Author: Морозов Ю.Л. Любартович С.А. Третьяков О.Б.
Tags: синтетические продукты поликонденсации поликонденсаты поликонденсационные смолы химическая промышленность химические производства
ISBN: 5-7245-0551-1
Year: 1990
Text
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CMa3KH C cpopMbI CHHMalOT 30-300 H3AeJIHA [3, c. 213; 4J.
B .HaCTOJl ee BpeMJI KpoMe ypeTaHoBNx paspa60T8HN RIM-
KOMlI03HU,HH Ha OCHOBe JIaKTaMOB (HaHJIOH RIM) rt7J, H30u,HaHY.
paToB [11, c. 130j, AHu,H'KJIOOeHTaAHeHa [181, BrfC-KoMn03Hu,HA*
(19] H Ap. Cy ecTBeHHNM OrpaHH1JeHHeM RIM-npou,ecca CIIHTa-
JIaCb HeB03MO)f{HOCTb H8nOJIHeHHJI KOMn03Hu,HH, O.aH8KO CeH1JaC
WHpOKO HCTIOJIb3ylOTCJI HanOJIHeHHNe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHOM RIM-cHCTe-
Mbl (RRIM) [11, c. 801. npH BBe eHHH B nOJIHypeT8H apMHpylO-
llJ,HX HalIOJIHHTeJIeH .llOCTHraeTCJI c eCTBeHHoe YBeJIH'IeHHe ero MO'
YJIH ynpyrocTH npH H3rH6e, )f{eCTKOCTH, YMeHbweHHe TenJIOBo:ii
yca KH, lIOBNweHHe cTa6HJIbHOCTH pa3MepOB [14j. HaH60JIee pac-
npocTp8HeHHNM 8PMHPYIO HM HanOJIHHTeJIeM B RRIM-KoMn03H'
U,HSlX SlBJIJleTCJI py6JIeHoe HJIH MOJIOTOe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHO, co.aep1Ka-
HHe KOToporo 06NIJHO COCTaBJIHeT o 30-35 % OT MaCCN H3AeJIHH.
OAHaKo BBe.lleHHe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa H3MeHHeT He TOJIbKO 1j>1I3HKo-Me-
XaHH'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa nOJIHypeTaHOB, HO H TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHe CBOH-
CTBa 1KH.llKHX KO!.flIOHeHTOB ypeTaHoBOH KOMlI03HU,HH, 'ITO Tpe6yeT
BHeceHHSI Oflpe eJIeHHblX H3MeHeHHH B TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHA npou,ecc
lIO cpaBHeHHIO c RIM-npou'eccoM. nepBaSi RRIM-YCT8HOBKa 6NJIa
C03 aHa B CiliA B cepe HHe 70-x rO OB, a B Ha'laJIe 80-x rO.llOB HX
lIpOH3BO.llCTBO 6b1JIO Y1Ke OCBoeHO ceMblO HpMaMH CiliA H 3ana.ll-
HOH EBponbl [141.
OC06blM THlIOM HanOJIHeHHblX nOJlHypeTaHoB H;BJISIIOTCJI CHCTe-
Mbl, COAep)f{a He TeXHHIJeCKHH yrJIepo H pyrHe aKTH'BHNe HanOJI-
HHTeJIH. BBe.lleHHe TeXHH'IeCKoro yrJIepo a He TOJIbKO nOBNllIaeT
Ij>H3HKo-MeXaHHIJeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH MaTepHaJIOB (lIpO'lHOCTb,
HCTHpaeMOCTb), HO H clIoc06cTByeT CHU)f{eHHIO UX CTOHMOCTH [201.
PaWTN no C03AaHHIO nOJIHypeTaHoBNX 3JIaCTOMepOB, HanOJI'
HeHHNX TeXHH1JeCKHM yrJIepo.aOM, 6NJIH Ha'iaTbl B cepeAHHe 60-x ro-
AOB, Kor a HecKOJIbKO HpM CiliA H KaHa.llN HaIJaJIH KOMMep'le.
CKoe lIpOH3BOACTBO OJIHrO HeH HOJIOB. He06xo HMOCTb .llHCneprH'
pOBaHHH aKTHBHoro HanOJIHHTeJIH H BeCbMa cy ecTBeHHoe H3MeHe-
HHe TeXHOJIoru'leCKHX CBOHCTB ypeTaHoBbix KOMlI03HU,HH, HanOJI-
HeHHNX TeXHH'IeCKHM yrJIepO OM, npe onpeAeJIHIOT Kap.llHHaJIbHOe
H3MeHeHHe TeXHOJIOrHH H 060py oBaHHJI .llJIJI nepepa60TKH 9THX
HalIOJIHeHHNX CHCTeM lIO cpaBHeHHIO C RRIM-KoM'n03HIJ,HHMH. Pa-
60TN no H3yqeHHIO HanOJIHeHHblX TeXHH'IeCKHM yrJIepOAOM nOJIH-
ypeTaHoB H C03AaHHIO o6opy oBaHHJI .aJIH HX CMeweHHH H JIHTbH
6NJIH npoBe eHN 6pHTaHcKoR HCCJIe OBaTeJIbCKOH 8CCOu,Hau,HeH
RAPRA H 3a'BepWHJIHCb pa3pa60TKoH 8BToMaTH3HpoBaHHoH YCTa-
HOBKH npoH380AHTeJIbHOCTblO o 25 Kr/IJ [20].
ApMHpoBaHHe nOJIHypeTaHoBNx H3 eJIHii M01KeT TaK1Ke ocy e-
CTBJISlTbCH lIYTeM YKJIa KH apMHpyIO HX MaTepHaJIOB (KOp HOR HH-
TH, TKaHNX lIOJIOTeH, MaTOB H T. .) B nOJIOCTb .popMN H nocJIe.aylO-
eH HX 3aJIHBKOH peaKu,HoHHOA MaCCOH [21j.
· KOMn03HuHii, npH OTSep)KAeHHH KOTOpblX 06pa3YlOTCSI nOJlHMepHble MaTe-
pHa. bI co CTPYKTypoii S3aHMonpOHHKalOlltHX CeTOK (BCn).
.
1
B HaCTOJl ee BpeMH nOKa3aHa u,eJIeC006pa3HOCTb H3rOTOBJIeHHJI
peaKu,HOHHNM 1j>0pMoBaHHeM CeJII>CKOX03HAcTBeHHNX WHH HH3KOrO
.aaBJIeHHJI [21] H npHHu,HnHaJIbHaJi B03M01KHOCTb H3rOTOBJIeHHH
.llpyrHx THnOB DHeBMaTH'IecKHX WHH, no XO HMOCTH He YCTYnalO HX
paJJ:HaJIbHN,M [22]. npe lJIpHHHMalOTCJI nonNTKH HCnOJIb30BaTb pe-
aKu,HOHHoe 1j>0pMoBaHHe B HenpepNBHNx TeXHOJIOrH'IecKHx npou,ec-
cax, HanpHMep H3rOTOBJIeHHH 060JI01JeK Ka6eJIeli [23J.
COnOCTaBJIeHHe TpaJlHu,HoHHOIi nOJIHMepHOH H OJIHrOMepHoH
TeXHOJIOrHH H3rOTOBJIeHHJI 3JIaCTOMepHMx H3JleJIHii nOKa3NBaeT
cJIe YIO ee. TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHe npeHMy ecTBa OJIHrOMepHoH Tex-
HOJIorHH O'leBH HN - cOKpa aeTCJI 'IHCJIO nepeJleJIOB. ynpo aeTcH
MeXaHH3au,HJI, aBTOMaTH3au,HJI H KOMnblOrepH3au,HJI npOH3BOJlCma,
nOHBJIJleTCJI B03MO:H<HOCTb C03JlaTb «3KOJIoraIJeCKH 'IHCTYIO TeXHO-
JIOrHIO. KpoMe TOro, nepepa60TKa OJIHrOMepoB n03BOJIJleT pe3Ko
[24] cOKpaTHTb pacxo 3HeprHH. C YIJeToM Bcex npe wecTBYIO HX
3aTpaT pacxo 3HeprHH CHH1KaeTCJI Ha 40 % [21, 22).
CpaBHeHHe 3KOHOMH'IecKHX nOKa3aTeJIeR Tpa Hu,HoHHOH H OJIH-
rOMepHoH TeXHOJIOrHH H KaqecTBa nOJIY'IaeMNX H3 eJIHH npH H3ro-
TOBJIeHHH nOJIHypeTaHoBNx .nO OWB nOKa3aJIO, 'ITO ce'6eCTOHMOCTb
e,llHHHu,N Ka'leCTBa npo.s.YKu,HH pacnOJIaraeTCH B CJIeJlYIO HR pHJl:
nO OWBN H3 3BA>T3n>nBX>pe3HHa MHKpOJl'leHCTNR no-
JIHypeTaH [25J. CJIe OBaTeJIbHO, B npOH3BO CTBe TaKoro MaCCOBoro
BH a npO YKu,HH. KaK 06YBb, HC'fiOJIb30BaTb peaKu,HOHHoe 1j>0pMO-
saHHe 'u,eJIeco06pa3Ho [26].
3KOHOMH'IeCKH 31j> eKTH'BHO npoH3Bo CTBO RIM-MeTo oM no-
JIHMepHNx H3,lleJIHH C 60JIbWHM OTHoweHHeM nOBepxHocTH K Macce.
ToaK, JleTaJIH aBTOM06HJIH (6aMnep, KpNJIO, JlBepb), nOJIY'laeMNe
1j>0pMoBaHHeM, JIHTbeM no JlaBJIeHHeM H RIM-MeTo oM, CTOHT co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO 15,36; 12,17 H 8,93-9,55 oJIJIapa '[3, c. 15).
COrJIaCHO [21] nepBOHaIJaJIbHNe 3aTpaTN Ha opraHH3alJ,HIO
npOH3BO CTBa CeJIbCKOX03HRcTBeHHNX WHH HH3Koro aBJIeHHH Me-
TO,llOM peaKu,HoHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHJI COCT8BHT 30% OT 3aTpaT Ha
aHaJIOrH'IHOe npoH3BO Cl'BO no Tpa,llHu,HoHHOH TeXHOJIOrHH. BNpa-
60TKa Ha O Horo pa60IJero 6y eT B 2-2,5 pa3a 60JIbwe.
Ka3aJIocb 6N, npHBe.aeHHNe JlaHHNe CBH,lleTeJIbC'J1BYIOT 0 Heocno-
pHMNX npeHMYll\eCTBax OJIHrOMepHoH TeXHOJIOrHH nepe nOJIHMep-
HoA, O HaKO 'HMelOTCH onpeJleJIeHHNe OrpaHHIJeHHH TeXHOJIOrH'Ie-
CKoro H KOH IOHKTypHoro nJIaHa. Bo-nepBNx, nOJIHypeTaHoBoe
cNpbe nOKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO .aoporo H B cpe HeM CTOHT B 1,5-3 pa3a
Jlop01Ke CNpbH, nepepa6aTNBaeMoro no Tpa Hu,HoHHOH TeXHOJIO-
rHH. BO-BTOpblX, 06pa3YIO HecH npH peaKu,HoHHOM opMoBaHHH
nOJIHypeTaHN HMelOT nOKa OrpaHH'IeHHNe TeMnepaTYpo- H TepMo-
CTOHKOCTb H HHaMH'IecKYIO BNHOCJIHBOCTb. 11, HaKOHeu" TpaJlHu,H-
OHHaH TeXHOJIOrHH HaC'IHTNB8eT 60JIee 100 JIeT pa3BHTHH, B Hee
CJleJIaHN orpoMHNe KanHTaJIbHNe BJIO:H<eHHH H npOH3BOJlCTBO 310
3KOHOMH'IeCKH ,BNrOJlHO. Bce 3TO eJIaeT u'eJIeC006pa3HNM pac-
cMaTpHBaTb HOBYIO TeXHOJIOrHIO nOKa KaK OnOJIHHTeJIbHYIO K Tpa-
HU,HOHHOH. B nepcneKTHBe no Mepe npeO OJIeHHH OTMe'leHHNX
BNwe npHHu,HnHaJIbHNX He OCTaTKOB OHa CTaHeT aJIbTepHaTHBHoit
8
rJ1aBa 1 PEAKUJ10HHOE <l>OPMOBAHJ1E MOHOnJ1THbiX
J1 nOABCnEHEHHblX nOnJ1YPET AHOB
1.1. XIo1MIo14ECKIo1E 101 CDIo13101KO-XIo1MIo14ECKIo1E OCHOBbI npO ECCA
Cpe H OJIHrOMepHblx KOMn03Hu,HH, nepepa6aTNBaeMNX B H3,!J,eJIHJI
H3 MOHOJIHTHMX H nO BcneHeHHNx nOJIHypeTaHoB MeTO,!J,OM peaKu,H-
OHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHSI, HaH60JIbWee pa3BHTHe nOJIYIJHJIH OpnOJIH-
MepHNe CHCTeMN H RIM-KoMn03Hu,HH, nepepa6aTblBaeMNe no o -
HOCTa HHHOH TeXHOJIOrHH.
1.1.1. nHTbeBble OpnOJ1HMepHble CHCTeMbl
KOMn03Hu,HH ,!J,JIH peaKu,HoHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHSI nOJIHypeTaHoB, co-
Aep:H<a He CTaOHJIbHNe H HeCTa6HJIbHNe 1j>0pnOJIHMepN H y.aJIHHH-
TeJIH u,enH (oTBep HTeJIH), H3BeCTHN OKOJIO 30 JIeT [5, c. 105].
nepBNMH ,!J,O CHX nop npHMeHHeMNMH H3 HUX HBJIHIOTCJI A HnpeH JJ
(<<Du Pont», GIlA) H BYJ1KOJIJlaH (<<Bayer», <l>Pf). B CCCP 6J1H3-
KHe K HHM JIHTbeBMe 'fiOJIHypeTaHbl BNnYCKaIDTCJI no.a MapKaMH
CKY-n<l>JI H CKY-7JI [8]. 3TH H nO,!J,06Hble HM CHCTeMM eTaJIbHO
paccMOTpeHM B [6, 7J, n03TOMY 3 ecb MN OCTaHOBHMCJI JIHWb Ha
06 eH xapaKTepHcTHKe CHCTeM H HeKoTopMX HOBNX pa3pa60TKa .
06pa30BaHHe MOHOJIHTHNX nOJIHypeTaHoB no opnOJIHMepHOA
cxeMe :BKJIIO'IaeT CTa HH nOJIYIJeHMH H OTBep1K eHHJI 1j>0pnOJIHMepa.
CPOp-nOJIHMep nOJIyqalOT no cJIe YIO eR cxeMe
HO-R-OH + 2NCOR'NCO -- NCOR'NHCOO-R-OCONHR'NCO,
rAe R - OCTaTOK npOCToro HJlH CJI0)KHOrO OJlHr0341Hpa HJlH 0.1HrO.ll.HeHa, HanpH-
M'p [-(CH.).-O- ; R' - "'''",OK _"'....,". ...p.... -q-CH"
Ba}KHeRwHMH TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHMH napaMeTpaMH 1f>0pnOJIHMe-
pOB JI'BJIJlIOTCH cO,!J,ep1KaHHe 'H30u,HaHaTHNX rpynn H cTa6HJIbHOCTb.
Co.aep:H<aHHe H30u,HaHaTHNX rpynn BapbHpYIOT nYTeM H3MeHeHHH
MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCN HCXO,!J,Horo OJIHrO,!J,HOJIa; 06N'IHO OHO Haxo-
HTCH B npe,!J,eJIax 3-10% (Mac.). 4eM BNwe CO,!J,ep:H<3HHe H30-
u,HaHaTHNX rpy",n B 1j>0pnOJIHMepe, TeM MeHbwe JIHHa 3JIaCTH'IHO-
ro 6JIOKa M 60JIbWe cO,!J,ep1KaHHe 1KeCTKHX 6JIOKOB B 06pa3YIO eMCH
Ha OCHOBe .aaHHoro 1j>0pnOJIHMepa 3JIaCTOMepe.
CTa6HJIbHOCTb 1j>0pnOJIHMepa 3aBHCHT OT npHpO,!J,M OJIHreMepa H
HH30u,HaHaTa H YCJIOBHH xpaHeHHJI. HaH60JIee cTa6HJIbHN opno-
JIHMepN H3 npOCToro OJIHr03 Hpa HJIH OJIHrO,!J,HeHa H 2,4-TOJIYHJIeH-
.aHH30t(HaHaTa (2,4- T .lIH), HaHMeHee - H3 CJI01KHOrO nOJIH31j>Hpa H
1,5-HaIj>THJIeH.aHH3ou,MaHaTa (1,5-H.lIH) HJIH 4,4'- nfj>eHMJIMeTaH.aH.
Jl30u,MaHaTa (4,4' -M.lII1). 113-3a HaJInllHH B MOJIeKYJIe 4>opnOJIH-
Mepa H30u,HaHaTHNX H ypeTaHoBNx rpynn JII060H OpnOJIHMep
SlBJIHeTCSI nOTeHu,HaJIbHO HeCTa6HJIbHNM. npH BNCOKOH TeMnepa-
9
Type OH cnoc06eH pa3BeTBJIJlTbCJI H .aa1Ke CTPYKTypHpOBaTbCJI
B pe3YJIbTaTe peaKu,HH aJIJIolj>aHaTo06pa30BaHHH, a Ha B03.ayxe
oe3 HarpeBaHHH OTBep1K aTbCH no eHCTBHeM aTMoclj>epHoH BJIa-
fH. O HaKO B repMeTH'IHO 3aKpNTOH Tape 1j>0pnOJIHMepN Ha oc-
HOBe npOCTNX nOJIH31j>HpOB HJIH OJIHrO HeHOB H TJlH cnoc06H
xpaHHTbCH JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMH (MeCHu,N H a1Ke rO N).
OTBep1K eHHe 1j>0pnOJIHMepa npOHCXO HT C 06pa30BaHHeM no-
JIHypeTaHMOqeBHHN (I) HJIH nOJIHypeTaHa (II) no CJIe.aYIO eH
cxeMe:
nNCOR'NHCOO-R-OCONHR'NCO + nNH2R"NH (HOR"'-OH) -
, -- (-R-OCONHRNHCONHR"NHCONHRNHCOO-)"
- (
-- [-R-OCONHRNHCOOR"'OCONHRNHCOO-) ",
]J
l'.lI.e R - OCTaTOK O,1HroMepa; R' - OCTaTOK .I1HH30UHaHaTa; R" - OCTaTOK aMHHa.
Cl CI
HanpHMep - CHt-r<-; R'" - OCTaTOK r. HKOJlSl, HanpHMep
\J- \:=/
(-CH -). (1,4-6YT3H.I1HOJl).
npHse.u.eHHble cxeMN COOTBeTCTBYIOT 3KBHMOJIbHOMY COOTHowe-
HHIO pearHpYIO HX rpynn H MHrKHM YCJIOBHHM OTBep1K eHHH.
B CJIyqae, eCJlH R" HJIU R'" TpUIj>YHKu,HOHaJIbHN, 06pa3yeTcH CWU-
TNH nOJIHyperaH (MOIJeBHHa).
CWHTNU nOJIHypeTaH M01KeT 6NTb TaK1Ke nOJIyqeH npH HCnOJIb-
30BaHHH 5-10%-ro H36NTKa H30u,HaHaTHNX rpynn no cpaBHeHHIO
co CTeXHOMeTpUIJeCKHM 3a CqeT 06pa30BaHHH aJIJIolj>aHaTHNX HJIH
6HypeToBNX Y3JIOB pa3BerBJIeHHH npH TeMnepaType 100-120°C.
OTBep1K eHHe <p<>pnOJIHMepa npH 80 °C npHBo HT K 06pa30BaHHIO
cerMeHTHp08aHHoro nOJIHypeTaHa C B COKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM MHO-
rOKp3THoH elj>opMau,Hu [27 J. OpnOJIUMep, OTBep1K)l.eHHNH npH
140 °C, npe CTaBJISl:eT c060A THnHIJHNH CWHTblH nOJIHypeTaH.
Bonpoc 0 He06Ko HMOCTH XHMHIJeCKOrO CWHBaHHH ypeTaHoBNx
3JIaCTOMepOB HeO H03HaIJeH. XHM'HqeCKOe CWHBaHHe He H'BJIHerCSI
(B OTJIHqHe OT Tpa Hu,UOHHNX BYJIKaHH3aTOB) 06H3aTeJIbHNM
YCJIOBHeM 1j>0pMlfpoBaHHH KOMnJIeKCa Tpe6yeMNx CBOUCT,B ypeTa-
HOBNX 3JIaCTOMepOB, r e ero pOJIb H O HOBpeMeHHO Ij>YHKU,HIO aK-
THBHoro HaneJIHHTeJIJI BNnOJIHHeT 1KeCTKaH lj>a3a, Clj>opMHpoBaHHaH
H3 ypeTaHMoIJesHHHblX 6JIOKOB. DOJIee TOro, '1aCTO XHMHqecKoe
CWHBaHHe HrpaeT HeraTHBHYIO pOJIb, npenHTCTBYH 06pa30BaHHIO
Me>KMOJleKYJIHpHblX H npe1K e Bcero BO OpO HNX CBH3eH, 6JIaro a-
pH KOTOpNM B OCHOBHOM H 1j>0pMHpyercH KOMnJIeKC YHHKaJIbHNX
CBOHCTB ypeTaHoBblX 3JIaCTOMepOB. CWHBaHHe He06xo HMO, Bepo-
'SITHO, B Tex CJIyqaHX, KOr)l.a H3)1.eJIHe 3KCnJIyaTHpyeTcH npH 60JIb-
WHX CTaTUqeCKHX HarpY3Kax H nOBNweHHblX TeMnepaTypax H ecTb
onaCHOCTb He06paTHMoro TeIJeHHH 3JIaCTOMepa no HarpY3KOH
[28J. O HaKO B pa60Tax [29, 30J CTaBHTCH no COMHeHHe 31j>1j>eK-
THBHOCTb XHMI1IJecKoro CWU'BaHUH nOJIH HeHypeTaHMOqeBHH H B
3THX CJIyqajfx.
10
nOMHMO ynoMJlHYTOrO BNWe A HnpeHa 3a py6e1KOM, HanpHMep
B CiliA, BNn}'cKaIOT pJl.ll. 1j>0pnOJIHMepOB, pa3JIHIJalO HXCH npHpo-
.lion OJIHrOMepa H HH30u,HaHaTa, HCnOJIb3ylO HxcH .aJIJI HX H3ro-
TOBJIeHHH, B lIaCTHOCTH AH.ayp (Ij>HpMa «Anderson Corp.»), KOHa-
TaR (<<Canap Inc.»), UHaHanpeH (<<Ame'rican Cyanamide Corp.»),
MYJIbTpaTaH (<<Mobay Chemical Corp.»), nOJIaTaH (<<Polaroid
Corp.»), BH6poTaH (<<Uniroyal Ltd.») [31].
OCHoBHNe Ha:npaBJIeHHH BN60pa COCTaBa lj>opno,1HMepa B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT Tpe60BaHHH, npe HBJIHeMblX K H3 eJIHJlM, cJIe YIO He
[32J:
nOK83aTenb
YC OSHaSi npOqHOCTb npH paCTSI)KeHHH
npOqHOCTb npH pa3AHpe
O:TaTOQH3SI A opMaUHSI C1KaTH"
YnpyrocTb no OTCKOKY
HH3KoTeMnepaTypHble Csol!cTsa
BbicoKoTeMnepaTypHble csol!cTsa
A6pa3HsHaSi YCTOI!QHSOCTb
npH CKOJlb)KeHHH
npH Y.I1ape
Pa30rpes np" .I1 OpMHposaHHH
rH.I1pOJlHTHQeCKaSi CToAKOCTb
aCJl06eH3OCToAKOCTb
Tennosoe CTapeHHe
Bblme
CJlO)KHbll! nOJlH-
3 Hp
To )Ke
HHJKe
nO.1HoKcHnponH.1eH.
rJlHKo.'1b (nnr)
To 1Ke
MD.H
T D.H - CJlO)KHbll!
nOJlH34IHp
C.'10)KHbll! no.1H3 Hp
MLl.H
T D.H
Ll.H - nOJlHlPypHT
To )Ke
T D.H
C.'10)KHbll! nOJlH3 Hp nnr
MD.H - no.1H YPHT :.
nO.'1H YPHT CnO)KHblA
341Hp
MD.H - no.1H ypHr T D.H - CJlO)KHblii
nOJlH3 Hp
nO.1H- nOJlH ypHT
no.'1H'
CJlO)KHbll!
341Hp
To )Ke
nnr
3TH aHHNe M01KHO 6NJIO 6N .aonOJIHHTb OJIHro.ll.HeHaMH, KOTO-
pNe 06ecne'lHBalOT 9JIaCToMepy MaKCHMaJibHNe MOp030- H rH po-
JIHTHliecKYIO CTOHKOCTb [33, c. 78-138].
HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHNMH OTBep1K alO HMH areHTaMH
.lI.JISI ypeTaHoBNx 1j>0pnOJIHMepOB SI'BJIHIOTCH MeTHJIeH6HC-0-XJIOP-
aHHJIHH-MOKA (oTellecTBeHHNH aHaJIOr HaMeT X) H 1,4-6YT<lH-
.aHOJI. ,l1ocToHHcTBa H He OCTaTKH aMHHHoro H HOJIbHOrO OTBep1K-
.aeHHH 1j>0pnOJIHMepOB Heo HoKpaTHo H nO.ll.p06HO 06cY1K.lI.aJIHCb
[6-8, 31, 34J. OTMeTHM TOJIbKO, liTO npH OTBep1K eHHH aMHHaMH
npou'ecc H.lI.eT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO 6b1CTpee (Ha nopH OK H 60JIee), 06pa-
3YIO HecH nOJIHypeTaHMolleBHHN HMelOT oOJIee BNCOKHe TBep.ll.OCTb,
npOIiHOCTb, TeMnepaTypOCTOHKOCTb, conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHHIO H
T. . nOJiYlleHHNe HOJI-TpHOJIbHNM OTBep1K.lI.eHHeM nOJIHypeTaHN
cy ecT'BeHHo 60JIee 3JIaCTHIIHbl [31 J.
MOKA npHMeHSIIOT JIH OTBep1K eHHSI H30u,HaHaTHNX 1j>0pnOJIH-
MepoB C MOMeHTa HX 'nOHBJIeHHH. 3TOT npo YKT HMeeT pH He.ao-
CTaTKOB [6-8J. MOKA nJIaBHTCH '"PH 105°C H COOTBeTCTBeHHO
nepepa6aTN'8aeTCSI npH 110-120°C. OCTNBaHHe MOKA B JIHH'HH
nO aIJH npH'80 HT K KpHcTaJIJIH3a,u,'HH H 3a6HBKe JIHHHH. CooTHowe-
HHe 1j>0pnOJIHMepa H OTBep.ll.HTeJIH 06N'IHO COCTaBJIHeT 100: 10-20.
napN H nNJIb MOKA TOKCH'IHN [35J. n03TOMY npe npHHHMalOTcH
nonNTKH 3aMeHHTb HJIH MO HIj>HI.(HpOBaTb 3TOT TOKC'H'IHNH H CJI01K-
.
II
HNH B TeXHOJIOrHH (HO OnTHMaJIbHNH no CBOHCTBaM rOTOBoro H3-
JleJIHH) npo YKT [12]. MO HIj>HKau,HH MOKA HanpaBJIeHa, B lfaCT-
HOCTH, Ha npeBpa eHHe ero B 1KH KOCTb nYTeM, Hall1pHMep, pac-
TBopeHHH B flOJIHMepH3au,HoHHocnoc06HoM OJIHrOMepe (OJIHr03Ij>Hp-
aKpHJIaTe) [36] HJIH B HaJIKHJIbHOM npOH3Bo.aHOM MOKA [37J.
B KalfeCTBe HaMHHOB, npe.ll.JIaraeMNx .lI.JIH OTBep1K eHHH Ij>op-
nOJIHMepOB, CJIe yeT ynoMHHYTb 1KH KHe BTOpH'IHNe HaMHHN
[38J, CMeceBNe 1KH KHe .aHaMHHN [39]. aMHHHNe OTBep HTeJIH,
HCnOJIb3yeMbie B CHCTeMe BabeK (Ij>HpMa «Bayer», pr) [40J.
B3aHMocBH3b CTPYKTypN H aKTHBHOCTH pa3JIHlfHNX npOH3BO HNX
TOJIYHJIeH HaMHH08 H3YIJeHa B [41 J. Bo06 e npoH3Bo Hble TOJIYH-
JIeH HaMHHOB B nOCJIe Hee BpeMH WHpOKO HCnOJIb3YlOT B XHMHH
nOJIHypeTaHoB. TaK, H3THJITOJIYHJIeH HaMHH (.D.3T.D.A) CTaJI
OCHOBOH KOMn03Hu,HH RIM BToporo nOKOJIeHHH; TpeT-6YTHJITOJIYH-
JIeH HaMHH TaKme peKoMeH yeTcH HCUOJIb30BaTb B RIM-TexHo-
JIOrHH.
B KalfeCTBe 1KH KOro MaJIOTOKCHlfHoro HaMHHa JIH OTBep1K.lI.e-
HHH cTa6HJIbHblX 1j>0pnOJIHMepOB peKOMeH OBaH 3TaKblOp-300-
.aHMeTHJITHO-2,4-2,6-TOJIYHJIeH HaMHH (<<Ethil Corp», CIlIA), KOTO-
pblH BnOJIHe M01KeT 6blTb npHMeHeH B3aMeH MOKA [42J. OnHcaH
(43J HOBblH HeTOKCH'IHNH HaMHH JIH 3aMeHN MOKA - 4,4-Me-
THJIeH6HC (3-xJIop-2,6- H3THJIaHHJIHH).
ApoMaTHIJecKHH pa HKaJI M01KeT 6b1Tb BBe eH B 1KeCTKHH 6JIOK
ypeTaHoBoro 3JIaCTOMepa nYTeM 3aMeHN aJIHlj>aTHlfecKoro HOJIa,
HCnOJIb3yeMoro B KalfeCTBe y JIHHHTeJIH u,enH, Ha apoMaTHlfecKHH
{44].
06 eM nOTpe6JIeHHH JIHTbeBNX ypeTaHoBblX 3JIaCTOMepOB co-
CTaBHJI B 1985 r. B CIlIA 72,6 TNC. T [45J. 06JIaCTH npHMeHeHHH
.JlHTbeBNX nOJIHypeTaHoB onpe eJIHJIHCb B HaCTOH ee BpeMH o-
BOJIbHO lfeTKO [46]. TaK, OHH WHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcH JIH nOKpblTHH
nOJIHypeTaHaMH BaJIOB caMoro pa3JIHIJHOrO Ha3HaIJeHHH H pa3Mepa
{31, 47 J. B IJaCTHOCTH, JIH 3THX u,eJIeH HCnOJIb3yIOT 6ecIj>opMoBYlO
'TeXHOJIOrHlO HaHeceHHH 6NCTpOOTBep1K alO HXcH KOMn03Hu,HH, Ha-
npHMep BaHTeK Ha Bpa alO HHcH BaJI. 06wHpHaH 06JIaCTb HC-
nOJIb30BaHHH JIHTbeBNX nOJIHypeTaHOB - H3roTOBJIeHHe MaCCHBHNX
WHH, pOJIHKOB, BaJIKOB, TpaK [48]. B 6JIH1KaHWee BpeMH, BepoHT-
HO, JIHTbeBNe ypeTaHoBNe 3JIaCTOMepN 6Y YT npHMeHHTbcH npH
Jf3roTOBJIeHHH TpaKTopHNX WHH r21]. a B nepcneKTHBe - nHeBMa-
THIJeCKHX aBTOM06HJIbHNX [22, 49]. B ropHo 06NBalO eH npo-
MNWJIeHHOCTH H3 JIHTbeBNX nOJIHypeTaHOB .lI.eJIalOT 3JIeMeHTN rpo-
XOTOB, B MawHHocTpoeHHH OHH Tpa Hu,HoHHO HCnOJIb3ylOTcH B Ka-
'iecTBe 3JIaCTH'IHNX MaTpHu, [50J, H 3TO JIHWb OCHOBHNe 06JIaCTH
npHMeHeHHH JIHTbeBNX nOJIHypeTaHoB.
1.1.2. RIM-noJ1HypeTaHIt.
RIM-npou,ecc, KaK Y1Ke 6b1JIO CKa3aHO, 3TO peaKu,HoHHoe 1j>0pMoBa-
HHe H3 e"HH H3 BNCOKoaKTHBHNX ypeTaHoBNx (MO'leBHHHNx) KOM-
n03Hu,HH Ha MaWHHax BNCOKoro .aaBJIeHHH [3, 11, 51J. 3a 10 'JIeT
]2
cy eCTBOBaHBH lM. Jf ero WHpOKoro HCnOJIb30BaHHH B a'8ToM06H-
JIeCTpOeHHH ClllA CMeHHJIOCb Y1Ke 4 nOKOJIeHHH RIM-KoMn03H-
I.{Hi I4J.
BNCOKHe Tpe60BaHHH K Ij>H3HKo-MeXaHH'IeCKHM nOKa3aTeJIJlM
3JIeMeHTOB KY30Ba aBToM06HJIH - MaKCHMaJIbHO B03M01KHNH MO-
AYJIb ynpyrocTH 'npH H3rHoe (.ao 1000 Mna), MHHHMaJIbHNH Ten-
JIOBOH nporH6 MaTepHaJIa (heat sag), aTMoclj>epocToHKOCTb, co-
nOCTaBHMaB: co CpOKOM CJIY1KObl aBToM06HJIH, a TaK1Ke TeXHOJIO-
fHIJHOCTb (HanpHMep, B03M01KHOCTb CYWKH OKpaweHHblX .lI.eTaJIeH
KY30Ba B TenJIOBOH KaMepe) onpe.aeJIHIOT He06xo HMocTb nOJIyqe-
HUH H3 eJIHH no RIM-TexHoJIorHH C MaKCHMaJIbHOH Ka1Ky eHcH
nJIOTHOCTblO. O HaKO BNCOKaH yca 'Ka RIM-KoMn03Hu,HH, COCTOJl-
lUHX 60JIee 'IeM HanOJIOBHHY H3 MOHOMepOB, Tpe6yeT YBeJIH'IeHHH
06 eMa CM-&H TIPH OT.8ep1K eHHH B pe3YJIbTaTe, HanpHMep, BcneHH-
.saHHH. BOJIee TOro, perYJ1HpyeMoe BcneHHBaHHe RIM-H3.aeJIHH B 3Ha-
'1HTeJIbHOH CTeneHH HHBeJIHpyeT HeH36e:H<HO B03HHKalO He B MaTe-
pHaJIe .80 BpeMH cMeweHHH, TeqeHHH, 3aifiOJIHeHHH 1j>0pMbI CMecblO
H B pe3YJIbTaTe caMopa30rpeBa CMeCH CJIY'laHHNe nopbl, nY3blPH H
..npyrHe .aE$eKT.bI. BcneHHBaHHe, XOTH H HeCKOJIbKO CHH:H<aeT Ij>H3H-
KO-MeXaHHIJeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH RIM-H3.l1.eJIHH, HO YMeHbwaeT pacxo
MaTepH3JIOB H HX TenJIOnpOBo.aHOCTb. TaKHM o6pa30M, Bbl60p Ka-
JKy eHcH .nJIOTHOCTH RLM-H3 eJIHH - 3TO KOMnpOMHCC TeXHOJIOrH-
.qeCKHX, TexHHIJeCKHX H 3'KOHOMHIJeCKHX Tpe60BaHHH. 06NIJHO onTH-
MaJIbHOe COOTHoweHHe 3THX Tpe60BaHHH C06JIIO.aaeTCH npH Ka1KY-
.w.eH-CH nJIOTHOCTH 900-1100 Kr/M 3 , T. e. RIM-H3.l1.eJIHe HBJIHeTCH,
KaK npaBHJIO, no.a'8CneHeHHblM MOHOJIHTOM.
KaK MbI YJKe rOBOp.HJIH, cy ecTBYIOT '1eTNpe nOKOJIeHHH
RIM-MaTepHaJIoB. feHeTH'IeCKaH CBH3b RIM-KoMn03Hu,HH nepBoro
nOKOJIeHHH H THnH'IHblX 06YBHblx Mny KOMn03Hu,HH (CM. rJI. 2)
lIpOCJIe1KHBaeTCH lJeTKO. 06 3TOM cBH eTeJIbCTByeT npHHu,HnHaJIb-
HaH 6JIH30CTb COCTaBOB 06YBHNX KOMn03Hu,HH Mny H RIM-noJIH-
ypeTaHoB nepBoro nOKOJIeHHH: H Te H .lI.pyrHe COCTOHT B OCHOBHOM
.H3 rH pOKCHJICO ep1Ka HX OJIHroMepoB, r JIHKOJIea H 4,4' -M.D.H.
THnHtlH'Ne KOMn03HUHH RIM-nY nepBoro nOKOJIeHHH onHcaHN,
HanpHMep, B [52]. nOJIHOJIbHNH KOMnOHeHT 3THX KOMn03Hu,HH co-
'CTOHT .83 OJIHrOOKCHUpOnHJIeHOKCH3THJIeH..D.H (TpH)OJIa npeHMy ecT-
;seHHO C nep'8H'IHNMH rH poKCHJIbHNMH rpynnaMH, 3THJIeHrJIHKOJIH
(1,4-6YTaH HoJIa) H .aH6YTHJI HJIaypHHaTa OJIOBa (.D.B.lI.JIO). B Ka-
'IJeCTBe 'H30u,HaHaTHOrO KOMnOHeHTa 'Ia e Bcero npHMeHHIOT ypeToHH-
MHHH3HpoBaHHNH 4,4'-M.lI.H (HanpHMep, H30HaT 143JI Ij>HpMN
«Upjohn:., CIlIA). BcneHHBaHHe ocy ecTBJIHeTCH Ij>peoHoM HJIH
MeTHJIeHXJIOpH.!I.OM, KOTOpNH, J{aK 'npaBHJIO, BBO HT B nOJIHOJIbHNH
KOMnOHeHT. KOJIHqecTBO rJl.HKOJIH :mpe eJISleTCH Tpe6yeMoH TBep-
..nOCTblO H MO YJI,eM ynpyrocTH MaTep'HaJIa H JIH RIM-nY c co-
.aep1KaHHeM 1KeCTKHX OJIOKOB 50% (Mac.) Ha 100 Mac. 'I. nOJIH-
OJIbHOro KOMnOHe.HTa OJUKHO II,pHXO.!I.HT.bCH 15-20 Mac. q. 3THJIeH-
r.JIHKOJUI.
.
iI3
COCTaB (MaC. II.) THnH'IHIIIX RIM-flY rrepBOro
se.aeH HH1Ke [52]:
nOJlHOJlbHblii KOMnOHeHT (B):
OJlHrOOKCHnpOnHJleHOKCH3THJleHTpHOJl (M;. = 6500.
90% nepSH"HbiX OH.rpynn)
)],6)],JIO
aMHHHblii KaTaJlH3aTOp
peoH ] I B
YAJlHHHTeJlb lI,enH - 3THJleHrJlHHOJlb-
nOKOJI-eHl!fll npa-
100
0,]5
0.05
2,0
10-25% OT MaCey
nOHeHTa B
H30UHaHaTHblii KOMnOHeHT (A) - H30HaT I43JI NCO: OH=I,05
TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHe napaMeTpN npouecca: cJIe YIOw.He:
TeMnepaTypa. OC:
KOMnOHeHTa B
KOMnOHeHTa A
pMbI
BpeMSI pac opMoSKH, C'
Pa3Mepbl OpMbI, M
Pe)KHM .I100TSep)K.I1eHHst
ROM-
38
2.7
71
30
O,04xO,6x ].2'
r'l npH 1200C
<l>H3HKo-MeXaHH'IeCKHe CSeHCl'Ba1 3TUX. MaTepHaJIOB .aaH&I S
TaOJI. 1.1.
Oc06eHHocTH nOJIylleHHH, CTpYKTypa H CBeaCTBa RIM-flY nep-
Boro nOKOJIeHHSI onHcaHN 'B [3, 11, 52. 6]'.
B ,RIM-KoMn03Hu,HHx BToporo nOKOJIeHHH BMeCTe rJ1HKOJleH S
KalleCTBe y.aJIHHHTeJIH u,enH HCnOJIb3YlOT .aHaMUHN [57, 58J. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe oopa3ye'reH RIM oJIHypeTaHMo'leBHHa (FlYM.). IIp:u
3TOM YBeJIH'IH'BaeTcSI CKOpOCTb npou,ecca H 'lIeBNWaeTCSI P,SI,!I, Ba}K-
HNX nOKa3aTeJIeH RIM-MaTepHaJIoB, B 'IaCTHOCTH TeMnepaTypecToli-
KOCTb. COCTaBN (Mac. 'I.) THnH'IHNx. RIM-nYM ([ H II), npHBe e-
HN HH1Ke [57 J :
nOJlHOJlbHbIA KOMlIOHeRT:
OJIHrOOKCBnpODBJleHOKCH9THneRTpHOn' (r poK-
CHJlbHoe 1IBCJlO - 28)
CMecb I-MeTHJI-],5-AH3THJlcfleHHJI-2,4i- B 2,&-,A1I-
aMHHOS ()],3T)],A) (65: 35}i
)],6)],JIO
KOMnJleKC .lt6.ltJIO (J MOJlb) H, 2',3'-.I1BMe-
TM-3,4,5,6-TeTparU.l{pODHpHMH.IlRHa (1 Mom.)'
MOHO TOpTpHXJlOpMeTaH
H30ll,HaHaTHbiA KOMnOHeHT - npo.l{Yu BBaHMO.l1eli-
cTaHSI 4,4' -M)],H H TpHnpODHJleHrJlHKOJlB (NCO -
23%)
TeXHOJIOrH'IecKHe navaMeTp&l npouecca:
TepHaJIOB BTopOro 'lIOKOJIeHHlI CJIe;nYIOlU,He:,
TeMnepaTypa, ec:
KOMnOHeRTOS
OpMY
BpeMSI pactflopMosKH, C
Pa3Mepbl pMY, M
Pe]l(HM ,nOOTBep]l(.l{eHHft<
14
r. rJ
83,.5, 17,&
]12,.5 23.&
0,05- o,r
4,0'
33,5' 55,0
DOJIyqeHHS£ RIM-Ma-
25
50
30
O,04XO.2XI.2'
]: " npH 120°C
\
\
Ta6/tuqa 1.1.
4>H3HKIHteXatlH'lleCKHe CsoACTsa RIM-I1Y
C Ka*Y1!teiics n.10THOCTbIO 1000 Kr/M 8
CooTRomeHRe KOMnOReRT B : 3TRneRrllBKonb
IJoKa3aTeJlB
90: 10 85: 15 80:20 75:25
YCJlOSH8S UPOqHOCT.b npH pacTSI1KeslDI, 16,2 23,8 26,6 29,3
MTIa
OrHOCHTeJlbHoe y.aJlHHeHHe IIPH pa3pu:- 253 270 ]93 193
Be, % 101,0
<:onpOTHSJleHHe pa3.11 py, /M .36,0 62,6 89,6
MO.l1YJlb ynl'YI'QCTH pH H3ru.6e, MIla: 150,0 649,6
npH 24°C 44,8 343,7
IIpH 70.C 39,2 100,0 208,0 361,9
n;pH -29 °C fOO,8 423,5 732,6 1190,0
<:OOTHOiUeHHe MQ.I1y. n npu -29 II 2,57 4,32 3,76 3,29
10°C
TenJlosoA nporH6 npH ]21°C, JiIM 1:2,0 .6,35 1,27
YnpyrocTb, rp8.ll: 0,5 .6 19 14
30c
5 MHR {) (2 MHH) 0.5 6 9
'\'1)H3HKO-MeXaHHtfeCKHe CB.OHCTBa RIM-MaTepHaJIOB BToporo no-
KOJIeHHJI npHBe eHbI B Ta6.IJ. 1.2.
HeKOTOpNe oro6eHHocTH nOJIYlfeHHH, CTpYKTypa H CBoHcTBa
RI -I1Y BTOpOro nOKOJIeHHH 'paccMoTpenw B 157--6IJ.
TIpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH :RIM-KoMn03Hu,HH TpeTberO nOKOJIeHHH B
COCTaB nOJIHOJIbHOro (a.MHHHoro) K-DMnOHeHTa BBO.l1HT CMa3KH, n03-
Ta6/tuqa 1.2.
H3HKO-'MeXaHHqeCKHe csoiicTBa .R]M-IlYM
C Ka*yllteiicSi nJlOTHOCTblO 1060- 1090 Kr!M 8
COCTaB
nOKa3aTeJJR I AOOT.BeplK- I (le3 .I100T- I \I .I100TSepJK-
.I1eHRblll SepJK.I1eRRJI .I1eHRblA
YCJ\OBHaSi npO'lHOCTb npH paCTS!)KeHHH, 17,0 17,3 :31,0
MI1a
()THOCHT JlbHOe Y.l1J1HHeHHe npH paapbl'
se, %: 412 '356 316
npH 65°C
npH 25°C 391 374 290
npH -30°C 307 :258 222
ConpoTHoneHHe %a3.D.Hpy, KH/M 83 80 ]55
MOAY_1b npH 50 'M y.a..1HHeHHH, Mlla 5.04 5,28 15,4
TSep.l10CTb: 93 '94
1lI0p A
1lI0p .LJ. 62
.llHHaMH'IeCKHH MO.l1Y.'t!t YIIpyroCTH,
.MIla:
npH 65°C 59,6 64.2 283
npH 25°C 90,8 101 449
,npH -30°C 243 30iI 917
J5
.
I
BOJIJlIOIUHe CHHTb C «popMbl 6e3 BnemHeii €Ma3.KH 3O 300 H3.aeJIHA
[62J. npHMeHeHHe BHYTpeHHHX CMa30K TeM 3.pcpeKTABHeA:, 'IeM Me-
Hee npo.aOJI1KHTeJIeH UHKJI <l>opMoBaHHH H qeM MeHbWHM 'IHCJIOM
<l>OpM YKOM:nJIeKTOBaHa )laHHaH JIHTbeBaJi YCTaHOBKa. B HaHOOJIee
KpHTHqeC'KoR cHTya,u,HH (U,HKJI 1j>0pMoBaHHSI 1 MHH, 3a eRcT8oBa-
Ha 1 1j>0pMa) HaJIHIIHe BHYTpeHHeH CMa3KH' 3KOHOMHT 20-25%
BpeMeHH UIfKJIa. 31j>c:peKT .aeHcTBHH BHYTpeHHeR CMa3KH CBHsaH C
ee BblnOTeBaHHeM, BN 3'BJIHBaHHeM Ha 'noBepxHocTb H3.aeJIHJI B npo-
u,ecce ero OTBep1K eRHSI [3, c. 213]. CocTaBbl CMa30K 06b1'1HO He
paCKpblBalOTCH Ij>HpMaMH-'OpOH3BO HTeJIHMH, O HaKO H3BeCTHO, '11'0
B KalleCTBe TaKHX CMa30K MorYT HCnOJIb30BaTbCSI CTeapaT U,HHK3
[63], OJIHrOCHJIOKCaHOBNe KHCJIOTN [3, c. 213; 64; 65] H pH PY-
rHX coe.aHHeHHA [66-69J. O HO H3 Ba1KHeHUIHX Tpe60BaHHH K
BHYTpeHHHM CMa3KaM - HHepTHocTb no OTHoweHHIO K KOMnOHeH-
TaM RIM-KoMn03Hu,HH: OHH He OJI1KHbl Y'IaCTBOBaTb B peaKu,HSlX
OTBep1K eHHSI H BJIHHTb Ha CBOHCTBa RI,M-MaTepHaJIa.
LJeTBepToe, HOBeHwee nOKOJIeHHe RIM-KoMn03Hu,HH CO ep1KHT B
KalleCTBe OJIHrOMepHoH CuCTaBJIHIO eH OJIHrOOKCHnpOnHJIeH.aH-
H (HJIH) TpHaMHHN. B Ka'leCTBe Y JIHHHTeJIH u,enH B 3THX CHCTeMax
npHMeHJlIOT TOJIbKO .aHaMHHN, B qaCTHOCTH H3THJITOJIYHJIeH HaMHIf'
[57, 58J; KaTaJIH3aTOpN He 'npHMeHJlIOTCJI. B paooTax [15, 16, 70-
74] npoBe eHo eTaJIbHOe conOCTaBJIeHHe cBoRcTB RIM-nYM BTO-
poro nOKOJIeHHH H RIM-noJIHMoqeBHHN (nM) lIeTBepToro. nOKa-
3aHO, 'lT0 'RIM-nM npeBocxo.aHT RIM-nYM no rH pOJIHTH'IeCKoft
CToRKOCTH B pe3YJIbTaTe Toro, lITO B RIM-nYM B OJIHrOMepHoR co-
CTaI8JIHIO eH HMelOTCSI c:pparMeHT&1' 3THJIeHOKCH a, a B OJIHro H-
:(TpH) aMHHax HX HeT:
[ CH3 ] [ , CH3 ]
H2 N - - H-CH20- x-R- -(-OCH2-6H-),,-NH2 y
RIM.nM
CH3
I
HO - (- CHz - CH2 - 0 - >z - (- CH - CH 2 0 -)" - R -
.
[ CH 3 ]
- - (- OCH2 - 6H -),,- (- OCH2 - CHi-)z - OH y
Y = 1 MnM 2
RIM.nVM
RIM-nM OTJIHQaJOTCJI T8K}Ke 60JIee BLiCOKOH TepMOOKHCJIHTeJIb-
HoR cTa6HJIbHOCTLlO H3-3a Toro, ''ITO B OTJIHqHe OT :RIM-nYM OHB
He co.aep1KaT KaTaJIH3aTOpa - ,U.BJ1JIO. OKa3aJIOCb TaK}Ke, litO
16
OJIHrOaMHHN\ ,JIYlfWe COBMeLU31OTCH C BHYTp'eHHHMH CMa3KaMH, qeM!:
rH pOKCHJICO ep1Ka He OJIHroMepN. CBoAcTBa 1KeCTKHX RIM-nYM.
H RIM-nM npHBe.aeHN HH1Ite [711:
YC.'IOBHU npoqHOCTb npH paCTS!)KeHHH, MrIa
OTHOCHTeJlbHoe Y.l{JlHHeHHe npH p33pbIBe, %
ConpOTHBJleHHe p33.!1,HPY, KH!M
MO.l1YJlb ynpyrocTH npH H3rH6e npH 25 "C, MTTii
OTHoweHHe MO.l1YJleii npH -30 H 70°C
TenJloBoli nporH6 npH ]20 °C B Te'leHHe ] q
iRIM.nYM
25,9
260
63
245
3,5
21,6
RIM-nM
24,5
240
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252
2,6
8,9
CBoAcma 3JIaCTHlfHbIX RIM-nYM H RIM-nM [cO.!J.ep1KaHHe'
3JIaCTHqHNX QJIOKOB -77,2-77,5% (Mac.)] CJIe.aYIO He (B tlHCJIH-'
TeJIe MHKpOHlfeHCToro MaTepHaJIa, B 3HaMeHaTeJIe - MOHOJIHTHoro):
YCJlOBH3SI npoqHOCTb npH paCT$I)KeHHH, Mna
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J] ,3!16,1
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20,3!39,2
52,5/97,3
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9,17!17,36
360/380
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nOJIYlfeHHIO H CBOHCTBaM RIM-nM 'DOCBH eHo 3HalfHTeJIbHOe'
'IHCJIO naTenToB, B qaCTHOCTH [75-80J.
PH OCTOHHCTB RIM-nM no cpaBHeHHIO C RIM-nYM olfeBH -
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a HCXO HNe KOMn03Hu,HH CJI01KHN B nepepa60TKe H3-3a HX H3JIHW-
He BblCOKOH aKTHBHOCTH. HanpaBJIeHHOrO perYJIHpOBaHHH CBOHCTB'-
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TeJIeH U,eDH B pa3JIHIJHNX COlfeTaHHHX '[81-84J. B JIHTepaType
RIM-noJIHypeTaHbl OTHOCJlT 06NlfHO K cerMeHTHpOBaHHNM nOJIH-,
ypeTaHaM (CnY) [3, 11].
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nOn"'YPEJ AHOB
CTpYKTypa H CBoHcTBa cerMeHTHpOBaHHNx nOJIHypeTaHoB paccMoT-
peHN B pH e paooT [3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 85-91J. 06 eH CTPYKTyPHOA-
oc06eHHOCTblO 1j>0pnOJIHMepHblx, RIM H MHKpOH'IeHCTNX nOJIHype-
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TOK npOCToro HJIH CJI01KHOrO OJIHr03Ij>up.!J.HOJIa HJIH OJIHrO HeH HO-
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HNX rpynn OJIHrOMepa]. 3TO MorYT I()NTb JIHHeHHNe nonHMepN HJIK
CWHTble no 3JIaCTHIJHOMY JIH60 no 1KecTKOMY OJIOKY ceTKH. CWHBa--
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Be HCXO.!J.HblX coe.aHHeHHH, co ep1Ka HX TPH H 60JIee Ij>YHKu,HoHaJib-
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JIeHHH H np.
2-]53
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17
:B npou.ecce p:eaKu,HOHHoro ipqpMOBaoHH 3JIaCTHIIHblH 6JIOK BXO-
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YHKu.HQHaJIbHO aKTHBH DJIHrOMep y acTByeT B peaKu,HH nOJIH-
.npHcoe HHeHHJI TOJIb'KO CBOHMH KOHu,eBblMH rH pOKCHJIbHblMH HJIH
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..aKu,HOHHoro ,jf>qpMoBaHHH H3 .aHH30u,HaHaTOB, HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHO-
.I'O r JIHKOJIH HJIH '.aHaMHHa H Ij>YHKu,HOHaJIbHNX rpynn OJIHrOMepa.
CerMeHT pOB,aHHNMJ:I nOJIHypeTaHaMH (CnY) Ha3NBalOT 06b111-
HO OJIOQHNe JIHHeHHble nOJIHypeTaHN THna ypeTaHoBNX TepMO-
:3JIaCTOnJIaCTOR. .K HHM QTHOCH.TCH TaK1Ke MHKpOH'IeHCTNe H
'RIM-'DoJIHypeTaHN. 3JIaCTOM pN, nOJIYIJaeMble no «popnOJIHMepHOH
'1'eXHOJIOrHH Ha CHCTeMax Tuna A H'npeH - MOKa, TaK1Ke JIOrH'IHO
'OTHeCTH K Cny. 'Hx 3JIaCTHIIHNH 6JIOK COCT-QHT U3 OCTaTKOB OJIH-
:rooKcHTeTpaMeTHJIeHr JIHKOJIA, a 1KecTKHH - 83 Ij>parMeHTOB
"T,l1H MOKA - T.lI.PI. KaK npaBHJIO, OTBep)K eHHNe CHCTeMN
3Toro Tlfna CWHTN no ,1KeCTKOM.Y 6JIOKY. CWHBaHHe npOHCXO.ll.HT B
;pe3YJIbTaTe peaKu,HH ,pa3BeTBJIeHHH no MexaHH3MaM aJIJIolj>aHaTo-
H oHypeTo06pa30BaHHH.
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.JIHypeTaHoB HaH60JIee no r06Ho H30/lieHa Ba DpHMepe KJIaCCHqe-
-cKHX cny H3 JIHHeHHOro OJIHrO HOJIa, HH30u,HaHaTa H rJIHKOJIH
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(-R-O (CONHR'NHCOOR"-'O-) m-) "
.(r e R - OCTaTOK OJIHrO HOJIa, R' - .aHH30u,HaHaTa, R" - .aHoJIa) H
>6JIH3KHX HM ypeTaHOBN'X H ypeTaHMOIJeBHHHbIX CHCTeM, T. e. Ha Ma-
TepHaJIaX, aHaJIOrHqHNX no CTpYKT¥.pe Mny II .RIM-3JIacToMepaM.
.lI.JIH cny xapaKT pHO CHJIbHOe Me'1KMOJIeKYJIHpHOe B3aHMo eH-
.'CTBHe, CBH3aHHoe C HaJIHIIHeM 'B HK CTpYKType nOJIHpHNX rpynnll-
pOBOK C BblCOKOH 3HeprHeH Kore3HH. OHO ,"pHBO HT K oopa30BaHHIO
'BO OpO HNX CBH3eH. COBpeMeHHNMH tpH3H'IeCKHMH MeTo aMH
(.lI.CK, MYP, SIMP) nO'Ka3aHo, liTO 1KeCTKHe H 3JIaCTHIJHble 6JIOKH
.cny qaCTH'IHO 'HJIH nOJIHOCTblO HeCOBMeCTHMbI. 06a 3TH 06CTOSJ-
TeJIbCTBa npHBO HT K TOMY, 'ITO ypeTaHMO'leBHHHNe 6JIOKH Cny
arperHpylOT C 06pa30BaHHeM 1KeCTKOH 4>a3N, COCTOH eH U3 OMe'
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'MepHNx Cny OON'IHO COCTaBJISJeT'30-50%.
l{eM OOJIbWe 1KeCTKHe H 3JIaCTH'IHNe OJIOKH Cny pa3JIHIJaIOTC
no nOJIHpHOCTH, a COO1'BeTcTBYIO He ipa3N no COBMeCTHMOCTH, TeM
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HHH lj>a3 cny Ha OCHOBe OJIHrO HeH.aHOJIOB, CJI01KHblX H npOCTNX
OJIHr03Ij>Hp HOJIOB pacnOJIaralOTCH B pH : HeHOBNe>Ha OCHOBe npo-
CTNX OJIHr03Ij>Hp HOJIOB>CJI01KH03Ij>HpHNe. B HeHOBNX Cny 1Ke-
CTKaH H 3JIaCTH'IHaH lj>a3N 'pa3.aeJIeHbl nOJIHOCTblO, no COJIH1KaeT
HX no CTpYKType C HeHBHHHJIapOMaTHlleCK'HMH Tpex6JIOIIHblMH Tep-
M03JIaCTORJIaCTaMH.
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. ro HanOJIHHTeJIH H Y3JIOB npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH Ij>H3HQeCKOH ceTKH.
,npH YBeJIlilJeHHH CO.l1epH<aHHH 'B CllY 1KeCTKOA 4>a3b1 CBOHCTBa 'Ma-
18
TepHaJIa H3MeHHIOTCH nO 06HO TOMy KaK, H3MeHHIO.TCJI CBORCTB3-.
BYJIKaHH3aTOB npH YBeJIH'IeHHH CO.aep1KaHHH aKTHBHOrO Ha.nOJIHIITe.-
JIJI H CTeneHH XHMH'IeCKOrO CWHBaHHH.,
CBOHCTBa Cny onpe eJIHIOTCB He TOJIbKO CO ep1KaHHeM 1KeCT-
KOH lj>a31>1, HO H npHpO OH 3JIaCTHQHOH H 1KecTKOH lj>a3, MOJIeKY-
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a TaK1Ke HaJIHlfHeM, pacnOJI01KeHHeM H npHpo.aOH XHMH'IeCKHX CWH-.
BOK. 3TO onpe eJIHeT MHKporeTeporeHHOCTb. CTIY H HX MeXaHHqe-
CKHe, Ij>H3H'IeCKHe H PyrHe CBOHCTBa.
npHpo a rH6Koro '6JIOKa Cny onpe eJIHeT CTPY.KTYPY H CBOH-.
CTBa 3JIaCTHlfHOH lj>a3N. no nOJIHpHOCTH rH6KHe MOKH cny pacno-
JIaralOTCH B pH : CJIO:H<H03Ij>HpHNe>Ha OCHOBe npOCTNX OJIHro3Ij>H-
POB>OJIHro.aHeHOBNe. COBMeCTHMOCTb.. lj>a3 B: 3TOM PH.ay CHH1Ka-
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nepexo.aOB Ha KpHBblX ,11CK.
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3aMeCTHTeJIeH H CTPYKTypHO O HOI?0.ll.HN. Hanp;HMep, CITY Ha OC.
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a npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH OJIHr031j>upoB 83 CMeceH 3THX r JIHKOJleH -
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BaeT npOIJHOCTHNe nOKa3aTeJIH COY 3a. CIJe.T OnOJIHHTeJIbHOro-
YCHJIeHHH 3JIaCTOMepa 06pa3YIOll\HMHCH KpHCTaJIJIHTaMH, O HaKO
cnoc06HocTb K ynpyrOMY BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO npH 3TOM,. YXY.ll.waeTCH.
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OCHOBe pa3JIHlfHNX OJIHrOMepOB MorYT 6NTb pacnOJlO1KeHN B pH :
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.lly nOBNwaIOTCH. CJI01KH03Ij>HpHNe Cf.IV no aTMocIj>epocToHKOCT8
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Ka cnv HOUOJIb3ylOT 4,4'-M,1111 H 1,4,-5.11" a TaK e .apyrHe .aHH30-.
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r JIHKOJI'eH 8 Cneu,HaJIbHO CHHTe3HpyeMNe MO eJlbHble:- OJIHrOMepHble
1KeCTKHe 6JIOKH. H3YlfeHHe 3TH X coe HHeHHH nOKa3aJIO, HanpHMep
qro nv 83 4,4'-M,11H H 1,4-oyralr.aHoJIa HMeeT T. = 109. °C 8 T nJl =
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TeMnepaTypN pa3JIO.>KeHHH. ny Ira OCHOBe 4,4.(.M.11H: H .rM,11H-
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TeMnepaTypa CTeKJlOBaHIUI Cny C >KeCTKOH cpa30A H3 4,4'-M)1.H
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.RO B HHTepBaJIe 160-240°C. )l(ecTKaJl 4>a3a Cny H3 4,4'-M)1.11 H
H 1,4'-5)1. IJaCTH'IHO KpHCT3JIJIHIJeCKafl.
nOBNweHHe nOJIflpHOCTH H apOMaTHIJHOCTH npHMeHfleMoro npa
HHTe3e cny rJIHKOJIfl npHBo HT K YBeJIH'IeHHIO CTeneHH KpHCTaJI-
.JIHIJHOCTH 1KecTKOH lj>a3N H TeMnepaTYPocTOAKOCTH cny. npH
YBeJIHfleHHH IJHCJIa CH 2 -rpynn, pa3 eJIfllOlUHX ypeTaHoBNe rpynnN
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OCHOBe 1,4-6YTaH HOJIa H 3THJIeHrJIHKOJIfl. I1CKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO BNCOK
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IO HXCH npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH B KaIJeCTBe OJIHrOMepHoro KOMnOHeH-
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HNX» BO OpO HblX CBH3eH.
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aMHHOB C H(nOJIH)H30u,HaHaTaMH, HMelOT cy ecTBeHHo 60JIee BN-
cOI'me T nJl, '1eM aH3JIOrH'IHNe nOJIHypeTaHN. TaK, nOJIHMOIJeBHHa H3
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BNwe, 'IeM T nJl cooTBeTCTBYIO ero nOJIHypeTaHa), a H3 4,4'.MJJ.H
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ep)f{a HH 1KeCTKHA 6JIOK, C«POpMHpOBaHHNA H3 4,4'-M.lJ.11 H H-
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ep)l{HBalOT npHMepHo Ha 50-100°C 60JIee BNCOKYIO TeMnepaTY-
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npM npoflHx paBHblx yCJI08HHX 3aMeHa ,D,HOJIbHOro Y JIHHHTeJIH
.u,enH Ha HaMHHHbIe npHBo HT K nOBNweHHIO OCHOBHbIX Ij>H3HKO-
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'OKa3NBaeT BJIHHHHe H npocTpaHcTBeHHafl CTpYKTypa HaMHHa,
'B flaCTHOCTH ero cHMMeTpHIJHOCTb H CTepH'Ie.cKoe 3KpaHHpoBaHHe
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IIIfH B CHCTeMe.
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paCTH)f{eHHH, OTITHMaJIbHblMH Ij>H3HKO-MeXaHH'IeCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH
xapaKTepH3YIOTCH MaTepHaJIN, nOJIYIJelfHNe H3 OJIHrO HOJIOB C MO-
JICKYJIHpHOH MaccoH 1000-2000. PacwHpeHHe MMP rH6Koro
OJIOKa npHBO HT K pacwHpeHHIO TeMinepaTypHoro HHTepBaJIa CTeK-
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(' YBeJIHIJeHHeM COOTHomeHHH HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHblH HOJI ( HaMHH) :
: OJIHrO.ll.HOJI (OJIHrO HaMHH) B KOMH03HU,HH. npH 3TOM CHH)f{aeTCH
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pa3pblBe. 113MeHeHHe cO ep1KaHHH 1KeCTKOH .pa3bI B npe eJIax
20-80% n03BOJIHeT oCYUJ,eCTBHTb nepexo OT MHrKoro 3JIaCTOMe-
pa (npOTJl1KeHHaH 3JIaCTH'lHaH lj>a3a) K BNCOKOMO YJIbHOMY nJIac-
TUKY (npOTH]f{eHHaSI )KeCTKaH 4>a3a). B 06JIaCTH cO ep)f{aHHH )f{e-
CTKOH lj>a3N 50-60% HMeeT MeCTO 06palUeHHe lj>a3. YBeJIHIJeHHe
pa3Mepa JKeCTKOro 6JIOKa npHBo HT K fJOBNWeHHIO TeMneparypN
pa3MHrIJeHHH Cny. TaK, H3MeHeHHe CTeneHH nOJIHMepH3au,HH MO-
1I0 HcnepCHoro 1KeCTKOro 6JIOKa H3 4,4'-M,lJ.11 H l,4-B.lI. OT 1 o
4 ua 'KpHBblX .lI.CK BbI3bIBaeT C BHr nHKa cooTBeTcTBYlOlUero nJIaB-
.rJCHHIO 1KeCTKOH lj>a3N, C 50 O 160°C .
MOJIeKYJIHpHaH Macca JIHHeHHNx Cny onpe eJIHeTCH COOTHO-
WCIIHeM pearHpYIO HX rpynn, npHcyTcTBHeM B CHCTeMe MOHOIj>YHK-
'IUIOHaJIbHNX coe HHeHHH, npHMeceii H YCJIOBHHMH npou,ecca nOJIY-
..eHHH. CBoHcTBa THnHIJHbIX JIHHeHHNx Cny H3MeHHIOTCH o o-
oCTII)f{eHHH MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCN nopH Ka 35-45 TbIC. H .lI.aJIee
()CTaIOTCH npaKTHflecKH nOCTOHHHNMH. .lI.0 3Toro 3HaIJeHHH M no-
:BblUJaIOTCH npoflHocTb, MO YJIb, nJIOTHOCTb, conpOTHBJIeHHe HCTHpa-
JUliO: CHH1KaIOTCH nOKa3aTeJIb TeKY'lecTH paCnJIaBa, OTHOCHTeJIbHOe
Y JIHHeHHe, conpOTHBJIeHHe MHorOKpaTHNM elj>opMau,HHM.
XHMHtfeCKOe CWHBaHHe Cny JIerKO ocy ecTBHMo nYTeM HC-
1I0JIb30BaHHH HCXO HNX coe HHeHHH C IJHCJIOM Ij>YHKu,HoHaJIbHbIX
rpynn 60JIee BYX, npHMeHeHHeM BTOpHIJHNX peaKu,HH aJIJIocl>aHa-
TO- H 6HypeToo6pa30BaHHH, a TaK)f{e pH OM cneu,HaJIbHNX npHe-
MOB - BBe.ll.eHHeM B OCHOBHYIO HJIM 60KOBYIO u,enH HeHaCN eHHNX
rpynn C nOCJIe YIOIU,HM HX B3aHMo eAcTBHeM C cepOH HJIH nepOK-
<:H OM, TpHMepH3au,HeH H T. n. CWHBaHHe M01KeT 6NTb JIOKaJIH30-
RaHO no 1KeCTKOMY HJIH (H) 3JIaCTH'IHOMY 6JIOKY, a B paMKax 6JIo-
Ka - B cTporo onpe eJIeHHOH TO'lKe. CeTKa M01KeT C03 aBaTbCH KaK
8 MOMeHT 06pa30BaHHJI Cny, TaK H B rOTOBOM H3 eJIMH.
B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH CtfHTaerCH, 'ITO XHMHfleCKoe CWHBaHHe ype-
.
2]
TaHOBNX 3JIaCTOMepOB He06xo HMO JIH H3 eJJHA, 3KCnJIyaTHpylO-
lU,HXCH B YCJIOBHHX HaKOnJIeHHH OCTaTOIJHOA .ae opMau,HH H npa
nOBNweHHNX TeMnepaTypax. TaK, OHO HCnOJIb3yeTcH B RIM-npo-
neece, r e H3 eJIHe H3BJIeKaeTCJI H3 OpMN I'OpH'IHM H, CJIe OBa-
TeJIbHO, OJI1KHO npH 3TOM HMeTb OCTaTOIIHYJO npO'lHOCTb, a 3KC..
nJIyaTHpyeTcH npH nOBN'weHHNX TeMnepaTypax H OJI1KHN HMeT}.
MHHHMaJJbHblii TenJIOBOH nporHO npH 120 H aJKe 150°C.
no ,BeJIHIJHHe Me)f{MOJIeKYJIHpHNX B3aHM0.Z1eikTBlIH Cny pacno-
JIaralOTCH B pH CJI01KH03Ij>HpHNe > Ha OCHODe npOCTblX nOJIH3Ij>H-
pOB> HeHOBNe. XHMHIJeCKOe CWHBaHHe CTepH1IeCKH npenHTcTByeT
peaJIH3aLJ,HH 'Me1KMOJIeKYJIHpHNX CBH3eH, liTO MaKCHMaJIbHO npOSlB;.
JIJleTCH B CJIY'Iae CJIO)f{H03Ij>HpHNX 3JIaCTOMepOB. B MeHbweH CTe-
neHH XHMHIJeCKOe CWHBaHHe OJI)f{HO BJIHHTb Ha MeXaHHIJeCKHe
cBoiicTBa CHCTeM Ha OCHOBe npOCTNX nOJIH3Ij>HpOB. n03TOMY 3TH
3JIaCTOMepN OBOJIbHO lIaCTO CWHBaIOT. CBOHCTBa ypeTaHoBblX
3JIaCTOMepOB .Z1HeHOBOH npHpO N B 3HaIJHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH 06YCJIOB-
JIeHN InOJIHbIM lj>a30BblM pa3 eJIeHHeM B 3TOH CHCTeMe. XHMH'l.eCKOe
CWHBaHHe MO)f{eT npenH'I'CTBOBaTb pa3.Z1eJIeHHIO H yxy waTb CBOM.
CTBa 3JIaCTOMepOB.
PaHee y)f{e 6NJIO OTMelleHO, liTO Cny HMelOT OMeHHYIO CTPYK-
TYPY, 60JIee BNpa1KeHHYIO JIJI CHCTeM C 60JIbWeH CTeneHblO q,a-
30Boro pa3 eJIeHHH. HenOJIHOe a30Boe pa3 eJIeHHe npOHBJIHeTCH
B HaJIH'IHe nepeXO.Z1HOrO CJIOH TOJI HHOH 2-3 HM (OpH pa3Mepe
OMeHOB 10 HM). ,lJ.JIH HeKOTopbIX THnOB Cny CJIe yIO HM YPOB-
HeM Ha MOJIeKYJIHpHNX 06pa30BaHHA HBJIHIOTCH C epOJIHTHbIe
CTPYKTypN, clj>opMHpoBaHHNe npeHMy ecTBeHHO H3 ypeTaHoBbiX
6JIOKOB. npH pa'CTSI)f{eHHH Cny CHallaJIa e4>opMHpyeTcH 3JIaC-
TH'IHaH MaTpHLJ,a, nOTOM nepeXO HNH CJIOH, 3aTeM 1KeCTKHe OMe-
HN. npH BNCOKHX CTeneHHX paCTH)f{eHHH 1KeCTKHe 6JIOKH Cny MO-
rYT y.aJIHHHTbCH JIH60 .Z1p06HTbCJI Ha 'IaCTH.
31j>Ij>eKTHBHNMH cnoc06aMH B03.Z1eiicTBHH Ha Moplj>OJIOrHIO Cny
HBJIHIOTCH OT)f{Hr H 3aKaJIKa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COCTaBa, HCXO HOH
Moplj>OJIOrHH H pe1KHMa OT1KHr M01KeT Bbl3NBaTb nOBNweHHe HJIH
CHH1KeHHe ypOBHH <l>H3HKo-MexaHHlleCKHX CBOHCTB Cny. 3TO CBH-
3aHO C TpeMH O HOBpeMeHHO npOTeKalO HMH npH OT1KHre npouec-
caMH: paCTBopeHHe )f{eCTKOH lj>a3N, KpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH H (HJIH) yno-
pH OlleHHe )f{eCTKOii a3N; OKHCJIeHHe H eCTpYKu,HH. CYMMapHblH
31j>Ij>eKT onpe eJIHeTCH COOTHoweHHeM CKopOCTeH 3THX npOu,eCCOB.
1.3.
PEonorH4ECKHE CBOACTBA OnHrOMEPOB !if HX CMECEA
1.3.1.
PeocTaE)HnltHIt,e npo,qYKTIt'
K peocTa6HJIbHNM npO YKTaM, peoJIOrHlleCKHe cBoRcTBa KOTOpbIX
npH npaBHJIbHOM xpaHeHHH He H3MeHHIOTCH B Te'leHHe JIHTeJIbHOrO
BpeMeHH, OTHOCHTCH nO aBJIHIO ee 60JIbWHHCTBO HCXO HblX npo-
YKTOB H nOJIynpO YKTOB (H30UHaHaT- H rH pOKCHJI(aMHHo)co ep-
)f{a He KOMolJOHeHTN) ypeTaHoBNX KOMn03Hu,HH (CM. cxeMY H8
c. 133).
22
OJlHrO,D.HOJIbI H OJIHrO,D.HH30D.HaHaThi. K 3TOH rpynne OTHO-
C TCH OJIHrOMepbl e MOJIeKYJIHpHOH Maccoii 1000-4000 - OJIHrO-
3cj)HP HOJI.bI (npocTJ>le H CJI01KHNe nOJIH3Ij>HpN) H OJIHro.aHeH.aHO-
JIbI, HCnOJIb3YeMNe B Ka'leCTBe OJIHrOMepHoH OCHOBN npH O HO- H
.lI.ByxcTa HHHoM MeTO ax CHHTe3a nOJIHypeTaHoB, a TaK1Ke H30u,Ha-
!laTHbIe 1j>0pnOJIHMepbI (Hct>n) Ha OCHOBe OJIHr03Ij>Hp HOJIOB H
OJIHro.aHe.H,lI,HOJIOB, npHMeHHeMblx B Ka'leCTBe H30LJ,HaHaTHoro KOMno-
HeHTa Ha BTOpOH CTa HH CHHTe3a (CM. cxeMY Ha c. 133) [92-101].
XHMH'IeCKHii COCTaB H MOJIeKYJIHpHaH CTpYKTypa MOHoMepHoro
.3BeHa, KOHu,eBNX Ij>YHKu,HoHaJIbHNX rpynn H 60KOBbIX 3aMeCTHTe-
.JIeH H pyrHe lj>aKTopbl, BJIHHIO He Ha KHHeTH'IecKYIO rH6KOCTb MO.
.JIeKYJIHpHbIX u'eneii H CHJIN Me)f{MOJIeKYJIHpHOrO B3aHMO,ll,eHCTBHH,
DO MHorOM npeAon,peAeJI.HIOT peOJIOrHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa OJIHrOMepOB.
lIeM BNwe KHHeT.HyeCKaH rH6KOCTb u,eneii nOJIHMepOB, TeM JIerIJe
.no eHCTBHeM BHeWKHX CHJI npOHCXO,ll,HT KOH OpMau,HOHHNe npe-
Bpa eHHH MOJIeKYJI H COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeHbwe BH3KOCTb OJlHrOMe.
pa. HanpHMep, nOTeHLJ,HaJIbHblH 6apbep Bpa eHHH BOKpyr CBH3eii
C-O-C paBHHTeJIbHO HeBeJIHK, n09TOMY OJIHr03Ij>Hp HOJIN, MaK-
pOMOJIeKYJIbI KOTOp.blX CO,ll,ep)f{aT yKa3aHHNe rpynnN H xapaKTepH-
3YlOTCH nOBblweHHOH KHHeMaTHIJeCKOH rH6KOCTblO, H eIOT MeHb-
mylO 'BH3KOCT.b, '1fM OJl.HrOOYTa HeH HOJIN, He CO,ll,ep1Ka He rpynn
C HH3KOH nOTeHu,HaJIbHOH 3HeprHeii Bpa eHHH.
Onpe,ll,eJIeHHNe CTepHIJeCKHe npenHTCTBHH Bpa eHHIO. nepeMe-
1.U,fHHIO H B3aHMo eHCTBHIO rpynn aTOMOB C03 a1OT 60KOBbIe 3a-
MeCTHTeJIH, oc06eHHO eCJIH HX ,lI,OCTaTO'lHO MHoro H OHH HMelOT
()OJlI:iWHe pa3MepN. C.le CTBHeM 9Toro HBJIHeTCH YBeJIHqeHHe BH3-
KOCTH H 3HeprHH aKTHBau,HH BH3Koro TeIJeHHH y pa3BeTBReHHblX
()JIHrOMepOB no cpaBHeHHIO C OJIHrOMepaMH JIHHeHHoro CTpoeHHH.
BH3KOCTb OJIHrOMepOB 3aBHCHT TaK)f{e OT CHJI Me1KMOJIeKYJIHp-
Horo B3aHMOAeHCTBHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOrO HaJIHIJHeM .aHnOJIbHOrO
B3aHMo eiicTBHH Me1K y nOJIHpHNMH rpynnaMH H BO,ll,OpO HblX CBH-
3eit
HaH60JIbllieii nomlpHOCTblO 06JIa aIOT rpynnbI CN, MeHee no-
.JIHpHbI OM H C-Cl, nonOMY npH YBeJIHIJeHHH KOHu,eHTpau,HH
3TH X rpynn YCHJIHBaeTCH 3JIeKTpOCTaTHIJeCKOe B3aHMo eIicTBHe
:Me)f{ y MaKpOHOHaMH, H BH3KOCTb OJIHrOMepOB, KaK npaBIIJlO, B03-
pacraeT. 3aBHCH OCTb BH3KOCTH (npH 25°C, na.c) OJIHrOMepoB
(M = 3-4 TNC.) OT npHpo bl HX KOHu,eBNX Ij>YHKLJ,HOHaJlbHbIX rpYIIn
npe,ll,CTaBJlfHa HH)f{e [92j:
&9 -CH-CHz -OH -CN -OH,-CN -COOH -COOH,-CN
'rpynn "" /
o
2,0*-- 2,0*- 3*--4* 4,0- 12,0-- 12,0-- 20,0--
.O. 3,5* 5--10 7,0 15,0 15,0 27,0
C B03paCTaHHeM CHR Me1KMOJIeKYJISlpHOrO B3aHMo eHcTBHH
YBeJIHqHB810TCH pa3Mep,N ynopH oIJeHHblx 06JIaCTeii (Me1K OJIe-
KYJIHpHNX aCCOLJ,HaToB) H xapaKTepHbIe BpeMeHa CTPYKTYPHOH pe-
· 1(8T8.11HTH'IeCK811 (HOHH8lJ) DOJJH E:PH3811,HII (8 OCT8.11bRWX C.1IY'l811X - p8,!1,HK8.11bH8I1t.
.
23
JI3KCau.HH, CHH1KaeTCfl rH6KOCTb MaKpOMOJIeKYJI H 3aTOpMa1KHBaeT-
CH Bpa eHHe 3JIeMeHTOB u,eneR BOKpyr op.aHHaTHblX CBJl3eA. Bce
3TO cnoc06cTByeT pOCTy Bfl3KOCTH.
B pOJIH aKuenTopOB no.aBH1KHOro aTOMa BO.Z1opo.aa MorYT BbI-
cTynaTb aTOMbI KHCJIOpO 3, a30T3, HeKOTopble reTepOUHKJIHfleCKHe
coe HHeHHH, BOHHble H TpOHHble CBH3H. Bo Bcex nOJIHypeTaHOBNx.
CHCTeMax HMeeTCH no KpaHHeH Mepe Ba THna' aKu,enTopOB npOTO
Ha: 91j>HpHNH KHCJIOp0.Z1 cac H KHCJIOpO ypeT3HoBOH rpynnbE
NHCa. B pe3YJIbTaTe 06pa3YlOTCH Ba THna BO OpO.Z1HOii CBH3H:
/R /0 - R
- H ...0 Jot - H...O = C
, ,
I "
fipH YBeJIHfleHHH KOHu,eHTpau,HH ypeTaHoBNX rpynn B03paCTaeT .Z10:"
JIfl 60JIee CHJIbHblX CBH3eH THna II [94].
1JT06N npOCJIe HTb KaKHM 06pa30M YBeJIH'IeHHe KOHueHTpau,HJf
BO OpO.Z1HbIX CBfl3eH BJIHHeT Ha BH3KOCTb OJIHrOMepoB, pacCMOTpHM'
pHC. 1.1, r.Z1e npe CTaBJIeHN TeMnepaTypHNe 3aBHCHMOCTH BH3KOC-
TH .Z1JIfl Tpex BH OB OJIHrOMepOB, KOTopNe HMelOT O.Z1HHaKOBoe OC-
HOBHoe 3BeHO MaKpOMOJIeKYJIbI, HO pa3JIHflHBle KOHu.eBbIe Ij>YHKU,HO-
HaJIbHNe rpynnN, OTJIHflalO HeCfl cnoc06HOCTbIO K 06pa30BaHHJ()
B0.Z10p0.Z1HNX CBfl3eH [94, 95J:
nOJIHOKCHnpOnHJIeHrJIHKOJIH (nann C MOJIeKYJIflpHOH MaccoB
M = 500-2000
OH - (- 0 - C H 2 - C H -) - OH'
,n,
CH3
MaKpoH30u,HaHaTN Ha OCHODe nanr C M=500-2000
OCN -0- CH2 -0 NH - CO - (- 0 - CH2 - CH(CH3)J -
-0- CO- HN O CH2 -0 NH- co - 0- CH3'
OJIHro31j>HpypeTaHN, npe CTaBJIJlIO He C060H 3a6JIOKHpOBaHHNe
MeraHOJIOM MaKpoH30u,HaHaTbI Ha OCHOBe nanr C M=500-2000
CH3 - 0 - co - HN -0- CH2 -0 NH - CO -
-[- 0 - CH2 - CH(CH3)-]n- 0 - co - HN -0 CH2.-
-0 NH - CO- 0 - C 3:
24
lJ.,na.c
4
3
2
19'1 [no.c]
/
3,5 19 PI
PHC. J.J. TeMnepaTYPHaSi 3aSHCHMOCTb SSl3KOCTH nonr (1-3) , MaKpOH30UHaHa-
TOS Ha OCHOse nonr (1'-3') H oJlHro34»HpypeTaHos (1"-3") C pa3JIH'lBblMH
'MOJIeKYJlSlpHblMH 'MaCCaMH:
1- 500; 2 - 1000; 3 - 2000
PHC. 1.2. 3asHcHMocTH SSl3KOCTH OJlHrOMepos OT Mo.1eKy.'SlpHOii MaCCbI:
J - 6YT8Aueu-nunepu.IIeuoltbiA OJIHrOMep. 25 'C; 2 - o.llHro6YTaAUeH.!lHOJI. 25.C; 3 - TO JKe.
100 .C; 4 - cIIopnonHMep Ha OCHOBe OJIHro6YTaAUeH.!lHOna. 25.C; 5 - nonr. 60 .C; 6 - (jIop.
nOJtuMep ua OCUOBe ,nonr. 60 'C; 7 - OIIHro9c!>HpypeTaR (6nOKIlp()B8RHblA MeTaHO.IIOM cjIopno.
.JJuMep Ha OCROBe nonn. 6O.C
OJIeKYJIHpHaH MaCCa OJIHrOH30UHaHaTa OTJIHIJSeTCH OT MOJIe-
KYJIHpHOH MaCCN HCXO HOrO OJIHr03Ij>Hp HOJIa Ha 17-70%, B TO
SpeMH KaK lUI3KOCTb BTOpOrO DpO YKTa Ha 1,5-2,5 .aeCHTHIJHNX
nopH Ka BbIwe, fleM Y nepBoro. CTOJIb 3HaIJHTeJIbHOe YBeJIHfleHHe
BH3KOCTH M01KeT 6NTb 06 HCHeHO 06pS30BaHHeM Me1KMOJIeKYJIHp-
:HNX aCcOu,HaTOB, CBH3aHHbIX C nOHBJIeHHeM Kap6oKCHJIbHOrO KHC-
JIopo a, HBJIRIO erOCH aKu,enTopOM Bo opo a, H YCHJIeHHeM H-
nOJIbHOr.O B3aHMo eHCTBHH. npH cpaBHeHHH BH3KOCTeH 3a6JIOKHpO-
BaHHNX (KpHBbIe 1"-3" Ha pHC. 1.1) H He3a6JIOKHpOBaHHblx (KpH-
BNe 1'-3') MaKpo HH30u,HaHaToB BHAHO, '1TO DPH YBeJIHfleHHH
KOHu,eH pau,HH BO OpO HblX CBHseA B Boe (y TpeTbero OJIHrOMepa
r,Pynn C=O B 2 pa3a 60JIbWe, '1eM Y BToporo) BH3KOCTb B03pacTa-
eT Ha 2,5 nOpJl Ka npH YBeJIHIJeHHH MOJIeKYJIJlpHOA MaCCbI Bcero
25
Ha 2-6%. 3TO YBeJIHIJeHHe BH3KOCTH, O'leBH HO, OOYCJlOBJleHO B03-
pacTaHHeM KOHueHTpau,HH BO,ll,OpO,ll,HbIX CBH3eH npeHMYllI,eCTBeHHo
II TJfDa [94j. BH HMO, no TOH 1Ke npH'IHHe BH3KOCTb C.'10)f{HNX no-
JIH31j>HpOB, B MaKpOMOJIeKYJIaX KOTOpNX npHcYTcTByer Kap60K-
CHJIbHblii KHCJlOpO,ll" KaK npaBHJIO, 60JIbWe, 'IeM Y npOCTbIX nOJIH-
31j>HpOB TOH )f{e MOJIeKYJIHpHOii MaCCbI.
TaKHM oopa30M, npH KJIaCCHqeCKOH cl>opnOJIHMepHOH TeXHOJIO-
rHH (6e3 06aBJleHHH B 1j>0pnOJIHMep H36bITKa HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHp-
Horo HH30u,HaHaTa) BH3KOCTb H30u,HaHaTHoro KOMnOHeHTa 3Ha-
tlHTeJIbHO BbIllle, qeM nOJIHOJIbHOrO, a TaK)f{e H30u,HaHaTHoro H.'1H
OJIHrOMepHoro KOMnOHeHTOB B o HocTa HHHoM npouecce. n03TOMY
npH q>Op'OOJIHMepHOH TeXHOJlOrHH HeKoTopblX ypeTaHoBbIx KOMno-
3HU,HH ,lI,OOHTbCH TOIJHOrO ,lI,03HpOBaHHH H Ka4eCTBeHHoro nepeMeWH-
BaHHH CJIO)f{Hee, IJeM npH oAHOCTa,ll,HHHOii If nCeB,lI,olj>opnOJIHMepHOH
TeXHOJIorHHX.
BH3KOCTb OJlHrOMepoB, cO,ll,ep)f{a HX KOHu,eBble cl>YHKu,HoHaJ1b-
HNe rpynnbI, B onpe,ll,eJIeHHpii Mepe 3aBHCHT OT CTeneHH npHOJIH-
)f{eHHH CHCTeMbI K TaKOMY COCTOHHHIO, KOr,ll,a cl>YHKuHOHaJIbHble
rpynnbl Y acnOJIaralOTCH Ha 060HX KOHu,ax MaKpOMOJIeKYJI H TOJlbKO
TaM [92 . TaK, Y OJIHrO,ll,HeHOB C KOHu,eBblMH OH-rpynnaMIf, no.II}'-
'1eHHblX MeTO,ll,OM pa,ll,HKaJIbHOii nOJIHMepH3au.HH B npHCYTCTBHH 6HC-
a30HHTpHJlbHblX HHHUHaTopOB, BH3KOCTb B 3-8 pa3 BbIwe, IJeM Y
OJIHrooYTa HeH,lI,HOJIOB npHMepHO TOH )f{e MOJIeKYJlHpHOif MaCCbI,
nOJIY4eHHbIX MeTO OM KaTaJIHTIfIJeCKOH nOJIHMepH3aUHlI H xapaKTe-
PH3YIO HXCH nOBNweHHOH nOJIH,lI,HCnepCHocTblO no cl>YHKu,HoHaJlb-
HOCTH. O,ll,HaKO B pH,lI,e CJIYIJaeB B TeXHOJIOrHIJeCKOH npaKTHKe u.eJIe-
co06pa3Ho HCnOJIb30BaTb HMeHHO 3TH OJlHrOMepbl, xapaKTepH3YIO-'
IlI,HeCH JIY'IWHMH peOJ10rH'IeCKHMH cBoiicTBaMH [92].
BH3KOCTb nOJIH3Ij>Hp HOJIOB, oJIHr06YTa,ll,HeH,lI,HOJIOB H OOJIbWHH-
CTBa OJIUrOH30u,HaHaTOB C pOCTOM cpe,ll,Heii MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCbI
YBeJIHIJHBaeTCH. .lJ.JIH KOJIHIJeCTBeHHoro onHcaHHSI ,lI,aHHOH 3aBHCIIMO-
CTH BO MiforHX CJIYIJaHX MO)f{eT ObITb HCnOJIb30BaHO H3BeCTiloe CTe.
neHHoe ypaBHeHHe 'I'I=K M ", r e K H ex - KOHCTaHTbl, 3aBHCSlUJ.He'
OT Tuna OJIHrOMepa, TeMnepaTypN H PyrHx lj>aKTopOB.
HCnOJlb3YH 3aBHCHMOCTU 'I1( M ) H SHaH Tpe6yeMoe JIH KOH-
KpeTHoro TeXHOJIOrHIJeCKOrO npouecca 3Ha'leHHe t}max, M01KHO JISI
onpe eJIeHHOrO nOJIHMeprOMOJIOrH'IeCKOrO pH,lI,a npOfH03HpOBaTb
MaKCHMaJIbHO ,lI,OnYCTHMYIO MOJIeKYJIHpHYIO Maccy OJIHrOMepa, npH
KOTOpOH B03MO)f{Ha ero n pepa60TKa.
O,ll,HaKO ,lI,JIH HeKOTopNX OJIHrOMepOB C KOHu,eBNMH nOJIHpHblMli'
rpynnaMH, 06JIa,ll,alO HX 'DOBblWeHHoii CKJIOHHOCTblO K 06pa30Ba-
HHIO Me1KMOJIeKYJIHpHbIX aCCOu,HaTOB (HeKOTopbIe OJIHr03Ij>HpH30-
u'HaHaTN, OJIHro3c1>upypeTaHbl, OJIHr03noKcHypeTaHbI), Ha6JIIO.l1aeTCH
aHOMaJIbHblH xapaKTep 3aBHCUMOCTU BJl3KOCTU H 3HeprHH aKTHBa-
UHH E BH3Koro TeqeHHH OT MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCbI, T. e. 3TH BeJlH-
'1UHN YMeHbwalOTCH C pOCTOM M (KpHBbIe 6 H 7 Ha puc. 1.2...!!.
raOJI. 1.3) [94, 95 J. B CBSl3H C YMeHbweHHeM E npH YBeJIHqeHHH M
na aHOMaJIHH BH3KOCTHbiX CBOHCTB C pOCTOM TeMnepaTYPN npmlB-
JIHeTCH B MeHbweii CTeneHH, a npH onpe eJIeHHblX TeMnepaTypax
26
Ta6.1tuqa 1.8.
Tnep H E oJlHroypeT8HoB Ha OCHose nonr
" E. Kll>IC/MOJIb
M Tc. OC T n.p' °C T<Tn.p T>Tn.p
1064 8 67 176,8 ]71,8
1000. -26 55 112,0 6],4
1564 -14 58 114,9 71,9
1500- -37 49 82,7 50,6
2654 -45 49 88,2 55,6
2500. -70 43 67,3 43,0
· 8BH...e OTHOCJlTCR K oJlHroypeT8H8101. He a86J10KHpOn8HHblM MeT8HOJlOM.
Ha6JIlO aeTcH TeH eHu,Hfl K H3MeHeHHIO 3HaKa 3aBHCHMOCTeH
11 ( M ) Ha 06paTHbIH.
nOflBJleHHe YKa3aHHOH aHOMaJIHH BH3KOCTHNX CBoikTB H pa3-
H'IHH B peOJIOrHqeCKOM nOBe.aeHHH HeKOTopbIX OJlHr03Ij>Hp HH30-
HaHaTOB H OJIHr031j>HpypeTaHoB OT nOBe.aeHHfl HCXO HbIX OJIHrO-
31j>HpOB 06YCJIOBJIeHO pa3JIHIJHOH KOHu,eHTpau,HeH Ij>YHKu,HOHaJIbHbIX
Tpynn, cnoc06HNX K 06pa30BaHHIO BO OpO,ll,HblX CBfl3eii, a TaK)Ke
HaJIHIJHeM BYX THnOB BO,ll,OpO HbIX CBH3eH (I H II), pa3JIHIJalO-
1lJ,HXCH ITO 3HeprHH. OIJeBH,lI,HO, IJTO yBeJIHIJeHHe J<OHu,eHTpau,HH KOH-
u,eBbIX H30u,HSHaTHbIX HJIH ypeTaHoBNX rpynn, cnoc06CTBYIO "X
<>6pa30BaHHIO CHJIbHbIX BO OpO HNX CBfl3eH THna II, Bbl3bIBaeT cy-
llI.eCTBeHHoe YCHJIeHHe Me)f{MOJIeKYJIflpHOro B3aHMO,ll,eifcTBHfl npH
YMeHbweHHH MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MSCCN OJIUrOMepa. npH 3TOM YBeJIH'
tJeHHe Bfl3KOCTU, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe Me1KMO.7)eKYJIHpHbIM B3aUMo eH-
.cTBH.eM, nepeKpNBaeT ee CHH)f{eHHe, CBH3aHHoe C YMeHbweHueM f ,
1f BSl3KOCTb CHCTeMbI B03paCTaeT. Y nOJIH3c1>HpOB, y KOTOpbIX OTCYT-
.cTBYIOT CHJIbHble BO OpO,ll,HbIe CBfl3H THna II, npH YMeHbweHHH MO-
eKYJIHpHOH MaCCbI KOHu,eHTpau,Hfl cpaBHHTeJIbHO CJIa6NX BO,ll,O-
pO,ll,HNX CBH3eH THna I H3MeHHeTCH He3HaIJHTeJIbHO, Bfl3KOCTHbIe
CBOHCTBS onpe eJIfllOTCfl B 60JIbWeH CTeneHH MOJIeKYJIflpHOH Mac-
.cOH, n03TOMY C YMeHbweHueM 111 Bfl3KOCTb CHH1KaeTCfl [94, 95].
C nOBbIweHHeM TeMnepaTypbl Me1KMOJIeKYJIHpHbIe BO,ll,OpO,ll,Hble
oCBH3H B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH pa3pywalOTcfl, H ux BKJIa,ll, B BH3-
KOCTHNe CBOHCTBa OJIHrO,ll,HH30UHaHaTOB H OJIHroypeTaHoB CTaHO-
BUTCH MeHbwe, a npH ,lI,OCTH)f{eHHH HeKOTopOH TeMnepaTypbI HX MO-
eKYJIHpHaH Macca MO)f{eT CTaTb OCHOBHbIM lj>aKTopOM, onpe eJIHIO-
mHM 3HSIJeHHfl '11 H E, H 3aBHCHMOCTH 3THX BeJIHqHH OT M MorYT
H3Me.HUTb 3HaK. AHaJIOfH'IHOe flBJIeHHe HMeeT MeCTO B 06JIaCTH ,lI,0-
CTaTOqHO 60JIbWUX MOJleKYJIHpHNX Macc, KOr,ll,a KOHu,eHTpau,Hfl H30-
aHaTHbIX HJIH ypeTaHoBNX rpynn CTaHOBHTCfl CTOJIb MaJIOH, qTO
.o6YCJIOBJIeHHOe ux npHCYTCTBHeM Me)f{MOJIeKYJIflpHOe B3aHMo eH-
CTBHe 6y eT He3HaIJHTeJIbHO BJIHflTb Ha Bfl3KOCTHNe CBOHCTBa. npn
3TOM 3aBHCHMOCTH ,,( M ) OJIHrO HH30u,HaHaTOB H OJIHroypeTaHoB,
npOH fl qepe3 MHHHMYM, ITpH6JIu)f{aIOTCfl K 3aBHCHMOCTH '11 ( M ) HC-
XO,ll,HOro OJIHr031j>Hpa (CM. 3KCTpanOJlHu,HOHHbIe yqaCTKH KpHBbIX 5,
6 U 7 HS pHC. 1.2).
27
OTMe'leHHYIO aHOMaJIHIO BH3KOCTHNX CBOHCTB CJIe YeT yqHur-
BaTb npH peaKLJ,HOHHOM 4>opMoBaHHH nOJI HypeTa HOB, B 'IaCTHOCTIf
npH 1j>0pnOJIHMepHOH TeXHOJIOrHH, Kor a CHH)f{eHHe MOJIeKYJIHpHOH
MaCCbI HeKOTopNX OJIHro3Ij>HpH30u,HaHaTOB He TOJIbKO He YJIyqWaeT
TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHe CBOHCTBa 3THX npo yKTOB, a, Ha060pOT, MO)f{eT
YXY,lI,WHTb HX 3a CqeT B03paCTaHHH BH3I«>CTH.
POJIb MMP OJIHrOMepOB O,ll,HHaKOBOH npHpO,ll,N BbIpa)f{aeTCH B
CHM6aTHOM H3MeHeHHH HX BH3KOCTH H K03 Ij>Hu,HeHTa nOJIH HCnepc-
HOCTH M w/ M n [92J. PaCWHpeHHe MMP YJIY'IWaeT TeXHOJIOrH'Ie-
CKHe CBOHCTBa OJIHrOMepOB, TaK KaK HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHNe paK'
LJ,HH, nO,ll,06Ho nJIaCTH4>HKaTopaM, cnoc06cTBYIOT YMeHbweHHIO HX
BH3KOCTH. HaHJIYIJWHe pe3YJIbTaTbI OCTHraIOTCH npH 6HMO aJIbHOM
pacnpe eJIeHHH no MOJIeKYJIHpHbIM MaccaM, Kor a OCHOBHaH H HH3-
KOMOJIeKYJIHpHbIe Ij>paKu,HH 06pa3YIOT nHKH C Y3KHM MMP. nOJIH-
6YTa,ll,HeH, HMelO HH nO,ll,06HOe MMP, onHcaH B [97J.
3aBHcHMoCTb BH3KOCTH OT TeMnepaTypbI Y OJIHrOMepoB, TaK JKe
KaK Y peocTa6HJIbHbIX nOJIHMepOB, M01KeT 6bITb onHcaHa 3aKOHOM
AppeHHyca:
l.
'1-[(.. e.tp(E!RT),
rAe 1(..- K03 HUHeHT, 3aSHCSllltHii OT npHpO.!l,bI OJIHroMepa; E - 3HeprH!I aKTH-
saURR SSl3Koro TeqeHHSI; T - a6COJIIOTRaSi TeMnepaTypa; R - ra30Sa!l nOCTOSlK-
HaSl, paSHaSi 8,3 Klb</MOJlb.
y HeKoTopbIX OJIHrO HH30LJ,HaHaTOB H OJIHroypeTaHoB nOCTOHH-
CTBO E B onpe eJIeHHOM TeMnepaTypHOM HHTepBaJIe MO)f{eT He co-
6JIIO aTbCH, TaK KaK y 3THX OJIHrOMepOB npH onpe eJIeHHOH TeMne-
paType T nep , npeBNwalO eH TeMnepaTYPY CTeKJIOBaHHH Tc, Ha6JIIO-
aeTCH H3MeHeHHe yrJIa HaKJIOHa 3aBHCHMOCTH Ig" (liT), con po-
B01K alO eeCH YMeHbweHHeM 3HeprHH aKTHBau,HH BH3Koro TeIJeHHSI
E "PH T>T nep (eM. pHC. 1.1 H TaOJI. 1.3).
KaK BH HO H3 Ta6JIHu,N, TeMnepaTypa nepeXO,ll,a Y 3a6JIOKHpO-
BaHHoro OJIHroypeTaHa BbIwe, qeM y He3a6JIOKHpOBaHHoro, H Y 060-
HX CHCTeM T nep YMeHbwaeTcH C pOCTOM MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCN. KaK
nOKa3aHO B [94J, cy ecTBoBaHHe Y aHHbIX OJIHrOMepoB npH T=
=40-70°C BTOpHIJHOro BNcoKoTeMnepaTypHoro nepexo a 06y-
CJIOBJIeHO HaJIHqHeM BHYTPH- H Me)f{MOJIeKYJIHpHNX BO,ll,OpO HblX
cBH3eR (Tltna II), KOTopbIe np" ,lI,OCTH1KeHHH T nep nepecTpaHBalOTcSI
H 3aMeTHO OCJIa6eBaIOT. C YBeJIH'IeHHeM MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCN KOH-
u,eHTpau,HH Ij>YHKu,HoHaJIbHNX rpynn, cnoc06HNX K 06pa30BaHH)()
BO OpO,ll,HbIX cBH3eR, YMeHbwaeTcH, nonoMY CTPYKTypHNH nepexo,lt
Ha6JIIO aeTCH npH 60JIee HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax.
3aBHcHMoCTb BH3KOCTH OT HHTeHCHBHOCTH elj>opMHpoBaHHH pac-
cMoTpeHa B tpH e pa60T [98-100]. Ha KpHBbIX Te'leHHH pH a OJIH-
rOMepoB MorYT 6NTb BN,lI,eJIeHN TPH Y'IaCTKa (pHC. 1.3): AB-
BOCXO,ll,H aH BeTBb aHTHTHKCOTponHH HJIH CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH
BC - 06JIaCTb pa3PyweifHJI CTPYKTYPN (HHcna alO HH yqaCToK)
CD - 06JIacTb TeqeHHH npH pa3pyweHHoH CTpYKType C nocToHHHOK
BH3'KOCTbIO (06JIaCTb HblOTOHOBCKoro TeqeHHH). 06HapY1KeHHblR aB-
TopaMH [98] aHOMaJIbHNH XO,ll, KpHBbIX TeqeHHJI 06 HCHJleTCH CJIe-
28
lJ,na.c f(,na.c
a If
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6J10KHpOSaHHoro MeT8HOJlOM MaKpoARH30UH8H8T8 O.QSrA C 51= 1750 (6) K
ARR306YTHpsToJlHroTeTpaMeTHJleHrJlRKOJISI C M=2000 (6) npH pa3J1H'IHhIX 'leMne-
paTyp8X
YIO HM 06pa30M. Ha yIJaCTKe AB no .lI.eHCTBHeM KaCaTeJIbHbDC:
HanpH1KeHHH T npOHCXO HT paCnpHMJIeHHe H opHeHTau,HH MOJIeKyn
OJIHrOMepa, npH 3TOM BCJIe.ll.CTBHe YCHJIeHHH B3aHMo.aeRcTBHH OpH-
eHTHpOBaHHbIX MOJIeKYJI B03HHKaeT onpe eJIeHHaH CTpYKTypa H.:
BH3KOCTb CHCTeMbI nOBNWaeTCH. npH aJIbHeHWeM YBeJIH'IeHHH Ha--
npH)f{eHHH C BHra, HaIJHHaH C HeKOToporo TKP, Ha6JIIO aeTCH pa3py--
weHHe CTPYKTypbI, COnpOBO)f{ alO eeCH YMeHbweHHeM BH3KOCTif
(Y'IaCTOK BC). npH OCTaTOIIHO 60JIbWHX HanpH1KeHHHX (CKOpOC-
THX) c.aBHra peaJIH3yeTcH TelleHHe OJIHrOMepa C nOJIHOCTblO pa3py-
weHHOH CTpYKTYPOH, KOr.ll.a C pOCTOM HHTeHCHBHOCTH elj>opMHpoBa-
HHH BH3KOCTb npaKTHlleCKH He H3MeHHeTCH (Y'IaCTOK CL».
3TOT 31j> eKT aHOMaJIHH BH3KOCTH BNpa)f{eH 60JIee 3aMeTHO y-
OJIHrOMepOB MeHbweH MOJIeKYJIHpHOR MaCCbI, npH 3TOM Y HH3KOMO-
JIeKYJIHpHbIX CHCTeM TKP YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH C pOCTOM TeMnepaTypN..
a Y BNCOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHNX - Ha060pOT, CHH1KaeTCH. B 3aBHCHMOC.,
TH OT THna OJIHrOMepa, TeMnepaTypbl H PyrHx lj>aKTopoB OT enb-
Hble YllaCTKH aHOMaJIbHOR BH3KOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH MorYT 6NT.,
BNpa1KeHbI '60JIee HJIH MeHee lIeTKO, a B HeKOTopNX CJIYllaJlX - MO-
rYT OKa3aTbCJI BHe HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHOH 06JIaCTH.
HanpHMep, Y oJIHro6YTa HeH.lI.HOJIOB (.M=200o-4000) , OJIHro'"
6YTa HeHHHTpHJI.aHOJIa (M = 3800), nOJIH-t:-KanpOJIaKTOHa (M =
= 2200), COnOJIHMepa TeTparH po4>ypaHa H npOnHJIeHOKCH.lI.a (M =
= 1660), nOJIHOKCHnpOnHJIeHrJIHKOJIeR (M = 2000-2500) B OJIHrO-
29
. MH30u,MaHaTOB H3 UX OCHOBe"B HHTep'BaJIaX TeMnepaTYP 20-100 °C
. Ii cKopocreH C BHfa J 0- 1 -10 2 c- I BOCXO H MH Y'IaCTOK AB OTCYT-
cTByeT, a HMCXO H aH. BeTBb BC HMeeTCJI. 30Ha nepexo a K HblO-
..
TOHOBCKOMY TeqeHHIO "(H C I1pe.neJIbHO H3MeHeH'JIOA CTPYKTypoA pac-
nOJIaraeTCH B HHTepBaJIe cKopocreii C BHra npHMepHo OT 1 .ao
:50 c- I , npM 3TOM' Y OJIMrO:!l:HeH08 aHHNA nepexo peaJIH3yeTCJI
npM MeHbWMX CKOpOCTHX C BHra, qeM Y OJIHr03cpHpoB, a y OJIHrO-
H30u,HaHaTOB - MeHbWMX, 'IeM Y OJIHr031j>HpoB H OJIHrO HeHOB, Ha
OCHOBe KOTOpNX' OHM CMHTe3MpOBaHN. C YMeHbweHHeM TeMnepaTY-
pN H YBeJIM'IeHMeM MOJJeKYJISlpHOH MaCCN OJIHrOMepOB 30Ha nepe-
xo a K HblOTOHOBCKOMy Te'leHMIO cMew.aeTCJI B CTOPOHY 60JIee HH3-
KMX "(.
B pa ' 60Te [101] HCCJIe OBaJIH KHHeTMKY pa3BHTHJI elj>opMau,MH
'C BMra B 06pa3u,ax CJI01KHNX nOJIH31j>HpoB MeTO OM CHHTHH peo-
rpaMM "(="(t) npH 'f=const Ha 3JIaCTOBHcK03HMeTpe ll1Be oBa B
06JIaCTM cpaBHMTeJIbHO MaJINX 3HaIJeHHH KaCaTeJIbHNX HanpH)KeHHH
(pHC. J.4). Y 06pa3u,a 1 (JIMHeHHNH nOJIM3Ij>Hp) B 06JIaCTH TeMne-
paTYP 20--40°C peaJIM3yeTcH nJIaCTM'IeCKOe Te'leHHe C MaJINM Y'Ia-
'CTKOM, OTBe'lalO MM 3JIaCTH'IeCKOH elj>opMau,MH, H 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH
'1aCTblO OCTaTO'lHOH elj>opMau,HH "(OCT, He06paTMMoii nOCJIe CHHTlfH
HarpY3KH B TO'lKe 'f=0. C pOCTOM 'f (KpHBNe 3 H 4) OJIH 3JIaCTH-
qeCKOH elj>opMau,HH YBeJIH'IMBaeTCJI, H npHMOJIHHeHHNH yqaCTOK,
cooTBeTcTBYIO HH nJIaCTMIJeCKoMY Te'leHHIO, npaKTH'IeCKH BNP0)K-
, i
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HbiX nOJlH3 HpOB H3 OCHOBe O.lI.3fA C M=2000 (a) H pa3BeTBJleRRblX THna
.lI.ecMo eH C M=2500 (6) npH T .20°C (1-9) R 60°C (1'-4') H RanpSlJKeHHSlX
<C.!I,BHra ('t'.JO-s TIs) 3;65 (/), 7,3 (2, I'), 10,95 (3), ]4,6 (4, 2'), 29,2 (3'),
43,8 (4',6), 21,9 (5); 36,5 (7),48,8 (8) H 51,] (9)
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aeTCJI. 3TO HBJIeHHe IIpOTHBOnOJI01KHO, TOMY, QTO Ha6JI1o.llaeTCW
06N'IHO B HC'DepCHNX CHCTeMax H CTPYKTypHpOBaHHNX 1KM KOCTHX_-
C nOBblweHHeM TeMnepaTypN .ao 50-60°C CHCTeMa npaKTH'IeCKR.
YTpa'lHBaeT TeKY'IeCTb BO BceM HCCJIe yeMoM HHTepBaJIe 'to
PeOJIOrHIJeCKOe nOBe eHHe 06pa3u,a 2 (pa3BeTBJIeHHNH nOJIH--
31j>Mp) B OTJIH'IHe OT JIHHeHHOro nOJIH31j>Hpa xapaKTepH3yeTcH Ha-
JIH'IHeM onpe eJIeHHOfO HanpH1KeHHH C BHra 'tm, npH OCTH)I{eHHH:
KOTOpOfO Ha6JI1o aeTCH pa3pyweHHe CTPYKTypN - xpynKHH pa3 '
pNB. npH nOBNweHHH TeMnepaTypN npOIJHOCTb CTPYKTypN 06pa3-
u.a 2 YMeHbwaeTcH H pa3pNB Ha6JIIO.llaeTCH npH MeHbWMX 'tm.
HaJIHIJHe Y nOJIM31j>MpoB B 06JIaCTH cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJJblX Kaca-
TeJIbHbIX HanpH1KeHMH 06paTMMNx C BHfOBNX elj>opMauHH H npe-,
eJIbHOrO HanpH1KeHMH 'tm 06 HCHHeTCH fH6KOCTbIO OJlHfOMepHNJC
u.eneH M cyw.ecTBoBaHHeM Ij>JIYKTyau,HoHHoii aMoplj>HoH ceTKH C Bpe-
MeHHbIMH KOHTaKTaMM, 06YCJIOBJIeHHNMH HaJIH'IMeM e.llHHMIJHNX H
MHO)KeCTBeHHblX BaH- ep-BaaJIbCOBNX B3aHMO.lleHCTBMH. 3TH CTPYK-'
Typbl HBJIHIOTCH THKCOTponHblMM M pa3pywalOTcH npM nOBbiWeHIlH'
TeMnepaTypbl M YBeJIHIJeHHM HanpH)KeHHH C BHra.
BblHBJIeHHble Y OJIMfOMepOB aHOMaJIMH peOJIOm'leCKHX CBOHCTa-:
CJIe yeT YIJHTbIBaTb npM BN60pe TeMnepaTypHO-CKOpOCTHblX napa-.
MeTpOB pa3JJH'IHbIX TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKMX Onepau,HH Ha CTa HH nO.il.ro-
TOBKH CblpbH H peaKUHOHHOfO <l>opMoBaHHH nOJIHypeTaHoB, CTpe-
MHCb 06eCne'lHTb pe)KHM Te'leHHH, BblXO HW.HH 3a npe.lleJJN 06Jlac-
TeH aHOMaJIbHOfO nOBe eHHH: T>T nep , 1>.y1l H 't>Tm. '
CMeCH OJIHrO HOJlOB H MaKpo HH3ou.HaHaTOB Ha HX OCHOBe. Ecmf
CMeCb 06pa30BaHa pa3JIH'IHNMH no MOJIeKYJIHpHOH Macce Ij>paKu,HH-
MH O Horo H TOfO 1Ke OJIHfOMepa, TO ee BH3KOCTb '1CM MO)KeT 6NTb
Ou.eHeHa nYTeM paC'IeTa C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM npaBHJIa JIOfapulj>MHIJe-
CKOH a HTHBHOCTH:
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rAe N. H N - MO,1bHble AOJIH KOMnOHeHTOs; '11 H '12 - SR3KOCTH )l(H.!I.KHX KOM-
nOHeHTOS.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 06aBJIHH K OJIHfOMepy onpe eJIeHHOe KOJIH'Ie-
CTBO OJIHrOMepa Toro 1Ke XHMH'IeCKOfO COCTaBa, HO MeHbweH MOJIe-
KYJIHpHOii MaeCN, MO)KHO HanpaBJIeHHO YMeHbwHTb BH3KOCTb CHCTe-
MN, HCnOJIb3YH JIH paC'IeTa MaCCN MO HIj>Hu,HpYIOw.eH 06aBKK
npH'Be eHHoe BNwe ypaBHeHHe. 3TOT npHeM 'IaCTO npHMeHHIOT It
npaKTHKe peaKu,HOHHOfO 1j>0pMOBaHHH nOJIHypeTaHoB JIH YJIY'lwe-
HHH TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB OJIHfOMepHNX KOMn03Hu,HH.
HH3KOMOJleKYJlHpHble HH3ou.HaHaTbi H y JlHHHTeJlH u.eneR. 3TII;
npO.llYKTN B 06N'IHNX YCJIOBHHX HBJIHIOTCH )KH KHMH HJIM JIefKO-.
nJIaBKHMH Bew.eCTBaMH, KOTopNe npH TeMnepaType nepepa60TKH:
06JIa.aa1OT CBOHCTBaMH HblOTOHOBCKOH 1KH KOCTH. n03TOMY .aJIH xa-.
paKTepHCTHKH HX peOJIOfHIJeCKOfO nOBe eHHH B npou,ecce nepepa,
60TKH Ba1KHO 3HaTb TeMnepaTYPY nJIaBJIeHHH H BH3KOCTb npH TeM-
nepaType nepepa60TKH. <l>H3H'IeCKHe CBOHCTBa HeKOTopNX HaH60JIee-
31
soACTsa HH3KOMO eKYJlSlpHblX AHH30UH8HaTOB
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npOAyKT M I T 811' °C
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H 2,6-T.l1H (35%)
(;Mecb H30Mepos 2,4-TLlH (80%)
H 2,6-T.l1H (20%)
4,4'-MLlH
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1,3. ByraHuoJl
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(24 0c)
1,26
(109 !lC)
Ta6Auu,a 1.4.
'I. n..c
0,0021
(uP" 30 !lC)
1,09
1,4
0,001
(120 0c)
pacnpOCTpaHeHHNX HH3KOMOJIeKyJIHpHNX H30u,HaHaTOB H y.aJIHHHTe-
.JJeH u,eneA ypeTaHoBNX CHCTeM npHBe.aeHbI B Ta6JI. 1.4.
CMecH onHroAHonOB H HH3KoMoneKynHpH x rnHKoneA H AH-
;8.MHHOB (nonHonbHblii KOMnoHeHT). nOJIHOJIbHNA KOMnOHeHT B o.a-
HocTa HHHoA HJIH nceB olj>opnOJIHMepHOH TeXHOJIOrHH npe CTaBJIH-
T c060A CMeCb (pacTBop HJIH 3MYJIbCHW) OJIHrO HOJIOB C HH3KO-
MOJIeKYJIHpHNMH HOJIaMH, TpHOJIaMH HJIH HaMHHaMH B CO'leTaHHH
-<: .a06aBKaMH KaTaJIH3aTOpoB, HHrH6HTOPOB, nJIaCTHIj>HKaTopoB H
.npyrHx HHrpe HeHToB. BH3KOCTb TaKoA CMeCH, KaK npaBHJIO, HH1Ke
BH3KOCTH OJIHrO HOJIa, TaK KaK BH3KOCTb HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHNX KOM-
nOHeHTOB npH T> T nJl 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO HH1Ke, IJeM y OJIHrOMepa. 113Me-
HHH OTHOCHTeJIbHoe cO ep1KaHHe OJIHrOMepHoH COCTaBJIHW eA,
MO)l{HO HanpaBJIeHHNM 06pa30M H B WHpOKHX npe.aeJIax BapbHpo-
BaTb BH3KOCTb CMeCH, .a06HBaHcb OnTHMaJIbHOrO C TeXHOJIOrHIJe-
cKoA TO'lKH 3peHHH COOTHoweHHH BH3KocTeH nOJIHOJIbHOrO H H30-
.uHaHaTHoro KOMnOHeHTOB. BJIHHHHe COCTaBa nOJIHOJIbHOrO KOMno-
HeHTa (KoHu'eHtpau,HH HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHOrO .aHOJIa, nJIaCTHIj>HKaTo-
J}a, 3MYJIbraTOpa H p.), ero lj>a30Boro COCTOHHHH H TeMnepaTypbl
1Ia BH3KOCTb CMeCH HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHblX rJIHKOJIeA H rH.apOKCHJICO-
..aep1Ka HX OJIHrOMepoB paccMoTpeHo B rJl. 2.
32
-]2,0+
+]7,4
-6,5+
+10,5
-50
15-20
28
100-109
Oc060 CJIe yeT OCTaHOBHTbCH Ha CMeCHX OJIHrOMepH X HOJIOB
H D.HaMeTa X, TeM'OepaTypa nepepa60TKH KOTOp X (80-100 0c)
Mo*eT OKa3aTbCH HH1Ke TeMnepaTypN nJIaBJIeHHH HaMHHa (100-
109°C) H CHCTeMa 6y eT HaXO HTbCH B nepeoXJIa1K eHHOM (no OT-
HoweHHIO K .lI.HaMeTY X) COCTOHHHH. npH lj>opMHpoBaHHH TaKOH
CMeCH 3ap0,!1NWH TBep.aoH <l>a3N pa3pywalOTcH H paCnpe eJIHIOTCH
B OJIHrOMepHoH <l>a3e, qTO OJI1KHO COnpOB01K.aaTbCH YMeHbweHHeM
BH3KOCTH nepeoXJIa1K eHHOii CHCTeMN. 3THM, BH,lJ.HMO, 06 HCHHeTCH
60JIee BNCOKaH CTeneHb aHOMaJIHH BH3KOCTH CMecH OJIHrO HOJIa C
D.HaMeToM X, '1eM y «'1HCToro» OJIHrOMepHoro JJ.HOJIa (pHC. 1.5).
BH3KOCTb nepeoXJIa)K eHHNX C}feCeH OJIHrOJJ.HOJI - D.HaMeT X
npH 70-100 °C, KaK npaBHJIO, BNwe, '1eM y HCXO.D.HNX OJIHroJJ.H0-
JJOB, 3a HCKJIIO'IeHHeM 06JIaCTH CKopocTeii C.D.BHra, npeBNwalOUJ,HX
10-20 c- I , r e y HeKoTopNX CHCTeM BH3KOCTb MO)KeT HaCTOJIbKO
YMeHbwHTbCH, qTO CTaHeT MeHbwe BH3KOCTH qHCTOrO OJIHrOMepa
(CM. pHC. 1.5).
U30UHaHaTHbie nceBAocIJopnO.llHMepbl (Un.n). HaJIH'IHe H3-
6NTKa HH3KOMOJIeKyJIHpHOrO H30u,HaHaTa 'lI03BOJIHeT cYUJ,ecTBeHHo
CHH3HTb BH3KOCTb Hn<l>n, '1TO HCnOJIb3yeTcH B nceB.D.olj>opnOJIH-
MepHoii TeXHOJIOrHH peaKUHOHHoro 1j>0pMOBaHHH TIOJIHypeTaHoB JIH
7,na,e
'I
o
GO 80 t [c-']
20
O
'l;q 7 *1
tg d'/6*/
I 3man
D 3man
'10
to
t
PHC. 1.5. 3aBHcHMocTH BSl3KOCTH 0,1HroMepoB (1'-4') H HX CMeceii C .l1HaMeToM
x (.l1X) (1-5) OT CKOpOCTH CABHra npH 80.C (1, 2, 4), ]OO.C (3) H
70.C (5):
1- no.,o-e-KanpOJJaKTOH c M-2200+,!1X (70: 30 Mac. 'I.): 2-onHr06YT8AHeHAHOJI (OB,lU
c M-2130+,!1X (71.3: 28.7 Mac. 'I); 3. 4. 5 - o.'Hro6yTa,ll,HeHHJlTpHnAHon (OBH.l1) c M-
-3300+.l1X (74: 26 Mac. 'I.)
PHC_ 1.6. KaqecrBeHHble 3aBHCHMOCTH H3MeseHHSI B$l3KOCTH '1 (1), a6CO.11OTHoro
3HaQeHHSI KOMnJleKcHoro MOAYJJR C.!I.BHra 10*1 (2), TaHreHca yr.18 nOTepb
tg 6 (3) H TefiJlOTbi XHMHqecKOii peaKl{HH q (4) B npouecce OTBep)K.!I.eHHSI nMH-
ypeTaHOB
3-153
33
YJIY'IweHHH TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB OJIHrOMepHOA KOMn03Hu,HH
B qaCTHOCTH .n.JIJI CHH1KeHHSI BH3KOCTH MaKpOH30u,HaHaTOB, .aOBe.n.e-
HMH 06 eMHOrO COOTHOWeHHH KOMnOHeHTOB H OTHOWeHHH HX BH3-
KOCTeH .a0 1: I. BJIHHHHe COOTHoweHHH rpy.on NCO H OH, KOH-
u,eHTpaUHH NCO-rpynn, TeMnepaTypN H npHpo bI OJIHrOMepa H3
BH3KOCTb nceB.n.olj>opnOJIHMepa paccMotpeHo B rJI. 2.
1.3.2.
OnHrOMepHIt,e CHCTeMIt. C H3MeH"IOU(HMHC"
so speMeHH peonorH",ecKHMH CSOHCTsaMH
npH aHaJIH3e peOKMHeTHqeCKMX npOu,eccoB B OJIMrOMepHNx CHCTe-
Max 06bI'IHO HCnOJIb3YI01' CJIe ylOUJ,He MeTo.aN Ou,eHKH npeBpau.r.eHHH
[102, 108J (pHC. 1.6):
1) no M3MeHeHHIO KOHl/,eHTpal/,HM o.aHoro H3 peareHToB (<<XHMH-
'IeCKaH CTeneHb npeBpa eHHH):
= [x(t)JI[xoJ HJlH ...] -[x(t»)/(xo), (1.1)
rile (x(I)J - TeKylltaSi KOHueHTpaUHR peareHTa; [xoJ - HaqaJlbHaSi KOHueHTpaUH9
peareRTa;
2) no H3MeHeHHIO BH3KOCTM 'r} HJIH MO.aYJIJI ynpyrocTH G peaK-
U,HOHHOH MaCCN (<<peOJIOrH'IeCKaH CTeneHb npeBpa eHHH):
p -= ('1(/) - '10)/('1.. - '10) UJIH
p - (G(/) - Go)!(G.. - Go), (1.2)
rAe '1 (I), '10, '1.. - TeKylltaSl, HaqaJlbHaSi H KOHe'lHaSi SR3KOCTb peaKltHoHHoii
CMecH; G(t), Go, G.. - TeKylltee, HaqaJlbHoe H KOHeqHOe 3Ha'leHHSI MOAYJlR ynpy-
rOCTH;
3) no KHHeTHKe TenJIOBN.aeJIeHHH (<<KaJIOpHMeTpH'IeCKaH CTe-
neHb npeBpa eHHH):
= q(t)!Q - cp(T - To)!cp(Tu - To), (1.3)
rAe Q - nOJlHblA TenJlosoA 3 KT peaKUHH; q(/) -Ten.nOTa, SblAeJlHSWaSiCSI K
MOMeHTY speMeHH I; To - Haqa.nbH8SI TeMnepaTypa CMecH; T u - TeMnepaTypa
nOJlHOrO all.Ha6aTH'IecKoro pa30rpesa; e - Ten.noeMKOCTb; p - nJlOTHOCTb;
4) no H3MeHeHHIO 06 eMa peaKu,HoHHOA MaCCN (<<.aHJIaTOMeTpH-
qeCKaH CTeneHb npeBpa eHHH):
A'" (1- (V(/) - Vo)!(V.. - Vo», (1.4)
rAe Yo, V(/), V.. - Ha'laJlbHblA, TeKYIltHA H KOHe'lHblA 06'beMbi peaKuHOHHOH CH-
CTeMbi.
D.JIH ynpo eHHoro KOJIH'IeCTBeHHoro aHa.llH3a KHHeTHKH CHHTe3a
nOJIHypeTaHoB npH 3KBHMOJIbHOM COOTHoweHHH KOMnOHeHTOB Ha on-
pe.n.eJIeHHblX CTa HSlX npou,ecca M01KeT 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30BaHO ypaBHe-
HHe BToporo nOpH,!1Ka JIH KOHu,eHTpaUHH peaKu,HOHHNX rpynn
(l03j:
d !dl = 1(0 exp [- E,I!RT)(] - )', (1.5)
rll.e 1- spewSl; - CTeDeHb npespallteHHR; 1(0 - KOHCTaHTa; E,l - 3HeprHSI aKTH-
saUHH XHMU'IecKoA peaKUHH; T - TeMnepaTypa; R - ra30S8S1 nOCTORHHaSi.
34
npH 3TOM B3aHMOCBH3b Me)l{ y MrHOBeHHOA BH3KOCTbIO ,,(t)
(<<peOJIOmIJecKoib CTeneHblO npeBpa eHHH p) H «XHMH'IeCKOb
CTeneHblO npeBpa eHHH Y HeCerMeHTHpOBaHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB
M01KeT 6NTb B nepBOM npH6JIH1KeHHH KOJIH'IeCTBeHHO onHcaHa CTe-
neHHon Ij>YHKu,HeA [103J:
t) (t) = A '" HJlH p = a "'. (1.6)
ECJIH B ypaBHeHHH (1.5) pa3.aeJIHTb nepeMeHHble, a 3aTeM npon3-
BeCTH HHTerpHpOBaHHe, TO nOJIY'IHM CJIe YIOw,ee BNpa1KeHHe .aJIH
paCIJeTa Ij>YHKU,HH (t):
(t) = 1(0 exp(- E/RT)t![1 + 1(0 exp(- EIRT)t). (1.7)
nO CTaBJIHJI (1.7) B (1.6), nOJIY'lHM paBeHcTBo, onHCblBalO ee
KHHeTHKY H3MeHeHHH BJl3KOCTH B npouecce CHHTe3a nOJIHMepa:
t) = AK'" exp(- Em/RT)t m ![1 + 1(0 exp(- E!RT)tJ.... (1.8)
PeoKHHeTHKa CHHTe3a H30ll,HaHaTHbix cJ»opnO.llHMepOB (n 4» n) H
nceB.aocJ»opnO.llHMepOB (n n 4» n). XHMH3M npou'eccOB CHHTe3a Hn <I>
H Hn<l>n paccMOTpeH B pa3.a. 1.1.1 H 2.3.1. npH CHHTe3e H<I>n
(q= [NCOJ/[OHJ =2) OCHOBHblM lj>aKTopoM, BN3NBalOw,HM nOBN-
weHHe BH3KOCTH CMeCH OJIHrO HOJI - HH3KoMoJIeKYJIHpHblM H30u,Ha.
HaT - MaKpOH30u'HaHaT, HBJIHeTCH He poeT MOJIeKYJIHpHOM MaCCN
npo YKTa peaKu,HH (TaK KaK OHa YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH He3Ha'lHTeJIbHO),
a YBeJIH'IeHHe KOHUeHTpau,HH B peaKu,HOHHOH Macce MaKpOH30u,Ha-
HaTa, KOTOpblH, KaK 6NJIO YKa3aHO Bblwe, HMeeT CKJIOHHOCTb K Me1K-
MOJIeKYJIHpHOH aCCOu,Hau,HH 3a C'IeT CHJIbHNX BO OpO HNX cBH3eH
KOHu,eBNx rpynn. lJT06N H36e1KaTb He)KeJIaTeJIbHOrO Y JIHHeHHH
MaKpoH30uHaHaTa npH q = 2, HCnOJIb3YIOT MOHoMepHble H30u,HaHa-
TN c rpynnaMH NCO, 06JIa.n.alOw,HMH pa3HoH aKTHBHOCTblO, HanpH-
Mep 2,4-TD.H.
Ha pHC. 1.7 npe.acTaBJIeHN 3aBHCHMOCTH '1 (t) H (t), KOTopNe
6NJIH nOJIY'IeHN Ha pOTal/,HOHHOM BHcK03HMeTpe «PeoTecT-2», oc-
'l, na.c /3;/3p
5 ',0
-4 0,8
J 0.6
2 0,4
1 0,2
a
0 100 110 t, HUH 0 20 40 60 80 fOO 120 140 t,MI1H
PHC, 1.7. KRHeTHKa H3MeHeHHSI BSl3KOCTH (1-3), XHUH'IeCKOA (4, 6, 7) H peOJlO-
rHqecKoA (5) CTeneHeA npeBpallteHHSI B npouecce CHHTe3a OpnOJlHMepOB Ha
HoBe 06.lt (1-5), nTMr (6) H nonr (7) npH 60 °C (1), 80 °C (2, 3) H
1-5,29 c- 1 (J, 2) H 0,98 c- I (3)
3-
35
Ha eHHOM CaMOnHWYUJ,HM npH60pOM KCn-4, B npOu,ecce CHHTe3a
OpnOJIHMepOB npH Ij>HKCHpOBaHHNX 3HaQeHHHX T H 1 B KoaKCH-
aJIbHOM pa60IJeM 3a30pe. 3.aecb )l{e nOKa3aHN 3aBHCHMOCTH (t).
xapaKTepH3YIO He KHHeTHKY XHMH'IeCKOrO B3aHMo eHCTBHH peareH-
TOB B npou,ecce CHHTe3a pa3JIH'IHNX 1j>0pnOJIHMepOB (KOHu,eHTpa-
U,HIO NCO-rpynn oueHHBaJIH THTpOBaHHeM). KaK BH HO H3 pHC. 1.7.
CKOpOCTb HapacTaHHH BH3KOCTH B npou,ecce CHHTe3a 1j>0pnOJIHMe-
pOB 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT T, HO H OT .y. YBeJIHIJeHHe TeMna Hapac-
TaHHH BH3KOCTH C pOCTOM CKOpOCTH C BHra CBH3aHO, BepOHTHO.
C YCKopeHHeM XHMHIJeCKOrO B3aHMo eHCTBHH peareHTOB 3a CIJeT
60JIee HHTeHCHBHoro MeXaHH'IeCKOrO B03 eAcTBHH, cnoc06CTBYIO-
ero nOBNmeHHIO 3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTH Macco06MeHa H pOCTy HCCHna-
THBHNX TenJIOBN eJIeHHA.
B pa60Te [109] npHBe eH pe3YJIbTaTN HCCJIe40BaHHH MaKpo-
KHHeTHKH HeKaTaJIHTH'IeCKOro B3aHMo.aeHcTBHH OJIHr03THJIeHrJIH-
KOJIba.aHnHHaTa C pa3JIHQHNMH MOHO- H .aHH30u,HaHaTaMH KaJIOpH-
MeTpH'IeCKHM, .aHJIaTOMeTpHIJeCKHM H XHMHIJeCKHM MeTo aMH. nOKa-
3aHO, '1TO KOJIHIJeCTBO B 4eJIHBWerOCH B pe3YJIbTaTe XHMH'IeCKOR
peaKUMM TenJIa H OTHOCHTeJIbHaH 06 eMHaH yca Ka (npe4eJIbHOe
3Ha'leHHe ee OCTHraeT 2,5-3,0%) npOnOpu,HoHaJIbHN rJIy6HHe
npeBpaw.eHHSI, npH 3TOM B HHTepBaJIe TeMneparyp 50-70°C Ten-
JIOBOH 3<1>Ij>eKT peaKu,HH 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT npHpO.ll.N H30u,HaHaTa H
npaKTHIJeCKH He 3a'BHCHT OT TeMnepaTYP , COOTHoweHHH [NCOJ:
: [OH] H MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCCN OJIHr03<1>Hp HOJIa. 3HaIJeHHH Ten-
JIOBNX 31j><I>eKToB (KD.1K/MOJIb) peaKu,HH H30u,HaHaTOB C OJIHr03TH-
JIeHr JIMKOJIba HnHHaTOM npHBe.aeH HH)I{e [l 09 J:
87,8
reKcaMeTH-
JleHAHH30-
UHaRaT
]24,6
cx.Ha THJI-
H30UHaHaT
2,4-TOJlYH-
JleHARH30-
UH8H8T
]89,5
4,4'- .n.H e-
HHJlMeTaHAH-
H30UH8HaT
]94,0
CZ>eHHJlH30-
UHaHaT
80,7
KHHeTHKa B3aHMo eAcTBHH HCCJIe.aoBaHHoro onHr031j>Hp MOJIa
KaK C MOHO-, TaK M C HH30u,HaHaToM MO)l{eT 6 Tb onMcaHa [l09J
ypaBHeHHeM BToporo nopJl.aKa:
]/e - ]/eo + kt npH a = b; (1.9)
a- a-b
19 b _ = Ig (a/b) +2]"" kt "PM a > b, (1.10)
rAe a, b, Co - RcxoAHble KOHueHTpalUlR peareHTOs; C H =C!Co - TeKyll1He KOHueHT-
paUHR; k - KOHCTaHTa CKOpOCTH; t - BpeMSI.
KOHCTaHTa CKOpOCTH k B xo.ae peaKUHH OCTaeTCH npaKTHIJeCKH
nOCT9HHHOH .ao CTeneHeA npeBpaw.eHHH 70-90%, YBeJIH'IH'BaHcb C
pOCTOM MOJIeKYJIHpHOH Macc OJIHr03Ij>Hp.aHoJIa H B03pacTaHHeM
OTHoweHHH q= [NCO]/[OH] B HHTepBaJIe H3MeHeHHH nOCJIe Her()
(0,5+2) : 1. npH q>2 CKOpOCTb B3aHMo eiicTBHH HH30u,HaHaTa
MD.H H OJIHrO,!1HOJIa TaK>Ke YBeJIHIJHBaeTCJI C pOCTOM q (pHC,
2.4), npH'IeM .aJIH CJI01KHorO OJIHr031j>Hpa B 60JIbWeA CTeneHH.
36
'1, na.c '1,na.c
24
Joo 20
16
11
a
'1, na.c
8
a
PRe. 1,8. KHHeTHK8 CTPYKTYPRPOB8HHSI oJlHroypeTaHoBbix ,I<OMn03RltHii Ra oc-
Hose 06.l1 C M=2130 (a) H 0.l13fA (6, 8) npH 90°C (a, 6) H 20°C (6)
H pa3J1H'IHblX CKOpOCTSIX CASHra (c- I ):
a: 1-5.45; 2 - 9.8: 3 - 882; 4 - 1323; 6. 8: 1-25.4; I' - 8.78; 2 - 3.8; 2' - 0.585; 3-
0.38; 4 - 0.087
'1eM .aJIH OJIHrO HeH HOJIa. C pOCTOM q CaMOpa30rpeB OT TenJIa pe-
aKu,HH YMeHbWaeTCH, 'ITO CBH3aHO CO CHH1KeHHeM KOHu,eHTpau,HH
pearHpYIO HX rpynn.
KaK BH HO H3 poc. 1.7, peaKu,HR CHHTe3a nceBJJ.olj>opnOJIHMepa
HMeeT 3'BTOKaTaJIHTH'IeCKHH xapaKTep, '1TO CBR3aHO C KaTaJIHTH'Ie-
CKHM eHcTBHeM Y)Ke 06pa30BaBwHxcH ypeTaHoBNx rpynn H nOBN-
weHHeM TeMnepaTypN 3a C'IeT TenJIa peaKu,HH.
KaK 6y.aeT nOKa3aHO B rJI. 2, .na1Ke He3HaqHTeJIbHOe YBeJIH'IeHHe
cO ep)l{aHHH BJIarR npHBo HT K pe3KoMY nOBNweHHIO BH3KOCTH pe-
aKu,HoHHOH MaCCN. 3TO B03pacTaHHe BR3KOCTH npH npoTeKaHHH no-
60qHOH peaKu,HH C BJIarOH B onpe eJIeHHOH CTeneHH MO)KeT 6NTb
pe3YJIbTaTOM YBeJIHqeHHH .aJIHHN MOJIeKYJIN MaKpoH30UHaHaTa.
OJJ.HaKo 60JIee cyw.ecTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe Ha pOCT BH3KOCTH, nO-BH H-
MOMY, OKa3NBaeT 06pa30BaHHe B xo.ae n060'lHOH peaKu,HH CKJIOH-
HNX K aCCOu,Hau,HH MO'leBHHHNX rpynn.
TaKHM 06pa30M, .aJIH YCKopeHHH CHHTe3a nceBJJ.o.popnOJIHMepa,
CHH1KeHHR caMopa30rpeBa OT TenJIa peaKu,HH, YMeHbweHHH BepORT-
HOCTH npoTeKaHHJI n060'lHNX peaKu,HA H .aOCTH)KeHHH HaHMeHbweA
BH3KOCTH peaKuHoHHOH MaCCN aHHNA npou,ecc He06xo HMO npo-
BOJJ.HTb npH B03MO)l{HO 60JIbWHX q H MHHHMaJIbHO B03M01KHOM co-
.nep1KaHHH BJIarH B OJIHro.aHOJIax.
