AKA.lI.EMH5I HAYK CCCP
VlHCTHTYT HCTOpHH CCCP


E.H.KOJIbIQEBA





ArPAPHLIH CTPOH
POCCHH
XVI
BEKA


I


MOCKBA
«HAYKA»
1987




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&60PIG1'AIf3aH 9 3
MOHorpa4»HH nOCBHllleHa paCKpblTHIO Ba>KHeHWHX THnOJlOrHllecKHx
oc06eHHOCTeH pa3BHTHH 4»e0.l1aJlH3Ma H H3YlleHHIO np06J1eM lIaCTHO-
c06cTBeHHHllecKoH H rOCY.l1apCTBeHHOH 3KcnJlyaTaUHH KpecTbHH XVI B.
BnepBble B COBeTCKOH HcropHorpa4»HH HCCJle.l1YIOTCH CJle.l1YlOlllHe
BonpOCbl: 0 BJlHHHHH 06b1I1HOrO npaBa Ha 3BOJllOUHIO ceHbOpHaJlbHOH
peHTbI, 0 pacnpe.l1eJ1eHHH 3eMeJlbHOH peHTbI Me>K.l1Y rocY.l1apCTBOM H
BOTIIHHHHKaMH; Onpe.l1eJ1HeTCH BeJlHIIHHa rocY.l1apCTBeHHblx HaJlOrOB
B ueHTpaJlbHblX Ye3.l1.ax, BblHBJlHIOTCH OC06eHHOCTH 3KcnJlyaTaUHH pa3Hblx
COUHaJlbHblX KaTerOpHH KpeCTbHHCTBa. Cneu,HaJlbHaH r JlaBa nOCBHllleHa
MaJIOH3YlleHHoH np06J1eMe 3KOHOMHQeCKOrO KpH3Hca BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI
BeKa. HccJle.l1YeTCH npOTHBOCTOHHHe HHTepeCOB uapH3Ma B npouecce
60pb6b1 3a YCTaHOBJIeHHe CaMO.l1ep>KaBHH H uepKBH, npHTH3aHHH .l1yxo-
BeHCTBa Ha coxpaHeHHe CBOHX 3eMeJlbHblX BJla.l1eHHH H nO.l1aTHbiX
npHBHJlerHit
PeueH3eHTbI:
E. n.MAMATOBA,E. H. lliBEAKOBCKA5I
K 0505010000-315 37-87-IV
042(02)-87
@ H3J].aTeJIbCTBO «HaYKa», 1987 r.

BBEAEHHE
ArpapHblH CTpOH - 3TO cOBoKynHocTb HCTOpHqeCKH CJlO>KHBWHXCH npOH3-
BOJI.CTBeHHblX OTHOWeHHH B CeJIbCKOM X03HHCTBe, Onpe.ll.eJIHeMaH CHCTeMOH 3eMJIe-
BJIaJI.eHHH H 3eMJIenOJIb30BaHHH. npH <l>eOJI.aJIbHOH <j>OpMaLlHH OCHOBOnOJIaralO-
lll.ee 3HaqeHHe npHOOpeTaeT COOCTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJIIO H BblTeKalOlll.aH H3 Hee
JlHqHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb KpeCTbHHHHa, qTO H OnpeJI.eJIHeT B KOHeqHOM CqeTe XapaKTep
3KCnJIyaTaLlHH 3eMJIeJI.eJIbLleB.
KapJI MapKC BCKpblJI XapaKTep yrHeTeHHH KpeCTbHH npH <j>eo.ll.aJIH3Me,
YKa3a B, qTO JI.JIH BCeX <j>OP M peHTbI OOw.e TO OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO, qTO OHa eCTb
3KOHOMHqeCKaH peaJIH3aLlHH 3eMeJIbHOH COOCTBeHHOCTH I. OH >Ke OTMeTHJI,
qTO <j>eOJI.aJIbHaH 3eMeJIbHaH peHTa Ha onpeJI.eJIeHHOM 3Tane norJIow.aJIa BeCb
npHOaBOqHblH npO.ll.YKT, a HepeJI.KO H qaCTb HeOOXOJI.HMOrO npOJI.YKTa 2. npOH3-
BOJI.CTBO npHOaBOqHOrO npO.ll.YKTa, npHHHM81OllJ.erO cneLlH<j>HqeCKYIO 3KOHOMHqeC-
KYIO <j>OPMY <j>eO.ll.aJIbHOH peHTbI, HCnOJlb3yeTcH .lI.JIH Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpeHHH nOTpeo-
HOCTeH npaBHlll.erO KJlacca nYTeM 3KCnJIyaTaLlHH. MapKC H 3HreJIbC HeOJI.HO-
KpaTHO nOJI.qepKHBaJIH, qTO BCH COLlHaJIbHO-OOlll.eCTBeHHaH nHpaMH.lI.a (KHH3bH,
qHHOBHHKH, JI.BOpHHCTBO, JI.YXOBeHCTBO, OlOprepbl) BceH CBoeH TH>KeCTblO JIO>KH-
JIaCb Ha KpeCTbHHHHa 3. Cne.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, npH H3yqeHHH arpapHoro CTpOH OCHOB-
Hoe BHHMaHHe JI.OJI>KHO OblTb CKOHLleHTpHpOBaHO Ha xapaKTepHCTHKe <j>OpM
3KCnJIyaTa LlHH KpeCTbHH, Ha aHaJIH3e 3eMeJIbHOH peHTbI.
3HaqHTeJIbHblX ycnexoB 3a nOCJIeJI.HHe JI.eCHTHJIeTHH .lI.00HJIHCb HCTOpHKH
B OCBelll.eHHH peHTHblX OTHoweHHH XVII B. nOHBHJIHCb <j>YHJI.aMeHTaJIbHble TPYJI.bI
o <j>opMax H CTeneHH 3KCnJIY8TallHH P83J1HqHblX COllH8JIbHblX KaTeropHH 3eMJIe-
JI.eJlbLleB. 3TO paooTbI A. H. CaxapoBa 0 naTpHapwHx KpecTbHHax, 10. A. TH-
XOHOBa - 0 <j>opMax peHTbI B nOMeCTbHX 3a nOJIYTopaBeKoBoH nepHOJI. (c KOHLla
XVI B. JI.O 1725 r.), H. A. rOpCKOH - 0 CYW.HOCTH H <j>opMax <j>eOJI.aJIbHO-
KpenOCTHHqeCKHX OTHoweHHH B MOHacTblpcKHX BOTqHHax. IIIHpoKo H3BeCTHbI
KHHrH JI. B. lJepenHHHa H A. ,l!. rOpcKoro, KOTopble Ha KpaHHe CKYJI.HOH
HCTOqHHKOBeJI.qeCKOH oa3e BblHBHJIH cnocoobl yrHeTeHHH H nopaOOw.eHHH 3eMJIe-
JI.eJlbLleB B XIV-XV BB. PHJI. nOJIO>KeHHH, C<j>OPMYJIHpOBaHHblx H pa3paoOTaHHblx
aBTopaMH, HMelOT npHHLlHnHaJIbHoe 3HaqeHHe H .lI.JIH HCCJIeJI.yeMoro CTOJIeTHH.
COBeTcKHe HCTOpHKH B nOCJIe.ll.HHe rOJI.bI Y JI.eJI H lOT MHoro BHHMaHHH H3yqeHHIO
3KOHOMHqeCKHX OTHoweHHH COOCTBeHHOCTH KaK B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTa.ll.HaJIbHOrO
pa3BHTHH <j>eOJI.aJIH3Ma, TaK H OT TUnOJIOrHqeCKHX C.lI.BHrOB no ropH30HTaJIH
8 pa3HblX perHOHax. B pe3YJIbTaTe 3THX HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHH YA8JIOCb YCTaHOBHTb,
qTO B POCCHH H B pH.lI.e JI.PyrHx Cl'paH Ha onpe.ll.eJIeHHOM 3Tane pa3BHTHH
HaJIHLlO COqeTaHHe (COBMew.eHHe) qaCTHOBJIa.ll.enbqeCKHX (ceHbOpHaJIbHO-
BOTqHHHblX) <j>OpM H rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHoro <j>eOJI.aJIH3Ma 4.
B npeJI.JIaraeMOH MOHorpa<j>HH npeJI.npHHHTa nOnblTKC:1 npOCJIeJI.HTb OT.lI.eJIb-
Hble acneKTbI JI.aHHOH npOOJIeMbI H HeKOTopblX JI.PyrHx ocooeHHOCTeH arpapHoro
CTpOH PYCCKoro rOCYJI.apCTBa KOHLla XV-XVI B.
3

,LlaHHblH nepHO.n HMeeT oc060e HCTOpHllecKoe 3HalleHHe, H60, KaK nHCaJl
n. B. 4epenHHH: C06pa30BaHHe ueHTpanH30BaHHOrO rocy.napCTBa HBJlHeTCH
3HallHTeJlbHblM BHYTpeHHHM py6e>KOM nepHOna pa3BHTOrO $eO.naJlH3Ma B POC-
C.RR'7i 5. 3aBepllleHHe nOJlHTHlleCKOrO 06'be.nHHeHHH PYCH, YKpenJleHHe BepXOBHOH
BJIaCTH MOCKOBCKoro BeJIHKOrO KHH3H (3aTeM UapH), CTaHOBJleHHe caMo.nep>KaBHH
HeMHHyeMo .nOJl>KHhI 'f)blnH Bhl3BaTb pH.n Ba>KHeHWHX COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHlIeCKHX
npe06pa30BaHHH. .11 Ha nepBoe MeCTO Ha.no nOCTaBHTb CTpeMneHHe BepXOBHOH
BJlaCTH no.nllHHHTb 3KOHOMHlleCKH H IOpH.nHlleCKH ceHbopHanbHO-BOTlIHHHbIe
OpMbI 3eMJleBJla.neHHH: .n06HTbCH orpaHHlIeHHH B npHCBoeHHH npH6aBOIIHoro
npO.ll.YKTa .lIaCTHhlMH <j)eo.nanaMH, HH3BeCTH sna.neJIbueB BOTIIHH Ha nOJlO>KeHHe
CJlY>KHJlblX JlIO.neH, nOCTaBHTb 3eMnH lIepHOCOWHhlX KpeCTbHH "o.n CTporHH YlleT
npaBHTeJlbCTBa, a K KOHUY XVI B. BepHYTb YTpalleHHble rocy.napCTBeHHhle npepo-
raTHBbI, OTMeHHB no.naTHhie TapxaHbI, paHee WHpOKO BhI.naBaeMbie uepKBH, COlO3
C KOTOpOH uaplO 6b1J1 He06xo.nHM Ha onpe.neneHHoM 3Tane 60pb6b1 co CBeTCKHMH
3eMJleBJla.neJlbuaMH. Pe3Koe B03pacTaHHe rocy.napCTBeHHblx HanoroB B nepHo.n
nHBOHCKOH BOHHbI npH He6J1arOnpHHTHbiX 3KOJlOrHlleCKHX CHTyaUHHX H HaJlHlIHH
YCJIOBHo--n03eMeJlbHoro 06J10>KeHHH Bbl3BaJlH TH>KeJlYIO .nenpeccHIO B Ha pO.nHOM
X03HHCTBe: 3KoHoMHllecKHH KpH3HC 70-90-x ro.nOB, cOnpOBO>K.naBWHHCH
HapYllleHHeM arpOCTpYKTypbl HCnOJlb30BaHHH naXOTHbiX 3eMeJlb. ,LlaHHblH Kpyr
np06J1eMaTHKH H onpe.neJlHJI CTPYKTYPY KHHrH.
nOHHMaH, liTO B O.nHOH KHHre HeB03MO>KHO OXBaTHTb Bce CTOpOHbI 3BOJIIOUHH
arpapHoro CTpOH POCCHH XVI B. (.na 3TO H HenOCHJlbHO .lI.JlH O.ll.HOrO lIeJlOBeKa),
aBTop CneUHaJlbHO He KacaeTCH np06J1eMbi TOBapHo-.neHe>KHblX OTHoweHHH
Ha PYCH H npHlIHHHO-CJle.ll.CTBeHHOH B3aHMOCBH3H HX C <j)opMaMH H pa3MepaMH
peHTbI, C 3KOHOMHlIeCKHM KpH3HCOM 70-90-x ro.noB, Ha.neHcb B 6y.nYlll.eM
BepHYTbcH K 3TOMY Bonpocy. B MOHorpaHH He paCCMaTpHBalOTCH n060pbl
C KpecTbHH, H.lI.Ylll.He Ha co.nep>KaHHe MeCTHoro a.nMHHHcTpaTHBHoro annapaTa,
a TaK>Ke np06J1eMbi 3BOJllOLlHH 06ll1.HHbI.
KHHra nOCBHllI.eHa H3YlleHHIO arpapHblx oTHoweHHH rJlaBHblM 06pa30M
ueHTpaJlbHblX perHoHoB cTpaHbI XVI B., KOTopble He nOJlYllHJlH .lI.OJl>KHOrO OCBelll.e-
HHH B MOHorpa<l>HllecKHX pa60Tax COBeTCKHX HCTOpHKOB. 3TO 06'bHCHHeTCH
B KaKoH-To CTeneHH cBoe06pa3HeM HCTOIIHHKOBe.nlleCKOH 6a3h1, TaK KaK 60Jlb-
lllHHCTBO nHcuoBbiX MaTepHaJlOB norH6J10 BO BpeMH MOCKOBCKoro nO>Kapa
HallaJla XVI I B. nO-HHOMY CJlO>KHJlaCb cy.nb6a Ka.nacTpoB no HOBropo.ncKo-
nCKOBCKOMY KpalO: B apxHBax HMelOTCH .neCHTKH nHCUOBbiX KHHr, UH<j)POBOH
MaTepHaJl KOTOpblX nO.lllJ.aeTCH cTaTHcTHlIecKoH 06pa60TKe H B H3BecTHoH CTeneHH
OTpa>KaeT COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHlleCKoe pa3BHTHe .naHHoro perHoHa Ha npOTH>KeHHH
BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XV -XVI B. ,LlaHHoe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO n03BOJlHJlO KOJlJleKTHBY
JleHHHrpa.ncKHX YlleHblx no.ll. PYKOBO.nCTBOM A. !I. lllanHpo H3.naTb TpexToMHblH
TPY.n, nOCBHllI.eHHblH arpapHoH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.na POCCHH. HapH.ny
C xapaKTepHCTHKoH <j)OpM 3eMJleBJla.neHHH H 3eMJlenOJlb30BaHHH OCHOBHOH ynop
B HeM C.lI.eJlaH Ha H3YlleHHe KpeCTbHHCKHX nOBHHHOCTeH, BblBe.neHbI 0606ll1.eHHble
nOKa3aTeJIH no PH.ny napaMeTpoB CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHoro npoH3Bo.ncTBa,
CMO.neJIHpOBaH KpeCTbHHCKHH 61O.n>KeT, nOKa3aHbI pa3Mepbl 3KOHOMHlIeCKoro KPH-
3Hca 'H ero nOCJIe.ll.CTBHH. Bblxo.n B CBeT 3Toro <l>YH.naMeHTaJlbHoro HCCJle.noBaHHH
HBJlHeTCH 6e3YCJIOBHO 60JlbWHM C06b1THeM B HCTopHlIeCKOH HaYKe. O.ll.HaKO
B peueH3HH Ha 3TOT TPY.n OTMellaJlHCb H H3J1HWHee YBJlelleHHe CTaTHCTHKOH,
H HeKoTopble MeTo.nHKo-HCTOllHHKOBe.ll.lIeCKHe npoclIeTbi. B lIacTHocTH, peueH-
3eHTbI CnpaBe,lJ.JlHBo YKa3aJlH, liTO aBTopbl HCCJle.ll.OBaHHH He YllJlH pa3Hble
4

npHHLl.Hnbl OnHCaHHH Ha npOTSI>KeHHH XVI B., a TaK>Ke cBoe06pa3He OKJIa,nHblX
e,nHHHLI. 6. ,QaHHble 3aMellaHHSI, no,np06HO aprYMeHTHpOBaHHble peLl.eH3eHTaMH,
HMelOT npaKTHlIecKoe 3HalleHHe ,llJISi H3YlIeHHSI arpapHOH HCTOpHH JlI060ro
perHOHa.
C BblXO,nOM B CBeT «ArpapHOH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana,na POCCHH XVI B.»
HeH36e>KHO B03HHK Bonpoc: HaCKOJIbKO 3aKOHOMepHOCTH, BblSlBJIeHHble Ha MaTe-
pHaJle HOBropo,nCKHX KHHr, COOTBeTCTBYIOT npOLl.eCCaM, npOTeKaBWHM B TOT >Ke
nepHO,n B Ll.eHTpe CTpaHbI. HOBropo,nCKO-nCKOBCKHH KpaH, cpaBHHTeJlbHO He,naBHO
npHcoe,nHHeHHblH K PYCCKOMY rocy,napCTBY, C nO.ll.aBJISIIOllJ.HM npe06J1a,naHHeM
nOMeCTHoro 3eMJleBJla,neHHSI, co cBoe06b1I1HOH OKJIa,nHOH e,nHHHLl.eH «06>KeH»
6b1J1 He nOXO>K Ha Ll.eHTpaJlbHble perHOHbI, liTO OTHIO,nb He HCKJllOlIaeT a,neKBaT-
HOCTH MHorHX CTOpOH arpapHoro pa3BHTHSI. nO-npe>KHeMY HeKOTopble BonpOCbI
(0 npe06J1a,nalOllJ.HX ct>opMax peHTbI H HX pa3Mepe, 0 pacnpOCTpaHeHHH
3KOHOMHlIeCKoro KpH3Hca Hero BJIHSlHHH Ha CTaHOBJIeHHe 6apllJ.HHbI H T. n.)
SlBJlSlIOTCSI .lI.HCKYCCHOHHblMH.
MHorHe np06J1eMbI, Henocpe,nCTBeHHO KaCalOllJ.HeCH arpapHblX OTHOllleHHH,
KaK-TO: KpHTepHH 3BOJIIOLl.HH npHHLl.HnOB nocowHoro onHcaHHSI, xapaKTepHCTHKa
BbiTHoro nHCbMa, OC06eHHOCTH BbiTH H COXH KaK OKJIa,nHblX e,nHHHLI., B3aHMO-
BJlHSlHHe 06b1I1HOrO npaBa H rocy,napCTBeHHblX HopMaTHBOB Ha pa3Mep
KpeCTbSlHCKHX nOBHHHOCTeH, pacnpe,neJIeHHe npH6aBOllHoro npo,nYKTa Me>K,ny
ceHbOpOM H rOCY.ll.apCTBOM, BbiTeCHeHHe TpaAHIJ.HH-06b1l1aSl H3 peHTHbiX OTHOllle-
HHH - Boo6llJ.e He pa3pa6aTblBaJlHCb B COBeTCKOH HCTopHlIeCKOH HaYKe.
113 ,nopeBOJlIOLl.HOHHblX HCCJle,nOBaHHH Ha.ll.O OTMeTHTb A. C. JIanno- ,QaHHJleB-
CKoro, n. H. MHJlIOKOBa, M. A. D.bHKoHoBa, B. 11. CepreeBH4a, KOTopble B TOH
HJlH HHO" CTeneHH nOCTaBHJ1H Bonpoc 0 npHHLl.HnaX nocorn Horo onHcaHHH,
BeJlHIIHHe H npOHCXO>K.lI.eHHH BbiTH. OC06HHKOM CTOHT ct>YH,naMeHTaJlbHblH TPY,n
C. 6. BeCeJlOBCKOro 0 COlllHOM nHCbMe XVII B., r,ne HeCKOJlbKO rJlaB nOCBSlllJ.eHbI
nOJleMHKe C npe,nweCTBeHHHKaMH no np06J1eMaM 06J10>KeHHH, COWHOH pect>opMbI
Cepe.LI.HHbI XVI B., npOHCXO>K,neHHSI BbiTHoro nHCbMa. BbI.lI.alOllJ.HHCSI YlleHblH, BHec-
lllHH 60JlblllOH BKJla,n B HCTopHlIecK}'1O HayK}', H3yqaSl npHHLl.Hnbl COlllHoro
OMO>KeHHH, OnHpaJlCSI rJlaBHblM 06pa30M Ha MaTepHaJlbl Ka,naCTpOB XVII B.,
n03TOMY nopoH HeBOJIbHO nepeHOCHJI 60J1ee n03.l1.HHe SlBJleHHSI Ha npe,nweCTBYIO-
lUHH BeK. 3BOJlIOLl.HSI npHHLl.HnOB nOCOWHoro onHcaHHSI B TelleHHe Bcero XVI B.
He 6b1J1a npe,nMeTOM ero HCCJle,nOBaHHSI.
B HaCTOSlllJ.ee BpeMSI B paCnOpSl>KeHHH HCCJle,nOBaTeJlSI, H3YllalOlll.ero arpapHYIO
HCTOpHIO XVI B., HMelOTCSI nHCLl.OBbie KHHrH no OT,neJIbHblM ye3,naM, lIaCTO
.lI.Owe,nWHe B ct>opMe COKpallJ.eHHblX npHnpaBOIlHblX cnHCKOB, COCTaBJIeHHblX
B HallaJle XVI I B. KaK npaBHJlO, B HHX HeT MaTepHaJlOB 0 KpecTbHHcKHX
nOBHHHOCTHX, nopOH He BbI,neJleHa ,na>Ke 6apCKaSi 3anawKa, a eCJlH ee HaJlHIIHe
YKa3aHO, TO HeT CBe,neHHH: 06pa6aTblBaJlaCb J1H OHa KpeCTbSlHaMH HJlH >Ke
XOJIOnaMH. CoxpaHHBWHecSi nHCLl.OBbie MarepHaJlbl no pa3HblM ye3,naM H COCTaB-
J1eHHble B pa3Hoe BpeMSI He Bcer,na conOCTaBHMbI 6e3 3HaHHH 3BOJlIOLl.HH npHHLl.H-
nOB nOCOWHoro onHcaHHSI. Bce 3TO nOCJIY>KHJlO npHIIHHOH Toro, liTO HCTOpHKH,
KacaSiCb ct>OpM H MeTo,nOB 3KcnJlyaTaLl.HH KpeCTbSlH Ll.eHTpa CTpaHbI, 06b1I1HO
orpaHHIIHBaJlHCb HJlJlIOCTpaTHBHblM no,n60pOM ct>aKTOB. 11 TeM He MeHee Ha,no
OT ,naTb ,nOJl>KHOe npe,nweCTBeHHHKaM: 6e3 HX pa3pa60TKH MHorHX arpapHblX
npo6J1eM, 6e3 BBe,neHHSI B HaYIlHblH 060POT nYCTb pa3p03HeHHblX (3a HeHMeHHeM
.lI.pyrHX) CBe,neHHH 0 ct>opMax H BeJIHIIHHe KpeCTbSlHCKOH peHTbI BpSl,n J1H B Ha-
CTOSlllJ.ee BpeMSI MO>KHO 6b1J1o 6b1 peWHTbCSI Ha nonblTKY ,naHHoro MOHorpact>HlIe-
5

CKoro HCCneOBaHHH OCOOeHHOCTeH arpapHOrO CTpOH B ueHTpanbHX perHOHaX
CTpaH.
B OCHOBY aHHOH MOHOrpaQ>HH nOnO>KeHO KOMnneKCHOe H3yqeHHe nOqTH BCeX
THnOB HCT04HHKOB, OTpa>KalOllI.HX B TOH HnH HHOH Mepe arpapHe OTHOllleHHH
POCCHH XVI B. CpeH H3Y4eHHx HCT04HHKOB qaCTb onyonHKoBaHa, OCTanbHe
xpaHHTcH B apxHBax MOCKB H JIeHHHrpaa. nepBocTeneHHoe 3HaqeHHe nH pac-
cMaTpHBaeMoH TeMbl HMelOT KaacTp. nOMHMO nHCUOBblX KHHr, MHOIO coopaHo
oonbllloe KonH4eCTBO BnHceH H3 HHX H COTHX rpaMoT, qTO n03BonHno
npoaHanH3HpoBaTb 3Tan rocYJI,apCTBeHHoro 3eMneycTpoHcTBa, nOKa3aTb, B qeM
KOHKpeTHo npoHBnHnocb YCHneHHe pHJI,HqeCKOH H 3KOHOMHqeCKOH Q>YHKUHH
rocyapcTBeHHoro Q>eoanH3Ma (YTpaTa paHee cY11I.eCTBOBaBlllero cTaTyca
BOT4HHHMH H qepHOCOlllHMH 3eMnHMH). Ha OCHOBe KaacTpoB npeJl,npHHHTa
nonTKa BHBHTb CTeneHb HHTeHCHBHOCTH 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO KpH3Hca 70-90-x ro-
OB, nOKa3aTb HaHoonee pa30peHHe paHoH. B OTenbHX BHJI,ax onHcaHHH
cOep>KaTCH CBeeHHH 0 Q>opMax H BenHqHHe 3eMenbHoA peHTbI, QTO n03BonHeT
BOCC03aTb MeTO 3KcnnyaTaUHH KpeCTbHH, npaBa, HeOOXOJl,HMO OTMeTHTb,
qTO npaBHTenbCTBeHHe KaJl,aCTpbl HBnHTCH HopMaTHBHMH MaTepHanaMH
H He OTpa>KalOT B nonHOH Mepe eHCTBHTenbHOH TH>KeCTH Q>eoanbHoro rHeTa.
Ko BTOpOH rpynne HCT04HHKOB OTHOCHTCH MOHaCTpCKaH X03HHCTBeHHaH
OKYMeHTaUHH: OOp04HHKH, BTHe KHHrH, KHHrH Jl,eHe>KHblX BbinnaT, YCTaBHe
rpaMOT KpeCTbHHaM Toro HnH HHoro TeppHTopHanbHo-aMHHHCTpaTHBHoro
KOMnneKca, KHHrH KJIqeH H T. n. B HaCTOH11I.ee BpeMH 4aCTb BOTqHHHOH
X03HHCTBeHHOH OKYMeHTaUHH H3aHa no peJl,aKUHeH A. r. aHbKOBa.
B KHHre lllHpOKO Hcnonb30BanHCb aKTbI, neTonHCH, 3anHCKH HHOCTpaHueB,
3aKOHoaTenbHe HCTOqHHKH BTOpOH nonOBHH XVI B.
TeMa aHHoH MOHorpaq»HH oblna npeJl,nO>KeHa aBTopy A. A. 3HMHHblM,
CBeTnaH naMHTb 0 KOTOpOM >KHBa B cepuax ero yqeHHKOB H Konner.
npHHOlllY rnyooKYIO onarOJl,apHOCTb OTBeTCTBeHHoMY peaKTopy KHHrH
H. A. rOpCKOH, KOTopaH OKa3ana HeoueHHMY nOMOlll.b H nO.llll.ep>KKY B pa3-
paooTKe pHa nOJlO>KeHHH, H3nO>KeHHX B MOHorpa<l>HH.
. HCKpeHHe npH3HaTenbHa 3a COBeT, 3aMeqaHHH, nOMOlll.b C. . KalllTaHoBY,
E. n. MaMaToBoH, B. .ll.. Ha3apoBY, 6. H. <1>J1ope, E. H. llIBeHKoBcKoH H BceMY
KonneKTHBY ceKTopa Q>eoanH3Ma no PYKOBOCTBOM A. A. npeOOpa>KeHCKoro.

rnABA
1
rOCYAAPCTBEHHOE 3EMnEYCTPOACTBO
H 3BonlOLlHSI nPHHLlHnOB
nOCOWHo-n03EMEJ1bHbIX onHCAHHA
KOHLlA XV-XVI B.
COXA KAK OKnAAHASI EAHHHLlA
MaTepHaJIbi Ka,lJ.aCTpOB * (nHcLloBblX, ,lJ.030PHblX, OKJIa,lJ.HblX KHHr) ,lJ.aBHO npHBJIe-
KaT BHHMaHHe HCCJIe,lJ.oBaTeJIeH, TaK KaK B HHX OTpa3HJIHCb 6YKBaJIbHO Bce
CTOpOHbI }l{H3HH PyccKoro rOCY,lJ.apCTBa KOHLla XV-XVII BB., H B nepBYIO oqe-
pe,lJ.b arpapHaH nOJIHTHKa npaBHTeJIbCTBa H nO,lJ.aTHoe COCTOHHHe pa3JIHqHblX
COLlHaJIbHblX rpynn. HecMoTpH Ha TO qTO 6YKBaJIbHO Ka}l{,lJ.oe HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHe,
nOCBSlllleHHoe 3THM BonpocaM, He 06XO,lJ.HTCH 6e3 CCblJIOK Ha nHCLloBbie KHHrH,
HH B COBeTCKOH, HH B ,lJ.OpeBOJIIOLlHOHHOH HCTopHorpacpHH HeT HH O,lJ.HOH pa60TbI,
r,lJ.e 6b1JIH 6b1 paCCMOTpeHbI np06JIeMbi 3BOJILlHH COlllHoro nHCbMa Ha npOTH}I{e-
HHH Bcero XVI B. HCCJIe,lJ.OBaTeJIHM He H3BeCTHbi HH rJIaBHble oc06eHHOCTH
reHepaJIbHblX nepenHceH KOHu.a XV-XVI B., HH apeaJI ye3,lJ.OB, OXBaqeHHblX
B TOT HJIH HHOH nepHO,lJ. BaJIOBbiM onHcaHHeM, HH nOJIHTHqeCKaH OKpaCKa pSl,lJ.a
npe06pa30BaHHH B COlllHOM nHCbMe. B JIHTepaType BCTpeqalOTCH caMbie npOTHBO-
peqHBble BblCKa3b1BaHHSI 0 coxe H ee pa3Mepax B 3eMJIHX pa3Horo cou.HaJIbHOrO
cTaTyca. Me}l{,lJ.y TeM coxa SlBJIHJIaCb OCHOBHOH OKJIa,lJ.HOH e,lJ.HHHu.eH JJ.JIH rocy-
,lJ.apCTBeHHblX HaJIOrOB H nOBHHHOCTeH H CJIY}l{HJIa CBoero pO,lJ.a nOKa3aTeJIeM no-
,lJ.aTHoro COCTOHHHH Tex HJIH HHblX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH. COlllHoe nHCbMO - CBoe-
06pa3HH HH,lJ.HKaTOp arpapHOH nOJIHTHKH npaBHTeJIbCTBa.
,l!peBHeHlllHM ynoMHHaHHeM COXH B KaqeCTBe OKJIa,lJ.HOH e,lJ.HHHLlbi npHHHTO
CqHTaTb npHBe,lJ.eHHoe B. H. TaTHllleBbiM H3BeCTHe 06 ynJIaTe B 1273 r. ,lJ.aHH
TaTapaM. BeJIHKHH KHH3b BaCHJIHH SlpOCJIaBHq .lI.OCT3BHJI B Op,lJ.y «,lJ.aHb ypOqHYIO
co BceH 3eMJlH no nOJIyrpHBHe C COXH, 3 B coxe 1IHCJIHllla no ,lJ.Ba MY}l{H pa60T-
HHKH. . . H xaH. . . peqe: HcaK MaJI eCTb, a JIIO,lJ.H MHorH B 3eMJIe TBoeH, nOqTO eCH
He OT Bcex ,lJ.aelllH? KHSl3b }l{e BeJIHKHH OTbiMaJICH qHCJIOM 6aCKaKOB npe}l{HHX.
H xaH nOBeJIe nOCJIaTH HOBbi qHCJIeHHHKH BO BCIO 3eMJIIO PYCCKYIO» I. B OCHOBY
3TOH COXH 6b1J1o nOJIO}l{eHO He KOJIHqeCTBO 3eMJIH, a qHCJIO pa60THHKOB: 2 qeJIO-
BeKa Ha coxy.
,l!ocToBepHble CBe,lJ.eHHH 0 coxe KaK OKJIa,lJ.HoH e,lJ.HHHLle OTHOCHTCH JIHlllb
K nepBoH nOJIOBHHe XV B. B H3BecTHoH rpaMoTe 1461 r. qepH060pu.aM B Top-
>KOK rOBopHTCSI: «A nOCJIaJI KHH3b BeJlHKH Ha 4epHblH 60p CeMeHa SlKOB-
JIHqa B TOP}l{OK. A 6paTH... C COXH no rpHBHe HOBOU, a nHCLlY KHH}I{y
MopTKa C COXH. A B coxy ,lJ.Ba KOHH, a TpeTbee npHnpH}I{b». K coxe }l{e npH-
* TepMHH «KaJ],aCTp» 03HaliaeT cnHCOK, peeCTp, COCTaBJleHHblH o4»HUHaJlbHblM opraHOM
HJlH Yllpe>KJ],eHHeM (5C3. 1973. T. II C. 127). BeCeJlOBCKHH ynoTpe6J1HeT 3TOT TepMHH
r JlaBHblM o6pa30M B KalleCTBe CHHOHHMa 3HalleHHH: «onHcaHHe C ueJiblO 06J10>KeHHH
HaJlOrOM». (BeceAoBclCuU C. D. COWHoe nHCbMO. M., 1915; T. 1. C. 30-32.)
7

paBHHBaJlCH: lIaH KO>KeBHHqHH, He BO.ll, JlaBKa, KY3HeU, 4 newua. «A XTO CH.llHT
Ha HCnOJlOBbH, Ha TOM B3S1TH 3a nOJlCOXH::.. !IBe COXH KJlaJlHCb 3a nJlyr, upeH,
J10.n.KY. Coxa 3.n.eCb BblcTynaeT B KaqeCTBe OKJIa.llHOH e.llHHHUbl, pacnpOCTpaHSIeMOH
KaK. nOIiTH Ha Bce cpe.llCTBa npOH3BO.llCTBa, TaK H Ha OT.lleJIbHble KaTeropHH MaJlO-
J10wa.n.HblX H 6e3J10Wa.llHblX npOH3BO.llHTeJIeH: nOJlOBHHKH, KY3, Heu.bI newUbl.
no.n. nOCJ1e.llHHMH nO.llpa3YMeBaJlHCb, no BceH BepOSITHOCTH, 6e3JI0Wa.llHble
pa60THHKH. B rpaMoTe 1391 r. MHTpOnOJlHTa KHnpHSIHa qHTaeM: «A neweXO.llu.eM
H3 CM... pO>Kb MOJlOTH H xJle6b1 neqH...::' B OTJlHqHe OT HHX «60J1bWHM
J11O.n.eM H3 MOHaCTblpCKHX ceJl... HrYMHOB >Kepe6eH BeCb pOJlbH opaTH...::' 2
3eMJlH B KaqeCTBe caMOCTOSlTeJIbHOrO 06 0 eKTa 06J10>KeHHSI B rpaMOTe qepHO-
60pLlaM He <j>HrYPHpOBaJla. npHMepHO TaKHX >Ke pa3MepOB BCTpeqaeM COxy
H B OTBeTe 1478 r. HOBrOpO.llueB HBaHY III: «3 06>KH - coxa, a 06)1(a O.llHH
lIeJlOBeK Ha O.n.HOH J10Wa.llH opeT. A KTO Ha Tpex J10wa.n.HX, a caM TpeTHH opeT,
HHO TO coxa». A. n. IllanHpo 3aMeqaeT, qTO coxa npe.llcTaBJUIJla C060H
KaK e.n.HHoe TpeXJlOWa.llHoe X03S1HCTBO, TaK H 3 O.llHOJlOWa.llHblX, 0.llHoo6e>KHblX
X03HHCTBa. JIeHHHrpa.llCKHe HCTOpHKH YCTaHOBHJlH, qTO B 70-80-x ro.llax XV B.
nHCUbI .n.aJleKO He Bcer.lla CJ1e.llOBaJlH HopMe «O.llHH qeJIOBeK Ha O.llHOH JlOWa.llH
naweT». B pSl.lle CJ1yqaeB B 06>KY KJlaJlH .llBOp He3aBHCHMO OT qHCJ1a JlIO.lleH 3.
K cepe.n.HHe XV B. OTHOCHTCSI Ba>KHOe ynoMHHaHHe 0 coxe KaK OKJIa.llHOH
eD.HHHLle B LleHTpaJlbHblX ye3.llax. B >KaJlOBaHHOH rpaMoTe 1447-1455 rr.
TpoHLle-CepfHeBY MOHacTblplO BeJIHKHH KHSl3b BaCHJlHH BaCHJlbeBHq .llaJl .llBe
nYCTOWH B rOpOxoBue H 51ponOJlqe BJla.llHMHpCKOfO y., «.lla K TOMY eCJIH HM
OCJl060.n.HJI KynHTb CBOHX 3eMeJlb qepHblX TSif JlblX Ha 10 cox::.. OH >Ke B CBoeM
3aBelll.aHHH 1461/62 f. nHweT: «A KaK nOqHYT .lleTH MOH >KHTH no CBOHM Y.lleJIaM,
H MOH KHHfHHH H MOH CblH HBaH, H MOH CblH IOpbH, H MOH .lleTH nOWJlIOT nHcu.OB,
.n.a y.n.eJlbl CBOH nHCUbi HX onHWYT no KpeCTHOMY UeJIOBaHblO, .lla no TOMY nHCbMY
H o6AoJICar no coxaM U no AlOoeM. !Ia no TOMY oKJIa.llY MOSI KHSlrHHH H MOH .lleTH
H B BblXO.n. YIIHYT .n.aBaTH CblHY MoeMY HBaHY C CBOHX Y.lleJIOB. A nepeMeHHT 60f
Op.n.y H MOH KHHfHHH H MOH .lleTH B03MYT .llaHb c06e C CBOHX Y.lleJIOB, a CblH MOH
11 BaH B TO He BCTynaeTCSI::' 4. Peqb H.lleT He npOCTO 0 3eMJle, a 0 3aCeJIeHHOH,
 KOTOpOH ynJlallHBaJlHCb HaJlOfH (B nepBYIO Oqepe.llb .llaHb) , a B03MO>KHO,
HCnOJlHHJlHCb KaKHe-TO nOBHHHOCTH. nYCTOWH, nepe.llaBaeMbie KHB3eM BMeCTe
C THfJlOH 3eMJleH B MOHaCTblpb, B COXH He 6b1J1H nOJlO>KeHbI.
HHKaKHx .n.aHHblX B nOJlb3Y TOfO, qTO B Cepe.llHHe XV B. B u.eHTpaJIbHblX
ye3.n.ax coxa HBJlHJlaCb n03eMeJIbHOH <j>HcKaJlbHOH e.n.HHHueH,HeT, KaK HeT H eouHotl
COXH Ha TeppHTopHH cTpaHbI: ee xapaKTepHble npH3HaKH B pa3Hblx 3eMJlSlX
pa3HHJlHCb Me>K.n.y C060H. B nOJlb3Y 3TOfO CBH.n.eTeJIbCTByeT TOT <j>aKT, qTO nOCJle
npHcoe.n.HHeHHH TOH HJlH HHOH 06J1aCTH nOqTH Bcef.n.a BCTaBaJl Bonpoc 0 MeCTHbiX
OKJla.n.Hblx e.n.HHHuax. TaK 6b1J1o C npHcoe.llHHeHHeM HOB ropo.lla , KOr.lla HBaH I II
3a.n.aJl CBOH WHpOKO H3BecTHblH Bonpoc: «liTO eCTb coxa?::.. TaK CJ1yqHJlOCb
H C TBepblO nOCJIe ee na.n.eHHH B 1485 r. B 1491/92 r. «KHSl3b BeJIHKHH HBaH
BaCHJlbeBHII nOCJ1aJl T<j>epcKHe 3eMJlH nHcaTH nO-MOCKOBCKH B COXH. A nHCaJl
TBepb KHH3b <l>e.n.op OJla6b1w, a CTapHUY DOpHC KYTY30B, a 3y6uOB .n.a OnoKH
LlMHTpHH OewKoB, a KJlHH OeTp JI06aH 3a60JlOTUKOH, a XOJIM H HOBblH ropO.llOK
AH.l1.peH KapaMbiweB, a KawHH BaCHJlHH KapaMblweB::'. Bblpa>KeHHe «nHcaTH
nO-MOCKOBCKH B COXH» MO>KHO TOJlKOBaTb .llBOSlKO: I. B TBepcKoH 3eMJle 6b1J1H
HHble OKJla.n.Hble e.llHHHUbI, a He coxa. 2. TBepcKaSi coxa pe3Ko OTJlHqaJlaCb
OT MOCKOBCKOH. OnHcaHHe 1491/92 r. TBepcKoH 3eMJlH «nO-MOCKOBCKH B COXH::'
BnOJlHe y.n.oBJleTBOpHJlO npaBHTeJIbCTBO, H npH nOCJle.llYlOllleH reHepaJlbHOH
8

nepenHCH 1497-1504 rr. OHa He onHCblBanaCb. no .n.YXOBHOH rpaMOTe HBaHa III
1504 r. ropo.n.a H BOJlOCTH TBepcKoro KpaH pacnpe.n.enHIOTcH Me>K.n.y ero CblHOBb-
HMH C CCblJlKOH Ha onHcaHHe 1491/92 r. IOpHH, HanpHMep, nonytJHJI «BO T$epcKoH
3eMJle ropo.n. KawHH H C BOJlOCTbMH H C nyrMH H 3 ceJlbl. . . no TOMY, no Kaa
MeCTO nHCaJl x KaWHHY nHceLl Haw BaCHJleH KapaMblweB». OnHcaHHe 1491/92 r.
cOXpaHHJlO CBOIO CHJlY Ha npOTH>KeHHH notJTH nOJlYBeKa. B nHcLloBoH KHHre
1539/40 r. ynoMHHaeTcH cnopHaH .n.epeBHH, «a B cTapblx KHHrax AJla6b1weBa
nHCbMa Ta .n.epeBHH nHcaHa y BenHKoro KHH3H cena y JIYKbHHoBcKoro H
ocoweHO BMeCTe C JIYKbHHOBCKHMH .n.epeBHHMH» 5. Bblpa>KeHHe «ocoweHO»
o3HatJaeT: nOJlO>KeHO B COXH.
Or 80-x ro.n.OB XV B. cOXpaHHJlHCb HCTOtJHHKH, r.n.e coxa BblcTynaeT
B KatJeCTBe OKJIa.n.HoH e.n.HHHLlbi tJepHblx, .n.BOpU.OBbiX H .n.pyrHx KaTeropHH 3eMeJlb.
B YCTaBHoH rpaMOTe 1488 r. HBaHa III Ha neJlOO3epO HaMeCTHHKH
c06HpalOT KOpM «co Bcex cox: KHH>KHX, 60HPCKHX, MOHacTblpcKHX, tJepHblx
H 3 rpaMOTHHKOB», T. e. no.n. COWHoe onHcaHHe nona.n.alOT Bce THnbl COLlHaJlbHblX
BJla.n.eHHH: I) .n.BopLloBble, 2) tJepHble, 3) BOTqHHHble, 4) MOHacTblpcKHe. Te >Ke
KaTeropHH nJllOc CJlY>KHJlble 3eMJlH ynoMHHyrbl B rpaMoTe 1478-1481 rr.
BOJlOro.n.CKoro KHH3H AH.n.peH BaCHJlbeBHtJa MeHbworo JIeoHTHIO 3J106e JIbBOBY:
«nO>KaJlOBaJl. .. OCJl06o.n.HJI eCMH eMY Ha BOJIor.n.e KynHTH 3eMJlH Ha coxy
60HpCKHX H cnY>KHHX H tJepHblx THrJlblX 3eMenb, XTO eMY npo.n.acT». B TO >Ke
BpeMH, cy.n.H no >KaJlOBaHHOH KopMneHHOH rpaMOTe 1506 r. B ne>KeLlKHH Bep'x,
MO>KeT C03.n.aTbCH BnetJaTJleHHe, tJTO B COXH 6b1J1H nOBepCTaHbI TOJlbKO MOHacTblp-
CKHe H BOTtJHHHble 3eMJlH, a tJepHble .n.epeBHH OCTaJlHCb BHe COWHoro 06J10>KeHHSI.
BOJIOCTeJlIO Hero JlIO.n.HM npe.n.OCTaBJlHnOCb npaBO c06HpaTb KOpM «co Bcex
rpaMOTHHKOB 3 60HpCKHX H C MOHaCTblpCKHX» C COXH. npH perJlaMeHTaLlHH >Ke
KopMa, H.n.yw.eo C qepHblX .n.epeBeHb, TepMHH «coxa» He ynoTpe6J1HJlCH: KOpM
6epyr cpa3Y C 6 .n.epeBeHb 6. BecenOBCKHH CtlHTaJl, tJTO no.n.06Hble rpynnbl .n.epe-
BeHb - «TonbKO CqeTHaH e.n.HHH Lla oKJIa.n.a» 7.
COXpaHHJlHCb CBe.n.eHHH 0 npOBe.n.eHHH onHcaHHH B pH.n.e perHOHOB XV B.
nen03epCKHH y. nHCaJlH KH. <1>. <1>. A.na6b1w H BaCHnHH ,llonMaToB, a B 1492/93 r.
3.n.eCb OTBo.n.HnH 3eMnlO «6eno3epcKMe nMCltY, CYAbH» M. ,ll. f Jle60B, HBaH
fOJlOBa CeMeHoB, 3axap MHKynHH. B cepeAHHe XV B. B faJlHqe pa60TaJl nHceLl
BenHKoro KHH3H ,ll. A. JIbiKOB, B KocTpoMe - ,llaHHJlO HBaHoBHtJ. B O.n.HOM
Cy.n.HOM .n.ene nepetJHCJlHIOTCH nHCLlbi ne>KeLlKOrO Bepxa: HcaK ,lly6pOBHH,
nHceLl y.n.enbHoro KHH3H AH.n.peH BaCHJlbeBHqa, «a nHCaJl BeCb ne>KeLlKHH Bepx»,
3aTeM Toro >Ke KHH3H nHceLl )l(HTO HcaKoB ,lly6pOBHH. B BOJlOro.n.cKoM y.
.n.o HatJaJla 1470-x ro.n.OB OnHCaJl 3eMnH coxaMH nHceu. y.n.enbHoro KHH3H AH.n.peH
BaCHJlbeBHqa MeHbwoBa .n.bHK <l>e.n.op MHqKOB. HecKonbKo n03>Ke, npH nepe-
xo.n.e Bonor.n.bI K HBaHY I I I, clO.n.a 6b1J1 nOCJlaH B KatJeCTBe
nHCLla H. M. BonblHCKHH 8. BblnHCH H3 COWHblX onHcaHHH TOH nopbl HeH3BeCTHbI,
3a HCKJllOqeHHeM He6onbworo OTpblBKa H3 «KHHrH KJllOqa» nHCbMa <l>e.n.opa
KHceneBa 1481/82 r. Ha MeCTa pbl6HOH JlOBJIH no peKaM KJlH3bMe HOKe,
npHHa.a.ne>Kaw.He MHTpononHTY H neqepCKOMY MOHaCTblplO 9.
nepBoe feHepaJlbHOe onHcaHHe PyCCKoro LleHTpanH30BaHHoro rocy.n.apCTBa
npHxo.n.HTCH Ha KOHeLl XV -HatJaJlO XVI B. ECTb OCHOBaHHH H .n.JlH 60nee TOtJHOH
.n.aTHpOBKH: no.n.aBJIHIOw.aH qaCTb ye3.n.OB 6b1na onHcaHa B npOMe>KYToK
1497/98-1503/04 rr. 1497-1498 rr. - cBoero po.n.a KyJlbMHHaLlHoHHblH nepHo.n.
yxo.n.Hw.ero cToneTHH, Kor.n.a BenHKOHH>KeCKHH MOCKOBCKHH .n.OM KaK 6b1 ny6-
JlHtlHO 3aKpennHn .n.oCTHrHYTble ycnexH B 06De.n.MHeHHH PYCCKHX 3eMenb. K HatJaJlY
9

90-x fO.llOB 6b1J1H JlHKBH.llHpOBaHbI Y.lleJIbI, KpOMe He60JlbUIOfO BOJlOUKOfO. nOCJIe
npHCOe.llHHeHHH TBepH (1485 f.), CeBepCKHX 3eMeJIb (1494-1503 ff.) cYlllecTBo-
BaJlO JlHUIb .llBa caMOCTOHTeJlbHblX focYAapcTBeHHblx 06pa30BaHHH - BeJIHKOe
KHH}KeCTBO PH3aHcKoe H nCKOBcKaH cpeO.llaJlbHaH pecny6J1HKa, HaXO.llHBUIHeCH
B nOJlYBaCCaJlbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MOCKBbI. O.llHaKO cenapaTHcTcKHe TeH.lleHUHH
npe.llCTaBHTeJleH caMOfO BeJlHKOKHH}KeCKOfO .llOMa 6b1J1H .llOCTaTOqHO CHJlbHbI.
n03TOMY 60JlbUIOe nOJlHTH4eCKoe 3Ha4eHHe npH.llaBaJlOCb KopOHOBaHHIO BHYKa
HBaHa I I I .l{MHTpHH HBaHoBH4a B KaqeCTBe HaCJIe.llHHKa npeCTOJla, KOTopoe
npOH30UIJlO B MocKBe B cpeBpaJle 1498 f. KopoHaUHH .llOJl}KHa 6b1J1a cnoc06CTBO-
BaTb YKpenJleHHIO CaMO.llep}KaBHOH BJlaCTH. He3a.llOJlfO.ll0 3TOfO (B HIOJle 1497 f.)
Ha BeJIHKOKHH}KeCKOH ne4aTH BnepBble nOHBJlHeTCH .llBYfJlaBblH ope.n - BH3aHTHH-
CKHH H HMnepCKHH fOCY.llapCTBeHHblH fep6. 3THM POCCHH 3aHBJlHJla 0 CBoeM
paBeHCTBe C KPynHeHUIHMH .llep}KaBaMH .llpeBHOCTH H COBpeMeHHOH EBponbi 10.
B ceHTH6pe 1497 f. 6b1J1a 3aKOH4eHa pa60Ta Ha.ll C03.llaHHeM CY.lle6HHKa,
KOTOpbIH, no CJlOBaM J1. B. 4epenHHHa, «HBHJlCH nepBblM KO.lleKCOM cpeo.llaJlbHOfO
npaBa PYCCKOfO ueHTpaJlH30BaHHofo focY.llapCTBa» II.
HapH.llY C YKpenJleHHeM nOJlHTH4eCKHX H npaBoBbix OCHOB, npaBHTeJlbCTBO
npOHBJlHJlO 03a604eHHOCTb H no nOBO.llY 3KOHOMH4eCKOfO COCTOHHHH CTpaHbI.
He06xo.llHMO 6b1J1o Bce06llJ.ee onHcaHHe 3eMeJlb H BBe.lleHHe .llJlH Y.ll06CTBa cpHCKa
O.llHOHMeHHOH OKJIa.llHOH e.llHHHUbi. no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, Bce TPH MeponpHHTHH,
npOBO.llHBUIHeCH B 1497-1498 ff. (KopoHaUHH ,aMHTpHH, C03.llaHHe CY.lle6HHKa,
Ha4aJlO 06llJ.efOCY.llapCTBeHHOfO onHcaHHH 3eMeJlb), B C03HaHHH npaBHTeJlbCTBa
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MOCTH OT KaqeCTBa 3eMJlH» 13. B 1495 f. HaqaJlOCb onHcaHHe ,aepeBcKoH H
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CKOH 3eMJle npHXO.llHTCH Ha 1504/05 f14. CTOJlb pacTHHYTblH CpOK nepenHcH
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10

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n. H. MHJIIOKOB OTHOCHT K 1491 r., nOMHMO TBepH, nOCOlllHoe onHcaHHe
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TaK KaK B KonHHHOH KHHre BbInHCb npe.ll.BapHJIO HeCKOJIbKO 3BeHHrOpO.ll.CKHX
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KHH3b BaCHJIHH HBaHOBHlJ fOJIeHHH B03rJIaBJIHJI OnHCaTeJIbHbIe pa60Tbi no Moc-
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CHMnTOMaTHIJHO, tJTO B .noKYMeHTaX, 6J1H3KHX no BpeMeHH B03HHKHOBeHHH
K 1504 f., .naTa onHcaHHH B. H. fOJleHHHblM He YKa3b1BaJlaCb. TaKOBbi >KaJlOBaH-
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COKOJlbHHKaM (1506-1507 r.) 24
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npe.ll.lUeCTBOBaJia 60JlblllaH no.nrOTOBHTeJlbHaH pa60Ta KaK no Bblpa60TKe 06w.e-
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B naMHTHHKax PYCCKOH nHCbMeHHOCTH nOHBJlHeTCH TepMHH capWHH:' 25. Bepo-
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12

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13

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14

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15

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16

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OTMeTHBllIero CBH3b nOMeCTHoro BepCTaHHH C nOCOIlIHblM nHCbMOM Toro BpeMeHH.
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COKpameHHH MeJlb4aHllIHX H 04eHb KpynHblx BJla,lJ.eHHH. Ho rOBopHTb, 4TO 100 4e-
TeH CTaJlH MHHHMaJlbHblM pa3MepoM nOMeCTHH, He npe,lJ.CTaBJIHeTCH B03MO>KHblM.
B HOBrOp0,lJ.CKHX nHTHHax, CY,lJ.H no MHOr04HCJleHHblM Ta6J1HIJ.aM, nOMemeHHblM
B KOJlJleKTHBHOM TpY,lJ.e JleHHHrpa,lJ.CKHX Y4eHblX, ,lJ.OJlH MeJlKHX nOMeCTHH ,lJ.OCTa-
T04HO BenHKa. Eme 60Jlee HeY,lJ.a4HOH npe,lJ.CTaBJIHeTCH CCblJlKa Ha TBepCKYIO
nHCIJ.OBYIO KHHry 1539/40 r. KaK npaBHJlbHO OTMeTHJI aBTop, npH onHcaHHH
Ka>K,lJ.OH BOJIOCTH nHCIJ.bI nO,lJ.pa3,lJ.eJlHJlH nOMeCTHble 3eMJlH Ha ,lJ.Be rpynnbl:
«BenHKoro KHH3H ceJla H ,lJ.epeBHH:' 3a nOMew.HKaMH H C,lJ.BOpIJ.OBble CeJla, p03,lJ.aHbI
nOMemHKaM:'. nOCJle,lJ.HHH rpynna 3eMeJlb CBH3aHa, no MHeHHIO A6paMoBH4a,
C nOMeCTHblM BepcTaHHeM 1538/39 r., T. e. KaK pa3 H ,lJ.OJl>KHa OTpa>KaTb HOBbie
BeHHHH OTHOCHTeJlbHO MHHHMaJlbHblX pa3MepOB nOMeCTHH. LlJlH ,lJ.OKa3aTeJlbCTBa
CBoero Te3Hca aBTOp npH6er K Cpe,lJ.HeCTaTHCTH4eCKOMY paC4eTY, B ,lJ.aHHOM
cnY4ae HHKaK He nO,lJ.XO,lJ.Hw.eMY ,lJ.JlH 3THX IJ.eJIeH. H3Y4eHHe TeKCTa onHcaHHH
TBepH nOKa3b1BaeT, 4TO MHHHMaJlbHOH HOpMbI B 100 4eTBepTeH npH BepcTaHHH
1538/39 r. He cymecTBOBaJlO. B TBepCKOM Kpae 6b1J1a HcnOMemeHa rpynna MenKO-
nOMeCTHblX CJlY>KHJlblX ,lJ.BOPIJ.OBblX cnyr (ncapeH, CblTHHKOB, nO,lJ.bH4HX, KJII04HH-
KOB), pa3Mep BJla,lJ.eHHH KOTOpblX KOJle6J1eTCH r,lJ.e-TO B npe,lJ.eJIax 50 4eTBepTeH 47.
CJle,lJ.OBaTeJlbHO, 3TOT pa3Mep H 6b1J1 HaHMeHbllIHM B TOT nepHO,lJ.. A6paMOBH4
0llIH6aeTCH TalOKe, nO,lJ.tlepKHBaH, 4TO HopMa HC4HCJIHJlaCb B ,lJ.06pOH 3eMJle.
npH nepenHCH KOHIJ.a 30-X-HatlaJl8 40-x rO,lJ.OB KatleCTBO 3eMJlH He OTMe4aJlOCb.
3TO Ha4aJlH ,lJ.eJlaTb TOJlbKO BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe CTOJleTHH.
nepHO,lJ.H4eCKHe onHcaHHH 3eMenb, oc06eHHO npH CMeHe npaBHTeJlbCTBa, -
3aKOHOMepHblH npOIJ.ecc. B 1538 r. YMepJla EneHa rJlHHCKaH, o<1>HIJ.HaJIbHblM
npaBHTeJleM cTpaHbI CTaJl HBaH IV. B nepBoH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. Ha MeCTax
nOHBJlHIOTCH Bbl60pHble opraHbI - ry6Hble H 3eMCKHe H36b1, Be,lJ.aBIlIHe 60pb60H
C pa360HHHKaMH, TaTHMH H CJle,lJ.HBIlIHe 3a C60POM C HaceneHH BceB03MO>KHblX
nO,lJ.aTeH. OT 1539 r. ,lJ.OIlIJla 6eJ103epCKaH ry6HaH rpaMOTa. B 1541 r. C6b1CTb
>KaJlOBaHHe rocY,lJ.apH... Ha4a >KaJlOBaTH, rpaMoTbI ,lJ.aBaTH no BceM rpa,lJ.OM
60JlbllIHM H no npHrOpO,lJ.aM H no BOJIOCTeM: JlHXHX JlIO,lJ.eH 06b1CKHBaTH caMblM
KpecTbHHoM Me>K C06H. . . H HX Ka3HHTH cMepTHolO Ka3HelO, a He BO,lJ.H K HaMeCT-
HHKOM:'. 23 OKTH6pH 1541 r. ry6HaH rpaMoTa 6b1J1a BbI,lJ.aHa TpOHIJ.e-CeprHeBY
MOHacTblplO Ha BOT4HHbI B TBepcKoM, HOBOTOp>KCKOM, CTapHIJ.KOM Ye3,lJ.ax:
CH KaK K BaM CH HallIa rpaMoTa npH,lJ.eT H BbI 6 . . . B Tex ceJlax H B ,lJ.epeBHHx ytlH-
HHJlH Me>K ce6H y 10 ,lJ.BOpOB ,lJ.eCHTIJ.KOrO, y 50 ,lJ.BOpOB - nHTH,lJ.eCHTIJ.KOrO,
y 100 ,lJ.BOpOB - COTIJ.KOro:. 48. BnepBble B HCTOpHH COIlIHoro onHcaHHH BJla,lJ.eJlb-
u.aM 3eMJlH, BOT4HHHHKaM CTaJlH BbI,lJ.aBaTbCH COTHble rpaMOTbi. TaKHe >Ke aKTbI
nOJlY4aJlO HaCeJleHHe ,lJ.BOPIJ.OBbiX H tlepHOCOIlIHblX BOJlOCTeH. COTHble rpaMOTbI
y,lJ.OCTOBepHJlH npaBO nOJlb30BaHHH 3eMJleH, onHcaHHOH B aKTe, a TaK>Ke <1>HKCHpO-
BaJl KOJIHtleCTBO cox, copa3MepHO KOTOpblM OJIaTHJlHCb nO,lJ.aTH H HCnOJlHHJlHCb
rOCY,lJ.apCTBeHHble nOBHHHOCTH. B HeKOTopblX COTHblX OTMe4aJlHCb Me>KH BJla,lJ.e-
HHH. COTHble rpaMOTbI, BbI,lJ.aHHble BJla,lJ.eJIblJ.aM HJlH ,lJ.ep>KaTenHM 3eMJlH
17

(HX BbIOOpHbIM nlO.llSlM), npeCeKanH 3noynoTpeoneHHSI .llOn>KHOCTHbIX nHLl, KOTO-
pbIe nopoH nbITanHCb YBenH1JHTb IIHcno cox, nOJlO>KeHHbIX Ha TOT HnH HHOH
KOMnneKC. )l(anoobI Ha nO.llOOHbIe .lleHCTBHSI MeCTHbIX BnaCTeH BCTpellalOTCSI
B HCTOIIHHKax. BbI.llalla COTHbIX rpaMOT B XVI B. CTana Tpa.llHLlHeH. B nocne.llYIO-
lllHe .lleCSITHneTHSI TeKcTY COTHbIX nopoH npe.lllIIeCTBOBana npeaMoyna:' «a COT-
HbIe .lle HM C KHHr nHCbMa CBoero He .llan H nnaTHTb HM He no lIeMY:'. CoxpaHHnOCb
.llOCTaTOIIHO 60nblIIoe KonHlleCTBO COTHbIX rpaMOT Hallana 40-x rO.llOB. Ha
HHX CCbInanHCb npH 3eMenbHbIX TSI>KOaX .lla>Ke B KOHLle XVI-Hallane
XVI I B.
YlleTY nO-npe>KHeMY nO.llne>KanH TonbKO .llBOpLlOBbIe, 06pollHbIe H nOMeCTHbIe
3eMnH. Ellle npH nepenHcH 1497-1504 rr. Obina BBe.lleHa MeTO.llHKa HCIIHCJleHHSI
B03.llenbIBaeMoH nalIIHH Ha OCHOBe ycnoBHoH paBHoMepHocTH Bcex Tpex noneH
KaK Cne.llCTBHe pa3BHTHSI Ha PYCH TpexnonbHoro ceBoooopoTa. Ho .lleJ10npOH3-
BO.llCTBeHHaSi Q>opMyna «B none, a B .llBY no TOMY >K:. B COlIIHOM nHCbMe
KOHLla XV-Hallana XVI B. OTCYTcTBoBana. npH onHcaHHH BMHKOKHSI>KeCKHX
CHMH3HHCKHX cen npHBO.llHnaCb BMH1JHHa nnOllla.llH O.llHOrO nonSl, a 3aTeM HTor:
«BO Bcex Tpex nonSlx:,. B HOBropO.llCKHX nOMeCTHbIX HMeHHSlX YKa3bIBanocb:
«celOT B none p>KH... Kop06eH». I1TaK, BbIpa>KeHHe «...B none, a B .llBY
no TOMY >K» nOSlBJISleTCSI npH onHcaHHH 40-x rO.llOB, .lla H TO He Be3.lle. B ToponeLl-
KOH nHCLlOBOH KHHre 1540 r. KonHlleCTBO nOMecTHoH 3eMnH YKa3bIBanocb TaK:
«nalIIHH B none B O.llHOM. . . 1JeTH:', a opMyna «a B .llBY no TOMY >K:. OTCYTCTBO-
Ban a.
B .llBOPLlOBbIX X03S1HCTBax noceBHbIe nnOllla.llH H3MepSlnHCb B .lleCSlTHHax,
nOMeCTHaSi H OOp01JHaSi 3eMnSi YIIHTbIBanHCb C nOMolllblO lIeTBepTH, KOTopaSi
B Te rO.llbI, BepOSITHO, SlBnSlnaCb CBoero pO.lla nOKa3aTeneM Toro, liTO .llaHHaSi 3eMnSi
HaXO.llHTCSI He B COOCTBeHHOCTH Bna.llenbLla, a Ha npaBax .llep>KaHHSI. 3a nonb30Ba-
HHe 3eMneH nonaranOCb cnY>KHTb BenHKOMY KHSl31O. TaKHM 06pa30M, TepMHH,
0003HallalOlllHH Mepy nnOllla.llH, npHoopeTaeT nonHTHlleCKYIO OKpacKY. npHMella-
TenbHO, liTO EpMonaH Epa3M B CBoeM C01JHHeHHH Y.llenSieT oonblIIoe BHHMaHHe
npooneMe H3MepeHHSI noceBHbIX nno III a.lleH, KPHTHKYSI CnO>KHBlIIYIOCSI npaKTHKY
C:-IIeTBepTHIO MepSlllle:..
BOTIIHHHaSi 3eMnSi YlleTY He nO.llne>Kana H onHCbIBanaCb TonbKO coxaMH.
CoxpaHHnHCb H3BeCTHSI 0 CYllleCTBOBaHHH B nepBOH nonOBHHe XVI B. 30-BbITHOH
COXH. ,l!bSlKOHOB oopaTHn BHHMaHHe Ha rpaMoTY 1527 r. IOpHSI I1BaHoBHlla
KOJISl3HHCKOMY MOHacTbIplO, cornaCHO KOTOpOH B MOHacTbIpcKHX BJla.lleHHSlX
KalIIHHcKoro y. Ha coxY npHXO.llHTCSI B O.llHOM HMeHHH 32 BbITH, B .llPyroM-
34 BbITH 49. EcnH YlleCTb, liTO, cornaCHO OObIlIHOMY npaBY, BbITb 6bIna paBHa
10 lIeTBepTSIM KpecTbSlHcKOH 3eMnH, TO coxa B BOTIIHHe KonSl3HHCKoro MOHaCTbIpSi
3aKJIlOllana 320-340 lIeTeH. MHnlOKoB CIIHTan, liTO coxa H3MepHnaCb KonHlleCT-
BOM paOOlleH CHnbI 50. B KalleCTBe .llOKa3aTenbCTBa OH npHBO.llHT OTpbIBOK H3 COT-
HOH BbInHCH 1544 r. Bna.llHMHpCKoro y. Ha Bna.lleHHSI PO>K.lleCTBeHcKoro MO-
HacTbIpSi. ,l!epeBHSI «KYIIHHO co KHSl3eM AneKCaH.llpOM J!PYLlKHM B cnope, a nalIIeT
ee KHSl3b AneKCaH.llp. A B coxy nOnO>KeHa O.llHOKOnbLlOMOIO 1/ 32 COXH:' 51.
no KaKOMY-TO CTpaHHOMY He.llOpa3YMeHHIO MHnIOKOB, a 3a HHM H pSl.ll nOCJle.llYIO-
lllHX HCTOpHKOB (HanpHMep, B. H. CepreeBHII) TonKOBanH TepMHH «O.llHOKonbLlO-
MOIO:. (y MHnlOKOBa «O.llHOKOnbLlOM:') KaK Bna.lleJ1bLla O.llHOM KonbIlIIKH HnH Te-
nerH. OrclO.lla .llenancSi Cne.llYlOlllHH BbIBO.ll: 1/ 32 COXH - HaHMeHblIIaSi .llOnSl,
B OCHOBe ee ne>KHT O.llHa KOHHaSi ynpSl>Kb, T. e. «He.lleJ1HMaSi e.llHHHLla pa60lleH
CHnbI, Ha KOTOpOH CTpOHTCSI coxa:.. Me>K.llY TeM, no BceM BepOSITHOCTH, .llaHHoe
18

CJlOBOCOlleTaHHe 03HallaJlO JlHlllb TO, liTO 3a CnOpHYIO .LJ.epeBHIO KYIIHHO, OnHCaHHYIO
1/ 32 COXH, HaJlOrH .LJ.OJl}l{Hbi 6b1J1H nJlaTHTb BMeCTe (<<O.LJ.HOKOJlbUOMOIO») H KHH3b
H MOHaCTblpb. nOCTpOeHHe MHJlIOKOBa Bbl3BaJlO COMHeHHe Y}I{e Y ,[lbHKoHoBa,
OTMeTHBlllerO, liTO B TaKOM CJlYllae BeJlHIIHHa COXH HaXO.LJ.HJlaCb 6b1 B npHMOH
3aBHCHMOCTH OT IIHCJla pa60llero HaCeJleHHH H KOJlHlleCTBa .LJ.BOpOB 52. BeCeJlOB-
CKHH B npOTHBOnOJlO}l{HOCTb MHeHHIO MHJlIOKOBa BbI.LJ.BHHYJI npHHUHn «nOCHJlb-
HOCTH THrJla» 53, KOTOpblH MaJlO liTO 06'bHCHHJI H KOTOpblH BpH.LJ. JlH OTBepraJlH
ero npe,ll.llleCTBeHHHKH.
OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc, liTO KJlaJlOCb B OCHOBY COlliHoro ClleTa, KpaHHe TPY.LJ.HO.
H HaBepHoe, B pa3HblX perHOHax H B 3eMJlHX pa3Horo COUHaJlbHOrO cTaTyca
npHMeHHJlHCb pa3Hble KpHTepHH. Bo BJla.LJ.eHHHX KHpHJlJlo-6eJl03epCKOH .LJ.YXOBHOH
KopnopaUHH B 6eJI03epCKOM y. B 1544 r. B coxY KJla.LJ.eTCH npHMepHo 20 .LJ.epeBeHb,
a KOJlHlleCTBO nOIlHHKOB H .LJ.BOpOB YIIHTblBaeTcH KaK 6b1 BO BTOpylO Ollepe.LJ.b.
npH H3YlleHHH lIepHblx BOJlOCTeH ToponeUKoro y. BblHCHHeTCH, liTO O.LJ.HOH COXOH
onHCblBaJlOCb 26 .LJ.epeBeHb H nOIlHHKOB. Ho pOBHO B nOJlOBHHe TeppHTOpHaJlbHblX
KOMnJleKCOB IIHCJlO CeJleHHH B coxe Bbillie. BepOHTHO, He Bce nOIlHHKH HMeJIH
nalliHIO 54. KOJlHlleCTBO }l{e 6ecnallleHHblX nOIlHHKOB HeH3BeCTHO, a OHH 06b1I1HO
He YIIHTblBaJlHCb nHcuaMH B COlliHOM nHCbMe. KpoMe Toro, TOr.LJ.a He CYllI.eCTBO-
BaJlO }l{eCTKHX HopMaTHBOB .LJ.a}l{e B npe.LJ.eJlax O.LJ.HOrO ye3.LJ.a. CY.LJ.H no COTHbiM
rpaMOTaM 40-x rO.LJ.OB, BO MHorHX perHOHax ClleTHOH e.LJ.HHHueH B coxe 6b1J1a
.LJ.epeBHH, a He .LJ.BOP, XOTH H KOJlHlleCTBO nOCJle.LJ.HHX B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH
YIIHTblBaJlOCb, oc06eHHO eCJlH B COxy, nOMHMO .LJ.epeBeHb, BXO.LJ.HJlO ceJlo.
06'bHCHHTb 3TO MO}l{HO, npOCJIe.LJ.HB nYTH CKJla.LJ.blBaHHH 60Jlblllepa3MepHOH COXH,
KOr.LJ.a pH.LJ. .LJ.epeBeHb 06'be.LJ.HHHJlHCb .LJ.JlH nJlaTe}l{a KopMa HaMeCTHHKY HJlH .LJ.JlH HC-
nOJlHeHHH KaKOH-JlH60 nOBHHHOCTH. H. H. MHKJlallleBCKHH, a 3aTeM 60J1ee
nO.LJ.P06HO BeCeJlOBCKHH YKa3aJlH O.LJ.HH H3 nYTeH CKJla.LJ.blBaHHH 60J1blllOH
COXH, OTMeTHB, liTO Y)I(e B XV B. CYllI.eCTBOBaJla npaKTHKa 06'be.LJ.HHeHHH MeJlKHX
OKJIa.LJ.HblX e.LJ.HHHU B 60Jlee KpynHble, B cBoero PO.LJ.a nO.LJ.aTHOH oKpyr. TaK,
B UHTHpyeMoH Bbillie rpaMoTe 1448-1461 rr. lIepH06opu.aM OCHOBHOH c60p llleJl
C COXH. Ho TaM }l{e ynoMHHYTa H cocraBHaH OKJIa.LJ.HaH e.LJ.HHHua - 10 cox.
«A KOpM 3 10 cox KHH3H BeJlHKOrO QepHo6opueM B3HTH: 30 XJle6UOB, 60paH,
a JlI060 nMOTb MHC8, Tpoe KypOB, CHTO 3acnbl, 2 cblpa, 6eKapb COJIH. A KOHeBoro
KOPMY 5 Kopo6eii OBca B cTapylO Kop06blO, 3 B03b1 ceHa 3 10 cox, KaK nOlllJlO».
4epHOOOpu.bI 6b1J1H 6b1 B 3aTpY.LJ.HeHHH, eCJIH 6b1 KOpM C06HpaJlCH C 1 COXH: npHlll-
JlOCb 6b1 .LJ.aBaTb 1/10 6apaHa, 3/ 10 KYP, 2/5 cblpa H T. .LJ.. HeY.LJ.06HO 3TO 6b1J1o
H KHH31O. BeCeJIOBCKHH npHBo.LJ.HT H .LJ.PyrHe npHMepbl cYllI.eCTBOBaHHH COCTaBHblX
OKJIa.LJ.HblX e.LJ.HHHU. B onHca HHH KOHua XV B. Y.LJ.OMeJIbCKOH BOJIOCTH 06POK, .LJ.aHb,
noconHblH XJIe6 lllJlH C 06}1{H, a KOpM BOJlOCTeJIHM BepCTaJlCH C 25 06e}l{.
TaKoe )l(e coe.LJ.HHeHHe B 25 o6e}l{ BCTpellaeM B HOBrOpO.LJ.CKOH 06J1aCTH
Cepe.LJ.HHbI XVI B. H B .LJ.OXO.LJ.HOM cnHCKe JIa.LJ.O}l{CKOrO KOpMJleHHH 1555/56 r.
A B HaMeCTHHllbHX rpaMOTax nepBoii nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. Ha ,[lBHHY, KaprOnOJlb,
TYPllacoB KOpM c06HpaeTcH C 10 COllieK 55.
B ueHTpaJlbHblX paHOHax B 40-x rO.LJ.ax KOJIHlleCTBO .LJ.BOpOB Ha coxy npeBbllllaeT
nopoH COTHIO, liTO CBH.LJ.eTeJlbCTByeT 0 .LJ.aJlbHeHllleM YBeJlHlleHHH pa3MepOB COXH.
Ho nOMHMO KOCBeHHblX .LJ.aHHblX, onHcaHHH nOMeCTHbiX H .LJ.BOPUOBbiX 3eMeJIb
n03BOJlHIOT CY.LJ.HTb 0 KOJlHlleCTBe nalllHH, npHXO.LJ.HllI.eiicH Ha COxy. B ToponeUKOH
nHCUOBOH KHHre 1540 r. YIITeHo 45 nOMecTHH, coxa He HMeeT HKCHpOBaHHoro
pa3Mepa. 70 % nOMeCTHH onHcaHbI COXOH, 3aKJIlOllalOllI.eH B ce6e 270-530 lIeTeH.
Cox pa3MepoM HH)I(e 270 lIeTeH HeT. BblClllHH npe.LJ.eJI - 730 lIeTeH. AMnJlHTY.LJ.a
2.
19

Kone6aHHH pa3MepOB COXH paBHa npHMepHo 450 qeTHM. OHa conOCTaBHMa
C 60nee n03.l1.HeH nOMecTHoH COXOH, <t>HKcHpoBaHHblH pa3Mep KOTOpOH B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT KaqeCTBa 3eMJIH KOJIe6anCH TaK)Ke B npe.ll.MaX 400 qeTBepTeH (800 qeTeH
.ll06pOH 3eMnH, 1200 - xY.lI.OH 3eMnH). HaBepHoe, H B 40-x rO.ll.ax HeMaJlYIO ponb
Hrpano KaqeCTBO 3eMJlH, KOJlHqeCTBO yrO.ll.HH" COu.HanbHblH npecTH)K Toro
HnH HHOro cnY)KHJIoro qeJlOBeKa. TaK" RanpHMep, rOpO.ll.HMtfHH 6b1J1 06JlO)KeH co-
XOH C BblClliHM KOnHqeCTBOM qeTBepTeH - 900. YnoMHHaHHe 0 .lI.pyroM rOpO.ll.HH-
'1eM TaK>Ke CBR3aHO C 60nbllioH COXOH - 650 qereH 56. npH OOHCaHHH HMOB
Hcnonb30BanH 400-500-qeTBepTHYIO coxy. nYCTble .lI.epeBHH H naUfHH «Rae3.l1.0M»
KnanHCb B COlliHoe nHCbMO, HapH.lI.Y C «}KHBYW.HM». HCKJllOtleHHeM HBJlHJIHCb
TonbKO Te CJIyqaH, KOr.ll.a .lI.aHHOe nOCMeHHe H B npe.ll.llieCTBYIOw.eM onHcaHHH
qHCnHnOCb nycrblM. B TaKOM cnyqae npe.ll.OCTaBJIHnaCb nbrOTa Ha pH.lI. neT.
Or reHep3JIbHOH nepenHCH 40-x rO.ll.OB coxpaHHnOCb HeCKonbKO COTHblX,
Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpblX MO>KHO CY.ll.HTb 0 BMHqHHe cox pyrHx cou.HanbHblX
THnOB. B 1543/44 r. 6b1no onHcaHO ceno BenHKoro KHH3H 6yAropo.ll. C .lI.epeBHHMH
H ceno nanKHHo. B 060HX CJIyqaHX coxa paBHa 400 .lI.ecHTHHaM (800 qeTBepTHM).
BbillienpHBe.ll.eHHblH OTpblBOK H3 COTHOH onpOBepraeT paCXO>Kee MHeHHe 0 Bpe-
MeHH H Mecre B03HHKHOBeHHH 800-qeTBepTHOH COXH. BeCeJ10BCKHH nHllier, liTO
800-'1eTBepTHaSi coxa nOHBHJlaCb nHllib BO BTOpOH nonOBHHe XVI B., nepBOHa-
qaJIbHO B nOMeCTHbiX H BOTqHHHblX 3eMnHX, H nHllib 3areM 6b1na nepeHeceHa
B .lI.BOpU.OBOe X03HHCTBO 57. ,l{eno, BH.lI.HMO, 06cToHno Ha060pOT, B03HHKHYB
H 6Y.ll.YlJH anp06HpoBaHa Ha .lI.BOpU.OBbiX BeJlHKOKH9>KeCKHX 3eMnHX, OHa Bno-
CJIe.ll.CTBHH CTana ynoTpeMHTbCH H npH onHcaHHH .lI.pyrHx THnOB 3eMneBJIa)l.eHHH.
npHqeM BpeMH ee B03HHKHOBeHHH npHXO.ll.HTCH He Ha BTOPYIO nonoBHHY XVI B.,
a Ha 40-e rO.ll.bI. B 1542/43 r. 6b1no onHcaHO 06POqHoe ceneHHe B CY3.l1.3J1bCKOM y.:
20 qeTeH nalliHH nOJIO)KeHO B 1/ 32 COXH 58. C CeJleHHH lliM Me.ll. B BMHKOKHH)KecKHH
.lI.BOpeu.. n pH YMHO)KeHHH 20 qeTeH Ha .lI.OJIIO COXH nOJIYQHM, 111'0 B nOCJle.ll.HeH
640 qeTeH. Ha caMOM .lI.eJIe H 3.l1.eCb Mbi HMeeM )l.MO C 800-qeTBepTHoH COXOH:
1/ 32 TaKOH COXH paBHa 25 qeTHM. B CMeHHH 6b1no 20 qeTeH
H nHceu. onHcan ee HaHMeHbllieH .lI.0JleH. HMb3H 3a6b1BaTb, qTO HCqHCJIeHHe
B 3-x nOJlHX, BMHqHHa nalliHH, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMaH no KOJIHqeCTBY BbiceBaeMbiX
qeTBepTeH 3epHa P)KH - Bce npH.lI.aBaJlO OqeHb YCJ10BHblH xapaKTep TOQHOCTH
onHca HHH.
PerJlaMeHTHpOBaHHaH nOMeCTHaH coxa B 40-x rO.ll.ax BCTpeqaerCH B BOJIOu.-
KOM y. OKOJIO ynoMHHaeMoro y)Ke )l.BOpu.OBoro ceJla 6YHropo.ll.a pH.lI. .lI.epeBeHb
no nHcbMY 1543/44 r. BacHnHH 6pexoBa 6b1nH p03.l1.aHbI nOMell1.HKaM. O.ll.HaKO
B 1546/47 r. OHH 6b1J1H oT06paHbI y npe)KHHX BJIa.ll.enbu.eB H npHnHcaHbI K ceny
6YHropo.ll.. B 16 .lI.epeBHHx 6b1J1o 182 QeTBepTH nalliHH B nOJle, «a COlliHble nalliHH
no BacHnbeBY nHCbMY 6pexoBa nonTpeTH COXH» 59. Cne.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, CJ1Y)KHnaH
coxa CO.ll.ep)KaJla OKono 1000 qeTBepTeH. 3eMnH 3)1.eCb, CY.ll.H no nocne.ll.YIOll1.HM
onHcaHHHM, 6b1na Cpe.ll.HHH. HTaK, B u.eHTpanbHblx paHoHax cTpaHbI y)Ke B 40-x ro-
.lI.ax npHMeHHIOTcH .lI.BOPu.oBbie H nOMeCTHbie COXH TaKHX pa3MepoB, KOTopble
BnOCJIe.ll.CTBHH pacnpocTpaHHIOTcH H Ha .lI.pyrHe perHoHbI.
nO.ll.BO.ll.H HTorH BbilliecKa3aHHoMY MO)KHO KOHcTaTHpoBaTb CJ1e.ll.YIOll1.ee:
BTopaH reHepanbHaH nepenHcb npHXO.ll.HTCH B OCHOBHOM Ha 40-e rO.ll.bI, pe3ynb-
TaTOM ee .lI.eHTMbHOCTH CTano lliHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe HOBoro THna .lI.0Ky-
MeHTOB: COTHbiX rpaMOT. BOTqHHHble 3eMJlH nO-npe)KHeMY yqeTY He nO.ll.ne)KaJIH.
B u.eHTpaJIbHblX paHOHax B .lI.BOpU.OBbiX H nOMeCTHbiX X03HHCTBax Mbi CTaJlKHBa-
eMCH C COXOH, pa3Mep KOTOpOH 6b1n perJlaMeHTHpOBaH H paBHHJlCH 800 qeTBep-
20

THM. YCOBepllJeHCTBYIOTCH npHeMbI nOCOllJHOrO OnHCaHHH. BnepBble <l>OPMYJlY
«B nOJle... a B ,n.BY no TOMY >K» BCTpellaeM B HaKa3e 1535 r. no,n.bHlIeMY,
nOCJIaHHOMY B Pa,n.oHe>K: «,Qa. . . OnHCaJl CKOJlbKO ,n.epeBeHb H nOllHHKOB C JlIO,n.bMH
H liTO nYCTblX. ,Qa H nallJHIO 6b1 eCH B Tex ,n.epeBHHX H3MepHJI, CKOJlbKO lIeTBepTeH
B O,D.HOM nOJle, a B ,n.BY no TOMY >K, H liTO ceHa H Jlecy nallJeHHoro, H CeJIHllJ. H
nycTollJeii H BCHKHX yro,n.HM.. . ,Qa H COWHoe 6b1 eCH nHCbMO Te ,n.epeBHH K
nOllHHKH nOMeTMJI, nocMoTpH no 3eMJle H no yro,n.bHM, KaK 6y,n.eT npHrO>Ke» 60,.
npH onHcaHHH nOMecTHblX 3eMeJIb OTMelfaeTCH HaJlHlfHe Jleca, BO)l.bl (peK,
03ep), ceHOKOCOB. B HeKoTopblX CJlyqaHX nHcu.bI ,n.aBaJlH no,n.p06HblH nepelleHb
Me>KeBblX rpaHHu.. KaK BH,n.HM, pH,n. KOHcrpYKTHBHblX npH3HaKoB, nOJlYlIHBllJHX
llJHpOKoe pacnpoCTpaHeHHe BnOCJIe,n.cTBHH, BnepBble O€PoPMHJlCH BO BTOpOH
reHepaJlbHOH nepenHcH.
TpeTbH reHepaJlbHaH nepenHcb cTpaHbI npHxo,n.HTCH Ha KOHeu. 50-x-60-e ro,n.bI.
B HCTopHorpa<l>HH CJlO>KHJlaCb Tpa,n.Hu.HH CBH3b1BaTb HallaJlO BaJlOBOrO onHca HHH
C pa60TOH CTOrJl8BOrO c060pa 1551 r., a TaK>Ke C u.apCKHMH BonpocaMH, B03HHK-
llJHMH COrJlaCHO HCTopHorpa<l>HH B 1550/51 r. O,n.HH H3 HHX rJlaCHT: «,Qa npHroBo-
pHJI eCMH nHCu.OB nOCJIaTH BO BCIO CBOIO 3eMJlIO nHcaTb H CMeTHTH H MOH, u.apH H
BeJlHKOrO KHH3H, H MHTpOnOJlHlIH H BJla,n.bllIHH, H MOHaCTblpCKHe, H u.epKOBHble
3eMJlK, H KHH>KeCKHe, H 60HpcKHe, H BOTlIHHHble, H nOMecTHble, H lIepHble,
H 06pOQHble, H nOQHHKH, H nYCTOllJH, H CeJlHllJ.a, H 3eMeu.KHe 3eMJlH BCHKHe,
lIbe HH 6y,n.H. A MepHTH naweHHaH 3eMJlH H HenallJeHHaS1, H JlyrH, H Jlec. 11 BCHKHe
yro,n.bH CMellaTH H nHcaTH: peKH, H 03epa, H npy,n.bI, H 06pollHble JlOBJIH, H KOJIbI,
H Ce>KH, H 60PTH, H nepeBeCH, H MblTa, H MOCTbI, H nepeB03b1, H pH,n.KH, H Topro-
BHllJ.a, H norOCTbLlKaH 3eMJlH H u.epKOBHaH, H ,n.BOpbl H oropo,n.bI, H B KHHrax
TO Bce nOCTaBHTH» 61. B ,n.aHHOM OTpblBKe H3JlO>KeHa nporpaMMa Bce06llJ.eH
nepenHCH, ee OCHOBHble oc06eHHoCTH. 3eMJlIO npe,n.nOJlaraJlOCb He TOJIbKO onHcaTb,
HO H U3MepUTb, T. e. YlIeT 3eMJlH CTaHOBHTCH Ba>KHeHllJHM HeoTJlO>KHblM ,n.eJIOM.
I1CCJle,n.OBaTeJIH ClIHTaIOT, liTO Ha HallaJlO BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. npHxo-
,n.HTCH o,n.Ha H3 Ba>KHeHlIIHX pe<l>opM COWHoro nHCbMa. CYTb ee 3aKJIlOlIaJlaCb
B CJle,n.YIOllJ.HX HOBOBBe,n.eHHHX: l. C HallaJla 50-x ro,n.OB npoBo,n.HTCH HOBoe
reHepaJlbHoe onHcaHHe ye3,n.oB PYCCKOro rocy,n.apcTBa. 2. YcraHaBJIHBaeTCH
HOpMHpoBaHHblH pasMep COXH, 3aBHCHllJ.HM OT ,n.BYX nOKa3aTeJIeH: KalleCTBa
3eMJlH H ee COu.HaJlbHOH npHHa,n.Jle>KHOCTH. 3. ,QJlH nOMeCTHblX 3eMeJlb BBO,n.HTCH
MeTO,n. HX «0,n.a6pHBaHHH». TaKoM TOllKH 3peHHH npH,n.ep>KHBaIOTCH n. H. MHJlIO-
KOB, M. A. ,QbHKOHOB, C. 6. BeCeJIOBCKHH, 11. 11. CMHpHOB 62. HH O)l.Horo H3
3THX HCCJle,n.OBaTeJIeH He HaCTOpO>KHJI TOT <l>aKT, liTO ye3,n.bI, onHCblBaeMbie
B 1550-1553 rr., lIepe3 HeCKOJlbKO JleT, B KOHu.e 50-x ro,n.OB, 6b1J1H onHcaHbI
nOBTopHO. CJle,n.oBaTeJlbHO, Ha,n.o onpe,n.eJlHTb: BCTpellalOTcH JlH 3 BblllJeHa3BaH-
HblX npH3HaKa COllJHOH pe<l>opMbI B onHcaHHH 1550-1553 rr. TOJIbKO npH HX
HaJlHlIHH MO>KHO rOBopHTb 0 «HOBOM nHCbMe».
4TO >Ke npe,n.CTaBJIHJlH COOOH nepenHCH HallaJla BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B.?
,QYMaeTCH, liTO OHH, ,n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO, CBH3aHbI C TOM nporpaMMOH onHcaHHH,
o KOTOpOH ynoMHHaeTcH B ,n.onOJlHHTeJIbHblX u.apcKHx Bonpocax. 3TOT ,n.OKYMeHT
BeCb npoHH3aH 3a60ToH 06ecnelleHHH CJlY>KHJlblX JllOlI.eH 3eMJleH. BH,n.HMO,
rOBopH 0 Bce06llJ.eH nepenHcH, I1BaH fpo3HblH npe,n.nOJlaraJl, liTO ee OCHOBHOH
3a,n.alleH ,n.OJl>KHO CTaTb pellJeHHe BonpOCOB, CBH3aHHblX TaK HJlH HHalle CO
CJlY>KHJlblM 3eMJleBJIa,n.eHHeM: H3b1CKaHHe 3eMeJlbHblX pe3epBOB, HcnOMellJ.eHHe
CJIY>KHJlblX JlIO,n.eH. 11 B 3TOM OTHOllJeHHH 11. 11. CMHpHOB npaB, YKa3aB, liTO
nepenHCH HallaJla 50-x ro,n.OB npeCJIe,n.OBaJlH U.eJIb 06ecnellHTb ,n.BOpS1H 3eMJleM.
21

06 3TOM cBH,LleTeJlbCTByeT apeaJl ye3,LlOB, f,Lle npOBO,LlHJlOCb onHcaHHe. 3TO-
IO>KHble paHoHbI C 60JlbWHMH MaCCHBaMH HeOCBoeHHblX 3eMeJIb (PH3aHb, TYJla,
CepnyxoB, KawHpa), CeBepHblH KpaH C tlepHOCOwHblM 3eMJle,LleJIHeM (,LlBHHa,
Bafa, raJlHtI), f,Lle npH He06xo,LlHMOCTH MO>KHO 6b1J1o nycTHTb B pa3,LlatlY nOMe-
llI.HKaM ,LlBOpLlOBble, 06pOtlHble, tlepHble 3eMJlH. nOHHTeH HHTepec H K HOBfOpO,Ll-
CKHM nHTHHaM, paHoHY npe06J1a,LlalOllI.efO nOMe llI.H tlbef 0 3eMJleBJla,LleHHH.
H3 LleHTpaJlbHblX ye3,LlOB BHHMaHHe npaBHTeJlbCTBa npHBJleKJlH JlHWb TpH:
MOCKOBCKHH, 3BeHHfOpO,LlCKHH, PY3CKHH. HMeHHO B 3TH MeCTa H 6b1JlH OTnpaB-
JleHbI nHcLlbl, liTO, 6e3YCJIOBHO, 6b1J1o CBH3aHO C npoeKTOM HCnOMelll.eHHH
H36paHHOH TbiCHIIH. «JIeTa 7059-fO OKTH6pH Llapb H BeJIHKHH KHH3b HBaH
BaCHJlbeBHII Bcea PYCHH npHfOBOpHJI 3 60Hpbl ytlHHHTb B OCKOBCKOM ye3,Lle,
,Lla B nOJlOBHHe ,LlMHTpoBa, ,Lla B PY3e, ,Lla B 3BeHHfOpO,Lle, ,Lla B tlHCJIHKaX H
B Op,LlHHLlax, H B nepeBeCHbiX ,LlepeBHHX, H B TeTepeBHHIIHX, H B 06POtlHblX
,LlepeBHHX OT OCKBbI BepCT 3a 60 H 70 - nOMelll.HKOB ,LleTeH 60HpCKHX JlYTtlHX
CJlYf 1000 lIeJlOBeK» 63. B npHBe,LleHHOH 3anHCH TbiCHtlHOH KHHfH Ha3BaHbI
4 ye3,Lla, f,Lle ,LlOJl>KHbI 6b1J1H 6b1Tb HCnoMew.eHbI JlYTtlHe CJIYfH: OCKOBCKHH,
3BeHHfOpO,LlCKHH, PY3CKHH H nOJlOBHHa ,LlMHTpOBCKOfO. BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
nOJleMHKH 0 peaJlH3aLlHH Ha npaKTHKe 3TOfO npoeKTa MO>KHO YTBep>K,LlaTb, tlTO
npaBHTeJlbCTBO KpaHHe cepbe3HO fOTOBHJlOCb K efO OCYlll.eCTBJleHH. H3 LleH-
TpaJlbHblX ye3,LlOB onHcaHbI B 1550/51 f. HMeHHO Te ye3,Llbl, KOTopble npe,LlHa3Ha-
lIaJlHCb no npoeKTY HcnoMew.eHHH H36paHHoH TbiCHtlH. JIHWb 0 ,LlMHTpoBe
HeT CBe,LleHHH.
OnHcaHHe 1550-1553 ff. CTpOHJlOCb Ha cTapblx npHHLlHnax. COXpaHHJlaCb
COTHaH 1551/52 f. Ha BJla,LleHHH cepnyxoBcKOfO BbiCOLlKOfO MOHacTblpH: 7 ceJl+
+9 ,Llep., 330 ,LlBOpOB. «A COWHble naWHH» 3 COXH 1/16 COXH. KaK BH,LlHM, nepetleHb
C,LleJlaH He nO-HOBOMY: naWHH He H3MepeHa, KatleCTBO 3eMJlH He YKa3aHO, TeM
caMbiM Mbi HMeeM ,LleJlO C HBHO HeHopMHpOBaHHOH COXOH. He,LlapOM BcefO tlepe3
HeCKOJlbKO JleT, B 1554/55 f., B CepnYXOB 6b1J1H OTnpaBJIeHbI HOBbie nHCLlbl,
KOTOpblM 6b1J1 ,LlaH HaKa3 0 BeJlHtlHHe MOHaCTblpCKOH COXH. Pe3YJlbTaTOM HX
,LleHTeJlbHOCTH HBHJlHCb «KHHfH nHCbMa H Mepbl», f,Lle BJla,LleHHH BbiCOLlKOfO
MOHaCTblpH H3MepeHbI B lIeTHX H nOJlO>KeHbI B HOpMHpOBaHHble COXH 64.
B 1551/52 f. onHcaHa lIepHaH BOJlOCTb BbicoKaH KOJlOMeHCKofo y. Ha OCHOBe
CTapblX npHHLlHnoB, 6e3 H3MepeHHH nJlOlll.a,LlH 3eMJlH. B 1560/61 f. 3,LleCb BHOBb
pa60TalOT nHCLlbl, TllI.aTeJIbHO H3MepHH KOJlHtleCTBO naWHH, Jleca, ceHa. Or 1553 f.
,LlOWJla COTHaH Ha HMeHHe pH3aHcKofo 50fOCJlOBCKOfO MOHaCTblpH 65. B HeH
TaK>Ke 3eMJlH He H3MepeHa, OTCYTCTByeT HOpMHpOBaHHaH coxa. HTaK, CY,LlH no
paCCMOTpeHHblM COTHblM, B 1550-1553 ff. elll.e He 6b1J1H Bblpa60TaHbI HOBbie
npHHLlHnbl nHCbMa, n03TOMY HatlaJlO feHepaJlbHOH nepenHCH, npeCJIe,LlOBaBWeH
3a,LlallH H3MepHTb BeCb 3eMeJlbHblH <l>OH,Ll H nOJlO>KHTb ero B HOpMHpOBaHHble COXH,
OTHOCHTCH K 60Jlee n03,LlHeMY BpeMeHH. Ye3,Llbl, f,Lle 6b1J1H nHcLlbi B 1550-1553 ff.,
lIepe3 HeCKOJlbKO JleT 6b1J1H onHcaHbI BHOBb. TaK, B 3BeHHfOp0.l1e nHCLlbi n06b1Ba'JlH
B 1550 H 1558/59 ff., B TYJle - B 1551/52 H 1558/59 ff. To >Ke caMoe H B Cepny-
XOBe, raJlHtle. HeCKOJlbKO pa3 B TetleHHe 50-x fO,LlOB onHCblBaJlCH OCKOB-
CKHH y.66 BTOpHtlHaH nepenHcb C HHTepBaJlOM BcefO B HeCKOJlbKO JleT 6b1J1a 6b1
He HY>KHa, eCJlH 6b1 Y>Ke B HatlaJle 50-x fO,LlOB 6b1J1H Bblpa60TaHbI Te nOJlO>KeHHH,
KOTopble BnOCJle,LlCTBHH 6b1J1H HCnOJlb30BaHbI npH COWHOH pe<l>opMe.
HTaK, feHepaJlbHaH nepenHCb C npHMeHeHHeM 60JlbWOH HOpMHpoBaHHoH
COXH H C H3MepeHHeM naWHH y Bcex COLlHaJlbHblX fpynn 3eMJleBJla,LleJIbLleB
He MOfJla HatlaTbCH paHee Cepe,LlHHbI 50-x fO,LlOB. Ho H nOCJIe 3TOfO nOHa,Ll06HJlOCb
22

HeCKOJlbKO JleT, 1.JT06bI BbIpa60TaTb H 3aKpenHTb BCe ee OCHOBHble KOHCTPYKTHB-
Hble 3J1eMeHTbI. TaK, HanpHMep, Ka1.JeCTBO 3eMJlH CTaJlH nOBCeMeCTHO YKa3bIBaTb
JlHUJb C 1558 r. BepoHTHo, 3TOT ro,n H CJle,nyeT C1.JHTaTb Ha1.JaJlOM TpeTbeH reHe-
paJlbHOH nepenHcH, a ee HaH60JlbUJHH pa3Max npHxo,nHTCH Ha 60-e ro,nbl.
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nOHBJlHeTCH HOBbIH BH,n Ka,naCTpOB - «KHHrH nHCbMa H MepbI». Ho ,na>Ke
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HOCTb UaplO. .lI.ecHTHHa B Ka1.JeCTBe e,nHHHUbl H3MepeHHH coxpaHHeTCH JlHUJb
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,nHJIa K 6eCKOHe1.JHbIM cnopaM H cy,ne()HblM TH>K6aM.
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HO H HacTynJleHHe Ha HOpMbI 06bI1.JHOrO npaBa, peUJHTeJlbHbIe ,neHCTBHH, HanpaB-
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pa3Mepax,0 nOCJle,nCTBHHX ee npHMeHeHHH B nHCUOBOH npaKTHKe. H. H. CMHpHOB
nHCaJl, liTO BBe,neHHe 60JlbUJOH MOCKOBCKOH COXH 03Ha1.JaJlO 3aMeHY elO MHoro-
1.JHCJleHHblX H pa3Ho06pa3HbIX MeCTHbIX «COUJeK» 68. Ho 3aMeHa MeCTHbIX COUJeK
MOCKOBCKOA OKJI8,nHOH e,nHHHueH npOH30UJJla ellle B XV B. no Mepe pOCTa H
23

YCHJleHHH PYCCKOrO u.eHTpaJlH30BaHHOrO rOCYJl.apCTBa. ,QPyroe Jl.e.n0, tlTO Ha
TeppHTOpHH CTpaHbI B OTJl.eJlbHblX 06J1aCTHX CYllJ.eCTBOBaJlH pa3Hble no pa3MepaM
COXH, HanpHMep, Ha CeBepe H CeBepo-3anaJl.e. Ho nOJl.06Hble cBoe06pa3HH
He 6b1J1H YHHQTO>KeHbI B cepeJl.HHe XVI B. H cOXpaHHJlH CBOIO CHJlY nOtlTH Ha
npOTH>KeHHH Bcero CTOJleTHH. 3HatleHHe pe<popMbI 50-x rOJl.OB B COlllHOM nHCbMe
3aKJIlOtlaeTCH He B pacnpOCTpaHeHHH B3aMeH MeCTHbiX MOCKOBCKOH COXH,
a B TOM, tlTO OTHblHe .lI.JIH 60JlblllHHCTBa ye3J1.0B CTpaHbI pa3Mep COXH 6b1J1
HOpMHpOBaH H 3aBHCe.n OT Jl.BYX <paKTopOB: KatleCTBa 3eMJlH H ee COu.HaJlbHOH
npHHa.ll.Jle>KHOCTH. B nOMeCTHbiX H BOTtlHHHblX X03HHCTBax OTHblHe BBOJl.HTCH
coxa, 3aKJIlOtlalOllJ.aH B ce6e 800 lIeTeH Jl.06pOH 3eMJlH, 1000 - CpeJl.HeH, 1200-
XYJl.OH. KaK Y>Ke YKa3b1BaJlOCb, 800-tleTBepTHaH coxa, BonpeKH 6b1TYIOllJ.eMY
MHeHHIO, B03HHKJla nepBOHatlaJlbHO He B CepeJl.HHe CTOJleTHH, a npH onHcaHHH
40-x rOJl.OB. B nepHOJl. npOBeJl.eHHH pe<popMbI perJlaMeHTHpOBaHHaH coxa B no-
MeCTbHX H BOTtlHHaX nOHBJlHeTCH C cepeJl.HHbI 50-x rOJl.OB. B 1555 r. BJlaJl.eHHH
cepnyxoBcKHX nOMellJ.HKOB 6b1J1H onHcaHbI HOpMHpoBaHHoH COXOH. B 1561/62 r.
.lI.MHTpOBCKHe nHcu.bI B BOTtlHHHYIO COxy KJlaJlH 1200 tleTeH XYJl.OH 3eMJlH 69.
HCTOpHKH eJl.HHOJl.YlllHO CBH3b1BaIOT BBeJl.eHHe HOpMHpOBaHHOH COXH C YJlO>KeHHeM
1555/56 r. 0 CJlY>K6e, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY co 100 tleTBepTeH .lI.06pOH 3eMJlH
.lI.OJl>KeH 6b1Tb BbiCTaBJIeH KOHHblH BOHH B nOJlHOM BoopY>KeHHH.
B JlHTepaType Jl.OBOJlbHO npOtlHO YKopeHHJlOCb MHeHHe, tlTO 8oo-tleTBepTHaH
coxa ynOTpe6J1HJlaCb TOJlbKO npH 06J10>KeHHH CJIY>KHJlblX H CBeTCKHX BOTtlHHHblX
3eMeJlb. TaK, C. M. KalllTaHOB, H. H. CMHpHOB CtlHTaIOT, tlTO npH onHcaHHH
lfepHblX H Jl.BOpu.OBbiX noce.neHH" B COxy COOTBeTCTBeHHO KatleCTBY 3eMJlH KJlaJlOCb
500-600-700 tleTBepTeH. OJl.HaKO B u.eHTpaJlbHblX perHoHax .lI.BOpu.oBaH coxa
no pa3MepaM BCerJl.a COBnaJl.aeT C nOMeCTHOH. COXpaHHJlCH YKa3, Jl.aTHpyeMblH
npHMepHo 1557 r., COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY Jl.BOpu.OBaH coxa paBHa 800 tleTHM
Jl.06POH, 1000 - CpeJl.HeH, 1200 - xY Jl.OH, 1300 - «Jl.06pe xy Jl.OH» 3eMJlH.
Ho BPHJI. JlH YKa3 HOCHJI 06llJ.erocYJl.apCTBeHHblH xapaKTep. TaK, B Be.n03epcKoM y.
e30Bble Jl.Bopu.oBbie BOJIOCTH onHcaHbI 500-tleTBepTHoH COXOH (600 tleTeH
CpeJl.HeH, 700 - XYJl.OH) 70. B MOHaCTblpCKYIO >Ke COxy Toro >Ke Be.n03epCKoro y.
nOJlO>KeHO B Jl.Ba pa3a MeHbllle 3eMJlH - 250 tleTeH 71. qTO KacaerCH tlepHOCOlllHblX
BOJIOCTeH, TO HMelOTCH CJleJl.YIOllJ.He Jl.aHHble 0 BeJlHtlHHe COXH: B KOJIOMeHCKOM y. -
600 tleTeH Jl.06poH 3eMJI H, B KaprOnOJlbCKOM y. - 480 tleTeH xY Jl.OH 3eMJlH,
B BbiMCKO-BbitlerOJl.CKOM Kpae - 100 tleTeH Jl.06POH, 125 - CpeJl.HeH, 150-
XYJl.OH 72. CJleJl.OBaTeJlbHO, pa3Mep COXH 3aBHCe.n H OT CJlO>KHBlllHXCH perHOHaJlb-
HbiX TpaJl.Hu.HH.
,QJlH u.epKOBHblX BJlaJl.eHHH 6b1J1a BBeJl.eHa coxa B 600 tleTBepTeH Jl.06pOH
3eMJlH, 700 - CpeJl.HeH, 800 - XYJl.OH. 6o.nee TH>KeJloe 06JJO>KeHHe 3Toro THna
3eMeJlb 06'bHCHHeTcH, no BceH BepoHTHoCTH, TeM, tlTO HX BJlaJl.eJlbu.bI He nOCTaB-
JlHJlH noconHblH XJle6, KaK Jl.BOpu.OBbie ce.na, H He HeCJIH CJlY>K6y B nOJlb3Y u.apH,
KaK nOMew.HKH H BOTtlHHHHKH. Ho B TO >Ke BpeMH HeJlb3H OTpHu.aTb H MHeHHH,
BblCKa3aHHoro B JlHTepaType, tlTO TYT «MO>KHO BHJl.eTb OTKJlHK H npOHBJleHHe
aHTarOHH3Ma Me>KJl.Y CJlY>KHJlblM H MOHaCTblpCKHM 3eMJleBJIaJl.eHHeM» 73,
a TOtlHee, Me>KJl.Y caMOJl.ep>KaBHeM H u.epKOBblO. nepBoe ynoMHHaHHe 0 HOpMHpO-
BaHHOH 6OO-tleTBepTHoH coxe Ha 3eMJlHX Jl.YXOBeHCTBa OTHOCHTCH KO BpeMeHH
cepeJl.HHbI 50-x rOJl.OB. I1MeHHo B 3TH rOJl.bI cepnYXOBCKOH rOpOJl.OBOH npHKa3t1HK
OnHCaJl pHJI. 3eMeJlb, npHHaJl.Jle>KallJ.HX KaK BblCOu.KOMY MOHaCTblplO, TaK H u.a plO,
tlaCTb H3 KOTOpblX 6b1J1a p03J1.aHa nOMellJ.HKaM. 113 npHnHCKH K onHcaHHIO CJIe-
.lI.yeT, tlTO npHKa311HK 3eMJlIO B COXH He KJlaJl. 31'0 6b1J1o CJl.e.naHO HeCKOJIbKO
24

n03,llHee. «A no rOCY,llapeBY YKa3Y BeJIeHO nHCIJ.OM nOMeCTHbiX 3eMeJlb B COlllHoe
nHCbMO nHcaTH ,ll06pble 3eMJlH no 800 qereH B COxy, a cepe,llHHe 3eMJlH no
1000 qeTeH, xY,llbie 3eMJlH no 1200 qeTeH. A KOTopaH 3eMJlH ,ll06pe xY,lla H 6e3-
yrO,llHa, H Toe 3eMJlH no 1300 qeTeH B COxy. A MOHaCTblpCKHX 3eMeJlb BeJleHO
nHCIJ.OM nHcaTH B COlllHoe nHCbMO ,ll06pble 3eMJlH no 600 qeTeH B COxy, a Cepe,llHHe
3eMJlH no 700 qeTeH, a XY,llOH no 800 qereH B COxy. A KOTopaH 3eMJlH ,ll06pe xY,lla
H 6e3yrO,llHa. .. no 900 qeTeH B COxy. H ,llbHKaM YrpHMY JIbBOBY ,lla IOpHIO
CH,llOpOBY Te 3eMJlH. .. BeJleTH CMeTHB B COlllHoe nHCbMO HanHcaTH no TOMY
rocY,llapeBY YKa3Y, KaK B ceH BblnHCH HanHcaHO:', qTO H 6b1J1o HMH HCnOJlHeHO 74.
CTHJlHCTHKa paCnOpH>KeHHH 0 MOHaCTblpCKOH coxe H YKa3a 0 ,llBOPIJ.OBOH coxe
O,llHHaKOBa.
O,llHOBpeMeHHO C Bce 60JlblllHM pacnpOCTpaHeHHeM Ha IJ.epKOBHblX 3eMJlHX
600-qeTBepTHOH COXH Mbi BCTpeqaeMCH C npHMO npOTHBOnOJlO>KHOH TeH,lleHIJ.HeH:
npHMeHeHHeM B MOHaCTblpCKHX BJla,lleHHHX CJIY>KHJlOH 800-qeTBepTHOH COXH
(<I>aKT HeH3BeCTHblH B JlHTepaType). KacaHCb KpaHHe Ba>KHblX COIJ.HaJlbHO-
3KOHOMHqeCKHX H nOJlHTHqeCKHX npOTHBOpeqHH, cyw.eCTBOBaBlllHX B XVI B.
Me>K,llY npaBHTeJlbCTBOM H ,llyxoBeHcTBoM, HCTOpHKH Y,lleJIHJlH ,llOCTaTOqHoe
BHHMaHHe aHaJlH3Y MeTO,llOB npHBJleqeHHH Ha CBO CTOPOHY Moryw.ecTBeHHblx
,llYXOBHblX KOpnOpaIJ.HH. O,llHaKO ,llaHHaH np06J1eMa ,ll0 HacToHw.ero BpeMeHH
pelllaJlaCb HeCKOJIbKO O,llHOCTOpoHHe. UeHTp BHHMaHHH cOCpe,llOTOqeH Ha H3yqe-
HHH 3eMeJlbHblX nO>KaJlOB8HHH H HMMYHHTera. Ho HapH,llY C noow.peHHeM
3eMeJIbHblMH ,llaqaMH, HMMYHHTeTHblMH JlbrOTaMH npaBHTeJlbCTBO pacnoJiaraJlo
ew.e O,llHHM MOW.HblM pblqaroM 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO B03,lleHCTBHH Ha IJ.epKOBHHKOB:
YBeJlHqHBaH HJlH YMeHblllaH pa3Mep OKJIa,llHOH e,llHHHIJ.bI, OHO reM caMbiM MeHHJlO
H TH>KeCTb HaJlOrOBOro 06J10>KeHHH. nepBOe H3BeCTHe nO,ll06HOrO n.naHa ,llaTHpO-
BaHO 1564 r.: MypoMcKHe BJla,lleHHH CHMoHoBa MOHacTblpH, B3HToro BnOCJIe,ll-
CTBHH B OnpHqHHHY, onHcaHbI CJIY>KHJlOH COXOH. B TO >Ke BpeMH npH onHcaHHH
1562 r. KOCTpOMCKHX 3eMeJIb Toro >Ke MOHaCTblpH ynOTpe6J1HJlaCb 06b1qHaH
6OO-qeTBepTHaH coxa 75. no BceH BepoHTHoCTH, npaBHTeJlbCTBO npH,llep>KHBa-
JlOCb B 3TOT nepHO,ll npaKTHKH, npHMeHHeMoH npH BbI,llaqe >KaJlOBaHHblX rpaMoT:
npHBHJlerHH He pacnpOCTpaHHJlHCb cpa3Y Ha BeCb KOMnJleKC 3eMeJIb Toro HJlH
HHoro MOHaCTblpH, a ,llaB8JlHCb Ha OT,lleJIbHble BJla,lleHHH.
B oKTH6pe 1572 r. Ha oCBHw.eHHOM c060pe npaBHTeJIbCTBO ,ll06HJlOCb npH-
HHTHH KpaHHe Ba>KHOrO )I.JIH ce6H nOCTaHOBJIeHHH: «0 MOHacTblpcKHX BOTqHHaX
npHrOBOpHJlH. .. B 60JlblllHe MOHacTblpH, r,lle BOTqHHbI MHoro, Bnepe,ll BOTqHH
He ,llaBaTH:'. MO>KHO nOHHTb, qTO ,llaHHoe pellleHHe BPH,ll JlH npHlllJlOCb no BKYCY
KPynHeHlllHM ,llYXOBHblM KOpnOpaIJ.HHM. B KaqeCTBe KOMneHCaIJ.HH, BH,llHMO,
6b1J1o pellleHo npH onHcaHHH BJla,lleHHH HaH60Jlee npeCTH>KHblX MOHaCTblpeH
B OqeHb pa30peHHblx ye3,llax npHpaBHHBaTb HX 3eMJlH K 3eMJlHM CJIY>KHJlblX
JI,lleH. OT 1574 r. ,llOlllJla COTHaH Ha MOCKOBCKHe BJla,lleHHH HOCH<I>O-BOJIOKO-
JlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH, onHcaHHble CJIY>KHJlOH COXOH. OnHcblBaH Te >Ke 3eMJlH
B 1585 r., nHCelJ. npHMeHHJI 600-qeTBepTHY COxy. BMecTe C TeM <l>aKT onHcaHHH
B 1574 r. 3eMeJlb HocH<I>o-BoJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHacTblpH CJlY>KHJlOH COXOH
HeJlb3H O()'bHCHHTb TOJlbKO «pa30peHHeM:' MOCKoBcKoro y. PH3aHcKHH KpaH
B 3TH rO,llbi 6b1J1 TaK>Ke onYCTOllleH, TeM He MeHee nOCeJleHHH 60rOCJIOBCKOro
MOHaCTblpH 6b1J1H nOJlO>KeHbI B 6OO-qeTBepTHY COxy 75a. OC06b1M nOKpOBHTeJIb-
CTBOM nOJlb30BaJlaCb TpOHIJ.e-CeprHeBCKaH KOpnOpaIJ.HH. B 1598 r. B npHKa3
60JlbWOrO npHXO,lla 6b1J1 HanpaBJIeH YKa3, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY BeJIeHO nalllH
TpOHIJ.e-CeprHeBa MOHacTblpH B MOCKOBCKOM y. «nOJlO>KHTH B COlllHoe nHCbMO
25

npOTHB nOMeCTHbiX 3eMeJIb». ,[laJlee CJleJlOBaJl pac4eT: 800 4eTeH Jl06pOH
3eMJlH, 1000 - CpeJlHeH, 1200 - XYJlOH. rOJlOM paHee TaKoe }Ke p8CnOpH}KeHHe
6b1J1o OTJl8HO OTHOCHTeJIbHO HMeHHH KOCTpoMcKoro I1naT1J.Koro MOHaCTblpH 76.
H8 npHBHJlerHpOBaHHOe nOJlO}KeHHe MOrJlH npeTeHJlOBaTb H HeKOTOpble 06HTeJlH
B nOrp8HHIIHblX paHOHaX. B 1584/85 r. nOMecTHoH COXOH 6b1J1H onHC8HbI BJlaJle-
HHH 6eJleBCKOro CnaccKoro MOHacTblpH. npH npeJllllecTBYIOw.eM ero onHC8HHH
1563/64 r. B COxy 6b1J1o nOJlO}KeHO 800 4eTeH nJlOXOH 3eMJlH H 960 lIeTeH Jl06pe
XYJlOH 3eMJlH. Or 80-x rOJlOB cOXpaHHJlOCb ew.e OJlHO H3BeCTHe 0 npeJlOCTaBJIeHHH
JlbrOTbi B nOCOlllHOM onHcaHHH. OHO K8CaJlaCb HMeHHH MaJleHbKOH AHJlPHaHOBoH
nYCTblHH B nOlllexoHbe. n pH nepeJla 4e eH JlBOp1J.OBbiX 3eMeJlb OHH He 6b1J1H
«nepeOCOllleHbI», T. e. COXpaHHJlaCb JlBOp1J.OBaH coxa, paBHaH 640 Jlec. XYJlOH
3eMJlH 77.
To 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, 4TO npHMeHeHHe CJlY}KHJlOH COXH B MOHacTblpcKHX
BOTIIHHax YCHJlHBaeTCH B nepHOJl 80-x rOJlOB, BnOJlHe 3aKoHoMepHo. npaBHTeJlb-
CTBY Ha c060pax YJlaJlOCb Jl06HTbCH CaHK1J.HH 0 3anpew.eHHH Jl8J1bHeHlllero
pOCTa uepKOBHoro 3eMJleBJlaJleHHH H 06 OTMeHe T8pX8HOB. JIHllleHHble npH-
Bbl4HblX npHBHJlerHH, BblHY}KJleHHble nJl8THTb H 6e3 Toro KpaHHe BbiCOKHe
HaJlOrH C HaH60Jlee «YTH}KeJleHHoH» COXH, MOHacTblpH OKa3aJlHCb B 04eHb
He6J1arOnpHHTHoM nOJlO}l{eHHH CpeJlH JlPyrHx <peOJlaJlbHblX BOT4HHHHKOB.
He06xoJlHMbI 6b1J1H KaKHe-TO JlbrOTbi KpynHblM KOpnOpa1J.HHM B nOOw.peHHe 3a
nOJlJlep}KKY npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHoH JlHHHH. HY}KHbI 6b1J1H JlbrOTbi H MeJlKHM MO-
HacTblpHM, KOTopble «3a CKY JlOCTblO» eJlB8 BJl84HJlH CBoe cyw.ecTBoBaHHe.
HY}KJl8J1HCb B npOTeK1J.HH H norpaHHIIHble 06HTeJlH, BJlaJleHHH KOTOpblX HaH60Jlee
4aCTO nOJlBepraJlHCb pa30peHHIO Bpara. KpoMe Toro, ueHTpaJlbHaH BJlaCTb
6b1J1a 3aHHTepecoBaHa B 6b1CTpeHllleM pa3BHTHH 3eMJleJleJlHH B ew.e nJloxo
06}KHTOM Kp8e. ,[lJlH pa3pellleHHH B03HHKllleH CHTya1J.HH npaBHTeJIbCTBO HCnOJlb-
30BaJlO pa3Hble Mepbl: OT pa3pellleHHH Ha npH06peTeHHe HOBbiX 3eMeJlb JlO
BblJla4H }KaJlOBaHHblX rpaMoT, B TOM 4HCJle HCnOJlb30B8J1aCb H CJIY}KHJlaH coxa
npH onHcaHHH MOHaCTblpCKHX HMeHHH.
MaHeBpHpOBaHHe C pa3MepaMH MOHaCTblpCKOH COXH OTKpblBaJlO nepeJl
npaBHTeJIbCTBOM lllHpOKHe B03MO}KHOCTH He TOJlbKO B c<pepe «nOOw.peHHH»,
}KaJlOBaHHH» MOHaCTblpeH, HO H B 06J1aCTH H8K838HHH HeyrOJlHblX 06HTeJleH
nYTeM YBeJlH4eHHH HaJlOrOBOro 06J10}KeHHH 38 C4eT Jl8J1bHeHlllero COKpaw.eHHH
4HCJla 4eTBepTeH B coxe. BHJlHMO, C nOJl06HblM CJlYliaeM Mbi CT8J1KHBaeMCH Ha
npHMepe Cnaco-EB<pHMHeBa MOHaCTblpH. no onHcaHHIO 1585/86 r. B ropoxo-
BeUKOM y. 3a MOHaCTblpeM IIHCJlHJlOCb nalllHH naxaHHOH 75 4eTeH, Jla nepeJIory
126 lIeTeH, }KHByw.ero 1/8 COXH, B nYCTe 1/6+ 1/ 24 . 0 Ka4eCTBe 3eMJlH Mbi Y3HaeM
H3 COnpOBO}KJlalOw.HX BblnHCb JlOKYMeHTOB, rJle HeOJlHOKpaTHO rOBopHTCH, liTO
«3eMJlH cepeJlHHH», CJleJlOBaTeJlbHO, B COxy nOJlO}KeHO 600 4eTeH CpeJlHeH 3eMJlH
BMeCTO 700 4eTBepTeH. OTHollleHHH Me}KJlY 1J.apCKOH BJlaCTblO H Cnaco-EB<pHMHe-
BbiM MOHacTblpeM Ha npOTH}KeHHH BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B., no CBHJleTeJlbCTBY
caMHX MOHaXOB, 6b1J1H JlOCTaT04HO HanpH}KeHHblMH 78.
B CBH3H C BBeJleHHeM nOBceMeCTHoro Y4eTa 3eMJlH nOHBJlHeTCH He06-
XOJlHMOCTb B c03JlaHHH 3KBHBaJleHTa, onHpaHCb Ha KOTOpblH, MO}KHO 6b1J1o 6b1
conOCTaBJlHTb, COH3MepHTb pa3JIH4Hble no JlOCTOHHCTBY 3eMJlH. B JleJIOnpOH3-
BOJlCTBeHHOH npaKTHKe Bblpa68TblBaeTCH MeTOJl OJla6pHBaHHH 3eMeJIb. 100 4eT-
BepTHM Jl06pOH 3eMJlH COOTBeTCTBOBaJlO TO }Ke KOJlH4eCTBO CpeJlHeH 3eMJlH,
YBeJlH4eHHOe Ha 20 %, XYJlOH - Ha 50 %, nepeJlora - Ha 100 %, T. e. COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO 120 lIeTeH, 150 4eTeH, 200 4eTeH. 3TH HaJl6aBKH Ha3b1BaJlHCb HaJlJla48MH.
26

Ha npaKTHKe nHCLlaM npHXO.llHJlOCb COBeplllaTb 06paTHYIO OnepaLlHIO: HMelO-
lll.HHCH KOMnJleKC Cpe.llHeH HJlH XY.llOH 3eMJlH npHpaBHHBaTb K .ll06pOH. .l{JlH 3TOrO
H3 CYMMbI qeTBepTeH BblqHTaJlCH pe3YJlbTaT, nOJlyqeHHblH OT .lleJleHHH: .llJ1H
Cpe.llHHX 3eMeJlb Ha 5, .llJlH nJlOXHX Ha 3.
HCCJle.llOBaTeJJH npOqHO CBH3aJ1H MeTO.ll 0.lla6pHBaHHH C nOMeCTHbiM 3eMJ1e-
BJ1a.lleHHeM. KaK KpaHHocTb MOHO paCLleHHBaTb MHeHHe aBTopOB «PYCCKOH
MeTp0J10rHH» 0 TOM, qTO 0.lla6pHBaHHe npOH3BO.llHJlOCb TOJlbKO Ha CJ1Y*HJlblX
3eMJ1HX 79. nepBble H3BeCTHH 0 HeM CBH3aHbi KaK pa3 C .llPyrHMH THnaMH COLlHaJ1b-
HbiX BJla.lleHHH. Ye MHJ1IOKOBY 6b1J1a H3BeCTHa nOCJIYlllHaH rpaMoTa 1552 r.
no nepeHCJlaBJ1IO, COrJlaCHO KOTOpOH <l>e.llOpOBCKOMY MOHacTblplO 3a oT06paHHYIO
Y Hero nJlOlll.a.llb no.ll CJl060.llKY aJlOBaJ1HCb qepHble 3eMJlH. .l{JlH COnOCTaBJIeHHH
pa3HblX no KaqeCTBY 3eMeJ1b 6b1J1 npHMeHeH MeTO.ll 0.lla6pHBaHHH 80. B 1555 r.
B CepnyxoBcKOM y. npOHCXO.llHT pa3MeeBaHHe cnopHblx MOHacTblpcKHX H
LlapcKHx BJla.lleHHH, B pe3YJlbTaTe qero qaCTb 3eMeJ1b 6b1J1a OTnHcaHa Y BbicoLlKoro
MOHacTblpH H p03.llaHa nOMelll.HKaM. .l{PyroH qaCTblO CeJleHHH CnOpHlll.He CTOpOHbI
06MeHHJlHcb. npH 3TOM onHTb-TaKH 6b1J10 npHMeHeHo 0.lla6pHBaHHe, KOr.ll3 K .ll06-
POH 3eMJle npHpaBHHBaJlaCb He TOJlbKO nalllHH, HO H nYCTOlllH. B TO e BpeMH
nOMelll.HKH nOJ1yqHJ1H B OKJ1a.ll Cpe.llHIOIO 3eMJ11O 6e3 0.lla6pHBaHHH. «H Te .llepeBHH
p03.llaHbI .lleTHM 60HpCKHM B nOMeCTbe, a Cepe.llHHH 3eMJlH .llaHa 6e3 Ha.lUJ.aqH» 81.
BepOHTHee Bcero, MeTO.ll 0.lla6pHBaHHH nepBOHaqaJlbHO B03HHK B .llBOPLlOBOM
Be.llOMCTBe KaK .llJlH HY>K.ll .llBOpnOBoro X03HHCTBa, TaK H .llJlH yperYJlHpOBaHHH
3eMJleBJla.lleJlbqeCKHX OTHOllleHHH C LlepKOBblO. BnOCJle.llCTBHH B CBH3H C YKa30M
1556 r. 0 CJly6e, 0.lla6pHBaHHe nOJlyqHJlO lllHpoKoe H qYTb JlH He e.llHHCTBeHHoe
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe Ha nOMeCTHbiX 3eMJlHX.
TparHqeCKHe C06b1THH 70-x rO.llOB (HallleCTBHe TaTap, HeypoaH, r0J10.ll,
CTpalllHaH 3nH.lleMHH) npHBeJlH K .lleMOrpa<j>HqeCKOMY cna.llY, K 3anYCTeHHIO
noceBHblX nJlow.a.lleH. KOJlHqeCTBO nallleHHOH 3eMJ1H, nOJlOeHHOH B COXH,
COKpaTHJlOCb no OT.lleJlbHblM ye3.llaM B HeCKOJlbKO pa3. npaBHTeJlbCTBO, BH.llHMO,
elll.e He OC03HaB MaClllTa6b1 pa30peHHH, nepBOHaqaJlbHO nbiTaeTCH HCnOJlb30BaTb
ye npHBblqHble, oTpa60TaHHble B TeqeHHe .lleCHTHJleTHH cnoc06b1, a HMeHHO,
npe.llOCTaBJ1eHHe Ha HeCKOJlbKO J1eT JlbrOTbi OT ynJlaTbi rOCY.llapCTBeHHblX nO.ll.aTeH.
B 1571/72 r. JlbroTY Ha 5 JleT nOJlyqHJ1 cepnyxoBcKHH BbiCOLlKHH MOHaCTblpb
Ha 3500 qeTBepTeH nalllHH, qTO COCTaBJ1HJlO nOqTH 90 % Bcex ero noceBHblX
nJlOlll.a.lleH. PH.ll JlbrOTHbiX rpaMoT B 3TH e rO.llbi O<j>opMJ1HeTCSI TpOHLle-CeprHeB-
CKOMY MOHaCTblplO, B TOM qHCJle Ha 3eMJlH B MOCKOBCKOM H rOpOXOBeLlKOM yy.
MOHaXH aJ1YIOTCH npaBHTeJ1bCTBY, qTO nO.llaTH «npaBHT C nYCTa», «H C nYCTa Ha
HBYlll.HX KpeCTbHHax. . . npaBHT, H OT Toro .lle HX .llOCTaJlbHble KpeCTbHHHlllKH
p036peJlHcH». He 060H.lleHa BHHMaHHeM npocb6a 0 JlbrOTe CHMoHoBa MO-
HaCTblpH 82. TaKHe >Ke JlbrOTHbie rpaMOTbi BbI.llaBaJlHCb CBeTCKHM <j>eO.llaJlaM 83.
O.llHOBpeMeHHO npaBHTeJJbCTBO npe.llnpHHHMaeT «.ll030p» HaH60Jlee pa30peH-
HbiX ye3.llOB, KY.lla nOCblJlalOTCH nHCLlbi C LleJlblO 3a<j>HKCHpOBaTb COCTOHHHe
noceBHblX nJlOlll.a.lleH, yqecTb pa3Mep 3anYCTeHHH. Pe3YJlbTaTOM HX .lleHTeJlb-
HOCTH HBHJlHCb «KHHrH nHCMa H .ll030py», TaK Ha3b1BaeMbie «.ll030pHble KHHrH»,
paHee B .lleJlOnpOH3BO.ll.CTBeHHOH npaKTHKe He BCTpeqaBlllHeCH. O.ll.HO H3 nepBblX
H3BeCTHH 0 nO.ll06HOM onHcaHHH OTHOCHTCH K 1570/71 r. B IOpbeBe-nOJlbCKoM.
HHTepecHo, qTO TepMHH «.ll030p», «.ll030pHble KHHrH» ew.e He Bblpa60TaJlCH
B npHMeHeHHH K nO.ll06HOH cHTyaLlHH, H .llOKYMeHTbI onHcaHHH HMeHYIOTCH
KHHraMH «onHCH H .llOCMOTPY» 84. B nepeqHHX onHcaHHH, COCTaBJleHHblX MHJlIO-
KOBbiM H .l{bHKOHOBblM, qHCJlHTCH OKOJlO 25 ye3.ll0B, KY.lla Ha npoTHeHHH
27

