..
3) RMop(jJHoe TeJIO --) JKHKOCTh;
4) KpHCT8.I1J]  )J(HAKOCTb ---) nap;
5) KpHCTaJIJI ---} nap;
6) ropeHHe BeecTBa.
2.. IIpo8e8ell.ue lCal:teCm8ennozo 3KcnepuMenma c netJOJlbW.UM }cOr
AUlteCmeOM BeUlecm8a.
IIpeABapJfTe.nhHLtH OUbIT C He60JIbWHM KOJ1IIQeCTBOM BeII..teCTB8
nOI\.a3aJ1 QTO B03M.9acHLI c.n:yqaH 2 HJIH 3.
3.. Teope mu lleCfCoe peULenue 3aaa"ll-U.
Ii (f l - tlf n )
C = - . --- ---
1ft mx( -7;) J
C =:
K
P2(t 3 - t'2, - Atr].)
- . -- -- . .
m x {7; - }
t
.
P (1 2 - t 1 )
AX = t
m x
I
 + P2 CB"!__
:rl1.e p = _n. p =
2' 6t m - 8t n ..
4. OKCnepU.Men.ma.ll.bnoe UCCJl.eOOBanue 3aeUCU.MDcmu meMnepamy-
phi T 8ezqeCm8U X om BpeMenll;t COCma6.lleHUe m-a(jJl.u'lw.
1 -
 i6
tit MHH 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
.
I
T J ..c 65 61,1, 589 57,7 57,1 57 57 57 57 57 56,8 56.6 56,3 56,1
: .. . .-.:
-
.
T C 65 62:f6 61 59 157,.2 555 54 52,5 51,1 497 48t2 471 46 44 9 9
a--tn6' ,
ow .
-
T aC 65 57 5O3 45
t I
- . -
- .
- .
.
t, MHH 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
.
I
 I
. . -
T c 55, 55,1 54,8 541 535 52t9 52,1 512 50,= 491 483 47,2 46 45
:p'

. .
T c.C .
.
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.
. .
- .J
:
.
T =C I
UpofiApf(H' I
.
. .- -
108

5. n ocmpoeHue zpatjJuKa T( t).. rpatPupc T( t).
6. Onucanue 3Kcn.epuMenma U u306pa:HCeHu.e 3KCnepU.MeHmaAbJtOu.
YCYlaH08Ku (puc. 3.37 u. 3.38).
7.0npeiJe.1l£HUe meMnepamypbt nJLa6Jl.euUR no zpcuJJuPCy T £lJj = 57°C..
8. OnpeiJeJl.eHUe yiJeJlb1l0u. m.enJl.oe.M.1£OCmU C R BeUlecmBa X 6 "pUC.
ma.nA.ll 'l.ec "OM cocnl.ORH.U.U.
Cft; =
P2(t S - (2 - 6.t n )
m X (T 2 ..-. Ts)
,
4200.11.10- 3 .10 Jlm
p = -.-.. = 7 7
:2 7  8 - 1, 8 :MlfH '
77 (27  17  6 - 1. 8) -3
C R = 9,5 .10- 3 (55 _ 4 5)- = 6,16 -10
Am
ICr . K ..
.
. . --
-
-
--
--
-
-
"'\
""
.
.. .
- - .
.. --
- -
. -
-- ..
--
-
.
-
r:--
l
.. -.. .... ... .. .......w
napac))lfp Boaa
PHc.3.37
PMC. 3_38
9. OnpeiJell€nu.e yiJeJlbliOU men.JlOe.A-t'fOcmu c 6ef4€Cm6a X 6 :JICUO"
KOM cae m.OSlH.U.U..
p. (ll - At II )
c =
)(( mx( -) ,
109

4200 .11.10-O
PI  .. ---."""5 -:: -1: 2 = 121 t 6
Am
-
MBH'
1219 6(2.,. 5 -1) 8
Cxr.  9;, 5 .10- 8 (65  57) = 2,4. 10
m
- - .-
K:r - K ·
10. Onpeoellenue yfJe.n bHOU menJl.ombt n.JlQ6J1.€HUJl A.x.
(Pt + P2)(i 2 - t l )
Ax = 2 - -- ,
m x
 == _(7 6 + 77)(15,._ - 2. 6 )_ = 1 39 .. 1 0 5 .D:m
AX 2 . 9. 5 · 1 O-a t ICr ·
11.. n O.M.eU4enUe mepMoMe mpa. 6 cepeiJuH.e npot1upICu.
TepMOMeTp -- B cepe.;l1HHe npo6upKH.
12.. 7I{en me nJl-OeMKocm.u npo6upKu.
TennoeMKocTh np061[pI<H yqHT)),IBaeTCH P;JIH onpe.n;eJJeHHH em H C 1(.
.
13.. HcnOAtJ306auue pa.8Hbl.X no ot5-0eMY UOJlu"ltecme Bo8bt u eelqe..
cm8a X:
VB :;::: V x.
14. OlleHlCa 2paHu. nozpeUlHocneu U3MepeHU.U.
Em « EL\T1
£t « EdT · > Ep  EAr
(T) = 1 (lC, h.T == 10°C,
1
£AT = 10 == 10%, Ep  100/0,
E = €p + M T = 20 % .
9. H3MepeHMe 3AeKTpM'IeCKOrO conpoTHBAeHH)I
3MHV1E. 113MepbTe sneKTpU'I€CKOe conpOTllBJIeHUe 3'JIeMeHTOB
SJIeKTpHqeCKoii: IteUH B 4fQepHfJIX HIRax"  1 H M 2.
MSKCHM8.JI:bHO ){orrycTHMoe HsnpH:meH:ne 5 B, M8KCHM8JILHOe 3H8-
qeHHe CllJIbI TOKa 0,5 A.
060pY..dOBaH He: (qepHLle -HID;liKH) N 1 H M 2, pery.rr:lIpyeMhIH HC-
TOqHllK nOCTOHHHOI'O TOKa, BOJIL TMeTp, :MHJIJIHaMnepMeTp1 OMMeTp.
110
"

Memo8u'I£I!CKUe yJta3fLaU.A. B Ka-qecTBe HCCJIe)1;yeMoro 3neMeHTa B
((1.IepHhIH fiII{HK» H 1 nOMelItaeTCH JI8.Mna 8JIeKTpH"lCCKOrO (lKJHapsr.
M8KCHM8.JILHLle 3Ba-qeHHB CH1ILI TOKa H HanpJlateHH.H onpe.neJ]$IIOTCSI
..,. u
HOMDUftJlhHhIMH napsMeTp8MH BCDOJIh3yeMoH 8JIeICTpu-qecKoH HaMULI
H TepMOpe3HCTOpa.
I.J: e 11 L 3 a A a H H H: npOBepHTh YMeHHR OnpeneJI$lTh 3JIeKTpFIeCKHe
napSMeTPY npH60poB aD OCROBe Hccne.,n;OB8.HHH HX Bon:hTBMnepHhIX
xap8KTepBCTHK, a T8K.me yJ'deHHB oeBHBaTb rp8HHhI Dorpemnoc-
TeE H3MepeHHA c nOMohIO 3JIeKT})OH3MepHTeJlLHhIX npu60poB, npeA-
CT8BllBTh BOJIbT8MnepHLle xapsxTepHcTHKH sa rpatpHK8x. .D;JIJI yc-
newHoro BhIDOJIHeHH.R 38JJ;amf$l Heo6xoAHMO 3HaTb 38BHCHMOCTb YAeJlh-
-
Horo 3J1eKTpH'IeCKOrO conpoTHBJIeHH.H MeT8JIJIOB H nOJlynpoBoAHHKOB
OT TeMnepaTYphl.
B ('qepHhIH SW;HK»  2 nOMeaeTCH DO.nynpOBOAHHKOBIdH TepMO-
pe3HCTOp. IIpu noJtroTOBKe 3aHHJI SYHtHO 8KCnepHMeHTaJlhHO YCTR-
HOBHTL MUHHM8JI})Hoe HRnpameHHe, npH KOTOpOM B TeqeRHe 5 - 10 c
o6HapYJKHBSeTC.H H3M:eHeHUe CHnLt TOR8 B enH npu BeU3MeHHOM 3na-
qeHHH nanpSmeHHJI. aTO 3H& qeHUe H8Dp.H.>KeHHH U 0 YKa3h1BaeTCH Halt .
MaKCHM8.JIhHO nonYCTHMoe. MaxCHM8.JIhHO AonyCTHMoe 3H8't1eHHe CHJIhI
TORR B D;enH YKa3h1BSeTCB B nacnopTHhIX ,u;SUHLlX TepMopeSHCTopa.
ECJIH MRKCHMa.nhHO onYCTHMoe 3ua'qeHlIe pacceHBaeMOH MOIl1HOCTH
.ItJlH rrepMopeSHCTOpa Po' TO MElltCHM8JlLHO .n;onYCTHMoe 3Ba-qeOHe CBJlhI
TOR8 I mL"f. B 38)];8BHH cJle.o:yeT BY'tJucnSTb no (lKJpMYJle
Po
Imax = . U o ..
B03MO:ICBLlH BapH3RT BIdIIOJIueUBJI 38J]:3RHH
l(nJi onpe.l(eJIeHH.H 8JIeXTpKqCCKHX napaMeTpo» JIr06oro {(qepaoro
amHK8) Heo6xo.n;HMO npem,u;e Bcero COCTRBHTL OnTHMliJ1LHIdH DJl8H
npoBe.n:eHH.H Hccnell.OBRHJfJI. ECHH npeJJ.JIaraeTC$.I npoBecTH HCClIe1J.OBa-
BRH TO.1I.hKO Ha nOCTOHHJIOM TOKe, TO MomBO BaMeTHTh cJleylOrnytO:
u
nOClIe.AOB8TeJIhHOCTb rrpOBep;eHHH H3 MepeH HH .
l1epBbIH mar: npoBepHTb (i''I{epHbID .RIIJ;I:IK» HB H8JIU1:IHe HCTOqHHK8
S.n;C.. A-n.R 3Toro R ero BMBO.AaM nOKJlIO-qHM BOJIhTMeTp. ECJIH 0688-
pymHBaeTcH IICTOHHf( SC, TO, HCCJIe.uya 38BHCHMOCTL CH.1ILI TOR8 B
neIIH OT conpOTHBJleHllH R Ha BHemHeM ee yqacTKe, onpe.n;eJISeM ero
napaMeTphl - SAC  H BH)lTpeHHee COnpOTHJJJIeHlfe r... ECJJH me BHYT-
pH (iI!1:JepHoro H1I:(HKa» HeT IfCT01{BHK8 9.n;C, MO>KHO CHa-qana H3Me-
pHTb ero 3neKTpH'tJecRoe corrpOTHBJIeHlie R c nOMOhlO OMMeTp8. II pH
111

nOCTOHHHOM nOKaSa.HIIH OMMeTpa enL MOmHO OXapaKTepH30B8TD on--
pefJ.eJIeHHbIM 3Ha'tJeHHeM 3neKTpH1.IeCKOrO conpOTHB.neH.H.H. ECJlH me
npll nOAK401'1JOQeHJIIi OMMeTpa ero CTpenKa Ha I<paTKOe BpeM.H OTJ(JIOH.JI-
eTCH Ii aaTeM UJlaBHO B03BpaaeTCH K ,o;eJIeHHIO II1.KaJIhI (4 00 ), TO Mom...
HO CAenaTL BbIBO,a 0 H8JIlf t lHH B (4-qepHOM HIItIIKe" nOCJIe)l:OB8TeJIhHO
BKJlIO-IeHHOrO a.JleKTplrqeCKOrO KOH,n:eHcaTopa.
CJIeYIOIItJ.liI mar: licc...1Je.nO Ba Th 3aBHCHMOCTb conpOTHBJJeUH.H R OT
HarrpaBJleHH.H TOKa. ECJ1H npII H3MeHeHliJi nOJ1HpHOCTH no.n;aBaeMoro
a.:P
H3npH.iKeHli.H CHJIa TOKa "tlepe3 ((QepHhIH aIIK) He H3MeHSleTCH t TO
IOjKHO CeJlaTb BbIBOA, t.ITO B u;.enI1 HeT nOCJle,lJ.OBaTeJILHO BKJIIOeH..
HOI'O nOJIynpOBO)J:HIIKOBoro npn60pa c p- n-nepexo.n;OM..
ECJIII me CUJIa TOK8 B enlI 1I3MeHHeTC.fI np" H3MeHeHHH H8rrpaB-
JIeHJrlSi TORa, TO MOjK.HO CeJ1aTh BhJBO 0 HaJIJi1.IJiII nOCJIeAOBRTeJIbHO
.
HK.'llOl1eHHOrO ,QHOJ(a.
}::(JJH (t-qepHo:ro .f.Im:Jf.xa), T.. A f
.
M 1 nOJIyqeHHaH B sKcnepH .
MeHTe BOJIbT8J1.!:nepHa.H xa- O2 
paRTepHCT"Ka HMeeT BM,
"-I
npe,n:CTaBJIeHHIJH H8 PHCYH-
Ke 8..39..
&rOT rpat1JHK y6eAHTenhHo
nOKft3bIBaeT, t.ITO OTRJIOHeHH.H
3aBHCHMOCTH CHJ1bI TOKa I OT
Harrp,RmeHHSI U OT .TIHHeiIHo-
ro 38.KOH3 (T.e. OT 3a.KOHR OM8
,lVIH Rl = const) HOC.HT He c.ny -
 v
"1.JaHHbIH XapaKTep.
ECJ1J.l MbI npoBeAeM np.f.l:MyIO 1 -qepe3 HaaJIO I\.OOPAHH8T (npH U = 0
o6H3aTenDHo I = 0) II -qepe 3 nOCJIeJ]:HIOIO sKcnepHMeHT3JIbHyJO TO'l.{KY
HR rpacpHKe t TO YBH)1:HM,. 'qTO qeTbIpe 3HcnepUMeHTaJlhHble TO'ttKU He
nona.n:aIOT Ha np.HMYIO 1 B npe.n;e.,lax CBOHX rpaH11 norpelliHocTeH
113MepeHHH. He 113MeHHTC.R pe3Y niJTa T H B cJIyqae,. eCJIH oT 6 poCHTI.
nOCJle,[\HIOJO TOqKY II npoBecTH npHMYIO qepea Ha-qaJIO KoopHHaT Ii
npel{nOCJIeHIDlO TOQKY (npRM8J1 2) C.J""Ie.AOBaTe.JlhHO, OTKJIOHeHll.H OT
JIIIHenHoro 38KOHa HeJIh3.f1 otYhacHHTb CJI}rqaiiHLlM OTKJIOHeHHeM pe-
a Y JIhTaTOB O.D:HOro H3MepeHH.H.
YBeJIlNeHHe 3JIeKTpnQeCKOrO cOllpoTHBJIeHHH C B03paCTaIDieM CIIJihI
TOKa Qepe3 (qepHbIH HIIJ;HK)) NQ 1 :MO:)KHO 06HCHliTb HarpeB8HHeM 8JIe-
MeHTa IJ;enlf npoTeK81OllJ;1IM. TOH.OM. Y Be.,llIqeHl-le 3JIeKTIllfIlecxoro conpo-
THBJIeHJl.H C pOCTOM TeMnepaTYpbI XapaKTepHO Jt.1J.a MeTaJIJIOB. OJUIaI\.O
A.IT.H MeT3JIJIOB TeMnep a 'I1 r pHbIH Koat}xPllII;lieHT TeJILHoro COnpOTHB.fle-
.
2 1
.
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.
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PMc.3.39
3 U, B
112

HIIX 06bNHo HMeeT 3Ha'tJ:eHHJI B npe.n;eJl8X (4 -10- 3 + 7 .10- 3 ) K- 1 . TaR
KBK 3J1eKTJ)lfIIecKoe CODpoTHB..TJeHHe (fepHoro .HHKa» N2 1 yneJIIRI:IBa-
eTCH npH 1:13MeHeHHB CHJI.bJ TOKa npHMepHO B 4 paM, TO TeMllepaTrpa
.
MeTaJIJIHqecKOro npoBO)I;HHKa B HeM Bepo.HTHO nOBhIllIaeTCSI npHMepHO
H8 1000 °C. T&< K3I< npl'f aTOM (t'lepHhIH .f[IHK)) He ropJIT, BTOT MeT8JI
J1W1ecRuii IIpOBO.lUlI1K xopomo Teruroli30JIlIpoBaH. Bo3MomHO, 'tJTO BHYT-
pH (.-qepHOrO XIU;H1ta» }.& 1 H8.XO.ltHTC$I 3J1eKTpHQecKaH JIaMIIa H8KaJIHBa-
HIIJI, HHTb HaKaJIllBaHHH KOTOPOH nOMell1:eHa B BaKYYMHbIH 68JIJIOH.
06ltH fiJIaH HCCJle,a;OB8H11.H (('qepHoro HHKa» .M 2 MomeT 6WTL
Tm<HM me t KaK H (lIepHOrO .HIIKa» M 1.
IIPII HCCJIe.u;OB3HHH CltJIh£ TOKa OT HanpsDKeHli.f.l .D)I.H «(qepHoro .HmlI-
KH).' M 2 a8MeTHM t qro UP" 60JIbIIIIIX 3Ha.'tleHHSIX HaTIpH*eHH.fI CMJIa T'OKa

B eIIII co BpeMeHeM He OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHOH t a MeJ+'leHHO BOOpaCTReT.
C..1Ie.n;OBSTeJIbHO, 3JIeKTpHecKoe conpoTHBJIeHIIe R y6bIBaeT..
MO]KHO npenOJIO.)J(lfTb, t.JTO }'6b1BaHHe 3JIeKTpHQeCKOrO conpo-
THBeHHH R B@3Bano HarpeBaHHeM 3HeMeHT8 enH B epHoM
.HHKe).) M 2. TaKHM cBoiicTBOM o6JJaaeT nOJIyrrpoBo,QHIIKoBhIti
Tep M ope3HCTOp.
T aK K8K HeT B03MOlli,HOCTli HCCJIeAOBaTh aaBHC.HMOCTh 9JIeKTpII'"
1.leCKoro conpOTHBJIeHIIH R OT TeMuepa TYPhI, CBoHcTBa nOJIynpoBO'"
HIIKOBoro TepMope3HCTopa MOHCHO npe.n:CT8BHTb rp8HKoM 3RBHCJtIMO-
CTH ero SJIeKTpu-qeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHH.R R OT pacceHBaeMoH MOll{HO-
CTH P B COCTOHHHII TerrJIOBOrO paBHOBeCII.H. JI.H 3Toro HY.>KHO Hccn.e-
OBaTb 38BHCIIMOCTL ClfJIhI TOKa. I OT Hanp.H:iKeHIIH U Ha t.(qepHOM
HmHKe J )" CHlfMax nOKa3aHHH npu6opoB IIOCJIe Toro, K8K CI-iJJa TOI\.a I
B n;,eTIH nepeCT3HeT :H3MeHHT.bC.H np" HeH3MeHHOM 3Ha-qeHHH Hanpfl-
.)KeHMa u. rpa4JHK l(U) npe.D;CTaBJleH Ha pHcyHKe 3.40, rpaHK 38BH-
CHMOCTH 3JIeKTpH"tJeeKoro conpOTHBJIeHlfH R OT pacceHBaeMoH MO-
HOCTH P - H8 pnCYHKe 3.41..
R,OM
60
IA 50 L
O2 40
30
0,1 20
10
0 1 2 3 4 U" B 0 Ot2 0.4 0,6 0)8 1)0 P, BT
PHc. 340
D." c 3 41
.-..-.. .
113
.

.,. CJlOBH8J1 OeJtI(8 BIdDOJIBeRB.R aHBa
(B 6aJ1nax)
1. Y CTaHOBJJeHlle cpaKTa OTCyrCTBHH HCTOQHHK8 S..D:C
2. Y CTRHOBJleHlle c}>8KTa He3aJJHCHMOCTH CKJIhI TOKa B u.enH
OT nOJlHpHOCTH npHJlOmeRHOro Hanp.HJKeHH.H
3. H3MepeHHe 3JIeKTpHTIecKoro conpOTIIBJleHH.H C nOMO1O
OM MeTpa
4. OlteUKa rpaHHQ rrorpemHocTeH H3MepeHHH
5. IIccJIeoBaHHe 38BlfCHMOCTH leU), COCT8BJIeHHe OTq€THOij
Ta6JJHb1
6. IIOCTpoeHlle rpaqrO:Ra leU)
7. Y K83aHHe rpanHD;, IIorpeIIIHocTeH M3MepeHHH CHJI:&I TOKa
II HanpameU'IH IIPH nOCTpOeHliJ1 rpac:pHK8I(U)
8. BhIBOA 0 cyecTBoBaHHH S8BDCIIMOCTH R(I) IIJIH R(P)
9. BhIBO,n; 0 cym;ecTBoBaHHH 3aBHCHMOCTli R(T)
10. BLlBOJJ; 0 npupo)\e 3JIeMeHTa B ((-qepHOM RIT(HKe.,
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
1
1
1
1 o. Onpea.eAeHMe 3A.C H BHyrpeHHe.-o 3I\eKTpH"'IeCKOrO
conpOTHBl\eHMSI HCTO'lHMKa ocr05lHHOro TOKa
3J\.6;\H J.1 E. HccJI€JJ;yiiTe 3JIeKTpl{qecKHe napaMeTpLl (....qepHOrO .Ht:rtH-
Ka) M 3.
060p)'.6.oBaHY1e= ((QepHLlH Hll\HK)) N 3, aMIIepMerrp H BOJThTM.€TP no-
CTOflHHoro TOKS, OMMeTp, HCTOqHHK nOCTOSIH.Boro TORR, OJ(HH pe3HCTOp.
M emoiJu "'teCKue YKtJ.3t1RUJI.. B 4{QepHOM .8I1\IIKe), N2 3 HaxOAlfTCH
r8JIbBaHH'leCKHH JICTO'tJHHK TOKa c 601IhillHM BHyTpeHHHM conpOTHB-
JIeHHeM. JICTO'lHHK TOK8 C 60..J"'IbIlIHM BHYTpeHHHM conpOTHBJIeHHe
MO>KHO If3rOTOBIIT.b nOCJIeOB8. TeJlbH.bIM coeAliHeHHeM raJ1LBaHHqeC
Koro HCTO"IJ:H liRa TOKa c pe3HCTopOM t 06JI8AalO.l.QHM 8JIeKTpU"TIeCKliM
conpOTHBJleHlleM 5 - 10 KOM. e.1Ib HccneJ];OB8.HH.H: o6HapY)f(lITb HC'"
TOQHU:K 3C B (fqepHOM .HHKe), ([3Mepi'ITh 9JJ:C H BHYTpeHHee co-
npOTHBJIeHHe r1JJ:,BaHHqeCJtoro iICT01.IHIIKa TOK8..
BOOM03tuw:e aapH3HTLI BWnOJIueBH:JI 3aHIUI.
06IT{UH DJIRH HCCJIeAOU8HHH (t'qepHoro .HlQIIRa., M 3 MO)KeT 6LITb
T3KIIM .>Ke RaE II (<4'1JepHbIX HII(HKOEJ) MIll NQ 2.. OAHRKO 06Hap'yme-
Hlle HCTOqHHXR 8C nepeBO.D;HT HCCJIe.QOBaHIte HR HOBoe nanp8.BJleHHe.
114

Y CT&aOBHB, -qro B ffllepHOM HH](eJ) U&XO,o:HTCH HCTOqHHK S.nC t
npHcTynaeM K onpeeJleHHIO 3n&1.JeHHH S.n;C H BJlyrpen1Iero conpo-
THBJleHHH HCTOQHBXR TOKa
3aOBmeM 3aKOR OMa AJI.R nOJlHOH enH:
 = I (R + r)
(1)
r]te g' - a.nc HCTO'qHHK8, r - era BHyrpeHHee conpoTHBJIeHHe, R -
conpOTHBJ1eHHe BHemHe:n n:enH, I  CRJI8. TOKa B n.enH. TaR KaK B
KOMnJIeKTe o6oPYAOBQHH.R HMeeTC,fI TOJl:&RO O)];HH pe3HCTOp, npH onpe-
J];eJleOHH S.nC H BHyrpeHoero conpOTlfB.neHHJI HCT01.[HHKa TORa B03-
HHKaIOT HeKOTopLle TPY;QHOCTH.
BAPI1AHT 1  HCnOJIL3yeM BOJIbTMeTp B Ka'IJ:eCTBe BToporo pe3HcTo-
pa. QTo61d onpe;n;eJIHTb BHYTpeHHee conpOTHBJIeHHe R 2 BOJlbTMeTpa,
co6epeM 3JIeKTpHQecKyIO eIIb no cxeMe Ha pHCYHKe 3.426 IIo nOK3-
3RHHHM BOJlLTMeTpa U B II aMuepMeTpa I(! HaxOHM
Un
R 2 = I .
B
,
,UJIH onpe.l];eJIeHHH BHYTpeHHero conpOTHBJ]eHHB If 9C HCT01JHHKa
TOKa .«(lIepHOrO HID;HKaJJo c06upaeM cxeMY, upe.n;CTaBJIeRHyIO Ha PHCYH-
Re 3.43. B KRlIeCTBe Harpy3KH R HCnOJIh3yeTcH pe311CTOp C H3ueCT-
HUM 3J1eKTpHQeCKHM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM R 1 , BTOpOH pa3 - BOJILTMeTp C
H3MepeHHhIM 8JIeKTpHt.teCKHM COnpOTIIBJIeHJ.ieM R 2 . 3anHIlleM ypaB-
lIeURe (1) .n.1I 3THX BYX CJIyqaeB:
g' W
I 1 = 11  I 2 = R -- '7
"''1 + r 2 + r
oTKya BaxOHM
r=-
l 1 R 1 - 12
1 2 - 1 1
,
( 2 )
g = fl(R I + r).
(3)
R
I
I
... J
PMc. 3.42
PHC 3..43
115