37
PeoKHHeTHKa OTBep1KAeHHSI nOJiHypeTaHOB. B npou'ecce OTBep1K-
eHHH nOJIHypeTaHoB M01KHO B eJIHTb ABa xapaKTepHNX 3Tana:
Jla nepBOM 3Tane npOHCXO HT pOCT JIHHN H pa3BeTBJIeHHOCTH MaK-
pOMOJIeKYJI O AOCTH1KeHHH HeKOTopoA KpHTH'IeCKOA rJIy6HHbI npo-
TeKaHHH peaKu,HH *, CBH3aHHoA c nOTepen TeKyqeCTH [103] (AO
.n.OCTH1KeHHH «reJIb-TO'lKH ); Ha BTOpOM 3Tane (3a npe eJIaMH
«reJIb-TO'lKH») 06pa3yeTcH CnJIOWHaH TpexMepHaH ceTKa XHMH'Ie-
CKHX H Ij>H3H'IeCKHX CBH3eA H TeKY'lecTb YTpa'lHBaeTcH. Y cerMeH-
THpoBaHHNx nOJIHypeTaHoB peoKHHeTHKa CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH H KPH-
TH'IeCKaH CTeneHb npeBpa eHHH *, OTBe'lalO aH «reJIb-TO'lKe», BO
MHorOM 3aBHCHT OT .aHHaMHKH ,npou,ecca 1j>0pMHpoBaHHH MHKpore-
TeporeHHoH CTPYKTypN, B KOTOpOH pOJIb Y3JIOB npocTpaHcTBeHHoH
Ij>H3H'IeCKOH ceTKH B nOJlHHIOT OMeHN 1KeCTKHX 6JIOKOB (l 02J.
PeOJIOrHqeCKOe TIOBe.aeHHe ypeTaHoBoA KOMn03Hu,HH Ha nepBoM
3Tane xapaKTepH3YlOT BH3KOCTblO, a Ha BTOpOM - HHaMHqeCKHM
Mo.n.YJIeM ynpyrocTH, KOppeJIHpYIO HM C nJIOTHOCTblO nOnepe'lHNX
cBH3eH OTBep1KueMOrO nOJIHypeTaHa [103J.
C n03Hu,HH ou,eHKH TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHX cBoAcTB (lj>opMyeMocTH)
peaKu,HoHHocnoc06HoH KOMn03Hu,HH HaH60JIbWHH npaKTH'IeCKHH
HHTepec npe.acTaBJIHeT nepBNA 3Tan H "npe>K e Bcero BpeMH to, KO-
Topoe xapaKTepH3yeT 1KH3HeC.fioc06HOCTb peaKu,HoHHOH MaCCN, T. e.
npO OJI1KHTeJIbHOCTb coxpaHeHHH COCTOHHHH MaJIOBH3KOH 1KH.aKOCTH,
H BpeMH t*, OTBe'lalOUJ.ee nOTepe TeKY'IeCTH - TO'lKe 1KeJIaTHHH3a-
l/,HH HJIH reJIe06pa30BaHHH (l03J.
B [102] TeOpeTHQeCKH 060CHOBaHO H 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO no -
TBep)K eHO, '1TO *, OTBe'lalOUJ,ee t*, COCTaBJIHeT y HecerMeHTHpo-
BaHHNX nY O,707, a y Cny - HaXO HTCH B HHTepBaJIe 0,66-
0,93 (pHC. 1.9).
BHHI1CKoM npe JI01KeHO JIH Ol/,eHKH 1KH3HeCnoc06HoCTH pe-
aKu,HoHHocnoc06HNX OJIH'fOMepHNx KOMn03Hu,HA HCnOJIb30BaTb OT-
pe30K BpeMeHH, KOTOpNA cooTBeTcTByeT TO'lKe neperH6a Ha 3aBH-
CHMOCTHX .aHHaMH'IeCKOro MO yJIH HJIM tg (j OT BpeMeHH OTBep)K e-
HHH (KpHB e 2 H 3 Ha pHC. 1.6). E HHaH cTaH apTH30BaHHaH
MeTo.n.HKa Ou,eHKH to H t* B HaCTOHUJ.ee BpeMH OTCYTcTByeT.
Ha npaKTHKe JIH Ou,eHKH BpeMeHH 1KH3HeCnoc06HOCTH to H Bpe-
MeHH 1KeJIaTMHH3au,HH t* HCnOJIb3YIOTCH pa3JIHQHNe YCJIOBHNe Tex-
HOJIOrHqeCKHe MeTo.aN. TaK, TO'lKa to M01KeT 6NTb onpe.n.eJIeHa no
3aBHCHMOCTH ,,(t) KaK MOMeHT OKOHqaHHH ee ropH30HTaJIbHOrO
Y'laCTKa (CM. pHC. 1.6) JIH60 no MOMeHTY OCTH1KeHHH HeKoToporo
YCJIOBHOrO 3Ha'leHHH BH3KOCTH ''0, xapaKTepHoro JIH KOHKpeTHoro
TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKorO npou,ecca. BOJIee YHHBepCaJIbHNM npe CTaBJIH-
eTCH MeTO ou,eHKH to no OTpe3KY BpeMeHH, COOTBeTCTBYIO eMY
YBeJIHqeHHIO Ha'laJIbHoA BH3KOCTH peaKUHOHHOH MaCCN '11 Ha HeKOTO-
PYIO BeJIHqHHY /).,'11, T. e. no aHaJIorHH C npHHHTNM MeTO OM onpe-
AeJIeHHH cnoc06HOCTH K npe>K.aeBpeMeHHoA BYJIKaHH3al/,HH pe3HHO-
B X cMeceA no rOCT 10722-76. TO'lKY )l{eJIaTHHH3al/,HH t* oope-
.aeJIJlIOT 06N'IHO KaK BpeMH .aOCTH1KeHHH peaKu,HoHHOA Macc HeKO-
Toporo xapaKTepHoro 3HaqeHHH ,,* (npHMepHo 1,2+1,4) .10 2 na.
'C [103].
38
r
-,
tg 'l [na.c] AT.. ,oc
3 40
JO
.,
2
5'
. a
1jJ Lgt[HuH] 0
s
10 15 20 25 t, MUff
PHC. 1.9. 3aBHcHMOCTb BR3KOCTH (a), TeMnep8Typbl 8AHa6aTHQecKoro pa30rpeBa
TaJ1. (6) H XHMHQecKOA CTeneHH npeBp811teHHSI npH T==const (8) B npollecce
OTBep)KAeHHSI MaKpOAHH30llH8H8TOB Ha OCHOBe nTMr (1-3) H OB.l1 (4. 5)
OpH 60°C (3), 70°C (2,2'), 80°C (1,4) H 90°C (5)
PaCCMOTpHM 3aBHCHMOCTH '1 (t), nOJIyqeHHble Ha pOTau,HOHHNX
BHcK03HMeTpax npH T=const H 1=const, B .opOu,ecce OTBep1K.ae-
HHH HeKOTopNX nOJIHypeTaHoB no o.aHOCTa.aHAHOH (pHC. 1.8, 6, 8)
H .aBYXCTa HHHOH (BTopaH CTa.aHH, pHC. 1.8, a) cxeMaM. KaK BH.a-
HO H3 pHCYHKa, .aJIft Bcex 3aBHcHMocTeA '1 (t) xapaKTepHo HaJIH'IHe
Ha'laJIbHOrO yqaCTKa (HH YKu,HoHHoro nepHoAa) npO OJI)I{HTeJIb-
HOCTblO OT 1-2 MHH o 1,5-2,0 'I, B npe eJIax KOToporo BH3KOCTb
H3MeHHeTCH He3HaqHTeJIbHO, T_ e. 'rI(t) ='1=const. npH nOBNwe.
HHH TeMnepaTypN H KOJIH'IeCTBa KaTaJIH3aTOpa TeMn HapacTaHHH
BH3KOCTH YBeJIH'IHBaeTCH, a to H t* YMeHbwalOTcH. KHHeTHKa Hapa-
CTaHHH 'Bft3KOCTH 3aBHCHT TaK1Ke OT THna OTBep HTeJIft, B '1aCTHO-
CTH OT co.aep1KaHHft peaKu'HoHHNX rpynn, onpe eJIHIOUJ,Hx CTPYKTY-
py (JIHHeAHYIO HJIH pa3BeTBJIeHHYIO) nOJIyqalO HXCH nOJIHMepHblx
npo YKTOB.
npH YBeJIHqeHHH CKOpOCTH C BHrOBoro .aelj>opMHpoBaHHH peaK-
UHOHHOA MaCCN BO MHorHX cJIYlfaftx Ha6JIIO aeTCft YCKopeHHe npo-
u,ecca oTBep1K.aeHHft, T. e. cOKpa eHHe to H t*, 'lT0 06YCJIOBJIeHO
[106] B OCHOBHOM HCCHnaTHBHblMH TenJIOBN eJIeHHHMH npH Telfe-
HHH. BMeCTe C TeM H3BeCTHN CJIY'IaH, Kor a YBeJIH'IeHHe CKOpOCTH
elj>opMHpoBaHHH B onpe.aeJIeHHOM TeMnepaTypHo-CKOpOCTHOM HH-
TepBaJIe, Ha060poT, cnoc06cTByeT 3aMe JIeHHIO npouecca OTBep1K-
39
,;!leHHJI (CM. pHC. 1.8, 6). 3TO HJIJIIOCTPHPYIOT KpHBNe TeqeHHSI .aaH-
HNX MaTepHaJIOB, Ha KOTOpNX Ha6JIIO.aaeTCJI SlBHO BNpa1KeHHNH
Y'lacT K «aHTHTHKcoTponHH» (CM. pHC. 1.3, a H 6), r.ae C YBeJIH'Ie-
HHeM "( 31j>Ij>eKTHBHaSi BSl3KOCTb OJIHfoypeTaHoBoA KOMn03Hu,HH B03-
pacTaeT H COOTBeTCTBeHHO YMeHbwaeTcSI CKOpOCTb XHMH'IecKOH pe-
.aKu,HH [99J. <l>aKTN YMeHbweHHSI HJIH YBeJIH'IeHHSI to H t* C pOCTOM
't He06xo.aHMO yqHTNBaTb Ha npaKTHKe, TaK KaK B pe3YJIbTaTe e-
Ij>OpMHpOB3HHJI peaKu,HoHHOA MaCCN B CMeCHTeJIbHOH rOJIOBKe, JIHT-
HHKOBNX KaHaJIaX H B nOJIOCTH 1j>0pMN nOTepSi TeKyqeCTH M01KeT
HacTynHTb paHbwe HJIH n031Ke, 'IeM 3TO CJIe.ayeT H3 peoKHHeTHqe-
CKHX KPHBNX, CHSlTNX npH O.aHOH, KaK npaBHJIO, cpaBHHTeJIbHO He-
60JIbWOft CKOpOCTH cABHra H B H30TepMHqeCKHX YCJIOBHSlX.
PeaJIbHNH npou,ecc peaKu,HoHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHJI nOJIHypeT8HoB
npoTeKaeT 06N'IHO B HeH30TepMH'IeCKHX YCJIOBHSlX, KOTopNe 06y-
CJIOBJIeHN He TOJIbKO .aHCCHnaTHBHNMH BN eJIeHHSlMH, CKOJIbKO Ten-
JIOBNM 31j>Ij>eKToM XHMH'IeCKoft peaKu,HH OTBep1K.aeHHSI H HeCTau,HO-
HapHOH TenJIOnpOBO HOCTblO npH TeqeHHH H CTPYKTypHpOBaHHH KOM-
n03Hu,HH B 1j>0pMe. HeH30TepMH'IHOCTb npou,ecca cy ecTBeHHO OT-
pa1KaeToCSi Ha peOKHHeTHKe OTBep1K eHHSI. npH nOBNweHHH TeMne-
paTypN YCKopSleTCSI XHMH'IeCKOe B3aHMo.aeftcTBHe H COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO HHTeHcHIj>Hu,HpyeTcSI npou,ecc HapaCTaHHSI BSl3KOCTH, CHH1KaeTCH
BSl3KOCTb peaKu,HOHHoft MaCCN, 'lT0 TaK1Ke cnoc06cTByeT YBeJIH'Ie-
HHIO TeMna ee HapaCTaHHSI (oc06eHHO Ha Ha'laJIbHOM 3Tane), H Ha-
6JIIO.aaeTCSI H3MeHeHHe KHHeTHKH 1j>0pMHpOBaHHSI MHKporeTepolj>a3-
HOft CTPYKTypN Y Cny, COnpOB01K alO eecSi H3MeHeHHeM t* H *.
Ha pHC. 1.9 npHBe.aeHN .aaHHNe 0 CKOpOCTH pOCTa TeMnepaTypN
B xo e a Ha6aTH'IeCKOrO OTBep}K.aeHHSI HeKOTopNX OJIHroypeTaHoB
"PH pa3JIHqHblX HaqaJIbHNX TeMnepaTypax To peaKu,HoHHOH MaCCN.
113 pHcYHKa BH.aHO, 'ITO a Ha6aTHqecKHH pa30rpeB y pa3JIH'IHNX
OJIHroypeTaHoBNX KOMn03Hu,HA cy ecTBeHHO pa3JIH'IaeTCSI (OT 8 .ao
44 QC), npH 3TOM 06 HH npHpocT TeMnepaTYP B 06JIaCTH To OT 70
o 100°C OCTaeTCSI npaKTH'IeCKH O HHM H TeM 1Ke. 3TO CBH.aeTeJIb-
cTByeT 0 HeH3MeHHOCTH XHMH3Ma peaKu,HH B 3TOft 06JIaCTH TeMne-
paTYP [104, 105J.
B npe.anOJI01KeHHH, 'lT0 peaKu,HSI oTBep1K.aeHHSI SlBJISleTCSI peaK-
u,HeA BTOporo nopSl Ka, xapaKTepHoft .aJISI nOJIHKOH.aeHcau,HH, H qTO
.
CKOpOCTb npeBpa eHHSI nponOpu,HoHaJIbHa HHTeHCHBHOCTH TenJIO-
BN eJIeHHA, KHHeTHKa CHHTe3a nOJIHypeTaHa npH 3KBHMOJIbHOM co-
OTHoweHHH KOMnOHeHTOB .aOJI1KHa onHCNBaTbCSI ypaBHeHHeM THna
(1.5) C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM «KaJIOpHMeTpHqeCKoH» CTeneHH npeBpa-
eHHSI K' O HaKo conOCTaBJIeHHe 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHNX H paC'IeT-
HNX .aaHHNX nOKa3NBaeT, 'ITO ypaBHeHHe BToporo nopSl.aKa 06ecne-
'IHBaeT xopowYIO CXO.aHMOCTb JIHWb Ha HaqaJIbHOM 3Tane npou,ecca
OTBep1K.aeHHSI. JIy'lwylO CXO.aHMOCTb M01KHO nOJIY'lHTb, ecJIH HCnOJIb-
30BaTb ,It'Ba MaKpoKHHeTHqeCKHX ypaBHeHHSI, nepBoe H3 KOTOpNX xa-
paKTepH3yeT npou,ecc .ao TO'lKH reJIe06pa30BaHHSI, a BTopoe - KHHe-
THKY TenJIOBN eJIeHHH Ha 3aKJIIOqHTeJIbHNX CTa.aHSIX [107 J. npH
3TOM BO BTOpOM ypaBHeHHH HCnOJIb3yeTcJI HOBNH KHHeTHqeCKHH na-
40
paMeTp - OJISI Be ecTBa, nepewe wero B reJIb. B pa60Te [105]
npe JI01KeHO JISI onHcaHHSI npou,ecca OTBep1K eHHSI nOJIHypeTaHoB
BnJIOTb o rJIy60KHx CTeneHeH npeBpaU!eHHSI HCnOJIb30BaTb O HO
Tpex'napaMeTpHQeCKOe MaKpoKHHeTH'IeCKOe ypaBHeHHe:
. ..1(,exp(-E,/RT)(I- .){l +Co .),
(1.]])
rAe 1(" E, B Co - 3MnHpHqecKBe KOHCTaHTbI.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3HaKa H BeJIH'IHHN KOHCTaHTN Co aHHoe
ypaBHeHHe M01KeT onHcaTb HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHNe BH.aN KH-
HeTH'IeCKHX Ij>YHKu'HH, B TOM 'IHCJIe nepBOrO nOpSl Ka (CO=O), BTO-
poro nopSl.aKa (C o =-I), C aBToycKopeHHeM (Co>O) H C aBToTop-
M01KeHHeM <I Col > 1; Co<O). C Y'IeTOM (1.3) .aJISI a.aHa6aTH'Ie-
CKHX YCJIOBHH ypaBHeHHe (1.11) M01KHO 3anHcaTb B BH.ae
d(I1T)/dt = (K,/ATaA)exp(- E,/RT) (AT aA - AT) (AT... + AT), (J.I2)
r.l1e AT = T -To - TeKYlltHA npHpocT TeMnepaTypbl; AT a ,,= T .;J,-To - nOJlHblA
aAHa6aTH'IecKHA pa30rpes.
YpaBHeHHe (1.12) M01KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb KaK .aJISI onpe eJIeHHJI
K" E, H Co no pe3YJIbTaTaM KaJIOpHMeTpH'IeCKHX HCCJIe OBaHHH
KHHeTHKH OTBep}K eHHSI B a.aHa6aTHQeCKHX YCJIOBHSlX, TaK H JISI
MaKpoKHHeTH'IeCKOrO onHcaHHH HCCJIe.ayeMoro npou,ecca. KaK no-
Ka3aHO B pa60Te [105], ypaBHeHHe aBToHHrH6HpYIOll\ero THna
(c aBTOTOpM01KeHHeM) y OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHO onHCNBaeT 3KcnepHMeH-
TaJIbHNe pe3YJIbTaTN BnJIOTb o rJIy60KHx CTeneHeH npeBpa eHHSI.
YpaBHeHHe aBToHHrH6HpYIOll\ero THna .aJIH H30TepMH'IeCKHX
YCJIOBHH, OQeBH.aHO, nOCJIe HHTerpHpoBaHHH 6y.aer HMeTb BH
(Co - 1)
=1+ .
exp [(1 - Co)Kot] - Co
npH t-oo - * = l/C o , T. e. ypaBHeHHe aBToHHrH6HpYIOll\ero THna
B OTJIH'IHe OT ypaBHeHHSI BToporo nopH Ka npe nOJIaraeT HeKOTO-
pylO He3aBepweHHocTb npou,ecca no napaMeTpy , cBSl3aHHYlO C He-
rOMoreHHNM OTBep1K eHHeM peaKu,HoHHOH MaCCN B pe3YJIbTaTe
MHKpO- H MaKpolj>a3Horo pa3.aeJIeHHSI B npou,ecce pocTa H CWHBa-
HHH u,eneH B 06JIa<:TH reJIe06pa30BaHHH.
npH OTBep1K.aeHHH OJIHroypeTaHoBNx KOMn93Hu,HH JIHHeHHNH
pOCT MOJIeKYJIJlpHNX u,eneR npoHcxo HT no MexaHH3MY nOJIHKOH-
eHCau,HH [103J, npH 3TOM o.aHoBpeMeHHo B3aHMo.aeAcTBYlOT peaK-
u,HOHHNe u,eHTpN Bcex MaKpOMOJIeKYJI, H no Mepe npoTeKaHHSI pe-
aKu,HH QHCJIO TaKHX u,eHTpoB YMeHbwaeTcSI. .llonycKaSl, 'ITO B xo e
peaKUHH npOHCXO HT y6JIHKau,HSI MaKpOMOJI KYJI, B3aHMOCBSl3b
Me1K.ll.Y cpe.aHeR CTeneHblO nOJIHKOH.aeHCau,HH P H CTeneHblO npe-
BpaU!eHHSI M01KHO npe.aCTaBHTb B BH e
p.. (] - )-I, (J.I4)
( I. 13)
ue P - OTHoweHBe HCXO.l1HOA KOHueHTpaUHH peaKUHoHHblX rpynn [xo] K TeKyweA
KOHueHTpaUHB [x]; = ([xoJ-[x(t)]/[xo].
41
KOHu,eHTpau,HSI 06pa3YIO erOCSI B peaKUHOHHOA MaCCe nOJIHMe-
pa He H3MeHJleTCSI B xo.ae npouecca H nOCTOSlHHO paBHa 1, n03ToMY
npH OTCYTCTBHH 3aMeTHoro Ij>H3H'IeCKOrO B3aHMo.aeifcTBHSI Ij>parMeH-
TOB ueneH BSl3KOCTb CHCTeMN npOnOpu,HoHaJIbHa TOJIbKO MOJIeKY-
JISipHOH Matce nOJIHMepa. Ha onpe.aeJIeHHOii CTa.aHH npou,ecca OT-
Bep1K.aeHHSI Ha peOJIOrHqeCKHe CBoHcTBa peaKu,HoHHOA MaCCN Ha'lH-
uaeT 3aMeTHO BJIHHTb pa3BeTBJIeHHOCTb MOJIeKYJI, nOSlBJIeHHe none-
peqHNX cBSl3eH H cerperHpOBaHHNx 6JIOKOB C 06pa30BaHHeM MHK-
polj>a3N. 3TH 3 eKTN MorYT 6NTb Y'ITeHN B ypaBHeHHH (1.11)
BBe eHHeM napaMeTpa g. Tor a nOCJIe BBe.aeHHSI TeMnepaTYPHoH
3aBHCHMOCTH BSl3KOCTH appeHHycoBcKoro BH.aa ypaBHeHHe (1.11),
npHMeT BH [105J
t) = I( exp(E,JRT)[g!(I- )J", (1.15)
'rAe E.. - 3HeprHSI aKTHBaUHH BSl3Koro TeqeHHSI; K.. H a - KOHCTaHTbI.
Pewaft COBMeCTHO (1.15) H (1.12), MO)KHO onpe.aeJIHTb 3aBHCH-
MOCTb '11 (t) B H30TepMHqeCKOM pe1KHMe.
H3YIJeHHe BJIHSlHHJI CTeneHH pa3.aeJIeHHSI Ij>as Ha peoKHHeTHKY
a.aHa6aTHqeCKOrO OTBep1K.aeHHSI RIM-KOMn03Hu,Hii nOKa3aJIO, uo
YBeJIH'IeHHe co.aep)l{aHHSI 1KeCTKHX 6JIOKOB npHBo HT K YMeHbweHHIO
BpeMeHH reJIe06pa30BaHHSI H YBeJIHqeHHIO CTeneHH npeBpa eHHSI,
cooTBeTcTBYIO eH reJIb-TOqKe (pHC. 1.10). 3TO CBSl3aHO C TeM, qTO C
YBeJIHqeHHeM co.aep1KaHHSI 1KeCTKOH lj>a3bl CKOpOCTb peaKu,HH B03-
pacTaeT, npH 3TOM YMeHbwaeTcSI t* H BCJIe.aCTBHe YBeJIHqeHHJI /)"TaIJ.
nOBNwaeTCSI *, cooTBeTcTBYIO aH Ha'laJIY pa3 eJIeHHSI lj>a3 H pe3-
KOMY B03pacTaHHIO BJl3KOCTH 3a CqeT H3H'IeCKOrO CWHBaHHSI ny
[102J. YBeJIHqeHHIO * cnoc06cTByeT TaK1Ke nOBNweHHe KOHueHT-
paUHH KaTaJIH3aTOpa (CM. pHC. 1.10).
fI,pH H30TepMH'IeCKOM OTBep1K.aeHHH COY YBeJIHIJeHHe Co ep>Ka-
HHSI 1KeCTKHX 6JIOKOB, Ha060pOT, cnoc06cTByeT yMeHbweHHIO *,
qTO CBH.aeTeJIbCTByeT 0 BeCbMa Ba1KHOH pOJIH TeMnepaTypHoro lj>aK-
Topa B 1j>0pMHpoBaHHH MHKporeTepo a3Hoii CTPYKTypN. YqHTNBaSl,
'ITO Ha 3Tane 3anOJIHeHHSI <pOpM RIM-KoMn03HuHSlMH peaJIH3YIOTCSI
npaKTH'IeCKH a Ha6aTH'IeCKHe YCJIOBHSI, JIH aHaJIH3a 3Toro npo-
uecca .aaHHNe a Ha6aTHqeCKOH BHcK03HMeTpHH HBJIJlIOTCSI 60JIee
HHlj>opMaTHBHNMH, qeM aHHNe H30TepMHqeCKoH. .lI.JISI nporH03H-
pOBaHHSI TeXHOJIorHqeCKOrO nOBe.aeHHSI OJIHroypeTaHoBNx KOMn03H-
U,HH B peaJIbHNX YCJIOBHHX He06xo.ll.HMO YMeTb paCCqHTNBaTb Bpe-
MSI 1KH3HeCnoc06HoCTH to B HecTau,HoHapHoM pe1KHMe 06orpeBa,
HCnOJIb3yJI peoKHHeTHIJeCKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH npH T = const. .lI.JISI
3THX ueJIeii M01KeT 6NTb HCnOJIb30BaH no.axo , 6a3HPYIO HHCSI Ha
COOTHoweHHH BeAJIH [11 0] :
to
J(to) = J t[ :;t)] = 1, (1.16)
o
rAe t (T) - 3aBHCHMOCTb BpeMeHH >KH3Hecnoco6HocTH OT TeMneparypbl B pe)KHMe
T=const; to - BpeMSI )KH3Hecnoco6HocTH npH HeH30TepMH'IeCKOM pe)KHMe T(t).
42
'1, na.c l.g I1w 19l1 w '1,na.c A7;,B'oC )
If ,
a fir =0,707 IDs 5
10 s ,9
10'* 1,6
8 1,2
10 J 10 4 0,8
10 z 0,4
0
o 02 0,4 0,6 0,8 j3 0,4 0,8 13
'1, na'c '
20 6
16
12
8
4:
o. 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 j3 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 /3
PHC. ],]0. 3aSHCHMOCTH SSl3KOCTH, MOJIeKy.IJSlpHOA MaCCbl MID H a.l1Ha6aTH"ecKoro
npHpocTa TeMnepaTypbl 6b1CTpOOTSep1K.I1aeMbiX HecerMeHTHposaHHblX (a) H cer-
MeHTHposaHHblx (6, 8, 2), RIM-KoMn03HI1HA npH pa3J1H'IHOM co,!{ep)K3HHH )KeCT-
KHX 6J10KOS Ic H KOHl1eHTpal1HSlX KaTanH3aTopa C :
a - CHC'reM3 H3 OCHOBe H4>n H IfPH+YHKI.\HOH3J1bHoro nOJl HOJI 3; o-z - CHCTeM3 M.LtH-
1.4-6YT3lfJl,HOJl - COnOJlHMep npOnHJleH- H 9TH./IeHOKCHJI,OB C iIf= 2300
XHMHQeCKaSi AeCTpyKQHSI nOJIHypeTaHOB. npH BTOpHtiHOH nepe-
pa60TKe npe BapHTeJIbHO H3MeJIbqeHHNe nOJIHypeTaHN nO Bepra-
lOT XHMHtleCKO:\fY pa3JI01KeHHIO, HanpH:\fep nYTeM rH pOJIH3a, aMH-
HOJIH3a HJIH rJIHKOJIH3a npH onpe.aeJIeHHblX TeMnepaTypaX. Ha Ha-
qaJIbHOH CTa HH 3TH npou,eccbI JlBJIHIOTCH reTepOreHHblMH, n03TO:\fY
MepOH 3aBepWeHHOCTH peaKu,HH .aeCTPYKU,HH He MorYT CJIY1KHTb
peOJIOrHqeCKHe CBonCTBa nOJIynpO.ll.YKTOB, co ep>Kaw.HX nOJIH HC-
nepCHYIO KPOWKY nOJIHypeTaHa H He60JIbWOe KOJIHtleCTBO 1KH KOH
<pa3N. Ha onpe.aeJIeHHOM 3Tane .lI.eCTpYKUHH, Kor a TBep.ll.aSl lj>a3a
HCqe3aeT, a nOJIynpO YKTbl npe CTaBJIJlIOT c060A rOMoreHHbln BH3-
KHn KOHTHHYYM, Bft3KOCTb 3aBHCHT OT M , MMP H KOHueHTpaUHH
nOJIHMepa B CMeCH.
PeOKHHeTHKa TepMOKaTaJIHTHtieCKOrO rJIHKOJIH3a nOJIHypeTaHa
Ha rOMoreHHOM 3Tane npouecca 6y eT paCCMOTpeHa B rJI. 2. Bft3-
KOCTb npo.aYKTOB rJIHKOJIH3a B npou,ecce ecTpYKu,HH MOHOTOHHO
y6NBaeT, .aOCTHraSi 'Iepe3 2-5 'I nOCTOJlHHOrO 3HaQeHHSI. C YBe-
JIHqeHHeM KOHu,eHTpau,HH .aecTpYKTHpYIO ero areHTa, co.aep1KaHHSI
KaTaJIH3aTopa H TeMnepaTypN npou,ecc rJIHKOJIH3a H.lI.eT 6NcTpee H
o 60JIee r JIy60KHX cTa Hn.
.
43
TaKHM 06pa30M, no peOKHHeTH'IeCKHM 3aBHCHMOCTSlM I M01KHO
XOHTpOJIHpOBaTb H nporH03HpOBaTb TeXHOJIorHqeCKHe napaMeTpN
npou,ecca XHMHqeCKOH .aeCTpYKu,HH nOJIHypeTaHoB npH HX BTOPHq-
.HOH nepepa60TKe.
1.4. 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH TE4EHH5I onHrOMEPOB H HX CMECEI't
npaKTH'IeCKH Ha Bcex CTa.aHSIX peaKUHOHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHSI nOJIH-
ypeTaHoB npOHcxo.aHT TeqeHHe O.aHO- H .aByxIj>a3HNx OJIHrOMepHNX
CHCTeM. YpaBHeHHe BH1KeHHft, CBSl3NBalOll\ee nepena.ll. .aaBJIeHHJI
/)"P C JIHHeHHOH CKOpOCTblO 1KH KOCTH v, M01KeT 6NTb npe.ll.CTaBJIeHO
.aJIJI 0 Holj>a3HNx CHCTeM B BH.ae [111. c. 136]
I1P = t(v p!2), (1.]7)
rAe p-nJlOTHOCTb )KH.I1KOCTH; t=A(I!d e ) -K03 4»HuHeHT rpeHHSI; I H de-AJlHHa
H 3KSHSaJleHTHbiA AH3MeTp; A=f (Re). Re= vdp!'1 - KpHTepHA PeiiHOJlb.l1Ca;
d - xap3KTepHblA JlHHeAHblA p33Mep; t) - SSl3KOCTb.
B O.ll.Holj>a3HoM nOTOKe B03M01KHO cy ecTBOBaHHe Tpex npHH-
u,unHaJIbHO OTJIHqHblX rH.apO UHaMH'IeCKHX pe1KHMOB TeqeHHSI.
1) JIaMHHapHNH pe1KHM peaJIH3yeTcSI npH MaJINX CKOpOCTJlX
nOTOKa H npH cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbWUX 3HaqeHHSlX quceJI PeA-
HOJIb Ca, Kor a npe06JIa.ll.alOlUee BJIHSlHHe Ha xapaKTep TeqeHHft
OKa3NBaeT MOJIeKYJISIpHaSi BSl3KOCTb*. npH JIaMHHapHoM TeqeHHH
HMeer MeCTO CJI01KHOe TeqeHHe 6e3 nepeMeWHBaHUJI qaCTUu" onH-
CNBaeMoe 3aSHCHMOCTSlMH
'" - C!Re H I1P - v (U8)
( C - KOHcTaHTa).
2) Typ6y JIeHTHNH pe1KHM peaJIH3yeTcSI npH OTHOCHTeJIbHO
60JIblUHX CKOpOCTSIX nOTOKa (60JIbWHX QHCJIaX Re> ReKP), Kor a
MOJIeKYJISIpHaSi BSl3KOCTb OKa3NBaeT He3HaQHTeJIbHOe BJIHftHHe Ha
xapaKTep TeqeHUJI H B nOTOKe Ha6JIIO.lI.alOTCSI 6ecnopSl.ao Q HNe nepe-
Me eHHSI qaCTHu, H nYJIbCau,HH MeCTHblX CKopocTeH; npH 3TOM .lJ,JISI
cJIyqaSl HanopHoro TeqeHHSI B KaHaJIaX cnpaBe.aJIHBN CJIe.ll.YIOll\He
3aBHCHMOCTH:
A - CI!Reo. u H !1P - VI. (U9)
3) Pe1KHM pa3BuToH Typ6YJIeHTHOCTH peaJIH3yeTcSI B BNCOKO-
CKOpOCTHNX nOTOKax HJIH npH Bpall\eHUH TeJI B 1KH.lI.KOCTftX C 60JIb-
WOH CKOpOCTblO (MeWaJIKH); npH 3TOM MOJIeKYJISIpHaSi Bft3KOCTb He
OKa3NBaeT BJIHSlHHSI Ha xapaKTep BH>KeHHSI 1KH.aKOCTH, T. e.
'" - C - const H I1P - VI. (1.20)
npH TeqeHHH .aBYx4>a3HNx CHCTeM THna 1KH KOCTb - 1KH KOCTb He-
· MOJIeK}'mrpH3S1 SSl3KOCTb SlMSleyCSI KOJlH'IeCTSeHHOA MepoA cnoc06HOCTH )KHA-
KOCTH cOnpOTHSJlSlTbCSI OTHOCHTeJlbHOMY ASH)KeHHIO (CAsHry) ee 'IaCTRU, KOTOp3S1
He 33SHCHT OT rHApOAHH3MHQecKoA 06CTaHOSKH, 3 SlMSIeTCR YHKUHeA TOJlbKO
npHpOAbi :lKH,I(KOCTR, TeMnep3TYPbl H A8BJ1eHHSI. npHJlaraTeJlbHOe «MOJleKYJlSlpHaSl
Q3CTO onYCKaeTCSI.
4.4
06XO H \ He TOJIbKO Y'IHTNBaTb rH po.aHHaMHqeCKHe JlBJIeHHH B
Ka>K Oa H3 as, HO H nOBepXHOCTHoe HaTH1KeHHe Ha rpaHHu,e .aBYX
}KH KOCTeA, \06JIa alO HX OrpaHH'IeHHOH COBMeCTHMOCTblO. npH
I'H po.aHHaMHVeCKOM aHaJIHSe .aByxIj>asHNX nOTOKOB nOBepXHOCTHoe
HaTH1KeHHe BBI9 HTCH B paCCMOTpeHHe B BH e KpHTepHJI Be6epa,
npe CTaBJIJlIO ero C060H OTHoweHHe CHJIN HHepUHH K CHJIe no-
BepXHOCTHoro HaTH1KeHHH:
We... pv'l!a,
a Me1Klj>asHoe HaTH1KeHHe B BH e BeJIHIJHHN
6,-, = al- !( ai-a + a2-.),
(1.21)
( 1.22)
rAe Ol- - MeJK4»33Hoe HaTSlJKeHHe; al-. - nOBepxHOCTHoe H3TSlJKeHHe Ha rpa-
HHue nepB3SI JKH.!I:KOCTI> - B03.11YX; o . - nOBepXHOCTHoe HaTSlJKeHHe H3 rp3HH-
Ite BTOp3R JKHAKOCTb - B03AYX.
1.5.
MEXAHIo13M CMEWEHIo1,. onlo1rOMEPHbIX nOnynpOAYKTOB
101 PEAKLtlo10HHOCnOC06HblX KOMn03101lt'''A
1.5.1.
KpHTepHH o eHKH Kal.leCTBa
OpH HSrOTOBJIeHHH HS eJIHH HS nOJIHyperaHoB KaK Ha CTa.aHH no.a-
rOTOBKH CNpbJl, TaK H Henocpe CTBeHHO npH peaKu,HOHHOM 1j>0pMO-
BaHHH npOHSBO HTCH CMelUeHHe BYX HJIH 60JIee 1KH KHX KOMno-
HeHTOB, KOTopNe 06paSYlOT paCTBopN HJIH 9MYJIbCHH BsaHMO-
HHepTHNX JIH60 XHMH'IeCKH BsaHMO.aeRcTBYIOll\HX KOMnOHeHTOB.
D.JIH Ou,eHKH Ka'leCTBa XHMHqeCKH aKTHBHNX OJIHrOMepHNX cMeceA,
B KOTOpNX xapaKTep npOTeKaHHH XHMHtleCKHX npOUeCCOB H KOMn-
JIeKC CBoAcTB 06pasYIOlU,HXCJI nOJIHypeTaHoB npe onpe eJIHIOTCH
3<plj>eKTHBHOCTblO pacnpe eJIeHHJI peareHTOB Ha MaKpo- H MHKpO-
YPOBHHX, HCnOJIbSYIOT KpHTepHH MaKpo- H MHKpOMaClUTa6Horo ne-
peMelUHBaHHH [112-116].
l.bCTO sa KpHTepHH Ka'leCTBa MaKpoMaclUTa6Horo nepeMewH-
BaHHH npHHHMalOT cpe HeKBa paTHqHOe OTKJIOHeHHe KOHueHTpaUHH
pacnpe.aeJIJleMOrO (KJIlOqeBoro) KOMnOHeHTa $2 HJIH K031j>Ij>HuHeHT
HeO Hopo.aHOCTH Kc (B %):
N
S2 = (N - 1)-;:lCj - c)2;
Kc = S100/c= 100/c .I(c;- c)2/(N - 1),
1=1.
( 1.23)
r.l1e N - 'IHC.'10 npo6; CI H C - TeKYW.3S1 H epe.l1HSISI KOHueHTpaUHH KJlIO'IeBOrO
KOMnOHeHT8 B np06e. npH HAe3.'1bHOM eMeweHHH S-O H I(c-O.
XapaKTep pacnpe eJIeHHH KJIIOIJeBOrO KOMnOHeHTa M01KHO on-
pe eJIHTb, HCnOJIbSYH CTaTHCTHqeCKHH KpHTepHH nHpcoHa, OCHO-
BaHHblA Ha cpaBHeHHH $2 H reHepaJIbHOH HcnepCHH 0 2 (3 (1-(3),
45
.
npH 3TOM HHAeKC CMeWeHHlI paCC'IHTNBaeTClI KaK [1 14, cA 7]
/ - o*IS*. I (1.24)
KpHTepHD I HSMeHSleTCSI OT 0 (coBepweHHo Hec,. waHHaSi CH-
cTeMa) .ao 1 (H.lI.eaJIbHO CMeWaHHaJi cHcTeMa). KpHTepHH /, 8 2 H
Xc .aOCTaTOIJHO HH.pOpMaTHBHN npH ODHcaHHH KaIJeCTBa XHMHIJeCKH
HHepTHNX OJIHrOMepHNX cMeceii.
npH nepeMewHBaHHH XHMH'IeCKH BSaHMO.aeiicTBYIOll\HX KOMno-
HeHTOB M01KeT BOSHHKHYTb TaKaft cHTyau,HSI, Kor a paBHOMepHO
pacnpe.aeJIeHN He MOJIeKYJIN peareHTOB, a 3JIeMeHTN 06 eMa pas-
JIH'IHOrO COCTaBa, paSMepN KOTOpblX HH'IT01KHO MaJIN no cpaBHe-
HHIO C paSMepaMH pa60'leR nOJIOCTH CMeCHTeJIbHOrO 06oPY.lI.OBaHHJI,
HO BeJIHKH no cpaBHeHHIO C pa3MepaMH MOJIeKYJI. npH 3TOM 06NIJ-
HNe MeTO.ll.N HSMepeHHJI Ij>HKCHPYIOT paBeHCTBO JIOKaJIbHNX KOH-
u'eHTpaUHA, qTO COOTBeTcTByeT H.aeaJIbHOMY CMeweHHIO. O.aHaKO
pacnpe eJIeHHe KOHueHTpaUHH Ha MOJIeKYJIJlpHOM ypOBHe, ODpe e-
JISilOlUee npOTeKaHHe XHMHIJeCKOH peaKUHH, M01KeT 6NTb cy ecT-
BeHHO HeO HopO HNM. n03TOMY O HOPOAHOCTb pacnpe.aeJIeHHSI pe-
areHTOB B 3TOM CJIY'Iae CJIe.ll.yeT xapaKTepHSOBaTb He TOJIbKO pac-
npe.aeJIeHHeM KOHu,eHTpaUHH, HO H ypOBHeM CMeWeHHJI (112,
c. 318]. npH aHaJIHSe cMeceH C yqeTOM ypOBHSI cerperauHH (pas-
.aeJIeHHSI) BBO.ll.SlTCJI DOHJlTHSI MaCWTa6a H HHTeHCHBHOCTH cerpera-
UHH. MacwTa6 cerperau,HH xapaKTepH3yeT pasMephI 3JIeMeHTOB
06 eMa (crycTKoB, C.llOeB, KaneJIb) C O.ll.HOpO.aHOH KOHu,eHTpau,Heli
Toro HJIH HHoro KOMnOHeHTa, a HHTeHCHBHOCTb cerperauHH - pas-
JIH'IHe B KOHueHTpau,HH Me1K.ay YKasaHHNMH 3JIeMeHTaMH o6 eMa
[117 J. npe.ll.eJIbHNH cJIYIJaA, Kor.ll.a MOJIeKYJIN peareHToB pacnpe.ll.e-
JIeHN paBHoMepHo, cooTBeTcTByeT H.lI.eaJIbHoMY CMeweHHIO Ha MHK-
PoypoBHe. BTopoe Dpe eJIbHOe COCTOJlHHe, OTBetialOlUee paBHoMep-
HOMY paCDpe eJIeHHIO MaJINX 3JIeMeHTOB 06 eMa npH nOJIHOM OT-
CYTCTBHH BsaHMHoro npoHHKHOBeHHft CMeWHBaeMblX 1KH KOcTeA.
cooTseTcTByeT H eaJIbHOMY CMeweHHIO Ha MaKpoypoBHe. npoMe-
1KYTO'lHNe COCTOJlHHJI CMecH M01KHO oxapaKTepHsOBaTb CTeneHbIO
cerperaUHH Ie, KOTopaSi no Mepe npH6JIH1KeHHSI CHCTeMN K H e-
aJIbHOMY CMeweHHIO Ha MHKPoypoBHe HSMeHJleTCH OT 1 .lI.O 0 (112.
c. 318J:
Ic = ('fcp-:f)'!('f- 2, (1.25)
r.lle 'f - B23paeT MOJIeKyn, T. e. BpeMSI, npowe.l1wee e MOMeHTa ee nona.l1aHH" 8
eHCTeMY; 'f - cpe.l1HHA B03paeT scex MOJIeKyn, KOTopble HaxoASITeSi B CHeTeMe
B AaHHblA MOMeHT BpeMeHH: 'fcp - epeAHHA B03paeT )KHAKOCTH B TOQKe (yepe.l1-
HeHHblA no 06'beMY, pa3Mep KOToporo HaMHoro MeHbwe MaCWTa6a eerperaUHH).
1.5.2. nepeMewHBaHHe B rOMOreHH&IX cpe,qax
K rOMoreHHNM OJIHrOMepHNM CHCTeMaM M01KHO OTHeCTH CMeCK
TepMO HHaMHqeCKH COBMeCTHMNX OJIHrO HOJIOB, CMeCH OJIHrO.ll.HO-
JIOB C KacTopOBNM MaCJIOM, KOMnOSHu,HH Ha OCHOBe 11 nC1> n, pac-
TBOpN OJIHrO HOJIOB B OpraHH'IeCKHX pacTBOpHTeJISIX H .lI.p. nepe-
MeWHBaHHe B O.ll.Holj>asHNx 1KH KHX OJIHrOMepHNx cpe.aax 06blIJHO
46
npOBo.aHT JIJI .aOCTH eHHH Sa aHHoA CTeneHH O.aHOpO HOCTH nOJIJI
KOHu,eHTpa H HJIH TeMnepaTypHOrO nOJIH B annapaTe npH CMeWe-
HHH nOTOKOB C paSJIH'IHNMH KOHu.eHTpau,HeA H TeMneparypoA.
B OJIHrOM HNX cpe.aax, HBJIHIO HXCH CpaBHHTeJIbHO HHSKOBHS-
KHMH 1KH KOCT H, MaCConepeHOC M01KeT B npHHu,Hne OC eCTBJIHTb-
CJI no 1'peM Ij>HS 'IeCKHM MexaHHSMaM: nYTeM MOJIeKYJIHpHOH HIj>-
4>YSHH; sa CqeT BHxpeBoA (Typ6YJIeHTHOH) .aH Ij>YSHH; nYTeM JIa-
MHHapHoro CMeweHHH.
CKOPOCTb MOJIeKYJIHpHOH .aHIj> YSHH ( HIj>Ij>YSHOHHNA nOTOK) q,
1'. e. CKOpOCTb nepeHoca MaCCN qepes e.aHHHu,y nJIO a.aH, COrJIaCHO
nepBOMY saKOHY <l>HKa, onpe eJIHeTCH paBeHCTBOM (111, c. 202J
q - -D(oc!ox), (1.26)
rAe D - K03 Hu.ReHT MoneKYJlSlpHOA AH 4»Y3RH; oc!ox - rp3.ll.HeHT KOHueHrp3-
uHA 6HHapHoA eHeTeMbl.
K03 Ij>Hu.HeHT MOJIeKYJIJlpHOH .lI.HiJ> YSHH .aJIH THfiH'IHOA ypeTa-
HOBOA KOMnOsHu,HH COCTaBJIHeT 10- 1 ,1 M 2 /C [113]. npH 3TOM Bpe-
MH rOMoreHH3au,HH t D (npO.ll.OJI HTeJIbHOCTb BNpaBHHBaHHH KOH-
ueHTpau,HH sa CqeT MOJIeKYJIHpHOA .aH Ij>YSHH), paCC'IHTaHHOe no
cpopMYJIe tD=O,OI73 (D2/d) .aJIH CHCTeMN C xapaKTepHNM pasMe-
pOM 06JIaCTH Macco06MeHa d = 1 CM, COCTaBJIHeT 10 5 C.
PaSBHTHe BHxpeBoro .lI.BH}KeHHJI npHBo.aHT K HHTeHCHBHOMY no-
nepe'lHOMY Macco06MeHY, npH 3TOM KOJIHqeCTBO nepeHOCHMoro Be-
eCTBa saBHCHT OT rH.lI.pO.ll.HHaMH'IeCKOrO COCTOHHHft nOTOKa H on-
pe.ll.eJIHeTCH HS COOTHoweHHH
q. == -s.(dc!dx), (1.27)
r.I1e 8. - K03 4»HUHeHT sRxpesoA HJlH Typ6yneHTHoA AH 4»Y3HH, KOTOpblA 3aSHeHT
OT rH,!I;pOAHH3MHKH nOTOKOS H 4»H3H'IecKHX CSOACTS )KHAKOCTeH.
CYMMapHNH nepeHOC Be eCTBa MOJIeKYJIJlpHOH H BHxpeBOH
.lI.Hlj>lj>YSHeH 6y eT paBeH
q == q.. + q. == - (D + s.) (dcjdx). (1.28)
B npaKTHqeCKHX paCqeTaX npoueccoB Macconepe aIJH cYMMap-
HblH nepeHoc Bell\eCTBa 06NqHO BNpa1KaeTCH ypaBHeHHeM KOHBeK-
THBHOH .aH Ij>YSHH:
q == Kl1c,
( 1.29)
rAe I( - KO RuHeHT MaeCOnepe.l13'1R; l1c - ocpeAHeHH3S1 p33HOCTb KOHu.eHTpa-
I(HA HJlH ASH)Kyw.aSl eHJla npOu.ece3.
ConOCTaBJIJlH (1.28) H (1.29) npH .lI.ony eHHH ac/ax=dc/l, 6y-
.aeM HMeTb
K.... (D + sa)!l.
( 1.30)
ECJIH onpe.ll.eJIHeMOH BeJIHqHHOH HBJIHeTCH K031j>Ij>Hu,HeHT Mac-
conepe.ll.aqH, TO ero BBO ftT B TaK HaSblBaeMNH .aHIj> YSHOHHNH
KpHTepUH HycCeJIbTa
.
NU JI == Kl!D = (D + 8.)/D,
47
(1.31 )
KOTOpNii nOKaShlBaeT, HaCKOJIbKO YBeJIH'IHBaerCJI nepeHoJBe ecT-
Ba sa CqeT Typ6YJIeHTHOH HIj>Ij>YSHH no cpaBHeHHIO C T MOJIe-
KYJIJlpHOH .aH YSHeA. /
06 ee KpHTepHaJIbHOe ypaBHeHHe, onHCNBalO ee/Macconepe.aa-
qy B o.aHo.paSHOM nOTOKe, 06NqHO HMeeT BH.a /
NUA = A Re"'Pr"A' (1.32)
,
r Ae A - Ko9cfl4»HltHeHT; Re = vi!" - KpHTepHA PeAHOJIb.llea,; Pr.ll = "!D - KpHTepHA
npaHATJlSI; v - eKOpOCTb; ,,- KHHeMaTH'IecKaSi SSl3KOCT"; 1- xapaKTepHblA JlH'
HeAHblA pa3Mep.
Macco06MeH B O.ll.HO aSHoM nOTOKe B saBHCHMOCTH OT ero TYP-
6YJIeHTHOCTH, xapaKTepHsyeMoH SHatleHHeM KpHTepHSI Re, M01KeT
npOHCXO.ll.HTb no CJIe.ll.YlOlUHM pe1KHMaM [111, c. 263J.
J. JIaMHHapHNH pe1KHM peaJIHsyeTcSI npH MaJINX SHaqeHHSlX Re
H cooTBeTcTByeT 06JIacTH MOJIeKYJISIpHOrO nepeHoca (8=0, NUA=
= const). lJacTHNM CJIY'laeM 3Toro pe1KHMa JlBJIJleTCSI JIaMHHapHoe
6es.aH YSHOHHoe CMeweHHe, BOSHHKalOll\ee npH YCJIOBHH, qTO xa-
paKTepHoe BpeMSI BNpaBHHBaHHH KOHUeHTpau,HH KOMnOHeHTOB Ha-
MHoro 60JIbWe npO OJI1KHTeJIbHOCTH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro TeXHOJIOrH-
qeCKOro npouecca.
2. npOMe1KYTOQHNH pe1KHM peaJIHsyeTcSI npH YCJIOBHH D 8J1.>
>0, Kor a npHpO.ll.a Macco06MeHa HSMeHSleTCSI BCJIe CTBHe Bospa-
CTalO ero BJIHSlHHSI Typ6YJIeHTHOCTH npH .aOMHHHpoBaHHH MOJIeKY-
JIftpHorO nepeHoca (8B:::;;;D).
3. Pe1KHM Typ6YJIeHTHOro 06MeHa Ha6JIIO.aaeTcSI npH 8B>D,
'ITO COOTBeTcTByeT npe06JIa.ll.aHHIO BHxpeBOH .lI.H Ij>YSHH Ha.a MOJIe-
KY JISipHOH.
4. Pe1KHM pasBHToH Typ6YJIeHTHOCTH, HJIH aBTOMO eJIbHNH, pea-
JIHsyeTcSI, KOr.ll.a K031j>Ij>HUHeHTN BHxpeBoH BSiSKOCTH H BHxpeBoii
.aH4> YSHH OCTHraIOT MaKCHMaJIbHNX 3HaQeHHA, a onpe eJIHeMNii
H onpe.ll.eJISIlOlUHH KpHTepHH CTaHOBSlTCSI HesaBHCHMNMH .lI.pyr OT
.apyra. npH 3TOM B pe3YJIbTaTe B03paCTaHHft K031j>Ij>HuHeHTa BHX-
peBoH BSiSKOCTH HHTeHcHIj>Hu,HpyeTcJI npo.aoJIbHoe nepeMewHBaHHe H
CHH1KaeTCJI npOAOJIbHNH rpa.ll.HeHT KOHu,eHTpau,HH, 'ITO, B CBOIO oqe-
pe.ll.b, YMeHbwaeT K03 Ij>HuHeHT Macconepe a'lH H He nOSBOJISIeT
'IHCJIY NUJI BospaCTaTb O 6eCKOHeqHOCTH.
B saBHCHMOCTH OT cneuH HKH KOHKpeTHoro 3Tana peaKuHOHHO-
ro 1j>0pMoBaHHSI, KOHCTPYKTHBHNX oc06eHHOCTeA 060py.aOBaHHSI,
npHMeHSleMNX MaTepHaJIOB H TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHX pe>KHMOB B peaJIb-
HNX npoueccax HSrOTOBJIeHHJI HS.lI.eJIHii HS ,nOJIHypeTaHoB B ToA
HJIH HHOH CTeneHH peaJIHsylOTCH onHcaHHNe BNwe MexaHHSMN Mac-
co06MeHa. TaK, 6eS H Ij>YSHOHHNH JIaMHHapHNA pe1KHM peaJIHSY-
eTCft B JIHTHHKOBOM KaHaJIe B npouecce SanOJIHeHHSI o(j)OpMN HJIH
npH HanopHOM TeqeHHH OJIHrOMepHNX nOJIynpO YKTOB B peu,HpKY-
JISlUHOHHhIX Tpy60npOBO.ll.ax. Typ6YJIeHTHNA pe1KHM nepeMewHBa-
HHSI Ha6JIIO aeTCSI B CMeCHTeJIbHNX rOJIOBKaX MaWHH .lI.JISI peaKUH-
OHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHJI, B peaKTopax C MeWaJIKaMH .aJISI CHHTe3a npe-
nOJIHMepa H HSrOTOBJIeHHSI pyrHx OJIHrOMepHNX nOJIynpO YKTOB.
nepeXO.ll.HNH pe1KHM Macconepe.aaqH peaJIHsyeTcSI npH HSrOTOBJIe-
48
\
HHH H Xp eHHH OJIHrOMepHNX nOJIynpO YKTOB B eMKOCTHNX anna-
paTax, OCHAUJ,eHHNX HHSKOCKOpOCTHNMH MeWaJIKaMH (npH .lI.ospe-
BaHHH op,n HMepa H .lip.), paSBHTaSi Typ6YJIeHTHOCTb M01KeT B03-
HHKHYTb KaK He1KeJIaTeJIbHOe JlBJIeHHe npH HHTeHCHBHNX pe1KHMaX
nepeMeWHBaHHSI peaKu,HOHHNX KOMnOSHu,HH B CMeCHTeJIbHNX ro-
JIOBKax.
1.5.3.
nepeMeWHBBHHe ,qByx a3H"IX CHCTeM
OnHcaHHNe BNwe MexaHHSMN cnpaBe.aJIHBN .aJISI aHaJIHSa Macco-
06MeHa O.ll.HO aSHNX OJIHrOMepHNX CHCTeM, 06paSOBaHHNX HS 1KH.lI.-
KHX KOMnOHeHTOB, cpaBHHTeJIbHO XopOWO paCTBopHMNX pyr B
.lI.pyre, T. e. TepMO HHaMH'IeCKH COBMeCTHMNX. B .aeACTBHTeJIbHOCTH
HeKOTopNe OJIHroMepHNe CHCTeMN, npHMeHSleMhle npH peaKUHOH-
HOM <l>opMoBaHHH nOJIHypeTaHOB, SlBJISIIOTCSI OrpaHH'IeHHO COBMeCTH-
MNMH. npH CMelUeHHH OHH 06paSYlOT 3MYJIbCHH C Me1K<I>asHoH no-
BepXHOCTblO pa3.l1.eJIa, KOTopaSi cy ecTBeHHO HSMeHSIeT rH pO.ll.HHa-
MHKY H KHHeTHKY npOu,eCCOB Macconepe a'lH. Ha rpaHHue pa3.l1.eJIa
nOJlBJIHIOTCft CHJIN Me1K aSHOro nOBepXHOCTHoro HaTH1KeHHSI, npo-
HSBO.ll.SlUJ,He pa60TY 06paSOBaHHSI nOBepXHOCTH )KH KOCTH Ha rpa-
HHue ee pas.aeJIa H BO MHorOM onpe eJISlIO He Macco06MeH Ha
Me1K<I>aSHOH nOBepXHOCTH.
nepeHOC Bell\eCTBa qepes rpaHHUY pas eJIa <l>as M01KeT ocy e-
CTBJIJlTbCSI nYTeM KaK MOJIeKYJISIpHOH, TaK H BHxpeBoA .lI.H Y3HH;
npH 3TOM CYMMapHNH MacconepeHOC qepes rpaHHUY .lI.BYX 1KH.lI.KO-
cTeA B paC'IeTe Ha e HHHUY 06 eMa onpe eJIHeTCJI ypaBHeHHeM
[112, c. 212]
q = FyAI(A(cA-CHac.A) = FyAK(cHac-c), (1.33)
r.l1e FYI! - YAeJlbHaSi nOBepxHocTb pa3AeJla a3: 1(, KiJ. - K034»4»HuHeHTbI Maeeo-
nepeAa'lH no ennowHoii H .I1HenepcHoA a3aM; C, C;t, Cuc, Cuc.iJ. - KOHueHTpa-
II.HH nepeXO.l1S1wero BewecTBa H paBHOBeCHbie KOHlI,eHrpall.OH B ennowHoA 0 .I1He-
nepeHoA 4»a3ax.
BeJIHqHHa F YA JlBJIJleTCJI <l>YHKu,HeH .lI.HaMeTpa KaneJIb H Y.lI.ep-
1KHBalO eH cnoc06HOCTH CMeCHTeJIbHoro YCTpoAcTBa no .aHcnepCHoA
<l>ase (HJIH, 'ITO TO 1Ke caMoe, ee 06 eMHOa KOHu,eHTpau,HH):
FyiJ. - 6fFld no , (1.34)
rAe doo - cpeAHHA nOBepxHocTHO-06'beMHblA AoaMeTp KaneJIb; q> - 06'beMHaSi
onSi AHenepeHoii 4»83b1.
KaK BH.aHO HS (1.33), tleM MeHbwe 06 eMHaSi OJISI .aHcnepCHOH
<paSN <p B cMecH, TeM MeHbwe nJIO a b y.aeJIbHOH nOBepxHocTH
pas.lI.eJIa <l>as F YA H COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeHblUe MaccoBNA nOTOK Be e-
CTBa qepes Me1K<I>aSHYIO nOBepxHocTb B e.ll.HHHu,e 06 eMa. CJIe OBa-
TeJIbHO, y OJIHrOMepHNx cMeceH C OrpaHHIJeHHOH COBMeCTHMOCTblO
KOMnOHeHTOB npH BBe.aeHHH .lI.HCnepCHOH aSN B OTHOCHTeJIbHO He-
60JIbWHX KOJIHtlecTBax TeXHHqeCKH CJIO>KHee (T. e. npH 60JIbWeM
.lI.HHaMH'IeCKOM BsaHMo.aeHcTBHH <l>as) ocTHraeTcSI Tpe6yeMoe Ka-
qeCTBO pacnpe.aeJIeHHSI B CnJIOWHOH ase. O'leBH.aHO, npH HeHS-
4-]58
49
I
MeHHOCTH d no H .npyrHx YCJIOBHA OnTHMaJIbHNH pe)l{HM }Kcpa3HO-
ro Macco06MeHa peaJIHsyeTcH npH 06 eMHOM COOTHoweJi'HH cnJIOW-
HoA H .nHcnepCHoA lj>a3 1: 1 (q>=O,5), Kor.na Ij>YHKU,H,' FyA«(fJ) .ao-
CTHraeT MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha'leHHH. 3TO CJIe.nyeT ynHTNBaTb npH
paspal()OTKe peu,enTYP H TeXHOJIOrHH peaKu,HoHHoro 1j>0pMoBaHHJI
nOJIHypeTaHoB. BTOpNM lj>aKTOpoM, onpe.aeJIJlIO HM F yA , HBJIJleTCJI
CTeneHb .zJ,HcnepcHocTH pacnpe.aeJIJleMOrO KOMnoHeHTa, xapaKTepH3Y-
eMaH cpe.nHHM nOBepxHocTHo-06 eMHNM .llHaMeTpoM KaneJIb dno, 06-
pa3ylO HxCH B JIaMHHapHhIX H Typ6YJIeHTHNX nOTOKax .aBYx<I>a3HNx
CHCTeM.
KaK BH.nHO H3 (1.33), npH HeH3MeHHOK F YA HHTeHCHBHOCTb Mac-
conepeHoca onpe eJIJleTCH K031j>Ij>Hu,HeHTaMH MaCCOOua'lH K H KA'
KOTopble MorYT 6blTb BNpa1KeHN "Jepe3 K03<1><I>Hu,HeHTbl Maccooua-
'IH co CTOpOHbl Ka1K.aOK H3 Ij>as H A:
1 1
K = 1 / + 1I>/ A ; K A = 1 /11> + 1 / A ·
(1.35)
rAe 1/! - K03 4)HItHeHT HaebillteHHSI, xapaKTepH3YIOlltHii eOOTHoweHHe Me)K.!I,Y 3Ha.
qeHHSlMH Cue H Cue." (1/!=Cue!CHae.,,).
K031j>Ij>Hu,HeHTN Macconepe.aa'lH H .!I. SaBHCJlT OT Ij>HSHKO-XH-
MH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB CnJIOWHOH H .aHcnepCHOH cpe.a H HHTeHCHBHOCTH
nepeMeWHBaHHH. Macco06MeH Ha no.nBH1KHOH rpaHHu,e pas.aeJIa Ij>as
M01KeT 6blTb onHcaH [112, c. 213] ypaBHeHHeM
Nu" ... cRe"'Sc" (J + f), (1.36)
rA c, m, n - KOHeTaIiTbI; Re - t<pllTepHii PeiiHOJlbAea; Se-'1/pD - KpHTepRIf
IlIMH.I1Ta; p - nJ10THOCTb; t) - AHHaMHQecK3S1 SSl3KOCTb; {) - K03cM»HItHeHT MOJle-
KYJlSlpHOii .!I,H 4>Y3HH: f - aKTOp .I1HHaMH'IecKoro eOCTOSlHHSI nosepXHoeTH pa3-
.a.eJla 4'a3, KOTOpblii 3aSHCHT OT COOTHoweHHSI SSl3KoeTeA, nJlOTHOCTeii, CUJI nosepx-
HOCTHoro HaTSI)KeHUSI H reOMeTpHU eMecHTeJlbHOrO yeTpoiicTsa; Nu,ll - .!I,H Y3U-
OHHblt1 KpHTepHii HyeeeJJbTa (eM. (1.29)).
nOCKOJIbKY BJiSKOCTb '1 BXO.aHT B KpHTepHH Re H Sc, KpHTepHH
NUA' a CJIe.aOBaTeJIbHO, H =NuD/l B SHaIJHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH saBH-
CHT OT '1, YBeJIH'IHBa Cb npH YMeHbweHHH BHSKOCTH ,...., l/'1m+n. npH
CMeweHHH OrpaHHIJeHHO COBMeCTHMNX )l{H.nKocTeH, paSJIH'IalO HX-
CJI no BJiSKOCTH, CKOpOCTb Macco06M Ha 6y eT onpe eJIHTb-
CJI B OCHOBHOM nepeHocoM Bew,eCTBa B 60JIee B SKOH cpe.ae, r.ne
.nH Ij>Y3HoHHoe conpOTHBJIeHHe 60JIbWe [111, c. 335]. n03TOMY .aJIJI
peaJIH3au,HH OnTHMaJIbHNX YCJIOBHH Me)l{<I>asHoro Macco06MeHa
He06xo "MO MHHHMH3HpOBaTb BH3KOCTb KOMnOHeHTOB npH O.aHO-
BpeMeHHOM C06JIIO.aeHHH YCJIOBHJI paBeHcTBa BJiSKOCTeH C;fiJIOWHOH
H .nHcnepcHoH <l>a3 ('1 = '1A)'
PasMepN KaneJIb B 3MYJIbCHJlX Ha OCHOBe OJIHrOMepOB MaJIN no
cpaBHeHHIO C pasMepaMH pa60'leH nOJIOCTH CMeCHTeJIbHOrO 060PY-
.nOBaHHft, nonOMY KOHeIJHhIH peSYJIbTaT .nHcneprHpYIOw,ero CMewe-
HHJI .aByxlj>asHNx CHCTeM 1KH.nKOCTb - 1KH KOCTb - HaMeTp 06pa-
8YIO HXCH KaneJIb MaJIO saBHCHT OT MaKpoxapaKTepHCTHK nOTOKa,
a onpe.aeJIHeTCJI B OCHOBHOM HHTeHCHBHOCTblO MHKpoMacwTa6HoH
Typ6YJIeHTHOCTH HJIH CJJ,BHrOBhIMH YCHJIHHMH B MaJIblX 3JIeMeHTax
50
\ .
06
eMa,
onOCTaBHMNX no paSMepaM C qaCTHuaMH
HcnepCHoA
lj>ash1 [112, c. 7]'.
AHaJIHS 'fIOBe
eHHJI KaneJIb B JIaMHHapHNx nOTOKax 3MYJIbCHH
HCCJIe
OBaH 8, pa60Tax TeRJIopa H ,aPyrHx aBropoB [116, c. 84],
KOTopNe HsytlaJIH 3aKoHoMepHocTH ,ap06JIeHHJI H
BH1KeHHH KaneJIb
npH KY3TTOBCKOM HJIH .nyaseHJIeBCKOM TetleHHHX HblOTOHOBCKHX 1KH
-
KOCTeH B npe,anOJI01KeHHH, tlro CKOpOCTb c,aBHra HeBeJIHKa, Me1K-
lj>a3Hoe HaTH1KeHHe 3HatlHTeJIbHO, KanJIH HMeeT c.pepH'IecKYIO Ij>op-
MY pa,aHYCOM 'K H Ha ee nOBepXHOCTH OTCYTCTByeT npOCKaJIb3blBa-
HHe. B pe3YJIbTaTe KaCaTeJIbHOrO B3aHMo,aeAcTBHH Me1K
y KanJIeA
H MaTpHu,eA KanJIH, nOMe
eHHaH Ha oceBYIO JIHHHIO nOTOKa, r,ae
.y = 0, He nepeMe
aeTCJI B
OJIb nOTOKa, a Bpall\aeTCH C nepHo,aOM
T =4n/.y. ECJIH BHSKOCTb KanJIH '11 MeHbwe BH3KOCTH MaTpHu,bl '12
(
='I1d'l12>1), TO KaCaTeJIbHNe HanpH1KeHHJI BNSNBalOT B KanJIe
U,HPKYJIHu,HOHHoe TetleHHe.
Ha Me)l{lj>asHoH rpaHHu,e )l{H
KOCTb - 1KH
KOCTb CYlUecTByeT
pa3HOCTb ,aHHaMHtleCKHX HanopOB /).,P;J., onpe
eJISIeMaH H3 paBeH-
CTBa
I1PA'" 4i'1
((l9t + ]6)/(16t + ]6»sln 2q>. (I. 37)
KpOMe Toro, Ha KanJIIO 1KH
KOCTH
eHcTByeT nOBepxHocTHoe Ha-
TH1KeHHe a, KOTopoe npOHBJlHeTCH B B03HHKHOBeHHH KanHJIJIHpHOrO
,aaBJIeHHH P K :
P. ... 2a!r... 4afd. (1.38)
Kor
a KanHJIJIHpHOe
aBJIeHHe npeBNwaeT pa3HocTb
HHaMHtle-
CKHX HanopoB (PK
/).,PJ/,), KanJIH coxpaHHeT YCTOHtlHBYIO clj>epHIJe-
CKYIO Ij>OPMY. npH PK</).,P a KanJIJI ,aelj>opMHpyeTcJI H npeBpa
a-
eTCH B 3JIJIHnCOH,a Bpa
eHHJI. B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeopHeH TeHJIOpa
elj>opMau,HJI KanJIH npeKpaTHTCH npH
OCTH1KeHHH KanJIeH
elj>op-
Mau,HH D Kp :
j'Kraz 19
+ 16
DKP=o- 16
+16 =Kf(
), (1.39)
r.!l,e D=(L-B)/(L+B); L H B-COOTBeTCTBeHHO .!I,JJHHa 60.1bwoA H ManoA
nOJlyoceii KanJlH-3JlJlHnCOH.l{a B 3KBaTopHanbHoii nJlOCKOCTH; I( H 1(;) - 6eapaa-
MepHble napaMeTpbl.
B pa60Tax KOKca npe,aJI01KeHa 3aBHCHMOCTb ,aJIH paCqeTa KHHe-
THKH ,ae
opMau,HH KanJIH Ha HaqaJIbHOH CTa
HH ,ae.pOpMHpOBaHHJI
("«100) [116, c. 85J:
D = D,.[J -2exp(-20yt/]9k,)cos yi +
xp(-40yifI9k,))I/
, (]AO)
r.qe D = 5(19
+ 16)/4(1 +
) v'( 19
)2 + (20k- 1 )2.
(1.41)
KaK BH,aHO H3 ypaBHeHHJI (1.40), nepexo,a clj>epHIJeCKOA 'IaCTH-
U,bl HS nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO COCTOJlHHJI nOKOH K YCTaHoBlfBweMycJI
.-
51
.l{BH)KeHHIO npH MrHOBeHHOM npHJlO>KeHHH CABHrOBOH A OpMaUHH
MO>KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK saTyxalOw.HH KOJle6aTeJlb b1H npouecc
.
C KpyrO.BOH qaCTOTOH (J) = "( H XapaKTepHblM BpeMeH 'M saTyxaHHSI
t 3 skI"( = f)Kf)t!O. npH s_oo npouecc ABH>KeHHSI H Ae opMHpoBa-
HHSI KanJiH HMeeT nYJlbcHpYIOW.HH He3aTyxalOw.HH xapaKTep.
npH Ae<l>opMaUHH KanJiH YBeJlHqHBaeTCSI ee nOBepxHocTb. ECJlM
nOBepxHocTb Ae<l>opMHpyeMoH KanJiH 6YAeT 60Jlbwe CYMMbl nJlo-
U!aAeH nOBepXHOCTH ABYX HJlH 60Jlee KaneJlb Toro >Ke cYMMapHoro
OO"beMa. TO cyw.eCTBOBaHHe eAHHHqHOH KanJiH CTaHOBHTCSI 3Hepre-
THqeCKH HeBblrOAHblM, TaK KaK CHCTeMa CTpeMHTCSI K MHHHMYMY
nOBepXHOCTHOH 3HeprHH, OnpeAeJiSIeMOH KaK npOH3BeAeHHe nJlo-
maAH nOBepXHOCTH Ha 0. npH 3TOM npOHCXOAHT pacnaA (Ap06J1e-
HHe) KanJiH. KHHeTHqeCKaSi 3HeprHSI OTHOCHTeJlbHOrO ABH>KeHHSI OT-
.l{eJlbHblX qaCTeH KanJiH H Ae<l>opMHpYIOw.eH ee >KHAKOCTH AOJl>KHa
6blTb AOCrarOqHOH AJiSI Toro, qT06bl KOMneHCHpOBaTb YBeJlHqeHHe
nOBepXHOCTHOH 3HeprHH oOpa30BaBWHXCSI KaneJlb. COrJlaCHO Teo-
pHH TeHJlopa YCJlOBHe paspyweHHSI KaneJlb MO>KHO 3anHcaTb B
CJleAYIOw.eM BHAe [116, c. 86 J :
41'121(;) >20Ir". (1.42)
OTCIOAa KpHTHqeCKaSi Ae opMaUHSI D KP H KpHTHqeCKHH pa'AHYc
cnoc06HoH K paspyweHHIO KanJiH 'KP B KY3TTOBCKOM nOTOKe onpe-
.l{eJlSlIOTCH no <l>opMYJIaM
D"p - (1r"T)2/0)l(U = 0,5; r"p = (2011112) (J/f(;». (1.43)
Cyw.eCTBYIOT qeTblpe THna MexaHH3MOB paspyweHHH KaneJlb
[116, c. 87] (pHC. 1.11):
'. $ g g 6! '"
.$ g @ef3 g... g
8$ g @ =
,.$0 g e
PRC. 1.11. nOBe.lleHHe KaneJJ" B HepaBHoBecHbiX YCJlOBHRX .llecpopMHpOBaHHJI B
epe.llax c pa3JJHQHHM TlJT)I:
4 - 0,2; 6 - >0.2: B - <2; e - >2
62
1) np.u <0,2 no AOCTH>KeHHH KpHTHqeCKOH CKOpOCTH CABHra
KanJiSl npHHHMaeT S-06pa3HYIO <l>OPMY H OT ee 3aocTpeHHblx KOH-
UOB oTpblBalOTcSI KaneJlbKH pa3MepoM 50 MKM;
2) npH >O,2 ueHTpaJlbHaSi qaCTb KanJiH BHe3anHO HaqHHaeT
BblTSlrHBaTbCSI B weHKY, qTO npHBOAHT K pa3pyweHHIO qaCTHUbl Ha
.lI.Be AOqepHHH (60JlbwHe) KanJIH H TPH KanJlH-cnyrHHKa;
3) npH <2 KanJiSI BblAep>KHBaeT 60JlbwHe Ae pMaUHH, a npH
.l{OCTH)KeHHH onpeAeJleHHOrO 3HaqeHHSI D MrHOBeHHO pacnaAaeTcSI
Ra MHO>KeCTBO MeJlKHX KaneJlb;
4) npH >2 KanJiSI He pa3pywaeTcSI Aa>Ke npH 60JlbwHX CKO-
pOCTSIX CABHra (AO 40 c- 1 ), AOCTHraSi paBHoBecHoro COCTOSlHHSI H
.opHeHTHpYSlCb BAOJlb J1HHHH TOKa.
HaHJlyqWHe YCJlOBHSI AJiSI pa3pyweHHSI KaneJlb peaJlH3YlOTCSI B
>CHCTeMax c O,3::;;;; ::;;;;O,6. 3TO KoppeJlHpyeT C pe3YJlbTaTaMH Teope-
THlIeCKHX paCqeTOB, COrJlaCHO KOTOpblM MaKCHMaJlbHOe pacceSlHHe
3HeprHH B KanJle npoHcxoAHT npH COOTHoweHHH BSl3KocTeH KanJlII
H MaTpHUbl, paBHoM 0,623. OTclOAa cJleAyeT BeCbMa Ba)KHblH npaK-
THqeCKHH BblBOA: AJiSI 06ecneqeHHSI HaH60Jlee 6J1aronpHSITHblx YCJlo-
BHH AHcneprHpOBaHHH KaneJlb OrpaHHqeHHO COBMeCTHMblX KOMno-
ReHTOB ypeTaHoBblx KOMn03HUHH Heo6xoAHMO HCnOJlb30BaTb peuen-
TY 8. bl, AJiSI KOTOpblX COOTHoweHHe BSl3KOCTeH peareHToB 6J1H3KO
.K ,6.
Pa3pyweHHe Ae<l>opMHpyeMoH KanJlH, cTa6HJlbHoH 'npH 3aAaH-
.
RblX H "{, MO)KeT Ha6J1IOAaTbCSI B cJlyqae npH.n:aHHSI YCKopeHHSI
OT.n:eJlbHblM ee 06"beMaM, liTO HMeeT MeCTO npH OCTaHOBKe nOTOKa,
H3MeHeHHH HanpaBJleHHSI TelleHHSI HJlH nJloru.aAH nOnepeqHOrO ce-
'tJeHHSI KaHaJia [116, c. 88J. 3TO cJleAyeT YIIHTblBaTb npH pa3pa60T-
Ke KOHCTPYKTHBHo-TexHOJlOrHqeCKHX npHeMoB YJlyqWeHHSI KaqeCTBa
CMeweHHSI (HMnYJlbCHO-BOJIHOBaSl TeXHOJlOrHSI, CMeCHTeJlbHble 3J1e-
MeHTbl J1HTHHKOBblX CHCTeM HAP.).
ECJlH KanJiSl nOMew.eHa B KY3TTOBCKOM HJlH nya3eHJleBCKOM no-
TOKe HeCHMMeTpHqHO OTHOCHTeJlbHO OCH KaHaJla, TO B03HHKalOw.He
B nOTOKe B03Myw.eHHSI npHBOASIT K MHrpaUHH KanJiH no HanpaBJle-
BHIO OT CTeHOK K ueHTpy, T. e. B oOJlaCTb C HYJleBblM rpaAHeHTOM
CKOpOCTH. B KY3TTOBCKOM nOTOKe CKOpOCTb MHrpaUHH KaneJlb B03-
paCTaeT npH YMeHbweHHH 3a30pa Me)K.n:y Ae<l>opMHpYIOW.HMH no-
BepXHOCTSlMH, YBeJlHqeHHH pa3Mepa KanJlH, -1 H OTHoweHHSI f( )/-1'
npH nya3eHJleBCKOM TeqeHHH CKOpOCTb MHrpaUHH KanJiH YBeJlHqH-
BaeTCSI C pOCTOM paCCTOSlHHSI OT ueHTpa nOTOKa [116, c. 86J. CJle-
AOBaTeJlbHO, npH BblCOKOCKOpOCTHOM 3anOJlHeHHH Y3Kow.eJleBblx
<l>0PMYIOW.HX 3a30poB 6blcTpo OTBep>KAaeMOH ypeTaHoBoH CMeCblO,
KOMnOHeHTbl KOTOpOH nJloxo COBMeCTHMbl, B H3AeJlHSlX MO>KeT Ha-
OJlIO.n:aTbcSI cyw.ecTBeHHoe pa3J1HqHe CBOHCTB no CeqeHHIO, CBSl3aH-
Hoe C MHrpaUHeH KJllOqeBOrO KOMnOHeHTa H3 nOBepXHOCTHblX CJlOeB
B ueHTp.
npH 1 Ae<l>opMHpoBaHHe KalJJlH )KHAKOCTH B J1aMHHapHblx
nOTOKax npHBoAHT K ee BblTSlrHBaHHIO B HanpaBJleHHH CABHra, npH-
53
.
qeM Ha HaqaJlbHblX CTaAHSIX Ae<l>opMHpoBaHHH (KOrAa CYMMapHaJi
Ae<l>opMaUHSI C.IlBHra r < 100) H3MeHeHHe pa3MepoB KanJiH M02KeT
6blTb onHcaHO ypaBHeHHeM (1.40), a AJiSI ODHcaHHSI ee DOCJleAYIO-
w.ero .Ile<l>opMHpoBaHHSI MO>KeT 6blTb Hcnonb30BaHa TeopHSI JIaMH-
HapHoro CMeweHHSI [118, c. 61].
KpHTepHeM KalleCTBa CMeCH npH J1aMHHapHoM CMeweHHH CJlY-
2KHT TOJlw.HHa nOJloc CMeWHBaeMoro MaTepHaJla, KOTOpylO HaXO.l(SlT
KaK cpeAHee paccToSlHHe Me>KAY ABYMSI CJlOSlMH OAHoro H Toro me
KOMnOHeHTa B CHCTeMe [115, c. 17J. Cpe.llH101O TOJlW.HHY 6 MO>KHO
paCCqHTaTb, HCXOASI "3 OTHoweHHSI 061>eMa V CHCTeMbl K o6w.eH
nJlow.a.n:H S nOBepxHocTH KOHTaKTa Me)KAY KOMnOHeHTaMH:
6 = 2VIS. (1.44)
YBeJlHlleHHe nJlow.aAH S "PH HeH3MeHHOM 061>eMe npHBOAHT K
YMeHbweHHIO 6 H COOTBeTCTBeHHO K YJlYllweHHIO KaqeCTBa CMewe-
HHSI. Y eJlHqeHHe S npOHCxO.llHT no.ll .IleuCTBHeM Ae4>opMaUHH r.
cBSl3aHHoH C TOJlW.HHOH nOJloc COOTHoweHHeM
o = oH I-./ 1 - 2rcosacos + r2cosa,
(1.45)
r.lle 6 8 H 6 - HaqaJlbHaJi R KOHeqHaJi TOJIlIlHHbI nOJloc; a H - yr. bI, onpe.lle-
JlJllOlIlHe opHeHTaltHIO nOBepxHocTH pa3.lleJJa B npocTpaHcTBe.
B CJIYllae CMeweHHSI ABYX >KHAKOCTeH C pa3J1HIIHblMH 3HaqeHHSI-
MH BSl3KOCTH
6... (6 H IFfJ) (1').11')2),
( 1.46)
r.Zle 1')1 H 1')2 - BJl3KOCTb OCHOBHoro H KJllOqeBOrO KOMROHeHTOB; fJ - 061>eMllaR
.llOJlJl KJllOqeBOrO KOMROHeHTa.
H3 aHaJlH3a npHBeAeHHblX BblWe 3aBHCHMOCTeii CJleAyeT pSl.ll
Ba)KHblX AJiSI TeXHOJlOrHH peaKUHOHHOrO <l>opMOBaHHSI BblBOAOB.
I) COrJlaCHO <l>opMYJle (1.75), C YBeJlHqeHHeM 6 8 AJiSI AOCTH)Ke-
HHSI Tpe6yeMoro KaqeCTBa CMeWeHHSI, xapaKTepH3yeMoro KOHeqHOii
TOJlW.HHOH nOJloc 6, He06xoAHMO co06w.HTb CMeCH 60JlbWYIO .n:e4>0p-
MaUHIO C.IlBHra. n03TOMY npH nepepa60TKe nJloxo COBMeCTHMblX
ypeTaHoBblx KOMn03HUHH HJlH HCDOJlb30BaHHH HeAOCTaTOqHO 3 -
<l>eKTHBHblX CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBOK, KorAa Ha BblXOll.e H3 CMeCH-
TeJlbHOH KaMepbl nOJlyqaeTCSI AHcnepCHSI C 60JlbWHM IIHCJlOM Kpyn-
HblX KaneJlb HJIH CJlOeB AHcneprHpyeMoH <l>a3bl, AJiSI AOCTH)KeHHH
Tpe6yeMoH CTeneHH cerperaUHH CMeCH 30Ha J1aMHHapHoro CMewe-
HHSI (BblxOAHoe ConJlO, «ycnoKoHTeJlbHblH» 3J1eMeHT, J1HTHHKOBblA
KaHaJl) .Il0Jl)KHa HMeTb YBeJlHqeHHYIO CYMMapHYIO OTHOCHTeJlbHYIO
AJlHHY LID.
2) 3<1><I>eKTHBHoCTb CMeweHHSI 3aBHCHT OT nepBOHaqaJlbHOH OpH-
eHTaUHH CJlOeB pacnpeAeJiSIeMOrO KOMnOHeHTa [CM. ypaBHeHHe
(1.45)]. HaH60Jlee HHTeHCHBHO pacnpeAeJleHHe KOMnOHeHTOB npo-
HCXOAHT npH nepBOHaqaJlbHO nepneH.IlHKYJlSlpHOM pacnOJlO>KeHHH
nOBepxHocTH pa3AeJia OTHOCHTeJlbHO OCH nOTOKa, npH 3TOM CKO-
pOCTb YMeHbweHHSI 6 no Mepe YBeJlHqeHHSI r nOCTeneHHO CHH)KaeT-
54
CSI, a .upH opHeHTaUHH CJlOeB BAOJlb JIHHHH TOKa - nepeMeWHBaHHe
OTCYTCTByer. TIporpecCHBHoro YMeHbweHHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTH CMewe-
HHSI C pOCTOM CYMMapHOH .Ile OpMaUHH MO>KHO H36e>KaTb 3a CqeT
nepHOAHqecKoi nepHopHeHTaUHH CJlOeB KOMnOHeHTOB, HanpHMep
nYTeM BBeAeHHSI B 30HY J1aMHHapHoro CMeweHHSI J1HTHHKOBOH CH-
CTeMbl CTaTHqeCKOrO CMeCHTeJlSl.
3) l(aK BHAHO H3 ypaBHeHHSI (1.46), qeM 60Jlbwe OTHOCHTeJlb-
HaSl 061>eMHaSi AOJlSl KJllOqeBOrO KOMnOHeHTa 6 H MeHbwe pa3J1HIIHe
B BSl3KOCTHblX CBoHcTBax OCHOBHoro H KJllOqeBOrO KOMnOHeHTOB
1}.!f)2, TeM npH MeHbweH cYMMapHoH Ae<l>opMaUHH CABHra .n:OCTH-
raeTCSI Tpe6yeMoe KaqeCTBO CMeweHHSI (3a.llaHHaSi 6). n03TOMY
JIYIIWHMH TeXHOJlOrHlleCKHMH CBOHCTBaMH 06J1aAa1OT ypeTaHoBble
KOMn03HUHH, B KOtOpblX 06'beMHoe COOTHoweHHe KOMnOHeHTOB
OJlH3KO K 1: 1. a COOTHoweHHe HX BSl3KocTeH COCTaBJISleT 1 (T. e.
1}1 f)2)' _
5a3HpYSlcb Ha TeopHH J1aMHHapHoro CMeweHHSI, aBTopbl pa60-
Tbi [113] pacCMOTpeJiH 3aKoHoMepHocTH YMeHbweHHSI TOJIW.HH no-
JIOC CJlOHCTOH mHAKo<l>a3HoH CHCTeMbl. MOAeJIHPYIOW.eH J1HTbeBYIO
KOMn03HUHIO, B npouecce npOXO>KAeHHSI UHJlHHApHqeCKOrO J1HTHHKO-
Boro KaHaJla, pacnOJlO>KeHHOrO Ha BblXOAe H3 cMeCHTeJlbHOH rOJlOB-
KH (pHC. 1.12, a). ECJlH npHHSlTb, qTO CJlOH C HaqaJlbHOH TOJlW.HHOH
o B 30He J1aMHHapHoro CMeweHH nO.llBepraeTCSI paCTSlmeHHIO H
.
npH 3TOM ero TOJlw.HHa YMeHbwaeTCH C YBeJlHlleHHeM F="(t, TO
60/6 - [1 +0,5(1/)2]°.5. (1.47)
npHMeHHTeJlbHO K UHJlHH.IlpHqeCKOMY KaHaJlY paAHYCOM R, B KO-
TOpOM 3nlOpa CKopOCTeH HMeeT napa60JlHqeCKHH npO HJlb, ypaB-
HeHHe (1.47) HMeeT BHA
60/6 = (I + 8 (L../D) 2 [,.2/( 1- ,.2) )}0.5, (1.48)
r.lle ,.=,/R - 6e3pa3MepHblii P3.llHYC; L.II - .!I:JJHHa KaHa. a; D - .llHaMeTp J<a-
HaJla.
KaK BHAHO H3 ypaBHeHHH (1.48), YMeHbweHHe TOJlW.HHbI nOJloc
B KaHaJle 6YAeT TeM 60JlbWe, lIeM lI.J1HHHee KaHaJi. B ueHTpe KaHa-
JIa .n:e<l>opMaUHSI OTCYTcTByeT (npH ,.=0. 6 0 16=1), a Y CTeHOK OHa
MaKCHMaJlbHa (npH ,. = I, 6 0 /6- 00 ). H3-3a MeHbweH Ae opMa-
lJ,HH >KHAKOCTH B ueHTpe J1aMHHapHoro nOTOKa ueJleCOoOpa3Ho B
JIHTHHKOBOM KaHaJle YCTaHaBJlHBaTb CTaTHqeCKHH CMeCHTeJlb, 06ec-
neqHBalOw.HH nepepacnpe.l(eJleHHe CJlOeB no celleHHIO nOTOKa.
.u.H<I><I>epeHUHaJlbHaSi <l>YHKU:HSI pacnpeAeJleHHSI 061>eMHOH CKO-
pOCTH TeqeHHSI no CeqeHHIO f ('.), KOTopaSi xapaKTepH3yeT AOJIIO
>KH.IlKOCTH, npOXOASlw.eH qepe3 KOJIbueBOH 3a30p Me)K.n.y '. H ,.+
+dr., HMeeT BHA
((,.) = 4,.(1-,.2). (1.49)
3all.aB HeKoTopoe HallaJlbHOe pacnpe.n:eJleHHe nOJloc Ha BxoAe B
30HY J1aMHHapHoro cMeweHHSI, MO)KHO nOJlYIIHTb cooTBeTcTBYIOw.ee
pacnpe.n:eJleHHe 6 nocJle npOXO)K.IleHHSI )KHlI.KOCTblO nYTH onpe.n:e-
JIeHHOH lI.J1HHbl. l(aK 6y.n:eT nOKa3aHO HHiKe, pacnpeAeJleHHe TOJlW.HH
55
.
L
a
1
4"
1t
d', HKI1
PHC. 1.12. 30HbI Typ6YJleHTHoro (I) H JlaMHHapHoro (/I) nepeMeUlHBaHH!! B CMe-
CHTeJJe H JlHTHHKOBOM KaHaJle (a), HHTerpaJlbHoe pacnpe.lleJ1eHHe TOJIII{HH nOJ1OC
Ha BblXO.lle H3 Typ6YJleHTHoA (I') H JlaMHHapHoA (II') 30H (6) H 3aBHCHMOCTH
O'1'HOCHTeJJbHOii .llecpoPM3ItHH nOJloc OT pa.llHaJlbHOA KOOp.llHHaTbi (8) npH pa3-
JlHqHblX LID (ItHcppbl Y KpHBblX); TOqKH Y KpHBOii I' - 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHble .llaH-
Hble npH pa3J1HqHblX Re (0 - 80, . - 230, 0 - 430)
nOJloc Ha BblxOAe H3 30Hbl Typ6YJleHTHOrO CMeweHHSI He 3aBHCHT OT
, * H onHCblBaeTCSI ypaBHeHHeM (1.68). C yqeTOM (1.68) H (1.49)
HHTerpaJlbHaSi <l>YHKUHSI paCofipeAeJleHHSI TOJlW.HH nOJloc H«('), KO-
TopaSi onpeAeJiSIeT AOJlIO TOJlW.HH nOJloc MeHee 3aAaHHoH BeJlHIIH-
Hbl (, nocJle npOXO)K.n:eHHSI >KHAKOCTblO 30Hbl J1aMHHapHoro CMewe-
HHSI AJlHHOH L1I H AHaMeTpoM D, HMeeT BHA
1 _
H(6) = Jf(f.)(J e -e d8 )df. =
o 0
1
= f 4'..(1-r1,eMp.(- v'a 4 /b6 4 [ 1+ 16(L,,/D)' /(1-' )-1/bJ df
C
56
( 1.50)
Ha pHC. 1.12 npeACTaBJleHbl paCCqHTaHHble no ypaBHeHHHM
t 1.68) H (1.50) <l>YHKUHH H (6) Ha BXO.lle B 30HY J1aMHHapHoro CMe-
weHHSI H Ha BblXOAe H3 Hee npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH CMeCHTeJlbHOH ro-
J10BKH BblCOKoro .IlaBJleHHH C .IlHaMeTpoM HH>KeKUHOHHblX coneJl
,d = 1 MM, D = 9 MM; COOTHoweHHeM 001>eMHblX CKopocTeH nOTOKOB
n= 1,5; AJlHHOH 30Hbl Typ6YJleHTHO'fO CMeweHHSI 1m=LmlD=2 H
npH pa3J1HqHblX AJlHHaX 30Hbl J1aMHHapHoro CMeweHHSI 1.11=L.II/D.
TaKoH rOJlOBKe COOTBeTcTBYIOT CJleAYIOw.He 3HalleHHSI napaMeTpoB
ypaBHeHHSI (1.69): a=O,76 H b= 16270. JIHHHSI 5O%-ro pacnpe-
.IleJleHHSI xapaKTepH3yeT (nYHKTHpHaSi KpHBaSi Ha pHC. 1.12,6) cpell.-
RIOlO TOJlW.HHY nOJloc B CMeCH, KOTopaSl, KaK BH.n:HO H3 pHC. 1.12,
B xO.lle J1aMHHapHoro CMeweHHSI 3HaqHTeJlbHO YMeHbwaeTcSI: OT
80 MKM Ha Bxo.n:e B 30HY AO 8, 4 H 2 MKM Ha BblXO.l(e H3 KaHaJla
npH 1.11=5, 10 H 20 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. B TO >Ke BpeMSI AOJlSl nOJloc C
6< 10 MKM, \fTO COOTBeTcTByeT MacwTa6y cerperaUHH 6*. Tpe6ye-
MOMY lI.J1S1 peaJlH3aUHH XHMHqeCKH KOHTpoJlHpyeMoH CKOpOCTH pe-
aKUHH B 6bICTpO OTBep>KAaeMblX ypeTaHoBblx KOMn03HUHSlX, B03-
pacTaeT npaKTHQeCKH C 0 .l(0 56, 79 H 91 % npH 1.11=5, 10 H 20 co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, eAHHCTBeHHblM napaMeTpoM, onpeAeJlSlIOw.HM
YHKUHIO pacnpeAeJleHHSI TOJlW.HH nOJloc npH npOXO>K.IleHHH 30HbI
JIaMHHapHoro CMeweHHSI, SlBJlSleTCSI BeJIHIIHHa In, qTO CJIe.n:yeT yqH-
TblBaTb II UeJleHanpaBJleHHO HCnOJlb30BaTb npH npOeKTHpOBaHHH
CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBOK H J1HTHHKOBblX CHCTeM <l>opMYIOw.eH OCHa-
CTKH.
B Typ6YJleHTHoM nOTOKe, KaK H B J1aMHHapHOM, .Ilp06J1eHHe Ka-
DeJib SlBJlSleTCSI pe3YJlbTaTOM .n:eHCTBHSI Ha KanJiIO ABYX <l>aKTOpOB:
pa3HOCTH lI.HHaMHqeCKHX HanOpOB !:!P.o. H nOBepXHOCTHOrO HaTSI>Ke-
HHSI On, KOTOpOe npOSlBJlSleTCSI B B03HHKHOBeHHH KanHJlJlSlpHOrO AaB-
JIeHHSI PJ(=4/dJ(, npenSlTCTBYIOw.erO lI.e<l>OpMaUHH KanJiH AHa MeT-
pOM d K [112, c. 198J. HCTOqHHKOM B03HHKHOBeHHSI !:!PJJ. SlBJlSleTCSI
HaJlHqHe rpa.n:HeHToB CKOpOCTH CnJlOWHOH <l>a3b1 B oKpecTHocTSlX
KanJiH H.IJH KOJle6aHHSI caMoH KanJiH (MaJloMacwTa6Hble nYJlbCaUHH
CKOpOCTH) .
COrJlaCHO npe.n:cTaBJleHHSlM A. H. 1(0JIMOrOpOBa, Typ6YJleHTHoe
TeqeHHe npe.n:cTaBJISleT CoOOH cynepn03HuHIO ycpell.HeHHOro Ha-
npaBJleHHOrO nOTOKa H cJlyqaHHbIX nYJlbcaUHH C nepeMeHHblMH aM-
nJlHTYll.aMH H HanpaBJleHHeM, KOTopble xapaKTepH3ylOTcSI nYJlbCa-
I{HOHHOH CKOpOCTblO VA H MacwTa60M A., T. e. .n:J1HHOH nYTH nepeMe-
wHBaHHSI, COOTBeTCTBYIOw.eH H3MeHeHHIO MrHOBeHHoro 3HaqeHHSI
CKOpOCTH H3 BeJlHqHHY V'". Typ6YJleHTHblH nOTOK xapaKTepH3yeTcSI
Ha60poM nYJlbcaUHH CKopocTeH H MacwTa60B Typ6YJleHTHocTH.
HaH60Jlee KpynHoMacwTa6Hble nYJlbcaUHH HJlH nYJlbcaUHH nep-
Boro nopSiAKa cooTBeTcTBYIOT BHXpSlM C A.max =1, r.n:e 1- xapaK-
TepHblH pa3Mep 06J1acTH TeqeHHH. 3TH nYJlbcaUHH SlBJlSlIOTCSI HOCH-
TeJlSlMH OCHOBHOH qaCTH KHHeTHqeCKOH :lHeprHH nOTOKa, npH 3TOM
HHTeHCHBHOCTb ee nepeHoca xapaKTepH3yeTcSI tRe 1 (HHepUHoH-
HblH AHana30H-), T. e. ocyw.ecTBJlSleTcSI 6e3 AHCCHnaUHH :lHeprHH.
no Mepe YMeHbweHHSI A. KpHTepHH ,Re YMeHbwaeTcH H npH HeKOTO-
.
57
pOM KpHTHqeCKOM 3HaqeHHH MacwTa6a AO, KOTOpblH SlBJlSleTCSI BHYT-
peHHHM MacwTa60M Typ6YJleHTHOCTH, CTaHOBHTCSI 6J1H3KHM K 1.
B 06J1acTH MacwTa60B A Ao (AHccHnaTHBHblH AHana30H) 3Hep-
rHH Typ6YJleHTHoro ABH)KeHHSI npe06pa3yeTcSI B TenJloBYIO. TaKHM
06pa30M, npe06pa30BaHHe KHHeTHqecKoH 3HeprHH MaKpoMacwra6-
HOH Typ6YJleHTHocTH B 3HeprHIO TenJlOBOrO ABH>KeHHSI MOJleK)TJI
ocyw.ecTBJlSleTcH qepe3 cepHIO nepexo.n:oB 3HeprHH OT oOJlee KPyn-
HbiX K 60Jlee MeJlKHM nYJIbCaUHSlM.
BHYTpeHHHH MacwTa6 Typ6YJleHTHocTH Ao MO)KeT 6blTb paCCqH-
TaH H3 ypaBHeHHSI [111, c. 165]
Ao - vo. 7a e- O . 2S , (1.51)
J'.!le v - KHHeMaTBQeCK8S1 BSl3KOCTb; e - CKOpOCTb .llHCCBDaItBR 9ReprBB, onpe.lle.q!!e-
MaJi H3 Bblpa)KeHB!!
e ". AT(v'/I)
(AT - K63 <I>HU:HeHT). l(oM6HHHPYH ypaBHeHHSI
nOJlyqHM:
( 1.52)
(1.51) H (1.52),
AO - (I/A T )o.25(v/ii)o.75. (1.53)
KaK OTMellaJlOCb Bblwe, B KaqeCTBe 'DepBOrO npH6J1H>KeHHSI
MO)KHO npHHSlTb, liTO HaHMeHbWHe BHXpH 6Y.l1YT cywecTBoBaTb Tor-
Aa, KorAa HX HHepUHOHHble CHJlbl ypaBHoBeCSITCSI BH3KHMH CHJlaMH.
T. e. npH Re=vAo!V= 1. B 3TOM cJlyqae HMeeM
')..o V/ii. (1.54)
C yqeTOM ypaBHeHHSI AH <I>Y3HH 3HHwreHHa npo.n:OJl)KHTeJlb-
HOCTb npouecca CMeweHHSI t c BHXPSl, HMelOw.ero xapaKTepHbIH pa3-
Mep A, C MaCCOH >KHAKOCTH MO)KHO paCCqHTaTb H3 paBeHcTBa
[111, c. 165]
Ie - A 2 /2D
( 1.55)
(D - K034><I>HUHeHT MOJleKY J1S1pHOH AH<I><I>Y3HH).
Pa3Mepbl KaneJlb, 06pa3YIOw.HxCSI B Typ6YJIeHTHOM nOTOKe,
06b1qHO MaJlbl no cpaBHeHHIO C MaCWTa60M ocpeAHeHHoro TeqeHHH
Amax = I, qTO n03BOJISIeT HCnOJlb30BaTb BblBOAbl TeOpHH J10KaJlbHO-
H30TpOnHOH Typ6YJleHTHocTH KOJiMoropOBa - 06yxoBa AJifI aHaJlH-
3a npouecca ApoOJleHHSI KaneJlb B Typ6YJleHTHOM nOTOKe. npH
Ao<dK 1 B nQTOKe 6YAYT cyw.eCTBOBaTb Typ6YJleHTHble nYJlbCaUHH,
MacwTa6 KOTOpblX paBeH .l(HaMerpy KanJiH d K . nYJlbcaUHOHHYIO
CKOpOCTb MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK pa3HOCTb MrHOBeHHblX 3Haqe-
HHH CKOpOCTH B TOqKaX, OTCTOSllD.HX OAHa OT ApyroH Ha paCCTOSl-
HHH A. CJleAOBaTeJlbHO, nYJlbcaUHH MacwTa6a A=d K 6YAYT C03.n:a-
BaTb B npOTHBOnOJlO>KHblX TOqKaX nOBepXHOCTH KanJiH pa3HOCTb
AHHaMHqeCKHX HanopoB [112, c. 201J:
AP/l. = P[(V'dK)IJ2J. (1.56)
Pa3Mep HaH60JlbwHX KaneJlb, YCTOH'lHBblX B Typ6YJleHTHoM no-
TOKe, AOJl)KeH YAOBJleTBopSlTb YCJlOBHIO P.o.=PK=4(Jn!dK' KOTopoe
C yqeTOM «3aKOHa .n:BYX TpeTeb 1(0JIMOrOpOBa - 06YXOBa (v) 2
58
8oA°,75 MO>KHO npe,ll.CTaBHTb B CJIeAYIOm;eM BH,II.e:
d"mu".3,5(00/p)0'&(80)-0.4. (1.57)
B CBSl3H C TeM qTO B Typ6YJleHTHOM nOTOKe cym;ecTByeT Henpe-
pblBHblH cneKTp nYJlbCaUHOHHblX CKopOCTeH H MacwTa60B ryp6y-
JIeHTHOro ABH)KeHHSI [112, c. 200J, npH Typ6YJleHTHoM nepeMewH-
BaHHH AByx<I>a3Hblx OJlHrOMepHblx CHCTeM >KH.n:KOCTb - >KH.lI.KOCTb B
eMKOCTHblX a,nnapaTax HJlH CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBKaX J1HTbeBblX Ma-
WHH KanJiH (HJlH CJlOH) AHcnepcHoH a3b1 6Y.ll.YT HMeTb pa3J1Hq-
Hble pa3Mepbl, cOBoKynHocTb KOTOpblX npHHHTo xapaKTepH30BaTb
.l(H<I><I>epeHUHaJlbHOH <l>YHKuHeH pacnpeAeJleHHSI f(d K ). no onpeAe-
JIeHHIO 3TOH YHKUHH npOH3Be.ll.eHHe
fP(d) .. f(d,,)d(d K ) (1.58)
1IBJlSleTCSI .LJ.OJleH 061>eMa AHcnepCHOH a3bl, 3aKJIlOqeHHOH B Kan-
J1S1X .LJ.HaMeTpOM OT d KI .l(0 dK/+d(d K ) -f112, c. 202]. HcnoJlb3yeT-
CSI TaK>Ke HHTerpaJlbHaH <l>YHKD.HSI pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHH
d
F(d) = S f(d,,)d(d,,) , (1.59)
o
KOTopaSi xapaKTepH3yeT AOJlIO KaneJlb AHaMeTpOM He 60Jlee d K .
TaK, B annapaTax nepHo.n:HqeCKOrO AeHCTBHH C Typ6HHHoH Me-
WanKO" H OTpa)KaTeJIbHblMH neperopo.n:KaMH AJISI xapaKTepHCTHKH
pa3 epOB .n:HcnepCHOH <l>a3bl HcnOJlb3YlOT .lI.H<I><I>epeHUHaJIbHble H
HHTerpaJlbHble <l>YHKUHH pacnpeAeJleHHSI, KOTopble annpOKCHMHPy-
IOTCSI ypaBHeHHSlMH
f(dR) = (cld a ) exp (cld K max - cld a );
F(d K ) = exp(cld K max - cldR) , c = 0,613.
( 1.60.1
tJaCTO CTeneHb AHcnepCHOCTH KJllOqeBOrO )KHAKOrO KOMnOHeHTa
xapaKTepH3YlOT cpeAHHM nOBepXHOCTHO-o61>eMHblM .LJ.HaMeTpOM Ka-
.oeJlb d no . npHMeHHTeJlbHO K .lI.HCneprHpYlOw.eMY Typ6YJleHTHoMY
nepeMeWHBaHHIO Typ6HHHblMH, J10naCTHblMH H nponeJlJlepHblMH Me-
WaJlKaMH .n:J1S1 paClleTa d no MomBO HCnOJlb30BaTb paBeHCTBO, 6a3H-
pYIOw.eecSI Ha KpHTepHH Be6epa We:
dno = AsoWe",
(1.61 )
r.lle Aoo - K03cpcpHltHeHT, 3aBHC!!WHii OT fP H pa3MepoB MeWaJlKU; a=-O,S+O,6;
We= pn 2 M d 3 M /pl_2; p - DJlOTHOCTb CMecH )f(H.llKOCTeii; nM - '1aCTOTa BpaweHHJI
UeWaJlKU; d M - .llHaMeTp JlOnaCTH MeWaJlKH; 01_2 - Me)f(cpa3Hoe HaU)f(eHHe
(112, c. 203).
B npoToIIHbIX annapaTax, K KOTOpblM OTHOCSlTCSI cMecHTeJlbHble
rOJlOBKH J1HTbeBblX MawHH, pacnpe.lleJleHHe peareHTOB no pa3MepaM
BO MHorOM onpe.LJ.eJlSleTCSI pacnpe.l(eJleHHeM BpeMeRH npe6blBaHHSlt
B 30He CMemeHHSI. BeJIHqHHa t MO)KeT MeHSlTbCSI OT 0 AO 00. .l1H<I> e-
peHUHaJlbHaH YHKUHSI paCnpeAeJleHHH BpeMeHH npe6blBaHHSI B
npOTOQHOM annapaTe g(t)dt xapaKTepH3yeT 06"beMHYIO AOJlIO mHA-
KOCTH c npO.LJ.OJl)KHTeJlbHOCTblO npe6blBaHHSI OT t AO t+dt. B Ka-
qeCTBe aprYMeHTa MO)KeT H'CnOJlb30BaTbCH H 6espa3MepHoe speMSI
.
59
6 = tlt cp (tcp - CpeAHSISI npOAOJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb npe6blBaHHSI llHCnepC-
HOH <l>a3bI B 30He CMeWeHHSI). HHTerpaJlbHble YHKUHH paCnpeAeJle-
HHSI G(t) HJlH G(6) Xapa'KTepH3YIOT 001>eMHYIO AOJlIO Bew.ecTBa B
BblXOAHOM nOTOKe, HaxoASlw.erOCSI B annapaTe B TeqeHHe BpeMeHH,
MeHbwero t HJlH 9.
BH.n: <l>ynKUHH g (6) H G (10) onpeAeJiSleTCSI KOHKpeTHblMH YCJlO-
BHSlMH nepeMeWHBaHHSI B annapaTe, npH 3TOM BeJlHqHHa G (6) Bcer-
Aa MeHSleTCSI or 0 (npH 6= 0) .n:o 1 (npH 6 _ (0). B annapaTax
HAeaJlbHOrO nepeMewHBaHHSI, B KOTOpbIX AHcnepcHaSi <l>a3a MrHOBeH-
HO pacnpe.LJ.eJlHeTCSI B 061>eMe annapaTa H nocrynaeT B BbiXOllHOH
nOTOK, AH<I><I>epeHU:HaJlbHaH <l>YHKUHH paonpelleJleHHSI g(6) onHCbl-
BaeTCSI 3KcnoHeHUHaJlbHOH 3aBHCHMOCTblO, a HHTerpaJlbHaSl <l>YHK-
UHH G (6) = l_e-° fo cP.
B pa60Te [119] npOBe.LJ.eH aHaJlH3 npouecca YAapHoro (cTpyIiHO-
ro) CMemeHHSI .n:BYX >KH.LJ.KOCTeH B CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBKaX BblCOKO-
ro AaBJleHHSI (B.l1), oCHoBaHHblH Ha TeopHH J10KaJlbHO-H30TponHoH
Typ6YJleHTHocTH KOJiMoropoBa - 06yxoBa, H npH .LJ.Onyw.eHHH, qTO
MaCWTa6 cerperaUHH 6 cp B CHCTeMe )KH.l1-KOCTb - )KH.LJ.KOCTb (xapaK-
TepHble TOJlW.HHbI nOJloc HJlH .LJ.HaMeTpbl KaneJlb) OnpelleJiSleTCSI
BHYTpeHHHM MacwTa60M Typ6YJleHTHOCTH - pa3MepOM HaHMeHbwe-
ro BHXPSl, T. e. 6cp Ao. Hcxo.n:SI H3 3THX .l(OnyweHHH H C yqeTOM
ypaBHeHHSI (1.52) 6e3pa3MepHblH MacwTa6 cerperaUHH B Typ6y-
leHTHOH 30He CMeweHHSI rOJlOBKH B.l1 MO)KeT 6b1Tb npe.n:cTaBJleH
B BH;J.e
6 cp /l = [v 3 /(Al3V 3 » 0,2$ = A-0.2$Re- O ,75. (1.62)
B pa60Te [120], oCHoBaHHoH Ha TOM >Ke nOAXOlle, HO C BHece-
HHeM HeKOTopblX yroqHeHHU, AJiSI paClJeTa 6 cp opMHpyeMoH B
rOJlOBKe B.l1 CJlOHCTOH CTPYKTypbl MO>KeT 6blTb HcnO.1Jb30BaHO pa-
BeHCTBO
6cp coo [lmdD3/(I-q>n- 1 »O.26Re- O ,75, (1.63)
r.lle lm = Lm/D - OTHOCHTE!.IlbHa!! .llJlHHa 30HbI Typ6YJleHTHoro CMeUleHHJI; d H
D - .llHaMeTpbl HHJKeKItHOHHblX coneJJ H CMecHTeJJbHOIt KaMepbl cooTBeTCTBeHHo:
q>n - COOTHOUleHHe 061>eMHblX cKopocTeii .llBYX nOTOKOB KOMnOHeHTOB; Re - KPH-
TepHii PeiiHOJlb.llCa .llJl!! HHJKeKUHOHHblX coneJl.
C nOMOw.blO ypaBHeHHSI (1.63) MO>KHO nOKa3aTb, qTO HH.n:eKC
CMeweHHSI I CBSl3aH C Re 3aBHCHMOCTblO 1/1=8 2 /(12- Re-O. 25 [117],
KOTopaSi Y.LJ.OBJleTBopHTeJlbHo cOOTBerCTByeT 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHblM
.n:aHHblM B 06J1acTH Re OT 40 .LJ.O 600. YpoBeHb 6 cp , paCCqHTaHHblH
no (1.63), cyw.ecTBeHHo MeHbwe Tpe6yeMoro H peaJlbHO .LJ.OCTHmH-
Moro -npH peaKUHoHHOM <l>opMoBaHHH RIM-KoMn03HUHH MacwTa6a
cerperaUHH 6* < 10 MKM. TaK, AJiSI rOJlOBKH B.l1 C D = 3,2 MM, d ='
= 1 MM, CJ>n= 1,5 H Re=200 BeJlHqHHa 6 cp COrJlaCHO (1.63) COCTaB-
J1S1eT 52 MKM.
BOJlee HH3KHe 3HaqeHHSI 6 cp B rOJlOBKaX B)1. nporH03HpYlOTca
npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH
2(1-,-1)d5 ] O'5
6 = 110 3 Re-o,5. (1.64)
-- ....-- .....
60
.lI.aHHaSi 3aBHCHMOCTb nOJlYlleHa B [123], aBTopbl KOTOpOH pac-
cMaTpHBalOT npouecc CMeweHHSI Ha MHKPoypoBHe KaK MecTHoe pac-
TSI>KeHHe CJlOeB Hec>KHMaeMOH )KHAKOCTH B npe.l1'nOJlO>KeHHH, qTO BCJI
KHIteTHllecKaSi 3HepfHSI Typ6YJleHTHOro .llBH>KeHHSI JJ.HCCHnHpyeT
B TenJlOTY. PaCqer.HOe 3HaqeHHe 6 .LJ.J1S1 onHcaHHoH Bblwe rOJlOB-
KH B)J. cor J1aCHO ypaBHeHHIO (1.64) COCTaBJISIeT 13 MKM.
06w.HM HeAOCTaTKOM ypaBHeHHH (1.62) - ( 1.64) SlBJlSleTCSI TO,
qTO OHH He n03BOJlSllOT paccqHTblBaTb <l>YHKUHH pacnpeJJ.eJleHHSI TOJl-
W.HH nOJlOC, He06xOAHMble .n:J1S1 aHaJlH3a npoueCCOB .n:H Y3HH H no-
J1HMepH3aUHH opMHpyeMoH B rOJlOBKe CJlOHCTOH CTPYKrypbl KOM'no-
HeHTOB ypeTaHoBOH KOMn03HUHH. B pa60Tax [113, 121] npeAJlO)KeH
no.n:xo.n:, KOTOpblH n03BOJISIeT paccIIHTbIBaTb .LJ.H<I><I>epeHUHaJlbHble H
HHTerpa.lbHble <l>YHKUHH pacnpe eJleIlHSI B rOJlOBKaX BD..
B r 121] CMeCHTeJlbHaSi rOJlOBKa BD. paccMaTpHBaeTcSI KaK npo-
TOIIHblH annapaT, B KOTOpOM nepeMewHBaHHe peareHToB npe,lJ.CTaB-
J1S1eTCSI KaK pe3YJlbTaT .n:e<l>opMau.HH CJlOeB mHJJ.KOCTH B HHepuHoH-
HOM JJ.Hana30He Typ6YJleHTHoro TelleHHH (Re I). npH 3TOM pea-
J1H3yeMoe B CMeCH pacnpe.LJ.eJleHHe TOJlW.HH nOJloc (CJlOeB) O.LJ.HO-
3HaqHO CBSl3blBaeTCSI He C qHCJlOM Re, KaK .B YKa3aHHblX Bblwe pa-
60Tax, a SlBJlSleTCH <l>YHKuHeH reOMeTP'"H cMeCHTeJlbHOU rOJlOBKH,
COOTHOWeHHSI 06 eMHblx paCXO.LJ.OB nOTOKOB peareHToB H CTaTHqe-
CKoro pacnpe.LJ.eJleHHSI npO.ll.OJlmHTeJlbHOCTH npe6blBaHHSI pa3J1HIIHblX
3J1e)1eHTOB Typ6YJleHTHoro nOTOKa B npOTOqHOM annapaTe, T. e.
f(6)d6 = - g(9)d9, (1.65)
r.!le f(6) H g(9) -.1I.HcpcpepeHUHaJlbHble cpYHKUHR pacnpe.aeJleHR!! H TOJJIUHH no-
JlOC B ro.'OBKe B.lI..
B pa60Te [121], HCXO.LJ.SI H3 npe.n:nOJlO)KeHHSI 06 H.n:eaJlbHOCTH
C)1eWeHHSI Ha MaKpoypOBHe, npHHHMaJiCH 3KcnoHeHUHaJlbHblH 3aKOH
pacnpe.LJ.eJleHHSI npOAOJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH npe6blBaHHSI CMecH B Typ6y-
.l!eHTHOH 30He, T. e. g(6) =e- 9 .
B CMeCHTeJlbHYIO rOJloBKY qepe3 HH)KeKUHOHHble conJia .LJ.HaMeT-
pOM d B 30HY Typ6YJleH1'Horo nepeMewHBaHHSI nocTynalOT .LJ.Ba no-
TOKa, nepBOHaqaJlbHaSi TOJlw.HHa CJlOeB KOTOpblX 60 COOTBeTCTByeT
pa3Mepy ryp6YJleHTHoro TeqeHHSI C MaKCHMaJlbHOH 3HeprHeH, T. e.
COCTaBJISIeT BeJlHIIHHY nopSl.n:Ka d. Typ6YJleHTHoe TeqeHHe .LJ.e<I>OPMH-
PYeT 3TH CJlOH, B pe3yJlbTaTe qero }IX Cpe,lJ.HeCTaTHCTIlqeCKaSl JJ.J1HHa
yseJlHtJHBaeTCSI, a TOJlw.HHa YMeHbWaeTCSI BO BpeMeHH t. Hcxo.n:SI H3
reOMeTpHqecKHx co06pa)KeHHH H «3aKOHa .LJ.BYX TPeTeH:' KOJiMoro-
pOBa - 06yxoBa, KHH€THKa H3MeHeHHSI TOJlW.HHbI nOJloc B HHepIJJf-
OHHOM ;l1Hana30He MO)KeT 6bITb OOHcaHa ypaBHeHHeM
6 co (60/3 1 / 4 ) (I + (22Arl3513)6-4/3e /3t2] -1/4, (I.66}
file Ar= (18/35)(' (4/3) (3/a)2/3; a=O,45; f' - raMMa-cJlYHKUH!!, COCTaBJI!!lOlUa.
0,893; (j=Bd d; e - CKOpOCTb .llHCCHnaItRR 3HeprHH sa e.1l.HHHUY MaCCbI, pac-
CQHTblBaeM8!! H3 pa3HHltbi KRHeTHQecKRX 3HeprRA BXO.llJlUUlX H BblXO,A!!UUlX noTO-
KOB:
32q3(1 + ,;;3)
& = 'mn3d4D4 .
61
(1.67)
061>e.l(HHSISI (1.66) H (1.67), nOJlYQHM:
61d = 0168 [ 1 + 2 3 ':f3e 1+';; 213(Old)" 1 -1/"
· , 8"/3(1+'n ' )2 .
(1.68)
D.J1S1 rOJlOBKH BD. c d= 1 MM H D=9 MM npH cpn= 1,5, Im=2 H
B= 1 ypaBHeHHe (1.68) .l(J1S1 pacqera 6 (s MM) npH06peraeT BU.l(
6... 0,76(1 + 162709 2 )-1/4. (1.69)
HHTerpaJlbHaSi <l>YHKUHSI pacnpe.l(eJleHHSI TOJlW.HH InOJIOC F(6)
U .LJ.H<I><I>epeHUHaJlbHble <l>YUKlI.HH f(6) H g(e) .l(JISI YK83aHHoH ro-
JIOBKH, paCCqHTaHHble C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM 3aBHCHMOC'feU (1.65)-
(1.69), npe.l(CT8BJleHbl UHJKe, a Ha pHC. 1.12 .zr:auo conocraBJleHHe
3KcnepHMeHT8J1bHblX H paCqeTHMX AaHHblX no pacnpeAeJleHHIO TOJI-
lUHH nOJIOC B rOJlOBKe BD. c AaHHblMH n8paMeTpaMH. PaCqeTHOe HH-
TerpaJIbHOe p8Cnpe.ll.eJleHHe TOJIW.HH nOJlOC B rOJlOBKe BD. HMeeT
CJle.LJ.YIOw.He 3H8qeHHSI:
6, MKM 20 30 40 50 60 80
9 11,3 5,0 2,83 1,81 1,26 0,71
F(6) 10- 8 0,7 6 16,6 28,9 50,1
6, MKM 100 150 200 300 400 500
9 0,45 0,20 0,11 0,05 0,027 0,016
F(6) 64,6 83,2 90,8 96,7 98,9 100
B OTJlHqHe OT YP88HeHHH (1.62) - (1.64) B (1.68) oTcyrcTByeT
SlBH8S1 3aBHCHMOCTb 6 OT BSl3KOCTH 1}, 061>eMHOH CKOpOCTH nOTOKa
v 3 H KpHTepHSI Re. OTCYTc11BHe SlBHOH B3aHMOCBSl3H Mem.LJ.Y 6 H V3
B (1.68) oOYCJlO'BJleHO TeM, 'lT0 COrJl8CHO (1.52) 8-V', a t-v- t ,
n03ToMY HX npOH3Be.ll.eHHe 8 2/3 t 2 , sxoASlw.ee S (1.66), OKa3blBaeTCSI
He3aBHCHMblM or v. BMeCTe C TeM 3HaqeHHSI 1}, v H Re IIpeAOnpe.LJ.e-
J1S1IOT 3HaqeHHSI reoMeTpHqeCKHX napaMeTpoB d, D HI m , BXOASlW.HX
S (1.84), OKa3blBaSi TaKHM 06pa30M BJlHSlHHe Ha n8paMeTpbl CJlOHC-
TOH CTPYKTypbl peareHTOB, <l>opMHpyeMoH B rOJlOBKe BD..
KaK 'BH.l(HO H3 npHBe.l(eHHblX Bblwe .l(a:HHblX H pHC. 1.17, H8 BMXO-
Ae H3 30HM Typ6YJleHTHOro CMeweHHSI TOJlw.HHa CJlOeB peareHToB
SHaqHTeJlbHO npeBMwaeT npaKTHqeCKH AocTHmHMYIO npH peaKUH-
'OHHOM <l>opMoBaHHH 'BeJlHqHHY l)= 10-14 MKM, He06xo.ll.HMyJO .LJ.J1S1
peaJlH3all.HH XHMHqeCKH .LJ.e-repMHHHpoBaHHblx YCJIOBHH B3aHMO.l(eH-
CTBHR KOM'nOHeHTOB. CJleAOBaTeJlbHO, K8K OTMeqaJlOCb BMwe, npH
peaKUHoHHOM <l>opMoBaHHH cyw.ecTByer .l(OnOJIHHTeJIbHblH MexaHH3M
(J1aMHHapHblH c BHr), nocpeAcTBoM KOToporo TOJlw.HHa nOJlOC, <l>op-
MupyeMaSl B 30He Typ6YJleHTHoro CMeweHHSI, YMeHbwaeTcSI .zr:o YKa-
saHHOH BeJlHqHHbl B npouecce TeqeHHR CMeCH qepe3 «ycnoKou-reJlb-
HblH:' 3J1eMeHT HJlH J1HTHHKOBblH KaHaJi. AH8J1H3 AaHHoro npouecca
npHBeAeH Ha c. 55-56.
6?
1.5.4. nepeMewHBaHHe XHMH'IeCKH aKTHBHIo'X CHCTeM
RHHeTHKa CHHTe3a H30UHaHaTHblX <l>opnOJlHMepOB (nceBAo<l>opno-
J1HMepoB) H nOJiHypeTaHOB B peaJlbHblX TeXHOJlOrHqecKHx YCJlOBHSlX
3aBHCHT He TOJlbKO OT XHMHqecKoro COCTaBa KOMnOHeHTOB H HX TeM-
nepaTypbl, HO H OT rH.llpOAHHaMHqeCKOro COCTOSlHHSI CHCTeMbi H Ka-
qeC1'Ba paoopeAeJleHHSI KOMnOHeHTOB. B cJlyqae rOMoreHHblX XHMH-
qeCKHX peaKUHA, npOTeKalOw.HX tie3 3HaqHTeJlbHoro BblAeJleHHSI Ten-
J1a, BJlHSlHHe HHTeHCH'BHOCTH nepeMeWHBaHHSI Ha KHHeTHKY CHHTe3a
npOSlBJlSleTCSI qepe3 B03AeHCTBHe Ha nOJle KOHueHTpaUHH peareHTOB
B annapaTax nepHOAHqeCKOrO AeHCTBHSI HJlH pacnpeAeJleHHSI BpeMeH
npe6 BaHHSI B cMecHTeJlbHOM 060PY.lloBaHHH flepHO.llHQeCKorO AeH-
CTBHSI. TIpH 3HaqHTeJlbHOH 3K30TepMHqHOCTH npouecca CMeweHHe He
TOJlbKO YCKopSieT B paBHHBaHHe KOHueHTpaUHH, HO H HHTeHcH<I>HUH-
pyeT TenJlo06MeH p 12, c. 303]. YKa3aHHble npoueccbl nOAp06Ho
paccMoTpeH B [122].
npH H3rOTOBJleHHH XHMHqeCKH aKTWBH X cMeceH, COCTOSlW.HX H3
mH.l(KHX KOMnOHeHTOB C nJlOXOH B3aHMHOH COBMeCTHMOCTblO H 06-
pa3YIOw.Hx 3MYJlbCHH, B CHCTeMe oAHoBpeMeHHO npOTeKaeT .l(Ba
B3aHMOCBSl3aHHblX oKHHeTHqecKHX npouecca: Mem<l>a3HblH Macco06-
MeH C xapaKTepH M 'BpeMeHeM t M ; XHMHqeCKaSi peaKUHSI C xapaK-
TepH M BpeMeHeM t p . B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COOTHoweHHSI CKopocTeH
(xapaKTepHblx BpeMeH) .n:aHHblX npoueccoB B03MomHbl TPH npHHUH-
mraJlbHO OT JIHqHble cHTyaUHH: tM'»t p ; t N t p ; tM<€::.t p . B nepBblx .lI.BYX
cJlyqaSlx <l>H3HqeCKHH npouecc Mem<l>a3Horo MaccoooMeHa cAepmH-
BaeT npoTeKaHHe XHMHqeCKOH peaKUHH, qTO HeraTHBHO CKa3 BaeT-
CSI KaK Ha npOAOJlmHTeJlbHOCTH npouecca, TaK H KaqeCTBe rOTOBoro
npOAYKTa. n03TOMY XHMHqeCKH aKTHBH e CMecH He06XOAHMO npH-
rOTOBJlHTb B YCJlOBHSlX, 06eCneqHBalOw.HX KaqecTBeHHOe nepeMeWH-
BaHHe peareHTOB 3a npOMem}'TOK BpeMeHH, cyw.ecTBeHHo MeHbWHH
npO.llOJlmHTeJIbHOCTH XHMHqecKOH peaxUHH.
npH nepeMeWHBaHHH ypeTaHoBblX KOMn03HUHH He3aBHCHMO OT
COBMeCTHMOCTH peareHTOB He06XOAHMO BbtnOJlHeHHe Tpex YCJlOBHH:
TOtJHoe C06JIIO.l(eHHe CTeXHOMeT,pHH; OAHOpO.l(HOe pacnpeAeJleHHe
KOMnOHeHTOB Ha MaKpoypOBHe; O.l(HOpOAHoe pacnpeAeJleHHe KOMno-
HeHTOB Ha MHKPoypOBHe. ECJlH peareHTbI nOAaJOT B cMecHTeJlbHYIO
rOJlOBKY B CTporo 3aAaHHOM COOTHoweHHH, TO nepBoe Tpe60BaHHe
paBHoueHHO BTOPOMY, a TpeTbe npeAonpeAe.IJSleT He06xOAHMOCTb
MHHHMH3aUHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH cerperaUHH (,BblpaBHHBaHHe KOHueH-
TpaUHH peareHTOB), qTO peaJlH3yeTcSI 3a cqer MeXaHHqeCKOrO nepe-
MeWHBaHHR npH YMeHbweHHH MaCWTa6a cerperaUHH HH)Ke KPHTH-
qeCKOH BeJlHqHHbl, COOTBeTCTBYIOw.eii nepexo.ll.Y peaKUHH H3 06J1a-
CTH, KOHTpOJIHpyeMou .lI.H <I><I>Y3 HeH, B XHMHtJeCKH AeTepMHHHpOBaH-
HYIO 06J1aCTb. lJeM 60JIbWe CKOpOCTb peaKUHH H qeM HHme CKOpOCTb
MOJleKYJlSlpHOH AH<I><I>Y3HH, TeM Bblwe Tpe60BaHHSI K KaqeCTBY CMe-
weHHSI Ha MHKPoYPoBHe [124-127].
.QJlSI KamAbiX KOHKperH x COqeraHHH nOJlHOJIa H H30UHaHaTa,
KOHueHTpaUHH KaTaJlH3aTOpa H TeMnepaTyp npouecca cyw.ecTByeT
KpHTHqeCKOe 3HaqeHHe MacwTa6a cerperaUHH 6*, npH KOTOpOM 38
63
nepHO.ll., OTBeqalOw.HH BpeMeHH reJIe06pa3OBaHHSI, AOCTHraerCSI npaK-
THqecKH nOJIHOe 3aBepWeHHe peaKU:HH. ,lJ.J1S1 OueHKH KPHTHqecKoro
MacWTa6a cerperaUHH 6* Momer 6b1Tb HC'nOJlb30BaHa MOAeJIb 6blCT-
ponpoTeKalOIUeH CJlOHCTOH nOJlHMepH3auHH, COrJlaCHO KOTOpOH cer-
perHpOBaHHble 06J1aCTH npe.ll.CTaBJISlIOTCSI B BHAe nJlOCKHX CJIOeB
peareHTOB TOJlIUHHOA 6. Ha nOBepXHOCTH pa3.l(eJia 3TH X CJloeB 06-
pa3YIOTcSI ypeTaHoBble ClBSl3H, npH 3TOM npeAnoJiaraercSI, 'lT0 CKO-
pOCTb nOJlHMepH3aD.HH KOHTpOJlHPYercSi AH4>4>Y3HeH, nJlOTHOCTb p
KOMnOHeHTOB OAHHaKOBa H nOCTOSlHHa, K03<1>4>HuHeHT AH<I><I>Y3HH
H30UHaHaTa qepe3 nOJlHMepHblH CJlOH D=const H paCTBOpHMOCTb
H30UHaHaTOB B nOJlHMepHOM CJloe cp=const [123]. C yqerOM 3THX
.n.onyw.eHHH ypaBHeHHe 6aJlaHCa MaCCbl B CHCTeMe MOmeT 6blTb
npe.ll.CTa9J1eHO B 8H.lI.e
dF yA 3/dt - FyADcp/pfJ. (1.70)
TIOCKOJlbKY npH crPYUHOM CMeweHHH npOAOJlmHTeJIbHOCTb npe6bl-
BaHHR C'MeCH '8 rOJlOBKe '8ecbMa MaJia (1 MC) no cpaBHeHHIO C xa-
paKTepHblM BpeMeHeM peaKUHH, peaKIJ.HSI ypeTaHoo6pa30BaHHSI npo-
XO.ll.HT He 60Jlee qeM Ha 1 %. CJle.n:oBaTeJIbHO, y.n:eJlbHYIO nOBepx-
HOCTb pa3.n:eJla <l>a3 F y.o. MomHO CqHTaTb He3aBHcHMoH OT BpeMeHH t
H AJiSI paCqeTa () HCnOJlb30BaTb paBeHCTBO (1.71), nOJlyqeHHOe
B pe3YJlbTaTe HHTerpHpOBa'HHSI 3aBHCHMOCTH (1.70) [123]:
6 = V 2Dcptlp.
(1.71)
ECJlH npHHSlTb, qTO t== 10 c, p=cp== 1 r/cM 3 , D= 10 7 CM 2 /C, TO no-
JIyqHM 6*= 14 MKM. TeOpeTHqeCKHe H 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHble oueHKH
KpHTHllecKoro MacwTa6a cerperaUHH RIM-KoMn03HUHu, npHBe-
AeHHble B .lI.pyrHx pa60Tax [113, 117], HMelOT nOpSl.ll.OK 6*= 10 MKM.
KaK OTMeqaJlOCb Bblwe, npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH rOJlOBOK BblCOKoro
AaBJleHHSI Ha BblXOAe H3 30Hbl Typ6YJleHTHoro CMeweHHR 06pa3Y-
eTCSI CJlOHCTaSi CMecb co cpeAHeH TOJlW.HHOU CJlOeB 80-85 MKM, qTO
cyw.eCTBeHHO MeHbwe Tpe6yeMoH CTeneHH cerperaUHH, paBHoH
10 MKM. nonoMY B RIM-npouecce 06blqHO npe.l(ycMaTp'HlBaerCSI
30Ha J1aMHHapHoro CMeweHHSI, rAe B pe3YJlbTaTe C.lJ.,9HrOBOro Ae op-
MHpOBaHHSI 'npOHCXO.l(HT YMeHbweHHe TOJIW.HHbl 1I0.n:aBJISlIOw.ero
(50JlbWHHCTBa CJloeB .lI.HcneprHpyeMoH <l>a3bl .lI.0 6< 10 MKM, npH
3TOM npouecc CHHTe3a nepeBo.ll.HTCSI H3 06J1aCTH, KOHTpOJIHpyeMoH
Macco06MeHoM, B 06J1aCTb, J1HMHTHpyeMYIO KHHeTHKOH XHMHqeCKOrO
B3aHMo.n:eHcTBHSI.
o KaqeCl'Be CMeweHHSI Ha MOJleKYJlSlpHOM ypoBHe 6blCTpOOTBep)K-
.l(alOw.HXCSI yperaHoBblx KOM:n03HUHH MO>KHO cyAHTb no 3K30TepMH-
qec.KoMY npHpocry TeMnepaTYP B aAHa6aTHqeCKHX YCJIOBHSlX
I1Ta.o.. KaK CJIeAyeT H3 aHaJlH3a MO.ll.eJIH CJIOHCTOH nOJIHMepH3auHH,
6.Ta.o. B AH <I>Y3HOHHOH 06J1aCTH KoppeJlHpyer co cpeAHeH TOJIW.HHOH
CJIOeB peareHToB 6cp [123]:
AT.JAT. A ... - "*/3c,. (1.72)
3Aecb 6.1 a.a max - MaKCHMaJlbHblH npHpocT 6.1 SA, COOTBeTCTBYIOUJ.HA
64
XHMHqeCKH KOHTpOJlHpyeMblM yCJlOBHSlM peaKUHH. CJleAOBaTeJlbHO,
no 3aBHCHMOCTSIM t1Ta4 OT Re, KOHCTPYKUHH rOJlOBKH, COAep)KaHHSI
KaTaJlH3aTOpa H ApyrHx aKTOpOB MO)KHO OnTHMH3HpOBaTb KOHCT-
PY.KTHBHO-TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHe napaMeTpbl npouecca H peuenrypy KOM-
n03HUHH, .l(06HBaSiCb peaJlH3aUHH MaCWTa6a cerperau.HH peareHTOB
HH)Ke KPHTHqecKoro ypOBHfI.
1.6. 060PYAOBAHJo1E AJI" PEAKLtJo10HHOrO 4>OPMOBAHJo1"
H3AEnJo1A Jo13 MOHOnJo1THbiX Jo1 nOABCnEHEHHblX
nOnJo1YPET AHOB
B COCTaB YCTaHOBOK J1S1 peaKUHOHHoro <l>opMoBaHHSI H3AeJiHA H3
MOHOJlHTHblX nOJI'HypeTaHoB BXOASIT CJleAYIOw.He OCHOBHble 3J1eMeH-
TbI: 060pYAOBaHHe .l(J1S1 npHeMa, xpaHeHHSI H TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHSI
HCXO.ll.HOrO CblpbSl; CTaHUHH AJiSI no rOTOBKH H xpaoffeHHSI KOMno-
HeHTOB; .lI.03HpYIOw.e-CMeCHTeJlbHble arperaTbl; 060PYAOBaHHe J1S1
01'Bep)K.lI.eHHSI C <l>opMYIOw.eH OCHaCTKOH.
1.6.1. 06oPYAosaHHe An" npHeMa, xpaHeHH" H
TpaHcnopTHposaHH" HcxoAHoro CIo'PIo"
HCXO HblMH npO.ll.YKTaMH npH pealKUHOHHOM <l>opMoBaHHH H3.n:eJlHH
H3 nOJIHypeTaHO'B no O.ll.HO- H .lI.BYXCTa HHHOH cxeMaM SlBJlSlIOTCSI
npeHMyw.eCTBeHHO )KH KHe H J1erKOnJlaBKHe OJlHr03<1>Hpbl H OJIHrO-
.n:HeH.LJ.HOJlbl, <l>opnOJlHMepbl Ha HX oCHoBe, HH3KOMOJleKYJISlpHble
.l1'HH30UHaHaTbI H AHaMHHbl, KaTaJlH3aTOpbl H .l(pyrHe KOMnoHeHTbl,
nOCTaBJISIeMble qaU{e Bcero B CTaJlbHblX 60QKax HJIH <l>JISIrax. He-
KOTopble KOMnOHeHTbl (.lJ.HaMeT X, KpaCHTeJlH HAp.) !I10CTaBJlSlJOTCSI
B rpaHYJlHpOBaHHOM HJlH nopowKoo6pa3HoM COCTOSlHHH B MeWKax
HJlH .l(epeBSlHHblX 60QKax.
PaCTapHBaHHe MeWKOB C cblnyqHMH npo.n:YKTaMH H nO.ll.aqa UX
B annapaTbl AJiSI nO.ll.rOTOBKH CblpbSl npOH3BOAHTCSI J1H60 spyqHYlO,
J1H60 C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM CneUHaJlH3HpOBaHHblX YCTPOHCTB. PaCTa-
pHBaHHe 60qeK C )KHAKHMH H J1erKOnJIaBKHMH KOMnoneHTaMH H no-
Aalla HX B pa60llHe eMKOCTH HJIH aTInapaTbl AJiSI no.n:rOTO'BKH CblpbSl
ocyw.eCTBJlSleTCSI 06blQHO C 1I0MOUJ.blO 60qeqHblX, HanpHMep qep-BSlQ-
HblX, HaCOCOB, npH 3TOM nepeA paCTapHBaHHeM 60qKH nOAOl'peBalOT
.l(0 3O-60°C .n:J1S1 paCTIJlaBJleHHSI HJlH YMeHbweHHSI SSl3KOCTH npo-
AYKTa H HHOr.ll.a nOA'8epralOT 06KaTKe .l(J1S1 ycpe.l(HeHHSI MaTepHaJia
no 06'beMY 60qKH.
ECJlH nOTpe6J1eHHe CblpbSl npeBblwaeT 200 T B ro.n:, TO AJiSI CHH-
)KeHHSI TpY.l(OeMKOCTH norpY30qHO-pa3rpY30llHblX H TpaHcnopTHblX
onepaUHH npH npHeMe H CKJla HpOBaHHH HCXO.l(HblX KOM'nOHeHTO'B
ueJleC006pa3HO HX nOCTaBJlSlTb B meJle3HO.l(OpOmHblX H aBTOIl.HCTep-
Hax, a xpaHHTb 'B pe3epByapax BMeCTHMOCTblO 30-50 M 3 [128]. TIe-
peKaQKa OJlHrO.l(HOJlOB H H30UHaHaTOB H3 UHCTepH B pe3epsyapbl
ocyw.eC1'BJISleTCSI ocyweHHblM C)KaTbiM B03AyxOM. .lI.J1S1 HarHeraHHSI
CJKaToro B03Ayxa Il.HCTepHY oCHaw.alOT HHAHBH.n:yaJlbHblM KOMnpec-
COpOM C CeJlHKareJleBblM BJiarOOT.n:eJlHTeJleM. nepeA pacTapHBaHHeM
5-153
65
UHCTepH TeMnepaTYPY npO YKTOB He06xOAHMO nOBblCHTb AO 30--
60°C, .n:J1S1 qero BHYTpeHHHH 06'beM UHCTepHbl TepMocTaTHpyercSl,
JIH60 BBOAHTCSI AOnOJlHHTeJIbHaSi UHPKYJlSlUHSI MaTepHaJia qepe3 Ten-
J1006MeHHHK, HanpHMep C l!OMOW.blO YCTaHOBKH, onHcaHHOH B [129,
c.95].
B npouecce xpaHeHHSI TeMnepaTypa CblpbSl .lI.OJljf{Ha no.n:Aep)KH-
BaTbCSI Ha 3aAaHHOM YPoBHe. C 3TOH ueJiblO CKJla CKHe nOMew.eHHJI
060PYAYIOT KOH.n:HUHoHepaMH J1H60 pe3epByapbl OCHaw.aIOT CHCTe-
MaMH TepMoperYJlHpOBaHHSI.
