (23) once, one day
OAHoBpeMeHHo (28) at the same time
O>KMA8ITb ' (11) -10, -eWb (+ gen.) to
expect (sth/s.o.)
63epo (18) pI. OMPS, gen.pl. o3ip lake
OKS38TbCA P (20) (26) OKS)I(VCb,
OK8)1(eWbCR (OK83bIBSTbCR') to
find oneself; to turn out
OK83bIBalTbCA ' (26) -IOCb, -eWbCA-
see OKS38TbCAP
oKaMeHetrb P (30) -10, -eWb
(KsM8HeTb') to turn to stone
OK8H'fMBalTb ' (13) -10, -8Wb
(oK6H'fMTb P ) (+ ace.) to finish,
graduate from
OK88H (29) ocean
OKH6 (3) pI. OKHS, gen.pl. 6KOH window
oKono (10) + gen. near; approximately
OKOH'f8HMe (28) end
oK6H'fIMTb P (13) -y, -MWb
(oKaH'fMB8Tb ' ) (+ ace.) to finish,
graduate from
OKTII6pb (m) (17) gen.sg. OKTR6pSi
October
OH (3) (T 4) he
OHa (3) (T 4) she
OHM (4) (T4) they
OHO (3) (T 4) it
On03.q8HMe (11) lateness
onpttA8n1MTb P (29) -10, -MWb
(onpeAenIlTb ' ) (+ ace.) to
determine, define
onpeAenRlTb ' (29) -10, -8Wb - see
onpeAenMTb P
onp6c (27) survey
onllTb again
oprSHM38TOp (28) organizer
oprsHM384MR (16) IQrganization
oprsHM3/oB8Tb ' / P (27) -YIO, yewb
(+ ace.) to organ ize
opMrMH8n (13) original (noun)
ocBo6oIAMTbCRP (15) ->KjCb, -Ai1wbCA
(ocBo60>K.qilTbC5I') to become free
OCB060*A8frbCR' ( 15) -IOCb, -eWbCA -
see OCBo60AMTbCA P
6C8Hb (f) (16) autumn
OC8HbIO (14) in autumn
OCHOB8Tb P (29) OCHytb, oCHyiwb
(ocH6BbIBSTb') ( + ace.) to found
oCH6Bb1BalTb' (29) -10, -8Wb - see
oCHoBaTb P
oc66eHHO specially
oc66blM (26) special
OCTSB8TbCR ' (14) OCTStbCb,
OCT8iwbCA (OCT8TbCAP) to remain
oCTaBlMTb p (15) -n 10, -MWb
(ocTsBnIlTb ' ) (+ ace.) to leave (sth)
oCTsBnwTb ' (15) -10, -eWb - see
OCTaBMTb P
OCT8BWMMCR (28) remaining
OCT8H8BnMBalTb(CR)' (13) (28) -1O(Cb),
-8Wb(CR) to stop
oCTsHloBMTb(CR)p (13) (28) -oBntb(cb),
-OBMWb(CA) to stop
OCTaHOBKa (20) gen.pl. OCTaH6BOK stop
OCT8TbCRP (14) oCTaHycb, oCT8HewbCA
(OCTSB8TCA ' ) to remain, stay
OCTpOB (18) pI. OCTpOB8 island
OT (9) (+ gen.) from (a person), away from
oTBe3ITMP(20) -V, iWb, past OTBi3,
oTBe3na, oTB83no (OTB03MTb ' ) to
take somewhere (by transport)
OTB8PHVlTbCAP (30) -VCb, -iWbCR
(OTBOp8'fMBSTbCR ' ) (OT + gen.) to
turn away from
408

RUSS IAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
OTBe/TMTb p (13) -'fY, -TMWb
(OTB8'f8/Tb ' ) (+ dat./Hs + ace.) to
answer (s.o./sth)
OTBe'f8/Tb ' (13) -10, -eWb see OTB8lrMTb"
OTB03MTb i (20) OTBO>KY, OTB63MWb -
see oTBe3TMP
OTAsB8Tb ' (25) OTASIO, OTASiwb
(OTA8Tb P ) (+ ace.) to give away
OTA8Tb P (25) like ASTb, past 6TASn,
oTAan8, 6TASno (oTASB8Tb ' )
(+ ace.) to give away
OT Aen (8) section (of a shop)
oTAenbHblM (18) separate
OTAoxHlYrb P (12) -V, Hiwb - see
OTAblX8Tb
oTAbIX8/Tb ' (12) -10, -eWb
(oTAOXHYrb P ) to rest
oT(e)LI (6) gen.sg. OTLl8 father
OTKSUTbCAP (25) OTKS)I(YCb,
OTK8)1(eWbCR (OTK83bIBaTbCA ' )
(+ inf) to refuse (to do sth)
OTK83bIBalTbCR ' (25) -IOCb, -eWbCR-
see OTKS38TbCRP
OTKpbIB8/Tb ' (14) -10, -eWb (OTKpbITb P )
(+ ace.) to open (sth)
OTKpbIB8ITbCA I (11 ) -eTCR
(OTKpbITbCAP) to open
OTKp/blTb P (14) -610, -6ewb - see
OTKpbIB8Tb '
OTKpblTbCRP - see OTKpbIB8TbCR '
OTKYAS (30) from where
OTnM'fHbIM (26) excellent
OTM6ITMTb P (14) -'ty, -TMWb - see
OTM8'fBTb '
OTMe'f8/Tb ' (14) -10, -eWb (oTMeTMTb P )
(+ ace.) to mark, to celebrate
oTHecITM P (20) -V, -iWb, past OTHie,
OTHecna, OTHecn6 - see OTHOCMTb '
OTHOCMTb ' (20) OTHOWY, OTH6cMWb
(OTHeCTMP) (+ ace.) to take away
somewhere (by carrying)
OTHOCMTbCR I (13) OTHOWYCb,
OTHOCMWbCA (K + dat.) to relate to.
regard, treat (s.o./sth)
oTHoweHMe (21) attitude
oToilTM (20) -AY, Aiwb, past oTowen,
oTownB, oTown6 (OTXOAMTb') to
move away; to depart (of trains)
OTCTalBBTb ' (28) -10, -ewb (OTCT8Tb P )
(OT + gen.) to be backward, lag
behind (s.o./sth)
oTcTBnocTb (f) (28) backwardness
OTcT8/Tb P (28) -HY, -HeWb - see
OTCTSBaTb '
oTclOAa from here
onYAa (23) from there
OTxoAMTb ' (20) OTXO.y, oTx6AMWb
(oToiTMP) to move away; to depart
(of trains)
OT'f8CTBO (6) patronymic
0Tb83A (26) departure
ocIJMLlM8HT (12) waiter
ocIJMLlM8HTKS (12) gen.pl.
ocIJM4M8HTOK waitress
OX6THO (25) willingly
6'feHb (4) very
O'fWCTMTb P (28) -LLlY, -CTMWb
(O'fMI1I8Tb ' -10, -eWb) (+ ace.) to clean
owenoM!MTb P (30) -nib, -MWb
(owenoMnAlTb ' -10, -ewb) + ace. to
stun, astound
nin(e)4 (16) gen.sg. ninbL18 finger, toe
nsnbTo (n indecl) (7) overcoat
naMJlTb (f) (17) memory
nBns (m) (3) father, dad
nsnMpOca (30) (dim nsnMp6cKs)
Russian-style cigarette
409

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
napa (22) couple
napilAHbli (29) grand
napMKMaxepcKaR (f adj) (23)
hairdresser's, barber's
napK (20) park; depot (taxis, trams)
napnaMeHT (28) parliament
nUHYTb ' (30) naxHeT, past naxno
(+ inst.) to smell (of)
nepBbli (7) first
nepeBelcTMP (21) -AY, -AiWb past
nepeBen,nepeaena,nepeBen6
(nepeBoAMTb ' ) (+ ace.) to take
across; to shift; to translate
nepe/BoAMTb ' (13) -BO)l(Y, -B6AMWb-
see nepeBecTMP
nepeBOA'fMK (21) translator
neperoB6pbl (m pI.) (23) gen. pI.
neperoB6poB negotiations, talks
neP8A (16) (+ inst.) before. in front of
nepeA81BaTb ' (15) -10, -iWb (+ ace.
+ dat.) to pass (sth to s.o.), give a
message
nepeASTb P (15) like A8Tb, past
nepeA8n,nena,nepeA8no -
see neBaTb'
nep8AoB6i (28) advanced, progressive
nepee3)1(8!Tb ' (13) -10, -eWb
(nepe6xaTb P ) to move (house); to
drive across
nepe/ex8Tb P (13) -6p.Y, -6Aewb - see
nepee3)1(aTb '
nepe)l(MBilTb' (24) -10, -eWb to be
upset, worry
nepeiTMP (19) nepeiAY, nepeiAiwb,
past nepewin, nepewna, nepewno
(nepexoAMTb ' ) ('fepe3) (+ ace.) to
cross
nep8HechMP (21) -y, 8wb (nepetfOCm,I)
(+ ace.) to carry across; to transfer
nepelHocMTb' (21) -HOWY, -HOcMWb-
see nepeHecTMP
nepeHo'ileuTb P (25) -'110, yewb
(HO'feBaTb ' ) to spend the night
nepepblB (17) break, interval
nepeca)l(MBalTbclI ' (15) -lOeb, -eWbCA
(Ha + ace.) see nepeceCTb P
nepecenlMTb P (21 ) -10, -MWb (nepece-
nATb ' ) (+ ace.) to move, resettle (s.o.)
nepecenNrb' (21) -10, -eWb - see
nepecenMTb P
nepe/c8cTb P (15) -CRAY, -cJ\qewb,
pastnepecen,nepecena
(nepeca)l(MBaTbcR') to change from
one form of transport to another
nepecTaiBaTb ' (1 5) - 10, -ewb see
nepecTaTb P
nepecT8frb P (15) -HY, -HeWb
(nepecTalBaTb') (+' inf) to stop
(doing sth)
nepex6A (15) street crossing
nepeJxoAMTb' (19) -xo.y, -XOAMWb
(nepeiTMP) ('fepe3) (+ ace.) to cross
nep(e)4 (28) gen.sg. nepl.48 pepper
nepewin, nepewna - see nepeiTM
neeHA (25) gen. pI. neceH song
neTep6yprcKMM (17) Petersburg (adj)
neTb ' (16) nolO, noiwb (c- P ) (+ ace.)
to sing (sth)
n8'fanb (f) (26) sadness
n8'fb (f) (25) gen.pl. n..ei (dim niNKa)
stove
newK6M (20) on foot
nMBo (20) beer
nMpar (10) gen.sg. nMpora (large) pie
nMpO>K(6)K (8) gen.sg. nMpOJKK8 small pie
nMc8T811b (m) (17) writer
nMciTb ' (13) nMwy, nMwewb (H&-P)
(+ ace.) to write
410

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nMCbMO (5) pI. nMcbM8, gen.pl. nMceM
letter
nMTb ' (12) nblO, nbiwb, f past nMna,
imper neM(Te) (Bbl- P ) (+ ace.) to drink
nnaaatrb' (mv) (20) -10, -8Wb to swim; to
sail
nnaK8Tb ' (15) nna'fY, nna'feWb (38- P ) to
cry
nn8H (7) plan, street map
nn8TMTb ' (24) nn8'fY, nnaTMwb (38- p )
(38 + ace.) to pay (for)
nnaTbe (25) gen.pl. nnaTbeB dress
nn6THMK (28) carpenter
nnox6i (8) bad
nn6U48Ab (f) (5) gen .pl. nnoi (Ha)
square
nnblTb ' (u) (20) -BY, -Biwb, f past nnblna
(np) to swim; to sail
no (12) (+ dat.) along; according to; on;
round
no (17.12) (23) (+ ace.) up to and
including
n8HrnMMcKM (4) in English
n066rahb P (mv) (20) -10, -eWb (66raTb ' )
to run about
no6e.aTbP (u) (20) no6elr'Y, -)I(MWb,
-rjT (6e-a-rb ' ) to run, start running
n06neAHetrb p (30) -10, -ewb
(6n8AHeTb') to turn pale
n06nM)I(e (18) a bit closer
n06blBlIfrb P (24) -10, -eWb (+ prep.)
to visit, spend time (somewhere)
n0B83J16 (13) (+ dat. of person) (s.o.)
was lucky
MH8 n0883l16 I was lucky
nOBe3TMP - see Be3TM '
nOBepHlYrb p (15) -V, -iWb
(noBOpa'fMB8Tb') to turn (change
direction)
nOBeCTMP - see BeeTM '
n6BOA (21) (AJ1R + gen.) cause,
grounds (for)
nOBopa'fMB8frb ' (15) -10, -8Wb - see
nOBepHYTb P
nOBToplMTti' (26) -Ib, -MWb (noBTopilTb')
(+ ace.) to repeat
nOBTopAlTb ' (26) -10, -8Wb (noBTopMTb P )
(+ ace.) to repeat
norM6HYTb p (28) - past no....6, norM6na
(norM68/Tb ' -10, -ewb) to perish
nornRiAeTb p (30) ->KY, -AMWb
(rnRAeTb') (Ha + ace.) to take a
look at
noroBOplMTb P (15) -Ib, -MWb (rOBOpMTb ' )
to talk for a while
nor6A8 (7) weather
nOA (16) (25) (+ inst. + ace. + inst.)
under (place); (+ ace.) under (motion)
noA81BaTb' (22) -Ib, -iwb-- see nOA8Tb P
nOA8pMTb P (24) nOA8plb, nOASpMwb
(AaPMTb') to give, present
nOASP(o)K (19) gen.sg. nOASPKa
present, gift
nOASTb P (22) (like A8Tb), past n6A8l1,
nOA8J1a, nOA8no (noA8B8Tb ' )
(+ ace.) to serve, hand in
nOA8Tb P PYKY (30) to hold out
one's hand
n0.q8'f8 (28) serving
nOA6epi30BMK (28) brown mushroom
no.q60p6A{o)K (30) gen.sg.
nOA60p6.qK8 chin
no.qiPHYT/blM (PPP) (30) covered,
coated
nop/MTbP (28) -10, -MWb
(nopMB8frb' -10, -ewb) (+ ace.) to
brown
noA38MHbli (15) underground
411

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nOAHMM8frb ' (25) -10, -ewb - see
nOAHfrrb p
nOAHMMiltrbcR' (19) -1OCb, -ewbCR- see
nOAHfrrbCfl p
noA'HATbp (25) -HMMY, -HMMeWb, past
noAHJU1, nOAHJU1a, n6AHMo (+ ace.)
(noAHMM8Tb') to lift, pick up
nQAlHln'bcRp (19) -HMMYCb, -HMM8WbCfI,
past -HAnCR, -HM8Cb, -HRnOcb
(noAHMM8TbCfI ' ) to climb; to rise
nOAO*P!aTbP (15) -V, -iwb, f past
nOAOa (*A8Tb') to wait
nOAO*A1fre (6) see nOAo>KA8Tb wait
(imper)
nQAlnMc8Tb p (23) -nMwy, -nMwewb
(noAnMcbluTb ' ) (+ acc.) to sign
nOAnMcblBillTb ' (23) -10, -ewb - see
nOAJ1Mc8Tb P
nOAPyra (4) (female) friend
nOAyMlsTb P (30) -10, -eWb (AYM8Tb ' ) to
think for a moment
noA"b83A (19) entrance, doorway
no-eBponeMcKM (28) in European style
('Europeanly')
n6e3A (17) pl. nQ83A8 train
no83Af(a (21) gen.pl. no83AoK journey
noiT see neYb (16) (he) sings
n08xsTb p (12) ny, no8Aewb (exsTb')
to go (by transport)
no.anyicTa (3) [pa-zhal-sta] please/
don't mention it/here you are/go ahead
no.aTbP (30) nO)l(MY, nO)l(Miwb
(nO)I(MM8ITb ' -10, -ewb) (PYKY) to
press, squeeze, shake (hands)
nO)l(MB8frb' (6) -10, -8Wb to live, get along
n038ENepa (18) the day before
yesterday
n63AHo (16) [p6-zns] late
n03lQ)8B1MTb P (23) -nlO, -MWb
(n O-"I'J'A Bnfrrb ' ) ( + ace.) (c + inst.) to
congratulate s.o. on sth
n O-"l'J'A aneHM8 (26) greeting,
congratulation
n oop.pa anNrb ' (23) -1O,-8Wb
(noo.qp8BMTb P) (+ acc.) (c + inst.) to
congratulate s.o. on sth
n O-"I'J'A BI1AlOr (6) congratulations!
(= I congratulate)
n03HsKoMMTbCA P (16) - see
3HaK6MMTbCR I
n03H8KoMbT8Cb (imper) (6) meet
(become acquain1ed)
n03OBMT8 (6) (imper of n03uTb P ) call
n6i(Te) (25) (imper of neTb') sing
noifrMP (u) (12) -pfJ!J -AiWb, past,
nowen, nowna, nown6 (MATH I) to
go, set off
nOKa. .. He (14) until
nOKa HeY (15) not yet
nOK838TbP (12) nOKU<j, nOK8>KeWb
(noK83bIBaTb ' ) to show
nOK83blB8frb ' (7) -10, -eWb (noK838Tb P )
(+acc. + dat.) to show (sth to s.o.)
noK11loHMTbcR p (30) -OHIOcb, -OHMWbCR
(KI18HMbCR ' -lOCb, -ewbCA) to bow
n0Kl16HHMK (27) admirer
nOKoneHMe (26) generation
nOKplblTb P (28) -010, -6eWb (noKpblBil
Tb ' -10, -ewb) (+ ace.) to cover
nOKYn8T811b (m) (10) customer
nOKYn8lrb ' (8) -10, -eWb (KYrnnb P )
(+ ace.) to buy
n611A8Hb (17) gen. nonYAHA midday
non38frb' (mv) (20) -10, -ewb to crawl
non3fni ' (u) (20) -V, -iWb, past n6n3,
nOn3l18, non3l16 (no- P ) to crawl
n0l1KMn6 (n indecl) (9) half a kilo
n6nHOr (30) (coli) enough of that!
412

RUSSI AN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
n6nHOCTbIO (28) completely
nOnHO'fb (17) gen. nonYttM midnight
nonHbli (30) (+ gen.) full (of)
nOnOBMHa (17) half
nOnO)l(MTb P (25) nono.y, nOnO)l(MWb
(KI18ICTb ' -AY, -AiWb) (+ ace.) to put
nonTopa (22) one and a half
nony6cTpoB (29) pI. nonyOCTpou
peninsula
nonjTopa(22)gen.ofnonTop8 one
and a half
nOnY'l8frb ' (9) -10, -eWb (nonMTbP)
(+ ace.) to receive, get
nOnY'lMTb P (22) nony&ty, nonj'fMwb see
nonY"aTb '
non'faca (20) half an hour
n6nb310BaTbCR ' (21) -ytOCb, -yewbCR
(BOC- P ) (+ inst) to use (sth)
nOMMA6p (12) tomato
nOMMnYMTeP (30) pardon me
n6MHlMTb' (18) -10, -MWb (+ ace.) to
remember
nOMor8frb' (12) -10, -ewb (noM6'fb p )
(+ dat.) to help (someone)
nO-M6eMY (13) in my opinion
nOMopaqlMTbCRP (30) -YCb, -MWbCR
(M6piqMTbCAP) to crease, wrinkle; to
frown
nOM6'fb p (12) nOMorY, nOMO)l(eWb,
nOMoryr, past nOM6r, nOMorna,
nOMorn6 (noMoraTb ' ) (+ dat.) to
help (s.o.)
n6MoU4b (f) (19) help
nOHeA8nbHMK (17) Monday
no-tteM64KM (13) in German
nOHMM8frb' (4) -10, -eWb (nOHfrrb p ) to
understand
nOHpiBlMTbCAP (26) -MTCR
(HpaBMTbCA') (+ dat.) to please (s.o.)
noHln'Ho (14) comprehensible (= I see)
nOHATbP (13) noA,.y, noiMiwb, past
n6HRn,noHAna,nOHRnO
(noHMMaTb ' ) to understand, realize
noo68Aafrb P (12) -10, -eWb (o68AaTb ' )
to dine. have a meal
nonplocMTb P (15) -owy, -OcMWb
(npocMTb ' ) (+ ace. + inf) to ask s.o. to
do sth
nonynllpHblM (13) popular
nopa (14) (+ inf) it's time (to do sth)
n6pT (11) prep. B nopTj, gen.pl.
nOpY6B port
nopTCMrap (30) cigarette-case, cigar -case
nopTClJ8nb (29) (m) briefcase
no-PyccKM (4) in Russian
nocenlMTbCA P (26) -Ibcb, -MWbCR
(nocenNrbCR' -1OCb, -ewbCA) to
settle, take up residence
noceTMT8nb (m) (12) customer
noce/n1Tb P (28) -U4Y, -n4Wb (noceaqirrb')
(+ ace.) to visit (a place)
noceaq8lrb' (28) -10, -eWb (+ acc.)
(nocelrMTb P ) to visit (a place)
nocwA8Tb P -.y, -AMWb (cMAin'bl) to sit
for a while
nocnaTb P (23) nownlb, nowniwb
(nocblnaTb ' ) (+ ace.) to send
nOOne (10) (+ gen.) after
nocn8AttMi (7) last
nocnjwahb P (12) -10, -eWb (cnjwaTb l )
(+ ace.) to listen to
nocMloTp8Tb P (13) -arp.o, -lrrpMWb
(CMOTp8Tb ' ) to watch; (Ha + ace.) to
look at
n0c6nbCTBo (7) embassy
nocnew/MTbP (28) -V, -MWb (cnewMTb ' )
to hurry
n0CTp6/MTb P -10, -MWb - see CTp6MTb '
413

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nOCTyn8lrb ' (13) -10, eWb- see
nOCTynMTbP
nOCT/ynMTb P (13) -ynntb, -ynMwb
(n0CTyn8Tb ' ) (B + acc.) to enter
( university)
nOCTy'f/6TbP (25) -y, -MWb (CTy'I8Tb ' )
(B + acc.) to knock (at)
nocbln8lrb ' (23) -10, -eWb (nocnlrrb p )
(+ acc.) to send (s.o./sth)
nocbll'llsTb P -nlO, -II8Wb (28)
(nocbln8lTb ' -10, -ewb) (+ inst.) to
sprinkle (with sth solid)
nocblnsTbCRP (30) nocblnneTcR to rain
down
nOToM(12) then,ne
nOToMY 'lTO (12) because
noTp86/oBsTb P (21) -ytO, -yeWb
(Tp860B8Tb ' ) (+ gen.) to demand
(sth)
no-*paH4Y3cKM (4) in French
noxioAMTb P (mv) (20) -o.y, -OAMWb
(XOAMTb ' ) to walk about for a while
nO'teMY (4) why
nO'f8MY-TO (26) for some reason
n6'fTs (5) (HS) post office
nO'fTM (13) almost
nO'fTMTenbHblM (4) respectful,
deferential
nO'fTOBblM (10) postage (adj)
noaqalAKrb P (28) -.y, -.qMWb (aqalAKrb P )
(+ acc.) to spare
n033MR (23) poetry
n03T (23) poet
n03ToMY (9) so, consequently
npaBAS (11) truth
npaBAS? (11) is that so?
npaBo (24) pI. npaB8 right
npa3AHMK (17) [praz-neek] national
holiday; festival
npeBOCXOAKrenbCTBO (30) Excellency
np&AnpMATMe (28) (Mal) firm, company,
business
np&AceA8T8nb (16) (m) chairman
nJ)8ACT8B1MTb P (27) -nlO, -MWb
(np&ACTaanAfrb ' ) (+ acc. + dat.) to
present (s.o./sth to s.o.)
np&ACT8BMTb ce68 (29) (+ acc.) to
imagine (sth)
np&ACTaBnAfrb ' (29) -10, -ewb - see
np&ACT8BMTb
np&Aynpe*A8frb '  12) -10, -8Wb
(np&AynpelAMTb p --V, -.qMWb)
(+ acc.) to warn (s.o.)
npit*A8 (26) before
npit>KA8 Bcero (26) first of all, primarily
npe3MAeHT (27) president
npeKpacHblM (24) beautiful, fine
npeMb8pa (27) premiere
npeMbSp-MMHMCTp (27) gen.sg.
npeMbSp-MMHMCTpa prime minister
npeo6pa30B8HMe (28) reform
(= pe4)6pMS)
npeoAon8hb p (28) -10, -8Wb
(npeoAoneB8frb ' -10, -ewb) (+ acc.)
to overcome
npenoASBlrrenb (m) (13) teacher,
lecturer
npenoASlB8Tb ' (13) -10, -iwb (+ acc.) to
teach (sth)
npepBl8TbP (23) -y, -Iwb, f past
npepB8l18 (npepbIBiTb ' (+ acc.) to
interrupt
npepblBitrb' (23) -10, -8Wb - see
npepB8Tb P
npecTsp6nblM (23) aged
npM (5) (28) (+ prep.) attached to; at the
time of, under
npM68B1MTb P (28) -nlO, -MWb
414

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(npM6aBnAfrb ' -10, -ewb) to add
npMr8frb' (20) -10, -ewb (npM6mK8ntP)
to arrive (running)
npM6erilfrb P (28) -1O,-8Wb
(npM68nt/yTb P -y, -ewb) (K + dat.) to
resort to
npM6ehK8Tb P (20) -rj, -,oWb, -rjT
(npM6eraTb') to arrive (running)
npMuTHo (30) (old word) privately
npMBe3frMP (20) -Y, -iwb, past npMB83,
npMB83I18 (npMBo3MTb') to bring by
transport
npMBin - see npMBecTM
npMselCTMP (20) -PiJ, -Aiwb, past
npMsen,npMBen8,nPMBenO
(npMBoAMTb') to bring (by leading)
npMB8T (26) greetings (informal usage)
npMlBOAKrb' (20) -BO.y, -B6AMWb
(npMBeCTMP) to bring (by leading)
npMlBo3MTb ' (20) -BO.y, -B63Mwb
(npMB83TM P) to bring (by transport)
npMBbl'fK8 (16) gen.pl. npMBbl'feK habit
npMrnalcMTb P (18) -wj, -CMWb
(npMrnsw8Tb ' ) (+ ace.) to invite
(someone)
npMr/HsTb P (28) -OHIO, -oHMWb
(npMrOHATb ' ) (+ ace.) to drive
npMroBopfMTb P (28) -Ib, -MWb
(npMroupMBafrb' -10, -eWb) (K + dat.)
to condemn to, sentence to
npMroHAfrb ' (28) -10, -ewb (+ ace.) to
drive
npMroToBlMTb P (16) -nlO, -MWb
(roToBMTb ' ) (+ ace.) to prepare; to
cook
npMA8TCR P (20) (see npMMTMcb P ) it will
be necessary
npy, npMAiWb - see npMMTMP
npMAYM8I'rbp (24) -10, -8Wb
(npMAYMblB8Tb ' ) (+ ace.) to think up,
invent
nPMAYMblB8/'rb' (24) -10, -ewb
(npMAYMBTbP) (+ ace.) to think up,
invent
npM63.q (23) arrival (by transport)
npM8IxsTb P (13) -AY, -AeuJb
(npM83.aTb ' ) to arrive (by transport)
npM83.aJTb ' (13) -10, -8Wb - see
npMexsTb P
npMMTMP (12) nPMAY. nP"Aiwb, past
npMwin npMwnS, npMwno
(npMxoAMTb ' ) to arrive, come
npMiTMcbP(25)npMTCR,pa&
npMwnOcb (npMxoAMTbCR ' ) (+ dat. of
person + inf.) to be necessary I to be
forced to
npMK83 (28) order
npMK838Tb P (13) npMKIDKj,
npM.m.ewb (npMK83blB8Tb ' ) (+ dat.
+ inf) to order someone to do sth
npMK83blBalTb' (13) -10, -eWb
(npMK838Tb P ) (+ dat. + inf.) to order
someone to do sth
npMneT8Irb ' (20) -10, -ewb (npMnereTb P )
to arrive (by air)
npMneh'eTb P (20) -'ft, TMWb - see
npMneT8Tb '
npMMepHo (22) approximately
npMH8CIrMP (12) -y, -iwb, past npMHic,
npMH8Cl18, npMHecno (npMHOCMTb ' )
to bring (by carrying)
npMHMM8Irb ' (27) -10, -ewb (npMHATbP)
(+ ace.) to accept
npwHocMTb' (20) -Howj, -HOcMWb
(npM.-cTM P ) to bring (by carrying)
npMHL4Mn (23) principle
npMHATb P (27) npMMY, npMMewb, past
npMHRn,npMHRn8,npMHRnO
415

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(npMHMMiTb') (+ ace.) to accept
npM06pe1CTMP (27) -Tj, -Tiwb, past
npM06pin, -06pena, -06peno
(npM06peTaTb ' ) (+ ace.) to acquire
npM06peT8Irb' (27) -10, -8Wb
(npM06pecTMP) (+ ace.) to acquire
npMo6aqjhbl (28) -10, -8Wb (
-Y, -MWb) (K + dat.) to introduce (to sth)
npMptwt (17) nature, scenery
npMCTlynMTbP (26) -ynnlb, -jnMWb
(npMetyI181rb ' -10, -ewb) (K + dat.) to
get down to, to start on
npMlxcwnb (20) -xo.y, -XlwtWb
(npMMTMP) to arrive
npMxoAMTbCR ' (25) npMxoAMTCR, past
npMxQAMnocb (npMirrMCbP) (+ dat. of
person + inf) to be necessary, to be
forced to
npM'fMHa (21) (+ gen.) reason (for),
cause (of)
npMwin, npMwna - see npMMTM P
npMwn6cb see npMMTMcb P
npMlqyPfMTbP (30) -10, -8Wb
(npMlqyPMaalTb ' -10, -ewb) to half-
close (one's eyes)
npMkrenb (m) (30) friend
npMAntO (4) pleasant (adv)
npMAntblM (10) pleasant (adD
npo6aBnNrbCR ' (30) -1OCb, -8WbCR to
get by, make do
np06neM8 (21) problem
npoBeAiHlHblM (PPP) (28) conducted,
passed I executed
npoBin - see npoaecn1
npoHplMTbP (21) -10, -MWb (n poasplrrb ')
(+ ace.) to check
npoaepAfrb' (21) -10, -8Wb (n poaBpMTb p)
(+ ace.) to check
npoaelCTMP (21) -Pil, -AiWb, past
npoBin,npoaena,npoaeno
(npoBQAMTb') to conduct; to spend
(time)
npo!BOAMTb ' (17) -BO.y, -B6AMWb
(npoBeCTMP) BpeMR to conduct; to
spend time
nporpaMM8 (27) programme
nporjnu (17) gen.pl. nporjnoK walk
npoABIB8Tb ' (8) -Ib, -iWb (n)
(+ ace.) to sell
npoABB(e)LI (8) gen.sg. npcwlBLIS
sales assistant
nPOADm (24) sale
nPOAiTb like .qaTb, past np6.qan,
npo.qana, np(wtno (npo.qaB8Tb ' )
(+ ace.) to sell
nPOAoBOnbCTBeHHblM (17) food (adD,
grocery
nPOAonJK8ITb ' (11) -10. -8Wb (+ ace.) to
continue sth
npoAOnJK8ITbCR ' (11 ) -eYeR to continue
npoAYKTbl (m.pl) (8) gen.pl. npoAYKTOa
groceries, food
npoe3)K8lrb ' (15) (20) -10, -8Wb
(npoltxaTb P ) to travel to/through/past
npoltKT (29) plan, project
npo!eXaTb P (15) (20) -ep.y, -6.qeWb
(np0e3)1(aTb ' ) to travel to/through/past
npohKe...b P (30) -JKrj, -)IOI(iwb, -.,yr
pastnpo)Kir,nporna,npo)Krn6
(npo)l(Mr8hb P -10, -ewb) to burn
through
npo)I(MB8trb ' (22) -10, -ewb to reside
npo)I(MB8IOIqMM (21) em adD resident
npo>KWrb P (13) -Bj, - aiwb, past
np6)KMn, npo>KMll8, np6)1(tU1o to live
(for a specified period)
npoM30ilTM P (22) -pjIn past npoM30wno
(npoMcxcwnb ' ) to occur
416

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
npoMclxo.qMTb' (22) -xtwrr - see
npoM30Wn1p
npoirrMP(19) npoiAY, npoMAiwb, past
npolwin, -wna, -wno (npoxoAMTb ' )
to go through/past
nponeT8lTbI (20) -10, -8Wb
(nponefrlrrb p ) to fly past or through
npol18TeTb P (20) -'fj, -TMWb - see
nponerilTb'
np6MToBipHbli Msra3MH (17) non-food
goods shop
npoMfblTb P (28) -010, -6ewb
(npoMbIBifrb ' -10, -ewb) to wash
thoroughly
npoMbIWn8HHOCTb (f) (28) industry
npoMblWneHHbli (28) industrial
nponoP4MR (29) proportion
npocMTb' (15) npowy, np6cMwb (no- p )
(+ acc. + inf) to ask s.o. to do sth
npocneKT (4) avenue, prospect (wide
street)
npocTMT8 (3) excuse me/I'm sorry
np6cTo (10) simply
npacToi (18) simple
np6cb6a (21) gen. pI. np6cb6 request
npoTMB (10) (+ gen.) opposite
npoTMBHMK (28) opponent
npoTMBHo (30) disgusting, disgusted
npoTMBOnOnO)l(Hbii (20) opposite (adD
npocl)eccMoHan (16) professional
(noun)
np(19)pln0p8
professor
npox/oAMTb ' (20) -o.y, -OAMWb
(npoiTMP) to go through/past
npoLttHT (22) per cent
npo'tMT8ITb' (13) -10, -eWb ('fMTBTb I )
(+ acc.) to read
np6wnbli (11) previous, last
npoaq8HMe (30) farewell, parting
npb.. (18) simpler
npAMo (5) straight on
npRMOM (12) direct, straight
npirraTb I (28) npA'fY, nplNewb (c-P)
(+ acc.) to hide
nTM48 (18) bird
nycK8/Tb ' (25) -10, -8Wb - see nycn1TW'
nYCTMTb P (25) nyaqy, nYCTMwb
(nycKirb') (+ acc.) to perm; to let in! out
nYCTb (15) let
nYTeBoAMTenb (m) (10) guidebook
nYTew8cTBl0BSTb ' (21) -ytO, -yewb to
travel
nYTb (m) (20) gen./dat./prep./sg. nYTM.
inst.sg. nyyiM, pI. nYTM, gen.pl. nYTei
way
nyroBKa (30) gen.pl. nyroBOK button
nbAHbli (14) drunk
nRTM3TU<Hbli (26) five-floor
nRTH8A48Tb (22.3) fifteen
nkrHM48 (17) Friday
nRTb (22.3) five
nflTbA8CRr (22.3) fifty
nRTbCoT (22.3) five hundred
pa66Ta (6) work
pa66TalTb ' (4) -10, -ewb (no- p ) to work
pa66'li (m adj) (28) worker
paBHO - see see paBHO
paBHOAYWHO (13) with indifference
pi1p/a101bl (29) glad
p8.qM (10) (+ gen.) for the sake of
p8.qMo [0] (n indecl) (5) radio
p8.qOCTb (f) (13) joy
p83 (9) gen.pl. pa3 a time
pa3BeAiHHbiM (27) divorced
PS3B81CTJ4Cb P (19) -AYCb, -AiWbCR, past
pa3BincR,pa3BenaCb
417