BAPI1AHT 2. IIpHNeHHM MeTO)J; KOMneHCH. H3MepHM BO.JIhTMeT-
pOM HanpH.iKeHHe Ha BhIxo.ue ('1'-qepnoro Sll.QHKa». 110.D;KJII01.J.UM BOJILT-
MeTp K BbIXOAY per-rJ1lfpyeMoro HCTO'IHHK8 TOKa ft. BpaIqaM P}rtiKY
IIOTeH:u.HOMeTpa )lCTRHOBHM U8 BhJXOjte TaKoe me HanpHmeHHe,. K8K
If H8 BbIxo,n,e (1'QepHOrO .HIIKa),. IIO,l\KJIlOqHM BbIBOhI «(QepHOrO HI{'"
K8) -qepea aMnepMeTp H KJIIOq K pery JIHpyeMOMY BI:JXO.n.y HCTO"IJHHK8.
IIOCTO.HHHOro 'fORa T8KI1M 06pa30M, lIT06bI HCTOQHIIKH 3.l(C 6L1JIII BKJIIO-
qeHbI H8BCTpeQy ,IJ;p,Tr 1{pyry (pRC. 3.44). 38MbIRa.H na KopOTKoe Bpe-
MH KJIlOtI K u BpaIU8H p:rqKy nOTeHD;.HOMeTpa, YCT8HaBJIHBSeM Ha
BhIXO..l(e HCTOqHJIXa nOCTOHHHoro TOKa paSHOCTb nOTeHltHaJIOB dtp, nplI
HOTOPOH CHna TOK8. B u.enH pSBHa lIrJIIO. Pery JIllpOBaHHe pS3HOCTH
K
.
.
.
1 ....
 ..
.I )
( f
1 I
..... ,
- -
.
PHc.3.44
nOTeHIUlaJIOB Ha Bhlxotte JiCTO-qHHK8 II aaML1K8.HHe KJIlOqa K CHH":IaJI3
npOBOHM npH BKJIlOqeHllli npl160pa .n;JJSl H3MepeHHH CHJIbI TORR Ha
H8na30He MaKCIIlaJIDH0}10 3H8'1eHH.H CH.1IbI TOKa 3R TeM nepeXO,lJ.HM
Ha )1;Hana30HhI Bce MeHLWHX 3HaqeHHH CH.TIbi TOKa. CUJIR TOKa B enH
p8BH3 HYJIIO npH YCJIOBHH,. eCJIH MOYJIb SJJ:C liCTOQHHR8 TOKa B ((-qep-
HOM .HHKe» paReH pa3HOCTII IIOTeHHaJIOB 81p H8 BblXO)l;e pery JIIiPY-
eMoro IICTo-qHIIRa nOCTOJlHHOrO TOKa:
I = 6'P +  = 0
R '
Acp=.
H3MepHB paaHOCTb nOTeHDlr8JIOB <p, OlQ)eAeJIHM SC iff HCTOqHH-
K8 TOK R B ({qepHOM HHKe'). IIOJJ;KJIIO'tIHB It BbIBOA8.M (-qepHoro .HII-
}(a)} npll60p AHH H3MepeHH.H CHJlL1 TOKa II pe31ICTOp R (CM. pIIC. 3.. 43)..
onpe,lteJIIIM BHyTpeHHee conpOTHBJIeHlle r HCTOTfHIIHa no H3MepeHHLlN
3HaTIeHHHM CIiJ1L1 TOK8 I H conpOTliBJIeHIIH R 1 Ii HaHAeHHOMY paHee
3H8"IJeHlllO S,rrC g' JiCTO'tIHHxa:
15
I=-
+r"
fe" - [R 1
r ---=-
- - -
I
..
116

Y CJlOBHaa o.qeHKa BIdUOJDIeBBB 3lUJ;8BHH
(B 6aJ1J]ax)
1. 1f3MepeHHe H811p.H.iKeHH.H Ha BhlB0.A8X 4{QepHoro Hm;HK8))
C IIOMOII{bIO BOJIEJTMeTpa 1
2. 3anHcb .poPMY JIId (1) 1
3. TeOpeTH'tIeCKOe oupe.n;eJJeHHe 3C II BHYTpeHHero
conpOTHB.neHUH IICTO"tJHIfKa TOKa c IIOMOblO QJOPMY RbI (1) 2
4. Onpe.n:eneBHe S.ijC HCTO"tJHHKR TORa 2
5. OnpeJJ;eJIeHHe BHYTpeHHero corrpOTHBJIeHH.:H HCT01.IHHKa TOKa 2
6. OeHKa rpaHH norpewHocTeit H3MepeHHH 2
11. a.13MepeHHe 3AeKTpOeMKOCTI1 KOHAeHCaTOpa
3J\Ai\H 111 E. HCCJleJtYHTe 3JIeKTpHT:leCKlfe napaMeTpbI (c qepnoro HH-
Ka, J\& 4.
ITpeAenbHoe 3HaqeHlie HCnOJIb3yeMoro HanpameHHH 10 B npeAeJIb-
Hoe 3Ha-qeHHe CHJIbI TOKa 100 M.A.
.
060pYAOBaHHe: «(QepHhIH JlIIJ;HK3 .M 4., HCTO'IJHHK nOCTO.HHHOrO
TOKa,. OMMeTp BOJIbTMeTp, Ha60p pe3HCTopOB, KOHJJ;eHCRTOp C H3-
aecTHoH eM:KOCTbJO Co, OnOJIHHTe.nE,HO 060PYAoB8HHe no Tpe6o
BRHlflO .
Memoou.,.eclCue y " aaaH.uR. B «(qepHOM HI.I.t;HKe" M 4 HRXOAHTC.H
:3JleKTpOJIHTH"I!eCKHH KOHeHca TOp 3J1eKTpOeMKOCTLIO 500  200 MKW.
QT06LI 06ecne"tJHTh B03MO)KHOCTb onpe,n;eJIeHIIH ero 3JJeKTpoeMKOCTH,
Heo6xoJ];HMO BKJIlOqHTb B KOMITJ1eKT o6oPyoBaHuH BOJlLTMeTp C BbI 
COEHM 3H8'leHlieM BHYTpeHHero corrpOTHBJIeHlI.H II.fIH MilK pOaMTIep
MeTp pe3HCTOp c conpOTIlBJIeHIeM R, rrpJi KOTOpOM nOCTO.flHltaH Bpe-
MeHH RC-enH 83 BTOro pe31iCTopa H HCCJ1e.n:yeMoro KOHeHcaTopa
COCTaBJIHJl8 6bI 50 - 100 c.
SJIeKTpOeMKocTb Co KOHeHC8Topa BKJIIO'tJaeMoro B ROMnJ1eKT 060-
PY;U;OB8HHH, ;U;OJI»tHR 6bITb B 10 - 50 pa3 MeHhlll€ 8..TJeKTpOeMKOCTU ex
HccneyeMoro KOHAeHC8Topa.
B03MOatHhIii BapJfRHT BLInOJIHeHHJI 3aJ18HHH
OOH H n.naH HCCJIeOBaHHH (41JepHOrO HIIlIIK8)}  4 MomeT 6LlTh
T8KHM jf(e KaK H «-qepHhlX JIIIROB» M It J\ffi 2 II M 3... IIpH R3Mepe-
117

""-
BIlK COnpOTHBJIeHHH {(qepHOrO .HmHKa,., o6sapy»tHBaeTCH ero 3aBH-
CHMOCTL OT HSnpaBJIeHH.fI TOK8 TaKllM CBoiicTBOM 06J18,A8IOT p"n
nepexoA (nOJIynpoBoAHHKOB:EdH HO.lt) H 8J1eKTpoJIHTH'IeCKHH KOH-
.n;eHC8TOp. ECJIH 3TO KOHaeHC8TOp, TO nocJle KpaTKOBpeMeOBoro nOA-
KJIlOqeHUa ero BLIBOJ(OIJ K IICTO"IJBHKY nOCTO.RHHOrO TOKa c co6JIIOe-
HHeM nOJIHpnOCTH nanpHmeHHH (nOJl.HpaOCTb BKJlIO'IeUH.H .n;OJI)KH8
COOTBeTCTBOBaTL 60nbmeMY 3Ha'tleHHIO conpOTHBJIeHHa) Ba BhIBoJtax
(f'QepHoro am;HKa)} OJI.mHO o6HspymHB8TLCH HanpJlmeHHe. ECJlH B

l'epHOM .Hll{HKe),) HaxO.HTC$l nOJlynpoBoAHBKOBhIH AHOAf TO DOCJIe
.
epo OT}\.JJ1O-qeHIIH OT HCTOQHHKR TOKa H8IIpJlJKeHHe H8 B.hIBO.l(ax OT-
CYTCTByeT. "Ii To6LI npeAOTBpaTHTb B03MO.)KHOCTh npeBLIweUHH 38-
...,
aHHoro 3H8-qeHH.H CRJIhI TOKR t (,,-qepHhIB .HmUK.... CJIe.n;yeT IIOJlKJIIO-
'fIHTh K HCTO"tIHIIK Y TORS --Iepea pe3HCTOp C 3JIeKTpH "lJ eCKHM conpo-
THBJleHHeM Ro  1 ROM.
HCCJIeOBaHHe rrOKa3bIBaeT, 'tJTO B (1''ltepHOM .HID;HKe), H8XOAHTC.H
8J1eKTpOJIHTII1JeCKHH KOH]teHC8TOp. Ero 3J1eKTpoeMKOCTb MOJoKHO Ii3-
MepHTb HeCKOJIbKHMH cnoco6aMH. I
BAPl1AHT 1  3apHIJ;IIM KOH)teHca-
TOp SJIeKTpOeMKOCTLIO C )]:0 Hanpx-
meHHH UIJ H IIO.n;K.1IIOQU.M It era BbI-
Bo]taM pe3J:ICTOp. B npou;ecce pa3p.H-
Aa 1(OH.n;eHC8Topa 'tIepea pe3HCTOp C
8JIeKTplf'Ie C KHM cOrrpOTI-IBJIeHlIeM R
(pRC. 3.45) Hanp.HmeJIue U DR KOH
,l{eHCa Tope 6Y)I;eT y6ldB8TL co BpeMe-
HeM t no 3aKOHV:
...
+ ---
I

i
c
R
'HC. 3.45
t.
-
U :;;:;:: U oe RC ,
(1)
r,n:e e  2, 72.
"3 "paBHeHHH (1) CJIeAyeT, qTO -qepes HHTepB8.Jl Bp e MeHH T = RC
IIOCJle Ha qaJIa npon;ecca pa3pHa KOH.lteHCaTopa Hanp.f.l)KeHHe D8 HeM
YMeHhIDHTca B e pa3.
113MepHM BpeMH T , 3a KOTopoe npll paap:RJle Qepe3 pe3HCTOp R
HanpJlaeHHe Ha KOHAeHcaTope YMeHLIIIJITCH n:o 3Ha-qeHlfH
u = U o
T 2 72 ·
118

no H3BecTHOMY 3H8'IeHHIO COupoTHBJleHMSt R enH H H3MepeHHO-
MY 3HSqeHHIO BpeMeHH T BhfqHCJIHM 3JIeItTpoeMKOCT» KOH,n:eBcaTopa:
T
C ::;;;:;;: .
x R.
(2)
ECXH B KOMnneKTe npH6opOB
HeT BOJIhTMeTpa npHrO)l;HOrO AJJH
npoBeIJ.eHHSI H eo6xOAHMhIX H3Me-
......
peaRH t MOJt::HO BocnOJlh30Ba ThC.H
MHKpoaMnepMeTpoM, BKJI1OIHB ero
no cxeMe Ha pHCYHKe 3.46. CHJI8
...
TOKa B TaKOH errH nporropHO-
HaJlbH& nanpHmeHI!1O Ha KOHAeH-
C8Tope" BpeMH t onpeJJ;eJ1.HeTC.H no
y6hIB80HIO CHJILI TOKa B 2,72 pa3a..
+
c
R
PMc 346
BAPvlAHT 2. Co6epeM 3JIeKTpH"tIecKYIO
u.en}) no cxeMe H8 pHcTHKe 3.47, I".n;e C x -
.u
UCCne,l1;yeMhIH KOH)I;eHCa TOp.. 3J1eKTpoeM...
KOCTh KOToporo CJIe,n;yeT onpe.n;eJIHTL, «OR-
C X
.n;eHCilTOp C H3BeCTHOH eMKOCThlO Co H
BOJIbTMeTp V 1 HMelOIqHH 60JIhIDOe corrpo-
THE.TIeHHe .
llpn nO.ll.KJIJOQeHHli H€3ap..HmeHHOro
KOHeHC8Topa Co K aapameHHOMY KOH,AeH-
caTOpy ex aapHA q IIepepaCnpeeJl.HeTC..H JJ;O Tex nop, TIORa He tCTaHO-
BHTCS o.n;HHaKOBbIe 3HaeHHH H8npHmeHHfI Ha KOH,l);eHC8Topax:
+
---.-
.
Co
PMc. 3447
q = qx + qo,
qx
C x
q(J
Co '
qx
C x
q-qx
-
- --- ..
Co
,
Coqx = C x (q  qx);
OTCIOa HaXOAHM
C x
qx = q C + C '
o x
q C x + Co Co
q"x = C... = 1 + C x ·
119

....
TIoCJIe n nOAKJIIO"tJeHIIH He38pSJKeHHOrO KOHAeHC8TOpa
Q
q
qn
1+ Co
C x
q
U u
-
(! 
li
,
qn
r1J:e Do - H31JaJlbHOe 3HaqeHHe HanpameHHH HR KOH):teHcaTope CX,
Un - HanpHJKeHHe H8 HeM nOC.1Ie n nO.D;KJIIO'IeHHH HeaapH.1KeHHOrO
:KOH)J;eHca Topa 3JIeKTpOeMKOCTblO C C ). OTCIO.D;a cJleyeT
....
I
I U o
n . .
{;r
n
=1+
Co
C ., C x =
K
c{)
n [1 0 -1
Uti
.
BAPJ1AHT 3. 9neRTpoeMKocTL C x KOH.ZJ:€HCaTOpa MomHO onpeAeJIHTb,
..
H3MepHB 3JIeKTplI'tJecKHII 3apR,l{ q H8 ero nJIaCTHHax IIPH HanpjJjKC.o;
HUH U. ,l{JI.H 3Toro HCnOJIb3yeM .1lBJIeHHe 3JIeKTp0.J1H3a,.
)]:JI.H npOBe;J;eHHH 3KcnepHMeHTa 3SfiOJIHUM np06IIpKY CJIa6bIM pa-
.....
CTBOpOM COJIHHOH KHCJIOThI., nepeBepHeM ee BBepx .AHOI'd H onYCTllM B
CTaK8H c paCTBopOM COR.f.IHOH KUCJIOTLI. BBe.neM B rrpo6,.pRY KOUel\
1-f30JIHpOBaHHoro npOBO)J;HHK8, COe.D;HHeHHOro C OTpHJ:taTeJIhHO 3ap.R:-
1KeHHOH 06KJI3J1;KOH KOHJ];eHC3Topa.. IIpOBOJI;HHK, coeAIfHeHH:&IH c no-
JIO.1KHTeJIhHO 3apJlJKeHHOH 06KJIa.n.:KOH KOHn;eHCaTOpa,. BBeAeM B TOT
me CT&K8n c paCTBopOM COJIHHOH RIIC.,,'OTbI Hue rrpo6HpKH.. IIpH pa3
pHAe ItOHl:{eHC8TOpa B npOOHpKe co6HpaeTC.f.I ra3006pa3H}''[H BOAOPOA.
ITo U3.MepeHHOM)T 06'beMY V BO.D;Opo,n;a npu HOpM8...1JLHOM a TMOC(jJepHOM
.n;aBJIeHHH Ii H3BeCTHOM}' 3Ha-qeHHIO t T o 06'heMR O.IJ;HOro MOJIH BOAopo.n;a
npn Tex me YC.:'IOBHSlX, HaHJJ;eM "tJHCJlO Mo.neKYJI b 7 :
1.. 7
1'1 = v N A  -. . 1V At
1."'-
U
(3)
Tal< H.aIt KajKa.H MOJJeKY.l1a BOJ(opo,qa o6pa3yeTcH .lt3 .u;B}TX HOHOB
L.I '-=II
BOAopo.n;a, 3JIeRTpH"'1eCRHH 3ap.:H,Q., nepeHeceRHbIH HOH8.MH Bo,n:opO,l{a
npli pasp5.l.n;e KOH,QeHca TOpa,. paBeH
..T
f,
.
(4)
120

H3 fPOPMYJI (3) II (4) naXO)];HM 3JIeKTpoeMKOCTb KOHeHcaTopa cx:
u
C = ·
X qt
[1
C x = "2Ne =
UV'o
.
2VeN A
Y BeJ1HT.leHHe 06':beMa BbIe.1IaIOIQerOCSl BO)J:opo.na JI.H nOBLImeHIi.R
u
TOQHOCTH H3MepeHHH MOjKHO .n;OCTHf'HYTb MH0f10Kpa THblM nOBTOpeHI1-
eM rrpon:ecca pa3p.HJ];8 KOHAeHC8Topa..
Y CJlOBHaU O:Q.eHKa BIdDOJIUeBHJl 38)];RRHJI AJIH Kaoro BapH3.IITa
(B 6aJIJIRX)
1. Y CTaHOBlleHHe OTCYTCTBHH JICTOtIHlfR8 SAC 1
2. 06u8pymeHHe 38BHCHMOCTIf 3JIe.KTpIIecKoro conpOTHBJIeHHH
OT nOJ1HpHOCTH BKJllOqeHII.H 1
3. oRa3aTeJIbCTBO H8JIII'IHH KOHAeHC8Topa B "1IepHOM .HID;HI\.e'" 1
4. BUBO)); 0 TllIIe KOH,l\eHC8Topa .H nOJI.HpHOCTH ero BKJIlOqeHHH
B uenL 1
5.. TeOpeTH'tIeCKOe onpeeJIeHJle 3JIeKTpOeMKOCTH KOHAeHC8Topa
OAHHM MeTooM 2
6. 3KcnepHMeHTaJJbHoe onpe.a;eJ1eHHe 3J1eItTpOeMKOCTH KOHAeH-
caTOpa O,[(HHM MeTO,l{OM 3
7. OeHKa rpaH.H norpemHocTeu H3MepeHHH 1
.
12. HCCAeAOOaHHe 3AeKrpHI.JecKItX ueneit
c nOAynpoBoAH....KOBbIMI1 4MOAaMH
3M.AHa.1E 12 1. HCCJIe.n;YHTe 3.TJeKTpH"tJecKlIe napaMeTpbl (("ljepHOrO
.HID; lIRa)) M 5. IIpeAeJIbHoe J];on'YCTHMoe 3HaqeHHe Hanp.HJKeHHH
10 B7 npeAeJIbHOe ,uonYCTHMoe 3H8'11eHHe CllJIbI TOKa B l\enH 100 MA.
Ofiopy.o.oBaHl1e: (1'IepHbIH XmHK'" M 5, OMMeTp, BOJ1bTMeTp, MIIJIJIU-
8MnepMeTp, HCTO"tfHHK nOCTO.HHHOrO TOKa, pe3HCTophi c aJIeK TpnqeC-
KHMH conpOTHBJ1eHHHMH 100 OM,. 1 KOM, 10 ROM.
M emoiJU"I(.eCKUe YlCaaaHUJ1.. B -44'QepHOM HII{HKe)  5 HaXOHTCH
nOJIynpoBO,l\HHKOBbIH 1I.0,lJ;. eJ]b 38A8HHH - npOBepllTh YMeHHfl y3-
.rut' -v
H8B8Tb nO..TlynpOBo,uHHKOBbIli HO,l\ no erQ aJ1eKTplleCKliM CBOlfCTB8M,
HCCJIe,QOBR Tb BOJI:bT8MnepHYJO xapaKTepHCTHKY AHO,Q8.
121

B03MO*1IhIii BapBRHT BIdDOJIHeBH.ft 38A8BHJI
06IItHH nJIaH HCCJIeOBaHHa «(QepHOrO .fIHKa)} M 5 MOJKeT 6:DITb
T81\:IIM :iCe t Kfili. Ii np" HCCJleOBaHHH (fqepHldX a.IqHKOB)} M 1 H N 2.
06HapymeHHe aRBHCHMOCTH 3JIeKTpH1IecKoro conpOTHBJleHHft (qep-
Horo .HIT(HKR)' OT HanpaBJIeHHSl TOKa npHBOJJ;HT I(. npeAllOJlOmeHHIO 0
U8JIII"':IIIH B HeM nOJIynpoBo,ltBHKOBOro .ZJ;Ho.na.
H 60Hee nonHoro HCCHeOBaHHH 8HeKTpHeCKHX napaMeT-
pOB (..qepHOro SmOR8)) Heo6xo)J;HMO Cn.8Tb ero B0.J1bT8MnepuylO xa-
pSKTepHCTHKY J1H }:tBYX CJIy'tlaeB, B KOTOphIX TOK HMeeT pa3HLIe
HanpaBJIeHHH.
TaK KaK no YCJlOBHIO 3a-
..
8.HH.f[ npe,QeJlhHOe 3Ba-qeBHe +
CllJIbI TOKa B u:eUH He .lt0JI)R-
HO npeBhImaTh 100 MA, noc-
ne,n;OB8TeJIbHO c «-qepHbIM
HHKOM" Heo6xo11.HMO BKJIIO-
'tJIITL pe3HCTOp RI C 3JIeKTpJf- -
eCKHM conpOTHBeHHeM He
Meuee 100 OM (pRC. 3.48).
IIpH CH.HTliH np.HMOH BeTBH BOJIhT8MnepHoH Xap8KTepHCTHKII (60JIb-
IIIHe 3H8qeHHH CHJIhI TOKa t MaJIbIe 3UaQeHHH COIIpOTHBJleHHSl )l;HOAa)
npeAITO'tTHTeJIbHa cxeMa BJtJIIO'tJeHHH H3MeplITeJILHhIX npu60poB, npe.n.-
CT8.BJIeHH8.H HR PllCYHKe 3.48..
II pH aTOM Heo6xo):tHMO }rqHTblBa Th BOSMOH<HOe BJm:.RHHe BOJIhTMeT-
pa H8 nOK838HIIJ{ aMnepMeTpa:
IA == Ill. + lv,
OTKYJ];a Cllna TORn 1/1' npOTeK81Oero qepea J.\H0.A? pSBua
III = fA - Iv"
eHHe BOJIhTMeTp8 Rv, TO cHJla TOKa B HeM
R 1