JI.J1S1 xpaHeHHSI Ka)KAOrO KOMnOHeHTa He06xoAHMO HMerb He Me-
Hee .lI.BYX pe3epByapoB C CHCTeMOH TPy60npOBO.ll.OB, n03BOJIHIOW.HX
ocyw.eCTBJlSlTb UHPKyJlSlUHIO npO.l(YKTa KaK no MaJloMy ('BHYTpeHHe-
MY), Ta'K H no 60JlbWOMY (qepe3 pa60tJYlO eMKOCTb) KOHrypy UHP-
KYJlSlUHH (pHC. 1.13, a). nOKa H3 O Horo H3 pe3epByapoB CbJpbe
nO.l(aeTCSI B npOH3BO.l(CTBO,BO BTOpOM OHO npHBOAHTCSI B npHrO.ll.HOe
.l(J1S1 nepepa60TKH COCTOSlHHe. npH He06xo.ll.HMOCTH MaTepHaJi Momer
nepeKaqH'BaTbCSI H3 O.l(HOrO pe3epByapa B ApyrOH. nO.ll.atJa mH.llKHX
npO YKTOB K MecTaM oT60pa - annapaTaM .l(J1S1 nO.LJ.rOTOBKH CbJpbSl,
paCXO.l(HbJM eMKOCTSIM - npOH3BOAHTCSI no KOJIbueBOMY Tpy60npo-
BO.l(Y, OXBaTbiBalOw.eMY Bce TOqKH nOTpe6J1eHHSI (pHC. 1.13,6). JI.JIH
nepeKaqKH Cp3'BHHTeJlbHO HH3'KOBSl3KHX npO.!1YKTOB HCnOJIb3YlOT
ueHTp06emHbJe H norpymHble HaCOCbI, a .lI.J1S1 nO.l(atJH MaTepHaJIOB C
nOBblweHHoH BSl3KOCTblO - qepBSlqHbJe HJlH wecTepeHtJaTbJe.
1.6.2. CTaHt4HH An" nOArOToBKH H xpaHeHH" KOMnOHeHTOB
B 3a'BHCHMOCTH OT cneuH<I>HKH peuenTypbl H TeXHOJIOrHH HCXO.LJ.Hble
KOMnOHeHTbJ ypeTaHoBOH KOM.o03HUHH nepeA nO aqeH B .l(03IfPYIO-
w.e-CMeCHTeJlbHbJH arperaT nO.LJ.BepralOTcSI npe.n:BapHTeJlbHOH 06pa-
60T.Ke, B qaCTHOCTH .lI.era3aUHH (CYWKe), npeABapHTeJlbHOMY nepe-
MeWHBaHHIO KOMnOHeHTO'B, cHHTe3Y <l>opnOJlHMepOB HJlH nceBAo<l>op-
nOJIHMepOB, KOHAHUHOHHpoBaHHIO H ycpe.LJ.HeHHIO, nJiaBJIeHHlO,
<l>HJlbTpaUHH H T.A. .QJlSI 3TOH ueJiH HcnOJlb3YlOT cTaHUHH .lI.J1S1 nOA-
rOTOBKH H xpaHeHHSI KOMnOHeHTOB. B COCTaB CTaHLtHH BXO.n:SlT nJIe-
2
3
<>
<>
16
a
I
PRC. 1.13. Tpy60npOBO.llbi CKJla.llCKHX eMKOCTeii .llJl!! xpaHeHR!! JKH.llKRX KOMno-
HeHTOB (a) a ax nepeKa'lRBaHRe K MeCTaM nOTpe6JJeHRJI (6):
1 - m.llasr .0..1111 sanonJlleHHII; 2, 3, 5 - Tpy60npoBo.o.bI; 4 - cj)S.IIbTP: 6 - TaHK; 7 - TepMo.o.aT-
qHK: 8 - BPKY.llII BOHHblll Hacoc; 9, 13 - ypoBHellepbI; 10 - nepenycKHoiI K.IIanaH: 11 - Kpall
K MecTY DOTpe6neBslI: 12 - KOJIIt eBOIL TPy60npoBo.o.: 14 - sanopHblll KpaH c ynpaB.lleHJteM OT
ypoBHellepa; 15 - peaK1'Op; 16 - lIema.llKa
66
PRC, 1.14. POTopHO-nneHO'lHblA Hcna-
pHTeJJb:
1 - pacnpe,ll.enHTenbRlll1l .o.RCK; Z - TPy60npo-
80.0.; 3 - BeHTH.IIb: 4 -Tpy6onpOBO.o. .0..1111 sa-
KYYM-OTCOca: 5 - cenapaTOP; 6 - KOHRqecKHIL
Kopnyc: 7 - Bblxo.o.Holl nUpy60K
HOqHble .n:era3aTopbl, eMKOCTHble
annapaTbJ C nepeMeWHBalOw.HMH
YCTpOHCTBaMH, nJlaBHTeJlH, A03a-
TOpbJ, CTaTHqecKHe CMeCHTeJIH
H .n:p. [130].
nJleHOQHWe Aer333TOpW H
OCYWHTeJlH HCXOAHblX np0.l(YK-
TOB HCnOJIb3YIOT .l(J1S1 yAaJleHHSI
B03.l(YWHblX BKJllOqeHHU H3 <l>op-
nOJlHMepOB, 8 TaKme .n:J1S1 pa30-
rpesa, .lI.era3aUHH H CYWKH OJlH-
ro3 HP.ll.HOJlOB H OJlHrO.ll.HeH.n:H-
OJlOB. CxeMa JIJIeHOIlHOro .l(era-
38Topa, HCnOJlb3yeMoro B JIHTbe-
BblX YCTaHOSKax HpMbl «3JI8-
CTorpaH» (<PPf), npHse.n:eHa H8
pHC. 1.14. )l(H.n:KHH KOMnOHeHT
nO.l(8IOT B ..n:era3aTop HenpepbJs-
HblM nOTOKOM qepe3 TPy60npo-
BO.ll. 2 H perYJIHpYIOW.HH BeH-
THJlb 3 Ha Sp8'1ll81OW.HHCSI pac-
npe.ll.eJIHTeJIbHblH .l(HCK I, OTKY.lI.a no.n: .n:eHCTBHeM ueHTp06e*HbJx
CHJI >KH.l(KOCTb npo.!l.aBJIHS8eTCSI qepe3 oTsepcTHH B cenapaTope 5,
B BH.lle CTPYH pacnpeAeJiSleTCSI Ha sHYTpeHHeR nOBepxHoCTH Kopny-
ca 6 H CTeKaeT BHH3 K BblXOAHOMY OTsepcTHIO 7, 06pa3YH TOHKYIO
nJleHKY. 1.Iepe3 narpy60K 4 nOJlOCTb .n:era38TOpa CSH3aH8 C aaKyYM-
HaCOCOM, C03.l(alOw.H-M B HeH pa3pSlmeHHe 666,5-1333 na (5-
10 MM pT. CT.). TIJleHOqHbJe .lI.era3aTopbl, pa60TalOw.He S HenpepbJS-
HOM pemHMe, 06blQHO HCDOJlb3YIOT S KOMnJleKTe C npOMe*YTOqHbl-
MH 060rpesaeMblMH eMKOC1'SlMH, KY.lI.a CTeKaeT ocyweHHblH H .llera-
3'HpOS8HHbJH npOAYKT. B HeKOTopbIX YCTaHOSK8X (HaonpHMep, YC.D.-l
KOHCTPYKUHH BHHHPTMAlIIa) nJleHK006pa3YIOw.ee YCTPOHCTSO
YCT8HaB.1JHBaIOT Henocpe.n:CTseHHO B eMKOCTH AJiH <l>opnOJlHMepa.
no 3<1><I>eKTHsHOCTH CYWKH H .n:era38UHH nJleHOIlHble pOTopHble
8nn8paTbJ 3HallHTeJlbHO npeSOCXO.LJ.SlT eMKOCTHbJe, TaK 'KaK B nJleHOq-
HblX .lI.era3atOpax peaJlH3yeTcSI npHMepHO S 10 pa3 OOJlbWaSi Y.lleJlb-
HaSi nJlow.aAb nosepxHocTH KOHTaKTa <l>a3 (s paCqeTe Ha e.LJ.HHHuy
06'beMa 06pa6aTbls8eMoro npo.n:YKTa), a T8K)Ke MeHbwaH TOJlUlHHa
nOTOKa JKHAKOH <l>a3bJ, npeAOnpe,ll.eJlSlIOw.aSl OTHOCHTeJlbHYIO J1er-
KOCTb pacKpblTHSI 060JIOqeK ra30BoH <l>a3bl (nY3blpeH) H BbJXO.ll.a
JIeTyqHX npoAYKTOB S BaKYYMHpyeMYIO nOJlOCTb [130, 132].
B CCCP, COrJlaCHO OCT 26-01-1054-74, sblnycKalOT qeTbipe
pa3HOSH.l(HOCTH TOHKOnJleHOIlHbJX pOTOpHblX lBepTHKaJlbHblX HcnapH-
5-
67
TeJIeU, npHHUHn pa60TbI KOTOpblX aHaJIOrHQeH OnHCaHHOMY Bblwe
nJleHOqHOMY Aera3aTOpy, O.l(HaKO pOTOpbl H APyrHe 3J1eMeHTbl MO-
rYT HMeTb onpe.n:eJIeHHble OTJlHqHSI no KOHCTPYKTHBHOMy o<l>opMJle-
HHIO. K HHM OTHOCHTCSI: P)K - alllnapaTbl, HMelOUJ.He pOTOp C )KeCT-
KHM KpenJleHHeM J1OUaTOK, a TaKme annapaTbl co cTyneHqaTOH 00-
BepXHOCTbIO TenJlo06MeHa (HPC); pn - annapaTbl, HMelOw.He PO-
TOp C nO.ll.BH)KHblMH J100a11KaMH; PP - annapaTbI, HMelOw.He pOTOp
pa36pbl3rHBalOw.HH .npOAYKT Ha nOBepXHOCTH TenJlo06MeHa; PU-
annapaTbl, pa36pbl3rHBalOw.He npO.llYKT npH nOMOIllH neHTp06e>KHblx
YCTPOHCTB.
OCHOBHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH, onpe.lleJiSIeMOH npH Bbl60pe THno-
pa3Mepa nJleHOqHOrO HcnapHTeJlSl, SlBJlSletCSI nOBepXHOCTb TenJIo06-
MeHa, .llJlSl pacqeTa KOTOpOH HCnOJlb3YIOT YAeJlbHYIO HarpY3KY (Ha
e.n:HHHUY nJlOw.a.n:H nOBepX'HOC1'H) no HCXO.l(HOMY np0.ll.YKTY, opHeH-
THPOBOqHO paBHYIO 0,014-0,028 Kr/(M2.c).
A-:wnapaTw eMKOCTHwe C nepeMeWHBalOUI,HMH YCTpoiicTBaMH. llJlH
pa30rpeBa (KOH.lI.HUHOHHpOBaHHSI), CYWKH, .lI.era3aUHH, BBe.!1eHHH
KpaCHTeJlSl, npe.ll.BapHTeJlbHOrO CMeweHHSI KOMnOHeHTOB, CHHTe3a
<t>opnOJlHMepOB H nCeB.l(o$opnOJlHMepOB HCnOJlb3YIOT cTaH.n:apTHYIO
eM'KocTHYIO annaparyPY C nepeMewHBaJOW.HMH YCTpoHcTBaMH, onH-
caHHYIO B P33, 134]. npH 60JlbWHX MacwTa6ax nOTpe6JIeHHR
CblpbSl ueJleCOO6pa3Ho npHMeHSlTb .llOCTaTOqHO KpynHble annapaT
eMKOCTblO 1,0-6,3 M 3 [134], YCTaHaBJI'IfBaeMbie Ha CneUHaJIH3HpO-
BaHHOM TeXHOJlOrHqeCKOM yqaCTKe - nOArOTOBHTeJlbHOM OT.n:eJleHHH,
a npH Cpe.LJ.HHX H He60JlbWHX 060eMax npOH3BO.ll.CTBa npHMeHSIIOT
MaJlora6apHTHYIO annapaTYPY C HOMHHaJlbHblM 061>eMOM MeHee
1 M 3 [1331, BXO.l(SlW.YIO B COCTaB J1HTbeBblX yCTaHOBOK.
.u.o3aTopw 1KHAKHX KOMnOHeHTOB CTaHI.(HA nO,ll.rOTOBKH CblpbJl.
npH H3rOTOBJleHHH OJlHrOMepHblX nOJlynpo.n:YKTOB ypetaHoBblX KOM-
n03HUHH (<I>opnOJlHMepOB, aMHH.n:HOJlbHblX CMeceH H T. n.) .ll03HpO-
BaHHe mH.l(KHX KOMnOHeHTOB MOjf{eT OCYW.ecTBJlHTbCSI 061>eMHblM
HJIU rpaBHMeTpHqeCKHM (BecoBblM) MeTO.llOM. npH 061>eMHOM .n:03H-
pOBaUMH 3aAaHHyIO nopUHIO )KH.llKOCTH OTMepHBalOT eMKOCTSlMH C
onpeAeJleHHOH BMeCTHMOCTblO HJlH MepHHKaMH. 060eMHble MepHH-
KH nepe,ll. npHMeHeHHeM .llOJl)KHbl 6blTb OTTapHpOBaHbI H cHa6meH
qeTKHMH H Y.ll06HblMH AJISI Ha6J1IO.lleHHSI illKaJlaMH. ECJlH MepHHK
npeACTaBJISIet C060H 3aKpblTYIO eMKOCTb, TO ypOBeHb 3anOJlHeHHH
KOHT}JOJlHpyeTcSI BH3yaJlbHO no rpa.l(YHpOBaHHblM KJlMHKepHblM CTeK-
J1aM CMOTpOBblX KOJlOHOK. 06oeMHoe .l(03HpOBaHHe MepHblMH eMKO-
CTSlMH MO)KHO MexaHH3HposaTb HJIM aBTOMaTH3HpOBaTb, HCnOJlb3YH
AJiSI nO.l(aqH mMA'KOCTH B MepHHK HaCOCbl H YCTaHOBHB B HeM ypOB-
HeMep, nO.l(alOw.HH CHrHaJi Ha npeKpaw.eHHe [fO.llaqH .n:03HPyeMoii
)KH.!1:KOCTH npH AOCTH1KeHHH 3a.n:aHHoro ypOBHSI 3anOJlHeHHSI.
.D.J1S1 061>eMHOrO .ll03HpOBaHHSI KOMnOHeHTOB B eMKOCTHble anna-
paTbi MoryT 6b1Tb HCnOJlb30BaHbl HaCOCbl-.n:03aTopbl nJlYH}f{epHOrO
HJlH weCTepeHllaToro THna. C u.eJIblO CHH)KeUHSI BSl3KOCTH KOMno-
HeHTOB, cTa6HJlH3aUHH TeMneparypbl H YJIYqWeHHSI YCJIOBHH .l(03H-
pOBaUHR uaCOCbl, KOJlJleKTOpbl, KJIanaHbl ynpaBJleHHH H TpaHcnopT-
Hble Tpy60npOBO.ll.bl cJleAyer 060rpeBaTb, HCnOJIb3YSl mHAKocTHoe
68
TepMOCTaTHpOBaHHe, Harpes rOpSlQHM B03.l(YXOM B OneUHaJlbHblX
neqaX HJIH 3J1eKTpOH30JlSlUHOHHble KO)KYXH C CHCTeMOH perYJIHpO-
BaHHSI TeMnepaTypbl [129, c. 99}.
HapSl,lty C onHcaHHblM Bblwe 06"beMHblM ,lt03HpOBaHHeM pa3-
JIHqHblX KOMnOHeHTOB B CTaHUHHX nO.LJ.rOTOBKH CblpbSl HCnOJlb3yIOT
TaKme BecOBoH MeTO.ll. ,lt03HpOBaHHSI, KOr.l(a OT,lteJlbHble nopuHH KOM-
nOHeHTOB B3BeWHBalOT B HymHoM COOTHoweHHH J1Ht50 npe.ll.BapH-
TeJlbHO Ha aBTOMaTHqeCKHX nopUHoHHblX BecOBblX .l(03aTOpax [128,
c. 118}) JIH60 HenOCpe,ltCTSeHHo B eMKocrHblX annapaTax, YCTaHoB-
J1eHHblX Ha BeCOBOH nJlOlUa,ltKe pblqamHblX BeCOB HJlH onopbl fH.n:-
paBJlHqeCKHX HJlH 'nHeBMaTHqeCKHX .l(HHaMOMeTpoB-BecoMeTpoB. I(OH-
CTpYKUHSI H npHHUHn pa60Tbi ,ltHHaMOMeTpoB-BecoMeTpoB onHcaHbI
B [129, c. 145]. nO,ltaqy KOMnOHeHTOB B CMeCHTeJlbHO-B3BeWHBalO-
lD.HH 6ysKep npoH3Bo.n:SlT B 3a,ltaHHOU nOCJle.LJ.OBaTeJlbHOCTH no rH6-
KHM WJlaHraM C nOMOw.blO HH,ltHBH.l(yaJlbHblx ,lt03HPYlOlD.HX HaCOCOB,
KOTopble npeKpaw.alOT nO.l(aqy KOMnOHeHTa no cHrHaJlY .LJ.HHaMOMeT-
pa, cpa6aTblBalOw.eMY npH nocrynJleHHH B arrnapaT 3a,ltaHHOH Mac-
Cbl HaBeCKH.
CTaTH..ecKHe CMeCHTeJlH npHMeHSlJOT ,ltJlSl npe,ltBapHTeJlbHorO ne-
peMewHBaHHSI KOM-nOHeHTOB (B qaCTHOCTH, CHJlbHO pa3J1HqalOw.HxcSI
no BSl3KOCTH) nepe.n: no.n:aqeH B eMKOCTHOH annapaT, HanpHMep .n:J1S1
CMeweHHSI OJlHrO.l(HOJlOB C .n:HH30UHaHaTaMH HJIH .lI.HaMHHaMH. Qc-
HOBHblMH npeHMyw.ecTBaMH CTaTHqeCKHX cMecHTeJleH SlBJlSlIOTCSI OT-
cyrCTBHe Bpaw.alOw.HXClI HJlH .l(BHmyw.HxcSI 3J1eMeHTOB H MaJIble
ra6apHTbI. Hx npHHUHn pa60Tbl oeROBaH Ha MHoroKpaTHoM nOCJIe-
.n:OBaTeJlbHOM paCqJleHeHHH
nOTOKa nepeMewHBaeMoH
cpe,ltbl Ha OT.lI.eJlbHble no-
TOKH BHYTPH BCTaBHblX 4-
3J1eMeHTOB H Mem,lty HHMH.
CTaTHqeCKHH CMeCHTeJlb
COCTOHT H3 HecKOJlbKHX
nOCJle.ll.OBaTeJlbHO paeno-
J10meHHblX ceKUHu, Kam-
.lI.aSl H3 KOTOpblX YCTaHaB-
J1HBaerCSI C TaKHM pacqe-
TOM, qT06b1 ee HanpaBJISlIO-
w.He 3JIeMeHTbI 6blJlH pa3- 10
BepHYTbI Ha 90° no OTHO-
PHC, 1.15. fIJlaBHTeJJb CTPYK-
TypnpYIOw.ero areHTa:
1 - n.llaSB.IIbH8Ii peweTKa; 2 - WTY'
uep .0..1111 sblxo.o.a rasoB; 3 - 3arpy.
30'lHblA .11IOK: 4 - KpblwKa; 5. 7-
cj).IIaHUbl; 6 - Kopnyc; 8 - .o.HHlQe; 9-
wTyuep .0..1111 Bblxo.o.a paCn.llaB.IIeHHOrO
npo.o.YKTa; 10 - OTBepCTBe .o.JlII YCTa-
HOBKB 8.lJeKTpOHarpesaTenbHoro $ne.
MeHTa
.
7
69
lUeHHIO K Hanpa'8J1S1IOw.HM 3JIeMeHTaM COCeAHHX CeKUHH. H3BeCTHO
MHOrO KOHCTPYKTHBHblX MO.llH<I>HKaUH8 CTaTHqecKHX CMeCHTeJleH co
CJle.ll.YIOW.HMH THnaMH HanpaBJISlIOw.HX 3J1eMeHTOB: CnJlOWHOH BHH-
1'0'808 HHmeKTOp co CDHpaJlbHblM 3J1eMeHTOM, 3JIeMeHTbl B BHAe H30-
rHytblx J10naTOK, JIHCTOBble nep<l>opHpoBaHHble 3J1eMeHTbl H T. .n:.
nJlaBHTeJlH npeAHa3HaqeHbl A.1S1 nepeBoAa B paCnJlaBJleHHoe co-
CTOSlHHe cWHBalOw.ero areHTa (HanpHMep, .lI.HaMeTa X), HaXO.LJ.Slw.e-
rocSi npH HOpMaJlbHOU TeM'nepaType B TBepAoM COCTOSlHHH. nJiaBH-
TeJlH, HCnOJlb3yeMble IB OTeqeCTBeHHblX H 3apy6emHblx J1HTbeBblX
YCTaHoBKax, npe.ll.CTaBJISlJOT c060u BepTHKaJlbHblH eMKocTHoU anna-
paT (pHC. 1.15) C UHJIHH.llpHqeCKHM KopnycoM 6, KpblWKOH 4 H 060-
rpeBaeMblM .lI.HHw.eM 8, 3aKaHqHBalOlUHMCSI wTyuepoM 9 .lI.J1S1 BblXO-
.l(a paCnJlaBJleHHOrO npO.l(YKTa [130, c. 40]. Ha 3J1J1HIl1THqeCKOH
KpblwKe 4 HMeeTCSI J1IOK 3 .llJlSl 3arpY3KH TIpO.llYKTa H wTyuep 2 AJISI
BblXO.ll.a ra30B, 06pa3YIOw.HxCH B npouecce nJla'BJleHHSI. Mem.l(y AHH-
w.eM H KopnycoM pacnoJiaraeTCSI nJlaBHJlbHaSi peweTIKa I, KOTopaSi
npe.llCTaBJISleT C060H AHCK C pa.ll.HaJlb'HblMH oTBepcrHSlMH 10 .l(J1S1
YCTaHoBKH 3J1eKTpOHarpeBaTeJlbHblX 3JIeMeHTOB H oceBblMH oTBep-
CTHSlMH AJiSI <l>HJIbTpaUHH paCnJlaBJleHHOrO npoAYKTa.
1.6.3.
CMeCHTenioHO-A03HPYlOI1\He arperaTIo'
CMeCHTeJlbHO-.ll03HPYIOW.HU a'rperaT npe.n:Ha3HalleH .lI.J1S1.ll03HpOBaH-
HOH nO.l(aqH KOMnOHeHTOB ypeTaHoBoH KOM'n03HUHH B cMecHTeJlbHYIO
rOJlOBKY, HenpepblBHoro CMeweHHSI 3THX KOMnOHeHTOB H nocJle.n:ylO-
w.ero HenpepblBHo-npepblBHCToro TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHSI peaKUHoHHO-
cnoc06HoH CMeCH B OTKPblTYIO HJlH 3a'KpblTYIO <l>OPMY B COOT,BeTCT-
BHH C Tpe6yeMblMH TeMnepaTypHblMH, Ha-nopHo-pacxoAHblMH H Bpe-
MeHHblMH pemHMaMH TeXHOJlorHqeCKOrO npouecca.
ArperaTbl HH3Koro .l(aBJleHHSI- 3TO cMecHTeJlbHO-.ll03HpYIOw. H e
ycraHoBKH, B KOTOpblX CMeweHHe KOMnOHeHTOB ocyw.ecTBJISleTCSI Me-
XaHHqeCKOH BblCOKOCKOpOCTHOH MeWaJlKOH, a .l(03HpOBaHHaSi nO.llaqa
KOMnOHeHTOB B CMeCHTeJlbHOe YCTPOHCTBO npoH3BoAHTCSI B 60JIb-
WHHCTBe cJlyqaeB weCTepeHqaTblM HaCOCOM, C03AalOt.UHM cpaBHH-
TeJlbHO HH3KHe pa60qHe .l(aBJleHHSI (2-4 Mna). CxeMa YCTaHoBKH
HH3Koro AaBJleHHSI npHBe.n:eHa Ha pHC. 1.16.
ArperaTbl BblCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI (HJlH RIM-ycTaHoBKH) npeAcTaB-
JISiIOT C060H cMecHTeJlbHo-.n:03HpYIOUJ.He YCTpOHCTBa, B KOTOpblX KOM-
nOHeHTbl ypeTaHoBoH KOMn03HUHH CMeWHBalOTCSI 3a CqeT KHHeTHqe-
CKOH 3HeprHH npH cOY.l(apeHHH BblCOKOCKOpOCTHblX CTPYH B npOTH-
BOTOKe. CxeMbl CMeCHTeJlbHo-.n:03HPYIOW.HX arperaTOB BblCOKoro AaB-
J1eHHSI npHBeAeHbl ,B rJl. 3, r.l(e paccMaTpHBalOTcSI RRIM-ycTaHoBKH,
aHaJloruqHble no KOHCTp}lKUHH RIM-ycraHOBKaM.
B KOMQHHHpOBaHHblx arperaTax KOMnOHeHTbl ypeTaHoBoH KOM-
n03HUHH nO.LJ.aIOTCSI B cMecHTeJlbHYIO 'KaMepy C MeXaHHqecKoH Me-
WaJIKOH DOA BblCOKHM .l(aBJleHHeM (20-30 Mna), npH 3TOM OAHO-
BpeMeHHo peaJIH3YeTCSI KaK CTpYHHoe, TaK H MeXaHHqeCKOe nepe-
MeWHBaHHe.
70
11
9
11
----' -----
-- 1 ---
-- --
-- --
-- --
PHC. 1.16. CMecHTe..lbHO-.ll03HPYIOUJ.Hii arperaT HH3Koro .llaB. eHH!! KOHCTPYKltHH
HHHIlIn:
1 - CMeCHTe.llbHali ronoBKa: 2 - cMeCHTe.llbHblii &.IIelleHT ronoBKH: 3 - 3.IIeKTpOHarpeBaTe.llbHblA
3.11eMeHT; 4 - nepeK.IIlOqaTe.llb nOToKoB; 5 - wecTepeHQaTblll H8COC: 6 - wecrepHIi npHBo.o.a Ha.
coca; 7. 12 - pa60QHe 6aKH: 8 - Mema.llKa; 9 - .11IOK; 10 - 3.11eKTponpHBO.o. Mema.llKH; 11-
WTy ep .0..1111 BaKYYM-oTcoca; 13 - wrYl(ep .0..1111 Do.o.Bo.o.a PKTBOpHTe.ll1l
He3aSHCHMO OT npHHUH.na pa60Tbl cMecHTeJlbHO-,lt03HpYIOw.He
arperaTbl COCTOSIT H3 CJle.n:YIOW.HX Y3J10S H CHCTeM: pa60qHx 6aKoB;
.ll03HPYIOW.HX HaCOCOS; peUHp.KYJlSlUHOHHOH CHCTeMbl KOMnOHeHTOS;
CMeCHTeJlbHOH rOJlO,SKH; CHCTeMbi TepMOperYJlHpO'SaHHH; KOHTpOJlb-
Ho-ynpaBJISlIOw.eU annaparypbl.
PaOOQHe OaKH - 310 paCXO.LJ.Hble eMKOCTH, npe.l(Ha3HalleHHble .n:J1H
npOMemYTOIlHOrO XpaHeHHSI H nO.llrOTOSKH (nO.ll.OrpeSa, .lI.era3aUHH,
ycpe.l(HeHHSI H T. .ll.) KOMnOHeHTOS yperaHoBOU KOMn03HUHH nepe.ll
HX nO,ltaqeH S CMeCHTeJlbHYIO rOJIOSKY H 06ecnellHSalOUJ.He 6ecnepe-
60uHoe nHTaHHe CHCTeMbl .l(03HpOSaHHSI Kam.ll.OrO KOMnOHeHTa (S OC-
HOSHOM nO.l( .n:aSJleHHeM ocyweHHorO B03.n:yxa HJlH a30Ta ,lto 0,2-
0,3 Mna). B cMecHTeJlbHO-.lI.03HPYIOW.HX YCTpOHCTBax Ilaw.e Bcero
HcnOJlb3YlOT .llBa pa60qHx 6aKa - ,ltJlSl H30UHaHaTa H .l(J1S1 nO.'1HOJIa
(.l(HaMHHa). PSI.n: <l>HpM BblnYCKaer arperaTbl, OCHaw.eHHble TpeMSI
H 60Jlee pa60qHMH 6aKaMH .l(J1S1 xpaHeHHSI H SBo.n:a Tpex H 60Jlee
KOMnOHeHTOB.
B KalleCTse pa60llHX 6aKOB, KaK npaBHJlO, HcnOJlb3YlOT CTaH-
,ltapTHble MaJlora6apHTHble eMKOCTH C MeWaJlKaMH, py6awKaMH .l(J1S1
)KH.llKOCTHOro TepMOCTaTHposaHHSI, CHrHaJlH3aTOpaMH ypOSHSI H ,ltpy-
rHMH npHcnoc06J1eHHSlMH H cpe.n:CTBaMH KOHTpOJISI H y,"paSJleHHSI.
B Kopnycax pa60llHX 6aKOB HMelOTCSI wTyuepbl .llJlSl SSO.l(a H oT60pa
71
KOMIJIOaeHTa, nO.n:aqH H OTBO.lla TenJlOHOCHTeJlSl, .llaTqHKH TeMnepa-
TYPbl. B KpblWKaX pa60qHX 6aKOB Moryr TaKjf{;f 6blTb paCnOJlOjf{eHbl
wTyuepbl HJlH 3arpY30qHble J1IOKH .n:J1S1 nO,ltaqH npO.llYKTa, naTpy6KH
..l{J1H nO.llKJIlOqeHHSI BaKYYMHOH HJlH a30THOH J1HHHH, YCTaHOBKH Ma-
HOBaKYYMMeTpOB. HHOr.lla B pa60qyIO eMKOCTb nOMew.alOT cneUH-
.aJlbHOe YCTPOHCTBO, npe,ltHa3HaqeHHoe .llJlSl HHTeHCH HKaUHH npo-
lI.ecca .llera3aUHH nO.l(aBaeMOro npo.n:YKTa [131]. BMeCTo MeXaHH'Ie-
CKHX MeWaJlOK HHOr.lla (HalJlpHMep, B YCTaHOBKax ct>HpMbI «OLMAS ,
MTaJlHSI) B pa60llHX 6a'Kax OCHOBHoro KOMnOHeHTa HCnOJlb3YIOT
BH6ponepeMelUHBalOw.He YCTpoHCTBa [131, c. 14].
.lI.o3HpOBO'lHWe HaCOCbl B cMeCHTeJlbHO-,lt03HPYIOW.HX arperaTax
npe,ltHa3HaqeHbl ,ltJlH ,lt03HpOBaHHSI .llBYX HJlH 60Jlee KOMnOHeHTOBCO
cTporo onpe.lleJleHHblM paCXO.llOM H npe.llBapHTeJIbHO Bbl6paHHblM
COOTHoweHHeM; TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHSI (.n:03HpoBaHHaH nO.llaqa) KOM-
nOHeHTOB H3 pa60qero 6aKa B cMeCHTeJlbHYIO rOJIOBKY, a nocJle
CMeweHHH - .llJlSl HarHeTaHHSI B ct>OPMY; 06eCneqeHHH HanopHoro Te-
qeHHH KOMnOHeHTOB no peUHpKYJlSlUHOHHOMY KOHTYPY B nepHO.llbl
Mejf{.llY UHKJlaMH J1HTbH.
B COCTaB cMecHTeJlbHO-,lt03HpYIO ero arperaTa I8XO.n:HT He MeHee
,ltBYX ,lt03HPOBOqHblX HaCOCOB. HapSl.llY C OCHOBHblM Tpe60BaHHeM
06eCneqeHHSI CHHxpOHHoro .ll03HpOBaHHSI C BocnpOH3BO.llHMOH TOq-
HOCTblO .n:BYX H 60Jlee KOMnOHeHTOB B CTpOfHX KOJlHlleCTBeHHblX CO-
OTHoweHHHX, peryJlHPyeMblx B .llOCTaTOIIHO WHpOKHX npe.lleJlax,
.ll03HpOIBOqHaH CHCTeMa .llOJljf{Ha 06J1a.llaTb ,ltOCTaTOIIHOH TeXHOJlO-
rHqeCKOH MaHeBpeHHOCTblO H rH6'KocTblO no OTHoweHHIO K H3MeHHIO-
W.HMCH npOH3BO,ltCTBeHHblM YCJlOBHSlM (accopTHMeHT H3.lleJlHH,
CblpbeBaH 6a3a), 6b1Tb YCTOHqHBOA K .n:eACTBHIO B03Myw.alOw.HX cpaK-
TOpOB (KoJle6aHHH BSl3KOCTH H Hanopa, nporpeccHpYIOW.HH H3HOC
HaCOCOB), 06ecneqHBaTb MHHHMYM 3Hepr03aTpaT H B03MO)KHOCTb
HaH60Jlee nOJIHOH aBTOMaTH3aUHH. npH .ll03HpOBaHHH H30UHaHaTHO-
ro KOMnOHeHTa (cpopnOJlHMepOB, nCeB.llO OpnOJlHMepOB, HH3KOMOJle-
KyJlHpHblX H30UHaHaTHblX CHCTeM) Tpe6yercSi .llOnOJlHHTeJlbHO npH-
MeHeHHe HaCOCOB co CneUHaJlbHblMH ynJlOTHeHHHMH, npenHTCTBYIO-
W.HMH KpHCTaJlJlH3aUHH npO.llYKTOB YTeqKH Ha B03,ltyxe.
B 60JlbWHHCTBe ,lt03HpOBOIIHblX CHCTeM TepMOCTaTHpOBaHHblH,
rOMoreHH3HpOBaHHblH H .ll03HpOBaHHblA npO.ll KT H3 pa60qHx 6aKOB
K HacocaM nO.llaercH no.ll ,ltaBJleHHeM ocyweHHoro B03.llyxa HJlH a30-
Ta 0,2-0,3 Mna. npH ,lt03HpOBaHHou nO.llalle KOMnOHeHTOB H3 pa-
60qHX 6aKoB, HaXO.llHw.HXCH no.ll pa3pejf{eHHeM HJlH 6e3 H3I6blTOIIHO-
ro .llaBJleHHSI, HeoOXO,ltHMO npHMeHHTb HaCOCbl B caMOBcaCblBalOw.eM
HCnOJlHeHHH.
ECJlH nepepa60TKe nO.llBepralOTcH KOMnOHeHTbl ,ltOCTaTOIIHO Bbl-
COKOH BH3KOCTH, C 60JlbWHM cO.llepjf{aHHeM nopoct>opa HJlH ra30B,
TO ,ltJlH nO.llaqH MaTepHaJlOB K .ll03HPOBOqHblM HacocaM HCnOJlb3YIOT
nO.llnHTOqHble HaCOCbl (,ltaBJIeHHe ,lt0 1 Mna). nO,ltnHTOqHble Ha-
COCbl ,ltOJljf{Hbl 6blTb caMoBcacblBalOiu.eH KOHCTPY'KUHH, a HX npoH3-
BO.llHTeJIbHOCTb .llOJljf{Ha Ha 20-30 % npeBblwaTb MaKCHMaJlbHylO
npOH3BO,ltHTeJlbHOCTb .ll03HPOBOqHblX HaCOCOB ,ltJlH o6ecneqeHHH ra-
paHTHpoBaHHoro HanOJlHeHHSI H3 BcaCblBalOw.eH MarHCTpaJiH.
72
Hacocw oeuMNOfO Aoic""
C oc..../IY..... paeo.M Opr'lOII
.. ,
. 'I .
. II .- II 'I i :a-
I ,. - il ij ..
0 II (I '. .; . ! I! II
; I. ii' iI. .
;; ! II I. .. il
I II -. if Ii :1 il
II !I ....
i = .. il ..
:. . . .
i!: Ei ....
PHC. 1.)7. K.'1aCcHcpHKaItHJI .ll03RPYIOIltHX HaCOCOB, npHMeH!!eMbiX npR peaKItHOH-
HOM cpopMoBaHHH
HeKOTopbIe 3J1eMeHTbI, BXO,llHw.He B COCTaB UBeTHbiX MeTaJlJlOB,
OTpHuaTeJlbHO BJlHHIOT Ha XHMH3M npouecca peaKUHoHHoro OpMO-
BaHHH [128], n03ToMY Bce .l(eTaJiH HaCOCOB, apMaTypbI H Tpy60npo-
BO,llOB, KOHTaKTHpYIOw.ae C pearHpYIOw.HMH KOMnOHeHTaMH, .LJ.OJljf{-
Hbi 6b1Tb H3rOTOBJleHbl 6e3 npHMeHeHHH UBeTHblX MeTaJlJlOB.
lIHCJlO .n:03HpylOW.HX HaCOCOB .l(OJljf{HO COOT-BeTCTBOBaTb qHCJlY
He3aBHCHMblX CHCTeM no.n:aqH KOMnOHeHTOB. KJlaccH<I>HKaUHSI Haco-
COB, npHMeHHeMbiX npH peaKUHOHHOM <l>opMoBaHHH, npHBe,lteHa Ha
pHC. 1.17. B wecTepeHllaTbix Hacocax (pHC. 1.18, a) pa60qHM opra-
HOM CJlYjf{aT .n:Ba nJlOTHO ycTaHOBJleHHbIX B pacTollKax Kopnyca 3y6-
qaTblX KOJleca C BHeWHHM HJlH BHYTpeHHHM 3auenJleHHeM, npH Bpa-
w.eHHH KOTOpblX npoHcxo.n:HT YMeHbweHHe 061>eMa OCTaTOqHOH no-
J10CTH Mejf{,lly 3y6bHMH B 30He 3auenJleHHH H HaXO,ltHw.aHCSI B Hea
«3aw.eMJleHHaSl» jf{H,ltKOCTb qepe3 na3bl H oTBepcTHH B Kopnyce
TpaHcnopTHpyeTCH H3-nOJlOCTH BcaCblBaHHa B nOJlOCTb HarHeTaHHa.
npOH3BO,llHTeJlbHOCTb Hacoca Q, wecTepHH ,KoToporo HMelOT HeKop-
perHpoBaHHblH 3BOJIbBeHTHblH npocpHJlb npH qHCJle 3y6beB Ha Kajf{-
,llOH Z, wHpHHe wecTepHH b, MO,llYJle m, qaCTOTe Bpaw.eHHH weCTe-
peH n H 061>eMHOM K. n.,ll. -1}06, 6y,lteT paBHa '[135, c. 502]
Q = 2nm 2 bZnf)o6' (1.73)
06'beMHaSi nO,llaqa H Hanop weCTepeHqaTblX HaCOCOB HMelOT
nYJlbCHpYIOWHH xapaKTep, O,ltHaKO aMnJlHTy.n:a KOJle6aHHH nO,llaII H.
KaK npaBHJlO, HeBeJlHKa (:t 5-7%), a qaCTOTa HX ,ltOCTaTOqHO BbI-
COKa [135, c. 502]. n03ToMY npH 06blqHblX 3HaQeHH1JX Z> 1 0 nOTOK
MO>KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK KBa3HcTaUHoHapHblH.
npOH3BO,ltHTeJlbHOCTb weCrepeHqaTblX HaCOCOB MOjf{HO peryJlHpo-
BaTb nYTeM H3MeHeHHH qaCTOTbi Bpaw.eHHH wecTepeH. O,ltHaKO C po-
CTOM qaCTOTbl BpaweHHSI Moryt YXy,ltWHTbCSI YCJIOBHH 3anOJIHeHH1[
73
a if
{f
if
PHC. 1.18. WecTepeHqUblii (a), O.llHOQepBJlqHblii (6) H TpeX'IepBJlQHblii (8)
HaCOCbl
Mejf{3y6qaTOrO npOCTpaHCTBa weCTepeH, qTO OTpHuaTeJlbHO CKa3b1-
BaeTCH Ha paiBHOMepHOCTH nO,llaqH H enoc06cTByer nOSLBJleHHJO
B03,llYWHblX BKJlJOqeHHH (oc06eHHo npH ,lt03HpOSaHHH BblCOKOBH3KHX
KOMnoHeHToB). n03TOMY weCTepeHqaTbie HaCOCbl B CMeCHTeJlbHO-
,lt03HpyJOW.HX arperaTax y,llOBJleTBopHTeJlbHo pa6OTaJOT J1HlUb B on-
pe,lleJleHHOH 06J1aCTH qaCTOT Bpaw.eHHH, HaXO,ltHw.eHcH, KaK npaBH-
J10, 'B HHTepBaJle 10-200 MHH- 1 .[128].
HeH36ejf{HOe npoTeKaHHe jf{H,llKOCTH no BHelUHeMY ,ltHaMeTpy
wecTepeH, no HX TOpu.aM H B MecTe 3auenJleHHH OKa3b1BaerCSI Ha
061>eMHOM K. n.,ll. Hacoca, qTO oc06eHHO 3aMeTHO npH pa3HOCTH ,llaB-
JIeHHU Mejf{,lly nOJlOCTHMH HarHeTaHHSI H BcaCblBaHHH 60Jlee 0,2-
0,3 Mna H npH YBeJlHqeHHH 3a30poB B pe3YJlbTaTe H3Hoca. n03TO-
MY weCTepeHqaTble HaCOCbl 06blllHO HCnOJIb3yJOT B CHCTeMax ,ll03H-
pOBaHHSI HH3Koro ,llaBJleHHH HJlH B KalleCl1Be nO,llnHTOqHblX HaCOCOB,
a ,llJlH 06ecnelleHHH HOpMaJlbHOrO Y'HKUHOHHpOBaHHH nO,ll06HblX
,lt03HPOBOqHblX CHCTeM He06xo,llHMO [130] oOeCneqHTb nocToSlHHbIH
nepena,ll ,llaBJleHHH BO BcaCblBaJOw.eM naTpy6Ke H ,llJlH YMeHbweHHH
norpewHocTH ,ll03HpOBaHHH Ha HarHeTaTeJlbHOH J1HHHH Kajf{,llOrO Ha-
coca nO.lll1epjf{HBaTb nOCTOHHHoe H no B03MOjf{HOCTH paBHoe npo-
THBO,lteUcTBYJOw.ee ,ltaBJleHHe; KpOMe Toro, B Kajf{.l(OM KOHKpeTHOM
cJlyqae npOH3'BO,llHTeJlbHOCTb Hacoca CJle,ltyeT Bbl6HpaTb npH MaK-
CHMaJlbHO B03MOjf{HOH qaCTOTe Bpaw.eHHSI; ,llJlH npHBo.n:a Kajf{,llOrO
Hacoca cJle,llyer HClIOJlb30BaTb HH,llHBH,llyaJIbHblU ,llBHraTeJlb C pery-
J1HpyeMoH qaCTOTOH BpallJ,eHHH HJlH ,llJlSl npHBO,lla 2-3 HaCOCOB HC-
74
nOJlb30BaTb O.llHH 06W.HA .llBHraTeJlb, 06eCneQH'BaSl CHHXpOHHOCTb
nO.n:allH BCeX KOMnOHeHTOB He3aBHCHMO OT KOJle6aHHH Ha'npHjf{eHHSI
H XapaKTepHCTHK ,It'BHraTeJlH. HeJlb3S1 HCnOJlb30BaTb HaCOCbl C 60Jlb-
WHM H3HOCOM pa60qHX OpraHOB H HerepMeTHqHblMH ynJlOTHe-
HHHMH.
B BHHTOBblX HaCOCaX (CM. pHC. 1.18,6,8) TpaHc-nopTHpoBaHHe
)KH.n:KocTeH ocyw.ecTBJlHeTCSl no.ll ,lteHCl'BHeM o.n:Horo, ,ltBYX HJlH Tpex
BpalUaJOw.HxcH qepBSlKOB. B ,ltBYX- H TpexBHHToBblX Hacocax BHHTbI
HaXO.llHTCH B 3auenJleHHH, npH 3TOM O.llHH H3 BHHTOB (Be.n:yw.HH)
npHBO,ltHTCH B .lIiBHjf{eHHe 3J1eKTpo.n:BHraTeJleM, a OCTaJlbHble - OT Be-
.n:yw.ero BHHTa. TIpOH3BO.n:HTeJlbHOCTb BHHTOBblX HaCOCOB MO)l{eT
6blTb Bblql{CJleHa no <l>opMYJle [135, c. 503]
Q = (F-f)hnTJ06' (1.74)
rll.e F - nJlOllta.llb nOnepeqHOrO CeqeHHJI KaMepbl Kopnyca; f - nJlollta,llb nonepeq-
Horo CeqeHHJI TeJJa BHHTOB; h - war Be.llylltero BHRTa: '106 - 06'beMHblA K. n. D..,
.lloCTHraJOlItHA 0,8-0,9 np" .llaBJIeHHJIX .ll0 2,5 Mna.
npeHMyw.eCTBOM BHHTOBbiX HaCOCOB no cpaBHeHHJO C weCTepeH-
qaTblMH SlBJlHJOTCH paBHOMepHaH H HenYJlbCHpYJOw.aSl nO.l(a II a, 6ec-
WYMHOCTb, B03MOjf{HOCTb nOBblwaTb lIacTory Bpaw.eHHH .LJ.O
3000 MHH- J H xopowaSl caMOBcaCblBaJOw.aH cnoco6HOCTb. O.n:HaKo
no TOqHOCTH .ll03HpOBaHHH OHH cyw.eCTBeHHO YCTynaJOT wecTepeIl-
lIaTblM H nJlYHjf{epHblM HacocaM, n03ToMY BHHTOBble HaCOCbl HCnOJlb-
3yJOT B OCHOBHOM .llJlH nO.llnHTKH ,lt03HPOBOQHblX nJlYH)I{epHblX H
wecrepeHllaTblx HaCOCOB, a TaKjf{e ,ltJlH nepeKaQIf'BaHHH H C03.n:aHHH
peUHpKYJlHUHH KOMnOHeHTOB B CKJla.l(CKHX pe3epByapax.
O.n:HOxo.n:oBbie nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbI - 3TO HaCOCbI, ocyw.ecTB-
J1S1JOw.He HenpepbfBHYJO .n:03HpoBaHHYJO no.n:allY He06xo,ltHMoro KO-
J1HQeCTBa jf{H.llKOCTH 3a O.llHH XO,lt nJlYHjf{epa, npH 3TOM ,ltJlH B03-
BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJlbHoro .n:BHjf{eHHH nJlYHmepa HCnOJlb3YJOT rH.n:po-
UHJlHH,ltp C perYJIHPyeMoH CKOpOCTbJO nepeMew.eHHSI IUTOKa. O.n:HO-
xo.n:OBble nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbl nO,ltpa3.lleJlSlJOTcH Ha HaCOCbl npocTo-
fO .n:eiicllBHSl c KJlanaHHblM ynpaBJleHHeM H nopwHeBble aKKYMYJlSl-
TOpbl [128]. B nopwHeBblx aKKYMYJlSlTOpaX noplUHH SlBJlSlJOTCH
pa3.n:eJlHTeJlbHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH Mejf{.llY rH.n:paBJlHqeCKOH pa60qeii
jf{H.n:KOCTbJO H .ll03HpyeMblM npO.llYKTOM. B O,lJ.HOXO.llOBbiX Hacocax
npocToro .lleHCTBHH C KJIanaHHblM ynpaBJleHHeM rH.llpOUHJlHH.llP H
.n:03HpyJOW.HH UHJlHH.llP pa3HeceHbl, npHlleM BHYTpeHHHH ,ltHaMeTp
.n:03HpyJOw.ero UHJlHH.llpa 60JlbWe, lIeM ,ltHaMeTp nJlYHmepa. CaJlb-
HHKOBoe ynJloTHeHHe nJlYHjf{epa HMeeT Ha6HBKY H3 <l>TopOnJiaCTa H
ac6eCTOBblX KOJleu H MaHjf{eT. ,lJ.JlH CMa3KH pa60llHx nOBepxHocTeH
H npe.llOTBpaw.eHHH 06pa30BaHHH nOJlHKap6aMH.n:Hblx OTJlO)KeHHH Ha
nOBepxHocTH nJlYH)Kepa npH .ll03HpOBaHHoH nO.llalle H30UHaHaTHoro
KOMnOHeHTa B Henocpe.n:cTBeHHoH 6J1H30CTH OT CaJlbHHKOBoro ynJlOT-
HeHHSl pacnOJIaraeTCH npHeMHaH qawa .llJlSl YTeqeK, 3anOJlHeHHaH
HHepTHOH jf{H,ltKOCTbJO.
B CHCTeMax C HH.n:HBH,ltyaJlbHblM npHBO,ltOM Kajf{.llblH ,lt03HPYJO-
W.HH UHJlHH.llP HMeeT CBOH npHBO.llHOH rH,ltpOUHJlHH.llP (J1HHeHHblH
.LJ.BHraTeJlb), nHTaeMblH OT oT.n:eJlbHOH rH.llpOCHCTeMbI C perYJlHpye-
.
75
ldblMH paCXO.llOM H Ha'DOpOM. npOH3BO.llHTeJlbHOCTb .ll03HpOBaHHH H
eOOTHOlUeHHe paCXO.n:OB KOMnOHeHTOB 3.n:eCb perYJlHpYIOT nYTeM H3-
MeHeHHJI pacxOAa pa60qeH jf{H.llKOCTH B rH.llpOCHeTeMe .n:03HpYJOW.e-
TO HaCOCa Ka)K.llOrO 'KOMnOHeHTa. MaKCHMaJlbHblH 061>eM .ll03Hpye-
MoA nOpUHH SaBHCHT OT 06'beMa nOJlOCreH O.llHOXO.n:OBbiX nJlYH.>Kep-
HbiX HaCOCOB, npH 3TOM 061>eM SnpblCKa MOjf{HO perYJlHpOBaTb KaK
no BpeMeHH A03HpOBaHHH. TaK H no pa60qeMY XO.llY (nOCJle.llHHH
cnoc06 06ecneqH'Baer MeHbWYJO norpeWHOCTb .ll03HpOBaHHH). Toq-
HOCTb H BOCnpOH3BO.l(HMOCTb napaMeTpOB .n:03HpOBaHHSI 3aBHCJlT
TaKjf{e OT KOHCTPYKUHH H CHCTeMbl ynpaBJleHHSI CMeCHTeJlbHO-.ll03H-
PYJOw.ero arperaTa, BHYTpeHHHX yreqeK IB rH.llpOCHCTeMe (Hacocax,
30JlOTHHKax, npe.llOXpaHHTeJlbHblX KJlanaHaX H T. .n:.), a TaKme OT
HaJlHqHH B03.llyxa B pa60qeii H .ll03HpyeMoH jf{H.n:KOCTHX.
B CHCTeMax C HH.llHBH.n:yaJlbHblM npH'Bo.n:OM HcnOJlb3YlOT .llBa cno-
coOa ynpaBJleHHH napaMeTpaMH .n:03HpOBaHHH: 3J1eKTpOrH.n:paBJlHqe-
CKoe cepBoynpaBJleHHe H qaCTOTHO-HMnYJlbCHoe ynpaBJleHHe. B nep-
BOM cJlyllae 06a nJlYHmepHblX Hacoca nHTaJOTCH OT 06w.eH rH.llPO-
CHCTeMbl qepes HH.llHBH.l!yaJlbHble cepBoynpaBJIHeMble KJlanaHbI, npH
3TOM nepeMew.eHHe O.llHOrO H3 nJlYHjf{epOB HenpepblBHO KOHTpOJlH-
pyJOT 3J1eKTpOHHOH CHCTeMOH eJlemeHHH, a pe3YJlbTaTbi 3aMepOB HC-
nOJlb3YJOT .llJlH KoppeKTHpOBKH nepeMew.eHHH BTOporo iDJlYHmepa c
YlleTOM 06eCneqeHHH Tpe6yeMoro MaCCOBoro COOTHoweHHH KOMno-
HeHTOB. no.n:06HblMH CHCTeMaMH ynpaBJleHHH OCHaw.eHbI, B lIaCTHO-
CTH, CMeCHTeJlbHo-.n:03HpYJOw.He YCTaH08'KH CPHPMbl «Cincinna Mi-
lacron».
npH qaCTOTHO-HMnYJlbCHOM perYJlHpOBaHHH npHBO.n: Kajf{.llOrO
nJlYHjf{epHOrO Hacoca ocyw.ecTBJlHeTCJI qepe3 OT.lleJlbHblH 3J1eKTpOH-
Ho-rH.n:pa BJlHlleCKHH J1HHeHHblH YCHJlHTeJlb, npeACTaBJlHJOw.HH c060H
rH.llPOUHJlHHAP C BCTpoeHHOH ynpaBJlJlJOw.eH lIaCTbJO. Kajf{.n:blH J1H-
HeHHblH YCHJlHTeJlb rnpe.llCTaBJIHeT C060H 3aMKHYTYJO CHCTeMY aBTO-
MaTHqeCKOrO perYJlHpOBaHHH C MexaHHlleCKOH 06paTHoH CBH3blO.
napaMerpbl A03HpOBaHHH Kajf{.llOrO nJlYHjf{epHOrO Hacoca 3a.n:aJOTCH
HMnYJlbCHblM warOBblM 3J1eKTpO.ll:'BHraTeJleM: lIaCTOTa HMnYJlbCOB
onpe.n:eJl5leT CKOpOCTb, a qHCJlO HMnYJlb<:OB - BeJlHIIHHY xo.n:a rH.ll-
paBJlHqeCKOrO nopWHH H jf{eCTKO CBH3aHHoro C HHM .ll03HpyJOw.ero
UHJlHHApa. TaKHe CHCTeMbl ynpaiBJleHHH HCnOJlb3YJOT, HanpHMep, B
CMeCHTeJlbHO-A03HPYJOW.HX YCTaHOBKax CPHPMbl «Hennecke» (<PPf).
K CHCTeMaM C I1pYITnOBblM npHBO.llOM OTHOCHTCH .llBYX'KOMnOHeHT-
Hble .n:03HPOBOQHble arperaTbI, nJlYH)KepHble HaCOCbl KOTOpblX 061>-
e.llHHeHbI Mejf{.lly c060H jf{eCTKOH TpaBepcoii (pHC. 1.19, a, 6).
B 3TH X YCTaHOBKax 3a.n:aHHoe COOTHoweHHe paCXO.llOB A03HpyeMblx
KOMnOHeHTOB COXpaH5IeTCH CTporo nOCTOHHHblM He3aBHCHMO OT pe-
mHMa ABHjf{eHHH nJlYHjf{epa. O.llHaKO perYJlHpOBaHHe COOTHoweHHH
paCXO.llOB .n:03HpyeMblx KOMnOHeHTOB HBJl5IeTCH .n:OBOJlbHO Tpy.n:oeM-
KOH onepaUHeH. TaK KaK OHO ocyw.eCTBJlHeTeH nYTeM 3aMeHbl nJlYH-
.>KepOB H nO.ll60pa COqeTaHHSI nJlow.a.n:eH HX CeqeHHH, nponopUHO-
HaJlbHOrO COOTHoweHHJO KOMnOHeHTOB B CMeCH. C 3TOH ueJlbJO YC-
TaHOBKH C jf{eCTKOH TpaBepCOH ocHaw.aJOT Ha60pOM CMeHHLlX nJlYH-
.>KepOB. TIO.ll06HYJO cxeMY npHBo.n:a nJlYHjf{epHblX HaCOCOB HCnOJlb-
76
v v
a
6
3
- -
A
B 6
3
PHC. 1.19. ,a03HpYlOlUHe CHCTeMbi C
rpynnoobiM npHBO.llOM Qepe3 06wylO
nOCTynaTeJJbHO nepeMelUalOlUYJOCH (a)
HJJH opalUalOlUYJOCJI Tpaoepcy .llJlJl
ABYX (6) UB QeTblpex (8) KOMnOHeH-
TOO:
1 - nHeaNO- H.IIH fH.IIPO«H.IIRH.o.p: 2 - TpaBep-
ca; 3 - n.llYHlKep; 4 - .o.03RPOBOQHblil UH-
.IIHHAP; 5 - 3anoPRblil ManaH CO CTOPOHbI
HafBeT8HHII: 6 - sanoPBblll ManaR co CTO-
pOIl'bl BcaCblBaHHR; 7 - Bp31QalOUJ.allCR Tpa.
sepca: 8 - wnHH.o.e.'Ib; 9 - rallKa; 10 - 3.lJeK-
Tpo.llBHraTeab nOCTOIIHRoro TOKa; ARB-
H30tl,llaHaT- H rH.o.POKCH.IICo.o.epJKaUl,He KOM-
nottelloTbi
3YJOT B YCTaHOBKaX HH3KOrO H BbiCOKOrO ,ltaBJleHHH HpM «Hen-
necke», «Plateco», B J1a60paTopHblx MalUHHax THna Mini-RIM
H .n:p. -[128, 131].
fpynnoBoH npHBO,lt nJlYH)I{epHblX HaCOCOB MO)KeT ocYW.eCTBJlSlTb-
eH TaKjf{e nOCpe,ltCTBOM spaw.aJOw.eHcSI TpaBepcbI (pHC. 1.19,8).
TIpeHMyw.eCTBOM ,!laHHOH cxeMbI npHBO,!la H1BJlSleTCSI B03MO)KHOCTb
perYJlHpOBaHHH B onpe.n:eJleHHblX npe,lteJIax COOTHOWeHHSI nOTOKOB
KOMnOHeHTOB 3a CqeT H3MeHeHHH paCCT05lHHH OT ueHTpa BpaweHHSI
TpaBepcbI ,!l0 Hacoca. B arperaTax C Bpam.aJOweHCSI TpaBepCOH
MO)KHO ocyw.ecTBJlHTb MHorOKOMnOHeHTHoe .l(03HpOBaHHe (pHC. 1.19,
8), HCnOJlb3YH .n:J151 nepeMew.eHHH Tpa1BepCbl He TOJlbKO rH,ltpOnpH-
BO.n:, HO H 3J1eKTpO,ltBHraTeJlb C perYJlHPyeMoH qaCToroH Bpam.eHHSI
HJlM nHeBMOUHJlHH.n:p. nO,lt06Hble CHCTeMbi ,lt03HpOBaHHH HenOJlb3Y-
JOTCSI B YCTaHOBKax q,HpM «Hilder und I(ern», «Spub H ,ltpyrHx
npeHMyw.ecTBeHHo HH3Koro ,ltaBJleHHH C o61>eMoM BnpblCKa OT 0,5
,lt0 800 eMs.
.
77
J
"
a
7 8 !J
D
15
:6
e
PHC. 1.20. O.llHODJlYHx<epHblA (a), MHOrOnJlYHx<epHblA (6), .llHcpcpepeHUHaJlbHblA
(8), pOTaUHOHHO-nJlYHx<epHblii (0) H aKCHaJlbHO-nJlYHx<epHblA (e) HaCOCbl:
1- n.llYHJKep; 2 - qH.IIHH.o.p; 3 H 4 - HarReTaTenbRblll H BcacblBalOlQHII KnanaHbI, 5 - KOJI-
.IIeKTOp; 6 - perY.IIHpYlOlQall WTaHra; 7 - npHBo.llHOIl Ba.ll; 8 - TO.IIKaTeJJb c PO.llHKOM: 9 - 9KC-
qeHTpRK; 10 H II - BepxHIIII H HHJKHIIII non.ocTH qH.IIHIt.o.pa; 12 - RanpaB.IIlllOlQee KO.llbUO; 13-
RenOABRJKRaJi OCb BpalQeHHII pOTopa; 14 - KaJl:8.11 BcaCblBaHKII: 15 - KaHan HarHeTaHHII; 16-
pOTOp; 17 - nOBo.o.KOBaJi wall6a; 18 - 6apa6aH c n.llYHJKepaMH; 19 - ynpaB.IIJlIOw;aJl n.llHTa
BTOPYJO KpynHYJO rpyILIIY OClI.HJlJlHPYJOW.HX HaCOCOB COCTaBJIHIOT
MHOrOXO.llOBble nJIYHjf{epHble HaCOCbI, B KOTOpblX ,lt03HpOBaHHaSl no-
,ltaqa 3a.llaHHOrO KOJlHQeCTBa )KH.llKOCTH ocymecTBJlHeTCSI MeJlKHMH
nOpUHSlMH, CJle.llyJOw.HMH .n:pyr 3a ,ltpyroM CO CpaBHHTeJIbHO 60Jlb-
WOH qaCTOTOU, a .llJlSl B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJlbHOrO ,ltBHjf{eHHH .n:03M-
pyJOW.HX nopWHeH HcnoJlb3yJOT Bpaw.aJOw.HHCH npHBO,lt. MHoroxo-
,ltOBbie nJlYHmepHble HaCOCbI nO.llpa3.n:eJlSlJOTcH Ha o.n:HOnJIYHjf{epHble
H MHOrOOJlYHmepHble.
O.llHOnJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbI HMeJOT B KaqeCTBe pa60Qero opraHa
O,ltHH nJlYHjf{ep, npH .n:BHmeHHH KOToporo BJleBO (pHC. 1.20, a) B UH-
JIHH.n:pe C03.llaerCSI pa pejf{eHHe, H qepe3 aBTOMaTHQeCKH OTKpbl-
BaJOw.HHcH BcacblBaJOw.HH KJlanaH 3 mH.llKOCTb nocTynaeT B pa60-
78
\
qyJO nOJIOCTb,\a npH 06paTHOM .D:-BHjf{eHHH 'IIJIYH>Kepa :H<H.l{KOCTb qe-
pe3 KJlanaH 4 B TaJlKHBaeTcH H3 nOJlOCTH HaCOCa 8 HarHeTaTeJlbHYJO
ceTb [128]. B 3a HcHMocTH OT npHHUHna pa60TbI npHBO,lta B03BpaT-
Ho-nocTy.naTeJlbHoro nepeMew.eHHJI O,ltHOnJlyH)KepHble HaCOCbl no.n:-
pa3,lteJlHJOTcH Ha 3KcneHTpHKOBbie H KpHBowHnHble.
B 3KcueHTpHKoBblX H KPHBOWHoIIHblX Hacocax «op.llHHapHoro»
,lteHCTBHH, B KOTOpblX 3a O,ltHH 060POT ,KOJle.HqaTOrO BaJia HJlH 3KC-
ueHTpHKa nO,ltaeTCH nopUHH 061>eMOM V =FS (r.lle F - nJlOw.a.llb ce-
qeHHSI nJlYHjf{epa, S - ero XO.ll) , Cpe,ltHHSI npOH3BO,ltHTeJIbHOCTb Q
COCTaBJIHeT
Q -FSnqo6o
(1.75)
O.n:HaKO O.n:HOU:HJlHH.llpOBble HaCOCbl Op.llHHapHoro ,lteHCTBHH HMe-
lOT cyw.eCTBeHHblH He,ltOCTaTOK - 60JlbWYlO HepaBHoMepHocTb 061>-
eMHoro pacxo.LJ.a, KOTOpblii B TeqeHHe pa60qero XO,lta fiJlYHjf{epa
(nOJlynepHO.ll OT cp=O .ll0 cp= 180°) H3MeHHeTCH no CHHYCOH.llaJlbHO-
MY 3aKOHY:
q(q» - FmR sin q>,
(1.76)
r.lle q - MrHOBeHJlaJi nO.llaqa; q> - yroJi nOBopOTa KpRBowRoa UH 3Kcn.eHTpHKa
(cJIa3a BpallteHHJI); m - yrJlOBaJi CKOpOCTb, paBHaJi nn/30; R-S/2.
Bo BTOpOM nOJlynepHo.lle B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJlbHoro nepeMe-
lUeHHH nJlYHjf{epa OT cp= 180 0 .n:o cp=360° nO,ltaqa OTcYTCTByeT, T. e.
q=O. CTeneHb HepaBHoMepHocTH nO,ltaqH MOjf{HO oueHHTb OTHowe-
HHeM qmax/Q, onpe.lleJiHeMblM H3 paBeHcTBa
qm.JQ... 6FRro/(Fsn) = [60(s/2)(nn/30»)/(sn) = n "'" 3,14. (1.77)
CTeneHb HepaBHOMepHOCTH 'lIO.llaqH nJlYH)KepHblX HaCOCOB MOjf{-
HO cyweC1'BeHHO YMeHblUHTb, eCJlH HCnOJIb30BaTb HaCOCbl ,ltBOHHOro
.l{eiicTBHH (pHC. 1.20,8) HJlH HaCOCbl MHOrOUHJlHH,ltPOBOH KOHCTPYK-
UHH (pHC. 1.20,6), B KOTOpblX O.llHOBpeMeHHo pa60TaJOT HecKOJlbKO
nJlYHjf{epOB co CMew.eHHeM no a3e 360 0 /<:1. (ct - qHCJlO nJlYHjf{epoB)
H peaJIH3yercSi cJla60 nYJlbCH'PYJOwaH nO,ltaqa He60JlbWHX nopuHH
jf{H.llKOCTH c qaCTOTOii .ll0 250 ru. TIo 3TOH npHqHHe B .ll03HPyJOUJ.HX
eHCTeMax YCTaHoBoK ,ltJlH peaKUHoHHoro <l>opMOBa.HHH nOJIHypeTa-
HOB HOOOJlb3YJOT npeHMyIl.{eCTBeHHO MHOrOUHJlHH,ltpOBble HaCOCbl
(pSl.n:Hble, aKCHaJlbHO-nJlyHjf{epHble, pa.llHaJlbHO-nJlYHjf{epHble) HJlH
HaCOCbl .lI:'BOHHOro .lleHCTBHH.
nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbl .llBOHHOro ,lteiiCTBHH "J1H .llH<I><I>epeHUHaJlb-
Hble nJlYHmepHble HaCOCbI (pHC. 1.20,8) - 3TO O.llHOUHJlHH.n:poBble
.n:03HPOBOqHble HaCOCbI C KJlarraHHblM ynpaBJleHHeM, KOTO!pble B 060-
HX HanpaBJleHHSlX xo.n:a nJlYHmepa TpaHCDopTHPYJOT B 30HY HarHe-
TaHHH pa'BHble 061>eMbi jf{H.llKOCTH. .nJISI 06ecneqeHHH paBHblx 061>-
eMOB no.n:allH 3a nepBblH H BTOpOH nOJlynepHO.l(bl OCUHJlJlHUHH nJlYH-
)Kepa He06xo,ltHMo, 'lT06bl COOTHoweHHe nJlOw.a.n:eH CetIeHHH nJlYH-
jf{epa H BepxHero KOJlbu.eBoro 3a30pa Mejf{.n:y CTeHKoH UHJlHH.n:pa H
WTOKOM COCTaBJlHJlO 2: I. .nJl'Sl npHBO.lla H'arocoB ,ltSOHHOfO .n:eiicT-
BHH qaCTO HonoJlb3yJOT TIHeBMOQHJlHH.llpbl, Ha'l1!l>'HMep .s paCfnblJlH-
TeJlbHblX YCTaHoBKax THna AS-35 HpMbl «Hennecke» (<P pr).
79
I
PSI.llHble nJlYH)KepHble HaCOCbl - 3TO MHOrOl1.HJlHH.nPOBble HaCOCIi
C KJlanaHHblM ynpaBJleHHeM H nO.llnp HHeHHblM" nJlYH)I{epaMH,
pacnOJlOjf{eHHblMH B pH,lt H npHBO.llHMblMH OT 06Jllero Bpaw.aJOw.e-
rOCH BaJia C 3KcueHTpHKaMH (pHC. 1.20,6). B3a)tMHoe pacnoJlo)Ke-
HHe 3KeueHTpHKoB Ha BaJly oOecneqHBaeT TaKy"JO UHKJlOBYIO nocJle-
,ltOBaTeJlbHOCTb nepeMew.eHHSI nJlYHjf{epOB, npH KOTOpOH 3aBHCHMO-
CTH q( ) Ka)l{.n:oro UHJlHH.llpa C.n:BHHYTbl ,ltpyr OTHOCHTeJlbHO .n:Pyra
Ha paBHblH a30BblH yroJi *=21tla (a-tJHCJlO DJlYHjf{epoB). Pe-
rYJlHpOBaHHe nO.llaqH pH,ltHblX HaCOCOB npOH3BO,ltHTCH H3MeHeHHeM
nOJle3HOrO xo.n:a nJlYHjf{epOB co eKolUeHHoH KpOMKOU 1 nYTeM HX
CHHxpoHHoro nOBopoTa perYJlHPYJOIUeH wTaHroH 6, npH 3TOM npo-
HCXO.n:HT H3MeHeHHe B3aHMHoro pacnOJlOjf{eHHSl CKOlUeHHblX KpOMOK
H BcaCbI,BaJOw.HX oTBepcTHH [128]. Cpe.n:HHH npOH3BO,ll,HTeJlbHOCTb
pH.n:HblX nJlYHjf{epHblX HaCOCOB Haxo.n:HTCH H3 Bblpajf{eHHH
Q - aFsn'lo6o (1.78)
PH.n:Hble nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbI 06ecnetJHBalOT .ll03HpoBaHHYJO no-
.n:allY jf{H.llKHX KOMnOHeHTOB 6e3 HanOJlHHTeJlH BH3KOCTbIO ,ltO
2,0 TIa .c. B cMeCHTeJlbHO-.ll03HPYJOW.HX arperaTax BblCOKoro .llaBJle-
HHSI HCnOJlb3YIOT 6. H lO-uHJlHH,ltpoBbie pH.llHble nJlYHjf{epHble Haco-
CbI npoH3Bo.n:HTeJlbHOcTbJO OT 1 .n:o 25 .llM 3 /MHH. PH.n:Hble HaCOCbI B
2- H 4-UHJlHH.llpOBOM HCnOJlHeHHH ycnewHo npHMeHSlJOT ,ltJlH .ll03H-
pOBaHHH .n:onOJlHHTeJlbHblX KOMnOHeHTOB B CMecHTeJlbHble rOJlOBKH C
MexaHHllecKoH MelUaJlKOH. ,nJlH .n:03HpoBaHHoH nO.llaqH H30UHaHaTOB
He06xo.llHMo HCnOJlb30BaTb HaCOCbI C TOpOnJiaCTOBblMH ynJlOTHe-
HHHMH.
BTOpblM THnOM MHOrOUHJlHH.llPOBblX HaCOCOB SlBJlSlJOTCH pOT a-
UHOHHble nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbI C pa.llHaJlbHblM HJlH aKCHaJlbHblM pac-
nOJlOjf{eHHeM nJlYH)KepOB.
Pa.l!HaJlbHO-nJlyHjf{epHble HaCOCbl (pHC. 1.20, e) HMeJOT pOTOp 16
C pa.n:HaJlbHblMH UHJlHH.llPHqecKHMH CBepJleHHSlMH .n:J1H nJlYHjf{e-
pOB 2, KOTOpblH Bpaw.aercH C 3KcueHTpHcHTeToM e BMeCTe C HanpaB-
J1HJOW.HM KOJIbUOM 6. BCJle.llCTBHe 3KcueHTpHcHTeTa nJlYHjf{epbl Ha-
coca Ha O.n:HOM nOJly060poTe pOTopa Sbl.llBHraJOTCH H3 CBOHX UH-
J1HH.llpOB .ll0 ynopa B HanpaBJlSlJOw.ee KOJIbUO, a Ha BropOM nOJlY-
060poTe B.llBHraJOTCH oOpaTHo, ocyw.ecTBJlSlH XO,lt, paBHblH Y.llBOeH-
HOMY 3KcueHTpHcHTeTY. HenO.llBHjf{HaSl OCb Bpaw.eHHH pOTopa 3
HMeeT .n:Ba pH.lla KaHaJlOB: BcaCblBaHHH 4 H HarHeTaHHSI 5. npOH3-
BO.llHTeJlbHOCTb pa.n:HaJlbHO-nJlYHmepHblx HaCOCOB MomeT 6blTb pac-
CqHTaHa no <l>opMYJle
Q - mZ(M 2 /4) en 'l06,
(I. 79)
r.lle m - qHCJJO napaJlJleJlbHblX pJl.llOB nJlYH>KepOB; Z - qHCJJO nJlYH>KepOB B O.ll-
HOM pJl.lly; 'lOCI - 06'beMHblA K. n. .It., .llOCTHralOlIUlii npH .llaBJIeHHJlX 10-20 Mna
3HaqeHHii 0,8-0,9.
Pa.n:HaJlbHO-nJlYHmepHble HaCOCbl MorYT 'npHMeHHTbcH ,ltJlH .n:03H-
pOBaHHoH nO.llaqH KOMTIOHeHTOB B CHCTeMax BblCOKoro .llaBJleHHSI..
06eCneqHBaH cTa6HJlbHYJO nO.llallY mH.n:KOCTH '[131, c. 21]. O.n:HaK()
cpa'BHHTeJlbHO Y3KHe npe,lteJlbl perYJlHpOBaHHH npOH3BO,ltHTeJlbHO-
eTH OrpaHHqHBaJOT 06JIaCTb HX npHMeHeHHSl [131, c. 27].
80
\
AKcHaJlb -nJlYH}Ke.pHble HaCOCbI (pHC. 1.20,0) COCTOHT H3 npH-
BO,ltHOro BaJia e. nOBO,llKOBOH WaU60H, B KOTOpOH C nOMOw.bJO c<I>epH-
lIeCKHX WapHHp 3aKpenJleHbI nJlYHjf{epbl, YCTaHOBJleHHble B aKCH-
aJlbHO paCnOJlOjf{ HblX CBepJleHHHX B HaKJlOHHOM 6apa6aHe. ilpH
nOBOpOTe JlOBO,llKOBOH lUaH6b1 nJlYH)KepaM C006w.aeTCH B03.BpaTHO-
nocTynaTeJlbHOe nepeMew.eHHe, COnpOBO>K,ltaeMOe nepeKaqHBaHHeM
,ll03HpyeMoH )KH,ltKOCTH H3 J1H'HHH BcaCblBaHHH B J1HHHIO HarHeTaHHH.
npOH3BO,llHTeJlbHOCTb OKCHaJlbHO-fiJlYHmepHblX HaCOCOB MO)KHO on-
pe.n:eJlHTb no opMYJle [140, c. 496]
Q-z (mJ4/4) sn'1oG, (1.80)
r.lle z - qHCJJO nJlYH1KepOB; d - .llHaMeTp nnyH1Kepa: n - qaCTOTa BpameHHJI
nOBO.llKOBOii waii6b1; 'loG - 06'beMHblii K. n. .ll.; S - XO.ll nnYH1Kepa 5=1 tg
(1- paCCTOJIRHe ue1K.llY OCJlMH .llHaUeTp3JJbHO npOTHBOnOJlO1KHblX nJlYH1KepOB,
- perYJlHpyeubiA yrOJI nOBopOTa 6apa6aHa); H3UeHJIJI a, M01KHO 6ecCTyneHQaTO
perYJlRpOBaTb nO.llaqy Hacoca.
AKcHaJlbHo-nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbI WHpOKO npHMeHHJOT B CMeCH-
TeJlbHo-.n:03HPYJOW.HX arperaTax BblCOKoro ,llaBJleHHH, 06eCneqHBaH
BbiCOKYJO TOqHOCTb ,lt03HpOBaHHH npH nepepa60TKe HeHanOJlHeHHblX
ypeTaHoBblx KOMn03HUHH C BH3KOCTbJO .n:o 2 na. C npH npOH3BO,llH-
TeJlbHOCTH .n:o 150 .n:M 3 /MHH. .llJlH n00iIyqeHHH 60Jlee BbiCOKHX pacxo-
.n:OB HeCKOJlbKO HaCOCOB coe.n:HHHJOT napaJlJleJlbHo. BepxHHH npe,D.eJl
BH3KOCTH nepepa6aTbiBaeMblx KOMnOHeHTOB MO)KHO YBeJlHIIHTb npH
HCnOJlb30BaHHH nO,ltnHTOtIHblX HaCOCOB. 3TH HaCOCbI MaJlOWYMHbl B
pa60Te, HeIlYBcT,BHTeJlbHbI K npOTHBO,llaBJleHHJO H .lI.OJlrOBeqHbI. AK-
CHaJlbHO-nJlYHjf{epHble HaCOCbl HCnOJlb3yJOT B YCTa'HOBKax BbiCOKoro
AaBJleHHSI HpM «Kraus Maffei», «Hennecke» (<ppr) H ,llp.
CHcTeMw pelJ,HpKYJlRIJ,HH H nO,ll.aqH KOMnOHeHTOB B cMecHTeJlbHYIO
rOJlOBKy. PeareHTbI H3 pa60llHx 6aKoB B cMecHTe.1bHYJO rOJlOBKY
MorYT nO,llaBaTbCH no npHMOTOqHOH cxeMe (pHC. 1.21) HJlH C HC-
nOJlb30BaHHeM CKOpOTKOU» HJlH «.n:J1HHHOH» CHCTeMbl peUHpKYJlSlUHH.
B cMecHTeJlbHo-.n:03HPyJOW.HX arperaTax npHMOTOtIHOrO ,lleHCT-
BHH, HCnOJlb3yeMblx B HeKoTopblX (npeHMyw.ecTBeHHo YCTapeBwHx)
YCTaHoBKax BblCOKoro ,llaBJleHHSI, )KH,ltKHe KOMnOHeHTbI H3 pa60qHX
6aKoB 7 qepe3 ,ll03HpYJOw.He HaCOCbI 4 nO,llaJOT B cMeCHTeJlbHYJO ro-
J10BKY 1 npHMblM nOTOKOM. .llJlH CHHxpoHH3aUHH no.n:atIH KOMnOHeH-
TOB B cMeCHTeJlbHYJO rOJlOBKY HCnOJlb3yJOT HHjf{eKUHOHHble conJia c
nO,llnpY)KHHeHHblMH 3anopHblMH' 3J1eMeHTaMH, KOTopble cpa6aTblBa-
JOT H OTKpblBaJOT BXO.n: B CMeCHTeJlbHYJO KaMepy nocJle ,llOCTHmeHHSI
3a,ltaHHOrO YPOBHH ,ltaBJleHHH S HanopHblX TPy60npoBo.n:ax 060HX
KOMnOHeHTOB. no OKOHQaHHH 3anOJlHeHHH <l>OpMbl nO,ltaqa KOMno-
HeHTOB npeKpamaeTCSI, OTKpblBaJOTCH CBH3aHHble Mejf{.lI.Y c060u pa3-
rpY30qHble KJlanaHbI H ,llaBJleHHe B HanopHblX MarHCTpaJlHX HaqH-
Hae! na.n:aTb. npH ,llOCTHjf{eHHH HHmHero YCTaHOBJleHHOrO ypOBHH
,llaBJleHHH conJia C no.n:npYjf{HHeHHblMH 3'J1eMeHTaMH 3aKpblBaJOTCH
H CMeCHTeJlbHaSi KaMepa OqHw.aeTCH Cjf{aTblM B03,llYXOM. .llJlH 06ec-
neqeHHSI 60Jlee DJiaBHOrO HapaCTaHHH H cna.n:a ,ltaBJleHHH H COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO 60Jlee CHHXpOHHOH pa60TbI HH)KeKUHOHHblX coneJl npSl-
MOTOqHble CMeCHTeJlbHo-.n:03HPYJOW.He CHCTeMbi OCHaw.aIOTCH nopw-
HeBblMH aKKYMYJlHTOpaMH [128].
6-153 81
PRC. 1.21. CMecHTeJJbHO-.ll03RpYlOlImH
arperaT c npJlMOTO'lHOii nO.ll8'1eii KOM-
nOHeHTOB. I
1 - CllecUTe.llbUali \X).JIOBKa; 2 - nopwaeBoA:
aKKYMY.IIJlTop; 3 - npe.o.oxpa8HTe.JIbHblii K.IIa-
naH; 4 - .o.03BPYlOIQHA Hacoc; 5 - BeHTH.IIb;
6 - pa3!'PysoQllblii K.IIanaH: 7 - pa(\oquA (\aK;
8 - Mewa.llKa c npHBo.o.oM
npJlMoroqHble CXeMbl no.n:a-
qH KOMnOHeHTOB peaJlH30BaHbl,
HanpHMep, B YCTaHOBKaX BblCO-
KOrO .l(aBJleH'HSI HpMbl «De-
mag» (<PPf), HMeJOw.HX npOH3-
BO.n:HTeJlbHOCTb or 1,6 .n:o
156 .n:M 3 jMHH [130]. B CBSl3H C
npepblBHeTblM pemHMoM pa60Tbi
.n03HPYJOW.HX HaCOCOB H He.n:OCTaTOqHO 3 eKTHBHoii rOMoreHH3a-
UHeH KOMnOHeHTOB nepe.n: nO,ltaqeH B cMecHTeJlbHyJO rOJlOBKY npSl-
MOTO'lHblf' CHCTeMbl 06ecneqllBaJOT MeHee CTa6HJlbHoe KaqecTBO H3-
.neJlHH, '1eM cMeCHTeJlbHo-.n:03HpYJOw.He YCTaHoBKH C peUHpKYJlSlUHOH-
HblMH CHCTeMaMH.
CHcTeMbl peUHPKYJlSlUHH npe.n:Ha3HaqeHbl ,ltJlSl 06ecneQeHHSI CTa-
OHJlbHOH H CHHXpOHHOH nO.l(aqH peareHToB B CMeCHTeJlbHYJO rOJlOB-
KY, a TaKme .n:J1S1 rOMoreHH3aUHH, TepMOCTaTHpoBaHHSI H .n:era3aUHH
KOMnOHeHTOB ypeTaHoBblx KOMn03HUHH nepe.n: CMeweHHeM 3aC'Ier
MHoroKpaTHblx peUHpKYJlSlUHH npO,ltYKTOB no «KOpOTKOMY» KOHTY-
PY: pa60qHH 6aK - peUHpKYJlSlUHOHHblH Hacoc - TpOUHHK 6J1oKa
.n:03HpoBaHHSI- WJlaHr B03'BpaTa - pa60QHu 6aK HJlH no «.n:J1HHHO-
My»: pa60llHH 6aK-UHpKYJlSlUHOHHblH (OH }Ke .n:03HPyJOW.HH) Ha-
COC - OJlOK .n:03HpOBKH - CMeCHTeJlbHaSi rOJlOBKa - WJlaHr B03Bpa-
Ta - pa60qHH 6aK.
BOJIbWOe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nOJlyqHJlH YCTaHOBKH C «.n:J1HHHOH»
cxeMOH peUHpKYJlSlUHH.
PeUHpKYJlSlUHJO KOMnOHeHTOB ueJleco06pa3Ho npOH3Bo.n:HTb npH
cpaBHHTeJlbHO He60JlbwOM .n:aBJleHHH, qT06bl YMeHbWHTb 3Hepr03a-
TpaTbl H pa30rpeB KOMnOHeHTOB. n03TOMY B COBpeMeHHblX YCTaHOB-
Kax BblCOKoro .n:aBJleHHSI HCnOJlb3YJOT peUHpKYJlSlUHOHHble CHC1'eMbl,
B KOTOpblX MomHO peaJlH30BaTb KaK BblCOKoe (npH BnpblCKe), UK
H HH3Koe (npH peUHpKYJlSlUHH) .n:aBJleHHe. B CHCTeMax C CKOpOT-
KOU» cxeMOH 3TO ,ltOCTHraeTCSI 3a cller HCnOJlb30BaHHSI B KOHType
UHPKYJlHUHH weCTepeHqaTOrO Hacoca, 06ecnellHBaJOw.ero He TOJlbKO
peUHpKYJlSlUHJO no.n: HH3KHM .n:aBJleHHeM, HO H nO.ll.llepmHBaJOw.ero
nOCTOSlHHblH Hanop Ha Bxo.n:e B MHoroxo.n:OBblX Hacocax (HJlH Tpe-
6yeMYJO CKOpOCTb 3anOJlHeHHSI O.n:HOXO,ltOBblX HaCOCOB) BblCOKoro
.n:aBJleHHSI B CHCTeMe .n:03HpOBaHHSI. B CHCTeMax C «.n:JlHHHOib cxe-
MOH .n:JlSI 06ecne'leHHSI peUHpKYJlSlUHH nOll HH3KHM .n:aBJleHHeM B KOH-
Typbl BBO.n:HTCSI 6aHnacHble ,ltpOCCeJlH H perYJlHpyeMble KJlana'Hti..
o6ecneqHBaJOw.He UHPKYJlSlUHJO KOMnOHeHTOB qepe3 perYJlHpyeMble
.n:pOCCeJlH HJlH MHHYSI HX (pHC. 1.22). CxeMa (pHC. 1.22,6) HCnOJlb-
syeTcSI npH HaJlHqHH CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBOK C BCTpoeHHblM .n:pOC-
82
CeJleM HJlH B Tex CJlyqaHX, Kor.n:a ll.aBJleHHe UHPKYJlHUHH He MomeT
6blTb YCTaHOBJleHO OTJlHqHblM OT .n:aBJleHHSI BnpblCK8.
HHor.n:a .n:J1S1 n08blweHHSI TeMnepaTYPHO-BSl3KOCTHOH O.n:HOpO.n:HD-
CTn KOMnOHeHTOB B peUHpKYJlHUHOHHblH KOHTYP BBO.n:HTCSI TenJlO-
06MeHHHK (pHC. 1.22, a), liTO cnoc06cTByeT cTa6HJlH3aUHH HanopHO-
pacxo.n:HblX xapaKTepHCTHK CHCTeMbl ,lt03HpOBaHHSI, nJlOTHOCTH pea-
renTOB H peaKUHOHHOH cnoc06HocTH KOM'Il03HUHH. B HeKOTopblX
YCTaHOBKax BblCOKoro .n:aBJleHHSI B HanopHOH MarHCTpaJiH peUHpKY-
J1S1UHOHHOH CHCTeMbl npe.n:YCMaTpHBaeTCSI BBO.n: .n:onOJlHHTeJlbHOrO
KOMnOHeHTa (pHC. 1.22, e). MecTo BBo.n:a .n:onOJlHHTeJlbHOrO KOMno-
HeHTa .n:OJl:H<HO pacnOJIaraTbCSI no B03MO:H<HOCTH 6J1Hme K CMeCH-
TeJlbHOH rOJlOBKe, a npHMeHSIeMble HHmeKUHOHHble conJia .n:OJlmHbl
nO.!l.KJlJOqaTbCSI TaK, IIT06bl BBO.n: ocyw.ecTBJlSlJlCSI He3a.n:OJlrO .n:o ne-
peKJlJOlleHHSI nOTOKa rJlaBHOrO KOMnOHeHTa C pemHMa peUHpKYJlH-
6
8
z
PHC. 1.22. CHCTeMbi peIUlpKYJI!!ItRH C TepMOCT8TRpoB8HHeM KOMnOHeHTa (a),
CTyneHQ8TblM perYJlHpoB8HHeM .ll8BJ1eHHJI (6, 8) R BBO!l.OM .llonO,1HHTMbHoro
KOMDOHeHT8 (e):
1. 5 - TepMOCTaTbI; 2 - py68WKa pa60qero 6aKa; 3 - pa60QHe 68KH; 4 - n.ll8CTHnQ8Tblil Ten-
lloo6MeHHHK; 6 - ManaH; 7 - .o.03HPOBOqSbIe HaCOCIII; 8 - M8TepHalionpoBo.o.bI: 9 - CMeCH-
Te.llbHble ronoBKH; 10 - MecTO BBo.o.a .o.onO.llHHTe.llbHOrO KOMnoHeHT8: 1/ - .o.poccenH; 12-
npe.o.oxp8HHTe.llbWble K.II8n8HbI
.
6-
83
II,HH Ha pe)KHM BIIpblCKa H HCKJlJOllaJlaCb B03MOmHo'CTb nOna.n:aHHH
.l{OnOJlHH'H JlbHOrO KOMnOHeHTa B 6aK OCHOBHOrO IroMnOHeHTa.
CMeCHTeJlltHWe rO./lOBKH. He3aBHCHMO OT npllHUHna pa60Tbl H
CneUH HKH KOHCTpYKUHH cMecHTeJlbHa rOJlOBKa 06blqHO COC1'OHT
H3 CJle,ltYJOw.HX YHKl(HOHaJlbHblX 3J1eMeHTOB: nepeKJlJOqaTeJIeH no-
TOKa (KpaHbl, 30JlOTHHKH), npe.n:Ha3HaqeHHblX )J.JlSI CHHXpOHHOrO ne-
peBO,lta nOTOKOB C peUHpKYJlSlUHH B pemHM J1HTbH H Ha060poT; HH-
.>KofoKTOpOB - )J.pOCCeJIbHblX waii6 HJlH coneJl D.J1S1 yCKopeHHSI nOTOKOB
peareHTOB nepe.n: nO.n:aqeH B CMeCHTeJIbHYJO KaMepy; CMeCHTeJlbHOH
KaMepbl, T. e. nOJlOCTH, rD.e BCTpellaJOTCSI H nepeM'fWHBaJOTCSI nOTO-
KH KOMnOHeHTOB; BblXO,ltHOrO ,ltpOCCeJlH'pYJOw.ero OpraHa (MYH.n:WTY-
Ka, .l(pOCCeJlbHOH waH6bl H T. n.), npe.n:Ha3HalleHHoro .l(JlSI peryJlHpO-
BaHHH .n:aBJleHHSI B CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepe; ycnoKoHTeJlbHOrO 3J1e-
MeHTa (KaHaJlOB pa3J1HIIHblX OpM), 06ecnellHBaJOw.ero .n:eryp6YJlH-
saUHJO nOTOKa, T. e. JlaMHHapHblH pemHM TeqeHHH Bblxo.n:Slw.eH H3
rOJlOBKH peaKI.I.HOHHOH CMeCH; CHCTeMbl OqHCTKH cMecHTeJlbHOH KaMe-
pbl OT OCTaTKOB peaKUHOHHOH MaCCbl.
fOJlOBKH HH3Koro .n:aBJleHHSI HMeJOT MeTaJlJlHqeCKHH Kopnyc co
CMeCHTeJlbHOU KaMepOH UHJlHH.n:pHqeCKOH HJlH KOHHlleCKOH <l>OPMbl,
B KOTOpOH YCTaHOBJleHa MeWaJlKa. Bpaw.aJOw.aSlCSI C qaCTOTOH
1000-20000 MHH- I .
TIpH pa3pa60TKe KOHCrpYKUHH HJlH Bbloope THna rOJlOB'KH HH3KO-
ro .n:aSJleHHSI He06xo.n:HMo onpe.n:eJlHTb cJle.l(yJOw.He KOHCTPYKTHBHO-
TeXHOJlOrHlleCKHe napaoMeTpbl: THn CMeCHTeJlbHblX 3J1eMeHTOB. 061>-
eM H pa3Mepbl CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl, pa.n:HaJlbHblH 3a30p Mem.n:y
BnyrpeHHeH nOBepXHOCTbJO CMeCHTeJIbHOH KaMepbl H CMeCHTeJlbHbl-
MH 3J1eMeHTaMH MeWaJlKH, qaCTOTY Bpaw.eHHSI MeWaJlKH, MOW.HOCTb
ee npHBo.n:a, pa3Mepbl KaHaJlOB HHmeKTopOB H D.p. 06w.enpHHHTble
MeTO.l(HKH pacqera H KOHC1'pYHpOBaHHH CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBOK HH3-
Koro )J.aBJleHHH O1'CyrCTBYJOT, O.l(HaKO B J1HTepaType HMeeTCH pSl,lt
TeOperHqeCKHX H npaKTHqeCKHX peKOMeH,ltaUHH, n03BOJlSlJOW.HX l(eJle-
HanpaBJleHHO Bbl6HpaTb Te HJlH HHble KOHCrpYKTHBHO-TeXHOJlOrHqe-
CKHe napaMerpbl H pe)KHMbl nepepaooTKH [124, 130].
npH Bbl60pe 1'Hnopa3Mepa cMecHTeJlbHblX 3J1eMeHTOB, 061>eMa
eMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl If qaCTOTbl Bpaw.eHHSI MewaJlKH He06xo.n:HMo
.n:06HTbcSI BbinoJlHeHHH .n:BYX OCHOBHblX
YCJlOBHU: 1) HHTeHCHlBHOCTb MeXaHHqe-
CKOro B03.n:eHcTBH .n:OJl:H<Ha 6blTb .n:OCTa-
TOIIHOH .n:JlSI .n:dcTHmeHHSI Tpe6yeMoA
CTeneHR pa3.n:eJleHHSI H pa<:npe.n:eJleHHH
KOMnOHeHTOB C;MecH npH 3a.n:aHHOH npo-
H3BOD.HTeJlbHOCTH (MaCCOBOM paexo.n:e,
COOTHoweHHH nOTOKOB KOMI10HeHTOB);
2) TeMneparypHo-BpeMeHHble pemHMbl
06pa60TKH peaKUHoHHOH CMeCH B rOJlOB-
'inIlX d'mln
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Pac. 1.23. MemaJiKa c ropR30HTaJlbHblMH KaRaB-
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84
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10
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"TeXHOJIOrUqeeKHX nap8MeTpOB CMeWeHHJI B CMeeHTeJlbHbIX rOJlOBK8X HH3KOro
JJ.aBJIeHRJI, OCHameUHblX MeW8J1K8MH C ropH30HT3JJbUblMH K8H8BK8MH
iKe .n:OJl)KHbl HCKJlJOIIHTb B03MO)KHOCTb ee npem.n:eBpeMeHHoro CTpyK-
TypHpOBaHHSI B 'IIpouecce CMeweHHSI H J1HTbSl.
npouecc CMeweHHSI yperaHoBblX KOMn03HUIIH B rOJlOBKaX HH3-
Koro aBJleHHH ocyllteCTBJlSleTCH B OCHOBHOM nYTeM TYP6YJleHTHoH
.l(H4> Y3HH, peaJlH3yeMoH B TaHreHUHaJlbHOM nomKe peareHTOB B
3a30pe Me:H<ll.Y CTeHKOH CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl H Bpaw.aJOw.eHCSI
MeWaJlKOH npH onpe.n:eJleHHOM COlleTaHHH reOMeTpHqeCKHX <l>aKTo-
pOB, CBOHCTB cpe.n:bI H HHTeHCHBHOCTH MeXaHHqecKoro B03.n:eHCTBHSI.
B rOJlOBKaX, OCHallteHHblX CMeCHTeJlSlMH C ropH30HTaJIbHblMH HJlH
BHHTOBblMH KaHaBKaMH (pHC 1.23), KaqeCTBO CMeweHHSI. oueHH-
BaeMoe, HanpHMep, no K03<1> HUHeHTY Heo.n:Hopo.n:HOCTH Kc, SlBJlSleT-
CH 4>YHKUHeH cJle.n:yJOw.Hx 6e3pa3MepHblx fiapaMeTpoB [124]:
Kc'" f(Rell,; 6) VJQ; 6mlh; Hlh; (D; 6"Jr".) , (1.81)
r.lle ReI!'" 6)r m pIt); 6) - yrJlOB8J1 CKOpOCTb BpalQeRRJI MeW8J1KH; 6mlh, H /h,
6",lr m, f1) - reOMeTPUqeCKHe n8p8MeTpbl (CM. pRC. 1.23); Q - 06'beMRblji P8CXO.ll
2KH.!I.KOCTR, npoxo.llJllQeA qepe3 rOJlOBKY; V K - P8(iOQRii O(iVM CMeeRTeJlbHOii
K8Mepbl; t) - B!!3KOCTb CMeeH; p - nJlOTHOCTb CMeeH.
XapaKTepHble 3aBHCHMOCTH K03 <I>HUHeHTa Heo.n:Hopo.n:HOCTH Kc
OT HeKOTopblX H3 YKa3aHHblX 6e3pa3MepHblX napaMeTpOB, nOJlyqeH-
Hble npH CMeWeHHH Mo.n:eJlbHblX KOM003HUHH, npHBe.n:eHbl Ha
pRC. 1.24, OTKy.n:a BH.n:HO, qTO C YBeJlHlleHHeM ueHTp06e)KHOrO KPH-
TepHH PeHHOJIb.l(ca Re 6e3pa3MepHblx napaMeTpoB 6) V K/Q H 6fr m,
a TaK:H<e C YMeHbweHHeM napaMerpa 6fh 3 <I>eKTHBHoCTb CMeweHHSI
B03pacTaeT rI24].
Pa,ltHaJlbHblH 3a30p 6 m in Me)K.n:y BHYTpeHHeH nOBepxHocTbJO CMe-
CHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl H CMeCHTeJlbHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH MeWaJlKH co-
CTaBJISIeT 06b1I1HO 0,3-1 MM H B HeKoTopblX rOJlOBKaX .n:OCTHraeT
3-4 MM (TaKaSi MeWaJlKa npe.n:cTaBJleHa Ha pRC. 1,25, ). npH He-
nOJlb30BaHHH BblCOKOCKOpOCTHblX MeWaJlOK Tpe6yer-cSi BecbMa roq-
.
85
a
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a
.
)/(
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PHC. 1.25. OcHoBHble THObi CMecHTeJlbHblX MeMeHTOB (a-3) , KaMepa (e) H BbI-
XO.llHoe COMO (u) rOJlOBOK HH3Koro .llaBJleHH!!:
a _ MeW8.11K8 .IIeneCTKOBoro THn8: 6 - WTblpeBall; 8 - 3y(SqaT811; e - 'IepBIIQHO'KOHHqeCKall;
() _ qepBllqHo-l(H.IIHH.o.pyqeCKU; :M: - rpe(SeH'laT811; 3 - cjIpe3epH811
HaSi C60pKa rOJlOBKH, TaK KaK ,ltaJKe CpaBHHTeJlbHO HeC50JlbWaSi He-
COOCHOCTb HJlH pa.n:HaJlbHOe C5HeHHe Bpa,w.aJOw.erOCSI CMeCHTeJlbHOrO
3JIeMeHra MOryT OpH,BecTH K 6blCTPOMY BblXO.n:y MeWaJlKH H3 CTpOSI.
OCHOBHble KOHCTPYKTHBHble MOAH HKaUHH MeWaJIOK, opHMe-
HSieMblX B rOJlOBKaX HH3Koro AaBJleHHSI, opHBe.n:eHbl Ha pHC. 1.25.
TIpH Bbl60pe THna H reoMeTpHqeoKHx oapaMerpoB MeWaJlKH cJle.n:y-
eT yqHTblBaTb TeXHOJlOrHlleCKHe CBoHcTBa yperaHoBblx KOMn03HUHH.
TaK, 1l.J1S1 nepepa60TKH BblCOKOBSl3KHX H nJIOXO COBMeCTHMblX KOM-
n03HUHH ueJlecoo6pa3Ho HCDOJlb30BaTb MeWaJlKH rpeC5eHllaToro
(pHC. 1.25,:He) HJIH WTblpeBoro (pHC. 1.25, 6) THna. ,l1J1S1 KOMn03H-
HH C XOPOWHMH TeXHOJlOrHlleCKHMH cBoHCTBaMH paUHOHaJlbHee HC-
nOJlb30BaTb qepBSlIIHo-KoHHllecKHe, qepBSlIIHo-UHJlHH,ltpHqeCKHe H
.n:pyrHe MewaJlKH.
06"beM CMeCHTeJlbHOA KaMepbl V Onpell.eJISleTCSI KaK opoH3Be.n:e-
HHe 06"beMHoro pacxo,lta KOMn03HUHH Q Ha Tpe6yeMoe BpeMSI ope-
6blBaHHSI !!t CMecH B rOJlOBKe. BeJlHIIHHY M ,ltJlSl rOJIOBOK qepBSlIIHo-
wTblpeBoro THna MomHO onpe.l(eJlHTb H3 paBeHcTBa [130]
Kc = 7.24.IO'n-I.J9.:1tO.84f1lo.09f12o.otc-O,7160.24, (1.82)
r.lle n - qaCTOTa BpameJIRJI CMecRTeJJbROro 9JIeMeHTa; fit R fl2 - BJl3KOCTR KOM-
nOHeHTOB; C - KOHlteHTpaltHJI KJlIOlieBOro KOMnOHeHTa; (j - pa.llHaJJbRblH 3a30p
Me2KAY cMecRTeJlbHblM 9JIeMeHTOM H KopnYCOM.
npl'pOCT TeMnepaTypbl B rOJlOBKe !!T 2 MomHO oueHHTb no pac-
XO.llyeMoH MOW.HOCTH Ha CMeweHHe N CM H BpeMeHH npe6blBaHHSI
KOMn03HUHH B cMeCHTeJlbHOU KaMepe:
.:1T2 - N CM .:1t/(mco). (1.83)
r.!l.e m - Macca KOMn03HItHH, HaxO.ll!!meHCJI B cMecHTe..1bHOH KaMepe; Cv - ee
Cpe.llH!!!! Y.lle.1bHaJi TenJloeMKOCTb.
.llJlSl paclleTa N CM MO)KHO HCITOJlb30BaTb KpHTepHaJlbHble ypaB-
HeHHSI, npHBe,lteHHble .n:JlSI HeKoTopblX THnOB MeWaJlOK B [115, c.65].
B CMeCHTeJIbHblX rOJlOBKaX HH3Koro .l(aBJIeHHSI npH nepepa60T-
Ke KOMnOHeHTOB, CHJlbHO pa3J1HllaJOIU.HxeSi no BSl3KOCTH, MomeT
Ha6J1JO,ltaTbcSI onepeJKeHHe HJlH 3ana3,ltblBaHHe o.n:Horo H3 KOMno-
HeHTOB, liTO npHBo.n:HT K ,lte<l>eKTaM B rOTOBblX H3.n:eJlHSlX. 3TO CBSI-
3aHO C TeM. liTO B HallaJlbHblH MOMeHT UHKJla J1HTbSl H3-3a pa3HOCTH
HanopOB B nOTOKax KOMnOHeHT, HMeJOw.HH MeHbWYJO BSl3KOCTb,one-
pemaeT .l(BH)KeHHe 60Jlee BSl3Koro. ,l1J1S1 KOMneHCa,IJ.HH HeCHHxpOHHO-
CTH no.n:aqH KOMnOHeHTOB B KOHCTPYKUHH rOJlOBKH npe.l(YCMOTpeHbl
.l(OnOJlHHreJlbHble YCTpoiicTBa, perYJlHpYJOw.He nO,ltallY KOMnOHeHTOB
B CMeCHTeJlbHYJO KaMepy. .llJlSl npHBO,lta MeWaJlKH HcnOJlb3YJOT 3J1eK-
Tpo.n:BHraTeJlH, rH.n:po.n:tBHraTeJlH H nHeBMoTyp6HHbI, npH 3TOM Me-
WaJlKa CBSl3b1BaeT<::SI C 3J1eKTp0;l1BHraTeJleM HanpSlMYJO qepe3 MY<l>TY
HJlM lIepe3 nOBblWaJOw.yJO nepe.l(allY, HanpHMep OJlOCK03y6qaTblH
peMeHb. B KalleCTBe ynJloTHHTeJIeii BaJia MeWaJlOK McnOJlb3YJOT
ynJlOTHHTeJIbHble KOJlbua HJlH MaHJKerbl. BBO.n: B CMeCHTeJlbHYJO Ka-
Mepy .n:BYX, Tpex H 60Jlee KOMnOHeHTOB npOH3Bo.n:HTCH qaw.e Bcero
lIepe3 HH)KeKUHOHHble KaHaJlbl npOCTOH reOMerpUlleCKOH 4>OPMbI.
,l1J1S1 nepeKJllOqeHHSI nOTOKOB C pemHMa peUHpKYJlSlUHH Ha BnpblCK
87
H npepblBaHHe BnpblCKa Qepe3 3a.n:aHHblH npOMemYTOK BpeMeHH npH-
MeHSlJOT np06KoBble HJlH c<I>epHQeCKHe KpaHbI. 30JlOTHHKH HJlH sa-
nopHble conJia C npHHy.nHTeJlbHblM PYIIHblM HJlH aBTOMaTH3HpOBaH-
HblM ynpaBJleHHeM. .QJlSI cos.n:aHHSI no.n:nopa B rOJlOBKe Ha Bblxo.n:e
H3 CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl YCTaHaBJlHBaJOT .n:pocCeJlbHble waH6bl..
conJia C perYJlHpyeMbiM celleHHeM HJlH rH.npaBJlHlleCKHH 3aTBOp B.
BH.n:e U-06pa3HoA Tpy6KH. C ueJlbJO qaCTHqHorO YCTpaHeHHSI Kpyro-
Boro TelleHHH peaKUHOHHOH KOMn03HUHH Ha Bblxo.n:e H3 CMeCHTeJlb-
HOH KaMepbl npe.nYCMOTpeHbl CHTa HJlH Kpecro06pa3Hble .BCTaBKH.
KOMnoHeHTbI no.n:BO.l(SlT K rOJlOBKe no rH6KHM ooorpeBaeMblM
WJlaHraM, HanpHMep H3 TOpOnJiaCTa C MeTaJlJlHqeCKOH OnJleTKoH..
HJlH no :H<eCTKHM MeTaJlJlHqeCKHM 060rpeBaeMblM TPy60npoBo.n:aM.
KpoMe Toro, B rOJlOBKY no.naJOT paCTBOpHTeJlb (MeTHJleHXJlOpH.n.
TpHXJlOp3TaH H .np.) .n:J1S1 npOMblBKH CMeCHTeJIbHOH KaMepbl H cma-
TblH B03.n:yx .nJlSl ee npe.nBapHTeJlbHOH OIlHCTKH nepe.n npoMblBKOH,
a TaKme .n:J1S1 CYWKH H OKOHllaTeJlbHOH OIlHCTKH nocJle npOMblBKH ro-
JIOBKH. B03.n:yX MomeT no.naBaTbCSI B rOJlOBKY H .nJlSl TeXHOJlOrHlle-
CKHX ueJleH: BcneHHBaHHSI H CHHmeHHSI Kamyw.eHcSI BSl3KOCTH CMe-
CH, YJlYIIweHHSI <l>opMyeMoCTH KOMn03HUHH H pacnblJleHHSI CTpy'H npH
H3rOTOBJleHHH nJleHOIIHblX nOKpblTHH. PacTBOpHTeJlb B rOJlOBKY no-
.naeTCSI H3 CneUHaJlbHorO oaKa no.n: .n:eHCTBHeM cmaToro B03.nYX8.
YnpaBJleHHe pa60ToH pacnpe.n:eJlHTeJleH nOTOKOB H KJlanaHaMH AJiH
no.n:Bo.na paCTBOpHTeJlSl HJlH B03.n:yxa B rOJlOBKY OCYW.eCTBJlSleTCSI Ha
COBpeMeHHblX YCTaHOBKax B aBTOMaTHlleCKOM H PYIIHOM pemHMax.
Cyw.ecTBYJOT KOHCT'PYKTHBHble Mo.n:H<I>HKaUHH rOJlOBOK HH3Koro
.n:aBJleHHSI, B KOTOpblX OIlHCTKa cMecHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl MOmeT 6b1Tb
npOH3Be.n:eHa 6e3 HCnOJlb30BaHHSI paCTBOpHTeJlSl H OCTaHOBKH Ma-
WHHbl (HanpHMep, rOJlOBKH cepHH PSA <l>HpMbI «D.esma», <l>Pf).
B rOJlOBKaX .naHHOH KOHCTPYKUHH HCnOJlb3YJOT lIepBSlIIHble MeWaJIKH
H CMeCHTeJlbHble KaMepbl C KOHHllecKHM yqaCTKOM B 30He BblXO.l(a,
npH 3TOM lIepBSlK HMeeT B03MomHOCTb aKCHaJlbHOro nepeMew.eHHSI.
no OKOHqaHHH Ka:H<.n:oro BnpblCKa BpamaJOw.HHcH lIepBSlK nepeMe-
w.aeTCSI nHeBMOUHJlHH.n:POM no HanpaBJleHHJO K KOHHlleCKOH nOBepx-
HOCTH CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl, OIlHw.aeT ee nOBepXHOCTb OT OCTaT-
KOB CMeCH H B03Bpaw.aercSi B pa60qee nOJlOmeHHe. B 3THX rOJlOBKaX
npe.n:CTaBJlSle1'CSi B03MO)KHblM perYJlHpOBaTb oO"beM CMeCHTeJlbHOA
KaMepbl H HHTeHCHBHOCTb nepeMeWHBaHHSI nYTeM H3MeHeHHSI KOHH-
lIecKoro 3a30pa.
B J1HTbeBblX YCTaHOBKax CMeCHTeJlbHble rOJlOBKH MorYT 6blTb HJlH
no.n:BeweHbl Ha KOHCOJlSlX C B03MO:H<HOCTbJO nOBopOTa H perYJlHpO-
BaHHSI no BblCOTe, HJlH CMOHTHpOBaHbl Ha no.n:BHmHblX KapeTKax,
nepeMew.aeMblX rH.n:po- HJlH nHeBMOUHJlHH.n:paMH. CMecHTeJlbHble ro-
J10BKH HH3Koro .naBJleHHSI HCnOJlb3YIOT npH J1HTbeBOM opMoBaHHH
B OTKpblTble OpMbl, ueHTp06emHoM J1HTbe, HaHeceHHH nJleHOqHblX
nOKpblTHU, a TaIOKe J1HTbe no.n: He60JlbwHM .l(aBJleHHeM HJlH B Ba-
KYYMe B 3aKpblTblH <l>OPMYJOIU.HH HHCTpYMeHT. HaH60Jlbwee npH-
MeHeHHe HaWJlH YCTaHOBKH HH3Koro .naBJleHHSI .nJISI nepepa60TKH
.n:BYXKOMnOHeHTHblX CHCTeM C npOH3Bo.n:HTeJlbHOCTbJO OT 3 .no
10 AM 3 /MHH npH MaCCOBOM COOTHOWeHHH nOTOKOB KOMnOReHTOB OT
88
1 : 1 ,lt0 1 : 10 H BSl3KOCTH KOMnOHeHTOB ,lt0 2 na. c. BMecTe C TeM
113BeCTHbl «MaKcH»-ycTaHoBKH HH3Koro ,!1aBJIeHHSI npOH3BO,ltHTeJlb-
HOCTbJO .n:o 600 .n:M 3 /MHH ,ltJlSl nOJlyqeHHSI H3,!teJlHH MaccoH ,lt0 1 T
H 60Jlee, a TaKme «MHHH»-ycTaHoBKH C MHHHMaJlbHOH npoH3Bo.n:H-
-reJlbHOCTbJO .n:o 15 cM 3 /MHH (HanpHMep, MO.n:eJIb MD 0,3 4>HpMbl
.:Elastogran», <PPf), n03BOJlSlJOw.He opMoBaTb B nepHO.l(HllecKoM
pemHMe H3,!teJIHSI MaCCOH MeHee 1 r [131]. B HeKoTopblX yeTaHoB-
Kax npe.n:eJlbHblH HHTepBaJi COOTHOweHHSI KOMnOHeHTOB MO)KeT 6b1Tb
.l(OBell.eH .n:o 1: 100, a MaKCHMaJIbHaSi BSl3KOCTb KOMTIOHeHTOB -,!to
4 na.c [128]. PSI.n: <l>HpM (<<Desma», «Krauss Maffei», <l>Pf,
«Secmer», <PpaHUHSI H ,ltp.) HapSl.l{y C .l(ByxKoM.noHeHTHblMH YCTa-
HOBKaMH ,BblDycKaeT 060py.n:oBaHHe co CMeCHTeJlbHblMH rOJlOBKaMH
HH3Koro ,ltaBJIeHHSI 1l.J1S1 3, 4, 5 H 60Jlee KOMnOHeHTOB. OCHoBHble
npeHMyw.ecTBa H He.n:OCTaTKH cMecHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBOK HH3Koro .n:aB-
JIeHHSI npHBe.n:eHbl HHme:
I. npOCToTa KOHCTPYKItHH
2. YHHBepCaJlbHOCTb, T. e. B03MOX<HOCTb
nepepa60TKH pa3JJHQHbIX ypeTaHOBbIX
KOMn03HUHii B IDHpOKOM HHTepBaJle
8J13KOCTeH H Jof!lCCOBbIX cooTHolDeHHii
KOMDOHeHTOB
3. BbicoKoe KaqecTBo CMelDeHUJI CHCTeM
co cpaBHHTeJlbHO 60.'bIDHM BpeMeHeM
JKH3HeCnoc06HOCTR npH MaJlblX H cpe.ll-
fiHX npOH3BO.llHTeJJbHOCTJlX
4. B03MOX<HOCTb <jIopMoBaHRJI R3.lle. HH
MaJloii MaCCbI
5. CpaBHHTeJJbHa!! npocToTa MHorOKOM-
nOHeHTHoro .ll03HpOBaHHJI (60Jlee .llBYX
KOMnoHeHToB)
6. B03MOX<HOCTb JlHTbJI B OTKpblTbie
cIIopM bI
7. B03MOX<HOCTb pa60Tbi 6e3 npoMblB-
KH rOJlOBKH npH KOpOTKHX naY3ax
Mex<.llY BnpblcKaMH
8. B03MO>KHOCTb nepepa60TKH neHono-
JlHYpeTaHOB, B TOM 'lHCJJe HHTerpaJlb-
RbiX
I. CpaBRHTeJJbHO 60.'blDaJl Macca H ra-
6apHTbI roJlOBKH YCJJOX<HJlIOT ee KOM-
nOHOBKY H nO.llBO.ll K <jIopMYlOlUeii OC.
HaCTKe
2. HeB03MO>KHO nepepa6aTbiBaTb Ra-
nO. HeHHble KOMn03HltHH
3. B CB!!3H C .llJlHTeJIbHblM BpeMeHeM
npe6b1BaHH!! KOMnOHeHTOB B CMeCHTeJJb-
HOH KaMepe HeB03MO>KHO nepepa6aTbI-
BaTb 6b1CTpOOTBep>KAaeMbie CHCTeMbi
4. HH3Koe Ka'lecTBo CMelDeHH!! npH
60JIbIDOH npOH3BO.llHT 'bROCTH
5. CpaBHHTeJJbHO HeBbiCOKa!! TOqHOCTb
.l103HpOBaHH!!, CBJl3aHHaJi C He>KeCTKO-
CTblO HanopHo-paCXO.llHblX xapaKTepH-
CTHK lDecTepeHHblx .ll03HPyIOIUHX Haco-
COB
6. He06xo.!l.HMOCTb QacToii 3aMeHbI yu-
. OTHHTeJJbHblX KOJIeu H MaH>KeT BaJia
H nO.l1lDHnHHKOB MelDa.'KH
7. npH nepepa60TKe KOMn03HUHii co
cpaBHHTeJJbHO He60.'bIDHM BpeMeueM
>KH3HeCnoc06HoCTH Tpe6YeTCJI qaCTaJi
pa360pKa rOJlOBKH .llJI!! OqHCTKH MemaJl-
Ktf OT HaJlHnIDerO OTBep>K.lleHHoro Ma-
TepHa. a
8. Bo. bIDHe nOTepH MOIOIUHX Cpe.llCTB
H MaTepHaJlOB npH OQHCTKe roJlOBKH
nocJle Kax<.lloro ItHKJla JlHTbJl
9. OrpaHHQeHHOCTb npHMeHeHHJI H3-3a
MaJlOrO .llaBJIeHHJI npH H3roTOBJleHHH
H3.lleJlHii B 3aMKHYTblX <jIopMax
fOJlOBKH BbiCOKoro ,lta.BJleHHSI, HcnoJlb3yeMble B RIM-ycTaHoBKax,
COCTOSIT H3 MeTaJlJlHqeCKOrO Kopnyca C UHJlHH.n:pHqeCKOH CMeCH-
TeJlbHOH KaMepOH H HH)KeKUHOHHbl'MH COnJiaMH, pacnpe,lteJIHTeJlb-
HbiX 3J1eMeHTOB (nepeKJlJOqareJleH nOTOKoB) H nJlYHmepa .n:J1S1
OIlHCTKH cMeCHTeJlbHOU KaMepbl, KOTOpblH B pSl.n:e CJIyqaeB BblnOJlHSI-
eT TaKme pOJIb pacnpe,lteJIHTeJlbHOrO 3J1eMeHTa (pHC. 1.26). I( CMe-
.
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PHC. 1.26. CMecHTe.1bHble rOJJOBKH BbiCOKoro .llaBJIeHH!! rpynnbl A B n03HUHH
peUHpKy.1!!ItHH (a, 8, iJ, ) H BnpblcKa (6, e, iJ, 3) cpHpM <Krauss Maffei»
(a H 6 -no.llrpynna A-I), «Martin Sweets» (8, 2,-A-I), <Secmer» (e, 0-
A-2) H «Hennecke» ( , 3 - nO.llrpyona A.3):
1 - ynpaB.II"IO BII H OqHcTHTe.llbH",1I R.IIy&!JKep"': 2 -I(BPKY.llIID.BOBHble nUbI; 3 - BBJKeKD.H-
OHRoe con.llo; 4 - CMeCHTeJJbHU K8Mepa; 5 - BblXO.o.Holl BHJKeKTOp
CHTeJlbHOH rOJlOBKe no rHOKHM WJlaHraM HJlH )KeCTKHM rpy60npo-
Bo,ltaM nO,!J.BOll.SlT .llBa, TPH HJlH qeTblpe HCXO.n:HblX KOMnOHeHTa ype-
TaHOBblX KOMn03HUHH, pa60llYlO )KH.n:KOCTb .n:J1S1 rH.n:poUHJlHHll.POB
ynpaBJleHHSI pacnpe.n:eJlHTeJlbHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH HJlH nJlYH)Kepa
OqH'CTKH H B HeKoropblx cJlY'laSix cmaTblH B03.l(YX (a30T) .l(J1S1 Tex-
HOJIOrH'IeCKHX ueJleH HJlH OIlHCTKH cMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl.
CMeCHTeJlbHaSi KaMepa npell.craBJISIeT c060H UHJlHH.n:pH'IecKYJO
nOJlOCTb .n:HaMeTpoM OT 6 .n:o 44 MM, B KOTOpOH YCTaHOBJleHbl ,ltBa,
TPH HJlH lIeTblpe HHmeKUHOHHblX conJia (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT qHCJla
no.n:aBaeMbIX KOMnOHeHTOB) .n:HaMeTpOM OT 0,7 MM H MeHee .l(0 6 MM.
.lI.HaMeTpbl CMeCHTeJlbHblX KaMep D H HH:H<eKUHOHHblX coneJl d B
,ltBYXKOMnOHeHTHblX rOJlOBKaX BblCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI <l>HpMbl «Krauss
Maffei» npH pa3J1HIIHOH npOH3BO,ltHTeJlbHOCTH Q (ll.JlSI COOTHoweHHn
MaCCOBblX pacxo.n:oB KOMnOHeHTOB 1: 1) npHBe.lleHbl HHme:
D, MM
d, MM
Q, Kr/MHH
6 8 10 12
0,7-1,00,7--2,00,7--3,5 0,7-3,5
2,5-13 3-15 5,5-40 4,5-70
16 20 25
1-4,23,5-6,0 3,5-6
20-90 60-140 70-140
Hcxo.n:Hble KOMlIOHeHTbl .n:Q3HPYJOW.HM HaCOCOM no MaTepHaJlO-
npOBO.llaM no.n: .n:aBJleHHeM 7-30 Mna 'Iepe3 pacnpe.n.eJlHTeJlH no-
TOKOB H HH:H<eKUHOHHble conJia co CKOpOCTbJO 100-200 M/C no.n:a-
JOTCSI B cMecHTeJlbHYJO KaMepy, r.n:e CTPYH peareHToB coy.n:apSlJOTcSI
Me:H<.llY C060H H co CTeHKaMH UHJlHHll.pHlleCKoH nOJlOCTH, 06pa3YSI
Typ6YJleHTHble nOTOKH C MHO:H<eCTBOM 3aBHxpeHHH, pa36HBaJOTc
Ha 60JIbwoe 'IHCJlO B3aHMonpOHHKaJOW.HX CJlOeB (cTpaT) C pa3BH-
TOH nOBepxHocTbJO KOHTaKTa, HHTeHCHBHO nepeMewHBaJOTcSI B pe-
)KHMe Typ6YJleHTHoro Macco06MeHa, a 3aTeM 'Iepes BblXO,ltHOe con-
J10 H .n:eTyp6YJlH3aTop nOTOKa peaKUHoHHaSi CMeCb TpaHcnopTHpy-
eTCSI B OPMY B pemHMe J1aMHHapHoro TelleHHSI co CKOpOCTbJO 2-
8 M/C '[131]. npH J1HTbe B OTKpblTble OpMbl H36blToliHoe .n:aBJleHHe
B cMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepe 6J1H3KO K 0, a npH opMoBaHHH B 3aKpbl-
TbiX opMax B KaMepe pa3-BHBaeTcSI ,ltaBJleHHe .n:o 0,7-1,05 Mna
[125] .
.
91
CMemeHHe KOMnOHeHTOB B rOJIOBKaX BhlCOKOrO .l(aBJleHHSI npOHC"
XO.l(HT B OCHOBHOM no MexaHHSMY BHxpeBOH .n.H <I>YSHH, a Ha BblXo--
.l(e HS CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl (B BblXO,nHOM ConJle, J1HTHHKOBOM Ka-
HaJle H nOJlOCTH ocpOpMbl) B pe>KHMe J1aMHHapHoro nepeMeWHBaHHSI
COnpOBO>K.l(aJOw.erocSi YMeHbweHHeM TOJlW.HHbI BsaHMonpOHHKaJO-
IU.HX CJlOeB peareHTOB. OnTHMaJlbHhlH pe>KHM nepeMeWHBaHHS
KOMnOHeHTOB B rOJlOBKe Ha MaKpo- H MHKpoypOBHe peaJlHsyeTcH
npH C06J1JO.l(eHHH CJle.l(YlOiUHX YCJlOBHH: «SI.l(pO» Typ6YJleHTHOrO no-
TOKa .l(OJl>KHO HaXO.l(HTbCSI B u.eHTpe CMeCHTeJlb'HOH KaMepbl; TYP6y-
J1eHTHOCTb nOTOKOB KOMnOHeHTOB, xapaKTepHsyeMaSi KpHTepHeM Re
.l(OJl>KHa 6b1Tb .l(OCTaTOqHOH .l(J1S1 O.l(HopO.l(HOrO pacnpe.l(eJIeHHSI KOM-
nOHeHTOB no 06'beMY CMeCHTeJlbHOH: KaMepbl H .l(OCTH>KeHHSI Tpe6ye-
MOH CTeneHH cerperaUHH peareHTOB.
TIepBoe YCJlOBHe c06J1JO,naeTcSI npH BblnOJlHeHHH cJle,nYJOw.ero pa-
BeHCTBa -[125]:
QAt:.PA - QUB. (1.84)
r.lle Q A H Q B - M8CCOBbie P8CXO.llbi KOMnOHeHTOB A H B; !!.P A H !!.P B - nepe-
n8.llbl .ll8BJ1eHHA B HH>KeKIUlOHHblX conn8X .IImr KOMnOHeHTOB A H B,
l(aK CJle.l(yeT HS ypaBHeHHSI .l(BH>KeHHSI (1.'18), B cMecHTeJlbHblX'
rOJlOBKaX C HH>KeKUHOHHblMH COnJlaMH KpyrJloro CeqeHHSI MaCCOBbIH
paCXO.l( Q CBSIsaH C nepena.l(OM .l(aBJleHHSI I1P B conJiax pa.BeHcTBoM
Q = (nd 2 /4)pk .,f 2g6P/p
(1.85)
r.lle p-nnOTHOCTb >KH.llKOCTH; k==a, O,7-0,8 (a-KoscpcpHItHeHT, yqHTblB81O-
UJ.HA 06'beMHyJO C>KHM8eMOCTb >KH.llKOCTH, S - KOscpcpHItHeHT TpeHHJI); g - YCKG-
peHHe CB060.llHOro n8.lleHHJI.
O.l(HaKO peaJlHSOBaTb npouecc CTpYHHoro CMeweHHSI B COOTBeT-
CTBHH C paBeHCTBOM (1.85) Ha npaKTHKe Y.l(aeTCSI J1HWb B HHTepBa-
J1e COOTHoweHHH nOTOKOB KOMnOHeHTOB OT 1: 1,5 ,no 1,5: 1, TaK KaK
BepxHHH npe.l(eJi OrpaHHqeH MaKCHMaJlbHblM HanopoM .l(OsHpYJOw.ero
Hacoca. TIpH 60JlbWHX SHaqeHHSlX MaCCOBoro COOTHoweHHSI KOMno-
HeHTOB ypaBHeHHe (1.85) cTporo He c06J1JO.n:aercSI, n03ToMY B COB-
peMeHHblx RIM-ycTaHoBKax C .l(aBJleHHeM .l(OSHpoBaHHSI .n:o 30 MTIa
y.l(aeTcSI .l(06HTbCSI KaqeCTBeHHoro CMeweHHSI npH QAIQs OT 1 : 1 .l(O
I : 4, a .l(J1S1 xopowo COBMeCTHMblX .n:OJlrO>KHBYIU.HX cHcreM YBeJlH-
qHTb HHTepBaJi .l(0 1 : 10 [125].
BTopoe YCJloBHe 3 <I>eKTHBHoH pa60Tbi cMeCHTeJlbHOH rOJlOBKH
BbiCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI, T. e. COS.l(aHHe B CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepe nOJl-
HOCTbJO TYp6YJlHsHpoBaHHoro 1I0TOKa peareHToB, peaJlHsyeTCSI npH
Re> ReKP=4Qpl (ndT). TIpH 3TOM H3<nOpHO-paCXO.l(Hbie xapaKTepH-
CTHKH CHCTeMbI .l(OSHpOBaHHSI, reOMeTpHqeCKHe napaMerpbl rOJlOB-
KH B.D. H J1HTHHKOBOH: cHCTeMbi .l(OJl>KHbI o6ecneqHTb peaJlHSaUHIO
MacwTa6a cerperaUHH 6 HH>Ke KpHTHqeCKOH BeJlHqHHbl 6*, OTBellaJO-
w.eH YCJlOBHSlM nOJlHMepHSau.HH B XHMHqecKH KOHTpoJlHpyeMoM
pe>KHMe.
I(pHTHqeCKOe 3HalleHHe qHCJla PeHHOJlb.l(Ca, npH KOTOpOM 06ec-
neqHBaeTCSI .l(OCTaTOQHO 3 eKTHBHoe CMeweHHe peareHToB, COCTaB-
92
J1S1eT .l(J1S1 XOpOWO COBMeCTHMblX KOMnOHeHTOB Re K P=50, a .l(J1S1 CR-
creM C orpaHHtJeHHOH COBMeCTHMOCTbJO Re K P=100-200 [125]. Be-
JIHtJHHa ReKP saBHCHT TaK>Ke OT KOHCTPY;KUHH HH>KeKUHOHHblX coneJl
H cMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl, B qaCTHOCTH OT MeCTa pacnOJlO>KeHHSI co-
neJl H HanpaBJleHHSI BBO,l1a KOM'nOHeHTOB [125]. TaK, HaHJlyqWHe
YCJlOBHSI CMeweHHSI peaJlHsYJOTCSI npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH coneJl Kpyr-
J1oro CeqeHHSI, COOCHO yctaHoBJleHHblx B .l(HaMeTpaJlbHO pa\:noJlo-
)KeHHblX TOqKaX UHJlHH,l1pHllecKoH nOBepxHocTH cMeCHTeJlbHOH Ka-
Mepbl H nep.oeH,l1HKYJlSlPHO ee OCH. TIpH TaHreHUHaJlbHOM HJlH yrJIO-
BOM BBo.n:e KOMnOHeHTOB ReKp YBeJlHIIHBaereSi B 1,5-2,0 pa3a.
B peaJlbHblX YCJlOBHSlX CMeweHHSI (oc06eHHo nJIOXO COBMeCTH-
MblX peareHToB) BeJlHIIHHa Re B conJiax rOJIOBKH BbiCOKoro .n:aBJIe-
HHSI MO>KeT SHaqHTeJlbHO npeBbiwaTb ReKP' TaK, KaqeCTBO cTpyiiHo-
ro CMeweHHSI H CBoHcTBa nOJiHyperaHoB saMeTHO YJlyqWaJOTcSI npn
Re> 1000 '[126]. B npouecce, onHcaHHOM B P27], qHCJlO Re rH.n:-
pOKCHJlbHOrO KOMfiOHeHTa COCTaBJISlJlO 270-615, a HSOUHaHaTHoro
1980-2291. O.l(HaKO .n:aJlbHeiiwee YBeJlHqeHHe Typ6YJleHTHocTH no-
TOKa, nO-BH.n:HMOMY, HeueJIeco06pasHo, TaK KaK B cMecHTeJlbHOH Ka-
Mepe peaJlHsyeTCSI aBTOMO.l(eJIbHblH pe)KHM CMeweHHSI, npH KOTO-
pOM C pOCTOM Re 3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTb nepeMewHBaHHSI cyw.ecTBeHHo He
YBeJIHIIHBaeTCSI.
B C'MeCHTeJlbHYJO KaMepy rOJlOBKH BbiCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI MOjf{HO
BBO.l(HTb .n:onOJIHHTeJlbHble jf{H.n:'KHe KOMnOHeHTbI (KaTaJlHSaTopbl.
'BHyTpeHHHe CMa3KH H 1'. n.) qepes CneUHaJlbHble ConJla, pacnoJlo-
)KeHHble 06b1qHO no.n: yrJloM; .l(J1S1 o6eCneqeHHSI KaqeCTBeHHoro ne-
peMewHBaHHSI BBO.l(HMble .n:ooaBKH He .l(OJljf{Hbi HapywaTb TYPOY-
J1eHTHbiX YCJlOBHH CMeweHHSI OCHOBHoro nOTOKa. MaCCOBblH paCXO,l1
.l(onOJlHHTeJlbHOrO KOMnOHeHTa, KaK npaBHJlO, SHaqHTeJlbHO MeHbwe.
tJeM y OCHOBHoro nOTOKa. n03TOMY B caMOM .l(OnOJlHHTeJIbHOM no-
rOKe TpY.l(Hee peaJlHSOBaTb Tpe6yeMyIO Typ6YJleHTHOCTb, oc06eHHO
npH OTHOCHTeJlbHO BbiCOKHX BSiSKOCTSIX BBO.l(HMblX .n:06aBOK. B 3TOM
cJlyqae .l(J1S1 KaqeC BeHHoro pacnpe.n:eJleHHSI .n:onOJlHHTeJlbHOrO KOM-
nOHeHTa He06xo.n:HMO YBeJlHIIHTb TYp6YJleHTHOCTb (qHCJlO Re) OCHOB-
Horo nOTOKa.
HHTeHCHBHOCTb nepeMewHBaHHSI MO>KHO nOBblCHTb, HcnOJIbSYSI
CMeCHTeJlbHble rOJlOBKH C Typ6YJleHTHOH KaMepoH [131], y KOTOpblX
B cMecHTeJlbHYJO KaMepy C npOT'HBOnOJlO>KHblX CTOpOH BBO,l1S1T qeTbI-
pe CTep>KHSI, 06pasYJOw.He OT.l(eJlbHble nOJlOCTH. HSMeHSISI paccToSl-
HHe Mejf{.l(y CTep>KHSlMH, MO>KHO HanpaBJleHHO perYJlHpoBaTb TYP-
oYJleHTHocTb nOTOKa H oOeCneqHTb J1aMHHapHblH BblXO.l( crpYH H3
conJia. TIepe.l( OqHCTKOH CTep>KHH BblBO.n:SlT H3 KaMepbl.
B cMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepe rOJlOBOK BblCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI BCJle.n:CT-
BHe .l(HCCHnaUHH MexaHHllecKoH 3HeprHH Ha6J1JO.l(aeTCSI pasorpeB
ypeTaHoBoH KOMnOSHUHH Ha BeJlHqHHY dT '[125]:
!!.T ... P/(pc), (1.86)
r.ne P=(QAPA+QBPB)/(QA+QB); C-(Q...CA+QBCB)/(Q...+QB); P... H P B -
nepen8.llbl .ll8BJ1eHHA B HH>KeKltHOHHblX connu KOMnOHeHTOB A H B; Q A H
QB - 06'beMHble paCXO.llbl KOMnOHeHTOB A H B; CA H CB - Y.lleJJbHble TenJlOeM-
KOCTH KOMnOHeHTOB A H B.
.
93
YpaBHeHHe CnpaBe.l(J1HBO npH YCJlOBHH, qTO BCSI MexaHHlleCKaSi
:tHeprHSI nOTOKOB npeBpaw.aereSi B TenJlO (H.l(eaJlbHOe CMeweHHe).
B peSYJlbTaTe a.n:HaoaTHqeCKOrO pasorpeBa TeMneparypa CMeCH
B rOJlOBKe MO>KeT cyw.eCTBeHHO nOBblCHTbCSI. TaK, lIpH nepena.n:e
AaBJleHHSI 15 MTIa H c=2,08 K.lJ.>K/(Kr.°C) TeMnepaTypa MarepHa-
J1a nOBbiCHTCSI Ha !1T=7 °C.
TIepeKJlJOllaTeJlH nOTOKOB H OqHCTHTeJlb KaMepbl CMeweHHSI lIa-
eTO SlBJlSlJOTCSI BsaHMOCBSlsaHHblMH YHKUHOHaJIbHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH
CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBOK BbiCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI. TIpHHUHnbl pa60TbI
BnycKHblx 3J1eMeHTOB H OqHC'J'IKH npSlMOTOqHblX rOJlOBOK onHcaHbl
Bblwe. B rOJlOBKaX C peUHpKYJlSlUHeH KOMnOHeHTOB nepeKJlJOqeHHe
nOTOKOB C pejf{HMa «UHPKYJlSlUHSI» B nOSHUHJO «BnpblcK» oCY-
lUeCTBJlSleTCSI CneUHaJlbHblM npHHY.l(HTeJlbHO ynpa'BJISIeMblM SOJlOT-
HHKOM. OIlHcTKa rOJlOBOK BblCOKoro .l(aBJleHHSI OT OCTaTKOB CMeCH
B .l(aHHOM cJlyqae npOHSBO.l(HTCSI CneUHaJlbHblM nJlYH>KepOM oes npo-
MblBKH H npo.n:yBKH cMecHTeJlbHOH KaMepbl. OqHCTKa cMeCHTeJlbHOH
KaMepbl MO>KeT npoHsBo.n:HTbCSI H 6es OqHw.aJOw.ero nJIyH>Kepa, eCJIH
HCnOJlb30BaTb paS"beMHble rOJlOBKH, B KOTOpblX OCTaTOK CMecH Y.l(a-
JISleTCSI HS KaMepbl nocJle CTPYKTYPHpOBaHHSI BMeCTe C J1HTHH'KOM
npH paS"beMe <l>OPMbl.
B saBHCHMOCTH OT KOHCTPYKTHBHblX ocooeHHocTeH nepeKJlJOqa-
TeJleH nOTOKa, OqHw.aJOw.ero nJlYH>Kepa H HX npHBo.n:HblX MexaHHS-
MOB CMeCHTeJlbHble rOJlOBKH MO>KHO paS.l(eJlHTb Ha .n:Be rpynnbl H
weCTb no.n:rpynn.
Y rOJlOBOK THna A-I OqHw.aJOw.HH nJlYH>Kep, SlBJlSlJOW.HHCSI O.n:HO-
BpeMeHHO SOJlOTHHKOM, HMeeT CneUHaJlbHble nasbI (pHC. 1.26, a, 6),
CBSl3b1BaJOw.He B nOJlO>KeHHH «UHPKYJlSlUHSI» npSlMYJO H 06paTHYJO
MarHCTpaJiH peUHpKYJlSlUHOHHoro KOHTypa, J1HOO OH BblnOJlHSleTCSI
C r J1a.n:KoH nOBepxHocTbJO, nOJIHOCTbJO nepeKpblBaJOw.eH B nOSHUHH
«UHPKYJISlUHSI» oTBepcTHH HH>KeKUHOHHblX coneJI (pHC. 1.26, 8, e).
TIpH 3TOM saMblKaHHe peUHpKYJlSlUHOHHoro KOHTypa npoHcxo.n:HT B
pesYJlbTaTe nepeMew.eHHSI no.n::BH>KHOrO Kopnyca conJia B sa,nHee no-
J10>KeHHe sa CqeT paSJlHqHSI nJlOw.a,neH TopueBblx nOBepxHocTeH
KJlanaHa H .LJ.aBJleHHH, .n:eHCTBYJOlUHX Ha Hero B oceBOM HanpaBJle-
HHH [128].
B rOJlOBKaX THna A-2 nepeKJlJOqeHHe SOJlOTHHKa HS nOSHUHH
«UHPKYJlSlUHSI» B nOJlO>KeHHe «BnpblcK» (H HaooopoT) ocyw.ecTBJlSI-
eTCSI peellHo-sy6qaTblM (pHC. 1.26, a, e), KYJlallKoBblM HJlH HHblM Me-
xaHHSMOM, npHBO.l(HMblM OT aKCHaJlbHO nepeMew.aJOw.erocSi rH,npo-
ynpaBJISIeMoro oIlHw.aJOw.ero nJlYH>Kepa.
HH>KeKTOpHble rOJlOBKH THna A-3 npe.n:HaSHaqeHbl .n:J1S1 nepepa-
60TKH KOMnosHuHH C OqeHb MaJlOH >KHSHeCnoc06HoCTbJO, KOr.l(a OT-
Bep>K.l(eHHe HallHHaeTCSI Henocpe.n:cTBeHHo B CMeCHTeJlbHOH KaMepe.