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(pa3Bo.qMTbCR') to get divorced
pa38MTMe (21) development
pa3B6A (14) divorce
pa3lBoAMTbCR 1 (19) -BO.yCb,
-BOAMWbCR, (pS3B8CTMCb P ) to get
divorced
pa3roaapMB8ITb ' (16) -10, -8Wb to
converse. talk
pa3roBop (10) conversation
pa3A8uiTeCb (11) take your coat off;
undress
pa3A8llMTbP (21) pa3A8nlO,
pa3A8nMwb (paR/Tb' -10, -ewb)
(+ ace.) to share, to divide up
pa3Mep (10) size, dimension
pa3Hoo6pa3_ (29) variety
pi3HbIM (9) various
pa3pew8ITb ' (15) -10, -eWb (pa3f)8WMTb P )
(+ dat.) to allow (someone)
pa3pewlMTb P (15) -V, -MWb (+ dat.) - see
pa3peW8Tb '
paHO (16) early
paHbwe (16) before; earlier
pscnaA8/TbCR ' (22) -eTCR (pacn8CTbCRP
pacncR,pastpacn8ncR,
pacnanacb) to break up
pacnonsr8fTbCR ' (29) -eYCR to be
situated, placed
pacnon6>KeHialolbl (29) situated
pacnpaBnWrbCR ' (28) -lOCb, -ewbCR
(pacnpaBlMTbCR -nlOCb, -MWbCR)
(c + inst.) to deal with
pacnp0CTp8HiHHblM (23) common.
widespread
paccePAM"rbCRP - see cePAMTbCR ' to
get angry
pacceRHHblM (19) absent-minded
paCCKiS38Tb P (12) -8>Kj, -a.ewb
(paCCK83bIBaTb ' ) to tell, talk
paCCK83bIB8frb' (12) -10, -ewb
(paCCK838Tb P ) to tell, talk
pacJn11 (24) -Tj, -T6wb, past pOe,
poena, poeno (B bl- P ) to grow
pe8nbHbli (27) real, real-life
pe6iH(O)K (10) pI. - see .q8TM child
peBOnlO4MoHep (16) revolutionary
peBOnK)L,lttR (16) revolution
p8AKMi (18) rare
p83KO (28) sharply
P83ynbT8T (27) result
peK8 (7) ace. p8Ky, pI. peKM. dat. pI.
peK8M river
peKnaMS (27) advertising, publicity
peMOHT (21) repair(s). maintenance
pecTOpaH (5) restaurant
pecl)6pMa (28) reform
peW8ITb ' (13) -10, -eWb (pewMTb P )
(+ ace.) to decide; to solve
peweHMe (27) decision
pewiTKS (29) gen.pl. peWiTOK grille,
railing, decorated ironwork
pewMTenbHO (28) resolutely, with
determination
pewlMTb P (13) -V, -MWb (peW8Tb') (+ ace.)
decide; to solve
pOBHO (17) precisely; evenly
pOAMHa (21 ) (Ha) homeland
poAMTenM (9) (sg. poAMTenb m)
parents
POAMTbCR P (13) past pQAMnCfl,
poAMnacb, poAMnMcb to be born
po.qtt6M (28) own (of family relationships);
native
po*AeHMe (17) birth
po38TKa (21) gen. pI. poo8TOK elecricity
socket, power point
p6nb (f) (24) gen.pl. ponei role
poM8H (13) novel; love affair
418

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
POCCMR (4) Russia
py6nb (m) (3) gen.sg. py6nR rouble
pyKlI (22) ace. PYKY pI. PYKM, PYK8M
hand, arm
PYCCKaR (f adj) a Russian woman
PYCCKMM (7) (9) Russian; a Russian
(man)
pbl6a (10) fish
pbl6HbiM (10) fish (adj)
Pbl)I(MK (28) saffron milk-cap
(mushroom)
pbIH(O)K (8) (Ha) market
PRAOM (7) (16) (c + inst.) nearby; beside
C (10) + gen.; (16) + inst.; + gen. off,
from; + inst. with
ca.q (5) prep. B C8Ay, pI. ca.qbl garden,
orchard
C8AMTbCR ' (15) cmKYCb, C8AMWbCR
(cecTb P ) to sit down; to take
(transport)
canST (12) salad
C8M (m)/C8M8 (f)/caMo (n)/c8MM (pi) (13)
(T 4) oneself (emphatic)
caMoaap (21) samovar. urn
C8MOA8J).aBM8 (28) autocracy
caMoneT (20) aeroplane
C8MOCTORTenbHO (24) independently
('self standing')
caMblM (18) very; most (forms
superlative)
caxap (8) sugar
c66ra/'rb P (20) -10, -eWb (68raTb l ) to run
there and back
C6pbl3Hyrb P (28) to sprinkle (with liquid)
CB8Ab6a (22) (gen.pl.) cB8.qe6 wedding
CB8)1(Mi (8) fresh
CBepHYrb P (20) cBepHY, caepHiwb
(CBOp8'fMB8Tb') to turn
CBeTocI»6P (19) traffic light
cBMA8HM8 (9) meeting. rendezvous
CB066AHbIM (10) free
CB6M (21) own
CBOp8'fMB8fTb P (20) -10, -ewb
(CaepttYrb P ) to turn
CBRTOi (23) (m adD saint; holy. sacred
crop61MTbCRP (30) -nlOCb, -MWbCR
(r6p6MTbCR ' ) to hunch up
CAS'fa (9) change (money returned)
CA8na/'rb P (12) -10, -eWb (AenaTb ' )
(+ ace.) to do; to make
ce6R (21) self
c8Bep (18) (Ha) north
c8BepHbli (18) northern
cerOAHR (7) [sye-6d.nya] today
ceM'f8C (6) now. at the moment
ceKpeTSpb (m) (15) gen. sg. ceKpeTapR
secretary (male or female)
ceMeMHblM (22) family (adD
ceMH8A48Tb (22.3) seventeen
ceMb (22.3) seven
c8MbA8CRT (22.3) seventy
ceMbCoT (22.3) seven hundred
ceMbR (12) pI. ceMbM. gen.pl. ceMeM ,
dat.pl. ceMbRM family
ceHTR6pb (m) (17) gen.sg. ceHTR6pA
September
cePAMTbCR ' (11) cep>KjCb, c8PAMWbCR
(pac-P) to be angry
c8pA48 (15) gen.pl. cePAe4 heart
cep&AMHa (26) middle
cepb83HO (19) seriously
cecTp8 (14) pl. CiCTpbl cecTip
cicTpaM CiCTpSMM cicTpax
sister
cecTb P (15) CRp,y, CI\qeWb past cen,
cens (ca.qMTbCR 1 ) to sit down; (Ha
+ ace.) to take (transport)
419

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
C8Tb (f) (21) gen.pl. C8T8i network; circuit
CM6Mpb (f) (3) Siberia
CMA{m,' (14) CM.y, CMAMWb (no- p ) to
sit. be sitting
CK8JKMTe (4) see cKa38Tb tell/say
(imperative' form)
cKa38Tb P (12) CK8>Kj, cKiMewb
(roBOpMTb') to say
CKaMeiK8 (26) gen.pl. CKaM8eK bench
(dim. of cKaMbR 'bench')
CKI10H (29) slope
CKOBOpoAS (28) pI. CKOBOPOAbl, gen.pl.
CKOBOpOA. dat.pl. CKOBOpoASM
frying-pan
cKonbKo (9) (+ gen.) how much. how
many
CKOpo (20) soon
CKY'tHO (14) [sko'o-Ibna] boring. it's
boring
CnBAoCTb (f) (30) sweetness
cneaa (15) on the left
cn6AYIOMi (8) following, next
cn83ll (30) pI. cnubl gen.pl. cni3.
dat.pl. cn838M tear
cnMwKoM (10) too (excessively)
cnoaapb (m) (10) gen.sg. cnoBapR
dictionary
cn6Bo (8) pI. cnoB8 word
cnMTb' (30) cny>Kj, cnY.MWb (no- P )
to serve
cnj'tai (22) gen.pl. cnj'taeB case
cnY'taiHo (24) by chance
cnY'llMTbCRP (16) -MTCR (cnY't8frbCR '
-eTCR) (c + inst.) to happen (to)
cnywalTb ' (12) -10, -ewb (no- p ) (+ ace.)
to listen to
cnblwlaTb ' (11) -y, -MWb (y_P) (+ ace.) to
hear
cnblwHo (14) audible
CM8I38Tb P (28) -Jlty, -)I(ewb
(cMa3blaaITb' -10, -ewb) to grease
CMePTb (f) (17) gen.pl. cMePTei death
CM8T8H8 (3) sour cream
cMew8frbP (28) -10, -8Wb (CMewMBafrb'
-10, eWb) to mix
CMeWHO (23) (it's) funny
CM8RTbCR ' (11) CMelOcb, CMelWbCR
(38- P ) to laugh
CMOTpeTb ' (11) CMOYpIO, CMOYpMWb
(no- P ) (H8) + ace.) to watch; look (at)
CMO'fb P (13) CMOrY, CMO>KeWb, CMOryr,
past cMor, cMorna, cMorno, cMornM
(MO'fb ' ) to be able (to), manage (to)
CH8'fana (16) fi rst. at first
CHer (20) prep. B cHerY, pI. cHeri snow
CHMM8ITb ' (30) -10, -eWb (CHRTb P ) to take
off
CHOB8 (17) again
CHOM - see COH
CHRTb P (30) CHMMY, cHMMewb, f past
cHRna (cHMMaTb l ) (+ ace.) to take
oft
co = C before c + consonant. MHOi,
acero,aC8M,sc8uM,BC8X
cooaKa (10) dog
C06Mpi/Tb ' (26) -10, -ewb (co6piITbP) to
collect, gather
C06Mpi/TbCR ' (26) -lOeb, -eWbCR (+ inf)
to intend to
c066i - see ce6R self
c066p BacMnMR 6n8>KeHHOrO (15) St
Basil's on Red Square ('the Cathedral
of Vasilii the Blessed')
cOOp8Tb P (26) co6epy, co6epiWb f past
c06pana (C06MpaTb ' ) to gather
C66cTB8HHbIM (21) own. personal
COB8THMK (30) adviser
CoB8TCKMi Colb3 (22) Soviet Union
420

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
cOBpeMeHHbii (13) modern,
contemporary
cOBCeM (10) completely
COBCeM HeY (+ gen.) none at all
corn8cMe (28) agreement
c cornacMR (28) (+ gen.) with the
agreement of
cOA8P.aHMe (27) content(s)
C08AMHiHHble WTirrbl AM6pMKM (12)
United States of America
CO>K8J1eHMe (10) regret
K CO>K8J1eHMIO (10) unfortunately
C03A8IB8Tb' (17) -10, -iwb (coo.q{rrb P )
(+ ace.) to create
c03A8HMe (28) creation
C03A8Tb P (17) like A8Tb, past c63Aan,
C03A8I18, c63Aan0 (C03A8B8Tb') to
create
cownt p (20) -AY, -AiWb, past cowin,
cowna, cown6 (CXOAMTb ' ) (20)
(c + gen.) to get off, down
COK (10) juice
coniHblM (28) salted, pickled
c6nb (f) (28) gen.pl. coneM salt
COI1t1HKa (28) solianka (spicy cabbage
dish)
C(O)H (17) sleep, dream
COpoK (22.3) forty
coc8A (11) pI. coc8AM gen.pl. Coc8AeM
neighbour
Coc6AHMM (20) neighbouring, next
cnanbHR (7) gen.pl. cnaneH bedroom
cnacM60 (3) (38 + ace.) thank you (for)
cnaTb' (16) CMIO, cnMWb (no- p ) to sleep
CneKTBK1Ib (m) (22) performance, show
cnetcynRHT (24) speculator (black
marketeer)
cnenblM (30) ripe
Cne4M8nMCT (18) specialist
Cn8'4MSnbHO (18) specially
cnewlMTb ' (24) -V, -MWb (no- p ) to hurry
cnMHa (30) ace. cnMHY, pI. cnMHbl back
cn6plMTb ' (27) -10, -MWb (no- p ) to argue,
dispute
cn0c66HOCTb (f) (28) ability
cnoc66CTBOBaTb ' (28) (+ dat.) to assist,
facilitate
cnpaBK8 (24) gen.pl. cnpaBoK (piece
of) information
cnpawMsatrb ' (13) -10, -ewb
(cnpocMTbP) to ask (a question)
cnpocMTb P (13) cnpowy, cnp6cMwb
- see cnpawMBaTb '
cnpRfraTb P (21) -'fY, -'f8Wb (nplmrrb')
(+ ace.) to hide
cnpWraTbCRP (30) -'fYCb, -'f8WbCR
(npATaTbCR') (38 + ace.) to hide
behind
cnycK8ITbCSI ' (15) -1OCb, -ewbCSI
(cnycTMTbCSlP) to go down
cnycTMTbCRP(29)cnyycb,cny-
CTMWbCR (cnycK8TbCR ' ) to go down
cnycn1 (28) later
CnYTHMK (16) travelling companion
cpaBHlMTb P (22) -10, -MWb (CpaBHMaalTb'
-10, -ewb) to compare
Cp83Y (Me) (21) immediately
cp&A8 (17) ace. cI)8Ay, pI. Cp6.qbI,
dat.pl. Cp&A8M Wednesday
cp&A14 (17) (+ gen.) among
CI)8AHMM (10) average; middle
CpOK (23) period of time; time limit
Cp6'lHO (21) urgently
CpO'fHblM (19) urgent
CT8AM6H (20) (Ha) stadium
CTaKsH (25) glass, tumbler
CTBHloBMTbCR ' (16) -OBntOcb, -OBMWbCR
(CTaTttP) (+ inst.) to become
421

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
CT8H4MR (7) (He) station (on metro or in
country)
CTapMK (26) gen.sg. CTapMKS old man
CTaPYWK8 (26) gen.pl. CTapyweK old
woman
CT8pWMM (18) elder; senior
CT8pbli (7) old
CT8TCKMM COB8THMK (30) Councillor of
State
CT8Tb P (16) CT8HY, cT8Hewb
(CT8HOBMTbCR ' ) (+ inst.) to become;
to start (P only)
CTaTbR (26) gen.pl. CTaT8M article
CTeH8 (16) ace. cTeHY, pI. cT8Hbl, dat.pl.
cTeH8M wall
CTeneHb (1) (17) gen.pl. CTeneHei
degree, extent
CTMnb (m) (21) style
CTMXM (23) (pI. of CTMX) gen.pl. CTMXOB
poetry
CTO (22.3) hundred
CTOMTb' (9) (24) CTOMT, CTORT to cost; to
be worth
He CTOMT (+ inf) it's not worth
CT6n (16) gen.sg. CTona table
cTonoBbli (28) table (adD
CTOnOH8'fSnbHMK (30) (old word) head
of civil-service section
CTonbKo (10) (+ gen.) so much, so many
CTopoHa (15) ace. CTOpoHY, pI.
crOpottb l gen.pl. CTop6H side, direction
CTORTb ' (11 ) CTotO, CTOMWb (no- P ) to
stand
CTp8Ha (12) pl. CTp8Hbl country
CTp8HHO (20) strange; it's strange
CTp8I1(e)'4 (28) gen.sg. CTp8I1bqi
strelets
CTpeMlMTbCA' (22) -nlbcb, MWbCA (K +
dat.) to strive, try for
CTp6MTb (11) CTp6IO, CTpOMWb (no- p )
to build
CTp6MTbCR ' (11 ) CTp6MTCR to be built
('build itself')
CTyAeHT (22) student
cTYn (29) pI. cTjnbR. gen.pl. crynb8B
chair
/aTbI (25) -V, -MWb (no- p ) (B + ace)
to knock (at)
CTblAHO (14) shameful, it's shameful
cy666Ta (14) Saturday
cy6TpOnM'l8CKMM (29) subtropical
CY3MTbCR P (30) CY3MTCR (cY>KMB8ITbCA '
-eTeR) to become narrow
cYMKa (24) gen.pl. CYMOK bag,
shopping bag
cyneP3Be3A8 (27) superstar
cynpyr (22) male spouse, husband
(formal word)
cynpYra (27) female spouse, wife
(formal word)
CYrKM (f pI.) (23) gen.pl. cy,.OK twenty-
four hours
cyxapb (m) (28) gen.sg. CyxapA rusk
CYWiHbli (28) dried
CyaqecTBlOB8Tb ' (22) -YIO, -jewb (npo-p)
to exist
CXaan4Tb P (25) CXB8'fY, CXB8TMWb
(XB8T8frb ' or CXB8TbIB8lTb' -10, -ewb)
(+ ace. 38 + ace.) to seize (s.o. by sth)
cxoAMTbP (20) cxo.y, CXOAMWb
(cxo.qMTbl) to go on foot (there and
back)
CXOAMTb ' (20) cxo.y, CXOAMWb
(coiTMP) (+ gen.) to get off, go down
from
C'I8c'rIIe (12) (26) [shsh8-] happiness, luck
K CN8CTblO (12) fortunately
CNMT8/Tb' (13) -10, -ewb (+ ace. + inst.)
422

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
to consider, count (sth as sth)
C'bi)K/MTbCRP (30) -YCb, -MWbCR
(C'biMMBatrbCRI -tOeb, -ewbCA) to
shrivel, shrink
C'bUAMTbP (20) C'b83>Ky, C'b63AMWb
(83.qMTb ' ) to travel (there and back)
C'b8CTb P - see ecTb ' to eat
CblH (6) pI. CbIHOBbR. gen.pl. CbIHOB8M,
dat.pl. CblHOBbAM son
Cblp (8) cheese
ct0A8 (17) here (motion)
cIOpnpM3 (10) surprise
T8MHbIM COBtrrHMK (30) Privy Councillor
TaK (6) so
TaK K8K (10) since (because)
TaK 'I TO (26) so, so that
TSlOKe (7) also, in addition
TaKoi (10) such
TaKcM (n) (3) taxi
TaM (5) there
TSnO'fKM (11) gen.pl. T8nO'feK slippers
TapenK8 (20) gen.pl. Tap8noK plate
TacK8Irb ' (mv) (20) -10, -8Wb to drag
TaaqKrb ' (u) (20) Taaqy, TSIqMWb (no- p )
to drag
TBOi (6) (T6) your
Te8TP (7) theatre
TeaTp8nbHblM (27) theatre (adD
Te6R see Tbl (T 4) you
T8l1eBM30p (13) television set
Te"'H (15) telephone
TeM - inst. of TOT
TeMa (16) theme, topic
Tenepb (4) now
Tenno (14) it's warm
Tennbli (7) warm
Tepn8Tb ' (21) Tepnnlb, T6pnMwb to
endure; to be patient
TeppMTopMR (18) territory
TecHO (25) crowded; tight
TeX - gen.pl. of TOT
Tiaqa (19) mother-in-law (wife's mother)
TMXMM (18) quiet
TMXO (14) quiet, it's quiet
TMwe (18) quieter
TMWMH8 (17) silence, quiet
TO (12) then (in that case)
TO ecTb (22) that is
TO, 'lT0 (26) the fact that
To66i see Tbl (T 4) you
ToBilpMU4 (25) comrade, friend
Tor.qa (12) at that time, in that case
Tor.q8wHMi (23) (call) then (adj)
TOMe (4) too
TonCTbli (30) fat
TonbKo (8) only
TonbKo 'I TO (15) (+ past) just (= very
recently)
TOMsT-nlOpe (28) tomato puree
TOH (30) tone
TOHKMi (30) thin
ToproB(e)4 (24) (+ inst.) trader (dealing
in)
ToproBnR (28) trade
TOp)l(8cTB8HHbli (29) grand, splendid,
majestic
TOT (7) (T 4) that
TOT )l(e (28) (T 4) the same
TO'fHO (9) exactly
TP8MB8i (15) gen.pl. TpaMB8eB tram
Yp86/0B8Tb ' (21) -YIO, -yeWb (no J )
(+ gen.) to demand
Tp8TMM (7) third (T6)
TpeTb (f) (22) gen.pl. TpeT8M a third
TJ)ix - gen. of TpM
TPM (22.3) three
TPMAL¥lTb (22.3) thirty
423

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
TPMHTb (22.3) thirteen
TpMCTa (22.3) three hundred
Tp6ralTb' (16) -10, -eWb (Tp6H/yTbP -Y
-SWb) ( + ace.) to touch (s.o./sth)
Tp6e (22.10) three
1'p08KpaTHO (30) thrice, three times
1'pOMHOM (29) triple
TponneM6yc (4) trolley bus
TPYA (26) gen.sg. TPYAB work
TPYAHO (14) difficult. it's difficult
TPYAHOCTb (f) (24) difficulty
TPYAHblM (13) difficult
TYaneT (5) toilet
TYanMHaR 6YMara (21) toilet paper
TYA8 (9) there (motion 'thither')
TjnoBM1q8 (30) body, torso
TYMSH (11) mist, fog
TYPrpynna (21) tourist group
TYPMCT (15) tourist
TYT (25) here
Tjcl»nM (21) (f pI.) gen.pl. Tjcl»enb
shoes, house shoes
TYWeHMe (28) stewing
TYW8HbiM (28) stewed
TYWMTb' (28) TYwy, TjWMWb (no- p ) to
stew
Tbl (4) you (T4)
TbICR'f8 (9) (22) thousand
TR)I(8nbiM (28) heavy, hard
Y (10) (+ gen.) near; by; at the house of;
chez
y6er8/Tb P (20) -10, -eWb (y6e>K8Tb P ) to
run away
y6eI>K8Tb P (20) -rj, -)I(MWb, -rjT
(y6er8frb P ) to run away
yaa>K8eMblM (26) respected
YB8)I(8frb ' (21) -10, -ewb (+ ace.) to
respect
yeHMe(26) respect
YBWp,eTbP (12) ->Ky, -AMWb (BMAen»J)
(+ ace.) to see, (past) to catch sight of
YBneKifrbCR ' (16) -1OCb, -SWbCR ( + inst.)
to be keen on, enthusiastic about
yr(o)n (19) prep. BlHa yrny, gen.sg.
yrna corner
yp.enNrb' (28) -10, -eWb (yp.enJKrbP-tO,
-MWb) BHMM8HMe (+ dat.) to pay
attention to
YAMBlMTbP (27) -nib, -MWb (YAMBI1Mb ' )
(+ ace.) to surprise (s.o.)
YAMBlMTbCRP (26) -ntOcb, -MWbCR
(YAMBnATbCR') to be surprised
YAMBn8HHO (26) with surprise
YAM BnNTb ' (27) -10, -ewb - see
YAMBMTb P
YAMBnNrbcR' (26) -1OCb, -SWbCR ( +
dat.) - see YAMBMTbcRP
YAoBonbCTBMe (16) pleasure,
satisfaction
Ye3)1(8/Tb1 (14) -10, -eWb (yexaTbP) to
leave (by transport)
yexaTb P (14) y6p.y, y8AeWb - see
Ye3.aTb '
y>Ke (6) already
y>Ke He (24) no longer
y>Ke HeT (11) (+ gen.) there is/are no
more
Y.MH (16) supper
Y.MHalTb ' (16) -10, -SWb (no- p ) to have
supper
y3(e)n (30) gen.sg. Y3J18 bundle
Y3HalB8Tb ' (28) -10, -ewb (Y3HSTb P ) to
find out; to recognize
Y3H8frb P (28) -10, -eWb (pHaB8Tb') to
find out; to recognize
yiTMP (12) YMAY, YiAiWb, past ywen,
ywn8, ywno (YXOAMTb ' ) to leave
424

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
YKpaMHa (5) (Ha) Ukraine
YKp8/CMTb P (29) -wy, -CMWb
(YKpaW8frb ' -10, -ewb) to adorn
YKP8nneHMe (28) strengthening
VKCYC (28) vinegar
vnM48 (4) (Ha) street
ynbl68frbCR ' (11) -1OCb, -ewbCSI
(ynbI6tt/YTbCRP -VCb, -iwbCR) to
smile
ynbl6Ka (26) gen. pI. ynbl60K smile
 (13) -10,'" (+ inf) to know how to
YMMpil/Tb ' (23) -10, -SWb (yuep8Tb P ) to
die
VMHblM (18) clever
YMCTBeHHblM (28) mentar
YHeclTMP (27) -V, -iwb, past yHic,
YH8Cnil, YHeCno (YHOCMTb ' ) (+ ace.)
to carry away
YHMBepcMTeT (5) university
YHM'fTO)l(eHMe (28) annihilation
YHOCMTb l (27) YHOWY, YHOcMWb
(YH8CTMP) (+ ace.) to carry away
yna.qM (15) - see ynacTb
ynilcTb P yna.qy, yna.qiwb, past ynan,
ynana (n8AaTb' -10, -ewb) to fall
ynp8)KHeHMe (3) exercise
Ypan (17) (Ha) the Urals
vpoB(e)Hb (m) (26) gen.sg. yPoBHR level
YPO*AiHHaR (30) nee (indicating
maiden name)
YpOK (16) (Ha) lesson
ypoHMTb P (30) ypoHIb, ypOHMWb
(poHNTb ' -10, -ewb) (+ ace.) to drop
ycn6BMe (28) condition
ycnblwlaTb P (20) -y, -MWb (cnbIWaTb ' )
(+ ace.) to hear
ycneB8hb ' (15) -10, -SWb (ycnMb P )
(+ inf) to have time (to do sth)
ycnetrb P -10, -SWb - see ycneuTb '
YCTaB8Tb ' (15) YCTalb, YCTaiwb
(YCTaTb P ) to get tired
ycT8fr (15) -Hy, -HeWb - see YCTaB8Tb '
yCTpilMB8ITb ' (21) -10, -SWb (yCTp6MTb P )
(+ ace.) to organize (sth); to suit (s.o.)
yCTpeMlMTbP (30) -nib, MWb
(YCTpeMnNTb' -10, -SWb) to direct,
fasten (one's .gaze)
yCTpOlMTb P (21) -10, -MWb - see
YCTpSMBaTb '
yC1jnKa (30) gen.pl. yC1jnoK price
reduction; concession
YrPo (3) gen.sg. y-rpa, but Aoic yrpa, pI.
jTpa, gen.pl. YTP, dat.pl. jTpaM but
no YTpSM morning
YrPoM (16) in the morning
po (25) pI. YWM ear
YXOAMTb ' (12) yxo.y, yx6AMWb (YMTMP)
to go away
YXYAwlMTbCR P (28) -MTCJI
(YXYAW8frbCR ' - eTCH) to get worse
Y'tiCTBloBaTb ' (27) -YIO, -yeWb
(B + prep.) to participate in
Y'f8HMK (30) gen.sg. Y'4eHMKiI pupil
Y'4MTenb (m) (16) pI. Y'4MTenit teacher,
schoolteacher
Y'4MTb ' (13) Y'4Y, j'fMWb (Bbl- P ) to learn
Y'4MTbCR ' (13) Y'4YCb, j'fMwbCR to study
(somewhere)
Y'4pe-.qeHMe (23) institution; office
YwKO (25) pI. YwKM. goo.pl. jweK little ear
cl»aMMnMR (6) surname
(29) fa9ade
clJeBp8nb (m) (17) gen.sg. clJeBp&nit
February
cl»M3M'f8CKMM (28) physical
cl»MnbM (11) film
cl»MpMa (23) firm, company
425

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
niPAop8H)1( (30) orange blossom
(scent)
paHLW3CKMM (18) French
cl»PYKT (8) a piece of fruit
cl»YHT (9) pound (weight and currency)
ypluKKa (30) gen.pl. ypi>KeK
peaked cap
x6pec (30) sherry
xne6 (8) bread
xQAMTb I (mv) (9) (20) xo.y, XOMWb to
go on foot (there and back)
x03I1MH (25) pI. X03AeBa gen.pl. X03AeB
host, owner, master
xonOA (11) cold
xonoAi4nbHMK (13) refrigerator
xonoAHo (14) it's cold; coldly
xon6.qHblM (7) cold
XOPOW8HbKO (30) properly, well and
truly
XOp6WMM (8) good
xopowo (4) well
XOT8Tb ' (12.5) XO'fY, x6'lewb, x6'leT,
XOTMM, XOTMTe, xOTIiT (38- p ) to want
XOTb (23) even
XOTR (16) although
xYA8HbKMM (30) thin
XYOM (18) thin
xj)Ke (18) worse
L48p8BM'f (28) son of a tsar
L48Pb (m) (5) gen.sg. L48pll tsar (emperor)
4BeT (21) pI. 4B8Ta colour
4en10B8Tb ' (26) -YIO, -yewb (no- p )
(+ ace.) to kiss
4Mb (f) (28) goal, aim
48Ha (10) ace. 4eHY, pI. 48Hbl price
48HTP (5) centre
Ll8HYpinbHblM (20) central
48PKOBb (f) (24) gen./dat./prep.sg.
Ll8PKBM, inst. .PKOBblO, pI. 48PKBM,
pKB8M,48PKB8M,pKBiMM,
'48f)KBix church
4MBMnM38L1MR (28) civilization
'laM (3) tea
'faMHMK (21) kettle; teapot
'laC (6) gen.sg. 'fica but AB&'yPMI't8Tblpe
'faca, pI. 'faCbl hour
'faCTO (12) often
'f8CTbIM (21) frequent
'f8CTb (f) (18) gen.pl. 'f8CT6M part
'f8Cbl (17) (pI. of 'lac) watch; clock
'faWKa (21) gen.pl. 'faWeK cup
'f8U48 (18) more often
'fero [chye-v6] gen. of 'lT0
'fenOBeK (18) - pl. see nibAt' person
'feM (18) than; also inst. of 'I TO
'18M - prep. of 'I TO
'feMQA8H (29) suitcase
'feMY - dat. of 'lT0
'fepe3 (6) (+ ace.) through; across; after
(a period of time)
'fipHblM (8) black
'f8Taepr (17) gen.sg. 'feTBepre
Thursday
'f8TB8po (22.10) four
'feTB8pTbIM (15) fourth
'flrrBepTb (f) (22) quarter
'feTblpe (22.3) four
'feTblpecT8 (22.3) four hundred
'feTblpH8A48Tb (22.3) fourteen
'fMHOBHMK (27) bureaucrat
'fMHOnO'fMTaHMe (28) respect for rank,
boot-licking
'fMcnO (17) (22) pI. 'fMCna gen. pI.
'fMcen number; date
B 'fMCne (27) ( + gen.) among
426

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
'fMCTbIM (18) pure, clean
'fMT' (12) -10, -ewb (npo-p) (+ ace.)
to read
'fT6 (3) (5.8) (T4) [shto] what; that
'I TO nM? (10.15) am I? is it? etc.
'fT66bl (21) [sht6-bi] (in order) to
'lT6-nM60 (26) anything whatever
'fT6-HM6YAb (9) anything
'lTO-TO (26) something
'fyaCTBIOB8Tb ' (21) -ytO, -yeWb (no- p )
(+ ace.) to feel (something)
'fYA8cHbIM (17) wonderful
waMnaHcKoe (n adD (12) champagne,
sparkling wine
wanKa (14) gen.pl. wanoK hat (no
brim); cap
wapKH/yTbp (30) -Y, -eWb (wapKalTb ' -10,
-ewb) to shuffle
wecTH8ATb (22.3) sixteen
WecTb (22.3) six
WecTbAKRT (22.3) sixty
WecTbC6T (22.3) six hundred
WMpe (18) wider
wMp6KMM (18) wide
WMpo't8MWMM (30) widest
wKona (7) school
wOKon8A (3) chocolate
wocl»iP (13) driver
wyYKa (30) thing, piece
WYMHO (14) noisy, it's noisy
WYMHblM (26) noisy
WYTMTb ' (23) wY'fY, WyYMWb (no- p ) to
joke
wyYKa (11) gen.pl. WyYOK joke
aqironb (m) (30) dandy
&qM (pi) (1) gen. Iq8M, dat. U48M, inst.
aqaMM, prep. aqax cabbage soup
3K38MeH (23) (Ha) examination
3KOHOMM'feCKMM (28) economic
3KCKjpcMR (17) excursion
3neKTp06pMTB8 (21) electric razor
3MMrpMplOBaTb1 P (23) -YIO, -yeWb to
emigrate
3HeprMR (28) energy
3n6xa (23) era, epoch
3pMMTiuK (11) the Hermitage
3TiuK (7) (Ha) gen.sg. 3T8>K8 floor,
storey
3TO (3) this/thaVit
3TOT (7) (T 4) this
.or (14) (Ha) south
IO)I(HblM (18) southern
51 (4) I (T 4 )
I16eAHM'falTb' (30) -10, -ewb to tell tales,
sneak
116noKo (30) pI. it6noKM, gen.pl. 116noK
apple
51 BnWrbcR' (16) -lOeb, -ewbCfl (+ inst.)
to be
RMLl6 (8) [yee-ts6] pI. ilMLI8. gen.pl. RMLI,
dat. pI. IIMLI8M egg
RM'fHML18 (16) rye esh-nee-tsa] fried
eggs
RHUpb (m) (17) gen.sg. RHBapll
January
R3bIK (4) gen.sg. R3blKa language
427

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
This quick-reference list will enable you to trace any Russian word
you may have forgotten since you met it in one of the lessons. For more
grammatical infonnation about the Russian words, refer to the
Russian-English list.
Abbreviations:
acc. accusative m masculine
adj adjective n neuter
adv adverb nom. nominative
coli colloquial usage past past tense
comp comparative p perfective
dat. dative pI. plural
dim diminutive pol.pl. polite plural
f feminine ppp past passive participle
fam familiar prep. prepositional
fut. future tense pres. present tense
gen. geniti ve sg. singular
1 imperfective 8.0. someone
imper imperative sth something
indecl indeclinable T Grammatical Table
inf infinitive (see pages 378-86)
inst. instrumental
428