.
.
PIle. 3.48
Tax I{aK 113BecTHO con
U
Iv == . .
Fly
CHJlY TOKa Iv MomHO H3MepllTb HenocpejtcTBeuHo C IIOMOITJ;bIO MH.n-
JIH8MnepMeTpa.
ITPH CHHTIIH 06P8TBOH BeT-
Bit BOJIbTaMnepHOii xapaRTe- +
pHCTHKII/(Ho.n;a (ManDIe TORR,
60nbillHe 3HaqeHHJI conpoTHB-
JIeHHH .nHoa) npeADO"tfTHTeJIb-
Ha cxeMa BKJIlOllenUSI H3.MepH-
TelIbHbIX npH60po:B, npe,n;CTaB- - 0-- - -
.lIeIiH8X Ha pRC. 3. 49. n pH
R 1
Jl,
.. .
--
-
1
Pate. J49
122

aTOM He06XOAHMO ytIHTbIBaTh B03MOJKlloe BnHHHue 8MnepMeTpa H8
nOK8SanB.R BOJIbTMeTpa:
U y =U A + Up.
O'1'Kya
Up  U v - U A .
HeJJHHeUHas 3aBHCHMOCTb npBMoro TORS )1;Hoa OT Hanpame-
BRH He n03BonseT HcnonL30BRTL nOHHTue aneKTpHeCKoro co-
IIpOTHBJleBH..H p-n-nepeXO.A8 B npHMOM HSnpaBJIeHHH KaK nOCTO-
HHRoro napaMeTpa. OAHaKO Ha JII060M y'tJHCTKe npHMoii BeTBH
BOJII,TaMnepuoii xapaKTepHCTHKH HOA xapSKTepH3yeTcH AHqupe-
peHxtlfSllbHhIM conpOTHBJIeHHeM
AU
R1UI == AI .
¥ CJIOB Ha Jl OQ.ellK8. BwnOBneHJ{JI HHa
(B 6anJl3x)
1. 06HapymeHHe p-n-nepexoa
2. CH.HTlfe BOJIbTRl'4nepHOH x apaKTepHCTHKH , COCTaBJIeHHe
Ta6J1HII.hI
3. IIocTpoeHlfe rpat))HKa
4. IIpeJJ;cTaBJIeuue cxeM BKJ1IOQeHH.JI npH6opoB
5. HCnO]lh30B8HHe orp8HHqIJBalOero pe3HCTopa
6. IfCIIOJIh30B8H H e CXeMb1 HR PIICYHKe 3.48 npH CH.HTHI[
u u
np.HMOH BeTBH BOJIbTaMnepHOH xspaKTepHCTHKli
7. JICIIOJlb30B8.H.H€ cxeMld H8 pHCYHI\.e 3.49 npH CHHTHH
o6paTHoH BeTBH BOJIbT8UnepHoH xspSKTepUCTHKH
8. Y'qeT BJ1HSlHII.H TOKOB BOJILTMeTpa II aMnepMeTpa
u
HR peaYJILT8TbI H3MepeHHIl
9. OnpeAeJleHHe 3J1eKTpH'tIeCROrO conpOTIIB.neHHH
p-n-nepexoa npH o6paTHoM BKJIIO-qeHHH
10. OnpeeJleHHe .n;HiJJpeHUU8JI:bHOrO conpOTHBJIeHlI.fI
p-n-nepexoa npH npHNoM BKJIlOqeHHH
1
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3AAAH....tE 122. B (1'QepHOM s.HKe) M 6 HaxOAHTC.R: ABa OJIHaKOBbIX
nOJIynpOBo.qHlfKOBhIX ,n;Hoa H pe3HCTOp, coe..n;HHeHHbIe B HeH3BeCTHYJO
[(en}) C ,D;By-M.H BhIBOA8MH. OnpeAeJIHTe conpoTJiBJIeHlfe pe3HCTopa..
MaKCIIMaJI},Hoe 3naqeHHe CHJI},1 TOK8 B u:enH 100 M.A.
060PYAOBaHJ.1e: li"IJepHbtH gII:(HK) M 6, Ba npH60pa )1;JJSi H3Mepe-
HHH CHJIhI TOEa H HanpH)KenH.H, HCTO"tJHHK nOCTO.HHHOrO TOKa, Ha60p
pe3HCTopOB, npOBoa7 MJIJIJIHMeTpOBB.H 6YMara.
123

MemoaUIf,ecue ylt43a.HUJI.. B .(t'"I£epHOM
HHKe» M 6 H8XOJ{.HTC.H ,ltliOAbI D], D 2 H pe-
3lICTOp R" coeAHHeHHbIe no cxeMe na PHCYH-
Ke 3.50.. 3.1IeKTpH"1leCKOe conpOTHBJIeHH€ pe-
31ICTopa 20--.40 OM.
D 1 R
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Pm:. 3.50
B03MO)ICBldH BapH8BT BhlDOJlHeHHa: 3aRHJI
""
IIpoBeAeM aHaJIH3 B03MO)KHbIX BaplI8HTOB coe)J,IiHeHIIH JJ;BYX JtHO-
.n;OB II O):tHoro pe3HCTopa B n;enh C ,l];H}TM.H BLIBoaM:U (pHC. 3.51).
o .  I -J 0
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PHc. 3.51

CxeMLI CO€AHOeHH:JI 3 4 7 xapaKTepH3YlOTCH JIIIHeHHOH aRBHCH-
MOCThIO CHJILI TOKa OT HanpH)I(eHHB He38BHCHMO OT nOJlJIpHOCTH. Cxe-
MLI 1;1 5 10 MOryT .l(aTb BOJILT8MUepHhIe XapaKTepHCTBKH, Ma.nO 00-
JIHq:HhIe OT xapaKTepHcTHKH tJ,HOAa. CXeMLt 2t 6 MOryT aTh BOJILTaM-
... 'U
nepHhIe XRpaRTepHCTHKH, HeJIHHeHHLIe npH OAHOH nOJIXpHOCTH BKJIIO-
"IeHHH H .nH.HeHHbIe np" 06pSTHOH nOJJ.HpHOCTH. CxeMa 8 XapaKTepH'"
.... 
3yeTc8 HeJIJIHe'IHOH 3aBHCIIMOCThIO ne3aBHCliMO OT IIOJIXpHOCTH BKJIlO-
qeHHH CHnLI TOKa OT HarrpSl:m:e- 1., MA
HilH.. Ee xapaKTeplfCTHK8 - 3TO
xapaKTepHCTHK3 AHO,lJ;ft t B.KJIIO-
-qeHHoro B npHM.OM H8IIpaBJIeHHH
nap8.JIJleJJbHO c peSHcTopOM.. Cxe-
M8 9 MO.HteT ;n;a Tb Hen.HHeHHbIe xa-
ILP
paRTepHCTHKn K8K npH OHOH9
w
TaR H np" pyroH nonapHOCTU
BKJIIOeHH.H Hanp.HmeHHH. O.AHa
H3 HHX 6yeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTh

npHMOH oeTBH xapaKTepHCTHKH
ti
.n;HoAa, BTOpS.R - np$lMOH xapSK-
TepHCTHKe Hoa c noceOBa-
TeJILHO BR.JllOqeHHhIM pe3HCTOpoM.
.D:na orrpe.n;eJleHIISI 3KBHBaJIeH-
ILP u
THOll 3JIeKTpHqeCKOH cxeMLI (fqep-
Hore .amJixa." HCC.TIeyeM ero /, MA
BOJIbTRMnepHhIe xapSKTepHCTHKH
np" ,lI;BYX Bapn8HTax nOAKJIIOe-
HHH nOJIIOCOB nOCTO.H.HHOO TOKa.
Pe3YJIbT8TOM HCCne,l{OBaHH.H .fIBJIH-
eTCH KpHBasr npe,l(CTaBJIeHHRn HB
pHCYHxe 3.52.
CJle,n;oBaTeJIbHo t B -(fqepHOM
.H:ttKe» .uHOALI Ii pe3HCTOp BKJIIO-
lIeHLI no CXeM€ 9 HR p:nCYHKe 3.51.
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Koro conpOTHBJIeUR.9. pe3HCTopa R
npeCTaBHM BOJlbTaMnepHbIe X8-
paKTepHCTHKH np" ABYX npOTH'"
BOnOJJO)K.H},IX nOJI.HpHOCT8X BKrrro-
qeHHH HQnpSl.H<eHHH, HCnOJIh3YH
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meHllH (pac. 3.53).
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125

KpMBaJll Ha pHCYHKe 3.53 COOTBeTCTByeT npHMoH oeTB11 XapaKTe-
plICTHKH Ho.n:a, :gpHB8J1 2  np.aMoH BeTBH xap8KTepHCTHKH .n;HO8 c
nOCJIeOBaTe...TJDHO B1JlOqeHHbIM pe3HcTopoM. Tax K8J( ,lJ;H01J;hI o,o;:usa-
KOBble, npH 01(HHaKOBI:dX 3Ha'tJeHHHX CHJlhl TOKS Ha BOX Jl;OJI»CHhI 6LITIJ
OADHaKOBhIe Hanp.RmeHH.H U liT H U 2JIt T.e. U 1Jl = U 2Jl.. TaR KaJ(. U 1 =
= U1,l(' TO V} = U.
CJ1eOBaTeJlbHO, aanpJimeHHe H8 pe3HCTope U R p8.BHO
U ll :=: U2. - U2J( = V 2 - U 1 .
3H8qeHHH U 2 H U 1 MomBO nOIITI. orrpeAeJlHB 3naQeUHJf a6c-
l1.HCC TOtleK nepeceqeHH.R npHMoJi, napaJIJIeJJhHOH OCR a6CItHCC, C Kpl-I-
BblMH 1 H 2 (pRC.. 3..53). BOJIee TOqHOe 3Ha'IJeHl!e 3J1eKTpHQeCKOrO
conpOTIIBJleHH.H R MOJRBO nOJly'tlHTb, npOH3Be,QH BhIqHTaHe rpaHtta
1 H.3 rparpHK8 2 H nOJIyqHB npSlMYro, COOTBeTCTBYIOYIO BOJIbTHMnep-
Hon xapaKTepHCTilKe pe3HCTopa (CM. pnCYUOK 3  5 3)..
I
y CJlOBH8n oellKa BhlDOJIHeBH.H 38J];8BHH
(B 6aJlJl8x)
.
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1.. TeopeTHQeCKOe 06C)l)Kt(eHHe B03MomHbIX BapH8HTOB
BKJIlOqeHIIH )l;HO.t{OB II pe31:1CTOpa 1
2.. SKcneplfMeHTaJIbHOe HCCJIeOBaHlle aaBllCHMOCTH I (U),
COCTaB...1JeHlle Ts6JIlfl1.h1 2
3. IIpeJJ;cTa.BJIenne peaynbT8ToB H3MepeHHH B BH,o;e rpaq,Hx8 2
4. Onpe,&eJIeHlie cxeMbI BItJIIOqeUII.H sneMemOB 2
5:. Orrpe.n;eJIeHl1e 3J1eKTpH'IeCKOrO ccnpoTHB.."'leHHH pe3HcTopa
no pe3Y JIbTaTaM BYX 13MepeH1iH 1
6. rpa£}»H'!IeCKOe BbIqJ.ITaHUe BOJIbTaMnepHliIX X apaKTepHCTHK
II onpeAe..i'IeHHe 3JIeKTpJI'IeCKoro COnpOTHBJIeHHH pe3HCTopa
no rpaqaHKY 2
13. HCCAeAOBaHHe MarHHTHoro nOMi
3AA.AH Lt1E. BHYTPU npHMoyrOJI:bHOH KOp06KH nOMeeHhI ;I;Uft no-
CTO.HHHhIX MarHIIT8. Onpe.nenJiTe Koop.n;HHaTbI x Y H Z neHTpOB 3TJiX
MarHIf.TOB Ii 3HR qeHHH liH.D;YKIJ;IlH MarHHTHoro nOlIl1 H8 nOBepXHOCTIi
6JIOK8 H3A eHTpaMH M8T'HHTOB. KooPAHHaTld OTC1.JHTblB81OTC,H OT yrJl8
126

6JIOKa,. OTMe"leHHOrO TO"tIKOH
(pIlC. 3.54). MaruHTHaJI nOCT08HHast
)10 :u= 1,.26 · 10- 6 rH · M- 1 .
YAOBaHHe KOp06K8 C ABYMJI no-
IMH MarHJtT8MH BHyTpIl, OAHB
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PMc. 3.54
HIli( n oro TOKa, 8Mllep-
Merp, BOJThTMeTp, DJIOCKlUl J<a -.; 
co.ne8JI 100 - 200 BHTKOB, .D:Be JIH}lHl:J.e K8TymKu no 450 BHT-
ROB, KOH.JJ:eHC8TOp eMKOCTLlO 1 MKcI>, KJIIO"tJ t coeHHHTeJIhHhle npoBo-
,Aa, If3MepHTeJIbHaJI JIHHeHKR,. HHTK.H, H860p n.naCTHH.
· M emoiJu tteexue yK43a.Hull. IT pH norOTOBl\e KOMIIJIeKTR o6opy.n;o-
BaHHH HYJRHO BhI6paTb MarHHTLI :ae60JIbIDUX p83MepOB, He 60nee
5 CM B AJIKH}'.. MSJIWI K8TymK8 J];118MeTpOM 3 - 5 CM OJI)I(Ha HMeTh
100 - 200 BOTROD TOHKoro npOBoa. llYBcTBHTeJlbHocTb MHKp08M-
nepMeTpa ,ltO.1ImH8 6LITl, TaKOH, 'IT06L1 npn li.)KeHI'H KaTymKP B6.nH3H
KOHl.\a MRrHHT8 oT6poc CTpeJIRH MlfI\.pOaMnepMeTpa, npncoe.n;HReHHO-
ro K KOHaM K8T}'TIIKII t AOCTHrB.JI nOJIOBIIHbI WK8.JIhI.
.IJ:JIJiHHLIe K8TymKH npH. nO}I;KJIlO"leBIIII K HCTOTJHHKY TORS lJ.0JI.)R-
Hb1 C03a TIt MarHHTHoe none c HHYRU"eii:, 6JIHaKOH Ft MaKCHMB.J1bHO-
.
MY 3Ha-qeHHIO HH.ayKD.HH MarHHTHoro nOJIJI UOCTO.HHHOrO MarHHTa.
.
BoaM03CHlde OapOaBTLI BLinOJIReHHH aa.uaHHJI
BAPI1AHT 1.. CoeAHHHM BhlBO)I;b1 npOBOIl0'qHOH KRTymKH C MHR po-
RMnepMeTpOM,. BHeceM B Hccne)J:yeMYIO 06JI8CTh K8TYWKY TaR, TITo6bI
-+
ee nJJOCKOCTb 6bIJJa pacnOJIOm€HS nepneH)];IIKY JI.HpHO BeKTOpy B Nar-
HHTHOH HHAYRl\HH. 3aTeM 6EJCTpO BbIAepHeM KaTymxy 113 MarHHTHO-
ro nOJIH (pIIC. 3..55). IIpH Bh1.l1;eprHB8.H1111 KaT)l"mKi npOHJi3bIBalOmHH
ee MarHHTHhIH nOTOK H3MeH.HeTCH OT 3HaqeHHH <P = BS o OJ T.e.
h.Cft  BS,
r.l(e S - nJIO11 ce'tJeHH.H KRTyrnKJi. ECJIIi BpeMSI BbIBe.zteR H .H K8TYlII-
KH 83 MarHHTHoro DOJlH t, TO 3.f(C HH,D;yKI(HH, B03HHKaIOaH npH
l\cft
aTOM B OHOM BUTRe KaTymKH, paSHa  ' a B N BHTK8X KaTymKli
t
L\
W = N -- ..
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127

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IIpH coe)I;HHeHJ.IJI B:bIBOOB Ka TYWRf[ C MHKpOaMnepMeTpOM B enH
...
npoTeKaeT aJIeK TpHtIeCKIlH TOJ<:
I
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R
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At · R 
rne R - o6ee conpOTHBJIeHHe 3JIeKTpWIecKoH en)f..
¥MHO.mlfB neBYK> If npaByro qaCTH nOCJIeHerO paaeHCTBR fiB .I1t,
nOJI}"laeM
/1CP · N rvBS
I t!t - R -.--. JlJIH q:::: R J
OTK)r,Qa
I

qR
B = NS"
(1)
TaKIIM 06paaoM .AJlH H3MepeHHH HIUJ:}1RIUln: B O.L\Hopo.u;Horo IIOR.R
u
H,T:iKHO H3Mep1ITL aap.fl.lI; q, rrpOTeKaJO:l:qHH B n.enH npH BLI;J;eprHBaJIHIi
K8TymKII, ITJIOma.n;b S CeqeHHjI K8'TYll1KH, o61.1J;ee conpoTHBJIemle R u;eITH
Jl 3HaTb qnCJJO .7\1 BIITHOB B l\.arrywKe. AJI.R. M3MepeunH 3ap.Ha q c nOMO-
IIt.b1O MIfKpoaMnepMeTpa HYHO o6ecne-rmTh YCJIOBHH ero pa60TbI B 6a.n-
JlHCTHQeCKOM pem'IMe. ITpn60p pa60TaeT B 68..r'L1JHCTIJ'tJecKOM pe.m.MMe,
eCJIII BpeM.H t llpoTeKaHH:.f.I TOKa Qepe3 paMHY 3Ha'II-ITeJIbHO MeHhme
rrepHOl(a cB060AHLIX KQ.TIe6aHI:IH nOBJ]HtHOH CHCTeMhl npu60pa.
ECJ1Jf 06ecne-qeH 6aJfJIHCTH-qecKllu pemHM pa60TbI MHKpoaMIIepMeT-
pa, TO MaRCIIM3-.""IbHOe OTK.lJOH€HHe CTpeJIKJ-1 npOnOplI..l-IOHaJIbHO 3ap..a-
A y q II He 38BIICIIT OT BpeMeHlf !!..t ero npOTeK8HHH..
128

)VI.H H3MepeOHJI 3apa q MHKpo8MnepMeTp CJIe){YeT npe.n;BapH-
Te.nhHO OTrp8JJYHPOBSn. B e-AHHHu;.ax aap.8)J;a. )VIa 3Toro aapHmaeM
KOB)l;eHC8TOp H3BecTBOH 8J1eKTpOeMKOCTH C )1;0 HeKOToporo 3HaqeHHH
HsnpHmeHHR U H p8.3pH.>KaeM ero 38TeM "lJepea r8JIhB8.HOMeTp. TorAs
no.nyqOM
q = CD.
OTC'qHTftB "lJUCJIO AeJIeHHH N, COOTBeTCTByJOIII;ee MaKCHM8.JILHOMY
OTKJIOBeHHJO CTpeJIKH ranbBRnOMeTpa npH paapJl-UKe KOH,[teHC8Topa t
HSHAeM eBY eJIeHiI.f.I k illR8JIbl B KY JlOHax:
q
k = ,
N
o TKY.n; a
q = kN.
BAPI-1AHT 2  BMecTo KOlIJ.(encaTOpa .D.JI.H rpaAYHpoBKH npH60pa MO.)f(-
HO HcnOJIb30B8Tb ABe ,vIJiHHhIe KaTymxH. Coep;HHHld ):tBe KRTywKH
nOCJJe,ltOB8TeJIbHO H nOKJlEOqHM K HCTO'tlHHKY TORa. PaCDOJlO)KHM HX
.
n8 O.IJ;UOH npaMoH C He6oJl})IDHM 3aaopoM, OCTa TOqHbIN nJIa BBeAe- ·
fiMS H3MepHTeJIbHOH K&TymKH. IIpu nponycK&HHH nOCTO.HHHOrO
TORR I Qepe3 JIHHHyIO KaTymKY C 1JUCJIOM BHTKOB N H .nJlHHOH I
HH.l1YKD,H.H Bx MBrUHTHOro nOJID BUYTpH KRTymKH paBHft
J! NI
B K =; Qi ·
H3MeU,fIJi CHJIY TOKa I B XRTYillKe, HaiiAeM TaKoe ero 3Ha'tleHHe II'
npH KOTOpoM OTKJIOHeUHe CTpeJIKH MHKp08M1IepMeTpa npH BhIAepru-
B8HDH gaTYIDxH 6YJJ;eT T8.KHM .;Ket' K8K np:n ABHJKeUHH K8TymKH y
KOH:o;a nOCTO.flHHOrO MarHHT8.. B aTOM c.ny-qae OAHHaJ(OJJ1 H3MeHeBHH
MarBHTHOrO TIOTOKa 'tIepe3 H3MepHTeJl:bHYIO KaTyillKY:
8.cI>  '&CPt(.'I HJIll B l1l S.. =B"Sr;..
OTc lO p.a HHltYKD.HH BM Y }cOHa MarHHTa pSBHa
B}:Sz<
BM = ... S 
M
(2)
r.n;e S¥ If BE - nJlOa;I;H CeqeHHB nOCTO.HHHO:rO MarHHTa H 113MepH-

TeJILHOH K8TYWKH COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
QTo6LI OIIpeeJIHTh KOOpJ];1IH8T.bJ x Ii y [{eHTpoB MarHHTOB B 6.nOKe,
nOBeCHM Tp€THH (XOBTPOJILHIdH) MarBHT Ha HIITII II nuneM nOJIO-
meHJIe eHTpOH MsrHHTOB H cnoco6 HX pacnOJIOmeHHH. ECJIH MarBUT
-
D-253
129

B 6J10Ke paCnOJlO.IKeH rOpH30HT8.JIbHO KOHTpOJlEtRhIH MarBUT o6uapy-
milT ceBepHblH II IO>KHDIH era nOJlIOCLI. n plf SepTHKaJILHOM pacnOJIO-
JKeHHH M8.rHHT8 KOHTpOJIhHbIH M:3rHHT 06Hapy.mHT JIHWL OHH ero
nOJIIOC (pHC. 3.56)..
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PHC. 3.56
KOOP.lI:HH8TY z, T..e.. paCCTOHHHe OT :MarHliTa AO nOBepXHOCTH 6JIO-
u
Ra, naH.n;eM no OTR.JIOHeUHIO CTpeJlKH MHKpoaMuepMeTpa, paCnOJI8r8.R
D8 pS3JIHq.Hh!X paCCTOSlHlI.fIX Ka T7WKY OT KOHu.a MarHHT8 BepTHKaJIb-
HO II rOpJI30HT8.JIbHO (pIIC. 3. 5 7).
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PHc.. 3.5 7
y CJIOBHaJI oeHKa BJdnOJIUeBH.H 38J1;aUHJI
(B 6aJ1JIRX)
1. TeOpeTHqeCROe onpee,",1JeHHe MarHHTHoH HH;J:YKD;HH
c nOJly-qeBJfeM 41'oPMY JILl (1)
2. TeopeTW!ecKoe pemeUHe np06.1IeMLI KaJIH6poB.KH
MHKpoaMrrepMeTpa
2
1
130

3.. 9KcnepHMeHTaJIhHoe onpeAeneHHe MRKCHMltJILHOrO 3Ua"IJeHHH
HHYK:Q.HH Y KOHn;;a MarnHTa B BYX nOJIOmeHHHX 1
4. Y'QeT PS3JIHQH.H DJIOIQ8f];H Ce-IenHH M8rHHT8 H KaTymKH
((j;H)PMYJI8 (2» 1
5. Onpe,o;eneuHe Hy:ttn.HH Ha pa3JIu-qUbIX paCCTOHHHSlX
OT Kouu.a MarUHTR B JJ;BYX nOJIOmeHH.HX 1
6. 3KcnepHMeHTBJILHOe }1'CTaHOBJIeHHe npODOpHOH8JIbBOCTH
OTKJlOHeHHJI CTpeJIKH 3apx.n;y q HJlH K3.JllI6poBKH OT6POCOB
no H3BeCTHbIM 3Ha-qeHHHM HHAYKI1.UH MsrHHTHoro nOJIS
xa TyWKH ,
7. Onpe.n;eJIeHUe Koop.a;HHaT x .II y -n.eHTpOB MRrHHTOB 1
8. OnpeAeJIeHHe opHeUT8IJ;HII MarUHTOB J
9. Onpe,n;eJIeHHe KOOP,lJ;HH8T Z n;eHTpOB MarHIITOB 1
14. J1cCAeAOBaHMe RBAeH HJI HaMarHMLlMBaHHA CTaAH
.
3AMH 1-1 E. HCCJle)I;yHTe aaBHCHMOCTL NarHHTHoro DOJI:.H B CT8JILBOM
...
cepAe'tJHHKe K8TYWKH OT CHJIhi TORR B oeB.
060pYAooaHl4e: 3J1eKTpoMarHHT co CTaJIhHhIM Cep,lte"QHHKOM, HMeIO-
HM IIOABH:HtHYIO 1.J:aCTh, HCTOqHHK nOCTOHHHoro TOl\.a, rHpH
1 Kr H Ot5 Kr, M.HJ1.HHaMOepMeTp, COe)\HHHTeJlbHLIe npOBo,qR, H3MepH-
..,.
TeJILHRX JIHHeHK8, phIqar
M emQiJu 'l-eCl(ue yxaaaHuR. ,z:(JIH 3KcnepHMeHT8 HY)KBht paa60pHbJ:H
TpaHcq,opMaTop ".nil MarHHTH.bJH nepeKJIIO"IlaTeJlL. -q To6Lt H3MepHTI.
UH.D;YJ\.n: H IO B cep.o:eqHJiKe, HymHo H3MepHTh COJIY npHTH.meHH$I 3aMI:d
KaIOw;ero 3BeHR CT8.J1bHOrO cep.n;e"tlHHKa. ;::(JI.R 3Toro c06lIpaeTC-H YCTR-
ROBKa, H306pameHHaJI Ha pUCYHKe 3. 58.. llepeMelIta.H rpY3 H3BeCTHOH
M8CCbI m no CTepJltHIO MN If H3MeH.Ra nOJlOmeHHe onopbI 0, MOJKUO
--- u
H3MeH.HTb nJIe'IJO CHJILI m g t rrpHR.nB.)l;hIBaeMOH K pbJ"lJary to H DJIeqO

CliJlLl F N npHT.HmeHHSI cep.n;e"IJHHKR MarHHTa H3MepHB nJIe"IJH MO Ii
NO no YCJ]OBHIO paBHOBeCHH pwqRra, nOJIyqHM
NO  F = MO · m g
M '
MO
F tor = NO  mg.
131