B 3THX rOJlOBKaX (pHC. 1.26, :1iC, 3) npaKTHlleCKH OTCYTCTByeT CMeCH-
TeJlbHaSi KaMepa, a ee YHKUHH BbI-DOJlHSleT J1HTHHKOBblH KaHaJI
OpMbI. OCHOBa KOHCTPYKUHH - HH>KeKTOp, B KOTOpOM ueHTpaJlb-
HblH nOTOK nOJlHOJlbHOrO KOMnOHeHTa saKJlJOqeH B KOJIbueBOH no-
TOK HSOUHaHaTHoro KOMnOHeHTa. nepeKJlJOqeHHe nOTOKOB KOMno-
HeHTOB H OTKpblTHe - saKpblTHe Bblxo.n:Horo OTBepCTHSI conJia oCY-
94
a
j
6
o
4
0::::>
z
4
e
PHC. 1.27. CxeMbi CMecHTeJJbHblX rOJlOBOK BbiCOKoro ,llaBJIeHRJI rpynnbl E B no-
3HUHJlX peltHpKYJlJlItHH (a, 8, 0) H BnpblcKa (6, e, e) cpHPM «Ba1tenfeld»
(a, 6-no,llrpynna E-J), «Desma» (8, e-E-J) H «Hennecke» (ii, e-B-2):
1 - HHJKeKII,IIOll1lble COn.ll8: 2 - n.llocKHII SO.IIOTBHK C l(HPKY.IIlIl(HOHHblMH nasaMB; 3 - CMecH-
Te.llbHali KaMepa; 4 - OQHlQalOlQHA n.llYHJKep; 5 - CBII3aHHble 30.ll0THHKH; 6 - YCTPollcTBO .0..1111
3a.o.aHHII AaBJJeBHII Bnp a
w.eC'J'IBJlSleTCSI rH.l(poynpaBJISIeMblM SOJlOTHHKOM sa O.nHO pa60llee
.n:BH>KeHHe [131].
B CMeCHTeJlbHblX rOJlOBKaX THna B-1 nepeKJlJOqeHHe OOTOKOB
ocyw.ecTBJlSleTcSI DJlOCKHM (pHC. 1.27, a, 6) HJlH UHJlHH.l(pHqeCKHM
(pHC. 1.27,8, e) SOJlOTHHKOM, nepeMew.aeMblM HH.l(HBH.n:yaJlbHblMH
rH.l(paBJlHqeCKHMH, nHeBMaTHqecKHMH HJlH MeXaHHqeCKHMH npHBo-
.
s
A-A
1 6
J
c:t>
At
tJ
...<):0
I
6 Z j
PHC. 1.28. CMecHTeJJbHble roJlOBKH BbiCOKOro ,llaBJieBHft nO,llrpynnbl 5.3 B n03H-
ItHH penHpJ<yJlJlItHH (a, 8) H BnplllCK3 (6, e) cpHpM cCind,innati Milacron» (a,
6) H cHennecke» (8,2):
1 - HHJKeKl(HOHHali lQenb: 2 - ynp8MIlIO HII H 0"H 81OIQHA DJlYHJKep: 3 - YCTPoAcTBO .0..1111
sa.o.aHHII .u.8MeHHII BnpblcK8; 4 - CMeCHTeJlbH811 K8>Mep8: 5 - H8PyJKHWil s8nopHIoIA Kp811'; 6-
lIapyJKaoe HHJKeKl(HOaaoe l(HPKY.IIlIl(Hoaaoe COMO; 7 - Cllelltl811 .u.poccenbH811 m8A68; 8-
ycrpOIlCTBO A.ll1I perYJlHpoB8111111 .u.8BJ11eHBII HHJKexu.HH
.l{aMH. fOJlOBKH THna B-2 OTJIHqalOTCSI OT rOJlOBOK THoOa B-1 TeM, qTO
B HHX .n:J1S1 nepeKJlJOqeHHSI nOTOKOB HCnOJlbSYJOT He SOJlOTHHKH,
a HrOJlbqaTble KJlanaHbI C HH,l1HBH.n:yaJlbHblMH -npHBo.n:aMH (pHC. 1.27,
a, e) [128].
Y rOJlOBOK THna B-3 ynpaBJleHHe nOTOKaMH ocyw.ecTBJlSleTCSI
96
c nOMOw.bJO paCnOJlO>KeHHblX Ha CJlHBHblX MarHCTpaJISIX 3anOpHblX
KJIanaHOB C HM.l(HBH.llyaJlbHblM OpHBO.n:OM, nepeKpblBalOw,HX Tpy60-
npoBOA B nOJlO)KeHHH «BnpblCK» .H OTKpblBaIOIUHX ero B nosHUHH
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7-153 · 91
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CCCP, YCD..I 0.2-1,0 1:5-1:9 500-5000 40/100-
BHHHPMAW HHA. 251.061
Y.n-O,2 0,2 1:3-1 :9 3000 30/100
HHA. 251.071
YJI-I 0,2-1,0 1:5-1:91 500-5000 40/100
HRA. 261.011
YJI-IOIT 2-10 5: 1-2:1 2500-5000 250/1000
(YJI-IOC) (250/630)
CCCP, 3aBOA CMecHTeJJbHO- 1.8 t:l 18000 250/250
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peru 18-n03Hu.H-
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4>Pf, PSA 90 3,6 1:1-1:3- 17000 2011
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PSA 90 GO. 2X6,O 1:1-1:3 1350-18000 200
PSA DS 30,0 1:1-1:3 J35O-18000 200
4>Pf, SKIN 0,11-1,11:12.5-1:65 20
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CIlIA, C3-2 1-3 0,58-1,74 6000,9000 70
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4,8; 3,2
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8,5
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C250-2 80-350 0,5-3,2 6500 200
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(J)pr, 76.16 16 I ,,3-3:, 50-250
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74.33 33 50-250
74.80 80 250
74.160 160 250
77.310 310 250
(J)pr, RIM-STAR-16 6-32
«Krauss PU-16
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PU-40
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RIM-STAR-155 60-310
PU.155
I(MD-MD 3 40
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(J)pr, HK55 3-8
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HK 270 8-32
HK 650 14-80
HK 1250 25-150 1 :4-4:J 60-1000
HK 2500 51-300
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HS 3000-4 180
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<l>OpM. MecTa BXO,lt3 H BblXO,lta B K3Mepy saKpblTbi 3J13CTH'lHblMH 3a-
BecaMH HS renJlOCTOHKOH TK3HH. KaMepa oOorpeBaeTCH Tpy6qaTbl-
MH 3J1eKTp03J1eMeHTaMH, 3 .l(J1H UHPKYJlHUHH Harperoro B03,11.yxa
HCnOJlb3YJOT BeHTHJlflUHOHHYJO YCTaHOBKY. B CCCP BbmYCKalOT pas-
paoOT3HHble BHHHPTMAlII K3pyceJlbHble BYJlKaHHSaTOpbl
BI(-1 HH,lt. 443.161 H BI(-2 HH.n:. 443.201 C ,ltHaMeTpoM CTOJlOB 4000
H 3000 MM H nOJleSHblM OO"beMOM KaMepbl 8 H 3,9 M 3 COOTBerCT,BeHHO
f130, 131].
.
103
KaMepHblH BYJIK3HH3aTOp, npe.D.Ha3HaqeHHblH .n.JIH .n.OBYJIKaHH-
3aUHH H3.D.eJIHH, HMeeT BH.D. TenJIOH30JIHpOBaHHOH CeKUHOHHOH K3-
Mepbl, B TOPUOBbiX CTeHKaX KOTOpOH paCnOJI01KeHbI 3arPY30qH8H U
pa3rpY30qHaH TenJIOH30JIUpOBaHHble .n.BepUbi. OTBep1K.D.aeMbie U3.n.e-
JIHH 3arpY>KaIOT Ha MHOrOHpYCHbie CTeJIJIa1KH TeJIe>KeK, KOTOpble
nHeBMOnpIf'BO.D.OM nepeMeUJ.alOTCH OT 3arPY30qHOH .D.BepH K pa3rpy-
30tJHOH. B KaMepe MOrYT O.D.HOBpeMeHHO HaXO.D.HTbC$I tJeTbipe TeJIe1K-
KH. BYJIKaHH3aTOp o60rpeBaeTcH 3JIeKTpHtJeCKHMH HarpeBaTeJIHMH,
paCnOJI01KeHHblMH Ha 60KoBblx CTeHKaX KaMepbl, a .D.JIH C03.n.aHUH
UHPKYJIHUHH HarpeToro B03.l1.yxa B Ka>K.D.OH ceKUHH CMOHTHpOBaHbl
BeHTHJI$lUHOHHble YCTaHOBKH. Pa3pa60TaHHblR BHHHPTMAIll Ka-
MepHblH BYJIKaHH3aTOp HH.D.. 443.171 HMeeT pa3Mep BYJIKaHH3auHoH-
HoR KaMepbl 4200 X 1000X2000 MM H ra6apHTbI TeJIe>KeK 900X
X800X 1320 MM [130].
TepMocTaT (HH.D.. 514.161), pa3pa60TaHHblR BHHHPTMAIll,
npe.D.Ha3HatJeH .D.J1R .D.OBYJIKaHH3auHH nOJIuypeTaHOBbiX .D.oJIroornep>K-
.D.aeMbiX H3.D.eJIHH H pS30rpeBa 60tJeK C cblpbeM. OH npe.n.cTaBJI$leT
c060H TenJIOH30JIHpOBaHHYIO KaMepy pa3MepoM 4925x2760X
X2335 MM C BeHTHJI$lUHOHHOH YCTaHoBKoH. OTBep1K.lI.aeMbie H3.D.eJIHH
HJIH 60tJKH C cblpbeM nOMew.aIOT Ha BbI.D.BHralOUJ.YIOC$I TeJIe>KKY
rpY30no.D.'beMHOCTbIO 1,5 T, KOTopaH cHa6>KeHa npHBo.n.HblMH POJIH-
KaMH .D.JI$I nOBopoTa nO.D.OrpeBaeMbix 60tJeK. npHBO.n. TeJIe>KKH 3JIeK-
TpoMexaHHtJecKHH r 130, 131].
BYJIKaHH3aTopbl .II.JUI 3aKpblTbiX 4»OpM. HH.D.HBH.D.yaJIbHble BYJI-
KaHH3aTopbl - 310 B OCHOBHOM tJeJIIOCTHbIe npeccbI, .D.OcTynHble .n.JIH
06CJIY>KHBaHH$I C Tpex CTOpOH, H O.D.HO- H .D.Byxn03HuHoHHble YHH-
BepCaJIbHble npeccbI C BepxHeH nO.ll.BH>KHOH nJIHTOH, HMeIOUJ.He rH.lI.-
paBJIHtJecKHH, nHeOMaTHtJeCKHH HJIH 3J1eKTpOMexaHHtJecKHH npHBo.D..
B HaCTO$lUJ.ee BpeMH pR.D. «j>HpM CIllA (<<Admiral», «EMB», «Ames-
bu'ry Machine Mfg» H .D.p.) H <1>Pf (<<Battenfeld», «Cannon», «Kra-
uss Maffei» H .D.p.) BblnycKaIOT YKa3aHHble npeccbI pa3JIHtJHblX THno-
pa3MepoB C YCHJIHeM CMblKaHH$I OT 10 5 .D.O 2.10 6 H H pa3MepoM
nJIHT OT 550 X 550 .n.o 1300X2600 MM. Bo MHorHX MO.ll.eJIHX npe.D.Yc-
MOTpeHa B03MO>KHOCTb OnpOKH.D.blBaHH$I «j>OpMbI Ha yroJI .D.O 45--90 0
H ee oOOBOpOT Ha 90--360 0 [131].
KapyceJIbHble JIHHHH (CM. pHC. 1.31, a) COCTO$lT H3 HenO.D.BH>KHO
YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO cMeCHTeJIbHO-.D.03HpYIOUJ.ero arperaTa (Y3JIa Bnpblc-
Ka) H KpyrJIOro nOBopoTHoro CTOJIa C pacnOJIO>KeHHblMH Ha nOBepx-
HOCTH <j>opMO.ll.ep>KaTeJIHMH C 060rpeBaeMblMH <j>opMaMH. <1>OPMbI.
.D.BHra$lCb BMeCTe co CTOJIOM no OKPY>KHOCTH, nootJepe.D.Ho no.D.XO-
.D.RT K Y3JIY BnpblcKa, r.D.e CMeCHTeJIbHaH rOJIOBKa nO.D.Bo.n.HTCH K
<j>opMe H npOH3BO.D.HTC$I BnpblCK peaKuHoHHOH MaCCbI. no OKOHtJa-
HHH BnpblCKa CMeCHTeJIbHa$l rOJIOBKa OTXO.D.HT B HCXO.D.HOe nOJIO>Ke-
HHe, H nOBopOTOM CTOJIa K Y3JIY BnpblCKa nO.D.BO.D.HTC$I CJIe.D.YIOUJ.aH
<j>opMa. C'beM rOTOBbiX H3.D.eJIHH ocyUJ.eCTBJI$leTCH Ha TOH 003HUHH.
r.D.e H3.D.eJIHe .D.OCTHrJlO TaKOH CTeneHH CTPYKTypHpOBaHH$I. npH KO-
TOpOH ero MO>KHO H3BJIe!Jb H3 <j>OpMbI 6e3 nJIaCTHqeCKOH .D.e<j>opMa-
UHH [130].
104
YCTaHOBKH KapyceJIbHOrO THna MOrYT 6b1Tb npe.ll.Ha3HatJeHbI KaK
.lI.JI$I 3aJIHBKH B OTKpblTbie «j>OpMbI, TaK H .lI.JI$I JIHTb$l nO.ll. .lI.aBJIeHHeM
B 3aMKHyTble «j>OpMbI. KapYCeJJbHble arperaTbl C 6--36-«j>OpMO'BblMH
n03HUH$lMH BblnYCKaIOTCJI «j>HpM8MH «Desma», «Battenfeld» (<1>Pf),
«LIM» (ABcTpH$I) H .lI.p.
BHHHPTMAIll pa3pa60T8H KapyceJIbHblii BYJIKaHH3aTop
24j320X400 HH.n.. 443.191, npe.ll.Ha3HatJeHHblH .lI.JI$I JIHTb$l no.ll. .lI.aBJIe-
HHeM B 3aMKHYTble «j>OpMbI MeJIKHX H3.n.eJIHH H3 nOJIHypeTaHa C
06'beMoM BnpblcKa .lI.O 1000 CM 3 . BYJIKaHH3aTop COCTOHT H3 nOBO-
pOTHoro CTOJIa C llIarOBbiM npHBO.ll.OM H TOpM030M, 24 «j>OpMOBbiX
n03HuHH, npecca C YCHJlHeM 4.10 5 H .n.JIH CMblKaHHJI JIHTbeBbiX <pOpM
npH 3aJIHBKe, BbiTaJIKHBaTeJIH H3.l1.eJIHH, «j>HKcaTopa, HacocHoH CTaH-
I1,HH, JIHTbeBOH rOJIOBKH H UJ.HTOB ynpSBJIeHH$I. Ka>K.lI.a$l «j>opMOBa
n03HUH$I OCHaUJ.eHa tJeJIIOCTHbiM nHeBMonpeccoM .n.JISI C>KaTHSI «j>OPM
npH OTBep>K.lI.eHHH (YCHJIHe .n.o 10 4 H) H pacKpblTHH npH BblrpY3Ke
H3.n.eJlHlt 3aBo.n.oM «MeTaJIJIHcT» (r. JIeHHHrpa.ll.) BblnycKaeTcSI.
18-n03HuHoHHa$l KapyceJlbHa$l yCTaHoBKa HH.n.. 352.031, npe.ll.Ha3Ha,
tJeHHa$l .n.J1$1 peaKuHoHHoro <j>opMoBaHH$I nOJIHypeTaHoBbix nO.ll.OWB
MeTO.ll.OM npSlMoro npHJIHBaHHSI npOH3Bo.n.HTeJIbHOCT.b1O 75-
100 nap/tJ [141, c. 189].
KapyceJIbHble YCTaHoBKH $IBJIJlIOTCH HaH60Jlee pacnpocTpaHeH-
HbiM THnOM BYJIKaHH3aTopoB, n03BOJI$lIOUJ.HX BblnycKaTb H3.l1.eJlHH B
HenpepblBHoM aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHoM pe>KHMe. O.n.HaKo HX ueJIeco06-
pa3Ho HCnOJlb30BaTb npH KpynHocepMHHoM npoH3Bo.n.cTBe H3.l1.eJIH
cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbwHx pa3MepoB, TaK KaK C YBeJIHtJeHHeM ra6a-
pHTOB J1HTbeBbiX <j>OpM cyw.ecTBeHHo B03pacTaIOT 3Hepro- H MeTaJI-
J10eMKOCTb 060pY.ll.oBaHHH H nOTpe6HocTb B npOH3BO.ll.CTBeHHblx nJIO-
UJ.a.n.$Ix.
JIHHHH pa.ll.UaJIbHoro (nepH<j>epHHHoro) THna npe.ll.cTaBJIJlIOT co-
60H pa3HoBH.n.HOCTb KapyceJIbHblX YCTaHoBoK (pHC. 1.31,6) H COCTO"
JlT H3 HenO.ll.BH>KHO YCTaHoBJleHHblx no .lI.yre OKPY>KHOCTH <j>OpMO-
.n.ep>KaTeJleH C <j>opMaMH H cMeCHTeJIbHO-.lI.03HpYIOUJ.ero arperaTa,
KOTOpblH YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC$I B ueHTpe .lI.yrH H cOBepwaeT BOKpyr Hero
BpaUJ.eHHe C OCTaHOBKOH y Ka>K.lI.OH <j>OpMOBOH n03HUHH. npH n()lBO-
pOTe Y3JIa BnpblCKa B O.ll.HY CTOPOHY BO 'BpeM$I OCTaHOBOK npOH3BO-
.lI.HTC$I 3anOJIHeHHe «j>OpM, H nocJle 3aJIHBKH nOCJIe.n.HeH <j>OpMbI 3TOT
y3eJI B03BpaUJ.aeTC$I B UCXO.ll.HOe nOJIO>KeHHe. JIHHHH .lI.aHHoro THna
3aHHMaIOT MeHbwe nJIow.a.l!.'H, tJeM BYJIKaHH3aTopbl C Bpaw.aIOw.HMC$I
CTOJIOM, TaK KaK .lI.JI$I nOBopOTa Y3JIa BnpblCKa Tpe6yeTcJI MeHbllle
YCHJIHH, tJeM .lI.J1S1 Bpaw.eHHSI CTOJIa C <j>opMaMH. JIHHHH pa.ll.HaJIbHO-
ro THna n03BOJI$lIOT BblnYCKaTb H3.l1.eJIH$I pa3JIHtJHblX 06'beMa H Mac-
Cbl, npOCTbI 'B HaJI3.l1.Ke H HaCTpOHKe Ha HOBblH accopTHMeHT H3.l1.e-
JIHH, npoUJ.e B 06CJIY>KHBaHHH. TaKHe JlHHHH BblnYCKaIOTCH «j>HpMa-
MH <Elastogran», «Still», «Admiral» H .lI.p. O.ll.HaKO nepH<j>epHHHble
YCTaHoBKH no cpaBHeHHIO C KapyceJIbHblMH UMelOT MeHbwyIO UHKJIO-
BYIO npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHOCTb, qTO 06ycJIoBJIeHo HaJIHtJHeM XOJIOCTOrO
xo.n.a npH B03BpaUJ.eHHH Y3JIa BnpblcKa B HCXO.ll.HOe nOJIO>KeHHe. npu
HaJIHtJUH 60JIbworo tJHCJIa «j>opMo.n.ep>KaTeJIeH C «j>opMaMH YBeJIHtJH-
BaeTC$I pa.ll.HYC .n.yrH, Ha KOTOpOH OHH YCTaHOBJleHbI, qTO npHBO.ll.HT
.
105
K He06xo HMOCTH YBeJIHtJeHHH KOHCOJIH y3JIa BnpblCK! H YCHJIeHHft
>KeCTKOCTH y3J1a nOBOpOTa.
YCTaHOBKH JIHHeHHoro THna (pHC. 1.31,8) COCTO$lT H3 HenO BH>K-
}f0 YCTaHOBJleHHblX B pSl.ll. «j>OpMoHOCHTeJIeH C <j>opMaMH H nepeMe-
UJ.aIOUJ.erOCH B.lI.OJlb HerO CMeCHTeJIbHO- 03HpYIOUJ.ero arperaTa, OCY-
Il.leCTBJI$lIOw.ero nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOe 3anOJlHeHHe «j>OpM. no OKOHtJa-
HHH 3anOJIHeHH$I Bcero p$l a Y3eJI BnpblCKa B03Bpaw.aeTCH B HCXO.D.-
.Hoe nOJI01l{eUHe H npouecc nOBTOpHeTC$I. H3BeCTHbI JIHHeHHble yc-
TaHOBKH, r e O HH Y3eJI BnpblCKa 06cJIY>KHBaeT Be HJIH TPH JIHHHH
[130]. He ocTaTKaMH JIHHeHHOH KOMnOHOBKIf $IBJIHIOTCH cpaBHH-
TeJlbHO 60JIbWaSi nOTpe6HocTb B npOH3BO.ll.CTBeHHblx nJIOUJ.a.ll.HX U Ha-
JIHtJHe XOJIOCTOrO XO,!l.a Y3JIa B-OpbIcKa [130].
OpH JIfiHeHHOH HJIH pa.ll.HaJIbHOH KOMIIOHOBKe <PopMYIOw.ero 060-
py oBaHHSI MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI TaK>Ke HenO.ll.BH>KHO YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIe cMeCHTeJIbHO- 03HpYIOUJ.He arperaTbI C MHOrOTOqetJHblM
BnpblcKoM, KOTopble HMeIOT HeCKOJIbKO JIHTbeBbIX rOJIOBOK, nH'Tae-
MbiX OT 06UJ.efi 03HpYIO eH CHCTeMbI; npH nOM Ka>K.lI.aH «j>opMOBaH
n03HUH5I oCHaw.aeTCH HH.lI.HBH.nyaJIbHOH rOJIOBKOH.
JlHTbeSbie 4»OPMbI. B npaKTHKe peaKUHOHHoro «j>opMOBaHHH HC-
nOJlb3YlOT <j>OpMbI OTKpblToro HJIH 3aKpbIToro THna, H3rOTOBJIeHHble
H3 CTaJIH, aJIIOMHHHeBbiX HJIH UHHKOBbiX CnJIaBOB, 6epHJlJIHeBoii
OpOH3b1 H pyrHx MaTepHaJIOB, a B onbITHbIX npOH3Bo.nCTBax H npH
oTpa60TKe KOHCTPYKUHH H3 eJIHH H <j>OpM MO>KeT npHMeH$lTbC$I <pop-
MYIOw.aH OCHaCTKa H3 TepMOnJIaCTOB, 3nOKCH.llHOH CMOJIbI, epeBa,
rHnca H .lI.a>Ke H3 6YMarH. <1>OpMbI YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT Ha <j>opMO ep>Ka-
TeJI$lX onHcaHHblX Bblwe O.ll.HO- HJIH MHoron03HIlHOHHblX BYJIKaHH3a-
TOpOB. no.n ep>KaHHe 3a.naHHoro TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa CTPYK-
TYpHpoBaHHH ocyw.ecTBJIHeTCH C nOMOUJ.bIO CHCTeM >KH.lI.KOCTHOro
TepMocTaTHpoBaHIfH HJIH 3JIeKTpOHarpeBaTeJIHMH <jJOpMoHOCHTeJIeH
HJIH <pOpM.
OTKpblTbie <jJOpMbI, HCnOJIb3yeMbie OObltJHO .nJIH H3rarO'BJIeHHH
U3.l1.eJIHH npocToii reoMeTpHtJecKoH <j>OPMbI, no.npa3 eJIHIOTCH Ha
ueJIbHble (pHC. 1.32, a) H pa360pHble (pHC. 1.32,6). 3aJIIHBKa ar-
KpblTbiX «j>OpM npOH3BO.ll.HTC$I HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHo H3 HenO.ll.BH>KHO yc-
TaHOBJIeHHOH HJIH H3 JIHHeHHO nepeMew.aIOw.eHC$I rOJIOBKH. KpynHble
H3.lleJIHH CJIO>KHOH KOH<jJHrypaUHH HHOr.lla <jJOPMYIOT n03TanHO C
npOMe>KYTotJHOH BbI ep>KKOH JI$I >KeJIaTHHH3aUHH Ka>K OrO CJIOH,
npH 3TOM JIHTbeBaH rOJI08Ka MO>KeT nepeMew.aTbC$I B.lI.OJlb «j>OPMYIO-
UJ.eH nOJIOCTH no KpHBOJIHHeHHOH TpaeKTopHH, 3a.naBaeMoH wa6JIo-
HOM [l28].
H3 eJIH$I UHJlHHJl:pHtJecKoH KOH«j>HrypauHH H Tpy6b1 MO>KHO <jJop-
MOBaTb BO Bpaw.aIOUJ.HXC$I BOKpyr ropH30HTaJIbHOH OCH ueHTp06e>K-
HbIX YCTaHoBKax, KOTopbIe BbI.nOJIHHIOT <j>YHKUHH OTKpblToro <j>op-
MyIOw.ero HHcTpYMeHTa. no.ll. eHcTBHeM ueHTp06e>KHblx CHJI peaK-
UHOHHa$l Macca paBHoMepHo pacnpe.neJI$leTC$I no BHYTpeHHeH no-
BepxHocTH 060rpeBaeMoii <PopMYIOUJ.eii OCHaCTKH H B TaKOM COCTO$l-
HHH OTBep>K aeTC$I (pHC. 1.32,8).
3aKpbITbie cpOpMbI MorYT 3anOJIHHTbC$I peaKUHoHHOH MaccoH no.ll.
.l{aBJIeHHeM HJJH B BaKYYMe, a TaK>Ke cB060 HbIM JIHTbeM tJepe3 3a-
106
t; ;JJ
a
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PHC. 1.32. HeKoTopble BH.llbi OCHaCTKH Anll peaKI(HOHHOro <l>opMoBaHHII H3.l1.e.1HA
H3 nonHYPeTaHOB:
a - Hep'3'beMHa" !bOPM' OTKpblTOrO THn" 6 - pa31>eMH'" 4tOPM' OTKpblTOI'O Tuna; 6 - oe-
H,en, tin" lI,eKTpo6eJKROrO 4topMoBaRH"; e - 4tOPM' AJI" CB060AHOro nHTb" C nOAnpeeeOB-
KolI; ij - 3'KpbITa" 4tOPM' .!In" Cs060.!lHOrO nUTb" Qepe3 BopOHKY; e - KOTen e OTKPblToll
4tOpMOIl An" JllH1"I>" no.!l Ba1<YYMOM; 3IC - 4tOPM' .!In" MlTb" B B'KYYMJlpoB'HB.YIO no.'0:1"I>
JIHBOtJHYIO BOPOHKY HJIH B OTKpblTyIO Ha CTa.D,HH 3anO.'1HeHHH O<pOPM-
JI$lIOUJ.YIO nOJIOCTb (pHC. 1.32, a, x). no.natJa peaKUHOHHOH MaCCbI
B 3aKpblTbie <j>OpMbI npOH3Bo.nHTCH 06b1qHO cBepxy HJIH cOOKY tJepe3
JIHTHHKOBblH KaHaJI, 3aKpblBaIOUJ.HI1c$l nOCJIe 3anOJlHeHHSI nyaHcoHoM
HJIH CneUH8J1bHblM 3anOpHblM 3JIeMeHTOM .nJIH npe.!l.Ol'Bpaw.eHHH BbI-
TeKaHHH CMeCH H3 <j>OPMYIOW.eH nOJlOCTH; npH 3TOM HCKJIIOtJaeTC$I
OnepaUHH 06pe3KH JIHTHHKa. npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH RIM-MeTo.D,a CMe-
CHTeJIbHa$l rOJIOBKa tJaUJ.e BCerO npHCOe.nHH$leTC$I K O.II.HOH H3 nOJIY-
<pOpM, a 3aJIHBOtJHoe OTIIepCTHe pacnOJIaraeTCH B nOJIOCTH pa3'beMa
nOJIy<j>opM, TaK KaK ycnoKoHTeJlbHblH 3JIeMeHT .II.0JI>KeH BCTpaHBaTb-
C$I B no OTBepCTHe (CM. pHC. 1.30). npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH cMecHTeJIb-
HbiX rOJIOBOK C OtJHUJ.aIOw.HM nopwHeM nOCJIe.nHHH no OKOHtJaHHH
BnpblcKa «'I10.n.D,aBJIHBaeT» MaTepHaJI, C03.D,aBaH B nOJIOCTH «j>OpMbI
.
107
nOBblweHHoe .D.aBJleHJfe H 06ecnetJHBa$l ynJIOTHeHHe MaTepHaJIa npH
.JJyqWeM KatJeCTBe <j>OpMOBaHHH MeJIKHX .neTaJIeH H3.l1.eJIH$I.
JIHTHHKoBbie CHCTeMbi <jJOpM .lI.JI$I peaKUHOHHOrO «j>OpMOBaHHH 6b1-
1JaIOT npHMOrO 3anOJIHeHHH H nJIeHOtJHblMH, a nOCJle.ll.HHe nO.ll.pa3.l1.e-
.JJ$lIOTCH Ha BeHepHble H CTep>KHeBbie (CM. pHC. 1.30). npH pa3pa-
OTKe «j>opMYIOUJ.eu OCHaCTKH pacnOJIO>KeHHe pa3'beMa $IBJIHeTCH HC-
.xO.ll.HblM <j>aKTopoM, onpe.neJIHIOUJ.HM ee KOHCTPYKUHIO, 8 TOM tJHCJIe
4>OPMY H pacnOJlO>KeHHe BnYCKHoro KaHaJIa, B03MO>KHblX MeeT 6JIO-
KHpOBKH B03.l1.yxa, pa3Mepbl H pacnOJIO>KeHHe BeHTHJIHUHOHHblX Ka-
HaJIOB, HarpeBaTeJIbHblX (OXJla.nHTeJIbHbIX) 3JIeMeHTOB H cnocoo
BbleMKH H3.l1.eJIHH. npOeKTHPY$I <j>OPMYIOUJ.YIO OCHaCTKY, CJIe.nyeT
PYKOBO.nCTBOBaTbC$I CJIe.nYIOUJ.H MH peKOMeH.lI.aUH$lMH [128, 136] .
1. CMecb .nOJI>KHa nocT)'InaTb B nOJIOCTb <j>OpMbI B iBH.ne MOHOJIHT-
Jloro nOTOKa (6e3 HapyweHHH CUJIOWHOCTH), tJT06bI rapaHTHpoBaTb
BbiTeCHeHHe B03.l1.yxa H3 Hee B npouecce 3a'DOJIHeHH$I H nOJIyqaTb
H3.neJlH$I 6e3 He.nOJlHBa H B03.nYWHblX BKJIIOtJeHHH. 3TO .nOCTHraeTCH
npHMeHeHHeM nJIeHotJHblX JIHTHHI<OB, B KOTOpblX <j>opMyeMaH Macca
H3 UHJIHH.lI.pHtJecKoro Hm.. nOJIyuHJIHH.npHtJecKoro UeHTpaJIbHOrO JIHT-
HHKa tJepeJ Y3KYIO UJ.eJIb (no.nnopHblH BnycK) HanpaBJIHeTCH napaJI-
JIeJIbHO HH>KHeH cTopoHe «j>opMYIOUJ.eH nOJIOCTH.
2. 3anOJIHeHHe «j>OpMbl .lI.OJI>KHO npoH3BoJJ.HTbCSI B pe>KHMe JIa-
MHHapHoro TetJeHH$I co CKOpOCTbIO He 60JIee 2,5--5,0 M/C .lI.JIH H3.l1.e-
JIMH C TOJIIUHHOH CTeHKH MeHee 6 MM H He 60JIee 1,2--2,0 M/C .lI.JIH
oOJlee TOJICTOCTeHHbIX H3.l1.eJlHH. Bo H36e>KaHHe TYP6YJIH3aUHH no-
TOKa CJIe.ll.yeT H36eraTb pe3KHx cY>KeHHH, pacwHpeHHH H nOBopoTOB
B JIHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMe. 30Ha nepexo.ll.a H3 UeHTpaJIbHOrO JIH11HHKa B
nJIeHOtJHbIH JJ.OJl>KHa HMeTb nJIaBHyIO KOH<j>HrypauHIO.
3. CMecb .lI.OJI>KHa no.naBaTbCH B HaH60Jlee HH3KO pacnOJIO>KeH-
RYIO tJaCTb «j>opMYIOUJ.eH nOJIOCTH no KaCaTeJIbHOH K ee nOBepxHo-
TH. .D.JISI 06ecnetJeHH$I 3anOJIHeHHH «j>OpMbI CHH3Y BBepx H BbiTeCHe-
HHH B03JJ.yxa H3 nOJIOC1'H <j>OPMY OObItJHO pacnOJIaraIOT no.n yr JIOM
15--45 0 . HaH60Jlee CJIO>KHble 3JIeMeHTbI «j>opMYIOUJ.eH nOJlOCTH
.lI.OJI>KHbI pacnOJIaraTbC$I HH>Ke BepxHero ypOBHH 3anOJIHeHH$I <j>op-
Mbl. .llJIH 06ecnetJeHHH OnTHMaJIbHOrO pe>KHMa 3anOJIHeHH$I <j>OpMbI
H Y.ll.aJIeHH$I B03.nyxa BO MHorHX J1HTbeBbiX YCTaHoBKax npe.ll.YCMOTpe-
Rbi YCTpOHCTBa .nJIH nOBopOTa H tJaCTHtJHoro onpOKH.nblBaHHH <jJOpM
.8 npouecce 3anOJIHeHHH, tJT06b1 peaKUHOHHa$l CMeeb He nepeMeUJ.a-
JIaCb no HaH60JIee KOPOTKOMY nYTH OT MeCTa BBo.na .lI.O BeHTHJIHUH-
OHHoro KaHaJIa, pacnOJIaraeMOro B HaH:BblCWeH TotJKe <j>OpMbI. Xa-
paKTep, CKOpOCTb H npO.ll.OJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb nOBopoTa HJIH OnpOKH.lI.bI-
BaHHH <j>OpMbI onpeJl:eJI$lIOT 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO, a 3aTeM oTpa60TaH-
RblH pe>KHM BocnpOH3BO.ll.$IT B Ka>K.lI.OM UHKJIe <j>opMoBaHH$I C HC-
nOJIb30BaHHeM nporpaMMHoro ynpaBJIeHH$I.
4. JIHTHHKH npHMoro 3anOJIHeHH$I (pHC. 1.30, a) 06b1tJHO HCnOJIb-
3YIOTCH .lI.JI$I H3JJ.eJIHH C MaKCHMaJIbHOH TOJIUJ.HHOii B 30He BnpblcKa
4 MM. npH 60JIbWHX TOJlw.HHax .lI.JI$I HCKJIIOtJeHH$I 3aXBaTa B03.nyxa
npH BnpblCKe npHMeHSIIOT «j>OpMbI C nopWHeM, YCTaHOBJIeHHblM npo-
"lHB JlHTHHKOBOro OTBepCTHH H BbI.lI.BHraI01U.HMCH Ha 3Tane 3anOJI-
108
HeHHH .nJIH YMeHbllIeHHH TamI!HHbI 3a30pa B 30He BnpblCKa AO 4 MM
8 MeHee.
5. BeHepHble nJIeHOllHble JI.HTHHKH (pHC. 1.30,6) peKoMeHAYeTCSI
HCnOJIb30B8Tb npH «j>OpMOBaHHJI cpaBIIHTeJJbHO He60JIbwHx H3AeJIHH,
Kor.n;a orpaHHlleHHH no .lI.OnycTHMblM yrJIaM pacxoA$lUJ.eroc$I KaHa-
JIa R (R 900) H no ero ,lI,JIlfHe He npHBo.n$lT K IIpe3MepHOMY B03-
paCTaHHIO OTXO.nOB MaTepHaJ18. npe.neJIbHaH .nJIHHa JIHTHHKa L 3a-
BHCHT OT npOH3BOAHTeJIhHOCTH .n03HPYIOUJ.HX HaCOC08 Q, .nonYCTH-
MOH CKOpOCTH nOTOKa, 3anOJHl$lK)llJ.ero <j>OPMY v. U TOJJ!lll.HHbI H.
T. e. L= Q/vH. BeJIHIIHHa Q npH HCnOJIb30B8'HHH BeHepHblX JIHT'HH-
ROB 06b1I1HO He .npeBblWaeT 300 CM 3 /C, a H COCTaBJI$leT 1--2 MM.
6. npH npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIhHOCTH ClI.A 60JIee 300 CM 3 /C H <j>opMoBa-
HHH K.PynHora6apHTHbix H3AeJIHH peKoMeHAyeTcH HCnOJlb30BaTb JIHT-
HHKOBbie CHCTeMbi C pa3BoAHUJ.HMH KaHaJIaMH UHJIHH.lI.pHlleCKoH <j>op-
MbI, no KOropblM peaKUHOH.HaH CMeCb HanpaBJIHeTCH B pacnpe -
JIHTeJIbHble (ueHTpaJIbHble) KaHaJIbi np$lMoyrOJIbHOrO HJIH nOJIY-
Kpyr JIoro celleHHH, paC'IlOJlaraeMbie B.nOJIb «j>opMYIOIUeH nOJIOCTH.
a 3aTeM tJepe3 lLIIeHOIIHblH CTep>KHeBOH JIHTHHK (no.nnopHblH BnycK)
,nOAaeTCH B nOJIOCTb «j>OpMbI (puc. 1.30,8). Pa3Mepbl pacnpe.ll.eJIH-
TeJIbHOrO H nJJeHOtJHoro JIHTHHKOB .nOJI>KHbI y.noBJIeTBOp$lTb c.lJe-
.L(yIOUJ.HM YCJIOBHHM:
S... Q; S. "'" O,95S; Lo" > 4Hu",
l'.I1e S H SJ - nJlom.a.l1H nonepelfHoro celfeHHII pacnpe.l1e.IJHTenbHoro H nneHOIfHoro
JlHTHHtroB; Q - npOH3B0.l1HTenhHOCTb C.l1A; Lu H HUll - MHHa H TOJlU(HHa
n.neHOIfHoro nHTHHKa.
7. npH peaKuHoHHoM (j>opMoBaHHH TpY.ll.HonepeMewHBaeMbix
KOMn03HUHH B JIHTHHKOBYIO cHcTeMY peKoMeH.lI.yeTc$I BCTpaHBaTb
.n;06aBotJ'HblH cTaTHllecKHH CMeCHTeJIb (pHC. 1.30, e), 8 KOTOpOM 3a
CqeT nOBTopHoro Typ6YJIeHTHoro nepeMelllHBaHHH AOCTHraeTCH YJIyq-
meHHe KatJeCTBa CMeWeHH$I peaKUHOHHOH MaCCbI.
8. .D.JIH npeAoTBpaw.eHH$I B H3.neJIH$lX Ae<j>eKToB, CB$l3aHHblX C
3cp«j>eKToM «onepe>KeHH$I-- 3ana3AblBaHHH» nO.ll.atJH KOMnOHeHTOB B
cMecHTeJJblWH rOJIOBKe, npeAJIaraeTC$I B JIHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMe YCTa-
HaBJIHBaTb «JIOBYIllKY» nepBoH nopuHH peaKuHoHHOH MaCCbI
(pHC. 1.30, a).
9. .D.JIH npeAOTBpaw.eHH$I 06pa30BaHHH 06JIOH H BbinpeccoBoK
HeOOxOAHM<> .o6ecnellHTb repMeTHIIHOCTb H .lI.OCTaTOIIHoe, paBHoMep-
HO pacnpeAeJIeHHOe YCHJIHe CMblKaHHH <jJOPM, He AonYCKaTb 3a30pa
Me>K.!lY conp$lraeMbIMH pa3'beMHblMH 3JIeMeHTaMH 60JIee 0,05 MM,
a B nJIOCKOCTH pa3'beMa npe.ll.ycMoTpeTb ynJIOl'HHIOUJ.HH nO$lCOK no
KOHTYPY H3AeJJHH WHpHHOH 6-12 MM H fJIy6HHoH ::::; 1 MM. YllaCTKH
(j>OpMbI B 30He CMeCHTeJIbHOH rOJIOBKH H JIHTHHKOBbiX KaHaJIOB TaK-
.>Ke AOJI>KHbI 6b1Tb repMeTH3HpOBaHbI. BMecTe C TeM B p$lAe CJIYtJaeB
3KOHOMHtJeCKH ueneco06pa3Hee AonYCTHTb He60JIblllOe KOJIHlleCTBO
06JIOH, tJeM .n06HBaTbCSI TOIIHOH nOArOHKH H repMeTH3aUHH BceH no-
sepXHOCTH pa3'beMa.
10. .D.JI$I HCKJIIOtJeHH$I KOpoOJIeHHH H cTa6HJIH3aUHH CBOHCTB H3-
,neJIHH TeMnepaTY.PY q>OpMbI He06xoAHMO no.n.llep>KHBaTb ua 3aAaH-
.
109
HOM ypOBHe. He .lI.OnYCKaJ1 pa36poca TeMnepaTYP 60JIee == 2 °C. TIpu
HCnOJIb30BaHHH CHCTeMbi )KH.!I.KOCTHOro TepMocTaTHpOBaHHSI KaHa-
JIbi .lI.H3MeTpOM 12 MM .lI.OJI1KHbI pacnOJIaraTbCSI Ha paCCTOHBJlH 10-
15 MM OT «j>opMYIOUJ.eH nQBepXHOCTH H -ua paCCTO$lHHH 40 MM
.nPyr OT .nPyra.
<1>OpMbI .lI.JIH JIHTbH B B.aKYYMe nOMeUJ.alOT B repMeTHIIHO 3aKpbl-
TbiU JIHTbeBOH KOTeJI, B KOTOpOM C03.naeTCH pa3pe>KeHHe, "PH 3TOM
nO.ll.rOTOBJIeHHa$l nOpUH$I ypeTaHoBOH KOMn03HUHH H3 BOpOHKH lIe-
pe3 BeHTHJIb-.npOCCeJIb no.n .neHCTBJieM aTMOCQ;lepHoro .lI.aBJIeHHSI no-
.naeTC$I B O<jJOpMJlHIOUJ.YIO nOJIOCTb. BaKYYM .nOJl>KeH 6b1Tb .nOCTaTOII-
HbIM .lI.JIH 6bIcTporo H KatJ.eCl'BeHHOrO 3anOJIHeHHSI <pOpMbI H B TO
>Ke BpeM$I He npeBbiwaTb KpHTHlleCKoro 3HalleHH$I, npH KOTOpOM
HatJHHaeTC$I KlmeHHe peaKLlHOHHOH MaCCbI C Bbl.ll.eJIeHHeM paCTBO-
peHHblX JIeTYIIHX npo.nYKTOB B caMOCTOHTeJIbHYIO ra30BYIO «j>a3Y.
KpHTHlleCKoe OCTaTOIIHoe .lI.aBJIeHHe YBeJlHIIHBaeTCH C pOCTOM TeM-
neparypbl H KOHueHTpaUHH JIeTYlleu <j>paKUHH. Ha npaKTHKe OCTa-
TOIIHoe .naBJIeHHe B J1HTbeBOM KOTJIe COCTaBJIHeT 10 2 --10. TIa.
npH JIHTbe B 3aKpblTbie <j>OpMbI HHor.na BaKYYMHp)'IOT HenOCpe.ll-
Cl'BeHHO O<j>OPMJIHIOUJ.YIO nOJIOCTb Qepe3 BblXO.ll.HOH JIHTHHK
(pHC. 1.32,x). O.ll.HaKO B 3TOM cJIYllae .nJI$I npe.ll.OTBpaUJ.eHH$I 06pa-
30BaHH$I B H3.ne.llHHX B03.nYWHblX B.KJIIOlleHHH He06xo.nHMo OqeHb
TUJ.aTeJIbHO repMeTH3HpoBaTb MeCTa B03MO>KHOrO no.ncoca B03.nyxa
H <j>opMoBaHHe BeCT" npH OCTaTOIIUOM ,!laBJleHHH 10 2 na. .llJIH
repMeTH3aUHH pa3'beMHblX coe.nHHeHHH HCnOJIb3}'IOT pe3HHOBbie
WHypbl, npOKJIa.llKH,. KOJIbUa" MaH>KeTbi H T. .n.
1.6.5.
CMCTeMlt1 KOHTpOnJi. M ynpaBneHMJI
B COBpeMeHHblX YCTaUOBKax .lI.JI$I peaKUHOHHoro <j.>opMOBaHH$I nOJIH-
ypeTaHoB CHCTeMbi aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO ynpaBJIeHHH (CAY) npe.ll.Ha-
3HaqeHbI He TOJIbKO .lI.JI$I KOHTpOJI$I napaMeTpOB H ynpaBJIeHH$I Tex-
HOJIOrHtJeCKHM npoueCcoM. HO H .lI..llH .lI.HarHOCTHKJf TeXHHlleCKoro
COCTO$lHH$I OCHOBHblX Y3JIOB H BbinOJIHeHH$I 3aUJ.HTHO-6J10KHpOBOII-
HbiX <jJYHKUHli, a TaK>Ke .lI.JIH .nHcneTtJepCKOro YlleTa nOTpe6JIeHH$I
Cblpb$l H BbInycKaeMoH npO.ll.YKLlHH. YnpaB.lleHHe TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHM
KOMnJIeKCOM Mo:m.eT oCYUJ.eCTfBJI$lTbC$I C nOMOUJ.blO 3JIeKTpOMexaHH-
tJeCKHX, rH.npaBJIHtJ.ecKHX H nHeBMaTHlleCKHX CHCTeM C HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHeM TaHMepoB, peJIe, KOHellHblX BblKJIIOllaTeJIeH, KOHTaKTHbiX Ma-
HOMeTpoB H .npyroH KOHTpOJIbHo-ynpaBJIHIOUJ.eH annapaTypbl. B COB-
peMeHHblx YCTaHoBKax, BblnycKaeMbix MHorHMH Q;lHpMaMH (<<Des-
ma», «Battenfeld» H T. .n.), HCnOJIb3YIOT 3.lleKTpOHHoe OOopY.ll.OBa-
HHe C rH6KHM nporpaMMHpoBaHHeM, a TaK>Ke MHKponpoUeccopbr
[128, 151].
B npOl ecce peaKUHoHHoro <popMoBaHHH He06XO.ll.HMO 3a.ll.aBaTh,.
KOHTpOJIHpOSaTb H perYJIHpOBaTb CJIe.ll.YIOw.He TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHe
napaMeTpbl: TeMnepaTYPY KOMInOaeHTOB. TenJIOHOCHTeJIH, «j>OpMbI H.
.nPyrHx 3JIeMeHTOB; .lI.aBJIeHHe B peuHpKYJIHUHOHHblX CHCTeMax, rH.lI.-
pocHCTeMax H eMKOCTHbiX annapaTax; npo.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb OT.lI.eJIb-
HbiX TeXHOJIOrHqeCKUX H BcnOMOraTe.llbHblX OnepaJ1HH 06'beMHble II
110
PHC, 1 33. TO'IKH KOHTpo.111 TeXHonorHlfecKHx napaMeTpOB B YCTaHOBKax An II
peaKllHOHHoro c1roPMOBaHHII no.QHypeTaHOB:
p - .Il'BJlellHe; T - Te,mepaTYP'; Q - o(S'heMHblA paCXO.ll; P - RJlOTHOCTb; 6 - ra3OCO.llepJKa'
BHe; m - M'CC' K,seCKH; H - ypoeem. 3anOJlHeHBII
MaCCOBbIe paCXO.ll.bI KOMnOHeHTOB, HX COOTHOWeHHe; nJIOTHOCTb KOM-
nOHeHTOB H HX ra3OCO.ll.ep.>KaHHe; ypOBeHb 3anOJIHeHH$I eMKOCTHbiX
annapaTOB. OCHOBHbIe TOtJKH YCTaHOBKH .lI.aTtJHKOB KOHTpOJIR TeXHO-
JIOrHllecKHx napaMeTpOB npe.ll.CTaBJleHbI Ha pHC. 1.33. 3HalleHHR
napaMeTpOB, nO.ll.JIe>KallJ,HX KOHTpOJlIO H perYJIHpOBaHHIO, onpe.ne-
JIHIOTC$I 06b1I1HO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblM nYTeM, 3a.!laIOT HX BPYIIHYIO
(3a.naIOUJ.HMH 3JIeMeHTaMH MeCTHbiX HJIH nYJlbTOBbiX npH60pos
ynpaBJIeHU$I), C nOMOUJ.bIO nep<j>oKapT HJlH nYTeM I.{H<ppoBoro BBO.ll.a
.naHHblX tJepe3 KJIaBHaTYPY Ha .lI.HCnJIee TepMHHaJIa. KOHTpOJIb Tex-
HOJlOrHqeCKOX napaMeTpOB npOH3BO.ll.$IT C nOMOUJ.blO CTaH.napTHbIX
.naTtJHK()B. CpaBHHBa$l lj>aKTHllecKHe 3HalleHHH KOHTpOJIHpyeMbix na-
paMeTpoB C 3a.ll.aHHblMH, CAY BbI.llaeT CHI'HaJIbi HCnOJIHHTeJIbHblM
MexaHH3MaM .lI.JI$I YCTpaHeHH$I HMeIOUJ.erOCH paCCOrJIaCOBaHH$I.
TeMnepaTYPY peareHTOB H TenJIOHOCHTeReH KOHTpOJIHpYIOT
oObIlIHO TepMOMeTpaMH conpOTHBJIeHHH HJIH TepMonapaMH, nOMe-
IlJ,eHHbIMH B npe.llOXpaHHTeJlbHble 6aJIJIoHbI. B JIHTbeBbiX <j>opMax
TepMO.ll.aTqHKH YCTaHaBJIH'BaIOT B o.nHY HJIH 06e nOJIy<j>opMbI TaK,
'1TOObi ux H3MepHTeJIbHa$l qaCTb pacnOJIaraJIaCb no B03MO>KHOCTH
6JIH>Ke K 1j>0pMyIOUJ.eH nOBepXHOCTO. npH Bbl60pe THna TepMO.ll.aT-
'1HKa H MeCTa ero YCTaHOBKH CJIe.nyeT HMeTb B BH.lI.Y, qTO TepMOnapa
H3MepHeT JIOKaJIbaylO TeMnepaTYPY B 3a,n:aHHOH WilKe, a TepMOMel'p
conpOTHBJleHHH KOHTpOJIUpyeT )'cpe.ll.HeHHYIO TeMnepaTYPY B 30He
3aMepa.
.
III
z
J
{l(TI;€
a
o
15
6
PHC. 1.34, fpaBHMeTpHqeCKHA (a) H pa.zlHOMeTpHqecKHA (6) nnoTHoMepbl If
npH60p Mil onpe.l1eneHHII ra30C0.l1epJKaHHII .l1eKOMnpeccHoHHblM MeTO.llOM (8)
B HCXO.l1HOM nonOJKeHHH (BepXHHA PHCYHOK) H nOnOJKeHHH H3MepeHHH (HHJKHHH
PHCYHOK) :
1 - CTpeJlK, HcI>ep6JI8THoro YK'3aTeJlJl M'CCIoI; 2 - q'WKa BeCOB; 3 - rH(SKHe coeAHHeHHII;
4 - H3MepHTeJlbHIoIli KOBTyp; 5 - HSJlyqaTeJlb; 6 - H3MepHTeJJbHIoIli yq'CTOK; 7. 10 - H'OP'B-
JleHHe ABHJKeHHJI KOMOOHeHTOB A H 8; 8 - H3MepHTeJlbHoe YCTpoIIcTBO; 9 - C HHUHJlJlJI HOH-
810111 CqeTqHK; 1/ - BB01l. CJK'TOrO B03AYX8; 12 - OJlYHJKep; 13 - H3MepHTeJlblf8J1 WK'JI'; 14-
AeKoMopeccHoHltbili HJlHHAP; 15 - 3'OOPHiolil KP'H
.llaBJIeHHe B eMKOCTHbiX annapaTaX H3Mep$lIOT lIaUJ.e BCerO npy-
1KHHHbIMH MaHOMeTpaMH HJIH MaHOBaKYYMMeTpaMH. B 6JIoKax .nO-
3HpOBaHHH HJIH CMeCHTeJIbHblX rOJIOBKaX HCnOJIb3yIOT MaHOMeTpbI
C pa3.l1.eJIHTeJIbHOH MeM6paHoH, a TaK>Ke TeH30MeTpHllecKHe HJIH
nbe30KpHCTaJIJIHlleCKHe .naTqHKH .lI.aBJIeHHH [128, 137. 142].
nJIOTHOCTb KOMnOHeHTOB o6b1I1HO H3Mep$lIOT rpaBHMeTpHqecKH-
MH HJIH pa.ll.HaUHOHHblMH nJIOTHOMepaMH (pHc. 1.34, a, 6), a .lI.JISI
onpe.neJIeHHH co.nep>KaHH$I HepacTBopHMoro ra3a HOOOJIb3YIOT .lI.e-
KOMnpeccHoHHblH MeTO.ll., oCHoBaHHblH Ha onpe.ll.eJIeHHH C>KHMaeMO-
CTH ra30B (pHC. 1.34,8 H 2).
06'beMHbIH pacxo.ll. HH3KOB$l3KHX KOMnOHeHTOB KOHTpOJIHPYIOT C
[JOMOUJ.bIO pOTaMeTpoB, a cpaBHHTeJIbHO BbiCOKOB$l3KHX KOMnOHeH-
TOB -- paCXO.ll.OMepaMH weCTepeHqaTOrO H T)'pOHHHoro THna HJIH C
OBaJIbHblMH KOJIecaMH [128]. B 3THX paCXO.ll.OMepaX nepeMew.eHHSI:
H3MepHTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa, coooUJ.aeMbie nOTOKOM >KH.lI.KOCTH B 30He
KOHTpOJIH, C nOMOUJ.bIO 6ecKOHTaKTHOrO HH.lI.YKuHoHHoro .lI.aTtJHKa H.
HMnyJIbCHOrO YCHJIHTeJIH npeo6pa3YIOTc$I B nOKa3aTeJIH pacxo.ll.a H3
UH«j>POBOM HH.lI.HKaTope. npH HaJIHqHH OTKJIOHeHH$I pacxo.ll.a OT 3a-
.lI.aHHOrO C nOMOUJ.bIO ACY npoH3Bo.nHTC$I ero KoppeKTHpOBKa.
YpOBeHb 3anOJIHeHHH eMKOCTHbiX all'IIapaTOB M01KHO KOHTPOJIH-
pOBaTb ypOBHeMepaMH MeM6paHHoro THna. eMKOCTHblMH H 3JIeKTpO-
MeXaHHqecKHMH CHrHaJlH3aTOpaMH YPOBH$I, a TSK>Ke rH.lI.paBJIHqe-
CKHMH H fiHeBMaTHqeCKHMH .II.HHaMOMeTpaMu-BecoMepaMH [129 p
c. 142].
112
1.7. TExHonorH PEAKtI,HOHI'IOrO CDOPM08AHW" MOHOnHTHblX
Jot nO,D,BCOEHEHHblX nOnHYPETAHOB
1.7.1. TexHonorM eclCMe Tpe60BaHMJI IC ICOMn03Ml4HJlM
H3YlleHHe cneuH<pHKH CMeweHIfH H TetJeHH$I OJIOrOMepoB H oc06eH-
HocTeH «j>H3HKO-xHMHtJecKHx npeBpaUJ.eHHH B npouecce H3rOTOBJIe-
HH$I H «j>opMoBaHH$I ypeTaHoBbIx CHCTeM, a TaK>Ke npaKTHllecKHH
onbiT nepepa60TKH nOKa3bIBalOT, liTO .lI.JIH .lI.OCTH>KeHH$I HaHJIyqWHX
KaqeCTBeHHblX nOKa3aTeJIeH npH peaKUHOHHOM <j>opMOBaHHH MOHO-
JIHTHbiX H3.l1.eJIHH H3 nOJIHypeTaHoB KOMn03HuHH .lI.OJI>KHbI Y.lI.OBJIeT-
BOP$lTb CJIe.nYIOUJ.HM Tpe60BaHJf$lM;
1) B03MO>KHOCTb pa3.l1.eJIeHHH KOMn03HUHH Ha .lI.Ba <j>H3HllecKH If,
XHMIHqecKH cTa6HJIbHblX )K.H.lI.KHX KOMnOHeHTa, KOTopbIe MO>KHO .lI.JIH-
TeJIbHO xpaHHTb H MHoroKpaTHo HarpeBaTb H KOTopble B3aHMo.neH-
CTBYIOT TIOCJIe COBMeUJ.eHHH C BbICOKOH perYJIHpyeMoH CKOpOCTbIO"
06pa3Y$l nOJIHMep C Tpe6yeMblMH CTPYKTYpOH H CBoHcTBaMH [157];
2) KOMnOHeHTbI .nOJI>KHbI oOJIa.naTb xopoweH B3aHMHOH COBMec-
THMOCTbIO (B H.neaJIe .nOJI>KHbI 6bITb B3aHMopacTBopHMblMH);
3) 06'beMHoe COOTHOUIeHHe KOMnOHeHTOB B CMecH .nOJI>KHO HMeTb
3HaQeHHe, 6JIH3Koe K 1, a COOTHoweHHe H3 BH3KocTeH t}2/t}t -- Haxo-
.lI.HTbCH B HHTepBaJIe 0,6--1,0, npH ypoBHe t}t H t)2, He npeBbiwalO-
UJ.eM 1,5-2,0 na.c;
4) OnTHMaJIbHaH TeMneparypa OTBep>K.lleHHH nOJIHypeTaHa
.nOJI>KHa He3HallHTeJlbHO OT J1HtJaTbC$I OT TeMnepaTypbl peaKuHoHHOH'
MaCCbI; caMopa30rpeB 3a CtJeT TeTI.IIa XHMH'leCKOH peaKUHH He .lI.OJI-
>KeH npeBbiwaTb TeMnepaTYPY TepMH'leCKerO pa3JIO>KeHH$I HJIM KH-
neHH$I KOMn03HUHH;
5) B$l3KOCTb ypeTaHoBoH KOMU03HUHH Ha HallaJIbHOH CTaJI,HH OT-
Bep>K.neHHH .nOJl>KHa coxpaHHTbCH npHMepHO Ha nOCTOHHHOM .nOCTa-
TOtJHO HH3KOM ypoBHe, a no .lI.OCTH>KeHHH t* - HapaCTaTb C B03MO>K-
HO 60JIbweH CKOpOCTbIO;
6) nOJIHMep .lI.OJI>KeH HMeTb HH3KYIO XHMHlJeCKYIO 'H TenJIOBY
YCa.ll.KY, liTO npe.nonpe.neJlHeT MHHHMH3aUHIO BHYTpeHHHX Hanp$l>Ke-
HHH H nOBblweHHe npeUH3HOHHOCTH H3.neJIHH;
7) Hcxo.nHoe cblpbe .nOJI>KHO 6bITb cTa6HJIbHblM no XHMHtJeCKHM:
H <j>H3HtJecKHM CBOHCTBaM; B KOMnOHeHTax .lI.OJl>KHbI OTCYTCTBOBaTb.
ra30B03.nywHble H TBep.ll.ble BKJIlOtJeHH$I;
8) CBOHCTBa CHHTe3HpyeMoro nOJIHMepa .lI.OJI>KHbI 6bITb B03MO>K-
HO MeHbwe IIYBcTBHTeJIbHbI K KOJIeOaHHHM .lI.03HpOBKH KOMnOHeHTOB,
KatJecTBY CblpbH, HaJIHIIHIO npHMeceH BJlarH H JIeTYIIHx;
9) cblpbe, nOJIynpo.ll.YKTbI H BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIe MaTepHaJIbi .nOJI>K-
Hbi oOJIa.naTb MHHHMaJlbHOH TOKCHIIHOCTbIO, arpeccHBHoCTbIO, B3Pbl-
BO- H nO>KapOOnacHocTblO.
PeUeTITYpHblMH npHeMaMH He Bcer.na Y.lI.aeTC$I .n06HTbC$I BbinOJI-
HeHH$I Bcero KOMnJIeKCa TeXHOJIOrHllecKHx Tpe60BaHHH K ypeTaHo-
BbiM KOMn03HUHHM. B 3TOM CJIYllae .lI.JIH 06ecnetJeHHH HX KatJeCTBeH-
HOH nepepa60TKH npHMeHHIOT aneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHoe 060pY.lI.oBaHHe
HJIH HCnOJIb3YIOT onpe.neJIeHHble TeXHOJIOrHllecKHe npHeMbi.
8-153 ·
113
1.7.2.
1:-eXHonOfIoNeCKMe CxeMtiI .. "THn08ltIe
nocneAOBaTenbHOcTH on pa H"
PeaKUHOHHoe <j>opMOBaHHe MOHOJIHTHbiX nOJIHypeTaHoB MO>KHO
JOCYUJ.ofCTBJIHTb I1'Jj) QlJ.Hocra.lIJHHHoH, , op!nOJIH:MepHOH H nCelAAo«j>op-
nOJIHMepHOH cxeMaM. O.nHOCTa.nHHHblH npouecc BKJIIOtJaeT CJIe.nyIO-
-tUHe TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHe onepaUUH:
1) no.nrOTOBKa CblpbH (cywKa, nJIaBJIeHHe, pa30rpeB, ycpe.nHe-
BHe H T. .n.); 2) n.pHrOTQBJIeHHe ru.npOKCHJICo.nep>KaUJ.ero KOMno-
BeHTa, T. e. CMellleHHe o.JJHroMepHoro rJIHKO.JJH C y.nJIHHHTeJIeM
u,enH H .n06aBKaMH; 3) 3arpY3Ka rH.npOKCH.JJCo.nep>Kalll.ero KOMno-
"IeHTa H MOHoMepHoro .nHH30UHaHaTa B pa60tJHe 6aKH; 4) .n03HpO-
aHHaH no.naqa KOMnQHeH B H3 .pa60qHx 6aKoB no peUHPKYJI$lUH-
"OHHOH MarH'CTpaJIH ,B cMeCHTeJIbHYIO rOJIOBKy HH3Koro HJIH BbiCOKoro
..lI.aBJIeHHH; 5) CMeweHHe KOMnOHeHTOB H peaKuHoHHoe <j>opMoBaHHe
KOMnOHeHTOB, ocYlll.ecTBJIReMbie .HenpepblBHo B e.nHHOM TeXHOJIorH-
lleCKOM UHKJIe C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM OTKpblTbiX HJIH 3aKpblTbix <j>OpM;
6) CTPYKTypHpOBaHHe H3.neJIHH .B <j>opMe; 7) H3BJIetJeHHe H3.neJIHSI
ilf3 <j>OpMbI; 8) .noB.YJIKaHH3aUHR H3.ne.'IHH B KaMepHoM BYJIKaHH3a-
1'ope (TepMocTare) HJIH BblJIe>KKa npH HOpMaJIbHOH TeMneparype;
'9) 3aKJIIOtJHTeJIbHble onepaUHH (06pe3Ka 06.JJOH H JIHTHIIKOB, YCT-
paHeHHe MeJIKHX .ne<j>eKToB, pa3 paKoBKa H .np.); 10) .np06JIeHHe
-oTXO.nOB H 6paKoBaHHblx H3.neJIHH.; II) XHMHtJeCKaH pereHepaUHSI
BTopHtJHoro CblpbH; 12) .n06aRJIeHHe pereHepaTa B KatJecTBe .n06aB-
XH B nOJIHOJIbHblH KOMnOHeHT.
ECJIH JIHTbe npoH3Bo.nRT B BaKYYMe, TO .n06aBJIHIOTCH onepaUHH
'C03.naHHH BaKYYMa B nOJIOCTH <j>OpMbI (nepe.n CMeweHHeM KOMno-
lIeHTOB) H CTpaBJIH'BaHHe BaKYYMa (nepe.n H3BJIetJeHHeM H3.neJIHH
H3 <j>OpMbI). npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH <popnOJIHMepHOH H nceB.no<j>opno-
.JIHMepHOH TeXHOJIOrHH CHHTe3a nOJIHypeTaHa .no6aBJIHeTCH CTa.nHH
npHrOTOBJIeHHH <j>opnOJIHMepa HJIH nceB.no<j>opnOJIHMepa nepHo.nH-
qeCKHM HJIH HenpepblBHblM MeTo.nOM (nepe.n .n03HpOBaHHOH nO.ll.atJeH
KOMnOHeHTOB) .
TeXHonO.....LleCKHe pe>KHMItI, HX npOfH03HpOBaHHe
H onTHMH3a M"
OCHOBHblMH TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHMH onepaUH$lMH, onpe.neJIHIOUJ.HMH npo-
'.H3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTb npouec.ca 'peaKU:HOHHoro <j>opMo.BaH,H MOHOJIHT-
HbiX H3.neJIHH 'H3 InOJIHy,peTa,Ha, H,BJIHIOTCR CMeweHHof 'H '<PoPMOBaHHe.
Ha CTa.nHH CMeweHHH npoHcxo.nHT MexaHlltJecKoe 'nepeMemHBaHHe
.xHMHtJeOKH B3aHMo.neHCTBYIOUJ.HX >K'H,U,KHX KOMOOHeHTOB H Hanpa'B-
JIeHHOe <PopiMIHpOBa'HHe reTeporeH'HOH CTopYKTYPbl 0'3 I'H6KHX OJIHrO-
3<j>HpHblX (.lIIHeHOBblX) 6JIOKOB H >KeCTKHX OJIHroypeTaHOBblX, aMHk
HblX H .nPyrHx 6JIOJroB, .nJIH KOTOpblX xa,paKTepHbI <j>a-30B'Oe pa3.ne-
,JIeHHe H tJaCTHtJ-ItaH J1q)HoCT,aJIJI.H3aUHH >KecTKOH <j>a3b1. .D.JIH HClKJIIO-
qeHHR HJIH MSoKCHMaJIbHOrO YMeHbweHHSI BJIHHHIHH Maccoo6MeHa ,"a
nOJIHMepH3aUHIO H <l>a30Boe pa3.neJIeHHe He06xo.nHMbI TaKHe pe>KH-
Mbi CMeweHHH, npH KOTQPblX npo.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb 3TOro npouecca
'1.7.3.
114
3HatJHTeJIbHO MeHbWe XapaKTepHblX BpeMeH XHMHtJecKHX H MOp<j>O-
JIOrHtJecKHx npeBpaUJ.eHHH. npH 310M Ha OCHOBaHHH H3BecTHbiX KPH-
TepHeB oueHKH 3<j><j>eKTHBHOCTH H KatJeCTBa C'MeweHHH Ha MaKpo-
'H MHKPOypOBHHX, peOKHHeTHqeCKHM 3aBHCHMOCTHM, peuenTypHblM,
H .nPyrHM <j>aKTOpaM Bbl6HpaIOT THn CMeCHTeJIbHo-.n03HpYIOUJ. ro-
060py.nOBaHHH .nJI$I KOHKpeTHblX TeXHOJIorutJeCKHX ueJIeii: H onpeJJ.e-
JIHIOT OnTHMaJIbHble TeMnepaTYPbl KOMnOHeHTOB (06b1tJHO B HHTep-
BaJIe 20--130 °C), tJaCToTY BpaUJ.eHHR MeWaJIOK B rOJIOBKaX HH3KO--
ro .naBJIeHHH (06b1tJHo B HHTepBaJIe 5000--20000 MHH- I ), HanopHO-
pacxo.nHble napaMeTpbl no.natJH KOMnOHeHTOB B rOJIOBKaX BbiCOKOTO
.nSBJIeHHSI, oOUJ.YIO npOH3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTb, pa3Mepbl HH>KeKTOpOB H
npotJHe KOHCTPYKTHBHo-TeXHOJIOrHtJecKHe napaMeTpbl npouec-ca CMe--
weHHH. 3aTeM 3TH napaMeTpbl YTOtJHHIOT H onTHMH3HpYIOT 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHblM nYTeM, npH 3TOM KpHTepHeM onTHMH3aUHH 06b1tJHO
$IBJIHeTCR .nOCTH>KeHHe Tpe6yeMoro HJIH MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO>KHOrO-
KOMnJIeKCa CBOii:CTB nOJIHypeTaHa npH HaHMeHbwHX 3KOHOMHtJeCKHX
3aTpaT8X.
.D.JIH oueHKH KatJeCTBa CMeweHHH HCnOJIb3YIOT pa3JIHtJHble Me--
TO.nbl: no H3MeHeHHIO TeMnepaTYPbl Ha Bblxo.ne H3 CMeCHTeJIbHOH
KaMepbl, no 3.'1eKTpOnpOBo.nHOCTH CMeCH, no ypOBHIO H OJl:HOpO.nHO-
CTH <j>H3HKO-MexaHHtJeCKHX nOKa3aTeJIeii:, no paBHOMepHOCTH pac--
npeJl:eJIeHHH 30JIb-<j>paKUHH B 06'beMe H3.neJIHH, no XO.nHMOCTH H3--
.neJIHii:, no CMeweHHIO no.nKpaweHHblX nOTOKOB H 1:.n. rt26, 131].
B pa60Te [143] npe.!lJIO>KeH MeTO.1. oueHKH KatJeCTBa CMeweHHR
no OTHOCHTeJIbHoMY nOKa3aTeJIIO <p (B %), xapaKTepH3y'IOw.eMY CTe-
neHb npH6JIH>KeHHocTH nOJIYtJaeMoH CMeCIf K H.neaJIbHoii:, npH 3TOM
BBO.!l.HTCH rpaJl:aUHH cMeceii no TeXHO.,orHtJHOCTH Ha HOpMaJIbHble._
TH>KeJIO- H otJeIfb T5I)KeJIO CMeWHBaeMble CHCTeMbi (B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT BH3KOCTH, COOTHoweHHH nOTOKOB H BH3KocTeH KOMnOHellTOB H HX-
B3aHMHoH cOBMecTHMocTH). )J.JIH HOpMaJIbHO CMeWHBaeMbiX CHCTeM:
nOKa3aTeJIb HHTeHCHBHOCTH COCTaBJIHeT 75%, TH>Ke.'10 CMeWHBae-'
MbiX -- 85%, a otJeHb TH>KeJIO CMeWHBaeMbiX -.llO 95 %.
3aBHcHMoCTb <p OT Rem B rOJIOBKaX HH3Koro .naBJIeHHH npe.n-'
CTaBJIeHa KpHBOH 1 Ha pHC. 1.35. BeJIHIJHHY Rem paCCtJHTblBalOT no'
<j>opMYJIe Rem = Q/(11 VI/3) (r.ne Q -- pacxo.n, 11-- BH3KOCTb CMeCH,
V -- cB060.nHblii: 06'beM CMeCHTeJIbHOH KaMepbl). KaK BH.nHO H3,
pHC. 1.35, C YBeJIHtJeHHeM Rem npH oUOCTOHHHblX V H 11 H YBeJIHtJe-
HHH Q HHTeHCHBHOCTb CMeweHHH CHH>KaeTCH. npH COOTBeTCTBYIO-
UJ.eM Bbl60pe TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHX pe>KHMOB -- pacxo.na, tJaCTOTbi Bpa-
w.eHHH H reOMeTpHH CMeCHTeJIbHblX 3JIeMeHTOB, T. e. YBeJIHtJHBaH
Rel(=CI>r m P/11; Cl>V/Q; fJ/r m H YMeHbwaR fJ/h (CM. pa3.n. 1.5), MO>KHO'
.nOCTHIIb Tpe6yeMoro KatJeCTBa CMeweHHH [131].
JIHMHTHPYIOUJ.HM <j>aKTopoM nOBblweHHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH CMewe--
HHH B rOJIOBKaX HH3Koro .naBJIeHHH 3a CtJeT YBeJIHtJeHHSI TIapaMeT-
pa CI> V/Q HBJIHeTCR B03paCTaHHe .nHCCHnaTHBHblX TeDJIOBbI.!I.eJIeHHii:,_
KOTopble BMeCTe C caMopa30rpeBOM CMeCH 3a CtJeT TenJIa XHMHtJe--
CKOH peaKUHH MorYT npHBeCTH K He.nonYCTHMOMY nOBbillIeHHIO
TeMnepaTypbl. AJIH peaKUHOHHoro <l?opMOBaHHH T$I>KeJIO CMeWHBae--
MbiX CHCTeM peKOMeHJl:yeTcH HCnOJIb3OBaTb, rOJIOBKH WT.bIpeBOro.
8-
.
1/5
HJIH rpe6esqaToro THna (CM.
pHC. 1.25, a H :He) IIIPH YMepeH-
HbiX qaCTOTax Bpalll.eHHH MeWaJI-
KH ( 10 000 MHH- 1 ). Xopoweii
cMecHTeRbHoH cnoc06HOCTbIO
npH tJa<:TOTax BpaUJ.eHHSI .11.0
23000 MHH- 1 xapaKrepH3YIOTCH
rOJIOBKH co CMeCHTeJIbHblM 3JIe-
MeHTOM B BH.ne KOHHtJecKoro
MHor03aXO.ll.HOrO tJepBSlKa (CM.
pH-c. 1.25, z). Y<:RoBHeM HOp-
MaRbHOH pa60Tbi TaKoro CMeCH-
TeJIH SlBJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBHe
-maCOCHoro 3<j><j>eKTa, C03.naBaeMoro BHRTOBOH Hape3KoH, npoH3Bo-
,!1HTeJIbHOCTH Hacoca. ECJIH npOH3Bo.nHTeRbHOCTb HaCOCOB npeBbI-
°lllaeT npOH3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTb tJepBSlKa, TO Ha6RIO.naeTCH «3axRe6b1Ba-
"HHe» CMeCHTeJIH, cOnpOBO>K.naIOUJ.eecH YTetJKoH KOMnOHeHTOB lIepe3-
ynROTHeHHe BaR a MeWaJIKH. ECJIH >KenpOH3Bo.nHTeRbHOCTb HaCOCOB
MeHbwe npOH3Bo.nHTeRbHOCTH tJepBHKa, TO CMeCHTeRb pa60TaeT B
'pe>KHMe «rOJIo.nHoro» nHTaHHH H KOMnOHeHTbI 6b1CTpo npoxo.nHT
30HY CMeweHHSI, npH 310M B KOMn03HUHH MorYT nOHBRHTbCH ra30-
:_B03.nywHble BKRIOtJeHHSI H KatJeCTBO nepeMeWHBaHHH YXY.lI.WaeTCH.
CorRaCOBaHHe npOH3B0,!1HTeRbHOCTH tJepBHKa H .n03HpYIOUJ.HX Haco-
COB oCYllI.eCTBJIHeTCSI 3KcnepHMeHTaRbHblM nYTeM. B03.nywHble
'BKJIIOtJeHHSI B CMeCH MorYT TaK>Ke nOHBRHTbC$I B pe3YRbTaTe no,!1CO-
ca B03.nyxa tJepe3 HerepMeTHtJHble ynJIOTHeHHSI BaRa MeWaJIKH, .no-
3HPYIOUJ.HX HaCOCOB, nepeKJIIOtJaTeJIeH DOTOKa H T. n.
B rOROBKe BbiCOKoro .naBJIeHHSI, Ha060poT, HHTeHCHBHOCTb CMe-
,weHHH q> B03paCTaeT C YBeRHtJeHHeM Rem (KpHBa$l 2 Ha pHc.1.35),
'80 He 6e3rpaHHtJHo, TaK KaK C pOCTOM Q YBeRHtJHBaIOTCSI nOTepH
.naBReHH$I /1P B HH>KeKTOpax. TaK, ,!1RSI rOROBKH BbiCOKoro ,!1aBRe-
-HHH HHTeHCHBHOCTb CMeweHHSI npH /1P=25 Mna COCTaBJIHeT 85%
f226]. .D.RSI YBeJIHlleHHH q> C 85 .no 100% He06xo.nHMO nOBblCHTb
Rem C 65 .no 125. YtJHTblBaH, tJTO B COnRax rOJIOBKH peaJIH3yeTcH
'pe>KHM pa3BHTOH Typ6YReHTHOCTH, npH KOTOpOM /1P- Q2 (CM.
pa3J1:. 1.3), .nRH .nOCTH>KeHHH q>= 100% He06xo.nHMo /1P YBeJIHtJHTb
.no 100 Mna. TaKHe 3HatJeHHH /1P BblXO.nSlT 3a paMKH .nonycTHMblX
.lI.aBReHHH B RIM-ycTaHoBKax, CRe.noBaTeJIbHO, npH peaRbHblx pa-
°.oOtJHX ,!1aBReHHHX, COCTaBRHIOUJ.HX o6b1tJHO He 60JIee 25 Mna, Tpe-
,-(5yeMaSi .nRH otJeHb TH>KeRO CMeWHBaeMbiX KOMn03HuHH HHTeHCHB-
'HOCTb CMellleHHH npaKTHtJecKH He,!10CTHJKHMa [131].
.D.JIH nOBblweHHSI 3<j><j>eKTHBHoCTH CMeweHHSI Tpy.nHonepepa6a-
':TblBaeMbiX RIM-KoMn03HUHH MO>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb .nonOJIHHTeJIb-
'!fJ, "
i100 /
f
75
.50
:.25
o
10-'
PHC. 1.35. 3aBHCHMOCTb HHTeHCHBHO-
CTH CMeWeHHJI q? OT KpHTepHII Re B
ronOBKax HH3KOro (1) H BbiCOKoro
(2) .IlaB.lleHlUI
116
Hble CTaTHlleCKHe CMeCHTeJIH, yCTaHaBJIHBaeMbie B JIHTHHKOBOM Ka-
HaJIe <j>OpMbI (CM. pHC. 1.30, a), rOJIOBKH C Typ6YJIeHTHoH KaMepoH
H KOM6HHHpoBaHHble rOJIOBKH, B KOTOpblX npHHu,Hn CTPYHHoro CMe-
meHHH COqeTaeTcH C MexaHHtJeCKHM nepeMewHBaHHeM.
He06xo.ll.HMblM YCJIOBHeM .nJISI flOJIYtJeHHH KaqecTBeHHblX H3.a.e-
JlHH Ha MaWHHax BbiCOKoro H HH3Koro .naBJIeHHSI HBJIHeTCSI HCKJIIO-
tJeHHe onepe>KeHH$I HJIH 3ana3.nblBalJlHSI no.nallu o.nHoro H3 KOMno-
HeHTOB B HatJaJIe BnpblcKa. tJTO .nOCTHraeTCSI nYTeM cTporoii: CHH-
xpOHH3aUHU pa-OOTbi nepeKJIIOtJaTeJIeH nOTOKa H HCnOJIb30BaHHeM
CHCTeM .a.03HpOBaHHSI, B KOTOpblX nepeKJIIOtJeHHe nOTOKOB He con PO-
BO>KJl:aeTCSI nHKOBbiM pOCTOM .naBJIeHHH [128]. B pH.ne CJIYtJaeB .i/,JIH
HCKJIIOtJeHH$I nona.naHHH nepBoii: nOpu.HH CMeCH B fIOJIOCTb <j>OpMbI
HCnOJIb3YIOT cneUUaJIbHble JlOBYWKH, YCTaHOBJIeHHble B JIHTHHKOBOM
KaHaJIe (CM. pHC. 1.30,6), JIH60 c6pacblBalOT nepBYIO nopuHIO .no
nocTynJIeHHH nOTOKa B <j>OPMY.
fia CTa.ll.HH JIHTbeBOro <j>opMoBaHHSI H3.l1.eJIHIO npH.lI.alOT Tpe6ye-
MYIO KOH<j>HrypauHIO H CPHKCHpYIOT ee nYTeM XHMHtJeCKoro CWHBaHHH
H npeBpalll.eHHSI OJIHrOMepHoH KOMn03HUHH B nOJIHMep C Tpe6yeMbI-
MH CTPYKTYPOH H CBoHcTBaMH. B npouecce JIHTbeBOro <j>opMoBaHHSI
MO>KHO BbI.neJIHTb .nBa nana: 3anOJIHeHHe <j>OpMbI; OTBep>K.lI.eHHe
Jf3.neJIHSI.
OTKpblTble <j>OpMbI 3anOJIIHHIOT tJa.IUe Bcero cBepxy Henocpe.ncT-
BeHBO H3 rOJIOBOK HH3Koro HJIH BbiCOKoro .naBJIeHHH CneUHaJIbHOH
KOHCTPYKUHH (CM. pRC. 1.32). 3aKpblTble <j>OpMbI 3anOJIHHIOT CBep-
XY. roOKY HJIH CHH3Y tJepe3 JIHTHHKOBbie KaHaJIbI, 3aKpblBaIOUJ.HecSi
nOCJIe onpblCKa. .D.aBJIeHHe BnpblCKa C03.naIOT .n03HPYlOUJ.HMH Ha-
cocaMH, Ha Bxo.a.e B <j>OPMY OHO 06b1tJHO He npeBbilliaeT 0.35 Mna
{131]. npH JIHTbe B BaKYYMH'PyeMYIO <POp MY .naBJIeHHe BnpblCKa
onpeJl:eJIHeTCH pa3HOCTbIO Me>KJl:Y aTMoc<j>epHblM H OCTaTOtJHblM .naB-
JleHHeM 8 O<j>OpMJIHIOllI.eH nOJIOCTH, .lI.OCTHraIOUJ.eH npH .nOCTaTOtJHO
l'JIy-oOKOM BaKYYMe ::::::0,1 Mna.
OCHOBHOii: TeXHOJIorHllecKoii: 3a.natJeii: .naHHoro 3Tana JIHTbeBOro
<}>opMoBaHHSI HBJIHeTCH 3anOJIHeHHe O<j>OpMJIHIOUJ.eii: nOJIOCTH 6e3 ny-
3b1_peH, paKooHH H CTblKOBbiX WBOB (JIHHHH cnaSl). O.nHa H3 npHtJHH
o6pa30BaHH$I B03.l1.YWHblX BKJIIOtJeHHH -- 3aXBaT B03.nyxa nOTOKOM
peaKUHOHl1oii: MaCCbI, <j>pOHT KOToporo BbiTeCH$leT B03.nyx H3 nOJIO-
CTH CPOpMbI H JIHTHHKOBOii: CHCTeMbi. .D.JISI 06ecnetJeHHSI nOJIHOrO BbI-
TeCHeHHSI B03.nyxa H HCKJIIOtJeHHSI ero 3aXBaTa nOTOKOM peaKuHOH-
HaSi Macca .nOJl>KHa .nBHraTbCSI B JIaMHHapHOM pe>KHMe 6e3 3aBHxpe-
HHH H Typ6YJIeHTHOCTH, lITO peaJIH3yeTcH npH CKOpOCTHX He 60JIee
3 M{C. B cMecHTeJlbHbIX rOJIOBKaX BbiCOKoro .naBJIeHHSI CKOpOCTb BBO-
)la nOTOKOB B CMeCHTeJIbHYIO KaMepy COCTa,BJIHeT :::::: 150 M/c, a CKO-
pOCTb Bblxo.na peaKuHoHHoii: MaCCbI, perYJIHpyeMaSi .npoCCeJIeM,-
B Cpe.ll.HeM 10-50 M/c. .D.JIH .a.aJIbHeHWero CHH>KeHHSI CKOpOCTU C
10--50 .no 3 M/C 6e3 3aBHxpeHHii: H pa3pblBa nOTOKa HCnOJIb3YIOT
ycnoKOHTeJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI, onHcaHHble B pa3J1:. 1.5.
npH JIOTbe B BaKYYMHpoBaHHYIO <POp MY B03.a.YWHble BKJIIOQeHHSI
MorYT B03HHKaTb B pe3YJIbTaTe no.ncoca B03.nyxa tJepe3 HenJIOTHOCTH
B COllJIeHeHHHX JIHTbeBoii: BOpOHKH HJIH Me>K.ny <l>OPMYIOIUHMH 9JIe-
117
MeHTaMH, a TaK>Ke BCJIe.n.CTBHe YMeHbWeHH$I paCTBOpHMOCTH ra30B
B CMeCH npH nocTynJIeHHH B 30HY pa3pe>KeHHfl. ,U.JIH YCTpaHeHHSL
B03.n.YWHblX BKJIIOqeHHH B 3TOM CJIYtJae He06xo.n.HMO 60JIee TUJ.a-
TeJIbHO repMeTH3HpOBaTb CTblKH HJIH 1II0BbiWaTb OCTaTOtJHoe .n.aB-
JIeHHe.
npH JIHTbe no.n. .n.aBJIeHHeM HJIH B BaKYYMHpOBaHHYIO <j>OPMY H3-
.lI.eJIHH CJIO>KHOH KOH<j>HrypaUHH B03MO>KHO «KopOTKoe 3aMblKaHHe»
nOTOKa <j>opMyeMoH MaCCbI, T. e. nepeTeKaHHe MaTepHaJIa H3 BXO.n.-
Horo JIUTHHKa K BblXO.n.HOMY no nYTH HaHMeHbwero conpOTHBJIeHHH..
npH 3TOM tJaCTb <j>opMYIOUJ.eH nOJIOCTH (npeHMYUJ.eCT.BeHHO B HH>K-
HeH tJaCTH H B yrJIax) MO>KeT OKa3aTbCH He3anOJIHeHHOH. .D.JIH JIHK-
BH.n.aUHH «KopOTKoro 3aMblKaHHH» <j>OPMY Heo6xo.n.HMO pacnOJIaraTb
TaK, tJT06bI KOMn03HUHH nocTynaJIa B HH>KHIOIO TOtJKY <j>OpMbI U .n.BH-
raJIaCb 'BepTHKaJIbHO BBepx co cpa'BHHTeJIbHO He60JIbWOH CKO-
pOCTbIO. npH JIHTbe B BaKYYMHpOBaHHYIO <j>OPMY CKOpOCTb 3anOJI-
HeHHH MO>KHO onTHMH3HpOBaTb nYTeM BbI60pa COOTBeTCTBYIOw.ero
.n.HaMeTpa JIHTHHKa HJIH 3a CtJeT BbI.n.ep>KKH 8 JIHTbeBOH BopOHKe
peaKUHOHHOH MaCCbI B TetJeHHe onpe.n.eJIeHHOro apeMeHH nepe.ll._
BnpbICKOM C ueJIbIO nOBblweHHH ee BH3KOCTH.
npHtJHHOH 06pa30BaHHR CTblKOBbiX IlIBOB H pa3.n.eJIHTeJIbHblX JIH-
HHH, B03HHKaIOUJ.HX B MeCTax 061>e.n.HHeHHH paCtJJIeHeHHblX B <j>opMe
nOTOKOB, H:BJIHeTCH npe>K.n.eBpeMeHHoe reJIe06pa30BaHHe K MOMeHTY
UX KOHTaKTa. npe>K.n.espeMeHHoe reJIe06pa30BaHHe MO>KeT TaK>Ke
HBHTbCH npHtJHHOH He3anOJIHeHHH <j>OpMbI H YXY.lI.WeHHR <j>H3HKO-Me-
xaHHtJeCKHx nOKa3aTeJIeH H3.n.eJIHH.
B pa60Tax [144, 145), nOCBHUJ.eHHblX aHaJIH3y npouecca 3anOJI-
HeHHSI ypeTaHoBoH KOMn03HuHeH IJIJIOCKOw.eJIeBbiX KaHaJIOB, B nOTO-
Ke >KH.lI.KOCTH BbI.n.eJIHIOT TPH OOJIaCTH: 06JIacTb BXO.ll.a, 06JIacTb
OCHOBHoro TetJeHHH H 06JIaCTb <j>poHTa (CM. pHC. 1.36). ,U.JIHHa
30HbI .Bxo.n.a BO MHorHX CJIYtJaHx HetBeJlHKa no cpaBHeHHIO C 06-
JIaCTbIO OCHOBHoro TetJeHHH, H UpH aHaJIH3e npouecca ee BJIHRHHeM.
tJaCTO npeHe6peraIOT. B 06JIaCTH <j>poHTa 'DOTOKa Ha6JIIO.n.aeTCSI TaK
Ha3b1'BaeMblH 3<j><j>eKT «<j>oHTaHa», BbipalKaIOUJ.HHcH B TOM, liTO >KH.n.-
KOCTb H3 oceBOH 06JIaCTH nOTo-Ka, HMeIOUJ.aH 60JIbWYIO CKOpOCTb K
xapaKTepH3YIOUJ.aHCH MeHblllHM BpeMeHeM npe6b1BaHH$I peaKUHOH-
HOH MaccbI, BblHOCHTCSI B npHCTeHOtJHble CJIOH, OKa3b1BaSi TeM ca-
MbiM 3aMeTHoe BJIHHHHe Ha <j>OpMHpOBaHHe nOJIeH TeMnepaTYP, CTe-
neHH npeBpaUJ.E!'HHH H BH3KOCTH.
B OCHOBHOH 06JIaCTH (Re l) pa3BHBaeTcH KBa3HcTaUHoHapHoe
TetJeHHe, xapaKTep KOToporo onpe.n.eJJHeTCH 3HatJeHHRMH KpHTepHeB
fpeTua Gz= v O H 2 cpl ('AL), .D.aMKeJIJIepa Da =k"TL{v, 6e3pa3MepHoro
napaMeTpa a= t 3 lt* H 'KpaeBblMH YCJIOBHHMH. r.n.e v = VxlV o - CKO-
pOCTb B.lI.OJIb OCH X; vo= Q{bh; c -- y.n.eJIbHaSi TenJIOeMKOCTb p--
nJIOTHOCTb; 'A -- K03<j><j>Hu,HeHT TenJIOnpOBo.n.HOCTH; k"T =
=k" exp (-E"IRT); t 3 -- npo.n.omKHTeJIbHOCTb 3anOJIHeHHSI <j>OpMbI;
t* -- BpeMH reJIe06pa3()1BaHHSI [144. 145]. KpHTepHH Da xapaKTepH-
3yeT COOTHoweHHe CKopocTeH xHMHtJecKoH peaKUHH H KOHBE!'KTHB-
Horo nepeHoca. KpHTepHH Gz SlBJIHeTCH MepoH OTHoweHHfl nJIOTHO-
CTH KOlfBeKTHBHoro TenJIOBOrO nOTOKa. nepeHocHMoro .n.BH>KYUJ.eHCH
118
2
3
BaF.yyf1
-
"" -
-
Lo
I
II
L
Lmar
III
a
PHC. 1.36. 3anOJlRI?HHe 1j>0PMbI no.ll. .lI.aBneHHeM (a) H npH BaKYYMHpOBaHHR
JlHTbeBOA nonOCTH (6):
J - CMecHTeJlbH'1I rOJlOBK8, !J - JlHTHHKOBblii K'H'JI; 3 - 4>OPM': 4 - 38J1I1BOQH'1I BOPOHK';
5 - BblXOAHOil K.8H'JI
P II - A'BJleHHe H' BblXOAe H3 CMecHTeJJbHOil rOJlOBKH; P a - 'TMoc4>eplllOe .!I'BJleHHe; 1- 30-
B, BXO.lla; /I - 06JJ'CTb OCHOBHOrO (JI'MHH'PHorO) TeqeHHII; 1/1- 06J!'CTb 4>POHTI
JKH.n.KOCTbIO, K nJIOTHOCTH TenROBorO nOTOKa 3a CtJeT TenRonpOBO.n.-
HOCTH >KH.n.'KOCTH. YKa3aHHble KpHTepHH BKJIIOtJaIOT OCHOBHble TeX-
HOROrHtJeCKHe napaMeTpbl peaKUHOHHOrO <j>OpMOBaHHSI H cpH3HtJe-
<:KHe KOHCTaHTbI MaTepHaJIa, tJTO n03BORSIeT onpe.n.eJISlTb pe>KHMbI
3anOJIHeHHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3HatJeHHH Da, Gz H a.
B pa60Te [l45] npe.ll.RO>KeHa MeTO.n.HKa paCtJeTa 3aBHCHMOCTeH
Danpe.a = f (GZ-I), n03BOJIHIOUJ.aSl npOrH03HpOBaTb .n.OnYCTHMble pe-
JKHMbI <j>OpMOBaHHSI npH 3a.n.aHHOM npe.n.eJIbHOM 3HatJeHHH CTeneHH
npeBpaJ.IJ.eHHH * B MOMeHT OKOHtJaHH$I BnpblCKa ypeTaHoBOH KOM-
n03H.lI.HH B <j>OPMY. ABTOpbl [144] npe.n.JIaraIOT .n.RH nporH03HpOBa-
HHSI .lI.OnYCTHMblX pe>KHMOB 3anORHeHHH HonORb30BaTb KpHTepHH Gz
H napaMeTp a, npH 3TOM corRaCHO 3KcnepHMeHTaRbHblM .n.aHHblM,
nORYtJeHHblM Ha ypeTaHoBbix CHCTeMax <j>HPMbI «Union Carbide»
(CIllA) RIM-2200, npH Gz> 10 npe>K,!1etBpeMeHHoe reRe06pa30Ba-
HHe HMeeT MeCTO npH a>0,17, a npH Gr=2--10 OHO HaCTynHT
npH a>0,06. ECJIH BeJIHtJHHa a, $IBJISlIOUJ.aHCSI OTHoweHHeM npo.n.oR-
>KHTeJIbHOCTH 3anORHeHH <POpMbI f3 K BpeMeHH reRe06pa30Ba-
HHH t*, npeBblllIaeT YKa3aHHble 3HatJeHHH, TO H3.n.eRHe 6y.n.eT HepaB-
'IOnpOtJHblM H3-3a Heo.n.Hopo.n.HOCTH OTBep>K.n.eHHH nepBOH H nOCJIe-
..lI.yIOUJ.HX nopUMH <popMyeMoH MSCCbI.
npO.n.OJI.>KHTeJJbHOCTb 3anORHeHHSI <j>OpM B pe>KHMe Q = const,
KOTOpblH peanH3yeTcSI Ha YCTaHOBKax BblCOKoro H HH3Koro .n.aBRe-
.
119
HHSI, paBHa
I, .... (VB' + V.)/Q, (1.87)1
r.lle V. a H V no - 06'beM H3.1leIJHII H KaRMOB JlHTHHKOBOA CHCTeMLI COOTBeTCTBeH-
RO; Q - 06'beMRall CKOpOCTb BopblcKa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, fa, a CJIe.noBaTCJIbHO, H KpHTepHH ex MO>KHOo
YMeHbwHTb nYTeM YBeJIHtJeHHH 061>eMHOH CKOpOCTH BnpblcKa. O.n--
HaKO npe.neJIbHOe 3HatJeHHe Qm,x npH 3anOJIHeHHH 3aKpblTbix JIHTbe--
BblX <j>OpM orpaHHtJeHO He TOJIbKO MaKCHMaJIbHoii: npOH3Bo.nHTeJIb--
HOCTbIO .n03HPYIOUJ.HX HaCOCOB, HO H MaKCHMaJIbHO .lI.0nYCTHMbIM JlJISI
.naHHoii: JIHTbeBoii: YCTaHOBKH ypOBHeM .naBJIeHH$I I1P npe lJ.' pa3BHBae-
MbiM Ha Bxo.ne B <j>OPMY. no Mepe 3anOJIHeHHSI 3aKpblTbiX <j>OpM npH
<j>opMOBaHHH TOHKOCTeHHbIX H3.neJIHH B pe>KHMe Q =const nepena.Ll
.naBJIeHHH B <j>opMe B03paCTaeT, .nOCTHraH B KOHue BnpblCKa MaKCH-
MaJIbHOrO 3HatJeHHSI 11 Po. ,U.JISI ooeCneqeHHH nOJIHOH 3aJIHBKH <j>op-
Mbi He06xo.nHMO C06JIIO.neHHe YCJIOBHH 11 Po< 11 Pnpel1.. ECJIH I1Po>
>I1P npe lJ.' TO BnpblCK npeKpaTHTCH npH He nOJIHOCTbIO 3aJIHTOH
<j>opMe. MeTOJlHKOii paCtJeTa pe>KHMOB peaKuHOHHoro <j>opMOBaHHH.
npe.nJIO>KeHHOH B (145], npe.nycMoTpeH pactJeT npe.neJIbHblX 3HatJe-
HHii: I1P KaK <j>YHKUHH GZ-I.
npH JIHTbe B BB-KYYMHpaBaHHYIO 3aKpblTYIO <j>OPMY 3anOJIHeHHe_
i1IpOH3BO.nHTCH .B pe>KHMe I1P=const, npH 3TOM CKOpOCTb BnpblcKa
YMeHblllaeTcSI no Mepe 3anOJIHeHHH <j>OpMbI (peaJIH3yercH TaK Ha-
3b1BaeMblH «KOHTpOJIHpyeMblii: <j>OPMOii:» pe>KHM). C ueJIbIO cmpe.ll.e-
JIeHHSI 3aBHCHMOCTH .lI.JIH pactJeTa f3 B .naHHOM pe>KHMe 3anOJIHeHHH"
paccMoTpHM H30TepMHqeCKHii: npouecc 3anOJIHeHHSI llJIOCKOH UJ.eJIK
tJepe3 UHJIHH.npHtJecKHH JIHTHHK peocTa6HJIbHOH HbIOTOHOBCKOH >KH.lI.-
KOCTbIO. .D.onYUJ.eHHe 06 H30TepMHtJHoCTH npouecca, peocTa6HJIbHo-
CTH MaTepHaJIa H HbIOTOHOBCKOM xapaKTepe TetJeHHH B .naHHOM CJIY-
tJae $IBJIHeTCSI onpaB.naHHblM, TaK KaK 60JIbwHHCTBo ypeTaHoBbix
KOM'lI03HUHii:, nepepa6aTbiBaeMbix JIHTbeM B BaKYYMHpoBaHHYK)
<j>OPMY, HBJISIIOTCSI .nOJIrO>KHByUJ.HMH (/*=5--10 MHH H f* fa).
.nHccHnaTHBHblii: HarpeB H caMopa30rpeB 3a CtJeT XHMHtJeCKOH peaK-
UHH Y HHX cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBeJIHK, a CKOpOCTHOii: pe>KHM TetJeHHSI
B <j>opMe 06ecnetJHBaeT BblXO.n Ha HbIOTOHOBCKHH YtJSCTOK KpHBOH
TetJeHHSI.
npH 3anOJIHeHHH nJIOCKoii: UJ.eJIH BO <j>poHTe nOTOKa .nOJI>KHO BbI-
nOJIHHTbCH YCJIOBHe
dlldt ... (v) ... Qlbh,
( 1.88)
r.lle <v> - ycpe.llHeHHall CKOpOCTb nOTOKa; Q - 06DeMHblA paCXO.ll; b - WHpHHa
lI(elJH; h - ee BbiCOTa.
Pacxo.nbl HbIOTOHOBCKOH >KH.nKOCTH tJepe3 UHJIHH.npHQeCKHii: JIHT-
HHK Qu. H nJIOcKaw.eJIeBOH KaHaJI Qn CBSl3aHbI C nepena.naMH .naBJIe-
HHH I1Pn H I1Pu paBeHcTBaMH
Qu..... n r4 M'K/(&rtlo); Qn .... bh ' I1PJ(12TJ1). (1.89}
nO.ncTaBJISISI (1.89) B (1.88) H YtJHTblBaSl, tJTO I1Pu=I1Po--I1Pu. H
Qu. = Qn = dl/dt (bh), nOCJIe pa3.!1eJIeHHSI nepeMeHHblx, HHTerpHpoBs-
120
flHSI H HeCJIO)l{HbiX npeo6pa30BaHHH nOJIYtJHM:
1=-2bh3/0 1(3Jt1 4 ) + "' 4b2h6/ A9Jt2,a) + h2APOt/(6q).
(1.90)
.D.aHHoe ypaBHeHHe y.nOBJIeTBOp$leT HatJaJIbHblM YCJIOBHHM (npH
t = 0 H 1 = 0) H n03BDJIHeT paCCtJHTblBaTb 3aBHCHMOCTb I (t) B TeqeHHe
BCerO 3Tana 3anOJIHeHHH CPOPMbI. <1>opMYJIa (1.90) MO)l{eT 6b1Tb
npe06pa30BaHa B paBeHCTBO
t... (61 2 '1/(h2l\P»)(1 + m), (1.91)
f'.Ile m==4bh 3 I o /(3n"l) - 6e3pa3MepHblH reoMeTpHqecKHA napaMeTp, KOTOPblA xa-
paKTepH3yeT OTHOCHTenbHOe BJlHJlHHe rH.IlpaBJIHqecKoro conpOTHBneHHJI JlHTHHKO-
Boro KaHaJia Ha KHHeTHKY 33l10nHeHHJI <l>oPMbI.
nOCJIe 3anOJIHeHHH <POpM npOTeKaeT OTBep>K.neHHe, B npouecce
KOToporo npOHcxo.nHT nOJIHMepH3aUHH, <j>a30Boe pa3.neJIeHHe, reJIe-
06pa30BaHHe, pOCT BH3KOCTH H ynpyrocTH, 3K30TepMHtJecKHH caMO-
pa30rpeB, .nH<j><j>Y3HOHHblii: Macco06MeH. OCHOBHblMH TeXHOJIOrHtJe-
CKHMH napaMeTpaMH, onpe.neJIHIOUJ.HMH npOH3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTb npo-
necca H KaqeCTBO H3,!1eJIHSI, Ha .naHHoii: CTa,!1HH peaKUHOHHoro <j>op-
MOBaHHH HBJIHIOTCSI II'pO.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb uHKJIa CTPYKTypHpOBaHHSI
H TeMnepaTypa OTBep>K.neHHH. npO.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb OTBep>K.neHHSI
3aBHCHT B OCHOBH M OT THna peaKUHH, TeMnepaTypbl peaKUHOHHOH
MaCCbI H <j>OpMbI. TaK, npH peaKUHOHHOM <j>opMOBaHHH H30UHaHaT-
aMHHHblX RIM-KoMno3HuHH UHKJI 011Bep>K.lI.eHHH COCTaBJIHeT :::::: 1 MHH,
a npH nepepa601'Ke cpaBHHTeJIbHO .nOJIrO>KHBYUJ.HX CHCTeM, HanpH-
Mep <j>opnOJIHMepHblx KOM:n03HUHH aMHHHoro OTBep>K,!1eHHH Ha oc-
HOBe COnOJIHMepa TeTparH.npo<j>ypaHa H npOnHJIeHOKcH.na HJIH OJIHrO-
6YTa.nHeH.nHOJIOB, np0.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb CTPYKTypHpoBaHHSI .nOCTHra-
.eT 20 MHH H 60JIee.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CKOpOCTH OTBep>K.neHHH H 3K30TepMHtJecKoro
3<j><j>eKTa peaKuHH 3a.naeTCH onpe.neJIeHHaSi TeMnepaTypa <j>OpMbI B
JfHTepBaJIe OT 20--25 .no 160--170°C. npH nepepa60TKe 6b1cTpo-
()TBep>K.naIOUJ.HXCSI KOMn03HUHH C OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIbWHM TenJIO-
BbI.neJJeHHeM CPOPMbI, K8K npaBHJIO, He 060rpeBaIOTCH, TaK KaK ca-
Mopa30rpes peaKUHOHHOH MaCCbI .nOCTHraeT 100--200 °C [126J.
Me.nJIeHHO OTBep)l{.naIOIlI.HeCH CHCTeMbi CTPYKTYPHPYIOTCSI 06b1tJHO B
.o60rpeBaeMbix <j>opMax.
OT TeM-nepaTypbl CPOpMbI T cp H TOJIIlI.HHbI <j>opMYIOUJ.ero 3a30pa
.6cp 3aBHCSlT npo<j>HJIb H COOTBeTCTBe.HHO pacnpe.n:eJIeHHe CTeneHH
npeBpaUJ.eHHH peaKuHoHHoii: MaCCbI no cetJeHHIO H3.neJIHH (pHC. 1.37).
113 pHcYHKa BH.nHO, qTO HaHMeHbWHH nepena.n TeMnepaTYP no cetJe-
BHIO H3.neJIHSI peaJIH3yeTc$I B TOM CJIYtJae, Kor.na T cp Ha 25°C Bblwe
TeMneparypbl <j>opMyeMoro MaTepHaJIa T M, a HaH60JIbwHii: nepe-
na.n -- npH T if! HH1Ke T!of Ha 25°C. npH nOM CJIe.nYeT ytJHTblBaTb,
-1JTO caMopa30rpeB CMeCH B 4>opMe 38 CtJeT TenJIa XHMHtJecKOH peaK-
UHH TeM 60JIbwe, tJeM 60JIbWe 6. B MaCCHBHblX TOJICTOCTeHHblX H3-
.neJIHHX, IB KOTOp.blX npH IJ>opMoBaHHH peaJIH3YIOTCH YCJIOBHSI, 6JIH3-
KHe K a.nHa6aTHtJecKHM, TenJIOnepeHoc no 3aBepWe.HHH HH.nYKUHOH-
Horo nepHo.na npoHcxo.nUT npaKTHqeCKH MrHOBeHHO no MexaHH3MY
121
T,I<. fl
4SJ a If
1,0
33
413 qa
J93
q6
373
JSJ
3
o SO
t,C
o
12
1'1 t,c
8
PHC. 1.37. H3MeHeHHe TeMnepaTypbl (a) H CTeneHH npeBpa1l(eHHII (6) npH QT-
BepX<.IleHHH B <J>oPMe RIM-H3.1lenHA TOn1l(HHOA 3 MM:
I - B l(eHTpe; 2 - B 30He MeJKJl.Y l(eHTpOM H nOBepXHO TblO; 3 - H' nOBepxNocTH, - -
T..>T", H' 25°C; ---- -T..-T",; -0-0-- T..<T", Ita 2So°C
TenJIOBOrO B3pblBa. npH 6:::::6 MM MaKCHMaJIbHblH caMopa30rpes
B <j>opMe COCTaBJIHeT 70--80%, a npH 6:::::2 MM -- 30--40% OT a.nHa-
6aTHtJecKoro [136]. CJIe.noBaTeJIbHO, tJeM TOHbwe H3.!1eJIHe, TeM
MeHbllle .nOJI>KHa 6b1Tb pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP Me>K.ny T M H T 4>.
B TOJICTOCTeHHblX H3.neJIHHX, <j>opMyeMbix H3 6b1CTpOOTBep>K.nae-
MbiX RIM-KoMn03HUHH, CTpYKTypa H CBoHcTBa nOJIHypeTaHa B npH-
CTeHHblX CJIOHX H B cepe.nHHe (r.ne T M MaKCHMaJIbHa) MorYT cy-
llI.eC11BeHHO pa3JIHtJaTbcH H3-3a 60JIbWOrO nepe-na.na TeMnepaTYP H
3aMeTHoro npoTeKaHHft XHMHtJeCKoro CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH B 30Hax c
nOBblweHHoii: TeMnepaTYPoH no MexaHH3MaM aJIJIo<j>aHaTo- H 6Hype-
To06pa30BaHHH [157]. B cJIytJae JIHHeHHblx nOJIHypeTaHoB no MO-
>KeT npHBeCTH K CHH>KeHHIO <j>H3HKo-MexaHHtJecKHx nOKa3aTeJIeH_
n03T'OMY TOHKHe nOJIHypeTaHOBbie 06pa3ubl, nOJIytJeHHble RIM-Me-
TO.nOM, HMeIOT 60JIee BbiCOKHe <j>H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH,
tJeM TOJICTble [136].
OnTHMaJIbHa$l npo.nOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTb OTBep>K.neHHH H3.!1eJIHH B
<j>opMe 06b1tJHo onpe.neJIHeTCH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblM nYTeM, npH nOM
He06xo.nHMblM YCJIOBHeM $IBJI$leTCH .nOCTH>KeHHe B KOHue UHKJIa Ta-
KOii: CTeneHH CTPYKrypHpO'BaHHH, npH 'KOTopoii: H3.neJIHe MO>KHO H3-
BJIeKaTb H3 <j>OpMbI 6e3 .ne<j>opMaUHH H HapyweHHH ero CnJIOWHOCTH.
.D.JIH 06JIertJeHHft BbleMKH H3.neJIHii: HCnOJIb3YIOT pa3JIHtJHble npHe-
MbI: HaHeceHHe aHTHa.nre3HOHHoro .nOJIrOBetJHoro nOKpblTHH (HanpH-
Mep, H3 <j>TopOOJIaCTa); HanblJIeHHe JKH.nKOH aHTHa.nre3HOHHOH CMa3-
122
1<H nepe.n Ka)l{,lI,OH 3aJlHBKOH; BBe.neHHe B ypeTaHOBYIO KOMn03HII.HIO
<BHYTpeHlfeH» :aHTHa.nre3HOHHOii CMa3KH (MaJIOnbiJIHUJ.He CTeapaTbI)
[157J. B KatJeC:rBe «BHeWHeH» CMa3KH <j>OpM peKOMeH.lI.YIOTCSI CJIe-
..lI.YIOUJ.He aHTHa.nre3HBbI, paCnOJIaraeMbie B nOpH.nKe B03paCTaHHH HX
::»<j><j>eKTHBHOCTH: CHJIHKOHOBbie CMa3KH, CMa3KH Ha OCHOBe TBep.noro
napa<j>HHa, CMa3KH THna oxiywache (npoH3Bo.nHbIe nOJIHnpOnHJIeH-
()KCH.!1a) T 1:57]. CM33KY HaHOCSIT HanblJIeHHeM H3 paCnblJIHIOUJ.HX
nHCTOJIeTOB, a3p030JIbHblX ynaKoBoK HJIH KHCTbIO.
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH BHYTpeHHHx CMa30K Ha paHHHx CTa.!1HHX
<OTBep>K.neHHSI OHH MHrpHpYIOT K <j>opMYIOUJ.eH nOBepxHocTH H OPH-
eHTHPYIOTCH 'B npHCTeHHbIX CJIOHX. npHMeHeHHe BHYTpeHHHx CMa30K
n03BOJIHeT lJe3 «BHeWHeH» CMa3KH <j>opMoBaTb .110 100--300 H3.!1eJIHH,
npH nOM UHKJI <j)opMOBaHHSI COKpaUJ.aeTCSI Ha 25%, nOBblwaeTCSI
K. n..n. 06oPY.!1OSaHHH H YMeHblllaeTcSI KOJIHtJeCTBO 6paKoBaHHblx H3-
.neJIHii. a 06]UaSi r0.!10BaH npoH3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTb 060Py.noBaHHSI B03-
pacTaeT Ha 60 %.
nOCJIe H3BJIetJeHHH H3.neJIHii H3 <j>OpMbI B HHX npo.nOJI>KaIOT npo,.
TeKaTb .nHtJ><l>Y3HOHHO 3aTpy.nHeHHble OCTaTOtJHble XHMHtJeCKHe peaK-
UHH H <j>H3HtJecKHe npoueccbI <j>a30BOH ynopSl.nOtJeHHOCTH, tJTO cno-
c06cTByeT nOSblweHHIO CPH3HKo-MexaHHtJecKHx nOKa3aTeJIeii MaTe-
pHaJIa. BbI.lI.epJKKa H3.neJIHH, H3BJIetJeHHblX H3 <j>OPMbI, npH nOBbiweH-
HOH TeMneparype C'noc06cTByeT 3HatJHTeJIbHOMY YCKopeHHIO .naHHO-
ro npo ecca.
1.7.4.
I-1cnonlt30BaHMe MMnynltcHo-BonHOBItIX 3 eKToB
O.nHHM H3 nyTeH HHTeHcH<j>HKaUHH OT.neJIbHblX cTa.nHH peaKuHoHHO-
ro tJ>OpMOB8HHH H nOBblweHHH KatJeCl'Ba H3.neJIHH HBJISleTCSI ueJIe-
HanpaBJIeHHOe HCnOJIb30BaHHe pa3JIHtJHblX HMnYJIbCHO-BOJIHOBblX
3<j)<j)eKToB, B tJaCTHOCTH 3cp<j>eKTa BH6pauHoHHoro nepeMewHBaHHSI
(BH6poryp6yJJJl3aUHH) ra30>KH.nKOCTHOii 3MYJIbCHH B pe>KHMe HeJIH-
HeHHoro pe30HaHca [137--139]. PeaJIH3aUH$I .naHHoro pe>KIfMa CBH-
3aHa C 06pa30BaHHeM 'B KOJIe6JIIOUJ.eiicH CHC1'eMe >KH.nKOCTb -- ra3,
Baxo.nSlm,eHcSI B UHJIHH.npHtJecKoM eMKOCTHOM annapaTe, HeKoToporo
KpHTHtJeCKoro 061>eMa JIOKaJIH30BaHHOH ra30Boii <j>a3b1 -- B03.nyW-
BOH nO.!1ytDKH. YCTaHOBJIeHO [139], tJTO npHtJHHoii 06pa30BaHHH ra-
3OBOH no.nymKH HBJIHeTCH C03.naHHe B BOOpHpYIOllI.eM cToJI6e >KH.n-
KOCTH KpHTHtJeCKoro ypOBHH, HH>Ke KOToporo iIlpOHCXO.nHT 3aXBaT
ra30BblX BKJIIOtJeHHH H HX nepeMeUJ.eHHe B .nOHHYIO tJaCTb. 3TOT ypo-
BeHb npe.nCTaBJIHeT C060H nOBepXHOCTb CJIO>KHOH npOCTpaH<:TBeHHoii
KOH<j>HrypauHH; y.naJIeHHe ee OT .nHa cocY.!1a nponopUHOHaJIbHO
KBa.!1pary BH6poYCKopeHHSI (a(J)2, r.ne a -- aMnJIHTy.na KOJIe6aHHA
pa60llero opraHa, (J) -- tJaCTOTa). CYUJ.eCTBOBaHHe TaKoro YPOBHSI no
KOOp.llHHaTe onpe.neJISleTCSI <j>opMYJIoii
h 2agR (Q2 - (1 2 )
x = - · ( 1 92 )
3(a(d2) 2 .
r.zte h - BbiCOTa 1KH.!tKOCTH B 06'beMe annapaTa; <¥ - K09<l>IJIH[(HeHT neperpY3KH;
123
g - YCKOpeHHe CBJlbI TJI)KeCTH; Ro - p3.nHYC reHepHpyeMbix r330BblX BKnJOqeHHA;
g - Co6cTBeHH3J1 QaCTOT3 nynbC31lHA nY3b1pbKOB:
g2 = ( 3n ) ( Po +p.gh + . 20 ) '
p.R 3n Ro
(1.93)
r.ne n - nOKa3arenb DOJIH1'pODbi .nJlJl ra33; a - Kos4><I>HIlHeHT DOBepXHOCTHoro
HaTH",eHHH.
JIoKaJIH3aUHlI ra30BblX BKJIIOtJeHHH B >KH.lI.KOCTH B BH.lI.e pOH (no-
.ltYWKH) npHBO.ll.HT K B03HHKHOBeHHIO KatJecTBeHHo HOBOA KOJIe6a-
TeJIbHOH CHCTeMbi >KH.lI.KOCTb -- ra3, B KOTOpOH pOJIb y,npyroro 3JIe-
MeHTa HrpaeT JIOKaJIH30BaHHblH ra3, a HHepUHOHHoro -- CTOJI6 >KH.lI.-
KOCTH Ha.ll. HHM. C06cTBeHHa$l tJaCTOTa KOJIe6aHHH TaKOIf CHCTeMbI
onpe.ll.eJIHeTC$I npH YCJIOBHH, tJTO cpopMa nO.ll.YIlIKH -- UHJIHH.n.pHtJec-
KaH (OTKpblTblH COCY.lI.)
2 n[P.+agp.(H*-xo»)
g* = ,
Pho(H*-xo)
r.ne p. - anfoc<l>ePHoe .nasneHHe; H*==H--h o , H - BWCOTa "'H.nKOCTH B cocy.ne;
ho - BbiCOTa ra30BoA no.nywKH; Xo - paccToIIHHe OT .nHa cocy.na .no no.nywKH.
npH CJ) = Q* B BH6pHPYIOUJ.eH CHCTeMe peaJIH3yeTcH pe30HaHCHblH
pe>KHM, KOTOpbIH xapaKTepH3yeTcH 6bICTpblM, pa3HoHanpaBJIeHHbIM
xaOTHtJeCKHM .lI.BH>KeHHeM ra30Boif H >KH.n.KOIf cpa3bI no BceMY 061>-
eMY eMKOCTHoro annapaTa, a TaK>Ke pe3KHM YCKopeHHeM TeflJIO- H
Macco06MeHa. .D.aHHblH 3cpcpeKT MO>KHO UeJIeHanpaBJIeHHO HCnOJIb-
30BaTb .lI.JIH HHTeHCH<!>HKaUHH B 10 H 60JIee pa3 npoueccOB CHHTe3a
<l>opnOJIHMepOB, CMeWeHH$I nJIOXO COBMecTHMblX OJIHrOMepHbIx H
HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHblX npO.ll.YKTOB, BBe.ll.eHHH KpaCHTeJIH H .n.Pyrux .lI.O-
6aBOK /B rH.lI.pOKCHJICO.ll.ep>Kaw,HA HJIH H30UHaHaTHblH KOMnoHeHTbI.
npHrOTOBJIeHHe CHJIHKOHOBbiX 3MYJIbCHI1 .lI.JIH CMa3KH JIHTbeBbiX CPOPM
H T. .lI.. [137. 138].
npH peaKuHoHHOM cpopMoBaHHH nOJIHypeTaHoB MorYT 6b1Tb ue-
JIeHa'l1paBJIeHHO HCnOJIb30BaHbI TaK>Ke HHble BH6pauHoHHbIe 34.><!>eK-
Tbl. TaK, B [151 J npe.ll.JIaraeTCH .lI.JI$I YJIYtJweHHH YCJIOBHH 3anOJIHe-
HHH ypeTaHoBoH KOMn03HuHeH OTKpblTbiX CPOpM HCnOJIb30BaTb BH6-
pauHoHHble JIHTbeBbie rOJIOBKH, cOBepwaIOUJ.He KOJIe6aHHH B none-
petJHoM HanpaBJIeHHH. cl>HpMa «OLMAS» (HTaJIHH) HCnOJIb3yeT
BH6ponepeMelllHBalOUJ.He YCTpoHcTBa B annapaTax .lI.JIH OCHOBHoro
KOMnOHeHTa YCTaHOBOK HH3Koro .lI.aIBJIeHH$I MO.ll.eJIeH OL20-0L80.R
P46, 147J nOKa3aHO, tJTO npH BHopaUHOHHOH 06pa60TKe OJIHrOMe-
pos Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH 06paTHMoe CHH>KeHHe ero IBH3KOCTH, COnpOBO>K-
.lI.aIOUJ.eeCH nOBbIweHHeM ynopH.lI.OtJeHHOCTH H perYJIHpHOCTH CTPYK-
TYPbl aCCOUHaTOB, qTO B KOHetJHOM HTore npHBo.a.HT K YJIYtJweHHIQ
CTPYKTYPbl CWHToro nOJIHMepa Hero CPH3HKO-MeXaHHQeCKHX
CBOHCTB. Pa3pa60TaH cnoc06 .n.HcneprHpYJOW.ero CMeweHHH B nOJIe
YJIbTpa3BYKOBbiX KOJIe6aHHH naCT-KpaCHTeJIeH, .lI.oOaBJIlIeMbiX B
CTPYKTYPHPYIOUJ.HH areHT ypeTaHoBOH KOM'n03HUHH Ha CTa.ll.HH no.ll.-
rOTOBKH Cblpb$l [141, -c. 187]. B [115, c. 11] peKOMeH°.ll.yeTcH nptH H3-
124
(1 94)
rOTOBJIeHHH KOMnOHefI'T'OB' YJreTaHOBbiX CHCTeM npHMeHHTb 3JIeKTpu'-
rH.lI.paBJIHtJecKHH cnoc06 CMellleHHH, OCHOBaHHbIU Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH!
KOMnJIeKCa $IBJIeHHH, COnpOBO>K.lI.aIOW.HX 3JIeKTpHtJecKHH pa3pH.lI. Do
>KH.lI.KOCTH: Y.lI.apHble 1B0nHbI, HHTeHCHBHOe YJIbTpa3B.YKOBOe H3JIYtJe-
HHe, nYJIbCaUH$I ra30BblX nY3b1peH" KaBHTaUHOHHhle H .lI.PyrHe npo-
uecCbI.
1.7.5. KOHTpOn& M ynpasneHMe Ka eCTBOM' npoAYKI.pfM
BXO.ll.HOA H TeXHOJlOrHlleCKHA KOHTpOJIh. KatJecTBo roTOBOH npo.nyK-
UHH 3aBHCHT B neplBYIO otJepe.nb OT KatJeCTBa nOTpe6JIHeMOrO CblpbH _
n03ToMY npo.ll.Y, KTbI nocTynaIOUJ.He Ha nepepa6aTblBaIOUJ.He npe.ll.-
npHHTHH, nO.ll.BepraIOTC$I BXO.ll.HOMY KOHTpOJIIO Ha COOTBeTCTBHe HOp--
MaM rOCT H TeXHHtJecKHX YCJIOBHH. MaTepnaJIbI, KatJeCT'BO KOTO-
pblX cTa6HJIbHO, aHaJI03HpYIOTCH, KaK npaBHJIO, B KOJIHtJeCTBe 25-
30% OT nocTynaIOUJ.Hx napTHH, a' npo.n:YKTbI, OTJIHtJaIOw,HeCH Ha .lI.aH--
HOM 3Tane HeO.ll.HOpO.ll.HOCTbIO, KOHTpOJIHPYIOTCH nOJIHOCTbIO.
BOJIbWOe BJIH$lHHe Ha CBOUCT-Ba nOJIHypeTaHa OKa3b1°BaeT c06JIIO-
.lI.eHHe 3a.ll.aHHorO COOTHoweHHH KOHueHTpauHH NCO- H OH-rpymr
B CHCTeMe [157, c. 13}. O.ll.HaKO nacnopTHbie xapaKTepHcTHKH HB'
TeXHHtJeCKHe npO.ll.YKTbI .lI.OnycKaIOT onpe.ll.eJIeHHblH pa36poc CBOHCTB..
npH nOM HeKOTopbIe CBOHCTBa MorYT H3MeHHTbCH B npouecce xpa-
HeHHH. n03TOMY nepe.ll. nO.ll.atJeH !B npOH3BO,!l.CTBO HCXO.ll.Hoe CbIpbe II
nOJIynpo.nYKTbI (H30UHaHaTHbie H nOJIHOJIbHble KOMnOHeHTbI) ueJIe-
co06pa3Ho KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb no CJIe.ll.YIOIlI.HM nOKa3aTeJIHM [6, 7] =
cO.ll.ep>KaHHe NCO-rpynn B H30UHaHaTHOM KOMoJIOHeHTe; co.n:ep>KaHHe-
OH-rpynn B OJIHrO.ll.Hone; co.nep>KaHHe B.'1arH B OJIHro.nHOJIe; CO.ll.ep-
>KaHHe BJIarH B Y.lI.JIHHHTeJIe.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C pe3YJIbTaTaMH aHaJIH3a 3THX nOKa3aTeJIeH
KoppeKTHpYIOT MaCCOBoe COO'fIHOllleHHe nOTOKOB KOMnOHeHTOB B CMe-
CHTeJIbHO-.lI.03HpyIOUJ.eM arperaTe C ueJIbIO 06ecnetJeHHH 3a.ll.aHHOro-
COOTHoweHHH KOHueHTpauHH [NC.oP[OH] B ypeTaHoBoH KOMno-
3HUHH. .D.JIH KOHTpOJIH MaCCOBoro COOTHoweHHH nOTOKOB nOCJIe ne-
peHacTpoHKH CHCTeMbi .lI.03HpOBaHHH ee TapHpyIOT nYTeM B3BeIllHBa-
HHH O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO oT6HpaeMbix B CTaKaHtJHKH nopUHH KOMnOHeH-
TOB. no.n06HaH TapHpoBKa .nOJI>KH3 CHCTeMaTHtJecKH nOBTopHTbCH &
HatJaJIe Ka>K.lI.OH CMeHbI.
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nOHeHTOB npH pa3JIHtJHblX TeMuepaTypax.,AHaJIH3HpYH 3aBHCHMOCTH
1) (T), 1) (t) H I G* (t) I, M01KHO C.lI.eJIaTb nepBHqHblH Bbl60p TeM'IIepa-
TypHo-BpeMeHHblx pe1KHMOB CMellleHHH H JIHTbH. .D.JIH oueHKH BH3-
KOCTH OJIHrOMepOB tJaCTO HCnOJIb3YlOT pOTauHoHHblH BHcK03HMeTp'
PeoTecT-2, OCHalll.eHHblH pa6otJHM'H opraHaMu THna <KOHYC -- nJIOC-
KOCTb» H «UHJIHH.lI.P -- WfJIHH,!1p». ECJIH PeoTecT 2 OCHaCTHTb caMO-
nHIlIYUJ.HM nOTeHUHOMeTpOM (HanpHMep,. KCIT-4), TO Ha HeM MO>K-
HO onpe.ll.eJIHTb peOKHHeTHtJeCKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH 1){t) Cpa'8HHTeJIbHOo
.lI.OJIrO>KHBYUJ.HX KOMn03HuMH Ha HatJanl:iHOH CTa.l{HH CTpYKTypHpooa-
HHH. .D.JIH 3Toro 06pa3eu peaKUHOHHOH MaCCbI nepeMelllHBaIOT B Te-
125
"1IeHUe 0,5--1 1 0 MHH '8 JIa60paTopHoM peaKTOpe C 'BblCOKOCKOpOCTHOA
elllaJIKoii H nOMeUJ.aIOT 'B pa60qHii opraH Tuna «KOHYC -- nJIOC-
;KOCTb», r.ne npH MHHHMaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH c.nBHra npOH3BO.ll.HTC$I ero
..lI.e<j>opMHpOBaHHe'B pe>KHMe -r=const C O.ll.HOBpeMeRHOH perHCTpa-
m.Heii Ha caMonHcue 3aBHCHMOCTeH 't' (t).
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1'a.K>Ke HCnOJIb30BaTb .BH6pauHOHHble MeTO.nbl, npH 3TOM Y.lI.aeTCH
:Ha6JIIO.naTb nOJIHOe H3MeHeHHe MO.nYJIH ynpyrOCTH, HaqHHaH OT HH3-
KHX 3HatJeHHH, OTBetJaIOUJ.HX >KH.nKOMy COCTOHHHIO MaTepOaJIa, H KOH-
tJaH .lI.OCTH>KeHHeM 3HatJeHHH Ha nJIaTO BbICOK03JIaCTHtJHOCTH. no-
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pe .nJIH oueHKH HapacTaHHH BH3KOCTH BHCK03JI, C03.l1.aHHOM
"BHHHCK COBMeCTHO C CKB dIpoeKTnpH60p» (r. KYTaHcH).
Ha npH60pe BHCK03JI (pHC. 1.38) peaKuHoHHYIO CMeCb nOMe-
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,eTCH HOnOJIb30BaTb BH6popeoMeTp BP-74.
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 6b1CTpOOTBep>K.naIOIlI.HXCH KOMn03HuHH, .lI.JIH
KOTOpblX nepHo.n nO.ll.rOTOBKH H 3arpY3KH 06pa3ua B npH60p cono-
{:Ta'BHM C BpeMeHeM ero >KH3HeCnoc06HOCTH, .lI.JIH H3YQeHUH peOKH-
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;peHHH 3aBHCHMOCTeH 1)(/, T) npH nporpaMMHpyeMoM HarpeBe. .D.JIH
3Toro KOMnOHeHTbI ypeTaHoBOH
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PHC. 1.38. npH60p AnH OlleHKH HapaCTa-
HHH BH3KOCTH nonHypeTaHoB B npollecce
CTPYKTypHpOBaHHH BHCK03n:
I - BH6pOA'T'lHK; 2 - WTOK: 3 - H3MeOHTeJlbJl'lolA
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AJlII nOA'beM' K'Mep...
126
T a6Auqa 1.6'.
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HeAOCTa.TOqeH o6.'beM JJP-
3b1 BnpblCKa
npe>KAeBpeMeHHOe OT--
BepJKAeHHe peaKIlHOHHOH
MaCCbI
HapYWeHHe COOTKOnJeHHJI
KOMnOHeHTOJr
He.!tOCTaTO'IHaH BeHTHnJl-
U.HH <l>OpMbI. He onTHMH3H-
pOBaH yron H8KJ10Ha p-
Mbi
nOBblweHHoe COAep>KaHHe'
BnarH H neTyqHx B CbIp&e
H apMHpylOIIlHX MaTepHa-
nax
neperpeB CMecH
3aXBaT B03Ayxa B CMeCH-
TeJlbHO..!t03HpylOlIleM arpe-
raTe
nOACOC B03Ayxa qepe3 He-
n.10THOCTH <l>OpMbI HnH B
TpaHcnopTHo-nHTHHKOBOA
CHCTeMe (npH JlHTbe B Ba-
KYYMHpOBaHHYIO ejlOPMY)
HeKaqecTBeHHoe COCTOIIHHe
<l>opMYIOw.eH nosepxHoCTH
HeTO'lHOe H3rOTOBneHHe
ejlOpMbI H nOBblweHHoe KO'
ne6aHHe YCa.ztKH
127
YBeJlH'IHTb 06'beMHYIO CKOpOCTbo
BnpblCKa; npH nHTbe no.!t B8,
KYYMOM YMeHbWHTb OCTaTO'lHae
AaBneHHe HnH YBeJlH'IHTIt ce'le-
HHe- nHTHHKa.
YBe.1H'IHTIt 06'beM A03b1 BnpblCK8J
YMeHbWHTb COAep)KaHHe KaTa-
nH3aTOpa, CHH3HTb TeMnepaTYPY
nHTbll, noBblCHTb CKOpOCTb.
BnpblCKa
npOH3BecTH TapHpoBKy CHCTeMbl
A03HPOBaHHII, CHH3HTb co.!tep>Ka-
HHe rpynn NCO HnH OH B KOM-
nOHeHTax H npH He06xo.!tHMOCT
OTKOppeKTHpOBaTb MaccoBoe CO-
OTHOWeHHe nOTOKOB
OnTHMH3HpoBaTii yro.1 HaK.IJOHa'
ejlOpMbI B npou.ecce 3anHBKH,
BBeCTH AonOJ1HHTeJlbHble BeHTH-
nHI1HOHHble KaHanbi B MecTax.
B03MO OH 6nOKHpOBKH B03,D,yxa
nOACYWHTb (Aera3HpOBaTb)
CblPbe H MarepHa.lb1, nepeHTH Ha-
lIpyrYIG napTHIO CblPbH. nOBbI-
CHTb 3<l>ejleKTHBHOCTb pa60Tbr
CpeJtCTB Aera3a1lHH. OTKoppeK-
THpOBaTb pellenTYPY C yqeTOM"
H36b1TKa B.1arH
ODTHMH3HpoB8Tb TeMnepaTypHblA'
pe)KHM CMeweHHII H <J>oPMOBaHHII
CHHXPOHH3HpOBaTb CKOpOCTb AO-
3HpOBaHHOH nOAa'lH KOMnOHeH-
TOB C npOH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTblO CMe-
CHTeJlbHOrO YCTPOHCTB8 H YCT-
paHHTb nOACOC B03Ayxa qepe3'
ynnoTHeHHe' A03HPYIOW.HX Haco-
COB, Ba.1a CMeCHTenll H ApyrHJC
:MeMeHTOB
YCTpaHHTb HennOTHOCTH <l>OpMbP
H TpaHCDoprHo-.1HTHHKOBOH CH-
CTeMbi
YCTpaHHTb .!te4ieKTIiI 4iOPMY
w.eH nOBepXHOCTH
D.OBeCTH pa3MepV OIjlOPMJlJlIO-
w.eA nonOCTH .!to Tpe6yeMbix
pa3MepOB, cTa6HJlH3HpOB8Tb pe
>KHM <J>opMOBaHHJI
npOOOMICeHU8 Ta6A. 1.6
BBA 6p,u
Cnoc06Y YCTp'HeHWH
nPBQHHY B08l11\K11'OBell'llfl .I
nOHH)I(eHHblH ypo-
5IIeHb <l>HsHKo'Mexa-
1IH'IecKHX nOKasaTe-
.:.IIeA
HH3Koe Ka'lecTBo cMewe-
HHII
TpaT (06noA)
nOBbiWeRHaa Dorpew-
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nOHeHTOB, Kone6aHHII
cBoAcTB Cblpbll, nOBbiweH-
Hall Bna)l(HOCTb KOMDOHeH-
rOB, HapyweHHe TeXHono-
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M3HOC nHTbeBoft 410pMY
3aBbiweHRblA 01S'beM .11.0-
3b1 BnpblCKa
He.ll.OCTaTOqHO YCHnHe
CMblKaHHII <l>OpMbI
npe1K.II.eBpeMeHHoe OT-
Bep)l(.II.eHHe peaKIlHOHHOA
MaCCbI Ha CTa,llHH saDon-
HeRHII
CTblKOBbie WBbI
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Hbi
YMeHbweHHe 06'beM8 OT-
nHBKH BCne.ll.CTBHe XHMH-
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neHCHpOBaHHoe nO.ll.nHTKoA
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AHII KOMnOHeHTOB IfnH TeMne-
p3TypHoro pe)l(HM8
fIoBblCHTb 9<1><I>eKTDBHoCTb CMewe-
DIU! TeXHOnOrHqecKHMH npHeMaMH
(nOBblCHTb 'IaCTOTY Bpaw.eHHII
MewanKH, BBecTH B nHTHHKOBYIO
CHCTeMY CT8THqecKHA CMecHTenb
H ,Ilp.); HCDOnb30BaTb pellenTYP-
Hble npHeMbi CHH)I(eHHII BIISKOCTH
(,Il06aBneHHe K 60nee BII3KOMY
KOMDOHeHTY nHMOHHOH KHcnOTbI,
nnacTD<I>HKaTopa H ,Ilp.)
Mcnonb3oBaTb 60nee npeUHSH-
OHRble CHCTeMbi ,Il03DpOBaHHII,
npH6mt3HTb peuenTypHblMH DpHe-
MaMH COOTHoweHHe DOTOKOB no
npOH3BO.ll.HTenbHOCTH H BH3KOCTH
K I: I, cTa6HnH3HpOBaTb Cblpbe
H TeXHonOrH'IecKHe peJKHMbI
3aMeHHTb HnH OTpeMOHTHpOBaTb
4>OPMY
YMeHbwHTb 06'beM .ll.OSI:iI BnpblC-
Ka
nOBblCHTb YCHnHe CMblKaHHII
4>OpMbI B npouecce BnpblCKa
OOBblCHTb 06'beMHYIO CKOpOCTb
BnpblCKa; YMeHbWHTb ,Il03HPOBKY
KaTanH33Topa HnH BBecTH B pe-
uenTYPY HHrH6HTOp; CRH3HTb
TeMnepaTYPY nHTbll
,06ecne'lHTb nO,llnHTKY nonOCTH
tpOpMbI B npouecce OTBep)l(,IleHHII
sa cqeT npe.ll.YCMOTpeHHII Ha
BXO,lle (HnH BblXO.ll.e) B <l>OPMY
npHnHBOB-KOMneHcaTopOB .ll.nll
C03,1laHHII 3anaca MaTepHana
OnTHMH3HpOBaTb COOTHoweHHe
KOMnOHeHTOB H TeMDepaTYPY
nHTJoJl
HH4;lopMaTHBHblM MeTO.ll.OM KOHTpOJIH TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHX CBoiicTB
..QblCTpOOTBep>K.lI.aIOUJ.HXCH RIM-KoMn03HlI.HH HBJIHeTCH a.ll.HaOaTHtJe-
CKaH BHCK03HMeTpHH. .D.JIH noro npe.nJIO>KeHO fl50] HCnOJIb30BaTb
YCTaHOBKY, KOTopaH (WCTOHT H3 JIaOOpaTOpHOH RIM-MaIllHHbI, H3rO-
TaBJIHBaIOUJ.eii H 'BnpbICKHBaIOUJ.eH peaKlI.HOHHYIO Maccy B pOTall.H-
'OHHblH tBHCK03HMeTp TUna «lI.HJIHH.lI.P -- lI.HJIHH.np» C 3a30pOM
20 MM. B paOOtJHH 3a30p BBO.nHT .n8e MaJIOHHepll.HOHHble TepMO-
napbl .lI.JIH KOHTpOJIH a.ll.HaOaTHtJecKoro npHpOCTa TeMnepaTYpbl.
B KOMnJIeKT npHoopa BXO.!l.HT MHKPOrrpOUeccop .nJIH oopaOOTKH pe-
'3YJIbTaTOB 3aMepa. 3a t* 3.necb npHHHMaeTC$I OTpe30K BpeMeHH OT
.HatJaJIa BUp.bICKa .lI.O MOMeHTa .lI.OCTH>KeHHH 3apaHee YCTaHOBJIeHHO-
.1'0 KpYTHUJ.ero MOMeHTa, KOHTpOJIHpyeMoro no npeKpa eHHIO Bpa-
eHHH BHYTpeHHero lI.HJIUH.npa. ConOCTaBJIHH nOJIyqeHHble 3aBHCH-
128
MOCTH f) (t) H I1.Tu, (t) C HOpMaMH KOHTpOJIH, MO>KHO Ol(eHHTb TeX-
HOJIOrHtJeCKHe CBOHCTBa KOMn03HlI.HH.
BHAY 6paKa, MeTOAY ero npeA)'Ope1KAeHHSI H YCTpaHeHHSI. .D.JIH
06ecnetJeHHH TpeoyeMoro KatJecTBa npH npoH3BoAcTBe H3.neJIHH H3
nOJIHypeTaHOB Hap$l.ll.Y C TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHM KOHTpOneM npOH3BO.ll.HTCH
pa30paKOBKa npO.ll.YKlI.HH no pe3YJIbTaTaM nOCJIeOnepall.HOHHOro
KOHTpOJIH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT C'BOHCTB H3.neJIHH npH HX pa30paKOB-
Ke HCnOJIb3YIOT BH3yaJIbHblH, reOMeTpHtJecKHH, BeCOBOH HJIH <pH3HKO-
MexaHHtJeCKHH KOHTpOJIb. Pe3YJIbTaTbi pa30paKOBKH 0006w.aIOT H
aHaJIH3HpYIOT C ueJIbIO npHHHTH$I Mep -no YCTpaHeHHIO H npe.ll.ynpe>K-
.lI.eHHIO npHqHH opaKa. HeKOTopble xapaKTepHble BH.lI.bI opaKa H pe-
KOMeu.n.all.HH no ero npe.ll.ynpe>K.neHHIO H YCTpaHeHHIO npHBe.ll.eHbI
B Ta6n. 1.6.
r naBa 2. PEAKLJ,1-10HHOE CbOPMOBAHHE
MHKPOst"lEHCTbIX nOnl-1YPET AHOB
MHKpOHtJeHCTble nOJIHypeTaHbI (MnY) npe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT COOOH 3JIaC-
THtJHble MaTepHaJIbi C Ka>KYUJ.eHcH nJIOTHOCTbIO 300--800 Kr/M3.
