'u.


.
.
-
::-

-








=:.:


1e "


'" .
..
-:: '.
,:-

-'
-


:..
:




........-....'"





-...-
'




 >" :'
.





 ' . - -:. -.




 }
::!"
. ' __ I
:. ,


#

="=
 I

 I ;' i
::_
_r- ..,.....
: l







.,


. '.r
 il t ,....' { .
:. "".t







...
\
 r
-
;.."...

"':'<"""
,.,-
'</ .;r
<I
>-
"
i=







E
x
:1
Q
«


x


>-
<
. t.
""
I"
o


;




2 1 '
 .
122 . :. . 2-
i2 3 ....AA:....r:.-. ";
" >

 """'..,

" '""

.
 '"
'", ',,:- ' ,


t- t," r
.::E /, -.t,,,\
-
 - ...- ... "'..... ..


\....


,--


--:-', '{


i



, '"-i1
.., I,


.
I j;".

 '"-. ..-
. .
.
.
,,',,',
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
. . .
. .
It; . .
..,.


;"



.

..:


-
':::-..c_

.
 u-"-- ...
 ......
'

-
,; !


.........-
 .
. ,,"
"
1
';. ' P" ...... ... II

, .
 - 'II,. ,," -'#. . .' ..
,
.
:.....: ... ":v! _.;.r
 -'
. '.-;' -'

- - ...- ...."&_...
:..




..


.


"


J


/


-t.


o' '
.

-


---.'-


" ,4


i'


.


.-


:o
 i.,




'-'


I.
t
.


.....




" '-.-


...


W' BeHTOHO-rpOcl>




01;C:1\ Y)IOIJ\IO!.!!r;t TPY A
u...

.
5 Knacc
Y"Ie6HMK
AnSI Y'IaaqMxcSI
o6aqeo6pa30BaTenbHbix
Y'Ipe)f(AeHMM
()
<
()
nOA peAaKHe
B.,lJ,. CHMoHeHKo
H300Hue '1emBepmoe,
nepepo6omoHHoe
.
X
III
PeKOMeHooBoHO
MUHucmepcmBoM 06P030BoHUR U HOYKU
POCCUiiCKOii C/Jeoepou.uu
W'
I
MOCKBa
/i13,l1,aTellbCKI1I1 4eHTp
«BeHTaHa-r pa4»)
2011

EEK 74.212J172
T37
Yqe6HHK BKlIIOQeH B 4>e.a;epaJIbHbIH nepeQeHb
KOJUuxmUB aBmopOB:
IO.B. KpynCKaJI, H.M. JIe6e,neBa,
JI.B. JII:ITI:IKOBa, B.)J,. CI:IMOHeHKO
TeXHOlIorHH. 06ClIY:iKHBaIOn:t;HH TPy.a; : 5 KlIacc : yqe6HI:IK
1:1 MR CH o6m:eo6pa3()8aTeJIbHbIX yqpe)I{,L\eIlliH / [IO.B. Kpyn-
CKaJI, H.I1. JIe6e,neBa, JI.B. JII:ITI:IKOBa 1:1 ,np.] ; noon peon. B.)J,. CI:I-
MOHeHKO. - 4-e 1:13,n., nepepa6. - M. : BeHTaHa-rpa<r, 2011. -
192 c. : HlI.
ISBN 978-5-360-02634-1
Y'Ie6HHK nO,ll,rOTOBlIeH B COOTBeTCTBHH C aBTopcKOH nporpaMMoH
no TeXHOllorHH. npe,ll;Ha3Ha'leH AJlJI yqaHxcJI 5 KJIacca 06rn;e06pa30-
BaTeJIbHblX yqpe)KJ{eHHH (BapHaHT AJlJI ,lI;eBO'leK). I.:(eJIb KHHrH - ,lI,aTb
nJlTHKJIaCCHHaM OCHOBonOllaralOHe TeOpeTH'IeCKHe 3HaHHJI no PJl-
P;y TexHollorHH, KOTopble npHMeHJlIOTCJI B ,lI,OMamHeM X03HHCTBe (06-
pa60TKa TKaHH, npo,ll,yKToB nHTaHHJI, PYKO,ll;eJIHe). 3aKpenHTb 3HaHHJI
Ha npaKTHKe nOMOJKeT TBOp'leCKaJI pa60Ta Ha,lI, npoeKTaMH.
COOTBeTCTByeT 4>e,ll;epanbHoMY KOMIIoHeHTY rOcy,ll;apCTBeHHblX 06-
pa30BaTellbHblx CTaH,ll,apTOB OCHOBHoro 06rn;ero 06pa30BaHHJI (2004 r.).
fifiK 74.212J172
ISBN 978-5-360-02634-1
@ 113,l1,aTeJIbcKHH eHTp «BeHTaHa-fpa4>>>,
2007, C H3MeHeHHJlMH
@ 113,l1;aTeJIbcKHH eHTp «BeHTaHa-fpa4»),
2008, C H3MeHeHHJlMH

BBe,lJ;eHHe
YBaJKaeMaH nHTMKJIaCCHMn;a! Y Te6H B P}'Kax e6HMK «TexHo-
JIOrMH» .n;JIH .n;eBOqeK. PaHee aJIeMeHTbI TeXHOJIOrMM TbI M3aJIa B Ha-
qaJIbHOM IIIKOJIe.
CJIOBO «TeXHOJIOrMH» npOMcxo.n;MT OT .n;peBHerpeqeCKMX
fehne - «MCK}'CCTBO», «MaCTepCTBO», «}'MeHMe» M logos - «eHMe»,
«Ha}'Ka». 3HaqMT, TeXHOJIOrMH- aTO Ha}'Ka 06 }'MeHMM, MacTepcTBe,
MCK}'ccTBe.
Cero.n;HH no.n; TeXHOJIOrMeM nOHMMaIOT COBOK)'llHOCTb npoM3-
Bo.n;CTBeHHbIX onepan;MM, MeTo.n;OB M npOn;eccoB, npMMeHHeMbIx
B KaKOM-JIM60 .n;eJIe, MacTepcTBe M T. n. TOJIbKO CTpOraH nOCJIe.n;OBa-
TeJIbHOCTb onpe.n;eJIeHHbIX .n;eMcTBMM, c06JIIo.n;eHMe HOpM pacxo.n;a
CbIpbJI, MCnOJIb30BaHMe KaqeCTBeHHbIX MaTepMaJIOB M COOTBeTCT-
BYlOmMX MM TeXHOJIOrMqeClillX onepan;MM MOryr 06eCneqMTb no.1l}'-
qeHMe npO.n;yKn;MM H)')KHOrO KaqeCTBa II KOJIMqeCTBa.
TeXHOJIOrMH M3aeT onpe.n;eJIeHHMe npaBMJIa 06pa60TKM
TeKCTMJIbHbIX MaTepMaJIOB M nMmeBbIX npo.n;yKToB, a TaIOKe npon;ec-
CbI, npOMCXO.n;HmMe npM aTOM. .lI:JIH Be.n;eHMH K3)K,lI;0rO TeXHOJIOrMqe-
CKoro rrpon;ecca He06xo.n;MMO 060py.n;OBaHMe, M rropOM OqeHb CJIO)K-
Hoe. Ero C03.n;aHMe TO)Ke npe.n;cTaBJIHeT C060M TeXHOJIOrMIO.
rOBOpHT, YITO Bce HOBoe - XOpOIIIO 3a6MToe cTapoe. B aTOM
BbICKa3bIBaHMM eCTb .n;OJIH MCTMHbI. TaK, HaqMHaH C03.n;aBaTb
QTO-JIM60, He06xo.n;MMO M3yqMTb Y)Ke cy:rn;eCTBOBaBIIIee M cy:rn;eCTBYIO-
mee, onpe.n;eJIMTb Bce llJIlOCbI M MMH)'CbI, a rJIaBHOe - OTBeTMTb Ha
Borrpoc: .n;JIH qero c03.n;aBaTb HOBoe?
Pa3JIMqHbIX TeXHOJIOrMM MHoro. ECTb OqeHb npOCTbIe (npM-
IIIMBaHMe nyrOBMn;bI), a eCTb OqeHb CJIO)KHbIe (C03.n;aHMe KOCMMqe-
CKMX Kopa6JIeM).
Bce npO.n;yKTbI, KOTopbIe MbI ynoTpe6JIHeM B nMIIry, MMelOT
CBOIO TeXHOJIOrMIO rrpMrOTOBJIeHMH. ECTb TeXHOJIOrMH KOH,ll;MTep-
cKoro, MOJIOqHOrO, MHCHoro npOM3Bo.n;CTBa M T. .n;.
ECTb TeXHOJIOrMH IIIBeMHoro .n;eJIa. C ee nOMOmblO M3rOTOBJIH-
lOT pa3JIMqHbIe M3.n;eJIMH, o.n;e)I(,ll;}'. TeXHOJIOrMH JII060ro npOM3Bo.n;CT-
3

Ba BlUIIOqaeT B ce6H MaTepl1aJIOBe.n;eHl1e, TO eCTb 113yqeHI1e CbIphH,
MaTepl1aJIOB, Heo6xo.n;I1MbIX,lVIH 113rOTOBJIeHI1H 113.n;eJIIIH.
Kor.n;a TbI CTaHeIIlb B3pOCJIOM, TO 6y.n;eIIlb I1CnOJIb30BaTb pa3-
JIl1qHbIe TeXHOJIOrl111 B CBOeM .n;eHTeJIbHOCTI1.
B 5 KJIacce TbI 03HaKOMI1IIlbCH C OCHOBaMI1 MaTepl1aJIOBe.n;e-
HI1H 11 MaIIlI1HOBe.n;eHI1H, TeXHOJIOrl1eH BbInOJIHeHI1H pyqHbIX pa60T
11113rOTOBJIeHI1H IIlBeMHoro 113.n;eJII1H, JIOCK}'THOM TeXHI1KOM, BbIIIlI1B-
KOM, YXO.n;OM 3a o.n;e)K,lJ;OM, p}'Ko.n;eJIIIeM, K}'JII1Hapl1eM, TeXHOJIOrl1eM
Be.n;eHIIH .n;OMa.
B yqe6HI1Ke pacKpbIBaeTcH nOHHTl1e «yqe6HbIH TBOpqeCKI1H
npoeKT». BbInOJIHeHl1e npoeKToB nOMO)KeT pa3BI1Tb TBOI1 TBOpqe-
CKl1e KaqeCTBa, npOHBI1Tb caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb,
6bITb nOCJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHOH B JII060M .n;eJIe.
YcnexoB Te6e B OCBOeHl111 TeXHOJIOrl1l1!
ABmopbl
B yqe6HHKe npHH.HThI YCJIOBHhIe 0603HaQeHH.H
.
-.-
llpaBlUla 6e30nacHoH pa60TbI
-.-
-t-l--
llpaKTI1QeCKaH pa60Ta
OnopHbIe nOHHTI1H
_7
.
BonpOCbI ,lVIH caMonpOBepKI1
4

.. OCHOBhI MaTepHaJIOBe,n;eHH.H
CKOJIbKO Ha CBeTe pa3JIMqHbIX Bern;eM M M3.n;eJIMM M3 HarypaJIb-
HbIX M MCKyCCTBeHHbIX TKaHeM! 11 CaMM TKaHM TaKMe pa3HbIe: rJIa,z:t;-
.. ....
Kl1e M BOpCMCTbIe, IIJIOTHbIe M TOHKMe, JIerKMe M TJDKeJIbIe, TeIIJIbIe
11 rrpOXJIa,z:t;HbIe... Ho Bce OHM Ha3bIBaIOTCH O.n;HMM CJIOBOM - «TKaHM»,
3HaqMT, OHM MMelOT MHoro o6rn;ero.
PaCCMOTpM JII06yro TKaHb Qepe3 }'BeJIMQMTeJIbHOe CTeKJIO -
}'BI1)J;MIDb rrepeIIJIeTeHHbIe HMTM. A Y HeKoTopbIX TKaHeM OHM BI1)J;HbI
.n;IDKe HeBoop}')KeHHbIM rJIa30M.
QTo6bI CIDMTb JII060e M3.n;eJIMe, Ha,z:t;O rrpaBMJIbHO BbI6paTb
COOTBeTCTByrorn;y1O TKaHb, Y3HaTb ee CBOMCTBa. IIo:.noM}', rrpe.>K,ZJ;e
QeM rrpMCT}'IIaTb K M3rOTOBJIeHMIO IDBeMHoro M3.n;eJIMH, rr03HaKOMbCH
C OCHOBaMI1 IDBeMHoro MaTepMaJIOBe.n;eHMH.
 1 . K.nacclIIIKaU;H.H TeKCTllJIbHhIX BOJIOKOH
W8eUHoe MomepUOfl08eoeHue M3yqaeT CTpoeHMe M CBOMCTBa
MaTepMaJIOB, MCrrOJIb3yeMbIx J.{JIH M3rOTOBJIeHMH IDBeMHbIX M3.n;eJIMM.
BOfiOKHO- 3TO OQeHb TOHKMe, rM6KMe, rrpOQHbIe HMTM, J.{JIMHa
KOTOpbIX B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 rrpeBbIIDaeT MX rrOrrepeQHbIe pa3MepbI.
T eKcmUflbHble 80flOKHO - 3TO BOJIOKHa, KOTopbIe MCrrOJIb3yroT
,ZJ;JIH M3rOTOBJIeHMH rrpH:>KM, HMTOK, TKaHeM M .n;pyrMX TeKCTMJIbHbIX
M3.n;eJIMM. B OCHOBe KJIaCCmpMKaQMM BOJIOKOH JIe:>KMT MX rrpOMC-
XO:>K.n;eHMe (crroco6 rrOJl}'QeHMH) M XMMMQeCKMM COCTaB. IIo CBoeM}'
rrpOMCXO:>K.n;eHMIO Bce BOJIOKHa .n;eJIHTCH Ha HarypaJIbHbIe M XMMMQe-
CKHe (cxeMa 1).
CxeMa 1. Kl1aCcHQ>HKa4HSI TeKCTHl1bHblX B0l10KOH
T eKCTHl1bHbie B0l10KHa
HaTYPal1bHble
XHMH4eCKHe
5

HomYPOflbHble 80flOKHO - :.no BOJIOKHa paCTl1TeJIbHOrO, )IUI-
BOTHOrO M MMHepaJIbHOrO lIPOMCXO)K)J;eHM.SI, KOTOpbIe 06pa3YIOTC.SI
B lIpMpO.n;e 6e3 BMeIDaTeJIbCTBa qeJIOBeKa (XJIOlIOK, JIeH M .n;p.).
XUMUl./eCKUe 80flOKHO - :.no BOJIOKHa, KOTopbIe JIIO.n;M lIpOM3-
BO.n;.SIT MCKyCCTBeHHbIM lI}'TeM Ha lIpOMbIIDJIeHHbIX lIpe.n;lIpM.SITM.SIX.
HaT}'PaJIbHbIe paCTMTeJIbHbIe BOJIOKHa lIOJ:ryqaIOT M3 XJIOlI-
qaTHMKa, JIbHa, KOHOIIJIM M .n;pynlx paCTeHMM.
XflOnl./OmHUK - 3TO o.n;HOJIeTHee KyCTapHMKOBoe paCTeHMe
BbICOTO::H OKOJIO o.n;Horo MeTpa (pHC. 1).
IIJlO.n;bI XJIOlIqaTHMKa - Kopo6oqKM, KOTopbIe co.n;epiKaT MHO-
rOqMCJIeHHbIe ceMeHa, lIOKpbITbIe MMHHbIMM BOJIOKHaMM. 3TM BO-
JIOKHa Ha3bIBaIOT XJIOlIKOM.
CBoMcTBa xnonKa. OT.n;eJIbHOe BOJIOKHO XJIOlIKa lIpM paccMoT-
peHMM lIpe.n;cTaBJI.SIeT co6o::H OqeHb TOHKM::H BOJIOCOK. BOJIOKHa
XJIOlIKa MMeIOT pa3JIMqlI}'lO MMHY - OT 6 .n;o 52 MM. IIpMpO.n;HbI::H
QBeT BOJIOKOH XJIOlIKa - 6eJIbIM MJIM KpeMOBbI::H, HO BCTpeqaIOTC.SI
6eiKeBbIM, 3eJIeHbI::H M .n;pyrMe :QBeTa.
rUZpOCKOnUI./HOCmb - 3TO ClIoco6HOCTb BOJIOKOH lIOrJIOm;aTb
BJlary M3 OKpYiKaIOm;e::H cpe.n;bI. rMrpOCKOlIMqHOCTb XJIOlIKa BbICO-
Ka.SI. XJIOlIOK 6bICTpO BlIMTbIBaeT BJlary
M 6bICTpO BbICbIxaeT. IIo.n; .n;e::HCTBMeM
COJIHeqHOrO CBeTa XJIOlIOK lIOCTelIeHHO
Tep.SleT CBOIO IIPOqHOCTb. Ha OIYIIb
BOJIOKHa M.SIrKMe, TeIIJIOBaTMe, rop.Sl
KaK 6}'Mara. TKaHM, BbIpa6aTbIBaeMbIe
M3 BOJIOKOH XJIOIIKa, Ha3bIBaIOT XJIOlI-
qaTo6}'MaJKHbIMM. XJIOlIOK IDMpOKO
lIpMMeH.SIIOT B lIpOM3Bo.n;CTBe TKaHeM,
TpMKOTaJKHbIX M3.n;eJIMM, IDBe::HHbIX
HMTOK M T. .n;.
Xflonl./om06YMO:J/CHble mKOHU (CM-
Te:Q, caTMH, 6.S13b, q>JIaHeJIb, 6aTMCT,
BeJIbBeT) lIPOqHbI, rMrMeHMqHbI, JIer-
KM, MMeIOT .n;OCTaTOqHO MMTeJIbHbIM
CpOK cJI}'iK6bI. OHM y.n;06HbI B HOCKe,
JIerKO CTMpaIOTC.SI M yrIOiKaTC.SI.
)
/'
:: )
..
\ /.
(... .
¥
.F'
" .
-4
,;III
PMC. 1.Xnon4aTHK
6
.,
"'

lleH - 3TO Op;HOJIeTHee TpaBHHM-
CTOe paCTeHMe, p;alOee BOJIOKHO TOrO
)l(e Ha3BaHMH (pHC. 2).
,lJ;JUI IIo.nyqeHMH BOJIOKOH Bblpa-
MBaIOT CIIeIJ;MaJIbHbIM BMP; JIbHa -
JIeH-p;OJIryHeIJ;.
CBoMcTBa nbHa. TOJIMHa BOJIO-
KOH JIbHa TaKa.H )l(e, KaK M BOJIOKOH XJIOII-
Ka. ,lJ;JIMHa BOJIOKOH paBHa 35-90 MM.
IJ;BeT BOJIOKOH JIbHa OT CBeTJIO-Ceporo
P;O TeMHo-ceporo. JIeH 06JIa,D,aeT xapaK-
TepHbIM 6JIeCKOM, TaK KaK ero BOJIOKHa
MMelOT rJIa,D,K)'IO IIOBepXHOCTb.
rmpOCKOIIMqHOCTb JIbHHHOro BO-
JIOKHa 60JIbIlle, qeM XJIOIIKOBoro.
CTOMKOCTb JIbHa K cBery HeMHO-
ro BbIIlle, qeM XJIOIIKa. Ha OIIb BO-
JIOKHa JIbHa Bcerp;a IIpOXJIa,D,Hble, :>KeCT- PMC. 2. J1eH
KMe. rOpMT JIeH TaK )l(e, KaK XJIOIIOK.
JIbHHHoe BOJIOKHO MCIIOJIb3yroT ,lI;JIH IIpOM3Bop;cTBa JIeTHMX
KOCTIOMHO-lIJIaTeJIbHbIX TKaHeM. IlbHRHble mKOHU MMelOT rJIa,D,K)'IO,
6JIeCTH IIoBepxHocTb, IIPOqHbI, CMJIbHO CMMHaIOTCH, HO xopo-
IllO yrlO)I(aTCH. OHM OTJIMqalOTCH BbICOKMMM rMrMeHMqeCKMMM CBOM-
CTBaMM, 6bICTpO BIIMTblBalOT M TaIOKe 6bICTpO MCIIapHIOT BJIary, JIer-
KO OTCTMpblBaIOTCH. JIeH IIepeHOCMT 60JIbIIIMM HarpeB yrlOra, qeM
XJIOIIOK.
113 JIbHHHbIX TKaHeM M3rOTOBJUlIOT JIeTHlO1O op;e, IIOCTeJIb-
HOe 6eJIbe, CKaTepTM, CaJIeTKM M IIOJIOTeHIJ;a.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo Jig 1
3HaKOMCTBO C HaTypanbHblMM BonOKHaMM
paCTMTenbHoro npOMCXO>KAeHMR
MomepUO/lbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: KOl1l1eKLI,HSI «S0I10KHa», l1yna,
Y4e6HHK, pa604aSl TeTpap,b.
7

1. PaccMoTplo1 BOJlOKHa XI10nKa 101 JlbHa.
2. CpaBHIo1101x no BHeWHeMY BIo1,1J,Y 101 Ha ow,ynb.
3. 3anOJlHIo1 Ta6Jllo14Y B pa604e TeTpap,lo1.
Om.ITUI./Ume.ITbHblU npU3HOK
Bua BO.ITOKHO
no BHeWHeMY Buay HO OUf,ynb
JleH
XI10nOK
-t-l- W8eUHoe Momepuon08eaeHue, 80noKHo, meKcmunbHble 80nOKHO
(HomyponbHble U XUMUl./eCKue), ZUzpOCKOnUI./HOCmb, xnOnI./OmHUK,
x.lTonl./om06YMo:JICHble mKOHU, neH, nbHRHble mKOHU.
-? - 1. 4TO 1013Y4aeT wBeHoe MaTeplo1aJlOBe,lJ,eHlo1e? 2. 4TO Ha3blBalOT
BOJlOKHOM? 3. Ha KaKlo1e ,lJ,Ba Blo1,1J,a ,lJ,eJlflTCfI TeKCTIo1JlbHble BO-
JlOKHa? 4. 4TO Ha3blBalOT rlo1rpocKonlo14HocTblO?
 2. TIonyq:eHBe TKaHB
flpR:JICO - aTO TOHKasI .n;JII1HHasI HI1Tb, BbIpa60TaHHasI 113 KO-
pOTKMX BOJIOKOH II)'TeM I1X CKpYI1BaHI1H 11 rrpe.n;Ha3HaqeHHasI .n;JIH
rrp0I13Bo.n;CTBa TKaHeM, IIIBeMHbIX HI1TOK, Tpl1KOTaJKa 11 .n;pyrl1x
TeKCTIUIbHbIX 113.n;eJII1M.
COBOK}'rrHOCTb orrepaql1M, B pe3}'JIbTaTe KOTOpbIX 113 BOJIOK-
HI1CTOM MaCCbI rro.rryqaeTCH rrp.H.>Ka, Ha3bIBaeTCH npRaeHueM.
IJ;eJIb rrpH.n;eHI1H - rro.rryqeHl1e .n;JII1HHOM, paBHOMepHOM rro
TOJI:ru;I1He rrpH>KI1.
IIpoqecc rrpH.n;eHI1H COCTOI1T B TOM, QTO BOJIOKHI1CTbIM MaTe-
pmlJI pa3pbIXJIHIOT 11 OQI1:ru;aIOT OT rrpl1MeCeM, BOJIOKHa rrepeMeIIII1-
BaIOT 11 rrpOQeCbIBaIOT, 3aTeM <pOpMI1PYIOT 113 HI1X JIeHT}'. IIo.rryqeH-
H)'IO JIelIT}' BbIpaBHI1BaIOT 11 CKpYI1BaIOT .n;JIH Toro, QT06bI HI1Tb -
rrpH>Ka - 6bIJIa rrpOQHOM.
Ha rrpOTH>KeHI1I1 TbICHQeJIeTI1M e.n;I1HCTBeHHbIM opy.n;l1eM rrpH-
.D,I1JIb:ru;I1QbI 6bIJIO pYHoe BepeTeHO (pIo1C. 3).
8

c.
{M' >
. J
i , .. .. ..
t'  I
,,\ , : .:.
\
\":;.-
"':t, ,
..
PMC. 3. PY4Hoe BepeTeHO
PMc.4.CaMOnpSlI1Ka
A

.'
Uf
I
IIepBhIe rrorrhITKII C03.n;aHUH MeXaHII'leCKIIX rrpIlcnoc06JIe-
HUH .n;JIH rrpH,lJ;eHIIH HIITOK rrpe.n;npIlHIIMaJIIICh e:m;e B XV BeKe. 1I3o-
6peTeHIIe caMorrpIDIKII C HO)KHhIM npIlBo.n;oM npIlrrIlchIBalOT HeM en;-
KOM}' I1306peTaTeJIIO IOpreHcy II .n;aTIIpYI()T 1530 ro.n;OM (pHC. 4).
IIepBoH npH,lJ;I1JIhHOM MaIIIIIHoM, rro.nyqIlBIIIeM IIIIIpoKoe npo-
MhIIIIJIeHHOe rrpIlMeHeHIIe, 6hIJIa MaIIIIIHa aHrJIII'1aHIIHa XaprpeBca,
CKOHCTPYIlpOBaIIHaH I1M B 1764-1767 ro.n;ax. EJIaro.n;apH I1306peTe-
HIIIO XaprpeBca CTaJIO B03MO)KHhIM 06c.1I}')KIIBaHIIe HeCKOJIhKIIX Be-
peTeH O.n;HIIM pa60'1I1M.
TKOHb - 8TO MaTepIlaJI, KOTOphIM I13rOTOBJIHIOT Ha TKan;KOM
CTaHKe rryreM rrepenJIeTeHIIH npH)KII I1JIII HIITeM.
HIITII, I1.n;y:m;I1e B.n;OJIh TKaHII, Ha3hIBalOT oCHoBoiJ. OHII MeHee
pacTIDKIIMhIe II 60JIee rrpO'1HhIe. IIOnepe'1HhIe HIITII B TKaHII Ha3hI-
BalOT ymK6M.
HIITh OCHOBhI B TKaHII MO)KHO orrpe.n;eJIIITh no CJIe.n;yro:m;I1M
rrpIl3HaKaM.
1. IIo KpoMKe.
2. IIo CTerreHI1 paCTH)KeHIIH - HlITh OCHOBhI MeHhIIIe THHeTCH.
). GJ\\\\\ \\\1.1\>. = llpM'M\., a 6"lB. - \\3\\1:{lli.

ElLIe 6 3-M TblCJl4el1en1H AO H. 3. AO H306peTeHHJI TKa4KOrO CTaH-
Ka I1IOAH H3roTOBI1J1I1H TKaHb C nOMOUJ,blO oco6oro npHeMa nl1eTe-
HHJI Ha paMe (pHC. 5).
n03AHee 6bll1 H306peTeH PY4H0i1 TKaI.\KHi1 CTaHOK, npHMeHJlB-
WHi1CJI AO 30-x roAOB XVII BeKa (pHC. 6). B 1733 roAyaHrl1H4a-
HHH ,lJ.>KOH Kei1 H306pel1 MexaHH4ecKHi1 (caMOABH>KYUJ,Hi1CJI) 4el1-
HOK. 3TO H306peTeHHe HaMHoro npOABHHYI10 BnepeA TeXHHKY
PY4HOro TKa4eCTBa. B Ha4al1e XIX BeKa npOH30Wel1 nepeXOA
K MeTal111H4eCKHM KOHCTPYKI.\HJlM TKal.\KHX CTaHKOB.
"i. :;>1'"> ,.
, ...
I I J j J 'j' '1
) I li , ij;;'
(, ! I I, II
1J ! ,I  . i, ; 4 j
Al5\ ...    ,;' ), " ;, \,.
 l'j
-.... / 'II
l -"' t:J 1 
,; .;, ;  - .. J,!'i:',
',. IHllln:'
" - , ," Il # t,
, . /
(o"
...;=-
"i
-
..0
L
\
I
-
PHC. 5. Cnoco6 nl1eTeHIo1S1
TKaHIo1 Ha paMe
PHC. 6. PY4HO TKa4KIo1 CTaHOK
TKaHb, CHHTaH C TKan;Koro CTaHKa, CO,ll;ep)KMT rrpMMecM M 3a-
rpH3HeHuH, ee cTpYKTYPa M BHeIlIHUM: BM,lJ; He COOTBeTCTB)'IOT rrpe,ll;'h-
HBJlHeMbIM K HeM: Tpe6oBaHMHM. TaK}'IO TKaHb Ha3bIBaIOT CypOBOM:,
OHa He rrpMMeHHeTCH ,lI;JIH M3rOTOBJleHMH O,ll;e)K,ll;bI, TaK KaK H}')K,lI;a-
eTCH B OT,lI;eJlKe. IJ;eJlb OT,lI;eJlKM - rrpM,lI;aTb KpaCMBbIM BHeIIIHMM
BM,lI; M y.rryqIIIMTb KaqeCTBO TKaHM. Ha XJIOrrqaTo6YMaJKHble TKa-
H1:I HaHOCHT pMC}'HOK C rrOMObIO rreqaTHbIX MaIIIMH. Pa3J1MqaIOT
O,ll;HOBaJIbHble M MHOrOBaJIbHble rreqaTHble MaIIIMHbI. MHOrOBaJIb-
10

HbIe rreqaTHbIe MaIIIllHbI rrpllMeHHIOT
.n;JIH HaHeCeHllH pa3HOn;BeTHbIX pllC}'H-
KOB (pHC. 7).
I1pon;ecc HaHeceHllH Ha TKaHb
n;BeTHoro pllcYHKa Ha3bIBacrcH nel./o-
mOHueM (H06u8KOiJ).
TKaHb, rrpoIIIe.n;IIIYIO oT.n;eJIK}', Ha-
3bIBaIOT 20m080iJ.
TKOlJ,KOe nepen/lemeHUe - :::no rre-
perrJIeTeHlle HlITeH OCHOBbI II yrKa.
HllTIi B TKaHIi rrepenJIeTaIOTCH
B orrpe.n;eJIeHHOM nopH.n;Ke. PaccMoT-
pliM caMbIH pacnpocTpaHeHHbIH Bll.n;
rreperrJIeTeHllH - nO/lOmHRHOe (pHC. 8).
B rrOJIOTHHHOM rrepenJIeTeHllll OCHOB-
HbIe II yr6qHbIe HllTIi qepe.n;YIOTCH qe-
pe3 O.n;HY. I10JIOTHHHOe rreperrJIeTeHlle
I1MeIOT XJIorrqaTo6YMa:>KHbIe TKaHIi -
ClITen;, 6H3b, 6aTllcT, a TaIOKe HeKOTO-
pbIe JIbHHHbIe II IIIeJIKOBbIe TKaHIi.
TKaHb llMeeT JIlln;eBYIO II 113Ha-
HOqH}'lO CTOpOHbI. J7ulJ,e8ylO cmopOHY
TKaHIi MO)KHO orrpe.n;eJIllTb no cJIe.n;yro-
IIJ;IlM rrpll3HaKaM.
1. Ha JIlln;eBOH cTopoHe TKaHIi
rreqaTHbIH pllC}'HOK 60JIee HpKllH, qeM
Ha 113HaHOqHOH.
2. JIlln;eBaH cTopoHa TKaHIi I1Me-
cr 60JIee BbIpa:>KeHHbIH PIiCYHOK rrepe-
rrJIeTeHIUI.
3. JII1n;eBaH cTopoHa 60JIee rJIa.n;-
KaH, TaK KaK Bce TKan;Klle rropoKIi (rre-
TeJIbKll, Y3eJIKll) BbIBe.n;eHbI Ha 113Ha-
HOqIryIO CTOPOHY.
PMc.7. MHoroBaJlbHaSl
ne4aTHaSl MaWHHa
(cTapHHHaSl rpaBlOpa)
,
PMc.8.n0I10THSlHOe
nepenl1eTeHHe
11

.- npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 2
-.
BbmonHeHMe M3 6YMarM MaKeTa
nOnOTHJlHOrO nepenneTeHMJI
Momepuonbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: 4BeTHaSi 6YMara, HO>KHIfI4bl, KJle,
Y4e6HIfIK, pa604aSl TeTpaAb.
1. Bblpe>K1fI1fI3 6YMarifl pa3Horo 4BeTa ABa KBaApaTa 10x 10 CM.
2. Pa3MeTb ABa KBaApaTa 4epe3 1 CM.
3. npoBeAIfi Ha OAHOM 1f13 KBaApaTOB AOnOJlHIfITeJlbHYIO JlIfIHIflIO,
oTcTynlflB OT KpaSi 1 CM. Pa3pe>Kb KBaApaT Ha nOJlOCKIfl AO HaMe-
4eHHO JlIfIHIflIfl.
4. Pa3pe>Kb BTOpO KBaApaT no HaMe4eHHbiM JlIfIHIfISIM Ha no-
JlOCKIfl.
5. BblnOJlHIfl nepenJleTeHlfle, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha plflCYHKe 8, IfI nOA-
KJle KOH4bl nOJlOCOK.
6. nplflKl1e roTOBbl MaKeT nepenJleTeHIfISI B TeTpaAb.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 3
OnpeAeneHMe HMTM OCHOBbl M nM4eBoM CTOpOHbl
B xnon'laTo6YMa)l(Hblx TKaHJlX
Momepuonbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: 4eTblpe-nSlTb JlOCKYTOB XI10n4aTO-
6YMa>KHbIX TKaHe nOJlOTHSIHOro nepenJleTeHIfISI (OAIfIH-ABa JlOC-
KYTKa C KpOMKO), JlIfIHeKa, HO>KHIfI4bl, KapaHAaw, KJle, Y4e6-
HIfIK, pa604aSl TeTpaAb.
OnpeAeneHMe HMTM OCHOBbi
B TKaHRX nonOTHRHoro nepenneTeHMR
1. Bbl6eplfl ABa JlOCKYTa TKaHe nOJlOTHSIHOro nepenJleTeHIfISI
(c KpOMKO IfI 6e3 KpOMKIfI). OnpeAeJlIfI B Ka>KAOM JlOCKYTe Ha-
npaBJleHlfle HIfiTIfl OCHOBbl.
2. Bblpe>K1fI 1f13 HIfiX ABa 06pa34a pa3MepOM 5 x 7 CM (TaK, 4T06bl
B OAHOM 1f13 HIfiX COXpaHIfIJlaCb KpoMKa).
12

3.npHKl1e ABa 06pa34a B TeTPaAb 101 PAOM CTpel1KaMH 
HJlH ! nOKa>KH HanpaBl1eHHe HHTH OCHOBbl.
4. PAOM C Ka>KAbiM 06pa340M HanHWH, no KaKOMY npH3HaKY
Tbl onpeAel1Hl1a HHTb OCHOBbl.
OnpeAeneHHe nH4eBoH CTOpOHbI
TKaHeH nonOTHRHoro nepenneTeHHR
1. B03bMH ABa 110CKYTa TKaHe n0I10THHOro nepenl1eTeHH. On-
peAel1H B Ka>K,QOM 110CKYTe TKaHH 111014eBYIO CTOPOHY.
2. Bblpe>KH 1013 HHX ABa 06pa34a pa3MepOM 5 x 7 CM.
3. npHKl1e Ka>K,Qbl 06pa3e4 TKaHH B pa604YIO TeTPaAb I1H4eBo
CTOpOHO BBepx.
4. PAOM C Ka>KAbiM 06pa340M TKaHH HanHWH, no KaKOMY npH-
3HaKY Tbl onpeAel1Hl1a I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY.
-tl- fipRJlCO, npRaeHue, mKOHb, Humu OCHoBbl u ymKo, nel./OmOHUe (HO-
6uBKO), zom080R mKOHb, mKOlJ,KOe nepen.ITemeHUe, nO.ITOmHRHOe
nepen.ITemeHUe, .lTUlJ,eBOR cmopOHO mKOHU.
-? - 1. 4TO Ha3blBalOT np>Ke, npAeHHeM? 2. KaKoBa 4el1b npAeHIo1?
3. 4TO Ha3bIBaIOT TKaHblO? 4. no KaKHM npH3HaKaM onpeAeJlIOT
HHTb OCHOBbl B TKaHH? 5. KaK 4epeAYIOTC HHTH B n0I10THHOM
nepenl1eTeHHH? 6. no KaKHM npH3HaKaM onpeAel1IOT 111014eBYIO
CTOPOHY TKaHH?
13

PyqHbIe pa60TbI
KaH eHIIa MO)KeT HaIITbCH CaMOCTOHTeJIbHO KpOIITb
II IIIIITb .n;JIH ce6H HeCJIO)KHble BeII(II, HarrplIMep 4>apT}'K, 106KY, TOrr
II .n;p. YMeHlIe IIIIITb rrpaeT K aKKYPaTHOCTII, YCII.n;qIIBOCTII II .n;a-
eT OeHlIe y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHIIH .n;OCTlIrH}'TbIMII pe3YJIbTaTaMII. .lI:JIH
TOrO "lIT06bI HaIITbCH IIIIITb, Heo6xo.n;IIMO 3HaTb OCHOBHble rrpaBII-
JIa rrOCTpOeHIIH qepTe)Kell BbIKpOeK II paCKpOH TKaHII, a TaIOKe Tex-
HOJIOrlI1O 1I3rOTOBJIeHIIH 1I3.n;eJIIIH, KOTOpaH BKJIlOqaeT B ce6H coe.n;lI-
HeHlIe .n;eTaJIeH BplI}'IO, Ha IIIBeHHOH MaIIIIIHe II BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOByro
o6pa6oTKY'
 3. OpraHH3aO;HJI pa6oQcro MCCTa
)VIJI BblnOJIHCHHJI pyqHbIX pa60T.
HHCTPYMCHTbI H npHcnoco6JICHHJI
K PY4HblM OTHOCHTCH orrepalIlI, KOTopble BbIlIOJIHHIOT p-
HOM IIrJIOH, HO)KHIIaMlI, pe3OM, MeJIOM, a TaIOKe pa60TbI rro y.n;aJIe-
HIIIO 1I3 .n;eTaJIellllJIlI lI3)J;eJIIIH CTe)KKOB BpeMeHHoro Ha3HaqeHIIH.
CJIe.n;yeT rrOMHIITb, qTO rrplI BbIlIOJIHeHlI1I pHbIX pa60T He-
06XO.n;IIMO C06JIIO.n;aTb Tpe60BaHIIH 6e30rraCHoro Tpy.n;a.
.
-.
flp08uno 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl
npu 8bmonHeHUU PY4HblX onepou,uu
1. OnaCHOCTM B pa60Te:
. nOBpe>K,qeHlo1e nanbu,eB WBeHO HIo1TKO, Io1rJlO Io1JlIo16YJlaBKO;
. TpaBMa PYKIo1 HO>KHIo1u.aMIo1;
. TpaBMa r Jla3.
2. LITO HY)I(HO CAenaTb AO Ha'lana pa60Tbl:
. COC4101TaTb KOJllo14eCTBO Io1rOJlOK 101 6YJlaBOK B Io1rOJlbHIo1u,e;
. nOJlO>KIo1Tb 101 HCTpYMeHTbl 101 nplo1cnoco6JleHIo1J1 B OTBeAeHHoe
AJ1J1 HIo1X MeCTO.
3. LITO HY)I(HO AenaTb BO BpeMA pa60Tbl:
. 6blTb BHIo1MaTeJlbHO;
14

· Hap,eBaTb HanepCTOK Ha CpeAHIo1 nanel.J, pa604e PYKIo1, 4T06bl
He YKOJlOTb era nplo1 npOTanKIo1BaHIo11011o1rJlbl B TKaHb;
· BKanblBaTb Io1rJlbl 101 6YJlaBKIo1 TOJlbKO B Io1raJlbHlo1l.J,y;
. KJlaCTb HO>KHlo1l.J,bl cnpaBa, C COMKHYTblMIo1 Jle3BIo1J1MIo1, HanpaB-
JleHHblMIo1 OT ce6J1;
· nepeAaBaTb HO>KHlo1l.J,bl KOJlbl.J,aMIo1 BnepeA 101 TOJlbKO C COMKHY-
TblMIo1 Jle3BIo1J1MIo1.
4. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOH'IaHMM pa60Tbl:
. nOC4101TaTb KOJllo14eCTBO Io1rOJlOK 101 6YJlaBOK B 101 rOJlbH 101 l.J,e.
x AOJl>KHO 6blTb CTOJlbKO, CKOJlbKO 6blJlO B Ha4ane pa60Tbl;
. y6paTb pa604ee MeCTO.
OpraHH3an;H.B: pa6oQcro MCCTa
WI.B: BhIDOJlHCHH.B: pyq:HhIX pa60T
P0604UM MecmOM rrplIHHTO Ha3bIBaTb aCTOK KOMHaTbI, Ka-
61IHeTa, rrpe,n:Ha3HaqeHHbIH MH BblIIOJlHeHIIH orrpe,n:eJIeHHOH pa6o-
TbI II OCHaru;eHHbIH B COOTBeTCTBll1l C nOH pa60TOH.
,l(JIH orrepa:QIIH, BbIlIOJIHHeMbIX BpH}'IO, Heo6xo,n:IIM pa60QlIH
CTOJI, Ha KOTOpOM pacrrOJIaraIOT IIHCTp}'MeHTbI II rrplIcrroco6JIeHIlH.
Ha pa60QeM MeCTe ,n:OJI)KHbI HaxO,n:IITbCH TOJIbKO o6pa6aTbI-
BaeMbIe ,n:eTaJIlI, IIHCTp}'MeHTbI II rrplIcrroco6JIeHIIH, Heo6xo,n:IIMbIe
AJlH BblIIOJIHeHIIH ,n:aHHOH pa60TbI. BCIO pa6oT}' CJIe.n:yeT BblIIOJIHHTb
Ha CTOJIe, o6pa6aTbIBaeM}'IO ,n:eTaJIb ,n:ep)KaTb rrepe,n: C060H.
Bo BpeMH BblIIOJIHeHIDI pHbIX pa60T H)')KHO CJIe,n:IITb 3a
np08UftbHOU noc08KOU (pIo1C. 9). HarroMIlHaeM, QTO HerrpaBIIJIbHOe
rrOJIO)KeHlle Koprryca (T}'JIOBIIII(a) BbI3bIBaeT YCTaJIOCTb, CHH)KaeT
pa6oTocrroco6HoCTb, a TaIOKe rrplIBo,n:IIT K CyryJIOCTII, IICKpIIBJIe-
HIlIO rr03BOHOQHIIKa, yxy,n:IIIaeT 3peHile II T. ,n:.
IIpaBl1JIbHaH rrOCa,zJ;Ka BO BpeMH pa6oTbI:
1. Horil ,n:OJI)KHbI TBep,n:o orrllpaTbcH BceH rro,n:oIIIBoH 0 rrOJI,
QTo6bI He HapyrnaJIOCb KpoBOo6paII(eHlle.
2. Koprryc Ha,zJ;O ,n:ep)KaTb rrpHMO I1JIII CJIerKa HaKJIOHIITb
Brrepe,n:.
3. rOJIOBY CJIerKa HaKJIOHIITb Brrepe,n:.
4. HeJIb3H orrllpaTbcH rpy,n:bIO 0 CTOJI.
15

,.
""'1.

,
, 
.( '- y.-
:._ '" -!l/:i....  N -
,
.;
.  -
I
\
PMC. 9. npaBHl1bHaSi nOCaAKa npl1 Bbln0I1HeHl111 PY4HbiX pa60T
5. PYKI1 OJDKHbI 6bITb corH}'TbI B JIOKT.HX II OTCTaBaTb OT KOp-
rryca He 60JIee qeM Ha 10 CM.
6. IIpll pa60Te He CJIeeT CTaBllTb JIOKTII Ha CTOJI.
7. PaCCTO.HHlle OT rJIa3 o 113eJIll.H HJIll eTaJIll OJI.>KHO 6bITb
OKOJIO 30 CM.
8. B rrpoQecce pa60TbI CJIeeT rrepllOllqeCKll MeH.HTb rrOJIO-
)l(eHHe Koprryca (113 CJIerna corH)'Toro K BblIIp.HMJIeHHOM)' II 06paTHo).
9. CBeT Ha 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIe eTaJIll OJI)I(eH rra,ZJ;aTb C JIeBOll
CTOpOHbI llJIll rrp.HMo.
IIocJIe OKOHqaHll.H pa60TbI eTaJIll, 113eJIlle, llHcTpYMeHTbI
II rrpllcrroc06JIeHll.H CKJIa,ZJ;bIBaIOT, pa60qee MeCTO y611paIOT.
HHCTpYMeHTbI H npHcnoco6JIeHH.H
K UHcmpYMeHmOM JI.H BblIIOJIHeHIUI pyqHbIX pa60T OTHO-
C.HTC.H pyqHbIe llrJIbI, HarrepcToK, HO)l(HllQbI, caHTllMeTpOBaH JIeHTa.
K npucnOC06/1eHURM - MaHeKeH, JIeKaJIa, KOJIbIIIIeK, 6YJIaBKll,
pe3eQ, JIllHeMKll, yrOJIbHllKll (Ta611.1).
16

H03f3oHue
1
PY4Hbie I-1rl1bl
HO>KHI-14bl
HanepCTOK
Ta6mt",a 1. IIIHcTPYMeHTbl 101 npI-1CnOC06I1eHI-1S1,
npl-1MeHSIeMble npl-1 BbmOI1HeHl-11-1
PY4HbiX pa60T
OnUCOHue U npUMeHeHue
2
IIIrl1a - 3TO TOHKI-1 MeTal1l11-14e-
CKI-1 CTep>KeHb, H3rOTOBl1eHHbl
1013 BbICOKOKa4eCTBeHHO CTal1l-1,
C 3aOCTpeHHbiM KOH40M 1-1 YWKOM
AI1S1 BAeBaHI-1S1 HI-1TI-1. IIIrl1bl AOI1>K-
Hbl 6blTb OCTpbIMH, ynpyrHMH,
HeI10MKHMI-1, rl1aAKHMH.
IIIrl1bl pa3111-14a1OT no Al-1aMeTpy
(TOI1I..L\I-1He), All 1-1 He, no Bel1H4HHe
YWKa.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Al-1aMeTpa
CTep>KHSI I-1rl1bl 6blBalOT pa3111-14-
HblX HOMepOB:
N2 1-3 - AI1S1 H3rOTOBl1eHI-1S1
H3Ael1l-1 1-13 nl1aTel1bHblX TKaHe
(wel1K, XI10nOK, wepCTb);
N2 3-5 - AI1S1 H3roTOBI1eHHSI
H3AeI1H 1013 KOCTIOMHblX TKaHei:1.
IIIrl1bl He4eTHbiX HOMepOB AI1I-1H-
Hee, 4eM Hrl1bl 4eTHbiX HOMepOB.
4eM 60l1bWe HOMep, TeM TOl1l..L\e
I-1rl1a
3TO I-1HCTpYMeHT, npeAHa3Ha4eH-
Hbl AI1S1 paCKpoSI AeTal1e OAe>K-
Abl, OTpe3aHI-1S1 KOH40B HI-1TOK.
HO>KHH4bl AOI1>KHbl 3aKpblBaTbCSI
6e3 pe3Koro 3BYKa, a HX l1e3BI-1S1 -
XopOWO pe3aTb no Bcei:1 All 1-1 He
3TO K0l1na40K, BbmOI1HeHHbl
1-13 nl1aCTMaCCbl 1-111101 CTal1l-1,
nOKpbITO TOHKI-1M CI10eM Me,lJ,H
1-1111-1 aI1IOMHHI-1S1
11306po:JICeHue
3
\ /il
".-,,,
... 'I...'
a
;.:'>
17

1
CaHTHMeTpOBaSi
l1eHTa
JleKal1a
18
2
HanepCTOK npeAHa3Ha4eH
AI1S1 npeAOXpaHeHHSI nal1b4a
OT YKOl1a npH npOTal1KHBaHHH
Hrl1bl B TKaHb. Ero HaAeBalOT
Ha CpeAHH nal1e4 pa604e PYKH.
Ha nOBepXHOCTH HanepCTKa
HMelOTCSI yrl1y6l1eHHSI,
paCn0l10>KeHHble B WaXMaTHOM
nOpSiAKe, KOTOpble npenSlTCTBYIOT
COCKal1b3blBaHHIO Hrl1bl.
HanepCTOK nOA6HpalOT
COOTBeTCTBeHHO TOI1w,HHe
CpeAHerO nal1b4a pa604e PYKH
TaK, 4T06bl OH nl10THO OXBaTblBal1
nal1e4
3TO MSirKaSi l1eHTa C HaHeCeH-
HblMH Ha He CaHTHMeTpOBblMH
101 MHl1l1HMeTpOBblMH Ael1eHHSlMH.
AI1HHa l1eHTbl paBHa 150 CM.
npHMeHSIIOT ee AI1S1 CHSITHSI
MepOK C Q>HrYPbl 4el10BeKa,
H3MepeHHSI TKaHH 101 AeTal1e
H3AeI1HSI. npH H3MepeHHH l1eHTY
He Cl1eAyeT H311HWHe HaTSlrHBaTb
10111101 OCl1a611S1Tb
3TO AeTal1H H3AeI1HSI, Bblpe3aH-
Hble 1013 KapTOHa 10111101 nI10THO
6YMarH. npHMeHIOT AI1S1 HaHece-
HHSI KOHTpOl1bHblX 3HaKOB
HaTKaHH,I1HHHKapMaHO
Bb1Ta4eK, MrKHX CKl1aAOK 101 T. A.
flpOaO.IT:JfCeHUe ma6.IT. 1
3
,="'<
" . J.)
\"'- --
--",>-.;,-

\
,
-'"

"'j
-- b- _,k .

1
MaHeKeH
KOl1blweK
5YI1aBKH
2
3TO T04HOe BOCnpOH3BeAeHHe
>KeHCKO 10111101 MY>KCKO Q>HrYPbl
B HaTypal1bHYIO BeI1H4HHY.
IIICn0l1b3YlOT AI1S1 npHMepKH
OAe>KAbl KaK npH WHTbe,
TaK 101 B rOTOBOM BHAe.
T aK>Ke Ha MaHeKeHaX npOBepSiIOT
npaBHl1bHOCTb COeAHHeHHSI
AeTal1e
3TO KOCTSlHO, AepeBSlHHbl
10111101 MeTaI1I1H4eCKH CTep>KeHb
C 3aOCTpeHHbiM KOH40M.
npHMeHSIIOT AI1S1 BbmpaBl1eHHSI
yrl10B nOSlca, 6peTel1H,
BOpOTHHKa, neTel1b,
pa311H4HbiX Q>HrYPHbIX WBOB,
a TaK>Ke AI1S1 YAal1eHHSI HHTOK
3TO Hrl1bl C r0I10BKaMH.
\I1x HCn0l1b3YIOT AI1S1 CKal1blBaHHSI
AeTal1e B np04ecce CMeTbIBa-
HHSI. 5Yl1aBKH 6blBalOT AI1HHO
3-4 CM 101 pa3l1H4Ho TOI1W,HHbl,
HMelOT rol10BKH pa3Ho Q>OPMbl
101 pa3Mepa
npOaO.IT:J/CeHue m06.IT. 1
3
I
) ,
/*
.
n 1 ' 9 r T,
f.r..."..
19

1
p.
· 2
Pe3e4
3TO MeTaI1I1H4eCKH AHCK
C OCTpblMH 3y64aMH, npHKpen-
l1eHHbl K PYKOSlTKe. npHMeHSIIOT
AI1S1 nepeHeceHHSI I1HHH
101 3HaKOB C l1eKal1 1013 6YMarlo1
10111101 C AeTal1e 1013 TOHKHX TKaHe
Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOw.Io1e napHble
AeTal1101
nOpTHOBCKHe
Mel1KH
3TO He60l1bWHe TOHKHe
KYC04KIo1 Mella Tpeyrol1bHo 10111101
Kpyrl1o Q>OPMbl pa3HbiX 4BeTOB.
npHMeHSIIOT AI1S1 HaHeceHHSI
I1HHIo1 Ha TKaHb 10111101 APyro
MaTeplo1al1 BO BpeMSI paCKpoSI
101 npHMepKH. AI1S1 n0l1Y4eHHSI
TOHKHX I1HHH KpaSi Mel1KOB
3aTa4101 BalOT
-.
flpOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 4
OKOH'IOHUe m06.IT. 1
3
" 

'"
3HaKOMCTBO C MHcTpYMeHTaMM M npMcnoco6neHMAMM,
npMMeHAeMblMM npM BblnOnHeHMM PY'fHbIX pa60T
1. n0l1b3YJlCb Ta6m1Le 1, Bbl6epI-I I-IHCTpYMeHTbl 1-1 npl-lcnoco6-
l1eHI-IJI, Heo6xo,lJ,I-IMble ,lJ,I1J1 BblnOI1HeHI-IJI PY4HbiX pa6oT.
2. 3an0l1HI-I Ta6111-14Y B pa604e TeTpa,lJ,l-I.
J1HcmpYMeHmbl
a.ITR f3blnO.ITHeHUR PY'IHblX p060m
npucnOC06.ITeHUR
a.ITR f3b1nO.ITHeHUR PY'IHblX p060m
20

----.l- PYI./Hble p060mbl, p060l./ee MeCmO, npOBUnbHOR nOCOaKO, uHcmpy-
MeHmbl U npucnOC06neHUR.
-? - 1. KaKI-1e npaBI-1lla 6e30nacHoro TpYAa Heo6xOAI-1MO C061llOAaTb
npI-1 BbInOIlHeHI-11-1 PY4HbiX pa6oT? 2. 4TO npI-1HJlTO Ha3blBaTb pa6o-
41-1M MecToM? 3. KaKI-1e 1-1 HCTpYMeHTbl I-1CnOllb3YIOT AIlJl BbInOIl-
HeHI-1J1 PY4HbiX pa6oT? 4.4TO OTHOCI-1TCJI K npI-1cnOC06IleHI-1J1M AIlJl
BbInOIlHeHI-1J1 PY4HbiX pa6oT?
 4. TeXHOJIOTHH BhlnOJIHeHHH PyqHhIX pa60T
QTo6bI TeXHOJIOrJPleCKI1 npaBI1JIbHO Ha3bIBaTb 11 BbInOJI-
HHTb pHbIe pa60TbI, H}')KHO 03HaKOMI1TbCH C COOTBeTCTByroru;eM
TepMI1HOJIOrl1eM (Ta61l. 2).
Ta6nMa 2. TepMHH0l10rHSI PY4HbiX pa60T
T epMUH cOaepJ/CoHue p060mbl flpuMeHeHue
CMeTaTb BpeMeHHo coeAHHHTb ABe HI1H He- CMeTaTb 4aCTH nOSlca,
CKOl1bKO AeTal1e no HaMe4eHHbiM 4aCTH 060PKH, AeTal1H
I1HHHSlM 10111101 KonHpOBal1bHblM H3Ael1HSI
CTp04KaM npSlMblMH CTe>KKaMH
HaMeTaTb BpeMeHHo coeAHHHTb ABe AeTaI1H, HaMeTaTb KapMaH
Hal10>KeHHble OAHa Ha APyrylO, Ha OCHOBHYIO AeTal1b
npSlMblMH CTe>KKaMH
npHMeTaTb CoeAHHHTb Mel1KYIO AeTal1b npHMeTaTb 06Ta4KY
C KpynHo 10111101 HeOCHOBHYIO K HarpYAHHKY Q>apTYKa
AeTal1b C OCHOBHO C 6peTel1S1MH
3aMeTaTb BpeMeHHo 3aKpenHTb nOAorHYTbie 3aMeTaTb HH3 H3AeI1HSI,
KpaSi AeTaI1H, CKl1aAKH 60KoBbie cpe3bl
101 CKl1aAKH
npHWHTb npHKpenHTb Q>YPHHTYPY, OTAel1KY npHWHTb KHonKH,
Ha H3Ael1He CTe>KKaMH nOCTOSlH- KpI04KH,
Horo Ha3Ha4eHHSI nyroBH4bl K H3Ael1HIO
21

,ZJ;eTaJIl1 113.n;eJII1H COe.n;I1HHIOT Me:>K.n;y C060M BpHYIO C no-
MOIIJ;blO CTe:>KKOB 11 CTpOqeK.
CmpOI./KO - 3TO pH,ZI; nOBTOpHIOIIJ;I1XCH CTe:>KKOB Ha TKaHI1.
Cme:JICOK - 3TO qaCTb CTPOqKI1 Me}K,lJ;)' .n;B}'MH rrpOKOJIaMl1l1rJIbI
Ha JII1QeBOM CTOpOHe MaTepl1aJIa.
/l,nuHo Cme:JICKO - 3TO paCCTOHHl1e Me}K,lJ;)' HaqaJIOM 11 KOHQOM
CTe:>KKa, OHO paBHO CYMMe ,ZJ;JII1H HI1TKI1I1 npOMe:>K}'TKa Me}K,lJ;)' npOKO-
JIaMI1 I1rJIbI Ha JII1QeBOM CTOpOHe MaTepl1aJIa.
ITpI1113rOTOBJIeHI1I111IBeMHblX 113.n;eJII1M rrpl1MeHHIOT pa3JII1Q-
Hble pHble CTe:>KKI1I1 CTPOQKI1 (Ta611. 3).
,l.I;JIH BbIllOJIHeHI1H pHbIX CTpOQeK BpeMeHHoro Ha3HaQeHI1H
I1CnOJIb3}'1OT HI1TKI1 KOHTpacTHbIe no QBery K I1cnOJIb3yeMoM TKaHI1.
BUabl
cmeJ/CKof3
1
npSlMble
22
Ta6nMa 3. BHAbl PY4HbiX CTe>KKOB 101 CTp04eK
BUabl
CmpO'leK
11306poJ/CeHue
2
3
CMeT04HaSl,
3aMeT04HaSl,
BbIMeT04HaSl,
HaMeT04, HaSi
crp04KH AIlS!
06pa30BaHHSI
C60pOK.
--'..:- ---
KonHpOBal1bHaSI
flpUMeHeHue
4
AI1S1 BpeMeHHoro
coeAHHeHHSI AeTal1e
OAe>KAbl (cMeTblBaHHe
6peTel1e, 3aMeTblBaHHe
HH3a H3AeI1HSI). AI1HHa
CTe>KKOB 7-15 MM. HHT-
KH X110n4aT06YMa>KHble
N!1 50, 60.
'/
/
AI1S1 nepeHeceHHSI
I1HHH C OAHO AeTal1H
Ha APyrylO (nepeHece-
HHe I1HHH pacn0I10>Ke-
HHSI KapMaHa, HH3a
H3AeI1HSI). AI1HHa CTe>K-
KOB 7-10 MM. BblCOTa
neTI1H 5-10 MM. HHTKH
X110n4aT06YMa>KHble
N!1 50,60

1
2
3
neTel1bHble
06MeT04HaSi
I
./
i 1 f;'...: ,
lI fii.";"' I J .I "i l 'J , ' >
/' . ", ' <" ffJ J
III.
"
..
.. ..
neTl1e-
06pa3Hbie
J
.
OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 3
..
4
,lJ,11S1 06pa60TKH npope-
3101 neT 11101 10111101 cpe30B
. AeTal1H C 4el1blO
npeAoxpaHeHHSI HX OT
OCblnaHHSI. BblnOI1HSlIOT
CTe>KKH Ha paCCTOSlHHH
3-5 MM OT cpe3a
C 4acToTo 6-10 CTe>K-
KOB B 1 CM XI10n4aTO-
6YMa>KHbIMH HHTKaMH
B 4BeT TKaHH. KpoMe
npope3Hbix neTel1b npH-
MeHSlIOT 101 B03AywHble.
IIIx MO>KHO pacnOl1araTb
no KpalO H3Ael1HSI
10111101 oTcTynHB OT Hero
,lJ,11S1 npHWHBaHHSI
nyroBH4. nyro BH 4bl
npHMeHSIIOT He TOl1bKO
AI1S1 3aCTerHBaHHSI
H3AeI1HSI, HO 101 AI1S1
OTAeI1KH. OHH AOI1>KHbl
C04eTaTbCSI C 4BeTOM
OCHOBHO TKaHH. npH-
WHBalOT nyroBH4bl
XI10n4aT06YMa>KH blM 101
HHTKaMH N!! 50, 60,
CI10>KeHHbIMH BABoe
Tpe6oBaHHR, npeAbRBnReMble K BbmonHeHHIO PYLfHblX pa60T
1. MeJIOBbIe JIHHI1H nepeBo'zlHT C O.n;HOH .n;eT<um Ha .n;pyryro,
npOKJIa.n:bIBaH KOnHpOBaJIbHbIe CTPOqKH.
2. QBeT HHTOK .n;JI.H BbIllOJIHeHH.H CTpOqeK BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha-
qeHH.H .n;OJDKeH OTJIHqaTbC.H OT IJ;BeTa coe.n;HH.HeMbIX .n;eTaJIeH.
23