AI
o
N
: ::111
..
J
F.
rng
Pilc. 3.58
IIpH norOTOBKe o60py,n:oBaHHS Beo6xoIIMO 3aKpeIIHTh ce p;t e'1HHK
MarffilTa, a 33ML1KRrom;ee 3BeHO cep,u;e'fIHIIICa npHKpenHTh K pb[q811t.
CHJI8 TOKa B I\aTYIDKe 3JIeRTpoMarHHTa He OJJ)KHa npeBhlmaTb Ot 5 A.
Bo3MOEHIdii B8 puaHT BIdIIOJlUeUHB RHH
H3MeplfM CHJIY MarHHTHoro npHTSI-
JKeHH.H F M Cepe'lHHKa npll He60nLmoM
aa30 p e B Ma:rHHTOllpOBoe (pHC. 3. 59).
II pH nepeMeII(eHHH 3aMbIKalOero 3Be-
Ha sa paCCTOJlHHe d M8rHHTBOe nOJIe c
IfH.nYRHeH B 3aDOJIHHeT ofYheM:
_....- --
--- .....
,., --
--- "-
.-
s
d
.6. V :=: Sd t
11.e S - TIJIOlI\8J(b ce-qeH:H.fI Cep.D;e-qHH-
K8 Ii d - mHpllHR 38aopa.
9HeprHH MarHHTHoro nOJIS YBeJIU-
QHBaeTCH na
PMc. 3..59
B 2 B 2 Sd
M= - .Jl= -. (1)
2o 2o ·
3TO 113MeHeHHe 3ueprHH paBHO pa60Te A = FJlJ.d lIPOTHB CHJ1 M8r-
.
HHTHoro npHTHmeHHJI:
A=M
B 2 Sd
Fx d = 2 ·
J.1o
(2)
113MepHB 3Ha-qeHHe CHRhI F N MarHIITHoro npHTs.meHHH cep.n.eqUH-
K8 II ero nJI0IItBAh t HaH;r,eM ifH.D;YKD;HIO B M!irHIITHOro nOJlH:
B=
2F.JI. o
..
S
132
..
(3)

HSMeHSB H8Up8BJleHHe TOR8 B 06MOTKe 8J1eKTpOMarHHTa, M.omHO
dCCJleAOBRTL HBJ1eHUe M8rHHTHOro rHCTepe3HCa..
YCJlOBR8J1 O.Q.eHKa BLmOJIRellHJl aBHS
(B 68.J1J1ax)
1. IIoJlyqeHHe PMYJIhI (3) .ltJl.H BHCJIeHHSJ H H 1tYKI\HB 2
2. C60pK8 yCT8HOBKH AJlH npOBeeHHH 3KcnepHMeHTa 2
3.. IIpoBeAeHue cepUH H3MepeHHH, COCT8.BJIeHHe Ta6JJHII.:Ed 2
4. IIocTpoeHHe rpacl>HKa 38BHCHMOCTH HHJtYKrtHl1 B OT CHJI&I
TOKa B K8T}'IIIRe 2
· 59 0 HccJIeAOBaHHe .HRneHHfl rHcTepe3Hca 1
6. ¥-qeT Beca p1JI1:Iara 1
15. H3MepeHMe HHAYKTHBHOCTM KaT}'wKH
3Mf\H 111 E. IfCnOJIL3YH npe,ltJlOmeHHoe o6oPy.n;oB8HHe to onpeeJ1HTe
J{HYKTHBHOCTb K8TYillKH.
060py l\OBaH He: KaTymKa MHJIJIHaMnepMeTp, BOJ1DTMeTp CTpe.nO'l-
..,. u
HhIH MHKpOaMnepMeTp, nOJIynpOBO.AHJ!KOBbIH )];HO.n;, KOHeHC8TOp eM-
KOCThlO 1 MK<P, pery.nupy e MLIH HCTOllBHK nOCTOHHH0f10 TOKa, Ha60p
pe3HCTOpOB., coe]tHHHTeJlLHbIe npOBo.n;a.
M emoiJu 'lJeClCue YK436KUSl. ,nJIH nOCTaHOBKH SKcnepHMeUTR MO.)f(-
HO HCnOJIb30B8Tb KaTymKY TpaHc(popMaTopa 113 500 -r- 1000 BHTROB.
AHOll; HymeH C OqeHb M8JIbIM o6paTHhIM TOKOM,. MeHee 1. MKA. Ka-
TymRa IIcnoJlh3yeTcSI 6e3 cep,n;e"IJHHKa.
r
B03MOHIdii BapU8HT BLIIIODHeRHH 3i1t(aHHH
IIOJlHbIH MarHIITHhIH IIOTOK tIJ B 1\aTYIIIKe npHMO nponopqHoHa-
..neB .HH,lJ;}'KTHBHOCTH KaTymKH L H CHJIe TOKa 1 B ee 06MOTKe:
rfJ = LI 4P
(1)
TI03TOMY IIHAlKTHBHOCTb KaT}7JIIKH L MO,)KHO onpeeJIlfTL no 93-
MeHeHHIO MarHHTHoro nOTOKa L\cI> npll H3MeHeHIIII CIIJIhI TOKa B K8-
.
T\,TIDKe:
..
L= $
M.
133
(2)

npH H3MeaeUHH MarHHTHOrO nOTOK8. B K8TYillKe BOaUIIKaeT 3):(C
CaMOHHAyKQ)lll, np.JIMO npOnOpOHa.nbHa.H CKOpocTH H3MeHeHHSI Mar-
HHTHOrO nOTOK8:
cp = 84>
@ At ·
(3)
ECJIH nOAKJIJOlIHTb K KOHu.aM KaTywKH MHKpOaMnepMeTp H nOCJIe-
AOBaTeJILHO C HJ1M nOJIynpoBop;HBKOBLIH HO B o6pa TROM HanpaBJle-
HHH no OTtIOmeHHIO K H8np.H)f(eHHIO HCTOqHHKa TOKa (pRC. 3.60)i' TO
CH.fl8 TOKa B u:enu MJiKpORMnepMeTpa 01JeHh M8JIa. ITpn OTKJIlOqeUHH
ItaTYIIIK.H OT HCT01lHHK8 TOKa 3,I(C CaMOHH,l)yX.qHH npHJIo.meHa I( .D;H--
0AY B npHNOM HanpSBJIeHHH H C03)J:aeT TOK C8MOHHYKI:tnlI Ie B eIIH
MHKpOaMnepMeTpa.
.
R
I
u
0-- .

Pltc 3.60
no 38.1tOHY OMa .ztnH nOJIHOH qenn 3,I(C caMOHHJ];y:KIJ;HH paBH8 npo-
H3Be)J:eHHJO CHJILI TOR8 It; Ha nOJlHOe 3JIeKTpH1leCKOe conpOTHBJleHHe
u;errH R:
g>  feR.
(4)
I
.
I
H3 B:bIpa.>KeHHH (3) H (4) HaXO,lJ.KM
A«I> = I tR.
(5)
TaK K8K
M c!J.t == I1q t
(6)
TO H3 (5), (6) If (2) CJle).reT
Cf> = !!.q. R,
(7)
8q.R
L  --
Aj-
134
(8)

HSMeHeHue CHJIhI TOKa AI B KaTYIDKe p8BBO no MO,DyJIIO 3HaQeUHW
CHJlbI TOKa I B KaTymKe .no OTKJIIO'lJeRHB ee OT HCT01:JHHKa TORR. IIo-
STOMY
Aq.R
L =- --
I ·
(9)
ECJIH BpeMB !!f npOTeKaHH$I TORa 'lJepe3 MHKp08MnepMeTp 3H&1.JH...
TeJI:bHO MeBbme nepHOAa CBo60,n:H})IX KOJIe68HIIH ero CTpeJIKH. TO M8R-
CHM8JIbHOe OTKJlOHeHHe CTpeJlKH B OllhITe nponopqHOHaJIbHO aapSl.lty
qJ' npoTeKaIOIlteMY -qepe3 npH6op. .rLnH onpeeJIeHHH aaps.)J;a f!q no
MaKCHM8..lJLHOMY OTKJlOHeBHK> CTpeJIKH M03KHO npeABapHTeJILHO OT-
rpap;;YJfpOBaTL MHKpORMnepMeTp B OllbIT8X C aapSlmeHHbIM Kon.n;eHca...
TOpOM.
Co6epeM a.rreKTpHt.IecKym u.eUb no cxeMe H& pHCYHKe 3.61. no-
+
u
c
.
---
PHC. 3.61
KJIIOIIB KOHeHca TOp K HCTOllHJ.IKY TOKR, 3apSl.l{.IIM ero o Hanpame-
HHH (It. 3aTeM OTKJIIO'qHM KOHAeHcaTOp OT HCTOqHlfK8, nOAKJIlOqHM
e:ro K BldBOll.8M MHKpOaMITepMeTpa H 38MeTHM MaKCIlMaJIbHOe OTKJIO-
HeHHe Al CTpeJIKII. B 3TOM CJIyqae 'lJepe3 MHKpOaMnepMeTp npomen
aapHJt :
ql == UtC.
1I3MeHHH Hanp.HmeHHe U  npOH3HeAeM cepHIO H3MepeHHH OTKJIO-
HeRMD CTpengu. IIoCTpOJiB rpa<!JHK aaBHCHMOCTII A(q), o6HapymHBa-
eM MelliAY HHMH np.RMYJ() IIponopHOHaJ[hHY}{) CB.H3b. Tenepb c nOMO-
fi(bIO :rparpHK8 no OTKJIOHeHHJO CTpeJIKH A HaHtr;eM 3ap.H q.
IIp" BbIqJiCJIeHHRX IIO cpopMYJIe (9) CJIeAyeT yqecTb, qTO nOJIHOe
u
conpoTII:&""IeHHe :3neKTpH'tIeCKOH u.eUH CKJIa,D;LIBaeTC.H H3 conpOTHBJIe-
-
HHR R]J. ;J;no.n;;a t R KaTymKH II RM MUKpORMnepMeTpa:
R == R1J, + RJ!: + R M ..
(10)
135

T8.K RaK conpoTHBJIeBHe Ra HO8 B npHMOM nanpBBJIeHHH npH
H3M.eH.JIIOII:teMca 3R8qeHHH 9C H3MeH,JIeTCJI t Ana )1MeH:&meHHH Heo..
npe.n:eJIeHHOCTH 3H8-qeHHH nOJIHOrO conpoTHBneHH.R R enH M03tHO
BJ(JIIOqHTb B It;eub pesHcTop C 3JIeKTpH"IecKHM conpoTHBJleUUeM RR'
3Ha"1JHTeJIDHO npeBocxoJtSIID;HM B03MO)KHLIe 3H8'JeHHJI conpoTHBJIeHH.H
AHO.l{8 R A :
RR> R.
Y CJJOBR8.H On;eHK8 BIdJIOJIBeRBfJ 3aBHJI
(8 6aJlJlax)
1. TeOpeTJ.rtIeCKOe pemeHlle c no.nyqeHJieM tjJOPMYJIbI (8) 2
2. Dpe,ltCT8BJIeHHe CXeM:&I ,QJJ.JI npOBeeHH.H 3KcnepHMeHT8
(CM. PHCYHOI< 3.60) 1
3. nonyqeHHe $OPMYJIhI (9) '1
4. KaJIH6pOBKR MHRpoaMIIepMeTpa .:a.f.f H3MepeHJiH 3ap.H)J.a t1q
c liCnOJI:b30BaHHeM KOHeHcaTopa, nocTpoeHHe rpa-l)HK& 2
5.. npeCTaBJIeHHe cxeMLI 1tJ[.JI KaJIH6pOBKH MHKpoaMnepMeTpa
(CM. PHCYHOK 3.61) 1
6.. 06ocHoBaHHe HCnOJIL30B8.HIIH .n;ononHHTeJIhHOro pe3HCTopa
H rrpHM:eaeHUe ero B OlIhIT8X 1
7.. IIpoBeAeHHe cepHH H3Mepeuuii If HaXOJK.J];eHHe cpeHe:ro
peaynbTaT8 1
8. OeHKa rpaH H II: norpellIHocTeH H3MepeHHH 1
16.. OnpeA.eAeHMe 3AeKTpM'IeCKMX napaMeTpOB
uenl1 nepeMeHHoro TOKa
c nOMOWl,1O aMnepMeTpa H BOALTMeTpa
3AM H V1 E. Onpe.n;eJIHTe 31JeK TpH"lJeCKH e napaMeTpbI ,l];BYXTIOJ1JOC-
HbIX 3neMeHTOB nepeMeHHoro TOKa B ({qepHhIX JIIl\HR8X» N 9, 10,
11 H 12.
11aIIa30H -qaCTOT rrepeMeHHoro TOKa 100 - 10000 r:q, IIpeeJIbHOe
3cPQ>eK THBHoe 3HSQeHHe CHJIbI TOKa 100 M.A.
136

O6opYAoBaHJ.fe: «lIepHLle .HIqHKH)) M 9, 10,. 11 H 12, renepaTOp
rrepeMeHHoro TOR8, MHJIJIHaMnepMeTp nepeMeHHoro TOR8,. BOJILTMeTJ)
nepeMeHHo ro TOEa, COeAHHHTeJILBhIe npOBoa.
MemoiJUwteClCue YJta34HUIl. B (YJepHLlii H HK » J\& 9 n OMeaIOT
u
pe3HCTOp II KOHeHcaTOp, BKJIIOeHHbIe nocneAOBRTeJILHO, B «(-qepHLIH
Hll\HK» .Ni! 10 - pe3HcTop H KOH;n;eHcaTOPt BKJIJO"tJeHHhIe nap8JIJIeJlLHO.
MO.iKHO HCnOJIb30B8Tb 6YMWKHLIe HJIH KepaMH"tlecKHe KOHeHca-
TOphI (UO He sneKTpOJIHTH"tJecKHe!) 3J1eKTpOeMKOCTblO 0 9 01 - 1 9 0 MKcJ>t
pe3HCTOphi C 3.J1eKTpHQeCKHMH cOnpOTHBJIenHSlMII 1 - 10 ROM.
B ((QepHLlH .HmHK  M 11 nOMe:r:qaeTC.H K8TYIDK8 IIHYKTHBHOCThlO
0,1 - 0,5 ra, 11 «-qeptIhXH J.)HK'" M 12 - coeAHHeHHhIe rrap8JIJIeJ1bHO
KaT}"mK8 HHAYKTHBHOCThlO 0,1 -- 1,0 rH, pe3HCTOp conpOTIIBJ1eHlfeM
3 - 5 ROM I KOHeHca TOp 3JIeKTpoeMKocTblO 10 - 50 Hfl>.
B03M02KBLIH BapnBHT BLInonHeBHH 3a,naBRB
.D:n.a on p eeJleHH.f( 3JIeKTpH'qeCKI:IX napaMeTpOB cxeMhI B ((-qep-
HOM .HIqJ.fRe), ero BbIBOhI nOAKJIIOHM K BbIX O ,n:y reHepaTopa rrepe- .
MeHHoro TOKa, napaJIJleJ1hHO nop-COeAI:lHHM BOJlhTMeTp nepeMeHHO-
ro TOK& H nOCJIe));.OBaTeJIbHO - MI!JI.nHaMnepMeTp nepeMeHHoro TOK8
(puc. 3.62).
"'iCpHbllI
HHK
...
PMc. 3.62
Ha qaCTOTe 100 rrt H3MepHM CHJIY TOKa I B l\enH npH HeKoTopoM
3H8LJeHHI! HanpHmeHItB U.. Pe3)r JIhTarrbI H3MepeHIIH 38HeceM B OT'lJeT-
HYJO Ta6JJHD;,Y.
3aTeM "1JaCToTY nepeMeHHoro HanpHmeHH.JI. YlJenHqlM B Ba pa.sa II
CHOBS H3MepHM CHJIY TOKa I B :u.eDH npH TOM me 3Ha qeHHH Hsnps.me-
HHB H Tal( ,ltaJIee. ¥BeJIHt.J:HBaeM 'tlaCTOTY o 3HaqeHHH 10 000 rn..
IIo pe3Y JIbT8T8M H3MepeHHH CTpOHM rpa4JI-IK 38BIICHMOCTI'l CHJIhI
....
TOKa OT '18CTOTbI nepeMeHHoro TOI\.8 npu nOCTOHHHOH aMIIJIHTye KO-
JIe6aH:HH HanpXJKeHl-fH.
IIpH H3MepeHHH Heo6xo,ltHMO yqlITbIBa TL B03MO.)KHoe BJIH.HHHe BOJIb-
TMeTpa H8 nOK838HHH 8MnepMeTpa HJII.I IfCn04lTIb30B8Tb cxeMY BKJIIO-
137

qeHH.R 113l\fepHTeJIbH.hIX np'l60poB., IIPH KOTOpoH T8.KHM BJlHHHHeM MO)K-
HO npene6peQb"
HccJleAOBaBHe e-qepaoro J1DJ;BKa& N 9
BhInOJIHHB 3KcnepHMeHT C (iQepH:hIM. $I1l\HKOM)) M 9, nonyqHM rpa-
lfI(. 3RBHCHMOCTIII(v), rrpe.D;CTRBJIeHHbIH Hit pRC. 3.636 OR nOK83LIBa-
I. MA
3
2
.
1
0 100 800 1600
3200
6400
1000 v" r
Pl4c. 3.63
eT, qTO Ha HH3KHX qaCToTax CIIJIR TOKa yueJIH"lJH 
'I:..P il&P
BaeTcn nHHeHHO C laCTOTO].I, a Ha BhICOKHX OCTa- D
eTCH npaKTH"IlecKIi HeH3MeHHOH. CJIe,ltOn8TeJI:bHO,

H8 HH3KHX -qaCToTax (qepHLIH .HIItHIt, SI\BHBaJIeH-
TeH KOH;J;eHCaTOpy, a Ba BbICOKIIX - pe3IICTOpy C 8J(.THBHDIM conpOTIIB-
JIeHHeM.. Taxoe co-qeTaB.ue CBOHCTB B03MOJKHO B TOM CJ1yqae, ec.nli KOH-
.n;eHC8TOp Ii pe3HCTOp coe.n;HHeHhI B «-qepHOM Hll\HKe 1 ) nOCJle.n;OB8TeJIbHO
(pac. 3. 6 4). B wrOM CJIyIIae H8 HH3RHX "f.JaCT o Tax nOJIHOe COnpOTHBJIe-
R
c
] .. 1 r
-.. - ] r
g
PHC 364
Hlie eTIlf Z BbIQHCJI.aeMoe no qJopMY..,'"Ie Z =  R 2- + -X  IfJ1H
 {1
Z =-:= It +! -..
, loJC
138
...-
...
t
(1)

onpe)];eJJJIeTCSI e.MKOCTHhIM COnpOTHBJIeHneM KOHAeHC8TOpa XC' TaR
K8K OHO 3Ha1.J.H.TenbHO 60Jlbme aKTIIBHoro conpOTHBJ1eHHH pe3JiCTOpa
R T.e. Xc ::» R, a HR BhlCORHX QaCTOT8X eMKOCTHoe CQnpOTHBJIeHHe
KOH.n;eHC8Topa rrpeHe6peJKHMO M8JIO no c p aBHeHHIO c aKTHBHhIM CO-
npOTHBJleHHeM pe3liCTOpa,. T..e Xc <: R..
3Baa CHJIY TOKa I B enH Ii Hanpa)KeHHe U nR yqacTKe JIHHeHHOro
....,.
B03paCTaHH8 CHJlhI TOK8 C qaCTOTOI"I:
I == U  Ur.OC:,
Z
H8XQ.lIHM 3JIeKTpOeMKOCTL KOH)]:eHC8Topa
I
C = .
2nv U ·
(2)
3JIeKTplfIIeCKoe conpOTIIBJleHHe pe3HcTopa BbNlfCJI.HeM no (}JOPMY JIe
U
R===- I t
.
(3)
r)J;e 3Ba"IJeHHH CJlJIbI TOKa I H Hanp.HmeHllH U 6epYTCH npH TRKOH
qaCTOTe, np" KOTOpOH eMKOCTHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe KOHAeHc8Topa Xc
npeHe6pemUMo Marro no Cp8.BHeHHIO C aKTHBHb1M cOnpOTHBJIeHHeM
pe3BCTopa (ropH30HT8JIbHbIH y-qaCTOK KpHBOH l(v).
IICCJIenOBaHHe (c'qepuoro JlID;HKa. M 10
B aKcnepHMeHTe c (cqepHhIM .Hm'IKOMJ.) M 10 nOJIyrIHM rpacpHK
38.BHCIIMOCTJI I(v),. npe/lCTaBJIeHHhIH Ha PlICYHJ(e 3.65. OR nOK83LIB8-
eT, qTO na HH3KHX QaCTOT8X nOJIHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe t('1epHOrO jJH-
Ita,,) rrpaKTHt:JeCKH He 3aBIICHT OT -qaCTOThI,. T.e.. {(qepHIdH .HIQHK') 06-
JIaeT 8KTHBHLlM conpOTliBJIeHlleM Ha BbICOKHX 'tJ8CTOT8X CHJIR TOK8
.
..:I .u
J1IIHeHHO B03pacTaeT c -qaCTOTOII. CJIe,n:OBRTeJIbHO, nOJIHOe COIlpOTHB-
JJeHlfe ((-qepBoro HlIKa..) H8 nepeM8HHOM TOKe c B03paCTaHJleM ac-
TOTbJ JIHHeHHO YMeHhmaeTCH.. TaKIfM CBOHCTBOM 06J18.)I;aeT eMKOCTHoe
conpoTHBJIeHHe. Ha BhICOKl-lX qaCTOTax (1.JepHLIii SllItIIK» 3KBHB8JIeH-
TeH KOHeHcaTOPY. 3JIeKTpntIeCKHe CBOHCTBR (cqepHOrO .H.IQHK8) Ha
BbICOKIIX H HH3KHX 'l£8CTOTax 06'bHCgHIOTC.H: , eCJlH pe3HCTOp coe,n;HHeH
napanJIeJlhHO C KOHAeHcaTopOM (pJiC. 3.66)..
139

1., MA
3
2
1
°100 800 1600
3200
6400
1000 v,. Ii:t
.
.
he. 3.65
IIoJIHoe conpOTHBJIeHlle T8KOH enl! paBHo
R
1
- - .
1 2
 R 2 - + (roC)
.
----
-
--
I
..
.
. "1,1'
1
..n , HJIH Z ==
z=
1 1
. . +
 R 2 X
c
PH€:. 3.66
(4)
.
I
lJ'
COrJIaCHO 38KOHY aNa I == . :::= U - n + «(0(;)2 , aKTIIBHoe conpoTHB-
Z R"
fleHHe pe31IcTopa R MO>KHO onpeJJ;eJIHTh no yqacTK}r lCpHBOfI (CM. Pllcy-
LT
HOK 3.65) H8 HH3KHX -qaCTOT8X (0 -4 0, I = t eMROCTb KOHAeHC8Topa
R
C - IIO IaCTKr KpliBOH na BLICOKHX TJaCTOTax 00 --) OQ , I -== UciL:.
IIccJIeJIOB8HHe (f'lepHoro Ka. H 11
PeaYJIbT8TbI I13MepeHHH J];..,ISI ((QepHOrO HlQli](a,'  11 npeCTaBJIe-
RbI rpa£pHROM Ha PI1CYHKe 3. 6 7. 3TOT rpaq.HK aaBHCHMOCTlf I (v) rrpH
nOCTO.HHH OR aMllJIHTY J1.@ R.oJIe6aHI1R naopnmeHH.JI nOK33bIBaeT,. t..ITO
Ha HH3KHX qaCTOT8X rrO""IHOe conpOTlfBJIeHHe (fqepHOrO aIIJ.HKa) npaK-
TH'tJeCKI! He 3aBI1Cl1T OT -qaCTOTbI. CJIe.n.OBaTeJlbHO, H8 BR3RIIX '18CTO-
140

Tax OR Mo.meT 6hITb npe..n;CTaBJleH KaK peSHCTOp C 3J1eKTpH"lJeCK.HM
U
COnpoTH"BJIeHHeM, paBHhIM R = I .
I.. MA
3
2
1
o 100
6400
1600
800
V,rD;
PMc 3.67
Ha BLICOKHX -qaCTOTax CUJIa TOR8 'qepea qepHbIH .H.IIJ;IIKJ) 3HaqH-
TeJJLHO Meobme, qeM H8 HH3KHX QaCTOT8X, nOJIHOe COnpOTHBJleHHe
YBeJII:I'qHBaeTcsr C B03paCT8HHeN qaCTOTLI.. B03paC'raHHeM C YBeJllNe-
HHeM "lJ8CTOT:bI XapaRTepH3yeTC.H HHYKTHBHoe COnpOTHBJleHHe, PaB-
Hoe XL = coL.
CJleJtOB8TeJlbHO, 3KBI1BaJIeBTHaJI SJIeKTpH - R L
'tIeCK8SJ: CXeMR -qepHOrO jIHKa»  11 MO- D ,. t - "}-,-
JKeT 6bITL npeCTaBJIeHa B Buite aKTHBHoro
PMC. 3.68
conpOTHBJIeBH.f.l R H Ka TymKH HH.AYKTHBJlOC--
T:hJO L, BKJIIO'IeHHhIX noc.ne)J;oB8TeJIbHO
(pRC.. 3.68).
AKTHBHoe conpOTHB.neHHe R MO)KHO onpeJ];eJIHTL Ha HH3KHX qac-
TOTax, Kor.u;a HH)];YKTHBHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe npeHe6pemHMO Marro:
Ha BhICOKHX qaCTOTax Ko:ra CBJla TORa y6hlBseT na nopHOK no
cpaBHeHHIO co 3HaqeHHeM CIIJILI TOK8 H8 HI.13KHX 1JaCToTax, aRTHB-
HUM conpOTHBJIeH1ICM MomHO npeHe6peQb no CpaBHeHHIO C HHAyK-
141
.
".