B 3THX MaTepHaJIaX y.natJHO cotJeTaeTCH pH.lI. lI.eHHblX CPH3HKo-Mexa-
HHtJeCKHX CBOHCTB MOHOJIHTHbiX nOJIHypeTaHoB, TaKHX KaK H3HOCO-
CTOHKOCTb, MaCJIOOeH30cToHKOCTb, BbiCOKHe aMOpTH3all.HOHHbIe xa-
paKTepHcTHKH, C npHcYUJ.HMH HtJeHCTblM 3JIaCTOMepaM JIerKOCTblO,
nOBbillIeHHblMH TenJIOH30JIHlI.HOHHblMH nOKa3aTeJIHMH ,[ 152].
nepBble Mny npe.ncTaBJIHJIH C060H BcneHeHHble JIHTbeBbie ype-
TaHOBbie 3JIaCTOMepbl H ObiJIH pa3paooTaHbI npaKTHtJecKH O.ll.HOBpe-
MeHHO C HHMH. HaHOOJIee THnHtJHble H3 HHX -- HtJeHCTbIe BYJIKOJIJIaH
[7] H A.nHnpeH [153]. 3TH MaTepHaJIbi nOJIYtJaIOT OTBep>K.neHHeM
H30ll.HaHaTCO.ll.ep>KaUJ.HX cpopnOJIHMepOB Ha OCHOBe C.'10>KHOro nOJIH-
3cpHpa BO.ll.OH (BYJIKOJIJIaH) HJIH Ha OCHOBe npOCToro nO H3<!>Hpa
AHaMHHOM (AJl:HnpeH). B nepBOM CJIytJae Bo.na OJl:HOBpeMeHHO
CJIY>KHT XHMHtJeCKHM BcneHHBaTeJIeM, BO BTOpOM BcneHHBaHHe ocy-
UJ.eCTBJIHeTCH no cpH3HtJeCKOMY MexaHH3MY -- B pe3YJIbTaTe Hcna-
peHHH npe.nBapHTeJIbHO BBe.ll.eHHOrO B OAHH H3 KOMnOHeHTOB KOM-
n03HuHH JIerKOJIeTYtJero coe.nHHeHHH (cppeOHa HJIH MeTHJIeHXJIOpH-
Aa). K 3TOMY >Ke THny Mny OTHOCHTCH MaTepHaJIbi UeJIJIaCTO
[154] H MHKpOBOH [155]. TexHo.'10rHH H CBoHcTBa nepBbIx Mny
nO;ll.pOOHO paccMoTpeHbI B [7].
K AOCTOHHCTBaM 3THX MapoK HtJeHCTblx JIHTbeBbiX 3JIaCTOMepoB
OTHOCHTCH HX HCKJIIOQHTeJIbHO BbiCOKHe aMOpTH3all.HOHHble xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH, oJIsro.ll.ap$l KOTOpblM OHH .no CHX nop HCnOJIb3YIOTCH B Tex-
HHKe. O.nHaKo TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHe CJIO>KHOCTH npOH3BO.ll.CTBa, CBH3aH-
Hble B cJIytJae, HanpHMep, BYJIKOJIJIaHa C «HeY.ll.OOHblM» COOTHowe-
HHeM KOMnOHeHTOB (100: 2+5), OTHOCHTeJIbHO BbiCOKa$l CTOHMOCTb
HCXO.ll.Horo CblpbH C caMoro HaqaJIa orpaHHtJHJIH OO'beM npOH3BO.ll.CT-
Ba 3THX Mny.
9-153
129
CJIe.ll.YIOIlI.HM 3TanOM pa3BHTHH npOH3BO.nCTBa H3.neJIHH: 03 Mny
HBHJIOCb ox npHMeHeHHe B OOYBHOH npOMbiIlIJIeHHOCTH. K KOHUY
60-x fO.ll.OB pH.nOM 3ana.nHO-eBpOneHCKHX CPHpM (<<United Shoe
Mashinary», BeJIHKOOpHTaHHH; «LIM», ABcTpHH; «Baye'u, <1>pr
H .lI.p.) ObiJIH BbinOJIHeHbI HCCJIe.nOBaTeJIbCKHe paoOTbI, n03BOJIHBWHe
HallaTb npOMblWJIeHHOe npoH3Bo.nCTBO cpopMoBaHHblx no.nOIliB H3
Mny, a TaK>Ke coocTBeHHo OOYBH nYTeM HenOCpe.llCTBeHHoro npH-
CPOpMoBblBaHHH nO.ll.OIllBbI K coopaHHoMY Ha KOJIO.!lKe Bepxy [12.
156]. 3aBepweHHe 3THX paoOT COBnaJIO C MO.nOH oa no.nOIliBY Tuna
«nJIaT<!>opMa», KOTOPYIO B TOT nepHO.ll. HHalle lIeM H3 Mny C,!I.e.laTb
OblJIO HeB03MO>KHO HJIH OtJeHb CJIO>KHO. n03.l1.Hee OKa3a.'IOCb, liTO H3
Mny TeXHHQeCKH H 3KOHOMHtJeCKH ueJIeCOOOpa3HO ,J.e.1JaTb no.Jow-
Bbi .nJIH JII060H OOYBH [157].
npH pa3paooTKe Mny, CBoHcTBa KOTOpblX onpe.ne.nHIOTcH Ka-
>KYUJ.eHcH nJIOTHOCTbIO, THnOM nOJ1HMepHoH OCHOBbi H CTPYKTYPOH
nop [158] HCXO.nHJIH H3 3aKoHoMepHocTeH CTpYKTypa -- CBoHcTBa.
BblHB.lJeHHblX npH H3YlleHHH MOHOJIHTHbiX cefMeHTIfpoBaHHblx no-
.'IHypeTaHoB (nOJIHMepHOH OCHOBbI Mny) H ocooeHHOCTeH 06pa30-
BaHHH neH H HX CBOHCTB, xapaKTepHbJX .nJIH neHono uypeTaHoB
(nnY).
.D.JIH H3fOTOBJIeHHH OOYBHblX Mny HCnOJIb3YIOT HCXO.!lHOe
cbIpbe, npHMeHHeMoe npH CHHTe3e TepMOnJIaCTHIIHbJX no.IJHypeTaHoB
(Tny), a B KatJeCTBe TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHX .nooaBoK -- coe.nHHeHHH.
npHMeHHeMbie .nJIH Tex >Ke UeJIeH npH nOJIYtJeHHH nny. B lIaCTHO-
CTH, BcneHHBaHHe nHX Mny, KaK npaBHJIO, oCYUJ.ecTBJIHeTCH XHMH-
lIeCKH -- C nOMOUJ.bIO BO.ll.bI [157].
B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH MHpoBoe npOU3BO.!lCTBO 06YBH C nOltOWBOH
H3 Mny npeBbilliaeT 500 MJ1H. nap, 1I..IJH lief 0 paCXO.J.yeTcH 60Jlee
135 TbiC. T HCXO.nHOfO CbIpbH [10, 159]. B TOM tJHC.'Ie 60JIee 50 TbIC.
T 4,4'-M.D.H [4].
.D.aJIbHeHWee pa3BHTHe peaKUHoHHoro cpopMoBaHuH Mny CBH-
3aHO C pa3paooTKoH H npOMbIWJIeHHblM OCBoeHHeM B Halla.'Ie 70-x
fO.ll.OB TeXHOJIOfHH RIM nepBoHatJaJIbHO B CIllA, a n03.nHee H B
Jl:pyrHx cTpaHax [3, 12]. OJl:HOH H3 npHIIHH 3Toro HBHJlOCb npHHH-
THe B CIllA B 1971 f. 3aKOHO.ll.aTe.'1bHbIX Mep no nOBbillIeHHIO 6e30-
naCHOCTH ,J.BU>KeHHH aBTOMOOHJIeH. B03HHKJIa OCTpaH. He06xo.nH-
MOCTb nOBblCHTb «Y.lI.apOCTOHKOCTb» H aMopTH3aUHOHHbIe xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH pH.na BHelllHHX H BHYTpeHHHx 3JIeMeHTOB aBToMooH eH.
3TOfO, B lIaCTHOCTH, .nOCTHfJIH nYTeM IlIHpOKOro HCnOJIb30BaHU$I
«j>opMoBaHHbIx .lI.eTaJIeH H3 MOHOJIHTHOrO H MHKpoHtJeHcToro BbICO-
KOMO.nYJIbHOfO 3JIaCTHtJHOfO nOJIHypeTaHa, nOJIYllaeMbIx Ha JIIfTbe-
BbiX MaWHHax BbiCOKOfO .lI.aBJIeHHH no TeXHOJIOrHH RIM [3, c. 4].
B COCTaB OOYBHblX Mny KOMn03HlI.HH ObiJIH BHeceHbI peuenTYP-
HbIe H3MeHeHHH, HanpaBJIeHHble Ha nOBbillIeHHe >KeCTKOCTH H TeMne-
paTypOCTOHKOCTH nOJIHMepa. n03,!1.Hee 3TH KOMn03HlI.HH CTaJIH
Ha3b1BaTb «RIM-noJIHypeTaHbI nepBoro nOKOJIeHHH [160]. npH-
BJIeKalOT BHHMaHHe RIM-KoMn03HUHH, npe.ncTaBJIHIOIlI.He coooA
130
nOJIHMOtJeBHHbI, nOJIYtJeHHble Ha OCHOB.e CBepXaKTHBHblX OJIHfOMep-
HbiX .lI.H- H TpHaMHHoB [161]. B 1985 f. 06'beM npOH3BOJl:CTBa H3.l1.e-
JIHH H3 RIM-noJIaypeTaHoB .lI.OCTHf B CIllA 57,2 TbiC. T [45].
2.1.
XHMH4ECKHE H CDH3HKO-XHMH4ECKHE OCHOBbI npOLtECCA
!-1cxOAHltle MaTepManlt1 An" CMHTe3a
MMKpo" eHCTItIX nonHypeTaHoB
BbI60p HCXO.ll.HbIX MBTepHaJIOB .lI.JIH Mny onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH Tpe60Ba-
HH5IMH K CBOlfcTBaM fOTOBOfO H3.l1.e.IJHH H TeXHOJIOfHtJHOCTH KOMno-
3IfUHH. CBOHCTBa Mny 38BHCHT OT CTpYKTypbl nOJIHMepHOH OCHOBbI,
Ka>KYUJ.eHCH nJIOTHOCTH H TOnOJIOfHH nop. CTpYKTypa H CBoHcTBa
nOJIHMepHOH OCHOBbi onpe.ll.eJIHIOTCH npHpO.ll.OH, CTPyKTypHblMH xa-
paKTepHCTHKaMH H COOTHoweHHeM nOJIHMep06pa3YIOIlI.HX KOMnOHeH-
TOB KOMn03HlI.HH [3, 12, 152, 157, 159, 161].
B npOH3BO.ll.CTBe 06YBHbIx Mny B KatJeCTBe nOJIHMep06pa3YIO-
UJ.HX KOMnOHeHTOB HCnOJIb3yIOT O.'I HfO)J.HOJI bI, OH<!>YHKUHOHaJIbHble
HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHble Y.lI.JIHHHTeJIH uenH (tJaUJ.e BcefO fJIHKOJIH),
.lI.HH30ll.HaH8TbI H BO.ll.Y. MOJIbHOe COOTHoweHHe OJlHrO)lHOJI: rJIH-
KOJIb : .lI.HH30UH8HaT Jl:JIH 06YBHblX Mny 06bltJHO OJIH3KO K 1: 2-
3: 3+4 (npH M n OJIHrO.ll.Ho.lJa 2000). T8KHM oopa30M, no cocTaBY
HCXO.lHblX nOJIHMep06p83YIOIlI.HX COe.ll.HHeHHH Mny KOMn03HUHH
OTHOCHTCH K MOHOMep-OJIHrOMepHbIM.
H3 OJIHrO.llHOJIOB, KaK npaBH.lo, HCnOJIb3YIOT CJIO>KHbJe H npo-
CTbie OJIHr03cpHp.lI.HOJIbJ, pe>Ke -- O.IJHrO.ll.HeH.llHOJIbI, C MOJIeKy.'1Hp-
HOH MaCCOH 1000-3000 H Cpe.ll.HeH CPYHKUHOHaJlbHOCTbIO, 6J1H3KOH
K 2. H3 HH3KOMOJleKYJIHpHbIX fJIHKOJIeH npHMeHHIOT B OCHOBHOM
1,4-6YTaH.lI.HOJI (l ,4-S.D.) , H3 .lI.HH30ll.HaHaTOB - 4,4' -;lH<!>eHH.'1MeTaH-
.lI.HH30UHaHaT (M.D.H).
Ka>KYUJ.YlOcH n.IJOTHOCTb Mny 3a.ll.alOT KOJJHtJeCTBOM BBO.llHMOrO B
COCTaB KOMn03HUHH BcneHHB8TeJ1H -- BO.ll.bI (xHMHtJecKoe BcneHHBa-
HHe) H (otJeHb pe)lKo) cppeoHoB (<!>H3HtJecKoe BcneHHB8HHe).
TeXHOJIOfHtJecKHe cBoACTBa KOMn03HlI.HH, npe>KJl:e Bcero CKO-
pOCTb OTBep>K.lIeHHH, onpe.lIeJIHIOTCH KaT8JIHTHtJecKoH fpynnoH, B
KatJeCTBe KOTOpOH tJalll.e Bcero HCnOJIb3YIOT cHHeprutJecKYIO CMeCb
TpH3THJIeH.lI.HaMHHa (.lI.aOKo) H OKToaTa OJIOB8. Ha CTPYKTYPY nop
Mny onpe.neJIeHHOe BJIHHHHe OKa3b1BalOT BBOJl:HMbIe, KaK npaBHJIO,
B COCTaB KOMn03HlI.HH nAB OKCH8JIKHJleHOpraHOCHJIOKCaHOBble
OJIOK- H npHBHTble COOJIHfOMepbl.
. B KOMn03HlI.HH OOYBHblX Mny HHOf.n8 BBOJl:HT CTaOHJIH3aTOpbI--
4>eHOJIbHbIe aHTHOKCH.lI.aHTbI H oeH3TpHa30JIbI H KpaCHTeJIH - .nHC-
nepcHH TeXHHtJeCKOfO YfJIepO)l8, HeOpraHHqeCKHX H opraHHtJecKHx
nHfMeHTOB B nJIaCTH<!>HKaTopax HJIH nOJIH3cpHp8X H aueToHopacTBo-
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BXO.nHTb nJI8CTHcpHKaTopbl, HanOJIHHTeJIH H T. n.
B KatJeCTBe OJIHfOMepHOfO KOMnOHeHTa THnHtJHblX RIM-MnY-
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2.1.1.
9-
/3/
2000--7000. H3 rJIHKOJIeH npe.ll.nOqTeHHe OT.lI.aeTCH 3THJIeHrJIHKOJIK)_
IllHpoKo npHMeHHIOT .lI.HaMHHbI, npe>K.lI.e Bcero .lI.H3THJITOJIYHJIeHJl:Ha-
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KOBO, qT06b1 CO.ll.ep>KaHHe >KeCTKOH «j>a3b1 COCT8BJIHJIO 50% H 60JIee.
B nOCJIe.ll.Hee BpeMH B RIM-KoMn03HuHHx HCnOJIb3YlOT O.IJHro-
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CKHMH .lI.HaMHHHblMH Y.ll.JIHHHTeJIHMH uenH H 4,4'-M.D.H COCTaBJIHIOT
OCHOBY nOJIHMOqeBHHHblX RIM-cHcTeM [161].
Ba>KHblM HHrpe.ll.HeHTOM cOBpeMeHHblx RIM-KoMn03HlI.HH HBJIH-
IOTCH 06JIerqalOUJ.He C'beM H3.l1.eJIHH BHYTpeHHHe CMa3KH, HanpHMep
creapaT lI.HHKa H (HJIH) Cnell.HaJIbHble OJIHrOCHJIOKCaHbI.
2.1.2.
CMHTe3 MMKpo" eHCTItIX nonMypeTaHoB
nO.ll.rOTOBKa MOHOMep-OJIHrOMepHoH ypeTaHoBoH KOMn03HlI.HH K
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UJ.eHHH B CTexHOMeTpHqeCKOM COOTHOllleHHH no 3THM rpynnaM Mny
Tpe6yeMoro KaqeCTBa [152, 162]. JIyqwe Bcero nepepa6aTbIB8IOTCSI
KOMn03HlI.HH C 06'beMHblM COOTHoweHHeM KOMnOHeHTOB I, 6,1H3-
KOH H HeBbiCOKOH BH3KOCTbIO KOMnOHeHTOB H xopollieH HX COBMe-
CTHMOCTbIO [163].
l(aK H3BeCTHO, ypeT<lHOBbie CHCTeMbI, COCTOHw.He 83 «j>YHKUHO-
HaJIbHO aKTHBHoro OJIHrOMepa, Y.ll.JIHHHTeJIH lI.enH H .lI.HH30uH8HaTa.
MoryT nepepa6aTbiBaTbcH no O.ll.HOCTa.ll.HHHOH, «j>opnOJIHMepHOH"
nCeBJl:o«j>opnOJIHMepHOH TeXHOJIOrHH [7,9,164] (CM. cxeMY Ha c. 133).
<I>opnOJIHMepHble KOMn03HlI.HH COCTOHT H3 H30UHaHaTHoro «j>op-
nOJIHMepa H Y.ll.JIHHHTeJIH lI.enH. .D.OCTOHHCTBOM «j>opnOJIHMepHOH
CHCTeMbi HBJIHeTCH ee XHMHqeCKaH HHBapHaHTHocTb. 3a HCKJIIOqeHH-
eM n060qHblX peaKlI.HH, npe>K.lI.e Bcero aJIJIo«j>aHBTO- H 6HypeTo06-
pa30BaHH$I, pOJIb KOTOpblX npH TeMnepaType HH>Ke 100°C HeBeJIHKa,
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O.ll.HaKO no TeXHOJIoruqeCKHM napaMeTpaM TaKHe KOMn03HuHH ;la-
JIeKH OT H.lI.eaJIbHoH: BH3KOCTb KOMnOHeHTOB OTJIHqaeTCH Ha .lIBa-
TPH nOpH.lI.Ka, COOTHOllleHHe KOMnOHeHTOB 100: 2+20, OHH n.10XO
COBMeCTHMbI [7]. 3TH KOMn03HUHH npHMeHHJIH .!!.JIH nOJIyqeHH$I
nepBblX MapOK Mny.
nepepa60TKa KOMn03HlI.HH no O.ll.HOCTa.ll.HHHOH cxeMe npe.!!.y-
CMaTpHBaeT O.ll.HOBpeMeHHoe CMelllHB8HHe Bcex He06xo.ll.HMbIX .llJI$I
nOJIyqeHHH Mny HCXO.ll.HblX KOMnOHeHTOB. O.ll.HaKO TaKOH cnoc06
MO>KHO CqHTaTb HCTHHHO O.ll.HOCTa.ll.HHHblM TOJIbKO B cJIyqae He3a-
BHCHMoro .lI.03HpOBaHHH Ka>K.lI.Oro KOMnOHeHTa B CMeCHTeJIbHYK)
rOJIOBKY. npaKTHqeCKH >Ke CMewlfBalOT .lI.Ba KOMnOHeHTa -- .lI.HH30-
UHaHaT H CMeCb Bcex OCTaJIbHblX KOMnOHeHTOB. K .lI.OCTOHHCTB8M
TaKHX KOMn03HUHH OTHOCHTCH OTCYTcTBHe (HJIH npOCTOTa) cTa.!!.H"
nO.ll.rOTOBKH KOMnOHeHTOB H XHMHqeCKaH MHorOBapHaHTHOCTb CHCTe-
132
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PHC. 6IN'1. npHHIlHnHa,1bHblA COCTaB KOMn03HIlHH Mil peaKIlHOHHoro <l>opMoBaHHJI
nonHypeTaHOB
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KOMnOHeHTOB OTJIHqalOTCH Ha nOpH.lI.OK, ox COOTHoweHHe 06bJqHO
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npH xpaHeHHH, TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHH H nepepa60TKe qHCTblX
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pa60TKa KOMn03HlI.HH .lI.JIH CHHTe3a Mny MO>KeT ocymecTB-
JIHTbCH no npOMe>KYTOtlHOMY Me>K.lI.Y «j>opnOJIHMepHbJM H OJl:HOCTa-
.lI.HHHblM nceB.lI.o«j>opnOJIHMepHoMY MeTO.ll.Y [9]. CYTb nceB.lI.o«j>opno-
JIHMepHOro MeTO.ll.a (KoHKpeTHo .lI.JIH 06YBHblX Mny) 3aKJIIOtlaeTCH
B TOM, tlTO nOJIH3«j>Hp pa3.l1.eJIHeTCH aa .lI.Be tlaCTH, O.ll.Ha H3 KOTOpblX
COBMemaeTCH C .lI.HH30ll.HaHaTOM H 06pa3yeT H30u.HaHaTHblH nceB-
.lI.o«j>opnOJIHMep, a BO BTOpylO BBO.ll.HT HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHblH rJIHKOJIb,
BO.ll.Y H Bce TeXHOJIOrHtleCKHe .lI.06aBKH. H3MeHHH KOJIHtleCTBO
nOJIH3«j>Hpa .lI.JIH 06pa30BaHHH H30ll.HaHaTHoro H rH.lI.pOKCHJIbHOrO
KOMnOHeHTOB, MO>KHO .lI.JIH Ka>K.lI.Oro KOHKpeTHoro COCTaBa pa3pa60-
133
TaTb KOMnQ3HlJ.HIO, MaKCHManbHQ npH6J1H:>KalOw.YIOCH K H.lI.eanbHQH
no. CQOTHQWeHH 10 KQMnQHeHTQB H BH3KQCTH r 162, 163].
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QpnQnHMep (Hn<l> n) - 3TQ npQ.II.YKT
B3aHMQ.II.eiicTBHH oOJlHrQ.II.HQna C 6QnbWHM (5-20-KpaTHblM) MQJlb-
HblM H36b1TKoOM .lI.HH3QlJ.HaHaTa. OH npe)l.CTaBnHeT CQ6QU pacTBQP
HCTHHHQrQ
pnQnHMepa B H36b1TKe .II.HU3QlJ.HaHaTa, T. e. QJlHrQMep-
HQrQ H MQHQMepHQrQ .lI.HH3QlJ.HaHaTQB. MQ:>KHQ CIJHTaTb, IJTQ n<l>n-
3TQ CMeCb QnHrQMepa H MQHQMepa C Q.II.HHaKQBblMH
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Mep (rn<l>n) [152]. Pa3HHlJ.a Me:>K.II.Y I1n<l>n H rn<l>n CQCTQHT,
BQ-nepBblx, B TQM, IJTQ I1n<l>n nQJlYlJalOT XHMHIJeCKQii peaKlJ.Heii, a
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BapbHpYH B Hn<l>n H rn<l>n cQ.II.ep:>KaHHe MQHQMepHQU H QJlH-
rQMepHQii CQCTaBnHIOUJ,HX, MQ:>KHQ (nQMHMQ Y:>Ke QTMeIJeHHQrQ Bblwe
H3MeHeHHH TeXHQJlQrHlJeCKHX CBQUCTB KQMnQ3HlJ.Hu) B WHPQKHX
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Mepa) .11.0. 100% (.II.Ba MQHQMepa).
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QP
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BQ3HHKHQBeHHH [5]. B HaCTQHw.ee BpeMH TQnbKQ npH H3rQTQBneHHU
o06YBH C nQ.II.QwBQii H3 Mny nepepa6aTblBaeTcH 6Qnee 50 TblC. T
Hn<l>n Ha QCHQBe 4,4'-.II.H
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.ZI.HQnQB H QnHrQ.II.HQnQB pa3nHIJHQH npuPQ.!I.bI [4]. O.!l.HaKQ ecnH
JIHTepaTypa no. KHHeTHKe H MexaHH3MY B3aHMQ.!I.eHCTBHH npQCTblX
rU.lI.PQKCHnCQ.lI.ep:>KaUJ,Hx coe.!l.HHeHHH H H3QII.HaHaTQB Q6WHpHa [165,
166, c. 342], ToO 0. B3aHMQ.II.eiicTBHu QnHrQ.!I.HQnQB C .II.H (nQnH) H3Q-
UHaHaTaMH HMelOTCH nHWb QrpaHHIJeHHble CBe.ll.eHHH, a .II.aHHble no.
CHHTe3Y npaKTHlJeCKH lJ.eHHblX I1n<l> n npe.ll.CTaBJleHbI B QCHQBHQM B
naTeHTHQH nHTeparype. TaK, B naTeHTax [167-173] npHBe.ll.eHbI
pelJ.enrypbl, ycnQBHH Q6pa3QBaHHH H cBQiicTBa Hn<l>n Ha QCHQBe
4,4'-M.llH, MQHQMepHblX [168, 170-173] U QJlHrQMepHblX fl67,169]
r nHKQneii pa3nHqHQii CTPYKTypbl.
H3QlJ.HaHaTHble nCeB.II.Q
QpnQnHMepbl nQnYIJalOT nYTeM Me.ll.neH-
HQrQ npHnHBaHHH rnHKQnH K paCnJlaBY 4,4'-M.llH. CQQTHQWeHHe
H3QlJ.H3HaTHblX U rH.II.PQKCHnbHblx rpynn CQCTaBJIHeT 3-7, npQ.II.Qn-
134
JKHTeJlbHoOCTb CHHTe3a 1-2 q, TeMnepaTypa 50-100°C. CQ.lI.epJKa-
HHe H3QlJ.HaHaTHblX rpynn Hn<l>n HaXQ.lI.UTCH Q6b1IJHQ B npe.ll.enax
15-25% (Mac.).
3TH npQ.II.YKTbI, CUHTe3UPQBaHHble no. CnOCQ6aM, QnHCaHHblM B
[167-173], npe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT CQ6Qii npH KQMHaTHQH TeMneparype
CTa6HJJbHble JKH.II.KQCTH C BH3KQCTbIO 0,5-15,0 na. c, He H3MeHHIO-
mHeCH B TeIJeHHe HeCKQJlbKHX He.ll.enb [167-169] Hnu MeCHlJ.eB
[170, 171]. Ha HX QCHQBe nQJ'yqeHbI KaIJeCTBeHHble MQHQnHTHble H
MHKPQHIJeHCTble nQJlHyperaHbI.
B naTeHTax [174, 175] BHHMaHHe aKlJ.eHTHpyeTcH Ha CHH:>KeHHH
KpucTanJlH3yeMQCTH Hn<l>n. B .[174], HanpHMep, QnHCaH CJIHTe3
>KH.II.KQrQ Hn<l>n H3 CMecu H3QMepQB M.llH If npQnH.l]eH-, AH-, TPH-
Hnu QnHrQnpQnHneHrnHKQneii (Onr) C MQneKY.'1HpHQii MaccQii
134-2000 npH CQOTHQWeHHH H3QlJ.HaHaTHblX H rH.II.PQKCHnbHblx
rpynn QT 3: 1 ,!I,Q 15: 1. 3TQT Hn<l>n QCTaeTCH :>K.H.!I.KUM npH TeM-
nepaType _5°C no. KpaiiHeH Mepe 48 q.
3
eKTHBHQii QKa3anaCb MQ.lI.H
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nQ.'1HH3QlJ.H3HaTQB - cMeceH M.llH C TPH- U 6Q,'1ee
YHKlJ.HQHa.:JbHbI-
MH H3QlJ.UaHaTaMH [176].
nQMHMQ rnUKQJleii B KaIJeCTBe MQ.lI.H
HK3TQPQB npu CHHTe3e
Hn<l>n npHMeHHIOT BQ.II.Y H .II.HaMUHbI. HanpHMep, Q6pa6QTKQH
10 MQ_'b 4,4'-M.llH 1 MQnb BQ.!I.bI nQ.'1YQeH Hn<l>n C 3KBJIBa,I]eHTHQH
MaCCQH 136.4 (no. cpaBHeHHIO co. 125 )l,nH IJHCTQrQ 4,4'-M.D.I1)
[177]. MQtfeBHHQCQ.!I.ep:>Kaw.Hii
QpnQJluMep cUHTe3HPQBaH U3
2 MQJlb cepQcQAep:>Kaw.efQ .II.HH3QlJ.uaHaTa U 1 MQnb BQ)I,bI B paCTBQ-
pe rI78].
llJIH BBe;I.eHHH B I1n
n 6uypeTQBblX rpynn pa3pa6QTaH MeTQ)I,
Q6pa6QTKH 6Q_lbWQrQ H36b]TKa (5-100-KpaTHQrQ, npeJIMyw.ecTBeH-
HQ 5-25-KpaTHQrQ) .!I.HH3QlJ.HaHaTa fa3QQ6pa3Hb1M .!I.HaMHHQM
[179] .
npe.ll.nQ:>KeH .II.ByxcTa.ll.HiiHblii cnQcQ6 nQ.:rYIJeHHH Hn<l>n, B KQTQ-
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nepBblx, erQ ,!I,BYXCTa.ll.HHHQCTb U, BQ-BTQPblX, ToOT
aKT, tfTQ Ha
nepBQH CTa.ll.HU HeH36e:>KHQ npQHCXQ.lI.HT Y.!l.J1UHeHUe II.enH
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n. B HeKQTQPblX pa6QTaX
CQQ6IllaeTCH 0. KHHeTHKe B3aHMQ.!I.eiicTBHH QnHrQ.!I.HQnQB C 4,4'-M.D.H,
B3HTQM B H36bITKe. TaK, B [181] YCTaHQBJleHQ, tfTQ C PQCTQM
CQQTHQWeHHH NCO: OH .11.0. 10-15 npQ.II.QJI:>KHTe.l]bHQCTb ClIHTe3a
Hn<l>n YMeHbwaeTcH. 3rQ Q6'bHCHHIOT CHH:>KeHHeM BH3KQCTH peaK-
lJ.HQHHQii cpe,!I,bI npH YBeJlUIJeHHH H36b1TKa 4,4' -M.llH.
.lleTanbHQe H3YIJeHue KHHeTUKH peaKII.HH QJlHrQ.II.H3TUneHr.I]H-
KQnba.ll.HnHHaTa (M n =750-2240) H 4,4'-M.llH nQKa3anQ [1821,
IJTQ YBeJlUIJeHHe CQQTHQWeHHH NCO: OH OT 0,5 .11.00 1,5 npHBQ.!I.HT
K PQCTY KQHCTaHTbI CKQPQCTH B 1,2-1,5 pa3a. .llQ r_1y6HHb] npeBpa-
w.eHHH 70-90% CQ6nlO.II.aeTCH BTQPQii nQPH.II.QK peaKII.HH. Ee TenJlQ-
135
'BQii 3c1»
eKT CQCTaBnJleT 195 K.ll:>K/MQJlb. 3HepfHH aKTHBaI.J.UH npQ-
uecca 3aBHCHT QT MQneKynHpHQii MaCCbI QJlUrQ3
Hp.ll.HQJla H npH
M n =2240 paBHa 40 K.ll:>K/MQnb.
nQBblWeHHe CKQPQCTH yperaHQQ6pa3QBaHHH npH YBeJIHqeHHH
H36b1TKa .II.HH3QI.J.HaHaTa B peaKI.J.HH C QnHrQ.II.HQJlQM Q6HapY:>KeHQ
npH H3yqeHHH CHHTe3a Hn<l>n H3 QJlHrQ3THneHfnHKQnba.ll.HnHHaT3
(03f A) H 3HaqHTeJlbHQfQ, 2,2-14,S-KpaTHQfQ (n), H36b1TKa
4,4'-M.llH [183]. PeaKI.J.HH npQTeKaeT no. cxeMe:
HO(CH2)20CO(CH2).COO\".(CH2 )2 0H +
+ nOCN-oCHzONCO-
-+ OCN 0 CH2 -0 NUCOO[(CH2)20CO(CH2)4COOlm
)( (CH2)20CONH 0- CH2 {)- NCO +
+ (n - 2)OCN 0- CH2 -0- NCO
KHHeTHlJeCKHe KpHBble Q6pa3QBaHHH I1n<l>n npHBe.a.eHbI Ha pHC.
2.1. npH fJly6HHe npeBpaw.eHHH 50-60% Ha6J1IO.II.aeTCH aBTQYCKQ-
peHue peaKI.J.HH, CBH3aHHQe, BepQHTHQ, C KaTanHTHlJeCKHM .II.eiiCTBHeM
Y:>Ke Q6pa3QBaBWHXCH ypeTaHQBblX rpynn. 3aMeHa B 3TQii peaKI.J.HH
oOnHrQ3
Up.ll.UQna Ha QnHrQ.II.HeH.II.HQn npHBQ.II.HT K 3HaIJUTenbHQMY
(1,5-2,S-KpaTHQMY) YBenHQeHHIO CKQPQCTH npQI.J.eCca H K CHH:>K.e-
HHIO ee 3aBHCHMQCTU OT n. nQCne.ll.Hee CBH3aHQ, BepQHTHQ, C npQTe-
KaHHeM peaKII.HH B aCCQUHaTaX nQJlHpHblX (rH.lI.PQKCHJlbHblX H
H3QI.J.HaHaTHblX) rpynn B HenQnHpHQH .lI.HeHQBQH: MaTpHue. B aCCQ-
I.J.HaTax KQHI.J.eHTpaI.J.HH pearHpYIOIllHX rpynn QTnHIJaeTCH QT HQMH-
HanbHQii. npQI.J.eCC Q6pa3QBaHHH Hn<l>n IJYBCTBHTeneH K HanHIJHIO
B CHCTeMe BnafH (pHC. 2.2). .llQnycTHMQe KQnHIJeCTBQ BQ.II.bI B QnH-
fQ3
Hpe He .II.Qn:>KHQ npeBblwaTb 0,1 %.
npHBe.ll.eHHaH Bblwe cxeMa CHHTe3a Hn
n HBnHeTCH H.II.eanH3H-
PQBaHHQu. TaK KaK H3QI.J.UaHaTHble rpynnbl 4,4'-M.ll11 paBHQaKTHB-
HbI, HaqHHaH C HeKQTQPQU BenHIJHHbI n HMeeT MeCTQ Y.ll.nHHeHHe
l.J.enH QnUfQMepa. 3aBHCHMQCTb M n QnHrQ3
Hp (.II.HeH).II.HH3QI.J.HaHa-
TQB, BXQ.II.HW.HX B CQCTaB Hn
n, QT n npHBe.a.eHa Ha pHC. 2.3, H3
KOTQPQfQ Cne.ll.yeT, IJTQ Y.II.nHHeHHe QnHrQMepa nQ.II.aBnHeTCH npH
n=8-1O H He 3aBHCHT QT npHPQ.II.bI QJlHfQMepa.
Ha pHC. 2.4 npHBe.ll.eHa 3aBHCHMQCTb BH3KQCTH I1n<l>n Ha QC-
HQBe 4,4'-M.ll11 H CnQ:>KHOfQ QJlUrQ3
Hp.ll.UQna HJlH QnHrQ.II.HeH.II.HQna
OT MQJlbHQfQ CQOTHQWeHHH .lI.HH3QI.J.HaHaTa H QJlHrO.ll.HQnQB (n) H QT
136
A,%
CJ\lCo'%
'l,na.c
PHC. 2.1. KHHeTHKa CHRTe3a (A - rJlY()HHa npeBpalUeRHII) CJlO)KR03(j>HPRblX
I1fI4>fI Ra OCRoae OJlHr09THJleHrJlHKOJlbaAHDHHaTa (03fA) B 4,4'-M.l111 npH
n=2,55 (/); 4,8 (2); 14,5 (3)
PHC. 2.2. &RIIRRe cO.ll:ep1KaHHII BJlarH B 03f A Ha R3MeHeRRe cO.ll:ep)KaHHII
NCO-rpynn (1-4) H BSl3KOCTH 1) (1'-4') I1fI4>fI B Dpo
ecce ero CRHTe3a
(n=4,8); CO.ll:ep)KaHHe BJlarH B 03fA (%):
1,1'-0; 2, 2'-0.1; 3, 3'-0,2; 4, 4'-0.3
o
2
4
6
8
n
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.1I1pHOA MaCCbI
OpnOJlRMepa,
BXO.ll:lIlI1erO B HfI4>n, OT COOT-
HoweHHII pearHpYlOlI1RX rpynn n:
0- 03rA+4.4'.M.n:H; . - o./lHro6y.
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PHC. 2.4. 3aBHCRMOCTb BII3KOCTB I1n4>fI Ra OCHOBe 4,4'-M.l111 R 03fA (e>
R OB.l1 (0) OT MOJIbHOrO COOTRoweRRII KOMnOReHTOB n (1) H cO.ll:ep)KaHRK
R30l1RaHaTRblX rpynn (2)
CQ.lI.ep:>KaHHH B I1n<l>n U3QI.J.HaHaTHbiX rpynn (BblXQ.II.HQH napaMeTp
.lI.J1H Hn<l>n). H3 .II.aHHblx, npe.ll.CTaBneHHblX Ha pUCYHKe, Cne.ll.yeT,
qTQ B H3YQeHHQM HHTepBane n npH 70°C B
3KQCTb He 3aBHCHT QT
npHPQ.II.bI QnHrQMepa, a oOnpe.ll.eJlHeTClI BeJlHqHHQii n, npHIJeM B
HHTepBane n=2,55+6-7 Ha6J1IO.II.aeTCH QCQ6eHHQ pe3Koe CHH}KeHHe,
137
BH3KQCTH I1n<l>n; .II.anee 3TQ CHH:>KeHHe Bblpa:>KeHQ B 3HaIJHTenbHQ
MeHbWeU CTeneHH.
.IInH Q6'bHCHeHHH 3aBHCHMQCTH, npUBe.ll.eHHQii Ha pHC. 2.4,
YMeCTHQ BepHyrbcH K pHC. 2.3, H3 KQTQPQfQ cne.l1yeT, IJTQ B HHTep-
Bane n=2,55+6-7 3HaIJeHHe M n
QpnQJlHMepa, BXQ.a.HUJ.erQ B CQ-
CTaB Hn
n HapH.II.Y C 4,4'-M.llI1, YMeHbwaeTCH C 6000 .a.Q npe.ll.enb-
HQrQ (TeQpeTUIJeCKQfQ) 3HaIJeHHlI M n = 2500. Cne.ll.QBaTeJJbHQ, B HH-
TepBane H3MeHeHHH n QT 2,55 .lI.Q 6-7 BH3KQCTb Hn
n CHH:>KaeTCSI
3a cIJer KaK YMeHbweHuH M n
QpnQnHMepa, TaK H pa36aBJleHHH.
nO. .II.QCTH:>KeHHU n 3HaIJeHHU 6-7 CHH:>KeHHe BH3KQCTH npQHCXQ.II.HT
TQJlbK() B pe3ynbTaTe pa36aBneHHH. npH 3HaIJHTenbHQM cQ.II.ep:>KaHHH
(MHrQ.lI.HQJla B Hn
n [KQHI.J.eHTpaI.J.HH H3QUHaHaTHblX rpynn 10%
(Mac.), n=4,8] H npH TeMnepaType HH:>Ke 40-50°C BH3KQCTb
CJlQ:>KHQ3
UpHQrQ I1n<l>n Bblwe BH3KQCTH ,lI.HeHQBQrQ.
Cne.ll.yeT QTMeTHTb, IJTQ .II.aHHble, H3nQ:>KeHHble Bb]We, cQrnacy-
IOTCH C pe3ynbTaTaMH pa6QTbI [181). r.ll.e .II.QKa3aHa rQMQreHHQCTb
Hn<l>n, npe.ll.CTaBnHIOUJ.Hx CQ6Qu paCTBQPbl
QpnQnHMepQB H
4,4'-M.llH.
nQMHMQ nCeB.II.Q
QpnQnUMepQB B KaIJeCTBe H3QI.J.HaHaTC Q .II.ep:>Ka-
W.HX KQMnQHeHTQB Mny KQMnQ3HI.J.HH WHPQKQ npuMeHHIOT MQ.lI.H-
HI.J.HPQBaHHblii 4,4'-M.llH [85, 184, 185]. TaK, npH BblCQKQTeMne-
paTypHQii (200°C) Q6pa6QTKe 4,4'-M.llH B npHcYTcTBHH
QC
QP-
OpraHHIJeCKQfQ KaTanH3aTQpa npQUCXQ.II.UT npeBpaw.eHHe 4,4'-M.llH
B Kap6Q.II.HHMH,lI.
20CN-R-NCO -- OCN-R-N=C=N-R-NCO+C0 2
C nQCne.ll.YIOw.HM qaCTHIJHblM npeBpaw.eHHeM Kap6Q.II.HUMH.II.a B ype-
TQHHMUH:
OCN - R - N = C = N - R - NCO + OCN - R - NCO..
OCN - R - N = C - N - R - NCO
- I I
OCN - R - N - C = 0
KQTQPblii 3
eKTHBHQ npenHTcTByeT KpHCTaJlnH38I.J.Hu 4,4'-M.llI1.
nQnYIJeHHble TaKHM Q6pa3QM MQ.II.H
HI.J.HPQBaHHble 4,4'-M.llH UMe-
lOT HH3KYIO no. cpaBHeHulO C I1n
n BH3KQCTb H WHPQKQ UCnQnb-
3YlOTCSI B RIM-TexHQJlQrHH. PerYJlHPQBaHHe HX BH3KQCTH BQ3MQ:>KHQ
nyTeM CQBMew.eHHH C Hn
n.
rHAPOKCHJlCOAep)f(aw.HA KOMnOHeHT. rH.lI.PQKCHJlbHble n <1> n
(rn<l>n) npe.ll.CTaBnlllOT CQ6QH «
H3HIJeCKHe:. nCeB.lI.Q
QpnQnHMe-
pbl, nQnYIJaeMble Q6b1IJHQ CMeweHHeM rH.II.PQKCHncQ.II.ep:>Kaw.Hx QJlH-
rQMepQB H rnHKQneu. Hx WHPQKQ HCnQnb3YIOT B KaIJeCTBe cQpeareH-
TQB .II.JJH I1n
n. 113 KQMnQ3HI.J.Hii Hn<l>n-rn<l>n npQU3BQ.lI.HT
npaKTHQeCKH BCIO nQnYIJaeMYIO peaKI.J.HQHHblM
QPMQBaHHeM Q6YBb.
OIJeBH.lI.HQ, IJTQ .II.nll rn
n QCHQBHblM
aKTQPQM HBnHeTCH UX
H3HIJecKoe CQCTQHHHe [186-188]. H3YIJeHHe CQBMeCTHMQCTU HH3-
KQMQneKynHpHblx rnHKQneH C rH.II.PQKCHnCQ.a.ep:>KaW.UMH QJlHrQMepa-
138
o
80 COli ,0/".
PHC. 2.5. ,lJ,HarpaMMbI paCTBOpRMOCTH CHCTeM 3THJleRrJlRKOnb (9f) - OJlHTO.;!.H-
(TpH)OJl (a) H 1,4-6'u-onHro.ll:R(TpH)0JI (6):
/ - OJlHrOOKCHnpOnHJleHTpHOJI M n -500 (nnf. 03); 2 - oJlHro3THJleH6YTHJleHrJlHKOJlba,D.HnHHaT
(03BrA); 3 - OJlHrOOKCHnpOnllJleHTpHOJI M n -5000 (nnf-5003); 4 - OJlHrOOKCHnpOnHJlellrJlH-
KOJlb, M n -2000 (nnr.2002); 5 - oJlHro6yra,D.HeH,D.HOJI (OB.n:)
MH pa3nHIJHQU npHPQ.II.b] U M n B HHTepBane TeMnepaTYP 20-200 cC
nQKa3aJlQ [186, 187], IJTQ U3UIJeCKQe CQCTQHHHe 3TUX CHCTeM
QnHCb]BaeTCH 6HHQ.a.aJlHMH C BepxHeii KpHTHqeCKQU TeMnepaTYPQH
paCTBQpeHUH (BKTP). BKTP CHCTeM 3r-nnr-503 H 3f-
036f A (puc. 2.5, a, KpHBble 1 H 2) paBHa CQQTBeTCTBeHHQ 132 H
170°C. .IInH CHCTeM 3r-nnr-2002 H 3r-06.ll nQnyqeHbI TQ.'1b-
KQ npaBble BeTBH 6UHQ.l1aJleii (pHC. 2.5, a, KpHBbIe 4 U 5). 3TO
Ha.a.Q paCCMaTpHBaTb He KaK .II.QKa3aTeJlbCTBQ a6CQJlIOTHQM HepaCT-
BQPHMQCTH nnf-2002 H 06.ll B 3r, a KaK CBH.a.eTe,l]bCTBQ HX
HUqTQ:>K.HQ ManQii paCTBQPHMQCTH. CHCTeMa 3f - nnr-5003 (KpU-
BaH 3) TaK:>Ke xapaKTepu3yeTcH HU3KQii B3aHMQpaCTBQPHMQCTbIO
KQMnQHeHTQB. .IIJlH 3THX CHCTeM (KpHBble 3-5) 3HaIJeHHH BKTP He
6blnu HaH.a.eHbI. nQ-BH.II.HMQMY, QHH pacnQnQ:>KeHbI BblllIe Tet.1Depa-
TYPb] TepMUIJeCKQrQ pa3nQ:>KeHUH QnHroMepQB.
CUCTeMa 1,4-B.ll- nnf-503 npe.ll.CTaBnHeT CQ6Qii HCTHHHbIH
paCTBQP BQ BceM UHTepBane KQHueHTpaUHii y:>Ke npH KQMHaTHQU
TeMnepaType, a BKTP CHCTeM' 1,4-6.ll-036fA, 1,4-6.ll'-
nnr -5003 H 1,4- 6.ll- nnr -2002 paBHb] CQQTBeTCTBeHHQ 164, 171
U 192°C (CM. pHC. 2.5,6, KpHBble 2-4). .IInH CUCTeMbi 1,4-6.ll-
06.D. nQnYIJeHa TQnbKQ npaBaH BeTBb 6HHQ.a.anH (CM. pHC. 2.5,6,
KpHBaH 5), IJTQ YKa3b1BaeT Ha ManylO B3aHMQpaCTBQPHMQCTb 3TUX
Bew.eCTB.
npHBe.ll.eHHble .lI.aHHble nQ3BQnHIOT paCnQnQ:>KHTb Hccne.a.yeMble
QnHrQMepbl B nQPH.II.Ke CHH:>KeHHlI HX CQBMeCTHMQCTH C 1,4-6.ll H 3f
B cne.ll.YIOw.uii pH:lI.: nnr-503>03BrA>nnr-5003>nnr-2002>
>OB.ll. npH 3TQM paCTBQPHMQCTb 1,4-B.ll B nnr-503, nnr-5003
H nnf-2002 6QnbWe, qeM 3r, TQr.ll.a KaK B 036r A H 06.ll QHa
npaKTHlJeCKH Q.II.HHaKQBa.
139
H3YIJeHa B3aHMHaH paCTBQPHMQCTb CMeCeU 1,4-6YTa H .II. HQJI -
03Br A, CQ.II.ep:>KaIllHX cpaBHHTenbHQ He6QnbWHe nepeMeHHble KQ-
JIHQeCTBa BQ.II.bI (BcneHHBalOw.efQ areHTa Mny) npH nQCTQHHHQM
MaCCQBQM CQQTHQWeHUH 03Br A U 1,4-6YTaH.lI.HQna (7,78: I).
06HapY:>KeHQ, qTQ C BBe.ll.eHHeM BQ.II.bI B CMeCb QJlHrQ3 Hp.ll.HQJla H
1,4-6YTaH.II.HQJla -reMnepaTypbl a3QBQrQ paBHQBeCHH HeCKQnbKQ
DQBblWalOTCSI (c 55 .11.0. 57°C).
BBe.ll.eHHe QpraHHQeCKUX nJiaCTH HKaTQPQB B rn n nQ3BQJlHeT,
KaK npaBHJlQ, YMeHbwHTb erQ BSl3KQCTb H TeM caMbiM ynYIJwHTb ne-
pepa6aTblBaeMQCTb KQMnQ3UUHU. BblnQ H3YIJeHQ a3QBQe CQCTQHHHe
TpeXKQMnQHeHTHQii CHCTeMbi 1,4-B.ll- 03Br A - nJiaCTH HKaTQP
B ToOIJKaX, CQQTBeTcTBYIOIllHX nQCTQHHHQMy MaCCQBQMY CQQTHQWeHHIO
1,4-B.ll: 03Br A= 1 : 7,78 H pa3J1HIJHblM MaCCQBblM CQQTHQWeHHHM
3TQii CMeCH C nnacTU HKaTQPQM. nQnYIJeHHble KpHBble (pHC. 2.6)
B QTnHIJHe OT paHee paCCMQTpeHHblx 6HHQ.II.aneii HeJlb3H HCnQnb3Q-
BaTb .II.nH KQnHIJeCTBeHHQrQ paCIJeTa cQ.II.ep:>KaHHH KQMnQHeHTQB B
paCTBQpe H .lI.HCnepCHQii a3e. KpHBble CQQTBeTcTBYIOT nepexQ.II.Y
CHCTeMbI U3 rQMQreHHQrQ CQCTQHHHH B reTepQreHHQe H HaQ6QPQT.
H3 pHC. 2.6 BH.II.HQ, IJTQ C YMeHbweHHeM cQ.II.ep:>KaHHH B CHCTeMe
6YTHn6eH3Hn TanaTa H .II.H6YTHn anaTa TeMnepaTypbl a3QBQrQ
nepexQ.II. a MQHQTQHHQ nQBblWalOTCH, B cnyqae .II.H6YTHnce6aUHHaTa
npQXQ.II. HT IJepe3 Hepe3KQ BbIpa:>KeHHblii MaKcHMYM, a npH BBe.ll.eHHH
He HHblx Macen HeTQKCQn3 H cTa6HnnJlaCTa - pe3KQ CHH:>KaIOTCH,
IJTQ YKa3b1BaeT Ha HH3KYlO CQBMeCTHMQCTb 3THX nnacTH HKaTQPQB
C rn n.
r,oc 'l,fla.c
160 4
120
o
I
100
60 C"f-GA'01frA,%
I I I
40 10 Cn/"'*'
60
C'fl a 6A''*'
, .
20
PHC. 2.6. .ltRarpaMMa paCTBopHMOCTH CHCTeMbi 1,4.S.lt-09SfA C nJlaCTH(j>H-
KaTOpaMH:
J - BeTOKeU; Z - CT8CSIUIM8CT; 3 - AHCSYTlUlceCS8ItHR8T: ., - CSYT".6essslI4!TallaTo 5 - ASCSy.
TIUI4n'U'" . I
PHC. 2.7. 3aBRcHMOCTit BII3KOCTH fnez>n Ra OCHOBe 03SfA H 1,4.6.1:1 OT cO.ll:ep'
1KaHH" 1,4-6.1:1 DpH 60 °C (1), 50 °C (2) R 40°C (3)
140
.IIJlH peaJlbHblX rn<l>n, KaK Cne.ll.yeT H3 a3QBblX .II.HarpaMM,
O.ll.HQPQ.II.Hble CHCTeMbi npe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT CQ6Qii CKQpee HCKJllOlJeHUe,
qeM npaBHJlO. TaK, 1,4-6YTaH.lI.uQn B QJlHrQ6yTa.ll.HeH.II.UQne npaKTH-
qeCKH HepaCTSQPHM. CJle.ll.QBareJIbHQ, .II.J1H 3TQA CHCTeMbi .lI.Q MQMeH-
Ta Q6paw.eHHH a3 BH3KQCTb He .II.Qn:>KHa 3aBHceTb OT CQ.lI.ep:>KaHHH
B rn<l>n 1,4-6YT8H.a.HQna.
rn n Ha QCHQBe QrpaHHIJeHHQ paCTBQPHMblX KQMnQHeHTQB
HMelOT CJlQ:>KHYIO 3aBUCUMOCTb BH3KQCTH QT CQCTaBa. .lleiicTBHTeJlb-
HQ, KaK CJle.a.yeT H3 pHC. 2.7, r.ll.e npHBe.ll.eHbI KpHBble 3aBHCUMQCTH
BH3KQCTH QT CQCTaBa rn<l> n Ha QCHQBe CnQ:>KHQrQ QnHrQ3 Hp.ll.HQ-
.TJa 035r A H 1,4-5.ll, npH cQ.lI.ep:>KaHHH nQCne.a.HerQ QT 0 .11.0. 12%
(Mac.) BH3KQCTb rn<l>n nJlaBHQ CHH:>KaeTCH, IJTQ CBH3aHQ C paCT-
BQpeHHeM 1,4-6YTaH.II.HQna B QJlHrQ3 up.a.UQJle. nO. .lI.QCTH:>KeHHH
KQHII.eHTpaII.HH HaCblw.eHHH HaIJHHaeT Q6pa3QBblBaTbCH 3MYJlbCHH
l,4-6YTaH.II.HQJla B erQ HaCblw.eHHQM paCTBQpe B 035r A. CTa6Hnb-
HQCTb BH3KQCTH B HHTepBane cQ.a.ep:>KaHHii 1,4-6YTaH.lI.HQJIa 12-
30% (Mac.) QTBeIJaeT CQCTQHHHIO 3MYJlbCHH. Pe3KQe CHU:>KeHHe BH3-
KQCTII npH CQ.lI.ep:>KaHHH 1,4-6YTaH)I,HQJla 30-40% (Mac.) CBH3aHQ
c Q6paw.eHHeM a3.
.ll_lH rn n-3MYJlbCHii Ba:>KHblM TeXHQnQrHlJeCKHM napaMeTPQM
SlB.I]HeTCH HX YCTQiiIJHBQCTb. BpeMH nQnHQrQ paccnaHBaHHH, xapaK-
Tepu3ylOIllee YCTQiiIJHBQCTb 3MyJlbCHH 1,4-6YTaH.lI.HQJI- CJlQ:>KHblii
oOJlHfQ3 Hp)l,HQn, YMeHbwaeTCH npH nQBblWeHHH TeMnepaTypbl
(3a CqeT CHH:>KeHHH BH3KQCTH) H YBenHIJHBaeTCH npH BBe.ll.eHHH
nAB (3a CIJeT CHH:>KeHHH nQBepXHQCTHQrQ HaTH:>KeHHH) 0[186].
KOMn03HQHH MOV. .IInH HanpaBJleHHQrQ Bbl6Qpa HCXQ.lI.HblX 'Ma-
TepHaJlQB npH CQ3.11.aHHH KQMnQ3HI.J.Hii Mny HeQ6xQ.II.HMQ 3HaHlie
B3aHMQCBH3U npHPQ.a.bI nQnHMepQ6pa3YIOw.HX HHrpe)l,HeHTQB (Q_1H-
fQ)I,HQJI, rnHKQJlb, .II.HH3QI.J.HaHaT) H H3HKQ-MeXaHHlJeCKHX H H3HKQ-
XHMHlJeCKHX CBQiiCTB nQJlUMepHQii QCHQBbI Mny. B IJaCTHQCTH,
HH QPMaI.J.HH 0. 3aBHCHMQCTH MeXaHHlJeCKHX CBQiiCTB nQnUMepHQU
OCHQBbI Mny QT CQ.II.ep:>KaHHH JKeCTKQii a3b1 (KQHUeHTpaII.HH B
CMeCH rnUKQJlH, .II.HH3QII.HaHaTa H BQ)I,bI) nQ3BQnHeT Qnpe.a.eJlHTb
Tpe6yeMblu HHTepBan CQ)I,ep:>KaHUH 3J1aCTHIJHblX U :>KeCTKHX 6J1QKQB.
HanpHMep, .II.J1H Q6YBHblX KQMnQ3HI.J.HU Ha QCHQBe QnHrQ.a.HQJlQB C
M n = 2000 cQ.lI.ep:>KaHHe :>KeCTKHX 6J1QKQB .II.QJI:>KHQ CQCTaBJlHTb 30-
40%, .lI.J1H BHeWHHX .lI.eTaneii aBTQMQ6HJleii - >50% [9].
Tpe6yeMblii HHTepBan Ka:>Kyw.eiicH nJlQTHQCTH .II.nH .II.aHHQfQ H3-
.ZI.enHH Qnpe.l1eJlHeTCH 3aBHCHMQCTbIO CBQUCTB Mny QT Ka:>Kyw.eikH
nnQTHQCTH. KQnHIJeCTBQ XHMHIJeCKQrQ BcneHHBaTenH (BQ.II.bI) .II.J1H
o6eCneIJeHHH Bbl6paHHQii Ka:>Kyw.eiicH nJlQTHQCTH paCCIJHTblBalOT
HCXQ.II.H H3 TQrQ, IJTQ no. peaKII.HH BQ.n:bI C .lI.HH3QII.HaHaTQM H3 1 MQnb
BQ.a.bI (18 r) H 2 MQnb U3QI.J.HaHaTHblX rpynn Q6p83yercH 1 MQJlb
(22,4 n) CO 2 . 3HaH nnQTHQCTb MQHQJlHTHQro MaTepUaJla (.l1nH
CnQ:>KHQ3 HPHblX nQJlHypeTaHQB 1250 Kr/M3), Qnpe.ll.eJlHIOT KQJlHlJe-
CTBQ BQ.lI.bI, Q6eCneIJHBalOIllee nQnYIJeHHe MaTepHana C 3a.ll.aHHQii
Ka:>KYIlleiicH nnQTHQCTblO [157]. npH 3TQM Cne.ll.yeT yqHTblBaTb, IJTQ
CHH:>K.eHHe TQnw.HHbI H3.11.enHH Bbl3b1BaeT yseJlHqeHHe Ka.>Kyw.eHcSI
nnQTHQCTH. TaK, .II.nH Mny C Ka:>K.yw.eiiclI nnQTHQCTblO npH CBQ6Q.II.-
141
HQM BcneHHBaHHH 300 Kr/M3 Ka:>K.YUJ.aHcH nJlOTHQCTb B .0pMe TQJI-
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900 Kr/M3. KpQMe TQroO, CJle.ll.yeT HMeTb B BH.zr.y, IJTQ IJacTb CO 2 npH
HeQnTHMaJlbHQM CQCTaBe KaTanHTUIJeCKQU rpynnbl MQ)KeT BbI.II.eJlHTb-
CH B aTMQC py. C YIJeTQM Bcex 3THX Q6CTQHTeJlbCTB, HanpHMep,
npH H3rQTQBJleHUH Q6YBU B KQMnQ3HUHIO BBQ.lI.HT KQnUIJeCTBQ BQ.l1b1,
B.lI.BQe 6QnbWee paCIJeTHQrQ [157].
nCeB.II.Q QpnQnHMepHblii npHHUHn CQ3.11.aHHH KQMnQ3HUHH nQ3BQ-
J1HeT .II.Q6UTbCH 6nH3KQii BH3KQCTH KQMnQHeHTQB H HX CQQTHQWeHHH,
npU6nH:>KalOUJ.erQCH K I. npaKTHIJeCKH 3TQ QCYUJ.eCTBnHeTCH cne.a.ylO-
UJ.HM Q6pa3QM*. npe.ll.nQnQ:>KHM, IJTQ BbI6paHbI THnbl H MQnbHQe
CQQTHQWeHHe nQnHMepQ6pa3YIOw.ux CQCTaBnHIOUJ.HX KQMnQ3UII.HU-
QJlHrQ.II.HQna (M n =2000), 1,4-5.ll H 4 ,4'-M.ll 11 = 1 :2:3, T. e. Mac-
CQBQe CQQTHQWeHHe CQCTaBnHeT 2000: 180: 750, IJTQ CQQTBercTByeT
cQ.II.ep:>KaHHIO :>KeCTKHX 6nQKQB nQnHMepa-QCHQBbI 31,7%. OnHrQ.II.H-
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CQQTHQWeHHe I1n<l>n H rn<l>n 6b1nQ I: 1, T. e. (2000+ 180+
+ 750)/2= 1465. CJle.n:QSaTenbHQ, I1n<l>n .a.QJI:>KeH cQlI.ep:>KaTb
1465-750=715 Mac. IJ., a rn<l>n 1465-180= 1285 Mac. IJ. Q,lUrQ-
.II.HQna. EcnH QKa:>KeTCH, IJTQ nQnYIJeHHble npH TaKQM CQQTHQWeHHH
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rn<l>n H HanpaBnHeTCH B Hn<l>n.
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3TanQB BcneHHBaHUH H QTBep:>K.a.eHHH CMecu.
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a .lI. Q 6aBKY He3 eKTHnHQu.
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142
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3 eKTHBHQ C 3KQHQMUIJeCKHX nQ3HII.Hii, IJeM nCeB.II.Q QpnQnHMepQB,
TaK KaK B MQ H HUHPQBaHHblX 4,4'-M.ll11 H3QUHaHaTHble rpynnbl
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QT6Qpa U nepeHQCa npQ6b] pearupYIOw.erQ Q6pa3ua B KQn6y C
H3BeCTHb]M KQnHtfeCTBQM paCTBQpa nepBHIJHQrQ anU aTUIJeCKQrQ
SMUHa C nQcne.ll.YIOw.HM THTPQBaHUeM QCTaBWUXCH aMUHQrpynn.
O.ll.HaKQ caMblii HHTepeCHblii, HaqanbHbIii YIJaCTQK KUHeTHIJeCKQii
KPUBQii 3THM cnQCQ6QM H3MepHeTcH He.ll.QCTaTQIJHQ Ha.n:e:>KHQ. Ha
pHC. 2.9 npHBe.ll.eHbI npHMepbl BpeMeHHblx 3aBUCHMQCTeii HeKQTQPblX
H3MepHeMblx napaMeTPQB CUHTe3a Mny.
]46
\
\
COOTHOpieHHe KOMnOHeHTOB. nQ.lI.rQTQBJIeHHble K CMeWeHHIO KQM-
nQHeHTbI MqHQMep-QnHrQMepHblX KQMnQ3HUHH .lI.JIH peaKUHQHHQrQ
QPMQBaHHH \.lI.Q3HPYIOT B 3apaHee Qnpe.ll.eneHHQM CQQTHQWeHHH B
CMecurenbHYIO\ ,[QnQBKY. Tpe6yeMaH TQIJHQCTb .lI.Q3HPQBaHUH Qnpe-
.lI.enHeTCSI YHKUUQHa"lbHQCTblO pearHpYIOw.HX CQe.n:HHeHuii [9, 162].
I1cXQ.n:H U3 Q6W.HX cQQ6pa:>K.eHHH, MQ:>KHQ YTBep:>K.lI.aTb, IJTQ MaKCH-
ManbHaH TQIJHQCTb .lI.Q3HPQBaHUSI .n:Qn:>KHa CQ6JIIO.n:aTbCH .lI..1H 6H-
YHKUUQHanbHb]X KQMnQHeHTQB (Q6YBHb]e MnY). npUCYTcTBHe
nQnH YHKUHQHanbHblx coe.n:uHeHHH B Q.lI.HQM unu Q6QHX KQMnQHeH-
Tax HeCKQnbKQ CHH:>KaeT Tpe6QBaHUH K TQIJHQCTH Q3UPQBaHHH
(RIM-nY). .ll_'SI KQMnQ3HUHH Ha QCHQBe 6H YHKUHOHa.'1bHbIX rH.II.-
PQKCUn- U H3QUUaHaTCQ.n:ep:>Kaw.ux coe.ll.UHeHUU TQIJHQCTb .II.Q3UPQBa-
HUH Qnpe.n:eJIHeTCH .n:QnYCTUMblMU QTKnQHeHHSlMH U3QUHaHaTHQrQ
HH.n:eKca (CQQTHQWeHUH NCO: OH) QT e.n:HHHUbI.
MQ)KHQ npe.il.no.'1Q:>KUTb, IJTQ 3KBHBaneHTHQe CQOTHQWeHHC
I1n<l>n U rn<l>n HBHTCSI npe.n:nQcblnKQii nQ_1YIJeHUH KaIJeCTBeHHbIX
Mny H3 6H YHKUHQHa.l]bHbIX HCXQ.lI.Hb]X CQe.ll.HHeHUH. CHU:>K.eHHe
CQQTHQWeHHH NCO: OH .lI.Q 0.90-0,95 JI.Qn:>K.HQ npUBQ,Z1HTb K cyw.e-
CTBeHHQMY YMeHbweHulO MOJleKYJIHpHQH MaCCbI nQ.'1HMepHQH QCHQBbI
U CHU>KeHUIO QCHQBHbIX MexaHHtJeCKHX xapaKTepHcTuK Mny. nQ-
BblweHue NCO: OH AQ 1,05-1,10 TaK:>Ke He:>Ke.'1aTeJlbHQ H3-3a
HaIJHHalOw.erQCH CWHBaHHH nQ,'1UMepHQH QCHQBb] i[196]. npn 3TQM
B pe3YJIbTaTe CWHBaHHSI Q.:J:>K.Ha CHH:>K.aTbCH YCTa,'1QCTHaH BbIHOC.1U-
BQCTb Mny. .lleiicTBuTe.lbHQ, no. .lI.aHHblM 3apy6e:>KHb]X UpM
NCO : OH KQne6J1eTCSI .lI.,'1H pa3Hb]X KQMnQ3HlJ.UH, HQ HaXQ;I.HTCH
Q6b1IJHQ B npe.u.eJlax 0,95-1,05 [197, 198]. TaK, .iI.,I]H KQMnQ3HUHII
HpMbl «UpjQhn» (CiliA) [199] YCTaHOBneHQ, IJTQ QnTJIMa.lbHblM
SlB.I]HeTCH H3QUUaHaTHb]H UHlI.eKC 0,96-0,97. .ll,I]H CHCTeMbi Bati-
,'1eKC 50-S ( upMa «Bayef», <PPf) peKQMeH.n:yeTcH H3QUHaHaTHb1H
UH.!I.eKC 0,98-1,00 l200].
r:c H,MH 'z,na' c NCO ' %
100 6 --I
130 8
80
/4
110 6 4 I
60 I
I
90 If
2
70 2 /
....."
50 0
0 20 'f0 60 t/ 0 20 40 60 t,c
PHC. 2.9. TRnHqRble KpRBwe R3MeHeHHSI TeXHO.lOrHQeCKHX napaMeTpOB KOMn03H-
nHR npH CRHTe3e MfTY:
I - Te nepaTypa T; 2 - BbiCOTa nOAbe a neHbI H; 3 - co.n.epmaHHe H30I{HaH3THbiX rpynn
C NCO ; 4 - BliaKOCTb 'I)
10-
147
1'p T,'£p"P f"l1na P'Tllle: Ep' %
100 tJ,UKR.
7 20 500
6 16
5 11
4 8
3 4
2 0
NCO:OH
PHC. 2.10. 3aBRCRMOCTb CPH3HKo-MeXaRR'IecKHx CBoAcTB Mn3Y (Ka)KYll1aSlcSI
JJJlOTROCTb 600 Kr/M 3 ) OT COOTHoweHRSI NCO: OH:
J - YC./IOBHali npOqHOCTb npH paCTII>KeHHH fp'IO. Mna; 2- TBepAocTb no TM.2 T YC./I. eA.;
3 - OTHOCHTe./lbHOe YA./IHHeHHe npH pa3pblBe e p 'IO-'. %; 4 - cOnpOTHBJleHHe paapaCTaHHIO npo,
KO./la npH 15 TbiC. ItHK./IOB P, If..
PHC. 2.11. 3aBHCRMOCTb CPH3RKO-MeXaHR'IecKRx CBoAcTB Mn6Y (Ka)KY1l1aSlcSI
JJJlOTROCTb 550 Kr/M 3 ) OT COOTHoweHHSI NCO - OH:
J - YCJlOBHali np04HOCTb npH paCTIIJKeHHH fp. Mna; 2 - OTHOCHTe./lbllOe YA./IHHeHHe npH pa3-
pblBe, %; 3 -cOnpOTHll.lleHoile paapacTaHHIO npOKOJIa p. TbiC. UHK./I.
HCCne.ll.QBaHQ BnHHHHe H3QUHaHaTHQrQ HH.n:eKCa Ha CTpYKTYPY H
CBQiicTBa Mny Ha npHMepe THnHIJHQrQ CnQ:>KHQ3 HpHQrQ Q6YBHQrQ
Mn3Y Ha QCHQBe QnHrQ3THneH6yTHneHrnHKQnbaAHnHHaTa
(03SrA) [201]. MQnbHoe COOTHQWeHHe KQMnQHeHTQB B CHCTeMe
rn<l>n-03SrA: 1,4-B.ll: BQ.lla=1 : 2,85: 0,27. CQ.II.ep:>KaHHe H3Q-
UHaHaTHblX rpynn B Hn<l>n CQCTaBnSleT 19,7-19,8% (Mac.).
B [202]. npHBe.n:eHbI pe3ynbTaTbI H3YIJeHHH BnHHHHH H3QUHaHaTHQrQ
HH.II.eKCa Ha CBQHCTBa MnSY, nQnYIJeHHQrQ npH 3aMeHe 03Sr A Ha
QnHrQ6YTa.ll.HeH.n:HQn (OS.ll).
113 .lI.aHHblX pHC. 2.10 BH.lI.HQ, IJTQ 3HaIJeHHH QCHQBHbIX H3HKQ-
MeXaHHlJeCKHX nQKa3aTeneii Mn3Y pe3KQ CHH:>KaIOTCH B HHTepBane
NCO : OH =0,98-0,92. Cne.n:QBaTenbHQ, HCnQnb3QBaHHe peuenTYP
C H3QuHaHaTHblM HH.n:eKCQM, ne:>Kaw.HM B 3THX npe.n:enax, IJpeBaTQ
QCnQ:>KHeHHSlMH, CBH3aHHblMH C KQne6aHHHMH cQ.n:ep:>KaHHH rH.n:PQ-
KCHnbHblX rpynn B npQMblWneHHblx QnHrQ.n:HQnax. CQQTHQWeHHe
NCO: OH =0,98-1,02 HBnHeTCH QnTHManbHblM C TQIJKH 3peHHH
KQMnneKCa CBQikTB Mn3Y. B CBH3H C TeM, IJTQ Cpe.ll.H HCnQnb3ye-
MblX nQnHMepQ6pa3YIOw.Hx KQMnQHeHTQB Mn3Y caMblM .II.QPQfHM
HBnHeTCH .lI.HH3QUHaHaT, pa6QTa npH H3QUHaHaTHQM HH.lI.eKCe > 1,02
He3 eKTHBHa nQ 3KQHQMHqeCKHM cQQ6pa:>KeHHHM. AHanQrHIJHble
.lI.aHHble .lI.nH MnSY OnH3KQrQ CQCTaBa npHBe.n:eHbI Ha pHC. 2.11.
KaK BH.lI.HQ H3 .lI.aHHblX pHC. 2.10 H 2.11, MaKCHManbHble 3HaIJe-
HHH CQnpQTHBneHHH pa3pacTaHHIO npQKQna H QTHOCHTenbHQrQ y.n:-
JlHHeHHH 3naCTQMepa .II.QCTHraIOTCH npH COOTHQWeHHH NCO: OH = I,
DpHQeM CQnpQTHBneHHe pa3pacTaHHIO npQKQna HaH6Qnee IJYBCTBH-
TeJJbHQ K H3MeHeHHIO 3TQrQ COOTHQWeHHH. npQqHQCTb npH paCTH-
148
\.
\
JKeHHH Mny pe3KQ BQ3paCTaeT B HHTepBaJle U3MeHeHHH H3QI.{HaHaT-
HQrQ HH.lI.eKCa 0,92-1,0. npH .lI.anbHeUweM YBenHIJeHHH CQQTHQWe-
HHH pearHpy'Iow.uX rpynn npQIJHQCTb npu paCTH:>KeHUU Mny cnerKa
UQBblWaeTCH, npH6nu:>K.aHCb K npeAMbHQMy 3HaIJeHHIO.
Ha6mo.ll.aeMblH xapaKTep 3aBHCHMQCTH H3HKQ-MeXaHUtfeCKHX
CBQHCTB 3naCTQMepQB QT CQQTHQWeHUSI pearHpYIOw.HX rpynn o6yc-
.TJQBneH, QIJeBH.II.HQ, BnHHHHeM 3TQrQ COOTHQWeHHH Ha MQneKynHpHYIO
Maccy nQnUMepa H, BQ3MQ:>KHQ, Ha npQlJ.ecc Q6pa3QBaHHH XHMUIJeC-
KUX BynKaHH3alJ.HQHHNX CBH3eA 3a cIJer BTQPHIJHblX peaKlJ.UH H3Q-
nuaHaTHblX rpynn. 3TQ BJlHHHHe 6b1J1Q npoBepeHo Ha npHMepe
Mn3Y.
5H YHKlJ.HQHanbHQCTb npHMeHHeMblx npu CUHTe3e Mn3Y CQe-
J1HHeHHA DQ3BQnHeT npe.ll.nQnQ:>K.HTb, IJTQ .n:Q CQQTHQWeHHH NCO: OH,
OnH3KQfQ K 1, DQnHMep 6y.neT nHHeHHblM, a npH NCO: OH>1
craHQBUTCH BepQHTHblM Q6pa3QBaHUe npQCTpaHCTBeHHQH ceTKH
BCne.ll.CTBUe BQ3HHKHQBeHUH BTQPHIJHblX (aJlnQ aHaTHblx H 6HypeTQ-
BblX) Me:>KMQneKynHpHbIx cBH3eu. O.ll.HaKQ, KaK BH.lI.HQ H3 .lI.aHHblX
pHC. 2.12, cQ.II.ep:>KaHHe renH B nQnHypeTaHe HaIJUHaeT BQ3paCTaTb
¥:>K.e npH CQOTHQWeHHH NCO: OH=O,96. 3To CBH.II.eTenbCTBYeT 00
TQM, qTQ BTQPHqHble rpynnbl Q6pa3YlOTcH H npu HenQ,l]HOM UCtfe3-
HQBeHHU ru.ll.PQKCUnbHblx rpynn. Cne.n:yeT QTMeTHTb, IJTQ YBenuIJe-
HHe cQ.II.ep:>KaHUH renH B nQnHypeTaHe Ha6nlO.lI.aeTCH B .lI.QBQnbHQ
Y3KQM uHTepBane 3HaIJeHUii erQ H3QUHaHaTHQrQ HH.n:eKca, npUIJeM
nQcne .II.QCTH:>KeHHH CQQTHQWeHUH NCO: OH, 6nH3KQrQ K I, KQnU-
qeCTBQ reml npaKTUlJeCKH He H3MeHHeTCSI.
npu .nanbHeHweM nQBb]WeHHH COOTHQWeHHH NCO: OH cQ.lI.ep-
:>KaHne H nJlOTHQCTb reJiH .II.QJI:>KHN BQ3paCTaTb. O.n:HaKQ cBQeQ6pa-
3ue TeMnepaTypHblx ycnQBHH npQuecca Q6YCJlQBJlHBaeT He3aBep-
WeHHQCTb peaKuuH CWHBaHHH nQnHMepHQH QCHQBbI Mn3Y nQ BTQ-
pHIJHblM CBH3S1M. TaKHe peaKI.{HU npQTeKalOT npu TeMnepaTypax
C,%
40
30
20
10
I
100
so
o
9 o NCo/OH
PHC. 2.12. 3aBBCHMOCTb cO.ltep)KaHRR C (1) H HR.D:eKCa Ra6yxaRRs / (2) reJls
.Mn3Y OT COOTHoweHHSI NCO; OR (pacTBOpHTeJlb .lI.MCI>, UPO.ltOJl)KHTeJlbHOCTb
Ha6yxaHRSI 7 cyT)
PRC. 2.13. 3aBRcBMocTb xapaKTepRCTHQecKoA BSl3KOCTH (1)] nOJlRMepHoA OCHOBbi
Mn3Y OT COOTHoweHHSI NCO: OH (paCTBOpHTeJlb .lI.MCI>, TeMnepaTypa 25°C);
1 - paCTBOpHMlol1l nOJlHMep. BIoIAe..eHBIolIl MeTOAoM CTaTHqeCKOro pacTBopeHHII; 2 - nOJlHMep.
aCTBOpellB!II1I npH 70.C
149
1l0°C H BblWe f6, c. 278J. CTeneHb CWHBaHUH nQnHMepa B .lI.aHHQM
cnYIJae Qnpe.n:enHeTCSI, nQ-BH.lI.HMQMY, CaMQpa3QrpeBQ1'4 KQMnQ3H-
lJ.UH U ycnQBHHMU QXna:>K.n:eHUH H3.l1.enUH B QPMe. B IJaCTHQCTH, B
QPMe TQnw.HHQH 3-6 MM Q6pa3elJ. H3 Mny pa30rpeBaeTcSI .lI.O
100-11O°C [152].
BepQHTHQ, npH NCO: OH O,96 K MQMeHTy .lI.QCTH>KeHHSI 006-
pa3UQM TeMnepaTypbl 100-110°C B HeM Y:>Ke He QCTaeTCH CBQ6Q.lI.-
HblX H3QUHaHaTHblX rpynn, CnQCQ6Hb]X BCTynuTb B peaKUHIO
annQ aHaTQ- U 6uypeToo6pa3QBaHHH. npH NCO : OH>O,96 np"
.n:QCTH:>KeHUH TeMnepaTypbl 100-110 °C IJaCTb H3QUUaHaTHblX fpynn
paCXQ.lI.yeTcSI Ha peaKUuu CWHBaHUH.
3TO npe.n:nQnQ:>KeHUe 6b1nQ nQ.II.TBep:>K.lI.eHQ npHMbIMu QnbITaMU.
CMecb KQMnQHeHTQB U3 CMeCUTenbHQH rQnQBKH cnHBanH B cocy
.IIblOapa C :>KU.n:KUM a3QTQM H 3aTeM pa3MQpa:>KUBanU nQ pe>KHMY.
KQr.ll.a TeMnepaTypa Q6pa3ua He npeBb]Wana 50-60 °C. B 3THX
ycnQBHHX .n:a:>Ke npH NCO: OH = 1 renb B nQnUMepHQii OCHQBe
Mn3Y npaKTHlJeCKH He Q6pa3yeTCH. C.'1e.n:yeT QTMeTHTb, IJTQ reJlb,
Q6pa3YIOw.HiicH B Mn3Y, nQ,1JYIJeHHblX nQ Q6bItJHQMY pemll:\1Y.
UMeeT IJpe3BblIJaHHQ HU3KYlO CTeneHb CWHBaHUH (UH,J.eKC Ha6yxa-
HHH 30-40); npu .II.nUTenbHQM (70 IJ) HarpeBaHHH B .lI.HMeTHn QP-
MaMH.lI.e npH 70°C HCCne.ll.QBaHHble Q6pa3lJ.bI npaKTHQeCKH nQ. HO-
CTblO paCTBQPHIOTCH.
113BecTHQ [203, c. 109; 204, c. 83], IJTQ B YC_1QBUHX, HCK.1IOtJalO-
llJ.HX BQ3MQ:>KHQCTb npQTeKaHHH peaKUHii pa3BeTBJ1eHHSI H CWHBa-
HHH, MaKCHManbHaH MQ,'1eKynHpHaH Macca nQ.'1HMepa .llQCTHfaeTcsr
npu NCO: OH = 1. Ha puc. 2.13 npuBe.n:eHa 3aBHCHMQCTb xapaKTe-
pHCTUIJeCKQH BH3KQCTH [11] Mn3Y (3Qnb- paKUHu H nQJlHMepa,
nQ.'1HQCTblO paCTBQpeHHQrQ B .lI.UMeTHn QPMaMH.lI.e npH 70°C) QT
COQTHQWeHHH NCO: OH. MaKcuManbHaH xapaKTepHcTutJecKaSi BH3-
KQCTb .II.QCTHfaeTCH B Q6QHX cnYIJaHx npH U3QUHaHaTHQM UH.!I.eKCe
1,04-1,05, IJTQ nQ.n:TBep:>K.n:aeT BbICKa3aHHble Bbiwe cQQ6pa:>KeHHH
00 pacXQ.n:QBaHHu IJaCTH H3QUHaHaTHbiX rpynn Ha peaKlJ.HH CWHsa-
HHSI.
1-13 npHBe.n:eHHbIx .lI.aHHbIX TaK)I{e BH.lI.HQ, IJTQ, HaIJUHaH C
NCO: OH=O,96, 3HaIJeHUH f11] paCTBQPQB nQnHMepa, nQnYIJeHHblX
npH 70°C, CTaHQBHTCH HU:>Ke, IJeM y 3Qnb- paKUuu. 3TQ CBH3aHQ.
nQ-BH.II.uMQMY, C YMeHbweHueM cpe.n:HeH MQneKynHpHQii MaCCb]
nQnHMepa, Q6ycnQB_leHHblM pa3pyweHueM MeHee TepMQCTQiiKHX
BTQPHIJHblX cBH3eH, nerKQ paCna.ll.alOw.HxcH npu 70°C B pa36aBneH-
HblX paCTBQpaX B .n:HMeTUn QPMaMH.lI.e [205]. nQ.lI.TBep:>K.II.eHUeM
3TQMY cny:>KUT TQT aKT, IJTQ .lI.Q CQQTHQWeHUH NCO: OH=O,96
npQrpeB npaKTHlJeCKH He BnUHeT Ha [1]] nQnUMepa.
113 paCTBQPQB Mny B .II.UMeTUn QPMaMU.lI.e C pa3nUIJHblM 3Ha-
qeHHeM [1]] 6b1nH npUrQTQBneHbI nneHKU U Hccne.n:QBaHbI HX U3U-
KQ-MeXaHHlJeCKUe CBQiicTBa. npe.ll.BapHTenbHQ 3HaIJeHHH [1]] 6b1nH
nepeCIJUTaHb] B 3HaIJeHHH MQneKynHpHQii MaCCbI C UCnQnb3QBaHHeM
ypaBHeHHH I[ 1]Jo=KM'\ r.n:e, CQrnaCHQ [206], K= 1,2.10-4, a a=
=0,81. nQnYIJeHHble pe3ynbTaTb] (puc. 2.14) nQ.n:TBep:>K.II.alOT .lI.aH-
Hble pa60T [207-209], B KQTQPblX nQKa3aHQ, IJTQ C YBenUtJeHueM
150
,t"t .
.Ptt,KrIHJ
PHC. 2.] 4. 3aBRcRMOCTb CPR3HKo-MeXaRRQecKHx cBoficTB nJleHOK, nOJlyqeHHblx R3
pacTBopoB MIl3Y B .LJ.MCI>, OT MOJleKYJlSlpROA MaCCbI UOJlHMepa:
J - YCJIOBHali npOqHOCTb npH paCTIIJKeHHH fp. MlIa; 2 - OTHOCHTeJlbHoe YAJlHHeHHe npH pas.
pblBe 8 p .IO- I , %; 3 - OCTaTOqRoe YAJlHBeRHe I. %
PHC. 2.15. 3aBHcRMOCTb YCJlOBHOA UPOQHOCTH UpR paCTSlJKeHHR fp 06pa3110B
Mn3Y, nOJlyqeRHblx npH RH3KOA (I) H BbiCOKOA (2) RHTeRCRBROCTH nepeMewH-
BaHHH, OT Ka)KYlI1eiicH nJlOTHOCTH Mn3Y !>K
MQneKynHpHQH MaCCbI nQnuypeTaHMQIJeBHH .n:Q 3HaIJeHHH, CQOTBeT-
CTBYIOw.erQ [TI] =0,8, HX npQIJHQCTb BQ3paCTaeT, a 3aTeM OCTaeTCH
DQCTQHHHQii.
BnuHHHe H3QlJ.uaHaTHQrQ HH.II.eKCa B uHTepBaJle 1,0-1,6 Ha
eBQHCTBa U CTPYKTYPY CnQ:>KHQ3 UPHblX Mny 6b1nQ H3YIJeHQ B pa-
6QTaX [210-212]. nQKa3aHQ, IJTQ B 3TQM HHTepBane MeXaHHlJeCKHe
eBQHCTBa Mny H nnQTHQCTb nepBHIJHblX U BTQPHIJHblX cBH3eii ceTKH
H3MeHHIOTCH nQ KpUBblM C MaKcHMYMaMH, Jle:>Kaw.HMH B uHTepBa-
JIe NCO: OH= 1,2-1,4. OIJeBU.lI.HQ, IJTQ QCHQBHaH IJaCTb H36b1TQIJ-
HbiX U3QUHaHaTHblX rpynn paCXQ.lI.yeTcH Ha Q6pa3QBaHHe annQ a-
HaTHblX U 6uypeTQBblX cBH3eii: B npQTUBHQM cnyqae MQneKynHpHaSi
Macca nQnHMepHQii QCHQBbI Mny 6b1na 6b1 CnHWKQM HH3Ka.
K CQ:>KaneHHIO, B pa6QTaX [210-212] He 6b1na npe.ll.npUHHTa nQ-
nbJTKa Qnpe.ll.enHTb KQnUIJeCTBQ HenpQpearUPQBaBWUX H3QUHaHaT-
HblX rpynn B Q6pa3QBaBWeMCH Mny. 3Ta HeCBSl3aHHaSi IJaCTb
U3QUUaHaTHblX rpynn .lI.Qn:>KHa nQCTeneHHQ pearHPQBaTb C BnarQii
BQ3.l1.yxa, H3MeHHa TaKUM Q6pa3QM cBQiicTBa Mny. C npaKTHlJeCKUX
U TeQpeTUlJeCKHX nQ3HUHH 6b1nQ 6b1 UHTepeCHQ Qnpe.ll.enUTb .n:HHa-
MUKY H CTeneHb H3MeHeHHSI CBQHCTB Mny, CUHTe3HPQBaHHb]X npH
3HaIJUTenbHQM H36b1TKe U3QUHaHaTHbiX rpynn.
.IInH RIM-nQnuypeTaHQB (nQnHMQIJenUH), nQnyqeHHblX C IIC-
nQ_lb3QBaHHeM QnUfQMepQB C YHKlJ.HQHanbHQCTblO 6QnbWe .II.BYX,
3aBUCHMQCTb CBQHCTB QT U3QUHaHaTHQrQ HH.II.eKca He CTQnb 3Ha-
qHTe.'1bHa, KaK .II.nH Q6YBHbiX Mny, BoO BCSlKQM cnyqae B UHTepBa,'1e
NCO:OH(NH 2 )=0,9-1,1 [70].
151
CMemeHHe KOMnOHeHTOB. BQnpQc 00 HeQ6xQ.n:HMQA CTeneHH CQB-
Mew.eHHH KQMnQHeHTQB ypeTaHQBb]X KQMnQ3UlJ.Hii HMeeT cyw.eCTBeH-
Hoe 3HaqeHHe .lI.nH npOTeKaHHH XUMUlJeCKHX peaKlJ.HH B CUCTeMe.
I-f3ytfeHa CQBMeCTHMQCTb I1n<l>n H rncl>n Ha QCHQBe npQCTblX H
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156
BnHflHHe paCnpe.l1eneHHH nQ THnaM YHKUHQHanbHQCTH (PT<I»
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6H YHKUHQHanbHb]X MQneKyn 6nH3KQ K 100% [242]. B KaIJeCTBe
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,lJ.ep:>KaHHe :>KeCTKHX 6J1QKQB BnHHeT Ha TaKQH Ba:>KHb]H nQKa3aTenb
Q6YBHblX Mn3Y, KaK CQnpQTHBJleHHe pa3paCTaHUIO npQKQna.
YCTaHQBJleHQ, tJTQ HaHnYIJWHM CQnpQTHBJleHHeM pa3paCTaHHIO
npQKQna (6Qnee 15000 UHKJlQB) xapaKTepH3YlOTcH Mn3Y, CQAep-
1Kaw.ue 21-36% (Mac.) :>KeCTKHX 6nQKQB. Cne)(QBaTenbHQ, HMeH-
HQ 3TQT HHTepBan CQCTaBQB Mn3Y ueJleCQQ6pa3HQ peKQMeH.II.QBaTb
.lI.nH fiQnYIJeHHH Q6YBHblX KQMnQ3UUHH.
B pa6QTe [197] H3YIJeHQ BJlHHHHe H3MeHeHHH cQ.II.ep:>KaHHH
1,4-B.ll Ha CBQHCTBa Mn3Y B npe.ll.enax 10-30 Mac. IJ. Ha 100 Mac.
IJ. CnQ:>K.HQrQ QnHrQ3 Up.ll.UQna. nQKa3aHQ, IJTQ .lI.J1H MaTepHana C
165
t,96 8,K.HIM
If
SO
O
20
30
PHC. 2.20. B. HIIHHe CO.D:ep)K3HHII )KecTKHX 6J10KOB H3 OCT3TO'lHoe Y.D:JlHHeHHe 1
(a) H conpOTHBJleHHe p33JtHPY B (6) MI13Y; coa.ep)K3HHe MOqeBHHHblX rpynn,
% (M3C.) H K3)KyIl13I1CII nJlOTHOCTb Mn3Y, Kr/M S :
1-0; 1160; 2-0,4; 960: 3-1,2; 600
"00' Mna
30
'10
T, yell. eO.
PHC. 2.21. BJlHIIHHe CO.D:ep)K3HHII >KecTKHX 6J10KOB H3 H3npll)KeHHe npH y.D:JJHHe.
HHH 100% (a) H TBep.l{oCTb T (6) Mn3Y; CO.D:ep>K3HHe MOqeBHHHblX rpynn, %
(M3C.) H K3)KYIl13I1CII fiJlOTHOCTb Mn3 ', Kr/M 3 :
1 - 0; 1160, 2 - 0,4; 96C; 3 - 1.2, 600
Ka:>Kyw.eHCH nJlQTHQCTblO 600 Kr/M3 TBep.ll.QCTb YBeJlHIJHBaeTcH QT
45 .lI.Q 80 e.n:. no. Illopy A, CQnpQTH8.I1eHHe pa3.l1.Hpy - QT 14,4 .lI.Q
20,5 KH/M, npQIJHQCTb - QT 6,2 .lI.Q 8,0 Mna, QTHQCHTeJlbHQe Y.II.J1H-
HeHHe YMeHbwaeTcSI QT 480 .lI.Q 360%, a CQnpQTHBneHHe pa3pacTa-
HHIO npQKQ,I]a - B 5 pa3.
BapbHPQBaHHe CQCTaBa KQMnQ3HUHH Mn3Y npe.ll.ycMaTpHBaeT
H H3MeHeHHe CQ.lI.epiKaHHH BO.ll.bI - XHMHqeCKQrQ BcneHHBaTeJlH, Qn-
pe.ll.eJlHIOw.erQ KaK nJlQTHQCTb MaTepHaJla, TaK H KQHueHTpaUHIO
3aMew.eHHbIX MQlJeBHHHblX rpynn B nQ,'1HMepHQH QCHQBe. B CBH3H
C 3THM npHBe.ll.eHHble Ha pHC. 2.19-2.21 .lI.aHHble He nQ3BQJlHIOT
C.II.eJlaTb Bb]BQ.II. 0. BnHHHH" Ha CBQUCTBa MaTepHana KQHUeHTpaUHH
MQIJeBHHHb]X rpynn B nQJlHMepHQH QCHQBe Mn3Y.
166
r
npe.zr.CTaBmmQ HHTepeC BblHBHTb 3aBHCHMQCTb CBQHCTB nQJIH-
MepHQH QCHQBbI Mn3Y C pa3J1UIJHblM CQ.lI.ep:>KaHHeM MQIJeBHHHblX
rpynn OT KQHlJ.eHTpaUHH >KeCTKHX 6J1QKQB, HCKnlOIJHB BnHSlHHe nnQT-
HQCTH Mn3Y Ha erQ CBQHCTBa. npHHHB 3a QCHQBY Qnpe.ll.eJleHHYIO
H3HIJeCKYIO MQ.II.eJlb CTPYKTypbl H paCnpe.ll.eJleHHe HlJeeK Mn3Y,
3HatJeHHH HeKQTQPblX nQKa3aTeneii Mn3Y nepeCIJHTaJiU C peanbHQH
n.I]QTHQCTH Ha nnQTHQCTb MQHQnHTa H.II.eHTHIJHQrQ CQCTaBa [264].
Bb]nQ TaK:>Ke npQBe.zr.eHQ CQnQCTaBneHHe HeKQTQPblX «nepeCIJHTaH-
Hb]X» CBQHCTB co. CBQHCTBaMH MQHQnHTHblX MQ.II.eJlbHb]X n3YM
8HanQrHqHQrQ CQCTaBa, paCCMQTpeHHb]X paHee. H3HKQ-MeXaHHIJeC-
KHe nQKa3aTeJlH n3YM (KpHBb]e 1', 2', 3') H paCIJeTHb]X 3HaIJeHHH,
nQ.'1YIJeHHb]X npH nepeCIJeTe CBQUCTB peanbHb]X Mn3Y T3KQrQ :>Ke
CQCTaBa Ha MQHQnHTHYIO nQJlHMepHYIO QCHQBY (KpHBbIe 1, 2, 3),
npHBe.zr.eHbI Ha pHC. 2.22, 2.23. BH.II.HQ, IJTQ B Q6QHX cnYIJaHX YBenH-
tJeHHe cQ.zr.ep:>KaHHH MQIJeBHHHb]X rpynn B nQ.I)HypeTaHe cym.ecTBeHHQ
(Ha 25-50 %) nQBbIWaeT HanpH:>KeHHe npH y.zr.nHHeHHH 100 %,
npQIJHQCTb npH paCTH:>KeHHH H CQnpQTHBJleHHH pa3.n:HPY. 3aBHCHMQ-
CTH paCIJeTHb]X nQKa3aTeJleH nQJlHMepHQH QCHQBb] Mn3Y II CBQUCTS
MQ.zr.eJlbHblX MQHQnHTHb]X n3YM TaKQro :>Ke CQCTaBa QT cQ.II.ep:>Ka-
HHH :>KeCTKHX 6J1QKQB cHM6aTHbi. npaKTHtJecKH CQBna.ll.alOT 3Haqe-
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HoA npOqHOCTH npH paCTII)KeHHH 1 p MOHOJIHTHOA no.'IHMepHoA OCHOBbi Mn3Y
(1-3) H MOHOJlHTHbiX n3YM (1'-3') DJlOTHOCTblO 1240 Kr/M 3 ; cO,/lepJKaJlHe
MO'leBHHHblX rpynn. % (Mac.):
J. 1'-0; 2,2'-0,4; 3, 3'-1,2
PHC. 2.23. BJlHIIHHe CO.D:ep)KaHHII )KecTKHX 6J10KOB Ha paC'IeTHbie 3HaqeHHR ua-
npll)KeHHII npH y,IUIHHeHHH 100% 1100 (a) H conpOTHBJleHHR pa3.D.HPY B (6)
MOHOJlHTHOA nOJlHMepHoA OCHOSbi MI13Y (1-3) H MOHOJIHTRblX I13YM (1'-3')
nJlOTHOCTblO 1240 Kr/M3; CO.D:ep)KaHHe MOqeBHHHblX rpynn. % (Mac.):
J, l' - 0; 2, 2' - 0,4; 3, 3' - 1,2
167
HHH HanpH:>KeHHH npH y.lI.JIHHelluH 100%. Pa3HHuy B a6CQJlIOTHb]X
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MQ:>KHQ Q6'bHCHHTb QTKJlQHeHHeM CTPYKTYPb] peanbHQrQ Mn3Y QT
npHHHTQH H.II.eanbHQH MQ.II.eJlH, a TaK:>Ke MaCIlITa6HblM aKTQPQM
(TQnUJ.uHa Q6pa3UQB Mn3Y 6 MM, MQ.lI.eJlbHb]X MQHQJlHTHbiX nneHQK
0,3-0,4 MM).
TaKHM Q6pa3QM, He H3MeHHH npHPQ.II.Y HCXQ.lI.HbIX KQMnQHeHTQB,
a TQnbKQ UX CQQTHQWeHHe, MQ:>KHQ B IlIHPQKQM HHTepBaJle BapbH-
PQBaTb CQ.lI.ep:>KaHHe :>KeCTKUX 6J1QKQB nQnHMepHQU QCHQBb] Mny,
a C_le.ll.QBaTeJlbHQ, H CBQHCTBa Mn3Y. BQ3MQ:>KHOCTb nepeCIJeTa
nQKa3aTeneH Mny nQ3BQJlHeT UCnQJlb3QBaTb .II.ml npe.ll.BapHTeJlbHQH
QlJ.eHKH CBQHCTB HQBblX THnQB Mny 6QJlee npQCTb]e .lI.J1H nQJlYlJeHHH
H HCCJle.ll.QBaHHH MQHQJlHTHbie nYM.
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BQ.lI.b] H.I]H peQHQB. .llQCTQHHCTBa H He.ll.QCTaTKH XHMHIJeCKQrQ H
U3H'IJeCKQrQ BcneHHBaHHH nQ.II.PQ6HQ Q6cY:>K.lI.a.I1HCb paHee r 6,
158]; B_1UHHHe BapbHPQBaHHH BQ.II.bl Ha H3HKQ-MeXaHHqeCKHe CBQH'
CTBa nQJlHMepHQH QCHQBbI Mny paCCMQTpeHQ Bblwe.
HeQ6xQ.lI.HMQ nQ.II.IJepKHYTb, lITO. YIJaCTHe BQ.lI.bI B npQuecce Q6pa-
3QBaHHH Mny He QrpaHHIJHBaeTCH ee PQ,'1blO XHMUqeCKQrQ BcneHH-
B3TeJlH. B pe3YJlbTaTe B3aHMQ.lI.eHCTBHH BO.n:b] C H3QUHaHaTHQH
rpynnQH Q6pa3YlOTCH 3aMeUJ.eHHbIe MQIJeBHHHb]e rpynnbI, BKna.ll. KQ-
TQPbIX B QPMUpOBaHHe CBQHCTB Mny Be.'1HK, HeCMQTpH Ha ux
He6QJlbWQe KQ_1HlJeCTBO. O.ll.HQBpeMeHHQe YIJaCTHe BQ.lI.bl B npQueCcax
Q6pa3QBaHHH nOJ1HMepa Tpe6yeT BpeMeHHOrQ CQnpHiKeHUH ee
B3aUMQ.lI.eHCTBHH C H3QUHaHaTHQH rpynnQH C peaKUHHMH ypeTaHQ-
Q6pa3QBaHHH, T. e. C peaKUHHMH rnUKQJlH H QnHfQ.n:HQJla C H3QUHa-
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Hy:>KHQ CHH3HTb CKQPQCTb B3aHMQ.lI.eHCTBH5I KOMnQHeHTOB KQMn03H-
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MaTepHan Bbl.!l.eJlHIOUJ.HMCH CO 2 , HQ 3TQ .n:nH Mny 6QJlbIllQH PQJlH
He HrpaeT. npaKTHKa peaKUHQHHQrQ QPMQBaHHH Mny nQKa3b]Ba-
eT, qTQ .lI.nH Q6YBHbiX MaTepUanQB B KaIJeCTBe BcneHHBaTeJlSI
cJle.ll.yeT npHMeHHTb BQ.II.Y.
B RIM-MnY U RIM-MnM KQMnQ3HUHHX HCnQnb3YlOT TQJlbKQ
peQHb]. <l>peQHb] C CaMQrQ HaIJaJla npHMeHHJlHCb npH H3rQTQBJle-
HHH H3.l1.eJlHH U3 HHTerpaJlbHbIX ypeTaHQBb]X neH [265], MexaHH3M
Q6pa3QBaHHH II CTpYKTypa KQTQPblX nQ.lI.PQ6HQ paCCMQTpeHbI B [266].
168
P, mblC. qUKII
Psc. 2.24. 33BHCHMOCTb cOnpOTHBJle-
HHII pa3pacT3HHIO npOKOJl3 P Mn3Y
(K3)KyIl13I1CII n.10THOCTb 600 Kr/M 3 )
OT CO.D:ep)K3HHII .116.llnO (/) H OKT03-
T3 OJlOB3 (2)
10
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B HaCTQHw.ee BpeMH B CBH3H C .lI.aHHb]MH 0. B.'1HHHHU peQHQB Ha
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3KQJlQrHIJeCKH QnaCHb]e CQe.ll.HHeHuH.
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(rH.lI.PQKCHnaMUH)H3QUUaHaTHb]X Mny KQMnQ3HUHHX HeQ6xQ.lI.HMQ B'
CQBpeMeHHb]X npQueCCaX peaKUHQHHQrQ QPMQBaHHH. Bbiwe Y:>Ke
QTMeIJa.I]QCb, IJTQ CHHeprUlJeCKHe CMeCH TpeTHIJHb]X aMHHQB H Q_I]Q
BQQpraHHlJeCKHX CQe.ll.UHeHHii Q6eCneIJHBalOT QnTHManbHQe CQQTHQ-
weHHe TeXHQJlQrHlJeCKUX CBQMCTB KQMnQ3HUHH H MeXaHHlJeCKHX
CBOHCTB Mny. nQKa3aHQ [196], lITO. CBQUCTBa CJlQ:>KHQ3 HPHblX
Mny He 3aBHCHT OT KQHueHTpaUHH 00 U .116.llJIO B H3YtleHHblX
npe.ll.eJlax HX KQHueHTpaUHH npu nQCTQHHHQM'CQ.n:ep:>KaHUH .n:a6KQ
B CMeCH, paBHQM 0,22%.
YCTaHQBneHQ TaK:>Ke, IJTQ nQKa3aTeJleM Mn3Y, IJYBCTBHTenb-
Hb]M K U3MeHeHHIO CQQTHQWeHHH KaTaJlH3aTQPQB, HBJlHeTCH cQnpQ-
THBneHHe pa3pacTaHuIO npQKQJla npu H3rH6e. 3aBUCUMQCTb 9TQro
nQKa3aTeJlH QT cQ.lI.ep:>KaHHH 00 H .116.llJIO B KQMnQ3HUHH npuBe-
.lI.eHa Ha pHC. 2.24, U3 KQTQPQrQ Cne.ll.yeT, tfTQ QHa UMeeT 3KcTpe-
ManbHblH xapaKTep C MaKcHMYMQM .n:nH 00 npH KQHueHTpaUHH
7,1.10- 2 % H .116.llJIO - npH 1,78.10- 20 / 0 . Cne.ll.QBaTeJlbHQ, QDTH-
MaJlbHbIMH no. TeXHQnoOrHtleCKHM CBQHCTBaM KQMnQ3HUHii H H3HKQ-
MeXaHUlJeCKHM CBQHCTBaM Mn3Y HBJlHIOTCH CJle.ll.YIOUJ.He .lI. Q 3HPQBKU
KaTUU3aTQPQB: .II.a6KQ-O,22%+00-7,1.10-2% H .lI.a6KQ-
0,22% +.ll6.llJIO -1,78.10- 2 %, T. e. QnTHMaJlbHoe CQQTHQWeHHe
.lI.a6KQ : 00 paBHQ 3: 1 H .lI.a6KQ: .116.llJIO - 12: 1. .ll H Mn6Y
QnTHManbHb]M QKa3aJlQCb CQQTHQWeHHe .n:a6KQ : .116LIJIO, paBHQe
5: 1, npH KQHUeHTpaUHH .n:a6KQ 0,22% QT MaCCbI nQJlHMepa.
OJlQBQQpraHHlJeCKHe CQe.ll.UHeHHH QKa3bIBalOT B HHHHe Ha 3K-
CnJlyaTaUHQHHb]e CBQHCTBa MaTepHaJia. TaK, B pa6QTe [70] npH
Q6cY:>K.lI.eHUH .lI.QCTQHHCTB HeKaTaJlHTHlJeCKHX aMUHQH3QUHaHaTHb]X
RIM-nQJlHMQlJeBHH npHBQ.lI.HTCH pe3ynbTaTbi HX cpaBHeHHH C cQ.lI.ep-
:>KaUJ.HMU .116LIJIO RIM-nQnHypeTaHaMH. nQKa3aHQ, IJTQ TepMQ-
QKHCJlHTenbHaH cTa6HnbHQCTb nQnHMQIJeBHH cyw.ecTBeHHQ Bb]We
cTa6HJlbHQCTH RIM-nY. ABTQPbl CBH3b]BalOT 3TQ Q6CTQHTenbCTBQ
C npHcYTcTBHeM B nQCJle.ll.HHX .116.llJIO.
113BeCTHQ, IJTQ 6e3 HCnQJlb3QBaHUH nQBepXHQCTHQ-aKTHBHbIX Be-
w.eCTB (nAB) npaKTHlJeCKH HeBQ3MQ:>KHQ nQnYIJuTb KaIJeCTBeHHb]e
nny. PQJlb nAB npH CUHTe3e nny CBQ.II.HTCH K ynYIJweHHIO CQB-
MeCTHMQCTH QrpaHHIJeHHQ CMewUBalOUJ.HXCH HCXQ.II.HblX KQMnQHeH-
169
TQB, cTa6HJlH3aUHH BQ3HHKalOII{eu HIJeHCTQii CTPYKrypbl .11.0. MQMeHTa
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neHQnJlaCTa [6, 158]. npH HSrQTQBneHHH Mny HeQ6xQ.lI.HMQCTb
npHMeHeHHH nAB He CTQJlb HCHa BCJle.ll.CTBHe HX BblCQKQii Ka:>K.yUJ.eii-
CH nJlQTHQCTH (500-600 Kr/M 3 ).
OIJeBU.lI.HQ, lITO. ynYIJIlIeHHH CQBMeCTHMQCTH CJle.ll.yeT .lI.Q6HBaTb-
Cst .lI.J1H HeCQBMeCTHMb]X HJlH QrpaHHIJeHHQ CQBMeCTUMblX KQMnQ-
HeHTQB. B cnYIJae:>Ke B3aUMHQ paCTBQPHMbIX KQMnQHeHTQB npH-
.MeHeHHe nAB .lI.nH 3THX ueJleii He QnpaB.lI.aHHQ. TaKaH CHTyalJ.HH
CKna.ll.b]BaeTCH, HanpHMep, npH CMeIlIeHIfU H3QUHaHaTHQrQ (I1II<I>n)
H ru.n:PQKCHnbHQrQ (rn n) nCeB.lI.Q QpnQnHMepQB, eCJlH B KalJeCT-
Be HCXQ.II.HQrQ QnHrQ.!I.HQJla BbI6paH Q.II.HH H TQT >Ke CnQ:>KHbIii UJiH
npQCTQH Q_1HrQ3 Hp.ll.HQJI UJiM QJlHrQ.lI.HeH.II.HQn.
PeWalOw.HM KpHTepHeM HeQ6xQ.II.HMQCTH npHMeHeHHH nAB B
KQMnQ3HUHHX Mn3Y HBnHIOTCH M3HKQ-MeXaHHlJeCKHe CBQUCTBa
nQJlYlJalOUJ.erQCH MaTepHaJia. TaK, nQKa3aHO, IJTQ BBe.ll.eHHe nAB
'THna K3n-2 H on-IO B KQJlHlJeCTBe .lI.Q 1,246 Mac. IJ. Ha 100 Mac. IJ.
.nQnUMepa He QKa3bIBaeT cyw.eCTBeHHQrQ BnHHHHH Ha H3HKQ-Me-
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:ueuTpanH3QBaHHQrQ anH3apUHQBQrQ Macna Ha6J1IO.lI.aeTCH HeKQTQPQe
.cHU:>KeHHe TBep.ll.OCTH, YCJlQBHQU npQqHQCTH npH paCTH:>KeHHU U
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C yqaCTHeM YHKUHQHanbHbIX rpynn 3THX BeUJ.eCTB B peaKUHHX C
4,4'-M.llH, npHBQ.II.HUJ.HM K CHH:>KeHHIO MOJleKynHpHQU MaCCb] Mny.
TaKHM Q6pa3QM, QPManbHb]U nepeHQC npHHUHnQB CQ3.11.aHHH pe-
uemyp, npUHHTb]X .II.nH nny, Ha Mny He Bcer.ll.a QnpaB.II.aH. Mny
BbICQKQrQ KaIJeCTBa Ha QCHQBe CJlQ:>KHb]X QJlHrQ3 Hp.ll.HQJlQB BnQJlHe
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B CHJlY Tpa.ll.HUHii, nAB BBQ.lI.HT B Q6YBHble KQMnQ3HUHH.
nnacTH UKaTQPbl npHMeHHIOT B KQMnQ3HUHHX Mny J1HIlIb 8
T.lI.eJlbHb]X cJlyqaHX C lJ.eJlblO MQ.II.H HKaUHH TeXHQnQrUlJeCKHX
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B KaqeCTBe QCHQBb] KpaCHIlI.Hx naCT, BBQ.lI.HMb]X B CQCTaB ru.ll.PQKCHJI-
cQ.II.ep:>Kaw.erQ I<OMnOHeHTa Mny .[ 157]. .IIJlH 3THX ueneii npHMe-
HHIOT C_,Q:>KHbIe 3 Hpb] .lI.BYXQCHQBHbIX KHCJlQT [267], xJlQpnapa uHbI
[268] U pH.lI. .II.pyrux. n.l]aCTH HKaTQPb] H3MeHHIOT CBQHCTBa Mny
'TaK :>Ke, KaK H .lI.pyrHx nQJlHMepQB,- CHH:>KalOT TBep.ll.QCTb, npQIJ-
HQCTb, CQnpQTUBJleHHe pa3.l1.HPY, nQBbIllialOT 3J1aCTHIJHQCTb, QTHOCH-
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CMa3b1BalOT pa3.l1.eJIHTeJIbHbIMH CMa3KaMH, B KalleCTBe KOTOpbIX
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pOlUHM pa3.l1.eJIHTeJIbHbIM Cpe.ll.CTBOM SlBJISleTCSl MaCTHKa «3.l1.eJIb-
BaKC» (f.D.P) , CMa3Ka «[(HaTHM», CHJIHKOHOBbiA Ba3eJIHH 1(8-3
If pSl.ll. .lJ.PyrHx.
1(0HTPOJIb npOH3BO.ll.CTBa H3.l1.eJIHH H3 Mny BbInOJIHSleTCSl Ha
CTa.ll.-HSlX npHeMKH CbIpbSl, nO.ll.rOTOBKH .Hn<l>n H fn<l>n H c06CTBeH-
.80 <j>opMOBaHHSl H3.l1.eJIHSl. npHeMKa CblpbSl ocyweCTBJISleTCSl no .lI.eii-
-CTBYlOweH HopMaTHBHO-TeXHHlleCKOH .lI.0KYMeHTaI.I.HH. npaKTHKa no-
Ka3bIBaeT, liTO .lI.JISl Ka)K.lI.OrO Blf.ll.a CbIpbSl HMelOTCSl HaH60JIee Ba)K-
.HbIe nOKa3aTeJIH, npOBepKa KOTOpbIX COBeplUeHHO He06xo.ll.HMa.
TaK, .lI.JISl OJIHrO.ll.HOJIOB onpe.ll.eJISleTCH CO.ll.ep)KaHHe rH.lI.POKCHJIbHbIX
rpynn, BJIa)KHOCTb H .lI.eJIaeTCSl TeCT «TeXHOJIOrHlleCKaSl np06a»; )l.JISl
-4,4' -M.D.H - cO.ll.ep)KaHHe H30I.I.HaHaTHbIX rpynn H np03paliHocTb
pacn.1faBa; .lI.JISl 1,4.6YTaH.lJ.lIoJIa - cO.lJ.ep)KaHHe OCHOBHoro BeweCTBa
If BJIa)KHOCTb. KOHellHo, Ka)K.lI.Oe H3 HCXO.ll.HbIX BeweCTB peaKI.I.HOH-
Horo <j>opMoBaHHSl MO)KeT 6bITb npoBepeHo no nOJIHOH nporpaMMe,
O.ll.HaKO peaJIbHO K MOMeHty nOJIYlleHHSl nOJIHoA HH<j>opMaI.I.HH
o .lJ.aHHOM BH.lI.e CblpbSl OHO Y)Ke, KaK npaBHJIO, JIH60 nepepa60TaHO,
JIH60 3a6paKOBaHO no pe3YJIbTaTaM TeXHOJIOrHtleCKHX HcnbITaHHH.
Hn<l>n KOHTpOJIHPYIOT no CO.ll.ep)KaHHIO H30UHaHaTHbix rpynn,
KOTopoe .lI.JISl npaKTHlieCKH Ba)KHbIX npO.ll.YKTOB HaXO.ll.HTCSl 06bItlHO
B npe.lJ.eJIax 15-25% (Mac.). rn<l>n npOBepHIOT B KOMnJIeKCe
c Hn<l>n Ha COOTBeTCTBHe XpOHOJIOrHlleCKH <j>HKcHpyeMbIM 3TanaM
6pa30BaHHSl Mny no np06e B CTaKaHIIHKe. napy Hn<l>n -
fn<l>n, cooTBeTcTBYIOWYIO no npOBepeHHbIM napaMeTpaM Tpe60Ba-
HHSlM BHyTpH3aBO.ll.CKOH TexHHHecKoH .lI.0KYMeHTauHH, 3arpY)KalOT
m TaHKH JIHTbeBOro arperaTa.
190
I1cnbITaHHSI 06pa3LI.OB Mny, nOJIYllaeMbiX H3 npOBepHeMOA nap-
THH CblpbSl H KOMnOHeHTOB, npOBO.ll.SlT C nOMOWblO CneLI.HaJIbHoli';
<j>OpMbI (TOJIWHHOA 6 MM), YCTaHaBJIHBaeMOA Ha arperaT pa3
B CMeHY HJIH npH 3aJIHBKe HOBOH napTHH CblpbSl. nepe.lJ. HcnblTa-
HHeM OOpa3eLI. .u.OJI>KeH 6bITb BbI.lJ.ep)KaH B TelleHHe 3 CYT. npH KOM-
HaTHoA TeMnepaType. I( 3TOMY BpeMeHH, eCTeCTBeHHO, .u.aHHaSl nap-
THSl CblpbSl 6y.u.eT nepepa60TaHa. YCTaHOBJIeHO, liTO TepMOCTaTHpo-
BaHHe B TeqeHHe 2 II npH 70°C no CBoeMY .lI.eikTBHIO Ha cBoAcTBa
Mny 3KBHBa_1eHTHO BbI.lI.ep)KKe B TeqeHHe 3 CYT. npH KOMHaTHoH
TeMnepaType. Ha npaKTHKe npHMeHSIIOT HMeHHO 3TOT npHeM.
113.lJ.eJIHSl 03 Mny COIJeTalOT B ce6e .lJ.OCTOHHCTBa H He.u.OCTaTKH
cooTBeTcTBylOlUHx MOHOJlOTHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB H nopHcTblX :)JIaCTHtI-
HbIX MaTepna_'10B. <l>H3HKo-xHMHllecKHe nOKa3aTeJIH Mny, TaKHe:
KaK TeMnepaTypa CTeKJIOBaHHSl, rH.lJ.PO.J]HTHliecKaSl H TepMOOKHCJIH-
TeJIbHaSl CTaOHJIbHOCTb H pSl.lJ. .u.pyrHx, onpe.rr.eJISlIOTCSl II perYJIHpYIOT-
CSl npeHMYlUecTBeHHo COCTaBOM nOJIHMepHOH OCHOBbl. MexaHHlle-.
CKHe CBoHcTBa Mny 3aBHCSlT OT MOJIeKYJISlpHOH MaCCbI 0 npHpo.rr.b1
no.1fHMepHOH OCHOBbI, a TaK)Ke OT Ka)KYlUeHC51 nJl0THOCTH MaTepHa-
JIa B LI.eJIOM.
Mny, KaK npaBH_'1o. HMelOT CTaOHJIbHYIO SllleHctylO CTpYKTYPY,
COCTOSllUYIO H3 H30_'1HpOBaHHbIx MHKp051lleeK IIJIH HX HeOOJIblUHX
arperaTOB. Ka)K.lJ.aSl MHKpoSllleHKa HBJIHeTC51 no cYlUecTBY BHYTpeH-
HHM aMopTH3aTopoM CHCTeMbI, B CBSl3H C lIeM Mny xapaKTej:>H3Y-
IOTCSl 3HatlHTeJIbHOH C)KHMaeMOCTblO B 3aMKHYToM OO'beMe. npe-
.u.eJIbHaSl TeopeTHliecKaSl C)KHMaeMOCTb Mny OrpaHHIJHBaerCSI C)KH-
MaeMOCTblO CO 2 , 3anOJIHSlIOwero MHKpOSllleHKH. l(aK MHKpOSllleHC-
TblH MaTepHa.'I Mny 06JIa.u.aeT XOpOlUHMH TenJIOH30JIHPYIOlUHMH
KalleCTBaMH. BapbHpySl npHpO.lJ.Y, COCTaB H MOJleKYJISlpHble xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH nOJIHMepHOA OCHOBbl, Ka)KYWYIOCSl nJIOTHOCTb H pa3Mep-
nop Mny, MO)KHO B lUHpOKHX npe.u.eJIax HanpaBJIeHHO perYJIHpO-
BaTb <j>H3HKO-XHMHlleCKHe, MeXaHHIJeCKHe H 3KCn_'1yaTaUHOHHbIe:
CBOHCTBa Mny.
HH)Ke npHBe.lJ.eHbI HeKOTopbIe THnHtlHble npHMepbl HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHSl Mny B KOHKpeTHbiX H3.u.eJIHSlX. npHBe.ll.eHHble npOMepbl .u.aJIeKO
He HCIJepnblBalOT Bce 06JIaCTH npHMeHeHHSl Mny.
Cpe.u.H H3.lI.eJIHH, Tpa.u.HLI.HOHHO OTHOCSllUHXCSl K pe3HHOBbIM,.
HaH60JIee MaCCOBOH npo.u.YKLI.HeH, npOH3BO.lJ.HMOH H3 Mny MeTo.u.OM
peaKIlHOHHoro <j>opMOBaHHSl, SlBJISlIOTCSl nO.lJ.OlUBbI 06YBH [152].
lllHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe Mny B 06YBHOH npOMblWJIeHHOCTH MO)KHO>
06'bSlCHHTb CJIe.lJ.YIOWHM:
1) .lI.O HaCTOSlwero BpeMeHH He nOSlBHJIOCb .u.PyrHx MaTepHaJIOB-
H MeTo.u.OB, n03BOJISllOlUHX npOH3Bo.u.HTb B MaCCOBOM MaClUTa6e Ka-
lIeCTBeHHYIO <j>opMOBaHHYIO no.u.OlUBY npaKTHlieCKH JII06oro KaJIII6pa.:
C Ka)KyweAcSl nJIOTHOCTblO 300-800 Kr/M 3 H cpa3Y npH<j>opMoBbI-
BaTb ee K c06paHHoMY Ha KOJIo.u.Ke Bepxy 06YBH;
2) no KOMnJIeKCHoMY nOKa3aTeJIIO; xapaKTepH3YIOweMY ce6e.-
CTOHMOCTb, 3KCnJIyaTaUHoHHoe KalleCTBO H KOM<j>OpTHOCTb MaTepHa-
J1a nO.ll.OWBbI, Mny npeBocxo.u.SlT HJlH 6:nH3KH K ,llpyrHM 06YBHblMr
191
oCHHTeTHlieCKHM MaTepHaJIaM (pe3HHe, nax, Tan, aBA H ,llp.)
[163];, ,
3)opraHH3aUHSl npOH3BO CTBa 06YBH MeTO.lJ.OM peaKUHOHHoro
q>opMOBaHHSI He Tpe6yeT 60JIblUHX nepBOHaqaJIbHblX 3aTpaT, B npo-
MbllUJIeHHOCTH HMelOTCSl 060pY.ll.OBaHHe H rOTOBble K ynOTpe6JIeHHIO
KOMn03HUHH JISl H3rOTOBJIeHHSl HY2KHOA 06YBH.
nO OlUBbl H3 Mny .lI.OCTaTOIiHO JIerKH H HMelOT xopOlUHe Ten-
...II0 3a lll.HTHble CBOHCTBa, BbICOKYIO H3HOCOCTOAKOCTb, KOM<j>OpTHbI,
npHrO HbI npaKTHlieCKH .lI.JISl JII060H 06YBH ( OMalUHeA, nOBCe.lJ.HeB-
,"OH YJIHIIHOH, cnopTHBHOH, pa60lleH H T. .) [152]. COrJIaCHO [275],
:.MHHHMaJIbHO .u.onYCTHMble <j>H3HKo-MexaHHllecKHe nOKa3aTeJIH no-
_,llOlUB 06YBH U3 Mny CJIe.n.YlOllI.He: YCJIOBHaSl npOIiHOCTb npH pacTSl-
>KeHHH - 3,5 Mna. OTHOCHTeJIbHOe Y JIHHeHHe npH pa3pblBe-
380%, conpOTHBJIeHHe pa3pacTaHHIO npOKOJIa .lI.O 6 MM - 30 000
l{HKJIOB, conpOTHBJIeHHe pa3.l1.Hpy - 7 KH/M, conpOTHBJIeHHe
HCTHpaHHIO - 300 Mr (.LJ.I1H 53543).
Ha6JIIO aeMbIe H3pe Ka CJIYllaH H3JIOMa nO OlUB H3 Mny CBSl-
3aHbI, KaK npaBHJIO, C HapyweHHeM MrHOBeHHoro COOTHOlUeHHSl KOM-
nOHeHTOB npH <j>opMoBaHHH, Bbl3BaHHOM, HanpHMep, npeBbIlUeHHeM
cpoKa HX xpaHeHHSl, HaJIHIIUeM TBep blX MHKpOBKJIlOlleHHA HJIH He-
HcnpaBHocTblO JIHTbeBoro arperaTa.
B nOCJIe HHe rO.ll.bI npOH3BO.lJ.CTBO nO OlUB H3 Mny B MHpe CTa-
.()HJIH3HpOBaJIOCb Ha ypOBHe 5% OT HX 06wero BblnYCKa, 1JTO coc-
TaB.1JSleT nOpSl.lJ.Ka 500 MJIH. nap B ro.ll. [10, 276].
nOMHMO nO OlUB U3 MIIY MeTO.lJ.OM peaKLI.HOHHOro <j>opMoBaHHH
MO)KHO npoH3Bo HTb H LI.eJIbHoypeTaHoBYIO 06YBb [271]. O.u.HaKo
-60JIblUOrO pa3BHTHSl no HanpaBJIeHHe He nOJIYIIHJIO BCJIe CTBHe OT-
HOCHTeJIbHOH oporOBH3HbI nOJIHypeTaHoB, a TaK>Ke H3-3a Toro, liTO
IleJIbHoypeTaHoBbie canorH He HMelOT npHHLI.HnHaJIbHbIX npeHMY-
lUeCTB nepe pyroH LI.eJIbHOnOJIHMepHOH 06YBblO.
MIIY MorYT6b1Tb HCnOJIb30BaHbl .lI.JISl H3rOTOBJIeHHSl npOTe30B
H opTone HlleCKHX H3.lJ.eJIHH [277]. Pa3pa60TaHa opHfHHaJIbHaSl
KOHCTPYKLI.HSl CTonbI, BKJIlOlialOllI.aSl )KeCTKHH cep ellHHK H3 .lJ.epeBa
HJIH )KeCTKOro nny H 3JIaCTHliHYlO 060JIOIIKY TOJIllI.HHOH 10-
20 MM H3 Mny cJIe ylOllI.ero COCTaBa: B fn<1>n COOTHOlUeHHe OJIH-
r03<j>Hp: 1 ,4-6YTaH HOJI : BO.lJ.a = I : 1,9: 0,32; I1II<I>n C cO.lJ.ep)KaHHeM
NCO-rpynn 20-21 % (Mac.); NCO: OH = 1 [278]. Ha nHJIOTHOM
060py oBaHHH 6b1JIO H3rOTOBJIeHO 60JIee 300 lUTYK TaKHX H3 eJIHH
Ha CneLI.HaJIbHO CKOHCTpyupoBaHHoH <j>OpMOBOH OCHaCTKe. no OT3bI-
BaM HHBaJIH OB npoTe3bl H3 MIIY npeBocxo SlT pe3HHoBbIe no JIer-
KOCTH, 3.'IaCTHtlHOCTH, H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH H KOM<j>OPTHOCTH. Ha 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHOM npoTe3HoM 3aBo e (r. PeYToBo) opraHH30BaHO npo-
MbllUJIeHHOe npoH3Bo CTBO npoTe30B H3 Mny.
113YlleHa B03MO)KHOCTb 3aMeHbI HaTypaJIbHOA np06KH npH H3ro-
1'OBJIeHHH opTone HllecKoH OOYBH Ha Mny [279]. npH conOCTaB-
JIeHHH <j>H3HllecKHx, <j>H3HKo-MexaHHllecKHx H TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHX
'CBOHCTB HaTypaJIbHOH np06KH H HeHoBOro Mny YCTaHOBJIeHO,
'tlTO no 60JIblUHHCTBY nOKa3aTeJIeA Mny npeBocxo SlT HaTypaJIb-
afYIO npo6KY.
192
Pa3pa60TaHa CneUHaJIbHaSl TeXHOJIOrHSl H3rOTOBJIeHHR HH,llHBH
.lJ.yaJIbHblX CJIenKOB CJIe.lJ.a 60JIbHblX C nOMOWblO nJIaCTHKOBOH CTeJIb-
KH. C nJIaCTHKOBOA CTeJIbKH 3aTeM CHHMalOT rHnCOBblH CJIenOK, KO-
TOpblA H SlBJISleTCSl <j>opMYlOweA nOBepXHOCTblO ,llJISl Mny, OTpa-
)KalOlUeA HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb CTonbl 60JIbHOro. TaKHM cnoc060M
6bIJIa H3rOTOBJIeHa onblTHaSl napTHSl HH,llHBH,llyaJlbHbIx OpTODe.ll.HQe-
CKHX CTeJIeK. OT3b1BbI 60JlbHblX - DOJIO>KHTeJIbHble. TaKHM 06pa30M,
Mny MO>KeT C ycnexoM 3aMeHHTb HaTYpaJIbHYIO np06KY, DpHMe-
HSlIOWYIOCSl npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH OpTOne.ll.HlleCKOA 06YBH.
MeTO.ll.OM peaKUHOHHoro <j>opMOBaHHSl H3 Mny MoryT 6b1Tb H3-
rOTOBJIeHbI H H3.l1.eJIHSl HapO.lJ.HOro nOTpe6JIeHHSl- paKeTKH .lI.JISl Ha-
CTOJIbHOro TeHHHCa, BepXHHA CJIoA cn J THBHbIX MHlleA, MSlIIH .lI.JISl
rOJIb<j>a, KerJIH, .lI.eKOpaTHBHbIe MaCKH 280, 281].
npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH THnHtIHbIX PT Mny HCnOJIb3YlOT nOKa or-
paHHtIeHHO JIHlUb B Tex 06JIaCTSlX, r.ll.e OHH HMelOT HeocnopHMbIe
npeHMYlUeCTBa nepe.ll. Tpa.ll.HUHOHHblMH PTH. TaK, HCKJIIOIIHTeJIbHO
DblCOKHe aMopTH3aUHOHHble nOKa3aTeJIH Mny, cnoc06HOCTb npOTH-
BOCTOSlTb H .lI.eMn<j>HpOBaTb Y.lI.apbl B COlieTaHHH C MacJI06eH30CTOH-
KOCTblO C ycnexoM HCnOJIb3YlOT B 3JIeMeHTax aMopTH3aUHOHHOH
CHCTeMbI aBTOM06HJIeH [282J. .
Mny npeKpaCHO npOSlBHJIH ce6Sl npH 3KCnJIyaTaUHH B KalleCTBe
npH>KHMHblX KOJIO.ll.OK (Map3aHOB) K Py6HJIbHblM HO)KaM KHHrO)KYP-
HaJIbHbIX MalUHH «KeHHHr H BaY3p:t (250 UHKJIOB/MHH) H K ra3eT-
HbIM arperaTaM «Ke6ay-l(ypH<j>-30» (400 UHKJIOB/MHH) B THnorpa-
<j>HSlX H3.l1.aTeJIbCTB d13BecTHSl» H «npaB.lI.a» B TelleHHe 60JIee .lI.BYX
H Tpex JIeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO. AHaJIOrHIIHbIe .lJ.eTaJIH H3 .lI.Pyrux MaTe-
pHaJIOB He BbI.lI.ep)KHBaJIH H 3HallHTeJIbHO 60Jlee KopoTKHe CpOKH.
o cnoc06HoCTH Mny npeKpacHo nOrJIOwaTb BH6pauuIO H Y.lI.apbI
CBH,lI.eTeJIbCTByeT ux ycnelUHoe npHMeHeHHe B KalleCTBe 3JIaCTHIIHblX
060JIOlieK K pYIiKaM OT60HHblX MOJIOTKOB H 3y6HJI B JIHTeHHOM npo-
H3BO.lJ.CTBe 3aBO.ll.a «CTaHKOJIHT», liTO n03BOJIHJIO pe3KO YJIYlllUHTb
YCJIOBHH TpY.lI.a B 3TOM TSl)KeJIOM npOH3BO.lJ.CTBe, a TaK)Ke HCnOJIb30-
BaHHe Mny npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH XBOCTOBHKOB nJIaHepOB Me)K.lI.YHa-
pO.lJ.HOrO KJIaCCa, r.lJ.e Y.ll.aJIOCb pelUUTb np06J1eMY nOBbIlUeHHSI Y.lJ.a-
poycToAIIHBOCTH 3Toro 3JIeMeHTa nJIaHepa [196].
HCnOJIb30BaHHe Mny B KalleCTBe npOKJIa.ll.OK K .lI.U<j><j>Y30paM
B 3BYKoBocnpOH3BO.ll.SllUeA annapaType BbIClUero KJIaCCa n03BOJIHJIO
C03.l1.aTb CTY.lI.HHHbIe annapaTbI, no lIaCTOTHblM xapaKTepHCTHKaM
He YCTynalOlUHe J1YlllUHM 3apy6e)KHbIM 06pa3uaM.
nOMHMO CneUHaJIbHbIX CBOHCTB Mny .lI.JIH pSl.ll.a 06JIaCTeA npH-
MeHeHHSl npHBJIeKaTeJIbHOH OKa3aJIaCb caMa TeXHOJIOrHSl peaKUHOH-
Horo <j>opMOBaHHSl. Y.ll.aqHbIM, HanpHMep, OKa3aJIOCb npUMeHeHHe
MeTO.ll.a peaKUHOHHoro <j>opMOBaHHSl Mny npH pa3pa60TKe HOBbiX
KOHCTPYKUHA ra30pa3.l1.eJIHTeJIbHblX annapaTOB. B 3TOM CJIYllae Y.ll.a-
JIOCb pelUHTb 3a.ll.allY <j>HKcaUHH IIYBCTBHTeJIbHblX K MexaHHlleCKOMY
B03.l1.eACTBHIO ra30pa3.l1.eJIHTeJIbHblX 3JIeMeHTOB nyTeM HX naKeTHpo-
BaHHSl C nOMOWblO MeTO.lJ.a peaKUHOHHoro <j>opMOBaHHSl.
KpynHblM nOTpe6uTeJIeM Mny SlBJISleTCSl aBTOM06HJIbHaSl npo-
MbllUJIeHHOCTb. nepelleHb H3,lleJIHA H3 Mny H nO.ll.BCneHeHHblX
13-151
193
RIM-ny H RIM-nM OqeHb BeJIHK. 113 3THX MaTepHaJIOB H3rOTaB-
JIHBalOT nOMHMO aMopTH3aUHOHHbIX TeXHHlleCKHX H3.l1.eJIHA 3JIeMeHTbI
BHYTpeHHero HHTep&epa aBTOM06HJISl- nO.ll.roJIOBHHKH, PYJIeBoe
KOJIeCO, nepe.lI.HIOIO naHeJIb, PYIIKH, nO.lJ.JIOKOTHHKH H T. n. -[275].
B lUHpOKHX MaclUTa6ax npHMeHSlIOT RIM-MnY B KalleCTBe BHelU-
HHX 3JIeMeHTOB aBTOM06HJIeA. B aBTOM06HJIeCTpOeHHH CIlIA, Ha-
npHMep, HCnOJIb3yeTcSl nOpSl.ll.Ka 40 TbIC. T 3THX MaTepHaJIOB. TaK
3JIaCTHIIHbIMH 060JlOliKaMH oaMnepa H3 RIM-MnY B 1985 r. 6b1JI()
OCHaweHO 60% aBTOM06HJIeH, BbInyweHHbIx B CIlIA [283].
HanOJIHeHHbIe 20% CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa RIM-MnY npHMeHSlIOT .lI. lH'
H3rOTOBJIeHHSl 3JIaCTHIIHblX .lI.BepeH, KpbIJIbeB, .lI.pyrHx 3JIeMeHTOB
KY30Ba aBTOM06HJIeH [3, 283]. B nOCJIe.lI.Hee BpeMSl RIM-nY CTaJIH
npHMeHSlTb B KalleCTBe norO.lI.ocToAKHX ynJIOTHHTeJIeH CTeKOJI, KOTO-
pble npH<j>opMoBblBalOTcSl no nepH<j>epHH CTeKJIa, ynpomaSl npoH3-
BO.lI.CTBO H MOHTa)K 3Toro 3JIeMeHTa aBTOM06HJISl. KpoMe Toro, YJIYII-
walOTCSl a3pO.lI.HHaMHKa aBTOM06HJISl Hero BHelUHHH BH.lI. [284].
2.5. nEPEPA60TKA OTXOAOB MIo1KPOSl4EHCTblX nOnlo1YPETAHOB
npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H3.lJ.eJIHH H3 Mny HeH36e)KHO 06pa3yeTcSl onp -
.lI.eJIeHHOe KOJIHlleCTBO OTXO.lJ.OB npOH3BO.lI.CTBa - JIHTHHKH, BbInpec-
COBKH, CJIHBbl, 06JIOH, 6paKOBaHHaSl np0.lI.YKu,HSl. KOJIHlleCTBO OTXO-
.zI.OB 3aBHCHT OT MHOruX TeXHHlleCKHX H opraHH3au,HOHHbIX npH'IlfH
H COCTaBJISleT 06b1I1HO 3-10%. BecbMa aKryaJIbHOH npe.lI.CTaBJISleT-
CSl 3a.ll.alla pa3pa60TKH MeTO.lI.OB nepepaooTKH 3THX OTXO.lI.OB.
nOJIHMepHaSl OCHOBa 06YBHbIX Mny - 3TO npeHMywecTBeHHo
JIHHeHHbIA TepMOnJIaCTHIIHblH nOJIHypeTaH. CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, 3TOT
MaTepHaJI MO>KeT nepepaoaTblBaTbcH MeTO.lI.OM JIHTbH no.lJ. .lI.3B.1Je-
HHeM. Ha 3TOM npHHUHne H nocTpoeHo rrepBoe HanpaBJleHHe nepe-
pa60TKH OTXO.lI.OB Mny [285]. TaKHM 06pa30M no pe)KHMaM, xa-
paKTepHblM .lJ.JISl ypeTaHoBbIx T3n [286], OTXO.lI.bI Mny nepepa6a-
TbIBalOT, HanpHMep, B 06YBHbIe Ha60AKH [287].
3a.lI.alla nepepa60TKH OTXO.lI.OB Mny MeTO.ll.OM JIHTbSl no.lI. .lI.aB-
JIeHHeM OCJIO)KHSleTCSl HX nopHcToH CTPYKTYPOH. npH HenOCpe.lI.CT-
BeHHOM JIHTbe OTXO.lI.OB He BeCb CO 2 Y.lI.aJISleTCSl H3 MaTepHaJIa, H H3-
.lI.eJIHe HMeeT nopbl H B3.lI.YTHSl. n03TOMY npHHSlTa CJIe.lI.YlOwaSl cxe-
Ma nepepa60TKH OTXO.lJ.OB:
1) .lI.p06JIeHHe OTXO.lI.OB Ha BaJIbuaX HJIH .lI.pyroM H3MeJIbtlHTeJIb-
HOM 06opY.lI.OBaHHH;
2) rpaHYJIHpOBaHHe .lI.p06JIeHbIX OTXO.lJ.OB;
3) JIHTbe no.lI. .lI.aBJIeHHeM rpaHYJIHpOBaHHoro nOJIHypeTaHa
B IIHCTOM BH.lJ.e JIH60 B CMeCH C KOMn03HuHeA nBX.
BTOpOH, 60JIee nepcneKTHBHblH nYTb nepepa60TKH OTXO.lI.OB
Mny CBSl3aH C B03BpaweHHeM HX B OCHOBHoe rrpOH3BO.lI.CTBO, T. e_
B HCXO.ll.HYIO KOMn03Hu,HIO, H Tpe6yeT nepeBO.lI.a OTXO.lJ.OB Mny
B >KH.lI.KOe COCTOSlHHe. B 3TOM cJIYllae TeXHOJIOrHSl peaKUHoHHoro
<j>opMoBaHHSl H3.lI.eJIHH H3 Mny CTaHOBHTCSl no cywecTBY 6e30TXO.lI.-
HoA. 3T0 HanpaBJIeHHe nepepa60TKH OTXO.lI.OB nOJIHypeTaHoB - XH-
MHlleCKoe - paccMoTpeHo B [288]. CYTb ero 3aKJIIOliaeTCSl B pa3-
194
PYlUeHHH nOJIHypeTaHoBOA neHbI nyteM B03.l1.eACTBHSl Ha Hee npH
TeMnepaType 18O-220°C pa3JIHIIHbIMH XHMHqeCKHMH areHTaMH.
B pe3YJIbTaTe 06pa3YIOTcSl peaKUHoHHocnoc06Hble np0.lI.YKTbI. KOTO-
pble MorYT lIaCTHIiHO 3aMeHHTb HCXO.lI.HOe nOJIHypeTaH06pa3YIOwee
cblpbe.
B03MO)KHbI H .lI.PYfHe nYTH HCnOJIb30BaHHSl OTXO.lJ.OB nOJIHypeTa-
HOB - KpHoreHHoe H3MeJIblleHHe C nOCJIe.lI.YlOlUHM HCnOJIb30BaHHeM
nopOlUKa no aHaJIOfHH C pe3HHOBOH KpOlUKOH [289], pacTBopeHHe
OTXO.lJ.OB nOJIHypeTaHoB B .lI.HMeTHJI<j>opMaMH.lI.e 1290]. O.lI.HaKO 3TH
cnoco6b1 He HalUJIH lUHpOKoro npHMeHeHHSl.