1571-1575 rr. 6b1J1H OTnpaBJIeHbI .lI.030pW.HKH 85. 3T0 HOBrOpO.ll.CKHH KpaH,
IO>KHble paHoHbI (PH3aHb, CepnyxoB, 060JleHcK), HH>Keropo.ll.CKHH y. H 60JlbllIHH-
CTBO u,eHTpaJlbHblX ye3.l1.oB. .lI.030PY nO.ll.BepraJlHCb TaK>Ke .lI.BHHa H OeJl03epCK,
T. e. <l>aKTH4ecKH onHcaHHe npOllIJlO no BceH cTpaHe.
.lI.030pHble onHcaHHH Ha4aJla 70-x rO.ll.OB He HMe.nH, BH.lI.HMO, Toro ny6J1H4HO-
o<l>Hu,HaJlbHOrO xapaKTepa, KOTOpblH npH.lI.aBaJlCH reHepaJlbHblM nepenHCHM.
npOBO.ll.HTb .lI.030p HHKOr.ll.a He nOCblJlaJlHCb «60JlbUJHe nHcu,bI:'. XapaKTepHO,
4TO COXpaHHJlCH 04eHb orpaHH4eHHblH Kpyr .lI.0KYMeHTOB, HMelOw.HX CCblJlKY Ha
.lI.030pbl nepBOH nOJlOBHHbI 70-x rO.ll.OB. 3TO He.nb3H 061>HCHHTb TeM, 4TO <l>aKTH-
4eCKoe COCTOHHHe, H3J10>KeHHOe B HHX, 6b1CTpO npeTepne.no nOCJIe.ll.YIOw.He
H3MeHeHHH. CCblJlKH Ha nepenHCH 40-x H 50-x rO.ll.OB Mbi BCTpe4aeM B .lI.0KYMeHTax
XVI B. H .lI.a>Ke Ha4aJla XVII B. .lI.030pbl 1571-1573 rr. B3aHMOCBH3aHbI C YBe.nH-
4eHHeM BbI.lI.a4H JlbrOTHbiX rpaMoT no nOBO.ll.Y 3anycTeHHH 3eMeJlb. .lI.030pW.HKH
<l>HKcHpOBaJlH HaJlH4He 3a6pollIeHHoH H >KHJlOH naUJHH B 4eTBepTHx H .lI.0JlHX
COXH. Ho He HCKJlI04eHO, 4TO 3TO ew.e He HBJlHJlOCb 3aKOHHblM OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JIH
OCB060>K.lI.eHHH OT ynJlaTbi nO.ll.aTeH C nepe.nora. .lI.030p JlHllIb npe.llOCTaBJIHJI
MaTepHaJl .lI.JlH o<l>opMJleHHH Ha ero OCHOBe JlbrOTHbiX rpaMOT. I1Ha4e TPY.lI.HO
nOHHTb caM <l>aKT BbI.lI.a4H JlbrOTHbiX rpaMOT, eCJIH «nYCTOTa» H3b1MaJlaCb H3
Kpyra 3eMeJlb, nO.ll.Jle>KalllHX 06J10>KeHHIO THrJlOM. 3.l1.eCb Mbi nO.ll.XO.ll.HM K npo-
6J1eMe «>KHJlOro:. H «nYCToro:. B COllIHOM nHCbMe.
.lI.JlH Bcex HCCJle.ll.OBaTeJleH He nO.ll.Jle>KHT COMHeHHIO, 4TO, Bo-nepBblX,
3anYCTeBllIaH nallIHH KJIaJlaCb BCer.ll.a B COXH OT.lI.e.nbHO OT «)I(HJlOH:', H BO-BTOPblX,
4TO C «nYCTOTbI:' HHKOr.ll.a He B3HMaJlOCb THrJlO. HaH60J1ee 4eTKO .lI.aHHoe nOJlo-
>KeHHe c<I>OPMYJlHpOBaHO Bece.nOBCKHM: «)I(HByw.ee 3TO TO, 4TO .lI.OJI>KHO nJlaTHTb
HaJlOrH, a BCH OCTaJlbHaH 4aCTb CJlY>KHJlOrO BJla.ll.eHHH, BOT4HHbI HJlH THrJlOrO
Y4aCTKa, 3a Bbl4eTOM >KHByw.ero, eCTb nYCToe. nYCToe THrJla He HeceT, a )l(HByw.ee
4HCJlHTCH >KHBYW.HM TOJlbKO.ll.O Tex nop, nOKa 06H3aHO HeCTH THrJlO. BblCKa3aHHoe
KeM-TO B JlHTepaType npe.ll.nOJlO)l(eHHe, 4TO nYCToe COllIHoe nHCbMO HeCJIO, 6b1Tb
MO>KeT, HeKOTopble HaJlOrH, HCT04HHKaMH COBepllIeHHO He nO.ll.TBep>K.lI.aeTCH.
ECJlH 6b1 OHO HeCJIO HX, TO no npHKa3HOH TepMHHOJlOrHH nepeCTaJlO 6b1 6b1Tb
n,YCTblM H CTaJlO 6b1 >KHBYW.HM:' 86. O.ll.HaKO B COTHbiX rpaMOTax 60-x ro.n.OB eCTb
ynoMHHaHHH 0 nYCTOllIax, nepeJlore, nOJlO>KeHHblX B «>KHByw.He:. COXH. npH nepe-
nHCH 1561/62 r. KOCTpoMcKoro y. B HMeHHHX pH.lI.a MOHacTblpeH BblHBJleH
nepeJIor H .lI.a>Ke «nepe.nor, JleCOM nopocllIHH:'. 31'0 He nOMeUJaJlO nHcu,aM
BKJlI04aTb nYCTOllIH B 06111ee 4HCJlO cox, C KOTOpblX MOHaCTblpH 06H3aHbI 6b1J1H
nJlaTHTb THrJlO. Ew.e 60Jlee HarJlH.lI.HO 3TO BH.lI.HO no COTHOH 1569 r. Ha BJIa.ll.eHHH
l1ocH<I>o-BoJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH B PY3CKOM y. B J]OKHblUJCKOM cTaHY
6b1J1o «nallIHH XY.lI.ble 860 4eTHH .lI.a nepe.nory 470 4eTHH, H 060ero 1330 4eTHH.
A COUJHble nallIHH I 1/ 2 1/8 1/ 32 :, 87, T. e. «nYCTOTa:. COCTaBJIHJla 1/3 3eMe.nb H TeM
He MeHee 6b1J1a nOJlO>KeHa B COXH H 06J1ara.n3Cb THrJlOM. CTaJlO 6b1Tb, B 60-x rO.ll.ax
nepeJlor, eCJlH TOJlbKO Ha Hero He o<l>opMJlHJlaCb JlbrOTa, BXO.ll.HJI B «>KHByw.He:.
COXH H C Hero B3HMaJlHCb HaJlOrH. .lI.aHHoe YCTaHOBJleHHe CblrpaJlO POKOBYIO pOJlb
B rO.ll.bI Ha4aBllIerOCH 3KOHOMHtleCKOrO KpH3Hca, TaK KaK npaBHTeJlbCTBO .lI.aJleKO
He cpa3Y pellIHJlOCb OTMeHHTb ero, H Te MeCTHOCTH, KOTopble H paHee HaXO.ll.HJlHCb
B 4pe3Bbl4aHHO HanpH>KeHHOM HaJloroBoM pe>KHMe H3-3a ynJlaTbi THrJlC1 3a
nYCTOTY, 6b1J1H 6YKBaJlbHO pa30peHbI B nepBble )l(e rO.ll.bI pa3pYXH.
B Te4eHHe XV-nepBOH ROJIOBHHbI XVI B. CJlO>KHJlaCb npaKTHKa: B CJlY4ae
60JlbllIOrO 3anycTeHHH CeJleHHH, BapHHu, H T. n. npaBHTe.nbCTBO .lI.aBaJlO JlbroTY,
4aw.e Bcero co CpOKOM Ha 5 JleT. B 1522 r. CHMOHOB MOHacTblpb nOJlY4HJI
28

>KaJlOBaHHYIO JlbrOTHYIO rpaMOTY Ha ceJla C .lI.epeBHHMH B MOCKOBCKOM y.,
KOTOpble «TaTapOBe BbI>KrJlH H BbiBOeBaJlH H KpeCTbHH 8 nOJlOH BblBeJlH:'.
nO.ll.OOHble aKTbI COXpaHHJlHCb B <l>OH.lI.aX MHorHX MOHaCTblpeH 88. B HallaJle
70-x rO.ll.OB uapCKHH CHHKJIHT, He OC03HaB MaCUITaOOB pa30peHHH, nblTaJlCH
HaHTH BblXO.ll. B npHBbllIHOM npe.ll.OCTaBJleHHH «JlbrOTHbiX JleT:'. nbrOTa npe.ll.OCTaB-
JlHJlaCb He TOJlbKO Ha 3anepeJlO>KeHHble MaCCHBbI, HO H Ha UeJlHHY. B 1571/72 r.
B BeHeBcKoM H EnH<I>aHcKoM yy., He TPOHYTblX ellle 3nH.lI.eMHeH IIYMbi H OCTaB-
UIHXCH B CTopOHe OT rHOeJIbHOrO nYTH LleBJIeT- rHpeH, UIJlO HcnOMellleHHe
.lI.BOpHH. B ClleT OKJIa.ll.a, nOMHMO naUIHH, npe.ll.CTaBJIHJlaCb TaK>Ke UeJlHHa.
B COUIHoe nHCbMO OHa He KJlaJlaCb: Ha ee oCBoeHHe onHTb-TaKH npe.ll.OCTaBJlHJlOCb
HeCKOJlbKO JlbrOTHbiX JleT, no npOUIeCTBHH KOTOpblX, no 3aMblCJIY npaBHTeJlbCTBa,
OHa nepeXO.ll.HJla B pa3pH.lI. OKJla.ll.HblX 3eMeJlb. Ho B YCJlOBHHX OblCTpO nporpec-
CHpYlOlllero KpH3Hca JlbrOTHbie rO.ll.b1 npeBpaTHJlHCb B nYCTYIO <l>opMaJlbHOCTb,
TaK KaK «Ha3BaTb KpeCTbHH:' H3 00e3JIIO.lI.eBUIHX ye3.l1.0B OblJlO HeB03MO>KHO.
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OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JlH o<l>HUHaJlbHOrO npH3HaHHH CJlO>KHBUIeHCH KOH'bIOHKTypbl.
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IOTCH coxaMH pa3.l1.eJlbHo. .lI.JlH 3aceHHHoH 3eMJlH nHCUbi BBO.ll.HT HOBoe nOHHTHe
«naUIHH naxaHHaH:..
Bo BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe 70-x rO.ll.OB, rJlaBHblM 06pa30M B 1576-1578 rr.,
npOBO.ll.HTCH HOBbie onHcaHHH no pH.lI.Y ye3.l1.0B. I1x nepelleHb HaBO.ll.HT a
MblCJlb, liTO nHCUbi OblJlH nOCJlaHbI, BepOHTHO, B HaHOOJlee pa30peHHble paHOHbI.
BMeCTe C TeM B O.ll.HHX ye3.l1.aX COCTaBJIHJlHCb «KHHrH nHCbMa H Mepbl:', B .lI.PY-
rHX - «KHHrH nHCbMa H .lI.030py:'. K nepBOH rpynne npH Ha>K.lI.Jle>K aT: BOJIOUK,
KOJlOMHa, KOCTpOMa, POCJIaBJlb, CY3.l1.aJlb. Ko BTOpOH - Oe>KeUKHH Bepx,
6eJl03epCK, BJla.ll.HMHp, HH>KHHH HOBrOpO.ll.. 4eM OO'bHCHHTb nO.ll.OOHOe pa3JIHIIHe,
nOKa HeH3BeCTHO. B HeKoTopblX CJlYllaHx, KOr.ll.a nepe.ll. HaMH n03.l1.HeHUIHe
cnHcKH, B03HHKUIHe B XVI I B., MO>KHO npe.ll.nOJlO>KHTb HHTepnOJlHUHIO CO CTOpOHbI
npHKa3HblX IIHHOB, KOTOpblM no npOUIeCTBHH HeCKOJlbKHX .lI.eCHTHJleTHH H B CBH3H
C H3MeHeHHHMH, npOHCUIe.ll.UIHMH B CHCTeMe COUIHoro nHCbMa, OblJlO 6e3pa3JIHIIHO,
KaK 0003HallHTb nHCUOBYIO KHHry XVI B. Ho Bee CBO.ll.HTb K 6e3pa3JIHIIHIO
nO.ll.bHIIHX XVII B. HeB03MO>KHO, XOTH Obi nOTOMY, liTO COXpaHHJlHCb JJ.OKYMeHTbI
H XVI B.
B pH.lI.e ye3.l1.0B onHcaHHe 3eMeJlb COnpOBO>K.lI.aJlOCb «OT.lI.eJlOM:', HcnOMellleHHeM
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KocTpoMe, Ka3aHH, MOCKBe. HeJlb3H ynYCKaTb H3 BH.lI.Y H TOT <l>aKT, liTO 1575-
1584 rr. HanOJlHeHbI pH.lI.OM .lI.paMaTHllecKHx COObiTHH: oTpelleHHe OT npeCTOJla
I1BaHa IV H 00pa30BaHHH ero «Y.lI.eJla:., nepe.ll.alla CHMeoHY 6eKoYJlaTOBHIIY
TBepcKoro Y.lI.eJla, CYllleCTBOBaHHe B TelleHHe 1577-1584 rr. lI.eJleHHH cTpaHbI
Ha .lI.BOp H 3eMlllHHY. oeccnopHO, liTO B pH.lI.e CJlYllaeB TaKOH «nepeoop:. 3eMeJlb
COnpOBO>K.lI.aJlCH nHCUOBblMH COUIHblMH paOOTaMH. KaJlallOBbiM ony6J1HKOBaHO
onHcaHHe 1580 r. TBepcKoH BOTIIHHbI CHMeoHa 6eKoYJlaTOBHlla.
B 80-x rO.ll.ax HallHHaeTCH HOBaH reHepaJlbHaH nepenHcb cTpaHbI. B. 11. Ko-
peUKHH B npHJlO>KeHHH K cBoeH KHHre npHBeJI nepelleHb coopaHHblx HM CBe.ll.eHHH
00 onHcaHHHX 80-90-x rO.ll.OB. o e.ll.HHCTBeHHblH nO.ll.OOHOrO pO.ll. cnHCOK
B COBeTCKOH HCTopHorpa<l>HH, KOTOpblH OXBaTbiBaeT nHCUOBbie MaTepHaJlbl Ha
TeppHTopHH BceH cTpaHbI. KopeUKHH, KaK OH nHUIeT, He CTaBHJI nepe.ll. COOOH
3a.ll.allH paccMoTpeHHH Bonpoca 0 COCTaBJleHHH nHCUOBbiX KHHr 80-90-x rO.ll.OB
80 BceM OO'beMe. Ho COCTaBJleHHblH HM nepelleHb yoe.ll.HTeJlbHO nOATBep.ll.HJI
29

BepCHIO 0 npOBe.ll.eHHH OOlUeH nepenHCH He B 1592/93 r., KaK 3TO CIIHTaJlH
C. <1>. nJlaTOHOB H D. ,Q. fpeKoB, a B 80-x rO.ll.ax. KopeLlKHH nOJlaraJl, lITO nepenHCb
HalIaJlaCb B 1581-1585 rr. C onHcaHHH HaHOOJlee nOCTpa.ll.aBlIIHX OT KpH3Hca
HOBrOpO.ll.CKHX nHTHH 89. B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH MO>KHO yrBep>K.lI.aTb, lITO nHTaH
BaJlOBaH nepenHCb HalIaJlaCb He B 1581 r., a C 1584/85 r. nocJle cMepTH HBaHa
fp03Horo ero npeeMHHK <l>e.ll.Op, BCTynHBlIIHH Ha npeCTOJl B nepHO.ll. KYJlbMHHaLlHH
3KOHOMHIIeCKoro KpH3Hca, .lI.0Jl>KeH ObIJI HalIaTb C peBH3HH X03HHCTBeHHoro
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BeJlHCb paOOTbI no onHcaHHIO B 51pocJlaBJle, KalIlHHe, TBepH, KOTopbIe BXO.ll.HJlH
B COCTaB .lI.BOpOBOH TeppHTopHH fp03Horo. B 1580 r. ,n030PlUHKH nOObIBaJlH
H B POMaHoBe.
feHepaJlbHaH nepenHcb npHXO.ll.HTCH B OCHOBHOM Ha 1585-1587 rr. f JlaBHOH
IIepTOH 3Toro onHcaHHH CTaHOBHTCH HeOObIlIaHHaH TOIIHOCTb nO.ll.ClIeTa KOJlH-
IIeCTBa 3eMJlH. npHMeHHBlIIHHCH paHee MeTO.ll. onHcaHHH nalIlHH .lI.0JlSlMH COXH
(.lI.a}l{e npH HX CJlO>KeHHH HJlH BbIIIHTaHHH) .lI.aBaJl qHCJlO, J1HWb OTHOCHTeJlbHO
cooTBeTcTBYlOlUee KOJlHlIecTBY IIeTBepTeH. Bcer,na OCTaBaJlCH «3a30p», .lI.0CTHraB-
lIIHH nopoH ,neCHTKa IIeTBepTeH B TY HJlH HHYIO CTOPOHY. Tenepb Ka>K,naH IIeTBepTb
oblJla Ha YlIeTe H He .lI.0Jl>KHa ObIJla «YCKOJlb3aTb» OT cpHHaHCOBoro npecca.
n03TOMY, HalIHHaH C 80-x ro,nOB, npH paclIeTe COlIlHoro oKJIa,na nHCLlbI npOHBJlHIOT
He3aypH.lI.HbIe MaTeMaTHlIeCKHe cnOCOOHOCTH J1.JIH ,nOCTH>KeHHH BbICOKOH CTeneHH
TOIIHOCTH: «A COlIlHoro nHCbMa B >KHBYlUeM nOJlnOJlnOJlTpeTH H nOJlnOJlnOJllIeTH
COXH. H nepelIlJlo 3a COlIlHbIM nHCbMOM nalIlHH 2 IIeTH oe3 TpeTHHKa» 90, T. e.
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33 COlIlHbIM nHCbMOM IIeTBepTH, OCMHHbI. Ho Ha OCHOBaHHH 3Toro CqHTaTb, lITO
B POCCHH XVI B. cYlUecTBOBaJlO n03eMeJIbHoe OOJlO>KeHHe, BpH,n J1H B03MO>KHO,
TaK KaK e.ll.HHHLleH OOJlO>KeHHH CJlY>KHT He CTOJlbKO 3eMJlH, CKOJlbKO YCJlOBHaH
e.ll.HHHLla - coxa, B KOTOpOH 3eMJlH HCIIHCJlHeTCH B Tpex nOJlHX. CKopee, MO>KHO
rOBopHTb 00 YCJlOBHO-n03eMeJlbHOM OOJlO>KeHHH.
npH onHcaHHH 80-x rO.ll.OB nHCLlaM, BH,nHMO, ObIJI .lI.aH HaKa3 OXBaTHTb
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HHe Y.lI.eJlHeTCH Hae3>KeH nalIlHe. LITOObI noolUpHTb pacnalIlKY nepeJlora H
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apeH.lI.HaH KpecTbHHcKaH nalIlHH onHCbIBaJlaCb «nycTbIMH» coxaMH H OOJlO>KeHHIO
He no,nJle>KaJla. B JlHTepaType npHHHTO CIIHTaTb, qTO B 90-x rO.ll.ax OOeJlHeTCH
oapcKaH 3analIlKa nOMelUHKOB, HcnpaBHo HecYlUHx rocy,napeBY CJlY>KOY 91.
BblBO.ll. C.lI.eJIaH Ha OCHOBaHHH HOBrOpO.ll.CKHX nHCLlOBbIX KHHr. PacnpOCTpaHH-
JlOCb JlH 3TO nOJlO>KeHHe Ha BCIO CTpaHY H C KaKoro BpeMeHH, HeH3BeCTHO.
no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, B OT.lI.eJIbHbIX CJlYlIaHX 3TOH J1brOTOH nOJlb30BaJlHCb
npe.ll.CTaBHTeJlH .lI.PyrHx CJlOeB cpeO.ll.aJlOB. B 1584/85 r. MOHaCTbIpCKaH nalIlHH
nOlIleXOHCKOH AH,npHaHOBOH nYCTbIHH ObIJla «B COlIlHoe nHCbMO He nOJlO>KeHa» 92.
TlUaTeJlbHO onHCbIBaJlHCb B coxax nYCTOlIlH, nepeJIor. B. H. CepreeBHII CIIHTaJl
onHcaHHe nYCTOlIleH H nO.ll.ClIeT HX B coxax «IIHCTbIM PYTHHepCTBOM», a nHCLla
THMocpeH .XJlOnOBa, onHCblBaBlIIero B 1584-1586 rr. MOCKOBCKHH y., Ha3bIBaJl
«BeJlHlIaHlIIHM PYTHHepoM». no ero MHeHHIO, «KJlaCTb B COlIlHoe nHCbMO nYCTOTY
93 H
He OblJlO Ha,nOOHOCTH», TaK KaK C nYCTOTbI HHKOr.ll.a He nJlaTHJlH . 0 npaBHTeJIb-
CTBO ,nOJl>KHO ObIJlO 3HaTb, KaKaH IIaCTb 3eMJlH H B KaKHX ye3.l1.aX ObIJla 3anepeJlO-
}l{eHa. nYCTYlOlUHe 3eMJlH pa3.l1.aBaJlHCb B nOMeCTbH H .lI.a>Ke npO.ll.aBaJlHCb
B BOTIIHHY.
30

npH npOBe.ll.eHHH nepenHCH BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI 80-x rO.ll.OB OnHTb-TaKH
B qaCTH ye3.l1.0B COCTaBJlHJlHCb «KHHrH nHCbMa H Mepbl:', B .lI.pyrHx pa60TaJlH
.lI.030pW.HKH H pe3YJlbTaTOM HX pa60TbI CTaJlH «KHHrH nHCbMa H .lI.030pa:..
K nepBOH rpynne OTHOCHTCH: BeJleB, BOJIXOB, rOpOXOBeLl, 3y6LlOB, KalllHH,
K03eJlbCK, MOCKBa, CTapHLla, CY3.l1.aJlb, TOp>KOK H HeKOTOpble .lI.pyrHe. DOJlb-
lIIHHCTBO nepellHCJleHHblX ye3.l1.0B paHee BXO.ll.HJlH B .lI.BOPOBYIO TeppHTOpHIO
HBaHa IV. 80 BTOpOH rpynne: BeJl03epcK, BOJlor.ll.a, .lI.BOpLloBbie BOJIOCTH
KalllHpbl, HH>KHHH HOBrOpO.ll. H .lI.p.
B 3aKJIlOlleHHe Ha.ll.O OTMeTHTb, liTO nepenHCb 90-x rO.ll.OB TaK>Ke CYllleCTBO-
BaJla, HO OHa HOCHJla He BaJlOBOH xapaKTep. OnHCblBaJlHCb BJla.ll.eHHH TpOHLle-
CeprHeBa MOHacTblpH H HeKOTopblX .lI.pyrHx KpynHblx .lI.YXOBHblX KopnopaLlHH.
H3BeCTHO, liTO nepenHCb IIIJla B nYTHBJle, BH3bMe, KOCTpOMe, OpJle, BOJlor.ll.e,
B HOBrOpO.ll.CKOM Kpae, PH3aHH H .lI.pyrHx paHOHax, B 60JlblllHHCTBe KOTOpblX
npe06J1a.ll.aJlo nOMeCTHoe 3eMJle.ll.eJlHe. Ha.ll.o OTMeTHTb KpaHHe Ba>KHYIO qepTY:
npH onHcaHHH 9O-x rO.ll.oB (HaIlHHaH r.ll.e-TO C caMoro KOHLla 80-x rO.ll.OB) Ha6JIIO-
.lI.aeTCH TeH.lI.eHLlHH BO BJla.ll.eJlblleCKHX X03HHCTBax onHCblBaTb BblTHMH He Bce
CeJleHHe, a Ka>K.lI.blH .lI.BOp. O<l>HLlHaJlbHO YTBep>K.lI.aeTCH KpyroBaH nopYKa:
nJlaTe>KH Yllle.ll.lllerO KpeCTbHHHHa .lI.OJl>KeH 6b1J1 BblnJlallHBaTb MHp. nepenHCb
90-x rO.ll.OB, .lI.eHCTBHTeJlbHO, npHKpenJlHJla KpecTbHHHHa K 3eMJle.
B 1640/41 r. 6b1J1 H3.l1.aH YKa3, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY .lI.JIH pellleHHH cnopHblx
3eMeJlbHblX .lI.eJl Me>K.lI.Y HOBrOpO.ll.Ll.aMH pellialOw.ee 3HalleHHe npH.lI.aBaOCb
KHHraM 80-x rO.ll.OB: «A no HMeHHOMY... MHxaHJla <l>e.ll.OpOBHqa YKa3Y ...
149 ro.ll.Y . . . CTa pblM KHHraM BepHTb He BeJleHO, a BeJleHO BepHTb H .lI.eJla .lI.eJl aTb
no HOBbiM KHHraM [70] 91 r. Bcex nHTHH:' 94.

r J1ABA
2
4»EOAAJlbHASI PEHTA H BblTHOE nHCbMO
COBeTCKHe MeJl.HeBHCTbI, OnHpaSiCb Ha MapKCHCTCKO-JleHHHCKYIO MeTOJl.OJlOrHIO,
nOCTaBHJlH H3yqeHHe np06J1eMbi 3KCnJlyaTaUHH KpeCTbSlH Ha HayqHYIO OCHOBY.
B 0606w.alOw.HX HCTOpHOrpa<pHqeCKHX 0630pax nOJl.BeJl.eHbI HTOrH CTeneHH
pa3pa60TaHHOCTH Ba}KHeHlllHX aCneKTOB peHTHbiX OTHOllleHHH '. B TO }Ke BpeMSI
HCTOpHOrpa<pbI Jl.PY}KHO OTMeqalOT He06b1qaHHYIO nOJleMHqHOCTb B CY}KJl.eHHSlX
no PSlJl.Y KapJl.HHaJlbHblX BonpOCOB, KOrJl.a Y4eHble BblCKa3b1BaIOT Jl.HaMeTpaJlbHO
npOTHBOnOJlO}KHble, HCKJllOqalOw.He Jl.Pyr Jl.Pyra MHeHHSI. Y}Ke B TeqeHHe HeCKOJlb-
KHX Jl.eCSlTHJleTHH HCTOpHKH Jl.HCKYTHPYIOT 0 XOJl.e 3BOJllOUHH 6apw.HHbI Ha
npOTSI>KeHHH XVI B. H ee YJl.eJlbHOM Bece CpeJl.H Jl.PyrHx THnOB peHTbI, 0 BpeMeHH
CTaHOBJIeHHSI 6apw.HHHoH CHCTeMbI, 0 COOTHOllleHHH nOJleBOH nalllHH H Jl.eCSITHH-
HOH, KOTOpylO nopoH TpaKTYIOT KaK OC06b1H BHJI. H3J1.0JlbW.HHbI. nOJl.BepraeTcSI
COMHeHHIO H caM <paKT cYW.ecTBoBaHHSI B nepBoH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. 6apcKoro
nOJlSl, OTJl.eJleHHOrO OT HaJl.eJlbHOH KpeCTbSlHCKOH 3eMJlH. HeT eJl.HHCTBa H B onpe-
Jl.eJleHHH XpOHOJlOrHqeCKOH noc.ne.lI.OBaTeJlbHOCTH pa3HblX <POpM peHTbI: 60JlblllHH-
CTBO HCCJleJl.OBaTeJleH CqHTaIOT, qTO 6apw.HHa CTaJla cyw.eCTBeHHOH COCTaBHOH
4aCTbIO CHCTeMbi 3KcnJlyaTaUHH JlHlllb BO BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B., 6YJl.yqH
B H3BeCTHOH Mepe 06YCJIOBJleHa pe3KHM B03paCTaHHeM KOJlH4eCTBa nOMew.HqbHX
X03S1HCTB, npH 3TOM pa60Ta Ha rOCnOJl.CKOM nOJle qaCTO xa paKTepH30BaJlaCb
KaK Haw60Jlee TSI}KeJlaSi KpeCTbSlHCKaSi nOBHHHOCTb no cpaBHeHHIO C Jl.pyrHMH.
HeKOTopble CTOpOHbI np06J1eMbi yrHeTeHHSI KpeCTbSlH Bo06w.e BblnaJlH H3
nOJlSl 3 peHHSI HCCJleJl.OBaTeJleH HJlH He nOJlyqHJlH Jl.OJl>KHOrO pa3BHTHSI: cBoe06pa-
3He <POpM 3KcnJlyaTaUHH pa3HblX COUHaJlbHblX KaTeropHH 3eMJleJl.eJlbueB;
xapaKTepHCTHKa OKJlaJl.HblX eJl.HHHU, pacnpOCTpaHeHHblX B ueHTpe; 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTH, 06YCJlOBJIHBaBlllHe pa3Mep n060pOB. TaKaSi cHTyaUHSI, CJlO}KHBlllaSiCSI
Ha OJl.HOM H3 MarHCTpaJlbHblX HanpaBJIeHHH HCTOpHqeCKOH HaYKH, 060SlCHSleTCSI
npe>KJl.e Bcero CKYJl.OCTblO HCTOqHHKOBeJl.qeCKOH 6a3b1, a TaK}Ke lllHpOKO npHMe-
HSieMbiM HJlJlIOCTpaTHBHblM MeTOJl.OM Jl.OKa3aTeJlbCTB. OJl.HaKO CJleJl.yeT nOJl.4epK-
HYTb, qTO Ha onpeJl.eJleHHOM nepHOJl.e pa3BHTHSI HCTOpHqeCKHX 3HaHHH nOJl.06HblH
noJl.xoJl. K HCTOqHHKaM He TOJIbKO OnpaBJl.aH, HO H 3aKOHOMepeH.
BblxoJl. B CBeT KOJlJleKTHBHoro TpYJl.a JleHHHrpaJl.CKHx Y4eHblX, nocBSlw.eHHoro
arpapHoH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3anaJl.HOrO perHoHa BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XV-XVI B.,
03HaMeHOBaJl HOBblH 3Tan B 06J1aCTH HCCJleJl.OBaHHSI peHTHbiX OTHOllleHHH.
B OCHOBY TpeXTOMHoro H3J1.aHHSI nOJlO}KeH MeTOJl. CnJlOlllHOH cTaTHCTHqeCKOH
06pa60TKH Bcex coxpaHHBlllHXCSI nHCUOBbiX KHHr, C OJl.HOBpeMeHHblM HCnOJlb30-
BaHHeM HeKOTopblX Jl.pyrHx BHJl.OB Jl.OKYMeHTOB. nOMHMO TpaJl.HUHOHHO-HCTOPH-
qeCKHX MeTOJl.OB, aBTopbl lllHpOKO npHMeHHJlH MOJl.eJlHpOBaHHe, KOppeJlSlUHIO.
Bce 3TO n03BOJlHJlO nOJlyqHTb pSlJl. KpaHHe Ba}KHblX napaMeTpOB Jl.JlSI xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH arpapHOH HCTOpHH <peOJl.aJlH3Ma. 60JlblllOe BHHMaHHe YJl.eJleHO aHaJlH3Y
<POpM 3KcnJlyaTaUHH KpeCTbSlH. B 3aKJIlOqHTeJlbHblX rJlaBaX A. n. lllanHpo,
nOJl.BOJl.SI HTorH 06CJleJl.OBaHHIO HOBrOpOJl.CKHX nSiTHH, npHllleJl K BblBOJl.Y, qTO
BeJlHqHHa rOCnOJl.CKOH 3analllKH B HaqaJle XVI B. HeBeJlHKa (14-17 %),
32

K Cepe.ll.HHe CTOJleTHH OHa YBeJIHQHBaeTCH KaK B a6COJlIOTHblX, TaK H OTHOCHTeJIb-
HbiX pa3Mepax, B 70-80-x rO.ll.ax BHOBb CHH}I(ae-rCH. B KHHre CneLlHaJlbHO
DroBapHBaeTcH, qTO H3-3a cneLlH<I>HKH Ka.ll.aCTpOBbiX onHcaHHH HeJIb3H BblHBHTb,
){OJlonbi HJlH KpecTbHHe 06pa6aTblBaJlH 6apcKYIO nalllHIO, TeM He MeHee .lI.aJlee
HeCKOJlbKO HeO}l(H.lI.aHHO CJle.ll.yeT Te3HC 06 06peMeHHTeJlbHOCTH 6aplllHHbI
lI.JlH nOMelllHqbHX KpecTbHH. POCT rOCnO.ll.CKOH 3analllKH B 40-50-x rO.ll.ax
yqeHblH OO'bHCHHeT .lI.BYMH npHqHHaMH: YBeJlHqeHHeM qHCJla nOMeCTHH H nOMelllH-
KOB, 3 TaK}I(e CTpeMJleHHeM <l>eO.ll.aJlOB B03MeCTHTb COKpallleHHe nocTynJleHHH OT
D6pOKa. KOJIe6aHHH B BeJIHqHHe H CTpYKType HaTypaJlbHO-.lI.eHe}l(HOH peHTbI
(UKIa-aHbI C u.eHaMH us x.JIe6 "PH HX. cT.a6HJl6Hocm. nOMeWMK Bb1HY.>K,lJ.eH 6b1J1
.....
COrJl'3CHTbCH Ha YMeHbUleHHe H3ryP3;11bHblX nnaTe>KeH, YBMHlIHB8S1 .lI.eHe>KHYIO
1I.0JlIO. B 1550- x rO.ll.ax XJle6Hble LleHbI 3HaqHTeJlbHO nO.ll.HHJlHCb, H npH T3KHX
D6cTOHTeJlbCTBaX HaTypaJlbHaH qaCTb 06poKa pocJla 6b1CTpee .lI.eHe}l(HoH.
B KHHre C<I>OPMYJlHpOBaH Te3HC 0 npOH3BOJlbHOM 06J10}l(eHHH 3eMJle.ll.eJIbLleB
eO.ll.aJl3MH 2. .
<l>YH.lI.3MeHT3J1bHblH TPY.lI. JleHHHrpa.ll.CKHX yqeHblX 6b1J1 no .lI.OCTOHHCTBY
BbiCOKO OLleHeH B neq3TH. BMeCTe C TeM peLleH3eHTbI OTMeTHJlH HeKOTopble
cepbe3Hble HCTOqHHKOBe.ll.qeCKO-MeTO.ll.HqeCKHe norpelllHOCTH, KOTopble nOCTaBHJlH
no.ll. COMHeHHe OT .lI.eJIbHble KOHKpeTHO-HCTOpHqeCKHe BblBO.ll.bI: HanpHMep, no
Kpyry BonpOCOB, CBH3aHHblX C OKJIa.ll.HOH e.ll.HHHLleH, yp0}l(aHHOCTblO, yqeTOM
nepeJlora 3. 3HaqHTeJIbHO 060raTHB HCTOpHqeCKYIO HaYKY, TpeXTOMHHK no
arpapHOH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.ll.a He CMor, O.ll.HaKO, CYllleCTBeHHO nOBJIHHTb
Ha nOJleMHKY no nOBO.ll.Y Ba}l(HeHlllHX np06J1eM peHTHbiX oTHoUleHHH XVI B.
O.ll.HOH H3 npHqHH 3Toro HBHJlOCb cBoe06pa3He perHOHa: 3aHHMaH oKpaHHHoe
nOJlO}l(eHHe, HOBrOpO.ll.CKO- nCKOBCKHH KpaH cpaBHHTeJlbHO n03.l1.HO BOllleJl B co-
CT3B PyccKoro LleHTpaJlH30BaHHoro rOCY.ll.apCTB3 H 6eccnopHo COXpaHHJI CJle.ll.bI
npe}l(HHX 06b1qaeB, Tpa.ll.HLlHH, B TOH HJlH HHOH CTeneHH OKa3aBUlHX BJlHHHHe
Ha pa3Mep, <l>OPMY peHTbI. LlaHHoe 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO .lI.JlH KOHLla XV -HaqaJla XVI B.
orOBopeHO aBTopaMH KHHrH 4. KpoMe Toro, perHOH C pe3KHM npe06J1a.ll.aHHeM
nOMeCTHoro 3eMJleBJl3.l1.eHHH (BOTqHHbI npaKTHqeCKH OTCYTCTBOBaJlH) nO.ll.BeprCH
BO BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. pa3pYlllHTeJIbHOMY onycTollleHHIO, 3anycTeHHIO KaK
B pe3YJlbTaTe OnpHqHHHbI, JIHBOHCKOH BOHHbI, TaK H pH.lI.a .lI.PyrHx npHqHH.
B pa60Tax COBeTCKHX HCTOpHKOB, nOCBHllleHHblX H3yqeHHIO HHTeHCHBHOCTH
3KcnJlY3TaLlHH BJla.ll.eJlbqeCKHX KpeCTbHH XVI B., nOqTH COBceM He <l>HrypHpYIOT
T3KHe C.lI.ep}l(HBalOlllHe <l>aKTopbl BJlHHHHH Ha CHCTeMY yrHeTeHHH, KaK KpeCTbHH-
CK3H 06111HHa H 06b1qHOe npaBO. n03TOMY CTOJlb Ba}l(HOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT
CT3TbH JI. B. MHJlOBa, KOTOpblH BblllleJl 3a paMKH Tpa.ll.HLlHOHHblX <l>OpM nOJleMHKH
H nOnbIT3J1CH nOKa33Tb n03T3nHblH npOLlecc pa3BHTHH KpenOCTHHqeCTB3 B 60pb6e
C 3eMJle.ll.eJlbqeCKOH 06111HHOH MapKOBoro THna 5.
no LleHTpaJlbHblM ye3.l1.aM POCCHH, no CYllleCTBY, HeT MaCCOBbiX HCTOqHHKOB,
p3CKpblBalOlllHX <l>OPMY H CTeneHb yrHeTeHHH KpeCTbHH. Pa3p03HeHHble, qallle
Bcero HenOJlHble CBe.ll.eHHH COXpaHHJlHCb B YCTaBHblX rpaMOTax H HeKOTopblX
.lI.pyrHx aKTax, B MOHaCTblpCKHX X03HHCTBeHHblX KHHrax, pe}l(e B nHCLlOBbiX
M3TepHaJlax. npH 3TOM B .lI.OKYMeHTax 06b1qHO OTCYTCTBYIOT .lI.aHHble 0 KOJlHqeCTBe
3eMJle.ll.eJlbqeCKHX .lI.BOpOB, n03TOMY CTaTHCTHqeCKHe BblKJla.ll.KH 0 BeJIHqHHe
nOBHHHOCTeH B p3CqeTe Ha KpeCTbHHCKHH .lI.BOp npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO}l(Hbi.
Ho eCTb HHOH nYTb H3yqeHHH 3BOJllOLlHH 3KCnJlyaTaLlHH 3eMJle.ll.eJlbLleB Ha
npOTH}I(eHHH XVI B., a HMeHHO aHaJlH3 HOpM peHTbI, YCT3HOBJleHHblX .lI.JlH
BJl3.l1.eJlbqeCKHX OKJla.ll.HblX e.ll.HHHLl. LlaHHblH no.ll.XO.ll. npe.ll.CTaBJlHeTCH TeM 60Jlee
3 3aK. 1454
33

3aKOHOMepHblM, qTO B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe CTOJleTHe 06J10>KeHHIO O<j>HllHaJlbHO
nO.l1.Jle>KaJlH He .lI.BOp H He KpeCTbHHCKoe X03HHCTBO, a YCJlOBHO-n03eMeJlbHaH Mepa:
o6*a 9 BblTb 9 COIllKa H T. n. (Peqb H.lI.eT 06 olCAaaHblX nOBHHHoCTHX.)
BJlHHHHe Ofibl'lHOrO npaBa
Ha c1JopMHpoBaHHe pa3MepoB BbiTH
.
H HOpM KpecTbHHcKHX nOBHHHOCTeH
OKJIa.ll.HOH e.ll.HHHlleH .l1.JIH BJla.ll.eJlbqeCKOH peHTbI B nO.ll.aBJlHI01ll.eM 60JlblllHHCTBe
ye3.l1.0B POCCHH XVI B. 6b1J1a BbiTb. O.ll.HaKO oc06eHHOCTH BbiTHoro 06J10>KeHHH,
pa3Mep BblTH, apeaJl ee pacnpocTpaHeHHH, a TaK>Ke HOpMbI 3KCnJlyaTallHH
KpeCTbHH C BblTH, no cY1ll.eCTBY, nOqTH COBepmeHHO He H3yqeHbI. npHqHHa
KpoeTCH He TOJlbKO B MaJlOqHCJleHHOCTH H JlOKaJlbHOCTH HCTOqHHKOB, HO H
B He06b1qaHHOM pa3Ho06pa3HH pa3MepOB BbiTH H nOBHHHOCTeH. C03.l1.aeTCH
BneqaTJleHHe KaKorO-TO KaJleH.lI.OCKOna cJlyqaHHblX BeJlHqHH, a6COJllOTHO He
B3aHMOCBH3aHHblX .lI.pyr C .lI.pyrOM. nO.ll.06HaH TOtlKa 3peHHH HeO.ll.HOKpaTHO
BblCKa3b1BaJlaCb B JlHTepaType. 11. ,Q. DeJlHeB nHCaJl, qTO rOCY.ll.apCTBO B OTHOllle-
HHH KpeCTbHH YCTaHOBHJlO TOJlbKO BpeMH BblXO.ll.a H pa3Mep nO>KHJlOrO, Bce >Ke
OCTaJlbHble nJlaTe>KH 6b1J1H OCTaBJleHbI Ha YCMOTpeHHe 3eMJleBJla.ll.eJlblla.
BeJIHqHHa BbiTH COH3MepHJlaCb He CTOJlbKO C KOJlHqeCTBOM 3eMJlH, CKOJlbKO
C CHJlOH 3eMJle.ll.eJlblla. 3TO MHeHHe 6b1J1o nOBTopeHo A. C. JIanno-,QaHHJleBCKHM,
CqHTaBIllHM, qTO BblTb «CJlHBaJla cy6'beKT H 06'beKT HaJlOra» H qTO TOJlbKO
B XVI I B. BblTb CTaJla HMeTb onpe.ll.eJleHHble pa3Mepbl, .lI.a H TO JlHlllb B .lI.BoPllOBbiX
ceJlax H QTqaCTH B qepHblX BOJlOCTHX. «BblTHoe nHCbMO CJlO>KHJlOCb CKopee
BBH.lI.Y qaCTHOX03HHCTBeHHblX, a COIllHoe - BBH.lI.Y rOCY.ll.apCTBeHHblX lleJleH».
EMY B03pa3HJI n. H. MHJlIOKOB, npHBe.ll.H HeCKOJlbKO npHMepoB HOpMHpOBaHHOH
BblTH, paBHOH B XVI B. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KaqeCTBa 3eMJlH 5-6-7 .lI.eCHTHHaM
HJlH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 10-12-14 qeTBepTHM 6. O.ll.HaKO nOCJ1e.ll.YI01ll.He HCTOpHKH
BHOBb nO.ll.qepKHBalOT XaOTHqHOCTb pa3MepOB BbiTH. TaK, B. 11. CepreeBHq,
npaBHJlbHO OTMeTHB, qTO Me>K.lI.Y KpeCTbHHCKHM Ha.ll.eJlOM H BbiTblO He 6b1J10
T0>K.lI.eCTBa, nHllleT, qTO pa3Mepbl nOCJle.ll.HeH KOJle6aJlHCb OT 6 .lI.O 1,5 .lI.ec.
.lI.06pOH 3eMJlH. 4epHble 3eMJlH, KaK. npaBHJlO, B BbiTH He KJlaJlHCb. B nOMeCTHbiX
3eMJlHX BbiTH BCTpeqalOTCH pe.ll.KO. no CY1ll.eCTBY, BblTb - CnellHaJlbHaH oKJIa.ll.-
HaH e.ll.HHHlla. 4TO >Ke KacaeTCH pa3MepOB KpeCTbHHCKHX nOBHHHOCTeH C BblTH,
TO OHH Onpe.ll.eJlHJlHCb KpeCTbHHCKHMH nOpH.lI.HblMH, OTClO.lI.a H CTOJIb 60JlblllHe
pa3J1HqHH B HX COCTaBe H BeJlHtlHHe. H. K. HHKOJIbCKHH CqHTaJl, qTO BbiTHoe
nHCbMO .lI.peBHee COIllHoro H nOCTeneHHO BbiTeCHHeTCH nOCJ1e.ll.HHM. OH npHBO.ll.HT
pH.lI. npHMepOB, KOr.ll.a Ta HJlH HHaH MeCTHOCTb He 3HaJla BbiTH KaK OKJIa.ll.HOH
e.ll.HHHllbl, H B TO >Ke BpeMH B O.ll.HOH H TOH >Ke BOTqHHe BblTb MOrJla 3aKJIlOqaTb
B ce6e OT 3 .lI.O 10 .lI.ec. 7
C. D. BeCeJlOBCKHH B CBoeM KanHTaJlbHOM TpY.ll.e BblCKa3aJl pH.lI. KpaHHe
Ba>KHblX KOHCTPYKTHBHblX COO6pa>KeHHH 0 MHpCKHX paCKJla.ll.ax Ha BblTb,
06 YCJlOBHOCTH BbiTHoro nHCbMa H T. n. OH BblcTynHJI C pe3KoH, nopOH He BnOJlHe
OnpaB.lI.aHHOH KpHTHKOH CBOHX npe.ll.llleCTBeHHHKOB. Oc060e HenpHHTHe y Bece-
JlOBCKOro nepBOHaqaJlbHO Bbl3BaJlO .lI.Ba nocTYJlaTa: 0 qaCTHOX03HHcTBeHHoM
npOHCXO>K.lI.eHHH BbiTH H 0 npoTHBonocTas.neHHH BbiTHOro nHCbMa COIllHOMY.
OCHoBHble MeTO.ll.HqeCKHe npOCqeTbi yqeHOrO, BnpOqeM, KaK H HeKoTopblX
BblIlleHa3BaHHblX HCTOpHKOB, 3aKJIlOqalOTCH B CJ1e.ll.YI01ll.eM: I. 113J10>KeHHe
CTpOHTCH Ha .lI.OKYMeHTax KaK XVI, TaK H XVII B. npH 3TOM .lI.aJleKO He BCer.ll.a
34

npOCJIe}KHBaIOTCH 3Tanbl 3BOnlOl.lHOHHOrO pa3BHTHH TOrO HnH HHOrO HBneHHH.
2. OrCYTCTBYIOT IJeTKO OIJepIJeHHble rpaHHl.lbl H onpe,nenHlOlUHe npH3HaKH npe,n-
MeTa cnopa, B pe3ynbTaTe IJero O,nHH Bonpoc no,nMeHHeTCH ,npyrHM. TaK, Te3HC
o B03HHKHOBeHHH BbiTH B ,nBOpl.lOBblX X03HHCTBax onpOBepraeTCH Ha TOM
OCHOBaHHH, IJTO OHa CYlUeCTBOBana TaK}Ke B IJepHblX BonOCTHX, B HMeHHHX
cnY>KHnblX nlO,neH, MOHaCTblpeH. Ho lllHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe BbiTH Ha
3eMnHX pa3HoH COl.lHanbHOH npHHa,nne}KHOCTH OTHIO,nb He HCKJllOlJaeT Toro
aKTa, IJTO OHa Morna nOHBHTbCH BHaIJane B KHH}KeCKHX BOTIJHHax. B KOHeIJHOM
HTore BecenOBCKHH npHHHMaeT TOIJKY 3peHHH 0 IJaCTHOnpaBOBOM H IJaCTHOX03HH-
CTBeHHOM npOHCXO}K,neHHH BbltH, npaB,na, KaK OH YTBep}K,naeT, C CYlUeCTBeHHblMH
orOBopKaMH. OH nHllleT, IJTO BblTb HB.nHJlaCb npe}K,ne Bcero paCKJla,nOIJHOH
H OKna,nHOH e,nHHHl.leH - MHeHHe, KOTopoe ,no Hero BblCKa3b1BanH HCTOpHKH
H HMeHHO B 3TOM CMblCJle no,nIJepKHBnH IJaCTHOX03HHCTBeHHoe 3HaIJeHHe
BblTH, TaK KaK C Hee c06HpanHCb rnaBHblM 06pa30M IJaCTHOBna,neJIblJeCKHe
n060pbl. KpHTHK)'H npOTHBOnOCTaBJIeHHe COlliHoro nHCbMa BblTHOMY, BecenOB-
CKHH ,neJ1an ynop Ha TO, IJTO B OCHOBe 060HX onHcaHHH ne}KHT IJeTBepTb H IJTO
npHeMbI nHCl.lOB H B TOM, H B ,npyroM cnYIJae o,nHHaKOBbi. Ho ero npe,nlllecTBeHHHKH
06palllanH BHHMaHHe Ha ,npyrHe KpaHHe Ba}KHble CTOpOHbI: COOTHOllleHHe
pa3Horo KaIJeCTBa 3eMnH B coxe paBHHnocb 4 : 5 : 6, a B BbiTH - 5 : 6 : 7 HnH >Ke
6 : 7 : 8; COlliHoe nHCbMO cnY}KHnO npe}K,ne Bcero ,nnH c60pa rocy,napcTBeHHoro
THrJla, BblTHoe nHCbMO - 06b1IJHO ,nnH Bna,nenbIJeCKHX n060pOB 8.
HeCKonbKO OC06HHKOM CTOHT pa60Ta H. A. PO}KKOBa, KOTOpblH OCHOBHOe
BHHMaHHe y,nenHn He BblTHOMY nHCbMY, a KpeCTbHHCKHM nOBHHHOCTHM. qTO Kaca-
eTCH BblTH, TO OH CIJHTan, IJTO OHa BnnOTb ,no cepe,nHHbI XVI B. npe,nCTaBnHna
C060H KpecTbHHcKHH Ha,nen, «KOTOpblH Mor 06pa60TaTb O,nHH pa60IJHH Ha
O,nHOH nOllla,nH, no,n06Ho HOBropo,ncKOH 06>Ke» 9.
B COBeTCKOH HCTopHorpa<l>HH np06neMbI BblTHoro nHCbMa nOIJTH He pa3pa6a-
TblBanHCb. E,nHHCTBeHHaH CTaTbH Ha 3TY TeMY HanHcaHa A. J1. llIanHpo H
nOCBHlUeHa nepexo,ny OT nOBbiTHOH K nOBeHeIJHOH CHCTeMe 06nO}KeHHH, H nHlllb
KOCBeHHO 3aTparHBaeT XVI B. no 3TOH npHIJHHe pH,n nocTynaToB, c<I>opMynHpo-
BaHHblX aBTopOM H, B03MO}KHO, npaBHnbHblX ,lI,JIH XVI I B., He npHeMneMbi ,nnH
npe,nllleCTBYlOlUero CToneTHH. TaK, lllanHpo, OTMeIJaH HeycToHIJHBOCTb pa3MepOB
BblTH, nHllleT, IJTO ,nnH c60pa rocy,napCTBeHHblX no,naTeH 6b1n C03,naH YHH<I>Hl.lHpO-
BaHHblH BbiTHblH YIJaCTOK, KOTOpblH Mbi BCTpeIJaeM B KHHrax COlliHoro nHCbMa
XVI B.: 6, 7, 8 ,neCHTHH 10. Tor,na KaK rocy,napcTBeHHble HanorH 06b1IJHO B3HMa-
nHCb C COXH, a BblTb, ,na}Ke YHH<I>Hl.lHpOBaHHaH, cnY}KHna B nepBYIO OIJepe,nb
.lJ.JIH Bna,nenbIJeCKHX n060poB. Bbl3b1BaeT COMHeHHe lllHpOKO TpaKTyeMoe nOHHTHe
«BnaenbIJeCKaH OKJIa,nHaH e,nHHHl.la» H HeCKonbKO npHMonHHeHHo c<I>opMynH-
pOBaHHblH Te3HC 0 TOM, IJTO 3eMneBna,neJIbl.lbl CTa panHCb npHBeCTH KOnHIJeCTBO
H KaIJeCTBO Ha,neJIbHOH 3eMnH KpeCTbHH B COOTBeTCTBHe C pa3MepaMH BblnOJlHHe-
MbiX HMH nOBHHHOCTeH H T. n. BMeCTe C TeM CTaTbH llIanHpo cblrpana 3HaIJHTenb-
HYIO ponb B HCTopHorpa<l>HH, H 06 ee aKTyanbHocTH CBH,neTenbCTByeT TOT
aKT, IJTO K HeH 06palUalOTCH BnnOTb ,no HaCTOHlUero BpeMeHH (cnYCTH IJeTBepTb
BeKa nOCJIe ny6nHKal.lHH).
nepBOHaIJanbHoe 3HaIJeHHe BblTH, KaK YKa3an elUe B. H. CepreeBHIJ,-
4aCTb, ,nOJlH II. nepBoe ynoMHHaHHe BbiTH OTHOCHTCH K 1434 r. B TeKCTe
.lJ.OKOHIJaHHH BeJlHKOrO KHH3H BaCHnHH II C ranHl.lKHMH KHH3bHMH ,llMHTpHeM
llIeMHKoH H ,llMHTpHeM KpacHbiM IOpbeBHIJaMH rOBopHTCH 0 c60pe ,neHer
«Bblxo,na» ,nnH Op,nbl: «A ranHl.lKHe MH BbiTH He B3HTH B BblXO,n Ha TPH ro,nbl».
3.
35

Cor naCHO ,llYXOBHOH rpaMOTe 1433. r. HX OTua IOpHSI ,LlMHTpHeBHlIa, B PYCCKHH
«BbIXO,ll» B 7000 p. ranHlI BHOCHn 525 p., H nOtITH CTonbKO }Ke 3 BeHHrOpO,ll,
npHHa,llne}Kaw.HH TaK}Ke ranHUKHM KHSl3bSlM. ,LlonycTHMo npe,llnOnO>KeHHe
o reHeTHlieCKOH CBSl3H TepMHHa CBbITb:.. C fanHUKHM KHSI}KeCTBOM. I1MeHHo
H3 Tex MeCT .llOWnH ,ll0 Hac TPH npaBbIe rpaMoTbI 60- x rO,llOB XV B., B TeKCTe
KOTOpbIX, OTpa}KaIOIlI.HX 06HXO.llHYIO pellb cnOplOIlI.HX CTOpOH, BCTpeliaeTCH
CJlOBO CBbITb:". K 3TOMY }Ke BpeMeHH OTHOCHTCSI H nbrOTHaH rpaMoTa 1459 r.
Bna,llHMHPCKHM KpecTbSlHaM: cA liTO ,llenanH ropO,lla Bna,llHMHpa, H OHH CBOIO
BbITb ,lleJIaIOT:" 12. 3T0 CBH,lleTeJIbCTByeT, liTO Y}Ke B HallaJIe BTOpOH nonOBHHbI XV B.
,llaHHbIH TepMHH nonYliaeT WHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B ueHTpanbHbIX 06naCTHX
PYCCKoro rOCY.llapCTBa. B 1476 r. cY3.llanbCKHH 3eMneBJIa,lleneu ,llan cBoeMY
6paTY CrpHropbeBcKoro CeJIa CBOIO BbITb, qeTBepTb». 3,llecb BbITb 03HaliaeT
lIeTBepTYIO qaCTb cena. B 1483 r. TBepcKoH KHSl3b B }KanOBaHHOH rpaMoTe
KanSl3HHcKOMY MOHacTbIplO npe,llOCTaBHn npaBo nOCTaBHTb MOHacTbIpcKYIO
CJl060,llY H 3BaTb B Hee nlO,lleH «H3 3a Py6e}KbSl H H3-3a 60Hp 3J].elllHHX, a He
C BbITH Moe BenHKoro KHH3H», T. e. He C ,llBOpUOBbIX KHSI}KeCKHX 3eMenb. TepMHH
«BbITb» KaK CHHOHHM cnOBa «lIaCTb» BCTpeliaeTCSI Ha npOTSI}KeHHH Bcero XVI
H XVII BB. TaK, B 3aBelll.aHHH 1546 r. E.nH3apHH Ta6aKoB rOBopHT 0 3aKnaJ].HoH
Ka6ane, o<l>opMneHHoH Ha lIeTbIpex 6paTbeB B BOCbMH Py6nHx. «11 HM CBOIO BbITb,
TPH Hac 3annaTHnH, a Ka6ana CH OCTana. . . B ,llBYX Py6nHx Ha 6paTa Halllero
OHJ].peH». OH }Ke nepe,llaeT B MOHaCTbIpb CCBOIO BOTlIHHY CBOIO BbITKY B TpeTH
cenua 4IOpHnOBa». Bo Bna,llHMHpCKOM y. npH onHcaHHH CU. ,Lly6eHKH Hcnonb3Y-
eTCH CJle,llYlOllI.ee cnOBOCOlieTaHHe: «a B HeM COWHoro nHCbMa OCMaH BbITb COXH»,
T. e. 1/8 COXH 12a. nO,ll06HbIX npHMepOB, r,lle BbITb 03Hallana lIaCTb, J].onlO, MO}KHO
npHBeCTH MHO}KeCTBO.
O,llHOBpeMeHHO BO BTOpOH nonOBHHe XV B. BbITblO B ueHTpanbHbIX ye3,llax
CTanH HMeHOBaTb YliaCTOK 3eMnH, ,llaHHbIH B Ha,llen KpeCTbHHHHY, KOTOpbIH
nnaTHn 3a 3TO nO,llaTH H HcnonHHn nOBHHHOCTH B nonb3Y <l>eO,llana. B CY,llHbIX
rpaMOTax 1460-x rO,llOB BbITblO Ha3bIBanCH Ha,llen, BKnlOlIaBlllHH B ce6H KaKoe-TO
KonHlIecTBO naWHH H ceHOKOCHbIX yrO,llHH H nepe,llaBaeMbIH B pH,lle CJlYliaeB no
HaCne,llCTBY 13. n03TOMY BCKope nOHHTHe «BbITHbIe nlO,llH» CTano CHHOHHMOM
«THr nbIX nlO,lleH», a no,ll BbITblO CTanH nOHHMaTb He TonbKO 3eMenbHbIH Ha,llen,
HO H OKna.ll.HYIO e,ll.HHHIJ.Y. B }KanOBaHHOH rpaMoTe 1475/76 r. yrnHlIcKHH KHH3b
pa3pelllHn nOKpOBCKOMY MOHacTbIplO npH3bIBaTb B CJl060,llKY nlO,lleH H3 ,llPyrHx
KHH}KeCTB HnH }Ke «H3 MoeH OTlIHHbI 6e3BbITHbIX nlO,lleH:". cA THrnbIX MOHX
nlO,lleH nHCbMeHHbIX H BbITHbIX B TY CJI060,llKY HM He npHHHMaTH». B 1493 r. ,llBYM
HOBOnOCeJIeHlJ.aM Ha nycTolllH B BonOrO,llCKOM y. 6bIna npe,llOcTaBJIeHa nbrOTa:
oCB060}K,lleHHe Ha 12 neT OT OCHOBHbIX nncrre}KeH H «BbITHoro p03Py6a».
Or caMoro KOHua XV B. ,llOlllnO nepBoe H3BeCTHe 0 pa3Mepe BbITH' paBHOH nSiTH
,lleCHTHHaM 14. HOpMHpOBaHHaH BbITb CTaHOBHTCH o<l>HUHanbHOH n03eMeJIbHOH
eJ].HHHueH BHaliane B ,llBOPUOBbIX BenHKOKHSI}KeCKHX X03HHCTBax, 3aTeM B Telle-
HHe XVI B. pacnpocTpaHHeTcH H Ha ,llPyrHe THnbI COUHanbHbIX Bna,lleHHH.
Ha BenHlIHHY, CTPYKTYPY BbITH H HOpMbI 3KcnnyaTaUHH C Hee HeCOMHeHHoe
B03,lleHcTBHe OKa3ano 06bIliHoe npaBo B TOM 3HalleHHH, 0 KOTOpOM nHllleT
B. A. AneKCaH,llpOB: CTaPHHHaH HenHcaHaH Tpa,llHUHH, oc06eHHO CHnbHO
npOHBnHBlllaHCH B ,llOKanHTanHCTHlieCKOM 06Il1.eCTBe. npaBOOTHOllleHHH, COCTaB-
nHBlllHe 06bIliHoe npaBO, MornH HMeTb THnonorHlIeCKH BeCbMa pa3Hoe H CnO}KHOe
npOHCXO}K,lleHHe - c06CTBeHHO YCTOHBlllHHCH 06bIlIaH, npeue,lleHT (6bITOBOH,
X03HHCTBeHHbIH H T. n.), TpaHc<I>opMHpoBaHHaH HopMa 3aKOHa H T. ,ll. A.neK-
36

CaH.lI.pOB nO.ll.lIepKHBaeT, liTO pOJlb 06b1l1aH CBOJJ.HJIaCb He TOJlbKO K pOJlH perYJlH-
Topa 3KOHOMH1IeCKHX H rpa>K.lI.aHCKHX OTHoweHHH: 06b1I1Hoe npaBO 6b1J1o onopOH
COLlHaJlbHblX rpynn eO.ll.aJIbHOrO 06ll1.eCTBa B 60pb6e 3a Y.lI.OBJleTBOpekHe
CBOHX >KH3HeHHblX HHTepeCOB 15. B JIHTepaType .lI.O HaCTOHllI.erO BpeMeHH He 6bIJlO
npe.ll.npHHHTO nonblTKH o60cHoBaTb CYlll.eCTBOBaHHe KaKOH-JlH60 06ll1.eH 3aKOHO-
MepHOCTH, 06YCJIOBJIHBalOllI.eH B pH.lI.e CJIYllaeB HOpMbI XOTH 6b1 HeKOTopblX
ceHbOpHaJlbHblX nOBHHHOCTeH. He CTaBHJICH Bonpoc H 0 TOM, BJlHHJlO JlH HenHca-
Hoe 06bIliHoe npaBO Ha BeJIHIIHHY peHTbI, a eCJIH .lI.a, TO B KaKOH opMe H Mepe.
TH>KeCTb 3KCnJlyaTaLlHH KpeCTbHH (6e3 YlieTa BHe3KOHOMH1IeCKOrO aKTopa)
3aBHcena KaK OT pa3MepOB OKna.ll.HOH e.ll.HHHUbi (06paTHO nponopLlHOHaJlbHaH
CBH3b), TaK H OT BeJIHIIHHbI B3HMaeMbiX C Hee n060pOB H HCnOJlHHeMbIX nOBHH-
HOCTeH (npHMO nponopLlHOHaJIbHaH CBH3b). 06e 3TH BeJlH4HHbI Ha npOTH}I{eHHH
XV-XVI BB. npeTepneJIH 3Ha1lHTeJIbHYlO 3BOJIIOUHIO. Hx pa3Mepbl B KaKOH-TO
Mepe 06YCJlOBJlHBaJlHCb CJIO>KHBWeHCH npaKTHKoH, .lI.eHcTBYlOlllHMH B .lI.aHHOH
MeCTHOCTH HopMaMH 06b1I1HOrO npaBa. TpY.ll.HO .lI.OnycTHTb, 4TO B YCJlOBHHX
cyw.ecTBoBaHHH nOTeHUHH cB060.ll.HOrO nepexo.ll.a KpeCTbH H Ka>K.lI.blH eo.ll.aJl
npOH3BOJlbHO YCTaHaBJIHBaJI BenHIIHHY n060poB.
B .lI.peBHepYCCKHX KHH>KeCTBaX, KaK H B .lI.PyrHx rocY.lI.apCTBax, WHpOKoe
pacnpocTpaHeHHe HMen ClieT Ha «nHTKH». nHTepHIiHaH CHCTeMa CIIHCJIeHHH 6b1J1a
nOJlO}l{eHa B OCHOBY «a6aKa» - Har JlH.lI.HO-MeXaHHlIeCKOrO npHcnoc06J1eHHH
.LlJIH BbInOJlHeHHH apHMeTHlieCKHX nO.ll.ClIeTOB H COCTOHllI.erO H3 pa3J1HHOBaHHOrO
cnOJlH» H nepe.ll.BHraeMbix no HeMY, COrJIaCHO OC06b1M npaBHJlaM, KOCTOlieK OT
CJIHB, BHweH HJIH KaMyweK. «nOJle» (.lI.OCKa, CTOJIeWHHLla, 3eMJlH H T. n.)
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OT.lI.eJIHJlH pa3pH.lI.bI IIHCeJI 16. H3BeCTHO, liTO IIHCJIa B .LI.peBHeH PYCH 3anHCbIBa-
JlHCb 6YKBaMH HJlH CJIOBaMH, n03TOMY nO.ll.ClIeTbi B opMe «cToJl6HKa», KaK 3TO
npaKTHKyeTcH CeHlIaC, 6b1JIH HeB03MO>KHbI. Ha nOMOlll.b npHXO.ll.HJI a6aK. npHlieM
COBceM He06H3aTeJIbHO 6b1JIO KnaCTb Ha Hero .lI.eCHTKH HJlH COTHH e.ll.HHHLl.
.llocTaTOIiHO 6b1JIO nOJIO>KHTb Ha COOTBeTCTBYlOllI.ee .lI.aHHblM pa3pH.lI.aM nOJle
O.ll.HY e.ll.HHHLlY (KOCTOIlKY, KaMyweK HJIH >Ke .lI.eHbrH). B CBOIO 0llepe.ll.b, nJlO.ll.OBbie
KOCTOIiKH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3Mepa MOrJIH 03Ha1laTb .lI.eHbrH (HJlH Bec) pa3Horo
.lI.OCTOHHCTBa. HanpHMep, BHWHeBaH KOCTOIiKa - aJlTbIH, CJIHBOBaH - rpHBHa
HJlH py6J1b. nHTb e.ll.HHHU COCTaBJIHJIH HeliTO LleJIOe, CJIe.ll.YlOlllHH pa3pH.lI., T. e.
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6b1TOBaHHe npH pa3JIH1IHblX paclieTax HOpMbI «Ha nHTb rnecToH». DJlarO.ll.apH
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CHCTeMa CIIHCJIeHHH, .lI.OJI>KeH 6b1JI nOJIYIlHTb WHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe C pOCTOM
lIaCTHonpaBoBbix onepaUHH H, 6e3 COMHeHHH, nOBJIHHJI Ha HeKoTopble npoH3-
BO.ll.Hble BeJIHIIHHbI, B lIaCTHOCTH Ha pa3Mep pH.lI.a nJIaTe>KeH. B TO }l{e BpeMH
BbIpa6aTbiBaJICH cBoe06pa3HblH CTepeOTHn BOcnpHHTHH, B pe3YJlbTaTe KOToporo
nOIiTH JII06ylO BeJIHIIHHY, JII060e ueJIoe MO>KHO 6b1JIO npe.ll.CTaBHTb COCTOHllI.eH
H3 nHTH lIaCTeH, liTO n03BOJIHJIO npOH3BO.ll.HTb Te HJIH HHbIe paClieTbI.
D.lI.HO H3 nepBblx ynoMHHaHHH 0 B3HMaHHH nHToH lIaCTH HaXO.ll.HTCH B npo-
CTpaHHOH pe.ll.aKUHH PyCCKOH npaB.lI.bI, MHorHe HOpMbI KOTOpOH JlerJIH B OCHOBY
06bIliHOrO npaBa nOCJle.ll.YlOllI.HX BeKOB. B YCTaBe MOHoMaxa HOpMaJlbHblM
pa3MepoM pOCTOBllI.HlIeCKOrO npoueHTa CIIHTaJIOCb CJIe.ll.YlOllI.ee COOTHoweHHe:
«no 10 KYH OT JleTa Ha rpHBHY» (CT. 53). COrJIaCHO paClieTaM Jl. B. 4epenHHHa,
37

1 rpHBHa B npOcTpaHHoH npaB.lI.e COOTBeTCTBOBaJIa 50 KYHaM 17, T. e. 06b1I1HblH
«pOCT» no «Y CTaBY» paBHHJICH 20 %. B TaKOM >Ke COOTHOllleHHH B3b1CKHBaJIHCb
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8 rpHBHaM, a npH lllTpa<l>e B 80 rpHBeH - 16 rpHBHaM (CT. 9, 10). HH3111HH
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co lllTpa<l>a B 12 rpHBeH eMY lllJIO 2 rpHBHbl 20 KYH (CT. 74). CJIe.ll.yeT OTMeTHTb,
liTO B KpaTKOH npaB.lI.e BeJIHIIHHa nOlllJIHHbI, B3HMaeMaH BHpHHKOM, 6b1JIa
HHaH. nHTepHIIHaH CHCTeMa OKa3aJIa BJIHHHHe H Ha BeJIHIIHHY HeKOTopblX
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B 5 rpHBeH. Pa6a B Te BpeMeHa LleHHJIaCb Bblllle. Ee .lI.eHe>KHblH 3KBHBaJIeHT
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LleHa pa6bl paBHHJIaCb 6 rpHBHaM ( CT. 16, 112, 113). CTaJIO 6b1Tb, He n03.l1.Hee
XI I B. CKJla.ll.blBaeTCH Tpa.ll.HLlHH, 06b1l1aH - npH Kpe.ll.HTHbiX onepaLlHHx, HeKO-
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OCHOBHOH CYMMbI.
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HJIH «A He nOXOlllO Y Hero pa60TaTb .lI.O CPOKY, a MHe eMY .lI.eHbrH ero .lI.aTb Bce
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HOCTb nHTH JIerKO .lI.OCTHraJIaCb nYTeM nepeBO.ll.a Py6JIeH (I, 2, 3, 4, 8 p.)
B'rpHBHbI (B I p. - 10 rpHBeH). TaKoe >Ke COOTHOllleHHe, npaB.lI.a, 3HallHTeJIbHO
n03>Ke, BCTpellaeTcH H npH 3aHMe xJIe6a B ceBepHblx paHoHax. B 1568 r. KpecTbH-
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CCY.lI. bI nOJIaraJIOCb .lI.aBaTb «Hacn H3 paClleTa «Ha nHTb llleCTOH» 18.
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OKa3aTb KaKoe-TO BJIHHHHe Ha <l>opMHpoBaHHe HeKOTopblX HOpM KpeCTbHHCKHX
nJIaTe>KeH, nOBHHHOCTeH B CeBepo-BoCTOIIHOH PYCH XV B. B rpaMOTe BeJIHKOrO
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K Py6e>KY XIV-XV BB., YCTaHaBJIHBaJIaCb IOpHC.lI.HKLlHH MHTpOnOJIHllbHX
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.lI.eHb» 19. 113 TeKCTa HeHCHO, 0 KaKOM llleCTOM .lI.He H.lI.eT pellb. Ho B KalleCTBe
pa60lleH rHnOTe3b1 (O.ll.HOH Cpe.ll.H B03MO>KHblX .lI.PyrHX) He HCKJllOlleHO, liTO
HMeJICH B BH.lI.Y O.ll.H H .lI.eHb B He.ll.eJIIO, T. e. O.ll.H H H3 llleCTH pa60llHX .lI.HeH (He
CIIHTaH BOCKpeceHbH) HJIH >Ke Ka>K.lI.blH llleCTOH .lI.eHb, B TOM IIHCJIe H BOCKpe-
ceHbe. B JII060M CJIYllae nepe.ll. HaMH cBoe06pa3HaH MO.ll.H<I>HKaLlHH Bce Toro >Ke
CTapHHHoro npHHLlHna «Ha nHTb llleCTOH»: nHTb .lI.HeH KpeCTbHHe pa6OTalOT
«Ha ce6H» H MHTpOnOJIHTa, llleCTOH .lI.eHb - Ha BeJIHKOrO KHH3H. KOHeIlHO, 3TO
38

He 3HaIlHT, liTO Bce KpeCTbHHe e>KeHeJ].eJIbHO HCnOJlHHJlH HMCKYIO nOBHHHOCTb.
BHYTPH MHTpOnOJlHllbHX ceJl, no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, CYllleCTBOBaJla OllepeJ].HOCTb.
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KaK HellTO u,eJloe H 6Jla 06H3aHa «no CTapHHe» 06ecnellHBaTb JlIOJ].bMH H
JlOUJaJ].bMH «llleCTOH J].eHb» Ha HMe. B TOpOneu,KOH nHCu,OBOH KHHre 1540 r.
3a<pHKcHpoBaHo nOJlO>KeHHe, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY KpecTbHHe 3a nOJlb30BaHHe
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nOJlHllbeH rpaMoTe (1496-1510 rr.) BJIaJ].HMHpcKOMY UapeBo-KoHcTaHTHHoB-
CKOMY MOHacTplO YKa3BaJlOCb, 4TO 3eMJleJ].eJleu, 3a CBOH HaJ].eJl J].OJl>KeH
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pa3Mepa oTpa60ToK Ha 6apcKoM nOJle J].JlH KpecTbHHcKoro J].BOpOX03HHCTBa
He CYllleCTBOBaJlO. HHalle 06CTOHJlO J].eJlo B 1391 r. C ceHOKOllleHHeM: «a ceHO
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paCKJlaJ].blBaJlaCb Me>KJ].Y KpecTbHHaMH COOTBeTCTBeHHO BeJlHIIHHe HaJ].eJla,
IIHCJlY J].eCHTH H B HeM 21.
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6apIll.HHbI OTHOCHTeJlbHO BeJlHIIH H HaJ].eJla MO>KHO 06HapY>KHTb ellle B OJ].HOM
J].OKYMeHTe KOHu,a XV B. B onHcaHHH 1498/99 r. BeJIHKOKHH>KeCKHX CHMH3HH-
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«A nOJlO>KeHO xpHCTHaHHHY no nHTb J].eCHTHH B BTb». BTeH B 060HX ceJlax
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60Jlbllle nHTH J].eCHTHH HJlH, Ha060pOT, MeHbllle. Bo Bcex cHTyau,HHX npHHu,Hn
pacnpeJ].eJleHHH oTpa60TOIIHX nOBHHHOCTeH J].JlH KpeCTbHH OJ].HH - «no CBoeH
naUJHe», T. e. no ee KOJlHlleCTBY H3 paClleTa «Ha nHTb llleCTOH». B BeJlHKO-
KHH>KeCKHX ceJlax BTb BnepBe CTaHOBHTCH HOpMupo8aHHot1 OKJIaJ].HOH
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HaJ].eJlY. B lJoKoBe 6JlO KpecTbHHcKOH nalllHH 97 J].ec. B nOJle, BTeH 19 1/ 2 ,
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39

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40

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peHTbI B KOHlJ.e XV - nepBOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. OHa YKa3b1BaJlaCb He Ha Ha.ll.eJ1
HJlH BblTb, a JlHWb Ha C:)lOnOJlHHTeJlbHyK>:' )leCHTHHY. YrJlHIICKHH H 3BeHHrOpO)l-
CKHH KHH3b AH)lpeH BaCHJlbeBHII nOBenen B 1490 r. HrYMeHaM CaBBo-CTOpO>KeB-
CKoro MOHacTblpH B3HMaTb C MOHaCTblpcKHX CeJI C:3a )laHb H 3a Bce nOWJlHHbI
C ,l1eCHTHHbI no nHTH aJlTblH, )la no )leCHTH rpHBeHOK MaCJIa, .lI.a no .lI.Ba Cblpa, .lI.a
no OBIIHHe». ,LlOXO)l nOCeJIbCKOMY 3acpHKCHpOBaH no TOMY >Ke 06b1l1alO: C:C .lI.eCH-
THHbI no .lI.Be )leHrH Ha npa3)lHHK». B ,LlOJlroBOH KHHre 1532 r. HOCHcpO-BoJlOKO-
naMCKoro MOHaCTblpH nOMemeHa pocnHCb 06POKOB, B3HMaeMbiX C )leCHTHHbI
(,l10nOJlHHTeJlbHOH). «B CnaccKoM - nOJl 30 BbiTeH . . . 3 )leCHTHHbI no lIeTH. . . no
WecTb rpHBeHOK Macna, no 50 HHlJ., 3a OBIIHHY no TPH )leHbrH, HHTH, OCMHHa
nWeHHlJ.bI, OCMHHa KOHOneJlb, no )lBe 6paTHHbI CMeTaHbI, no aJlTblHY 3a .lI.OBO.ll.
H 3a HBKY». C )leCHTHHbI >Ke WJlH nOWJlHHbI nOCeJlbCKOMY Ha TPH npa3.l1.HHKa.
c:B raBpHJlOBe: 3 )leCHTHHbI no lIeTbipe aJlTblHa, no TPH )leHbrH 3a OBIIHHY,
no 6paTHHe CMeTaHbI». He 3HaH 3TOH oc06eHHoCTH OMO>KeHHH, MO>KeT C03.l1.aTbCH
BnellaTJleHHe, liTO 3TH n060pbl B3HMaJlHCb C Ka)KJlOH )leCHTHHbI KpecTbHHcKoro
Ha.ll.eJla. HecoMHeHHblM )lOKa3aTeJlbCTBOM Toro cpaKTa, liTO npH HOpMHpOBaHHH
HaTypaJlbHOH H )leHe>KHOH peHTbI «C )leCHTHHbI:' nO)l nOCJle)lHeH nO)lpa3YMeBaJlaCb
BblTb, HBJlHeTCH pocnHCb 06poKa C THrJlblX )lepeBeHb KpaCHOXOJlMCKOrO MO-
HacTblpH 1564/65 r. (Be>KelJ.KHH Bepx). B BOTqHHe MOHacTblpH 6b1J1o 208 1/ 2
1/4 BbiTH. KOJIHlleCTBO )lOXO)la C BbiTH paBHO )lOXO)lY C:C )leCHTHHbI». c:,Lla C Tex >KO
C THr JlblX )lepeBeHb )lOXO)lY no OCMHHe XMeJllO 3 OeCJlTUHbt )la no lIeTBepTH >KHTa
41

.lla no 50 HHLl ,lJ.a no BoceMb rpHBeHoK MaCJla. 11 Bcero XMeJlIO Ha ro,lJ. nOH,lJ.eT
1?4 4eTBepTH C nOJIyocMHHOIO H C 4eTBepHKoM, ,lJ.a H4MeHH 208 4eTBepTeH
1 /2 OCMHHbI, ,lJ.a HHLl 10 437, a MaCJla 1670 rpHBeHoK. no XOJlCTY 3 aeCJlTUHbt,
a He JlIOO XOJlCT HHO nHTb ,lJ.eHer, a Bcex 208 XOJlCTOB H nOJlXOJlCTa H 4eTBepTb
XOJlCTa». B 1533/34 r. B. C. nJleMHHHHKOB nepe,lJ.aJl B TpoHLle-CeprHeB MO-
HacTblpb CBOIO BOT4HHY, ,lJ.epeBHIO B MOCKOBCKOM y., nOJlO>KeHHYIO B ,lJ.Be BblTH.
113 TeKCTa rpaMOTbI BblHCHHeTCH, 4TO B ,lJ.epeBHe npO>KHBaJlO TPH ceMbH. O,lJ.Ha
H3 HHX «CH,lJ.eJla» Ha ,lJ.eCHTHHe, ,lJ.Be ,lJ.pyrHx - Ha nOJlY,lJ.eCHTHHe. B ,lJ.aHHOM
CJlY4ae YKa3aH He pa3Mep Ha,lJ.eJlbHOH 3eMJlH, a paCKJla,lJ.Ka ceHbOpHaJlbHOH
peHTbI B ,lJ.epeBHe 23.
CTepeOTHn BocnpHHTHH, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY OOJlO>KeHHIO nO,lJ.Jle>KaJl He caM
KpeCTbHHCKHH Ha,lJ.eJl, a ,lJ.OnOJlHHTeJlbHaH K Ha,lJ.eJlY rOCnO,lJ.CKaH 3eMJlH, oopaoaTbI-
BaeMaH TPY,lJ.OM 3eMJle,lJ.eJlbLla, BblTeCHHeTCH no,lJ. B03,lJ.eHCTBHeM HOBblX HopMaTH-
BOB. Pa3Mep HaTypaJlbHblX H ,lJ.eHe>KHblX nooopOB OblJl CTporo perJlaMeHTHpOBaH.
npH HeypO>Kae, 3nH300THHX, BceB03MO>KHblX npHpO,lJ.HO-KJlHMaTH4eCKHX H COLlH-
aJlbHblX Oe,lJ.CTBHHX KpeCTbHHHH, 4TOObl BblnOJlHHTb nOJlO>KeHHblH Ha Hero
OOpOK, ,lJ.OJl>KeH OblJl 3aTpa4HBaTb KaKYIO-TO 4aCTb, a TO H BeCb YPO>KaH C «Ha,lJ.eJlb-
HbIX» ,lJ.eCHTHH. <l>aKTH4eCKH peHTa BCer,lJ.a B3HMaJlaCb co Bcezo ICpeCTbJlHCICOZO
HaaeAa, a He C KaKOH-TO ,lJ.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOH rOCnO,lJ.CKOH ,lJ.eCHTHHbI. 04eHb CKOpO
npaBHTeJlbCTBO B CBOHX ,lJ.BOpLlOBblX ceJlax, a <t>eO,lJ.aJlbl B CBOHX HMeHHHX CTaJlH
YCTaHaBJlHBaTb pa3Mepbl BblTH oe3 ,lJ.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOH WCTOH ,lJ.eCHTHHbI. 113Be-
CTHYIO pOJlb B «pa3MblBaHHH:' npe>KHeH CTPYKTypbl H pa3Mepa BblTH CblrpaJla
pe<t>opMa Ka,lJ.aCTpOBblX onHcaHHH 50-X-Ha4aJla 60-x rO,lJ.OB, KOr,lJ.a B OKJIa,lJ.Hble
e,lJ.HHHLlbl CTaJlH KJlaCTb pa3Hoe KOJlH4eCTBO 3eMJlH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ee Ka4eCTBa.
Tenepb Ha BblTb npHXO,lJ.HJlOCb 6 ,lJ.eCHTHH ,lJ.OOpOH, 7 - Cepe,lJ.HeH, 8 - XY,lJ.OH
nalllHH, HJlH 12-14-16 4eTBepTeH.
nHTH,lJ.eCHTHHHaH BblTb (B nepec4eTe Ha «,lJ.OOPYIO:' 3eMJlIO) BO BTOpOH
nOJlOBHHe XVI B. CYlllecTByeT He TOJlbKO B npOMblCJlOBblX CeJleHHHX, nJl8THlllHX
OOpOK pblOOH, Me,lJ.OM, HeCYlllHX rpY3 BceB03MO>KHblX OTpaOOT04HblX nOBHHHOCTeH
(CTpOHTeJlbCTBO, nOB03, YCTPOHCTBO e30B H T. ,lJ..), HO H B ceJlax, OOH3aHHblX
nOCTaBJlHTb xJleo. BnOJlHe BepOHTHO, 4TO B nepBYIO 04epe,lJ.b 3TO KOCHYJlOCb
OOJlaCTeH, KOTopble n03>Ke BOlllJlH B COCTaB POCCHHCKoro rOCY,lJ.apCTBa H n03TOMY
B HHX npHHLlHn paC4eTa «Ha nHTb llleCTOH» He HMeJI cTaTyca Tpa,lJ.HLlHH, OCBHllleH-
HOH «CTapHHOH». TaKOBbI OblJlH ceBepHble ye3,lJ.bI, BXo.n.HBlllHe paHee B COCTaB
HOBrOpO,lJ.CKOH pecnYOJlHKH, KaprOnOJlb, Bara.
C YCHJleHHeM CaMO,lJ.ep>KaBHOH BJlaCTH npaBHTeJlbCTBO 3aKpenJlHeT 3a
COOOH npaBO e,lJ.HHOJlH4HOrO paCnOpH>KeHHH BceH 3eMJleH Ha TeppHTopHH CTp8HbI.
YHH<t>HLlHpOBaHHaH HOpMHpOBaHHaH BblTb, CJlO>KHBlllaHCH H npHMeHHeMaH
B ,lJ.BOPLlOBblX H nOMeCTHblX 3eMJlHX, Ha4HHaeT npHHY,lJ.HTeJlbHO pacnpOCTpaHHTbCH
H Ha ,lJ.PyrHe COLlHaJlbHble THnbl BJla.n.eHHH, H B nepBYIO 04epe,lJ.b Ha 4epHble
BOJlOCTH. nOBO.n.OM ,lJ.JlH 3Toro nOCJIY>KHJla OTMeHa KOpMJleHHH (1556-1561 rr.)
H nepe,lJ.a4a anaCTH Ha MeCTax opraHaM 3eMCKoro caMoynpaBJleHHH, B CBH3H
C 4eM BBO.n.HJlCH HOBblH HaJlOr «HaMecTHH4HH oTKyn», COOHpaeMblH He C COXH,
a C oOJlee MeJlKHX OKJIa,lJ.HblX e,lJ.HHHLl. OrclO,lJ.a Heooxo.n.HMOCTb HX e.n.H H ooopa3HH.
B 1561/62 r. 4epHble 3eMJlH KaprOnOJlbCKOrO y. f'OnHCblBaJl OOPOKOM. 3a
HaMecTHH4HH OTKyn» H. r. 51xoHToB. «A nOJlO>KeHO B OO>KY ,lJ.OOpOH 3eMJI,H no
10 4eTBepTeH, a cepe.n.HeH 3eMJlH no 124eTBepTeH, a xy.n.ble 3eMJlH no 144eTBepTeH,
a ceHa no 30 KoneH:'. JIHlllb B ,lJ.BYX a.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHblx 4epHblx oKpyrax 3Toro
ye3.n.a B OO>KY KJlaJlOCb XY,lJ.OH 3eMJlH He 14, a 16 4eTeH. TaKaH >Ke pe<t>opM8 OblJla
42

B 24-25
npOBe.ll.eHa H B pH.lI.e .lI.PyrHx CeBepHblX ye3JJ.aX, B TOM qHCJ1e B a}KCKOM .
COBCeM HHaqe OnHCblBaJIHCb qepHble 3eMJIH LleHTpaJIbHblX ye3.l1.0B, r.ll.e pa3Mepbl
BbiTH CJIO}KHJIHCb nO.ll. B03.l1.eHCTBHeM Tpa.ll.HLlHOHHOrO paCqeTa «Ha nHTb lleCTOH».
OT 1561/62 r. .lI.OllJIa COTHaH rpaMOTa Ha qepHYIO BOJIOCTb BbicoKoe B KOJIOMeH-
CKOM y. B JIHTepaType YTBep.ll.HJIOCb npOqHOe MHeHHe 06 OTCYTCTBHH 3.l1.eCb
HOpMHpoBaHHoH BbiTH. ,LleHcTBHTeJIbHO, Ha nepBblH B3rJlH.lI. KOJIHqeCTBO nallHH
H qHCJIO BbiTeH He HaXO.ll.HTCH B CTporOH B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH. O.ll.HaKO, 3TO
npOHCXO.ll.HT nOTOMY, qTO, BBO.ll.H }KeCTKYIO per JIaMeHTaLlHIO BbiTHbiX HopMaTHBOB,
npaBHTeJIbCTBO B CJIyqae He.ll.OCTaTKa ceHOKOCHbiX yrO.ll.HH (KaK H Ha ceBepe,
3TO Te }Ke 30 KoneH Ha BblTb) npe.ll.OCTaBJIHJIO nalleHHYIO 3eMJIIO H3 paCqeTa
33 10 KoneH - 1 qeTBepTb B O.ll.HOM nOJIe, T. e. 1,5 .lI.eCHTHHbI B Tpex nOJIHX.
ECJlH BblqeCTb 3TY «ceHoKocHYIO» 3eMJIIO H3 06ll1.ero KOJIHqeCTBa noceBHblX
nJlOlll.a.ll.eH, TO nOJIyqaeTCH, qTO Ha BblTb KJlaJIOCb 14 qeTBepTeH Cpe.ll.HeH,
16 qeTBepTeH xY.lI.OH H 20 qeTBepTeH «.lI.06pe xY.lI.OH» 3eMJIH. WeCTH.lI.eCHTHHHaH }Ke
BblTb 6b1JIa BBe.ll.eHa B 50raeBcKoH qepHOH BOJlOCTH BJIa.ll.HMHpCKoro y. 26
B HaqaJIe 80-x rO.ll.OB npaBHTeJIbCTBO npe.ll.npHHHMaeT CJIe.ll.YlOllI.HH llar no
nYTH YHHQ>HKaLlHH MeJIKHX OKJIa.ll.HbIX e.ll.HHHLl, nblTaHCb YCTaHOBHTb .lI.eCHTH-
qeTBepTHOH pa3Mep 06}KH B nOMeCTbHX HOBrOpO.ll.CKOrO KpaH. 06}Ka paHee
He HMeJIa CTporo HOpMHpOBaHHoro pa3Mepa. nHCLlbl, OTnpaBJIHBllHeCH B HOBro-
pOJJ.CKHe nHTHHbI «no npHrOBOpy 60Hp KHH3H <l>e.ll.opa MHXaHJIOBHqa Tpy6eLlKoro
C TOBapHllI.H .lI.a .lI.YMHblX .lI.BOpHH .lI.a .lI.bHKOB. . . nHCaJIH no 10 qeTH Ha 06}KY».
TaKHx }Ke pa3MepoB 06}Ka BBO.ll.HJIaCb B 3aOHe}KCKHX nHTHHax, paHee 6b1BllHX
Ha cTaTyce «qepHoKYHHblX». YHHQ>HKaLlHH OKJIa.ll.HblX e.ll.HHHLI. KocHYJlaCb H
,QBHHbI, HO YHHQ>HLlHpOBaJIaCb He 06}Ka, a COllKa, COCTOHllI.aH H3 3 06}KeH.
B03MO}KHO nOToMY, qTO COllKa 6b1J1a 60Jlee KPynHoH e.ll.HHHLleH, qeM npOCTO
oO>Ka, ee npHpaBHHJIH 12 qeTHM .lI.06POH, 14 Cpe.ll.HeH, 16 xY.lI.OH 3eMJIH, T. e.,
coxpaHHB cTapoe Ha3BaHHe, npaBHTeJIbCTBO no cYllI.eCTBY 3aMeHHJIO COllKY Bce
Ton >Ke lleCTH.lI.eCHTHHHOH BbiTblO 27.
nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHaH BblTb 6e3 .lI.OnOJlHHTeJIbHOH rOCnO.ll.CKOH .lI.eCHTHHbI BCTpe-
qaeTCH H B LleHTpaJIbHblX ye3.l1.ax. B 60-x rO.ll.ax B KOCTpOMCKOM y. KpeCTbHHe
OJJ.Horo H3 X03HHCTB 6b1JIH nepeBe.ll.eHbI C 6aplll.HHbI Ha HaTypaJIbHYIO peHTY.
OJJ.HaKO rOCnO.ll.CKaH nallHH (COCTOHllI.aH H3 «.lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHblX» .lI.eCHTHH)
He pa3.l1.aeTCH B Ha.ll.6aBKY K nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHOH BbiTH .lI.JIH noconHoro xJIe6a.
6apCKoe nOJle pa36HBaeTCH Ha HOBbie BbiTH .lI.JIH npH3BaHHH HOBbiX THrJIeLlOB.
nOConHblH XJle6 C nHTH.lI.eCHTH HHOH BbiTH nJIaTHT B 70-90- x rO.ll.ax .lI.BOpLlOBbie
ceJla B MYPOMCKOM H HH}KerOpO.ll.CKOM yy. nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHaH BblTb Q>HrypHpyeT
B onHcaHHH 1592-1594 rr. BJla.ll.eHHH TpoHLle-CeprHeBa MOHacTblpH B KallHH-
CKOM, LlMHTpOBCKOM, Ka3aHcKoM, CBHH}KCKOM yy. 28
HCqe3HOBeHHe .lI.eKJIapaTHBHO-.lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOH .lI.eCHTHHbI H3 OKJIa.ll.HOH
eJJ.HHHLlbl, 3aMeHa lleCTH.lI.eCHTHHHOH BbiTH nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHOH npH coxpaHeHHH
Tex >Ke pa3MepOB peHTbI 03HaqaJIH CJIe.ll.YlOllI.HH llar no nYTH YCHJIeHHH 3KCnJIyaTa-
lJ.HH KpeCTbHHCTBa (B paCqeTe Ha OKJIa.ll.HYIO e.ll.HHHLlY). KpaHHe Ba}KHO H TO, qTO
H3 COLlHaJIbHOrO C03HaHHH nOCTeneHHO HCqe3JIO npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHe, qTO 06JIO}KeHHIO
nOJJ.JIe}KaJI He caM Ha.ll.eJI, a .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHaH rOCnO.ll.CKaH 3eMJIH. PaHee pa60Ta
Ha Q>eO.ll.aJIa 6b1JIa KaK 6b1 OT.lI.eJIeHa OT c06CTBeHHoro KpeCTbHHCKoro X03HHCTBa
B npOCTpaHCTBe H BpeMeHH, XOTH 6b1 B nJIaHe nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOM. Tenepb TaKaH
rpaHb HCqe3JIa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, Mbi npOCJ1e.ll.HJIH, KaK llHpOKO 6b1TOB3BllaH HopMa 06b1qHOrO
npaBa «Ha nHTb lleCTOH» Ha nepBOHaqaJIbHOM 3Tane Q>OpMHpOBaHHH OKJIa.ll.HOH
43

eHHHU OKa3ana B03eHCTBHe Ha ee BenHqHHY H CTPYKTYPY H KaK B TeqeHHe
XVI B. no BnHHHHeM H3MeHHBUJHXCH COUHaJIbHO-nOnHTHqeCKHX YCJlOBHH BTb
YTpaTHna 3TH a pXaHqHe npH3HaKH. Ho HaJl.O OTMeTHTb cneYIOlU.ee: a>Ke
nepBOHaqanbHO HopMa 3KcnnyaTaUHH C BTH TonbKO <l>opManbHO COOTBeTCTBO-
Bana COOTHOUJeHHIO «Ha nHTb UJeCTOH». BnnOTb Jl.0 70-x rOOB XVI B. <l>HcKanbHoe
onHcaHHe He OTeJlHnO nepenor OT naUJHH. B COCTaB nHTHJl.eCHTHHHoro HaJl.ena-
BTH BXOHnH He TonbKO noceBHe nnOlU.aJl.H, HO H 3a6poUJeHHe BnaxaHHe
3eMnH. H. A. rOpCKaH H JI. B. MHnOB, nO-BH.lI.HMOMY, npaB, npenOJIaraH, qTO
noceB 3epHa He OXBaTBan Bce 3eMnH, nOJIO>KeHHe B HOBropOCKYIO 06>KY 29.
To >Ke MO>KHO CKa3aTb H 0 BTH. 10 .lI.ec. (20 qeTBepTeH) B Jl.BYX nonHX BpH nH
6no no cHny 06pa6aTBaTb Ka>KoMY KpecTbHHcKOMY X03HHCTBY. HopMaTHB
5 ec. KpecTbHHcKOH 3eMnH B OJl.HOM none Ha BTb OTHIOb He 03Haqan, qTO
Bce 10 ec. (B BYX nonHX) 6nH 3aceHH. PeanbHaH nnOlU.ab 06pa6aTBae-
Moro B Ka>KH aHHH MOMeHT KpeCTbHHCKoro HaeJla 6na 3HaqHTeJlbHO
MeHbUJe, HO pacnaxaTb, 3aceHTb rocnoJl.cK}'1O Jl.eCHTHHY HaJl.O 6no non HOCTblO.
Knacc <l>eoanOB, Hcnonb30BaB Tpa.ll.Hl1.HOHHO npHBqHYIO <l>OPMY pacqeTa
«Ha nHTb UJeCTOH='>, B eHCTBHTenbHOCTH Y>KeCTOqHn 3KcnnyaTaUHIO. Bo BTOpOH
nonOBHHe XVI B., KaK npaBHno, Ha OHOH BTH CHeJlO HeCKonbKO KpeCTbHHCKHX
ceMeH. HaH60nee qaCTO BCTpeqalOlU.aHCH HopMa BTHoro onHcaHHH Ha KpeCTbHH-
CKHH BOp B 80-90-x rOJl.ax XVI B. COCTaBJIHeT 1/4_ 1 /8 BTH. TaKHe Jl.pOOHble
qaCTH BTH K KOHl1.Y CTOJIeTHH He paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb KaK KOMnOHeHTbI YHHBep-
canbHOH eJl.HHHUhI Jl.ep>KaHHH, a KaK ocooble Jl.ep>KaHHH. nepeJl. <l>eoJl.anOM
OTKpBanaCb B03MO>KHOCTb npHCBaHBaTb npH6aBOqHH TPY HeCKOJIbKHX
KpeCTbHHCKHX ceMeH, qTO, B CBOIO Oqepeb, n03BonHno peanbHO YBeJlHqHTb pa3Mep
peHT Ha BTb.
HTaK, Ha npOTH>KeHHH BTOpOH nonOBHH XVI B. 6bIJI npenpHHHT pHJI.
MeponpHHTHH no YHH<I>HKaUHH MeJlKHX OKJIaJl.HX eJl.HHHU KaK Ha qepHX,
TaK H Ha qaCTHOBJIaJl.eJlbqeCKHX 3eMnHX. OJl.HaKO nOJIHOrO eJl.HHoo6pa3HH He
6no ocTHrHYTo: Ha npaKTHKe BeJIHqHHa BJlaJl.enbqeCKHX OKnaJl.HblX eJl.HHHU
OCTaTOqHO CHnbHO Kone6anacb. B pHJl.e CJlyqaeB caMO npaBHTenbCTBo Jl.OnycKaJIO
BceB03MO>KHe oTcTynneHHH OT Bblpa6oTaHHoH CHCTeM. npHMepOM MO>KeT
cnY>KHTb MOpoBcKaH BTb, nepBble CBeJl.eHHH 0 KOTOpOH OTHOCHTCH nHWb
K 9O-M roaM XVI B. no KOJIHqecTBY 3eMJIH OHa BJl.Boe npeBUJana PYCCKYIO
BTb: 10 ec. 06pOH 3eMnH. B HeKOTopblX MecTHOCTHX nOHBJleHHe BTH TalOKe
aTHpyeTcH KOHUOM BeKa. B Ben03epCKOM y. B 9O-x roJl.ax B BOTqHHe TpOHue-
CeprHeBoro MOHacTpH «BTeH B ceJle TaHHlU.ax C Jl.epeBHHMH no KpeCTbHHCKOii
CKa3Ke npe>K cero He 6Bano, H BbiTeH He 3HaIOT». TaKaH >Ke KapTHHa Ha6nlOJl.a-
eTCH H B PyroM TpOHUKOM BJlaJl.eHHH, paCnWlO>KeHHOM B caMOM ueHTpe
rocyapcTBa - B MOCKOBCKOM y.: «A B BTH Y HHX BonOCTb BoxHa He nOJIO>KeHa,
CKJlaBaIOT eHbraMH» 30. Ho nOJl.OfiHble HBJleHHH, BepOHTHO, Jl.OCTaTOqHO peJl.KH
H 06'bHCHHIOTCH cBoe06pa3HeM KpaH HnH ero npHHa.ll.ne>KHOCTH. TaK, paHee
BoxHa BXO}fna B y eJI KHH3H RnaJl.HMHpa AHJl.peeBHqa. rJl.e 6nH, BHJl.HMO,
PyrHe npHHUHn 06JIO>KeHHH.
nepeHeM K paCCMOTpeHHIO HOpM co6cTBeHHO peHTbI. B Jl.oK}'MeHTax XVI B.
HeoHoKpaTHo nOBTOpHeTCH, qTO nOBHHHOCTH HCnOJIHHJIHCb «no CTapHHe»,
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Oc06eHHO HHTepeCHa cHTyal1.HH C BOJIOCTblO BbiCOKOH Ko.nOMeHcKoro y., COUH8J1b-
44

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B TOM, liTO XVI BeK - BpeMJI. CTpeMHTeJIbHoro pOCTa rocy.D.3pCTBeHHblX cpOpM
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HaTypoit BbilUe Y>Ke FOBO'HJlOCb, liTO HopMbI 6apIIl.HHt.l It KOHue 'XV B. CKJla.n.blBa-
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B UapeBO- KOHCTaHTH.ltOBCKOM MOHa£Tblpe, KOr.D.a Ha 5 .n.eCSlTHH HaJl.eJIbHOH
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TO MY' JKe paClleTY,. ee.JIH BeJlHIIHHa .a.D.e.na 6b1J1a OOJlblUe HJlH M.eHblUe. C nOSlBJle-
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cr3HOBHTCSI ROp/MOH 6apIIl.HHbI e BblTH. HMeHBO TaKOH HopM8THB MbI BCTpellaeM
B ABOPUOBbiX BJla.n.eHHSlX B.1Ia.D.HMHpcKOro y. (KOHeu XV B.), BOJIOll.KOro' y.
(1543/44), CBHSI>KCKOrO H l(a38HcKoro yy. (1562/63), C:C BJplTH no Jl.eCSlTHHe:.
nalU}'T KpeCTbSlHe B X03HHCTB3X KpaCHOXOJlMCKoro MOHaCTblpSl (1564/65),
Ka3aHCKoro H CBHSI}KCKOrO .n.YXOBeHCTBa (60-e roAbI) , CBeTcKoro BOTIIHHHHKa
KOJIOMeHCKoro y. (50-60-e ro,Aw) 32.
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HhiM HopMaTHBOM" 06YCJlOBJIHB8J1 BeJIHIIHHY 6apcKoro nQJIH, oopa6aTbiBaeMoro
PYK8MH KpeCTbflH. Ero pa3Mep B nepBoB DOJIOBHHe XVI B. He Jl.OJI>KeH 6b1J1
TeopeTHlleCKH npeBbilUaTb 16,6 % BceR naxOTHoH 3eMJlH B X03HHcTBeHHo-
3,11MHHHCTpaTHBHOM KOMnJleKCe HJlH 20 % npH nSlTHJ1ecHTHHHoH BbiTH. KOHeIlHo,
H3 npaKTHKe npH OTCyrCTBHH TO\lHblX KpHrepHeB H3MepeHHH 3eMJlH TaKoe
6YKBaJlbHoe COOTHoweHHe BpSlA JlH peaJlbHO I 3a HCKJlIOQeHHeM HeKOTopblx
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rpaHb. Ha HOBO.D.eBHIIHH MOH8CTblpb pacnaXHBaJlOCb B 1567/68 r. B PY3CKOM y.
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MOHacTblpSl 3aHHMaJla 21 %. B TPOHU.KOM cene naHHKapoBe POCToBcKoro y.
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27-28 %, XOTH Y nepBoro Bce noceBHble nJlOLU8.D.H COCTaBJISlJlH OKOJlO 150 .n.ec.,
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KOJIHlleCTBO .D.eCSlTHH MOrJlH pacnaXHBaTb C:B3rOHOM:'. nO.D.06Hble cHTyaUHH
45

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B MOCKOBCKOM, ,llMHTPOBCKOM, KalllHHCKOM yy.; UapeBo-KoHCTaHTHHOBCKHM -
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46

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47

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ye3.n.e) 3eMJlH. npH .06pa60TKe .n.eCHTHHhI Ha Hee BhlCeBaJlOCb .n.Be tleTBepTH p>KH,
tleThipe tleTBepTH OBca. HOpMhI 06poKa p>KH, YKa3aHHhle .B -r.a6J1. I, MOrJlH
nOJlYtlHTbCH C .n.eCHTHHhI (c BhltleTOM ceMHH .n.JlH 6y.n.Ylllero ceBa) npH ,CJ1e.n:YlOllI.HX
ypo}l{aHX: DeJl03epCK - caM 2,5; BOJlor.n.a - caM 3, caM 3,5; KOCT.pOMB - C3M
3,5; BJla.n.HMHp - caM 4, caM 5; HH)KHHH HOBropo.n., MYPOM - caM 5;5, caM .7.
TafiJlHlta 1. HOpMW uefiKoro ofipoKa C BIOH B ABOPItOBWX BJl8AeHHRX *
'06POK B 'IeTSIX : 06poK 'B qe.TMX
Ye3A fOA Ye3A fOA
pO>Kb I OBec po }I(.b I OBec
I I
BOJlOrOJ],CKHH
1561
1564
1589
3
3
4
5
5
5
BJl&Jl.H M H p-
CKiHH
HH)KerG-
pOJl.CICIIIA
1584
1554
1570-
1580
6
8
9
9
12
9
Ee.n03epCKHH
4 6 12 12
5 6
KOCTpOMCKOH 1567 168 5 1 MYPOMCKHH 1586 12 12
* HCT. apxHB. 1940. T. 3. C. 186-187; lllYMaKoB. 0630p. Blin. 2. C. 120-123; CAC. Bbln. 2.
C. 6-177; .urA.lI.A. fK3. Nl5120; Anll. T. I, NlI; AfP. T. 1. C. 233; AHnuAo2oB r. H. HluKe-
ropoAcKHe AOKYMeHTbI XVI B. M., 1977. C. i -66; 1.ITeHHSI OH.l1P. 1907. KH. 2. Pa3A. V. C. 63-65.
B Ta6J1HUY He BGWJlH ceJla., rAe xne6HblH OOpOK He 6b1.11 npeBaJlHppoUJ.HM. MaTepHaJi B Ta6J1Hu.e
pacnOJlO)l(eH B DOpSiAKe B03pacTaHHSI BblTHWX HOpM 06pO'lHOH p>K"
B pa60Te H. A. rOpCKOH npHBe.n.eHhI Ta6.11HUhl, eocraBJIeHHble rJlaBHblM 06pa30M
Ha OCHOBe MOHaCThlpCKHX MaTepHaJlOB KOHua XVI-HaqaJla XVII B. H 3a4'HKcHpo-
BaBlUHe pe3KHe rO.n.OBhle KOJIe6aHHJI YPO>KaHHOCTH.. npHMepHO H8 K.8JK.n.hle
7 JleT npHXOAHJlCH O.n.HH HeYPo>KaiiHblH ro.n.. P83Mepy YPO>KaHHOCTH no cTpaHe
KOJle6aJlHCb OT caM 2.11.0 caM 8, C8M 10. 8 5eJ103epCKe B yn.aJleHHhlX OT MOHaCTblpH
KOMnJleKCaX YPO>KaHHOCTb cOCTasnHJla OKOJlO caM 3; B BOJlor.n.e Ha MOHacTblpcKOH
nalUHe B cpe.n.JJ«!M - caM 4,, a HHOr)1a HH",e: B 1603 r. - CBM 2,2 B 1607 r. -
caM 3,3; BO BJlaJl.HMHpcKo-CY3.n.aJlbCKoM onOJIbe yp01KaH J10CTHraJlH caM 5.
YpO>KaHHOCTb OBca 6h1J1a HeCKOJlbKO HH>Ke.. 8 DeJl03epCKe BA8JlH OT MOHaCTblpH
cpe.n.HHH YPO>KaHHOCTb OBca 3a 1605-1608 rr.. COCTaBJIHJla caM 2,3 37. JJ.aHHble
06 YPO>KSiiHOCTH p>KH 3a BTOpylO nOJlOBHHY XVII B., co6paHHble H 0606111eHHble
E. 11. I1H.n.QBOH, .n.alOT CJle.nYlOlllYIO KSPTHHY: CeBep H CeBepo-3ana.n. - caM 3,2,
caM 3,1; UeHTpaJlbHO-npOMWUJJleHHblA paRoH - caM 3,3; UeHTpaJIbHo-qepHo-
3eMHhlH - caM 3,838. BhllUenpHBe.n.eHHble xapaKTepHCTHKH YPO>KaiiHOCTH no
perHOHaM He npOTHBOpetlaT BhlCKa3aHHOH rHnOTe3e, tlTO nepBOHa4aJlbHO npH
YCTaHOBJleHHH HOpM xne6HoA peHThi C BbiTH 3a OCHOBY npHHHMaJlaCb npH6a-
BOtlHaH npo.n.YKLlHH, B03MO>KHO HeCKOJIbKO npeBbilUalOlllaH cpe.n.HeCTaTHCTHtle-
CKYIO C O.n.HOH .n.eCHTH Hhi (no.n.pa3YMeBaJlOCb .nonOJl HHTeJlbHOH K Ha.n.eJlbHOH
3eMJle) C BhltleTOM ceMHH. npH OTcyrCTBHH .n.PyrHx ceHbOpHaJlbHhlX nOBHHHocreH
48

H nJlaTe>KeH, B TOM 4HCJle ,D.eHe>KHblX, XJle6HblH 06POK C BbiTH MOr 6b1Tb YBeJlH4eH,
KaK 3TO, no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, HMeJlO Mecro B HH>KerOpO,D.CKOM H MYPOMCKOM yy.
3eMJlH 3,D.eCb B ,D.OJIHHaX peK HaMblBHaH H OLleHHBaJlaCb KaK Jl06paH.
B 4aCTHOBJla,D.eJlb4eCKHX X03HHCTBax HopMa XJle6HOrO 06pOKa 6b1J1a 06b14HO
HH>Ke, TaK KaK KpeCTbHHe BblnOJlHHJlH eUJ.e pH,D. BceB03MO>KHblX OBHHHOCTeH.
B TBepCKOM y. BO BJla,D.eHHHX CHMeOHa 6eK6YJlaTOBH4a B 1580/81 r. C BbiTH
B3HMaJlH 4,5 4eTBepTeH p>KH H 7,5 4eTBepTeif OBca. KpoMe roro, 60JIbllloe
4HCJlO TaK Ha3b1BaeMOro «CTOJlOBOrO npHnaca», COCTOHUJ.ero H3 npO,D.YKTOB
>KHBOTHOBO,D.CTBa H nTHLleBO,D.CTBa, OLleHHBaeMbiX B 156 ,D.eHer. B JlBOPLlOBbiX >Ke
X03HHCTBax «CTOJlOBblH npHnac::. ,D.aBaJlCH H3 pac4eTa 40-60 ,D.eHer. nOMeUJ.HKH
ToponeLlKoro y. B 1540/41 r. nOJlY4aJlH C BbiTH 3 4eTH p>KH H 6 qereH OBca,
a KpoMe Toro, nllleHHLlY, ropox, KOHOnJlIO, COJIO,D. H4MeHHblH H, KOHe4HO, CCTOJlOBblH
npHnac::.. B BOTIJHHaX KHpHJlJlo-6eJl03epCKoro MOHacTblpH B 50-x rO,D.ax XVI B.,
COrJIaCHO nO,D.C4eT3M 3. B. J].MHTpHeBoH, KpeCTbHHe nJlaTHJlH OKOJlO 3,4 4eTH
p>KH. Ho BblTb 3,D.eCb 6b1J1a paBHa npHMepHo 2,6 ,D.eCHTHHbI (peaJlbHO 06pa6aTbI-
BaeMOH nalllHH) . CeHJlH KpecTbHHe MOHaCTblpCKHMH ceMeHaMH 39. 06pOK
B 3,4 4eTH p>KH COCTaBJlHJI npHMepno nHTYIO 4aCTb Bcero p>KaHOrO c60pa npH
YPO>KaHHOCTH caM 3,3 WlH caM 3,4. B CJlY4ae >Ke ypO>KaH caM 2,2 peHTa norJlo-
lUaJla Y1Ke TpeTb ypo>KaSl.
HaTypaJlbHaH peHTa c HKcHpoBaHHblM pa3MepOM 6b1J1a B pHJle CJlY4aeB
BblrO,D.Hee (j>eo,D.aJlY, 4eM 6apUJ.HHa. Oc06eHHo 3TO KaCaeTCH ceBepHblx paHoHoB
cTpaHbI, xapaKTepH3YIOUJ.HXCSI nJlOXHMH nOrO.ll.HO-KJlHMaTH4eCKHMH YCJlOBHHMH.
H ,D.eJlO He TOJlbKO B TOM, liTO npH oTpa60ToQHoH nOBHHHOCTH no MHeHHIO
HCTOpHKOB, HY>KHO 6b1J1o ,D.ep>KaTb 60JlblllOH lllTaT Ha,D.CMoTpUJ.HKOB. npH 6apUJ.HHe
BeJlH4HHa nOJJyqaeMOH npO,D.YKD.HH He rapaHTHpOBaHa, npH HaTypaJlbHOM
06pOKe ,D.OXO,D. <j>eOJlaJIa T04HO perJlaMeHTHpoBaH. B CJlY4ae HeypO>KaeB H
np04Hx 6eJlCTBHH HeJl,OHMKH B3HM3J1HCb B nOCJle,D.YIOIU.He rOJlbl. To >Ke KacaerCH
H H3,D.OJlbUJ.HHbI, KOTopaH, CYJlH no pa60TaM 11. B. lIepenHHHa H A. J].. fopcKoro,
3aHHMaJla HeMaJlOe MeCTO B XV B. 33MeHa ee HKcHpoBaHHoH peHToH - lllar
8nepe,D. no nYTH BbiTeCHeHHH 06b14HO-npaBoBbix OTHOllleHHH cTporo perJlaMeHTH-
pOB3HHOH peHToH. ECTb eme OJlHH aKTop JlenalOUJ.HH 06POK npe,D.n04THTeJlbHee
6aplll.HHbI: HopMaTHB 6apcKoH 3analllKH (no KpaHHeH Mepe B nepBoH nOJIOBHHe
XVI B.) .lI.OCTaT04HO >KecTKO OrpaHHQeH TpaJlHLlHOHHblM paC4eTOM «Ha nHTb
weCTOH::'. PerJlaMeHTHpOBaHH3S1 HaTypaJlbHO-JleHe>KHaH peHTa, rapaHTHpYH
YCTOH4HBblH ypOBeHb npHcBoeHHH npH6aBOQHOrO npOJlYKTa, n03BOJIHJla HapaUJ.H-
BaTb CTeneHb 3KCnJlyaTaLlHH 3eMJleJleJIbu.eB MeHee 3aMeTHO.
nO,D.BO,D.H HTorH BblllleH3J10>KeHHOMY, MO>KHO 3aKJIlO4HTb CJleJlYIOUJ.ee:
Tpa,D.HLlHH 06b14HOrO npaBa OKa3aJlH 3HaQHTeJlbHoe BJlHSlHHe Ha OpMHpOBaHHe
BblTH, Ha nepBOHa43J1bHble pa3Mepbl HeKOTopblX OCHOBHblX KpeCTbHHCKHX
nOBHHHOCTeH KaK 6apUJ.HHbI, TaK H XJle6HOrO 06poKa. C YKpenJleHHeM PYCCKoro
ueHTpaJlH30BaHHoro rOCY,D.apCTBa HacTynJleHHe Ha npaBa KpeCTbHH YCHJlHBa-
eTCH. 31'0 HaXO,D.HT OTpa>KeHHe B pH,D.e npaSHTeJlbCTBeHHblX MeponpHHTHH:
BBe,D.eHHH n03eMeJlbHOH OKJIaJlHOH eJlHHHLlbi (BblTH) HeaJleKBaTHOH KpeCTbHH-
CKOMY HaJleJIY, ynpa3,D.HeHHH JlOnOJlHHTeJlbHOH (K HaJleJIY) JleCHTHHbI, KOTopaH
B C03HaHHH COBpeMeHHHKOB CBH3b1BaJlaCb C 06J10>KeHHeM, nOBceMeCTHbiM
pacnpOCTpaHeHHeM HKCHpOBaHHOH peHTbI. npaBHTeJlbCTBO CTpeMHTCH rapaHTH-
pOBaTb 3eMJleBJIaJlenbLlaM cTa6HJlbHble pa3Mepbl peHTbI. liTO KacaeTCH caMHX
HOpM OCHOBHblX BH,D.OB peHTbI, TO H3MeHeHHH B HHX 6b1J1H He CTOJlb pa3HTeJlbHbI,
no KpaHHeH Mepe, ,D.O 90-x rO,D.OB XVI 8. KpoMe Toro, YBeJlH4eHHe HX pa3MepoB
4 3aK. 1454
49

B paCqeTe Ha BTb eLUe He 03HaqanO peanbHoro YBenHqeHHH nOBHHHOCTeH Ha
,lJ.eCHTHHY naUJHH HnH Ha ,lJ.BOp, TaK KaK BO BTOpOH nonOBHHe XVI B. pacreT KaK
qHCnO ,lJ.eCHTHH B BTH, TaK H KOnHqeCTBO KpecTbHH, CH.n.HLUHX Ha HeH. HY>KeH
Obln cHnbHH KpenOCTHHqeCKHH annapaT, qTOO BeCTH .n.anbHeHUJee HacTynne-
HHe Ha COUHanbHble H X03HHcTBeHHe npaBa KpecTbHH, qTO H ono npe.n.npHHHTo
B nocne.n.YIOLUHe CToneTHH.
B 3aKnlOqeHHe Ha.n.o OTMeTHTb cne.n.YIOLUee: npe.n.nO>KeHHaH HaMH Mo.n.enb
3BonlOUHH ceHbopHanbHoH peHT Ha npOTH>KeHHH KOHua XV-XVI B., KOHeqHO,
He B COCTOHHHH OXBaTHTb Bce acneKT COUHanbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH >KH3HH.
.lI.eHcTBHTenbHOCTb Bcer.n.a HeH3MepHMO pa3Hooopa3Hee H He YKna.n.blBaeTCH
B npOKpYCTOBO nO>Ke HH O.n.HOH Mo.n.enH. Ho npH nOKanbHOCTH H CKy.n.OCTH
HCTOqHHKOBe.n.qeCKOH oa3 0 KpeCTbHHCKHX nOBHHHOCTHX Ha no.n.aBnHIOLUeH
TeppHTopHH POCCHHCKoro rocy.n.apCTBa XVI B. Heooxo.n.HMO HaMeTHTb XOTH O
HeKoTope 3aKoHoMepHocTH, yqHTBaIOLUHe HaHoonbUJYIO qaCToTY BapH-
aHTHOCTeH. PaOOqaH Mo.n.enb 0 HopMe OCHOBHblX KpecTbHHcKHX nOBHHHocTeH,
B03HHKUJeH Ha OCHOBe OOblqHOrO npaBa H nepBOHaqanbHO paBHoH npHOaBOqHoMY
npo.n.YKTY C 1 .n.eCHTHHbI, n03BonHeT Cy.n.HTb 0 CTeneHH H opMax 3KcnnyaTaUHH,
00 H3MeHeHHHX CHCTeM yrHeTeHHH npH HenonHX pa3p03HeHHx .n.aHHX
B HCTOqHHKax.
CeHbopHabHaH peHTa B ABOPQOBYX BaAeHHHx
B KOHue XV-XVI B. B PYCCKOM rocy.n.apCTBe 3HaqHTenbHoe qHCnO ceneHHH
Haxo.n.HnOCb Ha cTaTyce .n.BOPUOBX Bna.n.eHHH, KaK CBeTCKHX, TaK H MHTpono-
nHqbHX. Cpe.n.H HHX cBoeoopa3HeM X03HHCTBeHHoro YKJIa.n.a Bce oonee B.n.e.nH-
IOTCH pa30pocaHHe no TeppHTopHH BceH cTpaHbI BenHKOKHH>KeCKHe (Bnocne.n.-
CTBHH uapcKHe) HMeHHH. KaK nHcan J1. B. qepenHHH, HMelOLUHeCH B pacnopH-
>KeHHH HCTOpHKOB «TeKCT .n.alOT OCHOBaHHe pa3nHqaTb, C O.n.HOH CTOpOH,
BepxoBHYIO coocTBeHHocTb KHH3H Ha BCIO rocy.n.apcTBeHHYIO TeppHTopHIO
KH>KeCTBa B KaqeCTBe ero nOnHTHqeCKOH rnaB, C .n.pyroH - qaCTHYIO COOCTBeH-
HOCTb Ha Te 3eMnH, pacnOnO>KeHHe Ha .n.aHHoH TeppHTopHH, KOTope npHHa.n.ne-
>KanH eMY KaK 3eMneBna.n.enbuy-eo.n.any H KOTopble B .n.anbHeHllIeM nonyqHnH
Ha3BaHHe .n.BOPUOBblX:' 40. HaHoonee KpynHble .n.BopuoBbie KOMnneKC onH
pacnOnO>KeH B oKpaHHHx paHOHax. nOceBHe nnoLUa.n.H OOPOqHX H .n.Bopuo-
BX 3eMenb B HH>Keropo.n.CKOM y. COCTaBnHnH CBUJe 53 TC. .n.ec. (B Tpex no.nHx),
B KaUJHpcKoM y. - 38 TC. .n.ec., T. e. 19,2 % BceH oKynbTypeHHoH 3eMnH
ye3.n.a, B Bonoro.n.cKoM y. - 28,5 TC. .n.ec., B Ee.n03epcKoM y. poonoBeUKHM
BonOCTHM ono OTnHcaHO 12 TbiC. .n.ec. B 3TOM >Ke ye3.n.e onH ceJla, nnaTHLUHe
xneOHH OOpOK. .lI.BopuoBe KOMnneKCbI Haxo.n.HnHCb TaK>Ke B Ka3aHCKOM
H CBHH>KCKOM yy. 41 B MYPOMCKOM y. - BonOCTb nYPOK, B PH3aHCKOM y. - cena
<l>e.n.OTbeBO, BUJeropo.n. C .n.epeBHHMH, B BeHeBCKOM y. - pH.n. ceneHHH, B Ea-
naXHHHCKOM y. - 3aY30nbCKaH H Be3nOMCKaH BonOCTH 42. Cy.n.H no coxpaHHB-
UJHMCH CBe.n.eHHHM, oonbUJOH MaCCHB .n.BOPUOBX X03HHCTB Haxo.n.HnCH B KOCTpOM-
CKOM y.: cena UOHHO, CpeTeHCKoe, nOKpOBCKoe, KopooaHOBO, HHKonbCKoe,
EorocnOBCKoe, naBnOBCKoe, nYTHnOBO C .n.epeBHHMH, BonOCTb EMCTa, norOCTbI
lllYHra, Be>K, CaMHT H pH.n. .n.pyrHx. B 51pocnaBcKoM y. - Bo.nOCTb HopCKaH 43.
CYLUeCTBOBanH .n.BopUOBbie KOMnneKCbI B ueHTpe CTpaHbI: B CY3.n.anbCKOM y. -
noconHoe ceno Eepe>KOK C .n.epeBHHMH, BO Bna.n.HMHpCKOM y. - cena KpaCHoe,
EOpHCOBCKoe H HeKOTopble .n.pyrHe, nepeqHCneHHble B KHHre H. A. PO>KKOBa.
50

B JleTOnHCH nO.ll. HIOJleM 1568 r. CKa3aHO: «H3 nepeHCJIaBJIH uapb 6b1J1 B ceJlax
CBOHX: B CJI, 060.ll.e B 03epeUKoM .lI.a B MO}KaHcKY H B MO}KaHCKOM ye3.l1.e
B HOBbiX ceJlax, H B BH3eMcKoM ye3.l1.e B KpyrJlblx ceJlax, B Bepee, B BbllIIrOp0.ll.e».
B BepeHcKoM y. H3BeCTHO ceJlo CMOJlHHCKOe C .lI. e peBHHMH 44. B 90-x rO.ll.ax
XVI B. npHe3}KaJlH B MO}KaHCK perYJlHpHo ToproBaTb .lI.BOpUOBbie KpecTbHHe
6J1H3J1e}KalllHX ceJl MO}KaHCKOro, MOCKoBcKoro H .lI.pyrHx yy.: 4epTaHoBa,
HOBoro, nOKpOBcKoro, 60pHcoBa, BH3eMbI, llIe60plIIHHa, KYKapHHa, 6eJleH.
KpoMe Toro, B MOCKOBCKOM y. K .lI.BOPUOBOMY Be.ll.OMCTBY npHHa.ll.Jle}KaJlH
c. Bop06beBo, A<I>aHacbeBcKoe, pbl60JlOBHble .lI.epeBHH C CeJlOM 03epeTCKHM 45.
B .lI.aHHOM nepellHe OTpa}KeHa JlHlIIb MaJlaH TOJlHKa CYllleCTBOBaBlIIHX B XVI B.
,lJ.BOPUOBbiX X03HHCTB. Ero ueJlb - nOKa3aTb, liTO KpynHble uapCKHe BOTIIHHbI
6b1J1H pa36pocaHbI no BceH CTpaHe, 3aHHMaH nO.ll.llac COTHH TbiCHII .lI.eCHTHH.
43CTb H3 HHX BnOCJle.ll.CTBHH 6b1J1a p03.l1.aHa B nOMeCTbH HJlH }Ke nepelIIJla
K MOHaCTblpHM. B CBOIO Ollepe.ll.b, HBaH rp03HblH OTnHCblBaJl Ha ce6H, MeHHJI
BOTIIHHbI MOHaCTblpeH, CBeTCKHX 3eMJleBJla.ll.eJlbueB.
B HCTopHorpa<l>HH uapCKHM BJIa.ll.eHHHM XVI B. He nOBe3J10: nOJlO}KeHHe
,lJ.BOPUOBbiX KpeCTbHH HaHMeHee H3YlleHO no cpaBHeHHIO C .lI.pyrHMH COUHaJlbHblMH
K3TeropHHMH 3eMJle.ll.eJlbueB. COBeTCKHe HCTOpHKH KaCaJlHCb JlHlIIb ceBepo-
33na.ll.HblX .lI.BOPUOBbiX KOMnJleKCOB. npH 3TOM B KOJlJleKTHBHOM TpY.ll.e JleHHHrpa.ll.-
CKHX YlleHblX .lI.aJleKO He no BceM nHTHHaM .lI.aHa xapaKTepHCTHKa cBoe06pa3HIO
3THX X03HHCTB. CneUHaJlbHble CTaTbH nOCBHllleHbI npHlIIeKCHHHCKHM pbl60JlOBHblM
BOJlOCTHM 1585 r. H Ka3aHCKHM .lI.BOPUOBbiM BOJlOCTHM KOHua XVI-HallaJla
XVII B. 46 H 3TO Bce. Me}K.lI.Y TeM H3YlleHHe .lI.BOPUOBbiX X03HHCTB HMeeT IIpe3BbI-
Q3HHO Ba}KHOe 3HalleHHe. Bo-nepBblx, B .lI.01IIe.ll.lIIHX .lI.0 Hac COTHbiX rpaMOTax
H3 3TOT THn BJla.ll.eHHH BCer.ll.a CO.ll.ep}KHTCH nO.ll.p06HaH perJlaMeHTaUHH nOBHH-
HOCTeH H BeJlHIIHHbI OKJIa.ll.HblX e.ll.HHHU, 6J1arO.ll.apH lIeMY MO}KHO npOCJle.ll.HTb
perHOHaJlbHble oc06eHHOCTH ceHbOpHaJlbHOrO 06J10}KeHHH. BO-BTOPblX, npHBJle-
K3eT B03MO}KHOCTb HaHTH KJlIOII K nOJlHTHKe npaBHTeJlbCTBa OTHOCHTeJlbHO
BJl3,lJ.eJlblleCKHX n060pOB, onHpaHCb Ha H3YlleHHe X03HHCTBeHHoro YKJI3.l1.a
B uapCKHX BOTIIHHax.
B npe.ll.bI.lI.YlllM naparpa<l>e YKa3b1BaJlOCb, liTO BblTb B .lI.BOPUOBbiX X03HH-
CTBax 6b1J1a perJlaMeHTHpOBaHa: B Hee BXO.ll.HJlO 06b1I1HO 5 .lI.ec. KpecTbHHcKOH
,lJ.06pOH 3eMJlH, 3a nOJlb30BaHHe KOTOpblMH 06pa6aTblBaJlaCb .lI.0nOJlHHTeJlbHaH
weCTaH .lI.eCHTHHa Ha BeJlHKOrO KHH3H (B <l>opMe 6aplllHHbI HJlH XJle6HOrO 06poKa)
HJlH }Ke C 5 .lI.ec. HCnOJlHHJlHCb KaKHe-JlH60 .lI.pyrHe nOBHHHOCTH, He CBH3aHHble
C XJIe60nalIIeCTBOM. B TelleHHe 50-X-HallaJle 60-x rO.ll.OB .lI.BopUOBoe Be.ll.OMCTBO
BBO.ll.HT 3aBHCHMOCTb BeJlHIIHHbI BbiTH OT KalleCTBa 3eMJlH. TOIIHee, C 3Toro Bpe-
MeHH Y3aKOHHBalOTCH HOpMbI 3TOH 3aBHCHMOCTH. nJlO.ll.OpO.ll.He nOIlBbI YIIHTblBa-
JlOCb H paHee. no KpaHHeH Mepe, CBe.ll.eHHH 06 3TOM cOXpaHHJlHCb C HallaJla
40-x rO.ll.OB. B .lI.BOPUOBOM KOMnJleKCe 6YHropo.ll. 1543/44 r. nOJlO}KeHO «Ha BblTb
xpecTbHHcKHe nalIIHH no lIIeCTb .lI.eCHTHH B nOJle, a naxaTH HM Ha BeJlHKOrO
KHH3H B ceJle Ha 6yeropo.ll.e. . . C BbiTH no .lI.eCHTHHe». CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, KpecTbHH-
CK3H nalIIHH + rocnO.ll.CKaH .lI.eCHTHHa COCTaBJlHJlH ceMb .lI.eCHTHH. TaKoH }Ke
HopMaTHB YCTaHoBJleH H .lI.JlH COCe.ll.HHX .lI.epeBeHb. BnOCJle.ll.CTBHH CeJleHHH
nepelIIJlH B HocH<I>o-BoJlOKOJlaMCKHH MOHacTblpb, H 3eMJlH oueHHBaJlaCb KaK
Cepe.ll.HHH 47. B .lI.aJlbHeHlIIeM lIIeCTH.lI.eCHTHHHOH BbiTblO Mbi 6Y.ll.eM HMeHOBaTb
He TOJlbKO OKJIa.ll.HYIO e.ll.HHHu.y, cO.ll.ep}KalllYIO 6 .lI.ec. .lI.06pOH 3eMJlH, HO H ee
MO.ll.H<I>HKaUHH C 7 .lI.ec. Cpe.ll.HeH, C 8 .lI.ec. XY.ll.OH 3eMJlH, T. e. BblTb C .lI.06aBOIIHoH
rOCnO.ll.CKOH .lI.eCHTHHoH. TaKaH BblTb ynoTpe6J1HeTCH .lI.JIH onHcaHHH cJle.ll.YlOlllHx
4*
51