3. CMeThlBaIOT ,l{eTaJIH no KOnHpOBaJIhHhIM CTpOqKaM HJIH Me-
JIOBhIM JIHHHHM. IIocJIe cMcrbIBaHHIl HHTKH KOnHpOBaJIhHhIX CTpO-
qeK y.n;aJIIlIOT.
4. HHTI<}' 3aKpenJIIlIOT B HaqaJIe H B KOHIJ;e CTPOqKH: B Haqa-
JIe - C nOMOm;hIO }'3eJIKa Ha KOHIJ;e HHTKH, B KOHIJ;e - .n;B}'MIl-TpeMIl
CTe)I(KaMH O.n;HOH MHHhI.
5. QBeT HHTOK, npHMeHIleMhIx MIl CTpOqeK nOCTOIlHHoro
Ha3HaqeHlliI, .n;OJI:>KeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTh IJ;BeT}' TKaHH.
6. OT.n;eJIKy Ha H3.n;eJIHe npHIIIHBaIOT HIITKaMH B IJ;BeT OT.n;eJIKH.
7. I1yrOBHIJ;hI co CKB03HhIMH OTBepCTHIlMH npHIIIHBaIOT HHT-
KaMI1 B U;BeT rryrOBHU;. I1yrOBHU;hI co CTOHKOH npHIIIHBaIOT HHTKa-
MH B U;BeT TKaHH.
-.
flpOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo JIg 5
BblnOnHeHMe PY'IHbIX CTe)l(KOB M CTp0'leK
MomepUO.llbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: ceMb AeTal1eH 1013 XJlOn4aTo6y-
MHOH TKaHIo1 pa3MepOM 10x10 CM 101 OAHa pa3MepOM
10x5 CM, OAHa nyroBIo14a C ABYMJI OTBepCTIo1J1MIo1Io1 OAHa - C 4e-
TblpbMJI, JlIo1HeHKa, pY4HaJl Io1rJla, HIo1TKIo1, HO>KHIo14bl, Y4e6HIo1K.
BblnOJlHIo1 pY4Hbie onepa41011o1, YKa3aHHbie B Ta6Jllo14e 4.
Ta6nM4a 4. TeXH0I10n1S1 BblnOI1HeHIo1S1
PY4HbiX onepa4101
H03f3aHue flOC.lTeaof3ame.ITbHOCmb /1306poJICeHUe
onepolJ,UU f3b1nO.ITHeHUR
1 2 3
CMeTblBaHlo1e C110>K101 ABe AeTal1lo1, paBHble
no Bell 1014101 He, 111014eBblMIo1 I
CTOpOHaMIo1 BHYTPb. YPOBHSI I
I
cpe3bllo1 np0l10>K101 CTP04KY npSl- I
MblMIo1 CTe>KKaMIo1 Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101
1 CM OT cpe30B
24

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 4
1 I 2 I 3
-- -- -
3aMeTbiBaHIo1e nOAOrHIo1 cpe3 AeTa11101 Ha 1 CM
101 np0l10>K101 CTP04KY npSlMblMIo1
I CTe>KKaMIo1 Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 5 MM
OT crlo16a
HaMeTblBaHlo1e CoeAIo1HIo1 MeHbWYIO AeTal1b,
HaI10>KeHHYIO 1013HaHo4Ho I
CTOpOHO Ha 111014eBYIO CTOPOHY I
6011bWe AeTal1lo1, npSlMblMIo1
CTe>KKaMIo1 Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 5 MM
OT cpe30B
nepeHOC I1Io1HIo1Io1 C110>K101 ABe AeTal1101111o14eBblMH l
BbIKPOKIo1 KO- CTOpOHaMIo1 BHYTPb, YPOBHSI
nlo1pOBal1bHblMIo1 cpe3bl. no HaMe4eHHo I1Io1HIo1Io1 r-'"
CTp04KaMIo1 np0l10>K101 npSlMble CTe>KKIo1, He 3a-
TSlrlo1BaSi Io1X, a OCTaBI1S1S1 neTel1bKIo1
BbICOTO 0,5-1 CM. Pa3BepHIo1
AeTa11101 TaK, 4To6bl HIo1TKIo1 CTe>KKOB
HaTSlHYI1Io1Cb, 101 pa3pe>Kb Io1X
nocepeAIo1He Me>K,D,Y ABYMSI
cpe3aMIo1 AeTal1e
nplo1WIo1BaHlo1e n004epeAHO np101110>K1o1 nyroBIo14bl
K 111014eBO CTopOHe AeTa11101 0)
101 nplo1we Io1X
'..-
t/ CmeJICOK, CmpOI./KO, a.ITUHO CmeJICKO.
-? - 1. 4TO Ha3blBalOT CTe>KKoM? 2. 4TO Ha3blBalOT CTp04KOH? 3. )J.Jlfl
4ero npHMeHfllOT npfiMble CTe>KKH? 4. )J.Jlfl 4ero npHMeHfllOT ne-
TeJlbHble cre>KKH? 5. KaKHe Tpe60BaHHfI npeAbflBJlfllOT K BblnOJl-
HeHHIO PY4HbIX pa6oT?
25

h OCHOBbI MamHHOBe)];eHH.H
OCHOBHOll BM.n; TeXHOJlOrUqeCKOrO o6opy.n;OBaHM.H ,ZJ;JI.H M3rO-
TOBJIeHM.H nIBellHbIX M3.n;eJlMll - nIBellHaH MaIIIMHa. Y.n;06HaH, Ha.n;e)I(-
HaH IIIBellHaH MalIIMHa - BepHaH IIOMOHMIJ;a Ha .n;OJlrMe rO.n;bI. Eho
MO)I(eT 6bITb M CaMaH IIpOCTaH 6a6yrnKMHa MaIIIMHa, BbIIIOJlH.HIOaH
TOJlbKO IIP.HM}'IO CTPUqK}', M COBpeMeHHaH C IIpOrpaMMHbIM yrrpaBJle-
HMeM, KOTOpaH C IIOMOblO KOMIIblOTepa MO)I(eT BbIrrOJlHHTb MHO)I(e-
CTBO CJlO)I(HblX IIIBellHblX OIIepaIJ;Mll.
TBOM YCIIeXM B IIIMTbe BO MHO rOM 3aBMC.HT OT Toro, HaCKOJlb-
KO XOpOIIIO TbI HayqMlIIbC.H IIOJlb30BaTbC.H IIIBellHOll MaIIIMHOll.
 5. HCTOpH.H C03,lJ;aHH.H mBeHHOH MamHHhI
fIepBbIll IIpoeKT MalIIMHbI ,ZJ;JI.H rrOIIIMBa o.n;e)I(.n;bI IIpe,ZJ;JIO)I(MJI
B KOHIJ;e xv BeKa JIeoHap.n;o .n;a BMHqM. B 1755 ro.n;y HeMeIJ; KapJl
Bell3eHTaJIb M306peJl IIIBellH}'lO MaIIIMII}', B KOTOpOll MCIIOJlb30Ba-
JlaCb MrJla C yrnKOM IIocepe.n;MHe. Eha MalIIMHa KOIIMpOBaJIa rrpMHIJ;Mrr
pyqHoro o6pa30BaHM.H CTe)I(KOB. B 1808 ro.n;y aHrJlUqaHMH .n;. fIMpM
M306peJl MalIIMII}' ,ZJ;JIH IIopTHoro, B OCHOBe pa60TbI KOTOpOll TO)I(e
Jle)I(aJI IIpMHIJ;MII IIO.ny'IeHM.H O.n;HOHMTUqHOrO JlerKopacrrycKalOe-
rool IJ;errHOrO CTe)I(Ka. 11 TOJlbKO B 1834 ro.n;y aMepMKaHeIJ; YOJlTep
XaHT M306peJl Mrll}' C yrnKOM Ha 3aocTpeHHoM KOHIJ;e M qeJlHUqHOe
YCTPOllCTBO. Ero MalIIMHa 6bIJla IIepBoll MalIIMHOll qeJlHOqHOrO
CTe)I(Ka, B KOTOpOll MCIIOJlb30BaJIMCb BepXH.H.H M HM)I(H.H.H HMTKM.
He.n;ocTaToK nOll MalIIMHbI 3aKJIIOqaJICH B TOM, qTO B Hell He 6bIJIO
MexaHM3Ma peryJlMpOBKM HaT.H)I(eHM.H HM)I(Hell HMTKM B qeJlHOqHOM
YCTpOllCTBe.
B 1844-1845 ro.n;ax .n;pyrOll aMepMKaHeIJ;, 9J1MaC Xoy, KOTOpO-
ro CqMTalOT OTIJ;OM IIIBellHblX MaIIIMH, MCrrOJlb3Y.H IIpMHIJ;MII pa60TbI
MalIIMHbI YOJlTepa XaHTa, c.n;eJlaJI B Hell p.H.n; YCOBeplIIeHCTBOBaHMll
M C03.n;aJI cTa6MJlbHO pa60TalO IIIBellH}'lO MalIIMII}' qeJlHOqHOrO
CTe)I(Ka. EM}' y.n;aJIOCb IIO.ny'IMTb IIaTeHT Ha HOByro MaIIIMII}', M BCKope
6bIJIO M3rOTOBJIeHO ee HeCKOJlbKO TaKMX IIIBellHbIX MaIIIMH, Ka1K.n;aH
M3 KOTOpbIX 3aMeH.HJIa TPY.n; IUITM IIOpTHbIX.
26

B 30-5D-x ro.n;ax XIX BeKa B BeJII1K06pl1TaHIUI, CIlIA 11 <I>paH-
[(1111 6hIJIO noeHO CBhIllIe 30 naTeHTOB Ha llIBeMHhIe MallII1HhI.
KOHCTPYK[(lllI K<DK,ZJ;OM MaIIlliHhI I1MeJIa KaKI1e-JII160 ycoBepllIeHcTBo-
BaHI1H 11 HOBhIe 8JIeMeHThI.
IIIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI CTaJIl1 BhICTaBJIHThCH B M}'3e.HX 11 Ha BhI-
CTaBKaX, BhI3hIBaJI BocTopr 11 60JIhllIOM I1HTepec y ny6JII1KI1. HaKo-
He, B 1850-1851 ro.n;ax YCI1JII1HMI1 aMepl1KaHeB AneHa BI1JIhCOHa
11 oc06eHHo I1caaKa Meppl1Ta 311Hrepa llIBeMHaJI MallIl1Ha 6hIJIa
.n;OBe.n;eHa npaKTl1qeCKI1 .n;o cOBpeMeHHoro BI1.n;a.
I10MI1MO pyqHoro npl1Bo.n;a MallIl1HhI OCHaru;aJII1Ch HO)KHhIM
npI1Bo.n;oM, 6JIaro.n;apH qeM)' oCB060aJI11Ch PYKI1 nopTHoro. .n;JIH
Hl1)1(HeM HI1TKlI I1CnOJIh30BaJICH qeJIHOK co BCTpoeHHoM llInyJIhKOM
no Tl1ny qeJIHOKa XaHTa 11 Xoy.
113 CIlIA llIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI CTaJIM 3aB0311Th B EBpOny
11 A3111O, a C 1877 ro.n;a OHI1 nOHBl1JIl1Ch B HnOHI1I1. HaIl60JIhllIee pac-
npocTpaHeHl1e nOl1JIa 6hITOBaJI llIBeMHaJI MallIMHa I1caaKa 311H-
repa - MeXaHI1Ka 11 npOMhIIIIJIeHHI1Ka. OCHOBaB CBOIO 4mpM}' 11 yco-
BepllIeHcTBoBaB MallIl1H}' Xoy, 311Hrep C 1850 ro.n;a CTaJI BhInycKaTh
llIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI B 60JIhllII1X KOJIl1qeCTBax, 11 Be3.n;e OHI1 nOJIh30Ba-
JII1Ch 60JIhllII1M cnpocoM.
C 1870 ro.n;a y)l(e KpynHaJI aMepl1KaHCKaJI 4mpMa «3I1Hrep»
Haql1HaeT oTKphlBaTh CBOI1 4>I1JIl1aJIhI B pa3JII1QHhIX cTpaHax MI1-
pa, B TOM QI1CJIe 11 B POCCI1I1. TaK, B 1900 ro.n;y B no.n;MOCKOBHOM ro-
po.n;e I10.n;OJIhCKe 4>l1pMa «3I1Hrep» OCHOBaJIa 3aBO.n;, KOTOphIM ocy-
ll.\eCTBJIHJI C60PKY llIBeMHhIx MallIl1H 113 .n;eTaJIeM, .n;OCTaBJIHeMhIX
113-3a rpaHI1hI.
C03.n;aTeJII1 llIBeMHhIX MallIMH CTpeMl1JIl1Ch I1X npl1qy.n;JII1BO
YKpaCI1Th pm:YHKaMM 11 pe3h60M. I1epBhIe llIBeMHhIe MallIl1HhI Hano-
MI1HaJIl1 no CBoeM 4>opMe, Hanpl1Mep, nl1CTOJIeT I1JII1 pY)KeMHhIM
npI1KJIa.n;. MallIl1Ha CQI1TaJIaCh KpaCI1BOM, eCJII1 OHa 6hIJIa 60raTo
YKpameHa, 04>opMJIeHa JII1ThIM opHaMeHToM 11 MMeJIa KOMn031111-
OHHoe pellIeHl1e C eHTpoM B cepe.n;I1He 8Toro opHaMeHTa.
B HaQaJIe XX BeKa BOIIIJIa B MO.n;y TaK Ha3hIBaeMaJI 6yrhIJIOQ-
HaJI 4>opMa PYKaBa 6hITOBhIX llIBeMHhIX MallIMH. 3Ta 4>opMa B COQe-
TaHMI1 C .n;eKopaTI1BHhIM JII1ThIM CTOJIOM 6hIJIa BBe.n;eHa 4>l1pMOM
«3MHrep» 11 OKa3aJIaCh HaCTOJIhKO pa110HaJIhHOM M COBepllIeHHOM,
27

qTO O CI1X nop COXpaHI1JIaCh B pHe CTpaH B npocTei1.l1Il1X npHMO-
CTPOqHhIX MallIl1Hax, YKpallIeHHaJI Pa3JII1QHhIMI1 eKOpaTI1BHhIMI1
opHaMeHTaMI1. Ha pHCYHKe 10 nOKa3aHhI npl1MephI aHHoro KOMno-
311QI10HHOrO pellIeHI1H B llIBei1.HhIx MallIl1HaX paHHI1X BhInyCKOB.
..:",/

, r \'
,
l  ,
,\ '
 -
.  
..,IL- -. ""N" - .
': . ,.
I
"
t,' .'. 'J
'I. :
/

(r-
l .
'... \
".I' \
. '
.....
-_....
..:-- .-
-  ;._- .:.:
--
- 
",""
,
..
\
t
t
\
:!- .....
a .
:4
",
..... a..'

." ...- -
' , ., ;. ''iII J '
\); lVfrr,rl.e: I I .
\ .' Jl'l,l (
J'''''''i'''...' .
, ....A..J
--
..
PMC. 10. WBei:1Hble MaWI-1Hbl cpl-1pMbl «3I-1Hrep) paHHI-1X BblnYCKOB
XXI BeK CTaBI1T nepe llIBei1.HhIMI1 MallIl1HaMI1 cBepXBhICOKl1e
Tpe6oBaHI1H. EOJIhllIe Bcex 9TI1M Tpe6oBaHI1HM OTBeQaIOT HOBhIe Ma-
1lII1HhI C nporpaMMHhIM ynpaBJIeHl1eM. «PaKTI1QeCKI1 9TO He rrpOCTO
llIBei1.HaJI MallIl1Ha, a MallII1Ha-KOMrrhIOTep, KOTOpaJI llIheT, BhIllIl1Ba-
eT, COCTaBJUleT pI1C)'HKI1, nOMoraeT rrOJIh30BaTeJIIO ynpaBJIHTh eIO.
.,. 1. KTO npe,[J,110>KHI1 npoeKT nepBoi:1 wBei:1Hoi:1 MawHHbl? 2. KTO
101 B KaKOM ro,[J,Y H306pel1 MaWHHY, B KOTOpOi:1 HCn0l1b30Bal1HCb
BepXHfIfi 101 HH>KHfIfi HHTKH? 3. 4eM OTI1H4alOTCfI no BHeWHeMY
BH,[J,Y MaWHHbl nepBblX BbmYCKOB OT cOBpeMeHHblx?
28

 6. EbITOBaH IDBeHHaH MamHHa
IIIBeMHbIe MaIIII1HbI 6bIBalOT npOMbIIIVIeHHbIe 116bITOBbIe. ITo-
3HaKOMI1MCH 60JIee nO,ll;p06HO C 6bITOBbIMI1 IIIBeMHbIMI1 MaIIII1HaMI1.
6blmoBbie wBeUHble MOWUHbl pa3Hoo6pa3HbI no CBoeM KOHCT-
PYKQI1I1, TeXHI1QeCKI1M B03MO:>KHOCT.HM 11 BHeIIIHeM}' BII,lI;)'. Ho IIX YCT-
pOMCTBO, HaJIa,z:t;Ka II npaBMJIa 8Kcn1l}'aTaQIIII IIMelOT MHoro o6:ru:ero.
EbITOBbIe IIIBeMHbIeMaIIIIIHbInpe.ll;Ha3HaQeHbI.lI;JIH CTaQI1BaHII.H
TKaHeM, 06MeTbIBaHM.H neTeJIb II cpe30B ,lI;eTaJIeM, BbITIOJIHeHII.H ,lI;eKO-
paTI1BHbIX CTpOQeK, a TaIOKe ,lI;JIH BbIIIIIIBaHII.H II IIITonKII. OCHOBHbIe
,lI;eTaJIlI 6bITOBOM IIIBeMHOM MaIIIIIHbI 1I306pa:>KeHbI Ha pHCYHKe 11.
8
7
6
5
9
10
11
--,
12
13
-14
15
16
--.....-
.:::::x:.' ,
J
; 
-
2
----
---.......
1 ----
PMC. 11. ,lJ,eTaI1 wBeHo MaWHbl:
1 - 3aAB>KHaSI nl1aCTHa; 2 - 4el1H04HOe YCTPOCTBO; 3 - l1anKa np-
>KMHaSI; 4 - ABraTel1b MaTepaI1a; 5 - HTenpTSlrBaTel1b; 6 - H-
TeHanpaBTel1b; 7 - PYKaB; 8 - CTep>KeHb AIlSI KaTYWK; 9 - MOTaI1Ka;
10 - MaXOBoe KOl1eCO; 11 - PY4K YCTaHoBK  peryl1pOBaHSI
3r3aroo6pa3Hblx cTpo4eK; 12 - pbl4ar o6paTHoro xOAa; 13 - PY4Ka
perYI1S1TOpa AI1Hbl CTe>KKa; 14 - cToHKa PYKaBa; 15- nl1aTCpOpMa;
16 - HTeHanpaBTel1b
29

IIIBeihl}'IO MalInul}' MO)KHO rrpHBeCTH B .lI.BH)KeHHe C rrOMO-
bIO pa3JIHqHbIX rrpHBo,n;OB.
BMAbl npMBOAOB WBeMHOM MaWMHbl
EbITOBbIe IIIBellHbIe MaIIIHHbI 6bIBaIOT C pyqHbIM (pHC. 12, a),
HO)KHbIM (pHC. 12, 6) H 8JIeKTpHQeCKHM (pHC. 12,8) rrpHBO.ll.aMH.
Bce cOBpeMeHHbIe 6bIToBbIe IIIBellHbIe MaIIIHHbI OCHaeHbI
8JIeKTpHQeCKHM rrpHBo,n;oM.
3JIeKTpOrrpHBO.ll. COCTOHT H3 .lI.BYX OCHOBHbIX QaCTeH: 8JIeKTpO-
.lI.BHraTeJIH 1 H rre,n;aJIH 2 (pHC. 12, 8). 3JIeKTpO.ll.BHraTeJIb KperrHTcH
K IIIBellHoll MaIIIHHe. I1e,n;aJIb YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Ha rro.ny B Y.lI.06HOM
MeCTe. I1YCK 8JIeKTpOrrpHBO.ll.a rrpOH3BO.ll.HTCH Ha,lI,aBJIHBaHHeM HO-
rOM Ha KpbIIIIK}' rre.ll.aJIH. CKOpOCTb rrpOKJIa,lI,bIBaHHH MaIIIHHHoH
CTPOQI(H 3aBHCHT OT CHJIbI HIDKaTHH Ha rre.ll.aJIb: QeM CHJIbHee .lI.aBJIe-
HHe Ha rre.ll.aJIb, TeM 60JIbIIIe CKOpOCTb. I1pH oTrrycKaHHH rre.ll.aJIH OHa
B03BpaeTCH B Hcxo,n;Hoe rrOJIO)KeHHe, 11 CKOpOCTb BpaeHHH
}'MeHbIIIaeTCH ,n;o rrOJIHOH OCTaHOBKH MaIIIHHbI.
------ .,
I .;\
.r)
'---" ,.

-.
a 6- 8
1
2
PHC. 12. npHBOAbl wBeHHoH MaWHHbl:
a - PY4HO; 6 - HO>KHOH; 8 - 311eKTpH4ecKHH
30

-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 6
3HaKOMCTBO C 6bITOBOM wBeMHoM MawMHoM
Momepuonbl U 060pyaoBoHue: Y4e6HI-1K, wBeHa MaWI-1Ha, pa-
604a TeTpa,lJ,b.
1. n03HaKoMbc C Ha3BaHI-1eM AeTal1e WBeHO MaWI-1Hbl.
2. HaAI-1 Ha wBeHo MaWI-1He AeTal11-1, YKa3aHHbie Ha Pl-1CYH-
Ke 11, 1-1 BHI-1MaTel1bHO paCCMOTpl-1 I-1X.
3. Hanl-1wI-1 B pa604e TeTpaAI-1 Ha3BaHI-1 OCHOBHblX AeTal1e
WBeHO MaWI-1Hbl.
 5blm080R w8eUHOR MOWUHO, aemonu w8eUHOU MOWUHbl, npu80abl
w8eUHOU MOWUHbl.
-? - 1. .n.11 4ero npeAHa3Ha4eHbi 6blToBbie WBeHble MaWI-1Hbl? 2. Ha-
30BI-1 OCHOBHble AeTal11-1 wBeHo MaWI-1Hbl. 3. OT 4ero 3aBI-1CI-1T
CKOpOCTb npOKl1aAbIBaHI-1 MaWI-1HHO CTp04KI-1 Ha WBeHO Ma-
WI-1He C 3I1eKTpOnpl-1BOAoM?
 7 . TIoArOTOBKa K BbInOJIHeHHIO MamHHHbIX pa60T
IIepe,ZJ; TeM KaK rrpllcrynaTb K BbIIIOJIHeHlllO MallIllHHbIX pa-
60T, Heo6xo,ZJ;llMO CHaqaJIa 03HaKOMllTbC.H C rrpaBl11IaMll 6e30rrac-
Horo TpY,ZJ;a, a 3aTeM rrO,ZJ;rOTOBllTb llIBeihryro MallIllH}' K pa60Te.
.
-.
np08uno 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl
HO w8eUHOU MOWUHe
1. OnaCHOCTM B pa6oTe:
. nOBpe>K,D,eHI-1e nal1b4eB I-1rl1o;
. nonaAaHI-1e B0l10C 1-1111-1 KpaeB OAe>K,D,bl BO Bpal..L..l,alOl..L..I,I-1eC
4aCTI-1 WBeHO MaWI-1Hbl;
. nopa>+<eHI-1e 3I1eKTpl-14eCKI-1M TOKOM.
2. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb AO Ha'tana pa60Tbl:
. npOBepl-1Tb I-1CnpaBHocTb MaWI-1Hbl;
31

. npOBepHTb nepe)J, COe)J,HHeHHeM )J,eTalleH H3)J,ellHfI, He OCTa-
llHCb llH B HHX PY4Hafi Hrlla HllH 6YllaBKH.
3. Llero Henb3R AenaTb BO BpeMR pa60Tbl:
. YCTaHaBllHBaTb wnYllbHblH KOllna40K, 3anpaBllflTb BepXHlO1O
HHTKY npH pa60TalOw.eH MaWHHe;
. KllaCTb HO>KHH4bl H )J,pyrHe HHCTpYMeHTbl OKOllO Bpaw.a-
IOW.HXCfI 4aCTeH MaWHHbl;
. nepe)J,aBaTb HO>KHH4bl, H3)J,ellHe HllH )J,eTallH npH pa60TalO-
w.eH MaWHHe.
4. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOHLfaHMM pa60Tbl:
. BblKll104HTb MaWHHY;
. y6paTb pa604ee MeCTO.
Pa60Qee MeCTO ,n;JIH BbInOJIHeHHH MallIHHHbIX pa60T - 8TO
CTOJI, Ha KOTOpOM YCTaHOBJIeHa llIBe:HHaH MallIHHa H pa3JIO.>KeHbI He-
06Xo,n;HMbIe HHCTPYMeHTbI, npHcnoco6JIeHHH H ,n;e-raJIH llIBe:HHOrO
H3,n;eJIHH.
IIpH pa60Te Ha llIBe:HHO:H MallIHHe OQeHb BIDKHa npaBHJIbHaH
nOCa,z:t;Ka. CJIe,n;yeT CH,n;eTb npHMO, CJIerKa HaKJIOHHB KOpnyC H rOJIOBY
Bnepe,lJ, (pHC. 13).


/0' -Jti 11
f 
f"
..
:

a
6
PHC. 13. nOCaAKa npH pa60Te Ha wBei1Hoi1 MaWHHe:
0- npaBHl1bHaSl; 6 - HenpaBHl1bHaSi
32

PaCCTOHHMe OT rJIa3 )];0 06pa6aTbIBaeMOrO npe)];Me-ra )];OJDKHO
6bITb 30-40 CM. HeJIb3H 6JIM3KO HaKJIOHHTbCH K )];BM:IK)'llJ;MMCH qac-
THM MaIIIMHbI.
KMCTM PYK pacnOJIaralOT Ha nJIaT<popMe MalliMHbI, JIOKTII -
Ha O)];HOM ypOBHe co CTOJIOM (pHC. 14).
..
\j
>,
r
PHC. 14. npaBHl1bHOe n0110>KeHHe PYK npH pa60Te Ha wBei1Hoi1 MaWHHe
Bo BpeMH pa60TbI Ha lliBe:H.HOM MalliMHe pa60qee MeCTO
)];OJDKHO 6bITb XOpOlliO OCBem;eHO. Ha CTOJIe )];OJDKHbI HaxO)];MTbCH
TOJIbKO 06pa6aTbIBaeMbIe )];eTaJIM, MHcTp}'MeHTbI M npMcnoc06JIe-
HMH, KOTopbIe H}'.>KHbI )];JIH BbInOJIHeHMH )];aHHOM TeXHOJIOrMqe-
CKOH onepaQMM, IIocJIe OKOHqaHMH pa60TbI He06xo)];MMO y6paTb
pa60qee MeCTO.
TIo.n;rOTOBKa mBeHHoH MamHHbI K pa60Te
QT06bI nO)];rOTOBMTb lliBeMII}'IO MalliMII}' K pa60Te, II}'.>KHO BbI-
nOJIHMTb HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe)];OBaTeJIbHbIX )];eMCTBMM (Ta611. 5).
7 TpYl-fnnnruu OT 1\ JCn
33

Ta6nHLla 5. nOAroTOBKa wBeHo MaWHHbl
C 311eKTponpHBOAOM K pa60Te
floc.lTeaoBome.ITbHOCmb noa20moBKU
11306po:JICeHue
1
2
1. nOAKI1104H MaWHHY
K 311eKTpoceTH
2. nOBepHH MaXOBoe KOl1eCO
Ha ce6S1 101 YCTaHOBH
HHTenpHTSlrHBaTel1b
101 HrJ10BOAHTel1b B KpaHee
BepXHee n0110>KeHHe
-
t
nOAHHMH l1anKY
34

1
3. nOCTaBb KaTYWKY C HIHKaMI-1
Ha KaTywe4Hbl CTep>KeHb
4. OTKpO 3aABI-1>KHYIO nl1aCTHHKY.
BblHb wnYl1bHbl K0l1na40K
1-1 BbITaw,H 1-13 Hero wnYl1bKY
5. nepeKI11041-1 MaWI-1HY
Ha X0I10CTO XOA
6. HaMOTa HeCKOl1bKO BHTKOB
HI-1TKI-1 Ha wnYl1bKY BPY4HYIO.
YCTaHOBI-1 wnYl1bKY Ha CTep>KeHb
MOTal1KI-1
7. 3anpaBb HI-1TKY 1-1 npl-1>KMI-1
wnYl1bKY AO ynopa. HaMOTa HI-1TKH
Ha wnYl1bKY, nl1aBHO Ha>KI-1MaSi
HOro Ha neAal1b
npOaO.ITJlCeHUe m06.IT. 5
2

..

35

1
8. BCTaBb wnYl1bKY C HaMoTaHHo
Hlo1TKO B wnYl1bHbl K0l1na40K
9. 3anpaBb Hlo1TKY B npope3b
wnYl1bHoro K0l1na4Ka 101 nOA
nl1aCTIo1H4aTYIO npY>KIo1HY, OCTaBIo1B
cB060AHbl KOHe4 AI1Io1HO 10 CM
10. BCTaBb wnYl1bHbl K0l1na40K
B 4el1H04HOe YCTPOCTBO
11. nepeKI1104101 Mawlo1Hy
Ha pa604101 XOA
36
flpOaO.IT:J/CeHue m06.IT. 5
2
'
JNJ
-=-
'-......

1
12. 3anpaBb BepXHlO1O HHTKY
13. npHAep>KHBaSi KOHe4 BepxHe
HHTKH l1eBO PYKO, nOBepHH
npaBo MaXOBoe KOl1eCO Ha ce6S1
raK, 4T06bl Hrl1a onYCTHl1aCb BHH3
101 3aXBaTHI1a 4el1H04HYIO HHTKY
14. 3anpaBb ABe HHTKH nOA l1anKY
OKOHI./OHUe mo6.IT. 5
2
,
 
---------
37

TIpe)l()I;e qeM rrpllcrynllTb K BbIrrOJIHeHlllO MaIIIllHHbIX pa6oT,
03HaKOMbCH C TepMllHOJIOrllell, KOTOp)'lO llCrrOJIb3)'1OT )l;JIH 0603Ha-
qeHllH COOTBeTCTB)'IOIlX MaIIIllHHbIX Orrepan;llll (Ta611. 6).
Ta6mn"a 6. TepMHH0l10rHSI MaWHHHblX pa60T
TepMUH C08epJ/CoHue po60mbl flpuMeHeHue
CTa4aTb CoeAHHHTb AeTaI1H, npHMepHO CTa4aTb 4aCTH nOSlca,
paBHble no BeI1H4HHe, CTp04KaMH 4aCTH 060PKH
nOCTOSlHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI
no HaMe4eHHbiM I1HHHSlM
06ra4aTb CoeAHHHTb ABe AeTal1H 06Ta4aTb HarpYAHHK,
C nOCl1eAYtoUJ,HM BblBeprblBaHH- 6perel1H
eM HX Ha I1H4eBYto cropOHY
npHra4aTb CoeAHHHTb Mel1KHe AeTal1H npHTa4arb HarpYAHHK,
C KpynHblMH crp04KaMH nOSlc,060PKY
nocroSlHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI
Hacrp04HTb np0110>KHTb CTP04KY npH Hacrp04HTb HaKl1aAHble
HaI10>KeHHH OAHO AeTal1H KapMaHbl
Ha APyryto AI1S1 HX coeAHHeHHSI
3acrp04HTb np0110>KHTb CTP04KY AI1S1 3aCTp04HTb HH3
3aKpenl1eHHSI nOAorHYToro H3AeI1H
KpaSi AeraJ1l.1 10111101 H3Ael1HSI
38

-.
.. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 7
BblnOnHeHMe MaWMHHblX cTpoLieK
MomepUOJ7bl l 060pyaoBoHue: WBeHaJi MaWHHa, ,D,Be ,D,eTaJ1H
H3 XJ10n4aTo6YMa>KHO TKaHH pa3MepOM 15 x 20 CM, J1HHeKa,
HHTKH, HO>KHH4bl, pa604aJl TeTpa,D,b.
1. nO,D,rOTOBb wBeHYIO MaWHHY K pa6oTe.
2. Ha CI10>KeHHbIX BMeCTe ,D,eTaJ1J1X BblnOJ1HH MaWHHHble CTp04KH,
KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe 15.
3. CTp04KH 1 H 3 BblnOJ1HH AJ1HHO CTe>KKa 4 MM.
4. CTP04KY 2 BblnOJ1HH ,D,J1HHO CTe>KKa 3 MM.
/........ /'.... .............
...... .......... ......... .............  / ..........
...... ..........  ..... ..........
1 ............. .....---.
2 -, ,-, -' .....
..... ...... ............... ...... .....
"'- '- "
3 -------------------------------------------------
PMC. 15. BI-1Abl MaWI-1HHblX CTp04eK
 MOwuHHble p060mbl, wnY.lTbKO, wnY.lTbHblU KO.ITnOI./OK, IO.ITOCmOu
U p060l./uu IOa MOWUHbl.
-? - 1. Ha30BH npaBHJ1a 6e30nacHoro TpY,D,a, KOTopble Heo6xo,D,HMO
C06J1IO,D,aTb npH BblnOJ1HeHHH MaWHHHblX pa6oT. 2. KaK opraHH-
30BaTb pa604ee MeCTO ,D,J1J1 pa60Tbi Ha wBeHo MawHHe? 3. Ka-
KOBa nOCJ1e,D,OBaTeJ1bHOCTb nO,D,roToBKH K pa60Te wBeHo Ma-
WHHbl C 3J1eKTpOnpHBO,D,OM?
39

 . BH.ZJ;bI MamHHHbI:' mBOB
WoB - 9TO MeCTO COe,1:(I1HeHI1.H ,1:(BYX I1JII1 HeCKOJIbKI1X CJIOeB
TKaHI1 CTPOqKOH. IIlBbI MOIyr 6bITb pa3JII1QHOH 1lIl1pl1HbI.
WUPUHO wBo - 9TO paCCTO.HHl1e OT CTPOQKI1 ,1:(0 cpe3a I1JII1 crl1-
6a ,1:(eTaJIeH.
Bl1,lI;bI MallIl1HHbIX llIBOB ,1:(aHbI B Ta611H4e 7.
Ta6nHL&a 7. BHAbl MaWHHHblX WBOB
H03BoHue rpOcpUl./eCKOe YC.lTOBHOe npuMeHeHue
wBo u306poJICeHUe 0603HOl./eHUe
1 2 3 4
CTa4Ho ,lJ,11S1 COeAJ.1HeHHSI
Bpa3YTIO>KKY .. OCHOBHblX AeTal1e
.. .. --3E::....- H3AeI1HSI, a TaK>Ke
... " MeI1KJ.1X AeTal1e
Me>KAY c060
CTa4Ho ,lJ,11S1 CTa4HBaHJ.1S1
B3aYTIO>KKY 1I AeTal1e nOSlca,
.5L 060pKH.
WJ.1pJ.1Ha WBa -
7-10 MM
HaKl1aAHO I ,lJ,11S1 HaCTpa4J.1-
C OTKpbITbIMJ.1 " I +-- BaHHSI TeCbMbl
Cpe3aMJ.1 If Ha OCHOBHYIO
. AeTal1b J.13AeI1HSI
J.1 Mel1KHe AeTal1J.1.
npJ.1 3TOM CTp04KH
. - AOI1>KHbl npoxo-
i I .:t::::t. AJ.1Tb OT KpaSi
I I
till I I TeCbMbl
I I Ha paCCTOSlHJ.1J.1
I I 1-2 MM
I - - -
40

OKOHI./OHUe mo6.IT. 7
1 2 3 4
HaKl1aAHO I AI1S1 HaCTpa4HBaHHSI
C 3aKpblTbiM I  HaKl1aAHblX KapMa-
cpe30M I HOB Ha OCHOBHYIO
.. I AeTal1b. PaCCTOSl-
I
HHe OT nOAOrHYTOrO
KpaSi AO CTp04KH -
no MOAel1H
BnOArl-16KY I AI1S1 o6pa6oTKH
C 3aKpblTbiM I ..$ KpaeB AeTal1e.
I
cpe30M I , WI-1pHHa WBa -
I 1-2 MM
I OT nepBoro nOArH6a
-
Tpe6oBaHMJI, npeA'bJlBnJleMble K BbmonHeHMIO
MaWMHHblX pa60T
1. Bce BH)'TpeHHl1e MallIl1HHbIe CTPOQKI1 BbIIIOJIHHIOT HI1TKaMI1
B It;BeT TKaHI1.
2. IIocJIe BbIIIOJIHeHI1H MallIl1HHbIX pa60T HI1TKI1 Bcex Bpe-
MeHHbIX CTpOQeK (cMeTblBaHI1H, HaMeTblBaHl1H M T. .) YaJIHIOT.
flpoKmul./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 8
BbmonHeHHe MaWHHHblX WBOB
Momepuoflbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl, 060pyaoBoHue: 9 AeTaJ1e 1013 xl1on-
4aT06YMa>KHO TKaHH pa3MepOM 10x10 CM, PY4Ha Io1rJla, IlHHei:1Ka,
HIo1TKIo1, HO>KHIo1L1,bl, WBeHa MaWIo1Ha, Y4e6HIo1K, pa604a TeTpa,o,b.
BblnOI1HH WBbl, YKa3aHHbie B Ta61llo1L1,e 7.
 W08, WUPUHO w80.
-?- 1. 4TO Ha3blBalOT WBOM? 2. rAe nplo1MeHIOT WOB BnOArH6KY C 3a-
KpblTblM cpe30M, HaKlla,o,HO WOB C 3aKpblTbiM cpe30M? 3. KaKHe
Tpe60BaHIo1 npeAbBIlIOT K BblnOIlHeHHIO MaWHHHblX pa6oT?
41

h BJIIDKHO-TenJIOBbIe pa60TbI
 9. 3HaqeHHe BJIa)KHO-TellJIOBOH o6pa6oTKH
OT rrpaBlUIbHoro BbIIIOJIHeHllH orrepan;UH BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBOll
o6pa6oTKll 3aBllCHT KaqeCrnO, BHellIHllll Bll)J; II <popMa ll3.u;eJIllH.
BfloJfCHo-menfloBoR o6p06omKO IlIBellHbIX ll3.u;eJIllll (B TO) 3aKJIlOqaeT-
CH B o6pa6oTKe .u;eTaJIelllUIll ll3.u;eJIllH BJIarOll, TerrJIOM II .u;aBJIeHlleM
C rrOMOn:t;blO Crren;llaJIbHOrO o6opy.u;oBaHllH (yrlOr, oTrrapllBaTeJIb, rra-
pOB03.ZJ:yllIHbIll MaHeKeH, }'TIO)I(lUIbHaJI .u;ocKa). IIocpe.u;cTBoM BJIIDK-
HO-TeIIJIOBOll o6pa6oTKll YCTpaHHIOT 3aMllHbI TKaHll, }'MeHb1lI31OT
TOJIn:t;llH}' KpaeB o6pa6oTaHHbIX .u;eTaJIell, rrpll)J;alOT H}')I(H}'IO <p0pM}'
roTOBOM}' ll3.u;eJIlllO II T. .u;. B .u;OMaIlIHllX YCJIOBllHX OCHOBHbIM o6opy-
.u;OBaHlleM MH BbIIIOJIHeHllH BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBbIX pa60T C.lI}')I(llT yrlOr
II }'TIO)I(lUIbHaJI .u;OCKa. B lIIBellHOll rrpOMbIllIJIeHHOCTll llCrrOJIb3yroT
.u;orrOJIHllTeJIbHOe o6opy.u;oBaHlle - rrapoBo3HMe MaHeKeHM,
oTrrapllBaTeJIll II rrpeccM. Orrepan;llll BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBOll o6pa6oTKll
.u;eTaJIellll 1I3.u;eJIllll pa3.u;eJIHIOT Ha rrpOMeOqHbIe II OKOHqaTeJIb-
HbIe. OKOHqaTeJIbHbIe BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBbIe orrepan;llll BbIrrOJIHHIOT
B rOTOBOM ll3.u;eJIllll. B 3aBllCllMOCTll OT crroco6a HarpeBa pa3JIllQalOT
}'TIOrll 8JIeKTpllQeCKlle, rrapoBbIe II 8JIeKTpOrrapoBbIe. YTlOrll Pa3JIll-
Q310T rro Becy (OT l.u;o 5 Kr), pa3MepaM II MOn:t;HOCTll.
CJIe.u;yeT rrOMHllTb, QTO rrpM BbIrrOJIHeHllll BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOBOll
o6pa6oTKll Heo6xo.u;llMO C06JIIO.u;aTb rrpaBlUIa 6e30rraCHOll pa60TbI.
.
.
flp08uflO 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl npu 8blnOflHeHUU BTO
1. OnaCHOCTM BO BpeMSI pa60Tbl:
. B03ropaHHe wHypa;
· O>KOrH: napOM, 0 nOAOWBY YTiora 101 OT B03ropaHHSI wHypa;
. nOpa>KeHHe 3J1eKTpH4eCKHM TOKOM.
2. 4TO HY*HO CAenaTb AO Ha'lana pa60Tbl:
. npOBepHTb HcnpaBHOCTb YTiora, wHypa 101 Kopnyca BHJ1KH,
4HCTOTY nOAOWBbl YTiora;
. nOCTaBHTb perYJ1S1TOp YTiora Ha TeMnepaTYPY, COOTBeTCTBY-
IOW,YIO o6pa6aTbiBaeMoH TKaHH;
42

. npI-1rOTOBI-1Tb npOYTlO>KI-1l1bHI-1K 1-1 nYl1bBepI-13aTOp;
. npOBepl-1Tb Hanl-141-1e pe31-1HOBOrO KOBpl-1Ka.
3. LITO HY>KHO AenaTb BO BpeMR pa60Tbl:
. BblnOI1HRTb Bl1a>KHO-TenI10BYIO o6pa6oTKY CTOR Ha pe31-1HO-
BOM KOBpl-1Ke;
. BKJl104aTb 1-1 BblKI1104aTb YTlOr CYXI-1MI-1 PYKaMI-1, 6paTbCR npl-1
3TOM 3a Kopnyc BI-1I1KI-1, a He 3a WHYP;
. CTaBI-1Tb YTlOr Ha cneLll-1al1bHYIO nOACTaBKY;
. Cl1eAI-1Tb 3a TeM, 4T06bl WHYP He nepeKpY41-1Bal1CR 1-1 He Ka-
canCR nOAOWBbl yrlOra 1-1 yrlOr He neperpeBanCR;
. I-1Cn0l1b30BaTb AJ1R YBl1a>KHeHI-1R TKaHI-1 nYl1bBepl-13aTOp.
4. LITO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOH'IaHMM pa60Tbl:
. BbIKJ11041-1Tb YTlOr;
. nOCTaBI-1Tb ero Ha cneLll-1al1bHYIO nOACTaBKY.
 B.lTOj/CHo-men.IT080R 06p060mKO.
-?- 1. B 4eM 3aKI1104aeTCR Bl1a>KHO-TenI10BaR o6pa6oTKa WBeHHblX
I-13Ael11-1H? 2. nepe41-1CI11-1 npaBI-1l1a 6e30nacHoH pa60Tbi npl-1 Bbl-
nOI1HeHI-11-1 BTO.
 1 O. OprauH3aIJ;HJI pa6oQero MeCTa
,lVI.H BhlnOJIHeHHJI BJIa)KHO-TellJIOBhIX pa60T
Pa60Ql1M MeCTOM .n;JUI BbIIIOJIHeHI1.H BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa-
60TKI1 .HBJI.HeTC.H CKJIa,zI;HOH Y3KI1H CTOJI - ymlO:JfCU/lbHGR aOCKO.
BhlnOJIHeHHe BTO
Orrepau;1111 rrpl1 BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa6oTKe BbIIIOJIH.HIOT
CTO.H. fIpl1 3TOM paCCTO.HHl1e OT o6pa6aTbIBaeMoro 113.n;eJII1.H.n;o rJIa3
.n;OJDKHO 6bITb 35-45 CM (pHC. 16). Pa60Qee MeCTO .n;OJIJKHO 6bITb xo-
pOlliO OCBeeHO.
fIpeJK,ZJ;e QeM rrpl1cT}'lII1Tb K BJIaJKHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa6oTKe .n;e-
TaJII1I1JII1I13,lJ,eJIHH, Heo6xo.n;I1MO rrpOBepl1Tb HarpeB yrlOra Ha JIocK}'-
Te TOM TKaHI1, KOTOpyro lI}'JKHO yrlOJKI1Tb.
43

t"
'l "
.,
..-:;.'
.
.

PMC. 16. BbmOI1HeHe BI1a>KHO-TenI10BO o6pa6oTK
T eMnepomypo H02pe80 nOaOWBbl ymlO20 6Y,lJ,eT pa3HoM ,lJ,JUI TKa-
HeM 113 pa3JII1QHbIX BOJIOKOH: ,lJ,JIH XJIorrQaTo6YMIDKHbIX 11 JIbHHHbIX -
180- 200°C; llIeJIKOBbIX I1llIepCTHHbIX - He BbIllIe 150°C; CI1HTeTI1-
QeCKI1X - He BbIllIe 100°C.
QTo6bI rrpaBl1.JIbHO BbIIIOJIHHTb BJIIDKHO-TerrJIOB)'IO o6pa6oTl<y
,lJ,eTaJIeM I1JII1 113,lJ,eJIHH, CJIe.n.yeT 03HaKOMI1TbCH C cooTBeTcTBYIoeM
TepMI1HOJIOrl1eM (Ta611. 8).
Ta6nM4a 8. T epMH0I10rSI BTO
T epMUH COaepJICOHUe p060mbl flpuMeHeHue
1 2 , 3
npYTlO>KTb YMeHbwTb TOI1W.Hy WBa npYTIO>KTb KapMaHbl,
11 KpaSi AeTal1 6peTel1, H3 3Ael1SI
3aYTIO>KTb OTorHYTb npnycK Ha WOB, 3aYTIO>KTb CKl1aAK,
CKl1aAK B OAHY CTOPOHY npHnycK Ha WOB
101 3aKpenTb HX B TaKOM
nOI10>KeH
44

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 8
1 2 3
Pa3YTIO>KTb Pa3110>KTb npnycK WBa 11 Pa3YTIO>KTb cTa4Ho
CKl1aAK B pa3Hbie CTOpOHbl  3a- WOB nOSlca, 060pK
KpenTb X B TaKOM nOI10>KeH
AeKaTpOBaTb 06pa6oTaTb TKaHb napOM AeKaTpOBaTb TKaHb
AI1S1 npeAoTBpaw.eHSI nepeA paCKpoeM
ee nOCl1eAYIOw.e ycaAK
OTYTIO>KTb y Aal1Tb 3aMHbl Ha rOTOBOM OTYTIO>KTb roToBoe
3Ael1, BbmOI1HTb OKOH4a- 3Ael1e
Tel1bHYIO BTO
Tpe6oBaHMR, npeA'bRBnReMble K BbmonHeHMIO
Bna>KHO-TennOBbIX pa60T
1. fIocJIe BbIIIOJIHeHI1H KOH MallIl1HHOH OnepaIJ;I1H o6pa-
60TaHHbIH yqaCTOK ,lJ,eTaJIl1 I1JII1 113,lJ,eJII1H }'BJIIDKHHIOT 11 yrlO:>KaT
,lJ,O nOJIHorO BbICbIXaHI1H TKaHI1.
2. ,l(eTaJIH I1JII1 113,lJ,eJIl1e YTIO:>KaT no HanpaBJIeHl110 ,lJ,OJIe-
BOH HI1TH.
3. fIpl1 BbIIIOJIHeHl111 BTO o6pa6aTbIBaeMbIH yqaCTOK ,lJ,eTaJIl1
I1JII1113,lJ,eJIIDI pacnOJIaralOT 6JII1:>Ke K pa6oTalOeM}'.
4. He ,lJ,OIrycKaTb ,lJ,e<l>eKToB BTO - 3aMI1HOB, paCTIDKeHI1H
TKaHI1I1 T. ,lJ,.
 YmlOJlCU.lTbHOR aOCKO, meMnepomypo H02pe80 ym1020.
-? - 1. KaKoe paCCTORHHe AOI1>KHO 6blTb OT o6pa6aTbiBaeMoro H3Ae-
I1HR AO rl1a3? 2. Ha30BI-1 npaBI-1l1a 6e30nacHo pa6oTbl, KOTopble
Heo6xOAI-1MO co6111OAaTb npl-1 BbmOI1HeHI-11-1 Bl1a>KHO-TenI10BO
o6pa6oTKH. 3. KaKI-1e Tpe6oBaHI-1R npeAbRBI1RIOT K BbmOI1HeHI-11O
BTO?
45

TeXHOJlOrH.H H3rOTOBJleHH.H
lliBeHHOrO H3)J;eJlH.H ($apTYKa)
IlIllTb cJIeeT HaqllHaTb C Hall60JIee IIpOCTbIX ll3,ZI;eJIllH, IIO-
CTelIeHHO rrepeXO,ZJ;H K 60JIee CJIO)I(HbIM. MbI II03HaKOMllMCH C TeXHO-
JIOrlleH ll3roTOBJIeHllH cpapT}'Ka.
IIpll BbIlIOJIHeHllll ,ZI;OMaIIlHeH pa60TbI CJIeeT Ha,ZJ;eBaTb cpap-
T}'K. Ha3HaqeHlle cpapT}'Ka - IIpe,ZI;OXpaHHTb O,ZI;e)I( OT 3arpH3He-
HllH. ct>apT}'Kll 6bIBalOT Ha IIOHCe II C HarpY,ZI;HllKOM. B cpapT}'Ke C Ha-
rpY,ZI;HllKOM y.n;06HO pa60TaTb Ha KyXHe. MaJIeHbKllH, OT,ZI;eJIaHHbIH
KpY)I(eBOM cpapT}'K MO)I(HO Ha,ZJ;eTb II rrOBepX HapH,ZI;HOrO IIJIaThSI,
KOr,ZI;a B O)I(H,ZJ;aHllll rOCTeH HaKpbIBaelilb Ha CTOJI. B cpapT}'Ke JII060H
MO,ZI;eJIll MO)I(HO BbIIIOJIHlITb HaKJIa,ZJ;Hble KapMaHbl.
,lVrH IIOlIlllBa cpapT}'KOB llCIIOJII>3YIOT B OCHOBHOM XJIOlIqaTo6y-
MaJKHbIe II JIbHHHble TKaHll - rJIa,ZJ;KOKpalIleHble II C pllC}'HKOM.
OT,ZI;eJIKa cpapT}'KOB MO)I(eT 6bITb CaMOH pa3HOo6pa3HOH:
TeCbMa, KpY)I(eBO, IIllITbe, BbIlIlllBKa, alIrrJIllKaIJ;llH, TKaHb ,ZI;pyroro
IJ;BeTa, OT,ZI;eJIOqHble ,ZI;eTaJIll, 060pKll.
IIpe,ZJ;JIaraeM ,ZI;Ba BapllaHTa ll3rOTOBJIeHillI cpapT}'Ka: Ha IIOHCe
II C Harpy.n;HllKOM. ,lI,JIH BbIIIOJIHeHllH TBOpqeCKOrO IIpOeKTa Te6e He-
06XO,ZI;llMO BbI6paTb O,ZI;H}' IIOHpaBllBrnylOcH MO,ZI;eJIb.
 11. CIUITHe MepOK JVI.H nOCTpOeHH.H
qepTe.>Ka BbIKpOHKH
QTo6bI ClIlllTb JII060e ll3,ZI;eJIlle, Heo6xo,ZI;llMO llMeTb ero
BbIKpOHK}'.
IICXO,ZI;HbIMll ,ZI;aHHbIMll ,ZJ;JIH IIOCTpoeHllH qepTe)I(a BbIKpOHKll
HBJIHIOTCH MepKU. CHRmue MepOK - orrpe,ZI;eJIeHlle pa3MepOB cpllrypbI
qeJIOBeKa rryreM ero ll3MepeHllH IIO KOHCTPYKTllBHbIM JIllHllHM (JIll-
Hllll lIlell, JIllHllll rpY,ZI;ll, JIllHllll TaJIllll, JIllHllll 6e,ZI;ep).
MepKll CHllMalOT IIpll rrOMOll caHTllMeTpOBOH JIeHTbI C qe-
JIOBeKa, CTOHero IIpHMO, B eCTeCTBeHHOH II03e, C oeHHbIMll
BHll3 PYKam (plle. 17). CaHTllMeTpoBYIO JIeHT}' IIpll 9TOM He oCJIa6-
JIHIOT II He HaTHrllBaIOT. IIepe,ZI; CHHTlleM MepOK Heo6xo,ZI;llMO TOqHO
46

nUHUR HU30
nUHUR monuu
nUHUR 6eaep
PMC. 17. CHSlTlo1e MepOK AI1S1 nOCTpoeHIo1S1 4epTe>Ka cjJapTYKa
orrpe.n;eJIHTb JIHHHIO TaJIHH. ,l(.ilS! :'noro TaJIHIO rrepeB.H3bIBaIOT Y3KHM
rrO.SlCOM IUIH TecbMoM. 3aTeM rrpHcT}'IIaIOT K H3MepeHHIO. MepKH
CHHMaIOT C rrpaBoM CTOpOHbI cpHrypbI, rrpH aTOM MepKH ,lVIHHbI
3arrHCblBaIOT rrOJIHOCTbIO, a 06XBaTOB (OKpy:a(HOCTeM) TaJIHH H 6e-
.n;ep - B rrOJIOBHHHOM pa3Mepe (rrO.1l}'o6XBaT), TaK KaK qepTe)l( CTpO-
.SIT Ha rrOJIOBHH)' cpHrypbl. K3)K,lJ;a.H MepKa HMeeT CBoe 0603HaqeHHe
(Ta611. 9).
Ta6nMLI,a 9. MepKH AI1S1 nOCTpoeHHSI 4epTe>Ka cjJapTYKa
H0380Hue 0603HOl./eHUe Mecmo H03HOl./eHUe
MepKU MepKU U3MepeHUR MepKU
1 2 3 4
1. nOl1yo6xBaT C T 1113MepSleTcSI ,lJ,11S1 pac4e-
rail 101101 ropH30HTal1bHO BOKpyr Ta AI1HHbl
Tall 101101 nOSica
47

OKOHI.{OHUe ma6.IT. 9
1 2 3 4
2. nOl1y06xBaT C 6 1113MepSleTcSI ropH30HTal1b- AI1S1 pac4e-
6eAep HO BOKpyr 6eAep, C3aAH Ta WHpHHbl
no HaH60l1ee BblcTynalO- Q>apTYKa
W,HM T04KaM SlrOAH4, cne-
peAH C Y4eToM BblcTyna
>KHBOTa
3. AI1HHa AI-! 1113MepSleTcSI cnepeAH OT AI1S1 onpe-
H3Ael1HSI I1HHHH Tal1HH 4epe3 Bbl- Ael1eHHSI
cTynalOw,ylO T04KY >KHBOTa AI1HHbl
AO >Kel1aeMO AI1HHbl Q>apTYKa
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 9
CHRTMe MepOK
Momepuoflbl U UHcmpYMeHmbl: caHTHMeTpOBaJI l1eHTa, Y4e6HHK,
pa604aJl TeTpa)J,b, TeCbMa HI1H TOHKHH nOJlc )J,11J1 cpHKca4HH I1HHHH
TaI1HH.
1. CHJlTb C ce6J1 MepKH caMOCTOJlTel1bHO 04eHb CI10>KHO. n03TOMY
nonpOCH O)J,HOKl1aCCHH4Y CHJlTb C Te6J1 MepKH, Heo6xo)J,HMble )J,11J1
nOCTpOeHHJI 4epTe>Ka cpapTYKa.
2. 3ano11HH HH>KeCl1e)J,YIOw,ylO Ta611H4Y B pa604ei:! TeTpa)J,H.
H03BoHue MepKU 0603HOl./eHUe MepKU Pe3Y.ITbmombl u3MepeHuu
---tt- MepKu, CHRmue MepOK.
-? - 1. ,D,11J1 4ero CHHMalOT MepKH? 2. KaK npaBHl1bHO CHJlTb MepKH?
3. n04eMY MepKH )J,I1HHbl 3anHCblBalOT nOI1HOCTblO, a o6xBaToB -
B nOI1OBHHHOM pa3Mepe? 4. KaKHe MepKH Heo6xo)J,HMbl )J,11J1 no-
CTpoeHHJI 4epTe>Ka cpapT)'Ka?
48

 12. KOHCTpynpoBaHHe H MOAeJIHpOBaHHe
KOHcmpyupoBoHue - 3TO nOCTpoeHlle qepTe)l(a BbIKpOllKll
1I3,ZJ;eJIll.H.
MOaeflupoBaHue - 3TO npou;ecc 1I3MeHeHIl.H qepTe)l(a BbIKpOll-
Kll B COOTBeTCTBllll C BbI6paHHOll MO,ZJ;eJIbIO.
MOaeflb - 06pa3eu; 113,ZJ;eJIll.H, C03,ZJ;aBaeMbIll XY,ZJ;O)l(HllKaMll,
MO,ZJ;eJIbepaMll, KOHCTpYKTopaMll.
OmtCaHMe MOAenM. cI>apT}'K,lVl.H ,ZJ;eBOqKll (pa3Mep 158-80) 113
XJIOnqaT06YMaJKHOll TKaHll np.HMOll cpOpMbI CO c60pKaMll no JIllHllll
TaJIllll 11 60JIbllIllM HaKJIa,z:J;HbIM KapMaHOM nocepe,ZJ;IlHe (pHC. 18).
BepxHllll cpe3 OCHOBHOll ,ZJ;eTaJIll cpapryKa 06pa60TaH npllTaqHbIM
nO.HCOM C 3aB.H3blBaIOIlMIlC.H KOHu;aMll, Hll)I(Hllll 11 60KoBbIe -
IDBOM Bno,ZJ;rll6Ky C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M.
QT06bI CllIllTb cpapT}'K, He06xo,ZJ;IlMO llMeTb ero BbIKpOllKy,
no KOTOpOll paCKpaIfBaIOT TKaHb; a ,lVl.H no.nyqeHll.H BbIKpOllKll
CTpO.HT qepTe)l(. BbIllOJIHeHlle qepTe)l(a cpapT}'Ka - HeCJIO)l(HaJI pa-
60Ta, O,ZJ;HaKO OHa Tpe6yeT onpe,ZJ;eJIeHHOll nOCJIe,ZJ;OBaTeJIbHOCTll no-
CTpoeHlliI (pHC. 19; Ta611. 10).
cI>apT}'K MO,ZJ;eJIllpyroT Ha OCHOBe nocTpoeHHoro qepTe)l(a.
Ha pHCYHKe 20 nOKa3aHbI pa3JIllqHbIe BapllaHTbI MO,ZJ;eJIllpOBaHll.H
OCHOBHOll ,ZJ;eTaJIll cpapryKa, a Ha pHCYHKe 21 - BapllaHTbI MO,ZJ;eJIllpO-
1