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
ability cnoc66HocTb (f) 28
about 0 (5) + prep.
above HSA (16) + inst.
abroad 38 rp8HM.M (28) (place);
38 rpaHM4Y (28) (motion)
absent-minded pacceRHHbli (19)
accent aK48HT (23)
accept npMHMM8Tb ' (27) (npMHRTb P )
according to no (12) + dat.
achieve AOC)MB8TbcR ' (28) (Ao6MTbCR P)
acquaintance 3H8KoMaR (f adj.) (26),
3HaK6Mbii (m adj.) (26)
acquire npM06peTilTb ' (27)
(npM06pecTMP)
across 'fepe3 (6) + ace.
actor aKTep (27)
actress SKTpMca (27)
add A06sBnlrrb i (28) (A06aBMTb P ),
npM6aBnRTb t (28) (npM6iBMTb P )
address ilApec (26)
Admiralty AAMMpanTeicTBo (29)
admirer nOKnoHHMK (27)
advanced neoBoi(28)
adviser cOBeTHMK (30)
aeroplane caMoniT (20)
Africa ApMKa (27)
after (a period of time) epe3 (6) + ace.
after nocne (10) + gen.
again eaqi pa3 (15), Onfrrb, CHOB8
(17)
aged npecrapenbli (23)
agent ar8HT (27)
ago Hs38A (13)
agree (reach agreement)
AorosapltB8TbCR ' (19)
(,qoroBopMTbCRP)
agreement cornacMe (28)
aim 4enb (f) (28)
airmail envelope aBMsKoHB8pT (10)
all B8Cb (11) (T 4)
allow pa3peW8Tb' (15) (pa3peWMTb P )
allowed: it's allowed M6)1(HO (14)
almost nO'fTM (13)
alone OAMH (m)/oAH8 (f)/OAHO (n) (22)
along no (12) + dat.
already Y'K8 (6)
also (in adition) KpoMe Toro (12),
TalOK8 (7)
although XOTR (16)
always BcarAB (8)
America AM8pMKa (13)
American (adj.) 8MepMKaHCKMi (7)
American (man) aMepMK8H(e)4 (8)
American (woman) SMepMK8HKa (18)
among Cp8AM (17) + gen.
ancient ApeBHMM (18)
and M (4)
and/but (slight contrast) a (3)
angry rHeBHbli (21)
animal (wild) 3Bepb (m) (18)
annihilation YHM'fTo*eHMe (28)
anniversary rOAoBaqMH8 (14)
announce 06'bRBnRTb' (27)
(06'bRBMTb P ), 38J1BnRTb' (21)
(38RBMTb P )
announcement 06'bRBn8HM (2)
answer OTBtNaTb ' (13) (OTB8TMTb P )
any (any kind of) KaKoi-HM6YAb (26),
(anyone you like) nlO66i (15),
(none at all) HMKaKoi (24)
anyone KTO-HM6YAb(26)
anything 'fT6-HM6YAb (9), (anything
whatever) 'fT6-nM60 (26)
anywhere (motion) KYA8-HM6YAb (26)
429

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
anywhere (place) rA6-HM6YAb (26)
apart from Kp6118 (10)
apartment KBapripa (7)
apologize M3BMHRTbCR ' (19)
(M38MHlfrbCRP)
applaud annoAMpouTb' (27)
apple R6noKo (8)
application 38J1Bn8HM8 (22)
approximately oKono (10) + gen.,
npMM8pHo (22)
April anpenb (m) (17)
architectural 8pxMTeKTYPHbii (29)
argue cnopMTb' (27) (no.p)
arm PYKa (22)
arrival (by transport) npM63A (23)
arrive (by air) npMneTaTb' (20)
(npMneT8Tb P )
arrive (by transport) npM83.aTb' (13)
(npMex8Tb P )
arrive (on foot) npMXOAMTb ' (12)
(npMiTMP)
article CT8TbR (26)
as far as AO (9)
as for 'I TO KacaeTCR + gen.
Asia A3MR (18)
ask (a question) CnpaWMB8Tb' (13)
(cnpocMTb P )
ask (s.o. to do sth) npocMTb' (15)
(no.p)
assignment KOIl8HAMp6BK8 (19)
astound owenoMnRTb ' (30)
(owenoMMTb P)
at BlHa (4), (at the house of) Y (10)
at the time of (under) npM (5) (28)
+ prep.
atmosphere 8TMOC8 (26)
attached to npM (5) (28) + prep.
attention BHMMaHM8 (24)
attitude OTHow8HMe (21)
attractive KpaCMBO (14) I KpaCMBWM
(7)
August aBrycT (17)
author eBTop (21 )
authorities BnacTIl (f pI.) (24)
autocracy C8MoA8P*aBMe (28)
autumn 6ceHb (f) (16)
avenue npocneKT(4)
average Cp8AHMM (10)
away from OT (9) + gen.
awkward HeYA06Ho (10)
back (adv.) H838A (13)
back (noun) cnMH8 (30)
backwardness OTCT8nOCTb (f) (28)
bad nnoxoM (8)
bag (handbag) CYMK8 (24), (sack)
Mew(o)K (25)
Baltic Sea 6anTMMcKoe M6pe (11 )
banana 6aH8H (10)
bank 68per (18)
bar 6ap (18)
barber's napMKM8xepcK8R (f.adj.)
(23)
bathroom B8HH8S1 (f.adj.) (7)
bay 6jxTa (29)
be 6WTb' (11), (repeatedly/often)
6blB8Tb' (23), ABnATbCR ' (16)
be able M6'fb' (13) (15) (c- P )
be afraid 60RTbCR' (15)
be angry cePAMTbCR ' (11) (p8C.P)
be born pOAMTbCRP (13)
be called (of thing) Ha3b1B8TbCR' (11)
be interested MHTepecOB8TbCR' (16)
(38- P)
be keen on YBneKaTbCR' (16)
be patient TepneTb ' (21) (no.p)
be situated HaxoAMTbCR ' (15)
be surprised YAMBnRTbcR ' (26)
430

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
(YAMBMTbCRP)
be upset nepe)l(MB8Tb ' (24)
beard 60P0A8 (28)
beautiful KpacMBo (14), KpaCMBbii
(7), npeKpacHbii (24)
beau KpacoTa(11)
because nOToMY 'I TO (12)
because of M3-38 (11 )
become free ocBo6oJKAiTbCJ1 1 (15)
(ocBo60MTbCRP)
become CTSHOBMTbCR' (16) (CT8Tb P )
bed KpOB8Tb (1) (21)
bedroom cnanbHR (7)
beer nMBo (20)
beetroot soup 60paq (3)
before (prep.) nepttA (16) + inst.
before (adv.) paHbwe (16), npee
(26)
begin Ha'fMHaTb(cR)' (11)
(H8'faTb(cR)p), CTSTb P (P only) (16)
beginning HS'fanO (18)
behind 38 + ace. (6) (motion), + inst.
(place)
believe BepMTb ' (21) (noJ»
beloved nlO6MMblM (16)
bench CKSMbR,cK8MeiK8(26)
beside PRAOM (7) (16) C + inst.
best nY'fWMM (18)
better nY'fwe (18)
beDNeen Mey(16)
big 6onbwoi (7)
bigger 60nbwMM (18)
billion (US) MMnnMap (22) (thousand
million)
bird nTM48 (18)
birth po*AeHMe (17)
birthday AeHb po-.qeHMH (17)
black 'fipHblM (8)
boiling water KMnRT(6)K (21)
book KHMra (7)
border rpsHM (18)
bore (verb) HSAoeAiTb ' (H8Ao6cTb P )
boring: it's boring CKj'fHO (14)
[sko' o-shna]
both 668 (m/n)/66e (1) (22.4), M . . . M
(22.4)
bottle 6yrbinKa (9)
bow KnaHRTbCR ' (30)
(nOKnOHMTbCRP)
bowl MMCKS (28)
boy Manb'fMK (13)
boyar (powerful landowner) 60SipMH
(28)
brandy KOHbHK (25)
bread xne6 (8)
break nepepblB (17)
break up pacnaA8TbCR ' (22)
(p8cnacTbcR P)
breakfast (verb) 38BTpsKaTb ' (16)
(noJ»
breakfast (noun) 38BTpaK (16)
bridge MOCT (7)
briefcase nopTcIM!nb (29) (m)
bring (by carrying) npMHocMTb ' (20)
(npMHecTMP)
bring (by leading) npMBoMTb' (20)
(npMBecTMP)
bring (by transport) npMBo3MTb ' (20)
(npMB83TMP)
bring up (s.o.) BOCnMTblB8Tb' (19)
Britain BenMKo6pMTaHMR (27)
British 6pMTaHcKMM (7)
brother 6paT (3)
build CTp6MTb ' (11) (no- p )
building WHMe (15)
bundle Y3(e)n (30)
bureaucrat 'fMHOBHMK (27)
bus 8BT66yc (4)
431

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
business trip KOll8HAMp6BK8 (19)
businessman 6M3Hecll8H (29)
busy 38HRT (25)
but HO (4)
butter Macno (8)
buy nOKynaTb ' (8) (12) (KynMTb P )
by y (10) + gen.
by chance cnY'tiliHo (24)
cabbage KsnYCT8(12)
cabbage soup 114M (pI.) (1)
call 3B8Tb' (4) (noJ»
call in 38xoAMTb ' (20) (38iTMP)
campaign K811naHMR (27)
cap wanK8 (14)
car MawMH8 (10)
carpenter nnoTHMK (28)
carriage B8roH (20)
carry HOCMTb ' (20), H8CTM' (20) (no- p )
carry across nepeHocMTb ' (21)
(nepeH8CTMP)
carry away YHOCMTb ' (27) (YHeCTMP)
case (incident, instance) cnj'fsM (22)
case (suitcase) 'IelioABH (29)
cash desk Kacca (1 )
catch sight of YBMAeTb P (12)
cathedral co60p (15)
cause (of) npM'fMHa (21) (+ gen.)
caviare (fish roe) MKpa (25)
celebrate OTMtNaTb ' (14) (OTM8TMTb P )
central 4eHTpanbHbli (20)
centre i48HTp (5)
century BeK (17)
certain (some) H8KOTopble (17),
KOe-KSKMe (26)
chair cTYn (29)
chairman nP8ACT8nb (m) (16)
champagne wSllnaHcKoe (n.adj.) (12)
change lIeHIrrb(cR)' (23)
change (money returned) cAi'ta (9)
change (transport) nepecil)lO'BaTbCR I
(15) (nepec8cTb P )
chapter rnsBa (28)
chase rOHRTb ' (20), rHaTb t (20) (no- p )
cheap AewiBbli (18)
check npoBepRTb ' (21) (npoBepMTb P )
cheerful BeCinblM (18)
cheese Cblp (8)
cherry BMWHR (30)
Chicken Kiev KOTneTbi nO-KMeBCKM
(12)
chief rnsu (28)
child pe6iH(O)K (10) pI. A8TM
childhood A8TCTBO (17)
children A8TM (10)
chin nOA6opOA(0)K (30)
China KMTaM (18)
Chinese (noun) KMTiI(e)LI (30)
chocolate wOKoniA (3)
choose BbI6MPSTb ' (27) (BbI6paTb P )
church 48pKOBb (f) (24)
cinema KMHO (n indecl) (11),
KMHoT88Tp (20)
circuit ceTb (f) (21 )
circumstance 06cToRTenbCTBo (24)
city ropoA (7)
civilization LlMBMnM38L1MR (28)
clamber na3MTb' (20), ne3Tb ' (20)
(no- P )
class Knscc (30)
clean (adj.) 'fMCTbli (18)
clean (verb) O'fMaq8Tb ' (28).
(O'fMCTMTb P )
clever YMHbli ( 18)
client KnMeHT ( 15)
climb up nOAHMMaTbcR' (19)
(noAHRTbCRP)
climb na3MTb ' (20), ne3Tb ' (20) (no- p )
432

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
clock 'faCbl (17) (pl. of 'tac)
close 38KpbIBaTb(cR)' (17)
(38KpblTb(CR)P)
coat nsnbTo (n indecl) (7)
coffee KOclJe (m indecl) (5)
cognac KOHbRK(25)
cold xonoAHbli (7), (it's cold)
xonoAHo (14), (noun) xonOA (11)
coldly xonoAHo (14)
collect c06MpaTb ' (26) (C06pSTb P )
colou r LlBeT (21 )
come (by transport) npMe3)1(aTb ' (13)
(npMexaTb P )
come (on foot) npMxoAMTb ' (12)
(npMiTM P )
come back B03Bpaa.q8TbcR ' (14)
(BepHYrbCR P)
common pscnpocTpaHiHHbli (23)
Communism KOMMYHM3M (29)
company MpMa (23), KOMnaHMR (14)
(27)
compare CpaBHMBaTb ' (22)
(cpaBHMTb P )
compel 06A3b1BaTb l (28) (06R38Tb P )
complain )l(anOBaTbCR ' (21) (no.P)
completely COBc8M (10), nonHocTblO
(28)
comprehensible nOHRTHo (14)
comrade TOBapMIq (25)
concern KacaTbCR ' (21)
concerning 0 (5) + prep.
concert KOHLl8pT (11 )
concession yCTjnKa (30)
condition ycnoBMe (28)
conduct npoBoAMTb ' (17) (npoBeCTMP)
conflict KOHnMKT (22)
congratulate n03lU)8Bnlrrb ' (23)
(no3AP6BMTb P )
congratulation n03AJ)8BneHMe (26)
congratulations! n03APsBnlllol (6)
consequently n03ToMY (9)
consider C'fMTaTb ' (13)
contact KOHTaKT (23)
contemporary cOBpeMeHHblM (13)
content( s) C0A8P)l(8HMe (27)
continue npoAOn)l(aTb(cR)' (11)
contract KOHTp8KT (23)
conversation pa3roBop (10)
converse pa3rOBspMBaTb ' (16)
cook rOT6BMTb' (16) (npM-p)
corner yr(o)n (19)
cost CTOMTb ' (9)
cottage (peasant's) M368 (25)
count C'tMTIITb ' (13) (co- p )
country (opposite of town) AepeBHR
(19)
country (state) cTPsHIl (12)
couple napa (22)
course (of a meal) 6nlOAo (12)
course (of study) KYPCbI (pI. of KVPC)
( 13)
courtyard ABOP (26)
cover nOKpblB8Tb ' (28) (noKpblTb P )
crawl nOn38Tb' (20), nonm l (20) (no- P )
create c03A8BaTb' (17) (COWTb P )
creation cOWHMe (28)
Crimea KpblM (5)
Crimean KpblMCKMM (12)
cross nepexoAMTb ' (19) (nepeiTMP)
crossing (street) nepexoA (15)
crowded: it's crowded T8cHO (25)
cry nnaKaTb ' (15) (38- p )
cucumber oryp(e)LI (28)
cultural KynbTYPHbli (28)
culture KynbTjpa (21)
cup 'f8WK8 (21)
currency B8nIOTS (24), B8nlOTHbli (9)
(adj.)
433

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
custom 06b1'fai'(28)
customer noceTMTenb (m) (12)
cut Hape38Tb' (28) (Hape38Tb P )
dad nana (m) (3)
date 'fMcn6 (17)
daughter AO&tb (f) (5.6)
day (not night) A(e)Hb (m) (3)
day (twenty-four hours) Cy,.KM (f pI.)
(23)
day before yesterday n038B'fepa (18)
day off BblxoAH6M A8Hb (17)
dear (expensive) Aopor6M (8)
dear (nice) Aopor6i (8). MMnblM (30)
death cMepTb (f) (7)
December AeKa6pb (m) (17)
decide pewaTb ' (13) (peWMTb P )
decision peweHMe (27)
deep rny66KMi (18)
defend 38IqMaq8Tb' (22) (38IqMTMTb P )
define onp8A8nATb' (29)
(onP8AenMTb P )
definitely 06R38TenbHo (15)
degree cTeneHb (f) (17)
deliberately HSpOatHO (21)
demand Tp860B8Tb' (21) (noJ»
depart (of train) OTXOAMTb' (20)
(OTOMTMP)
department (of shop) oTAen (8)
departure oTbe3A (26)
depend 38BMceTb' (19)
deputy 38MecTKTenb (m) (23)
development pa3BMTMe (21)
dictionary cnoBapb (10) (m)
die YMMpaTb' (23) (YMepeTb P )
difficult TPYAHblM (13), (it's difficult)
TPYAHO (14)
difficulty TPYAHOCTb (f) (24)
dimension pa3M6p (10)
dine 066AaTb ' (12) (noJ»
dinner 068A (12)
direct (adj.) npRM6i (12)
direct (verb) HanpasnATb' (28)
(HanpaBMTb P)
director AMpeKTOp (23)
dirty rpA3Hbli (20)
discuss 06Cy-.q8Tb ' (27) (06cYAMTb P )
disease 60n83Hb (f) (11)
disgusting npoTMBHO (30)
divide up pa3AenRTb' (21)
(pa3AenMTbP)
divorce pa3BoA (14)
divorced pa3B8AiHHbli (27)
do AenaTb' (8) (12) (c-P)
doctor Bpa'f (16)
dog c06aKa( 1 0)
dollar Aonnap (9)
don't mention it no*anyicTa (3)
door A88pb (f) (3)
down BHM3 (15)
drag T8cKaTb' (20), TaaqMTb ' (20)
(no- p )
dream C(6)H (17)
dress (oneself) oA8BaTb(cR)' (11)
(oAeTb(cR)P)
dress (n.) nnaTbe (25)
dried CYWiHblM (28)
drink nMTb' (12) (Bbl- P )
drive rOHRTb (20), rHaTb' (20) (no- p )
drive across nepee3)1(aTb' (13)
(nepe6x8Tb P )
driver wocl»iP (13)
drop poHRTb ' (30) (ypoHMTb P )
drunk nbllHblM (14)
during BO BpeMR (17)
each KbcAbii (9)
each other APyr APyra (30)
434

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
ear po (25)
earlier paHbw8 ( 16)
early paHo (16)
earth HMnR (2)
east BOCTOK (18)
eastern BOCTO&tHbiM (18)
easy narKMi (18)
eat ecTb ' (12) (C'b8CTb P )
economic 3KOHOMM'f8CKMM (28)
egg Ri46 (8)
eight BOceMb (9)
eight hundred BOC8MbC6T (9)
eighteen BOceMHBA48Tb (9)
eighty BOceMbA8CRT (9)
elder cTapwMi (18)
electricity socket p03eTKa (21)
electric razor 3n8KTp06pMTBa (21)
electrician MOHTap (21)
eleven OAMHH48Tb (9)
embassy noc6nbcTBo (7)
emigrate 3MMrpMpoBaTb '/P (23)
end KOH(e)4 (18), OKOH'faHM8 (28)
endure T8pneTb ' (21) (no- p )
energy 3HeprMR (28)
engineer MH)I(eHep (16)
England AHrnMR (5)
English aHrnMicKMi (10)
English: in English no-aHrnMicKM (4)
Englishman aHrnM'faHMH (5)
Englishwoman aHrnM'f8HKa (3)
enormous orp6MHbiM (18)
enough AOCT8TO'fHO(19)
enter BXOAMTb J (13) (BoiTMP)
enter (university) nOCTynaTb' (13)
(nOCTynMTb P )
entrance Bx6A (19)
entrance (of block) nOA'b83A (19)
envelope KOHB8pT (10)
envy 38BMA0B8Tb ' (23) (no- p )
epoch 3n6xa (23)
era 3noxa (23)
essential He06xOAMMO (14)
European (adj) 8BponeicKMi (21)
European (noun) 8Bpone(8)LI (28)
even Ai)l(8 (14), X6Tb (23)
evening (adj.) B8'tepHMi (7)
evening (noun) B8'tep (16)
ever KorAi-HM6YAb (26)
every (each) Ka-.qblM (9)
every (all) B8Cb (11) (T 4)
everybody Bce (11) (T 4)
everything Bei (10) (T4)
exactly T6'fHO (9), KaK pa3 (20)
examination 3K38MeH (23)
excellent OTnM'fHb.i (26)
except Kp6Me (10)
exclaim BocKnMLlSTb' (30)
(BocKnMKHYTb P )
exclude MCKI1lO'faTb ' (27)
(MCKI1IO'fMTb P )
excursion 3KCKYPCMR (17)
excuse (me) npocTM(Te) (3),
M3BMHM(T8) (11 )
execute Ka3HMTb ,/P (28)
exercise ynp8JKHeHM8 (3)
exist cyaqecTBoBaTb ' (28) (npo-p)
exit BblXOA (15)
expect O)l("A8Tb' (11 )
expensive AoporoM (8)
expression Bblpa)l(eHM8 (21)
extent CTen8Hb (f) (17)
extraordinarily He06b1'faiHO (29)
eye rna3 (25)
faQade clJaCBA (29)
face nM40 (21)
factory 38B6A (16)
fairly AOBonbHo (15)
435

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
faithful BepHbli (29)
fall n8AaTb ' (ynilCTb P )
family (adD C8MeiHbii (22)
family (noun) ceMbR (12)
famous 3H8MeHMTblM (7)
far A8n8K6 (12), (adD A8niKMM (18)
farewell (noun) npoaqaHMe (30)
fast 6WCTpo (13)
fasten 38CTirMBaTb' (30)
(38cT8rHYrb P )
fat (adD TonCTbli (30)
fat (noun) )l(Mp (28)
father oT(e)", (6), nana (m) (3)
favourite nlO6MMbli (16)
February ct»eBpanb (m) (17)
feel 'fYBcTBoBaTb' (21) (noJ»
female )l(eHcKMi (15)
festival npa3AHMK (17) [praz-neek]
few (several) HecKonbKo (9)
few (not many) Mano (9)
fifteen nRTHSAL\8Tb (9)
fifty nRTbA8CRT (9)
film cl»MnbM (11)
find HaxoAMTb' (13) (HaiTMP)
find oneself OK83blB8TbCR' (20) (26)
(oKa38TbCRP)
find out Y3H8BilTb ' (28) (Y3HaTb P )
fine npeKpacHblM (24)
finger nan(e)", (16)
finish KOH'faTb ' (13) (KOH'fMTb P )
firm (company) cl»MpMa (23)
firmly Kp8nKO (26)
first (adD nspBblM (7)
first (at first) CHa'fana (16)
fish pw6a (10), PbaHbli (10) (adj)
five hundred nRTbCoT (9)
five nRTb (9)
flat KBapTMpa (7)
floor 3TiI)I( (7)
fly neTilTb ' (20) neT6Tb ' (20) (no- p )
fly in BneTaTb' (20) (BneTeTb P )
fly out BbineTilTb' (20) (BblneT8Tb P )
fly past/through nponeTaTb' (20)
(nponeTeTb p)
fog yYMaH (11)
following cn8AYIOU4MM (8)
food npoAYKTbl (m pl.) (8)
food shop racTpoH6M (17)
foot Hora (25)
for (benefit, purpose) AJlJI (10) + gen.
for (in return for) 38 (6) + acc.
for (to fetch) 38 (16) + inst.
for (time) Ha (23) + acc.
for example HanpMMep (18)
for some reason nO'feMY-To (26)
for the sake of PiAM (10) + gen.
force BbIHYTb' (27) (BbtHYAMTb p )
forced BbIH)f)KAeH (PPP) (27)
foreign MHOCTpilHHblM (10),
38py68)1(HbIM (17)
foreigner MHoCTpsH(e)", (16)
forename MMR (noun) (6) (T 4)
forest nee (5)
forget 386bIBilTb ' (13) (386baTb P )
form BMA (18), 66pa3 (29)
former 6blBWMM (16)
fortunately K C'taCTblO (12)
forty C6POK (9)
forward BnepiA (20)
found ocH6BbIB8Tb ' (29) (ocHoBaTb P )
four 'feTblpe (9), 'feTBepo (22.10)
four hundred 'f8TwpecTa (9)
fourteen 'feTblpH8AL48Tb (9)
fourth 'feTBepTbli (15)
free cBo66AHblM (10)
French cl»paH",j3CKMi (18)
French: in French no-cI»paH"'Y3CKM (4)
frequent 'faCTblM (21)
436

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
fresh CBe)l(MM (8)
Friday nkrHML48 (17)
fried eggs RM'fHM48 (16)
[yeP esh-nee-tsa]
friend (female) nOAPyra (4)
friend APyr (8), npMATenb (m) (30),
ToaapMIq (25)
friendship APy.6a (1 )
from (out of) M3 (10) + gen.
from (off) C (10) + gen.
from (a person) OT (9) + gen.
from behind M3-38 (30) + gen.
from here OTCIOAS
from there onVAS (23)
from where OTKYAB (30)
fruit (piece of fruit) cl»PYKT (8)
frying-pan CKOBOpOAi (28)
full n6nHbiM (30)
funny CM8WH6 (23)
further Ainbwe (16)
future (adD 6YAyaqMi (17)
garden cBA (5)
gates B0p6T8 (n pI.) (29)
gather c06MpaTb ' (26) (c06paTb P )
generation nOKoneHMe (26)
genuine HaCTOAIqMM (16)
German (ad j) H8MeL\KMM (18)
German: in German no-H8M8L\KM (13)
Germany repMaHMJI (20)
get nOnY'f8Tb' (9) (nOnY'fMTb P )
get angry cePAMTbCR ' (11) (pac-p)
get divorced pa3BoAMTbCR ' (19)
(pa3B8CTMcb P )
get drunk HanMB8TbCJI ' (14)
(HanMTbcR P)
get off CXOAMTb ' (20) (COiTMP)
get tired YCTaB8Tb ' (15) (YCT8Tb P )
get up BCTaB8Tb ' (16) (BCT8Tb P )
get worse YXYAwilTbCR' (28)
(yxjAWMTbCRP)
giggle xMxMKaTb' (30) (38- P )
girl A8BywKa (9)
give ASBilTb ' (12) (AaTb P )
give (present) A8PMTb ' (24) (noJ»
give away OTASB8Tb ' (25) (OTASTb P )
glad P8A (short adj) (29)
glass (tumbler) cTaK8H (25)
go (by transport) 63.qMTb ' (20), 8X8Tb '
(20) (no- P)
go (on foot) XOAMTb' (20). MATM' (20)
(noiTMP)
go ahead (please do) nO)l(anYMcTa
(3)
go away (on foot) YXOAMTb ' (12)
(yiTMP)
go down CXOAMTb ' (20) (COMTMP),
cnycK8TbCR ' (15) (cnycTMTbCAP)
go on foot (there and back) XOAMTb '
(9) (20) (c-P)
go out BblxoAMTb ' (15) (BbIMTMP)
go past/through npoxoAMTb ' (19)
(npoiTM P )
go to bed nO)l(MTbCR' (25) (n8'fb P )
goal Ll8nb (f) (28)
gold 30noTo (18)
good XOp6WMM (8)
good day A66pblM A8Hb (3)
goodbye AO CBMA8HMR (3)
graduate from OK8H'fMB8Tb ' (13)
(OKOH'fMTb P )
gram(me) rpaMM (9)
grand TOP)l(8CTBeHHbli (29)
grandfather A8AywKa (m) (6)
grandmother 6i16ywKa (19)
grease )l(Mp (28)
great B8nMKMM (11)
Great Britain BenMK06pMT8HMR (27)
437

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
greetings (call) npMBeT (26)
groceries npoAYKTbl (m pI.) (8)
grocery (adj) npoAoB6nbCTB8HHblM
(17)
group rpynn8 (24)
grow paCTH ' (24) (Bb'- P )
guest rOcTb (m) (12)
guide (person) rMA (16)
guidebook nyreBoA14Tenb (m) (10)
guitar ntTilpa (16)
habit npMBbl'fKa (16)
hairdresser's napMKM8xepcKaR
(f adj) (23)
half nonoBHHa (17)
half a kilo n6nKMno (n indecl) (9)
half an hour non'facil (20)
ham BeT'fMHiI (30)
hand PYKa (22)
happen cnY'filTbCR' (16)
(cnY'f"TbCRP)
happiness C'faCTbe (26) [shahs-]
hardly BPRA nM (21)
harmful BpeAHo (14)
harmonious rapMoHMHbli (29)
hat wanKa (14)
have (own) see 10.2
have (+ abstract noun) MMeTb ' (10)
have supper y.MHaTb ' (16) (no- p )
have time (to do sth) ycneBilTb ' (15)
(ycneTb P )
he OH (3) (T 4)
head ronoBa (28)
health 3AOpOBb8 (26)
hear cnblwaTb ' (11) (y - P)
heart cePALIe (15)
heavy TR)I(inbli (28)
hello 3APiBTByi(Te) (3)
help (noun) n6MOlqb (f) (19)
help (verb) nOMorilTb ' (12) (noM6'tb p )
her ei (indecl) (6)
here (motion) clOAS (20)
here (place) 3A8Cb (4), Tyr (25)
here (when pointing) B6T (3)
here and there K6e-rAS (26)
here you are (giving) nO)l(inyicTa (3)
Hermitage 3PMMT8* (11 )
hero rep6i (21 )
hide npRT8Tb ' (21) (c- P )
hill ropil (18)
hinder M8W8Tb ' (25) (no- p )
his er6 (indecl) (6) (ye-X6]
history MCT6pMR (16)
holiday npa3AHMK (17) [praz-neek]
Holland ronnaHAMR (28)
holy CBRT6i (m adj) (23)
home (motion) AOM6i (4)
home (place) A6M8 (7)
homeland p6AMHa (21)
hope H8A8RTbCR ' ( 11 )
host X03RMH (25)
hot (of weather) )l(iPKMi, it's hot
)l(apKO (14)
hot (to touch) ropI1M (8)
hotel rOCT"HM. (4)
hotel room H6Mep (5) (21)
hour 'lac (6)
house A6M (3)
how K8K (4)
how many cK6nbKo (9) + gen.
how much cK6nbKo (9) + gen.
hundred CTO (9)
hurry cnewMTb ' (24) (no- p )
husband MY)I( (6)
I (T 4 ) 51 (4)
I'm sorry npocTM(Te) (3), M3BMHM(Te)
(11 )
438

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
identical oAMHaKoBbii (21)
if 8c!lM (8)
image 66pa3 (29)
imagine np8AcTaBnATb ' l
np8ACTaBMTb P ce66(29)
immediately cpa3Y ()I(e) (21)
important IWKHblM (13)
impossible HeB03MO)l(HO (14),
Henb3A (14)
in B (4) + prep.
in addition TaK)I(e (7)
in front of "epeA (16) + inst.
in my opinion no-MOeMY ( 13)
in no way HMKaK (24)
in spite of H8CMOTpA H8 (26) + ace.
in that case TorAs (12)
include BlUllO'faTb ' (27) (BIUlIO'fMTb P )
independently C8MOCToRTenbHo (24)
indifferently (with indifference)
paBHoAywHO (13)
industrial npoMblwneHHblM (28)
industry npoMblwneHHoCTb (f) (28)
information (piece of) cnpaBKa (24)
inhabitant )l(MTenb (m) (9)
initiative MHMl.plaTMsa (22)
insist HaCTaMB8Tb ' (21)
instead of BM8cTo (16) + gen.
institute MHCTM1jT (5)
institution Y'fpeJICAeHMe (23)
insufficiently H8AocTaTO'tHo (27)
intend to c06MpaTbCRI (26)
interest MHTep6c (16)
interesting MHTep6cHO (14),
MHTep6cHb'M (7)
international MeJICAYHap6AHblM (27)
interrupt npepbluTb' (23)
(npepB8Tb P )
interval nepepblB (17)
introduce (s.o.) 3HaK6.MTb' (16) (no..p)
invent npMAYMblB8Tb ' (24)
(npMAYMaTb P )
investigation Mccn'AoB8HMe (22)
invite npMrnaw8Tb ' (18)
(npMrnacMTb P )
island OcTPOB (18)
it 3TO (3), OHO (3) (T 4)
it doesn't matter HM'ferO (11 )
[nee-chye-)l6 ]
it's time (to do sth) nopa (14) (+ inf)
its er6 (indecl) (6) [ye-6I]
jam aap8Hbe (16)
January RHBSpb (m) (17)
joke (noun) wYrKa (11), aHeKA6T (18)
joke (erb) WYTMTb' (23) (no..P)
journalist -VPHBnMCT (13),
-VPHanMcTKa (27)
journey noe3AKa (21)
joy pa.qOCTb (f) (13)
juice C6K (10)
July MK»nb (m) (17)
jump in/up BCK8KMB8Tb ' (25)
(BCKO'fMTb P )
jump out BbiCKaKMB8Tb ' (25)
(SbiCKO'tMTb P )
June MK»Hb (m) (17)
junior MniAwMi (18)
just (very recently) TonbKo 'I TO (15)
just (exactly) KaK pa3 (20)
keep silent Mon'taTb ' (16) (38- P )
kettle 'faMHMK (21)
kilo(gram) KMn6 (n indecl) (8),
KMnorp8MM (8)
kind A66pb.i (7)
king Kop6nb (m) (27)
kiosk KMOcK (1 )
kiss qenOB8Tb ' (26) (no- p )
439

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
kitchen KjxHSI (7)
knee KoneHo (28)
knock CTY'faTb l (25) (no- p )
know 3HaTb' (4)
know how to YMeTb ' (13)
known: it's known M3B8cTHO (22)
kopeck (1/10Oth of a rouble) KoneiKs
(9)
Kremlin (fortress) KpeMnb (m) (7)
lag behind oTCTaBaTb ' (28) (oTCTaTb P )
lake 638pO (18)
land 38MnA (2)
landscape nSHAwacl»T (29)
language R3b1K (4)
large 60nbwoM (7)
last (final) nocneAHMi (7)
last (previous) npownbli (11)
late n63AHo (16) [p6-zna]
lateness ono3A8HMe (11 )
laugh cMeRTbCR ' (11) (38- P )
lead BOAMTb l (20), BeeTM ' (20) (np)
learn (to do sth) Y"MTbCR' (28) (Ha- p )
learn (sth) Y'fMTb' (13) (Bbl- P )
leave (by transport) Ye3*aTb ' (14)
(yexaTb P )
leave (on foot) YXOAMTb ' (12) (yiTMP)
leave (sth) ocTaBnRTb ' (15)
(ocTaBMTb')
lecture neKLptR (18)
lecturer npenOABBaTenb (m) (13)
left: on the left cneaa (15)
left: to the left HsneBo (5)
leg Hora (25)
lemon nMII6H (16)
less MeHee (18), MeHbwe (9) (18)
lesson yp6K (16)
let (command) nycTb (15)
let (in/out) nycKaTb ' (25) (nycTMTb P )
letter nMcbMo (5)
level ypoB(e)Hb (m) (26)
library 6M6nMoTeKa (23)
lie (be in a lying position) ne)l(aTb' (21)
(no- P )
lie down nO)l(MTbCR' (25) (n8'tb P )
life MM3Hb (f) (19)
lift nOAHMM8Tb' (25) (noAHATb P )
like (prep.) Bp6Ae (30) + gen.
line nMHMR (12)
lip ry68 (30)
listen cnywaTb ' (12) (no- p )
literature nMTepaTj'p8 (13)
little (adD M8neHbKMM (7)
little (a little) HeMH6ro (13) + gn.
little (not much) Mana (9) + gen.
little girl AeBO'fKa (25)
live )l(MTb ' (4) (npO)l(MTb P )
long (adj) AI1MHHblM (18)
long (for a long time) Aonro (11)
long ago ABBH6 (13)
look CMOTp6Tb ' (11) (13) (no- p ),
rnRAeTb ' (25) (no- P )
look for MCKaTb' (11) (no- p )
look out BbirnAAblB8Tb' (30)
(BbirnRHyrb P )
loud rp6MKMi (14)
love nlO6MTb' (6) (no- P )
love affair POM'H (13)
low HM3KMi (18)
luck C'taCTb8 (26) [shsha-]
lucky: I was lucky IIHe nOB83llo (13)
machine MawMHa (10)
magazine )I(fl)Han (1)
magnificent aenMKonenHbli (29)
maid (servant) rOpHM'fH8JI (f adD (21)
main rnaBHblM (7)
maintenance peM6HT (21 )
440

