Research Guide to the

Russian and Soviet Censuses

S TUDIES IN SOVIET HISTORY AND SOCIETY

edited by Joseph S. Berliner, Seweryn Bialer,
and Sheila Fitzpatrick

Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses
edited by Ralph S . Clem

Revolution on the Volga: 1 91 7 in Saratov
by Donald J . Raleigh

Research Guide to the
Russian and Soviet Censuses
EDITED

BY

RALPH S. CLEM

Cornell University Press
I T H A C A A N D LON DON

Copyright © 1986 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or
parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in
writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University
Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850, or visit
our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.
First published 1986 by Cornell University Press.
First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2016.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Research guide to the Russian and Soviet censuses.
Includes index.
1. Soviet Union—Population—Study and teaching. 2. Soviet Union—
Census—History—Study and teaching. I. Clem, Ralph S.
HB3607.R43 1986 304.6'0947 86-47638
ISBN 978-0-8014-1838-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-5017-0715-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

This book is dedicated to
A.

J. Jaffe

CONTENTS

Preface
Contributors
How to Use This Guide

9
11
13

PART ONE : GENE RAL AND TOPI CAL ESSAYS
1. On the U se of Russian and Soviet Censuses for Research
Ralph S . Clem

17

2. Data Comparability Problems in the Study of the Soviet
Population
Robert A. Lewis
3. A History of Russian and Soviet Censuses
Lee Schwartz

36

48

4. The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet
Censuses
Brian D. Silver

70

5. Occupation and Work Force Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses

98

Michael Paul Sacks
6. Urbanization and Migration Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses
Richard H . Rowland
7. Marriage , Family, and Fertility Data in Russian and Soviet
Censuses
B arbara A . Anderson

113

131

8

Contents

8 . Education and Literacy Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses

155

Ronald D. Liebowitz
PART Two: I NDEX AND GUIDE TO THE RUSSIAN
AND SOVIET CENSUSES, 1897 TO 1979
Peter R. Craumer
Contents
Introduction
List of Census Tables
Keyword Cross-Index
Geographic Units of the Russian and Soviet Censuses

173
1 77
1 87
269
304

PREFACE

Those engaged in social science research on the USSR have evinced a
steadily increasing interest in Russian and Sovit;:t census data . Along
with this interest , however, has come the realization that using this vast
reservoir of information on Russian and Soviet society entails many
practical problems . Although often innovative and far-reaching , attempts
to deal with these difficulties have usually taken place in isolation , as
individual specialists pursue their own research agendas .
It was in this context that the idea of synthesizing available knowledge
of census-based research on Russia and the USSR suggested itself as a
valuable contribution to the study of that country. Further, the need was
clear for an inventory and index of the various published censuses .
Accordingly, a project was proposed to provide researchers with both an
overview of the Russian and Soviet censuses , including discussions of
specific topics for which census data are particularly relevant , and a
complete description of the contents of the census volumes .
After these goals had been established , scholars with recognized
expertise on given subjects were asked to contribute essays detailing the
state of the art in their respective areas , the problems associated with the
use of census data for those subjects , and the potential for further
research . Second , a comprehensive index , incorporating a description of
census tables , a keyword index , and a listing of political-administrative
units for the different enumerations , was compiled .
This volume represents the completion of a project to develop a
general reference work on the Russian and Soviet censuses which meets
the above criteria . Initially, the Research and Development Committee of
the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies provid­
ed funds for planning a project proposal . Most of the project itself was
funded by a grant from the National Council for Soviet and East
European Research . In May 1 983, project participants and other interest­
ed researchers convened for a conference on Russian and Soviet censuses

9

10

Preface

funded by the National Council and hosted by the Kennan Institute for
Advanced Russian Studies in Washington , D . C .
The editor/project director acknowledges important contributions by
several persons in the preparation of the final report. Elizabeth Lyn and
Karen Pennington typed the original manuscript. Roberta McLaughlin ,
Judy Sheffield , Karen Hill , and Patty Clifford were responsible for word
processing . Zweneslava Clem was a meticulous proofreader, and Carmen
Wampole provided administrative support. Finally, John Ackerman and
Linda Wentworth of Cornell University Press were of invaluable assis­
tance in the editorial proces s .
RALPH s . CLEM

Miami, Florida

CONTRIBUTORS

RALPH S . CLEM (Ph . D . , Columbia University) is Professor of Internation­
al Relations at Florida International University, Miami . He is coauthor
of Nationality and Population Change in Russia and the USSR ( 1 976,
with Robert A . Lewis and Richard H. Rowland) and author of several
chapters and articles on ethnicity and demography in the USSR .
BARBARA A . ANDERSON (Ph . D . , Princeton University) is Professor of
Sociology and Research Scientist at the Population Studies Center,
University of Michigan . She is the author of Internal Migration

during the Modernization of Russia in the Late Nineteenth Century
( 1 980) and coauthor of Human Fertility in Russia since the Nineteenth
Century ( 1 979 , with Ansley J. Coale and Ema Harm) . She has also
written many articles on Soviet population and society.
PETER R. CRAUMER (Ph . D . candidate , Columbia University) is a geogra­
pher specializing principally in the study of Soviet agriculture . He is
currently conducting research on the Virgin and Idle Lands program in
Kazakhstan .
ROBERT A . LEWIS (Ph . D . , University of Washington) is Professor of
Geography at Columbia University. He is the coauthor of Population
Redistribution in the USSR ( 1 979 , with Richard H . Rowland) and has
written many articles on population , urbanization , and migration in
Russia and the Soviet Union .
RONALD D . LIEBOWITZ (Ph . D . ' Columbia University) is Assistant Profes­
sor of Geography at Middlebury College . He works mainly on Soviet
regional economic development and has published articles on political
geography.
RICHARD H . ROWLAND (Ph . D . , Columbia University) is Professor of
Geography at California State University-San Bernardino . He is the
coauthor of Population Redistribution in the USSR ( 1 979, with Robert
A . Lewis) and several articles on urbanization and migration in Russia
and the Soviet Union .