J:3 ,
l/ J
-
PMC. 18. Q>apTYK Ha nOSice
T 1 T
K 2 K
K3 K 1
H 1 H
n 3 I 8 : n
n 2 I\):n
1
PMC. 19. nOCTpOeHl-1e BbIKpo.:1KI-1 cpapTYKa Ha nOSice
49

BaHII.H KapMaHa. K BbI6paHHOMY BapMaHry OCHOBHOM ,lJ,eTaJIM
cpapTYKa rrO,lJ,6MpaIOT KapMaH Orrpe,lJ,eJIeHHOM cpOpMbI.
Ta6nM...-a 10. nOCTpoeHHe 4epTe>Ka <t>apTYKa Ha nOSlce
(pa3Mep 158-80)
H03(3oHue ompe3KO Pocl./em flocmpoeHue
1. JlHHHSI Tal1HH - B T04 Ke T nOCTpOHTb npSl MOH yrol1
2. JlHHHSI HH3a .D.j.1 = 30 CM OT T04KH TBHH30TI10>KHTb
Bel1H4HHY MepKH .D.j.1
H nOCTaBHTb T04KY H
3. WHpHHa C 6 = 40 CM OT T04eK TH HOTI10>KHTb
<t>apTYKa C 6 : 2 + 6 = Bl1eBO n0l1Y4eHHYIO Bel1H4HHY
= 40 : 2 + 6 = H nOCTaBHTb T04KH T 1 H H 1 .
= 26 CM COe,D,HHHTb T04KH T 1 H H 1 npSlMoH
I1HHHeH. nOCTpOHTb
npSlMoyrOl1bHHK THH 1 T 1
4. MeCTO pacnol1o- nOCTOSlHHaSi Or T04KH T OTI10>KHTb BHH3 6 CM
>KeHHSI KapMaHa Bel1H4HHa H nOCTaBHTb T04KY K Or T04KH K
BHH30TI10>KHTb 14 CM H nOCTaBHTb
T04KY K 1 . Or T04eK KH K 1 BI1eBO
OTI10>KHTb 10 CM, npOBeCTH npSlMble
H nOCTaBHTb T04KH K 2 H K3.
COe,D,HHHTb T04KH K 2 H K3
u u
npSlMoH I1HHHeH
5. WHpHHa nOSlca 6 CM OT T04KH nOTI10>KHTb
BHH3 WHPHHY nOSlca 6 CM.
nOCTaBHTb T04 KY n 1
6. )J.I1HHa nOSlca C T = 30 CM OT T04KH n 1 OTI10>KHTb
C X 2 + 20 = Bl1eBO ,D,I1HHY nOSlca 80 CM
T
= 30x2+20 = H nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrOl1bHHK
= 80 CM n 1 n 2 n 3 n
50

r
/
'f'
nl r+_ . t=
I  w =t . . .. '. .. . .: . \
1 .
-.. '
:_.;j;  :::-;-1l
J -
-" 
;::- -.
PMC. 20. MOAem1poBaHIo1e OCHOBHO
AeTallH cpapTYKa
PMC. 21. MOAel1lo1pOBaHHe KapMaHa
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo}lg 10
KOHCTPYMpOBaHMe tl>apTYKa
Momepuoflbl l uHcmpYMeHmbl U npucnoc06fleHuR: m1HeKa 3aKpo-
w.Ka, yro/lbHK, KapaHp,aw, /laCTK, }'4e6HK, pa604afl TeTpap,b.
nO/lb3YflCb Ta6/lu.e 10, nocTpo B pa604e TeTpap, YMeHbweH-
Hbl 4epTe>K cpapTYKa no CBOM MepKaM. .Q/lfl 3TOro BOCnO/lb3Y-
'1 JI!"I!II'"nl"'''''''I'''I!I'I!II''''II''''I'I
; G 
"....IJIIOC:IM --c;;;..;;"'--"" l"-1
-I"; ..I:" '"  'ei._ :tl
'! 1= =1 c J:i I t:i  ../11... tf
'H"£AlfA SAlt' .... MKA
..... N (\') oct V)  .....fa; OJ  ::  ,il i  I("!!    re  I
5.] 'M""''''''''''''''''
U2eSaUggHaaua68L95hE1 0
. , d I LoA I 1..4.L I I I 1 I I j I ! I I ,i I I , j I I , . IIIodI.J
PMC. 22. JlIo1HeiiKa 3aKpow.HKa
51

C I1HHeHKOH 3aKpOHllI.HKa (pHC. 22). .lJ,JlHHa I1HHeHKH 3aKpOHllI.H-
Ka MO>KeT 6bITb pa3HoH: 25 CM, 30 CM, 40 CM.
-.
flpOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo JIg 11
MOAenMpOBaHMe 4>apTYKa
Momepuoflbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl U npucnoco6fleHuR: I1HHeHKa,
yrOl1bHHK, KapaHAaw, JlaCTHK, Y4e6HHK, pa604a TeTpaAb.
BblnOI1HH B pa604eH TeTpaAH MOAel1HpOBaHHe cpapTYKa
(pHC. 23-25) B COOTBeTCTBHH C Bbl6paHHoH MOAel1blO, Hcn0l1b3Y
n0l1Y4eHHblH 4epTe>K BbIKpOHKH.
Ompe-
30mb
J

J
I
PMC. 23. BblnOI1HeHl-1e
MOJJ,el1l-1pOBaHI-1S1
OCHOBHO
JJ,eTaJlI-1 cpapTYKa
PMc.24.Bbln0I1HeHl-1e
MOJJ,el1l-1pOBaHI-1S1
KapMaHa
PMC. 25. BblKpol:1Ka
cpapTYKa
(l1eKaI1o)
-4- KOHcmpyupo80Hue, MOaeflupo80Hue, MOaeflb.
-1 - 1. 4TO Ha3bIBaIOT KOHCTPYHpoBaHHeM? 2. 4TO TaKoe MOAeI1HpO-
BaHHe? 3. 4TO Ha3blBalOT MOAel1blO?
52

 13. TeXHOJIOrH.H H3rOTOBJIeHH.H
4>apTyxa Ha nO.Hce
TIpe)K,Zl;e qeM npllCT}'IIIITb K nOllIllBY <pap'I)'Ka, Heo6xo,ll;IIMO
BbInOJIHIITb HeCKOJIbKO nOCJIe,ll;OBaTeJIbHbIX onepaQUH.
llOArOTOBKa BbIKpOHKH K paCKpolO
1. TIO,ll;nIlIIIII Ha3BaHII.H ,lI;eTaJIeM: <pap'I)'Ka.
2. YKaJKlI CTpeJIKOH HarrpaBJIeHlle ,lI;OJIeBOH HIlTIl.
3. HanllIIIII BeJIlIqllHbI npllrrycKoB Ha IIIBbI (QII<PPaMll B KPY-
.>KOqKe) :
OCHOBHaJI J];eTaJIh cl>apTYKa:
no HIDKHeMy II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM - 15 MM;
no BepxHeMy cpe3Y - 10 MM;
KapMan:
no HIDKHeMy II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM - 15 MM;
no BepxHeMy cpe3Y - 10 MM;
DOJlC:
no BceM Cpe3aM - 10 MM.
4. OTMeTb IIITpIlXlI}'HKTllpHOH JIIIHlIeM: cepe,ll;lIl1)' ,lI;eTaJIeH.
lloArOTOBKa TKaHH K pacKpolO
1. Onpe,ll;eJIII MlIlI)' II IIIIIPllll)' TKaHIl. I1cxo,ll;.H 1I3 ::)Toro pac-
CqIITaH pacxo,ll; TKaHIl Ha MO,ll;eJIb.
2. Bbl.HBIl ,lI;e<peKTbI TKaHIl (c nOMObIO yqIlTeJI.H).
3. Onpe,ll;eJIII JIIIQeB}'IO II 1I3HaHOqH)'IO CTOpOHbI TKaHIl.
4.0npe,ll;eJIII HanpaBJIeHlle ,lI;OJIeBOM: HIlTIl B TKaHIl (HIlTIl
OCHOBbI).
5. TIpO,ll;eKaTlIpyi1: TKaHb.
53

PaCKJIa,n;Ka .n;eT3JIeH BbIKpOHKH Ha TKaHH
H paCKpOH
1. CJIO)J(11 TKaHb IIOIIOJIaM, JII1:QeBOll CTOpOHOll BH)'Tpb, IIO P;O-
JIeBOll HI1TI1.
2. Pa3JIO)J(M p;eTaJIl1 BbIKpOllKI1 Ha TKaHI1, YQI1TbIBaJI 0603Ha-
QeHl1e p;OJIeBOll HI1TI1 Ha BbIKpollKax 11 HaIIpaBJIeHl1e p;OJIeBOll HI1-
TI1 B TKaHI1. (CHaQaJIa paCKJIap;bIBalOT KpYIIHble p;eTaJIl1, a 3aTeM -
MeJIKl1e. )
3. IIpl1KOJII1 p;eTaJII1 BbIKpOllKI1 6YJIaBKaMI1 K TKaHI1.
4. 06Bep;11 KOHT}'PbI p;eTaJIell BbIKpOllKI1.
5. OTJIO)J(11 IIpl1l1}'CKI1 Ha llIBbI COrJIaCHO II. 3 IIop;rOTOBKI1 BbI-
KpOllKI1 K pacKpolO Ha c. 53.
6. HaMeTb MeCTO paCIIOJIo)J(eHI1H KapMaHa.
7. PaCKpOI1 4>apT}'K.
8. OTKOJII1 p;eTaJII1 BbIKpOllKI1 OT BbIpe3aHHblx p;eTaJIell KpOH.
CKOJII1 p;eTaJIl1 KpOH 6YJIaBKaMI1.
Ilemanu KpOR - 8TO p;eTaJIl1, 113 KOTOpbIX COCTOI1T 4>apT}'K,
BbIKpoeHHble 113 TKaHI1 C IIpl1l1}'CKaMI1 Ha llIBbI (pHC. 26).
I
[JJ
2
1
 -----------  ----  -- :
3
PMC. 26. ,lJ,eTaJlH KpOJ'l 4>apTYKa Ha nOJ'lce:
1 - OCHOBHaJ'l AeTaJlb 4>apTYKa;
2 - KapMaH;
3 - noJ'lc;
 - HanpaBl1eHHe AOl1eBOH HHTH.
54

TeXUOJlOrH'IeCKaJI nOCJle,ll;OBaTeJlbHOCTb
H3rOTOBJleHH.H cjJapT}'Ka Ha nO.HCe
1. IIo,n;roToBb ,n;eTaJIll KpOH K CMeTbIBaHlllO (Ta611. 11).
2. 06pa6oTaM HaKJIa,lI;HOM KapMaH (Ta611. 12).
3. Coe,n;IlHll KapMaH C OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIblO <papTYKa (Ta611. 13).
4. 06pa6oTaM Hll)KHllM H 6oKoBbIe cpe3bI <papTYKa (Ta611. 14).
5. 06pa6oTaM BepxHllM cpe3 <papTYKa (C60pKll) (pHC. 27,28).
6. 06pa6oTaM nOHC (Ta611. 15).
7. 06pa6oTaM BepxHllM cpe3 <papTYKa npll'ra'IHbIM nOHCOM,
(Ta611. 16).
Ta6ml4a 11. nOAroToBKa AeTaJ1e KpOSI K CMeTblBaHHIO
nOC.lTeaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl J1306poJICeHUe
1 2
1. npol10>KH KonHpOBal1bHble CTp04KH ., - - - -
no 60KOBO I1I1HI1I1 I1I1HHI1H nOArl16KI1 ;1 .
OCHOBHO AeTal1H Q>apTYKa ''<f' .A. '''\
.' . . -
. I
. , '<
2. nepeHeCI1 MeCTO pacn0l10>KeHHSI KapMaHa ( , '.
-I, .:
Ha APyrylO CTOPOHY AeTal1H C nOMOUJ,blO .: AAAAA
< I
KOnl1pOBal1bHblX CTp04eK d
<I___-e.-....._-
< 1\ A A. A A /I. /1.-" '" A
3. YAal111 6Yl1aBKI1. Pa3ABI1Hb AeTal1b TaK, ( ,
4T06bl HI1TKI1 CTe>KKOB HaTSlHYI1I1Cb, pa3pe>Kb (
(
I1X nocepeAI1He Me>KAY ABYMSI Cpe3aMI1 . <A.A.AAJ\,
. ", . ,
.
AeTa1111 ( (
( . '
I .:  <
. A.n..n.A.A","
.
J
'. ,
I -
'I '
"''\.AAI\.....AI\'''AA.
.: -
I.
55

1
4. HaMeTb MeI10BO I1HHHeH cepeAHHY
Q>apTYKa Ha H3HaH04HOH CTopOHe AeTal1H
5. np0110>KH npSlMblMH CTe>KKaMH
I1HHHIO cepeAHHbl Q>apTYKa.
,lJ,I1HHa CTe>KKOB - 15-20 MM
6. np0110>KH KonHpOBal1bHble CTp04KH
no 60KOBO I1HHHH, I1HHHH HH3a KapMaHa
101 no BepxHe I1HHHH KapMaHa
7. Pa3ABHHb AeTal1b KapMaHa TaK, 4T06bl
HHTKH CTe>KKOB HaTSlHYI1HCb, 101 pa3pe>Kb HX
nocepeAHHe Me>KAY ABYMSI cpe3aMH AeTal1H
8. Ha H3HaH04HO CTopOHe KapMaHa
HaMeTb Mel10M I1HHHIO cepeAHHbl KapMaHa
I;! np0l10>K1;! no He npSlMble CTe>KKH.
,lJ,I1HHa CTe>KKOB - 10-15 MM
56
OKOH'IOHUe mo6.IT. 11
2
. - r  .
:;--i--
t ,
1',- -,  1
, ! '
'<;. _ _ -_ .. _ _ -c..'
!
r .
'- - - - - - - - .{ -' - ;% - - .'- ...?"-_I
<.
<.A.AAAAiA.

1."01
.I\..,t\.AAA

Ta6nHLI,a 12. 06pa6!>TKa HaKl1aAHoro KapMaHa
nOCJ1eaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl
1
1. neperHIo1 nplo1nYCK Ha 06pa60TKY BepxHero
Kpa KapMaHa no HaMe4eHHO I1Io1HIo1Io1
Ha 111014eBYlO CTOPOHY 101 nplo1YTIO>Kb
2. nOABepHIo1 nplo1nYCK BepxHero cpe3a
Ha 10 MM 101 3aYTIO>Kb
3. CMeTa 101 06Ta4a yrl1bl KapMaHa
Ha Bel110141o1HY nplo1nYCKa no 60KOBbiM
cpe3aM KapMaHa no np0110>KeHHb1M
PY4HbIM CTp04KaM
4. Y Aal1lo1 HIo1TKIo1 cMeT04Ho CTp04KIo1,
BblBepHIo1 06pa60TaHHbl nplo1nYCK BepxHero
cpe3a KapMaHa Ha 1013HaH04HYlO CTOPOHY,
BbmpaBb yrol1KIo1 KapMaHa KOl1blWKOM
J1306poJICeHUe
2
#"
J: I
-
... 
..
..
.. . .. "-
.. " I- "
" "
.. .. \

... ..
.. .. ... ...'

.;-- .1
, "
;;; " I " ..
... ... ':;
... I. ... ,
,.
;;;  I.. ... \
 .. t&
...
- ...
. " .. ... "-
... ... 
.. ,.... . .
, J
... ...
.<to. 0 ","" 
.. ...
.... .
I
I.
,
I
1
1 ...
..
,,\,
,
\
.... l
,
---_..:::_-,
57

1
5. 3aMeTa 101 3aCTp04101 nOAorHYTbl cpe3
KapMaHa Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 2 MM OT KpaSi
6. YAal1101 HIo1TKIo1 3aMeT04Ho CTp04KIo1,
nplo1YTIO>Kb BepxHIo1 Kpa KapMaHa
7. 3aMeTa HIo1>KHIo1 101 60KoBbie cpe3bl
KapMaHa no HaMe4eHHbiM I1Io1HIo1S1M
8. nplo1YTIO>Kb KapMaH C H3HaH04HO
CTOpOHbl
58
OKOHI./OHue-m06.IT. 12
2
..
-!'
--
..
I "
"" ..
I
r
,
,
,
, "
,
,
- - - - ---
--...
I
,
I
.... 'i
I
- - - - . - -'"\
.
...........;.. --..

...
I
r
"
I
I
"" -,
I
__,;-___1
.
'k
"-
.. I II, , \,
I
I
.. j. ....
....
-:--:--11
"'.. \
:,:, ...
\\

Ta6nM4a 13. CoeAHHeHHe KapMaHa
C OCHOBHO AeTal1blO Q>apTYKa
nOC.lTeaOBame.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR pa60mbl
1. HaI10>KH 06pa60TaHHbl KapMaH
Ha OCHOBHYIO AeTal1b Q>apTYKa no np0I10>KeH-
HblM KonHpOBal1bHblM CTp04KaM, COBMeCTHB
I1HHHIO cepeAHHbl Q>apTYKa C I1HHHe
CepeAHHbl KapMaHa. npHKOI1H KapMaH
6YI1aBKaMH
11306pa:JICeHue
,... -t _ ... '_,, 
FF- Ji.- t'\
H - '''(1 -' \ I
. . f ".)
 ,.1_ -:r.>- -
-- --
2. HaMeTa KapMaH. YAal1H 6YI1aBKH
- r'-
H. --;-- 1
.  f '-
........
._... _..,.,_'Ii ..
"'u .... \
3. HacTp04H KapMaH Ha OCHOBHYIO AeTal1b
OTAeI104HO CTp04KO Ha paCCTOSlHHH 2 MM
OT KpaSi. B Ha4al1e 101 B KOH4e OTAeI104HO
CTp04KH BblnOI1HH MaWHHHble 3aKpenKH
.FA
G
4. Y Aal1H HHTKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI,
npHYTIO>Kb KapMaH
r
. w ': "
.. -::F- ';- \
- ..."
. I
.... _--_ "" _:J
.. .
59

Ta6nM4a 14. 06pa60TKa HH>KHerO 101 60KOBbiX cpe30B
Q>apTYKa WBOM BnoArH6KY
C 3aKpblTbiM cpe30M
nOC.lTeaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl
1
1. nOABepHH HH>KHH cpe3 Q>apTYKa
Ha H3HaH04HYIO CTOPOHY Ha 5 MM
101 3aMeTa
2. nOABepHH HH>KHH cpe3 Q>apTYKa BTOpO
pa3 no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH nOArH6KH HH3a
101 3aMeTa
3. 3acTp04H Ha paCCTOSlHHH 2 MM OT nOAO-
rHYToro KpaSl.
y AaJ1H HHTKH 3aMeT04HbiX CTp04eK.
npHYTIO>Kb
4. CPe>Kb BblCTynalOHe npHnYCKH WBa
Ha yrol1KaX
60
J1306poJICeHUe
2

7---1----1
I I
: ., \
L___-I_____.!
r '
f----f---\
, I
: t  \
:------f:.....---1
. t
 r
,--.11;,------
: .! \
-/ t \ 
J ,'''-
'---:-1------..!. ".,:,""
.. 
......:;r .'
,

OKOHl./aHUe ma6.IT. 14
1
2
5. nOABepHH 60KoBbie cpe3bl Q>apTYKa
Ha H3HaH04HYIO CTOPOHY Ha 5 MM
H 3aMeTai1
,
 I
I
;----,---\
: I \
: '"' ,
'------I-----.!
I
,

6. nOABepHH 60KoBbie cpe3bl BTOpO pa3
no HaMe4eHHbiM I1HHHSlM H 3aMeTa,
aKKypaTHo 3anpaBI1S1S1 npHnYCKH WBOB
B yrOI1KaX
r
,----"?----
, I  \
, t ,
, f .. ,
, .. .0- ... \
, ,
L____----!
t . 
J.
7. 3acTp04H Ha paCCTOSlHHH 2 MM
OT nOAorHYTblX KpaeB Q>apTYKa.
y H HHTKH 3aMeT04HbiX CTp04eK.
npHYTIO>Kb

-  . -
. t .c \ \
f----f---"
! . \ 
. 4  L----t-----.! \ l
l . \\
, ---- ----- ----- ---- \
.
06pa6oTKa BepXHero cpe3a 4>apTYKa
ITo BepXHeM}' cpe3Y <papTYKa BbIllOJIHHIOT MallIl1HHble c6op-
KI1. C60pKI1 npl1MeHHIOT KaK cnoco6 C03,[(aHI1H <pOpMbI Ha BbIII}'K-
JIOCTb .lKl1BOTa 11 B KaqeCTBe OT,[(eJIKI1 113,[(eJII1H.
.lI:JIH o6pa30BaHI1H C60POK no BepXHeM}' cpe3Y <papryKa npo-
JIO)KJ1, oTcrynaH OT cpe3a 5 MM, ,[(Be napaJIJIeJIbHbIe MallIl1HHble
61

CTPOqKII co CJIa6bIM HaTH)KeHlIeM BepXHen HIITKII. PaCCTOHHlIe Me)K-
p.y CTpOqKaMII paBHO II1lIplIHe MaIl1IIHHOn JIaIIKII (pHC. 27).
BepxHlIn cpe3 q>apryKa CTHHII 3a }J;Be HII)KHlIe HIITKII
npOJIO)KeHHbIX MaIl1IIHHbIX CTpOqeK }J;O BeJIlIqlIHbI MepKII CT' KOH-
IJ;bI HIITOK 3aBH)K1I Ha Y3eJIKII, qTo6bI C60pKII He pacnycTIIJIIICb. 3a-
TeM 06pa30BaBII1IIeCH C60PKII pacnpe}J;eJIII paBHOMepHO no Bcen
II1lIplIHe q>apT)'Ka (pHC. 28).
, 
------ f ----- "'"'-
.:. -....::::
, 1 I 
/ ! I \ Ii \
, ,
1 1 \
I ,
L-----t---- J
t
J
}
I
t
\
..
PMC. 27. MawHHHbie CTp04KH
AIlSI 06pa30BaHH C60POK
p;ifvr1' lr\
, .. .. "'.... ,\
{ .. J,
, \
 - -\
J -1
1 \
" "-- - ...
'I 'II -. 1
i l_\___  _  : 1
PMc.28.PacnpeAel1eHHe
C60POK no wHpHHe
Ta6nMLI,a 15. 06pa60TKa noca
nOC.lTeaOBame.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl 11306po:J/CeHue
1 2
1. CMeTa 101 CTa4a ABe AeTal1H noca I iI
no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH
- .
" ..
2. Y AaI1H HHTKH CMeT04HO CTp04KH, 
npHnYCKH WBa pa3YTIO>Kb
I ,
A '"
<" L
62

1
3. CI10>KH AeTal1b noca nOnOl1aM, I1H4eBo
CTOpOHO BHyTPb. CMeTa KOH4bl noca
Ha paccroHHH 9 MM OT cpe30B AO KOHTpOl1b-
HblX T04eK. PaCCTOHHe Me>KAY KOHTpOl1bHbl-
MH T04KaMH paBHO MepKe C T
4. 06Ta4a KOH4bl noca Ha paccToSlHHH
10 MM OT cpe30B
5. Y Aal1H HHTKH cMeT04Ho CTp04KH.
Cpe>Kb npHnYCKH WBa B yrol1KaX,
He AOXOA AO MaWHHHO CTp04KH 3 MM.
CAel1a AOnOI1HHTel1bHble HaApe3bl
B MeCTax, rAe 3aKaH4HBalOTCSI MaWHHHble
CTp04KH
6. BblBepHH noc Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY,
aKKypaTHo BbmpaBI1 yrol1KH KOl1bIWKOM.
BbiMeTa noc npSlMblMH cre>KKaMH
7. npHyTlO>Kb noc
OKOH'IOHUe m06.IT. 15
2
/.:;:p
(/
'
/ /,-,
I.
\ "
v'
, ...
/
,
63

Ta6mn",a 16. 06pa60TKa BepxHero cpe3a Q>apl)'Ka
npHTa4HbiM nOSiCOM
nOC.lTeaOBOme.ITbHOCmb BblnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl
1. HaJ10>KH noSic Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY
OCHOBHO AeTal1H Q>apTYKa, cOBMew,aSl
cepeAHHY nOSica C cepeAHHo BepxHero
cpe3a Q>apTYKa. npHKOI1H OAHH cpe3
nOSica 6YI1aBKaMH
2. npHMeTa OAHH cpe3 nOSica co CTOpOHbl
OCHOBHO AeTaJ1H Q>apTYKa Ha paCCTOSlHHH
8 MM OT cpe30B. YAaJ1H 6YI1aBKH 101 npHTa4a
co CTOpOHbl nOSica no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH.
Y AaJ1H HHTKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI
3. OrorHH noSic 101 npHnYCKH Ha WOB BBepx.
BTOpO cpe3 nOSica nOAorHH Ha H3HaH04HyIO
CTOPOHY Ha 8 MM 101 3aMeTa, 3aKpblBaSi WOB
npHTa4HBaHHSI Ha 2 MM
4. np0110>KH MaWHHHYIO CTP04KY C I1H4eBo
CTOpOHbl Q>apTYKa B WOB npHTa4HBaHHSI
nOSica. Y AaJ1H HHTKH 3aMeT04HO CTp04KH
H npHYTIO>Kb noSic
5. OTYTIO>Kb H3Ael1He
64
J1306poJICeHUe
- -:nr
{lILJ\
, ___L__)
, \

\
'\
./
I
,
:.
f  " I \ \
0 .....-- ,.\
.. '"... I
. . \\
----,7: ,
, .
--
#
¥ '/ \ t' \
L_________1

 14. Oco6eHHOCTH KOHCTpYHpOBaHHJI,
Mo.u;eJIHpOBaHH.B H H3rOTOBJIeHHJI
cJ>apT}'Ka C Harpy.u;HHKOM
OnMcaHMe MOAenM. <I>apTYK C Harpy,n;HIIKOM I13 XJIonqaTo6y-
MIDKHOM TKaHII npHMOM <pOpMbI C MHrKIIMII CKJIa,n;KaMII no JIIIHIIII
TaJIIIIIII HaKJIa,n;HbIMII KapMaHaMII (pHC. 29).
Harpy,n;HIIK coe,n;I1HHeTCH C OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIbIO <papTYKa nOH-
COM C 3aBH3blBaIOI1MIICH KOHQaMII. Harpy,n;HIIK BbIllOJIHeH C 6peTe-
JIHMII. HII3 II 60KOBbIe cpe3bI <papTYKa o6pa6oTaHbI illBOM Bno,n;-
rIl6K}' C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M.
CHRTMe MepOK. 06I1e npaBIDIa CHHTIDI MepOK CMOTpIl B  11.
.l(JIH nocrpoeHIDI BbIKpOMKII <papTYKa C Harpy,n;HIIKOM ,n;onOJI-
HIITeJIbHO CHIIMaIOT ,n;Be MepKII (pHC. 30): ,n;JIIIHa Harpy,n;HIIKa (.l(H)
II illIlpIlHa Harpy,n;HIIKa (III H ). 3TII MepKII 3aBIICHT OT BbI6paHHoM
Mo,n;eJIII. Ho lIX Mo.lKHO He I13MepHTb II npIl nOCTpoeHIIII qepTelKa
(pHC. 31) I1CnOJIb30BaTb KaK nOCTOHHHbIe BeJIIIqIlHbI: ,n;JIIIHa Harpy,n;-
HIIKa - 15 CM, rrmpIlHa Harpy,n;HIIKa - 14 CM.
PMC. 29. C])apTYK
C HarpYAHHKOM
W H
. .
; .
.. .'
. .
. []..
. ..
- "". ...,.
PMC. 30. CHSITHe MepOK AI1S1 nOCTpoeHHSI
BblKpOHKH cpapTYKa C HarpYAHHKOM
3 TeXHOnOlliR. OT. 5 KII.
65

-- r.- r
1
.
6 5 1 1 1 52
T 1 T 2 T ((
5 53
DK1 K B
K4 K 2
H 1 H 1 1 (( I fl 2
fl3
a 2
PMC. 31. nOCTpoeHHe BbIKpOKH cpapTYKa C HarpYAHI1KOM:
0- OCHOBHaSi AeTal1b cpapTYKa; 6 - HarpYAHI1K;
B - 6peTel1b; 2 - noSic
qepTe)K <papTYKa C HarpY)J;HI1KOM CTpOHT B nOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHo-
CTI1, H3JIO)KeHHOM B Ta611H4e 17.
Ta6nMl,la 17. nOCTpOeHHe 4epTe>Ka cpapTYKa
C HarpYAHHKOM
H03BaHue POC4em flocmpoeHue
ompe3KO
1 2 3
JlHHHSI Tal1HH - B T04Ke T nOCTpOHTb npSlMo yrol1
JlI1HI1S1 HH3a AM = 35 CM OT T04KI1 TBHH3 OTI10>KI1Tb Bel1114HHY
MepKI1 AM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY H
Wl1pl1Ha C 6 : 2 + 6 = 26 CM OT T04eK T 11 HOT 110>KHTb Bl1eBO
cpapTYKa 6 CM - Bel1H4HHa n0l1Y4eHHYIO BeI1114I1HY. nOCTaBI1Tb
CKl1aAOK T04KI1 T 1 11 H 1 . COeAI1HI1Tb T04KI1 T 1
11 H 1 npSlMo I1I1Hl1e. nOCTpOI1Tb
npSlMoyrol1bHI1K THH 1 T 1
66

npOaO.IT:JfCeHUe m06.IT. 17
1 2 3
MeCTo nOCTOSlHHaSi 1. aT T04KH TBHH3 OTI10>KHTb 6 CM
pacnol1o- Bel1H4HHa 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY K.
>KeHHSI 2. 1113 T04KH K Bl1eBO npOBeCHI
KapMaHa ropH30HTal1bHYIO I1HHHIO.
3. aT T04KH KBl1eBO OTI10>KHTb 7 CM
101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY K 1 .
4. 1113 T04KH K 1 BHH3 101 Bl1eBO OTI10>KHTb
no 15 CM 101 nOCTaBHTb T04KH K 2 101 K3.
5. CoeAHHHTb T04KH K 1 101 K 2 npSlMo.
6. 1113 T04KH K 2 Bl1eBO 101 1013 T04KH K3
BHH3 OTI10>KHTb no 15 CM 101 nOCTaBHTb
T04KY K4'
nOCTpOHTb KBaApaT K1K2K4K3
BblcoTa nOCTOSlHHaSi 4epe3 T04KY T BBepx npOAJIHTb
HarpYAHHKa Bel1H4HHa npSlMYIO I1HHHIO 101 OTI10>KHTb Ha He
15 CM. nOCTaBHTb T04KY r
WHpl1Ha W H = 7 CM 1. 1113 T04KH r npOBeCTH ropH30HTaJlb-
HarpYAHHKa HYIO npSlMYIO 101 OTI10>KHTb Ha He 7 CM.
nOCTaBHTb T04KY r 1 .
2. 1113 T04KH T OTI10>KHTb Bl1eBO 7 CM
101 nOCTaBHTb T04KY T 2 .
3.CoeAHHHTbT04KH r 1 101 T 2 npSlMo
I1HHHe
WHpHHa 6 CM aT T04KH fl BBepx OTI10>KHTb 1
nOSica 6 CM. nOCTaBHTb T04KY fl 1
,lJ,JlHHa CTx 2+20 = aT T04KH fl 1 BnpaBO OTI10>KHTb 80 CM.
nOSica = 30 x 2 + 20 = nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrol1bHHK flfl 1 fl2fl3
= 80 CM
67

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 17
1 2 3
. -- -. - .
WHpHHa 7 CM OT T04KH 6 BBepx OTI10>KHTb 7 CM.
6peTel1H nOCTaBHTb T04KY 6 1
,lJ,I1HHa 50 CM OT T04KH 6 1 BnpaBo OTI10>KHTb 50 CM.
6peTel1H nOCTpOHTb npSlMoyrOl1bHHK 66 1 6 2 6 3
MOJJ;eJIHpOBaHHe <l>apT}'Ka C HarpYJJ;HHKOM
Mo.n;eJIllpYIOT <paPTYK C Harpy.n;HllKOM Ha OCHOBe nOCTpoeH-
Horo qepTe)l(a (pHC. 31). B npoecce Mo.n;eJIllpOBaHllH <papTYKa K BbI-
6paHHOll: Mo.n;eJIll OCHOBHOll: .n;eTaJIll no.n;6llpalOT Harpy.n;HllK onpe.n;e-
JIeHHOll: <pOpMbI II KapMaH TaK, IT06bI Bce .n;eTaJIll .n;onOJIHHJIll .n;pyr
.n;pyra. Ha pHCYHKax 32 II 33 nOKa3aHbI pa3JIWIHbIe BapllaHTbI Mo.n;e-
JIllpOBaHllH OCHOBHOll: .n;eTaJIll <papTYKa II Harpy.n;HllKa.
r . " · -. 1ft .. ,
. .... ....
.'. ........
... "
..,..,-
. '.- '-
. ...... ....
__4!: _...A...__"!.._":JL
.,....,-
-. ".
... "-'. .. ....
.. '"III.
...........
." ."
. -,.
....... ....
PMC. 32. MOAel1HpOBaHHe OCHOBHOH AeTaJlH cpapTYKa
68

-,
I
I
I
I
.
". -.1
D ..
-  ..-,;.-
. ,..,,'- ,. - . .. "
[?TI .  cd
0 ::
.... ,
, .
. ...
. '.
.. ".- ..
{1
. ,
- :.
D ..
.  .. - .
.. :. ,; 6 _.....; 0 .....
'__' .0,
'.- --
. .." .
-. , ..
" ... . ..
.. ... ..
W .,-.. .
.. - .
. ...'
- .... -
-. ..
PMC. 33. MOAel1l-1pOBaHHe HarpYAHHKa
PMC. 34. MOAel1HpOBaHHe KapMaHa
Ha pHCYHKe 34 11306p(l)KeHbI Pa3JIllQHbIe BapllaHTbI Mo,n;eJIll-
POBaHUH KapMaHa.
06pa6oTKa BepXHero cpe3a OCHOBHOM AeTanM cJ>apTYKa
ITo BepxHeM}' cpe3Y OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIll <papTYKa 3aKJIa,n;bIBaIOT
MHrKlle CKJIa,n;Kll.
CK/lOaKU - 8TO Bll,n; OT,n;eJIKll 113,n;eJIllH. OHII o6pa3YIOTcH
rryreM HaJIO)l(eHllH o,n;Horo CJIOH TKaHll Ha ,n;pyroM. ECJIll CKJIa,n;Kll
He 3aCTpaQllBaIOT, a TOJIbKO 3aKpeIIJIHIOT no BepXHeM}' cpe3Y ,n;e-
TaJIll, TO llX Ha3bIBaIOT MRZKUMU. Pa3JIllQaIOT r.ny611lI)' II llIllPlllI)'
CKJIa,n;Kll (pHC. 35).
IIIllpllHa CKJIa,n;Kll (h) paBHa r.ny611He CKJIa,n;Kll (I), YMHO)l(eH-
HOM Ha 2, T. e. h = Ix2 = 1,5x2 = 3 CM.
1. CJIO)l(Il CKJIa,n;Kll no JIllHllll cepe,n;IlHbI JIlleBOM CTOpO-
HOM BH}'Tpb, COBMeru;aJI 6oKoBbIe JIllHllll ,n;pyr C ,n;pyroM. CMeTaM
(pHC. 36, 1).
2. 3ayrIO)I(b CKJIa,n;Kll K JIllHllll cepe,n;IlHbI OCHOBHOM ,n;eTaJIll
<papTYKa (pHC. 36, 2).
69

h I
a
6
PMC. 35. MSirKHe CKl1aAKH:
0- rl1y6HHa CKl1aAKH, I;
6 - WHpHHa CKI1aAKH, h
,
,
,
,
'----
. .
. 
1
.
2
PMC. 36. 06pa30BaHHe CKI1aAKH
Mo.n;eJIllpOBaHlle <papTYKa C Harpy.n;HllKOM nOKa3aHO Ha PH-
CYHKe 37, a .n;eraJIll KpOH .n;aHbI Ha pHCYHKe 38.
..",.
I
I
I
a
Ompe30mb
6 B
PMC. 37. MOAel1HpOBaHHe cpapTYKa C HarpYAHHKOM:
a - OCHOBHaSi AeTaJlb; 6 - HarpYAHHK; B - KapMaH
70

J13rOTosneHMe €l>apTYKa C HarpYAHMKOM
KaK ITO,ll;rOTOBIITb TKaHb K paCKpOIO, pa3JIQ)!UITb BbIKpOllKII
Ha TKaHII II paCKpOIITb cpapT}'K, OITIICaHO B  14.
nepe,ll; pacKpoeM OTMeTb cJIe,ll;}'lOlIe ITplIrryCKII Ha IIIBbI.
I. OCHOBHaH ,lI;eTaJIb cpapT}'Ka:
ITO HII)KHeM)' II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM - 15 MM;
ITO BepxHeM)' cpe3Y - 10 MM.
2. HarpY,lI;HIIK:
ITO BceM cpe3aM - 10 MM.
3. KapMaH:
ITO HII)KHeM)' II 60KOBbIM cpe3aM -15 MM;
ITO BepxHeM)' cpe3Y - 40 MM.
4. EpeTeJIb:
ITO BceM cpe3aM - 10 MM.
5. IIoHC:
ITO BceM cpe3aM -10 MM.
AeTanM KpOSI €l>apTYKa C HarpYAHMKOM
Ha3BaHIIe ,lI;eTaJIell KpOH (CM. pHC. 38):
1 - OCHOBHaH ,lI;eTaJIb cpapT}'Ka, O,ll;Ha ,lI;eTaJIb;
2 - HarpY,lI;HIIK, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI;
3 - KapMaII, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI;
4 - ITOHC, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI;
5 - 6peTeJIb, ,lI;Be ,lI;eTaJIlI.
HarrpaBJIeHlIe ,lI;OJIeBOll HIITII ITOKa3aHO CTpeJIKaMII--.
I
PMC. 38. AeTam1 KpOfi cpapTYKa
ClJ[]
2 3
 ( ) ------------------ 1
4
1 - ( ) - - - - - - - - - I
5
71

TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKaB: nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb
H3rOTOBJIeHH.H apTYKa C HarpY,lJ;HHKOM
1. Ilo.n;roToBb .n;eTaJIl1 KpOH K CMeTbIBaHI1IO.
2. 06pa6oTaH KapMaHbI (CM. Ta611. 12).
3. HaCTpOQI1 KapMaHbI Ha OCHOBH}'IO .n;eTaJIb <f>apT)'Ka.
4. 06pa6oTaH HIDKHI1H 11 6oKoBbIe cpe3bI <f>apT)'Ka.
5. 06pa6oTaH BepXHI1H cpe3 OCHOBHOH .n;eraJIl1 <f>apT}'Ka.
6. 06pa6oTaH 6peTeJII1 (Ta611. 18).
7. 06pa6oTaH Harpy.n;HI1K (Ta611. 19).
8. Coe.n;I1HI1 Harpy.n;HI1K C rrOHCOM (Ta611. 20).
9. Coe.n;I1HI1 Harpy.n;HI1K C OCHOBHOH .n;eTaJIbIO <f>apT}'Ka (Ta611. 21).
Ta6nHLla 18. 06pa60TKa 6peTel1e
nOC/leaof3ome.ITbHOCmb f3b1nO.ITHeHUR p060mbl
1
1. CI1O>KI-1 AeTal1b 6peTel11-1 nOnOl1aM,
111-14eBO CTOpOHO BHYTPb. YpOBHSI cpe3bl
2. CMeTa 6peTel1b no npOAOl1bHOMY
1-1 OAHOMY nonepe4HOMY cpe3aM
Ha paCCTOSlHl-11-1 9 MM OT cpe30B
3. 06Ta4a 6peTel1b Ha paCCTOSlHl-11-1 10 MM
OT cpe30B.
y Aal1l-1 HI-1TKI-1 cMeT04Ho CTp04KI-1
72
J1306po:JICeHUe
2

I 4. Cpe>Kb npHnYCKH Ha WOB B yrol1KaX
HaIo1CKOCOK, OCTaBb 3 MM
5. BblBepHH 6peTel1b Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY
6. BbiMeTa WOB 06Ta4101BaHIo1S1 6peTel1101
npSlMblMIo1 CTe>KKaMIo1
7. npHYTIO>Kb 6peTel1b.
y Aal1lo1 HIo1TKIo1 BbIMeTbIBaHIo1S1
OKOHI./OHUe mo6.IT. 18
2
L. . '1'/
------------------- 

,
=-----

73

Ta6nM4a 19. 06pa60TKa HarpYAHHKa
nOC.lTeao(3ame.ITbHOCmb (3blnO.ITHeHUR p060mbl
1
1. C110>K11 ABe AeTaJll1 HarpYAHI1Ka 11114eBblMI1
CTOpOHaMI1 BHYTPb, YPOBHSI cpe3bl.
CKOI1I1 60KoBbie cpe3bl 6YI1aBKaMI1
2. CMeTa.:160KoBble cpe3bl HarpYAHI1Ka
no HaMe4eHHblM I1HHI1S1M. Y Aal1l1 6YI1aBKI1
3. Bl1o>K11 Me>KAY AeTaJlSlMI1 HarpYAHI1Ka
06pa6OTaHHbie 6peTel111 (wBaMI1
K CepeAI1He). CKOI1I1 6YI1aBKaMH AeTa1111
HarpYAHI1Ka no BepXHeMY cpe3Y,
3axBaTbiBaSi 6peTel111
4. CMeTa BepXHHe cpe3bl AeTaJle
HarpYAHHKa no HaMe4eHHo.:1I1I1HI1I1.
Y Aal1l1 6YI1aBKI1
74
11306poJICeHue
2

1
5. 06Ta4a HarpYAHI-1K no HaMe4eHHbiM
I1I-1HI-1M. Cpe>Kb npl-1nYCKI-1 Ha WOB B yrol1KaX,
OCTaBI1SI 3 MM. Y Aal1l-1 HHTKI-1 CMeTo4Hoi:!
CTp04KI-1
6. BblBepHI-1 HarpYAHI-1K C 6peTel1S1MI-1
Ha 111-14eBYIO CTOPOHY, BblnpaBI1
yrOI1KI-1 KOl1blWKOM
7. BbiMeTa HarpYAHI-1K C nOMOUJ,blO npSlMblX
CTe>KKOB no TpeM CTopOHaM, HanpaBI1
WOB 06Ta41-1BaHI-1S1 B CTOPOHY HI-1>KHe AeTa111-1
Ha 1-2 MM
flpOaO.IT:JICeHUe ma6.IT. 19
2
..
,'-----
I
1
I ..
I
I
J ..
I
I
I
1

-
- .. -
1
"6 1-
-
-I "
.... -
-
- 1
I - ""
I I
I
I - L-
I
... -\
I I
1 -
75

OKOH'IaHUe ma6./T. 19
2
 
4'
-
.
..
.. .
.. ..
. ,.
,. .
..
. ..
1
8. npI-1YTlO>Kb HarpYAHI-1K co CTOpOHbl
HI-1>KHe AeTal1l-1. Y Aal1l-1 HI-1TKI-1
BbIMeT04HO CTp04KI-1
Ta6nMLf,a 20. COeAI-1HeHl-1e HarpYAHI-1Ka C nOCOM
flOC./Teaof3ame./TbHOCmb f3blnO./THeHUR pa60mbl
1. Bl1o>K1-1 06pa6OTaHHbl HarpYAHI-1K
B AeTaI1l-1 noca, cMeTa 1-1 06Ta4a ero
AO KOHTpOl1bHblX T04eK. PaCCTOHl-1e Me>K,ll.Y
KOHTpOl1bHblMI-1 T04KaMI-1 paBHo Wl-1pl-1He
HI-1>KHe 4aCTI-1 Q>apTYKa. Cpe>Kb npl-1nycKI-1
Ha WOB B yrol1KaX, OCTaBI1 3 MM. HaACeKI-1
npl-1nycK Ha WOB B KOHTpOl1bHblX T04Kax
2. BblBepHI-1 noc Ha 111-14eBYlO CTOPOHY
1-1 BbiMeTa WOB 06Ta41-1BaHI-1 npMblMI-1
CTe>KKaMI-1
76
11306pa:JICeHue
'"

S
.. I.
.. .1

Ta6nM4a 21. CoeAHHeHHe HarpYAHHKa
C HH>KHe 4aCTbIO Q>apTYKa
flOC./Teaof3ome./TbHOCmb f3blnO./THeHUR p060mbl
1
1. HaI10>KH 06pa60TaHHbl noSic C HarpYAHH-
KOM Ha I1H4eBYIO CTOPOHY OCHOBHO AeTal1H
Q>apTYKa, COBMeL.U.a I1HHHH cepeAHHbl
AeTane
2. YpOBHSI cpe3bl, npHMeTa 101 npHTa4a
no HaMe4eHHO I1HHHH. Y Mil 101 HHTKH
npHMeTblBaHHSI
3. OTBepHH noSic C HarpYAHHKOM BBepx,
3aYTIO>Kb WOB npHTa4HBaHHSI B CTOPOHY
nOSica. BTOpO cpe3 nOSica nOAorHH
no HaMe4eHHo I1HHHH Ha H3HaH04HYIO
CTOPOHY 101 3aMeTa, 3aKpblBaSi WOB
npHTa4HBaHHSI Ha 2 MM
--;
J1306poJICeHUe
2
II
/
----.lr .  --------------- ;1 ,
2MM
-I
. . I
: <I :: . : ::
,
- r .: ,. .: .::
1 . J .:
-... ... . I
.r ...::
. 'It .. I
01. ..':
""" ..... I
_y___J
.: j..
.: ' I .
... :
\ "
\ I
, I
I____-!
I
I
J
L____I

1
4. np0110>KH MaWHHHYIO CTP04KY C I1H4eBo
CTOpOHbl B WOB npHTa4HBaHHSI nOSica
5. Y AaJ1H CTe>KKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI
H npHYTIO>Kb noSic
6. OryTIO>Kb H3Ael1He
78
OKOHLlOHue m06.IT. 21
2
i .-
. I "
:. .. I . ,
:' O - 1. Fl/'[ .
! '. i.'1 .U':
!. -- -- i --- - i
I . '"'I
: . J :
:. '. . I: . . .:
l__________-------
!..
: LJI-
1
"
I
I
I
I
,.
1_ . . a
l_________________...
.
.LJ

-.l- CK./TOaKU, MR2KUe CK./TOaKU.
-? - nepe4HCI1H TeXH0l10rH4eCKYIO nOCJleAOBaTel1bHOCTb H3roTOBl1e-
HHSI cpapTYKa C HarpYAHHKOM.
 15 . BapHaHTbI OTAeJIKH «papT}'Ka
OT)J;eJIKa C.lI}')KMT )J;onOJIHeHMeM M YKpameHMeM BHeIIIHero BM-
)J;a II3)J;eJIllH.
,lI;JIH OT)J;eJIKM <papTYKa MCnOJIb3)'IOT pa3JIUQHbIe OT)J;eJIOqHbIe
MaTepMaJIbI: JIeHTbI, TeCbM}', CyrIDK, mMTbe.
fleHmbl - 9TO nOJIOCKM TKaHM MJIM BH3aHbIe nOJIOCKM He6oJIb-
mOM IIIMpMHbI, npMMeHHeMbIe MH OT)J;eJIKM mBeMHbIx M3.ZJ;eJIMM. OHM
MOryT 6bITb meJIKOBbIMM (aTJIaCHbIe JIeHTbI), XJIonqaTo6)'MIDKHbIMM,
KanpOHOBbIMMM )J;p. (pHC. 39).
cI>apryK MOII<HO OT)J;eJIaTb aTJIaCHOM JIeHTOM, HaCTpOqMB ee no
KpaHM KapMaHOB, HarpY.ZJ;HMKa, HM)KHeM QaCTH <papryKa. )I{eJIaTeJIbHO,
06bI JIeHTa 6bIJIa KOHTpaCrIIOM no IJ;Bery K OCHOBHOM TKaHMM mMpM-
HOM 0,5-1 CM.
OT)J;eJIaTb <papT}'K JIeHTOM MO)KHO CJIe.ZJ;yIOll(MM cnoco6oM.
1. Ha JIMu;eB)'IO CTOpOH}' )J;eTaJIM nepeBe)J;M C nOMOll(bIO KonM-
pOBaJIbHOM 6)'MarM Y30P B BM.ZJ;e
o)J;Horo - Tpex U;BeTKOB.
2. KOHeu; JIeHTbI nO)J;orHM
Ha M3HaHOq CTOpOH}' M 3
KpenM npHMbIMM CTe)KKaMM
mBeMHbIMM HMTKaMM N 50, 60
B IJ.BeT JIeHTbI.
3. YJIO)KM JIeH'ry rro Y30py.
IJ;BeToK MO)KHO BbInOJI-
HMTb )J;B)'MH cnoco6aMM.
1. CrM6aH JIeH'ry Ha KOH-
u;ax KOH'rypOB JIeneCTKOB, 3a-
KpenJIHM ee npHMbIMM CMeTOq-
HbIMM CTe)KKaMM IIIBeMHbIMM PMC. 39. JleHTbl
=N= ===,="
)1 ""'i1 )1 f- ....)1 "'r ' #or'
( .1t 
79

-------
i
"
I
I
, t
,
,
,
,
I I
I I
I I
, I
PMC. 40. 3aKpenlleHI-1e lleHTbl
npSlMblMI-1 CTe>KKaMI-1
, 

\
'"
PMC. 41. npoAeBaHl-1e lleHTbl
4epe3 npSlMble CTe>KKI-1
,-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, _ ,-,-,
tnlnlt!I:nlnl!lnllnl
-..wI...A,.i\..A..JUo,.i\.LJ\..A..J\.J,..I\.J,..I\..A..JU-I\..A..J
.....................
rWuB'Jf'
;, I" I" h .... I }I., 
44'''.' 't' 'iV'i&''4.'.'4.' i..''i..,
PMc.42. TeCbMa
80
HllTKaMll N 50, 60 B IJ.BeT JIeHTbI,
MllHa CTe.IKKOB - 2-3 MM (pHC. 40).
2. llpOJImKll KOHT}'PbI IJ.BeT-
Ka (cepe,n;llH}' II Kpall:) npHMbIMll
CTe.IKKaMIl lliBell:HbIMll HllTKaMll
NQ 50, 60 B QBeT JIeHTbI. ,lI;JIllHa
CTe.IKKOB no KpaIO QBeTKa paBHa nrn-
pllHe JIeHTbI IIJIIOC 2 MM, paccToH-
Hlle Me./K,lJ;}' CTe.IKKaMIl - 3-5 MM.
,lI;JIllHa CTe.IKKOB B cepe,n;IlHe QBeTKa
Ha 2-3 MM MeHbllie llillpllHbI JIeH-
TbI. CTe.IKKIl pacnoJIarall: 6JIll3KO
,n;pyr K ,n;pyry (6e3 paccToHHllH Me.IK-
lI.Y HllMll).
llpo,n;eBall: JIeHTY Qepe3 CTe.IK-
Kll (pHC. 41).
B cepe,n;llH}' QBeTKa rrplllliell:
o,n;H}' 6oJIbllI}'lO lfJIll HeCKOJIbKO Ma-
JIeHbKllX rryrOBlllJ,. IJ;BeT rryrOBllQ
no,n;6epll KOHTpaCTHbIll: K QBeT}'
JIeHTbI (QBeTKa).
T eCb.MG npe,n;cTaBJIHeT co-
6oll: IIJIeTeH)'IO lfJIll BH3aH)'IO O,n;HO-
QBeTHYIO llJIll necTpyIO nOJIOcKY
pa3HOll: llillpllHbI. llo cTp}'KT}'Pe
TeCbMa MO.IKeT 6bITb nJIOTHOll:
C pOBHOll: rJIa,n;KOll: nOBepxHocTbIO,
IIJIOTHOll: C peJIbe<pHbIMll pllcyHKa-
Mil, a.lKYPHOll: (pHC. 42).
cI>apTYK MO.IKHO OT,n;eJIaTb
TeCbMOll:, HaCTpOQllB ee no Kpa.HM
KapMaHoB, Harpy,n;HllKa II OCHOB-
HOll: ,n;eTaJIll <papT}'Ka. ,lI;JIH noro
H}')l(HO HaJIO.IKIlTb TecbM}' Ha ,n;eTaJIb
rro HaMeQeHHOll: JIllHllll, HaMeTaTb
Ha paccToHHllll 3 MM OT Kpa.H, H3-

CTPOqlfTb TeCbM}' no O.n;HOllIf3 ee CTOpOH lfJIlf no .n;B}'M CTopOHaM Ha
paccToHHlf1f 1 MM OT Kpa.H.
CymaJ/C - 9TO TOHKlfll oT.n;eJIOYIHbIll lliH}'P, COCTOHIIJ;lfll 1f3
.n;BYX npH.n;ell XJIonqaTo6}'MIDKHoll npH)I(If, OIIJIeTeHHbIX BIfCK03HbI-
MIf HIfTHMIf.
B :QeHTpe cyrIDKa eCTb yr.ny6JIeHlfe, no KOTOpOM}' ero HaMeTbI-
BalOT (IfJIIf HacTpamBaIOT) Ha li3.n;eJIlfe (IfJIIf .n;eTaJIb) (pHC. 43, a).
C}'TIDKOM MO)l(HO OT.n;eJIaTb 1f3.n;eJIlfe. OH 9JIaCTUQeH, n09ToM}'
ero IfCnOJIb3}'1OT .lVIH BbIllilfBaHIfH CJIO)l(HbIX pm:YHKoB (pHC. 43, 6).
a
6
PMC. 43. CYTa>K (a) 1-1 BblWI-1BKa CYTa>KOM (6)
BbIllilfBalOT C}'TIDKOM B onpe.n;eJIeHHOll nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTIf.
1. ,n:JIH 1f3rOTOBJIeHlfH llia6JIOHa-JIeKaJIa nepeBo.n;HT PIfCY-
HOK (.n;eTaJIlf plfcYHKa) Ha KapToH, BbIpe3alOT no KOHT}'paM HO)l(-
HIf:QaMIf.
2. HaKJIa)J;blBalOT JIeKaJIO Ha JIIf:QeB}'IO CTOpOH)' .n;eTaJIlf If BbI-
nOJIHHIOT 06MeJIOBl(Y (.lVIH 06MeJIOBKIf IfCnOJIb3yIDT rropTHoBCKlfll
MeJIOK IfJIIf 6eJIbIll KapaH,ZJ;alli).
3. KOHen. c}'TIDKa no.n;BopaqlfBalOT If 3aKpeIIJIHIOT Ha JIIfn.eBoll
cTopoHe .n;eTaJIlf. CyrIDK HaKJIa)J;blBalOT Ha PIfCYHOK Ii HaMeTblBalOT
lliBellHbIMIf HIfTKaMIf, KOHTpacTHbIMIf no n.Bery.
4.3aKpenJIHIOT ero npHMbIMIf CTe)l(KaMIf .lVIlfHOll 2-3 MM
lliBellHbIMIf HIfTKaMIf B :QBeT C}'TIDKa.
81

5. Y.n;a.lUlIOT HllTKM CMeTOqHOll CTPOqKll.
Wumbe - 8TO nOJIOCKa TOHKOll oT6eJIeHHOll xJlOnqaTo6YMaJK-
HOll TKaHll C oTBepcTllHMll, BKJIlOqeHHbIMll B KOMn03lln;lllO BbIllillB-
KH, BblllOJIHeHHOll Ha cnen;llaJIbHbIX MallillHax (pHC. 44).
.;,ti:""
.. ';
'';':t; i
i;:,,<t
.-....
J;. i;;',-:<>l
/,C:: :.
.... ..J..i.. .i.. .'.'. .'..""
. r.r "J-;Y'U ' ....'.. e'!,"*'
.:!f;
,.:. .,ft" ......'..'......'...
'. ._--,.:,.:.:,:::.'!.:..)f'
PMC. 44. WHTbe
IIIllTbe BbInycKalOT B Bll.n;e KpaJI (c 3y6n;aMll), npollillBoK
H nOJIOTeH; ero npllMeHHIOT AJlH OT.n;eJIKll 6.ny30K, nJIaTbeB, 6eJIbH.
IIIllpllHa IlIllTbH 3aBllCllT OT ero Bll.n;a.
,l.(JIH OT.n;eJIKll <papTYKa llCnOJIb3YlOT IlIllTbe B Bll.n;e KpaJI
(c 3y6n;aMll).
---.l- fleHmbl, meCbMO, cymo:JIC, wumbe.
-? - 1. 4eM MO>KHO OTAel1aTb cpapTYK? 2. KaKoH MaTepHal1 AI1f1
OTAel1KH cBoero cpapTYKa Tbl HCn0l1b3yewb?
82

TBOp'IeCKII:H npOeKT
 16. qTO TaKoe TBop-qeCKHe npoeKTbI
TBopl./eCKUU npoeKm - 3TD TBo.H TBDpqeCKaH IITDrDBaH pa6DTa. Ee
KaqeCTBD 3aBliCliT DT TDrD, HaCKDJIbKD rrpDqHbl TBDII 3HaHUH II YMe-
HUH, rrpIID6peTeHHble Ha ypDKaX TeXHDJIDrMli.
qeJIDBeK )KIIBeT, rrDCTD.HHHD CTaJIKIIBaHCb C rrpDCTblMM II CJID)K-
HblMII 3a,n;aqaMli. OH 3a.zryMbIBacrC.H: «KaK pellIIITb TY IIJIII IIH}'IO rrpD-
6JIeM}'? KaK rrDCTpDMTb, CllIIITb, CKDHCTpYIIpDBaTb? KaK CD3.n;aTb?»
qeJIDBeK paCCMaTpMBaeT pD.n;IIBllIIIeC.H B erD rDJIDBe BapIIaHTbl
pellIeHII.H, IIcr H)')KH}'IO IIH<pDpMa:QIIID, cDBeryeTC.H C DrrblTHblMII
JIIO.n;bMII. B MTDre DT6IIpaeT ;ryqIIl}'lO lI,ZJ;eIO II rrepeXD.n;IIT K D6.n;yMbl-
BaHMIO, KaK DcyecTBIITb KDHKpeTHble Drrepa:QMII, II TDJIbKD rrDCJIe
:nDrD rrpIIC'ryrracr K .n;e.ny. ,l.I;pyrIIMM CJIDBaMII, DH 3a,z:J;yMbIBaeT, rrJIa-
HliPYcr II DCeCTBJI.Hcr rrpDeKTbl.
YI./e6HblU mBOpl./eCKUU npOeKm rrD TeXHDJIDrIIM - 3TD CaMDCTD.H-
TeJIbHD pa3pa6DTaHHDe II II3rDTDBJIeHHDe II3.n;eJIMe DT II.n;eII .n;D ee
BDrrJIDeHII.H, BblrrDJIHeHHDe rrpli KDHCYJIbTa:QIIDHHDM yqaCTliM
yrIMTeJI.H.
113rDTDR7IeHIIIO rrpDeKTHDrD II3.n;eJIII.H rrpe.n;llIecTByeT 6DJIbllIaH
pa6DTa: D6.n;yMbIBaHlie II.n;eM, BblIIDJIHeHIIe 3CKII3DB, PIICYHKDB, qep-
Te)KeM, pa3pa6DTDK TeXHDJIDrIIqeCKDrD rrpD:Qecca.
BapIIaHTbI rrpDeKTDB MDryr 6blTb caMblMII pa3JIIIqHblMli. HeD6.H-
3aTeJIbHD, qTD6bl BeCb rrpDeKT, DCD6eHHD CJID)KHbIM, BblrrDJIH.HJIC.H
caMDCTD.HTeJIbHD. qacTb rrpDeKTa MD)KeT 6blTb Y)Ke rDTDBDM IIJIII Bbl-
rrDJIHeHHDM yrIIITeJIeM, pD.n;IITeJI.HMII. IIpDeKT MD)KHD pa3pa6DTaTb
II BblrrDJIH.HTb BMeCTe C D.n;HDKnaCCHliKaMII, HD rrpli 3TDM pa3.n;eJIIITb
erD Ha qaCTII, pacrrpe.n;eJIliB Me CD6DM DTBeTCTBeHHDCTb 3a K3.)K-
.n;yro II3 HIIX.
----t.l- T8opl./eCKUU npoeKm, YI./e6HblU mBOpl./eCKUU npoeKm.
-? - 4TO Ha3blBalOT TBop4eCKHM npoeKTOM? KaK MO>KeT 6bITb BblnOI1-
HeH Y4e6Hbl TBop4eCKH npoeKT?
83