X03HHCTBeHHblX KOMnJleKCOB: 6yifropo.ll. H IlaJlKHHO HOJlOUKOrO y. (154;:i/44 r.),
BOpHCOBCKOe H KpacHoe BJla.ll.HMHpCKOrO y. (1555/56 r., 1584/85 r.), HopcKoe
51pocJlaBcKoro y. (1556 r.), 51poroM>K H HP.ll.OMCKoe BeJl03epCKoro y. (1564 r.,
1561 r.), TBepcKHe BOJIOCTH (1580 r.), BblIlIrOpO.ll. M <l>e.ll.OTbeBO PH3aHcKoro y.
(1589, 1596 rr.), BOJIOrO.ll.CKHe BOJlOCTH (80-e rO.ll.bI). ClO.lI.a >Ke MO>KHO OTHeCTM
.ltBOpUOBble nOCMeNHH BeHeBcKoro y., r.ll.e B BblTb B 1571 r. KJlaJlOCb 5 .lI.ec. .lI.06pOH
3eMJIH + 1,5 .lI.ec. rOCnO.ll.CKOH 48.
nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHaH BblTb H ee MO.ll.HHKaUHH .lI.JlH; 3eMJlH xY.ll.llIero KaqeCTBa
(6 .lI.ec. cpe.ll.Heii nallIHH, 7 .lI.ec. XY.ll.OH), T. e. BblTb 6e3 .lI.OnOJlHHTMbHOH .lI.eCHTHHbf.,
HaH60Jlee ynoTpe6HTMbHa B n.poMblCJlOBhlX ce.neHHHX. npaB.lI.a, He06xo.ll.HM'O
Y'IHTblBaTb O.ll.HH moaHC: npH 5 .lI.ec. .lI.06poM 3eMJlH B BblTH XY.ll.OH MOrJlO 6blTb
He TOJlbKO 7, HO H 8 .lI.ec., qTO nopOH 3aTpy.nHHeT KJlaccH4>HKaUHIO CeJleHItii no
pa3MepaM BTH. PaccMoTpHM npHMeHeHHe nHTH.lI.eCHTKHHOH BTH B pOJlO-
BeUKHX KOMnJleKcax. B npHWeKCHHHCKHX .lI.epeBHHx BeJI03epCKoro y. KpenDHHe
YCTpaHBaJlH e3b1 H nJlaTHJlH peHTY pbl60ii, BblTb 3JteCb nHTH.lI.ecmHHHaH.
Ho B HeKoTopblX BOJIOCTHX C qaCTH HaceneHttH B3HMaJlCSJ xJle6, B BbiTh I1p'1It 3TOM
KJlaJlOCb 6.l1.ec. (B nepeCqeTe Ha .lI.06PYJO 3eMJlIO): BepeHcKaH BOJlOCTh, .l{OJlraH
CJlo60.ll.Ka, <l>e.ll.OCbHH rOpO.ll.OK, HBaqeBCKaH Bon. nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHas BblTb
6b1J1a H B MOCKOBCKHX pbl60JlOBeU K HX .lI.epeBHHX ceJIa 03epeTCK6ro 49. CJle.ll.O-
BaTeJlbRO, B ueHTpaJlbHhlX ye3.l1.ax a3J1H'IHe B BbiTH .lI.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOit rocnO.ll.CKOH
.lI.eCHTHHbI 06YCJlOBJlHBaJlaCb xapaKTepOM KpeCTbSlBCKHX nOBHHHOCTeit, CBH3aHHblX
C XJIe60nallIeCTBOM.
80 BTOpoH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. npaBHTeJlbCTBO HallHHaerr HaCTynJleHHe Ha
npHBblqHblH cTepeOTHn paCqeTa, Ha npHCYTCTBHe B BbiTH .lI.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOH
rOCnO.ll.CKOH .lI.eCRTHHbI. Oc06eHHo 3TO KacaeTCH CeJleHHH, H306poqeHHhlx XJle6HOH
HaTypaJlbHoH peHTOH. B KOCTpOMCKOM y. B .lI.BOPUOObiX CeJl8X l.{bl6HHo H CpeTeH-
CKoe 0 1567/68 r. 6apll1.HHa 6b1J1a 38MeHeHa XJle6HblM 06poKoM, KOTOpblA H8)lO
nJlaTHTb C WeCTHJl.ecRTHHHOH BblTH, HO 3eMJlH 3J1.eCb Cpe,llHHH, T. e. no cYW.ecTBY
Mbi HMeeM Jl.MO C DHTHJl.eCHTHHHOH BbiTblO. nOConHblH xJle6 6e3 .lI.06aBOQHOH
.lI.eCHTHHbI Ha BblTb nJlaTHJlH B 70-80-x rO.ll.ax KpecTbHHe MYPoMcKoro M HH>Ke-
ropollcKoro yy.so OrcyrcTBHe HCTOIJHHKOB 33 nepBYIO nOJlOBHHY XVI B. He
n0300JlHeT C yoepeHHOCTblO pewaTb, HMeeM JIB Mbi 3.l1.eCb ,lleJIO C MeCTHblMH
Tpa.ll.HUHHMH HJlH >Ke HaJlHUO pe3YJlbTaT npe06pa3YlOllI.eH .lI.eHTeJlbHOCTH npa-
OHTMbCTBa OTHOCHTeJlbHO HOpM 06b1qHOrO npaBa. H3BeCTHaH 06oc06J1eHHocTb
HH>KerOpOJl.CKOrO H MypOMCKoro KHH>KeCTB 0 XIII-XIV OB., 6J1H3Koe HX
COCe.ll.CTBO C Ka3aHcKHM xaHCTBOM H OP.ll.OH MOrJlH npHBecTH K TOMY, qTO 03THX
OKpaHHHblX TeppHTopHHX He nOJlyqHJI pa30HTHe npHHUHn paCqeTa «H8 nHTb
llIeCTOH:', qeM He 3aMe.ll.JlHJlH BOCnOJlb300aTbCH npHKa3Hble qHHbI BOJIbllIOrO
oopua, OnpeJl.MHB KpeCTbHHCKHe nOBHHHOCTH C nHTH.lI.eCHTHHHOH BbiTH 6e3
Jl.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOH rOCnOJl.CKOH .lI.eCHTHHbI. TpY.ll.HO YCTaHOBHTb, BOO.ll.HJlaCb JlH
.lI.OnOJlHHTeJlbHaH .lI.eCHTHHa B Ka3aHCKOM H CBHH>KCKOM yy. YHHHKaUHH
BJla.ll.eJlbqeCKOH peHTbI B .lI.BOPUOBbiX 3.l1.ellIHHX X03HHCTBax npOBe.ll.eHa 6b1J1a,
BHJl.HMO, B 1562/63 r. nHCUOM CeMeHoM HapMaUKHM, 0 qeM Mbi Y3HaeM no
peTpocneKTHoHblM CBe.ll.eHHHM KHHr 1565-1568 rr., KOTopble 3aHKCHpOBaJlH
nepe.ll.aqy qaCTH .lI.OOPUOBbiX BJlaJl.eHHH nOMelll.HKaM H uepKOH. ,[lBopuoBaH
OblTb COJl.ep>KaJla 10 qeTBepTeH Jl.06pOH HJlH 12 qeTBepTeH Cpe.ll.HeH 3eMJlH,
C KOTOpOH KpeCTbHHe 06H3aHbI 6b1J1H naxaTb cno Jl.eCHTHHe p>KH H no .lI.eCHTHHe
HpH:'. B nOMelll.HIJbHX X03HHCToax 1565-1568 rr., CYJl.H no Ka3aHCKOH nHcuoBoH
KHHre, rocnOJl.CK8H naWHH OTCyrCTOYeT, T. e. C03J1.aeTCH OneIJaTJleHHe, qTO
52

KpeCTbHHe JlOJI>KHbI 6b1J1H n3X3Tb H3 rOCnOJl.HHa OJl.HY H3 nHTH BbiTHbiX Jl.eCHTHH.
OJl.H3KO H3CTOp3>KHB3eT CJleJlYIOw.ee 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO: Jl.BOpu.OBbie CeJleHHH ne-
peUJJlH K nOMeIUHK3M, no CYW.eCTBY, B MOMeHT onHC3HHH, 3 Jl.JlH 33BeJl.eHHH
OTJleJIbHOii rocnoJlcKoii n3UJHH HY>KHO 6b1J1o BpeMH, He06xoJl.HMO 6b1J1o OCB3HB3Tb
nepeJIor. 8 nepHOJl >Ke, KOrJl.3 CeJleHHH 6b1J1H npHnHC3HbI K Jl.BOpU.OBOMY BeJl.OM-
CTBY, KpeCTbHHe MOrJlH OT6b1B3Tb 63pW.HHY B KpynHblx CeJl3X, K3K 3TO 6b1J1o
B KOHu.e XVI B. Ho nHcu.OB3H Jl.BOpU.OB3H KHHr3 1599/1600 r. no K333HCKOMY y.
CBHJleTeJlbCTBYeT H 0 Jl.PyroM: 0 nOTepe BbiTblO cTporo HOpMHpoBaHHoro X3P3K-
Tep3 51.
qTO K3C3eTCH HOBrOpOJl.CKOrO KP3H, rJl.e T3K>Ke B 06b1ttHOM np3Be paHee
OTCyrCTBOB3J13 TP3J1.HU.HH p3CtteTa CH3 nHTb UJeCTOH», TO CYJl.HTb no cArpapHOR
HCTOpHH CeBepo-33n3J1.3 POCCHH», B K3KHX Jl.BOpU.OBbiX KOMnJleKC3X Jl.O
KOHU.3 XVI B. COXp3HHJlOCb C06>K3», 3 B K3KHX ee 33MeHHJl3 CBblTb», HeB03MO>KRO.
3TO >Ke OTHOCHTCH H K p33Mep3M HOBrOpOJl.CKOH .lI.BOpU.OBOH BblTH, T3K KaK
06b1ttHO 3BTOp3MH BblBOJlHTCH CpeJl.HeCT3THCTHtteCKHe nOK333TeJlH 6e3 Y'leT3
KatteCTB3 3eMJlH. H3YQeHHe ony6J1HKOB3HHblX nHcu.OBbiX KHHr D03BOIIHeT
H3MeTHTb HeKOTopble TeHJl.eHu.HH B Jl.BOpU.OBOM 3eMJleYCTpOHCTBe. B llieJIOHCKOH
nHTHHe 1500/01 r. B Jl.BOpU.OBbiX KOMnJleKC3X nOHBJlHeTCH cJl.eeHTHHa:. B K3tte-
CTBe eJl.HHHu.bI H3MepeHHH nJlow.3J1.H BeJlHKOKHH>KeCKOH R3UJHH CB no.ne».
ecHTHH3 COOTHeceHa C HOpMOH BblceB3: ca H3 Jl.eCHTHHY ceKIT no KOpoObe
C qeTBepTKolO p>KH:'. npH onHC3HHH nOMeCTHhiX 3eMeJlb 3TH HOBUJeCTBa (H3Mepe-
HHe B .neCHTHH3X, nOHBJleHHe CJlOBOCOQeT3HHH CB no.ne») OTCYTCTBYIOT. B 1550/51 r.
cKop06bH» nOJl.ttac 33MeHeHa 'IeTBepTblO: ccelOT no nHTb tteTBepTeH P>KH»,
BBOJlHTCH nOK33aTeJIb K3tteCTB3 3eMJlH (Ao6p3H, CpeJl.HRH) H Tp3JlHU.HOHHblH
.l1JIH u.eHTp3J1bHblX ye3J1.0B CtteT B TPH nOJlH (CB nOJle, 3 B Jl.BYX nOJlRX no TOMY >K») .
OJl.H3KO eJl.HHHu.eH oOJlO>KeHHH OCT3eTCH 06>K3, a T3K>Ke H COX3 p3BHaH TpeM
06)f(3M. B n803epbe C 06)1(& p3cn3XHB8J1H npHMepHo 0,8 Jlee. u.3pcKoro no.nH.
B nCKOBCKOii 3eMJle H npHMblK3Bweil K HeH nOpXOBCKOM y. B SO-x rOJl3X
OKJI3J1.HOH eJlHHHu.eH HBJlRJl3Cb UJecTHJtecHTHHH3H BYTb, COAep>K3w.3R 12 'IeT-
BepTeH Jl.06poH 3eMJlH, 14 CpeJl.HeH. 16 XYJl.OH. lllecTHJl.ecHTHHH3H BblTb H ee
MOJl.HHKaltHH B 33BHCHMOCTH OT K3QeCTB3 3eMJlH JleHCTBOB3J1H B 8O-x rOJl.3X
B Ce6e}l(CKOM y. HHKOJIbCKOH ry6e, IO>KHOH OKpaHHe nCKOBCKoro KP3H 52.
HT3K, np3BHTeJlbCTBO CTpeMHTCH H3 TeppHTOpHH Bceii CTp3HbI K H3BeCTHOH
YHHHK3U.HH Jl.BOpnOBbiX OKJI3J1.HblX eJl.HHHu., HO B HOBropoJlCKHX nHTHH3x
BHJl.HMO, ttyrb JlH He B TetteHHe Bcero XVI B. B JlBOpU.OBbiX X03HHCTB3X pOJlb
OKJI3J1.HOH eJlHHHu.bI Hrp3eT 06>K3. Ll3J1bHeHUJee H3ytteHHe 3Toro Bonpoc3
Jl.OJI>KHO BblHBHTb xpoHOJIOrHttecKYIO rp3Hb, C MOMeHT3 KOTOpOH HOBropoJlCK3H
Jl.BOpU.OB3H 06>K3 B noconHblX CeJl3X HMeJl3 TBepJ1blH perJl3MeHTHpoB3HHblH
p33Mep. npOH30UJJlO JlH 3TO B 80-x rOJl.3X, KOrJl.3 nOMeCTH3H 06>K3 6b1J13 npHp3B-
HeH3 10 tteTBepTHM, HJlH >Ke peopM3 6b1J13 npOBeJl.eH3 p3HbUJe, H BO Bcex JlH
HOBrOpOJl.CKHX p3HOH3X BeJlHttHH3 Jl.BOpU.OBOH oO>KH 6b1J13 OJlHH3KOB3?
Cyw.eCTByeT ew.e OJlH3 Kp3HHe B3>KH3H npoOJleM3, OTBeT H8 KOTOpylO
B H3CToHw.ee BpeMH He H3HJl.eH. 3eMJlH Bcex COU.H3JlbHblX CT3TYCOB, nOMHMO
Jl.BOpU.OBblX, onHCblB3J1HCb tteTBepTHMH. qeTBepTH3H n3UJHH, K3K Y>Ke rOBOpHJlOCb
B rJl. I, p3CCM3TpHB3J13Cb K3K nOK333TeJlb CJlY>K6b1 U.3plO. LlBOpU.OBbie BJl3Jle-
HHH B nepBOH nOJlOBHHe BeK3 BnJlOTb Jl.0 H3tt3J13 60-x rOJl.OB KJl3J1HCb B Jl.ecHTHHbI,
C 50-x rOJl.OB pHJI. KOMnJleKCOB nOBOJl>KbH (K333Hb, CBHH>KCK, HH>KHHH HOBrOpOJl.,
Ap33M3C), 3 T3K>Ke nCKOBCKOH H HOBrOpOJl.CKOH 3eMJlH, BOJIorJl.bI - B 'IeTBepTH.
MO>KHO 6b1J1o 6b1 npeJl.nOJlO>KHTb, ttTO rJl.e-TO K 80-M roJl.3M Bce JlBOpu.OBbie
53

3eMJlH OnHCblBalOTCH lIeTBepTHMH, HO 3TO He TaK. CoxpaHHIOTCH .LI.eCHTHHbI
B IO>KHblX ye3.L1.ax (PH3aHb, KaUJHpa), B TBepCKOM BJla.LI.eHHH, nepe.LI.aHHOM
B 1580 r. CHMeoHY BeK6YJlaTOBHlIY, B npHUJeKCHHHCKHX pbl60JlOBeLlKHx BOJlOCTHX
BeJl03epCKoro y., BO BJla.LI.HMHpCKOM, MYPOMCKOM yy. nOlieMY HMeHHO B 3THX pe-
rHOHax cOXpaHHJlaCbTpa.LI.HLlHH onHCblBaTb LlapCKHe HMeHHH .LI.eCHTHHaMH? He npe.LI.-
CTaBJlHJlO JlH .LI.eCHTHHHoe nHCbMO KaKHe-JlH60 JlbrOTbi HJlH onpe.LI.e.neHHblH CTaTYC,
He OCB060>K.LI.aJlo JlH OT HeKOTopblX rOCY.LI.apCTBeHHblX nOBHHHOCTeH? HJlH >Ke
.LI.eCHTHHHoe onHcaHHe K KOHLlY XVI B. HBJlHJlOCb JlHUJb CBH.LI.eTeJlbCTBOM Toro,
liTO .LI.aHHble 3eMJlH He pa3.L1.aBaJlHCb nOMe1ll.HKaM H Bce BpeMH COXpaHHJlH CTaTYC
.LI. B OPLlOBblX?
nOMHMO nHTH- H UJeCTH.LI.eCHTHHHblX HopMaTHBOB, CY1ll.eCTBOBaJlH H 60JlbUJe-
pa3MepHble BblTH, npHMeHHeMbie 06b1l1HO .LI.JlH 06POllHblX, 60pTHbiX H .LI.PyrHx
HMeHHH. B 50-x rO.LI.ax B BaJlaXHHHCKHX 60pTHbiX MaJlOHaCeJleHHblX BOJlOCTHX
B BblTb KJla.LI.eTCH no 7 .LI.ec. .LI.06pOH 3eMJlH. B HH>KerOpO.LI.CKOM y. no .LI.030pHOH
KHHre 1588 r. B .LI.ecHTHlieTBepTHbie BbiTH nOJlO>KeHbI TOJlbKO PyccKHe 3eMJlH.
C 90-x rO.LI.OB npaBHTeJlbCTBO HallHHaeT onHCblBaTb BblTHMH H MOP.LI.OBCKHe
nOCeJleHHH, npH 3TOM BeJlHlIHHa TaKoH BbiTH B .LI.Ba pa3a 60JlbUJe PYCCKOH OKJIa.LI.-
HOH e.LI.HHHLlbi. B 1597 r. B TeMHHKoBCKOM y. «no rocY.LI.apeBY YKa3Y .LI.aeTCH
MOp.LI.Be no 20 lIeTeH Ha BblTb». T aKoe >Ke COOTHOUJeHHe coxpaHHeTCH H B HH>Ke-
rOpO.LI.CKOH nHcLloBoH KHHre 1613/14 r.: B PYCCKHX ce.neHHHX Ha BblTb nOJlO>KeHO
10 lIeTeH .LI.06pOH 3eMJlH, B MOP.LI.OBCKHX - 20 lIeTeH 53. ,QeBHTH- H .LI.eCHTH.LI.eCHTHH-
Hble BbiTH CY1ll.eCTBOBaJlH .LI.0 1585 r. B 6eJl03epCKoM pbl60JlOBeLlKOM ceJle Boro-
CJlOBCKOM: «KJla.LI.eHO no cTapoMY nHCbMY Ha BblTb xY.LI.ble 3eMJlH no 9 H no
10 .LI.eCHTHH, a no HOBOMY nHcbMY KJla.LI.eHO Ha BblTb no 7 .LI.eCHTHH xY.LI. ble 3eMJlH» 54.
Ha.LI.o OTMeTHTb e1ll.e O.LI.HH acneKT BbiTHoro nHCbMa: YCTaHOBJleHHblH BbiTHblH
HopMaTHB Ha npaKTHKe He BCer.LI.a CTOJlb >KeCTKO BblnOJlHHJlCH. B 1546/47 r.
B BOJlOLlKOM y. lIaCTb .LI.epeBeHb .LI.BOpLlOBoro KOMnJleKCa BYHrOpO.LI., He3a.LI.OJlrO
nepe.LI. 3THM OT.LI.aHHble B nOMeCTbH, BHOBb npHnHcaHbI K BYHrOpO.LI.Y: «a naxaTH
HM BeJlHKOrO KHH3H naUJHH B ceJle Ha Byeropo.LI.e». Y CTaHOBJleHa BeJlHlIHHa
BblTH: «a Ha BblTb KJla.LI.eHO 3eMJlH no 12 lIeTBepTeH». O.LI.HaKO npH onHcaHHH pH.LI.a
.LI.epeBeHb B BblTb nOJlO>KeHO 60JlbUJe 3eMJlH: B .LI.epeBHHX CTaHoK, CblpOH
nOllHHOK, npOHHHO, KOCTHLlblHO, KOH.LI.paTOBO Ha BblTb npHxo.LI.HTCH 14 lIeTBepTeH,
a B .LI.epeBHHx KYBUJHHOBO H nJleUJKoBo - 16 lIeTBepTeH 55. B .LI.aHHOM CJlYliae
MOrJlO CblrpaTb pOJlb TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO, liTO .LI.epeBHH 6b1J1H JlHUJeHbI yrO.LI. HH :
Jleca, 03ep H peK, a HHor.LI.a H ceHa. nOliTH OKOJlO Ka>K.LI.OH .LI.epeBHH HMeeTCH
nOMeTa: «Jlecy HeT H 6e3BO.LI.Ha», «ceHa no.LI. HelO H BO.LI.bI H Jleca HeT», «ceHa H
Jlecy HeT», «a Jlecy H BO.LI.bI HeT». naUJHH B BbiTH - Be.LI.Y1ll.HH, HO He e.LI.HHCTBeH-
HblH nOKa3aTeJlb. ,QJlH HOpMaJlbHOrO Be.LI.eHHH X03HHCTBa HY>KHbI ceHOKOCbI H Jlec.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MeCTHbiX YCJlOBHH KOJlHlIeCTBO ceHa Ha BblTb CHJlbHO KOJle6a-
JlOCb: HaH60Jlee lIaCTO BCTpelialOTcH 20-30 KoneH, HO MOrJlO 6b1Tb H 40, H
60 KoneH. J1eca Ha BblTb 06b1l1HO KJlaJlH 1 .LI.eCHTHHY. B CJIYlIae OTCYTCTBHH HJlH
He.LI.OCTaTOliHOCTH ceHOKOCOB HJlH Jleca .LI.BOpLlOBoe Be.LI.OMCTBO .LI.aBaJlO «B Jleca
MeCTO», «B ceHO MeCTO» naxoTHYIO 3eMJlIO. TaK, B KaUJHpcKHX .LI.BOPLlOBbiX
BOJlOCTHX 80-x rO.LI.ax 3a ceHO .LI.aBaJlH naUJHIO, a 3a He.LI.OCTalO1ll.HH Jlec - naUJHIO
HJlH Jlyr, npH 3TOM YKa3b1BaJlOCb, liTO 3eMJlH .LI.aHa B O.LI.HOM nMe, «a B .LI.BY He
.LI.aHO». He.LI.OCTalO1ll.ee ceHO B03Me1ll.aJlH B 1562/63 r. KOJlOMeHCKHM lIepHblM
KpecTbHHaM H3 paclieTa 1 ,LJ.eCHTHHa 3a 20 KoneH 56. BepOHTHO, nO,LJ.06HblMH
npHHLlHnaMH 3eMJleYCTpOHCTBa PYKOBO.LI.CTBOBaJlHCb H paHee, .LI.06aBJlHH HeKOTO-
poe KOJlHlIeCTBO naUJHH B BblTb CBepx HopMaTHBa npH OTCYTCTBHH yrO.LI.HH HJlH >Ke
54

coaBnHH BTHH OKna. nOCneHHH cnocoo npHMeHeH OTHOCHTenbHO OHOH
H3 oyeropoCKHX epeBeHb. 113-3a YTpaT TeKCTa HH ee Ha3BaHHe, HH KOnHlIeCTBO
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npHIIHHa nOHBneHHH MHeHHH 0 pa3HOBeJIHKHX BTHX nopoH KpoeTcH
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oepeM HH>Ke, B pa3ene 0 CBeTCKHX cpeoanax. CeHlIac >Ke OCTaHOBHMCH Ha
.lI.BOPUOBOH BonOCTH I1BaHoB BOpOK. B HeH Ha MOMeHT onHcaHHH ono 19 cene-
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pHKe YOBaHHH KonHlIeCTBa nalllHH (CM. Taon. 2). ECJ1H HCnOJIb30BaTb
cOBpeMeHHe MeTO, nOMHO>KHB OJIIO BTH, KOTOpOH onHcaHO ceneHHe, Ha
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oO'beKT OOJlO>KeHHH p6HOH peHToH BcTynaeT H B e30BoH KHHre 1585 r.
SICHO, liTO npH 3TOM oc06aH TOIlHOCTb COOTBeTCTBHH nalllHH H BTHoro nHCbMa
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BonOCTH I1BaHoB BOpOK OCTaTOIlHO nOYIIHTenbHo.
55

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I B BbiTH
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, KOJIH'IeCTBa naWHH B ceneHHSlX.
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qTO npH TOr.ll.aWHHX cnoc06ax nOjlcqeTa 6b1J1o KpaHHe TPY.lI.oeMKO, a no HTOroBoH
cYMMe .lI.ecHTHH, HO, BH.lI.HMO, OH oWH6cH, HanHcaB cBblTeH 10 6e3 1/3 1/16 1/ 24 ».
56

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57

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H3 TPH 43CTH, HO .lI.OnYCTHMO H .lI.pyroe npe.ll.nOJlO>KeHHe: CT3pO>KHJlbUbi HMeJlH
60Jlee KpenKoe X03HHCTBO, KOTopoe CKJl3.l1.blB3J10Cb B Te4eHHe .lI.JlHTeJlbHOrO Bpe-
MeHH, n03TOMY OHH onHCblB3J1HCb 60JlbllleH .lI.OJleH BblTH, 4eM OCT3J1bHble (1/3, 3 He
1/ 4 ). B MeJlKHe BbiTHbie .lI.OJlH KJl3J1H 60Jlee M3J10M04Hble X03HHCTB3 MJl3.l1.lllHX
6p3TbeB, cblHoBeH. B .lI.. ToprHHo CTOHJlH 4 .lI.BOp3 6p3TbeB I1HIOTHHblX: H3 AH-
THnKY nOJlO>KeH3 1/3 BblTH, H3 KOCTKY - 1/ 2 BbiTH. X03HHCTB3 HX MJl3.l1.lllHX
6p3TbeB oueHeHbI B 1/8 BbiTH. T3K3H >Ke .lI.OJlH 6b1J13 nOJlO>KeH3 H3 .lI.BOp CblH3
KOCTKH. B COTHOH no BOJlOCTH <I>e.ll.OTbeBe H33B3Hbi T3K>Ke JlHU3, YMepllJHe HJlH
Cllle.ll.lllHe 6e3BeCTHO, C YK333HHeM rO.ll.3 Bbl6b1THH H 43CTH BblTH, H3 KOTOpblX
58

OHH paHee cH,neJlH. BOT KaK no ro,naM pacnpe,neJlHeTCH KOJlHlleCTBO onycTeBlllHx
,nBOpOB, BJla,neJlbLlbi KOTOpblX «pa30111JlHCb oe3BeCTHO»: 1587 /88 r. - 2,
1588/89 r. - 3, 1589/90 r. - 2, 1590/91 r. - 1, 1591/92 r. - 3, 1592/93-
1, 1593/94 r. - 1. 3eMJlH, onycTeBlllHe B pe3YJlbTaTe cMepTH KpecTbHH, nOMelleHbl
oOJlee paHHHMH ro,naMH: 1585/86 r. - 1/4 BblTH, 1586/87 r. - 1/4 BbiTH. Be-
pOHTHO, OTClleT onYCTeBllleH 3eMJlH llleJl OT npe,nllleCTBYIOw.ero onHcaHHH cepe-
,nHHbI 80-x ro,nOB, XOTH 0 HeM B TeKCTe He ynoMHHaeTCH. HaCTOpa>KHBaeT ,npyroe:
Cy,nH no ,nOllle,nlllHM HCTOIIHHKaM, no,nBopHO-BbiTHoe OOJlO>KeHHe nOHBHJlOCb He-
CKOJlbKO n03>Ke cepe,nHHbI 80-x ro,nOB. B03MO>KHbI ,nBe BepCHH OO'bHCHeHHH Toro
<paKTa, liTO no,nBopHoe onHcaHHe BbiTblO ,naHO Y>Ke 3a 1585/86 r. Pa3pyo
BbiTHbiX OKJla,nOB Me>K,ny >KHTeJlHMH CeJleHHH npoH3Bo,nHJlCH Bcer,na, H eCJlH
pa Hbllle YKa3b1BaJlocb KOJlHlleCTBO 3aopollleHHblx 3eMeJlb B CBH3H co cMepTblO HJlH
YXO,nOM KpeCTbHHHHa, TO B KOHLle 80-x ro,nOB, Kor,na npaBHTeJlbCTBO CTaJlO Tpeoo-
BaTb BeJlHIIHHY BbiTHbiX OKJIa,nOB onYCTeBlllHX ,nBOpOB, 3Ta BeJlHIIHHa nOCT<paK-
TYM OblJla Ha3BaHa, HCXO,nH H3 KpeCTbHHCKHX pa3pYOOB H pa3MepOB 3anYCTeBlllHX
nallleH. MeHee BepOHTHO HHoe npe,nnOJlO>KeHHe, a HMeHHO, liTO B lIaCTH IO>KHblX
,nBOpLlOBbiX KOMnJleKCOB no,nBopHO-BbiTHoe onHcaHHe OblJlO npOBe,neHO
B 1585/86 r.
J{o Hac ,nOllleJI npHnpaBOIIHblH cnHCOK ,nBOpLlOBbiX BOJlOCTeH KalllHpCKoro y.
1588 r. PHon npHHLlHnOB 3eMJleYCTpOHCTBa KaK B BOJlOro,nCKOM, TaK H B KalllHp-
CKOM yy., HeCMOTpH Ha nOJlHpHOCTb reorpa<pHlleCKoro nOJlO>KeHHH, OblJl o,nHHaKOB.
3TO HaBo,nHT Ha MblCJlb, liTO B 1588 r. B KalllHpCKHX BOJlOCTHX TaK>Ke Ka>K,noe
KpeCTbHHCKoe X03HHCTBO OblJlO onHcaHO ,nOJlHMH BbiTeH. (npHnpaBoIIHblH cnHCOK
COCTaBJlHJlCH B HallaJle XVII B. H B HeM ,naHbI TOJlbKO HTorOBble ,naHHble no ceJle-
HHHM.) J{aHHYIO BepCHIO no,nTBep>K,naeT onHcaHHe on. lUOHKHHOH Ha p. BOlllaHKe:
nepenHCIIHK CJlYllaHHO nepeHec B npHnpaBOIIHblH cnHCOK CBe,neHHH 0 cyw.eCTBO-
BaHHH 3,neCb Oow.ero nOJlH pa3MepOM B 2,5 BblTH, KOTopble nalllYT «BcelO ,nepeB-
HelO». Bcero >Ke B lUOHKHHOH OblJlO 5- 1 / 3 BbiTH H 6 KpecTbHHcKHX ,nBOpOB.
O<pHLlHaJlbHoe BbI,neJleHHe oow.ero nOJlH CTaJlO Heooxo,nHMO J1Hlllb npH no,nBopHO-
BbiTHOM onHcaHHH 62. PaHee, Kor,na 3eMJlH H IIHCJlO BbiTeH 3anHCblBaJlOCb 3a
CeJleHHeM B LleJlOM, no,nOOHaH ,nH<p<pepeHLlHaLlHH OblJla He HY>KHa. HTaK, K HaCTOH-
llI.eMY BpeMeHH Mbi He pacnOJlaraeM ,nOKYMeHTaMH, KOTopble Obi CBH,neTeJlbCTBO-
BaJJH 0 BBe,neHHH no,nBopHO-BbiTHoro onHcaHHH B ,nBOpLlOBbiX BJla,neHHHX paHee
1588/89 r.
Ew.e oOJlee BH,noH3MeHeHHoH npe,ncTaeT BblTb B ,nBOpLlOBbiX KOMnJleKCaX Ka-
3aHCKoro y. 1599/1600 r. BblTb 3,neCb He HOpMHpOBaHa. 3T0, nO>KaJlYH, e,nHHCT-
BeHHblH H3BeCTHblH CJlYllaH ,nJlH LlapCKHX HMeHHH XVI B. B LleHTpaJlbHblX perHO-
Hax, XOTH B HallaJle 60-x ro,nOB ,nBopLloBaH BblTb B Ka3aHcKoM Kpae oblJla YHH<PH-
LlHpoBaHa H 3aKJIlOllaJla B ceoe 10 lIeTBepTeH KpecTbHHcKOH ,nOOpOH 3eMJlH.
O,nHaKo no npOllleCTBHH nOIlTH 35 J1eT C MOMeHTa 3eMJleycTpoHcTBa ,nBOpLlOBbiX
ceJJ OOCTaHOBKa pe3KO H3MeHHJlaCb. J{OJIH BbiTH BblcTynalOT KaK caMOCTOHTeJlbHble
OKJIa,nHble e,nHHHLlbl, YTpaTHBlllHe n03eMeJlbHblH xapaKTep, npH 3TOM OOoeKTOM
OOJlO>KeHHH CTaHOBHTCH ,nBOP, H ,na>Ke He Bcer,na ,nBOP, a H nOTeHLlHaJlbHblH
B oy,nyw.eM ,nBopOBJIa,neJleLl. TaK, B ceJle 4enllIOrH «HanHcaH BO KpeCTbHHe
J{aHHJlKO BOJlO,nHH Ha lIeTH BblTH, a ,nBopa CBoero H nalllHH HeT, >KHBeT y 3HTH
CBoero». TaKHX cHTyaLlHH B ,n030pHOH KHHre 1599/1600 r. HHKHTbI OoyxoBa
MHoro: H,neT YBeJlHlleHHe BbiTHoro oKJIa,na ,nJlH pH,na ,nBopOBJla,neJIbLleB, no,npoc-
lllHe IIJ1eHbI ceMbH onHCblBalOTCH THrJlOM OT,neJlbHO. BblTb KaK caMOCTOHTeJIbHaH
e,nHHHLla ynoMHHaeTcH J1Hlllb npH perJlaMeHTaLlHH KpeCTbHHCKHX nOBHHHocTeH:
59

HOpMbI 6aplllHHbI .lI.aHbI Ha BblTb, COOTBeTCTBeHHO BeJlHIIHHa KHH)I(ecKOro nOJIH
B 3HallHTeJlbHOH Mepe 06YCJlOBJIeHa IIHCJlOM BbiTeH. npH YXO.ll.e KpecrbHHHHa H3
CeJIeHHSI ero .lI.OJIIO 6aplllHHbI .lI.OJI>KHbI 6b1JIH HCnOJIHSlTb cB3rOHOM:.t OCTaBWHeCH
>KHTeJIH. OnHcaHHe TSlrJIOM Ka>K.lI.OrO .lI.Bopa npH OTCYTCTBHH HOpMHpOBaHHOH BbiTH
3HaMeHyeT nepeXO.ll. He CTOJlbKO K nO.ll.BOp Ho-n03eMeJI bHOMY , CKOJIbKO npOCTO
K nO.ll.BOpHOMY 06JIO>KeHHIO. 3TO HarJlSl.ll.HO npOCJIe)l(HBaeTCSI B 06POIIHblX ceJle-
HHSlX, r.ll.e BblTb KaK OKJIa.ll.HaSi e.ll.HHHIJ.a B 60JIbWHHCTBe CJlYllaeB OTCYTCTBYeT.
Ii eCJIH B CJl060.ll.e Pbl6HOH Ha p. KaMe coxpaHSleTcSI BH)lHMOCTb B3HMaHHSI .lI.e-
He>KHOH peHTbI C HeKoH «pbl6b1» (<<pbl6a»= 100 .lI.eHbraM, HaHBblcwHH 06POK=
=350 .lI.eHbraM), TO B .lI.BYX .lI.PyrHx CeJleHHSlX Ha KaMe OODeKTOM 06JIO>KeHHSI
CJlY>KHT «.lI.BOp» (180 .lI.eHer co .lI.BOpa). KpoMe Toro, lIaCTb .lI.BOpOBJIa.ll.eJlbIJ.eB
nJIaTHT ellle 180 .lI.eHer 3a «naWHIO» 63.
nepeH.lI.eM K paCCMOTpeHHIO c06CTBeHHO peHTbI B .lI.BOpIJ.OBbiX HMeHHSlX. Ha
60JIbWeH lIaCTH IJ.eHTpaJIbHblX ye3.l1.0B CTpYKTypa OKJIa.ll.HOH e.ll.HHHIJ.bI (BblTH)
onpe.ll.eJlSlJIa pa3Mep OCHOBHblX nOBHHHOCTeH: 3a nOJlb30BaHHe KpeCTbSlHCKHMH
.lI.eCSlTHHaMH, BXO.ll.SllllHMH B BblTb, Ha.ll.O 6b1JIO pacnaxaTb .lI.OnOJlHHTeJlbHYIO roc-
nO.ll.CKYIO .lI.eCSlTHHY H OT.lI.aTb C Hee npH6aBOIIHblH npO.ll.YKT B 4>opMe 6aplllHHbI
HJIH XJle6HOrO 06pOKa. KaK Y>Ke rOBOpHJIOCb, .lI.aHHoe COOTHoweHHe .lI.JISI .lI.06pOH
3eMJlH paBHSlJIOCb npOnOpIJ.HH «Ha nSlTb weCTOH». .lI.oWe.ll.WHe .lI.O Hac COTHbie
CBH.lI.eTeJIbCTBYIOT, 4TO B XVI B. IJ.apCKOe Be.ll.OMCTBO npe.ll.n04HTaJIO HaTypaJlbHO-
.lI.eHe>KHblH 06POK 6aplllHHe. X03S1HcTBeHHblx .lI.BOPIJ.OBbiX KOMnJIeKCOB C oTpa60-
TOIIHOH 3eMJIe.ll.eJIbileCKOH nOBHHHOCTblO HeMHoro. 3T0 CHMH3HHcKHe ceJla BJIa-
.lI.HMHpCKoro y. (paHee 1498/99 r.), r.ll.e C 5 KpeCTbSlHCKHX .lI.eCSlTHH Ha.ll.O 6bU1o
pacnaXHBaTb O.ll.HY B KHSI>KeCKOM nOJIe (.lI.Be B .lI.BYX nOJlSlx). BapcKoe nOJIe 3a-
HHMaJIO npHMepHo 16,8 % noceBHblX nJIOllla.ll.eH. B BOJlOIJ.KOM y., B CeJlax 6yAro-
pO.ll. H naJIKHHO (1543/44 r.), KpecTbSlHe naXaJIH .lI.eCSlTHHY C WeCTH.lI.eCSlTHHHOH
BblTH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO KHSI>KecKoe nOJIe 3aHHMaJIO OKOJlO 14 % KYJIbTHBHpyeMhlx
3eMeJIb. O.ll.HaKO ynoMSlHYTble X03S1HcTBeHHo-TeppHTOpHaJIbHble KOMnJIeKCbI C 6ap-
lllHHOH Bbl6b1BaIOT H3 .lI.BOpIJ.OBOrO Be.ll.OMCTBa KO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe XVI B. Bo
BJIa.ll.HMHpCKOM y. K MOMeHTY onHcaHHSI 1498/99 r. 6aplllHHa 6b1J1a OTMeHeHa,
a caMH ceJla BnOCJle.ll.CTBHH nepeWJIH B MHTpOnOJIH4HH .lI.OM. BOJJOCTH 6yAropo.ll
H 'naJIKHHO 6b1JIH npoMeHeHbI liocH4>o-BOJIOKOJIaMCKoMY MOHaCTblplO 64. .lI.JlSI BTO-
pOH nOJIOBHHbI XVI B. .lI.BOpIJ.OBbie KOMnJIeKCbI C 6aplllHHoH H3BeCTHbi JIHWb Ha
oKpaHHax PyccKoro rocY.lI.apCTBa: B BeHeBcKoM, Ka3aHcKoM H CBHSI>KCKOM yy.,
T. e. TaM, r.ll.e Heo6XO.ll.HMO 6bU1o OCBOHTb 60JIbWHe nJIOllla.ll.H nYCTYlOlllHX 3eMeJlb
H r.ll.e nJIOTHOCTb KpeCTbSlHCKoro HaCeJleHHSI .lI.OCTaTOIlHO HH3Ka 65. TOT 4>aKT, liTO
.lI.BOPIJ.OBoe Be.ll.OMCTBO C03HaTeJlbHO npOBO.ll.HT nonHTHKY OTKa3a OT 6aplllHHbI
B nO.ll.aBJISIlOllleH lIaCTH IJ.eHTpaJIbHblX ye3.l1.0B, BH.lI.HO no COTHOH 1567 /68 r. Ha ceJIa
Ubl6HHO H CpeTeHcKoe KOCTpoMcKoro y., r.ll.e BMeCTO oTpa60T04HOH 3eMJIe.ll.eJIb-
lIecKoA nOBHHHOCTH YCTaHaBJIHBaJICSI XJIe6HblH 06POK 66.
KHSI>KeCKaSi naWHSI 6b1JIa OT.lI.eJIeHa OT KpecTbSlHcKHX Ha.ll.eJI0B H HaXO.ll.HJIaCb
B CeJle, KY.lI.a C'be3>KaJIHCb 3eMJIe.ll.eJlbIJ.bI H3 oKpecTHbix .lI.epeBeHb. HaJIHIlHe 060-
C06JIeHHOrO 6apcKoro nOJISI xopowo BH.lI.HO no COTHOH 1543/44 r. BOJIOIJ.KOrO y.
B ceJIe 6YHropo.ll. KHSI>KeCKaSi 3anaWKa .lI.OCTHraJIa 134 .lI.ec. B O.ll.HOM nOJIe, Kpe-
CTbSlHCKHX >Ke CeJlbCKHX BbiTeH 6b1JIO 45, OCTaJIbHble BbiTH npHXO.ll.HJlHCb Ha .l1e-
peBHH. B COTHOH TaK H CKa3aHO: «K CeJlY 6YIOropo.ll.Y KOTOpblM B cene BeJlHKOrO
KHSl3S1 naWHSI naxaTH 57 .lI.epeBeHb. . . a BbiTeH B ceJle H B .lI.epeBHSlx 134 BbiTH. . .
a naxaTH HM Ha BeJlHKOrO KHSl3S1 B ceJle Ha 6yeropo.ll.e 134 .lI.eCSlTHHbI, C BbiTH no
.lI.eCSITHHe». Or.ll.eJIbHO KHSI>KeCKOe nOJIe H B COCe.ll.HeM ceJle naJIKHHO, KOTOpoe
60

TaK>Ke 06pa6aTbiBalOT, nOMHMO CeJlbllaH, H >KHTeJlH Jl.epeBeHb. Ho BbiTeH 6b1J1o
MeHbllle, lIeM 3TO Tpe60BaJlOCb Jl.JlH 06pa60TKH rOCnOJl.CKOrO nOJlH npH HOpMaTHBe
C BblTH naXaTb Jl.eCHTHHY, n03TOMY 3 Jl.ec. nOJlaraJlOCb naxaTb CBepx BblTHOH
paCKJlaJl.KH - «3rOHOM».
I1TaK, THnHIIHaH HopMa oTpa60ToIIHOH nOBHHHOCTH C BbiTH B lJ,eHTpaJlbHblX
paHoHax COCTaBJIHJla 2 Jl.ec. B Jl.BYX nOJlHX (1 Jl.ec. 03HMoro+ 1 Jl.ec. HpH). CeB,
BHJl.HMO, npoH3BoJl.HJlCH KpecTbHHcKHMH ceMeHaMH. Ha TaKoe npeJl.nOJlO>KeHHe Ha-
TaJlKHBaeT cTporaH perJlaMeHTalJ,HH BbiceBaeMoro 3epHa: «A ceHTH HM Ha Jl.eCH-
THHY no Jl.Be lIeTBepTH p>KH, a OBca BJl.BOe». B03pa>KeHHe, liTO nOJl.06HaH orOBO-
peHHOCTb 6b1J1a He06xoJl.HMa KaK cBoero pOJl.a Mepa 06pa6aTblBaeMOH nJlOlllaJl.H,
.lJ.JlH Jl.aHHoro BpeMeHH He BCerJl.a COCTOHTeJlbHO, TaK KaK Y}Ke B COTHOM 1543 r.
.lJ.aHbI reoMeTpHllecKHe pa3Mepbl Jl.eCHTHHbI: 80 Ca>KeHbX 30 Ca>KeHb, HToro
2400 KB. Ca>KeHeH. na lllHH npeJl.Ba pHTeJlbHO YHaBa>KHBaJlaCb: «A HaB03 HM BO-
3HTH Ha BeJIHKOrO KHH3H nalliHIO CBOHX Jl.BOpOB no 30 KOJIblllleK Ha Jl.eCHTHHY,
a Mepa KOJlbllllKe B Jl.JlHHY H noneper tIeTbipe nHJl.H, a BBepx Jl.Be nHJl.H». nHJl.blO
06b1tIHO 0603HatIaJlH paCCTOHHHe Me>KJl.Y BblTHHYTblMH 60JlblllHM H YKa3aTeJlbHblM
naJlblJ,aMH (HHOrJl.a Me}KJl.Y 60JlblllHM H CpeJl.HHM naJlblJ,aMH) 67. nHJl.b B nepeBOJl.e
Ha MeTpHtIeCKYIO Mepy paBHa npHMepHo 17-20 CM. OTCIOJl.a CJleJl.yeT, tITO «KOJlbl-
WeK» npeJl.CTaBJlHJI B nepBOM nOJlOBHHe XVI B. He60J1blllYIO TeJlery (HJlH B030K),
cnelJ,HaJlbHO npeJl.Ha3HatIeHHble Jl.JlH nepeB03KH HaB03a, pa3MepoM OKOJlO 80X
X 80 CM. 51cHO, tITO H y6HpaTb YPO>KaH TalOKe BXOJl.HJlO B 06H3aHHOCTH KpeCTbHH,
XOTb B nHClJ,OBbiX KHHrax TaKHX CBeJl.eHHH HeT. BepoHTHo, H nepeB03HTb ypO>KaH
B YKa3aHHoe MeCTO npHXOJl.HJlOCb onHTb-TaKH KpeCTbHHaM, T. e. 3a <l>OPMYJlOH
«naxaTH C BbiTH no Jl.eCHTHHe» nOJl.pa3YMeBaJlaCb He TOJlbKO 06pa60TKa 3eMJlH
H ceB, a BeCb CeJlbCKOX03HHcTBeHHblH lJ,HKJI pa60T.
nOKa3aTeJlb oTpa60TOtIHOH peHTbI Ha Jl.BOp B Jl.BOPlJ,OBbiX BJlaJl.eHHHx nepBOH
nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. paBeH 0,9-1,4 Jl.eCHTHHbI B Jl.BYX nOJlHX. 3TO cooTBeTcTByeT
HopMaM nepBoH nOJlOBHHbI XVII B. B nOMelllHtIbHX H OTtIaCTH MOHacTblpcKHX
X03 HHCTBax 68.
nOMHMO 6aplllHHbI, KpeCTbHHe nJlaTHJlH He60JlblllHe CYMMbI Jl.eHer 3a TaK
Ha3b1BaeMblH «MeJlKHH Jl.OXOJl.» HJlH, KaK ellle rOBOpHJlH, «CTOJIOBblH 3anaC»,
KYJl.a BXOJl.HJlH npOJl.YKTbI }KHBOTHOBOJl.CTBa H nTHlJ,eBOJl.CTBa: nOJlOTb MHca, 6apaH,
rYCb, Kypa, HHlJ,a, MaCJIO, Cblp, CMeTaHa. I1HorJl.a 3J1.eCb MOrJlH npHcYTcTBoBaTb
npOJl.YKTbI JleCHOrO npOMblCJla: TeTepeBa, 3aHlJ,bI, rpH6b1, opexH, HrOJl.bI. npHtIeM
npH KOMMYTalJ,HH 3Toro MeJlKOrO Jl.OXOJl.a Jl.eHe>KHblH 3KBHBaJleHT tIaCTO YCTaHaB-
JlHBaJlCH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, KaKHe peaJlbHble npOJl.YKTbI BXOJl.HJlH B ero
COCTaB. TaK, B BOJlOlJ,KOM y. B ynoMHHaeMoM Y>Ke ceJle naJlKHHO K npOJl.YKTaM
CTOJlOBOrO 3anaca, KOTOpblMH 6b1J1H H306potIeHbI 3eMJleJl.eJIblJ,bI ceJla 6YHrOpOJl.a,
.lJ.06aBJleHbI opexH H HrOJl.bI. TeM He MeHee Jl.eHe}KHblH 3KBHBaJleHT CTOJIOBOMY
3anacy B 060HX ceJlax 6b1J1 YCTaHOBJIeH OJl.HHaKOBbiM - 24 Jl.eHbrH C BbiTH. KpoMe
Toro, KpecTbHHe nJlaTHJlH Jl.eHbrH 3a Jl.aHb H nocolllHblH KOpM. B CpeJl.HeM Ha BblTb
C YtIeTOM Bcex Jl.eHe>KHblX BJlaJl.eJlbtIeCKHX nJlaTe>KeH npHxoJl.HJlOCb 29-30 Jl.eHer.
80 BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. Ha oKpaHHHblx TeppHTopHHX TH>KeCTb 6aplllHHbI
Ha BblTb B03pacTaeT. B BeHeBe K 5 Jl.ec. HaJl.eJIbHOH 3eMJlH Jl.06aBJIHJlOCb 1,5 Jl.ec.
roCnOJl.CKOH, T. e. C BbiTH HaJl.O 6b1J1o pacnaxaTb 3 Jl.ec. B Jl.BYX nOJlHX lJ,apCKOH
'3analliKH. CooTBeTcTBeHHo B03pacTaeT Jl.OJlH rocnOJl.CKOrO nOJlH, 3aHHMaH 23 %
Bcex noceBHblX nJlOlllaJl.eH. lITO KacaeTCH HOpM 6aplllHHbI B Ka3aHCKOM H CBHH}K-
CKOM yy. B 60-x rOJl.ax, TO Mbi pacnOJlaraeM JlHlllb peTpocneKTHBHblMH CBeJl.eHHHMH
H3 60Jlee n03J1.HerO onHcaHHH 1565-1568 rr. YHH<I>HKalJ,HH BJlaJl.eJlbtIeCKOH peHTbI
61

B .nBOpLlOBbiX X03HHCTBaX 6b1J1a npOBe.neHa, no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, nHCLlOM Ce-
MeHOM HopMaLlKHM (HapMOHCKHM) B 1562/63 r. 11M 6b1J1a YCTaHOBJleHa .neCHTH-
lIeTBepTHaH (nHTH.neCHTHHHaH) BbITb .n06POH 3eMJlH, C KOTOpOH KpeCTbHHe 6b1J1H
06H3aHbI naxaTb «no .neCHTHHe p}l{H H no .neCHTHHe HpH». MeJlKHH .nOXo.n HH
H3TYPOH, HH .neHbraMH He B3HMaJlCH: «a .nOXo.n onpHlIb nalllHH He nOMeqeH HHKO-
TOPOH», liTO 06DHCHHeTCH He.nOCTaTOllHOH KpeCTbHHCKOH KOJlOHH3aLlHeH KpaH.
51callHoe HaCeJleHHe K 6apIIJ.HHe He npHBJleKaJlOCb, Y HHX 6b1J1H HHble npHHLlHnbl
06J10}l{eHHH. PYCCKHX }l{e 3eMJle.ll.eJlbLleB KaTaCTpo<j>HlIeCKH He XBaTaJlO, 3eMJle-
YCTPOHCTBO .nBOPLlOBbiX ceJl TOJlbKO HallHHaJlOCb. K KOHLlY XVI B. 06cTaHoBK3
B Ka3aHcKoM Kpae H3MeHHJlaCb: H3 pa30peHHbIX 3KOHOMHlIeCKHM KpH3HCOM LleHT-
paJlbHblX paHoHoB MHrpaLlHoHHble KpecTbHHcKHe nOTOKH YCTpeMHJlHCb Ha r,
ceBepo-BocTOK, BOCTOK. Cy.nH no .n030pHOH KHHre 1599 r. .nBopLlOBbie ceJla Ka3aH-
CKoro y. MHoro.nBopHbI. HOpMbI 6apIIJ.HHbI <j>opMaJlbHO OCT3TCH npe}l{HHMH: «na-
lllYT Ha rocy.napH LlapH H BeJlHKOrO KHH3H. . . Ha BblTb no .nBe lIeTH p}l{H, a OBC3
B.nBoe» 69. O.nHaKO pellb H.neT He 0 npe}l{HHX «Ka3eHHblX» qeTBepTHX, a 0 HOBbiX -
«TaMO}l{eHHbIX».
B TelleHHe XVI B. npaBHTeJlbCTBO Heo.nHoKpaTHo npe.nnpHHHMaJlO nonblTKH YHH-
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HHKax co.nep}l{aTCH CBe.neHHH, liTO BO BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe 80-x ro.nOB CTapaH lIeT-
BepTb 6b1J1a npe06pa30BaHa, H «HOBaH Mepa» npHHHTa 3a cBoeo6pa3HblH 3TaJlOH
.nJlH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH B .nPyrHx ye3.nax, B qaCTHOCTH B HH}I{HeM nOBOJl}l{be.
B LlapCKOH }l{aJlOBaHHOH rpaMOTe ACTpaxaHCKOMY MOHaCTblp BeJleHO .naBaTb H3
ro.nOBY Pyry no 51 lIeTH MYKH H 51 qeTH OBca Ha ro.n «B HOBY MOCKOBCKY
Mepy». B 1591 r. B ACTpaxaHb nOCJl3HbI «no.neJlaB rocy.napeBbi Ka3eHHble Me.nH-
HbIe MepbI 3a TaMO}l{eHHblMH nellaTHMH» .nJlH H3MepeHHH xJle6a 70. BH.nHMO, 3Ta
Me.nHaH lIeTBepTb H Ha3b1BaeTCH B .n030pHOH KHHre 1599/1600 r. «TaMO}l{eHHoH».
B HeH nOMeIIJ.aJlOCb OKOJlO 1 lIeTBepTH + 1 OCMHHbI + 1 qeTBepHKa npe}l{HeH «Ka3eH-
HOH» MepbI. 11 eCJlH paHee 2 lIeTBepTH p}l{H BbiCeBaJlHCb Ha .neCHTHHY, TO Tenepb
2 «TaMO}l{eHHblX» lIeTBepTH p}l{H .nOJl}l{Hbi 6b1J1H 3aHHMaTb 66J1blllY nJlOIIJ.a.nb.
B CBH3H C 3THM MeHHeTCH H <j>aKTHlIecKaH nJlOIIJ.a.nb .neCHTHH, KOTopble B .n030pHOH
KijHre 1599/1600 r. HMeHYTcH «HeYJlO}l{eHHblMH», T. e. He COOTBeTCTBYIIJ.HMH
p3Hee YCTaHOBJleHHblM pa3Mep3M - 2400 KB. Ca}l{eHHM. nOKa3aTeJlbHO, liTO
B XVI I B. nJlOIIJ.a.nb .neCHTHHbI 3allacTY YBeJlHlIHBaeTCH H paBHa 3200 KB. Ca}l{eHeH,
a T3K}I{e H 6o.nbllleMY lIHCJlY KBa.npaTHbix Ca}l{eHeH. I1TaK, <j>opMaJlbHO HOpM3
6apIIJ.HHbI OCTaJlaCb npe}l{HeH, tjJaKTU'leCKU }l{e OHa B03pOCJIa B Ka3aHCKHX .nBOp-
LlOBbiX BOJlOCTHX 60Jlee lIeM B nOJlTOpa pa3a: C BbiTH nOJlaraJlOCb B .nBYX nOJlHX
LlapCKOH nalllHH B03J1.eJlaTb 3 .nec. 1 OCMHHY (B npe}l{HeH «Ka3eHHoH» Mepe).
BblTb no onHcaHH 1599/1600 r. TepHeT cTporo HOpMHpoBaHHblH xapaKTep H
CTaHOBHTCH pa3HOBeJlHKOH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOMY .nOJlH LlapcKoH nalllHH B X03HH-
CTBeHHbIX KOMnJleKCaX KOJle6J1eTCH OT 21 .no 32 %. nOHBJlHTCH H .nono.nHH-
TeJlbHbIe nOBHHHOCTH: C BbiTH 500 BeHHKoB+500 Jly60B, npHlIeM nOJlOBHHa HaTY-
paJlbHblX n060poB 3aMeHeHa oTpa60TollHOH peHToH Ha Ka3eHHblX MeJlbHHLlax.
BH.nHMO, no.npa3YMeBaJlCH HX peMOHT: KpeCTbHHe 3a nOJlOBHHY BeHHKOB H Jly60B
nOJlYlIaJlH H3 Ka3HbI .neHbrH H .ne.naJlH BCHKoe H3.neJlbe Ha rocy.napeBbiX Ka3aH-
CKHX MeJlbHHLlax.
nO.naBJlHIIJ.ee lIHCJlO .nBOpLlOBbiX BJla.neHHH 6b1J1o 06J10}l{eHO HaTypaJlbHO-
.neHe}l{HblMH nOBHHHOCTHMH: nocnOM H .neHbraMH. nOconHbIH xJle6 COCTOHJI H3
p}l{H H OBca, npHlIeM OBca B3HMaJlOCb 06b1l1HO B cpe.nHeM B 1,5 pa3a 60Jlbllle,
lIeM p}l{H. HeCKOJlbKO HH}I{e K03<j><j>HLlHeHT B BOJlor.ne - 1,2 (CM. Ta6J1. 3). O.nH-
62

HaKoBoe KOJlHtJeCTBO p>KH H OBCa C06HpaJlH C ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIX BJla,LJ.eHHH HH>KerOpO,LJ.-
CKOrO H MYPOMCKOrO yy. 3,LJ.eCb >Ke cyw.eCTBOBaJlH H HaH60Jlee BbICOKHe OKJIa,LJ.bI
nOCOnHbIM XJle60M: 9 ,12 tJeTeH. CTOJlb >Ke BbICOKHH OKJIa,LJ. ,LJ.JlH OBca YCTaHOBJleH
B ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIX ceJlax BJla,LJ.HMHpCKoro y. no BceH BepoHTHoCTH, IOrO-BOCTOtJHbIe
paHoHbI, npHMbIKaBwHe K 3aMocKoBHOMY KpalO, ,LJ.aBaJlH HaH60Jlee BbICOKHe ypo-
>KaH H 6bIJlH B 60Jlee 6e30nacHoM nOJlO>KeHHH, tJeM IO>KHbIe ye3,LJ.bI, nO,LJ.BepraB-
WHeCH Hana,LJ.eHHIO TaTa p. nOtJTH B Ka>K,LJ.OM onHcaHHH ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIX CeJleHHH,
H306potJeHHbIx XJle6HOH peHToH, nO,LJ.tJepKHBaeTcH, tJTO B BbITb KJIa,LJ.eTCH ,LJ.OnOJlHH-
TeJlbHaH ,LJ.eCHTHHa J].JIH noconHoro XJle6a: «A nOJlO>KeHO Ha BbITb naWHH no 6,LJ.eCH-
THH H C TOIO ,LJ.eCHTHHOIO, tJTO HM ,LJ.aHO ,LJ.JlH noconHoro xJle6a» (BJla,LJ.HMHp,
1554/55 r.); «nawHH Y HHX BbIMepeHo B ceJle H B ,LJ.epeBHHx. . . H C TOIO ,LJ.eCHTHHOIO,
KOTopaH ,LJ.aHa naxaTH ,LJ.JlH noconHoro xJle6a» (6eJl03epCK, 1564 r.); «A Ha BbITH
OTMepeHO KpeCTbHHOM naWHH naxaHbIe XY,LJ.bIe 3eMJlH no 7 ,LJ.eCHTHH, ,LJ.a HM >Ke
oTMepeHo Ha BbITb no ,LJ.eCHTHHe naWHH naxaTH HM .lI.JIH rocY,LJ.apeBa noconHoro
xJle6a» (PH3aHb, 1596/97 r.) 71. O,LJ.HaKO, KaK Y>Ke OTMetJaJlOCb BbIwe, ,LJ.Bopu.oBbIe
KOMnJleKCbI KOCTpOMbI, HH>KHerO HOBrOpO,LJ.a, MYPoMa nJlaTHJlH 06POK C BbITH 6e3
,LJ.OnOJlHHTeJlbHOH ,LJ.eCHTHHbI. nOKa3aTeJlb 06pOtJHOH peHTbI Ha ,LJ.BOp B Cpe,LJ.HeM
2-3 tJeTBepTH p>KH, B BOJlor,LJ.e - 1,2 tJeTH, B MYPoMe - CBbIwe 6 tJeTBepTeH.
BeJlHK pa3Mep nocna Ha BbITb B Ce6e>KCKOM y. - 10 tJeTeH p>KH + 12 tJeTeH OBca
(B Cpe,LJ.HeM Ha ,LJ.BOp 4 tJeTH p>KH+5 tJeTeH oBca). KpoMe Toro, 3a MeJlKHH
,LJ.OXO,LJ. B3HMaJlOCb 80 ,LJ.eHer C BbITH - ,LJ.OCTaTOtJHO BbICOKaH CYMMa ,LJ.JlH Toro
BpeMeHH. KOHetJHo, CTOJlb BbICOKHe HOpMbI MOrJlH 6bITb npHcyw.H TOJlbKO CeBepo-
3ana,LJ.HoMY perHoHY, K KOTOPOMY H OTHOCHTCH Ce6e>KCKHH y. nOCJle,LJ.HHH BKJllOtJeH
B Ta6J1Hu.y Cneu.HaJlbHO .lI.JIH conOCTaBJleHHH C peHTHbIMH OKJIa,LJ.aMH u.eHTpaJlbHbIX
paHoHoB cTpaHbI. O,LJ.HaKO B03MO>KHa H HHaH BepcHH: B nHCu.oBoH KHHre ,LJ.BOpU.O-
BbIX HMeHHH Ce6e>KCKOrO y. HeT YKa3aHHH Ha rocY,LJ.apCTBeHHbIe nOBHHHOCTH,
KOTopbIe 06bItJHO BCer,LJ.a npHcYTcTBOBaJlH B ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIX onHcaHHHX. rOCY,LJ.apCT-
BeHHbIe HaJlOrH OTCYTCTBYIOT H B COTHOH MYPoMcKoro y. He 03HatJaJlO JlH 3TO,
liTO pa3Mep peHTbI 6bIJI YBeJIHtJeH 3a CtJeT CHH>KeHHH HJlH nOJlHOH OTMeHbI HeKOTO-
pbIX rOCY,LJ.apCTBeHHbIX nOBHHHOCTeH? JJ.aHHoe npe,LJ.nOJlO>KeHHe BnOJlHe BepOHTHO,
TaK KaK u.apb no OTHoweHHIO K ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIM BOJlOCTHM B O,LJ.HOM JlHu.e COe,LJ.HHHJI
BepXOBHoro npaBHTeJlH H ceHbopa. liTO TaKaH npaKTHKa cyw.eCTBOBaJla, CBH,LJ.e-
TeJlbCTBYIOT nHcu.OBbIe KHHrH pbI6OJJOBeu.KHX npOMbICJlOBbIX ceJl 6eJl03epCKoro y.,
a TaK>Ke noconHbIX BOJlOCTeH KaWHpCKoro y.
JJ.030pHaH KHHra 1588/89 r. KawHpcKHX ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIX BOJlOCTeH BaCHJlHH 113-
MaHJlOBa H nO,LJ.bHtJero MeHWHKa 3aMopCKoro COBepweHHO He H3YtJeHa. JJ.a>Ke
BeCeJlOBCKHH, Cneu.HaJlbHO OTMeTHBWHH ee cyw.eCTBOBaHHe B COCTaBJleHHOM HM
«CnHCKe coxpaHHBWHXCH onHcaHHH», PYKOBO,LJ.CTBOBaJlCH CBe,LJ.eHHHMH, nOtJepnHY-
TbIMH H3 V TOMa «OnHcaHHH MAMIO», a C caMOH KHHrOH BH3yaJlbHO, BH,LJ.HMO,
He 6bIJI 3HaKOM. Me>K,LJ.Y TeM KaWHpCKoe onHcaHHe 1588/89 r. npe,LJ.CTaBJlHeT
YHHKaJlbHeHWHH HCTOtJHHK no pH,LJ.Y np06J1eM. KawHpcKHH ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIH KOM-
nJleKC - O,LJ.HH H3 KpynHeHwHx H 3aHHMaJl npHMepHo nHTYIO lIaCTb OKYJlbTypeH-
HbIX 3eMeJlb ye3,LJ.a. OH He 6bIJI CTOJlb pa30peH, KaK noconHbIe ceJla u.eHTpaJlb-
HbIX paHOHOB. B KaWHpCKHX ,LJ.BOpU.OBbIX KOMnJleKCaX 6bIJlO 23 CeJla, 13 CeJIeu.,
118 ,LJ.epeBeHb, B KOTOpbIX pa3Mew.aJlOCb 2030 KpeCTbHHCKHX ,LJ.BOpOB H 31 Hena-
meHHbIH, HToro 2061 ,LJ.BOp. «B nycTe» nOMetJeHO: 37 nycTomeH, 164 ,LJ.BOpa,
585 MeCT ,LJ.BOpOBbIX. I1TaK, Ha ,LJ.OJlIO nYCTbIX ,LJ.BOpOB H MeCT ,LJ.BOpOBbIX npHXO,LJ.HTCH
26,6 %, a KOJlHtJeCTBO 3anycTeBwHx CeJleHHH H Toro MeHbwe: 19,4 %. npH 3TOM
TOJlbKO 5 nycToweH ,LJ.eHCTBHTeJlbHO «nYCTbI». B OCTaJlbHbIX - tJaCTb 3eMJlH HJlH
63

Ta6.11HQa 3. no6opw C ABOPQOBWX HMeHHii, D.IIaTHBWHX X.IIefiHwii OfiPOK *
noconHblH
BOJlOCTb, Tep- naWHSI xJle6
fOll Ye3.n pHTOpHaJlbHblH TSlrJl ble .llBOpOB C BblTH,
KOMnJleKC, .nBOpbl Ha BblTb B '1e.TSlX
X03S1HCTBO B .nec. B BblTSIX pO>KbloBeC
I
1554/55 BnaAHMHpcKHH 50pHCOBCKoe
191
480
80
2,4
8 12
1564 5eJ103epCKHH 51poroM>K
42
223
30
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3 5
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1577/78 HH>KerOpOAcKHH .l1 B OpUOBbie 613 163 1 /2 3,7 9 9
noconHble 156 76 2 12 12
60pTHHKH 59 5
1584 BnaAHMHpcKHH KpacHoe 135 240 40 3,4 6 9
1585 Ce6e>KCKHH HHKOJIbCKaH 23 131 9 2,5 10 12
ry6a
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CnaCCKoe
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23
41
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SlBJlSlJlCSI XJle6HblH 06POK: Uf A.llA. fK3. Nt 11861. J1. 5-8; WYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2.
C. 120-123; UfA.llA. <1>.1203. KH. I. JI. 23; HCT. apxHB. 1940. T. 3. C. 186-187, 199-200;
Uf A.llA. fK3. Nt 5120. JI. 5 06.-7; AHnuAozo8 r. H. HH>Keropo.ncKHe lloKYMeHTbI XVI B.
C. 7-66; An.ll. T. I. Nt I; UfA.llA. . 1209. On. 3. KH. 17237. 11. 1-32; LJTeHHSI OH11P.
1907. KH. 2. Pa3.n. V. C. 63-64; CAC. Bbln. 2. C. 6-183; UfA.llA. . 141. 16802. 11.383.
64

.lleHbrH C BbiTH nOWJlHHa nJlaTe>KH, nOBHHHOCTH
C I PY6J1S1 Bcero C I COXH
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HHSI no KaqeCTBY 3eMnH. OrCYTCTBHe CBe.neHHH B HeKOTopblX rpaax 03HaqaeT, qTO OHH
OTCYTCTBYIOT H B HCnOJlb3yeMoM HCTO'lHHKe. n - ny.n, rp. - rpHBeHKa; + n060p B3HMaJiCSI,
HO ero BeJlHqHHa HeH3BeCTHa.
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65

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OBCOM, a nWeHHIJ.eii: C BbiTH - 7,5 qeTeH nWeHHIJ.bI. B KaqeCTBe conYTcTBYIOll.(HX
KYJlbTYP B He60JlbWOM KOJlHqeCTBe B3HMaJlHCb ceMeHa KOHOnJlH H nweHa Pyc-
CKoro: qeTBepTb KOHOI1JlH wJla C 16 BbiTeH, qeTBepTb nweHa - C 150 BbiTeH. Bcero
C KawHpcKHX BOJIOCTeH B 60JlbWOH J{BopeIJ. nocTynaJlO 7232 qeTH nWeHHIJ.bI,
60 qeTeH KOHOneJIb H 6 qeTeH nweHa PYCCKoro. KpoMe Toro, 3a apeH;J.Y 60JlOT
KpeCTbHHe ;J.aBaJlH 38 nY;J.OB XMeJlH 72. HHTepeCHO, qTO B. n. CeMeHOB, xapaKTe-
PH3YH KaWHpCKHH paHoH XIX B., OTMeqaJl npe06J1a;J.aHHe 3;J.eCb nweHHIJ.bI Ha;J.
BceMH ;J.PyrHMH KYJlbTypaMH. YKa3b1BaH HaH60Jlee 3HaqHTeJlbHble H ;J.peBHHe CeJlb-
CKHe nOCeJleHHH, OH Ha3b1BaeT rpHropbeBcKoe, KOJITOBO, 6b1BWHe no onHcaHHIO
1588/89 r. IJ.eHTpaMH ;J.BOPIJ.OBbiX BOJlOCTeH 73. Tpa;J.HIJ.HH arpOKYJlbTYP, CJlO>KHB-
WHeCH B XVI B., a B03MO>KHO, H paHbwe, onpe;J.eJIHJlH X03HHcTBeHHoe pa3BHTHe
KpaH H B XIX B. ACcopTHMeHT peHTbI 6b1J1 HaCTOJlbKO HenpHBblqeH B CJlO>KHB-
weHCH npaKTHKe 06J10>KeHHH, qTO B KHHre onHcaHHH 1588/89 r. nO;J.qepKHYTo, qTO
3TH noconHble KYJlbTypbl (nweHHIJ.a, KOHOnJlH, nweHO) B3HMalOTCH B CqeT He-
CKOJlbKHX nOBHHHOCTeH: «A 06pOKY 3 >KHBYll.(HX BbiTeH 3a ;J.aHb H 3a nOCOWHblH
KOpM H 3a MeJlKHH ;J.OXO;J. H 3a rOCY;J.apeBY p>KaHYIO H 3a HPOBYIO naWHIO. . .
nWeHHIJ.bI. .. KOHOneJlb... nweHa PYCCKoro:... HTaK, nWeHHIJ.a H COnpOBO>K;J.a-
I01ll.He ee KYJlbTypbl (KOHOnJlH+nweHO) nOKpblBaJlH He TOJlbKO BJla;J.eJIbqeCKYIO
peHTY (6ap1ll.HHa+MeJlKHH ;J.OXO;J.), HO H HeKOTopble rOCY;J.apCTBeHHble nOBHH-
HOCTH (;J.aHb, nOCOWHblH KOpM). «J{aHb:" KaK caMOCTOHTeJlbHblH nJlaTe>K B ;J.BOp-
IJ.OBbiX onHcaHHHX ;J.PyrHx ye3;J.OB BCTpeqaeTCH JlHWb B HH>KHeM HOBropo;J.e 70-
80-x rO;J.OB. J{BOpIJ.OBbie KpecTbHHe 6aJlaXHbI B 1558/59 r. H BOJIOIJ.Ka 1543/44 r.
nJlaTHJlH ;J.eHe>KHblH 06POK «3a ;J.aHb:". 06pOK Me;J.OM 3a ;J.aHb BBe;J.eH B BeHeBe
(1570/71 r.) H B <l>e;J.oTbeBcKoH BOJlOCTH PH3aHcKoro y. (1596/97 r.) 74 B KawHp-
CKOM y. ;J.aHb TpaHcQ>opMHpOBaJlaCb B XJle6HblH 06pOK. «MeJlKHH ;J.oxo;J.:", we;J.wHH
ceHbopy H COCTOH1ll.HH COrJlaCHO ;J.aBHeH Tpa;J.HIJ.HH B OCHOBHOM H3 npo;J.YKTOB
>KHBOTHOBO;J.CTBa, B IJ.apCKHx X03HHCTBax XVI B. B3HMaJlCH He HaTYPOH, a ;J.eHb-
raMH (OKOJlO 30-40 ;J.eHer) C BbiTH. B <l>e;J.OTbeBcKoH BOJlOCTH PH3aHcKoro y.
3a Hero nJlaTHJlH Me;J., B KaWHpCKOM y. - XJle6. HHTepeCHaH TpaHCQ>opMaIJ.HH
B KaWHpCKOM y. npOHCXO;J.HT C nOCOWHblM KOpMOM, KOTOpblH Bcer;J.a B3HMaJlCH
C COXH H Ha npOTH>KeHHH XVI B. B ;J.BOpIJ.OBbiX BJla;J.eHHHX paBHHJlCH 128 ;J.eHbraM.
E;J.HHcTBeHHblMH H3BeCTHblMH HCKJIlOqeHHHMH HBJlHJlHCb PH3aHcKHH H KawHp-
CKHH yy., r;J.e OKJIa;J.HoH e;J.HHHIJ.eH ;J.JlH nOCOWHoro KopMa CTaJla He coxa, a
BbiTb. B PH3aHCKOM y. 3TOT BH;J. 06J10>KeHHH coxpaHHeT ;J.eHe>KHblH xa paKTep
(2 ;J.eHbrH C BblTH, HToro 150 ;J.eHer C COXH), B KawHpcKoM - 3aMeHeH xJle6-
HbiM n060poM. no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, KOHOnJlH H nweHO 6b1J1H BBe;J.eHbI KaK 3aMe-
HHTeJlH nOCOWHoro KopMa H MeJIKOrO ;J.oxo;J.a.
C KawHpcKoH BbiTH B3HMaJlHCb TaK>Ke ;J.eHe>KHble nJlaTe>KH: 40 ;J.eHer 3a
nOCeJlbHHq ;J.OXO;J., 6 ;J.eHer 3a COJlOMY, 2 ;J.eHbrH 3a e30Boe ;J.eJlO, HToro 48 ;J.eHer
C BbiTH. KpoMe Toro, KaK H B ;J.PyrHx BOJlOCTHX, B nOJlb3Y ;J.BopeIJ.KOrO WJlH
nOWJlHHbI: C 1 p. - 10 ;J.eHer. 06pOK nJlaTHJlH H HenaweHHble ;J.BOpbl B pa3Mepe
12 ;J.eHer co ;J.Bopa +nOWJlHHa (1 ;J.eHbra co ;J.Bopa). C 17 npOMblCJlOBbiX pbl60Jlo-
BeIJ.KHX ;J.BOpOB TeWHJlOBCKOH CJl060;J.KH 6paJlH no 40 ;J.eHer. nOWJlHHbI B 3TOM
cJlyqae WJlH He co ;J.Bopa, a co BceH CYMMbI ;J.eHer (c 1 p. - 10 ;J.eHer). Pbl60J10BaM
6b1J1o ;J.aHO «no;J. ;J.BOpbl H no;J. OropO;J.bI H Ha BblnYCK H Jlyry Ha 10 qeTH B O;J.HOM
nOJle, a B ;J.Ba He ;J.aHO:" 75, T. e. npHMepHO nOJlqeTBepTH Ha ;J.BOp. 3;J.ecb >Ke 6b1J1
TOp>KOK, «a ToprYIOT B He;J.eJlIO O;J.HH ;J.eHb: B cepe;J.Y:". TaMO>KeHHblH oTKyn C Topra
66

B 1588/89 r. paBHHJlCH 34 p. Bcero >Ke Ha 2061 KpecTbHHcKHH Jl.BOp (c Ytle-
TOM 31 HenallJeHHOrO Jl.BOpa), nOMHMO rocYJl.apCTBeHHhlx HaJlOrOB, Ha-
TypaJlbHOH peHThI, TaMO>KeHHOrO oTt<yna npHXOJl.HJlOCb 347 p. 163,5
Jl.eHer, c06HpaeMhlx B Ka3HY. OCHoBHaH tlaCTb (66,5 %) naJl.aJla Ha BhlTHhie nJla-
Te>KH. OCTaBllJYlOcH Jl.OJlIO COCTaBJlHJlH rJlaBHhlM 06pa30M apeHJl.Hhle Jl.eHbrH: 3a
C'beM 3eMeJlb, JlyroB, peK, 03ep.
MO>KHO JlH, XOTH 6h1 npH6J1H3HTeJlbHO, Bhlpa3HTb B Jl.eHe>KHOM HCtlHCJIeHHH
noconHhlH XJle6, T. e. HaTypaJlbHYIO peHTY? J{YMaeTcH, tlTO Tat<y1O B03MO>K-
HOCTb OTKphlBaeT COnOCTaBJIeHHe nOCOnHhlX KallJHpCKHX CM C Jl.BYMH 06POtlHhlMH
Jl.epeBHHMH, paCnOJlO>KeHHhlMH B KallJHpCKOM >Ke y. B TypOBCKOM CTaHe Ha XYJl.OH
3eMJle H nJlaTHlllHMH Te >Ke nOBHHHOCTH, tlTO H THrJlhle KpeCTbHHe, HO B Jl.eHe>K-
HOM Bhlpa>KeHHH. «A 06pot<y Jl.aBaTH 3 Jl.BOpOB H C nallJeHb 3a Jl.aHb H nOCOllJHhlH
KOpM H 3a MeJlKHH Jl.OXOJl. H 3a uapeBY 3a p>KaHYIO H 3a HPOBYIO nallJHIO 8 p.
26 aJlThiH 3 Jl.eHbrH:' 76. J{epeBHH onHcaHhI 4 BhlTHMH, CJleJl.OBaTeJlbHO, Ha BhlTb
npHXOJl.HTCH 2 p. 40 Jl.eHer. Ho HBJlHeTCH JlH 3Ta cYMMa 6J1H3KHM Jl.eHe>KHhlM
3KBHBaJleHTOM noconHoH nllJeHHUhl, KOHOnJlH H nllJeHa PyccKoro? CYMMa Jl.OCTa-
TOtlHO BhlCOKaH, B03MO>KHO, HMeHHO n03ToMY OCTaJlbHhle nOBHHHOCTH (Jl.eHbrH
3a COJlOMY, e30Boe Jl.eJlO, nOCeJlbHHtI Jl.OXOJl.) BhlnJlatlHBaJlHCb B MeHbllJeM 06'beMe,
tleM 3TO 6h1J1o npHHHTo BO BceM KallJHpCKOM Jl.BOpUOBOM KOMnJleKce. THrJlhle Kpe-
CTbHHe nJlaTHJlH C BhlTH 48 Jl.eHer, 06pOtlHhle - B Jl.Ba pa3a MeHbllJe.
B Jl.BOpUOBOM BeJl.OMCTBe pHJI. CeJleHHH 6h1J1 3aHHT phl6HOH JlOBJleH. 60JlbllJOH
KOMnJleKC HaXOJl.HJlCH B 6eJ103epCKoM y. no p. llleKcHe. KpecTbHHe pHJl.a BOJlO-
cTeH 6h1J1H oCB060>KJl.eHhI OT OCHOBHhlX rocYJl.apCTBeHHhlx nOBHHHocTeH: HMCKHX
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YCTPOHCTBY uapcKHx e30B. «11 C Toe BOJlOCTH HMCKHX Jl.eHer He nJlaTHTH, H
nOCOllJHhle CJIY>K6h1 C HHX He HapH>KaTH, H rOpOJl.OBOrO Jl.eJla HM He Jl.MaTH.
A 3a HMCKHe Jl.eHbrH H 3a nOCOllJHYIO CJIY>K6y H 3a rOpOJl.OBOe Jl.eJlO 6HTH uapeB
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phl60H ueHHhlX nopoJl. (oceTp, CTepJlHJl.H, 6eJlOphl6Hua, ceBplOra) H oceTpOBOH
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HOH BJlaJl.eJlbtleCKOH penTOH no YCTPOHCTBY uapCKHX e30B, KOTophie COCTaBJIHJlH
MOlllHhle rHJl.pOCoopY>KeHHH. J1eHHHrpaJl.CKHe YtleHhle, H3J1.aBllJHe 6eJl03epCKYIO
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pa60Tocnoc06Horo HaCeJleHHH BOJlOCTH 78. KpoMe Toro, KpecTbHHe 3apaHee
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Phl60J10BeUKHe HMeHHH nOJlO>KeHhI B BhlTH, OJl.HaKO npHMoH 3aBHCHMOCTH Me>KJl.Y
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CKOH BOJIOCTH 34 BhlTH, KpecTbHHe B3aMeH rocYJl.apCTBeHHhlx nOBHHHocTeH CTpOHT
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uapH H BeJlHKOrO KHH3H e3 nycToH KOJleHUOBcKHH:'. B BOJI. <l>eJl.OCbHH rOpOJl.OK
C OCTaBllJHXCH Coy K03J10B:. BhlTeH B3HMalOT noconHhlH xJle6 (1,5 tleTBepTH P>KH+
+3 tleTBepTH oBca) +MeJlKHH Jl.OXOJl. 20 Jl.eHer + nOCOllJHhlH KOpM + phl6HhlH
5.
67

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TOqHOH peHTbI, BBe.ll.eHHOH B3aMeH roCYJl.apCTBeHHblX nOBHHHOCTeH. PhlOHblH 00-
pOK H npHB03 pblObi .lI.Ba}K.lI.bI B ro.ll. B MOCKBY C BbiTHbiM nHCbMOM He B3aHMO-
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MeJlbHOrO BbiTHoro OOJlO}KeHHH B pbl6oJlOBeUKHX BOJIOCTHX. 3.l1.eCb HeT TOH opra-
HH1.JeCKOH CBH3H, KOTopaH CYlll.eCTBOBaJla B nalIIeHHblX noconHhlX CeJIax Me}K.lI.Y
qHCJlOM BbiTeH H BeJlHqHHOH peHTbI.
nOMHMO XJleoa H pblObl, B .lI.BOpUOBoe Be.ll.OMCTBO nOCTynaJl B OOJlblIIOM KOJIHqe-
CTBe Me.ll., ocooeHHO H3 nOBOJI}KbH H PH3aHCKoro y. H3BeCTHbi CeJleHHH OOPT-
HHKOB B HH}KerOpO.ll.CKOM, BJla.ll.HMHpCKOM, B OaJlaXHHHCKOM yy. Me.ll. nocTynaJl H
C HCaqHblX HapO.ll.OB. B Cl»e.ll.OTbeBCKOH BOJlOCTH PH3aHCKoro y. Me.ll. B3HMaJlCH 3a
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nOJlaraJlaCb ocooaH nJl8t1'8 a oopTHbie YXO>KeH: 3a «.lI.epeBo 1 ny.ll. 30 rpHBeHoK +
+ nOlIIJlHHbI 5 .lI.eHer C nY.ll.a. YXO>KeH <l>e.ll.OTbeBCKoH BOJlOCTH 3aHHMaJlH OOJlb-
lIIYIO TeppHTopHIO 6 BepcTX 7 BepcT, r.ll.e OhlJlO 5 .lI.epeBbeB C nqeJlaMH + 190 .lI.e-
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3a 1 p. - 3 nY.ll.a. «.LJ.a cBepx .lI.0HHTH co Bcex BhlTeH 1,5 nY.ll.a 2 rpHBeHKH 81.
KaK BH.lI.HM, B OOpTHhiX CeJleHHHX BhlTHoe n03eMeJlbHOe OOJlO}KeHHe, KaK H B phlOO-
JlOBeUKHX BOJlOCTHX, TaK>Ke HOCHJlO HeCKOJlbKO HCKYCCTBeHHhlH xapaKTep. npHMe-
HHJlHCb pa3Hhle cnocoohl B3HMaHHH Me.ll.a: nOBhlTHoe OOJlO}KeHHe, .lI.00aBOqHble
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nO.ll.BO.ll.H HTor BhllIIeCKa3a HHOMY, MO>KHO 3aKJIlOqHTb, qTO .lI.BOpUOBoe Be.ll.OM-
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Bcex CBOHX X03HHCTBax, B TOM qHCJle npOMbICJIOBhlX, r.ll.e HaTypaJlbHaH peHTa
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68

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69

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70

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Ba>KeH O,nHH MOMeHT: HeCOBna,neHHe KOJIHqeCTBa B3HMaeMbiX 06pOqHblX ,neHer,
nOlllJlHH C HHX H qHCJla 06pOqHblX ,necHTHH. B CeJIe KHnHJlOBO ,n030p1ll.HKH,
YKa3aB TOqHYIO u.eHY 3a qeTBepTb H KOJIHqeCTBO nOlllJlHH, onycTHnH CYMMY B3H-
MaeMbiX 06pOqHblX ,neHer. ECJlH 14 ,nec.X 12 ,neHer=4 p. 88 ,neHer, TO nOUIJlHH
C HHX CJle,nyeT B3HMaTb He 49 ,neHer, KaK YKa3aHO B KHHre, a 44,5 ,neHer. O,nHaKo
Bce BCTaeT Ha MeCTO, eCJIH paCCqHTaTb CYMMY ,neHer He C 14 ,nec., a C 81 ,nec.,
T. e. C yqeToM 3eMJlH, Bbl6b1Bllleii B THrJlYIO nalllHIO. B ,n. 3aHLleBo YKa3aHo
8 ,nec. 06POqHOH 3eMJlH, TaK>Ke no aJlTblHY 3a qeTBepTb, Ha3BaHa H cYMMa 06P04-
Horo nJlaTe>Ka - 28 aJlTblH 4,neHbrH H cYMMa nOlllJlHH - 1,5 ,neHer. Ho 3TH nJla-
Te>KH paCCqHTaHbI He C 8 ,nec., a co Bceii 3eMnH, paHee 6b1BllleH Ha 06poKe,
C yqeTOM Bbl6b1BlllHX B THrJlO 6,nec. nepe,n ,n030p1ll.HKaMH CTOHJIa Tpy,nHaSi 3a,naqa:
npH H3J10>KeHHH TeKCTa npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOii 06POqHOii rpaMOTbi OHH He CMeJlH
npOH3BOJlbHO 3anHcaTb B nHCu.OBYIO KHHry HHYIO CYMMY nJlaTe>KeH, qeM YKa3aHO
B ocpHU.HaJlbHOM ,nOKYMeHTe. n03TOMY nopoii OHH MOrJlH BbinycTHTb (He 3aHKCH-
pOBaTb B onHcaHHH) OCHOBHYIO CYMMY 06pOqHblX ,neHer, HO 06b1qHO nepenHCblBaJlH
Bce YCJlOBHH rpaMOTbI, KpoMe KOJIHqeCTBa 3eMJlH, TaK KaK Bbl6b1BlllaSi H3 06pOKa
B THr JlO nalllHH Y>Ke 6b1J1a onHcaHa BblTHMH, KOJIHqeCTBO Bceii THr JlOH nalllHH ,naHo
B HTorOBbiX ,naHHblx no CeJleHHIO. OnHpaHCb Ha MeTo,nHqeCKHii npH3HaK, COCTOSl-
llI.HH B BblHBJleHHH HeCOOTBeTCTBHH u.H4»P no 06poKY, MO>KHO BblHBHTb H ,nPyrHe
cJlyqaH nepeBo,na Hae3>KeH nalllHH B THr JlYIO.
KpeCTbHHe KalllHpCKoii ,nBOPu.OBOii BOJIOCTH, nOMHMO 06pOQHblX 3eMeJIb, nJla-
THJlH TaK>Ke 06POK 3a nOJlb30BaHHe 03epaMH, peKaMH, JlyraMH, 3a YCTaHoBKY
nepeBeceH. J].OCTaTOQHO KpynHaH cYMMa BblDJlaqHBaJlaCb 3a HeBbiTHoe ceHO
(3a 1 KonHY - I ,neHbra), T. e. 3a ceHo, KOTOpoe OCTaBaJlOCb cBepx YCTaHOBJleH-
Hoii HOpMbI (Ha BblTb 30 KoneH). 3TH ,neHbrH nOCTynaJiH He B Ka3HY 50J1blllOrO
,nBopLla, a B KOHIOllleHHblii npHKa3. B03MO>KHO, nepe,n HaMH TpaHcopMaLlHH
B ,neHe>KHYIO peHT)' CTapHHHoii KpecTbHHCKOii nOBHHHOCTH (<<KOHH KOpMHTb:').
B 3aKJIIOqeHHe Ha,no OTMeTHTb cne,nyJOw.ee: ,nBOpU.OBoe Be,nOMCTBO B TeqeHHe
Bcero XVI B. ynopHo BBO,nHJlO BblTb B KaqeCTBe oKJIa,nHoii e,nHHHu.bI BO Bcex CBOHX
reppHTOpHaJlbHo-a,nMHHHcTpaTHBHblx KOMnJleKcax. TeM He MeHee ,naJleKO He Bce
n060pbl HOCHnH BbiTHblii xapaKTep. Pbl6Hblii H Me,noBblii 06poK B pH,ne CeJIeHHH He
3aBHCeJI B KOHeqHOM HTore OT BbiTHoro nHCbMa. Ew.e 60Jlee 3TO KacaeTCH nYlllHOH
peHTbI. B U.eJIOM >Ke B CeJleHHHX, no,nqHHeHHblX ,nBOpU.OBOMY Be,nOMCTBY, CY1ll.e-
CTBOBaJia YHHHUHpOBaHHaH BblTb B KaQeCTBe OCHOBHOH n03eMeJIbHOii e,nHHHLlbi
H perJlaMeHTHpOBaHHble HOpMbI peHTbI.
Bn8AenbQeCKaR peHTa B BHHax AYXoBeHcTBa
XVI BeK xapaKTepH3yeTcH pe3KHM B03paCTaHHeM y,neJlbHoro Beca MOHacTblpcKoro
3eMJleBJIa,neHHH. 3HaQHTeJIbHaH qaCTb ,nYXOBHo-KopnopaTHBHblx npH06pereHHH
nOHBHJlaCb nyreM 3aXBaTa KpecTbHHcKHX BOJIOCTHbiX TeppHTopHii, BeJIHKOKHH>Ke-
CKHX nO>KaJlOBaHHH QepHblX H ,nBOpU.OBbiX 3eMeJIb, nOKynoK, BKJla,nOB co CTOpOHbI
CBeTCKHX eo,naJlOB 90. B03HHKalOT MOHaCTblpH-rHraHTbI BcepoccHiicKoro MaClll-
Ta6a. BOTQHHbI TpOHu.e-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH pacnOJlaraJlHCb qyrb JlH He BO Bcex
ye3,nax CTpaHbI H HaCqHTblBaJiH 143 TbiC. qeTBepTeii B O,nHOM nOJle. Bna,neHHH
CHMoHoBa MOHacTblpH Haxo,nHJlHCb B 19 Ye3,nax. Hx pa3Mep ,nOCTHran 18 TbiC.
QeTBepTeii. B npOTHBOnOJlO>KHOCTb ,nBYM Ha3BaHHblM MOHaCTblpHM, OCHOBHoe H,npO
73

BOTlIHHbI HOCHcpO-BoJlOKOJlaMCKOrO MOHaCTblpH 6b1J1o paCnOJlO>KeHO B HenOCpe,n-
CTBeHHOH 6J1H3H OT HerO - B PY3CKOM H BOJlOIJ.KOM yy. (74 % Bcex 3eMeJlb).
Bcero B ero paCnOpH>KeHHH Haxo,nHJlOCb OKOJlO 23 TblC. lIeTBepTeH 91. ,L:locTaTOllHO
6b1CTpO paCTeT lIHCJlO MOHaCTblpeH H HX BOTlIHH Ha lIepHOCOlllHOM CeBepe. OCO-
6eHHO 3TO KacaeTCH IO>KHblX ye3,nOB nOMOpbH (BeJI03epCKoro H BOJlOro,nCKoro),
r,ne cocpe,noTOllHJlHCb BOTlIHHbI pH,na MOHaCTbIpeH, B TOM lIHCJle TaKoro rHraHTa,
KaK KHpHJlJlo-BeJl03epCKHH. YBeJlHlIHBaeTCH lIHCJIO BHOBb OCHOBaHHblX ,nYXOBHbIX
KOpnOpaIJ.HH. TaK, B KaprOnOJlbCKOM y. B XV B. 6b1J1o 3, B XVI B. - 8, B XVII -
12 MOHaCTbIpeH 92.
CTeneHb H cpOpMbI 3KCnJlyaTaIJ.HH MOHaCTblpCKHX KpeCTbHH 6b1J1H KpaHHe pa3-
Ho06pa3HbI. nOMHMO reorpacpHlIeCKOrO cpaKTopa (>KHTeJlH YM6cKOH BOJlOCTH nJla-
THJlH COJIOBeIJ.KOMY MOHaCTbIplO H3,neJlbI.lJ.HHY npo,nYKTaMH pbI60JlOBHOrO H OXOT-
HHlIberO npOMblCJla 93), Ha nOJlO>KeHHe KpeCTbHH BJlHHJlH pa3MepbI 3eMJleBJla,ne-
HHH ,nYXOBHblX KOpnOpaIJ.HH H HaJlHlIHe Y nOCJle,nHHX HMMYHHTeTa, 6J1aro,napH KO-
TOPOMY pH,n BJla,neHHH IJ.epKOBHblX cpeo,naJlOB 6b1J1 oCB060>K,neH OT ynJlaTbI rocy-
,napcTBeHHblx HaJlOrOB H OT BMelllaTeJlbCTBa B cy,nonpoH3Bo,nCTBO BeJIHKOKHH-
>KeCKHX Cy,nHH. KpOMe Toro, «npeCTH>KHOCTb» KpynHbIx ,nYXOBHblX KOpnOpaIJ.HH
cnoc06cTBoBaJla POCTY ,neHe>KHblX BKJla,noB, «nO>KepTBOBaHHH» CO CTOpOHbI CBeT-
CKHX cpeo,naJlOB, liTO, B CBOIO 01lepe,nb, HaKJIa,nblBaJlO cBoe06pa3HblH OTnellaTOK
Ha MOHaCTblpCKoe X03HHCTBO, ,neJlaJlo ero MeHee «HanpH>KeHHblM». npHMella-
TeJlbHO, liTO nocJle CTpalllHOH 3nH,neMHH lIYMbI 1570/71 r. H HeypO>KaH, B YCJlOBHHX
H,nYl.lJ.erO 3KOHOMHlIeCKOrO KpH3Hca, B KOJlOMeHCKoM y. B 1577 /78 r. 3eMJle,neJlb-
lIeCKoe X03HHCTBO MeCTHblX He60JlblllHX MOHacTblpeH npHlllJlO nOllTH nOJlHOCTblO
B yna,noK: lIYTb JlH He Bce 3eMJlH 6b1J1H «3anepeJlO>KeHbI», KpeCTbHHe pa30111JlHCb.
B TO >Ke BpeMH B coce,nCTBYIOI.lJ.HX HMeHHHX TpOHIJ.e-CeprHeBa, qy,nOBa, CHMO-
HOBa, ,L:laHHJlOBa MOHaCTblpeH, B BOTlIHHaX MHTpOnOJlHTa CeJlbCKOX03HHCTBeHHoe
npOH3Bo,nCTBO, XOTb H B CHJlbHO ype3aHHOM BH,ne, npo,nOJl>KaJlOCb, KOJlHlIeCTBO
3anepeJlO>KeHHOH nalllHH B HHX MeHbllle 94.
npH H3YlleHHH oc06eHHOCTeH BJla,neJlblleCKOH peHTbI Ha TeppHTopHH CeBepo-
BOCTOllHOH PYCH nOllTH Bce HCTOpHKH OnHpaJlHCb Ha cpaKTbI, nOllepnHYTble H3
MOHaCTblpCKHX ,nOKYMeHTOB. H BMeCTe C TeM npHxo,nHTCH KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, liTO
HJlJlIOCTpaTHBHblH no,nxo,n K CBe,neHHHM cnoc06CTBOBaJl TOMY, liTO ,no HaCTOHllI.erO
BpeMeHH nOBHHHOCTH MOHaCTblpCKHX KpeCTbHH H HX 3BOJlIOIJ.HH Ha npOTH>KeHHH
XVI B. He HCCJle,nOBaHbI. El.lJ.e xY>Ke 06CTOHT ,neJlo C MOHacTblpcKHMH ceHbOpHaJlb-
HblMH OKJIa,nHblMH e,nHHHIJ.aMH, Bonpoc 0 KOTOpblX B cOBeTcKoH HCTopHorpacpHH
,na>Ke He CTaBHJlCH. OCHOBHblM npenHTCTBHeM CJlY>KHT TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO, liTO
B rocy,napCTBeHHblX onHcaHHHX MOHaCTblpCKHX BOTlIHH BnJlOTb ,no 90-x ro,nOB Be-
JlHlIHHa peHTbI He YKa3b1BaJlaCb. MelllaeT TaK>Ke KpaHHee pa3Ho06pa3He MeCTHblX
YCJlOBHH, reorpacpHlIeCKHX H nOJlHTHlIeCKHX cpaKTopOB, KOTopble B Ka>K,nblH onpe-
,neJleHHblH XpOHOJlOrHlIeCKHH OTpe30K OKa3b1BaJlH BJlHHHHe Ha CPOPMY H CTPYKTYPY
BJla,neJlblleCKOH peHTbI.
B nepBOM naparpacpe, rOBopH 0 BJlHHHHH 0()14Horo npaBa Ha BeJlHlIHHY BblTH,
Mbi onepHpOBaJlH H MOHaCTblpCKHMH ,naHHblMH. ,L:lBe lllHpOKOH3BeCTHble YKa3Hble
rpaMOTbI: MHTpOnOJlHlIbH - UapeBo-KoHCTaHTHHOBCKOMY MOHaCTblplO (1496-
1510 rr.) H yrJlHlICKOrO 3BeHHropo,nCKoro KHH3H - CaBBo-CTOpO>KeBCKoMY MOHa-
CTblplO (30 HHBapH 1490 r.) - CBH,neTeJlbCTBYIOT, liTO Y>Ke B XV B. IJ.eHTpaJlbHble
,nYXOBHble KOpnOpaIJ.HH HCnOJlb30BaJlH YCJlOBHO-n03eMeJlbHblH npHHIJ.Hn 06J10>Ke-
HHH, HMeJlH OKJIa)lHYIO e,nHHHIJ.Y, Ky,na, nOMHMO KpecTbHHcKOH Ha,neJIbHOH 3eMJlH,
Bxo,nHJla ,nonOJlHHTeJlbHaH rocno,nCKaH ,neCHTHHa. B rpaMoTe 1490 r. KaK rocy-
74

.n.apCTBeHHble nOBHHHOCTH (.n.aHb), TaK H BJIa.n.eJIbqeCKHH 06POK lllJIH «C .n.eCHTHHbI»
(.n.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOH, rOCnO.n.CKOH). POCnHCb 06pOKa «C .n.eCHTHHbI» BCTpeqaerCH H
B nepBOH nOJIOBHHe XVI B. BnJIOTb .n.o 60-x ro.n.OB B HocH<I>o-BOJIOKOJIaMCKOM
(1532 r.) H KpaCHOXOJIMCKOM (1564 r.) MOHacTblpHx, npHqeM B KOHTeKCTe Y>Ke
nOHBJIHeTCH HMeHOBaHHe OKJIa.n.HoH e.n.HHHllbi - BblTb 95. B UapeBo-KoHCTaHTH-
HOBCKOH .n.YXOBHOH KOpnOpallHH .n.aeTCH KpeCTbHHaM no nHTb .n.eCHTHH B Tpex
nOJIHX, a naxaTb Ha MOHaCTblpb llleCTYIO .n.eCHTHHY. KpeCTbHHCKOH Ha.n.eJIbHOH
3eMJIH MOrJIO 6b1Tb H 60JIbllle nHTH .n.eCHTHH, HO HeH3MeHHblM OCTaBaJIOCb COOT-
HOllleHHe «Ha nHTb llleCTOH»: B3HBlllHH nalllHH 60JIbllle nHTH .n.eCHTHH «naxaJI
MOHaCTblpCKYIO nalllHIO - llleCTOH >Kepe6eH» 96. XapaKTepHO, qTO B HeKOTopblX
MOHaCTblpCKHX X03HHCTBax OKJIa.n.HYIO e.n.HHHllY Ha3b1BaJIH «>Kepe6eH». no CMbI-
CJI0BOMY 3ByqaHHIO 06a TepMHHa «>Kepe6eH» H «BblTb», 03HaqaH qaCTb, .n.OJIIO,
yqaCTOK, B3aHM03aMeHHeMbi. O.n.HaKO B .n.BOpllOBbiX CeJIeHHHX CeBepo-BoCTOqHOH
PYCH o<l>HllHaJIbHoe HaHMeHOBaHHe OKJIa.n.HOH e.n.HHHllbi Bcer.n.a BbiTb. B MOHaCTblp-
CKHX X03HHCTBax HeT CTOJIb >KeCTKOH YHH<I>HKallHH, oc06eHHO eCJIH onHcaHHe HO-
CHJIO MeCTHblH xapaKTep H npOBo.n.HJIOCb CHJIaMH .n.YXOBHOH a.n.MHHHCTpallHH.
Ha.n.o OTMeTHTb, qTO, Cy.n.H no ony6JIHKOB3HHblM aKTaM, CJIOBO «>Kepe6eH» HMeJIO
lllHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B 06HXO.n.HOH peqH XVI B. B03MO>KHO, Ha no.n.06HYIO
cHTyallHIO nOBJIHHJIO TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, qTO K 3TOMY BpeMeHH CHHOHHM «>Kepe6bH»
CBblTb» npHHHJI xapaKTep perJIaMeHTHpOBaHHOH OKJIa.n.HOH e.n.HHHllbi B .n.BOPllOBbiX
H nOMeCTHbiX 3eMJIHX. KpOMe Toro, npH pa3.n.eJIe HMyw.eCTBa, 3eMJIH qaCTO n,pH-
MeHHJIH >Kepe6beBKY, COOTBeTCTBeHHO .n.OCTaBlllaHCH qaCTb HMeHOBaJIaCb >Ke-
pe6beM. B TpOHllKOM ceJIe naHHKapOBe POCTOBCKoro y. B 1529 r. OKJIa.n.HoH
e.n.HHHlleH CJIY>KHJI >Kepe6eH, paBHblH 16 qeTBepTHM, pe>Ke - 15 qeTBepTHM.
B 1580/81 r. npH onHcaHHH MHTpOnOJIHqbHX BJIa.n.eHHH MHTpOnOJIHqbHM >Ke nHC-
U.OM B POCTOBCKOM y. KopalllcKoH BOJIOCTH .n.epeBHH PbllllKOBa nOJIO>KeHa TaK>Ke
B >Kepe6bH: B >KHBYllI.eM 2,5 >Kepe6bH, a B nycTe 5 >Kepe6beB. «A celOT Ha >Kepe6eH
>KHBYllI.HH no 15 qeTH B nOJIe». no 3THM .n.BYM .n.OCTaTOqHO .n.aJIeKO OTCTOHllI.HM
.lI.Pyr OT .n.Pyra no BpeMeHH .n.oKYMeHTaM MO>KHO Cy.n.HTb, qTO B POCTOBCKOM y.
OKJIa.n.HaH e.n.HHHlla 06b1qHO HMeHOBaJIaCb «>Kepe6eH». B .n.pyrHx nHCllOBbiX KHH-
rax, COCTaBJIeHHblX HeCKOJIbKO n03>Ke, Ha TY >Ke KopalllCKYIO BOJIOCTb 3eMJIH no-
JlO>KeHa B BblTH: «A Ha BblTb KpeCTbHHe CeHJIH no 18 qeTBepTeH». B .n.pyroH
MHTpOnOJIHqbeii .n.epeBHe Toro >Ke ye3.n.a no KHHraM 1583/84 r. «celOT Ha BblTb no
16 qeTeH B nOJIe». HHTepecHo, qTO B nepenHcHoH KHHre BOTqHH KHpHJIJIO-
Be.n03epcKoro MOHacTblpH B 1601 r. B POCTOBCKOM y. «>Kepe6eH» npo.n.OJI>KaeT
<l>YHKllHoHHpoBaTb, HM onHCblBalOTCH .n.epeBHH, H OH npe.n.cTaBJIHeT 60JIee KpynHYIO
e.n.HHHllY, qeM BbiTb. «A ceeTCH Ha >Kepe6eH no 31 qeTH p>KH, a Ha BblTb C qeTblO
ceerCH 11 qeTH P>KH» 97. CJIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, Ha 1 BblTb BbiCeBaJIOCb 60JIee 8 qeTBep-
TeH C OCMHHOH. npaB.n.a, HaM HeH3BeCTHO, KaKaH qeTBepTb HMeJIaCb B BH.n.y.
ECJlH «TaMO>KeHHaH qeTBepTb», KOTopaH 6b1J1a BBe.n.eHa B Ka3aHCKHX .n.BOpllOBbiX
CeJIeHHHX B 1599 r., pacnpocTpaHeHa Ha BCIO CTpaHY, TO Ha BblTb npHxo.n.HJIOCb
13-14 npe>KHHX qeTBepTeH.
HTaK, TOJIbKO no O.n.HOMY POCTOBCKOMY y. llepKoBHaH OKJIa.n.HaH e.n.HHHlla
paBHHJIaCb 15, 16, 18 qeTBepTHM, npHqeM KaqeCTBO 3eMJIH He YKa3b1BaJIOCb.
B MHTpOnOJIHqbeH BOTqHHe BJIa.n.HMHpCKoro y. Ha BblTb celOT 15 qeTBepTeH,
3 B CeJIe nYlllKHHO MOCKOBCKoro y. - 13 qeTBepTeH 98. TaKoH pa3H060H He .n.OJI-
>KeH CMYlll.aTb. ,Lla>Ke YHH<I>HllHpoBaHHaH .n.BopllOBaH BblTb, KaK Mbi nOKa3aJIH Ha
npHMepe BOJIOllKOrO y. 40-x ro.n.OB, Ha npaKTHKe HMeJIa oTcTynJIeHHH. nO.n.CqeT
3eMJIH B TPH nOJIH (a OHH HHKor.n.a He 6b1JIH TO>K.n.eCTBeHHbI) Bcer.n.a npe.n.nOJIa-
75

raJl HeKYIO YCJlOBHOCTb npH onHcaHHH naWHH BbiTHbiM nHCbMOM. KpoMe Toro,
B .lI.BOPUOBbiX HMeHHHX 6b1J1a YCTaHOBJIeHa BeJlHqHHa ,LleCHTHHbI (2400 KB. ca}Ke-
HeH), H 3Ta BeJlHqHHa COOTHeceHa C KOJlHqeCTBOM BbiceBaeMoro p>KaHOrO 3epHa.
UepKoBHble BOTqHHbI nOJlb30BaJlHCb H3BecTHOH aBToHoMHeH, H 3eMJlH B HHX CTaJl8
H3MepHTbCH JlHWb BO BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B., npH 3TOM JlHWb K KOHUY XVI B.
CTaJlH OTMeqaTb KOJIHqeCTBO 3eMJlH MeHbwe qeTBepTH. 113MepeHHe 3eMJlH B XVI B.
.lI.OCTaTOqHO YCJlOBHO H He MO>KeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb no TOqHOCTH reHepaJlbHOMY
Me}KeBaHHIO XVIII B. .lI.a TaKaH TOqHOCTb H He HY>KHa 6b1J1a B TO BpeMH.
BOTqHHHHK Mor HeCKOJlbKO nO,LlHHMaTb HJlH onYCKaTb pa3Mep peHTbI Ha BblTb B TOM
HJlH HHOM CeJleHHH. BbiWenpHBe,LleHHble UHCPpbl npH6J1H3HTeJlbHO cooTBeTcTBYIOT
6-, 7-, 8-, 9-,LleCHTHHHOH BbiTH. TaKaH BblTb, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KaqeCTBa nOqBbI,
BCTpeqaeTCH H B ,LlBOpUOBbiX X03HHCTBax.
npH rocY,LlapCTBeHHoM onHcaHHH BOTqHH KaqeCTBO naWUH YKa3b1BaJlOCb.
K KOHUY BeKa B nHCUOBbiX KHHrax HHor,Lla CPHKcHpOBaJlaCb H BeJlHqHHa uepKoB-
HOH BblTH, OC06eHHO B Tex CJlyqaHx, Kor.n.a MOHaCTblplO nepe,LlalOTCH ,LlBOpu.oBbie
3eMJlH. npH onHcaHHH 1586 r. YCOJIbCKOH BOTqHHbI KOpH>KeMCKOro MOHaCTblpH
B BblTb KJlaJlOCb 14 qereH cpe.n.HeH H 16 qereH XY,LlOH 3eMJlH. TaKaH >Ke HopMa
BbiTH 6b1J1a npHHHTa B nOwexoHcKoH AH,LlpHaHOBoH nYCTblHH: Ha BblTb ,LlaHO
B 1584/85 r. no 8 ,LleCHTHH XY,LlOH 3eMJlH. B YCOJlbCKOM >Ke y. 6b1J1H paCnOJlO>KeHbI
BOTqHHbI BOJIOrO.llCKorO enHCKona: B BbiTH - 14 qeTBepTH Cpe,LlHeH 3eMJlH, 16 qeT-
BepTeH XY,LlOH 99. B XnblHOBCKOH BOTqHHe TpHcpoHOBa MOHaCTblpH cymeCTBYeT
.lI.PyroH Ba pHaHT ABOpU.OBOH BbiTH - 6e3 .n.onOJlHHreJlbHOH ,LleCHTHHbI: 12 qeTeH
Cpe,LlHeH 3eMJlH, 14 - XYJlOH. B 1595/96 r. BOJlOCTb B06J10BHqH Cn060,LlCKoro y.
nepe,LlaeTCH B MOHaCTblpb, CB BblTb nOJlO>KeHO Cepe,LlHHe 3eMJlH no 12 qeT-
BepTeH:t 100.
.lI.ecHTHqeTBepTHaH BblTb, no BceH BepoHTHoCTH, 6b1J1a ,LlOBOJIbHO WHpOKO
pacnpocTpaHeHa B qaCTHOBJIa,LleJIbqeCKHX X03HHCTBax BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B.
B 1568/69 r. 6b1J1o npoH3Be,LleHo onHcaHHe Py3cKoro y. Or 3Toro BpelleHH ,LlOWJla
COTHaH rpaMoTa Ha BOTqHHY 110cHcpo-BoJlOKOJIaMcKoro MOHacTblpH. 3eMJlH ou.e-
HeHa KaK cCepe,LlHHH» H CXY,LlaH». TepMHH CBblTb» B HeH He ynollHHaeTCH, XOTH,
CY.lI.H no .lI.OJlrOBOH KHHre, BblTb cyw.eCTBOBaJla B PY3CKHX CeJ1ax ew.e B 3O-x ro.n.ax
XVI B. O,LlHaKO 3HaMeHaTeJI bHO, qTO Y TpeTH CeJleHHH (32 %) KOJIHqeCTBO nalliHH
.lI.eJlHTCH 6e3 OCTaTKa Ha u.HCPPY 10. nOJlyqeHHblH npOu.eHTHhiH nOKa3aTeJlb CJJHW-
KOM BeJlHK, qT06b1 6b1Tb npocToH CJJyqaHHOCTblO, TeM 60J1ee qTO Cpe,LlHecTaTHCTH-
qeCKHH ,LlBOpOBblH Ha,LleJI paBeH 7 qe-rBepTHM. ECJlH >Ke Mbi npH6aBHM K nOJlY-
qeHHblM 32 % qHCJlO ce.neHHH, r,Lle KOJIHqecrBO nalliUH KpaTHo nHTH (T. e. 1/ 2 BblTH),
npoueHTHblH nOKa3aTeJlb B03paCTeT ,Ll0 49 %. Ho H B ocTaBweHcH nOJlOBHHe ceJle-
HHH qaCTO naWHH + nepeJIor COCTaBJIHeT HeCKOJIbKO ,LleCHTHqeTBepTHbix BbiTeH.
TOT <l>aKT, qTO KaqeCTBO 3eMJlH BO BHHMaHHe He npHHHMaJlOCb, CBH,LleTeJlbCTByeT,
qTO 10-qeTBepTHaH BblTb CJlO>KHJlaCb He n03>Ke nepBOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B.,
B03MO>KHO, ew.e B XV B. CY,LlH no COCTaBY HaTypaJlbHO-,LleHe>KHOH peHTbI, 3acpHK-
CHpOBaHHOMY B .lI.OJlrOBOH KHHre, OCHOBHOH nOBHHHOCTblO KpeCTbHH HBJlSlJlaCb
6a pW.HHa, n03TOMY ,LlOnOJlHHTeJlbHaH rOCnO,LlCKaH ,LleCHTHHa pacnaXHBaJlaCb B ce-
Jlax. .lI.ecHTHqeTBepTHaH BblTb coxpaHHeTCH, BH,LlHMO, H B SO-x rO,Llax. Or 3Toro
BpeMeHH ,LlOweJl .lI.0KYMeHT Ha PY3CKHe BJla.n.eHHH BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH,
HanOMHHalOw.HH no cpopMe nJlare>KHHu.y. HeCMOTpH Ha TO qTO B HeM HBHO npOCJle-
}KHBaeTCH HeCKOJlbKO CJloeB, OTHOCHW.HXCH K 60Jlee paHHeMY BpeMeHH, MOHaCTblp-
CKaH 3eMJlH nOJlO>KeHa, cy.n.H no BceMY, B ,LlecHTHqeTBepTHYIO BblTb 101. TaKHx >Ke
pa3MepoB BblTb C 06H3aHHOCTblO 06pa6aTbiBaTb MOHacTblpcK)'1O 3anawKY BCTpeqa-
76

eTCH B Ka33HCKOM y. B 6O-x roJl.&x. 3J1.eCb MOHaCTblpHM nepeJl.aeTCH Jl.BOpLlOBaH
3eMJlH, paHee onHcaHHaH M'CBmHlleTBepTHOM BbiTblO. Ho eCJIH B nOMeCTbHX,
06pa30BaBHblX TaK}I(e Ha Jl.B0tJ.UQBblX 3eMJUIX, HOpMH.pOBaH H pa3Mep nOBHHHOCTeH
H BeJlHlIH:Ha BbiTH (<<a Jl.Oxoa DOMem.HKOB. . . naUlHH naxaTH KpeCTbHHOM Ha nOMe-
W.HKOB D.CHTHH, Ha. BbI. no Jl.eCHTHHe KaK CiblillO 3a rOCYJl.apeM. A nHcaHO
nallJeHHible Jl.o6pble 3eMJIH Mia: BblTb no )lecHTH lIerBepTeH), TO B BOTIIHHax Ka3aH-
CKoro apXHenHCKona.,. npe06pa}l(eHCKOro If HJlaHTOBCKoro MOHaCTblpeH,
KpeCTIWIiHe TpaJl.HLlHOHi110 p:acnaXHBaIOT Jl.eCH'IHHY C BblTH, HO caMa. BblTb B KHHrax
nHCbMla H Mepbl l 1568 rr. He YUHtMLlHpOBaHa. TaKu YHH<t>HKaLlHH-
BHppeHHee lleJIO C3IM:OrO BOTlIHHHHKa. BBltAy Toro liTO nepeJl.aHHble LlepKBH 3eMJlH
6b111'H nOJlO)l(eHbli J5. ,ltecHTHlieTBepTHYIO BVl'b H B COCeJl.HHX ,ltBOPLlOBbiX CeJleHHHX
q.JfrYPHpOBaJIa :Ira lite Bblrrb, B LlepKOBHYX BOTlIHHax Ka3aOCKoro y. TaK}I(e npeo6-
naJl.aJla Jl.ecayaqeyBepTHaH OKnaJl.Haa eJl.HHHLla. QHaKO <t>aKTHlieCKH B BbiTH
nopoH 6hL11o MeHbllle HJlH 60JlbWe namHH. TaK, no paclieTaM 10. H. HBaHoBa,
B apxHepeHCKoA BOTlI.aHe B HeKOO'OpYX CeJleHHHX Ha BhlTb npHXOJl.HJlOCb peaJlbHOH
3anallJKH 7 H 12 IJ.eT&epTeH 102,
B 9O-x rO.ll.ax Y CBHH>KCKOrO II K33aHCKoro TpoHLle-CeprHescKHx MOHacrblpeH,
H8JJRBWHXCH, BepoHTHO, .llO'lepHHMH LleHTpaJlbHOMY TpoHLle-CeprHeBY MOHa-
CTYpIO, «Ha BblTb DOJIO>KeHO no 10 lIeTeH .ll06poH 3eMJlH 103. B Ka3aHCKOM y.
MOHaCTblplO Bce BOCeMb reppHTOpHaJlbHblX KOMnJleKCOB ,naHhI «no rOCYJl.apeBOH
rpaMOTe H3 paaee 6h1BWHX nONecTHA, T. e. B nO}l(aJlOB8HHblX BJla,lleHHHX coxpa-
HHnCH X03HHCTBeHHhlH ycrpOH .ABOpilOBOro BellOMCTBa. B HallaJle 90-x ro,llOB
t>blJlO npOBe,lleHO onHC8HHe H ,llpyrHx BOTlIHH TpOHLle-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH. ,l{ecH-
THtleTBep-rHaK BhlTb nOMHMO CBHH>KCKOrO M Ka3aHCKoro yy., BBe,lleHa TaK}I(e
B KaWHHCKOM H llMHTpoBCKOM yy. 104 npHlleM, eCJIH B nOBOJDKbe 3eMJlH «,ll06-
paH, TO B nOCJIeJI.HHX ye3,llaX npeo6J1a,llaJla «xy ,llaH 3eMJlH. HeBOJIbHO HanpallJH-
BaeTCH npe,nnOJlO>KeHHe, liTO He3a,llOJlrO Jl.0 onHcaHHH, a B03MO}l(HO, H B MOMeHT
ero Ha 06a 3TH paMOHa pacnpOCTpaHHJlCft ,llBOPLlOBblH CTaTYC. ,l{aJlee Mbi BCTynaeM
B o6.naCTb nOKa em.e M8J10 060CHOB8HHblX ,llOra,llOK. KaUlHH HenOCpe,llCTBeHHO
npHMblKaJl K YrJlHIIY. npH BbI,lleJleHHH Y,lleJIa LlapeSH'IY ,l{HMHTPHIO, KpOMe YrJlHlIa
(O.!lHOrO ye3,lla LlapCKOMY CblHY no Tpa,llHUHH 6b1J1o HBHO MaJlO), MOrJlH ,llaTb
npHMblKalOm.HH K Yr JlMIIY KaUlHH H ,l{MHTpOB. HeKoTopoe nO,llTBep}l(,lleHHe 3TOH
rHnOTe3e ,llaeT THTYJI J]}I(e,llMHTpHR: «MbI, ,nMHTpHH HBaHOBHII, 60}l(HeIO MHJlO-
CTHIO LlapeBHlI Bcea PYCHH YrJlHLlKOH H !lMHTpOBCKOH H HHblX KHH3b...» 105
JI}I(e,llMHTpHH, CTapaHCb nO,llllepKHYTb CBOIO H,lleHTHliHOCTb C CblHOM rp03Horo
.l{MHTpHeM, B CBoeM THTYJle nOCJIe LlapCKoro HaHMeHOBaHHH Ha nepBOM MeCTe
CTaBHT Ha3BaHHH rJlaBHblX KHH}KeCTB HK06b1 CBoero 6b1BllJerO Y,lleJla: YrJlHlIa H
.l{MHTpOBa. UapeBHlI ,l{MHTPHH YMep 15 MaH 1591 r., H K MOMeHTY onHcaHHH
TpoHLle-ceprHeBcKHx BJla,lleHHH B ,l{MHTpoBe H KallJHHe ew.e Mor OCTaBaTbCH
B CHJle paHee BBe,lleHHblH ,llBOPLlOBblH cTaTYc C ,lleCHTHlieTBepTHoii BbiTblO. K CO}Ka-
JIeHHIO, HaH60Jlee YH3BHMoe MeCTO B ,llaHHOH rHnOTe3e - OTCYTcTBHe ,lleCHTHlIeT-
BepTHoH BbiTH B caMOM YrJlHlICKOM y. 3,lleCb BblTb paBHa npH6J1H3HTeJlbHO 16 lIe-
THM Cpe,llHeH 3eMJlH H 18 XY,llOH, ,lla H onHCblBaJl YrJlHlI ,llPyroH nHceLl. n03TOMY
BPH,ll JlH 3,lleCb Mbi HMeeM ,lleJIO C ,llBOPLlOBblMH nOpH,llKaMH 6b1BllJerO YrJlHIICKOro
Y,lleJla. ,l{onycTHMo ew.e O,llHO npe,llnOJlO}l(eHHe: nOCJIe cMepTH ,l{MHTPHH Llapb Cl>e-
.!lOp Mor no npHMepy CBoero OTLla BbI,lleJIHTb ,l{MHTpOB H KallJHH B CBOH «,llBOpO-
Bble BJla,lleHHH H, TaK KaK coxa Bce 60J1bllJe TepHJla CBOM CMblCJI B YCJlOBHHX
60JlbllJOrO KOJlHlIeCTBa 3a6pollJeHHblX 3eMeJIb, BBeCTH 3,lleCb }l(ecTKYIO ,lleCHTHlIeT-
BepTHYIO BblTb Ha BceH TeppHTopHH H BO Bcex THnax HMeHHH.
77

B OnHCaHHH 90-x rO.ll.08 60JlbWHHCT8a TpOHIJ.KHX BJIa.ll.eHHH TepMHH c8b1Tb:t
HJlH 8oo61.l.1.e He ynoMHHaeTCH HJlH >Ke KOJlHtleCT80 tleT8epTeH, npHXO.lUll.l.l.HXCH Ha
BblTb, .lI.a>Ke 8 npe.ll.eJIax O.ll.HOrO CTaHa, 80JlOCTH HMeeT OtleHb CHJlbHblH pa36poc.
TaK, B Py3CKOM y. Ha 8b1Tb npHXO.ll.HJlOCb OT 10 .lI.O 32 tleTeii xY.lI.OH 3eMJlH,
8 51pocJla8CKOM y. - 20-30 tleTeH, 8 POCT08CKOM - 14-18 tleTeH 106. TpY.lI.HO
n08epHTb, tlTO CYI.l.I.eCT808aJlO CTOJlb pa3HTeJlbHOe OTJlHtlHe 8 8b1THOM nHCbMe 80
8J1a.ll.eHHHX O.ll.HOrO H Toro >Ke <l>eO.ll.aJla: 8 O.ll.HHX ye3.l1.aX 8b1Tb pa8Ha 10 tleTH M,
8 .lI.pyrHx OHa pa3H08eJlHKa. B03MO>KHO, 3.l1.eCb HaWJlO OTpa>KeHHe c80e06pa3He
nHCbMa OT.lI.eJlbHblX nHCIJ.08. KaWHHCKHH H ,QMHTp08CKHH yy. onHCbl8aJl M. r. Bo-
JlblHCKHH, Ka3aHCKHH - H8aH KJleOnHH. 3TH HMeHa Cpe.ll.H nHCIJ.08 .lI.pyrHx
ye3.l1.08 He <l>HrypHpYIOT. BnOJlHe .lI.OnYCTHMO, tlTO HatlHHaH C 80-x rO.ll.08 8b1Tb
B l.IaCTHOBJIa.ll.eJlbl.leCKHX HMeHHHX 80 MHorHX (a 803MO>KHO, H 8 60JlbWHHCT8e)
ye3.l1.aX o<l>HIJ.HaJlbHO CtlHTaJlaCb pa8HOH 10 tleT8epTHM. B OTJlHtlHe OT .lI.80PIJ.080H
BbiTH KatleCT80 3eMJlH 8 paCtleT He npHHHMaJlOCb. O.ll.HaKO, peaAbHbte pa3Mepbt
BbiTH Mor JlH 6b1Tb 3HatlHTeJlbHO 8b1We. npa8HTeJlbCT80 6b1J1o 3aHHTepeC08aHO
B 6b1CTpeHWeH JlHK8H.lI.aIJ.HH X03HHCT8eHHOH pa3pYXH, 8 OC8oeHHH 3a6poweHHblX
noce8HblX nJlOl.l.l.a.ll.eH, 8 npHOCTaH08J1eHHH pOCTa He.ll.OHMOK no c60py rocY.ll.ap-
CT8eHHbIX HaJlOr08. C 88e.ll.eHHeM o<l>HIJ.HaJlbHOH .lI.eCHTHtleT8epTHOH 8b1TH CTa8H-
JlaCb c80e06pa3HaH nperpa.ll.a POCTY ceHbOpHaJlbHOH peHTbI 8 CJIytlae Y8eJIHtleHHH
naXOTHOH 3eMJlH B 8b1TH. B03MO>KHO, .lI.YX08HaH KOpnOpaIJ.HH He Mor Jla CaM080J1bHO
Y8eJlHtlHTb KOJIHtleCT80 8b1Teii, tlHCJlO KOTOpblX 3aKpenJleHO 8 .lI.aHHOM X03HHCT8eH-
HOM KOMnJleKCe, OTClO.lI.a CYl.l.l.eCT808aHHe pa3H08eJIHKHX 8b1TeH 8 O.ll.HOM H TOM >Ke
ye3.l1.HOM KOMnJleKce.
liTO KacaeTCH H08rOpO.ll.CKHX MOHaCTblpCKHX 80TtlHH, TO B HatlaJle 80-x rO.ll.08
O.ll.H08peMeHHO CO C8eTCKHMH nOMeCTbHMH OKJla.ll.HaH e.ll.HHHIJ.a 6b1J1a YHH<I>HIJ.HpO-
8aHa H npHpa8HeHa K 10 tleT8epTHM 6e3 ytleTa KatleCT8a 3eMJlH. H080-,Qe8HtlHH
MOHaCTblpb HMeJI CeJleHHH 8 060He>KCKOH nHTHHe, 06>Ka 8 1582/83 r. pa8Ha 10
tleT8epTHM. TaKaH >Ke KapTHHa Ha6J1IO.lI.aeTCH 8 MOHaCTblpCKHX 80TtlHHaX ,Qepe8-
CKOH nHTHHbI 8 1581/82 r.: 06>1< a pa8Ha 10 tleT8epTHM. B 60- x rO.ll.ax 8 060-
He>l<CKOH nHTHHe HaropHoH nOJl08HHe pH.lI. MOHacTblpcKHX 06>1< npHpa8HeH 2,5
Kop06bHM, T. e. npHMepHo 5 tleT8epTHM 107.
npH HCCJle.ll.08aHHH .lI.80pIJ.080rO X03HHCT8a Y>Ke OTMetlaJlOCb, tlTO 88e.ll.eHHe
8b1TH 8 CeJIeHHHX pbl60Jl0808, 60pTHHK08 HOCHJlO HeCKOJlbKO HCKYCCT8eHHblH xa-
paKTep. MOHaCTblpCKaH a.ll.MHHHCTpaIJ.HH He 8H.lI.eJIa He06xo.ll.HMOCTH 88eCTH 8b1T-
Hoe nHCbMO 80 8cex C80HX 8J1a.ll.eHHHX. TaK, 8 BeJI03epCKOM y. 8 90-x rO.ll.ax
8 TpOHIJ.e-CeprHe8CKOH 80TtlHHe C8b1TeH 8 ceJle TaHHl.l.I.aX C .lI.epe8HHMH no Kpe-
CTbHHCKOH CKa3Ke npe>K cero He 6b18aJlO, H 8b1TeH He 3HaIOT:t. XapaKTepHO, tlTO
OCH08HOH n08HHHOCTbIO CeJlHH 6b1J1o cnp080.ll.HTb pbl6Y:t C BeJI003epa p. llleKCHOIO
B nOweXOHCKHH y. .lI.8a>K.lI.bI 8 ro.ll.. cA CTa8HT Ha 06a pbl6Hble OTnYCKH CY.ll.bI H
KOpMI.l.I.HKH H rpe6IJ.bI no 7 py6J1eH, a HH.lI.e 60Jlbwe:t. nOMHMO 3Toro, cKpecTbHHe
.lI.a8aJlH 8 MOHaCTblpb 06pOKY no 4,5 py6J1eH .lI.a 3a MOCK08CKHe .lI.p08a 24 .lI.eHbrH
Ha rO.ll.:t. KpecTbHHcKOH 3eMJlH 6b1J1o 120 tleTeH, eCJIH HCXO.ll.HTb H3 .lI.eCHTHtleT8epT-
HOH 8b1TH, TO HX KOJlHtleCT80 6Y.ll.eT pa8HO 12. Ha 8b1Tb npHXO.ll.HJlOCb npHMepHO
py6J1b .lI.eHer, THnHtlHaH 8eJIHtlHHa .lI.eHe>KHOrO 06poKa, T. e. MOHaXH .lI.OCTaTOtlHO
tleTKO paCCtlHTaJlH pa3Mep peHTbI. Ho TaK KaK rJla8HaH oTpa6OTOtlHaH n08HH-
HOCTb Tpe608aJla YtlaCTHH 8ceH 80JlOCTH, TO H 8b1TH 3.l1.eCb He 6b1J1H 88e.ll.eHbI.
OTCYTCT8YlOT 8b1TH 8 MHTpOnOJlHtlbeH 80TtlHHe, r.ll.e 60pTHHKH nJlaTHJlH 8 1577 /
78 r. 06POK Me.ll.OM 108.
nepeH.lI.eM K paCCMOTpeHHIO CTPYKTypbl H 8eJI HtlHHbI peHTbI 8 80TtlHHaX MOHa-
78