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
majestic TopMeCTBeHHblM (29)
majority 60nbwMHcTB6 (17)
make A8naTb ' (8) (c-P)
male (ad j) My)I(CK6i (14)
man MYJK'fMHa (m) (18)
manage to M6'fb ' (13) (c- P )
manager 8AMMHMCYp8TOp (21),
AMp8KTOp (23)
manner 66pa3 (29)
many MH6ro (9) + gen.
many (people) MHorMe (pl.adj) (13)
map KspTa (10), (of town) nnaH (7)
March MapT (17)
mark (celebrate) OTM8'faTb' (14)
(oTMeTMTb P )
market pbIH(O)K (8)
marriage 6paK (22)
married (of a man) )l(eHaT (30) (short
adD
marry (of a man) )l(8HMTbCR ' / P (28)
marry (of a woman) BbIXOAMTb'l
BbiiTM P 38MY)I( (29)
master (noun) X03AMH (25)
master (verb) Bbly'tMTb P (13),
M3)"1MTb P (13)
material MaTepMSn (26)
matter Aeno (19)
May Mai (17)
meal 06eA (12)
meaning 3Ha'feHMe (24)
meat MRCO (8)
medicine MeAM","Ha (28)
meet (have a meeting with)
BCTpe'faTbCR ' (19) (BCTp8TMTbCRP)
meet (become acquainted with)
3HaK6MMTbCR' (no- p )
meeting BcTJMNa (23), 38C8A8HM8
(28), cBMABHMe (9)
memory n8MRTb (f) (17)
mental YMCTB8HHbli (28)
menu lIeHIO (n indecl) (3)
merchant Kyn(e)", (28)
metro MeTp6 (n indecl) (5)
midday n6nA8Hb (17)
middle (adD CP'AHMM (10)
middle (noun) C8P8AMHa (26)
midnight n6nHO'fb (17)
military B08HHbli (28)
milk MonoK6 (8), MOnO'fHWM (8) (adj)
million MMnnMoH (22)
mineral (adj) MMHep8nbHbiM (12)
ministry MMHMcTepcTBo (23)
minute MMHj'Ta (6)
mist TYM8H (11 )
model MOAenb (f) (29)
modern COBpeM8HHbiM (13)
Monday nOHe.qenbHMK (17)
money AeHbrM (pI.) (8)
Mongolia MOHr6nMR (18)
month M8cR", (9)
mood HacTPQ8HMe(14)
more 66nee, 66nbw8 (9) (18) (22),
eaqi (9)
morning jTpo (3)
Moscow MOCKBa (3), MOCKOBCKMi
(17) (adj)
most (majority) 60nbwMHcTBO (17)
most (forms superlative) caMbli (18),
HaM- (18), HaM60nee (29)
mother MaTb (f) (3) (5.6), MaMa (11)
mother-in-law (wife's mother) Tiaqa (19)
mountain ropS (18)
move (house) nepe83)1(aTb ' (13)
(nepe8xaTb P )
move (resettle) nepecenRTb' (21 )
(nepecenMTbP)
move away OTXQAMTb ' (20) (OTOMTM P )
much MHoro (9) + gen.
441

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
much (with comparatives) rop83A0
(18), H8MH6ro (18)
Muscovite MOCKBM'f (17)
museum My36i (5), My36iHblM (29)
(adD
mushroom rpM6 (12), (adD rpM6Hoi
(28)
music MY3b1K8 (6)
musician IIY3blKaHT (16)
must HBAO (14), AOn)l(eH (19)
my M6i (6) (T6)
name (first name) MMR (n) (6) (T4)
name (of thing) H83B8HMe (16)
name (surname) clNllIMnMR (6)
name (verb) Ha3b1B8Tb' (11)
(Ha3B8Tb P )
nation HapOA (13)
national Ha4MoHanbHbsM (26)
native POAHOi (28)
nature npMpOA8 (17)
near 6nM3KMi (18)
near oKono (10) + gen., y (10) + gen.
nearby PAAOM (7) (16) C + inst.
nearest 6nM)I(aiwMi (18) (23)
necessary (adj) Hy.eH (short adj)
(29), HY)I(HblM (29)
necessary: it's necessary HY.HO (11 ),
HSAO (14)
necessity He06xoAMMOCTb (f) (28)
negotiations neperoBopbl (m pI.) (23)
neighbour coceA (11 )
neighbouring Coc8AHMi (20)
neither. . . nor HM... HM (24)
network C8Tb (f) (21 )
never HMKorAi (16) (24)
nevertheless Bce-YaKM (19)
new HOBblM (7)
New Year (adD HOBor6AHMM (26)
newspaper ra38T8 (3)
next (nearest) 6nM)I(ilMwMi (18) (23)
next (then) nOT6M (12), 38Tell (17)
next (following) cneAYIO&qMi (8)
next (next door) Coc8AHlti (20)
night H6'4b (f) (9)
nine AeBRTb (9)
nine hundred A8BRTbCOT (9)
nineteen A8BRTHBAL\8Tb (9)
ninety AeBRH6CTo (9)
no HaT (3)
no (none at all) HMKaKoi (24)
no longer Y)I(e He (24)
nobleman ABOpRHMH (28)
nobody HMKT6 (24), (there is nobody)
HeKoro (24)
noisy WYMHbli (26), (it's noisy)
WYMHO (14)
north ceB8p (18)
northern ceBepHbli (18)
not He (4)
not allowed Henb3R (14)
not bad Henn6xo(6)
not far H8A8neK6 ( 14)
not much- Mano (9) + gen.
not yet nOKa HaT (15)
note 38nMcKa (15)
note down 38nMCblB8Tb' (19)
(38nMc8Tb P )
nothing HM'fTO (24), (there is nothing)
H..ero (24)
novel pOliaH (13)
November HOA6p.. (m) (17)
now Tenepb (4), (at this moment)
Cei'f8C (6)
nowhere (motion) HMKYAS (24), (there
is nowhere) HeKYA8 (24)
nowhere (place) HMrA6 (24), (there is
nowhere) HerA8 (24)
442

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
number HOMep (5) (21), 'fMcnO (22)
object B03pa)l(ilTb' (14) (B03pa3MTb p)
obliged AOn)l(eH (19)
obtain AocTaBaTb' (18) (AocTilTb P)
occupied 38HRT (25)
occupy 38HMMilTb ' (18) (38HATb P )
occur npoHcxoAMTb' (22)
(npoM30iTM P )
ocean OKe8H(29)
o'clock 'f8C (17)
October OKTII6pb (m) (17)
of course KOH8'fHO (10) [ka-nyesh-na]
off C (10) + gen.
offend 06M.aTb' (25) (06MA8Tb P )
office 61OpO (n indecl) (17)
often 'faCTO (12)
oil (cooking, lubrication) Macno (8)
OK xopowo (4)
old cTapbli (7)
old man CTapMK (26)
old woman cTapywKa (26)
olive MacnMHa (28)
on Ha (4) + prep.
on foot newKoM (20)
once OAHiuKAbi (23)
one OAMH (m)/oAHiI (f)/oAHO (n) (9)
one and a half nonTops (22)
one day oAHiI*AbI (23)
oneself (emphatic) caM (13) (T4)
onions nYK (28)
only TonbKo (8), Bcer6 (10)
onwards Ailnbwe (16)
open OTKpblBSTb(CR)' (11 )
(OTKpbITb(CR)P)
opinion B3rnRA (21)
opponent npoTM8HMK (28)
opportunity B03MO)l(HOCTb (f) (13)
opposite (adD npoTMBOnOnO)I(Hbii (20)
opposite (adv) HanpoTHB (10)
opposite (prep.) np6TMB (10) + gen.
or MnM (9)
orange anenbcMH (8)
orchard c8A (5)
order (command) npMK83 (28)
order (for goods, services) 38K83 (27)
order (s.o. to do sth) npMKa3b1BaTb'
(13) (npMKa38Tb P )
order (goods or services)
38Ka3b1BaTb ' (23) (38Ka38Tb P )
organization opraHM38L1MR (16)
organ ize YCTp8MBaTb' (21 )
(YCTpOMTb P ) opraHM30HTb'!P (27)
organizer opraHM3lITop (28)
original (noun) opMrMHiln (13)
our Haw (6) (T6)
out of M3 (10) + gen.
outstanding BblABlOlqMMCR (28)
overcoat nanbT6 (n indecl) (7)
overcome npeoAoneB8Tb' (28)
(npeoAoneTb P)
own (of family relationships) POAHOi
(28)
own CBGi (21 ) I c66cTBeHHbIM (21)
owner X03RMH (25)
palace ABop(e)", (29)
pancake 6nMH (8)
paper 6YMara (21)
parents poAa4TenM (m pI.) (9)
park napK (20)
part 'faCTb (f) (18)
participate )"IaCTBo88Tb' (27)
parting npoaqiHMe (30)
party B6&tep (16), 38CTOnb8 (26)
pass (sth to s.o.) nepeABB8Tb ' (15)
(nepeAilTb P)
past (prep.) Ma4MO (10) + gen.
443

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
patronymic OT'fecTBO (6)
pay nn8TMTb ' (24) (38- P )
pay attention to 06paU48Tb ' (o6panfTIi')
BHMMaHMe (24) Ha + acc.. YA8nATb '
(28) (YMTbP) BHMMaHMe + dat.
peace MMp (12)
peasant KpecTbAHMH (11 )
pencil KapaHAiw (16)
peninsula nony6cTpoB (29)
people nib"" (16), (nation) Hap6A
(13)
pepper nep(e)L\ (28)
per cent npoLl8HT (22)
performance cneKTIIKnb (m) (22)
perhaps MO)l(eT 6b1Tb (9)
period of time Cp6K (23)
perish norM6aTb ' (28) (norM6Hyrb P )
permit nycKaTb' (25) (nYCTMTb P )
person ItenOBeK (18), nML\O (21)
personal C66CTB8HHblM (21)
physical cIIM3Mlt8CKMM (28)
pick up nOAHMMIITb ' (25) (noAHRTb P )
pie (large) nMpor (10), (small)
nMpo)l(6)K (8)
pineapple 8H8HlIc (24)
pity: it's a pity )l(anKO (14), )l(8nb (14)
place M8cTO (8)
plan nnaH (7), npo8KT (29)
plane c8MoneT (20)
plate TapenK8 (20)
play Mrp8Tb ' (16) (cblrpllTb P )
pleasant npMATHo (4), npMATHbiM (10)
please no.anyicTa (3)
please (verb) HpIlBMTbCR ' (12) (no- P )
pleasure YAoBonbCTBMe (16)
plod along 6pecTM' (20) (no- p )
plot 38roBop (28)
plug in BKI1I0148Tb ' (21) (8KnIO&fMTb P )
poet n03T (23)
poetry n033MR (23), CTMXM (23) (pI. of
CTMX)
police MMnML\MR (21)
popular nonynApHblM (13)
porridge Kawa (16)
port nopT (11)
possess 06na.q8Tb' (27)
possibility B03M6)1(HOCTb (f) (13)
possible B03ll0)l(Hb.M (27)
possible: it's possible MO)l(HO (14)
post office n6'fTa (5)
postage (adD nO'fTOBbIM (10)
potatoes KapTiKl»enb (m)
pound (weight and currency) cl»YHT (9)
power BnacTb (f) (24)
precisely p6BHO (17), TO'fHO (9)
prepare rOToBMTb' (16) (npM-p)
present (gift) nOABP(o)K (19)
present (verb) np8ACTaBnATb ' (27)
(29) (np&AcTaBMTb P )
president npe3MAeHT (27)
previous npOwnblM (11 )
price L\eHIl (10)
primarily npeJKAe acerb (26)
prime minister npeMb8p-MMHMCTp (27)
principle npMHL\Mn (23)
probably AOn)l(HO 6blTb (19),
HaBepHoe (21 )
problem np06neMa (21)
professional (noun) npocl)eccMoHan
(16)
professor npocl)6ccop (19)
programme nporplIMM8 (27)
progressive nep&AoB6M (28)
project BblCTynllTb ' (29) (BblCTynMTIi')
proportion nponOPL\MR (29)
prospect (wide street) npocneKT (4)
publish M3A8BIITb' (28) (M3AiTb p )
publishing house M3AiTenbCTBo (23)
444

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
punish H8KII3b1BaTb ' (15) (H8K838Tb P )
pupil Y'l8HMK (30)
pure 'tMCTbli (18)
quality KII't8CTBO (28)
quantity KOnM'f8CTBO (22)
quarter 'teTB8PTb (f) (22)
question BonpOc (27)
quick 6blCTpblM (18)
quickly 6b1CTpO (13)
quiet TMXMM (18), (it's quiet) TMXO (14),
(noun) TMWMHIl (17)
quite AoB6nbHo (15)
radio pjAMO [0] (n indecl) (5)
railway )l(ene3H8R Aopor8 (30)
rain AO*Ab (m) (11)
rare p8AKMM (18)
reach (by flying) AOneTaTb ' (20)
(Aon8TeTb P )
reach (by transport) A(83)I(IITb ' (20)
(Aoex8Tb P)
reach (on foot) AOXOAMTb ' (15)
(AOiTMP)
reach an agreement AorOB8pMBaTbCJI '
(19) (AoroBopMTbCRP)
read 'tMTIITb ' (12) (npo.p)
ready rOToB (short adD (29)
real H8CTOAlqMi (16)
realize nOHATb P (13)
reason (for) npM'tMH8 (21) (+ gen.)
recall BcnoMMHiTb ' (13) (Bcn6MHMTbp)
receive nOnY'lIlTb ' (9) (nOnY'lMTb P )
recently HeA8BHO (11 )
recognize pH8B8Tb ' (28) (Y3HIITb P )
red Kp8CHbIM (7)
reduction yCTjnK8 (30)
reform npe06pa30B8HM8 (28),
peclM)pM8 (28)
refuse OTKII3b1BaTbCR I (25)
(oTKa3iTbCRP)
regard (treat) OTHOCMTbCR ' (13)
regret CO)l(8neHMe (10)
remain OCT8B8TbCJI ' (14) (OCTaTbCJl P )
remarkable 38M8't8TenbHbIM (17)
remember nOMHMTb ' (18)
remind H8noMMHIITb' (15)
(H8noMHMTb P )
repair(s) peM6HT (21)
repeat nOBTopRTb' (26) (noBTopMTb P )
replace 38MeHATb' (28) (38M8HMTb P )
request np6cb6a (21)
research Mccn8AouHMe (22)
reside npo)l(MBIITb ' (22)
resident npO)l(MB8IOIqMi (m adD (21)
resolutely pewMTenbHo (28)
respect (noun) YB8JKeHMe (26)
respect (verb) YU.aTb' (21)
respected YBa.aeMbIM (26)
rest OTAbixIITb ' (12) (OTAOXHYrb P )
restaurant pecTopllH (5)
result pe3ynbTilT (27)
return (noun) B03Bpaaq8HMe (26)
return (verb) B03Bpa&q8TbCR' (14)
(aepHYrbCRP)
revolution peBonlOLptR (16)
revolutionary peBonlOLp10Hep (16)
rich 60rilTbIi (18)
right npaBo (24)
right: to the right H8npaBO (5)
ripe cnenbiM (30)
rise nOAHMMIITbCR ' (19) (nOAHATbCRP)
river peKIl (7)
road Aop6ra (25)
role p6nb (f) (24)
roll K8TIITb' (20), K8TMTb' (20) (no- P )
room KOMH8T8 (14)
rouble py6nb (m) (3)
445

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
round no (12) + dat.
run 66raTb ' (20), 6eJK8Tb' (20) (no- p )
run (there and back) 66raTb ' (20) (c- P )
run about 68raTb ' (20) (no- p )
run away y6eraTbP (20) (y6eJK8Tb P )
run out Bbl6erIlTb ' (20) (Bbl6e)l(8Tb P )
Russia POCCMJI (4)
Russian: in Russian no-PyccKM (4)
Russian (adj and noun) pYCCKMi (adj) (7)
Russian woman PYCCKBJI (f adj)
sack M8W(0)K (25)
sacred CBJlT6i (m adD (23)
sadness ne'fanb (f) (26)
sail nnllB8Tb' (20), nnWTb ' (20) (no- p )
sailor M8-rp6c (29)
saint CBRTOi (m adD (23)
salad canST (12)
salami Kon6ac6 (8)
sale npoAil)l(a (24)
sales assistant npoA8B(e)14 (8)
salt conb (f) (28)
salted coniHwi (28)
same TOT)I(8 (28)
samovar C8Moaap (21 )
sandwich 6YTep6p6A (8)
satisfaction YAoB6nbCTBM8 (16)
Saturday cy666Ta (14)
saucepan KBCTptbnR(28)
say rosopMTb ' (4) (12) (cKa38Tb P )
scale M8cwTi6 (29)
scenery npMp6A8 (17)
school wKon8 (7)
scissors HO)l(HMI4bI (pI.) (28)
sea MOpe (5), MOpcK6i (29) (adj)
seat M8cTO (8)
second BTOp6i (7)
secretary (male or female) C8Kperapb
(m) (15)
section (of shop) OTA8n (8)
see BMA8Tb (11) (y _P)
seek MCKaTb' (11) (no- p )
seem K838TbCR ' (11) (no- p )
seize XB8TIITb ' /CXe8TblB8Tb' (25)
(CXB8TMTbP)
self ce6R (21)
sell nPOASB8Tb' (8) (npoAilTb p )
send nocblnsTb ' (23) (nocnaTb")
senior CTilPWMi (18)
sentence to npMrosapMBaTb ' (28)
(npMroBopMTb') K + dat.
separate oTA8nbHbli (18)
September ceHTR6pb (m) (17)
serf KpenOCTHoi (m adj) (28)
serfdom KpenocTHM'tecTBo (28)
seriously cePb83HO (19)
serve CnYJKMTb ' (30) (no- p )
serve (food) nOA8B8Tb' (22) (noAilTbP}t
settle nocenATbCA ' (26)
(nocenMTbCRP)
seven ceMb (9)
seven hundred cellbC6T (9)
seventeen ceMH8A48Tb (9)
seventy ceMbA8CAT (9)
several H8cKonbKo (9)
shameful CTbHO (14)
share pa3AenRTb' (21) (pa3A8nMTb P )
sharply p63KO (28)
shave (oneself) 6PMTb(CJI) (11) (28)
(no- p )
she 0H8 (3) (T4)
ship Kopa6nb (m) (28)
shoes Tjcl»nM (f pI.) (21)
shop Mara3MH (6)
shopping bag cYIiKa (24)
shore 66per (18)
short KopOTKMi (18) (23)
shout Iq)M'tiTb' (20) (38- p )
446

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
show (performance) CneKTi Kl1b (m) (22)
show (verb) nOKII3b1B8Tb ' (7) (12)
(noK83l1Tb P )
Siberia CM6Mpb (f) (3)
side CTopoHa (15)
sign nOA"MCblB8Tb' (23) (noA"Mc8Tb P )
significance 3H8'teHMe (24)
silence TMWMHIl (17)
silly rnynblM (29)
simple npocT6i (18)
simply np6cTo (10)
simultaneously OAHoBpeMeHHo (28)
since (a time) C (17) + gen.
since (because) YaK KaK ( 1 0)
sing neTb' (16) (c- P )
sister ceCTpa (14)
sit (be sitting) cMAeTb' (14) (no- p )
sit down CSAMTbCR' (15) (cecTb P )
situated pacnOn6)1(eH (29)
six W8CTb (9)
six hundred W8CTbCC»T (9)
sixteen w8CTH8A'48Tb (9)
sixty W8CTbA8CRT (9)
size pa3Mep (10)
skilled workman M8CTep (21)
skis nbl)l(M (f. pI.) (29)
sleep (noun) C(6)H (17)
sleep (verb) cnaTb' (16) (no- p )
slice (noun) nOMTltK (28)
slice (verb) Hape38Tb ' (28)
(Hap83aTb P )
slippers TilnO'tKM (f.pl.) (11)
slope CK.nOH (29)
slow M6AneHHbli (18)
small M8neHbKMM (7)
smell (of) nllxHYTb ' (30) (+ inst.)
smile (noun) ynbl6K8 (26)
smile (verb) ynbl68TbCR ' (11)
(ynbI6HYTbCRP)
smoke KYp.m,' (4) (no- p , 38- P )
snackbar 6yclKrr (10)
snow CHer (20)
so YaK (6), (consequently) YaK 'fT6
(26)/n03ToMY (9), (that means)
3H8'tMT (1 0)
so many CTonbKo (10) + gen.
so much CTonbKo (10) + gen.
solve pewaTb' (13) (peWMTb P )
some (certain) HeKoTopblM (17)
some (some kind of) KaKoi-To (26)
some (various) KOe-KaKMe (26)
somehow KaK-To (26)
someone KTG-TO (26), K6e-KTO (26)
something 'lTG-TO (26), KOe-'lT6 (26)
sometime KOrA8-TO (26), (in the future)
KorA'-HM6YAb
sometimes MHorA' (9)
somewhere (motion) KYAit-TO (26)
son CblH (6)
son of a tsar 48peBM'f (28)
song necHR (25)
soon CKOPO (20), BCK6pe (28)
sound (verb) 3BY't8Tb' (23)
sour cream cMeT8Ha (3)
south lOr (14)
southern to)I(Hbli (18)
Soviet Union CoB8TCKMM COt03 (22)
spark MCKpa (30)
speak rOBOpMTb ' (4) (no- p )
special OC66b1M (26)
specialist cneLpt8l1MCT (18)
specially OC66eHHO, cne",8nbHO
(10)
spend (time) npoBoAMTb ' (17)
(npoBecTMP)
spend the night HO'I8BiTb' (25) (nepe_P)
spoon n6)1(Ka (16)
spring BeCH8 (16)
447

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
square nnOaqBAb (f) (5)
stadium CTaAM6H (20)
staircase n8cTHMi48 (20)
stamp llipK8 (10)
stand CTORTb ' (11) (no- p )
star 3B83A8 (30)
start CT8TbP (P only) (16)
state (adj) rocYABpcTBeHHbli (28)
station BOK38n (5), (metro/in country)
CT8H14MR (7)
stay OCT8UTbCR ' (14) (OCTilTbCAP)
still eaqi (9)
stock 38nac (18)
stop (halt) OCT8HaBnMB8Tb(cR)' (13)
(28) OCT8HOBMTb(CR)P
stop ( cease) nepecT8uTb ' (15)
(nepecT8Tb P )
stop (noun) OCT8H6BK8 (20)
storey 3Ta)l( (7)
stove n8'tb (f) (25)
straight npRM6M (12)
straight on npAMo (5)
strange cTpaHHo (20)
street y nMI48 (4)
street map nnaH (7)
strong KpenKMi (18)
student cTYAeHT (22)
study (something) M3IITb' (4) (13)
(M3MTbP), 38HMM8TbCR ' (16)
study (somewhere) MTbCR' (13)
study trip KOM8HAMpOBK8 (19)
stupid rnynbli (29)
style CTMnb (m) (21)
such T8KOi (10)
suddenly BAPyr (13)
sugar cax8p (8)
suitcase '48MOABH (29)
summer neTo (22) (noun), neTHMi (7)
(ad j)
summon Bbl3blB8Tb ' (21) (Sbl3B8Tb P )
Sunday BOCKpec6HII8 (17)
supper Y.MH (16)
surname $8MMnMR (6)
surprise (noun) cIOpnpM3 (10)
surprise (verb) YAMsnkrb ' (27)
(YAMBMTb P )
survey onp6c (27)
sweet MMnblM (30)
swim nnaB8Tb ' (20). nnblTb ' (20) (no- p )
swings K8'tenM (pI.) (26)
switch on BKJ1lO'1aTb ' (21)
(BIU1IO&fMTb P )
table cT6n (16)
take 6paTb' (10) (12) (B3RTb P )
take (transport) caNtTbCR ' (15)
(cecTb P ) H8 + acc.
take a walk rynSiTb ' (17) (no- p )
take across nepeBoAMTb ' (13)
(nepeBeCTMP)
take fright nyraTbCSI' (25) (MC-P)
take off cHMMaTb ' (30) (CHRTb P )
take somewhere (by carrying)
OTHOCMTb ' (20) (OTHecTMP)
take somewhere (by transport)
OTB03MTb ' (20) (OTB83TM P )
take (lead) BOAMTb ' (20), BeeTM ' (20)
(no-')
talk (converse) pa3rosapMB8Tb' (16)
talk (speak) rOBopMTb ' (15) (no- p ),
pa3roBapMB8Tb' (16)
talk (tell) paccKa3blB8Tb ' (12)
(paCCK838Tb P )
talks neperoB6pbl (m pI.) (23)
tall BbiCOKMi (18)
tape recorder M8rHMT*H (13)
tasty BKjCHbiM (8)
tax Han6r (28)
448

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
taxi T8KCM (n indecl) (3)
tea '18M (3)
teach npenOB8Tb (13)
teacher (school) Y'tMT8nb ' (m) (16)
teacher (institute. university)
npenOABBiTenb (m) (13)
teapot 'faiHMK (21)
tear cn83i (30)
tease AP83HMTb' (30)
telephone (noun) Tenecl»6H (15)
telephone (verb) 3BOHMTb ' (12) (no- p )
television set TeneBM30p (13)
tell p8CCK83baBaTb ' (12) (paCCK83iTb P )
ten A6cRTb (9)
territory TeppMTopMR (18)
than 'teM (18)
thank you cn8cM60 (3)
that 3TO (3), TOT (7) (T4)
that (conjunction) 'lT0 (5.8) [shto]
that is (i.e.) TO ecTb (22)
theatre TeiYp (7)
their MX (indecl) (6)
theme TeM8 (16)
then (at that time) TorAS (12)
then (in that case) TO (12)
then (next) nOToM (12), 38TeM (17)
there (motion 'thither') TYAS (9)
there (place) TaM (5)
there (when pointing) BOT (3)
there is/are ecTb (7) (8)
there isn't/aren't HeT (10) + gen.
there is no time HeKOrAB (24)
there is nothing H&&tero (24)
[nye-chye-va]
there is nowhere (motion) HeKYAB (24)
there is nowhere (place) HerAe (24)
they OHM (4) (T4)
thin TOHKMi (30), XYAoi (18),
xYA8HbKMM (30)
thing Bel14b (f) (10), WTjK8 (30)
think AYMaTb ' (19) (no- p )
third (adj) Tp6TMi (7) (T6)
third (fraction) TpeTb (f) (22)
thirteen TpMH8A48Tb (9)
thirty TpMA48Tb (9)
this 3TO (3), 3TOT (7) (T4)
thought Mblcnb (f) (26)
thousand TbtCR't8 (9) (22)
three TP" (9), Tp6e (22.10)
three hundred 1'pMCTa (9)
through 'fepe3 (6) + acc.
th row/th row away 6p0c8Tb ' (25)
(6p6cMTb P )
Thursday 'f8TBepr (17)
ticket 6MneT ( 1 0)
ticket office KaCC8 (1)
tight TecHO (25)
time BpeMR (9), (a time) pa3 (9)
time limit CPOK (23)
to (a person) K (12) + dat.
to (a place) BlHa (6) + ace.
to (in order to) 'fTOObl (21) [sht6-bi]
today ceroAHR (7) [sye-M)(j-nya]
toe nin(e)4 (16)
together BMecTe (16)
toilet TYaneT (5)
toilet paper T)'aneTHaR 6YMara (21)
tomato nOMMAop (12)
tomorrow 38BTpa (6)
too (also) TO)l(e (4)
too (excessively) cnMwKoM (10)
topic TeMa (16)
touch K8c8TbCR ' (21) (KOCHYTbCRP),
TpOraTb ' (16) (TpOHyTbP)
tourist T)'pMCT (15)
towards K (12) + dat.
tower 68WHR (16)
town r6poA (7)
449

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
trade TOprOBJ1R (28)
trader ToproB(e)LI (24)
traffic light CB8T*P (19)
train n6e3A (17)
tram TP8MBii (15)
transfer nepeHOCKrb' (21)
(nepeHecTMP)
transfer nepeBoAMTb ' (13)
(nepeB8CTMP)
translate nepeBoAiTb ' (13)
(nepeB8CTMP)
translator nepeBOA'IMK (21)
transmit nep8A8B8Tb' (15)
(nepe.q8TW)
transport B03MTb ' (20), B83TM' (20)
(no- p )
travel e3AMTb' (20), exaTb ' (20)
(no- p ), nYTeW8cTBOB8Tb' (21)
travel (there and back) 83.qMTb' (20)
(C'b-p)
travel past npoeumTb ' (15) (20)
(np06xaTb P )
travel through np0e3)1(8Tb' (15) (20)
(np06uTb P )
travelling companion cnjTHMK (16)
tree AepeBo (26)
triple TpoiHOi (29)
trolleybus TPonneM6yc (4)
trousers 6plOKM (pI.) (22)
true HpHblM (29)
truth npaBAS (11 )
tsar (emperor) __pit (m) (5)
Tuesday BTOpHMK(17)
turn (a corner) 38BOp8'1MB8Tb' (19)
(38BepHYrb P )
turn (change direction) nOBopi'lMBaTb '
(15) (nOB8pHYrb P )
turn away (from) OTBOp8'1MBaTbCR '
(30) (OTB8pHYrbCRP)
turn off CBOpj'lMB8Tb ' (20)
(caepHYrb P )
turn out OK83blB8TbCR ' C2O) (26)
(OK838TbCRP)
turn pale 6118AH8Tb ' (30) (no- p )
twelve ABeHTb (9)
twenty ''' Tb (9)
two ABa (m/n). AB8 (f) (9). ABOe
(22.10)
two hundred AB8cTM (9)
Ukraine YKpaMH8 (5)
uncle AAAR (m) (3)
under nOA (16) + inst. {place)/(25)
+ ace. (motion)
under (a ruler) npM (28) + prep.
underground (adj) noA36I1HblM (15)
underground (railway) MeTpO
(n indecl) (5)
understand nOHMM8Tb J (4) (noHATb P )
unexpected Heo)l(iAaHHblM (26)
unfortunately K CO)l(8I1eHMIO (10)
uniform IIYHAMP (30)
United States of America
CQ8AItHiHHble WT8TbI AllepMKM
(12)
university YHMB8pcMTeT (5)
until (conjunction) nOKa... He (14)
until (prep.) AO (9) + gen.
up to (and including) no (17.12) (23)
+ ace.
uprising BOCCTaHMe (28)
Urals Ypan (17)
urgent Cp6'fHbli (19)
urgently Cp6'fHO (21)
use nOnb30BaTbCR I (21) (BOC- p )
usually 06ba'4HO (13)
variety pa3Hoo6p83_ (29)
450

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
various p83Hbli (9)
vegeables 6BOlqM (m pl.) (9)
vegetarian aereT8pM8H(e)L\ (12),
BereT8pM8HK8 (9),
aenrrapM8HcKMi ( 12) (adD
very 6'feHb (4)
view B3rnRA (21), BMA (18)
village A8p8BHR (19)
vinegar YKCYC (28)
visa BM38 (23)
visit (a place) noceaqiTb' (28)
(nocen4Tbp), n06blB8TbP (24)
visit (a person) 6blTb B rOCTRx y/MATM
B r6crM K (12)
vodka BOAKa (3)
voice ronoc (14)
wait "'Tb' (15) (noAo- p )
waiter OcllML\MaHT (12)
waitress ocIJML\M8HTKa (12)
walk (noun) nporjnKa (17)
walk (go on foot) XOAMTb' (20), MATM'
(20) (noMTMP)
walk (take a walk) rynilTb ' (17) (no- p )
walk about XOAMTb' (20) (no- p .)
wall cTeH8 (16)
wallpaper 066M (m pI.) (21)
wander 6pOAMTb ' (20) (no- p )
want xOTeTb ' (12.5) (38- P )
war BOMH8 (14)
warm Tinnbli (7), (it's warm) Tenno
(14)
warn nP8Aynpe"'Tb ' (12)
(nP8Aynp8AMTb P )
wash thoroughly npoMbls8Tb ' (28)
(npoMblTb P )
watch (timepiece) '48Cbl (pI. of 'lac)
(17)
watch (verb) CMOTp8Tb J (11) (no- p )
water BOAS (8)
way nyrb (m) (20)
we Mbl (4) (T4)
wealth 60riTCTBo (29)
wear HOCMTb ' (28)
weather noroA8 (7)
wedding CB8Ab68 (22)
Wednesday cp&A8 (17)
week HeAenR (6)
weekday 6YAHMM A(e)Hb (23)
weekdays 6YAHM (pI.) (23)
well (adv) xopowo (4)
well (particle) HY (25)
well-known M3BecTHbii (27)
west 38nSA (18)
western 38nSAHblM (7)
what 'tT6 (3) [shto]
what (what kind of) KaKoi (7)
when KorAS (5)
where (motion 'whither') KYp,iI (4)
where (place) rAe (3)
whether nM (13)
which KOTOpblM (18)
white 68nblM (8)
who (interrogative pronoun) KTO (5)
(T4)
who (relative pronoun) KOTOpblM (18)
why nO'fSMY (4)
wide WMp6KMM (18)
widespread pacnpocrpaHiHHblM (23)
wife )l(eH8 (6)
willingly OXOTHO (25)
wind BeT(s)p (27)
window OKHO (3)
wine BMHO (3)
wineglass 60Kan (21)
wing Kpbln6 (29)
winter 3MMa (16), 3MMHMi (7) (adD
wish )l(8n8Tb' (21) (no- p )
451

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
with c (16) + inst.
without 683 (10) + gen.
without fail 06R38T8nbHo (15)
woman )l(eHIqMHa ( 14)
wonderful 'IYA6cHbii (17)
wood (forest) nee (5)
wood (material) AepeBo (26)
word cn6Bo (8)
work (noun) pa66Ta (6). TPYA (26)
work (verb) p800T8Tb ' (4) (no- p )
work for (an aim) A06MB8TbCR ' (28)
<A06MTbCR P ) + gen.
worker pa66"MM (m adD (28)
world MMp (18)
worry 6ecnoKoMTbCR ' (14).
nepe)l(MUTb ' (24)
worse xjJKe (18)
write nMc8Tb ' (13) (Ha- p )
writer nMc8TMb (m) (17)
yard AB6p (26)
year rOA (6)
yes p,a (3)
yesterday B'fepa (' 0)
yet eaqi (9)
you Tbi (4) (T4). Bbl (4) (T4)
young lIonoA6i (13)
young man MonoAoi 'IMOBeK (18)
younger lIon6)1(e (18), MniAwMi (18)
your TB6i (6) (T6). Baw (6) (T6)
452

KEY TO EXERCISES AND
TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
1/1
1 [ba-re'es] Soris. 2 [da] yes. 3 [nyet] no. 4 [baI Y -sh6y] big. 5 [spa-se'e-ba] thank
you. 6 [ro'o-ska-ya az-boo-ka] Russian alphabet. 7 [borshsh] beetroot soup.
8 [chay] tea. 9 [sa-har] sugar. 10 [zhoor-nal] magazine.
1/2
1 [a-e-ra-p6rt]. 2 [boo-fyet]. 3 [ga-ste 'e-nee-tsa). 4 [dee-ryek-tar]. 5 [za-krf-ta].
6 [za-prye-shshye-n6]. 7 [een-too-re 'est]. 8 [ka-ssa]. 9 [ksye-bye].
10 [nye koo-re 'etY). 11 [at sye-bye]. 12 [pa-reek-ma-hyer-ska-ya]. 13 [p6ch-ta].
14 [rye-m6nt]. 15 [rye-sta-ran]. 16 [too-a-Iyet].
1/3
1 BAR. 2 PRAVDA (the newspaper). 3 TAXI [tak-se'e). 4 STOP. 5 MOSCOW
[mask-va]. 6 LOS ANGELES. 7 PIZZA HUT [-hat]. 8 Vladimir Lenin [via-de 'e-meer
lye-neen].9 IZVESTIYA (newspaper) [eez-vye-stee-ya). 10 NEW YORK
[n'Yoo-y6rk]. 11 glasnost ('openness') [glas-nastY). 12 ROLLS-ROYCE.
13 The Seatles. 14 Shakespeare. 15 HELSINKI [hyely-seen-kee].
2/1
AI  X-ttd-
453