 17. 3TanbI BbInOJIHeHHH npoeKTa
UeJIb JII06oro rrpoeKTa - C03.n;aHIIe HOBoro, 3<p<peKTIIBHOrO, KOH-
KypeHTocrroco6Horo II 3KOJIOrIIqHOrO rrpo.n;yKTa, OTBeqaIOerO
rrOTpe6HOCTHM qeJIOBeKa. 3TO MOryr 6bITb pa3JIllqHOrO po.n;a II3.n;eJIUH
WIll YC.7l}TII.
BCIO pa60ry rro BblIIOJIHeHIIIO TBOpqeCKOrO rrpoeKTa MO:>KHO pa3-
.n;eJIIITb Ha TPII 3Tarra: rrOIICKOBbIM, TeXHOJIOrIIqeCKIIM II aHaJIIITIIqe-
CKIIM, Ka:>K.n;bIM II3 KOTOpbIX BKJIIOqaeT B ce6.H orrpe.n;eJIeHHble .n;eM-
CTBII.H - rnarii (Ta611. 22).
Ha noucKoBoM 3mone BbI6IIpaeTC.H TeMa rrpoeKTa: rro.n;yMaMTe,
.n;JIH Koro II qTO IIMeHHO BaM XOTeJIOCb 6bI c.n;eJIaTb.
3aTeM rrpOaHaJIII3IIpYMTe, CMO:>KeTe JIll BbI II3rOTOBIITb 3a.n;yMaH-
Hoe II3.n;eJIIIe caMOCTO.HTeJIbHO.
Ta6nHL&a 22. nOCl1eAOBaTel1bHOCTb BblnOI1HeHI-1S1
Y4e6Horo TBop4ecKoro npoeKTa

nOHCOSbIH 3Tan
0 000 00 , 0000
1. OnpeAel1l-1Tb np06l1eMY.
2. Bbl6paTb TeMY npoeKTa, 06ocHoBaTb He06xOAI-1MOCTb 1-13roTOBl1eHI-1S1
npoeKTHoro 1-13Ael1l-1S1.
3. OnpeAel1l-1Tb Tpe60BaHI-1S1 K npOeKTl-1pyeMOMY 1-13,p,el1l-1lO.
4. npl-1AYMaTb HeCKOl1bKO Bapl-1aHTOB 1-13Ael1l-1S1 101 Bbl6paTb I1Y4WI-1
. "
T eXH0l10rH4eCKHH 3Tan
0 0' 000 00 '00 o 0, 00
1. npl-1AYMaTb KOHCTPYK4HIO 1-13Ael1l-1S1.
2. Pa3pa60TaTb nOCl1eAOBaTel1bHOCTb 1-13roTOBl1eHI-1S1.
3. nOA06paTb 1-1 npl-106peCTI-1 He06xOAI-1Mbie MaTepl-1a11bl1-1 I-1HCTpYMeHTbl.
4. OpraHI-130BaTb pa604ee MeCTO.
5. 1113roTOBI-1Tb 1-13Ael1l-1e, c061110AaSl npaBl-1l1a 6e30nacHo pa60Tbi
AHaJlHTH4eCKHH 3Tan
1. npoBecTI-1 I-1CnblTaHl-1e 1-13Ael1l-1S1.
2. npOaHaJU13l-1pOBaTb, 4TO n0I1Y41-1110Cb, a 4TO HeT.
3. nOAroTOBI-1TbCSI K 3aI-1Te npoeKTa
84

Ha meXHOfl02UI./eCKOM 3Tarre BbIrrOJIHHeTCH KOHCTpYMpOBaHlie II3-
.n;eJIIiH. MO)l(HO IICrrOJIb30BaTb JIIo6yro JIIiTeparypy, r.n;e rrpe.n;CTaBJIe-
HbI II3.n;eJIIIH, KOTOpbIe Bac IIHTepecyroT, H)l;elI rro IIX C03.n;aHIiIO lIJIli
YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHIiIO. OKOHqaTeJIbHbIM BapliaHT KOHCTPYKQIIII
Heo6xo.n;IIMO BbIIIOJIHIITb B BII.n;e rpaqmqeCKOrO II306paJKeHIIH (3C-
KM3, TeXHIIqeCKIiM PIICYHOK, qepTe)l() co BceMII .n;aHHbIMII, Heo6xo-
.n;IIMbIMII.n;.nH ero II3rOTOBJIeHIIH.
,l.I;aJIee Ha TeXHOJIOrIIqeCKOM 3Tarre rrJIaHlipYeTCH TeXHOJIOrliH II3-
rOTOBJIeHIIH rrpoeKTHoro II3.n;eJIIiH (pa3pa6aTblBaIOTCH TeXHOJIOrII-
qeCKMe II MapmpyrHbIe KapTbI) II BbIIIOJIHHeTCH BCH pa60Ta rro ero
C03,1J,aHIiIO. OqeHb BaJKHO C06JIIO,IJ,aTb rrpli 3TOM rrpaBIiJIa 6e30rrac-
HOM pa60TbI.
Ha 3aKJIIOqIITeJIbHOM, OHOflUmUl./eCKOM, 3Tarre C03.n;aHIiH rrpoeKTa
rrpOBo.n;IITCH IIcrrbITaHlie II KOHTpOJIb rOTOBoro II3.n;eJIIIH, orrpe.n;eJIe-
Hlie MaTepIIaJIbHbIX 3aTpaT Ha ero II3rOTOBJIeHIIe, OQeHKa rrpoeKTa
II M3.n;eJIIiH.
QTo6bI orrpe.n;eJIIITb 3aTpaTbI Ha MaTepIIaJIbI, H}')I(HO 3HaTb,
CKOJIbKO II KaKlie MaTepIIaJIbI rroHa,z:J;o6HTCH Ha M3rOTOBJIeHIIe II3.n;e-
JIlffi, 3HaTb QeH}' Ha 3TII MaTepIIaJIbI II Ha OCHOBe 3Toro BbIqIICJIIITb
.n;eHe)l(HbIe 3aTpaTbI.
nOCJIe.n;HIIM mar - 3TO 3aIITa rrpoeKTa. K 3aIITe .n;OJI)I(HbI 6bITb
rrpe.n;CTaBJIeHbI rrOHCHIITeJIbHaH 3arrIICKa K rrpoeKT}' II rOTOBoe II3.n;e-
JIlie. B TBOIO 3a,z:J;aqy BXO.n;IIT paCKpbITb .n;OCTOIIHCTBa II He.n;OCTaTKII
BbIrrOJIHeHHOro rrpoeKTa, OTBeTIITb Ha Bce CBH3aHHbIe C HIIM Borrpo-
CbI. ECJIII eCTb TaKaH B03MO)l(HOCTb, rrpli rro.n;rOTOBKe rrpoeKTa BOC-
rrOJIb3yM:CH KOMrrbIOTepOM: .n;.nH Ha60pa TeKCTa, BbIrrOJIHeHIIH 3CKII30B
II qepTe)l(eM, II3rOTOBJIeHIIH peKJIaMbI, rrpOBe.n;eHIIH paCqeTOB II T. .n;.
 3monbl 8blnOflHeHUR npoeKmo: noucKo8b1U, meXHOfl02Ul./eCKuiJ,
OHOflUmUl./eCKuiJ.
-? - 1. nepe4HCI1H nOCl1eAOBaTel1bHOCTb BblnOI1HeHHH TBop4ecKoro
npoeKTa. 2. 4TO Heo6xoAHMO npeACTaBHTb K 3aLlJ,HTe npoeKTa?
85

TeXHOJIOrHH H3rOTOBJIeHHH
H3,ZJ;eJIH:U H3 JIOCKYTOB
Y,n;IlBllTeJIbHOe PYKO,n;eJIlle - flOcKymHoR meXHUKO - CBOllMll
KOpHHMll YXO,n;IlT nry60Ko B ,n;peBHOCTb. Bce HaqaJIOCb C 06bIKHOBeH-
HbIX 3anJIaT, KOTopbIe CTaBllJIll Ha ee KpenKlle, HO CJIerKa nOTep-
TbIe MeCTa Bell. 3anJIaTbI ,n;eJIaJIll 113 flOcKymo8 - OCTaTKOB, OTpe3-
KOB TKaHeM, - pa3Ho06pa3HbIX no <popMe II QBery. ITocTeneHHO Mac-
TepllQbI HayqllJIllCb C03,n;aBaTb 113 HllX pa3JIllqHbIe 113,n;eJIllH.
B POCCllll IIIHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHlle TaKoe 3aHHTlle no.nyq:ll-
JIO BO BTOpOM nOJIOBllHe XIX BeKa. B 3TO BpeMH BO MHorllX ropo,n;ax
HaJIa,lJ;IlJIOCb npOIl3BO,n;CTBO pa3JIllQHbIX TKaHeM. B OT,n;eJIbHbIe yrOJIKll
npaHbI TKaHll ,n;OCTaBJIillIll KyIIQbI, HO Qae KpeCTbHHe caMll OTnpaB-
JIIDIllCb B ropo,n; 3a nOKyIIKOM MaTepllll ,lJ;JIH 06HOBbI. KYCOQKll TKaHll,
OCTaBIIIlleCH npll paCKpoe, 3KOHOMHbIe X03HMKII COXpaHHJIll, a nOTOM
llllX nyCKaJIll B ,n;eJIo. TaK nOQTll B KCUK,lJ;OM ,n;OMe CTaJIll nOHBJIHTbCH pa-
,n;yroID;lle rJIa3 pa3HOQBeTHbIe o,n;eillIa, HaBOJIOQKll Ha nO,n;yIIIKll, nOJIO-
BI1KI111 ,lI;p)'TIIe npe,n;MeTbI 0611xo,n;a, nOJIe3HbIe B X03HMCTBe (pHC. 45).
rOTOBbIe 113,n;eJIllH nOpa1KaJIll HpKOCTblO pacQBeToK. ITo BbIllOJIHeH-
, "'\ J1 1
.
.p ;;..;
" .{-IN ' \\
''"- j..
w,Jt-" f1-:'
m.v. \-'>-(JL\...) ,
", '»'111" '" ,',
if 
" / \ ;; \ '\\, ,.."..,,":.
,. ""::: Aa Z:' J/ '.J1 '- -a-'
';' ';' , \}- , 'i:: ,  . ' ,,  . ' ., ; . ' . . . : , ' \ ':\J , . ' 
?!r _,' '.
\1 ::-........
. .':\J;
I;;
.. \-
"
\
,)
;i. -Q' .
PMC. 45. 1113Aem1S1, BblnOI1HeHHble 1-13 110CKYTOB
86

HOH Be:rn;H MO)KHO 6bDIO Cy,n;HTb 0 BK}'Ce, HaCT})oeHHH, a eCJIH xopomo
rrpHCMOT})eTbCH, TO ,n;aJKe Y3HaTb MblCJIH MaCTepHIJ;bl BO BpeMH pa60-
TbI Ha,z:J; H3,n;eJIHeM.
JIOCK)'THaH TeXHHKa OqeHb rrpocTa, rr09ToM)' ,n;ocryrrHa KaJK-
,lJ,oMy. ,l.I;JIH 9Toro 3£1HHTHH He H}')KHbl KaKHe-TO oc06eHHble MaTepmllIbl,
a JIHIIIb JIOCK)'Tbl H HHTKH, KOTopble MO)KHO HaHTH B KaJK.l];OM ,n;OMe.
11 CaMble 06blqHble HHCTpYMeHTbl - HO)KHHIJ;bl 11 Hma. A e:rn;e - <paH-
Ta3H.H H )KeJIaHHe C03,n;aTb QTO-JIH60 HOBoe CBOHMH pyKaMH.
3TOT BH,n; pyKo,n;eJIHH He }'TpaTHJI CBoeH rrpHBJIeKaTeJIbHOCTH
H CerO,lJ,HH. OQeHb QaCTO Ha CTpaHHIJ;ax )K}1>HaJIOB MO,n;bl MO)KHO ynH-
,n;eTb Mo,n;eJIH, a Ha YJIHIJ;ax ropo,n;OB JIIO,n;eH, o,n;eTblX B H3,n;eJIHH, Bbl-
rrOJIHeHHble H3 JIOCK)'TOB. ,l.I;JIH C03,n;aHHH TaKHX H3,n;eJIHH HCrrOJIb3Y-
IOTCH He TOJIbKO TKaHH, HO H rrpH)Ka, TeCbMa, OT,n;eJIOQHble llIH}'Pbl,
JIeHTbI, KpY)KeBa - CJIOBOM, BCe, QTO HaH,n;eTCH rro,n; PyKOH.
 nOCKymHoR meXHUKO, ./TOcKym.
-? - 1. 4TO Tbl 3HaeWb 0 B03HIo1KHOBeHa.U1 J10CKYTHO TeXHIo1KIo1 B Poc-
CIo1Io1? 2. KaKlo1e 1013AeJ1lo1S1 MO>KHO BblnOJ1HIo1Tb 1013 J10CKYTOB?
3. KaKlo1e MaTeplo1al1bl Io1Cn0J1b3YIOT AJlSl BblnOJ1HeHIo1S1 pa60T 1013
J10CKYTOB?
 18. IIo.ZJ;roToBKa o6opYAOBaHHH, HHCTpYMeHTOB
H MaTepHaJIOB K pa60Te
,l.I;JI.H BbIIIOJIHeHHH H3,n;eJIHH 113 JIOCK)'TOB He06xo,n;HMO CJIe-
,n;yro:rn;ee 060py,n;OBaHHe: CTOJI, CT}'JI, mBeHHaH MamHHa, }'T1O)KMJIbHaH
,n;OCKa H }'TlOr.
OpraHH3aIJ;HH pa60Qero MeCTa H rrpaBHJIa 6e30rraCHOH
pa60Tbl rrpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H3,n;eJIHH H3 JIOCK)'TOB COOTBeTCTBYIOT
BblrrOJIHHeMbIM OrrepaIJ;HHM: pyqHblM, MamHHHblM H }'T1O)KHJIbHbIM
(CM.  3, 7, 9).
K HHcTpYMeHTaM MH pa60T B JIOCK)'THOH TeXHHKe OTHOCHTCH:
HrJIbl cpe,n;HHx pa3MepoB; HO)KHHIJ;bl ,n;JIH pacKpoH H rro.n;pe3aHHH
HHTeH; CaHTHMeTpOBaH JIeHTa H JIHHeHKa ,n;JIH orrpe,n;eJIeHHH TOQHO-
87

I []06<>D I
PMC. 46. Wa6110Hbi
ro pa3Mepa 113,n;eJUUI H H3rOTOBJIeHl1JI W06./TOHOB (Tpa$apeToB ,n;JIH
BbIpe3aHH.H ,n;eTaJIeH). K npHcnoco6JIeHMHM - KapToH MJIM nJIOTHaH
6YMara, MeJI M 6YJIaBKM. Bce MHcTpYMeHTbI CJIe,n;yeT xpaHMTb B pa6o-
qeH Kopo6Ke, Tor,n;a OHM Bcer,n;a 6y,n;yr no,n; P}'KOH, a AJlH ma6JIOHOB
M pMC}'HKOB HY)KHa nanKa.
B JIOCKyTHOH TeXHMKe, KaK npaBMJIO, MCnOJIb3YIOTCH reOMe-
TpMqeCKHe PMCYHKM MJIM reOMeTpMqeCKaH M03aHKa. 3JIeMeHTaMM
9TOH M03aMKM MOryT 6bITb KBa,z:J;paTbI, npHMoyrOJIbHMKM, pOM6bI,
TpeyrOJIbHMKH, meCTM- M BOCbMnyrOJIbHMKM M T.,n;. 06bIqHO Y30-
pbI CKJIa,z:J;blBaIOTCH M3 nOBTOpHIOIIJ;MXCH 9JIeMeHTOB, n09TOM)' ,n;JIH
y,n;o6CTBa paCKpOH MaTepMaJIa npMMeHHIOT BbIKpOHKM-ma6JIOHbI
(pHC. 46). I1x BbIIIOJIHHIOT M3 nJIOTHOH 6YMarM MJIM KapTOHa ,n;JI.H KaJK-
,lJ,oro M3,n;eJIMH.
,l.(JUI pa60TbI MCnOJIb3YIOT mBeHHbIe XJIonqaTo6YMaJKHbIe HMT-
KH pa3HbIx IJ;BeTOB M XJIonqaTo6YMaJKHbIe TKaHM - CMTeIJ;, caTMH,
6H3b, XJIOnOK, a TalOKe JIeH. TKaHM MOryT 6bITb rJIa,z:t;KoKpameHbIMM
M C PMCYHKOM. B KaqeCTBe npOK./TOaOI./HbIX MomepuonoB MCnOJIb3YIOT
CMHTenOH, BaTMH M ,n;p.
llo,ll;oop JIOCKyrOB no BeTY
Oco6oe BHMMaHMe B JIOCK}'THOH TeXHMKe y,n;eJIHeTCH IJ;Bery
M ero COqeTaHMHM. Bce IJ;BeTa YCJIOBHO ,n;eJIHT Ha TenJIbIe (KpacHbIH,
OpaH)KeBbIH, OTTeHKH )KeJITOro), XOJIo,n;HbIe (ro.ny6oH, 3eJIeHbIH, CM-
HMH, $MOJIeTOBbIH) M HeHTpaJIbHbIe (6eJIbIH, qepHbIH, cepbIH).
KpacHbIH, )KeJITbIH M CMHMH IJ;BeTa HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBHbIMM. CO BK}'-
COM no,n;o6paTb TKaHM no IJ;Bery ,n;JIH BbInOJIHeHM.H M3,n;eJIMH M3 JIOC-
KyTOB nOMO)KeT lJ,BemoBou KpyZ. MO)KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb ,n;JIH HaqaJIa
88

KPyr, COCTOH:rn;MM 113 meCTM IJ:BeTOBblX ceKTO-
POB: KpaCHbIM, opamKeBbIM, )KeJITbIM, 3eJIe-
HbIM, CMHMM, <pMOJIeTOBbIM. ,lI;onOJIHMTeJIb-
HbIMM npM 9TOM crIMTalOTCH IJ:BeTa ceKTO-
POB, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX ,n;pyr npOTMB ,n;pyra:
KpaCHbIM - 3eJIeHbIM, OpaH)KeBbIM - CMHMM,
)KeJITbIM - <pMOJIeTOBbIM (pHC. 47).
XOpOlliO COqeTalOTCH Me)K,n;y C060M
OTTeHKM o,n;Horo IJ:BeTa: TeMHbIM co CBeTJIbIM. PHC. 47. U.BeToBo Kpyr
 LlJ06.ITOH, npOK.lTOaOI./Hble MOmepUO.ITbl, 8em080u KPY2.
-? - 1. KaKHe 101 HCTpYMeHTbl 101 nplo1cnoco6J1eHIo1J1 Heo6xoAIo1Mbi AJ1J1
1013roTOBJ1eHIo1J1 1013AeJ1H 1013 J10CKYTOB? 2. 4TO TaKoe Wa6J10H?
3. KaK npaBIo1J1bHO nOAo6paTb TKaHIo1 no 4BeTY?
 19 . TeXHOJIOrll.H 113rOTOBJIeHH.H
rrpHXBaTKH H3 JIOCKyrOB
PaCCMOTPMM 9TanbI M3rOTOBJIeHMH npMXBaTKM C MCnOJIb30Ba-
HMeM llIa6JIOHOB ,n;JIH paCKpOH.
IIHCTpYMeHTbI, MaTepHaJIbI H o6opY)J;OBaHHe: HO)KHMIJ;bI, MrJIa
,n;JIH pyqHbIX pa60T, MbIJIO MJIM MeJIOK, KapTOH, KapaHJ(am, caHTM-
MeTpOBa1l JIeHTa, TKaHb ,n;BYX IJ:BeTOB (A M 6), no,n;KJIa,n;01.JHa1l TKaHb,
rrpOKJIa,z:J;OqHbIM MaTepMaJI, TKaHb ,n;JIH OKaHTOBKM M3,n;eJIMH, HMTKM
llIBeMHble, mBeMHa1l MamMHa, yrlOr.
1. CocTaBneHHe 3CKH3a (3CKU3 - PMCYHOK, no KOTOPOMY C03-
,n;aeTcH M3,n;eJIMe) (pIo1C. 48).
QT06b1 nOHHTb TeXHOJIOrMIO coe,n;MHeHMH ,n;eTaJIeM Me)K,lI;)'
C060M, MCnOJIb3YM caMbIM npocToM pMC}'HOK M3 KBa,n;paToB o,n;MHaKO-
Boro pa3Mepa, HO pa3HbIx IJ;BeTOB. PaCnOJIO)KM MX B qeTbIpe pH,n;a
B llIaxMaTHoM nopH,n;Ke. Y Te6H no.rryqMTCH 9CKM3 KBa,n;paTHoM npM-
XBaTIrn:, CocToH:rn;eM M3 16 KBa,n;paToB. BbIlIOJIHM ero B ,n;BYX IJ:BeTax.
Hal1.rryqllIMH pa3Mep rrpMxBaTKM - 22 x 22 CM.
89

h
;1 I II
L/Bem A
 II
 L/Bem 6
( 22cM »
PMC. 48. 3CKH3 npHxBaTKH
lloneBaR Humb
lloneBaR Humb 
t"\j
 I
5CM I<) 22cM I
PMC. 49. 3CKH3 wa6110Ha
2. IhroToBneHMe wa6noHoB (pHC. 49).
ITpMxBaTKa COCTOMT M3 qeTbIpex KBa,z:t;paToB 110 ropM30HTaJIM
M qcrbIpex KBa,z:t;paToB 110 BepTMKaJIM. 3H<UI pa3MepbI IIpMXBaTKM
(22x22 CM), YQMTbIBaH IIpMnyCKM Ha 06pa60TKY cpe30B 6ellKoll
(no 1 CM C K3)K,lJ;Oll CTOpOHbI), MO:>KHO paCCqMTaTb pa3MepbI rna6JIOHa:
(22 - (1 x 2» : 4 = 5 CM - .n;JIMHa CTOpOHbI rna6JIOHa.
113 KapToHa rum nJIOTHOll 6}'MarM BbIpe:>KM KBa,z:t;paT pa3Me-
pOM 5x 5 CM. lI3roToBb ee O.n;MH rna6JIOH pa3MepoM 22 x 2 CM. 3TO
6y.n;cr 06TaqKa IIpMxBaTKM. QT06bI 06JIerqMTb pa60T}' IIpM pacKpoe,
BbIIlOJIHM rna6JIOH pa3MepoM 22 x 22 CM. C ero 1I0MObIO MO:>KHO
6b1CTpO BblKpOMTb IIpOKJIa,z:t;KY M 1I0.n;KJIa,z:t;KY IIpMxBaTKM.
3. PacKpoM.
B Ta611H4e 23 IIpMBe.n;eHbI paCqeTbI KOJIMqeCTBa .n;eTaJIell M MX
pa3MepoB.
Ha M3HaHOQHOll cTopoHe TKaHM BbIQepTM KOHT}'P rna6JIOHa:
Ha CBeTJIbIX TKaHHX 8TO MO:>KHO c.n;eJIaTb OCTpO 3aTOQeHHbIM KapaH-
.n;amOM, a Ha TeMHbIX - MbIJIOM lUIM MeJIKOM.
,l(ai1 IIpMnyCKM Ha llIBbI 10 MM. Oc060e BHMMaHMe IIpM pac-
Kpoe o6paTM Ha HanpaBJIeHMe .n;OJIeBOll HMTM, OHO YKa3aHO Ha rna6-
JIOHax (CM. pHC. 49).
4. TexHonorMecKaR nocneAOBaTenbHOCTb M3rOTOBneHMR npM-
XBaTKM, BbinonHeHHoM B nocKYTHOM TeXHMKe (Ta611. 24).
Coe.n;MHHTb .n;eTaJIM Me:>K.n;y C060ll He06xo.n;MMO 110 cxeMe
(lIpMnyCKM Ha cxeMe He yqoreHbI) (pHC. 50).
90

Ta6nHqa 23. Pac4eT AeTal1e KpOSI
HouMeHof3oHue aemO./Teu KpOR KO./Tu'Iecmf3o P03Mep KpOR, CM
aemO./Teu
KBaApaTbl 4BeTa A 8 7x7
KBaApaTbl 4BeTa 5 8 7x7
nOAKl1aAKa 1 22x22
npOKl1aA04Hbl MaTepHal1 (BaTHH) 1 22x22
n0l10Cbl A AI1S1 OKaHTOBKH H3Ael1HSI 2 22x4
n0l10Cbl 5 AIlSI OKaHTOBKH H3Ael1HSI 2 24x4
J

PMC. 50. CxeMa coeAHHeHHSI AeTaI1e
Ta6nMqa 24. nOCl1eAOBaTel1bHOCTb H3roTOBI1eHHSI
npHxBaTKH
HouMeHof3oHueonepouu
u nocneaof3ome./TbHOCmb
f3blnO./THeHUR p060m
1
11306poJICeHue
COMOKOHmpO./Tb
2
3
I. COCTaBl1eHHe «pHcYHKa» I1H4eBo nOBepxHocTH npHxBaTKH
1. CI10>KH coceAHHe
AeTaI1H Y30pa I1H4eBblMH
CTopOHaMH BHYTPb,
COBMeCTHB cpe3bl,
CMeTa no HaMe4eHHo
I1HHHH
Cpe3bl COBMell.\eHbl,
CMeT04HaSi CTp04Ka
pOBHaSi H pacnOl1araeTC
Ha paCCTOSlHHH 10 MM
OT cpe3a TKaHH
91

npOaO.IT:JICeHUe m06.IT. 24
1 2 3
2. CTa4a AeTa11101 I d WOB CTa4Io1BaHIo1S1 npSlMO,
no HaMe4eHHO I1Io1HIo1Io1, Wlo1plo1Ha nplo1nYCKa 10 MM,
YAal1101 HIo1TKIo1 BpeMeHHoro 3aKpenKIo1 BblnOI1HeHbl
Ha3Ha4eHIo1S1
3. Pa3YTIO>Kb nplo1nYCKIo1 Ha TKaHIo1 HeT 3aMIo1HOB,
Ha WOB. TaKIo1M >Ke ', WOB npSlMO
06pa30M nOAroToBb .
311eMeHTbi Bcex PSiAOB ...
1013Ael1lo1S1, cl1eAYSI cxeMe
4. C110>K101 ABe coceAHlo1e ,lJ,eTal1lo1 COBMeeHbl
nOl10Cbll11014eBblMIo1 - _ _c_ _ _ _ _ .... COOTBeTCTBeHHO
CTopOHaMIo1 BHYTpb, - «pIo1CYHKy»,CTp04Ka
CMeTa 10MM OAHO n0l10Cbl SlBI1S1eTCSI
npOAOI1>KeHlo1eM CTp04KIo1
APyro, CTp04Ka
CMeTbIBaHIo1S1 npOl10>KeHa
Ha paCCTOSlHlo1101 10 MM
OT cpe3a TKaHIo1
5. CTa4a n0110Cbl, - - WOB CTa4Io1BaHIo1S1 npSlMO,
YAal1101 HIo1TKIo1 CMeTbIBaHIo1S1 i-- .--J BblnOI1HeHbl3aKpenKIo1,
--- Wlo1plo1Ha WBa 10 MM
6. Pa3YTIO>Kb nplo1nYCKIo1 ,. J WOBnpSlMo,3aMIo1HoB
Ha TKaH 101 HeT
..
7. TaKIo1M >Ke cnoc060M,  «PIo1CYHOK» AOI1>KeH
KaK onlo1caHO B nYHKTax COCTOSlTb 1013 KBaApaTOB
4-6, c06eplo1 BeCb npaBlo1l1bHo Q>OPMbl,
«pIo1CYHOK» nplo1XBaTKIo1 pa3Mep BepxHe AeTa11101
nplo1XBaTKIo1 22x22 CM
92

npOaO.IT:JICeHUe m06.IT. 24
1 2 3
8. nplo1ynO>Kb c06paHHbl nOBepXHOCTb «pIo1CYHKa»
«pIo1CYHOK» He Io1MeeT 3aMIo1HOB
...
II. CoeAIo1HeHlo1e AeTal1e 101 OKOH4aTel1bHaSi 06pa60TKa nplo1XBaTKIo1
9. Ha H3HaH04HYIO Cpe3bl COBMeeHbl
CTopoHynoAKl1aAKIo1
Ha110>K101 npOKI1a,D,KY
101 «PIo1CYHOK», COBMeCTIo1B
cpe3bl, CMeTa IJ I PUCI/HOK
npOKflOaKO
nOaKfiOaKO
10. nplo1MeTa nOl1ocy A  CTp04Ka pOBHaSl,
AI1S1 OKaHTOBKIo1 1013Ael1lo1S1 «j OAIo1HaKOBO YAal1eHa
K BepXHeMY cpe3Y OT cpe30B no Bce AI1Io1He,
nplo1XBaTKH 111014eBblMIo1 HeT cMeeHIo1 TKaHIo1
CTopOHaMIo1 BHYTPb.
nplo1Ta4a nOl1ocy A
Wlo1pIo1HO WBa 10 MM
11. OTBepHH OKaHTOB04- OKoHmof30'lHOR OKaHToB04HaSi nOl1oca no
HYIO nOl1ocy A Ha 111014e- nOfiOCO Bce Wlo1plo1He OAIo1HaKOBa,
BYIO CTOPOHY, 06epHYB cMeT04Hbie CTe>KKIo1
nplo1 3TOM cpe3 nplo1XBaT- A 3aXBaTbiBalOT Bce CI10101
KIo1, nOAorHIo1 nOl1ocy A TKaHIo1
B CTOPOHY 1013HaHKIo1 TaK,
4T06bl nOAOrHYTbl Kpa
nepeKpblBal1 CTP04KY
nplo1Ta4lo1BaHIo1S1 Ha 2-3 MM.
3aMeTa nOAOrHYTbl
Kpa nOl10CKIo1
12. np0l10>K101 MaWIo1HHYIO CTp04Ka pOBHaSl,
CTP04KY B WOB nplo1Ta4101- 3aXBaTbiBaeT Bce CI10101
BaHHfI TKaHH
93

npOaO.ITJlCeHUe m06.IT. 24
1 2 3
13. BblnOI1HIo1 OKaHTOBKY
HIo1>KHero cpe3a nplo1XBaTKIo1
TaK >Ke, KaK 101 BepXHero
(CM. nYHKTbl 10-12)
14. nplo1Ta4a OKaHTOB04- ..,--, CTp04Ka pOBHaSl,
HYIO nOl1ocy 5 K l1eBoMY , I -----
. OAIo1HaKOBO YAal1eHa
.
, OT cpe3a no Bce AI1Io1He,
cpe3Y nplo1XBaTKIo1 111014e- .
I HeT cMeUJ,eHIo1 TKaHIo1
BblMIo1 CTopOHaMIo1 BHYTpb I
(wHplo1Ha nplo1nycKa - 
10 MM), KOH4bl OKaHTO- ... .
I
B04HO n0l10Cbl BblcTyna- --
lOT CHIo13Y 101 cBepxy I 10MM
Ha 10 MM
15. OTBepHIo1 BblcTyna- OKaHToB04HaSi nOl1oca no
1OUJ,lo1e Ha 1 CM KOH4bl , Bce Wlo1plo1He OAIo1HaKOBa,
oKaHToB04HO nOl10Cbl cMeT04Hbie CTe>KKIo1
I
B CTOPOHY 1013HaHKIo1, 3aXBaTbiBalOT Bce CI10101
3aTeM nOBTOplo1 AecTBlo1e, TKaHIo1
onlo1caHHoe B nYHKTe 11
16. np0l10>K101 MaWIo1HHYIO CTp04Ka pOBHaSl,
CTP04KY B WOB nplo1Ta4101- 3aXBaTbiBaeT Bce CI10101
BaHIo1S1 TKaHIo1
17. BblnOI1HIo1 OKaHTOBKY -- -- - nplo1XBaTKa AOI1>KHa 6blTb
npaBOro cpe3a nplo1xBaTKIo1 KBap,paTHO Q>OPMbl
TaK >Ke, KaK 101 l1eBoro
(CM. nYHKTbl 14-16),
YAal1101 Bce HIo1TKIo1
cMeTbiBaHIo1S1
94

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 24
1 2 3
18. BblnOI1HH B03AYWHYIO ", B03AywHaSi neTI1S1
neTl110 B I1lO6oM yrol1Ke AocTaTo4Ho BeI1H4HHbl;
npHXBaTKH. AI1S1 3TOro r-. o _ neTel1bHble CTe>KKH nl10THO
CAel1a 2-3 npOKOl1a npHl1eralOT APyr K APyry
TKaHH Ha HY>KHYIO AI1HHY
neTI1H. C I1H4eBo CTOpO-
Hbl npHXBaTKH o6MeTa
HHTKH neTel1bHblMH
CTe>KKaMH, 3aKpenHB
nepBbl 101 nOCl1eAHH
o6MeTo4Hbie CTe>KKH
3a TKaHb
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo}lg 12
H3rOTOBneHHe npHxBaTKH
MomepUOftbl U uHcmpYMeHmb/: JlOCKYTbl, nO,lJ,KJlap,04Hafi TKaHb,
npOKJla,lJ,04HbIH MaTepl-1aJl, HHTKI-1 wBeHHble, HO>KHHLlbl, I-1rJla ,lJ,llfi
PY4HbiX pa6oT, MeJlOK, KapToH 10111101 nl10THafi 6YMara, JlHHeKa,
wBeHHafi MaWHHa, YTlor.
1. CocTaBb 3CKH3 npHXBaTKH 1013 reOMeTpH4eCKHX cpHryp (TpeyroJlb-
HHKOB, KBap,paTOB HJlH npfiMoyrOJlbHHKOB).
2. BblnOI1HH 3CKH3 B LlBeTe.
3. C,lJ,eJla Wa6JlOHbi ,lJ,eTaJle M03aHKH 1013 KapTOHa HJlH 6YMarH.
4. nO,lJ,6epH Heo6xo,lJ,HMble,lJ,llfi pa60Tbi TKaHH.
5. PacKpoH ,lJ,eTaJlH H3,lJ,eJlHfI.
6. BblnOJlHH co6cTBeHHoe 1-13,lJ,eJlHe, nOJlb3YflCb TeXHOJlOrHeH
H3roTOBJleHHfI npl-1XBaTKH (Ta6Jl. 24).
V' 3CKU3.
-? -1. Ha30BH 3Tanbl 1-13rOTOBJleHHfI npHXBaTKH. 2. Onl-1WH cxeMY
COe,lJ,HHeHHfI ,lJ,eTaJleH npHXBaTKH, BblnOJlHeHHOH 1013 KBa,lJ,paTOB.
95

TeXHOJIOrH.H BblmHBaHH.H
llIMpoKO paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIM BM,l{OM PYK0,l{eJIMJI JlBJIJleTCJI
BbIlliMBaHMe. OHO MMeeT MHOrOBeKOBYIO MCTOpMIO. I1pou;ecc pa3BM-
TMJI BbIlliMBaHMJI MO)l(HO npOCJIe,l{MTb no naMJlTHMKaM MCK)'CCTBa
,l{peBHMX U;MBMJIM3aU;MM, JIMTeparypHbIM MCTOqHMKaM, a TalOKe no
coxpaHMBllIMMCJI 06pa3u;aM BbIlliMBOK pa3HbIX BpeMeH M HapO,l{OB.
Ha npOTJI)I(eHMM CTOJIeTMM BbIllIMBKa 6bIJIa HeOT'beMJIeMOM qaCTbIO
YKpallIeHMJI O,l{e)K,lJ;bI M 6blTa. Ee BblTIOJIHJlJIM JIbHJlHbIMM, llIepCTJlHbI-
MM, llIeJIKOBbIMM (qae U;BeTHbIMM), MeTaJIJIMqeCKMMM (30JIOTbIMM
Ii cepe6pJlHbIMM) HMTJlMM, a TalOKe BOJIOCOM, 6McepOM, )l(eMqyI'OM,
6JIeCTKaMM, MHOr,l{a B COqeTaHMM C HallIMTbIMM ,l{parOu;eHHbIMM KaM-
IUIMM, MOHeTaMM M T. n.
B K)'praHax (,l{peBHMX MOrMJIbHbIX XOJIMax) IX-XII BeKOB ap-
XeOJIOrM qaCTO HaxO,l{JlT 9JIeMeHTbI ,l{peBHeM O,l{e)K,lJ;bI, YKpallIeHHoM
cBepKaIOMM 30JIOTbIM Y30pOM. CoxpaHMBllIMeCJI ,l{0 HallIMX ,l{HeM
,l{parOu;eHHbIe 30JIOTOllIBeMHbIe BbIllIMBKM ,ZJ;peBHeM PYCM nOKO-
pJlIOT BeJIMKOJIenMeM MOTMBOB M 6e3ynpeqHbIM MCnOJIHeHM-
eM Y30pa.
B XVIII-XX BeKax BbIllIMBKOM 3aHMMaJIMCb nOBceMeCTHO.
OHa ,l{eJIMJIaCb Ha ropo,l{cK}'IO M KpeCTWIHCK}'IO (HapO,l{H)'IO). rOpO,l{CKaJJ:
BbIllIMBKa nOCTOJlHHO McnbITbIBaJIa BeJlHMJI MO,l{bI C 3ana. Hapo,l{-
HaJJ: BbIllIMBKa 6bIJIa CBJl3aHa C TpMU;MJlMM, 06bIqaSIMM M 06pJl,l{aMM
PYCCKoro KpeCTbJlHCTBa. B PYCCKMX CeJIeHMJlX 06yqaTb ,l{eBOqK)' )l(eH-
CKOM}' peMeClI}' - npJl,l\eHMIO, TKaqeCTBY, BbIlliMBaHMIO, KpY)I(eBOTIJIe-
TeHMIO - HaqMHaJIM C nJlTMJIeTHerO B03paCTa. K nJlTHU;aTM rO,l{aM
,l{eBYlliKa ,l{OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa CBOMMM PYKaMM npMrOTOBMTb npM,l{aHOe,
YKpaCMB ero BbIllIMBKOM. COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBoeM}' Ha3HaqeHMIO KIDK-
,l{aJJ: Beb (py6axa, nepe,l{HMK, capa4>aH, nOJIOTeHU;e M ,l{p.) MMeJIa
OC06bIM xapaKTep ,l{eKOpaTMBHoro YKpallIeHMJI.
B reqeHMe HeCKOJIbKMX CTOJIeTMM Y PYCCKoro HapO,l{a CJIO)l(M-
JIMCb onpe,l{eJIeHHbIe TpMU;MM M npMeMbI BblTIOJIHeHMJI BbIllIMBKM,
xapaKTep opHOMeHmo M ero KOflopum (OTJIMqMTeJIbHbIe oc06eHHQ-
CTM) (pHC. 51). PyccKMe KpecTWIHKM 6epe)l(HO XpaHMJIM ceKpeTbI
M oc06eHHocTM BbIllIMBKM CBoeM MeCTHOCTM, nOCTOJlHHO nOnOJIHJIJI
M pa3BMBaJJ: ee.
96

t
--: \ 
. .
t
. ,.
\
.:: .. ':'j.:
:
-«
.-
.. qfJ" Q
-
PMC. 51. PYCCKHH HapoAHblH KOCTIOM C BblWHBKOH
B PYCCKOH BbIllll1BKe oc060e BHI1MaHl1e Y.ll:eJUIeTOI reOMeTpl1-
qeCKoM}' opHaMeHT}', 11306p<UKeHI1IO paCTeHI1H 11 )l(I1BOTHbIX.
OTJII1ql1TeJIbHOH QepTOH opHaMeHTa }lBJI}leTOI Qepe.ll:OBaHl1e
nOBTOp}llOmI1XC}I :::meMeHTOB I1JII1 rpyrrnbI :::meMeHTOB, Y30POB, rap-
MOHI1QHOCTb Bcex ero .IacTeH.
TI03HaKOMI1MC}I C npOCTeHllll1M crroc060M BbIllll1BKI1 - pYQ-
HbIM, KOTOpbIH CQI1TaeTC}I OCHOBOH BbIlllI1BaHI1}1.
----.l- OpHoMeHm, KO.ITOpum.
- ? - 4TO Tbl 3HaeWb 0 BblWHBKe KaK BHAe pYKoAeI1HSI?
 20. Pa6oq:ee MeCTO. MHCTpYMeHTbI, MaTepHaJIbI
u npHcnoco6JIeHH.H AJI.H BbIWHBaHH.H
Pa60Qee MeCTO ,ZVUl BbInOJIHeHI1}1 BbIllll1BaJIbHbIX pa60T .lI:OJI)I(-
HO 6bITb Y.ll:06HbIM. CTOJI co BCeMI1 I1HCTpYMeHTaMI1 11 npl1cnoc06JIe-
HI1}1MM .lI:0JI)I(eH CTO}lTb TaK, '..1T06bI CBeT Ha pa60T}' rra,ll,aJI C JIeBOH
CTOpOHbI I1JII1 cnepe.ll:l1.
HI1TKI1 MO)l(HO xpaHMTb B rrOJIOTH}lHOM MelllOQKe I1JII1 lllKa-
ryJIKe, I1HCTp}'MeHTbI - B CrreU;l1aJIbHOH Kop06Ke, a JII1CTbI KaJIbKI1
4 TCXHOJ1ontR. T. 5 KJI..
97

C Y30paMI1'.-;- B nanKe. I1HCTp}'MeHTbI 11' npl1'CnOC06JIeHI1'H Y06HO
paCnOJIaraTb B npanOM qaCTI1' CTOJIa, a MaTepl1'(UlbI - B JIeBOM.
TIpl1' Bblml1'BaHl1'11' OQeHb BaJKHO npl1'HHTb npaBI1'JIbHOe nOJIO-
)KeHl1'e TeJIa. Bo BpeMH pa60TbI HeJIb3H Onl1'paTbCH rpYblO 0 CTOJI,
KOpnyC OJI)KeH 6bITb HeMHoro HaKJIOHeH Bnepe, HOrl1' no B03MO)K-
HOCTI1' OJI)KHbI HaxOI1'TbCH Ha He60JIbmOM nOCTaBKe. PaCCTOHHl1'e
OT ma3 O pa60TbI - 25-30 CM.
Bo BpeMH pa60TbI 60JIbmOe 3HaQeHI1'e I1'MeeT npaBHJIbHaH
nOCTaHOBKa PYK BblmI1'BaJIbII.tI1'QbI: JIeBaH PYKa ep)KI1'T nIDIbQbI
(pHC. 52, a), a npaBaH BbIllOJIHHeT Bblml1'BK}' (pHC. 52, 6).
a
6
PMC. 52. n0110>KeHHe PYK npH BblWHBaHHH
OQeHb Y06HO Bblml1'BaTb Ha nIDIbQax, KOTopble MO)KHO npl1'-
Kpenl1'Tb K nOBepXHOCTI1' CTOJIa cneQl1'aJIbHbIM BI1'HTOM. B 9TOM c.nyqae
B npoQecce BbIml1'BaHI1'H yqacTB}'IOT 06e PYKI1'. JIeB}'IO PYKY ep)KaT
no nHJIbQaMI1', a npaB}'IO - H nIDIbQaMI1'. TIpaBoM PYKOM npoBo-
HT I1'r.1l}' OCTpbIM KOHQOM Ha 11'3HaHOQH)'IO CTOpOH}' Bblml1'BKI1', a JIe-
BOM, B3HB I1'r.1l}' 3a OCTpl1'e, BbIBOHT ee Ha JII1'QeBYIO CTOpOH}' TeM )Ke
(OCTpbIM) KOHQOM. HI1'TK}' 3aTHrl1'BalOT npaBoM PYKOM. TaK Bblml1'Ba-
lOT Ha llJIOTHbIX TKaHHX.
Bo BpeMH BbIml1'BaHI1'H CJIeeT C06JIIOaTb npaBllJIa 6e30nac-
HOM pa60TbI C HO)KHI1'QaMI1', pyqHOM I1'rJIOM 11' 6YJIaBKaMI1', a TalOKe
npaBI1'JIa BbIllOJIHeHI1'H yrlO)KI1'JIbHbIX orrepaQI1'M (CM.  3, 9).
98

K MHCTp}'MeHTaM AllH promOH BbIllIMBKM OTHOCHTCH: HO)KHI1-
QbI, BbIllIl1BaJIbHble MrJIbI, rrHJIbQbI, HarrepCTOK, caHTMMeTpOBaH JIeH-
Ta, K rrpMcrroco6JIeHMHM - KapaH,AallI, KOrrMpOBaJIbHaH 6}'Mara, KaJIb-
Ka (pHC. 53).
HO)KHMQbI ,AOJI)KHbI 6bITb ,ABYX BM,AOB: MaJIeHbKMe C 3arIryTbI-
MM KOHQaMl1 - ,ZVIH rrO,Ape3aHMH HI1TOK M 60JIbllIMe - ,ZVIH pacKpoH
MaTepMaJIa.
,l{JIH pa60TbI Heo6xo,AMMO MMeTb crreQl1aJIbHbIH Ha60p Mm
,ZVIH BbIllII1BaHMH. CaMbIe TOHKMe MrJIbI NQ 1 MCrrOJIb3yK>TCH ,ZVIH BbI-
llIMBKll Ha TOHKMX TKaHHX TOHKI1MM HMTKaMM B O,AHO CJIO)KeHl1e.
I1mbI NQ 2-5 - ,ZVIH pa60TbI Ha JIbHHHbIX TKaHHX. TOJICTble I1rJIbI
NQ 6-12 - ,ZVIH pa60TbI Ha rrJIOTHbIX TKaHHX llIepcTHHbIMI1, CMHTeTM-
qeCKMMI1 HMTKaMM. YlliKO MrJIbI ,AOJI)KHO 6bITb OBaJIbHbIM, C rJIa,AKI1-
MM KpaHMM, QTo6bI rrpl1 pa60Te He rrepeTMpaJIaCb HI1TKa, M ,AOCTa-
TOQHO 60JIbllIMM, QTo6bI HMTKa JIerKO B,AeBaJIacb.
flRflblJ,bl 6bIBalOT KpyrJIOH MJIM rrpHMoyrOJIbHOH cpOpMbI.
rrJIaCTMaCCOBble MJIM ,AepeBHHHble. OCHOBHoe Ha3HaqeHMe rrHJIeQ -
,Aep)KaTb TKaHb B HaTHIryTOM COCTOHHMM M rrpe,AOTBpaI.l\aTb CTHrMBa-
HMe BbIlliMToro Y30pa.
,

IIIO!"l!"\I.
.--
-
L--
-- ------::.
-- :...-'
---- - \
-:::-----
--::.-
 .


", \

PHC. 53. IIIHcTPYMeHTbl H npHcnoc0611eHHSI AIlSi PY4HO BblWHBKH
99

,l(JlH BbIllIl1BaHIUI I1CnOJIb3pOT OHOTOHHbIe XJIOn'IaTOUYMaJK-
HbIe, JIbH.HHbIe, llIeJIKOBbIe, llIepCT.HHbIe 11 CMellIaHHbIe TKaHI1. JIyq-
1lII1e HI1TKI1 A7I.H BbIllII1BaHI1.H - .MYflUHe (pHC. 54). OHI1 I1MelOT CTOM-
K}'IO oKpacK}', 6JIeCK 11 He06xoI1MYIO npO'IHOcTb. no6I1pa.H HI1TKI1
A7I.H pa60TbI, CJIeeT nOMHI1Tb, 'ITO OHI1 omKHbI 6bITb paBHoMepHo
oKpallIeHHbIMI1 11 KpenKI1MI1.


-;... -
--=---
.  .
, .
-.,
._....:.

--- .
-- -& ,,-.
"-=- -.
 ...:=
  ---.:.. ---
.-
,. _. - - -

:-  
'-, ,
.......-
-
:.
 J '"f'
PMC. 54. Mym1He
,l(JI.H nepeBoa pl1cYHKa Ha TKaHb H}')KHbI OCTpO OTTO'IeH-
HbIe KapaHallIl1. C nOMOI.l\blO QBeTHoM Konupof3GflbHoiJ 6Y.MGZU ()KeJI-
Toro, KpacHoro I1JII1 3eJIeHOrO QBeTa) nepeHOC.HT pl1CYHOK (Y30p)
Ha TKaHb.
KGflbKG - 3TO np03pa'IHa.H 6eJIa.H 6}'Mara. Ee I1CnOJIb3}'1OT A7I.H
nepeBoa 11306paJKeHI1M, pI1C}'HKOB, opHaMeHToB 11 T. n.
----tt- nR.lTblJ,bl, .MY.lTUHe, Konupof3aflbHGR 6Y.MGZG, KGflbKG.
-? - 1. KaK npaBHJ1bHO opraHH30BaTb pa604ee MeCTO ,D,J1J1 BbIWHBaHHJI?
2. KaKHe HHCTpYMeHTbl 101 npHcnoco6J1eHHJI npHMeHJlIOT ,D,J1J1 Bbl-
WHBaHHJI? 3. KaKHe TKaHH nO,lJ,XO,lJ,JlT ,D,J1J1 BbIWHBKH? 4. KaKaJl
pa604aJl n03a C4HTaeTCJI npaBHJ1bHoi:1 npH BblwHBaHHH?
100

 21. TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKaJI nOCJIeAOBaTeJIhHOCTh
BhImHBaHH.B
TeXHOJIOrIPleCKaJI nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTb BbIIIIMBaHM.H BKJIIO-
qaeT p.H.n; 3TanOB: no.n;rOTOBK}' TKaHM K pa60Te; pa3MeTK}' pa3Mepa
pMcyHKa; nepeBO.n; ero Ha TKaHb; }'BeJIMqeHMe MJIM YMeHbIIIeHMe pa3-
MepOB pMC}'HKa; 3anpaBK}' M3.n;eJIM.H B n.HJIbIJ;bI; no.n;rOTOBK}' HMTOK
K pa60Te; 3anpaBK}' HMTKM B Mr.1l}' M 3aKpeTIJIeHMe Ha TKaHM.
I. llo.n;roToBKa TKaHH K pa60Te
1. BbIcTMpaM TKaHb, MCnOJIb3Y.H CTMpaJIbHO-MOIOee cpe.n;-
CTBO. BbICYIIIM ee.
2. ITpoyrlO)Kb TKaHb. ITo.n;ep)KM ee B pa3BepH}'ToM BM.n;e, nOKa
MaTepMaJI He OCTbIHeT.
3. BbIpOBH.HM cpe3bI TKaHM. ,l(JI.H 3Toro Bbl,ll;epHM KpaMHlO1O
HMTb M no ee cJIe.n;y cpe)Kb JIMIIIHIOIO TKaHb. TaK MO)KHO HaMeTMTb IIIM-
pMII}' M ,lJ,JIMII}' M3.n;eJIM.H. ECJIM TKaHM MaJlO, TO ,lJ,JI.H y.n;o6CTBa BbIIIIMBa-
HI1.H M3JIMIIIKM TKaHM MO)KHO He cpe3aTb, nOKa pa60Ta He OKOHqeHa.
4. 06MeTaM cpe3bI TKaHM IIIBeMHOM HMTKOM, qTo6bI HMTM
TKaHM He OCbInaJIMCb (pHC. 55).
II. Pa3MeTKa pa3Mepa pHcynKa
1. BbIIIIMBKa pacnOJIaraeTC.H B IJ;eHTpe M3.n;eJIM.H.
CJIO)lill TKaHb BqeTBepO M 3aqmKcMpyi1 crM6bI C nOMOblO
)'TlOra (pHC. 56, a). ITo no.rryqeHHbIM JIMHM.HM HaMeTb oceBbIe JIMHMM
CTe:>KKaMM «Bnepe.n; MrOJIK}'». Cepe.n;MII}' M oceBbIe JIMHMM MO)KHO Ha-
MeTMTb KapaHAaIIIoM no JIMHeMKe (pHC. 56, 6).
.
r
18
a
6
PMC. 55. 06MeTKa cpe3a TKaHH
PMC. 56. Pa3MeTKa pHCYHKa no eHTpy
101

2. BbIIIIMBKa pacnOJIaraeTC.H B YrJIax M3.n;eJIM.H (caJl(peTKM).
HaH.n;M MeCTOnOJIO)KeHMe BbIIIIMBKM, HaMeTMB Ha TKaHM M Ha
Y30pe oceBbIe JIMHMM, nepeBe.n;M Y30P Ha CaJl(peTK}', COBMeCTMB oce-
Bble JIMHMM (pHC. 57).
I 1
I 
I
I I. _
I _ o.:.-.r '.. ':. :.:
I
- - - - - - -1- _ _ _ _ _ _  ..1,.
I $P;'1!T1!; '-.-_:'
:
: 1
: 0 .c 
_ 0.  -.r .  .:_
 ','
. . 1 .-,
.---o
PMC. 57. Pa3MeTKa pHCYHKa
BblWHBKH B yrl1ax
KO.nbKO
PMC. 58. nepeBOA pHCYHKa C nOMOUJ,blO
KOnHpOBaI1bHO 6YMarH
III. llepeBo.n; pucynKa Ha TKaHb c nOMODJ;blO
KonupOBaHH.H (KonUpOBaJIbHOH 6yMaru)
1. ITOJIO)KM no.n;roTOBJIeHHyIo TKaHb Ha nOBepxHocTb pa6o-
qero CTOJIa.
2. HaJIO)KM KaJIbK}' C pMC}'HKOM .n;JUI BbIIIIMBKM Ha TKaHb, co-
BMeI..U;a.H oceBble JIMHMM.
3. ITpMKOJIM KaJIbK}' K TKaHM no .n;BYM npoTMBOnOJIO)KHbIM
cTOpoHaM.
4. BJIo)lill IJ;BeTH}'IO KOnMpOBaJIbH}'lO 6}'Mary Me>K,l()' Y30POM
M TKaHblO. Kpac.HI..U;a.H cTopoHa KOnMpOBaJIbHOM 6YMarM .n;OJI:>KHa
6bITb o6paw;eHa K TKaHM (pHC. 58). QTo6bI TaKa.H 6YMara He naqKaJIa
TKaHb, nepe.n; pa60TOM npOTpM ee BaTOM.
5. 06Be.n;M KOHT}'P Y30pa OCTpO OTTOqeHHbIM KapaH.n;aIIIoM.
TaKoM cnoco6 nepeBo.n;a pMcYHKa Ha TKaHb Ha3bIBaeTC.H Konupo-
(3oHueM.
102

.. npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo M 13
nepeBOA pMcYHKa Ha TKaHb
MomepUO./lbl, npucnOC06./leHuR: TKaHb ,[J,11s:1 BbIWHBaHHs:I, 6YI1aBKH
nopTHoBcKHe, KapaH,[J,awH, PHCYHOK BbIWHBKH, Kal1bKa, KonHpo-
Bal1bHas:l 6YMara, pa6oLlas:l TeTpa,[J,b.
nepeBe,[J,H O,[J,HH H3 npe,[J,110>KeHHbIX PHCYHKOB (pHC. 59) Ha TKaHb
C nOMOLLl,blO KonHpOBal1bHOH 6YMarH. 06pa3e4 OTYTIO>Kb.
PMc.59. PIo1CYHKIo1 AI1S1 BblWIo1BaHIo1S1
COMOKOHmpO./lb
1. PHCYHOK Ha TKaHH s:lPKHH H LleTKHH. 2. KOHTYP H306pa>KeHHs:I
HenpepblBHblH. 3. JlHHHH pHCYHKa BblWHBKH LleTKHe, pOBHbie
H nl1aBHble.
ru YBeJIH'leHHe HJIH }'MeHhmeHHe pHcynKa
RH M3MeHeHMH pa3Mepa pMc}'HKa McnoRb3yIDT pacTpoByID
6YMary MRM, eCRM ee HeT, BbPlepqMBalOT RMCT C KJIeTOqKaMM.
(PocmpoBOR 6YMOZO - 8TO 6YMara, Ha KOTOpyID HaHeceHa CeTKa M3
KBpaTOB pa3MepOM 1 x 1 CM.)
1. nepeCHI1MI1 pMC}'HOK Ha pacTpoB}'IO 6}'Mary rum rrpocTo Ha-
qepTl1 KJIeTKI1 Ha pMc}'HKe, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHCYHKe 60.
103

2. B03bMI1 BTOpOM JlI1CT 6YMarl1 11 Ha-
QepTI1 Ha HeM KBapaTW, HO Ha 1/ 4 , 1(
11J111 1/ 2 MeHbllIe Tex, KOTopbIe Ha nepBOM
JlI1CTe, eCJlI1 H}'JKHO }'MeHbllIl1Tb pI1C}'HOK,
11J111 60JlbllIe - eCJlI1 ero Ha,n,O YBeJlI1QI1Tb.
3. BOCnp0I13Be11 JlI1HI1I1 pl1cYHKa
KJIeTKa 3a KJIeTKOM, paCllII1pHH HX, eCJlI1 p"-
C}'HOK OJl)KeH 6bITb YBeJlI1QeH, 11 cyJKaH - ec-
JIll OH OJlJKeH 6bITb }'MeHbllIeH.
113MeHI1Tb pa3Mep pl1cYHKa TaKJKe
MOJKHO npl1 nOMO11 KOMnblOTepa 11 Kce-
pOKca.
 3arrpaBKa TKaHH B rr.JIJIhD;hI
1. nOJlOJKI1 MeHbllIl1M 06pyq nHJleQ Ha CTOJl, HaKpoM ero TKa-
HblO (pHC. 61, a).
2. npl1JKMI1 TKaHb 66J1b1lI11M 06pyqeM K MeHbllIeM)'.
3. nOTHHI1 BI1HT.
4. HaTHHI1 TKaHb B HanpaBJleHI1HX HI1TeM OCHOBbI 11 no YTKJ
(pHC. 61, 6).
" 'I
(", I , "
, '1 ",,.?
c:-=>
'-;;, };...
{.. V \J
6
8
PMC. 61. 3anpaBKa TKaHH B nSll1bbl
104

TKaHb He60JIbllIMX pa3MepOB Tpy,n;HO 3arrpaBMTb B rr.HJIbQbI,
rr03TOM}' K ee Kpa.HM llIBeMHbIMM HMTKaMM rrpMllIMBalOT rrOJIOCKM JIIO-
60i1 TKaHM, a 3aTeM 3an.HJIMBaIOT. no OKOH'-IaHMM pa60TbI MX MO)KHO
JIerKO y,n;aJIMTb (pHC. 61, 8).
VI. 3anpaBKa HHTKH B Hr.rry
QT06bI YCKOPMTb IIpoQecc BbIlliMBaHM.H, O'-IeHb BaJKHO rrpa-
BMJIbHO rro,n;06paTb ATIMH}' HMTKM. KOpOTKyIO HMTKy rrpMxo,n;MTC.H
'-IaCTO MeH.HTb, a ATIMHHa.H cnyrbIBaeTC.H MJIM Ha HeM 06pa3}'1OTC.H
Y3eJIKM. npMeMJIeMa.H ATIMHa HMTKM ATI.H pa60TbI - 50-60 CM.
CyecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO Clloc060B 1I0,n;60pa ,n;JIMHbI pa60-
'-IeM HMTKM, KOTopble He Tpe6YlOT IIpMMeHeHM.H M3MepMTeJIbHbIX
JIMHeeK:
· HMTKy 6epyr B PYKY, rrepe6paCbIBalOT ee '-Iepe3 JIOKOTb, CHM-
MalOT M OTpe3alOT HO)KHMQaMM (pHc..62, a);
· KOHeQ HMTKM 6epyr B PYKY M OTMep.HIOT paCCTO.HHMe ,n;o rro,n;-
60po,n;Ka (pHC. 62, 6).
Q T06bI HMTKa JIerKO B,n;eBaJIaCb B MrOJIKy, HMTKy CJIe.n;yeT rro,n;-
pe3aTb rro,n; yrJIOM (pHC. 63, a). 06bI'-IHO MCrrOJIb3YlOT HMTKy B He-
CKOJIbKO CJIO)KeHMM. Ee H}')KHO CKpyrMTb 110 xo.n;y '-IaCOBOM CTpeJIKM
(pc. 63, 6). nOCJIe ::)Toro B3.HTb Mmy B JIeB}'IO PYKY, HarrpaBMTb YlliKO
B OCBeeHH}'1O CTOpOH}', '-IT06bI ero XOpOlliO 6bIJIO BM,n;HO, M B,n;eTb
HIITKy (pHC. 63, 8).