B paooTax [291, 292] npe.lI.CTaBJIeHbI pe3YJlbTaTbI nepepa60TKH
H HCnOJIb30BaHHSl OTXO.lI.OB CJIO)KH03<j>HpHblX 06YBHbIX Mny Ha oc-
HOBe OJIHr03THJIeH6YTHJIeHrJIHKOJIba.lI.HnHHaTa, 1,4- BJI., BO.ll.bI H
4,4' -MJI.11 C cO.lI.ep>KaHHeM )KeCTKOH <fJa3bI nOJIHMepHOA OCHOBbI
OKOJIO 35% (Mac.), nOJIYlleHHbIX nceB.lI.o<j>opnOJIHMepHbIM MeTO-
)J.OM [291], a TaK)Ke OTXO.lI.OB, OCTaBlUHXCSl nOCJIe nepepa60TKH
KOMn03l1UHH «BaA<j>JIeKc 50C» <j>HpMbI «Bayer:. (<I>Pr) [292].
B KaqeCTBe .lJ.eCTpYKTHpYlOlUero areHTa HCnOJIb30BaJIH 1,4-6YTaH-
,llHOJI, KaTaJIH3aTOpa - .lI.a6Ko. BbI60p HMeHHO 3THX npO.lI.YKTOB
06yc OBJIeH HX HaJIHIIHeM B OCHOBHOH npOH3BO.lI.CTBeHHoH KOMn03H-
U.HH. KOJIHlleCTBo 1,4-6YTaH.lI.HoJIa 6bIJIO onpe.lI.eJIeHO H3 CJIe.lI.YlOlUHx
coOOpa)KeHHH. CO.lJ.ep)KaHHe rH.lI.POKCHJIbHblX rpynn B npO.ll.YKTe
TepMOKaTaJIHTHlieCKoro rJIHKOJIH3a (nTr) .lI.OJI)KHO 6b1Tb paBHO
(HJIH 6JIH3KO) CO.lI.ep)KaHHIO rH.lI.POKCHJIbHblX rpynn rn<l> n. TOJIb-
KO B 3TOM CJIYllae He Tpe6yeTcSl KoppeKTHpOBKa COOTHOlUeHHSl KOM-
nOHeHTOB .lI.JISl Ka)K.lI.OH napTHH nTr. npH onpe.lI.eJIeHHH Tpe6yeMoro
KOJIHlleCTBa 1,4-6YTaH.lI.HOJIa npe.lJ.nOJIaraJIH, lITO KOJIHlleCTBO rH.lI.P-
OKCHJIbHblX rpynn B CMeCH Mny - 1,4-6YTaH.lJ.HOJI B XO.lI.e .lI.eCTPYK-
U.HH He H3MeHSleTCSl. npHHSlB CO.lJ.ep)KaHHe CBo60.lI.HblX fH.lI.pOKCHJIb-
HbIX rpynn B no.1JHMepHOH OCHOBe Mny OJIH3KHM K 0, .lJ.JISl paCIJeTa
TpeoyeMoro Ha 100 Mac. II. OTXO.lI.OB KOJIHlleCTBa (X) 6yTaH.lI.HOJIa
nOJIYllaeM <j>OPMYJIY:
(X'34): 9O/(lOO+X) = 0,064,
r.lte 0,064 - MaCCOBaH .IlonH OH-rpynn B CTaH.IlapTHoM OreqecTBeHHoM rnct>n.
HeCJIO>KHbIe apH<j>MeTHlieCKHe .lI.eHCTBHSl nOKa3bIBa1OT, liTO
X =20,4 Mac. tI. CJIe.lI.OB3TeJIbHO, nTr, nOJIYlleHHblA npH MaCCOBOM
COOTHOlUeHHH OTXO.lI.bI Mny: 1,4-6YTaH.lI.HoJI== 100: 20,4, .lI.OJI)KeH
cO.lJ.ep)KaTb 6,4% rH.lJ.pOKCHJIbHblX rpynn. TaKoH npO.lI.YKT MO>KHO
.lI.03HpOBaTb B rH.lJ.pOKCHJICO.lI.ep)KaWHA KOMnOHeHT, He 60SlCb H3Me-
HeHHSl COOTHOlUeHHSl NCO : OH KOMn03HI.I.HH. B CJIYllae HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH rH.lI.pOKCHJIbHOrO KOMnOHeHTa C .lJ.pyrHM CO.lJ.ep)KaHHeM rH.lI.POK-
CHJIbHbIX rpynn B npHBe.lI.eHHOM BbilUe ypaBHeHHH nO.lI.CTaBJISleTCSl
COOTBeTCTBYlOlUaSl I.I.H<j>pa BMeCTO 0,064, HanpHMep .lI.JISl KOMn03Hu.HH
«BaH<j>JIeKc 50C:. - 0,069 [292]. nepe.lI. npOBe.lJ.eHHeM peaKI.I.HH r JIH-
KOJIH3a OTXO.lI.bI Mny .lI.P06HJIH Ha pOTOpHbIX H3MeJIbllHTeJISlX .lI.JISl
nJIaCTMaCC, nOJIYllaSl KPOlUKY C pa3MepoM lIaCTHU 1,5-3 MM. TH-
nHIIHaSl KHHeTHlieCKaSl KpHBaSl H3MeHeHHSl BSl3KOCTH B npouecce Tep-
MOKaTaJIHTHlieCKoro rJIHKOJIH3a npe.lJ.CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 2.36. l(aK
13-
195
npe.ll.nOJIaraJIOCb paHee, KOHueHTpaUHH rH,llpOKCHJIbHbIX rpynn B
npouecce rJIHKOJIH3a OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOH (KpHBaH 2) H COBna.ll.aeT
C 3a.ll.aHHOH BeJIHIIHHOH (6,4% ,llJIH OTelleCTBeHHOH KOMn03HI1HH)_
nTf npe.ll.CTaBJIHeT C060H O,llHOpO,llHblH npo.ll.YKT TeMHo-KoPHII-
HeBoro UBeTa, cTa6HJIbHblH BO BpeMeHH, He paCCJIaHBalOWHHCH H
He KpHCTaJIJIH3YIOWHHCH. I1cCJle,lloBaHHH [292] n03BOJIHIOT YTBep-
)K,llaTb, liTO nTf HBJIHeTCH HH3KOMOJIeKYJIHpHblM OJIHroypeT3HoM C
KOHueBblMH rH.lI.pOKCHJIbHblMH rpynnaMH.
JI.JIH onpe,lleJIeHHH TeMnepaTypHO-BpeMeHHblX napaMeTpOB Tep-
MOKaTaJIHTHlieCKoro r JIHKOJIH3a HCCJIe,llOBaJIH BJIHHHHe COOTHOlUeHHSI
Mny H BJI., TeMnep3Typbl H KOHueHTpaUHH KaTaJIH3aTOpa Ha KH-
HeTHKY npouecca. nOKa3aHO, QTO npH HeH3MeHHbIX ,llBYX ,llpyrHx
napaMeTpax npouecc H,lleT 6b1CTpee H ,ll0 60JIee rJIy60KHX CTa.ll.HH
npH YBeJIHlleHHH COOTHOlUeHHH BJI.: Mny, KOHueHTpaUHH ,lla6KO
H TeMnep3Typbl. 113 pHC. 2.37 BH.lI.HO, lITO ,ll06aBJIeHHe ,llO
30% (Mac.) nTf K rH.lI.pOKCHJICO,llep)KaweMY KOMnOHeHTY He3HaIlH-
TeJIbHO H3MeHHeT ero BH3KOCTb. BBe,lleHHe.ll.O 10% (Mac.) nTr
B KOMn03HUHIO He OKa3b1BaeT cywecTBeHHoro BJIHHHHH Ha ee KHHe-
THlieCKHe napaMeTpbl. npH 3TOM He H3MeHHeTCH nepepa6aTblBae-
MOCTb KOMn03HUHH Ha JIHTbeBOM 060pY.ll.OBaHHH. B T36JI. 2.8 npH-
Be.ll.eHbI ,llaHHble, HJIJIIOCTPHpYIOWHe BJIHHHHe nTf Ha <j>H3HKo-Mexa-
HHlleCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH Mny.
JI.aHHble no BBe,lleHHIO nTf, nOJIYtleHHoro H3 OTXO.lJ.OB nepepa-
60TKH Mny «BaH<J>JIeKC 5OC», nO.ll.TBep)K.lI.alOT pe3YJIbTaTbI, YCTa-
HOBJIeHHble ,llJIH OTelleCTBeHHOH KOMn03HUHH.
B npOMbllUJIeHHblX YCJIOBHHX TepMOKaTaJIHTHlieCKHH r JIHKOJIH3
npOBO,llHT B aTMoc<j>epe cyxoro a30Ta B peaKTopax eMKOCTblO
0,18 M 3 npH TeMnep3Type 190:f:3°C. PeaKTop cHa6)KeH 3JIeKTpO-
060rpeBoM (cYMMapHaH MOWHOCTb 10 KBT), JIOnaCTHOH MelUaJIKOB
"l,fla.c [OHJ,96
60 6
2
40 4
10 1
0
a
l'J,na'C
1,3
1,2
0,9
a
10
20 C nrr ,%
PHC. 2.36. KHHeTHKa rJlUKOJlH3a Mn3Y DPH 180°C, KOHueHTpauuH .Ila6KO 0,5%.
MaCCOBOM COOTHOWeUHH Mn3Y: 1,4-5.Ll=5:
J - BII3KOCTb npH 50 .C; 2 - KOH eRTpa HII I'HAPOKCIIJIhItIolX rpynn
PUC. 2.37. BJlHJlHHe CO.ltep)l(8UHH rnr (DOJlyqeUuoro DPH 180 .C) ua BH3KOCTb
(npH 50°C) rR.ltPOKCBJlCO.llep)l(aIl{ero KOMnOHeHTa KOMn03UUHH Mn3Y; COOTHO-
weHHe M Y : 1,4-5.Ll= 1 : 0,2; KOHl1.eHTp81l.llJl .lta6KO - 0,4%.
196
Ta6Jtuqa 2.8_
BJlHHHHe TITf Ha TeXHOnOrH'leCKHe cBoiicTBa KOMn03HUHH
H <!>H3HKO-MeXaHHQecKHe nOKaSaTeJlH Mny
CTapT
npo(ia no CTaK8RQHKY. c
I POCT oellW
COAeJJJKaHHe
nTr. % (lIac.)
OTJlHO
OTIitHO
o
6
10
6
5
6
22
22
22
32
34
32
30
30
31
I 'YCJlOBaa" I OnrOCH- / I
COJ\ePJKaRRe OPOQHOCTb TeJlbRoe TBepAOCTb
nTr. % OPH paCT'" YA.IIRDeHHe, DO TM-2.
(Nac.) JKeRRH. Mna % )'C.II. eA.
l(aJKYllta"c"
OJlOTIIIOCTb.
ulN'
Pupacratme I
OpOKOJIa OPH HMOM.
J 6 000 1t1loK' UHKJlbI
.II ax. NN
o
6
to
7,2
7,8
8,0
560
540
550
52
56
54
650
650
650
to
2,5
4
20 000
26 000
24 000
C nHeBMaTHlieCKHM npHBO.ll.OM, 06paTHbIM XOJIO.ll.HJIbHHKOM. HaJIHIIHe
06p3THOrO XOJIO,llHJIbHHKa n03BOJIHeT BeCTH npouecc npH aTMOC<J>ep-
HOM ,llaBJIeHHH.
Pa3pa60TaHHaH H BHe.ll.peHHaH TeXHOJIOrHH nepepa60TKH Mny
He BJIHHeT Ha TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHe CBOHCTBa Mny KOMn03HUHA,
He Tpe6yeT KOppeKTHpOBKH H30UHaHaTHoro HH.lI.eKca CHCTeMbI, npH-
BO,llHT K Y.'JYtllUeHHIO <j>H3HKO-MexaHHlleCKHX CBOHCTB Mny. YTHJIH-
3aUHH OTXO,ll.OB Mny lIepe3 nTf OCYlU,eCTBJlHeTCH nYTeM 3aMeHbI
lIaCTH rH.lI.pOKCHJICO.ll.ep)KalU,ero KOMnOHeHTa Ha nTf. nOKa3aHa
npHHUHnHaJIbHaH B03MO)KHOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHHH pa3pa60T3HHoro
MeTO,lla ,llJIH YTHJIH3aUHH OTXO,llOB ,llPyrHx THnOB nOJIHypeTaHoB,
BnJIOTb .lI.O CHJIbHOClUHTblX )KeCTKHX nny.
rnaBa 3. PEAKUJ;lOHHOE d>OPMOBAHJ;lE HAnOnHEHHblX
(APMJ;lPOBAHHbIX) nOnJ;lYPET AHOB
3.1. XHMIo1I.fECKIo1E 101 <D1013Io1KO-XIo1MIo14ECKIo1E OCHOBbJ npOLtECCA
B OCHOBe peaKUHOHHoro <j>opMOBaHHH HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB
JIe)KaT Te )Ke XHMHlleCKHe peaKUHH, liTO H npH CHHTe3e HeHanOJIHeH-
HblX CHCTeM [126, 293]. I1cxo,llHblMH MaTepHaJIaMH .lI.JIH nOJIYlleHHH
HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHOB HBJIHIOTCH OJI HrO,llHOJI bI, H30UHaHaTbI,
rH.lI.POKCHJI- HJIH aMHHOCO.ll.ep)KaWHe y,llJIHHHTeJIH ueneH, HanOJIHH-
TeJIH H pa3JIHIIHble .lI.06aBKH (KaTaJIH33TOpbl, MaCJIa H .lI.p.)
B RRIM-cHcTeMax B KalleCTBe HanOJIHHTeJIH HCnOJIb3YlOT H3MeJIb-
lIeHHoe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHO, CTeKJISlHHYIO ,llP06b, yr JIepO.ll.Hble BOJIOKHa,
tlelUYHKH CJIlO.lI.bI H .lI.p., a OCTaJIbHble KOMnOHeHTbI Te )Ke, liTO H B
RIM-KOMn03HUHHX. npH apMHpOBaHHH H3,lleJIHH MeTO,llOM HaMOTKH
O.lJ.HHOQHOH KOP.ll.HOH HHTH HJIH nyTeM YKJIa,llKH' nepe.ll. 3aJIHBKOH
197
B <j>OPMY MaTOB, XOJICT08, CTeKJIOCeTOK, HeTKaHblX nepeKpeCTHblX
MaTepHaJIOB npHMeHHIOT HCKYCCTBeHHble (CTeKJIHHHble HJIH BHCK03-
Hble), CHHTeTHlieCKHe (nOJIHaMH.lI.Hble HJIH nOJIH3<J>HpHble) H HaTY-
paJIbHble BOJIOKHa (XJIOnOK, JIeH H .lI.p.). B nOJIHypeT3HoBblX 3JI aCTO-
MepaX C aKTHBHblM HanOJIHHTeJIeM HCXO.ll.HblMH OJIHro.ll.HOJIaMH lIawe
BCerO HBJIHIOTCH COnOJIHMepbI 6YT3.lJ.HeHa HJIH ero COnOJIHMepbl co
CTHpOJIOM HJIH HHTpHJIOM aKpHJIOBOH KHCJIOTbI, HMelOWHe rH.lI.pOK-
CHJIbHble HJIH raJIOreHOCO,llep)KaWHe rpynnbl [295] . 3TH KOMno-
3HIlHH HanOJIHHIOT BblCOKoaKTHBHblMH, nOJIyaKTHBHblMH H MaJIO-
aKTHBHblMH THnaMH TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepO.ll.a HJIH OKCH,llOM KpeMHHH;
HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM THnOM H30UHaHaTa HBJIHeTCSI T.D.H,
XOTH MorYT npHMeHHTbCH M.lI.H, H.D.H HJIH nAnH (nOJIH<j>eHHJI-
nOJIHMeTHJIeHnOJIHH30UHaHaT) [293].
npHHUHnbl peuenTypoCTpoeHHH y HanOJIHeHHblX ypeTaHoBblx CH-
CTeM B OCHOBHOM aHaJIOrHIIHbI onHcaHHblM B rJI. 1, T. e. KOMn03H-
UHH BKJIlOliaeT H30UHaHaT- H rH.lI.pOKCHJICO.ll.ep)KaWHH (aMHHOCO.ll.ep-
)KaWHH) KOMnOHeHTbI, KOTopble CMelUHBalOT nepe.ll. nO,llalieH
B <j>OPMY.
1(0HueHTpaUHH HanOJIHHTeJIH Hero .lI.HCnepCHOCTb .lI.OJI>KHbI 6bITb
onTHMH3HpOBaHbI KaK C TOIIKH 3peHHH .lJ.OCTH>KeHHH Tpe6yeMoro
KOMnJIeKCa CBOHCTB H3.l1.eJIHH, TaK H C n03HUHH YlieTa TeXHOJIOrHlle-
CKHX OrpaHHtleHHH. B ypeTaHoBblX KOMn03HUHSlX C aKTHBHblMH Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIHMH MaKCHMaJIbHaH KOHueHTpaUHH TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo-
,lla, KaK npaBHJIO, He npeBbllUaeT 30% (Mac.). AKTHBHbIH HanOJI-
HHTeJIb 06b1t1HO BBO.ll.HT B rH,llpOKCHJICO,llep*aWHH KOMnOHeHT
[293, 296].
npH BBe.ll.eHHH B nOJIHypeTaHbI MHHepaJIbHbIX HanOJIHHTeJIeH .lJ.0-
CTHraeTCH cywecTBeHHoe YBeJIHlleHHe MO,llYJIH ynpyrocTH npH H3rH-
6e, )KeCTKOCTH, pa3MepHoH CT36HJIbHOCTH, YMeHblUeHHe yca.lJ.KH npH
HarpeBe H K03<j><j>HUHeHTa JIHHeHHOro paclUHpeHHH. BMecTe C TeM
B RRIM-cHcTeMax Ha6JIIO,llaeTCH CHH>KeHHe Y.lJ.apHOH npoliHocTH
H OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO Y.ll.JIHHeHHH no cpaBHeHHIO C HeHanOJIHeHHblMH
RIM-KoMn03HUHHMH. <l>H3HKo-MeXaHHQeCKHe CBOHCTBa HeapMHpo-
BaHHbIX (IIHCJIHTeJIb) H apMHpoBaHHblx (3HaMeHaTeJIb) BbICOKOMO-
,llYJIbHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB, cO.ll.ep>KaWHX 20% (Mac.) CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa
(.lI.JIHHa BOJIOKOH 1,6 MM), npHBe,lleHbI HH>Ke:
MO.llY.'1b ynpyrocTH npH H3rH6e npH 24°C. MTIa 793/2572
YcnoBHaH npO'lHOCTb npH paCTH>KeHHH, MTIa 28/39
OTHocHTenbHoe Y.llnHHeHHe npH pa3pblBe. % 110/30
YC8.IlKa npH 121°C, MM/'I 3,8/1,0
K03<!><!>HuHeHT TepMHqeCKOrO nHHeiiHoro pacwHpeHHH . )0-6, IrC 131/47
Y.a.apHaH BH3KOCTb C H8.Ilpe30M no H30.llY, H.cM/cM 265/157
C YBeJIHlleHHeM cO.ll.ep)KaHHH HanOJIHHTeJIH .lI.O 30% (Mac.) H3Me-
HeHHe <j>H3HKO-MexaHHlleCKHX nOKa3aTeJIeH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHoe BBe,lle-
HHeM HanOJIHHTeJIH, B03paCTaeT npH O,llHOBpeMeHHOM YBeJIHlleHHH
CTeneHH aHH3OTponHH CBOHCTB, CBSl3aHHOH C opHeHTaUHeH BOJIOKOH
B HanpaBJIeHHH TelleHHH npH <j>opMOBaHHH (pHC. 3.1). .D.aJIbHeH-
lUee YBeJIHlleHHe KOHueHTpaUHH HanOJIHHTeJIH orpaHHlleHo B03MO>K-
HOCTHMH RRIM-MeTo.ll.a.
198
jJ 'fO-', floc fu.J' '10- 1 ,nna
100 3,0
80 2,5
60 2,0
40
20 1,5
1S C,% 1,0
a 5 10 0
PHC. 3.1. 3aBHcHMocTH K03<!><!>HUHeHTa nHHeiiHoro TepMH'IeCKOrO pacwHpeHHH
H MO.ltYJlH ynpyrocTH npH H3rH6e Enr RRIM-cHcTeMIiI, HanonHeHHoii CTeKJIOBO. OK.
HOM .ltJlHHOii 1,6 MM, OT cO.ltep)l(aHHH HanOJlHHTenH B HanpaBJIeHHH TeqeHHH (1)
H nepneH.ltHKynHpHo HanpaB.,eHHIO Te'leHHH (2) [1]
B nOJIHypeT3Hax, HanOJIHeHHblX TeXHHlleCKHM yrJIepO.ll.OM, BBe-
.lI.eHHe aKTHBHblX HanOJIHHTeJIeH cnoco6cTByeT nOBbllUeHHIO npOtlHO-
CTHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH H YMeHblUeHHIO conpOTHBJIeHHH a6pa3HBHOMY
H3HOCY (y MOlleBHHoypeTaHoBbIx CHCTeM) HJIM HeKOTopOMY ero no-
BbllUeHHIO (y ypeT3HoBblX CHCTeM) (pHC. 3.2). MexaHH3M YCHJIeHHH
nOJIHypeTaHoB Ha OCHOBe HanOJIHeHHblX TeXHHlleCKHM yrJIepO OM
OJIHrOMepOB aHaJlOrHlleH .lJ.eHCTBHIO aKTHBHbIX HanOJIHHTeJIeH ua
BblCOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHble KaYllYKH (126, 297], T. e. OCHOBHbIMH <j>aKTo-
paMH, YBe.1fHtlHBalOwHMH npoliHocTb, HBJIHIOTCH: 1) a.ll.re3HOHHoe
B3aHMO.ll.eAcTBHe Me>K.lI.Y nOJIHMepOM H HanOJIHHTeJIeM; 2) ynopH-
.lI.OtleHHOe COCTOHHHe H <j>HKCaU:HH Mo.1feKYJI nOJIHMepa Ha nOBepx-
f(,/(H!", fp,nna
a
H,1'13/T I!.}f{ R,II.H!11 'p,nna
o
H,,,,3!.4Jt(
20
100
100
SO
50
a a
0 fa 20 JO
PHC. 3.2. 3aBHcHMocrH ycnoBHoii npO'lHOCTH npH paCTH)l(eHHH fp npH 20°C (1)
H 100°C (2), cOnpOTHBJleHHH pa3.1tHpy R (3) H HCTHpaeMocTH H (4) yrnepo.u.o-
HanonHeHHIilX nonHyperaHoB, cHHTe3HpoBaHHlilx no MOqeBHHoypeTaHoBoii (a) H
yperaHoBoii (6) cxeMaM, OT COAep)l(aHHH HanonHHTe.nH (Ha 100 Mac. q onHr06y-
T8.IlHeHAHona) (5]
199
JlOCTH lIaCTHU aKTHBHoro HanOJIHHTeJIH, npHBO,llHwaH K CHH>KeHHIO
nO.ll.BH)KHOCTH MOJIeKYJI; 3) 06pa30BaHHe HenpepblBHoH uenOliellHO-
ceTliaTOH CTpYKTYpbl HanOJIHHTeJIH B nonHMepHoH MaTpHue [298,
c 242].
KaK BH.lI.HO H3 pHC. 3.2, conpOTHBJIeHHe pa3pblBY B03paCTaeT DO
Mepe YBeJIHlleHHH CO,llep)KaHHH TeXHHlfeCKoro yrJIepO.ll.a .lI.O 30':"'-
60 Mac. II., a 3aTeM HeCKOJIbKO YMeHbwaeTcH C pOCTOM CTeneHH Ha-
nOJIHeHHH. ConpOTHBJIeHHe HCTHpaHHIO Y nOJIHypeTaHoB, CHHTe3H-
pOBaHHblx no MOlfeBHHoypeT3HoBoMY MexaHH3MY, MOHOTOHHO
YMeHbIUaeTcH no Mepe YBeJIHlleHHH .lI.03HpOBKH TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIe-
pO.ll.a, a Y CHCTeM, CTPYKTypHpoBaHHblX no ypeTaHoBoMY MexaHH3-
MY, HaHMeHbIUaSl HCTHpaeMOCTb Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH npH CO.ll.ep)KaHHH
TeXHHlfeCKoro yrJIepo.lJ.a 30-50 Mac. II. CHH)KeHHe npolfHocTHbIX
nOKa3aTeJIeA H cOnpOTHBJIeHHH HCTHpaHHIO npH CTeneHHX HanOJIHe-
HUH CBepx OnTHMaJIbHOH, BH.lI.HMO, CBH3aHO C YBeJIHlleHHeM KOJIHlle-
CTBa OT.lJ.eJIbHbIX lIaCTHU H ar JIOMepaTOB, He npHHHMalOWHX YliaCTHH
B 06pa30BaHHH uenOlielfHO-CeTqaTOH CTPYKTypbl.
TaKHM 06pa30M, Y nOJIHypeTaHoBblX 3JIaCTOMepOB Ha OCHOBe
HanOJIHeHHblX TeXHHlleCKHM yrnepO.ll.OM OJIHrOMepOB, KaK H y pe3HH
Ha OCHOBe BblCOKOMOJIeKYJIHpHblX KaYlfYKOB, cyweCTBYeT onTHMYM
HanOJIHeHHH, T. e. T3Koe CO.ll.ep>KaHHe HanOJIHHTeJIH, npH KOTOpOM
peaJIH3yeTcH HaHJIYllIUHH KOMnJIeKC CBOHCTB [293, 295, 297]. OnTH-
MYM HanOJIHeHHH HeO.ll.HHaKOB Y pa3JIHIIHblX no XHMHtleCKOH npHpo-
.n.e ypeT3HoBblx CHCTeM.
Ha CBOHCTBa nOJIHypeTaHa BJIHHeT TaK>Ke CTeneHb .lI.HCneprHpo-
BaHHH HanOJIHHTeJIH. B RRIM-cHcTeMax npH YBeJIHtleHHH ,llJIHHbI H3-
MeJIblleHHOro BOJIOKHHCToro HanOJIHHTeJIH Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH B03pacTa-
HHe npoliHocTHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH, YMeHbIUeHHe K03<j><j>HUHeHTa TepMH-
lIeCKoro pacIUHpeHHH, Y.lI.apHOH npoliHocTH H OTHOCHTeJIbHoro Y.lI.JIH-
HeHHH npH O.lJ.HOBpeMeHHoM YBeJIHtleHHH CTeneHH aHH30TponHH
cBoAcTB B.lI.OJIb H nepneH.lI.HKYJIHpHO HanpaBJIeHHIO TeqeHHH.
B nOJIHypeTaHax C aKTHBHbIM HanOJIHHTeJIeM .lJ.HCnepCHocTb,
xapaKTepH3yeMaH pa3MepaMH lIaCTHU TeXHHlfeCKoro yrJIepo.ll.a HJIH
Y.lJ.eJIbHOH nOBepxHocTblO, HBJISleTCH Ba>KHeHWHM <j>aKTOpOM, onpe,lle-
JIHIOWHM YCHJIHBalOWee .lI.eHCTBHe HanOJIHHTeJISI. C YMeHbIUeHHeM
pa3MepoB lIaCTHU HanOJIHHTeJIH (c YBeJIHlleHHeM ero Y.lI.eJIbHOH no-
BepXHOCTH) YBeJIHIIHBaeTCH nJIOwa.ll.b nOBepXHOCTH ero KOHT3KTa
C nOJIHypeTaHoM H COOTBeTCTBeHHO B03MO)KHOCTb a,llCOp6UHOHHoro
HJIH XHMHlleCKoro B3aHMO.lJ.eHCTBHH Ha rpaHHue pa3.l1.eJIa <j>a3. 3THM
06'bHCHHeTCH YJIYllIUeHHe <j>H3HKO-MexaHHlfeCKHX CBOHCTB yrJIepo,llO-
HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB npH YMeHbIUeHHH pa3MepOB lIaCTHU
HanOJIHHTeJISI [293, 297]. KaK BH,llHO H3 pHC. 3.3, YJIYllIUeHHe
CBOHCTB Ha6mo.ll.aeTCSI .!to .lJ.OCTH)KeHHH onpe,lleJIeHHOH CTeneHH ,llHC-
neprHpoBaHHH (.lI.JISI paccM3TpHBaeMoH peuenrypbl .lJ.0 C=95%
H D== IO-J2 MKM), 3a npe.ll.eJIaMH KOTOpOH YMeHbIUeHHe pa3MepoB
arJIOMepaToB TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepO.ll.a He cnoc06cTByeT .lI.OnOJIHH-
TeJIbHOMy YCHJIeHHIO 3JIaCTOMepOB.
CBOHCTBa HanOJIHeHHbIX nOJIHypeTaHOB BO MHorOM 3aBHCSlT OT
xapaKTepa B3aHMO,lleAcTBHH nOJIHMepa C HanOJIHHTeJIeM, KOTOphlA
2('0
H, i'll/rANt
I.
76
7S
61
80
10
C,'Yo(Hac.}
PHC. 3.3. 3aBHcHMocTb HCTHpaeMOCTH nOJiHypeTaHa H Ha ocHOBe OJIHro6yr8.llHeH-
AHOJia (100 Mac. 'I.) H TeXHH'IecKoro yrJlepoAa n245 (40 Mac. 'I.) OT CTeneHH
.ltHCneprHpoBaHHH nanOJlHHTeJJH C
PHC. 3 4. 3aBHcHMoCTH BH3KOCTH 'I RRIM-KoMno3HUHA OT COAepJKaHHH H3MeJJb-
qeHHOrO (I) HnH Me.nKopy6neHHoro (2) CTe"'10BO.10KHa B nOnHOJIe
onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH KaK npHpO.ll.OH HanOJIHHTeJIH (UJIH xapaKTepOM ero
nOBepXHOCTH), TaK H XHMUlleCKUM CTpoeHHeM H Mop<j>OJIOrHeH nOJIH-
MepHOH M3TpHUbl.
HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM THnOM HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTa-
HOB HBJIHIOTCH apMHpOBaHHble CHCTeMbI, T. e. KOMn03HUHOHHble Ma-
TepHaJIbI, CO.ll.ep)K!:\WHe TOHKoe BblCOKonpoliHoe BOJIOKHO HJIH lIelUYH-
KU CTeKJIOTKaHU H ,llpyrux TBep,llblX HanOJIHHTeJIeA. I( apMupOBaH-
HblM nOJIHypeTaHaM OTHOCHTCH RRIM-cHcTeMbI, CO,llep>KaWHe TOH-
KOH3MeJIblleHHoe CTeKJIOBOJIOKHO, a TaK)Ke KOMn03HTbI C HHTeKOp.lJ.-
HblMH, TKaHeBblMH, CTeKJIOCeTliaTblMH H .lI.JIHHHOBOJIOKHUCTblMH ap-
MUPYIOWHMH 3JIeMeHT8MU, <j>opMyeMbIe nYTeM H8MOTKU (YKJIa.ll.KH)
B <j>OPMYIOWYIO nOJIOCTb C nOCJIe.ll.YlOweA 3aJIUBKOH CBH3YIOWHM.
B 3TH X CHCTeMax BOJIOKHO BblnOJIHHeT pOJIb apMHpYlOwero 3JIeMeH-
Ta, a nOJIHypeTaH - CBH3YlOwero, 06ecneliUBalOwero coe.ll.HHeHHe
BOJIOKOH H nepepacnpe.ll.eJIeHHe HanpH)KeHHH Me)K,lly HUMH. BJIaro-
.lI.apH 3TOMY B apMupOBaHHblX nOJIHypeTaHax y,llaeTCH COlieTaTb
BblCOKue npOIiHOCTHble nOKa3aTeJIH, xapaKTepHble .lI.JIH CTeKJIOBOJIO-
KOH, H ynpyrHe CBOHCTBa CBH3YlOwero; npu 3TOM MeXaHHqeCKHe
xapaKTepHCTHKH apMHpOBaHHblX CHCTeM BO MHorOM onpe,lleJIHIOTCH
npHpO.ll.OH H pacnOJIO)KeHUeM BOJIOKOH, MO.ll.YJleM ynpyrocTH nOJIH-
MepHoA M3TPHUbl, a TaK)Ke npOqHOCTblO CBH3H Me)K.lI.Y BOJIOKHOM
H CBH3YIOWHM. TaK, HCnOJIb3YH KBapueBble BOJIOKHa, UMelOWHe
npoliHocTb 25000-35000 Mna, MO)KHO nOJIYlluTb 60JIee npOIlHble
apMHpoBaHHble CUCTeMbI, lIeM npH HCnOJIb30BaHHU CHJIHKaTHhiX
BOJIOKOH, npOqHOCTb KOTOpblX COCTaBJIHeT 2000-6000 Mna [299.
201
C. 29]. l(aK BH.lI.HO H3 pHC. 3.1, npH opHeHTaUHH BOJIOKOH .lI.OCTHfa-
eTCH nOBbllUeHHe npOIiHOCTHblX nOKa3aTeJIeH CHCTeMbI 8 Hanp8BJIe-
HHH pacnOJIO)KeHHH HHTeH, liTO npHBO.ll.HT K aHH30TponHH MexaHHlle-
CKHX CBoifcTB H yca.lJ.Ke H3.lJ.eJIHH. AHH30TponHSI HBJIHeTCH Ba>KHblM
CBOHCTBOM apMHpOBaHHblX MaTepHaJIOB, KOTopoe YIIHTblBaeTCH
H tlaCTO UeJIeHanpaBJIeHHO HCnOJIb3yeTcH KOHCTpYKTOPOM npH OPO-
eKTHpOBaHHH H3,lleJIHH.
C YBeJIHlleHHeM npOIiHOCTH CBH3H Me)K.lI.Y apMHpYIOWHM MaTe-
pHaJIOM H nOJIHMepHOH MaTpHueH Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH YJIYlllUeHHe <j>H3HKO-
MexaHHlleCKHX CBOHCTB KOMn03HTa. .lI.JIH YCHJIeHHH a.lJ.re3HOHHoro
B3aHMO,lleiicTBHH Me)K,llY BOJIOKHOM H CBH3YIOWHM nOBepXHOCTb BO-
J10KHHCToro HanOJIHHTeJIH lIaCTO nO.ll.BepralOT .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHOA 06-
pa60TKe, HanpHMep CHJIaHOM. TaK, npH 06pa60TKe CHJIaHOM H3-
MeJIbQeHHOrO BOJIOKHa pa3MepoM 1,6 MM, HCnOJIb3yeMoro B KOJIHlle-
CTBe 35% (Mac.) B KOMn03HUHH RRIM-125 <j>HPMbI «Union Car-
bide», MO,llYJIb ynpyrocTH npH H3fH6e YBeJIHIIHBaeTcH C 3509 ,lI.O
3853 Mna, a Y,!I.apHaH BH3KOCTb no H30.ll.Y-C 69,ll0 123 H'CM/CM.
.lI.eHcTBHe aKTHBHblX HanOJIHHTeJIeH B CHCTeMax Ha OCHOBe OJIH-
rOMepOB aHaJIOfHtlHO HX .lJ.eHCTBHIO B 3JIaCTOMepax Ha OCHOBe BblCO-
KOMOJIeKYJIHpHbIX KayqyKoB, T. e. ,!I.JIH HHX xapaKTepHO, KaK 6bIJIO
OTMelleHO BbllUe, HaJIHIIHe onTHMYMa HanOJIHeHHSI H 3aBHCHMOCTb
3<j><j>eKT3 YCHJIeHHH OT nJIOwa.ll.H nOBepXHOCTH .lI.HCnepCHoro HanOJI-
HHTeJIH, YBeJIHIIHBalOweHCH C nOBbllUeHHeM .lI.HCnepCHOCTH. AHaJIO-
fHIIHoe BJIHHHHe OKa3b1BaeT H CTPYKTypHOCTb HanOJIHHTeJIH. TaK,
BBe.lJ.eHHe B CHCTeMbI Ha OCHOBe nOJIH6YTa.ll.HeHa 20 Mac. II BblCOKO-
aKTHBHOfO TeXHHtleCKOrO Yf JIepo.ll.a nOBbllUaeT npollHocTb nOJIHype-
TaHa C 1,05 .lI.O 8,4 Mna, a BBe,lleHHe TaKoro >Ke KOJIHlleCTBa nOJIY-
aKTHBHoro HJIH MaJIOaKTHBHoro TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo.ll.a YBeJIHIIH-
BaeT npoliHocTb JIHlUb .lI.O 4-5 Mna [294].
XapaKTep B3aHMO.lJ.eHCTBHSI nOJIHMepa C aKTHBHblM HanOJIHHTe-
JIeM MO)KHO H3MeHHTb nYTeM a.ll.COp6UHH nOBepxHocTHo-aKTHBHblX
Bew.eCTB HJIH npHBHBKH Ha nOBepxHocTb HanOJIHHTeJIH onpe.ll.eJIeH-
HbIX <J>YHKI1HOHaJIbHbIX rpynn. TaK, npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH HanOJIHMTe-
JIeH C aMHHHpoBaHHoH HJIH OKHCJIeHHOA oOBepxHocTblO B ClUHTblX
nOJIHMepaX Ha OCHOBe 6YTa.ll.HeHa Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCH nOBbIlUeHHe MO.lJ.Y-
JIH, COnpOTHBJIeHHH pa3pblBY H .lI.PyrHx nOKa3aTeJIeH [297].
I1cnoJIb3YH pa3JIHIIHbIe KOM6HHauHH aKTHBHblX HanOJIHHTeJIeH,
a T3K)Ke .lI.06aBJIHH MHrllHTeJIb (.lI.O 10 Mac. II.) HJIH apMHpYlOwHe
BOJIOKHa (.lI.O 70 Mac. II.), MO)KHO B lUHpOKHX nl?e.ll.eJIax BapbHpo-
BaTb CBOHCTBa HanOJIHeHHbIX nOJIHypeTaHoB [293 J .
CBoHcTBa HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB BO MHOfOM onpe.ll.eJIHIOT-
CH xHMHllecKoA npHpO,ll.OH H <j>a30BoH Mop<j>OJIOrHeH nOJIHMepHOH
MaTpHUbI. B [296] nOKa3aHO, liTO 60JIee 3<J><j>eKTHBHoe YCHJIeHHe
.lI.OCTHfaeTCH npH CHHTe3e yrJIepO.ll.OHanOJIHeHHblX CHCTeM B O.lJ.HY
CTa.lJ.HIO no ypeTaHOBoMY MexaHH3MY, lIeM npH .lI.BYXCTa.ll.HHHOM
CHHTe3e no MOlleBHHoypeTaHoBoMY MexaHH3MY, XOTH nOKa3aTeJIH
HeHanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB BO BTOpOM cJIyqae cyw.eCTBeHHO
BbIlUe. MeHbwHH 3<j><j>eKT YCHJIeHHfI .lJ.BYXCTa.ll.HHHbIX MOlleBHHoype-
T.aHOBblX CHCTeM MO)KHO 06'bHCHHTb cywecTBeHHo 66JIbI11HM, lIeM
2G2
Y MaTepHaJIOB, CHHTeSHpOBaHHblX no ypeTaHOBOMY MexaHH3MY, CO-
,llep)KaHHeM )KeCTKHX nOJIHpHblX. <j>parMeHTOB, KOTopble HrpalOT TY
)Ke pOJIb, 'ITO H lIaCTHUbl HanOJIHHTeJIH, cnoc06CTBYH «caMOYCHJIe-
HHIO» nOJIHMepa. n03TOMY BBe.ll.eHHe aKTHBHoro HanOJIHHTeJIH B Ta-
KYIO «caMOYCHJIeHHYIO» CHCTeMY He OKa3b1BaeT cywecTBeHHoro
BJIHHHHH Ha YBeJIHlleHHe npOIiHOCTH, COnpOTHBJIeHHH HCTHpaHHIO H
,llPyrHx nOKa3aTeJIeH.
3HallHTeJIbHblH YCHJIHBalOWHA 3<J><J>eKT .lI.OCTHraeTCH npH .lI.06aB-
JIeHHH TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo,lla B CHCTeMbI Ha OCHOBe oJIHr06YT3.l1.He-
HOB C KOHueBblMH Kap60KCHJIbHblMH HJIH raJIOreHOCO.lJ.ep)KaWHMH
rpynnaMH [295]. 3T0 06YCJIOBJIeHO TeM, liTO npH CTPYKTYpHpOBa-
HHH OJIHrO.ll.HeHOB C KOHUeBblMH Kap60KCHJIbHblMH rpynnaMH nOJIH-
3nOKCH.lI.aMH B npHCYTCTBHH TpeTHIIHblX aMHHOB Bo06we He 06pa3Y-
eTCH CKJIOHHbIX K aCCOUHaUHH <j>parMeHTOB ueneH, n03TOMY npH
BBe.ll.eHHH aKTHBHoro HanOJIHHTeJIH npoliHocTHble cBoiiCTBa BYJIKa-
HH3aTOB B03paCTalOT Ha 1-1,5 .lI.eCHTHtlHblX nOpSl.ll.Ka. CTPYKTYPH-
pOBaHHe OJIHrO.lJ.HeH.lI.HraJIOreHH.lI.OB OCHOBaHO Ha Y.lJ.JIHHeHHH HX
ueneii TpeTHIIHblM nOJIHaMHHOM C 06pa30BaHHeM lIeTBepTHIIHblX aMMO-
HHeBblX <j>parMeHToB, Koropble cnoc06HbI accoUHHpoBaTbcH B HOH-
Hble .lJ.OMeHbl, BblnOJIHHIOWHe pOJIb BYJIKaHH3aUHoHHoH ceTKH. O,llHa-
KO 3HeprHH Kore3HH ra 10reHOCO,llep>Kawero 3JIaCTOMepa, 06YCJIOB-
JIeHHaH 06pa30BaHHeM YKa3aHHblx .lI.OMeHOB, cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBeJIH-
Ka, B CBH3H C tleM BBe.lJ.eHHe B HHX TeXHHtleCKOrO yrJIepo,lla cnoco6-
CTBYeT nOBblIUeHHIO npOtlHOCTHblX nOKa3aTeJIeii B 2,5-4,0 pa3a no
cpaBHeHHIO C HeHanOJIHeHHblMH CHCTeMaMH.
Ha CBOHCTBa nOJIHypeTaHoBblx 3JIaCTOMepoB, HanOJIHeHHblX Tex-
HHlleCKHM yrJIepO.ll.OM, onpe.ll.eJIeHHOe BJIHHHHe OKa3b1BaeT npHp0.lJ.a
BYJIKaHH3aUHoHHoii ceTKH H nJIOTHOCTb CIUHBaHHH. He3aBHcHMo OT
THna npHMeHHeMblx CTPYKTypHPYIOWHX areHTOB .lI.OCTH>KeHHIO HaH-
.1fYllIUero KOMnJIeKCa cBoiicTB cnoc06cTBYIOT <j>aKTOpbl, 06ecnellHBa-
IOWHe .lI.OCTaTOtlHOe Y,llJIHHeHHe ueneii B COlieTaHHH C 06pa30BaHlieM
perYJIHpHhlX TepMOCT36HJIbHblX XHMHlleCKHX nonepellHblx cBHseii;
npH 3TOM CllIHBaHHe He .lI.OJI)KHO 6b1Tb HaCTOJIbKO nJIOTHbIM, tlT06b1
npenHTCTBoBaTb <j>H3HlleCKOMY B03.l1.eiicTBHIO )KeCTKHX <j>parMeHTOB
Ileneii [295]. HanpHMep, npH YBeJIHtleHHH M HCXO.lJ.HOrO oJIHr06YT3-
HeH.lI.HOJIa C 2400 ,ll0 4000 H COOTBeTCTBeHHOM B03pacTaHHH MOJIe-
KYJIHpHOii MaCCbI YllaCTKoB uenH Me)K,llY COCe,llHHMH Y3JIaMH BYJIKa-
HH3aUHoHHoH ceTKH Y nOJIHypeTaHa, cHHTe3HpoBaHHoro no ypeTaHo-
BOMY MexaHH3MY H cO.lJ.ep>KaweMY 60 Mac. II. TeXHHtleCKOrO yrJIepo-
.lJ.a, B 1,7 pa3a YBeJIHIIHBaeTcH OTHOCHTeJIbHoe Y.lI.JIJlHeHHe H YMeHb-
IUaeTCH HCTHpaeMocTb [296]. Y HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHOB Ha oc-
HOBe OJIHrO.lJ.HeH.lJ.HOJIOB C OTHOCHTeJIbHO BblCOKHM cO.ll.ep>KaHHeM
MOHO<j>YHKUHOHaJIbHOA <j>paKUHH ( 30%), lITO npe.ll.onpe.ll.eJISleT
cywecTBeHHYIO .lI.e<j>eKTHoCTb ceTKH, npOtlHOCTHble nOKa3aTeJIH
HH)Ke, lIeM Y BYJIKaHH3aToB Ha OCHOBe 6H<j>YHKUHOHaJIbHbIX COe.ll.HHe-
HHH, 06JIa.ll.alOWHX 60JIee perYJIHpHOH CTpYKTypoii [296]. BKJIlOtle-
HHe B JIHHeHHbIe ueny. Tpex<j>YHKUHOHaJIbHblX MOJIeKYJI, npHCOe.ll.H-
HHIOWHXCH 3a ClieT TepMOCTa6HJIbHblX ypeTaHOBblX CBH3eH, cnoc06-
cTByeT nOBblIUeHHIO YCTaJIOCTHOH BblHOCJIHBOCTH [296]. C -3TOii
203
ueJIblO B peaKUHOHHYIO CMeCb BBO.ll.HT paCTBOpHMblA B HeA TpHOJI
(HanpHMep, KaCTopoBoe MaCJIO) HJIH TeTpOJI.
B npouecce H3roTOBJIeHHSI OJIHrOMepHblX CMeCeH HHor.ll.8 MOryT
06pa30BblBaTbCH reTepOreHHble 06JIaCTH - «,llOMeHbI» - C nOBbllUeH-
1I0H KOHueHTpaUHeH lIaCTHIiHO arJIOMepHpOBaHHoro nOJIROCTblO CMO-
lIeHHoro TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepO.ll.a (CM. pa3.l1.. 3.2), Koropble nOCJIe
CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH MaTepHaJIa Be.ll.YT ce6S1 KaK BblCOKOClUHTble
.8KJIlOlleHHH. 3TH reTeporeHHble BKJIlOlleHHSI BHOCHT ,lle<j>eKTbI B
CTPYKTYPY BYJIKaHH3aUHOHHOH CeTKH, liTO Bbl3b1BaeT YMeHblUeHHe
npOIiHOCTH H OTHOCHTeJIbHOro Y.lI.JIHHeHHH ClUHToro MaTepHaJIa.
B ueJIOM no KOMnJIeKCY CBOHCTB yr JIepO.ll.OHanOJIHeHHbIe nOJIH-
ypeTaHOBble 3JIaCTOMepbl Ha OCHOBe OJIHrO.ll.HeH.lI.HOJIOB npH6JIH)Ka-
IOTCSI K COBpeMeHHblM npOMbllUJIeHHb1M pe3HHaM Ha OCHOBe BbICOKO-
MOJIeKYJIHpHblX KaYIIYKOB (HanpHMep, npOTeKTopHblM), HeCKOJIbKO
YCTynaH HM no YCTaJIOCTHOH BbIHOCJIHBOCTH, COnpOTHBJIeHHIO HCTH-
paHHIO H HeKOTopblM ,llPyruM nOKa3aTeJIHM. 3ro CBH3aHO C TeM, lITO
npOMbllUJIeHHO BblnYCKaeMble OJIHrO.ll.HeH,llHOJIbI He HMelOT 100%-it
6H<j>YHKUHOHaJIbHOCTH H BCJIe.ll.CTBHe 3Toro HeB03MO)KHO nOJIYIIHTb
H.lI.eaJIbHYIO BYJIKaHH3auHOHHYIO ceTKY. BMecTe C TeM npH l00%-H
6H<j>YHKUHOHaJIbHOCTH B nO.ll.06HblX CHCTeMax MO)KHO B npHHUHne
nOJIYIIHTb 60JIee COBeplUeHHble CeTKH, lIeM npH cepHoH BYJIKaHH3a-
uHH, H .lI.OCTHlib 60JIee BblCOKHX npoliHocTHbIX H YCT3JIOCTHblX nOKa-
3aTeJIeH [301].
3.2. PEOnOrH4ECKHE CBOACTBA HAnOnHEHHblX nOnHYPETAHOB
BBe.ll.eHHe B OJIHrOMepHYIO MaTpHUY nopOlUKoo6pa3Horo HJIH BOJIOK-
HHCToro HanOJIHHTeJISI, paBHOMepHO pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHOrO B 06'beMe no-
J1YllalOweHCH KOMn03HUHH, npHBO.ll.HT K 06pa30BaHHIO .lI.Byx<j>a3HOH
CHCTeMbI C lIeTKO Bblpa)KeHHOH Me)K<j>a3HOH rpaHHueH, npH 3TOM
cyweCTBeHHO H3MeHHIOTCSl peOJIOrHlleCKHe CBOHCTBa Cpe.ll.bI.
YrJIepO.ll.OHanOJIHeHHble OJIHrOMepHble CMeCH (YOC) CO.ll.ep>KaT
06b1I1HO Ha 100 Mac. II. OJIHrOMepa (M == 2000-4000) OT 20 ,ll0
60 Mac. II. TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo.ll.a npH OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60JIblUOM
KOJIHlleCTBe .lJ.PyrHx HHrpe.ll.HeHTOB (CTPYKTypHpYIOWHH areHT, KaTa-
JIII3aTOp, nJIaCTH<j>HKaTOp H .lI.p.). TaKaSl KOMn03HUHH npH KOMHaT-
HOH TeMnepaType npe.ll.CTaBJIHeT C060H KJIeHKYIO lIepHYIO nacro06-
pa3HYIO Maccy C HH3KOH Kore3HoHHoit npOIiHOCTblO. M3TOIIHble YOC,
He CO.ll.ep)KaWHe CTpYKTypHpYlOwero areHTa, SlBJIHIOTCSl XHMHlleCKH
HHepTHblMH peocT36HJIbHblMH CHCTeMaMH (eCJIH He YIIHTblBaTb
THKCOTponHbIX 3<j><j>eKTOB). BH3KOCTb peaKUHOHHocnoc06HblX HanOJI-
HeHHblX ypeT3HoBblX KOMn03HUHH nOBbIlUaeTCH B npouecce CTPYK-
TypHpOBaHHH, npH 3TOM BpeMSl )KH3HeCnoc06HOCTH MO>KeT COCTaB-
JIHTb OT 3-5 MHH npH CTpYKTypHpoBaHHH no MOlleBHHoypeTaHoBO-
MY MexaHH3MY .lI.O 4-5 II npH CHHTe3e B O.ll.HY CTa.ll.HIO no ypeT3Ho-
BOMY MexaHH3MY.
OJIHrOMepHble CMeCH, cO.ll.ep)KawHe .lI.O 30-35% (Mac.) KOPOT-
Kopy6JIeHHblX BOJIOKOH (RRIM-KoMn03HUHH), npe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT C060H
cycneH3HH C 60JIee BhlCOKOA BH3KOCTblO, lIeM Y HCXO.ll.HOH CMeCH.
204
\
B npQuecce XpaHeHUH nO.lJ.06HblX CMeCeH npH TeMnepaTypax UH>Ke
CTeMneparypbl paBHOBeCHH> cycneH3HH Ha6J11o.ll.aeTCSI HX paCCJlaH-
BaHHe,
npH TelleHHU - OpHeHTaUHSI BOJIOKOH B.lI.OJIb JIUHUH TOKa.
Ka>K.lI.blH' H3 KOMnOHeHTOB RRIM-KoMn03HuuH SlBJIHeTCSI peocn-
OHJIbHOH
U.lI.KOCTblO, KOTOpble npH CMeIUeHHH npeBpawalOTCH B
peaKUHOHHYIO Maccy C XapaKTepHblM BpeMeHeM >Ku3Hecnoc06HocTH
10-40 c.
3.2.1.
3aB14CMMOCTb UI3KOCTM OT CTeneH14 HanonHeHM.
ECJIH paccMaTpuBaTb YOC KaK KOJIJIOU.lI.HYIO cucTeMY, B KOTOpOH
OJIHrOMep SlBJISleTCSI .lI.HCnepCHoHHOH Cpe.ll.OH, a HanOJIHHTeJIb - .lI.HC-
nepcHoH <j>a30H, TO npu OTCYTCTBHH cneuu<j>UlleCKoro B3aHMO.lJ.eH-
CTBHSI Me>K.lI.Y OJIUrOMepOM H HanOJIHHTeJIeM 3aBHCHMOCTb BSl3KOCTU
OT CTeneHH HanOJIHeHUSI B nepBOM npU6JIH>KeHUH .lI.OJI>KHa onucbI-
BaTbCH ypaBHeHueM 3HHIUTeAHa .lI.JISI cyc.neH3HH, BblBe.lJ.eHHblM U3
rU.lJ.p0.ll.HHaMHlleCKHX COO6pa>KeHHH:
'I (<p)/T\o = 1.(<p) = 1 + alp, (3.1)
r.lte a - K03«1>$HuHeHT, 3aBHCHUUlA OT 4x>PMIiI '!aeTHU HanonHHTe.nH (AnH 'IaCTHU
wapoo6p83HOii <l>OpMIiI a=2,5); <p - 06'beMHaH KOHueHTpaUHH HanOJlHHTeJlH;
'10 - BH3KOCTb O.1HrOMepa; 11 (<p) - BH3KOCTb HanOJlHeHHOro onHrOMepa.
O.ll.HaKO 3aBHCHMOCTb (3.1), SlBJISllOwaSlCSI JIUHeHHOii <j>YHKUHeH q>
(KpuBaSi 1 Ha pHC. 3.5), cyweCTBeHHo OTJIHllaeTCSI OT 3KcnepHMeH-
TaJIbHblX 3aBHCHMOCTeH f1(q» (KpHBaSl 4) KaK .lI.JISI OJIHrOMepoB
C H3MeJIbtleHHblM BOJIOKHHCTblM HanOJIHHTeJIeM (puc. 3.4), UK
H .lI..'U1 YOC (puc. 3.5), KOTopble HMelOT HBHO Bblpa>KeHHblH HeJIH-
HeHHblH xapaKTep.
.nytlIUaSl annpOKCHMaUHSI 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblX 3aBHCHMocTeit
BSl3KOCTH OT CTeneHH HanOJIHeHHSI OJIHrOMepa H3MeJIblleHHblM CTeK-
.1l0BOJIOKHOM .lI.OCTHraeTCSI npH HcnOJIb30BaHHH ypaBHeHHH rYTa
H [oJI.lI.a:
11 = '10(1 + 0.671<p + 1,62{2q>2),
r.lte {- OTHoweHHe npO.ltOJlbHOro pa3Mepa '!aCTHU K nOnepe'lHOMY.
O.ll.HaKO .lI.JISI onucaHHH 3aBHCUMOCTeii it (q» yrJIepo.lJ.OHanOJIHeH-
.HblX OJIHrOMepoB ypaBHeHHe (3.2) HenpHeMJIeMO (CM. KpHBble 2
H 4 Ha pUc. 3.5). 3TO 06YCJIOBJIeHO, no Bceit BH.lI.HMOCTH, HaJIHIIHeM
JfapH,lly C rU.lI.p0.ll.UHaMHtleCKUMH 3<j><j>eKTaMU, BHOCUMblMH lIaCTHua-
.MU HanOJIHHTeJISl, a.ll.COp6UHoHHoro (a B HeKoTopblX CJIYllaSlx U xu-
MHllecKoro) B3aHMO.ll.eiicTBuH Ha rpaHHue pa3.l1.eJIa <j>a3, npUBO.ll.H-
m.ero KaK 6b1 K YBeJIHlleHHIO cKa>KyweiicH» CTeneHR HanOJIHeHUH
.cHCTeMbI q> 3a ClieT 06pa30BaHuSI CJlOH npOIiHO CBH3aHHoro a.ll.cop-
oHpoBaHHoro UJIH xeMocop6upoBaHHoro OJIUrOMepa, COJIbBaTUblX
.o60JIOQeK UJIH OKKJIlO.lI.UpOBaHHoro OJIHrOMepa, MeXaHUIJecKu 3aWH-
meHHoro OT .lI.e<j>opMauuoHHoro B03AeiicTBRSI. HaJIHIIUe a.lJ.COp6HpO-
BaHHoro CJIOH H OKKJIlO.lI.UpOBaHHoro OJIHrOMepa npUBOAHT KaK 6b1
K YBeJIUlieHUIO <j>aKTHliecKoro pa3Mepa lIaCTHD. .lI.HCnepCHoH <j>a3b1
11 pocry ee cYMMapHoro 06'beMa B CMeCH V R *, npH 3TOM COOTBeTCT-
205
(3.2)
I
,
gJ*/1fJ
12
11 /
10
9
8
7
6
5
fI
J
1
f
O,f 0,2 0,3 tp a !P
'1ff/(J
110
fOO
80
60
O
20
a
PHC. 3.5. 3aBHcHMocTH OTHOCHTeJlbHoA BSl3KOCTH 11/110 CMeCH onHr06YTa.ll.HeH.II.Hona
M=30OO C TeXHH'IecKHM yrJlepoAOM n245 OT o6'beMHoit .II.0JlH HanOo1HHTe.1H q>,
paCC1JHTaHHble no ypaBHeHHHM 3AHwTeAHa (I), fyTa
2), MYHH (3) H nocTpoeH-
Hble no 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHblM .II.aHHblM (4) npH 40°C H "{=5,45 c- J
PHC. 3.6. B3aHMOCBH3b Ka:IKYllleilcH OTHOCHTeJJbHOit CTeneHH 06'beMHOrO HanOJl-
HeHHH q>* Iq> H HCTHHHOA CTeneHH HanonHeHHH q> CMecH OJ1Hro6YTaAHeHlI.Hona c
M=3000 H TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrJlepO.ll.a n245 npH 40°C, 1=5,45 CM- 1 (nocTpoeHo no
AaHHblM pHC. 3.5)
BeHHO YMeHbwaeTcH 06'beMHaH .llOJUI .llHCnepCHOHHOA cpe.llbl (CBO-
60.llHOfO OJJHfOMepa) V o * H YBeJJHIJHBaeTCH «Ka»<yw.
HCH» 3<1><I>eK-
THBHaH CTeneHb HanOJJHeHHH <p*= VR*/V o * no cpaBHeHHIO C HCTnH-
HblMH 3HaIJeHHHMH <p, V o H VR'
DOJJee .llOCTOBepHble pe3YJJbTaTbI .llOCTnraIOTCH npH HCnOJJb30Ba-
HHH .llJJH KOJJHtJeCTBeHHoro onHcaHHH 3aBHCHMOCTH" (<p) YOC
ypaBHeHHH
YHH .ll
H KOHueHTpHpOBaHHblX cycneH3HH [302.
c. 161; 303, c. 13]:
/J(q» = exp(KEq>*/(I-q>*/q>max)), (3.3)
B KOTOpOM BMeCTO HCTHHHblX 3HaIJeHHH .llOJJeH HanOJJHHTeJJH, pac-
CtJHTaHHblX B COOTBeTCTBHH C Bbl6paHHoii' peuenTYPoH, HCnOJJb3YIOT
cKa»<YU1YlOcH> CTeneHb HanOJJHeHHH <p*. BeJJHtJHHa <pmax npe.ll.CTaB-
JJHeT C060H MaKCHMaJJbHYIO 06'beMHYIO .llOJJIO HanOJJHHTeJJH, Bblwe
KOTOpOH HanOJJHeHHe HeBo3Mo»<HO; KE=2,5 (.llJJH c<I>epHtJecKHx
qaCTHU) .
206
o a30BaHHe arJIOMepaTOB HanOJIHHTeJIeM BblCOKOft .lI.HCnepCHO-
eTH MO eT npHBeCTH KaK K 3aMeTHOMY H3MeHeHHIO <pmax, TaK H K
B03paCT HIO KE' T. e.
\
1(. - 2,5(V. - VL)ZV.,
rAe V. - <IIaKT.'1ecKHA O(i'beM TBepAbiX '1aCTHll B arJlOMepaTej V L - 06'beM
eellleCTBa MaTpHltbi B S<ll<lleKTHBHOM 06'beMe arJIOMepaTa.
BeJIHlIHHY q>max MO»<HO onpe.ll.eJIHTb 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHO no
06'beMY nYCTOT B cocY.lI.e 3a.ll.aHHOro 06'beMa, 3anOJIHeHHOro lIaCTH-
uaMH HanOJIHHTeJIR, JIH60 paccqHTaTb no H3BecTHoft HCTHHHOH H
HaCblnHOH nJIOTHOCTH Bew.eCTBa HanOJIHHTeJlR [298, c. 251]. MYHH
npe.ll.cKa3aJI HaH60JIee BepoRTHoe 3HalleHHe <pmax=74,l%, COOTseT-
cTBYIOU1ee nJIOTHoft ynaKoBKe c<I>epHlIeCKHX '1aCTHIl; npH MeHee
DJIOTHOH ynaKoBKe c<I>epHlIeCKHX qaCTHIl <pmax =52,4% [303, c. 13].
PaCnOJIarM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblMH H paClIeTHblMH (KpHBble 3
H 4, pRC. 3.5) 3aBHCHMOCTRMH ('1/'10) (<p), MO»<HO onpe.ll.eJIHTb 3<1>-
4>eKTHBHble 3HaqeHHR <p* H <p*/<p (pHC. 3.6), xapaKTepH3YIOw.He KO-
JlHqeCTBO CBH3aHHoro H OKKJIlO.lI.HpOBaHHoro OJIHrOMepa arperaTaMH
H arJIOMepaTaMH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo.ll.a. B 06JIaCTH MaJIblX CTene-
Heft HanOJIHeHHR <p* Mo»<eT B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 (.lI.O 10 H 6oJIee) npeBoc-
XO.ll.HTb <p, T. e. 06'beM CBR3aHHoro OJIHrOMepa B HeCKOJIbKO pa3
npeBblwaeT 06'beM HanOJIHHTeJIR B CMeCH (CM. pHC. 3.6). npH .lI.e-
«I>opMallHOHHOM B03.l1.eHCTBHH nOCJIe npeBblweHHR onpe.ll.eJIeHHOrO
HanpR»<eHHR C.lI.BHra npOHCXO.ll.HT OTpblB BepxHHx CJIOeB COJIbBaT-
HblX 060JIOqeK H nepeXO.ll. B CB060.ll.Hoe COCTORHHe qaCTH OKKJIIO.lI.H-
pOBaHHoH .lI.HCnepCHoH cpe.ll.bI. 3TO paBHOCHJIbHO pa3»<H»<eHHIO
,l{HcnepCHoH CHCTeMbI, T. e. CHH»<eHHIO 3<1><I>eKTHBHoH BR3KOCTH YOC
3a CqeT YMeHbweHHR <l>aKTHqeCKOH 06'beMHOH KOHl.{eHTpal.{HH Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIR <p*. qeM 60JIbWe HHTeHCHBHOCTb .lI.e<l>opMHpoBaHHR, TeM
B 60JIbWeH CTeneHH 6Y.ll.YT pa3pywaTbcR COJIbBaTHble 060JIOqKH,
a TaK»<e YMeHbwaTbcR <p* H BR3KOCTb CHCTeMbI. 3THM 06'bRCHReTcR
paccMoTpeHHaH HH»<e aHOMaJIHR BR3KOCTH YOC npH C.lI.BHrOBOM
.lI.e<l>opMHpoBaHHH.
KaK BH.lI.HO H3 pHC. 3.6, C pOCTOM <p BeJIHqHHa <p*/<p YMeHbwa-
eTCR, qTO, BH.lI.HMO, CBR3aHO C .lI.e<l>HI.{HTOM OJIHrOMepa B CMeCH.
npH onpe.ll.eJIeHHblX, .lI.OCTaTOllHO BblCOKHX CTeneHRX HanOJIHeHHR
YOC HaCTOJIbKO 06e.ll.HReTCR OJIHrOMepOM, '1TO qaCTHl.{bI TeXHHqe-
CKoro yrJIepO.ll.a Coe.ll.HHRIOTCR .lI.pyr C .lI.pyroM, 06pa3YR CnJIOWHOH
KapKac, npenRTCTBYIOU1HH pa3BHTHIO BR3Koro TeqeHHR [297]; npH
3TOM 3HaqeHHe <p*/<p npH6JIH»<aeTcR K 1.
O.ll.HOBpeMeHHo cyU1ecTBeHHo YMeHbWaeTCH KJIeHKOCTb CMeCH
H nOBblwaeTCR ee Kore3HOHHaR npOQHOCTb, a YOC H3 KJIeHKoH. na-
cTo06pa3HoH, MaCJIRHHcToft MaCCbI npeBpaU1aeTcR B »<ecTKHH Kap-
KacHblH MaTepHaJI. ,lJ.aJIbHeHWee YBeJIHqeHHe KOHl.{eHTpal.{HH TeXHH-
qeCKOrO yrJIepo.ll.a cnoc06cTBYeT ew.e 60JIbmeMy B03pacraHHIO »<e-
C1KOCTH CMeCH, a npH .lI.OCTH»<eHHH cO.ll.ep»<aHHR OJIHrOMepa B YOC
MeHbwe HeKOToporo npe.ll.eJIbHOrO 3HalleHHR (npHMepHo COOTBeTCT-
BYIOU1ero MaCJIRHoMY qHCJIY npHMeHReMoro TeXHHlIeCKOrO yrJIepo-
"
207
Aa) CMeCb TepHeT CDJlOmHOCTb, paCCJlaHBaeTCft H DpeBpa eTCB
B CblnYtJYIO Maccy, COCTOHWYIO HS KYCKOB H KpOmKH pa HtJHbIX
pa3MepOB.
I
3.2.2.
3a8HCHMOCTit 8J13KOCTH OT pa3Mepa
lfaCTHI.4 H npHpOAIt. HanOnHHTenJi
PeOJIOrHtJeCKHe CBOHCTBa HanOJIHeHHblX OJIHrOMepOB 3aBHCHT OT
XapaKTepa a reSHOHHoro H XHMHqeCKOrO B3aHMO eAcTBHH Ha rpa-
HHu.e paS eJIa «I>a3. 31'0 BSaHMO eHCTBHe TeM CHJIbHee, tJeM 60JIbme
nOBepXHOCTb KOHTaKTa OJIHrOMepa C HanOJIHHTeJJeM, BblWe ero
COp6UHOHHaH cnoc06HOCTb H HMHqeCKaH aKTHBHOCTb, KOTopaH
xapaKTeplfsyeTcSI HaJIHqHeM Ha nOBepXHOCTH lIaCTHu. pa3JIHtJHblX pe-
aKUHOHHocnoc06HblX rpynn. n03TOMY BH3KOCTb YOe BO MHorOM
onpe eJIHeTCH THnOM TeXHHtJeCKoro yrJIepo a ( HcnepCHOCTblO,
CTPYKTYpHOCTblO H npHpO OH nOBepXHOCTH). e YBeJIlftJeHHeM CTe-
neHH pa3BHTOCTH nepBHtJHblX arperaTOB TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo a.
T. e. ero CTPYKTYPHOCTH, KOJIHtJeCTBeHHO xapaKTepH3yeMoH MaCJISI-
HblM tJHCJIOM, H OKHCJIeHHOCTH tJaCTHU HanOJIHHTeJIH (T. e. HaJIHtJHeM
KHCJlOpO Co ep>KaIll,HX «I>YHKUHOHaJIbHblX rpynn) BSiSKOCTb YOC
YBeJIHlIHBaeTCH. O HaKO 3Ta KOppeJISlUHH SlBHO Bblpa>KeHa B o6JIa-
CTH cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbWHX CKopocTeH C BHra (MeHee 10 2 c- J )
[296, 297].
npH paccMoTpeHHH saBHCHMOCTH BH3KOCTH YOC OT pa3Mepa
tJaCTHU TeXHHtJeCKoro yrJIepo a cJIe YeT YQHTblBaTb Ba aKTopa:
1) HcnepcHocTb c06cTBeHHo TeXHHtJeCKoro yrJIepo a, xapaKTepH-
3YlOIII,YlO cpe HHe pa3Mepbl ero lIaCTHU B nopowKoo6pa3HoM co-
CTOHHHH, y eJIbHYIO nOBepxHocTb nopowKa, a cop6UHOHHYIO aK-
THBHOCTb H cnoc06HocTb 06pa30BaHHH BTOpHtJHblX CTPYKTYP;
2) CTeneHb HcneprHpoBaHHSI arJIOMepaToB TOHKo HcnepcHoro
HanOJIHHTeJIH B CMeCH, HBJISlIOIII,YIOCH CTPYKTYPHOH xapaKTepHcTH-
KOH Byx«I>a3HoA CHCTeMbI OJIHrOMep - TexHHtJecKHA yrJIepo
H H3MeHHIOlUYIOCH B npouecce H3rOTOBJIeHHH YOC.
e YBeJIHtJeHHeM HcnepcHocTH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo a BSl3KeCTb
YOe BoSpaCTaeT, TaK KaK npH 3TOM, Bo-nepBblx, YBeJIHtJHBaeTc'lI
y eJIbHaH Me>K«I>a3HaH nOBepxHoCTb H yCHJIHBaeTCH a cop6UHoHHoe
B3aHMo eHcTBHe OJIHrOMepa C TeXHHlIeCKHM yrJIepO OM H, BO-BTO-
PblX, CTaHOBHTCSI npO'lHee CBHSb Me>K Y ero nepBHtJHblMH arperaTa-
MH, qTO cnoco6CTByeT 06pasoBaHHIO 60JIee YCTOO'lHBblX H KpynHo-
HcnepcHblx BTOpH'IHblX CTpYKTYp. B npouecce HcneprHPYlOlUero
CMeweHHSI YOC npoHcxo SlT OnOJIHHTeJIbHble Mop«l>OJIOrHlIeCKHe
H3MeHeHHSI, cOnpOBO>K alOlUHecSi H3MeHeHHeM BSiSKOCTH CHCTeM
(pHC. 3.7) H npeBpalUeHHeM CMeCH H3 MaToB03epHHCToA MaCCh[
B r JIa KYIO M8CJISlHHCTYIO qepHyIO nacTY. Ha HaqaJIbHOM 3Tane
CMeweHHH - CTa HH CMallHBaHHH - npoHcxo HT paspyweHHe KOM-
KOB H KpynHblx arJIOMepaToB TeXHHtJeCKoro yrJIepo a, BHe peHHe
HanOJIHHTeJJSI B OJIHrOMepHYIO MaTpHUY H o6pasoBaHHe 3JIJIHnTHlIe-
CKHX reTepOreHHblx 06JI8CTeA pa3MepoM 300X80 MKM C nOBbI-
meHHoA KOHueHTpaUHeA QaCTHlIHO HcDeprHpoBaHHoro, HO nOJIHO-
208
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\
".10- 2 , IT< ,
r. 'l [17ct
5,6
6
4,8
PUC. 3.7. KUUeTHKa U3MeReRBH BSl3KOCTH npB 1=390 C-I CMecB OJIurotiYT8,aueR-
ARon8 c M=2500 C 50 Mac. 'I. TexHH'IecKOro yrJlepo.ll.a B npollecce MHoroKpaTHo-
ro (n) nponycKaHHH 'Iepe3 KpacKOTepKY
PHC. 3.8. 3aBRcRMocTb BH3KOCTH OT cpeAHeA MOJleKYJlHpHOA MaCCbI oJlHrooYT3D.H-
eH.ll.HOJla B ero CMeCB C 40 Mac. 'I. TeXUU'IeCKOrO yrJlepOAa (304]
,
CTblO CMOtleHHOrO TeXHHtleCKOrO yrJIepo.Zla [297]. Ha CTa.ZlHH CMa-
tlHBaHHSI Ha6JIIO.ZlaeTCSI pOCT BSl3KOCTH YOC (yqaCTOK 0-1, Ha
pHC. 3.7), a 3aTeM <PYHKUHR '1 (t) npOXO.ZlHT Qepe3 MaKcHMYM (y CH-
CTeM C .ZlOCTaTOtiHO BMCOKOA CTeneHblO HanOJIHeHHR) H MOHOTOHHO
y6MBaeT .Zl0 3HatleHHH, MeHbWHX nepBOHaQaJIbHOH BSl3KOCTH CMeCH.
Ha BTOpOM 3Tane CMeweHHSI- CTa.ZlHH .ZlHCneprHpoBaHHSI H rOMO-
reHH3aUHH - npOHCXO.ZlHT pa3pyweHHe «.ZlOMeHOB» C nOBMweHHOH
KOHueHTpaUHeH TeXHHtleCKOrO yrJIepO.Zl8, .ZlHCneprHpoBaHHe ero ar-
JIOMepaToB H pacnpe.ZleJIeHHe tlaCTHU HanOJIHHTeJISI B OJIHrOMepHoA
<l>a3e, tlTO conpOBO»<.ZlaeTCSI YMeHbweHHeM BSl3KOCTH. npH .ZlOCTH»<e-
HHH npe.ZleJIa .ZlHCneprHpoBaHHSI, T. e. npH nOJIHOM pa3pyweHHH BTO-
pHtlHblX arperaToB H paBHoMepHoM p8Cnpe.ZleJIeHHH ne!>BHtlHMX
qaCTHU B CMeCH, BSl3KOCTb CMeCH cTa6HJIH3HPYeTCSI, .IJ.OCTHrHYB MH-
HHMaJIbHOrO 3H8t1eHHSI.
LlJISI HeKoTopMX KOHKpeTHYX peuenTYP H8 CT8.ZlHH .ZlHCneprHpo-
BaHHSI H rOMoreHH3aUHH BSl3KOCTb YOC R CTeneHb .ZlHCneprHpoBa-
HHSI C CBSl3aHY 3aBHCHMOCTblO, 6JIH3KOA K JIHHeAHOH.
BSl3KOCTb OJIHrOMepoB, HanOJIHeHHMX CTeKJIOBOJIOKHOM, TaK»<e
38BHCHT OT pasMep8 qaCTHU HanOJIHHTeJISI H xapaKTep8 ero nOBepx-
HOCTH. C YBeJIHtleHHeM .ZlJIHHY H3MeJIbqeHHOrO CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa BSl3-
KOCTb OJIHrOMepHoH CMeCH B03p8cTaeT (CM. pHC. 3.4), tlTO COOT-
BeTCTByeT S8BHCHMOCTH '1 (cp), onHCMBaeMoA ypaBHeHHeM fYTa H
fOJI.Zla (3.2). Y.nyqWeHHe CMaqHB8eMOCTH nOBepXHOCTH HanOJIHHTe-
JISI, peaJIHsyeMoe npH 06pa60TKe ero nOBepxHocTH, HanpHMep CHJIa-
HOM, cnoc06CTBye-r CHH»<eHHIO BSl3KOCTH CMeCH. 31'0 HCnOJIb3YIOT
B TeXHOJlOrHQeCKOA Op8KTHKe .ZlJISI CHH»<eHRSI BSl3KOCTH RRIM-KoM-
003HUHA.
14-153
.
209
3.2.3.
3aBHCHMOCT" BJI3 CTH OT MoneKynJlpHoM
MaCC'" onHrOMepa
BH3KOCTb YOC, TaK )l{e KaK H MHorHX nOJIHMepHblX CHCTeM, YBeJIH-
QHBaeTCH C pOCTOM cpeAHeA MOJIeKYJIHpHOA MaCCbI OJIHrOMepa
(pHC. 3.8) CHaqaJIa no JIHHeAHoMY saKoHY (AO AOCTH)I{eHHH TaK
Ha3b1BaeMOA KpHTHqeCKOA MOJIeKYJIHpHOA MaCCbI M KP)' a B «saKpH-
THtJeCKOH» 06JIaCTH - no cTeneHHoMY saKoHY:
npH M < lfl KP f2(lfl) = 1) (R)fl)o .. kR; (3.4)
npH M > Map f2(R) = 1) (R)fl)o = klflu., (3.5)
TAe k H ex - KOHCTaHTbI, 3aBRCHIII.He OT THna OJIRroMepa, pellenTypbl H .II.pyrHx
4j!aKTopOB.
3.2.4. 3aBHCHMOCT" BJl3KOCTH OT HHTeHCHBHOCTH
Ae<l>opMHpoBaHHJI
XapaKTepHoA oc06eHHOCTbIO peOJIOrHqeCKOrO nOBeAeHHH cpeAHe-
H BblCOKOHanOJIHeHHblX MaTOqHblX YOC HBJIHeTCH COqeTaHHe BHSKO-
nJIaCTHqHblX CBoAcTB (HaJIHqHe npeAeJIa TeKyqeCTH 'tm) H aHOMaJIHH
BHSKOCTH, npOHBJIHIOWeACH B YMeHbweHHH BH3KOCTH C pOCTOM HH-
TeHCHBHOCTH Aect>opMHpOBaHHH npH 't>'tm [305, 306]. 06'bHCHHTb
nOA06Hoe nOBeAeHHe MO)l{HO, HCXOAH HS npeAnOJIO)l{eHHH 0 HaJIHqHH
Y nOKOHU1eAcH CMeCH cnJIowHoA npOCTpaHCTBeHHoA CTpYKTypbl
(TpeXMepHoro KapKaca H3 qaCTHu HanOJIHHTeJIH C aAcop6HpOBaH-
HblM Ha nOBepXHOCTH OJIHrOMepOM), KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH AOCTaTOqHO
)l{eCTKoA, qT06b1 conpOTHBJIHTbCH JII060MY HanpH)I{eHHIO 't< 'tm.
EC.'1H 't>'tm, TO CTpYKTypa HaqHHaeT paspywaTbcH, H B CHCTeMe
pa3BHBaeTCH CABHroBoe TeqeHHe. B nepBYIO OqepeAb, BHAHMO, pas-
PywalOTcH KapKac, HaH60JIee KpynHble arperaTbI H AJIHHHble uenoq-
KH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepOAa, a saTeM npOHcxoAHT OTpblB COJIbBaT-
HblX 060JIOqeK H qaCTH cBHsaHHoA AHcnepCHOH cpeAbI, qTO cnoc06-
.
cTByeT «paS)l{H)I{eHHIO» YOC. C YBeJIHlIeHHeM 't H "( CTeneHb
pa3pyweHHH CTPYKTypbl H KOJIHqeCTBO HeCBH3aHHoro OJIHrOMepa B
CHCTeMe BospaCT8IOT, npH 3TOM 3ct>ct>eKTHBHaH BH3KOCTb HeJIHHeHHO
CHH)I{aeTCH (pHC. 3.9). COrJIaCHO pa60Te [297], npH 3ct>ct>eKTHBHblX
CKOpOCTHX CABHra 60JIee 10 3 c- 1 conpOTHBJIeHHe Aect>OpMHpOBaHHIO
YOC HaCTOJIbKO YMeHbwaeTCH, lITO KpHBble KOHCHCTeHTHOCTH, xa-
paKTepH3YlOWHe nOJIHOe COOTHoweHHe Me)l{AY CHJIOBblMH ct>aKTopa-
MH H xapaKTepHCTHKaMH TeqeHHH YOC H HeHanOJIHeHHblX CHCTeM,
npaKTHqeCKH COBnaAalOT.
YKasaHHoe HBJIeHHe YMeHbweHHH «Ka)l{YU1eHCH» BHSKOCTH HH-
TeHCHBHO Aect>opMHpyeMoA HanOJIHeHHOH CHCTeMbI AO ypOBHH BHS-
KOCTH OJIHrOMepHoA MaTpHubl BHewHe noxo)l{e Ha HBJIeHHe CBepX-
aHOMaJIHH BHSKOCTH (YMeHbweHHe 3ct> KTHBHoro KaCaTeJIbHOrO
HanpH)I{eHHH Ha CTeHKe KaHaJIa C pOCTOM CKOpOCTH TeqeHHH) B Ha-
DOJIHeHHblX KOHCHCTeHTHblX CMaSKax HJIH TepMopeaKTHBHblX KOMno-
3HUHHX. npeACTaBJIHIOU1HX c060A BblCOKOHanOJIHeHHYIO CMeCb ct>eHO-
210
, \
\
[, c., "
50
o
30
20
10
0
tg'1 [na.CJ
' l
J
z
(
19i
1
1
Puc. 3.9. KpRBble Te'leHRII CMecH oJlHr06YTa.ll.ReHAHOJIa c R=3000 C TeXHH'IecKHM
yrJlepoAoM n245 npH pa3JJH'IHOM cO.ll.ep:IKaHHH HanOJlHHTeJlII H TeMnepaTypax:
a - 40 ce. 50 Mac. 'I. (1) H 65 Mac. q. (2); 6 - 40 Mac. q. 20 ce (I). 40 cC (2), 60 ce (3),
80 ce (4) H 100 ce (5)
JIO<pOpM8JIb.LI.eru.LI.Hoii' CMOJIbI (OJIHfOMep CO Cpe.llHeii' MOJIeKYJIHpHOH
MaCCOH 800-1200) C .llpeBecHoii' MYKOH H .llPyrHMH KOMnOHeHTaMH
[307, c. 69]. B [307] CBepXaHOMaJIHR BH3KOCTH nO,1{06HblX CHCTeM
06'bRCHHeTCH TeM, qTO B npHCTeHHblX 06JIaCTRX nOTOKa, f,Ll.e pa3BH-
BalOTCR He60JIbWHe HanpR}I{eHHR H CKOpOCTH C.llBHra, npOHCXO.llHT
nOJIHOe pa3pyweHHe «KapKaca», nocTpoeHHoro H3 HanOJ1HHTeJISI, H
o6pa3yeTcR Y3KHH CJIOH, 3anOJIHeHHblii' HH3KOBH3KOH MaTpHueH (qH-
CTblM OJIHrOMepOM), KOTOpblH BblnOJIHHeT pOJIb CMa3KH.
J(JIR onHcaHHR MeXaHHqeCKOrO nOBe.D.eHHH BR3KOnJIaCTHqHblX
CHCTeM npH 't'>'t'm HMeeTCH pH.D. nOJIY3MnHpHqeCKHX H 3MnHpHqe-
CKHX MO.lleJIeii:
MO,aeJIb lllBe,aoBa - BHHraMa T = Tm sign 'f + fJp'f; (3.6)
. . .
Mo,aeJIb fepWeJIR - BaJIKJIH T = Tm sign "t + kl"tl n-I"(. (3.7)
BBe.LI.eHHe B ypaBHeHHH sign"{ 03HaqaeT, 'lTO 3HaKH 't'm H "{
.D.OJI}I{HbI COBna.llaTb, npH 3TOM .llOCTHraeTCH COrJIaCOBaHHe 3HaKOB
CJIaraeMblX B npaBoH qaCTH ypaBHeHHH C <pH3HqeCKHM Tpe60BaHHeM
HenpeMeHHoro B03pacTaHHR a6COJIIOTHOrO 3HaqeHHH 't' C YBeJIHqe-
HHeM .; (np8BHJIO BOJIapOBHqa - fYTKHHa) [303, c. 94].
npHBe.lleHHble Bblwe peOJIOrHqeCKHe MO.lleJIH 06'be.D.HHHeT HaJIH-
'!He npe,aeJIbHOrO H8npR}I{eHHR C.llBHra HJIH npe.lleJIa TeKyqeCTH, T. e.
TaKoro MHHHMaJIbHOrO KaCaTeJIbHOrO HanpH}I{eHHH, HH>Ke KOToporo
TeqeHHe OTCYTcTByeT HJIH He MO}l{eT 6b1Tb 06HapY}l{eHO 06b1qHblMH
Cpe.llCTBaMH peOMeTpHH. B pa60Te [303, c. 47] npHBe.lleHO TPH B03
14- 211
I
-r,na 'C'1Q-1,na
10! a 8 0'
J.
4
5'10+ 6
10+
T:!I cm
4
5'10 3
I
I
'4
o 0 JOO "tOO t,C
PRC. 3.10. KRHeTRKa R3MeHeHHH KaCaTeJlbRblX HanpH:lKeHRA B YOC H8 OCHOBe
QB.l1 C M=3000 R C pa3JJR'IHblM cO.ll.ep:IKaHReM HanOJlHHTeJJlI npH cTallHoHapHoM
Te'leHHH R nocne npeKpa eHHH Ae<llopMHpoB8HHH npH 70°C:
- 58.8 c-'; 10 Mac. q. (1), 30 Mac. q. (2), 04() Mac. q. (3) 8 65 Mac. q. (4): 6 - 40 Mac.q.,
'1'-5.45 c- ' (1), 58,8 c- ' (2) B 588 c- I (3), Dyll1tTHp - paCqeT DO 9MDBpBqeCKOil MO,ll.enB 5R8'
aMa
MO}l{HblX onpe,lleJIeHHSI npe,lleJia TeKY1feCTH (pHC. 3.9, a): "em'-
TeOpeTH1feCKHH npe,lleJi TeKY1feCTH H,lleaJIbHOrO TeJIa BHHraMa (HJIH
,lJ.HHaMH1feCKHH npe,lleJi TeKY1feCTH), onpe,lleJiSIeMblA KaK OTpe30K Ha
OCH HanpSl»<eHHA, OTceKaeMblH npO,llOJI}I{eHHeM npSlMoA 1faCTH KpH-
BoA Te1feHHSI; "em" - HanpSl»<eHHe. COOTBeTCTBYIOlUee Ha1faJIY pa3-
BHTHSI <l>aKTH1feCKOrO Te1feHHSI (CTaTH1fecKoe HanpSl}l{eHHe C,llBHra);
"em'" - 3Ha1feHHe KaCaTeJIbHOrO HanpSl»<eHHSI, Ha1fHHaSi C KOTOpOro
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI JIHHeAHaSi 3aBHCHMOCTb CKOpOCTH C.llBHra OT Ha-
npSl}l{eHHSI.
npH aHaJIH3e YOC HCnOJIb3YIOT, KaK npaBHJIO, CTaTH1feCKHH npe-
,lJ.eJI TeKY1feCTH "em = "em". 3HaqeHHe "em B, YOC YBeJIHqHBaeTCSI npH
-<:HH}I{eHHH TeMnepaTYPbl MaTepHaJia H YBeJIH1feHHH CTeneHH HanOJI-
BeRHSI TeXHHqeCKHM yrJIepO,llOM HJIH .llpyrHMH HanOJIHHTeJISlMH
(8 1faCTHOCTH, pe3HHOBOH KpOWKOA), ,llOCTHraSi 3HaqeHHH .llO 103-
10 4 na.
B peOJIOrH1feCKHX ypaBHeHHHX (3.6) H (3.7) HCnOJIb3YlOT napa-
MeTp 1)p - K09<P<I>HU He HT nJiaCTH1feCKOH BSl3KOCTH, KOTOpblA ,llJISI
O,llHOOCHOro npOCToro C,llBHrOBOro Te1feHHSI MO»<HO onpe,lleJIHTb KaK
'tJaCTHoe OT ,lle.neHHSI pa3HOCTH HanpSl»<eHHA C.llBHra H npe.lleJia TeKY-
eCTH Ha rpa,llHeHT CKOpOCTH:
.
'I, - ('f -'f",)/T. (3.8)
nJiaCTH1feCKaR BSl3KOCTh xapaKTepH3YeT BHYTpeHHee TpeHHe
8 JIlo6oA T01fKe 06JIaCTH C.llBHroBoro reqeHHft, T, e. 30HhI, r,lle
212
-r> Tm. B CHCTeMaX JIHHeAHOrO THna, OnHCblBaeMbiX MO,lleJIblO
llIBe,!{oB8 - BHHraMa, DJIaCTHlIeCKaSi BSl3KOCTb SlBJISleTCSI BeJIHtJHHOii
nOCTOSlHHOA, He 3aBHCSlw.eii OT CKOpOCTH C,!{BHra. Y BSl3KOnJIaCTHlI-
HbiX CHCTeM HeJIHHeAHOro THna nJIaCTHlIeCKaSi BSl3KOCTb SlBJISleTCSI
$YHKUHeA rpa,llHeHTa CKOpOCTH H onpe,lleJISleTCSI DO aHaJIOrHH C MO-
.,!J.eJIbJO lllBe,lloBa - BHHraMa. TaK, ,llJIJI MO,lleJIH BaJIKJIH - repWeJIJI
t)p(Y) = ('C-'Cm)/Y =- klt'''-'. (3.9)
HapSl,lly C nJIaCTHtJeCKoii BSl3KOCTbIO DPH aHaJIH3e BSl3KOnJIaCTHlI-
HblX CHCTeM tJaCTO onepHpylOT nOHSITHeM «3KBHBaJIeHTHOib, HJIH
Ka»<Y.IUeAcSI», BSl3KOCTH f}a, T. e. BSl3KOCTH, onpe,lleJISieMoii no 3aKO-
fly nya3eAml. TaK, ,!{JISI TeJIa lllBe,lloBa - BHHraMa «KaJKYw.aSlcSI»
BSl3KOCTb onpe.lleJISleTCSI no opMYJIe
'1.. - 'C/Y- 'C m 1111 + t)p. (3.10)
KaK CJIe,llyeT H3 (3.10), BeJIHtJHHbI f}a H f}p CHJIbHO pa3JIHtJalOTcSI
Me»<.llY C060H npH MaJIbiX H YMepeHHblx rpa.llHeHTaX CKOpOCTH (oco-
6eHHo npH CpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbWHX Tm). C pOCTOM .; BeJIHtJHHa f}a
y6b1BaeT, tJTO npH,llaeT cpe,lle lllBe,!{oBa - BHHraMa CXO.llCTBO C nceB-
,!{onJIaCTHlIHblMH TeJIaMH. npH 1.---+ 00 f}a=f}p.
.llJISI HeJIHHeiiHblX BSl3KOnJIaCTHtJHblX Cpe.ll TaK»<e HCnOJIb3yeTcSI
1I0HSlTHe «Ka»<yw.eiicSI» (<<3KBHBaJIeHTHoib) C.llBHrOBOii BSl3KOCTH.
B tJaCTHOCTH, ,llJISI cpe,!{, onHCblBaeMbiX ypaBHeHHeM BaJIKJIH - rep-
meJISI, OHa paCClIHTblBaeTCSI H3 Bblpa»<eHHJI
1J<a - 'fly'" 'Cm/ltl + k/tl"-l = #IYI + t)p(.y). (3.11)
B onpe.lleJIeHHblX TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKHX cHTyaUHSlx, B tJaCTHOCTH npH
HMnYJIbCHOM HJIH cTyneHtJaToM Harpy»<eHHH lIaCTHtJHO BYJIKaHH30-
BaHHblX YOC HJIH OJIHrOMepHblx cMeceA C 3JIaCTHtJHblM HanOJIHHTe-
JleM (pe3HHoBoii KpOWKOii), HatJHHalOT 3aMeTHO npOSlBJISlTbCSI yn-
pyrHe cBoiicTBa (B cotJeTaHHH C BSl3KOnJIaCTHlIHOCTbJO). npocTeAweii
JlHHeHHoA peOJIOrHtJeCKOH MO,lleJIb1O, onHcblBaJOw.eH nOBe.lleHHe Ma-
TepHaJIa C YKa3aHHblM KOMnJIeKCOM cBoAcTB, JlBJISleTCSI TpeX3JIe-
MeHTHoe TeJIO BHHraMa, COCTOSlw.ee H3 3JIeMeHTa rYKa C MO.llYJIeM
ynpyrocTH G H coe,nHHeHHoii C HHM nOCJIe,noBaTeJIbHO cHcTeMoA,
BKJIlOlIaJO.lUeA nOCJIe,noBaTeJIbHO coe.llHHeHHble 3JIeMeHTbI HblOToHa
C BSl3KOCTbIO f}p H CeH-BeHaHa C npe,neJIOM TeKY'IeCTH Tm [308,
309J. npH I TI 'tm retJeHHe OTcyrcTByeT (1=0), a npH I 'tl >'tm
peOJIOrHtJecKoe ypaBHeHHe Mo,!{eJIH HMeeT BH,n:
. . .
yo= 'fIG + ['C - 'fm signCy) J/t)p.
(3.12)
. .
B pe»<HMe .lle OpMHpOBaHHSI 'Y =const = 'Yo npH HatJaJIbHblX yc-
JlOBHSlX t=O H TO=O pemeHHe ypaBHeHHSI (3.12) Ha npe,ncTaUHo-
HapHoA CTa,nRR npRHHMaeT BR,n:
'C = 'Cm sign(Yo)(l-e -f 1 9 p ) + t)Yo(1-e- tI9p ) (3.13)
I'Ae 91'='11'10 - BpellH penaKc8lU1R.
,
213
npH t--oo, T. e. npH YCTaHOBHBWeMCR pe>KHMe TeqeHHH, pa-
BeHCTBO (3.13) npHHHMaeT BH,ll ypaBHeHuR BblCOKOnJIaCTH1IHOrO re-
Jla llIBe,lloBa - BHHraMa:
t'yeT = 'b>Yo + t'm sign .yo.
(3.14)
KaK BH,llHO H3 ypaBHeHHR (3.13), Ha npe,llCTaUHoHapHoii' CTa,llHH
,llecl>opMHpoBaHHH TpeX3JIeMeHTHoro TeJIa BHHraMa KaCaTeJIbHble
HanpR>KeHHR nOCTeneHHO B03pacTalOT OT 0 .lI.O TYCT; npH 3TOM BpeMR
peJIaKCaUHH 6 qHCJIeHHO paBHO BpeMeHH ,llOCTH>KeHHR HanpH}I{eHHR.
COOTBeTCTBYlO1lI.erO (I-lIe) ::::;0,63 OT TYCT'
Ha CTa,llHH peJIaKcau.HH HanpH>KeHHH nOCJIe npeKpa1ll.eHHR Teqe-
HHH B MOMeHT tl> npouecc YMeHbweHHR T onHCblBaeTCR paBeHcTBoM
t' = t'\ exp [- (I - t J )/6 p ] + 'I'm sign 10 (3.15)
(TI - HarrpH>KeHHe B MOMeHT td. BeJIHqHHa 6 p 3,lleCb xapaKTepH-
.
3yeT BpeMR CHH>KeHHR HanpR>KeHHR T=TI-Tm sign 1 Be::::; 2,72 pa3a.
KaK BH,llHO H3 ypaBHeHHR (3.15), npH t--oo KaCaTeJIbHOe Ha-
npR}I{eHHe B TpeX3JIeMeHTHoA MO,lleJIH BHHraMa B pe>KHMe peJIaKCa-
lI.HH nocJle npeKpa1ll.eHHR TeqeHHR yMeHbwaeTCR He ,ll0 0, KaK 3TO
"MeeT MeCTO B ynpyroBR3KHX CHCTeMax, He 06JIa,lla101lI.HX nJiaCTHq-
HOCTblO. a ,llOCTHraeT KOHeqHOrO 3HaqeHHR T=Tm sign 1, T. e. OCTa-
TOtJHoe HanpR>KeHHe 1IHCJIeHHO paBHO npe,lleJlY TeKyqeCTH Tm. OTCIO-
,lla CJIe,llyeT, '1TO B CHCTeMaX. 06JIa,llalOw,HX ynpyroBR3KOnJIaCTHtJe-
CKUMH CBOlkTBaMH, OnlfCblBaeMbiX ypaBHeHlfeM (3.12), npe.ll.eJI TeKY-
tJeCTH Tm MO}l{HO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO onpe.ll.eJIRTb Ha pOTaUHOHHOM
BHcK03HMeTpe no BeJlHqHHe OCTaTOqHOrO HanpH}I{eHHH Ha 3aBHCH-
MOCTRX T (t), perHcTpHpyeMblx B pe>KHMe peJiaKCaUHH HanpH}I{eHHH
npH 1 = const.
KaK BH.lI.HO H3 pHC. 3.10, no OCHOBHblM KaqeCTBeHHblM npH3Ha-
KaM nOBe.ll.eHHe YOC cOOTBeTcTBYeT nOBe.ll.eHHIO TpeX3JIeMeHTHoH
MO,lleJIH BHHraMa npH n-06pa3HoM ,llecl>opMaUHoHHoM 1-CHrHaJIe.
BeJIlftJHHa TOCT no 3aBepweHHH npoll.ecca peJIaKCaUHH HanpR}I{eHHii'
nOCJIe npeKpa1ll.eHHH TetJeHHR KOJIHtJeCTBeHHO cOOTBeTcTByeT CTaTH-
tJecKoMY npe.u.eJIY TeKyqeCTH HCCJIe.ll.yeMoro MaTepHaJIa Tm. H3Me-
peHHoMY MeTO.ll.OM KanHJIJlHpHOA BHcK03HMeTpHH, 1ITO nO.ll.TBep}l{,lla-
eT npaBoMepHocTb HCnOJIb30BaHHR ,llaHHOA MeTO.ll.HKH ,llJlR 3KcnepH-
MeHTaJIbHOrO onpe.u.eJleHHH Tm yrJIepO.ll.OHanOJIHeHHblX OJIHrOMepHblx
CMeceH.
.
npH CTeneHHX HanOJIHeHHSI 60JIee 40 Mac. tJ. B 06JIaCTH 1> 10-
20 c- 1 Ha npe.u.cTaUHoHapHoH CTa,llHH ,llecl>opMHpoBaHHR Ha KpHBblX
l' (t) nOHBJISleTCR xapaKTepHblH MaKCHMYM, KOTOpblA BocnpOH3BO-
.lI.HTClI npH nOBTopHOM ,llecl>opMHpoBaHHH Toro >Ke 06pa3ua. HaJIH-
1IHe MaKcHMyMa He onHCblBaeTCH TpeX3JIeMeHTHoii' JIHHeAHOA MO,lleJIblO
BHHraMa, npHMeHHMoii' .lI.JISI peocTa6HJIbHblX CHCTeM. nOSlBJIeHHe
MaKCHMYMa Ha 3aBHCHMOCTHX T (t) CBH3aHO, nO-BH,llHMOMY, C 06pa-
THMblM pa3pyweHHeM CTPYKTypHblX CBH3eA B CHCTeMe OJIHrOMep-
214
TeXHHtleCKHA yrJIepo,Zt, KaK no HMeeT MeCTO B nOJIHMepHblX Ma-
TepHaJIaX, CMa3Kax H .ZlpyrHx CTPYKTYPHpYIOIUHXCR CHCTeMax. Be-
.TIHtlHHa 'fYCT 38 npe,lteJI8MH YKa3aHHoro MaKCHMYMa KOJIHtleCTBeHHO
COOTBeTcTByeT KaCaTeJIbHOM)' H8npR1KeHHIO npH CTaIJ.HOHapHOM
. .
YCTaHOBHBweMCSI TetleHHH 'f=1)p'Y+'fm sign 'Y.
Y OJIHrOMepoB, HanOJIHeHHblX H3MeJIblleHHblM CTeKJIOBOJIOKHOM,
BSl3KOCTb, TaK 1Ke KaK H Y YOe, YMeHbwaeTcR C pOCTOM HHTeHCHB-
HOCTH C.ZlBHrOBOro .Zle«popMHpoBaHHSI, O.ZlHaKO aHOM8JIHR BSl3KOCTH
nposJBJUleTcSI B MeHbweA CTeneHH, qeM Y CHCTeM C aKTHBHblM H8-
nOJIHHTeJIeM. YMeHbweHHe BSl3KOCTH 3.ZleCb CBSl3aHO B OCHOBHOM
.
C opHeHTau.HeA lIacTHu. HanOJIHHTeJISI, YCHJIHBalOIUeficSi C pOCTOM 'Y,
XOTSI B 06JIaCTH cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbWHX CKopocTeA C.ZlBHra onpe-
,lJ.eJIeHHblA BKJIa.Zl B 8HOMaJiHIO BSl3KOCTH, BH.ZlHMO, BHOCHTCSI CHH1Ke-
HHeM 1) OJIHfOMepHoii' MaTpHIJ.bl, CBSl38HHblM C p83pyweHHeM MOJIe-
KYJIHpHblX aCcou.HaTOB OJIHfO.ZlHOJIOB H OJIHfO,ltHH30IJ.HaH8TOB (CM.
pa 3 .rr.. 1.3). .llJISI KOJIHtleCTBeHHoro onHcaHHSI 3aBHCHMOCTeii 1) (t)
,lJ.JISI MHorHX OJIHfOMepoB, HanOJIHeHHblX MeJIKOH3MeJIbtleHHblM BO-
.
.TIOKHHCThlM HanOJIHHTeJIeM, npHeMJIeM CTeneHHofi 38KOH 'f=k'Y n .
3.2.5,
THKCOTponHb'e CBOMCTBa
nplf C.ZlBHfOBOM .Zle«popMHpoBaHHH Ha6JIIO.ZlaeTCSI 06paTHMoe (THK-
cOTponHoe) CHH1KeHHe BSl3KOCTH YOe [2971. npoIJ.ecc YMeHbweHHSI
s«p«peKTHBHoU BSl3KOCTH npH HaJI01KeHHH MeXaHHqeCKOrO B03.Zleii'cT-
BHSI .Zl0 onpe.ZleJIeHHOrO paBHOBeCHoro 3HatleHHSI 1)0, a TaK>Ke nOCJIe-
.ZlYlOwero ee pOCTa B npOIJ.eCce «OT.Zlblxa» (nOCJIe npeKpaUleHHSI
,lJ.e4>opMHpOBaHHSI HJIH YMeHbweHHSI efO CKOpOCTH) Jl.0 1)00 npOTeKa-
eT BO BpeMeHH. 34>4>eKT THKCOTponHOfO CHH>KeHHSI- B03paCTaHHSI
BSl3KOCTH YfJIepOJl.OHanOJIHeHHblX OJIHfOMepHblX cMeceii' - 06'bSlCHSI-
eTCSI HaJIHtlHeM CTPYKTypHblX 06pa30BaHHH, KOTopble nOCTeneHHO
pa3pywalOTcSI no.Zl .ZleUCTBHeM MeXaHHtleCKOfO B03.ZlenCTBHSI H BOC-
.
CTaHaBJIHBalOTCSI npH OT.Zlblxe. qeM Bblwe 'Y, TeM CHJIbHee pa3pywa-
eTCH CTpYKTypa H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3HallHTeJIbHee 34>cpeKT TUKCO-
TponHOfO CHH>KeHHSI BSl3KOCTH.
KaK nOK83aHO Ha pHC. 3.11, npou.ecc HMeeT peJl8KCau.HoHHblH
xapaKTep, H .ZlJISI pactieTa MfHOBeHHblX 3HaqeHHA 1) B nepeXO,ltHOM
Il, na.c
PHC. 3.11. KHHeTHKa HapacTaHHII BH3KOCTH 450
OpH 1=65 c- 1 CMecH oJlHro6YTaAHeHAHOJla
c M-2500 c 50 Mac. 'I. TexBB'IecKoro yr-
.nepO.ll.a B npollecce THKCOTponHoro BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHHH CTpyKTYPbl no e C.II.BHroBoro
Ae<llopMHpoBaHHII npH "(=2000 c- I 150
IJ
215
pe>KHMe MO>KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb CJle.a.YIOIIlee paBeHCTBO:
('I - '10)/('100 - '1O) .. 1 - e -t/6 P . T , (3.16)
rAe 9 P . T - xapaKTepRoe BpeMH penaKc3lUloRRoro npou.ecca THKcOTponRoro BOC-
CT3ROBJIeRRH BH3KOCTR.
BeJJHqHHa Op.T 3aBHCHT 01 peu.enTyphl, HHTeHCHBHOCTH H npe-
.a.hlCTOpHH .a.e opMHpOBaHH , TeMnepaTyphl H .a.pyrHx aKTopOB.
.l1J1 pe>KHMa .a.e opMHpOBaHH YOC Ha OCHOBe BCK, npe.a.cTaB-
J1eHHOro Ha pHC. 3.11, Op.T 90 MHH. Y OJlHrOMepoB, HanOJlHeHHhlX
MeJlKOH3MeJlbqeHHhlM CTeKJlOBOJlOKHOM, 3aMeTHOrO THKcOTpOnHOr()
3 eKTa He Ha6J1IO.a.aeTC .
3.2.6. 3aBMCMMOCTio U3KOCTM OT TeMnepaTYplo'
M npOAOn)f(MTenIoHocTM CTPYKTYPMpOBaHM"
B 3KOCTb yrJlepo.a.o- H CTeKJlOHanOJlHeHHhlX OJlHrOMepOB, He co.a.ep-
>KaIIlHX CTPYKTypHpYIOIIlero areHTa, YMeHbWaeTC C pOCTOM TeMne-
paryphl; npH 3TOM .a.J1 KOJlHqeCTBeHHoro onHcaHH .a.aHHoA 3aBH-
CHMOCTH MO>KeT 6h1Tb HCnOJlb30BaHO ypaBHeHHe AppeHHyca, npHMe-
H eMoe npH aHaJlH3e HeHanOJlHeHHhlX CHCTeM. 3HeprH aKTHBau.HH
B 3Koro TeqeHH E B 310M cJlyqae 3aBHCHT He TOJlbKO OT npHpo.a.bI
OJlHrOMepa H HHTeHCHBHOCTH .a.e opMHpOBaHH , HO H 01 THna Ha-
nOJlHHTeJl Hero KOHu.eHTpau.HH.
npou.ecchI CTPYKTypHpOBaHH ypeTaHoBhlX KOMn03Hu.HA, co.a.ep-
>KaIIlHX MeJlKOH3MeJJbqeHHoe CTeKJlOBOJlOKHO, H aHaJlOrHqHhlX no
COCTaBY HeHanOJlHeHHhlX CHCTeM He HMelOT npHHu.HnHaJlbHhlX KHHe-
THQeCKHX pa3J1HQHH [126], n03ToMY .a.J1 onHcaHH peoKHHeTHqeCKH
H30TepMHQeCKOrO H HeH30repMHQeCKOrO CTPYKTypHpoBaHHSI MO)KHO
HCnOJlb30BaTb aHaJlHTHyeCKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH, npe.a.JIO>KeHHhle .a.J1Jf
HeHanOJlHeHHhlX CHCTeM (CM. pa3.a.. 1.2) npH cooTBeTcTBYIOIIleM
no.a.60pe 3MnHpHQeCKHX KOHCTaHT.
PeoKHHeTHQeCKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH YOC npH T=const HMelOT .a.Ba
XapaKTepHhlX npaKTHQeCKH J1HHeAHhlX YQaCTKa C pa3HhlMH HaKJlO-
HaMH. Ha nepBoA CTa.a.HH OTBep>K.a.eHHSI TeMn pOCT8 B 3KOCTH O1HO-
CHTeJlbHO HeBeJlHK, a Ha BTOpoA, HacTynalOIIleA nocJle .a.OCTH>KeHHH:
onpe.a.eJleHHoA creneHH npeBpaIIleHHSI *, cooTBeTcTB IIleA KPHTH-
QeCKoMY 3HaQeHHIO cpe.a.HeA MOJleKYJlSlpHoA MaCChi Al Kp H HaQaJlY
OpMHpOBaHHSI HenpephlBHoA J1YKryau.HOHHoA CeTKH 3au.enJleHHA.
CKOpOCTb HapaCTaHH BSl3KOCTH pe3KO YBeJlHQHBaeTCSI.
.l1J1S1 onHcaHHSI TeMneparypHo-BpeMeHHoA 3aBHCHMOCTH yrJlepo-
.a.OHanOJlHeHHhlX OJlHrOMepHhlX CHCTeM Ha OCHOBe oJlHr06YTa.a.HeH-
.
.a.HOJlOB npH .a.HH30u.HaHaTHOM OTBep>K.ll.eHHH B pe>KHMe 1=const aB-
TOphi [304] npe.a.J10>KHJlH cJle.a.YIOIIlHe 3aBHCHMOCTH:
I CTa.a.H OTBep>K.a.eHH (npH t<t*)
'I - '1I1CX(T) + iat; (3.17)
II CTa.a.HlI O1Bep>K.a.eHHH: (npH t>t*)
'1- 'IIICX(T) + kit- + k,(t- t-); (3.18)
'1..(1) - '10 exp(EJRT) ,
216
'l'10.;na.c
3,2
2,"
1,6
q8
o
30 t,HuH
fO
10
o
PHC. 3.12. BJlBHBBe TeMnepaTypbl (a) R COAep1KaBWi KaT3J1R3aropa .l1B.l1JIO
C K (6) Ha KHHeTBKY CTPYKTypRpoBaHHH YOC Da OCROBe OJIHr06YT3AHeBAHOJIa
c M = 3000 H 70 Mac. 'I. TeXDH'IecKoro yrJlepoAa:
.a - 150.C (/). 14O.C (2). 13O.C (3). 120 "C (4), 100.C (5) B 9O.C (6); 6 - 130 .C, 0,02 Mac.
'I. (I), 0,01 Mac. 'I. (2) H 6es KaT8JlH3aTOpa (3)
rAe ETJ - 9HeprHH aKTRBallRH BH3Koro Te'leRRH RCXOAHOA YOC; k. R k 2 - CKO-
pOCTH HapaCTaHHH BH3KOCTH Ha I H II cTaAHHx; k.=ko' exp(-EkIRT), k2=
=ko" exp(-Ek/RT); Ek - 3<114>eKTHBRaH 9HeprHH aKTHBallHH npOllecca OTBep:IK'
AeHHJI, O.D.HHaKOBaH AnH I H II CTaAHII peOKHHeTH'IecKoro npollecca (pHC. 3.12);
!lo', ko", 1)0 - KOHCTaHTbI; t* - npOAOJl:IKHTeJJbHOCTb CTpYKTypHpoBaHHH, COOTBeT-
cTBYlOlilaH Jrl KP, KOTOpU MO:IKeT 6b1Tb paCC'lHTaHa no (3.17) npH nOACTaHOBKe
B Ree 1)=1)KP' BbI'IHc.1eHHoil no (3.5).
HcnoJlb3YjI <l>OPMYJlbI (3.17) H (3.18), MO>KHO onpe.zr.eJlHTb 'I
H to B YCJlOBHjlX HeH30TepMHllecKoro OTBep>K.zr.eHHjI. .lI.JljI paclleTa
k 1 H k 2 B .zr.aHHblX <l>opMYJlaX CJle.zr.yeT HCnOJlb30BaTb CJle.zr.YIOWHe
paBeHcTBa:
t t
Ik 1 (t)dt = ka Iex p [ R t) J dt;
o 0
t-t.
J k2( t)dt = ko
o
t-t.
J exp [R:;t> } dt.
o
(3.20)
(3.19)
npHMeHjIjI TOT HJlH HHoA THn KaTaJlH3aTOpa HJlH H3MeHjIjI ero
co.zr.ep>KaHHe, MO>KHO HanpaBJleHHblM 06pa30M peryJlHpOBaTb KHHe-
THKY CTpYKTypHpoBaHHjI YOC H t* (CM. pHC. 3.12). C yseJlHlleHHeM
HHTeHCHBHOCTH .zr.e<l>opMHpOBaHHjI CKOpOCTb CTpYKTypHpoBaHHjI B03-
paCTaer, liTO, BH.zr.HMO, CBjl3aHO C nOBblweHHeM TeMnepaTypbl peaK-
UHOHHOA MaCCbI 3a ClleT .zr.HCCHnaTHBHblX TenJlOBbI.zr.eJleHHA H HH-
TeHcH<I>HKau.HeA KOHBeKTHBHoro MacconepeHoca peareHTOB.
217
3.2.7.
3aKOHOMepHOCTM Te4eHMJI HanOnHeHHblX OnMfOMepOB
OJlHrOMepbl, HanOJlHeHHble H3MeJlb1leHHI>IM CTeKJlOBOJlOKHOM, no
peOJlorHlIeCKOMY nOBe.ll.eHHIO H rH.lI.pO.ll.HH aMHKe MaKpOMaCWTaOHoro
TelleHHSI CYlI{eCTBeHHO He OT JlHlIaIOTCSI OT HeHanOJlHeHHblX OJlHrOMe-
pOB (CM. pa3.l1.. 1.3). YfJlepO.ll.OHanOJlHeHHble OJlHrOMepHble CMeCH
B OTJlHIIHe OT HeHanOJlHeHHblX H CTeKJlOHanOJlHeHHblX OJlHrOMepOs.
HMeIOT 60Jlee BblCOKYIO (Ha 2-3 .lI.eCSlTHIIHblX nOpSl.ll.Ka) BSl3KOCTb
a TaK)Ke 06J1a.ll.alOT cYlI{eCTBeHHoA nceB)lOnJiaCTHIIHOCTblO B cOlle-
TaHHH C 3aMeTHbIM npe.ll.eJlOM TeKYlIeCTH, liTO npe.ll.onpe.ll.eJlSle-r
npeHMYlI{eCTBeHHO JlaMHHapHbIH pe)KHM HX TelleHHSI B KaHaJiaX H
nOJlOCTSlX TeXHOJlOrHlIeCKOrO oooPY.lI.OBaHHSI H cneUH HlIeCKHA npo-
HJlb CKopOCTeH no CelleHHIO nOTOKa.
06'beMHbIA paCXO.ll. lIepe3 nJlOCKYIO lI{eJib YOC, MO.ll.eJlHpyeMbIx
ypaBHeHHSlMH IIIBe.ll.oBa - BHHraMa H BaJlKJlH - fepweJlSl, BbIIIHC-
JlSleTCSI H3 paBeHcTB (3.21) H (3.22) COOTBeTCTBeHHO [303, c. 200]:
2bh 2 p [ 3 tmsignt 1 ( t m Si g nt ) 3 ]
Q = - - 1 - - + - . (3_21 )
311p 2 P 2 P ,
_ _ 4bh 2 [1 _ ( tmSignt ) n ] [1 _ 1 - (fmSignt/P) ] ,
Q- (n+1)I1p p n+2 (3.22)
TaKHM oopa30M, npH H30TepMH1IeCKOM TelleHHH B nJlOCKOlI{eJle-
BOM KaHaJle BSl3KOnJiaCTH1IHblX cpe.ll. B OOlI{eM cJlYlIae cYlI{eCTBye-r
.aBe xapaKTepHble 30HbI no CelleHHIO nOTOKa: 1) «KBa3HTBep.ll.aSl
30Ha B cepe.aHHe nOTOKa, OXBaTbiBalOlI{;8H 06J1aCTb T Tm, f.ae
C.lI.BHrOBOe TelJeHHe OTCYTcTByeT H MaTep'HaJi nepeMelI{aeTCH KaK
)KeCTKHH MOHOJlHTHbIH nJlOCKHH CTep)KeHb; 2) 30Ha C.lI.BHrOBOro
TelleHHSI, cooTBeTcTBYlOlllaSl OOJlaCTH T>Tt7h B npe.aeJlax KOTOpoA
MaTepHaJi Be.ll.eT ce6H KaK BSl3KaH CHCTeMa.
BbicoTHble KOOp.ll.HHaTbi rpaHHUbi pa3,neJla YKa3aHHblx 30H y.
MorYT 6bITb paCCIIHTaHbI H3 paBeHcTBa
y. == :!: (TmLI!:1P) = (Tm/T!;D)h. (3.23)
npH y* = h KBa3HTBep.ll.aSl 30Ha OXBaTbi BaeT Bce CelleHHe, H Te-
lIeHHe BH3KOnJiaCTH1IHOA Cpe.ll.bI npeKpalllaeTcSI; npH yo--+{) 30Ha
CTep)KHeBOrO TelleHHSI OTCYTcTByeT H BO BeeM nOTOKe peaJlH3yeTcSI
C.lI.BHrOBOe TelleHHe.
npaKTHlIeCKH Ba)KHblM THnOM TelleHHSI B nJlOCKOlI{eJleBOM KaHa-
Jle, MO.ll.eJlHpYIOlI{HM .lI.e OpMaUHOHHble npo eccbI B BHHTOBOM KaHa-
Jle lIepBSlIIHOrO 3KCTpY.lI.epa, SlBJlSleTCSI .lI.BH)KeHHe, B03HHKalOlllee
npH nepeMelI{eHHH OJJ.HOH H3 napaJlJleJlbHblX nJiaCTHH B cBoeH nJloc-
KOCTH C nocToSlHHOH CKOpOCTblO v H npH HaJlHIIHH nOCTOSlHHoro no
BeJlHIIHHe rpa.ll.HeHTa .lI.aBJleHHSI dP/dx. B [311] .lI.aHHaSl 3a.ll.a1la pe-
weHa .lI.JlH CJlYlIaSl HeH3OTepMH1IeCKOfO JlaMHafapHOrO TelleHHSI BH3KO-
nJiaCTHIIHOH Cpe.ll.bI, MO.ll.eJlHpyeMoA ypaBHeHIHeM IIIBe.ll.oBa - BHHra-
2!8
9*
!I
- 3=
-
II. :H2 ;c::
II '"
I
-- -1-
--- --
1/1
v
q6
.--
a
tU/6/ t /i
3
o,
0,2
o
PHC. 3.13. PacnpeAeJJeHHe CKopocTeil B nOTOKe BH3KonJlaCTHQHOil cpeAbi npH Ha.
nopHoM TeqeHHH (a) H npH nocTynaTeJJbHoM nepeMellleHHH BepxHeii nOBepxHOCTH
(6) B nJlOCKOllleJJeBOM KaHaJle [/, 3 - 30HbI CABHrOBoro TeqeHHH; 2 - 30Ha Te.
qeHHH (ie3 CABHra (KBa3HTBepAaH 06J1aCTb» H 3aBHCHMOCTb vW6/t'H (/)
(vw6IvH)cP (2) H tW61tH (3) OT 111* npH H30TepMH'IecKoM 3anonHeHHH B pe.
JKHMe P=const nnOCKOllleJleBOrO KaHaJla BH3KonJlaCTH'IHOil cpeAoA: IlIBe.ll.oBa-
BHHraMa (8)
Ma C nOCTOSlHHblM npe.ll.eJlOM TeKyqeCTH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT <l>H3n-
qeCKHX napaMeTpOB Cpe.ll.bI, TeMnepaTYP BepXHeH H HH)KHeA nJla-
CTnH, reOMeTpHH TeqeHHSI, CKOpOCTH .lI.BH)KeHHSI nJiaCTHHbI H rpa-
.lI.neHTa .lI.aBJleHHSI B03MO)KHbI TPH pe)KHMa TeqeHHSI: a) TeqeHHe
C KBa3HTBep.ll.OH 30HOA BHYTPH 3a30pa (pHC. 3.13); 6) reqeHHe,
npH KOTOpOM KBa3HTBep.ll.aSl 30Ha npHMblKaeT K HH)KHeU nJiaCTHHe,
T. e. OTCYTcTByeT 30Ha /, nOKa3aHHaSl Ha pHC. 3.13; B) reqeHHe
C Ksa3HTBep.ll.oA 30HOA, npHMblKalOLUeA K BepXHeA nJiaCTHHe, npH
3TOM OTCYTCTByeT 30Ha 3 (CM. pHC. 3.13). YCJlOBHSI B03HHKHOBeHHSI
Ka)K.llOrO H3 YKa3aHHblx pe)KHMOB MOryT 6b1Tb onpe.ll.eJleHbI no aHa-
J1HTHqeCKHM 3aBHCHMOCTSlM, npHBe.ll.eHHblM B [311].
B u.HJlnH.lI.pHllecKHx KaHaJiaX pacxo.ll. )KHJlKOCTH, MO.ll.eJlHpyeMou
TeJlOM illBe.ll.oBa - BHHraMa, onHCblsaeTCSI ypaBHeHHeM PeAHepa-
BYKHHreMa:
JlR3 [ 4 tmsignt 1 ( t m si g nt ) 4 ] (3.2 4 )
Q = - - t c 1 - - + - -
411p 3 t c 3 t c
. 219
TIoCJle.ll.Hee ypaBHeHHe (PeAHepa - BYKHHreMa) MO>KeT 6b1Tb
npe.ll.CTaBJleHO OTHOCHreJlbHO nepena.ll.a .lI.aBJleHHSI dP, .lI.JlSI 3TorO
CJle.ll.yeT B (3.24) nO.ll.CTaBHTb Tc= (dPll) (R/2) H BBeCTH 6e3pa3-
MepHYIO nepeMeHHYIO X =r*/R=rTmsign TL/ (RdP). B pe3YJlbTaTe
nOJlyqHM:
Q == - (nR 4 4P/(8L1)p)] (1 - U/3 + X 4 /3). (3.25)
.lI.JlSI HeJlHHeHHblx BSl3KOnJiaCTHqHhlX CHCTeM, nO.ll.qHHSlIOWHXCW
ypaBHeHHIO BaJlKJlH - fepweJlSl T-Tm = [1)p (-dvldr) ] 11 m , KOJlHqe-
CTBeHHaSl B3aHMOCBSl3b Me>K.lI.Y paCXO.ll.OM H nepena.ll.OM .lI.aBJleHHR
MO>Ker 6b1Tb Bblpa>KeHa CJle.ll.YIOWHM 06pa30M [303]:
p-p*- «1)p/cp)v]l/m, (3.26)
r)l.e p == PR/(2L); p* = r*4P/(2L); V = 4Q/(nR 3 );
t* ,* 1- O 2 o(1- o) g
=-=-;Ip= - + +-.
TC R m+3 m+2 m+1
3.3. OCHOBHblE 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH CMEWEHH HAnOnHEHHblX
OnHrOMEPHblX CHCTEM
B npouecce H3rOTOBJleHHSI HanOJlHeHHblX nOJiHyperaHoB HapSl.llY
C .lI.p06J1eHHeM H npOCTblM CMeweHHeM >KH.lI.KHX KOMnOHeHTOB, 06pa-
3YIOWHX nOJlHMepHYIO MaTpHUY, He06xo.ll.HMO BBeCTH H paBHOMepHO
paCnpe.ll.eJlHTb B >KH.lI.KOH <l>a3e qaCTHUhl HanOJlHHTeJlSl; npH 3TOM
qaCTHubi YCHJlHBalOwerO HanOJlHHTeJlSl He06xo.ll.HMO .lI.HCneprHpOBaTb
.lI.0 Tpe6yeMbix pa3MepOB, a npH BBe.ll.eHHH H3MeJlbqeHHOrO CTeKJlO-
BOJlOKHa HJlH .lI.pyrHx HanOJlHHTeJleA RRIM- KOMn03HUHH, Ha060pOT.
Tpe6yeTcSI coxpaHHTb nepBOHaqaJlbHble pa3Mepbl BOJlOKOH.
3.3.1. ,D.McnepntpOBaHMe HanonHMTenJi
B onMfoMepHoM MaTpMl.4e
.lI.HcneprHpYJOwee CMeweHHe - 310 MeXaHHqeCKHA npouecc, B pe-
3YJlbTare KOToporo npOHCXO.ll.HT YMeHbweHHe pa3MepoB qaCTHu
.lI.HCneprHpyeMoH <l>a3b1 (B qaCTHOCTH, aKTHBHoro HanOJlHHTeJlSl)
H YBeJlHqeHHe CTaTHCTHqeCKOrO 6eCnOpSl.ll.Ka HX pacnpe.ll.eJleHHst
B oJlHroMepHoA MaTpHue. .lI.JlSI oueHKH KaqeCTBa CMeweHHSI HanOJl-
HeHHblX ny MOryT 6bITb HCnOJlb30BaHbI KpHrepHH, onHcaHHbIe
B pa3.l1.. 1.5. KaqeCTBO CMeweHHSI YOC Ha MHKpoypoBHe qaCTO oue-
HHBa no creneHH .lI.HCneprHpOBaHHSI C H Cpe.ll.HeKBa.ll.paTHqHOMY
.lI.HaMeTpy arJlOMepaTOB He.ll.HCneprHpOBaHHoro TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJle-
pO.ll.a D, onpe.ll.eJlSleMbiX MeTO.ll.aMH onTHqeCKOA MHKpOCKonHH.
COrJlaCHO [114, c. 113], OCHOBHblM KpHrepHeM, onpe.ll.eJlSlIOWHM
3<1><I>eKTHBHoCTb npoTeKaHHSI npouecca .lI.HCneprHpoBaHHSI, SlBJlSleTCSI
KpHTHqecKoe HanpSl>KeHHe C.lI.BHra TKP, xapaKTepHoe .lI.JlSI Ka>K.lI.oii
KOHKpeTHoA CHcreMbi. ECJlH B CMeCHTeJlbHOM 060pY.ll.OBaHHH peaJlH-
3Y CSI T<TKP' TO .lI.HCneprHpOBaHHSI He npOHCXO.ll.HT. B cJlyqae.
KOr.ll.a T He3HaqHTeJlbHO npeBblwaeT TKP, pa3pywa cSI TOJlbKO Te
arperaTbI, KOTopble HMeIOT 6J1aronpHSITHYIO HaqaJlbHYIO opHeHTaUHIO
220
(60JlbWaJl OCb qaCTHo.bI nepneH.lI.HKYJlJlpHa JlHHHJlM TOKa). .lI.JlJI HH-
TeHCHBHOrO .ZJ.HCneprupoBaHHJI reTepo<l>a3b1 He06xo.ll.HMO C03.l1.aTb
T» TKP, a .lI.JlJI peaJlH3ao.HH 6J1aronpHJlTHoA AJlJI .lI.earJlOMepao.HH
opHeHTao.HH qaCTHo. Tpe6YeTCH nepHO.ll.HqecKoe H3MeHeHHe HanpaB-
JleHHJI JlHHHA TOKa. no .lI.aHHblM [312, c. 132], AJlJI CHCTeM C Tex-
HHqeCKHM yr JlepO.ll.OM TKP opHeHTHpOBOqHO COCTaBJlJleT 0,02 Mna..
npH 3TOM KaCaTeJlbHble HanpJl>KeHHJI, COOTBeTCTBYIOw,He .lI.OCTaTOqH()
60JlbwoA HHTeHCHBHOCTH AHcneprHpoBaHHJI TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepo.ll.a
B CMeCHTeJlbHOM 060pY.ll.OBaHHH, COCTaBJlJlIOT 0,1-0,5 Mna.
COrJlaCHO [118, c. 43-52], pa3pyweHHe arJlOMepaToB HanOJl-
lIHTeJlH B BH3KOA MaTpHo.e MO>KeT npOXO.ll.HTb no .lI.BYM MexaHH3MaM
t) 3a CqeT KaCaTeJlbHblX HanpJl>KeHHA T, .lI.eAcTBYIOW,HX Ha nOBepx-
HOCTH arJlOMepaTa; 2) nYTeM npHJlO>KeHHJI K arJlOMepaTY COCpe.ll.O-
TOqeHHblX C>KHMalOw,HX YCHJlHA, HanpHMep, nyreM HX nepeMew,eHHSf
B cY>KalOw,eMCJI KaHaJle. B nepBoM cJlyqae xapaKTep nOBe.ll.eHHJI
H pa3pyweHHJI arJlOMepaToB onpe.ll.eJlJleTCJI COOTHoweHHeM T H HX
npOqHOCTHbiX xapaKTepHcTHK. T. e. npOqHOCTH MaTepHaJia npH C.lI.BH-
re [Tc,q] H npe.ll.eJlbHOro KaCaTeJlbHOro HanpJl>KeHHJI [Tw]. Bbl3b1B81O-
w,ero OTpblB OT.lI.eJlbHblX qaCTHo. C nOBepxHocTH arJlOMepaTa (pHC.
3.14) :
a) npH O<'t<[Tw] arJlOMepaTbi He pa3pywalOTCJI, nepeMew,aHCb
B B 3KOA MaTpHo.e H cooepwaJl Bpaw,eHHe C yr JlOBoA CKOpOCTblO
(0 = 1;
6) npH [Tw] 1'< [Te,q] npe06J1a.ll.alOw,HM MexaHH3MOM CMewe-
HHJI JlBJlJleTCJI YHOC qaCTHo. C nOBepxHocTH arJlOMepaTa;
B) npH 't> [TeA] HMeeT MeCTO KaK YHOC qaCTHu. C nOBepXHOCTH
HanOJlHHTeJlJl, TaK HerO paCqJleHeHHe Ha KpynHble <l>parMeHTbI;
r) npH Ae<l>opMHpoBaHHH arJlOMepaTOB, 06pa30BaBwHXCJI nYTeM
06BOJlaKHBaHHJI BJl3KOA MaTpHo.eA CKOnJleHHJI HeynJlOTHeHHblX qac.
TUo. HanOJlHHTeJlH, nOBe.ll.eHHe reTepo<l>a3b1 aHaJlOrHqHO nOBe.ll.eHHIO
KanJiH HeCMeWHBalOw,eAcH >KH.lI.KOCTH B C.lI.BHroSOM nOTOKe.
- -
PHC. 3.14. OcRoBHble MexaHH3MbI pa3pyweRRH arJlOMepaToB RanOJlHHTe.u B CABH-
rOBOM nOTOKe
221
30HbI HaH60JIee HHTeHCHBHOrO YHOCa HanOJIHHTeJJ11 A H B pac-
ROJIaralOTCSI B6JIH3H TOqeK, HOpMaJIb K KOTOpbIM nepneH.ll.HKYJIHpHa
JIHHHSlM TOKa (CM. pHC. 3.14). TaK KaK pa3pyweHHe arJIOMepaTa
ocyweCTBJISleTCSI B YCJIOBHSlX ero BpaweHHSI, TO YHOC qaCTHlJ. C ero
nOBepXHOCTH npOHCXO.ll.HT npaKTHqeCKH paBHOMepHO, npH 3TOM
010pBaBwHecSi qaCTHlJ.bI 06pa3YIOT .l1Ba .ll.HaMeTpaJIbHO npOTHBono-
JIO>KHblX C:CJIe.ll.a:., MaKCHMaJIbHaSl TOJIWHHa KOTOpblX 6max YMeHb-
waeTCSI C pOCTOM .ll.e<l>opMalJ.HH C.ll.BHra F. .l{JISI .ll.OCTH>KeHHSI Tpe-
6yeMoro KaqeCTBa .ll.HCneprHpYlOwero CMeweHHSI, Onpe.ll.eJJSleMoro
MaKCHMaJIbHO .llOnYCTHMoA TOJIWHHOA nOJIOC 6*max, CMeCH Heo6-
XO.ll.HMO C006WHTb CYMMapHYIO .ll.e<l>opMalJ.HIO C.ll.BHra Fr., paBHYIO
fr.==rk+rC' (3.27)
fAe r K - cABHr, He06xo.ll.HMblA MH pa3pyweHHH arJIOMepaTa; r c - CABHr, Tpe.
6yeMbiA AJIH H3MeHeHHH TOJlIllHHbI nOJlOCbl (CJleAoB) AO 6*mu; MR paC'IeTa
r K R r c MorYT 6b1Tb HCnOJlb30B8HbI 3aBHCHMOCTH, npeAJlO:IKeHHble B [118,
c. 56-57).
.lI.JISI OJIHrOMepHbIX CHCTeM C .ll.JIHHHOBOJIOKHHCTblM HanOJIHHTe-
JIeM ero pa3pyweHHe SlBJISleTCSI HeraTHBHbIM <l>aKTOpOM, OTpHlJ.a-
TeJIbHO BJIHHlOlllHM Ha <l>H3HKO-MeXaHHqeCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH CWHToro
MaTepHaJIa. n03TOMY npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H <l>opMOBaHHH RRIM-KOM-
n03HIJ.HH He06xo.ll.HMbI TaKHe YCJIOBHSI, npH KOTOpbIX He npOHCXO.ll.HT
pa3pyweHHH tlaCTHlJ. HanOJIHHTeJISI. OCHOBHbIe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH pa3-
pyweHHH BOJlOKOH HanOJlHHTeJlSl H 3aBHCHMOCTH .ll.JISI paCqeTa .ll.JlHHbI
BOJIOKOH B MOMeHT pa3PyweHHH npHBe.lleHbI B [l18, c. 61-68].
PaccMoTpHM <l>a30BYIO Mop<l>OJlOrHIO CHCTeMbI OJlHrOMep - aK-
THBHblH HanO.'IHHTeJlb B npolJ.ecce .ll.HCneprHpYlOlllero CMeweHHSI
YOC. Ha HaqaJlbHbIX CTa.ll.HHX CMeweHHSI, Kor.ll.a TeXHHqeCKHH yrJIe-
pO.ll. CMaqHBaeTCSI OJIHrOMepoM, npOHCXO.ll.HT pa3pyweHHe ero rpa-
HYJl H MaKpoarperaTOB (no MexaHH3MY 8, CM. pHC. 3.14), 06pa30-
BaHHe IJ.enOtleqHbIX CTPYKTYP H3 qaCTHlJ. HanOJIHHTeJlSl, CBSl3aHHbIX
qepe3 OJIHrOMep B )KeCTKHH TpexMepHblH KapKac. npH 3TOM BSl3-
KOCTb CMeCH B03pacTaer (yqaCTOK 0-1 Ha pHC. 3.7), H CHCTeMa
MO)KeT npOSlBJlHTb ynpyrHe CBOHcTBa. npH .ll.aJlbHeAweM CMeweHHH
no.ll. .ll.eHCTBHeM BbICOKHX HanpSl)KeHHH C.ll.BHra npOHCXO.ll.HT pa3py-
weHHe lJ.enOqeqHbIX CTPYKTYP HanOJIHHTeJISI, H30JlSllJ.HSI qaCTHlJ. Ha-
nOJlHHTeJISI CJIOeM OKKJIlO.llHpOBaHHoro OJlHrOMepa H pacnpe.ll.eJIeHHe
3THX KOJlJIOH.lI.HblX 06pa30BaHHH B )KH.ll.KOH <l>a3e. 3TH CTPYKTypHbIe
npeBpaweHHH cOnpOBO)K.ll.aIOTCSI CHH)KeHHeM BSl3KOCTH yrJIepO.ll.OHa-
nOJIHeHHbIX OJIHrOMepHbIX CHCTeM (yqaCTOK 11 Ha pHC. 3.7). 06pa-
3YIOWHecSi Ha 3TOH CTa.ll.HH .ll.OMeHbI C nOBbIweHHOH KOHlJ.eHTpalJ.HeA
CMOqeHHOrO H qaCTHqHO arJlOMepHpoBaHHoro TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepo-
.ll.a (cxeMa 2 Ha pHC. 3.14) He BHOCSIT cywecTBeHHoro H3MeHeHHSI
B peOJlOrHtleCKOe nOBe.ll.eHHe YOC, O.ll.HaKO cnoc06CTBYlOT onpe.ll.e-
JIeHHOMY YXY.ll.WeHHIO <l>H3HKo-MeXaHHqeCKHX CBOHCTB BYJlKaHH3aTOB
B TOM CJIyqae, eCJlH OHH He 6Y.ll.YT JIHKBH.ll.HpOBaHbI B XO.ll.e .ll.aJlbHeH-
wero CMeweHHSI. 3TO CBSl3aHO C TeM, qTO .ll.aHHble reTeporeHHble 06-
JIaCTH C nOBblweHHblM cO.ll.ep)KaHHeM HanOJlHHTeJlSl Be.ll.YT ce6S1 KaK
CHJlbHOCWHTble BKJIlOqeHHSI, BbI3b1BaIOWHe YMeHbweHHe npOqHOCTH
H Y.ll.JIHHeHHSI npH pa3pbIBe [297].
222
Ha CJle.ll.YIOLUeM 3Tane CMeWeHHSI npOHCXO.ll.HT YMeHbWeHHe
pa3MepOB H qHCJla .lI.0MeHOB, a TaK}I{e .lI.HCneprHpOBaHHe H pacnpe-
.lI.eJleHHe arJlOMepaTOB TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.ll.a H .lI.PyrHx }l{H.lI.KHX
H nopowKo06pa3HblX KOMnOHeHTOB B OJlHrOMepHoA MaTpHu.e no cxe-
MaM «6» H «8» (CM. pHC. 3.14). nOJiHoA JlHKBH.lI.au.HH .lI.0MeHOB 6e3
HCnOJlb30BaHHSI cneu.HaJlbHblX reXHOJlOrHqeCKHX npHeMoB .lI.0CTHqb
He Y.lI.aeTCSI .lI.a}l{e npH OqeHb 60JlbWHX BpeMeHax CMeweHHSI. 4a-
CTHLI.bI TeXHHlleCKoro yrJlepO.ll.a, B03HHKalOLUHe npH pa3pyweHHH
arJlOMepaTOB, 06pa3YlOT H3 CBSl3aHHoro (a.ll.COp6HpOBaHHoro HJlH
xeMocop6HpOBaHHoro) OJlHrpMepa 060.'10qKH, npH 3TOM BSl3KOCTb
TOC nOCTeneHHO YMeHbwaeTCSI H CMeCb npeBpaLUaeTCSI B 6J1eCTSI-
LUYIO MaCJISlHHCTylO Maccy. Ha onpe.ll.eJleHHOA CTa.ll.HH CMeweHHSI
(npH C 95-97% H D 10-12 MKM) .lI.aJlbHeAwee YBeJlHqeHHe
npO.ll.OJl}l{HTeJlbHOCTH npou.ecca He cnoc06cTByeT y}l{e YJlyqWeHHIO
CTPYKTypHO-.lI.HCnepCHblX napaMeTpOB CMeCH H <pH3HKO-MexaHHlle-
CKHX nOKa3aTeJleH BYJlKaHH3aTOB, a Ha060pOT, MO}l{er npHBeCTH
K YXY.ll.WeHHIO CBoikTB 3a CqeT pa3BHTHSI He06paTHMbIX MexaHOXH-
MHlleCKHX npOLI.eCCOB (oc06eHHO B CMecSiX C nOBblweHHoA KOHu.eHT-
paLI.HeH HanOJlHHTeJlSl).