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
Jj()c:t«l J[ac
a rwJ.{4flPUSl 
TOfl!wtdf
J[poxorjHJ- HallWrW


2/2
[ve'e-skee] whisky
[een-flya-tsl-ya] inflation
[mar-kye-teenk] marketing
[myo 'o-zeekl] a musical
[n6-00-ha-oo] know-how
[pyer-sa-naly-nl kam-pYyo 'o-ter] personal computer
[pree-va-tee-za-tsl-ya] privatization
[rok-mo 'o-zl-ka] rock music
[streep-te 'es] striptease
[ek-sklyoo-ze 'ev-na-ye een-ter-vYyo '0] exclusive interview
2/3
1 [shsheel]
2 [shlt]
3 [brat]
4 [za-la-ta-va-l6-sa-ye]
5 [za-shshee-shsha-yoo-shshee]
6 [na-ka-oo-te 'e-ra-vaty)
7 [ek-spye-ree-myen-te 'e-ra-vatY)
8 [da-sta-pree-mye-cha-tyeIY-na-stee]
9 [chye-Ia-vye-ka-nye-na-ve 'est-nee-chye-stva]
454

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
3/1
1Ja 1tem J7nO 0nacuOo
J)Odpce Jf1YlP'J
J)f)

J !OJICQJ.yi1cma
?f.mo

3/2
1 BOT OH8.
2 BOT OH.
3 BOT OHO.
4 BOT OH.
5 BOT OH8.
6 BOT OH6.
3/3
1 3TO 'laM.
2 3TO py6nb.
3 HeT, 3TO BMHO.
4 BOT OHO.
3/4
1 3ApaBcTBYMTe.
2 npOCTMTe, 'I TO 3TO?
3 3TO BMHO.
4 CnacM60.
.lJocfpbdt [JRA1b
lTpOCt11JU7l/t
B
op-wtPzrYl(JU
n/J,mb
455

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
5 nO)l(anYMcTa.
6 HeT, 3TO 60PU4.
7 rAe cMeT8Ha?
8 npOCTMTe, nO)l(anyiCTa, rAe B8HR?
9 BOT OH.
10 CnacM60. o CBMABHMR.
3/5
1 [vla-dee-va-st6k] (m) OH. 2 [ska-va-ra-dee-n6] (n) OHO. 3 [ab-Io'o-chye] (n)
OHo.4 [chee-ta] (f) oHa. 5 [slyoo-dyan-ka] (f) oHa. 6 [bay-kaIYsk] (m) OH.
7 [mask-va] (f) OH8.
3/6
1 [hree-stee-an] = Christian (m). 2 [yoo-lee-an] = Julian (m). 3 [ar-ka-dee] =
Arkadii (m).A [ma-ya] = Maya (f). 5 [e'e-garY) = Igor (m). 6 [yoo-de'ef Y ] = Judith
(f). 7 [lyoo-b6fY] = Liubov ('Love') (t). 8 [nee-nyelY) = Ninel' (a female name
created by spelling Lenin backwards).
4.13
(1) Here are Vladimir Smirnov and Mary Robinson. They are in Moscow, in the
Hotel Russia. They are speaking Russian.
VS: Hello, my name is Volodia. And what's your name? MR: Mary. I'm English. VS:
You speak Russian well. MR: I'm studying Russian here in Moscow. (And) do you
speak English? VS: I understand English but I don't speak (it). Where do you live,
Mary? MR: In Volgin Street. And you? VS: On Peace Prospekt.
(2) V: Hello, Natasha. Are you going home by bus? N: Hello, Vania. No, I'm going
by trolleybus.
(3) A: Why is Mary going by trolleybus and not by metro? B: I don't know.
(4) V: What's your name? E: My name is Eva. And what's yours? V: Vadim.
(5) E: This is Natasha. V: Pleased to meet you. I'm Vadim. N: Pleased to meet you.
4/1
1 3Ha 'I don't know.' 2 rOBoPM 'He doesn't speak Russian'. 3 rOBo pMT8 'You
speak English well.' 4 )l(MBiD 'Where do you live?' 5 )l(MBi B J1oHAoHg 'I live in
London.' 6 M3Y'faDt 'We are studying Russian.' 7 )l(MBU B MOCKBj 'Mary lives in
Moscow.' 8 sAIl Ha aBT06ycg sAIl Ha TponnsM6ycg 'Ivan is going by bus and
456

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
Mary is going by trolleybus.' 9 8An 'They are going home.'
4/2
1 npocTMTe. 2 SI He 3H81O. 3 SI He nOHMM81O. 4 Bbl rOBopMTe no-aHrnMicKM?
5 r A8 Bbl .MBeTe? 6 KaK Bac 30BjT?
4/3
1 Misha, Vania, Marie. 2 Misha: Vavilov Street (ynM48 BaBMnoBa). Vania: Volgin
Street (ynM",a B6nrMHa). Marie: in Moscow. 3 She knows English, she's studying
Russian and already speaks it pretty well; she doesn't know French.
Translation:
A: Hello, Vania. Where are you going? B: Home, to Volgin Street. Are you going to
the university? A: No, I'm going home too. I live in Vavilov Street now. B: Let me
introduce you. This is my friend Marie, she's English. She's studying Russian here
in Moscow. Marie, this is Misha. V: Hello, Misha. A: Excuse me/I'm sorry, are you
called Mary? V: No, Marie. It's a French name. But I don't speak French.
5.12 Dialogues
(1) A: Where's Moscow? B: In Russia. (2) A: Where's London? B: In England. (3)
A: Where's Kiev? B: In the Ukraine. (4) A: Where's Yalta? B: In the Crimea. (5) A:
Where does Uncle Vania work? B: In (St) Petersburg. (6) A: What are you talking
about? B: About Russia. (7) A: Are you talking about Mary? B: No, we're talking not
about her but about you (fam). (8) A: Where do you livel'Nhere are you staying? B:
In the Hotel 'Russia'. A: And where are John and Margaret staying? B: In the
'Russia' too. (9) A: Where is Irkutsk? B: In Siberia. (10) A: Where does Mary
Robinson live? B: In Moscow, in Volgin Street. But in England she lives in Bristol.
(11) A: Tell me please, where is Volgin Street ('Street of Volgin')? B: Straight on
and turn right. (12) A: Tell (me) please, where is the toilet here? B: On the left. A:
Thank you. B: You're welcome. (13) A: (And) where do you live, Ivan Petrovich? B:
I live in Voronezh, in the centre. (14) A: Is Mary studying Russian at the university?
B: No, she's studying Russian at the/an institute. (15) A: Excuse me, please. do
you (don't you) know where the post office is here? B: House (building) number 2.
A: And where's that? B: Over there on the right. A: Thank you. B: You're
welcome.
457

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
5/1
1 B nOHAOHe. 2 B POCCM". 3 B rocTMHM",e. 4 B HblO-MopKe. 5 B ABCTp8nMM 'in
Australia'. 6 B AMep"Ke 'in America'. 7 B ropoAe 'in the town/ci1y'. 8 B C..6..p... 9
B KpbIUY. 10 B Aoue. 11 Ha ynM",e. 12 H8 nno&q8A".
5/2
1 0 BaHe. 2 0 Map..... 3 06 MBaHe. 4 06 AHH &pilYH. 5 0 HeM. 6 0 Heu.
5/3
1 rAe TYaneT? 2 3T0 6OPU4? 3 Bbi )I(..BeTe (pOI)JTbl )I(..BeWb (tam) B L4eHTpe?
4 SI )I(..BY B AHrnM", B 6KcclJoPAe. 5 Mbl rOBopMM 0 Bac (pol)/o Te6e (tam).
5/4
1 Dublin Ay6nMH. 2 Hamburg raM6ypr, Germany repMaH"R. 3 Anton Pavlovich
Chekhov AHTOH naBnoB"'f "4exoB. 4 Rostov-on-Don POcToB-Ha-AoHY.
5/5
1 [mask-va]. 2 [zdra-stvooy-tye]. 3 [shto 8-ta?]. 4 [pa-zhal-sta]. 5 [8-ta k6-fye?]
(rise-tall on [k6-]). 6 Cn8cM60. 7 nO)l(anYMcTa. 8 Ao CB"A8HItR. 9 npOCTMTe. 10
"4TO 3TO? 11 3TO'fai? 12 npoCT"Te, KaK Bac 3OBYr? 13 Bbl 3HaeTe, rAe
MeTpo? 14 Bbl rOBopMTe no-aHrnMMcK"? 15 SI ."BY B AHr n..MlMaH'f8CTepei
Y6nMHe. 16  He 3H81O. 17 J1 rOBop.o no-PyccK". 18 S1 eAY Ha aBT06yce. 19
OHM Ayr AOMOM. 20 6H )I(..BeT B MocKBe. 21 OHM ."BYr B C..6MP". 22 Ha
nnoU48A". 23 OHa "3)f'1aeT PyccKMM R3blK B POCCM".
6/1
1 MOM CblH. 2 Hawa AO'fb. 3 Ero M8Tb. 4 B8walTBOR rOCTMHML\8. 5 Ei MY'I(.
612
1 SI nlO6nlO MY3bIKY. 2 OHa nlO6MT MY)I(8? 3 n030BMTe, nO)l(anYMcTa, nlO66Bb
Bn8AMM"poBHy.4 nOAOJKAMTe M"HjTy. 5 CnacM60 38 'laM. 6 CnacM60 38
BOAKY.
6.17 Dialogues
V: Are you tond of music? E: Very. t like Glinka and Borodin. V: And (do you like)
Prokofiev? E: Not very much.
458

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
KM: Hello, Mikhail Petrovich, how are you?
MP: Not bad, Konstantin Mikhailovich. And how are you?
KM: I'm all right too.
MP: Where are you going?
KM: To work. And you?
MP: I'm going to the shop. And how is your wife, Natalia Borisovna?
KM: She's well. Tomorrow she's going to Moscow. Our daughter Nina has been
living there for a year. Do you know her husband Andrei?
MP: Yes, I know him.
KM: And their son is called Misha.
MP: Their son? So you're already a grandfather, Konstantin Mikhailovich.
Congratulations!
6/3
1 n030BMTe, nO>KanYMcT8, MBaHa. 2 n030BMTe MropR neTpOBM'fa.
3 n030BMTe, nO>KSnYMcTa, H8Tawy. 4 n030BMTe, nO>KanYMcTa, H8TanbIO
AneKcsH.qpOBHY.
6/4
1 3.qpaBcTBYMTeI06poe Yrpo, MBSH neTpOBM'f. 2 r.qe HaWa rocTMHM48?
3 CnacM60 38 BMHO. 4 nO)l(SnYMcT8, no.qoMTe MMHjTy. 5 3TO Bawa >K8Ha?
6/5
MMxaMn CepreeBM'f, nlO.qMMna AH.qpeeaHa. MapK Ta8H (Mark Twain)
C3nMHA>Kep (Salinger), AraTa KpMCTM (Agatha Christie).
7/1
1 3ana.qHU. 2 PYCCK MM . 3 HOBaR. 4 KpaCHIB. 5 6onbwlB. 6 ManeHbK.
7 nYWKMHCKIB. 8 6pMTSHCK.
7/2
1 nOcneAHBB. 2 3MMH.. 3 TpeTU. 4 TpeT.
7.18 Dialogues
A: Moscow is a large city. Moscow has an attractive river and a famous university.
You already know Red Square, the Bolshoi Theatre and Tverskaia Street. B: I do.
459

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
Tverskaia Street is the main street. A: (Points (to them) on the map) Here is
Tverskaia, here is New Arbat, and here is the old Arbat. a very old :street. This is
the Hotel 'Russia'. a very large hotel. Here is the Kremlin, nearby is. the Great Stone
Bridge, and this is the British Embassy, on the embankment. Here is the American
Embassy, and here's the Canadian (one).
A: Good morning. B: Good day. A: Why are you in (= wearing) a winter coat? The
weather is warm today. B: This isn't a winter coat, it's a summer one.
We live in Moscow. We - that's me Pavel Pavlovich Petrov, my wife Svetlana
Aleksandrovna and our daughter Elena. At school they call her Lena but at home
we call her Lenusha. My mother, Zinaida Egorovna, lives in Moscow too. She lives
in an old house in the centre, while we live in a new flat in a new block in the south-
west. Our block is on Prospekt Vernadskovo [pras-pyekt vyer-nat-ska-va]. Do
you know the 'Yugo-Zapadnaia' (underground) station? We live on the third floor
(second floor in Britain). In our flat there is a hall, a large-room (= a living room)
and a bedroom. There is also a small kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet.
7/3
1 B 3inaAHoM CM6MpM He lives in Western Siberia. 2 Bbl 3HaeTe HOBYIO
rocTMHM4Y? Do you know the new hotel? 3 OHM MAYr Ha KpaCHYIO nnOlq8Ab
They are going to Red Square. 4 OHa B 3MMH8M nanbTo She's wearing a winter
coat. 5 Bbl 3HaeT8 MOIO BTOPYIO )l(eHY? Do you know my second wife? 6 B 3TOM
Mara3MHe pa60Ta8T Moll AO'fb My daughter works in this shop. 7 OHa
nOK83blBaeT HOBoe 3MMHee nanbT6 She is showing (her) new winter coat.
8 - KaK8J1 ceroAHJI noroA8? - TennaR 'What's the weather like today?' 'Warm.'
7/4
1 rAe KpacHaR nno&q8Ab? 2 OHa Ha KpaCHOM nnoU48AM. 3 Mbl MAeM (on
foot)/eAeM (by transport) H8 KpaCHYIO nnOIq8Ab. 4 3TA KHMra B8walTBolI? or
3T B8wahBoil KHMra?
7/5
1 Along Nikol'skaia Street (HMKonbcKaR ynM48) and north-east across
Lubianskaia Square (ny6l1HcKaR nnoU48Ab). 2 Manezhnaia Square (MaHe)l(HaR
nnoaqaAb).3 Go straight on (north) up MaHe)l(H8R ynM48 to MaH8)1(HaJi
nno&q8Ab, turn left into TBepcKaJl ynM48 and go straight on to nYWKMHCK8J1
nnoU48Ab.
460

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
8/1
1 ynMLUd 'streets'. 2 Tponnei6yc)d 'trolleybuses'. 3 YHMBepcMTe Tbl 'universities'.
4 WKOnjd 'schools'. 5 MY.}! 'museums'. 6 npoA8B 'sales assistants'.
7 n!icbMB 'letters'. 8 nnoU481U! 'squares'. 9 MMHYrId 'minutes'. 10 HeAenB
'weeks'. 11 aM..nMH 'surnames'. 12 KHMrB 'books'. 13 R3blKH 'languages',
14 nMpo.Kit 'pies'. 15 AO'f1ml 'daughters'. 16 AOMa 'houses'. 17 aHrnM'faH.
'Englishmen'. 18 neei 'forests', 19 TaKcK 'taxis'. 20 CblHad 'sons', 21 MMmti
'names'. 22 R6noKH 'apples'. 23 APYa8 'friends'.
8/2
1 PYCCKM KHMrB 'Russian books', 2 3TH R3bIK 'these languages'.
3 neTHM AHB 'summer days'. 4 HawH CbIH 'our sons'. 5 Tap ropoAa
'old towns', 6 MOM. APY 'my friends'. 7 60nbw Me Mara3MHid 'big shops'. 8 Tg
rOAt!l'those years', 9 BaWa MecTj 'your places (seats)'. 10 3TB ynps)I(H8HMB
'these exercises'.
8.12
(1) Groceries/Food. M: What kinds of food do Russians buy in a/the shop? V: In
a/the shop we buy salami, cheese, milk, eggs, butter, potatoes, sugar. And bread,
of course, black and white. Russian bread is very good ('tasty'), always fresh. We
are fond of making ('very like to make') open sandwiches. M: What about fruit
('fruits')? V: Fruit we buy at the market. It's ('They are') expensive but fresh. We buy
apples and oranges, if there are (any). M: Where do you buy meat? V: In the shop
the meat is bad. There is good, fresh meat only at the market.
(2) Fruit. A: Where do they sell oranges? B: Only at the market. A: What about
apples? B: There are apples in the shop, but they're bad.
(3) At the Market. A: Are these pies yours? B (a trader): Yes ('Mine'). A: Are they
fresh? B: (They're) fresh, very good. A: Give me a kilo, please.
(4) In the Shop. M: Tell (me), please, in which section do they sell kefir (yogurt-
type drink)? Sales Assistant: In the dairy (section). M: What about eggs? SA: In the
dairy section too. M: Thank you.
8/3
1 ECTb Ko?/Koe eCTb? 2 ECTb CBe)l(Me 6yrep6poAbl?/CBe)l(Me
6YTep6pOAbi eCTb? 3 r.qe BawMiTBoM APY3bR? 4 SI nlO6nlO PyccKMe 6nMHbl.
5 "IepHblM xne6, nO)l(anYMcT8. 6 AiMTe 3TM anenbCMHbl, nO)l(anYMcTa.
461

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
8/4
1 6enopyc Belorussian (White Russian). 2 sannM(e)4 Welshman (mobile e after a
vowel replaced by M). 3 BeHrp Hungarian. 4 MpnaHA(e)4 Irishman. 5 McnaH(e)4
Spaniard. 6 naTblw Latvian. 7 nMToB(e)4 Lithuanian. 8 H8M(e)4 German. 9 nonAK
Pole. 10 c1JpaH4Y3 Frenchman. 11 PYCCKMi Russian (the only nationality whose
Russian name is an adjective). 12 YKpsMH(e)4 Ukrainian. 13 wBeA Swede.
14 wOTnaHA(e)4 Scot. 15 3cT6H(e)4 Estonian.
9/1
1 py6na. 2 nMcbMa. 3 CblHa. 4 .eHaqMH bl . 5 MOCKBJ2I. 6 KHMrlt. 7 AO'f epM .
8 MonoKi. 9 cBMAaHM.8. 1 0 Koe (indeclinable).
9/2
1 ABe KoneMKM. 2 HeT caxapalCaxspa HeT. 3 TpM cnoBa. 4.qBa cblHa. 5 ABe
HeAenM. 6 ynM48 BonrMHa. 7 My. MawM (M after w). 8 6YTbinKs BMHa. 9
HOMep AOMa. 10 LIaR HeTlHeT 'faR.
9/3
1 py6nu '5 roubles'. 2 AOMa'10 houses'. 3 HO'fU '6 nights'. 4 )l(MTend. '300
inhabitants'. 5 3Ta )l(eM 7 floors'. 6 KHMr '126 books'. 7 ynp8>KHeHMH '12 exercises'.
8 Bpa'tji '19 doctors'. 9 6YTep6poMIl'5 sandwiches' 10 Meet '20 places
(seats)'. 11 ra-I '40 newspapers'. 12 anenbcM HoB '9 oranges'.
13 aMepMKaHiIIJI'200 Americans'. 14 TbICR '5000'. 15 R6noK 'a kilogram of
apples'. 16 APY3U '6 friends'. 17 AeHAr 'There's no money'. 18 Kone.
'40 kopecks'. 19 nMCIM '11 letters'. 20 aHrnM'fal:l 70 Englishmen'. 21 HSA8l11ii
'11 weeks'. 22nu '450 years'. 23 MOpli 7 seas'. 24 MMIt1'8 names'.
25 SHrnM'faH2,K '90 Englishwomen'.
9/4
1 AecRTb py6nu TpMA48Tb Kon. 2 nRTb 'faca. 3 nRTH8A48Tb MMHYr.
4 nRTb HeAellii. 5 BOC8MbAecRT anenbCMHQI.. 6 nRTbAecAT Aonnapa.
7 AB8A48Tb AMi. 8 nRTb MecRaaa. 9 CTo cn61!. 10 AB6cTM W8CTbAeCRT
KBapTMg.
462

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
9/5
1 MMHYrIil (gen.sg. after 3) '3 minutes'. 2 MMHYI '5 minutes'. 3 MMHYrA '21 minutes'.
4 rOAl'2 years'. 5ll1I '10 years'. 6 Atm '123 days'. 7 onnlR '1261 dollars'.
8 O'f epM '4 daughters'.  oAtti KoneMKA '41 kopecks'. 10 oAtm[Q CTYeHTA
'I know 21 students' (anim acc.).
9/14
(1) A: Please give me three coffees, three teas, five open sandwiches and five
pies. B: That will be ('From you') 4 roubles 28 kopecks. A: Here you are. B: Here's
(your) change - 5 roubles 72 kopecks. A: Thank you. B: You're welcome.
(2) A: Please give me 200 grams of cheese and half a kilo of salami. B: 7 roubles
26 kopecks.
(3) A: What (How much) does this cost? B: 12 roubles a kilo. A: 400 grams,
please. B: Here you are. 4 roubles 80 kopecks.
(4) A: Please give me a kilo of apples. B: Anything else? A: How much are the
oranges? B: 14 roubles. A: Half a kilo, please. B: That will be ('From you') 16
roubles.
A: How many inhabitants are there in Moscow. 2 or 3 million? B: No, more. 8
million. But in St Petersburg there are fewer inhabitants - 4 million. A: And how
many in Russia? B: I don't know exactly. Perhaps 150,000,000.
9/6
1 B8ALI8Tb OMH. 2 TbICR'ta ABecTM. 3 TblCJI't8 BOC8MbC6T c8MbA8CHT TPM.
4 eBRTb TbICR'f (gen.pl. of TblcR'ta). 5 ceMbCoT nRTbAeCRT nRTb.
6 nRTbAeCRT Ba. 7 nRTbA8CRT. 8 TpM48Tb nRTb. 9 TpMA48Tb weCTb py6nei
W8CTbA8CRT KoneeK.
9n
Q.l Eleven weeks, four days. Q.2 Two or three times a week. Q.3 'Sadko' is
expensive and she gets only £ 120 a month from her parents.
V: How many months have you been ('are you already') in Moscow, Mary? M:
Three months, or, to be precise ('if precisely'), eleven weeks and four days. V: How
are you getting on? ('How are you living?') You're a vegetarian. aren't you ('you
know'), and Russians are very fond of meat. M: I buy a lot of food at the market. I
go there two or three times a week. Sometimes I go to the 'Sadko' foreign currency
463

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
shop. There they have ('there are') various dairy products, a lot of vegetables and
fruit, but everything is ('costs') expensive. A kilogram of cheese costs five pounds,
ten eggs cost two pounds. I get ('receive') only £120 a month from my parents, so
I buy very little there.
10/1
1 Does Vadim have a wife? 2 He has a Russian female friend. 3 Does Eva have
a brother? 4 She doesn't have a brother (stress on doesn't - so HeT at end).
5 Y Bac eCTb 6enoe BMHO? 6 Y HMX eCTb AO'fb M ABa cblHa. 7 Y Hei eCTb
AeHbrM?
10/2
1 PyccKoro APyra Mary receives letters from her Russian frien d.
2 60nbworo TeaTpa There is a metro station near the Bolshoi Theatre. 3 SonoAM
Volodia is not at home rOf Volodia there is not at homel 4 APY38i, xopowero
BMHa For our friends we are buying a bottle of good wine. 5 pa6oTbl, CawM Today
after work everybody except Sasha is going to the theatre. 6 KMnorp8MMa
cBe)l(ei Kon6acbl Please give me two kilos of fresh salami.
10/3
1 Do your Russian friends have any children? 2 Why haven't you any fresh fruit?
3 Near our house there is an institute of foreign languages. 4 They are not at home.
5 BOT nMCbMO OT MotH pycCK oi nOAPyrlt. 6 (OAHO) KMno 3T,U 60nbw Mx
il6noK, nO)l(anyicTa. 7 Y Hac eCTb HeCKonbKO KHltr AI1R BaW MxJT BO MX
APY3ti.. 8 ABg 6yTblnKtt KpaCH2m BMH. M oAHa 6yTbinKa PYCCK2H. BOAKtt.
9 Y Hero (eCTb) MHoro MHTepeCHblX KHMr. 10 Y Hac HeT PYCCKMX AeHer.
10/4
1 MOB aMepMKaHcKU APY3U 'She knows my American friends.'
2 aMepMK8HcK MX Aonnapa Thirty-five American dollars.' 3 60nbw Mx
6yTblnOAHi ManeHbKm 6yTblnKV 'She is buying five large bottles of juice
and one small bottle of wine.' 4 MHocTpaHH blx (gen.pl.) R3blKB (gen.sg.) 'Mary
knows three foreign languages.'
10.17
(1) A: Do you have tea? B: No, but there's juice. A: And is there coffee? B: Yes
(There is). (2) A: Do you have any bananas? B: No. There aren't any. A: What
464

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
have you got then? B: There are apples. There is no other fruit. (3) A: (And) what
have you got to drink? B: Wine. White (and) red. There's no vodka. A: Please give
(me) a bottle of white wine. B: Here you are.
A: Tell me please, do you have ('don't you have') any airmail envelopes? B: Yes. A:
And what does such an envelope cost? B: An airmail envelope costs fifty-four
kopecks. A: Two envelopes, please. B: 1 rouble 8 kopecks. A: OK.
A: Tell me please, do you have a map of the town? B: Unfortunately, we haven't
any at the moment, but there's a guidebook. A: What about maps of Russia? ('And
are there maps of Russia?') B: Yes, we have maps. Have a look at this one. A: No,
this map is too small. Don't you have a big one? B: There aren't any big ones., But
there's this medium-sized one ('here such [a map], of average dimensions'). A:
OK. I'll take ('I take') this one. How much is it? B: Fourteen kopecks. A: Only
fourteen kopecks! So little! What a pleasant surprise!
Customer: Tell me please, you don't have any meat, do you? Assistant: No, this is a fish
shop. Fish is what we don't have. Where they don't have meat is at the shop opposite.
10/5
V: Do you have any (postage) stamps? I have three letters for my English (British)
friends but I have no stamps at all. E: I have only two six-kopeck stamps. Ask ('at')
my parents. V: That's awkward. I borrow ('take') so many different ('various') things
from ('at') them - yesterday several English newspapers, this morning two English
dictionaries. . . [answer to Q.l]. E: Since they don't have a son [Q.2 Eva has no
brothers], you are like a son to them. You have the right (10.4) to take (borrow)
anything you like ('anything that you wanf). V: And who am I to ('for') you - your
brother, am I? E: Of course not. You are simply one of my friends. V: Thank you. So
I am simply one of your friends. But your parents are fond of me ('love') me. E: Yes,
today mother is making an apple pie ('pie of fresh apples'), specially for you [Q.3
Evidence that she does].
10.6
1 SI He nOHMM81O. 2 Bbl rOBopMTe nO-8HrnMMCKM? - normal form. Also
possible: rOBOpMTe nM Bbl nO-8HrnMMcKM? 3 Bbl )l(MB8Te B MOCKse? (>KMs8Te
nM Bbl B MocKBe?) 4 Bbl (He) 3H8eTe, rAe nO'fT8?/CK8)1(MTe, nO)l(8nYMCT8, rAe
nO'fT8? 5 OH He rOBopMT nO-PyccKM. 6 Cn8cM60 38 nMcbMo. 7 K8K ('how') ei
MMR M OT'feCTBO? 8 SI MAY (eAY) H8 KpaCHYIO nnoaqaAb. 9 SI He O'teHb nlO6ntb
60POAMH8 (if emphasis on Borodin)/SI 60POAMH8 He O'feHb nlO6ntb (if
emphasis on 'not very fond'). 10 K8)1(eTCR, M8KAOH8nAC H8 nYWKMHCKOM
nnOIq8AM. 11 MOM APY3bR )l(MBjT H8 3TOM ynM4e. 12 AB8A48Tb nRTb
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AonnapOB. 13 BOT AOM Moero APyra MBaHA (gen.). 14 Cero.qHJI HeT MonoKa.
15 Y Bac eCTb aHrnMicKM8 KHMrM? 16 npocTMTelCKa)l(MT8, nO)l(anYMcTa, Y
Bac ecTb KO8? 17 Y MeHR (ecTb) MHoro PYCCKMX APy36M. 18 Y HaTawM eCTb
ABa MsneHbKMx cblHa. 19 ASMTe 6YTbinKY xopowero 6enoro BMHa,
nO)l(anYMcTa. 20 Bbl 3HaeTelTbi 3Haewb 3TMX AeByw8K?
11/1
1 6bln Ivan was in Moscow. 2 6blnl Masha was in Moscow too. 36bln
(man)/6blna (woman) I was in Kiev (for) two days. 4 pa60TanM They worked all
day. 5 pa60Tan (man)/pa60Tana (woman) I worked/was working yesterday.
6 3HsnM, 6blns Did you know that she was/had been in Berlin? 7 BMAenM Have
you seen/Did you see my husband? 8 Morna She couldn't work. 9 wnM We were
walking slowly. 10 BMAenlBMAena, win When I saw him, he was going to the
shop. 11 6blnM Did you have friends in Moscow? 12 6bln She had a Russian
friend. 131ft 6blno There was no milk in the snackbar. 14 Hi6blno We had no
Russian money.
11/2
1 ynbl6s8TCR. 2 0A8BanMcb. 3 OTKpbIBa8TcR. 4 OTKpblBanMcb. 5 Ha'fMHaeTcR.
11.9
(1) VP: Have you been in Petersburg? E: Yes. Last year. I was there for four days.
VP: What did you see there? E: I saw Nevskii Prospekt. the (River) Neva. the Peter
and Paul Fortress, I was in the Hermitage, of course. I didn't know that Petersburg
was such a beautiful city. I had heard a lot about the ('that') city but all the same I
didn't expect such beauty.
(2) E: When does the concert begin ('itself)? V: At seven o'clock, I think. Why are
you smiling? E: I know that there are no tickets left ('already no tickets'). But there's
a good American film on at the cinema. Mother saw ('watched') (it) yesterday. She
says that everybody was laughing.
(3) KM: Welcome! Come on in! Take your coat off ('Undress yourself'). Here are
some slippers. AB: Klara Mikhailovna, I'm sorry I'm late ('Excuse for lateness'). I
hope you're not angry. I spent so long looking for a taxi. KM: Never mind. Please,
go through (to the main room). AB: There were no free cars at all. I didn't know
what to do. KM: Let me introduce you. This is our neighbour, Vladimir Petrovich.
He was in London recently. AB: Pleased to meet you. My name is Anna Borisovna.
And what did you see there? VP: Unfortunately, because of the fog I didn't see
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KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
anything. AB: Really? Why are you laughing? VP: It's a joke, of course. There
weren't any fogs. But it rained all the time.
11/3
The Russian Tsar Peter the Great considered it necessary ('that it is necessary') to
build a new port on the Baltic Sea. This was (is) the city of Saint Petersburg, or
Petersburg, as it is usually called. This new 'window on to ('into') Europe' was built
('[they] built') on the River Neva, where the Peter and Paul Fortress already stood
on an island [Q.l so the site was not empty]. Petersburg was built ('built itself')
quickly. For the construction of the city thousands of peasants were sent every
year from all corners of Russia. They worked in the (winter) cold, it rained
constantly, it was windy, they stood up to their knees in water and mud. Every year
thousands of people perished from diseases, hunger and overwork [Q.2].
12/1
1 SI nOMorY. 2 Bbl nOMO)l(eTelTbl nOMO)l(eWb? 3 Mbl YBMAMM ei 38BTpa. 4 Mbl
nOMA8M1n08AeM H8 KpSCHYIO nnOLq8Ab. 5 OHM He noeAyT. 6 SI Kynntb 3TY
KHMry.7 Mbl OTAOXH8M. 8 6H He npMA8T. 9 Sl6epy 3TY KHMry. 10 SI cKa*y Asa
cnoB8.
12/2
1 TO Bbl XOTMTeNTO Tbl XO't8Wb? 2 SI XO'fY noeX8Tb P B CM6Mpb. 3 Mbl He
XOTMM. 4 OHM XOTRT KynMTb P BOAKY. 5 Tbl (He) XO'feWb BblnMTb P ?
12/3
1 BaM I'll give you 5 dollars. 2 MHe Will you help me? 3 >KeHe I'll show the letter to
(my) wife. 4 EBe M B8AMMY I'll phone Eva and Vadim. 5 C'f8CTblO Fortunately, the
Russians want peace.
12/4
1 M0 8M )l(8Ht to my wife. 2 B8WI.MY PYCC KOMY APYfX BonoM to your Russian
friend Volodia. 3 3 TOMY MHTepecH oMY 8HrnM'f8HMHX to that interesting
Englishman.
12/5
1 HSW MM pOAMTenBM to our parents. 2 3THM ynMLUlM along these streets. 3 TU
aMepMK8HL4I.M He's helping those Americans. 4 MOHM APY3bBM I'll phone my
467

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
friends. 5 COe.qMH8HHIdM WTaTIM She's an expert on the United States.
12/6
1 PYCCKt1M APY3bBM 0 HaWHX A8TBlI told our Russian friends about our
children. 2 Beg PYCCKHX AOMIx, 0 CoeAMH8HHIIIX WTaTG In all Russian homes
(houses) people often talk about the USA. 3 3TU M8ra3MHIX, HaM We don't like
the food in these shops.
12.19
Waitress: Hello. Customer: Hello. W: What do you want. C: We want to have a
meal. W: Certainly. C: What have you got? W: We have mushrooms in sour cream,
fish salad, meat rissoles, Beef Stroganov, Chicken Kiev. What would you like? C:
My wife will have ('take') the mushrooms and the Chicken Ki€v and I'll have ('take')
the mushrooms and Beef Stroganov. Is there any mineral water? W: Yes. C: And
what (alcoholic) drinks have you got? W: There's champagne and wine. C: Please
bring my wife a bottle of mineral water and red wine for me ('to me'). W: All right. I'll
bring you our Crimean red.
C: Waiter, excuse me ('Be so good'). W: What can I do for you? ('I'm listening to
you.') W: I'm a vegetarian. Do you have vegetarian dishes? W: Yes. Would you like
fish? C: No, I only eat vegetables. W: All right, I'll bring you potatoes, cabbage and
tomatoes. C: Thank you.
E: Where shall we go? V: Let's go to (see) your friends. E: Which ones? ('To whom
shall we go?') V: (To) Vera and Oleg.
V: Would you like a drink? E: No thank you. I want a sandwich - and Pepsi, if there
is any. V: I'll have a drink. E: I warn you: if you (will) drink a lot, (then) I'll leave
without you.
12/7
E: Let's go and see ('to') my friends. V: Vera and Oleg? E: No, Natal'ia Petrovna
and her family. V: I don't want to go there ('to them'). They live in Soko/'niki, don't
they? That's a very long way [Q.l First objection]. E: There's a direct metro line
(Le. no changes). V: On top of that. Nata/'ia Petrovna constantly talks about small
children. I find that boring [Q.l Second objection]. E: Her husband will talk to you
(tell you) about the countries of Western Europe. Boris Karlovich is an expert on
the European Union, he often travels around these countries. V: I don't want to
listen to an economics lecture [Q.l Third objection]. Let's go and see Vera. E: I
think ('To me it seems') you don't want to go and see Nata/'ia and Boris only
468