[T U
THBHhIM COnpOTIIBJIeHlleM, T6e. R « roL, TOf'a Z::;: roL 11 I = z. = .,
roL '
U
OTXY1l:a IIHYI(THBHOCTb K8TYIllKH: L ==
roL
---
I
21LV I ·
HccJleAOBaHHe Cc-qepaoro a M 12
Pe3Y llhTaTbI H3MepeHHH JIH -qepHoro .HlI(liKa) M 12 npe.n.CT8.BJIe-
RbI rpa4JIIKoM Ha pHCyJlKe 3..69. STOT rpaij)IIR HMeeT peaOH8HCHhlH
I, MA
5
4
I
3
1
2
o
1
2
3
4
5
6

J
8
9
10 v, xl'J
PMC 3.69
L
MHHlfM}""M.. Y6bIB8HHe CllnbI TOKa c YBeJlII1:Je-
HHeM "'laCTOT1:.t, npOXOJKAeHHe "tJepea MHHHMYM
u
II BospacTaHHe npn 8JILHeHmeM YBeJI}£qeHHH
-qaCTOThI IIpOHCXOIfT B u.eITH 1-13 rra.p3.JIJIeJIbHO
coeJJ;IIBeHHhIX KOBeHcaTopa, K8.-rynIKH II pe-
3HCTopa (pRC. 36 70).
R
c
PMc.3.70
142

IIoJJHoe COnpoTHBJleH.He T8KOH eDH nepeMeHHOMY TOKY onpe]te-
JI.HeTCH cPoPMYJIOii
1 1
z=
-
----
.
2 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
(1)(;-
- . . + - . 2 +
R Xc XL (JJL
R
3Ha.H 3Ha-qeHHH HanpH.iKeHH.H. U H CHJIbI TOR8 I B pe30uauce (0 =(J)Ot
U
X( = XL f H8.XO)J;HM 8KTIIBHOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe Z = R, R = I .
ECJlII Ha Bb1COKHX 1.I8CTOTax I »Iro.in t I'1l.e I min - CHJJa TOR8 B peao-
HaHce, TO MomeM aanHCaT}):
1
XL » R »X c , X
1..
«
1 1
«X to
R c
.
1 U
Z  Xc, 21tVC I ·
.
OTCIO.ua TIO.JIyqaeM 3JIeKTpOeMKocTb KOHeHcaTop8
.
I
C = .-.--
21tVU.
ECJIII me aH8-qeUHe I CBJIbI TORR ua BhlCOKHX II HII3KHX acTOTax
COH3MepHMO co 3Ha qeHlIeM CHJIbI TOKa I Dlin B pe30H8HCe,. TO MO»CHO
npeHe6pel1b 3HaqeHHeM X 1.. HB HH3KHX -qaCTOTax Ii BbIIJHCJIHTL 3J1eKT-
poeMKOCTb C ItOHJ];eHcaTopa, BOCnOJIL30BaBIIIHC:b q>OPMYJIOH
U 1 1 1
I = Z = U Ri + X = U R 2 + ro 2 C 2 ·
HaxOHM ]iHJJ;YKTHBHOCTL KaTymKl1 H3 YCJJOBH.H pesoHaHca:
1 1
v -=::. V Of Xc = XL' rooL = ro o C ' L = -ro C
1
41t2VC ..
143

Y CJJOBH8.u ou;e:mca BLIIIOJIBeBJI.R :JaA8,BHH
nJlJl K8oro ."'Iepaoro .H.
(B 68J1J1ax)
1. C60PK8- 3JIeKTpH'tIeCKOH D;eUH no cxeMe Ha pMCYHlCe 3.62,
npe.uCT8BJleHHe cxeMLI 1
2. 1I3MepeHHe CHJlbI TOKa B :u.enu npu nOCTO.RHHOH 8.MnJlHTye
KOJIe6aH1fH H8Up.H.meHH.H B nOJIHOM J];Hall830He -qaCTOT 1
3.. ¥-qeT B03MOiKHoro BJIH.RHJfH BOJILTMeTpa Ha UOK83aHHH
8MnepMeT 1
4. COCT8BJIeHIle OTqeTIIOH T86JIHD;hI 1
5. nOCTpoeH'le rpaq.HKR lev) 1
6. Onpe.n;eJIeHHe aKBlfBaJJeHTHoH cxeM@ SJIe.KTpU'lJeCKOii u.enlJ 1
7.. 3aIIHch 38KOHa OMa JJ;..TIH eIIH rrepeMeHBoro TOKa 1
8.. OlIpeeneH]ie 3Ha-qeHH:H napSMeTpoB aneKTpHqeCKOH uenn . 2
g.. OeHKa rpaHJIII. IIorpelliHOCTH H3MepeHHH 1
.
17. I1cCAeAOBaHMe TpaHcljJopMaTopa
3HJI1E 17" 1. Onpe.n;eJ1HTe 3:JleKTpu'tJecKHe napaMeTphI npH60pa B
1'(QepHOM HIIJ;HKe) M 13 C lIeTbIpbM.H BhIBo.n;a!tlH. MaKC.HMaJIbHLIe l1.0-
..
nYCTHMbIe 3Ha-qeHHH nOCTOSlHHoro If rrepeMeHHoro Hanp:HmeHHli MeJK-
y BYM.H JII06hJMH BbIBo;:r;aMIl 10 B, M8KCHM8.JJLHOe ,o;onYCTHMoe 3H8-
"lJeHHe C.Hn.bl TOKB 1 00 MA..
060py J},OBaHl1e: .((QepHhlH HIqHK» M 13, HCTOllHHK nepeMeHHoro TOKa
C "lJaCTOTOH 50 r, B8 YHHBepCRJlbHbIX npH60pa )l;JI.H H3MepeUHH CHJIbI
TORR H Hanp.H;)KeHlIfI Ha nOCTOHHHOM Ii nepeMeHHOM TOKe t coeAHHH-
TeJlbHhle npoBOA8.
MemoiJu-c.ecJCue YKaaanUJI. .l(JI.H HCCJIe;J:OB8HID1 B KSqeCTBe 'tJeTDI-
peXnOJIIOCHHKa Hcno.n})3yeTcH TpaHcq,opMaTOp co CT8JI:bBLlM CepeqHH-
ROM H )l;B-yMH H€38BHCHMLlMII 06MOTKaMH. AJIH 06ecneQeHHH 6e30n3C-
HOCTH pa60TLI M8KCHM8JIbHOe pa60lIee Hanp..flJR8HH€ He npeBhlmaeT
10 B.. IIoCKOJIbK!r O,ltHHM 113 BamHeiimux 3JIeKTpH'tJecKHX napaMeTpoB
TpaHC(j)opM8Topa .JI:8JIHeTC;H .[tHana30H 3H8qeHHH pa60Qero HarrpSiaceHHH
n. eJIeC oo6pa3HO nOMeCTHTb B CfqepHhIH HHK.) T8l<OH TpaHcpMaTOPIi
}T KOToporO peXtHM H8cLIrqeHH.H cepAe"IIUHK8 HaCT}lnaerr npH 3Ha-qeHH-
.ax Hanps.meHH.H H8 ero 06MOTK8X, MeHIJIDUX npe.n;eJlLuoro 3H8'qeHH.H
144

10 B f YCT8HOWIeHuoro no yc.nOBHIO 38.J1;aBlf,ft.. HanpHMep, MomBO HC-
IIOJIb30Ba Tb Tpanc(lJopM8Top 6J10Ka poBOii pS3BePTKH TeJIeBH30pa..
B03MO*RIdH BapH8RT BIdlIOJIBeRH.H 381IH.R
1.. H cc/teiJo6anue C'i 'lepHOZO JlUlUKa' c nOMorq.blO BoJtbmJlfempa.
llOJJ:RJIIO'qR.R BoJthTMeTp nOCTOHBHoro TOKa K K8JKJJ;,OH nape BLIBO-
)];OB, yCT8H8BJIHBaeM, qTO BHYTPH ({qepHOrO Slm:IIKa'" HeT HCTO"l)HHKa
3JJ:C, nO.{tKJIJ01.J:eHHOrO K BIdBOBM.
2. H 3MepeHue conpOmllBJl.eHUSl 6 qe n.u noc nOJlIt1tOZO m.OK-a..
ITo.n;aeM nooqepeAHO na KIDKyro napy BbIBOAOB nOCTOHHHoe Ha-
nplOKHHe If H3Mep.HeM CilJIY TOKa I B :u.enH H HRrrpSlmeHHe U Mem,n:;y
BbIBOAB.MH. ITo H3MepeHHbIM 3H81JeWJ.HM CHJIbI TOKa II HanpmKeHIDI onpe-
,qe.1IJleM 3Ha-qeHHe 3JIeKTpHQeCKOrO conpOTHBJIeHHB: R 12 = 100 OM,
RS4 = 250 OM.
IIp" HanpameHHH 11.0 lOB Me»{lI;Y BLlBo,n:aMH 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4
3JIeKTpH'tIeCKJfH TOK B enH He 06HapYJKHBaeTca. MO.iKHO npHHHT:b,
'qTO CHJIa TOKa I B enH MeHLme eHbI AeJleIIH.H. illK8JIhl )l;JI.H H3Mepe-
HH$l CHJIbI TOKa, T.e.. I < 2 · 10- 6 A.
CJIe):tOB8TeJIbHO t 3JIeK TpHqeCKOe COnpOTJiBJIeHHe Me2K)\}T BbIBOJJ;8MH
1-3 t 2-3, 1-4 If 2-4 HMeeT 3BaqeHHe:
J'
(T
R = i t R > 5. 10 6 OM.
Ou.eHHM rpaHHb] norpemHOCTH H3MepeHHH 3J1€KTpH"lJeCKHX co-
npOTHBJIeHHH R 12 H RS4:
&U AI
E R ::::!: Err + £1 = U + I'
r]l;e !:J. U - rp8HHga a6co.nJOTHOH norpemHocTH H3MepeHHH HanpSl.HCe-
HUB; OHB pSBHa CYMMe rpaHH norpeWHOCTH OTC'IIeTa II ItHcTpY'MeH-
TaJlhHOH norpelITHOCTH: l:1U :a:= AU mc + l:J.U tiIlC'rp" rpaHHD.Y norpemHocTH
OTCQeT8 npHMeM paBHoH nOJIOBHBe n.eHhI eJIeHH.H mKaJIbI npH60pa,
T.e. AU fYN!. = 0 t 1 B. rpaHlr(]a HHcTPYNeHT8.JIbRO:H norpemHOCTl1 npH6o-
pa Knacca 2,5 Ha Hana30He H3MepeHHH 10 B paBHa fJ,U InIC'l'p L::;;:
= 0,025 .10 B :=: 0,25 B. Tor,n:a nOJIyq:HM
6-:253
l:J,U = 0,1 B + Ot25 B = 0,35 B.
145

rpaHHD;8 OTHOCHTeJIbHOH nOrpeWnOCTH H3MepeHHH HanpSlmeHHSI
Dpl{ HanpJl.meHIIH U :=: 10 B paDua
6U
-
Ofo35 B
= l O"B = 0,035..
U l2
):Vr.a H3MepeHHH CH..,"ILI TOKa B enB HMeeM.
. -
-
2, 5 .10-- 2 · O,.lA + 0,. OOlA == 0 035
O lA ' 6
M
1 12
Tenepb na:ii.n;eM rp8.Hl[}T OTHOCHTeJlbHOH norpemHOCTH H3MepeRHA
v
3JIeKTpu"tJeCKIIX conpOTHBJleHHH:
E = E  + E
B. 2 tl2 1 12 .
E = 0,035 + 0,035 = 0,07.
.
rpaUJfn:a a6conlOTHoH norpemHOCTH H3MepeHII:H 8JJeKTpH"tIecKoro
conpOTHBJIeHllH R 12 paBH8
M 12 =-... £2 · R12'
Ml l2  0,07 .. 100 OM = 7 OM, R 12 = (100 f: 7) OM.
AHaJIOrH"tJHO WIH R34 nOJIaeM
E ,;t..  E [ T + 1:: 1 ,
4 134 Si
€. »-
.II: i$i.:a.
0,35B O,002A .
- -i-OB'-' + 09 04A = 0,035 + 0,05  0,08;
Mg4 = €44'
AR4 = 0,08 · 250 OM = 20 OM RS4 = (250 ::t 20) OM.
HSMeHeBHe DOlISpHOCT:M BKmo-qeUH.H 1fCTO'lHHKa He npHBO.l(HT :K
H3MeHeHHIO CH.1IhI TOKa B u.enl[ CllenOBaTelILBO, B ((qepUOM Hn:J;BRe)-)
He BItJIlOqeHhl ,ltHO.ll;hI.
TIp» H3MeHeHHH n&np.B:meHHB OT 0 ]J.O 10 B OTHOWeHUe cony TOKS
B n:enH K HanpSImeHHIO AITH BbIBO.n;OB 1-3 H 3-4 OCTaeTCH IIOCTOHHHLIM.
Ha nOCTO.RHHOM TOKe SKBHBaJIeHTHOii 3JleJ(TpnQeClCoii CXeMO:H «(qepoo-
ro .HHR8}) HBJJH€TCH cxeM8 npeACTRBJIeHH8J1 Ha pllCYHKe 3. 71, a.
146

.
3. H 3MepeUUJl no.n.nozo conpomuBJteHus (U74neOaHCa) 8 qenu ne-
peflf.e HHOZO molCd.
BKJlIOQBB qepHWH JlJ::qHKIJ! B I1.eIIh nepeMeHBOrO TOKa, o6uapy-
mUM, 'liTO ero conpOTIfBJleHHe Z Mey BIdBO,-q8M.B 1-2 H 3-4 aB nepe.
MeHItOM TOKe OTBH1IaeTCB. OT 8JleKT}JHlIeCKoro conpoTUBJIeHHJI R eft
nOCTOSlHBOM TOKe:
u
z = I " Z12 = 740 OM, Z34 = 3150 OM.
T8K K8K Z12 > R 12 H Z34. > R34 1 MOJKHO C.l1enaTL BUBOA" lITO MemAY
....,.
aTHMH BIdBO,ltRMH B ((-qepnOM .HID;HKe» nOCJlejl;OBftTeJI:&HO C 8KTH11HOH
HarpY3KOH BKJlIO-qe08 pe8.KTHBB8Jl HarpyaKft t 06J18)J;8IOaH HU,a;YXTHB-
HbIM ConpoTHBJleBBeu. 3KBHB8.JIeHTH8JI CXeM& ((QepBoro aa)) HMeeT
BHAt npeACT8.BJIeBHhIH Ha paCYHKe 3. 71, 6.
- ---------------
I I
I I
. I
.
I R" 2 I
I .
I 1 2 
I r" - J I
I Q .0 I
. . -. - ----
--- -.
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
.
. I
I
J
f
RM iI
I
. 3 4 II
I { ---- . - J I
I 0 0 I
I 
I I
I I
I I
I t
r-----------------------
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II

I

.
.
o
L84
. __ fV1'l
CII
I .
.
II
I
I
I
I
I

t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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L 12 R 12
1 2
 I 
III! 11;1
. ... - -
R!&4
f' ".. .J
4
I
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a)
6)
PHI:. 3.71
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH raJIbBaHH1.IeCKIIX cBB3eii .D;B8 aJleMeHTa 06JI8JJ;81O-
mile i!HAyKTHBHOCTblO, MorYT HMeTh MemAY co60ii HHAYKTHBHYIO
CBH3L. ,l(JrH npoBepKH 3TOro npeO.)KeHHH B03MOacHO npoBe.n;eHHe ODLJ-
TOB K8K Ba nepeMeHHoM, TaK If Ba nOCTOHHHOM TOKe.
Ha nOCTO.RHHOM TOKe .ztJI.H 06HapymeuuJI r8JILB8HHqeCKOH CB$l3H
MQmBO IIOAKJIK)-qUTh BOJIbTMeTp K BhIBOA8M 1-2 II nS6JIIO,lJ;8Tb sa ef10
nOKaaaHHJlMH npH nOKJlIO-qeHHH BLIBOAOB 3-4 K HCTOqUHKY nOCTO-
HHHoro TOKa H upu :ax OTI(;JIJ01JeHHR.
147

Ha nepeMeHHOM TOKe nepeMeHHoe aanp.R.HteHlle no,n:aeTC.H H8 o.nn:y
napy BLlBOAOB (.{qepHOrO HHKa)), a BOJI b TMeTp nO)J;KJIIO"lJaeTC.R KO BTO-
poD: nape BLIBOAOB. KaR B nepBOM, TaR B BO BTOpOM onhITe o6Hapy-
mHBSeTC.H IHAYKTHBHaH CBH3b Nem,n:y J(aTyWX8MH L 12 H LS4. IIocJte
o6Hapy.meHH.H HH.n:YKTHBHOH CBH3H H3MepJleM Ko3t.Pc:}JRD;HeUT TpaHC-
rpOpMSn;HH:
K  U 12
U'
3-1
K = 0,5.
QTo6bI nOJIytlHTL nORHYIO XapaKTepHCTHRY TpaHcijmpM8TOpa,. HC-
cJleyeM 3aBHCHMOCTL era Koa(}>(}:tH11. H eHT8 TpaHcf)opMaH 0'1 Hanp.H-
.m.eHH.R Ha nepBU'IHOH 06MOTKe 80 BceM Hana30He J];on}1CTHMbIX 3HB-
qeHHH nanpameHH.fI. Pe3Y JIhT8ThI T8Koro HCCJIeOBaH:n.H npeCTaBJIe-
...
Rbi rpac))HKOM: Ha pJICYHKe 3.. 72. rpaij)HK nOKR3IdBaeT, qTO JlHHeiiHaSl
3aBIJCHMOCTh MeJK,l(Y Hanp.ameHH.HMH U 12 H U 34 CYlQeCTByeT B npe)J:e-
JI8X OT 0 B .D;O 2t5 B )];JIJI nanpJI.meHHSJ: OT 0 ;(0 5 B P;Jlsr HanpSJmeHH-1I
U 12 H U 34 9 CJIe.uoBaTeJILHo t B 3THX npeeJ1ax (t'qepHbIH srUK" MomeT
HcnonL30BaThCH KaK TpaHcopMaTop HanpSjReHHH c K09HHeH-
TOM TpaHcrpOpManlIII 0,5.
 U L 2. B
4
3
2

r"
,
,







1
I I "I ..
o 2 4 6 8 1 0 12 14 - L 'i 1 B
PMe. 3.72
Onpe,n:e.nliB J];]].H J];BYX cnoco60B nocnep;OBaTeJl})HOrO BKJIlOqeHII.H
BblBO.qOB 1-2 H 3-4 HanpaBJIeHHe OTKJIOHeHH.fI CTpeJIKH npB60pa EO
BTOPHqHOH n.enM TpSHC€popMaTopa B OllbITax H8 nOCTO.RHHOM TORe ]{JIH
1"13MepHB IIO.TJHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe ((-qepHoro HHKa)  YCT8HOBHM H8-
'IaJl8 H KOHIJ.bI 06MOTOK TpaHc(>opM8Topa.
ECBH 3a Ha1.IaJIO 06MOTKH 1-2 np:nMeM BhIBOA I, TO YCTRHOBDM,. qTO
na--IaJIO 06MOTKH 3-4 coeI-IHeHO C TeM BblBOAOMt K.OTOpblH npH coe,lt'I-
ReRUM C KOHItOM 06MOTKH 1- 2 ,u;aeT 3.ne M eHT 1-4 C 061I{HM corrpoTlfB-
148

JIeHHeM Z;I4' 60JILIDHM t -qeM COnpOTHBJIeHllH Z12 H Z34 K8JK,ltOro 03
OT AeJILHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
eiiCTBHTeJIHO, npu nOCJIe.l{OBaTeJIhHOM COeAIIHeHHH BYX 06MO-
TOR 1-2 II 3-4 Ha OAHOM CepAeQHHKe o6J:qee "lJHCJlO BHTKOB n 14 paBHO
CYMMe QHCJl8 BHTKOB Kam,n:OH 03 nBYX KaTymeK. 0603BaQllM "IlHCJIO
BHTKOB KaTYIllKH L 12 'tJepe3 n, Tora K8TymXR 3-4 HMeeT 2n BHTKOB,.
a KaTymK8 L 14 - 3n BHTKOB. TaR J(8.K HYKTHBHOCTh KaTywRIf npo
I10PItHOHaJlbH8 KBpaTY 'tlltcna BHTKOB, TO L 14 = 9L 12 = 225L34 H
COOTueTCTBeHHO
X4 = 9X Lu = 225X4:.
TaR KaK B AaHHoM cJlyqae Z  X Lt' TO
Z14  9Z 12  2t 25Z 34.
IIpH 06paTHoM BRJ]lOqeHHH BTOPOH KRTYlliKH (2-4) KTHB H oe
...,.
HCJIO BHTKOB B Hell n 13 paDRO pa3HOCTH 1JHCeJl BHTROB coeHHeHHLtX
KaTymeK:
..
n 18 = 2n - n =n.
B 3TOM cJIY1Ise )1:Be KaTYWJ(.H.. BKJllO"tJeHHhIe nocneOBaTeJILHO, AOJJ-
>KHbI o6JIMaTL npHMepHO TaKoe me I}HItYKTBBHOCThIO KaK OHa nep-
BB..H KaTYI11i\.8 t T.e. Z13  Z12.
.
Y CJIOBUaS Ou;eBKa BIdDOBaeHHJI 3a;£1;ROHH
(B oaJlJlax)
1. Y CT8HOBJIeHHe OTCYTCTBIIH HCTO"IJHHKa ac B ('{(lepnOM
HHKe)' 1
2., M3MepeHHe 3J1eKTpnqeCI(HX COIlpoTHBJIeHH:H R 12 II R34 1
3. OeHKa rpaHlln: norpemHocTeH H3MepeHHH 1
4. ¥ CT8HOBJIeHHe He3aBHCHMOCTIf 3HaTIeHHH R 12 H R34 OT DOJIXp-
HOCTH HCTO"llHHK8 SAC 1
5. HCCJIeOB8.HHe 38.BHCHMOCTH I( U) R( U) II R(l) - COCTaB.neHlle
Ta6IIuu.hI :H nOCTpoeHHe rpaHKa 1
6. QQeHKa HHmHeH rpaHHD.bI 3HaqeHlfH 8JIeKTpU"IJeCKHX conpo-
THBJ1eHUH R 12 , R I46 3. RS4 1
7. 113MepeHHe conpoTHBJleHHH Z12 11 Z34 Ha nepeMeHUOM TOKe 1
8. BLIBOJJ; 0 HaJIH"tIHH HH-UYKTHBHocTeii L 12 H L34 1
9. IIpeACT8BJ1eHHe 3KBIIBaJIeHTHOu CXeM:bI (fqepHOrO SllIl;HK8" 1
1 0.. BbPIHCJJen:ue JiH)J;YKTHBHocTeii. L l2 H LS4 1
11. MCCJ1eOBaHHe 38BIIC);{MOCTH Lo 12 (I) H £34(1) 1
12. BbIBO)\ 0 HaJI:H'IHH q.eppoMarH1lTHbIX CBOHCTB cepAe-qHIIKOB
B K8TymKax L 12 H L34 1
149