CTblpeH. Orpa60T0qHaH nOBHHHOCTb B cpOpMe 6apllJ.HHbI CYllJ.eCTBOBaJla ellJ.e
B XV B. HaH60JlblllYlO H3BeCTHOCTb npH06peJIa YKa3HaH rpaMoTa 1495-1511 rr.
MHTpOnOJlHTa 0 HopMax 6apllJ.HHbI BO BJIa.nHMHpcKOM UapeBo-KoHcTaHTHHoBCKOM
MOHacTblpe: Ha 5 .nec. Ha.neJIbHOH 3eMJlH llleCTYIO nOJlaraJlOCb pacnaxHBaTb Ha
MOHaCTblpb. 3.necb HaH60J1ee nOJlHO BOnJlOTHJlCH npHHlI.Hn 06b1qHOrO npaBa «Ha
nHTb llleCTOH:'. BapcKaH nalllHH cpYHKlI.HOHHpOBaJla B KOCTpOMCKHX TpOHlI.KHX HMe-
HHHX. Bo BpeMH O.nHOH H3 Cy.ne6HblX TH>K6 1495-1499 rr. OTBeTqHK nOKa3aJl:
«3eMJlH lllHnYJlHHo - MOHacTblpcKaH TpOHlI.KaH CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH. . . a TY
3eMJlIO naXaJlH Ha MOHacTblpb KpecTbHHe MOHacTblpcKHe:.. CBH.neTeJlb HBaHKo
BaCHJlbeB paCCKa3b1BaJl: «513 >KHJI B MOHaCTblpCKOH 3eMJle B nO.nKOCOBe, a TY
nYCTOllib lllHnYJlHHCKYIO H3 KOCHJI H naxaJl Ha MOHaCTblpb. A TOMY J1eT C 15:.,
T. e. B 1480-x ro.nax MOHacTblpcKoe nOJle OT.neJIeHO OT KpecTbHHcKOH 3analliKH
H 06pa6aTbiBaeTcH CHJlaMH oKpecTHbix 3eMJle.neJIbll.eB 109. B Cy.ne6HOM .neJle
Me>K.ny TpOHlI.e-CeprHeBbiM MOHaCTblpeM H .nBOPll.OBblMH BOJIOCTHMH, .naTHpyeMoM
H. A. rOJly6l1.oBbiM 1492-1502 rr., a C. M. KalliTaHoBbiM HHBapeM 1504 r.,
peqb lllJIa 0 .n. CapblqKHHe nepeHCJlaBCKOro y. MOHaCTblpcKHH KpecTbSlHHH
nOKa3aJl: «H3 B TOH .nepeBHe B CapblqKHHe >KHJI 3a MOHacTblpeM, a nOCTaBHJI
Toe .nepeBHIO OTell. MOH. . . .na >KHJI B TOH .nepeBHe OTell. MOH 3a MOHaCTblpeM 30 J1eT
H .neCHTHHbI Ha MOHaCTblpb B ceJle Be6HKOBe naxaJl. A H3 nocJle OTlI.a CBoero >KHBY
B TOH .nepeBHe 10 J1eT, .na naxaJl eCMH .neCHTHHbI Ha MOHacTblpb B CeJIe Be6HKoBe
8 J1eT. H MHlllYTHHCKHH .nBOpCKOH. . . OTKa3aJl MeHH B MHlllYTHHCKHH CTaH TMY
2 ro.ny, a TOIO .nepeBHIO Ha3BaJl BeJIHKOrO KHH3H. . . ,lla H .neCHTHH MHe .nBOpCKHH
Ha MOHaCTblpb He BeJleJl naxaTH H H3 OT Tex MeCT H He nalllY .neCHTHH:' 110.
H3 .naHHoro OTpblBKa qeTKO CJle.nyeT, qTO Y>Ke B HaqaJle 60-x ro.nOB XV B.
(40 J1eT Ha3a.n OT HaqaJla cy.ne6Horo npoll.ecca) OCHOBHOH KpecTbHHcKOH nOBHH-
HOCTblO 6b1J1a 6apllJ.HHa. MOHacTblpcKoe nOJle Haxo.nHJlOCb B ceJle, Ky.na C'be3>Ka-
JlHCb .nJlH OTpa6OTOqHOH nOBHHHOCTH 3eMJle.neJlbll.bI oKpecTHbix .nepeBeHb. Bap-
llI.HHa 6b1J1a perJlaMeHTHpoBaHa, ee He BcnaXHBaJlH «B3rOHOM:', KaK 3TO 6b1J1o
BO BJla.nHMHpCKOH BOTqHHe UapeBo-KoHCTaHTHHOBCKOH 06HTeJlH B XIV CTOJIeTHH.
C KpecTbHHcKoro Ha.neJIa nOJlaraJlOCb, BepoHTHo, pacnaxaTb 2 .nec. B .nBYX nOJlHX
(HcnOJlb3YH peTpOCneKlI.HIO H OTTaJlKHBaHCb OT HOpM UapeBo-KoHCTaHTHHoBcKoro
MOHacTblpH KOHlI.a XV B.). HTaK, CBe.neHHH 0 MOHaCTblpCKOM nOJle, KOTOpoe
06pa6aTblBaJlOCb KpeCTbHHaMH, COXpaHHJlHCb 3a XV B. BO BJla.nHMHpCKOM, Ko-
CTpOMCKOM, nepeHCJlaBCKOM yy. HCXO.nH H3 npe.nJlO>KeHHOH HaMH Mo.neJlH, CO-
rJlaCHO KOTOpOH no.n BJlHHHHeM 06b1qHOrO npaBa B nOJlb3Y ceHbopa B3HMaJlCH
npH6aBOqHblH npo.nYKT C 1 .nec., K BblllleynoMHHYTblM ye3.naM Ha.no .n06aBHTb
H 3BeHHropo.ncKHH. B YKa3HoH rpaMoTe 30 HHBapH 1490 r. CaBBo-CTOpO>KeB-
CKOMY MOHacTblplO y.neJIbHblH KHH3b onpe.neJlHJI HaTypaJlbHo-.neHe>KHblH 06POK
«3 .neCHTHHbI:': 10 rpHBeHoK MaCJIa + 2 cblpa + 50 HHII. + OBqHHa + 20-30 .ne-
Her III. 3TOT 06POK OqeHb HeBeJIHK H, cy.nH no MaTepHaJlaM XVI B., npe.nCTaB-
JlHeT C060H .nonOJlHHTeJlbHblH no60p «3 .neCHTHHbI:'. rJlaBHOH >Ke nOBHHHOCTblO
BBH.ny OTCYTCTBHH XJle6HOH peHTbI HBJlHJlaCb, no BceH BepOHTHOCTH, nOJleBaH
6apllJ.HHa. CJle.nOBaTeJlbHO, KpeCTbHHCKaH 6a pllJ.HHa B COqeTaHHH C .n06aBOqHblMH
HaTypaJlbHo- .neHe>KHblMH n060paMH nOJlyqHJla lllHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe, no
KpaHHeH Mepe, He n03>Ke BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XV B.
TaKYIO >Ke cHTyall.HIO, KaK H B CaBBo-CTOpO>KeBCKOM MOHaCTblpe, BCTpeqaeM
B OKJIa.nHOH 3anHCH HaqaJla 30-x ro.nOB XVI B. HOCHcpO-BOJIOKOJIaMCKOH .nYXOBHOH
KopnOpall.HH. 3anHcb cpHKcHpOBaJla C BbiTH HJlH C .neCHTHHbI cpaBHHTeJIbHO He-
60J1blllHe .neHe>KHO-HaTypaJlbHble no60pbl. HaH60Jlee qaCTO BCTpeqaeTCH CJle.ny-
79

IOlllHH oKJIa.n.: 50 HHo. + OBqHHa + 6paTHHa CMeTaHbI + 24 .n.eHbrH + He60J1b-
lIJoe KOJlHqeCTBO KaKOrO-J1H60 3epHa, HanpHMp OCMHHa nllJeHHUh(, nOJlOCMHHbI
KOHOneJIb. HHor.n.a BMeCTO xJle6a B3HMaJlaCb Ka.n.b cOJlo.n.a. BoofilUe e.n.HHo06pa-
3HH He 6b1J1o: B Ka}l{.n.OM a.n.MHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppHTOpHaJlbHOM KOMDJleKCe .n.onOJl-
HHTeJlbHble nJlaTe}l{H BapbHpYIOTCH. Ho 3TO HMeHHO .n.onOJlHHTeJlbHble n060pbl,
a OCHOBHOH nOBHHHOCTblO cTHrJlblX» CeJI HBJlHJlaCb 6aplUHHa, 0 qeM CBH.n.eTeJlbCT-
BYIOT 60Jlee n03.n.HHe X03HHCTBeHHble .n.OKYMeHTbI,liI2.
Pa3Mep 6aplUHHbI 6b1J1 ,o1SYCJlOBJIeH 06b1qHblM "npaBOM: C BbiTH .ltBe .n.eCH-
THHbI B .n.BYX nOJlHX (03HMOM + HpOBOM) HJlH KaK Tor.n.a rOBOpHJlH CC iBbiTH no
.n.eCHTHHe». HMeHHO TaKHe HOpMbI CYllleCTBOBaJlH B UapeBO- KOHCTaH1'HH0BCKOM
MOHaCTblpe (1495-1511 rr.), B JlOTqHHaX Ka3a HCKOOO H CBHH}I{CKOrO Jl3"'xoBeH-
CTBa (1560-e ro.n.bI), B HMeHHHX '}\pacHOXOJlMCKOrO MQHaCTblpH (1564165 ir.) H
KHpJ1J10- 6eJ103epCKoH .llYXOBHOH :KopnOpao.HH (157,1 r.) 113.
B TpOHo.KOM ceJle naHHKapOBe c .n.epeBHHMH .POCifOBCKoro y. KpeCTliRHe
B 1529 r. 06pa6aTblBaJlH Ha MOHac'N:iQ>.b 20 % Bcex noce9RWX nJlOlUa.n.eH H KOOHmM
39 % ceHOKOCHbiX yrOJI;HH. B 3BeHHnq;U).n.cKOM y. Ha HOB.0.n.eBHqHii MOHaCTti1p}}
B 1558/59 r. pacnaXHBaJlOCb npHMepBe -21 % noceBHblX nJ1OlUa.n.eH H KOCHJlOCb
14,5 % Bcero ceHa. np<meHTHOe COOTHOIBeHHe, paBHoe 20 %, MOrJlO DOJIyqHTbCB
B TOM CJlyqae, ecJlH peCTbHHe C .AeCHTHqeTBepTHOH .wTH D.aXaJlH no
1 .n.ec. (2 qeTH). npH TaKOH }l{e Hope tS.aplUlUIIbI e .n.BeHQI1aTH"te1'JlepTHOH
BblTH, T. e. C 3eMJlH xy.n.wero 'K;aqeCTBa, BeJfII\IJ:HHa \6apc.K'Oro noJUI JLOJUKHB 6b1J1a
COCTaBJIHTb OKOJlO 16,6 % acei nallJHH. ,l1eittM'.re..llWlO, B PY3eK11X aJJ.a.AeHHHX
Toro )J{e MOHacTblpH B 1567/68 r. 6apcKu n.awJ:UJ COCTaBJIUa 175 %.
B MHTponoJlHqbeH BOTqHHe 8J1a.n.HMHpcKoro y. II 1566 1'.. MHTpOnOJ1IP1DA uamHH
3aHHMana 18 % noceBHblX IL1IOUl.a 114. HeJlb31l 3a6h1SaTb, qTO He60JJwuoe
KOJlHqeCTBO DallJHH MOrJlO, nOMHUO BbiTHO'fO yp0Ka. paenaXHBaTbCH KpecTbflHaMH
cB3rOHOM» HJlH )l(e )l.eTeHbllIJaMH.. B HeKOTOpblX RHC1(08WX M8repHaJl3X ene..
o.HaJlbHO OTMeqaJlOCb, liTO MOHacrypcKOe DOJIe 06pa6aTHBaJJOCb CHJlaMH OJ1HHX
.n.eTeHhlweH. TaK, B 1589/90 r. 3eMJIH TpH4»oHoBa MOHaCTYPfJ B XJlblHOBCIWM
y. 06pa6aTbiBanH cMoHacTblpcKHe nOJlOBHBKH» H cMOHaCTYpCKJfe .n.eTeHblWH».
B noweXOHCKOM H.MeHHH AH.n.peHHoBoli nYCThlHH B 1584/85 T. B ceJle 6b1JJo
13 .n.eCHTHH MOH8CTblpCKOH DallJHH. KpecTWlse B ceJle He npo1KHBaJlH, 3aTO
6b1J1o 9 .n.BOpOB MOHaCTblpcKHX JJ,eTeHblweH. KOTopble, BH.n.HMO, H pacnaXHBaJlH
MOHacTblpcKYIO nallJHIO. 3TO npe.n.no,nO}l{eHHe no.n.TBep}l{.n.aeTCH TeM oocrofl-
TeJlbCTBOM, qTO CMOH8CThlpcKaH H uepKoBHaH nallJHH... B COWHoe nHCbMO
He nOJlO)KeHa». C 10 Jl.epeBeHcKHx BhlTeH KpecTbHHe, BepoHTHo, nJl8THJlH
XJle6HO- JleHe}l{HYIO peaTY 115.
6apw.HHa B nepBOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. Tpa.llHllHoHHO cOnpOBO}l{.ll8JI8Cb ynJlaTOH
KpeCTbHH8MH HeKoToporo KOJlHQeCTBa npo.n.YKTOB }l{HBOTHOBo.n.CTBa (Chip, MaCJIO,
CMeTaHa, RHo.a, OBqHHa), He60JlbllJoA CYMMbI .n.eHer (24-40) H 06b1I1HO O.n.HOH-
.n.BYX OCM"H 3epHa (nllJeaHo.a, KOHOnJiR H T. n.). MO}l{HO C JtoCTaTOqHOH .llOJleH
yaepeHHocTH YTBep}l{.n.aTb, qTO, nOMHMO 6aplUHHbI H .n.onOJlHHTeJlbHblX HaTY-
paJlbHo-.n.eHe)KHblX IIJIaTe}l{eA, 3eMJle.n.eJlbo.bI HCnOJlHHJlH TalOKe HeKoTopble .n.pyrHe
BHAbi nOBHHHOCTeH, HanpHMep ceHOKOCHyIO, .n.POBHHYIO, nOB03HYIO, CTpOHTeJlbHYIO.
COKpalUeHHe HOpM 6aplUHHbI (MeHee 1 .n.ec. C BblTH) 3HaMeHOBaJlO pe3Koe
B03pacraHHe y.n.eJlbHOrO Beca 3epHoBoro 06POK8 HJlH }l{e .n.pyrHx BH.n.OB peHTbI.
no YCTaBHoH rpaMOTe CoJIoBeo.KOrO MOHacTblpH 1561 r. KpecTbRHe ceJla HHKOJlb-
CKoe-nY3b1peBO 6e>KellKOrO Bepxa .n.on}l{Hbi 6b1J1H C BbiTH BbiceBaTb Ha MOHaCTblp-
CKOM none: 1 qeTBepTb p}l{H + 2 qeTBepTH OBca. HTOro B CeJle, r.n.e 6b1no 33 BblTH,
80

«ceHTH 8 nOJle 33 lIeT8epTH 'p>KH, a 08ca 66 lIeTBepTeA». HOpMbI 8b1CeBa OBca
6b1J1H 8b1lUe 8 .lI.8a pa3a HOpM .Bblce8a p>KH. CTaJlO 6b1Tb, H 8 03HMOM H 8 HpOBOM
nOJle 3aCe8aJlOCb no 0,5 .lI.eCHTHHbI. MHOr.ll.a BbiTHaH HopMa MOrJla HeCKOJlbKO
803paCTH 33 ClleT noce808, nOMHMO 08ca, .lI.PyrHx Hp08b1X KYJlbTYP: nllJeHHUbI,
>KHTa, ropoxa, rpellH, JlbHa (<<nOXOlleT npHKa3111HK ceHTH. . .»). YMeHbllJeHHe 6ap-
IUHHbI ypaBH08ellJeHO XJle6HblM OOpOKOM: C 8b1TH - 4 lIeTH p>KH .lI.a 4 lIeTH 08ca.
Or.ll.eJlbHO UlJl8 DelleHaH np0.ll.YKlJ.HH: XJle6, KaJlaIlH. Cpe.ll.H oTpa60ToIIHblX n08HH-
HocTeA r JlaBHOe MeCTO nOCJIe 6a,p:w.RHbI 3aHHMaJi «n0803» (c 8b1TH - .JlOllJa.ll.b)
H3 BOJi, or.ll.Y 'MecK8Y, BeJl003epO, a «He JIYIIHTCH KpecTbHHoM KOToporo ro.ll.Y
nOB03Y 8e3TH, :HHO Ha HHX 83HTH 33 flO.ll.BO.ny no 4 rpH8HbI MOCK08CKYIO», T. e.
80 .lI.eHer. CYllI.eC11808aJla TaK>Ke .lI.P0BRH.a1l nOBHHHOCTb (c 8b1TH 3 803a Ap08 .lI.a
10 nOJleH JlYIIHHbI , .a TaK>Ke 06H3aHROCTb BCeii BOJlOCTblO MOJIOTb P0;H{b H .COJlO.ll.
.lI.JlH npe.ll.CTa8HTe.neii MOHacTblpcKOH a,D.MH'H.n.cTpa,UHH. KpoMe Toro, C 8b1TII 83H-
MaJl'" 50 HHU H CYXIOO Cblp. M3 .lI.eHe>KHb1X 'IJJlaTe.eH Ha38aHO 20 .lI.eHer B oJ!I0Jlb3Y
,l1OBOJl.IIHKa 116. B TOM >Ke Be>KeUKOM Bepxe 1(pacHOXOJlMCKHH AHTOHHe8 MDHa-
C1'IWp.b YCTaH08HJI 8 1564/65 r. CJIeJJ.YlOllI.He pa3Mepb1 BblTHoro THrJla: 6aplll.BBa -
1 . B .0.ll.HOM nOJle, Hny.paJIbHblH OOpOK - I 'Ite1'b }KMT1l., OCMJfHa XMeJlH, 50 1UI
8 rpliBeHoK MaCJla. «A JJ.OXO.ll.Y C HHX .lI.eHbraUH 06poKY It KOPMY C BbiTH ,ll31OT
no to .aJlTblH H no 3 .lI.eHbrM H 3a MeJlbHHK08 .l10XOJI. H 3a IlJ!OTHHK08 H 3a KHpnHq-
HHKOB» -117.. J].eHe>KHaH peSTa 8 63 .l1eHbrH C BbiTH 6wJla cpaBHHTeJlbHO 8b1COKa
.lI.JIH TOR) BpeMeHH H, 8H.l1HIIO, BKJlIOlfaJIa nJiaTY 33 oTpa60rollHble CTpOHTeJlbHe
n08HHHOCT.H.
B. ,Q. fpeKOB 8 C80eM tj»YH,lI,aUeHTaJlbHOM TpYJle nepellHCJIHeT peHTY Kpe-
CTbHH KHpHJL1l5eJ103epcKoro IIOHacThlpB, 3a<j>HKCHpOBaHHYIO 8 rpaMoTe 1577 r.
Pa3Mep 6apUUlRhI: C 8b1TH pacnaxaTb I JJ.ec. MOHacTblpcKoro nOJIH. ECJlH KOJlH-
lIeCT80 8liTeii COKpaTHTCH 3a CqeT BblXOJ18 H3 BOTIIHHbI 3eMneJl.eJlbue8, TO .lI.eCSITHH-
HYIO nallJHIO, He OOecneateHHYIO BblTRhlM TIlrJlOM, naxaTb KpeCTbHHaM C3roHOM».
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XJle60B ero H3MOJIOTHTb H CBe3TH 8 }l(HTHHU.Y.. Ha KpeCTbHHax >Ke ne>Kana ceHo-
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6eHHble, yrOJl&Hble, OBHHHble ceQH H 803HTH».. no.ll. yrOJlbHblMH APOB8MH, 803-
MO>KHO, nOApa3YMeBanOCb H3roTOBJIeHHe .llpeBeCHOro yrJlH, KOTOpblA Y>Ke 8 rOTO-
80M COCTOfIHHH AOCTa8nHJlCR B MOHaCTblpb. nOMHMO 3Toro, B BbiTHblH ypOK
BXO.ll.HJla 3arOTOBKa 6pe8eH: «K8>KJl.YIO oceHb cellH H B03HTH no 30 6peBeH MOCTO-
BhlX Ha 8b1Tb Jl3 no 5 6pe8eH Ha BblTb pOHHTH no 5 Ca>KeHb C JlOKTeM». Kpe-
CTbRHe >Ke ropoJJ.HnH H3rOpO.ll.H 80Kpyr nOJleH 118.
B HCTopHlleCKOH JlHTepaType Y>Ke HeO.ll.HOKpaTHO 8b1CKa3b18aJlOCb MHeHHe, liTO
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pOM ynoMHHaeT CY.ll.e6HHX 1550 r. (CT. 88), KaCaJlOCb npe>K.lI.e 8cero 6aplll.HHbI.
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pble KpeCTbHHHH 8b1nOJlHHJI Ha BJIa.ll.eJIbua 3eMJlH. Ho TO, liTO K Cepe.ll.HHe XVI B.
6aplll.HHa nOJlYIIHJla llJHpOKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe no 8ceH cTpaHe (3a HCKJllOlleHHeM
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rpaMOTax 8TOpOH nOJl08HHbI XVI 8.: «M 8b1 6 8ce KpecTbHHe, KOTopble 8 Tex ceJlax
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KapTHHbI, TaK KaK nocToHHHoe nOMellleHHe 3TOH <j>OPMYJlbl 8 rpaMOTbi caMO no
6 3aK. 1454
81

ceoe .lI.0CTaTOIIHO npHMellaTeJlbHblH <t>aKT, C8H.lI.eTeJlbCT8YIOlllHH KaK 0 lllHpOKO
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paKTepHO, liTO 8 rpaMoTe 1540 r. Ha nepe.ll.allY OOpOIlHblX .lI.epe8eHb BOTCKOH
nHTHHbI BH>KHLlKOMY MOHacTblplO oaplllHHa He ynoMHHYTa: KpeCTbHHe «.lI.0XO.ll. Obi
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3aKpenJleH 3a HHMH H 8npe.ll.b.
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npOTH>KeHHH nOIlTH 8cero XVI 8., eCJlH TOJlbKO oapCKoe nOJle He 00paOaTbl8aJlOCb
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npeT80pHTb 8 peaJlbHOCTb, XOTH Obi nOTOMY, liTO nOCJIe 1570 r. 8 YCJl08HHX
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8b1.l1.eJlHTb YllaCTKH 3eMJlH .lI.JlH oapCKoro nOJlH, nO.ll..llalOlllHeCH OblCTPOMY OKYJlbTY-
pHBaHHIO. KpOMe Toro, 8b1llle Y>Ke OTMellaJlOCb, liTO 8 30Hax C HeYCToiillH80H KJlH-
MaTHlleCKOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH H CKY.lI.HblMH nO.ll.30JlHCTblMH nOll8aMH 80TIIHHHHK
nOCTeneHHO nOHHMaJl npeHMYllleCT80 perJlaMeHTHp08aHHOH HaTypaJlbHO-.lI.eHe>K-
HOH peHTbI nepe.ll. 6aplllHHOH. TaKaH >Ke cHTyaUHH CKJla.ll.blBaeTCH H 8 HeKOTopblX
perHOHax C «.lI.00pOH» 3eMJleH. B 60rOpO.ll.HLlKOM MOHaCTblpCKOM 8J1a.ll.eHHH C8H-
H>KCKOrO y. KpeCTbHHe nOCJIe JlbrOTbi .lI.0Jl>KHbI 6b1J1H naxaTb «MOHaCTblpCKHe .lI.e-
CHTHHbI C 8b1TH no .lI.eCHTHHe, CKOJlbKO 8b1TeH oY.lI.eT». Ho xapaKTepHO, liTO Y>Ke
000CH08a8lllHeCH KpeCTbHHe HCnOJlHHJlH He oaplllHHY, a nJlaTHJlH .lI.eHe>KHYIO
peHTY: C 3 8b1TeH B3HMaJlH no PYOJlIO, C OCTaJlbHblX 11 8b1TeH - no 150 .lI.eHer.
.lI.eHbrH OpaJlHCb «c KpecTbHH 3a nalllHIO H 3a MeJlKHH .lI.0XO.ll.» 120.
. B TO >Ke 8peMH KJlaY3YJla «nalllHIO Ha HHX naxaTH» He MO>KeT CJlY>KHTb H .lI.0Ka-
3aTeJlbCT80M npOH380JlbHOH nepeoopOIlKH 3eMJle.ll.eJlbLle8 MOHaCTblpCKHMH 8J1a-
CTHMH. KaK Y>Ke YKa3b18aJlOCb, CTeneHb 3KCnJlyaTaLlHH KpeCTbHH 8 H38eCTHOH
Mepe orpaHHIIH8aJlaCb HopMaMH OObillHoro npa8a, .lI.eiiCT8YIOlllHMH 8 TOH HJlH HHOH
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rpaMOT, 8b1.l1.aHHblX .lI.YX08eHCT8Y Ha 80TIIHHbI 8 Ce8epo- BOCTOIIHOH PYCH,
.lI.aTHp08aHbI HH8apeM 1550 r.: 4 HH8apH CY3.l1.aJlbCKOMY nOKpOBCKOMY MOHacTblplO
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82

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no npOH3Bo,nCTBY Kpyn, TOJlOKHa (4 lIeTH C BblTH) H cTpOHTeJlbHaH nOBHHHOCTb
no ,naJlbHeHllIeMY 6J1aroycTpoHCTBY H pacllIHpeHHIO MOHacTblpH (CM. TaOJl. 4).
BTOpblM Ba>KHblM HOBllIeCTBOM oblJla KOMMyrau,UJl HarypaAbHozo o6poKa-
1 00 ,neer C BbiTH. <l>HKcHPyeTcH pa3Mep nOB03HoH nOBHHHOCTH: Ha 1 BblTb-
o,nHa no,nBo,na O,nHH pa3 B ro,ny ,nJlH noe3,nKH B MOCKBY.
HTaK, ,nJlH lIepH03eMHblX nJlo,nopo,nHblX paHOHOB K KOHUY XVI B. xapaKTepHa
3epHoBaH CneUHaJlH3aUHH MOHacTblpcKoro X03HHcTBa. rOcno,ncTBYIOlll.ee MeCTO
B eo,naJlbHOH peHTe 3aHHMaeT oTpa60TOllHaH nOBHHHOCTb. BbiTHblH pa3Mep
Oaplll.HHbI, YBeJlHlIHBllIHHCH B 90-x ro,nax no cpaBHeHHIO C KOHUOM XV B. Ha
50 %, B HallaJle XVII CTOJleTHH BHOBb onycKaeTcH ,no Tpa,nHUHoHHOH 1 ,nec.
Ha 1 BbiTb. ,L{JlH 1590 r. xapaKTepHo npe06J1a,naHHe oTpa60TOllHOH peHTbI
C BbiCOKHM y,neJIbHblM BeCOM 6aplll.HHbl+HaTypaJlbHblH 06pOK. ,L{JlH 1602 r.:
npe06J1a,naHHe oTpa60TOllHOH peHTbI rJlaBHblM 06pa30M 3a ClIeT YBeJlHlIeHHH
pa3J1HlIHOrO «H3,neJlbH»+ ,neHe>KHblH 06pOK.
Or 1590 r. ,nOllIJla YCTaBHaH rpaMoTa, Bbl,naHHaH TeM >Ke naTpHapxoM
110BoM, Ha BOTlIHHbI HOBHHcKoro MOHacTblpH, pacnOJlO>KeHHble B HellepH03eM-
HbiX paHoHax. HHTeHcHBHoCTb 6aplll.HHbI B HHX HH>Ke, lIeM B lIepH03eMHblx
ye3,nax. Oc06eHHo 3T0 OTHOCHTCH K CeJlaM, Haxo,nHlll.HMCH ,naJleKO OT ueHTp,a
cTpaHbI: B POMaHoBcKoM H KOCTpOMCKOM yy., r,ne MOHacTblpcKaH 3analliKa
oblJla HeBeJlHKa H pacnaXHBaJlaCb He nOBbiTHO, a «B3rOHOM». 3,necb Ha nepBblH
nJlaH BblcTynaeT npo,nYKTOBblH 06POK, Ky,na, nOMHMO «CTOJlOBbiX 3anacoB»,
BXO,nHT XJle6Hble nJlaTe>KH pO>KblO H OBCOM (CM. Ta6J1. 5). npHlIeM B KOCTpOMCKOM
KOMnJleKCe OHH ,nOCTaTOllHO BeJlHKH, nor JlOlll.aH BeCb YPO>KaH p>KH npHMepHo
C 0,7-1 ,nec. (npH cpe,nHeH YPO>KaHHOCTH caM - 2, caM - 2,8). Bo BJla,neHHHX
MOCKoBcKoro H ,L{MHTpoBcKoro yy., Haxo,nHlll.HXCH B Henocpe,ncTBeHHoH 6J1H-
30CTH OT MOHacTblpH, XJIe6 H3 HaTypaJlbHOrO 06poKa HClIe3aeT, HO pe3Ko
B03pacTaeT 06'beM oTpa6OTOllHbiX nOBHHHOCTeH. nOMHMO 6aplll.HHbI - Ha 1 BblTb
naxaTb no,n pO>Kb 1,5 ,nec. (HaClIeT HPH YKa3aHHH HeT) H ceHOKOllIeHHH,
KpecTbHHe HCnOJlHHJlH cTpOHTeJlbHYIO H ,npOBHHYIO nOBHHHOCTH, npHJlH JleH
H KOHOnJlIO Ha HHTH ,nJlH cKaTepTeH, a llIepcTb ,nJlH CYKOH. KpoMe Toro, Ha
Ka}l{,nylO BblTb nOJlaraJlOCb CMOJlOTb 2 lIeTH p>KH. 01leHb BbiCOKH HOpMbI 6aplll.HHbI
H B KallIHHcKoM y. - 1,5 ,nec. Ha BbiTb. O,nHaKo npo,nYKTOBblH 06POK MeHbllIe
H B Hero He BKJllOlIeH xJle6.
I1TaK, ,nJlH HellepH03eMHbix cpe,nHepyccKHX paHoHoB K KOHUY XVI B. TaK>Ke
xapaKTepHa 3epHoBaH CneUHaJlH3aUHH C ,nOCTaTOllHO BbiCOKOH oTpa60TOllHOH
peHToH. Ho B y,naJleHHblX OT MOHacTblpH BOTlIHHaX y,neJlbHblH Bec 6aplll.HHbI
Mor na,naTb 3a ClIeT B03pacTaHHH XJIe6HOrO 06poKa.
HaHBblcllIHH BbiTHblH HopMaTHB 6aplll.HHbI B 1590 r. 6b1J1, COrJlaCHO YCTaBHblM
rpaMOTaM, B ,nYXOBHblX KopnopaUHHx lIepH03eMHoH 30HbI 1,5 ,nec. (B O,nHOM nOJle),
B HellepH03eMbe - 1,5 ,nec.
B HallaJle 90-x ro,nOB 6b1J1o npoBe,neHo onHcaHHe BOTlIHH TpoHue-CeprHeBa
MOHacTblpH. nOCJIaHbI 6b1J1H pa3Hble nHCUbI, OTCIO,na OTCYTcTBHe e,nHHoo6pa3HH.
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pHTb ,noKYMeHTaUHIO Ha npaBo BJla,neHHH TOH HJlH HHOH 3eMJleH H B cJlYlIae ee
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MOHacTblpe) HJlH .lI.eJIaJlH cYKHa, T. e., nOMHMO 3a<pHKcHpoBaHHoH B onHcaHHH
peHTbI, 3eMJle.ll.eJIblJ.bI HCnOJlHHJlH ellle BceB03MO}l{Hbie pa60TbI, He HCKJllOqeHO,
qTO H CTpOHTeJlbHble. 3. nHCIJ.a MaJlO HHTepeCOBaJlO, KaK B .lI.eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH
paCnpe.ll.eJIHJlaCb peHTa 8HYTPU MOHacTblpcKOH BOTqHHbI, HO Koe-KaKOH MaTepHaJi
nonaJl B nHCIJ.OBbie KHHrH. B KaMeHcKoM CTaHe B KOMnJleKCe CHHKOBO (HaH60J1ee
KpynHoM B J1MHTpOBCKOM y.) Ha BblTb naXaJlH no 2 .lI.ec. OKOJIO 16 % BbiTeH 6b1J1H
06J10}l{eHbI .lI.eHe}l{HOH peHToH no 120 .lI.eHer. KaK Y}I{e OTMeqaJlOCb, Bce BbiTH
6e3 HCKJllOqeHHH B 3TOM KOMnJleKCe nJlaTHJlH ellle no 30 .lI.eHer+HaTypaJlbHblH
n060p. Ho B .lI.epeBHHX CTblpeBo, lllYJlrHHo «.lI.alOT C BbiTH 06pOKY no nOJlTHHe»,
B .lI.. XOTYHb (25 qeTeH 3eMJlH) «B }l{HBYllleM nOJlTOpbl BbiTH .lI.a Ha 06poKe BblTb,
a 06pOKY Ha ro.ll. C BbiTH nOJlTHHa». B CeJIe CHHKOBO «Ha 06poKe nOJlBblTH,
a 06pOKY .lI.alOT nOJlnOJlTHHbI». H Ha060poT, B .lI.epeBHe CaHKoBo 10 qeTeH naIDHH,
BblTb: «a 06pOKY .lI.alOT C Toe .lI.epeBHH H 3a MOHaCTblpCKYIO nalDHIO no Py6J11O H3
ro.ll.». B nOCJle.ll.HeM CJlyqae .lI.JlH Hac Ba}l{HO, qTO OCB060}l{.lI.eHHe OT 6aplllHHbI
nO.ll.HHM3J10 .lI.eHe}l{HblH OKJla.ll. .lI.O Tp3.l1.HIJ.HOHHOro Py6J1H. nOqTH TaKaH >Ke
CHTyaIJ.HH B npeCHeIJ.OBO, r.ll.e C 2 1 /8 BbiTH nJlaTHT 2 p. 6e3 rpHBHbI. CeJIeHHe
HBHO ToproBo-npOMblCJlOBoe: Ha .lI.BOp npHXO.ll.HTCH qYTb 60J1bIDe 2 qeTeH
nalDHH 125. CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, npH 60JlbIDOH neCTpOTe BceB03MO}l{HbiX BapHaHTOB
peHTHbiX nOBHHHOCTeH B KpynHblx MOHaCTblpCKHX BOTqHHaX npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHble
3reHTbI OTMeqaJlH B OCHOBHOM HOPMY 6aplllHHbI H .lI.eHe}l{HblH 06pOK. npH 3TOM
HeJIb3H 6b1Tb YBepeHHblM, qTO onHcaHHe He 6b1J1o BblnOJlHeHO HeCKOJlbKO <pop-
90

MaJlbHO. ,l!onYCTHMO, tlTO B KOMnJleKCaX, r,ne 6b1J1H 3aQ>HKCHpOBaHbI OT,neJIbHO
THrJlble H OT,neJIbHO 06pOtlHble BblTH, Q>aKTHtleCKH 6apw.HHa H ,neHe}l{HblH nJlaTe}l{
6b1J1H pacnpe,neJIeHbI BHYTPH 06W.HHbI no HHOMY (<<pa3Py6:.). H Bce-TaKH
B pH,ne CTaHOB peaJlbHaH oTpa60TOtlHaH nOBHHHOCTb pe3KO B03pOCJIa. Ba}l{HO
H TO, tlTO B 9O-x ro,nax HCtle3alOT npHHlI.Hnbl paCtleTa, cyw.eCTBOBaBUIHe B 06b1t1HOM
npaBe «Ha nHTb llJeCTOH:'. npaBHTeJlbCTBO CtlHTaeT npaBOMepHblM Ha ,neCHTH-
tleTBepTHYIO BblTb KpeCTbHHCKOH 3eMJlH KJlaCTb HOPMY 6apw.HHbI B 2,nec. (4 ,nec.
B ,nBYX nOJlHx).
TpOHlI.KHe BOTtlHHbI B KallJHHCKOM y. ()blJlH TaK}I{e 3anepeJlO}l{eHbI, KaK
H B ,l!MHTpOBCKOM y.: «nycToTa:. ,nOCTHraJla 33,7 %, HO pacnpe,neJlHJlaCb HepaBHo-
MepHo. B 3eMJlHX, Jle}l{aw.HX B IOro-3ana,nHoH tlaCTH ye3,na (cTaHbI 3a,ny6poBcKHH
H ny,nHTCKHH), X03HHCTBO He 3aBe,neHO, noceBHble nJlow.a,nH nOtlTH COBceM He
pacnaXHBaJlHCb. H3 Tpex X03HHCTBeHHblX KOMnJleKCOB JlHllJb B O,nHOM OJleKCHHO
KpeCTbHHe, Cy,nH no onHcaHHIO, 6b1J1H Ha 06pOKe, BblnJlatlHBaH C BbiTH no 100-
120 ,neHer (CM. Ta6J1. 6): «a 06pOKY ,nalOT B MOHaCTblpb 3a MOHaCTblpCKYIO
nallJHIO H 3a BCHKHe MeJlKHe ,nOXO,nbl:' 126. ,l!Ba ,npyrHx KOMnJleKCa 6b1J1H 06POtlHO-
THrJlblMH, T. e. tlaCTb BbiTeH oTpa6aTblBaJlH 6apw.HHY (1-2 ,nec.), OCTaJlbHble
nJlaTHJlH ,neHe}l{HYIO peHTY. HaHBblCllJaH CTaBKa (300 ,neHer C BblTH) B3HMaJlaCb
C 3aBOJl}l{CKHX ,nepeBeHb, KOTopble HMeHYIOTCH «06POtlHblMH:', CTaJlO 6b1Tb, npH
cYMMe 06poKa B 100-120 ,neHer nOJlaraJlHCb HJlH ,nonOJlHHTeJlbHble nOBHHHOCTH
HJlH }l{e XJle6HblH 06pOK. XapaKTepHo, tlTO B KOMnJleKCe <l>pOJlOBCKoe no 2 ,nec.
MOHacTblpcKOH 3anallJKH nOJlO}l{eHO Ha 13 BbiTeH, T. e. MOHacTblpcKaH nallJHH
.lI.0Jl}l{Ha 6b1J1a 6b1 paBHHTbCH 52 tleTBepTHM, Q>aKTHtleCKH }l{e OHa COCTaBJlHJla
38 tleTeH. ,l!aHHoe tlHCJlO Mor JlO nOJlYtlHTbCH npH HopMe 1,5 ,nec. C BbiTH. 3TO
cBH,neTeJlbCTByeT 0 60JlbllJOH ,noJle YCJlOBHOCTH B onHcaHHH KallJHHCKHX TpOHlI.KHX
BOTtlHH. HopMa 2 ,nec. 6apcKoro nOJlH C BbiTH H B KallJHHCKOM y. CtlHTaeTCH
oQ>HlI.HaJlbHblM BbiTHbiM ypOKOM. CaMa TpOHlI.KaH ,nyxoBHaH KOpnOpalI.HH, BH,nHMO,
He OtleHb CTpeMHJlaCb K pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO 6apw.HHbI cpe,nH KpeCTbHH. COOTHO-
weHHe THrJlblX H 06POtlHblX BbiTeH B KallJHHCKOM y. 06paTHO npOnOplI.HOHaJlbHO,
tleM B ,l!MHTpOBCKOM y.: BblTH, C KOTOpblX KpecTbHHe HeCJIH nOJleBYIO nOBHHHoCTb,
COCTaBJlHIOT 34 %. B OJleKCHHCKOM KOMnJleKCe BCH MOHacTblpcKaH nallJHH
(73 tleTH) Jle>KaJla B nepeJIore, KpecTbHHe nJlaTHJlH no 100-120 ,neHer H HeCJlH,
BepoHTHO,ew.e KaKHe-TO nOBHHHOCTH, He 3aQ>HKCHpOBaHHble B nHClI.OBbiX KHHrax.
TafiJlHQa 6. TpOHQKHe BJlaAeHHR B KawHHcKoM ye3Ae *
npHXOAHTCSI Ha BblTb
AeHe>K- .lleHer
Ceno .llepeBHH .llBOpbl BbiTH Horo MenKoro Ha
ABOpOB 6apwHHbI 06poKa AOxO.ll.a ABOp
B AetibraX
I
OJleKCHHO 4 16 7 11/12 2 100 50
3 14 4 3/. 2,9 120 41,4
ApXaHreJIb- 4 18 lOll. 1,7 I .llec. 50
CKoe 5 57 23 II / I 2 2,3 300 130,4
<1>pOJlO8- 8 11 /12 120 18
CKoe * * 13 2 .llec. 18
· lllYMQlCo8. COTHHllbi. Bbln. 6. C. 1-12.
.. Bo cl>ponoBcKoM KOMnneKce OTAenHTb TSirnbie AepeBHH H ABOpbl OT 06PO'lHblX HeB03MO>KHO,
nOToMY B Ta6.nHlle OHH OTCYTCTBYIOT.
91

KOCTpOMCKHe BJla.ll.eHHH TpOHue-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH OnHCblBaJlH .lI.PyrHe
nHCLlbl, BblTb He YHHHUHpOBaHa, pa3HOBeJlHKa, HO BbiTHblH ypOK 6aplll.HHbI
YCTaHOBJIeH TOT >Ke: 2 .lI.eCHTHHbI. CY.lI.H no MaTepHaJlY, nHcuaM 6b1J1 .lI.aH HaKa3,
COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY Ha BblTb nOJlaraJlOCb KJlaCTb HMeHHO 2 .lI.ecHTHHbI (He
60JlblIIe). ,lleJlo .lI.OXO.ll.HJlO .lI.O Kypbe3a: B BOJlOCTH HepeXTa B KOMnJleKCaX
<l>e.ll.OpOBCKoe+ KYBaKHHo 45,5 BbiTeH «nalIIYT Ha MOHaCTblpb naWBH Ha BblTb no
2 .lI.eCHTHHbI .lI.a B3rOHOM 54 .lI.eCHTHHbI 127, T. e. peaJlbHO 6apUlHHHaH nOBHH-
HOCTb Ha BblTb paBHa 3 .lI.ec.+8,5 .lI.ec. naxaTb «B3rOHOM. Ho nHCUbi He HMeJlH
npaBa }'Ka3b1BaTb BbiTHblH ypOK 6aplll.HHbI BbllIIe 2 .lI.ec. BJlarO.ll.apH TOMY liTO
Ha BblTb B Cpe.ll.HeM npHXO.ll.HJlOCb OKOJIO 30-35 lIeTeH, MOHacTwpcKaH nalIIHH
3aHHMaJla MeHee 20 % noceBHblX nJlOlll.a.ll.eH. CooTHolIIeHHe 06POIIHblX H THrJlblX
BblTeH B TPOHUKHX KOCTpOMCKHX BOT'IHHaX nOIlTH TaKoe >Ke, KaK H B KalIIHH-
CKOM y.: BblTH, H306polleHHble 6aplll.HHOH, COCTaBJlHJlH 33 %. CT3BKH .lI.eHe>KHOH
peHTbI C 06POIIHblX BhlTeH 06b1I1HO paBHbI 1-2 p., HO pH.lI. KOMDJleKCOB nJlaTHT
no 100-120 .lI.eHer. B nepBoM CJlY'I'ae 'BbiTH 60JlblIIepa3MepHYe, BO BTOpOM
cJlYllae Ha BblTb npHXO.ll.HTCH 10-12 qeTeH. Co Bcex BbiTeH, nOMHMO HCTHHHO
06POIIHblX (nJlaTHllI.HX He MeHee 1 p.), B3HMaJlHCb .lI.eHbrH «:3a Cblpbl, 33
MaCJla, 3a MOCKOBCKHe .lI.pOBa. ACcopTHMeHT 6b1J1 O.ll.HHaKOB, O.ll.HaKO pa3Mep
.lI.eHe>KHOrO 3KBHBaJleHTa KOJIe6aJlCH: 20, 24, 26, 30, 31 .lI.eHbra. MeJIKHH .lI.eHe}l{HblH
nJlaTe>K cOnpOBO>K.l1aJlCH He60JlblIIHM ,MaTypa.DbHblM 06PO.KOM: :oBqHHa+.lI.eCHTOK
JlbHY HJlH OBIIHHa + 12-24 aplIIHHa XOJICT8. Cpe.ll.H oTpa60T<PIHblX nOBHHHocTeH
Ha3BaH nOB03. B BOJIOCTH EMcTHa B KOMnneKce MapbHHcKoe C BbiTH nOJlaraJlOCb
pacnaxaTb H 3aceHTb MOHacTblpcKHMH ceMenaMH 2 .lI.ec. rocnO}J.CKoro nOJlll
.lI.a no 5 nOB030B B ro.ll., «onpHllb PW6HblX nOB030B .lI.JlH rocy.napeBa HpHe3.l1.a:..
KaK BH.lI.HM, TH>KeCTb 3KCnJlyaTaLlHH OlleHb BeJJHKa, H OHa ycyry6J1HJlaCb MeJIKHMH
.lI.eHe>KHblMH H HaTypaJIbHblM 06pOKaMH: TOJlbKO C x,peCTbHH 3Toro KOMnJleKCa
.lI.OnOJlHHTeJIbHO C BbiTH B3HMaJlH no 1 lIeTH P,)l(H+ 1 lIeTH OBca.
O<l>HLlHaJlbHaH CTaBKa 6aplll.HHbI B ABe .lI.eCHTHHbI BCTpellaeTCH B TPOHUKHX
BOTIIHHax CepneHCKoro y.: «MOHaCTblpCKHe nalIIHH nalIIYT Ha BblTb no 2 .lI.eCH-
THHbI. B .lI.eHCTBJlTeJl'bHOCTH >Ke rOCDO.ll.CKoe nOJle 3aHHM3eT Bcero 13 % Bcex
noceBHblX nJlOlll.a.ll.eH. CepneHcKHH KOMDJleKC OqeHb HeBeJlHK, 3anYCToweHHaH
I
3eMJlH OTCYTcTByeT, T. e. OTCYTcTByeT nJlOJ:U..a.D.b AJIB paclIIHpeHHH MOH.aCTblpCKOH
DalIIHH. nO.ll.CeKa no cymecTBY HeB03MO)((Ha, TaK KaK JJec «HenaweHHblH CTOHT
Ha 60JlOTe. OpTeMHii KOJITOBCKHH, OnHCblBaSu:rHH cepneAcKHe T.poHUKHe HMeHHH,
"pOBeJl TaKYIO >Ke pa60TY H B .n.pynJX lO>K'RblX (no OTHOWeHHIO K MOCKBe) paif-
OHax. HOpMbI nOJleBOH peHTbI HM OOJlbUJe HBT.lle He YKa3aHbI, HO OTMOCHTeJlbHblH
pa3Mep MOHaCTblpCKOH nalIIHH CJJe.ll.YIOUJ.HH: B BopoBCKe - 22 %, B MaJIOApoc-
JlaBue - 21, B .lI.PyroM MaJlOHpocJJaBeo.xoM a.D.MHHHCTpamBHOM KOMnJleKCe-
27 %. B BOpOBCK nOMHMO KpeCTbSilHCKOH 3anaillKH, cYllI.eCTBOBaJlH X03S1HcTBa,
r.ll.e nalIIHIO Ha MOH8CTblpb 06pa6aTblBaJIH TOJIhKO .ZI.eTeHblWH 128 .
BeJIHKH oTpa6OTOIIHble nOBHHHOCTH B MOCKOBCKOM y.: xpecTbHHaM BMeHH-
JlHCb B 06H3aHHOCTh 6aplll.HOa, CeHOKOCHaR, ,D,pOBHH3S1 H nOB03HaSl nOBHHHOCTH.
HOpMbI nOBHHtlOCTeH He }'Ka3aHhL nOMHMO 3Toro, C BtiTH B3HMa.nH HHua,
CMeTaHY, B HeKOTOpblX cenax .D.06aBJIHJlaCb 01PDlB3, XOJICT, qeTBepTb p>KH,
Ue60J1blIIOe KOJllflleCTBO .lI.eaer. B KOMDJleKCe PaCTOKHHO 3eMJIe}J.eJlbU.hI, nOMHMO
BOJleBOH H ceHoKOCHoH nOBHHHOCTeH, .lI.eJI.aJlH «nO.ll.eJlKa H3 MeJIbHHu,e: e>KesecHb
3eMJlIO K 3anJlOTHRe H HaB03 HOCSIT H Jlec ceKYT- B CTaHax PaJl.OHe>K H KOp3eHeBe
«CTaBHT .lI.JIH CKoporo .nena nO.D.BO.ll.b1 no,D. rocY.D.apeBhl roHU,hI If NUl MOHacTYpcKHe
p03CbIJIKH, 3a C1IeT Toro KpeCTbHIte OCB060>K.lI.aJlHCb OT HeKoTopblX nO.ll.aTeH,
12

O.ll.HaKO nOJleSaH, CeHOKOCHaH H .lI.pOBHHaH nOBHHHOCTH OCTaBaJIHCb. B COCeHCKOM
CTaHe B 1589/90 r. C BblTe"H 6paJIH no 100 .lI.eHer, HO K MOMeHTY onHcaHHH
.lI.eHe>KHblH 06POK CHHT 129. nO.ll.BO.ll.H HTorH no MOCKOBCKOMY y., MO>KHO KOHCTa-
THpOBaTb, LITO 3.l1.eCb CHJIbHO pa3BHTbI oTpa6OTOLlHble nOBHHHOCTH, B TOM LlHCJIe
H nOB03, HO OLleHb MaJIO 06POLlHblX BbiTeH, nJlaTHlllHX .lI.eHe>KHYIO peHTY.
B TpOHLl.e-CeprHeBCKHX BOTLlHHax BCTpeLlalOTCH HOpMbI 6aplllHHbI H B 3 .lI.ec.
Ha BbiTb. B KOJIOMeHCKoM y. XOTYHCKOH BOJIOCTH «Ha MOHacTblpb naUIYT naUIHH
no 3 .lI.eCHTHHbI Ha BblTb H ceHO BceMH BblTHMH YKaUIHBalOT Ha MOHaCTblpb no
40 KoneH:'. KpecTbHHe nJlaTHJIH 3a MeJIKHH .lI.OXO.ll. (MaCJIO, Cblpbl, OBLlHHbI) +npH-
Ka3L1HKy - 25 .lI.eHer. B nHCLl.OBOH KHHre OTMeLlaJIOCb, LITO 60JIbUIe C HHX HHLlero
He 6epYT, TaK KaK «ceJIO H .lI.epeBHH 6e3yrO.ll.HbI, ceHa H .lI.pOB MaJlO». 3aTO
pe3KO B03paCTaeT nOB03: «nO.ll.BO.ll. K MOCKBe CXO.ll.HT CO BCHKHM 3anaCOM Ha ro.ll.
C BbiTH no 10 H 60J1bUIe». HopMa 3 .lI.ec. nOJIeBOH 6aplllHHbI C BbiTH YKa3aHa
B BOTLlHHax POCToBcKoro y. B .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH Ha BblTb Ha.ll.O 6b1JIO pacnaxaTb
He no 3, a no 4,5 .lI.ec., TaK KaK B onHcaHHH CKa3aHO: «Ha BblTb naUIYT no 3.l1.eCH-
THHbI naUIHH.lI.a B3rOHOM naUIyr 35 .lI.eCHTHH». MOHacTblpcKaH 3anaUIKa 3aHHMaJla
35 % noceBHblX nJlOllla.ll.eH. KpecTbHHcKaH BblTb He YHHcpHLl.HpOBaHa, B Cpe.ll.HeM
Ha Hee npHXO.ll.HJIOCb OKOJIO 8,5 .lI.ec. H C BblTH, BblXO.ll.HT, Ha.ll.O 6b1J1o pacnaxaTb
MOHaCTblpCKoe nOJIe, no nJIOllla.ll.H paBHoe nOJIOBHHe KpecTbHHcKOH BbiTH. KpoMe
Toro, KpeCTbHHe .lI.aBaJIH B MOHaCTblpb C BbiTH no 1 LleTH p>KH+ 12 apUIHH
XOJlCTa+.lI.eCHTOK JIbHY+OBLlHHbI+62 .lI.eHbrH. ,Qa Ha .lI.Ba npa3.l1.HHKa 3a rocY.lI.a-
peB npHe3.l1. Ha KOpM no 1 p. C BOJIOCTH. A B TOM >Ke POCTOBCKOM y. B JIYLl.KOM
CTaHe Ha BblTb naUIYT no nOJlY.lI.eCHTHHe+TOT >Ke HaTypaJlbHblH 06POK+ .lI.e-
He>KHaH peHTa 130. Ho B ceJIe C 6aplllHHoH 4,5 .lI.ec. BblTb npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO paBHa
17 LleTHM, BO BTOpOM cJIYLlae - 14 LleTHM. B nepBoM CJIYLlae KOMnJleKC 60Jlee
nJlOTHO 3aCeJIeH. H Bce-TaKH CTOJlb pa3HTeJIbHble KOJIe6aHHH HOpM 6aplllHHbI
06'bHCHHTb TPY.lI.HO. B03MO>KHO, Bce .lI.eJIO B HCTOLlHHKOBe.ll.LleCKOH Hepa3pa60TaH-
HOCTH nHCLl.OBbiX KHHr HaLlaJIa 90-x rO.ll.OB. B JIYLl.KOM CTaHe B onHcaHHH eCTb
nOMeTa: «A MOHaCTblpCKHX .lI.OXO.ll.OB B TapxaHHble 200bl UMaAU:', .lI.aJIee CJle.ll.yeT
BblUIe npHBe.ll.eHHblH nepeLleHb HaTypaJIbHblX H .lI.eHe>KHblX no6opoB. BblXO.ll.HT,
nocJle OTMeHbI TapxaHOB COCTaB peHTbI H3MeHHJICH H B 90-x rO.ll.ax HaTypaJIbHO-
.lI.eHe>KHblH 06POK He B3HMaJIH? He MOrJIO JIH 6b1Tb TaK, LITO nHCLl.bI CO CJIOB MOHa-
XOB 3anHCblBaJIH BeCb COCTaB peHTbI, B TOM LlHCJIe H TOT, KOTOpbIH K MOMeHTY
onHcaHHH 6bIJI 3aMeHeH 6aplllHHOH HJIH .lI.PyrHMH oTpa60TOLlHblMH nOBHH-
HOCTHMH?
HaHBblCUIHH pa3Mep 6aplllHHbI B TpoHLl.e-CeprHeBoM MOHaCTblpe COCTaB-
J1HJI 5 .lI.ec. Ha BbiTb. Or 1590 r. COXpaHHJIHCb rpaMOTbI, BBO.ll.HlllHe 3TY HOPMY
KpecTbHHaM KOMnJIeKCa KHUIKHHO, «CeJIbCKHM H .lI.epeBeHcKHM», KpecTbHHaM
EKHMaToBcKHM H OCTaUIKoBcKHM. Ye3.l1. B aKTe He YKa3b1BaJlCH.
TaKaH >Ke HopMa «naxaTb Ha MOHaCTblpb Ha BblTb no 5 .lI.eCHTHH» npe.ll.Ha3-
HaLlaJIaCb H .lI.JIH 3eMJIe.ll.eJIbLl.eB BOXHbI. KpoMe Toro, >KHTeJIH BOXHbI .lI.OJI>KHbI
6b1JIH .lI.OCTa BJIHTb B MOHaCTblpb no 1000 TeCHLI. H no 1000 JIy60B .lI.a ceHO B03HTb.
BOXHOH Ha3b1BaJIaCb O.ll.Ha H3 BOJIOCTeH MOCKoBcKoro y., npHHa.ll.Jle>KalllaH
TpoHLl.KOH KOpnOpaLl.HH. O.ll.HaKO B onHcaHHH 1592-1594 rr. CKa3aHO, LITO B BbiTH
BOJIOCTb BoxHa He nOJIO>KeHa: paHee OHa 6b1JIa B Y.lI.eJIe BJIa.ll.HMHpa AH.lI.peeBHLla,
ee >KHTeJIH 3aHHMaJIHCb pbl60J10BCTBOM H 60pTHHLleCTBOM. no nHCLl.OBbiM KHHraM
1592-1594 rr. >KHTeJIH 3TOH BOJIOCTH .lI.OJI>KHbI 6b1JIH .lI.aBaTb .lI.eHe>KHblH 06POK
«3a BOJIOCTeJIHH .lI.OXO.ll. H 3a nY.lI.OBblH Me.ll. H 3a .lI.HHLleH .lI.OXO.ll. H 3a pbl6HYIO
JlOBJIIO» C COUIHoro nHCbMa 80+ 10 p. MOHacTblpcKOMY npHKa3L1HKy+20 LleTeH
93

p>KH+40 l.JeTeH oBca+20 l.JeTeH XMeJUI+80 Kyp+8 6apaHOB. OHH >Ke 06H3aHbI
HCnOJlHHTb 6aplllHHY, CeHHYIO H .llpOBHHYIO nOBHHHOCTH. 113 COnOCTaBJIeHHSI
CTPYKTypbl H pa3MepOB peHTbI BOXHbI MOCKOBCKOrO y. H BOXHbI, 0 KOTOpOH
H.neT pel.Jb B rpaMoTe 1590 r., HBcTByeT, l.JTO HX HeJlb3H OTO>K.lleCTBJlHTb. BnOJlHe
BepoHTHo, l.JTO B rpaMoTe 1590 r. wJla pel.Jb 0 nO.llMOHaCTblpCKHX CeJleHHHX.
HopMa 6aplllHHbI B 5 .llec. Cl.IHTaJlaCb HenOMepHO 60JlbWOH, KpeCTbHHe OCBO-
60>K.naJlHCb OT Bcex OCTaJlbHblX nOBHHHOCTeH: OT HaTypaJlbHo-.neHe>KHblX 06po-
KOB. OT OBl.JHH. XOJlCTOB, «KaMeHH H H3BeCTH B MOHaCTblpb He B03HTH H .llpOB
B MOHaCTblpe He Cel.JH, HH B03HTH». npHKa31.JHKH He HMeJlH npaBa 6paTb
KpeCTbHHCKHX JlOWa.lleH .llJlH noe3.nKH B ropo.n 131. 3Hal.JHT, 6apUJ,UHa 8 5 deCJlTUH
C 8blTU K KOHUY XVI B. 6b1J1a 31C8U8aJleHTHa cYMMe 8cex ceHbopuaAbHblX n08UH-
HOCTeu U nAaTe:JICeu.
nO.nBO.llH HTorH paccMoTpeHHIO peHTbI B BOTl.JHHaX TpoHue-CeprHeBa MO-
HacTblpH 90-x ro.nOB, MO>KHO c.neJlaTb CJIe.llYlOlllHe BblBO.nbl: l. HecMoTpH Ha
60JlbWOe KOJlHl.JeCTBO BCeB03MO>KHblX BapHaHToB, BbiTHblH ypOK 6aplllHHbI B03-
poc. HaH60JlbWee pacnpocTpaHeHHe nOJlytlHJla HopMa 6aplllHHbI B 2 .llec., HO
BCTpel.JaeTCH H 3 .nec. BbiTHblH ypOK B 5 .llec. 6b1J1 .llJlH Toro BpeMeHH H CKJI 10 1.1 e-
HHeM. Mbi 3HaeM 0 HeM JlHWb no rpaMoTaM 1590 r., B nHCUOBbiX KHHrax 1592-
1594 rr. TaKoro pa3Mepa 6aplllHHbI HeT. B03MO>KHO, l.JTO nHCUbi OTKa3aJlHCb 3aHK-
cHpoBaTb B onHcaHHH CTOJIb BbiCOKYIO BeJlHl.IHHY nOJleBOH nOBHHHOCTH. 2. XOTH
BbiTHblH ypOK 6aplllHHbI B03pOC, HO, CY.llH no KawHHcKoMY, KOCTpOMCKOMY yy.,
l.JHCJlO BbiTeH, nJlaTHlllHX .lleHe>KHblH 06POK, npeBblwaeT B .nBa pa3a l.JHCJIO BbiTeH,
06pa6aTbiBalOlllHx MOHacTblpcKYIO naWHIO. B npOMblCJlOBbiX paHoHax 6aplllHHa
MOrJla Bo06111e OTCYTcTBoBaTb. TaK, KpecTbHHe 6eJl03epCKoro y. AH.llaCKOrO
CTaHa C 1/16 COXH (<<a BbiTeH He 3HaIOT») .nalOT B MOHaCTblpb 4,5 p.+24 .lleHbrH
3a MOCKOBCKHe .npoBa. OHH >Ke «npOBO.llHT pbl6y» C 6eJl003epa p. IlleKcHolO
B nOwexoHcKHH y. Ha MOHacTblpcKHH 06HXO.ll .llBa>K.llbi B ro.ll. .LlJlH 3Toro CTaBHT
«cy.nbl H KOpMlllHKH H rpe6UbI no 7 p., a" HH.llbi 60JIbWH». B SlpOCJlaBCKOM y.
MOHacTblpcKaH naWHH 3aHHMaeT HHl.JTO>KHblH npoueHT, KpecTbHHe H306pol.JeHbI
.neHe>KHOH peHToH, BblnJlal.IHBaH no I p. H no I p. 30 .lleHer. 11 JlHWb C THrJlblX
BbiTeH, Ka>K.naH H3 KOTOpblX pacnaXHBaJla OKOJlO OCMHHbI MOHacTblpcKOH naWHH,
B3HMaeTCH no 160 .lleHer H HaTypaJlbHblH 06POK: I l.JeTb p>KH + I l.JeTb OBca 132.
CJle.nOBaTeJlbHO, TpOHue-CeprHeBCKaH .nYXOBHaH KopnopaUHH B Y.llaJleHHblX (OCO-
6eHHO B npOMblCJlOBblX) paHOHax npe.nnOl.JHTaJla 6aplllHHe .lleHe>KHO-HaTY-
paJlbHYIO peHTY H nOB03Hble nOBHHHOCTH. 3. HaH60JlbWee pacnpocTpaHeHHe
CeJlbCKOX03HHcTBeHHble OTpa60TOl.JHble nOBHHHOCTH (6aplllHHa+ceHoKoc) nOJlY-
l.IHJlH B MOCKOBCKOM H .LlMHTpOBCKOM yy. KpecTbHHe Bcex 6e3 HCKJllOl.JeHHSI
MOCKOBCKHX BOTl.JHH .llOJl>KHbI 6b1J1H pa60TaTb Ha 6aplllHHe H HCnOJlHHTb ceHO-
KOCHYIO H .npOBHHYIO nOBHHHOCTH. OHH >Ke B Kal.JeCTBe MeJlKOrO .lloxo.na nOCTa B-
JlHJlH C BbiTeH B 60JlbWOM KOJlHl.JeCTBe CMeTaHY H HHua, KOTopble, 01.JeBH.llHO,
nocTynaJlH Ha MOCKOBCKHH Topr. 4. Co Bcex MOHacTblpcKHX BbiTeH, KaK C THrJlblX,
TaK H 06POl.JHblX (eCJlH 06POK 6b1J1 HH>Ke I p.)'" B3HMaJlHCb .llOnOJlHHTeJlbHble
,
.neHe>KHO- HaTypaJlbHble nJl aTe>KH.
I1TaK, OTMel.JaH K KOHUY XVI B. 6e3YCJlOBHOe YBeJlHl.IeHHe HOpM 6aplllHHbI
(2-3 .neCHTHHbI C BblTH), TeM He MeHee CTOHT B03.llep>KaTbCH OT BblBO.lla, l.JTO
nponopUHOHaJlbHO B03pOC H Y.lleJlbHblH Bec 6aplllHHbI cpe.nH .nPyrHx BH.llOB peHTbI.
.LlocTaTOl.JHO 60JlbWOe l.JHCJlO KpeCTbHH npO.llOJl>KaJlH nJlaTHTb .lleHe>KHO-HaTY-
paJlbHblH 06pOK. .Lla>Ke Cy.nHTb 06 YBeJlHl.IeHHH CTeneHH 3KCnJlyaTaUHH 6ap-
lllHHOH (B oTpblBe OT .llPyrHx nOBHHHocTeH) KpaHHe TPY.llHO, TaK KaK B pH.lle
94

TpOHLlKHX a,lJ.MHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppHTOpHaJlbHblX KOMnJleKCOB BblTb 6b1J1a 60JlbWe-
pa3MepHOH. HeCKOJlbKO Jlerlle, Ha HaW B3rJlH,lJ., OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc: 6b1J1 JlH
3aHHTepeCOBaH <l>eO,lJ.aJl B paCWHpeHHH 6apCKOH 3anaWKH? ECJlH B 90-x rO,lJ.ax
MOHaCTblpCKaH naWHH, B03,lJ.eJIaHHaH KpeCTbHHaMH, onHCblBaJlaCb coxaMH, He
06eJlHJlaCb H C Hee nOJlaraJlOCb nJlaTHTb rOCY,lJ.apCTBeHHble HaJlOrH, TO 3eMJle-
BJla,lJ.eJleLl, CKopee Bcero, npe,lJ.nOIlHTaJl 6aplll.HHe ,lJ.PyrHe BH,lJ.b1 peHTbI: a HMeHHO
Te, npH KOTOpblX nOJlYlleHHe npH6aBOIIHoro npO,lJ.YKTa C HaCeJIeHHH BOTIIHH
He 6b1J1o CBH3aHO C HCKYCCTBeHHblM YBeJlHlleHHeM naXOTHoro MaCCHBa 3eMeJlb.
CJle,lJ.OBaTeJlbHO, HaTypaJlbHO- ,lJ.eHe>KHblH 06POK He TOJlbKO 06ecnellHBaJl <l>eO,lJ.aJlY
ra paHTHpOBaHHblH ypOBeHb peHTbI, HO H cnoc06CTBOBaJl YMeHbweHHIO $HCKaJlb-
Horo nepeHanpH>KeHHH X03HHCTBa.
nO,lJ.aTHaH nOJlHTHKa npaBHTeJlbCTBa, OCHOBaHHaH Ha npHHLlHnax YCJlOBHO-
n03eMeJIbHOrO 06J10>KeHHH, BCTpellaJla COnpOTHBJleHHe He TOJlbKO KpeCTbHH,
COKpaTHBWHX ,lJ.0 MHHHMYMa CBOH Ha,lJ.eJlbl, HO H ,lJ.YXOBHblX KopnopaLlHH,
nblTaBWHXCH npHCBOHTb 60JlbWYIO ,lJ.OJlIO npH6aBOIIHoro npO,lJ.YKTa. Me>K,lJ.Y
U.apCKHM CHHKJIHTOM H LlepKOBblO wJla 60pb6a 3a pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHHe peHTbI.
nOCJle OTMeHOB TapxaHOB B 1581/82 r. npoTHBopellHH ,lJ.OJl>KHbI 6b1J1H elll.e 60Jlee
060CTpHTbCH. nblTaHCb HaHTH BblXO,lJ. H3 3KOHOMHlleCKoro KpH3Hca, YCKOPHTb
npOLlecc peaKTHBaLlHH 3a6poweHHblx naweH, npaBHTeJlbCTBO, no BceH Bepo-
HTHOCTH, npuHY3ICdaeT LlepKOBHblX <l>eO,lJ.aJlOB YBeJlHIIHTb IIHCJlO 6aplll.HHHblX
3eMeJlb, HCnOJlb3YH )1JIH 3TOH LleJlH nHCLlOB. HallHHaH C 90-x rO,lJ.OB, npOBO,lJ.HTC
npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHble onHcaHHH BOTIIHH KPynHeHwHx ,lJ.YXOBHblX KOpnOpau.H H
C <l>HKcaLlHeH ,lJ.eHe>KHO-6aplll.HHHblX nOBHHHocTeH. I1MeHHo B 90-x rO,lJ.ax B pH,lJ.e
MOHacTblpeH Ha6J1IO,lJ.aeTCH nOIlTH O,lJ.HOBpeMeHHaH 3aMeHa ,lJ.eHe>KHblX nJlaTe>KeH
6aplll.HHoH. npaB,lJ.a, npH 3TOM CJle,lJ.yeT YIIHTblBaTb H TOT <l>aKT, liTO nocJle OTMeHbI
TapxaHOB Ha MOHaCTblpCKoro KpeCTbHHHHa JlO>KaTCH ,lJ.BOHHble ,lJ.eHe>KHble nJla-
Te>KH (rocy ,lJ.apCTBeHHble HaJlOrH H ceHbOpHaJlbHaH peHTa), KOTopble B paHOHax
C MaJlOpa3BHTblMH TOBapHO-,lJ.eHe>KHblMH OTHoweHHHMH He MOrJlH 6b1Tb BblnOJl-
HeHbI. B 60Jlee n03,lJ.HHX onHcaHHHX MOHaCTblpCKHX BOTIIHH npHMO CKa3aHO, liTO
6aplll.HHa BBO,lJ.HJlaCb no BeJleHHIO LlapH.
B l1ocH<I>o-BOJIoKoJlaMCKOM MOHaCTblpe, KOTOpblH He 6b1J1 CTOJlb 60raT, KaK
TpOHLle-CeprHeBa KopnopaLlHH, H nOIlTH He YllaCTBOBaJl B ToprOBo-npOMblCJlO-
BblX onepaLlHHX, B 1590/91 r. KOHTHHreHT KpecTbHH, 3aHHTblX Ha MOHacTblpcKOH
naWHe, 6b1J1 YBeJIHlleH 3a ClleT 06POIIHblX: «H KOTopble ,lJ.epeBHH Ha 06poKe
6b1J1H, ,lJ.eHbrH C BblTeH ,lJ.aBaJlH, H C Tex 06POIIHblX ,lJ.epeBeHb ,lJ.eHbrH CJlO>KaHbI,
a BeJleHO HM naWHH naxaTb:'. nYCTOWH p03,lJ.aHbI KpecTbHHaM naxaTb H3
TpeTberO H lIeTBepToro CHonOB 133.
B 1601 r. «no rocY,lJ.apeBY LlapeBY H BeJIHKOrO KHH3H oopHca <l>e,lJ.OpOBHlla
BceH PYCHH HaKa3Y:' MHxaHJI BaCHJlbeBHII MOJlllaHOB H ,lJ.bHK BaCHJlHH He-
JlI060B onHCblBaJlH BJla,lJ.eHHH KHpHJlJlO-OeJI03epCKoro MOHacTblpH H 3aMeHHJlH
B pH,lJ.e ceJl 06pOIlHO-,lJ.eHe>KHYIO peHTY 6aplll.HHoH. Y CTaHaBJlHBaJlaCb O<l>HLlH-
aJlbHaH YHH<I>HLlHpoBaHHaH HopMa 6aplll.HHbI: 2 ,lJ.ec. Ha BblTb. «A liTO B ceJlex >Ke
OCTaJlHCb nYCTble 3eMJlH Y ,lJ.eCHTHH, a p03,lJ.aTH 6b1J10 KpecTbHHaM B ,lJ.eCHTHHbI
HeJIb3H, ,lJ.JlH Toro liTO Te ceJla OT HX >Ke CeJI OT ,lJ.aJleHbI, H Te nYCTble 3eMJlH
B CeJIax p03,lJ.aHbI CJIyraM MOHaCTblpCKHM:'. KHpHJlJlO-OeJI03epCKaH ,lJ.YXOBHaH
KopnopaLlHH HMeJIa BOTIIHHbI B pH,lJ.e ye3,lJ.OB, H nOIlTH nOBceMeCTHO paHee
B3HMaJlaCb C KpeCTbHH HaTypaJlbHO-.lI.eHe>KHaH peHTa, KOTopaH Tenepb npHHY,lJ.H-
TeJlbHO 3aMeHeHa 6aplll.HHOH. B pe3YJlbTaTe 3TOH aKLlHH MOHaCTblpCKaH naWHH
(COBoKynHo no BceM ye3,lJ.aM) B03pOCJla 60Jlee lIeM B ,lJ.Ba C nOJlOBHHOH pa3a
95

(Ha 266 %) H 3aHHMaJla nJl, Ollla.n.b paBHYIO 2827 qeTHM (B O.n.HOM nOJle).
Ho .n.a>Ke nOCJIe HCKyccTBeHHoro nepeKoca CJlO>KHBlllHXCH THnOB KpecTbHHcKHX
nOBHHHocTeH B CTOPOHY 6e3YCJlOBHOrO npeo6.na.n.aHHH 6aplllHHbI, npHMepHo,
C TpeTH BbiTeH (31,4 %) npo.n.OJI>KaJl nocTynaTb 3epHoBoH, .n.eHe>KHblH 06POK,
H 3eMneAenbU 3THX BTeH He yqaCTBOBanH B 06pa60TKe rocnoAcKoro nonH.
PaHee 1601 r. MOHacTblpcKaH 3analllKa B pH.n.e ye3.n.oB 3aHHMaJla cpaBHH-
TeJlbHO CKpoMHoe MeCTO. B nOlllexoHcKoH BOTqHHe OHa 3aHHMaJla 6 % noceBHblX
nnolllaAeH (uepKoBHaH nalllHH 3.n.ecb H AaJlee He yqHTblBaJlaCb), KpeCTbHHe
nnaTHT HaTypaJlbHo-.n.eHe>KHblH 06POK; B yrJlHqeCKOH BOTqHHe - 7,9 %, B AMHT-
pOBClWM. IfMeHH'H - 1'2 ro:- B. [(..JIHHCKDM y.,. BepOSBFBO\ BBR;lI.\J Rlt31Iaqwr.eJlbHlR.
pa3MepoB MOHaCTpCKoro BnaAeHHH 6apcKaH 3anallIKa OTCYTcTBOBaJla KaK .D.O'
onHcaHHH 1601 r., TaK H nOCJIe Hero: KpeCTbHHe nJlaTHT .n.eHe>KHYIO peHTY
(1 p. 26 .n.eHer) , HCnOJlHHIOT nOB03 (c BbiTH 4 B03a .n.pOB K MocKBe). TpaAHlI.HOHHO
npHBblqHO COOTHOllleHHe MOHacTblpcKOH nalllHH C OKYJlbTypeHHblM <pOHAOM
3eMeJlb B KocTpoMe ( 17,5 %) , Be>Kell.KOM Bepxe (18,5 %). KpecTbHHe
6eJl03epCKHx 6J1H3J1e>KalllHX BOTqHH qaCTHqHO COBMelllaJlH 6aplllHHY C oTpa6o-
TOqHOH peHToH no YCTPOHCTBY e30B, n03ToMY nJlOllla.n.b rocnOACKoro nOJlH qaCTO
HeBeJlHKa. B CJlOBeHCKoM BOJlOKY BeJl03epCKoro y. MOHacTblpcKaH nallll:lH 3aHH-
MaJla 6,6 % noceBHblX n.n, ollla.n.eH HO B KOMnJleKCe PYKHHa. CJl060.n.Ka Toro }l{e
Ye3.n.a - 14 % 134.
O.n.HaKO TH>KeCTb 3KcnJlyaTall.HH 6aplllHHOH, BbiTHbie HopMaTHBbI He 3aBHCeJlH
K KOHlI.Y XVI B. OT npou.eHTHoro nOKa3aTeJlSl BeJlHqHHbI 6apcKoro nOJlH.
B KOCTpOMCKOM y. npH Tpa.n.HlI.HOHHO npHBblqHOM COOTHOllleHHH MOHacTblpcKOH
3analllKH H Ha.n.eJlbHOH 3eMJlH BbiTHaH HopMa 6aplllHHbI ellle .n.o 1601 r. COCTaB-
J1HJla 2 .n.ec. rOcno.n.cKoe nOJle 06pa6aTblBaJlOCb qaCTblO BbiTeH, .n.pyraH qaCTb
nJlaTHJla .n.eHe>KHYIO peHTY. nHCIJ.bI B 1601 r. He CTaJlH npOBo.n.HTb B KOCTpOMe
nepe06pOqKY H J1Hlllb nOPtteTHJlH: «KpeCTbHHOM MOHacTblpcKaH nalllHSI naxaTH
H 06POK nJlaTHTH H ceHO KOCHTH nO-npe>KHeMY:'. B nOlllexoHCKOM y. B X03HH-
CTBeHHOM KOMnJleKCe KYK060H Ha MOHacTblpb CeHJlH 30 qeTeH p>KH KpecTbHHe
C 15,5 KpecTbHHcKHX BbiTeH, T. e. HopMa 6aplllHHbI 1 .n.ec. Ha BbiTb. nOCJIe
16,01 r. TY >Ke nalllHIO 06CJ1Y>KHBaJlH 3eMJle.n.eJlbll.bI C 7,5 BbiTeH H3 paCqeTa
2 .n.ec. 6apcKoH nallIHH Ha BbiTb. Ha OCTaBlllHeCH 8 BbiTeH nOJlO>KeH XJle6HblH
06POK: no 2 qeTH 6e3 qeTBepHKa p>KH+no qeTH C nOJlyocMHHOH OBca. KpoMe
Toro, co Bcex BbiTeH (nallleHHblx H noconHblx) OCTaBaJlCH B CHJle CJle.n.YlOlllHH
n060p: 127 .n.eHer+OBqHHa+nOHpOK 135. BpH.n. J1H .n.Byx.n.eCHTHHHaH 6aplllHHa
(4 .n.eCHTHHbI B .n.BYx nOJlSlx) 6b1J1a no TH>KeCTH 3KBHBaJleHTHa xJle6HoMY nJlaTe>KY
B 3 qeTH 3epHa. TaKoe >Ke HeCOOTBeTCTBHe Ha6J1IO.n.aeTcH npH nepe06pOqKe
nOqTH Bcex MOHacTblpcKHX a.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHo-X03HHcTBeHHblx KOMnJleKCOB.
OrcyrcTBHe TO>K.n.eCTBa B TH>KeCTH ceHbOpHaJlbHOrO 06J10>KeHHH 6aplllHHHblX
H noconHblX BbiTeH ellle pa3 y6e>K.n.aeT, qTO peaJlbHaH paCKJla.n.Ka BceH
CYMMbI nOBHHHOCTeH oCYlllecTBJlHJlacb BHYTPH 06111HHbI, XOTH, B03MO>KHO, H npH
yqaCTHH MOHacTblpcKOH a.n.MHHHCTpall.HH. B TOH >Ke BOJlOCTH KYK060H 6aplllHHY
MO>KHO 6b1J1o pa3BepcTaTb Ha Bce BbiTH (no 1 .n.ec.) , XJle6Ho-.n.eHe>KHble nJlaTe>KH
pacnpe.n.eJlHTb no BbiTHM TaK >Ke. A B03MO>KeH H .n.pyroH BapHaHT: CHHTb
C nallleHHblX BbiTeH BeCb .n.eHe>KHblH 06POK H nepeHeCTH ero Ha HenallleHHble
BbiTH. nHClI.bI >Ke npeCJIe.n.OBaJlH KOHKpeTHYIO lI.eJlb: C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbI, YBeJlH-
qHTb <pOH.n. naXOTHbiX 3eMeJlb H TeM no.n.HHTb pa3Mep HaJloronocTynJleHHH
B IJ.apCKyK> Ka3HY; C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbI, o<l>HIJ.HaJlbHO Y3aKOHHTb nOBblllleHHble
BbiTHbie HopMaTHBbI H npe.n.CTaBHTb npaBHTeJlbcTBY CBe.n.eHHH 0 MOHaCTblpCKHX
96

.lI.oxo,nax. Bce BblllleCKa3aHHOe n03BOJlSleT YTBep>K,naTb, t.tTO YBeJlHt.teHHe B KOHLle
XVI B. y,neJIbHOrO Beca 6aplllHHbI cpe,nH ,npyrHx BH,nOB peHTbI CneLlHaJlbHO HHcnH-
pHpOBaJlOCb npaBHTeJlbCTBoM.
KpecTbSlHcKoe X03S1HCTBO 6a3HpOBaJlOCb Ha HCnOJlb30BaHHH 3-x BH,nOB
3eMeJlb: Ha,neJlbHOH, C'beMHOH (06pOt.tHOH HJlH HaeMHoH) H 06111HHHOH. npH ,n030pe
TpOHLlKHX HMeHHH B 90-x ro,nax B pSl,ne ye3,noB KpecTbSlHcKHH ,nBOp onHCblBaJlCSI
,nOJleH BbiTH. no BceH BepoSiTHoCTH, no,n06HblH THn onHcaHHH 6b1J1 npOBe,neH BO
Bcex HJlH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, B 60JlblllHHCTBe LleHTpaJlbHblX paHOHOB, HO no,nt.tac
Mbi ,nOJl>KHbI onepHpOBaTb 60J1ee n03,nHHMH cnHCKaMH, r,ne BbiTHoe onHcaHHe
.lI.BOpOB onYllleHO. ,LlJlSl Hac npe,nCTaBJlSleT HHTepec KalllHHCKHH y. C HOpMHpO-
BaHHOH BbiTblO H C ,nBYMSI KOMnJleKCaMH, O,nHH H3 KOTOpblX (OJleKCHHO) 6b1J1
06POt.tHblH: 100-120 ,neHer C BblTH, ,npyroH (ApxaHreJlbCKoe) - TSlrJlblH, HO
K HeMY 6b1J1H npHnHcaHbI ,nepeBHH, nJlaTSllllHe no 300 ,neHer (CM. Ta6J1. 7). H3yt.taSi
TeKCT nHcLloBoH KHHrH, MO>KHO OTMeTHTb cJle,nYlOlllYIO oc06eHHocTb: HaHMeHb-
wee KOJIHt.teCTBO ,nBOpOB Ha BblTb npHxo,nHTCSI B ,nepeBHSlx, H306pot.teHHblx
6aplllHHoH: 1,7 ,nBOp Ha 1 BblTb, T. e. Ha,neJIbi y HHX KpynHee, t.teM y 06POt.tHbiX.
B 06POt.tHbiX CeJleHHSlX t.tHCJlO ,nBOpOB Ha BblTb H HaCeJleHHOCTb ,nBopa B3pOCJlblMH
npe,ncTaBHTeJlSlMH MY>KCKOrO nOJla B03pacTaeT, oc06eHHO B ,nepeBHSlx, nJlaTSI-
lll.HX 300 ,neHer 136. B ApXaHreJlbCKOM KOMnJleKCe, KpeCTbSlHe KOToporo naXaJlH
1 ,necSlTHHY H nJlaTHJlH 50 ,neHer, HeT ,nBOpOB, onHcaHHblX ,nOJleH BblTH, MeHbllle
1/4. 62 % ,nBOpOB nOJlO>KeHbI B 1/ 2 H 1/3 BbiTH. B OJleKCH HO npH peHTe 100-.-
120 ,neHer 3Hat.tHTeJlbHaSi t.taCTb ,nBOpOB onHcaHa 1/6 BbiTH. B 06POt.tHbiX ,nepeBHSlx
ApXaHreJIbCKOrO KOMnJleKCa C peHTOH B 300 ,neHer 60Jlee 21 % ,nBOpOB nOJlO>KeHO
B 1/6 H 1/8 BbiTH. ,LlOJlSl 1/8 BbiTH BCTpet.tae-rcSi TOJlbKO B 3TOM KOMnJleKCe (CM.
Ta6J1. 7). Ot.teHb KpynHblH Ha,neJl (11/4 BblTH) 6b1J1 He y KpeCTbSlHHHa, a y MOHa-
CTblpCKoro CJlyrH, KOTOpblH, nOMHMO 3Toro, apeH,nOBaJl ellle 3eMJlIO B 6J1H3paCno-
JlO>KeHHOH nYCTOlllH. Y 06POt.tHbiX KpeCTbSlH t.teM Bblllle pa3Mep ,neHe>KHOH peHTbI,
TeM t.ta llle BCTpet.taIOTCSI 60Jlee MeJlKHe ,nOJlH: 1/8 BbiTH COCT aBJlSleT 1,25 t.teTH
nalllHH B O,nHOM nOJle. 51cHo, t.tTO npH TaKHX pa3Mepax Ha,neJla OCHOBHblM
3aHSITHeM KpecTbSlH SlBJlSleTCSI He XJle60nallleCTBO, a n060t.tHbie npOMblCJlbI.
B ,naHHOM KOHKpeTHOM cJlyt.tae, HCXO,nSl H3 6J1H30CTH BOJlrH, MO>KHO npe,nno-
JlO>KHTb HaHM B Kat.teCTBe rpe6LlOB, rpY3t.tHKOB Ha npoxo,nSllllHe cy,na, HX peMOHT
H T. n.
TafiJlHQ.a 7. BWTHwe onHcaHHR TPOHQ.KHX BOTIIHH KawHHcKoro ye3Aa *
HaHMeHOBa. 4HCJlO ABOpOB, onHcaHHblX AoneH BbiTH
PeHTa Ha BblTb HHe KOMnneKca
CBblwe I 1/8
06waSi
naWHSI
B%
300 .lleHer ApXaHreJIb- 28 15 10 2 33, I
CKoe
120 .lleHer OJleKCHHO 3 5 6 14,8
100 .lleHer OJleKCHHO I 5 5 2 3 33,8
I .lleCHTHHa ApXaHreJIb- 2 6 6 3 18
6aplllHHbI CKoe
+50 .lleHer
· lllYMalCo8. COTHHllbi. Bbln. 6. C. 1-12.
7 3aK. 1454
97

PeaJIbHO B paCnOpSI>KeHHH ,n.BOpOBJIa,n.eJIbLla 3eMJIH 6b1JIO BCer,n.a 60JIbWe,
qeM CY.lJ.H no BbiTHOH ,n.OJIe, KOTOpOH onHcaH KpeCTbHHCKHH ,n.BOp, TaK KaK,
nOM HMO HH.n.HBH.n.yaJlbHoro Ha.ll.eJla, cyUlecTBoBana 06UlHHHaH nalllHH, o6pa6aTbI-
BaeMaH COBMeCTHO >KHTeJIHMH CeJIeHHH. B KaWHHCKOM y. nOqTH B Ka>K,n.OM HaCe-
JIeHHOM nYHKTe KpeCTbHHe «naWYT Conqa no Mepe KaKoe-TO KOJIHqeCTBO 3eMJIH,
TaK>Ke yqHTblBaeMoe BbiTHbiM nHCbMOM. B ceJIe OJIeKCHHO Ha 3 3 / 4 BbiTH Ha,n.eJIb-
HOH 3eMJIH npHxo,n.HTCH 1/ 2 BbiTH 06w.ero nOJIH. B pH,n.OM pacnOJIO>KeHHblX ,n.epeB-
HHX npoLleHT 06w.eH 3eMJIH BbillIe: B KHJIHKeHHe - 33 %, B CHTHHKoBe-
nOqTH 40, B nOqaJIOBe ,n.a>Ke 50 %. 113 BblCqHTaHHblX npOLleHTOB Ta6JI. 7 TPy,n.HO
BblHBHTb KaKYIO-JIH60 3aKoHoMepHocTb, TeM He MeHee BH,n.HO, qTO HaH60JIbWee
KOJIHqeCTBO 3eMJIH BbI,n.eJIeHO no,n. 06111ee nOJIe, rJIaBHblM 06pa30M B 06pOqHblX
CeJIeHHHX. H3yqaH onHcaHHe Ka>K,n.oro nOCeJIeHHH, MO>KHO C<POPMYJIHpOBaTb
CJIe,n.YIOw.ee nOJIO>KeHHe: qeM 60JIbWe KOJIHqeCTBO MeJIKHX Ha,n.eJIOB B TOM HJIH
HHOM HaCeJIeHHOM nYHKTe, TeM Bblwe BepOHTHOCTb BCTpeTHTb «conqa 06pa6a-
TbiBaeMYIO naWHIO. ECJlH B CeJIeHHH cpe,n.H 60JIee KpynHblx Ha,n.eJIOB eCTb
yqaCTKH MeHee 1/ 4 , T. e. paBHble 1/ 6 , 1/8 BbiTH - Bcer,n.a KaKoe-TO KOJIHqeCTBO
3eMJIH BbI,n.eJIHeTCH no,n. 06111ee nOJIe. B O,n.HO,n.BOPHblX ,n.epeBHHX naWHH 06111aH
OTCYTCTByeT. Pa3Mep 06111ero nOJlH B 06pOqHblX ,n.epeBHHX HaH60JIee BbiCOK,
3aHHMaH npHMepHO TpeTb HJIH qeTBepTb noceBHblX nJIOllla,n.eH. Cpe,n.H 06pOqHblX
,n.epeBeHb KOMnJIeKCa ApXaHreJIbCKOe, 06JIO>KeHHblX 1,5 p., HeT HH o,n.Horo noce-
JIeHHH 6e3 06111eH 3analliKH. OHa eCTb ,n.a>Ke B neCTOBe, r,n.e BeJIHqHHa THrJl
6b1JIa Bbillie 1/4. B HaCTOHlllee BpeMH Tpy,n.HO onpe.neJlHTb, KaKYIO <PYHKLlHIO
BbinOJIHHJIa 06111aH naWHH. B nepBYIO Oqepe,n.b OHa 6b1JIa CBoero po,n.a rapaHTOM
npO>KHTOqHOrO ypOBHH. B TO >Ke BpeMH CYllleCTBOBaHHe 06111ero nOJIH Mor JIO
HHcnHpHpOBaTbCH ceHbOpOM, B ,n.aHHOM CJlyqae MOHaCTblpeM, ,n.JIH C03,n.aHHH
KpyroBoH nopYKH npH ynJIaTe peHTbI. B03MO>KHO, KpeCTbHHe CTpeMHJIHCb,
qT06b1 OCHOBHaH qaCTb nJIaTe>KeH WJIa C 06111eH nallIHH. TaKHe >Ke 06111He nOJIH
CYllleCTBOBaJIH qYTb JIH He BO Bcex CeJIeHHHX TpOHLlKOH BOTqHHbI B ,L:lMHTpOB-
CKOM y.
C nOBbiTHbiM onHcaHHeM ,n.BOpOB MO>KHO rOBopHTb 0 HaqaJIe nepexo,n.a OT
YCJIOBHO-n03eMeJIbHOrO K no,n.BopHo-n03eMeJIbHOMY 06JIO>KeHHIO. B BOTqHHaX
TpOHLle-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH CYlllecTByeT H qHCTO no,n.BopHoe 06JIO>KeHHe,
HHor,n.a B BH,n.e ,n.onOJIHHTeJIbHOrO no,n.blMHoro nJIaTe>Ka: no I ,n.eHbre C ,n.blMa,
a B OCHOBHOM C HenaweHHblX H 606b1JIbCKHX ,n.BOpOB. C HHX B pa3HblX ye3,n.ax
YCTaHaBJIHBaJIHCb pa3JIHqHble CYMMbI nJIaTe>KeH: B ,L:lMHTpOBCKOM y. - no
20 ,n.eHer, B POCTOBCKOM y. - no 50, B Ka3a HCKOM y. - no 60 .neHer. B 51 po-
CJIaBCKOM y. 6paJIH C peMeCJIeHHblX JIIO,n.eH no O,n.HOMY py6JIIO. B HOBOTOp>K-
CKOM y. cYlllecTBOBaJIO ToproBO-peMeCJIeHHOe ceJIO Me,n.Ha, r,n.e >KHJIH Hena-
rneHHble KpecTbHHe. OHH HMeJIH JIaBKH, C KOTOpblX 6paJIOCb no 0,5 p. B LlapCKYIO
Ka3HY. B MOHaCTblpb >Ke nJIaTHJIH co ,n.Bopa no 20 ,n.eHer. O,n.HaKo 6JIaro,n.apH
,n.OCTaTOqHO no,n.p06HOMY onHcaHHIO, OTCYTcTBYlOllleMY B nHCLlOBbiX KHHrax
,n.PyrHx ye3,n.oB, Y3HaeM, qTO HenallIeHHble KpeCTbHHe, nOMHMO 20 ,n.eHer, BbinOJI-
HHJIH pH,n. pa60T Ha MOHacTblpb: «,n.eJIaIOT Ha MOHacTblpcKOM ,n.Bope BCHKoe
,n.eJIO, H B oropo,n.ex nallIYT, KanycTY ca,n.HT H nOJIHBaIOT, H nallIeHHblM
KpecTbHHoM Ha MOHacTblpb nOC06JIHIOT ceHO KOCHTb 137.
,L:lJIH HOBOTOp>KCKOrO, KaWHHCKoro yy., Cy,n.H no onHcaHHHM 90-x ro,n.OB,
COXpaHHJIHCb CBe,n.eHHH, KOTopble, nO-BH,n.HMOMY, MO>KHO TpaKTOBaTb KaK CBH-
,n.eTeJIbCTBO THrJIbiX nepe,n.eJIOB. HanpHMep: ,n.BOp nYCT, TaKOH-TO YMep, «CH,n.eJI
Ha 1/3 BblTH, HO B CeJIeHHH Bce OCTaJIbHble ,n.BOpbl nOJIO>KeHbI B ,n.OJIH, nOJlY-
98

tleHHble OT pa3.l1.BOeHHH BbiTH e /2, 1/ 4 , 1/ 8 ), a He O paCTpoeHHH e /3, 1/ 6 ). HJlH:
.lI. B Op TaKoro onHcaH 1/ 4 , a «paHee >KHJI Ha 1/ 6 ». nepe.ll.eJl THrJl B KaKOH-TO
Mepe .lI.0Jl>KeH 6b1Tb 06eCnetieH naweHHOH 3eMJleH. BpH.lI. JlH weJl nepe.ll.eJI BceH
nawHH B CeJleHHH, HO BnOJlHe B03MO>KHO, tlTO KOMY-TO npHpe3aJlCH BbiMOpOtlHblH
Ha.ll.eJl HJlH >Ke npHpe3aJlaCb tlaCTb 06w.eH paCtlHCTKH naweHHoro Jleca.
H Ha060pOT, COCTapHBwHHCH tlJleH 06W.HHbI Mor 6b1Tb onHcaH MeHbweH tlaCTblO
BbiTH H COOTBeTCTBeHHO KaKoe-To KOJlHtleCTBO ero 3eMJlH nepeXO.ll.HJlO B .lI.PyrHe
PYKH, T. e. tlaCTHtlHble nepe.ll.eJlbl reHeTHtieCKH 60Jlee paHHee HBJleHHe, tleM
nOJlHble.
BnaAenbqeCKaR peHTa B HMeHHRX CBeTCKHX eoAanoB
B cOBeTcKoH HCTOpHtieCKOH JlHTepaType 6O-70-x rO.ll.OB MHoro nHCaJlH 06
OTCYTCTBHH oCHoBaHHH .lI.JlH npoTHBonOCTaBJleHHH .lI.pyr .lI.pyry nOMeCTHbiX
H BOTtlHHHblX X03HHCTB. O.ll.HaKO B nOCJle.ll.Hee BpeMH nOHBHJlaCb pa60Ta J1. B. MH-
JlOBa, M. B. BYJlraKOBa, H. M. rapcKoBoH, r.ll.e Ha npHMepe onHcaHHH HatlaJla
XVI I B. J1HxBHHcKoro y. C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM MaTeMaTHtieCKHX MeTO.ll.OB nOKa3aHO,
liTO r Jly6HHHble 3KOHOMHtleCKHe npoueccbI no-pa3HOMY npOTeKaJlH B nOMeCTbHX
H B BOTtlHHaX 138. ,llYMaeTCH, tlTO .lI.aHHoe nOJlO>KeHHe BnOJlHe CnpaBe,lJ.JlHBO
H .lI.JIH XVI B. B nepHO.ll. 3KOHOMHtleCKOrO KpH3Hca 70-90-x rO.ll.OB nOMeCTHbie
3eMJlH 3anycTeBaJlH 6b1CTpee, tleM BOTtlHHa (CM. rJl. IV). Cyw.ecTBoBaJlH pa3-
JlHtlHH H B <l>opMax 3KcnJlyaTaUHH KpecTbHH nOMew.HKaMH H BOTtlHHHHKaMH,
oc06eHHO nepBOHatlaJlbHO B nepHO.ll. 6YPHoro pa3BHTHH nOMeCTHOH CHCTeMbi.
CY.ll.H no ToponeUKoH KHHre 1540 r., npaBHTeJlbCTBO paccMaTpHBaJlO nOMe-
lllHKOB KaK CBOHX CJlyr, a nOMeCTbH KaK O.ll.HY H3 <l>OpM .lI.BOPUOBbiX 3eMeJlb.
3eMJlH H3MepeHbI tleTBepTHMH H nOJlO>KeHbI B BbiTH. BblTb, BepoHTHo, HOpMHpoBaHa,
B Cpe.ll.HeM B HeH 12 tleTBepTeH. BapcKaH 3anaWKa nepBOHatlaJlbHO, BH.lI.HMO,
no 3aMblCJlY He nJlaHHpOBaJlaCb y nOMew.HKOB. Bce, tlTO HM HY>KHO, OHH .lI.OJI>KHbI
6b1J1H nOJIYtlHTb C KpeCTbHH. ToponeUKOMY nOMew.HKY C 1 BbiTH WJlO: 40 .lI.eHer,
2 lIeTH p>KH, 4 tleTH OBca, 2,5 OCMHHbI COJlO.ll.Y, tleTb nweHa, OCMHHa ropoxa,
OCMHHa KOHOneJIb, OCMHHa Kpyn rpetiHeBblX, OCMHHa XMeJlIO, nOJlTb MHca, 6apaH,
2 Kypbl, tleTb nY.lla Me.lla, 4 rpHBeHKH MaCJIa KOpOBbH, Cblp, nOHpoK, nHTOK
JlbHY, OBtlHHa. KOJle6aHHH B 3TOM accopTHMeHTe 6b1J1H He60JlbWHe: MOrJlO 6b1Tb
MeHbwe .lI.eHer, HeCKOJlbKO MeHbwe Kpyn, 3aTO nOHBJlHJlHCb B03 ceHa, Me.ll., 3aHUbI,
TeTepeBa 139. COCTaB peHTbI npO.ll.YMaH TaK, tlT06b1 nOMew.HK 6b1J1 06eCnetieH
BceM He06xo.ll.HMblM H He HY>K.lI.aJlCH B 3aBe.ll.eHHH c06CTBeHHoro rpOM03.l1.KOrO
X03HHCTBa C 6apCKOH 3anawKOH. Y nOMew.HKa 6b1J1H CJlyrH-XOJlOnbl, KOTopble
cOnpOBO>K.lI.aJlH cBoero rOCnO.ll.HHa B nOXO.ll.ax, ynpaBJIHJlH X03HHCTBOM, CJle.ll.HJlH 3a
CBoeBpeMeHHblM nocTynJleHHeM KpeCTbHHCKOH peHTbI. 3eMJlH, KOTopble 3aHHMaJlH
XOJIOnbl, TaK>Ke KJlaJlHCb B BblTH, HO .lI.0XO.ll C HHX COOTBeTCTBeHHO He weJl.
B nOMeCTbHX BblTb 6b1J1a He TOJlbKO OKJIa.ll.HOH e.ll.HHHueH .lI.JlH c60pa KpecTb-
HHCKHX nJlaTe>KeH, HO H nOKa3aTeJleM «npO>KHTOtiHOCTH» nOMew.HKa. OnHpaHcb
H3 tlHCJlO BbiTeH B nOMeCTbe, npaBHTeJIbCTBO MOrJlO CY.ll.HTb 0 6oecnoc06HoCTH
ero BJla.ll.eJlbua. Ho HMeHHO n03ToMY BbiTHoe nHCbMO B nOMeCTbHX HOCHT
CHJlbHble tlepTbi YCJIOBHOCTH. TaK, ToponeUKHH nOMew.HK B3HJI naWHH nOJl-7 BbiTH
33 13. Ew.e 60Jlee YCJlOBHblH xapaKTep BbiTH npocTynaeT y Ka3aHCKHX nOMe-
lllHKOB no onHcaHHIO 1565-1568 rr., KOr.ll.a 3a naweHHYIO 3eMJlIO .lI.alOTCH pbl6Hble
JlOBJIH, MeJIbHHUbI, 03epa. no.ll. .lI.. Ka.ll.blWeBOH Ha p. COJIOHHue CTOHJla «MeJlbHHua
60JlbWOe KOJleco», KOTopaH 6b1J1a C.lI.aHa B apeH.lI.Y npOTonony. nOCJIe.ll.HHH .lI.aBaJl
7.
99

C Hee B Ka3HY 6 p. B 1567 r. OHa 6b1J1a OT.llaHa B nOMeCTbe «3a 60 tleTeH B nOJle,
a B .llBY no TOMY >K». no TaKoMY >Ke paCtleTY .llaBaJlHCb H pbl6Hble JlOMH: 1 p.,
KOTOpblH paHee nJlaTHJlH B Ka3HY 3a nOJlb30BaHHe HMH, npHpaBHHBaJlCH 10 tleTSIM
nOMecTHoH 3eMJlH B O.llHOM nOJle, «a B 2 no TOMY >K:' 140. OKYJlbTypeHHoH 3eMJlH
B Ka3aHCKOM y. KaTaCTpocpHtleCKH He XBaTaJlO, nOMew.HKH nOJlYtlaJlH B OKJIa.ll
TOJlbKO 4aCTb naWHH (57 tleTeH 3a Ka>K.llble 100 tleTeH oKJIa.lla), OCTaJlbHOe npHxo-
.llHJlOCb Ha HepacnaxaHHYIO 3eMJlIO. Ha.lleJlSlSl 3eMJleH nOMew.HKOB B Ka3aHcKoM y.,
npaBHTeJlbCTBO TaK >Ke, KaK H B ToponeUKoM y., YHHcpHUHpOBaJlO pa3Mep BblTH,
npHpaBHHB ee K 10 tleTHM, H OnpeJlHJlO KpecTbHHcKYIO nOBHHHOCTb: naxaTb
C BblTH rOCnO.llCKYIO .lleCSlTHHY. Pa3HHua B pa3Mepe BblTH Y TOponeu.KHx H Ka3aH-
CKHX nOMew.HKOB Ka>Kyw.aSlcSI. B Toponue Ha 10 tleTeH KpecTbSlHcKOH 3eMJlH
HaKHHYTo 2 tleTH, KaK .lleJlaJlOCb H B .llBOPUOBblX HMeHHSlX «.llJISi noconHoro
xJle6a». B Ka3aHH B BblTb onSlTb-TaKH nOJlO>KeHO 10 tleTBepTeH KpecTbSlHcKOH
3eMJlH, a 2 4eTH rOCnO.llCKOH naWHH Ha.110 6b1J1o 06pa6aTblBaTb Ha rOCnO.llHHa
B cpopMe 6apw.HHbI. OCHoBHaSi pa3HHua B TOM, tlTO, eCJIH B nepBOH nOJlOBHHe
XVI B. npaBHTeJlbCTBO .lleJlaJlO cTaBKY Ha HaTypaJlbHO-.lleHe>KHblH 06POK B no-
MeCTbSlX, TO B 60-x rO.llax YCTaHaBJlHBaeT 6apw.HHY. Ho BJlHSlHHe 3.lleCb OKa3aJl
He CTOJlbKO XpOHOJlOrHtleCKHH cpaKTOp, CKOJlbKO reorpacpH4eCKHH: Ka3aHCKHH
KpaH 6b1J1 He06}KHT, OKYJlbTypeHHblx 3eMeJlb cpaBHHTeJlbHO HeMHoro, KpeCTb-
HHCKag KOJlOHH38'1I,HiI B .oaMeCTbSIX 'o.Ot:lTH ,OTcyq-CT80AaJIa. I1pM 1'"O.H cnya.y"HM
e.llHHCII'.BeHHblM 'BHIXOAOM 6H1JIB iOTpa60TO'lllB'H ITOJJeBa.R ilOBH'HHOCTa...
B HatlaJle ;BO-x rO.llOB npaBHTeJlbCTBO npe.llnpHHHMaeT pSl.ll .lleHCTBHH no
nYTH YHHcpHKau.HH MeJlKHX OKJla.llHblX e.llHHHU B nOMeCTHbIX 3eMJlSlX Bcero rocy-
.llapCTBa, B TOM tlHCJle H Ha CeBepo-3ana.lle. nHCUbI, OTnpaBJlSlBWHeCSI B HOB-
ropO.llCKHe nSlTHHbI, nOJlYtlHJlH HaKa3 npHpaBHSlTb MecTHYIO 06>KY K 10 tleTSIM 141.
BblTb B KatleCTBe OKJIa.llHOH e.llHHHUbI nOJlYtlHJla WHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
H B CBeTCKHX BOTtlHHax. OHa BCTpetlaeTCSI Y>Ke B 30-x rO.llax B HMeHHH MOCKOB-
CKoro y. B. C. nJleMSlHHHKOBa. B .lleJlOBOH rpaMoTe 1550/51 r. Ha BOTtlHHY
J1aBpoBcKHX B HOBOTOp>KCKOM y. Bce .llepeBHH onHcaHbI BblTSlMH. B BblTH nOJlo-
>KeHbI .llepeBHH B PY3CKOM y. (1555 r., 1566-1568 rr.), B PSl3aHH (1564/65 r.,
184/85 r.), B BeHeBe (.llO 1570 r.). B .llYXOBHOH rpaMoTe KHSl3S1 H.,Q. lllenHHa
nepe.llalOTCSI B MOHacTblpb .llepeBHH eH Bcero Toro 10 BblTeH H co BceM yro.llbeM
H C JleCOM» 142. O.llHaKO npaBHTeJlbCTBO, no KpaHHeH Mepe, .llO Cepe.llHHbI BeKa
He per JlaMeHTH pOBaJlO pa3Mepbl BblTH H peHTbI B BOTtlHHax.
06b1t1HblM SlBJleHHeM 6b1J1o 6apCKoe nOJle B tlaCTHOX03S1HCTBeHHblX HMeHHSlX
ueHTpaJlbHblX paHOHOB. YnOMHHaHHSI 0 HeM BCTpetlalOTCSI B CJle.llYIOW.HX ye3.llax:
,QMHTpOBCKOM (1519, 1543, 1552 rr.), POCTOBCKOM ( 1521 r.), KOJlOMeHCKoM
(1521,1545, 1562 rr.), CY3.llaJlbCKOM H IOpbeBo-nOJlbCKOM (1523 r.), nepeSlc-
JlaBCKOM (1523, 1576 rr.), PY3CKOM (1533, 1558 rr.), MOCKOBCKOM (1553 r.),
3BeHHrOpO.llCKOM (1560 r.), KOCTpOMCKOM (1562 r.), POCJIaBJlbCKOM (1571 r.)
H .llp.143 Oc06eHHo BblCOKoro npoueHTa rOCnO.llCKaSi 3anaWKa .llOCTHraeT
B IO>KHblX paHoHax. B He60JlbWHX HMeHHSlX CJlY>KHJlblX TaTap Mew.epcKoro y.
B 1563/64 r. OHa .llOXO.llHJla .llO 54 %. B KawHpcKoM y. nOtlTH BCSI 3eMJlSI 6b1J1a
nOMew.HtlbeH. B 60JlbWHHCTBe nOMecTHH cyw.ecTBOBaJla 6apcKaSi naWHH. TaKaSi
>Ke KapTHHa Ha6J1IO.llaeTCSI B TYJlbCKOM, ,Qe.llHJlOBCKOM, BeHeBcKoM yy. nOMHMO
KpecTbSlH, Ha 6apcKoH naWHe 3.lleCb WHpOKO npHMeHSlJlCSI TPY.ll XOJlOnOB 144. B OT-
Ka3HblX KHHrax 1562/63 r. Ha 6b1BWYIO BOTtlHHY tlHTaeM: «06a Te .llBopa H3cTapH
6b1J1H O.llHH .llBOp 60SlpCKHH BaCHJlbH npoTonona... a >KHJlH B HeM crpa.llHble
JlIO.llH <l>oMa .lla <l>ypa .lla HHKHTa 3 >KeHaMH H 3 .lleTMH H naWHIO Ha BaCHJlbSi
100

naxanH» 145. Hcnonb30BaHHe XOnOnOB Ha CenbCKOX03HHCTBeHHblX pa60Tax,
a TaK>Ke B KatleCTBe CJlyr, J].BOpOBOH tlenHJ].H, nopTHbiX H T. J].. HMMO J].OCTaT04HO
lIIHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B XVI B. 146
B LleHTpanbHblx ye3J].ax rocnOJ].CKaH nalIIHH 06b14HO 3aHHMana 15-20 %
KynbTHBHpyeMbix 3eMMb. HMelOTcH HeocnopHMble J].OKa3aTenbCTBa 0 npHBJle4e-
HHH K ee 06pa60TKe KpeCTbHH. B Ha4ane 30-x rO.l1.0B XVI B. B MOCKOBCKOH
BOTtlHHe B. C. nneMHHHHKoBa KpecTbHHcKaH 3eMnH 6b1na nOnO)KeHa B .l1.Be BbiTH.
HopMa 6apw.HHbI - I J].ec. (2 J].ec. B J].BYX nonHx) C BbiTH. Ha O.l1.HOH BbiTH )KHJI
OJ].HH KpeCTbHHHH, Ha J].pyroii - J].Ba. CneJ].oBaTMbHo, J].Ba nocne.l1.HHX KpecTb-
HHHHa naxanH no 0,5 J].ec. (I J].ec. B J].BYX nOJIHx). B BeHeBCKOM HMeHHH KHH3H
HBaHa MCTHCJlaBCKOro B 50-x rOJ].ax BblTb paBHHnacb 13 4eTBepTHM B none. Ha
KHH3H naxanOCb Ha BblTb no 1,5 J].eCHTHHbI P)KH+ I ,5 J].eCHTHHbI OBca, KOCHnOCb no
30 KoneH ceHa. ,llnH OTnpaBKH npOJ].YKTOB B MOCKBY C BbiTH nonaranOCb nOCTaBHTb
2 nOJ].BOJ].bI. CTonoBblH npHnac B3HManCH B CJleJ].YIOw.eM COCTaBe: 2 nonTH, 6apaH,
2 Kypbl, J].a ew.e J].ecHTOK nbHY, T. e. nOTpe6HocTb B xne6e non HOCTblO Y.l1.0BneT-
BopHnacb 3a CtleT np0J].YKLlHH, nonyqaeMoH C rocnoJ].cKoH nalIIHH 147. B 1562/63 r.
KHpHnoBbI-3a60JI0TCKHe npOMeHHnH CBOIO BOT4HHY B KonoMeHcKoM y. co cnY)K-
HelO nalliHelO H C 60HpCKOIO narnHelO (no 50 4eTeH B .l1.BYX nonHx). KonH4ecTBo
BbiTeH BO BceM HMeHHH 18,5. CneJ].oBaTMbHo, pacnaXHBaH C BbiTH no 2 4eTH no
npHHLlHny cHa nHTb lIIeCTOH», KpecTbHHe 06pa6aTbiBanH He MeHee 37 4eTeH
rocnOJ].CKoro nOJIH. B BOTtlHHe KHHrHHH CTapoJ].y6cKoH 6b1nH «narnHH KHHrHHHHbI
H CJlY)KHH H KpeCTbHHcKHe 287 tleTeH» 148. B 1619/20 r. B HMeHHH Bna.l1.HMHp-
CKoro y. KpeCTbHHHH, CHJ].HW.HH Ha 1/4 BblTH, naxan Ha nOMew.HKa 3 4eTH.
B 1584 r. B KOJIOMeHCKoM y. Ha 2,5 BblTHX CHJ].MO 3 KpecTbHHHHa, KOTopble,
nOMHMO 06poKa, naxanH rocnoJ].cKYIO 3eMnlO. B 1595 r., OTnHCblBaH Ha ce6H
nOMeCTbH J].eTeH 60HPCKHX, naTpHapx Tpe60Ban, 4T06b1 nHcLlbi YCTaHaBnHBanH
B Ka)KJ].OM CJlYtlae, CKOJIbKO KpecTbHHe «BblceBanH P)KH Ha nOMew.HKOBe narnHe».
Pa60TaH Ha rocnOJ].CKOM none, KpeCTbHHe 4aCTO 3aceBanH ero CBOHMH )Ke
ceMeHaMH 149. Oapw.HHa cyw.eCTBOBana H B Ap3aMaCCKOM y. ISO B HH)KerOpO.l1.-
CKOM y. B nOMeCTbe HBaHa ronOBbi COJIOBLlOBa TaK)Ke HCnOnb30BanCH TPY.l1.
KpeCTbHH Ha 6apCKOM none. OJ].HaKO nepeJ]. CMepTblO BBHJ].Y ManoneTCTBa CblHO-
BeH, 3a6OTY 0 KOTOpblX OH nopytlan CJlyraM H CTaplIIeMY CblHY, Bce KpeCTbHHe
6b1nH nepeBeJ].eHbI Ha 06pOK. rOcnOJ].CKaH )Ke nalIIHH paCKnaJ].bI"BanaCb B BblTH,
H Ha HHX HY)KHO 6b1no «npH3b1BaTb» KpeCTbHH. Ha BblTb KnanOCb 8 J].ec. (16 4eT-
BepTeH). 06pOK C BbiTH 6b1n KOJIOCCanbHblH - 4 p. nOHHMaH 3TO, ConoBLloB
oroBapHBan, tlTO eCJIH nnaTa 6YJ].eT «HeB03MO)KHOH», TO KonH4ecTBO nalIIHH
B BbiTH MO)KHO YBeJlH4HTb J].O 10 J].ec. KpoMe J].eHe)KHOH peHTbI, C BbiTH B3HManHCb
.l1.eHbrH 3a MHCO (<<nOJITH») H KaKoe-To KonH4eCTBO «CTonoBoro 3anaca» (<<npH-
HOC»). B 06H3aHHOCTH KpeCTbHH BXOJ].Hno TaK>Ke ceHOKorneHHe Ha cnyr-
xononOB. nocneJ].HHM BblJ].eJIHnaCb 3eMnH no 3 J].ec. Ha ceMblO. O.l1.HaKO, 3TO
He 3Ha4HT, 4TO XOJIOnHH HaJ].M 6b1n MeHblIIe KpeCTbHHCKoro, TaK KaK Ha BbiTH
K KOHLlY XVI B. CHJ].MO BcerJ].a HeCKOJIbKO KpeCTbHHCKHX ceMeH. Oc06eHHoe
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nonY4HJ1H HaJ].MbI B 1/4, 1/8 BblTH, T. e. peanbHO 3eMnH,
npHxo.llHw.eiiCH Ha KpeCTbHHCKHH J].BOP, Mor no 6b1Tb 3Ha4HTenbHO MeHbrne, 4eM
y xononOB. B X03HHCTBO XOJIOnOB nepeJ].aBanOCb no 2 nOlIIaJ].H, no KopoBe H no
3 OBLlbi - «TeM HM KopMHTLla, H OJ].eBaTHCH, H 06YBaTLla» 151.
,llocTaT04HO CHCTeMaTHtleCKHX CBeJ].eHHH 0 BenH4HHe 6apCKOH 3analliKH
B LleHTpanbHblX ye3J].ax HeT. B nHCLlOBOH KHHre 1559 r. no 3BeHHropoJ].cKOMY y.
nHlIIb H3peJ].Ka nonaJ].alOTCH nOMeTbi 0 KHH)KeCKOH H 60HpCKOH nalliHe. B BOT4HHax
101

KHH3H H. M. lllYHcKoro H H. 3. CaTHHa ee OTHOCHTeJIbHble pa3MepbI COCTaBJIHIOT
27-28 %, XOTH B HMeHHH nepBoro noceBHbIe nJIOlll.a.llH 3aHHMaJIH nOqTH 300 qeT-
BepTeH B O.llHOM nOJIe, a Y .llPyroro - Bcero 88 qeTBepTeH. Y 6paTbeB XBO-
llI.HHCKHX 3eMJIH 6bIJIO H Toro MeHbllle - 47 l.feTeH, H3 HHX 21 % npHXO.llHJICH
Ha 6apcKoe nOJIe. B rpOMa.llHbIX >Ke KHH>KeCKHX BOTqHHaX pa3MepoM 549 qeT-
BepTeH H 898 qeTBepTeH, npHHa.llJIe>Kalll.HX H. H. npOHCKOMY H ,[{. <1>. naJIeu-
KOMY, OTHOCHTeJIbHaH BeJIHqHHa rOcnO.llcKOH 3analllKH 8,5 H 11 % 152. 0 COCTaBe
pa60l.feH CHJIbI, BcnaXHBaIOllI.eH H 3aCeBaIOllI.eH rOcnO.llCKHe nOJIH B 3BeHHro-
pO.llCKOM y., HHqerO He H3BeCTHO.
nO>KaJIYH, e.llHHCTBeHHbIM HCTOqHHKOM, r.lle nO.llp06HeHlllHM 06pa30M nepe-
I.fHCJIeHbI pa3MepbI BbiTH H KpeCTbHHCKHX nOBHHHOCTeH, HBJIHeTCH OTnHCHaH KHHra
1568 r. Ha BOTqHHY BeJI03epCKoro y. H. n. <l>e.llOpOBa 153. ,[{aHHaH KHHra
Tpe6yeT CneUHaJIbHOrO H3yqeHHH, TaK KaK OHa HBJIHJIaCb O.llHHM H3 Tpex apry-
MeHTOB, onHpaHCb Ha KOTopbIe .llOpeBOJIIOUHOHHbIe HCTOpHKH YTBep>K.llaJIH Te3HC
o «xaOTHqHOCTH» ceHbOpHaJIbHOrO 06JIO>KeHHH H pa3HOBeJIHKOCTH BbiTH. B npe.ll-
llleCTBYIOllI.HX naparpaQ>ax Mbi nOnbITaJIHCb .llOKa3aTb, qTO KOJIOMeHCKaH COTHaH
1561 r. H COTHaH Ha HBaHoB BOpOK Cepe.llHHbI XVI B. HMeIOT YHHQ>HUHpoBaHHYIO
BbITb: B KOJIOMHe, paBHYIO 6 .llec., a B BeJI03epCKe - 8 .llec. Ho npaBHTeJIbCTBO
CJIe.llHJIO 3a HOpMHpoBaHHoH BbiTbIO B .llBOPUOBbiX H qepHbIX 3eMJIHX. 4TO >Ke
TBOpHJIOCb B qaCTHOH BOTqHHe H 3aBHCeJI JIH pa3Mep 06poKa OT BeJIHqHHbI
BbITH?
HBaH neTpOBHq <l>e.llOpOB- 4eJIH.llHHH npHHa.llJIe>KaJI K BepxYlllKe MOCKOB-
CKoro 60HpcTBa. Ero BOTqHHbI 6bIJIH pa36pocaHbI B pa3HbIx ye3.llax, B TOM qHCJIe
H B BeJI03epCKOM. He3a.llOJIrO .ll0 CMepTH OH 3aBelll.aJI ceJIO BOCKpeceHCKoe
C .llepeBHHMH B KHpHJIJIo-BeJI03epCKHH MOHaCTbIpb. B 1568 r. nOCJIe.llOBaJIa
onaJIa H Ka3Hb H. n. <l>e.llOpoBa. nOcJIe qero qaCTb ero BOTqHHbI B BeJIo-
3epCKOM y. (ceJIo BOrOHBJIeHCKOe C .llepeBHHMH) 6bIJIa OTnHcaHa B OnpHqHHHY,
a .llPyraH qaCTb (ce.no BocKpeceHcKoe C .llepeBHHMH) - B KHpHJIJIo-Be.n03epcKHH
MOHaCTbIpb 154. B a.llMHHHCTpaTHBHOM KOMnJIeKce BOrOHBJIeHCKOM B CBH3H C nepe-
XO.llOM Ha HOBbIH COUHaJIbHbIH CTaTYC 6bIJIa nOBe.lleHa YHHQ>HKaUHH pa3MepOB
OKJI3.l1.HOH e.llHHHUbI, B pe3YJIbTaTe qero B BbITb 6bIJIO nOJIO>KeHO BO Bcex CeJIeHHHX
12 l.feTBepTeH 3eMJIH 155. OrnHcHaH >Ke KHHra KOMnJIeKCa BOCKpeceHCKoro
3a<pHKCHpOBaJIa TOT nOpH.llOK, KOTOpbIH CYllI.eCTBOBaJI npH >KH3HH H. n. <l>e.llOpOBa.
B KHHre 6bIJIH onHcaHbI ceJIO, 38 .llepeBeHb, 9 nOqHHKOB, HToro 48 CeJIeHHH.
BCH 3eMJIH oueHeHa KaK «cepe.llHHH» H nO.llaBJIHIOllI.ee 60JIblllHHCTBO noceBHbIX
nJIOlll.a.lleH nOJIO>KeHO B .llecHTHqeTBepTHYIO BbITb. Ka>KYllI.aHCH .llOpeBOJIIOUHOH-
HbiM HCCJIe.llOBaTeJIHM Hepa36epnxa B pa3Mepax nOBHHHocTeH 3TOH BOTqHHbI
06'bHCHHeTcH B nepBYIO Ol.fepe.llb oc06eHHocTHMH «nHCbMa», KOr.lla B TeKCTe npoTHB
Ka>K.lI.OH .llepeBHH YKa3bIBaJIaCb TO paCqeTHaH CYMMa, c06HpaeMaH C .llOJIH BbITH,
KOTOpOH 6bIJIO onHcaHO 3TO CeJIeHHe, TO Ha3bIBaJICH YCTaHOBJIeHHbIH pa3Mep
06pOKa C 1 BbiTH. IM He MeHee BceB03MO>KHbIX BapHaUHH MHoro. HaqaTb
C Toro, I.fTO, nOMHMO .n.eCHTHqeTBepTHOH BbITH, BCTpeqaIOTCH BbiTH C 60JIblllHM
HJIH MeHblllHM pa3MepOM, HanpHMep 6, 8, 12, 15, 20 l.feTeH. BeJIHKO pa3Ho-
06pa3He H B BeJIHqHHe peHTbI.
B BOTqHHe H. n. <l>e.llOpOBa Ka>K.lloe CeJIeHHe 6bIJIO onHcaHO BbITHMH H nJIa-
THJIO HaTypaJIbHbIH H .lleHe>KHbIH 06pOK. Baplll.HHa npaKTHqeCKH OTCYTcTBOBaJIa.
H3 628 l.feTBepTeH 3eMJIH, 3aQ>HKcHpoBaHHbIx B OTnHCHOH KHHre, JIHlllb Ha .llBYX
H3 HHX cYllI.eCTBOBaJIa 6apcKaH 3analllKa. «,[{a B Tex >Ke .llepeBHHx ceHHO Ha
HBaHa Ha neTpoBa BO Bce 3 nOJIH 6 l.feTBepTeH P>KH». KpoMe Toro, Ha Hero >Ke
102