11

12

Contributors

MICHAEL PAUL SACKS (Ph . D . ' University of Michigan) is Associate Profes­
sor of Sociology at Trinity College . He wrote Women's Work in Soviet
Russia ( 1 976) and Work and Equality in Soviet Society ( 1 982) and
edited Contemporary Soviet Society (1980, with Jerry G . Pankhurst) .
LEE SCHWARTZ (Ph . D . , Columbia University) is Assistant Professor of
Geography in the School of International Service of The American
University. His current research interest is Soviet political geography
and ethnicity.
BRIAN D . SILVER (Ph . D . , University of Wisconsin) is Professor of Politi­
cal Science at Michigan State University and Research Affiliate at the
Population Studies Center, University of Michigan . He has published
many articles in professional journals and monographs on Soviet
ethnic , demographic , and political processes .

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

This book is divided into two parts . Part One consists of three
chapters on general subjects dealing with the published censuses of
Russia and the USSR , followed by five chapters on ten specific topics ,
the study of which requires the use of census figures . Thus , a researcher
investigating ethnicity and language use in the Soviet Union should read
the first three chapters for background and then the topical chapter
dealing with that particular subject (in this case , the chapter by Brian D .
Silver) .
Part Two is an index to and list of every published table in the six
major censuses taken in Russia ( 1 897) and the USSR ( 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959,
1 970, and 1 979) . Cross-tabulations (i . e . , combinations of topics , such as
" Educational Attainment by Age " ) are provided in great detail . Because
the organization of such a complex set of information is itself complicat­
ed, the user is urged to read carefully the Introduction to the Index by
Peter R. Craumer.

13

Chapter 1

On the Use of Russian and
Soviet Censuses for Research
RALPH S. CLEM

The quest for more data and better data is a perennial one in demogra­
phy, as in all science . The improvement in demographic and related data
will undoubtedly, however, continue to be limited by the changing concep­
tual framework and research interests of the demographer; the techniques
available for obtaining the information with desired reliability, validity, and
precision; and the values of differing cultures which dictate what informa­
tion may be politic or impolitic to obtain. (Hauser and Duncan , l 959b: 55)

Seeking better to understand human societies , social scientists constantly
confront the question of how to investigate socioeconomic and political
issues . If these issues suggest themselves and are properly framed , the
main problem then becomes the manner in which evidence can be
marshaled , evaluated , and used analytically.
Although there are several generic types of social science data (e . g . ,
surveys , opinion polls , registration systems) , in practice the primary
source of empirical information on a society is almost always the
national census of population . The United Nations defines a census of
population as "the total process of collecting , compiling and publishing
demographic , economic and social data pertaining , at a specified time or
times , to all persons in a country or delimited territory " ( 1 958: 3 ) . In
fact, the attributes that define a census , universality, simultaneity, enu­
meration and compilation of individual characteristics , and specified
territory, are collectively the reason why census data are so useful .
As Kingsley Davis ( 1 966) put it , the census typically " reveals not
only the basic demographic trends , such as population growth , internal
population redistribution , urbanization and alterations in the age and sex
structure , but also contributes indispensably to a knowledge of changes
in the nation' s occupational and industrial composition , in its level of
living , education and employment . " To this list of census topics one

17

18

Ralph S . Clem

might add ethnic and racial composition , marriage and family structure ,
religion , and language use . It should be evident from the range of
subjects covered in censuses that the information in them is of use not
only in the study of demography (narrowly or broadly defined) but also
in the study of anthropology, economics , education , ethnic studies ,
geography, history, political science , sociology-indeed any discipline
concerned with the numbers and characteristics of a society or socioeco­
nomic group (Hauser and Duncan , 1 959a: 37-43) .
As the social sciences have matured in the era after World War II , the
demand for more and better data referred to by Hauser and Duncan has
grown commensurately. In addition , bureaucrats and politicians have
increasingly realized that knowledge , if not a complete understanding , of
socioeconomic conditions and trends as manifested in census data is a
useful tool for policymakers . In the postwar period there has accordingly
been a rapid expansion and technical upgrading of census taking world­
wide , an activity promoted and aided by the UN through its various
agencies (UN , 1 95 8 ; 1 967 ; 1 977) . Consequently, the volume of census
information available to the researcher has grown tremendously over the
last twenty years (University of Texas , 1 965 ; Goyer and Domschke ,
1 98 3 ) . Likewise , greater interest has focused on censuses taken before
World War II , as more and more researchers have come to appreciate the
value of such enumerations for period or longitudinal studies . In both the
historical and contemporary contexts , the acquisition , cataloging , and
preservation of national censuses , such as the program at the University
of Texas Population Research Center and the Census Library Project of
the Library of Congress and Bureau of the Census , have been invaluable
(Goyer, 1 980; Dubester, 1 969) .
The use of census data is not without problems , however; in many
respects , just the opposite is true . Despite the potential implied by the
growing quantity of empirical information in the censuses of various
countries , the researcher must take a wide array of troublesome difficul­
ties into account when using census figures . Hauser and Duncan ( 1 959b)
characterize these difficulties as threefold: coverage , comparability, and
quality. In the first instance , they refer to " the completeness with which
the target population or class of events is enumerated or registered and
the range of information about the unit [ordinarily, the individual] of
observation " (Hauser and Duncan , l 959b: 65) . Thus, one might be
concerned about the accuracy of the count in terms of individual
enumeration and also about the coverage across the range of subject
matter.
Problems of comparability among censuses and between censuses and
other sources of data are often so extensive as to render impossible
meaningful direct comparisons over time and space . Unfortunately, such