13. OD;eRK8 rpaHH'IIHOrO 3Ha'tJeHHSI 3JIe1<TpHQeCKOH eMKOCTH
Me)f(}];Y BIdBOA8.MH 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4 I
14. 06JlapymeHHe HYKTHBHoH CBH3H Me:HC.AY K8TYWK8MH
L 12 11. L 1
15. II peACT8BJIeHHe 3KBHBarreHTBoii cxeMhI ({'qepHoro Hm;IiKa»
KaK TpaHccpopMaTOpa 2
16. Onpe.neneHHe 3UaQeHIIH K Kos4$HUHeRTa TpaHc tjJo pMaHu 1
17. Hccne.noB8BHe 38.BHCHNOCTH K(V) ,
18. On;eHK8 M8.RCHM8JJhHLlX 3UaQeHHH pa60lIHx HanpBmeHHH
((-qepHoro aHK8J.) K8K Tpanc4JopMRTopa . 1
19. OnpeAeneHHe n81JlUI H KOHI{OB 06MOTOK TP8HCtpOpM8Topa 1
3H J.1 E 1 7.2.. OnpeneJIHTe OCHOBHhIe 3J1eKTpHQeCKHe nap8MeTPL1
TpSBC<);>opMa TOpS. BLl'IJ:HCJlHTe CHJlY TORR 1 1 B nepBH1IHOH Ka TymKe H
CWJy TORS 1 2 DO BTOpHtiHOH K8TYJDKe npH H8DpslHteHHH U] :a::=: 2,0 B
.....
HR BLIBOAax nepBHHoH KBTymKH H nOAKJIlOtIeHHH K BhlBOA8M BTO-
pwmoii KaTJ7llIKH pe3HCTOpa C 3JleKTpH'IecKHM co neHHeM 500 OMI..
IIocJIe BtdrIOJIHeHHH paC"tJeTOB npOBeHTe KOHTp01!bHLIe H3MepeHHH,
..
nOAKJIlOqHB K BhIBoaM BTOpH'lBOH K8.TymKH pe3HcTOp C 3JIeKTpH'tIeC-
RUM COnpOTHBJleHHeM 500 OM.
060pyoBaHJ.1e: TpBHCcpOpM8TOPt IICTOqHHK nepeMeHHOrO TOKa 'Qac-
TOTOR 50 fD;,. .lJ:Ba YHIIBepC8.JILHbIX aneKTpOH3MepHTeJIhHldX npH60pa t
pe3HCTOp 500 OM,. Coe)J;HHHTeJIbHbIe upOBOAa..
M ernoiJu -.,.ec"ue fI"a34HUSL. H nOCT8JlOBRH 3KCnepHMeHT8 MOJKHO
:UCnOJIb30BaTL Tp8..aC.pOpM8TOp C 06MOTKaMII Ha 12...0-12 B H
0-110-220 B. B Ka"lleCTBe nepBHQHOH 06MOTKH BCnOJIh3yeTcH K8.TylIIK8
C MeHlailllfM qHCJIOM BHTKOB. JI.J[ 06ecneQeHH.H 6esonacHocTH pa60TbI
IfCTO"'lHHR nepeMeBHoro HanpSJoKeUHSI .D;o}tmeH HMeTh TfiKoe orpauH"Ile-
Bile no BbIXOHOMY HanpHmeHIIIOt. "'JT06LI Ha BLlxoe BTOpJl1lHOH 06-
MOORH TpaHCqropMRTopa HanpHJReHHe Be Mor.no IIpeB:bICHTb 20 B.
Bo3M02EuLIii: BapU8HT BIdDOJIReHB.H 3B,IJ;8HHH
JISI onpe.neneHH..H CHJIhI TO:Ka 12, npH H3BeCTHOM 3Ha-qeHHH aJleKT-
pH'tJecKoro conpOTHBJIeHHJI pe3HcTopa R 2 80 BTOpH"IInOH u.enlf -rp8HC-
c1JopM"BTOpa BY)KHO 3Han SAC HHAYKHH lf 2 H 8KTHBHoe conpOTJfBJIe-
RIfe r 2 BTOPIIT.JHOH 06MOTKH:
g
I - --- - .. --. . .
2 - R ..
:2 +r 2
(1)
150

H on pelteneBHH SAC   2 DO BTOpFIHOH KRTyIIIKe uy>KHO
3B8Th 31(C C8N:OHH,uyKqUH g-1 B nepBHqnOH KRTYlIIKe II Koa4>4>MnH-
eUT TpSHCqu,P M 8IUlH K:
K= Z'l = n:.
g2 .
(2)
OrcIOA8 HaxOM
C¥'  Z'I
(b2 ·
K
(3)
IC03tPtPlfHeHT TpaHCOpMH K OnpeAeJIHM, H3MepHB BanpHme-
Rae U 10 Ita nepBw:JHO:H KaTymKe H HanpHmeHHe U 20 Ha KOBD;8X BTO-
LI  U'
pH"QHOH KaTymKH npH pSSOMKHyTOH BTOpJ{qHOH enH, aKTHBHoe co-
npOTHBlIeUHe r I nepBIPIHOH: 06MOTKH It CHJIy TOKa I 0 xonocToro XOAR
(pMC. 3. 73, a).
TaR KRK
U 10 = E 1 + lori'
(4)
rAe r 1 - aKTHBHOe COUpOTHBJleHHe nepBH"tIHOH K&TymKHjI H U 20 = £2' TO'
U IO - Io'i
K=
U 20
.
(5)
)LnB pemeUHH 38]I;aqn OCTaJIOCb onpeeJllfTb 3HHlIeHHe S.n:C C8MO-
HBJJ;YItUHH g:' I B nepBH'tJHOH KaTywKe B pe.>RHMe BKJIJOqeHHB uarpya-
.KH R 2 BO BTOPUqHOH enH.
IIpeACT8BHM 8KBHBa.neUTuyro 3JIeKTpH"tJeCKYIO cxeMY TpaHccpopM8-
t
Topa c nO.AKJIIO"lJeHHOH HarpY3Koii  (pRC. 3.73, 6).
10
- ....
11
..
1 2
..
n]
n 2
n 2
nl
..- -
oF l'
R 2
Tl
r 2
r 1
r 2
a)
6)
hc. 3.73
151

IIpH nO.ll;KJIIO"'IeHHH narpy3KH BO BTOp:nquylO I\enL Tp8.HC(j)opMaTO-
pa s)J;c CRMOHH.nyKIt.HH fff 1 B nepBHqHOH KRTYWKC MOmeT CyrtteCTBeH-
.
HO OTJIHQaTbCH OT 3Ha-qeHH.H Hanp.HmeHRH V t Ha ee KOHI\3XA HHJJ;YX-
....
TIIHHoe COrrpOTHBJIeHHe nepBHqBOH gaTymKH B pe:HCHMe HarpY3KH
YMeHbmaeTCH H na.l(eHHe Hanp.a:meHHSI Ha aKTHBHOM COnpOTlfBJIeHHU
K8TymKH I l r 1 MOmeT 6bITb Toro me DopHKa, QTO H 3.D:C CaMOHHAYK-
D;HU iff 1 B KaTYIliKe.
S.n:C C8MOli:H,llYKD;UII ;g I B nepBH1:JHOii KaTyIIIKe paBH3
WI = VI - fir l .
(6)
Tal( KaK V. 1I3BeCTHO no YCJIOBHIO Sa;r;a'IH H 3J1eKTPuq:eCltoe conpo-
THBJ1eHHe K8TyllIKH r 1 MO)fCHO H3MepHTL C nOMOIIJ;LlO OM MeTpa t )\JI$f
H8xom.ueUHH SAC iff 1 HymHo 3HaTh cHny TORa lIB nepBHqHOii K8TYro-
.
Ke.. Ee MOJKHO HaiiTH 113 YCJIOBH5I pa60TbI TpaHctpopMRTOpa II peJKHMe
HarpY3KI:I  yCJIOBHH nOCTO.RHCTBa MarHJfTHOrO nOTOK8:
<1>1 = - L\(}>2"
(7)-
0603HaQHM IIH.lt)"'KTHBHOCTb O)I;HOrO BHTKa L. Tor)J;a 113 (7) cJle
,qyeT:
I nlLM11 = I n 2 LM 2 1t
Al = 1lt = K
All n 2 '
(8)
M 1 = 1 1 - 1 0 ,
..
(9)
M 2 = [2.'
(10)
re 10 - CIIJI8 TOKa B XOJIOCTOM pemHMe pa60Tbi TpaHcq.opMaTopa,
TaR KaR 10 « llt TO 1[3 (9) H (10) cJIe,n;YeT
I  1'2,
1 K.
(11)
B (11) IIO,QCTaBHM (1), aaTeM (3) H (6):
6 2
I
1 K (R + r?)

gl
..--. ---- - - -- -- ---

K 2 (R + 12)
-
U 1 - Il'i
-
K 2 (R + r:J ·
-
(12)
152

1f3 (12) H (11) COOTBeTCTBeHHO cJle,£\yerr
u.
I =  - -.
1 'i + K 2 (R + r2:) ,.
(13)
1 2  KIt.
(14)
,QJIH Haxo.meHHH 3Ha'tIeHHH CDDY TOR8 It H I 2 npH YCJlOBHIf
U I = 2..0 B H R = 500 OM H3MepHM 3JIeKTpDQeCKHe ConpOTHBJIeHHH rt
nepBH'IHOii 06MOTRII H r 2 BTOpH1;JHOH 06MOTKH C nOMODJ;:bJO OMMeTpa H
C'IJIY TOKS 10 XOJIOCTOr O XOAR TP8BCpM8TOpa:
r 1 = 9 OM, T 2 = 743 OM, 10 = 5-10- 3 A.
JIH BaxO)KeHHH 3uaq:eHH.H K H3MepHM 3H8'1eHH$I U to H U 20 H
Haii:eM 3HSqeHIfe K H3 <POPMYJfbI (5):
3
2 1 0 B -- :> · 1 0-  9 B
K = 174B -. = 0,1124.
IIo,n:cTaBHB 3na-qeHIIB r]t> r 2 Ii K B OPMYJlY (13), Bsii,o;eM
.
2,0
II = "9 + (0. 1124:}2(500 + 743) A  81,0 -10- 3 A,
[2 = 0,1124. 81,0 · 10- 3 A .:= 9,1 .. 10- 3 A.
BhInOHHeOHLlH 3KcnepHMeHT C n0.D:XJIIOQeHHeM pe3HcTOpa R 2 =
= 500 OM AaJI cJle.n;ylOIU;He peay JlLTaTh.l:
Ii === 80,6 -10- 3 A, 1 2 = 9,0 -10- 3 A.
T8RHM 06paaOM, npe n e6pemeHHe TOKOM Xo.nOCToro xoa 10 np"
BLI'l.JHCJIeHHH no .pOPMY He (11) He npHBeJIO K CYllteCTBeHHbIM olliu6-
KaM.
y CJIOBR8 B oeBKa BIdDOJlReBHJI 3C\Jt3HHJI
(B oaJlJJax)
1. TeoperU"IleCKOe pemeHl:le 2
2. TIpelI-cTRBJIeHHe 8KBHBaJ:IeHTHOH s..neKTpBqeCKOH cxeMhI
Tp8HCpMaTopa 1
3. 8KcneplfMeHT3.JIbHOe onpeAeJIeHHe Koa.ptlJlil\HeHTa
Tp8HCOPMauHH 1
153

4.. V qeT BJIHa.aHH I 0 XOJIOCTOro XOA8 lIP" H8XOJRAeHHH
Ko9lJMj)HHeHTa Tpsncl}lopM8.II;HH
5. H3MepeHHe 3neKTpJAeCKHX COnpoTHBJIeHHH T I nepBIPIHO:H
H r 2 BTOpJAHOH 06MOTOK
66 PaC-qeT 3Ha-qeHUH CHJlLJ TOK8 II H 1 2
7., H3MepeHHe CAJIbI TOKa 11 H I 2
8. COrJl8COe pe3y lIbT8TOB pac-qeTOB H H3MepeHHH
AJI.H 3ua-qeHHH I 1 H I 2
B npeJJ;eJ1aX :I: 2,5 0/0
B npeeJIaX ::t 5 o/()
1
1
1
1
.
2
1
18. HCCAe&OBaHlte 3AeKTpHI.fecKMx ueneii nepeMeHHoro rOKa
c nOMOWblO 3AeKTpOHHOro OCUI1AAorpaa
3HIt1E. B (('IepHOM HII1;HKe)) }e 14 HaXOSlTCJ1 He 6o.lJee Tpex
I
naCCHBHbIX 8JIeMeHTOB SJIeKTpH"lJeCKOH u:en.l{.. OHH coeAHHeHLl Mem.n;y
co60:8 B 3J18KTp.a"1JeCKyJO ItenL If KOBrtld 3TOB eDH COe1J;HueHhI c J:tBY-
M.H KOHTRKT8MH tqepHOrO $IIIJ;HK8))..
HccxeAYHTe xapaKTepHCTHRH 3neKTpHeCKOH enH DB nepeMeH-
HOM TOKe B ,lJ.HaUMOHe qaCTOT OT 100 rU; .no 20 Kr. IIo pe3YJlhTaT8M
IrCCJIeOBaHHa onpeAeJlHTe 3KBHB8JIeBTHYlO s.:aeKTpH"1JeCRyJO cxeMJl
'd
SJIeKTpUqeCKOH n.en:n H napaMeTpLI COCTaBJISlIOHX ee 3J1eMeHTOB.
HanpsimeHHe Ha KOHT8KTax HCCJIeyeMoH aJleKTpJ£tleCKOR nene He
JJ;OJlmHO npeSbIlliaTL 1 t' 0 B.
060py AOBaHlAe: HH3KO"ll8CTOTHLtH reHepaTOp, AsyxKB.HanhHhIH oc-
HJIJlOrpa<])t peSlfCTOp Ro C H3BeCTHbIM 3J1eKTpn"tJeCKHM conpOTHBJIe-
HHeM, coeIIHHTeJIhHLIe npOBo.n;a, norapHq,MH'tl eCKR.fI H nOJIY JIOrapH€]!-
Mu-qecK8.H 6YMara.
M emoiJu "l£eCKUe YKtJ,aaJl..UIf... B (1'1JepHhIH .HHIt,.) IIOMemaeTCSI 3J1eK-
TpU'qecKaSl I{eUb 83 nOCJleAOBaTeJlhHO coeAHHeHHLlX K8TymItH, KOH-
,qeHca Topa H pC3HCTopa. 3H6"'1eHH.H 8JIeRTpOeMKOCTH KOH,lteHC8Topa,
HH,uYKTHBHOCTH K8TymKH H :3J1eKTpHQeCKOrO conpOTHBneHHJI peaHC-
Topa cne,lJ;yeT BhI6HpaTh B COOTBeTCTBHH co CJIe,o:YIOIIlHMII YC..nOBU.:HMH.
Ha QaCTOT8X 100 - 300 r eMKoCTHoe conpOTHBneHlIe Xc KOHJJ;eH-
caTopa ;l;OJI)f(:HO 3Ha-qHTelIHO npeBMmaTb HH)1.YKTHBHoe conpOTHBJIe-
HHe EaTymKH T..e. Xc» XL" H 6WTn npHMepBO Ha nOpHJJ;OK 60J1Lme
aKTHBHoro cOnpOTHBJIeHH.H R pe3HCTopa (Xc> R)..
154

lis -qaCTOT8X 10 - 20 K HH;JYKTUBHoe COItpOTHBJleHHe XL K8-
.
TyIDKH .nOJIatBO cym;ecTBeHRO npeBLIlIJaTh eMKOCTHoe COnpoTHBJleBHe
Xc KOHeHCaTOpa, T .eA XL » XC' H 6L1T:b npHMepHO H8 nOPHAOK 6onL-
me aKTH8HOro ConpoTHBJleUH.R R pe3BCTopa (XL> R).
AKTHBHoe conpoTHBJleHHe R peSHCTopa AOJI)f(UO 6:bITL o):tHoro no-
pB,(tKa C 8KTHBHbIM conpOTHBJleHHeM pe3HCTopa Ro, B8HHOrO B KOM-
nneKTe 06opyJ:toBaHBH.
Bo3Moa:Rlde BapHBlITLI BIdIIOJIBeBHH aHIUI
BAPI1AHT 1. nB. HCCJIeAOB8HHH aneKTpHQecKHx nap&MeTpoB ABYX-
V'
nOJlIOCBHKa sa nepeMeHHOM TOKe BaHAeM S8BHCHMOCTh aMnJlHTYALI
KOJIe6sHHH CHRId TORa I OT "lJaCTOTId v npn nOCTOJtHHOM 3HaqeHHH
8MnnHTY.ZJ;Y U npHJIOmeUHOro nanpsmeHHB. JlJI BLlnOJIHeHHH H3Me-
peRHR co6epeM 3JIeKTpU-IeCKYIO enb no cxeMe H8 pBcyHKe 3.. 74.
Kau8JI 1
.
.
x
U 3
KaUaJI 2
.
V J
Ro
U 2
-
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PMc.3.74
IIpH T3KOM coe}J;HHeHHH aMI11IHTyJJ;8 KOJle6anD H81Ip.HmeHH.H U 1 Ha
Bxo,u;e nepBoro Ka.oana ocIUIJUlorpacpa p9.BH8 BeKTOpHOH CYXMe 8.MllJIH-
Ty.[t KOJIe68.RHH HanpHmeHHH U  aa BXOAe (f-qepHoro Hll(HKa) H U  Ha
pe3HC'TOpe Ro, a 8.MnJ1HTY.lt8 KOJIe68HHB. HanpIDReHHSI U 2 nR Bxo.u;e BTO-
poro KaH8.JIa p8B08 npoH3Be)];eHIlIO aMnJIHTynld KOJIe6aHHH CHJlLI roK8 I
B n;enH (('t{epnoro HmHK8)} HR 8.KTHBHoe conpoTHBJIeHHe Ro pe3HCTOpa:
U 2 = 1Ro" (1)
0603HaQuM Zl' (HMneH.naHc) nenH H3 {("l.Jepuoro HID;UK8) II BKJlIO-
"IleHHOrO nOCJIenOBaTeJIhHO c HHM pe31icTopa .. IIoAAepHBaa aMTI-
JIHTY AY KOe68HHii U 1 nOJIHOrO HanpS:iKeHIISI nOCTO.HHHOH, HaeM
3HaqeHHS aMnJIHTyLI KOJle6aHHH HanpH.)KeHII.H U 2 Ha pe3HCTope Ro
npH pa3JII:IQHbIX 3HaqeHJiHX qaCTOTbI v.
155

H3Mepm3 TY B
Jlemie pe3HCTOpa Eo, =.
eHRH U 1 11 U 2. H 3H8JI 8KTHBHoe CO 1 I I ,.,: -
1..1. ;: ". I.. lIY CWIhI 'IURa I B enH
U 2
I = "-
Ro
(2)
II nOJIHOrO HNue):t8HCa Z' :qenH
Z' = U 1
I .,
(3)
pa3J1}[qHbIX AJI.H K8JJ(JJ;Oro 3HaqeHHH qaCTOThI V. - Pe3Y JI:bTaTLI BhIIIo.nueH-
HhIX H3MepeHHH " ULPmCJIeHHU npe)J:cTaBJIeHbI B O'f'q8THOH T86JIHn.e 1.
rpat)uK 38BHCHMOCTH a.MDJIHTYAbI K0J1e68.HHH: CUJIbI TORa I OT qa-
CTOTbI npep.cTRBJleH Ha pl-lCYHKe 3. 75 11.3 rpa<pHK8 BHltHOt "liTO 8.Mn-
JlIITy.n:a KOJIe68HUH CHnhI TOKa YBeJIINHBaeTCJI C pOCTOM qaCTOTld,
lmA
14
18
12
I]
10
9
8
7
6
.5
4
3
.2
1
o 1(0) m 3JIJ 4D'J !O)) am 1X(I" Jm) (0}) IIJD) 1m 11(1) J3X(I 1 m am 1.8)00 1'i1)J) 181m 1m son v  lIt;
he. 3.75
AOCTHraeT M8KCHMaHbHOPO
3Ha'lleHH.H npH HeKOTOpOM 3Ha- 0.-.
qeHHH V 0 Ii 3R TeM y6LIB8eT C
BoapaCTaHHeM -qaCTOTbi. Ta-
Ka.s: 38.BHCIiMOCTb I(v) xapaK-
'Ell
TepHa .AJISI 3JIeKTpH-qeCKOIl u;eUH 83 nOCJIe)J:OBaTenLHO BKJIlOqeHHhIX
KOHeHcaTopal K8TymI(.H H pe3HCTopa (pRC. 3.. 76).
156
R
t .
c
j  -
L
0-
CII
I
-- .
PHe. ].76

T a6JI Bu.a 1
v, ru; U tt B U 2 ' MB It MA Z,OM
.

. -
. .
100 0,4 10 0 , 5 800
200 O4 20 1 400
.
-
.
400 0,4 40 2 200
. ..
800 0.4 80 . 4 100
1000 0,4. 100 5 80
.
1200 0,4 120 6 67

.
.
1600 0 1 4 152 7,,6 53
-
.
2000 0.4 190 9t5 42
.
-
I
3000 0,4 240 12 33
. - .
3500 O4 260 13 31
-
4000 0,.4 265 13,.2 30.3
- -
-
4500 0,4 260 13 31
-
.
5000 0,.4 250 12,:5 32
,--
6000 0,4 230 lit 52 35
,- I
8000 0,4 170 8 j 5 47
10000 0,4 140 7 57
. .
12000 OJ)4 120 6 67
. .
14000  0,4 100 5 80
16000 0,4 90 4t5 89 !
18000 Ot4- 80 4 100
:
20000 0,,4 70 . 3,5 114
- - -
157
.

nonBoe COnpOTHBJleHHe TaKOH enH HB nepeMeHHOM TOKe onpee-
JlHeTCa BLIpameHHeM
z == (R o + R)2 + (Xc - X L )2 t
HJlH
Z"=
I
( + R)" + . - roL
oX:
2
,.
(4)
a 8MnJlHTY)I;8 K01Ie6aHHH CBJlbI TOK8 paBHa
10
- - .
Un
- -- .- . . - .. --
..
(5)
) 2 1
(R + R + -- - roL
o roC
2
3Ha..a nanp.gmeHlie U II CHJIY TOR8 1 npH YCJlOB.HH pe30B9.HCa 0) = ro oJ
U
R - +  113 «POPMY JILl
I
Z'Ro+R
HaXO.l\HM 8KT}lBHOe conpOTHBlIeHHe R n;enH
u
R = - - Ro.
lpe
(6)
3.neKTpOeMI<:OCTh C KOHJ);eHcaTopa oaH;QeM no 3HaQeHH.HM n8rrpJl-
JKeHlfSI U II CHJIbI TOR8 I B !ten" ns HH3KHX QaCTOT8X npn YCJlOBHH,
qTO I « I . B aTOM CJIyqae BHnOJIH.fIIOTC.H aepaBeHCTBft
Xc » R + Ro » XL.
CJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO, nOJIHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe Z" u;enH MomHO C't{HT8TL
paBHbIM eMKOCTBOMY conpoTHBJIeHHIO KOH.n;eHcaTopa:
1
ZX = -
C 21tvC.
[IT
TaR KaK I =- Z' = 21rVCU, nOJI}r't:HM
1
C -= - ..
21t\IU
(7)
158

HHAyKTHBHOCTb L K8TYIIIKH H8XOAHM U3 YCJIOBHH peaOB8BCa:
1
XL =:X Ct BJJH IDoL ==: ro C ' (8)
o
oTKya
1 1
L =-= - = - (9)
roC 41t2VC ·
CxeMa B ((qepHOM JIID;UKe), xap8KTepH3yeTca Ao6pOTHOCTbIO Q,
KOTopall DOKR3L1BSeT, DO CKOJIbKO pa3 npH nacTynJIeHHH pe30nanca
3MIlJIHTy,u;a KOJIe6aHHH Hanpa3(eHH.Jt Ha KaTymKe HIlI! ua KOBAenC8-
Tope npeBOCXOAUT aMTIBHTYny Kone68HBH HaupaeHHS B nODnOH
enH, T..e 
Q == U L = U c
U U
1 L
-= -.
R C.
(10)
BAPI1AHT 2.. BhIIll :;., Bee H3MepemlSl II BbPDfCJJeHIDI no BaPH8IITY 1.
ITOCTpoHM rpaHK 38BHCHMOCTH HMneAaHC8 zt nOJIHOH u.eOH OT
qaCTOTLI B .n;BOHHOM JIOrapHMRqeCKOM M8cwTa6e + 3TOT rparIJIK npeA-
CT8BJIeH as pHCYHKe 3.. 77.
400
30
200.
100
80
60
40
30


.
20
1
.
10 2
200 300 500 100 10 1 2000
4000 700010"' 20000 v t r
PMc. 3.77
.