«KOCHnH CeHa B TpeX MeCTax 15 B030B». HaTypanbHaH peHTa COCTOHna H3
xne6Horo 06poKa (1 lIeTBepTb p>KH+2 lIeTBepTH OBca C BbITH) H nYWHoro
(5-6 6eJ10K C BbITH). OT XJIe6HOrO 06poKa oCB060>K.lI.anHCb TonbKO nOIlHHKH,
.lI.a H TO He Bce, a nHWb Te, KOTopbIe nnaTHnH .lI.eHe>KHbIH 06POK B pa3Mepe
72 .lI.eHbrH C BbITH (HeKpacoB, COpHH, J1YKHH, <I>HnHHcKHH). nOIlHHKH, nono-
>KeHHbIe B MeHbwHH .lI.eHe>KHbIH OKna.ll. (60 .lI.eHer C BbITH), nOCTaBnHnH XJIe6
COOTBeTCTBeHHO TOH .lI.OnH BbITH, KOTOpOH 6bInH onHcaHbI (OnbxoBHLlHH, PbInKo,
HaYMKoB). I1cKJllOlleHHeM HBnHnCH nOIlHHOK nOTpe6HH, KOTOpblH npHHa.ll.ne>Kan
K ceneHHHM, nnaTH1ll.HM 60 .lI.eHer C BbITH, HO xne60M He 6bIn H306pOlleH. Me>K.lI.Y
pa3MepOM xne6Horo 06pOKa H BbITblO (4a1ll.e .lI.OneH BbITH) CY1ll.eCTBOBana
.lI.OCTaTOIIHO >KeCTKaH 3aBHCHMOCTb, BHe CBH3H OT Toro, 3aKJIlOllana nH BbITb
10 4eTeH 3eMnH HnH 60nbwe. 06DeM XJIe6HbIX n<?cTynneHHH 06YCJIoBnHBancH
KonHlleCTBOM BbITeH.
HecKonbKo MeHee lIeTKaH 3aBHCHMOCTb cY1ll.eCTBOBana Me>K.lI.Y BbITblO H nyw-
HbIM 06pOKOM. KaK npaBHno, Ha .lI.eCHTH4eTBepTHYlO BbITb KJIanH 5 6eJ10K.
BOJIbWepa3MepHaH BbITb B 12-15 lIeTeH 06naranaCb 6 6eJ1KaMH. Ho YIIHTbI-
BanHCb H MHorHe .lI.pyrHe <l>aKTopbI: npO>KHTOIIHOCTb KpecTbHH, OTHOCHTeJlbHOe
MHor03eMenbe B ceneHHH, HX 3aHHTHH npOMbIcnaMH. TaK, HanpHMep, .lI.eCHTH-
lIeTBepTHaH BbITb 06naranaCb 6 6enKaMH B .lI.. CTyneHeBo, r.ll.e Ha 5 .lI.BOpOB 6bIno
25 4eTeH naWHH, T. e. B Cpe.ll.HeM 5 lIeTBepTeH Ha .lI.BOp, liTO HBJlHeTCH
.lI.OCTaTOIIHO BbICOKOH HOpMOH .lI.JIH Toro KpaH. B .lI.. neTpHHO Ha llBOp npHXO.ll.HTCH
MeHee 3 lIeTeH 3eMnH, a B .lI.. 513Bellbe H .lI.. nOn>KHXHHO Ha.ll.eJI COCTaBnHn OKono
1,7 lIeTH, 3aTO BenHIIHHa CTaBOK .lI.eHe>KHOrO 06poKa HaH60nee BbICOKaH (84
H 96 .lI.eHer C BbITH), liTO CBH.lI.eTeJlbcTByeT 06 HX npO>KHTOIIHOCTH. 3T0 HBHO
npoMbIcnoBbIe (OXOTHHllbH?) .lI.epeBHH. Ha .lI.eCHTHlleTBepTHYIO BbITb 3.l1.eCb TaK>Ke
Kna.ll.eTCH 6 6eJ10K. I1TaK, B OTnHIIHe OT XJIe6HOH peHTbI, B3HMaBweHcH Bcer.ll.a
B O.ll.HHaKOBOM KonHlleCTBe C BbITH, 06POK 6eJ1KaMH npe.ll.ycMaTpHBan .lI.Ba OKna.ll.a,
YIIHTbIBaBWHX, ecnH ynoTpe6HTb BbIpa>KeHHe C. B. BecenoBcKoro, «nOCHnb-
HOCTb» KpecTbHH. B lIaCTHOCTH, C 60nbweMepHoH BbITH B3HManCH, KaK npaBHno,
BblCWHH oKJIa.ll..
A. 11. KonaHeB CIIHTaeT, liTO rnaBHaH Llenb nOBceMeCTHO npOBO.ll.HBWeHCH
OXOTbI - 3TO CTpeMneHHe nonYllaTb .lI.06aBOIIHbIe Cpe.ll.CTBa .lI.nH X03HHCTBa, TaK
KaK o.ll.e>K.lI.a WHnaCb npeHMY1ll.eCTBeHHO H3 6apaHbeH OBIIHHbI 156. HanHIIHe
6enKH B HaTypanbHoH peHTe BOTIIHHbI Ben03epCKoro KpaH CBH.lI.eTenbcTByeT He
TonbKO 0 3HallHTenbHOH ponH OXOTHHllbero npOMbICJla. 06pOK 6enKaMH-
HaH60nee apxaHIIHaH lIaCTb peHTbI, CY1ll.eCTBOBaBwaH e1ll.e B nepHO.ll. .lI.oBbITHoro
«nHcbMa», KOr.ll.a 06'beKTaMH 06nO>KeHHH 6bInH .lI.epeBHH HnH KpeCTbHHCKHe
X03HHCTBa. OH HrpaeT B BOTIIHHe 11. n. <I>e.ll.OpOBa npHMepHO TaKYIO >Ke ponb,
4TO H «MenKHH .lI.OXO.ll.» npo.ll.YKTaMH >KHBOTHOBO.ll.CTBa (MaCJIO, cMeTaHa,
6apaH, OBIIHHa H T. n.) B LleHTpanbHbIx ye3.l1.ax. B LleHTpe cTpaHbI BO BTOpOH
nonOBHHe XVI B. HapH.lI.Y C npe.ll.MeTaMH CMeJlKOrO .lI.OXO.ll.a», «CTonOBoro
npHnaca» YKa3bIBancH H HX .lI.eHe>KHbIH 3KBHBaneHT, liTO CBH.lI.eTenbcTByeT
B KaKOH-TO Mepe 06 oTMHpaHHH 3TOH <l>OpMbI peHTbI, 0 cTpeMneHHH <l>eO.ll.anOB
nepeBecTH 3TY lIaCTb HaTypanbHoro 06poKa B .lI.eHe>KHYIO. BH.lI.HMO, TaKoH >Ke
npoLlecc WeJI H B Ben03epcKoM Kpae no OTHoweHHIO K 06pOKY 6eJ1KaMH. B OT-
nHcHoH KHHre 1568 r. BCTpellalOTcH ynoMHHaHHH 1/ 2 , 2 1 / 2 , 7 1 / 2 6eJ10K.
C HeKOTopbIX .lI.epeBeHb Ha.ll.ne>Kano 6paTb «B 5 6enOK TpeTb», T. e. liTO-TO OKono
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103

06W.HHbI cyw.eCTBOBaJl ,lI.pyroH paCKJla,ll. nYllJHOH nOBHHHOCTH. nOnblTKH CnpHBH-
3aTb» 6eJIKY K BbiTH HOCHT <j>OpMaJlbHblH XapaKTep, eCJIH TOJlbKO 3Ta qaCTb
HaTypaJlbHoH peHTbI He BblnJlaqHBaJlaCb ,lI.eHbraMH.
,l{eHe}l{HaH peHTa COCTOHJla H3 KOpMOBbiX ,lI.eHer, CYMMa KOTOpblX C BbiTH
6b1J1a nOCTOHHHa: 3a 3 npa3,l1.HHKa 12 ,lI.eHer C BbiTH. HCKJlIOqeHHeM H3 3Toro
npaBHJla HBJlHJlOCb J1HllJb CeJlO, r,ll.e nJlaTHJlH 16 ,lI.eHer. B03MO>KHO 3,l1.ecb Mbi
HMeeM ,lI.eJIO C npoCToH onHcKoH, HO ,lI.onYCTHMO, qTO >KHTeJlH a,ll.MHHHCTpaTHBHo-
X03HHCTBeHHoro u.eHTpa oKpyra qaw.e CTaJlKHBaJlHCb co BceB03MO>KHblMH
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HblH 06POK, KOTOpblH He HMeJI e,ll.HHOO6pa3HOH HOpMbI C BbiTH. AMnJlHTY,lI.a ero
KOJle6aHHH OqeHb BeJIHKa: OT 48 ,lI.O 108 ,lI.eHer C BblTH, T. e. BblCllJaH rpaHb
npeBOCXO,ll.HT HH3llJYlO B 2,25 pa3a. Me}l{,lI.y 3THMH KpaHHHMH rpaHHMH cyw.ecT-
BOBaJlO HeCKOJlbKO rpa,ll.au.HH HOpM ,lI.eHe>KHOrO 06poKa C BblTH: 50, 66, 72, 80,
84, 90, 96, T. e. pa3pblB B 60JlbllJHHCTBe cJlyqaeB COCTaBJIHJI 6 ,lI.eHer. 6J1arO,ll.apH
CTOJlb 60JlbllJOMY ,lI.Hana30HY HOpM ,lI.eHe>KHOrO 06poKa, YJ1aBaJlOCb npH 06J10>Ke-
HHH yqeCTb HaH60J1ee Ba>KHble 3KOHOMHqeCKHe <j>aKTopbl pa3BHTHH Toro HJlH
HHoro CeJleHHH. PacnpocTpaHeHHe aJlTblHa B KaqeCTBe rJlaBHOH CqeTHoH e,ll.H-
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npaKTHKa oKpyrJleHHH nHcu.aMH qHCeJI XOpOllJO 3HaKOMa HCCJle,ll.OBaTeJlHM.
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nOJlO}l{eHa) . CHJlbHOe COMHeHHe Bbl3b1BaIOT OKJIa,ll.bI ,lI.eHbraMH H 6e.nKaMH ,lI.. J].ep-
MeJIHHCKOH. He BKJllOqeHbI B HCCJle,ll.yeMbie nOCeJIeHHH ,lI.epeBHH, r,ll.e BblTb 6b1J1a
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YllHTblBaH TOT <j>aKT, qTO B 60JlbllJHHCTBe ,lI.epeBeHb BblTb cO,ll.ep>KaJla 10 qeT-
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pOBa ,lJ.OCTaTOqHO qeTKO npOCJIe>KHBaeTCH COOTHOllJeHHe: Ha Ka>K.LlYIO qeTBepTb
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104

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J1epeBHHX B pe3YJlbTaTe X03HHCTBeHHOH J1eHTeJlbHOCTH KpecTbHH KOJlHqeCTBO
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BbiTHoro nHCbMa.
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105

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JleT, KOr.ll.a npH 01lepe.ll.HOM «.lI.OCMoTpe» 06HapY>KHJlOCb, lITO nOCeJleHHSI BXO.ll.SlT
B CHJlY, KOJlHlIeCTBO nalllHH Ha BblTb YBeJlHlIHJlOCb no cpaBHeHHIO C nepBoHa-
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106

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CTBeHHOM nOJlO>KeHHH KpeCTbHHHHa.
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pY>KHBaIOT TeH.lI.eHUHIO K 3anYCTeHHIO, B .lI.pyrHx ew.e TOJlbKO WeJI npouecc
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npHHTHblMH YCJ10BHHMH .lI.JlH .lI.aJlbHeHWero pOCTa (HeXBaTKa ceHa, 60J1bWHe
107

nJlaTe}l{H, na.n.alOlllHe Ha .n.BOpOBJIa.n.eJIbua). Pa3pSl.n. B 60 .n.eHer nOCJIe.n.HHH, r.n.e
BCTpelJalOTCH .n.epeBHH C nYCTblMH .n.BopaMH.
3a6pollleHHblH .n.BOp Mbi BCTpelJaeM ellle TOJIbKO pa3, renepb B caMOM CeJIe,
K KOTOPOMY «THHYJIH» .n.epeBHH. Ho cneUH$HKa >KH3HH ueHTpa 60JIblllOH BOTlJHHbI,
HeCKOJlbKO HHaH, lJeM B .n.epeBHe, H O.n.HH nycToH .n.BOp H3 12 >KHJIbiX (npHlJeM
B .n.BYx H3 HHX npO>KHBaJIO no 2 ceMbH) He HBJlHeTCH npH3HaKOM, COrJIaCHO KOTO-
POMY MO}l{HO OTHeCTH .n.aHHoe CeJIeHHe K 3KOHOMHlJeCKH OCJIa6JIeHHblM. Ha CeJIO
nOJlO}l{eH 06POK B pa3Mepe 72 .n.eHbrH. Ho nalllHH C MOMeHTa onHcaHHH CeJIa
BbiTHbiM nHCbMOM HeCKOJlbKO B03pOCJIa (c 55 .n.o 60 lJeTeH), H Tenepb Ha BblTb
npHxo.n.HJlOCb 10,9 lJeTH. CooTBeTcTBeHHo C .n.ecHTHlJeTBepTHoH BbiTH nJIaTe>K
COCTaBHT 66 .n.eHer. KpoMe CeJIa, B pa3pH.n. C TaKHM >Ke 06pOKOM BXO.n.HT 5 .n.epe-
BeHb, H B Ka}l{.n.oH H3 HHX Ha .n.BOp npHxo.n.HJlOCb He MeHee 3,3 lJeTH nalllHH.
HCKJIlOlJeHHe COCTaBJIHeT JIHceeBo, r.n.e 6 lJeTBepTeH noceBHblX nJlOllla.ll.eH onH-
caHbI 1/ 2 BblTH, Ha.n.eJI paBeH 2 lJeTHM, a OKJIa.n. Ha 12-lJeTBepTHYK> BblTb nOJlO>KeH
80 .n.eHer.
Pa3pH.n. 06poKa 72 .n.eHbrH C .n.ecHTHlJeTBepTHOH BbiTH - 3TO CBoero pO.ll.a
BepxHHH rpaHb HaH60Jlee THnHlJHblX HOpM 06J10>KeHHH. rpynna COCTOHT H3 10 no-
CeJleHHH, cpe.n.H HHX .n.Ba .n.OCTaTOlJHO oKpenlllHx nOlJHHKa <l>HJIHHCKHH H HeKpacoB
C nalllHeH B 3 lJeTBepTH 3eMJIH H C paClJHllleHHblMH JIyraMH. no CY lUeCTBY ,
nepe.n. HaMH C$OpMHpoBaBIllHecH .n.epeBHH, HO ellle, BH.lI.HMO, nOJlb3YIOIUHeCH
J1brOTOH, TaK KaK XJle6HblH 06POK .lI.JIH HHX OTMeHeH. OCTaJIbHble CeJleHHSI MO>KHO
pa36HTb Ha .lI.Be rpynnbl: C .n.eCHTHqeTBepTHOH BbiTblO H C 12-15-lJeTBepTHOH
BbiTblO. K nOCJIeAHeH rpynne OTHOCHTCH .n.epeBHH C OlJeHb BbiCOKHM OKna.ll.OM:
84, 90 H .n.a}l{e 108 .n.eHer. ,QJlH HHX xapaKTepHa MHoro.n.BopHOCTb H .lI.OCTaTOqHO
cTa6HJIbHblH cpe.n.HecTaTHCTHlJeCKHH Ha.n.eJI nalllHH Ha .n.BOp: 2,4-3 lJeTH.
OKJIa.n.bI 80, 84 H 96 .n.eHer C .n.ecHTHlJeTBepTHoH BbiTH OXBaTblBaIOT Bcero
no 2 .n.epeBHH. nepe.n. HaMH CeJIeHHH C CHJlbHblM npOMblCJlOBbiM YKnOHOM.
B nOJIb3Y 3Toro cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYeT KaK MaJIaH 3analllKa B COlJeTaHHH C O.n.HHM
H3 caMbiX BbiCOKHX .n.eHe>KHblX OKJIa.ll.OB, TaK H B3HMaHHe C .n.ecSlTHqeTBepTHOH
BbiTH He 5 6eJIOK, KaK 6b1JIO npHHSlTO, a 6.
HTaK, HaMH paccMoTpeH MaTepHaJI OTnHcHoH KHHrH 1568 r., KOTOpblH CJlY>KHJI
B HCTopHorpa$HH npHMepoM XaOTHlJHOCTH H 6eccHcTeMHocTH KaK BbiTHoro nHCbMa,
TaK H 06pOlJHOrO OKJI a.n.a. npH HeKoTopoH YCJlOBHOCTH HalllHX paCqeTOB MO>KHO
TeM He MeHee BblHBHTb CJle.n.YlOlllHe TeH.n.eHUHH:
I. OQ>HUHaJlbHOH OKJIa.n.HOH e.n.HHHueH .n.JIH ceHbOpHaJIbHOH peHTbI HBJlSleTCSI
.n.eCHTHlJeTBepTHaH BbiTb. CHTyaUHH, npH KOTOpblX B BblTb BXO.n.HJIO 60J1bllle HJIH
MeHbllle 3eMJlH, He HBJIHIOTCH CBH.n.eTeJlbCTBOM OTCYTCTBHSI HOpM BbiTHoro nHCbMa.
3TO OTpa>KeHHe 3aKOHOMepHoro npouecca X03S1HCTBeHHOH .lI.eSlTeJlbHOCTH
KpeCTbHH Me}l{.n.y .n.BYMH BbiTHblMH onHcaHHSlMH. BBe.ll.eHHe B KaqeCTBe OKna.ll.HOH
e.n.HHHUbi 10-lJeTBepTHOH BblTH, He a.ll.eKBaTHOH Ha.ll.eJIY, C03.l1.aBaJIO, no MblCJlH
npaBHTeJlbCTBa, CTHMYJI .lI.JIH MaKCHMaJIbHOH pacnalllKH H OCBoeHHSI 3eMeJlb, KOTO-
pble KaKoe-TO BpeMH He nona.n.aJIH no.n. 06JIO>KeHHe $eO.ll.aJlbHOH peHTOH. O.ll.HaKO
peaJlbHOH 3analllKH B BbiTH Toro BpeMeHH 6b1J1o 06b1qHO MeHbllle 10 qeTBepTeH.
2. BbllllepaccMoTpeHHaH BOTlJHHa CBeTCKOrO $eo.n.aJIa BeJI03epCKoro KpaSi
HOCHT npOMblCJlOBO-3eMJIe.n.eJIblJeCKHH xapaKTep, 0 qeM CBHAeTeJIbCTByeT HOOOJlb-
lllOH pa3Mep XJIe6HOrO 06poKa, HaJIHlJHe B peHTe 6eJ10K, a TaK>Ke .lI.OCTaroqHO
BbiCOKHH .n.eHe}l{HblH 06pOK. THnHqHblH pa3Mep ceHbOpHaJIbHOH peHTbI Ha .lI.ecSlTH-
lJeTBepTHYIO BblTb paBHHJICH I lJeTBepTH p>KH + 2 qeTBepTH OBca + 5 6eJIOK.
LleHe}l{HaH lJaCTb peHTbI COCTOHJIa H3 nOCTOSlHHoro OKna.ll.a KOpMOBhlX .lI.eHer
108

(12 J1.eHer) + coocTBeHHo J1.eHe>KHOrO OOpOK3 (60-66-72 J1.eHbrH), HToro C BbiTH
06b1qHO B3HM3J1OCb OT 72 .11.0 84 J1.eHer. 03pW.HHa npaKTHqeCKH OTCYTcTBOBaJ1a.
Be.nHqHHa peHTbI cpaBHHTeJ1bHO YMepeHHaH. B03MO>KHO, 3TO OO'bHCHHeTcH TeM,
liTO Ha CeBepe CTpaHbI COXpaHHJ1HCb OOJ1bWHe MaCCHBbI qepHOCOWHblX 3eMeJ1b,
H 3T0 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO HaWJ10 KaKOe-TO OTpa>KeHHe B CTeneHH 3KCnJ1yaTaU HH
BOTqHHHblX 3eMeJlb.
3. ApXaHqHOH, oTMHpalOw.eH lIaCTblO HaTypaJ1bHOH peHTbI HBJ1HJ1CH nywHoH
06POK, KOTOpblH HCKyccTBeHHo «npHBH3aH» K BbiTHOMY nHCbMY. B03MO>KHO,
BMeCTO OeJ10K <j>eoJl.aJ1 nOJ1yqaJ1 3a HHX J1.eHbrH. ,[lOCT3TOqHO >KeCTKaH 3aBHCH-
MOCTb XJleOHOrO oopoKa OT BbiTHoro nHCbMa, a TaK>Ke HeOOJlbWaH ero BeJ1HqHHa
HaBOJl.HT Ha MblCJlb 0 cpaBHHTeJ1bHO HeJl.aBHeM nOHBJ1eHHH 3J1.eCb <j>HKcHpoBaHHoH
XJ1eOHOH peHTbI. BeJlHqHHa XJ1eOHOrO oopoKa Ha BblTb He 3aBHCeJ1a OT Toro,
CKOJ1bKO qeTBepTeH 3eMJ1H OblJ10 B BbiTH.
4. HaHOOJ1ee nOJl.BH>KHOH lIaCTblO peHTbI HBJlHJlHCb J1.eHbrH. H onHTb-TaKH
cTporo <j>HKcHpoBaHHblH pa3Mep KOpMOBbiX .lI.eHer H >KeCTKaH 3aBHCHMOCTb HX OT
BbiTH - CBHJl.eTeJlbCTBO HeJl.aBHerO nOHBJleHHH 3Toro OKJIaJl.HOrO coopa,
T. e. B nepHOJl. cyw.ecTBoBaHHH BbiTHoro nHCbMa. 3TO BnOJ1He corJ1acyeTcH
C H3BecTHoH pe<j>opMoH CepeJl.HHbI XVI B., OTMeHHBweH KOpMJ1eHHH.
5. CJ10>KHee 06CTOHJ10 JI.eJlO C COOCTBeHHO J1.eHe>KHOH peHToH. <l>YHKUHOHHpO-
BaJ1a J1.p06HaSl WK3J1a HOpM C HHTepBaJlOM B 1 3nTblH, qTO n03B0J1HJ10 yqHTblBaTb
HaHOOJ1ee Ba>KHble X03HHCTBeHHble xapaKTepHCTHKH CeJ1eHHH H COOTBeTCTBeHHO
nOJl.HHM3Tb HJIH onYCKaTb BeJ1HqHHY B3HMaeMoro OKJIaJl.a. B BOTIIHHe H. n. <l>eJl.o-
pOBa BeJIHIIHHa J1.eHe>KHblX OKJIaJl.OB Ha BblTb OXB3TblBaJ1a J1.Hana30H OT 48 .11.0
108 .lI.eHer. CTOJ1b Tw.aTeJ1bHaH pa3 paoOTaHHocTb WKaJ1b1 J1.eHe>KHblX OKJ1aJl.OB
YBOJl.HT Hac B XV B., KOrJl.a OO'beKTOM OOnO>KeHHH OblJ1a .lI.epeBHH HJ1H KpeCTbHH-
CKoe X03HHCTBO. TaKHM oopa30M, npeOOJI3.l1.31Ow.aH qaCTb peHTbI B npOMblCJ10BO-
3eMJIeJ1eJ1bqeCKOH BOTqHHe oen03epcKoro KpaH XVI B. npHXOJl.HTCH Ha J1.eHe)l(HblH
OOpOK, B03HHKWHH He n03>Ke XV B. XapaKTepHO, qTO C HeKOTopblX nOIlHHKOB,
a T3K)Ke C .11.. J]OJl.blrHHO He B3H MaJ1H XJ1e6Horo oopOKa, 3aTO J1.eHe>KHble nJ1aTe>KH
6b1J1H OOH3aTeJ1bHbI.
6. B YCJIOBHHX cyw.ecTBoBaHHH PyccKoro ueHTpaJlH30B3HHoro rocYJl.apCTBa
6h1J1a npeJl.npHHHT3 nonblTKa Hcnonb30BaTb npH BbiTHOM OOJlO>KeHHH BblpaooTaH-
HYIO B TeqeHHe MHorHX J1.eCHTHJleTHH WKaJ1Y J1.eHe>KHblX OKJlaJl.OB. Pa3BeTBJ1eHHaH
WKaJla J1.eHe>KHoro 06poKa n03BOJIHJ1a YQHTblBaTb 3KOHOMHqeCKOe COCTOHHHe
X03HHCTB, HJlH, ynoTpeOJ1HH Bblpa>KeHHe C. o. BeCeJlOBCKOro, HX «nOCHJ1bHOCTb».
TaK, 3axHpeBllIHe J1.epeBHH C OOJlbWHM KOJIHqeCTBOM 3anyw.eHHblx 3eMeJlb,
C nYCTblMH J1.BOpaMH onHCblBaJlHCb caMbiM HH3KHM OKJIaJl.OM B 48 J1.eHer. B TO >Ke
BpeMH CeJleHHH C KpaHHe HeOOJlbWHM KOJ1HqeCTBOM naXOTHOH 3eMJ1H, HMelOw.He,
BH.lI.HMO, Bblpa>KeHHblH npOMblCJ10BblH xap3KTep, nJlaTHJlH 96-108 J1.eHer C BbiTH.
nO.ll.06H3H nOJ1HTHKa He pe3YJlbTaT «cnpaBeJl.JlHBOrO OKJIaJl.a», a OOH3Hb noJl.Op-
BaTb OCHOBbi KpeCTbHHCKoro X03HHCTBa, HeOOXOJl.HMble JI.JlH ero BocnpOH3BO.ll.CTBa.
Ho nOJl.OOHaH apXaHqeCKaH CHCTeMa 00J10>KeHHH HCqe3J1a noJl. HaTHCKOM cTporo
<t>HKcHpoBaHHblx BbiTHbiX OKJIaJl.OB.
6J1arOJl.apH nYOJ1HKaUHH nepenHcHoH KHHrH BOTqHH KHpHJ1J10-6en03epcKoro
MOHacTblpH 1601 r. eCTb B03MO>KHOCTb npOCJleJl.HTb J1.aJ1bHeHwylO 3B0J1IOUHIO
peHTbI B KOMnJleKCe BocKpeceHcKoe. B KOHue XVI B. H3 peHTbI HClle3 nywHoH
06pOK. BeJlHqHHa J1.eHe>KHOrO BbiTHoro OKJIaJl.a onYCTHJ1aCb .11.0 24 J1.eHer. B03-
MO>KHO, qTO Ha nOCJleJl.Hee OOCTOHTeJlbCTBO OKa3aJ1 BJ1HHHHe qpe3BblllaHHblH pOCT
rOCYJl.apCTBeHHblX HaJlOrOB B nepHOJl. J]HBOHCKOH BOHHbI. B CpeJl.HeM C 1 BbiTH
109

nJlaTHJlH 2,5 tleTH p>KH + 2,5 tleTH OBca + 1 tleTb HtlMeHH + 1 tleTb nUJeHHIJ.bI +
+ tleTBepHK «H.lI.pa OBCHHoro» + 24 .lI.eHbrH. KpoMe Toro, «CTOJlOBblH npHnac»:
C BbiTH OBtlHHa + nOHpoK + Cblp + 30 HHIJ.. KaK BH.lI.HM, COCTaB peHTbI nOJl-
HOCTblO H3MeHHJlCH, OO'beM H TH>KeCTb nOBHHHocTeH YBeJlHtlHJlHCb. CocTaB
peHTbI YKa3b1BaeT Ha CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHblH xapaKTep KOMnJleKCa C pa3BHTbIM
3eMJle.ll.eJlHeM H >KHBOTHOBO.ll.CTBOM. O.ll.HaKO B 1601 r. XJleOHblH OOpOK «no
rocY.lI.apeBY IJ. a peBY H BeJIHKOrO KHH3H 60pHca <l>e.ll.OpOBHtla BceH PYCHH HaKa3Y»
OblJl 3aMeHeH Oap1ll.HHoH: «A naxaTH MOHaCTblpCKHX no 2 .lI.eCHTHHbI Ha BblTb» 157.
nepe.ll. HaMH npHMep 3aMeHbI .lI.eHe>KHOrO 06pOKa XJleOHblM, a 3aTeM oa P1ll. HHOH .
CBoe06pa3Ha ceHbOpHaJIbHaH peHTa B nOMelllH4bHX 3eMJIHX OOJIOLl.KOrO
nOBeTa. OTpa60T04HaH nOBHHHOCTb YCTaHOBJIeHa He B KOJIH4eCTBe rOCnO.ll.CKOH
3eMJlH, a B paOOtlHX tleJlOBeKO-.lI.HHX. C BbiTH B3HMaJlOCb 60-84 .lI.eHbrH «)1.a
KpecTbHHe naUJYT Bce Ha oOHpHHa .lI.eHb B3rOHOM, .lI.a .lI.eHb ceHO KOCHT» 158.
K CO>KaJleHHIO, no TaKOH Tpa<l>apeTHoH 3anHCH HeJlb3H npe.ll.CTaBHTb .lI.eHCTBHTeJlb-
HYIO 3aHHTOCTb 3eMJle.ll.eJlbIJ.a Ha rOCnO.ll.CKOM nOJle.
AHHaMHKa AeHe)l(Hoii peHTbI
y qepHOCOWHblX H BJlaAeJlbqeCKHX KpeCTbHH
Cpe.ll.H Bcex KaTeropHH 3eMJle.ll.eJIbIJ.eB BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. JlHUJb 4ep-
HOCOUJHbIe KpeCTbHHe nOtlTH nOJlHOCTblO BblnJlatlHBaJlH peHTY .lI.eHbraMH. B HC-
TopH4ecKoH JlHTepaType CJlO>KHJlaCb Tpa.ll.HIJ.HH no.ll. TepMHHOM «tlepHOCOUJ-
HbIe» 06'be.ll.HHHTb HeCKOJlbKO rpynn HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHblx npOH3BO.ll.HTeJleH, HMeHye-
MbIX B HCTOtlHHKax: tlepHblMH, tlepHoKYHHblMH, BOJlOCTHblMH, rocY.lI.apeBblMH
OOpOtlHHKaMH H T. n. Hx xapaKTepHoH tlepTOH HBJlHeTCH TO, tlTO OHH 3KCnJlyaTH-
PYlOTCH HenOcpeJ1.CTBeHHO rOCYJ1.apCTBOM. BnJJOTb J1.0 BTOpOH nOJJOBJfHhl XVI B.
OHH 06J1a.ll.aJlH H3BeCTHOH BHYTpeHHeH aBTOHOMHeH: B OTJlHtlHe OT 3eMMb .lI.BOp-
L1.0BblX H nOMe1ll.HtlbHX HX BJla.ll.eHHH TOJlbKO onHCblBaJlHCb B Ka.ll.aCTpOBbIX
KHHrax, HO He nO.lI.Jle>KaJlH YtleTY (H3MepeHHIO). B HatlaJle 60- x rO.ll.OB B CBH3H
C OTMeHOH KOpMJleHHH H nepe.ll.atleH BJlaCTH Ha MeCTax opraHaM 3eMCKoro H
ryoHoro caMoynpaBJleHHH BBO.ll.HTCH HOBblH HaJlOr - «HaMeCTHHtlHH oKyn», KOTO-
pbIH nO.ll.Jle>KaJlO COOHpaTb He C COXH, a C oOJlee MeJlKHX OKJIa.ll.HblX e.ll.HHHlI..
n. A. Ca.ll.HKOB npe.ll.nOJlO>KHJI, tlTO 3Ta pe<l>opMa KOCHYJlaCb JlHUJb TeppHTopHH,
Be.ll.aBUJHXCH B qeTBepTHOH H30e .lI.bHKa BaCHJlHH 60pHCOBa KOJl3aKOBa, a HMeHHO:
KOJlOMHbI, KaprOnOJlH, TyptlaCOBa, BarH 159. B HaCTOH1ll.ee BpeMH ClO.lI.a >Ke MO>KHO
.lI.06aBHTb 6eJl03epCKHH H BJla.ll.HMHpCKHH yy.160 Pe<l>opMa KOCHYJlaCb nO.ll.aBJIHIO-
1ll.eH tlaCTH tlepHOCOUJHblX KpeCTbHH IJ.eHTpaJlbHblX H HeKOTopblX ceBepHblX ye3.l1.0B.
B IJ.eHTpaJlbHblX ye3.l1.ax B BblTb KJIaJlOCb 12 tleTBepreH .lI.00pOH 3eMJlH. Ha ceBepe
OblJlO coxpaHeHo CTa poe Ha3BaHHe e.ll.HHHIJ.bI OOJlO>KeHHH (06)Ka), H B Hee KJIaJlOCb
10 tleTBepTeH .lI.00pOH 3eMJlH. CeHa .lI.aBaJlOCb Ha BblTb H OOJKY no 30 KoneH.
B CJIytlae, eCJlH nOKOCOB He XBaTaJlO, 3a 10 KoneH npe.ll.OCTaBJlHJlaCb 1 tleTBepTb
naUJHH. npH H3J1HUJKax B Ka3HY B3HMaJlOCb no .lI.eHbre 3a KonHY, T. e. Ha tlepHO-
COUJHble 3eMJlH OblJlH nepeHeceHbI nOpH.lI.KH .lI.BOpIJ.OBOrO Be.ll.OMCTBa. B 6eJI03ep-
CKOM, CJlOOO.ll.CKOM yy. tlepHocoUJHaH OKJIa.ll.HaH e.ll.HHHIJ.a HMeHyeTcH BbiTblO,
HO ee BeJIHtlHHa B pH.lI.e BOJlOCTeH npHpaBHeHa pa3Mepy tlepHocoUJHOH OO>KH:
10 tleTeH .lI.06POH, 12 tleTeH Cepe.ll.HeH, 14 - XY.ll.OH 3eMJlH. npaB.lI.a, MaTepHaJlbI
no XJlbIHOBCKOMY KpalO (CJlOOO.ll.CKOMY y.) .lI.aTHpYIOTCH 1595/96 r., KOr.ll.a
BOJIOCTb OblJla nepe.ll.aHa B MOHacTblpb. B BbiTH nOJlO>KeHa tlepHocoUJHaH naUJHH
B OKpeCTHOCTHX Y CTIO>KHbI )l(eJIe30nOJlbCKOH B 1567 r. 161 YHH<I>HKaIJ.HH OKJIa)1.HblX
110

e,nHHHU KocHynacb H ,L{BHHbI, r,ne ManaH COUJKa 6b1na npHpaBHeHa 12 tJeTHM
.ll06POH, 14 - cpe,nHeA, 16 - Xy,nOH 3eMnH 162.
O,nHaKO BpH,n nH npaBOMepHO 6b1no 6b1 CtJHTaTb, tJTO OKna,nHble e,nHHHUbi 6b1nH
HOpMHpOBaHbI BO BCeX tJepHblX BOnOCTHX. Be,nb ,na}Ke B ,nBOPUOBbiX cenax
5en03epCKOrO y. BnnOTb ,nO 1585 r. BCTpetJanHcb 60nbUJepa3MepHble BblTH,
BKJllOtJaBUJHe B ce6H no 18-20 tJeTBepTeH Xy,nOH 3eMJlH. TaKaH}Ke BblTb (16 tJeTeH
cpe,nHeH 3eMnH) - B tJepHocoUJHOH BonOCTKe HHKonbcKoe Ha,nnop0}KCKOrO
CTaHa, pacnOnO}KeHHOrO TaK}Ke no p. llIeKcHe H BnnoTHYIO npHMblKaBUJero
K ,nBOPUOBOMY e30BoMY KOMnneKcy 6en03epcKoro y. B AprYHoBcKOH BonOCTH
Bna,nHMHpcKoro y. nOnO}KeHO Ha BblTb no 20 tJeTeH Xy,nOH 3eMnH, XOTH B pac-
nOnO}KeHHOH pH,nOM BonOCTH 6araeBcKoH BBe,neHa UJeCTH,neCHTHHHaH BblTb 163.
Pa3nHtJHe B npHpo,nHO-KnHMaTHtJeCKHX 30Hax, HCTopHtJeCKH CnO}KHBUJHeCH Tpa,nH-
UHH, Hecxo,nCTBO THnOB KpeCTbHHCKHX X03HHCTB (3eMne,nenHe, 60pTHHtJeCTBO,
OXOTa, pbl60nOBCTBO) - Bce 3TO HCKnlOtJano B03MO}KHOCTb nonHeHUJero e,nHHO-
06pa3HH. B BbiMCKo-BbltJero,nCKOM Kpae BnnOTb ,no cepe,nHHbI 80-x ro,nOB peHTY
c06HpanH C COXH (120 tJeTeH cpe,nHeH 3eMnH, 150 - Xy,nOH), a C 1585/86 r.
06nO}KeHHe CTano no,nBopHblM: no 0,5 p. co ,nBopa. B 90-x ro,nax B IOpbeBcKo-
nOBoncKoM y. BblTb YKpynHeHa: 40 tJeTBepTeH xy,nOH 3eMnH, T. e. 2,5 06b1tJHOH
BbiTH 164. TaKoe YKpynHeHHe He e,nHHHtJHO: ,nOCTaTOtJHO BcnOMHHTb, tJTO B BOTtJHHe
KHpHnno- 6eJ103epCKoro MOHaCTblpH B POCTOBCKOM y. }Kepe6HH BKJllOtJan B ce6H
OKono 3 BbiTeH.
nepeH,neM K paccMoTpeHHIO pa3MepoB peHTbI. B 1540 r. B ToponeUKoM y.
B coxy KnanOCb npHMepHo 26 ceneHHH HnH 36-50 ,nBOpOB. nOMHMO ,naHH,
pa3Mep KOTOpOH onpe,nenHncH e}Kero,nHO, tJepHble KpecTbHHe ,naBanH «06POK
3a MenKHH ,nOXo,n: B cpe,nHeM 2,5 p. C COXH HnH OKOJIO 13 ,neHer C ,nBopa. KpoMe
Toro, OT,nenbHO B3HManHCb ,neHbrH 3a pbl6Hble nOBnH (no nonTHHe B MOCKOBCKoe
tlHCnO 3a 06POtJHYlO 60tJKY 11I.ytJHHbI). nnaTa 3a MenKHH ,nOXo,n, xapaKTepHaH
.lI.JIH ceHbopHanbHblx nnaTe}KeH, BCTpetJaeTcH H B onHcaHHH 1552/53 r. BonOCTH
BbiCOKOH KonoMeHcKoro y.: C COXH 6pancH «06pOK. . . 3a nocoUJHblH KOpM H MeJlKHH
,nOXO,n OKono 4 p. 80 ,neHer. KpoMe Toro, B3b1CKHBanOCb C COXH 2 ny,na 33 rpH-
BeHKH Me,na + nOUJnHHbI ,nBopeUKoro H KJllOtJHHKOB (c 1 ny,na Me,na - 5 ,neHer).
KonHtJecTBo ceneHHH B coxe npHMepHO TaKoe }Ke, KaK H B ToponeUKOM y.,
tlHCnO }Ke ,nBOpOB B03pOCJIO ,no 60-70 165. B 1561 r. 06POK 3a HaMeCTHHtJHH
oKyn (BonocTenHH npHcy,n) YCTaHaBnHBancH C HOpMHpoBaHHoH BbiTH-06}KH
B pa3Mepe 1 p. + 12 ,neHer nOUJnHH. CTonb BbiCOKHe nnaTe}KH 3a HaMecTHHtJHH
oKyn HBJlHnHCb CBoero po,na 3KBHBaneHTOM ceHbopHanbHoH peHTbI, BbinnatJHBae-
MOH BJla,nenbtJeCKHMH KpecTbHHaMH. nO,n06HOH pe4>opMoH npa BHTenbCTBO nblTa-
nOCb XOTb OTtJaCTH HHBenHpoBaTb CTeneHb 3KcnnyaTaUHH pa3Hblx COUHanbHblX
KaTeropHH KpecTbHHcTBa. B rpaMoTe 1577 r. Ha 06POtJHYlO tJepHYIO BonOCTb
KYHOCTb 6en03epcKoro y. py6neBblH Hanor npHMo Ha3BaH ,neHe}KHblM 06POKOM,
«tJTO HanO}KeH 3a BOTtJHHHHKOB ,nOXO,n.
BonOCTb BbiCOKoe tJepe3 ro,n 6b1na nepe,naHa uapeM 4y,nOBY MOHaCTblplO
B3aMeH OTnHcaHHOH no,n HMCKYIO cn060,ny BOTtJHHbI B BH3eMCKOM CTaHe MOCKOB-
CKoro y. CoxpaHHnaCb nocnYUJHaH rpaMOTa OT 21 HOH6pH 1562 r. BbiCOUKHM
KpecTbHHaM, r,ne 4>HrypHpyeT 06H3aTeJlbHaH 4>opMyna: 4y,noBa MOHacTblpH
apxHMaH,npHTa C 6paTHeIO «CJlYUJanH, naUJHIO Ha HHX naxanH H 06poK HM nna-
THnH. B rpaMoTe 8 ceHTH6pH 1563 r. HBaHa rp03Horo KonoMeHcKoMY KJllOtJHHKY
npHKa3b1Banocb: «06pOKY C Toe BOJIOCTH UJno B HaUJY Ka3HY Ha 60nbUJOH ,nBopeu
3a nOCOUJHblH KOpM H 3a MenKHH ,noxo,n no 16 p. 4 rpHBHbI Ha ro,n ,na no 9 ny,n Me,na,
111

onpHlib HMCKHX .neHer H HMlIY>KHOrO .neJla. . . H Bnepe.n 6b1 C TOe BbiCOKHe BOJlOCTH
Tex .neHe>KHblX H Me.nBHHblX 06pOKOB He HMaJl. A HMCKHe 6 eCH .neHbrH H 3a
HMlIyry C Toe BOJlOCTH HMaJl no HaweMY YKa3Y». CJle.nOBaTeJlbHO, lIepHOCOWHble
KpeCTbHHe u.eHTpaJlbHblX ye3.nOB, nOMHMO BOTlIHHHHKOBa .noxo.na (1 p. 12 .neHer
C BbITH CBblwe 53 p. C COXH), .naHH, Me.n3 H nOWJlHH C Hero, .nOJl>KHbI 6b1J1H
TaK>Ke nJlaTHTb HMCKHe .neHbrH, HCnOJlHHTb HMlIyry, 0 lIeM B COTHbiX rpaMOTax
He ynoMH HaJlOCb. TOT <l>a KT, liTO lIepHOCOWHble nJlaTe>KH WJlH B DOJlbWOH
.nBopeu., C O.nHOH CTOpOHbI, 06'bHCHHeT, nOlieMY Ha lIepHble BOJlOCTH 6b1J1H pac-
npOCTpaHeHbI npHHu.Hnbl .nBOpU.OBOro 3eMJleYCTpOHCTBa, C .npyroH CTOpOHbI, 3Ha-
MeHyeT nepexo.n lIepHOCOWHblX KpeCTbHH Ha HOBblH CTaTYC - BOTlIHHHO-3aBHCH-
MbiX. COrJlaCHO nOCJlYWHOH rpaMOTe lIy.nOBCKHe MOHaXH MOrJlH 3aBeCTH c06CTBeH-
HYIO 3anaWKY H nepeBeCTH KOJlOMeHCKHX KpeCTbHH Ha 6aplll.HHY. Ho 3Toro He CJlY-
lIHJlOCb, 3eMJle.neJlbu.bI npo.nOJl>KaJlH C BbiTH BblnJlallHBaTb p.y6J1eBYIO peHTY,
HO Tenepb Y>Ke B nOJlb3Y .nYXOBHOH KOpnOpau. HH 166.
PeHTa C BbiTH pa3MepOM B 1 p. + 12 .neHer B KalleCTBe DOWJlHH, nOMHMO
KOJlOMeHCKoro y., BCTpeliaeTcH B DaraeBcKoH BOJlOCTH BJlaJJ.HMHpcKoro y.,
B cu.. KYHOCTH, B BOJlOCTKe DoroHBJleHCKOH Ha p. Epre, B .n. Mblc De.n03epcKoro y.,
B OKpeCTHOCTHX Y CTIO>KHbI )l(eJIe30nOJlbCKOH, a TaK>Ke B KaprOnOJlbCKOM,
TypracoBcKoM, Ba>KCKOM yy., r.ll.e .neHbrH c06HpanHcb C .necHTHlieTBepTHOH 06>KH
H nocTynaJlH B 4eTBepTHYlO H36y. B lIepHblX BOJlOCTHX, r.ll.e KpecTbHHe 6b1J1H
0606polleHbI BbiCOKHMH HaTypaJlbHblMH nOBHHHOCTHMH, KOpMJleHHblH oKyn Mor
6b1Tb MeHbwe I p. 12 .neHer: TaK CJlyqHJlOCb BO BJla.ll.HMHpCKOM y. B 60pTHbiX
.nepeBHHx DaraeBCKoH BOJlOCTH. C 3eMJlH, KOTopaH HeCKOJlbKO n03)Ke 6b1J13
nOJlO>KeHa B 18 BbiTeH, B3H MaJlOCb IS p. 78 .neHer BMeCTO 19 p. 16 .neHer (OKOJlO
171 .neHbfH C BblTH) . BnOCJle.ncTBHH 3.neCb C BbiTH 6paJlH 1 p. 50 .neHer 3a HMCKHe
.neHbrH, 3a nOCOWHble, 3a HMlIY>KHOe .neJlO, 3a BOJIOCTeJlHHbI H HX nOWJIHHHHKOB
BCHKHe .nOXO.nbl. KpoMe Toro, B3HMaJlaCb OT.neJIbHaH nJlaTa 3a pbl6Hble JlOBJlH
H 606poBbie rOHbI + Me.nBHHoH 06POK 167. C 40-lIeTBepTHOH BbiTH B BOJIOBCKHX
nOllHHKax IOpbeBcKO-nOBOJlCKoro y. «no rocy.napeBY u.apeBY H BeJlHKOrO KHH3H
<I>e.nopa HBaHOBHlIa Bcea PYCHH YKa3Y H no HX KpeCTbHHCKOMY qeJI06HTbIO
nOJlO>KeHO. . . 3a HMCKHe .neHbrH H 3a nOJlOHHHHlIHble H 33 BCHKHe rocy.napeBbi
.neHe>KHble .nOXO.nbl H 3a noconHblH XJle6 H 3a CTOJlOBbie 3anaCbI 06POK . . . C BbiTH
no 11 py6J1eB» 168, T. e. B nepeclieTe H3 OOblqHYIO BblTb 4 p. 80 .lI.eHer. nepe.n HaMH
npOMblCJlOBbie .nepeBHH C MHHHMaJlbHblMH Ha.ll.eJIaMH: B cpe.nHeM no 2,5 lIeTH Ha
.nBOp. CeMbH Hepa3.neneHHble, KOJlHQeCTBO B3pOCJlOro MY>KCKOrO HaCeJleHHH
B 1,5 pa3a npeBblwaeT QHCJlO .lI.BOpOB. 06b1l1HO BO .nBope >KHJlH oTeu. C CblHOBbHMH,
6paTbH, .nH.nH C DJleMHHHHKaMH. KOJIOHH3au.HH .naHHoH MeCTHOCTH B KOHu.e XVI B.
wJla YCKopeHHblMH TeMnaMH: OlleHb 60J1bWOe KOJlHlIeCTBO nOllHHKOB, He6OJ1bWOH
pa3Mep nepeJIora, 3HeprHlIHaH nO.ll.CeKa (<<nawHH xy.nble eMJlH H C TeM, liTO
npHnaX8HO H3 Jlecy», «nocelieHO qeTBepTb B nOJle»). BOJlOBCKHH KOMnJleKC
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u.eHTp3J1bHblX paHOHOB, r.ne 3a<l>HKcHpOBaHa KynJlH-npo.na>Ka 3eMJlH Me>K.ny
KpeCTbHH8MH: «nOQHHOK CO.nOMOB, liTO 6b1J1 BO JlbrOTe EJlHau.KHe BOJlOCTH
3a KpeCTbHtlHHOM BOpOWHJlKOM 3a IllYPKOBbiM .na 3a raBpHJlKOM 3a HacTacbH-
HbiM. A HblHe no lCyn'teu 3a AH.nPIOWKOIO 3a rpY3.neBbiM. A B HeM B. AH.npIOWKa
rpY3.neB, B. OCbKa A<I>oHaCbeB. naWHH xy.nble 3eMJlH nocelieHO OCMHHa B nOJle,
a B .nBY no TOMY >K. JIecy naweHHoro .neCHTHHa, a HenaweHHoro .nBe .neCHTHHbI».
CeBepHble lIepHOCOWHble KpeCTbHHe TalOKe 06J1araJlHCb .neHe>KHblM n060pOM.
112

06J10>KeHHIO CeBepHblX KpecTbHH XVI B. nOCBHllJ.eH pH.lI. pa60T A. H. KonaHeBa,
10. C. BaCHJlbeBa, M. A. MaUYKa H .lI.PyrHx HCCJle.ll.OBaTeJleH. BblHBJleHO H ony6J1H-
KOBaHO 60J1bWOe KOJlHtleCTBO nHCUOBoro MaTepHaJla, nJlaTe>KHHU, BceB03MO>KHblX
OTnHCOK 0 nJlaTe>Kax. Oc060e 3HatleHHe HMeeT ny6J1HKaUHH KonaHeBbiM Kyp-
OCTpOBCKHX BOJlOCTHbiX pa3py60B, B pe3YJlbTaTe H3ytleHHH KOTOpblX BblHCHHJlOCb,
qTO B 40-x rO.ll.ax XVI B. .lI.eHCTBHTeJlbHble nJlaTe>KH C COWKH npeBblwa}JH B He-
CKOJlbKO pa3 HaJlOrOBblH oKJIa.ll. 169. 0606llJ.alOllJ.He .lI.aHHble 06 06J10>KeHHH tlepHO-
COlUHblX KpecTbHH CeBepa npHBe.ll.eHbI KonaHeBbiM H A. JI. lllanHpo B KOJIJleKTHB-
HOM TpY.ll.e JleHHHrpa.ll.CKHX ytleHblx 170. [10 onHcaHHIO 80-x rO.ll.OB Ha .lI.BHHCKYIO
COlUKY npHXO.ll.HJlOCb OKOJlO 3 p. Y CTaHOBJIeHO TaK>Ke, tlTO cor JlaCHO OKJIa.ll.Y,
B O.ll.HOM H TOM >Ke ye3.l1.e tlepHOCOWHble KpeCTbHHe .lI.OJl>KHbI 6b1J1H nJlaTHTb
rOCY.ll.apCTBY 60JlbWe, tleM tlaCTHOBJIa.ll.eJlbtleCKHe KpeCTbHHe. Pa3HHua 6b1J1a B Be-
JlHqHHe «06e>KHOH .lI.aHH» (06pOKa 3a 6eJlKH). B 1555/56 r. B KapronOJlbCKOM y.
MOHacTblpcKHe KpeCTbHHe nJlaTHJlH B CtleT «06e>KHOH .lI.aHH» 15 .lI.eHer C COWKH,
a qepHble - B KapronoJle OKOJlO 81 .lI.eHbrH, B TyptlacoBe - 234 .lI.eHbrH. KpoMe
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KOM OBca 171.
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o6pa30M BceB03MO>KHble .lI.eHe>KHble nJlaTe>KH. HaTypaJlbHble n060pbl (XJle60M,
Me.ll.OM, pbl60H) 6b1J1H He CTOJlb BeJIHKH. Pa3HHua B CTeneHH 3KcnJlyaTaUHH tlepHblX
H BJla.ll.eJIbtleCKHX KpeCTbHH CrJl8>KHB8J1aCb He 3a CtleT BBe.ll.eHHH KaKorO-TO
HOBoro n060pa (KaK 3TO 6b1J1o .lI.JlH .lI.BOPUOBYX 3a CtleT BBe.ll.eHHH noconHoro
xJle6a), a nYTeM YBeJlHtleHHH HeKoTopblX (oJJ.Horo-JJ.BYx) OCHOBHblX rocY.ll.apCTBeH-
HbiX HaJlOrOB. KpoMe Toro, Ha tlepHOCOl!IHoe KpecTbHHcTBO naJJ.aJl8 JlbBHHaH .lI.OJlH
BceB03MO>KHblX tlpe3BbltlaHHblX nJl8Te>KeH.
nOMHMO tlepHOCOWHYX 3eMJleJJ.eJlbueB, JJ.eHe>KHYIO peHTY nJlaTHJlH BJla.ll.eJIb-
qeCKHe KpecTbHHe. B JJ.OKYMeHT8X XVI B. OCHOBHaH Macca KpeCTbHH nOJJ.pa3.l1.eJIH-
JlaCb Ha JJ.Be KaTeropHH: THfJlblX H 06POtlHblX. OCHOBHblM 3aHHTHeM nO.ll.aBJIHIO-
w.ero tlHCJla THr JlblX KpeCTbHH 6b1J1o 3eMJleJJ.eJlHe. 3a nOJlytleHHblH OT ceHbOpa
Ha.ll.eJl OHH 06H3aHbI 6b1J1H HCnOJlHHTb oTpa60TOtlHble nOBHHHOCTH HJlH >Ke
BblnJlatlHB8Tb HaTypaJlbHblH 06pOK. CTaTYC 06POtlHblX KpeCTbHH MeHee HceH.
TepMHH «06POK» He BCTpetl8eTCH B PYCCKOH np8BJJ.e. O.ll.HaKO, CY.ll.H no MaTepHa-
JlaM H. 11. Cpe3HeBCKOfO, 3TO nOHHTHe ynoTpe6J1HJlOCb B 60roCJIY>Ke6HblX
KHHrax, B tlaCTHOCTH B eBaHfeJIHHX. ECTb OHO H Ha CTp8HHuax [1oBecTH BpeMeH-
HbiX JleT noJJ. 946 r., rJJ.e nOBecTByeTcH, tlTO OJlbra YCT8HOBHJla «06POKH H .lI.aHH»,
HO 3JJ.eCb Mbi HMeeM JJ.eJlo C HHTepnOJlHUHeH, KorJJ.a JleTOnHCeu C03BytlHble CBoeH
3noxe CJlOBa nepeHOCHJI Ha 60Jlee paHHHH nepHOJJ. 172.
BnepBble B CBeTCKHX aKTax TepMHH C06POK» nOHBJlHeTCH B XIII B. 3TO KHH-
>KeCKHe YCTaBbi B HOBfOpOJJ. 0 B3HMaHHH nOWJlHH C TOpfOBJIH npeJJ.cTaBHTeJIHMH
LlepKBH. 0606llJ.eHHblM H83B8HHeM nOWJlHH CJlY>KHJI TepMHH «06POK» 173. B aKTax
XIV-XV BB. HaH60Jlee ynoTpe6HTeJlbHoe 3H8t1eHHe «06poKa» - 3TO cTporo
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Hble nOBHHHOCTH H nJlaTe>KH THrJlOrO HaCeJleHHH (JJ.aHb, HM, nOJJ.BO.ll.Y, TaMry,
OCMHHtlee, BeCtlee H T. .lI..). HOMeHKJIaTypa 3aMeHHeMbiX JJ.eHe>KHblM 06pOKOM
nOBHHHOCTeH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pHJJ.a 06CTOHTeJlbCTB MOrJla 6b1Tb pa3JIHtlHOH 174.
KpoMe Toro, 06pOKOM Ha3b1B8J1H nJl8Te>KH 3a MeJIbHHUbI, 3a nOJlb30BaHHe Ha
oc06b1x YCJIOBHHX petlKaMH H 03epaMH. 06pOK 6paJlH C JlHU, OCHOBHblM 3aHHTHeM
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B MOHacTblpcKHX ropoJJ.cKHX JJ.Bopax (JJ.BOpHHKOB). HOpMHpoBaHHble n060pbl
8 3aK. 1454
113

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«OOpOK MHOr03HaqeH. 4aI..U.e BCerO OH ynoTpeOJlHJlCH B 3HaqeHHH HOpMHpOBaH-
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I1cxo,n.H H3 3TOrO, MO>KHO npe,n.nOJlO>KHTb, qTO BJla,n.eJlbqeCKHe OOpOqHbIe
,n.epeBHH KOHua XV -XVI B. OCBOOO>K,n.aJlHCb OT OCHOBHblX ceHbOpHaJlbHblX
nOBHHHOCTeH: Oapl..U.HHbI H noconHoro xJleoa, BblnJlaqHBaH 3a 3TO ,n.eHe>KHblH
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OblJlH nOJlO>KeHbI B BbiTH. B 1532 r. BO Bcex 20 KpynHblx TeppHTOpHaJlbHO-
a,n.MHHHcTpaTHBHblx KOMnJleKCa x 110cH4»0- BOJlOKaJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH pa3Mepbl
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T. e. eduHuu,eu o6Ao",eHuR 6btAa He BblTb, a caMa depeBHR HJlH rpynna ,n.epeBeHb.
«C nOnaHJlOBa - OOPOKY 2 p. C qeTBepTblO, ,n.ep. MHTHHO - OOPOKY 40 aJlTblH,
,n.ep. JlIOOHTHHO - OOPOKY 4 p., ,n.ep. <J>HJlHTOBa, necTpHKoBO, C04»OHOBO-
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BeHHaH ,n.OKYMeHTaUHH BOJIOKOJlaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH. B 1532 r. H3 II THrJlbIX
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CKoro MOHaCTblpH C BbiTHblMH nooopaMH ,n.pyrHx COUHaJlbHblX KaTeropHH
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nOMel..U.HqbHX KpecTbHH ToponeUKoro y. (1540 r.); 24 ,n.eHbrH - HH3111aH CTaBKa
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TaK>Ke oepYT 24 ,n.eHbrH 178. B03HHKaeT Bonpoc: B qeM npHqHHa CTOJlb lllHpOKoro
pacnpOCTpaHeHHH B ueHTpaJlbHblX paHOHax nepBOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. BbiTHOH
CTaBKH B 24 ,n.eHbrH. no BceH BepoHTHoCTH, 24 ,n.eHbrH npe,n.cTaBJIHIOT COOOH
«npa3,n.HHqHble ,n.eHbrH. Ha 3TO npe,n.nOJlO>KeHHe HaTaJlKHBaeT 3anHCb 1532 r.
BOJIOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH. ECJlH npOTHB Ka>K,n.oro X03HHcTBeHHoro KOMn-
JleKCa YKa3b1BaJlcH pa3Mep ,n.eHe>KHOH peHTbI, TO npOTHB BOJlOCTH MHClOpeBO
CTOHT: «C BbiTH no 8 ,n.eHer Ha BeJlHK ,n.eHb, Ha neTpoB ,n.eHb H Ha PO>KeCTBO
XpHCTOBO no TOMY >K, T. e. peqb H,n.eT onHTb 0 24 ,n.eHbrax.
Ha BJla,n.eHHH, YKa3aHHble B KHHre 1532 r., MOHacTblpb HMeJI >KaJlOBaHHble
rpaMoTbI: TapxaHHble, OOpOqHble, Hecy,n.HMble. CJle,n.oBaTeJlbHO, a,n.MHHHCTpaTHB-
Hoe ynpaBJleHHe MOHaCTblpCKHMH KpeCTbHHaMH OCYl..U.eCTBJlHJlOCb BOTqHHHblM
annapaTOM. COrJlaCHO ,n.aBHeH Tpa,n.HUHH KOpMJleHI..U.HK Hero no,n.pyqHble nOJlY-
114

lIaJlH OT HaCeJleHHH npO.ll.YKTbI Ha npa3.l1.HHKH HJlH .lI.eHbrH 3a HHX. B JlHTepaType
Y>Ke HeO.ll.HOKpaTHO OTMellaJlOCb, liTO, HeCMOTpH Ha HeH3MeHHblH aCCOpTHMeHT
«KOpMa», ero .lI.eHe>KHaH oueHKa B pa3HblX MeCTax 6b1J1a pa3J1HIIHOH. PeaJlbHO
CY.lI.e6HO-a.ll.MHHHCTpaTHBHYIO BJlaCTb OCYllJ.eCTBJlHJlH Ha MeCTax .lI.OBO.ll.IIHK
H npaBe.ll.IIHK. nO .lI.OllIe.ll.llIHM .lI.O Hac Be.TIHKOKHH>KeCKHM YCTaBHblM rpaMOTaM
HallaJla XVI B. .lI.OBO.ll.IIHK C npaBe.ll.lIHKOM C OKJIa.ll.HOH e.ll.HHHUbi (lIallJ.e Bcero elO
6b1J1a .lI.epeBHH) nOJlYllaJlH CJle.ll.YIOllJ.He CYMMbI: 23 .lI.eHbrH (lIepHble.ll.. Be>KeUKHH
Bepx, 1506 r.); 20 .lI.eHer (lIepHble .lI.. KOJlOMHa, 1536 r.); 24 .lI.eHbrH (lIepHble
.lI.. nepeHCJlaBJlb, 1506 r.). B BOJlOCTH PocToBeu C BJla.ll.e.TIblleCKHX KpecTbHH
B3HMaeTCH 24 .lI.eHbrH, a C lIepHblx - 21 .lI.eHbra (1509 r.), 24 .lI.eHbrH nOJlYllaJl
BOJlOCTeJlb C 606pOBHHKOB BJla.ll.HMHpCKoro y: 79 C nepe.ll.alleH cY.lI.e6HO-a.ll.MHHHCT-
paTHBHoro HMMYHHTeTa MOHacTblplO «npa3.l1.HHIIHble» n060pbl CTaJlH B3HMaTbCH
B ero nOJlb3Y. HaJlHUO reHeTHlleCKaH CBH3b .lI.eHe>KHOH peHTbI C KOpMOBblMH
n060paMH. nOMHMO 3Toro, npe.ll.CTaBHTeJlHM MOHacTblpcKOH a.ll.MHHHCTpaUHH
llIJlH .lI.eHe>KHble nOllIJlHHbI C CY.lI.e6HblX pa36HpaTe.TIbCTB, ToproBbix C.lI.e.TIOK,
C 3aKJIIOlleHHH KpecTbHHcKHX 6paKoB, a TaK>Ke KaKoe-TO KOJlHlleCTBO «KopMa» 180.
B nepellHe 1532 r. BOJlOKOJlaMCKOH KopnopaUHH 3aHKcHpoBaH npouecc
KOMMyraUHH lIaCTH npe.ll.MeTOB HaTypaJlbHOH peHTbI: C pH.lI.a BOJlOCTeH 6paJlCH
no60p 3a OBIIHHY (3 .lI.eHbrH C BblTH) H .lI.pOBa, KOTopble oueHHBaJlHCb no-pa3HoMY
(3, 6, 10 .lI.eHer C BblTH). K HallaJlY 70-x rO.ll.OB BO BJIa.ll.eHHHX 3Toro MOHacTblpH
CJlO>KHJlaCb pa3BeTBJleHHaH WKaJla ,lteHe>KHblX OKJIa,ltOB C BblTH, Cpe.ll.H KOTOpblX
HaH60Jlee ynoTpe6HTeJlbHblMH 6b1J1H: 24, 50, 100, 150, 200 .lI.eHer. nOMHMO 3THX
HOpM, cYllJ.eCTBOBaJlH npOMe>KYToIIHble, oc06eHHo rycTo pacnOJlO>KeHHble B HHTep-
BaJle 24-56 .lI.eHer. HOpMbI Bbillie 1 p. OHUHaJlbHO He CYllJ.eCTBOBaJlO. O.ll.HaKO
Ha npaKTHKe MOHaCTblpb nopoH B3HMaJl C Me.TIKHX .lI.epeBeHb (onHcaHHblx .lI.OJleH
BblTH) nOJlHblH Py6J1eBblH OKJIa.ll.. CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, npH nepepaclleTe Ha 1 BblTb
nOJlYllaJlaCb cYMMa, npeBbillIaBllIaH 200 .lI.eHer. ,LleHe>KHblH 06POK 6b1J1 .HaH60Jlee
nO.ll.BH>KHOH lIaCTblO peHTbI: OH He 06J1a.ll.aJl OCBHllJ.eHHOH Tpa.ll.HUHeH cTa6HJlb-
HOCTblO BbiTHoro ypoKa OTpa60ToIIHOH H HaypaJlbHOH nOBHHHocTeH.
nO.ll.aBJlHIOllJ.ee 60JlbllIHHCTBO X03HHcTBeHHblx KOMnJleKCOB BOJlOKOJlaMCKOro
MOHacTblpH 6b1J1o 06J10>KeHO 24-56 .lI.eHbraMH C BbiTH. J1HllIb OKJIa.ll. <l>aycToBoH
ropbl paBHHJlCH 20 .lI.eHbraM, HO C Hee e.ll.HHCTBeHHoH 6paJlH .lI.eHbrH 3a Cblpbl
H MaCJIO (4 .lI.eHbrH), T. e. peaJlbHO H 3.l1.eCb nJlaTe>K C BbiTH .lI.OCTHraJl 24 .lI.eHer.
PeHTY B 100-200 .lI.eHer nJlaTHJlH He60JlbllIHe Ce.TIeHHH. «06pOIlHblMH» HMeHOBa-
JlHCb 06blllHO .lI.epeBHH, nJlaTHllJ.He 200 .lI.eHer. CTOJlb BbiCOKHH OKJIa.ll. HaJlaraJlCH
COrJlaCHO .lI.aHHblM 06POIIHblX TeTpa.ll.eH «3a pO>Kb H Hpb». TaKHM 06pa30M,
B npe.ll.CTaBJleHHH cOBpeMeHHHKoB 1 p. HBJlHJlCH 3KBHBaJleHTOM nOBHHHOCTH
(oTpa60ToIIHOH H HaTypaJlbHoH), HCnOJlHHeMOH C O.ll.HOH BbiTH. MO>KHO npe.ll.noJlo-
}l{HTb, liTO 100 .lI.eHer B3HMaJlHCb C Tex KpecTbHH, KOTopble HCnOJlHHJlH Ha MO-
HacTblpb nOJlOBHHY BbiTHOH nOBHHHOCTH, HanpHMep CeHJlH Ha MOHacTblpb JlHllIb
O.ll.HH BH.lI. XJIe6a (03HMblH HJlH HpOBOH). Y.lI.e.TIbHblH Bec «THrJlblX» BbiTeH C 06pOKOM
20-56 .lI.eHer COCTaBJlHJI B 1574 r. 81,7 %, C peHToH 100-200 .lI.eHer - 18,3 181.
<l>aKTHlleCKH >Ke .lI.OJlH «06POIIHblX» BbiTeH 6b1J1a 3HallHTeJlbHO HH>Ke, He npeBbillIaH,
BH.lI.HMO, 10 %. 70-e rO.ll.b1 - BpeMH Ha lIaBllIerOCH 3KOHOMHlleCKoro KpH3Hca.
B MOCKOBCKOH BOTIIHHe BOJIOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH nallIHH COCTaBJIHJla .lI.eCHTYIO
lIaCTb paHee OKYJlbTypeHHblx 3eMe.TIb 182. CBe.ll.eHHH 0 nocTynJleHHH OTClO.lI.a B Ka3HY
.lI.eHe>KHOH peHTbI HeT. He ynoMHHalOTcH .lI.eHe>KHble c60pbl C 6J1H3J1e>KallJ.Hx
PY3CKHX Ce.TI CKHpMaHoBo, neHbe, C .lI.MHTpOBcKoro MOJleIlKHHo. KpecTbHHe
4 KPynHeHlllHx KOMnJleKCOB (BYHrOpO.ll., OTIIHllJ.eBO, HJlbHUblHO, HOBoe) BMeCTO
8*
115

.lI.eHe>KHOrO 06pOKa (06UJ,aH cYMMa 18 p.) CTpOHJlH KeJlbH. OrCYTcTBHe Bcex
BbiUJenepetJHCJleHHblX «THrJlblX» BOJlOCTeH B TeTpa.ll.H c60pa .lI.eHe>KHblX .lI.OXO.ll.OB
H CTaJlO npHtJHHoH CTOJIb BbiCOKOH npoueHTHoH .lI.OJlH «06POtJHblX» BbiTeH. nOMHMO
BbiTHoro .lI.eHe>KHOrO ypoKa, MOHacTblpb B 1574 r. npo.ll.OJl>KaeT B pH.lI.e CeJleHHH
B3b1CKHBaTb TaK>Ke .lI.eHbrH 3a HeKoTopble HaTypaJlbHble n060pbl: 3a OBtJHHY
(Te >Ke 3 .lI.eHbrH C BblTH, tJTO H B 30-x rO.ll.ax), a C 3 KOMnJleKCOB .lI.06aBotJHo
2 .lI.eHbrH 3a HHTH, KOTopble paHee B3HMaJlHCb HaTYPoH. nJiaTa 3a .lI.pOBa He ynoMH-
HaeTCH.
CTapaHCb KOMneHCHpOBaTb y6b1TKH, Bbl3BaHHble npO.ll.OJl>KaBUJHMCH 3KOHOMH-
tJeCKHM KpH3HCOM, MOHaCTblpb HatJHHaH C 1575/76 r. npOBO.ll.HT YHH<I>HKaUHIO
.lI.eHe>KHblX OKJIa.ll.OB. OrHblHe Bce «THrJlble» ceJla C OKJIa.ll.OM 24 .lI.eHbrH nJiaTHT
.lI.OnOJlHHTeJIbHO 5 .lI.eHer 3a OBtJHHY H HHTH, T. e. peaJlbHO HH3UJaH rpaHb peHTbI
nO.ll.HHJlaCb .lI.O 29 .lI.eHer. B TO >Ke BpeMH MOHaCTblpb nOUJeJl Ha HeKOTopoe CHH>Ke-
HHe BepXHeH rpaHH. K KOHUY 70-x ro,nOB .lI.JIH «THrJlbIX» BbiTeH o<l>HUHaJlbHblM
BepXHHM npe.ll.eJIOM (6e3 YtJeTa nJlaTe>KeH 3a OBtlHHY H HHTH) CTaHOBHTCH OKJIa.l1
B 50 .lI.eHer. Ha.ll.o OTMeTHTb, tJTO B 1574 H 1576 rr. 56 .lleHer C BbiTH nJlaTHJI Bcero
O.ll.HH KOMnJleKC - BOJlOCTb HBaHoBcKoe (10 BblTeH). B 1579 r. 3TO ceJlO, KaK
H .lI.PyrHe, CTaJlO nJiaTHTb 50 .lI.eHer, O.ll.HaKO MOHaXH TYT >Ke HaKHHYJlH 5 .lI.eHer
3a OBtJHHY H HHTH, T. e., no CYUJ,eCTBY, pa3Mep .lI.eHe>KHOrO n060pa OCTaJiCH
npe>KHHM. 06e.ll.HeBUJeMY c. JIOKHbllII, KOTOpoe .lI.O 1579 r. nJlaTHJlO C BbiTH
50 .lI.eHer, nJlaTe>K CHH3HJlH .lI.O 42, 3aTO HaKHHYJlH 8 .lI.eHer 3a OBtJHHY H HHTH
(BMecTO nOJlO>KeHHblX 5 .lI..). HTaK, npecJle.ll.OBaJlaCb COBepUJeHHO onpe.ll.eJIeHHaH
3a.ll.atJa - He .lI.OnYCTHTb peaJlbHOrO CHH>KeHHH .lI.eHe>KHOH peHTbI. B Y.lI.aJleHHOH
TBepCKOH BOJlOCTH DOJIalliKOBO B 1575/76 r. B3HMalOT .lI.eHbrH 3a .lI.pOBa (BMecTe
C OBtJHHOH - 6 .lI..). A B CeJIax CTapHUKoro y. n060p 3a OBtJHHY 6b1J1 B .lI.Ba pa3a
60JlbUJe, tJeM B .lI.PyrHx CeJleHHHX. TaKHM 06pa30M, KOMMYTaUHH MeJlKoro HaTY-
paJlbHOrO 06poKa npeBpaUJ,aeTCH B CBoero pO.l1a 3KOHOMHtJeCKHH pbltJar, npH
nOMOUJ,H KOToporo MOHaXH nbiTalOTCH .lI.06HTbCH YCToHtJHBoro ypOBHH .l1eHe>KHblX
nocTynJleHHH. O.ll.HaKO «06pOQHble» .lI.epeBHH C Py6J1eBOH peHToH OT .l1onOJlHHTeJlb-
HbiX nJlaTe>KeH 6b1J1H oCBo6o>K.l1eHbI.
Be.l1CTBHH 1570/71 r. (roJlo.ll., 3nH.lI.eMHH) OTpa3HJlHCb Ha 3KOHOMHKe BceH
cTpaHbI, npHBeJIH K pe3KoH y6b1J1H HaCeJleHHH H cOKpaUJ,eHHIO noceBHblX nJloUJ,a-
.lI.eH. ,UaHHblH npouecc He MHHOBaJi H BOJlOKOJIaMCKHH MOHaCTblpb. B 06POtJHblX
TeTpa.ll.HX HeO.ll.HOKpaTHO BCTpetJaTCH nOMeTbI, tJTO .lI.eHbrH C ceJl H .lI.epeBeHb
B3b1CKaHbI He B nOJIHOM 06'beMe HJlH >Ke He B3HTbI COBceM, 6Y.lI.YtJH 3aMeHeHbI
oTpa6oTOtJHOH nOBHHHOCTblO HJlH >Ke KpeCTbHHaM npe.ll.OCTaBJleHa JlbrOTa Ha He-
CKOJlbKO JleT. TaKoe MaHeBpHpOBaHHe .lI.aJlO onpe.ll.eJleHHblH pe3YJlbTaT: C 1574 no
1580 r. KOJlHtJeCTBO C:>KHBYUJ,HX» BbiTeH B CeJleHHHX YBeJlHtJHBaeTcH, pacTeT
H 06UI.aH cYMMa .l1eHe>KHOH peHTbI: Ha 40 % B03pOCJIO KOJlHtJeCTBO BbiTeH,
Ha 66 % - 06'beM .l1eHe>KHOH peHTbI. HatJHHaH C 1581/82 r. nOJlO>KeHHe pe3Ko
H3MeHHJlOCb. nOtJTH Bce BJla.ll.eHHH MOHacTblpH paHee 6b1J1H «oTapxaHeHbI»
>KaJlOBaHHblMH rpaMoTaMH 1563 H 1578 rr. B CBH3H C HX OTMeHOH He n03.l1.Hee
1581/82 r. KpecTbHHe .lI.OJl>KHbI 6b1J1H, nOMHMO peHTbI B nOJlb3Y MOHacTblpH,
BblnJlatJHBaTb TaK>Ke rocY.lI.apCTBeHHble HaJlOrH. 3eMJle.ll.eJlbUbi He B COCTOHHHH
BbI.lI.ep>KaTb .lI.BOHHble nJlaTe>KH. YCKopHeTCH npouecc pa30peHHH KpeCTbHHCKHX
X03HHCTB. THrJlble KpeCTbHHe, HeCYUJ,He BCIO TH>KeCTb MOHaCTblpCKHX nOBHH-
HOCTeH H nJiaTHUJ,He He60JlbllIHe .l1eHe>KHble CYMMbI, nepBblMH Bbl6b1BaIOT H3
MOHaCTblpCKHX TeTpa.l1eH, <l>HKCHPYIOUI.HX nocTynJleHHe .lI.eHe>KHOH peHTbI. Be-
pOHTHO, .lI.eHe>KHble no6opbl 3aMeHeHbI OTpa60ToQHblMH nOBHHHOCTHMH, TOH >Ke
116

6aplll.HHoa. H3Hoo.nee }l(H3HeCnoc06HblMH OKa3aJIHCb OOpOqHble CeJIeHHH B Y,D.a-
neHHblX OT MOH3CTblpH paaOHaX, HMelOllI.He ,D.JIHTeJIbHYIO CBH3b C pblHKOM.
B 1589/90 r. JleHe}l(HaH peHTa B nOJlb3Y HOCHQ>O-BoJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH
B3HMaJlaCb JlHWb C OOPOqHblX CeJIeHHH.
OHaCTblpb npHcTynaeT K nepeCTpOHKe X03HHCTBa, BBO,D.H npHHY,D.HTeJIbHOe
MaccoBoe KpeJlHTOBaHHe KpeCTbHH. EllI.e K. H. lll.eneToB OTMeTHJI, qTO MOHaCTblp-
CKHe BJlaCTH npeJlOCTaBJIHJlH eHa }l(HBOTHHHblH npHnJIO,D.:' no 3 p. Ha BblTb.
Ha 3TH JleHbrH JlOJl}l(Hbi OblJlH OblTb npHoopeTeHbI 4 KOpOBbI, 5 OBeLl H CTOJIbKO >Ke
CBHHeH, T. e. CTaBKa OblJla CJleJIaHa Ha YCHJIeHHe }l(HBOTHOBO,D.CTBa. B 1590/91 r.
6b1J1o p03.D.aHO KpeCTbHHaM nOqTH 1800 p. no KaOaJIaM, 3a qTO e>KerO,D.HO C BblTH
.llOJl>KHO OblJlO B3HMaTbCH epOCTY:' no I p. eoopoBHblX, oapaHHblx, MaCJIHHblX:'
.lleHer. HaJlHLlo HapYllleHHe npHHLlHna paCqeTa OOblqHOrO npaBa eHa nHTb
llleCToH:.: BMeCTO 20 % B3HMaJlOCb 33 % OT OCHOBHOH CYMMbI. LlaHHoe OOCTOH-
TeJIbCTBO H3pHJlY C npOqHMH npHBeJlO K BOJIHeHHHM 1594/95 r. B cpe,D.e KpeCTbHH.
O.llHaKO K TOMY BpeMeHH MOH3CTblpb nOqTH nOJIHOCTblO BepHYJI CBOH JleHbfH,
c06HpaH B rOJl OKOJIO 600 p. no npHrOBOpy 1595 r. BMeCTO ynJlaTbi I p. epOCTOBblX:'
.lleHer C BbiTH nOJlaraJlOCb nJiaTHTb 50 ,D.eHer + I qeTBepTb COJlOJlY + OCMHHY
nrneHHLlbi + nOJlOCMHHbI KOHOneJIb. nepe,D. HaMH XJleOHblH OOpOK B TOM }l(e
pa3Mepe, B K3KOM OH B3HMaJiCH B 30-e rO,D.bI, nOMHMO 6aplll.HHbI. OTcYTCTBHe
CTOJlOBblX 3anaCOB (HHLl, cMeTaHbI) CpeJlH nJlaTe}l(eH nOCJlY>KHJIO Q>opMaJIbHblM
nOBO,D.OM .lI.JIH nOJlHHTHH HH3111eH CTaBKH JleHe}l(HOH peHTbI C 24 ,D.O 50 ,D.eHer.
Ho H 3Toro OblJlO MaJlO: npeJlYCMaTpHB3J1aCb 06Jl3aTeAbHllR ICOMMYTau,UR Bblwe-
HD38aHH020 xAe6H020 o6polCa B JleHe}l(HblH (82 ,D.eHbrH), HToro 132 ,D.eHbrH
C THrJlOH BbiTH. Ka3HaqeH nJlaHHpOB3J1 C 700 BblTeH nOJIyqHTb 462 p. CJIe,D.OBa-
TeJlbHO, Q>opMaJlbHO npoB03r JlalliaSi He3b16J1eMOCTb pa3MepoB HaTypaJlbHblX nooo-
pOB Haq3JIa XVI B., MOHacTblpcKoe HaqaJIbCTBO BOJlOKOJIaMCKOH OOHTeJlH pe3KO
B3,D.epHYJlO BeJlHqHHY JleHe}l(HOa peHTbI 3a CqeT OTMeHbI MeJlKHX HaTypaJlbHblX
nJlaTe}l(ea. 3TO CTaJlO B03MO}l(HbiM He TOJIbKO OJi a rO,D.a pH pa3BHTHIO }l(HBOTHO-
BO.llCTBa, npOJlYKLlHH OT KOTOporo nocTynaJia Ha pblHOK, HO H OJlarO,D.apH CHH}I(e-
HHIO pa3MepOB rOCYJlapCTBeHHblX HaJlOrOB. OOpOqHble BbiTH K03eJIbCKOrO y.
(26 1/ 2 BbiTeH) OblJlH 06J10}l(eHbI 1,5 p., HToro 590 p. 150 JleHer ,D.eHe}l(HOH peHTbI
B ro,D. co BceH MOHaCTblpcKoH BOTqHHbI 183. TaKHM 06pa30M, K KOHLlY XVI B.
BbiTHble CTaBKH JleHe}l(Horo 06poKa B03pOCJlH KaK Y THrJlblX, TaK H OOPOqHblX
KpecTbHH. BMecre C TeM OCHOBHOH nOBHHHOCTblO THr JlblX KpeCTbHH nO-npe}l(HeMY
ocraBaJIaCb Oaplll.HHa, npHqeM HX KOHTHHreHT 6b1J1 YBeJlHqeH elll.e B 1590/91 r.
3a CqeT 06pOqHblX. HTaK, B HOCHQ>O-BOJIOKOJIaMCKOM MOHaCTblpe B 9O-x rO,D.ax
nOqTH Bce KpecTbHHe nepeBeJleHbI Ha CTaTYC THr JlblX. Y BeJlHqeHHe pa3MepoB
.lleHe>KHOH peHTbI HaOJlIOJlaeTCH KaK Y THr JIbiX 3eMJleJleJIbLleB (132 ,D.eHbrH),
TaK H Y 06POqHHKOB K03eJ1bCKOrO y. - 1,5 p.
B naparpaQ>e, nOCBHllI.eHHOM MOHacTblpcKOH peHTe, npHBO,D.HJlHCb pa3Mepbl
.lleHe}l(HOH peHTbI B KOHLle XVI B. B X03HHcTBax ,D.PyrHx ,D.YXOBHblX KopnopaLlHH.
B TpoHLle-CeprHeBoM MOHaCTblpe B HOBOTOp}l(CKOM y. OblBlllaH rOCnO,D.CKaH
naWHH OblJla p03JlaHa eHOBonpHxOJlLlaM:' B Ha,D.eJIbI, C BblTH OpaJIH no I p.
B CBHH}I(CKOM y. e3a nalliHIO H 3a BCHKHe ,D.OXO,D.bI» - no I p. 40 ,D.eHer, qTO He
OCBOOO}l(.llaJlO KpeCTbHH nOJIHOCTblO OT MOHaCTblpCKoro H3,D.eJlHH. Ho B 3TOM }l(e
ye3,D.e 3eMJleJleJIbLlbl nJlaTHJlH no I p. H Jla}l(e no 0,5 p. B LleJIOM 57 % BceH 3eMJlH
6b1J1H H300pOqeHbI JleHe}l(HOH peHToH HJlH 73 % Bcex ,D.BOpOB. KaK Y}I(e YKa3b1 Ba-
JIOCb, nJlOTHOCTb HaCeJleHHH Ha BblTH, C KOTOpOH BblnJIaqHBaJiCH ,D.eHe}l(HblH
06POK, Bblllle, a HaJleJIbi MeHbllle. 8 Ka3aHcKoM y., r,D.e elll.e lllJlO oCBoeHHe
117

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122

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123

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124

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125

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126

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128

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9 3aK. 1454
129

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pH.lI. cnHCKOB. B ny6J1HKaIJ.HH rpaMOTbi tlHTaeM: «JJ.a B JIOKHbllllCKOM CTaHY
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nOJlytleHHoro MOHaCThipeM B 1561/62 r. BTopaH nOJlOBHHa CeJlbIJ.a nepelllJla
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130

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Tpe6yeMaH 3a «HoBrOpO.ll.CKHe nO.ll.BO.ll.bI». n03TOMY, eCJIH B 1574 r. KOMnJIeKC
J]OKHblllI O.ll.HH ynJIaTHJI 120 .lI.eHer, TO B 1576 r. MeHbllIYIO CYMMY (100 .lI.eHer)
pacnpe.n.eJIHJIH Me>K.lI.Y J]oKHblllIeM H KOH.lI.paToBbiM. 5. HenoHHTHo, nOIJeMY
C O.n.HHX BOJIOCTeH C06HpaJIH nJIaTe>K H B 1574 r. H B 1576 r., .lI.PyrHe >Ke CeJIa
Bo06lUe He npHBJIeKaJIHCb. Cpe.ll.H TeppHTOpHaJlbHO-X03HHCTBeHHblX KOMnJIeKCOB,
KOTopble HaCIJHTblBaJIH He MeHee 10 BbiTeH H OTCblJlaJIH .lI.eHe>KHYIO peHTY
Ha BOJIOK, CJIe.ll.YlOlUHe oKpyra He 6b1J1H npHBJlelJeHbI K nJIaTe>KaM 3a «HOBropo.n.-
CKYIO nO.ll.BO.ll.Y»: no TBepCKOMY y. - TYPOBO; no ,QMHTpOBCKOMY y. - 5Y>KapOBO;
no PY3CKOMY y. - 5eJIKOBO, I1BaHoBcKoe, CnaCCKoe; no BOJIOl.lKOMY y. - 5YH-
ropo.ll., KYPbHHOBO, J]HTBHHHHO, PaMeHK; no CTapHl.lKOMY y. - J]YKOBHHKOBO.
I1TaK, Q>opMaJIbHO nO.ll.aTHOH HMMYHHTeT MOHaCTblpH He 6b1J1 HapYllIeH.
npaBHTeJIbCTBO CTaJIO llIHpOKO npaKTHKOBaTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHe Cpe.ll.H MOHaCTbI-
peH oc06b1X nJIaTe>KeH, nOBHHHocTeH, HaIJHCJleHHblX B .lI.eHe>KHOM 3KBHBaJIeHTe,
He «no coxaM», a «B nO.ll.Mory», 06XO.ll.H TeM caMbiM nYHKT TapxaHHblX rpaMoT
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.lI.yxoBHaH KOpnOpal.lHH, CnaCO-npHJlYl.lKHH MOHaCTblpb TaK>Ke c06HpaeT .lI.eHbrH,
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C KpecTbHH 88 p. 4 rpHBHbI 27. B03HHKae-r Bonpoc, nOIJeMY C 110CHcpo-
BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH B3b1CKHBaJlaCb CYMMa nOIJTH B 20 pa3 MeHbllIe, IJeM
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CTOHJ1 150 .lI.eHer 28. ECJlH He YIJHTblBaTb H3MeHeHHH peaJlbHOH CTOHMOCTH Py6JIH,
TO Ha .lI.eHbrH, c06paHHble C BOJIOKOJlaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH, MO>KHO 6b1J1o HaHHTb
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CKHH c06paT. He HCKJllOlJeHO, IJTO H B OTHOllIeHHH cHoBropo.ll.cKHX nO.ll.BO.ll.» OH no-
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ynpH>KKH C H3B03IJHKaMH H TOJlbKO He.ll.ocTalOIUYIO IJaCTb OnJlaIJHBaJI .lI.eHbraMH.
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«HoBrop0.ll.cKHX nO.ll.BO.ll.», B 06H3aHHocTb BOJlOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH BMeHHJIOCb
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132

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HapywaTb OTKpblTO nO)laTHbie npHBHJIerHH MOHaCTblpeii. HacTynJIeHHe Ha qaCTHO-
npaBOBOH HMMYHHTeT H)leT OOJIee CKpblTO: BBO)lHTCH HOBbie n060pbl, He npe-
)lYCMOTpeHHble B TapxaHHblX rpaMOTax (nOJlOHHHHqHble )leHbrH, Ka3aHCKHe
)leHbrH), a TalOKe BCeOO3MO>KHble HaTypaJIbHble nOBHHHOCTH (HOBrOpO)lCKHe
nO)lBO)lbl, nO)lBO)lbl B CTapHUY H T. n.), paCKJIa)lKa KOTOpblX WJIa qaCTO
He no coxaM, T. e. OCB060>K)leHHe OT «nOCOXH:., 3a<l>HKCHpOBaHHoe B rpaMOTax,
<l>opMaJIbHO He HapywaJIOCb.
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LlHnOB; c<I>OPMYJIHpOBaHHblX B CY)le6HHKe 1550 r.? MO>KHO 6b1JIO O>KH)laTb,
qTO, 3aKOHqHB pa3rpoM CBeTCKHX npOTHBHHKOB B nepHO)l OnpHqHHHbI (1565--
1572 rr.), HBaH rp03HblH nepeii)leT B HacTynJIeHHe npOTHB LlepKOBHblX HepapXOB,
aHHYJIHpOBaB TapxaHHblH HMMYHHTeT H COCpe)lOTOqHB B CBOHX PYKax Bce HaJIOrO-
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HCTOpHKH, oxapaKTepH30BaB OTpeqeHHe HBaHa rp03Horo KaK «nOJIHTHqeCKHH
MacKapa)l:', pacxoJUlTcH B o6DHcHeHHH npHqHH, ero nOpO)lHBWHX. HeKoTopble
CqHTaIOT, qTO TaKOH MaHeBp 6b1JI npeJ1llpHHHT LlapeM H3-3a BHelllHenOJIHTHqeCKHX
paCqeTOB, C UeJlblO )106HTbCH H36paHHH Ha nOJIbCKHH TpOH. BOJIblllHHCTBO
>Ke yqeHblX HW.YT peweHHe 3ara)lKH BO BHYTpeHHHx nOJIHTHqeCKHX <l>aKTopax.
O)lHaKO KOHKpeTHbie npHqHHbI, BblHY)lHBWHe uapH nOHTH Ha TaKOH lllar, OCTalOTCH
nO-npe>KHeMY He)lOCTaTOqHO HCHblMH. <l>YH)laMeHTaJIbHblH TPY)l, nOCBHllI.eHHblH
HCTOpHH 70-x rO)lOB, npHHaAJIe>KHT nepy P. r. CKpblHHHKoBa. B ero MOHorpa<l>HH
)laHa HCTopHorpacj)HH npo6neMhl 30. B KHHre, no cyw.eCTBY, BnepBble c06paH
H 0606w.eH 60J1bWOH cj)aKTHqecKHH H HCTopHorpa<l>HqeCKHH MaTepHaJI, C)leJIaHbI
KpaHHe HHTepecHbie Ha6JIIOJJ.eHHH, BblBOJJ.bI. 1.J:TO KaCaeTCH C06b1THH 1575/76 r.,
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6b1J1 HanpaBJIeH B OCHOBHOM cnpOTHB YUeJleBWHX PYKOBO)lHTeJleH 6b1BllleH
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pa3rpoM craporo OnpHqHoro PYKOBO)lCTBa:.. B )lPyroM MeCTe OH HeCKOJIbKO HHaqe
cj)OPMYJlHPYeT HanpaBJIeHHOCTb nOJlHTHKH rp03Horo pOKOBOH oceHblO 1575 r.:
c)KepTBoii CTaJIO rJIaBHblM 06pa30M cTapoMocKoBcKoe 60HpCTBO H TeCHO CBH3aH-
Hhle C HHM npHKa3Hble BepxH:'. Ho 6e3 caHKUHH, no MHeHHIO CKpblHHHKoBa, Llapb
He pemaJICH nO)lHHTb PYI<Y Ha BJIHHTeJlbHOe 60HpCTBO. Ha)leJIHB CHMeOHa
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«pa3pemeHHe» Ha BBeJJ.eHHe B CTpaHe qpe3BblqaHHOrO nOJIO>KeHHH 31. He-
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OTKpblTblM BOnpoc: eCJIH Uapb Mor «HaBH3aTb:. 60HPCTBY HOBoro npaBHTeJIH,
KOToporo OTHIO.D.b He >KeJlaJlH, nOHHMaH cj)apCOBYIO CTOPOHY )laHHOH cHTyaLlHH,
TO nOqeMY uaplO 6b1J10 TaK Heo6xOJI.IIMO KaKoe-To «pa3pellleHHe OT CHMeoHa
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B TO BpeMH, C KOTOpoii HBaH IV 6b1J1 BblHY>K)leH CqHTaTbCH?
UepKoBb C ee pa3BeTBJIeHHOH XopOWO nOCTaBJIeHHOH opraHH3aUHeH, C BeKaMH
Bblpa60TaHHblMH cj)opMaMH ynpaBJIeHHH H BblCWHM opraHoM -- C060POM, C ee
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nOqYBCTBOBaJI B 1572-1575 r. HBaH IV. B onn03HUHH 1574/75 r. 3HaqHTeJlbHYIO
133

pOJIb CbIrpaJIO .lI.YX08eHCT80. Me>K.lI.Y TeM HCTOpHKH KpaHHe MaJIO HCCJIe.ll.08aJIH
3TY CTOPOHY np06JIeMbi. C80.ll.HTb pa3HOrJIaCHH Me>K.lI.Y 118aHoM IV H uepK08blO
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npa80MepHO. HaH60JIee «npeCTH>KHble:. MOHaCTblpH 06JIa.ll.aJIH K 3TOMY 8peMeHH
KOJIOCCaJIbHblMH 3eMeJIbHblMH 80TIIHHaMH. B3aMeH 80TIIHH, lIaCTO 8 TOT nepHO.ll.
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TaK, 8 MapTe 1574 r. 110cH<I>o-BoJIOKOJIaMCKHH MOHaCTblpb nOJIYIIHJI «no 38eHH-
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.lI.a 3a CeJlbUO 3a CYMaK080. . . 40 py6JIe8:'. Tor.ll.a >Ke 118aH AH.lI.pee8HII 38eHHro-
POUKHH «3anJIaTHJI 3a CeJIbUO 3a XapJIaH080 .lI.a 3a .lI.epe8HIO 3a BOPOHHHY
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8nOCJIe.ll.CTBHH >KaJI08aHHYIO rpaMOTY Ha CTapHUKO-.lI.MHTp08CKHe BJla.ll.eHHH,
Ha38a8 Cpe.ll.H HHX MapTlOlllHHO 33.
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>KaJI08aHHblMH rpaMoTaMH. KpOMe Toro, KaK Mbi Y>Ke r080pHJIH, pH.l1 n08HHHOCTeH,
H08b1X HaJIOr08 8 8b1.l1.aHHblX paHee rpaMOTax He HrypHp08aJIH, a «nOCOlllHble:.
n08HHHOCTH npenO.ll.HOCHJIHCb 8 <l>opMe «nO.ll.MO>KHblX:'. OKOHllaHHe nepeMHpHH
H 80306H08JIeHHe JIH80HCKOH 80HHbI 03HallaJIO H08b1H poeT «roCY.ll.ape8a THfJIa:..
B nOJIb3Y Toro, liTO uepK08b H8HO He O.ll.06pHJIa MHorHe .lI.eHCT8HH fp03Horo,
8 lIaCTHOCTH, 3aTHHY8111YIOCH 80HHY, H 06 3TOM XOpOlllO 3HaJIH c08peMeHHHKH,
KOC8eHHO C8H.lI.eTeJI bCT8YeT <l>aKT oTnpa8KH OT nOJIbCKO-JIHT08CKOH CTOpOHbI
rpaMoTbi 1572/73 r., r.ll.e 8b1pa>KaJIOCb onaceHHe 8 HapYllleHHH nepeMHpHH.
fpaMOTa 6b1JI a a.ll.peC08aHa He 118aHY IV, a MHTpOnOJIHTY AHTOHHIO H 60HPHHY
IOpblO 118aH08HllY TOKMaK08Y «H MHTpOnOJIHTY 6 H 60HpOM 6HTH IIe.nOM rocY.ll.aplO
UplO H 8eJIHKoMY KHH310 118aHY BaCHJIbe8HllIO 8cea PYCHH, IIT06b1 OH, rOCY.ll.apb,
npe>KHerO MHpHoro nOCTaHOBJIeHHH HapYlllHTH H 80HHbI 8CllaTH He 8eJIeJI:. 34.
XapaKTepHO, liTO lIepe3 HeCKOJIbKO JIeT 8 YCJI08HHX 80306H08H8111HXCH 80eHHblX
.lI.eHCT8HH 060HM a.ll.peCaTaM 6Y.ll.eT npe.ll.oHBJleHO 068HHeHHe 8 H3MeHe H O.ll.HH
H3 HHX (10. 11. TOKMaK08) 3a C80e «HHaKOMblCJlHe:. nOnJIaTHTCH >KH3HblO.
COCTa8HTeJIH rpaMOTbi 6b1JIH XOpOlllO, 8H.lI.HMO, HH<I>opMHp08aHbI 0 paCCTaH08Ke
CHJI H CYlll.eCT8YIOlll.HX pa3HOrJIaCHHX Me>K.lI.Y 118aHoM IV, C O.ll.HOH CTOpOHbI,
H lIaCTblO 8epxYlllKH .l1yx08eHcT8a H 60HpcT8a, C .lI.pyroH CTOpOHbI.
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LlepK8H He Mor JIH He 8H.lI.eTb MHOfHX HeraTH8HblX CTOpOH npa8JIeHHH fp03Horo.
B rJIa3aX C08peMeHHHK08 HTor nOIlTH 25-JIeTHerO uapCT808aHHH 118aHa IV 6b1JI
nyralOlll.HM: rocY.ll.apCT80 6b1JIO 88eprHYTO 8 HapaCTalOlll.HH 3KOHOMHlleCKHH
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ycyry6HTb H 6e3 Toro nJIalle8Hoe COCTOHHHe CTpaHbI. HeJIb3H He YIIHTbl8aTb
H Toro <l>aKTopa, liTO 8 3noxy Cpe.ll.He8eK08bH CTHXHHHble 6e.ll.CT8HH 80cnpHHHMa-
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HeypO>KaH, rOJIO.ll., CO>K>KeHHe «He8epHblMH:' MOCK8b1, C08na8111He no 8peMeHH
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134

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p03h1CK BeJlCH 3HallHTeJlbHO paHbllle, TaK KaK c060p, a CJleJJ.OBaTeJlbHO,
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135

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136

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137

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138

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140

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nOIlTeHHe, BH.LI.HMO, CJIe.LI.yeT OT.LI.aTb nepBOMY npe.LI.nOJIO}KeHHIO. «nCKOBCKaSi
nO.LI.BO.LI.a» KaK-TO CBH3aHa C nOXO.LI.OM rp03Horo B nCKOB, B KOTOpOM .LI.OJI}KHbI
6b1JIH npHHHTb YllaCTHe KaK KpeCTbHHe, TaK H MOHaCTblpCKHe CJlyrH. «KpeCTbHHaM
.LI.aHO 3a rOCY.LI.apeB nOXO.LI. 2 py6JIH». «,L{aHo. . . cJIyre BOr.LI.aHY HBaHoBY 3 py6JIH
12 aJITblH 2 .LI.eHbrH, HTHTb eMY co rocY.LI.apeM B noxo.LI. C nocoxolO. ,L{a 3 Bor.LI.a-
HOM }Ke nOCJIaH KOHIOX HCTOMKa KpynJIa, .LI.aHO eMY py6JIb .LI.eHer, HTHTb eMY
3 DOr.LI.aHOM C HBaHOBbiM .LI.O nCKOBa::. 59. B nOCJIe.LI.HeM OTpblBKe $HrYPHpyeT
TepMHH «nocoxa», T. e. HaJIHLlO HapyweHHe O.LI.Horo H3 nYHKTOB nO.LI.aTHoro
HMMYHHTeTa.
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H paHee C LleJIbIO HCnOJIb30BaHHH MOHaCTblpCKHX KpeCTbHH BO BceB03MO}KHblX
nOBHHHOCTHX, B 1579 r. Mbi CTaJIKHBaeMCH C $aKTaMH OTKpblToro HapyweHHH
HeKoTopblX rapaHTHpoBaHHblx nO.LI.aTHbiX JIbrOT. Pa3pacTaIOlllHHcH 3KOHOMHllec-
KHH KpH3HC B COlleTaHHH C 3aTHHYBweHcH JIHBOHCKOH BOHHOH co BceH OCTpOTOH
nOCTaBHJI Bonpoc 0 HeH36e}KHOCTH HeMe.LI.JIeHHOH OTMeHbI Ta pxaHoB.
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KOTOpblH CIIHTaJI, liTO Ha co60pe CB 1580 r. Llapb HBaH He peWHJICH nOCTaBHTb
142

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nO>KepTBOBaHHeM CO CTOpOHbI MOHaCTblpeH KPynHoH 0,n,HOpa30BOH CYMMbI.
H TOJlbKO Ha c060pe 1584 r. nOCJle,n,OBaJla OTMeHa TapxaHoB «,n,O YKa3Y» 60.
3Ta KOHuenUHH B OCHOBHblX CBOHX lIepTaX 6Jla pa3BHTa Ha 60J1ee WHpOKOM
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HeCKOJlbKO <j>aKTOB, TpaKTOBaBlIJHXCH KaK HapYlIJeHHe TapxaHOB B HallaJle
80-x ro,n,OB, npe,n,lIJeCTBYIOllI.HX nOCTaHOBJleHHIO 06 HX OTMeHe. B no-
COJlbCKHX pellax <1>. nHceMcKoro, nOCJIaHHOrO uapeM B AHrJlHIO, rOBopHTCH
o ,n,eHe>KHX n060pax B 7089 H 7090 rr. «c aHrJlHHCKHX rOCTeH H C HX TOprOBJlH
H C HX npOMblCJlOB H C HX ,n,BOpOB», a TaK>Ke co «CBOHX co BCHKHX ToproBbix JlIO,n,eH,
H C TapxaHOB, H C rocTeH, H C ToproBbix JlIO,n,eH, H co BceH CBoeH 3eMJlH».
B BblnHCH H3 HaKa3a Ha .l{BHHY, XOTb npHMo H He ynoMHHaeTCH 0 c60pax C Tapxa-
HOB, HO TeM He MeHee TeKCT COCTaBJleH TaK, liTO C03,n,aeTCH BnellaTJleHHe
06 OTCYTCTBHH KaKHX-J1H60 no,n,aTHX npHBHJlerHH Y TaKHX MOHacTblpeH,
KaK TpoHue-CeprHeB, KHpHJlJlo-BeJl03epCKHH, CnaCO-npHJlYUKHH, AHToHHeBo-
CHHCKHH. HaKa3 Tpe6yeT OT MeCTHX BJlaCTeH C006ll1.HTb «no CKOJlbKY Ha KOTOpblH
ro,n, MOHaCTblpH He nJlaTHJlH Ha /70/90 H Ha /70/91 H Ha /70/92 ro,n,» 61. Kopeu-
KHH CBH3aJl C006ll1.eHHH <1>. nHceMCKoro H .l{>K. rOpceH 0 IIpe3BlIaHHX ,n,eHe>K-
HX n060pax C 3anHCHMH B npHxo,n,o-pacxo,n,HblX KHHrax HOCH<j>O-BOJlOKO-
JlaMCKOro H KHpHJlJlo-BeJl03epCKoro MOHaCTpeH, r,n,e rOBopHTCH, liTO
B 1581/82 r. «no rocy,n,apeBY HaKa3Y» «BO rocy,n,apeB no,n,'beM» cTapu BCJlaJlH
B MocKBY no 100 p. OTclO,n,a B. H. KopeUKHH ,n,eJlae-r BBO,n" liTO «B 1580 r., CKopee
Bcero BO BTOpOH ero nOJlOBHHe, npaBHTeJlbCTBOM HBaHa IV 6JlO npHHHTO Ba>KHoe
pelIJeHHe 0 BBe,n,eHHH IIpe3BlIaHHOrO BoeHHoro HaJlOra» 62. OH no,n,qepKHBaeT,
liTO no,n,06He Mep npHHHMaJlHCb H paHblIJe: B 1565 r. B CBH3H C BBe,n,eHHeM
OnpHqHHH H B 1575/76 r. ,n,JlH no,n,rOTOBKH K JIHBOHCKOMY noxo,n,y 1577 r. Ho eCJlH
paHee no,n,06He IIpe3BqaHHe n060p HOCHJlH xapaKTep e,n,HHoBpeMeHHoH
ccy,n,, TO «no,n,'beM» HaqaJla SO-x ro,n,OB, no MHeHHIO aBTopa, «6JI paCCIIHTaH
Ha 60Jlee ,n,JlHTeJlbHH CpOK -,n,o OKOHqaHHH BOHH». O,n,HaKo npHMepoB,
no,n,TBep>K,n,alOllI.Hx nOCJle,n,Hee nOJlO>KeHHe, B KHHre He npHBe,n,eHO.
HTaK, COrJlaCHO KOHuenUHH B. H. KopeUKoro, OTMeHa TapxaHoB npOH301IJJla
B 1584 r., HO 3TOMY npe,n,lIJeCTBOBaJlH <j>aKT HX cepbe3Horo HapYlIJeHHH
H OrpaHHqeHHH, a HMeHHO BBe,n,eHHe qpe3BlIaHHoro BoeHHoro HaJlOra. OT,n,aBaH
,n,OJl>Koe Ba>KHoMY Ha6J1IO,n,eHHIO aBTopa 0 B3HMaHHH C MOHacTpeH B 1581/82 r.
lOO-py6J1eBoro n060pa, Mbi TeM He MeHee ,n,OJl>KHbI OTMeTHTb, liTO 0,n,Hopa30BH
1 00-py6J1eBH n060p HHKOHM 06pa30M He HapYlIJaJl H He OrpaHHqHBaJl TapxaHHe
npHBHJlerHH MOHaCTpeH, 6J1aro,n,apH KOTOpM no,n,Be,n,oMcTBeHHe HM TeppHTO-
pHH OCB060>K,n,aJlHCb OT ynJlaT rocy,n,apCTBeHHX HaJlOrOB. nepe,n, HaMH pa3HO-
nAaHOBble HBJleHHH. B3HMaHHe C MOHaCTpeH KaKOH-JlH60 CYMM COBceM He 03Ha-
lIaeT OrpaHHqeHHe HX HMMYHHTeTHX npaB. 3T0 6JI HMeHHO c60p ,n,eHer «B rocy-
,n,apeB no,n,'beM», npHqeM BpH,n, JlH M MO>KeM Ha3BaTb ero oc060 06peMeHHTeJlb-
HM ,n,JlH ,n,BYX BlIJeHa3BaHHX 60raTeHlIJHX MOHacTpeH, ,n,oxo,n, KOTOpX HCIIHC-
JlHJlCH TCHqaMH py6J1eH H KOTope B HHe ro,n, nOJlyqaJlH OT rocy,n,apH Hero
npH6J1H>KeHHX ,n,eHe>KHe BKJla,n, 3HaqHTeJlbHO nepeKpBaBlIJHe 1 OO-py6J1eBH
nooop. COrJlaCHO npHxo,n,HOH KHHre HOCH<j>O-BoJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTpH
B 1581/82 r., B ro,n" Kor,n,a MOHaXH 3anJlaTHJlH 1 OO-py6J1eBH n060p, HX 61O,n,>KeT
npeBCHJI 3150 p., B TOM qHCJle OT uapH nocTynHJlO: B HIOJle - 124 p., B ceH-
TH6pe - 139 p., no y6HTOMY uapeBHqy HBaHY - 700 p. - Bcero 963 p.63
K BBO,n,y 0 cYlll.eCTBeHHoM OrpaHHqeHHH TapxaHOB C 1581 r. npHlIJeJl
143

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o B3HMaHHH .lleHer C «OTapXaHeHHblX 3eMeJ1b. TaKoBa BblnHCb, OTHocHw.aHCH
K MapTY 1582 r., H3 npHXO.llO-paCXO.llHOH KHHrH KHpHJlJlo-BeJl03epCKoro MOHac-
TblPH, KOr.lla c06HpaeTcH .llaHb «c TopxaHH Ha npOWJlblH 7089-H rO.ll 64. Ew.e 60Jlee
y6e.llHTeJIbHa CCblJlKa Ha nO.llaTHYIO TeTpa.llb 7090 r.., r.lle 3a<l>HKcHpoBaH c60p
HaJlOrOB C paHee oTapxaHeHHblx 3eMeJlb HocH<I>o-BoJlOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH.
HTaK, Te3HC 06 orpaHH4eHHH nO.llaTHOrO HMMYHHTeTa MOHacTblpeH B 1581/82 r.
nOJlY4HJI <l>aKTH4ecKoe 060CHOBaHHe 65. BMeCTe C TeM KBaJlH<I>HKall.HH nO.llaTHOH
TeTpa.llH B Ka4eCTBe «<I>parMeHTa KHHr .llaHHblX, OX8aTbiBalOw.erO JlHWb "laCTb
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4TO B Ha4aJle 80-x rO.llOB «Ka3Ha CTaJla Ha nYTb BpeMeHHOrO HapyweHHH npHBHJle-
rHH lI. e pKOBHHKOB, 06J1a.llaTeJ1eH "TapXaHOBu 66.
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HHH, KOTopoe npHnHCblBaJlOCb nOCTaHOBJIeHHIO 1584 r.). HaqHHaH C 1581/82 r.,
npaBHTeJlbCTBO e>KerO.llHO c06HpaeT OCHOBHble HaJlOrH C paHee oTapxaHeHHblx
3eMeJlb.
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C060pbl 1580 H 1584 rr. nO.l1BO.l1HJlH KaK 6b1 HTor n04TH BeKoBOH 60pb6e
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«3anepeJ10>KeHHblMH, nopOCWHMH JleCOM, MOHaCTblpH, no CYW.eCTBY, KpaHHe
CJIa60 HCnOJlb30BaJiH CBoe npHBHJlerHpoBaHHoe nOJlO>KeHHe (ocB060>K.lleHHe
OT HaJlOrOB, nOBHHHOCTeH) ,lI,JIH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH CeJlbCKOX03HHCTBeHHoro npOH3-
BO.llCTBa. C .llPyroH CTOpOHbI, npaBHTeJlbCTBO HY>K.llaJlOCb B 3eMJlHX (>KeJlaTeJ1bHO
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npe.llnOJlO>KHTb, qTO, CTpeMHCb HaHTH BblXO.l1 H3 OqeHb TH}KeJ10rO <l>HHaHcoBoro
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1580 r. no .llBYM BonpocaM: I. npHocTaHoBHTb pOCT MOHaCTblpCKoro 3eMJle-
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BMecTe C TeM MHOrOqHCJleHHble CTOJlKHOBeHHH lI.apH C .llyxoBeHcTBoM B npe.ll-
wecTBYIOw.He rO.llbl 6b1J1H .llOCTaTOqHO CBe>KH B naMHTH, H npaBHTeJIbCTBO nOHH-
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144

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a nOCJIe ero Ka3HH B 1571 r. - nHcu.aM: B 1578 r. M. H. 60PHCOBY, 3aTeM JIYKe
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liTO KHH3b MHxaHJlO TeMplOKOBHII 4epKaCCKHH TOr.ll.hl 6b1J1 lIeJ10BeK BeJlHKOH
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Toro nOIlHHKa Ha Tex KpeCTbHHax HCKaJIH. 11 MaTBeH TO CY.llHOe .lleJIO nOJlO>KHJI
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oTcTynHo 6HBaJiH qeJIOM, H 60pe HaM YKa3 He YIIHHHJlH >K. A 3.lleCb B npHKa3e
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146

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150

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<l>oH.lI.a 6b1J1H npHHHTbI Ha BoopY>KeHHe H noc.ne.nYIOI1I.HMH BocnpeeMHHKaMH
I1peCTOJIa. B YKa3HOH rpaMOTe HallaJia XVII B. H.neT pellb 0 cnope Me>K.ny
BJla.nHMHpcKHM PO>K.lI.eCTBeHcKHM MOHacTblpeM H KHH3eM H. M. 60pHTHHCKHM
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u.ape ,QMHTpee:.. Ho MOHacTblpb HMeJI «>KaJlOBaJlbHble rpaMOTbi U.apH 60pHca
H U.apH ,QMHTpHH. . . A B cnHCKax 3 >KaJlOS3J1bHblX rpaMOT H8nHcaHO no YJlO>Ke-
HHIO 6J1a>KeHHble naMHTH rOCY.lI.apH U.apH H BeJlHKOrO KHH3H HB8Ha BaCHJlbeBHlla
Bcea PYCHH H rocy.napH U.apH H BeJlHKOrO KHH3H <l>e.nopa HBaHOBHlla Bcea
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6HTbeM BOJlOrO.ll.CKoro apXHenHCKona HOHbI, DOpHC TO.nYHOB pa3pelUHJI B Ka-
lIeCTBe HCKJllOlleHHH nepe.ll.aTb CeJlbu.o ero noc.ne.ll.HeMY BJla.ll.eJl"bu.y B MOH8CTblpb 106.
A. A. 3HMHH nHmeT, liTO nocJle C060PHblX peweHHH 1580-x rO.ll.oB B lIaCTHO-
npaBoBbix aKTax «oroBapHBaJlaCb B03MO>KHOCTb BbiKyna Bnpe.ll.b uocrynaBwHx
B MOHaCTblpb BOTIIHH:' 107. B rpaMOTax HOCH<I>o- Bo.noKOJIaMCKOro MOHacTblpH,
Ha OCHOBaHHH KOTOpblX H CTpOHTCH Hccne.ll.OBaHHe 3HMHHa, TaKaB KJlaY3YJla
<l>aKTHlleCKH He npHBHJlaCb. B KynllHx, .lI.aHHblX, .n.YXOBHblX aKTax 8O-90-x rO.ll.OB
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KOJIaMCKOro MOHacTblpH HHKHOp MopHH B CBoeM 3aaew.aHHH .lI.enaeT pac-
nOpH>KeHHe 0 nepe.ll.alle B 06HTeJlb ce.na CocpaToBa M nycTowM YTKHHO «BnpOK 6e3
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156

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npaBO BbiKyna 3eMJlH, CCblJlaeTCH Ha cy.n.b6y BOTIJHHbI EnH3apHH oH6HKoBa,
KOTOPYIO ero po.n.CTBeHHHKH BblKynHJlH H3 MOHaCTblpH. Ho KaK pa3 B 3aBelU.aHHH
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6e3 BbiKyna» 109. CTapeLl EJlHCeH BaCHJlbeBHIJ OH6HKOB B HaIJaJle 80-x ro.n.OB
pacnopH.n.HJlCH CBoeH 3eMJleH cJle.n.YIOlU.HM 06pa30M: 1. CeJlO JI.06poe nepe.n.a-
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npaBo BbiKyna 11.. BalllYPoBoH CblHOM 3a 30 p. 3. CeJlbl1.0 POBHH H 11.. oaxMaToBo
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HHor.n.a 06XO.n.HJlOCb H 6e3 .n.eHe>KHOH KOMneHCal1.HH. oe3YCJIOBHO, B 3TOM CKa3a-
J10Cb BJlHHHHe nOCTaHOBJleHHH c06opoB 1580 H 1584 rr. 0 npeKpameHHH pOCTa
u.epKOBHoro 3eMJleBJla.n.eHHH, HO, B03MO>KHO, IJTO H caMH MOHaCTblpH nopoH
npe.n.nOIJHTaJlH nonYIJHTb .n.eHbrH B3aMeH nOJlynYCTblx .n.epeBeHb.
A. A. 3HMHH npHBo.n.HT HeCKOJlbKO npHMepoB, Kor.n.a 3aBemaHHhle 3eMJIH He
nocTynaJlH B MOHaCTblpb HJlH >Ke CTaHOBHJlHCb 06oeKTOM cnopa lIepHeu.OB
C coce.n.HHMH <j>eo.n.aJlaMH, cTpeMHBwHMHCH 3aXBaTHTb ee III. Ho B TO }l(e BpeMH,
KaK npaBHJlbHO OTMeTHJI eme C. B. PO)l(Jl.ecTBeHcKHH, 06b1IJaH 3eMeJIbHblX
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B MOHaCTblpH. JI.a>Ke eCJIH CIJHTaTb, IJTO Jl.aJleKO He Bce .n.allH CTaJlH peanb-
HOCTblO, TO nOKa3aTeJleH caM <j>aKT o<j>opMJleHHH aKTOB Ha BKJla.n.hI 6e3 KaKoro-
J1H60 ynoMHHaHHH YJlO>KeHHH 1580 H 1584 rr. nO>KepTBOBaHHe HMeHHH UepKBH
cOBepWaeTCH (no KpaHHeH Mepe, Ha 6YMare) C TaKoH J1erKOCTblO, K8K 6YJl.TO
BKJlaJl.IJHKH H caMH MOHaCThipH He COMHeBalOTCH B OTCYTCTBHH K8KHx-nH60
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B MOHaCTblpb 113. 3aBemaHHe Jl.aTHpOBaHo 7089 r., T. e. OHa 6bU18 COCTaBJIeHa
He paHee IJeM cnycTH 9 MeCHl1.eB nOCJIe co60pa. B TOM >Ke roJl.Y nHThiH TYMCKHH
157

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«no ,lI.ywe:., HO H 3a 100-Py6J1eBblH ,lI.OJIr. Bnoc.ne,ll.CTBHH, K Cepe,ll.HHe XVII B.,
KOr,ll.a nOSlBHJlOCb pSl,ll. npeTeH,lI.eHTOB Ha JIHneLlbl, 3aSlBHBWHX, liTO MOHaCTblpb
He HMeeT KpenOCTeH, HMeHHO ,lI.aHHaSi 1581/82 r., KaK H ,lI.yxoBHaSi 1589/90 r.
n. TYMcKoro SlBHJlHCb OCHOBHblM aprYMeHToM ,lI.JlSI peweHHSI ,lI.eJla B nOJlb3Y
MOHaXOB 114. 9 HIOJlSI 1582 r. MHTpOnOJlHIIHH ,lI.BOpeLlKHH oKpyr JlHJI BJla,ll.eHHSI
MHTpOnOJlHTa ,aHOHHCHSI nYTeM nOKynKH y H. A. rJle60Ba nYCTOWH B MOCKOB-
CKOM y.115
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a TOJlbKO nYCTOUleu. B npOTHBHOM c.nYllae, BepOSITHO, Tpe60BaJlOCb oc06oe
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CBOH BJla,ll.eHHSI Ka3aHcKHH npeOOpa>KeHCKHH MOHaCTblpb 118. ,aJlSl Ka3aHCKHX ,lI.Y-
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caMbiM npe,ll.OCTaBJISleTCSI JleraJlbHaSi B03MO>KHOCTb B 06xo,ll. YJlO>KeHHSlM 1580 H
1584 rr. YBeJlHIIHBaTb CBOH BJla,ll.eHHSI. B 1591 r. Ka3aHcKHH n pe06pa>KeHCKHH
MOHacTblpb «>KaJlOBaJlCSI:. HOBblMH 3eMeJlbHblMH ,lI.allaMH B ClleT YCTaHOBJleHHOrO
eMY OKJIa,ll.a - 800 lIeTeH B O,ll.HOM nOJle 119. nOKa HeH3BeCTHO, pacnpOCTpaHSlJlOCb
JlH ,lI.aHHOe HOBOBBe,ll.eHHe TOJlbKO H3 BOCTOIIHble MOH3CTblpH B CBSl3H C HX MHC-
CHeH XpHCTH3HH33LlHH KopeHHoro HaCeJleHHSI HJlH >Ke H3 Bce nOrpaHHQHble
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AHTHJlOXOBblM, CTapo,ll.y6cKOH BOTIIHHOH KHSl3eH CHJlbI H HHKHTbI rYH,lI.OpOBblX,
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B MOHaCTblpe Ka6aJla B 100 p.:., TeM caMbiM H3PYWHB TOJlbKO liTO npHHSlToe
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cHTyaLlHH, KHSlrHHSI nOJlYIIHJla 200 p. 3a AHTHJlOXOBO, He npe,ll.ynpe,ll.HB, liTO
OHO SlBJlSleTCSI Y>Ke He ee, a MOHaCTblpCKOH c06CTBeHHOCTblO. B03MO>KHO, XHTpaH
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158

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ceJlo AHTHJlOXOBO. npaBHTeJlbCTBO Ha OCHOBaHHH YJlO}KeHHH 1580 r. MOrJlO OTnH-
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3aperHCTpHpOBaHa B BOTqHHHblX KHHrax, a BJla.n.eHHH B npe.n.weCTBYlOllleM onHca-
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CTpHpOBaHHaH B KHHrax KpenOCTeH «nO}KaJlOBaJl rOCY.l1apb B TpOHII.KOH MOHa-
CTblpb nO-npe}KHeMY» 123. TaKOH >Ke «nepe60p» 3eMeJlb 6h1J1 npOH3Be.n.eH BO BJla-
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war B OTHoweHHH lI.epKOBHoro 3eMJleBJla.n.eHHH, H.n.H no nYTH qaCTHqHOH ceKYJlHpH-
3aIl.HH, npaB.n.a, .n.OCTaTOqHO p06KOH. TeM He MeHee nOKa3aTeJleH caM 4>aKT
Tpe60BaHHH aKTOB Ha npaBO BJla.n.eHHH 3eMJleH: Be.n.b B YJlO}KeHHHX 1580 H
1584 rr. Cnell.HaJlbHO oroBapHBaJlaCb HenpHKocHoBeHHocTb Bcex lI.epKOBHblX
BJla.n.eHHH, npH06peTeHHblx .n.o 1580 r. BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH HaJlHqHH Ha HHX
KpenocTeH: «XOTH KOTopoe MeCTO H He YTBep}K.n.eHO KpenOCTbMH, H Toro Y MOHa-
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poe He YCTpaHBaJlO He TOJlbKO lI.epKOBHHKOB, HO H npaBHTeJlbCTBO. npaB.lla,
nepenHCb TpOHII.KHX BJla.n.eHHH B 90-x ro.n.ax HarJlH.n.HO npo.n.eMOHCTpHpOBaJla,
tlTO npHroBop 1580 r. CblrpaJl CBOIO pOJlb, pe3Ko OrpaHHqHB .n.aJlbHeHWHH pOCT
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BOTqHH OT qaCTHbiX JlHII. B MOHaCTblpb, nOqTH BCH .n.aTHpOBaHa nepHo.n.OM
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BJla.n.eHHe CeJlb1l.0M Y CTbe H .n.. IOpbeBell. BO BJla.n.HMHpCKOM y. no 3aKJIa.n.HoH
1580/81 r., <l>aKTHqeCKaH nepe.n. aqa KOTOpblX COCTOHaCb B 1582/83 r. 124
159

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BOJlre. B 1591 r. TOJIrCKHH MOHacTblpb nOJIYIIHJI B 51pocJlaBcKoM y. 300 lIeTBep-
TeH. MeHee I.IJ.e.ll.po 6biJI cnO>KaJIOBaH» B 1592 r. KOCTpOMCKOH HnaTbeBcKHH
MOHaCTblpb 125. ,l{JIH 3THX c.ll.all» XapaKTepHa CJIe.ll.YIOI.IJ.aH OC06eHHOCTb: .lI.YXOBHble
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nocne.ll.CTBHH X03HHCTBeHHOrO pa30peHHH, npaBHTeJIbCTBO nepe.ll.aBaJlO o.epKBH
B nepBYIO Ollepe.ll.b 3a6pOllIeHHble nYCTble 3eMJIH, nOHHMaH, 4TO eH Jler4e HaJIa.ll.HTb
X03HHCTBO, lIeM CJIY>KHJIbiM JIIO.lI.HM. TeM CaMbiM KaK 6b1 .lI.OCTHraJlHCb .lI.Be o.eJlH:
Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHJIHCb 3anpOCbl o.epKBH OTHOCHTeJIbHO pOCTa ee BJla.ll.eHHH, C .lI.PyroH
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pOCllIero JIeCOM nepeJIora B X03HHCTBeHHblH 060POT, HO HMeHHO npe.ll.nOCblJlKa,
KOTopaH .lI.aJIeKO He BCer.ll.a CTaHOBHJIaCb peaJIbHOCTblO. «Y60rHe» 06HTeJlH
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nYCTOllieH. KpynHble .lI.YXOOHble Kopnopao.HH 6b1JIH He BCer.ll.a 3aHHTepeCOBaHbI
B 3analliKe Bcex CBOHX 3eMeJIbHblX MaCCHBOB, pa36pocaHHblX B pa3HblX ye3.l1.aX
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r.ll.e He 6b1JIO onopHblx X03HHcTBeHHblx KOMnJIeKCOB MOHacTblpH, no BceH BepoHT-
HOCTH, He OnpaB.lI.blBaJIHCb.
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<t>OH.lI. H .lI.a>Ke B HeKOTopblX CJlYllaHX npO.ll.OJI>KaeT ero HapaI.IJ.HBaTb. 3aKOHO-
.lI.aTeJIbHble aKTbI 0 3anpeI.IJ.eHHH pOCTa 3eMJIeBJIa.ll.eHHH .lI.YXOBeHCTBa, npHHHTble
Ha c060pax 1580 H 1584 rr., CTporo He C06JIIO.lI.aJlHCb. B03MO>KHO, HMeHHO
n03ToMY 7 anpeJIH 1597 r. 6b1JI H3.l1.aH HOBblH YKa3, KOTOpblH 3a<t>HKcHpOBaJl
cTaTYc- KBO B <t>eO.ll.aJIbHOM 3eMJIeBJIa.ll.eHHH. HMeHHo 3Ta .lI.aTa (1597 r.) B COlleTa-
HHH C nOKa3aHHHMH nHco.OBbiX KHHr, a He 1580 r. paccMaTpHBaeTcH B KOHo.e
XVII B. KaK rpaHb, OTTaJIKHBaHCb OT KOTOpOH H pellialOTcH CY.lI.e6Hble TH>K6b1:
B nOJIb3Y o.epKBH, eCJIH Ha 7 anpeJIH 1597 r. cnopHaH 3eMJIH npHHa.ll.JIe>KaJIa
eH; B nOJIb3Y CBeTCKHX <t>eo.ll.aJIoo, eCJIH K 3TOMY MOMeHTY o.epKoBHaH 3eMJlH 6b1JIa
nepe.ll.aHa HM 0 KalleCToe nOMeCTbH HJIH >Ke KynJIeHa HMH Y Ka3HbI Ha npaBax
BOTIIHHbI. BOT KaK 30YIIHT H3JIO>KeHHe YKa3a 1597 r. B npHroBope 1683 r.
cA B HallieM BeJlHKHX rocY.lI.apeH YKa3e H B 60HpCKOM npHroBope npOllIJlOrO
191 HIOHH B 20 .lI.eHb HanHcaHO: 3a naTpHapxoM H 3a MHTpOnOJlHTbI H 3a
MOHacTblpH nponHcaHbI OOTIIHHbI, 3eMJIH KOH 06'bHBHTo.a B nHco.OBbiX H Me>KaX
H rpaHHx, a HUbie 3a Me>KaMH H 3a rpaHHMH, - H Te 3eMJlH B nHco.OBbie
KHHrH HanHcaHbI B nOp03>KHX 3eMJIHX, a OHH Ha Te 3eMJlH nOJIO>KaT cTapHHHble
KpenocTH. Ii TaKHe 3eMJIH CnpaBJIHBaTb 3a HHMH no KpenocTHM, 6Y.lI.e Te
3eMJIH .lI.O YKa3Y 105 ro.ll.Y anpeJIH .lI.O 7 IIHCJla lIeJl06HTIIHKOM B nOMeCTbe He
OT.lI.aHbI, H B OOTQHHY He npO.ll.aHbI. A 6Y.lI.e Te 3eMJlH .lI.O Toro YKa3Y KOMY
B nOMeCTbe OT.lI.aHbI HJIH B BOTIIHHY npO.ll.aHbI, H TeM 3eMJlHM 6b1Tb 3a TeMH
JlIO.lI.bMH, KOMY OHH.lI.O Toro YKa3Y B nOMeCTbe OT.lI.aHbI HJIH B BOTIIHHY npO.ll.aHbI» 126.
nO-HHOMY CJIO>KHJIaCb cY.lI.b6a <t>HHaHCOBOH np06J1eMbi. YnopHaH H .lI.JlHTeJlb-
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.lI.OCTaTOIIHO ycnellIHo: TapxaHHblH HMMYHHTeT .lI.yxoBeHcTBa B TOM 06'beMe, B KOTO-
pOM CYI.IJ.eCTBOBaJI B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe CTOJIeTHe, npaKTHlleCKH nepeCTaeT
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B rocY.lI.apCTBeHHYIO Ka3HY.
160

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OT,n.eJlbHblX acneKTOB. Ta9<, n. A. Ca,n.HKoB, A. A. 3HMHH OCBeTHJlH HCTOpHIO
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HblH pa3Mep nJlaTe.>KeH B 1583 r. ,n.OCTHraJi 75 p. 15 ,n.eHer, a B 1586/88 r. -
116 p. 85 ,n.eHer 130. UH<I>Pbl, BblBe,n.eHHble A6paMOBHQeM, 6JIHe' K' ,n.aHHblM PO>K-
KOBa, H60 3TH HCCJle,n.OBaTeJlH CTpOHJIH CBOH paCqeTbi 89 OCHOBe' MarepH3J10B,
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3aKJIlOqaeTCH B KpaHHeH Y30CTH HCTOqHHKOBe,n.qeCKOH 6a3b1. ECJlH ,lJ.JIH R3yqeHHH
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TO.>KHoe KOJlHqeCTBO HX::' 131. HCTOpHKH ,n.o HaCTOHlllero BpeMeHH onepHpOBaJiH
pa3p03HeHHbIMH lJ.H<I>paMH H3 Ka,n.aCTpOBbiX onHcaHHH, a TalOKe HeCKOJlbKHMH
YKa3HblMH rpaMOTaMH H OTnHCHMH 0 c60pe HaJlOrOB.
TeM 60JlblUYlO lJ.eHHOCTb npe,n.CTaBJIHIOT no,n.aTHbie TeTpa,n.H HOCH<I>O-BOJIO-
KOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH, B KOTOpblX <l>HKcHpOBaJiCH c60p Ba.>KHeHlUHX rocy,n.ap-
CTBeHHblX nJlaTe.>KeH C 3aBHCHMblX KpeCTbHH. COXpaHHJlOCb 6 no,n.aTHbiX TeTpa,n.eH
3a 1581/82-1592 rr. Bce OHH ony6J1HKoBaHbI 132. HeCMOTpH Ha 60JIblUOH
HHTepec B COBeTCKOH HCTopHorpa<l>HH K yqeTHO-X03HHCTBeHHblM MOHaCTblpCKHM
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II 3aK. 1454
161