On the Use of the Censuses

19

pitfalls as different definitions for categories and units are not always
recognized , and unwarranted conclusions based on an imperfect under­
standing of the data are not unknown . At the very least, considerable
work is often required to establish some useful standard of data
comparability.
Finally, the issue of data quality-the extent to which the data contain
errors of coverage , response , recording , and processing-forces the user
to evaluate the figures given and assess their accuracy (if only generally)
before drawing judgments from them . Recognizing the immensity of
effort involved in conducting a national enumeration , the difficulties in
making such concepts as "migration" operational in census question­
naires , and the possibilities for misunderstanding questions or misstating
answers , one should approach even the most technically sophisticated
census with skepticism .
Over the years demographers and other social scientists have developed
many methods for recognizing and , in some cases , overcoming census­
data problems . The variety and complexity of these methods are far too
vast to be recounted here; instead , the reader is referred to several of the
standard works on the subject (Jaffe , 1 95 1 ; Barclay, 1 95 8 ; Shryock and
Siegel , 1 980; Coale and Demeny, 1 966) .
Census D ata in Russian and Soviet Studies
As in most countries , the published censuses of Russia ( 1 897) and the
USSR ( 1 926 , 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979) constitute by far the largest and
potentially the most useful collection of data on that society. 1 Modern
Russian and Soviet enumerations since 1897 cover about one-sixth of the
world ' s land area and provide considerable information on many aspects
of the country ' s population , including age and sex composition , ethnic
and language identification , marriage and family structure , migration
patterns , urban and rural residence , educational attainment and literacy
levels , and occupations . There are , of course , other important sources of
quantitative data in Russian and Soviet studies , many of which relate to
and are used in conjunction with census data; these sources will be
described below.
Given the wealth of information in these volumes , it may at first seem
surprising that the Russian and Soviet censuses have been substantially
underutilized by researchers , both in works that focus exclusively on
Russia or the Soviet Union and in comparative studies . This situation is
in part attributable to the fact that in the West the field of Russian and
I. There are many valuable sources of quantitative data on Russia before the census of 1 897 ,
including a few population counts that do not qualify as complete censuses.

20

Ralph S. Clem

Soviet studies is overwhelmingly nonempirical in its topical foci and
research methodology ; the field is dominated by nonquantitative history,
literature , politics , and language studie s . A review of American and
Canadian doctoral dissertations for the 1 970s revealed that only about 1 0
percent dealt with subjects even remotely quantitative i n nature; i n fact,
almost five times as many dissertations were written in literature as in
economics , geography, and sociology combined (Dossick , 1 97 1-80) . 2
Thus , a relatively small number of researchers are trained in the
empirical social sciences in Russian and Soviet area studies . This
pronounced nonquantitative bias reduces the demand for and utilization
of census data (or other types of socioeconomic data) . Moreover, this
topical tendency is inertial , for each new generation of scholars finds
coursework and mentors concentrated in the dominant nonquantitative
disciplines .
One can surmise that language barriers , the added work involved , and
a general unfamiliarity with sources have contributed to the dearth of
comparative or conceptual studies-the most likely types to require the
use of census data-that treat Russia and/or the USSR. Beyond these
practical concerns , however, is the important, yet subtle influence of
ideology and politics on the objective analysis of Soviet society. As
Lewis , Rowland , and Clem ( 1 976: v) explained , " when one specializes
in a region or country in any of the social sciences , there seems to be a
natural inclination to treat that region as if it were a special or unique
case in terms of societal processes, and this inclination is particularly
strong if that region has a totalitarian government." With the nonquantitative
orientation of Russian and Soviet studies and the unwillingness of most
scholars to engage in comparative studies across cultural , national , and
ideological boundaries , it is perhaps not surprising that few have chosen
to delve into the Russian and Soviet census volumes .

Using Russian and Soviet Census Data: General Problems
Although the Russian and Soviet censuses hold great promise for
research into historical and contemporary socioeconomic issues , major
problems are connected with the use of these data. Of course , these
problems may have discouraged potential users and contributed to the
chronic underutilization of the censuses . Nevertheless , the use of census
data in any context involves difficulties , and those confronting the
researcher in Russian and Soviet studies are generally not insurmountable .
Of the census problems included in Hauser and Duncan ' s typology, by
far the most serious involving the Russian and Soviet enumerations are
2 . This review, of necessity, involved making some determinations as to subject matter and
methodology from dissertation titles and therefore should be considered approximate.