TP8(};1HK nOKa3hIBaeT, QTO B nOrapHMHqeCKOM M8CmTa6e HM-
ne)];3HC nenl! Z" n8 HI:I3KIIX -qaCTOT8X JIHHeHHO y6bIBaeT, npHHH-
tiI
MaeT MIIHHM8JIbHOe 3HatreHHe If H8 BbICOKHX aCTOTax JlHHeHHO
BoapaCTaeT.
TaKOH xapaRTep 38.BHCHMOCTH COOTBeTcTByeT Z'(v) COOTBeTCTByeT
.... ...
3J1eKTpH"lJeCKOH n.enH  cOJ);ep-'RSmeH nOCJleAOBR TeJIbHO BKJIH>qeHHhIe
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paJKeHlIeM
.
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MHHIIM8JlbHOe 3HSqeHHe Z' cooTBeTCTByeT peaOH81tCHOii "tJ8CTQTe
\'0,3HaQeHHe KOTOpOH uaXOAHM no PHCYHKY 3.. 77..
ITo 3HR1IeHHIO HMne.n;aHca B pe30U8Hce HSHJJ;eM aKTHBHoe conpo-
THBneHHe R enH B (tqepnOM Hm;HKe),:
Z' Pf!3 = Ro + R,
R == Z - Ro.
(12)
HCCJIe,n:yeM 3aBHCHMOCTL CJ:{BHra c»a3h1 MemAY ICone6aHHHMH ClfJlld
TOK8 H H8np.H>KeHHJlA )J:JIH 3Toro npH Ka.HtOM 3Ha"1JeHIfH -qaCTOThI v
H3MepHM H8 3KpSIle OCItHJIJlOrpaiIJa paCCTO.f£HHe l H l (pIlC 3. 78). lIo
aTlfM 3Ha-qeHII.HM onpe.n.e.i'IHM pa3HOCTh rpas:
41
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(13)
l.l

U;
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I /it
.
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160

no H8H.l(eUHLIM 3Ha"tJeUHHM l\<p (Ta6JIHD;a 2) IIOCTpOHM rpacJ>HK 3a-
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0,5
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I
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10
200 800 500 700 10 8 2000
4000 7000 10' 20000 v 7 
hc.3.79
1
role
U c
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IIOCTpOHM BeKTopHYIO .n;ltarpaMMY nanp.ame-
.... ...
HHH nOJIHOH enH J:{JlH HeKOToporo 3H8-qeHHH qa-
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MbI CJIe.u;yeT
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c = II
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PHC 3.80
161

Ta.6JlHa 2
.- .
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,
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.
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1200 5 O8 1.,0 - 0,32
1600 5 0,.1 0,88 - 0,28
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2000 ... 0,.55 0,69 - 0,.22
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)J;JISI QaCTOT1d V z » V o (pRC. 3.81) npH XL » Xc II
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Ha pHcynKe 3.74
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163

llpHMepHIdii oeT no 38.):t = :I I 18.1,. BapRaBT 1
1.. v = Vpt'3.
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U
R  --- - Ro;
Ipe3
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I
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2nvU '
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I
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1
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1
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Q == 1 L
R c.
R == 10,3 OM, L -== O? 79 · 10-- 3 Tn, C == 2 - 10- 6 tI>.
1 O? 79 · 1 0- 3
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IIpHMepHLIH OTtleT no 3BHIO 18.1, BapH3DT 2
1.. v == VJW3.
R = Zpe:I -- ROt Z.:t  30 t 3 ON, Ro = 20 OM
R == 30,,3 OM - 20 OM = 10,3 OM.
164

2. v « v
p€3
11
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0 7 5..10- 3
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27tV 2 1 2 '
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.
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166
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111
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1
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(6)
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111
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167

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H3 BbIpameHIIH (4), (8) H (9) naXO)l;HM
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llJlOCKOCTIf neHH.H JIyqa.
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HilS, H83bIBaeMOM yrJIOM Bp.lOCTepa, HHTeHCHBHOCT OTpameHHoro
CBeTa CT8HOBHTCH paBHOH HYJlIO. B aTOM CJlyqae yrOJI Mem,lt}' HanpSB-
lIeHHBMH OTpameHHo:ro Jlyqa H npe.nOMJIeHHOrO J1yqa pSBeu 90° t T.e..
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(1)
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169

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pa, a nOJlOmeH.KH nJIOCKOCTH DOJl.Jl})H381U1H DOJIJlpH38TOpa npH HyJIe-
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BOB JiHTeHCHBHOCTH OTpameHHoro JI)"I8 H nJlOCKOCTH neBHSJ. yrna
cOBnaro'T .
AH81IOrHQHO onpeenj{eTC.R nOlIOmeHHe flJIOCKOCTH nOn.ftpH3aH
BToporo nonHpHaaTOpa..
BHaH yrOJI BplOCTepa (IE' OlIpeeJIHeM nOKa38TeJIh npelIOMlIeHHB
HCC][e)(YCMoro HaJIeKTpHKa.. 113 ypaBHeHII.fI (1) Haxo)tHM
p = 90° - <Xv,
a 38TeN onpeAeJIHeM fIOK838TeJlL npeJlOMJIeBH.H HCCJIe)J;yeMoro )l;H-
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AJI.f.I HCCJIe.n;oB8HIIH 3ftBHCHMOCTH K03tPcpHHeIlTa OTpameHIIH CBe-
.....
Tfl OT yr JI8 D8J];eH:H.R eRa qa.n.a HYmHO npOBepHTb, .JIBJlHeTCS: JIB JIHHeH"
HOB CBH3h Mem.n:y HBTeHCHBHOCTblO I n8AaIOero Ha .n;eTeJ<TOp CBeT8
II nOIC8aaHHHMH i 3JIeltTpoH3MepHTenbHoro npu6opa. .D:JIH 8TOro 113-
MeHHM HHTeHCHBHOCTb CBeTOBoro nyqa B 1f3BeCTHOM OTHOmeHIIJI H
CHIIMe:M nOK83aHHR 3JIeK TPOH3 MepHTeJI bHoro npu60pa Ha BbIXO)J;€ }l.e-
TeKTopa CBeT841
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JIlfBaeM ;tBa nOnJlpH3RrrOpa Ha nyrn CBeTOBoro nyqxa. TIpH napan-
v
JlenLHOM pacnOJlOmeHHH DJlOCKOCTeH nOJISpJ13anHH .[(BYX DOJISlpH3a-
TOpOB HHTeHCHBHOCT:& CBeTa 10 Ha BhIXO)(e BToporo nOlIHp13R TO pa npo-
nopn;JIOHBJIhH8 KBBAparry MO.ny nJl aMDJ1HTYAhi a.ne:KTpH't}eCKoro BeK-
Topa Eo CBeTOBOH BOJIHbI Ha BbIX0.Ae nepBoro nonspl13aTopa:
10 = hE;..
170
(3)

IIp>> nOBOpOTe BTOporO nOJI.f.IpH38.TOpa (W!8JIH-
3aTOpa) 88 yrOJI e MOAYJIL axnJIHTYlthI 3J1eKTpH-
-qeCKOrO BeKTOpa Ee BR 8hIXOAe 8H8JIH3ftTOpa palleR
(pHC.. 3.84):
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a HBTeHCHBHOCTh CBeTa:
I = kE 2 =-: kE 2 cos 2 e = I cos 2 e
e e 0 o.
(5)
ECJIH CHJIa TOKa ie DR BI:dXOAe .neTeKTopa npODOPItHOHft.nhH8 HH-
TeHCHBHOCTH CBeTR I 9' TO npH H3MeneHHH yr JIa e clL11a TOKa is AOJI.)K-
HH H3MeH.HTLCB nponOpHOHaJILHO KBa..n;pSTY KocHHyca yrn8 8:
ie = iocos 2 e
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TeBCBBHOCTH CBeTa Ie't H3MepHM CHJIy TOR8 is npn p83JlIfqBLIX 3Haqe-
HHHX yrJla e Mey nJlOCKOCTJIMH nOJI$IpH3aIl.HH }];BYX .lteTeRTOpOB.
.AJID yq:eTa B03MOOKHLIX H3MeReHHH HBTenCHBHOCTH JIssepHoro nyq-
xa CJIeAyeT npOH3 BO .A HT b nOBTopHhle H3MepeHHH HHTenCHBHOCTB nY1:I-
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xOAe ):(eTeKTOpOB CBeTa MO)RHO C1.IHT8Th npOnOpHOH8JlbHhIMH HHTeH-
CHBBOCTH CBeTa,. T.e.
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B npOTHBHOM: cJlyqae KPHBYIO ifJ(cos 2 6) CJIe.u;yeT HCnOJlb30B8TJ:., KaK
R8JlH6pOBO'tJUyJO KPHByIO .n;nSl nepeXOAa OT nOKa38BHK 8JIeKTpOH3Me-
pHTeJILHMX npu60pOB K 3H8'IJeHH.HM HHTeHCHBHOCTl1 CBeT8.
3KcnepHMeOT nOK83bIBaeT t "tlTO B npeenax rpaHHD; norpemnocTeii
R3MepeHIIH nOKR38HHH aneKTpOH3MepHTeJlhHbIX npH6opoB as BLlxoe
eTeRTopOB CB€Ta nponopHOHaJIbHb1 HHTeHCHBHOCTH CBeT8.
171

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JIHUeHHO nOJl.flpH30B8HBoro CReTa OT yr JI8 neHHH c06epeM YCT8HOB-
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.
I
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pacnOJIO-'KeHa f'OpH30HTanbIJO. B TaHOM cny-qae npn na.n;eHHH Ha
BepTHKRJIbHO YCTaHOBJleHHYIO nJIaCTIIHY n 1 DJIOCKOCT:b D8,l{eHH.H JIyqa
naptlJIneJILHa UJIOCKOCTH CTOJl8 H nY'IOK CBeT8 nOJl.HpH30BaH B nJIOC-
KOCTH nap;eHHJI JlYlla.
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pH3aTopa YCTaHOBHM llJI8CTHHY A, OTp8.i.KalOYIO qaCTh CBeTOBOrO
nOTOKa Ha AeTeK TOp l1.1" Ha nyTu nyqKR CBeTa, BbIXO.D;.HIr(ero H3 nna-
CTHHhI At- YCTaHOBHM: ,r(eTeHTOp 112.
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J);eTeKTOpOB .J( 1 Ii If Z H HaH.r\eM cpeHee 3H8-qeH.He OTHOmeHU-H
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HanLHbI HHTeHCHBHOCTH CBeTa, OTHOWeH.He IfHTenCHBHOCTH CBeTOBoro
nyqKa I Q HR BbIxo.n;e Ira UJIaCTHH:bI A K HHTeaCHBHOCTH oTpaaceHHoro
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OrcIOa H8XOAHM
10 -= all.
(9)
Ana Hccne.n;OBaHHH 38.BHCHMOCTH HHTeHCHBHOCTH OTpa.>KeHHOrO

J1HUeHHO nOJI.Hp1130B8HHoro CBeTa OT yr.n8 ll8.)teHHSI 0. YCTaHRBJlHBaeM
BepTlfK8JILBO nJIaCTHHY 0 Ha nyTu CBeTOBoro nOTOK8, BYXo.It$lero
H3 nnaCTHHL1 A (pHC.. 386).
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....
TOBoro DyqKa JIe.mHT B ropH30HTaJlbHOH llJlOCKOCTH, Tre. B llJIOCKOCTH
.
na.n:eHII.H JIyqa. OTpa.meHHbIH OT nn8CTHHbl 0 nyqoK CBeTa HanpaBJI.H-
eTCH B neTeKTOp p 2+
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eM CHJIhI TOKR i] H i 2 H8 BblXOAe eTeKTOp Pr 1 H P 2.
lC034?I}>HHeHT OTpameHHH R CBeTOBoro nyqK8 p8BeH OTHOIIleHHIO
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I 0 n8)];aIOerO CBeTOBoro nyqxa:
.
1 2
R :-= .
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Ha ypaBHeRHH (9) II (7) CJIeAyeT

1 2
R==
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at,. ·
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Pe3YJIbTaT:bI H3MepeHHH H BbIqHCJIeHHH npHBeAeHbI B OT'leTHOH
Ta6.nIID;e.
3aBHCHMOCTb K03q:.q.HuneHT8 OTpameHJI.H JIHHeHHO nOJI HpIl3 OBaH -
Horo CBeTa OT }"rJIa na,n;eHH.H 1(0.) npeACTRBJIeHR rparpHTIeCKH H8 pH..
CYHKe 3.87.
173

R
O4
0 7 3
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0.1
o
10
20
30
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50
60
70
80 90 CJ.
PMc 3.87
ITo rpa.pHKY MomBO nOBTopHO HaHTH 30a'leBHe yrJIR BplOcTepa as
If BhIYlIIC.JIHTh nOKR3a Tenb npe1JOMJIeHHa n.
1 r CJlOBn8X OQ;eBKa BhIIIOJIBeBHJI 38BHJI
(B 6a1lJlRX)
1. 3KCnepI:IMeHT8JII1HOe orrpe,ll,eJIeHlle pacnonomeHHH
nOC«OCTH nOHapH3anHH llonspH3aTopa
C HCnOJIh30BliHHeM nOJI.fIpIl3an;liH npH OTpam.eHHII:
a  2 0 1
2° < a  5 (} O5
50 < /10. 01'2
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n -=- tg a]; Ha OCHOBe BII3}raJIbH:blX Ha6JIIOeHHii: 1
174

3. TeOpeT:uqecKoe pemeHHe np06JIeMDl npOBepKH JIHHeBHOCTH
CB.R3U Mey HHTeIlCBBBOCT:b1O I CBeTR II nOKa38HH.HMH i
np:a6opa H8 BL1XOAe AeTeKTOpa CBeTa UR OCHone 3aKOH8
M8JIIOCR Ie = Iocos i e 0,5
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Mem.lty HHTeHCHBHOCTbIO 1 CBeT8 H nOKaa8HHHNH i
npR60pa Ha BhlXoe AeTeKTopa. nOCTpoeHHe l'paI}!HKR 1
5. KOHTpOJJL aa HHTeHCHBBOCTblO 10 CBeTOBoro n}"lRa nYTeM

nOBTOpU.hlX H3MepenliH HJIB: OTJ\eJ1eUUe 'IaCTH CBeTOBOrO
nyqKR C nOMO}"1O nJlaCTHHLI A 0,5
6. BbInOJIHeRHe ceplfH H3MepeHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH OTp8JKeH-
Horo JlHHeHHO nOJI.HpH30BaHHoro CBeTa npH pR3J1H'tJRLlX
yr JI8X n8)teHH.H OT 0 0 .11;0 90 0 II npe)J;CTaBJIeRHe
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· 8.. KOHTpOJJh 38 HHTeHCHBHOCTLIO CBeTOBoro nyqK8
B npouecce H3MepeHHii 0,,5
9. CxeMa 3KCnepHM"eHT8JI})BOH YCTRHOBKH 1
10. OnpeeJIeHHe yr JIR BplOcTepa  no rpa(j>uKY H BhI1.IHC-
neHHe nOKRa8TeJI.R npe.nOMJ1eHH.H n 0,,5
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12. CpaBHeHHe )];BYX peaYJIbTaTOB onpe)];eJIeHH.R nOKaaaTeJIH
npeJ10MJIeUHB H BLlBOAbI 0,5
3AMHII1E 20.2. H3BecTHo t 'ITO CKOpOCTb pacnpocTpRHeHHH 3J1eKT-
u ....
poMsrHlfTHoH BOJlHhI B aHH30TponnoH cpeAe, HsnpDMept B KpIICT8.Jl"
--
JIe, aaBHCHT OT opHeHTaHH 3JIeKTpH'IleCKOrO BeKTopa E BOJIHLt OTHO-
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u ....
08 B QHH30TPODHOH cpeAe p8.3)];eJIaeTC.R Ha ABe JlHHeHlIO nOJlapH30-
B8HBldX HOJIRId CO B38.HMBO nepne.HJJ;HKY JISpHbIMH 3JIeKTpll'leCKHMH
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BeKTOpaMH El II E 2 , pacnpOCTpaH..RIOHeC.JI c pa3JIH-qHblMli CKOpOCT.H-
175

MH 1\ H V 2 ' QTO 06YCJIaB.llIIBaeT pa3JIHQHLIe IIOKftaaTeJIH npeJlOMJIeHHH
n l 11 n 2 3THX BOJIH. IIo3ToMY OnTHqeCKHe AJlHHht DyTH np" npOXO.1K):te-
HHH CKB03b IIJlOCKOnapaJIJIeJlbHYIO TI1I8CTHHY 6YAyT TaK.me pa3JIHQ-
HbI ()TO II03BOJIJIeT npH onpeAeneHHbIX YCJtOBH.HX Ha6JIIO.n;aTL HHTep-
cpepeHUHIO B napaJIJI€JIbHbIX Jlyt:IftX nOCJ1e npOXOHt,lteHHH aHU30TpOn-
HbIX nJIOCKOUap8JIne.1IbHbIX nJlaCTHH.
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HbIX Jlyqax. HapHcYHTe cxeMY sKcnepHMeHTaJI})HOH YCT8HOBKH H onH-
llIHTe pe3}'JI:LTaTbI 3KcnepllMeHTa. B KaqeCTUe aHH30TponHoro Beme..
CTBft HcnoJlb3yiiTe 1\JleHKYIO npo3paI:ayro JleHTY. AJIB: nOJIy1:£eHH.H uJla-
LI
CTHH p83HOH TOJIm:IIHbI MomHO I1pJirOTOBHTL HaRrreeHH})le H8 CTeK.TIO
cTyrreH-qaTbIe CROll H3 OAHO:U, J];BYX, Tpex II 60JIee nOJloc JIeHTliI nOC'I'e-
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BOJIH.
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n.neHKe IIPH HOpM8JrLHOM n3AeHHH n:y-q:K8 CBeTa.
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IIHTepq.epeHIIll JlHHeHHO nOJIHplI30BaHHoro CBeTa.
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nepneHAII}\ Y JI'&pHbIMH H8rrpaBJleHII.HMII BeKTopOB an eK TpU1'.£eCKOrO

nOJIB E.
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(600 :t 20) H:M, meJIThIH -- (570 :t 10) HM" 3eJIeHblH - (530 :I:: 30) HM,
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:t 30) HM..
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KpaCHoro AO tPflOJIeTOBOro KaK qUCTLle IJ,BeT8. OAHRKO, eC.""IH B rJIR3
nOD8AaeT CMeCb pa3JIH'lJHldX CBeTOBbiX BOJIH" COOTBeTCTBYIOajJ (foo-
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176

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HHTeJIbHIdM K .D:8HHOMY BeTY..
060 PYAoo3H He: ABa nOJl.HpH3RTOpa, HCTOqBHK CBeTa, CTeKJIHHH8.R
uP .... 
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....
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u
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....
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...
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Bhlxo.ne H3 TIJIaCTHHLJ paBHH COOTBeTCTBeHHO asin 0: H acos ex. Ha BhlXO-
JJ;e 8HBJIH3aTOpa n 2 6y.ltYT CKJI8.,lJ;LlBaTbCH KOJIe68BH.H C 8MnnHTYaMB
a 1 = a cosa cosJ3.. (13)
a 2  a sina cos(90° - 13) .:;; a sina sinJ3.. (14)
XOT.H 3TH KOJle6anBJI B03HHKJIR H3 OHOii: JIHBeHHO nOJlSpH30B8H-
u ......
HOB BOJIBLI, nocne npoxo*Aeau.s aHH30Tpounon: DJl8CTHHhI Memay
HHMH B03RHKaeT pa3HOCTb (j)a3 0.:
 = 21ffi = 2(n2 - n.J
v A. ',-.
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peneJIHeTCH COOTHOIIIeHHeM
A 2  2 2  ( 2 4 · 2()
= at + 4a + a 1 a 2 cos 0 = a l + a 2 ) - a. t a,2 Sin 2 .
(16)
llO.ACT8BHB (13) H (14) B (16), nOJIyquM
A 2 = a 2 (cos a COS  + sin a sin  )2 -
(17)
178

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- --.I-
6hI o]tHoro H3 nOAapH3aTopOB C DJlOCKOCThlO BeKTopa Et HJLH E, BTO-
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CBeTOBldX KOJ1e6anHH nepeCTaeT 3ftBHCe'I'h OT OnTH'IeCKOH TOJIIQHHbl 0
nn aC THHH II TeM C 8M })JM OT AJIHHId cBeToBoH BOJlHht. IIp:e: JlI06LIX.
3HR-qeUH.R.X pa3HOCTH YI".nOB f3 H ex OKpaCKa WI8CTHR B npOXOAHeM
CBeTe Be .n:OJIH<;Ha nOJlBJIRThCH, aOJI.)KH8 H3MeHBTLCH JIHmL HHTeHCHB-
BOOTh 6eJloro CBeTR. ·
B cJlyqae t eCJIH yrJlbI a H p OT J1UQHhI OT 0° H 90° t U3 ypaBHeHHH
(1 7) cne.nyeT, "liTO HHTeHCHBHOCT:h CBeT8 Ha BhIxo.n;e 8.HaJIH3aTOpa 38-
BHCHT K8K OT yrJIa p - a Mem.n;y DJIOCKOCTSlMH nOJlSpU3&TOPOB TIl If
II 2 , TaR H OT pa3HOCTH rl>a3 l', BBOCHMOH &UH30TponHoif DJlac.THHOH.
IIepBYH 'IJleH COOTHOmeHH.R (17) He 38BHCHT OT AJIHBLI BOJIHId, BTO-
pOB 3aBHCHT OT JlHHhI BOJIULI, TaK KaK 3HR'qeHHe .5 onpe.n:eJISeTC.H
COOTHomeHHeM (15).
PaCCN.OTpUM B8 CJJyq8JI JIH 3Ha1.JeHH.A yrJIR Mey WIOCKOCT.fIMB
· nOJI.HpH3a:qUH lIt H llz:
.
J3 - a = 90° Ii  - a = 0°.
B nepBOM cJtyqae KBpaT 8MnJIHTY.lt CBeTOBhIX KOJIe68.HHH H8 BhI-
xoe cor JIaCHO COOTHomeHHIO (1 7) paDeu
A 2  a 2 sin2 2a sin 2 
2 '
(18)
BO BTOpOM
A'2 == a 2 1  sin 2 2asin 2 ! .
2
(19)
nB o6HapymelIHfl HHTeptJJepeHIJ.HR B nap8.J.IJleJlhBldX J1yqax DOJIg-
pU 3 8TOpLl n 1 Ii II 2 CJIeyeT pacnoJtOjKHTh B3RHMHO DepDeBHKYJIHp-
H0 1 TaR K8K B aTOM CJIyqae MaKCHMYM HHTeHCHBHOCTR Dpoxo]tBero
CBeTa onpeJJ;enHeTC.H COOTBomeHHeM (18)6 H3 COOTHomeHMH (15) H (18)
CJIeAyeT, 'liTO np" OCBeeHHH I1JI8CTHH1:J 6eJIhIM CBeTOM H B38RMHO
nepneH.D;HKYJI.HpHOH yCT8HOBKe DJIOCKOCTeH nOJI.RpH3H n 1 H ll2 B
179

...
npOXOJ)IQ;eM CBeTe 1lJI8CTHHa MomeT BhIr.naJ].eTb OKpameHHOH B TOT
BeT, JIHHa BOJlHhI A KOToporo }"OBJIeTBOpSieT YCJJOBUJO MaRCHMYMa
JlSI AaHHoro 3Ha'tJeHII.H ODTnqeCKO:H TOJIIItHHH nJiaCTHHhI d:
+ 0 1 8 2k 11; 1t
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.
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H3MepHB TOJIHHY TIJI8CTHHLI d, no Haii1\eHHOMY 3HaQeHHJO OTITH-
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.
a8TeJleH npeJIOMJleHH-H J];JIH BOJIH co B3aHMHO nepneH,l);HKYJI$lPHh1M Ha-
 
rrpaBJIeHJ[eM 3JIeKTpH'tJeCRHX BeRTopOB E] if E:
A
n 2 - n 1 = d"
(21)
B CJ1yqae rrapaJIJIeJIbHOrO paCIIOJIOmeHHH oceit: nOJlHp1f3a Topa III .u
RHaJIH38TOpa n 2 nepexoJ]; OT COOTHomeHHH (18) Fe COOTHomeHHlO (19)
03H8"11aeT t qTO .D;JIH Tex .D;JIHH BO.TJH, ,QJI.H KOTOphIX BbIDOJIH.HJlOCh YCJIO...
BHe HHTep<pepeHHoHHoro M8KCIIMYM8, 6y.u:eT c06JIIOaThcH YCJlOBHe
MHHI:£MYMa H o6paTHo. BeTa OKpamHB3HII.H JIJJeHOK .LJ;OJI:)KHhI H3Me-
HHTLCH na ono.nHIITe.TII:.H.hIe.
Y CnOBHaJl on:emta BIillIOJIHeHHH aa,a;3HHB
(B 6aJIJlax)
T eopemu vec KOt peweuue aaoa"llu:
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2. 06ocHoBaHKe Heo6xo.D;HMOCTII npHMeHeHHSI RHanM3aTopa 1
3. BanDCL 410pMy JIM (15) 1
4.. BbIBOJ:{ 4>OPMY J1bI (1 7) 1
180

5. PaccMOTpeHMe C.1IyqaeB a = oa BJIH p = 0 0 II a = 90 c
HJIH J3 = 90° 0,5
6. PacCMOTpeHlle cnyqaeB (18) u (19) 0,5
91CC nepUMe11. maAbuoe peweHue aaoallu:
7. Ha6JIIO.n;eHue Ii ODHC8HHe HBJIeHHH HHTepcpepea1J;.HH JIHHeHHO
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05
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no rpa4>HXY
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0,5
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60nee 50 CJIOeB 0 1 5
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13. OueRRa rpaOHD; norpemHOCTeii H3MepeHuH 0 1 5
PeaYJlI.TaTLI BIdDOJIUeHHLIX 3KcnepBMeHToB
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6eJloro CBeTa.
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norrepeK JIeHThI (pRC. 3.89).
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JIH3aTOpa ll:a no cxeMe Ha pHCYUKe 3.95 If OTJIIIQUH
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HOCTH P:
w = P = UI.
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nhI Heo6xoHMO HSMepHTh HsnpHmeHHe U HR JIRMUe H nOTpeMJlCMYlO
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,
I&.
.
...... - .... -.- __a.
t:tI. .....b... . _ A.. .I: ...
. ..
.
.
'MC. 3.94
y CJlOBRaJI oeBKa Blt.mOnHeRHft HHJI
(8 08J1JI8X)
1. H3MepeRue £}JOH8 rCTaHOBK.H 1
2. H3MepeHHe CKOpOCTli CQeT8 OT 06pasn:OB C OHOM 1
3. OnpeeJle H He CKOpOCTII OT 06P83D;OB 6ea OHa 1
4. OeHKa rp8.HHD. norpemHOCTl1 H3MepeHHH 1
5. BLIBOA 0 pH08KTJfBHOCTI:I 06pa3IJ;OB 1
6. IIpOBeeHlle onldTOB C €pHJIbTpaMII 1
7.. BbIBO 0 npnpOAe H3JIyqeHHH 2
8. BIdTIOJIHeHHe 3KcnepHMeHTR ITO OTK.nOHeHHJO 6eTa-qaCTIIr(.
B MarHHTHOM nOJIe 1
9. OnpeeJ)eHHe 3HRKa aap.H,l);8 6eT8 - q aC TI-I l\ 1
197