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Ka3HhI, B pocnHCHX 0 C.lI.alle nYCTOllleH B apeH.lI.Y, B 06POllHhlX TeTpa.ll.HX,
B .lI.OKYMeHTax 0 BhI.lI.alle «>KaJlOBaHbH» cJlyra M H .lI.eTeHhlllla M H T. n. BCH 3Ta
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HeCMOTpH Ha HX coxpaHHOCTb, nO.ll.aTHhie TeTpa.ll.H OTCYTCTBYIOT. 3TO He cJlyqaH-
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rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHhlX nOBHHHOCTeH, «OTapxaHeHhI» >KaJlOBaHHhlMH rpaMOTaMH 1563,
1576, 1578 rr. 134 CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, paHee OTMeHhI TapxaHoB nO.ll.aTHhie TeTpa.ll.H
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BeHHhlX KOMnJleKCOB (06h1l1HO ceJlo C .lI.epeBHHMH), paCnOJlO>KeHHhlX B 10 ye3.l1.ax.
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MaMU 06AoxeHUR coxpaHHeTCH H B TeTpa.ll.H 1583 r.
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COCTaBJleHHOH B MapTe 1577 r. .lI.JlH KHpHJlJlo-BeJl03epcKoro MOHacThipH H
Pa3pH.lI.a, B 1577 r. K TeppHTopHH, nO.ll.Be.ll.OMCTBeHHoH ,LlBOPY, OTHOCHT cJle-
.n.YIOllJ.He paHoHhI: ,LlMHTpOB, POCTOB, nOlllexoHbe, BOJlor.ll.Y, nOMopbe, Kapro-
nOJlb, oKpecTHocTH nCKoBa (Ce6e>K, KpacHhlH, OnollKH), nCKOB (?), ,LlBHHCKYIO
3eMJlIO, a TaK>Ke IO>KHhle: K03eJlbCK, BeJleB, JIHxBHH, nepeMhllllJlb. liTO Kaca-
eTCH KOHua 70-x-HallaJla 80-x rO.ll.OB, CKphlHHHKOB, onHpaHCb Ha peKOHCTpYHPO-
BaHHhlH CTaHHCJlaBCKHM TeKCT 60HpCKoro cnHCKa 1577 r., npHlIHCJlHeT K .lI.BOpO-
BhlM ye3.l1.aM CTapHUY, 3y6uOB, nCKOB. O.ll.HaKO OH BhlCKa3h1Bae-r npe.ll.nOJlO>KeHHe,
tlTO, B03MO>KHO, «,LlBOP paCCMaTpHBaJlCH KaK oc06oe BOHCKO uapH, a He KaK
162

oc06b1e TeppHTOpHaJIbHble BJIa)l.eHHH, B KOTOpblX U.apb 6b1JI Y)l.eJlbHblM rocY)l.a-
peM» 136. nO)l.aTHbie TeTpa)l.H BOJIOKOJIaMCKOrO MOHaCTblpH y6e>K)l.aIOT, liTO nO)l.
.lI.BOpOM nO)l.pa3YMeBaJIHCb TeppHTOpHaJIbHble BJIa)l.eHHH, npHlIeM nOJIb30BaB-
WHeCH HeKOTOpblM <l>HHaHCOBbiM nOCJIa6JIeHHeM. 3TO ,l{MHTPOBCKHH, 3y6u.OBCKHH,
KJIHHCKHH, P>KeBCKHH, CTapHUKHH yy. K ,l{BOPY Ha)l.O OTHeCTH TaK>Ke SlpOCJIaB-
CKHH y., KOTOpblH B HaqOaJIe 80-x rO)l.OB Be)l.aJICH B .lI.BOpOBOM ,l{BOpu.e H B ,l{BOPOBOM
60JIbWOM npHXO.Lle, H CY3.LlaJIbCKHH y., KOTOpblH 6b1JI B 1579/80 r. «B3HT...
BO ,l{BOP, H no HaweMY YKa3Y BeJIeHO cTapo)l.y6cKHM KHH3eM 3a HX HOTlIHHbI .LleHbrH
.LlaBaTH H3 HaweH Ka3HbI, a HX BOTlIHHbI BeJIeHO B nOMeCTbe p03.LlaBaTH» 137.
OCHOBHblMH rOCY.LlapCTBeHHblMH HaJIOraMH B 80-x rO.Llax 6b1JIH HMCKHe .LleHbrH
H nOJIOHHHHlIHble, nOCOWHble .LleHbrH 3a HaMeCTHHlIHH KOpM. ,l{BopoBbie 3eMJIH
npH 06JIO>KeHHH .LleHe>KHblMH HaJIOraMH OKa3b1BaJIHCb B 60JIee npHBHJIerHpOBaH-
HOM nOJIO>KeHHH, lIeM >KHTeJIH OCTaJIbHOH lIaCTH CTpaHbI. TaK, B 1581/82 r.
BOTlIHHHble KpecTbHHe )l.BOpOBbiX ye3)1.0B nJIaTHJIH TOJIbKO nOJIOHHHHlIHble .LleHbrH
8 pa3Mepe 25 p. C COXH. )l(HTeJlH «3eMCKHX» ye3.LlOB, nOMHMO nOJIOHHHHlIHblX
.LleHer, BbinJIallHBaJIH ellle «)l.aHb». 06111aH cYMMa nJIaTe>KeH .LlOCTHraJIa nOllTH
39 p. C COXH. CY.LlH no TeTpa)l.H 1583 r., pa3pblB B nJIaTe>KaX ellle 60JIee YBeJIH-
qHJICH: pa3HHu.a COCTaBJIHJIa nOllTH 2,5 pa3a (Ta6JI. 9). O.LlHaKO oc06oe nOJIO>Ke-
HHe «.LlBOpOBblX» 3eMeJIb OTHIO.Llb He orpaHHlIHBaJIOCb YMeHbweHHeM pa3Mepa
B3HMaeMoro HaJIOra. B03MO>KHO, rOpa3.Ll0 60JIbWee 3HalleHHe HMeJlO OCB060>K.Lle-
HHe 3THX ye3)1.0B OT ynJIaTbi )l.aHH. B JIHTepaType YTBep.LlHJIOCb MHeHHe, liTO
.LlaHH KaK pa3HOBH.LlHOCTH cneu.HaJIbHOrO n060pa He CYllleCTBOBaJIO. BeCeJIOB-
CKHH nHCaJI, liTO HaJIHlIHe )l.aHHblX .LleHer «KaK oc060ro HaJIOra .LlJIH nOMeCTHbiX H
BOTlIHHHblX 3eMeJIb He MO)l(eT 6b1Tb .LlOKa3aHO» 138. BCJIe.Ll 3a n. H. MHJIIOKOBbiM
OH nOJlaraJI, liTO B 60JIbWHHCTBe CJIyqaeB «.LlaHHble .LleHbrH» HBJIHIOTCH C06H-
paTeJIbHblM TepMHHOM )l.JIH Ba>KHeHWHX nJIaTe>KeH, KaK-TO: HMCKHX, npHMeTHbiX
H nOJIOHHHHlIHblX )l.eHer, BMeCTe B3HTblX.
Ho, nOMHMO BbiweYKa3aHHoro 3HalleHHH, nOHHTHe «)l.aHb» HMeJIO, BH.LlHMO,
H .LlpyroH CMblCJI, 0603HallaH Cneu.HaJlbHhlA no6op. B rpaMOTax KOHu.a XV-
HallaJIa XVI B. .LlaHb <l>HrYPHpyeT B KalleCTBe oc060ro HaJIOra: «TeM JIIO.LlHM
npHWJIbiM He Ha)l.06H HM MOH, BeJIHKOrO KHH3H, .LlaHb, HH HM, HHKOTopaH THrJIb
Ha 5 JIeT» (1519 r.), «a )l.alOT OHH C Tex ceJI H .LlepeBeHb 3 ro.LlY Ha ro.Ll...
3a .LlaHb H 3a HM H 3a npHMeT» (1513 r.), «He Ha.Ll06e eMY C Toe .LlepeBHH MOH
KHH>K IOpbeBa HBaHOBHlIa .LlaHb H HM, HH nOCOWHblH KOpM, HH HHble HHKOTopble
nOWJIHHbI Ha 3 rO.Llbl» (1516 r.) 139. r. B. A6paMOBHlI 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe
Ha JIeTOnHCHoe co06111eHHe no.Ll 1547 r.: «Toro >Ke JIeTa H BO Bcex ropo.Llax Moc-
KOBCKHe 3eMJIH H B HOBrOpO.Lle xJIe6a 6b1JIO CKY.LlHO. Te >Ke 3HMbI U.apb H BeJIHKHH
KHH3b BeJIeJI .LlaHb HMaTH C COXH no 12 py6JIeB H OTToro KpecTbHHaM THrOTa
6b1JIa BeJIHKaH» 140. Ha)l.o OTMeTHTb, liTO B )l.BOpU.OBbiX BOTlIHHax .LlaHb BCer.Lla
3aMeHHJIaCb 06pOKOM (<<a 06pOKY 3a )l.aHb») HJIH >Ke .LlpyrHMH nO.LlaTHMH: «A 3a
.LlaHb 06pOKOB Ha HHX He nOJIO>KeHO nOTOMY, liTO HM .LlaBaTH HMCKHe .LleHbrH
H nOJIOHHHHlIHble» (BJIa.LlHMHp, 1554/55 r.), «A 3a .LlaHb 06POK Ha HHX He nOJIO>KeH
nOTOMY, liTO HM nJIaTHTH HMCKHe .LleHbrH H npHMeT no pa3BO.LlY C COX, KaK KOJIH
r.Lle rOCY.Llapb BeJIHT. ,l{a HM rOpO.LlOBbie .LleJIa .LleJIaTH H nOCOWHaH CJlY>K6a
CJlY>KHTH» (6eJI03epCK, 1564 r.) . <l>opMYJIa (<<.LlaIOT 06pOKOM 3a .LlaHb H 3a HM H 3a
nOCOWHblH KOpM H 3a Bce nOWJIHHbI») npHcYTcTByeT H B pH.Lle >KaJIOBaHHblX
rpaMOT 141. Bce 3TO n03BOJIHeT npe)l.nOJIaraTb, liTO no.Ll TepMHHOM «.LlaHb»
B XV -HallaJIe XVI B. nO)l.pa3YMeBaJICH caMOCTOHTeJlbHblH nJIaTe>K. To >Ke caMoe
MO>KHO CKa3aTb 0 60-80-x rO.Llax: nOHHTHe «.LlaHb» <l>HrYPHpyeT BO MHorHX
II ·
163

TafiJlHQa 9. Hop... rocYAapCTBeHHoro OOJlO)KeHHR (Ha coxy) *
1581/82 r. 1583/84 r.
Ye3A
AaHb nOJlOHSlHH'IHble .naHb nOJlOHSlHH'IHble
BOJIOUKHH 25 p.
PY3CKHii 25 p.
MOCKOBCKHH 25 p.
TBepcKoH ?
Bna.l1HMHpCKHH ?
3y6uOBCKHH
KnHHcKHH
P>KeBCKHH
C'FapHUKHH
?
13 p. 92 25 p. 18 p.
13 p. 92 25 p. 18 p.
13 p. 92 ? 18 p.
13 p. 92 ? 18 p.
? + +
.lI.BopoBbie
25 p. 18 p.
25 p. 18 p.
25 p. 18 p.
? 18 p.
25 p. 18 p.
.lI.MHTpOBCKHH
* Ta6J1Hlla COCTaBJIeHa Ha OCHOBe no.naTHbiX TeTpaAeH HocH<I»o-BoJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH:
BXK. 1978. C. 28-48, 57-64, 72-90, 97-104, 130-136.
BeJlH'IHHa no.naTeH .naHa B py6J1S1x H .neHbrax.
HCTOlJHHKaX, XOTH 8 HeKOTOpblX CJIYlJaHX TepMHH HMeeT C06HpaTeJlbHblH CMblCJI.
B npHXO.ll.O-paCXO.ll.HblX KHHrax 1567/68 r. KHpHJlJlo-BeJl03epCKoro MOHaCTblpS1
803MO>KHO 3a<t>HKcHp08aHa ynJlaTa HaHH 8 KalJeCT8e OT.lI.eJIbHOrO HaJlOra.
«B3HTO C BarnnaHcKHx 4 .lI.epe8eHb H C nOlJHHKH C 1/16 COXH... 8 u.ape8Y H
8eJlHKOrO KHH3H .lI.aHb:'. Tor.ll.a >Ke C06HpalOT He.ll.OHMKH «8 .lI.aHH:' 3a npe.ll.-
rneCT8YIOIUHH rO.ll.. MOHaCTblpb nJl3THJI .lI.aHb u.aplO H 8 HalJaJle 80-x rO.ll.OB.
Ty >Ke KapTHHY Ha6J1IO.lI.aeM H 80 8J1a.ll.eHHHX COJI08eu.KOrO MOHaCTblpH, KOTOpblH
COHp3J1 CO C80HX KpeCTbHH .lI.JlH ynJlaTbi 8 u.apCKYIO Ka3HY «.lI.aHb u.peHHYIO:.
H «,llaHb 3eMHYIO:'. «!laHHble .lI.eHbrH:. nJlaTHT 8 KOHu.e 70-x rO.ll.08 KOpHHJlbe80-
KOMeJIbCKHH MOHaCTblpb. B 1570 r. na8J1080-06HOpCKHH MOHacTblpb nOKpbl8aeT
He.ll.OHMKY O.ll.Horo H3 C80HX KpecTbHH: «!laHo 3a !la8b1.l1.08Y 8b1Tb 8 .lI.aHb
5 aJlTblH:. 142. Ho oc06eHHo 8a>KHO C8H.lI.eTeJlbCT80 nO.ll.aTHbiX TeTpa.ll.eH 110cH<t>o-
BOJlOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH, r.ll.e «.lI.aHb:' KaK 6b1 H3.l1.eJleH3 qepTaMH HeKoTopoH
COUH3J1bHOH npHHH>KeHHocTH: .lI.80p08b1e 3eMJlH .lI.eKn3paTH8Ho OT ee ynJlaTbi
oC8060>K.lI.eH bI.
1I.aHblO 8 npOrnJlOM 06J1araJlH nOKopeHHble Hapo.ll.bI. He CHM80JlH3Hp08aJla JlH
OHa H Tenepb nO.ll.qHHeHHe, nOKopHOCTb? npa8HTeJlbCT80 HaMepeHHO nO.ll.lJepKH-
83J10 QTqY'>K.lI.eHHe 3eMCKHX ye3.l1.08 OT C80HX «.lI.80p08b1X:'. Be.ll.b He CJIYlJaHHO >Ke,
06J1araH «.lI.8op08b1e:. 3eMJlH TeMH >Ke 25 p., lJTO H OCTaJlbHYIO TeppHTopHIO, npa8H-
TeJIbCT80 cneu.HaJlbHO or080pHJlO, lJTO pelJb H.lI.eT He 0 .lI.aHH, a 0 nOJlOHHHHlJHblX
.lI.eHbrax. BY.lI.yw.He .apXH8Hble pa3b1CKaHHH, 803MO>KHO, nOMorYT OT8eTHTb Ha
80npoc, KaKHM nYTeM HaCeJleHHe «.lI.80p08b1X:' ye3.l1.08 .lI.OJl>KHO 6b1J10 «paCnJlalJH-
8aTbCH:. 3a CMHrlJeHHOe nO.ll.3THoe 06J10>KeHHe H HCnOJlHHJlO JlH OHO KaKHe-JlH60
n08HHHOCTH, He C80HCT8eHHble >KHTeJlHM 3eMIUHHbI.
PaCCMOTpHM nO.ll.aTHbie OKJIa.ll.bI 3a nOCJle.ll.YIOIUHe rO.ll.bI. BonpeKH 6b1TY IO w.eMY
MHeHHIO 0 pe3KOM CHHiKeHHH HaJlOr08 nOCJ1e OKOHqaHHH JIH80HCKOH 80HHbI
pa3Mep THrJla 8nJlOTb .lI.O 1589 r., 8H.lI.HMO, .lI.ep>KaJlCH npHMepHo H3 TOM >Ke
yp08He, lJTO H 8 H3\1ane 80-x rO.ll.08. 06w.aH CYMMa H3J10r08 06b1qHO npH6J1H-
>KaJl3Cb K 35 p. C 'COXH (Ta6J1. 10). CoxpaHHeTcH H HeKoTopaH Hepa8Ho-
164

1587/88 r. 1588/89 r. 1589/90 r. 1592/93 r.
AaHb H nOJlo- OXOTHH'IbH AaHb H nOJlo- JlaHb, nOJlOHSlHH'I-
HHHH'IHble HSlHH'IHble Hble H OXOTHH'IbH HMCKHe
24 p. 120 II p. 22 p. 100 32 p. 100 10 p.
52-100
24 p. 120 10 p.-14 p. 22 p. 100 31 p. 120-33 p. 10 p.
24 p. 120 II p. 136 22 p. 100 32 p. 64 10 p.
? + 22 p. 100 + 10 p.
22 p. 100 ? ? + ?
32 p. 100-
36 p. 160
35 p. 145
48 p.
32 p. 100
32 p. 86-125
34 p.
+ n.aHHblH HaJlOr 6b1J1 B3b1CKaH C BOTLfHHHblX KpeCTbSlH ye3Jla, HO ero BeJlHLfHHa HaM HeH3BeCTHa.
- n.aHHblH HaJlOr B ye3n.e He B3HMaJiCSI. ? CBen.eHHH 0 B3HMaHHH HJlH HeB3HMaHHH HaJlOra HeT.
24 p. 120
II p. 56-14 p.
22 p. 100
10 p.
+
22 p. 100
22 p. 100
22 p. 100
II p. 100
lOp. 16
10 p.
10 p.-14 p.
22 p. 100
22 p. 100
22 p. 100
22 p. 100
10 p.
10 p.
10 p.
10 p.
MepHOCTb 06nO>KeHHH pa3JIHqHhlX ye3,D.OB. KnHH, P>KeB, CTapHLla, BJla,nHMHp nJla-
THT HeCKOJIbKO MeHbwe, qeM OCTanbHhle ye3,D.hI. npHQHHY ,naHHoro HBneHHH
YCTaHOBHTb nOKa He Y,D.anOCb. O,D.HaKO CJlaraeMhle THrna H HX pa3Mep MeHHIOTCH.
HcQe3JIa ,D.aHb B npe>KHeM ee 3HaQeHHH - KaK OC06h1H no6op C 3eMw.HHbI.
MOHaCTblpCKHH Ka3HalleH c06HpaeT ,naHHble ,neHbrH co Bcex BJJa,neHHH 6e3
pa3nHIIHH ye3,nOB. B ,nOKYMeHTax ,nPyrHx ,nYXOBHblX KopnopaUHH 3TOT >Ke HaJJOr
QaCTO HMeHyeTcH HMCKHMH ,D.eHbraMH. H3 HCTOIIHHKOB Mbi Y3HaeM, liTO BenHIIHHa
nOJlOHHHHIIHhlX ,neHer ynana ,D.O 2 p. TaKoH pa3Mep OHH cOXpaHHJJH ,nO KOHua
CTOJIeTHH. TaK, B 1581 /88 H 1588/89 rr. e,D.OpOBCKHH MOHaCThlpb B nepeHCJlaBne
H TepexoBcKHH B PH3aHH 3annaTHnH npH6nH3HTenbHo no 20 p. HMCKHX ,neHer
H no 2 p. nOJIOHHHHIIHhlX 143. 06maH CYMMa HanorOB (22 p.) nOIlTH COBna,naeT
C BenHIIHHOH ,naHHhlX H nonOHHHHIIHhlX ,neHer, BhlnnallHBaeMbiX B 3TH ro,nbl
HOCH4»o-BOJIOKOJIaMCKHM MOHaCThipeM.
BBO,D.HTCH HOBhlH Hanor - ,D.eHbrH HMCKHM OXOTHHKaM Ha no,nMory HnH npo-
rOHhI. HCTOIIHHKH lIame HX HMeHYIOT KaK OXOTHHllbH ,neHbrH. ,LlaHHaH nOBHH-
HOCTb paHee B OCHOBHOM oT6h1BanaCb B KalleCTBe cH3,nenbw.HHbI:'. TaK, B 1579 r.
HpOCJlaBCKHH CnaccKHH MOHacThlpb ,D.aBan C COXH no lIenoBeKY «OXOTHHKOB:.,
a cpHAHnH ,D.e OHH no 10 p. lIenoBeKY:'. HeCKOJIbKHMH rO,D.aMH paHbwe B O,nHOM
H3 aKTOB nepellHCJlHnHCb HMCKHe nOBHHHOCTH HpocnaBcKoro MOHacTblpcKoro
CeJlbua: OXOTHHKOB nOCTaBHTb K BOKwepcKoMY HMY, ,D.eHer HM ,naTb eHa BCHKYIO
HMCK)'IO CTpHnHIO:', ,D.BOphi nOCTaBHTb OXOTHHKaM, ca ,nBOp ,D.e HMCKOH HX
KpeCTbHHe CTaBHnH >K co BceMH coxaMH nopOBHY, liTO K BOKwepCKOMY HMY COX
npHnHcaHO:'. B cepe,nHHe 80-x rO,D.OB, KOr,D.a OXOTHHllbH nOBHHHOCTb 6b1na
3aMeHeHa ,D.eHbraMH (20 p. C COXH) , nOMHMO ,D.eHer, C KpecTbHH Tpe60Banacb
TalOKe cnO,D.MOra XJle60M:': no 15 lIeTH P)l(H + 15 lIeTH OBca 144. K caMOMY
KOHUY 80-x rO,D.OB pa3Mep OKJIa,D.a OXOTHHllbHX ,D.eHer Ha COxy CHH>KaeTCH
J!,O lOp. Ha,D.o OTMeTHTb, liTO 3TOT Hanor He BCer,D.a HMen TBep,nhlH oKJIa,n H
B3HManCH no pa3BO,D.y KaK Cpe,D.H ye3,D.OB, TaK H BHYTpH ye3,nOB. KpeCTbHHe
BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCThipH B 1581/88 r. nnaTHnH C COXH OT 10 ,no 14 p. Y Hac
165

Ta6Jllfu.a 10. H3MeHeHHe pa3MepoB OCHOBHblX HaJlOrOB C COXH (B py6.) *
1581/82 r. 1583/84 r. I 
........... . MO
HanorH 1585 r. 1586 r. 1587/88 r. 00'- 1589/90 r. 0')0
000') co
oo 0')-
3eMWHHa JJ.BOp 3eMWHHa JJ.BOp I
L1.aHb
nOJlOHHHHII-
Hhle
.LI.aHHhle-
HMCKHe
OXOTHHllbH
HToro
25
13,5
25
25
18
18 ? ? 2 2
? ? 20-22 22,5 20
20 20 10-14 ? 10
32-38 32
2
38,5
43
10
12
* Ta6nHlla COCTaBneHa Ha OCHOBe no.naTHbiX TeTpaJJ.eH HOCHo.BonOKonaMCKoro MOHaCTblpSl, C npH-
Bne'leHHeM MaTepHanOB nepeSicnaBCKoro cJ>eJJ.opOBCKoro, pSl3aHCKoro TepeXOBCKoro, CY3JJ.anb-
CKoro nOKpOBCKoro MOHaCTblpeH, a TaK>Ke Ha OCHOBe KHHrH c60pa OXOTHH'IbHX JJ.eHer C PocnaBnb-
CKoro y. H .npyrHx MaTepHanoB: BXK. 1978. C. 28-48, 57-64, 72-90, 97-104, 130-136;
KaTaeB, Ka6aHoB. Nt 60, 63, 73; 1.ITeHHSI OH.llP. 1916. KH. 2. C. 8; AcJ>3X. 1.1. II. Hi 398; AIO.
Hi 209 (V, VI), 214 (III); PHB. nr, 1915. T. 32. Nt 336,339.
- .naHHble HanorH B ye3JJ.e He B3HManHCb.
? - CBe.neHHH 0 B3HMaHHH HnH HeB3HMaHHH OCHOBHblX HanorOB HeT.
HeT ,llaHHblX no ueHTpaJlbHblM ye3,llaM 0 BeJlHqHHe ,llPYfHX fOCY,llapCTBeHHblX
HaJlOfOB 3a 1585 H 1586 ff. ECJlH >Ke 06paTHTbcH K COJIbBblqefO,llCKoMY
KpalO, TO TaM B 1585/86 f. 3a ,llaHb, HMCKHe ,lleHbfH, fOpO,llOBOe, 3aCeqHOe,
HMqY>KHOe ,lleJIO H 3a npHMeTHbie ,lleHbfH CnaccKHH MOHacTblpb nJlaTHT C COXH
32 p.145 npHMepHo TaKYIO >Ke CYMMY BblnJlaqHBaeT B 1587/88 f. BOJlOKOJlaMCKHH
MOHacTblpb. CJle,llOBaTeJlbHO, npaBHTeJlbCTBO cTpeMHTcH K HHBeJlHpOBKe pa3MepoB
nJlaTe>Ka C COXH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COCTaBa nOBHHHocTeH.
PaccMoTpHM pa3Mep nO,llaTeH, npHXO,llHllI.HHCH Ha HOBfOpO,llCKYIO coxy. HaMH
HCCJle,llOBaHa nJlaTe>KHHua 1588 f., COCTaBJIeHHaH Ha OCHOBaHHH onHcaHHH
HOBrop0,llcKHX nHTHH 146. Ha 06>KY ,lla>Ke B npe,lleJIax O,llHOH nHTHHbI na,llalOT
pa3Hble CYMMbI nJlaTe>KeH, O,llHaKO pa3HHua 06b1qHO pe,llKO npeBblWaeT HeCKOJIbKO
,lleHer. ECJlH HCXO,llHTb H3 nocTYJlaTa, qTO B coxY 6b1J1o nOJlO>KeHO 30 06>KeH,
TO C MOHaCTblpCKOH BOTqHHbI B llIeJloHcKOH nHTHHe 3aJleCCKOH nOJlOBHHe
C COXH nJlaTHJlH OKOJlO 51 p., a eCJlH yqHTblBaTb TOJlbKO Te OCHOBHble HaJlOrH,
KOTopble npHBe,lleHbI HaMH B Ta6J1Hue ,llJlH ueHTpaJlbHblX ye3,llOB, TO CYMMa
YMeHbUJHTCH ,ll0 45 p. Ho, CY,llH no nJlaTe>KHOH KHHre ,l{epeBcKoH nHTHHbI, B coxY
KJlaJlOCb 24 06>KH. B ,l{eMaHcKoM norOCTe nO,llaTH B3HMalOTCH He C 06>KH,
a C 1/ 24 COXH, npH 3TOM BblHCHHeTCH, qTO nJlaTe>KH C 1/ 24 COXH = nnaTe>KaM
C 1 06>KH. B03MO>KHO B03pa>KeHHe, qTO 3TO npOH30WJlO H3-3a MeJlKOH ,llOJlH
COXH, HO 3TO He TaK: pH,llOM CeJleHHe onHcaHO 1/ 32 COXH. Ka3aJlOCb 6b1, HMeHHO
3TY ,llp06b CJle,llyeT npHpaBHHTb K 06>Ke, O,llHaKO oKJIa,llbi 3,lleCb HH>Ke 06e>KHblx.
B .lleMaHcKOM norOCTe C 24-06e>KHOH COXH B3HMaTb ,llOJl>KHbI 6b1J1H 6b1 36 p.
120 ,lleHef, nOqTH CTOJlbKO >Ke, CKOJlbKO H B ueHTpe cTpaHbI. .llYMaeTcH,
qTO HenpaBbi Te HCTOpHKH, KOTopble nepeBO,llHT MeCTHbie OKJIa.llHble e,llHHHUbi
B 800-QeTBepTHYIO MOCKOBCKYIO COxy. Be,llb H B ueHTpaJlbHblX ye3,llaX coxa
6b1J1a pa3HOBeJlHKa, 3aBHCH KaK OT KaqeCTBa 3eMJlH, TaK H OT COUHaJlbHOrO
cTaTyca 3eMJleBJI, a,lleJlbua TeM He MeHee K KOHUY XVI CTOJleTHH npaBHTeJlbCTBO
c06HpaeT OCHOBHble HaJlOrH B paBHoM pa3Mepe KaK C nOMecTHoH, TaK H C MOHa-
166

CTblpCKOH COXH. npHK83HOH 8nn8p8T HMeJl ,lI.eJlO C YCAOBHO-n03eMeAbHbtM 06AO-
3ICeHUeM, n03TOMY CTpeMHJlCH no B03MO>KHOCTH K nop8BHeHHOMY o(jJIO>KeHHIO
cox B KOHu.e XVI B. KOHetlHO, e1U.e 6b1J1H He H3>KHThi MeCTHbie Tp8,l1.HUHH.
BepOHTHO, npH p8BHblX OKJI8,l1.8X C p83HOBeJlHKHX -cox H8CeJleHHe ueHTp8J1bHblX
ye3,l1.0B MOrJlO HeCTH ,lI.OnOJlHHTeJlbHble rOCY,ll.8pCTBeHHble nOBHHHOCTH. Ho TOT
<P8KT, tlTO B 1588 r. CYMMbI nJl8Te>KeH C MOCKOBCKOH H HOBrOpO,ll.CKOH COXH
nOtlTH COBn8J18IOT, CBH,lI.eTeJlbCTByeT C8M 38 ce6H.
06p81U.8HCb K T86J1. 10, MO>KHO KOHCT8THpOB8Tb, tlTO B nepBble rO,ll.bI nOCJIe
OKOHtl8HHH JIHBOHCKOH BOHHbI 061U.8H CYMM8 n060pOB CHH3HJl8Cb Kp8HHe He3H8-
tlHTeJlbHO, XOTH HOMHH8J1bH8H BeJlHtlHH8 nOJlOHHHHtlHblX H HMCKHX ,lI.eHer pe3KO
yn8J18. nOCJIe 1589 r. B n0J18THOH nOJlHTHKe H8MeTHJlHCb cepbe3Hble H3MeHeHHH:
OKJI8,l1.bI OCHOBHblX H8J10rOB CT8J1H CT86HJlbHbI. OXOTHHtlbH H nOJlOHHHHtlHble
,lI.eHbrH COCT8BJlHJIH 12 p. C COXH. 061U.HH p83Mep nJl8Te>KeH YMeHbwHJlcH
nOtlTH B 3 p838. nOMHMO YK838HHblX H8J10rOB, H8CeJleHHe CTp8HbI B TetleHHe
BceH BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbI XVI B. nJl8THJlO «KopMOBbie ,lI.eHbrH:" (<<6eJ1b1H KOPM:"),
BeJIHtlHH8 KOTOpblX 06b1t1HO 6b1J18 p8BH8 1 p. 56 ,lI.eHer C COXH. ECJlH K 12 p. npH(j8-
BHTb 1 p. 56 ,lI.eHer, TO nepeJ1 H8MH pe3YJlbT8T, 0 KOTOpOM nHC8J1 BeCeJlOBCKHH, -
13 p. 56 ,lI.eHer. Ho 3T8 CYMM8 B3HM8J18Cb JlHWb C 90-x rO,ll.OB XVI B.
TH>KeJlblH nO,ll.8THOH npecc, ,lI.8BHBWHH B TetleHHe HeCKOJlbKHX ,lI.eCHTHJleTHH
H8 H8CeJleHHe CTp8HbI, He Mor He CK838TbCH H8 nOJlO>KeHHH KpeCTbHH H H8 <Pop-
M8X <peO,ll.8J1bHOH peHTbI. KpeCTbHHCTBO, BblHY>K,lI.eHHOe nJiaTHTb HenOCHJlbHble 'no-
,lI.8TH, npO,ll.OJl>K8J10 HH1U.8Tb. B 1590 r. B X03HHcTBe HOCH<P0-BoJlOKOJl8MCKOro
MOH8CTblpH H8XO,ll.HJlOCb «B nycTe:.. 900 BbiTeH. KpecTbHHcKHH 61O,lI.>KeT 6b1J1
He B COCTOHHHH BblHeCTH ,lI.BOHHble nJl8Te>KH: B nOJlb3Y np8BHTeJlbCTB8
Ta6J1Hu.a t t. OCHOBHwe AeHe)KHWe DJlaTe)KH KpeCTbRH HOCH4to-BoJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTwpR
(B py6.)*
.lI.eHbrH rOCYJl.apCTBeHHble HanorH
roJl. BbiTH 06pOK 3a apeHJl.Y HeJl.OHMKH
3eMenb c06paHo a6c. I %
I
2,5
4,3
9
10,3
13,3
· Ta6nHlla COCTaBneHa Ha OCHOBaHHH yqeTHOA Jl.OKYMeHTallHH, ony6nHKoBaHHoH B BXK. 1978.
C. I-III; 1980. C. 1-24, 85-107, 132-157, 182-204, 238-247.
UHpbl B Ta6nHlle oKpyrneHbI: qHCJlO BbiTeH Jl.aHO 6e3 Jl.oneA, a CYMMbI n060poB Bblpa>KeHbI B py6-
nRX, 6e3 Jl.eHer.
- 03HaqaeT OTCYTcTBHe CBeJl.eHHH 3a Jl.aHHblH roJl..
HCTO"HHKoBeA..ecKHe saMe..aHHA: nonyqeHHble llHpbl Henb3R a6conlOTH3HpOBaTb He TonbKO
nOTOMY, liTO 3a HeKOTopble rOJl.bI coxpaHHnHCb HenonHble Jl.aHHble. lJacTb 06pOKa C y.naJleHHblX ceJl
TpaTHnaCb Ha MeCTe, H CBeJl.eHHR 06 TOM B yqeTHYIO Jl.OKYMeHTallHIO lleHTpanbHoH Ka3HbI He nona-
Jl.anH. He yqTeHbI Jl.eHe>KHble n060pbl B nonb3Y MOHacTblpcKOA aJl.MHHHCTpallHH. .llocTaTO'lHO BeJlHKH
CKpblTbie HeJl.OHMKH. CTonb >Ke YR3BHMbI CYMMbI rocYJl.apCTBeHHblx HanorOB: B MOHaCTblpCKHX
KHHrax 3anHCblBanHCb nHWb OCHOBHble n060pbl, HeKoTopble MOHacTblpcKHe KOMnneKCbI B HHX
nO'leMY-TO He nonanH. HeCMOTpR Ha TO, Jl.OCTaTOqHO OqeBHJl.Ha TeHJl.eHllHSI pacnpeJl.eneHHSI .neHe>K-
HoA peHTbI Me>KJl.Y rOCYJl.apCTBOM H BOT'lHHHHKOM.
1574 364 112
1575/76 446 145,5 39,5
1580 512 186 49
1581/82 331 132,5 194,5 330 8,5
1583/84 366 16,5
1587/88 97 87,5 90 207,5 20,5
1588/89 112,5 293,5 33,5
1589/90 75 69 127 303,5 46,5
167

H B nOJlb3Y MOHaCTblpH. COXpaHHBW3HCH .nOKYMeHTall.HH no BOJlOKOJIaMCKoii
.l1YXOBHOH Kopnopall.HH n03BOJlHeT npOCJle.nHTb p3cnpe.neJIeHHe .neHe>KHOH peHTbI
Me>K.l1Y rocy.n3pCTBOM H MOHaCTblpeM (CM. Ta6J1. 11). nOCJle OTMeHbI T3pX3HOB
He n03.l1Hee 1581/82 r. BeJlHqHHa .neHe>KHblX nOCTYlUleHHH B MOH3CTblpb CHH>K3-
eTCH. CYMMa 06pOKa B nOJlb3Y MOHaCTblpH K KOHU.Y SO-x ro.nOB COKpaTHJlaCb
nOqTH B 3 pa3a no cpaBHeHHIO C 1580 r. H 6W13 B 4,4 p33a MeHbwe .neHe>KHblX
n060poB, H.l1YW.HX B 3TO BpeMH B nOJlb3Y rocy.n3pCTBa. HaMeTHBw3HCH TeH.neH-
lI.HH CHH>KeHHH CYMM, nocTynaeMbix B MOH3CTblpb C apeH.nbl nYCTYIOw.HX 3eMeJlb,
KOTopble He 06J1araJlHCb rocy.napCTBeHHblM THrJlOM, - nOKa33TeJlb HJlYIII.ero
pa30peHHH KpeCTbHH, y KOTOpblX He CT3J10 .neHer H BHeHa.neJIbHoro 3eMJle-
nOJlb30BaHHH.
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CTBeHHblX HaJlOrOB. TeTpa.nH coopa .n3HHblX .neHer KOHlI.a 80-x ro.nOB neCTpHT
nOMeTaMH: «KpeCTbHHe pa36peJlHCb::t, «B3HTH He H3 KOM::t, «He B3HTO C nYCTblX
.l10Jlb:., «He B3HTO Ha 6e.nHblx H H3 Tex, KOTOpblX .nOMa HeT::t. PaCTeT H y.neJIbHblH
Bec He.l10HMOK C 2,4 % B 1581/82 r. .no 13,3 % B 1589/90 r. (6e3 YQeT3
CKpblTbiX He.noHMoK). B HaQ3J1e 9O-x ro.nOB np3BHTeJlbCTBO BblHY>K.neHo 6b1J1o
cOKpaTHTb CTaBKH OCHOBHblX HaJlOrOB.

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4
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B 50-60-x rOA8x
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3T0 SlBJleHHe Y>Ke .lI.aBHO npHBJleKaJlO BHHMaHHe HCTOpHKOB H 6b1J1o .lI.0BOJlbHO
nonYJlSlpHblM OODeKTOM H3yqeHHSI eme B .lI.0peBOJIIOHOHHOH HCTopHorpa4>HH I.
XO.ll., OC06eHHOCTH, CTeneHb HHTeHCHBHOCTH KpH3Hca paccMaTpHBaJlHCb r JlaBHblM
o6pa30M Ha OCHOBe aHaJlH3a HOBrOpO.ll.CKHX MaTepHaJlOB. ,QOBOJlbHO XOpOlUO
coxpaHHBlllHHCSI KOMnJleKC HOBroPO.ll.CKHX nHCOBbiX KHHr n03BOJlHJI CY.lI.HTb
o xpOHOJIOrHqeCKHX paMKax KpH3Hca, ero pa3BHTHH, CTeneHH 3anycTeHHSI KpaH,
COHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHX C.lI.BHrax. O.ll.HaKO HH B O.ll.HOH H3 .lI.0peBOJlIOHOHHblX
pa60T np06J1eMa KpH3Hca He 6b1J1a H3yqeHa Ha OCHOBe conocTasneHHH Bcex
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BeTCKoe BpeMSI KOJlJleKTHBOM JleHHHrpa.ll.CKHX HCTOpHKOB, KOTOpblM Y.lI.aJlOCb
nOKa3aTb pa3J1HqHe B HHTeHCHBHOCTH pa30peHHSI OT.lI.eJlbHblX 06J1aCTeH perHOHa
no HaH60JJee Ba>KHblM nOKa3aTeJlSlM: y6b1J1H HaCeJleHHSI H COKpameHHH noceBHblX
nJlOma.ll.eH. B 0606malOmeM pa3.l1.eJle A. n. IllanHpo c4>oPMYJlHpOBaJl OCHOBHble
xapaKTepHCTHKH KpH3Hca H ero nocne.ll.CTBHSl 2 . KpaHHe HHTepeCHa nonblTKa
r. B. A6paMOBHqa BCKpblTb pe8JIbHble .lI.0XOJl.bl nOMemHKa H HX HCTOqHHKH
B ycnOBHSlX X03S1HCTBeHHoro pa30peHHSI, nOKa3aTb npeHMymecTBa yca.ll.HlllHOrO
X03S1HCTBa nepe.ll. OOPOqHOH cHCTeMoH nonyqeHHSI .lI.0XO.ll.a C KpecTbHH 3 .
113yqeHHe KpH3Hca Ha OCHOBe HOBrOpO.ll.CKHX .lI.0KYMeHToB, nOMHMO nJlIOCOB
(KOMDJleKCHOCTb HCTOqHHKOB, n03BOJISIIOmHX BCKpblTb OCHOBHble xapaKTepHcTHKH
KpH3Hca), HMeeT H HeKOTopble OTpHaTeJlbHble CTOpOHbI. B CHJlY cneH4>HqHOCTH
paHoHa nOCJle.ll.CTBHSI X03S1HCTBeHHOrO pa30peHHSI Hccne.ll.OBaHbI B OCHOBHOM .lI.JlH
nOMemHqbHX X03S1HCTB. qTO KacaercSi .lI.pyrHx THnOB sna.ll.eHHH, TO OHH H3yqeHbI
rOpa3.l1.0 CJla6ee. Me>K.lI.Y TeM B JlHTepaType .lI.0BOJlbHO CTOHKO 6b1TyeT MHeHHe
o TOM, qTO MOHaCTblpCKHe BJla.ll.eHHSI, 6Y.ll.yqH B 3KOHOMHQeCKOM OTHOlUeHHH
60JJee CHJlbHblMH, 6b1J1H onYCTOllleHbI 3HaQHTeJlbHO MeHblUe 4. r JlaBHblM >Ke
He.ll.OCTaTKOM HOBrOpO.ll.CKHX .lI.0KYMeHTOB SlBJlSleTCSI perHOHaJlbHaH JlOKaJlbHOCTb.
Mbi HMeeM .lI.eJlO JlHlllb C O.ll.HHM paHOHOM, npHQeM OKpaHHHblM H CHJlbHO nOCTpa-
.lI.aBlllHM B pe3YJlbTaTe nHBOHCKOH BOHHbI. nepeHOCHTb BblBO.ll.bI, C.lI.eJIaHHble
OTHOCHTeJlbHO CeBepo-3ana.ll.Horo KpaSl, Ha BCIO CTpaHY, 6e3 .lI.0nOJlHHTeJIbHblX
H3b1CKaHHH, .lI.0BOJIbHO pHcKoBaHHo.
H. A. PO>KKOB 6b1J1 nepBblM B .lI.0peBOJIIOHOHHOH HCTopHorpa4>HH H, no
cymeCTBY, e.ll.HHCTBeHHblM, KTO nOnblTaJlCSI .lI.aTb KOJIHQeCTBeHHble xapaKTepH-
CTHKH 3KOHOMHQeCKOrO pa30peHHSI Jl.JlSI BceH cTpaHbI, B TOM QHCJle H .lI.JlH LleHT-
paJlbHblX ye3.l1.0B 5. 11M 6b1J1 HCnOJlb30BaH 60JlblUOH KOMnJleKC BceB03MO>KHblX
rpaMOT, B TOM QHcne COTHbie rpaMOTbI, BblnHCKH H3 .lI.OlUe.ll.lUHX nHCLlOBbiX KHHr.
IIIHpoTa HCTOQHHKOBe.ll.QeCKOH 6a3b1 OTBeQaeT caMbiM B3b1CKaTeJlbHblM COBpe-
169

MeHHblM Tpe608aHHHM. Ho 60JIblllOH TPY.D. He .D.aJI .D.OJI>KHOrO 3eKTa: pa60Ta
OKa3aJIaCb MaJIOpe3YJIbTaTH8HOH. npHIIHHa KpoeTCH 8 MeTO.D.HKe, npHMeHeHHOH
H. A. PO>KK08b1M H, 8 lIaCTHOCTH, OCH08aHHOH Ha KOJIHlleCT8eHHOM npou.eHTHOM
conOCTa8JIeHHH IIHCJla nYCTOllieH H nOllHHK08 8 TOM HJIH HHOM BJla.D.eHHH,
80JIOCTH, ye3.D.e. nO.D.06HblH MeTO.D., XOTb H .D.aeT HeKoTopoe npe.D.CTa8JIeHHe 0 3a-
nYCTeHHH 3eMeJIb, He MO>KeT 6b1Tb npH3HaH nJIO.D.OT80pHblM Ha .D.aHHOM 3Tane
pa38HTHH HCTopHlleCKOH HaYKH. Bo-nep8b1X, KaK .D.OKa3aJIH C08eTCKHe HCTOpHKH,
HeKOTopoe KOJIHlIeCT80 3anYCTe8111HX 3eMeJIb He TOJIbKO HOpMaJIbHOe, HO H He06-
XO.D.HMoe YCJl08He 8e.D.eHHH TpeXnOJIbHOrO ce80060pOTa 6. ,LlPyroe .D.eJI0, liTO
npOLleHT nepeJIora npH 3TOM He .D.OJI>KeH 6b1Tb 8b1COKHM. npH MeTO.D.e >Ke PO>K-
K08a, 3TOT npou.eHT HaM HeH38eCTeH, TaK KaK Mbi HMeeM .D.eJIO C e.D.HHHu.aMH
nOCeJIeHHH (nYCTblX HJIH >Ke TOJIbKO liTO 803HHKlllHX), a He C caMOH lIeT8epTHOH
nalllHeH. BO-8TOPblX, nOCeJleHHH, KaK H nYCTOlllH, nOIlHHKH 6b1JIH Hepa8H03HallHbI
no 8eJIHIIHHe, n03TOMY nO.D.ClleTbi nOJlYllalOTCH KpaHHe HeTOIIHblMH, npH6JIH3H-
TeJlbHblMH H JIHlllalOT IIHTaTeJIH 803MO>KHOCTH conOCTa8JIeHHH .D.aHHblX no ye3.D.aM,
TaK KaK THnbl HaCeJIeHHblX nYHKT08 MOrJIH 6b1Tb pa3HblMH. HeJlb3H He npHHHMaTb
80 8HHMaHHe H oc06eHHOCTH «COlliHoro nHCbMa:.: 8 pH.D.e CJlYllae8 nHcu.bI 8 HToro-
8b1H nO.D.ClleT nYCTOllieH He 8KJIIOllaJIH 3a6pOllleHHble .D.epe8HH (OHH lllJIH no.D.
py6pHKOH «nYCTble .D.epe8HH:'), T. e. pe3YJIbTaT 3anYCTeHHH peaJIbHO 6b1JI
8Cer.D.a 8b1111e, lIeM 3TO nOJIYllaJIOCb Y PO>KK08a. CJIe.D.08aTeJlbHO, ero MeTO.D.HKa
8b1HBJlHeT JIHlllb HaJIHIIHe HJIH OTCYTCT8He npou.ecca 3anYCTeHHH, HO He CTeneHb
ezo UHTeHCUBHOCTU.
LJT06b1 He 8038palllaTbCH 60J1bllle K 80npocy 0 MeTO.D.HKe, HMelOllleH KpaHHe
8a>KHOe 3HalleHHe .D.JIH nOJIYlleHHH KOJIHlleCT8eHHblX xapaKTepHCTHK H.D.Ylllero npo-
Llecca 3anYCTeHHH, CKa>KeM HeCKOJIbKO CJl08 H 0 nOKa3aTeJIe COOTHOllleHHH nYCTblX
H >KHJIbiX .D.80p08. 3TOT nOKa3aTeJIb lllHpOKO HCnOJlb3yeTcH 8 HCCJle.D.08aHHHX
o KpH3Hce 8TOpOH nOJI08HHbI XVI 8. O.D.HaKO 8cer.n.a Ha.D.O nOMHHTb 0 ero OlleHb
OTHOCHTeJlbHOM, npH6JIH3HTeJIbHOM xapaKTepe. ,Ll80P, OCTa8111HHCH 6e3 BJla-
.D.eJIbu.a, 6b1CTpO «orHH8aJI:. H pa3pYlllaJICH. KpOMe Toro, cpy6 Mor 6b1Tb nepe8e3eH
B .D.Pyroe MeCTO HJIH >Ke npO.D.aH, HJIH >Ke ero MaTepHaJI llleJI Ha peMOHT, nOCTpOHKY
8 COCe.D.HHX .D.80pax, .D.epe8HHX. B KOHellHOM HTore OH Mor 6b1Tb npOCTO paCTallleH
Ha .D.p08a, liTO 3KOHOMHlleCKH 6b1JIO 60JIee 8b1rO.D.HO, lIeM 8aJIHTb 8 JIecy .D.epe8bH,
OllHlllaTb HX OT CYllbe8, a 3aTeM 3aHHMaTbCH HX 8b18030M. npH 3TOM nOJIYlleHHble
.D.p08a .D.OJI>KHbI 6b1JIH KaKoe-TO 8peMH «8b1J1e>KaTbCH:', 8b1COXHYTb, npe>K.D.e lIeM
H.D.TH 8 .D.eJI0. n03TOMY nYCTble 6eCX03Hble .D.80pbl OlleHb 6b1CTpO HClle3aJIH. CxeMa
TaK08a: nYCTOH .D.80p -+ .D.80p08oe MeCTO -+ nYCTOllib. HaJIHIIHe nYCTblX .n.80p08
8 TOH HJIH HHOH MecTHOCTH nOKa3b18aeT He CTOJIbKO pa3Mepbl 3aYCTeHHH,
CKOJIbKO C8H.D.eTeJIbCT8yeT 0 TOM, liTO 3anYCTeHHe 3THX .D.80p08 HMeeT cpa8HH-
TeJlbHO He.D.a8HHH xapaKTep.
nOCJIe.D.YlOlllHe pa60TbI (C. <1>. nJIaTOH08a, 10. B. rOTbe, n. ,Ll. rpeK08a H .D.p.)
npH8HeCJIH MaJIO H080ro KaK 8 aKTHlleCKYIO, TaK H 8 TeopeTHlleCKYIO CTOpOHbI
H3YlleHHH KpH3Hca XVI 8. rpeK08 8006111e He KaCaJICH nOJlO>KeHHH u.eHTpaJIbHblX
ye3.D.08, CCblJIaHCb TOJIbKO Ha H08rOpO.D.CKHe MaTepHaJIbI, npH 3TOM CY>KaH
MaClllTa6b1, xapaKTep H nOCJle.D.CT8HH KpH3Hca, TpaKTYH nOCJle.n.HHH TOJIbKO KaK
X03HHCT8eHHYIO pa3pyxy, 8b138aHHYIO lIaCTHblMH npHIIHHaMH: 80HHaMH H8aHa
rp03Horo H onpHIIHHHOH. CJIe.n.CT8HeM TaKOH TpaKT08KH KpH3Hca H8HJIOCb TO, liTO
ero H3YlleHHeM nepeCTaJlH 3aHHMaTbCH 8 TelleHHe nOIlTH .D.8YX .n.eCHTHJleTHH.
reM 60JIee 3HallHMO nOHBJleHHe cTaTeH A. A. 3HMHHa H C. M. KalliTaH08a,
nOC8HllleHHblX .n.aTHp08Ke KpH3Hca H ero 83aHMoc8H3 C onpHIIHHHOH H eo.n.aJIb-
170

HOH peHTOH. 06e pa60Thi HanHCaHhI n01.lTH O.n.HOBpeMeHHO, 1.IaCTH1.IHO .n.a>Ke Ha
O.n.HHX H TeX >Ke HCT01.lHHKaX. B pH.n.e c.nY1.laeB 3HMHH HCnOJlb3yeT paC1.IeThI,
C.n.e.naHHhle KalllTaHOBhlM. ,l{aTHpYH Ha1.laJlO KpH3HCa 50-MH rO.n.aMH, 06a aBTOpa
nO.n.p06HO OCTaHaBJlHBalOTCH Ha XapaKTepHCTHKe C06h1THH 50-70-x rO.n.OB,
B 1.IaCTHOCTH, Ha BOnpOCe 0 B3aHMOCBH3H OnpH1.IHHHhI C X03HHCTBeHHhlM pa30pe-
HHeM CTpaHhI. BOJlee n03.n.HHH nepHo.n. (80-90 rr.) n01.lTH He OTpa>KeH B HX pa60-
Tax. B CTaTbe KalllTaHOBa HaH60Jlee 1.IeTKO 01.lep1.leHhI apeaJlhl n03TanHoro
pacnpOCTpaHeHHH KpH3Hca: 50-e ro.n.hI - HOBropo.n.CKHH KpaH H CeBep, nepBaH
nOJlOBHHa 60- x ro.n.OB - 3a nycTeHHe pacnpocTpaHHeTcH Ha 3ana.n.Hhle ye3.n. hI
(MO>KaHCK, BOJIOKOJlaMcK), K 70-M ro.n.aM KpH3HC OXBaThiBaeT ueHTpaJlbHhle
H BOCT01.lHhle 06J1aCTH. liTO >Ke KacaeTCH npH1.IHH KpH3Hca, TO aBTophl, He BCTynaH
B OTKPhlTYIO nOJleMHKy, TeM He MeHee npHxo.n.HT K .n.HaMeTpaJlbHO npOTHBOnOJlO>K-
HhiM BhlBo.n.aM. no MHeHHIO KalllTaHOBa, «OCHOBHaH npH1.IHHa pa30peHHH KopeHH-
JlaCb B norOHe eo.n.aJlOB (oc06eHHO MeCTHoro .n.BOpHHCTBa) 3a YBeJlH1.IeHHeM
peHThI:'. TeOpeTH1.IeCKH COPMYJlHpOBaHHhlH Te3HC He no.n.KpenJleH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
W.HM aKTH1.IeCKHM MaTepHaJlOM. O.n.HHX ero Ha6J1IO.n.eHHH Ha.n. H3MeHeHHeM
KJlaY3YJlhl >.KaJlOBaHHhlX rpaMOT OTHOCHTeJlbHO «JlIO.n.eH H KpeCTbHH:' HBHO He.n.o-
CTaT01.lHO .n.JlH CTOJlb OTBeTCTBeHHoro BhlBo.n.a. BepHee, OTCYTCTBYIOT .n.OKa3aTeJlb-
CTBa 0 npH1.IHHHo-c.ne.n.CTBeHHOH B3aHMOCBH3H 3THX HBJleHHH. 3HMHH C1.IHTaeT,
1.ITO rJlaBHOH npH1.IHHOH 3anYCTeHHH 6h1J1 «pOCT no.n.aTeH:', oc.nO>KHeHHhlH HaCHJlHeM
OnpH1.IHHHhI, BoeHHhlMH .n.eHCTBHHMH H CTHXHHHhlMH .n.eHCTBHHMH (MOp, rOJlo.n.).
ABTOp CneUHaJlbHO no.n.1.IepKHBaeT, 1.ITO HH CMeHa OpM 3eMJleBJIa.n.eHHH, HH 3BOJlIO-
UHH eo.n.aJlbHOH peHThi He MOrJlH npHBeCTH K X03HHCTBeHHOMY pa30peHHIO
CTpaHhI. KpH3HC Bhl3BaJl pH.n. COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMH1.IeCKHX noc.ne.n.CTBHH, B TOM
1.IHCJle 3aCTaBHJI npaBHTe.nbCTBO OTKa3aTbCH OT OnpH1.IHHHhI. nOc.ne.n.HHH BhlBO.n.
TalOKe ocnapHBaeTCH KalllTaHOBhlM. COrJlaCHO ero TeopHH, X03HHCTBeHHhlH
KpH3HC npe.n.BopHJI BBe.n.eHHe OnpH1.IHHHhI: «KaK B 1564 r. C03.n.aHHIO OnpH1.IHHHhI
npe.n.lllecTBOBaJlO pa30peHHe ceBepHhlx H 3ana.n.HhlX ye3.n.oB, TaK H B Ha1.laJle
70-x ro.n.OB XVI B. paclllHpeHHIO OnpH1.IHHHhI npe.n.lllecTBOBaJlO YBe.nH1.IeHHe cephl
X03HHCTBeHHoH pa3pYXH» 7.
A. 51. ,LlerTHpeB, BhlHBJlHH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH CeJlbCKOrO pacce.neHHH Ha npOTH-
>KeHHH XV-XVII BB., KacaeTCH H H3MeHeHHH, npOHCllle.n.lllHX B nepHo.n. 3KOHOMH-
1.IeCKOrO KpH3Hca, B TOM 1.IHCJle H B ueHTpaJlbHblX ye3.n.ax CTpaHhI. Ero BhlBO.n.bI
CBO.n.HTCH K CJle.n.YIOw.eMY: 1. 3anycTeHHe 3Ha1.lHTeJlbHOH MaCChi nOCeJleHHH,
oc06eHHO MeJlKHX .n.epeBeHb. 2. YracaHHe «n01.lHHKoBOH» KOJlOHH3aUHH. 3. B03-
pacTaHHe cpe.n.HeH .n.BOpHOCTH y.n.aJleHHblx .n.epeBeHb, 1.ITO 6h1J1o Bhl3BaHO cYllle-
CTBOBaHHeM TaM He60J1blllOrO (no cpaBHeHHIO C CeJlaMH) nOBhlTHoro pacKJla.n.a.
4. H3MeHeHHe B CTpYKType 3aBHCHMoro HaCeJleHHH 3a C1.IeT pOCTa 606h1J1bCTBa 8.
npHBe.n.eHHhlH HM MaTepHaJl no.n.TBep>K.n.aeT Ha6J1IO.n.eHHe, c.n.e.naHHoe paHee
10. B. rOTbe, 1.ITO 3KOHOMH1.IeCKHH KpH3HC He 6h1J1 H3>KHT K KOHUY CTOJleTHH H
.n.OCTHraeT CBoeH KYJlbMHHaUHH B 10-20-e ro.n.hI XVI I B.
CYMMHPYH BhlllleH3J10>KeHHhle OCHOBHhle HanpaBJleHHH HCTopHorpaHH, MbI
npHxo.n.HM K c.ne.n.YIOw.eMY 3aKJII01.IeHHIO. 3KOHOMH1.IeCKHH KpH3HC POCCHH BTOpOH
nOJlOBHHhI XVI B. H3Y1.IaJlCH r JlaBHhlM 06pa30M Ha OCHOBe HOBropo.n.CKHX MaTepHa-
JlOB. liTO KacaeTCH ueHTpaJlbHhlX H IO>KHhlX paHOHOB PYCCKoro rocy.n.apCTBa,
TO OHH BnJlOTb .n.o HaCTOHw.ero BpeMeHH npe.n.CTaBJlHIOT CBoero po.n.a «6e.noe
nHTHO:' .lI.JIH HCTOpHKOB: HeH3BeCTHa HH CTeneHb H rJly6HHa 3anycTeHHH 3eMeJlb,
HH KOMnJleKC npH1.I1iH, Bhl3BaBlllHX 3TH npouecchl B pa3HblX KpaHX CTpaHhI,
HH .n.eTepMHHHpYIOw.aH pOJlb TOH HJlH HHOH npH1.IHHhI B pa3J1H1.IHhlX ye3.n.ax,
i71

HH 3aBHCHMOCTb ypOBHH 3anYCTeHHH OT COUHanbHOrO THna 3eMnesnaAeHHH.
npe.ll.JlaraeMblH pa3.l1.en He MO>KeT npeTeHAOBaTb Ha nOJlHOTY paCKpblTHH
np06neMbi He TOJlbKO H3-3a KpaHHeH <l>parMeHTapHOCTH coxpaHHBllIHXCH HCTOIIHH-
KOB, HO H nOTOMY, 4TO, KaK orOBapHBanOCb B BBeAeHHH, B KHHre He paCCMaTpH-
BalOTCH TOBapHO-.lI.eHe>KHble OTHOllIeHHH H pblHOIIHble CBH3H, a 6e3 3Toro HeB03-
MO)KHO OCBeTHTb MHorHe acneKTbI np06neMbI, B lIaCTHOCTH nepepacnpeAeJleHHe
npOH3BOAHTenbHX CHJI B pa3HblX oTpacnHx HapOAHoro X03HHCTBa. B OCHOBY
pa60TbI nOnO)KeHO H3Y4eHHe KOJIHlleCTBeHHblX H3MeHeHHH, npOHCXOAHW.HX Ha
npOTH>KeHHH BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. B <l>oHAe noceBHblX nnOw.a.ll.eH H IIHCJleH-
HOCTH HaCeJleHHH.
3KoHoMHllecKHe KpH3HCbI .lI.OKanHTanHCTHlleCKHX <l>opMaUHH BCer.ll.a 6b1nH
KPU3UCaMU Hedonpou3BoOcTBa, 6eCnOw.aAHo CKa3b1BalOw.HMHCH Ha COCTOHHHH
npOH3Bo.ll.cTBeHHblx CHn cTpaHbI. CpeAH MHorHX npH3HaKoB KpH3Hca 70-80-x ro-
.lI.OB HaH60nee BbI.lI.eJJHIOTCH ABa: pe3KaH y6b1nb HaceneHHH H rpOMa.ll.HOe 3anYCTO-
llIeHHe 3eMenb, KOTopble, B CBOIO OllepeAb, nosneKJIH 3a C060H H3MeHeHHH BO BceH
COUHanbHO-3KOHOMH4eCKOH >KH3HH CTpaHbI, OKa3anH BJIHHHHe Ha Bce c<I>epbl
06w.eCTBeHHOH )KH3HH. nOHsneHHe KpH3HCOB 06YCJlosneHo pHAOM He6naronpHHT-
HbiX <l>aKTopoB KaK 3KonorHlleCKoro xapaKTepa (3nHAeMHH, HeypO>KaH H T. A.),
TaK H 06w.eCTBeHHO-nOJlHTHlleCKHMH HBneHHHMH (BOHHbI, pa30pHTeJJbHble rocy-
.lI.apcTBeHHble HanorH, Ha6erH KOlleBbiX HapOAOB H T. n.) Ha <l>oHe HeAocTarollHo
BbiCOKoro ypOBHH npOH3BOACTBa. 3KOHOMHlleCKHH KpH3HC B pa3HOH CTeneHH
nopa>Kan OT,lleJIbHble paHOHbI cTpaHbI H cOUHanbHble THnbl. 3eMneBJIaAeHHH.
OH HMeJI CBOH nHKH H CBOH OTnHBbI.
B 50-60-x ro.ll.ax B HeKOTopblX ye3Aax POCCHH (npeHMyw.eCTBeHHO OKpaHH-
HblX) Ha6nlOAaeTCH KpaHHe HeYCTOHIIHBoe paBHOBecHe C HaMeTHBllIHMHCH npH-
3HaKaMH 3anYCTeHHH noceBHblX nJlOw.aAeH H y6b1nblO HaCeJleHHH H3-3a Heypo-
>KaeB, 3nH.lI.eMHH, H a6eroB KOlleBHHKoB, JIHBOHCKOH BOHHbI. Oc06eHHO nOCTpaAan
CeBepo-3ana.ll., r.ll.e, KaK YCTaHOBneHO neHHHrpa,llCKHMH YlleHblMH, B HeKOTopblX
nHTHHax Hace.neHHe K cepeAHHe BeKa no cpaBHeHHIO C 1500 r. cOKpaTHnocb
Ha 12-17 %. HaJlHUO H 3HallHTeJlbHble 1UI0w.aAH nepeJIora. OAHaKo OTMelleHO,
liTO npoueHT 3anYCTeHHH nallIHH He 06rOHHJI npoueHT y6b1nH HaCeJleHHH 9.
MeCTHbie neTonHCH H HOBropOACKHe nHCUOBbie KHHrH neCTpHT COO6w.eHHHMH
o lIaCTblX ApaMaTHlleCKHX cHTyaUHHx Ha CeBepe H CeBepo-3anaAe B 50-x rOAax
XVI B. «A 3anYCTeJJH neTa 7058. KpeCTbHHe COllInH OT ronoJlY:ot. ConOBeUKHH
JleTOnHCeu nOBecTByeT 0 TpareAHH 1552 r. B HOBropoAe H CTapoH Pyce: «Halla
cMepToHocHoe nOBeTpHe 6b1TH B BeJlHKOM HOBropoAe. Ii aBrycTa BeJlbMH CHnbHee
OT CeMeHa AHH AO HHKOJIHHa oceHHero. MHorHe uepKBH 6e3 CJlY>K6 H 6b1llIa Ha
.lI.onro BpeMH. Bcero norH6no B HOBropoAe H CTapoH Pyce 279 594. nepecrano
nocne 20 HOH6pH 7061 r.:ot 10
3nHAeMHH 3aXBaTHna H nCKOBCKyK> 3eMnlO: B 1551/52 r. «6b1CTb MOp BeJlHK
B rpaAe nCKOBe H no BOJIOCTHM, C 7 lIeTBepra OKTH6pH AO 7 IIHCJla nOJlO>KHllIa
B CKyAeJlHHUY 4800 H nOKonallIa; H nocne Toro B MeCHU H B 3 AHH HOH6pH AO
9 IIHCJla nOJlO)KHllIa B HOBYIO CKYAeJlbHHUY 2700 H nOKonallIa. . . . MpollIa TorAa
MHorHe npocTble JlIO.lI.H >Kene3OIO. DblCTb BO rpaAe nnall HeoYTellIHMblH...
Ii B rOA, nOJlO>KHnH y CKOYAeJlHHuax non-30 TbiCHII, a no 6YHM He BeM KonKO
IIHCJlO:ot II.
He6naronpHHTHbie YCJIOBHH Ha CeBepe: B 1549 r. «XJle6 6b1n Aopor Ha
,llBHHe. .. H JlIO.ll.eH C rOJloAY Mepno MHoro, B OAHY KJlanH HMY MepTBblX no
200 H no 300 IIe.nOBeK:ot. B lfepHocollIHOM Ba>KCKOM y. IIHCJlO 3anYCTeBllIeA nallIHH
172

OT 06111erO KOJIHtleCTBa nOCeBHblX nJIolllaJl.eii B 1552 r. COCTaBJIHJIO 17,4 %.
nHceu KOHcTaTHpOB3JI nOtlTH nOJIHOe 3anycTeHHe BOTtlHH ApXaHreJIbCKOrO H
HHKOJIo-KapeJIbCKOrO MOHacTblpeH. B ,LlBHHCKOM y. tlHCJlO nycTblx BblTeH COCTaB-
JIRJrO 10 %, a tlepe3 7 JIeT (B 1558 r.) - Y>Ke 40 %. B 1557/58 H 1558/59 rr.
rOJIOJl. cBHpenCTBOB3JI Ha YCTlOre: «no 2 rOJl.bl 6b1JI rOJIOJl. H3 YCTI03e, nHxTY eJIH H
TpaBY, H cTep'Bo. H MHorHe JIIOJl.H MepJIM:' 12.
HanpsnKeHHaH 06CTaHOBKa 6b1JIa B IO>KHblX ye3J1.ax, HenpepblBHO pa30pHeMblX
B pe3YJIbT3Te Ha6efOB KOtleBHHKOB. TaK, B 1553 f. B pH3aHCKHX BJlaJl.eHHHX
60fOCJIOBCKOfO MOHaCTblpH «3anYCTeJIH OT TaTapcKHe BOHHbI:' 43 % CeJIeHHH.
TaK3H >Ke Y1.IaCTb HeCKOJIbKO paHbwe nOCTHfJIa TeppHTopHIO 60poBcKoro H
KOJIOMeHCKoro yy.: «OT TaTap BbI}J{>KeHO H BblBoeBaHO:' 13. Pa3pHJl.Hble KHHrH
Jl.OHOCHT .lI.O Hac TpeBO>KHYIO CHTYau.HIO, u.apHBIllYIO Ha IO>KHOH fpaHHu.e POCCHH-
CKOfO rOCYJl.apCTBa. E>Kero,nHo Q3CTb BOHCK HanpaBJIHJIaCb CIOJl.a, tlT06b1 «npo-
THB. .. HeJl.Pyra KpblMcKoro U.apH ,LleBJIeT- rHpeH CTOHTH H CBOHX YKpaHHHblx
fOpO.llOB 06eperaTH:'. CTOJIb x<e YH3BHMbI 6b1J1H BOCTO'lHble ye3J1.bI, CoCeJl.CTBYIO-
lllHe C Ka3aHCKHM xaHCTBOIi. KpoMe TOfO, B 1550/51 r. 3J1.eCb HatlaJIaCb 3nHJl.eMHH:
«nHCaJIH BOeBOJl.bl H3 CBHHCKOBO, tlTO Ha JIIOJl.H npHWJIa u.blHra H 3HaMeHeM MPYT
JlIOj1H:. 14. CJIeJl.OBareJIbHO, 3nHJl.eMHH 1551/52 f. He 6b1JIa JIOKaJIbHOH H nOpa3HJIa
He TOJIbKO CeBepo-3anaJl., HO H BOCTOtlHble oKpaHHbI cTpaHbI, a B03MO>KHO,
H HeKOTopble neHTpaJIbHble ye3J1.b1. nOcJIe naJl.eHHH Ka3aHCKOfo xaHCTBa 3J1.eCb
Ha1.l3JIOCb BoccraHHe, BO rJIaBe KOToporo BCT8JIH KpynHble TaTapcKHe <l>eoJl.aJJbI.
BCKope BOCCTaBlllHe 3aXBaTHJIH He TOJIbKO 3H3t1HTeJIbHYIO tlaCTb JIeB06epe>KbH,
HO H npe.llOpHHHMaJIH Ha6erH Ha npaB06epe>Kbe 15. B 1556/57 r., no CBHJl.e-
TeJIbCTBY JleTOnHCu.a, «rOJIoJl. 6b1JI no BceM MOCKOBCKHM ropOJl.aM H no BceH 3eMJIe,
a 60J1bWe 33 BOJI>Kbe:.. AHrJIHtlaHHH AHTOHHH ,Ll>KeHKHHCOH, n06bIBaBlllHH
B nOBWDKbe B 1558-1560 ff., nHIlleT, tlTO TaM CBHpenCTBOBaJIH tlYMa H rOJIOJl.,
B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpblX «nOfH6JIo CBblIlle 100 TblCHtI. TaKoro Mopa He BHJl.eJIH
B 3THX CTp3Hax:.. K npHBeJl.eHHblll HM u.H<I>paM HaJl.O OTHOCHTbCH KpHTHtleCKH;
HO MO>KHO nOBepHTb, tlTO «nacT6Hw.a Tenepb nYCTbI:', a B ACTpaxa HH OH BHJl.eJI
Hey6paHHble «Tpynbl JIIO.lI.eH, YMepwHX OT fOJIOJl.a H Mopa:.. B 1566/67 r. Ka3aH-
CKHH, 4e60KcapcKHH H CBHH>KCKHH yy. nO.ll.BeprJIHCb HaweCTBHIO He6b1BaJIOrO
KOJIHtleCTBa rpbl3YHoB, YPO>KaH 6b1JI nory6JIeH: «npHHJl.e. . . Mbllllb MaJIaH C neCOB,
tlTO TytlaMH BeJIHKHMH H nOHJl.Om3 Ha nOJIe xJIe6 BCHKHH H He OCTaBHIlla He eJl.HHoro
KOJIOca. ,Lla H He TOKMO no nOJIHM xJIe6 nOHJl.OIlla, HO H B >KHTHHu.ax H B s3KpoMex
xJIe6 nOHJl.OIlla». B 60-x rOJl.ax ,LleBJIeT-rHpeH HeoJl.HoKpaTHo npeJl.npHHHMaeT
Ha6erH Ha IO>KHble paHoHbI POCCHH. B 1565 r. KpblMUbl «MHorH BOJIOCTH H ceJIa
nOBOeBaJIH Me>K npOHbCKa H PH3aHH:'. CO>K>KeH 6b1JI H nocaJl. r. PH3aHH 16.
He6JIarOnpHHTHaH X03HHCTBeHHaH KOH'bIOHKTypa npoJl.OJI>Kaer Jl.eHCTBOBaTb
BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe 50-x H B 60-x rOJl.ax Ha CeBepe, CeBepo-3anaJl.e H 3anaJl.e
CTpaHbI, tleMY cnoc06CTBOBaJIH HeypO>KaH H 3nHJl.eMHH. B 1556 r. B XOJIMOrOpax
«xJIe6 He Jl.OIlleJI, B oceHb KynHJIH Ha ,LlBHHe tleTBepTb no 22 aJITblHa:.. B CJleJl.YIO..
llleM roJl.Y rOJIoJl. 6b1JI «no BceM MOCKOBCKHM ropoJl.aM H no BceH 3eMJIH:',
TK: :.c"'Wlble Jl.O>KJl.H H paHHHe MOp03b1 nory6HJIH xJIe6. KaK pa3 Ha 3TH rOJl.bI
(1556-1558 fr.) npHxoJl.HTCH CHJIbHblH BCnJIeCK ueH Ha xJIe6 B XOJIMOrOpax,
BOJIorJl.e, BOJIOKOJIaMCKe 17. KaK pe3YJIbTaT He6JIarOnpHHTHblX <l>aKTopoB Ha
,LlBHHe pe3KO COKpaTHJICH pa3Mep noceBHblX nJIOlllaJl.eH. no onHCH 1559 r.
nycTOBaJIO 40 % nalllHH, a no cpaBHeHHIO C 1552 r. KOJIHtleCTBO 06pa6aTblBaeMoH
KpecTbHHcKOH 3eMJIH YMeHbIllHJIOCb BJl.Boe. 3anycTeHHe KOCHYJIOCb H 6eJI03ep-
CKoro y. B BOJIOCTH HBaHoB 60pOK B 1557 r. nepeJIor COCTaBJIHJI 35 % Bcex
173

noce8HblX nJlOllla,neH, a qHCJlO nYCTblX ,nepe8eHb - 30 % 18. nOJlO>KeHHe OCJIO>K-
HHJlOCb Haqa8WeHCH JIHBOHCKOH 80HHOH. nOCJle,nYlOlllHe ro,nbl, nepeMe>KaHCb
JlOKaJlbHblMH 8cnblWKaMH 3nH,neMHH H HeypO>KaHMH 8 YCJlOBHS1X 80eHHoro 8pe-
MeHH, ellle 60Jlee yrJly6HJlH X03HHCT8eHHYlO «,nenpeCCHIO» B OKpaHHHblX paHOHax.
B 1560 r. 8 nCKOBe «xJle6 He pO.l1.HJlCH». 4epe3 ,n8a ro,na «6b1J1o ,n0>KJ].JIH80
8 ceHOKOC H 8 >KaT8Y. . . A pO>Kb xy,na po,nHJlaCH. . . A S1p080H xJle6 6b1J1 ,n06p,
,na He ,naJlo 06pS1>KaTH xJle6a, H p>KH H HPH, ,nO>K,naMH». B KOHue 1563 r. onS1Tb-
TaKH «,nO>K,nb 6b1J1 ,no PO>K.l1.eCT8a XpHcT08a (,no 25 ,neKa6pH), a cHery He 6b1J1o.
OT 9 ,neKa6pS1 ,no 9 HH8apH ,noporH He 6b1J1o JlIO,nHM, H 8 ropo,ne 8ce 6b1J1o ,noporo
H XJle6 ,nopor: no 11 aJlTblH pO>Kb». LlaJlee nCK08cKHH JleTOnCeu co06111ae-r, qTO
TaKoH noro,nbl He 6b1J1o 90 JleT. B 1565 r. «80 nCK08e H no 80JlOCTeM. . . no oropo-
.!lOM qep8H KanYCTY nOS1,nowa», TO >Ke CJlyqHJlOCb H C penOH. B JleTOnHCH YT8ep>K-
,naeTCH, qTO TaKoro Ha naMHTH He 6b18aJlo. 1565/66 r. 6b1J1 HeYPO>KaHHblM H ,nJlH
H08ropo,na 19.
XapaKTepHO, qTO HapS1,ny C ceT08aHHS1MH Ha noro,nHO-KJIHMaTHqeCKHe 6e,n-
CT8HH, 8 JleTOnHCHX OTMeqaeTCH pe3Koe 803paCTaHHe rocy,napCT8eHHblX nOBHH-
HOCTeH 8 C8S13H C 80eHHblMH ,neHCT8HS1MH. B TOM >Ke nCK08e >KHTeJlH 06S13aHbI
6b1J1H 8 1560/61 r. nOCTa8HTb 8 COXH no 22 qeJl08eKa « H C JlOwa,nbMH H C TeJleraMH
no,n HapS1,n». 4e.T1oBeKY 8b1nJlaqH8aJlOCb 8 MeCHLl no 3 H no 3,5 p., HToro WJlO C8b1We
66 p. C COXH 8 MecS1U. B 1563 r. JleTOnHCeu 8H08b OTMeqaeT TS1>KeCTb «nOCOXH»:
8 MeCHLl ,na8aJlH neWHM no 2 p., a Ha JlOWa.l1.H - no 5 p.20 TH>KeCTb nOBHHHOCTeH
ycyry6J1HJlacb HeYPO>KaHHblMH ro,naMH H 3nH,neMHS1MH.
B 60-x ro,nax Ha Ce8epo-3ana,ne, KaK H paHee, npo,nOJl>KaIOT nYJlbCHp08aTb
OqarH 3nH,neMHH. B 1566 r. «n0S18HJlOCS1 n08eTpHe 8 BeJlHKOM HOBropo,ne
8 llle.TIOHCKOH nS1THHe» H 6J1H3J1e>Kaw.HX MeCTax. CnycTH 16 JIeT, npH onHcaHHH
1581/82 r. llleJloHcKoH nS1THHbI npHqHHOH pa30peHHS1, c8oero po,na nepeJlOMHblM
ro,nOM, Ha3b1BaIOT 7074 r. (1565/66 r.): «A 3anYCTeJlH Te ,nepe8HH ,no JIHT08cKHe
80HHbI, OT JlHXOBO n08eTpHH H OT XJle6HOrO He,nopo,ny 7074 ro,ny». CJle,n08aTeJlbHO,
COqeTaHHe 3nH,neMHH C HeypO>KaS1MH npH80,nHJlO K pe3KoMY ,neMorpaHqeCKoMY
cna,ny. HapH,ny C H08ropo,noM, «JlHXOe n08eTpHe» 8 3TH ro,nbl 8cnblXH8aeT B pS1,ne
ropOA08 Ha 3ana,nHOH OKpaHHe POCCHH: «8 nOJlOTUKY, 8 03epHlllax, Ha HeBJIe, Ha
JIYKax Be.TIHKHX, 8 Toponue. B nOJlOLlKY >Ke H 8 Toponue H Ha JIYKax nonbl 8b1-
MepJlH H He 6b1J1o KOMY MepT8b1X norpe6aTH». 15 ceHTS16pS1 1566 r. npHWJla 8eCTb
H3 CMOJleHCKa, «qTO ceHTH6pS1 MeCS1ua nOS1BHJlOCS1 JlHXOe nOBeTpHe: 8 ropo,ne
8 CMOJleHCKY H Ha nOca.l1.e YMHpalOT MHorHe JlIO,nH 3HaMeHeM. . . 6eCqHCJleHHO HX
nOMepJlO. H MHorHe ,noMa 3aT80pHJlHCS1, H uepK8H MHorHe 6e3 neHHS1 6b1J1H.
TaK>Ke H 8 ye3,ne n08eTpHe 6b1J1o HeMaJlOe». OceHblO >Ke 1566 r. 3nH,neMHS1
npOHHKaeT 8 CTapylO Pycy H 8 nCK08. B 1566/67 r. 3,neCb YCTpaHsaeTcS1 «CTO-
pO>Ka», qT06b1 He ,nonYCTHTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHe 3nH,neMHH 8 .l1.pyrHe paHOHbI 21.
nHCU08b1X MaTepHaJl08 3a 3TOT nepHO,n COXpaHHJlOCb cpa8HHTe.TIbHO MaJlO,
n03TOMY YHHKaJlbHbI C8e,neHHS1 no Llepe8CKOH nHTHHe, 06pa60TaHHble JleHHHrpa,n-
CKHMH yqeHblMH. Cy,nS1 no COCTaBJIeHHOH HMH Ta6J1HLle, 8 60-x ro,nax HenpepblBHO
H OqeHb 6b1CTpblMH TeMnaMH H,neT 3anYCTeHHe 06>KeH, npHqeM Cpe.l1.H npHqHH
e>Kero,nHO HrYPHpYIOT «MOp» H rOJlo,n. Ho Ha,no OTMeTHTb H ,npyroH aKT: Ha
nep80e MeCTO cpe,nH npHqHH 3anYCTeHHH 8b1,nBHraeTCS1 pa30peHHe OT no,naTeH 22.
CJle,n08aTeJlbHO, Ha npOTS1>KeHHH 50-60-x ro,n08 8 OKpaHHHblX paHOHax
CTpaHbI no,n HS1HHeM npHpo,nHo-reOrpaHqeCKHX aKTop08 (HeYPO>KaH, 3nH,ne-
MHH) HJlH >t(e 06111eCT8eHHo-nOJlHTHqeCKHX npHqHH (80HHbI, onYCTOWHTe.TIbHble
Ha6erH coce,nHHX Hapo,n08, pOCT no,naTeH) CnJlOWb H pS1,nOM CKJIa,nblBaJlHCb
174

KpH3HCHe cHTyaUHH C y6nb HaCeneHHH H 3anYCTeHHeM 3eMenb. Ho OHH
HOCHnH nOKanbHH XapaKTep H He OKa3BanH cyw.eCTBeHHoro BnHHHHH Ha
COCTOHHHe 3KOHOMHKH CTpaH B uenOM. n03TOMY OTHOCHTb HH>KHIO rpaHb
KpH3Hca Ha 50-60-e ro,n, KaK 3TO npe.n.naraT A. A. 3HMHH H C. M. KalllTaHOB,
BpH,n nH npaBOMepHO. BMeCTe C TeM CTarHaUHH Hapo,nHoro X03HHCTBa B pHone
OKpaHHHX ye3,nOB, 3aHHMaBlllHX 3HatJHTenbHY TeppHTopHIO, HatJaBlllaHCH JIH-
BOHCKaH BOHHa c,neJIanH 3KOHOMHKY POCCHH KpaHHe YH3BHMOH, nHlllHB ee ,na>Ke
rex He3HatJHrenbHX 3anaCOB npOtJHOCTH, KOTope 6nH eH npHcyw.H Ha ,naHHOM
ypOBHe pa3BHTHH.
3TOT >Ke nepHO,n (50-60-e ro,n) B 3aMOCKOBHOM Kpae, OCHOBHOM H,npe
PYCCKoro rocy,napCTBa, 6n ,nOBonbHO 6naronpHHTHM ,nnH pa3BHTHH X03HH-
CTBa. Cy,nH no ,nOllle,nlllHM ,no Hac COTHM rpaMOTaM, HeCMOTpH Ha BCTpetJalO-
w.HeCH 3a6pOllleHHe ,nBOp, OT,nenbHe nYCTOlllH, HeT ,naHHX, CBH,neTenbCTBYIO-
W.HX 0 3HatJHTenbHX 3anYCTeHHHX B cenbCKHX MeCTHOCTHX. To >Ke caMoe MO>KHO
CKa3aTb H 0 ropo,nax. ,Lla>Ke CepnyxoB, r,ne Heo,nHoKpaTHo c06HpanHcb pyccKHe
BOHCKa nepe,n KOHTpHacTynneHHeM Ha TaTap, B 1552 r. npOH3Bo,nHT BnetJaTneHHe
UBeTyw.ero ropo,na. B HeM 623 ,nBopa, r,ne npO>KHBanH notJTH 800 ceMeH, H TonbKO
21 ,nBOp OKa3anCH nOKHHYTM, tJTO COCTaBnHeT tJYTb 60nbllle 3 %. npaB,na,
B ropo,ne ynoMHHaeTCH ew.e 122 MeCTa ,nBOpOBX nycTx, HO TO, tJTO Ha HHX HeT
,nBOpOB, CBH,neTenbcTByeT 0 ,naBHOCTH npOHCXO>K,neHHH «nYCTOT:'. npH 3TOM
3HatJHTeJIbHaH tJaCTb «nYCTOT:' npHxo,nHTCH Ha 6BlllHe OKonoropo,nHHe CJlO-
60,n, KOTope K cepe,nHHe XVI B. YTpaTHnH CBoe 3HatJeHHe, CHnbHO 06e3nlO,nenH
H 6nH npHnHcaH B THrno K noca,ny. Ha UBeTyw.ee COCTOHHHe ropo,na YKa3BaeT
H nonHoe OTCYTcTBHe 3a6pollleHHx naBOK H aM6apOB 23.
MO>KHO C OTHocHTenbHoH ,noneH YBepeHHocTH npe,nnOJlaraTb, tJTO HeCMoTpH
Ha HatJaBlllYlOcH B 1558 r. JIHBOHCKYIO BOHHY, B ueHTpanbHX paHoHax CTpaH
BnnOTb ,no HatJana 60-x ro,nOB He 3aMetJaeTCH npH3HaKOB yna,nKa. CKopee
Ha060pOT, ,naHHoe ,neCHTHneTHe 6no BpeMeHeM 6CTporo npHpocra HaceneHHH
H YBeJIHtJeHHH noceBHX nnOw.a,neH. TaK, BO BCHKOM cnytJae, npOH30111no B tJepHOH
BonOCTH BCOKoe KonOMeHCKoe y. 113 conOCTaBneHHH ,nBYX COTHX (1552/53
H 1561 rr.) BH,nHO, tJTO MeHee tJeM 3a ,neCHTHneTHe K paHee cyw.ecTBoBaBlllHM
90,nepeBHHM npH6aBHnocb ew.e 19. HeKoTope H3 HHX nOCTaBJIeH Ha CeJIHw.ax.
PHon nYCTYIOw.HX cenHw. npHnHcaH K ,nepeBHHM B nalllHIO 3a CtJeT pa3pOClllerOCH
tJHcna >KHTeneH. 06w.aH tJHcneHHOCTb Bcex ,nBOpOB B BonOCTH YBeJIHtJHnaCb 60nee
tJeM B nonTopa pa3a (Ha 60 %). nepe,n HaMH YHHKanbHeHlllHH ,nOKYMeHT
o COCTOHHHH tJepHOCOlllHX KpeCTbHH B ueHTpe POCCHH. Ka>K,naH ,nepeBHH-
3TO 06tJHO po,nCTBeHHo-coce,nCKaH 06w.HHa, HMeBlllaH B paCnOpH>KeHHH 3aKpen-
neHHYIO 06w.ylO nalllHIO, nOnO>KeHHYIO B BTH, 06w.He ceHOKOC, nec nallleHHH
H HenallleHHH. B 50-x ro,nax OKJIa,nHoH e,nHHHueH HBJlHnaCb BCH BonOCTb
BCOKoe, B 6O-x ro,nax Ka>K,naH ,nepeBHH onHcaHa BTHMH H ,neHe>KHM 06pOKOM.
113 Koro COCTOHT 3TH 06w.HH-,nepeBHH? B on. COOHOBO B 1552 r. 4 ,nBopa,
B 3 H3 HHX npO>KHBaIOT 6paTbH, B 1561 r. Te >Ke nHua+2 HOBX ,nBopa HX ,neTeH.
,Ll. OoHacoBo B 1552 r. - 2 ,nBopa ,nBYX 6paTbeB, B 1561 r. Ta >Ke KapTHHa.
,Ll. OCTalllKoBo - 2 ,nBopa, B 6O-x ro,nax nOHBHnOCb 3 HOBX ,nBopa HX ,neTeH.
,Ll. OrapeBo - 3 ,nBopa, B 1561 r. H3 npe>KHHX OCTanCH O,nHH ,nBopOBJIa,neJIeu, 3aTO
B 6 ,nBopax npO>KHBaIOT HX ,neTH. B on. rOplllKOBCKOH >KHnH TPH 6paTa THToB,
K 60-M ro,naM O,nHH H3 HHX YMep, H ,nBopoBna,nenbueM CTan ero CH. OCTanbHe
6paTbH npo,nOJl>KanH >KHTb TaM >Ke. B on. nOMHHOBO npO>KHBanO 4 ceMbH:
6paTbH nOMHHOB H J1aplOxHH. 4epe3 9 neT HaCeJIeHHe y,nBOHnOCb 3a ctJeT
175

no.n.pOCWHX MJIa.n.WHX 6paTbeB J1a PIOXHHblX H ChiHOBeH O.n.HOrO H3 nOMH HOBbiX 24.
nO.n.06HaH KapTHHa Ha6J1IO.n.aeTCH nOqTH BO BCeX .n.epeBHHX BOJlOCT.H BbiCOKOe:
pOCT lJHCJla .n.BOpOB B .n.epeBHe-06w.HHe llleJI B OCHOBHOM 3a ClJeT OTn01f.KOBa HHH
no.n.pOClllHX .n.eTeH H 6paTbeB, T. e. .n.aHHblH npOllecc xapaKTepeH He OJlbKO .n.JIH
CeBepa (KaK npHHHTO ClJHTaTb B JlHTepaType H3-3a He.n.OCTaTKa HCTOlJHHKOB),
HO H B lleHTpaJlbHblX 06J1aCTHX POCCHH.
.D.ocTaTOlJHO 6J1arOnpHHTHaH KOH'bIOHKTypa Ha6J1JO.n.aJlaCb H Ha 3anaJJ:e 3a-
MOCKOBHoro KpaH. Or 1558/59 r. cOXpaHHJIOCb onHcaHHe Tpex CTaHOB 3BeHH-
ropo.n.cKoro y. H3 1211 e.l1.HHHll nOCeJleHHH, ynoMHHaeMbix B HTorOBbiX A'aHHh1X
no ye3.n.y, JlHlllb 116 npHXO.l1.HTCH Ha nycTOlllH H ceJlHIIlB, lJTO COCTaBJIHeT scer{)
9 % OT 06w.ero lJHCJla. HClJe3HOBeHHe HeKOTOphiX CeJleH'MH H nOHBJleHHe HOBblX
BnOJIHe 3aKoHoMepHblH npollecc. BMecTe C TeM eCJlH COOTHeCTH Me>K.n.y co6oii
KOJIHlJeCTBO nycTollleH H nOlJHHKOB, TO nepeBec 6Y.l1.eT B cropOHY «HHcxo.n.Hw.eii»
JIHHHH (116: 18) 25. TeM He MeHee x03sdicTBeHHaH >KH3Hb 8 3BeHHrOpO.l1.CKOM y.
KOHlla 50-x rO.l1.0B He 06HapY)KjfBaeT He06paTHMblX npH3HaKOB 3anYCTeHHH HJlH
OTJIHBa HaCeJleHHH. ,llaHHblH BblBO.l1. HMeeT HeMaJlOBa>KHoe 3SaqeHHe, TaK KaK
npe.n.llleCTBYIOw.He ro.n.b1 OTMeqeHbI HeypO>KaeM 1:1 a 3a na.ll.e 3a MOCKOBHoro
KpaH. Ha 1557/58 r. npHxO,ll,HTCH no.n.'beM xne6HblX lleH B coce.n.HeM BOJIo-
KOJla MCKe 26.
B HalJaJle 60-x rO.l1.0B nOJlO>KeHHe Ha 3ana.l1.e YXYJ1lllaeTCH B CBSl3H C 3aTHHYB-
lllHMCH 3.n.eCb HeypO>KaeM, Bbl3BaSWHM CHJlbHblH OTTOK HaCeJIeHHR B 60nee
IO>KHble paHoHbI. B 1560/61 r. «6h1n rna.l1. BeJIHK B MO>KaHCKe .n.a Ha BOJIOKe
H B HHblX BO MHorHX ropo.l1.ax. MHoro MHO>KeCTBO pa3b1.l1.ecH JlIO.l1.eH H3 MO)KaiicK3
H H3 BOJlOKa Ha PH3aHb H B Mew.epy H B nOHH30BbI ropo.l1.a B HH>KHHH HOBropO.ll.:".
nocJle.n.YIOw.HH 3aTeM nOXO.l1. rp03Horo H3 MO>KaHCKa C paTblO .l1.JlH B3HTHH no-
JIOllKa ew.e 60Jlee pa30pHJI KpaH. lJepHellbi HocH<I>o-BoJlOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH,
OCHOBHble BJla.l1.eHHH KOToporo ne>KaJlH B PY3CKOM H BonoKOJlaMCKOM yy.,
06paTHJlHCb B 1563 r. K llaplO C npocb60H 0 nO>KaJlOBaHHH HM 06w.eH TapxaHHo-
Hecy.n.HMoH rpaMoTbI, MOTHBHPYH 3TO TeM, lJTO «BOTlJHHbI MOHacTblpcKHe 3anycTeJIO
60JlblllH 300 BbiTeH. A MOHaCTblpb .l1.e y HHX B BceM OCKy.n.eJI:... Ha3b1BaJlHCb H
npHII.HHbI: 1. B3HMaHHe C MOHacTblpcKHX KpecTbHH rocY.l1.apCTBeHHblx nO.l1.aTeH
H HCnOJlHeHHe HMH nOBHHHocTeH HapH.l1.Y C THrJlblMH JlIO.l1.bMH. npHlJeM Ha nepBoe
MeCTO BbI.l1.BHraJlaCb HMCKaH nOBHHHOCTb: «B HMCKHX CJl06o.l1.ax .l1.BOphi CTaBHT
H C no.n.BO.l1.aMH H3 HMax 6ecnpecTaHHo CTOHT:.., qTO, BH.l1.HMO, 6b1J1o CBH3aHO
KaK pa3 C BoeHHblM nOXO.l1.0M Ha nOJlOllK. 2. Pa30peHHIO MOHacThipH cnoc06CTBo-
BaJlO, no HX CJlOBaM, TaJOKe MaJloe KOJlHqeCTBO yrO.l1.HH (<<HH Jlecy, HH pbl6Hble
JIOBJlH:"), KOTophie MOrJlH 6b1 CTaTb nO.l1.CnOpbeM npH H.l1.yw.eM yna.l1.Ke 3eMJle.n.eJlHH.
1 ceHTH6pH 1566 r. «B MO>KaHCKe Ha ,ll06peHcKoM HMY HBHJlOCH JlHXOe nOBeTpHe:
YMHpaJlH JlIO.n.H 3HaMeHeM. H rocY.l1.apb llapb H BeJlHKHH KHH3b 3acTaBY H CTOpO>KY
BeJIeJl Kpyr Toro MeCTa yqHHHTb KpenKHe: HC Tex MeCT B MOCKBY H B MOCKOBCKHe
ropo.l1. a nponyw. aTb He BMeJI. nHxoe nOBeTpHe YTHlllHJlOCH:.. 27.
B 60-x rO.l1.ax npH3HaKH 3anYCTeHHH HaMeqalOTCH Ha ceBepo-BocToKe 3aMo-
CKOBHoro KpaH B KOCTpOMCKOM y. npe.l1.111ecTBYIOw.He HeypO>KaHHble rO.l1.b1, OXBa-
THBlllHe ceBep cTpaHbI, Mor JlH 3aTponyTb H KOCTpOMCKOH y. B 1561/62 r. KOJIHlJecTBO
nepeJIora 3.n.eCb B HMeHHHX HnaTbeBCKOrO MOHacThipH .l1.0CTHraJlO 7 %, B TpoHlle-
CeprHeBoM - 3 %, B CHMOHOBCKOM - 14 % 28. nepBoe BnelJaTJIeHHe, lJTO KOJlH-
lJeCTBO 3a6pOllleHHOH naWHH KpaHHe HeBMHKO. O.l1.HaKO nHcllbi OTMeqaJlH He BeCb
nepeA02, a AUWb daBHO 3a6poWeHHbte nYCTOWU. PelJb Ka>K.l1.b1H pa3 H.l1.eT 0 «XY.l1.0 H
3eMJle nepeJIOrOM H JleCOM nopOCllleH:", r.l1.e He COXpaHHJlOCb .l1.a>Ke CJle.l1.0B OT
176

CTOSlBWHX 3,neCb HeKOr,na KpeCTbSlHCKHX ,nBOpOB. B TeX CTaHaX, r,ne nYCTOWH
He ynoMSlHYTbI, HHtlerO He CKa3aHO H 0 nepeJlore. nHC11.bI He YtlHTblBaJiH naWHIO
,na>Ke nOJIHOCTblO onYCTeBWHX ,nepeBeHb, He OT,neJISiSI HX OT >KHBYllI.HX. TaK,
B HMeHHH CHMOHOBa MOHaCTblpSi 6b1J1o «25 }I.epeBeHb C nYCTblMH:'. no HaWHM
no,nCtleTaM, MOHaCTblpb HMeJI 2 ceJla+ 15 ,nepeBeHb+ 10 ,nepeBeHb nycTblx+
+ 1 nOtlHHOK nycToH+8 nycToweH. 14 % nycToTbi KaCaJlHCb TOJ1bKO 3eMeJlb,
Jle>Ka1U.HX B 8 nycToUIax. ECJlH HCXO,nHTb H3 TOro Q>aKTa, tlTO Ha 17 >KHJIbiX
ceJleUHH npHxo,nHTCSI 19 3a6pomeHHblx, a COOTHoweHHe KpecTbSlHcKHX ,nBOpOB
)l(JfJlblX H nycTblx paBHSleTcS1 42 : 39, TO CJle,nyeT ,lJ.OnYCTHTb, tlTO BeCb nepeJIor
80 BJlCI.lleHHSlX CHMOHOBa MOHaCTblpSi ,nOCTHraJi He MeHee 40 %. B HnaTbeBcKoM
MOHat:Tblpe tlHCJIO 3anycTeBwHx CeJleHHH COCTaBJISIeT 17 %. Bo BJIa,neHHS1X
TpoHQe-CeprMeBa MOHacTblpSi HeT nycTblx ,nepeBeHb (KpoMe nycTomeA), tlHCJlO >Ke
3a6poweHHblx ,nBOpOB: 18 Ha 112 KpecTbSlHcKHX >KHJlblX, T. e. nycTble ,nBOpbl co-
CTaBJlSIJIH 13,8 %. nepeJIor 6b1J1 H B ,npyrHx l1.epKOBHblX BJla.ll.eHHS1 XOTSI H He
OTMetlaJICH nHCl1.aJdH, TaK KaK TaM He 6b1J10 3apocwHx JleCOM nycTomeii. B MHTpO-
nOJlHtlbeM ceJle BSlTcKoe HaCtlHTblBaJlOCb 7,5 % nycTblx ,nBOpOB, a B KOCTpOMCKOM
HMeHHH MOCKOBCKoro Cnaco-3a,nBopHoro MOHacTblpSl, tlTO Ha KpYTHl1.aX, tlHCJlO
nYCTYI01U. HX KpeCTbSlHCKHX ,nBOpOB + nyCTorneH ,nOCTHraJlO 15,5 %29.
BBe,neHHe OnpHIJHHHbI C ee «nepe60pOM» 3eMeJlb, BoeHHble Hey,natlH B JIHBOH-
CKOH BOHHe eUle 60Jlee nowaTHYJlH 3KOHOMHKY CTpaHbI. nOMHMO Ha3BaHHblX
npHtlHH, CBOIO OTpHl1.aTeJlbHYlO JlenTY BHeCJIH HeYPO>KaHHble ro,nbl. COrJlaCHO
COnOBel1.KOMY JleTOnHCl1.Y B 1567/68 r. «rJla,n 6b1J1 Ha PYCH BeJlHK. KynHJlH Ha
MocKBe tleTBepTb p>KH B 1,5 p.» 30 TpeBO>KHblM CHMnTOMOM 6b1J1a nOSlBHBwaSiCSI
TeH,neH11.HSI K 3anycTeHHIO B 11.eHTpaJlbHblX ye3,nax cTpaHbI. B Mae 1569 r. B BOT-
IJHHaX CTapHl1.KOrO YcneHCKoro MOHaCTblpSl, paCnOJlO>KeHHblX B TBepCKOM y.,
nYCTOBaJla TpeTb ,nepeBeHb, a B KaWHHCKOM H CTapHl1.KOM yy. - ,no nOJlOBHHbI.
K 1568/69 r. OTHOCHTCSI onHcaHHe PY3cKoro y. B HMeHHSlX HOCHQ>O- BOJI0l1.KOrO
MOHaCTblpH nSiTaSi tlaCTb Bcex noceBHblX IL1I01U.a,neH 3anepeJlO>KeHa, a B HeKOTopblx
ceJlax 3a6poweHHaSi naWHH npeBblCHJla 30 %. B ,npyrHx MOHacTblpSix ,neJIO
06CTOSlJlO Jlytlwe. B TOM >Ke PY3CKOM y. nepeJlor Y TpOHl1.e-CeprHeBCKOH ,nYXOBHOH
KOpnOpal1.HH ,nOCTHraJi Bcero JlHWb 14 %, a y HOBo-l!eBHtlberO MOHacTblpSi H Toro
MeHbwe - 9 %. B TO >Ke BpeMSI Y CaBBo-CTOpO>KeBCKOro MOHaCTblpSi 3anYCTO-
weHHaSi 3eMJlSI COCTa BJIS1J1a 28 % 31.
nOpSl,nOtlHOe KOJlHtleCTBO 3anYCTeBWHX noceBHblX nJlO1U.a,neH npHxo,nHTCSI
npHMepHO Ha 3TO >Ke BpeMSI B KOJlOMeHCKOM y. npaB,na, Mbi nOJlb3yeMcSI 3,neCb
,naJleKO He COBepweHHblM MeTo,nOM peTpOCneKl1.HH, OTTaJlKHBaSiCb OT 60J1ee n03,n-
HeH nHCl1.0BOH KHHrH 1576-1579 rr. nHC11.bI, cTpeMSIcb ,naTb 60Jlee TOIJHOe
npe,ncTaaneHHe 06 onHcblBaeMoH HMH 3eMJle, OT,neJlSlJlH npocTo «nepeJIor:. OT
«nepeJlora, KycTapeM nopocwero:.. npHtleM petlb H,neT 0 TaKOM KycTapHHKe
(B HeKoTopblX MeCTax OH Ha3BaH ,na>Ke JleCoM), KOTOpblH Tpe60BaJi 3HaIJHTeJlbHblX
CHJI H BpeMeHH Ha paCKOptleBKY, pactlHcTKY H npeBpa1U.eHHe 3a6poweHHoH 3eMJlH
B naWHIO. l!JlSI Toro tlT06b1 naWHSI 3apOCJla TaKHM KycTapHHKoM, Ha,no OKOJlO
10 JleT. CJle,noBaTeJlbHO, COCIJHTaB, CKOJlbKO IJHCJlHTCSI «nepeJlora, KycTapeM
nopocrnero:. B KOHl1.e 70-x ro,nOB, Mbi 6y,neM HMeTb npH6J1H3HTeJlbHYIO KapTHHY
3anYCTeHHSI Ha KOHel1. 6O-x ro,nOB. B nOMeCTHbiX 3eMJlSlX nepeJlor 3aHHMaJi
1/3 noceBHblX nJlO1U.a,neH, B BOTtlHHaX - npHMepHO nSiTYIO tlaCTb, B MOHaCTblpCKHX
HMeHHSlX - OKOJIO 40 % (CM. Ta6J1. 12). Ka3aHcKHH KpaH elll.e TOJlbKO HaIJHHaJi
OCBaHBaTbCSI, B HMeHHSlX nOMe1U.HKOB nOtlTH HeT KpeCTbSlH 32.
HTaK, K HatlaJlY 70-x ro,nOB B pe3YJlbTaTe COIJeTaHHSI He6J1arOnpHSITHbiX
12 3aK. 1454
177

TafiJlHQa 12. CTPYKTypa 3eMJleBJI8AeHHR Ko.noMeHcKoro ye3Aa (B lIeTBepTRx)*
nOMeCTHbie nYCTble nOMeCTbSl
rOJ1b1 nepenor nepenor
naWHSI I % naWHSI I %
a6c. a6c.
1577-1579
KOHeu 50-x ro-
.llOB (peKoH-
CTPYKUHH KOJlH-
tleCTBa nepenora)
15 852
49 473
21 711
76
33
21 646
II 568
100
53
· Ta6nHlla COCTaBneHa Ha OCHOBe nOJ1CeTa HTorOBbiX J1aHHblX no BceM 19 CTaHaM H BonOCTHM
(nKMr. OTJ1. I. C. 291-608).
COUHaJIbHO-nOJIHTHlleCKHX H npHpO.ll.HO-reOrpaHlleCKHX aKTOpOB 3KOHOMHKa
POCCHH KpaHHe OCJIa6JIeHa. OKpaHHHble 3eMJIH rOCY.lI.apCTBa nepe>KHBalOT HeO.ll.HO-
KpaTHO KpH3HCHbie cHTyaUHH: 60JIbWOe KOJIHlleCTBO naWHH B HHX 3anepeJIO>KeHO,
Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH y6b1JIb HaCeJIeHHH, HOpMaJIbHOe BOCnpOH3BO.ll.CTBO B CeJIbCKOM
X03HHCTBe HapyweHO. B KOHue 60-x rO.ll.OB nOHBJIHIOTCH npH3HaKH 3anYCTeHHH
H B ueHTpaJIbHblX ye3.l1.ax. CTpaHa CTOHT HaKaHYHe 06UlerO KpH3HCa. JII060e
.lI.0CTaTOilHO 06WHpHOe 6e.ll.CTBHe, pa3pa3HBWeeCH B YCJ10BHHX BoeHHoro BpeMeHH
Ha 60JIbWeH lIaCTH TeppHTOpHH POCCHH, .lI.0JI>KHO 6b1JIO OKOHllaTeJlbHO nO.ll.OpBaTb
rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHYIO 3KOHOMHKY, Bbl3BaB TPY.lI.HO 06paTHMble H3MeHeHHH. 11 TaKOH
Y.lI.ap npHXO.ll.HTCH Ha caMoe HallaJlO 70-x rO.ll.OB.
KpH3HC 70-90-x rOAOB
HallaJIo 70-x rO.ll.OB 6b1J1o BpeMeHeM CHJIbHeHWHX nOTpHCeHHH ,lI.JIH CTpaHbI.
OnYCTOWHTeJlbHblM CMepileM no BceH TeppHTopHH «3eMJIH PYCCKOH:' npOKaTHJIOCb
«JlHXoe nOBeTpHe», COnpOBO>K.lI.aeMoe K TO MY >Ke B OT.lI.eJIbHblX paiiOHax HeypO>KaeM
H rOJIO.ll.OM. 3TO 6b1JIa O.ll.Ha H3 Tex CTpaWHblX 3nH.lI.eMHH Cpe.ll.HeBeKOBbH, KOTopble
B03HHKaJIH npHMepHO O.ll.HH pa3 B 100 JIeT H OCTaBJIHJIH nOCJ1e ce6H nOIlTH nOJI-
HOCTblO 06e3JIIO.lI.eBWHe ropo.ll.a H .lI.epeBHH, Bbl3b1BaH «.lI.enpeccHIO» B HapO.ll.HOM
X03HHcTBe. B JIHTepaTYpe KaK HCTopHllecKoH, TaK H Me.ll.HUHHCKOH .lI.aHHoe
C06b1THe OTpa>KeHO KpaHHe CKY.lI.HO: HeH3BeCTeH HH apeaJl pacnpocrpaHeHHH
«Mopa», HH ero XpOHOJIOrHlleCKHe paMKH, HH MaCWTa6b1 nOCJIe.ll.CTBHH 33. HeHCHa
H 3THMOJIOrHH 3nH.lI.eMHH. CKopee Bcero, Mbi HMeeM .lI.eJIO C IIYMOH.
JIeTonHcH Toro BpeMeHH .lI.PY>KHO OTMellalOT Ha CBOHX CTpaHHuax nOHBJleHHe
3Toro rpaH.lI.H03HOro 6e.ll.CTBHH. «Toro >Ke ro.ll.Y (7079) H Ha .lI.PyroH ro.ll. Ha
MocKBe 6b1JI MOp H no BceM rpa.ll.OM PYCCKHM; H B OCbMOM - MOp H rJla.ll.», -
C006UlaeT nHcKapeBcKHH JleTOnHceu. EMY BTOpHT OCTaJIbHble JleTOnHCH, B TOM
IIHCJle H MeCTHbie. «Toro >Ke ro.ll.Y 7078 MOp 6b1JI CHJleH no Bceii PYCCKOH 3eMJlH,
a rocY.lI.apb TOr.ll.a >KHJI B CBoeM ceJle, B CJl060.ll.e B A.neKCaH.lI.pOBCKOH». «Ha
MocKBe H no BceH PYCCKOH 3eMJIH 6b1JI r JIa.ll. BeJlHK». B BOJIOKOJIaMCKOM
JIeTOnHCue IIHTaeM no.ll. 7078 r.: «Toe >K 3HMbI 6b1JIa Me>KeHHHa BeJlHKa .lI.06pe
Ha MocKBe, H B TBepH, H Ha BOJloue. . .», no.ll. CJ1e.ll.YIOUlHM rO.ll.OM nOMelleHO:
«Mop 6b1J1 .lI.06pe BeJlHK» 34. MacwTa6b1 nOCTHrwero cTpaHY 6e.ll.CTBHH 6b1JIH
CTOJIb BeJlHKH, liTO He OCTaBHJIH paBHO.ll.YWHblMH .lI.a>Ke COBpeMeHHHKOB-HHOCTpaH-
ueB. r. lllTa.ll.eH nOCBHTHJI KpaCHopellHBoe onHcaHHe C06b1THHM HallaJIa 70-x ro-
.lI.0B: «5b1JI TOr.ll.a BeJIHKHH rOJIO.ll.: H3-3a KYCOIlKa xJle6a lIeJ10BeK y6HBaJI lIeJIOBeKa.
178

BOT'IHHHble MOHaCTblpCKHe EnHCKOna H MHTpOnOJlHTa
nepeJlor nepeJlor nepeJlor
naWHSI I % naWHSI I % naWHSI I %
a6c. a6c. a6c.
9960
25 134
7315
72
21
3227
13 059
6553
80
40
846
3353
I 117
80
27
A Y BeJlHKOrO KHSl3S1 no .l1BOpaM, B ero nO.l1KJ1eTHbiX cenax, .l1OCTaBnHBWHX cO.l1ep-
>KaHHe .l1BOpU.y, CTOSlno MHoro TblCSlII CKHp.l1 HeOOMOJIOlleHHOro xneoa B CHonax.
Ho OH He XOTeJI npO.l1aBaTb ero CBOHM nO.llllaHHblM. H MHoro TblCSlII nlO.l1eH YMepno
B CTpaHe OT rOJlO.l1a. . . K TOMY >Ke BceMorYlllHH oor HaCJIan ellle BenHKHH MOp.
,aOM HnH .l1BOp, KY.l1a 3arnSl.l1b1Bana IIYMa, TOTllac >Ke 3aKonallHBanCH; H BCHKoro,
KTO B HeM YMHpan, B HeM >Ke H xopOHHnH. . . lIYMa YCHnHBaJIaCb, a nOTOMY B none
BOKpyr MOCKBbI ObinH BblpblTbi 60nbWHe 51MbI, H Tpynbl copaCblBaJlH TY.l1a
6e3 rp060B no 200, no 300, 400, 500 WTYK B O.l1HY KYIIY:'. H .l1anee: cMHorHe ceJla
H MOHaCTblpH OT Toro 3anYCTeJlH:' 35.
CoxpaHHnOCb .l1Ba nOCJlaHHH HBaHa rp03Horo, .l1aTHpOBaHHble oKTH6peM
1571 r., B KOCTPOMY cHa 3acTaBY:' KHSl310 M. <1>. rB03.l1eBy-POCTOBCKOMY H
,aMHTpHIO .l1a ,aaHHne CaJlTbiKOBblM, KOTopble, no BceH BepoHTHoCTH, OblJlH
nOCJIaHbI TY.l1a C U.eJlblO nOKaJlH30BaTb ollar 3a60JleBaHHH, He .l10nYCTHTb pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHH 3apa3b1 no BceMY ye3.l1Y. rpaMOTbi npOHH3aHbI TpeBorOH H He CKpblBae-
MbiM pa3.l1pa>KeHHeM u.apSl. H3 Tex >Ke rpaMOT H3BeCTHO, liTO BonpeKH crpO>KaH-
WHM MepaM K KOHU.Y OKTSl6pSl cnOBeTpHe Mano THweeT» Ha noca.l1e, .l1a B.l106aBOK
CMOp:' pacnpOCTpaHHncSI H no ye3.l1Y. PaCnOpSl>KeHHSI u.apSl KacanHCb TaK>Ke
YH>KH H ran Hila 36.
K Cepe.l1H H e XVI B. cYlllecTBoBan Y>Ke HeManblH onbiT no 60pb6e C 3nH.l1e-
MHHMH. ,aBOpbl, r.l1e nOSlBHnHCb 60nbHble, 3aKonallHBanHCb, H TY.l1a no.l1 yrp030H
CO>K>KeHHH He .l10nYCKanHCb .l1a>Ke CBHllleHHHKH. Y nHu.bI, .l10porH, OllarH BcnblweK
HH<I>eKU.HH KpenHnHCb c3aceKaMH H CTOpO>KaMH lIaCTblMH:'. YMepWHX XOpOHHJlH
He Ha KJla.l16Hllle, a BHe ropO.l1a, B Cneu.HanbHO OTBe.l1eHHblX MeCTax 37. HeCMOTpH
Ha 3TO, 3nH.l1eMHH 3aXBaTbiBana Bce HOBbie H HOBbie paHOHbI. ,aa>Ke cnYCTH pH.l1
JleT CTapO>KHnbu.bI B KalleCTBe rnaBHOH npHIIHHbI 3anYCTeHHSI .l1epeBeHb, ceJl,
rop0.l10B Ha3b1BaIOT CMOp:'. no HMelOlllHMCSI CBe.l1eHHSlM, 3nH.l1eMHH OXBaTHJla
CJle.l1YIOIllHe ye3.l1b1: MOCKOBCKHH, MO>KaHCKHH, Bna.l1HMHpCKHH, CY3.l1aJlbCKHH,
POCTOBCKHH, MYPOMCKHH, HH>KerOpO.l1CKHH, CBHH>KCKHH, KaWHpCKHH, EnH<I>aH-
CKHH,BonOU.KHH, TBepCKOH, TOTeMcKHH,YrnHllcKHH, KOCTpOMCKOH, Ben03epCKHH,
raJlHIICKHH, YH>KY, BonorO.l1CKHH, YCTIO>KCKHH 38. HeT COMHeHHSI, liTO OT 3nH.l1eMHH
nOCTpa.l1anH Bce u.eHTpanbHble H ceBepHble ye3.l1b1. B HeKOTopblX H3 HHX, Jle>KalllHX
K ceBepy H ceBepO-3ana.l1Y OT MOCKBbI, CMOPY:' conYTCTBOBaJl rOJlO.l1 (PY3a,
IOpbeB-nOJlbCKHH, J{MHTPOB, Be>Keu.KHH Bepx, HOBrOpO.l1CKO-nCKOBCKHH KpaH,
,aBHHa) 39. B03MO>KHO, liTO rono.l1 COnpOBO>K.l1aJl CMOp:' no BceM u.eHTpaJlbHblM,
ceBepHblM H ceBepO-3ana.l1HblM ye3.l1aM: Ha 1568-1572 rr. npHxO.l1HTCH nOBblwe-
HHe u.eH Ha xne6, pO>Kb, OBec, SlIIMeHb. Ho B cHny HecoH3MepHMocTH lIeJlOBelleCKHX
12*
179

>KepTB, YHeCeHHblX 3nH.lI.eMHeH, B naMHTH COBpeMeHH.HKOB rOJlO.ll. OTOWeJI Ha
BTOpoe MeCTO nepe.ll. «J1HXHM nOBeTpHeM».
HapSl.ll.Y C eCTeCTBeHHOreOrpaHqecKHMH 6e.ll.CTBHHMH npOHCXO.ll.HJIH H He-
OJlarOnpHHTHble C0l1.HaJlbHO-nOJlHTH1.JeCKHe HBJleHH.: B Mae 1571 r. COCTOHJlCH
onycToWHTeJlbHhlH Ha6er TaTap Ha MOCKBY. CnacaHcb OT Bpara, B CTOJlHlJ.Y
C'beXaJ10Cb «MHO>KeCTBO» J11O.l1.eH H3 6J1H3J1e>Kaw.Hx CTaHOB. DOJIbWHHCTBo H3 HHX
(<<HM >Ke HeCTb 1.JHCJla») nOrHOJlO B nO.l1.0>K>KeHHOH TaTapaMH MocKBe. llITa.ll.eH
KpaCHOpe1.JHBO onHCbIBaeT 3TO Oe.l1.CTBHe, YKa3bIBaH, 1.JTO rpOMa.ll.HOe KOJlH1.JeCTBO
HapO.l1.a 3a.ll.bIXaJlOCb B .l1.bIMY H He MOrJ10 HaHTH cnaceHHH .l1.a>Ke B peKe. nO}l(ap
1571 r. ObIJ1 HaCTOJlbKO onycTolllHTeJlbHbIM, 1.JTO 0 HeM nOMHHJlH cnYCTH n01.JTH
30 J1eT: B o<l>HlJ.HaJlbHOM YJ10>KeHHH <l>e.ll.opa HBaHOBH1.Ja 1597 r. rJlaBHOH npH1.JRHOH
OTCYTCTBHH KpenocTeH Da XOJIOnOB C1.JHTaJlCH nO>Kap 1571 r. (<<BcHKHe cTapHHHbIe
KpenocTH B MOCKOBCKHH nO>Kap B npOWJlOM [70] 79-M ro.l1.Y H HHbIe nOJKapbl
nOrOpeJIH"'). TaTapbI npH1.JHHHJlH 3Ha1.JHTeJlbHbIH yw.ep6 H .l1.PyrHM rOpO.ll.aM
H MecTHOCTHM: TYJle, CepnyxoBY, KalllHpe, PH3aHH, 1.JaCTH1.JHO PY3CKOMY y.
Bo BJla.l1.eHHHX cepnyxoBcKoro BbICOlJ.KOrO MOHaCThlpH ceJla H .lI.epeBHH «3>KeHbI
H BoeBaHbI». )l(HJlOH <l>OH.lI. .lI.BOpOB B 1571/72 rr. COCTaBJlHJI Bcero 18 % OT npe>K-
Hero 1.JHCJla. 70 % .l1.BOpOB (cBbIwe 303 .l1.BOpOB) 6b1J1o CO>K>KeHO, 12 % .lI.BOpOB
CTOSIJIH nycTbIMH. Hx BJla.ll.eJlblJ.bI ObIJlH y6HTbI HJlH B3HTbI B OOJlOH. nawHH
3aHHMaJla Bcero 11 % Bcex noceBHbIX nJlOma.ll.eH, CBblwe 3412 '1eTBepTeH J1e>KaJlO
B nepeJIore. Bo BJla.ll.eHHHX pH3aHCKoro BorOCJIOBCKoro Moa3crbIpH «B npHXO.ll.
KpbIMCKoro l1.apH B [70] 80 ro.ll.Y» >KHJlOH OH.l1 3aoycreJl Ha 32 %, B nepeJlore
J1e>KaJlO 43 % naxoTHoH 3eMJlH 40.
3Ha1.JHTeJlbHO MeHbwe nOCTpa.l1.aJla EnH<I>aHb. B HeA MOHaCTbIpb PO>K.lI.eCTBa
DoropO.ll.HlJ.bI «CO>KrJlH KpbIMCKHe J1IO.lI.H B npHXO.l1. KpblMCKoro lJ.apH B [70) 79 ro.l1.,
a CTaplJ.eB Bcex KpblMcKHe J1IO.lI.H nOOHJlH, a HHbIX B nOJlOH nOHMaJlH». O.ll.HaKO
nOca.ll. He npOH3BO.ll.HT Bne1.JaTJleHHH CTOJlb 60JlbWOrO 3anYCTeHHH, KaK B BbIwe-
paCCMOTpeHHOM CJlY1.Jae C BbICOlJ.KHM cepnYXOBCKHM MOHaCTblpeM. B 1571/72 r.
Ha nOca.ll.e 6b1J1o «KpecTbHHcKHX 1.JepHblX H nywKapcKHx H 3aTHHlllHKOBbIX H
CTpeJIelJ.KHX H Ka3aTlJ.KHX» 702 .lI.BOpa, .lI.a 190 MeCT .lI.BOpOBblX, .lI.a 74 nycTbIx
.l1.BOpa, «BbIMepJlH B HblHelllHeM B [70] 80 ro.ll.Y» 41. HTaK, 3anYCTeHHe OXBaTHJlO
OKOJIO 30 % >KHJloro THr J1oro <l>OH.lI.a, HO HeH3BeCTHO, K KaKoMY BpeMeHH OTHOCHTCH
HC1.Je3HOBeHHe 190 .lI.BOpOB: CO>Kr J1H J1H HX TaTapbI B 1571 r. (0 1.JeM, cKopee Bcero,
6bIJla 6b1 C.lI.eJlaHa cooTBeTcTBYlOlllaH nOMeTa), HJlH >Ke OHH 6b1J1H 3a6poweHbI
3Ha1.JHTeJlbHO paHbwe. LlJlH Hac HHTepeCHa .l1.PyraH lJ.H<I>pa: 74 .l1.BOpa 3anycTeJlO
B pe3YJlbTaTe 3nH.lI.eMHH. CJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO, 9,5 % Bcex enH<I>aHcKHx ceMeA BbIMepJlO
B Te1.JeHHe O.l1.HOrO TOJlbKO rO.ll.a. npOlJ.eHT >Ke Bcex YMepwHx 6b1J1 3Ha1.JHTeJlbHO
BbIwe, H BO .l1.BOpe, 1.JHCJlHBWeMCH B «>KHJlbIX», OT BceH ceMbH MOrJlH OCTaTbCH
1-2 1.JeJlOBeKa.
M. H. THXOMHpOB BbI.lI.BHHYJI MHeHHe, 1.JTO OT TaTap nOCTpa.l1.aJla TaK>Ke
KOJIOMHa. Ho B OHCl1.0BOH KHHre 1577/78 r. HeT HHKaKHX ynoMHHaHHA 0 CO>K-
>KeHHbIX TaTapaMH .lI.BOpax. XapaKTepHo TaK>Ke, 1.JTO pH3HHl1.bI MOHaCTblpeH He
pa3rpa6J1eHbI: B HHX xpaHHTCH npe.ll.MeTbI H3 30JlOTa, cepe6pa, YKpaweHHbIe
.l1.parOlJ.eHHbIMH KaMHHMH, a TaK>Ke .l1.0pOrHe TKaHH (6apxaT, Ta<l>Ta, WeJlK).
BH.lI.HMO, B ca MOM ropO.ll.e TaTapbI He 6b1J1H. COBceM HHa1.Je BbIrJlH.lI.HT onHcaHHe
KaWHpCKoro y. 3a 3TH >Ke rO.l1.bI, r.ll.e CnJlOWb H pH.lI.OM BCTpe1.JaIOTCH nOMeTbI:
«CO>Kr J1H TaTa pbl:' 42.
nOCJIe.ll.CTBHH He6J1arOnpHHTHbIX <l>aKTopoB CKa3aJlHCb npe>K.l1e Bcero Ha
ropO.ll.ax C HX BbiCOKOH nJlOTHOCTblO Hace.neHHH. HeKOTopble H3 HHX Ha
180

KaKoe-To BpeMH nOt.tTH nOJlHOCTblO BblXO,ll.HT H3 CTpOH KaK ToproBo-npOMblIllJleH-
Hble ueHTphl. B MYPOMe K 1573 r. 3anYCTeJlO OT cnOBeTpHH» 83 % ,lI.BOpOB,
6b1BIllHX H3 noca,ll.e, He YHKUHoHHpyeT 60J1blllHHCTBO JlaBOK. nYCTOH CTOHT
KalllHpa: CO}l(}I(eH nOca,ll. H ToprOBbie 3aBe,ll.eHHH (104 JlaBKH H 315 ,lI.BOpOB),
CO}l(}I(eHa H KpenocTb. B KOJIOMHe B 1578 r. 6b1J1o Bcero 12 THrJlblX ,lI.BOpOB.
nHCUbI, npH6b1B B KOJlOMHY, 06HapY}I(HJlH Ha noca,ll.e HBHble npH3HaKH 06BeTllla-
HHH, 3anYCTeHHH. Ha ,lI.BOpaX KHH3H BJla,ll.HMHpa AH,lI.peeBHt.ta, l1BaHa 6eJ1bCKOrO
cBce XOpOMbi BeTXH:', CXOPOMbi H ropo,ll.b6a OrHHJlH H 06BaJlHJlHcb:'. He MHorHM
JlYt.tllle 06CTOSIJIO ,D.eJlO H Ha rocY,lI.apeBe uapcKoM ,lI.BOpe, r,ll.e cBopOTa pa3BaJlH-
JlHCb:., c3aMeT 06aJlHJlCH:'. PH,lI. MOHacTblpcHX KeJlHH He 3aCeJleHbI, MOHaCTblp-
CKHe BopOTa, H3rOpO,ll.H cnOrHHJlH:., c06BaJlHJlHCH:'. B 51MCKOH CJl060,ll.e onHcaHbI
nYCTble ,lI.BOpbl H ,D.BOpOBbie MeCTa, ca JlIO,lI.H C Tex MeCT BblMepJlH:'. B CJl06o,D.Ke
KOJIOMeHCKoro BJla,D.blKH t.tHCJlO ,lI.BOpOB COKpaTHJlOCb B,lI.Boe. Ha TpeTb y6aBHJlOCb
JlaBOK Ha noca,ll.e. 3a6pOllleHHble uepKBH CTOHT c6e3 neHHH:. H CBe,ll.eHHH 0 HHX
,lI.aTb HeKOMY, TaK KaK CCTOP0}l(HJlbUbi BblMepJlH:'. CJIe,ll.OBaTeJlbHO, 6J1H}I(aHllleH
npHt.tHHoii 3anYCTeHHH KOJlOMeHcKoro y. 6b1J1a CBHpenCTBYIOlQ,aH B 3TOM Kpae
3nH,lI.eMHH, YHeClllaH MHO}l(eCTBO }l(H3HeH. KpaH 06e3JIIO,lI.eJI. B 3TOM H KpoeTCH
npHt.tHHa CTOJlb MaJlOrO t.tHCJla THrJlblX ,lI.BOpOB Ha nOca,ll.e, aKT, cMymaBIllHH
HCCJle,ll.OBaTeJleH, B TOM t.tHCJle H THXOMHpOBa. nHCUbi 3aperHCTpHpOBaJlH nOMHMO
12 }l(HJlblX ,lI.BOpOB, CB nycTe 249 MeCT ,lI.BOpOBblX:'. ,Lla B 54 6b1BIllHX t.tepHblx
,D.BOpaX nOCeJleHbI 6b1J1H ct.tepKallJeHe:.. l1Toro paHee Ha noca,ll.e Hact.tHTblBaJlOCb
CBblIlle 300 THrJlblX ,D.BOpOB, K MOMeHT}' }l(e nepenHcH ocraJlOCb MeHee 4 % npe}l(-
HHX THr JleUOB 43.
npaBHTeJlbCTBO npe,ll.npHHHMaeT pH,lI. Mep )I.JIH B03pO}l(,lI.eHHH ropO,ll.CKHX
nOCa,ll.OB, H B nepBYIO Ot.tepe,ll.b MOCKBbI. B XVI B. cymeCTBOBaJla npaKTHKa
cCBe,ll.eHHH» ToproBO-peMeCJIeHHOrO JllO,lI.a H3 OJUloro ropo,ll.a B ,lI.PyroH. TaK,
nOCJIe na,ll.eHHH Ka3aHcKoro xaHCTBa B Ka3aHb 6h1J1H nepece.neHbI npe,ll.CTaBHTeJlH
nOCa,ll.OB ,lI.PyrHx rOpO,ll.OB. TaKaH >Ke nOJlHTHKa 6h1J1a npHMeHeHa B OTHOllJeHHH
onycToweHHoii Tenepb MocKBbI. ClO,lI.a CBOAHTCH Ha nOCToHHHoe }l(HTeJlbCTBO
HaH60J1ee KpynHble ToprOBlI.bI H peMeCJIeHHHKH H3 TBepH, MO>KaiicKa, ,LlBHHbI
H ,lI.pyrHX MeCT. CMOCKOBCKHii CBe,ll.eHeu.» TBepeTHH r. A. TYWHHCKHii 3aHHMaJlCH
npOH3BO,ll.CTBOM MblJla H TOprOBJIeH COJIblO, a B03MO}l(HO, H pbl60ii. 06 ero 60raT-
CTBe CBH,lI.eTeJlbCTByeT TOT «j)aKT, t.tTO B 1571/72 r. OH nepe,ll.aeT B TpoHLle-
CeprHeB MOHacTblpb KaMeHHblH xpaM C npH,lI.eJI0M cCBoero coopY}l(eHbH:', a TaK}I(e
c3 nOBapHH MbIJIbHblX. . . ,lI.a oH6ap COJIHHOii». 113 MO}l(aiicKa, CY,ll.H no onHcaHHIO
1595/96 f., 6b1J1o nepeBe,ll.eHO B MOCKBY He MeHee 5 ceMeii. qaCTb H3 HHX coxpa-
HHJla 3a c060ii JlaBKH B MO}l(aiicKe 44.
COKpaTHJlOCb t.tHCJlO }l(HTeJleii H KOJIHqeCTBO KYJlbTHBHpyeMbix 3eMeJlb B CeJlb-
CKHX MeCTHOCTHX. B BaCHJlbu.eBe CTaHe, npHMblKaBweM K MocKOBCKOMY noca,ll.Y,
B BOTt.tHHax paCnaXHBaJlOCb BcefO 20 % Bcex noceBHblX nJloma,ll.eii, B nOMeCTbHX
H TOro MeHbllJe - 12 %. CTOJlb >Ke DJlaqeBHaH KapTHHa B MOHaCTblpcKHX H
enHCKonCKHX BJla,ll.eHHHX: 15 H II % (CM. Ta6J1. 13).
nOKa3aTeJlbHO ot.teHb He60Jlbllloe t.tHCJlO nepeJIora, cnopoclllero JleCOM:', ,D.a H
TO OH npHXO,ll.HTCH Ha nOp03}1(He 3eMJlH, H OqeHb HeMHoro - B MOHaCTblpCKHX BJl3-
.lleHHHX. CJle,ll.OBaTeJlbHO, pa30peHHe MOCKOBCKoro KpaH npOH3011JJlO B 6J1H3J1e>Ka-
mHe ro,ll.bI. n pHt.teM BaClUlbueB CTaH He npe,ll.CTaBJIHJI HCKJlIOt.teHHe. HaJlHt.tHe
ot.teHb BbiCOKoro npoueHTa nYCTOTbi B MocKOBCKOM y. 1573/74 r. nO,ll.TBep}l(,D.a-
eTCH H ,lI.PyrHMH HCTOt.tHHKaMH. BJla,ll.eHHH l1OCH«j)O- BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH
6b1J1H pacnOJlO>KeHbI B ,D.BYX ,lI.PyrHx CTaHax. B MOHaCTblpCKOM X03HHcTBe
181