On the Use of the Censuses

21

those of comparability. As Robert Lewis discusses at length in Chapter 2 ,
problems of temporal , definitional , and geographic comparability must
be dealt with before one can use the Russian and Soviet data meaningfully.
Temporal comparability is vexatious owing to the irregular intercensal
periods in Russia and the USSR , which are an impediment especially to
cohort analysis . Definitional comparability problems arise when ques­
tions and categories of responses fail to translate reality into operational
terms . The investigator must then find some way to reorder the data into
comparable (or at least similar) definitions or commit the sin of compar­
ing " apples and oranges . " For example , in their study of historical and
geographic trends in urbanization in Russia and the USSR , Lewis and
Rowland ( 1 969) found it necessary to reorder all data on urban places
into a standard operational definition of ''urban' ' to take into account
major differences in usage from census to census . To be sure , in some
cases such a reordering is simply not possible , and the data must be used
with appropriate caveats for changing definitions and an assessment of
the extent to which these differences influence the analysis .
Finally, changes in the national territory and the internal political­
administrative unit structure of Russia and the USSR have created
significant problems of geographic comparability in the use of census
data . As detailed by Lewis , such difficulties can be overcome only
through determined efforts . In several studies researchers have compiled
data based on a consistent unit structure to facilitate historical and
longitudinal analysis of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics
and trends . Lorimer ( 1 946: 24 1-49) reordered data from the 1 897 and
1 926 censuses into a set of " study areas " based on 1 939 political­
administrative units . With these figures , he analyzed regional population
changes (including both the urban and rural components) for the periods
1 897- 1 926 and 1 926--39 (Lorimer, 1 946: 1 50-72) . However, because
the territory of the USSR was appreciably smaller in 1 939 than it was in
the census years of 1 897 , 1 95 9, 1 970 , and 1 979 , Lorimer' s units and
figures cannot be used for comparisons among all censuses ; neverthe­
less , they are of great value as a check on the validity of other methods .
In the most extensive undertaking of its kind , Leasure and Lewis
( 1 966) derived population estimates for nineteen geographically compa­
rable regions (the major economic regions of 1 96 1 ) for the censuses of
1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 959; with a few modifications , data from the 1 970 and
1 979 censuses can be retrofitted into these units . In addition to the total
population , the Leasure and Lewis project also generated estimates for
the urban population (based on a standard definition) , for the rural
population , and for a variety of socioeconomic characteristics . These
data were utilized in the study of migration (Leasure and Lewis , 1 967 ;
1 968) , urbanization (Lewis and Rowland , 1 969) , ethnicity (Lewis ,

22

Ralph S. Clem

Rowland , and Clem , 1 976) , and population redistribution (Lewis and
Rowland , 1 979) . Using essentially the same method , Clem ( 1 977)
developed a set of population estimates for 1 926 , 1 959 , and 1 970 which
had the 1 42 oblast and equivalent level units of 1 959 as the standard
geographic framework . These units can be aggregated into the larger
economic regions employed in the Leasure and Lewis study.
In another major study, conducted at the Office of Population Research
at Princeton University, Coale , Anderson , and Harm ( 1 979) reconstruct­
ed the population in 1 926 within both 1 897 and 1 959170 unit boundaries .
Their work , which centered on fertility and its correlates , included
variables for nationality composition , literacy, marital status , and age
and sex composition for urban and rural components . Because the
pivotal 1 926 data were fitted backward and forward , a direct comparison
in consistent units among all censuses was not presented . A detailed list
of data from this study available to researchers has also been published
( "Available Data . . . , " 1 979) .
The principal Soviet work on this subject consists of estimates for the
total , urban , and rural populations for 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959 , and 1 970 (and
also an estimate for 1 974) at the oblast level for units as of the 1 970
census (USSR, 1 975 : 1 4-25) . No figures are given for areas outside the
USSR in 1 926 (western Ukraine , the Baltic republics , Kaliningrad
oblast, western Belorussia, and Moldavia) , although Sakhalin is includ­
ed . Unfortunately, no information is provided regarding the methodology
employed to derive these estimates; presumably the team of researchers
from the Central Statistical Administration who worked on the project
had access to data unavailable in the West, making some insight into
their procedures most welcome . Another Soviet source provides some
population figures for 1 926 and 1 939 in comparable units ; these data are
of limited interest because of the brief period covered and units used but
may be of some value for comparison with other estimates (Konstantinov,
1 943) .
For coverage and quality of data, we can assume that the later Soviet
censuses are more complete and less error prone than those of Russia in
1 897 or the USSR in 1 926. This assumption , however, is based largely
on common sense and not on a rigorous comparative study. It seems
reasonable to suppose that the introduction of more sophisticated tech­
niques in the most recent enumerations has reduced errors of tabulation
and presentation of data . As Lee Schwartz explains in detail in Chapter
3 , quality-control procedures (such as test censuses , postenumeration
checks , tighter administrative supervision , training for enumerators , and
the introduction of sampling techniques) and the accumulation of census­
taking experience would be expected to improve the accuracy of the

On the Use of the Censuses

23

count. In this respect, Soviet census procedures are in accord with UN
recommendations (UN , 1 967) .
Details of census procedures and facsimiles of the census schedules
(questionnaires) for the 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979 enumerations
are in publications of the Central Statistical Administration; these are
very important sources and should be consulted by the researcher as
appropriate (USSR , 1 926; 1 958a; 1 969a; 1 978; Pod"yachikh , 1 957a;
l 957b) . Likewise , reports of census-planning conferences , meetings of
statisticians , and other works that include discussions of key points
involving census questionnaire design are valuable for the insights they
provide into methodological issues (lsupov and Borisov, 1 978; Maksimov,
1 976; Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979; USSR , 1 958b; 1 969b) .