1
0\
ft-
/ 
a
6
PMC. 62. nOA60p AIlHbl HTK
105

1__
6
-{]
a
8
PMC. 63. OTpe3aHHe (a), CKpY4\o1BaH\o1e (6) \01 BAeBaH\o1e (8) H\o1TK\o1 B \o1rl1Y
VII. 3aKpellJIeHUe pa6oIJ:eii HUTKU Ha TKaHU
B BbIlIIMBKe Ha pa60qeM HMTKe HMKor.n:a He .n:eJIalOT Y3eJIKM.
113HaHoQHaJI CTopOHa BbIlIIl1TOrO 113.n:eJII1.H TOJKe .n:OJIJKHa 6bITb aKK)'-
paTHOM M rJIa,D,KOM. HMTK)' 3aKpenJI.HIOT Ha JIMI.:(eBOM CTopOHe TKaHI1
B TOM MeCTe, r.n:e 6y.n:eT pacnOJIOJKeHa BbIlIIMBKa.
Cnoco60B 3aKpenJIeHM.H pa60QeM HMTKM Ha TKaHI1 6e3 Y3JIa
HeCKOJIbKO.
· HI1TK)' B o.n:HO CJIOJKeHl1e 3aKpenJI.HIOT Ha TKaHM MeJIKMMM
rrp.HMbIMM CTeJKKaMM lIIBa «Bnepe.n: MrOJIK)'» (pHC. 64).
· HI1TK)' B .n:Ba CJIOJKeHI1.H rrpo.n:eprMBalOT KOHI.:(aMM B MrJl}'.
3aTeM BbInOJIH.HIOT He6oJIblIIOM CTeJKOK B HaQaJIe pa6oTbI,
npOT.HrMBaIOT HMTK)', OCTaBJI.H.H Ha JIMI.:(eBOM nOBepXHOCTI1
KOHQI1K B BI1.n:e neTeJIbKM, B KOTOpylO B.n:eBaIOT Mr.rry, M 3aT.H-
rl1BalOT HI1TK)' (pHC. 65).
· BbIBO.n:.HT HMTK)' Ha JIMI.:(eBYIO nOBepxHocTb TKaHM, OCTaB-
JI.H.H Ha M3HaHOQHOM cTopoHe KOHeI.:( HMTKM. KperrKo ero
rrpl1Jl:epJKI1BaJI, BblnOJIH.HIOT MaJIeHbKMM CTeJKOK lIIBOM «3a
MrOJIK)'» (pHC. 66).
-
.,
PMc.64
PMc.65
106

'{)
PMc.66
PMc.67
· C.n;eJIaB nepBbIM npOKOJI, OCTaBJI.HIOT Ha 113HaHOqHOM CTO-
pO He TKaHI1 KOHeQ HI1TKI1 .n;JII1HOM OKOJIO 6 CM II 3aKpenJI.H-
lOT ero nOCJIe Toro, KaK HI1TKa 3aKOHQMJIaCb. npO.n;epH}'B
HI1TK}' B limy, npOT.Hrl1BalOT ee no.n; BbIllIl1BKOM (pHC. 67).
· no OKOHQaHl111 BbIllIl1BKI1 HI1TK}' 3aKpellJI.HIOT Ha 113HaHOQ-
HOM cTOpoHe HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 CTe)KKaMI1 «3a I1rOJIK}'», npo-
nyCKaIOT KOHeQ HI1TIill no.n; pa60TOM.
Yxop; 3a H3.zJ;eJIH.HMH C BhIWHBKOH
CTl1paTb 113.n;eJII1.H C QBeTHOM BbIllIl1BKOM H}')KHO B TenJIOM BO-
.n;e 11 OQeHb OCTOpO)KHO. fix HeJIb3.H 3aMaQI1BaTb, 3aJII1BaTb Kl1n.HT-
KOM II Iilln.HTI1Tb. BblCTl1paHHOe 113.n;eJIl1e CJIe.n;yeT XOpOlliO nponOJIO-
CKaTb B XOJIO.n;HOM Bo.n;e, OT)KaTb II 3aBepH}'Tb Ha HeCKOJIbKO MI1H}'T
B MaxpoBoe nOJIOTeHQe MJII1 npOCTbIHIO. YTIO)KI1Tb 113.n;eJIl1e CJIe.n;yeT
BO BJIIDKHOM COCTO.HHI1I1 C 113HaHOQHOM CTOpOHbI. OT}'TIO)KeHHOe 113-
.n;eJIl1e He06xo.n;I1MO .n;epJKaTb B pa3BepH}'TOM BI1.n;e .n;o Tex nop, nOKa
OHO He OCTbIHeT.
 P03MemKO PUCYHKO, Konup080Hue, pocmp080R 6YM020, 30nR.lTU-
80Hue.
-? - 1. 3 KaKHX 3TanOB COCTOHT nOAroToBKa TKaHH K pa6oTe? 2. KaK
pa3MeTHTb PHCYHOK? 3. KaK MO>KHO YBeJ1H4HTb HJ1H YMeHbWHTb
PHCYHOK? 4. 4TO Ha3blBalOT 3am:IJ1HBaHHeM 101 KaK 3anpaBHTb TKaHb
B ns:lJ1b4bl? 5. KaK npaBHJ1bHO OTpe3aTb HHTKY 101 BAeTb ee B HrI1Y?
6. KaKHMH cnoco6aMH MO>KHO 3aKpenHTb pa604YIO HHTKY Ha TKa-
HH? 7. KaK yxa>KHBaTb 3a H3AeJ1Hs:lMH C BbIWHBKOH?
107

 22. TeXHOJIOrH.H BhInOJIHeHH.H
npOCTeHmHX pyqHhIX mBOB
OCHOBOM JII060M BbIllIMBKM HBJIHIOTCH npOCTbIe pHbIe llIBbI.
PaCCMOTpMM HeKOTopbIe 113 HMX.
llIOB «WHypOK» BbIllOJIHHIOT B ,n:Ba
npl1eMa (pHC. 69). CHaqaJIa no npHMoM JII1-
HI1I1 I1JIM no KOHrypy Y30pa npOKJIa,LJ;bIBa-
lOT CTe)KKM llIBa «Bnepe,n: MrOJIK}'». Pac-
CTOHHl1e Me)f():(}' CTe)KKaMI1 ,n:OJI)KHO 6bITb
B .n;Ba pa3a MeHbllIe AJlI1HbI CTe)KKa. nOCJIe
i.noro Mr.ny C HMTKOM (06bIqHO ,n:pyroro
QBeTa) no,n:Bo,n:HT no,n: KaJK.n;bIH CTe)KOK
CBepxy BHM3, He npOKaJIbIBaH TKaHb. ECJIM
I1r.ny C HMTKOM no,n:Bo,n:I1Tb no,n: CTe)KKM
CHaqaJIa cBepxy BHM3, a nOTOM CHM3Y
BBepx, no.nyqI1TCH ,n:pyrOH BM,ll; llIBa.
TaKI1M llIBOM MO)KHO }'KPaCI1Tb o,n:e)K-
PHC. 69. WOB «WHypOK»
lI.}', nOJIOTeHQa, CKaTepTM.
Cme6eflbl./OmblU 1lI0B npe,n:CTaBJIHeT C060M CnJIOlliHOM pH,n: KG-
CbIX CTe)KKOB, nJIOTHO npI1JIeralOlI.\MX ,n:pyr K ,n:pyry. BbIllOJIHHIOT ero
no HaMeqeHHOM JIMHMM I1JIM no CJIelI.}' BbI,n:epH}'TOM HI1TI1 TKaHM CJIe-
Ba HanpaBO I1JI11 CHM3Y BBepx. KaJK.n;bIM HOBbIM CTe)KOK HaqMHalOT
1ll0B «Bnepea U20flKY» BbIllOJIHHIOT
no npHMOM I1JIM M30rH}'TOH JIMHMI1 ,n:BM)Ke-
Hl1eM I1rJIbI cnpaBa HaJIeBO (pHC. 68). 3TO
pH,n: npHMbIx CTe)KKOB, COCTOHlI.\MX M3
BM,ll;I1MOM HMTKI1 11 nponycKoB O,n:HOH AJlI1-
HbI. )VII1Ha CTe)KKa MO)KeT 6bITb Pa3HOM.
llIOB BbIllOJIHHIOT no cqeT}' HMTeM TKaHM
I1JII1 no pMCOBaHHOMY KOHT}'P TaKOM
1lI0B npl1MeHHIOT AJlH YKpallIeHI1H o,n:e)K.lJ:bI
M KaK OCHOBY AJlH BbIllOJIHeHMH HeKOTO-
pbIX llIBOB (HanpMMep, llIBa «llIH)'pOK»).
108
II
PHC. 68. WOB
«BnepeA HrOI1KY»
--






=

M3 Cepe.n;MHbI npe.n;bI.n;YI.I.\erO. Pa60qag HMTKa .n;OJDKHa 6bITb BCer.n;a
C O.n;HOM CTOpOHbI OT lIma. Bce CTe)KKM .n;OJI)KHbI 6bITb o.n;MHaKOBOM
BeJIMqMHbI (pHC. 70).
I1CnOJIb3YIOT TaKoM IIIOB AJlH BbIIIIMBaHMH cTe6JIeM paCTeHMM.
11M MO)KHO BblnOJIHI1Tb MeTKM M MOHorpaMMbI.
MemKO - 0603HaqeHMe npMHa,zvIe)KHOCTM .n;aHHoro npe.n;MeTa
I1JIM o.n;e)K,ll;bI onpe.n;eJIeHHOM}' JIMQ)' (pHC. 71). Ha rOTOBbIX M3.n;eJIMHX
MeTKaMM MOryT C.lI}')KMTb BbIIIIMTble MHMQMaJIbI I1JIM MMH BJIa,n;eJIbQa.
)VIH BbITIOJIHeHI1H MeTOK MCnOJIb3YIOT HMTKM, KOHTpacTMpYIOI.I.\Me
no QBeT}' C TKaHbIO. PacnOJIaralOT 06bIQHO MeTKM TaK, QTo6bI OHM He
nOpTI1JIM BHeIIIHMM BM.n; M3.n;eJIMH. MeTKM MO)KHO c.n;eJIaTb Ha .n;onOJI-
HI1TeJIbHOM K}'COQKe TKaHM, KOTOpbIM 3aTeM npl1IIIMBaIOT K o.n;e)K,ll;e.
MOH02pOMMO - aTO BH3b (CTIJIeTeHMe) M3 HaQaJIbHbIX 6}'KB
I1MeHI1, q>aMI1JIMI1. MOHorpaMMbI HBJIHIOTCH He TOJIbKO MeTKOM, HO
11 YKpaIIIeHl1eM M3.n;eJIMH, MMM MO)KHO OT.n;eJIaTb KOCTIOMbI, IIIanOQKI1,
TIJIaTOQKM (pHC. 72).
;U
AHJI
t, t:l':;:
,It)jI2)
PHC. 70. CTe6el1b4aTbl WOB
PHC. 71. MeTKa
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo}lg 14
 !:/>.,.
-",:r. 1!J '" "'; d( *
:!of! c d
  -;;
It-.,,;.

PHC. 72. MOHorpaMMa
IobrOTOBneHHe MeTKH (MoHorpaMMbI)
Momepuoflbl, uHcmpYMeHmbl, npucnoco6fleHuR U o6oPyaoBoHue:
TKaHb AI1J1 06pa3L1,a, MYI1HHe, Hrlla, HO>KHHLI,bl, HanepcToK, nJlllb-
Ll,bl, 6YI1aBKH nopTHoBcKHe, KapaHAawH, KallbKa, KonHpOBal1bHaJl
6YMara, ynor.
BblnOllHH MeTKY (MoHorpaMMY) cTe6ellb4aTbiM WBOM.
1. Pa3pa6oTa PHCYHOK MeTKH (MoHorpaMMbl), HcnOllb3YJl npeA-
llO>KeHHbl aI1cpaBHT (WpHcpT) AI1J1 BblWHBaHHJI (pHC. 73) HllH CBO.
109

2. nepeBeAH PHCYHOK Ha TKaHb, pacnonaraJl ero no 4eHTpy.
3. 3anpaBb TKaHb B nJlnb4bl.
4. BAeHb B Hrny HHTKY, CnO>KeHHYIO BABoe.
5. BblnOnHH 3aKpenKY B MeCTe HaLlana BbIWHBKH, TO eCTb B KpaH-
HeM neBOM (HH>KHeM) nOnO>KeHHH.
6. BblnOnHH cTe6enbLlaTblH WOB B HanpaBneHHH cneBa HanpaBO
HnH CHH3Y BBepx.
7. BblnOnHH 3aKpenKY B KOH4e pa6oTbl.
e!K 9J qf eT'q;5 B 8Jf6 &
cacUf!)f{$CBf(9f(OeJ(
f}P(g@jf(8jTgiJ$CU{CT1t
(QJ9fOeR
PMC. 73. Wpl-14>T AIlSi BbIWI-1BaHI-1S1
COMOKOHmpO/lb
1. HHTKa XopOWO 3aKpenneHa Ha TKaHH. 2. CTe>KKH OAHOH AJ1HHbl.
3. HHTKa XopOWO H paBHOMepHO HaTJlHYTa.
lIlOB «30 UZO/lKY» - 9TO HerrpepblBHbIM p.H,n; CTe)l(KOB, BbIIIOJI-
H.HeMbIX crrpaBa HaJIeBO. HCrrOJIb3yeTC.H AJI.H coe,n;MHeHM.H ,n;eTaJIeM
Me>K.n;)' C060M (pHC. 75).
110

-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo M 15
Iil3roToBneHMe o6pa34a WBa «3a MronKY)
MomepUO/lbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl, npucnOC06/1eHUR U 060pyaoBoHue:
TKaHb ,IJ,JUI o6pa34a, MynHHe, Hrna, HO>KHH4bl, HanepcToK, nJlnb-
4bl, 6ynaBKH nopTHoBcKHe, KapaHAawH, KanbKa, KonHpOBanbHaJl
6YMara, ynor, pa60LlaJl TeTPaAb.
BblnOnHH WOB «3a HronKY).
1. nepeBeAH Ha KanbKY, a 3aTeM Ha TKaHb OAHH H3 npeA/lO>KeH-
HblX PHCYHKOB A/lJl BblWHBaHHJI (pHC. 74).
PMC. 74. PI-1CYHKI-1 AIlSi BbIWI-1BaHI-1S1
2. nOA6epH HHTKH A/lJl BbIWHBKH.
3. BAeHb B Hrny HHTKY, CI10>KeHHYIO BABoe.
4. BblnOnHH 3aKpenKY HHTKH Ha TKaHH.
5. BblnOnHH CTe>KOK H nponYCK OAHOH
A/lH-Hbl, HanpHMep LleTblpe HHTH TKaHH.
6. ,lJ.nJl BblnOnHeHHJI BToporo CTe>KKa BBe-
AH Hrny B TOLlKY, rAe KOHLlaeTCJI nepBblH
CTe>KOK, a BblBeAH Ha nH4eBYlO CTOPOHY Ha
LleTblpe HHTH TKaHH neBee BToporo CTe>K-
Ka. 1-13HaHoLlHblH CTe>KOK 6YAeT B ABa pa3a
A/lHHHee nH4eBoro (CM. pHC. 75).
-C7-
PMC. 75. WOB
«3a I-1rOI1KY»
111

7. BblnOI1HIo1 Cl1eAYIOL1l,Io1H CTe>KOK, BBOAJllo1rl1Y B T04KY, rAe KOH4a-
eTCJI npeAblAYL1l,Io1H CTe>KOK.
8. 3aKpenlo1 HIo1TKY B KOHu.e pa6oTbl.
9. nplo1KJ1eH o6pa3eu. B pa604YIO TeTpCiAb.
COMOKOHmpOflb
1. CTe>KKIo1 WBa OAHOH AI1Io1Hbl. 2. CTpo4Ka pOBHaJl.
TOM6YPHbiU 1lI0B (rum: 1lI0B «Qeno"tJ:Ka») - 3TO HenpepbIBHbIM
p.H,ZJ; neTeJIb, BbIXO,ZJ;.HIl\MX O,ZJ;Ha M3 ,ZJ;pyrOM. IIIoB BbInOJIH.HIOT cBepxy
BHM3 (pHC. 76). npMMeH.HIOT ero AJI.H BbIlliMBaHM.H KOH'I)1>a M AJI.H
CruIOlliHoro 3arrOJIHeHM.H Y30pa (B ,ZJ;eKopaTMBHoM pMcYHKe).
1lI0B «nemflR BnpuKpen» (MHor,ZJ;a era Ha3bIBalOT «neTeJIbKM»
MJIM «nOJIyneTeJIbKM») .HBJI.HeTC.H pa3HoBM,ZJ;HOCTblO TaM6ypHoro
llIBa. 8TMM llIBOM MO)KHO BbIllIMTb QBeTbI MJIM TpaBY, 1lI0B MO)KeT
COCTO.HTb M3 p.H,ZJ;a OT,ZJ;eJIbHbIX rreTeJIb, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX no Y30PY.
BbInOJIH.HIOT era CJIe,ZJ;}'lOIl\MM 06pa30M: ,ZJ;eJIalOT rrepB}'IO rreTJIIO TaM-
6ypHoro llIBa, a BMeCTO BTOpOM neTJIM - 3aKpeno"tJ:HbIM MaJIeHbKMM
CTe)KOK (pIo1C. 77).
PMC. 76. T aM6YPHbl WOB

()t;p
aQ q
ocY
PMC. 77. WOB «neTI1S1 BnpHKpen»
1lI0B «Y3eflKu» MCnOJIb3}'1OT npM 3anOJIHeHMM cep,ZJ;QeBMHoK
QBeTOB MJIM ,ZJ;JI.H BbIlliMBaHMH HeKoTopbIX )KMBOTHbIX. ,lI,JI.H BbInOJI-
HeHM.H llIBa He06xo,ZJ;MMa TOHKaH MrJIa 6e3 yrOJIll\eHM.H B 06JIaCTM
yrnKa. HMTKM MO)KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb JI106bIe, HO OHM He ,ZJ;OJI)KHbI
6bITb llIepOXOBaTbIMM.
112

I1r.ny C pa601.IeM HMTKOM BbIBO.z\HT Ha nOBepXHOCTb TKaHM,
.z\e.TIaIOT O.z\MH, .z\Ba, TpM HaBMBa HMTKM Ha Mr.ny (pHC. 78, a) M np0Ka-
JIbIBaIOT TKaHb Ha He6oJIbllIOM paccToHHMM OT MeCTa BbIXO.z\a HMTKM
Ha nOBepxHocTb TKaHM (pHC. 78, 6). HMTK}' oCTopmKHo npOTHrMBa-
lOT Ha M3HaH01.IH}'1O CTOpOH}', nO.z\THrMBaJI K TKaHM nO.1l)'1.IMBIlIMMCH
Y3e.TIOK. CJIem;MM Y3eJIOK MO)KHO BbIllOJIHMTb Ha paccToHHMM
1,5-2 CM OT npe.z\bIero M T..z\. (pHC. 78, 8).
flemeflbHblU IlIOB (MJIM KpaeBoM)- BbIllOJIHHIOT CJIeBa Hanpa-
BO (CM.  4, Ta611. 3). Pa601.IaJI HMTKa .z\OJI)KHa Bcer.z\a pacnOJIaraTbCH
no.z\ MrJIOM. BbICoTa CTe)KKOB onpe.z\eJIHeTCH KOHrypOM Y30pa.
neTeJIbHbIM IlIOB MCnOJIb3}'1OT AlIH o6MeTbIBaHMH KpaJI, coe.z\M-
HeHMH OT.z\eJIbHbIX .z\eTaJIeM npM M3rOTOBJIeHMM pa3JIM1.IHbIX M3.z\eJIMM
I1JIM AlIH YKpallIeHMH TKaHM.

.......
"\
fit
a
6
8
PHC. 78. WOB «Y3eI1K'-1)
 BUabl w808: «8nepea UZOflKY», «WHypOK», cme6eflbl./amblU,
«3a UZOflKY», maM6YPHbIU, «nemfiR 8npUKpen»1 «Y3eflKU»1 nemeflb-
HbIU; MemKO, MOHozpOMMa.
-?-1. KaKHe pY4Hbie WBbl Tbl 3Haewb? 2. 4TO Ha3blBalOT MeTKoH
H MOHorpaMMoH? 3. C KaKOH CTOpOHbl OT pa60Tbi ,D,OI1>KHa pacno-
J1araTbCJI pa604aJl HHTKa npH BbtnOJ1HeHHH cTe6eJ1b4aTOro WBa?
113

YxO,lJ; 3a O,lJ;e)l{)J;OH
O,Ae)K,Aa I1MeeT 60JIbIIIOe 3HaqeHI1e B JKI13HI1 qeJIOBeKa. OHa
corpeBaeT ero, CKpbIBaeT He,AOCTaTKI1 qmryPbI, YKpalliaeT. llpe,A-
CTaBI1Tb qeJIOBeKa 6e3 O,Ae)K,AbI HeB03MOJKHO. B HeM OH yqI1TCH,
pa60TaeT, 3aHI1MaeTCH cnopToM, OT,AbIXaeT. ,ZJ;JIH Toro qT06w
BeW;l1, KOTopbIe MbI HOCI1M, c.TI)'JKI1JII1 ,AOJIbIIIe, 3a HI1MI1 H}'JKHO npa-
Bl1JIbHO YXaJKI1BaTb.
 23. PeMOHT OAehI
,ZJ;OJIrOBeQHOCTb O,Ae)K,AbI BO MHorOM 3aBI1CI1T OT onpHTHOCTI1
QeJIOBeKa. Ho KaK 6w HI1 6bIJI OH aKK)'paTeH, O,Ae)K,Aa MOJKeT pacno-
pOTbCH no IIIBY, nopBaTbCH I1JII1 npOTepeTbCH. HYJKHO YMeTb YCTpa-
HI1Tb 3TI1 He,AOCTaTKI1, QT06w 113,AeJIl1e 11 nOCJIe peMOHTa 6bIJIO npl1-
rO,lI;HO )VIH I1CnOJIb30BaHI1H.
O,Ae)K,Aa Hal160JIee nO,ABepJKeHa MeXaHI1QeCK0M}' B03,AeMCTBI1IO
Ha JIOKTHX PYKaBoB, B 06JIaCTI1 HI13a 11 KOJIeH Y 6pIOK, HI13a I060K,
KpaeB KapMaHoB. B KaJK.AOM KOHKpeTHoM cJIyqae He06xo,AI1MO }'MeTb
,lI;06pOTHO 11 aKK)'paTHo oTpeMOHTl1pOBaTb o,AeJK.Ay. ,ZJ;JIH 3Toro H}'JK-
HO 3HaTb OCHOBHwe cnoc06w peMoHTa O,Ae)K,AbI.
ECJII1 B TKaHI1 06pa30BaJICH He60JIbIIIOM pa3pbIB, MOJKHO I1C-
rrOJIb30BaTb wmonKY (pHC. 79). KpaSl pa3pbIBa nO,Ape3aIOT, npOIIII1-
BaIOT no KOHT}'PY HeCKOJIbKI1MI1 pH,AaMI1
npHMbIx CTeJKKOB 11 3anOJIHHIOT HI1TKa-
MI1 CHaQaJIa B ,AOJIeBOM, a 3aTeM B none-
peQHOM HanpaBJIeHI1I1, nepenJIeTaSl HI1T-
KI1 MeJK.Ay C060M.
ECJII1 113HOIIIeHHoe MeCTO 60JIb-
IIIoro pa3Mepa I1JII1 06pa30BaJIaCb ,AbIpKa
Ha O,Ae)K,Ae, TO CTaBHT 30nnombl. 3anJIaTbI
MOryI' 6bITb nO,AKJIa,AHbIMI1 I1JII1 HaKJIa,A-
HbIMI1. PI1CYHOK 11 HanpaBJIeHl1e ,AOJIeBOM
HI1TI1 3anJIaTbl ,AOJIJKHbI 6bITb TaKI1MI1
JKe, KaK B TKaHI1113,AeJII1S1.
PMC. 79. BblnOI1HeHlo1e
peMOHTa wTonKo
114

flOaKnOaHble 30nnOmbll1CnOJIb3YlOT B TeX CaSlX, KOr,Aa 113HO-
llIeHHOe MeCTO He CJII111IKOM BeJII1KO 11 ,AOcrynHo )VIR peMOHTa C 113-
HaHOQHOM CTOpOHbI. I1Hor,Aa pa3pblB TKaHI1 B03HI1KaeT B MecTax,
r,Ae nO,AKJIa,AH}'IO 3allJIary nOCTaBI1Tb HeJIb3R, nOCKOJIbK)' OHa MOJKeT
I1CnOpTI1Tb BHeIIlHI1M BI1,A 113,AeJII1R. B TaKI1X caSlx npl1MeHRIOT
peMOHT HOKnOaHblMU 30nnomOMU. <l>opM}' 11 U;BeT TaKOM 3anJIaTbI BbI-
611palOT no :>KeJIaHI1IO.
PeMOHT 3allJIaTaMI1 MOryI' 3aMeHI1Tb rOTOBbIe onnnuKou,uu
MJII1 mepMoonnnuKou,uu, K)'llJIeHHbIe B Mara3l1He. AnnJII1KaU;111O rrpl1-
IIII1BalOT K 113,AeJII1IO MeJIKI1MI1 KOCbIMI1 CTe:>KKaMI1, a TepMOarrnJII1Ka-
QI1IO rrpl1KJIel1BalOT rOpSlQI1M }'TlOrOM 6JIaro,AapSl KJIeeBOM}' CJIOIO Ha
113HaHOQHOM CTopOHe.
-.
flpOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo M 16
PeMOHTTepMoannnMKa4 M eM
Momepuonbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl U o6opyaoBoHue: TKaHb AllSl o6pa3-
4a, TepMOannI1HKa4HSI, HO>KHH4bl, YTlor, pa604aJ1 TeTpaAb.
BblnOI1HH peMOHT C nOMOlJ.J,blO TepMOannl1HKa4HH (pHC. 80).
1. nOApe>Kb KpaJI nOBpe>KAeHHoro Y4aCTKa (pHC. 80, 1). HaIlO>KH
Ha Hero TepMOannl1HKa4HIO Kl1eeBOH CTOpOHOH BHH3.
2. npHYTIO>Kb TepMOannl1HKa4HIO B Te4eHHe 15-30 ceKYHA
YTlOroM (pHC. 80, 2), pa30rpeTbiM Ha n0I10>KeHHH «ee», HI1H
«wepCTb».
3. BKl1eH HI1H npHKpenH o6pa3e4 B pa604YIO TeTpaAb.
"
"
"
-
. ..
... ,
"
Rf
2  . \
3
....
PHC. 80. BblnOI1HeHl-1e peMOHTa TepMOannl1l-1Ka4l-1e
115

COMOKOHmpO/lb
1. nOBpe>K,lJ,eHHbIH Y4aCTOK nOI1HOCTblO 3aKpblT TepMOannl1HKa-
4HeH. 2. TepMOannl1HKa4HSI npHKl1eeHa BceH nOBepXHOCTblO K 1013-
,lJ,eI1HIO. 3. BpeMSI BI1a>t<Ho-TenI10BOH o6pa6oTKH C06111O,lJ,eHo.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 17
PeMOHT nOAKnaAHoH 3annaToH
MomepUO/lbl, uHcmpYMeHmbl U 060pyao(3oHue:TKaHH ,lJ,11S1 o6pa3-
4a 101 ,lJ,11S1 3anl1aTbl, HHTKH wBeHHble, HrJla, HO>KH4bl, YTlOr, pa6o-
4aSl TeTpap,b.
BblnOI1HH peMoHT nO,lJ,Kl1a,lJ,HOH 3anl1aTOH (pHC. 81).
1. nO,lJ,pe>Kb nOBpe>K,lJ,eHHOe MeCTO B cpopMe OBaJla 10111101 npSlMO-
yrOl1bHHKa (pHC. 81, 1). Onpe,lJ,el1H HanpaBl1eHHe ,lJ,Ol1eBOH HHTH.
2. nO,lJ,OrHH cpe3bl Ha H3HaH04HYlO CTOPOHY H3,lJ,eI1HSI, 3aMeTaH.
3. Onpe,lJ,el1H ,lJ,Ol1eBYIO HHTb TKaHH, npe,lJ,Ha3Ha4eHHoH ,lJ,11S1 3a-
nl1aTbl. BblKpOH 3anl1aTY, ee pa3Mepbl ,lJ,OI1>KHbl 6blTb B ,lJ,Ba pa3a
60l1bWe pa3MepOB OTBepCTHSI (pHC. 81, 2).
4. nO,lJ,OrHH 101 3aMeTaH cpe3bl 3anl1aTbi Ha H3HaH04HYlO CTOPOHY.
5. HaI10>KH 3anl1aTY JlH4eBOH CTOpOHOH Ha H3HaH04HYIO CTOPOHY
H3,lJ,eI1HSI, HaMeTaH (pHC. 81, 3).
g; ! .o
 E:
<::; ::,
o :t

S ! .o
CIJ E:
<::; ::,
o :t

1
2
I'H""""::'.:.. ;''''''
 ( - -- ;
 -______ r# I
7")-,,,).,,,,tI,,,,,,,, """""
z'tI""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
 
 * 
" 'i" 
J """"""'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''11
3
4
5
PMC. 81. BblnOI1HeHJ.1e peMOHTa nOAKl1a,D,HOH 3anl1aTO
116

6. npHwe 3anJlaTY K H3AeJlHIO C H3HaH04HO CTOpOHbl MeJlKHMH
KOCblMH CTe>KKaMH.
7. npHMeTa nOAorHYTbie KpaSi OTBepCTHJI K 3anJlaTe C JlH4eBO
CTOpOHbl. npHwe MeJlKHMH KOCblMH CTe>KKaMH (pHC. 81, 4).
8. y Aal1H HHTKH BpeMeHHoro Ha3Ha4eHHSI (pHC. 81, 5).
9. npHyrlO>Kb 3anJlal)'.
10. BKJle 06pa3e4 B pa604YIO TeTpaAb.
COMOKOHmponb
1. PHCYHOK 101 HanpaBJleHHe AOJleBO HHTH Ha H3AeJlHH 101 3anJla-
Te COBnaAaIOT. 2. CTp04KH pOBHble. 3. CTp04KH PY4HbiX CTe>K-
KOB aKKypaTHo BblnOJlHeHbl. 4. 3anJlaTa He CTJlrHBaeT H3AeJlHe.
5. Ha 3anl1aTe 101 H3AeJlHH HeT 3aMHHOB nOCJle BJla>t<Ho-TenJlOBO
06pa60TKH.
-tt- PeMOHm OaeJICabl, wmonKO, 30nnombl - nOaKnOaHOR U HOKnOaHOR,
Onn.ITUKou,UR.
-? - 1. OT 4ero 3aBHCHT AOJlroBe4HocTb OAe>KAbl? 2. KaKHe MeCTa
OAe>K,lJ,bl 4aw,e Bcero nOABepralOTCJI MexaHH4eCKOMY B03Ae-
CTBHIO? 3. B KaKHX CJlY4aSlX npHMeHSIIOT peMOHT 3anJlaTaMH?
 24. PeMOHT pacnopoBwnxCJI WBOB
PacnopoBwueCR WBbl - 'IaCTOe HBJIeHHe. BOCCTaHOBHTb pac-
rrOpOBllIl1eCH IlIBbI HeCJIO:>KHO, eCJII1 3HaTb, KaK aTO ,ll;eJIaeTcH.
1. QT06bI oTpeMOHTl1pOBaTb nOBpe:>K,AeHHbIM yqacToK MaIlII1H-
HOM CTP0'IKI1, 113,ll;eJIl1e BbIBOpa'II1BaIOT Ha H3HaHO'IH}'1O CTOpOH}'.
HI1TIGI nOBpe:>K,AeHHOrO yqacTKa CTpO'IKI1 nO,ll;pe3alOT 11 Y,ll;aJIHIOT
C 06el1x ,ll;eTaJIeM (pHC. 82).
. -  - .  I , . , -
,
- - -
" - . .
PMc.82 PMc.83 PMc.84
117

ECJII1 rrOBpeeHHbIM aCTOK IIIBa BeJII1K, npOBO,ZJ;.SIT TOHK}'IO
MeJIOB}'IO JII1HI1IO M.SI onpe,ZJ;eJIeHI1.S1 CJIe,ZJ;a CTPOqKI1 (pHC. 83). ,lJ,e'TaJII1
Ha acTKe pa3pbIBa coe,ZJ;I1H.SIIOT no aTOM JII1HI1I1 (pHC. 84). ITo MeJIO-
BOM}' KOHT}'PY BbIllOJIH.SIlOT 1lI0B coe,ZJ;I1HeHI1.S1, B HaqaJIe 11 B KOHIJ,e pa-
60TbI - MaIlII1HH}'1O 3aKpenK}', qT06bI CTpOqKa HaxO,ZJ;l1JIa Ha OC'TaB-
IIIYIOC.SI CTPOQK}' Ha 3-4 CM (pHC. 85).
ECJII1 pacnOpOBllII1MC.SI YQaCTOK IlIBa He60JIbllIOM I1JII1 no,ZJ;
PYKoii HeT IIIBeMHOM MalII 11 HbI, TO BMeCTO MallIl1HHOM CTPOQKI1
MO)KHO BbIllOJIHI1Tb IlIBOM «3a I1I'0JIK}'» CTaQHYIO CTPOQK}' (pHC. 86).
, . , 
- .
PMc.85 PMc.86 PMc.87
2. 06MeTaHHbIM Ha MaIIIl1He cpe3 IlIBa MO)KHO oTpeMOHTl1pO-
BaTb, npl1MeHI1B 06MemOl./HYIO CmpOI./KY (pHC. 87).
3. ECJII1 oTpeMOHTl1pOBaTb pacnOpOBllII1MC.SI 1lI0B C 113HaHOQ-
HOM CTOpOHbI HeB03MO)KHO (113,ZJ;eJIl1e Ha nO,ZJ;KJIa.A Ke ), TO peMOHT BbI-
nOJIH.SIIOT C JII1IJ,eBOM CTOpOHbI rrO,ZJ;IlII1BOQHOM CTPOQKOM (pHC. 88).
,lJ,JI.SI aTOI'O H}')KHO pacnOJIO)KI1Tb pacnOpOBllII1MC.SI IIJOB nO,ZJ;KJIa.AKI1
Ha cI'116e 113,ZJ;eJII1.S1. 3aKpenl1Tb HI1Tb C 113HaHOQHOM CTOpOHbI 11 BbI-
BeCTI1 ee Ha JII1IJ,eB}'IO. Ha BTOpOM coe,ZJ;I1H.SIeMOM ,ZJ;eTaJIl1 BbIllOJIHI1Tb
CTe)KOK MI1HOM 2-3 HI1TI1 TKaHI1. BepH)'Tbc.SI K nepBoM ,ZJ;eTaJIl1l1 BbI-

2-] Humu
.
/lftUHO
cme:J/CKO
-
.
PMC. 88. PeMOHT WBa nOAwHB04HO CTp04KO
118

rrOJIHMTb Ha HeM CTe)KOK rro M3HaHO'-IHOM cTopOHe ,lVIMHOM 7-10 MM
M TaK ,ZJ;aJIee. Ha O,ZJ;HOM ,ZJ;eTaJIM 6y,lI;}'T pacrrOJIaraTbCH M3HaHOqHbIe
CTe)KKM, a Ha ,ZJ;pyrOM - KopoTKMe JIMeBbIe.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo}lg 1 B
PeMOHT pacnopoBwMXCR WBOB
Momepuonbl, UHcmpYMeHmbl U o6opyaoBoHue: J.13Aem1S1, nOAfle-
>KaLLl,J.1e peMoHTY, HJ.1TKJ.1, J.1rJla, HO>KHJ.14bl, wBeHaSl MaWJ.1Ha.
BbInOJ1HJ.1 cooTBeTcTBYIOLLI,J.1e BJ.1Abl peMOHTa.
1. PeMoHT nOBpe>KAeHHOro Y4aCTKa MaWJ.1HHO CTp04KJ.1
(CM. pJ.1C. 85, 86).
2. PeMoHT o6MeTaHHoro Ha MaWJ.1He cpe3a WBa (CM. pHC. 87).
3. PeMOHT J.13AeJ1J.1S1 Ha nOAKJ1a,QKe (CM. pJ.1C. 88).
-a-L-- Pocnop08wuuCR w08, 06MemOl./HOR CmpOI./KO.
-? - 1. KaKJ.1MJ.1 cnOC06aMJ.1 MO>KHO OTpeMOHTJ.1pOBaTb pacnopOB-
WJ.1HCSI WOB? 2. C KaKoH CTOpOHbl J.13AeJ1J.1S1 BbmOJ1HSlIOT peMOHT
pacnOpOBWJ.1XCSI WBOB?
 25. YXOA 3a OAe)K,lJ;OH H3 XJIonQaTo6}'Ma)KHhIX
H JIhH.HHhIX TKaHeH
CpOK HOCKM O,ZJ;e)I(,l{bI 3aBMCMT OT rrpaBMJIbHOrO YX0,ZJ;a 3a HeM.
BOBpeMH BblIIOJIHeHHbIe QMCTKa, cTMpKa M BJIIDKHO-TenJIOBaJI 06pa-
60TKa H3,lJ;OJIrO 06eCrreQaT o,ZJ;e)I(,l{e XOpOnIMM BHellIHMM BM,ZJ;. Ka)I(,l{oe
M3,ZJ;eJIMe MMeeT moBapHblU RpnblK, cO,ZJ;ep)Kall\MM cBe,ZJ;eHMH 0 pa3Mepe
M3,ZJ;eJIMH, COCTaBe TKaHM, M3 KOTOpOM OHO M3rOTOBJIeHO. EOJIee rro,ZJ;-
P06HaJI MH<p0pMaMH 06 YX0,ZJ;e 3a M3,ZJ;eJIMeM }'Ka3bIBaeTcH C rrOMO-
ll\bIO cUMBonoB Ha MOpKUpoBol./HOU neHme, 3aKpenJIeHHOM C M3HaHOQ-
HOM CTOpOHbI B O,ZJ;HOM M3 llIBOB M3,ZJ;eJIMH. CMMBOJIbI 0603HaQaIOT, KaK
YXIDKMBaTb 3a M3,ZJ;eJIMeM: cTMpaTb, CyrnMTb, yrIO)I(MTb M BbIBO,ZJ;MTb
rrHTHa. 3HaQeHMe HeKoTopbIX CMMBOJIOB rrpMBo,ZJ;MTCH B Ta611J.14e 25.
119

Ta6nMLf,a 25. CJ.1MBOl1bl no YXOAY 3a OAe>KAO
J.13 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHbIX J.1 I1bHSlHblX TKaHe
CU.MBo.IT Cnoc06 yxoao 30 U3ae.ITUe.M Bua mKOHU
'UEf CTJ.1paTb npJ.1 TeMnepaType Bce XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble
He Bblwe 95 DC J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1,
YCTO4HBble K OKpaCKe
'dti CTHpaTb TOl1bKO BPY4HYIO XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble
npH TeMnepaTYpe He Bblwe 101 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1
40 DC, 06p a w.aTbCSI C HeYCTO4J.1BO OKpaCKO
C OCTOpO>KHOCTblO
D Pa3peweHa cywKa B 6apa- XI10n4aT06YMa>KH ble
6aHe CTHpaJ1bHO MaWJ.1Hbl J.1l1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1
 YTIO>KJ.1Tb npJ.1 TeMnepaTYpe Bce XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble
He Bblwe 200 DC J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1
@ CyxaSi 4HCTKa C npJ.1MeHeHJ.1- XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble
eM 11106blX paCTBOpHTel1e J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1
£ MO>KHO oT6el1J.1BaTb Bce XI10n4aT06YMa>KHble
cpeACTBaMJ.1, COAep>Kaw.J.1MJ.1 J.1 I1bHSlHble TKaHJ.1
XI10p C YCTO4J.1BO OKpaCKO
 OT6el1HBaTb Hel1b3S1 L.J.BeTHble TKaHJ.1
nepe.n; HaqaJIOM CTMpKM He06xo.n;MMO paccopTMpOBaTb rpH3-
HbIe Bem;M 110 BM.n;aM TKaHM, QBery M 3arpH3HeHHOCTM. ll3.n;eJIMH M3
XJIolIQaT06YMaJKHbIX M JIbHHHbIX TKaHeM CTMpaIOT OT.n;eJIbHO OT .n;py-
rMX. CTMpaTb o.n;HOBpeMeHHO QBeTHoe M 6eJIoe 6eJIbe HeJIb3H, TaK
KaK QBeTHoe MO)KeT rrOJIMHHTb. UBeTHbIe Bem;M M3 XJIOIIKa M JIbHa
CTMpaIOT B pacTBopax Pa3JIMQHbIX MOIOm;MX cpe.n;CTB MJIM MbIJIOM
IIpM TeMrreparype BO.n;bI He BbIIIle 60 DC. nepe.n; CTMpKOM o.n;e)l(,ll;bl
H)')KHO rrpOBepl1Tb Bce KapMaHbI, QT06b1 OHM 6b1JIM rryCTbIMM.
1I,>n

BbICTMpa.HHbIe BemM M 6eJIbe .nyqrne cyrnMTb Ha CBe)KeM B03,l{}'-
xe. 113.n.eJII1j1 BbIBOpa1.IHBaIOT Ha M3HaH01.fH}'lO CTOpOlI}', 1.fTo6bI OHM He
BbIrOpaTII1 Ha COJIHQe, M BCTpHXMBaIOT, 1.fTo6bI paCrrpaBIfJIMCb CKJIa,zJ;KM
11 JIer1.fe 6bIJIO yrlO)KMTb. llOCTeJIbHOe 6eJIbe .nyqrne cyrnMTb, pa3BernM-
Baa 3a ,lJ,JlMHH}'IO CTOpOlI}', a nOJIOTeHla - 3a KOpOTK)'IO. QT06bI COp01.f-
KM M 6.11}'3KM He .n.e4>OpMMpOBaJIMCb, HX cyrnaT Ha IIJIe1.fMKaX, a 6plOKM
rrpMKperuHlIOT K BepeBKe 3a nonc HeCKOJIbKMMM npMmenKaMM.
6eJIbe yno)KaT 1.Iyrb BJIIDKHbIM. TeMneparypa HarpeBa yrlOra
,lJ,Jl.H pa3HbIX BH,lJ,OB TKaHM pa3JIM1.fHa. Ib.n.eJIHH M3 XJIonKa M JIbHa MO)K-
HOyno)KHTb npM BepXHeM TeMrreparypHOM pe)KMMe (150-210 DC). Ec-
JIM 6eJIl.e nepecoXJIo, ero MO)KHO 3aBepH}'Tb Ha HeCKOJIbKO MMH}'T
B MOKpoe MaxpoBoe nOJIOTeHQe IfJIM yrlO)KMTb yrlOroM C napo}'B-
JIIDKHMTeJIeM.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo}lg 19
H3YlleHMe CMMBonOB no YXOAY 3a OAe)l(AOM
MomepUO/lbl U npuH08/le:JfCHOcmu: /1Io6aJl OAe>KAa C MapKHpo-
B04HO l1eHTo, pa604aJl TeTPaAb.
1. HaAH Ha H3Ae11HH MapKHpOB04HYIO l1eHTY C YC110BHblMH 060-
3Ha4eHHJlMH (cHMBol1aMH).
CUMBo.IT
3HOl./eHUe
2. 3ano11HH HH>KeCl1eAYIOw,ylO Ta611H4Y B pa604e TeTPaAH.
 3. OnHwH, KaK H}'>KHO YXa>KHBaTb 3a 3THM H3AeI1HeM.
- ? - T 080PHblU Rp.ITbIK, CUM80.ITbl, MOpKUp080l./HOR /leHmo.
1. KaKYIO HH<popMa4HIO COAep>KHT TOBapHbl Jlpl1blK? 2. .D,11J1
4ero npOH3BOAHTe11H OAe>KAbl Hcn011b3YIOT CHMBOl1bl? 3. KaK
npaBHl1bHO YXa>KHBaTb 3a H3Ae11HeM 1013 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHbIX
H I1bHJlHblX TKaHe? 4. KaK npaBHl1bHO CYWHTb 6e11be 101 OAe>KAY?
121

KYJIHHapH.He TeXHOJIOrH.H o6pa6oTKH
nHlI.\eBbIX npO,lI;YKTOB
TII1TaHl1e - O,n:Ha 113 rJIaBHeMllIl1X nOTpe6HOCTeM qeJIOBeqe-
CKOrO OpraHl13Ma. HapH.n:y C BO,n:OM 11 B03,n:YXOM nl1II.(a nOCTOHHHO
He06xo,n:I1Ma qeJIOBeKy ,lVlH 06eCrreqeHI1H )K113He,n:eHTeJIbHOCTI1.
'-IT06bI Ha.n;OJIrO COXpaHI1Tb CBOe 3,n:OpOBbe, H}')KHO npaBI1JIb-
HO nI1TaTbCH, YMeTb COCTaBJIHTb paQI10HaJIbHOe MeHIO, 3HaTb nl1Ta-
TeJIbH}'lO QeHHOCTb 11 BKyCOBbIe KaqeCTBa npO.n:yKTOB. Hayql1TbCH
rOTOBI1Tb BKyCH}'IO 11 nOJIe3H}'1O e.n:y nOMO)KeT 113yqeHI1e KYflUHO-
pUU - I1CKyCCTBa rrpl1rOTOBJIeHI1H nl1II.(l1.
 26. 06He CBeAeHH.JI 0 nHTaHHH.
BHTaMHHbI
flumOHue - npoQecc YCBoeHI1H OpraHI13MOM nl1TaTeJIbHbIX
BeIl\eCTB, He06xo,n:I1MbIX ,n:JIH nOCTpOeHI1H 11 B0306HOBJIeHI1H
KJIeTOK 11 TKaHeM TeJIa, BOCnOJIHeHI1H 9HepreTI1QeCKI1X 3aTpaT,
no,n:,n:ep)KaHI1H )K113HI1, 3,n:OpOBbH 11 pa60Tocnoc06HOCTI1. C nl1II.(eM
OpraHI13M nOJIYQaeT He06xo,n:I1MbIe ,n:JIH )K113He,n:eHTeJIbHOCTI1 6eJI-
KI1, )Kl1pbI, yrJIeBo,n:bI, a TaK)Ke 6110JIOrl1QeCKI1 aKTI1BHble BeII.(eCT-
Ba - BI1TaMI1HbI 11 MI1HepaJIbHbIe COJII1. TIepepa60TKOM nl1II.(11 3a-
HI1MaeTCH nl1II.(eBapl1TeJIbHaJI CI1CTeMa, r,n:e nl1II.(a paCII.(enJIHeTCH
Ha 60JIee npOCTbIe nl1TaTeJIbHbIe BeII.(eCTBa, KOTopbIe YCBaI1BaIOT-
CH OpraHI13MOM.
npaKTI1QeCKI1 3,n:OpOBOM}' QeJIOBeKy peKOMeH.n:yeTCH Tpex-
I1JII1 QeTbIpexpa30Boe nl1TaHl1e. TIpl1QeM Ha 3aBTpaK ,n:OJI)KHO npl1-
XO,n:I1TbCH 30 % 06II.(eM KaJIOpl1MHOCTI1 (9HepreTI1QeCKOM QeHHOCTI1)
cyrOQHOrO paQl10Ha, Ha 06e,n: - 40 %, Ha nOJI,n:HI1K I1JII1 BTOpOM 3aB-
TpaK - 10 %, Ha Y)KI1H - 20 %.
B )KI13HI1 QeJIOBeKa Ba)KH}'IO pOJIb I1rpaeT paQI10HaJIbHOe 11 rrpa-
Bl1JIbHOe nl1TaHl1e. e,n:HeBHoe nl1TaHl1e ,n:OJI)KHO 6bITb pa3Hoo6-
pa3HbIM, BKJIIOQaTb MHCHbIe, pbI6HbIe, MOJIOQHbIe npo.n:yKTbI, 6JIIO,n:a
113 Kpyn 11 6060BbIX, OBOII.(1111 4>PYKTbI.
122

Oc060e BHI1MaHl1e CJIeeT 06paaTb Ha Kynbmypy nUmOHUR.
TIpl1eM rrl1I1,n;OmKeH rrpOXO,n;I1Tb B O,n;HI1I1 Te)l(e qaCbI, qTO cnoc06-
cTByeT Hal160JIee rrOJIHOM)' ee rrepeBapl1BaHl11O 11 YCBOeHI1IO.
BaJKHa rrpaBl1JIbHaH K}'JII1HapHaH 06pa60TKa rrpO,ll;)'KTOB. TII1a
,n;OJDKHa 6b1Tb BK}'CHO rrpl1rOTOBJIeHHOM, KpaCI1BO 04>opMJIeHHOM,
Tor,n;a OHa 6y,n;eT B036Y)I(,lJ;aTb arrrreTI1T.
)I(113He,n;eHTeJIbHOCTb OpraHI13Ma 11 nl1eBapeHl1e HeB03MO)l(-
HbI 6e3 BumOMUHoB.
TI03HaKOMbCH C CaMbIMI1 pacnpOCTpaHeHbIMI1 BI1TaMI1HaMI1,
I1X BJII1HHl1eM Ha OpraHI13M 11 3,n;opOBbe qeJIOBeKa, rrpO,ll;)'KTaMI1, I1X
co,n;ep)l(aIl\I1MI1.
BI1TaMI1HbI rpynrrbI B y.rryqrnalOT rrl1eBapeHl1e, 06MeH
BeeCTB, COCTOHHl1e KO)l(I1 11 3peHl1e. 3TI1 BI1TaMl1HbI co,n;ep)l(aTCH
B MOJIOKe, KI1CJIOMOJIOqHbIX rrpo,n;YKTax, ,n;pO:>lOKax, HMQax, rreqeHI1,
MHce 11 opexax. BI1TaMI1H C }'KperrJIHeT 3aI1THbIe Cl1JIbI OpraHl13Ma.
OH co,n;ep)KMTCH BO 4>P}'KTaX, HrO,D;ax, CBe)l(l1X OBOax, 3eJIeHI1. BI1Ta-
MI1H A crroc06cTByeT pocT}', pa3BI1TI1IO, y.nyqrnaeT 3peHl1e. 11M 60raTbI
HMQa, CJII1BOQHOe 11 paCTI1TeJIbHOe MaCJIO, MOJIOKO 11 ,n;p. BI1TaMI1H D
YKperrJIHeT KOCTI1, rrOMep)l(l1BaeT xopornee caMoqyBcTBl1e. QT06bI
rro.nyqaTb 3TOT BI1TaMI1H, H}')KHO eCTb CJII1BOQHOe MaCJIO, MOJIOKO, HM-
Qa, pbI6y, rreQeHb PbI6b1. BI1TaMI1H E y.nyqrnaeT 06MeH BeecTB B op-
raHl13Me. OH co,n;ep)KMTCH B paCTI1TeJIbHOM MaCJIe, opexax, XJIe6e.
B rrpoQecce rrpl1rOTOBJIeHI1H 11 XpaHeHI1H rrl111 He06xo,n;I1MO
C06JI1O,n;aTb CaHI1TapHO-rl1rl1eHWleCKl1e Tpe60BaHI1H.
1. rOTOBI1Tb rrl1ll.(}' CJIeeT B crreQl1aJIbHOM o,n;ee.
2. TIpl1cT}'naH K rrpl1rOTOBJIeHl11O rrl1l1, H}')KHO TaTeJIbHO
BbIMbITb P}'K11 C MbIJIOM, y6paTb BOJIOCbI rro,n; KOCblHK}' (rnarroQK}').
3. ECJII1 Ha rraJIbQax eCTb Qaparrl1HbI, TO 3TI1 MeCTa HY)l(HO
3aI1TI1Tb JIeMKOllJIaCTbIpeM I1JII1 Ha,n;eTb pe311HOBbIM HanaJIbQHI1K.
4. TIepe,n; HaQaJIOM rrpl1rOTOBJIeHI1H nl111 CJIeeT BbIIIOJI-
HI1Tb rrepBI1Q1l}'1O 06pa60TK}' rrpo,ll;)'KToB.
5. Pa3JII1QHbIe BI1,n;bI rrpoKToB CJIeeT 06pa6aTbIBaTb Ha
pa3Hblx pa3,n;eJIOQHbIX ,n;OCKax C cooTBeTcTBYIOeM MapKl1pOBKOM.
6. HeJIb3H rOTOBI1Tb rrl1ll.(}' B rrocy,n;e C rroBpeeHHoM 3MaJIblO.
7. HeJIb3H ynoTpe6JIHTb B rrl1ll.(}' HeCBe)l(I1e npo,ll;)'KTbI. CKOpO-
rropTHl1ecH rrpoKTbI He06xo,n;I1MO XpaHI1Tb B XOJIO,n;I1JIbHI1Ke.
123

8. npO.n;YKTbI II rOTOBbIe 6mo.n;a MO)l(HO xpaHIITb He 60JIee
onpe.n;eJIeHHOrO cpoKa.
9. npO.n;YKTbI, rOTOBbIe K ynoTpe6JIeHIIIO, CJIe.n;yeT xpaHIITb
3aKpbITbIMli 11 OT.n;eJIbHO OT CbIpbIX.
10. Pa3JIM'IHbIe rrpo.n;yKTbI II rOTOBbIe 6JIIO.n;a Tpe6}'1OT onpe-
.n;eJIeHHOM TeMrreparypbI xpaHeHII.H, rr03ToM}' B XOJIO.n;IIJIbHIIKe IIX
CJIe.n;yeT pa3Me.lI.\aTb B cooTBeTcTBYlO.II.\lIX OT.n;eJIeHII.HX: rrpo.n;YKTbI,
He Tpe6YIO.II.\IIe AJlIITeJIbHOrO xpaHeHII.H, HanpliMep .H6JIOKII, OBO-
.lI.\1I, .HMQa, rrplirOTOBJIeHHbIe 6JIIO.n;a II .n;p., - Ha nOJIKax; rrpO.n;yKTbI,
Tpe6}'1O.II.\IIe 60JIee AJlIITeJIbHoro xpaHeHII.H, HarrpliMep M.HO, pbI6y
II T. rr., - B MOp03IU1bHIIKe.
 flumOHue, KY.l1bmypo numOHuR, 8umOMuHbl.
-? - 1. n04eMY HY>KHO npaBHJlbHO nHTaTbC.H? 2. KaK Tbl nOHHMaeWb
TepMHH «KYJlbTypa nHTaHH.H)? 3. PaCCKa>KH 0 3Ha4eHHH BHTaMH-
HOB B nHTaHHH.
 27. KYXOHHaJI nocY)J;a H yxo)J; 3a HeD:
C .n;peBHeMllIliX BpeMeH MeCTO, r.n;e rOTOBlUI1i nlI, C'lIITa-
JIOCb .n;OMallIHIIM O'larOM. ,l(a II CeM'laC 66JIbrnyK> 'laCTb .n;OMallIHero
BpeMeHII JIIO.n;1I npOBo.n;.HT Ha K}'XHe. n03TOM}' 3TO nOMe.lI.\eHlIe .n;OJI)I(-
HO 6bITb 060py.n;OBaHHbIM, y.n;06HbIM II KpaCIiBbIM, TaK KaK 3.n;eCb He
TOJIbKO XpaH.HT rrpO.n;yKTbI II rOTOB.HT nlI, HO II 3aBTpaKa1OT, 06e.n;a-
lOT II }')KIIHaIOT.
OrpaHII'leHHbIe pa3MepbI K}'XHII II He60JIbllIOM Ha60p K}'XOH-
HOM Me6eJIli He Bcer.n;a rr03BOJI.HIOT X03.HMKe IIMeTb B CBoeM pacnop.H-
)l(eHIIII pa3H006pa3IIe KaCTplOJIb II CKOBOpO.n;, .n;a B 3TOM, rrO)l(anyM,
II HeT H}')K.lI:bI. Ho Bce )l(e Ha K}'XHe rro.n; P}'KOM .n;OJI)I(HO 6bITb Bce He06-
xo.n;IIMoe, 'lT06bI rOTOBIITb nlI R o6J\.{'\.\\\:\) (,\\Q\\ \:\,". \. 
py.n;OBaHlIe, rrocy.n;a, IIHCTp)'MeHTbI, IIHBeHTapb II nplicnoc06JIeHII.H.
B KaqeCTBe o6opyao80HUR Ha K}'XHe IICrrOJIb3}'1OT ra30BbIe
II 3JIeKTP"'leCKle IIJIIiTbI, CB"4-ne'llI, XOJIO.n;IIJIbHIIKII II .n;pyrlIe 6bI-
TOBbIe rrplI60pbI.
124

"

r-
-
'.