.l{HccHnaTHBHbIH pa30rpeB npH MexaHHlleCKOM nepeMeWHBaHHH
yr JlepO.ll.OHanOJlHeHHblX OJlHrOMepHblX CHCTeM SlBJlSleTCSI TaK)Ke
HeraTHBHblM <paKTOpOM .llJlSl peaJlH3au.HH YCJlOBHH, 6J1arOnpHSlTHbIX
.llJlSl .llHCnepmpYIOLUero CMeweHHSI. .l{eikTBHTeJlbHO, BSl3KOCTb YOC
(flYoc) Ha 2-3 .lleCSITHIIHblX nOpSl.ll.Ka MeHbwe, qeM y pe3HHoBblX
cMeceA (flpc) npH Tex }l{e TeMnepaTypHO-.lI.e<p0pMau.HoHHblX YCJlO-
BHSlX, n03ToMY B npou.ecce CMeweHHSI OJlHrOMepHblx KOMn03HLI.HA
C_'10}l{Hee peaJlH30BaTb ypoBeHb KaCaTeJlbHbIX HanpSl}l{eHHA, .lI.0CTa-
TOqHO BblCOKHA .lI.JlSI HHTeHCHBHoro .lI.HCneprHpoBaHHSI TeXHHqeCKOrO
.
yrJlepO.ll.a (T>'tKP)' ECJlH npHHSlTb, liTO 3aBHCHMOCTH fI ('Y) H fI (T)
.llJISI conOCTaBJ1S1eMbIX MaTepHaJlOB onHCblBalOTCSI CTeneHHblM 3aKO-
HOM H 3aKOHOM AppeHHyca, TO, KaK CJle.ll.yeT H3 HeCJlO}l{HblX BblK.'la-
.
.l10K, CKOpOCTb C.l1BHra 'Y yoe, COOTBeTCTBYIOLUaSl pea.'1H3au.HH B YOC
KaCaTeJlbHOrO HanpSl}l{eHHSI 'tYOC, paBHoro HanpSl}l{eHHIO C.l1BHra
B pa60lleM 3a30pe pe3HHOCMeCHTeJlSl, MO}l{eT 6blTb paCCIIHTaHa H3
paBeHCTBa
. 'In . n In
'\'YOC = (kpeikYOd YOCypc pc YOC exp [1/(Rnyoc»)X
X[(EpclTpc) -(EYOC/TyOC»), (3.28)
rAe k pc , npc, kyOC, nyOC- peOnOrH'IecKHe napaMeTpbl pe3HHOBoA H o..1HroMepHoA
cMeceil; T pc H TyOC- TeMnepaTypa pe3HBoBoA CMeCR H YOC.
PaClleTbI, npHBe.ll.eHHble no (3.28) npHMeHHTeJlbHO K CMeCH OJlH-
r06YTa.ll.HeH.lI.HOJIa MOJleKYJlSlpHOA MaCCbI 3800 H 40 Macc. q. TeXHH-
lIeCKoro yrJlepo.ll.a n245, peOJlOrHqecKHe CBoHcTBa KOTOpoA onHcaHbI
B r305] , B COnOCTaBJleHHH C pe3HHoBoH CMeCblO H8 OCHODe BCK
C So Mac. q. Toro }l{e TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.ll.8, nOK838J1H, liTO .I1J1S1
.lI.0CTH}I{eHHSI B CMeCHTeJlbHOM 060PY.ll.OB8HHH, nepepa6aTbiBalOLUeM
YOC, ypOBHSI 't, peaJlH3yeMoro B pe3HHOCMeCHTeJle "PH HHTeHCHB-
223
HOM .lI.HCneprHpOBaHHH TeXHHlIeCKOrO yrnepO.ll.a, Heo6XO.ll.HMO pa3-
BH.Tb 18 30He CMeWeHHSI oCKopOCTb C.zr.,BHra 10 3 -,10 4 C- I (InpH 20 0C).
3TO Ha 1-2 .lI.ecJlTHqHhlX nOpSl.ll.Ka Bhlwe, qeM B cOBpeMeHHoM pesH-
HocMecHTenbHOM 060pY.ll.OBaHHH. COOTBeTCTBeHHo BO CTonbKO >Ke
pa3 B03paCTaeT MOWHOCTb .lI.HCCHnaTHBHbIX TennOBhI.lI.eneHHA N = ",'i,
a .lI.JlSI nO.ll..ll.ep>KaHHSI 3a.ll.aHHOrO TeMnepaTypHoro pe>KHMa HHTeHCHB-
HOCTb TennOOTBO.ll.a H3 30HbI CMeweHHSI .lI.0n>KHa 6h1Tb nOBbIweHa
Ha 1-2 .lI.eC1ITH1IHbIX nOpH.lI.Ka.
PeaJlH3aUHSI nO.ll.06HblX YCJlOBHA CMeweHHSI Ha Tpa.ll.HUHOHHOM
pe3HHocMeCHTeJlbHOM 060PY.lI.OBaHHH npaKTHlIeCKH HeB03MO>KHa,
TaK KaK npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH cOBpeMeHHbIx CHCTeM BO.ll.HHOrO ox-
na>KJJ.eHHH .lI.aJlbHeAwaSl HHTeHcH<I>HKauHSI TenJlOOTBO.ll.a, JlHMHTHpye-
Moro npeHMywecTBeHHo TenJlOOTJJ.alleA OT CMeCH K CTeHKe [313,
c. 21], B03MO>KHa JlHWb B CpaBHHTeJlbHO He60JlbWHX npe.ll.eJlax.
3.3.2.
PacnpeAeneHMe HanonHMTen
B onMroMepHoM MaTpMl.4e
exaHH3M pacnpeJJ.eneHHH lIaCTHU aKTHBHoro HanOJlHHTenSl B OJlH-
rOMepHoA MaTpHue cywecTBeHHo OTJlHlIaeTCSI OT MexaHH3Ma npoc-
Toro CMeweHHSI >KH.lI.KHX ypeTaHOBbIX KOMn03HUHA HJlH CTeKJlOHa-
nOJlHeHHbIX OJlHrOMepHbIX CHCTeM, nepepa6aTbIBaeMbIx RRI -MeTo-
.lI.0M. ECJlH HeHanOJlHeHHbIe H CTeKJlOHanOJlHeHHbIe KOMn03HUHH
nOJlYllaIDT B pe>KHMe Typ6yneHTHoro Macco06MeHa B COlleTaHHH C
naMHHapHblM CMeweHHeM H MoneKynHpHoA .lI.H <I><I>Y3 HeA (CM.
pa3.l1.. 1.5), TO YOC, HMelOWHe cywecTBeHHo 60Jlee BbiCOKYIO BH3-
KOCTb, nepeMeWHBaIDTCSI B naMHHapHoM 6e3.l1.H<I><I>Y3HOHHOM pe>KHMe
TaK >Ke, KaK CMeCH Ha OCHOBe BbiCOKOMoneKYJlSlpHbIX nOJlHMepOB
[114, c. 84].
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 06WHMH nOnO>KeHHSlMH TeopHH JlaMHHapHoro
CMeweHHSI BbICOKOBSl3KHX nOJlHMepOB MexaHH3M CMeweHHSI KOMno-
HeHTOB YOC MO>KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK .lI.e<l>opMaUHIO C.lI.BHra
MHoroKoMnoHeHTHoA CHCTeMbI, B pe3YJlbTaTe KOTOpoA YMeHbwaeTcSI
TOJlWHHa nOJloc (CJloeB) CMeWHBaeMbiX MaTepHanoB H YBeJlHIIHBa-
eTCH nOBepXHOCTb pa3.l1.eJla Me>K.lI.Y HHMH. Cpe.ll.HHe 3HaqeHHSI TOJl-
IUHH nOJloc H OTHOCHTeJlbHOrO YBeJlHlIeHHH nOBepXHOCTeA pa3.l1.eJla
MOryT 6bITb paCCIIHTaHbI no <l>opMYJlaM (1.44)-(1.46), HcnoJlb3ye-
MbIM npH aHaJlH3e npouecca CMeweHHSI CHCTeM >KH.lI.KOCTb - >KHJJ.-
KOCTb (CM. pa3.l1.. 1.5).
B peaJlbHbIX npoueccax H3rOTOBJleHHSI YOC npocToe H .lI.HCnep-
rHpYlOwee CMeweHHe npOTeKaIDT O.ll.HOBpeMeHHo, npH 3TOM 3a aKTOM
.ltu-cneprHpoBaHHSI CJle.ll.yeT pacnpeJJ.eJleHHe lIaCTHII., 06pa30BaBwHx-
CH npH pa3pyweHHH ar JlOMepaToB .lI.HCneprHpyeMoH <l>a3b1, H T..lI..
npouecc H3rOTOBJleHHSI YOC Ha HallaJlbHOA CTa.ll.HH OCJlO>KHHeTCH
TaK>Ke TaKHMH SlBJleHHSlMH, KaK CMallHBaHHe TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.ll.a
OJlHrOMepoM H 06pa30BaHHe B oJlHfoMepHoA MaTpHue yrJlepo.ll-
onHroMepHblx CJloeB, HMelOWHX nOBblweHHYIO BSl3KOCTb no cpaBHe-
HHIO C OTHOCHTenbHO HeBSl3KHMH CJlOSlMH HeHanOJlHeHHOro OJlHrOMe-
224
pa (CM. cxeMY 2 Ha pHC. 3.14). nona.ll.aft B 06JIaCTH HHTeHcHBHoro
.lI.e<popMalJ.HOHHOro B03.l1.eaCTBHft, TH CJIOH pa3pblBaIOTCft Ha lIaCTH
C 06pa30BaHHeM 3JIJIHnTHqeCKHX <pparMeHToB - .lI.OMeHOB, HMelOWHX
XapaKTepHbIe pa3Mepbl .lI.O 300X80 MKM. 8 .lI.0MeHaX CO.ll.ep>KHTClI
qaCTHqHO arJIOMepHpoBaHHblH TeXHHqeCKHa yrJIepo.ll.. nOJIHOCTbJO
CMOqeHHbla OJlHrOMepoM. ECJIH He npHMeHlITb CnelJ.HaJIbHblX TeXHO-
JIOrHqeCKHX npHeMOB, TO npH .lI.aJIbHeAweM nepeMeWHBaHHH YOC
CO CpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBbICOKOa Bft3KOCTbJO (MaJIbie H cpe.ll.HHe CTeneHH
HanOJlHeHHft) He Y.lI.aeTCft nOJIHOCTbJO JIHKBH.lI.HpOBaTb .lI.OMeHbI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH aHaJlH3e CMeWeHHft YOC Ha HaqaJIbHblX
CT8.ll.HHX CJle.ll.YeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK npOlJ.eCC COBMeCTHoro TeqeHHft
Bft3KOTeKyqHX MaTepHaJlOB C pa3JIHqHOa Bft3KOCTbJO, Ou.eHHBaH WH-
PHHY nOJloc no <popMYJle (1.46). KaK BH.lI.HO H3 3TOa <P0PMYJlbI,
.lI.e<»opMalJ.Hft C.lI.BHra r. He06xo.ll.HMaft .lI.JIft .lI.OCTH>KeHHSI Tpe6yeMoa
WHpHHbI nOJIOC 6, B03pacTaeT 06paTHo npOnOplJ.HOHaJIbHO 06'beM-
HOft .lI.OJm .lI.HCneprHpyeMoH <Pa3bI (yr JlepO.ll.-OJIHrOMepHbIx CJIOeB) q
H npSlMo npOnOplJ.HOHaJIbHO OTHoweHHJO Bft3KOCTea 3TH X CJloeB H
qHCTOrO OJlHrOMepa. B pa3.l1.. 3.2 6b1JIO nOKa3aHO, qTO B YOC BSl3-
KOCTb qpe3BbIqaHHO 6b1CTpO B03paCTaeT C YBeJIHqeHHeM 06'beMHOa
.lI.OJIH HanOJIHHTeJlH. .lI.OCTHraft npH q>=20-30% 3HaqeHHH, B COTHH
H TblCSllfH pa3 npeBOCXO.ll.HWHX BSl3KOCTb OJlHrOMepa. n03TOMY .lI.JIH
.lI.OCTH>KeHHft KaqeCTBeHHoro pacnpe.ll.eJleHHft TeXHHlIeCKOrO yrJlepo-
.lI.a He06xo.ll.HMO npHMeHftTb BeCbMa 3HaqHTeJIbHbIe .lI.e<popMalJ.HH
C.lI.BHra, YBeJIHqHBaft npO.ll.OJI>KHTeJlbHOCTb npOlJ.eCca CMeWeHHft, JIH60
nOBbIWaft CKOpOCTb .lI.e<POpMHpOBaHHft YOC B pa60qHX 3a30pax CMe-
CHTeJIbHOrO 060pY.lI.OBaHHft. nOCJle.ll.HHa cnoc06 60JIee palJ.HOHaJleH,
TaK KaK npH YBeJlHQeHHH 1 B03pacTaeT npOH3BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCTb npo-
uecca KaK 3a CQeT CKopOCTHoro <paKTopa. TaK H BCJIe.ll.CTBHe YMeHb-
weHHSI nepena.ll.a Bft3KOCTH '12/'11 H3-3a CHH>KeHHft 3<p<peKTHBHOa
.
Bft3KOCTH "12 C pOCTOM 1. O.ll.HaKO B03MO>KHOCTb nOBbIweHHSI npoH3-
BO.ll.HTeJlbHOCTH H KaQeCTBa npH H3rOTOBJleHHH YOC B BbICOKOCKO-
pOCTHbIX pe>KHMaX OrpaHHQeHa pOCTOM TeMnepaTypbl. CBft3aHHblM
C .ll.HCCHnaTHBHbIMH TenJlOBbI.lI.eJleHHftMH.
He6.'1arOnpHftTHbie YCJlOBHft peaJlH3YIOTCft TaK>Ke npH pacnpe.ll.e-
JIeHHH B YOC HH3KOBft3KOrO CTpYKTypHpYJOwero areHTa, B QaCTHO-
CTH HH3KOMOJleKYJIlIpHOrO H30lJ.HaHaTa. B 3TOM cJlyqae 3<PcpeKTHBHO-
MY CMeweHHIO npenftTCTByeT He TOJlbKO 60JlbWOH nepen8.l1. Bft3KO-
CTH KOMnOHeHTOB "12/"11> HO H MaJloe 06'beMHoe CO.ll.ep>KaHHe .lI.Hcnep-
rHpyeMoa <pa3bI q> B CMeCH. ,L{JlSI YJlYQWeHHft YCJlOBHa pacnpe.ll.eJle-
HHft HH3KOMOJleKYJlftpHOrO .lI.HH30u.HaHaTa H .lI.pyrHx HH3KOBft3KHX
KOMnOHeHTOB. HCnOJlb3yeMbix B MaJlblX KOJlHQeCTBax. HX lJ.eJleco06-
pa3HO BBO.ll.HTb He B lIHCTOM BH.lI.e. a Ope.ll.BapHTeJlbHO CMewaB C lIa-
CTbJO OJlHrOMepa H .lI.PyrHMH KOMOOHeHTaMH CTPYKTypHpYJOwero
areHTa [316].
Ewe O.ll.HHM HeraTHBHblM <paKTopoM, npenftTCTByJOWHM 3<P4>eK-
THBHOMY pacope.ll.eJleHHIO KOMOOHeHTOB B yrJIepO.ll.-OJIHrOMepHblx CH-
CTeMax, ftBJlfteTCft HaJlHQHe y HHX npe.ll.eJla TeKYQeCTH Tm. B pe3YJlb-
TaTe 3Toro B 30Hax CMeWeHHlI, r.ll.e 'f<'fm, TeQeHHe MaTepHaJia H
.
15-153
225
Macco06MeH Me>K,llY nepeMeWHBaeMblMH CJIOSlMH OTCyrCTBYIOT. no-
3TOMY ,llJISI 06eCneqeHHSI paBHOMepHoro pacnpe,lleJIeHHSI KOMnOHeH-
TOB He06xo,llHMO B npouecce CMeweHHSI o6ecneqHTb HHTeHCHBHoe
nepeMeWHBaHHe YOC no BceMY 06'beMY CMeCHTeJIbHOA 30HbI, HC-
KJIlOqaSl 06pa30BaHHe 3aMKHYTblX JIHHHA TOKa, MepTBblX 30H H 3a-
CToAHblX npOCTpaHCTB.
3.4. 060PYAOBAHIo1E Ami PEAKI.(1010HHorO <DOPMOBAHIo1j1
HAnonHEHHblX nOnlo1YPETAHOB
B COCTaB YCTaHoBoK ,llJISI peaKUHoHHoro opMoBaHHSI Hny BXO.LlSiT
TaKHe >Ke YHKUHOHaJIbHble 3JIeMeHTbI, KaK B YCTaHoBKH ,llJISI nepe-
pa60TKH HeHanOJIHeHHblX MaTepHaJIOB (CM. pa3,ll. 1.6), OJJ.HaKO
npHMeHeHHe cblnyqHX HanOJIHHTeJIeA npe,llonpe,lleJISIeT HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHe ,llOnOJIHHTeJIbHblX BH,llOB BcnOMOraTeJIbHOrO 060pY,llOBaHHSI H
BHeceHHe cyw.ecTBeHHblx H3MeHeHHH B KOHCTpYKUlf1O OCHOBHoro
060pY,llOBaHHSI B Ka>K,llOM H3 onHcaHHblX HH>Ke 3JIeMeHTOB TeXHOJIO-
rHqeCKOrO KOMnJIeKca.
3.4.1.
CTaH....HH no,qrOT08KH H xpaHeH...." CblP""
.1J.JISI H3MeJIbqeHHSI HanOJIHHTeJIeH RRIM-KoMn03HUHH (cTeKJIO-
BOJIOKHa, CJIIO,llbl, BTOPHqHblX MaTepHaJIOB H ,llp.) 06b1QHO HCnOJIb3Y-
lOT MOJIOTKOBbie HJIH pOTopHble ,llP06HJIKH, KOTopble OTHOCSlTCSI K
060PY,llOBaHHIO Y,llapHOrO ,lleHCTBHSI. B HHX ,llp06JIeHHe MaTepHaJI8
ocYW.ecTBJISleTCSI 3a CQeT Y,llapa wapHHpHo nO,llBeWeHHblMH Ha Bpa-
w.alOw.eMCSI pOTope MOJIOTKaMH (MOJIOTKOBbie ,llP06HJIKH) UJIH >Ke-
CTKO 3aKpenJIeHHblMH 6HJIaMH (poTopHble ,llp06HJIKH). KpoMe Toro.
,llp06JIeHHe npOHCXO,llHT B pe3YJIbTaTe cOY,llapeHHSI QaCTHU MaTepHa-
JIa 0 CneUHaJIbHble oT60HHble nJIHTbI H HX HCTHpaHHSI Ha KOJIOCHH-
KOBOH peweTKe. nOcJIe ,llOCTH1KeHHSI Tpe6yeMbix pa3MepoB MaTe-
pHaJI BblBO,llHTCSI H3 pa60QeH KaMepbl Qepe3 KOJIOCHHKOBYIO peweT-
KY, pa3Mepbl oTBepcTHH KOTOpOH cooTBeTcTBYIOT 3a,llaHlfbIM pa3Me-
paM QaCTHU H3MeJIbQeHHOrO HanOJIHHTeJISI.
.1J.JISI CYWKH BOJIOKHHCTbIX H nopowKo06pa3HblX MaTepHaJIOB ,llJIH
apMHpOBaHHSI nOJIHypeTaHoB MorYT npHMeHSlTbCSI KaMepHble H 6a-
pa6aHHble CYWHJIKH, annapaTbi C nCeB,llOO>KH>KeHHbIM CJIOeM H a3-
pO OHTaHHble, pa,llHaUHOHHble H CYWHJIKH C nO,llOrpeBOM TBq.
npHHUHn pa60Tbi H KOHCTPYKTHBHble oc06eHHOCTH YKa3aHHblX
CYWHJIOK onHcaHbI B [315, c. 161-180].
060pY,llOBaHHe MexaHH3HpoBaHHblx CHCTeM npHeMa, xpaHeHHH
H nO,llaQH B paCXO,llHble 6YHKepa TeXHHQeCKOrO yrJIepo,lla H ,llpyrHx
cblnYQHX KOMnOHeHTOB aHaJIOrHQHO npHMeHSIeMoMY Ha cOBpeMeH-
HbiX WHHHblX H pe3HHOTeXHHQeCKHX 3aBO,llaX [129, c. 57-92].
B RRIM-npouecce CTeKJIOBOJIOKHO 3arpY>KalOT CHaQaJIa B 6YHKep
npOMe>KyrOQHOrO xpaHeHHSI, a 3aTeM C nOMOw.blO BeCOBoro HJIH BH6-
paUHoHHoro ,ll03aTopa nO,llalOT B paCXO,llHYIO eMKOCTb ,ll03HpYIOw.e-
CMeCHTeJIbHOrO YCTpoAcTBa. .1J.onycKaeMaSi norpewHocTb nopUHoH-
Horo ,ll03HpOBaHHSI CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa He ,llOJI>KHa npeBbiwaTb 0,5%.
226
3.4.2.
CMeCHTenbHo-,q03HpYIOII.\He arperaTbI (CAA)
CMecHTeJlhHo-.u.03HPYIOIUHe arperaTW RRIM-YCTaHOBOK no COCTaBY
CPYHKUHOHaJIbHblX Y3JlOB H HX TeXHOJIOrHlleCKOMY Ha3HalleHHIO aHa-
JIorHIlHbI C.1J.A RIM-ycTaHoBoK (CM. pa3.l1.. 1.6). npH 9TOM H3MeJIb-
lleHHblH TBep.ll.blH HanOJIHHTeJIb MO>KeT BBO.ll.HTbCSI B fH.lI.POKCHJI-
HJIH H30D.HaHaTOCO.ll.ep>KaIUHH KOMnOHeHT, JIH60 O.ll.HOBpeMeHHo
B 06a. <l>HpMbI «Krauss Maffei» (<I>Pr) H «Admiral» (CiliA) Be.ll.YT
pa60Tbi no C03.l1.aHHIO JIHTbeBbiX YCTaHOBOK C nO.ll.alleu HanOJIHHTeJISI
HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHo B CMeCHTeJIbHYIO fOJIOBKY B BH.lI.e TpeTbero nOTO-
Ka [126].
BBe.ll.eHHe HanOJIHHTeJISI B npHHD.Hne YXY.lI.UlaeT YCJIOBHSI nepeMe-
WHBaHHSI RRIM-KoMn03HD.HH no cpaBHeHHIO C RIM-cHcTeMaMH, TaK
KaK HanOJIHeHHe cnoc06cTByeT YBeJIHlleHHIO BSl3KOCTH H COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO yMeHbUleHHIO IlHCJIa Re. BMecTe C TeM HanOJIHeHHble OJIHrO-
MepbI, KaK OTMetJaJIOCb BbiUle, SlBJISIIOTCSI cycneH3HSlMH, 06JIa.rr.aIOIUH-
\iH CBOHCTBaMH HeHblOTOHOBCKHX JKH.lI.KOCTeH, BSl3KOCTb KOTOpblX CpO-
CTOM CKOpOCTH C.lI.BHra 3aMeTHO YMeHbUlaeTCSI, a npH 1, peaJIH3ye-
MOH B cMeCHTeJIbHOH rOJIOBKe. MO>KeT .lI.0CTHraTb 3HalleHHH, 6JIH3-
KHX K BSl3KOCTH HeHanOJIHeHHblX CHCTeM [125]. BOJIee BbiCOKaSi
nJIOTHOCTb llaCTHU HanOJIHHTeJISI no cpaBHeHHIO C nJIOTHOCTblO OJIH-
rOMepHoH MaTpHUbi cnoc06cTByeT YJIYIlUleHHIO YCJIOBHH nepeMeUlH-
BaHHSI 3a ClleT YBeJIHlleHHSI MaCCOBbiX (HHepD.HOHHblX) CHJI, qTO
06eCneqHBaeT B03paCTaHHe QHCJIa Re. KpOMe Toro, TBep.ll.blH HanOJI-
HHTeJIb B RRIM-KoMn03HD.HSlX .lI.eHcTByeT KaK «MexaHHQeCKHH CTa-
6HJIH3aTOp», npenSlTCTBYIOIUHH paCCJIaHBaHHIO >KH.lI.KHX KOMnOHeH-
TOB ypeTaHoBOH CHCTeMbi Ha HatJaJIbHblX CTa.ll.HSlX CMeUleHHSI H <Pop-
MOBaHHSI, T. e. .lI.0 Tex nop, nOKa BSl3KOCTb peaKD.HOHHOH MaCCbI
B pe3YJIbTaTe CTpYKTypHpOBaHHSI He .lI.0CTHrHeT 3HatJeHHH, .lI.0CTaTOtJ-
HbiX .lI.JISI npe.ll.OTBpaIUeHHSI paCCJIaHBaHHSI nOJIYtJeHHOH 9MYJIbCHH
[125]. n03TOMY, HecMoTpSl Ha 60JIee BbiCOKYIO BSl3KOCTb B COCTOSl-
HHH nOKOSl, RRIM-KoMn03HD.HH MorYT ycneUlHo nepepa6aTbiBaTbcSI
Ha C.1J.A, BbiCOKoro .lI.aBJIeHHSI B RIM-ycTaHoBKax.
CMeCHTeJIbHo-J103HpYIOIUHe arperaTbi cOBpeMeHHblx RRIM-ycTa-
HOBOK HMelOT CJIe.ll.YIOIUHe OTJIHtJHSI OT RIM-ycTaHoBoK, YtJHTblBaIO-
IUHe cneUH<pHKY nepepa60TKH HanOJIHeHHblX CHCTeM:
J) H3-3a a6pa3HBHocTH KOMnOHeHTOB, HanOJIHeHHblX CTeKJIOBO-
JIOKHOM. H .lI.JISI npe.ll.OTBpaIUeHHSI pa3pYUleHHSI BOJIOKOH, BMeCTO 6b1-
CTpO.ll.eHcTBYIOIUHX aKCHaJIbHO-nJIYHJKepHblX H pOTOpHblX .lI.03HPYIO-
IUHX HaCOCOB npHMeHSIIOT C.1J.A C npOMeJKYTotJHblMH HaKOnHTeJISI-
MH - UH.1JHH.lI.paMH, HMelOIUHMH rH.lI.paBJIHtJecKH npHBO.ll.HMblH nJIYH-
>Kep (pHC, 3.15);
2) KOHTaKTHpYIOIUHe C nOTOKOM HanOJIHeHHOro MaTepHaJIa 9JIe-
MeHTbI .lI.03HPYIOIUHX CHCTeM, CMeCHTeJIbHblX rOJIOBOK H pacnpe.ll.eJIH-
TeJIH He06xo.ll.HMO H3rOT8BJIHBaTb H3 H3HOCOCTOHKHX MaTepHaJIOB
(THna Kap6H.lI.a BOJIb<ppaMa) HJIH nJIaKHpOBaTb;
3) .lI.JISI npe.ll.OTBpaIUeHHSI OCa>K.lI.eHHSI BOJIOKOH HanOJIHHTeJISI pac-
XO.ll.Hble eMKOCTH He06xo.ll.HMO OCHaIUaTb MeUlaJIKaMH H CHCTeMaMH
IS-
,
227
r-
I
,
I
I
t
I
PRC. 3.15. JlRTbeBaH RRIM.ycTaRoBKa TRna Rirndornat <IIRpMbI cHennecke»:
I, 3 - peD.UpKynlllluouuble TpyCSonpoBOAbI; 2, 12 - A03UPY1O Ue /lOpWUeBbie YCTpoilcTBa: a.
11 - YC11lOilcT1I8 .lUI1i KOIn'pOJlJl U COrJll8COB811'1111 CKOPOCTeiI nepeMe eHuli nopwueBbiX .11031810-
POB; 4, 10 - rUAponpuBoAbI; 5, 8 - p8CSoQUe eMKOCTU; 6. 7 - eMKOCTU Anll nOAfOTOBKB
KOMnoueuTOB: 9 - rUAPo8rperaT C 8KKYMYJlIITOpOM; 14 - CMeCUTeJlbU811 rOJlOBKa BbiCOKOfO
A8BJ1eB'llll .J
peUHpK}'JUIUHH; npH 3TOM M8TepHaJIOnpOBO.llbi .llOJI2KHbI HMeTb MH-
HHMaJIbHOe IIHCJIO nOBOpOTOB H pe3KHX CY2KeHHA;
4) CHCTeMbi peUHpKYJISlUHH UeJIeC006pa3HO OCHaw.aTb HacocaMH
C nepeMeHHOH npOH3BO.llHTeJIbHOCTbID, HCnOJIb3YSI HH3K}'ID CKOpOCTb
nO.llaliH npH peUHpKYJISlUHH, a BbiCOKYID -.!VISI SanOJlHeHHSI UUJIUH-
.llpOB-HaKOnHTeJIeU;
5) BO H36e2KaHHe H3JlHUlHHX nOTepb .llaBJIeHHSI TPy60npOBO.llbi
JIHHHH peUHpKYJISlUHH .llOJI2KHbI 6b1Tb no B03M02KHOCTH KOpOTKHMH
H HMeTb 60JIbUlHU .llHaMerp, lIeM B RIM-ycTaHoBKax;
6) BO H36e2KaHHe 3aK}'nopKH CTeKJIOBOJIOKHOM CMeCHTeJIbHblX
rOJIOBOK HX conJIa .llOJl2KHbI HMeTb .llHaMeTp He MeHee 2 MM, a CMf-
CHTeJIbH3S1 KaMepa - cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbUlOA 06'beM ( 3 CM 3 );
7) C,U.A .llOJI2KHbI 06ecnellHTb B03M02KHOCTb BBe.lleHHSI HanOJIHH-
228
Tenfl B 06a KOMnOHeHTa ypeTaHoBOH KOMn03HUHH, 'ITO n03BOnfleT
YMeHbWHTb pa3nH'IHe Bfl3KOCTH nOTOKOB, nO.l1aBaeMbiX B ronOBK}',
H 3a C'IeT 9TOrO nOBblCHTb Ka'lecTBo CMeWeHHfl.
,l{nfl KOJIH'IeCTBeBBoro aHaJIH3a CMeWeHHfl R,RIM-KoMn03HUHH
B rOJIOBKaX BbiCOKOrO ,l1aBJIeHHfl H paC'IeTa pa3Mepa HH1KeKUHOHHbIX
conen MOrYT 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30BaHbI 3aBHCHMOCTH. npe.l1J101KeHHble
B pa3.l1. 1.5 H 1.6.
8 HaCTOflIUee BpeMfl CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHBble RRIM-YCTaHoBKH BbI-
nycKalOTcfl HpMaMH «Krauss Maffei:., «Elastogran:., «Hennecke:.,
«Battenfeld:. (<I>Pf) , «Cannon:. (CiliA) H .l1p. 3TH HpMbI no-
CTaBJIfllOT TaIOKe .lI.0nOJIHHTenbHYIO OCBaCTK}'. npe.l1Ha3Ba'leHHYIO .l1JIfl
nepe060PY.lI.OBaHHfl CMeCHTenbHO-.l103HPYlOlI1HX arperaTOB RIM-YCTa-
HOBOK .lI.JIfl nepepa60TKH HanOJIHeHHblX nonHyperaHOB.
Ha pHC. 3.15 npe.ll.CTaBJIeHa cxeMa RRIM-ycTaHoBKH HpMbI
«Hennecke:., Koropafl COCTOHT H3 9JIeKTpOHHoro 3a.l1aT'IHKa (peuen-
Typbl, MaCCOBoro COOTHoweHHfl nOTOKOB, CKOpOCTH B 06'beMa
BnpblcKa), .lI.03HPYIOll.tHX UHJIHH.lI.pOB C YCTpoiicTBaMH KOHTpOJIfl
XO.ll.a, CHCTeMbI peUHpKYJIflUHH, cMecHTeJIbHOH ronOBKH H .lI.pyrHx
9JIeMeBTOB. B npHBO.l1e arperaToB HCnOJIb3YlOTCfl rH.lI.pOaKKYMYJIflTO-
Pbl, n03BOJIfllOlI1He CHH3HTb nYJIbCaUHH .l1aBJIeHHfl H MOll1HOCTb
9JIeKTpO.ll.BHraTeJIeH HaCOCOB no cpaBHeHHIO C arperaTaMH 6e3 aK-
KYMY JI flTOpOB.
.lI.03HPYlOlI(e-CMeCHTeJlbHble arperaTbi YCTaHoBoK AJISI peaKQHOH-
Horo clJopMoBaHHSI YOC. OCHOBHblMH 9JIeMeHTaMH .lI.03HpYIOll.te-CMe-
CHTeJIbHOrO arperaTa .lI.JIfl H3rOTOBJIeHHfl YOC flBJISIIOTCfl .lI.03aTOpbl
cblnY'lHx KOMnOHeHTOB, .lI.03aTOpbl 1KH.l1KHX KOMnOHeHTOB, CMeCH-
TeJIbHOe 060pY.ll.OBaHHe H .lI.era3HpYIOll.tHe CHCTeMbI.
OCHOBHOH cblnY'lHH KOMnOHeHT YOC - TeXHH'IeCKHH yrJIepo.ll.-
06JIa.l1aeT BbiCOKOH npOHHKalOll.teH cnoc06HoCTblO, HH3KOH HaCbln-
Hoil nJIOTHOCTblO H CKJIOHHOCTblO K 3aBHcaHHIO H cBo.ll.o06pa30Ba-
HHIO. n09TOMY .lI.JIH npe.l10TBpall1eHHfl 3anblJIeHHOCTH npOH3BO.ll.CT-
BeHHblX nOMell1eHHii Tpe6yeTcfl repMeTH3aUHfl CHCTeMbi .lI.03HpOBa-
HHH TeXHH'IeCKOrO yrnepO.ll.a, a .lI.JIH 06eCne'leHHfl ero paBHOMepHoii
nO.ll.a'lH He06xo.ll.HMO npHMeHHTb n06Y.ll.HTeJIH H HHTeHCH HKaTopbl
nOTOKa.
..QJIfl npeUH3HOHHblX npoueCCOB B CMeCHTeJIflX HenpepblBHoro
.l1eHCTBHfl HCnOJIb3YIOT aBTOMaTHQeCKHe HenpepbIBHble .lI.03aTopbl
C norpeWHOCTbIO .l103HpOBaHHfl 0,5-4,0% npH npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHOCTH
0,5-2500 Kr/'l H 60JIee [315, c. 60]. npHHUHn pa60TbI 9THX .lI.03a-
TOpOB OCHOBaH Ha HenpepblBHoM conOCTaBJIeHHH MaCCbI MaTepHaJIa,
HaXO.ll.flll.terOCfl Ha JIeHTOQHOM TpaHcnopTepe, C 3a.ll.aHHOii MaccoA
HaBeCKH H aBTOMaTH'IeCKOH KoppeKTHpoBKe CKOpOCTH TpaHcnopTepa
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTK.IIOHeHHH YKa3aHHbIX Macc. ECJIH K TO'lHOCTB
.l103HpOBaHHfl He npe.ll.'bflBJIfllOTCfl CTporHe Tpe60BaHHfl, TO B Ka'leCT-
Be .l103aTOpa HenpepbIBHoro .l1eiiCTBHfl MorYT 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30BaHbI
'1epBfl'lHble nHTaTeJIH, HMelOll.tHe nJIaBHO perYJIHpyeMblH npHBO.l1
Bpall.teHHfl 'IepBflKa .lI.JIfl HaCTpoiiKH .lI.03aTOpa Ha Tpe6yeMYlO npOH3-
BO.l1HTeJIbHOCTb nO.ll.a'lH.
229
LlnH nOpUHOHHOrO A03HpOBaHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrnepoAa H APY-
rHX cblnyqHX KOMnOHeHTOB MO>KHO HCnOnb30BaTb OOOpYAOBaHHe,
OpHMeHHeMOe B COBpeMeHHblX nOArOTOBHTeJIbHblX uexax WHHHblX
H pe3HHOTeXHHqeCKHX npeAnpHHTHA: aBTOMaTH1JecKHe nOpUHOHHble
BeCOBbie A03aTOpbl nOTOqHO-aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHblX JlHHHA (nAJI)
H3rOTOBJIeHHH pe3HHOBbiX cMeceA HnH aBTOMaTH1JeCKHe BeCbI yqaCT-
Ka ueHTpanH30BaHHOH pa3BecKH [129; c. 184].
JIJlH HenpepblBHoro H nopuHoHHoro A03HpoBaHHH >KH.nKHX KOMno-
HeHTOB B CMeCHTeJlbHOM ooopy.noBaHHH npH H3rOTOBneHHH YOC
MorYT Hcnonb30BaTbCH A03aTopbl, onHcaHHbIe B pa3.n. 1.6. npH He-
npepblBHoM .n03HpOBaHHH KOMnOHeHTOB .nnH ooeCneqeHHSI 3a.naHHoro
peuenTYPoH MaCCOBoro COOTHOUleHHH nOTOKOB .nnH npHBo.na Ka1K.no-
ro Hacoca HcnoJlb3YIDT HH.nHBH.nyaJlbHble 9J1eKTpo.nBHraTenH C pe-
rynHpyeMoH qaCTOTOH BpaweHHH JlHOO Bce .n03HpYIDWHe HaCOCbI
OCHawaIDT OOWHM perynHpyeMbiM npHBo.noM C uenHoH HJlH syoqa-
TOH nepe.naqeH. LlnH HacTpoHKH CHCTeMbi Ha sa.naHHoe COOTHOUleHHe
nOTOKOB .nOSHpYIDwe-CMeCHTenbHbIe arperaTbi KOMnneKTYIDTcH Ha-
60pOM CMeHHbIX 3Bes.nOqeK C paSnH1JHblM qRCnOM 3y6uOB.
XapaKTepHcTHKH HeKoTopblX CMeCHTeneA HenpepblBHoro .neHcT-
BHH, HCnOJlb3yeMbix AJiH HsrOTOBneHHH YOC, npHBe.neHbI B TaOJl. 3.1.
3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHble HCCJle.nOBaHHH, npoBe.neHHble Ha o.nHOqep-
BSlqHblX MaUlHHax (oes cneUHanbHbIX CMeCHTenbHblX 9neMeHToB)
C AHaMeTpOM qepBHKa 25-90 MM C O.nHO- H .nByxsaxo.nHoH Hapes-
KOH npH CTeneHH C1KaTHH 1-3 H LID OT 5 .no 25, nOKasanH, qTO
npH o.nHoKpaTHoM nponycKe CMeCH onHrooYTa.nHeH.nHona C 40-
100 Mac. q. TeXHHqeCKOrO yrnepo.na n245 He .nOCTHraeTCH y.nOBJleT-
BOpHTeJlbHOrO ypOBHH .nHcneprHpOBaHHH H pacnpe.neJleHHSI HanOJl-
HHTeJlSl. B nOJlyqeHHblX CMeCHX BHsyaJlbHo HaOJlID.naIDTCSI AOBOJlbHO
KpynHbIe BKJlIDqeHHH HenpOMeUleHHoro MaTepHaJla, qTO, BHARMO,
CBHsaHO C oopasOBaHHeM B BHHTOBOM KaHaJle UHPKYJlSlUHOHHoro
cnHpaJleo6paSHoro nOTOKa YOC BOKpyr cKBasHTBep.noro cep.neq-
HHKa:. (r.ne 't<'tm H MaTepHaJi He nepeMeUlHBaeTCH). LlJlH paspy-
weHHH «KBa3HTBepAoro CepAeqHHKa» Heo6xOAHMO B qepBSlqHOA
MaUlHHe npe.nYCMOTpeTb TYPoYJlH3aTopbl nOTOKa B BH.ne CneUHaJlb-
HbiX CMeCHTenbHblX 9J1eMeHTOB.
B HaCTOHwee BpeMH B TeXHOJlOrHH nOJlHMepOB UlHpOKO HCnOJlb-
3YIDTCH MaUlHHbI co CneUHaJlbHbIMH 30HaMH CMeUleHHH - CMeCH-
TeJlbHble 9KcTpy.nepbl C paSJlHqHblMH THnaMH HapesKH B 30Hax CMe-
weHHH: THna «TpaHc epMHKC», EVK, «MaHJlJle epa», UlTH TOBoro
THna, OCUHJlJlHPYIDWHA qepBHK C npepbIBHCTOH HapesKOH H CMeCH-
TenbHblMH 9J1eMeHTaMH ( HpMbI «Buss:., lllBeHuapHH) H .np. [313,
c. 12].
qepBHqHaH MaUlHHa THna «TpaHc epMHKc» npH oAHoKpaTHoM
nponycKe OJlHrOMepa «<I>JlOCoeH» MV C 50 Mac. 1J. TeXHHqeCKOrO yr-
JlepOAa HAF nOSBOJIHeT AOCTHraTb CTeneHb .nHcneprHpOBaHHH Ha-
nOJlHHTeJIH < 10% n f H cpe.nHeKBa.npaTH1JHOM .nHaMeTpe arJlOMepa-
TOB >200 MKM [317 . 3 eKTHBHoCTb nepeMeUlHBaHHSI, .nOCTHrae-
MaH B HapeSKax THna EVK H «MaHJlJle epa:., KaK npaBHJlO, He
BbiUle, qeM B HapeSKe THna «TpaHc epMHKc».
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JIY1lUIHe pe3YJIbTaTbi no KatJecTBY CMeweHHSI AOCTHralOTCR Ha
WTH TOBOM 9KCTPYAepe, r.ll.e peaJIH3yeTcSI npHHUHn MHorOKpaTHoro
paCtJJIeHeHHSI H nepeMeWHBaHHH nOTOKa MaTepBaJIa B KaHaJIe tJep-
BSiKa 3a CtJeT WTH TOB, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX B 30He OKPY>KHblX npope-
3eii BHHTOBOH Hape3KH, TaK KaK npH 3TOM 9 eKTHBHO pa3pywaeT-
CSI KBa3HTBepAbiA cnHpaJIe06pa3HblH cepAetJHHK (30Ha or<orm)
H peaJIH3YIOTCSI JIYlfWHe YCJIOBHSI TenJIOOT60pa (HH>Ke TeMnepaTypa
CMecH H Bblwe YPOBeHb or). C YBeJIHtJeHHeM KOHueHTpaUHH HanOJI-
HHTeJISI BCJIe.ll.CTBHe nOBblweHHSI BSl3KOCTH YCJIOBHSI .lI.JISI AHcneprH-
pOBaHHSI YJIYtJWa IOTCSI.
Xopoweii nepeMeWHBalOlUeii H .lI.HCneprHpYIOUJ.eii cnoc06HOCTbIO
xapaKTepHSYIOTCSI OCUHJIJIHpYIOUJ.He CMeCHTeJIH, B KOTOpblX oceBoe
B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHOe nepeMeLUeHHe lfepBSlKa COlfeTaeTCSI C ero
BpaLUa'IeJIbHbIM .lI.BH1KeHHeM [115, c. 153]. BHHToBaSi Hape3Ka Ifep-
BSiKa npepblBaeTcSI na3aMH TaKHM 06pa30M, tJTO Ha O.ll.HOM nOJIHOM
BHTKe 06pa3YIOTcSI TPH BHHTOBbie JIOnaCTH. B na3bI Me>K.ll.Y JIOnaCTSI-
MH BXO.ll.SlT MeCHTeJIbHbIe 3y6bSl, >KeCTKO SaKpenJIeHHble B Kopnyce.
npH BpalUeHHH B cotJeTaHHH C B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJJbHblM nepe-
MelUeHHeM tJepBSlK TpaHcnopTHpYeT MaTepHaJI HaBcTpetJY MeCH-
TeJIbHblM BblcTynaM KaK B npSlMoM, TaK H B 06paTHoM HanpaBJIe-
HHSlX, npH 9TOM npOHCXO.ll.SlT Me>KBHTKOBbIH Macco06MeH, HHTeHCHB-
Hoe C.lI.BHrOBOe H 06'beMHOe .lI.e OpMHpOBaHHe (c pa3pblBOM cnJIOW-
HOCTH nOTOKa) B 30He MeCHTeJIbHOrO BblcTyna. nO.ll.06HaSi KHHeMa-
THKa .lI.BH>KeHHSI B pa60lfeii 30He OCUHJIJIHpYIOUJ.ero CMeCHTeJISI
06ecnelfHBaeT pa3pyweHHe 3aCTOHHblX «KBa3HTBep.ll.blX 30H H 9 -
eKTHBHoe .lI.HCneprHpYIOLUee CMeweHHe YOC, oc06eHHO npH CO.ll.ep-
aHHU TeXHHlfeCKoro yrJIepO.ll.a 60JIee 80 Mac. q.
B [318] onHcaHa YCTaHoBKa C .lI.ByxlfepBSllfHbIM 9KcTpY.lI.epOM
AJISI U3rOTOBJIeHHSI YOC opHrHHaJIbHOii KOHCTPYKUHH, OTJIHqHTeJIb-
Hoii oc06eHHocTbIO KOTOpoii SlBJISleTCSI HaJIHqHe .lI.BYX 3arpY30lfHblX
oTBepcTHH npH o.ll.Hoii SOHe BblrpY3KH (pHC. 3.16). lJepBSlKH C pa3-
HbiX KOHUOB HMelOT npoTHBOnOJIO>KHYIO Hape3KY, lfeM AOCTHraeTCSI
nO.ll.atJa MaTepHaJIa OT .lI.BYX 3arpY30qHblX oTBepcTHH K Cepe.ll.HHe
1
2
PBC. 3.16. ,ltBYXqepBH'IHblii CMeCHTeJJb C ABYMH 30HaMB DRTaHHH BRA. 999.395:
I - qepBJlK; 2 - Kopnyc; 3 - 30Ba ByrpyaKB; 4 - pell,llpKY.IIR BOBBYIL TPylSonpoBoA; 5 - 30-
B'8 nBT8BB.
232
qepBSlKOB, r,lJ.e paCnOJIO>KeHa 30Ha BblrpY3KH. npeHMy ecTBa ,lJ.aH"
HoA MaUlHHbI no cpaBHeHHIO co C,lJ.BoeHHblMH (arperHpOBaHHbIMH)
9KCTpY,ltepaMH- HaJIHIlHe O,ltHOrO npHBO,lt8 (BMeCTO ,ltBYX) H MeHb-
wee 1JHCJJO 30H OXJIa>K,lJ.eHHSI. npOH3BO,lJ.HTeJJbHOCTb TaKoA MaUlHHbI
npH JI.BYXCTopOHHeM nHTaHHH B 1,5-2,0 pa3a 60JIbUle, lIeM npH O,lt-
HOCTopoHHeM nHTaHHH. O,ltHaKO KalleCTBO ,lJ.HCneprHPYIOwero CMe-
weHHSI Ha ,ltBYX1JepBSlIIHblX 9KcTpY,lJ.epax TaKOBO, 1JTO HX HCnOJIb3YIOT
TMbKO npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH cMeceA JJ.JJSI H3,lteJJHA, K H3HKo-MexaHH-
qeCKHM cBoAcTBaM KOTOpblX He npeJI.'bSlBJISleTCSI BbiCOKHX Tpe60-
BaHHA.
HeBblCOKoe KaqeCTBO JI.HCneprHpYlOwero CMeUleHHSI (oco6eHHO
npH COJI.ep>KaHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO,lta MeHee 60-65 Mac. 1J.)
06YCJIOBJIeHO He TOJIbKO HH3KHM YPOBHeM 't, 06eCneqHBalOWHM
npOTeKaHHe JI.HCneprHpOBaHHSI JIHWb no cxeMe 6 (CM. pHC. 3.14) H
Tpe6YIOWHM JI.OCTaTOqHO 60JIbWoA JI.e OpMaUHH CJI.BHra r JI.JISI
pa3pyweHHSI arJIOMepaToB TeXHH1JeCKOrO yrJIepoJI.a, HO H HaJIH1JHeM
B KJIHHo06pa3HoA 30He Me>KJI.Y qepBSlKaMH KBa3HTBepJI.OH 06JIaCTH,
npaKTHqeCKH He yqacTBYlOweA B Macco06MeHe C npHJIeralOU1HMH
CJIOSlMH, a JIHUlb npUHYJI.HTeJIbHO TpaHcnopTHpYlOweHCSI. n03TOMY
npH MHorOKpaTHOM nponYCKe CMeCH 1Jepe3 9KCTpYJI.ep B peUHpKY-
JISlUHOHHOM pe1KHMe, KOr,lJ.a peaJIH3yeTcSI JI.OCTaT01JHO OOJIbUlOH ypo-
BeHb JI.e OpMaUHH CJI.BHra H paCtJJIeHSleTCSI MaTepHaJI, npOXOJI.SlU1HA
tJepe3 30HY CTep>KHeBOrO Te1JeHHSI, MO>KHO JI.06HTbCSI xopoUlero Ka-
tJeCTBa CMeUleHHSI.
..QBYXqepBSl1JHblH 9KCTpYJI.ep C B3aHM03auenJISlIOU1HMHCSI tJepBSlKa-
MH HMeeT Hape3KY Ka>KJI.OrO BHTKa, aHaJIOrHtJHYIO Hape3Ke pOTOpOB
CMeCHTeJISI THna cl1HTepMHKc [312, c. 163]. CMeCHTeJIbHO-.l1HCnep-
rnpYIOU1HH 9 eKT 3.l1eCb Bblwe, tJeM Y JI.BYXl!epBSl1JHOrO CMeCHTeJIS!
C npocTon BHHTOBOA Hape3KoH. KpoMe Toro, B3aHM03auenJISlIOU1He-
CSI llepBSlKH JIYllwe 3aXBaTbiBalOT H TpaHcnopTHpylOT CMeCb. OJI.HaKO
3a OJI.HH npoxoJI. B JI.aHHOM CMeCHTeJIe He YJI.aeTCSI nOJIY1JHTb CMeCb
C JI.OCTaTOtJHO BbiCOKHM KatJeCTBOM JI.HCneprHpYIOU1ero CMeUleHHH
JI.a1Ke npH JI.OCTaTOqHO 60JIbWOH KOHueHTpaUHH YOC.
AHaJIH3 paOOTbi Bcex onHcaHHblX BbIUle THnOB CMeCHTeJIeH He-
npepblBHoro JI.eHCTBHSI DOKa3bIBaeT, 1JTO C nOBbiUleHHeM KOHueHTpa-
unH TeXHH1JeCKOrO yrJIepOJI.a YJIyqUlalOTCSI YCJIOBHSI ,lJ.JISI JI.HCneprH-
pYIOU1ero CMeUleHHSI. O,lJ.HaKO qeM BbIUle KOHueHTpaUHSI YOC Ha
9Tane JI.HCneprnpYIOU1ero CMeUleHHSI, TeM TeXHOJlOrHtJeCKH CJI01KHee
OCYWeCTBHTb HX nocJIe,ltYlOwee pa36aBJIeHHe ,lt0 Tpe6yeMoH, 60JIee
HH3KoA KOHueHTpaUHH, TaK KaK npH 9TOM YBeJIH1JHBaeTCSI nepena,lJ.
I!Sl3KOCTH Me1KJI.Y CJIOSlMH MaTOqHOA YOC H OJIHrOMepOM H COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO YXYJI.UlaIOTCSI YCJIOBHSI pacnpeJI.eJIeHHSI KOHueHTpHpOBaHHOH
CMeCH B OJIHrOMepHOH MaTpHue. B npouecce pa36aBJIeHHSI TpY,ltHO
H36aBHTbCSI OT BKJIlOqeHHH H JI.OMeHOB C nOBbiUleHHoA KOHueHTpa-
u.HeH HanOJIHHTeJISI. n09TOMY npH OTpa6OTKe ,ltBYXCTaJI.HHHOH Tex-
HOJIOrHH H3rOTOBJIeHHSI YOC Ha OCUHJIJIHpYIOU1eM, UlTblpbeBOM.
,ltBYX1JepBSl1JHOM HJIH HHOM THne 060PY,ltOBaHHSI He06xoJI.HMO 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJIbHblM nYTeM HJIH Ha OCHOBaHHH peOJIOrHqeCKHX HCCJIe,ltO-
BaHHA B cOtJeTaHHH C MaTeMaTH1JeCKHM MO,lJ.eJIHpOBaHHeM npou.ecca
-
233
CMeweHHSI Onpe.l1eJIHTb' OnTHMaJIbHYIO KOHueHTpaUHIO HanOJIHHTeJISI
B MaTOIlHOH CMeCH, COOTBeTCTBYIOUJ.YIO TaKOMY «KOMnpOMHCCHOMY
3Ha1leHHIO BSl3KOCTH, npH KOTOpOM Ha nepBOH CTa.l1HH (H3rOTOBJIe-
HHe MaTOIlHblX cMeceA) Y.l1aeTCSI peaJIH30BaTb T>'fKp, a Ha BTO-
poA- HMeTb nepena.l1 BSl3KOCTH He Bblwe 3HalleHHSI, 06ecnellHBalO-
UJ.ero KalleCTBeHHoe nepeMeWHBaHHe MaTOIlHOH CMeCH C OJIHrOMe-
POM, CTPYKTypHPYIOUJ.HM areHTOM H .l1PyrHMH KOMnOHeHTaMH. Oge-
BH.l1HO, liTO HaHJJYIlWHe pe3YJIbTaTbi .l10CTHraIOTCSI npH HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH TaKoro THna 060pY.l10BaHHSI, KOTOpblH Ha nepBOH CTa.l1HH
CMeweHHSI 06eCne1lHBaeT Tpe6yeMYIO CTeneHb .l1HCneprHpOBaHHSI Tex-
HHlleCKoro yrJIepO.l1a npH HaHMeHbweH ero KOHueHTpaUHH, a Ha BTO-
poA - KalleCTBeHHoe pacnpe.l1eJIeHHe B OJIHrOMepHoA MaTpHue Ma-
TOIlHOA CMeCH MaKCHMaJIbHOH KOHueHTpaUHH. 113 paCCMOTpeHHblX
THnOB CMeCHTeJIbHOrO 060pY.l10BaHHSI C 9THX n03HUHH HaH60JIee
3cpcpeKTHBHblM THnOM SlBJISleTCSI 9KCTPY.l1ep C OCUHJIJIHPYIOUJ.HM Ilep-
BSiKOM.
..QBYXCTa.l1HHHOe CMeweHHe MO>KHO ocyweCTBJISlTb KaK B .l1BYX
OT.l1eJIbHO CTOSlUJ.HX HJIH arperupoBaHHblX llepBSlIlHblX MawHHax, TaK
H B O.l1HOM CMeCHTeJIe HenpepblBHoro .l1eHCTBHSI, OCHaUJ.eHHOM .l1BYX-
CTa.l1HHHblM (.!1BYX30HHblM) llepBSlKOM.
C ueJIbIO nOBblweHHSI CMeCHTeJIbHO-.l1HCneprHpYIOUJ.eH cnoc06HO-
CTH CMeCHTeJIeA HenpepblBHoro .!1eHCTBHSI Ha BblXO.!1e H3 HHX YCTa-
HaBJIHBalOT CneUHaJIbHble npHcnoc06JIeHHSI- .!1HCneprHpylOWYIO OC-
HaCTKY. B KalleCTBe .!1HcneprupYIOUJ.eA OCHaCTKH 6b1JIH onp060BaHbI
BH6paUHOHHble HH3KOllaCTOTHbie H YJIbTpa3BYKOBble rOJIOBKH pa3-
JIHIlHOH KOHCTPYKUHH (pHC. 3.17), .l1HCKOBbie Haca.!1KH K llepBSlIlHblM
MaWHHaM (pHC. 3.18 H 3.19) H pOJIHKOBaSi HaCa.!1Ka (pHC. 3.21)
(Ta6JI. 3.2).
HH3KollacToTHble BH6paUHoHHble rOJIOBKH MorYT 6b1Tb yrJIOBOrO
(CM. pHC. 3.17,6) HJIH npSlMoTollHoro (pHC, 3.17, a) THnOB. B yr-
JIOBOH rOJIOBKe CMeCb, nocTynalOUJ.aSl H3 llepBSlIlHoA MaWHHbI, no-
.!1aeTCSI B Y3KHH KOJIbueBOH KaHaJI, OCb KOToporo pacnOJI01KeHa no.l1
onpe.!1eJIeHHblM yrJIOM (HanpHMep, 90°) KOCH llepBSlKa. BH6paUH-
OHHble 'HMnYJIbCbI co06UJ.aIOTCSI YOC .l10pHOM, COBepwalOUJ.HM KPY-
rOBble KOJIe6aHHSI C llaCTOTOH 5-20 ru H aMnJIHTY.!10H .110 10 MM.
B npSlMOTOIlHoA rOJIOBKe, OCb KOTOpOH napaJIJIeJIbHa OCH llepBSlKa,
BH6pHPYIOUJ.HM 9JIeMeHTOM M01KeT CJIY>KHTb BHeWHSISI BTYJIKa 2,
cOBepwalOUJ.aSl KpyroBbie KOJIe6aHHSI (CM. pHC. 3.17,a).
KaK BH.!1HO H3 Ta6JI. 3.2, npH 06pa60TKe B HH3KOllaCTOTHbiX
BH6pauHoHHblX rOJIOBKaX B TelleHHH 5-9 C B YOC C CO.!1ep>KaHH-
eM TeXHHlleCKoro yr JIepo.l1a 40-80 Mac. II. .l10CTHraeTCSI CTeneHb
.!1HCneprHpoBaHHSI 95-98 % npH .!1HaMeTpe ar JIOMepaToB He.!1HCnep-
rHpoBaHHoro HanOJIHHTeJISI 8-12 MKM, liTO COOTBeTcTByeT CTPYK-
TypHO-.!1HCnepCHbiM napaMeTpaM B CMecSiX OTJIHIlHOro KalleCTBa.
O.l1HOBpeMeHHO npH BH6pOB03.l1eHCTBHH .110 3,0-3,5 pa3 CHH1KaeTCSI
nepena.l1 .l1aBJIeHHSI B KOJIbueBOM 3a30pe rOJIOBKH H nOBblwaeTCSI
CKOpOCTb TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHSI.
BbiCOKHe KaCaTeJIbHble HanpSl>KeHHSI, He06xo.!1HMble .!1JISI HHTeH-
CHBHoro .!1HCneprHpoBaHHSI TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo.!1a, M01KHO C03.!1aTb
234
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a
PRC. 3.17. npRIIOTO'lHaR (a) R yrJloBaH (6) BR(ipallRoRHble ronoBKH:
I - COMO: Z - BH6pHPYJO 8R BTynKa: 3 - nepe,A8TOQHblA MexaHH311: 4 - II.UHHAP QepBRQHoA
lIawHHbI: 5 - "aHa"",, oxnaJK,AeHHR; 6 - BHCSpHpYlOlQ.HA AOpH
B Y3KOIUeJleBOM 3830pe (0,5-2,0 MM) C O.llHOH Bp8IU81OIUeHcH no-
BepxHocTblO, KOr.ll8 TOJlIUHH8 nOTOK8 .lIecpopMHpyeMoro M8TepH8J18
conOCT8BHM8 C TOJlIUHHOH npHcTeHHoro CJlOH, B KOTOpOM npOHC-
XO.llHT TeMnepaTYPHhlH CK8QOK, H pe8J1H3YIOTCH 6J18rOnpHHTHhie YC-
JlOBHH .lIJiH TenJlOOTBO.ll8. Bp8IU81OIUHHCH 3J1eMeHT (.lIHCK) MO>KeT
npHBO.llRTbCH B .lIBH>KeHHe OT QepBHK8 cMecHTeJlbHOrO 3KcTpY.llep8,
6Y.llYQH C HHM >KeCTKO CBH38HHhlM H HBJlHHCb ero npO.llOJl>KeHHeM
(CM. pHC. 3.18-3.19), J1H60 OT OT.lIeJlbHOrO npHBO.ll8, K8K B .lIHC-
CHn8THBHYX rOJlOBK8X, npe.llCT8BJleHHhlX H8 pRC. 3.17. P860QHe
nOBepxHocTH .lIHCK8 MorYT HMeTb O.llHy (CM. pHC. 3.19) HJlH .lIBe
,(CM. pHC. 3.18) p860QHe nOBepXHOCTH, 8 T8K>Ke BKJlI01l8Tb yqaCTKR
236
l(HJlHH.lIpHlleCKoA, KOHHllecKOA, npH3MaTHileCKOA H HHOA KOH4>Hry-
paUHH.
KaK nOKa3aHO B [326-328], H3 npe.llCTaBJleHHblX Ha pac. 3.18,
3.19 THnOB .lIHcneprHpYIOUlHX HaCa.llOK HaH60Jlee 34>4>eKTHBHblM
HBJlSleTCSI BapHaHT, nOKa3aHHblA Ha pHC. 3.19, KOTOpblA xapaKTe-
pH3yeTcSI HaH60Jlee pa3BHToA .lIBYXCTopoHHeA pa60lleA nOBepx-
HOCTblO. npH O.llHOKpaTHoM nponycKaHHH lIepe3 lIepBSlIIHblA 3KCTPy-
.lIep C nO.ll06HOA .lIHCKOBOA HaCa.llKOA YOC C CO.llep2KaHHeM TeXHH-
qeCKOrO yrJlepo.lla 40-80 Mac. II. M02KHO nOJlYIIHTb CMecH xopowe-
fO HJlH OTJlHIlHOrO KalleCTBa.
HCCJle.llOBaTeJlbcKoA accoUHaUHeA pe3HHoBoA H nJiacTMaccoBoA
npOMblWJleHHOCTH BeJlHK06pHTaHHH (RAPRA) C03.l1aHbI CMeCHTeJlH
HenpepblBHoro .lIeACTBHSI .lIJ1S1 YOC, B KOTOpblX B KallecTBe .lIHcnep-
fHpYI01IJ.eA OCHaCTKH HcnoJlb3ylOT Ha60pbl pOJlHKOBblX nO.llWHnHH-
I\OB pa3J1HIIHblX MO.llH4>HKaUHA (KoHHQeCKHe, HrOJlbllaTble, UHJlHH.lI-
pHllecKHe H .lip.) r302, c. 159; 329]. npH npOXo2K.lIeHHH lIepe3 no.ll-
WHnHHK OJlHrOMepHaSi CMeCb npHJlHnaeT K TeJlY KalleHHSI HJlH 060A-
Me H B pe3YJlbT8Te «BaJiKOBoro» 34>4>eKTa 3aTSlrHBaeTCSI B cepno-
BH.lIHblA 3a30p Me2K.lIY HHMH. MHHHMaJlbHaSi BeJlHIIHHa pa.llHaJlbHO-
fO 3a30pa Me2K.lIY 060HMOH H pOJlHKOM COH3MepHMa c pa3MepaMH
arperaTOB TeXHHlleCKoro yrJlepO.lla, n03TOMY npH npOX01K.lIeHHH
CMeCH lIepe3 3TOT 3a30p npOHCXO.llHT HHTeHCHBHoe .lIHCneprHpOBa-
HHe lIaCTHU HanOJlHHTe.'1S1 3a ClleT COcpe.llOTOlleHHblX C2KHMalO1IJ.HX
)'CHJlHH.
O.llHH H3 KOHCTpyKTHBHblX BapHaHTOB lIepBSlIlHoro CMeCHTeJlSl C
pOJlHKOBOH .lIHCneprHpYI01IJ.eH HaCa.llKOH npe.llCTaBJleH Ha pHC. 3.20.
.n.HcnepfapYJ01IJ.aSl HaCa.llKa pOJlHKOBOro THna o6ecnellHBaeT .lI0-
CTaTOIiHO TOHKoe .lIHcneprHpoBaHHe TeXHHlleCKoro yrJlepo.lla B CMe-
CSiX C ero cO.llep2KaHHeM 40-50 Mac. II. npH npOH3BO.llHTeJlbHOCTH
15-25 KrIll.
to 9 11
PRC. 3.18. KORCTpyKTRBHaH cxeMa '1epBH'IRo-ARcKoBoro CMecUTeJlH C aKTuBupoBaH-
HoA AHcneprHPYlOllleA 30HOA HHA. 982.001:
J - MyHAWTYK; 2 - npopeaH B nepH4»ePBAHoA UCTH AHCKa: 3 - AHCK; 4 - nepeAHH' paCSO'lHA
sa30p; S - S8AKBII pa60QHA S8Sop; 6 - qepBIIK; 1- 38rpysOQH8R DOpo_a; 8 - Kopnyc; 9,
JO - KaHanbi JUIII nepe-reK8HH. lIuepHua; JJ - K8HUiot oJUla*AeltllJl
231
9
10
11
PHC. 3.19. qepBH'IHo-AHCKOBOA 3cTpYAep 3J1.22/320 HHA. 515.530 C BH6ponpH-
CTaBKoA:
1 - 3arpy qHaJi BopOHKa; 2 - qepBJlK; 3 - Kopnyc; 4 - HenOABIIJKH,blll AHCK; 5 - KaHan",
OXnaJKAeHHJI; 6 - BpalUalOlUHllcJI AHCK; 7 - nliKa. 8 - Kopnyc BH6ponpHcTaBKH; 9 - conno;
10 - BH6ponopweHb; 1/- ynnOTHeHHe; 12, 14 - BTynKH; 13 - HanpaBJIJllOlUaJl; /5 - nnHT8;
/6 - KaHan
B YJlbTpa3BYKOBbiX rOJlOBKaX [147, c. 64; 325], pa60TalOlUHX
06b1qHO B pe30HaHCHOM pe:H<HMe, AJlHHa BOJlHbI B BH6pHPYIOlUeM
3J1eMeHTe (BTYJlKe) COH3MepHMa C ero IIpOAOJlbHblM pa3MepOM, IIpH
3TOM 30Ha AHCIIeprHpOBaHHH AOJl:H<Ha paCIIOJlar8TbCH B 06J1aCTH
IIyqHOCTH CTOHqeH BOJlHbI (T. e. B 06J1aCTH MaKCHMaJlbHblX aMIIJlH.
TYA cM eHHH), a KpeIlJleHHe rOJlOBKH K KOPIlYCY CMeCHTeJlH
AOJl:H<HO ocYlUeCTBJlHTbCH B Y3J1e CTOHqeH BOJlHbI, rAe AecpopMau.HH
OTCYTCTByeT. B npou.ecce IIpOxO:H<AeHHH YOC Qepe3 pa60QHH
3a30p IIpOHCXOAHT BH6poAHcIIeprHpoBaHHe arJlOMepaToB TeXHHQeC-
Koro YrJJepoAa 3a CQeT IIepHOAHQeCKHX CABHrOBbiX H C>KHMalO.
238
JUHX YCHJlHA, OAHaKO 3ct>ct>eKTHBHOCTb YJlbTpa3B}'KOBOrO AHCneprH-
pOBaHHH HeCKOJlbKO HH>Ke, qeM HH3KOqaCTOTHOrO.
,lJ.JlH H3rOTOBJleHHH YOC HCnOJlb3YIOT TaJOKe cMecHTeJlH nepH-
OAHqeCKOrO AeAcTBHH: BaJiKOBble, JlOnaCTHble, pOTOpHble HAp.
BaJlbI1b1 AJiH CMeweHHH YOC MaJlOnpHrOAHbI, TaK KaK BblCOKO-
KOHI1eHTpHpOBaHHble CMeCH TpYAHO «nOCaAHTb:' Ha BaJlOK, a HH3-
KOKOHI1eHTpHpOBaHHble CMeCH, 06J1aAa1OJUHe BblCOKOA KJleAKOCTblO,
Hao6opOT, XopOWO npHJlHnalOT K 060HM BaJiKaM, a 3aTeM C TPyAOM
YAaJlHIOTCH C HHX npH C'beMe CMeCH. K BaJiKOBOMY 060PYAOBaHHIO
MO>KHO OTHeCTH TpeXBaJiKOBble KpaCKOTepKH, B KOTOpblX pa3pywe-
HHe arJlOMepaTOB HanOJlHHTeJlSl B Y3KOM Me>KBaJiKOBOM 3a30pe
ocyJUeCTBJlSleTCSI 3a CqeT cocpeAOTOqeHHblX C>KHMaIOUI,HX YCHJlHH.
Ha KpaCKOTepKe, pa60TalOlUeH B nepHOAHqeCKOM pe>KHMe, 3a
5-10 nponycKoB MO>KHO nOJlyqHTb YOC C XOPOWHM KaqeCTBOM
AHcneprHpOBaHHSI (C=96-98,5%, D=20-30 MKM). OAHaKo
KpacKoTepKa, Aa>Ke npH OCHalUeHHH ee npHcnoco6J1eHHeM AJiH
MHorOKpaTHoro B03BpaTa nepeMewHBaeMoA nOpI1HH B 3arpY30q-
Hbln 3a30p, B OTHoweHHH npoH3BOAHTeJlbHOCTH, TPYAoeM, KOCTH ca-
HHTapHo-rHrHeHHqeCKHX YCJlOBHH 06CJlY>KHBaHHH, YA06cTBa CTbI-
KOBKH C APyruM 06opYAoBaHHeM YCTynaeT CMeCHTeJlHM HenpepblB-
Horo AeHcTBHSI [302, c. 159].
JIonacTHble CMeCHTeJlH npeACTaBJISIIOT C060H YCTpoHcTBa, B KO-
TOpblX CMeweHHe OCYlUecTBJlSleTCH npH nOMOlUH AByX ropH30H-
TaJlbHO pacnOJlO>KeHHblX Z-06pa3Hblx JlOnaCTeH, BpalUalOUI,HXCSI
HaSCTpeqy Apyr Apyry C pa3J1HqHblMH CKOpOCTHMH B 3aKpblTOM
Kopnyce. KaK nOKa3aJl onblT pa60TbI Ha KJleeMeWaJlKe C Z-06pa3-
HblMH JlOnaCTHMH npH 8-1O-qacoBoM I1HKJle o6pa6OTKH B HHX
YAaeTcH nOJlyqaTb MaTOqHble CMeCH C COAep>KaHHeM TeXHHqeCKOrO
yrJlepoAa 65 Mac. q. AOCTaTOqHO BblCOKoro KaqeCTBa, a TaK>Ke OC)'-
lUeCTBJlHTb 3a 1,5-2,0 q KaqeCTBeHHoe pa36aBJleHHe MaTOqHOH
CMeCH AO 60Jlee HH3KOH KOHI1eHTpaI1HH H ee CMeweHHe C aAAYKTOM
PHC. 3.20. POJlHKOBaH HacaAKa K '1epBH'IHOA MaWHHe:
J - 3arpY30Qlf8J1 BOPOBK8; 2 - POJIBKB; 3 - Kopnyc B8C8AKB; 4 - COIIJlO; 5 - cen8p8Top; 6-
QepBIIK; 7 - KOpnyc QepBnHOll M8WBB.. -
239
'(CTpYK1'YPHPyIOII{HA areHT). npeo6JIa.llalOII{RM MeX8HR3MOM pa3py-
meHH}) arJIOMepaTOB TeXHHqeCKOro yrJIepO.lla S.lIeCh })BJI})eTC}) QT-
phiB H YHOC qaCTHU C nOBepXHOCTH (CM. pHC. 3.14,6).
fipH KOHueHTpaUHH TeXHHqeCKoro yrJIepo.lla 60JIee 75-80 Mac_
q. B KJIeeMemaJIKe He Y.llaeTC}) npOBO.llHTb .lI0CTaTOqHO npo.llOJI2KH-
TeJIhHhle UHKJIhi CMeWeHH}), TaK KaK MOIIl.HOCTb npHBO.lla n03BOJI})eT
BeCTH npouecc .lI0 Tex nop, nOKa CMeCb npe.llCTaBJI})eT C060H Chlny-
qylO Maccy, COCTO})lII.ylO H3 cpaBHHTeJIbHO HenpOqHhlX KOMKOB TeX-
HHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.ll3, CMOqeHHOrO OJIHrOMepOM, H OT.lIeJIhHhlX He-
CMOqeHHhlX rpaHYJI H nopowKoo6pa3HhlX qaCTHU. 3a BpeMSI CMe-
meHH}) B KJIeeMeWaJIKe ycneBaeT 33BepIIlHTbC}) npouecc CMaqHBa-
HH}) H ycpe.llHeHH}) CMeCH Ha MaKpoypOBHe H .lI0CTHr3eTC}) qaCTHq-
Hoe llHcnep'rHpOBaHHe arJIOMepaTOB TeXHHqeCKOro yrJIepO.ll3
(C=75-8O%, D=24-40 MKM), npH 3TOM nOJIyqaeM3}) Macca
cpaBHHTeJIhHO JIerKO BhlrpY2KaeTC}) H3 KJIeeMeWaJIKH. npH nOCJIe-
.lIyIOlII.eM p336aBJIeHHH B KJIeeMelIlaJIKe nOJIyqeHHOH BhlCOKOKOHueH-
TpHpOBaHHOH MaTOqHOH CMeCH He Y.ll3eTC}) H36aBHThC}) OT TBepllhiX
BKJIlOqeHHH YOC C nOBhllIleHHhlM CO.llep2KaHHeM HanOJIHHTeJISI.
, HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHhlMH THnaMH pOropHhlX cMecHTeJIeii
})BJI})IOTC}) CMeCHTeJIH THna «BeH6epH» H «HHTepMHKc» [312,
c. 163j. Hx 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOe onpo6oB3HHe Ha CMeC})X HH3KOii
H Cpe.llHeH KOHueHTpaUHH (.lI0 60-65 Mac. q. TeXHHqeCKOro yrJIe-
pO.ll3) nOKa3aJIO, lITO .lIJI}) .lIOCTH2KeHH}) Tpe6yeMoH CTeneHH .lIHC-
neprHpOBaHH}) He06xOllHMhI OqeHb npOllOJI>KHTeJIbHhle UHKJIhi CMe-
WeHH}), npH 3TOM Ha6JIIO.lIaeTC}) 3aJIHnaHHe H 3aBHcaHHe CMeCH B
pOTOp3X, Ha CTeHKax CMeCHTeJIbHOH KaMephi H 3aTBopax H n03TO-
MY He Y.llaeTC}) nOJIHOCThlO BhlrpY3HTh ee H3 CMeCHTeJI}) [327]. npH
COllep2KaHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepOlla 60JIee 85-90 Mac. q. MO>KHO.
HCnOJIb3Y}) KopOTKHe, 3-5-MHH}'THhie UHKJIhi o6pa6oTKH, B JI360-
p3TOpHOM CMeCHTeJIe THna «BeH6epH» .lI0CTHqb OTJIHqHOrO KaqeCT-
Ba .lIHCneprHpYlOlII.ero CMelIleHH}) npH Y.llOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOH, npaK-
THqeCKH nOJIHOH BhlrpY3Ke YOC H3 CMeCHTeJIbHOH KaMephi. O.llHa-
KO, KaK OTMeqaJIOCh Bhlwe, .lIJISI pa36aBJIeHHSI T3KHX CMeceH Tpe6y-
IOTC}) CneUHaJIhHhle TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHe npHeMhI (nOCTeneHHoe BBelle-
HHe OJIHrOMepa B HeCKOJIhKO UHKJIOB).
CMeCHTeJIhHOe YCTPOHCTBO C BpalIl.alOlII.e-OCUHJIJIHpylOIII.HM .lIHC-
KOM [330, 331] (CM. pHC. 3.21) npe.llHa3HaqeHO .lIJI}) pa36aBJIeHHSI
H ycpe.llHeHH}) MaTOqHhlX cMeceH, HX CMeWeHH}) C a.Zl.ZlYKTOM H no.ll-
rOTOBKH nopUHH BnphlCK3 peaKUHoHHOH KOMn03HUHH. Pe3YJIbTaT
3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOrO onpo60BaHH}) .lIBYX YCTPOHCTB C BpalIl.alOlII.e-
OCUHJIJIHpylOlII.HM .lIHCKOM BMeCTHMOCTblO 0,3 H 8 .lIM 3 (a TaK}f{e
.lIpyrHx CMeCHTeJIeH nepHOllHqeCKOrO .lIeHCTBH}) npHBe.lleHhI B
u6JI. 3.3. KaK BH.lIHO H3 Ta6JIHUhl, B YCTpOHCTBaX .lIaHHOrO THna
M02KHO 3a 10-20 MHH ocyw.ecTBHTb O.llHop0.l18.>e nepeMelIlHBaHHe
3anpaBKH. npH CMelIleHHH BhlCOKoKoHueHTpHpoBaHHhlx YOC Hap})-
lly C npocThiM CMeweHHeM Ha6JIIO.lIaeTC}) onpe.lleJIeHHhlH .lIHCneprH-
PyIOlI{HH 3cpcpeKT. npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH YOC Ha CTa.llHH nO.llrOTOBKH
ChlPh}) npoH3BO.llHTC}) .lIera3aUH}) 2KH.lIKHX KOMnOHeHTOB B pacxo.ll-
HhiX eMKOCT})X, OCHall{eHHhlX o6orpeBoM, MeWaJIKOH H CHcTeMoii:
240
PHC. 3.21. CXeMaTll'lecKoe H306pa:IKeHHe
cMecHTeJlH C BpalllaIOII(e,ocllHJlJlHPYIOUUlM
nep4JopHpoBaHHblM AHCKOM H 30H CMewe.
HHH B HeM (npH ABH:lKeHHH AHCKa BHH3):
/ - np06KOB8R 301ta; / / - SOHa JlaMHHapHOro
cMeweHHR; //J - SORa oaCQJleHeHRR nOTOKa;
/ V - SORa cTpyARoro nepeMeWHBaHBR
BaKYYMHpOBaHHH. .lI.onOJlHHTeJ1b-
HaH .l1era3au.HH CMeCeH OCym.eCTB-
JlHeTCH Ha CTa.l1HH HX H3rOTOBJle-
HHH, npOMe2KyTOqHOrO XpaHeHHH
HJlH npH nO.l1rOTOBKe .l103 Bnp C-
Ka C u.eJlb Y.l1aJleHHH BJiarH H
B03.l1YIIIH X BKJI qeHHH, BHeCeH-
H X B CMeCb TeXHHqeCKHM yrJlepo-
.l10M HJlH 06pa3yiOD.tHXCH B npOu.ec-
ce CMelIleHHH.
B CMeCHTeJlHX Henpep BHOrO
.l1eHCTBHH y.l1aJleHHe npO.l1YKTOB M02KeT npOH3B0.l1HTbCH, HanpHMep,
nYTeM BaKYYMHpOBaHHH CMeCH B repMeTHqHOH 33rpy30qHOH BO-
pOHKe, nepe.l1 nO.l1neH B KOTOpy CMeCb B CneUHaJlbHOH pelIleTKe
paCqJleHHeTCH Ha MH02KeCTBO CTpYH .l1J1H YBeJlHqeHHH CB06o.l1HOH
nOBepxHocTH YOC (CM. pHC. 3.22, a). .lI.era3au.H CMeCH B Henpe-
p BHOM pe2KHMe M02KHO OCYlII.eCTBJlHTb H H3 B XO.l1e H3 CMeCHTeJlb-
HOro o6oPY.l10BaHHH, HCnOJlb3YH BH6pau.HoHHY oCHacTKY, npe.l1-
CT8BJleHHy Ha pHC. 3.22,6. npH .l1BH2KeHHH BH6pHPY Ulero 3J1e-
MeHTa 2 BBepx CHH2KaeTCH .l1aBJleHHe B KaHaJle 5 H OTKp BaeTCH
BXO.l1 B .l1era3au.HoHH H KaHaJi 3, COe.l1HHeHH H C BaKYYM-H3COCOM,
H JleTyqHe BelIl.eCTBa Y.l1aJlH TcH. B npou.ecce .l1BH2KeHHH BH6pHPY-
D.tero 3J1eMeHTa BHH3 Ha onpe.l1eJleHHOH cpa3e KOJle6aHHH BXO.l1 B
.l1era3au.HoHH H KaHaJi nepeKp BaeTcH caMHM 3J1eMeHTOM 2 (qTO
HCKJI qaeT B03MO>KHOCTb nOna.l1aHHH M8TepHaJl3 B BaKYYMHY JlH-
HH ) H .l1aBJleHHe B KaH3J1e HaqHHaeT B03pacTaTb. npH 3TOM npo-
HCXO.l1HT ynJlOTHeHHe YOC H npOH3B0.l1HTCH .l10nOJlHHTeJlbHOe CHJlO-
Boe B03.l1eHCTBHe Ha MaTepHaJl, cnoco6cTBY Ulee YBeJlHqeHH
Cpe.l1HeHHTerpaJlbHOH CKOpOCTH TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHH.
B qepBHqH X CMeCHTemlX, p36oT3 UlHX B Henpep BHoM HJlH
peu.HpKYJlHU.HOHHOM pe2KHMaX, .l1era3au.HH YOC M02KeT npoH3Bo-
.l1HTbCH B Cneu.H3J1bH X 30Hax BaKyyMHpoBaHHH, r.l1e .l1J1H C03.l13HHH
6J1arOnpHHTH X YCJlOBHH .l1J1H Y.l1aJleHHH JleTyqHX MaTepHaJi pacq-
JleHHeTCH Ha TOHKHe CTPYH B .l1pOCCeJlHpY lII.eH pelIleTKe H TpaHc-
nopTHpyeTcH qepe3 BaKYYMHY KaMepy B peJKHMe HenOJIHOrO 3a-
nOJlHeHHH BHHTOBoro KaH3J13, T. e. TaK 2Ke, KaK B pe3HHonepepa-
6aT Ba D.tHX qepBHqH X MalIlHHax XOJlO.l1HOrO fiHTaHHH C BaKYYM-
OTCOCOM [313].
B 3aKp T X cMecHTeJlHX nepHO.l1HqecKoro .l1eHCTBHH .l1era3au.HH
T3K>Ke M02KeT npOH3B0.l1HTbCH B npou.ecce H3rOTOBJleHHH YOC npH
n0.l13qe qepe3 cooTBeTcTBY W.HH IIITyu.ep B cMecHTeJlbHY KaMepy
16-153 241
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A-A
I
PHC. 3.22. YCTpoAcTBa AJJH Aera3allHH CMecH B 3arpY30'lHOA BopoHKe (a) H Ha
BblXOAe H3 '1epBH'IHOro 3KcTPYAepa (6):
a. J - APOCCeJlHPYIOW.311 peWeTKa; 2 - 38rpY30QHaJi BOpOR1<a; 3 - II.HJlHHJJ.O qepBJlQBOIl Ma.
WHHbI; 6: / - eJlJlaHeu.; 2 - BH6pHPYI01D.HII 9J1eMeHT; 3 - KaHaJi JJ.JlII BaKYYM.oTcoca; 4 - con-
JlO; 5 - KaHaJi conJia
BaKyYMa. ECRH B CMeCHTeRbHOM 060Py oBaHHH He npe YCMOTpeHO
TeXHHQeCKHX cpe CTB RH era3aUHH, TO CMeCH MO>KHO BaKyyMH-
pOBaTb Ha CTa HH npOMe>KYTOQHOrO xpaHeHHH HRH no rOTOBKH
J].03b1 BnpblCKa, nOMew.aH YOC B BaKYYMHblH WKa4> HRH Pyrue
era3aUHOHHble YCTpOHCTBa.
3.4.3.
(l)0pMYIOU4ee 060PYAOBaHHe H OCHaCTKa
npHHUHn pa60Tbl H KOHCTPYKUHH 4>opMYIOw.ero 060pY OBaHHH
H OCHaCTKH, HcnoRb3yeMbix B RRIM-npouecce, aHaROrHqHbI npH-
MeHHeMbiM B RIM-TexHoRorHH (CM. pa3.ll. 1.6).
npHHUHn pa60Tbi 060Py oBaHHH RH 4>opMoBaHHH H3 eRHH H3
YOC MeTo aMH RHTbH noJ]. J].aBReHHeM, HHTPY3HoHHoro 4>opMoBa-
HHH, RHTbeBoro npeCCOBaHHH H nYTeM BH6po4>opMoBaHHH aHaRO-
rHqeH npHHUHny pa60Tbl 060py oBaHHH, npHMeHHeMoro npH .'1HTbe-
BOM 4>opMoBaHHH BblCoKoMoReKYRHpHblX nORHMepoB, H HceH H3
pHC. 3.23 [114, c. 307].
JIHTbe no aBReHHeM H RHTbeBoe npeccoBaHHe ocyw.ecTBRH-
IOTCH C nOMow.blO Y3Ra BnpblcKa nopwHeBoro THna, BbinORHeHHoro
B BH e KonHRbHHKa C nopwHeM, HMelOw.HM rH paBRHqeCKHH HRH
MeXaHHqeCKHH npHBo . 3TOT Y3eR YCTaHaBRHBalOT Henocpe cTBeH-
HO Ha Bblxo e H3 CMeCHTeRH HRH Ha onpe eReHHoM paccToHHHH OT
Hero; OH CBH3aH C BblXO OM CMeCHTeRH 060rpeBaeMblM Tpy60npo-
BO OM (pHC. 3.23,a). no Mepe Ha60pa nopUHH BnpblcKa nopweHb
4 KonHRbHHKa 1 OTBO HTCH Ha3aJ].. nOcRe Ha60pa nopUHH 3a aH-
HOH MaCCbl no aqa M8TepHaRa npeKpaw.aeTcH H YOC noJ]. eHcT-
BHeM YCTaHoBReHHoro aBReHHH (HRH B pe>KHMe nocToHHHOH CKO-
pOCTH BnpblcKa) no aeTCH no TpaHcnopTHo-RHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMe
B 4>OPMY 5.
16-
243
6,
5
a
r
5
11
+
8
12
PRC. 3.23. JIHTbe nOA AaBJJeRReM (a), RHTpY3HORRoe <IIopMoBaHHe (6) R JlHTbe-
Boe npeccOBaRHe (8) YOC:
1- .JUITIoeaol ltHmlK;II.p (KODH.IUoHHK); Z - S8rpYSOQHld D8TpyCSOK; 3 - nHTbeBoe conno; 4-
DopweHb; 5 - DMYeJIopMbI; 6 - s8rpysOQsIUI BOPOHK8; 7 - ltlUtJlHAP QepallQHoll M81D.111U11: 8-
lIepBIIK; 9 - TP8HCDopTHo.nHTHKKOB8J1 CIICTeIl8; 10 - B8nOpH811 K8Mep8; 1/, 12 - nnHTbI DpeCC8
Y3eJI BnphiCKa M02KeT 6h1Tb BhlnOJIHeH HenO.l1BH2KHhlM, npH
3TOM CPOPMYIOWaH OCHaCTKa nO.l1BO.l1HTCH K HeMY C nOMOWblO cne-
UHaJIbHOrO MeXaHH3Ma - Y3JIa CMhlKaHHSI JIHTbeBOn CPOpMhI HJIH
TpaHCnOpTepa. ECJIH JIHTbeBaH cpOpMa HenO.l1BH2KHa, TO Y3eJI
BnphiCKa nO.l1BO.l1HTCH K Hen nOCpe.l1CTBOM Y3JIa nepeMelJ.{eHHH,
HMelOwero rH.l1pOnpHBO.l1, JIH60 CBH3h1BaeTCH C BXO.l1HhlM JIHTHHKOM
(j)OpMhI rH6KHM (HJIH 2KeCTKHM) 060rpeBaeMhlM Tpy6onpOB0.l10M
,(pHC, 3.23,6).
Pa3HOBH.l1HOCTbIO Y3JIa BnphicKa noplilHeBoro THna HBJIHeTCSI
CMeCHTeJIb C BpawalOwe-OCUHJIJIHPYIOWHM .l1HCKOM (CM. pHC. 3.21),
B KOTOpOM npe.l1BapHTeJIbHO n0.l10rpeTaH H nepeMelIlaHHaH nopUHH
YOC HarHeTaeTCH B CPOPMY npH nocTynaTeJJbHoM nepeMeweHHH
KphlIIlKH. Ha CTa.l1HH nepeMelIlHBaHHH 3Ta KphllIlKa 3aKpenJIHeTCH
HenO.l1BH2KHO B BepxHen qaCTH MaTepHaJIbHOrO UHJIHH.l1pa cneUH-
8JIbHliMH cpHKcaTopaMH, a Ha CTa.l1HH BnphiCKa cpHKcarop y6Hpa-
244
eTCH H nOpWeHb BMeCTe C nepcpOpHpOB8HHblM AHCKOM nepeMent8-
eTCH OTHOCHTeRbHO UHRHHAP8. nOA06Hoe YCTPOHCTBO p83p860T8HO
R 9KcnRY8THpYeTCH B HHHilin.
HHTPY3HOHHoe CPOpMOB8HHe OCyw.ecTBRHIOT C HCnOJIb30B8HHeM
'1epBHqHblX CMeCHTeJleH HenpepblBHoro .lleHCTBHH, B KOTOpblX npo-
AeccbI CMeweHHH H H8rHeT8HHH M8TepH8R8 B CPOPMY OCyntecTBRH-
IOTCH QepBHK8MH H COBMew.eHbI BO BpeMeHH. npH HHTPY3HOHHOM
.cpOpMOB8HHH BblXOA QepBHqHOH M8WHHbI CBH3b1B8IO'r C BXOAHblM
.JIHTHHKOBbiM K8H8ROM CPOpMbI C nOMOnthIO 2KeCTKOro HRH rH6Koro
060rpeB8eMoro Tpy60npoBOA8 C Kp8HOM ARH nepeKpblTHH nOTOK8
.( CM. pRC. 3.23, 6).
npH RHThe nOA A8BReHHeM H HHTpy3HH .llRH YBeJlHQeHHH npe-
.lleJIhHOH ARHHbI S8TeK8HHH YOC B CPOpMy, nOBblweHHH CKOpOCTH
Tp8HcnopTHpOB8HHSI H nROTHOCTH M8TepH8R8 ueJIeCOO6p83HO
HcnORb30B8Th BH6po<l>OpMOB8HHe, OCH8nt8S1 Y3eR BnpblCK8 BH6po-
nopWHeBblMH npHCT8BK8MH, cxeMbi KOTOpblX npeACT8BReHbI H8
pHC. 3.17 H 3.19. BH6ponpHcT8BKH YCT8H8UHB8IOT Me2KAY Har-
I JI
A A
3
.
I
+ 5
I
N Jl
Puc. 3.24. npHHlUlnHaJIbHaJi cxeMa U3rOTOBJleHHJI nonuypeTaHOBOA mHHbI cap-
MHpoBaHHblM KapKacoM H (ipeKepoM:
1- 4!opMoBaHHe BKYTpeHHero 9neMeHTa KapKaCa; 11- HaMOTKa cnol! KOPAa KapKaca; 111-
4>opMOB8HHe BHeWHero 9JleMeHTa KapKaCa; IV - HaMOTKa cnol! KOO.lla CSpeKepa; V - cIIopMo,
Baltlle npOTeKTopa; / - XCecTKHA cepAeqHHK (AOPH); 2 - CSOOTOBoe KMbltO; 3 - HHTH CSpeKepa:
4 - BIIHTOBal! KalfaBKa, OTcllopMoBaHH88 Ita SHew HeM 9neMeSTe KapKaca; 5 - HHTH Kap-
Kaea
245
HeTaJOIUHM YCTpoikTBOM H TpaHCnOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBOA CHCTeMOA.
.QJlSI npHBO.lla BH6ponOpWHeA HCnOJlb3yIOT MeXaHHqeCKHe HJlH rH.ll-
paBJlH'IeCKHe BH6paTOpbl [147].
ApMHpoBaHHble nOJIHypeTaHoBbie H3.lleJlHSI, H3rOTaBJlHBaeMble-
nYTeM 3aJlHBKH TeKCTHJlbHblX HJlH MeTaJlJlHqeCKHX apMHpYJOIUHX
3J1eMeHTOB peaKUHoHHOA MaccoA, <POPMYJOTCSI B O.llHY UJiH Hec-
KOJlbKO nOCJle.llOBaTeJlbHblX CTa.llHA; npH 3TOM .llJlSl JlHTbSl nOJlH-
MepHblx 3J1eMeHTOB MorYT 6b1Tb HCnOJlb30BaHbI JlHTbeBbie YCTaHoB-
KH BbiCOKoro HJlH HH3Koro .llaBJleHHSI C 3aKpblTblMH HJlH OTKpblTblMH
JlHTbeBblMH <popMaMH, onHcaHHble B pa3.ll. 1.6. npH O.llHOCTa.llHA-
HOM <popMoBaHHH apMHpYJOIUHe 3J1eMeHTbl (KOp.llHaSi HHTb, MeTaJl-
JlHqeCKaSi npOBOJlOKa, TKaHble H HeTKaHble apMHpYJOIUHe MaTepHa-
JlbI) YKJla.llblBaJOT B O<POPMJlSlJOIUYJO nOJlOCTb JlHTbeBOH <POpMbl HJlH
HaBHBaJOT Ha CneUHaJlbHyJO onpaBKY, BCTaBJISleMYJO B nOJlOCTb
<POPMbI, nocJle qero 3aJlHBaJOT apMHPYJOIUHA KapKac ypeTaHoBoA
KOMn03HUHeA (pHC. 3.24). npH .llBYX- H 60Jlee CTa.llHHHOM npouec-
ce apMHpoBaHHe npOH3BO.llSiT Me:>K.llY CTa.llHSlMH JlHTbSl nYTeM YK-
Jla.llKH HHTeH, npOBOJlOKH HJlH TKaHblX MaTepHaJlOB Ha nOBepxHocTb
COnpSl:>KeHHSI .llBYX nOCJle.llOBaTeJlbHO <popMyeMbix 3J1eMeHTOB
(pHC. 3.24, CTa.llHH II H IV). ApMHPYJOIUHe TKaHH npe.llBapHTeJlbHO
pacKpaHBaJOT U YKJla.llblBaJOT B <POPMY BPY'IHYJO HJlH C HCnOJlb30-
BaHHeM CneUHaJlbHbIX npHcnoco6J1eHHA. KOP.llHblA KapKac TeJl Bpa-
IUeHHSI 06bl'lHO <PopMuPyeTcSI MeTO.llOM MexaHH3HpoBaHHoA HaMOT-
KH O.llHHO'IHOA HHTH (npOBOJlOKH) HJlH rpynnbl HHTeA. npH .llBYX-
IH M.HOfOCTa.llHHHOM npouecce .llOC'J'lH.raeTCSI n'peUH6HoHHoe IpacnOJlo-
:>KeHHe apMHPyJOIUHX 3J1eMeHTOB B nOJlHMepHoA MaTpHue, O.llHaKO
B03HHKaeT np06J1eMa o6eCneqeHHSI Tpe6yeMoH npO'lHOCTH CBSl3H
Me:>K.llY .lleTaJlSlMH. .QJlSI nOBblweHHSI npO'lHOCTH CBSl3H B 3TOM CJlY-
qae <popMoBaHHe Heo6xo.llHMO npOBO.llHTb 6e3 npHMeHeHHSI BHew-
HHX HJlH BHYTpeHHHx aHTHa.llre3HOHHblX CMa30K, nOKpblBaSi <POp MY-
JOIUHe 3J1eMeHTbI JlHTbeBoA <POpMbI CJlOeM <pTopOnJiaCTa TOJlIUHHOA
0,1-0,15 MM, HJlH npOBO.llHTb npOMe:>KYTOQHYJO 3aQHCTKY nOBepx-
HOCTH OTJlHBKH C nocJle.nYJOIUHM HaHeceHHeM CJlOSI a.llre3HBa.
PHC. 3.25. ArperaT AJiH <IIopMoBaHHH H BYJlKaHH3allHH nonHypeTaHOBblX nHeBMa.
TH'IecKHX WHH C apMHpoBaHHblM KapKacoM H 6peKepoM:
J, 3, 5 - BYIIK8HH38TOpbl BHY'f,peHHerO 311eMeHT8 K8pK8C8, BHemHero 311eMell/l'8 K8J)K8C8 H
npoTeKTop8; 2 - CT8HOK .11)111 8pMHpoB8HHI! K8pK8C8; 4 - CT8HOK AliI! 8pMHpoBaHHI! 6peKep8;
6 - YCTpOACTBO AliI! C60PKH H pas6apK.H ceKTopHoro AOPJf8; 7 - nepesapl!AQBK
246
PRC. 3.26. CTaHoK .II.JIH OKPY:lKHOIi HaMOTKR (ipeKepa WHRbI:
1 - AOpB e OTJlBBKOA KapKaea; 2 - eYlUlopT; 3 - H8npaBJIIlIO HA POJIBK; 4 - KOPAB811 BHT";
.s - xOJ\oBoA BRHT; 6 - H8np8BJ1I1IO 811 WT8Hra; 7 - HBTeBOJ\HloIe POJIHKH: 8 - perYJlBpoaoq.
IlIoIA BHBT; 9 - 606HH8; 10 - MeX8HH3M B8TIIJKeBBli BBTH
O.ll.HHM H3 HaH60JIee CJIO:mHblX apMHpOBaHHhlX nOJIHypeT3Ho-
BblX H3.l1.eJIHH HBJIHeTCH nHeBMaTHqeCKaH WHHa, KOTopaH HMeeT
KOP.ll.HWH KapKac, COCTOHU{HH H3 3aKpenJIeHHblX Ha 60pTOBbiX cnH-
paJIbHOBHTblX npOBOJIOqHblX KOJIbu.ax pa.ll.HaJIbHO pacnOJlo:meHHblX
TeKCTHJIbHblX HHTeH H OKpy:mHoro 6peKepa H3 TeKCTHJIbHOrO HJIH
MeTaJIJlHqeCKOrO Kop.ll.a, YJlo:meHHoro B BHHTOBYIO KaHaBKY, OT<POp-
MOBaHHYIO Ha BHeWHeM 3JIeMeHTe KapKaca (CM. pHC. 3.24). CxeMa
KOMnJIeKTa o6oPY.lI.OBaHHH AJIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH TaKHX WHH npe.ll.CTaB-
JIeHa Ha pHC. 3.25. B03Mo:mHble cxeMbi apMHpOBaHHH WHH B OK-
py:mHOM H pa.ll.H3JJbHOM HanpaBJIeHH-
jJX nOKa3aHbI Ha pHC. 3.26, 3.27.
.QJIH TepMocTaTHpoBaHHH H3AeJIHH
BHe <POPMbl, o6pe3KH JIHTHHKOB H BbI-
npeccoBoK, .lI.p06JIeHHH TeXHOJIOrHqe-
CKHX OTXO.ll.OB H aMopTH30BaHHblx
H3.l1.eJlHH HCnOJIb3yeTcH TO :me o6oPY-
.lI.OBaHHe, qTO H npH nepepa60TKe He-
HanOJlHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB (CM.
pa3.l1.. 1.6). npH BTOPHqHOH nepepa-
60TKe .lI.JIH rJIHKOJlH3a BYJIKaHH3aToB
YOC Heo6xo.D.HMO npHMeHHTb anna-
paTYPY, HMelOU{YIO 60JIee 9<p<peKTHB-
Hble MeWaJIKH, qeM Y peaKTOpOB .lI.J1H
rJIHKOJIH3a HeHanOJIHeHHhlX CHCTeM.
PRC. 3.27. ApMRpoBaHHe WHHbI B paARaJlb.
HOM HanpaBJIeHRH MeTOAOM HaMOTKH OAHHO'l-
HOR KOPAHOR HHTH;
1 - H<lTII)I(HOe YCTpoAeTBo; 2 - KOPAH811 HBTb; 3-
()opToBoe KOJlbllO
247
TaK. .llJISI 9TOH UeJIH M01KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb CMeCHTeJIb C OC-
lI.HJIJIHpYIOWe-BpawaIOWHMCSI .llHCKOM (CM. pa3.ll. 3.4.3)_ nOJIHype-
TaHbI, apMHpOBaHHble TeKCTHJIbHblMH MaTepHaJIaMH. nOCJIe .llp06-
JIeHHSI ae06XO.llHMO 06eCTKaHHBaTb nyreM nHeBMOOTcoca Ha BH6po-
CHTe. a no saBepweHHH XHMHlleCKOH .lleCTpYKuHH nOJIYlleHHble }KH.ll-
KHe npO.llYKTbI .lI.OnOJIHHTe lbHO oT<lmJIbTpOBaTb Ha ueHTpH<I>yre HJIB
HHOM <l>HJIbTPyIOWeM 060PY.llOBaHHH.
3.5.
TEXHonorHR PEAKL4HOHHOro CDOPMOBAHHR
HAnonHEHHblX nOnHYPET AHOB
3.5.1.
T eXHOnOrH'feCKHe Tpe6oBaHH" K KOMn03HL\H"M
RRIM-KoMn03HUHH no npHHUHnaM HX COCTaBJIeHHSI, OnTHMaJIbHoMY
COOTHoweHHIO BH3KOCTeH H paCXO.ll.OB CMeWHBaeMbiX nOTOKOB, peo-
KHHeTHKe CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH. COBMeCTHMOCTH }KH.lI.KHX KOMnOHeH-
TOB .llOJI}KHbl Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpSlTb TeM 1Ke Tpe60BaHHSlM. liTO H RIM-
KOMn03HUHH (CM. pa3.l1.. 1.7.1); npH 9TOM no BSl3KOCTH .lI.OnycKalOTcSI
60JIee BbiCOKHe BepxHHe npe.lleJIbi -.ll0 4,5 - 6 na. c. .QJISI .lI.OCTH-
}KeHHS C6aJIaHCHpOBaHHocTH nOTOKOB no BH3KOCTH B HeKoTopblX
CJIYllaSlx H3MeJIbqeHHblH HanOJIHHTeJIb BBO.ll.HT He TOJIbKO B rH.lI.PO-
KCHJICO.ll.ep}KaWHH KOMnOHeHT, HO H B H30uHaHaTHblH. O.ll.HaK()
npH .lI.06aBJIeHHH HanOJIHHTeJIH B MaJIOBSl3KHii H30uHaHaT XOTH H
Ha6JIIO.lI.aeTCS nOBblweHHe BSl3KOCTH. HO nOJIyqaeTCH CHCTeMa.
CKJIOHHaSl K OCa}K.lI.eHHIO TBep.ll.OH <l>a3bl. npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH B Ka-
lIeCTBe HanOJIHHTeJIH CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa He06xo.ll.HMO npe.ll.YCMOTpeTb
ero CYWKY, .lI.06HBaHCb OCTaTOIIHOH BJIa1KHOCTH He 60JIee 0,1 %.
TaK KaK BO.ll.a BCTynaeT B peaKuHIO C H30UHaHaTaMH, liTO npHBO-
.lI.HT K 6pakY. n09TOMY MHorne nOTpe6HTeJIH npe.ll.nOIlHTalOT BBO-
.lI.HTb HanOJIHHTeJIb TOJIbKO B nOJIHOJI [131. c, 24].
TeXHOJIOfHqeCKHe B03M01KHOCTH RRIM-MeTo.ll.a orpaHHIIHBalOT
npe.lleJIbHYIO CTeneHb HanOJIHeHHH [30-35% (Mac.)] H MaKCH-
MaJIbHYIO .llJIHHY CTeKJIOBOJIOKOH (3 MM). npH 60JIbWHX .llJIHHaX
BOJIOKOH H KOHueHTpaUHSlx HanOJIHHTeJIH npOHCXO.ll.HT 3a6HBaHHe
ConeJI, YMeHbwaeTCSI .llJIHHa BOJIOKOH B npouecce pell.HpKYJISlUHH.
YXY.llWaeTCH KalleCTBO CMeweHHH, nOSlBJIHIOTCH nOBepXHOCTHbie .lI.e-
<l>eKTbI.
nOJIHypeTaHbl C aKTHBHblM HanOJIHHTeJIeM HMelOT onTHMYM Ha-
nOJIHeHHSI 30-50 Mac. II., npH 9TOM HX BSl3KOCTb 06blllHO COCTaBJIH-
eT 10 2 -10 3 na. c. liTO, C O.ll.HOH CTOpOHbl, He.llOCTaTOIIHO .lI.JISI pea-
JIH3aUHH YCJIOBHH 9<1><I>eKTHBHoro BHe.llpeHHSI H .llHcneprHpOBaHHSI
HanOJIHHTeJIH. a C .llPyroH - CJIHWKOM BeJIHKO .llJISI peaJIH3aUHIf
HHTeHCHBHoro pe1KHMa npOCTOfO CMeweHHH 1KH.llKHX H nopowKo06-
pa3HblX KOMnOHeHTOB B OJIHrOMepHOH MaTpHue (CM. pa3.l1.. 3.3).
B CHCTeMax C aKTHBHblM HanOJIHHTeJIeM, KaK H B HeHanOJIHeHHblX p
KOMnOHeHTbl .llOJI1KHbI 6blTb no B03M01KHOCTH 6JIH3KH no BH3KOCTIf
H 06'beMHOH .lI.OJIe B CMeCH. 06JIa.llaTb xopoweii COBMecTHMOCTblO H.
cO.llep1KaTb MHHHMaJIbHoe KOJiHlleCTBO BJiarH.
248
B CBH3U C U3JIO:meHHblM BbiWe npe.!lCTaBJIHeTCH ueJIecoo6pa3-
HblM BBO.!lBTb KOMnOHeHTbI B YOC He O.!lHOBpeMeHHO, a B HecKOJIb-
KO 9TanOB, nO.!l6upaSi Ha ;Ka:m.!lOM 9Tane TaKoe COOTHoweHHe KOM-
nOHeHTOB, KOTOpoe 06ecne'luJIO 6bl 9<p<peKTHBHoe npOTeKaHue JIu60
AHcneprupoBaHuSi TBep.!lOH HJIH :mU.!IKOH <pa3b1, JIu60 6JIarOnpHSlT-
Hble YCJIOBHSI .!IJISI npOCToro CMeweHUH KOMnOHeHTOB. TaK, npH
O.ll.HOCTa.ll.UHHOH cxeMe CUHTe3a no ypeTaHOBOMY MexaHU3MY HanOJI-
HeHHe ru.!lpOKCHJICO.ll.ep:mam.ero KOMnOHeHTa peKOMeH.lI.yeTcSI npOBO-
.!lUTb B .!IBa 9Tana, H3rOTOBJISIH Ha nepBOM 3Tane BblCOKOKOHueHT-
pHpOBaHHyIO MaTOIIHYIO CMeCb U ocym.eCTBJISISI B HeH .lI.Ucrreprupo-
BaHue TeXHUlleCKoro yrJIepO.ll.a, a Ha BTOpOM 9Tane pa36aBJISISI
CMeCb OJIurO.ll.UOJIOM .lI.O Tpe6yeMoA KOHueHTpaUUH HanOJIHHTeJIH.
npu 9TOM .lI.JISI C6JIu:meHUH 3HalleHUH 06'beMHblX .!IOJIeH H BH3KOC-
TeH ru.!lPOKCUJI- U H30UHaHaTCO.ll.ep:malUero KOMnOHeHTOB B nOCJIe.ll.-
iiHH .lI.06aBJIHIOT OJIHrO.ll.UOJI B KOJIHllecTBe, 06ecnelfHBalOm.eM no-
.!laBJIeHUe peaKUHH Y.ll.JIUHeHUSI ueneH (npH NCO: OH:>8-10).
npu pa3pa60TKe .!IaHHblX KOMn03UUUH CJIe.ll.yeT TalUKe UMeTb B
BU.lI.Y, liTO lIeM 60JIbWe CTeneHb .lI.UCnepCHOCTH U Hu:me CTPYKTYP-
HOCTb TeXHU'IeCKOro yrJIepO.ll.a, TeM TpY.ll.Hee OH .lI.HcneprHpyeTcH H
Me.ll.JIeHHee BBO.ll.UTCH B CMeCb. n03TOMY .lI.JISI .lI.ocTu:meHuH Y.ll.OB-
JleTBOpUTeJIbHblX TeXHOJIorullecKux CBOHCTB YOC B COlleTaHHU C
.!IocTaTO'lHblM YCUJIeHUeM BYJIKaHU3aToB B peuenType peKOMeH.lI.Y-
eTCH UCnOJIb30BaTb KOM6uHauuIO pa3JIUIIHblX TunOB TeXHH'IeCKorO
yrJIepo.ll.a [29, 293].
3.5.2.
T eXHonon ...eCK...e cxeMlo1 H THnOB UI
nocneAOBaTenloHOCTio OnepaL\HH
TeXHOJIOrU'IeCKaH cxeMa U TunOBaH nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOCTb onepa-
UUH (pHC. 3.28) RRIM-npouecca B OCHOBHOM aHaJIorullHbI npHMe-
HHeMbiM B RIM-TexHoJIorHu (CM. pa3.l1.. 1.7), O.ll.HaKO cym.ecTByeT
H HeKoTopaH cneuu<pHKa, paccMoTpeHHaSi Hu:me.
nO.ll.rOTOBKa HanOJIHHTeJIH BKJIlOllaeT U3MeJIblleHHe, CYWKY U
o6pa6oTKY nOBepxHocTu apMHpYIOm.ero MaTepUaJIa. UeJIblO H3-
MeJIblleHUSI HeaKTUBHoro HanOJIHHTeJISI (cTeKJIOBOJIOKHa, yrJIepo.ll.-
HblX BOJIOKOH U T. n.) HBJISIeTCH npu.!IaHUe CHCTeMaM nOJIHOJI-
HanOJIHHTeJIb HJIU H30uuaHaT - HanOJIHHTeJIb JIYIIWHX TeXHOJIOrU-
qeCKHX CBOHCTB: YMeHbweHue BSl3KOCTU, YJIYllweHue TpaHcnopTa-
6eJIbHOCTU, nOBblweHHe CTOHKOCTU K paCCJIaUBaHUIO, CHu:meHHe
aHH30TponuH CBOHCTB u3.l1.eJIUH B pe3YJIbTaTe opHeHTauuu U T. .!I.
nOBepxHocTHaSi 06pa60TKa apMupYlOlUero MaTepUaJIa (HanpuMep,
CUJIaHoM) 06ecnelluBaeT CHu:meHHe BH3KOCTH OJIHrOMepHoH cycneH-
3UU U YJIY'lweHue a.ll.re3UH HanOJIHUTeJISI K nOJIHMepHOH MaTpuue.
.Q03upoBaHHaSi nO.ll.alla HanOJIHHTeJIH B pacxO.!lHble eMKOCTU ocy-
w.eCTBJIHeTCSI nopUHOHHO C nOMOlUblO BeCOBbiX .!I03aTOpoB nopuH-
OHHoro BJIH HenpepblBHoro .lI.eHcTBHSI C Bu6pauuOHHblMH UJIU UHbl-
MU nHTaTeJISIMU lIepe3 3arpY30'lHble oTBepcTuSi eMKOCTHblX anna-
paToB.
.
249
Ir--
I +
I
I
I
I
I
'-
8
PHC. 3.28. CxeM3 RRIM-YCTaHoBKH:
/ - pe3epBY8p AJlI! xpaHeHHI! nOJIHOJIa B Macce: 2 - oe3epByap AJlI! xpaHeHHI! CTeKJlOBOJlOKHa
B Macce; 3 - pe3epByap PI! xpaHeHUI! H30I(U8H8T8 B M8Cce; 4 - pe3epByap AJlI! nOOI(HO/l'HOrO
xp8HeHHI! CTeK./lOBOJIOKHa; 5a - pe3epBY8p .lUll! CMeWeHHI! H301(U81t8T8 U CTeK./lOBOJlOKHa; 56-
pe3epByap PI! CMeWeHHI! nOJlHOJIa H CTeK./lOBOJlOKHa; 6 - pe3epByapbl co CMecbJO nOJlHOJIa H
CTeKJlOBOJlOKH8; 7 - pe3epByap co CMeCbJO H30lUlaK8Ta H CTeKJlOBOJIOKH8; 8 - JlHTbeBbie
cjI0PMbI, 9 - CMeCHTeJI'bH.bIe rOJl,OIMIH; J - Y3eJl CMeWeHHI! CTeK./lOBOJIOKHa C peareHTOIII; / J-
AO H,pYJOlI(ee YCTpoAcTBO
CMeweHHe HanOJIHHTeJUI C ru.ll.pOKCHJICO.ll.ep}l{amHM HJIH H30-
UHaHaTHbiM KOMnOHeHTaMH ocymeCTBJIHeTCH B 060rpeBaeMbiX pac-
XO.ll.HblX eMKOCTHX, OCHameHHblX MeXaHHqeCKHMH MeWaJIKaMH C pe-
rYJIHpyeMoA qaCTOTOA BpameHHH: 60JIee BbiCOKaH CKOpOCTb Heo6-
XO.ll.HMa .lI.JIH CMeWeHHSI HanOJIHHTeJISI C OJIHrOMepOM HJIH CTPYKTY-
pHpYlOmHM areHTOM, a HH3KaH - .lI.JISI npe.ll.ynpe}l{.lI.eHHH Oca}l{.lI.e-
HHSI TBep.ll.oA <pa3b1. HapH.lI.Y co CTeKJIOBOJIOKHOM HJIH .lI.pyruM Ha-
nOJIHHTeJIeM B paCXO.ll.Hble eMKOCTH nO.ll.aeTCSI ocyweHHbl1i B03.l1.YX
HJIH a30T .lI.JIH YBeJIHlJeHHSI Ka}l{yme1icSi BSl3KOCTH H YMeHbweHHSI
nJIOTHOCTH cycneH3HH [14j.
nepepa60TKa nOJIHypeTaHoB C aKTHBHblM HanOJIHHTeJIeM He3a-
BHCHMO OT npHHHTo1i cxeMbi npouecca BKJIlOqaeT CJIe.ll.YlOmHe Tex-
HOJIoruqeCKHe onepaUHH (pHC. 3.29 H 3.30):
I) nO.ll.rOTOBKa cblnYIJHx KOMnOHeHTOB - pacTapHBaHHe H npH
He06xo.ll.HMocTH nOMOJI t cywKa HJIH npoceHBaHHe nopowKoo6pa3-
HblX, rpaHYJIHpOBaHHblx H KYCKOBblX MaTepHaJIOB (TeXHHIJeCKoro
yrJIepo.ll.a, OKCH.lI.a UHHKa, KaHH<pOJIH, KpeMHe3eMa H .lI.p.) Ha cne-
UHaJIH3HpOBaHHoM o6opY.ll.OBaHHH BHe TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOrO KOMnJIeK-
ca;
250
CD
t:
;,-,
?'
t:I
G:I
II
7
5
PRC. 3.29. CxeMa R3rOTOBJleHRH H3AeJJRA R3 YOC Ha (ia3e CMeCHTeJJH HenpepblB-
floro .aeilCTBHH:
1-3 - eMKOCTU AIIH 3IHAKHX KOMnoueUTOB: 4 - nORBOA uaCOC8; 5 - cjlop a: 6 - A03HpYJOII(He
flaCOCbI. 7 - KOnHllbItHK; 8 - nepeKJIlOq8TeJJH nOToKoB: 9 - QepBHqHblA CMeCUTellb; 10 - BHCS.
ponopwHeBBH npHCTaBKa; 11 - B8KYYM-OTCOC; 12 - Aoa81'Op
CIJ
PHC. 3.30. CxeMa R3rOTOBJleRRH R3AeJJHA R3 YOC H3 6a3e CMecRTeJJH nepHoAH-
qecKoro AeHCTBHH:
1-3 - eMKOCTH Ailli 3IRAKRX KOMnoReHToB; 4 - AOal\'PYlOlI(He H8COCbl: 5 - CMecHTU& C nep.
cjlopHpOBalLllbllll AHCKOM; 6 - cjlopMa: 7 - cMecRTellb nepHOARQeCKOrO AeAcTBHII (I CTaARII);
8 - nepeKllIOQ8TellH nOToKOB; 9 - CMecRTeJJb uenpepblBHoro AeAcTBHII (II cTaAHII): 10 - CSYR-
Kep C Aoa8Topoill TeXHHQecKoro yrilepoA8
2) nO.l1rOTOBKa JKH.l1KHX H JIerKOnJIaBKHX KOMnOHeHTOB - cyw..
Ka, .l1era3aUHSI, nJIaBJleHHe, <pHJlbTpaUHSI, KOH.l1HUHOHHpoBaHHe R
rOMoreHH3aUHSI B 060rpeBaeMblx peaKTopax C MeWaJlK,aMH H .l1PY-
ruMH npHcnoc06J1eHHSlMH; nO.l1rOTOBJleHHhle JKH.l1KHe npO.l1YKThl
(OJIHrOMep, T.QH H .l1p.) xpaHSIT B peaKTopax B aTMocct>epe ocY-
weHHoro B03.l1yxa HJlH a30Ta;
3) nOJlyqeHHe H30UHaHaTc0.l1epJKaInero a.n.nYKTa B peaKTope
nepHO.l1HllecKOro .l1eAcTBHH C MeWaJIKOA, B KOTOpblA B 3a.l1aHHOM
MaCCOBOM COOTHoweHHH BBO.l1S1T nopUHH JKH.l1KHX KOMnOHeHTOB,
a 3aTeM HX nepeMewHBalOT;
4) .l103HpOBaHHaSi nO.l1aqa KOMnOHeHTOB B CMeCHTeJIb B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT npHHHToA cxeMbi npouecca B HenpepblBHoM peJKHMe (CM_
pHC. 3.29) JIH60 nopUHoHHO;
5) CMeweHHe;
6) .l1era3aUHH;
7) JIHTbeBOe ct>opMoBaHHe;
8) OXJIaJK.l1eHHe H3.l1eJIHA, 06pe3Ka JlHTHHKOB H BhlnpeccoBoK,
pa36paKoBKa, 3a.l1eJIKa MeJIKHX .l1e<peKToB H T. n.;
9) nOBTopHaSi nepepa60TKa OTX0.l10B (.l1p06JIeHHe OTX0.l10B, ce-
napaUHH KPOWKH, XHMHqeCKaSi .l1eCTPYKUHSI nOJIHMepa, <pHJIbTpaUH9
nOJIYlleHHoro npO.l1YKTa Hero nO.l1aqa B JIHTbeBYIO YCTaHOBKY).
3,5.3. AHanH3 H nporH03HposaHHe TeXHOnOrH'IeCKOrO
noseAeHH5I Ha OCHOSHblX CTaAH5IX
peaKI.\HOHHOro <l>opMoSaHH5I
K OCHOBHblM TeXHOJIoruqeCKHM onepaUHHM npH peaKuHoHHOM <pop-
MOBaHHH HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB OTHOCSITCH CMeweHHe II
JIHTbeBOe <popMoBaHHe.
CMeweHHe. KOMn03HUHH YOC H RRIM SlBJIHIOTCH MHorOKOMno-
HeHTHblMH H MHoro<pa3HblMH CHCTeMaMH, .l1JISI KOTOpblX, HCnOJIb3Ysr
MeTO.l1b1 MaTeMaTHlieCKoro MO.l1eJIHpOBaHHSI npoueccoB CMeweHHH,
onHcaHHblX B pH.l1e MOHorpa<pHii [115, 118], MO}KHO onpe.l1eJlHTb
KpHTepHH 9<P<PeKTHBHoCTH H KalleCTBa CMeweHHSI (T, r, C, D, Kc.
6 H .l1p.) npHMeHHTeJIbHO K KOHKpeTHbiM peJKHMaM CMeweHHH H3
TOM HJIH HHOM 060pY.l10BaHHH, nporH03HpySI TeXHOJIorullecKoe no-
Be.l1eHHe H .l10CTH}KHMblA ypOBeHb KaqeCTBeHHblX nOKa3aTeJIeA. npH
9TOM CJIe.l1yeT OpHeHTHpOBaTbCH Ha .l1OCTH}KeHHe CJIe.l1YIOI11HX KPH-
TepHeB 9<P<PeKTHBHOCTH H KaqeCTBa CMeweHHH: T>TKP - (1 + 3) .
_10 5 na (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJIepO.l1a); r=
=r ODT = 1000-2000 (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.l1a 060pY.l10BaHHH, OT-
HoweHHH 'f)2/'f)1t q> H .l1pyrHx <paKTopoB); 6<:6*= 10 MKM; Kc<:l %;
C:>-95%; D<: 10-12 MKM. KpoMe Toro, TeMnepaTypHo-BpeMeHHble
peJKHMbI CMeweHHH .l10JI}KHbI Y.l10BJIeTBOpSlTb YCJlOBHIO J(t cM +t 3 ) <:
<:0,1 [ue J (t cM +t 3 ) - KpHTepHA BeAJIH, cooTBeTcTBYIOI11Hii CYM-
MapHoA np0.l10JI}KHTeJlbHOCTH CMeweHHH (nocJIe BBO.l1a CTPYKTypH-
PYJOI11ero areHTa) H 3anOJIHeHHSI <POpMhI npH 3a.l1aHHOM TeMnepa-
TypHOM pe}KHMe T (t) ].
252
KalleCTBO HanOJIHeHHblX nOJIuypeTaHoB Onpe.!leJIHeTCSI TaKJKe
HaJIHIIUeM ra30B03.l1.YWHblX BKJIlOlleHU" U UX KOJIHlleCTBOM. nOSlB-
JIeHUe ra30B03.l1.YWHblX BKJIlOqeHHA B YOC H R,RIM-cuCTeMax CBSI-
3aHO C reM, qTO B HX KOMnOHeHTaX, COrJIaCHO TeXHHqeCKHM YCJIO-
BHHM, MOrYT npacYTCTBOBaTb BJIara H JIeTyqUe: B TeXHUqeCKOM
yrJIepO.ll.e cO.ll.epJKaHUe BJIam COCTaBJIHeT .!IO 2,5%, a B OJIHrOMepax
H .lI.pyrux npO.ll.YKTax cO.ll.epJKaHHe BJIarH H JIeTyqUX MOmeT .lI.OCTH-
raTb 1% U 60JIee. npu 3arpY3Ke B paCXO.ll.Hble eMKOCTH, xpaHeHuu.
.lI.03UpOBaHHO" nO.ll.alle KOMnOHeHTOB B nepepa6aTblBaIOw,ee 060-
pY.ll.OBaHHe, a TaKme B npou.ecce CMeweHUH MomeT npOHCXO.ll.UTb
.!IOnOJIHUTeJIbHOe nor JIOw,eHue BJIam U3 aTMoccpepbl U 3aXBaT B03-
.lI.yxa mU.!IKUMU H nopowKoo6pa3HblMu npo.ll.YKTaMH. n09TOMY B
npou.ecce UHTf'HCHBHOro nepeMeWUBaHUH HJIU Ha CTa.ll.UU CPOpMO-
BaHUH - BYJIKaHH3au.uu, Kor.!la TeMnepaTypa CMeCH .lI.OCTuraeT .!Io-
CTaTOqHO 60JIbWUX 3HaQeHUH, pacTBopuMOCTb cO.!lepmaw,HxcSI B
CMecu JIeTyqUX npO.!lYKTOB YMeHbWaeTCH, U OHH HaqHHaIOT BbI.!Ie-
JIHTbCSI B BU.lI.e ra30BOH cpa3b1, qTO conpOBOJK.!IaeTCSI YBeJJUqeHUeM
pa3MepOB uMeIOw,UXCH U 06pa30BaHHeM HOBbiX ra30B03.l1.YWHblX
BKJII01:JeHUH. KpOMe Toro, npH B3aUMO.ll.eHCTBUH BJIarH C H30u.uaHa-
TaMH Bbl.!leJISIeTCH CO 2 . CJIe.!lCTBUeM 9Toro SlBJIHeTCH nOJIYlleHue
rOTOBbiX H3.!1eJIU" C nopaMU, nY3b1pHMU U paKOBHHaMH_
C u.eJIblO YCTpaHeHUH YKa3aHHblX .!IecpeKTOB JKU.!IKHe KOMnOHeH-
TbJ CMeceH C aKTUBHblM U HeaKTHBHblM HanOJIHUTeJJHMH nepe.!l no-
.lI.aqeH B CMeCHTeJIbHOe 060pY.!lOBaHUe .lI.OJImHbI .!Iera3UpOBaTbCH H
xpaHUTbCH B aTMoccpepe ocyweHHoro a30T3 HJIU B03.!1yxa, a B npo-
uecce U3rOTOBJIeHUSI YOC .lI.OJImHa 6b1Tb npe.!lYCMOTpeHa cneu.uaJIb-
HaSi TeXHOJIOmlleCKaH onepau.UH - BaKYYMHpOBaHue. .QJIH UHTeH-
CHBHoro OT.lI.eJIeHHH BJiarU, JIeTyqUX npO.ll.YKTOB H B03.l1.YWHblX
BKJIlOqeHUH U3 BH3KOTeKYllero MaTepUaJIa He06xo.!lUMO: a) nepeA
nO.!laqeH MaTepUaJIa B 30HY .lI.era3au.uu nO.ll.OrpeTb ero .!IO .!IOCTa-
T01:JHO BbiCOKOH TeMnepaTYPbl (meJIaTeJIbHO ,Bblwe TeMnepaTypbl
KHneHUH JIeTyqUX npO.ll.YKTOB); 6) npU.lI.aTb MaTepUaJIY pa3BuTY
CB060.!lHYIO nOBepxHocTb 3a C1:JeT paCqJIeHeHUH nOTOKa Ha TOHKue
CTPYU; B) npH nO.!laqe CMeCH B 30HY .!Iera3au.UH .lI.aBJIeHUe B CHC-
TeMe .!IOJImHO pe3KO YMeHbWUTbCSI; r) MaTepUaJI B 30He .ztera3au.HU
.!IOJIJKeH TpaHcnopTupOBaTbCH B pemHMe HenOJIHOrO 3anOJlHeHHSI
BaKYYMHOH KaMepbl. B 9TOM CJIyqae cO.!lepmaw,HeCH B CMeCH JIe-
TyqUe npO.ll.YKTbI 6b1CTpO Bbl.!leJIHIOTCH B BU.!Ie ra30BOH cpa3b1, a ra-
30B03.!1YWHble BKJIlOlleHHSI HHTeHCUBHO YBeJIU'IUBaIOTCSI B pa3Me-
pax, ux 060JIOIIKH pa3pywalOTcH U qepe3 .!IOCTaTOIIHO pa3BUTY
CB060.ll.HYIO nOBepXHOCTb OHU npOHuKaIOT B .lI.era3au.UOHHYIO KaMe-
PY, OTKY.!Ia OTcaCblBalOTCH BaK}1:M-HaCOCOM.
JJHTbeBOe clJopMOBaHHe_ XapaKTep npou.eCCOB, npOTeKalOw,ux npJI
<popMOBaHUH nOJIuypeTaHoB C HeaKTUBHblMU HanOJlHHTeJIHMU n()
RRIM-MeTo.ll.Y, aHaJIOmqeH npOu.eccaM, peaJIU3yeMblM Ha .lI.aHHOA
CT3.!1UU npu RIM-TexHoJIorHu (CM. pa3.!1_ 1.7). npH 3TOM CJIe.ll.yeT
yqUTbiBaTb, qTO B CBH3U C nOBblweHHeM BSl3KOCTU CMeCH (.lI.O 4,5-
6,0 na. c) U a6pa3HBHocTH HeaKTUBHoro HanOJIHHTeJlSl .!IJISI nOJlY-
253
qeHHH KaqeCTBeHHblX H3.neJlHA Tpe6YIOTCH HeCKOJlbKO 60JlbWHe
.naBJleHHH JlHTbH (.no 0,5-1,0 Mna), IJeM B RIM-npou.ecce, npo-
HCXO.nHT nOBblweHHblA H3HOC <PopMYIOU{eH nOJlOCTH H JlHTHHKOBblX
KaHaJlOB, a TaK>Ke Ha6J1IO.naeTcH opHeHTau.HH IJaCTHU .np06J1eHOrO
HJlH Py6J1eHOrO CTeKJlOBOJlOKHa, KOTopaH 06YCJlOBJlHBaeT aHH30TpO-
nHIO cBoAcTB, B03pacTalOU{YJO C YBeJiHIJeHHeM KOHu.eHTpau.HH BO-
JlOKHHCToro HanOJlHHTeJlH (CM. pHC. 3.1).
HaJlH1:JHe CTeKJlOBOJlOKHa B OJlHrOMepe He Bbl3b1BaeT cyU{eCT-
BeHHoro H3MeHeHHH npo.nOJl}KHTeJlbHOCTH npou.ecca OTBep}K.neHHH
no cpaBHeHHIO C RIM-MeTo.noM (npH cooTBeTcTBYIOU{eM perYJlHpO-
BaHHH pe}KHMOB <popMoBaHHH), o.nHaKO .nonOJlHHTeJlbHOe nor JloU{e-
HHe TenJia HanOJlHHTeJleM MO}KeT CHH3HTb He}KeJlaTeJlbHblH pOCT
TeMnepaTypbl [126].
CMecH C aKTHBHblM HanOJlHHTeJleM 06J1a.naIOT 60Jlee BbiCOKOA
BH3KOCTblO (10 2 -10 4 na. C), IJeM OJlHrOMepbl 6e3 HanOJlHHTeJlH HJlH
C HeaKTHBHblM HanOJlHHTeJleM, n09TOMY npH HX <popMOBaHHH HC-
nOJlb3YIOTCH cyU{eCTBeHHO 66J1bWHe .naBJleHHH - 10-20 Mna.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeopHeA H npaKTHKoA nepepa60TKH nOJlHMep-
HbiX MaTepHaJlOB cyU{ecTByeT HeCKOJlbKO pa3HoBH.nHocTeH J1HTbe.
Boro <popMoBaHHH: I) J1HT&e no.n .naBJleHHeM; 2) HHTPY3HoHHoe
<popMoBaHHe; 3) J1HTbeBOe npeccoBaHHe; 4) JlHTbeBOe BH6po<pOPMO-
BaHHe. He3aBHcHMo OT pa3HoBH.nHOCTH MeTo.na npou.ecc JlHTbeBO-
ro <popMoBaHHH YOC BKJllOlJaeT cJle.nYIOU{He TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKHe
3Tanbl: 'a) no.nrOTOBKa .n03b1 B-npblcKa; 6) 'Bl1ipblOK; 8) BbI'.nep}KKa
no.n .naBJleHHeM; r) Bbl.nep}KKa .nJlH OTBep}K.neHHH B <POp Me; .n) OT-
Bep}K.neHHe B TepMOCTaTHpOBaHHblX YCJlOBHHX BHe <POpMbI; e) 3a-
KJllO'IHTeJlbHble onepau.HH.
n o.n rOT 0 B K a .n 0 3 bI B n p bI C K a. PeaKu.HOHHaH CMeCb no
OKOHIJaHHH H3rOTOBJleHHH HJlH B npou.ecce xpaHeHHH HMeeT 06bl'l-
HO TeMnepaTYPY He Bblwe 30°C, IJTO, KaK npaBHJlO, cyU{ecTBeHHo
HH}Ke TeMnepaTypbl BYJlKaHH3au.HH H3.neJlHH B <POp Me. n09TOMY
no.nrOTOBKa .n03b1 BnpblCKa BKJllOlJaeT pa30rpeB.n0 TeMnepaTypbl
BYJlKaHH3au.HH H TeMnepaTypHYIO H BH3KOCTHYlO rOMoreHH3au.HIO
nopu.HH YOC nepe.n no.naIJeA B JlHTbeBYIO <POp MY.
npe.nBapHTeJlbHblH pa30rpeB CMeCH .no YKa3aHHOH TeMnepaTypbl
BHe <POpMbI n03BOJIHeT HCKJllOlJHTb CTa.nHIO pa30rpeBa H3 u.HKJla
BYJlKaHH3au.HH H TeM caMbiM CYIUeCTBeHHO COKpaTHTb ero npo.noJl-
)KHTeJlbHOCTb, oc06eHHO npH <popMOBaHHH MaCCHBHblX H TOJICTO-
CTeHHblX H3.neJlHit KpOMe Toro, npe.nBapHTeJlbHblA pa30rpeB H ro-
MoreHH3au.HH MaCCbI nepe.n BnpblCKOM n03BOJIHIOT nOBblCHTb O.nHO-
pO.nHOCTb CBoAcTB H3.neJlHA 3a C'IeT peaJlH3au.HH o.nHopo.nHoro nOJIH
TeMnepaTYP H paBHOMepHOH CTeneHH BYJlKaHH3au.HH no 06 eMY
H3.neJlHH. UeJiblO rOMoreHH3au.HH HBJlHeTCH TaK}Ke pa3pyweHHe
THKCOTponHOH CTPYKTYPbl YOC, CHH}KeHHe H ycpe.nHeHHe YPOBHH
BH3KOCTH KOMn03Hu.HH no 06 eMY .n03b1 BnpblCKa.
B03MO}KHble KOHCTPYKTHBHO-TeXHOJlorHIJeCKHe cxeMbl no.nrOTOB-
KH .n03bl BnpblCKa B HenpepblBHOM H nepHo.nHIJeCKOM pe}KHMaX
npHMeHHTeJlbHO K JlHTblO no.n .naBJleHHeM, HHTPY3HOHHOMY <POpMO-
254
BaHRIO R JIRTbeBOMY npeCCOBaHRIO npe.!lCTaBJIeHbl Ha pRC. 3.29 H
3.30.
nepcneKTRBHblM MeTO.!lOM HarpeBa R rOMoreRR3aUHH YOe KaK
B HenpepblBHoM, TaK H B nepHO.!lHqeCKOM pe>KHMaX pa60Tbl (CM_
pHC. 3.29 H 3.30) SlBJlHeTCH BH6po.!lRCCHnaTRBHblA pa30rpeB, .!IJISI
ocyw.ecTBJIeHHSI KOToporo HCnOJlb3YIOT TaK Ha3b1BaeMbie .!IRCCRna-
THBHble rOJlOBKR RJIR YCTpoAcTBa C Bpaw.aIOw.e-oCURJIJlRPYJOW.RM
.!IHCKOM [330 J, YCTaHaBJIRBaeMbie Ha BblXO.!le R3 CMeCRTeJIbHOrO
060PY.!IOBaHRH R SlBJIHIOw.ReCH KaK 6b1 ero npO.!lOJl}KeHReM [323J.
B BR6po.!lRCCHnaTRBHblx rOJIOBKaX pa30rpeB MaTepHaJIa ocyw.ecTB-
JISieTCH 3a ctJeT RHTeHCRBHoro HH3KOtJaCTOTHoro C.!IBRrOBOro .!Ie-
<POpMRpoBaHHSI YOC B KOJIbUeBOM KaHaJIe, O.!lHa R3 CTeHOK KOTO-
poro cOBepwaeT KpyroBbie KOJle6aHRH 60JIbWOH aMnJIRTY.!lbl (CM.
pRC. 3.17). B YCTpoHcTBe C nep<popRpoBaHHblM Bpaw.aIOw.e-oCURJI-
JIHPYIOW.RM .!IRCKOM (CM. pRC. 3.21) ycpe.!lHeHHe nopURR YOC no
BSl3KOCTH R TeMnepaType ocyw.ecTBJIHeTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe C.!IBHrOBO-
ro .!Ie<popMRpoBaHRH MaTepRaJIa npR Bpaw.eHHR .!IRCKa H MHoro-
KpaTHoro nepe.!laBJlHBaHRH CMeCR npR B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHOM
nepeMew.eHRH WTOKa C nep<popRpoBaHHblM .!IRCKOM. OnepaUHIO
nO.!lrOTOBKR YOC B YCTpoHcTBe C nep<popRpoBaHHblM .!IHCKOM MO}K-
HO COBMeCTRTb co BTOpOH CTa.!lReH CMeweHRSI peaKURoHHOH KOM-
n03HURH, T. e. CMeweHHeM MaTotJHoH CMeCH co CTPYKTypRPYIOW.HM
areHTOM. B 06w.eM cJIytJae npR .!IBR}KeHRR nep<popRpoBaHHoro
nopwHSI BBepx RJIH BHM3 B pa60tJeH nOJlOCTH CMeCHTeJIbHOrO YCT-
poAcTBa MO}KHO Bbl)l.eJIRTb tJeTbipe xapaKTepHble 30Hbl:
1) «np06KoBaH» 30Ha (r)l.e T<Tml! He BOBJletJeHHaSi Ha .!IaHHOii
<pa3e KOJIe6aHHH nep<popRpOBaHHoro nopWHSI B npouecc C.!IBRrOBO-
ro TetJeHRSI; Macco06MeH B HeH OTCYTCTByeT, a TenJIo06MeH ocy-
w.eCTBJIHeTCH TOJIbKO 3a CtJeT TenJIOnpOBO.!lHOCTR (06JIaCTb I Ha
pRC. 3.21);
2) 30Ha JIaMHHapHoro CMeweHRSI (06JIaCTb II Ha pRC. 3.21),
npRMblKaIOw.aH K HR}KHeA nJIOCKOCTR .!IRCKa (npR )l.BR}KeHRH nopw-
HH BHR3) HJIM K BepxHeA nJIOCKOCTR (npR ero nepeMew.eHHH
BBepx), r.!le 3a ctJeT C)l.BHrOBOro .!Ie<popMRpoBaHRH, npOR3BO)l.RMOrO
Bpaw.aIOw.RMCSI )l.RCKOM, ocYW.ecTBJISleTCSI pa3pyweHRe TRKcoTpon-
HOH CTPYKTypbl YOC, ee nepeMewRBaHHe H .!IRCCRnaTRBHblH pa30-
rpeB;
3) 30Ha pactJJIeHeHHH MaTepRaJIa Ha OT.!IeJIbHble CTPYR nYTeM
npO.!laBJIHBaHRSI tJepe3 nep<popHpoBaHHblH .!IRCK (06JIaCTb III Ha
pRC. 3.21), B npouecce KOToporo npOHCXO)l.HT .!IOnOJIHHTeJIbHOe
C)l.BRrOBOe )l.e<popMRpoBaHRe KOMn03RUHH, cOnpOBO}K.!IaIOw.eecH ne-
peMeWRBaHReM H pa30rpeBoM YOC;
4) SOHa CTpYHHoro nepeMeWRBaHRH (06JIaCTb IV Ha pRC. 3.21),
06pasYIOw.aHCSI npR BOBJletJeHRH BO Bpaw.aTeJIbHOe .!IBH}KeHHe
CTPYH MaTepRaJIa, BblXO.!lHW.RX H3 oTBepcTRH nep<popRpOBaHHoro
)l.RCKa, B pesYJIbTaTe tJero )l.OCTRraeTCH cyw.eCTBeHHblH 9<P<PeKT
06'beMHOrO nepepacnpe)l.eJIeHRSI CMeCH B npocTpaHcTBe pa60tJeii
KaMepbl.
255
B npOl.{ecce nepeMell.{eHHSI nepcpOpHpOBaHHOrO ,aHCKa rpaHHl.{bl
YKa3aHHblX 30H HenpepblBHO H3MeHSIIOT CBOe nOJlO>KeHHe, npH 3TOM
B TeqeHHe O.ZlHOro I.{HKJla KOJle6aHHii Ka>K.ZIblii 3J1eMeHTapHblii 06'b-
eM 06pa6aTblBaeMoro MaTepHaJia ,I1B8>K.ZIbl nOCJle.ZlOBaTeJlbHO npo-
XO.ZlHT lfepe3 Ka>K.ZIYIO H3 YKa3aHHblX lfeTblpex 30H, H qepe3 onpe-
,aeJJeHHoe IfHCJlO I.{HKJIOB ,aOCTHraIOTCSI cTa6HJlH3al.{HSI H ycpe.ZlHe-
HHe TeMnepaTYpHO-BSl3KOCTHblX napaMeTpOB no 06'beMY sanpaBKH.