Availability of Data
Regardless of the accuracy of the count and tabulations , census data
are of little value to the researcher if they are not published or otherwise
made available in a form suitable for scientific analysis . Serious discus­
sion in the West about the reliability and availability of Soviet statistics
dates back at least to the extended debate on the subject in The Review of
Economics and Statistics in the late 1 940s and early 1 950s (Dobb , 1 948;
Gerschenkron , 1 950; Jasny, 1 950; Marx , 1 950; Rice , 1 952; Schwartz ,
1 948; Turgeon , 1 952) . Although most of these-and later-treatments
dealt mainly with economic statistics , demographic data (from either the
censuses or the registration system) are certainly subject to the same
vagaries .
The essence of these examinations of Soviet data problems is that
whereas outright falsification of the figures is unknown , Soviet statistics
of all types have always been published selectively and often in a format
that is not entirely straightforward . It appears , moreover, that through the
1 970s data publication was curtailed in a variety of statistical sources .
For example , one study disclosed that the amount of economic and other
data published in the annual Narodnoye khozyaystvo volumes declined
between 1 5 and 20 percent over the period 1 974-79 ( Crosnier and
Tiraspolsky, 1 980) .
This severe retrenchment in the publication of data by the Soviet
government is especially ironic in light of the rapidly expanding econom­
ic and demographic data base for most of the world , including many
developing countries . Thus, it is striking to note that the published
volumes for the 1 970 Soviet census (242 million people , 8 . 6 million
square miles) contain less data than the 1 973 census of Colombia (23
million people , 440 ,000 square miles) . It is interesting to note that this

24

Ralph S. Clem

paucity of published data has been criticized by Soviet scholars as well:
The published results of the censuses and the delays in their release by no
means encourage the utilization of the data. The materials of the population
census for 1926 came to 56 ponderous volumes; for 1959, to only 16
volumes, most of which were slender little notebooks in size . But size is
not the chief thing . The scientific value of the published 1959 census data
is incomparably less than that of the 1926 census . Little scientific meaning
can be squeezed out of the data . (Perevedentsev, 1967)

This is not to say, of course , that extensive data from the 1 959 and
later censuses do not exist. Indeed , probably the most frustrating aspect
of research on Soviet society occurs when one encounters unpublished
census data in work by Soviet scholars . For instance, in an important
article on the social structure of ethnic groups of the USSR, the Soviet
sociologist Y u . V. Arutyunyan referred to the 1 95 9 census as the source
of data on labor-force participation by nationality; in fact , the data do not
appear in the printed volumes (Arutyunyan , 1 972: 3-20) . In another
case , a study of the socioeconomic development of the Yakut ASSR
includes figures on the ethnic composition of that unit from the 1 939
census ; no ethnic data for subnational units from the 1 939 census have
ever been released as census publications (Gogolev, 1 972: 24 7) . Exam­
ples of this phenomenon are common in the Soviet literature .
It is difficult to understand why the supply of Soviet census data was
so limited to begin with and even more difficult to comprehend why the
published results are being further curtailed . One reason for this hesitan­
cy to publish figures might be that the Soviet government views some
social and economic trends as unfavorable or as reflecting badly on
conditions in the USSR. This desire to avoid embarrassment by concealing
socioeconomic or demographic trends not in strict accord with official
portrayals of life in the USSR has in a number of cases served to make
research on Soviet society difficult.
The principal methods employed in this often subtle form of censor­
ship are the withholding of entire categories of information and-a tactic
that has a major impact on published census materials-the changing of
format in which data are given in order to disguise unbecoming details .
Sacks ( 1 979) found that in cases where female workers were under­
represented in certain occupations or in the higher ranks within an
occupation , categories were often combined or full particulars withheld
altogether to obscure the actual situation . As he noted , " it is enlightening
not only to study this material for what it reveals directly about Soviet
society, but also for what it systematically concealed or distorted and
how this changes over time" (Sacks , 1 979: 1 ) .
If, as seems apparent , the Soviet government seeks to manipulate data

On the Use of the Censuses

25

for the purpose of obfuscation , its attempts are frequently clumsy and
often produce the opposite result. The much-publicized cutoff in the
publication of infant mortality data for the USSR after 1 974 illustrates
this point (Davis and Feshbach , 1 980) . For three consecutive years ,
figures were released showing a rise in infant mortality, after which time
publication of the data ceased . It hardly appears clever to provide
evidence of an unfavorable trend and then to compound negative publici­
ty by withholding amplifying or mitigating information; as a result
Western scholars have taken much adverse notice of the situation in the
belief that the Soviet government is hiding something . Likewise , in the
case of the missing female occupational data, the fact that more detailed
information had been given earlier made it possible to uncover later
omissions and to infer from the pattern of format changes which trends
were contrary to the official view.
In any event , social scientists in the West have long had to use various
statistical methods and considerable ingenuity to overcome problems of
missing data or deficiencies in the published figures . It may be that the
tenacity and inventiveness of these efforts have proven nettlesome to
those in the USSR who seek to veil the country ' s socioeconomic
conditions . If the Soviet government decides to withhold additional
census information , researchers requiring Soviet data may need to be
even more resourceful in their attempts to obtain maximum benefit
therefrom .