,,
w
------
"--------
PMC. 89. KyxoHHaS! nOCYAa
PaccMoTpHM rrpHMepHbIH Ha60p KYXOHHOiJ nocyabl (pHC. 89).
.n:JI rrpHrOTOBJIeHH CynOB H 6YJIbOHOB He06xo.n;HMO HMeTb
HeCKOJIbKO KaCTplOJIb pa3JIW-IHOH eMKocTH (BMecTHMocTH) - OT
O,lJ,HOrO .n;o rrTH JIHTpOB.
.n:JI )KapeHH Mca, PbI6bI, KapTo<peJI.H, OMJIeTOB, 6JIHHOB,
06)KapHBaHH OBOmeH HCrrOJIb3YlOT CKOBOpO,lJ,bI pa3JIW-IHOrO pa3Me-
pa. Ka)K)J,bIH H3 BH,IJ,OB rrpo.n;YKTOB HY)KHO rOTOBHTb Ha OT,IJ,eJIbHOM
CKOBOpO,lJ,e:Te<pJIOHOBOH,qyryHHoH,9MaJIHpOBaHHoH.
OBOml1, MCO Jl}'qllIe T)'llIHTb B nocy.n;e C TOJICTbIMH ,lJ,HOM
H CTeHKaMH.
l.JT06bI rOTOBHTb B .n;yxOBOM UIKa<py, rroHa,n;06TC HeCKOJIbKO
rrpoTHBHeH 11 <pOpM M BbIIIeqKH, 3arreKaHH 11 T)'llIeHH.
Ha K}'XHe ,lJ,OJI)KHbI 6bITb He06xo.n;HMbIe UHcmpYMeHmbr. Ha60p
XOpOllIO 3aTOqeHHbIX K}'XOHHbIX HO)KeH, HO)KHHQbI M pa3.n;eJIKI1
PbI6bI, K)'pHQbI H T. .n;.; uHf3eHmopb: .n;ypllIJIar, rnyMoBKa, CHTO, BeHqHK
M B36HBaHH, HeCKOJIbKO pa3,1J,eJIOqHbIX ,lJ,OCOK (M.H Hape3KH OBO-
meH, Mca, PbI6bI, XJIe6a), K}'XOHHhIH MOJIOTOK, Ha60p TepoK, CKaJI-
KH M TeCTa; npucnOC06f1eHUH. rrpecc M.H qeCHOKa, OBOmeqI1CTKa,
OTKpblBaJIKa, BopOHKa, CT)'IIKa M paCTl1paHI1H, KOH,IJ,l1TepCKI1H
MellIOK I1JII1 llIrrpHQ C HaCa,TJ,KaMI1, PYJIOHbI <pOJIbrl1, K}'XOHHhIC qa-
CbI-TaHMep (pHC. 90).
125

J

;1
I  t

.,
(
b
.:)
".;
",;.
i,j
..
t-
<»
I I
.
"",-- 
----
/
.-
.
--
. "
.. \
/
i

PMC. 90. HBeHTapb H npHcnoco611eHHSI AJlSI KYXHH
Ee3ynpeqHO qHCTaH K)'XOHHaH yrBapb H nocy.n;a - nepBeHmee
YCJIOBHe, o6eCneqHBalOI..l.\ee rHrHeHHqHOCTb nHI..l.\H.
I1ocy.n;y Ha.n;O MbITb cpa3Y )l{e rrOCJIe ee HCnOJIb30BaHHM. Ee
CHaqa.n:a COpTHp}'lOT, OT.n;eJIbHO CTaB.HT qamKH, TapeJIKH H T. .n;.
CeHqaC BbIrrycKaeTC.H MHO)l{eCTBO cpe.n;cTB ,lVI.H MbITb.H rrocy-
.n;bI, a TaIOKe rrpHcnoco6JIeHHH - ry6KH, epnIH, I..l.\eTKH, MOqaJIKH.
I1pHropeBmylO B rrocy.n;e nHIl(}' Heo6xo.n;HMO OTMaqHBaTb,
a He COCKa6JIHBaTb. I1ocy.n;y, B KOTOpOM 6bIJIO MOJIOKO, CbIpbIe .HHQa,
CHaqaJIa MOIOT XOJIO.n;HOM BO.n;OH, a 3aTeM rOp.HqeH.
KepaMHqecKyIO nocy.n;y .nyqme Bcero MbITb rOp.HqeH BO.n;OH
C CO.n;OM, rrOCJIe qero xopomo crrOJIOCH}'Tb qHCTOH BO.n;OH.
I1ocy.n;y C aHTHnpHrapHbIM nOKpbITHeM HeJIb3.H TepeTb )l{eCT-
KOM MOqaJIKOH. ,lJ,JI.H yxo.n;a 3a HeM HCnOJIb3}'1OT TOJIbKO ry6KH H )l{H.n;-
KHe MOIOI..l.\He cpe.n;CTBa.
q}'ryHHbIe CKOBOpO.n;bI nepe.n; MbITbeM H}')l{HO BbITepeTb 6YMa-
rOM, a 3aTeM rrpoMbITb B rOp.HqeH Bo.n;e C MOIOI..l.\HM cpe.n;cTBoM. I1pHro-
peBllme K CKoBopo.n;e OCTaTKI1 rrl1I..l.\H MO)l{HO oTTepeTb CYXOH COJIbIO.
CTOJIOB}'IO rrocy.n;y oCBo6o)l{,ll;alOT OT OCTaTKOB nHI..l.\H, rrpOMbIBa-
lOT rop.Hqei1 HO.n;OM. ECJIH Ha nocy.n;e OCTaJIC.H )l{l1p, ee o6pa6aTbIRaIOT
126

MOIOrn;I1M cpe.n;CTBOM, a 3aTeM Trn;aTeJIbHO CnOJIaCKI1BalOT rOpH'leM
BO.n;OM. TaR)I(e MOIOT 11 'laMH}'IO nocy.n;y. HaJIeT 'lasI IDIH Ko<}>e MO)l(HO
y.n;aJII1Tb, nOTepeB BIryTpeHHlO1O CTOpOH}' 'lameK IDIH 6JIIO.n;eQ MHr-
KOM TpHnO'lKOM C nl1TbeBOM CO.n;OM.
IIocy.n;y, yKpameHH}'IO «30JIOTOM», He CJIe.n;yeT MbITb C CO.n;OM.
JIY'lme .n;06aBI1Tb B BO.n;y HeCKOJIbKO KaneJIb MOIOrn;ero cpe.n;CTBa,
a 3aTeM Trn;aTeJIbHO npOnOJIOCKaTb nocy.n;y B 'lHCTOM Bo.n;e.
GraKaHbI 11 <}>Y)l(epbI xopomo OTMblBalOTCH B TeruIOM Bo.n;e
C COJIblO. IIocJIe MbITbH I1X HeJIb3H CTaBI1Tb O,l);I1H B .n;pyrOM - OCTblB,
OHI1 MOryr TpeCIryTb.
BbIMbIT}'IO nocy.n;y lI}"lme He BbITl1paTb nOJIOTeHQeM, a nOMec-
TI1Tb B cyIIIIDIbHbIM mKa<}>.
Ha MbITbe nocy.n;bI 06bl'lHO YXO.n;I1T MHoro BpeMeHI1. 3Ha'll1-
TeJIbHO 06JIer'laeT TPY.n; nocy.n;oMOe'lHasI Maml1Ha.
---.l- 060pya080Hue, KYXOHHOR nocyao, uHcmpYMeHmbl, uH8eHmopb,
npucnoc06neHuR.
-? - 1. KaKCliI nOCYAa Heo6xoAHMa AJlSI npHrOTOBl1eHHSI nHLLI,H? 2. nepe-
4HCI1H HHBeHTapb H npHcnoco6l1eHHSI, KOTopble AOI1>KHbl 6blTb
Ha KYXHe. 3. PaCCKa>KH npaBHl1a YXOAa 3a nocYAoH.
 28. OBOH B nHTaHHH
PaQI10HaJIbHOe nl1'raHl1e 'leJIOBeKa HeB03MO)l(HO 6e3 OBOrn;eM,
<}>pyKTOB 11 nJIo.n;OB. Bce MbI JII06HM OBOrn;I1, HO .n;a)Ke He 3a.n;yMblBaeM-
CH, KaK 11 r.n;e nOHBIDICH TOT HJII1I1HOM OBOrn; (pHC. 91).
113BecTHo, 'lTO Karrycry BbIparn;I1BaIOT C .n;aBHI1X BpeMeH, C 3-ro
TbICH'leJIeTHH.n;o H. a. Po.n;HHa aTOM OBOrn;HOM K}'JIb'rypbI - Cpe.n;113eM-
HOMopbe. B HanIH .n;HI1 ee B03.n;eJIblBalOT BO MHorHX cTpaHax Ml1pa.
Po.n;I1Ha BCeMI1 JII0611MOro KapTo<}>eJIH - IO)I(HasI AMepl1Ka,
r.n;e MeCTHoe HaCeJIeHl1e CTaJIO ynoTpe6JIHTb ero B nHm;y HeCKOJIbKO
TbICH'leJIeTI1M Ha3ap;. B EBpOrry KapTo<}>eJIb 6bIJI 3aBe3eH B cepe.n;I1He
XVI BeKa. IIoHBJIeHl1e KapTo<}>eJIH B POCCI1I1 B KOHQe XVII BeKa
CBH3aHO C I1MeHeM IIeTpa I, KOTOpbIM npl1Be3 MemOK K.lI}'6HeM
113 rOJIJIaH.n;I1I1.
127


- "\
'It
\
'\'
\,
.
J
,..
(.L
./
PHC. 91. OBOlllH
MeCTO rrpOHCXO)KeHHH oryPQa - BJla)KHbIe TpOrrH'-IeCKHe
Jleca HHHH, re ero BbIpaIl\HBaTIl1 Y)Ke B 3-M TbICH'-IeJleTHH o H. 9.
POHHOH TOMaTa C'-II1TaIOTCH TpOrrH'-IeCKHe paHOHbI IO)KHOH
11 IJ;eHTpaTIbHOH AMepHKH. B EBporre TOMaTbI Ha'-IaTIH BbIpaIl\HBaTb
B XVI BeKe. Ha Teppl1TOpl1H HarneH CTpaHbI - B XVIII BeKe.
OBOIl\H HBJlHIOTCH OCHOBHbIMH rrOCTaBIl\HKaMH )KH3HeHHO
Heo6xoHMbIX BHTaMHHOB, MHHepaTIbHbIX COJleH, caxapa 11 pyrHX
rrHTaTeJlbHbIX BeIl\eCTB, a TaIOKe KJleT'-IaTKH.
B Ta611H4e 26 rrpeCTaBJleHbI pa3JIH'-IHbIe zpynnbl oBow,eu.
Ta6nH4a 26. Kl1accHQ>HKa4HSI oBow.e
rpynno oBow,eu OBow,u, omHocRw,ueCR K aOHHOU 2pynne
1 2
KopHenl10Abi 5pIOKBa,CBeKl1a, MOPKoBb,pena,peAHc,peAbKa,xpeH,
neTpywKa KopHeBaSl, nacTepHaK, cel1bAepe KopHeBo
K11y6Henl1oAbl KapTOQ>el1b, 6aTaT (Cl1aAKH KapTOQ>el1b), TOnHHaM6yp
128

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 25
1 2
KanycTa KanycTa 6e110- 101 KpacHoK04aHHaSl, 4BeTHaSl,
6pIOCCel1bCKaSI,KOl1bpa6H,caBocKaSI,6pOKKOI1H
T blKBeHHble OryP4bl, TbIKBa, Ka6a4KH. naTHCCOHbl
5060Bbie r opox, Q>aCOl1b, 606bl, COSI
naCl1eHOBble TOMaTbl, 6aKI1a>KaHbl, nepe4 Cl1aAKH
JlHcToBbie CaJlaT I1HCTOBO, l1aTYK, KpeCC-CaJlaT, wnHHaT, w,aBel1b
JlYKOBH4Hbie JlYK pen4aTbl, I1YK-nope, I1YK-6aTYH, 4eCHOK
npSlHO- AHHC, KopHaHAP, TMHH, MSiTa nepe4HaSl, MaopaH,
BKycoBble 3cTparoH, YKpon, neTpywKa, KHH3a 101 AP.
.l(JUI coXpaHeHI1H B OBOl1\ax BHTaMHHOB H rrOJle3HbIX rrl1Ta-
TeJlbHbIX Bel1\eCTB He06xo,n;HMO c06mo,n;aTb rrpaBHJla HX 06pa60TKH,
rrpHrOTOBJleHHH H XpaHeHI1H.
1. OBOI1\H CJle.n;yeT xpaHHTb B TeMHoM MeCTe npH TeMnepa-
Type + 1... +3 °C, KBarneHble H COJleHble OBOI1\H - B paccoJle.
2. OBOI1\I1 AJlH BapKH 3aKJIa,zJ;blBalOT B KaCTplOJlIO C Kl1rrHl1\eM
rro,n;cOJleHHOM BO,n;OH H BapHT no,n; KpbIIIIKOM. ECJlI1 OBOI1\H rrpe,n;Ha-
3HaqeHbI AJlH CaTIaTOB H BHHerpeToB, HX BapHT HeOqHl1\eHHbIMI1.
OBOII.\11 B KaCTplOJle ,n;OJl)KHbI 6bITb rrOJlHOCTblO rroKpbITbI BO,n;OM.
. 3. OTBapbI OQHl1\eHHbIX OBOl1\eM He BbIJIHBaIOT, a HCnOJlb3}'1OT
B KaQeCTBe ,n;06aBOK rrpH rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH cynoB, COYCOB, rrOTOM}'
QTO OHH co,n;ep)KaT MHoro BHTaMI1HOB.
4. MbITb H ,n;ep)KaTb OBOI1\H B Bo,n;e He 60Jlee 10-15 MHHYT.
5. rOTOBHTb OBOI1\HbIe 6J1IO,n;a CJle.n;yeT Herrocpe,n;cTBeHHo rre-
pe,n; HX ynoTpe6J1eHHeM.
npl1 HerrpaBHJlbHOM 11 AJlHTeJlbHOM xpaHeHHH OBOl1\eH BJlara,
co,n;ep)Kall.\aHCH B HI1X, HcrrapHeTcH, 11 OBOI1\H TepHIOT rrHl1\eBYIO QeH-
HOCTb H CBOM BH,n;. OHH Ylm,n;aIOT, CTaHOBHTCH MHrKHMH, QaCTO TeM-
HbIMI1. QT06bI H36e)KaTb ')Toro, OBOI1\H KOHcepBHp}'lOT, 3aMOpa)Kl1-
BalOT 11J111 xpaHHT B TeMHOM rrpOXJIa,zJ;HOM rrOMel1\eHHI1.
5 TCXHOJIOnlH. T. 5 KJI.
129

B HaCTOHee BpeMH BCe 60JIbme HCnOJIb3yroT B K}'JIHHapHH
C8eJICe30MOpOJICeHHble o8ow,u. 06bIQHO 3aMopIDKHBaIOT IJ;BeTlI}'IO Ka-
nycry, KOJIbpa6H, 3eJIeHbIH ropomeK, 3eJIeH}'lO 4>aCOJIb, 3eJIeHb H .n;p.
CBe)Ke3aMOp0)KeHHbIe OBOH H Hro.n;bI nepe.n; ynoTpe6JIeHH-
eM pa3MopIDKHBaIOT npH KOMHaTHOH TeMneparype.
-.
flpOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo JIg 20
OnpeAeneHMe A06poKaecTBeHHocTM OBOl1.leM
no BHewHeMY BMAY
1. nO,D,rOTOBb OBOW,H.
2. Onpe,D,el1H ,D,06pOKa4ecTBeHHocTb oBow,eH, Hcn0l1b3YSl Ta6-
I1H4Y 27 (Ha npHMepe MOpKOBH).
3. 3anHwH BbIBO,D, 0 npHrO,D,HOCTH oBow,eH.
Ta6nM4a 27. OnpeAel1eHHe A06poKa4eCTBeHHocTH oBow,a
(MOpKOBH)
nOK030me./Tb XopoKmepucmuKo XopoKmepucmuKo 30K./TlOl./eHUe
KOl./ecmBo nOK030me./TR KOl./ecmBo aOHH020 oBOU40 3KcnepmU3bl
UBeT ,l),OI1>KeH COOTBeTCTBO- MOpKOBb Slp- CooTBeTcTByeT
BaTb 4BeTY oBow,a (4BeT KO-OpaH>KeBoro Tpe60BaHHSlM
MOpKOBH - >Kemo- 4BeTa, 6e3
OpaH>KeBbl). He AOI1>K- TeMHbix nSiTeH
HO 6blTb TeMHbix nSiTeH
3anax ,l),OI1>KeH COOTBeTCTBO- MOpKOBb 6e3 CooTBeTcTByeT
BaTb 3anaxy oBow,a, nOCTopOHHHX Tpe60BaHHSlM
3anax CblpoCTH 3anaXOB,
101 nl1eCeHH «rOBOpHT», COOTBeTcTByeT
4TO OBOW, He npHroAeH CBe>KeMY OBOW,y
K ynOTpe611eHHIO
KOHcHcTeH- OBOW, AOI1>KeH 6blTb MOpKOBb TBep- COOTBeTcTByeT
4HSI (creneHb TBepAblM 101 C04HbiM AaSi 101 C04HaSi Tpe60BaHHSlM
nI10THOCTH)
Bb/8oa: 4BeT, 3anax H KOHCHCTeH4HSI MOpKOBH COOTBeTCTBYIOT
Tpe60BaHHSlM Ka4eCTBa - ,D,aHHbIH OBOW, npHrO,D,eH ,D,11S1 yno-
Tpe611eHHSI B nHw,y.
130

 rpynnbl o8ow,eu, C8eJICe30MOpOJICeHHble o8ow,u.
-? - 1. .D.1l$! 4ero HY>KHbl OBOUJ,J.1 B nJ.1TaHJ.1J.1 4elloBeKa? 2. KaKJ.1e npa-
BJ.1lla He06xOAJ.1MO C061lAaTb npJ.1 KYIlJ.1HapHO 06pa60TKe
OBOUJ,e All$! coXpaHeHJ.1$! B HJ.1X BJ.1TaMJ.1HoB? 3. PaCCKa>KJ.1 06
J.1CnOllb30BaHJ.1J.1 CBe>Ke3aMOpO>KeHHbIX oBow.e B KYIlJ.1HapJ.1J.1.
4. KaKJ.1e J.13 oBoUJ,e MO>KHO ynoTpe61l$!Tb B CblpOM BJ.1Ae?
 29. MeXaHH"'IeCKaH o6pa6oTKa oBoeD
MexaHIPleCK (rrepBIPIH) o6pa6oTKa OBOm;eM rro.n;pa3YMe-
Bacr MX COpTMpOBK}', MOMK}', OQMCTK}', npOMbIBaHMe 1'1 Hape3K}'.
.
-.
np08uflo 6e30nOCHOU p060mbl npu nOflb3080HUU
HOJICOM U KYXOHHblMU npucnOC06f1eHURMU
1. OnaCHOCTM B pa60Te:
. nope3bl;
. TpaBMbl PYK;
. YWJ.16bl.
2. 4TO HY>KHO CAenaTb AO Ha'lana pa60TbI:
· nOAroTOBJ.1Tb J.1HCTpYMeHTbl J.1 npJ.1cnOC06IleHJ.1$! K pa60Te.
3. 4TO HY>KHO AenaTb BO BpeMR pa60TbI:
· pa60TaTb TOllbKO XopOWO 3aT04eHHbiM HO>KOM;
· nOllb30BaTbC$! HO>KOM OCTOpO>KHO;
· nepeAaBaTb HO>K (BJ.1IlKY) TOllbKO PY4KO BnepeA;
· He nOAHJ.1MaTb HO>K BblCOKO HaA pa3Ae1l04HO AOCKO;
· npJ.1 pa60Te C M$!coPy6KO npOTaJ1KJ.1BaTb npOAYKT neCTJ.1KOM.
4. 4TO HY>KHO CAenaTb no OKOH'IaHMM pa60TbI:
· BblMblTb, npOCYWJ.1Tb J.1 y6paTb J.1HCTpYMeHTbl J.1 npJ.1cnoc06-
lleHJ.1$!.
npe)K,lJ;e Bcero OBOm;M copmupYlOm rro pa3Mepy (B OCHOBHOM
KOpHerrJIo.n;bI) .n;JUI paBHoMepHoM TerrJIOBOM o6pa6oTKM, y.n;o6cTBa
Hape3KI1 1'1 }'MeHbllIeHMH OTXO.n;OB.
131


PMc.92. HHcTPYMeHTbl 101 npIo1cnoc0611eHIo1S1 AIlSI nepBlo14Ho
06pa60TKIo1 OBOl.J.J,e
3aTeM MX MOlOm H 4ucmRm. 06blqHO tJ..lUl OqHCTKH OBOIQeH HC-
rrOJIb3YIOT Crrel\HaJIbHble HO>KH, OBOIQeqHCTKH (pHC. 92).
,l(aJIee OBOIQI1 npoMblBolOm; B KapTocpeJIe Y)].aJI$lIOT rJIa3KH;
MOpKOBb, cBeKlI}', pe)].bK}', perry, cTe6JIH CeJIb)].epe$l OqHIQaIOT.
TIpH 06pa60TKe KarrycTbI Y)].aJI$lIOT BepxHHe 3arp$l3HeHHbIe
JIHCTb$l, rrpoMblBalOT KOqaH.
TIpH 06pa60TKe penqaTOrO .nyKa, qeCHOKa cpe3alOT HX )].OHl\e
C KopellIKaMH H CHHMalOT cYXHe qernyHKH. qecHoK pa3JIaMbIBalOT
Ha )].OJIbKH, OqHIQaIOT, rrpoMblBalOT H Hape3alOT Herrocpe)].cTBeHHo
rrepe)]. HCnOJIb30BaHHeM.
C 3eJIeHOrO .1I}'Ka cpe3alOT KopeIIIKH H OqHIQalOT ero 6e.1l}'10
qaCTb. Y)].aJI$lIOT >KeJITble H YB$I)].IIIHe nepb$l, npoMblBalOT.
Y JIHCTOBbIX OBOIQeH - CaJIaTa, IQaBeJI$I, IIIrrHHaTa - cpe3alOT
KOpHH, Y)].aJI$lIOT >KeJITble JIHCTb$l, npoMblBalOT rro)]. rrpOTOqHOH
BO)].OH. HCrrOJIb3}'1OT l\eJIble JIHCTb$l M Hape3aHHble COJIOMKOH.
Y rrp$lHbIX OBOIQeH - rreTpYIIIKH, YKporra, KHH3bI - Y)].aJI$lIOT
>KeJITble H 3aB$I)].IIIHe JIHCTb$l, rpy6bIe cTe6JIH, rrpoMblBalOT B 60JIb-
IIIOM KOJIHqeCTBe BO)].bI, OrrOJIaCKHBalOT KHrr$lqeHOH BO)].OH.
TIpl1 06pa60TKe TbIKBeHHbIX - Orypl\OB, TbIKBbI, Ka6a1.JKOB-
OBOIQH MOIOT, OqHIQalOT OT KO>K}'pbI, Y)].aJI$lIOT ceMeHa H Hape3a-
lOT (MOJIO)].ble Orypl\bI He OqHIQaIOT).
132

TIOMMAOpbI, 6aKJIIDKaHbI, CJIa.n;KMM nepeQ COPTMPYIOT, npOMbI-
BaIOT, YAaJIHIOT WIOAOHO}KKM. EaKJIIDKaHbI OqMaIOT OT KO}KMQbI.
CJIa.n;KMM rrepeQ pa3pe3alOT, YAaJIHIOT cepAQeBMH)' M npOMbIBaIOT.
CBe}Ke3aMOp0}KeHHble OBOM nepeA MCnOJIb30BaHMeM no-
rp}'JKalOT B KMnH1O nOACOJIeHH)'IO BO,l(}' M OTBapMBalOT AO rOTOBHO-
CTM B TeqeHMe 10-15 MMH}'T.
3anoMHu! OqMeHHbIM KapTo<peJIb 6bICTpO TeMHeeT, n03TO-
M}' nOCJIe nepBMqHOM 06pa60TKM AO MCnOJIb30BaHM.H ero nOMealOT
B nocy,l(}' C XOJIOAHOM BOAOM.
OqMeHHble M npoMbITble OBOM Hope30lOm. ,l{JI.H 60JIee
6bICTpOM Hape3KM oBoeM MCnOJIb3}'1OTC.H KyXoHHble KOM6aMHbI
M oBoepe3KM. OT BMAa Hape3KM oBoeM 3aBMCMT npOAOJI}KMTeJIb-
HOCTb MX BapKM, n03ToM}' Ha.n;O CJIeAMTb, qT06bI OBOM 6bIJIM Hape-
3aHbI OAMHaKOBO.
Hape3aTb OBOM MO}KHO pa3JIMqHbIMM cnoc06aMM.
CO/lOMKOU (,WIMHHbIMM TOHKMMM JIOMTMKaMM) Hape3alOT Kap-
To<peJIb ,WI.H }KapeHM.H BO <ppMTlOpe (KMn.HeM paCTMTeJIbHOM Mac-
JIe), MOpKOBb, neTpymK}', cBeK.lI}', penqaTbIM .nyK, CeJIbAepeM - ,WI.H
eM, 60peM, paCCOJIbHMKOB, CynOB M3 oBoeM (pHC. 93, a).
6pYCOl./KOMU (WMpMHOM AO 1 CM, ,WIMHOM 3,5-4 CM) Hape3alOT
KapTo<peJIb ,WI.H }KapeHM.H, npMrOTOBJIeHM.H CynOB, 60peM; MOp-
KOBb, neTpywKy, CeJIbAepeM,WI.H 6YJIbOHa C OBoaMM (pHC. 93, 6).


-


....---.-------
.

.---
· "'J'..
_" r
"

........
a
6
8
2
PMC. 93. Cnoco6bl Hape3KIo1 oBoe (KapTo4Jel1S1): a - C0I10MKO;
6 - 6pyco4KaMIo1; 8 - Ky6101KaMIo1; 2 - 110MTIo1KaMIo1
133

Hape3Ka KpyrrHbIMI1 Ky6uKOMU (2x2 CM) no.n;xo.n;I1T.ZJ;JUI rrpl1ro-
TOBJIeHI1.H KapTo<peJUI B MOJIOKe; cpe.n;HI1MI1 (1,5 xl,5 CM) - AJI.H cyrrOB
C 6060BbIMI1, KpyrraMI1, OBOHoro pary; MeJIKI1MI1 (O,5xO,5 CM) -
AJlH rapHl1pa K XOJIO.n;HbIM 6mo.n;aM (pHC. 93, B).
nOMmuKoMu Hape3alOT KapTo<peJIb, MOpKOBb, cBeKTIY B 11,
60p (pHC. 93, z).
KpY:JICOI./KOMU I1CnOJIb3YlOT KapTo<peJIb AJlH >KapeHI1H BO <PP"-
TlOpe 11 OCHOBHbIM cnoc060M (B CKoBopo.n;e), MOpKOBb - AJlH CyrrOB
11 KaK rapHl1p, Ka6a1.lIrn: 11 6aKJIa>KaHbI - AJI.H >KapeHI1H.
JIYK Hape3alOT MeJIKI1MI1 Ky611KaMI1 (O,3xO,3 CM) AJI.H cy-
na-xapqo, Kpyrm:HbIX cyrrOB, eH (pHC. 94, 0).
TOHKI1MI1 KOJIbQaMI1 Hape3alOT .1I}'K AJlH rnarnJIbIKa, >KapeHI1H,
Mapl1Ha,ZJ;oB 11 T. .n;. (pHC. 94, 6).
Kanycry 113MeJIbQalOT WOWKOMU 2 X 2 CM AJlH eH, 60peH,
a TaJOKe py6Rm COJIOMKOH AJlH KBarneHI1.H 11 HaQI1HKI1.
.lI:JI.H YKparneHI1H 6JIIO.n; I1CnOJIb3YlOT CJIO>KH)'IO I1JII1 <pl1rypHYIO
Hape3Ky oBoeH - 3Be3.n;OQKaMI1, rpe6ernKaMI1, rnecTepeHKaMI1,
P030QKaMI1 11 T..n;. (pHC. 95).
113 MOpKOBI1 MO>KHO c.n;eJIaTb <pMI'YpKI1, KapTo<peJIb 11 KopHe-
rrJIo.n;bI Hape3aTb cneQl1aJIbHbIMI1 BbIeMKaMI1 B BI1.n;e opernKOB,
60QOHKOB. nOMI1.n;Opy I1JII1 CBeKJIe MO>KHO npl1.n;aTb <P0PMY P030Q-
a
(+
.. ..
'..
 "
, ('
'- 
-- l-
.
6
PMC. 94. Hape3Ka I1YKa:
a - Ky6HKaMH;
6 - KOl1bL4aMH
PMC. 95. <1>HrYPHaSi
Hape3Ka MOpKOBH
134

KI1, 113 oryPQa BbIpe3aTb Beep 11 T. /1.., HaCKOJIbKO n03BOJII1T TBO.H
cpaHTa311.H 11 HaBbIKI1 nOJIb30BaHI1.H KYXOHHbIMI1 np"cnoc06JIe-
HI1.HMI1.
----.l- MeXOHUl./eCKOR (nep8UI./HOR) 06p060mKO 080w,eu: copmup08KO,
MOUKO, OI./UCmKO, npOMb/8aHue; cnoc06b/ Hope3KU: C0.l10MKO, 6py-
COI./KU, Ky6uKU, .I10MmUKU, KPYXOI./KU, WOWKU.
-? - 1. B 4eM 3aKJ1104aeTCSI MeXaHI-I4eCKaSl o6pa6oTKa oBow,eH? 2. Ka-
Kl-le cnoco6bl Hape3KI-I oBow,eH I-ICn0J1b3YIOT B KYJ1I-1Hapl-Il-I?
 30. IIporoToBJIeHoe 6JIIOA 03 CBe)KHX OBOm;eH
CO.l1om - :3TO XOJIO/1.HOe 6JIIO/1.0, COCTO.HlI.\ee 113 O/1.HOrO I1JII1 He-
CKOJIbKI1X BI1/1.0B OBOlI.\eM, a TalOKe 113 OBOlI.\eM B COqeTaHl111 C M.HCOM,
PbI60M, .HMQaMI1 11 T. /1..
Bxo/1..HlI.\l1e B COCTaB CaJIaTa npOlJ.YKTbI MOryr 6bITb CbIpbIMI1
(pe/1.I1C, 3eJIeHbIM CaJIaT, OryPQbI, nOMI1/1.0pbI, lI}'K), BapeHbIMI1 (CBeK-
JIa, KapTocpeJIb, MOpKOBb), MapI1HOBaHHbIMI1, COJIeHbIMI1 (KBameHa.H
KanycTa) 11 npOllIe/1.llIl1MI1 CJIO)KHfIO TeXHOJIOrl1QecK}'IO 06pa60Tlcy
(KoJI6aCHbIe 113/1.eJII1.H, KOnQeHa.H pbI6a, KOHcepBbI). CaJIaT I1CnOJIb3Y-
lOT B KaQeCTBe CaMOCTO.HTeJIbHOrO 6JIIO/1.a 11 KaK rapHl1p K M.HCHbIM
11 pbI6HbIM 6JIIO/1.aM.
TeXHOJIOrHqeCKaHnOCJIeOBaTeJIhHOCTh
nporoTOBJIeHH.JI CaJIaTOB 03 CBe.>KHX OBow;eu
1. MeXaHI1QeCKa.H 06pa60TKa OBOlI.\eM.
2. Hape3Ka oBolI.\eM. OBOlI.\11 /1.JIlI CaJIaTa /1.0JI)KHbI 6bITb Hape-
3aHbI O/1.I1HaKOBO.
3. 3anpaBKa CaJIaTa. I1epeMellIl1BaTb npolJ.}'KTbI Ha,a;O OCTO-
pO)KHO, QT06bI OHI1 He M.HJII1Cb.
4. BblKJIa,a;blBaHl1e B CaJIaTHI1Q}' 11 fKpallIeHl1e.
BK}'c CaJIaTOB 3aBI1CI1T He TOJIbKO OT OCHOBHbIX rrpOlJ.YKTOB,
BXO/1.lIlI.\I1X B I1X COCTaB, HO 11 OT 30np08KU (npl1rrpaBbI).
135

I,

,
"--
...
/"
---
........
PMC. 96. Hape3Ka oBow,eH AilS! YKpaweHHS! 61110A
CaJIaTbI 11 BI1HerpeTbI 3arrpaBJUIlOT rro BK)'CY paCnITeJIbllbIM
MaCJIOM I1JII1 Mai1:oHe30M..lI.JI HeKoTopbIX CaJIaTOB I1CrrOJIh3YlOT CMe-
TaHY. l.lTo6bI pa3Hoo6pa311Tb BK)'C CaJIaTOH, B 3arrpaHKI1 MO)l(nO ,n:06a-
BI1Tb caxap, rrepeu., ropql1IJ;y, rOTOBbIe oCTpbIe COYCbl.
1aK KaK CaJIaTbI 113 OBOIl(ei1: rro,n:aIOT K CTO.ny B KaqeCTHe 3aK)'C-
KI1, OHI1 ,n:OJI)I(I1bI 6bITb KpaCI1BO Hape3aHbI 11 oq,opMJIeHbI, 1.IT06bI
B036)OK.D.aTb arrrreTI1T.
An YKpaIIIeHI1 6JIIO.n: I1CrrOJIb3YlOT 3eJIeHb rrCTpYIIIKI1, YKPO-
rra, CeJIb,n:epe, a TaIOKe rrpO,l(}'KTbI, BXO,n:Il(I1C B COCTaB 6JIIO,n:a. 113 rro-
MI1,n:opon MO)l(HO c,n:eJIaTb KOP3I1HOQKI1. 113 CJIa)J,Koro rrepu.a - q,l1ryp-
KI1, 113 pe,n:l1ca - P030QKI1, 113 MOpKOBI1 11 orypu.a - u.BeTbI (pHC. 96).
npaBMl1a npMrOTOBl1eHMSI Cal1aTOB M3 oBoeM
1. OnoIl(11 H 3eJIClIb MbITb CbIpOi1: Bo,n:oii, 3aTCM Kl1rrQeHoi1:.
2. CaJIaT 113 CBe)l(l1X OBOIl(ei1: Ha)J,O rOTOBI1Tb Herrocpe,n:CTHen-
HO rrepe,n: rro,n:aQei1: K CTOJIY.
3. Bce rrpo,l(}'KTbI ,lJ,OJI)I(HbI rrpoi1:TI1 MeXaHJ11.IecK)'1O 06pa60T-
K)', a QaCTb 113 HI1X - MeXaHI1QecK)'1O 11 TerrJIOBYIO.
4. HCJIh3 coe,n:I1HTb TerrJIbIe 11 XOJIo,n:HbIe OBOIl(H - CaJIdT
6bICTpO I1crropnITc.
5. OnoIl(11 )J.JI CaJIaTOB MO)l(lI0 rOTORI1Th 3apaHee (3a 1-2 1.Jaca
,n:o no,n:aQI1 K CTO.ny).
136

6. 3anpaBJUlTb H YKparnaTb CaJIaTbI Ha,D;O HenOCpe.l1;CTBeHHo
nepe.l1; nO.l1;aqeH K CTOlI)'.
7. HeJIb3.H rOTOBHTb H xpaHHTb OBOll\HbIe CaJIaTbI B MeTaJI-
JIHQeCKOH nocY.l1;e.
8. C06JIIO.l1;aTb CpOKH xpaHeHH.H CaJIaTOB B XOJIO.l1;HJIbHHKe:
.l1;JUI HeaanpaBJIeHHbIX CaJIaTOB - He 60JIee 12 QaCOB, 3anpaBJIeHHblX-
6 qaCOB.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo M 21
npMrOTOBneHMe canaTa M3 CBe)l(MX oBoeM
npHroTOBb Ca/1aT no TeXH0/10rH4eCKoH KapTe (Ta6/1. 28).
Ta6nM",a 28. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa.
CaJlaT «3AopoBbe»
HaUMeHoBaHue KO./Tu'Ie- nOC./TeaOBOme./TbHOCmb nocyaa
npoaYKma cmBo npu2omoBIleHuR U uHBeHmapb
1 2 3 4
MOpKOBb 2 WT. 04HCHtTb, Hape3aTb TOHKO HO>K,
COI10MKO pa3Ael104HaSi
AOCKa
OrYP4 bl 2 WT. Hape3aTb To >Ke
TOHKO COI10MKO
s:l6110KH 2 WT. Hape3aTb To >Ke
TOHKO COI10MKO
CanaT 3el1eHbl 50 r Hape3aTb To >Ke
TOHKO COl10MKOH
CMeTaHa 100 r CoeAHHHTb npOAYKTbl, MHcKa,
JlHMOH 1/4 WT. A06aBHTb COK I1HMOHa, CTOl10BaSi
COl1b no BKYCY Hape3aHHYIO 3el1eHb neT- 110>KKa
3el1eHb no BKYCY PYWKH, COl1b, CMeTaHY H aK-
neTpYWKH KypaTHo nepeMewaTb
137

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 28
1 2 3 4
nOMHAOpbl 2 WT. KpacHBo YI10>KHTb Cal1aTHHK,
Cal1aT 3el1eHbl 50 r B Cal1aTHHK I1HCTbSl Cal1aTa, HO>K,
Ha HHX BbI110>KHTb pa3Ael104HaSi
npHrOTOBl1eHHbl call aT, AOCKa,
YKpaCHTb ero 3el1eHbIO CTOl10BaSi
neTpywKH 101 110MTHKaMH 110>KKa
nOMHAopa
----tt- Co flam, 30np08KO.
-? - 1. PaCCKa>KH 0 nOCJ1eAOBaTeJ1bHOCTH npHrOTOBJ1eHHSI Cal1aTa H3
CBe>KHX OBOl..4eH. 2. KaK MO>KHO YKpaCHTb call aT? 3. KaKHe npa-
BHJ1a HY>KHO C06J1IOAaTb npH npHrOTOBl1eHHH Cal1aToB?
 3 1 . npHrOTOBJIeHHe 6JIIOA
H3 BapeHhIX OBOe:H
np08UflO 6e30nOCHOZO 8bmOflHeHUR
. KYflUHOPHblX p060m
-.
npM nonb30BaHMM 3neKTpOHarpeBaTenbHblMM npM60paMM
1. OnacHocTH B pa60Te:
. O>Kor;
. nOpa>KeHHe TOKOM.
2. 4TO HY>KHO CAeJ1aTb AO Ha4al1a pa60Tbl:
. npOBepHTb HcnpaBHOCTb coeAHHHTeJ1bHOrO wHypa;
. YCTaHOBHTb 3J1eKTpOHarpeBaTeJ1bHbIH npH60p Ha orHeynop-
HYIO nOACTaBKY.
3. 4TO HY>KHO Ael1aTb BO BpeMSI pa60Tbl:
. BKI1104aTb H BblKI1104aTb 311eKTponpH60p CYXHMH PYKaMH,
npH 3TOM 6paTbCSI He 3a WHYP, a 3a Kopnyc BHI1KH.
4. 4TO HY>KHO CAel1aTb no OKOH4aHHH pa60Tbl:
. BblKI1104HTb 3J1eKTpOnpH60p.
138

npM pa6cne C rOpA'IeM )t(M"KOCTblO
1. OnacHocTH B pa60Te:
. O>Kor.
2. 4TO HY>KHO cp,el1aTb AO Ha"lal1a pa60Tbl:
. Han0I1HJlJ1 nOCYAY >KHAKOCTblO, He AO-
I1HBaTb AO KpaeB 4-5 CM;
. npOBepHTb Ka"leCTBO PY"IeK eMKOCTH.
3. 4TO HY>KHO Ael1aTb BO BpeMJI pa60Tbl:
. KorAa >KHAKOCTb 3aKHm1T, YMeHbWHTb
HarpeB rOpel1KH (y6aBHTb oroHb);
. CHHMaTb KPblWKY C rOpJl"leH nOCYAbl
OT ce6J1 (pHC. 97);
. 3aKI1aAbiBaTb B KHnJlUJ.YIO >KHAKOCTb Kpyny H APyrHe npo-
AYKTbl OCTOpO>KHO;
. CHHMaTb ropJl"lYIO nOCYAY C nl1HTbl C nOMOUJ.blO npHXBaTOK.
4. 4TO HY>KHO CAel1aTb no OKOH"IaHHH pa60Tbl:
. BblKl1IO"IHTb nl1HTY HI1H 3l1eKTponpH60p.

'\

PMC. 97. CHSlHte
KpbIWKIo1
.l(JlH npMrOTOBJleHIUI OBOI1\HbIX 6J11O,lJ; MCnOJlb3yIOT Bce BM,lJ;bI
TeTIJlOBOM06pa60TKM:BapKy,apeHMe, 3aneKaHMe,eHMe, npM-
rrycKaHMe.
BOpKO - 3TO HarpeBaHMe npo,ll;yKTa B BO,lJ;e, 6YJlbOHe, MOJlOKe
MJIM Ha rrapy. OBOI1\M Bap.HT ,lJ;JI.H npMrOTOBJleHM.H M3 HMX 3aKycoK,
cyrroB, BTOpbIX 6J11O,lJ; M rapHMpoB.
)I(opeHue - cnoc06 TeTIJlOBOM 06pa60TKM, npM KOTOpOM npo-
,lI;)'KT HarpeBaeTC.H B Mpe MJlM rOp.HqeM B03,lJ;}'Xe. OBOI1\M MOHO a-
pMTb CbIpbIMM MJlM BapeHbIMM. OpM 06apMBaHMM Ha nOBepxHocTM
rrpo.A}'KTa ,lJ;OJlHa 06pa30BaTbC.H 30JlOTMCTa.H KOpOqKa.
OpMrOTOBJleHMe npo.A}'KTa Ha npOTMBH.HX MJlM CKOBOpO,lJ;ax
B ,lJ;}'XOBOM IIlKa<py Ha3bIBaeTC.H 30neKOHue.
OpM myweHuu - KOM6MHMpoBaHHoM cnoc06e TeTIJlOBOM 06-
pa60TKM - OBOI1\M CHaqaJIa 06apMBaIOT, a 3aTeM 3aJIMBalOT He60Jlb-
IIlMM KOJlMqeCTBOM coyca MJlM 6YJlbOHa, ,lJ;06aBJI.HIOT np.HHOCTM, 3a-
KpblBaIOT KpbIIIlKOM M ,lJ;OBO,lJ;.HT ,lJ;0 rOTOBHOCTM.
B TOM c.1IYqae, KOr,lJ;a He06xo,lJ;MMO n0.1IYqMTb COqHbIM rrpo-
,lI;)'KT, rrpMMeH.HIOT BapKy B TIJlOTHO 3aKpbIToM nocY,lJ;e C He60JlbIIlMM
139

KOJIMqeCTBOM )KM)];KOCTM MJIM COKa, KOTOpbIH 06pa3yeTcH M3 npO)J;}'K-
Ta npM ero HarpeBaHMM. 3TOT cnoc06 TellJIOBOM 06pa60TKM Ha3bIBa-
eTCH npunYCKOHue.
TIpM npMrOTOBJIeHMM HeKOTopbIX 6JI10)]; He06xo)];MMbI Bcno-
MOraTeJIbHble npMeMbI TellJIOBOM 06pa60TKM. K HMM OTHOCHTCH nac-
cepoBaHMe M 6JIaHIIIMpOBaHMe.
TIpM noccepof3oHuu Hape3aHHbIe npo.n;yKTbI CJIerKa 06)KapMBa-
lOT C )KMpOM MJIM 6e3 Hero. naccepOBaHHbIe npO.n;yKTbI MCnOJIb3yroT
rrpM rrpMrOTOBJIeHMM CynOB, COYCOB M BTOpbIX 6JI10)];.
OflOHwupof3oHue- 6bICTpoe 06BapMBaHMe MJIM OilinapMBaHMe.
npO.n;yKTbI, HaxO)];HMeCH B nocy)];e, 06)];aIOT KMnHTKOM MJIM norpy-
)K3j()T B eMKOCTb C KMnHTKOM (He 60JIee qeM Ha O)];H}' MM"Yl)').
CaMbIM pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM npMeMoM TellJIOBOH 06pa60TKM
HBJIHeTCH BapKa. Cym;ecTByeT MHO)KeCTBO cnoc060B BapKM: B BO)];e,
Ha napy, rrpM nOBbIIIIeHHOM )];aBJIeHMM (B cneqmiJIbHOH nocy)];e).
BapMTb OBOM MO)KHO B pa3HbIX )KM)];KOCT.HX: BO)];e, MOJIOKe,
paCTMTeJIbHbIX COKax (COK, BbI)];eJIMBIIIMHCH M3 oBoeH).
B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT COOTHOIlIeHMH KOJIMqeCTBa npO)];YKTa
11 )KM)];KOCTM pa3JIMqaIOT CJIe.n;yroMe BM)];bI BapKM: npo)J;}'KTbI nOJIHO-
CTblO norpY)KaIOT B )KM)];KOCTb; BapHT B He60JIbiliOM KOJIMqeCTBe
)KM)];KOCTM, TO eCTb npO.n;yKTbI norpY)KeHbI B Hee He 60JIee qeM Ha
O)];H}' TpeTb; rOTOBHT B c06CTBeHHOM cOKy.
BOPKY HO nopy ocym;ecTBJIHIOT B 3aKpbIToH nocy)];e. TIpO.n;yKTbI
}'KJIbIBaIOT Ha cneqMaJIbH)'IO ceTKy MJIM peilieTKy H KMnHeM
BO)];OM. 3TOT cnoc06 rrpMMeHHIOT npM npMrOTOBJIeHMM )];MeTMqe-
CKMX 6JIIO)];.
BOpKO HO f3oaRHou 60He npOMCXO)];MT TO)Ke H KMnHeH BO-
)];OH. B 60JIbmyro eMKOCTb C rOpHqeH MJIM KMnHeM BO)];OM rrOMea-
lOT nocy)J;}' C rrO)];rOTOBJIeHHbIMM npO.n;yKTaMM.
npaBMna TennOBOM o6pa6oTKM
1. HMKOr)];a He nepe)KapMBaTb M He nepeBapMBaTb rrpO.n;yKTbI,
3TO YXY)];IIIaeT BHeIlIHMH BM)]; M BKyC 6JIIO)];a, CHM)KaeT rrMTaTeJIbH)'IO
qeHHocTb, B TOM qMCJIe CO)];ep)KaHMe BMTaMMHOB.
2. .JKapMTb MJIM BapMTb OBOM H}')KHO CHaqaJIa Ha CMJIbHOM
orHe, a 3aTeM )];OBO)];MTb)];O rOTOBHOCTM Ha CJIa60M.
140

3. OqeHb B£UKHO CJIe,lJ;I1Tb 3a rrpO,lJ;OJI)KI1TeJIbHOCTblO Terr.,'m-
BOM o6pa6oTKI1 oBoII.{eM (Ta611. 29).
Ta6nMqa 29. Tenl10BaSi 06pa60TKa oBoe
Of3oulU flpOaO./TJlCUme./TbHOCmb
men./Tof3ou o6p06omKu, MUH
BapKa C MOMeHTa 3aKHnaHHSI >KHAKOCTH
KapToctJel1b:
4el1bl 25-30
Hape3aHHbl Ky6HKaMH 15- 20
MOPKOBb:
4el1aSl 25
Hape3aHHaSi 110MHtKaMH 15- 20
KanycTa 6el10K04aHHaSi WHHKOBaHHaSi 20- 30
CBeKl1a:
He04101eHHaSi 90
Hape3aHHaSi COI10MKO 30
T yweHHe
MOpKOBb, Hape3aHHaSi Ky6HKaMIo1 35
KanycTa WIo1HKOBaHHaSi 90
}f{apeHHe
KapToctJel1b CblpO, Hape3aHHbl 6pyc04KaMH 15-20
MOpKOBb, Hape3aHHaSi COI10MKO 10- 20
(naccepoBaHHe)
JlYK pen4aTbl, Mel1KO HawIo1HKoBaHHbl 10-15
(naccepoBaHlo1e)
141

llpM BapKe OBoeM He06xo,AMMO C06JIIO,AaTb BpeMSI npMro-
TOBJIeHMSI. .l(.nSl onpe,AeJIeHMSI rOTOBHOCTM MO)KHO npOKOJIOTb HO)KOM
OBO: OH ,AOJI)KeH 6bITb MSlrKMM, HO He pa3BapeHHbIM. OXJIa)K,AaTb
OBOM nOCJIe BapKM H}')KHO npM KOMHaTHOM TeMneparype.
TexnOJIOrH'IeCKaJI nOCJIe)J;oBaTeJIhHOCTh
npHrOTOBJIeHIUI XOJIO)J;HhIX 6JIIO)J;
H3 BapeHhIX OBoeH
1. MexaHMqeCKaJI 06pa6OTKa oBoeM (COpTMpoBKa, MOMKa,
OqMCTKa, npoMbIBaHMe). HeKoTopbIe OBOM nepe,A TenJIOBOM 06pa-
60TKOM He qMCTSlT.
2. TenJIOBaJI 06pa60TKa oBoeM.
3. OXJIa)K,AeHMe oBoeM. HeJIb3S1 COe,AMHSlTb TenJIbIe npo-
,AyKTbI C OXJIa)K,AeHHbIMM, qT06bI npMrOTOBJIeHHOe 6JIIO,A0 6bICTpO
He MCnOpTMJIOCb.
4. Hape3Ka oBoeM.
5. 3anpaBKa CaJIaTOB nepe,A nO,AaqeM K CTO.ny. llepeMenIMBaTb
OBOM H}?KHO OCTOpO)KHO, qT06bI OHM He nOMIDIMCb.
6. YKparneHMe 6JIIO,Aa M nO,Aaqa K CTO.ny.
rOTOBMTb 6JIIO,Aa CJIe.A}'eT B COOTBeTCTBMM C CaHMTapHO-rMrMe-
HMqeCKMMM Tpe60BaHMSlMM.
Tpe60BaHMA K KaeCTBY M ocl>opMneHMIO rOTOBbiX 6nlOA
1. BapeHbIe npo,AyKTbI, BXO,ASIMe B COCTaB 6JI IO,A , ,AOJI)KHbI
6bITb MSlrKMMM, HO He pa3BapeHHbIMM M coxpaHSlTb 4>opMY Hape3KM.
ECJIM 3TO OBOHbIe KOTJIeTbI, TO OHM ,AOJI)KHbI 6b1Tb OBaJIbHOM 4>op-
MbI C paBHOMepHO nO,A)KapeHHOM nOBepxHocTblO.
2. BK}'c 6JIIO,Aa M3 oTBapHbIX oBoeM ,AOJI)KeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
HaT}'PaJIbHoM}' BK}'CY oBoeM: eCJIM 3TO OBOHoe pary - CJIerKa ocr-
pbIM, MOpKoBHbIe KOTJIeTbI - CJIa,AKMM, Cnel\M4>MqeCKMM ,lVISI MOpKOBM.
3. U:BeT M 3anax 6JIIO,A - CBOMCTBeHHbIe CBe)KMM npo.AyKTaM,
M3 KOTOpbIX OHM npMrOTOBJIeHbI.
4. 04>opMJIeHMe 6JIIO,A ,AOJI)KHO 6bITb KpacMBbIM M anneTMT-
HbIM. llpM o4>opMJIeHMM HeJIb3S1 MCnOJIb30BaTb Hec'be,A06HbIe YKpa-
rneHMSI (M3 IIJIaCTMaCCbI M T. n.).
142

5. YKpamaTb 6JI1o.ll.a H)')KHO HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHo nepe.ll. nOAa-
qeM K CTO.lI}', ITo6b1 np0.D.YKTbI He aaBeTpl1.lIl1Cb 11 He nOTepHJII1
BHeWHI1M BI1.l1..
KaqeCTBO rOTOBbIX 6JIIO.lI. TaIOKe MO)KHO onpe.ll.eJII1Tb nOcpe.ll.-
CTBOM OpraHOJIenTI1QeCKOM Ol.\eHKI1 (c nOMOIl..\blO opraHOB qyBCTB) -
TO eCTb no BK}'CY, I..\BeT}', aanaxy, KOHCI1CTeHl..\l111 11 BHeWHeM}' BI1.D.Y.
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo M 22
npMroToBneHMe 6nlOAa M3 BapeHblx oBoaqeM
npHrOTOBb BHHerpeT no TeXH0J10rH4eCKoH KapTe (Ta6J1. 30).
Ta6nM4a 30. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa.
BHHerpeT
HOU.MeH080Hue KO./Tul./e- floc./Teao80me./TbHOCmb flocyao
npOaYKmo cm80 npu2omo8./TeHUR U uH8eHmopb
1 2 3 4
CBeKl1a 1 WT. CBapHTb, OCTYAHTb, KacTplOl1S1, HO>K,
04HCTHTb, Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa
Mel1KHMH Ky6HKaMH
KapTOQ>el1b 2 WT. CBaplo1Tb, OCTYAIo1Tb, KacTplOl1S1, HO>K,
04HCTHTb, Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa
Mel1KHMH Ky6HKaMH
MOpKOBb 1 WT. CBapHTb, OCTYAHTb, KacTplOl1S1, HO>K,
04HCTHTb, Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa
Mel1KHMIo1 Ky6HKaMH
Orypbl 1 WT. Hape3aTb HO>K,
COl1eHble Mel1KHMH Ky6HKaMH pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa
KanycTa 2 CT. nepe6paTb, HaWHHKO- HO>K,
KBaweHaSi 110>KKH BaTb KpynHble KYCKH pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa
143

OKOHI./OHUe m06./T. 30
1 2 3 4
JlYK pen4aTbl 1 WT. 04Io1CHtTb, HO>K,
Mel1KO Hape3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi AOCKa
3el1eHb 1 Mel1KO Hape3aTb HO>K, pa3Ael104HaSi
nY40K AOCKa
Macl10 2 CT. CMeWaTb BCe npOAYKTbl CTOI10BaSlI10>KKa,
paCTIo1Tel1bHOe 110>KKIo1 101 3anpaBIo1Tb MaCI10M MIo1CKa
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p06omo M 23
AerycTa4MA rOTOBblX 6nlOA
(opraHOnenTM'IeCKaA o4eHKa)
1. npHroToBb 111060e 6111OAO 1013 oBow,eH.
2.04eHH npHrOTOBl1eHHOe 6111OAO, Hcn0l1b3YSl Ta611H4Y 31
(04eHKa BHHerpeTa).
Ta6nM4a 31. OeHKa BIo1HerpeTa
HOU.MeH080Hue XopoKmepucmuKo XopoKmepucmuKo 30K./TlOl./eHUe
nOK030me./TR nOK030me./TR npu2omo8./TeHH020 ae2ycmomopo8
KOl./ecm8a KOl./ecm8a 6./TlOao
t 2 3 4
BKYC ,lJ,OI1>KeH BKYC Cl1aAKOBaTbl, CooTBeTcTByeT
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb COOTBeTcTByeT Tpe60BaHIo1S1M
BKYCY BXOASlIo1X Tpe60BaHIo1S1M
B 6111OAO
npoAYKToB
Ll.BeT npOAYKTbl, Ll.BeT necTpbl C CooTBeTcTByeT
BXOASllo1e coxpaHeHlo1eM BeTa Tpe60BaHHSlM
B COCTaB oBoe, BXOASIIo1X
BIo1HerpeTa, B COCTaB BIo1HerpeTa
144

OKOHI./OHUe m06.IT. 31
1 2 3 4
He AOI1>KHbl 6blTb
OKpaweHbl
COKOM CBeKl1bl
3anax ,l],OI1>KeH 3anax, COOTBeTcTByeT
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb CBOCTBeHHbl Tpe60BaHHSlM
3anaxy, CBe>KHM OBoaM
CBOCTBeHHOMY
CBe>KHM npOAYK-
TaM, 1013 KOTOpblX
BHHerpeT
nplo1rOTOBl1eH
KOHCIo1CTeH4HSI MeI1Klo1e,OTAel1b- KOHCHCTeH4HSI COOTBeTcTByeT
Hble Ky6HKH. COOTBeTCTByeT Tpe60BaHIo1S1M
KanycTa Mel1KO Tpe60BaHIo1S1M
HawHHKOBaHa,
BapeHble OBOH
MSirKHe,
He nepeBapeHbl
BHewHH BHA AnneTIo1THO BHA KpaCHBbl COOTBeTcTByeT
BblrI1S1AIo1T. 101 anneTHTHbl Tpe60BaHIo1S1M
3CTeTIo14HO
YKpaweH
3. npoAerycTHPY 6J1IOAO H cAel1a 3aKI1104eHHe 0 em Ka4eCTBe.
 BOpKO, JlCOpeHUe, 30neKOHue, my we Hue, npunYCKOHue, noccepo80-
Hue, 6/l0HWUpo80Hue, 80pKO HO nopy, 80pKO HO 80aRHOU 60He.
-? - 1. KaKHe BHAbl TenI10BO 06pa60TKH npHMeHSIIOT npH npHrOTOB-
l1eHHH OBOllJ,e? 2. KaKHe OBOIlJ,H nepeA TenI10BO 06pa60TKo
He 4HCTSlT? 3. 4TO Tbl 3HaeWb 0 BcnOMOraTel1bHblX npHeMax
TenI10BO 06pa60TKH? 4. KaKHM Tpe60BaHHSlM Ka4eCTBa AOI1>KHbl
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb OBOIlJ,Hble 6111OAa?
145

 J 2. 6JIIOJJ;a H3 .HHD;
RiJu,o - nMTaTeJIbHhIM nMIl\eBOM npO.D;yKT, 06JIa,LJ;aIOII.\MM He)K-
HhIM M npMHTHbIM BK}'COM.
B 6eJIKe HMQa CO,l\ep)KMTCH BeCb KOMTIJIeKC )KM3HeHHO BIDK-
HbIX nMTaTeJIbHbIX BelI.\eCTB. HaM60JIee QeHHaH qaCTb HMQa - )KeJI-
TOK, OH 60raT He TOJIbKO 6eJIKaMM, )KMpaMM, MMHepaJIbHbIMM BelI.\e-
CTBaMM, HO M BMTaMMHaMM.
KypMHbIe HMQa B 3aBMCMMO-
CTM OT cpOKa xpaHeHMH nO,l\pa3,l\e-
JUlIOT Ha 8uemULleCKue (CpOK xpaHe-
HMH,l\O 7 CyrOK) M CmO/lOBble (CpOK
XpaHeHMH OT 7,l\0 30 CyroK).
OqeHb BIDKHO, qT06bI HMQa
6hIJIM CBe)KMMM. ,ZJ;JIH onpe,l\eJIe-
HMH MX ,l\06pOKaqeCTBeHHocTM PMC. 98. OnpeAel1eHHe
MO)KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb HeCKOJIbKO CBe>KeCTH SI4a
cnoc060B.
1. npOCBeqMBaHMe. Y CBe)KerO HMQa 6eJIOK JIerKO npOCBeqM-
BaeTCH, a )KeJITOK cJIa60 3aMeTeH; He,l\06pOKaqeCTBeHHbIe HMQa He
rrpOCBeQMBaIOTcH.
2. norpY)KeHMe B B0.l\Y. B CTaKaH HaJIMBaIOT B0.l\Y M pacTBo-
pHIOT 1 CTOJIOBYIO JIoJKK}' COJIM, OCTOpO)KHO orrycKaIOT T}',l\a HMQO.
KaQeCTBO onpe,l\eJIHIOT no nOJIO)KeHMIO HMQa (pHC. 98).
"
..
a
6
8
nO./TO:J/CeHue RUU,O KoC/ecm80 RUU,O
OnycTHl1oCb Ha AHO CTaKaHa 40 CBe>Kee (pHC. 98, a)
nl1aBaeT 4YTb Bblwe AHa HeAOCTaT04HO CBe>Kee (pHC. 98, 6)
HaxoAHTCSI Ha nOBepXHOCTH >KHAKOCTH HeA06poKa4ecTBeHHoe{pHc.98,B)
B nMIIY HMQa ynoTpe6JIHIOT B CbIpOM, BapeHoM M >KapeHOM
BM,l\e. I1x MCnOJIb3YIOT AJlH npMrOTOBJIeHMH pa3JIMQHhIX 6JIIO,l\ (caJIa-
TOB, OMJIeTOB, KOH,l\MTepCKMx M3,l\eJIMM M T. ,l\.) M YKparneHMH rOTO-
BbIX, a TaIOKe ,l\06aBJIHIOT B KpeMbI M HaQMHKM.
146

TaK KaK HHQa MOryr 6bITb HCT01.IHHKOM HHcpeKQHOHHOrO aa-
60JIeBaHHH, B rrpoQecce rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH rrHIU:H H3 HHX Heo6xo,n;HMO
c06mO,n;aTb HeKOTOpbIe rrpaBHJIa.
1. XpaHHTb HHQa B XOJIO,n;HJIbHHKe.
2. I1crrOJIb30BaTb TOJIbKO CBe)KHe, xoporno BbIMbITbIe HHQa.
3. Co6mo,n;aTb pe)KHM TerrJIOBOH o6pa6oTKH HHQ.
,.lJ;JIH B36HBaHHH HHQ HCrrOJIb3YlOT pH,n; rrpHcrroco6JIeHHH: BeH-
1.IHKH, 3JIeKTpOMHKcephI, K}'XoHHhIe KOM6aHHbI (pHC. 99).
-r. \ 1
I I
 E
If;  -. -=--- '-
PMC. 99. npHcnoco611eHHSI AIlSi B36HBaHHSI SlH'-'
ECJIH Heo6xo,n;HMO B36HTh 6eJIOK, TO .1I)'1.Irne HCrrOJIb30BaTb
r.ny6oK}'lO rrocy,n;y H3 nJIaCTMaCCbI, Hep»<aBelOIU:eH CTaJIH HJIH TOJICTo-
ro cpapcpopa.
.HHQa MO)KHO CBapHTb {3cMRmKY, «{3 MeWOl/eK» H {3KpymylO
(Ta611. 32).
Ta6nM....a 32. Cnoco6bl BapKH SlH'-'
Cnoco6 BpeMR romof3Hocmb
npu2omof3l1eHuR npu2omof3l1eHuR, MUH
BCMSlTKY 2 5el10K CBepHYI1CSI HanOI10BHHY,
>KeI1TOK He CBepHYI1CSI
«B MeW04eK» 4-5 5el10K CBepHYI1CSI, >KeI1TOK
He CBepHYI1CSI
BKPYTYIO ]-10 >KeI1TOK H 6el10K CBepHYI1HCb
147