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
because they don't drink. (While) Vera will let you have a drink. V: How can you?!
(You should be ashamed.) You know very well (*e is for emphasis) that I like the
sober lifestyle of Nata/'ia Petrovna and her husband. E: In that case, let's go to visit
my abstainers. [0.2 Eva manoeuvres Vadim into protesting that he's not looking for
vodka and admires her sober friends]. I'll just ring them/I'll ring them right now,
and then we'll ring mother to say that we won't be in for dinner ('we to dinner won't
come').
13/1
Eva and Vadim were walking (action in process, unfinished) along Tverskaia
Street and talking (action in process, unfinished) about her friends. Suddenly Eva
remembered (single completed event) that she had forgotten (single event) to
phone (3a6blTb is followed by p infinitive, meaning one hasn't done what one
should have done) Vera. Usually she rang (repeated action) her every morning, but
today she hadn't rung (failed to do what she should have done). 'I want (present
tense) to make a phone call (single event),' she said (single completed event) to
Vadim. 'We need to find (single event with a result) a phone box.' They searched
(action in process, unfinished) ('for it') for ten minutes and finally found
(completed; result achieved) one near the 'Intourist' Hotel.
13/2
1 We asked if she knew ('knows') Boris Petrovich. 2 Eva didn't know whether she
would see ('will see') Vadim. 3 SI He 3Hluo, rOBopMT nM OH nO-PyccKM. 4 SI He
3H81O, n03BOHMT P nM OHa 38BTpa. 5 Mbl He 3HsnM, rOBopMT nM OHa ('if she
speaks') no-aHrnMMcKM. 6 OHa cnpocMna p , 8MepMK8He4 (m)/aMepMKaHKa (f) nM
51 ('whether I am') 7 SI cnpowyp ai, x6'teT nM oHa nOMTMP B TeaTp.
13.9
NN: When did you begin to study Russian? M: Four years ago. NN: Do you like
Russian? M: Very much. But it's very difficult. NN: What languages do you know,
apart from Russian? N: I speak a little French. In our schools almost all children
learn French. And I can read German but I don't speak it. NN: Is Russian popular
in your country ('at you', 'chez vous'). M: Many people want to study it, because
everybody knows that it is a very important language nowadays ('in the modern
world'). But there aren't many opportunities in our schools. I myself went to
evening classes. I was lucky: in my town there is an institute where they have been
teaching Russian for a long time. In general the English (British) are not very
interested in foreign languages ('regard foreign languages indifferently'). They
469

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
usually think that the whole world speaks English. NN: And why did you decide to
study Russian? M: The thing is that several years ago I began to read the novels of
Dostoevskii - in English, of course. Then I got the urge to read Russian literature in
the original. That's why I decided to take a course ('enrol on a course'). I don't
know whether I'll manage to master the language, but I've already read three
Dostoevskii novels in Russian. NN: I think you've already mastered it.
A journalist was conducting a survey on the streets of Moscow. 'Excuse me, where
were you born?' 'In St Petersburg', 'And where did you go to (finish) school?' 'In
Petrograd.' 'And where do you live now?' 'In Leningrad.' 'And where would you like
to live?' 'In St Petersburg.'
13/3
Vera was born in Moscow. She lived there for three years, then the family moved to
Irkutsk. There she finished school and entered an institute. When she was studying
at the institute, she fell in love with a young lecturer. Since he taught English and
was translating (action in process) an Engli'sh novel, she decided that she too
wanted ('wants') to study English. So she started to go to evening classes.
13/4
1 SI M3Y't{UO (or Y'fY) PYCCKMM R3blK (Y)I(e) TPM MeCRL4a. 2 Mbl XOTMM BbIY'fMTb
PYCCKMM R3bIK. 3 MpM nepeexana B MOCKBY M 6blCTpO BblY'tMna PYCCKMM
R3bIK. 4 S1 He 3H81O, rOBopMT nM BaAMM no-aHrnMMcKM. 5 EcnM 6H rOBopMT
no-aHrnMMcKM, 51 eMY AaM 3TOT pOM8H.
13/5
Brezhnev was travelling in his car along a Moscow avenue. He decided to take a
look at the living standards of ('how lives') the Soviet people [Q.1]. He ordered his
chauffeur to stop the car at a tall block of flats. He went into the block and rang the
bell of ('into') the first flat. The door was opened by a small boy. Brezhnevasked
the boy if his home had a television [Q.2]. 'Yes,' answered the boy. 'Is there a
refrigerator?' 'Yes.' 'A tape recorder?' 'Yes.' 'Well then, it was I who gave you all
these things!' The boy laughed with joy. 'Mummy, Daddy, Uncle Misha has come
from America!' [Q.3 The family could only afford luxury goods thanks to the
generosity of a relative in the West.]
14/1
1 SI 6YAY B MOCKB'. 2 OHa 6YAeT AOMa 38BTpa? 3 Mbi 6YA8M M3Y'faTb (Y'fMTb)
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KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
PYCCKMM R3bIK. 4 38BTpa JI 6YAY pa60TaTb. 5 B MOCKB' 51 6YAY rOBopMTb
TonbKo nO-PyccKM. 6 OHM 6YAYT 3BOHMTb Ka>KAbiM A8Hb.
14/2
1 When we are ('shall be') in Moscow, we'll stay (be staying) at the 'Russia' Hotel.
2 If you write ('will write') her a letter, she'll answer. 3 If Vadim drinks ('will drink') a
lot, Eva will leave without him. 4 We'll tell you when you come ('will come'). 5 When
we've had dinner ('shall finish having dinner'), we'll watch television (for a while)/
After dinner we'll watch some television. 6 KorA8 51 6YAY ('shall be') B MOCKB', 51
6YAY rOBopMTb TonbKo nO-PyccKM. 7 KorAll EBa npMA8T/npMeAeT ('will come'),
BaAMM n03BOHMT HaM/HaM n03BoHMT. 8 EcnM Bbl ASAMTe eMY AeCRTb
AonnapOB, OH ASCT BaM 6MneTbl. 9 SI He 3H81O, 6YAeT nM OHa AOMa.
14/3
1 'Aren't you cold?' 'No, I'm actually ('even') warm.' 2 In Moscow in August we
were hot. 3 'May I open the window?' 'Please do/Go ahead, but it will be noisy.'
4 Tomorrow it will be necessary to (we'll have to) buy a hat. 5 3Aecb MO)l(HO
KynMTb B6AKY? (Put the place word 3AeCb at the beginning unless it's stressed.)
6 B 3TOM KOMHaT8 6'feHb xonoAHo. 7 BaMITe6e He 6YA8T CKj'tHO. 8 BaAMMY
Henb3R nMTb.
14.8
V: Will you object if I go ('will go') to Ali:)sha's place ('to AIsha') on Saturday?
We're going to celebrate the anniversary of his divorce. Men only ('in male
company'), of course. no women. E: I see. So you're going to drink vodka all
evening. You know drinking's bad for you ('While to you to drink is harmful'). V: I'll
drink a little, just to relax a bit. I know that I mustn't drink too much ('one must drink
in moderation'). E: If you get drunk, you'll feel ashamed afterwards. V: Don't worry.
14/4
VP: Where are you going to spend your summer holiday? AM: In the south, in the
Crimea, not far from Yalta. It's very beautiful there. VP: I don't like the Crimea in
summer. It's very hot. And it's hard to find somewhere to stay ('to find a room ')
[Q.l Two of the reasons]. AM: And may I ask you what you're going to do (be
doing) in August? VP: You'll think this is funny, but we've decided to stay in
Moscow. We're going to stay ('sit') at home and watch television. AM: But that'll be
boring, won't it? [Q.2] VP: On the other hand, it'll be peaceful. All the neighbours
471

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
will go away, we won't hear any drunken voices, any swearing or any loud rock
music [Q.l The third reason]. AM: In our block the soundproofing is good. VP:
Ours is very noisy ('In our place is very noisy'). Then in autumn, when everybody
returns ('will return') to Moscow, we'll take a holiday in Bochi, at my sister's place
[Q.3].
15/1
1 A8MT8. 2 nocnywaM(T8). 3 0AeB8icRlOA8B8MTecb.
15/2
1 npMHecMTe. 2 YXoAMlYxoAMTe. 3 KynMlKynMT8. 4 nOCMOTpM(Te).
15/3
1 OCT8HbcRlOcT8HbTecb. 2 OTBeTwOTBeTbTe. 3 3a6YAb (familiar form going
with the intimate fonn BaHR).
15/4
1 Come and see us on Saturday (' invitation). 2 Would you open the window?
(P request). 3 'May I smoke?' 'Go ahead' (' a general invitation, not a command).
4 Answer two questions (P single command). 5 Give me your telephone (number)
(P single command/request). 6 Do have a pie (' invitation). 6 Don't go away
(' negative command/prohibition).
15/5
1 n03BOHM(Te) MH8 38BTpa. 2 CKa)l(MT8, nO)l(8nYMcTa, rAe BOK38n? 3 He
3a6YAb(T8) npMH8CTM COK. 4 nMWM(Te) HaM 'faCTO. 5 CaAMcb/CSAMT8Cb.
6 .QaMTe ABa 6MneTa, nO)l(anyicTa. 7 He OTKpbIBaM(Te) OKHO. B 3TOM KOMHaT8
xonoAHo.
15/6
1 Let's have a drink. 2 Let's go and see Eva and Vadim. 3 Don't be angry. Let
them go if they want to. 4 If Volodia phones, tell him I've left. Tell him to (Let him)
phone tomorrow. 5 AaBaM(Te) rOBopMTb' (noroBopMMP) nO-PyccKM. 6 AaB8i(Te)
n03BoHMMP EBe. 7 AaBai(Te) He 6YA8M AYM8Tb 0 pa66T8. 8 nYCTb M3Y'fS8T '
(Y'tMT ' ) c1JPaH4Y3CKMi (R3bIK), ecnM (OH) XO'f8T.
472

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15n
Yu: Have you read [15.11 (8)] the novel Anna Karenina? Sh: Not yet. I bought
[15.11 (9)] it last year. I wanted/intended [15.11 (3)] to read [15.11 (9)] it, but I
was working a lot [15.11 (2) (3) (6)], I got very tired [15.11 (6)] and hadn't time to
do anything [15.11 (4) (6)]. But this August ('Here in August') I'll be on holiday
[15.11 (3)], then I'll definitely read it [15.11 (9)/15.12 (b)]. Yu: When you've read it
[15.11 (11)], we'll talk/have a talk [15.11 (9)] about whether Tolstoi understood
[15.11 (3)] the female heart/how women feel.
15.14
Tourist: Could you tell me how to get to the station? V: Take trolleybus number 4,
get out at the square and change there to any tram.
Tourist: Could you tell me how to get to ('reach') the 'Russia' Hotel? E: Let's look at
the city map. Here's the hotel, not far from the Kremlin. We're here, near
McDonald's on Pushkin Square. Turn right and go straight on along Tverskaia
Street. At the 'National' Hotel you'll see a pedestrian subway. Go down the steps
('Go down'), then straight on, then find the exit to Red Square. Go towards St
Basil's ('the cathedral of Vasilii the Blessed'). To the left of the cathedral you'll see
a large modern building. That's the 'Russia'.
E: Excuse me, could I speak to Vadim, please? NN: He's just gone out. Is that
Eva? E: Yes. NN: He rang you p no result 15.11 (2), 15.12 (c)] ten minutes ago,
but you weren't at home. E: Tell him that I'll be at home in the evening. Ask him to
ring again. NN: I'll do that.
LP: Tania! What are you doing? Stop it! T: But I want to. LP: I don't allow it! You
mustn't! T: Why mustn't I? LP: Tania, that's enough! T: I'm not afraid of you. LP: I'll
punish you. T: If you punish me, I'll cry.
15/8
B: Could I speak to R, please? ('Please call R') Secretary: I'm afraid he's busy.
Ring in an hour. B: Don't hang up, please. Could you tell him that B rang?S: OK,
I'll tell him. B: Ask him to ring me on 125-36-47 [Q.l]. S: Don't worry, I'll tell him.
B: Excuse me for troubling you. This is Evgenii Matveevich Borisov. Could I speak
to R, please? S: He's already left. B: How can he have left? Why didn't he ring? S: I
don't know. I told him you rang. B: Please remind him again tomorrow. S: Will do.
[0.2 She couldn't call R because he was busy. She didn't hang up. She says she
told R that B rang but she doesn't mention having asked R to ring B. So she
carried out at least two of the instructions.]
473

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
B: Hello. It's Borisov. Is R in? He's in but he's expecting a client. B: When he's free,
remind him that I asked him to ring me [Q.3]. S: OK, I'll leave him a note [Q.4].
15/9
1 SI XO'fY KynMTb P wanKY. 2 Mbl )l(MnM' B rocTMHM4e ccMH1)#pMCT). 3 - Bbl
'fMTanMtTbl 'I MTan (a)' pOMaH ccAHHa KapeHMHa»? - HeT, He'fMTsn(a)'.
4 Mbl 'faCTO 3BOHMnM ' BSAMMY M EBe. 5 - Bbl npMA8TePITbi npMAiwb P 3aBTpa?
- SI npMAY P , ecnM CMOrjP. 6 EcnM 38BTpa Y Hac 6YAeT BpeMR (38BTpa), Mbl
n03BOHMMP (HaWMM) APY3bRM. 7 Mbl 6YAeM *A8Tb ' BaclTe6R.
8 SI OT AOXHr, nOToM 51 noiAY P Ha KpacHYIO nnoU48Ab.
9 HeB03MO)l(HOlHenb3R OTKpblTb P 31)# ABepb. 10 nO)l(anyicTa, npMHecMTe p
MHe 6YTbinKY MMHepinbHoM BOAbl. 11 nO)l(anYMCTa, He OTKpbIBaM(Te)' OKH6.
HaM xonoAHo. 12 nMWM' MHe 'faCTO. SI 6YAY nMcaTb' Te68 KaJKAYIO H8AenlO
(acc.). 13 He 3a6YAb(Te)p, 'I TO 3aBTpa Mbl MA8M1eAeM (pres.) k HaTanbe
neTpoBHe. 14 CSAMTecb. SI npMAY 'fepe3 H8cKonbKo MMHYr. MHe HSAO
n03BoHMTb AeTRM. 15 Bai(Te) He 6YAeM rOBopMTb ' 0 AeTAX.
16/1
1 BapeH beM . 2 nO)l(K. 3 YrP OM . 4 )l(eH OM M AO'fep. 5 Ciw. 6 48PiM
HMKOnaU.
16/2
1 c8cT paMM . 2 6YTblnK 8MM . 3 Ae TbMM . 4 aMepMKaHI.@M!t.
16/3
1 PYCCK MY3bIK I have been studying/involved with Russian music for a long
time. 2 6paTmf My brother and I were on holiday in the Crimea. 3 MonoK6M.,
anenbCMHOBJdM COKmf Vadim is drinking coffee with milk and Mary is drinking
vodka with orange juice. 4 MOiMB PYCCK}tM!! APY3.11BMtt I want to introduce you
to ('acquaint you with') my Russian friends. 5 HeM, HaMM What's the matter with
her? Why doesn't she want to talk to ('with') us?
16.11
In the morning my brothers Sergei and Aleksandr and I get up early, get dressed
and go to the kitchen. We usually breakfast with father. He sits at ('behind') the
table, drinking coffee with milk and reading the paper with interest. He hardly ever
speaks to ('with') us at ('behind' as in 38 cTonoM 'at table') breakfast. He used to
474

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
be a schoolteacher and while breakfasting always prepared lessons. That's why
he's in the habit ('has such a habit') of reading in silence at the table. But when we
sit down at (38 + ace. = motion behind) the table, he says: 'Good morning, boys.
Good morning, my little girl ('daughterlef). How did you sleep?' 'Well, dad,' we
answer. Then we start to eat. My brothers usually have kasha. Serzha eats with a
spoon and Sasha with his fingers, since he knows that father isn't looking at him. I
have bread and cheese. We drink tea with lemon or jam. Sometimes Mum fries me
some eggs with salami, but usually she gets up late. Our mother doesn't like
breakfast. She gets up after us and goes to the factory where she is chief engineer
('works as chief engineer'). In the evening she comes back home, Dad makes
supper, and we all have supper together. After supper we sit in front of the
television, but usually we don't watch it. Mum sits between me and my brothers
and we talk. I enjoy that. Unfortunately, sometimes instead of our talk Serezha
plays the guitar and Sasha sings. Although I'm interested in music, I can't listen to
them when they give such a concert. They say they want to become professionals
but in my view they'll never be real musicians. When they start, I say that I have to
study and I leave the room. But Dad is very keen on these concerts and enjoys
listening to his sons.
16/4
V: Where do you want to go today? M: I want to get to know the sights of Moscow.
'Nill you be my guide? V: With pleasure. Let's go to the centre. I'll just get a city
map. Right. Let's go first to Okhotnyi Riad. That used to be Marx Prospekt [Q.l
One]. Going along it we'll reach Theatre Square - it used to be called Sverdlov
Square [Q.l Two]. And, see, here is the famous Bolshoi Theatre. Beside it is the
Malyi Theatre. Then we'll continue to Lubianka Square. After the Revolution
Lubianka was for a long time called Dzerzhinskii Square [Q.l Three]. M: Who was
Dzerzhinskii? If I'm not mistaken, he became famous for something rather
unpleasant. V: Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinskii was one of the first Chekists
(secret policemen). To be more precise, he was the chairman of the All-Russia
Special Commission Against Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (the Cheka) [Q.2].
M: Feliks Edmundovich? Was he a foreigner? [Q.3 Mary thinks, correctly, that his
name doesn't sound very Russian.] V: By birth he was Polish. M: And what
happened to his Special Commission? V: That organization changed its name
several times: now ifs the KGB, the Committee of State Security. If you like, I'll tell
you Dzerzhinskii's life-story. M: Thank you, I don't suffer from insomnia. V: I'm
sorry, I don't follow. M: It was a joke. Why are you so interested in that subject? V:
My favourite subject at school was history. I was very interested in the Old
475

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
Bolsheviks - Lenin, Krupskaia [0.4 fending], Trotskii, Bukharin., Kamenev,
Zinov'ev, Kollontai [Q.4 since the person is female, the m -8M ending doesn't
decline], Dzerzhinskii and others. For a long time now I've been working
particularly on Dzerzhinsky and his assistants. Although many now consider that
the Chekists were criminals, even murderers, I think that they were genuine
revolutionaries, passionate believers in Lenin's ideas ('devoted to the ideas of
Lenin') [0.5]. M: Perhaps we'll come back to the subject in the evening. But what
about our route r(\I_r.d Moscow? V: OK. Then we'll go along Nikol'skaia Street. In
front of you you'll see ('will open itself') a view of Red Square, the Lenin
Mausoleum and, behind the Mausoleum, the Kremlin wall with its towers.
17/1
1 On Sunday. 2 It is now six o'clock. 3 It is now twenty-five past two. 4 B cpeAY.
5 AecRTb MMHYT nRToro. 6 683 AB8A48TM AB8H8A48Tb.
17/2
1 She'll come at five to eight. 2 Let's go there on Saturday at half past two. 3 The
film begins at ten past seven. 4 We'll arrive at ten p.m. 5 SI npMAY (npMeAY) B
cpeAY B weCTb ('f8c6B - can be omitted in conversation). 6 CDMnbM H8'fMHa8TCR
683 A8CRTM C8Mb. 7 OH n03BoHMT B nonoBMH8 nRToro. 8 B n6H.qOH8
O.qMHH8A48Tb 'faC6B Be'f8p8 (.qB8A48Tb TPM 'lacs).
17/3
1 The main holidays in the USSR were 1 January, 1 May, 9 May, 7 November.
2 Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. 3 They arrived at 6 p.m. on Monday, 31
December 1990. 4 WecT6ro anpenR TbICR'f8 .q8BRTbC6T A8BRH6cTO nepBoro
r6.qa. 5 B .qeBRTb 'f8c6B yrpa B nRTHM4Y 0.qMHH8A4aToro RHB8pR. 6 683
nRTH8A48TM ('feTB8pTM) W8CTb .q8CRToro OKTR6pR TbICJI'f8 A8BRTbC6T
CeMbA8CRT C8.qbM6ro r6.qa.
17/4
(1) A: How old are you? B: I'm thirty-four. A: When's your birthday? B: On 23
March. A: How old are your children? B: My son is ten and my daughter is eight. A:
Have you been in Moscow long? B: Since last Friday.
(2) A: Vania, in which year did you become a teacher? B: In (19)63. A: How old
were you then? B: Twenty-three.
476

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
(3) A: Could you say when this shop is open ('works')? B: From 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.
(4) A: It's now a quarter past four. B: What ('How')?! On my watch it's not yet four
('yet isn't of four' (gen. after HeT).
(5) Tourist: Could you tell me when the Russian Museum is open? Eva: Every day
except Tuesday, from nine to six. T: Thank you. E: You're welcome.
(6) A: Could you tell me when this shop opens? B: At eleven. A: And when's the
lunch break? B: From two to three.
(7) A: When is GUM's lunch break? B: GUM doesn't have one.
(8) A: Which day are the food shops closed? B: Food shops don't have days off.
17.15
M: When do Muscovites have lunch ('have a meal in the afternoon')? V: Some
(lunch) at twelve, some at one, some at two, some even at three. Some shops
close from three to four, sometimes even from four to five. Many shops don't close
for lunch. M: And when do they open in the morning? V: Food shops at ('from')
eight, other shops (non-food shops) at ('from') ten. M: When do they close? V:
Late. Most stay open until eight, some until ten. But offices close earlier, about five.
M: What about weekends ('Saturday and Sunday')? V: Food shops are open every
day. Offices are closed on these days.
Guest: When does the train leave for Voronezh? Girl: At eleven p.m. Gu: And when
willi be able to pick up my ticket? Gi: Tomorrow morning. Gu: OK. I'll come at
eight. Gu: That's (too) early. The office opens at nine. Gi: But tomorrow I won't be
able to come at nine. Our city tour ('excursion round the city') will start at eight-
thirty. Gu: In that case we'll expect you ('be waiting for you') after the excursion.
We're open ('work') until eight p.m.
17/5
1 CKonbKo 8M neT? 2 MHe TpM.q48Tb weCTb (neT). 3 B TbICR'fS .qeBRTbCoT
BOC8MbAeCRT BOCbMOM ro.qy eMY 6blno COpOK (neT). 4 SI npM.qy/npM6.qy BO
BTOpHMK 683 nRTHa.q48TM ('feTBepTM) TPM .qHR. 5 nO)l(anYMcTs, n03BoHM(Te)
MHe .qecRToro nocne weCTM ('fSC6B). 6 Mbl 6y.qeM B CM6MpM C .qeBRToro MaR
no weCTHa.q48Toe (Ao WecTH8.q48TOrO) MtOHR. 7 SI )l(MBY B nOH.qoHe C
(TbtCR'fS .qeBRTbcoT) CeMbAeCRT TpeTb8rO ro.qa.
17/6
1 Ptr II'ich Chaikovskii (T chaikovsky) was born in the Urals in 1840 (Q.1 .I.
477

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
TbICR'f8 BOceMbCOT COpOKOBOM rOllY ). He started to comp ose music when he
was still a child. He received his musical education at the St Petersburg
Conservatoire. From 1885 (Q.l C TbICR'f8 BOC8MbCOT BOC8MbA8CRT nAToro
r6Aa) Chaikovskii lived near (in the vicinity of) the town of Klin, not far from
Moscow. He moved into the house which is now the Chaikovskii Museum in May
1892 (Q.I B Mae TbICR'fa BOC8MbCOT AeBRHOCTO BToporo rOAa) . Here was
everything which Chaikovskii had sought for so long: wonderful countryside,
peace and quiet, and the chance to compose. [Q.2:] He got up between seven
and eight [I], until nine he studied English and read [2]. At nine-thirty he started
work [3]. He worked until one p.m. [4]. He spent an hour on lunch [5], and then
went for a walk which lasted exactly two hours [6]. He always ('without fail') walked
alone, since during these walks he almost always composed. From five to seven
again he worked [7-]. After work he went for a walk or played the piano [8]. At eight
supper was served. [9] After supper Chaikovskii entertained ('spent time with') his
guests, or, if he had no guests, read [ 10]. At eleven he went to his room, where he
wrote letters [II] and before bed did some more reading [12]. In this house
Chaikovskii composed ('created') his last works, among whi ch was the brilliant
Sixth Symphony. Nowadays Klin is Chaikovskii's town. His house in Klin has
become a museum. Twice a year, on 7 May [Q.3], Chaikovskii's birthday [Q.4],
and on 6 November [Q.3], the day of his death [Q.4], musicians from Russia and
abroad come here [to the museum]. And here once again Chaikovskii's wonderful
music is heard [0.4]. Then many listeners recall the words of the great Russian
writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov: 'I am willing to mount a day-and-night guard of
honour at the door of the house which is the residence of Petr lI'ich.'
18/1
1 Which wine is better? 2 These oranges are dearer. 3 Do come and see us a little
more often. 4 Hurry up a bit, please, it's already half past seven. 5 Eva is younger
than Vera. 6 In Moscow the weather was better than in Petersburg. 7 Russian is
much more difficult than French. 8 War and Peace is a longer novel than Anna
Karenina. 9 Vera was wearing a more expensive dress than Eva. 10 Mary is a lot
more interesting than Eva. 11 Mary is less interested in Dzerzhinskii than Volodia is
(not 'than in Volodia') 12 Please give me something easier to do ('work which is a
bit easier').
18/2
1 nY'fwe In London life is better. 2 M8A118HHee B8c1T86R (, '18M BbIlTbl).
478

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
3 H8MHoro (ropa3Ao) AOPO)l(8, '18M B Msrs3MH8 Vodka costs much more (is
much more expensive) in a restaurant than in a shop. 4 60nbw8 EBbl
(, 'feM EBa). 5 66nee MHT8P8cHbI8 nMcaTenM, '18M ToncToi. 6 'faaqe (60nee
'faCTo), 'feM BOAKV (ace.) I buy wine more often than (I buy) vodka.
18/3
1 We'll buy the most expensive tickets. 2 We live (are staying) in the best hotel.
3 Lake Baikal is the biggest in the world. 4 6H KynMn caMYIO Aew8BYlO BOAKY.
5 3TO caMoe nerKoe ynp8)1(HeHMe.
18/4
1 KOT6pIB (nom.f sg.). 2 KOTOP (inst. f sg.). 3 KOTOp (ace. pl.). 4 KOT6pm
(ace. f sg.). 5 KOTOPmf (prep. m sg.). 6 KOTOPm:Q (ace. m anim sg.).
18.12
V: Do you remember Viktor? M: Is he that young man you were talking to ('with
whom you were talking') in the bar yesterday? V: No. He's the one who got us
tickets to the Taganka Theatre. M: He isn't that thin man who(m) we talked to at
Vera's? V: Come now! That's a different Viktor. I'm talking about the ('that') Viktor
you wanted to get to know better ('with whom you wanted to become a bit more
closely acquainted'). The tall one, taller than me, with a nice voice. M: Oh yes, I
remember. Who tells jokes better than anyone else. V: That's the one. Well then, he
remembers you and wants to invite you to a lecture which he's giving ('reading') on
Wednesday. M: On what subject? I hope his lecture will be more interesting than
the one on the Chekists you took me to the day before yesterday. V: Don't worry.
Viktor is our finest expert on the Russian theatre.
18/5
Siberia occupies the greater (66nbwMM 'larger') part of Northern Asia from the
Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific in the east and from the shores of the
Arctic Ocean in the north to the southern steppes and the border with Mongolia
and China [Q.l]. The Siberian rivers Ob', Enisei and Lena are among the ten
biggest in the world. Apart from rivers, Siberia has very beautiful large and small
lakes with extremely pure water. One of them, Lake Baikal, is the oldest. deepest
and largest freshwater lake in the world [Q.2]. Siberia has more than half of all
Russia's natural resources: coal, oil, gas, gold, diamonds and rare metals. And it is
the world's number one source of hydroelectric power [Q.3]. Siberia has a most
479

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
varied range of wild animals ('most various wild animals. . . ') and birds, it has very
valuable fish - for example, sturgeon and salmon. Geographers normally divide
Siberia into Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, wl1;ch they consider
a separate region [from Siberia]. The Far East is an enormous terJitory which
includes Kamchatka, lakutia and the island of Sakhalin [Q.4]. Its most important
cities are Khabarovsk and Vladivostok.
19/1
1 If she had spoken more slowly, I would have understood (If she spoke more
slowly, I would understand). 2 If we had known that you would be ('you will be') in
Moscow, we would have phoned. 3 Vadim would write Eva a letter if he had time
(Vadim would have written Eva a letter if he had had time). 4 Vera would like
('would want') to talk to you ('have a talk with you').
19/2
1 EcnM 6bl 6H 6bln B MocKBe, 6H 6bl HaM n03BOHMn (OH n03BOHMn 6bl HaM).
2 OHM 6bl npMwnM (6bl), ecnM 6bl Bbl MX npMrnacMnM. 3 EcnM 6bl EBa 3Hana,
'fT6 Ba.qMM nbiT c HaMM BMH6 (c HaMM), OHa 6bl paccep.qMnaCb (6bl). 4 S1 6bl
xOTen(a) (6bl) Bac npMrnacMTb.
19/3
1 AOn)l(Ha. 2 .q6n)l(eH 6bln. 3 .qon)l(Hbl 6y.qeM.
19/4
1 to give back or give away money. 2 to hand over or transmit a letter. 3 to cease
to love a husband ('dislove '). 4 friends and foes. 5 to look around a town/city.
6 a suburb of Moscow. 7 departure from work. 8 to rebuild (extensively alter) a
house. 9 to reach ('travel as far as') the station. 10 a stray ('homeless') dog.
11 penultimate day. 12 to foresee the result.
19.9
M: Excuse me, do you know where Professor Mirchanov is? He was supposed to
meet me here at two o'clock. What ('How') do you think, should I wait? Secretary:
Yes, yes, I remember that you and !I'ia Egorovich agreed to meet today. He must
have forgotten. I think he's already gone home. I would have reminded him, but
unfortunately I was with the dean all morning. M: If I had known he was so absent-
minded, I would have telephoned in the morning. But how I am to find him? It's
480

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
urgent. Tomorrow I'm going on a study trip to Zabaikal'e (the area beyond (38)
Lake Baikal). S: You must go out of the institute, go straight on, then turn the
corner at the shop called 'Podarki' ('Gifts'). Cross the street there, go as far as the
traffic lights, walk past the metro entrance, find house number 6, go in at the third
entrance, climb up to the fourth [third in UK] floor and ring the bell of flat 42. M:
Thank you. I've noted all that down.
19/5
A year ago Elena and Pavel Sidorov had a daughter, Tania. Lena thinks that life
would be easier if grandmother was close by. 'I wouldn't object if my mother lived
with us, ' says Lena. 'She would help me to cook and to bring up Tanechka. ' [Q.l
Elena wants her mother to move in to help her cook and bring up her one-year-
old daugher.] 'I think I help you enough,' Pavel objects. He thinks that his mother-
in-law should stay in the country [Q.2]. 'If you didn't help me, I'd divorce you!'
Lena answers seriously. 'But all the same it would be better if I didn't depend only
on your help.' [Q.3 She doesn't, though she implies that he's not the world's best
househusband.]
20/1
1 Last year we went (m) to New York (and came back). 2 Every day my wife takes
(m) the children to school by car (she makes round trips). 3 Yesterday she took
(m) her small son to the park (and they came back). 4 Where are you lugging
('dragging') (u) those huge dictionaries to (one direction)? 5 Usually I get up at
eight. have breakfast and at nine go (u) to work) (stressing the trip to work;
obviously I come back from work, but not at nine in the morning). 6 Time flies (u)
(in one direction only, at least in the world we and the Russians inhabit)!
7 Run (u) (one direction)! The film starts in five minutes. 8 Every year my husband
and I go (m) to the seaside (there and back). 9 Have you ever flown (m) in a
Russian plane (number of directions irrelevant)? 10 I can't (don't know how to)
swim (m) (direction irrelevant, since I don't succeed in moving in any direction).
11 Don't go (m) to that film (no motion). You'll be bored. 12 Don't go (u) so
quickly, we still have time (you're already moving i.n a particular direction and I
want you to keep moving, only not so fast). 13 We don't like running (jogging) (m)
before breakfast (direction irrelevant).
20/2
1 xOAMnM (there and back). 2 neTaeM (round trips). 3 MAlT. 4 non3iT (see ex
20/1 (6».5 6poAMnM (many directions). 7 HeciT «a) the champagne is on a one-
481

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
way trip; (b) even though the waiter is going to go back again, remember that
i multidirectional verbs can be used for a single round trip only in the past tense-
20.2 (1).
20/3
1 We walked around the shops then went to (set off for) the cinema. 2 We made a
three-day trip to Paris. 3 The children ran around in the park for a while. got tired
and went home. 4 This morning we took Tania to the doctor (and brought her
back). 5 We're going to swim in the pool every morning (in many directions or
direction irrelevant). 6 Would you run to the shop for some bread (and come back
with it)?
20/4
1 He will soon arrive in London. 2 She entered the room. 3 He left (went out of) the
shop. 4 When you reach the corner, turn right. 5 Please move away from the
window. 6 Let's cross the road at the traffic lights. 7 He went up to her. 8 Go away.
20/5
1 M.qeM (u). 2 neTMM (u). 3 6erjT (u) (somewhere). 4 x6.qMTe (m) (round trips).
5 e3AMnM' (m). 6 noe.qeM P (u) (Cb83AMMP (m» B ropo.q. 7 Be38T (u). 8 xo.qM(Te)
(m) Don't go to that bar. The beer's bad there. 9 npMx6AMT. 10 npMeAeTP.
11 y6e)l(ana p . 12 npMHeceTP. 13 npMBe3MT8 P . 14 BblwnMP. 15 npMe3)1(anM ' .
20.10
'Tania, please take this dirty plate (away) to the kitchen and bring a clean one.'
Tania ran off. Ten minutes later I went to look for her: I went into the kitchen [and
came out again], she wasn't there, then I went into the bedroom to see
grandmother. 'Did Tania pop in here [run in and out]?' 'No. I think I heard her voice
in the flat next door.' 'Strange,' I said. 'The Abramovs went to Germany a month
ago.' I ran next door ('to the neighbours'). It turned out that the Abramovs had just
flown in from Frankfurt. Tania had heard them arriving ('how they arrived') and had
run out on to the stairs. 'Yes, Tania is with us,' said the neighbours, laughing. 'She
came (running) about fifteen minutes ago. We'll bring her back home soon.'
'Daddy, look what lovely things they've brought (by transport)!' shouted Tania. 'I
want to go and live in Germany!'
A: How do I get to the Central Stadium? B: It would be best to take the metro to
('as far as') 'Sportivnaia'. A: How long does it take ('how much [time] there to
482