Census and Noncensus Data
In addition to the analytic uses to which census data may be put
directly, there are any number of research topics that require the use of
figures from the censuses together with quantitative information from
other sources . A thorough review of noncensus socioeconomic data is
beyond the scope of this work; what follows is meant to be illustrative
and not exhaustive . Anderson ( 1 977) is an excellent reference to a
number of noncensus-data sources (as well as census subjects) . Essays in
this volume on particular topics include discussions of noncensus sources
and the relationship of these data to census figures .
Ordinarily, noncensus socioeconomic data on the USSR originate from
various branches of the registration system in that country and therefore
pose certain problems in terms of both their completeness and their
definitional consistency with census information . These two problems
emerge mainly because the registration system is incomplete and incon­
sistent in its coverage and often employs definitions of socioeconomic
characteristics different from those used in census enumeration . The

26

Ralph S. Clem

degree to which inconsistencies among different sources of data measur­
ing the same or essentially the same thing exist was demonstrated
convincingly by Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) . Employing survival tech­
niques based on various mortality assumptions , they used school enroll­
ment data to assess the completeness of birth registration and the
accuracy of the enumeration of children in the 1 959 and 1 970 Soviet
censuses . The three sources produced figures that were often markedly
different .
One usually finds census data used as a base population to calculate
rates in conjunction with noncensus figures . Thus , the publication of
books in the languages of certain peoples of the USSR (noncensus data)
can be compared with the population of different ethnic groups (census
data) . In another case , data on marriages according to ethnic identifica­
tion (noncensus data) can be combined with the population of ethnic
groups (census data) to develop an index of endogamy (Chuiko , 1 975) .
Census and noncensus information can also be used jointly to estimate
population change . Grandstaff' s study of interregional migration in the
USSR ( 1 980) employed a residual method using census populations and
reported vital statistics , a census survival method based on census age
distributions , and migration data from the 1 970 Soviet census .

Noncensus Sources of Socioeconomic Data
Again , the range of noncensus sources of information on the USSR is
wide; here we will only refer to those commonly used for the study of
Soviet society.
In 1 95 6 , the Soviet government began publication of the Narodnoye
khozyaystvo series , a yearly compendium of social and economic statis­
tic s . Typically, an annual volume contains information on territory,
population , and the economy for the country and for subnational units .
Demographic characteristics might include nationality groups; educational
attainment; population estimates (in some cases actual census figures) for
various units and cities; and rates of marriage , divorce , birth , death , and
natural increase . Data on the labor force , on the education and health
care systems , and on different indicators of the quality of life are also
present . In addition , most subnational units of the USSR have published
similar statistical handbooks , albeit irregularly; in many cases these
regional editions contain data not found in the national volume . The
Center for International Research of the U. S . Bureau of the Census has
published a bibliography of regional statistical handbooks as a research
aid (Heinemeier, 1 984) .
At least two volumes with the title Narodnoye obrazovaniye, nauka i
kultura v SSSR have been published (USSR , 1 97 1 ; 1 977) . They contain

On the Use of the Censuses

27

considerable information on education , science , culture , literature , and
the arts for different years for the country as a whole and for subnational
units .
Vestnik statistiki is the monthly journal of the Central Statistical
Administration . In addition to articles , reviews , and notices , the journal
contains statistics on a variety of socioeconomic subjects (many are
series published annually) .

Other Sources of Population Data
The Foreign Demographic Analysis Division (FDAD) of the U. S .
Bureau of the Census has long been deeply involved in the study of the
demography of the USSR and as part of that effort has produced several
sets of population estimates and projections which may be of value to
other researchers . Specifically, Brackett ( 1 964) gave detailed age and sex
estimates and projections for the period 1 959-85 based on the 1 959
census and other sources . Baldwin ( 1 979) presented population projec­
tions by age and sex for the USSR , the fifteen union republics, and
nineteen major economic regions for 1 970 to 2000 (see also Baldwin ,
1 97 3 ; 1 975) . In addition to the estimates and projections, these reports
contain information on methodology and on population trends in the
USSR. Further, FDAD has conducted studies of the labor force and
employment in the USSR which incorporate census and noncensus data
for estimates and projections (Depauw, 1 968; Rapawy, 1 976; Reed ,
1 967) . Inciependently, Biraben ( 1 976) derived single-year age distribu­
tions from different censuses .
Finally, the researcher may find it useful to consult compendiums of
Soviet statistics published in the West; not only are various socioeco­
nomic and other data series presented but some useful discussions of
sources and methodology are included as well . Ordinarily, such volumes
give figures only at the national level and, unfortunately, some are out of
date . In particular, the Handbook of Soviet Social Science Data (Mickiewicz ,
1 973) and The East European and Soviet Data Handbook (Shoup , 1 98 1 )
are good examples of this genre .

Age Data in Russian and Soviet Censuses

The Importance of Age Data
Census data on the age composition of the population deserve special
attention for three reasons: they reflect and influence basic demographic
trends and indices thereof, they can be used to evaluate the accuracy and
completeness of enumerations , and-most important-age relates direct-