B POCCHH npHHflTO OTMe4aTb Bel1HKHH npaBOCl1aBHblH npa3A-
HHK - nacxy. K 3TOMY AHIO BCe X03f1HKH KpaCflT flH4a. It1x MO>K-
HO nOKpaCHTb B wel1yxe OT I1YKOBH4, B nHCTbflX M0l10AOH 6epe3bl,
B 110CKYTaX I1HHfllOw,eH TKaHH, nHw,eBbIMH KpaOlTenflMH. nepeA
OKpaCKOH Heo6xOAHMO npOBepHTb nprOAHOCTb flH4, BblMblTb HX
(Ha flH4ax He AOI1>KHO 6blTb Tpew,HH). BpeMfi KpaweHHfI 3aBHCT
OT cnoco6a OKpaCK 101 cnoco6a npHrOTOBneHHfI (<B Mew04eK»
10111101 BKPYTYIO).
-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo }Ig 24
npMrOTOBneHMe 6nlOA M3 AM....
npHrOTOBb 61110Aa 1013 flH4, Hcnonb3YfI TeXH0l10rH4eCKHe KapTbl
(Ta6n. 33, 34).
Ta6nM....a 33. T eXH0l10n14eCKaSi KapTa.
fI,-,a «ClOpnpH3»
HouMeHof3oHue KO./TuI./ecmf3o nOC./Teaof3ome./TbHOCmb nocyao
npOaYKmo npu2omof3./TeHUR U uHf3eHmopb
fI,-,o 1 WT. CBapHTb BKPYTYIO. KacTplOl1S1, HO>K,
04HCTHTb. Pa3pe3aTb pa3Ael104HaSi
nOnOl1aM. BblHYTb AOCKa
>KeI1TOK
naWTeT 2 4. 110>KKH CMewaTb C >KeI1TKOM Tapel1Ka,BHI1Ka
(11106o)
COl1b,nepe,-, no BKYCY Ao6aBHTb B naWTeT JlO>KKa
C >KeI1TKOM. CMewaTb
MaoHe3 1 CT. 110>KKa HanOl1HHTbnOl10BHHKH JlO>KKa,
SI,-,a nOl1Y4eHHbiM cepBHpOB04Hoe
Q>apweM H cBepxy 6111OAO
3al1HTb MaOHe30M
148

Ta6nM....a 34. T eXH0l10n14eCKaSi KapTa.
OMl1eT C nOMHAopaMH, COCHCKaMH
101 3el1eHbiM ropOWKOM
HouMeHof3oHue KO./TuI./ecmf3o nOC./Teaof3ome./TbHOCmb nocyao
npOaYKmo npu2omof3/leHUR U uHf3eHmopb
,lJ,11S1 OMl1eTa: npHroToBHTb SlH4HO- MHcKa,
SI'-'O 8 WT. M0l104HYIO CMeCb, BeH4HK,
Ao6aBHTb COl1b. CKOBopOAa,
MOl10KO 8 CT. 110>KeK Pa3Ael1HTb CMeCb Tapel1Ka
COl1b no BKYCY Ha ABe 4aCTH H >KapHTb
no o4epeAH B MaCl1e
MaCI10 2 CT. 110>KKH
CI1HB04HOe
COCHCKH 3 WT. Hape3aTb Mel1KHMH HO>K,
I10MTHKaMH pa3Ael104HaSi
AOCKa AI1S1 MSica
nOMHAopbl 2 WT. Hape3aTb Mel1KHMH HO>K,
110MTHKaMH pa3Ael104HaSI
AOCKa
3el1eHbl 100 r CMewaTb C COCHCKaMH MHcKa,
ropoweK H nOMHAopaMH. CTOI1 0 BaSI
Ha4HHHTb OMl1eT 110>KKa,
npHrOTOBl1eHHblM 6111OAO
Q>apweM, pa3Mel..4aSl
ero Me>K,/J,Y CI10SlMH
OMl1eTa
 Ruv,o: auemUl./eCKUe, Cm0.l108ble; cnoc06bl 80pKU RUV,: 8cMRmKY,
«8 MeWOl./eK», 8KpymylO.
-? - 1. KaKoBa nHTaTenbHafi 4eHHOCTb flH4? 2. KaK onpeAenHTb Ao6po-
Ka4eCTBeHHOCTb flH4? 3. KaK OTnH4HTb BapeHoe flH40 OT cblporo?
4. KaKHe 61110Aa MO>KHO npHrOTOBHTb 1013 flH4?
149

 3 3. Byrep6poAhl
Xne6 3aHMMaeT OCHOBHoe MeCTO B rrMTaHMM qeJIOBeKa. 3aMe-
qaTeJIbHbIM CBOMCTBOM XJIe6a HBJIHeTCH TO, qTO OH HMKor.n;a He
rrpMe.n;aeTCH, XOpOlliO YCBaMBaeTCH M OqeHb CbITHbIM. Xne6 - O.n;MH
113 caMbIX rrOJIe3HbIX rrpO));}'KTOB; OH co.n;ep)KMT 60JIbllIMHCTBO He3a-
MeHMMbIX rrMTaTeJIbHbIX BeeCTB, 6e3 KOTOpbIX HeB03MO)KHa HOP-
MaJIbHaH )KM3He.n;eHTeJIbHOCTb.
Xne6 ynoTpe6JIHIOT B rrMIY, .n;IDKe Kor.n;a OH 3aqepCTBeeT.
113 XJIe6a MO)KHO rrpMroToBMTb pa3JIMqHbIe 6ymep6poabl, a M3
qepCTBOro XJIe6a - rpeHKM M .n;pyrMe BK}'cHbIe 6JIIO.n;a.
,l(JIH 6yrep6po.n;oB MCrrOJIb3}'1OT BceB03MO)KHbIe rrpo));}'KTbI:
6pbIH3Y, CbIp, HMQa, OTBapHoe MHCO, KOJI6acy, BeTqMH)', pbI6y, oryp-
QbI, CJIa,zJ;KMM rrepeQ, COJIeHbH, MaCJIO M T. .n;.
Eyrep6po.n;aM MO)KHO rrpM.n;aTb pa3H006pa3H)'1O <P0pM}': Kpyr-
JIYIO, KBa.n;paTHYIO, B BM.n;e pOM6MKOB, QBeTOqKOB M .n;p. ,l],JIH
<pMrypHOM Hape3KM XJIe6a MCrrOJIb3YIOT <POpMOqKM .n;JIH rreqeHbH.
He CJIe.n;yeT 3a6bIBaTb, qTO M3 OCTaTKOB XJIe6a MO)KHO npMroToBMTb
BK}'cHbIe cyxapMKM, HerreqeHbIe KOH.n;MTepcKMe M3.n;eJIMH, rraHMpo-
BOqHbIe cyxapl1.
,l(JIH Toro qT06bI 6yrep6po.n;bI rroJIyqMJIMCb BK}'CHbIMM, XJIe6
Hape3alOT TOHKMMM JIOMTMKaMM (TOJIMHOM 1-1,5 CM) (pHC. 100)
M 06MJIbHO rroKpbIBalOT rrpo));}'KTaMM.
""

w
£' \
I'
\ \:.
\
" Y\
 .!: '\.
"\.. J-
--
PHC. 100. Hape3Ka xI1e6a AIlSI 6YTep6poAoB
150

no cnoc06y npI1:rOTOBJIeHMH pa3JIMqalOT 6yrep6pobI:
. XOJIOHbIe M rOpHqMe;
. OTKpbITbIe, Kora npOT BMeH;
. 3aKpbITbIe (caHBMqM), Kora npOT He BMeH;
. 3aK}'COqHbIe (KaHarre), MMelOMe He60JIbllIOM pa3Mep.
npMrOTOBJIeHMe pa3JIMQHbIX BMOB 6YTep6poOB MMeeT
CBOM oc06eHHOCTM.
OmKpblmble 6yrep6pobI MOryr 6bITb npocTbIMM, C OHMM
rrpoToM, M CJIO:>KHbIMM, C HeCKOJIbKMMM rrpoTaMM. Ha XJIe6
(p:>KaHOM, 6eJIbIM, XPycTHMe XJIe6QbI M T. .) HaMa3bIBalOT MaCJIO,
MaprapMH M T. n. CBepxy }'KJla)J;bIBaIOT Pa3JIMQHbIe npoTbI: MHCO,
COJIeHMI M p. ,lLnH }'KpallIeHMH 6yrep6poa MO:>KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb
3eJIeHb neTp}'llIKMM YKpona.
,lLnH 30Kpblmozo 6yrep6poa cOHaBul./ He06xoMMO Ba JIOMTM-
Ka XJIe6a. JIOMTMKM XJIe6a HaMa3bIBalOT MaCJIOM. Ha OMH M3 HMX }'K-
JIa)J;bIBaIOT HaQMHK}': nOMMopbI, JIMCTbH CaJIaTa, oTBapHoe MHCO
IITI1QbI, KOJI6acy, CBapeHHOe BKp}'TYlO HMQO M T. . CBepxy 6yrep6po
miKpbIBaIOT BTOpbIM JIOMTMKOM XJIe6a.
30Kycol./Hble 6yrep6pobI KOHone - STO MaJIeHbKMe 6yrep6po-
MKM pa3MepoM OKOJIO 3 x 3 CM. ,lLnH KaHane MO:>KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb
pa3JIMQHbIe npObI: MaCJIO, CBapeHHbIe BKp}'TYlO HMQa, CbIp, 6pbIH-
3Y, nJIaBJIeHbIe CbIpKM, CeJIbb, OBOM. I1x MO:>KHO CeJIaTb CJIa)J;KM-
MM, MCnOJIb3YH :>KeMbI, BapeHbe, 4>P}'KTbI, HrObI. Xne6 AJlH KaHane
Hape3aIOT OCTpbIM HO:>KOM TOHKMMM JIOMTMKaMM, BbIpe3alOT BceB03-
MO:>KHbIe MaJIeHbKMe 4>MrypKM M MHora 06:>KapMBa1OT K}'COQKM O
P}'MHHOM KOPOQKM. Xne6 MO:>KHO nO:>KapMTb Ha CKOBopoe, B OB-
Ke MJIM TOCTepe. npOTbI Hape3alOT TOHKMMM JIOMTMKaMM M no-
6MpaIOT no QBeT}' M BK}'CY, CKaJIbIBalOT crreQMaJIbHOM naJIOQKOM MJIM
llInIDKKOM, a cBepxy YKpallialOT JIOMTMKaMM peMca, oryPQa, 3eJIe-
HblO nerp}'llIKM, OJIbKaMM nOMMopa.
npM npMrOTOBJIeHMM rOpHQMX 6yrep6poOB BMeCTO XJIe6a
MO:>KHO MCnOJIb30BaTb HeCJIa)J;Koe neCOQHOe TeCTO. TecTo BbIKJIa)J;bI-
BaIOT B 4>opMY AJlH TopTa, eJIalOT He60JIbllIOM 60PTMK, cBepxy KJIa-
.lo/I' HaQMHK}' M 3aneKalOT B oBKe.
Eyrep6pobI 6y.lo/I' BbIrJIHeTb arrneTMTHee, eCJIMMX KpacMBo
YKpacMTb. )J,JIH YKpallIeHMH XOpOIliO MCnOJIb30BaTb 3eJIeHb, OBOM
151

11 IUlO,lJ;bI C HpKOM OKpaCKOM: rrOMI1,lJ;OpbI, Orypl..\bI, MOpKOBb, 3CJIeHb
rreTpYllIKI1 11 YKpOrra, CeJIb,lJ;epeH, MaCJII1HbI, OJII1BKI1 11 ,lJ;IDKe Bl1llIeH-
KI1. KpaCI1BO BblrJIH,lJ;HT Ha 6yrep6p0,lJ;e YKpallIeHI1H 113 B3611TOrO CJII1-
BOqHOrO MaCJIa, B3611TbIX CJII1BOK, KOTOpble ,lJ;eJIalOT C rrOMOblO
KOH,lJ;I1TepCKOrO MellIOqKa I1JIM: llIrrpl1l..\a.
Tpe60BaHMJI K Ka'ieCTBY rOTOBblX 6YTep6pOAOB
. Eyrep6p0,lJ;bI ,lJ;OJDKHbI 6bITb rrpl1rOTOBJIeHbI HerrOCpe,lJ;CTBeH-
HO rrepe,lJ; yrroTpe6JIeHl1eM.
· IIP0,lJ;)'KTbI, BXO,lJ;Hl1e B COCTaB 6yrep6p0,lJ,a, ,lJ,OJI:>KHbI 6bITb
CBe:>KI1MI1.
. JIOMTI1KI1 XlIe6a He ,lJ;OJI:>KHbI 6bITb CJIl1llIKOM TOJICTbIMI1 I1JII1
TOHKI1MI1.
. Xne6 ,lJ;OJI:>KeH 6bITb rrOJIHOCTblO rrOKpbIT rrpO.n;yKTaMI1.
· Eyrep6p0,lJ;bI ,lJ;OJI:>KHbI I1MeTb BK}'C, I..\BeT 11 3arrax, CBOMCT-
BeHHbIe I1CrrOJIb3yeMbIM rrpO,lJ;)'KTaM.
. CpOK XpaHeHI1H 6yrep6po,lJ;OB B XOJIO,lJ;I1JIbHI1Ke rrpl1 TeMrre-
paT}'pe 4-8 0 C - 3 qaca.
Eyrep6p0,lJ,bI rrO,lJ;alOT K CTO.ny Ha TapeJIKax I1JII1 cepBl1pOBOq-
HbIX 6JIIO,lJ;ax, pacrrOJIaralOT I1X B O,lJ;I1H CJIOM. MaJIeHbKl1e KaHarre
rrO,lJ;aIOT C rraJIOQKaMI1-llIrrIDKKaMI1 (pHC. 101), C rrOMOblO KOTOpbIX
6epyr 6yrep6po,lJ;. Eyrep6p0,lJ;bI rr060JIbllIe MO:>KHO 6paTb C 06ero
6mo,lJ;a pYKaMI1 I1JII1 JIOrraTOQKOM.
rOpHQl1e 11 60JIbllII1e rro pa3Mepy 6yrep6p0,lJ;bI e,lJ;HT C rrOMO-
blO BI1JIKI1 11 HO:>Ka.
., .,
 .,
-
v...
PMC 101. cYTep6poAbi KaHane Ha nan04KaX-Wna>KKaX
152

-.
npOKmUl./eCKOR p060mo M 25
npMrOTOBneHMe 6YTep6poAoB
nproToBb 6YTep6pOAbi no TeXH0I10r4eCKM KapTaM (Ta611. 35, 36).
Ta6nMqa 35. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa.
bYTep6pOA co CI1HB04HbiM MaCI10M 101 CblpOM
HauMeHof3aHue KO./Tul.lecm(3o floc./Teao8ame./TbHOCmb flocyaa
npoaYKma npu2omo(3./TeHUR U uH(3eHmapb
bel1bl xI1e6 4-5 Hape3aTb TOI1UJ,HO HO>K,
110MTHKOB 1 CM pa3Ael104HaSI AOCKa
Macl10 50 r HaMa3aTb TOHKHM HO>K
CI1HB04HOe CI10eM Ha xI1e6
Cblp 150 r HaTepeTb Ha TepKe TepKa,
101 n0I10>KHTb Ha MaCI10 4aHaSI 110>KKa
Ta6nMqa 36. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSI KapTa.
r peHKH C COCHCKaMH
HaUMeHo8aHue KO./Tul.lecm(3o floc./Teao8ame./TbHOCmb flocyaa
npoaYKma npu2om06neHuR U uH(3eHmapb
1 2 3 4
bel1bl xI1e6 10-12 Hape3aTb TOI1UJ,HHO Ho>K,
110MTHKOB 1 CM pa3Ael104HaSI AOCKa
MaCl10 100 r HaMa3aTb xI1e6 HO>K
CI1HB04HOe C ABYX CTOpOH
COCIo1CKIo1 4WT. Pa3pe3aTb BAOl1b HO>K, pa3Ael104HaSi
101 nOnOl1aM. AOCKa,CKOBopOAa
06>KapHTb Ha MaCl1e.
n0110>KIo1Tb Ha xI1e6
153

OKOHI/OHUe mo6.IT. 36
1 2 3 4
nOMI-1AOpbl 2WT. Hape3aTb 110MTI-1KaMH HO>K, pa3Ael104HaSi
1-1 n0110>KI-1Tb cBepxy AOCKa, npOTI-1BeHb
Ha KYC04eK COCI-1CKI-1
Cblp 200 r Hape3aTb TOHKI-1MI-1 HO>K, pa3Ael104HaSi
110MTI-1KaMI-1,nOI10>KI-1Tb AOCKa,npOTHBeHb
Ha nOMI-1AOpbl.
Bce 3ane4b
---tt- 5ymep6poabl: omKpblmble, 30Kpblmble (coHa8ul./u), 30KYCOl./Hble
(KaHane).
-? - 1. KaKl-1e npO,QYKTbl MO>KHO I-1Cn0J1b30BaTb ,QJ1J1 6YTep6po,QoB?
2. KaKl-1e BI-1,Qbl 6YTep6po,QoB Tbl 3HaeWb, B 4eM I-1X OTJ11-14I-1e?
3. KaKl-1e Tpe6oBaHI-1J1 npe,QbJlBJ1J1IOT K Ka4eCTBY rOTOBblX 6YTep-
6PO,QOB? 4. CocTaBb pe4em TBoero J1106I-1MOrO 6YTep6po,Qa.
 34. rOpg"IJHe HanHTKH
Bce MbI JII0611M TaKl1e rop.H'll1e HanI1TKI1, KaK 'lall, Ko<t>e.
40u - TOHI13I1p}'lOl1ll HanI1TOK, 06JIalOl1ll BbICOKI1MI1
BK)'COBbIMI1 11 apOMaTl1'leCKI1MI1 CBollCTBaMI1. OH npl1aeT oll(}'e-
Hl1e 60pOCTI1, y.rryqrnaeT nl1eBapeHl1e.
qallHbIll K)'CT - :no MHorOJIeTHee Be'lH03eJIeHOe paCTeHl1e,
BbIpaI1BaeMoe B palloHax C TellJIbIM, BJIaJKHbIM KJII1MaTOM. ,lI;JI.H rro-
.rryqeHI1.H 'laH I1CnOJIb3}'lOT ero nO'lKI1 11 JII1CTb.H. 113 Bcex COpTOB 'laH
CaMbIll pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIll - l./epHblU. OH 06JIaeT Cl1JIbHbIM apo-
MaTOM 11 crreQI<t>"'leCKIM BK)'COM, 11 ero oco6eHHo rrperrO'lI1TalOT
JII0611TeJII1 'laH.
3e.ITeHblU 'laM OTJII1'laeTC.H He}KHbIM apoMaToM, HanOMI1HalO-
ml1M 3anax CBe}KerO ceHa, 11 OCTaTO'lHOll TepnKOCTblO.
154

TIpHrOTOBJIeHHe qaJI
QT06bI npMrOTOBMTb BK}'CHbIH apOMaTHbIH qaH, He06xo,l{MMO
MMeTb ,l{Ba qaHHMKa: O,l{MH - ,l{JUI KMnHqeHMH BO,l{bI, BTOpOH - ,l{JIH
3aBapMBaHMH ()I(eJIaTeJIbHO <t>ap<t>opoBbIH). fIepe,l{ npMrOTOBJIe-
HMeM qaifHMK AJlH 3aBapKM CJIe,l{yeT 06,l{aTb KMnHTKOM, nOCJIe qero
3aCbInaTb B HerO onpe,l{eJIeHHOe KOJIMqeCTBO qaH. 06bIqHaH ,l{03a -
1 qaHHaH JIO)I(Ka qaH Ha 1 qalliK}' HanMTKa. 3aJIMBaIOT qaif KMnHTKOM
CHaqaJIa Ha 0,l{H}' TpeTb 06'beMa qaHHMKa. 3aBapKe Ha,n;O ,l{aTb HaCTO-
HTbCH no,l{ cneQMaJIbHOH TellJIOH HaKpbIBaJIKOH 5-8 MMH}'T, a nOTOM
,l{OJIMTb KMnHTK}' ,l{0 nOJIHOrO 06'beMa 3aBapOqHOrO qaHHMKa.
EIl\e O,l{MH M3 pacnpocTpaHeHHbIx HanMTKOB - Ko<t>e.
Kocpe - TOHM3MPYIOIl\MH HanMTOK, 06JIa,n;aIOIl\MH TOHKMM
npMHTHbIM apoMaToM M CneQM<t>MqeCKMM BK}'COM.
Ko<t>eHHoe ,l{epeBO - TpOnMqeCKOe BeqH03eJIeHOe pacTeHMe,
3epHa KOToporo MCnOJIb3}'1OT AJlH npMrOTOBJIeHMH HanMTKa. CopTa
Ko<t>e pa3JIMqaIOT no apoMary M BK}'COBbIM KaqeCTBaM. B npo,l{a1K}'
nocrynaeT Ko<t>e B 3epHax, MonombliJ M pacmBopuMbliJ. ,l(JIH pa3MOJIa
3epeH Ko<t>e MCnOJIb3YIOT Ko<t>eMOJIKM.
TIpHrOTOBJIeHHe KocJ>e
B npe,l{BapMTeJIbHO nporpeT}'lO nocy,l{y (T}'PK}', Ko<t>eHHMK) 3a-
CbmaIOT MOJIOTbIH Ko<t>e (1-2 qaHHbIe JIO)I(KM Ha qalliK}'), 3aJIMBaIOT
KMnHTKOM 11 OCTOpO)I(HO ,l{OBO,l{HT ,l{0 KMneHMH. CHMMaIOT nocy,l{y
C orHH M ,l{aIOT HanMTK}' HaCTOHTbCH B TeqeHMe 3-5 MMH}'T. rOTOBbIH
Ko<t>e pa3JIMBaIOT no qalliKaM.
,l(JIH npMrOTOBJIeHMH Ko<t>e MO)I(HO MCnOJIb30BaTb KocpeBapKu.
Tpe6oBaHMR, npeA'bRBnReMble K npMrOTOBneHMIO
rOpR'IMX HanMTKOB
1. Qaif M Ko<t>e xpaHHT B <t>ap<t>opoBbIX MJIM CTeKJIHHHbIX
llJIOTHO 3aK}'IIopeHHbIx 6aHKax.
2. Ko<t>e M qaH rOTOBHT HenOCpe,l{CTBeHHo nepe,l{ ynoTpe6-
JIeHMeM.
155

3. UBeT HanllTKa .n;OJDKeH 6bITb, eCJIII :no 'laM, KpacHO-KOPllq-
HeBbIM llJIII 3eJIeHOBaTbIM, eCJIII KOq>e - TeMHO-KOp"qHeBbIM, rrOqTII
qepHbIM.
4. rOTOBbIe HanllTKII .n;OJI>KHbI IIMeTb CBOMCTBeHHbIe 11M BK}'C
11 apOMaT.
npoKmUl./eCKoR p060mo J{g 26
npMrOTOBneHMe rOpJlIIMX HanMTKOB
npHroToBb HanHTOK no TeXH0J10rw.lecKoH KapTe (Ta6J1. 37).
Ta6n1na 37. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa.
4a C caxapOM
HouMeHoBaHue KO.ITul/ecmf3o nOC./TeaoBame.ITbHOCmb nocyao
npooYKmo npu2omof3.ITeHUR U uHf3eHmopb
BOAa BCKHnSlTHTb BOAY. 4aHHK
06AaTb KHnSlTKOM AJlSI KHnSl4eHHSI
4aHHK AJlSI 3aBapH- BOAbl
BaHHSI 4aSl
4a 2-34. BCbmaTb 4a 4aHHK
110>KKH 101 3al1HTb KHnSlTKOM AJlSI 3aBapHBaHHSI
Ha 1/3. 4aSl
,lJ,aTb HaCTOSlTbCSI
5-8 MHHYT 101 AOI1HTb
4aHHK ropSl4e
BOAo AOBepxy
Caxap no BKYCY ,lJ,06aBHTb B 4aWKY 4aHaSi 110>KKa
----t-l- 40u: l./epHblU, 3e.l1eHblU; Korpe: 83epHOI, M0.l10mbIU, pocm8opUMblU;
Korpe80pKO.
-? - 1. KaKHMH CBOHCTBaMH 06J1a,o,aeT 4aH? 2. KaKHe copTa 4afl Tbl
3Haewb? 3. PaCCKa>KH, KaK npaBHJ1bHO 3aBapHTb 4aH. 4. B KaKOM
BHAe npOAaeTCfI Kocpe? 5. KaK CJ1eAyeT xpaHHTb 4aH H Kocpe?
156

 3 5. CepBHpOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaKY
CepBupoBKo - 9TO nO,ll;rOTOBKa M o<popMJIeHMe CTOJIa .AJI.H
rrpMeMa rrMIl\M.
Cm0.l10BoR nocyao l Cm0.l10Bble npu60pbl - HeOT'beMJIeMa.H
'laCTb cepBMpOBKM.
ITOJIHblM accopTMMeHT rrOCY,ll;bl .AJI.H cepBMpOBKM CTOJIa M rro-
,ll;a'lM 6JIIO,ll; BKJIlO'laeT B ce6.H CTOJIOBblM cepBM3, KOTOpblM 06bl'lHO
paCC'lMTaH Ha meCTb MJIM ,ll;BeHa.lI;IaTb rrepCOH. 3TO - rlI}'60KMe, MeJI-
KMe, 3aK}'CO'lHble M ,ll;eCepTHble TapeJIKM, 6JIIO,ll;a pa3HbIX pa3MepOB,
cyrrHMQa, ceJIe,ll;O'lHMQa, CaJIaTHMKM, p03eTKM .AJI.H BapeHMI, ,ll;)KeMa,
Me,ll;a, rrO,ll;CTaBKa (pIOMKa) .AJI.H .HMQ. .l(orrOJIH.HIOT CTOJIOBbIM cepBM3
'laMHblM M Ko<peMHbIM cepBM3bI.
CTOJIOBble rrpM60pbI ,ll;eJI.HT Ha rrpM60pbI MH,ll;MBM.n;yaJIbHOrO
rrOJIb30BaHM.H, C rrOMOll\blO KOTOpbIX e,ll;.HT, M o61l\ero rrOJIb30BaHM.H,
C nOMOll\blO KOTOpbIX Hape3alOT, paCKJIa,n;bIBalOT MJIM rrepeKJIa,n;bIBa-
lOT K}'maHbH M3 o61l\ero 6JIIO,ll;a B CBOM TapeJIKM.
K rrpM60paM MH,ll;MBM.n;yaJIbHOrO rrOJIb30BaHMH OTHOCHT 3aK}'-
CO'lHbIM, PbI6HbIM, CTOJIOBbIM, ,ll;eCepTHblM M <PP}'KTOBbIM rrpM6opbl.
IT pM60pbl o61l\ero Ha3Ha'leHMH (BCrrOMOraTeJIbHbIe) BKJIIO'la-
lOT B ce6.H HO)KM .AJIH MaCJIa, JIO)KKM .AJI.H paCKJIa,n;KM CaJIaTOB, JIO)KKM
pa3JIMBaTeJIbHble .AJI.H rrepBbIX M CJIa,n;KMX 6JIIO,ll; (KMCeJIeM, KOMnO-
TOB); JIOnaTKM.AJI.H MKpbl, pbI6Hb1X, KOH,ZI;MTepCKMX M3,ll;eJIMM.
CepBMpOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaK}' 3aBMCMT OT 6JIIO,ll;, BXO,ll;HIl\MX
B MeHIO. 3aBTpaK MO)KeT COCTOHTb M3 rOp.H'lerO 6JIIO,ll;a (KamM, OMJIe-
Ta, .HM'lHMQbI), a TaIOKe 6yrep6po,ll;OB, XJIe6a, 6YJIO'leK, BapeHblX
HMQ, KOJI6aCbI, Cblpa, MaCJIa, BapeHbH, rrOBM.AJIa, ,ll;)KeMa, Me,ll;a M T.,ll;.
M rOpH'lerO HarrMTKa ('laH, Ko<pe, KaKao, MOJIOKa M T. ,ll;.).
CepBMpYH CTOJI .AJI.H 3aBTpaKa, ero 3aCTMJIalOT CKaTepTblO,
KJIa,n;yr JIbHHHble MJIM XJIorr'laTo6YMaJKHble CaJI<peTKM.
Ha  CaJI<peTK}' CTaB.HT rrocy.n;y M rrpM60pbI .AJIH Bcex yqa-
CTHMKOB 3aB1paKa: 3aK}'CO'lH}'lO TapeJIK}', HaMCKOCOK crrpaBa - 6JIIO,ll;Qe
C 'larnKOM; 'laMH}'IO JIO)KK}' KJIa,n;yr Ha 6JIIO,lJ;Qe, a He B 'lamK}'. BMJIK}' pac-
rrOJIaralOT CJIeBa OT TapeJIKM 3y6MM BBepx, HO)K - crrpaBa JIe3BMeM
K npeJIKe (pHC. 102). BapeHoe .HMQO rrO,ll;aIOT Ha crreQMaJIbHOM rrO,ll;CTaB-
Ke 11 CTaBHT crrpaBa OT 3aK}'CO'lHOM TapeJIKM MJIM Ha Hee. B QeHTpe CTa-
157

-..1 -
''-I' .\r  0  ,_, ._,
. , '- . \
/' ''''1,'' }
 v " :"-
5
,--

PMC. 102. CepBpoBKa CTOl1a K 3aBTpaKY
JIa pa3MemaIOT 6JIIO}J,0 C Hape3aHHbIMI1 racTpoHoMWleCKI1MI1 rrpo}J.}'K-
TaMIl (KoJI6aca, BeTql1Ha, CbIp 11 }J,p.). J{a)K,n,bIM 6epeT ce6e Hape3K}' 113
06mero 6JIIO}J,a, rrOJIb3YHCb CrreQl1aJIbHbIMI1 npl160paMI1.
TaIOKe Ha CTOJI He06xo}J,I1MO rrOCTaBI1Tb MaCJIeHK}' C HO)KOM,
KOTOpbIM OTpe3aIOT K}'COqeK MaCJIa, KJla}J.)'T ce6e Ha TapeJIK}', a 3aTeM
HaMa3bIBaIOT Ha XJIe6 CBOI1M HO)KOM. CaxapHI1Qy 11 Ba30QK}' C Ba-
peHbeM I1JII1 Me}J,OM pa3MemaIOT rrocepe}J,I1He CTOJIa BMeCTe C JIO)KKa-
MIl }J,JIH paCKJla}J,bIBaHI1H. qaM 11 Ko<}>e rrO}J,aIOT 6e3 caxapa: KIDK}J,bIM
}J,06aBJIHeT ero rro BK}'CY.
COflcpemKO - 06H3aTeJIbHbIM rrpe}J,MeT CepBl1pOBKI1 CTOJIa. CaJI-
cpeTlill }J,OJDKHbI 6bITb BCer}J,a QI1CTbIMI1 11 HaKpaxMaJIeHHbIMI1. I1MI1 MO)K-
HO KpaCI1BO yKpaCI1Tb 11 rrpa3}J,HI1QHbIM CTOJI. ,lLnH :noro He06xo}J,I1MO
Ha}"II1TbCH CKJIa}J,bIBaTb CaJI<}>eTKI1 Pa3JII1QHbIMI1 crroc06aMI1 (pHC. 103).
«Beep» - }J,BIDK}J,bI CJIO)KI1Tb rro }J,JII1He, cBepH}'Tb BeepoM
11 pacKpbITb C O}J,HOM CTOpOHbI (pHC. 103, a).
«CBeQa» - }J,BIDK}J,bI cBepH}'Tb, IT06bI rrOJryQI1JIOCb QeTbIpe
KBa}J,paTa, 3aTeM CJIO)KI1Tb no }J,l1arOHaJIl1 11 BepXHI1M yrOJI 3aBepH}'Tb
BHI13, JIeBbIM 11 rrpaBbIM yrJIbI 3aKperrl1Tb C3a}J,11 (pHC. 103, 6).
158

 --------  ------  )
-
{ 


I
I
I
I
____..1_____
I
I
I
I
I
..
2
///wc6J
6
a
PMC. 103. Cnoco6bl CKl1aAblBaHHSI CaJlQ>eToK: a - «Beep»; 6 - «CBe4a»;
8 - «I1HI1HSI»; 2 - «AHarOHaJlb»; a - «Tpeyrol1bHHKH»
«JIMJUHl» - yrJIbI CJIO)l(MTb K QeHTpy, CaJI<peTKY IIepeBepHYTb
M CHOBa CJIO)l(MTb yrJIbI K QeHTpy. YrOJIKM C HM)I(HeM CTOpOHbl BbIBep-
H}'Tb Hapy)l(}' TaK, IT06bI JIMJIMH BbIIIpHMMJIaCb (pHC. 103, 8).
«,l.I,MarOHaJIb» - CJIO)l(MTb ,lI;BbI, qTo6bI IIO.nyqMJIOCb qeTbl-
pe KBa,n;paTa, BepxHMM yrOJI 3aBepH}'Tb no ,lI;MarOHaJIM, 3aTeM el.l\e
pa3 CaJI<peTK)' CKp}'TMTb M 3aKpeIIMTb (pHC. 103,2).
«TpeyrOJIbHMKM» - CJIO)l(MTb TpeyrOJIbHMK, 3aTeM cBepH}'Tb,
QTo6bI IIOJIyqillIOCb ,lI;Ba TpeyrOJIbHMKa, IIOCTaBMTb, npM,lI;aB <p0PMY
BOpOHOK (pHC. 103, a).
nOMMMO CaJI<peToK M3 TKaHM MO)l(HO IIOJIb30BaTbCH 6YMaJKHbI-
MM CaJI<peTKaMM. I1x rrOMel.l\aIOT 06bIQHO B 60KaJI MJIM Y3K)'IO Ba30Q-
K)' M CTaBHT Ha Cepe,ll;MH}' CTOJIa.
- Cep8upo8Ko, cmO./T08oR nocyao l CmO./T08ble npu6opbl, Co./TrpemKo.
-? - 1. 4TO TaKoe cepBHpoBKa? 2. KaK npaBHl1bHO HaKpblTb CTOI1?
3. KaKHe npH60pbl Heo6xoAHMbi npH cepBHpOBKe CTOl1a K 3aBT-
paKY? 4. nepe4HCI1H cnoco6bl CKl1aAblBaHHJI CaJ1<peToK.
159

 36. KYJIhT}'Pa nOBeAeHH.B 3a CTOJIOM
KYJIbrypa nOBe,lJ;eHIUI 3a CTOJIOM nO,lJ;pa3YMeBaeT 3HaHlUI
npaBI1JI 9TMKeTa. 3mUKem - 9TO YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM, npMHHTbIM no-
pH,lJ;OK nOBe,lJ;eHMH. I1paBMJIa 9TMKeTa 3a CTOJIOM npe,lJ;YCMaTpMBa-
lOT YMeJIOe nOJIb30BaHMe CTOJIOBblMM npM60paMM 11 npaBMJIbHbIM
npMeM nMII.\M.
C3AHCb 3a CTOJI, He06xo,lJ;MMO nOMHMTb 0 npaBHlIbHOM OCaHKe:
,lJ;ep}IQTb CnMH}' npHMO, He HanpHraHCb 11 CJIerKa OnMpaHCb Ha crrMHKy
cryJIa. CryJI He CJIe,lJ;}'eT npM,lJ;BMraTb 6JIM3KO K CTO.ny, HO HeJIb3H
11 OTO,lJ;BMraTbCH OT Hero CJIMIIIKOM ,lJ;aJIeKO. Bo BpeMH e,lJ;bl MO)l(HO
CJIerKa onMpaTbCH npe,lJ;nJIe"LlbHMM Ha CTOJI, HO HeJIb3H CTaBMTb Ha
Hero JIOKTM.
CaJI4>eTKy, npe,lJ;Ha3Ha"LleHH}'IO AJlH MH,lJ;MBM,lJ;)'aJIbHOrO nOJIb3Q-
BaHI1H, B pa3BepHYTOM BM,lJ;e YKJIa,ZJ;bIBaIOT Ha KOJIeHM. OHa npe,lJ;Oxpa-
HHeT O,lJ;e)l(,ZJ;)' OT c.nyq:aMHoro nona,ZJ;aHMH Ha Hee KyCO"LlKOB nMII.\M. Bbl-
TMpaTb ry6bl nOJIOTHHHOM CaJI4>eTKOM 3a CTOJIOM He nOJIO)l(eHO,
MO)l(HO JIMIIIb npMKJIa,ZJ;bIBaTb CaJI4>eTKy K ry6aM ,lJ;0 M nOCJIe nMTbH
HlIM rrOCJIe Ka)K,lJ;OrO 6JIIO,lJ;a. JIyqIIIe AJlH 9TOM QeJIM nOJIb30BaTbCH
cneQMaJIbHbIMM rMrMeHM"LleCKMMM (6}'M(l)KHbIMM) CaJI4>eTKaMM. I10
OKOH"LlaHMM npMeMa nMII.\M, BblXOM M3-3a CTOJIa, CaJI4>eTKy KJIa,ZJ;)'T
cnpaBa OT TapeJIKM.
I1pMcryrraTb K e,lJ;e MO)l(HO TOr,lJ;a, KOr,lJ;a CH,lJ;eT 3a CTOJI M Ha"Ll-
HeT eCTb X03HMH (x03HMKa).
06bl"LlHO KyIIIaHbe 113 06I1.\ero 6JIIO,lJ;a paCKJIa,ZJ;bIBalOT no Ta-
peJIKaM cneQMaJIbHOM BHlIKOM, JIO)l(KOM, JIOnaTO"LlKOM HlIM II.\MnQa-
MM. XJIe6, ne"LleHbe, rrMpO)l(Hble (CYXMe), 4>PYKTbI M Q}'KaTbI 6epyr PY-
KaMM, TaK KaK 9TM rrpO,ll;)'KTbl IIIT}'"LlHble, MX He H}')I(HO ,lJ,eJIMTb HO)l(OM
MJIM BHTlKOM.
He CJIe,lJ;}'eT HarrOJIHHTb pOT 60JIbIIIMM KOJIM"LleCTBOM nMII.\M.
I1epe)l(eBbIBalOT nml C 3aKpblTbIM pTOM, He cneIIIa, 6eClII}'MHO.
ECJIM lI)')KHO B3HTb 4>pKep HTlM XJIe6, BHTlKy M HO)l( CJIe,lJ;}'eT no-
JIO)l(l1Tb Ha TapeJIKy TaK, "LlT06bI MX pyqKI1 JIe)l(aJIM Ha CTOJIe.
Bo BpeMH TOp)l(eCTBeHHoro 06e,lJ;a HTlM pKMHa CTOJI MO)l(eT
6bITb cepBMpOBaH He3HaKOMbIMM Te6e npM60paMM, COCTOHII.\MMM
113 rrHTM MJIM IIIeCTI1 npe,lJ;MeTOB. O,lJ;HaKO, HeCMOTpH Ha 06MJII1e
160

HO)KeM, BillIOK M TapeJIOK, paa06paTbCH B HID{ HeTpYHO. CHa'IaJIa
I1CnOJIb3}'1OT npM60p, HaH60JIee aJIeKO OTCTOHMM OT TapeJIKM, 3a-
TeM CJIeMM 3a HI1M M T. .
TIOJIb3YHCb BO BpeMH ebI HO)KOM M BMJIKOM, HO)K ep)KaT
B npaBOM PYKe, a BMJIK}' - B JIeBOM. Kora eHT TOJIbKO BMJIKOM, ee
6epYT B npaBYIO PYK}'. He CJIeyeT ep)KaTb BMJIK}', HO)K MJIM JIO)KK}'
CJIMlliKOM 6JIM3KO K OCHOBaHMIO. HeJIb3H 6paTb JIO)KKOM TO, 'lITO
MO)KHO B3HTb BMJIKOM. EpaTb Ha BMJIK}' H)')KHO CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO
Ha HeM YMeaeTCH He CBaJIMBaHCb. Kora eHT C nOMOblO HO)Ka
11 BI1JIKM, HO)K He BbIrrycKalOT M3 PYK IDKe B TOT MOMeHT, Kora
nOJIb3YIOTCH TOJIbKO BMJIKOM. 11M nOnpaBJIHIOT TO, 'lITO c06Mpa-
IOTCH B3HTb BMJIKOM, HO He HaKJIabIBalOT MM nMY Ha BMJIK}'.
TIo OKOHqaHMM ebI HeJIb3H OTOBMraTb OT ce6H TapeJII<y, Ha
Hee H3,lJ;O nOJIO)KlITb rrpM60pbI napaJIJIeJIbHO pyr pyry pyqKaMM
BnpaBo. BMJIKa OJDKHa JIe}I{3,Tb 3y6hHMM BBepx.
rOCTM MOryr nOJIO)KMTb CaJI<peTK}' M BbIMTI1 M3-3a CTOJIa TOJIb-
KO Tora, Kora aTO CeJIaeT X03HMH (X03HMKa). CTOMT nOMHMTb,
'lITO npaBillIa nOBeeHMH 3a CTOJIOM CJIeyeT C06JIIOaTb He TOJIbKO
B rOCTHX, HO M 3a ceMeMHbIM CTOJIOM.
CTapaMCH KaK MO)KHO qae eCTb B Kpyry ceMbM. C06paBllIMCb
BMeCTe 3a CTOJIOM, MO)KHO 06CYTb 06Me eJIa. TIoaTOM}' H}')KHO
CTpeMMTbCH CeJIaTb M3 ceMeMHOM Tpane3bI Tp3,lJ;MQMIO. qe nOMO-
raii pOTeJIHM Ha KyXHe: HaKpbIBaM Ha CTOJI, YKpamai1: 6JIIOa, e-
JIaM 6YTep6pobI Ha 3aBTpaK M T. .
-.t- 3muKem.
-? - 1. 4TO npeAYCMaTpHBaeT KYJ1bl)'pa nOBeAeHHJI 3a CT0J10M? 2. 4TO
TaKoe 3THKeT? 3. KaK Tbl nOHHMaeWb, 4TO 03Ha4aeT «eCTb npa-
BHJ1bHO H KpacHBO»? 4. PaCCKa>KH npaBHJ1a n0J1b30BaHHJI BHJ1KOH
H HO>KOM.
6 TeXHOJIOfHR. T. 5 J(JJ.
161

TeXHOJIOrll1l Be,ZJ;eHII.JI ,ZJ;OMa.
HHTepbep KYXHII, CTOJIOBOH
,ZJ;OM - 3TO MeCTO, K}'J];a qeJIOBeK CTpeMMTCH BepH}'TbCH, rJ];e
6bI OH HM HaxOJ];MJICH. 3J];eCb qeJIOBeK qyBcTByeT ce6H 3amMmeHHbIM,
3HaJI, qTO eM}' HMKTO He nOMemaeT 3aHMMaTbCH JIl06MMbIM J];eJIOM,
npMHMMaTb 6JIM3KMX M J];pY3eM. M T. J];. ,lLTIH 3Toro H}')KHO C03J];aTb CO-
OTBeTCTB}'IOmMe MHTepbep, 06CTaHOBK}'.
CJIOBO «UHmepbep» B nepeBOJ];e c <ppaHQ}'3CKoro 03HaqaeT
«BH}'TpeHHMM.». IIoJ]; MHrepbepOM MbI nOHMMaeM apXMTeKT}'PHO M xy-
J];O)KeCTBeHHO o<popMJIeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO nOMemeHMH, ero YCT-
P0M.CTBO, y6PaHCTBO.
KBapTMpa J];OJI)KHa 6bITb KOM<P0pTHOM., TO eCTb 6JIarOYCTpo-
eHHOM., }'IOTHOM., yJ];06HOM. AJlH np0)KMBaHMH. HMqTO B 06CTaHOBKe
He J];OJDKHO OTBJIeKaTb I1JIM pa3J];pIDKaTb. K 3TOM}' JIIOJ];M CTpeMMJIMCb
M 6y.n;yr CTpeMMTbCH BcerJ];a.
0<popMJIeHMe KBapTMpbI, ee MHTepbepa - J];eJIO He npOCToe.
CJIe.n;yeT 3apaHee npO,ll;)'MaTb BCe J];O MeJIOqeM., yqMTblBaJI, qTO npo-
CTpaHCTBO KBapTMpbI J];OJI)KHO MCrrOJIb30BaTbCH MHorO<pyHKQMO-
HaJIbHO.
KBapTMpa 06bIqHO COCTOMT M3 npMXO)KeM., K}'XHM, caH}'3JIa,
rOCTMHOM., CnaJIbHM. B03MO)KHbI M J];pyrMe BapMaHTbI: Ka6MHeT,
6M6JIMOTeKa, J];eTCKaJI. A 6bIBaeT Hao6opoT: o6maJI KOMHaTa MO)KeT
C.7I}')KlITb rOCTMHOM., CTOJIOBOM., J];eTCKOM. M CnaJIbHeM..
Heo6xoJ];MMO rrOMHMTb, qTO B JII060M )KI1JIOM nOMemeHMH
MO)KHO M H}')KHO C03J];aTb YCJIOBMH AJlH nOJIHoQeHHOM. )KM3HM KaJK,ZJ;O-
ro q)leHa ceMbH.
Bce BbImeCKa3aHHOe MO)KHO HarJIHJ];HO npOCJIeJ];MTb Ha npM-
Mepe TaKOM. qaCTM )Kl1JIoro nOMemeHMH, KaK K}'XHH.
162

 37. C03AaHHe HHTepbepa KyxHH
B JIIo60i1 KBapnlpe KYXHR - 3TO nOMemeHMe, KOTopoe MC-
rrOlIb3}'1OT AJlH xpaHeHMH M 06pa60TKM npOKTOB, npMrOTOBJIeHMH
M npMeMa rrMmM.
I1MeHHo 3T}' qaCTb rrOMemeHlffi MbI CTpeMMMCH 060py.n;OBaTb
HOBblMM 6bITOBbIMM rrpM60paMM - ra30BOM I1JIM 31IeKTpMqeCKOM rum-
TaMM, rreqblO CBq, XOlIOJ];l1JIbHMKOM M J];pyrOM COBpeMeHHOM TeXHM-
KOM. JUI K)'XHM qame pa3pa6aTbIBalOT HOBbie CTI1JIM Me6elIM, McnOlIb-
3yroT HOBeMume OTJ];elIOqHble MaTepMaJIbI: MOlOmMeCH 060M, KacpelIb-
IJYIO H KepaMMqecK}'IO IIJIHTKy, CTeHOBbIe M rrOTOlIOqHbIe rraHelIM M T. J];.
B cOBpeMeHHbIX KBapnlpax: KyXHH oJ];HoBpeMeHHo ClI)?KHT H CTQ-
1I0BOM. OHa no npaBY HBJIHeTCH H3JII061IeHHbIM BceMM qJIeHaMM ceMbM
MeCTOM. 3J];eCb MO)l(HO He TOlIbKO co06ma rOTOBMTb nMmy M eCTb ee,
HO M 6eceJ];oBaTb, cMoTpeTb TelIeBM30p H qMTaTb. II03ToM}' MHTepbep
KyXHM J];OlI)I(eH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3anpocaM Bcex qJIeHOB ceMbM.
fIpe:>K,lJ;e qeM npMcT}'llMTb K C03J];aHMIO MHTepbepa KyXHM, ClIe-
.n;ycr onpeJ];elIMTb Tpe60BaHMH, KOTOpblM J];OlI)I(HO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
3TO nOMemeHMe.
1. 060pYJ];oBaHMe KyXHM J];OlI)I(HO 3aHMMaTb KaK MO)l(HO MeHb-
me MeCTa. Eho n03BOlIMT cB060J];HO nepeJ];BMraTbcH no KyXHe M }'Be-
lIMqMTb McnolIb3yeMoe npocTpaHcTBo.
2. 060pYJ];oBaHMe M Me6elIb KyXHM J];OlI)I(Hbl 6bITb YCTaHOBJIe-
Hbl TaK, qT06bI 3KOHOMMTb BpeMH M Cl1JIbI X03HeB, TO eCTb C03J];aBaTb
KOMcpopTHble YClIOBMH npe6bIBaHlliI Ha KyXHe.
3. IIOTOlIOK, CTeHbI M nOlI J];OlI)I(Hbl rapMOHMqHO COqeTaTbCH
C QBeTOM Me6elIM M 060PYJ];oBaHMH. ,lLTIH K}'XHM nOJ];O:M,n;eT COqeTaHMe
MHrKMX, TeIIJIblX TOHOB C HPKMMM, HaCbImeHHbIMM KpacKaMM, npM-
qeM nOClIeJ];HHe He J];OlI)I(Hbl npe061Ia,u;aTb.
4. OCBemeHMe KyXHM J];OlI)I(HO 6blTb J];OCTaTOqHbIM AJlH Bbl-
rrOlIHeHMH pa31IMqHblX pa60T. )KelIaTelIbHo 060pYJ];oBaTb 30Il}' npM-
roToBlIeHMH nMmM J];onOlIHMTelIbHbIM MCTOqHMKOM CBeTa. IIpeJ];noq-
TMTelIbHee McnOlIb30BaTb lIaMnbl TeIIJIOrO )l(e.nToro QBeTa (OT Kpe-
MOBoro J];O cBeTlIQ-KopMqHeBoro), TaK KaK lIaMnbI J];HeBHoro CBeTa
(XOlIoJ];Hble QBeTa: 6elIbIM, rOlI}'60i1) OTTeHHIOT npo.n;yKTbI, M3MeHHH
HX eCTeCTBeHHblM QBeT M BMJ];.
163

5. TIoMemeHMe M B03 B K}'XHe .n;OJDKHbI 6bITb Bcer.n;a qMCTbI-
MM. JJJI :HOrO rrOMemeHMe 060pY.n;yIOT BeHmUflRlJ,UeU, B03aYXOOL/U-
CmUmefleM, YKpamalOT KOMHaTHbIMM paCTeHMHMM, npOBo.n;HT pery-
JIHpH}'lO y60pK}'.
B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT Ha3HaqeHMH, 060py.n;OBaHMH M MCnOJIb-
30BaHMH pa3JIMQalOT pa60QMe K}'XHM (pHC. 104), K}'XHM-CTOJIOBble
(pHC. 105), a B HeKoTopbIX TMnax )l(MJIbIX .n;OMOB - K}'XHM-HMIIIM
(pHC. 106), KOTopble HBJIHIOTCH QaCTblO KOMHaTbI.
Pa60QMe K}'XHM c.lI}'JKaT .n;.lIH npMrOTOBJIeHMH nMmM M BbIllOJI-
HeHMH X03HMCTBeHHbIX pa60T. KaK npaBMJIo, TaKMe K}'XHM .n;.lIH npMe-
Ma nMmM He npMcnoc06JIeHbI (3TO CBH3aHO C MaJIOH nJIOma.n;blO
rrOMemeHMH). TaK}'IO )l(e xapaKTepMCTMK}' MO)l(HO .n;aTb K}'XHe-HMIIIe.
B K}'XHe-CTOJIOBOM, HanpOTMB, pa3MemalOT 06e.n;eHHbIM CTOJI, pac-
CQMTaHHbIH .n;.lIH npMeMa rrMmM BceMM q)leHaMM ceMbM.
C03.n;aTb HenOBTopMMbIH MHTepbep K}'XHM MO)l(HO C nOMO-
mblO em QBeTOBoro peIIIeHMH, OpMrMHaJIbHOrO ocpopMJIeHMH. OT-
rrpaBHOM TOQKOH MO)l(HO CQMTaTb 3aHaBeCM. I1MeHHo OHM C03.n;a.n;yr
B K}'XHe yroTH}'IO 06CTaHOBK}'. ,l(.n:H OKOH npM CBeTJIbIX O.n;HOTOHHbIX
cTeHax M CBeTJIOH Me6eJIM no.n;OH.n;yr 3aHaBeCM C PMCYHKOM, KOHTpa-
CTHble no QBeT}', HO rapMOHMpyromMe C 06mMM QBeTOBbIM peIIIeHM-
I "" w "" w "" "" "" I
1 0 / ft..; .....  1 . 
, '
r
iii
--

1
:::::::::---
....

a.
-
'- 1
PMC. 104. Pa604aSl KYXHSI
164


r
\If.--,
l II.
, \r . _ I _ 1 -
 - I "' - r l I r--=->
- i\ ij1t\10---
PMC. 105. KYXHJI-CTOI10BaJi
!'
1
lit + 
. -II T ;
I -I --} _J
J II
PMC. 106. KYXHJI-HHwa
eM rrOMell\eHIUI. .lI:JIII OKOH, BbIXO,ll;I1Il\HX Ha ceBep, .ny"t.J:IlIHH BbI60p -
3aHaBecH TerrJIbIX TOHOB ()KeJITbIH, KopH"t.J:HeBbIH, OpaH)KeBbIH),
a MIl IO)KHOH CTOpOHbI - XOJIO,ll;HbIX TOHOB: cepO-3eJIeHbIH, 3e-
JIeHO-ro.ny60H H T. ,lI;.
165

TIOKpbITlIe CTOJIOB (rum CTOJIeIlIHlIQa) MO)KeT COqeTaTbCH
IUIlI, Hao6opOT, KOHTpaCTlIpOBaTb C QBeTOM 3aHaBeceM lIJIlI K}'XOH-
Horo 060pY,ll;OBaHlI.H.
Ha cTeHax MO)KHO pa3MeCTlITb ,ll;eKOpaTlIBHble TapeJIKlI, pa3-
,ll;eJIOqHbIe ,ll;OCKlI lIJIlI rrpllXBaTKlI, BbIrrOJIHeHHbIe HapO,ll;HbIMlI
}'MeJIbQaMlIlIJIlI CBOllMlI pyKaMlI.
He CTOlIT 3a6bIBaTb 0 KOMHaTHbIX paCTeHlI.Hx. OHlI XOpOIliO
BrrllCbIBaIOTC.H B JII060M lIHTepbep, O)KlIBJI.HIOT rrOMelI.(eHlIe, rrO,ll;HlI-
MaIOT HaCTpoeHlIe.
3TO TOJIbKO rrpllMepbI C03,ll;aHlI.H lIHTepbepa Ii 6JIarOYCTpOM-
crna K}'XHlI. TIO,ll;)'MaM, qTO MO)KHO rrpllMeHlITb ,ll;.lI.H o<}>opMJIeHlI.H
K}'XHlI B TBoeM KBapTlIpe.
-.
npoKmUl./eCKoR p06omo M 27
OmtCaHMe MHTepbepa KYXHM
npUHoafleJICHOcmu: p....CyHK.... o4>opMl1eH....SI ....HTepbepa, 4>oTorpa-
4>........, pa604aSl TeTpa,lJ,b.
1. On....w...., KaK C03,lJ,aBaJlCSI ....HTepbep KyXH.... y Te6S1 ,lJ,OMa. MO>KHO
BOCn0l1b30BaTbCSI 4>oTorpa4>....SlM.... ....11.... p....cyHKaM.... KOHKpeTHblX
npe,lJ,MeTOB ....HTepbepa KyXH.....
2. 4TO B ....HTepbepe TBoeH KyXH.... Te6S1 He ycTpa....BaeT?
3. Hap....cyH ....11.... on....w.... B TeTpa,lJ,...., KaK....M 6bl Tbl XOTel1a B....,lJ,eTb
....HTepbep KyXH.... B TBoeH KBapT....pe.
 HHmepbep, KYXHR, 8eHmuflRu.UR, 803aYXOOI./UCmUmeflb.
-? - 1. 4TO TaKoe ....HTepbep? 2. KaK....e 4>yHK4........ B cOBpeMeHHoH KBap-
T....pe BblnOI1HSleT KYXHSI? 3. Ha30B.... ....3BecTHble Te6e B....,lJ,bl KY-
XOHb. 4. KaK C03,lJ,aTb HenoBTop....MblH ....HTepbep KyXH....?
166

 38. - 06opY,lJ;OBaHHe Ha KyxHe
MMHMMaJIbHbIM Ha60p Me6eJIM H 060pYOBaHMR Ha JII060M
K}'XHe CJIeIOMM: MOMKa, nJIMTa, pa60qMM CTOJI, XOJIOMJIbHI1K.
K aHHbIM npeMeTaM MO)KHO 06aBMTb HaBeCHbIe IlIKa<pbI, pa3JIl1q-
HbIe pa60QMe (HanOJIbHbIe) CTOJIbI, 06eeHHbIM CTOJI co CT}'JIbRMI1
I1JIM MBaHQMKOM, B03.lryX00QMCTMTeJIb, BceB03MO)KH}'IO 6bITOBYIO
TeXHMK}', 06JIerQalOI.l.{)'IO npMrOTOBJIeHMe nMM (3JIeKTpOMI1KCep,
3JIeKTpOMRcopy6Ka, <ppMTlOpHMQa, TOCTep, K}'XOHHbIM KOM6aMH,
MMKpOBOJIHOBasI neQb, COKOBbDKMMaJIKa M T. n.). PaCCMOTpMM Ha3Ha-
QeHMe HeKOTopbIX 3JIeKTpOnpI160pOB, nOJIe3HbIX Ha K}'XHe.
rpunb - )KapOQHbIM IlIKa<p JIR npMrOTOBJIeHMR MRCHbIX
M pbI6HbIX 6JIIO, HaCCDKeHHbIX Ha BepTeJI, C HarpeBOM co Bcex
CTOpOH OT 3JIeKTpOHarpeBaTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa MJIM ra3a. B nOCJIe-
Hee BpeMR 3JIeKTpOrpMJIeM 060pYOBaHbI 3JIeKTpOllJIMTbI HOBoro
nOKOJIeHMR.
EOJIee COBpeMeHHbIM 3JIeKTpOnpM60pOM RBJIReTCR MUKpO-
f3onHof3oR nel./b CBQ. OHa npeHa3HaQeHa AJlR npMrOTOBJIeHMR, pa-
30rpeBa M pa3MopCDKMBaHMR nMeBbIX npOTOB M K}'JIMHapHbIX
M3eJIMM B OMaIlIHMX yCJIOBMRX.
3neKmpOMUKcep C HaCKaMM - npM60p AJlH 6bICTporo nepe-
MelliMBaHMR XOJIOHbIX HanI1TKOB, B36MBaHMR RMQ, npMrOTOBJIeHMR
KOKTeMJIeM, KpeMOB, COYCOB, TeCTa, nlOpe.
3neKmpoMRcopy6KO npeHa3HaQeHa JIR npMrOTOBJIeHMR
<papllIeM, nalliTeTOB, pa3MeJIbQeHMR OBoeM, <PPYKTOB M pyrMx
npOTOB.
flel./b «l./yBo» npMMeHReTCR rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M AJlR BbmeQKM
KOMTepCKMX M3eJIMM.
Tocmep npeHa3HaQeH AJlR npMrOTOBJIeHMR TOCTOB MJIM
rpeHKOB - nO)KapeHHbIX JIOMTMKOB XJIe6a.
(/JpumlOpHUu,o ClI}')KMT AJlR npl1rOTOBJIeHI1R MRCHbIX, pbI6HbIX,
OBOHbIX M pyrMX K}'JIMHapHbIX M3eJIMM BO <ppMTlOpe - pa30rpe-
TOM )KMpe.
TIpaBMJIa 6e30naCHoro nOJIb30BaHMR K}'XOHHbIM 3JIeKTpO-
060pYOBaHMeM aHaJIOrMQHbI npaBMJIaM 6e30naCHOM pa60TbI
C 3JIeKTpOHarpeBaTeJIbHbIMM npM60paMM H ra30BbIMM nJIMTaMI1.
167