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
travel')? B: I think it takes half an hour.
A: Excuse me, how do I get to the 'Russia' Hotel? B: You'll have to get on a bus
and travel three stops. A: Thank you. B: You're welcome.
A: Excuse me, how do I get to ('reach') the 'Russia' Hotel? B: Take the metro to
'Kitai-gorod' ('China-Town'). A: Can I get there by bus? B: Yes. Take the 24. It goes
along Kitaiskii Prospekt ('Chinese Avenue'). But the metro is better.
20/6
IP: Write down how to get to our place. You should take the metro and go as far as
'Profsoiuznaia' ('Trade Union Street'). Walk towards the last carriage (i.e. make for
the exit at the rear end of the train) and out to the street. Turn left. . . E: Hang on.
I'm writing it down: out on to the street and turn which way? IP: Turn left, go to the
corner and cross over. Turn left again and go along the avenue until you reach our
street [Q.l]. E: Ivan Petrovich, isn't there a simpler way? IP: If you're going to be at
Vadim's, it's better to take the bus. The 57 goes along his (Vadim's) street. You
need to travel four stops and get off at the fifth, by the cinema. You won't go past
it, it's a big cinema, right opposite the stop. Go along the avenue a little way until
you come to our block [Q.2]. You can also take the number 10 but it turns left into
Narodnoe Opolchenie ('People's Militia '/Home Guard') Street and doesn't go as
far as the cinema [Q.3].
20/7
1 Ky.qa Tbl M.qiwb? 2 S1 M.qy Ha KpacHYIO nn61148.qb. 3 OHM nown" a KpeMnb.
4 SI 'faCTO XO.Y B KMH6 ('faCTO). 5 B cpe.qy 51 e3A Mn (a) !:I HOBropo.q (B CP8AY).
6 Mbl e3AMM B POCCMIO nO'fTM Ka>KAbiM ro.q. 7 SI nlO6ntb 6eraTb (m) nep8A
38aTpaKoM. 8 epe3 TPM .qHR 51 none'fY (yn8'ty) a TannMHH ('fepe3 TPM .qHR). 9
Mbl XOTMM nOMTM Ha pbIHOK. 10 Ocj)M4MaHT Hec8T (npMH6cMT) 66PU4. 11 Ky.qll
Bbl Hac ae.qeTe (Hac)? 12 acTo M.qAT .q6w.p.wfJ.6>KAb M.qiT 'faCTO?
20/8
11 don't know (3HalO). I don't speak (roBoptb) French. I live ()I(MBY) in England.
2 I'll give (ASM) five dollars. 3 We're sorry we're (npMwnM) late. We couldn't
(MornM) find a taxi. 4 Show (nOKS)I(MTe) (me) that, please. Give (.QiiTe) me two,
please. 5 If I knew (3Han(a», I would phone/If I had known, I would have phoned
(n03BoHMn(a». 6 Please may I speak to ('Please call') Mariia Fdorovna (MapMIO
cN.qOPOBHY) or Ivan Petrovich (MaaHS neTpOBM'fa)? 7 I can't open this door (3TY
.qBepb). 8 Please bring five bottles (6YTblnoK) of mineral water (MMHepanbHoM
483

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
BOAbl). three teas ('faR) and five pies (nMpO)l(KoB). 9 I (MeHR} have no Russian
money (PYCCKMX AeHer). 10 Viktor is a specialist on Russian theatre (PYCCKOMY
TeaTPY). 11 Help them (MM), please. Help these tourists (3TMM TYPMCTaM). 12 Let
me introduce you to my new friend (MOMM HOBblM APyroM). 13 I want to meet
your friends (BawMMM APY3bRMM). 14 Do you have any books in English
(aHrnMMcKoM R3bIKe)? 15 We talked/were talking about him (H8M). 16 BxoAMTe
(3axoAMTe), nO)l(anYMcTa. CaAMTecb. 17 SI xOTen(a) 6bl nOMTM B &onbwoM
TeaTp. 18 CK8JKMTe, nO)l(anYMcT8, KaK npoexaTb B MHCTMTYT (AoexaTb AO
MHcTM,yra) Ha MeTpo? 19 nO.anYMcTa, ASMTe (MHe) ABa 6MneTa. CDMnbM
Ha'fMHaeTCR B nonOBMHe BOCbMoro? 20 M3BMHMTe (npOCTMTe) 38 onoWHMe.
&blno O'feHb TPYAHO HaMTM Baw AOM. 21 B'fepa 51 rOBopMn(a) c BnaAMMMpoM
CMMpHOBblM (B'fepa). OH cKa3iln, 'I TO 51 AOn)l(eHlAOn)l(HS (MHe HSAO/HY)I(HO)
(BaM) n03BoHMTb BaM. 22 B MoeM KOMHaTe xonoAHo. KpoMe Toro, O'feHb
WYMHOM O'feHb WYMHO. OKHO He 38KpbIBaeTcstlHenb3R 38KpblTb OKHO.
23 HeT TYaneTHOM 6YMarM. nO)l(anYMCTa, He rOBopMTe, 'I TO 51
AOn)l(eHlAOn)l(Ha KynMTb ccnpSBAY». 24 SI nepe'fMTan(a) nMcbMo/npO'fMTsn(a)
nMcbMo elq8 pa3. SI He Mory ero nOHRTbiSi ero He nOHMMalO. 25 nepeMAMTe
('fepe3) Aopory, npoMAMTe MMMO Mara3MHa M nOBepHMTe (cBepHMTe)
HanpaBo.
21/1
Why doesn't Ivan know where his (ero) ticket is? Why can't he find his (CBOM)
ticket? He doesn't know where his ticket is because his (ero) wife gave his (ero)
ticket to her (cBoeM) friend.
21/2
1 CBolb. 2 Omit (cBoi also possible). 3 Ero )l(eHa - MOM ceKpeTapb. 4 cBoi,
CB08.
21/3
1 B03bMM(Te) ei C C060M. 2 PaCCKa)l(M(Te) HaM 0 ce6e. 3 OHa C'fMTaeT ce6R
O'feHb MHTepeCHOM.
21/4
1 Mbl eAeM B POCCMIO, 'fTo6bl M3Y'faTb PYCCKMM R3bIK. 2 SI XO'fY, 'fTo6bl OHM
npMwnMlnpMexanM 38BTpa. 3 OH XO'feT, 'fTo6bl Bbl n03BOHMnM BepoM.
4 .Q8M(Te) (MHe) ABe KoneMKM, 'fTo6bl n03BOHMTb. 5 Mbl cKa3anM, 'fTo6bl OHa
B3Rna (CBoe) nanbTO.
484

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
21.10
Tour-Group Translator: Hello. I have a request to make. Mr Thornthwaite wants to
be given another room. He says that his room has no power socket and he wants
to make himself a cup of coffee. Manager: There is a power socket. behind the
bed. But as a general rule we don 't like residents to plug in heating appliances.
Tell him that the maid will give him boiling water from her samovar. T: All right, I'll
tell him. Ten minutes later. T: Mr Thornthwaite is not satisfied ('Mr T that does not
suit'). He says he doesn't want to use the maid's samovar. He says that the maid's
samovar is probably dirty, that he has his own kettle and that his own kettle is
what he's going to use. M: And did he find the power point? T: He did, but he
claims that it doesn't work. He also complains that he can't plug in his electric
razor, that there's no toilet paper and that he doesn't like the colour of the
wallpaper. M: All right, I'll call the electrician to check the socket and I'll tell the maid
to bring toilet paper. As for the wallpaper, there's nothing I can do. All the rooms
are the same. T: Speaking for myself, I can't stand Mr Thornthwaite. He thinks only
of himself. he's always angry and loses his temper over everything. When we were
in our hotel in Moscow and he couldn't find his shoes, he demanded that I call the
police immediately. The police came and it turned out that the shoes were under
his bed. Instead of apologizing, he announced that the maid had deliberately
hidden his shoes in order to sell them later on the black market. An Englishman
approaches with an angry expression on his face. T: Mr Thornthwaite demands to
be moved to another room immediately. M: All right. We have rooms free on the
ninth [eighth in UK] floor, although there's redecoration going on there and he's
unlikely to be any better off. I can request that he be moved up there. T: Thank you
very much. M: Tell Mr Tiran . . . what's his name. . . tell the English guest to go
back to his room. I'll get the maid to help him move his things.
21/5
The well-known Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, author of tile novel
Fathers and Sons ('Fathers and Children'), was born on 28 October (9 November
new style [i.e. by the Western calendar introduced in Russia after the 1917
Revolution]) 1818 [Q.l], in the town of Orel (or Orel) [Op(i)n 'Eagle' Q.2], south
of Moscow. Although Turgenev felt a deep love for his homeland and his people,
and for his people's culture and language, he spent a lot of time abroad ('beyond
the border') [Q.3]. He studied in Berlin, spent a long time in Paris, travelled in the
countries of Western Europe and visited England, where in 1860 he spent three
weeks on the Isle of Wight and in 1879 received an honorary degree from the
University of Oxford. It is generally considered that the main reason for his
485

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
frequent journeys abroad was his attachment to the French singer Pauline Viardot,
whom he met in 1843. But many people think that he felt more comfortable
('better') in Western Europe than in Russia [Q.4]. Although he wrote about the
problems of his own country, he was a European writer. He published his best
novel, Fathers and Sons, in 1861. Many people in the West know this novel and its
hero, the 'nihilist' revolutionary Bazarov. Turgenev respected his strong hero, but
he did not share his views. In order to understand his ambiguous attitude to
Bazarov, one must bear in mind that Turgenev was well aware of all the problems
of his backward country, but he considered himself a liberal, not a revolutionary.
He didn't believe that Russia needed a revolution. He was a westernizer, that is, he
considered the western European, capitalist path of development appropriate for
Russia [Q.5 Neither, but he believed that backward Russia had lots of problems
which could be tackled by learning from the more liberal West].
22/1
1 He'll come between 3 and 5 o'clock. 2 She earns more than $4,300 a month.
3 Our shop sells books in eighty-two languages.
22/2
1 oAMHHaA48TB (gen.) 2 ABYMR (inst.). 3 BOCbMM (prep.). 4 TpMA48TM oAHoro
(gen.).
22/3
1 TpMA48TM ABYX We were/have been in thirty-two countries. 2 nonTopa
(nom./acc. fonn) We travelled for an hour and a half. 3 A8BRTlt, nRTH. The shop is
open ('works') from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 4 06D.M.H (f inst.) I met (got to know) both
girls. 5 MHorMX We visited (were in) many Russian cities/towns. 6 HecKonbKMMM
We talked to ('with') several Russian engineers.
22/4
1 ABYXCOT nRTMAecRTM We walked about 250 km. 2 ABecTM nRTbA8CRT We
walked approximately 250 km. 3 nRTblOCT8MM COpOK8 He arrived with $540.
4 nRTbcoT COpOK When he arrived, he had $540.5 A8CRTbtO M OAMHH8A48TblO
I'll come between ten and eleven o'clock. 6 OAMHH8A48TOM I'll come between ten
and eleven ('in the eleventh hour'). 7 wecTM MMnnMoHoB nRTMcoT TbICR'f More
than 6.5 million people live in Moscow. 8 W8CTb MMnnMoHoB nRTbcoT TbICR'f The
population of Moscow exceeds 6.5 million.
486

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
22/5
1 Y Mac As6e A8TeM. 2 Hac TpOe. 3 HiAo eX8Tb Tp6e Cy"OK. 4 Hac JKA8nM
ABoe M'fMH. 5 Y MeHII6blng 60nbwe (or 60nee in fOm1al style) CTa
AonnapoB.
22.14
In 1982 the population of the USSR was more than 268 million people, of whom
about five million were students studying in 900 universities and institutes. In 1982
there were about one million doctors. In the same year Moscow had more than
8,350,000 inhabitants, who watched performances in twenty-six theatres. Moscow
children attended 1,000 schools.
22/6
If one compares ('If to compare') the number of divorces in a year with the number
of married couples existing at the beginning of the year, one finds that ('then') in
the course of the year only about 1.5 per cent [Q.l] of married people ('spouses')
get divorced. that is, in a year only about 15 out of every 1,000 families break up.
In 1950 for every 1,000 marriages there were 32 divorces. In 1977 for every 1,000
marriages there were already 323 divorces [Q.2]. Research has shown that one-
third of all divorces take place during the first year of married life and another one-
third affect families which have existed for between one and five years. Of every
100 marriages ('new married couples'), 11 break up in the first year, and 22 break
up within five years [Q.3: 22 per cent]. We know that in the case of married
couples without children (a quarter of divorcing couples [0.4]), husbands take the
initiative in half the divorces. But in families with children, women are more likely to
initiate proceedings - two-thirds of all divorce applications involving families with
one or two children were filed by women (70 per cent of all divorces involve one or
two children ['of such are 70 per cent of all breaking up families']; only 5 per cent
involve a larger number of children). In this way women seek to protect children
from family conflicts. They consider that the children will be better off without a
father than with a bad one.
23/1
1 B cy660Ty B ceMb ('faCoB). 2 83TOM rOAY. 3 Ha npownoM H8Aene. 480
BpeMA BOMHbI (8 SOMHY). 5 Mary sees ('meets') Volodia 'f8TblP8 pS38 B
HeAenlO.
487

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
23/2
1 ABSAL48Tb MMHy-r. 2 HeAenlO/oAHY HeAenlO. 3 H8 TPM MecR48. 4 Ha nRTb
MMHy-r. 5 3a Aae HeAenM (also possible a ('within') ABe HeA6nM - stressing the
speed). 6 38 'lac.
23/3
1 KorA' (or nocne Toro KaK) 51 ablY'fY PYCCKMM R3bIK. 2 nOK' EBa He
n03BOHMT. 3 You must hide the bottle AO Toro KaK Eaa BepHiTcR (Ao
B03BpalqeHMR EBbl).
23/4
1 B npownoM rOAY Mbl e3AMnM B POCCMIO (a npownoM rOAY). 2 >KM3Hb 6YAeT
nY'fwe B ABaA48Tb nepBoM BeKe. 3 Ha cneAYlOlqeM (6YAYlqeM) HeAene Mbl
noeAeM (if you mean to do it on foot say nOMA8M newKoM ) B CM6Mpb.
4 neToM EBa M BaAMM (c BaAMMoM) nOeAYT B SlnTY Ha MecR4. 5 B TOT (3TOT)
AeHb Mbl BCTanM a weCTb ('faCOB) YTpa. 6 MasH neTpOaM'f )l(Mn1/npO)l(Mn p a
AMepMKe ABa rOAa. 7 OH 6YAeT pa60TaTb BCIO HeAenlO (acc.) 8 S16bln(a) Taf.4
ABa pa38. 9 M3pM npO'fMTana ccBoMHV M MMP» 3a (B) WeCTbAeCflT ABa 'lacs. 10
Bo apeMR BOMHbl OHM pa60TanM BoceMbAeCRT 'faCOB a HeAenlO.
23.7
V: Congratulate me! In a month's time they're sending me on a business trip to
London. E: Congratulations, but I'm jealous too. How long will you be in England
(Britain)? V: From 29 May to 1 June. Unfortunately, I'm only going for four days. E:
What will you manage to see in such a short time? V: Probably only the City, St
Paul's Cathedral and perhaps Big Ben. After all, I'll be in meetings ('conducting
negotiations') in various offices ('institutions') all day. E: Are you going by train or
by plane? V: By plane, of course. By train it takes ('one has to travel') almost forty-
eight hours ('two days and nights'), while by plane I'll get there in three and a half.
I've got to order the ticket today ('already today'), before five o'clock. What are
your plans for the day? E: I'm going to the library. Then I'll call on Viktor Pavlovich
at ('into') the institute for half an hour. From there I'm going to the hairdresser. I'll
phone you about six, after I get back. V: I won't be back from the town before (I'll
return from town not before') half past five. I won't get my ticket in less than three
hours. Then I'll call on Volodia. But I won't leave until you ring. E: You're going to
see Volodia? V: Don't worry. You know very well (*e - emphasis) that we never
drink on weekdays.
488

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
23/5
KI: Good morning. My name is Kuznetsov, Konstantin Ivanovich. I'm the deputy
director in charge of contacts with foreign publishers. RP: Good morning,
Konstantin Ivanovich. My name is Pope. Richard Pope. KI: You speak Russian with
almost no accent. Do you visit Russia often? RP: No. In the last twenty years I've
been here only three times. But I've been speaking Russian since I was a child. My
father emigrated from Russia at the beginning of the twenties, during the Civil War.
His surname was Popov [Q.I] then, but two years after arriving in England he
decided to change it to ('become') Pope. KI: Why? 'Pope' means the head of the
Catholic Church. doesn't it? RP: Although Popov ['son of the priest' (n6n)] is one of
the commonest surnames in Russia, in England it sounds funny [Q.2 Popov
sounds like 'pop off]. For example. when in the eighties elderly Soviet leaders-
Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko - were dying one after the other. the English
joked that the next one would be called Popov, and the one after him would be
Abouttopopov. As for the name Pope, my father was well acquainted with the work
of the eighteenth-century English poet Alexander Pope. Of course, most English
people are rather indifferent to poetry, but my father, as a real Russian, had great
respect for poets, including foreign ones ('both his own and foreign'). KI: Very
interesting. But I must interrupt you. It's time to meet the director. He is usually
here only in the afternoons, but this morning he has come from the ministry
specially to see you. He is very keen that we should sign ('He very hopes that we
will be able to sign') a contract with your firm in (the course of) the next two or
three days. RP: How times change! When I was last in Russia, at the end of the
seventies, I phoned the then director of this (publishing) firm three times a day, but
he had no desire to see me [Q.3].
24/1
1 BHMM8HMB Pay no attention to them. 2 HM OAHmb no.q6pu I didn't buy/haven't
bought a single present. 3 3TQ[Q We don't want that. 4 B3rnRAmi Turgenev didn't
share Bazarov's views.
24/2
1 SI B8M He ASM (BaM) HM OAHOM KoneiKM. 2 nO'feMY Tbl He KynMna BMH8
(gen.)? 3 He nOKynaM(Te) 31)' KHMry (ace). 4 He BaAMM KynMn BMHO/3TO He
BSAMM KynMn BMHO/BMHO KynMn He BSAMM. 5 SI npMAy/npM8AY He B nRTHM4Y,
8 B cy660Ty.
489

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
24/3
In each case either choice is possible, but the preferable ones are: 1 BMH8 - gen.
(any wine). 2 6MneT8 - gen. (any ticket); 6MneT - ace. (possible if stress on He
AOCTana). 3 AHIO - ace. (definite person, and stress on 'didn't see'). 4 BpeMeHM
- gen. (any time).
24/4
1 HMKor.qa 1m nOMoraeT. 2 HM'ferO 1m nOHMMaeM. 3 HM'feM. 4 HM m: Koro. 5 He
6blno HM'fero. 6 HeT HMrAe.
24/5
1 In this town there's nothing to do in the evening. There's nowhere to go. There's
nowhere to drink coffee or beer. We're bored. 2 Vadim doesn't know, Vera doesn't
know, Marina and Viktor don't know either. There's no one else to ask. 3 I'm sorry,
I can't help you. I don't have time, I'm very late ('I very hurry'). 4 There was no one
in the cafe. There was no one to talk to. 5 Mary read (all) Turgenev at home in
England, because she knew that in Moscow she wouldn't have time to read.
24.10
E: Was it you who brought the pineapple? VP: No, I didn't bring any pineapple.
Where did you see a pineapple? E: Tania says there's a pineapple in a bag in the
kitchen. VP: Pay no attention to what Tania says. She's never seen a pineapple in
her life. She doesn't even know what a pineapple is.
V: Eva, why did you tell Marina there was a pineapple in the kitchen? E: It wasn't
me. It was Tania. She was the one who invented (it). V: No, she didn't invent that
pineapple. I happened to find it ('I bought it by chance') at the market. I wanted to
give it to Marina and Viktor as a present. Now it's no longer a surprise. E: Don't be
upset. It doesn't matter. It's still a splendid present.
M: I can't buy any bananas. There aren't any anywhere. V: And there's no point in
looking for them. I have never seen bananas anywhere in Russia, neither at the
market, nor in the hands of ('at', 'in the possession of') spec ulators. Bananas don't
grow here. M: And do you think there will never be any under any circumstances?
V: No, I don't say that. We used not to have any foreign (convertible) currency,
there was nothing to buy them with ('on'). But soon everyone will have hard
currency, then you won't be able to move for banana sellers.
490

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
24/6
T: Excuse me, can you suggest how to get to Sergievskii Posad? j've heard that
there are many attractive churches there. I want to go alone, without a guide. I:
Unfortunately, I can't help you. We only sell tickets for excursions. We don't give
information. If you want to go independently, then, unfortunately, I can't help you in
any way. T: I want to go to Sergievskii Posad, and nobody can help me, and they
can't even suggest how I can get there. I: They'll tell you everything at the station.
But we are a commercial organization, we sell services and tickets for excursions
[Q.I]. T: I see. But all the same I want to visit Sergievskii Posad. I: By all means
('Please do'), you can go with a group on Friday. T: Thank you. But I don't want to
go with a group. I want to go by myself ('self'), independently [Q.2]. I: In that case
you can order a car and a guide twenty-four hours before the trip [Q.3]. T: Can I
go there with a guide on any day I like? I: Any day except weekends. T: Tell me,
why not at weekends? T: In principle you can, but the church authorities asked us
not to send tourists at weekends. They would prefer not to be disturbed during
services [Q.4]. T: I see. Thank you. I: You're welcome.
25/1
1 KoneMKa 'kopeck'. You wouldn't have a one-kopeck coin, would you [pol.]?
2 6MneT 'ticket'. Could I have your ticket, dear [friendly, as if talking to a child1?
3 6YTblnK8 'bottle'. Could I trouble you for a bottle of mineral water [poI.]?
4 TaTbRH8 'Tat'iana'; wsnKa 'hat'. Tanechka, be a good girl and put your hat on
[talking to a child]. 5 EneHa 'Elena'; nnaTbe 'dress'. Just look at Lenochka. What
a lovely little dress [tenderness]! 6 BOAS 'water'. Give the pussy cat some water
[talking to a child]. 7 '18M 'tea'. How about a nice cup of tea [polite, friendly]?
8 MKpa 'caviare'. Could I interest you in some nice caviare [ingratiating]? 9 PYK8
'hand'. What dirty little hands you have [talking to a child]! 10 ABepb 'door'. Close
the (car) door [not specially polite, since a car door is a small door and is
commonly called ABep48]. 11 MMHy-ra 'minute'. Just a moment, please
[MMHYrO'fKa from MMHYTU is a double diminutive - 'little tiny minute' - meant
to suggest the shortest possible of delays]. 12 OKHO 'window'. Take a look out of
the window, dear. Perhaps it's stopped raining.
25/2
1 I'm sorry, I didn't mean to offend you. 21"m sorry, I seem to have taken
('occupied') your seat ('place'). 3 Excuse me, I hope I haven't disturbed you. 4
Excuse me, if it isn't too much trouble, could you bring a clean glass? 5 Excuse
me, could you tell me where the (nearest) post office is ('where here is post office')?
491

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
25/3
(a) A: Ow! B: I'm sorry, it was accidental. A: That's all right.
(b) A: Let's go to my place. I've got some good cognac (at home). B: I don't
object! V: I've no objections either! A: Serezha, will you come with us? My wife will
make us supper. S: Count me in. Delighted. A: What about you, Volodia? V: Gladly.
I'm game. A: Well then, let's go.
(c) A: Vadim, is that you? We're all ('We've all gathered') at my place. we're
celebrating this ('one' meaning 'a certain') friend's birthday. Come on round ('Call
in'). V: Quite impossible. I'm very busy. A: Well just come for a quick drink. V: Out
of the question. No way! You kn9w Eva doesn't allow it. A: Well, how about a glass
of tea? V: I don't feel like it. Let's leave it until tomorrow ('Let's better tomorrow'). A:
Listen, forget about Eva. Think of us. Don't forget your friends! Get a taxi and come
round! V: No, and I mean it. I don't want to hurt Eva. A: You absolu1ely refuse? A
pity.
25/4
Once upon a time, [We've added this phrase to compensate for the untranslated
folk-tale diminutives] a fox was walking along a road and found a rolling-pin. She
picked it up and walked on. She came to a village and knocked at the door of the
first cottage. 'Knock-knock.' 'Who's there?' 'It's me, little sister fox, can you put me
up for the night?' 'We're short of space as it is' [Q.l] ('In our house even without
you is tight'). 'But I won't get in your way: I myself will lie down on the bench, my
little tail will go under the bench and my rolling-pin will go under the stove [Q.2] ,
They let her in. She (herself) lay down on the bench, with her tail under the bench
and her rolling-pin under the stove. Early in the morning the fox got up, burnt the
rolling pin, and then asked 'Where's my rolling-pin then? I want a hen for it' ('Give
[using the imperfective, which as a request is impolite compared with AaMTe] me
in return for it a hen'). The peasant had no choice ('there was nothing to be done'-
24.8) but to give her a hen for the rolling-pin [Q.2]. The fox took the hen and goes
along singing [the change from past to present tense is quite common in Russian
narratives]: 'A fox was walking along a road, she found a rolling-pin. For the
rolling-pin she got ('took') a hen!' She arrived at another village: 'Knock-knock.'
'Who's there?' 'It's me, little sister fox, can you put me up for the night?' 'We're
short of space as it is.' 'But I won't get in your way: I ('myself') wi II lie down on the
bench, my little tail will go under the bench and my hen will go under the stove.'
They let her in. The fox lay down on the bench with her tail under the bench and
the hen under the stove. Early in the morning she got up nice and quietly, seized
the hen, ate it [Q.4] and then said ('says'): 'Where's my hen? I want a goose for it.'
492

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
There was no help for it, the host had to give her a goose for the hen. The fox took
the goose and goes along singing: 'A fox was walking along a road, she found a
rolling-pin, for the rolling-pin she got ('took') a hen, for the hen she got a goose!'
She arrived in the evening at a third village. 'Knock-knock!' 'Who's there?' 'It's me,
little sister fox! Can you put me up for the night?' 'We're short of space as it is.' 'But
I won't get in your way: I myself will lie down on the bench, my little tail will go
under the bench and my little goose will go under the stove.' They let her in. She
lay down on the bench with her tail under the bench and the goose under the
stove. Early in the morning the fox jumped up, seized the goose, ate it and then
said ('says'): 'But where's my goose? Give me a girl for it!' [Q.5]. But the peasant
didn't want to part with a girl. He put a large dog in a sack and gave it to the fox
[Q.5]. 'Here's ('Take l ' - invitation 15.3 (4» a girl for you, fox!' So the fox took the
sack, went out on to the road and says: 'Little girl, sing to me ('sing songs')! I But
the dog in the sack started to growl.
The fox took fright, threw down the sack and started to run. At this ('Here') the
dog jumped out of the sack and gave chase ('after her'). The fox ran away from the
dog as fast as she could and ran into a burrow under a tree-stump. She sits there
and says 'Ears, ears! What did you do?' 'We kept listening.' 'And you, legs, what
did you do?' 'We kept running.' 'And you, eyes?' 'We kept watch.' 'And you tail?' '/
kept getting in your way ('I all the time hindered your running '). ' 'Ah, you kept
getting in the way! Well, just you wait, /'11 show you!' And she thrust her tail out of
the burrow: 'Eat it, dog!' At this the dog seized the fox by the tail, pulled her out of
the burrow and gave her a thrashing! [Q.6]
25/5
1 wecTM ropoA8x (prep. pI.) In six days we visited six cities/towns. 2 TpeMIl
PYCCKMMM CTYAeHTaMM (inst.) We talked to three Russian students. 3 'feTblp8x
AonnapoB (g.pl.) I won't give you more than four dollars. 4 OAHY H8AenlO (ace.)
We'll be in Petersburg for one week. 5 OHa ntb6MT TonbKO ce611. 6 OHM B cBoeM
HOMepeJOHM Y ce611 (B HOMepe). 7 Mbl npMexanM B POCCMIO, 'fTo6bl rOBopMTb
nO-PyccKM. 8 S1 XO'fY, 'fT06bl OH M3BMHMnCR. 9 OHa 3A8Cb OAHa. 10 Y HMX Tpoe
AeTei. 11 Hac 'feTBepo. 12 S1 HMKoro He 3HalO B MpKYTcKe. 13 OHa He
nOHMMaeT HM OAHoro cnoBa. 14 HeKoro cnpocMTb. 15 EM He C KeM 6blno
rOBOpMTblpa3rOBapMB8Tb.
A: Mr Smith, my wife and I want to invite you to our house ('to ourselves at home').
6: C YAoBonbcTBMeM. A: Will you be able to come the day after tomorrow, on
Friday? 6: K CO)l(aneHMIO, 51 He MOrY. S16YAY B KMeB8 TP" AHR. A: Then come
on the twenty-seventh. 6: B TOT A8Hb 51 38HRT. A: On the thirtieth? 6: Ka)l(eTCR, Y
MeHR cOBceM HeT BCTpe'f (HMKaKMx BCTpe'f H8T) nocne ABaAL48Tb AeBIiToro.
493

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
A: Fine. We expect you on the thirtieth, after-seven o'clock.
26/1
1 'lTG-TO. 2 'fT6-HM6YAb. 3 HtN8r6. 4 'fT6-HM6Yb. 5 KT6-HM6Yb. 6 Kya-To,
K8KMM-TO. 7 noa.eMY-To. 8 KorA8-HM6Yb.
26/2
1 Te66 3BoHMn8 K8KU-TO )l(6HII4MH8. 2 OHa 'fT6-TO KynMn8. 3 B MocKBe HeT
6aHaHOB. 4 Ha CTone ne)l(an8 PYCCK8R KHMra. 5 KHMry npMHscna M3pM (3TO
M3pM npMHscna KHMry). 6 SI Te6e n03BoHIO 38BTp8. 7 38BTpa 51 n03BoHIO
B8A MM Y.
26.13 Letter, Note, Greetings
Dear Professor Nikifirov, I'm sorry that I haven't written for so long. I was intending
to write to you immediately after my return from Moscow, but I had too many things
to do. Last week I read your splendid book about the Bolshoi Theatre. I liked it very
much. A couple of weeks after my return to Bristol I telephoned our National
Theatre and spoke to your acquaintance (the woman you know there). She said
that she had already collected a number of materials for you, so, when you are in
London in August. you will be able to start work immediately on your article about
the Bolshoi's tours in England. If nothing prevents it. (then) Richard and I will be in
Moscow again somewhere around the middle of July. If I can help you in any way
(pass on something from your acquaintance or anything else whatever), telephone
me. Thank you again for the excellent book. Best wishes. Yours sincerely. Barbara
Pope.
My dear Annushka, Greetings to you from Paris. There are so many interesting
things here that I've no time to write letters. I'll be back on Thursday, after six.
Come and visit me, I'll tell you all about it. Love and kisses ('t kiss firmly'), Iura.
Dear Ptr Ivanovich, Mayall sorrows remain in the old year. May happiness come
to live in your house! I wish you a cheerful New Year party. smiles, joy and health. I
wish you success in your life and work. I wish you the things you wish yourself.
Yours sincerely. Eva Antonova.
26/3
Volodia and Mary entered the courtyard of a five-floor block of flats. Although the
busy ('noisy') avenue was not far away, the yard was quiet, there were big old
trees, and in the very centre there was a children's playground with swings. Old
494

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
men and women sat on benches while children played in front of them. 'Good
morning,' 'Hello,' Volodia kept repeating. 'Do you know everybody here?' asked
Mary in surprise. 'Of course. I grew up in this yard, you know. There's a special
atmosphere in these old Moscow houses. Sometimes two or three generations live
in them. These old women over there knew my grandfather and grandmother, they
watched my father growing up, they watched me growing up. and my sister Masha
too. They've spent their life here. And they love both this building and all the
people who live in it.'
26/4
Dear Mrs Pope, Please do not be surprised by my unexpected letter, in spite of the
fact that it's already eight months since we met. The thing is that only you can help
me and my friends. But first of all I'll remind you of a few things about myself. My
name is Vera. I'm from Minusinsk. That tiny little Siberian provincial town which you
and your husband visited on business in May last year. I'm very sorry that I didn't
write this letter immediately after your departure, but as we say here 'Better late
than never.' After I met you in our museum [Q.l] I had an idea which has never left
me since. My idea is that I want somehow to get to know more about your country,
its customs and its people [Q.2]. This has now become more realistic than it used
to be. Probably that is primarily connected with the thaw in political and cultural
relations between our countries, but apart from that, having become a student, I've
taken up ('started to study') English, which is taught quite well ('at a not bad leve!')
at our institute [Q.3]. SO I would like you to help me to make contact with someone
at the university in Bristol who is interested in the history of Siberia [Q.4]. If I can
help you in any way, I'll be pleased to. I wait eagerly for your reply. My address:
660022 Krasnoiarsk (the r is for r6poA 'city'), Abakanskaia Street. 33/2/315 (see
26.10), Vera Petrishcheva. Excuse me for troubling you. Yours sincerely, Vera.
27/1
1 Everything will be done. 2 The shop called GUM was built in the nineteenth
century. 3 This novel was written by Tolstoi. 4 No one and nothing is forgotten.
5 The festival was organized by students. 6 We were invited to a party in the
House of Friendship. 7 Not all the questions were dealt with ('solved', 'decided'.)
8 The work is finished. 9 The oranges were imported ('brought by transport') from
Africa. 10 The programme will tell about ('In the programme will be told about') life
in Siberia. 11 Two-thirds of the films shown at the festival were bought by
Americans. 12 Many of the students accepted by ('into') the institute are
foreigners.
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27/2
1 nOKa38H. 2 38HRTbl. 3 pewiH. 4 38.qaH PYCCKMM )l(}fpHanMC1iOM. 5 3aKpblT.
6 06'bRBneHo. 7 npMHRT.
27/3
1 Bce 6MneTbi npoA8Hbl. 2 3ilBTpa MY38M 6YAYT 38KpblTbl (3ilBTpa). 3 3TO
M6cTO 38HRTO? 4 &Mn6TbI6YAYT 38K838Hbl 38BTpa. 5 B H8WMX Mara3MHax
TPYAHO HaiTH KHHrM, HanMCaJ1l1ld.l (or KOTopble (6blnM) HanMcaH.Ji!!)
COBpeMeHHblMM PYCCKMMM nMc8TenRMM.
27/4
(a) On Wednesday it was announced that all the tickets had already been sold.
We were very surprised, because in the director's letter it was written that tickets
for us would be bought on Thursday.
(b) On Wednesday they announced that they had already sold all the tickets. We
were very surprised, because in his letter the director wrote tha t they would buy
tickets for us on Thursday.
27/5
Gone with the Wind [Q.l] ('Carried away by the wind')
In 1937, after the decision to make a film of the novel Gone with the Wind was
taken, Russell Birdwell, the agent of the producer David Selzni ck, launched a
campaign in America: the novel's admirers were asked who should play Scarlett
and Rhett. People stopped discussing a real-life melodrama - the love affair of
King Edward VIII and the divorced American Wallis Simpson (as a consequence of
which the British king was forced to abdicate). At mealtimes every family argued
about the relative claims of Gary Cooper, Errol Flynn and Clark Gable. Ninety-five
per cent of those who took part in the survey named Clark Gable as the only
possible Rhett Butler. As for Scarlett O'Hara, 45 per cent were in favour of Bette
Davis, who already had two Oscars. But she refused. Selznick chose the English
theatre actress Vivien Leigh. The film made Vivien Leigh a superstar. In 1943, four
years after the premiere, during her concerts in North Africa she was applauded
by General Eisenhower and General Montgomery. The film of Gone with the Wind
was first shown in Russia in October 1990. Earlier it had been included in the
programme of one of the Moscow international film festivals but for some reason it
was excluded at the last minute. Probably certain bureaucrats took a dislike to the
contents of the film [Q.2]. The rights to show Gone with the Wind were acquired
496