28

Ralph S. Clem

ly to virtually all other socioeconomic characteristics (Shryock and
Siegel , 1 980: 20 1 ) . Accordingly, age data in the Russian and Soviet
censuses are treated in this introductory essay by way of a general
overview and are also discussed in the individual topical chapters that
follow (where appropriate as age is cross-tabulated with other subjects) .
In the first regard , the age structure of a population is determined by
levels of fertility and mortality (and , in some cases , migration) , as new
increments are added (through fertility and migration) and subtracted
(through mortality and migration) over time . Thus , the distribution of the
population by age will reflect past demographic conditions , with certain
patterns recognized as consistent with different combinations of fertility,
mortality, and migration . In its tum , the age structure will influence
future demographic trends , as cohorts tend to " echo " through the
population; for example , a " baby boom" resulting in a larger than
normal number of births will likely produce more children in absolute
terms when that large birth cohort passes through the marriage and
childbearing ages . Because age is such an important determinant of
demographic events (i . e . , most demographic events are age specific) , it
is essential to have the aggregate population decomposed by age as the
basis for analyzing and projecting population trends . In studying fertility,
for example , it is vital to know the " at risk" component of the total
population , in this case the number of women ages 1 5-44 (sometimes
1 5-49 is used) . The fact that the percentage of the total constituting that
component group varies considerably from place to place or from time to
time makes age standardization a requirement for rigorous analysis .
Second , age data are valuable to the demographer and social scientist
because tabulations by age provide insights into the accuracy of the
enumeration; as was suggested earlier, at least some attempt should be
made to assess the quality of census data before using them as the
principal basis for research . In the case of age data, deviations from
established , or expected , regularities in the composition of the popula­
tion by age (and sex) probably indicate qualitative shortcomings in the
enumeration in general . The UN, for example , regularly evaluates the
accuracy of national population censuses by means of Whipple' s Index ,
a measure that gives an indication of errors in age reporting (UN , 1 974;
1 980a) . Other than the obvious problem of underenumeration , the most
common deficiency in census age data involves the misreporting of age ,
especially the tendency to prefer or avoid certain ages or digits (which
produces " age heaping " ) . Age heaping is most common in censuses
taken in less-developed societies , but the phenomenon manifests itself to
some degree even in modem , industrialized countries . Several methods
exist whereby the reasonableness of a census age distribution can be
judged , and techniques for correcting major discrepancies (which cannot

On the Use of the Censuses

29

be accounted for by other evidence) or estimating a more likely distribu­
tion are well established (Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 204-29) .
Finally, most socioeconomic characteristics of a population vary con­
siderably by age to the extent that it is necessary in most instances to
take age structure into account in the analysis of such phenomena. For
example , researchers must consider the importance of age structure when
estimating the school-age population for a study of education , the
number of adults for a determination of labor-force participation , and the
percentage of the population over 65 for purposes of investigating the
situation of older persons . Because the distribution of a population by
age is likely to change (sometimes dramatically) over time or vary
among groups within a society, failure to control for these variations can
bias comparisons significantly. For example , Jones and Grupp ( 1 982)
demonstrated how numerous studies of the ethnic situation in the USSR
were seriously in error because no account was taken of major differ­
ences in age composition among Soviet nationalities--differences that
had an especially important influence on the measurement of political
participation , educational attainment , and specialized occupations .
Several relatively simple age structural indices are widely employed in
the social sciences to give an indication of longitudinal or cross-sectional
variation in age composition; the ratio of children and older persons to
the working population (the dependency ratio) , which is often used to
illustrate the economic and social implications of rapid population
growth , is such an index (Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 235 ) .

Russian and Soviet Census Age Date: Inventory and Assessment
Each of the Russian and Soviet censuses contains considerable age
data and cross-tabulations of socioeconomic characteristics with age .
Ironically, the earlier censuses ( 1 897 and 1 926) not only include more
detailed age data and cross-tabulations but also provide figures for
lower-level political-administrative units than do the later enumerations
( 1 959 and 1 970) . The 1 979 census presents the most serious problem in
terms of age-data availability, since no figures by age are contained in
the single volume published to date (USSR, 1 984) . The extent to which
the earlier censuses are more richly endowed with age data can be
appreciated by looking at the entries for the major category "AGE" in
the keyword index section of this volume .
Specifically, the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses contain data for single years
of age , for age in months for children under one , and by ten-year groups
in units down to the uezd level and for many individual towns and cities .
Additionally, as the keyword index shows , there is a wide range of
cross-tabulations by age group with other characteristics of the popula-

30

Ralph S. Clem

tion . The 1 959 and 1 970 censuses abandoned the practice of publishing
single-year-of-age data; the 1 939 census figures, published in the 1 959
tables , are likewise grouped by age . Furthermore , the number of cross­
tabulations published has been curtailed , as has the availability of figures
for tertary level political-administrative units ( i . e . , oblasts , ASSRs , and
krays) . In certain categories , different age groups are utilized , thereby
increasing the difficulty of constructing other cross-tabulations ; although
this can often be accomplished by combining smaller into larger groups ,
the detail inherent i n the original smaller groups will be lost . Finally, as
was mentioned earlier, the different lengths of intercensus periods create
difficulties in using the 1 959 and 1 970 census age data because the
eleven-year span does not allow for direct matching of the published
five-year age groups . Thus, to evaluate preliminary age and sex data
from the 1 970 Soviet census , Lewis and Clem ( l 97 1 ) had to disaggregate
the reported 1 970 figures into single years using Sprague' s constant
multipliers and recombine the results to fit the eleven-year period . If age
data from the 1 979 census are eventually forthcoming in detail , the same
problem will arise in comparisons with 1 970 owing to a nine-year period
and five- and ten-year age groups . The researcher will find the age
estimates made by the Foreign Demographic Analysis Division (Brackett,
1 964; B aldwin , 1 97 3 ; 1 97 5 ; 1 979) and B iraben ( 1 976) to be useful
supplements to the published figures .
The accuracy of Russian and Soviet census data almost certainly
improves over time . The 1 897 census especially suffers from age
heaping ; thus , researchers would be prudent to combine the single-year
figures into age groups . Unfortunately, Soviet age data are not evaluated
by the UN because the USSR does not report the single-year-of-age
figures needed to derive Whipple' s Index of digit preference . This index ,
which ranges from 1 00 (no preference) to 500 (maximum preference for
the digits "O" and " 5 " ) , is normally calculated for the ages 23 to 62 ,
with greater digit preference indicating lesser accuracy in the data
(Shryock and Siegel , 1 980: 205-26) . However, one Soviet study of
age-data accuracy, presumably based on unpublished single-year figures ,
gave values for Whipple' s Index for the Russian and Soviet censuses as :
1 897- 1 7 5 , 1 926- 1 5 9 , 1 939- 1 1 3 , 1 959- 1 09 , and 1 970-- 1 0 1 , values that
lend credence to qualitative improvements over time (Kolosova, 1 976:
1 67) .
However, evidence suggests that-as is true for any census-inaccuracies
continue to be a problem , even in the most recent enumerations . In an
analysis of age data from the 1 959 Soviet census , Myers ( l 964) conclud­
ed that there was reason to suspect age reporting , particularly among
older persons . Similarly, the Soviet demographer M . S . Bednyy ( 1 972)
criticized age data in the censuses as likely to be in error. Lewis and