TafiJlHQa 13. CTpYKTypa 3eMJleBJI8,Q,eHHR BacHJlbQeBa CTaHa MocKoBcKoro ye3Aa
1573/74 r. (B lIeTBepTRx)*
COllHanbHble THnbl naWHSI nepenor Bcero 3eMnH
3eMenb a6c. I %
I
nOMeCTHbie 172 1305 88 1477
3eMJlH**
nOp03>KHe no- 962 100 962
MeCTbH
BOTIIHHHble 3eMJlH 189 776 80 965
nOp03>KHe BOTIIHHbI 107 100 107
MOHacTblpcKHe 500 2932 85 3432
3eMJI H
nOp03>KHe MOHa- 30 100 30
CTblpcKHe 3eMJI H
EnHcKoncKHe 3eMJlH 41 351 89 392
Bcero 902 6464 88 7366
· nKMr. OTA. 1. C. 1-9.
.. BBHAY YTpaTbi nepBblx nHCTOB KOnH'IeCTBO nOMeCTHbiX 3eMenb H nepenora B HHX peKoHcTpYHpO.
BaHO HCXOASI H3 HTorOBbiX AaHHblX no BceMY cTaHY.
rOpeTOBCKoro CTaHa nepeJlor JJ.OCTHraJl 87 %, a B CYPO}J{CKOM - 93 %. BhI-
MepJlH «B nOBeTpHe:. TpOHlJ.KOCeprHeBcKHe phl60JlOBhI, npOMhlWJlHBWHe no
p. Bope. ,LlOBOJlbHO 3HallHTeJlbHaH nycToTa B 1571/72 r. Ha6J1IOJJ.aeTcH B MOHa-
CThlpCKHX BJlaJJ.eHHHX PY3cKoro y. - 60 % 45.
B 6eJJ.CTBeHHOM nOJlO>KeHHH OKa3aJlCH CeBepo-3anaJJ.HhlH KpaH, 3a HCKJllOlle-
HHeM 3aOHe>KCKHX norOCTOB. 3JJ.eCb K MOpy H rOJloJJ.Y npHcoeJJ.HHHJlCH KapaTeJlb-
HhiH noxoJJ. HBaHa rp03Horo Ha HOB rop OJJ. , COnpOBO>KJJ.aBWHHCH MaCCOBhlMH
penpeccHHMH H rpa6e>KaMH. HCCJleJJ.oBaTeJlH Y>Ke JJ.aBHO OTMeTHJlH ycyry6J1HIO-
lllYIO pOJIb onpHIIHHHhI B HapOJJ.Hox03HHCTBeHHOM KpH3Hce. MHOrOQHCJleHHhle
Ka3HH KaK npeJJ.CTaBHTeJIeH KJlacca <l>eOJJ.aJlOB, npHKa3Hhlx JlIOJJ.eH, TaK H npocThix
KpecTbHH, CJlyr; BoweJJ.WHe B 06h1l1aH rpa6e>KH onpHIIHHKaMH 3eMlJ.eB; c:nepe60p:.
3eMeJlb, B pe3YJlbTaTe KOToporo MeHHJlHCb BJlaJJ.eJIblJ.hI HMeHHH, pBaJlHCb HaJla>KeH-
Hhle X03HHcTBeHHhle CBH3H - Bce 3TO nOJJ.phlBaJlO H 6e3 Toro 06eCKpOBJIeHHYlO
3KOHOMHKY cTpaHhI. c:Uapb YIIHHHJI onpHIIHHHY H OTToro 6h1CTb 3anycTeHHe BeJlHe
PYCCKOH 3eMJlH:', - 3anHCaJl nCKoBcKHH JleTOnHCelJ. 46.
K 1573/74 r. CTHxaeT 3nHJJ.eMHH, YXOJJ.HT B npowJloe rOJlOJJ.Hhle rOJJ.hI, O<l>H-
lJ.HaJlbHO npOB03rJlaWaeTCH OTMeHa onpHIIHHHhI, HO 3anYCTeHHe He TOJlbKO He
npHOCTaHaBJlHBaeTCH, HO npoJJ.OJl>KaeT Ha6HpaTb TeMn. B HMeHHH .pH3aHCKoro
60rOCJlOBCKOro MOHaCThipH B 1572/73 r. nYCThie JJ.BOphi COCTaBJlHJlH 32 %,
nepeJlor - 43 %. B 1574/75 r. - COOTBeTCTBeHHO 80 H 88 %. B BOTIIHHe
11.10. rpH3Horo B 6e>KelJ.KOM Bepxe B 1573/74 r. nepeJlor 3aHHMaJl 70 %: «H Ta.lle
ero BOTIIHHa 3anycTeJla OT XJle6HOrO HeJJ.opoJJ.Y H OT nOBeTpHH:'. no JJ.030py
1576/77 r. naWHH cOKpaTHJlaCb B 3 pa3a (co 100 lIeTeH JJ.O 32) H COCTaBJIHJla
9,6 % OT Bcero MaCCHBa noceBHhlX nJlOlllaJJ.eH. Ellle (joJlee pa3HTeJIbHhlH ynaJJ.oK
H a(jJlIOJJ.aeM B nOMelllHllbHX X03HHCTBax MOCKoBcKoro y., r JJ.e B 1573/74 r. C Ylle-
TOM BhlMOpOIlHhlX BJla.lleHHH 3anaWKa 3aHHMaJla 7 %, a B 1576-78 r. - 1,8 % 47
( C M . T a 6J1. 14).
182

TafiJlHu.a 14. nOMew.HllbH 3eMJlH B MOCKOBCKOM Ye3Ae B 1576/78 r. (B lIeTBepTRx)*
3a nOMeWHKaMH nOp03>KaSi Bcero nepeJlor,
CTaH I Hae3.nOM I nepeJlor 3eMn H %
naWHSI nepeJlor naWHSI
I I
IllepeHCKHA 33 917 133 2380 3463 95,2
50XOB 30 3020 200 3250 99
Pa.l1oHe>K 10 1464 1650 3124 99,7
MaHaTbHH 21 929 1360 2310 99,1
BaCHJlbueB 75 1425 1500 95
KOWeJleB 30 2430 50 2510 98,8
06'be3>KHA 1450 600 2050 100
"Toro: 199 II 635 133 6240 18 207 98,2
* Ta6J1Hlla COCTaBJleHa Ha OCHOBe HTorOBbiX no.nceTOB nHC1l0B. PaC'IeTbi c.nenaHbI B nepeBo.ne
Ha c.n06pylO 3eMJlIO». nKMr. OT.n. I. C. II-53. Mbi HCKJlIO'IHJlH nO'IepHeB CTaH B CHJlY ero
KpaHHero cBoeo6pa3HSI. He06xo.nHMbI .nonOJlHHTeJlbHble H3b1CKaHHSI 0 BpeMeHH ero onHcaHHSI.
06W.HH npOueHT 3anYCTeHHH B nOMew.HllbHX X03HHCTBax ,lJ.OCTHr 98,2 %.
ECTb OCHOBaHHH CIIHTaTb, liTO B 70-x rO,lJ.aX B MOCKOBCKOM y. nOMeCTHOe X03HH-
CTBO KaK CHCTeMa nepeCTaJIO cyw.eCTBOBaTb. Bonee BbiCOKHH npOueHT 3anYCTeHHH
nOMeCTHbiX 3eMenb (98,7 %) H3BeCTeH B PYCCKOH HCTOpHH XVI B. TonbKO B !1epeB-
CKOH nHTHHe 1582/83 r., H TO aBTOpbl KOJIneKTHBHOrO TpY,lJ.a CIIHTaIOT, liTO npOu.eHT
nYCTOTbi 6b1n HeCKOnbKO 3aBbiWeH B CBH3H C nepeXO,lJ.OM Ha e,lJ.HHYIO 06>KY,
paBHYIO 10 lIeTBepTHM 48. npaB,lJ.a, B03MO>KHO B03pa>KeHHe, liTO CTOnb HH3KHe
UH<I>Pbl MOCKOBCKOrO nOMew.HllberO 3eMneBna,lJ.eHHH nOnYIIHnHCb B pe3YJ1bTaTe
HCTOIIHHKOBe,lJ.lleCKOrO npOClleTa, TaK KaK B KHHraX «OT,lJ.e.na» 1576-1578 rr.
MornH HaHTH OTpa>KeHHe He Bce nOMew.HllbH BJla,lJ.eHHH, 6b1BWHe B CTaHe, a TonbKO
BHOBb 06pa30BaBWHeCH, C ew.e He Hana>KeHHblM X03HHCTBOM. !1YMaeTCH, liTO
AnH TaKHX COMHeHHH HeT ,lJ.OCTaTOIIHblX OCHOBaHHH. OH,lJ. 3eMnH B pa3Mepe
2-3 TbiC. lIeTBepreH B CTaHe (CM. Ta6n. 14) ,lJ.OCTaTOIlHO BenHK, IIT06b1 BKnlOllaTb
B ce6H Bce nOMeCTHbie 3eMnH. npHMepHo TaKoe >Ke KonHlleCTBO nOMeCTHbiX
3eMenb Ha CTaH npHXO,lJ.HTCH H B KonoMeHcKoM y. 1577/78 r. KpoMe Toro, B03-
MO>KHbI conOCTaBneHHH C ,lJ.PyrHMH onHcaHHHMH MOCKoBcKoro y. B BaCHnbu.eBe
CTaHe B OT,lJ.e.nbHblX KHHrax 1576-1578 rr. Ha <l>OH,lJ. nOMeCTHbiX 3eMenb npHxo-
,lJ.HTCH 1500 lIeTBepTeH - HaHMeHbwaH UH<I>pa H3 Bcex onHcaHHblX CTaHOB. Ho
3Ta >Ke UH<I>pa (1477 lIeTBepTeH) <l>HrYPHpyeT B KHHrax nHCbMa H Mepbl 1573/74 r.
(CM. Ta6n. 13), KOr,lJ.a onHCblBanaCb BCR BJla,lJ.e.nblleCKaH 3eMnH 49.
Or KOHua 70-x rO,lJ.OB coxpaHHnHcb TaK>Ke nHCUOBbie KHHrH no KonoMeHcKoMY
H KawHpcKoMY yy. KOJIOMeHCKaH nHCUOBaH KHHra 1577/78 r. npe,lJ.CTaBnHeT
C TOIIKH 3peHHH H3YlleHHH KpH3Hca 60nbwHH HHTepec. 31'0 6b1n H3,lJ.aBHa rYCTO-
HaceneHHblA paHoH, r,lJ.e npe,lJ.CTaBJIeHbI pa3Hble THnbl COUHanbHblX Bna,lJ.eHHH,
paAoH CHnbHO THrOTelOw.HH K ueHTpy, n03ToMY OCTaHOBHMCH Ha aHanH3e ero
COCTOHHHH B rO,lJ.bI KpH3Hca 60JIee nO,lJ.p06HO. KHHra COCTOHT H3 onHcaHHH ropo,lJ.a
H ye3,lJ.a. TeKCTY nOCne,lJ.HerO npe,lJ.WecTByeT 3aronOBOK: «KHHra KonoMeHcKoro
ye3,lJ.a nHCbMa H Mepbl !1aHHna neTpoBHlla )l(HToBa ,lJ.a e,lJ.opa KOMblHHHa
C TOBapHw.H neTa 7086 ro,lJ.y». O,lJ.HaKO pa60Ta «Mepw.HKoB» OTHIO,lJ.b He 3aKOHIIH-
naCb B YKa3aHHble CpOKH H npO,lJ.on>KanaCb ew.e O,lJ.HH- ,lJ.Ba rO,lJ.a, 0 lIeM CBH,lJ.e-
TenbCTBYIOT nOMeTbi 0 nO>KanOBaHHH nOMeCTHbiX 3eMenb: «no ,lJ.alle 87 ro,lJ.y» ,
«3a npHnHcblO ,lJ.HHKa SlKoBa BHTo<l>ToBa 87 ro,lJ.y» 50. Cne,lJ.OBaTenbHO, MaTepHanbi
183

no ye3Y OTHOCHTCH npH6RH3HTenbHO K 1577--1579 rr. K TeKcTY 3TOH KHHrH
Heo,nHoKpaTHo 06paw.aRHcb KaK COBeTCKHe, TaK H ,nOpeBOJIIOlJ.HOHHble HCTOpHKH.
B. H. CepreeBHq, C. 6. BecenoBcKHH Ha OCHOBaHHH OTenbHblX BKpanReHHH
B TeKCT cBeeHHH 0 COWHOM OKJI3J1e nbiTaRHCb onpeenHTb pa3Mep COXH.
M. H. THXOMHpOB OTMellaR HaRHqHe B ye3e 6oRbworo qHCJla cTap060HpCKHX
BOTIIHH H BJlaeHHH KPynHeHwHx J1YXOBHblX KOpnOpalJ.HH. Ha OCHOBaHHH onHca-
HHH ropoa OH peKoHcTpYHPYeT Tonorp3HIO KpenoCTH H nocaa. TaK >Ke KaK
H ero npeweCTBeHHHKH H. ,Ll. 4eIlYRHH, C. <1>. nRaToHoB, n. D. CMHpHOB,
M. H. THXOMHpOB 06paTHJI BHHMaHHe Ha HHIITO>KHOe KORHlleCTBO B ropo,ne
noca,nCKoro HaceneHHSI 51. ,LlRH xapaKTepHCTHKH X03HHCTBeHHoro pa30peHHH
CTpaHbI ny6RHKalJ.HH KOJIOMeHCKOH KHHrH 6b1Jia BnepBble npHBJlelleHa H. A. PO>K-
KOBbiM. B3HB H3 HTOroBbiX nOClleTOB nHcu.OB 3 nOKa3aTMH (KOJIHlleCTBo
,nepeBeHb, nycToUJeH, nOIlHHKoB) H conOCTaBHB HX Me>KY C060H, OH nOJlYIIHJI
CJIeYIOw.ee COOTHoweHHe: nycToweH -- 46,4 %, nOIlHHKOB -- 0,7 %. OrclOa HM
CeJlaH BblBO, liTO y6b1J1b Hace.neHHH He OCTHraeT 3eCb OlleHb 6OJIbWOH CTe-
neHH. BbllIHCJleHHoe H. A. PO>KKOBbiM npOlJ.eHTHOe COOTHoweHHe 6b1J1o nOBTopeHO
B KHHre B. H. KOpelJ.KOrO 52.
B ye3e OCHOBHaH lIaCTb BRaeRb4eCKOH 3eMRH npHXOHJlaCb Ha nOMeCTHblH
<pOH (61 %). 3aTeM WRH CBeTCKHe BOTIIHHbI -- 24,6 %, H HMeHHH, npHHaRe-
>KaBWHe yxoBeHCTBY, -- 14,4 % 53. 4eTBepTaH lIaCTb nOMeCTHH OTHOCHRaCb
K IIHCJlY BbiMOpOIlHblX, 6eCX03HblX. CTpeMHCb BepHyrb HX B HapOHOX03HHCTBeH-
HblH 06opoT, npaBHTeRbCTBO nopYIIHRO cMepw.HKaM» OHOBpeMeHHO C onHcaHHeM
ye3a, HcnoMew.aTb H3 nYCTYIOw.HX 3eMRHX CJIY>KHRblX RIOeH. OHOH H3
OCHOBHblX u.eneH onHcaHHH 6b1R YlleT nYCTYIOw.eH 3eMRH .L1.JIH CpOIlHOH pa3allH
ee «HOBHKaM». 06 3TOM CBHeTeRbcTByeT TOT <l>aKT, liTO «Mepw.HKH» BO Bcex
nOMeCTbHX, B TOM IIHCJle H 6eCX03HblX, nOCIIHTblBaRH HTorOBbie aHHble cpa3Y
B ,nBYX H3MepeHHHX: cpeaRbHoe» IIHCJlO lIeTeH nROXOH HRH cpeHeH 3eMRH
06H3aTenbHO c0J1a6pHBaROCb», T. e. BeCb nOMeCTHblH <l>OH ye3a 6b1R Bblpa>KeH
B eHHOH CHCTeMe CIIHCReHHH. TeM caMbiM lJ.eHTpaRbHble opraHbI cpa3Y MOfRH
opHeHTHpOBaTbCH, KaKHM KOJIHlleCTBOM 3eMRH OHH pacnOJJaralOT B KOROMeH-
CKOM y., H 6e3 onORHHTeRbHblx BblKJlaOK 6b1CTpO BbIeRHTb B ClleT oKJIaa Te HRH
HHble nYCTYIOw.He HMeHHH. OHOBpeMeHHO no06HaH HHBeHTapH3alJ.HH nOKa3b1-
BaJJ a, KaKoe KOJIHlleCTBO CJlY>KHRblX RIOeH OJI>KHO 6b1J1o 6b1Tb BbiCTaBJIeHO
C Y>Ke p03aHHOH 3eMRH, liTO 6b1RO KpaHHe Ba>KHO B YCJlOBHHX BeeHHH JIHBOH-
CKOH BOHHbI. OHaKO nycTble He3aceneHHble 3eMRH MaRO npeRblllaRH CHOBHKOB».
«A no rocyapeBY HaKa3Y H B naMHTH 3a npHnHCblO HaKa HrHaTHH 3y60Ba
87 roy <l>eBpaRH B 20 eHb HanHcaHO: no npHroBopy 60Hp KH. HBaHa <l>eopoBHlla
MCTHcRaBcKoro C TOBapHw.H a HaKOB OH,npeH a BacHRbH llJ.eRKaRoBbix
BeJleHO Te nOp03>KHe 3eMRH KOROMHHllaM 6ecnoMecTHbiM HOBHKOM aBaTb B HX
OKJIabI. A RbrOTbi HM aTH B rocyapeBbiX noaTHX B aHH H B nocoxe, onpH4b
ropOOBoro ena, RH nYCTa Ha 8 ReT. A re 3eMRH xya H 6e3yroHa, H TeM aTb
Ha 10 ReT. A HM B Te ypOIlHble ReTa B Tex nOp03>KHX 3eMRHX BOpbl CTaBHTH
H naUJHH pocnaxaTH. A Ha XOPOMHYIO CTaBKY BeneHO aBaTb eHer Ha 100 lIeTH
no 2 Py6.nH, H nOWRHH C nepenO>KHble 3eMRH HMaTb He BeneHO. H KOROMHH4H
eTH 60HpcKHe HOBUICU 6ecnoMeCTHble Tex nopo331CuX 3eMeAb B nOMeCTbR B pa3-
iJa'lY He eMAIOT 3a nYCTOM» 54.
OnaceHHH HOBHKOB 6paTb nYCTOUJH 6b1RH BnOJlHe 06OCHOBaHHblMH. KaK no-
Ka3b1BaeT KORoMeHcKHH npHnpaBoIIHblH cnHCOK 3/.. 3eMenb, IIHCJlHBWHXCH 3a
nOMew.HKaMH, OCTaBaRHCb Re>KaTb «B nYCTe». npaBa, nYCTble H >KHByw.He 3eMRH
184

KJlaJlHCb Tenepb B COXH pa3.l1.eJJbHO, T. e. rocy Jl,apCTBeHHble HaJlOrH C OCHOBHOH
cnYCTOTbI::' He cOOHpaJlHCb. O.ll.HaKO Mbi He pacnOJlaraeM CBe.ll.eHHHMH, liTO nO.ll.o6-
HaH >Ke cHTyaUHH 6b1J1a pacnpOCTpaHeHa H Ha CJIY>K6y rocY.ll.aplO C 3eMJlH.
ECJlH OCTaBaJlOCb B CHJle cTapoe nOJlO>KeHHe cO CJIY>K6e C OKJIa.ll.a::., TO cCpe.ll.He-
CTaTHCTHlieCKHii:. nOMeIU.HK C OKJIa.ll.OM B 100 lIeTeH B .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH nOJlYlIaJl
.lI.OXO.ll.bI JlHWb C 25 lIeTeH. ,lla>Ke npH HaJlHlIHH .lI.eHe>KHOrO .lI.OBOJIbCTBHH nOJlYlIeH-
HbiX Cpe.ll.CTB MOrJlO XBaTHTb Ha 06MYH.lI.HpoBaHHe H Ha npoKopM ce6H, ceMbH,
HO OTHlO.lI.b He Ha BocnpOH3BO.ll.CTBO H BOCCTaHoaneHHe X03HHCTBa, Ha BblB03
KpeCTbRH C COCe.ll.HHX 3eMeJlb H BbI,l1a"y HM AeHe)KHOH nOAliOrH. AeHe>KHOii CCYALI.
HaJlHu.o KpaiiHe He6J1arOnpHHTHbie npeAnOCbIJIKH, MaJlO cnoco6CTBYlOlUHe BblXO.Lty
H3 X03HHCTBeHHoro pa30peHHH. EIU.e B XY.l1.WeM nOJlO>KeHHH OKa3b1BaJIHCb HOBHKH,
KOTopble .l1.0Jl>KHbI 6b1J1H HallHHaTb X03HHCTBO lIyrb JlH He C HYJleBoro u.HKJla,
nOJlYliaH 3a6pOllleHHble He>KHJlble 3eMJlH.
HeCKOJlbKO JlYliwe 06CTOHJlO .l1.eJIO B BOTlIHHHblX 3eMJlHX. 11 XOTH 06IU.HH
nOKa3aTeJIb 3anYCTeHHH B BOTlIHHax no BceMY ye3.l1.Y no cpaBHeHHIO C nOMeCTHblMH
HH>Ke Bcero Ha 4 %, TeM He MeHee nOliTH BO Bcex CTaHax .l1.0BOJlbHO lIeTKO npoCJIe-
>KHBaeTCH TeH.l1.eHIJ.HH: OTJlHB HaCeJleHHH H3 BOTlIHH WeJI 60J1ee 3aMe.l1.JleHHblMH
TeMnaMH. B OT.l1.eJlbHblX CJlYlIaHX ypOBeHb 3anYCTeHHH CHH>Kae-rCH .l1.0 50 %,
a HHOr.l1.a H Toro HH>Ke: B BOJlOCTH XOJlM - 32 %, B YCMepcKoM CTaHe - 26 %.
B03MO>KHO, He nOCJle.l1.HIOIO pOJlb npH 3TOM HrpaJla 60J1ee npOliHaH H .l1.JlHTeJlbHaH
CBH3b Me>K.l1.Y <l>eO.l1.aJlOM H 3aBHCHMblM HaCeJleHHeM, «pa.l1.eHHe::. B YCTpOHCTBe
CBoeH 3eMJlHlJ.bI H .l1.PyrHe <l>aKTopbl.
B HMeHHHX, npHHa.l1.Jle>KalU.HX .l1.YXOBeHCTBY, HaH60J1ee BbiCOKHH npOu.eHT
3anYCTeHHH - 80 %, XOTH, Ka3aJlOCb 6b1, 3KOHOMHlIeCKH CHJlbHblM BJla.l1.eJIbu.aM
Jlerlle npeO.l1.0JleTb pa3pyxy, HaJla.l1.HTb X03HHCTBO, npH3BaTb H CCY.l1.HTb .l1.eHbraMH
KpecTbHH. B KOJIOMeHCKoM y. HaXO.l1.HJlHCb BJla.l1.eHHH .l1.BYX rpynn MOHacTblpeH:
MeCTHbiX H 3HaMeHHTblX MOCKOBCKHX 06HTeJIeH. K nOCJle.l1.HHM Mbi OTHOCH M:
4Y.l1.0B MOHacTblpb, TpoHu.e-CeprHeB, CHMOHOB, ,llaHHJlOB, CnaccKHH, HHKOJlbl
YrpewcKoro. I1x 3eMJlH 6b1J1H pa36pocaHbI lI}'Tb JlH He no BceH CTpaHe. X03HHCT-
BeHHoe OCBoeHHe 3eMeJlbHblX 60raTCTB 6b1J1o pa3JIHlIHO nopoH .l1.a>Ke B npe.l1.eJIax
O.l1.HOrO paHoHa. Bce BbllllenepellHCJleHHble MOCKOBCKHe .l1.yxoBHble KopnOpau.HH
B KOHu.e 70-x rO.l1.0B He 3anepeJlO>KHJlH nOJlHOCTblO npHHa.ll.Jle>KaIU.He HM BJla.l1.eHHH
B KOJlOMeHCKOM y. MaJlo Toro, npOu.eHT pacnaxaHHblX 3eMeJIb B pH.l1.e HMeHHH
.l1.a>Ke HeCKOJlbKO Bblwe, lIeM BbllIHCJleHHoe HaMH cpe.l1.HeCTaTHCTHliecKoe COOT-
HoweHHe .l1.JlH Bcero ye3.l1.a. TaKoBa 3anaWKa (20-30 %) 4Y.l1.0Ba, ,llaHHJlOBa,
CnaccKoro MOHacTblpeH, a TaK>Ke BO BJla.l1.eHHHX MHTpOnOJlHTa H cnaCCKoro
npoTonona. B HMeHHHX >Ke TpoHu.e-CeprHeBa H 3J1aToycTcKoro MOHacTblpeH
OHa .l1.0CTHrae-r .l1.a>Ke 50 %. XY>Ke 06cTOHT .l1.eJIO B CHMOHOBCKOM H HHKOJlbl
CTaporo 06HTeJlHX, r.l1.e naWHH 3aHHMaeT JlHWb 10 % 3eMeJIb. Cne.l1.0BaTeJlbHO,
KpynHoe MOCKOBCKoe .l1.yxoBeHcTBo, HecMOTpH Ha 6oJlbwoe KOJIHlIeCTBO HMeHHH,
pa36pocaHHblx B pa3Hblx paHoHax CTpaHbI, ClIHTaJlO HY>KHblM nO.LUI.ep>KHBaTb
X03HHCTBO Ha KaKOM-TO MHHHMaJlbHOM ypoBHe, lIT06b1 nOJlHOCTblO He 3anepe-
JlO>KHTb 3eMJlH. I1CKJllOlIeHHeM HBJlHeTCH JlHWb 60rOHBJleHCKHH MOHaCTblpb, Bce
BJla.l1.eHHH KOToporo B KOJIOMeHCKOM y. 6b1J1H 3a6pomeHbI.
nO-.l1.pyrOMY CKJla.l1.blBaJlaCb cY.l1.b6a HMeHHH MeCTHbiX cpaBHHTeJIbHO He6oJlb-
lllHX KOJlOMeHCKHX 06HTeJleH. Ka3aJlOCb 6b1, KTO, KaK HH OHH, 6b1J1H 3aHHTepeCO-
BaHbI B HHTeHCHBHOM OCBoeHHH KOJlOMeHCKHX 3eMeJlbHblX MaCCHBOB, OT lIero
B KOHe'lHOM HTore 3aBHCeJIO HX 6J1arOCOCTOHHHe. Me>K.l1.Y TeM 6o.nbWHHCTBO
BOT'IHH MOHaCTblpeH (rOJlYTBHHa, 606peHeBa, npellHCTble 6pyceHblH) 3a6po-
185

llJeHO, 3anyrn.eHO B nepeJlor. Pe,lJ.KO, r,lJ.e 3anallJKa nO,lJ.HHMaeTCH BblllJe 10 %.
B HeKOTopblX CTaHax ee Bo06rn.e HeT.
B CTOJlb >Ke l1JIatleBHOM COCTOHHHH HaXO,lJ.HJlHCb MOHaCTblpCKHe BOTqHHbI
B KallJHpCKOM y. KallJHpa npe,lJ.CTaBJIHJla cpaBHHTeJlbHO MOJlO,lJ.OH paHOH 3aCeJle-
HHH. 3T0 B OCHOBHOM KpaH nOMeCTHoro 3eMJleBJla,lJ.eHHH, CHJlbHO nOCTpa,lJ.aBllJHH
B HaqaJle 70-x rO,lJ.OB KaK OT 3nH,lJ.eMHH, TaK H OT TaTap H TaK H He onpaBHBllJHHCSI
nOCJIe 3Toro. «.lI.BOpbl nO>KrJlH TaTapOBe B [70] 79 r., a KpecTbHHe nOMepJlH B JlH-
xoe nOBeTpHe, a HHblX nOHMaJlH TaTapoBe B nOJlOH. A HHble JlIO,lJ.H pa30llJJlHCSI
B KallJHpCKHH Ye3,lJ. no CeJlaM H no ,lJ.epeBHHM H no HHblM rOpO,lJ.aM:' 55. B 1578/79 r.
H3 95 149 qeTBepTeA paHee 0KYJlbTypeHHblx 3eMeJlb 63,4 % 6b1J1H 3anyrn.eHbI B ne-
peJIor. OcHOBHOH 3eMeJlbHblH MaCCHB (96,4 %) COCTaBJIHJlH nOMern.HqbH 3eMJlH.
OCTaBllJHeCH 3,6 % 3eMJlH HaXO,lJ.HJlHCb B pYKax ,lJ.yxoBeHcTBa. CBeTcKHx BOTqHH,
CY,lJ.H no nHcuoBoH KHHre, B KallJHpCKOM y. He 6b1J10. HaHMeHbllJHH npoueHT
3anycTeHHH npHxO,lJ.HJlCH Ha nOMern.HqbH X03HHcTBa - 62 %, HaH60JlbllJHH - H3
MOHacTblpcKHe 3eMJlH. npHqeM ,lJ.a>Ke B oTapxaHeHHblx MOHacTblpcKHX X03S1H-
CTBax, KOTopble 6b1J1H oCB060>K,lJ.eHbI OT ynJlaTbi rocY,lJ.apCTBeHHblx HaJlOrOB,
3anYCTeHHe 3aHHMaeT 60JlbllJYlO nJlorn.a,lJ.b, qeM y nOMern.HKOB (CM. Ta6J1. 15).
.LlaHHblH MOMeHT ,lJ.OCTaTOtlHO HeO>KH,lJ.aH, eCJIH ytlecTb CYUleCTBYIOrn.ee B JlHTepa-
Type MHeHHe OTHOCHTeJlbHO Toro, qTO MOHaCTblpCKHe 3eMJlH MeHbwe nOCTpa,lJ.aJlH
OT KpH3Hca, qeM ,lJ.pyrHe COUHaJlbHble THnbl 3eMJleBJla,lJ.eHHH. 3TO Ha6J1IO,lJ.eHHe
HMeeT H aa>KHoe MeTOJ1.Ht.leCKOe 3Hat.leHHe. XapaK1'epH3)'S\ C1'eneHb 3an)'CTeHHSl,
HCTOpHKH B CHJlY cneUH<pHqHOCTH ,lJ.OWe,lJ.lllHX ,lJ.0 Hac HCTOqHHKOB BblHY>K,lJ.eHbI
onepHpOBaTb rJlaBHblM 06pa30M ,lJ.aHHblMH MOHaCTblpCKHX X03HHCTB. CJle,lJ.OBa-
TeJlbHO, eCJIH BblBO,lJ. 0 60JlbllleH 3a nYCTOllleHHOCTH 3eMeJlb ,lJ.YXOBeHCTBa no
cpaBHeHHIO C ,lJ.pyrHMH BJla,lJ.eHHHMH nO,lJ.TBep,lJ.HTCH, TO npH xapaKTepHCTHKe
KOJlHqeCTBeHHblX nOKa3aTeJleH KpH3Hca He06xo,lJ.HMO 6Y,lJ.eT 60J1ee OCTOpO>KHO
0606rn.aTb Te nOKa3aTeJlH, KOTopble nOqepnHYTbI H3 MOHaCTblpCKHX MaTepHaJlOB.
OrHocHTeJlbHO KOJlHqeCTBa nepeJlora B MOHaCTblpCKHX BOTqHHaX ,lJ.pyrHx
perHOHOB, HMelOTCH CJle,lJ.YIOrn.He nOKa3aTeJlH: TpOHue-CeprHeB B MYPOM-
CKOM y. - 36 % (1571-1573 r.), B CY3,lJ.aJlbCKOM y. - 60-64 (1574-1578 rr.),
B' IOpbeB-nOJlbCKOM y. - 18 (1578 r.); HOBO,lJ.eBHqHH B Be>KeUKOM y. - 39
(1573/74 r.); B03HeceHcKHH B raJlHUKOM y. - 33 (1578 r.); HOCH<PO-BOJIo-
KOJlaMCKHH B 3y6uOBCKOM y. - 26 (1571/72 r.), B ceJlax BeJlKOBO, CKHpMaHoBo
H HeKoTopblX ,lJ.pyrH!C PY3cKoro y. - 60-65 (1571/72 r.), B MOCKOBCKOM y. -
87-93 % (1573/74 r.) 56.
liTO KacaerCH ,lJ.BOpUOBoro X03HHCTBa, TO B TBepCKHX HMeHHHX CHMeOHa
BeK6YJlaTOBHqa B 1580 r. nalllHH B 60J1blllHHCTBe CTaHOB H BOJlOCTeH He npeBbI-
lllaJla 30 % noceBHblX nJlorn.a,lJ.eH. .LlBe TpeTH 3eMeJlb 6b1J1H 3anycTollleHbI.
B nOJloBHHY cOKpaTHJlOCb qHCJlO nOCeJleHHH 57.
TaUHu.a 15. CTPYKTypa 3eMJleBJI8AeHHR KawHpcKoro Ye3)1.a B 1578/79 r. (B lIeTBepTRx)*
OKynbTypeHHaSi nOMeCTHbie BbiMopoHble MOHacTblpcKHe OTapxaHeHHble
MOHaCTblpCKHe
3eMn SI 3eMJlH nOMeCTbSl 3eMnH 3eMnH
naWHH
nepeJlor
%
*nKMr. OT.ll. 2. C.
33652
54196
61,7
1536, 1537.
3897
100
190
619
76,5
949
1646
63,4
186

HTaK, B 70-x rO.l1.ax HanHlJ.O .l1.Ba KpynHblx lJ.eHTpa KpH3HCa: CeBepo-3ana.n.
H UeHTp 3aMOCKOBHOrO KpaH. LlOCTaTOIlHO CHnbHO 6b1nH pa30peHbI H HeKO-
TOpble ye3J1b1, npHMblKaBWHe K IO>KHOH rpaHHlJ.e 3aMOCKOBHOrO KpaH. H eCnH
pa30peHHe nCKOBCKO-HoBrOpO.l1.CKOrO KpaH HMeJlO .l1.0CTaTOIlHO .l1.nHTenbHblH
«nOJ1rOTOBHTenbHblH:' nepHO.l1. (HeYPO>KaH, 3nH.l1.eMHH 50-60-x rO.l1.0B), TO 3any-
CTeHHe MOCKOBCKOrO y. .l1.0CTHr no KpHTHlleCKoro COCTOHHHH 3a .l1.0CTaTOIlHO
KOpOTKHH OTpe30K BpeMeHH. TeMnbl COKpalll.eHHH naXOTHbiX 3eMeJlb onepe}l{anH
(nopOH HaMHoro) KonHlleCTBO 3anYCTeBWHX ceneHHH, .l1.BOpOB. KaK nOKa3an
LlerTHpeB, y6b1nb HaceneHHH COnpOBO>K.l1.anaCb HClle3HOBeHHeM 60nbWHHCTBa
MeJlKHX ceneHHH 58.
nOlleMY >Ke nocne OKOHllaHHH 3nH.l1.eMHH 3anYCTeHHe He TonbKO He nowno
Ha y6b1nb, HO npO.l1.0n}l{ano YBenHIIHBaTbCH? 3nH.l1.eMHH H3MeHHna nonOB03paCT-
HOH COCTaB HaceneHHH, nopO.l1.Hna 60nbwoe KonHlleCTBO HenonHblX H 6e3.l1.eTHbiX
ceMeH, HapYWHna pO.l1.CTBeHHO-COCe.l1.CKHe CBH3H B .l1.epeBHe H TeM caMbiM npHBena
K .l1.e<popMalJ.HH 06ll1.HHbI. HenonHaH ceMbH, nHweHHaH lIaCTHIlHO HnH nonHOCTblO
B3pOCJIbiX MY>KCKHX PYK H nOMOlll.H COCe.l1.eH, 6b1na He B COCTOHHHH pacnaxaTb
Ha.l1.en B npe>KHeM 06'beMe. HaH60nee MOnO.l1.ble H CHnbHble, He 06peMeHeHHble
.l1.eTbMH, YXO.l1.HT B .l1.pyrHe KpaH, 3a npe.l1.eJlbI ye3.l1.a. HapyweHHe (B pe3ynbTaTe
r naBHblM 06pa30M 3nH.l1.eMHH) HopManbHoro BocnpOH3Bo.n.CTBa HaceneHHH npHBeJlO
K TOMY, liTO HapaCTaHue 3KOHOMUtteCKOZO KpU3uca Ha KaKOU-TO nepUoa CTaAO
Heo6paTUMbtM. Ha .n.eMorpa<pHlleCKHe <paKTopbl HanO}l{HnHCb (a B 3HallHTenbHOH
CTeneHH H npe.l1.llleCTBOBanH HM) He6naronpHHTHbie COlJ.HanbHO-nonHTHlleCKHe 06-
CTOHTenbCTBa. BoeHHble HeY.l1.aIlH B JIHBOHCKOH BOHHe, pe3Koe COKpalll.eHHe pa60To-
cnoc06Horo HaceneHHH H cenbcKox03HHcTBeHHoH npO.l1.YKlJ.HH BblHY}l{.l1.anH npaBH-
TenbCTBO HenpepblBHo YBeJlHIIHBaTb nO.l1.aTHOH rHeT. KpoMe Toro, B 60-x ro.n.ax
nHClJ.bI KnanH B coxy He TonbKO }l{HBYlll.YIO, HO H nYCTYIO nalllHIO BMeCTe. nOHHTHO,
CKonb pa3pYlllHTeJlbHYlO cHny npH06pena nO.l1.06HaH npaKTHKa B ycnoBHHX
HallHHalOllI.erOCH 3anYCTeHHH. lIeM Bblllle 6b1n Y.l1.eJlbHblH Bec nepenora B coxe
(T. e. HMeHHO B Tex ceneHHHX, r.l1.e Y>Ke HaMeTHnaCb He6naronpHHTHaH TeH.n.eHlJ.HH
COKpalll.eHHH noceBHblX nnOlll.a.l1.eH), TeM 60nee }l{eCTKHH rHeT HanorOB 06py-
IllHBanCH Ha OCTaBllleeCH HaceneHHe, YCHnHBan ero pa30peHHe, nO.l1.pblBan ero
cnoc06HOCTb K BocnpOH3BO.l1.CTBY. H XOTH npaBHTenbCTBO He n03}1{e 1573 r.
MeHHeT npHHlJ.Hnbl COIllHO,rO nHCbMa, OT.l1.enHH nycTble COXH OT }l{HBYlll.HX, onHca-
HHH BCer.l1.a OTCTaBanH OT 6b1CTpO pa3BHBalOllI.erOCH npolJ.ecca 3anycTeHHH.
lIeJ100HTHbie Tex neT neCTpHT >Kan06aMH Ha TO, liTO «KpeCTbHHOM IIHHHTCH y6b1TKH
H npO.l1.a>KH BeJlHKHe:., «roCY.l1.apeBbi .l1.eH nO.l1.aTH. . . eMnlOT 3 >KHBYlll.erO 3a nYCTO:'.
nOKa3aTeJlbHa HCTOpHH ynoMHHaBIllHXCH Bblllle .l1.BYX PY3CKHX CeJI 110CH<p0-
BOJIOKOnaMCKoro MOHaCTblpH. no onHcaHHIO 1568/69 r. B X03HHCTBeHHOM
KOMnneKce BenKoBo nepenor 3aHHMan 35 % paHee oKynbTypeHHoH 3eMnH,
a B KOMnneKce CKHpMa$oBo - 30 %. 3TH nOKa3aTenH 6b1nH 3HallHTenbHO Bblllle,
qeM B .l1.pyrHx ceJlax 3Toro >Ke MOHaCTblpH. nOHHTHO, liTO KpeCTbHHe BnnOTb
.l1.0 70-x rO.l1.0B .l1.0n>KHbI 6b1nH nnaTHTb 3a 3TY «nycToTY:' rocY.l1.apCTBeHHble
HanorH. BepoHTHo, HMeHHO n03ToMY cHTyalJ.HH B 3THX cenax BnOCne.l1.CTBHH
oc06eHHo TH>KeJlaH: B 1571/72 r. nepenor .l1.0CTHran B BeJlKOBe 60 %, a B CKHpMa-
HOBe - 65, B 1583/84 r. COOTBeTCTBeHHO - 93 H 89 %. r. B. A6paMoBHII npa-
BHJlbHO OTMeTHn, liTO KpH3HC COnpOBO>K.l1.anCH C03HaTenbHblM OTKa30M KpeCTbHH
OT 06pa60TKH THrnOH 3eMnH 59.
npaBHTenbCTBO, He OC03HaB KalleCTBeHHO HOBblH 3Tan «.n.enpeCCHH:' B HapO.l1.-
HOM X03HHCTBe, nepBOHallanbHO nonbiTanOCb .l1.eHCTBOBaTb npHBbllIHblMH MeTO-
187

Jl.aMH, BblJl.aBaH JlbrOTHbie rpaMOTbI, OCB060)l(JI,aBWHe HaCeJleHHe TOrO HJlH HHOrO
HMeHHH Ha HeCKOJlbKO JleT OT OCHOBHblX rOCYJI,apCTBeHHblX nOBHHHOCTeH. B KOHu.e
70-x rOJl.OB B MOCKOBCKOM y. HallHHaeTCH npOJl,a)l(a nYCTYIOLU.HX 3eMeJlb B BOT-
4HHbI 60. OJl.HOBpeMeHHO npeJl,npHHHMalOTCH 3HeprHIIHble Mepbl Jl.JlH JlHKBHJl.au.HH
MaCCHBa nYCTYIOLU.HX nOMeCTHbiX 3eMeJlb nYTeM pa3J1,allH HX «HOBHKaM» H YBeJlH-
4eHHH OKJIaJl.OB nOMeLU.HKaM.
MOHaCTblpH, paCnOJlaraH 3HallHTeJlbHblMH Jl,eHe>KHblMH CpeJl.CTBaMH OT BKJIa-
Jl.OB, nO)l(epTBOBaHHH, 6b1J1H TOH npOCJIOHKOH eOJl,aJlOB, KOTOpaH HMeJla peaJlbHble
B03MO>KHOCTH 6b1CTpee npOIlHX 3eMJleBJIaJl,eJlbu.eB HaJlaJl.HTb X03HHCTBO. B JlHTepa-
Type Y>Ke HeOJl.HOKpaTHO OTMellaJiCH aKT BblJI,allH 60JlbllIOrO KOJIHlleCTBa TapxaH-
HbiX rpaMOT B 70-e rOJl,bI XVI B. He MOrJlO JlH 3J1,ecb CpeJl,H npollHx npHIIHH cblrpaTb
pOJlb H TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO, liTO npaBHTeJlbCTBO, nblTaHCb HaHTH BblXOJl. H3
KpH3HCHOH CHTyaU.HH, 06eJIHJlO MOHaCTblpCKHe BJIaJl,eHHH, TeM caMbiM C03J1,aBaSi
CTHMYJlHpYIOLU.He YCJlOBHH JI.JIH OCBoeHHH H pa3pa60TKH KOJIOCCaJlbHOrO KOJIH-
4eCTBa nYCTYIOLU.HX 3eMeJlb. UapCKHH Jl,BOp He Mor He nOHHMaTb, liTO B MOMeHT
Bce06LU.eH pa3pYXH TOJlbKO Jl,YXOBHble MarHaTbi MOrJlH, BJI0>KHB KpynHble CYMMbI
Jl.eHer B X03HHCTBO, cpaBHHTeJlbHO 6b1CTpO (B 60Jlee C>KaTbie CpOKH, lIeM OCTaJlb-
Hble) BOCCTaHOBHTb ero npe>KHHH ypOBeHb. OJl.HaKO 3Toro He npOH3011IJlO.
B C060pHOH rpaMoTe 1580 r. He CJlYllaHHO nOHBHJlCH a63au., rJl.e Ha pa3Hble JlaJl.bI
nOBTopHeTCH OJl,Ha H Ta >Ke HaCTOHIIHBaH MblCJlb: «CeJla H nO>KHH HJlH HHaSi
yrOJl.HH 3eMJleHaH, HKO >Ke no CBHLU.eHHblM enHCKonHHM H no CBHTblM MOHaCTblpeM
B nYCTOllIb H3HypHIOTU.a», «MHoraH >K B 3anYCTeHHH npHHJl.OllIa H HKO >Ke y60 no
MOHaCTblpeM CHH 3anYCTeBaxy». Tenepb, KOrJl.a MbI 3HaeM peaJlbHble U.H4»Pbl
3anepeJlO>KeHHblX 3eMeJlb BO BJlaJl.eHHHX Jl.YXOBeHCTBa, BblllIenpHBeJl.eHHble CJlOBa,
KOTOpblMH, no CYLU.eCTBY, OTKpblBaeTCH rpaMOTa, TepHIOT IIHCTO pHTopHlleCKHH
HaJleT, 06peTaH KOHKpeTHYIO TpeBO>KHYIO nJlOTb. ECJlH npHCOeJl.HHHTbCH K 06LU.e-
npHHHTOMY MHeHHIO, liTO TpeTb 3eMeJlbHOrO OHJI,a HaXOJl.HJlaCb B TOT MOMeHT
B PYKax Jl.YXOBeHCTBa, Jl,a npH 3TOM nOJl,aBJIHIOLU.aH lIaCTb 3eMeJlb 6b1J1a 3anepe-
JlO>KeHa H TeM caMbiM H3'bHTa H3 3KOHOMHKH CTpaHbI, CTaHeT nOHHTHa OCTpOTa
H 3J1060Jl.HeBHOCTb pellIalOLU.HXCH Ha co60pax 80-x rOJl.OB BonpOCOB. 6e3 BBeJl.eHHH
B . X03HHCTBeHHblH 060POT 3a6pOllIeHHblX nYCTYIOLU.HX 3eMeJ1b CTpaHa He MOrJla
nOKOHIIHTb C nOCJIeJl.CTBHHMH KpH3Hca.
Ho pe3Koe paCllIHpeHHe naXOTHbiX yrOJl,HH, ocBoeHHe Bcex HaKonJreHHblX
3eMeJlbHblX 60raTCTB Jl.OJI>KHbI 6b1J1H nOBJIellb 3a C060H KopeHHYIO JlOMKY, nepe-
CTPOHKY npHBbllIHoro MOHaCTblpCKoro YKJl3Jl.a- nOMHMO 60JlbWHX 3aTpaT Ha 3a-
CeJleHHe KpeCTbHHaMH nYCTYIOLU.HX MaCCHBOB, BblJI,allH HM CCYJl.bI, ceMHH, nOJl.llac
HHBeHTapH, liTO caMO no ce6e Tpe60BaJlO H HeMaJlblX Jl,eHer, H 60J1bllIHX opraHH-
3au.HOHHblX MeponpHHTHH, H npeoJl.OJleHHH pHJI,a 06'beKTHBHblX TPYJl.HOCTeH, BCTa-
BaJl Bonpoc H 0 peaJlH3au.HH nOJlYlleHHoH np0Jl,YKu.HH, T. e. pellb llIJia 0 npeBpa-
LU.eHHH nOTpe6J1HIOLU.erO X03HHcTBa B TOBaponpOH3BOJl.HLU.ee. 11 XOTH no pa3MepaM
3eMeJlbHblX yrOJl,HH, COcpeJl,OTOlleHHblx B pYKax u.epKBH, JI.JIS1 TaKoro npeBpaLU.eHHH
HMeJlHCb HaJlHu.o peaJlbHble npeJl,nOCblJlKH, Jl,yxoBeHcTBo npeJl.nOIlHTaJlO BeCTH
X03HHCTBO no cTapHHKe: OCHOBHble Jl,eHe>KHble nocTynJleHHH BKJlaJl,blBaJlHCb
He B paCllIHpeHHe c06CTBeHHoro X03HHCTBa, a B nOKynKY He06xoJl.HMblX HM npeJl.-
MeTOB nOTpe6J1eHHH Ha cTopoHe.
He n03J1,Hee 1581/82 r. HBOIIHblM nOpHJI,KOM OTMeHHIOTCH T3pxaHbI. npaBH.
TeJlbCTBO HallHHaeT B3HM3Tb nOJl,aTH C MOHaCTblpcKHX KpeCTbHH, 3HallHTeJlbHaSJ
4aCTb KOTOpblX 6J1arO.llapR TapxaHaM paHee HaXOJl,HJlaCb Ha 60Jlee npHBHJlerHpo.
BaHHOM nOJlO)l(eHHH, qeM Jl,PyrHe cou.HaJlbHble rpynnbl 3eMJleJl,eJlbu.eB. B 1583 r,
188

3aKaHtlHBaeTCH J1HBoHcKaH BOHHa. Ho 3KOHOMHtleCKHH KpH3HC He TOJIbKO He npe-
KpaTHJI<;H, HO H ycyry6HJICH, 3aXBaTbiBaH HOBbie paHOHbI H HOBbie COLlHaJIbHble
CJI0H KpeCTbHHCTBa (paHee OTapxaHeHHble MOHaCTblpCKHe 3eMJIe.n.eJIbLlbI).
B 80-e ro.n.bI HaCtlHTblBalOTCH no KpaHHeH Mepe tleTbipe LleHTpa KpH3Hca:
CeBetpo-3ana.n., l..{eHTp, Cpe.n.Hee nOBOJI>Kbe, BOJIOro.n.CKHH y. Llo Hac .n.OlllJIa nH-
CLlOBaH KHHra 1584-1586 rr. THMo<l>eH XJIOnOBa, OXBaTbiBalO1U.aH tlaCTb MOCKOB-
CKHX CTaHOB. HecMoTpH Ha KpaHHe nJIoxylO coxpaHHocTb npHnpaBOtlHOrO cnHCKa
H pH.n. norpelliHocTeH, .n.onY1U.eHHblX H3.n.aTeJIHMH, .n.aHHble 3Toro onHcaHHH MorYT
6b1Tb CBeJJ.eHbI B Ta6JIHLlY. H3 109 TbiC. tleTBepTeH 61, onHcaHHblX THMo<l>eeM XJIO-
nOBblM, <pOH.n. nOMeCTHbiX 3eMeJIb 3aHHMaJl 35,8 % BceH nJI01U.a.n.H (39 234 tleTH),
22 % npno.n.HJIOCb Ha BJIa.n.eHHH CBeTCKHX BOTtlHHHHKOB (24 189 tleTeH), 42,2 %
3eMJIH (4:6 216 qeTeH) HaXO.l1.HJlOCb B pYKax MOHacTblpeH, MHTpOnOJlHTa, CY3.l1.aJlb-
CKoro eIIiMCKOna (CM. Ta6J1. 16). H nOtlTH BCH 3Ta 3eMJlH 6b1J1a 3anepeJlO>KeHa.
nalllHH .gO ye3.n.y COCTaBJIHJIa 13,4 % OT 061U.ero KOJIHtleCTBa noceBHblX nJI01U.a-
.n.eH. 3TO, npaB.n.a, Bblllle, tleM B HOBropo.n.cKOM Kpae, r.n.e >KHJIbie 06>KH B 80-e ro.n.bI
3aHHMaJIH Bcero 5,6 % 62. Ho B TO >Ke BpeMH 13,4 % BceH KYJIbTHBHpyeMoH
3eMJIH - .n.OCTaTOtlHO Bblpa3HTeJIbHOe CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBO pa30peHHH, yna.n.Ka CeJIb-
CKoro X03HHcTBa BOKpyr CTOJIHLlbi. npHtleM H3 YKa3aHHoro tlHCJla nalllHH Ha
.n.OJIIO nOMe1U.HKOB npHxo.n.HJICH Bcero 1 % (B 1578 r. - 1,8 %), BOTtlHHHHKH
3anaXHBaJIH 3,2, .n.yxoBeHcTBo - 8,2 %. OCTaBlllHHcH 1 % na.n.aeT Ha 06potl-
HYIO 3analliKY. B 1587 r. KaK pa3 nOCJIe OKOHtlaHHH onHcaHHH MOCKoBcKoro y.
npaBHTeJIbCTBO npe.n.npHHHMaeT HOBYIO nonblTKY HCnOMe1U.eHHH CJIY>KHJIbiX JIIO.n.eH
no.n. MOCKBOH 63. nOtlTH 85 % <l>oHJJ.a nOMeCTHbiX 3eMeJIb He HMeJIH BJIa.n.eJIbLleB.
HaHOOJIblllHH npOLleHT nalllHH, cy.n.H no Ta6JI. 16, npHxo.n.HTCH Ha 3eMJIH .n.yxo-
BeHCTBa - 8,2 %. Ho BPH.n. JIH Mbi HMeeM 3.n.eCb .n.eJIO C nepBblMH pe3YJIbTaTaMH
nepeycTpoHcTBa MOHaCTblpCKHX X03HHCTB nOCJIe pellleHHH C060POB 1580 H 1584 rr.
DOJIblllHHCTBO 3eMeJIb .n.YXOBeHCTBa .n.alOT nO-npe>KHeMY caMblH BbiCOKHH npoLleHT
3anycTeHHH no CTaHaM. HanpHMep, B DoxOBe CTaHe B HMeHHH MHTpOnOJIHTa 3a-
nalliKa COCTaBJIHJIa Bcero 4 %, BCH OCTaJIbHaH 3eMJIH He oopa6aTbiBaJIaCb.
nOBblllleHHIO cpe.n.Hero npOLleHTHoro ypoBHH cnoc06CTBYlOT KOJIOCCaJIbHble Mac-
CHBbI 3eMeJIb TpOHLle-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH, r.n.e 3analliKa 6b1JIa Bcer.n.a Bblllle He
TOJIbKO, tleM y coce.n.HHX .n.YXOBHblX KopnopaLlHH, HO H, KaK npaBHJIO, Bblllle, tleM
y CBeTCKHX BOTtlHHHHKOB. TaK, npH COnOCTaBJIeHHH nepeJIora BO BJIa.n.eHHHX
TpOHLle-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH C 3anYCTOllleHHOH 3eMJIeH B CBeTCKHX BOTtlHHaX Mbi
nOJIytlaeM CJIe.n.YI01U.He .n.aHHble: no rOpeTOBY CTaHY - 79 H 82 %, no Mo-
HaTbHHY CTaHY - 58 H 86 %, no Pa.n.oHe>KY - 61 H 87 %, no Kop3eHeBY - 75
H 90 %. nO.n.aBJIHI01U.aH tlaCTb .n.pyrHx MOHacTblpeH nOJlLlep>KHBaJIa CBoe X03HH-
CTBO B MOCKOBCKOM y. Ha KpaHHe HH3KOM ypoBHe.
06paTHMcH K IO>KHblM ye3.n.aM cTpaHbI, KOTopble B 70-x ro.n.ax, cy.n.H no KOJIO-
MeHCKOH H KalllHpcKoH nHCLloBbiM KHHraM, npe.n.cTaBJIHJIH C060H e1U.e O.n.HH paHoH
C OtleHb BbiCOKOH CTeneHblO 3anycTeHHH. B Te >Ke ro.n.bI, tlTO H MOCKBa, onHCbI-
BaJICH TYJIbCKHH y. H ypOBeHb 3anYCTOllleHHH B HeM nOtlTH He OTJIHtlaJICH OT
MOCKOBCKoro. B 1584/85 r. H3 56 052 tleTBepTeH nalllHH 3aHHMaJIa 14,3 %.
BcnoMHHM, tlTO B MOCKOBCKHX CTaHax nalllHH COCTaBJIHJIa 13,4 %, T. e. pa3HHLla
B npoLleHTHoM OTHOllleHHH COCTaBJIHJIa Bcero 0,9 %. H TeM He MeHee CY1U.eCTByeT
3HatlHTeJIbHOe pa3JIHtlHe Me>K.n.y 3THMH LlH<I>paMH. TYJIa - KpaH nOMe1U.HtlberO
3eMJIeBJIa.n.eHHH. B 1587-1589 rr. <l>OH.n. nOMeCTHbiX 3eMeJIb 3aHHMaJI 3.n.eCb
93,4 % Bcex noceBHblX nJI01U.a.n.eH. CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, 14,3 % nalllHH npHxo.n.HJIOCb
rJIaBHblM 06pa30M Ha CJIY>KHJIbie X03HHcTBa, B TO BpeMH KaK Ha JJ.OJIIO nOMe1U.HKOB
189

Ta6J1HQa 16. CTPYKT)'Pa 3eMJleBJI8,D.eHHR MOCKoBcKoro ye3Aa 1584-1586 rr.
(B lIeTBepTRx) *
nOMeWH'IbSi BOT'IHHHaSi
CTaHbI BonOCTH nepenor nepenor
na WHSI Bcero naWHSI Bcero
a6c. I % a6c. I %
I I
CypO>KCKHH 460 1696 78,6 2 156 883 2609 74,6 3492
r opeToB 361 I 740 82,7 2 101 631 2981 82,5 3612
MOHaTbH H, } 74 592 88,8 666 766 4731 86 5497
5b1KOB, KOpOBHH
50XOB 109 792 87,9 901 630 2259 78 2889
Pa.l10He>K, 5eJlH 61 431 87,6 492
P a.l10He>K, Kop3eHeB 29 264 90 293
BOPH, Kop3eHeB, BOXHa 198 371 65,2 569
IllepeHcKHH 10 201 95,2 211 156 1166 88, I I 322
06De3>KHH 40 85 68 125 168 260 60,7 428
HToro I 054 5 106 83,6 6 160 3522 15 072 81 18 594
5,6 % 16,9 %
* Ta6nHlla COCTaBneHa Ha OCHOBaHHH HTorOBbiX AaHHblX no CTaHaM. B cnY'Iae HX OTCYTCTBHSI
HnH SlBHblX .ne<peKToB, Heco06pa3HocTeH no.nC'IeTbi c.nenaHbI no TeKCTY. B Ta6nHllY He BKnlO'IeHbI
.nBOp1l0Bble 3eMnH, npHHa.nne>KaWHe B.nOBe B. K. HBaHa HBaHOBH'Ia, BBH.ny OTCYTCTBHSI oonbweH
B MOCKOBCKOM y. npHXOJl.HJlCH Bcero 1 % 06pa60TaHHoH 3eMJlH. COCTaB nOMeCT-
Horo COCJlOBHH B TYJlbCKOM paHOHe 6h1J1 Jl.OCTaTOqHO YCTOHqHB. B nHCUOBOH KHHre
KOHua 80-x rOJl.OB BCTpeqaeM nOMeThi nHCUOB 0 MHorHX 3eMeJlbHhlX yqaCTKax:
«OTua ero nOMeCTbe::., «cTapoe ero nOMeCTbe::.. OKOHqaHHe JIHBOHCKOH BOHHbI
6J1arOnpHHTHo CKa3aJlOCb Ha pa3BHTHH KpaH: KOJlHqeCTBO nycToThi 3HaqHTeJlbHO
cOKpaTHJlOcb: C 85,7 % B 1584/85 r. Jl.0 67,6 % B 1587 - 89 r. (CM. Ta6J1. 17).
B03pacTaeT H ypoBeHb 3analUKH B nOMelllHqbHX X03HHcTBax. HaJlHUO HaMeqa-
IOlllaHCH TeHJl.eHUHH K npeOJl.OJleHHIO KpH3HCHhiX HBJleHHH, HO nOKa ellle TOllbK,O
TeHJl.eHUHH. rOBOpHTb 0 KaKOM-TO 03J1.0pOBJleHHH KpaH, KOrJl.a Jl.Be TpeTH noceBHhlX
nJlOlllaJl.eH HCKJllOqeHhI H3 npouecca npOH3BOJl.CTBa, HeB03MO>KHO. nOJl.06HYIO CH-
TyaUHIO nO-npe>KHeMY HY>KHO CqHTaTb KpH3HCHOH, HecMOTpH Ha nOHBJleHHe HeKO-
TOphiX npH3HaKoB HaqHHalOlllerOCH BOCCTaHOBJIHHH.
60Jlee YJl.OBJleTBOpHTeJlbHYIO KapTHHY npeJl.CTaBJlHIOT Jl.BOpUOBhle BOJlOCTH Ka-
lUHpcKoro y. B 1588/89 r. 3J1.eCb 6h1J1o 22 598 qeTBepTeH (B OJl.HOM nOJle),
H3 HHX 52,6 % 3aHHMaJla 06J1araeMaH peHToH nalUHH. Ho c06cTBeHHo nepeJlor
COCTaBJlHJI Bcero 35,4 %, a 12 % - naJl.aJlO Ha BHeHaJl.eJlbHYIO nalUHIO. O>KHBJle-
HHe HapOJl.HOrO X03HHCTBa oc06eHHo 3aMeTHO npH conOCTaBJleHHH «>KHBYlllHX»
H nycThix CeJleHHH. B Jl.80PUOBhlX BOJlOCTHX 6h1J1o 23 CeJla, 13 CeJleu, 118 Jl.epeBeHb,
B KOTOphiX pa3MelllaJlOCb 2061 KpecTbHHcKHH Jl.BOp. «B nycTe::. nOMeqeHO:
37 nycTolUeH, 164 Jl.BOpa, 585 MeCT Jl.BOpOBhlX. HTaK, Ha Jl.OJlIO nycThix Jl.BOpOB
H MeCT Jl.BOpOBhlX npHxOJl.HTCH 26,6 %, a KOJlHqeCTBO 3anycTeBlUHx CeJleHHH H
Toro MeHblUe - 19,4 %. n pH 3TOM TOJlbKO 5 nycTolUeH Jl.eHCTBHTeJlbHO «nycThI»,
B OCTaJlbHhlX qaCTb 3eMJlH HJlH Jl.a>Ke BCH 3eMJlH pacnaxaHa, npHqeM 3J1.eCb Mbi
190

nOp03>KaSi Ha 06pOKe nOp03>Ka SI .llYXOBeHCTBa nepeJlor
nepeJlor nOMeCT. BOT- nepeJlor Bcero
naWHSI BCerO HaSi '1HH- naWHSI BCerO 3eMJlH a6c. %
a6c.1 % HaSi a6c. I %
I I
268 1249 82,3 1517 3037 446 441 3285 88, I 3726 14374 12322 85,7
226 2086 90,2 2312 5479 918 1048 8374 88,8 9422 23844 21577 90,4
3457 390 1112 5684 83,6 6796 16806 14 854 88,3
18 1484 98,8 1502 2451 412 341 2877 89,4 3218 II 373 10275 90,3
3938** 1476 184 535 74,4 719 6625 6333 95,5
825 1881 5543 74,6 7424 8542 6632 77,6
459 3700 8254 69 II 954 12 982 9084 69,9
167 2304 93,2 2471 3131 20 149 1902 93 2051 9206 8724 94,7
287 1892 86,8 2179 775 1474 173 733 80,9 906 5887 5219 88,6
966 9015 90,3 9981 23 093 5595 9029 37 187 80,4 46 216 109 639 95 021 8,6
9,1 % 21, 1% 5,1 % 42,2% 100%
'1aCTH onHcaHHSI, a TaK>Ke 3aKJlIO'IaIOWHH KHHry He60JlbWOH OTpblBOK 0 nexopcKoM CTaHe.
nKMr.OT.n. I. C. 96-276.
.. C06cTBeHHo nepeJlor 3aHHMaeT 3938 '1eTBepTeA +47 '1eTBepTeA npHXOJlHTCSI Ha naWHIO cHae3.
JlOM».
BCTpeliaeMCH He TOJlbKO C Hae3>KeH 06pOliHOH nalllHeH, HO H C perYJlHpHOH,
nOJlO>KeHHOH B >KHByw.He BbiTH H TeM caMbiM 06J10>KeHHblX cpeO.ll.aJlbHOH peHToH.
TaK, B COJlOMeHCKoH BOJlOCTH HJlbHHCKOM CTaHe paCnOJlO>KeHa nYCTOlllb 6e3BO.ll.-
HaH, r.ll.e 6b1J1o pacnaxaHo 7 .lI.ec., a nepenor COCTaBJIHJI 3,5 .lI.ec. KallecTBo 3eMJlH
Cpe.ll.Hee. B HTore: 1 BblTb >KHByw.aH, 0,5 BbiTH nycToH. PH.lI.OM HaXO.ll.HJlaCb
nycTolllb .L1erHJleBCKaH: nalllHH 10,5 .lI.ec. (1,5 BbiTH >KHBYW.HX) H 3,5 .lI.ec. 6b1J1o
B nepeJlore (0,5 BbiTH nycToH). B nYCTOlllH CTapoe rOJlHrHHO 3eMJlH .lI.06paH,
nalllHH 18 .lI.eCHTHH, nepeJlora 29 .lI.eCHTHH. )l(HBYW.HX BbiTeH 3, B nycTe 5 BbiTeH
6e3 1/6. B COJlOMeHCKoH >Ke BOJlOCTH B HHKOJlbCKOM CTaHe B nYCTOllle XapJla-
HOBCKHH nOIlHHOK pacnaxaHO 5,25 .lI.ec. cpe.ll.HeH 3eMJlH H30 JlbrOTbI, B nepeJlore
Jle>KaJlO 1,75 .lI.ec., HToro 3a JlbrOTIIHKaMH 6b1J1o 1 BblTb 6e3 lIeTBepTH, a B nycTe -
lIeTBepTb BbiTH. B KHHre 1588/89 r. HanHcaHO: «A 6b1J1a Ta nYCTOlllb Ha JlbrOTe
TaGJIHQa 17. CTPYKTypa :JeMJleU8AeHHR TYJlbCKOrO Ye3Aa B 1587-1589 rr.
(B lIeTBepTRX ) *
OKYJlbTypeHHaSi nOMeCTHaSi nOMeCTHaSi BOT'IHHHaSi MOHacTblpcKaH HToro
3eMJlSI nOp03>Ka SI
9,9%
1123
250
22,2
1,9%
2806
1088
38,7
4,7%
60 137
19 457
32,4
100%
Bcero
nawHH
C Hae3>KeH %
50 222
18098
35,8
83,5 %
· nKMr. OTJl. 2. C. 1258-1260.
5986
21
191

3a KpeCTbHHaMH TOe >K BOJlOCTH. . . (nepeqHCJleHbI 5 HMeH). 1130 J1brOTbI BbIIIIJla
7096 ro.n.a ( 1587 /88 r.) A Bnepe.n.... BCHKHe rocy.n.a peBbI no.n.aTH nJlaTHTb
C COJlOMeHCKolO BOJlOCTblO KpeCTbHHe BMeCTe pOBHO». B 5IKOBJleBCKOM CTaHe -
«nYCTOlllb, qTO 6bIJla .n.epeBHH 0pTeMOBCKaH». B HeH pacnaxaHO 9,5 .n.ec. ,l(06POH
3eMJlH, nOJlO>KeHHbIX B >KHBYllJ.YIO BbITb C 1/ 2 1/12 qaCTHMH BbiTH. nepeJlora -
1,5 .n.ec., qTO COCTaBHJlO qeTBepTb nycToH BbiTH 64. TaKHM 06pa30M, pH.n. MeCT-
HOCTeH J1Hlllb YCJlOBHO, Ha OCHOBaHHH OTCYTCTBHH B HHX >KilJlbIX nOCTpoeK, 6bIJLO
OTHeceHO nHcuaMH K KaTeropHH «nYCTOllleH». KalllHpCKHe c.nYCTOIIIH», B KOTOpbIX
3e1lJl1l6....a pacn3X8Ba. a 'faCTO B lIOJIOae&3 B 1KiiBJIQ. -.011,. pt3&) IAOIRpat'tll.-
pyror C IJOJt3BJ1S1JOuun, 6oIILlUllllnllOll AeBcr1lHTe'JfUK)o  ri .e1IT-
paJlbHbIX, ceBepHbIX H ceBepO-3ana)lHbIX paHOHOB CTpaHbI.
CpaBHHTeJlbHO He60JlblllOH npoueHT 3anepeJIO>KeHHOH 3eMJlH (npHMeHHTeJlbHO
K 3aMOCKOBHOMY KpalO), BbiCOKHH nOKa3aTeJlb 3aCeJleHHOCTH ye3.n.a (>KHJlbIX
.n.BOpOB H HaCeJIeHHbIX nYHKTOB), HaJlHqHe nYCTOllleH, KOTopbIe <l>aKTHqeCKH nepe-
CTaJlH HMH 6bITb, TaK KaK 3eMJlH B HHX pacnaXHBaJlaCb H qaCTHqHO 06J1araJlaCb
<l>eo.n.aJlbHOH peHTOH, a TaK>Ke HH3KHH ypOBeHb 606bIJlbCTBa (1,5 % OT qHCJla )lBO-
pOB) H MHOrO)lBOpHOCTb CeJleHHH - Bce 3TO CBH)leTeJlbCTByeT 0 no.n.DeMe HapO)l-
Horo X03HHCTBa B KalllHpcKoM y. C npeBaJlHPYIOllJ.eH pOJlblO 3eMJle)leJIHH. MO>KHO
npe.n.nOJlaraTb, qTO KalllHpcKHH y. He 6bIJ1 HCKJllOqeHHeM H nO)l'beM CeJlbCKOrO
X03HHCTBa llleJI H B COce)lHHX ye3)lax, paCnOJlO>KeHHbIX no IO>KHOH rpaHHue
3aMOCKOBHoro KpaH. BMeCTe C TeM nOCJIe)lCTBHH 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO KpH3Hca He
6bIJlH nOJlHOCTblO H3>KHTbI. ,Ll030PllJ.HKH, onHCbIBaH JIbICUOBCKYIO BOJlOCTb KalllHp-
CKoro y. H OTMeqaH B HeH 60JlblllOe KOJlHqeCTBO 3a6pOllleHHbIX CeJIeHHH, nHCaJlH:
«A XOpOMbi Ha Tex Bcex nYCTOlliax nO>Kr J1H KpbIMCKHe JlIO)lH, a KpeCTbHH B nOJlOH
nOHMaJlH B [70] 79 rO)lY, "a HHbIe KpecTbHHe nOMepJlH». XapaKTepHo, qTO B 3TOH
BOJlOCTH Ha 22 CeJIeHHH npHXO)lHJlOCb TaKoe >Ke qHCJlO nycTollleH, a perYJlHpHaH
nalllHH 3aHHMaJla Bcero 46,4 %. lITO KacaeTCH )lOJlrOCpOqHOrO nporH03a, TO OH
)lJlH KalllHpCKoro y. (B CJIyqae OTCYTCTBHH BHelllHHX OTpHuaTeJlbHbIX <l>aKTopOB)
6bIJI 6J1arOnpHHTeH: H3 35,4 % 3eMJlH, 3aHHTOH nepeJIOrOM, JlHlllb He3HaqHTeJIbHaH
qaTb 3apoc.na JleCOM. TeM caMbiM pacnalliKa OCHOBHWX MaCCHBoa nepeJIora H
BOBJIeqeHHe HX B perYJlHpHbIH ceBoo60pOT 6bIJla He CTOJlb 3aTpY)lHeHa.
COBceM HHYIO KapTHHY npe)lCTaBJlHIOT )lBOpUOBbie BOJlOCTH BOJlOrO)lCKOrO y.
Y>Ke K 1583/84 r. nepeJIor B )lBOPUOBbiX CeJIax 3aHHMaJl CBbIllie 80 % BceH 3eMJlH
(CM. Ta6J1. 18). HecMoTpH Ha TO qTO B 1584/85 r. <l>e)lop I1BaHoBHq, 06ecno-
KoeHHbIH COCTOHHHeM CBOHX noconHbIX ceJl, npe)lnpHHHMaeT OT)leJlbHbIe lllarH
no HaJla>KHBaHHIO )lBOpUOBoro X03HHcTBa, pa30peHHe ceBepHoro KpaH npO)lOJl>Ka-
eTCH. TOJlbKO 3a 6 J1eT (c 1583/84 r. no 1589/90 r.) nalllHH COKpaTHJlaCb
Ha TpeTb H COCTaBJlHJla 12,6 % noceBHbIX nJlOllJ.a)leH, T. e. )la>Ke HU3ICe, qeM
B MOCKOBCKOM y.  KOHua 80-x rO)lOB COXpaHHJlaCb COTHaH Ha )lBopuoBoe
ceJlo TYPYHTaeBo Toro >Ke BOJlOrO)lCKOrO y., KOTopaH Ha nepBbIH B3rJlH)l onpo-
BepraeT MHeHHe 0 X03HHCTBeHHOM pa30peHHH KpaH: B HeH HeT HHKaKHX ynoMHHa-
HHH 0 HaJlHqHH nycTollieH H 3a6pollleHHbIx )lepeBeHb. O)lHaKO B KOHue COTHOH
npH cpaBHeHHH C npe)llllecTBYIOllJ.HM onHcaHHeM 1583/84 r. YKa3bIBaeTcH KOJlHqe-
CTBO BbiTeH, «y6bIBIIIHX:' 3a HCTeKIIIHe 6 J1eT Ha 25 % 65. COTHaH 6bIJla BbI)laHa
KpeCTbHHaM )lJlH ynJlaTbi rOCY)lapCTBeHHbIX )leHe>KHbIX )lOXO)lOB, n03TOMY B Hee
6bIJlH BKJllOqeHbI TOJlbKO «>KHBYllJ.He» )lepeBHH, Bce OCTaJlbHOe 6bIJlO onYllJ.eHO.
11 eCJlH 6bI He KOHUOBKa rpaMOTbI, MO>KHO 6bIJlO 6bI C)leJlaTb BbIBO)l 0 UBeTYllJ.eM
COCTOHHHH CeJlbCKOrO X03HHCTBa B )laHHOH MeCTHOCTH. npH H3yqeHHH KpH3Hca
He06xo)lHMO yqHTbIBaTb CYllJ.eCTBOBaHHe nO)l06HbIX «yceqeHHbIX» BbInHceH
H3 nepenHCHbIX KHHr.
192

TaC)JlHU,a 18. J].BOpU,oBwe 3eMJlH BOJlOrOACKoro Ye3Aa B 1583/84 H B 1589/90 rr.
(B '1eTBepTRx)*
BonOCTb, 1583/84 1589/90
norOCT % % Y6b1nb
Bcero naWHH Bcero naWHH naWHH, a6c.
lOr 3867** 335 8,6 3858** 262 6,8 73
YrJla 2175 474 21,8 2161 456 21,1 18
PaMeHbe 1790 268 14,9 1767 229 12,9 39
c. rOBOpOBO 142 112 78,8
JIellloBcKHH 3312 1191 36 3269 594 18,1 597
HJlbHHCKHH 1641 297 18,1 1641 145 8,8 152
PO>K.llecTBeHcKHH 979 277 28,3 979 97 9,9 180
HBaHoBa CJlO- 1977 276 14 1977 83 4,2 193
oO.lla
KaTpoMa 1967*** 307*** 15,6 1967 224 11,3 83
BaJlra 1308 120 9,2 1308 120 9,2 0
c. CnaccKoe 109 109 100 109 109 100 0
19125 3654 19, I 19178 2431 12,6 1335
· Ta6nHlla COCTaBneHa Ha OCHOBaHHH .n030pHOA KHHrH .nBOp1l0BblX 3eMenb Bonor04CKoro y.
1589/90: CAC. Bbln. 2. C. 6-173.
.. PaCXO>K.neHHe B HTorOBbiX llHpaX no HeKoTopblM CTaHaM 06"bHCHSleTCSI '1awe Bcero TeM,
liTO '1aCTb 3eMeJlb B 1589/90 r. Haxo.nHnaCb Ha cnbrOTe», nOTOMY He npH'IHCnHnaCb nHCllaMH
HH K naWHe, HH K nepenory.
... TeKCT '1aCTH'IHO YTpa'leH, '1aCTH'IHO HCnOp'leH, n03TOMY llHpbl HaMH peKOHCTpYHpOBaHbI.
B HeCKOJIbKO JIY"IWeM COCTOHHHH HaXO,lJ.HJIHCb ,lJ.80pU08b1e pbl60JI08eUKHe BO-
JlOCTH BeJI03epCKoro y. naWHH 3aHHMaJIa 34,2 % 8cefl paHee OKYJIbTypeHHoH
3eMJIH, >KHJIble CeJIeHHH - 50,4 %. npH"IHHOH 3anYCTeHHH pH,lJ.a 80JIOCTeH nHceu
1585 r. Ha3b18aeT: rOJIO,lJ. H Mop080e n08eTpHe 7078 r. (1569/70 r.). HCTOpHKH,
H3Y"Ia8WHe 3TOT npHweKCHHHCKHH ,lJ.80PU08b1H KOMnJleKC, OTMeTHJIH HepaBHOMep-
HOCTb 3anYCTeHHH: HaH60JIee 3aCeJleHHOH 6b1JIa 80JIOCTb <l>e,lJ.OCbHH rOpO,lJ.OK 66.
K 3TOMY Ha,lJ.O ,lJ.06a8HTb ew.e O,lJ.HH 8a>KHb1H lllTpHX: HaH60JIee 3aCeJleHHOH
OKa3aJIaCb He «,lJ.06paH» H ,lJ.a>Ke He «cepe,lJ.HHH» 3eMJIH, a «XY,lJ.aH». npHMepHO Ta-
KaH >Ke KapTHHa Ha6JIIO,lJ.aJIaCb 8 paCCMOTpeHHOM 8b1We KaWHpCKOM ,lJ.80PU080M
KOMnJleKce: COOTHoweHHe 8ceH «,lJ.06POH» 3eMJIH K «cepe,lJ.HeH» pa8HHJIOCb 10 : I,
8 KpeCTbHHCKOH 8b1THOH naWHe - 9 : I, 8 nepeJIore - 19,6 : l. KapTHHa pe3Ko
MeHHeTCH Ha 8HeHa,lJ.eJlbHblX 3eMJlHX. B HaeM KpeCTbHHe 6paJlH, no cyw.eCTBY,
TOJIbKO «,lJ.06PYIO» 3eMJIIO (61 : I). Co C80eH CTOpOHbI, npa8HTeJlbCT80 CTpeMHTCH
,lJ.a8aTb 06pO"lHble JIbrOTHble rpaMOTbI TOJlbKO Ha «XY,lJ.YIO» H "IaCTH"IHO «cepe,lJ.-
HIOIO» 3eMJIIO. ,QaHHble Ha6JIIO,lJ.eHHH CTa8HT no,lJ. COMHeHHe Te3HC, cyw.eCT8YIOw.HH
8 HCTopHorpaHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, "ITO 8 80-90-x rO,lJ.ax KpecTbHHe OC8aHBaJIH
8 nep8YIO O"lepe,lJ.b naWHIO JIY"IllierO Ka"leCT8a. no 8ceH 8epOHTHOCTH, npouecc
KpeCTbHHCKOH KOJIOHH3aUHH 6b1JI onOCpe,lJ.08aH PH,lJ.OM aKTop08 H, 803MO>KHO,
O,lJ.HHM H3 nep8b1X 8 3TOM PH,lJ.Y CTOHJI He aKTOp Ka"leCT8a 3eMJIH, a HaJlHlIHe
COce,lJ.HHX CeJIeHHH, 06pa3YIOw.HX 06W.HHY, Ha nOMow.b KOTOpOH MO>KHO 6blJlO pac-
C"IHTbl8aTb Ha nep8b1X nopax. Ba>KHa pOJIb pe"lHblX KOMMYHHKaUHH.
BeJlHKO 3anYCToweHHe 8 HH>KerOpO,lJ.CKOM y.: 1581-1584 r. 8 nOBOJI>Kbe
WJIa «"IepeMHCCKaH 80HHa». COrJIaCHO nO,lJ.C"IeTaM ,QerTHpe8a, KOJlHlIeCT80 >KHBY-
1/ 2 13 3aK. 1454
193

LUHX BblTeH B 60pTHblX ceJlax COKpaTHJlOCb no cpaBHeHHIO C 1565/66 r. K 1578 r.
B 3 pa3a, a K 1588 r. n01..lTH B 5 pa3. B noconHblX ceJlax COOTBeTCTBeHHO:
K 1578 r. - B 5 pa3, a K 1588 r. - n01..lTH B II pa3. 3anycToweHHe 01..leHb BeJlHKO,
a 06CTaHOBKa OCTaBaJlaCb .llOCTaT01..lHO HanpH>KeHHOH, n03ToMY BJla.lleJ1blJeCKHe
nOBHHHOCTH C PYCCKHX KpeCTbHH, npO>KHBaIOLUHX B HH>KerOpO.llCKOM y., BpeMeHHo
npeKpaTHJlH B3HMaTb 67.
LITO KacaeTCH .llPyrHx perHOHOB CTpaHbI, TO MbI HMeeM CJle,lJ.YIOLUHe nOKa3aTeJlH
nepeJlora B MOHaCTblpCKHX X03HHCTBax: KaWHH - 62 %, rOpOxoBeLl - 62, 060-
He>Kbe - 75, BeJleBCK - 76 %. B ,lJ.BOpLlOBOM ceJle KpacHoM BJla,lJ.HMHpCKoro y.
He06pa60TaHHbIMH Jle>KaJlH 52 % nOJleH 68. )l(ecToKo nOCTpa,lJ.aJl OT X03HHCTBeH-
Horo pa30peHHH PY3CKHH y., npH3HaKH 3anYCTeHHH KOToporo npOCJle>KHBaJlHCb
Y>Ke B KOHLle 60-x rO.llOB. ECJlH B 1568/69 r. 3a HOCHQ>O-BoJlOKOJlaMCKHM MOHa-
CTbIpeM lJHCJ1HJ10Cb 3eMJ1H B PY3CKOM y. n01..lTH 11,5 cox, TO K 1586 r. naWHH
COKpaTHJ1aCb nOlJTH B 3 pa3a - 4 1 / 16 COXH. B npHrOBope HrYMeHa OTMe1..laJlOCb, 1..ITO
oc06eHHO 6bIJ1H 3anYCToweHbI .llBe BOJlOCTH (YcneHcKaH H CY.llHHKOBCKaH):
«B rOCY.llapbCKHX nO.llaTeX onYCTeJlH». ELUe paHbwe B nOJlHOe 3anYCTeHHe npHWJlH
B0J10CTH CKHpMaHOBO, MaMOWHHO, BeJlKOBO, BeJlH 69. 0 X03HHCTBeHHOM pa30pe-
HHH PY3CKoro y. CBH.lleTeJ1bCTByeT H TOT Q>aKT, 1..ITO npH onHcaHHH 20-x rO.llOB
XVI I B. B Ka1..leCTBe npHnpaBOlJHOrO cnHCKa 6bIJla B3HTa nHCLlOBaH KHHra 1567-
1569 r., a He 60J1ee n03.llHHe onHcaHHH 80-x rO.llOB.
BOT KaK caMH KpecTbHHe HOCHQ>O-BoJlOKOJlaMCKOro MOHacTblpH onpe,lJ.eJlHJlH
npH1..IHHbI 3anycTeHHH B 70-80-x rO,lJ.ax. COKpaLUeHHe noceBHbIX nJlOLUa.lleH
06'bHCHHJlH I) «JlHXHM nOBeTpHeM» H «TaTapCKOH BOHHOH»: «BoeBaHbI. . . Te ceJla
H .llepeBHH H BbI>K>KeHbI, a KpecTbHHH MHorHe n06HTbI OT TaTap, a HHble KpeCTbHHH
3 )l{eHaMH H 3 .lleTbMH B nOJlOH nOHMaHbI». 3aTeM Ha3bIBaJlCH «XJle6HbIH He.llOpO.ll»
H «Me)l{eHHHa», 2) nOCJ1e.llCTBHH BoeHHblX .lleHCTBHH (<<3anycTeJlH... OT rocY.lla-
peBbI 60JlbWHe .llOpOrH OT rOHLlOB H OT npOe3,lJ.y CHJlbHblX H paTHblx JlIO.lleH H OT
nO.llMOrH HMCKHX OXOTHHKOB»); 3) HaJlOrH (<<H3HeMoraIOT OTO BCHKHX rocY.llape-
BbIX nO,lJ.aTeH, nOTOMY WTO nJlaTHT 3 >KHBYLUero H 3a nYCTa»). 001..lTH Te >Ke
npH1..IHHbI npHBeJlH K pa30peHHIO KpeCTbHH CHMOHOBa MOHaCTblpH, BJla,lJ.eHHH KOTO-
pro 6bIJI H pacnOJlO>KeHbI B 14 ye3,lJ.ax 3a MOCKOBHoro KpaH: JlHXOe nOBeTpHe;
XJle6HbIH He.llOpO.ll; BOHHa; «HaCHJlbCTBO CTOPOH», nO.llpa3YMeBaH no,lJ. nOCJle.llHHM,
BepoHTHo, OnpH1..IHbIH Teppop, KOTOpblH B KaKoH-To CTeneHH npo,lJ.OJI>KaJlCH .ll0
cMepTH rp03Horo npH pa3.lleJleHHH cTpaHbI Ha «3eMLUHHY» H «,lJ.BOp». HMeHHo
OT «HaCHJlbCTBa CTOpOH» npo.llOJl>KaeTCH 3anycTeHHe B 80-e rO.llbl HMeHHH B My-
pOMCKOM, BbIWrOpO.llCKOM, KOJlOMeHCKoM yy. Bcero >Ke K HIOHIO 1584 r. 3anycTeJlo
90,6 % noceBHbIX nJlOLUa.lleH. KpecTbHHe .llBOpLlOBoro ceJla KpacHoe BJla.llHMHp-
CKoro y. H B Cepe.llHHe 80-x rO.llOB Ha3bIBalOT MopoBoe nOBeTpHe 1570/71 r.
nepBOnpH1..IHHOH 3anycTeHHH. B Ha1..laJle 80-x rO.llOB 1..IaCTb H3 HHX 6e>KHT OT nocon-
Horo xJ1e6a 70.
npH peweHHH Bonpoca 0 Bce06'beMJlIOLUeM xapaKTepe KpH3Hca CCbIJlalOTCH
nopoH Ha 3eMJlH, Jle>KaLUHe Ha ceBepo-BocToKe cTpaHbI, Ha BbIMCKO-BbI1..IerO.llCKHH
KpaH. H3.llaTeJlH COTHHLl no 3TOMY perHoHY C1..IHTaIOT, 1..ITO pa30peHHe n01..lTH He
. KOCHYJ10Cb ero 71. .L1eHcTBHTeJ1bHO, KOJlH1..IeCTBO nepeJlora 3.lleCb CTOJlb He3Ha1..lH-
TeJlbHO, lJTO HM MO)l{HO npeHe6pelJb H rOBopHTb 0 coxpaHHOCTH Q>OH.lla KYJlbTHBH-
pyeMblx 3eMeJlb (CM. Ta6J1. 19). H TeM He MeHee KpH3HC HaJlO>KHJI CBOH OTne1..la-
TOK Ha 3TOT KpaH. B 80-x rO,lJ.ax 06b11..1HO nOKa3aTeJlH cOKpaLUeHHH naWHH npe-
BaJlHpYIOT Ha.ll y6bIJlbIO HaCeJleHHH. B KOMH Kpae MbI Ha6J1IO.llaeM 06paTHYlO
KapTHHY: nycTyeT weCTaH 1..IaCTb Bcex ,lJ.BOpOB. A TaK KaK KOJlH1..IeCTBO ceMeH
194

Ta6J1Hu,a 19. BbiMCKo- BbIlierOACKHH KpaH B 1585/86 r.*
Ye3D., .l1BOpbl THr J1b1e 3eMJ1H (B 4eTHx) naWHH (B 4eTHx)
BOJ10CTb Bcero nYCTble % Bcero nepeJ10r % Ha D.BOp Ha ceMblO
51peHcK 869 144 16,5 1229 101 8,2 1,5 1,2
Y}I{ra 58 21 36,2 57,5 1.5 2,6 1,5 1,2
CblCOJ1bCK 441 37 8,3 731 25 3,4 1,7 1,5
r J1OTOBO 92 37 40,2 71 9 12,5 I , I 0,9
HToro 1460 239 16,3 2088,5 136,5 6,5
* CAC. Bbln. I. C. 442-468.
3.LJ.eCb BCer.LJ.a npeBbllllaeT 4HCJIO .LJ.BOpOB, TO MO)l{HO C4HTaTb, 4TO B Te4eHHe CpaB-
HHTeJIbHO KOpOTKOrO BpeMeHH HaCeJleHHe COKpaTHJIOCb He MeHee 4eM Ha 20 %.
OopalllalOT Ha ceoH BHHMaHHe H MH3epHbIe Ha.LJ.eJIbI 3eMJIH Ha ceMblO:
0,9-1,5 4eTBepTH B O.LJ.HOM nOJIe. B pa30peHHoM H onycTollleHHoM HOBrOpO.LJ.-
CKOM Kpae, r.LJ.e KpH3HC, B 4aCTHOCTH, CKa3aJICH H Ha pe3KoM cOKpallleHHH pa3-
MepoB KpecTbHHcKHX Ha.LJ.eJIOB, Ha ceMblO (.LJ.Bop) npHxO.LJ.HJIOCb: B nOpXOB-
CKOM y. - 3,5 4eTeH, B HOBrOpO.LJ.CKOM y. - 2,8, BO.LJ.CKOH nHTHHe - 3 4eTH.
XY)l{e OOCTOHJIO .LJ.eJIO B .LJ.pyrHx nHTHHa.x: B OOOHe)l{be - 2,5 4eTH, lI.epeBcKoH -
2, be)l{eLlKOH - 1,5 4eTH. Ho HCCJIe.LJ.OBaTeJIH CneLlHaJIbHO oroBapHBalOT, 4TO npH
TaKHX Ha.LJ.eJlaX KpecTbHHcKaH ceMbH He MOrJIa CYllleCTBOBaTb H HCKaJIa .LJ.onojJ-
HHTeJIbHblX .LJ.OXO.LJ.OB. 3TO MOrJIa ObITb apeH.LJ.a 3eMJIH, nalllHH «Hae3.LJ.OM» HJIH )l{e
3aHHTHH npOMbICJIaMH 72. CJle.LJ.OBaTeJlbHO, B BblMCKo-BbI4erOpO.LJ.CKOM Kpae CO-
KpallleHHe noceBHblX nJIOllla.LJ.eH ObIJIO, no CYllleCTBY, HeB03MO)l{HO, TaK KaK Kpe-
CTbHHe H TaK pacnOJlaraJlH MHHHMYMOM. lI.ocTaT04HO CKa3aTb, 4TO B COCe.LJ.HeM
BOJIOrO.LJ.CKOM y. B .LJ.BOPLlOBbIX ceJIax Ha ceMblO npHxO.LJ.HJIOCb 3,5 4eTH.
bOJIblllOe 3Ha4eHHe B )l{H3HH >KHTeJIeH KOMH KpaH HrpaJla OXOTa, PbIOOJIOB-
CTBO. 3TO HalllJlO OTpa)l{eHHe H B HaJlOraX, B3HMaeMbiX C BOJIOCTeH. «A .LJ.OXO.LJ.OB
rocY.LJ.aplO .LJ.aBaJIa 3a COOOJIb H 3a OeJIKY. . . no 10 PYOJIb C COXH, 3a ropO.LJ.OBOe
H 3a 3ace4Hoe .LJ.eJIo. .. no nOJITHHe C COXH, npHMeTHbIx... no nOJIynOJITHHe
C COXH», T. e. HaHOOJlblllHH .LJ.OXO.LJ. B3HMaJICH C OXOTHH4bero npOMbICJIa. C cepe-
.LJ.HHbl 80-x rO.LJ.OB BBO.LJ.HJICH HOBbIH OOpOK C COXH «3a OoopoBble rOHbI H 3a pbIO-
Hble JlOBJlH». H ellle O.LJ.HO HOBllleCTBO: OTHbIHe THrJIO COOHpaJIOCb He C COXH, a co
.LJ.Bopa. 3TO JIHlllHHH pa3 nOKa3bIBaeT, 4TO B TOT MOMeHT 3eMJIe.LJ.eJIHe He HMeJIO
npeBaJIHpYlOlllero xapaKTepa B BbIMCKo-BbI4erO.LJ.CKOM Kpae. CTaJIO ObITb, npH-
3HaKH KpH3Hca 3.l1.eCb Ha.LJ.O HCKaTb He B COKpallleHHH noceBHbIX nJIOllla.LJ.eH,
a B YObIJIH HaCeJIeHHH, 3anYCTeHHH, pa3pYllleHHH nOCTpoeK (<<B ropo.LJ.e 25 rop O .l1. eH ,
nepHJIa H KpOBJIH OOBaJIHJIHcH»), B cOKpaweHHH OXOTHH4bero npOMbICJIa (<<a CJIon-
LlOB H nepeBecbH HeT»), B BBe.l1.eHHH HOBbiX HaJIOrOB Ha npOMbICJIbI, a r JIaBHOe,
B H3MeHeHHH OKJIa.LJ.HOH e.LJ.HHHLlbI: BMeCTO COXH - .LJ.Bop. KpH3HC, XOTb H B MeHb-
llleH CTeneHH, 4eM .LJ.PyrHe ye3.LJ.bI, TaK)I{e 3aTpoHYJI BbIMCKO- Bbl4erO.LJ.CKHH KpaH.
HTaK, B 80-x rO.LJ.ax KpH3HC B TOH HJIH HHOH CTeneHH OXBaTbIBaJI BCIO Tep-
pHTOpHIO cTpaHbI. MaJlo Toro, B HeKoTopblX paHoHax ceBepa, 3ana.LJ.a, BOCTOKa
oOHapY)l{HBaeTcH B03pacTalOlllaH no cpaBHeHHIO C 70-MH rO.LJ.aMH TeH.LJ.eHLlHH 3a-
nycTeHHH. YpoBeHb 3anepeJIO>KeHHblX 3eMeJIb 04eHb BblCOK. nepHO.LJ. 1582-
1592 rr. OTMetleH .LJ.OpOrOBH3HoH Ha xJIe6 73, O.LJ.Ha H3 npHtlHH KOTOpOH KpoeTCH,
B03MO}l{HO, KaK pa3 B pe3KOM COKpallleHHH noceBHblX nJlOllla.LJ.eH.
90-e rO.LJ.b1 npHHHTO CtlHTaTb B JIHTepaType nepeJlOMHblMH, KOr.LJ.a CTpaHa HallH-
HaeT BblXO.LJ.HTb H3 KpH3Hca. ,lI.aHHblH BblBO.LJ. 060CHOBblBaeTCH MaTepHaJIaMH onH-
'/2 13.
195

TafiJiHua 20. BJla.ll.eHHR TpoHue-CeprHeBa MOHacTblpR (B lIeTBepTRx) *
OnHcaHHe 1592-1594 rr. npe.llWecTBYlOwee onHcaHHe
Ye3.ll naWHSI
Bcero 3eMJlH I rO.llbl Bcero 3eMJlH
a6c. %
I
MOCKOBCKHH 26 473 8723 32,9
llMHTpoBcKHH 12 837 5 185 40,3
nepeHCJla BJlb-3 aJleCCKHH 16 350 5820 35,5
IOpbeB- nOJlbCKHH 2907 I 749 60, I 1577/78 2012
CY3.lI.aJ1bCKHH 2407 I 022 42,4 1587/88 2225
Tapo.lI.y6cKHH 6480 2707 41,7 1574/78 3089
BJla.lI.HMHpCKHH f694 I 921 40,9
conOCTaBHMbI
2055 773 37,6 1573-1578 1880
MYPOMCKHH C 399 2612 35,3
conOCTaBHMbI
4 140 I 847 44,6 1571-1574 2863
POCTOBCKHH 6257 3327 53, I
51 pOCJIaBcKHA I 498 979 65,3
KOCTpOMCKOA 5922 4405 74,3
raJ1HIICKHH 426 321 75,3
nOwexoHcKHA 347 283 81,5 1573/74 322
YrJlHIICKHH 3540 1 921 54,3 1573/74 3769
KawHHcKHH I 137 754 66,3 1590/91 I 137
CTapHUKHH I 156 692 59,8 1587/88 1 132
PY3CKHH I 582 327 20,6 1567-69 1 523
CBHH>kcKHH 357 318 89
Ka3aHcKHA 331 220 66,4
Ko.noMeHcKHH {I 313 878 66,8
conOCTaBHMbI
713 514 72 1577/78 715
BepeAcKHH 5752 1 640 28,5
060JleHCKHH 1 578 530 33,6
MaJlOHpOCJIaBeUKHH I 533 1 050 69,2 ?
50pOBCKHH 674 588 87,3
HOBOCHJI bCKHA 311 294 95
CepneAcKHH 614 614 100
· nKMr. OT.ll. I, 2;lllYMalCo8. COTHHl1b1. Bbln. 6; tITeHHSI OH.llP. 1902. KH. 2. C. 151-182;
Py6U,08 M. K M8TepHan8M. .llnSi l1epKOBHoH H 6b1TOBOH HCTOpHH TBepcKoro KP8S1 B XV -XVI BB.
CT8pH118, 1905. Bbln. 2.
caHHA 1592-1594 rr. BJla.ll.eHHA TpOHl1e-CeprHeBa MOHacTblpH. rOTbe xapaKTepH-
3yeT 3TOT nepHO.ll. KaK «HatlaBWeeCH HCl1eJleHHe» H OTMetlaeT 3HaqHTeJlbHblA 3KO-
HOMHtleCKHA nO.ll.'beM B KOJlOMHe, CTapHl1e, IOpbeBe-nOJlbCKoM. YTBep>K.l1eHHH
B. ,It rpeKoBa ewe (5oJlee peWHTeJlbHbI H onTH'MHCTHtlHbI 74.
OnHcaHHe H8t18J18 90-x rO.ll.OB BOTtlHH TpOHl1e-CeprHeB8 MOH8CTblpH HOCHT,
.lI.eACTBHTeJlbHO, YHHK8J1bHblA x8p8KTep, T8K K8K OXB8TblB8eT OKOJlO .lI.BYX .lI.eCHT-
KOB ye3.l1.0B, TeM caMblM y HCCJle.l10B8TeJlH nOHBJlReTCH B03MO>KHOCTb conOCT8B-
196

npellweCTBYlOwee OnHC8HHe Pa3HHua
Ye311 n8 WHSI naWHSI
I BCerO I
a6c. % 3eMnH a6c. %
I I
MOCKOBCKHH
,LlMHTpOBCKHH
nepeHCJI a BJI b- 3 aJleCCKHH
IOpbeB-nOJlbCKHH 1645 81,7 +895 +104 -21,6
CY3.l1aJlbCKHH 785 35,2 +182 +237 +7,2
CTap o .l1y6cKHH I 227 39,7 +3391 + 1480 +2
BJl a .l1 HMH pCKHH
817 43,4 +175 -44 -5,8
MYPOMCKHH
2 173 76 + 1277 -326 -31,4
POCTOBCKHH
51 pOCJI aBCKH H
KOCTpOMCKOH
faJlHllcKHA
nOwexoHcKHA +25
YrJlHtlCKHH -229
KawHHcKHA 438 42,9 +226 +23,4
CTapHUKHA 363 32 +24 +329 + 27,8
PY3CKHH I 311 86,7 +59 -984 -66, I
CBHH>KCKHH
Ka3aHcKHH
KOJlOMeHCKHH
BepeAcKHA
060J1eHcKHA
ManoRpoCJIaBeUKHA
50pOBCKHH
HOBOCHJI bCKH A
CepneAcKHH
501
70
-2
+13
+2
39,4
I
neHHH ypOBHH pa3BHTHH cenbCKoro X03HAcTBa B pa3nHqHX perHoHax. B pHe
cnyqaeB nHCLt YKa3BanH HTorH npewecTBYlOmero «030pa» H pa3Mep npH-
6BweA (pe>Ke y6BweA) naWHH. K CO>KaneHHlo, conOCTaBneHHe nopoA KpaAHe
38TpYHeHOt TaK K8K HTorH «nHCbMa» 70--80-x rOOB B HeKoTopX cnyqaHX
.l1aH 6e3 H<I><I>epeHLtHaLtHH H8 «n8WHIO» H «nepenor». CYH no onHcaHHJO Bna-
eHHA TpOHLte-CeprHeBcKoro MOHacTpH, B Haqane 90-x rOOB HaH60nee pa30-
peHHMH OCTaB8nCH MOCKOBCKHA y. H Jle>KamaH K 3anay OT Hero PY3a.
197

(CM. Ta6J1. 20). B TO }l{e BpeMH, eCJ1H no nHchMY 1584-1586 r. naWHH B MOCKOB-
CKHX BaeHHHX yxoBeHcTBa COCTaBHa MeHee 20 %, TO Tenepb Ha 3eMHX
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B KalleCTBe TaKoH e.n.HHHUhI nOJlYIIHJla BhlTb, KOTopaH nepBOHallaJlbHO 03HallaJla
KpecTbHHcKHH Ha.n.eJl.
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282

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14.
203

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HHKa B 60pb6e 3a .pacnpe.neneHHe npH6aBOilHOrO npO.ll.YKTa, npuHY3ICdaeT Kpyn-
HbiX MOHaCTblpCKHX eO.ll.aJlOB paClllHpHTb OH.lI. 6apw.HHHblX 3eMeJlb. HTaK, eCJIH
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.lUIH BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. MO>KHO KOHCTaTHpOBaTb npOTHBOCTOHHHe HHTepe-
COB CaMO.ll.ep>KaBHH H eO.ll.aJlOB B o6.nacTH pacnpe.ll.eJleHHH npH6aBoilHoro npo-
.lI.YKTa. 3KOHOMHileCKHH KpH3HC, pe3KO CHH3HB .lI.OXO.ll.bI npaBHTeJlbCTBa, BblHBHJI
K KOHU.Y XVI B. HeCOCTOHTeJlbHOCTb OpM nO.ll.aTHOH nOJIHTHKH, nopollHoCTb pH.lI.a
npHHu.HnOB COlllHoro 06J10>KeHHH, KOTopble CTaJlH cBoero pO.ll.a TOpM030M Ha nyrH
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U.HH KpeCTbHH.
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Y U.epKBH rocY.lI.apCTBeHHble npeporaTHBbI (cY.lI., ToproBbie nOlllJlHHbI, nO.ll.aTH).
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3eMeJlbHblH OH.ll., H 3TO 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO B 6Y.lI.yw.eM nOCJIY>KHT OCHOBaHHeM .lI.JlH
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nPHMEQAHHJI
BHAe_.
I MoplCC K._ 3H2eAbC CPo CO'l. 2-e H3.l1.
T. 25, 'I. II. C. 184.
2 Ta.. )Ke. C. 352-366.
a Ta.. )Ke. T. 7. C. 356.
4 nOCTaHOBKa AaHHoi npo6.lle.... H ee HCTO-
pHorpa4»HH HaH60nee nO.l1pOOHO H3JlO-
)KeH.. n. B. COBeTOB"M. COBeTOB n. B.
O6lQ.ee H OCOOeHHoe B THnOJlOrHH 4»eo.l1a-
JlH3..a Ha PyCH H B .l(YHaicKHX KHH)KeCT-
Bax: (npo6n. croc. 4»eo.l1aJlH3..a:t Hero
po.IIH B nepHOA reHe3Hca, pa3BHTHH H pa3-
JlO)KeHIftl 4»eoAU. 4»op..aIUlH) l/ H3B.
AH MCCP. Cep. OOlQ.eCTB. HYK. KHWH-
HeB, 1986. M 2, 3.
5 YepenHUH 11. B. Bonpoc.. ..eTO.l10J10rHH
HCTOPHqecKoro HCCJlej!OBaHHH: Teope-r.
npo6.lle.... HCTOpHH 4»eo.l1aJlH3Ma. M.,
1981. C. 85.
6 ropClCD.1l H. A._ MUA08 11. B. HeKOTop..e
HTOrH H nepcneKTHB" H3yqeHHH arpapHoi
HCTOpHH Ceaepo-3anaAa POCCHH / / HCTO-
pHH CCCP. 1982. M 2.
r ..... I
I TOTfUl.4eB B. H. HCTOpHH PoccHicKaH.
M.; n., 1965. T. V. C. 51.
2 fBHn. M 21; AC3H. T. III. N! 5.
3 ncpn. Cn6., 1901. T. XII. C. 184;
ArpapHaH HCTOpHH Ceaepo-3anaAa.
T. III. C. 22, 26.
4 .
AC3H. T. I, N! 200; .lI..ltr. C. 197.
(3Aecb H .l1uee KYpCHB Moii. - E. K.)
5 ncpn. T. 12. C. 232; cn6., 1913.
T. XXIII. C. 275; nKMr. Or.l1. 2. C. 50;
.lllI.f. C. 357-361.
6 AC3H. T. II, M 250; T. III, M 22, 189.
7 BeceAOsclCllil C. E. COWHoe nHCbMO. M.,
1915. T. I. C. 92-93.
· AC3H. T. II, M 433. 3anHcKH OTAeJla
pyxonHceI r6n. M., 1982. B..n. 43.
C. 98-101.
I A<I>3X. q. I, M 12. nepeqeHb onHcaHHi
XV-XVI B. 6Y.l1eT ony6nHKoBaH OT-
AeJlbHO.
10 3WUlH A. A. POCCHH Ha py6e)Ke XV-
XVI CTOJIeTHH: (O'lepKH cou.-nOJlHT.
HCTOpHH). M., 1982. C. 68-233.
II CY.l1e6HHKH XV-XVI BeKOB. M.; JI.,
1952. C. 37.
12 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. I.
C. 13-14. I
13 A6ptlMOBUIl r. B. K Bonpocy 0 CTeneHH
.l1OCTOBepHOCTH nHCUOBbiX KHHr XVI B.
H MeTO.l1HKe ee YCTaHoBJIeHHH / / E>Ke-
rO.l1HHK no arpapHoH HCTOpHH BOCTO'lHOH
EBpon.., 1971. BHJlbHIOC, 1974. C. 32.
14 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.ll.a. T. I.
C. 15-16.
15 KOWTOHOB C. M. COUHaJlbHO-nOJlHTH-
./ 'IecKaH HCTOpHH POCCHH KOHua XV-
nepBOi nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. M., 1967. C. 44.
16 MUAIOICOB n. H. CnopH..e BonpOCbl 4»H-
HaHCOBoii HCTOpHH MocKoBcKoro rocy-
.l1apCTBa. Cn6., 1892. C. 158.
17 A<I>3X. 1.J. I, N! 22.
18 AC3H. T. III, N!46; A<I>3X. 4. IV,
N! 57.
19 AC3H. T. I, Nt 628, 643.
10 AC3H. T. I I. C. 634-635; KaUlTa-
HOB C. M. YKa3. CO'l. C. 206-209;
ropcICuiJ A. 1/.. 60pb6a KpeCTbHH 3a
3ellJllO Ha PyCH B XV -Ha'laJle XVI B.
M., 1974. C. 199.
21 AC3H. T. II I, N! 26.
22 TaM >Ke. T. I, N! 641, 386.
23 TaM >Ke. T. I, N! 571; A<I>3X. 4. I, N! 36.
24 TaM )Ke. T. III, N! 25, 26.
25 POJUJHOBO r. H. HaHMeHOBaHHe Mep
JUlHH.. B PYCCKOM H3b1Ke. M., 1975. C. 73.
26 AC3H. T. I, N! 71; T. III, N! 343; AH.
T. I. M 116; C6. MyxaHoBa. N! 126, 272;
IllYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 97.
27 AC3H. T. I, N! 60 I; T. II, N! 486.
28 TaM >Ke. T. III, N! 48; A<I>3X. 4. I,
N! 51, 52; 1.J. II, N! 33.
29 AC3H. T. III, N! 343; A<I>3X. 4. I,
M 190.
30 AC3H. T. I, N! 365, 574; T. II, N! 275,
I 310; A<I>3X. 1.J. I, N! 117.
31 ncpn. T. 18. Cn6., 1913. C. 262.
32 A<I>3X. 1.J. I, N! 165.
205

33 BeCeAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli. T. I.
C. 7-8.
34 KaWTaHOB C. M. ()qepKH PycCKoA .l1HnJlO-
MaTHH. M., 1970. C. 467.
35 AC3H. T. III, N2 25.
36 MUAIOICOB n. H. YKa3. COli. C. 40-45.
37 AC3H. T. I, Ni 621, 649.
38 A<I>3X. 4. I, N2 12,22,39, 165, 166, 169,
170.
39 TaM >Ke, N2 166.
40 urA,LlA. <1>. 1203. KH. 1. JI. 491.
41 APr. N2 20.
42 A<I>3X. 4. IV, N2 63 (JI. 5); APr.
N2 57, 61.
43 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH Ceaepo-3ana.l1a.
T. III. C. 87.
44 A6paMOBUit r. B. nOMeCTHaH CHCTeMa
H nOMeCTHoe X03HACTBO B nOCJIe.l1HeH
lIeTBepTH XV-XVI B.: ABTope4». .l1HC. . '. .
.l1-pa HCT. HaYK. JI., 1975. C. 20.
45 A<I>3X. 4. I, .Nt 21; naMe pH3. Ni 67-
70; r5JI, A TCJI. KH. 530. KOJIOMHa.
N2 26, n. 425-42606.; AMMC. C. 101.
46 A6paMOBUit r. B. nOMeCTHaH nOJlHTHKa
B nepHO.l1 60HpCKoro npaBJIeHHH B Poc-
CHH (1538-1543 rr.) / / HCTOpHH CCCP.
1979. N2 4. C. 192-199.
47 nKMr. Or.l1. 2. C. 46-48.
48 nCKOBCKHe JleTOnHCH. M.; JI., 1941.
Bbln. I. C. 110; ur A,LlA. rK3. N2 12505;
lllYMaICoB C. A. TBepcKHe aKTbI. TBepb,
1896. C. 13-16.
49 urA,LlA. rK3. N2 6712; JlbRICOHOB M. A.
Peu. Ha KH. n. H. MHJlIOKOB c:CnopHble
BonpOCbI 4»HHaHcoBoA HCTOpHH MOCKOB-
CKoro rOCY.l1apCTBa» / / )l(MHn. 1893.
N2 7. C. 210.
50 '
MUAIOICOB n. H. YKa3. COli. C. 43-45.
51 ur A,LlA. rK3. .Nt 1796; lllYMaKoB.
COTHHUbi. Bbln. I, N2 7.
52 II bRICOHOB M. A. YKa3. COli. C. 206.
53 BeceAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli. M., 1916.
T. II. C. 339-346.
54 CAC. Bbln. 2. C. 184-204; AE 3a 1963 r.
M., 1964. C. 288-316.
55 MUlCAaweBclCutl H. H. ,LlpeBHepYCCKHe
n03eMeJlbHble Ka.l1aCTpbl. n6., 1903.
C. 18, 28; BeceAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli.
T. I. C. 90-92.
56 AE 3a 1963 r. C. 326.
57 BeceAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli. T. I. C. 97.
58 KaTaeB, Ka6aHoB. Ni 10.
59 A<I>3X. 4. II. N2 198.
60 KaTaeB, Ka6aHoB. N2 23.
61 npn. Bbln. IV. C. 579-580.
62 MUAIOICOB n. H. YKa3. COli. C. 50,
162-164; JlbRICOHOB M. A. YKa3. COli.
C. 206; BeceAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli.
T. II. C. 346-357; CMUpHOB H. H.
OllepKH nOJlHTHliecKoA HCTOpHH PyccKoro
206
rOCY.l1apCTBa 30-50-x r0.l10B XVI B. M.;
JI., 1958. C. 423-426, 433.
63 npn. Bbln. IV. C. 581.
64 BOpOH"4 0Ba JI. Jl. PyKonHCH cepnYXOB-
CKoro BbiCOUKoro MOHaCTblpH / / ,LlpeB-
HOCTH: Tp. Apxeorp. KOMHC. MOCK.
ApxeoJl. O-Ba. M., 1902. T. II, Bbln. 2.
C. 347-348, 337-346.
65 CTaweBclCutl E. Jl. OnbiTbi H3YlleHHH
nHCUOBbiX KHHr MOCKOBCKoro rocY.l1ap-
CTBa. KHeB, 1907. N2 102, 103; naMe
pH3. N2 18.
66 Ta6J1Hua onHcaHHA ye3.l10B B 50-x rO.l1ax.
CM. B KH.: CMUpHOB H. H. YKa3. COli.
C. 432.
67 ur A.lI.A. rK3. .Nt 5037, 5044.
68 CMUpHOB H. H. YKa3. COli. C. 424.
69 BOpOH"4 0Ba JI. Jl. YKa3. COli. C. 337-
347; A<I>3X. 4. II, N2 285.
70 3aKOH0.l1aTeJlbHble aKTbI PYCCKoro rocy-
.l1apCTBa BTOpoA nOJlOBHHbI XVI - nep-
BoA nOJlOBHHbI XVII B. JI., 1986, Ni 27.
5eJ103epCKaH e30BaH KHHra 1585 r. C. 18,
107.
71 lllYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 144.
72 CTaweBclCutl E. Jl. YKa3. COli. N2 102,
103; CAC. Bbln. I. C. 463; Bbln. II.
C. 481.
73 BeceAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli. T. II.
C. 348.
74 BOpOH"4 0Ba JI. Jl. YKa3. COli. C. 346.
75 A<I>3X. 4. IV, Ni 130, 140.
75. A<I>3X. 1.J. II, N2 435; nKMr. Or.l1. I.
C. 110; 149, 150; naMe pH3. N2 37, 40.
76 CaOUICOB n. A. OllepKH no HCTOpHH on-
pHIIHHHbI. M.; JI., 1950. 4. II I, Ni 54;
ur A.lI.A. ri<3, N2 5147; JlbRICO-
HOB M. A. YKa3. COli. C. 211.
77 lllYMaKoB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. I, N2 12, 17;
ur A,LlA. rK3. .Nt 9703.
78 urA,LlA. <1>. 1203. KH. I. JI. 767, 768.
79 KaMeH"4 eBa E. H., Y CTI020B H. B. pYC-
CKaH MeTpOJlOrHH. M., 1975. C. 96-97.
80 ur A,LlA. rK3. Ni 8886; MUAIOICOB n. H.
YKa3. COli. C. 45.
81 BOpOH"4 0Ba JI. Jl. YKa3. COli. C. 337 -347.
82 BOpOH"4 0Ba JI. Jl. ,LlBa .l10KYMeHTa XVI B.
H3 apxHBa cepnyxoBcKoro BbicoUKoro
MOHacTblpH / / ,LlpeBHOCTH: Tp. Apxeorp.
KOMHC. MOCK. Apxeo.nor. O-Ba. M., 1900.
T. II, Bbln. I. C. 172-175; CadUlCoB n. A.
H3 HCTOpHH onpHIIHHKOB XVI B. / / HCT.
apxHB. M.; JI., 1940. T. 3. .Nt 52, 59;
,LlbHKOHOB. AKTbI. Bbln. 2, Ni 20.
83 ,LlbHKOHOB. AKTbI. Bbln. 2, .Nt 21, 24, 25.
84 TaM >Ke. .M 24.
86 MUAIOICOB n. H. YKa3. COli. C. 167-168;
Jl bRICOHOB M. A. Y Ka3. COli. C. 228.
86 BeceAoBclCutl C. D. YKa3. COli. T. II.
C. 430-431.

87 llIYMaKoB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 2, Ni 5;
Uf A.llA, rK3. N2 5044; A<I>3X. 1.J. II.
.M 347.
88 A<I>3X. 1.J. IV, Ni 17, 57; 1.J. II, .M I;
APr. Ni 228, 252.
89 Kopeu,lCud B. H. 3aKpenOllleHHe Kpe-
CTbHH H KJlaCCOBaH 60pb6a B POCCHH
BO BTOpoA nOJlOBHHe XVI B. C. 119-123,
304-319.
90 nKMr. Or.l1. 2. C. 1110.
91 POOICICOB H. A. CeJlbCKoe X03HACTBO Mo-
CKOBCKOA PYCH B XVI B. M., 1899.
C. 266-267; ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBe-
po-3ana.l1a. T. II. C. 224.
92 ur A.llA. rK3. Ni 9703.
93 Cep2eeBU't B. H. .llpeBHOCTH PYCCKoro
npaBa. cn6., 1903. T. III. C. 329-331.
94 Arp. T. II. N2 180. CT6. 779.
r....a II
I TUXOHOB /0. A. nOMelllHllbH KpeCTbHHe
B PoeCHH. M., 1974. C. 3-35; bY2a-
HOB B. H. flpeo6pa3lCeHCICud A. A. ,
TUXOHOB /0. A. 3BOJIIOUHH 4»eo.l1aJlH3Ma
B POCCHH. M., 1980. C. 43-52;
flaHuAoBa JI. B. H3YlleHHe HCTOpHH
Cpe.l1 H eBeKOBoA POCCHH I I OllepKH HCTO-
pHH HCTopHliecKoA HaYKH B CCCP. M.,
1985. C. 164-167.
2 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. II.
C. 280-289.
3 rOpClCaR H. A. , MUAOB 0. B. HeKOTopble
HTorH H nepCneKTHBbI H3YlleHHH arpapHoA
HCTopHHCeBepo-3ana.l1aPoecHH 1/ HCTO-
pHH CCCP. 1982. N2 2. C. 66-85.
4 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. I.
C. 352.
5 MUAOB JI. B. 0 npHIIHHax B03HHKHOBe-
HHH KpenOCTHHlleCTBa B PoeCHH I I HCTO-
pHH CCCP. 1985. .M 3. C. 179-201.
6 beAReB H. fl. 0 .l10X0.l1ax MoeKoBcKoro
roeY.l1apCTBa. M., 1885, C. 61, 106-108;
OannO-flaHUAeBclCufJ. A. C. OpraHH3a-
UHH npHMoro 06J10>KeHHH B MoeKOBCKOM
roeY.l1apCTBe co BpeMeH CMyTbI .l10 3nOXH
npe06pa30BaHHH. cn6., 1890. C. 229-
232; MUAIOICOB fl. H. CnopHble Bonpoebl
4»HHaHcoBoA nOJlHTHKH MOCKoBcKoro
roeY.l1apCTBa. cn6., 1892. C. 32.
7 Cep2eeBU't B. H. .llpeBHOCTH PYCCKoro
npaBa. cn6., 1903. T. 3. C. 103-114,
355, 361, 364, 365; HUICOAbClCud H. K.
KHpHJlJlO- 5eJ103epcKHA MOHaCTblpb Hero
YCTpoACTBO BO BTOpoA lIeTBepTH XVII B.
(1397 -1625). Cn6., 1910. Bbln. 2.
C. 41-45, 254.
8 BeceAOBClCud C. b. COWHoe nHCbMO.
M., 1916. T. II. C. 440-456.
9 POOICICOB H. A. CeJlbCKoe X03HACTBO
MOCKOBCKOH PYCH B XVI B. M., 1899.
C. 129-201.
10 III anupo A. JI. nepexo.l1 OT nOBbiTHOH
K nOBeHeliHOH CHCTeMe 06J10>KeHHH Kpe-
CTbHH BJla.l1enblieCKHMH nOBHHHOCTHMH I I
E>KerO.l1HHK no arpapHoA HCTOpHH Bo-
CTOIIHOH EBponbi. 1962 r. KHeB, 1970.
C. 208.
II Cep2eeBu't B. H. YKa3. COli. C. 353-354.
12 .ll.llr. C. 74, 88; A<I>3X. 1.J. I, N2 103,
172; AC3H. T. II, N2 383; T. III, N2 53.
12. AC3H. T. II, N2 474; T. III, Ni 158;
ACI>3X, 1.J. III. C. 14-15; KaTaeB, Ka6a-
HOB. N2 43.
13 ACI>3X. 1.J. I, N2 103; AC3H. T. II,
Ni 383.
14 AC3H. T. III, Ni 77; T. II, N2 293;
A<I>3X. 1.J. I, N2 166.
15 AAeICcaHapOB B. A. 06b1I1Hoe npaBO Kpe-
nOCTHoA .l1epeBHH PoeCHH XVIII-HallaJla
XIX B. M., 1984. C. 30-41, 250.
16 CnacclCud H. r. npOHCXO>K.l1eHHe H HCTO-
pHH PYCCKHX ClieTOB I I HCTOpHKo-MaTe-
MaTHlieCKHe HCCJle.l10BaHHH. M., 1952.
Bbln. V. C. 283-302. CUMOHOB P. A.
o BbllIHCJlHTeJlbHOA apH4»MeTHKe I I Ecre-
CTBeHHoHaYIIHble npe.l1CTaBJIeHHH .llpeB-
HeA PYCH. M., 1978. C. 65-71;
BUAeH'tulC b. R. HOBbie .l10Ka3aTeJlbCTBa
cyru.eCTBoBaHHH PyccKoro apxaHliecKoro
a6aKa I I COB. apxeoJlOrHH. 1984. N2 3.
C. 59-65; CUMOHOB P. A. MO.l1eJ1b
HOBrOpO.l1CKOrO .l1eHe>KHOrO a6aKa XV B.
I I BcnOMOraTeJlbHble HCTopHlieCKHe .l1HC-
UHnJlHHbI. JI., 1985. T. XVI. C. 114-123.
17 lfepenHUH JI. B. PYCCKaH MeTpOJlOrHH.
M., 1944. C. 37.
18 AC3H. T. I, Ni 513, 514, 536, 579;
T. I II, N2 348-350, 358, 370, 371, 376,
378-384, 386, 387; A<I>3X. 1.J. I, N2 77;
APr. N2 219, 241; AIO. Ni 235, 243
(I-II), 245. lllYMalCOB C. A. TBepcKHe
aKTbI. TBepb, 1896. C. 153-154.
19 lllanoB R. H. .llpeBHepyccKHe KHH>KeCKHe
YCTaBbi XI-XV BB. M., 1976. C. 176-
178; AC3H. T. III. N2 6.
20 ToponeUKaH KHHra 1540 r. I I AE 3a
1963 r. M., 1964. C. 282.
21 A<I>3X. 1.J. I, .M 201, 205.
22 TaM >Ke. N2 160.
23 AC3H. T. III, Ni 60; ACI>3X. 1.J. II,
.M 178; An.ll. T. I, N2 I; Arp. T. I.
C. 233; rM. ATCJI. KH. 530. n. 119-
129 06.; .llOJIrOBaH KHHra BOJIOKOJIaM-
CKoro MOHaCTblpH. C. 158-159; MaTe-
pHaJlbl no HCTOpHH KpeCTbHH B PYCCKOM
roeY.l1apCTBe XVI B. M., 1955. C. 59.
24-25 CAC. Bbln. I. C. 397. Bbln. 2. C. 300-
475.
26 CTaUleBclCufJ. E. fl. OnbiTbi H3YlleHHH
207

nHCUOBbiX KHHr MOCKOBCKOrO rocY.l1ap-
CTBa XVI B. KHeB, 1907. npHJI. 1W 103;
3anHcKH f5n. M., 1959. Bbln. 21.
C. 205-206.
27 CaMOlCBaCOB 11.. H. APXHBHblH MarepHaJi.
M., 1905. T. I. Or.l1. 2. C. 239-240.
ArpapHaH HCropHH Ceaepo-3ana.l1a.
T. II. C. 11-14.
28 Uf A.lI.A. rK3. 1W 5120; 1.JreHHH OH.lI.P.
1907. KH. 2. Pa3.l1. V. C. 63-64;
AHnuAo2oB r. H. HH>KerOpO.l1CKHe .l10KY-
MeHTbI XVI B. M., 1977. C. 1-66;
nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 731-786; llIYMaKoB.
COTHHUbi. Bbln. 6. C. 1-16, 17-23;
AIO. 1W 230.
29 rOpCKaJl H. A. I MUAOB JI. B. HeKOTOpble
HTOrH H nepCneKTHBbI H3YlleHHH arpapHoi
HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a POCCHH / /
HCTOpHH CCCP. 1982. 1W 2. C. 72-76.
30 BeCeAoBcKutl C. h. Ap3aMaCCKHe nOMe-
CTHbie aKTbI (1578-1618). M., 1915.
Ng 118; .lI.otcyMeHTbI H MaTepHaJlbl no
HCTOpHH Mop.l1oBCKOH ACCP. CapaHcK,
1940. T. I. C. 172-173; nKMf. Or.l1. I.
C. 35; Or.l1. 2. C. 415.
31 UfA.lI.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 643. n. 240;
<1>. 196. KH. 273. n. 75; CnHcoK C nHClI.O-
BOH KHHrH r. CBHH>KCK3. Ka3aHb, 1909.
C. 69. CTaweBcKutl. YKa3. COli. npHJI.
Ng 103.
32 UfA.lI.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 643. n. 240,394,
397, 406 06.; fK3. Ng 6321. CnHcoK
C nHcuoBoH KHHrH r. CBHH>KCKa. C. 69,
121-125; MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH Kpe-
CTbHH B PYCCKOM roeY.l1apCTBe XVI B.
C. 59; A<I>3X. 1.J. I, 1W 166, 205; 1.J. II,
Ng 178.
33 UfA.lI.A. fK3. 1W 7173. n. 11-16 06.,
61-65; f5n. A TCn. KH. 518. n. 438,
440 06.; nKMf. Or.l1. 1. C. 662, 663,
668, 671.
34 MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH KpecTbHH B Poe-
CHH XI-XVII BB. n., 1958. C. 70-73.
35 A<I>3X. q. III. C. 43-47; AA3. T. I.
C. 420-421; nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 731-
750, 893-919; Or.l1. 2. C. 935, 1537-
1549; qTeHHH OH.lI.P. 1902. KH. 2. C. 171.
36 neTonHCb 3aHHTHi Apxeorpacl»HllecKoH
KOMHCCHH. n., 1926. Bbln. 33. C. 193-
200.
37 rOpCKaJl H. A. YpO>KaiHOCTb 3epHOBbiX
KYJlbTYP B ueHTpaJlbHOi lIaCTH PYCCKoro
roey.n.apCTBa B KOHue XVI-HallaJle
XVI I B. / / E>KerO.l1HHK no arpapHoi
HCTOpHH BOCTOIIHOH EBponbi 3a 1961 r.
PHra, 1963. C. 148-164. OHa 3Ite.
3eMJle.l1eJIHe H CKOTOBO.l1CTBO / / ()qepKH
pyccKoi KYJlbTYPbl XVI B. M., 1977.
q. 1. C. 72-73.
38 HHOOBa E. H. YpO>KaH B UeHTpaJlbHOi
208
POCCHH 3a 150 JleT (BTopaH nonoBHHa
XVII-XVIII B.) / / E.erO.l1HHK no
arpapHoH HCTOpHH BOCTO'IHOi EBponbl,
1965 r. M., 1970. C. 144-145.
39 nKMf. Or.l1. 2. C. 291. ToponenKaH
KHHra 1540 r. / / AE 3a 1963 r. C. 317-
357. I1.MuTpueBa 3. B. Op raHH3anHH
OOJlO>KeHHH B KpynHoii MOHaCThlpcKoH
BOTIIHHe B XVI-XVII BB. PyxonHcb
KaH.l1. .l1HC. 1986. C. 81, ern.
40 HOBoceAbeB A. H. I Hawyro B. T. I 'le-
penHUH JI. B. PoeCHH Ha nyntx cJ»eo.l1a-
JlH3Ma. M., 1972. C. 198.
41 Uf A.lI.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 153. n. 435-
509; KH. 175, 643; AHIULA020B r. H.
YKa3. COli. C. 1-66; CAC. Bhln. 2.
C. 6-183; 5eJI03epCKaH e30BaH KHHra
1585 r.; CnHcoK C nHcnoBOi KHHrH
r. CBHH>KCKa. C. 64; HCT. apXHB. 1940.
T. 3. C. 186-187; llIYMaKoB.,0630p.
Bbln. 2. C. 120-123.
42 Uf AJJ.A. <1>. 141. 1680 r. JJ.. 383. n. 85-
99; 1.JreHHH OHJJ.P. 1907. KH. 2. Pa3.l1. V.
C. 63-64; naMe pH3. Nt 47; nKMr.
Or.l1. 2. C. 1541-1549; JJ.HrYAK. 1908.
T. VII. C. 152-158.
43 urAJJ.A. fK3. 1W 5117,5120; AH. T. I,
1W 219; AIO. 1W 104.
44 UfA.lI.A. fK3. 1W 2344; ncpn. M.,
1965. T. 13. C. 384; Arp. T. I. C. 233;
AnJJ.. T. I, Nt I; AH. T. I. 16 218;
P03ItICOB H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 431-433.
45 I1.UOHUCUU. MO>KaicKHe aKTbI. Cn6.,
1892. C. 36-42; A<I>3X. 1.J. III. C. 102;
AA3. T. I. 1W 216, 240.
46 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH Ceaepo-3 ana .l1 a . T. I.
C. 119-123, 142, 144, 175, 212-226;
T. II. C. 105, 178-181, 191-192,
196-197,203-208; T. III. C. 101-109,
137-138; hapawKDBa B. C., I1.MUT-
puesa 3. B., Hpo1COt/Jbesa J1. C. npH-
weKCHHHCKHe e30Bhle .l1BOpnOBhle BOIIOCTH
B XVI B. / / npo6.neMhI HCTOpHH Kpe-
CTbHHCTBa EBponeicKoi qaCTH POCCHH.
nepMb, 1982. C. 48-64; EpMOAaeB H. H.,
JlunalCOB E. B. KpecrbHHe .l1BOpnOBhlx
CeJI Ka3aHcKoro Ye3.l1a B KOHne XVI -
nepBOi nonoBHHe XVII B. / / HCCJleAOBa-
HHH no HCTOpHH KpecrbHHCTBa TaTapHH
.l100KTH6pbCKoro nepHO.l1a. Ka3aHb, 1984.
C. 8-26.
47 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, Nt 178, 198, 295.
48 ur AJJ.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 175. cI». 141.
1680 r. 1W 383. n. 85-99; A<I>3X.
1.J. II, 1W 178; AfP. T. I. C. 233; HCT.
apxHB. 1940. T. 3. C. 186-187; llIJlla-
KOB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 120-123;
nKMr. Or.l1. 2. C. 291, 1541-1549;
AnJJ., 1W I; AIO. Nt 104; CAC. Bhln. 2.
C. 6-177; naMe pH3. 1W 47.