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
from ('at') the American company United International Pictures. At the premiere in
the October Cinema, the film was presented by the president of UIP, Ted Turner.
There were many guests, including Jane Fonda, the well-known English actor Ben
Kingsley and his wife, and the journalist Carol Thatcher, daughter of the then
British prime minister.
[Q.3] Names are transcribed into Russian as far as possible according to how
they sound in English, not by the letters. So 'Leigh' is not neMrx but nM, 'Gable' is
not ra6ne but reM6n, 'United' is not YHMTeA but IOHaMTeA. When transliterating
the other way, from Russian into English, we use the opposite principle and work
by letters. So .QOCT08BCKMM is written in English as 'Dostoevskii' even though
Russians pronounce his name Dastayefskee.
[Q.4] npMHRTo (from npMHRTb) 'taken', 'accepted'
3iAaH (from 38A8Tb) 'asked', 'posed'
BbIHY>KAeH (from BbIHYAMTb) 'forced'
nOKa38H (from nOKa3aTb) 'shown'
BKnlO'fiH (from BKnIO'fMTb) 'included'
MCKnlO'f8H (from MCKI1IO'-1MTb) 'excluded'
npM06peTeHbi (from npM06pecTM) 'acquired'
npeAcTaBneH (from npeAcT8BMTb) 'presented'
28/1
1 Knowing that Eva would return late, Vadim drank a glass of vodka. 2 Driving past
the theatre, we learnt that Chekhov's Three Sisters was on. 3 Holidaying in the
Crimea. Mary met an interesting professor. 4 We walked without hurrying, there
was plenty of time. 5 (By) studying three hours every day, Volodia learnt English in
two years.
28/2
1 After travelling three stops, Mary got out at the University station. 2 Having
bought nothing in the shop, Vera decided to go to the market. 3 Having become
interested in the Chekists, Volodia began to spend all his free time in libraries.
4 Before we reached ('Not having reached') the avenue, we turned left. 5 Vadim
left without closing ('not having closed') the window.
28/3
1 He 3H8R or TaK K8K (since) OHa He 3Hana l Russian, Carol couldn't find her
hotel. 2 Eva left He CK838B or a (H6) He CK83ana p , where she was going.
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3 BbinMB or n6cne Tor6 K8K (23.6) OH BblnMn P two glasses of vodka, Vadim
decided to call on Vera. 4 0A6BWMCb , my brothers and I go for breakfast or 
6paTbRMM 0A8BaeMcR. "OTOM MAiM 38BTpaK8Tb (We get dres sed, then . . .).
28.9
Peter was born on 30 May 1672. In 1689 he married Evdokiia Lopukhina, the
daughter of a Moscow boyar. He became Tsar in 1696. Possessing outstanding
mental abilities and enormous energy. he studied constantly. Knowing that Russia
lagged behind the advanced countries of the West, he fully understood the need
for economic, military and cultural reforms. In 1697 he went abroad. In Holland he
learnt to build ships, working as a simple carpenter. He visited factories and
schools and took an interest in medicine. In England he studied naval matters,
visited the observatory and attended a sitting of Parliament. In August 1698,
having learnt of the streltsy uprising in Moscow, Peter had to rus.h home. Abroad
Peter got to know the everyday life and customs of Europeans. On his return
('Having returned') to Moscow, he took determined measures to introduce Russian
noblemen and merchants to European civilization. When the boyars and noblemen
came to welcome Peter home ('congratulate Peter on ['with'] his arriva!'), he cut off
their beards with scissors. Soon an order was issued requiring noblemen to dress
in European style and shave their beards. Peter allowed merchants to wear
beards, but for this they paid a tax. Peter gave a lot of attention to the development
('questions of the development') of industry and trade. As well as giving ('While
giving') merchants money to start ('for the creation of') industrial enterprises, he
drove state peasants into the towns as serf workers. In the achieving of ('While
working for') his goals he stopped at ('before') nothing. When building the city of St
Petersburg he paid no attention to the harsh conditions. Labouring in the cold and
rain, standing up to their knees in water and mud, thousands of peasants perished
from disease, hunger and overwork. Peter dealt with his opponents mercilessly,
sometimes resorting to their physical annihilation. In 1698, having established that
the streltsy uprising had been led by the Miloslavskii boyar family, he executed the
organizers and more than a thousand streltsy. Some time later Peter did not spare
his own son Aleksei, having found out that the Tsarevich was a member of
('participating in') a plot. In 1718, with his father's permission, Aleksei was
condemned to death. Peter's reforms (The reforms conducted by Peter' 27.7)
facilitated the Europeanization of Russia. However, he could not completely
overcome the country's backwardness since his reforms were at the same time
intended to strengthen ('directed at strengthening') autocratic rule and serfdom.
Under Peter, the life of the (common) people got considerably worse.
498

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28/4
Per (10') 500 gm of fresh mushrooms, 1 kg of fresh cabbage, 1 pickled cucumber,
1 onion, 2 tablespoons of tomato puree, 1 or 2 teaspoons of sugar, 2 tablespoons
of butter/oil [0.1 No]. .
Chop up the cabbage and put it in a saucepan, add the butter/oil and a little
water. Simmer ('Stew') for about an hour [Q.2 first part]. Fifteen to twenty minutes
before the end (of the simmering) add the tomato puree, the sugar, salt, pepper, a
bay leaf and vinegar. After cleaning and washing the mushrooms (boletus, brown,
saffron milk-cap or whatever [Russians are enthusiastic mushroom gatherers, and
all these tenns belong to everyday vocabulary]), put them in boiling water for ten
to fifteen minutes. Then slice them and fry them in butter/oil. After putting the
mushrooms in a bowl, use the same frying-pan to brown the onion and then mix it
with the mushrooms, adding ('having added') the sliced (PPP 27.7) cucumber, salt
and pepper. Put half of the stewed cabbage in a greased (PPP 27.7) frying-pan,
spread out the prepared (PPP 27.7) mushrooms over the cabbage and cover with
[inst. case] the remaining cabbage. Sprinkle rusks and butter/oil over the cabbage
and put it in the oven to bake. [Q.2 second part]. Before serving one may add ('put
on') a slice of lemon or olives [Q.3 (1)]. Mushroom solianka can also be made with
sour cabbage (sauerkraut) [Q.3 (2)], but in this case leave out the vinegar. The
fresh mushrooms can be replaced by pickled or dried ones rQ.3 (3)1
[Q.4] O'fMCTMB (from O'fMCTMTb P ) having cleaned
npoMblB (from npoMblTb P ) having washed thoroughly
H8p838B (from Hap838Tb P ) having cut, having sliced
nOnO)l(MB (from nOnO)l(MTb P ) having put
A06aBMB (from A06aBMTb P ) having added
nocblnaB (from nocblnaTb P ) having sprinkled
He A068BnRR (from Ao6aBnRTb l ) not adding, without adding
29/1
1 BecTM 'to lead'. We walked along a/the road leading into a/the forest. 2 nMcaTb
'to write'. Everybody respects writers who write (' writing') the truth about
Communism. 3 CTpOMTb 'to build'. Mr Pope meets/is meeting a businessman (who
is) building/who builds new factories in Siberia. 4 YMeTb 'to know how to'. For our
shop we seek/are looking for women who know how to (' knowing how to') dress
well ('beautifully'). 5 cyecTBoB8Tb 'to exist'. In this Siberian town, which has
existed (' existing') for only ten years, there are already more than 5,000
inhabitants. 6 OTK83blB8TbCR 'to refuse'. The director is meeting workers who
499

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
refuse ('refusing') to work on Sunday.
29/2
1 The students who were late for the examination were very worried. 2 There are
now very few people who saw Lenin. 3 The woman who found (from H8MTM 'to
find') the (hand)bag is asked ('one asks') to see ('go up to') the theatre manager.
29/3
1 )l(enalOlqMx (gen.) or KOTopble )l(enaIOT. 2 3aHMMalOMMMcR (inst.) or
KOTopble 38HMMaIOTCJI. 3 nMcaBWMX (prep.) or KOTopble nMcan...
4 npMex8BwMx (anim ace.) or KOTopble npMexanM.
29/4
IE: Hello, Vera Petrovna. I'm glad to see you. VP: I'm glad too, lI'ia Egorovich. IE:
Are you ready? VP: I'm (already) ready. IE: Please would you pass my briefcase, I
need it. VP: Your briefcase is like a suitcase. IE: That's true. But your handbag
would be like a suitcase too if you were as busy [PPP - notice same endings as
short adjectives] as I am.
29/5
1 Sl6bln(a) p8A(a). 2 OHa noxo)l(a Ha (CBoero) oT4a. 3 3TO xopowo. 4 3TO
Aoporo.5 MM HY)I(Hbl Aonnapbl (stress on 'dollars')/onnapbl MM HY)I(Hbl
(stress on 'need'). 6 TaHR, Tbl rOToBa? 7 Mbl 6YAeM rOToBbl 'tepe3 nRTb MMHYr.
8 WanK8 eM aenMKa.
29.9
Vladivostok is situated on a peninsula projecting (pres. act. part.) into the Pacific
Ocean. It is a huge port. The most interesting part of the city is the
quay/promenade ('embankment'). Here is the tall column ('Here rises the column')
with the model of the ship which landed the sailors ('from which disembarked the
sailors') who founded (past act. part.) Vladivostok in 1880. The city, which slopes
down ('descending [pres. act. part.] on slopes') to the sea, is very attractive (short
form - bookish). The unique landscape and the subtropical vegetation ('nature')
are striking adornments.
500

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29/6
Even if you have paid only one visit to the Hermitage, you remember it, seeing in
your imagination the grandly beautiful Winter Palace. The Palace is the most
remarkable and most impressive of the five buildings which make up the
Hermitage Museum [Q.l]. Built in 1754-62 to the plans of Francesco Bartolomeo
Rastrelli (1700-1771), it determined the form of the magnificent architectural
ensemble on the bank of the Neva [0.2 first detail). By the scale, richness and
variety of its architectural decoration and the relative proportions of its parts the
Winter Palace, constructed in the style known as Russian baroque, creates an
image of harmony and splendour. Two wings on the west side face the Admiralty
[Q.2 second detail]; the main fa9ade, which overlooks Palace Square [Q.2 third
detail] is the grandest. In the central, projecting, part is the triple arcade of the
entrance gates with their magnificent decorated ironwork.
[Q.3] Active participles:
n06blBaBwMM (n06b1B8Tb 'to visit') who has visited
Bne'f8TnRIOee (Bn8'faTnRTb 'to impress') impressive ('impressing')
BbIXOAIIMM (BbIXOAMTb 'to go out') looking out
BbICTYn81OeM (BblcTynaTb 'to project', 'step out') projecting
Verbal adverb: npeAcT8BnRJI ce6e (npeAcT8SI1RTb 'to present') imagining
('presenting to onself')
Passive participles:
nocTp6eHHblM (nocTpoMTb 'to build') built (long form)
McnonHeHHblM (McnonHMTb 'to carry out') carried out. executed
06pall4eHbi (06paTMTb 'to turn') turned
YKpaweHHblx (YKpacMTb 'to adorn', 'decorate') adorned (long form)
30.6
At the Nikolaevskii Station two friends met. One was fat, the other thin. The fat one
had just dined at the station, and his grease-coated lips gleamed like ripe cherries.
He smelt of sherry and orange blossom. The thin one, on the other hand, had just
got off a train and was weighed down with suitcases, bundles and cardboard
boxes. He smelt of ham and coffee grounds. Behind him could be seen a thinnish
woman with a long chin - his wife, and a tall schoolboy with one eye partly closed
- his son. 'Porfirii!' the fat one exclaimed, seeing the thin one. 'Can it be you? My
dear, I haven't seen you for years.' 'Good gracious!' cried the thin one. 'Misha! My
childhood friend! Where have you sprung from?' The friends exchanged the
traditional three kisses and then gazed at each other with tears in their eyes. Both
were pleasantly shocked. 'My dear!' the thin one began after the greetings.
501

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSLATIONS OF TEXTS
'I didn't expect this. What a surprise! Well let's have a good look now! The same
handsome fellow you always were. The same smart well-dressed char mer! Good
heavens! Well, how are you doing then? Are you rich? Married? I'm married now,
as you see. . . This is my wife here, Luiza, nee Wanzenbach . . . a Lutheran. . .
And this is my son Nafanail, he's in the third form. This, Nafania, is a friend from my
childhood! We were at grammar-school together!' Nafanail thought for a moment
and took off his cap. 'We were at grammar-school together!' the thin one went on.
'Do you remember what they called you? They called you Herostratos because
you burnt a hole in one of the school's books with a cigarette, and the-y called me
Ephialtes because I liked sneaking on people. Ho-ho . . . We were ch ildren! Don't
be afraid, Nafania, come a bit closer.. . . And this is my wife, nee Wanzenbach . . .
a Lutheran.' Nafanail thought for a moment and hid behind his father's back. 'Well,
how are you getting on, my friend?' asked the fat one, gazing with de light at his
friend. 'Are you working for the government? Have you got on?' 'Yes, old pal! I
made collegiate assessor two years ago and I've got my St Stanislas. The salary's
bad. . . but then that's life! My wife gives music lessons, I make wooden cigar-
cases in my free time. They're splendid cigar-cases! I sell them for a rouble a time.
If you buy ten or more, then I give a reduction. We get by. I was working in a
government department, you know, and now I've been transferred here as a
section head, still in the same department. . . So I'll be working here. Well how
about you? You're probably a grade five already, eh?' 'No. my dear, go a bit
higher,' said the fat one. 'I've got to grade three. . . I've got two stars.' The thin one
suddenly turned pale and his body went rigid, but soon his face wriggled itself into
the broadest of grins; his face and eyes seemed to be showering sparks.
His bOdy became shrivelled, hunched and even thinner. His suitcases, bundles
and boxes became shrivelled and creased. . . His wife's long chin became even
longer; Nafanail stood to attention and fastened all the buttons of his uniform. . .
'I, Your Excellency. . . Delighted. Sir! A childhood friend, so to speak, and
suddenly such an important personage, Sir! He-he-he.' 'Come, enough of that!'
said the fat one, frowning. 'Why this change of tone? We're childhood friends -
what's the point of this servility!' 'Pardon me . . . How could you, Sir. . .' giggled
the thin one, becoming even more shrunken. 'The gracious attention of Your
Excellency. . . is like the finest wine. . . Here you have, Your Excellency, my son
Nafanail . . . my wife Luiza, a Lutheran, in a manner of speaking. . . I The fat one
was going to protest, but the thin one's face wore such an expression of awe,
delight and abject deference that the privy councillor felt disgusted. He turned his
face away from the thin man and extended his hand in farewell. The thin one
pressed three fingers, bowed with his whole body and giggled like a Chinese: 'He-
he-he.' His wife smiled. Nafanail clicked his heels and dropped his peaked cap.
All three were pleasantly shocked.
502

accusative:
active:
adjective:
adverb:
agree:
animate:
aspect:
bookish:
case:
GLOSSARY OF
GRAMMATICAL TERMS
case fonn primarily used for the person or thing affected by an
action - 'Ivan kissed her', MUH npO'fMTaeT ra38Ty ('Ivan will
read the newspaper').
verb fonn in which the person carrying out the action is also
the subject' of the verb: 'opened' in 'Ivan opened the door'. Cf.
passive.
a word which can fill the gap in 'It's a _ thing' (e.g. fine,
blue, beautiful).
a word which can fill the gap in 'Ivan did it _' (e.g. slowly,
yesterday, well). Russian adverbs (always indeclinable) typically
end -0 (xopow6 'well').
(of verbs or adjectives) match the gender/number/case/person
to the gender/person/case/person of the relevant noun. In
ManeHbK8JI TSHH y6e)l(lu1a c Little Tania ran away', the endings
(feminine singular) of MSneHbKI.8 and y6e)l(ana agree with the
feminine singular noun TSHH.
a Russian noun denoting a person or an animal, e.g. MBSH 'Ivan',
co68Ka 'dog', nMLlo 'person'.
how the action takes place in time. 'The door was opening'
(unfinished imperfective' action), 'Ivan opened the door, then
closed it' (completed perfective' actions).
used in formal style, not in everyday conversation. 'Construct' is
a bookish equivalent of 'build'.
an ending (sometimes meaningful, sometimes not very) on a
noun, pronoun or adjective which links the noun, pronoun or
adjective to other words in the sentence. AOM MBSH. (genitive
case) 'Ivan's house', Mawr (accusative case) nlO6MT MBSH
503

clause:
colloquial:
conjugation:
conjunction:
dative:
declension:
diminutive:
finite verb:
first person:
genitive:
hard:
imperative:
imperfective:
impersonal:
inanimate:
indeclinable:
infinitive:
GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS
(nominative case) 'Ivan loves Masha'.
sentence component consisting of a finite' verb with its subject t
(if it has one) and any dependent words. 'Ivan, who is always
helpful, opened the door and showed them in' contains three
clauses: 'Ivan opened the door', 'who is always'  'and showed
them in'.
used in informal style, not in formal situations or official letters.
'Hi' is a colloquial equivalent of 'Good morning'.
list of the personal forms of any verb (in the present, past or
future). The present conjugation of 3H8Tb 'to know' is: 3HalO,
3Haewb, 3HaeT, 3HSSM, 3HaeTe, 3HSIOT.
a word which joins phrases or clauses, e.g. 'and', 'but',
'although', 'that' in 'I know that she's married.
case fonn whose primary meaning is 'to'. MBaHX 'to Ivan'.
list of all the case forms (singular and plural) of a noun, pronoun
or adjective. CYon 'table': cTon, cTon, CTona, CTony, CTonoM,
cTone, CTOnbt . . . etc.
noun with a suffix' suggesting smallness, tenderness, intimacy -
CTOnitK 'small table', Bepo 'dear Vera'.
any verb form with a nominative subject: 'He opens the door',
'She was opening the door'.
the 'I' form (first person singular) or the 'we' fonn (first person
plural) of any tense of any verb.
case form whose primary meaning is 'belonging to'. AOM MBaHit
'Ivan's house'.
any consonant pronounced without a [y] sound. Cf. soft'.
the form of the verb used to tell someone to do something -
'Open the door', OTKpoiT8 ABepb.
the Russian verb aspect t which names the action or state without
saying anything about completion - OTKpblB8TII 1 'to open', oHa
'fMTan8 1 'she read/was reading'.
a Russian construction in which the person affected is either in
the dative or omitted. .EMi H8.qO MATM 'He has to go', M6)1(HO
OTKpbtTb OKHO? 'Is it possible to (May I) open the window?'
any Russian noun not denoting a person or animal, e.g. cTon
'table', KpacoTs'beauty'.
a word which has only one grammatical form, so that its ending
never changes, e.g. ero 'his', xopowo 'well', M3PM 'Mary'.
dictionary fonn of a verb, e.g. 'to open'; in Russian, usually ends
504

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS
Tb in, e.g. OTKpbtTb 'to open'.
instrumental: case form whose primary meaning is 'by means of': MB8H eCT
nO)l(KU 'Ivan is eating with a spoon'.
intransitive: a verb which cannot be followed by 'him' in English or the
accusative in Russian: 'The door opens', 'Ivan smiled'.
neutral: a word which can be used in any style or situation (unlike book-
ish' or colloquial' words). Most words - 'house', 'build', 'red' -
are neutral.
nominative: the case fonn in which nouns, pronouns and adjectives are given
in word lists; the case form used for the subject': MBaH, OH8,
HOBbii.
noun: a word which can fill the gap in 'He's talking about (a/the) _'
(e.g. book, Natasha, beauty).
participle: verb fonn with the features of an adjective or adverb - Pa60Ta
6blna clienaHa (f sg.) 'The word was done', nMwYIqMM 'writing',
3H8R '(while) knowing'.
particle: a (usually short) word which occurs with other words, never on
its own, to indicate emphasis, speaker's attitude, emotion or
grammatical structure, e.g. JKe (emphasis), BeAb (expecting
agreement), nM ('whether'), He ('not').
partitive: a use of the genitive which means 'some'. 6epMT8 xn96a (gen.)
'Take some bread'.
passive: verb form in which the subject' of the sentence is the person or
thing affected by the action: 'was opened' in 'The door was
opened by Ivan'.
perfective: the Russian verb aspect which describes an action as a completed
whole, e.g. OTKpblTb P 'to open' (completed act), OHa npO'fMTSna p
KHMry 'She read (and finished) the book.
possessives: words, similar to adjectives, which indicate ownership, i.e. my,
your, our, his, her, its, their.
predicate: the part of a sentence or clause which contains the verb and its
dependent words; everything which isn't the subject'. In 'Little
Tania went to visit the neighbours', 'Little Tania' is the subject
and 'went to visit the neighbours' is the predicate.
prefix: piece added to the beginning of a word, e.g. un- (meaning 'not')
in 'unfriendly', or no- (meaning 'a little') in rm66nbwe 'a little
more' .
preposition: any word which can fill the gap in 'Ivan talks _ the table'
(e.g. under, near, by, about).
505

prepositional: Russian case form used after the prepositions B 'in', H8 'on',
o 'about', npM 'attached to'.
a word which can replace a noun and whose meaning depends on
the context, e.g. he, it, this, that, self.
a verb ending -CR, sometimes corresponding to 'oneself' in
English, e.g. 0A8UTbCR 'to wash oneself'.
the basic part of a word, the core to which prefixes, suffixes and
endings are added, e.g. 'friend' in 'urifriendly'.
second person: the 'you' form of any tense of any verb. In Russian, Tbl is the
second person singular, and Bbi is the second person plural.
any consonant pronounced with a [y] sound. In Russian, conso-
nants are soft when followed by 8, i, M, 10, 51 or b.
the part of a word (often the same as the root') to which the
grammatical endings are added. 3H8- is the stem of the verb
3H8Tb 'to know', )l(MB- is the present tense stem of the verb )l(MTb
'to live', HOB- is the stem of the adjective HOBblM 'new'.
a syllable' (marked' on its vowel) which is pronounced more
prominently than the others, e.g. t6 in 'photography', BOA in
BOAK8.
the noun or pronoun which determines the ending of the verb,
'Ivan' in 'Ivan opens the door'. In Russian the subject is in the
nominative case HH.H OTKpblBa8T ABepb.
clause' which could not stand on its own as an independent
sentence but depends on a main clause which could stand on its
own. In 'Ivan knows that Tania is at Masha's', 'Ivan knows' is
the main clause and 'that Tania is at Masha's' is a subordinate clause.
meaningful piece added to the end of a root', ego -Iy in 'friendly'.
a vowel with its preceding consonants (and the following con so-
nant(s) if it/they are not part of another syllable). 'Manchester' is
three syllables: man-che-ster. Syllables are determined by pro-
nunciation, not spelling, so 'house' is one syllable.
the time of the action in relation to the moment of speech. 'The
door opened' (past), 'The door opens' (present), 'The door will
open' (future).
third person: the helshelit form (third person singular) or the they form (third
person plural) of any tense of any verb.
transcription: representation of the pronunciation of any word. A transcription
of ceroAHR 'today' is [sye-v6d-nya]. Cf. transliteration'.
a verb which caD be followed by 'him' in English or the
accusative case in Russian: 'Ivan knows/likes/ killed him'.
pronoun:
reflexive:
root:
soft:
stem:
stressed:
subject:
subordinate
clause:
suffix:
syllable:
tense:
transitive:
GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS
506

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS
transliteration: representation of Russian letters by English ones. A translitera-
tion of cer6.qHR 'today' is segodnia. Cf. transcription'.
unstressed: the less prominently pronounced syllables (with no stress mark' ),
e.g. pho, gra and phy in 'phot6graphy', or MOCK in MOCKa8
'Moscow'.
unvoiced: pronounced with little or no vibration of the vocal cords, e.g. p, f,
k, s.
verb: word, expressing an action or a state, which will fit in the gap in
'Ivan wants to _' (e.g. 'kill', 'go', 'sit').
voiced: pronounced with vibration of the vocal cords, e.g. b, v, g, z.
507

INDEX
This index includes the abbreviations used in the lessons. The figures on
the right are lesson section numbers, unless preceded by 'page' or 'table'.
The sign t marks technical tenns which are defined in the 'Glossary of
Grammatical Tenns' above.
abbreviations
accent
acceptance
accusative' case'
active' participles'
addresses
adj = adjective'
adjectives'
adv = adverb'
adverbs'
age
alphabet
anim = animate'
animate' nouns'
anyone (indefinite pronouns)
apologizing
aspect'
30.3
2.5
25.6
6.3, (anim nouns) 6.4, 10.12 (pronouns) 6.7,
(uses) 6.8, 6.9
29.1-29.5, (pres.) 29.3, (past) 29.4
26.10
table 5, 7.2-7.8, (prep. case) 7.11, (acc.)
7.12, (gen.) 10.9-10.10, (with numerals)
10.13-10.14, (comparative) 18.1-18.5,
(superlative) 18.6-18.8, (short) 29.7
7.16, (comparative) 18.2-18.5
17.13
1.1-1.3
6.4-6.6, 10.12
26.1-26.7
25.5
12.2-12.4,15.12, (fut.) 12.3, 14.3, (past)
13.1-13.3, (inf) 13.4, (imper) 15.3, 15.6,
(verbs of motion) 20.3, 20.8, (summary of
usage) 15.11
508

be (6b1Tb)
bring
case'
cf. = compare
collective numerals
colloquial'
commas
commands see imperative
comparative ('better')
conditional ('would')
conjugation'
counting
dat. = dative case
date
dative' case'
days of the week
declension'
demonstratives ('this', 'that')
dictionaries
diminutives' ('little table')
each other (APyr APyra)
e.g. = for example
emphatic particle' )l(e
endings
f = feminine
fam = familiar fonn (TbI)
familiar form of address (Tbl)
feminine gender
fill vowel = mobile vowel
first person' ('I', 'we')
fleeting vowel = mobile vowel
fractions
fut. = future tense'
future tense'
gen. = genitive'
gender
INDEX
3.5, 8.9, (fut.) 14.2
20.5
4.10
22.10-22.11
4.4
29.6
18.1-18.5
19.2
4.4, Table 8
9.2
17.10-17.11
12.6, (pronouns) 12.6, (nouns) 12.9-12.10
(uses) 12.12, (adj) 12.13-]2.14, (impersonal
constructions) 14.6
17.2
Tables 1-7, (foreign words) 5.9, (proper
names) 5.11
Table 4, ]0.11
30.2
25.1-25.4, (adj) 25.4
30.6 note 3
5.2
Tables 1-8
3.8
4.2
4.2
3.8
8.6
8.6
22.13, (one and a half) 22.5-22.6
12.3, 14.2-14.5
3.8
509

genitive' case'
'gerunds' see verbal adverbs
give
go see verbs of motion
greetings
handwriting
hard' consonants
hard' sign ('b)
have (own)
hours
imper = imperative'
imperative'
imperfective' aspect'
imperfective' verbal adverb
impersonal' constructions (HSAo)
impossibility
inanimate' nouns'
indeclinable' nouns'
indefinite pronouns ('anyone')
indirect (reported) speech
inf = infinitive fonn
infinitive' fonn
inst. = instrumental'
instrumental' case'
intonation
intransitive' verbs
inversion
it
italic fonns
IV A = imperfective' verbal adverb
learn
INDEX
9.3, (sg.) 9.4, (pI.) 9.6-9.8, (uses) 9.5, (with
numbers) 9.3, 9.5, 9.9, (quantity words) 9.12,
(have) 10.2, (pronouns) 10.3, (Hey + gen.)
10.5, (preps. with) 10.6-10.7 , (partitive)
10.8, (possessives) 10.11
28.1-28.6
12.7
3.1
2.1
2.6-2.7
1.2, 20.9
10.2, (MM6Tb) 10.4
17.3
15.2-15.10, (first person 'Iet.s wait')
15.7, (second person 'wait, p]ease')
15.2, (third person 'let him wait')
15.8, (aspect) 15.3, 15.6
12.2, 13.1-13.4, 14.3, 15.3, (summary of
usage) 15.11
28.3-28.5
14.6
14.6
6.4-6.6
5.10
26.1-26.7
13.5
4.3
4.3
16.2-16.8, (uses) 16.5, (with PPPs) 27.5
5.3
11.6
16.11
3.7-3.9,3.12
1.4
13.7
510

letters (correspondence)
like (HpaBMTbCR)
lit. = literally
locative = prepositional'
long versus short adjectives'
m = masculine gender
masculine gender
mobile (fill) vowels
months
motion verbs
multidirectional verbs
more
must
n = neuter gender
names
names of Russian letters
national i ties
NB = note
necessity
negation ('not', 'nothing' etc.)
negative pronouns ('nobody')
neuter gender
nominative' case'
not (He)
nouns'
number adjectives ('first')
numbers
numerals see numbers
obligation
omission of verb 'to be'
omission of OHM
INDEX
26.11, 26.13
12.8
29.7
3.8
3.8
8.6
17.10
20.1-20.9
20.2
(66nee with adj/adv) 18.3; (66nbwe with
nouns) 9.12, (66nbwe or 60nee with nouns)
22.15
(HSAO) 14.6, 19
3.8
6.10-6.15, (intimate forms) 25.3
1.5
exercise 8/4
(HSAO) 14.6, (AOn)l(eH) 19.4
4.8, 24.1-24.8, (gen. or acc. after negated
verb) 24.2
24.6, 24.8
3.8
4.10
4.8, 24.4
Tables 1-3
17.5
9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 9.9, 9.11, (endings of nouns
after numbers) 9.9, 9.11, 22.2, 22.7 (one)
9.10, 22.3, (with adj) 10.13, (gen. fonns)
17.6, (declension) 22.2-22.3, Table 7, (with
animate nouns) 22.9, (verb agreement)
22.12, (collective numerals) 22.10-22.11
(HBAO, HY)I(HO) 14.6. (AOn)l(8H) 19.4-19.5
3.5
8.12
511

19.6-19.7, (no- with comparatives) 18.2,
with verbs of motion) 20.3-20.5
prep. = preposition' or prepositional' case'
prepositions' (with acc. case) 6.8, (with prep. case) 5.4,
(with gen. case) 10.6-10.7, (with dat. case)
12.12, 12.16, (with inst. case) 16.5
4.11, (adj) 7.11, (exceptions) 5.6, (sg. nouns)
5.4, (possessives) 7.14, (pronouns) 5.7, (pI.)
12.17
4.4-4.6
14.6
Table 4
ordinal numerals ('first')
own (cBbi)
participles'
particles'
partitive' genitive' ('some')
passive' participles'
past passive' participles'
past tense'
patronymics
perfecti vet aspect'
perfective' verbal adverb
permission (UCUKHO)
personal pronouns'
pI. = plural
planned future
plural
pol. = polite form (Bbl)
polite form of address (Bbl)
poL/pI. = polite or plural
possessives' ('my', 'your', etc.)
possibility
PPP = past passive' participle'
prefixes'
prepositional' case'
present tense'
prohibition (Henb3li)
pronouns'
INDEX
17.5
21.2
27.2, (passive) 27.3-27.8, (PPP) 27.3-27.7,
(PPP with -bli endings) 27.7, (present pas-
sive) 27.8, (verbal adverbs) 28.1-28.7,
(active) 29.1-29.5
30.4
10.8
27.3-27.8
27.3-27.7
11.2-11.5, (reflexives) 11.6, 13.1-13.3
6.11, 6.12
12.2,13.1-13.2,13.4,15.3, (summary of
usage) 15.11
28.6-28.7
14.6
4.2, Table 4
14.5
(nouns) 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, (adj) 8.7 (possessives)
8.8, (ace.) 8.9
4.2
Table 67, 6.2, (cBai) 21.2-21.3
(MO)l(HO) 14.6, (UO'fb) 11.8
512

INDEX
proper names (nouns with capitals) 5.11, (foreign names) 5.9, 6.1.14,
(B ccnp8BA8)
punctuation (commas)
purpose ('fTo6b1)
PV A = perfective' verbal adverb
quantity words ('many', 'few')
reflexive verbs'
refusal
relative pronoun ('who', 'which')
reported speech
requests
root'
second person' (TbI, Bbl)
self
sg. = singular
short adjectives'
soft' adjectives'
soft' consonants
soft' sign (b)
spelling rules
state words (HSAO)
stem'
stress
stress patterns
subjunctive
subordinate' clause'
suffixes'
superlatives
surnames
syllable'
tense'
than
(intimate forms) 25.3
29.6
21.7
9.12, (declension) 22.8
11.6
25.7
18.9
13.5
25.5
19.6
4
(-CR) 11.6, 21.6, (ce6Ii) 21.4, 21.6
29.7
7.5
2.5, 2.6
1.2, 2.5
page 387, (M not bl) 8.3, (e not 0) X.I 0,
(8 not 51) 12.11, (y not 10) 12.11
14.6
4.4
2.2, 2.3
4.9, 16.10 (note), R-E vocabulary
19.3
29.6
(reflexive suffix -CR) 11.6,
(dim suffixes) 25.2
18.6-18.8
6.14, (declension) 16.9
1.2
(present) 4.4-4.7, (past) 11.2-11.5,
13.1-13.3, (future) 12.3, (differences from
English) 13.5, 14.4
18.2
513

that
third person' (he/she/it/they)
this
time
time (clock)
to ('fTo6bl 'in order to')
time expressions see time
transcription'
transitive' verbs'
transliteration'


transport
unidirectional verbs
unstressed'syllables'
unvoiced t consonants
verbal adjectives see participles'
verbal adverbs
verbs'


verbs of motion (' go', 'take' etc.)
vocabulary learning
voiced' consonants
want
wh-questions ('what', 'why' etc.)
what ('I TO)
what kind of (K8KOi)
when
where
whether (nM)
which (KOTOpbli)
who (KOTOpbli)
W
)rd order
years
yes/no questions


INDEX


3.7, 7.9, (conjunction) 5.8, (TOT) Table 4
4
3.7, 7.9, 7.10, (3TOT) Table 4
17.1-17.13,23.1-23.6, (for a time) 23.4
17.3-17.4, 17.
17.9
21.7-21.8


1.5(2)
11.6
1.5(2)
20.7, Ex. 20/6
20.2
2.10
2.8


28.1-28.6
Table 8, 4.3, (pres. tense) 4.4-4.7,
(past) 11.2-11.5, 13.1-13.3, (future) 12.3,
14.2-14.5, (with numbers) 22.13. See also
aspects, conditional, imperative
20.1-20.9, (with vehicles) 20.7
3.10
2.8
12.5
5.2
3.1
7.8
5.2


3.

Id.15,13.6
18.9
18.9
26.8
17.11
5.3, (nM) 10.15


514