C pOCTOM lfaCTOT Bpall.{eHHSI H OCI.{HJlJlSlI.{Hii .ZIHCKa npO.ZlOJl>KH-
TeJlbHOCTb I.{HKJl8 CMeweHHSI YMeHbwaeTCSI, O.ZlHaKO HMeeTCSI Bepx-
HHH npe.ZleJi HX pOCTa, orpaHHlfeHHblR qpeSMepHblM nOBblweHHeM
TeMnepaTypbl CMeCH H MOII.{HOCTblO npHBo,aOB Bpall.{aTeJlbHOrO H
BOSBpaTHo-nocTynaTeJlbHoro .ZIBH>KeHHSI .ZIHCKa. 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb
CMeweHHSI saBHCHT TalOKe OT COOTHoweHHSI CYMMapHblx nJlOlI.{a-
,aeii OTBepCTHR B .ZIHCKe 51 H nJlOlI.{a.ZlH .ZIHCKa 52; npH 3TOM C YBe-
J1HqeHHeM St!S2 OT 5 .ZI0 40-50% HHTeHCHBHOCTb CMeweHHSI B03-
pacTaeT, a B .ZIaJlbHeHWeM Ha6J1IO.ZIaeTCSI YBeJlHqeHHe npO.ZlOJl>KH-
TeJlbHOCTH I.{HKJla CMeweHHSI. HaHJlYlfwHe pesYJlbTaTbl .ZIOCTHraIOT-
CSI B YCTpoiicTBax, Y KOTOpblX .ZIJ1UHa cMecHTeJlbHOR KaMepbl He
60Jlee qeM B 1-3 pasa npeBblwaeT ero .ZIHaMeTp [330].
B n p bl C K K 0 M nos H I.{ H ii B cp 0 P MY. B COOTBeTCTBHH C Teo-
pHeR JlUTbeBOro cpopMOBaHHSI peaKTOnJiaCTOB H peSHHOBblX cMeceii
B 3aBHCHMOCTU OT xapaKTepa TeqeHHSI MaTepHaJia B nOJlOCTH cpop-
Mbi B03MO>KHbI .ZIBa npHHI.{HnHaJlbHO OTJlHqHblX pe>KHMa SanOJlHe-
HHSI ee OcpOpMJlSllOlI.{eii nOJlOCTH: cTpyiiHblii H perYJlSlpHblii [307, c.
140].
CTpyiiHblii pe>KHM. peaJlHsyeTcSI npH cpopMoBaHHH TOJICTOCTeH-
HblX, MaCCHBHblX H3.Z1eJlHii, nOnepeqHble pasMepbl KOTOpblX h Ha-
MHoro 60JlbWe pa3MepoB JlHTHHKa d (d h). ,U.JlSI CTpYRHoro pe>KH-
Ma xapaKTepHo HaJlHqUe .ZIBYX nOCJle.ZlOBaTeJlbHO CMeHSllOlI.{HXCSI
CTa.ZlHR.
H a nepBoii CTa.ZlHH BblXO.ZlSlII.{Hii HS JlHTHHKOBoro KaHaJia MaTe-
puaJl B BH.ZIe CTPYH, HMelOlI.{eii nJlOlI.{a.Zlb nonepelfHoro CeqeHHSI,
6J1U3KYIO K nJlOlI.{a.ZlH celfeHHSI BnycKHoro KaHaJla, XaOTHqeCKH YK-
J1a.ZlblBaeTCSI BO BceM 06'beMe nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl, He BCTpelfaSi saMeT-
HOro conpOTHBJleHHSI co CTOpOHbl CTeHOK H HaXO.ZlSllI.{erOCSI B cpopMe
MaTepHaJia. HanopHo-paCXO.ZlHblii pe>KHM Ha 3TOii CTa.ZlHH xapaKTe-
pHsyeTcSI nOCTOSlHCTBOM .ZIaBJleHHSI JlHTbSl P.II=const H CKOpOCTH
BnpblCKa Q=const H onpe.ZleJiSleTCSI rH.ZIpaBJlHlfeCKHM conpOTHBJle-
HHeM TpaHcnOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBOii CHCTeMbl (3cpcpeKTHBHoe .ZIaBJleHHe
B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl P O).
npH .ZI0CTH>KeHHH HeKOTopOR, ,aOCTaTOqHO nJlOTHoii CTeneHH
YKJla.ZlKH cTpyii HalfHHaeTCSI BTopaSi CTa.ZlHSI 3Tana 3anOJlHeHHSI,
COnpOBO>K.ZIalOlI.{aSiCSI U3MeHeHHeM KOHcpHrypal.{HH H ynJloTHeHHeM
OT.ZIeJlbHblX cTpyii, BblTeCHeHHeM H Y.ZlaJleHHeM B03.Z1YWHblX BKJlIO-
qeHHii BnJlOTb .ZI0 nOJlHoii JlHKBH.ZIal.{HH nYCTOT B OcpOpMJlSllOlI.{eii
DOJlOCTH. npol.{ecc ynJlOTHeHHSI cTpyii cOnpOBO>K.ZIaeTCSI pOCTOM
Jl.aBJleHHSI B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl (P O), n03TOMY KHHeTHKa npOl.{eCca
3anOJlHeHHSI onpe.ZleJiSleTCSI He TOJlbKO COnpOTHBJleHUeM TpaHcnop-
256
THO-JlHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbl, HO H peoJlOrHlleCKHM nOBe,/{eHHeM ,/{e<Pop-
MHpyeMblx CTpyit MaTepHaJia.
HanOpHO-paCXO,/{Hble napaMeTpbl npouecca 3anOJlHeHHSI cpOpMhI
B cTpyiiHOM peJKHMe HYX<HO 3a,/{aBaTb TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lT06bl npo-
,aOJlJKHTeJlbHOCTb 3anOJlHeHHSI OcpOpMJlSlIO!1J.eii nOJlOCTH t 3 He npe-
BblWaJla BpeMSI >KH3HeCnoc06HOCTH t* YOC, a ,/{aBJleHHe JlHTbSl
06ecnelfHJlO ,/{OCTaTOlfHoe ynJlOTHeHHe MaCCbl H y,aaJleHHe nYCTor
80 BceM 06'beMe H3,aeJlHSI.
PerYJlSlpHblii pe>r<HM 3anOJIHeHHSI peaJlH3yeTcSI npH JlHTbeBOM
cpopMOBaHHH TOHKOCTeHHblX H3,aeJiHii, y KOT()PblX I::t>h, npH 3TOM
TOJlw.HHa OCPOpMJlSllOlLleH nOJlOCTH h conOCTaBHMa C nonepelfHblM
pa3MepOM JlHTHHKOBoro KaHaJia d.
B npouecce 3anOJlHeHHSI 1»0pMbl ,aaBJleHHe Ha Bxo,ae B ocpOpM-
JlSlJOW.YIO nOJlOCTb Po MeHb1lle .lI.aBJleHHSI Ha Bblxo,/{e H3 conJia Y3J18
BnpblCKa Pc BCJle,ll,CTBHe fH,/{paBJlHlfeCKoro conpOTHBJleHHSI TpaHC-
nOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBoii CHCTeMbl, npOTSl1KeHHOCTb KOTOpOH MO>KeT ,/{O-
CTHraTb HeCKOJlbKHX MeTpOB. no Mepe 3anOJlHeHHSI CPOpMbI ,lI,aBJle-
HHe Ha ee Bxo,ae Po, a TaK>Ke ,lI,aBJleHHe Ha Bxo,/{e B TpaHcnopTHblH
Tpy60npOBO,/{ P T , conJlo Pc H ,lI,aBJleHHe JlHTbSl PI! MOHOTOHHO B03-
paCTalOT. npH onpe,ll,eJleHHOH ,lI,JlHHe 3aTeKaHHSI II ,/{aBJleHHe PI!
,aOCTHrHeT MaKCHMaJlbHOrO (YCTaHOBJleHHoro) 3Ha lfeHHSI PI! = P /lY,
nocJle Ifero YBeJlHlfeHHe ,lI,JlHHbl 3aTeKaHHSI COnpOBO>K,lI,aeTCSI YMeHb-
weHHeM rpa,ll,HeHTa ,aaBJleHHSI B nOJlOCTb <PopMbl P<f)= Poll (t). KaK
TOJlbKO P4J ,lI,OCTHrHeT KpHTH'leCKOrO 3HaQeHHSI p4J=p4J*=Tml*12h,
B nOJlOCTH CPOpMbl 06pa3yeTcSI np06Ka H3 KBa3HTBep,ll,OrO MaTepHa-
Jla H TelfeHHe npeKpaTHTcSI npH 1(/) =1*.
ECJlH BpeMSI >KH3HeCnoc06HoCTH - peaKuHoHHocnoc06HoH KOMno-
3HUHH 6Y,ll,eT conOCTaBHMO C npO,ll,OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTblO BnpblCKa, TO
BSl3KOCTb YOC B pe3YJlbTaTe CTPYKTypHpOBaHHSI Ha onpe,aeJleHHoii
CT8,/{HH 3anOJlHeHHSI 1»0pMbl M01KeT HaCTOJlbKO B03paCTH, If TO M8Te-
pHaJi nOTepSleT TeKYlfeCTb H 3anOJUfeHHe CPOpMbl npeKpaTHTCSI npH
MeHbWHX ,lI,JlHHaX 3aTeKaHHSI 1**, qeM B cJlYlfae MaTepHaJl8 C aHa-
JlOrHqHblMH BSl3KOnJiaCTHtJHblMH CBoHcTBaMH, HO C 60JlbWeH >KH3-
Hecnoc06HoCTblO (1**<1*).
B K8qeCTBe KpHTepHSI SanOJlHSleMOCTH CPOpMbl npH JlHTbe cpaB-
HHTeJlbHO «MaJlO>KHBYW.HX:' YOC MO>KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb >KH3Hecno-
C06HOCTb t*, onpe,ll,eJlSleMYIO B HecTaUHoH8PHblX TeMnepaTypHo-
BpeMeHHblx pe>KHMaX nepepa60TKH no cpopMYJle (1.16). ECJlH
npO,ll,OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb 3anOJlHeHHSI CPOpMbl 13 npeBblwaeT 1*, TO CPop-
MylOlLl8S1 nOJlOCTb He 3anOJlHHTCSI OOJUfOCTblO.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ,lI,JlSI 06ecnelfeHHSI 3anOJIHHMOCTH Q>OPMbl He-
06XO,aHMbl CJle,ll,YIOw.He YCJlOBHSI:
I. < J*, I. < 1*. aJlH t. < to. (3.29)
HanopHo-pacxo,aHwe xapaKTepHcTHKH JlHTbeBOrO o6oPYAoBaHHSI
H TpaHcnOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBWX CHCTeM. .lJ.,aBJleHHSI Pc H Po HeROCTO-
SlHHIi B npouecce 3anOJUfe.HHH. H HX HeJlb3S1 Henocpe,/{CTBeHHO pe-
rYJlHpOB8Tb H3BHe. 3HaQeHHSI 3THX napaMeTpoB 38BHCSlT OT npHH-
u,Hn8 HarHeTaHHSI YOC B JlHTbeBYIO CPOPMY (c nOMOIIJ.blO nopwHe-
17-153
.
257
BOfO YCTpoiicTBa, lIepBSlIIHOii MaIDHBbf ,.lJ;HCKOBOrO 3KcTpy.n.epa, BHO-
pOnOpWHeBOA npHCTaBKH H T. .ZI.), TeXHOJlOrHIJeCKHX napaMeTpOB
npOl.{ecca, CBOJfCTB nepepa6aTbfBaeMOii CMeCH, reoMeTpHlleCKHX na.
paMeTpOB 4JOPMYIOW.eJf OCHaCTKH, JlHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbI H JlHTbeBO-
fO conJia. npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH nopWHeBoro HarHeTalOlUero YCT-
pOHCTBa .ZIaBJleHHSI Pc H Po MOX<HO H3MeHSlTb B IDHpOKHX npe.Zle-
Jlax C nOMow.blO HanopHoro KJlanaHa fH.nponpH80.n.a, 3a.nalOw.efO B
Ka>K.nOM KOHKpeTHOM pe>KHMe JlHTbSl MaKCHMaJlbHO B03MO>KHOe
.ZIaBJleHHe pa60lleii >KH.nKOCTH B fH.ZIpOI.{HJlHH.ZIpe BnpblCKa Pry. Te-
Kyw.Ue (MfHOBeHHble) PI' 0 YCTaHOBJleHHble (MaKCHMaJlbHble) Pry
.naBJleHHSI B rU.np0II.HJlHH.npe CBSl3aHbl C COOTBeTcTBylOW,HMH .naBJle-
HOSlMH JlHTbSl P n H P ny B nOJlOCT" MaTepHaJlbHOrO IJ,1IJ1HH.npa Oqe-
BH.nHblMH COOTHOWeHHSlMH:
P lI = Pr(DrID)2; P"" = Pry(DrID)2, (3'.30)
r.ll.e Dr -. AHaMeTp nopWHH rH.l1pOllHJlHHApa; D - AHaMeTp nOp1UHH MaTepHaJlb-
HOro llHJlHH.II.pa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, TOJlbKO YCTaHOBJleHHOe .naBJleHHe B rH.npOII.H-
JlHH.npe Pry, a CJle.nOBaTeJlbHO, H YCTaHOBJleHHOe .naBJleHHe JlHTbSl
p. rry SlBJlSlIOTCSI 3a.naBaeMblMH, perYJlHpyeMblMH H3BHe napaMerpa-
MH npOII.eCca 3anOJlHeHHSI.
OO'beMHbIii pacxo.n HarHeTalOlUero YCTpoAcTBa Q CBfl3aH C .naB-
JleHHeM JlOTbSl Pn H .naBJleHHeM Ha Bxo.ne B conJlo Pc. .lI:JlSI HarHe-
TalOlUHx YCTPOHCTB nopWHeBoro H lIepBSlqHO-nJlYH>KepHOrO THna BH.lJ;
pa60qeii xapaKTepoCTHKH 3aBHCHT OT «>KeCTKOCTH» HanopHo-pac-
XO.nHOH xapaKTepHCTHKH rH.npOCHcreMbI, norepb .naB-
JleHHSI B nopWHe H WTOKe rH.npOII.HJlHH.npa H B MaTepHaJlbHOM I.{H-
JlHH.npe, a TaK>Ke OT peOJlOfHqeCKHX CBOHCTB H TeMnepaTypbl ne-
pepa6aTbiBaeMoro MaTepHaJia. .lI:JlSI cHCTeM, peOJlOrHqeCKOe nose-
.neHHe KOTOpblX onHCblBaeTCSI CTeneHHblM 3aKOHOM (qTO cnpaBe.n-
JlHBO .ZIJlSI BblCOKOCKOpOCTHoro BnpbICKa YOC), pa60qaSl xapaKTe-
pHCTHKa MOJKeT 6b1Tb npe.nCTaBJleHa B BH.ne [307, c. 135].
P lI -p. = K (T)Qn, (3.31)
rAe Kit - KOHCTaHTa rHApaBJlH'IecKoro conpOTHBJleHHH y3JIa BnpblCKa; n - peo-
JlOrH'IecKaH KOHCTaHTa.
npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH Y3J1a BnpblcKa lIepBSltJHOro THlTa, paooTaJO-
w.ero B HHTPY3HOHHOM pe>KHMe, ypaBHeHHe pa60IJeii xapaKrepHcTH-
KH HMeeT BH.n.:
Q = AN.-BPc>
(3.32)
rAe A H B - KOHCTaHTbI; N'I - '1aCTOTa BpameHHH qepBJlKa [114, c. 184}.
KOJlHqeCTBeHHafl CBSl3b Me>K.ny Po H Pc onpe.ZleJlSleTCSI llanoI''''
HO-paCXO.ZlHOA xapaKTepHCTHKOii CHCTtMbI conJlo - TpaHcnopTHPY-
IOIII.HH Tpy6onpOBO.Zl - JlHTHHKOBafl CHCTeMa iPOpMbI. 06W.Hii nepe-
na.Zl .ZIaBJleHHii B .naHHOJf CHCTeMe Pn-Po flBJlSleTCSI CYMMOA nepe7
na.ZlOB .ZIaSJIeHHii B conJle t!P, =Pn-Pc, B TpaHcnopTHpYlOlUeM TPY-
60npOBo.n.e P2=PC-PT 0 B JloTHHKoaoA CHCTeMe iPOpMbI P3=
258.
-PT-P O ; npH 3TOM TeqeHHe BSl3KOnJIaCTHqHOA cpe.nbl peaJIH-
3ye'OCSi /O'piH ycJIOBHH, 'tJ'T.o Ha BoCex ,yqa TKa'x TpmronopTH.o-
JIHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbi 30Ha «CTep>KHeBoro» TeqeHHSI nOJIHOCTblO He
OXBaTbiBaeT nOnepeqHOe CeqeHHe KaHaJIOB, T. e. npH YCJIOBHH
AP, > AP,. .. 2'r",I./R.; l1P 2 > l1Pz. = 2'r m MR",;
AP, > !!.P,. ... 2'r m lJR.. (3.33)
r.D:e Ie, IT H III - AJlHHbI KaHaJlOB ConJla, TpaHcnopTHoro Tpy60npoBOAa H JlUTHH-
KOBoro KaHaJla; Re. R T H RlI - P3J{HYCbI KaHaJJOB (B cJlY'lae npHMeHeHHH Tpy60-
npOBOAOB KpyrJloro Ce'leHHH).
OOUlHH MHHHMaJIbHbtH nepena.n .!IaBJIeHHH B TpaHcnOpTHO-JIHT-
HHKOBOH CHCTeMe, npH KOTOpOM HaqHeTCSI TeqeHHe BSl3KOnJIaCTHq-
HOrO MarepHaJIa I1P06w.. onpe.neJISleTCSI KaK CYMMa I1P COCTaBJISlIO-
IUHX yqaCTKOB:
4.P06D1. = l1P,* + l1P.* + l1P,. = 2'r m {l.IRc + MRT + MRII)' (3.34)
PeaJIH3yeMbiA np" I1P06w.>I1P.06w. OO'beMHblH pacxo.n Q B
npouecce CBOOO.nHOrO HCTeqeHHSI qepe3 TpaHCnOpTHO-JIHTHHKOBYIO
CHCTeMY BSl3KOnJIaCTHqHOH cpe.nbl KOJIHqeCTBeHHO CBSl3aH C nepe-
na.n.OM .!IaBJIeHHH P Ha OT.neJIbHblX yqaCTKax:
Q = Q1 = -Q. ... Q, = KIl1P I ITJOI, (3.35)
rAe Q.. Qz, Q, - pacxoAbI 1JeJ,!e3 ConJlO, TpaHcnopTHblH Tpy60npOBo.!l H JlHTHHKO-
Bblil KaHaJl COOTBeTCTBeHHO; Ki - K03c}1qrnu.HeHT <l>OpMbI cooTBeTcTBYlOlUero Y'la-
CTKa rpaHcnopTno'JlHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbI; TJol--3KBHBaJleHTHaft BR3KOCTb Ha AaH'
80M yqacTKe.
l1P , =AP o6ut /[1 +TJIK./(TJzK.)+TJ,KJ (TJzKl) J;
l1PZ=l1P06D1./ [l+TJ1KrI (TJ2K.) +TJ Z KJ(TJaK2) J;
l1P, = l1Po6m/l 1 +TJ&K'/(1),K,)+TJ3K,/(TJ2K,) J.
(3.36)
K03iPcJ>Hu,HeHT iPOpMbI .nJISI KaHaJIOB KpyrJIOrO CeqeHHSI BblqH -
JlSleTCSI H3 Bblpa>KeHHSI KKP=1tr 4 /81, a .nJISI nJIOCKoIneJIeBOrO KaHa-
JIa WHpHHOH b - H3 paBeHCTBa Knn=bh 3 /12 L.
3KBHBaJIeHTHaSi BSl3KOCTb T)ai B COOTBeTCTBYlOureM yqaCTKe
TpaHcnopTHO-JIHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbi npH TeqeHHH BSl3KOnJIaCTHqHOH
cpe.nbl IlIBe.noBa - BHHraMa .!IJISI UHJIHH.!IpHqeCKOrO H nJIOCKoureJIe-
Boro KaHaJIOB BblqHCJISIIOTCSI H3 paBeHCTB
TJal = TIP + 1t'f m RlI4Q;
'1]01 - 1:Jp + T: m b 1 h86Q
(3.37)
DJIH OTHOCHTeJIbHO I1Pi
'1al- TIP/{I- 8'fmlt!(l1PIRI) + 16/, ('fmlt/(l1PIRi» 4};
TJal" TJp/{1 -3T: m lt/(l1P , hl) + 4 (T: m ld(l1Plhl» '}.
YpaBHeHH'ft (3.34)- (3.37) HJIH (3.34)-(3.36) H (3.38) oopa-
3YIOT 3aMKHYTble 'OTHOCHTeJIbHO HCKOMbiX napaMeTpoB CHCTeMbI,
pewaSi KOTophle MO>K.HO HaATH api, I1Pofjm, npH 3a)l.3HHOM Q JIHOO
Q np" 3a,naJIHOM I1Po6m.. a TaJOKe onpe.neJIHTb HanopHo-paCXO.!lHble
(3.38)
17"
.259
XapaKTepHCTHKH CHCTeM'hl COIIJlO - TpallCII0l'Tlrmi Tpy60lIpoB0.l1-
J1HTHHKOBbul KaHaJi.
npH J1HTbeBOM $OpMOBaHHH YOC B03NfO>KlIbi pa3J1H1JHble H'a-
nOpHO-paCXO.l1Hble pe>KHMbI 3anOJlHeHHSI $OpMW: CKOHTpOJlHpye-
Mblii MaWHHOb; CKOHTpoJlHpyeMblii $OpMOA», CKOHTpoJlHpyeMblH
TpaHCIIOpTHO-J1HTHHKOBOH CHCTeMOH» KOMDHHHpOBaHHWA; IIYJlbCH-
PYIOW,HH.
Pe>KHM, «KOHTpoJlHpyeMblif MaWHHOib, peaJlH3ye1'CSI Ha HarHe-
TalOw,HX YCTpoiicTBaX nOpWHeBOrO THna, qepBSlqHONI, qepBSI'IHO-
IIJlYH.>KepHOM, qepBSI'IHO-.I1HCKOBOM H .I1pyrOM' 060pY.l10BaRHH. Pac-
CMOTpHM ero oc06eHHOCTH Ha npHMepe Y3J1a BnpblCKa IIOpWHeBoro
HJlH qepBSlqHO-nJlYH>KepHOrO THna C rH.I1paBJlHqeCKHM npHB0.l10M
06J1a.l1alOw,HM «a6COJIIOTHO >KeCTKOH» pa60qeH xapaKTepHCTHKOH.
.I1J1S1 KOTOpOH cBoifcTBeHHO npaKTH'IeCKOe nOCTOSlHCTBO Qr= Qr,rnax
BO BceM HHTepBaJle O Pr Pr:y [114, c. 322]. ITpH HCnOJlb30BaHHH
Y3J1a BnpblcKa C II0.l106HOA xapaKTepHcTHKOH aa Ha'laJlbHOH CTa.l1HIf
3alIOJlileHHSI $OpMbI np" HeKoTopoM YCTaHOBJleHHOM .I1aBJleHHIf
J1HTbSl (HanpHMep, P nYI) no Mepe 3anOJlHeHHSI $OpMbI .110 .I1J1HH'hl
1= 10 .I1aBJleHHe J1HTbSl B03paCTaeT .110 Tex nop, 1I0Ka lie .I1OCTHrHeT
BeJlHqHHbI Pn(l) =P nyi . npH TaKOM pe>KHMe 3anOJlHeHHSI cl>OpMbI
CKOpOCTb BnpblcKa IIpaKTH'IeCKH nOCTOSlHHa H paBHa U rnax , COOT BeT-
cTBYIOw,eii MaKCHMaJlbHOH npOH3B0.l1HTeJlr.HOCTH nacoca B fH.I1PO-
CHCTeMe Qr,max. CJle.l10BaTeJlbHO, .n.aHHblH pe>KHM 3anOJlHeHHSI $Op-
MbI, Ha3b1BaeMbIH «KOHTpoJlHpyeMblM MaWHRQ:b, x.apaKTepH3yeTcsr
CJle.l1ylOw,HMH npH3HaKaMH:
P II < P lIY ; 0:<: I < 1 0 ; P II =- PlI(I);
V'" IImu - Qmu!(bh) =- const; 1= vmut.
(3.39)
KHHeTHKa HapaCTaHHSI .I1aBJleHHSI Ha BXO.l1e B $OPMY Po (t)
npH 3anOJlHeHHH IIJlOCKow,eJleBOrO KaHaJia BSl3KOnJiaCTH'IHblM Ma-
TepHaJIOM, nO.l1'1HHSlIOW,HMCSI peoJloruqeCKoMy ypaBHeRHIO llIBe.l10-
Ba - 5HHraMa, B pe>KHMe, «KOHTpOJlHpyeMoM MaWHHOib, MO>Ke?
6b1Tb paCCqHTaHa H3 Bblpa>KeHHSI (3.21), KOTopoe .I1J1S1 peweHHSI OT-
HOCHTeJlbHO rpa.l1HeHTa .I1aBJleHHSI p(t) nocJle O'leBH.I1HblX IIpeoopa-
30BaHHii CBO.l1HTCSI K ypaBHeHHIO
p3 + Apt + B = 0, (3.40)
(rtQ + 3t m bh 2 )Qt 3t Q3t3
rAeA=- 2b 2 h 4 ;8= 2b 3 h 6 .
,U.aHHoe aJlre6paHqeCKOe ypaBHeHHe TpeTbeH CTelIeHH B 06Jfacnr
peaJlbHO 3a.l1aBaeMblX napaMeTpOB npouecca HMeeT O.l1HR Bew.eCT-
BeHHblH KopeHb [333, c. 120J:
P - II + v. (3-.41)
3Aecb U H V - .I1eACTBHT eJlbHbl e 3HaqeHHSI Ky6H QeCKIIX K(!)pHeA:
u = i -f-,A3- + {i; v= i- 2;A3- - fA. (3.42)
260
rAe = -2 A6 + i ( A3 + BY
Pe>KHM, CKOHTpOJlHpyeMbdi opMob, B JlHTbeBblX YCTpoiicTBax
nopwHeBoro H lIepBSlIIHO-nJlyH>KepHOrO THna H3cTynaeT nocJle /J.O-
CTH>KElHHiSI Pn =P ny (OMeH-SlSI pe>KHM «'K>OH,'I1pOJl"iP'YeMblii MaWUHoii»)
H xapaKTepH3yeTc3 CJle.ZlYIOw.HMH npH3HaKaMH:
10 , '.(<.l*; PI = P ily $W const; v = v(l). (3.43)
BeJlHIIHHbl Po, 10 H to, cOOTBeTcTBylOw.He MOMeHT}' nepeXO.Zla OT
pe>KHMa, «KOHTpoJlHpyeMoro MawHHoii», K pe>KHMY, «KOHTpOJlH-
pyeMOMY <POp Mob, MorYT 6blTb paccIIHTaHbl H3 ypaBHeHHii (3.39)
H (3.42) npH BBe.n.eHHH B HHX v= V max H Po = PO,YCT (r.Zle PO,YCT-
.ZIaBJleHHe Ha BXO.Zle B <POp MY, COOTBeTcTBylOw.ee Pny).
3aBHCHMOCTb v(t) npH 3anOJlHeHHH nJlOCKOw.eJleBOro KaHaJia B
pe>KHMe, CKOHTpoJlHpyeMoM <popMoii», .ZIJ1S1 BSl3KOnJla€THIIHblX >KH.ZI-
KOCTeii, onHCblBaeMblX ypaBHeHHflMH IlIBe.ZloBa - 5HHraMa H
BaJlKJlH - repWeJlSl, MO>KHO paCCIIHTaTb H3 ypaBHeHHii (3.21)-
(3.25), npHHSlB p=dP/dx=Po/1 H HcnoJlb3YSl 1 B KalleCTBe apry-
MeHTa npH P=const.
HaJlHIIHe y YOC npe.n.eJla TeKYtJecTH cnoc06cTByeT YMeHbwe-
HHIO CKOpOCTlt H YBeJlHtJeHHIO npo.n.oJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH 3anOJlHeHHSI
<POpMbl no cpaBHeHHIO C BSl3KOii >KH.ZIKOCTblO, xapaKTepH3yeMoii
HblOTOHOBCKOii Bfl3KOCTblO, paBHoii TIp Bfl3KonJiaCTHtJHoii >KH.ZIKOCTH.
OTHOCHTeJlbHOe YMeHbweHHe MrHOBeHHoii CKOpOCTH 3anOJlHeHHSI
nJlOCKOw.eJleBOrO KaHaJia C pOCTOM .n.JlHHbl 3aTeKaHHSI 1 B pe>KHMe
Po=const .ZIJ1S1 CHCTeMbl IlIBe.ZloBa - 5HHraMa Qw6 MO>KHO paCcqH-
TaTb H3 Bblpa>KeHHSI, nOJlyqeHHOrO B pe3YJlbTaTe .n.eJleHHSI ypaBHe-
HHSI (3.21) Ha ypaBHeHHe .ZIJ1S1 HblOTOHOBCKOii >KH.n.KOCTH Q=
=-bh3/12T1Po/1 H nO.ZlCTaHOBKH Tm=Poh/2/:
VWS/VH= 1 + lf2(I/I*)' - 3/2(1/1*), (3.44)
rAe vws H VB - MrHOBeHRble CKOpOCTH 3anOJlHeHHH KaHaJla Ma-repBa./laMH,
onHCblBaeMblMH peO./lOrR'IecKHMH ypaBHeHHHMR llIBeAOBa - BRHraMa H HblOTOHa
COOTBeTCTBeHHO npH 3aAaHHOH AJlRHe 3aTeKaHHH I; 1* - npeAeJlbHaH AJlHHa 3aTe.
KaHHH BH3KOnJlaCTH'IHOA cpeAbI.
OTHOCHTeJlbHaSi Cpe.ZlHeHHTerpaJlbHaSi CKOpOCTb 3anOJlHeHHSI Ka-
HaJia (VW5/VH)CP Ha Onpe.ZleJleHHOii .n.JlHHe 3aTeKaHHSI MO>KeT 6blTb
paCCqHTaHa H3 paBeHCTBa, nOJlyqeHHOrO nYTeM HHTerpHpOBaHHSI
ypaBHeHHSI (3.44) B npe.ZleJiax OT 0 .ZI0 1 H nOCJle.ZlYIOw.ero .ZIeJleHHfl
Ha I:
(VWS/VH)cP - 1 + 1 11 /8(1*)3 - 31/1*.
(3.45)
YqHTblBaSl, qTO OTHOCHTeJlbHaSi Cpe.ZlHeHHTerpaJlbHaSi CKOpOCTb
06paTHO npOnOpIJ.HOHaJlbHa OTHOCHTeJlbHOii npO.ZlOJl>KHTeJlbHOCTH
3anOJlHeHHfl <POpMbl, nOCJle.ZlHSlSI MO>KeT 6blTb paCCqHTaHa H3 Bbl-
pa>KeHHSI
tum/tH= 1/(1 +1 11 /8(1*)3 -31/41*),
(3.46)
r.Ae tB - npO.AoJUKHTem.BOCTb 3anOJlHeHBH <IIoPMbI HblOTOHOBCKOA )J(RAKOCTWO C
261
BJl3KOCTblO 1')&: t WB- npOAOJl:IKHTMbHOCTb 3anOJlHeHHH <IIoPMbI BH3KOnJlaCTH'IHblM
MaTepHaJlOM IlIBeAoBa - BHHraMa npH 1')p=T)&.
fpaqmllecKHe 3aBHCHMOCTH VWS/VH, (VWS/VH)cp H tWS/tH OT
I/l* npHBe.ZleHbI Ha pHC. 3.13,8, OTKY.lI.a BH.ZIHO, liTO HaH60JIbwHA OTHO-
CHTeJIbHblA 3<t><t>eKT 3aMe.ZlJIeHHSI npouecca 3anOJIHeHHSI <t>OPMbI,
06ycJIOBJIeHHblH HaJIHIIHeM Y YOC npe.ll.eJIa TeKyqeCTH, peaJIH3yeTcSI
npH I, 6JIH3KHX K 1*. TaK, npH l=0,9 l* npO.ll.OmKHTeJIbHOCTb 3a-
nOJIHeHHSI <t>OpMbI YOC B 2,4 pa3a 60JIbwe, lIeM npH ee 3anOJIHeHHH
HeHanOJIHeHHOH BSl3KOH }KH.lI.KOCTblO. CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, npH oTpa60T-
Ke TeXHOJIOrHH <t>opMoBaHHSI YOC (oc06eHHo C MaJIOH }KH3HeCno-
C06HOCTblO) Ha.ll.O cTpeMHTbcSI K TOMY, IIT06b1 <t>aKTHliecKaSi .ZIJIHHa
pacTeKaHHSI MaTepHaJIa B <t>opMe 3HatJHTeJIbHO (He MeHee qeM B
4-5 pa3) npeBOCXO.ll.HJIa l*=P o h/2't m .
Pe}KHM, «KOHTpOJIHpyeMbiA TpaHcnOpTHO-JIHTHHKOBOH CHCTe-
MoA», peaJIH3yeTcSI npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH npOTSI}KeHHblX TpaHcnopT-
HbiX Tpy60npoBo.ZloB H CJIO}KHblX JIHTHHKOBbiX CHCTeM, rH.npaBJIHtJe-
CKoe conpOTHBJIeHHe KOTOpblX 3HallHTeJIbHO npeBblwaeT conpoTHB-
JIeHHe <t>OPMbI, H nOCJIe.ll.Hee npaKTHtJeCKH He OKa3b1BaeT BJIHSlHHe
Ha HanopHo-paCXO.ll.HblH pe}KHM BnpblCKa. .llaHHblH pe}KHM 3anOJI-
HeHHSI npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH HarHeTalOUI,HX YCTpoAcTB nopWHeBoro
THna xapaKTepH3yeTcSI CJIe.ZlYIOUI,HMH npH3HaKaMH:
0< I < I",: P cy :;;.. P/I ... const:
p., - Po = l1P06w. > !!J'*oow.:
(3.47)
v = vrnax = const.
Pa3BHBaeMoe B npOl.{eCce BnpblCKa .naBJIeHHe JIHTbSl Pn onpe-
.lI.eJISleTCSI B OCHOBHOM rH.ZIpaBJIHtJeCKHM conpOTHBJIeHHeM TpaHC-
nOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbi /3P Tn , KOTopoe .lI.OJI}KHO npeBbiwaTb
KpHTHtJeCKYIO BeJIHtJHHY !J.P Tn *.
OpH HcnOJIb30BaHHH HarHeTalOUI,HX YCTpoAcTB qepBSlqHOrO HJIH
qepBSlqHO-.lI.HCKOBOro THna, Y KOTOpblX npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHOCTb YMeHb-
waeTCSI C pOCTOM npOTHBO.ll.aBJIeHHSI, B pe}KHMe JIHTbSl, «KOHTPOJIH'
PyeMoM TpaHcnOpTHO-JIHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMOH», peaJlu3yeTcSI TaK}Ke
cTa6HJIbHoe .naBJIeHHe JIHTbSl Pn H CKOpOCTb 3anOJIHeHHSI <t>OpMbI
t', O.ll.HaKO V<V max (Vmax - CKOpOCTb, COOTBeTCTBYIOUI,aSl MaKCH-
MaJIbHOH npOH3Bo.nHTeJIbHOCTH MaWHHbI npH OTKpblTOM BblXO.ll.e).
KOM6HHHpOBaHHble pe}KHMbI - 310 HanopHo-paCXO.ll.Hble pe}KH-
Mbi 3anOJIHeHHSI <t>OpMbI, KOTopble B nOJIHOH Mepe HeJlb3S1 OTHeCTH
K KaKOMY-JIH60 O.ll.HOMy H3 Tpex Bblwe paCCMOTpeHHblX pe}KHMOB,
TaK KaK OHH o.nHOBpeMeHHO OOJIa.naIOT npH3HaKaMH .lI.BYX HJIH Tpex
OCHOBHblX pe}KHMOB 3anOJIHeHHSI <t>OpMbI. HanpHMep, npH HHTPY3H-
OHHOM q>opMOBaHHH HeTOJICTOCTeHHblX H3.neJIHH HanopHo-pacxo.n-
HblH pe}KHM BnpblCKa onpe.ll.eJISleTCSI rH.lI.paBJIHqeCKHM B3aHMO.ll.eHCT-
BHeM QepBlItJHoi1 MaWHHbI H <t>OpMYIOw.ero HHcTPyMeHTa: .naBJIeHHe
MOHOTOHHO B03paCTaeT no Mepe 3anOJIHeHHSI nOJlOCTH q>OpMbI H
pOCTa rH.lI.paBJIHtJeCKoro conpOTHBJIeHHSI 3anOJIHeHHOH qaCTH <t>op-
MbI, a paCXO.Zl yMeHbwaeTCSI B COOTBeTCTBHH C pa60qeH xapaKTe-
pHCTHKOH qepBSlqHOH MawHHbI. MrHOBeHHble 3HaqeHHSI paCXO.Zla
Q H .ZIaBJIeHHSI Pn B .ZIaHHOM CJIytJae MO}KHO HaATH, pewaSi COBMeCT-
262
HO ypaBHeHHH (3.21) C pa60qeA xapaKTepHcTHKOA qepBHqHOA Ma-
WHHbl (3.32).
nYJlbCHpylOW.HA pe}KHM peaJlH3ye-rCH npH 3anOJlHeHHH cpOpMbl
B YCJlOBHHX B036Y}K.ZIeHHH Ha BXO.Zle B TpaHcnopTHo-JlHTHHKOBYIO
cHcTeMY nepHO.ll.HqeCKHX HMnYJlbCOB .lI.aBJleHHH, C03.Z1aBaeMblX, Ha-
npHMep, nOCpe.ZlCTBOM BH6ponopwHeBblx npHCTaBOK (CM. pHc.3.19).
ECJlH nyJlbCHpYIOw.ee 3anOJlHeHHe npOHCXO.ll.HT B pe}KHMe, «KOHT-
pOJlHpyeMoM MaWHHOA», TO npH COXpaHeHHH 3a.ZlaHHOA CKOpOCTH
3anOJlHeHHH .lI.OCTHraeTCH yBeJlHqeHHe npe.ll.eJlbHOA .ZIJlHHbl 3aTeKa-
HHH. npH nYJlbcHpylOw.eM pe}KHMe 3anOJlHeHHSI, «KOHTpoJlHpyeMoM
cpopMoii» HJlH «TpaHCnOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBOA CHCTeMOA», .ZIOCTHraeTCH
KaK nOBblWeHHe Cpe.ZlHeHHTerpaJlbHOA CKOpOCTH BnpblCKa, TaK H
YBeJlHqeHHe npe.ZleJlbHOii .ZIJlHHbl 3aTeKaHHH [324, 325].
B bl .a e p }K K a n O.Zl .lI. a B JI e H HeM. no OKOHqaHHH npouecca
3anOJlHeHHH cpOpMbl YOC HarHeTaIOw.ee YCTpoikTBO He pa306w.a-
eTCH C cpopMoA, a npo.ZlOJl}KaeT OKa3blBan .lI.aBJleHHe Ha MaTepH-
aJl, HaXO.ll.Slw.HAcH B o<l>opMJlHIOw.eA nOJlOCTH, npH 3TOM npOHCxo-
.nHT ynJloTHeHHe MaTepHaJia B <l>opMe, Bblp8BHHB8HHe .naBJleHHH
npH O.ZlHOBpeMeHHoM npOTeKaHHH peaKUHH CTPYKTypHpOBaHHH,
TenJlOBblX npoueCCOB, XHMHqeCKOH YC8.Z1KH H .ZIp. npHHY.ll.HTeJlbHoe
nO.ll..lI.ep}KaHHe .lI.aBJleHHH B cpopMe Ha .naHHoM 3Tane npenHTcTByeT
Bbl.ZleJleHHIO B caMocTOHTeJlbHYIO cpa3Y a.ZlCOp6HpOBaHHblX H pacTBO-
peHHblx B YOC JleTyqHX npO.ll.YKTOB, npe.ll.OTBpaw.aH' nOHBJleHHe
B03.nYWHblX BKJllOqeHHA, nop, nY3blpeH H paKOBHH. ECJlH 3aTeKaHHe
cpOpMbl ocyw.ecTBJlSlJlOCb B pe}KHMe, «KOHTpoJlHpyeMoM cpopMoA»,
H npH 3TOM' He 6blJlO .ZIOCTHrHYTO YCT8HOBJleHHoe .ZIaBJleHHe JlHTbH
P YCT , TO no OKOHqaHHH npouecca 3anOJlHeHHH Ha BXO.ll.e B cpOPMY
.ZIaBJleHHe pe3KO B03paCT8eT .ZIO P YCT ' Ha 3Tane Bbl.ll.ep}KKH no.Zl
.lI.aBJleHHeM B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl H TpaHcnOpTHO-JlHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMe
npOHCXO.ll.HT Me.ll.JleHHOe nepeTeK8HHe MaTepHaJla, CBH3aHHoe C Bbl-
paBHHBaHHeM .lI.8BJleHHH, ynJloTHeHHeM H TepMHqeCKHM paCWHpeHH-
eM YOC. a TaK}Ke XHMHqeCKOA YC8.l1.KOA.
OCHOBHblMH TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHMH nap8MeTpaMH, 3a.Zl8B8eMblMH H
KOHTpoJlHpyeMblMH Ha 3Tane Bbl.ll.ep}KKH no.Zl .ZIaBJleHHeM, SlBJlSlIOT-
CH: YCTaHOBJleHHoe .ZIaBJleHHe nO.ZlnHTKH P SA H COOTBeTcTBylOw.ee
eMY .ZIaBJleHHe H8 BXO.Zle B cpOPMY Po (t), TeMnepaTypa cpOpMbl T.p
H npO.ll.OJl>KHTeJlbHOCTb Bbl.nep}KKH no.Zl .ZIaBJleHHeM t sA .
npOTeKaHHe npoueCCOB B cpopMe Ha .ZIaHHOA CTa.ZlHH B 3HaqH-
TeJlbHOA CTeneHH 38BHCHT OT reOMeTpHH H3.Z1eJlHSI - OTHoweHHH
.lI.JlHHbl OTJlHBKH L K xap8KTepHoA TOJlw.HHe H3.neJlHH h. COrJlaCHO
TeopHH JlHTbeBOro cpopMOBaHHH nOJlHMepHblX MaTepHaJlOB [307, c.
1701 MO}KHO YCJlOBHO Bbl.ZleJlHTb .ZIBe xapaKTepHble r,pynnbl H3.Z1e-
JlHA: TOJICTOCTeHHble H TOHKOCTeHHble. .lI.JlH TOJICTOCTeHHblX H3.Z1e-
JlHii xap8KTepHbl TaKHe OTHoweHHH Llh, npH KOTOpblX nOJle .ZIaB-
JleHHH Ha 3Tane Bbl.ll.ep)KKH no.Zl .ZIaBJleHHeM SlBJlHeTCH npaKTHqeCKH
O.ll.HOpO.ZlHblM. npH JlHTbeBOM cpopMoBaHHH nOJlHMepHblX MaTepHa-
JlOB -noJle .ZIaBJleHHA C norpeWHOCTblO, He npeBblWalOw.eii 20%,
MO}KHO CqHTaTb npaKTHqeCKH O.ZlHOpO.ll.HblM nPH BblnOJlHeHHH YCJlO-
BHSI Llh<7+10.
263
XapaKTep 3aBHCHMOCTH P (t) npH Bbl.n.ep}KKe no.n. .n.aBJleHHeM
TOJl,CTOCTeHHblX H3.n.eJlHH, ocyw.eCTBJlSleMOH B YCJlOBHSlX nOCTOSlHCT-
Ba MaCCbl MaTepHaJia B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl, 3aBHCHT OT TeMnepaTYP-
HOrO pe}KHMa cpOpMOBaHHSI - pa3HOCTH TeMnepaTYP CTeHKH cpOpMbl
T 41 H MaTepHaJia T, HHTeHCHBHOCTH XHMHqeCKOii YCa.n.KH MaTepHa-
Jla B npol.{ecce OTBep}K.n.eHHSI 06w.ero qHCJla B03.n.YWHblX BKJllOqe-
HHA H .n.pyrHx <l>aKTOpOB. npH .n.OCTaTOqHO 60JlbwoA pa3HOCTH TeM-
nepaTYP T4I-T Ha HaqaJlbHOA CTa.n.HH OTBep}K.n.eHHSI YOC (nocJle
nepeKpblTHSI JlHTHHKOBOH CHCTeMbl) .n.aBJleHHe Po (t) paCTeT BCJle.n.-
CTBHe TepMHqeCKOrO paCWHpeHHSI npH nporpeBe MaTepHaJia B 3aM-
KHyrOM 06'beMe. no Mepe YMeHbweHHSI pa3HOCTH T 41- T B npo-
I.{ecce pa30rpeBa MaTepHaJia B cpopMe TeMn pOCTa Po(t) yMeHbwa-
eTCSI, a npH nOJIHOM nporpeBe MaCCbl T = T 41- pOCT .n.aBJleHHSI,
CBSl3aHHblA C TepMHqeCKHM paCWHpeHHeM, npeKpaw.aeTCSI. O.n.HO-
BpeMeHHO- B pe3YJlbTaTe pa30rpeBa YOC B03paCTaeT CKOpOCTb XH-
MHqeCKOH peaKI.{HH OTBep}K.n.eHHSI, qTO COnpOBO}K.n.aeTCSI HHTeHCH-
q>HKaI.{HeH XHMHqeCKOH yca.ll.KH, KOMneHcHpylOw.eH B onpe.n.eJleH-
HOH CTeneHH TepMHqeCKOe paCWHpeHHe. Ha onpe.ll.eJleHHOH CTa.n.HH
npOl.{eCC8 TeMn XHMHqeCKOii yca.n.KH HaqHHaeT npeBocxo.n.HTb CKO-
pOCTb TepMHqeCKOrO paCWHpeHHSI, H .n.aBJleHHe B q>opMe HaqHHaeT
yMeHbwaTbCSI.
npH H30TepMHqeCKOM pe}KHMe cpopMOBaHHSI, KOTOpblH SlBJlSleTCSI
H8U60Jlee npe.n.nOqTHTeJlbHblM, CTa.ll.HSI pOCTa .lI.aBJleHHSI Ha pac-
CMaTpHBaeMOM 3Tane npOl.{eCca JlHTbSl OTCYTCTByeT, TaK KaK .lI.aB-
JleHHe JlHTbSl nocJle nepeKpblTHSI JlHTHHKOBoro KaHaJia MOHOTOH-
HO yMeHbwaeTCSI no Mepe pa3BHTHSI XHMHqeCKOH YCa.ll.KH.
KOJlHqeCTBeHHblH aHaJlH3 npOl.{eCca Bbl.ll.ep}KKH no.n. .n.aBJleHHeM
B 06w.eM cJlyqae onHCblBaeTCSI CHCTeMOH ypaBHeHHH, COCTOSlw.eH H3
ypaBHeHHH TenJlOnpoBo.n.HOCTH (3.48), KHHeTHKH XHMUqeCKOH pe-
aKI.{HU OTBep}K.lI.eHHSI (3.49), 06'beMHOrO COCTOSlHHSI C yqeTOM BJlHSI-
HUSI XHMHqeCKOH peaKI.{HH Ha XCa.ll.KY (3.50) H yCJlOBHSI nOCTOSlH-
CTBa MaCCbl (3.51) [307, c. 172J:
oT/at = ab.T, TI,_o = To, Tlr = T$; (3.48)
dMdt = Kp(l- M (1- CoM, Kp = KI exp(- Ep/RT);
1,-0 = o; (3.49)
V(P,T, )... [RT/[Mo(Po+a» +bJ(I-KyeM; (3.50)
Si S p(x, t)dx = pV = const, (3.51)
rAe r - nOBepXHOCTb, OrpaHH'IHBaI011laH 06'beM V o<llopMJlSl1011leil nOJlOCTH;
- CTeneHb npeBpa11leHHH; Po - J{3BJleHHe; Kye - K03CP<llHllHeHT ycaAKH; Kp-
KOHCTaHTa CKOpOCTH peaKUHH, 3aBHCHlUaH OT TeMnepaTypbl; V - YAeJlbHblA
0611eM; a, b, Mo, R - KOHCTaHTbI; p - nJlOTHOCTb, MaTepHaJla B Ha'laJle npollecca,
T. e. npH 1=0; Co - 9MnHpHQecKaH KOHCTaHTa.
,U.aHHaSi CHCTeMa 3aMKHYTa OTHOCHTeJlbHO qeTblpeX HeH3BeCT-
HblX cpYHKI.{HH - p, , Po, T H MO}KeT 6blTb peWeH8 npH KOHKpe-
TH3al.{HH cpOpMbl H3.l1.eJlHSI H M8TepHaJla,
npH JlHTbe TOHKOCTeHHblX H3.n.eJlHH H3 YOC, TaK }Ke K8K npH
JlHTbeBOM cpOpMOBaHHH pe3HHOBblX CMeCeH HJlH peaKTOnJiaCTOB
264
[307, c. 177J, Bbl.Zlep}KKa no.Zl .n.aBJleHHeM H Bbl.n.ep}KKa npH OT-
Bep}K.ZIeHHH HaqHHalOTCSI npaKTHqecKH no OKOHqaHHH npouecca
3anOJlHeHHSI nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl H ynJloTHeHHSI B03.Z1YWHblX BKJllOqe-
HHit
B HaqaJle Bbl.Zlep}KKH no.n. .n.aBJleHHeM pacnpe.ZleJleHHe .n.aBJleHHSI
B o<l>opMJlSlIOw.eH nOJlOCTH 6J1H3KO K cyw.ecTBYIOw.eMY Ha KOHeqHOif
CTa.n.HH 3Tana 3anOJlHeHHSI. no.n. .n.eHcTBHeM nepena.Zla .ZIaBJleHHSI
BCJle.ZlCTBHe 06'beMHOH C}KHMaeMOCTH Ha6J1IO.ZIaeTCSI Me.ZlJleHHOe
c.n.BHrOBoe TeqeHHe, KOTopoe npo.n.OJl}KaeTCSI .ZIO Tex nop, nOKa rpa-
.n.HeHT .ZIaBJleHHSI B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl dP/dx He .n.OCTHrHeT BeJlHqHHbl
2T:m/h. B pe3YJlbTaTe npHTOKa MaTepHaJia B nepHcpepHHHble 06J1ac-
TH OcpOpMJlSlIOw.eH nOJlOCTH YBeJlHqHBaeTCSI nJlOTHOCTb MaTepHaJia
H npOHCXO.ZlHT BblpaBHHBaHHe .n.aBJleHHSI. O.ZlHaKO BBH.n.y HaJlHqHSI
y YOC npe.ZleJia TeKyqeCTH nOJIHOrO BblpaBHHBaHHSI .ZIaBJleHHSI e
.ZIOCTHraeTCSI, H B OcpOpMJlSlIOw.eH nOJlOCTH peaJlH3yeTcSI HeKOTopoe
«3aMOpO}KeHHoe» pacnpe.n.eJleHHe .ZIaBJleHHSI, MHHHMaJlbHOe 3Haqe
HHe KOToporo paBHO 2T:m/h. ECJlH xapaKTepHoe BpeMSI BblpaBHHBa.
HHSI .ZIaBJleHHSI conOCTaBHMO C }KH3HeCnoc06HOCTblO, TO ypoBeHb
«3aMOp0}KeHHblX» HanpSl}KeHHH 6y.n.eT Bblwe, TaK KaK CWHBaHHe
MaTepHaJia HaqHeTCSI paHbwe .ZIOCTH}KeHHSI B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl MH-
HHMaJlbHOrO rpa.n.HeHTa .n.aBJleHHSI, 06YCJlOBJleHHoro BSl3KonJiaCTHq.
HblMH cBoiicTBaMH YOc.
QT06b1 oueHHTb npo.n.OJl}KHTeJlbHOCTb npoueCCa BblpaBHHBaHHSI
,naBJleHHSI B nOJlOCTH cpOpMbl, paCCMOTpHM rH.n.po,nHHaMHKY .n.aHHoro
npouecca B nJlOCKow.eJleBOM KaHaJle .n.JlHHOH L, BblCOTOH h H illH-
pHHOH b npH YCJlOBHH. qTO h-<.b<L. Ha Bxo.n.e B nOJlOCTb nO.lU1ep-
}KHBaeTCSI nOCTOSlHHoe .n.aBJleHHe Po, a TeMnepaTypa MaTepHaJia
T paBHa TeMnepaType CTeHKH T <II. YqHTblBaSl, qTO Ha npaKTHKe
06blqHO HcnoJlb3ylOTCSI cpaBHHTeJlbHO .ZIOJlrO}KHByw.He YOC, y KO-
TOpblX TenJlOBOH 3cpcpeKT XHMHqeCKOH peaKUHH He Bbl3blBaeT cy-
l1{eCTBeHHoro npHpOCTa TeMnepaTypbl CMecH, paCCMaTpHBaeMblH
npouecc npaBOMepHO OTHeCTH K H30TepMHqeCKHM.
YpaBHeHHe Hepa3pblBHOCTH .n.JlSI npHJlHnaeMOH K CTeHKe C}KH-
MaeMOH }KH.ZIKOCTH, 6Y.ZlyqH npOHHTerpHpOBaHHblM no CeqeHHIO H
npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH TaK Ha3blBaeMoro rH.ZIpaBJlHqecKoro npH6J1H-
}KeHHSI (T. e. .n.onYl1{eHHSI <p V) <p> < V», HMeeT BH.ZI
op/ot + o<p)<V)/ox = 0,
h/2
r.ll.e (p)= (2/h) J p(y)dy - cpeAHee no Ce'leHHIO 3Ha'leHHe DJlOTHOCTH;
h/2
= f V(y)dy - cpeAHepacxoAOBaH no Ce'leHHIO CKOpOCTb.
o
YpaBHeHHe COCTOSlHHSI .ZIJlSI MHOrHX peaJlbHblX }KH.n.KHX Cpe.Zl, B
TOM qHCJle nOJlHMepOB, MO}KeT 6blTb 3anHCaHO B BH,ne
p = Po{l + P/K),
(3.52)
<V)=
(3.53)
rAe po - nJlOTHOCTb Cpe.ll.bI npH HYJleBOM H36b1TO'lHOM AaBJleHHH; K - MOAYJlb
06'beMHOrO C:lKaTHH.
Kor.n.a P/K I, a 3TO CnpaBe.ZlJlHBO .n.JlSI 06J1aCTH .ZIaBJleHHH,
peaJlH3yeMblx npH JlHTbeBOM cpopMOBaHHH YOC (P;::::dO Mna, K=
265
= 10 3 Mna), ypaBHeHHe (3.52) MomeT 6h1Tb npe.l(cTaBJleHO B BH./le
oP/ot + (K/M) «Q>/ox) = O. (3.54)
rJ{e <Q)=bh< V), paCCQHTblBaeMoe H3 paBeHCTBa (3.21).
nO./lCTaBJlHH (3.21) B (3.54) nOJlYQHM:
iJP/ot = m(o/iJx){(oP/ox) (l + 'f2(P*/I)'(oP/ox)-S-
- (3P*/21)(oP/OX)-'J), (3.55)
rJ{e m=Kh 2 /(12TJp); P*=2T... sign d/h.
fpaHHIlHhle H HallaJlbHhle YCJlOBHH ./laHHOn 3a./lallH HMelOT BH./l:
PI.._o = Po; oP/oxll_o = Po/I; oP/oxlt....oo = P*/l. (3.56)
npH6J1HmeHHOe peweHHe ypaBHeHHH (3.55) C rpaHHIlHhlMH YC-
JlOBHHMH (3.56) 6Y./leM HCKaTb B BH./le
P = Po{1- (x/l)exp(-t/9)] - (P*x/l) (l-exp(-t/9)], (3.57)
rAe 9 - xapaKTepHoe BpeMH penaKcaUHoHHoro npouecca HapacTaHHH AaBJleHHH.
YpaBHeHHe (3.57) Y110BJleTBopSieT rpaHH'IHhlM YCJlOBHHM (3.56)
H npe./lnOJIaraeT nOCTOHHCTBO MrHOBeHHoro rpa./lHeHTa ./laBJleHHH
no ./lJlHHe H3./leJlHH, 'ITO cor JlacyeTcH C peweHHeM aHaJlOrH'IHhlX
3a./la'l npHMeHHTeJlbHO K JlHTbeBOMY $opMOBaHHIO ./lpyrHX KJlaCCOB
nOJlHMepHhlX MaTepHaJlOB.
npO,!l.H$q>epeHIJ.HpOBaB (3.57) no x H no i, a 3aTeM nO.l1CTaBHB
nOJlYlleHHble BblpameHHH ap/ax H ap/ai B paBeHCTBO (3.55) H npo-
HHTerpHpOBaB ero no x OT 0 .110 i, nOJlY'lHM:
(Po - P*)e- tle / 2 = m [ (Po _ P*)e- t/e +
29
l
3 *, (p*)3 1
+ - -
2 P 2 - (P* - Po) ee/t - P * .
(3 58)
3aTeM npoHHTerpHpyeM ypaBHeHHH (3.58) no t OT 0 .110 a. npH
HHTerpHpoBaHHH TpeTbero 'IJleHa npaBon 'IaCTH paBeHCTBa HC-
I
nOJlb30BaJlaCb nO.l1CTaHOBKa z=e f / 9 ; dZ='iet/9dt, npH 3TOM HMeeM:
e e
(p*)3 J dt (p*)3 r 9dz
-y- ((P* - P)e- t/e - P*]2= T-" J (P* - P + P*z) =
'0 0
= (p*)29 , e = (p*)29 + (P*)29 . (3_59)
P*(1 - z) - Po 1 P*(1 - e)- Po Po
B pe3YJlbTaTe HHTerpHpOBaHHH paBeHcTBa (3.55) C Y'leToM
,(3.56) H HeCJlOmHhlX npe06pa30BaHHA nOJlY'lHM BhlpameHHe .I1J1H
266
paCQeT3 XapaKTepHOrO BpeMeHH peJIaKCau.HOHHOrO npOu.ecca Ha-
paCTaHHH .o.8BJleHHH nocJle 3anOJlHeHHH q>OpMbI BH3KOnJiaCTHQHblM
MaTepHaJlOM:
O,316(Po - p*),2
9=
[ ( PO ) 1 P* ]
mP* 0,632 p. -1 -2,S- 1,72- P OIP* +P;
(3.60)
.QaHHblM BbipameHHeM MomHO nOJlb30BaTbCH 8 TOM CJlY'Iae,
KOr.o.a npOu.ecc HapaCTaHHH .o.aBJleHHH npOHCXO.o.HT B H30TepMH'IeC-
KHX YCJlOBHHX H npO.o.OJlmHTeJlbHOCTb mH3HeCnoc06HOCTH YOC
t*>8.
BbI.o.epmKa npH OTBepm.o.eHHH. no OKOH'IaHHH BbI-
.o.epmKH no.!!: .o.aBJleHHeM H3.o.eJlHe npH06peTaeT Tpe6yeMYIO KOHq>H-
rypaUHlO, nOCTOHHHYIO Maccy (BCJle.o.CTBHe HacTynHBwen rH.o.paBJlH-
qecKoA H30JlHUHH q>OpMbl) H onpe.o.eJleHHOe pacnpe.o.eJleHHe .o.aB-
.'1eHHH no Oq>OpMJlHIOw.eA nOJlOCTH, 06YCJlOBJleHHoe HanopHo-pac-
XO.o.HblM pemHMOM 3anOJlHeHHH q>Op Mbi , napaMeTpaMH npouecca
HapaCTaHHH .o.aBJleHHH, reOMeTpHeA H3.o.eJlHH, peOKHHeTH'IeCKHMH
CBOHCTBaMH YOC H .o.pyrHMH q>aKTopaMH. UeJiblO BbI.o.epmKH npH
OTBepm.o.eHHH B q>opMe HBJlHeTCH .o.OBe.o.eHHe OTJlHBKH .0.0 He06xo-
.o.HMon H no B03MomHOCTH nOCTOHHHOH CTeneHH OTBepm.o.eHHH (BYJl-
KaHH3aUHH), Kor.o.a H3.o.eJlHe MomHO CB060.o.HO, 6e3 onaCHOCTH no-
Bpem.o.eHHH H3BJleKaTb H3 q>OpMbI H nepe.o.aBaTb Ha OTBepm.o.eHHe
B TepMOCTaTHpOBaHHblX YCJlOBHHX BHe q>OPMbI, r.o.e npOHcxo.o.HT ero
OKOHIJaTeJlbHOe CTPYKTypHpOBaHHe H q>OpMHpOBaHHe Tpe6yeMc;>ro'
KOMnJleKCa CBOHCTB. Pa3.o.eJleHHe OTBepm.o.eHHH Ha .o.8e CTa.o.HH-
B q>opMe H BHe q>OpMbI - n03BOJIHeT nOBblCHTb 3q>q>eKTHBHOCTb HC-
nOJlb30BaHHH q>opMYIOw.eA OCHaCTKH, YBeJlH'IHBaH C'beM H3.o.eJlHA C
o.o.Hon JlHTbeBoA q>OpMbI B HeCKOJlbKO pa3.
npH JlHTbeBOM q>opMOBaHHH YOC. KaK H npH JlHTbe peaKTO-
nJiaCTOB H pe3HHOBbI CMecen r307, c. 170], Ha CTa.o.HH BbI.o.epmKH
npH oTBepm.o.eHHH B nOJlOCTH q>OpMbI npo.o.OJlmaeT npoHcxo.o.HTb
npouecc BbipaBHHBaHHH .o.aBJleHHH, KOTOpblA npoTeKaeT B YCJlOBH-
HX rH.o.paBJlH'IeCKOn H30JlHUHH q>OpMbI OT Y3J1a BnpblcKa, H HHTeH-
CHBHoro B03paCTaHHH BH3KOCTH, npenHTcTBylOw.ero nepepacnpe.o.e-
JleHHIO .o.aBJleHHH H cnoc06cTBYIOw.ero ero «3aMopamHBaHHIO» Ha
HeKoTopoM ypoBHe, OTJlHIlHOM OT MHHHMaJlbHO .!!:OCTHmHMoro ap/
/dx=2'tm/h. Ha 3TOA CTa.o.HH MorYT 6b1Tb 3a.o.aHbI Ha'laJlbHble na-
paMeTpbl, T. e. .o.aBJleHHe H CTeneHb BYJlKaHH3aUHH MaTepHaJia B
q>opMe B KOHue BbI.o.epmKH no.o. .o.aBJleHHeM. 3TH napaMeTpbl onpe-
.o.eJlHIOT He TOJlbKO CTeneHb BYJlKaHH3au.HH H3.o.eJlHH B KOHue BbI-
.o.epmKH npH OTBepm.o.eHHH, HO H YPOBeHb .o.aBJleHHH B q>opMe
B KOHue YKa3aHHoro 3Tana P K , KOTopbln BJlHHeT Ha reOMeTpH'IeC-
KYIO TO'lHOCTb H3.o.eJlHif. nOCJle.o.Hee 06YCJlOBJleHO 3aBHCHMOCTblO OT
P K 06'beMHOrO pacwHpeHHH H3.o.eJlHH, npOHcxo.o.Hw.ero npH YMeHb-
weHHH .o.aBJleHHH OT P K .0.0 aTMocq>epHoro npH paCKpblTHH q>OPMbI.
267
.QJlH KOJlH'IeCTBeHHOro OnHCaHHH npouecca BhlpaBHHBaHHH .l1aBv
JleHHH Ha CTa.l1HH OTBep}K.!IeHHH B cpOpMe MO}KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb Ma-
TeMaTH'IeCKHH annapaT, npe.l1J10}KeHHhlH B [307, c. 170] .!IJlS! onH-
caHHH .l1aHHOrO npouecca upH JlHTbeBOM cpopMoBaHHH peaKTo-
nJiaCTOB. OCHoBhlBaHcb Ha pe3YJlbTaTaX paC'IeTa no YK83aHHoH
MeTO.l1HKe, MO}KHO nporH03HpoBaTb P K , Tpe6yeMoe YCHJlHe 3anHpa-
HHH CPOpMhI H np0.l10Jl}KHTeJlbHOCTb OTBep}K.l1eHHH B cpopMe. H8
npaKTHKe .D.J1H nporH03HpoBaHHH pe}KHMOB oTBep}K.l1eHHH MO}KHO
HCnOJlb30BaTb BH6popeoMeTpHIO. PacnOJIaraH peorpaMMaMH .D.J1H
pa3J1HtIHblX TeMnep8TYP H 3HaH .l1HHaMH'IeCKHH MO.l1YJlb Ig* (t) I,
npH KOTOpOM MaTepHaJi HMeeT .!IOCTaTO'lHYIO npO'lHOCTb (H3BJle'le-
HHH H3 CPOPMbI), MO}KHO onpe.l1eJlHTb np0.l10Jl}KHTeJlbHOCTb BhI.I1eP}K-
KH OTJlHBKH B cpopMe, KaK BpeMH .!lOCTH}KeHHH 3a.l1aHHorO a6COJIIOT-
Horo 3Ha'leHHH KOMnJleKCHOro MO.l1YJlH C.l1BHr8.
OpH CTPYKTypHposaHHH H3,!1.eJlHH BHe CPOPMbI, npOBO.!lHMOM
06h1'1HO B TepMocTaTHpoBaHHhlx YCJlOBHHX npH TOH }Ke TeMnep8TY-
pe, 'ITO H Ha CTa.l1HH OTBep}K.l1eHHH, 3aBepwalOTCH XHMH'IeCKHe.
CTPYKTypHble, KHHeTH'IeCKHe npeBpaw.eHHH H yca,!l.O'lHhle SlBJleHHSI.
npH 3TOM (j>opMYIOw.He 3J1eMeHThI He OKa3b1BalOT orpaHH'IHBalOw.ero
B03,!1.eHCTBHH Ha npouecc yca.l1KH. n03TOMY y HeKOTophlX mnOB
npeUH3MOHHblX H3,!1.eJlHH H3 YOC, HanpHMep Y BTYJlOK, WHH, 060-
JlO'leK H T. n., cpopMyeMhlx Ha }KeCTKHX .l10pHaX HJlH onp8BKax, npH
CTPYKTypHPOB8HHH BHe CPOpMbI MO}KeT Ha6J1IO.l1aTbCH He.l10nycTH-
Moe H3MeHeHHe pa3MepoB HJlM CPOPMhI. .QJlH npe.l10TBpaw.eHHH H3-
MeHeHHH p83MepoB H CPOpMhI B 3TOM cJlY'lae CJle.I1yeT JlH60 YBeJlH-
'IHTb np0.l10Jl}KHTeJlbHOCTb CTPYKTypHpoBaHHH B cpopMe, JlH60 Bec-
TH npouecc OTBep}K,!I.eHHH C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM .!lOpHa, onpaBKH HJlH
.l1pyrHx npHCmDC06J1eHHH, 06eCne'lHB81Ow.HX coxpaHHocTb pa3MepoB
H3.l1eJlHH B npouecce YCa.l1KH.
3.5.4.
J.1MnynlocHo-80nHOBaJI (8H6pa
HOHHaJl) TeXHOnOrHJI
DpH BH6paUHoHHOM B03.l1eHCTBHH B YOC npoTeKalOT pa3J1H'IHhle
cneUHcpH'IeCKHe cpH3H'IeCKHe H CPH3HKO-XHMH'IeCKHe npouecchI, KO-
Tophle MO}KHO lI,eJleHanpaBJleHHO HCnOJlb30BaTb .I1J1H HHTeHcHcpHKa-
lJ,HH CMeweHHH H JlHTbH, p8cwHpeHHH TeXHH'IeCKHX B03MO}KHOCTeH
060PY.!lOS8HHH H nOBhlweHHH K8'1eCTBa H3.l1eJlHit
BH6po.l1HCneprHpoBaHHe n pacnpe.I1eJleHHe reTepocpa3h1 B OJlH-
rOMepHoH MaTpnue OCHOB8HbI Ha C03.l1aHHH BH6pHPYIOW.eH nOBepx-
HOCTblO B CMeCH, nO,!l.aBaeMOA tfepe3 Y3KHH 3a30p, nepHO.l1H'IeCKHX
C.l1BHrOBhlX .l1ecpopMauHH 60JlbWOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH. npH 3TOM B Ma-
TepHaJle B03HHKalOT 3HaKonepeMeHHhle HMnYJlbchI K8C8TeJlbHblX
HanpH}KeHHH, aMnJlHTY.I1a KOTOphlX 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO npeBOCxO,!l.HT Kpn-
TH'IeCKOe C.l1BHrOBOe YCHJlHe TKP, cooTBeTcTBylOw.ee H8'1aJlY 3cpcpeK-
THBHoro .l1HCneprHpoBaHHH 'IaCTHU HJlH KaneJlb pacnpe.!leJiHeMOrO
KOMnOHeHTa, 8 CYMMapHaH .l1ecpopMaUHH C.l1BHr8 r, HaKOnJleHHaH
CMeCblO npH npOXO}K.l1eHHH ee Qepe3 pa60'lHH 3a30p. OTBe'laeT cy-
268
lUeCTBeHHO
Y YM1YfbUleHHIO TOJI1l\HHhI ,OOJloe nepeMeWHBaeMblX
KOMnOHeHTOB.
.KaK nOKa3aJlH npOBe.D.eHHhle HaMH 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHhle HCCJle-
.,nOBaHHfl, 34>-!P.eKT BH6po.D.HCneprHpOBaHHSI Ha6J1IO.D.aeTCSI B YOC
KaK .B .HH3KOlfaCTOTHOH 06J1aCTH (5-20 fu.). TaK H npH YJlbTpa-
3
yKOBblx yaC1'OTaX (16-20 Kfu.). O.D.HaKO C TOlfKH 3peHHSI 34>-
eKT.HBHOCTH H npOCT.OT-hI
H3KOYaCTOTHoe BH6po.D.HCneprHpOBaHHe
.npe.D.nOlfTH'FeJIhHee.
MeHblUaSi 3<I><PeKTHBHOCTl> YJlbTpa3ByKoBoro BH6po.D.HcneprHpo-
BaHHH 06YCJlOBJleHa TeM, liTO rJly6HHa npOHHKHOBeHHfl YJlbTpa3BY-
KOBhlX BOJIH ,He3HalfHTeJlbHa .H Bce noCJle.D.CTBHSI nepHO.D.HlfeCKOro
J1e4>opMHpOBaHHSI (pa3pYWeHHe lfacTHo. HanOJlHHTeJlH, BH6popa-
.30rpeB, CHHJKeHHe .BH3KOCTH H .DJ>.) KOHo.eHTpHpYIOTCSI B HenOCpe.D.-
CTBeHHOH 6J1H3OCTH OT BH6pHpYIOlU,eH nOBepxnocTH. n03TOMY 3CP-
4>eKT BH6po.D.HcneprHpOBaHHH peaJlH3yeTcfl B cpaBHHTeJlbHO He-
.60JlbWHX 06'beMaX, r.D.e B03M01KeH MeCTHhlif neperpeB YOC. KpOMe
Toro, BBH.lI.y He3HalfHTeJl;bHOCTH aMnJlHTY.D. CMeWeHHH cpe.D.hI (no-
;Pfl.D.Ka 10-,20 ,MKM) lIaCTHUhI .D.HCneprHpyeMoii 4>a3h1 nocJle pa3-
rPyweHHSI paCnOJIaralOTCfl B ,He60JlbWOM Y.D.aJleHHH OT nepBHlfHhlX
.ar JlOMepaTOB, He pacnpe.D.eJlHflCb paBHOMepHO no 06'beMY OJlHrO-
.MepHOH MaT,jHLUhI.
npH HH3KOlfaCTOT:HOM BH6pOB03.D.eifcTBHH 3aTyxaHHe KOJle6aHHH
Jfe3HalfHTeJIbHO H n,pH HCnOJlb30BaHHH .lJ,OCTaTOtIHO 60JlbwHX aMnJlH-
TY.D. C.D.BHrOBOro .D.e4>qpMHpoBaHHSI (200-400% H 60Jlee) CMelU,e-
tHHfl lfaCTHU: .MOI:YT .ooCTHraT:b 8-10 MM H .()oJlee. n03TOMY 34>4>eKT
BH6po.D.HCneprlWoBaHHSI :Ha6J1IO.D.aeTCSI BO BceM pa60lleM 3a30pe H,
CJle.D.OBaTeJlbHO, .D.HCnepr
pyeMafl ij>a3a MO>KeT paBHoMepHo pacnpe-
J1eJlSlTbC
B cpaBHHTeJlbHO 60JlbWHX 06'beMaX, npH 3TOM KalfeCTBO
,lJ.HCneprHposaHHSI ..JIyqwe, geM I:tPH YJJb'l'pa3IBYIroBOM BH6po,lJ.HCnep-
rHpOBaHHH.
JlSI .HH3KOlfaCTOTHOr.0 BH6po.D.HCneprHpOBaHHSI B HenpephlBHOM
:pe1KHMe MOI:YT 6h1T-b HCnOJlb30BaHhI BH6poJlHTbeWe rOJlOBKH (BH6-
pOnpHCTaBKH) npflMO'FOlfHOH H yrJloBoif KOHCTPYKu.HH, onHcaHHhle B
pa3.D.. 3.4. B BH6paUHoHHhlx r.OJlOBKaX np.ou.ece .D.HCneprHpoBaHHJt
npoTeKaeT 34>4>eKTHBHee, lfeM B CMeCHTeJlbHhlX YCTpoiicTBax, npHH-
UHn pa60ThI KOTOphlX.OCHOBaH .ua .D.HCneprHpOBaHHH no.D. .D.eifCTBH-
teM CTao.HOHa.£HhlX YCHJlHH C.D.BHra. .3TO 06YCJIOBJleHO CJlC.D.YIOIU,HMH
:IIpUIIHH3MH 13201.
l. npH paBHOM nOTpe6J1eHHH MOU{HOCTH Kone6areJlbHblH pe1KHM
.D.e4>OpMHpoBaHHH n03BOJlSJeT peaJlH30BaTb B MarepHaJle 60Jlee BhI-
'COKHe nHKOBhle 3HalfeHIDI 'K3CaTeJlbHhlX lIanpHJKeHHif, lIeM CTao.HO-
HapHhlH 'pe1KHM. nOK31KeM 3TO 'Ha npHMepe HeynpyroH HeJlHHeHHO-
::DSl3KOH CHcreMhI, nO.D.lfHHHlOlU,eHCSI CreReHHOMY 3aKOHy relfeHHH
"r=K.yn. 'HcnOJlb30B3HHe .D.3HHOH
O.D.eJI:H, 'KaK 6HJlo DOK333HO B
'P33.D.. 3.2, np8BOMepHO :.D.;1UI 06J13CTH 't::>Xm, 111'0 If HMeeT MeCTO npH
!BH6po.D. H cneprHpoB3HHH.
Cpe.D.HeHHTerp3J1bH3H °MOIU,HOCTb 33 :o.HKJI KOJle63HHH N, paB-
!HaH MOIU,HO'CTH, tOCpe.nHeHHOH ,no -qe1\BepTJI nepw,IJ.a., B pacqeTe Ha
69
e HHHUY 06DeMa onpe enHeTCfl paBeHCTBOM:
...... 2 n / 2 . 2. n/2
N = -5 t(qI)y(q»dq> =_K y n+1 5 si n n+1q>dfP
Jl o JI a 0 '
rAe q> -1fI333 KOJIe63HHii; 1a - 3MnJlHTyA3 CABHrOBbiX KOJIe6aHHA.
(3.61 )
npH .!1eq>OpMHpOBaHHH B pemHMe .; =';0 = const nOTpe6nfleMaH
MOUUHOCTb B paC1JeTe Ha e.!1HHHUY 06DeMa onpe.!1enHeTCfl H3 ypaB-
HeHHfl
N = 1To = K10n+l.
npHpaBHHBafl npaBbIe qaCTH ypaBHeHHH (3.61) H (3.62),
HecnomHbIX npe06pa30BaHHH nonY1JHM:
/ ( 1t/2 ) n/(n+l)
Ta/'to = 2 n ' cos n + 'q>dq> , '
rAe Ta - 3MnJlHTYAa KaC3TenbHblX HanpH:lKeHHII npH Kone6aTeJJbHOM
AelflopMHpOB3I1HH; 'to - KacaTeJJbHoe HanpH:lKeHHe npH CTaUHOHapHOM
Te'leHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOU1ee N =N.
TaK, npH n= 1 'ra/'rO= 1,41, T. e. npH paBHoM 3HepronoTpe6ne-
HHH npH KOJle6aTenbHoM pemHMe .!1eq>OpMHpoBaHHH peaJlH3YlOTCH
B 1,41 pa3a 60nee BbICOKHe KaCaTeJlbHbIe HanpHmeHHH, 1JeM B CTa-
UHoHapHoM pemHMe.
2. HanH1JHe B KonbueBOM 3a30pe BH6paUHoHHoH ronOBKH BYX
nepneH.!1HKynHpHo HanpaBneHHbIx C.!1BHrOBbIX nOTOKOB, T. e. CTa-
UHoHapHoro oceBoro Te1JeHHH H nepHO.!1H1JeCKH H3MeHfllOuuerOCfl no
CKOpOCTH H HanpaBJleHHIO oKpymHoro nOTOKa, 06eCne1JHBaeT nepH-
O.!1H1JecKYIO nepeopHeHTaUHIO 1JaCTHU HanonHHTenH H cnoeB nepe-
MeWHBaeMbIX KOMnOHeHTOB, npenflTcTBYfl HX cTpeMneHHIO K OPH-
eHTaUHH B.!10nb nHHHH TOKa H C03.!1aBafl TeM caMbIM 60nee 6naro-
npHflTHbIe ycnoBHH .!1nfl .!1HCneprHpoBaHHfl H pacnpe.!1eneHHH B onn-
rOMepHoH MaTpHue reTepoq>a3bI, qeM npH cTauHoHapHoM 'Te1JeHHH
unH npH COBna.!1eHHH HanpaBneHHfl Te1JeHHft C HanpaBneHHeM C BH-
rOBbIX Kone6aHHH.
3. B npouecce BH6poo6pa60TKH qaCTHUbI TeXHH1JeCKOrO yr Jle-
pO.!1a nO BepralOTcH 3HaKonepeMeHHbIM, MHoroKpaTHo nOBTopfllO-
UUHMCfl UHKnH1JeCKHM Harpy3KaM, npH 3TOM B CMeCH pa3BHBalOTcH
..
BeCbMa 3Ha1JHTenbHbIe YCKopeHHfl "(=ro 2 "( (.110 100-1000 c- 2 ).
YK33aHHbIe q>aKTopbl, BepoHTHo, cnoc06cTBYlOT HcneprHpoBaHHIO
TeXHH1JeCKOrO yrnepo.!1a 3a C1JeT YCTanocTHoro pa3pyweHHH arno-
MepaToB [320].
4. npH BH6po.!1HCneprHpoBaHHH peanH3YlOTcfl 60nee HH3KHe
TeMnepaTYPbI, TaK KaK B BH6paUHoHHoH ronOBKe CMeCb HaXO.!1HTCfl
B paBHoTOnUUHHHoM KonbueBOM 3a30pe cpaBHHTenbHo ManoH Ton-
IUHHbI C 6naronpHHTHbIMH ycnoBHflMH TennOOTBO.!1a, a npH 'ra = 'ro
ocpe HeHHaft MOWHOCTb HCCHnaTHBHblX TenJlOBbI.!1eneHHH npH KO-
ne6aTenbHoM pemHMe eq>opMHpoBaHHH 3Ha1JHTenbHO MeHbllle, qeM
270
(3.62)
nocJle
(3.63)
pe}l(H Me
pe}l(H Me
npH CTaUHOHapH'OM retfeHHH. ...ami Cpe.o.. nO.o.qHHSlIOWHXCSI creneHHO-
MY 3aKoHy relleHHSI, 'OTH'OWeHHe 3a.o.aHHblX M'OWHOCTeA .o.JlSI H30-
TepMHlleCKHX YCJl'OBHH M'O>KHO OUeHHTb n'O (j>'OPMYJle
N 2 11 / 2
Ii = jJ sin n + 1 lpd,_
(3_64)
COrJlaCH'O (3.64) npH n= 1 OCpe.o.HeHHaSi MOWH'OCTb .o.HCCHna-
THBHblX renJl'OBbl.o.eJleHHA npH BH6p'O.o.HcneprHP'OBaHHH B .o.Ba pa3a
MeHbwe, tfeM npH CTaUH'OHapH'OM peJKHMe .o.HCneprHpYlOwero CMe-
WeIIHSI.
.QJlSI CMeweHHH 'OJlHr'OMep'OB C MeJlKOH3MeJlblleHHblM HeaKTHBHblM
Han'OJlHHTeJleM HJlH He6'OJlbWHM (.0.0 5 Mac. tf.) K'OJlHtfeCTB'OM aK-
THBH'Or'O Han'OJlHHTeJlSI ueJlecoo6pa3H0 HCn'OJlb3'OBaTb HMnYJlbCH'O-
B'OJlH'OBYIO TeXH'OJl'OrHIO. 6a3HPYlOlUYIOCSI Ha 34>(j>eKTe BH6paUHOH-
H'Or'O nepeMeWHBaHHSI B pemHMe HeJlHHeHH'Or'O pe30HaHca ra3'O-
mH.o.KOCTH'OH 3MYJlbCHH (CM. pa3.D,.. 1.6).
KaK n'OKa3aJlH 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHble HCCJle.o.'OBaHHSI,npH BH6p'O-
nepeMewHBaHHH B YKa3aHH'OM pelKHMe y.o.aeTCSI 3a 0.5-1.0 MHH
paBH'OMepH'O pacnpe.D.eJlHTb B OJlHr'OMepe n'OP'OW'OK 'OKHCH UHHKa
(5 Mac. 11.). IIT'O B .D.eCSlTKH pa3 6b1CTpee, lIeM npH MexaHHlleCK'OM
nepeMewHBaHHH.
BHopopa30rpeB. nepHO.D.HlleCK'Oe C.o.BHr'OB'Oe .D.e<l>opMHP'OBaHHe
YOC C'Onp'OB'Om.o.aeTCSI .D.'OB'OJlbH'O 3HallHTeJlbHblMH .o.HCCHnaTHBHbl-
MH TenJl'OBbl.D.eJleHHSlMH. tfT'O, KaK 'OTMellaJlOCb B pa3.o.. 3.4. MOmH'O
HCn'OJlb3'OBaTb .o.JlSI pa3'OrpeSa CMeCH nepe.D. n'O.D.alleH B (j>'OPMY, .D.'O-
6HBaSiCb 6blCTP'Or'O H paBH'OMepH'OrO no 06'beMY n'OBblWeHHSI TeMne-
paTypbl. npH Bbl6'Ope aMnJlHTY.D,H'O-IIaCT'OTH'Or'O .o.Hana3'OHa BH6p'O-
pa3'OrpeBa He'06x'O.o.HM'O. B'O-nepBblK., '06eCnellHTb .o.'OCTaTOIIHYIO .D.JlSI
HHTeHCHBH'Or'O pa3'OrpeBa M'OlU.HOCTh .o.HCCHnaTHBHblX TenJl'OBbl.o.eJle-
HHA H. B'O-BT'OPblX. npaKTHllecKH HCKJllOlIHTb HeraTHBH'Oe BJlHSlHHe
3aTyxaHHSI K'OJle6aHHH Ha 'O.D,HOP'O.D,HOCTb n'OJiSI .D.e4>'OPMaUHH B 3'0-
He BH6poo6pa60TKH.
.QJlSI 'OueHKH HHTeHCHBHOCTH TenJlOBbl.o.eJleHHA paCC'IHTaeM .D.HC-
CHnaUHIO BHeWHeH pa6'OTbl npH rapM'OHHlleCK'OM pe)l{HMe pa6'OTbl
HarpymeHHSI BSl3KOnJiaCTH'lH'Oif Cpe.D.bl. n'OJiHaSi pa6'OTa A, C'OBep-
waeMaSi 3a UHKJI C.D.BHr'OBblX KOJIe6aHHif H 'OCpe.D.HeHHaSi n'O UHKJlY
M'OWHOCTb .o.HCCHnaTHBHblX TenJl'OBbl.D.eJleHHH B paclleTe Ha e.o.H-
HHUY '06'beMa. 'Onpe.D.eJlSleTCSI paBeIICTBaMH
2 2
A = J T(t)d"( H N= (CJ>/2n) J T(t)1(t)dt.
o 0
(3.65)
.. .
nYCTb 'Y='Yasinrot='Yasinlp. TOr.o.a .o.JlSI BSl3K'ODJIaCTHtlHOH cpe-
.l1bl. 'OnHCblBaeMoH MO.D.eJlblO IllBe.D.OBa - 5HHraMa, OCpe.D.HeHHaSi n'O
IJ.HKJlY M'OWH'OCTb .D.HCCHnaTHBHblx TenJl'OBbl.D.eJleHHif K'OJlHtleCTBeHHO
paBHa MOllJ.HOCTH, ocpeAHeHH'Oif n'O tJeTBepTH UHKJla. H MomeT OblTb
27J
paCC'IHTaHa CJle.!1yroIltHM OOpa30M
. 2 " S I2. . . "2 . (3 66
N = Ji (l1p)l(tg) + TmsIgnt(cp)]v(q»dq> = J)pV a /2 + 2TmsignTVa/Jt. .
o
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH El,HKJlHqeCKOM .!1e<l>opMHpoBaHHH .!1aHHOH
BSl3KOnJiaCTH'IHoii: cpe.!1b1 OCpe.!1HeHHaH MOUJ.HOCTb .!1HCCHnaTHBHblX
.
TenJlOBbI.a,eJleHHii: 6y.a,eT B [1 +4'tm/ (f)p"(a)] pM 60JlbWe, 'IeN "PH
TeX 1Ke napaMeTpaX .!1e<l>OpMHpoBaHHH y HbIOTOHOBCKOii: 1KH.!1KOCTH.
HMelOUJ.eH BH3KOCTb f)H = f)p. PaC'IeTbI, npOBe.!1eHHble no <l>opMYJle
(3.66), nOKa3b1BaIOT, 'ITO npH nepHO.!1HtJeCKOM HH3KO'laCTOTHOM
(10-20 rII.) c.a,BHrOBOM .a,e<j,>opMHpoBaHHH YOC C a MnJ1HTY.!10K
"( =300-400% TeMnepaTypa MaCCbI nOBblwaeTCSI co CKOpOCTblO
1O-30°C/c. CJ1e.a,oBaTeJIbHO, npH HH3KOtJaCTOTHOM BH6pOB03.!1eHCT-
BHH 60J1blllOH a MnJIHTy.a,bI MOJKHO 3a cpaBHHTeJ1bHO KOpOTKHa npa-
Me1KYTOK BpeMeHH .!106HTbCSI pa30rpeBa MaCCbI YOC .110 Tpe6yeMoH
TeMrrepaTypbl, HarrpHMep .a,o TeMnepaTYPbl <l>opMoBaHHSI HenOCpe.!1-
CTBeHHO nepe.l1 nO.!1a'leH B <l>opMy. OII.eHotJHbIe paC'IeTbi 3<l><I>eKTHB-
HOU rJ1y6HHbI npOHHKHOBeHHSI C.!1BHrOBbIX BOJ1H B cpe.!1Y C YPOB-
HeM BSl3KOCTH YOC nOKa3b1BaIOT, 'ITO na BeJ1H'IHHa npH f= 10-
20 rII. Ha 2-3 .a,eCHTHtJHbIX nOpSl.l1Ka 60JlbWe TOJ1UJ.HHbI pa6o'lero
3330pa .l1HCCHnaTHBHoH BH6paUHoHHoH r0J10BKH, npe.!1Ha3Ha'leHHOH
.!1J1H BH6popa30rpeBa MaTepHaJ1a [322]. n03TOMY B YOC npH HH3-
KOqaCTOTHOM BH6pOB03.!1eikTBHH peaJlH3yeTcH O.a,HopO.!1HOe nOJle
CKopocTen .!1e<l>opMaII.HH H npOHCxO.!1HT paBHoMepHbIH pa30rpeB
MaTepHaJia 80 Bcen 06pa6aTbIs.aeMOH Macce.
KOHCTPYKUHSI .a,HCCHnaTHBHbIX BH6paII.HOHHbIX rOJlOBOK onHcaHa
B pa3.l1. 3.5, a MeTO.l1I1Ka paC'IeTa OnTHMaJlbHblX pe1KHMOB BH6po-
pa30rpeBa npHBe.a,eHa B [334, 322).
BHOpOTpaHCnOpTHpOBaHHe H BHopOHarHeTaHHe. KaK 6blJlO no-
Ka3aHO Bblwe, HaJlH'IHe y YOC npe.a,eJla TeKY'lecTH 3HalfHTeJ1bHO
yxy.a,waeT JlHTbeBbIe CBoHcTBa H aaTpY.!1HHeT HX TpaHcnopTHpoBa-
HHe no cpaBHeHHIO C MaTepHaJlOM Ton 1Ke BH3KOCTH, HO He 06J1a-
.l1alOUJ.HM nJIaCTH'IeCKHMH CBoHcTBaMH. no TOH JKe npH'IHHe B npaK-
THKe JlHTbeBOro cpopMoBaRHH YOC MorYT Ha6JIIO.!1aTbCSI TaKHe SlB-
JIeHHH, KaK He,!l.OJlHB, 3aKynopKa TpaHcnopTHpylOUJ.HX Tpy60npoBO-
.a,OB H JIHTHHKOBblX KaHaJIOB, 60JlbWaH npo.a,OJl1KHTeJIbHOCTb 3anOJI-
HeHHH cpOpMbI H .!1p.
O.!1HHM H3 3<l><I>eKTHBHbIX nYTeii: YCTpaHeHHSI YKa3aHHblX Hera.
THBHblX SlBJleRHii: SlBJIHeTCSI HCnOJIb30BaHHe BH6paII.HOHHOii: TeXHO-
JlOrHH, OCHOBaHHOH Ha HHTeHcH<I>HKaUHH npoueCCOB TpaHcnopTHpo'
DaHHSI H HarHeTaHHH BSl3KHX cpe.a, no.a, .!1eii:cTBHeM HMnYJIbCHbiX
Harpy30K. 3TOT 3<1><l>eKT 6a3HpyeTcH Ha II.eJIeHanpaBJIeHHOM HC-
nOJlb30BaHHH HeJIHHeii:Hblx rH.!1po.a,HHaMH'IeCKHX CBOHCTB cpe.a,bI:
peoJlOmlleCKOH HeJlHHeHHOCTH, HeJlHHeHHOM xapaKTepe HHepUHOH-
HblX CHJI JlH60 HHOii: HeJlHHenHOCTLIO ypaBHeHHSI ,l1BH1KeHHSI HJlH
rpaHH'IHblX YCJlOBHii: [139, c. 23j. npH H3rOTOBJleHHH H JlHT&eBOM
cpopMoBaHHH YOC HHTeHcH<pHK3UHSI npouecca Te'leHHft 06ycJloBJle-
272
Ha B OCHOBHOM peOJlOrHQeCKOH HeJlHHeHHOCTblO, npH 9TOM B 06J1ac-
TH CpSBHHTeJlbHO HH3KHX CKOpOCTeH nOTOKa, KorAa peOJlOrHlleCKO
nOBeileHHe CpeAbi YAOBJleTBOpHTeJlbHO OnHCblBaeTCSI MOAeJlb1O'
IlIBeAoBa - BHHraMa (CM. pa3A. 3.2), BH6pOTeXHOJlOrHileCKHe 31{>-
ct>eKTbI CBSl3aHbI C HaJlHIlHeM npeAeJia TeKYlleCTH, a B 06J1SCTH OT-
HOCHTeJlbHO BbiCOKHX CKopOCTeH CABHra (06J1aCTH nCeBAOnJiaCTHIl.
Horo nOBeAeHHSI) OHH 06YCJlOBJleHbI aHOM8J1HeH BSl3KOCTH.
npH BH6pa
HOHHOM TelleHH" nOA AeHCTBHeM nepHOAHlleCKHX
HMnYJlbCOB ASBJleHHSI B3aHMOCBSl3b Me>KAY 06'beMHblM paCXOAOM'
Q H rpaAHeHTOM AaBJleHHSI P npH HanopHOM TelleHHH YOC onH-
CblBaeTCSI, KaK 6b1J1o nOKa3aHO Bblilie, ypaBHeHHeM PeHHepa - By-
KHHreMa:
Q - (nR4P/8i)(I-4X/3 + X4/3) ,
(3.67)
rAe X =2im/RP, P=Po+P a sin q>; Po - nOCTOIIHHaIJ COCTa81lHIOmali rpaAHeliTH
AaBJleHHH; P a - aMnJlHTYAa KOJIe6aHHii rpaAHeHTa AaBJleHHH; 't - KacaTe.
bHoe
HanpH:lKe
He; 't'm - npeAen TeKY'IecTH; TIp - fiJlaCTH'IeCK3H BH3KOCTb; R - paAHYC
KaHaJla; "( - CKOpOCTb CABHra; q> - 4>a3a KOJle6aHHii.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT COOTHOilieHHH Me>KAY rpaAHeHTOM .ll.aBJleHHSI:
P*, COOTBeTCTBYIOnr.HM npeKpanr.eHHIO TelleHHSI B Tpy6e BH3KOnJlaC-'
THtfHOrO MaTepHaJla, H napaMeTpaMH nepHO.ll.HtfeCKH H3MeHHIOnr.ero-
CSI rpa.ll.HeHTa .ll.aBJleHHSI (PO H Pa) B03MO>KHbl lIeTbipe XapaKTep-
HbiX pe>KHMa OTKJlHKa CHCTeMbi Ha nepHOAHlleCKOe B03MymeHHe-
(pHC. 3.31). C n03H
HH npaKTlllleCKoro npHMeHeHHSI npe.ll.CTaBJlSI-
lOT HHTepec pe>KHMbI 2 H 3, TaK KaK OHH n03BOJlSlIOT 3a ClleT aCHM-
MeTpHH HanopHo-paCXO.ll.HblX xapaKTepHCTHK npH nepHO,ltHlleCKOM
B03Mynr.eHHH (CM. pHC. 3.31,6 H 8), .IJH60 C006nr.HTb HanpaB.neHHOe
nOCTynsTeJlbHOe nepeMenr.eHHe HenO.ll.BH>KHOH BSl3KOnJiaCTHilHOif
Cpe.ll.e (pe>KHM 2), JlH60 cynr.eCTBeHHO YBeJlHtJHTb nepBOHallaJlbHYIO<
CKOpOCTb nOTOKa (pe>KHM 3) B HeCKOJlbKO AeCSlTKOB pa3 [323-
325J, npH nOM AJlHHbI 3aTeKaHHSI npH nYJlbcHpylOmeM pe>KHMe-
3anOJlHeHHSI JlHTbeBoA <l>OpMbI no cpaBHeHHIO co CTa
I-lOHapHblW
MorYT 6b1Tb paCCIIHTaHbI H3 CJle.ll.YlOmero pClBeHCTBa:
IOn/l*'cf = (Po + Pa)/P o = 1 + c. (3.68)'
KaK CJle.ll.yeT H3 ypaBHeHHSI (3.68), npH HCnOJlb30BaHHH cynr.e-.
CTBeHHO HecHMMeTpHIlHoro
HKJla Kone6aHHH .ll.SBJleHHH (c
l)
npe.ll.eJlbHaSl .ll.JlHHa 3STeKaHHSI BSl3KOnJiaCTHilHoro MaTepHaJia B'
ct>OPMY MO>KeT YBeJlHIIHBaTbcSI B 8-10 pa3, tfTO 6b1J1o 3KcnepHMeH-
TaJlbHO nO.ll.TBep>KAeHO B [323].
. ,l{JlSI B036Y>K.ll.eHHSI B nOTOKe YOC nepHoAHllecKHx HMnYJlbC()8..
.ll.aBneHHSI B npo
ecce TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHSI HJlH 3anOJlHeHHSI JlHTbe-
BOH (j>OpMbI HcnoJlb3ylOT nopiliHeBbie' BH6ponpJfCTSBKH, onHcaHHble
B pa3.ll.. 3.4 (CM. pHC. 3.19). YKa3aHHble BH6ponpHcTaBKH B036Y>K-
.ll.alOT nepHO.ll.HlleCKHe HMny.nbcbI .ll.aBJleHHSI pa3J1HIIHOH, B TOM IIHcne-
cynr.eCTBeHHO HeCHMMeTpHIlHOH cpopMbI (c
i). AHaJlH3 pa60Tbi
BH6ponpHCTaBKH H MeTO.llHKa paCqeTa OnTHMaJlbHblX pe>KHMOB pa-.
60Tbl npH TpsHcnopTHpoBaHHH. H JlHTbe YOC. paccMoTpeHbl s-.
[325] .
18-153 273,
.1fJ
;lP
Q
11
6
p
!P z f/J ,tp,
IfJz
f
p
2
PHC. 3.31. CJ)YHKUHH OTKnHKa nOTOKa BH3KOnJl3CTH'IHOil cpeAbI llIBeAoBa - BHH-
T3M3 Ha CHHYCOHAaJlbHO H3MeHHIOlllHilCH RMny.JJbc rp3.11.HeHTa AaBJleHHft:
a-P.+P.<p.; 6-P.+P.>p. H Po<p.;
8 - p.+p.>P* H Po-Pa<p., Z - po-p.>p.
.QJUI HeynpyrHx HeJTHHeHHO-BSl3KHX Cpe.o., nO.o.lfHHSlIOWHXCSI CTe-
neHHoMy 3aKOHY TelfeHHSI Q=KPn (RRIM-cHcTeMhI), OTHOCHTenb-
Hoe YBenHlfeHHe Cpe.o.HeHHTerpanbHOH CKOpOCTH S npH HanOpHOM
nynbCHpYlOweM TetfeHHH., 10lfeBH.o.HO, MO)l{eT 6h1Tb onpe.o.eneHO no
4>opMyne:
( 21t/(;) )/ ( 211/(;) ) n
S=Q/Qo= ;: f Q(t)dt, Qo=ro/2n f I+Pa/Posinrot dt.
(3.69)
l(aK BH.o.HO H3 (j>DpMynhl, C pOCTOM napaMeTpa n H OTHoweHHSI
Pa/PO OTHOCHTenbHhlH 3(j>4>eKT YBenHlfeHHSI CKOpOCTH nOTOKa S B03-
paCTaeT, npH 3TOM B cnylfae 60JlbWHX aMnnHTY.o. Pa CKOpOCTb no-
TOKa no cpaBHeHHIO co CKQPOCTbIO HeB03MyweHHoro nOTOKa cywe-
CTBeHHO (B HeCKOJIbKO pa3) B03pacTaeT.
npH Hanop,HoM TelfeRHH YOC lfepe3 KOnblJ,eBOU KaHan CKOpOCTb
TpaHcnopTHpOB3HHSI npH 3a.o.aHHOM nepena.o.e .o.aBneHHSI MO)l{eT
6h1Tb YBenHlfeHa 3a ClfeT KpyroBhlx Kone6aHHU, co06waeMhlX 0.0.-
HOU H3 CTeHDK Kauan8.
.274
B pa60Te [321J nOKa3aHO, If TO .!1JUI OueHKH TeXHOJIOrHlfeCKHX
:Up(j>eKTOB npH BH6pOTpaHCnOpTHpOBaHHH CTeneHHofr }KH.!1KOCTK
MO}KeT 6blTb HCnOJIb30BaHO CJIe.!1YIOw.ee ypaBHeHHe:
211/(,)
t1P B QB I ( Q: 2' 2 t) <n-1)/2 dt
- =- n2 + c SIO (,) ·
t1Pc Qc Qc
o
(3. 0)
r e l!.P., l!.P c , Q., Qc - nepeoa,itbl AaBJIeHHII 8 KaHaJle H ?6 MHble paCXOAbI OpH
BH6pallHOHHOM H CTallHOHapaOM pe:IKHMaX 9KCTpY3HH; C='(./'(o.
3HaSi pa60lfHe XapaKTepHCTHKH lfepBSlKa H rOJIOBKH, MO}KHO'
IfHCJIeHHblMH MeTO.!1aMH paCClfHTaTb PB H QB .!1JISI 3a.!1aHHblX 3Ha-
. .
lfeHHfr 'ta H 'to HJIH peWHTb .!1PyrHe n0.!106Hble 3a.!1alfH. Ha pHC. 3.32.
npHBe.!1eHbl paclfeTHble 3aBHCHMOCTH PB(c) H QB(C) .!1JISI .!1BYX npe-
.!1eJIbHblX CJIYlfaeB: pe>KHMa 3KCTPY3HH npH nOCTOSlHHOM pacxo.!1e'
QB=QC=const H pe}KHMa 3KCTPY3HH npH nOCTOSlHHOM .!1aBJIeHHH
PB= Pc const. KaK BH.!1HO 83 pHCYHKa, C YBeJIHlfeHHeM 6e3pa3-
MepHoro napaMeTpa C, T. e. C pOCTOM OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO 3HalfeHHSI
aMnJIHTY.!1bl CKOpOCTH .!1e(j>opMaUHH, nepena.!1 .!1aBJIeHHH B 3KCTPy3H-
OHHOH rOJIOBKe YMeHbwaeTCH, a 06'beMHblH paCXO.!1 YBeJlHlfHBaeTCSI.
.1P,/4Pc
19 (Q,!Qc)
o
1,2
0,8 .
a
2 19C
PHC. 3.32. 3aBHcHMocTH 6e3pa3MepHoro nepenua .zr:aBJIeHHii l!.P./l!.P c H 6e3pa3
MepHoro pacxoAa l!.Q./l!.Qc OT 6e3pa3MepHoii aMJIJlHTYAbi CKOpOCTH oepHOAH'Ie-
CKOro CABHrOBoro Ae<lloPMHpoBaHHH C B KOJlb BOM 3a30pe BH6p09KCTPY3HOHHOii
rOJlOBKH B pe:IKHMe Q.=Qc=const (a) H PB=PO=const (6) OpH pa3JIH'IHblX:
3Ha'leHHIIX nOKa3aTeJJH n:
1- I; 2-0,5; 8-0,3; 4-0,1; 5-0
18.
-
275
iIlpu YMeHi>meHUU napaM'eTpa 'n, -T. e. upu YBeJIUIJeHUU CTeneHU
!HeJIHHeAHOCTU KpRBOA TeIJeHHjI, YKa33HHble 9«j>«j>eKTbI TaKJKe YCU-
..1IHBaIOTCSI.
BH6poyn OTNeHHSI H .o.era3aQHSI.llpH BH6pupOBaHUU MHoro«j>a3-
:HblX cpe.!1 Ha6JIIO.!1aeTCSI 6ecnqpjl.!10IJHOe BH6pupOBaHHe U OTHOCH-
'TeJIbHOe nepeMell!eHHe P&3JIUtlHblX «j>a3, B pe3YJIbTaTe IJero npu
.onpe.!1eJIeHHblX YCJIOBUSIX npOUCXO.!1HT Y.!1aJIeHHe ra30BoA «j>a3b1 II
>o6pa3yeTcSI O.!1HOpO.!1HaSl, MOHOJIUTHaSl, nJIOTHaSi CTpYKTypa BSl3KO-
TeKYIJUX U nopowKoo6pa3HblX CUCTeM [147, c. 34]. CTauuoHapHoe
.!1aBJIeHUe, OKa3b1BaeMOe B 3TOM cJIYIJae Ha BH6puPyeMYlO Maccy,
cnoco6cTByeT KOHueHTpaUHH 3BYKOBOA 3HeprHH H 60JIee 3«j>«j>eK-
TUBHOMY ee UCnOJIb30BaHHIO. HaUJIYIJWHX C TOIJKH 3peHuSi 3«j>-
.:«peKTHBHoCTU, CTPYKTYPHOA O.!1HOpO.llHOCTU H 3HeproeMKocTH pe-
3YJIbTaTOB MOJKHO .!106UTbCSI IWu Be.!1eHHU npoueccoB Bu6poynJIOT-
HeHUjI H BH6p0.!1era3aUHu 'B pe30HaHCHOM peJKHMe, COnpOBOJK.!1ae-
:MOM 06pa30BaHueM B «j>opMYIOll!eA nOJIOCTH CTOSlIJHX BOJIH.
npu U3rOTOBJIeHHU YOC Tpe6yeTcSI .!1era3HpOBaTb KaK UCXO.!1-
. Hble JKU.!1KHe npO.!1yKTbI, TaK H rOTOBbie CMecu, n03ToMy BH6po.!1e-
ra3aUHIO MOJKHO npUMeHSlTb KaK H8 CTa.!1HU nO.!1rOTOBKU OJIHrOMe-
pa UJIH a.!1.!1YKTa, TaK H, Ha 3Tane nO.!1rOTOBKU nopUHH BnpblCKa UJIH
.HenOCpe.!1CTBeHHO B npOl{ecce JIUTbeBoro «j>opMOBaHHSI. npu BH6po-
.!1era3aUHH JKH.!1KHX npO.!1YKTOB ueJIeCOO6pa3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb 3«j>-
«j>eKT HeJIHHeAHOro 'pe30llaHca (CM. pa3.!1. 1.7), a npH BH6po.!1era-
3aUUH rOToBoH CMecu - YCTpoAcTBO, npe.!1CTaBJIeHHOe Ha pHC.
.3.17.6.
BH6pOTHKcoTponHSI. KaK UblJIO nOKa3aHO B pa3.!1. 3.2, YOC npH
C.!1BHfOBOM .!1e<j>OpMupoBaHHH npOSlBJISIeT THKCOTponHble cBoAcTBa,
T. e. 9«j>«j>eKTHBHaSi BSl3KOCTb MaTepHaJIa o6paTHMo CHUJKaeTCSI B
TeIJeHHe onpe.!1eJIeHHOrO nepHO.!1a, .!10CTHraSi paBHoBecHoro ypOBHSI,
a nOCJIe npeKpall!eHUSI .!1ecpopMHpoBaHuSi nOCTeneHHO BOCCTaHaBJIH-
tBaeTCSI ,.110 n pBOHaIJaJIbHOI:O ypOBHSI. 3TOT 3«j>«j>eKT Ha6JIIO.!1aeTCSI
KaK npH cTaUHoHapHoM, TaK H npH nepuO.!1HIJeCKOM C.!1BHrOBOM .!1e-
'«j>OpMHpoBaHHH. THKcoTponHblH xapaKTep nOBe.!1eHHSI YOC npH
BH6pHpoBaHHH SlBJISleTCSI CJIe.!1CTBHeM CTPYKTYPHblX npeBpall!eHHA,
:B TOM IJHCJIe pa3pyweHHSI CBSl3eH THna OJIHrOMef) - HanOJIHHTeJIb,
MOJIeKYJISlpHblX aCCOUHaTOB OJIHrOMepa H .!1p. [297].
npOu.eccbI,TuKcoTponHoJ:o .pa3pyweHHSI H BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI CTPYK-
TYPbl YOC cOnpOBOJK.!1aIOTCSI nOBblweHHeM ynopSl.!10IJeHHOCTH H pe-
rYJISIpHOCTH CTPYKTYPbl HanOJIHHTeJISI B OJIHrOMepHoA MaTpHue H
8CCOUHaTOB OJIHrOMepa, IJTO B KOHeIJHOM CIJeTe npHBO.!1HT K YJIYIJ-
,llIeHHIO CTPYKTypbl CWHToro nOJIHMepa Hero «j>H3HKO-MeXaHHIJeC-
KHX CBoACTB.
5IBJIeHHe THKCOTponHoro CHHJKeHHSI BSl3KOCTH H BH6pOMOp«j>OJIO-
rHIJeCKHe 3«j>«j>eKTbI B YOC ueJIeCOO6pa3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb .!1JISI
YJIYIJweHHSI«j>opMyeMocTH H -HanpaBJIeHHOrO perYJIHpOBaHHSI CTPYK-
Typbl H CBOHCTB H3.!1eJIHH H3 pe3HH Ha OCHOBe yrJIep0.!10HanOJIHeH-
iHblX OJIHrOMepOB. C nOH ueJIblO YOC HenOCpe.!1CTBeHHO nepe.!1
,«j>opMOBaHHeM CJIe.!1yeT B reIJeHHe onpe.!1eJIeHHOrO BpeMeHH nO.!1 B ep-
a-8Tb HHTeHCHBHbLM nepHO.!1HIJeCKHM C.!1BHrOBbiM .!1e«j>opuaUHSlM_
.276
I10cne TOrO KaK 3aKOHqHTCH npouecc THKCOTpOnHOrO pa3PyweHHH
CTPYKTypbl H BH3KOCTb CMeCH CHH3HTCH .ll0 paBHOBeCHOro 3HaqeHHH.
YOC nO.llalOT B JlHTbeBYIO «j>OPMY. ,lJ.JlH npaKTHqeCKOA peaJlH3aUHH
.llaHHOrO MeTOJl.a BH6po«j>OpMOBaHHSI MO)KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb BH6pa-
UHOHHble rOJlOBKH, npeJl.CTaBJleHHble Ha pHC. 3.17.
51BJleHHe THKcoTponHoro CHH)KeHHSI BSl3KOCTH MO)KHO TaK)Ke
HCnOJlb30BaTb JI.JlH HHTeHcH«j>HKaUHH peJiaKCaUHoHHoro npouecca
HapacTaHHH H BbipaBHHBaHHH .llaBJleHHH npH JlHTbeBOM «j>opMoBa-
HHH YOC Ha CTaJl.HH BblJl.ep)KKH noJl. J1.aBJleHHeM, qTO He TOJlbKO
cnoc06cTByeT COKpaIUeHHIO UHKJla «j>opMOBaHHH, HO H npHBO.llHT K
YJlyqWeHHIO KaqeCTBeHHblX nOKa3aTeJleH H3J1.eJlHH (CHH)KeHHIO
BHYTpeHHHX HanpH)KeHHH, nOBblweHHIO CTPYKTYPHOH O.llHOpO.llHOCTH
H nJlOTHOCTH). B nOM cJlyqae .llJlH BH6pOTHKCOTponHoro pa3Pywe-
HHSI CTPYKTYPbl MO)KHO TaIOKe HCnOJlb30BaTb BH6ponopwHeBYIO
npHCTaBKY (CM. pHC. 3.19), oCYIUeCTBJlSlIOIUYIO nepHO.llHqecKoe .lle-
<]>OpMHpoBaHHe YOC KaK Ha CTaJl.HH 3anOJlHeHHH «j>OPMbI, TaK H B
npouecce BblJl.ep)KKH noJl. J1.aBJleHHeM.
3.5.5.
KOHTpon.. H ynpaBneHHe Ka'leCTBOM npo,qYKI.4HH
BXO.llHOii H TexHOJlOrHqeCKHH KOHTpOJIb. B J1.0nOJlHeHHe K onHcaH-
HbiM B pa3J1.. 1.6 MeTOJl.aM BXOJl.HOrO H TeXHOJlOrHqeCKOrO KOHTpOJIH
npH H3rOTOBJleHHH H3J1.eJlHH H3 HanOJlHeHHblX nOJIHypeTaHoB HC-
nOJlb3YIOT CJleJl.YIOIUHe MeTOJl.bI onepaUHoHHoro KOHTpOJlH, n03BOJlH-
.JOIUHe oueHHTb OJl.HOpOJl.HOCTb pacnpeJl.eJleHHSI H CTeneHb .llHCnep-
cHpoBaHHH HanOJlHHTeJlH.
I. OueHKa OJl.HOpOJl.HOCTH pacnpeJl.eJleHHSI HanOJlHHTeJlSl. MaKpo-
TPYKTYPY 06pa3uoB oueHHBalOT no CpeJl.HeMY 3HaqeHHIO KOHueHT-
paUHH HanOJlHHTeJlH H no CpeJl.HeKBaJl.paTHqHoMY OTKJlOHeHHIO ero
KOHUeHTpaUHH B pa3J1HqHblX TOqKaX CMeCH, KOTopble onpeJl.eJlHIOT
Ha OCHOBe XHMHqeCKOrO aHaJlH3a oT06paHHblX np06 H CTaTHqeCKOH
.o6pa60TKH nOJlyqeHHblX J1.aHHblX.
B np06ax 06'beMOM 1-2 CM 3 , oT6HpaeMbix H3 pa3J1HqHblX qac-
TeH cMewHBaeMoH MaCCbI, onpeJl.eJlHIOT KOHueHTpaUHIO TeXHHqeCKO-
TO yr JI ep 0.11. a HJlH J1.Pyroro HanOJlHHTeJlH COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHM MeTO-
AOM (HanpHMep, MeTOJl.OM TepMHqeCKOrO pa3J10)KeHHH B aTMoc«j>epe
CO 2 ), no pe3yJlbTaTaM aHaJlH3a 10-16 np06 onpe.lleJlSlIOT K03«j>-
«pHUHeHT HeOJl.HOpOJl.HOCTH no «j>opMYJle (1.23).
2. OueHKa KaqeCTBa J1.HCneprHpoBaHHH TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepoJl.a
MeTOJl.OM cBeToBoH MHKpocKonHH. CTeneHb J1.HCneprHpoBaHHSI C H
.cpeJl.HHH pa3Mep arJlOMepaToB HeJl.HCneprHpoBaHHoro yrJlepo.lla D
npeJl.eJlHIOT no HCCJleJl.OBaHHIO Ha6yxlliHx B pacTBOpHTeJle H pac-
nJlIOIUeHHblX Me)KJl.Y npeJl.MeTHblMH CTeKJlaMH KYCOqKOB CMeCH B
nOJle 3peHHH CBeTOBoro MHKpocKona npH YBeJlHqeHHH 158 X [336).
IC 3TOH ueJiblO H3 aHaJlH3HpyeMoH CMeCH oT6HpalOT H3 pa3Hblx
MeCT 4 06pa3ua 06'beMOM 0,5-2,0 CM 3 H B Ka)KJl.OM 06pa3ue aHa-
JlH3HPYlOT no J1.Ba nOJIH. AHaJlH3HpyeMbie CMeCH C cO.llep)KaHHeM
TeXHHqeCKOrO yrJlepO.lla OT 50 .11.0 75 Mac. q npe.llBapHTeJlbHO qac-
'J'HqHO CTPYKTYPHPYIOT, HanpHMep 2,4-TOJlYHJleH.llHH30UHaHaTOM
-
277
(NCO: OH=0,90-0,95). CMeCH C CO.ll.ep>KaHHeM TeXHHqeCKOrO
yrJIepo.ll.a 80.Mac. 11. H 60JIee aHaJIH3HpytOT 6e3 npe.ll.BapHTeJI&HOK
BYJIKaHH3aUHH. B KalleCTBe pacTBOpHTeJISI MOJKHO HCnOJIb30BaTbo
pa36aBHTeJIb MaCJISlHblX' KpaCOK. TOHKHR cpe3 06p33ua no-
Me
alOT Ha npe.ll.MeTHOe CTeKJIO H 3aJIHBalOT pacTBopHTe...
JIeM. Ha6yxaHHe 06pa3ua .lI.JIHTCSI 1,5-2 MHH. 3aTeM 03-
JIHWKH paCTBOpHTeJISI y6HpalOT
HJIbTpOBaJIbHOH 6YMarOH,
a Ha6yxWHH 06pa3eu paCTHpalOT MeJK.lI.Y CTeKJIaMH JIerKHMH
Kpyro06pa3HblMH .lI.BHJKeHHSlMH. nOJIYlleHHblH 06pa3eu nOMeIllalOT
B MHKpOCKon. B nOJIe 3peHHSI MHKpocKona .lI.OJIJKHbI 6b1Tb BH.lI.1fbl
lIeTKHe lIepHble arJIOMepaTbi TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo.ll.a Ha IwpH4He-
BOM
oHe. nO.ll.CIIHTblBalOT Bce BH.lI.HMble arJIOMepaTbi HanOJIHHTeJISI
H C nOMOIllblO rpa.ll.YHpoBaHHoro oKYJISIpa oueHHBalOT HX .lI.HaMeT
(B .lI.eJIeHHSlX WKaJIbi oKYJISlpa). BeJIHIIHHbI C H D paccIIHTblBalOT
cJIe.ll.YIO
HM o6pa30M [336]:
c= 100 - AKf.t(Lf2) = 100 - 3,5A, (3.71)
rAe A = (l:n;d;/SO) 1 00%; D = (MIf3 h/ l:n;d
/N,.
r.il.e A - n.10U(a.!lb B nO.le 3peHH!! MHKpOCKona, 3aH!!Ta!! ar.QOMepaTOM He.ll.HCnep-
rHpOBaHHoro TeXHH'IecKoro yr.lepOAa; K - CpeAH!!!! 06'beMHa!! (jIpaKUH!! TeXHH'Ie-
CKoro yrJlepo.!la B arJlOMepaTax (K=0,4); L=0,18-0,2, liTO COOTBeTCTByer
COAep:IKaHHIO TeXHH'IecKoro yrJlepo.!la 50-60 Mac. 'I.; d j - AHaMeTp i-ro ar.10-
MepaTa HeAHcneprHpoBaHHoro TeXHH'IecKoro yrJlepo.ll.a .!laHHoro pa3Mepa; So-
HccJleAyeMaH B nOJle 3peHHH nJloU(aAb 06pa311a; fit f2, f3 - 3MnHpH'IeCKHe K03c1>-
c1>HuHeHTbI, KOTopble paBHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 4,0; 2,5 fI 1,6; M - oueHKa .!le.leHH!!
WKaJlbl oKYJl!!pa MHKpocKona, C nOMOWblO KOTOpoil npoH3BoAHT H3MepeHHe pa3-
MepoB arJlOMepaToB (npH 158x YBeJlH'IeHHH M=7,3 MKM); N - 06I11.ee '1HCJI()
arJlOMepaToB B nO.1Je 3peHH!! MHKpocKona; nj - '1HCJlO ar.10MepaTOB AaHHoro pa3-
Mepa.
06'beMHOe HanOJIHeHHe CMeCH TeXHHlleCKHM yrJIepO.ll.OM L .lI.JISI
cMeceA C CO.ll.epJKaHHeM TeXHHlleCKoro yrJIepo.ll.a 60JIee 60 Mac. 11.
paccIIHTblBalOT cJIe.ll.ylO
HM o6pa30M:
L = VTy/Ve = mTyTc/(mcYry), (3.79)
rAe mTy. me - MaCCbI TeXHH'IecKoro yrJlepOAa H CMecH; TTY, Tc - nJlOTHOCTb
TeXHH'IecKoro yrJlepoAa H CMeCH.
BeJIHIIHHY M/f3 TaKJKe paCCIIHTblBalOT OT.lI.eJIbHO .lI.JISI KaJK.llorO
KOHKpeTHoro MHKpOCKona.
nOJIYlleHHoe 3HalleHHe C xapaKTepH3yeT KOJIHlleCTBO TeXHHllec-
Koro yrJIepO.ll.a, .lI.HcneprHpOBaHHoro B OJIHrOMepe B %, a BeJIHIIH-
Ha D - Cpe.ll.HHH KBa.ll.paTHIIHblH .lI.HaMeTp lIaCTHU He.ll.HCneprHpo-
BaHHoro TeXHHlleCKoro yr JIepo.ll.a B MKM.
npH aHaJIH3e KalleCTBa YOC no .lI.aHHblM onTHllecKoH MHKpo-
CKonHH MOJKHO opHeHTHpoBaTbcSI Ha rpa.ll.aUHIO KalleCTBa pe3HHo-
BbiX cMeceH, npHHSlTYIO B Tpa.ll.HUHOHHOH TeXHOJIOrHH pe3HHbI. .naH-
Hble, n03BOJISlIO
He onpe.ll.eJIHTb KalleCTBO .lI.HCneprHpYIO
ero CMe-
278
weHK" YOC no nOKa3aTeJISIM C H D, npUBe.lJ.eHbI HUJKe:
OTJlH'IHOe Xopowee Y.IIOllJleTBO' nnoxoe O'leHb IUIG-
PHTenbHoe xoe
C, % >95 95-85 85-75 75-70 <70
D <12 12-15 15-20 20-25 >25
3. OIJ;eHKa KaqeCTBa MaTOIlHblX YOC no BSl3KOCTH. KaK OblJIO
nOKa3aHO B pa3.lJ.. 3.2, npu U3rOTOBJIeHHU YOC no Mepe YBeJlHlIe-
HHSI CTeneHH .ltHCnepTupoBaHHSI C H YMeHbweHHSI Cpe.lJ.HeKBa.lJ.pa-
TUIIHoro .lJ.HaMeTpa ar JIOMepaToB He.lJ.HCneprHpoBaHHoro TeXHHlIeC-
Koro yrJIepo.lJ.a D BSl3KOCTb CMeCH nOCTeneHHo YMeHbwaeTCSI, .lJ.0-
CTHraSi HeKoToporo D'pe.lJ.eJIbHOrO 3Ha1leHHSI, xapaKTepHOrO AJISI
KOHKpeTHblX THnOB CMeCH, pe)KHMOB CMeweHHSI H BH.lJ.OB oooPY.lJ.O-
BaHHSI. CJle.u.osaTeJIbHO, no BSl3KOCTH YOC HJIH KHHeTHKe ee H3-
MeHeHHSI npH CMeWeHHH MO)KHO ocYl11eCTBJISlTb TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKHH:
KOHTpOJIb npoIJ;ecca H3POTOBJIeHHSI MaTOIlHOH CMeCH, oTpaoaTblBaTb
<>nTHMaJIbHble peJKHMbI CMeweHHSI H rrpOBO.lJ.UTb conocTaBHTeJIbHYIO
OUeHKY cMecu'J!eJIbHO-AHcneprHpYlOl11HX B03MO)KHOCTeH: pa3JIH1IHOrO
<>OoPY.lJ.OBaHHSI. .D.JISI oneHKH BSl3KOCTH MaTOIlHblX YOC MorYT OblTb
iHCnOJIb30BaHbI KaK P0Tal(HOHHble (CM. pa3.lJ.. 1.6), TaK H KanHJI-
.TIS1pHble BHcK03HMeTpbl. B npOH3BO.lJ.CTBeHHblx YCJIOBHSlX .lJ.JISI
THX
lteJIeH: Y.lJ.OOeH KanHJIJISlpHblH BHcK03HMeTp THna liliPT.
BOJIee TOIfH)'IO OIJ;eHKy BSl3KOCTH YOC ./I,aeT pOTal(HOHH3S1 BHC-
K03HMeTpHSI (lIanpHMep, «PeoTecT-2> C paOOIlHM opraHOM U,H-
.TIHH.lJ.P-l(HJIHH.lJ.p). npH
TOM, H3MepSiSI BSl3KOCTb HeCKOJIbKHX 00-
pa3U,oB, OTOOpaH1fblX H3 pa3JIH1IHblX MeCT, MO)KHO no OTKJIOHeHHIO
BSl3KOCTH OT Cpe.lJ.HerO 3Ha1leHHSI nOJIYIIHTb HHIj>OpMaUHIO 0 MaKpo-
CTpYKType CMeCH (J(j()31j>Ij>HU,HeHTe HeO.lJ.HOpO.lJ.HOCTH).
4. 3Kcnpecc-KOHTpOJib KalleCTBa CMeweHUSI MeTO.lJ.OM «KJIHHa».
..D.JISI onepaTHBHOH, 80 cpaBHHTeJIbHO rPYOOH Ol(eHKH KalleCTBa CMe-
IDeHHSI YOC H'HOr.lJ.a HCnOJIb3YIOT 3aHMCTBOBaHHblH H3 JIaKOKpacOIl-
HOH l'IpOMbIlUJIeHHOCTH
KcnpeCC-MeTO.!I., OCHOBaHHblH Ha HCnOJIb30-
BaHHH CneU,HaJIbHOrO HHCTpYMeHTa, YCJIOBHO Ha3b1BaeMOro «KJIHH»
(rOCT 6589-57). .3TOT HHcTpYMeHT npe./l,CTaBJISIeT COOOH: npSlMo-
yrOJIbHblH: oPyc C rJIa.lJ.KO 06paoOTaHHoH: paOOlleH nJIOCKOCTblO H
npSlMoyrOJIbHOH: BbleMKOH: nOCpe.lJ.HHe. r JIyoHHa BbleMKH paBHoMep-
HO YMeHbwaeTcSI no AJIHHe OT 50 MKM .lJ.0 0, T. e. .lJ.HO KaHaBKH KaK
QW 00pa3yeT C paOO'leH nOBepXHOCTblO oPyca ocTpoyrOJIbHblH
KJIUH. B.lJ.OJIb npO./l,OJIbHOH BbleMKH HaHeceHbI MepHble .lJ.eJIeHHH C
YKa3aHHeM ee rJIyouHbl B KOHKpeTHblx TOIlKax.
3Kcnpecc-KOHTpOJIb YOC oCYl11eCTBJISleTCSI CJIe.lJ.YlOl11HM oopa-
30M. B HaH150JJee rJIYOOKYIO lIaCTb BbleMKH nOMel11alOT oopa3eu
'CMeCH, KOTOpblH: 3aTeM nJIaBHblM .lJ.BH)KeHHeM WnaTeJISI pacnpe.lJ.e-
.TIS1IOT B BH.lJ.e TOHKOH nJIeHKH B.lJ.OJIb KaHaBKH. ECJIH B aHaJIH3Hpye-
MOH np06e HMelOTCH TBep.lJ.ble BKJIIO'IeHHSI (ar JlOMepaTbI He.lJ.HCnep-
fHpOBaHHoro TeXHHlIeCKOrO yrJIepO.lJ.a), TO OHH oopa3YlOT B nJIeHKe
pacnpe.lJ.eJIeHHOH no KaHaBKe YOC npO./l,OJIbHble pHCKH, HallHHaSi C
I'JIYOUHbI KJIHHOOOpa3HOH KaaaBKU, paSHOH HaHOOJlbWeMy pa3Mepy
219
qaCTHIJ;bI BKJIlOqeHHSI. CJIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, onpe.neJISlSI: D0 MepHblM .ne-
JIeHHSlM rny6HHY KaHaJIa, COOTBeTCTBYlOlIJ,YIO DOSlBJIeHHIO pHCOK &
aHaJIH3HpyeMoM 06pa3IJ;e, MOJKHO OIJ;eHHTb pa3Mepbl aaH60JIbWHX
ar nOMep aTOB He.nHcneprHpOBaHHoro HanOJIHHTeJISI.
no pe3YJIbTaTaM Bxo.nHoro H TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOrO KOHTpOJISI OIJ;e-
HHBalOT COOTBeTCTBHe CblpbSl, MaTepHaJIOB, nOJIy«j>a6pHKaTOB H roo
TOBbiX H3JJ.eJIHH Tpe60BaHHSlM fOCT, OCT, TY. npH HaJIHqHH:
OTKJIOHeHHH KOHTpOJIHpyeMbix nOKa3aTeJIeH OT 3a.naHHblX 3HaqeHHH
cblpbe H nOJIy«j>a6pHKaTbi peKJIaMHpylOT (6paKYIOT) JIH60 nOJJ.Bepra-
lOT JJ.onOJIHHTeJIbHOH o6pa6oTKe (cywKe, npoceHBaHHIO H T. .n.) c:
l(eJiblO YCTpaHeHHSI BblSlBJIeHHblX OTKJIOHeHHH, a TaKJKe BHOCSIT KOp-
peKTHBbI B peIJ;enTYPY ypeTaHoBbix KOMn03HIJ;HH HJIH TeXHOJIQrH4eC-
KHe peJKHMbI HX CMeweHHSI H JIHTbSl.
5u6/luoepal/JU'l-eCKUU cnUCOK
1. E8cTpaTo8 B. 4J./ j)l(ypH. BXO HM. .II. H. MeHAeneeBa, 1986. T. 31, N! 1.
2. Sep/lUH A. A./ / .l1.0KJI. I Bcec. KOH(jI. no XHMHH H <IIH3HKOXHMHH nco. 4epHo..
rOJlOBKa, 1977, T. I. C. 8-58.
3. Reaction Injection Molding/Ed. by I. E. Kresta. Washington, ACS, 1985.
4. 4JU/lu'tKuHa B. H./ /XHM. npoM. 3a py6e:IKOM, 1987. N! 9. C. 41-60.
5. l1oM6poy S. A. nOJlHypeTaHbI: nep. c aHrJl./nOA peA. A. A. BJlarOHpaBOBoil..
M.: rOCXHMH3AaT, 1961. 151 c.
6. CaYHoepc 11"'. X., 4JpUUl K. K. XHMHH nOJlHypeTaHoB: nep. c aHrJl./nOA peA..
C. r. 3HTeJlHca. M.: XHMHSI, 1968.470 c.
7. PailT n., KaMMUHZ A. nOJlHypeTaHoBble 9J1aCTOMepbl: nep. c aHrJl./nO.ll. pe
H. n. AnyxTHHoil. JI.: XHMHH, 1973.304 c.
8. AnyxTuHa H. n., M03"'yxUHa J1. B., Mopo308 10. J1. npoH3BOACTBO H npH..
MeHeHHe ypeTaHoBblx 9J1aCTOMepOB. M.: LlHHHT3He(jlTexHM, 1969. 94 c.
9. Mopo308 10. J1. KaY'lYK H pe3HHa. 1987. N! 12. C. 40-44.
10. Schuh-Technik und abc. 1986. V. 80. N 4. P. 277-278.
11. Reaction Injection Molding and Fast Polyrnerization Reaction/Ed. bY'
I. E. Kresta. N. Y.: Plenurn Press, 1982.302 p.
12. Frisch K. C. Recent Developrnent in Urethane Elastomers and RIM Elasto-
rners. Int. Rubber Conf. Kiev, 1978. P. 24.
13. Cornell M. C.//J. Cell. Plast. 1988. V. 24. N 2. P. 147-163.
14. CMupHo8a T. H.//XHM. npoM. 3a py6e:IKoM. 1985. M 5. C. 58-79.
15. Martinez E. C. e. a.//Elastomerics. 1987. V. 119. N 4. P. 20-23.
16. Kirkland C.//Kunststoffe. 1986. V. 76. N 12. P. 1208-1213.
17. 4JpOIl08 B. r., MllJIKUH A. fl., J1 eOHTbe8a H. 8./ /PeaKUHOHHoe JlHTbeBoe (jIop-
Mo aHHe H3.11.eJlHII. HTorH HaYKH H TeXHHKH. Cep.: XHMHSI H -reXHOJlOrHH BMC
M.. BHHHTH. 1987. T. 22. C. 3-43. '
18. Matejka Z., Houtman C., Macosko C. W.//J. App!. Polym. Sci. 1985. V. 30.
N 7. P. 2787-2808.
19. Pernice R., Frisch K. C., Navore R.//J. Cell. Plast. 1982. V. 18. N 2.
20. BUHOKYP08 H. H., Kot/JMaH J1. C., rO/lb6epz 10. E. U op./ /llIHHHaSi npoMblw-
JleHHOCTb. M.: LlHHHT3He<I'-reXHM, 1979. C. 3-21.
21. Pao'teHKo H. 10., 4JeooTo8a C. H., J1ozuHo8a E. /1.., AHopee8a C. M./ /nJlacT.
Mac bI. 1988. M 10. C. 61-62.
22. Marchiando R.f jProc. of the SPI 6 th Int. Conference, San Diego, Calif.
November, 1983. P. 263-266.
23. Schmidt M. I., Castro I. M.I jPolym. Eng. Sei. 1985. V. 25. N 9 P. 541-
547.
24. Haines W. M.//Elastornerlcs. 1978. V. 110. N 9. P. 26-36.
25. Steue Leel/Urethanes Techno!. 1989. V. 5. N 6. P. 2 32.
26. MOpo308 10. J1./ j)l(YPR. BXa HM. .ll. If. MeHAeJleeoa. 1982. T. 27. Nt Z.
280
7. .Kimball M. E., Fielding-Russell G. S./ /Rubber Chern. and Techno!. 1980.
V. 53. N 4. C. 936-943.
:28. J1106'1OHcKaR., J1. H. u op.//KayqYK
pe3HHa. 1986. N! 4. C. 14-16.
.29. KHJI:1ttaHCKUU C. J1.f/TaM }l(e. 1976. M 8. C. 9-13.
O. KOtPMQH ,JJ. :C., .flacTepHaK B. C., raJIaTa .n. A./ /CHHTe3 H cBoilcTBa :lKHA-
KHX _yr.WBoAopoAHblX KaY'IYKoB H 3JlaCTOMepoB Ha HX OCHOBe. M.:
I..1HHHT3Hecl>TexHM, 1979. C. 74-82.
.31. Megna I. S./ /Rubber World. 1986. V. 194. N 6. C. 20-22.
32. Fuest R. W.//Jbid. 1987. V. 196. N 6. P. 21-25.
33. MOZUJle8U'I M. M., TYP08 S. C., Mopo308 10. J1., YCTaBUfUK08 S. 4>. )l(RAKHe
yrJleBOAOpOAHble KaY'lYKH. M.: XHMHH, 1983.200 c.
34. Allee8 K. M., XacaH08 M. x.//npOH3BOACT80 CK, WHR H PTH. 1984. 1-& 5.
.35. KaY'IYK H pe3HHa, 1985. Nt 6. C. 34-35.
.36. Mopo308 10. J1. U op. Me}l(.II.YHapoAHa!l KOHcI>. no KaY'IYKY H pe3HHe. C60p.
HHK npenpHHToB. Cep. A. T. I, .II.0KJI. A.8. MocKBa, 1984.
'37. MOp0308 10. J1. u op. KaY'IYK H pe3HHa, 1985, M 4. C. 25-27.
38. Baumann W. M. e. a./ /J. Elast. Plast. 1986. V. 18. N 4. P. 233-256.
39. nOn08 J1. K. u op./ /CHHTe3 H HCCJle.ll.OBaHHe XHMHKaTOB .II..1H nOJlHMepHblx
MaTepHaJlOB. Te3. AOKJI. VIII BcecOI03H. KOH<llepeHUHH. TaM60B. 1986. 115 c.
40. Polyurethane Elastorners, Bayer AG Leverkusen, 1985. P. 10-15.
41. Casey I. P., Milligan B., Fasolka M. I.//J. Elast. Plast. 1985. V. 17. N 3.
42. Nalepa C. I., Eisenbraun A. A./ /Ibid. 1987. V. 19. N 1. P. 6-22.
43. Voelker Th., Balling P.//lbid. N 2. P. 219-231.
44. Tang S. N., Tsai S. R., Lii I. S., Wu P. T. K.//lbid. P. 188-204.
45. Sarnacke Ph. M.//Rubber World. 1987. V. 196. N 2. P. 16-17.
46. Hagen E.//V. Tech: 86 Polyurethane Ind. Conf., The Hague March 18-20,
1986; Conf. London, 1986. P. 90-91.
47. ryce8 B. 10. u op./ /KaY'IYK H pe3HHa. 1986. M II. C. 41-42.
48. Grasso V. A.//Rubber World. 1986. V. 194. N 6. P. 23-27.
49. naT. 379346 ABCTpHH. 1985. MKH B29 D 27/00.
..50. Pyce14KUii. B. B., KOMCHUK08 H. M./ /KaY'lYK H pe3HHa. 1987. Nt 6. C. 14-16.
51. YOn Hassell A.//Plst. Technol 1987. V. 33. N 13. P. 81-86.
52. naT. 4243760 CllIA. 1981. MKH C 08 G 18/14.
53. Castro I. M. e. a.//J. Appl. Polyrn. ScL 1984. V. 29. N 6. P. 1959-1969.
54. Dominguez R. I. G./ /Polyrn. Eng. ScL 1981. V. 21. N 18. P. 1210-1217.
55. Camargo R. E. e. a./ /Ibid. 1982. V. 22. N 11. P. 719-728.
56. Poole A./ /Elastornerics. 1986. V. 118. N 4. P. 19-22.
57. naT. 4218543 CllIA. 1980. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
58. UaT. 4379105 CllIA. 1983. MKH B 29, D 27/00.
59. naT. 4324867 CllIA. 1982. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
60. Casey I. P., Burgoyne W. E., Lewis I. E./ /J. Cell. Plast. 1986. V. 22. N 6.
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61. naT. 4482690 CllIA. 1984. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
62. Yon Hassell A.//Plast. Technol. 1983. V. 29. N 1. P. 21-23.
163. TIaT. 4581386 CllIA. 1986. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
M. naT. 4602060 CllIA. 1986. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
65. TIar. 4420570 CllIA. 1984. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
'66. naT. 4451425 CllIA. 1985. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
-67. naT. 4477366 CllIA. 1985. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
168. naT. 4585803 CllIA. 1986. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
9. naT. 4581386 CllIA. 1986. MKH C 08. G 18/14.
70. Grigsby R. A., Rice D. M.//J. Cell. Plast. 1986. V. 22. N 6. P. 484-495.
71. Grigsby R. A., Dominguez R. I. GJ/J. Elast. Plast. 1986. V. 18. N 2.
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73. Ewen I. H./ /Ibid. V. 17. N 4. P. 281-295.
74. Vespoli N. P. e. a.//Ibid. 1986. V. 18. N 3. P. 159-176.
75. TIaT. 4499254 CllIA. 1'985. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
76. n8'l'. 4582887 CIIJA. 1986. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
71. naT. 4607080 CllIA. 1985. M
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18. flaT. 4642320 OWA. 1981.. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
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281
79. naT. 4732919 CIlIA. 1988. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
80. naT. 4758604 CIlIA. 1988. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
81. Hu R. C., Ward R. S., Schneider N. S./IJ. of Appl. Polyrn. Sed. 1982. V. 27.
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82. Blackwell I., Quay I. R./ /Polym. Eng. Sei. 1983. V. 23. N 15. P. 8.16.
83. naT. 4631298 CIlIA. 1986. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
84. naT. 4659747 CIlIA. 1987. MKH C 08, G 18/14.
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