 3.11eKmpOnpu60pb/: ZPU.I1b, MUKp080.l1H08oR nel./b, 3.11eKmpOMUKCep,
3.11eKmpOMRcopy6Ko, nel./b «l./yaO», mocmep, cppUmlOpHUlJ,o.
-? - 1. 4TO BXO,D,HT B MHHHMaJlbHblH Ha60p KYXOHHoro o6oPY,D,OBaHHJI?
2. KaKHe 3neKTpo6blToBbie npH6opbl, 06ner4alOLU.He npHrOTOB-
neHHe nHLU.H, Tbl 3Haewb?
 39. Pa3Mem;eHHe Me6en:H H o6opY,ll;OBaHHJI,
30HhlKyxHH
He60JIbllIHe pa3MepbI KfXHH BbIHY)K).l;aIOT TI.U;aTeJIbHO npo-
,l(}'MbIBaTb p3.3MeI.U;eHHe Me6eJIH H o6opY).l;OBaHHJI. PaQHOHaJIbHaH
opraHH3aQHJI pa6oqero MeCTa n03BOJIJleT 6bICTpO H 6e3 YCHJIHM
BblIIOJIHJlTb K}'JIHHapHbIe pa60TbI, 3KOHOMHTb BpeMJI.
Me6eJIb Ha K}'XHe H}')KHO pa3MeCTHTb C yqeToM Toro, qTO npo-
TbI o6pa6aTbIBaIOT H rOTOBJlT B onpe).l;eJIeHHOM nOCJIe).l;OBaTeJIb-
HOCTH. Pa60QHM CTOJI Y).l;06HO paCnOJIO)KHTb Me)K).l;)' MOMKOM H rum-
TOM (pHC. 107).
MOMK}' 06bIQHO BCTpaHBaIOT B llIKa4> , r.u.e MO)KHO xpaHHTb
npe.u.MeTbI, npe.u.mi3HaQeHHbIe .lI.JIJI QHCTKH H y6opKH, MOIOI.U;He

=

' ' I
I CD'<x> <X> <X> <X> I
I I
PMC. 107. Pa3Mew,eHHe Me6el1H Ha KYXHe
168

cpeCTBa. Ha 60KOBOH CTeHKe llIKaq>a MO)l(HO rrOBeCHTb KOHTe:M:Hep
JUI OTXOOB (06J13aTeJIbHO C KpbIllIKOH). Ha.u; MOHKOH 06bPIHO
nOBellIHBaIOT WKOCP-CYWU.I1KY JIJI qHCTOH nOCYbI.
I1JKocp-cmO.l1 (rum pa60qHH CTOJI) - OCHOBHoe pa60qee Mec-
TO - MO)l(eT 6bITb OCHameH BbI,lI;BH)KHbIMH pa3eJIOqHbIMH OCKaMH,
KOTopbIe HCnOJIb3yroTCJI KaK OnOJIHlITeJIbHaH pa60qaH rrOBepXHOCTb.
Y06HO, Kora pa60qHH CTOJI ,lVIJI nepBHQHOH 06pa60TKH
rrpOTOB pa3MemeH p.H,ZJ;OM C MOHKOH, a CTOJI,lVIJI paCKJIa.u;KH rOTO-
BblX 6JIIO - OKOJIO ruIHTbI.
Ha KyXHe npeMeTbI Me6eJIH H 060pYOBaHHJI B QeJIJlX 3KOHO-
MHH MeCTa YCTaHaBJIHBalOT BllJIOTH}'IO pyr K pyry.
HaCTeHHbIe llIKaq>bI HaBellIHBalOT Ha.u; pa60QHMH CTOJIaMH
COOTBeTCTByromHX pa3MepOB H HCnOJIb3yroT 06bIQHO JIJI XpaHeHIDI
CYXHX 6aK3.JIeHHbIX npOYKTOB H MeJIKOH KyXOHHOH H CTOJIOBOH
nOcybI. K HH)I(HeH QaCTH TaKHX llIKaq>OB MO)l(HO npHKperrHTb CBe-
Tl11IbHHKH JIJI OCBemeHIDI pa60QeH rrOBepXHOCTH. "4acTo llIKaq>bI
060pYT cneQHaJIbHOH naHeJIblO, B KOTOpyro BCTpoeHbI TaHMep
(rrpI160p)J.JIJI KOHTpOJUI BpeMeHH B rrpoQecce npHrOTOBJIeHIDI nHmH)
H p03eTKH ,lVIJI 3JIeKTpo060pYOBaHHJI.
Ha.u; rrJIHTOM He06xoHMO nOBeCHTb 3JIeKTpHQeCKHH OQHCTH-
TeJIb B03.Ayxa, KOTOpbIH norJIOmaeT H3 B03.Ayxa )l(HP, CIDK}', nbIJIb,
YCTpaHJleT 3anaxH.
EOJIbllIOe 3HaQeHHe Ha KyXHe OTBOHTCJI TaKOM}' 6bITOBOM}'
3JIeKTpOnpH60py, KaK XOJIOl11IbHHK, TaK KaK OH n03BOJIJleT coxpa-
HlITb npOTbI H npHrOTOBJIeHH}'IO nHrqy. XOJIOR7IbHHKH 6bIBalOT
OHO-, BYX- H TpeXKaMepHbIMH. MOp03R7IbHbIe OTeJIeHHJI B HHX
MOryr paCrrOJIaraTbCJI B HH)KHeH I11IH BepXHeH QaCTH.
XOJIOl11IbHHKH H MOp031111bHbIe KaMepbI CJIeeT YCTaHOBHTb
B6JIH3H pa60Qero CTOJIa, HO OCTaTOQHO aJIeKO OT llJIHTbI H pyrHX
HCTOQHHKOB TenJIa.
OQeHb Y06HbI H q>}'HKQHOHaJIbHbI JIJI KyXHH WKOCPbl-K0.l10HKU
CO BCTpoeHHbIMH 3JIeKTpOnpH60paMH_ HanpHMep, B TaKOM llIKaq>y
Ha.u; XOJIOR7IbHHKOM MO)l(HO 060pYOBaTb nOJIKH pa3HOH llIHpHHbI
,lVIJI xpaHeHHJI KOHcepBOB, a no HHM - JlmHK JIJI OBOmeH.
3HaH OCHOBHbIe npaBl11Ia pa3MemeHHJI Ha KyXHe Me6eJIH
H 6bITOBOH TeXHHKH, MO)KHO IDKe Ha He60JIbllIOH nJIOma.u;H 060py-
169

.n;OBaTb pa60qee MeCTO TaK, qT06bI TeXHOJIOnlqeCKHe npOl\eCCbI
npHrOTOBJIeHHH nHH 6bIJIH He B THrOCTb. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nJIa-
HHpOBKH K)'XHH H ee pa3MepOB Me6eJIb H 060py.n;OBaHHe MO)KHO
YCTaHOBHTb B O.n;HH pH.n;, no.n; yrJIOM HJIH B .n;Ba pH.n;a.
OaHOpRaHoe pa3MeeHHe 060py.n;OBaHHH npHMeHHIOT B Ma-
JIeHbKHX K)'XHHX-HHIIIax, OT.n;eJIeHHbIX OT 06eH KOMHaTbI aKpaHaMH
HJIH pa3.n;BH)KHbIMH neperopo.n;KaMH.
IlBYXpRaHoe pa3MeeHHe (B.n;OJIb .n;BYX npOTHBOnOJIO)KHbIX
CTeH) peKOMeH.n;yeTcH ,lVIH BbITHH}'TbIX, y,lVlHHeHHbIX nOMeeHHH.
B aTOM c.nyqae C O.n;HOH CTOpOHbI MO)KHO paCnOJIO)KHTb TIJIHT}', pa60-
qHH CTOJI H MOHKy, a C .n;pyroH - XOJIO.n;HJIbHHK H CTOJIbI-IIIKa<pbI;
.n;onOJIHHTb K)'XOHHbIH aHCaM6JIb MO)KHO HaCTeHHbIMH IIIKa4>aMH
,lVIH nocy.n;bI H 6bITOBOH TeXHHKH (pHC. 108).
YZ/loBoe pacnOJIO)KeHHe (B.n;OJIb .n;BYX CMe)KHbIX cTeH) HCnOJIb-
3yroT ,lVIH y:JKHX nOMeeHHH; OHO n03BOJIHeT pal\HOHaJIbHO pa3Mec-
TlITb 060py.n;OBaHHe H 06e.n;eHHbIH CTOJI (pHC. 109).
B03MO)KH0 TaIOKe n-06p03Hoe (B.n;OJIb Tpex CTeH K)'XHH) pa3-
MeeHHe 060py.n;oBaHHH. OHO }'MeCTHO ,lVIH 60JIbIIIHX nOMeeHHH,
noaTOM}' B THnOBbIX :>KHJIbIX .n;OMax BCTpeqaeTCH pe.n;KO.
CqHTaeTCH, qTO HCnOJIb30BaTb K)'XHIO B KaqeCTBe CTOJIOBOH
MO:>KHO npH HaJIHqHH aJIeKTpHqeCKOH TIJIHTbI, B03.n;yx00qHCTHTeJIb-

.


I I
,-._- ,l:f
I'
,II I, t
PMC. 108. AByxpSlAHoe pa3Mew.eHHe Me6el1H
H 06oPYAoBaHHSI Ha KYXHe
170

\1.-
-
D 
l
fI" I
PHC. 109. Yrl10BOe pa3Mew,eH\o1e
Horo YCTpoikTBa M K}'XoHHoro aJIeKTpo060pyoBaHMH, HO caMoe
rJIaBHOe YCJIOBMe - OCTaTOqHa5I ITJIOll.\b rrOMell.\eHMH (7-9 M 2 ).
B TaKOM c.rryqae K}'XHIO MO)KHO pa3eJIMTb Ha Be 30Hbl: 30H}' )VIH rrpM-
rOTOBJIeHMH rrMll.\M M CTOJIOByro. nOCJIeHIOIO MO)KHO CqMTaTb CTOJIO-
BOM, eCJIM B HeM eCTb 06eeHHbIM CTOJI M CryJIbjl. B He60JIbIIIMX K}'X-
HHX YCTaHaBJIMBalOT CTOJIbI C OTKMHbIMM MJIM pa3BM)KHbIMM KpbIIII-
KaMM. B CJIO)KeHHOM BMC OHM 3aHMMalOT MaJIO MeCTa (pHC. 110).
n
Tl
I
-I.
PHC. 110. 30H\o1pOBaH\o1e nOMew,eH\o1S1 KYXH\o1
\. \.
r I
I
I ,...... ."'1
171

Y,lJ;06HO B,lJ;OJIb CTeHbI paCnOJIO)KHTb Y3eHbKHH ,lJ;HBaH'IHK, CKa-
MeHI<}' HJIH JIaBI<}'.
--It- l1JKorp-CYWU.I1Ko, WKorp-CmO.l1, WKorp-K0.l10HKo; p03.Mew,eHUe .Me6e-
.I1U U o6opya08oHUR: OaHOpRaHOe, a8YXpRaHOe, YZ.I108oe, n-06p03-
HOe; 30Hbl KYXHU.
-? - 1. Or 4erO 3aBHCHT nopSiAOK pa3Melll.eHHSI 060PYAOBaHHSI Ha KYX-
He? 2. KaKHM o6pa30M J1Y4we paCn0J10>KHTb KYXOHHoe 060PYAO-
BaHHe, 4To6bl pa604ee MecTO 6blJ10 pau,HOHaJlbHO opraHH30BaHo?
 40. CaHHTapHOe COCTOJlHHe KyxHH
nepBoe H caMoe maBHoe Tpe6oB3HHe K caHHTapHOM)' COCTOH-
HI1IO KYXHH - H,ZJ;eaJIbHaH 'IHCTOTa. nO,lJAep)KHBaTb ee HeTpY,lJ;HO.
Y'IaCTOK CTeHbI K}'XHH, r,lJ;e 6 YCTaHORJIeHbI nJIHTa H MOHKa,
peKOMeH,ZJ;}'eTCH BbIKJI3,lI;blBaTb Z.I103ypoBoHHOU Kepo.MU4eCKOU n.l1UmKOU,
noTOM)' 'ITO aTOT OT,lJ;eJIO'IHbIH MaTepHaJI 06JI3,lI;aeT npO'IHOCTblO, Ten-
JIo- 11 BO,lJ;OCTOHKOCTblO. Cn:e,lJ;bI 6pbI3r H KanJIH )KHpa JIerKO Y,lJ;aJIHTb
C nOBepXHOCTH nJIHTKH npH nOMOll\H MO'IaJIKH HJIH ry6KH, CMO'IeH-
HOH MOIOll\HM cpe,lJ;CTBOM.
)LnH nOKpbITHH nOJIOB B K)'XHe npe,lJ;nO'ITHTeJIbHee HCnOJIb30-
B3Tb .I1uHo.l1ey.M HJIH KepaMH'IecKyIO HanOJIbH}'lO nJIHTK}': aTH MaTe-
pHaJIbI JIerKO CO,lJ;ep)KaTb B 'IHCTOTe.
nO,lJAep)KHBaTb nOpH,ZJ;OK Ha K)'XHe MO)KHO, co6JIIO,lJ;aH CJIe,ZJ;}'lO-
Il\l1e peKOMeH,ZJ;aIJ;HH:
. o6pa6aTbIBaH npO,ZJ;}'KTbI, KJI3,lI;H HX ,lJ;aJIbIIIe OT KpaH CTOJIa.
Y6HpaH nHll\eBbIe OTXO,lJ;bI co CTOJIa B Be,lJ;pO C KpbIIIIKOH
H e)Ke,lJ;HeBHO BblHOCH HX B M)'coponpOBO,lJ; HJIH CneIJ;l1aJIb-
HbIe 6aKH;
. nocy,ZJ;}', KOTOpaH 6bIJIa HCnOJIb30BaHa MH npHrOTORJIeHHH
nHll\H H cepBHpOBlill CTOJIa, BbIMOH cpa3Y.
)LnH 'IHCTKH, MbITbH H ,lJ;e3HH<l>eKIJ;HH ra30BbIX 11 aJIeKTpH'Ie-
CIGIX nJIHT, paKOBHH H KepaMH'IeCKOH nJIHTKH npHMeHHIOT CneIJ;H-
aJIbHbIe 'IHCTHll\He Cpe,lJ;CTBa, nOJIb30BaTbCH KOTOpbIMI1 Heo6xo,lJ;H-
MO comaCHO I1HCTp}'KIJ;HH, }'Ka3aHHOH Ha ynaKoBKe HJIH aTHKeTKe.
172

TIpl1 y60pKe KyXHI1 npOTl1palOT IIJII1ry, CTeHbI, paKOBI1H}', no-
,lI.OKOHHI1KI1I1 OC06eHHO 6aTapel1 - llbIJIb Ha HI1X HarpenaeTCH, no,lI.-
rOpaeT 11 3arpH3HHeT B03.
TIOMI1MO e)l(e,lI.HeBHOrO nO,lJ,,lI.ep)l(aHI1H nOpH,lI.Ka Ha KYXHe
CJIel-{}'eT Tpl1-1.IeTbIpe pa3a B ro,lI. npOBO,lI.I1Tb reHepaJIbH}'1O y60pK}'
no MeIL(eHI1H.
Oc060e BHI1MaHl1e CJIe,lI.yeT y,lI.eJIHTb COCTOHHI1IO B03,lI.yxa
B KyXHe - OH BCer,lI.a ,lI.OJI)I(eH 6bITb 1.II1CTbIM. 3a 5-10 MI1IryT npoBeT-
pl1BaHI1H MO)l(HO nOJIHOCTblO OCBe)l(l1Tb B03 B nOMeIQeHI1I1. 3TO
oc06eHHo BaJKHO AJlH KyXHI1, 060pY,lI.OBaHHOH ra30BOH nJII1TOH I1JII1
ra30BoH KOJIOHKOH.
B KaJK,lI;OH KBapTl1pe Ha KyXHe YCTaHOBJIeHbI BeHmUflRlJ,UOHHble
ycmpoucmBa. Heo6xo,lI.I1MO CJIe,lI.I1Tb 3a COCTOHHl1eM BeHTI1JIHIJ;HOH-
HbIX pellieToK, peryJIHpHO 01.II1IQaTb I1X nbIJIeCOCOM I1JII1 IQeTKoH.
)KeJIaTeJIbHO BO HpeMH K}'JII1HapHbIx pa60T BKJII01.IaTb B03,lI.y-
XOO1.II1CTI1TeJIb. 3TOT 3JIeKTpl11.IeCKI1H npl160p YJIaBJII1BaeT 11 <pI1JIbT-
pyeT naphl 11 3anaXI1, nbIJIb 11 Bpe,lI.HbIe BeIL(eCTBa, 06pa30BanllII1eCli
BO BpeMH npl1rOTOBJIeHI1H nl1IL(l1. OH XOpOllIHH ,lI.pyr 11 nOMOIl\III1K
,lI.JIH BceH CeMbl1.
YXO)l(eHHaH 11 YIOTHaH KyXI-Ili - 3TO BI1311THaH KapT01.IKa JIIo6o-
ro ,lI.OMa. TIepe<ppa3l1p0l3aB 113BeCTHoe 113pe1.IeHl1e, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb:
«KYXHH - 3epKaJIO KBapTl1pbI».
----tl- r.IT03ypo80HHoR KepoMU'IeCKoR n.ITUmKo, .lTUHO.ITeYM, 8eHmU.lTRlJ,UOH-
Hoe ycmpoucm80.
-? - 1. KaKOBO rl1aBHOe Tpe60BaHHe K caHHTapHOMY COCTOSlHHIO
KYXHH? 2. PaCCKa>KH, KaK nOAAep>KHBaTb nopSlAOK 101 4HCTOTY Ha
KYXHe. 3. n04eMY TaK Ba>KHO npOBeTpHBaTb nOMew,eHHe?
173

IIpHMepbI TBOpqeCKHX npOeKTOB
TBOpqeCKHH npOeKT ««I>apTYK»
QeJIb npOeKTa
1. OQeHl1Tb CBOI1 B03MO)l(HOCTI1 B npOeKTHOH .n;eHTeJIbHOCTI1.
2. Pa3paooTaTb 11 BbIIIOJIHI1Tb npoeKT.
3. IhroToBI1Tb no npoeKry <papryK.
4. OQeHI1Tb npo.n;eJIaHHyIo pa6ory.
nOCJIe,ll.OBaTeJIbHOCTb BbInOJIHeHH.H npoeKTa
1. 06ocHoBaTb B03HI1KrnylO np06JIeMY l1 nOTpe6HocTb.
2. BbI6paTb MO.n;CJIh. Onl1CaTb ee BHellIHI1H HIm.
3. BbI6paTb TKaHb.
4. Onpe.n;eJII1Tb Heooxo.n;I1MbIe l1HCTpYMeHTbI, npl1cnocooJIe-
Hl1H 11 o6opy.n;oHaHl1e.
5. BbInOJIHI1Tb KOHcrpYMpoBaHl1e 11 Mo.n;eJIl1pOBaHl1e 113.n;eJII1H.
6. BbIIIOJIHI1Tb pacKpoH 113.n;eJII1H.
7. COCTaBI1Tb TeXHOJIOrl11.IecK}'1O nOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHOCTb 113ro-
TOBJIeHI1H 113.n;eJII1 11 113rOTOBI1Tb ero.
8. OQeHI1Tb npo.n;eJIaHH)'1O pa6ory.
9. 3aIl\I1TI1Tb npoeKT.
,lJ,JIH Toro 1.ITo6bl He ynyCTI1Tb KaKl1e-JIl16o BonpoCbI HbIIIOJIHe-
HI1H TBOp1.IeCKOrO npoeKTa, MO)l(HO COCTaBI1Tb onopH)'1O cxeMY pa3-
MbIllIJIeHI1H, B KOTOpOH oTpa311Tb OCHOBHbIe ero COCTaBJIHIOIl\l1e.
CTOHMOCTb
ce30naCHOCTb
TpYAa
MOAa
060PYAOBaHHe
174
T eXH0l10rHfI
H3rOTOBI1eHHSI
MOAel1b
MaTepHal1bl,
HHcTpYMeHTbl,
npHcnoc0611eHHSI

060CHOBaHMe B03HMKWeM np06eMbi
B IIIKOJIe Ha ypOKax TeXHOJIOnUI MHe npe.n;CTOMT CIIIMTb <pap-
T}'K, a H He 3HalO, C qero HaqaTb. llpe)K)J;e Bcero H ceJIa 3a CTOJI, B3H-
JIa KapaImaIII, TeTpa.n:b, HapMCOBaJla Ii OnMCaJla HeCKOJIbKO Mo.n;eJIeM
<papT}'Ka. 3aTeM BbI6paJIa M3 HMX o.n;H}', KOTOpaH 60JIbIIIe Bcex MHe
nOHpaBMJIaCb, M npMCT}'IIMJIa K BbmOJIHeHMIO TBOpqeCKOrO npoeKTa.
MOAenb 1. c:J>apTYK H3I1bHSlHO TKaHH,
OBaI1bHO Q>OPMbl C MSirKHMH CKl1aAKaMH
no I1HHHH TaI1HH, HaKl1aAHblM KapMaHOM
101 060pKaMH 1013 KpY>KeB
MOAenb 2. c:J>apTYK 1013 4BeTHO Xl1on4aT06y-
Ma>KHO TKaHH, co c60pKaMH no I1HHHIo1 TaI1lo1H
101 KapMaHaMH B Q>HrypHOM nOApe3e
no I1Io1HHH HH3a
MOAenb 3. c:J>apTYK 1013 rl1aAKOKpaWeHO
XI10n4aT06YMa>KHO TKaHH co c60pKaMH
no I1Io1HHH TaI1HH 101 HaKl1aAHblMH KapMaHaMIo1.
KapMaHbl 101 HarpYAHHK OTAel1aHbl TeCbMO,
KOTOpaSl nOA4epKHBaeT HX OpHrHHaI1bHYIO
Q>OPMY
o
"
\.,
'1..
t:. .. . . ". ...
j\
I I J \ \\\,
\7\7
175

MOAenb 4. <1>apTYK 1013 I1bHSlHO TKaHH
C 4el1bHOKpoeHbiM HarpYAHHKOM 101 KapMaHaMH
B pel1beQ>HblX WBaX. B Ka4eCTBe OTAel1KH
Ha KapMaHax 101 HarpYAHHKe - annl1HKa4HSI
MOAenb 5. <1>apTYK 1013 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHO
TKaHH C ne4aTHbiM PHCYHKOM, C MSirKHMH
CKl1aAKaMH no I1HHHH TaJlHH, KapMaHa-
MH-BCTaBKaMH 1013 OTAeI104HO TKaHH,
npHTa4HbiM nOSICOM. HH>KHH cpe3
06pa6OTaH WBOM BnOArH6KY
C 3aKpblTbiM cpe30M
MOAenb 6. <1>apTYK 1013 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHO
TKaHH C ne4aTHbiM PHCYHKOM C HaKl1aAHblMH
KapMaHaMH 101 npHCTerHBalOHMCSI HarpYAHH-
KOM Q>HrypHO Q>OPMbl. B Ka4eCTBe OTAel1KH
Q>apTYKa - 060pKa no KapMaHaM,
6peTeJ1S1M 101 HH3Y

I'
.1
Bbl60p MOAenM
1-13 HapHCOBaHHbIX MHOM BapHaHTOB <papT}'Ka .H BbI6paJIa MO-
AeJIb 5. 9TOT <papryK C BMeCTHTeJIbHbIMH KapMaHaMH, B HeM 6YAeT
YAo6HO pa60TaTb Ha npaKTHqeCKHX 3aH.HTHHX no TeXHOJIOrHH. Pac-
XOA TKaHH - MHHHMaJIbHbIM.
Bbl60p TKaHM
B KaqeCTBe MaTepHaJIa AJI.H H3rOTOBJIeHH.H aTOM MOAeJIH <pap-
T}'Ka nOAoi1AC'r XJIonqaTo6}'MaJKHaH TKaHb cHTeq: AJI.H OCHOBHbIX Ae-
TaJIeM - C neqaTHbIM pHC}'HKOM, AJI.H OTAeJIKH - rJIKOKpameHaH.
176

Bbl60p 060PYAOBaHMR,
MHCTpYMeHTOB M npMcnoco6neHMM
1. IIIBeMHCul Manll-fHa.
2. YTI())KMJlbHasI .n;OCKa, ynor, nyJlbBepM3aTOp.
3. HMTKM XJIonqaT06}'MaJKHbIe NQ 50 - A71H MallIMHHbIX pa60T,
NQ 60 - A7U1 pyqHbIX pa60T.
4. PyqHasI Mma NQ 3, 6YJlaBKM, HO)KHMQbI, HanepcToK.
5. CaHTMMeTpoBasI JleHTa, JlMHeMKa, MeJlOK.
6. Yqe6HMK, pa60qasI TeTpa,zJ;b.
lIonoflHumeflbHble MomepUOflbl: 6}'Mara A7UI nocTpoeHMH BbI-
KpoeK, )l{}'J>HaJIbI MO.n;, KHMrM no llIMTblO.
KOHCTPYMpOBaHMe M MOAenMpOBaHMe 4»apTYKa
KaK CHHTb MepKM, nocTpoMTb qepTe)K BbIKpOMKM <f>apT}'Ka
M BbITIOJIHMTb Mo.n;eJIMpOBaHMe, H nOBTOpMJla no  11, 12 yqe6HMKa.
PaCKpOM 4»apTYKa
.H pacKpOlUla <f>apT}'K C yqeTOM JlMQeBoM M M3HaHOqHOM CTO-
pOH TKaHM, HanpaBJleHMH .n;OJIeBOM HMTM, npMnycKoB Ha llIBbI M 3KO-
HOMHoro pacnOJIO)KeHMH .n;eTaJIeM KpOH Ha TKaHM.
T eXHOnOrM'IeCKaR nocneAOBaTenbHOCTb
M3rOTOBneHMR 4»apTYKa
.H BblTIOJIHMJla pH.n; nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHbIX onepaQMM.
1. 06pa60TaJIa KapMaH (coe.n;MHMJla .n;eTaJIM KapMaHa CTaq-
HbIM llIBOM Bpa3yrlO)KK}', 06pa60TaJIa BepxHIOIO, HM)KHIOIO M 60KO-
BbIe CTOpOHbI KapMaHa IIIBOM Bno.n;rM6K}' C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M).
2. HaCTpOqMJla KapMaH Ha HM)KHIOIO qaCTb <f>apT}'Ka (HaKJIa,zJ;-
HbIM IIIBOM C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M).
3.06pa60TaJIa HM)KHMM M 60KoBbIe cpe3bI <f>apT}'Ka (lliBOM
Bno.n;rM6K}' C 3aKpbITbIM cpe30M).
4. 06pa60TaJIa BepxHMM cpe3 <f>apT}'Ka (MHrKMe CKJIa,zJ;KM).
5. 06pa60TaJIa nOHc.
6. npMTaqaJIa nOHC K HM)KHeM qaCTM <f>apT}'Ka.
7. OT}'TIO)KMJla rOTOBoe M3.n;eJIMe.
177

OqeHKa npOAenaHHOM pa60TbI
.H 3anl1GlJIa B pa6oqe" TeTpaJ\11 B BI1.ll:e Ta6JII1QbI nOJIO)l(I1-
TeJIbHble 11 OTpl1QaTeJIbHble MOMeHTbI BbIllOJIHeHI1.H TBOpqeCKOrO
npOeKTa. ,l{JI.H 3TOrO .H OTBenUla Ha CJIe.ll:YIOll.{l1e BonpocbI.
1. HaCKOJIbKO TPY.ll:HO MHe 6bIJIO pa60TaTb Ha,zI; npoeKToM,
qTO MeillaJIO B pa60Te 11 qTO nOMOraJIO?
2. KaqeCTBeHHO JII1 Cilll1TO 113.ll:eJIl1e, TO eCTb npaBl1JIbHO JII1
BblIIOJIHeHa o6pa6oTKa <papTYKa (np.HMble 11 pOBHble JII1 no BCe"
MI1He nOJl}'ql1JII1Cb Mailll1HHble CTPOqKI1; Y.ll:aJIeHbI JII1 Bce BpeMeH-
Hble CTPOQKI1; O.ll:I1HaKOBa JII1 illl1pl1Ha KapMaHa 11 nO.Hca no BCe" MI1-
He; XOpOillO JII1 OT}'TIO)I(eHO 113.ll:eJIl1e)?
3. IIoHpaBl1JIocb JII1 MHe BbIIIOJIH.HTb TBOpQeCKI1" npoeKT
11 noQeMY?
4. XOQeTC.H JII1 MHe pa3pa6oTaTb 11 Cilll1Tb 60JIee CJIO)l(HOe
113.ll:eJIl1e?
flO.ITO:J/Cume.ITbHble ou,eHKU
Ompuu,ome.ITbHble ou,eHKU
3aaqMTa npoeKTa
Bce Bblillel13JIO)l(eHHOe .H nOBTopIO Ha 3all.{I1Te npoeKTa,
npe.ll:CTaBJIIO TBOpQeCKI1" npoeKT, QepTe)l(11 BbIKpoeK 11 rOTOBoe
113.ll:eJIl1e. YQI1TeJIb 11 )l(IOpl1 113 O.ll:HOKJIaCCHI1Q 3a,zI;a,n;yr MHe BonpOCbI
no o<popMJIeHI1IO npoeKTa 11 113rOTOBJIeHI1IO <papTYKa, BbICKa1K}'T
CBoe MHeHl1e 0 BHeillHeM BI1.ll:e 11 KaQeCTBe 113.ll:eJII1.H.
178

.. TBOpIJeCKHH npOeKT
«CepBHpOBKa CTOJIa K 3alnpaxy»
U;eJIb npoeKTa
1. OQeHMTb CBOM B03MO)KHOCTM B TBOpqeCKOH .n:eRTeJIbHOCTM.
2. Pa3pa6oTaTb rrpoeKT OT B03HMKHOBeHM.H M.n:eM .n:o peaJIbHo-
ro pe3YJIbTaTa.
3. IIpMMeHMTb rroJl}'qeHHOe M3.n:eJIMe MJIM yc.nyry Ha npaKTMKe.
4. OQeHMTb rrpo.n:eJIaHH}'IO pa6oT}'.
5. 3aIl\MTMTb npoeKT.
COCTaBJI.HIOIl\Me TBOpqeCKOrO rrpoeKTa MO)KHO M3JIO)KMTb
B BM.n:e orropHoH cxeMbI pa3MbIIIIJIeHMH.
np06l1eMa,
nOTpe6HocTb
Bbl60p 61110A
Bbl60p npOAYKTOB
IIIHBeHTapb 101 nOCYAa
6e30naCHOCTb
TpYAa
3aBTpaK
TeXH0l10rHSI
npHroTOBl1eHHSI
CTOHMOCTb
3CTeTH4HOCTb
CepBHpOBKa
CTOl1a
060CHOBaHMe B03HMKweM npo6neMbi
HaqaJIMCb KaHMKYJIbI, M .H peIIIMJIa c.n:eJIaTb cIOprrpM3 PO.n:M-
TeJI.HM - rrpMroToBMTb 3aBTpaK B BbIXo.n:HoH.n:eHb. ,l{JI.H 3Toro .H rrepe-
JIMCTaJIa KHMry rro KYJIMHapMM M BCrrOMHMJIa, qTO MbI rOTOBMJIM
Ha ypoKax TeXHOJIOrMM. I1HTepecHo, KaKMM MO)KeT 6bITb 3aBTpaK
B pa3Hoe BpeM.H ro.n:a: 3MMoH, oceHbIO, BeCHOH M JIeToM? BOT qTO
.H rrpMaJIa.
BeCHa
BeceHHMH CTOJI MO)KeT 6bITb BbI.n:ep)KaH B )KeJITOM, p030-
BOM, 6eJIOM, 3eJIeHOM TOHax. )KeJITbIH QBeT corpeBaeT, P030BbIH-
HacTpaMBaeT Ha MeqTaTeJIbHbIH JIa,zI;, 6eJIbIH - M3JIyqaeT qMCTOT}',
179

C03,l{aeT JIerKYIO aTMOCq>epy. O:>KHBHTh CTOJI MHe nOMO:>KeT
MaJIeHhKHM 6YKeTHK BeCeHHHX QBeTOB - HapQHCCOB, q>HaJIOK,
TIOJIhnaHOB.
K aTOM}' CTOlI}' MO:>KHO npHrOTOBHTh CJIeIOHe 6JIIO.n;a.
1. CaJIaT H3 .HHQ H 3eJIeHOrO Jl}'Ka CO CMeTaHOM.
2. rpeHKH C COCHCKaMH.
3. qaM C caxapoM.
3TH 6JIIO.n;a npoCThI B npHrOTOBJIeHHH, nHTaTeJIhHhI H nOJIe3-
HhI, co.n;ep:>KaT BHTaMHHhI.
An.H npHrOTOBJIeHlliI CaJIaTa .H CBaplO .HMQa BKPyryIO, MeJIKO
Hape:>K}' JI}'K, nOCOJIIO H 3anpaBJIIO CMeTaHoM. CaJIaT .H YKparny 3e-
JIeHhlO H c.n;eJIaHHOM 1:13 BapeHoro .HMQa «MhIIIIKOM».
An.H rpeHOK .H o6:>KaplO JIOMTHKH 6eJIoro XJIe6a 1:1 COCI:ICKH,
cBepxy nOJIo:>K}' JIOMTHKH nOMH.n;opa H ChIpa H Bce aTO 3aneK}' B -
XOBKe. npHrOTOBJIIO qepHhIM qaM.
neTO
3TO BceMH JII06HMOe BpeM.H ro.n;a. MHe Ka:>KeTC.H, qTO JIeTHHM
CTOJI ,lJ,OJI:>KeH 6bITb pa3HoQBeTHhIM, no.n;HHMalOHM HacTpoeHHe.
JIyqIIIe Bcero I:ICnOJIb30BaTb rOlI}'6hIe TOHa. QBeT BO.n;hI 1:1 He6a BhI3hI-
BaeT oeHHe IIIHpOThI, CBe:>KeCTH. K npOXJIa,z:J;HhIM TOHaM OTHO-
CI:ITC.H 1:1 61:1p1030BbIM. OH TaIOKe OCBe:>KaeT H B036Y:>K,lJ;aeT anneTHT.
C ro.ny6hIM H 61:1plO30BhIM XOpOlliO COqeTaeTC.H OpaH:>KeBhIM.
.H MalO, qTO CTOJI B TaKHX TOHax npoH3Be.n;eT BneqaTJIeHHe
Ha po.n;HTeJIeM. K aTOM}' CTOlI}' .H no.n;aM:
1. CaJIaT «JIeTHHM».
2. KaHane C ChIpOM.
3. qaM C JIHMOHOM.
3TI:I 6JIIO.n;a HeCJIO:>KHO npHroToBHTh. OBOHOM CaJIaT OqeHh
nOJIe3eH. An.H CaJIaTa .H Hape:>K}' OBOH: nOMH.n;opbI H OrypQhI - KPy-
:>KOqKaMH, 60JIrapCKHM nepeQ - KOJIhQaMH. 3anpaBJIIO CaJIaT pacTH-
TeJIhHhIM MaCJIOM HJIH MaMOHe30M 1:1 YKparny 3eJIeHblO.
,lJ,JI.H KaHane .H BhIpe:>KY H3 JIOMTHKOB 6eJIoro XJIe6a q>l:IryPKH
1:1 no.n;:>KaplO HX, Ha XJIe6 nOJIo:>KY ChIp, a cBepxy ropKoM BbIJIO:>KY
CJII:IBOqHOe MaCJIO, CMeIIIaHHoe C TOMaTHOM naCTOM.
180

OceHb
OCeHblO BCer,ll;a XOqeTCH TeruIa If }'IOTa, n03TOM}' cepBIfpOBKa
CTOJIa ,lI;OJI)KHa ,lI;eiiCTBOBaTb ycnoKaIfBalOe. ,l(JIH o<}>opMJIeHIfH
oceHHero CTOJIa nO,ll;OM,lI;)'T TerrJIbIe, crrOKOMHbIe TOHa. 3TO TaKlfe
n;BeTa, KaK oxpa, 60JIOTHbIM, KOpIfqHeBbIii.
K 3TOM}' CTO.ny 11 npIfrOTOBJIIO:
1. OBoHoe 6JIIO,lI;0 BIfHerpeT.
2. .Hiin;o, cBapeHHoe «B MernOqeK».
3. Eyrep6po,ll; C MaCJIOM.
4. Ko<}>e C MOJIOKOM.
3TIf 6JIIO,lI;a OqeHb nIfTaTeJIbHbI. ,lVIH BIfHerpeTa H cBaplO OBO-
If, OCT}')KY If x, OqlfII.y If Hape»ey MeJIKIfMIf KY6lf1GIMIf, 3anpaBJIIO
paCTIfTeJIbHbIM MaCJIOM.
.Hiin;a cBaplO «B MemOqeK».
,l(JIH 6yrep6po,ll;OB H HaMaJKy JIOMTIfKIf 6eJIoro XJIe6a CJIIfBOq-
HbIM MaCJIOM.
npIfrOTOBJIIO pacTBopIfMbIM Ko<}>e C MOJIOKOM, caxap nO,ll;aM
OT,lI;eJIbHO.
3MMa
3IfMOii n;BeTOBoe o<}>opMJIeHIfe CTOJIa Ba)KHee Bcero. 3a OK-
HOM XOJIO,ll;HO, JIe)KIfT 6eJIbIM If CBepKaIOIfM IUlIf, Ha060poT, cepbIM
If ryCKJIblii CHer, n03ToM}' )KeJIaTeJIbHO He IfCnOJIb30BaTb npIf cepBIf-
pOBKe CTOJIa n;BeTa 3IfMHero neM3a)Ka. JIyqme BbI6paTb n;BeTa, KOTO-
pble ,lI;eMCTBYIOT corpeBalOe. .H .D;yMalO, qTO nO,ll;OM,lI;eT nypnyp -
n;BeT BeJIIfKOJIenIfH, npa3,l1;HIfKa. Ee B ,lI;peBHOCTIf OH CqIfTIlJICH
CIfMBOJIOM )KIf3HeHHOM ClUlbI If JII06BIf. 11 KOHeqHO, nopa,D;}'eT rJIa3
MaJIeHbKaH BeTOqKa COCHbI IUlIf eJIIf, HpKIfii 6YKeTIfK If3 cyxOn;BeTOB.
,lVIH 3IfMHero 3aBTpaKa H npe,lI,JIO»ey:
1. OMJIeT Harypa.n:bHbIii.
2. Eyrep6po,ll; C TBoporoM.
3. KaKao.
3TIf 6JIIO,lI;a npocTbI B npIfrOTOBJIeHIfIf If nIfTaTeJIbHbI. Ka)K-
,lI;oe 6JIIO,lI;0 CO,ll;ep)KIfT nOJIe3HbIe MOJIOqHbIe rrpo.D;yKTbI.
,lVIH OMJIeTa H C,lI;eJIalO HIfqHO-MOJIOqHYIO CMeCb If nO,ll;)KaplO
ee Ha MaCJIe.
181

,l.(JlH 6yrep6po,n;a .H CMernalO TBopor co CMeTaHOM 11 caxapOM
11 HaMaJK}' STOM MaCCOM JIOMTI1KI1 6eJIoro XJIe6a.
fIpl1TOTOBJIIO KaKao C MOJIOKOM.
TaK KaK JIeTO - MOe caMoe JII0611MOe BpeMjI ro,n;a, .H pernl1JIa
npl1rOTOBI1Tb 11 CepBl1pOBaTb JIeTHI1M CTOJI.
TeXHOJIOrWleCKl1e KapTbI npl1rOTOBJIeHI1.H 6JIIO,n; .H npe,n;CTaB-
JIIO B BI1,n;e Ta6JII1Q (Ta611. 38-40).
Ta6nMLla 38. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa.
Cal1aT «JleTHH»
HouMeHo(3aHue KO.ITul./ecmBo nOC.ITeaOBome.ITbHOCmb nocyao
npOaYKmo npu2omoBJ1eHUR U uHBeHmopb
1 2 3 4
OrYP4 bl 2WT. BbIMbITb,04HCTHTb, HO>K,
Hape3aTb KpY>Ko4KaMH pa3Ael104HaSI
AOCKa
nOMHAOpbl 2 WT. BblMblTb, Hape3aTb HO>K,
KpY>Ko4KaMH pa3Ael104HaSI
AOCKa
5011rapCKH 1 WT. BblMblTb, Bblpe3aTb HO>K,
nep e 4 nI10AOHO>KKY pa3Ael104HaSI
101 Tw,aTel1bHO YAal1HTb AOCKa
ceMeHa, Hape3aTb
KOl1b4aMH
JlYKoBH4a 1 WT. 04HCTHTb OT KO>KYpbl, HO>K,
npOMblTb B XOI10AHO pa3Ael104HaSI
BOAe, Hape3aTb AOCKa
KOl1b4aMH
I
182

OKOHl./oHUe m06.IT. 38
1
2
3
4
3el1eHb
(neTPywKa,
KopHaHAP)
1 nY40K
npOMblTb, Mel1KO
Hape3aTb
HO>K,
pa3Ael104Ha
AOCKa
COl1b,nepe4 no BKYCY BbI110>KHTb OBOlll,H Cal1aTHHK,
PaCTHTel1bHOe 3 CT. 110>KKH B Cal1aTHHK pSlAaMH, CT0l10BaSi 110>KKa
MaCI10 nOCOI1HTb, nonep4HTb,
YKpaCHTb KOl1b4aMH
pen4aToro I1YKa,
3anpaBHTb
paCTHTel1bHblM MaCI10M
H nOCbmaTb H3Mel1b-
4eHHO npSlHO
3el1eHbIO
Ta6nM....a 39. TeXH0l10rH4eCKaSi KapTa.
KaHane C CblpOM
HouMeHoBaHue KO.ITul./ecmBo floc.ITeaoBame.ITbHOCmb flocyao
npOaYKmo npu2omoBneHuR U uHBeHmopb
1 2 3 4
XI1e6 4-5 Hape3aTb TOl1ll1,HHO HO>K, pa3Ael104Ha
110MTHKOB 0,7-1 CM H Bblpe3aTb AOCKa AI1S1 xI1e6a
pa3Hbie Q>HrYPKH
CI1HB04HOe 50 r PacTonHTb Ha orHe. CKoBopoAa,
MaCI10 nOA>KapHTb xI1e6 l1onaT04Ka
AO PYMSlHO,
XPycTSlllI,e KOp04KH
183

OKOH'IoHUe m06.IT. 39
1 2 3 4
Cblp 50 r Hape3aTb TOHKM HO>K,
110MTKaM pa3Ael104HaSi
101 n0I10>KTb Ha xI1e6 AOCKa
CI1HB04HOe 25 r Macl10 CMewaTb T apel1Ka,
MaCI10 C TOMaTHO naCTO CT0l10BaSi 110>KKa
T OMaTHaSi 15 r  BbI110>KTb
naCTa He60l1bwo ropKO
Ha cepeAHHY 110MTKa
C CblpOM
3el1eHb 1 nY40K npOMblTb, Mel1KO HO>K, pa3Ae1104HaSi
Hape3aTb, nOCbmaTb AOCKa, 6111OAO
Ha 6yTep6poA.
r OTOBble KaHane
BbI110>KTb Ha 6111OAO
Ta6nM4a 40. T eXH0I10r4eCKaSi KapTa.
4a C I1MOHOM
HOUMeHof30Hue Konu'Iecm80 flOC.ITeaof3ame.ITbHOCmb flocyao
npOaYKmo npu2omoB.lTeHUR U uHBeHmopb
1 2 3 4
BOAa BCKHnSlTTb BOAY. 4aHK AI1S1
06AaTb K nSlTKOM KnSl4eHHSI BOAbl,
4aHK AI1S1 3aBapBa- 4aHK AI1S1
HSI 4aS1 3aBapHBaHSI 4aS1
4a 2-34. BCbmaTb 4a  3al1Tb 4aHK AJlSI
110>KK KnSlTKOM Ha 1/3' 3aBapBaHSI 4aSl,
,lJ,aTb HaCTOSlTbCSI 4aHaSlI10>KKa
184

OKOHl./oHUe m06.IT. 40
1 2 3 4
5-10 MHH H AOI1HTb
4aHHK ropSl4e
BOAO AOBepxy
JlHMOH 1 WT. BblMblTb, Hape3aTb 4awKa, HO>K,
KpY>K04KaMH, pa3Ael104HaSi
n0I10>KHTb no OAHOMY AOCKa
B 4awKY
Caxap no BKYCY A06aBHTb B 4awKY 4awKa,
H 3aJ1HTb 3aBapeHHbiM 4a HaSi 110>KKa
4aeM
QT06bI JIeTHI1" 3aBTpaK BbIrmI,ll;eJI 60JIee anneTI1THO, $I yKpa-
CRJIa CaJIaT p030IKO", BbIpe3aHHO" 113 nOMI1,ll;Opa, JII1CTI1KaMI1 113
orypQa 11 BeTOqKaMI1 neTpYIIIKI1.
.H CQI1TaIO, QTO npoeKT y,ll;aJIC$I. MHe 11 pO,ll;I1TeJI$IM OQeHb no-
HpaBlUlC$I 3aBTpaK, 11 HaM 6bIJIO npl1$ITHO eCTb 3a KpaCI1BO CepBl1po-
BaHHbIM CTOJIOM.
Ha 3alI.\l1T}' npoeKTa $I npe,ll;CTaBI1JIa TeXHOJIOrl1QeCKl1e Kap-
TbI, npl1rOTOBI1JIa CaJIaT «]leTHI1"». llpl1 pa3pa60TKe npoeKTa
$I npOQI1TaJIa MHoro KHl1r no KYJII1Hapl1l1, 113 KOTOpbIX Y3HaJIa, KaK
npaBMJIbHO CepBl1pOBaTb CTOJI, rOTOBI1Tb 11 yKpaIIIaTb 6JIIO,ll;a. .H ro-
TOBa OTBeTl1Tb Ha BonpOCbI }"-Il1TeJI$I 11 O,ll;HOKJIaCCHI1Q.
185

flpU.lTOJICeHUe
EaHK 06'beKTOB
JUI TBOpqeCKHX npOeKTOB
H3rOTOBJIeHHe mBeUHOrO H3AeJIH.H
1. C1>apTYK H3I1bHSlHO TKaHH npSlMo Q>OPMbl
C HaKl1aAHblM KapMaHOM.
HarpYAHHK 4el1bHOKpOeHbl,
3aCTeniBaeTCSI C HH>KHe 4aCTbIO Q>apTYKa .
Ha 06MeTaHHYIO neTl110 101 nyroBIo14Y  000
,
( 0.
0--0"
000
2. C1>apTYK 1013 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHO r l1aAKO- .
. . -:.
KpaWeHO TKaHIo1. .
HarPYAHIo1K, nOSlC, Q>lo1rypHble HaKl1aAHble "l .
. . . .
KapMaHbl101 HIo13 Q>apTYKa BblnOI1HeHbl . . . .
. ..... . ......
1013 OTAeI104HO TKaHH C ne4aTHbiM PIo1CYHKOM. . J::L-.:I--.::w . IL""
5peTel1H 3aCTerlo1BalOTCSI Ha 06MeTaHHYIO
neTl110 101 nyroBIo14Y
. .
3. C1>apTYK 1013 XI10n4aT06YMa>KHO TKaHIo1  
C ne4aTHbiM PIo1CYHKOM, C MSirKIo1MIo1 CKl1aAKaMH
no I1Io1HIo1Io1 Tall 101 101 101 HaKl1aAHblMIo1 KapMaHaMH.
HaCTp04HaSi nl1aHKa HarpYAHIo1Ka, HaKl1aAHble 311
KapMaHbl, noSic 101 6peTel1101 BblnOI1HeHbl F'f-
1013 OT AeI104HO TKaHIo1 ."
.. ...
'f 'f ---.,
* * *
.. ....
186

4. C1>apTYK 1013 rl1aAKOKpaWeHO TKaHIo1
C Q>lo1rYPHbIM HaKl1aAHblM KapMaHOM,
OTAel1aHHbl TeCbMO.
HarpYAHIo1K 4el1bHOKpOeHbl C HIo1>KHe
4aCTbIO Q>apTYKa.
5peTel1101 HaCTp04Hbie C 3aBSl3bIBalOUJ,Io1MIo1CSI
KOH4aMH
5. C1>apTYK 1013 rl1aAKOKpaWeHO TKaHH
C MSirKHMH CKI1aAKaMH no I1Io1HHH TaI1HIo1.
5peTel1H 101 HIo13 Q>apTYKa OTAel1aHbl 060pKaMIo1.
5peTel1lo1, 060PKH 101 HaKl1aAHble KapMaHbl
Bbln0l1HeHbl1013 OTAeI104HO TKaHIo1 C ne4aT-
HblM PIo1CYHKOM
\ {;
0 / / \\'
 < .
'" '"
 ' Z.l.
YKpameHHe HHTephepa KYXHH, CTOJIOBOH
1. naHHO «C1>PYKTbl».
BblnOI1HeHO BbIWIo1BKO npOCTblMIo1 PY4HblMIo1
WBaMIo1: Ba3a - TaM6YPHbiM WBOM 101 WBOM
«WHypOK»; Q>PYKTbl - cTe6el1b4aTbiM
{I1H60 WBOM «3a HrOI1KY») 101 WBOM «y3eI1KIo1»;
3el1eHb - cTe6el1b4aTbiM WBOM; paMKa -
neTel1bHblM WBOM
187

2. Ha60p CaJlQ>eTOK AJlSI cepBHpOBKH CTOl1a.
BblWHBKa pacnOl1araeTCSI B yrl1ax H3AeI1HSI.
JlenecTKH 4BeTOB BblnOI1HeHbl WBOM <<neTI1S1
BnpHKpen», cepA4eBHHKH - WBOM «Y3eI1KH»,
a 3el1eHb - cTe6el1b4aTbiM WBOM.
KpaSl CaJlQ>eToK 06pa6OTaHbi WBOM
BnoArH6KY C 3aKpblTbiM cpe30M
3. npHXBaTKa-PYKaBH4a.
1113roTOBI1eHa B 110CKYTHO TeXHHKe
1013 KBaApaTOB ABYX (HI1H 6011ee) 4BeTOB
XI10n4aT06YMa>KHO TKaHH 101 BaTHHa
KaK YTenI1HTel1S1.
IIIMeeT neTel1bKY-BeWaJlKY
4. r pel1Ka Ha KaCTplOl1lO.
BblnOI1HeHa H3110CKYTOB TKaHH, KYC04KOB
AepMaTHHa, nyroBH4 101 BaTHHa KaK YTenI1H-
Tel1S1. no HH>KHeMY KpalO npoAepHYT WHYP,
KOTOpbl 3aTSlrHBaeTCSI
5. nOACTaBKa nOA ropSl4ee.
1113rOTOBI1eHa B 110CKYTHO TeXHHKe,
YKpaweHa 6axpoMo (HI1H TecbMo).
YTenl1HTel1eM CI1Y>KaT BaTHH
1110160 Apan (wepcTb)
188
4'
.-\ Jl
(' '0 \
((" .

o
.- .. \
II .... \
, .-
 1
--,....
. "-
I I
.'
.
'.
. :.:.
.. .... '.'
'" .. '..
.. ".
.::" .e
'" .. 
e. ".:::.
. . '{;'. ..
. ....
{.:=:..
-.: :
.
.
.. ..... .
,;
":.
...

COAep)KaHHe
B8eaeHue 3
OCHo8bl Momepuo.ITo8eaeHuR 5
 1. KJIaCCI1<pI1KaQI1j1 TeKCTI1JIbHbIX BOJIOKOH . . . . . . . . . . . 5
 2. nOJIyqeHl1e TKaHI1 .............................. 8
PYI./Hble p060mbl 14
 3. OpraHl13aQI1j1 pa601.Jero MeCTa )J.JIjI BbInOJIHeHI1j1
pyqHbIX pa6oT. J1HcTpYMeHTbI 11 rrpl1crrOC06JIeHI1 .... 14
 4. TexHolIorl1 BbInOJIHeHI1j1 pyqHbIX pa60T .......... 21
OCHo8bl MowuHo8eaeHuR
26
 5. J1CTOpl1j1 C03,1J,aHI1j1 llIBeMHOH MallIl1HbI . . . . . . . . . . .. 26
 6. DbITOB llIBeHH MallIl1Ha ...................... 29
 7. nO,lJ,rOTOBKa K BbInOJIHeHl11O MallIl1HHbIX pa60T . . . .. 31
 8. Bl1,1J,bI MallIl1HHbIX llIBOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
B.lToJICHO-men.ITo8ble p060mbl
42
 9. 3Ha1.JeHl1e BJIa)KHO-TerrJIOBOH o6pa6oTKI1 .......... 42
 10. OpraHl13aQI1 pa601.Jero MeCTa
)J.JI BbIIIOJIHeHI1j1 BJIa)KHD-TerrJIOBbIX pa60T ........ 43
T eXHO.IT02UR U320mo8.ITeHUR w8euHo2o U3ae.ITUR
(cpopmYKo) 46
 11. CTl1e MepOK)J.JI rroCTpOeHI1 1.JepTe)Ka BbIKpOMKI1 46
189

 12. KOHCTpYl1poBaHl1e 11 MO,lJ,eJIl1pOBaHl1e ............. 49
 13. TeXHOJIOrl1 113rOTOBJIeHI1 <papTYKa Ha noce ...... 53
 14. Oco6eHHocTI1 KOHCTpYl1pOBaHI1, MO,lJ,eJIl1pOBaHI1
11113rOTOBJIeHI1 <papTYKa C HarpY,lJ,HI1KOM .......... 65
 15. BapI1aHTbI OT,IJ,eJIKI1 <papTYKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
T80pl./eCKUU npoeKm
83
 16. t.lTo TaKOe TBOp1.JeCKl1e npoeKTbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
 17. :3TanbI BbmOJIHeHI1 npoeKTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84
TeXHO.IT02UR U320mo8.ITeHUR U3ae.ITUU U3 .lTocKymo8 6
 18. nO,lJ,rOTOBKa o6opY,lJ,OBaHI1, I1HcTpYMeHToB
11 MaTepl1aJIOB K pa60Te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87
 19. TeXHOJIOrl1 113rOTOBJIeHI1 npl1XBaTKI1
113 JIOCKYTOB .................................... 89
T eXHO.IT02UR &,WU8aHUR
96
 20. Pa601.Jee MeCTO. J1HcTpYMeHTbI, MaTepl1aJIbI
11 npl1cnOC06JIeHI1 )J.JI BbIllII1BaHI1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
 21. TeXHOJIOrl11.JeCK nOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTb
BbIllII1BaHI1 .................................... 101
 22. TeXHOJIOrl1 BbmOJIHeHI1 npOCTeMllIl1X
pyqHblx llIBOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Yxoa 30 OaeJICaOU
L 14
 23. PeMOHT O,lJ,e)K)J,bI ................................ 114
 24. PeMOHT pacnOpOBllIl1XC llIBOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
 25. YXO,lJ, 3a O,lJ,e)K)J,OH 113 XJIon1.JaTo6YMa)KHbIX
11 JIbHHbIX TKaHeH .............................. 119
190

KY./TUHOpUR. T eXHO./T02UR o6po6omKu
nUU4e&lx npoaYKmo8
122
 26. 06ml1e CBe,lJ,eHI1 0 nl1TaHI1I1. BI1TaMI1HbI .......... 122
 27. KYXOHH nocY,IJ,a 11 YX0,lJ, 3a Hell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
 28. OBOml1 B nl1TaHl111 .............................. 127
 29. MeXaHI11.JeCK o6pa6oTKa OBOmeH ................ 131
 30. npl1rOTOBJIeHl1e 6JIIO,IJ, 113 CBe)KI1X OBomeM ......... 135
 31. npl1roTOBJIeHl1e 6JIIO,IJ, 113 BapeHbIX OBOmeH ........ 138
 32. DJIlO,IJ,a 113 I1Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
 33. DYTep6po,lJ,bI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
 34. Iop1.Jl1e Hanl1TKI1 ............................... 154
 35. CepBl1pOBKa CTOJIa K 3aBTpaKy .................... 157
 36. KYJIbTYPa nOBe,lJ,eHI1 3a CTOJIOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
T eXHO./T02UU 8eaeHuR aOMO.
HHmepbep KYXHU, cmo./To8ou
162
 37. C03,1J,aHI1e I1HTepbepa KyxHI1 .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
 38. 06opY,IJ,OBaHI1e Ha KyxHe ......................... 167
 39. Pa3MemeHI1e Me6eJII1 11 o6oPY,IJ,oBaHI1,
30HbI KyxHI1 .................................... 168
 40. CaHI1TapHOe COCTOHl1e KyXHI1.................... 172
.
flpUMepbl m80pl./eCKUX npoeKmo8
174
TBop1.JecKI1M npoeKT «<I>apTYK» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
TBop1.JecKI1M npoeKT «CepBl1pOBKa CTOJIa
K 3aBTpaKy» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
flpU./TOJICeHue.
OOHK o6beKmo8 a./TR m80pl./eCKUX npoeKmo8
186

fu6'1toe UJiJa'ltl1e
KpyncKaJI IOJU:laHa BlIa,zJ;HMHpOBHa
JIe6e.a;eBa HaTaJIMI I1BaHoBHa
JIHTHKoBa JbO,nMHlIa BlIa,zJ;HMHpOBHa
CHMOHeHKO BHKTOp )J,MHTpHeBWI
TeXHOlIOCHJI
06C.1l}')KHBaIOH TPY.a;
5 KJIacc
Y'Ie6HHK AJlJI yqaHxcJI
o6eo6pa30BaTenbHblx yqpe*AeHH"
nO,ll, pe,ll,aKLtHe" B.,lJ. CUAt01lClt1W
113,l1,aHHe 'IeTBepTOe, nepepa60TaHHOe
Pe,ll,aKTOp JI.G. J1Ba'ltOBa
XY,ll,OJKeCTBeHHbl" pe,ll,aKTOp D.H. Can.UY'KWl
XY,ll,OJKHHKH D.H. Can.UY'KWl. E.n. FofJR"t'Ku'Ita,
D.A. F'}IIJI£Ba, D.B. CopUKu'lta
MaKeT. BHeUIHee o4>opMJIeHHe E.B. qau'KO
KOMnblOTepHaJI BepcTKa H.n. ropJ1.0BoU
TeXHH'IeCKH" pe,ll,aKTop JIB. KO'ItOBan.OBa
KoppeKTOpbl H.M. b02av.iBa, /O.E. ba1JJ.Ma'KOBa
nO,ll,nHCaHO B ne'laTb 27.01.11. opMaT 70x90/16
fapHHTYpa NewBaskervilleC. ne'laTb o4>ceTHaJI
DYMara o4>ceTHaJI NQ 1. ne'l. n. 12,0
THpaJK 30 000 3K3. 3aKa3 NQ 1154.
000 113,l1,aTenbCKH" eHTp «BeHTaHa-fpa4>"
127422, MocKBa, yn. THMHpJl3eBCKaJI,,lI,. I, Kopn. 3
Ten./4>aKC: (495) 611-21-56, 611-15-74
E-mail: info@vgf.ru, http://www.vgf.ru
OTne'laTaHO B OAO «nl1K "04>ceT""
660075,r.KpacHoJlpcK,yn.Pecny6nHKH,51
Ten.: (391) 211-76-20. E-mail: marketing@pic-ofset.ru