...
3Alv\HiIIE 23.2. Onpe.[tenHTe nepHO)I nOJIypacna ecTecTBeBHOrO
4° K
PaztllORKTHBIIOrO H30Tona KaJIlISI: 19 if
C6efJenU./l 0 paiJuoa"mu8HOM u30mone.
R3OTOD ; K coepJIGlTCH B IIpHPOAHOM B KOJIKtIecTBe Ot0119 % ..
E:ro CXeMR pacna npeCTaBJleHa HB pHCYHKe 3.. 95.
K
Y 1,46 M3B
0\°


4',





o
-1l) Ar
IS
:Ca
PiiC. 3.95
Ha cxeMbI BH.l\HO" 'tITO 89 % .1IAep KaJIHH HCIIIdTbIBaIOT 6eT8 - pacn
c npeBpa.IQeHlleM D Hpa '130Tona K8.JIbD;ltH : Ca , M8KCHMaJIbHasr 3Hep...
I'lfJl 6eT8.-QaCTHIJ. 1,33 11aB. OCTaJlbHhle 11 % jJep 1\8lIHH npenpam:a-
40 A
IOTCH B .f.Ipa H30Tona aprOH8 18 r nyreM 8JIeKTpOHBOrO 3ftXB8T8.
np1 3J1eKTpOHHOM 3aXBaTe pO 38.XBaThIBaeT OJ];HH 3.11el\.TpOH C 3.J""IeK-
TpoHHOH 060JIO'tJKH 8TOMa t B .RApe npJI 3TOM OMH npoToH npeBpam;a-
eTCH B HeHTpOH. SJIeKTpOHHLIH 38XB8T cOnpOBO)f(aeTC.H HcnYCK8HH-
eM raMMa-KBaHT8. C 3HeprHeii 1,.46 MaB.
06opYAooaHl1e: plIOMeTp c TOpn:OBhI[ CqeT'qHKOM: reHrepa - MIOJI-
v
nepa, COJIb KaJIHJI,. BeChI, C€KYH.nOMeTp" JIIIHeUKfl.
M emoilu -tecxue ylt43fl.KUJt.. .lIJIfi npOBeJ].eHH8 aKcnepHMeHTa By-
men pa.n;ltOMeTp C SJIeKTpOHHbIM UHq>POBLIM C"tJCT'lHKOM HMnYJIbCOB.
B Ha-qeCTBe .neTeKTopa 6eT8-'l8CTI!D; MomHO I-ICnOJIb30B8Tb TOpOBbIii
C1JeT'IlIIK reiirepa - Mronnepa C TOJIJ.I(HHOH CJ[IOLI BO HXOl);HOM OKHe
Mr
He 60nee 5 .
CM 2 ·
198

lIaB6o.nee nOXOAHeH ,lI;Jl.H 3KCnepHMeHTa HBJlSeTCB COJlh K8JIH,JI
KCl, B KOTOpoii B en HK O OTHOCHTeJILBOe coep)Kauue K8JIHJI.
BoaMO:ElILJii: BapB8BT B.IdIIOJIReUHH BH.H
EcnH B o6pa3e HMeeTCH n aTOMOB pHoaKTHBHoro H30Tona H
BepO.HTHOCTh pacna o.n;Horo BJ1:pa 3a 1 C paBHR A, TO B o6pa3D;e B
cpeJ];HeM 6y aeT npoHcxoIITL
A - An
(1)
pacnOB B ceKY H Y, rAe A - 8KTHBHOCTb o6pa3n.a, A - nOCTO.HHUaJl
-
p8CnQAa. r
Y6bIBaHHe KOJIH"lIecTBa P8JtH08RTHBH LI X H.D;ep dn 38 M8JIhtH npOMe-
myToK BpeMeHH dt paBHO
dn = - Andt,
(2)
oTKya
dn
== - Adt.
.
(3)
n
npOHHTerpHpyeM neBYJO II npaBYIO 'tI8CTH Y'P8BHeHH$I (3):
,.. dn 
/...dt , nt == e- At to nt = -t
- - noe ·
- -
n no
nn 0
(4)
IIpH YCJIOBIIH t = T J rAe T - nepHO.n; nOJ1ypaCllS]I.a,
n
nO T = 0 2 = ,JuT AT =-:;; In2
 ' , ,
OTKY.QR
In2
A == T ·
(5)
113 (1) H (5) cne.n;yeT:
A = n II! 2
T ,.
(6)
HJIH
T = n In 2.
A ·
199
(7)

TaKHM o6paaoM t JI,H OnpeeJIeHH.H nepHOa nOJIypaCnaAR T pa-
'UI
)J;II08KTIIBHOrO H30Tona HymHo 3I\.CnepHMeBT8.JILHO HaRTH 8XTHBHOCTL
A o6pa3a C H3BeCTHh1M KO]JHQeCTBOM n co.nepmaIqUXCH B HeM 8TO-
MOB pa,r(lfOaKT11BHoro H30Tona..
KOJIIIeCTBO 8TOMOB n MO.iKHO onpe)l;e.TIliTh nyreM B3BernHBaHH.R.
06pa3na., 8KTHBHOCTb MomHO H3MepHTb C nOMOIItLIO p8.,D;HOMeTpa co
c-qeT"IHKOM reiirepa - MIOJIJIepa
J]H 113MepeHHH P8AH08KTIIBHOCTH o6pasu,a conn CHaQ8JIa BKJIIO-
qHM p3.,ltHOMeTp H H31\11epHM (}JOH yCTRHOBKH.. tI>OH }rCTRHOBKH  3TO
CI\.OpOCTL OTc-qeTa N  6ea KaRoI'o-JlH60 npena pa T8 OKOJIO AeTeKTopa
pa,n;IloaKTIIBHD1X H3JIyqeHHH. tIJoH rCTaHOBK:U 06ycJIoBJIeH H3JIyqeHH-
erwl eCTeCTBeHHblX Ii HCK}irCCTBeHHbIX P8AIIOaXTHBHhIX H30TonOB, HMe-
c.JI u
IOIQHXCH B 3eMHOJl Rope, B B03yxe, CTeHax 3A8HHH H pyrHx ORPY-
.maJOlltllX npe)1;MeT3...X,. l\OCMH'IeCKHM H3JI-y-qeHlfeM.
.l(Jlfl H3MepeH}IjI (}>oRa npOH3BOAIITCH ClleT QHCJIR N fi1 HMUY RbCOB 3a
IlHTepBaJI BpeMeH11 t. 3a TeM no.n; C"1JeTQHK nOMeaeTC.H IICCJIeJJ;yeMfJIH
06pa3e II Be,n:eTCR CqeT IIMny JIbCOB N 1 OT 06pa3I1.a II cpOHa 38 TaHOH
me IIHTepB8J1 BpeMeUII t.
qHCJI 0 IIMIIY.J.lbCOB N, 06YCJIOBJIeHHUX pJIoaKTHBHhlM H3...,'lyrIeHJf 
eM COJIII K8JIHH, paBHO
N=N1-Nr:;.
"II To61 HaRTH IIOJIHOe "tJIfCJJO N n 6eT8 - qaCTllII., BbIJIeTaIOHX 1:13 06-
p83IJ.a no BceM HanpaUJIeHHXM to no qHcny N -qaCTIIII.t 3aperHCTpHpO-
B8HHItlX C1.IeT'(.lHKOM, Heo6xoAuMO J.rqeCTL., KBKaH AOJI.f.I -qaCTHIt BhIJIe-
TaeT H3 06pS3D;.a B npeAeJIRX TeJIeCHOrO yr n8 (r), OrpaHHqHB81Oero
BXOAHoe OKHO c-qeTIIlfKS:
N"" N
- - -- .

.
(I)
.l(JIH o6paa:Qa MaJI:E:JX pa3MepOB, HaXO.Heroc.H
ua paCCTO.HHIII II OT OKOllixa C1.£eT"tII-IKa, nonpaBR8
co Ha Te.neCHLIH yrorr MO.JKeT 6blTh HaH.n;eH8 KaK
OTHomeHlfe nnOI1l3A H nOBepxHocTl1 8 1 mapoBoro
cerMeHT8 Hatt OKOIDKOM CqeTqHKa K nJIo8AI{ mapa
So paAJIycoM R? paBHblM: paCCToHHHIO OT :u:eHTpa
nperrapaTa o Kpaa OKomKB CqeHKa (pnc. 3..96):
8} 2nR(R - h)
(1) = - ---
So 4nR 2
R-h h
2R-.  Oto5 --,- 2R .
200

r
h
Pwc 3.9&

Pa..n;nyc R mapa Bblpa3HM '1epea p.aCCTOSlHHe h OT npenapaTa AO
OKomK8 c-qeTqHKa ]I p8.,ltHYC r OK OIDxa 3 Toro C1JerrqHKa:
R = .J h" 2 + r 2 ,
Tor)J;a
ro == Ot5 1--
1
.
r 2
1+ 2
h
ECJIH o6ps3eu. HMeeT 3HaTJHTeJIbHYro TOJIIIJ;HHY, He06xOAIIMO }rqeCTb
qTO qaCTb 6eTa-'tI8CTUU: norJIOlItseTCSl B caMOM 06paau.e. QTo61d yqecTb
IIOrJlOmeHH€ .H3JI]rQeHliH B oopa3ue, H8.lI;O BhIllOJ1HJlT:b eepHJO 1l3Mepe-
HRH, nOCTeneHHO YMeHhIllaH TOJIIII;HIIY 06pa3a.. BHCJIH.H YAeJIbHYro
LI
ftKTHBHOCTb BeeeTBa AnH nOCJIeOBaTe.n.hHblX 3HaqeHiH TOJlHH})I eJIo»
ucc.neyeMoro MaTepll8.1Ja t MO:ffi:HO SKCTparrOJIHpoBaTb nOJIyqeHHhIe pe-
3Y JI:bT8ThI K 3Ha-qeHHIO TOJIII(HHbI,. npH6JJHm8.IOUJ;eMYCH K BY JIIO.
Y CJIOBUaa oo;eUKR BLInOJJReBHB aDH1I
(B 6aJIHaX)
1. TeOpeTHqeCKOe pemeHHe 2
2. 1-13MepeHHe aKTHBHOCTH npenapaTa 1
3. 1-13MepeHHe H y-qeT ipona yCT8HOBKI{ 1
4.. BHeceHHe IIonpaBKH H8 TeJIecHbIH yrOJI (0 1
5. BHeceHue nonpaBKH H8 CaMonOrJIOIr(eHHe 6eTa-H3nY'QeHHSI
B o6pa3e 1
6. Onpe.n;eJIeHHe nOJIHOH aKTHBHOCTH 06pa38 c yqeTOM cxeMbI
pna J
7. OnpeJI;eJIeHHe KOJIINecTB8 8TOMOB R3OTona KllJIHB 40 B 06p83e 1
8. OnpeeJIeHJfe nepnO)];8 nOJIypacnM8 2
llpUMepUI.IH OrqeT no 3aRHIO 23.2
1. H 3MepeHue tPona ycmaH.o8fCu
t  15 MHH,
280 HMO
N$ = 15  181'7
MJ.IH
lIMn
- .
.
MHH
201

2. H3MepenUSl cKopocmu C'lema npu pa3AU1lHblX 3Ha'l.eHURX .M.ac-
Cbt otJpa311a (BpeM.R KamAoro H3MepeHHH 15 MHHyT)
- -
--- --
m., r 0 1 23 O46 0,92 1.39 1,85
,. . -- -
--
J.IM n 89.3 544 72.4 80,,6 89.7
Nt,
{HH
. .-.--
HMO 
N = N I - N. 20.6 35,7 58/1 61,,9 71 :
-. .
MHH I
I
--- -
- . -.-
N liMn 89.6 77 1 6 44,0 38,4
- . -- . 68.4
t
m IHH ,
..
rpa€pHK H8 pHCYHKe 3.97, nocTpoeHHLIii no peaYJlbTaT8.M H3Mepe-
.
BHU t IIORa3h1BaeT, qTO npH YMeHLmeHHH TO.nUJ;HHhI 06pasna lItO HYns,
T.e. npH OTCyrCTBHH nornOm;eUHH 6eTa-H3JlyqeHH.9 B C8MOM 06paaue.
CKOpOCTb CqeTa HMIIYJIbCOB N OT 1 r COHO COCT8BJIJUI861.1 npHMepHo
105 H!\In .
MIIH
N tfMD
t
m. r .. MIIB
}yT
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
80
20
10
o
O5
1,0
1.,5
2 9 0
m... ]"I
Pile. 3.97

3.. OnpeiJeJtenue 6ema-aKmU8Hocmu  o6pa3qa Maccou 1 t
PaccToSlHHe h OT rrpenapaT8 .uO OKomKa ClIeTtlHKa B 3KcnepHMeHTe
paDRO 1,4 CM, P8)];HYC r OJ\.OlliKa c'tJeTtlHK8 1,25 CM..
OTCIOAa nonpaBKR ua TeJIeClIhIH yrOJI ro P8.BU3
ro = 0,5 1- ..
1
. .
 0,127.
2
1 +  ,25
1,4
CneAOB8TeJIbHO, 6eTa-aKTHBHoCTL Ap 06ps31\R paBHa
_ N _ lO -I _ -1
 - rot t Ap - 0, 127 . 60 c - 13,8 c ·
4. OnpeiJe./teH..ue no.nnou aKmU.6Hocmu ot5pa3qa
IIo cxeMe pacn81ta K8JIHH (CM pnCYHOK 3.97) HR .n;OHIO 6eTa-pacu81ta
npHXOliTC.H 89 % OT 06mero QHCn8 paCD8J];OB. Cnyq8H SJIeRTpOHHoro
38XBaTa CqerrqHKOM reilrepa - MIOJlJIepa npaKTHqeCKB He perHCTpHPY-
JOTCH., T8K KaK ero a4HI1eKTH8HOCTD npH perHCTp8.U. H H raMMa-H3Jlyqe-
HUH U8 nopHAOK HHme, qeM npu perHCTpRIJ;HH 6eT8- H3JIyqeHHS..
n03TOMY nOJIH81I8.KTHBHOCTb npenapaT8 COJIH KCI M8CCOH 1 r paRRa
A -  A - 1_,8 .--1  15 5 -I
- 0, 89 t - 0,89 C - t C ·
5. OnpeoeJlenue KD.ll-U'leCmsa amOMOB U30m.ona -;:K B npenapam.e
HaXO)];HM Macey x KaJIUSl B npenapaTe MaCCOH 1 r:
1 r - 39 + 35,5,
1.39
x r - 39,. x = 7 4, 5 r  0,52 r.
HaHeM Macey m H30Ton8 K81IH,H 40 B npenapaTe:
m = x .1,19 -10-- 4 r,
m :=0: 0,52. 1,19 · 10- 4 r == 6,23 · 10- 5 r.
203

Haii,rteM 'IHC.'10 n .Hep H30TOna K8JIHSI-40 B npenapaTe:
m
n == v N A = .. N A'
J.1
6, 28 -10-6
n.  - _n... .. 6 .10 23 = 9,35 ,,10 11 .
40
6. OnpeiJeJtenue nepuooa nOll.ypacnaiJa U30nlona KaJlUJl.. K
T = .nln2 ..
A 
9,. 35 .10 17 · 0, 693
T  ... c = 3,8. 10 16 c = 1,2. 10 9 JIeT..
15,5

COAEP}l(AHI1 E
IIj)ecJI()ELJae ..................................................................................................- 3
'lJ:acTL nepBBJI
O:QEHKA rP AHlIQ IIOrPEmHOCTEA H3MEPEHII:ti
1. H3MepeHn..R -tPlf3Ift1eCKI.lx BeJlH'IlHR.. .......... ..................... .........-.-. ........ ........ 5
2. ITor:pemnocTH H3MepeBHH ............................................. ... ..-............ ........... 6
:3. OneuKa rpSBHn norpemHoc"'teif H3MepeHnH........ ............ ..... .......... ............ 8
4. 3annch pe3YJILTaTOB H3MepeHHH H BblqeCneUHH ............ ............ ............ 9
5.. OrteKKa rp CIICTeM8TI{qecRHX norpeIIIHOCTeu np.HM:bIx H3Mepemrl"r.... 13
6. On:eHKs rpaHHhI norpemHOCTH KOCBeHHLlX H3MepeHJ.ru ..................... 17
7.. eHK8 rpaBHIJ; c.nyqaiiHbIx norpemHocTeii .......... ......... ..06......... .......... 22
-qaC.TL BTopas
nOOTOBlITEJIbHLlE 3KCllEPHMEHT AJlLHLIE 3AMHHS
1  113MepeHIle TOJIIItHHbI JIIfCT8. 6YMSrH ........... ........... u......u u.... ............ 24
2. Onpe.neJIeHHe 1I8.MeTpa MeHoro npoBo.n;a ............................. ............... 24
3. H3MepeoHe paCCTOJIHHSI AO JIYH.bI ......... ... ................................. ............ 25
4.. H3MepeHHe 06'beMa BOSAYxa ...........................  .. ... ..... .... ... .  . ..   · . .... . .... .... ..." 26
5.. 113MepeHHe BpeMeHI1 pe8KHH Ha61I1OJJ;8TeJI.H H8 3BYKOBLle
H CBeTOBble CHnIaJIhi ............................................  .. . . .. .. . . . .  . . . · · .. ... .. .   . .. ... 2 7
6.. Onpe.n;eneHHe Ha'laJIb1l0H CKOpOCTH M.fIqa ........ -- 4..... U ... U . . . .  . . . .. ... .  .  . .... 28
7. OnpeAeneHlie Ha Q8JIbHOH CLtOpOCTH cBo6oJl:HO rra.n;alOm;ero TenD. ...  . . . ... 29
8. Orrpe,neJIeHHe MaCChI JIHHeHI\.II.............. ................ ....................... ....... ..... 29
9.. 1i3MepeHIIe DJIOTHOCTH J:SeI.qeCTBa..... ........ ............................. .... ............. 30
10. H3MepeHHe CRJILI............................ .................... .... ......... .. .... ........ ...... 31
11. PacqeT II H3MepeHHe BpeMeHH ,L{BHmeHH.H CHCTeMId CB.1I3aHHbIX Ten ...... 32
12.. 1I3MepeHHe KOa":u.HeHTa Tpe:E:I-ISI....... ........ .... .... .................................. 33
13. H3MepeuHe CHJIbI,. He06xoJ{IIMOH ):tJlSl 06PLIB8 HIITIf ..................  . . + .  ... 36
14.. Onpe.n:e-1J.eHlfe RUn 1t8K..iIOHHOll: finOcKOcTH........................  . ......... . .. . . . ... 38
15. Onpe.n;;eJIeHHe co6cTBeHHoH M8:KCHMaJIhHOU MOHOCTU ....  . ... . . .. . + . .... 40
16. OnpelJ;eJIeHMe CKOpOCTH MCTeqeHHX CTPYH 1I3 paKehI ....  .. ... .... .  11 .  ..... 42
17.. Ifcc-..r:re.n;oBaHlfe TeTIJIOBhlX CBOHCTB aem;eCTBH........  .. .. ... ..  ......... .   .. . . ... 43
18 H3MepeHMe aneKTpH"KJecKoro conpOTIIBJIeOHH. r. . ... .... .. .................. . .. ........... 45
19. Hcc.Jle.n.oBaHHe MeXaHHTJeCKIIX f{OJIe6aHllu...... ............ ................  ... ....-. 51
20 H3eBHe Bpam;aTeJIbliOrO .n;BJ{meUH5I ....... ......... ................. ...."'.. ... 52
21.. H3MepeHlie q,OKYCHbJX paCCTOJlHHU JIUH3 .................... .....-........... ........ 54
2 2  HCCJle.n;OBaHlIe OIITII'lJeCKllX CHCTeM .. n .. . u u .. .. .. . . . .  u __......... -. . ....... --.. 55
205

"IIaen. TpeTh.B
3KClIEPHMEHTAJILHLIE 3MAHHH
1. H3MepeHue DJIOTHOCTH Bell1;ecrna ..................... ...................... ........... ..... .... 58
2. IIaMepeHHe 1Co3clKPUtl;HeHTa TpeHH.H ................. .......................... ........... ....... 66
3. OIIpeeJIeBHe Ha8JlbHOH CKOpocTH TeJla . ........................ ...... ......... ..... 70
4. Hcc.neAOB8HHe BpaTe.Jl.bBOrO ,ltBHJKeHHH TBep.o;oro Tens ............. .. ..... 73
5.. llccJleJJ;oB8HHe KO,..'Ie6aHHH TBepJ(oro TeJIR .............................. w... .............. 76
6 H3MepeHHe .l(8BJIeHH.H rsaa ...... ........ ... .................... .... ........... ................ 89
7.. H3MepeBHe BJlRJfC.HOCTH B03j:tyx.a ......................................................... oIL.. 96
8. IlccJ1eOBaHHe Ten.lIOBhIX CBOHCTB BeIIteCTB& ....... ................ ........ ..... 100
9 .. I'i3MepeHHe 9JIeKTpaQecKoro conpoTHBneHHH .................................... 11 0
10. OnpeeJIeHHe 3C H BHyrpeHHero 3J1eKTpilQeCfCoro conpOTHBneUH.H
HCTOqUIIKil nOCTOHHBoro TOKa ........... ............... ............... ................. 114
11.. HSMepeHHe 3JIeKTpOeMfCOCTH fCOH.U.eaCB.TOpa ....... . .. ... . .. ... . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. ... 11 7
12. Hccne.n;oBaHHe 3neKTpM'IlecKHX n;eneH C nOJ1ynpoBOHBKOBhIMH
,l); Ii O.ll;8MH ...............  . . .. . .. .. .. . . ... . .. .  .. . . . . . . . · .. . . . . . .. .  · .. . . .. . . ..... . . . . . .. . .. · .. . . ... . · .. · . . . . . . 121
13 . HccneoBaHHe MarBHTHoro nOJIH.......................................................... 126
14.. Hcc.;rle,o;oBRHHe HBJIeHl"lH H8.MRrBHqUB8HUS[ CTWIII ............................ 131
15. H3MepeHue HHAYKTHBHOCTH KftT.ymRH.............. ......"'.... u.......... ........ .... 133
16. OnpeJJ;eJIeHHe 3neKTpHt:feCKHX napaMeTpOB o;enn nepeMeUHoro TORS
c nOMolltblO RMnepMeTpa H BOJlhTMeTpa. .... .................. .............. ............... 136
11.. HCCJIe.n;os8HHe TpaHC@opMBTopa.............. OF................ ... ..... ........ u ... ............ 144
18. nCcne,u:oB8uHe 3JleKTpHIleCRiiX eJ]eH nepeMeHHoro TOKa c nOMOlIt LIO
3JIeJCT:l)<)HItOrO OCUHJIlIOl"pa$a ... ..... .................... ...................... ...... ... 154
19. HccneJJ;oB8.HIie nJIH3 .............................................  .. ................ ... . ... .. .. .. 165
20 . IIccJIeoBaHHe SlIIJIeHHSI nOJIJlpH3aIJ.HH CBeT8. ............................ t ... ... ... t 69
21.. 11ccJIe.n-oB8BHe 3BIlHCHMOCTJ-1 MOHOCTH TennOBoro H3JI}rqeIlHJI
Te.JI8. 0'1 ero TeMlIepaTYPM ........... ........................ ............... ............... 184
22.. Hcc.neAoBaHue cneKTpoB H3JIYQeHH.H ...... u .. . .  u . ........ .... .  ... ..... ... . .. . . . u 190
23. MCCJleOB8.Hlle HB.lIeHHJl pBJ\HOaKTHDBocTH.... .......................... ........ .... 193


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OPJIOB BJIa
HMHp AneltCeeBH.


aKCfiEPHMEHTAnLHME
3A.nAHH.H
no
ID JI311KE
9-11 K JI ace Id


Pe,n;aKTOp E.C
 rpH}{RCOB8
ROppeKTOp H
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TeXBJfllecRlfH pe)I.Qg'TOp H.A. JI 8. Y K Y C
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