49 6e.II03epcKaH e30BaH KHHra 1585 r.;
A4»3X. II. III. C. 102.
50 ur AJJ.A. rK3. Nt 5120; AHlULA020B F. H.
YKa3. C()II. C. 1-66; llreHHH OH.lI.P.
1907: KH. 2. Pa3A. V. C. 63-64.
51 ur AJJ.A. 4». 1209. KH. 643. JI. 240,
394, 397; KH. 153. JI. 435-509; CnHcoK
C DHC....OBOi KHHrH r. CBHH}I(CKa. C. 64,
121-122.
52 ur AJJ.A. 4». 1209. On. 3. Nt 17237;
HnK. T. V. C. 287, 316; ArpapHaH
HCTOpHH Ce&epo-3anaAa. T. II. C. 106;
T. III. C. 107.
53 urAJJ.A. 4». 1209. KH. 7513. JI. 76 00.,
134 06., 137-140 06. .lI.oK)'MeHTbI H Ma-
repHaJIbi no HcropHH MOPAOBCKOH ACCP.
C. 172-173; .lI.Hry AK. 1908. T. VI I.
C. 152-158.
54 6e.II03epcKaH e30BaH KHHra 1585 r. C. 20.
55 A4»3X. II. II, Nt 198.
56 urA.lI.A. 4». 1209. KH. 175; CTaUU!B-
ClCUil E. 11.. YKa3. COq. Nt 103.
57 A4»3X. q. II. Nt 178. C. 176, 198.
sa AIO. Nt 228; Ben03epcKaH e30BaH KHHra
1585 r. C. 52-00.
59 6e.II03epcKaH e30BaH KHHra 1595 r. C. 53.
60 A4»3X. II. III. C. 125; BeceAOB-
clUlI1 C. B. Ap3aMaccKHe nOMeCTHbie aKTbI
(1578-1618). M., 1915. Nt 6.
61 AnJl.. T. I. Nt 1; CAC. T. 2. C. 6-183.
62 urAJJ.A.4». 141. 1680 r. Nt 383. JI. 85-
99; 4». 1209. KH. 175. JI. 60 06. - 61.
63 ur AJJ.A. 4». 1209. KH. 153. JI. 435-509.
64 A4»3X. II. I. Nt 166; II. II. Nt 178, 198,
295.
65 ur AJJ.A. 4». 1209. KH. 643; nKMf,
OrA. 2. C. 1541-1549; CnHcoK C nHCUO-
BOA KHHrH r. CBHH}I(CKa.
66 ur AJJ.A. rK3. Nt 5120. JI. 5 06. - 7.
67 PoMaHOBlJ F. H. HaHMeHOBaHHe Mep
JUlHHbI B PYCCKOM H3b1Ke. M., 1975.
C. 87-91.
61 TuxoHOB 10. A. nOMelQ.HqbH KpeCTbHHe
B POCCHH. C. 126, 130; FopclClJR H. A.
MOHaCTYpcKHe KpeCTbHHe B XVII &eKe.
M., 1977. C. 200.
· ur AJJ.A. 4».209. KH. 153. JI. 435-509.
70 AM. T. I. II! 223, 2:1>.
71 ur AJJ.A. rK3. 1W 11861. JI. 5-8; llIy-
.aKOB. 0630p. BbiD. 2. C. 120-123;
urAJJ.A. 4». 141. 1680 r. JI. 90.
72 ur AJJ.A. 4». 1209, KH. 175.
73 POCCHH. nOllHoe reorpa«j)HqecKoe onHca-
HHe Hamero areqecTBa / nOA peA.
B. n. CeMeHOBa. Cn6., 1902. T. II.
C. 305. .
74 urAJJ.A. 4». 141. 1680 r. Nt 383. JI. 85,
99;A06 F. H. YKa3. COq. C. 1-66;
Jl.Hry AK. 1908. T. 7. C. 132-138;.
A4»3X. II. II. Nt 178.
75 Uf A.lI.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 175. JI. 22-2206.
76 TaM >Ke. JI. 91-92 06., 84 06.-85.
77 5eJ103epCKaH e30BaH KHHra 1585 r.
C. 107, 29, 48, 58; AIO. N! 228.
78 BapaUlKOBa B. C., IlMuTpueBa 3. B.,
npo1COt/JbeBa JI. C. YKa3. COli. C. 50, 52.
79 BeJl03epCKaH e30BaH KHHra 1585 r.
C. 17-19, 96.
80 ur A.lI.A. <1>. 141. 1680 r. N! 383. JI. 88,
89, 92.
81 .lI.HrYAK. 1908. T. VII. C. 157.
82 AH. T. I. Nt 171.
83 ur A.lI.A. fK3. Nt 11861. JI. 7 06. - 8.
84 An.ll.. T. I, Nt 1. C. 5.
85 urA.lI.A. fK3. Nt 11861.
85a TaM }l(e.
86 FopclClJR H. A. MOHaCTblpCKHe KpeCTbHHe
UeHTpaJlbHOii POCCHH. C. 84-206.
340-341.
87 urA.lI.A. 4». 1209. KH. 175.
88 CAC. Bbln. 2. C. 83, 96, 98, 121, 131, 132,
89 ur A.lI.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 175. JI. 23-2506.
90 BeceAoBclCuil C. B. MOHaCTblpcKoe 3eM-
JleBJIaAeHHe B MOCKOBCKOii PYCH 80 81'0-
poi nonoBHHe XVI B. / / HCT. 3an. 1.941.
T. 10.
91 P03ItICOB H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 402; 3u-
MUH A. A. KpynHaH «j)eo.l1aJlbHaH BOTIIHHa.
M., 1977. C. 185-188; HBUHa /1. H.
KpynHaH BOTqHHa CeBepo-BOCToIiHOH
PYCH KOHua XVI - nepBoH nOJlOBHHbI
XVII B. JI., 1979. C. 196.
92 BaCUAbeB 10. C. ArpapHble OTHoweHHH
B nOMOpbe XVI-XVII BB. CblKTblBKap,
1979. C. 68.
93 AA3. T. I. C. 425.
94 nKMr. Or.l1. 1. C. 391-608.
95 AC3H. T. III. Nt 60; .lI.OJIrOBaH KHHra
BonoKonaMcKoro MOHaCTblpH. C. 158-
159; MarepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH KpeCTbHH
B PYCCKOM rocY.l1apCTBe XVI B. C. 59.
96 A<I>3X. II. I, Nt 205.
97 rBJI. KH. 518. JI. 438 06. - 440 06.;
A4»3X. 1.J. III. C. 248, 267, 287-288;
BXK. 1983. BbiTHbie KHHrH, XJle6Hble
OOPOqHHKH H nepenHcHaH KHHra BOTIIHH
KHpHJlJlo-Ben03epcKoro MOHacTblpH.
C. 417-418.
98 A4»3X. 1.J. II I. C. 153, 224-225.
99 ur A.lI.A. fK3. Nt 9703; COUHaJlbHO-
npaBoBoe nonO}l(eHHe ceBepHoro Kpe-
CTbHHCTBa: (.lI.OCOBeTCKHH nepHoJ].). Bo-
JlorAa, 1981. C. 183; mYMaKOB C. A.
ConbBblqerOAcKHe COTHHUbi 7094 r. M.,
1905. C. 8-10.
100 HCTOpHqecKHe MarepHaJlbl, rpaMOTbi H
aKTbI BHTCKoro Y cneHCKoro TpH«I»oHoBa
MOHaCTblpH 1580-1764 rr. BHTKa, 1906,
C. 11-13. llIYMaKoB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 5.
C. 56.
209

101 A<I>3X. 4. II, Nt 347, 376; ,LlOJIrOBaH
KHHra BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH.
C. 158.
102 Uf A,LlA. <1>. 1209. KH. 643. JI. 240,
394-424; HBaHoB 10. H. <l>eO.l1aJlbHble
nOBHHHoeTH KpecTbHHcTBa B BOTIIHHe
Ka3aHcKoro apxHepeAcKoro .l10Ma BO
BTOpoA nOJlOBHHe XVI-nepBoA lIeT-
BepTH XVII BeKa / / HCCJle.l10BaHHH
no HCTOpHH KpecTbHHcTBa TaTapHH o-
OKTH6pbCKoro nepHO.l1a. Ka3aHb, 1984.
C. 29-30.
103 Uf A,LlA. fK3. Nt 6431; IllYMaKoB.
COTHHUbi. Bbln. 6. C. 1-27.
104 nKMf. OT.l1. I. C. 731-786; IllYMa-
KOB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 6. C. 1-12.
105 nCPJI. T. 34. C. 207.
106 nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 655-659; Or.l1. 2.
C. 1-23.
107 fHM OPe <1>. YBapOBa. KH. 475.
JI. 280 06. - 281 06., 310 06. - 311,
315; UfA,LlA. fK3. Nt 7123. JI. 88-95.
108 nKMf. Or.l1. 2. C. 36-39.
109 AC3H. T. I, Nt 594; A<I>3X. 4. II,
Nt 205.
110 AC3H. T. I, Nt 628.
III AC3H. T. III, Nt 60.
112 ,LlOJIrOBaH KHHra BOJIOKOJIaMCKOrO
MOHaCTblpH. C. 158-159.
113 A <l>3X. 4. I, Nt 205; Uf A,LlA. <1>. 1209.
KH. 643. JI. 404-420; CnHCOK C nHCUO-
BOH KHHrH r. CBHH>KCKa. C. 117-124;
MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH KpeCTbHH B pyc-
CKOM roeY.l1apCTBe XVI B. C. 59; rpe-
ICOB B. 0.. KpeCTbHHe Ha PYCH. M.,
1954. T. II. C. 52.
114 f5JI. A TCJI. KH. 518. JI. 438 06.-
440; Uf A,LlA. fK3. Nt 7173. JI. 11-16
06.; 61-65.
115 fK3. Nt 9703; HCTopHliecKHe MaTe-
pHaJlbl, rpaMOTbi H aKTbI BHTcKoro
Y cneHCKoro TpH4»oHoBa MOHaCTblpH.
C. 11-13.
116 MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH KpeCTbHH
B PoeCHH XI-XVII B. C. 70-73.
117 MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH KpeCTbHH B pYC-
CKOM roeY.l1apCTBe XVI B. C. 59.
118 rpeIC08 B. 0.. KpeCTbHHe Ha PYCH. T. II.
C. 52.
119 PH5. T. 32, Nt 142.
120 CnHCOK C nHCUOBoA KHHrH r. CBHH>KCKa.
C. 117-124.
121 JIOHH. K. 41. Nt 67; f5JI. A TCJI.
KH. 518. JI. 84 06 - 85; UfA,LlA.
fK3. Nt IS04, 8886.
122 A<I>3X. 4. I,Nt 223.
123 TUXOHOB 10. A. <l>eo.l1aJlbHaH peHTa
B PoeCHH (KoHeu XVI - nepBaH nOJIO-
BHHa XVI I B.) / / Bonp. HCTOpHH 1972.
Nt 10.
210
124 nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 742.
125 TaM >Ke. C. 750, 741, 744, 745,
747. B cOBeTcKoA HCTopHliecKoA HaYKe
CJlO>KHJlaCb Tpa.l1HUHH no.l1 epMHHoM
cKOMnJleKC:' nOHHMaTb CeJlO (HeCKOJIbKO
CeJI), C cTHHYlllHMHCH:' K HeMY .l1epeB-
HHMH. 3T0 06oe06J1eHHaH B a.l1MHHHCTpa-
THBHO-X03HACTBeHHoM nJiaHe lIaCTb HMe-
HHH.
126 IllYMaKOB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 6. C. 4.
127 nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 896.
128 4TeHHH OH,LlP. 1902. KH. 2. C. 151-
182.
129 nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 54, 58, 62-66,
70, 83, 278-280.
130 TaM >Ke. C. 611. Or.l1. II. C. 15-19.
131 AA3. T. I, Nt 348 (II, III);
nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 86-95.
132 nKMf. Or.l1. 2. 1-8. C. 418-420.
133 BXK. 1978. C. 112.
134 BXK. 1983. C. 358-433.
135 TaM >Ke. C. 406-408, 416-417.
136 IllYMaKOB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 6. C. 1-
12.
137 Py6U,OB M. K MaTepHaJiaM J],JIH
uepKOBHoA H 6b1TOBOA HCTOpHH TBep-
CKoro KpaH B XV-XVI BB. CTapHua,
1905. Bbln. 2. C. 41.
138 MUA08 JI. B., BYA2aICoB M. B., rap-
CKOBa H. M. 06 3KoHoMHllecKoA CTPYK-
Type nOMeCTbH H BOTIIHHbI HallaJia
XVII B.: (OnbiT KOJlHlleCTB. aHaJlH-
3a) II POCCHH Ha nYTHX ueHTpaJlH3a-
UHH. M., 1982. C. 125-146.
139 AE 3a 1963 r. C. 317-357.
140 TaM >Ke. C. 330; Uf A,LlA. <1>. 1209.
KH. 643. JI. 244-249, 253-254.
141 CaMOICBaCOB 0.. R. YKa3. COli. M.,
1905. T. I. Or.l1. 2. C. 239-240.
142 f5JI. ATCJI. KH. 530. JI. 119-
12006.; KH. 518. JI. 330; A TCJI. Nt 332;
naMe pH3. Nt 45, 79, 82; A<I>3X. 4. II.
Nt 256, 282, 286, 318, 338, 342, 343;
nKMf. Or. 2. C. 1549; C6. MyxaHoBa.
Nt 348.
143 APf. Nt 172, 193, 196, 211, 212,
259; A<I>3X. 4. II. Nt 248,274; 4TeHHH
OH,LlP. 1848. KH. 3. C. 36; 1916.
KH. 2. C. 15; IllYMaKoB. COTHHUbi.
Bbln. 5. C. 27. Uf A,LlA. fK3. Nt 3773,
10259, 15170; f5JI. ATCJI. Nt 283.
KH. 520. JI. 141 06. - 143; POOICICOB H. A.
YKa3. COli. C. 129-130.
144 POOICIC08 H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 176-
177, 180.
145 f5JI. A TCJI. KH. 531. no CY3.l1aJlIO
Nt 5.
146 Ellle B 1962 r. H BblCTynHJla npOTHB
CToAKO 6b1TOBaBWero B JlHTepaType ToA

nopbl npeACTaBJIeHHH 06- H3>KHBaHHH
XOJlOnCTBa B XV-XVI BB. B lIaCTHOCTH,
nOAp06Ho 6b1J1H paCCMOTpeHbI CTaTbH
o xOJIonax CYAe6HHKa 1497 H 1550 rr.,
KOTopble 06b1I1HO npHBOAHJlH B KalleCTBe
aprYMeHTa, HK06b1 nOATBep>KAalOlllero
Te3HC 06 H3>KHBaHHH XOJIOnCTBa. Ta >Ke
TOIiKa 3peHHH 6b1J1a nOBTopeHa MHOIO
B MOHorpa4»HH H pa3BHTa B CneUHaJlb-
HoA pa6OTe, B KOTOpblX Ha OCHOBe 4»YH-
AaMeHTaJlbHblX pa60T B. H. JIeHHHa H
COBeTCKOA HCTopHorpa4»HH AeJlaJlCH
BbiBOA 06 Y AHBHTeJlbHOA c>KHByqeCTH»
pa6cTBa Hero MOAH4»HKaUHA, CYllle-
CTBYlOlllHX npH Bcex aHTarOHHCTHlieCKHX
4»opMaUHHX. K MOHorpa4»HH npHJlO>KeH
nepelleHb, YKa3b1BalOlllHA Ha CneUHaJlH-
3aUHIO XOJIOnOB B XV-XVI B. B XVI B.
HClle3JI0 nOJIHoe XOJlOnCTBO, HOCHBwee
KpaAHHe lIepTbi YHHIIH>KHTeJlbHOCTH, HO
B3aMeH ocI»OpMHJlOCb H pa3BHJlOCb
AOKJIaAHoe H Ka6aJlbHoe XOJIOnCTBO.
(KoAbl'leBa E. H. nOJlHble H AOKJIaAHble
rpaMOTbi XV-XVI B. / / AE 3a 1961 r.
M., 1962. C. 54-55, 62; OHa 3ICe. Xo-
JlOnCTBO H KpenOCTHHlleCTBo. ( KOHeu
XV-XVI B.) M., 1971. OHa 3ICe.
HeKoTopble npOOJleMbi pa6CTBa H 4»eoAa-
JlH3Ma B TpYAax B. H. JIeHHHa H COBeT-
cKoA HCTOpHorpa4»HH. / / AKTyaJlbHble
np06J1eMbi HCTOpHH POCCHH 3nOXH 4»eo-
AaJlH3Ma. M., 1970. C. 120-147).
n03TOMY YAHBJlHeT BblcTynJleHHe
B. M. Bop06beBa, KOTOpblA Bcex CBOHX
npeAwecTBeHHHKoB npHIIHCJlHeT K CTO-
pOHHHKaM TeopHH 06 H3>KHBaHHH xOJlon-
CTBa. (Bopo6beB B. M. H3>KHBaJlOCb
JlH XOJIOnCTBO B nOMeCTbHX CeBepo-3a-
naAa POCCHH cepeAHHbI XVII-HallaJla
XVIII BeKa. / / HCT. CCCP. 1983. N2 4).
147 ur A,LlA. fK3. N2 15170; nKMf.
OrA. 2. C. 1549; f5JI. A TCJI. KH. 530.
no MocKBe. JI. 119-120 06.
148 Uf A,LlA. fK3. N2 6320; A<I>3X.
1.J. IV. N2 177.
149 A<I>3X. 1.J. III. C. 141-142, 143, 323;
1.J. IV. N2 98.
150 BeceAoBclCUiJ. C. D. Ap3aMaCCKHe
nOMeCTHbie aKTbI. .M 14.
151 C60pHHK AOKYMeHTOB no HCTOpHH
CCCP AJIH ceMHHapCKHX H npaKTH-
lIeCKHX 3aHHTHA: (nepHOA 4»eoAaJlH3Ma) .
1.J. III. XVI BeK / nOA peA. A. M. Ca-
xapOBa. M., 1972. C. Ill. (ny6J1HKaUHH
B. ,Ll. Ha3apOBa).
152 nKMf. OrA. 2. C. 662, 663, 668,
671.
153 llIYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 127-
136.
154 KOnaHeB A. H. HCTOpHH 3eMJleBJIa-
AeHHH 5eJ103epCKoro KpaH XV-XVI BB.
M., JI., 1951. C. 127; 3UMUH A. A.
OnpHIIHHHa HBaHa fp03Horo. M., 1964.
C. 274, 279-280.
165 llIYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 154-
163.
156 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3a-
naAa. T. III. C. 27.
157 BXK. 1983. C. 382-383, 386-387.
158 nKMf. OrA. 2. C. 464, 469.
159 CadUICoB fl. A. OllepKH no HCTOpHH
onpHIIHHHbI. M.; JI., 1950. C. 227-232.
160 Kopeu,ICuiJ. B. H. npaBaH rpaMOTa
TpoHue-CeprHeBY MOHaCTblplO 1618 r.
/ / 3anHcKH OP f5JI. M., 1959. Bbln. 21.
C. 205-206; llIYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2.
C. 318-323; CaduICOB fl. A. YKa3.
COli.; ,LloKYMeHTbI. N2 23.
161 llIYMaKoB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 5.
C. 50-57; COUHaJlbHO-npaBoBoe nOJlo-
>KeHHe ceBepHoro KpeCTbHHCTBa. Bo-
JlorAa, 1981. C. 167-168 (ny6J1HKaUHH
10. C. BaCHJlbeBa, H. n. BOCK060AHH-
KOBOH) .
162 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3anaAa.
T. II. C. 14. .
163 AH. T. I. N2 217; 5eJ103epCKaH
e30BaH KHHra 1585 r. C. 20, 170, 181,
183. Kopeu,ICuiJ. B. H. npaBaH rpaMOTa.
C.211.
164 CAC. Bbln.. I. C. 444, 463, 467,
485; Uf A,LlA. <1>. 1209.,Ll. 1126. JI. 31-
46.
165 AE 3a 1963 r. C. 288-316;
CTaweBcICuu E. 0.. YKa3. COli. oM 102.
166 UfA,LlA, fK3. N2 6319, 6321;
CTaweBcICuiJ. E. 0.. YKa3. COli. N2 102.
103; CaduICoB fl. A. YKa3. COli.; .lI.OKY-
MeHTbI N2 23; Uf A.lI.A. <1>. 196. KH.
273. JI. 73.
167 Kopeu,ICuiJ. B. H. npaBaH rpaMOTa.
C. 205-209; llIYMaKoB. 0630p. Bbln. 2
C. 154-163; CadulCOB fl. A. YKa3. COli.
,LloKYMeHTbI N2 23; 5eJ103epCKaH e30BaH
KHHra 1585 r. C. 182-183; COUHaJlb-
Ho-npaBoBoe nOJlO>KeHHe ceBepHoro Kpe-
CTbHHCTBa. C. 167-168; CAC. Bbln. I.
C. 397; Bbln. 2. C. 301-475.
168 .
UfA,LlA. <1>. 1209. ,Ll. 1126. JI. 31-
46.
169 KonaHeB A. H. KYPOCTpOBCKHe
CT0JI6ubI XVI B. / / CAC. Bbln. I.
C. 398-431. OH 3ICe. 0 COOTHoweHHH
rocYAapCTBeHHblx H BOJIOCTHbiX nJlaTe-
>KeA lIepHocowHblX KpecTbHH 40-x rOAOB
XVI B. / / E>KerOAHHK no arpapHoA
HCTOpHH BOCTOIIHOA EBponbi 3a 1968 r.
JI., 1972.
170 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a.
T. III. C. 28-36, 180-183.
211

J7J CAC. Bhln. 2. C. 153-290.
172 Cpe3HeBClCUU H. H. M3TepH3J1b1
J],JIH CJlOB3pH .llpeBHepYCCKOrO H3b1K3.
Cn6., 1895. T. II.
173 POCCHHCKOe 33KOHO.ll3TeJ1bCTBO X-
XX BeKOB: 33KOHO.ll3TeJlbCTBO J{peBHeH
PYCH. M., 1984. T. I. C. 251, 334.
174 AC3H. T. I, Nl 29, 115, 237, 289,
345, 400, 458, 518, 575, T. III, 1W 65,
238, 269, 491.
175 AC3H. T. I. 1W 215, 239, 333,
337, 376, 435, 576; T. III. 1W 24, 25,
88, 94.
176 UfA.lI.A. <1>. 196, 1W 237. JI. 62-
71; .lI.OJIrOB3H KHHr3 ,BOJIOK0JI3MCKOro
MOH3CTblpH. C. 158-159; M3repHaJlbI
no HcrOpHH KpecTbHH B PyCCKOM ro-
CY.ll3pcrBe XVI B. C. 59.
177 llIYM3KOB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 127-
136; A<I>3X. 4. II, 1W 178; AfP. T. I.
C. 233; AE 33 1963 r. C. 317-356.
178 BXK. 1983. C. 306.
179 AC3H. T. III. 1W 189; APf. 1W 18;
AH. T. I,  137. AKTbI IOWKOB3. 1W 75;
AA3. T. I. 1W 183.
180 l1l.eneToB K. H. CeJlbCKoe X03HHCTBO
B BOTqHH3X HOCH«I»O- BOJIOK0JI311CKOro
MOH3CTblpH B KOHue XVI B. / / Hcr.
33n. 1948. T. 18. C. 144-147; Kaw-
TaHOB C. M. K npo6JleMe npOHCXOJKAe-
HHH «I»eo.ll3J1bHOrO HMMYHHTeT3 / / H3yq.
.llOKJI. BbiCW. WK. HCT. H3YKH. 1959.
 4. C. 106-121.
181 BXK. 1978. C. 1-7.
182 A<I>3X. 4. II, 1W 435.
183 BXK. 1978. C. 114-117.
184 Uf A.lI.A. rK3.  6431; Py6'40B M.
YKa3. COli. C. 45-48. ·
185 .
llIYM3KoB. COTHHltbi. Bbln. 6. C. 9-
10; nKMf. Or.ll. 1. C. 896; OrA. 2.
C. 78; AA3. T. I. 1W 307.
186 Uf A.lI.A. <1>. 1209. KH. 175. JI. 86.
r..aaa III
I nOCJI3HHH HOCH«I»3-BOJIOU KOrO / nOArOT.
TeKcr3 A. A. 3HMHH3 H 51. C. JIYPbe. M.;
n., 1959. C. 183, 195, 196, 225, 226, 229,
230; 3UMUH A. A. KpynH3a «I»eoA3J1bH3H
BOTIIHH3 H COUH3J1bHO-nOJlHTHQecK3H
60pb63 B POCCHH (KoHeu XV-XVI B.).
M., 1977. C. 246-250, 276-280; Cu-
HU'4blHa H. B. HecTH>K3TeJ1bCTBO H Pyc-
CK3H np3B0CJI3BH3H uepKoBb XIV-XVI
BeKOB / / PeJlHrHH MHp3: HCTOpHH H co-
BpeMeHHOCTb, 1983. M., 1983.
2 nOCJI3HHH HB3H3 fp03Horo / nO.llrOT.
TeKCT3 .lI.. C. JIHX3QeB3 H 51. c. JIYPbe.
M.; JI., 1951. C. 15, 22, 27, 76, 87, 213.
3 BeceAOBCICUU C. B. MOH3CTblpcKoe 3e1l-
JleBJI3.lleHHe B MOCKOBCKOH PyCH BO BTO-
212
poii nOJlODHHe XVI D. / / Hcr. 3ao. M.,
1943, C. 95-116.
4 KaWTaHOB C. M. HTorH «I»HH3HCOBOH no-
JlHTHKH B PYCCKOM rOCY.ll3pcTBe K cepe-
.llHHe XVI B. / HCT. CCCP. 1985. Nl 4.
C. 118-131; OH "'e. OrMeH3 T3pX3HOB
B POCCHH B Cepe.llHHe XVI B. / / Hcr.
CCC P. 1986. Nl 6. C. 40-60.
5 POCCHHCKoe 33KOHO.ll3TeJlbCTBO X- XX Be-
KOB: 33KOHO.ll3TeJ1bCTBO nepHOA3 OOp33o-
B3HHH H YKpenJIeHHH PyCCKoro lteHTp8JIH-
30B3HHoro rOCY.ll3pCTB3. M., 1985.
C. 373-374.
6 T3M >Ke. C. 271, 353.
7 T3M >Ke. C. 275, 373.
8 T 3M >Ke. C. 270, 350.
9 T3M >Ke. C. 352, 353, 376-378.
10 KawTaHOB C. M. <l>HH3HCOB8H nonHTHKa
nepHoA3 OnpHQHHHbI / / POttBa Ba nynrx
ueHTp3J1H33UHH. M., 1982. C. 77-89.
II A<I>3X. 4. II. 1W 302.
12 H3BecTHO nHTb OOP()llHO-HecyAIIIIYX rp3-
MOT, BbI.ll3HHhlX B HHB3pe 1534 r. (ACI»3X.
1.J. II, 1W 130, 131, 133-135). B03MO>KHO,
nHCeU.llOnyeTHJI onHcKY B KOJIHQecTBe rp3-
MOT, H3nHC3B weCTb BMeCTO nHTH. O.llH3
ero OWH6K3 OOH3PYJKHB3eTCH CP33Y:
.l13-ry nepeyrBepJKAeHHH 3KTOB HB3-
HOM IV OH H311eHHJI H3 AecHTHJleTHe-
7069 r. BMecTO 7059.
13 3UMUH A. A. 0 .l1HnJlOM3THKe >KaJlOB3H-
HbiX rp3MOT HOCH«I»O-BOJIOKon3I1CKOro
MOH3CTblpH XVI B. / / AKTOBOe HCTOQ-
HHKOBeAeHHe. M., 1979. C. 175.
14 A<I>3X. 4. 11., 1W 261.
15 T3M JKe. 1W 136; KaUlTaHOB C. M. Co-
UH3J1bHo-nOJlHTHQecK3H HCTOpHH POCCHH
KOHU3 XV -nepBOH nOJlOBHHbI XVI B. M.,
1967. C. 290, 292; OH »:e. QqepKH Pyc-
CKOH AHnJlOIl3THKH. M., 1970. C. 57; 3u-
MUH A. A. 0 AHnJlOM3THKe... C. 171.
16 A<I>3X. 1J. II, 1W 87, 103.
17 BXK. 1980. C. 8, 54.
18 npn. Bbln. IV. C. 532; K06puH B. B.
BJl3CTb H COOCTBeHHOCTb B CpeAHeBeKO-
BOH POCCHH. M., 1985. C. 84--88.
19 BXK. 1980. C. 5, 72, 76, 78, 79, 108, 113,
116.
20 T3M >Ke. C. 61,114,115,117.
21 Ac1»3X. 4. II. 1W 290, 296, 302 (C. 318),
311.
22 KawTaHOB C. M. QqepKH PycCKoA AHn-
JlOM3THKH. C. 217.
23 T3M >Ke. C. 160.
24 BXK. 1980. C. 17-18, 93-94.
25 BXK. 1978. C. 1-14.
26 BXK. 1978. C. 18-38.
27 BXK. 1979. C. 289-290.
28 T3M >Ke. C. 72.
29 BXK. 1980. C. 116.

30 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. PoeCHH nOCJIe OnpHII-
HHHbI. JI., 1975. C. 5-7.
31 TaM >Ke. C. 22, 32, 38, 39.
32 TaM >Ke. C. 13-14.
33 BXK. 1980. C. 22; A<I>3X. 1.J. II, .M 360,
362, 367.
34 OnHCb apXHBa noeOJlbCKOrO npHKa3a
1626 r. M., 1977. 1.J. I. C. 91.
35 III MUOT C. O. 0 nOCJIaHHH HBaHa fp03-
Horo B KHpHJlJlo-5eJ1oaepCKHH MO-
HaCTblpb: (nOCTaHoBKa Bonpoea) / /
TO.l{PJI. T. 24. c.. 163-166.
36 nOCJlaHHH HBaRa fp03HOr0. M.; JI.,
1951. C. 162-192.
37 OnHCb apXHBa nOCOJlbCKOrO npHKa3a.
C. 258.
38 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. YK3!3. COli'. C. 16-17.
39 OnHCb apXHBa. nOCOJlbCKOrO npHKa3a.
C. 315-316.
40 CTpoeB n. M. CnHCOK HepapXOB H Hac-
TOHTeJleH M0fI3C'FblpeH PoceWHCKOH uepK-
BH. Cn6., 1877.
41 T OACTOU 10. B. llepBbIe COp OK JleT CHO-
weHHH lIe1K,AY POCCHeH H AHrJlHeH
1553-1593 F. CII6., 1875. C. 181-
182, 186-188.
42 BOpOHq080 /1. ll- BKJIa,AHaH KHHra cep-
nYXOBCKOro BhlCOItKOrO MOHaCTblpH. M_,
1898. C. 9, 19. 20.
43 urA,ltA. fK3. N 7172.
44 ncpn. M., 1978. T. 34. C. 205.
45 ropceiJ P.. 3anHCKH 0 MOCKOBHH XVI B.
Cn6., 1909. C. 30-31; CPAeT'Iep 11-
o rocYJl.apCTBe PYCCKOM. CntL, 1906.
C. 50.
46 KaWTlJIWB C. M. OllepKH ,AHIUlOllaTHKH.
C. 150-217.
47 CtepblHHUICOB P. r. YKa3. COII_ C. 33-39.
48 CeSOCTbRHOBa A. A. 3anHCKH JI.}I(epOMa
fopceH 0 POCCHH B KOHue XVI-HallaJle
XVII B. / / Bonpoebl HCTopHorpa4»HH H
HCTOIIHHKOBe,AeHHH OTellecTBeHHoH HCTO-
pHH. C60pHHK TPY.llOB MrnH HM. B. H.
JIeHHHa. M., 1974. C. 97.
49 BXK. 1980. C. 122; A<I>3X. 1.J. II,.M 298,
362, 367.
50 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, N 367. HawH 01TOIIHH
B npHBe,AeHHOM OTpblBKe He HMelOT HHKa-
Koro OTHoweHHH I< ,Ae4»eKTHbiM MecTaM.
51 KaUlTaHOB C. M. OllepKH. C. 150-217.
52 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, N 316, 334, 339, 354, 359.
53 TaM >Ke. .M 369.
54 BXK. 1978. C. 29.
55 Pa3pH,AHaH KHHra 1475-1598. M., 1966.
C. 292, 306.
56 BXK. 1980. C. 138.
57 TaM >Ke. C. 150.
58 npaKTHKa oeB060>K,AeHHH HeKOTopblX MO-
HaCTblpeH OT HMIIY>KHOrO ,AeJla H nOJlOHH-
HHIIHblX ,AeHer HMeJla MeCTO B >KaJlOBaH-
HbiX rpaMOTax 70-x rO,AOB. (KaUlTa-
HOB C. M. OllepKH PYCCKOH ,AHnJlOMa-,
THKH. C. 154-156, 166),
59 BXK. 1980. C. 153, 157, 163, 173.
60 BeceAoBclCutl C. D. <l>eo,AaJlbHoe 3eMJle-
BJla,AeHHe B CeBepo-BOCToIiHOH PYCH. M.;
JI., 1947. C. 103.
61 nyreweCTBHe PYCCKHX nOCJIOB XVI-
XVII BB. M.; JI., 1954. C. 144; JIOHH.
<1>. 174. On. I. .M 438; lfaeB H. C. K Bon-
poey 0 CblCKe H npHKpenJleHHH KpecTbHH
B MOCKOBCKOM roeY,AapCTBe B KOHue
XVI B. / / HCT. 3an. 1940. T. 6.
62 Kopeu,lCuu B. H. 3aKpenOlll.eHHe KpeCTb-
HH H KJIaCCOBaH 60pb6a B POCCHH BO
BTOpOH nOJlOBHHe XVI BeKa. M., 1970.
C. 93-96.
63 BXK. 1980. C. 189, 193, 203.
64 HUICOAbCICUU H. K. KHpHJlJlo-5eJ103ep-
CKHH MOHaCTblpb Hero YCTPOHCTBO BO
BrnpOH lIeTBepTH XVII B. Cn6., 1910.
T. I, Bbln. 2. npHJI. C. CCXXII.
65 CPAOpll D. H. BOHHa Me>K,AY POCCHeH H
PeliblO noenOJlHTOH Ha 3aKJIIOIIHTeJlbHOM
3Tane JIHBOHCKOH BOHHbI H BHYTpeHHHH
nOJlHTHKa HBaHa IV / / Bonp. HCTOpHO-
rpa4»HH H HCTOIIHHKOBe,AeHHH CJlaBHHO-
repMaHCKHX OTHoweHHH. M., 1973. C. 198,
199. MHeHHH 06 OTMeHe TapxaHoB paHee
1584 r. npH,Aep>KHBaeTCH H C. M. Kaw-
TaHOB, HO HeH3BeCTHa CHCTeMa ero ,AOKa-
3aTeJlbCTB.
66 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. YKa3. COli. C. 79-81.
67 BXK. 1978. C. 28-48.
68 lfepenHUH JI. B. YKa3. COli. C. 130-131.
69 Uf A,LlA. <1>. 1203. KH. I. JI. 775 06.-
776.
70 Cff,Ll. 1.J. I, N 200.
71 Cpe3HeBCICUU H. H. MaTepHaJlbl J],JIH CJlO-
BapH .llPeBHepYCCKoro H3b1Ka. Cn6.,
1895. T. II. C. 258.
72 Cff,Ll. 1.J. I, N 182, 189, 192, 193, 196.
73 BXK. 1980. C. 148, 174.
74 TaM >Ke. C. 156, 175, 178.
75 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. YKa3. COli. C. 72-73.
76 CM. rJl. IV.
77 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. YKa3. COli. C. 74.
3UMUH A. A. KpynHaH 4»eo,AaJlbHaH BOT-
IIHHa. C. 183.
78 Cff,Ll. 1.J. I, N 182, 189.
79 TaM >Ke. .M 196.
80 TaM >Ke. N 192.
8" TaM >Ke. N 182, 183.
82 AH. T. I, N 173.
83 MaHblCOB A. r. Y JlO>KeHHe 1649 r.-
KO,AeKC 4»eo,AaJlbHOrO npaBa PoeCHH. JI.,
1980. C. 195-198.
84 BeceAOBCICUU C. D. <l>eo,AaJlbHoe 3eMJle-
BJla,AeHHe B CeBepo-BOCToIiHOH PYCH.
C. 99. 3UMUH A. .A. HCTopHKo-npaBoBoH
213

0630p CBOJJ.HOrO CYJJ.e6HHKa / / npn.
Bbln. IV. C. 559-560. lllMuoT C. O.
CTaHOBJIeHHe PoecHAcKoro caMoJJ.ep>KaB-
CTBa. M., 1973. C. 183.
85 CPAOpR b. H. YKa3. COli. C. 185. ClCpblH-
HUICOB P. r. YKa3. COli. C. 69-70.
86 KaWTaHOB. xn. 2.
87 urA,LlA. <1>. 1203. On. 2. .N'9 I; On. I.
KH. I, JI. 423-429.
88 BXK. 1978. C. 28-38.
89 BpeMeHHHK MOI1,LlP. M., 1850. KH. 6.
C. 27, 44, 65, 69, 116. npHHOWY HCKpeH-
HIOIO npH3HaTeJlbHOCTb 5. H. <l>Jlope, JlIO-
6e3HO YKa3aBweMY MHe Ha ynoMHHaHHe
CTapxaHH» B onHcaHHH SO-x rOJJ.OB.
90 BXK. 1977. C. 29.
91 POOICICOB H. A. CeJlbCKoe X03HHCTBO Moe-
KOBCKOH PYCH B XVI B. M., 1899. C. 266-
269. ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a
PoeCHH. T. II. C. 284.
92 KaWTaHOB. xn. 2. Hi 1039, 1049.
93 TaM >Ke. Hi 647, 1004.
94 TaM >Ke. Hi 649, 650, 781, 784, 850,
862, 871, 872, 909, 910, 913.
95 TaM >Ke. Hi 1035. xn. I. Hi 194.
96 A<I>3X. 1.J. III. C. 29-31, 36-37,360-
362.
97 TaM >Ke. 1.J. II, Hi 302, 367.
98 ,LlpeBHepOCCHAcKaH BHBJlHo4»HKa. npHJI.
1.J. VII. C. 170.
99 Crr,Ll. 1.J. I, Hi 202.
100 OnHcb apxHBa nOCOJlbCKOrO npHKa3a
1626 r. C. 68.
101 byzaHoB B. H., Kopeu,lCull B. H. YKa3.
COli. C. 152-153.
102 Crr,Ll. 1.J. II, Hi 140. C. 298.
103 TaM >Ke. Hi 138. CpaBHH: .N'9 59.
104 ur A,LlA. rK3. Hi 5120.
105 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. YKa3. COli. C. 73.
106 ur A,LlA. rK3. Hi 1892. B TeKCTe yno-
Tpe6J1eHO TaK>Ke Bblpa>KeHHe cno YJlO-
>KeHHIO uapH 50pHca». OJJ.HaKo HCXOJ1H
H3 CMblCJla TeKCTa HeT oCHoBaHHA CQH-
TaTb, liTO noJJ. CYJlO>KeHHeM» 3JJ.eCb
nOJJ.pa3YMeBaeTCH He e.l1H HHII Hoe, pa30-
Boe BOJIeH3'bHBJleHHe, a HOBbiA KOJJ.eKC
3eMJleBJIa.l1eJ1blleCKOro npaBa.
107 3UMUH A. A. KpynHaH 4»eoJJ.aJlbHaH BOT-
IIHHa. C. 211.
108 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, Hi 393.
109 TaM >Ke. Hi 370, 377.
110 TaM >Ke. Hi 429.
III 3UMUH A. A. KpynHaH 4»eo.l1aJlbHaH BOT-
IIHHa. C. 211-220.
112 P03ICoeCTBeHClCull C. B. CJlY>KHJloe 3eM-
JleBJIaJJ.eHHe B MoeKOBCKOM roeYJJ.apCTBe.
Cn6., 1897, c. 118.
113 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, Hi 371.
114 urA,LlA. <1>. 1203. KH. I. JI. 730-731,
733 06.
214 .
115 A<I>3X. 1.J. I, .N'9 55.
116 ur A,LlA. rK3. Hi 6421, 6422.
117 TaM >Ke. Hi 6425.
118 TaM >Ke. Hi 6423, 6424.
119 TaM >Ke. Hi 6427.
120 ur A,LlA. <1>. 1203. KH. I. JI. 669 06.-
670 06.
121 TaM >Ke. JI. 753-754 06., 762-763 06.
122 nKMr. OTJJ.. I. C. 879, 881, 891.
123 TaM >Ke. C. 881, 883, 884.
124 TaM >Ke. C. 804-S06.
125 ur A,LlA. rK3. Hi 5127, 14777.
126 TaM >Ke. Hi 5120. JI. 9 06.-10.
127 3UMUH A. A. cX03HAcTBeHHblH KpH3HC»
6O-70-x r0.l10B XVI B. H PYCCKoe
KpeCTbHHCTBO / / MaTepHaJlbl no HCTO-
pHH CeJlbCKOrO X03HHCTBa H KpeCTbHH-
CTBa CCCP. M., 1962. C6. 5.
128 P03ICICOB H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 233-234.
129 BeceAOBClCull C. b. COWHoe nHCbMO. M.,
1915. T. I. C. 141.
130 A6paMOBU't r. B. rOCYJJ.apCTBeHHble no-
BHHHOCTH BJla.l1eJ1blleCKHX KpeCTbHH Ce-
Bepo-3ana.l1HoA PYCH B XVI-nepBoA
lIeTBepTH XVII B. / / HCT. CCCP. 1972.
Hi 3. C. 65-70, 76.
131 BeceAOBClCull C. b. COWHoe nHCbMO.
T. I. C. 137.
132 BXK. 1978. KHHrH .l1eHe>KHblX C60POB H
BblnJlaT HOCH4»O- BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MO-
HaCTblpH. C. 28-48, 57-64, 72-90,
97-104, 130-136.
133 3UMUH A. A. KpynHaH 4»eoJJ.aJlbHaH BOT-
IIHHa H COUHaJlbHO-nOJlHTHlieCKaH 60pb-
6a B POCCHH (KoHeu XV-XVI B.).
C. 186-188.
134 A<I>3X. 1.J. II. Hi 302, 367.
135 BXK. 1978. C. 28-42.
136 ClCpblHHUICOB P. r. PoeCHH nOCJIe onpHII-
HHHbI. JI., 1975. C. 64, 68, 86.
137 ur A,LlA. <1>. 1203. KH. I. JI. 753-
754 06.; BaxpaMeeB H. A. HCTopHliecKHe
aKTbI 51poCJIaBcKoro CnaccKoro MOHa-
CTblpH. M., 1896. T. I. Hi 52-55.
138 BeceAOBClCull C. b. COW Hoe nHCbMO.
T. 1. C. 141.
139 AC3H. T. III, Hi 389; APr. Hi 107, 130.
140 n C P JI. T. XX I I. 1.J. I. M., 1911. C. 527;
A6paMoBu't r. B. nOMeCTHaH CHCTeMa H
nOMeCTHoe X03HACTBO B PoeCHH B no-
CJleJJ.HeA lIeTBepTH XV H XVI B.: ABTO-
pe4». JJ.OKT. JJ.HC. . . . .l1-pa HCT. HaYK. JI.,
1975. C. 27.
141 ur A,LlA. rK3. Hi 11861, JI. 8; lllYMa-
KOB. 0630p. Bbln. 2. C. 123; A<I>3X.
1.J. II, Hi 45, 48, 112.
142 JIOHH. K-11. Hi 100; ur A,LlA. <1>. Co-
JloBeUKHA MOHacTblpb. .N'9 209. JI. 47 06.;
PH5. JI., 1924. T. 37. CT6. 10. Hu-
ICOAbClCU1l H. K. KHpHJlJlO- 5eJl03epCKHH

MOHaCTblpb HerO YCTpoACTBO BO BTOpoA
lIeTBepTH XVII B. Cn6., 1910. T. I.
Bbln. 2. npHJI.
143 AIO. Nt 209 (V, VI); PH5. nr., 1915.
T. 32, Nt 336, 339.
144 BaxpaMee8 H. A. YKa3. COli. M 43, 49;
KaTaeB, Ka6aHoB. Nt 63.
145 lllYMaIC08 C. A. COJIbBblllerO.l1CKHe COT-
HHUbi 7094 r. C. 7.
146 Uf ALlA. 4> . 137. HOBrOpO.l1. KH. 11.
C. 90, 664-665.
r...a. IV
I 0630p HCTopHorpa4»HH .l1aH B KH.: Fpe-
1C08 b. P.. KpecTbHHe Ha PYCH. M., 1954.
T. II. C. 233-242.
2 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. II
C. 293-299.
3 A6paM08U't F. B. HOBrOpO.l1CKoe no-
MeCTbe B rO.l1b1 3KOHOMHlleCKoro KpH3Hca
nOCJle.l1HeA TpeTH XVI B. / / MaTepHaJlbl
no HCTOpHH cenbCKoro X03HACTBa H
KpeCTbHHCTBa CCCP. M., 1974. T. VII.
C. 5-26.
4 PCXJICOeCT8eHClCu(J C. B. CJlY>KHJloe 3eMJle-
BJla.l1eHHe B MocKoBcKOM rocY.l1apCTBe.
Cn6., 1897. C. 87. A6paM08u't F. B.
YKa3. COli. C. 5-6. P.e2TRpe8 A. R.
PyccKaH .l1epeBHH B XV-XVII BB.: Ollep-
KH HCTOpHH cenbCKoro pacce.neHHH. JI.,
1980. C. 113, 125.
5 PCXJICIC08 H. A. CenbcKoe X03HACTBO
MOCKOBCKoA PYCH B XVII B. M., 1899.
C. 291-367.
6 p'opoweHICO B. B. OllepKH arpapHoA HC-
TOpHH JIaTBHH B XVI B. PHra, 1960;
MUJl08 JI. B. 0 pOJIH nepenO>KHblX 3e-
Menb B PYCCKOM 3eMJle.l1enHH BTOpoA no-
JlOBHHbI XVIII B. / / E>KerO.l1HHK no ar-
papHoA HCTOpHH BOCTOIIHOA EBponbl,
1961 r. PHra, 1963. C. 279-289. /Op2U-
HUC /0. M. 0 3eMJle.l1enblieCKHX CHCTe-
Max, npe.l1WeCTBYlOlllHX TpeXnOJlblO / /
E>KerO.l1HHK no arpapHOH HCTOpHH Boc-
TOIIHOH EBponbl, 1960 r. MHHcK, 1962.
OH "'e. BJlHHHHe arpapHoA pe4»opMbI ce-
pe.l1HHbI XVI B. Ha npOH3B0.l1HTenbHble
CHJlbI JIHTBbI / / npOOJleMbi arpapHoA HC-
TOpHH. MHHCK, 1978. q. I.
7 3UMUH A. A. CX03HACTBeHHblA KpH3HC»
60-70- x rO.l1OB XVI B. H PYCCKoe KpeCTb-
HHCTBO / / MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH cenb-
CKoro X03HACTBa H KpeCTbHHCTBa CCCP.
M., 1962. T. V. C. 20; KawTaH08 C. M.
K H3YlleHHIO onpHIIHHHbI HBaHa fp03-
Horo / / HCT. CCCP. 1963. Nt 2. C. 114-
115.
8 P.e2TRpe8 A. R. YKa3. COli. C. 106---126.
9 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. II.
C. 290-291; T. III. C. 136.
10 HOBrOpO.l1CKHe nHCUOBbie KHHrH. Cn6.,
1910. T. VI. C. 581; HCT. apxHB. M.,
1951. T. VII. C. 221.
II nCKOBcKHe JleTOnHCH. M., 1955. Bbln. 2.
C. 233.
12 TUT08 A. A. JIeTOnHCb LlBHHCKaH. M.,
1889. C. 10; ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-
3ana.l1a. T. III. C. 9, 67, 139; nCPJI.
T. 37. C. 103.
13 naMe pH3. N!! 18; APf. M 252.
14 nCPJI. T. 34. C. 186.
15 EpMOJlae8 H. fl. Cpe.l1Hee nOBOJI>Kbe BO
BTOpoA nOJlOBHHe XVI-XVII B. Ka3aHb,
1982. C. 16-28.
16 qTeHHH OHLlP. 1895. KH. 3. C. 68-69;
AHrJlHAcKHe nYTewecTBeHHHKH B Moc-
KOBCKOM rocY.l1a pCTBe B XVI B. M., 1937.
C. 169; nCPJI. T. 13. C. 388, 405.
17 TUT08 A. A. YKa3. COli. C. 13; qTeHHH
OHLlP. 1895. KH. 3. C. 68-69. MaHb-
1C08 A. F. UeHbI H HX .l1BH>KeHHe B pyc-
CKOM rocY.l1apCTBe XVI BeKa. M.; JI.,
1951. C. 31-32, 115-116.
18 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a.
T. II I. C. 9, 12; AIO. Nt 228.
19 fHM. 4>. YBapOBa. KH. 475. JI. 5; nCKOB-
CKHe JleTOnHCH. C. 240, 243, 245, 248.
20 nCKOBCKHe JleTOnHCH. C. 240, 244.
21 fHM. 4>. YBapOBa. KH. 475. JI. 5, 6 06.,
20; nCPJI. T. 13. C. 403-404; nCKOB-
CKHe JleTOnHCH. C. 249-250.
22 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3a na .l1a. T. II
C. 65-66.
23 CUMCOH fl. HCTOpHH CepnYXOBa. M.,
1880. C. 328.
24 CTawe8ClCu(J E. p.. OnbiTbi H3YlleHHH
nHCUOBbiX KHHr MocKoBcKoro rocY.l1ap-
CTBa XVI B. KHeB, 1907. Bbln. I, Nt 102,
103.
25 nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 720.
26 MaHbIC08 A. F. YKa3. COli. C. 31.
27 nCPJI. T. XIII. C. 332, 403; A4>3X.
q. II. N!! 302.
28 A4>3X. q. IV. Nt 130; llIYMaKoB. COT-
HHUbi. Bbln. I, N!! 5, 7.
29 A4>3X. q. III. C. 20-28; llIYMaKoB.
COTHHUbi. Bbln. 2, Nt 6.
30 HCT. apxHB. T. VII. C. 224-225.
31 Uf ALlA. fK3. Nt 7173. JI. 61-65;
3UMUH A. A. YKa3. COli. C. 17; A4>3X.
q. II. N!! 347; nKMf. Or.l1. 1. C. 659;
llIYMaKoB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 3. C. 25-29.
32 UfALlA. 4>. 1209. KH. 643.
33 B CneUHaJlbHOA MOHorpa4»HH 06 3nH.l1e-
MHHX Ha PYCH CMOp» 70-x r0.l10B Boo61Ue
He nOJl}"lHJI OTpa>KeHHH. BaCUAbe8 K. F. ,
Ce2aA A. E. HCTOpHH 3nH.l1eMHH B Poc-
CHH. M., 1960.
34 nCPJI. M., 1978. T. 34. C. 191-192;
TUXOMUp08 M. H. PYCCKoe JleTOnHCaHHe.
215

M., 1979. C. 197, 229; HCT. apxHB. M.,
1950. T. V. C. 21, 22.
35 lllTaiJeH r. 0 MoeKBe HBaHa fp03HOrO:
3anHCKH HeMu.a-OnpHIIHHKa. M., 1925.
C. 92, 106.
36 TO,l{PJI. M.; JI., 1956. T. XII. C. 492;
M.; JI., 1958. T. XIV. C. 227.
37 HOBrOpO.l1CKHe JleTOnHCH. 1.J. I I. C. 169.
CM. TaK>Ke CHoeKY 35.
38 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, N2 381; 1.J. III. C. 55,60,
170,205; AH. T. I, N2 192, 213; nKMf.
OT.ll. I. C. 628-629; Or.ll. II. C. 302,
1304; KY'"CUH B. A. MaTepHaJlbl J],JIH HC-
TOpHH PyccKoro ropO.l1a XVI B. / / AE 3a
1967 ro.l1. M., 1969. C. 304-315; Ka-
TaeB, Ka6aHoB. 112 45; An,l{. T. I, 112 I,
18; A<I>3X. 1.J. IV, N2 203; BXK. 1983.
C. 415.
39 A<I>3X. 1.J. II. N2 373; ,l{bHKOHOB.
AKTbI. Bbln. II, 112 21, 24, 25, 26; Cadu-
ICOB n. A. OllepKH no HCTOpHH OnpHQ-
HHHbI. M.; J1., 1950. 1.J. III, oM 20;
ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. II.
C. 65-67, 173.
40 nCPJI. T. 34. C. 191; naMe pH3.
112 37; BOPOH140Ba /1. fl. ,l{Ba .l10KYMeHTa
(XVI B.) H3 apXHBa cepnYXOBCKoro BbI-
COUKoro MOHaCTblpH / / ,l{peBHOCTH: Tp.
Apxeorp. KOMHC. MocKOB. ApxeoJl. OO-Ba
M., 1900. T. II, Bbln. I. C. 172-175;
npn. T. IV. C. 372; lllTaiJeH r. YKa3.
COli. C. 106-107.
41 nKMf. Or.l1. 2. C. 1588, 1594.
42 TUXOMUPOB M. H. PoeCHH B XVI CTO-
JleTHH. M., 1962. C. 150; nKMf. Or.l1. I.
C. 291-334; Or.l1. 2. C. 1299, 1303.
43 AE 3a 1967. M., 1969. C. 304-315.
CM. TaK>Ke CHoeKY 42.
44 lllYMalCOB C. A. TBepcKHe aKTbI.
TBepb, 1896; flUOHUCUiJ. MO>KaHcKHe
aKTbI. Cn6., 1892. C. 29, 36, 39; Kona-
HeB A. H. KpeCTbHHCTBO PyccKoro Ce-
Bepa B XVI B. JI., 1978. C. 208.
45 A<I>3X. 1.J. II, 112 373, 435; AH. T. I.
N2 192.
46 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH Ceaepo-3 ana .l1 a .
T. II. C. 66, 97, 116, 295. CICpblHHU-
ICOB P. r. OnpHIIHblH reppop. JI., 1969.
C. 43-46; nCKOBCKHe JleTOnHCH. M.; J1.,
1941. Bbln. l. C. 113.
47 A<I>3X. 1.J. IV, 112 186, 190; nKMf.
Or.l1. I. C. I-53; naMe pH3. N2 37.
nHCU.oBbie KHHrH PH3aHcKoro KpaH
XVI-XVII BB. PH3aHb, 1900. T. I.
Bbln. 2. C. 469-470.
48 ArpapHaH HcropHH Ceaepo-3ana.l1 a .
T. II. C. 67, 68, 293 (Ta6J1. 229).
49 HCTOIIHHKOBe.l1l1eCKHH 0630p KOMn-
JleKCa MoeKOBCKHX nHcu.OBbiX KHHr CM.
naBAoB-CUAbBaHCICUiJ. B. h. K HCTOpHH
216
HCTOIIHHKOBe.l1l1eCKOro H3YlleHHH nHCUO-
BbiX KHHr MocKoBcKoro y. XVI B. / / AE
3a 1975 ro.l1. M., 1976. C. 41-54.
50 nKMf. OrA. l. C. 512, 576, 582.
51 Cep2eeBU'l B. H. ,l{peBHocTH PYCCKoro
npaBa. Cn6., 1903. T. III. C. 323. Bece-
AOBCICUiJ. C. h. COWHOe nHCbMO. M., 1916.
T. II. C. 297. TUXOMUPOB M. H. PoeCHH
B XVI CTOJIeTHH. C. 117-120, 144-153.
52 POOICICOB H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 311.
Kope14ICuiJ. B. H. 3aKpenollleHHe KpeCTb-
HH H KJlaCCOBaH 60pb6a B PoeCHH BO BTO-
pOH nOJlOBHHe XVI B. M., 1970. C. 76.
53 HawH BbllIHCJleHHH HeCKOJIbKO OTJlH-
lIalOTCH OT npHBe.l1eHHblX H. A. PO>KKO-
BbiM (Po:JICICOB H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 399),
TaK KaK, npeCJIe.l1ya CTporo orpaHHlleH-
HYIO U.eJIb - nOKa3aTb npou.ecc 3anYCTe-
HHH B pa3JIHIIHblX THnax X03HHCTB, Mbi
C03HaTeJIbHO B UeJIHX ynpollleHHH Ta6-
JlHU.bI He YIIJlH 3eMJlH, BbI.l1eJ1eHHble no.ll
norOCTbI H u.epKOBHOMY npHTIIY.
54 nKMf. Or.l1. l. C. 607.
55 TaM >Ke. Or.l1. 2. C. 1299, 1304.
56 U.f A,l{A. fK3. N2 7173. J1. 26-55 06;
A<I>3X. 1.J. II, 112 373, 434, 435; nKMf.
Or.l1. I. C. 872, 879, 854; lllYMaKoB.
COTHHU.bI. Bbln. I. C. 83-85.
57 nKMf. Or.l1. 2. C. 359-390; fle2TR.-
peB A. R. YKa3. COli. C. 112.
58 fle2TR.peB A. R. YKa3. COli. C. 117-119,
124-125.
59 AH. T. I, N2 200; A<I>3X. 1.J. II, N2 347,
373,376; 1.J. IV, N2 186; A6paMOBU'l r. B.
nOMecTHaH CHCTeMa H nOMecTHoe X03HH-
CTBO B PoeCHH B nOCJle.l1HeH lIeTBepTH
XV H B XVI B.: ABTope4». .l1HC. . . . .l1-pa
HCT. HaYK. JI., 1975. C. 29.
60 AMMC. C. 46-48; Kope14ICuiJ B. H.
Pa3BHTHe eo.l1aJlbHOH 3eMenbHoH c06-
CTBeHHOCTH B PoeCHH XVI B. / / Co-
u.HaJlbHO-3KOHOMHllecKHe npOOJleMbi poc-
CHHCKOH .l1epeBHH B eO.l1aJlbHYIO H KanH-
TaJlHCTHliecKYIO 3nOXH. POCTOB, 1980.
C. 37-54.
61 E. ,l{. CTaweBCKHH npHBO.l1HT MeHb-
WYIO U.HPY - 100 021 lIeTeH (CTaweB-
CICUiJ. E. fl. YKa3. COli. C. 26).
62 ArpapHaH HCTOpHH Ceaepo-3ana.l1a.
T. I I. C. 293. Ta6J1. 229.
63 Kop e 14 ICuiJ B. H. Pa3BHTHe eo.l1aJlb-
HOH 3eMeJIbHOH COOCTBeHHOCTH B PoeCHH
XVI B. C. 50-54.
64 U.fA,l{A. <1>. 1209. KH. 175. JI. 47,
50 06., 79.
65 CA C. Bbln. 2. C. 6-173, 178-183.
66 5eJI03epCKaH e30BaH KHHra 1585 r.
hapawlCOBa B. C., flMuTpueBa 3. B.,
n p01COt/JbeBa /1. C. npHweKcHHHcKHe
e30Bble .l1BOpu.OBbie BOJIOCTH B XVI B. / /

npOOJleMbi HCTOpHH KpeCTbHHCTBa EBpO-
neiiCKOH lIaCTH POCCHH: (.D.o 1917 r.)
nepMb, 1982. C. 54.
67 EpMOAae8 H. n. YKa3. COli. C. 33-35;
lleZTJl.pe8 A. R. YKa3. COli. C. 116; AHnu-
AOZ08 r. H. HH>KerOpO.l1CKHe .l10KYMeHTbI
XVI B. M. 1974.
68 UfA.D.A. fK3. .M 7173. J1. 55 06., 88;
<1>. 1203. KH. I. n. 768-777; IllYMaKoB.
COTHHUbi. Bbln. I, H! 17; An.D.. H! I.
69 A<I>3X. tJ. II, .M 347, 376; BXK.
1978. C. 50.
70 A<I>3X. tJ. II, Ncl 3.76; tJ. IV, H! 199;
An.D.. Hi I.
71 3UMUH A. A., KonaHe8 A. H. MaTe-
pHaJlbl no HCTOpHH BbiMCKOH H BbilierO.l1-
CKOH 3eMJlH KOHua XVI B. / / CAC.
Bbln. I. C. 436.
72 ArpapHaH HCropHH Ceaepo-3ana.l1a.
T. II. C. 73, 105-106, 172, 238, 254-
264, 267-269.
15 3aK. 1454
73 MaHblC08 A. r. YKa3. COli. C. 119,
120. Ta6J1. 5, 6.
74 rOTbe 10. 3aMOCKOBHblH Kpaii B
XVI I B. M., 1906. C. 235-236; rpe-
1C08. D. Il. YKa3. COli. T. I I. C. 254.
75 UfA.D.A. fK3. .M 5140, 5142, 5143,
5145.
76 POOICIC08 H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 312.
77 lleZTJl.pe8 A. R. YKa3. COli. Ta6J1. 32.
lleMlCuH A. B. <l>eO.l1aJlbHOe 3eMJleBJIa-
.l1eHHe POMaHoBcKoro Ye3.l1a B KOHue
XVI B. / / Arpap!lblH CTpOH «beo.l1aJlbHOH
POCCHH. XV-XVIII B. M. 1986. C. 100-
78 112.
U.fA.D.A. fK3. n. 17-25, 57-60 06.,
68-80 06.; nKMf. Or.l1. 2.
79 A<I>3X. tJ. IV, Ncl 213; lluOHucutl.
YKa3. COli.; nKMf. Or.l1. I. C. 628-630.
80 POOICIC08 H. A. YKa3. COli. C. 339.
81 Ill_YMaKOB. COTHHUbi. Bbln. 5. C. 50-57.
82 nKPK. T. l. Bbln. 2. C. 471-484.

cnHCOK COKPAIltEHHA
APXHBW H apXHBHWe c06paHHR
A TCJI - APXHB TpoHue-CeprHeBa MOHaCTblpH B f5JI (4)>. 303)
f5JI - Or.l1eJl PYKonHceH fOCY.l1apCTBeHHoH 6H6J1HOTeKH CCCP HM. B. H. JIeHHHa
B MocKBe.
fl1M - Or.l1e.n PYKonHceH fOCY.l1apCTBeHHoro HCTopHliecKoro MY3eH B MocKBe.
fK3 - fpaMoTbi KOJlJlerHH 3KOHOMHH B Uf A.LlA (4)>. 281).
JIOHH - APXHB JIeHHHrpa.l1CKOrO OT.l1eJleHHH HHcTHTYTa HCTOpHH CCCP AH CCCP.
Uf A.LlA- UeHTpaJlbHblH rocY.l1apCTBeHHblH apXHB .l1peBHHX aKTOB B MocKBe.
H3AaHHR
AA3 - AKTbI, c06paHHble B 6H6J1HOTeKax H apxHBax POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH Apxeorpa-
4»HllecKolO 3KCne.l1HUHelO HMnepaTopcKoH AKa.l1eMHH HaYK. Cn6., 1836. T. I.
AfP - AKTbI, OTHOCHlllHeCH .l10 rpa>K.l1aHCKOH pacnpaBbi .l1peBHeA PoeCHH. C06paJi H
H3.l1aJl A. <l>e.l1oroB-1.JexoBCKHH. KHeB, 1860. T. I.
ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. I. - ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a POCCHH.
BTopaH nOJlOBHHa XV-HallaJlO XVI B. OrB. pe.l1. A. JI. lllanHpo. JI., 1971.
ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. II. - ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a POCCHH
XVI B. OTB. pe.l1. A. JI. lllanHpo. JI., 1974.
ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a. T. III. - ArpapHaH HCTOpHH CeBepo-3ana.l1a POCCHH
XVI B. CeBep. nCKOB. OrB. pe.l1. A. JI. lllanHpo. JI., 1978.
AE - Apxeorpa4»HllecKHH e>KerO.l1HHK 3a . .. ro.l1. M.
AH - AKTbI HCTopHliecKHe, c06paHHble H H3.l1aHHble Apxeorpa4»HllecKolO KOMHCCHelO.
Cn5., 1841. T. I.
AKTbI IOwKoBa - AKTbI XIII-XVII BeKOB, npe.l1CTaBJIeHHble B Pa3pH.l1HblA npHKa3 npe.l1-
CTaBHTe.nHMH CJlY>KHJlblX 4»aMHJlHA nOCJIe orMeHbI MeCTHHlleCTBa. H3.l1aHbI A. IOwKo-
BbiM. M., 1898.
AMMC - AKTbI MOCKOBCKHX MOHacTblpeH H C060POB H3 apxHBoB Y cneHCKoro c060pa
'H 50rOHBJleHCKOro MOHacTblpH / COCT. T. H. AneKcHHcKaH, B. .Ll. Ha3apoB; nO.l1
pe.l1. JI. B. 1.JepenHHHa, B. T. nawYTo, C. M. KawTaHoBa, B. .Ll. Ha3apoBa.
M., 1984.
An.Ll - AKTbI nHCUOBoro .l1eJla: MaTepHaJlbl .l1J1H HCTOpHH Ka.l1aCTpa H npHMoro 06J10>KeHHH
B MocKoBcKoM rocY.l1apCTBe. M., 1913. T. I.
APf - AKTbI PyccKoro rocY.l1apCTBa 1505-1526 rr. M., 1975.
AC3H - AKTbI COUHaJlbHO-3KoHoMHllecKoA HCTOpHH CeBepo-BoCTOIiHOA PYCH KOHua XIV-
HallaJia XVI B. M., 1952. T. I; M., 1958. T. II; M., 1964. T. III.
A<I>3X - AKTbI 4»eO.l1aJlbHOrO 3eMJleBJIa.l1eHHH H X03HACTBa XIV-XVI BeKOB. 1.J. I. nO.l1ro-
TOBHJI K neliaTH JI. B. 1.JepenHHH. M., 1951; 1.J. II. nO.l1roroBHJI K neliaTH A. A. 3HMHH.
M., 1956. 1.J. II I. nO.l1rOTOBHJI K neliaTH JI. B. 1.IepenHHH. M., 1961. 1.J. IV.
COCT. JI. H. HBHHa. JI., 1983.
AIO - AKTbI IOpH.l1HlleCKHe, HJlH C06paHHe 4»OpM CTapHHHoro .l1e.nonpoH3B0.l1CTBa. Cn6.,
1838.
5eJl03epCKaH e30BaH KHHra - nHCuoBaH KHHra e30BblX .l1BOPUOBbiX BOJIOCTeA H rocY.l1ap-
CTBeHHblX 06pollHblx yro.l1HA 5e.n03epcKoro ye3.l1a 1585 r. / COCT. B. C. 5apawKoBa,
3. B. .LlMHTpHeBa, JI. C. npoKo4»beBa; nO.l1 pe.l1. A. f. MaHbKoBa. M.; JI., 1984.
BpeMeHHHK MOH.LlP - BpeMeHHHK HMnepaTopcKoro MocKoBcKoro 06111eCTBa HCTOpHH
H .l1peBHOCTeA poccHAcKHX.
BXK. 1978 - BorllHHHble X03HACTBeHHble KHHrH XVI B. / nO.l1 pe.l1. A. f. MaHbKoBa.
KHHrH .l1eHe>KHblX C60POB H BblnJlaT HocH4»o-BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH 1573-
1595 r.; COCT. A. f. MaHbKoB. M.; JI., 1978.
BXK. 1980 - BorllHHHble X03HAcTBeHHble KHHrH XVI B. / nO.l1 pe.l1. A. f. MaHbKoBa.
218

npHXO.li.Hble H paCXO.li.Hble KHHrH HOCH4»O-BOJIOKOJIaMCKOrO MOHaCTblpH 70-8Q-x ro-
.li.OB.; COCT. A. f. MaHbKOB. M.; JI., 1980. .
BXK. 1983 - BOTIIHHHble X03HAcTBeHHble KHHrH XVI B. / noli. pe.li.. A. f. MaHbKoBa.
BbiTHbie KHHrH, XJle6Hble 06POIIHHKH H nepenHcHaH KHHra BOTIIHH KHpHJlJlo-EeJI03ep-
CKoro MOHaCTblpH 1559-1601 r.; COCT. A. X. fOP4»YHKeJIb, 3. B. .lI.MHTpHeBa.
M.; JI., 1983.
fBHn - fpaMoTbi BeJlHKOrO HOBrOpO.li.a H nCKoBa / noli. pe.li.. C. H. BaJiKa. M.; J1.,
1949.
.lI.AH - .lI.onOJlHeHHH K AKTaM HcropHliecKHM, c06paHHble H H3.li.aHHble Apxeorpa4»HllecKolO
KOMHCCHelO. cn6., 1846. T. I.
,LlOJlrOBaH KHHra BOJlOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH - KHHra KJllOlieH H ,LlOJlrOBaH KHHra
HocH4»o-BOJIOKOJIaMCKOro MOHaCTblpH XVI B. / noli. pe.li.. M. H. THXoMHpoBa H
A. A. 3HMHHa. M.; JI., 1948.
.lI..lI.f - .lI.yxoBHble H .li.OrOBOpHble rpaMoTbi BeJlHKHX H Y.li.eJIbHblX KHH3eA XIV-XVI BB.
nO.li.rOTOBHJI K neliaTH J1. B. 1.JepenHHH. M.; JI., 1950.
,LlbHKOHOB. AKTbI. Bbln. 2. - M. A. .lI.bHKOHOB. AKTbI, OTHOCHlllHeCH K HCTOpHH THr Jloro
HaCeJIeHHH B MOCKOBCKOM rocY.li.apCTBe. IOpbeB, 1897. Bbln. 2.
,LlHfY AK - ,LleAcTBHH HH>KerOpO.li.CKOA ry6epHcKoA YlieHoA apxHBHoH KOMHCCHH. HH>K-
HHA HOBrOpO.li..
)l(MHn - )l(ypHaJi MHHHCTepCTBa Hapo.li.HOro npocBellleHHH.
KaTaeB, Ka6aHoB - AKTbI HCTopHliecKHe, onHcaHHble H. M. KaTaeBbiM H A. K. Ka6aHo-
BbiM / noli. pe.li.. M. B. .lI.oBHap-3anOJlbCKoro. M., 1905.
KaWTaH08. xn. I - KawTaHo8 C. M. XpOHOJlOrHlleCKHA nepelleHb HMMYHHTeTHbiX rpa-
MOT XVI B. / / Apxeorp. e>KerO.li.HHK 3a 1957 r. M., 1958. C. 302-376.
KaWTaH08. xn. 2. - KawTaHo8 C. M. XpOHOJIOrHllecKHA nepelleHb HMMYHHTeTHbiX rpa-
MOT XVI B. 1.J. 2// Apxeorp. e>KerO.li.HHK 3a 1960 r. M., 1962. C. 129-200.
naMe pH3. - naMHTHHKH PycCKoA nHCbMeHHOCTH XV-XVI BB. PH3aHcKHH KpaA. M., 1978.
nKMf - nHCUoBbie KHHrH MOCKoBcKoro rocY.li.apCTBa / noli. pe.li.. H. B. KaJlaIiOBa. Cn6.,
1872. OT.li.. I; Cn6., 1877. OT.li.. 2.
nKPK - nHCuoBbie KHHrH PH3aHcKoro KpaH XVI H XVII BB. / noli. pe.li.. B. H. CTOpO-
>KeBa. PH3aHb, 1898. T. I, Bbln. I; PH3aHb. 1900. T. I, Bbln. 2.
npn - naMHTHHKH PYCCKOro npaBa. M., 1956. Bbln. 4.
nCPJI - nOJIHoe c06paHHe PYCCKHX JleronHceH.
PHE - PYCCKaH HCTopHliecKaH 6H6J1HOTeKa, H3.li.aBaeMaH Apxeorpa4»HllecKolO KOMHCCHelO.
nr., 1915. T. 32.
CAC - MaTepHaJlbl no HCTOpHH EBponeAcKoro CeBepa CCCP. CeBepHblH apxeorpa4»H-
lIecKHA e>KerO.li.HHK. BOJIor.li.a, 1970. Bbln. I; BOJlor.li.a, 1972. Bbln. 2; BOJIor .li.a,
1973. Bbln. 3.
C6. MyxaHoBa - C60pHHK MyxaHoBa. 2-e H3.li.. M., 1866.
Cff.lI. - C06paHHe rocY.li.apCTBeHHblx rpaMOT H .li.OrOBOpOB, XpaHHlllHXCH B rocY.li.ap-
CTBeHHoA KOJIJlerHH HHoCTpaHHblx .li.eJI. M., 1813. 1.J. I.
TO.lI.PJI - HHCTHTyr PyccKoA JlHTeparypbl. TpY.li.bI OT.li.eJIa .li.peBHepyccKoA JlHTepaTypbl.
1.JTeHHH OH.lI.P - 1.JTeHHH B 06111eCTBe HCTOpHH H .li.peBHOCTeA poccHAcKHX npH MOCKOB-
CKOM YHHBepCHTeTe.
lllYMaKoB. 0630p - C. A. lllYMaKoB. 0630p fpaMOT KOJlJlerHH 3KOHOMHH. M., 1899.
Bbln. I; M., 1900. Bbln. 2; M., 1912. Bbln. 3; M., 1917. Bbln. 4.
lllYMaKoB. COTHHUbi - C. A. lllYMaKoB. COTHHUbI, rpaMoTbi H 3anHCH. M., 1902. Bbln. I;
M., 1903. Bbln. 2; M., 1904. Bbln. 3; M., 1909. Bbln. 4; M., 1910. Bbln. 5; M.,
1911. Bbln. 6.
15.

¥KA3ATEnb rEOrPA.HECKHX HA3BAHHA
AneKca H.llpoBa CJl060.lla 178
AHrHJlOBO, c. MOCKOB. y. 129
AHrJlHH 137, 143
AH.llOCCKHH, CT. 5eJ103ep. y. 94
AHTHJlOXOBO, c. CTapo.lly6. y. 158, 159
AprYHoBcKaH, BOJI. BJla.llHMHp. y. III
Ap3aMaccKHH y. 53, 58, 101
ApXaHreJIbcKoe, c. KawHH. y. 91, 97, 98
ACTpaxaHb, r. 62, 173
A<f»aHaCbeBCKOe, c. MOCKOB. y. 51
6a6HHO CM. nO>KapHllle 5a6HHO
EaraeBcKaH,Bon.BJla.llHMHp.y.43, III, 112
5aJlaXHHHCKHe 60pTHbie BonJi. 54
EaJlaXHHHCKHH y. 31, 50, 66, 68
5aJlalwKOBO CM. 50JlaWKOBO
5e6HkoBO, C. nepeHCJI. y. 79
5e>KeUKaH nHTHHa 195
5e>KeUKHH Bepx, y. 9, 10, 16, 29, 41, 46, 80,
81, 96, 115, 156, 179, 182, 186
Ee3BO.llHaH, nyCT. KawHp. y. 191
EeJlaH, p. 200
5e.neBcKHH, y. 26, 31, 162, 193
5e.neH, c. .llBOpU. 51
Ee.nH , CT. MOCKOB. y. 189
5eJ1 H, c. PY3CK. y. 193
Ee.nKOBO,C. PY3CK.Y. 130,132,186,187,193
503epcKHH y.9, 10,12,13,16,17,19,24,
28,29,31,44,48,50,52,54,55,63,64,67,
74, 78, 82, 94, 96, 102, 103, 108-112,
114, 125, 163, 173, 179, 193
5e.noo3epo, r. 78, 81
Eepe>KHoe, .llep. 5e.n03ep. y. 56
5epe>K0K, c. CY3.ll. y. 50
50rOCJlOBCKoe, c. 5e.n03ep. y. 54
50rOCJlOBCKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50
50rOHBJleHCKaH, Bon. 5en03ep. y. 102
EOrOHBJleHcKoe,c. 5en03ep.y. 112
EOJIaWKOBO, c. TBep. y. 116, 126-128, 141
EOJIXOBCKHH y. eM. 5aJlaXHHHCKHH y.
50HeMa, .llep. nOweXOH. y. 56, 57
50pHCOBO, c. .llBOpU. 51
50pHCOBCKoe, c. Bna.llHMHp. y. 50, 52, 64, 69,
70, 114
EOpHCOrJle6cKaH CJl060.lla, nepeHCJlaB. y. 83
EOpOBCKHH Y. 92, 173, 196, 197
50XOB CT. MOCKOB. y. 183, 189, 190
Eyeropo.ll CM. 5yiiropo.ll
EyerOpO.llCKHe .llepeBHH 54, 55
EY>KapOBO, c. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 132
220
5YHrOpO.ll, c. BonOUK. y. 20, 51, 52, 54, 55,
60,61,114,115,128,132,141,142
5b1KOB CT. MOCKOB. y. 189
5b1KOBO, c. BOJlOUK. y. 130, 141, 152
Ba>KC¥HH y. 22, 42, 43, 110, 112, 172
BaJira l , norOCT BOJIoro.ll. y. 192
BaCHJlbueB, CT. MOCKOB. y. 181--183
Be3JIOMCKaH, BOJI. 5aJlaXHHH. y. 50
Be.nHKaH CJlooo.lla, nepeHCJlaB. y.. II
BeHeBCKHH y. 29, 46, 50, 52, 50, 61, 66, 100,
101
BepeHCKaH, Bon. 5e.n03ep. y. 52
BepeHcKHH y. 16, 51, 196, 191, 199
BepeH, r. 51
BJla.llHMHp, r. 36, 146
Bna.llHMHpCKHH y. 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 29,
36,39,43,45,46,48,50,52,54,58,60,63,
64,68--70,75,79,80,82,101,110--115,
129, 151, 159, 163-165, 179, 193, 194,
196, 197
BJla.llHMHpCKO-CY3.llaJIbCKoe OnOJIbe 86
B06J10BHIIH, BOJI. OOO.ll.Y. 76, 200
BOKwepcKHH HM, 51poCJIaB. y. 165
BOJIra, p. 97, 112, 160, 198, 199
BonoBcKHe, nOIiIi. IOpbeBo-nOBOJICK. y. 112
Bonor.lla, r. 81, 132, 137, 173
BonorO.llCKHe BOJIJI. .llBOpU. 52, 69, 72
BonorO.llCKHH y. 9, 10, 16,29,31,36,45,48,
50,53,58,59,62,64,69,72,74,132,148,
154, 162, 179, 189, 192, 195
BonoKonaMcK, r. 171, 173, 176
BonOUKHH y. 16,20, 52,54,60, 61,66, 74, 75,
114,127,128,132,141,142,151,162,164,
I 76, 178, I 79
BOJlOUKHH Y.lleJi 10
BOPOObeBO, c. MOCKOB. y. 51
BOpOHHHO, .llep. Py3CK. y. 134
BOPH, p. MOCKOB. y. 182
BOpH , CT. MOCKOB. y. 189
BocKpeceHcKoe, c. 5e.n03ep. y. 102, 109
BOTcKaH nHTHHa 10, 82, 151, 195
BoxHa, c. Tp.-Cepr. MOH-pH 93, 94
BoxHa, BOJI. MOCKOB. y. 44, 93, 94, 189
BowaHKa, p. KawHH. y. 59
BbiMCKo-BbilierO.llCKHH KpaH 94, III, 194,
195
BbicoKaH, BOJI. KonoMeH. y. 2, 43-45, III,
175,176
Bblwropo.ll, c. .llBOpU. 50, 52

BblWropO.llCKHH, CT. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 89
BblWrOpO.llCKHH y. 16, 51, 194
BH3eMcKHH, CT. MOCKOB. y. III
BH3eMcKHH y. 31, 51, 200 .
BH3eMbI, c. .llBOpU. 51
BH30BKa, nyCT. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
BHTKa, BHTCKHH y. 10
BHTKa, p. 200
BHTCKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 177
raBpHJIOBO, c. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 41
faJIHUKHH Y.lleJI 36
faJIJlUKHH y. 9, 10, 16, 22, 36, 179, 186,
196-198
faJIHII, r. 179
f JIOTOBa CJI 060.ll3 51 peH. Y. 194
fOBOpOBO, c. .llBOpU. BOJIoro.ll. y. 192
fopeToB CT., MOCKOB. y. 182, 189, 190
fOpeTUKHH CT., TBepcK. y. 127
fopKa fpH.llHHa, .llep. 5eJ103ep. y. 105, 106
fopoxoaeu, BOJI. BJIa.llHMHp. y. 8
fopoxoBeUKHH y. 10, 26, 27, 31, 144, 193
fOpwKoBcKaH, .llep. KOJIOMeHcK. y. 175
fpHrOpbeBcKoe, c. KawHp. y. 66
fpHropbeBcKoe, c. CY3.llaJIbCK. y. 36
)J.BHHa, .lI.BHHcKaH 3eM.fIH 16, 19, 22, 28, 43,
111,113,143,151,162,172,173,179,181
.lI.erHJIeBCKaH, nyCT. KawHp. y. 191
.lI.e.llHJIOBCKHH y. 100
.lI.eMaHcKHH, n()tl. .lI.epeBcKoH nHT. 166
.lI.epeBCKaH nHTHHa 10, 78, 166, 174, 183, 195
.lI.MHTpOBCKHH y. 10, 22, 24, 43, 46, 47, 77,
78,87-91,94,96,98, 100, 114, 115, 131,
132,134,140,151,161-164,179,196-
198
JI.oopeHcKHH HM, B r. MO>KaHCKe 176
.lI.OJIraH CnooO.llKa, BOJI. .llBOpU. 5eJ103ep. y.
52
.lI.OpOHHHO, BOJI. .llBOpU. nOweXOH. y. 56
.lI.peBHHH PYCb 14
JI.y6eHKH, cu. BJIa.llHMHp. y. 36
EBpona 10
EKHMaTOBo, c. TpoHue-Cepr. MOH-pH 93
EJIHaUKaH,BOJI. KJpbeBO-nOBOJI.Y. 112
EMCTa, BOJI. KOCTpOM. y. 50, 92
EnHcI»aHcKHH y. 29, 179
EnHcI»aHb, r. 180
EpanOJlllb, c. BOJIou. y. 128
Epra, p. 112
)l(eJle30BO, cu. BJIa.llHMHp. y. 15, 39, 40
3aBOJI>KCKHe M., KawHH. y. 91
3aa,Y.llpoBcKHH CT., KawHH. y. 91
3aHueBo, .llep. KawHp. y. 73
3aJIeccKaH nOJlOBHHa, llleJIoH. nHTHHbI 166
3aMoCKoBHblH KpaH 63, 175, 176, 187, 191,
192, 194, 198-200, 203
3aOHe>Kbe, 3aOHe>KCKaH nHTHHa 43, 182
3ana.llHblH KpaH PyccKoro roc- Ba 171, 173,
176, 195, 200
3aY30J1bCKaH BOJI., 5aJIaXHHH. y. 50
3aHrop6cKaH BOJI., 5e.n03ep. y. 67
3BeHHrOpO.llCKHH Y.lleJI 41
3BeHHrOpO.llCKHH y. II, 22, 36, 45, 79, 80,
100, 101, 102, 176
3y6uOBCKHH y. 8, 31, 127, 128, 151, 162-
164, 186, 199
HsaHoB 50POK, BOJI. nOwexoH., 3aTeM 5e-
JI03ep. y. 55, 56, 67, 102, 173
HBaHoBa CJlo6o.lla, BOJI. BOJIoro.ll. y. 192
HBaHoBCKoe, c. PY3CK. y. 116, 132, 141
HBalleBcKaH, BOJI. 5eJ103ep. y. 52
HJIHUHHO, HJlbHUblHO, c. BOJIou. y. 115, 128,
142
HJIbHHCKHH CT., KawHp. y. 191
HJIbHHCKoe, nOli. BOJIoro.ll. y. 192
HHOOO>KCKHH CT., .lI.MHTpOB. y. 89, 90
HP.llOMCKoe, c. 6e.n03ep. y. 52, 64
Ka.llaWeBCKaH, .llep. Ka3aH. y. 99
Ka3aHcKHe .llBOpU. BOJIJI. 51, 59--62, 75
Ka3aHcKHH y., KpaH 29, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52,
53, 59-62, 77, 78, 80, 98-100, 117, 15,4,
158, 173, 177, 196-198, 200
Ka3aHb, r. 181
KaMa, p. 50, 200
KaMeHCKHH, CT. LlMHTpoB.Y. 89,90
KaMeHcKHH, CT. PH3aH. y. 200
KapronOJlbcKHHy.19,24,42,74, 110, 112,
113, 162
KaTpoMa, BOJI. BOJIoro.ll. y. 192
KawHHcKHH y. 9, 16, 18, 30, 31, 43, 46, 47,
77,78,87--89,91,92,94,97,98,118,177,
193, 196-198
KawHpa, r. 180, 181
KawHpcKHe .llBOpU. BOJIJI. 54, 59, 63, 66, 68,
70-72, 190
KawHpcKHH y. 10, 16,22,31,50,54,59,63,
6  68, 70--72,100,118,179,186,190--
I 3
KHJI KeHHO, .llep. KawHH. y. 98
KHnHJIHHO, c. KawHp. y. 72, 73
KHpHJIJIOBCKHH nOqHHOK KOPOTKHH, .llep.
BOJIolJ.K. y. 55
KHWKHHO, c. Tp.-Cep. MOH-pH 47, 93
KJIHHCKHH y. 8, 16,96, 114, 127, 151, 162-
165
KJIH3bMa p., 9, 12
KOBpH>KHHO, .llep. nOwexoH. y. 56
K03eJ1bCK, r. 130, 162
K03eJ1bCKHH paHoH 31, 117, 162
KOJIeHUOBCKHH e3 Ha p. llleKcHe 67
KOJIOMHa, r. 180, 181
KOJIOMeHCKHH y. 10, 16, 22, 24, 29, 43-45,
54, 55, 74, 82, 93, 100-102, 110-112,
115, 148, I 73, 175, I 77, 178, 181, 183-
185, 190, 194-198
KOJITOBO, c. KawHp. y. 66
221

KOJlblBaHb, r. 130
KOMH KpaH 194, 195
KOH.llpaTOBO, c. PY3CK. y. 130, 131
Konopbe 10
KopawcKaH BOJI. POCTOB. y. 75
Kop3eHeB CT. MOCKOB. y. 92, 189, 190
Kop06aHoBo, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50
KOCHHO, .llep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
KOCTpOMCKOH y. 9, 10, 13, 16, 22, 25, 26, 28,
29,31,43,47,48,50,52,60,63,79,87,88,
92, 94, 96, 100, 118, 156 176-179
I 96-199 "
KOWeJleB CT. MOCKOB. y. 183
KOWKHHO, .llep. 5eJ103ep. y. 106
KpacHoe, c. BJla.llHMHp. y. 50 52 58 64
69, 193, 194 ' , , ,
KpacHblH, r. nCKOB. y. 162
KpyrJlble CC., BH3eM. y. 51
KpblM 124
KYBaKHHo, c. KOCTpOM. y. 92
KYBWHHOBO, .llep. BOJIOUK. y. 54
KY3MHHcKaH, .llep. nOwexoH. y. 56
KY3bMO.lleMbHHcKoe, cu. CTapHU. y. 140
KYKapHHo, c. .llBOpU. 51
KYKy60H, c. nOwexoH. y. 96
KYJlnHHO, .llep. 5eJ103ep. y. 105
KYHOCTb, BOJI. 5eJ103ep. y. III, 112
KypraHbI, .llep. nOwexoH. y. 56
KYPOCTpoBcKaH BOJI. .lI.BHHCK. y. 113
KYPbHHOBO, c. BOJlOUK. y. 132
KYIIHHO, .llep. 18, 19
n a.llO>Kbe 19
JIHceeBo, .llep. 5eJ103ep. y. 108
JIellleBcKHH, (noroCT?) BOJloro.ll. y. 192
JIHBOHHH 142
JIHneUKaH BOJI. KawHp. y. 72
JIHTBHHOBO, c. BOJIOUK. y. 132
J1HXBHHCKHH y. 99, 162
JIHXOpa.llOBO, .llep. MOCKOB. y. 13
JIHIIHllleBo, .llep. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 140
JIOKHblw, c. PY3CK. y. 116, 132, 141
JIOKHblwCKHH CT. PY3CK. y. 28, 130
JIYKH BeJlHKHe, r. 174
JIYKHH nOli. 5eJl03ep. y. 103, 104
JIYKOBHHKOBO. c. CTapHU. y. 132, 140
JI YKbHHoBcKoe, c. TBepcK. y. 9
JIYUKHH CT. POCTOB. y. 93
JIbroBcKHH CT. PH3aH. y. 200
JIblcuoBcKaH BOJI. KawHp. y. 71, 192
JI OOHTHHO, .llep. PY3CK. y. 114
MaKapoBcKaH, .llep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
MaJlOHpOCJlaBeUKHH y. 92, 196, 197
MaMowHHo, c. PY3CK. y. 128, 193
Ma HaTbH H CT. MOCKOB. y. 183, 189
MaHTYPoBO, cu. TBep. y. 127
MapKHTaeBcKaH, nycT. KawHp. y. 72
MapTlOwHHO, cu. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 134, 140
MapbHHcKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 92
Me.llHa, c. HOBOTOp>K. y. 98
222
MelllepCKHH KpaH 100, 176
MHKYJlHHCKHH CT. TBep. y. 125
MHclOpeBo, c. KJlHH. y. 114
MHTHHa, .llep. HOCH<f»O-BoJlOK. MOH-pH 114
MHTpOnOJlHllbH,.llep. BJla.llHMHp.y. 15
MHWYTHHCKHH CT. nepeHCJlaB. y. 79
MO>KaHCK, r. 51, 137, 146, 154 171 17 6
181, 200 ' , ,
MO>KaHCKHH y. 10, 16,51, 179,200
MOJleIlKHHO, c. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 115, 140
M 0 Hac T bI P H H n yeT bI H H:
ABpaMbeB (ABpaaMHeB) 50rOHBJIeHCKHH,
pOCTOBCKHH 137, 146
AH.llpHHHOBa YcneHcKaH nycTblHb, nowe-
XOHCKaH 26, 30, 76, 80
AH.llpOHHKOB (AH.llpOHHeB) CnaccKHH B Mo-
CKBe 146
AHToHHeB, HOBrOpO.llCKHH 14, 148, 154
AHToHHeB CHHCKHH TpOHUKHH .llBHHCKOH
143, 146 '
ApXaHreJIbCKHH MHXaHJlOBCKHH nBHHCKOH
173 ' 
ACTpaxaHcKHH 62
5J1arOBellleHCKHH CnaccKHH, HH>KerOpO.ll-
CKHH 46, 86
506peHeB PO>KJ].eCTBeHCKHH KOJlOMeHCK HH -
185 '
50rOpO.llHUKHH YcneHcKHH, CBHH>KCKHH 82
146, .154 '
pOrOpO.llHblH, BJla.llHMHpCKHH eM. PO>K.lleCT-
BeHCKHH 50rOpO.llHUKH
50rOCJlOBCKHH, pH3aHcKHH 22 25 173 180
182 ' , , ,
50rOHBJleHCKHH 3a ToproM B MocKBe 146
148, 185, 199 '
50rOHBJleHCKHH pOCTOBCKHH eM. ABpaMbeB
50J1.llHHO- .lI.opor06Y>KCKHH 154
50pHCOrJle6cKHH, pOCTOBCKHH 137
50pHCOrJle6cKHH, CMOJleHCKHH 146
50pOBCKO- na<f»HYTHeBCKHH 145, 154, 155
5pyceHblH npellHcTblH, KOJlOMeHCKHH 185
B03MHUKHH, BOJlOKOJIaMCKHH 154
B03HeceHcKHH, raJlHUKHH Ha p. 06Hope 186
BOJlOUKHH eM. HOCH<f»o-BoJlOKOJIaMCKHH
BbiCOUKHH, cepnyxoBcKOH 22 24 27 138
180 ' , , ,
BH>KHUKHH HHKOJIbCKHH, HOBrO p O.llCKHH 82
154 '
f JlYWH UKHH nOKpOBCKHH, BOJIOrO.llCKHH 135
148, 154 '
fOJlYTBHH 50rOHBJIeHCKHH KOJlOMeHCKHH
185 '
.fOpHUKHH YcneHcKHH B nepeHCJlaBJle 137
.lI.aHHJlOB, MOCKOBCKHH 74, 185
.lI.YXOB, HOBrOpO.llCKHH 151
3J1aToycTcKHH, MOCKOBCKHH 185
HoaHHa npe.llTeIlH, raJlHUKHH 199
HJlaHTOBCKHH (3HJlaHToB) Y cneHcKHH, Ka-
3aHcKHH 77, 158
HocH<f»o-BoJlOKOJlaMCKHH 25, 28, 41, 51, 50,

74, 76, 79, 95, 114-117, 126-132, 134,
135, 137, 140, 141, 143-146, 151-157,
161-168,176,177,181,186,187,193,
I 94, I 99
HnaTHeB TPOHUKHH, KOCTpOMCKOH 23, 26,
160, I 76, 177, I 99
Ka3aHcKHH eM. Cnaco-npe06pa>KeHCKHH
KaJlH3HHCKHH eM. MaKapHeB TpOHUKHH
KaMeHCKHH eM. Cnaco-KaMeHCKHH
KHpHJlJlo-5eJ103epCKHH YcneHcKHH 13, 19,
49, 74, 75, 80, 81, 95, 102, 106, 109, III,
114, 131, 135, 143-146, 149, 151, 154,
156, 162, 164
KOJlOTUKHH YcneHcKHH, MO>KaHCKHH 146,
148
KOpHHJlHeB- KOMeJlbCKHH, BOJIOro.n.cKHH 154,
'164
KOpH>KeMCKHH HHKOJlaeBCKHH, COJIbBbllle-
ro.n.cKHH 76
KpacHoxoMCKHH AHToHHeB, 6e>KeUKHH 41,
45, 75, 80, 81, 114
JIeBKeHH, BOJlOUKHH 157
JIY>KeUKHH PO>K.lleCTBa 50rOpO.llHUbI, MO-
>KaHCKHH 137, 146, 148
MaKapHeB TPOHUKHH, KaJlH3HHCKHH 18, 36
MaxpHlllcKHH TpOHUKHH CTe4>aHoB, K lOry
OT AJleKcaH.n.poBoH CJl060.n.bI 152
MHXaHJlOB, HOBropo.n.cKHH 14
HHKHTCKHH, nepeHCJlaBCKHH 137, 148
HHKHTCKHH B .lI.MHTpoBe (?) 135
HHKOJIa CTa pblH B MocKBe 185
HHKOJIO-KopeJIbCKHH, .n.BHHCKOH 173
HOBHHCKHH BBe.n.eHcKHH B MocKBe 46, 87
HOBo.n.eBHIIHH B MocKBe 45, 78, 80, 177,
I 186, 199
I HOBocnaccKHH B MocKBe 137, 146, 185
I OTpolieB Y cneHcKHH, TBepcKoH 149
naBJIoB-06HOpCKHH, BOJlOro.n.cKHH 148, 154,
164
n a4>HYTbeBCKHH eM. 50pOBCKO- na4>HYTHeB-
CKHH
neCHOWCKHH HHKOJIaeBCKHH, .llMHTpOBCKHH
135
nellepcKHH B03HeceHcKHH, HH>Keropo.n.cKHH
9, 137, 154
nellepcKHH YcneHcKHH, nCKoBcKHH 146, 148,
154
nOKpOBCKHH AJleKCaH.llpOBCKHH B CY3.n.aJle
82, 166
nOKpOBCKHH naHcHeB, yrJlHllcKHH 36
npe06pa>KeHCKHH eM. Cnaco-npeo6pa>KeH-
CKHH
PO>K.n.ecTBeHCKHH 50ropo.n.HUKHH BO BJla.n.H-
MHpe 18, 137, 146, 152, 156
PO>K.lleCTBeHCKHH 50ropo.n.HUKHH, enH4>aH-
CKHH 180
CaBBo-CTOpO>KeBCKHH, 3BeHHropo.n.cKHH 41,
74,79,135,177
CBHpCKHH A.neKCaH.llpOB y OJlOHua 135
CHMOHOB Y cneHCKHH B MocKBe II, 25, 27,
28,73, 74, 135-IM, 146, 152,176,177,
185, 194, 200
COJlOBeUKHH 30CH Mo-CaBBaTHeBcKHH 46, 74,
80, 152, 154, 164
COJlOTIIHHCKHH, pH3aHcKHH 155
Cnaco-EB4>HMHeB B CY3.n.aJle 12, 26, 144,
151, 152, 154, 158
Cnaco-3a.n.BopHblH Ha KpYTHuax 177
Cnaco-KaMeHcKHH, BOJlOro.n.cKHH 148, 154
Cnaco-npe06pa>KeHCKHH, 6eJ1eBCKHH 26
Cnaco-npe06pa>KeHCKHH B Ka3aHH 77, 146,
148, 154, 158, 200
Cnaco-npe06pa>KeHCKHH eM. XYTblHCKHH
Cnaco- n pe06pa>KeHCKHH B 51 pOCJlaBJle 137,
165
Cnaco- n PHJlYUKHH, BOJlOro.n.cKHH 132, 143,
148, 154
TepexoB BocKpeceHcKHH, pH3aHcKHH 165,
166
THXBHHCKHH YcneHcKHH, HOBropo.n.cKHH 151
TpH4>OHOB YcneHcKHH, XJIblHOBCKHH 76, 80
TpoHue-CeprHeB, Ka3a HCKHH 77
TpoHue-CeprHeB, pa.n.oHe>KCKHH 8, 12, 13,
15, 17, 25, 27, 31, 42-44, 46, 47, 73, 74,
77-80, 82, 87, 89, 91-95, 97, 98, 121,
135, 137, 143, 145, 146, 149, 152, 154,
159, 176, 177, 181, 182, 185, 186, 190,
195-200
TpoHue-CeprHeB, CBHH>KCKHH 77, 200
YrpewcKHH HHKOJlbCKHH, MOCKOBCKHH 117,
118, 185
YcneHcKHH, cTapHUKHH 177
<l>eo.n.opoBCKHH, nepeHCJIaBCKHH 27, 165, 166
<l>eponoHToB, BOJIOro.n.cKHH 154
XYTblHCKHH BapJlaMHeB, HOBropo.n.cKHH 146,
154
LlapeBo-KoHcTaHTHHoBCKHH,BJla.n.HMHpcKHH
39,45,46,74,79,80,83,84,86
lIy.n.OB ApXaHreJlo-MHXaHJlOBCKHH B Mo-
CKBe II, 13,45,74, III, 112, 114, 135,
137,138,146,154,155,185
K)pbeBcKHH, HOBropo.n.cKHH 14, 146, 152,
154, 155
MOHaTbHH CT. MOCKOB. y. 189, 190
Mop.n.Ba 44, 54
MOp.n.oBcKHe CeJleHHH 54
MocKBa, r. 6,10,69,81,90,93,94,96, 101,
129,132,134,137,143,146,147,149,
150, I 76-181, 190, 199
MOCKOBCKHH y. 10, II, 13, 16, 22, 25, 27,
29-31, 42, 44, 46, 51, 68, 75, 87, 88,
92-94, 100, 10 l, III, 114, 115, 138,
151, 154, 158, 162, 164, 176, 179, 182-
184, 186-190, 195-197
MYPOM, r. 181
MYPOMCKHH y. 10, 12, 16, 25, 43, 48-50,
52, 54, 63, 64, 159, 179, 186, 194, 196, 197
MYXOPTOBO, .n.ep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
MYWKOBCKHH CT. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 140
223

MblC, .l1ep. 5eJIo3ep. y. 112
MblTeHcKHH norOCT 060He>K. nHTHHbI 151
HaropHaH nOJlOBHHa 060He>K. nHTHHbI 78
Ha.llnOpO>KHblH CT. 5eJI03ep. y. III
HaYMKoB, nOli. 5e.n03ep. y. 103
HeBJlb, r. 174
HeKpacoB, nOli. 5e.n03ep. y. 103, lOB
HepexTa, BOJI. KOCTpOM. y. 92
HH>KerOpO.l1CKHH y. 10, 16, 28, 29, 31, 43, 46,
48-50, 52-54, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 86,
101, 154, 176, 179, 193, 200
HHKHTCKHH CT. nepeHCJlaB. y. II
HHKOJIbCKaH ry6a Ce6e>KCKOrO y. 53, 64
HHKOJIbCKHH CT. KawHpcKoro y. 191
HHKOJIbCKoe, BOJI. 5eJI03ep. y. III
HHKOJIbCKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50
HHKOJIbCKoe, c. KawHH. y. 134
HHKOJIbcKoe-nY3b1peBO, c. De>KeUKOrO Bep-
xa 80
HOBrOpO.l1, r. 113, 132, 134, 146, 172, 174,
182
HOBrOpO.l1CKaH pecny6J1HKa 42
HOBrOpO.l1CKHe nHTHHbI 16, 17, 22, 30, 32, 43,
53, 100
HOBrOpO.l1CKHH KpaH 4, 5, 8, 10, II, 14, 18,
19, 28, 30-32, 43, 44, 53, 78, 148, 151,
152,154,161,163,166,167,171-174,
I 79, 187, 189, 194, 195
HOBHKH, .l1ep. PH3aH. y. 68
HOBoe, c. .l1BOpu. MO>KaHcK. y. 151
HOBoe, c. HOCH<t»O-BOJIOK. MOH-P" 115
HOBOCHJlbCKHH y. 196, 197
HOBOTOp>KCKHH y. 16, 17,98, 100, 117
HOBOWHHO, c. BOJIOUK. y. 141
HOBblH rOp0.l10K, r. H BOJI. TBep. 8
HoraHcKaH 0p.l1a 124
HopCKaH Bon., S1pOCJlaB. y. 50, 52
0606YPoBo,c. BJla.l1HMHp.y. 129, 130
060JleHcKHH y. 28, 125, 196, 197
060He>KcKaH nHTHHa, 060He>Kbe 10, 78,
151, 193, 195
06oe3>KHH CT. MOCKOB. y. 183
OBHHeu, .l1ep. 5eJI03ep. y. 107
OrapeBo, .l1ep. KOJIOMeH. y. 175
OrawHHcKoe, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56
03epeUKoe, c. .l1BOpu. 51, 52
03epHllle, r. nCKOB. KpaH 174
OKa. p. 9, 13
OKOJIOrOpO.l1HblH CT. PH3aH. y. 200
OKYJlOBO, .l1ep. Taep. y. 134
OJleKCHHO, c. KawHH. y. 91, 97, 98
OJl<t»epoBCKaH, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
OJlbXOBHUHH nOli., 5eJIo3ep. y. 103
OHaHoBo, .l1ep. .LI.MHTpOB. y. 140
OHUH<t»epoBo, .l1ep. 5eJI03ep. y. 105, 106
OnoKH, r. H BOJI. 6J1H3 P>KeBa 8
OnOJleB CT_ nepeHCJlaB. y. II
OnoJibe CM. B.n8J1HMHpCKO-CY3.l1. ononbe
OnOIlKa, r. nCKOB. y. 162
224
OP.l1a, TaTapO-MOHr. rOC-BO 7, 8, 35, 52
OpJlOBCKHH y. 31, 199
OpTeMoBcKaH nyCT., KawHp. y. 191
OCTawKoBo, .l1ep. KOJlOMeH. y. 175
OCTawKoBo, c. Tp.-Cepr. MOH-pH 93
OrIlHllleBo, c. BOJlOUK. y. 115, 126, 128
O<t»HMKHHO, .l1ep. BJla.llHMHp. y. 15
O<t»OHOCOBO, .llep. KOJIOMeH. y. 175
naBJIOBcKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50
naBJIOBCKoe, c. H BOJI. yr JlHII. 13
naJlKHHO, c. BOJIOUK. y. 20, 52, 50, 61, 114
naHHKapoBo,c. POCTOB. y. 45, 75,80
na03epbe, c. IlleJIOH. nHTHHbI 53
nanHHo, .l1ep. 5eJI03ep. y. 107
nacblHKoBO, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
naTOKHHo, c. PY3CK. y. 126
neHbe, c. PY3CK. y. 115
nepeMbllllJIb, r. 162
nepeHCJlaBCKHe pbl60J10BbI 12, 14
nepeHCJlaBCKHe COKOJlbHHKH II, 12
nepeHCJlaBJlb-3aJleCCKHH, r. H y. 10-12, 16,
27, 51, 79, 82, 83, 100, 115, 154, 158,
165, 196-198
neCToBO, .l1ep. KawHH. y. 98
neTpHHO, .l1ep. 5e.n03ep. y. 103
neTpOBHII, c. PH3aH. y. 58
nJlerY30Bo, .llep. nOwexoH. y. 56
nJlecuoBo, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
fIJlewKoBo, .llep. BOJIOUK. y. 54
nOBeJIbCKHH CT. ,LlMHTpOB. y. 89
nOBOJI>Kbe 53, 62, 68, 77, 154, 158, 173,
189, 193, 198, 200
nO.l1KOCOBO, .l1ep. KOCTpOM. y. 79
nO>KapHllle 5a6HHo, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56-
58
nOKpOBCKoe, c. .l1BOpu. 51
nOKpOBCKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50
nOJl>KHXHHO, .l1ep. 5eJI03ep. y. 103
nonoUK, r. 174, 176
nOJlOUKH H nOBeT 110
nbnbwa 146
nOMOpbe 14, 162
nOHH30Bble ropO.l1a, HH>KerOpO.l1. y. 176
nonaHJlOBO, .l1ep. TBepcK. y. 114
nonoBcKaH, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56
nOpXOBCKHH y. 53, 194
nOTpe6HH. nOli., 5e.n03ep. y. 103
nOllaJIOBO, .l1ep. KawHH. y. 98
nOllepHeB CT. MOCKOB. y. 183
nOwexoHcKHH y. 10, 16, 26, 30, 54, 76, 78,
80, 94, 96, 162, 196-198
npecHeuoBo, .l1ep. ,LlMHTpOB. y. 90
npellHCTeHcKHH norOCT 060He>K. nHT-Hbi
151
npHKaMbe 200
npHweKcHHHcKHe .l1BOpu. BOJIJI. 51, 52, 54,
67, 193
n pOHHHO, .l1ep. BOJIOUK. y. 54
npOHCK, r. 173
nCKOB, r. 142, 162, 172, 174

nCKOBCKaH 3eMJlH, KpaH 4, 5, 16, 32, 53, 148,
154, 172 173, 179, 187
.nCKOBcKaH <t»eoJ],. pecn-Ka 10
nYJ],HTCKHH CT. KaWHH. y. 91
nypOK, BOJI. MYPOM. y. 50, 64
nYTHBJlbCKHH y. 31
nYTHJlOBO, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50
nYWKHHO, c. MOCKOB. y. 75
Par03HHo, J],ep. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
P3J],oHe>K, CT. MOCKOB. y. 92, 183, 189,
190
PaJ],oHe>KCKHH y. 10, II, 15, 21
PaKyJlbCK3H, J],ep. BeJl03ep. y. 107
PaMeHKH, c. BOJIOUK. y. 132
PaMeHbe, BOJI. BOJIoroJ],. y. 192
PacTOKHHo, c. MOCKOB. y. 92
P>KeBCKHH y. 163-165, 199
PO>KJ],eCTBeHcKHH, norOCT BOJloroJ],. y. 192
POKOCOBO, c. BOJIOUK. y. 130, 141
POMaHoBcKHH y. 16,30,87,88, 199
POCJIaBJIbCKHH y. 29, 100, 166
PocToBeu, BOJI. 115
POCTOBCKHH y. 10, 45-47, 75, 78, 80, 93,
98, 100, III, 146, 153, 154, 162, 179,
196-198
PneHH, p. BJl3J],HMHp. y. 13
PY3CKHH y. 13, 22, 28, 45, 74, 76, 78, 80, 88,
100, 114, 115, 126, 128, 130, 132, 141, 151,
162, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 186, 193,
195-197, 200
PYKHHa CJlOOoJ],Ka, c. BeJl03ep. y. 96
Pbl6HaH Cn060J],3, K333H. y. 60
PblJlKO, nOli. BeJl03ep. y. 103
PblWKOBO, J],ep. POCTOB. y. 75
PH3aHcKoe BeJI. KH-BO 10
PH3aHcKHH y. 22, 25, 28, 31, 50, 52, 54, 58,
63,64,66,68,100,125,165,173,176,200
PH3aHb, r. 13, 173, 180
CaMHT, norOCT KOCTpOM. y. 50
CaHKoBo, J],ep. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 90
CapblIlKHHO, J],ep. nepeHCJlaB. y. 79
CBHH>KCKHH y. 43, 45, 50, 52, 53, 50, 61, 77,
80, 82, 117, 146, 154, 173, 179, 196--198,
200
I
Ce6e>K, r. nCKOBcKoro KpaH 162
Ce6e>KCKHH y. 53, 63, 64
CeBep 24, 48, 74, 81, 113, 154, 161, 171-
173, 176, 179, 191, 192, 195, 196, 199
CeBepo- B OCT 011 Hbi H perHOH POCCHH 38, 74,
75, 82, 176, 194, 196, 198, 199
CeBepo-3anaJ],HblH. perHOH POCCHH 4, 5, 24,
30,32,33,48,51,53,63, 100, 154, 161,
169,172-174,179,182,187,189,191
CeBepcKHH KpaH 10,22,55, 151, 161
CepneHcKHH y. 46, 92, 196, 197
CepnyxoB, r. 175, 180
CepnyxoBcKHH y. 16, 22, 24, 27, 28
CHMH3HHcKHe CC., BJl3J],HMHp. y. 15, 18, 39,
40, 60
CHHKOBO, c. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 00
CHTHHKOBO, J],ep. KawHH. y. 98
CKHpMaHoBo, c. PY3CK. y. 115, 186, 187,
193
CJl060J],a, pe3HJ],eHUHH HBaHa IV (B CT3-
pHU. y.?) 135
CJl060J],a, c. J],BOpU. 51
Cn060J],CKOH y. 76, 110, 200
CJlOBeHCKHH BOJlOK, c. BeJl03ep. y. 96
CMOJleHCK, r. 146, 174
CMOJIHHCKoe, c. BepeHcKoro y. 51
COJIOMeHCKaH BOJI. KawHp. y. 171,191
COJlOHHua, p. Ka3aHcKoro y. 99
COJIOTIIHHCKHH CT. PH3aH. y. 200
COJlbBbllleroJ],cKHH KpaH 166
COJIb faJiHUKaH (COJI HraJi HII) , r. 15
COJIb nepeHCJlaBCKaH (YCOJIbe) II
COpHH, nOli. BeJl03ep. y. 103, 104
CoceHcKHH CT. MOCKOB. y. 93
CO<t»OHOBO, J],ep. 175
CnaccKoe, c. BOJIoroJ],. y. 64, 192
CnaccKoe,c. pY3cK.y.41, 131, 132
CnHpoBo, c. BOJlOUK. y. 128
CpeTeHcKoe, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50, 52, 60, 64
CTaHoK, J],ep. BOJIOUK. y. 54
CTapaH Pyca, r. 172, 174
CTapHua, r. 130, 132, 133, 140, 146
CTapHUKHH y. 8, 17, 31, 68, 116, 127, 128,
132,134,140,141,151,162-165,177,
195-198
CTapOBOJIOUKHH CT. BOJIOUK. y. 128
CTapoJ],y6 PHnOJlOBCKHH 16, 101, 125, 158,
196, 197
CTapoe fOJlHrHHO, nyCT. KawHp. y. 191
CTapblH S1poCJIaBJIb, J],ep. BJlaJ],HMHp. y. 15
CTYJleHeBO, J],ep. Ben03ep. y. 103
CTblpeBo, J],ep. .lI.MHTpOB. y. 90
CYJ],HHKOBO, c. Py3CK. y. 126, 193
CY3J],aJlbCKHH y. 10, 12, 16, 20, 29, 31, 36,
50, 100, 125, 158, 163, 179, 186, 196, 197
CYMaKoBo, cu. Taep. y. 134
CYPO>KCKHH CT. MOCKOB. y. 182, 189
CblpoH nOIlHHOK, J],ep. Bo.nOUK. y. 54
CblCOJIbe, BOJI. S1peHcKoro y. 194
TaJlwa, BOJI. BnaJ],HMHp. y. 82
TaHHllle, c. Be.n03ep. y. 44, 78
TBepcKaH 3eMJlH 8-11, 17, 29, 30, 36, 52,
114,116, 125, 127, 128, 132, 134, 144, 151,
154, 162, 164, 177-179, 186
TBepcKoH yJ],eJI 16, 49, 54
TBepua, p. 12
TeMHHKOBCKHH y. 54
TepeMeu, J],ep. BJlaJ],HMHp. y. 15
TeWHJlOBCKaH CJloooJ],a KawHp. y. 66
THMocpeeBa CJloooJ],a P>KeBCK. y. 126
ToprHHo, J],ep. PH3aH. y. 58, 68
TOp>KOK, r. 7, 31, 125
Toponeu, r. 174
ToponeUKHH y. 16, 18, 19, 39, 49, 99, 100,
111,114
225

TOTeMCKHH y. 179
TpOHUKHH CT. llMHTpOB. y. 89
Tpbl3HOBO, c. BOJIOUK. y. 142
TYJla, r. 180
TYJlbCKHH y. 22, 100, 190
TYPHKOBO, c. MOCKOB. y. 13
TYPOBO, c. TBep. y. 132, 140
TYPOBCKHH CT. KawHp. y. 67
TYPYHTaeBo,c.BOJIoro.l1.y.64,192
TYPUHH 124
TYPliacOBcKHH CT., KaprOnOJlbCK. y. 19, 110,
112, 113
TYTPIO M OBO, .l1ep. 5e.n 03ep. y. 107
YBapoBcKoe, c. MOCKOB. y. 138
YrJla, BOJI. BOJIoro.l1. y. 192
YrJlHIICKHH y. 10, 16, 41, 46, 77, 96, 179,
196- 200
Y.l10MeJlbCKaH BOJI. 5e>KeUK. nHT-Hbi 19
YM6cKaH BOJI. KOJIbCKOH 3eMJlH 74
YH>Ka, r. 179, 194
YCMepcKHH CT. KOJlOMeH. y. 185
YCOJlbe, noroCT COJlHKaM. y. 76
Y cneHcKoe, c. PY3CK. y. 131, 193
YCTlOr, r. 173
Y CTIO>KCKH H y. I 79
YCTIO>KHa )l(e.ne30nOJlbCKaH, r. 110, 112
.aYCTOBa fopa, c. 3y6uOB. y. 115, 127
<l>e.l10pOBcKoe,C. KOCTpOM. y. 47,92
<l>eJ1OCbHH fOp0.l10K, BOJI. 5eJ103ep. y. 52, 67,
193
<l>e.l10TbeBO, c. PH3aH. y. 50, 52, 58, 64, 66,
68
<l>HJlHHCKHH, nOli. 5eJl03ep. y. 103, 108
<l>pOJlOBCKOe, c. KawHH. y. 91
XapHToHoB nOIlHHOK, .l1ep. nOwexoH. y. 56
Xa'pJlaHOBO, cu. PY3CK. y. 134
XapJlaHOBCKHH nOIlHHOK, nycT. KawHp. y.
191
XJlblHOBCKHH y. 76, 80, 110
XOJIM, r. H Tepp. Taep. 8
XOJlM, BOJI. KOJlOMeH. y. 185
XOJIMOrOpbl, r. 173
XOTYHcKaH BOJI. KOJlOMeH. y. 93
XOTYHb, .l1ep. llMHTpOB. y. 90
lI.eHTp POCCHH 154, 161, 171-177, 179,
187 -191, 198, 200
UeHTpaJlbHO-npOMblWJI. paHoH 48
UeHTpaJlbHo-1.JepH03eM. paHoH 48
Ubl6HHO, c. KOCTpOM. y. 50, 52, 50, 64
UblJlHHCKHH e3 Ha p. IlleKcHe 67
e60KcapCKHH y. 173
1.JerO.l1aeBcKoe nOJle, MYPOM. y. 12
1.JenlilOrH, c. Ka3aH. y. 59
1.JepHblH 50p, BOJI. 7, 8
1.JepTaHoBo, c. MOCKOB. y. 51
1.JOKOBO, cu. BJla.l1HMHp. y. 15,39,40
1.JycoBaH, p. 200
1.JlOpHJlOBO, cu. BOJIOUK. y. 36
WaCTHJlOBO, cu. TBep. y. 127
Ille60PWHHO, c. .l1BOpU. 51
IlleKcHa, p.67, 78, 94, III
IlleJIOHCKaH nHTHHa 10, 53, 166, 174
IllepeHCKHH CT. MOCKOB. y. 183, 189
III eCTa KOBO, C. PY3CK. y. 141
IllHJlbHHr, nyCT. nOwexoH. y. 56, 57
IllHnYJlHHO, .l1ep. KOCTpOM. y. 79
III YJlbrHHO, .l1ep. llMHTpOB. y. 90
IllYHra, norOCT KOCTpOM. y. 50
1lt0HKHHO, .l1ep. KawHp. y. 59
.or, BOJI. BOJloro.l1. y. 64, 192
IOpbeBo-nOBOJICKHH, y. Ill, 112
IOpbeBo-nOJlbCKHH y. 10,27, 100, 159, 179,
186, 195-197
JlrO.l1HOe, c. Ka3aH. y. 158
513BHllbe, .l1ep. 5eJl03ep. y. 103
51KoBJleBcKHH CT. KawHp. y. 191
51 MCKaH CJl060.l1a B KOJlOM He 181
51HoBeu, .l1ep. BJla.l1HMHp. y. 15
51p.l1b1weBo, .l1ep. 5eJ103ep. y. 105, 106
51peHcKHH y. 194
51poroM>K, c. 5e.n03ep. 52, 64
51ponOJlII, r. 8
51poCJIaBcKHH y. 10, 30, 50, 52, 78, 94, 98,
118, 125, 154, 160, 163, 165, 196-199

YKA3ATEnb HMEH *
A6paMOBHII f. B. 10, 16, 17, 161, 163, 169,
187, 204-206, 214-216
AJleKeaH.l1pOB B. A. 36, 37, 207
AneKcHHcKaH T. H. 218
AHnHJlOrOB f. H. 48, 208, 209
6apaWKOBa H. A. 208,209,216,218
5eJl03epCKaH H. A. 139
5eJlHeB H. .lI.. 34, 207
5yraHoB B. H. 207, 214
5YJlraKOB M. 5. 99, 210
BaJiK C. H. 219
BaCHJlbeB K. f. 215
BaeHJlbeB 10. C. 113, 209, 211
BaxpoMeeB H. A. 214, 215
BeJleHIIHK 5. 51. 207
BeCeJlOBCKHH C. 5.5,7,9, II, 14, 19-21,
28,34,35,63,103, 109, 120, 142, 161, 163,
167, 184, 205, 206-209, 211-214, 216
Bop06beB B. M. 211
BOpoHuoBa JI. .lI.. 206, 213, 216
BOCK060HHHKoBa H. n. 211
rapCKOBa H. M. 99, 210
fOJly6u.oB H. A. 79
fopcKaH H. A. 3, 6, 44, 48, 70, 205,
207-209
fOpCKHH A. .lI.. 3, II, 49, 205
fOP<t»YHKeJlb A. X. 219 .
fOTbe 10. B. 170, 171, 195, 198,217
fpeKoB 5. .lI.. 30, 81, 170, 195, 210, 215,
217
AaHHJlOBa JI. B. 207
.lI.erTHpeB A. 51. 171, 187, 193, 199,215-
217
.lI.eMKHH A. B. 217
.lI.HOHHCHH 208, 216, 217
.lI.MHTpHeBa 3. B. 49, 208, 209, 216, 218,
219
.lI.oBHap-3anOJlbCKHH M. B. 219
.lI.opoweHKo B. B. 215
.lI.bHKOHOB M. A. 5, 18, 19, 21, 27, 206,
216, 219
EpMOJIaeB H. n. 208, 215, 217
3HMHH A. A. 6, 120, 126, 127, 130, 140,
156, 157, 161, 170, 171, 175,205,208,
211-215, 217-219
HBaHOB 10. H. 77, 210
HBHHa JI. H. 209, 218
H H.l10Ba E. H. 48, 208
Ka6aHoB A. K. 166, 206, 215, 216, 219
KaJlaliOB H. B. 29, 89, 219
KaMeHueBa E. H. 206
KaTaeB H. M. 166, 206, 215, 216, 219
KawTaHoB C. M. 6, II, 24, 79, 120, 121,
123, 125, 126, 128, 138-140, 161, 170,
171,175,205,206,212-214,218,219
K06pHH B. 5. 212
KOJleeHHKOB n. A. 161
KonaHeB A. H. 103, 113, 161, 211, 216,
217
KOpeUKHH B. H. 29, 30, 120, 138, 143,
144, 184, 207, 211, 213, 214, 216
KYIIKHH B. A. 216
nanno-.lI.aHHJleBCKHH A. C. 5, 34, 207
JIHnaKoB E. B. 208
JIHxalieB .lI.. C. 212
JIYPbe 51. C. 212
MaMaToBa E. n. 6
MaHbKoB A. f. 6,213,215,217,218
MaCJIeHHHKOBa H. H. 16
MaUYK M. A. 113
MHKJlaWeBCKHH H. H. 19, 206
MHJlOB JI. B. 33, 44, 99, 205, 207, 208,
210, 215
MHJlIOKOB n. H. 5, II, 14, 18, 19, 21, 27,
34, 163, 205-207
MOp.l10BHHa C. n. 162
Ha3apoB B. .lI.. 6, 21, 218
HHKOJIbCKHH H. K. 34, 207,213,214
HOBOCeJlbueB A. n. 208
HOCOB H. E.. 120, 161
naBJIOB-CHJlbBaHeKHH B. D. 216
nawYTo B. T. 208, 218
nJiaTOHOB C. <1>. 30, 170, 184
* B YKa3aTeJlb BKJllOlleHbI HMeHa HCCJle.l10BaTeJleH, ynoMHHYTblX B KHHre.
227

n pe06pa>KeHCKHH A. A. 6, 207
npoKocI»beBa JI. C. 208, 209, 216, 218
PO>K.l1ecTaeHCKHH C. B. 157, 214, 215
PO>KKOB H. A. 35, 50, 152, 161, 169, 170,
184,199,200,207,208,214-217
POMaHoBa f. 51. 205, 209
Py6UOB M. 196, 210, 212
Ca.l1HKOB n. A. 110, 161, 162, 206, 211,
216
CaMoKBacoB .lI.. 51. 207, 210
Caxa pOB A. H. 3
CeBaCTbHHoBa A. A. 139, 213
CeraJI A. E. 215
CeMeHoB B. n. 209
CepreeBHII B. H. 5, 18, 30, 34, 35, 184,
207, 216
CHMOHOB P. A. 207
CHMCOH n. 215
CHHHUblHa H. B. 212
CKpblHHHKOB P. f. 120, 133-137, 139, 144,
147, 148, 151, 156, 162, 213, 214, 216
CMHpHOB H. H. 21, 23, 24, 206
CMHpHOB n. n. 184
COBeToB n. B. 205
CnaccKHH H. f. 207
Cpe3HeBcKHH H. 11. 113, 145, 212, 213
CTaHHCJlaBCKHH A. JI. 162
CTaweBcKHH E. .lI.. 206-209,211,215,216
CTOpO>KeB B. H. 219
CTpoeB n. M. 136, 213
228
TaTHllleB B. H. 7, 205
THTOB A. A. 215
THXOMHpOB M. H. 120, ISO, 181, 184, 215,
216, 219
THXOHOB 10. A. 3,89,207, 209, 210
TOJICTOH 10. B. 213
¥ CTlOrOB H. B. 206
4»e.l10ToB-1.JexoBcKHH A. 218
<l>JlOpH 5. H. 6, 144, 151, 161, 213, 214
'IaeB H. C. 213
1.JepenHHH JI. B. 3, 4, 10, 37, 49, 50,
120, 144, 205, 207, 208, 213, 218, 219
1.JellYJlHH H. .lI.. 184
WanHpo A. JI. 4, 8, 32, 35, 113, 152,
169, 207, 218
lllBeHKoBcKaH E. H. 6
llIMH.l1T C. O. 120, 135, 213, 214
lllYMaKoB C. A. 48, 91, 97, 105, 196,205-
212, 215-217, 219
UJ.a nOB 51. H. 207
Ill.eneTOB H. K. 117, 212
IOprHHHc 10. M. 215
IOwKoB A. H. 212, 218

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M., 1987 - 20 JI.
B c60pHHK BnepBble BKJlIOlleH8 n0.l1fOTOBJIeHH8H M. M. 50ro-
CJlOBCKHM CnepenHcK8 B. O. KJllOlleBCKoro H C. A. 5eJ1o-
KypOB8 no .l1eJ18M 06111ecTB8 HCTOpHH H .l1peBHOCTeH POCCHH-
CKHX (1893-1910 rr.) ». BocnoMHH8HHH M. M. 50rOCJIOBCKOro
o B. O. KJllOlleBCKoM, H. n. n8BJlOBe-CHJlbB8HCKOM, n. r. BH-
HOrp8.l10Be, 0 MocKBe XIX B.
AapKeBHII B. n
npUAHHIlHaR .H3Hb CpeAHeBeKoBbR:
(no M8TepH8J18M H306p83HTeJlbHOrO HCKYCCTB8 IX-XVI BB.) /
M., 1988 - 20 JI.
n0.l1p06HO 8H8J1H3HPYIOTCH Te8Tp8J1bHO-3peJIHlllHble <t»OpMbI -
OT BblcTynJleHHH npo<t»eccHOH8J1bHblX >KOHr JlepOB-CKOMOpOXOB
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480091 A...a-ATa, 91, YJI. YPMaHoBa, 91/97;
370005 6aKY, 5, KOMMYHHCTH'IeCKaSi yn., 51;
690088 B"QHBOCTOK, OKeaHcKHH npocneKT, 140;
320093 AHenponeTpoBcK, npocneKT 10. rarapHHa, 24;
734001 AYDlaHle, npocneKT neHHHa, 95;
664033 HpKYTCK, YJI. nepMoHToBa, 289;
252030 KHeB, YJI. nHporoBa, 4;
277012 KHmHHeB, npocneKT neHHHa, 148;
343900 Kpa.aTopcK, .lloHel1KOH 06J1aCTH, YJI. MapaTa, I;
443002 KyI6wmeB, npocneKT neHHHa, 2;
220012 MHHcK, neHHHcKHH npocneKT, 72;
630090 HOBOCH6HPCK, AKaAeM ropoAoK, MOpCKOH npocneKT, 22;
620151 CBep""oBcK, YJI. MaMHHa-CH6HpSlKa, 137;
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450059 y.., 59, YJI. P. 30pre, 10;
720000 .PJH3, 6YJlbBap .113ep>KHHCKOro, 42;
310078 XapYoB, YJI. lJepHblweBcKoro, 87.
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