On the Use of the Censuses

31

Clem ( 1 97 1 ) found serious inconsistencies in a comparison of reported
age groups for the 1 959 and 1 970 censuse s . In one case , for example , a
cohort increased in numbers from the earlier to the later enumeration (an
impossibility in a society closed to large-scale immigration) , indicating a
likely underenumeration or significant age misreporting (or both) in the
1 959 count . Bennett and Garson ( 1 983) conducted an extensive study of
age and mortality patterns in the USSR using 1 959 and 1 970 Soviet
census data, Soviet life tables , and a method for deriving estimates of
life expectancy. They determined that official data were characterized by
pronounced age overstatement, calling into question the much-publicized
overrepresentation of centenarians in the Soviet population . Finally, by
comparing census age distributions with school enrollment figures ,
Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) noted apparent underenumeration of pre­
school children and adolescents older than mandatory school age in both
the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses . They attributed this phenomenon to an
incomplete housing registration system (on which the census count is
conducted) and to the universal problem of the enumeration of highly
geographically mobile young persons .
A t least some of these inaccuracies derive from the manner i n which
people are asked about their age in Soviet censuses . The UN recom­
mends that individuals be asked their date of birth , from which the
census agency can figure the person' s age in its data tabulation process .
Until the 1 970 census , the USSR employed a less desirable (but
common) method whereby people were asked to provide the enumerator
with their age in completed years . This method has been shown to
increase the ambiguity in responses (UN , 1 980b: 74-76) . Beginning with
the 1 970 enumeration , the Soviet census included both the question
requesting date of birth and the one requesting age in completed years ,
allowing an individual to respond to either. Finally, the Soviet census
does not allocate persons who report age unknown , but the number of
such cases is usually quite small.

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.

1 969a. Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika .
---

.

1 969b . Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 22-26 aprelya 1 968 g . :

stenograficheskiy otchet. Moscow : Statistika.
--- . 1 97 1 . Narodnoye obrazovaniye, nauka i kultura v SSSR . Moscow: Statistika.
---

. 1 975 . Naseleniye SSSR 1 973 . Moscow: Statistika.

---

. 1 977 . Narodnoye obrazovaniye, nauka i kultura v SSSR . Moscow: Statistika.

---

.

1 97 8 .

Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-Vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow:

Statistika .
--- .

1 984 . Chislennost' i sostav naseleniya SSSR: Po dannym Vsesoyuznoy

perepisi naseleniya 1 979 goda . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika.

Chapter 2

Data Comparability Problems in the
Study of the Soviet Population
ROBERT A . LEWIS

Problems in the comparability of census data-that is, the extent to
which definitions and geographic units vary over time---c onstitute a
major obstacle to research in the social sciences . The purpose of this
chapter is to discuss the problems of data comparability in the Russian
and Soviet censuses with respect to territory, the definition of various
categories , and the periods between censuses . Also , details of a major
effort to overcome many of these technical difficulties will be provided
as an illustration both of the magnitude of the data comparability
problems inherent in the Russian and Soviet censuses and of the
procedures by which these problems can be mitigated .

The S ignificance of the Study of Population Processes
To emphasize the importance of census data and their use in social
science research , I will preface my remarks on problems of data
comparability with some thoughts on the significance of the study of
population in the broader socioeconomic context . Simply put , if rele­
vance or significance in the social sciences is defined in terms of
increasing our understanding of ourselves and the society and world
around u s , then a knowledge of basic demographic processes is essential
because these processes involve fundamental aspects of human experi­
ence and constitute a major force shaping any society. We are born , we
age , we go to school , we work , we move , we reproduce , and we die .
Censuses are our chief sources of data for the study of these demograph­
ic processes and their determinants and the manner in which the size and
structure of a population interrelates with the socioeconomic and natural
environments .
36

Data Comparability Problems

37

The most momentous and pivotal events in human history have been
the dramatic declines in mortality and fertility and the rapid urbanization
of society which have occurred in the West in the past century or so .
These profound changes have resulted in other pervasive societal trends ,
affecting virtually all aspects of society. It is probably fair to say that
these events have not been adequately reflected in historical writings .
In addition to economic , political , geographic , and social factors ,
demographic forces shape a society and must be studied if we are to
understand a society and make guarded forecasts as to future trends .
With respect to forecasts , more can be said about demographic processes
than can about other social or economic trends because the workers and
parents for the next twenty years have already been born . The principal
reason why a knowledge of demographic processes is essential to
understanding social change-aside from the obvious fact that they are
interrelated-is that so many crucial events affecting society are age
specific , including birth , death , marriage , migration , work-force partici­
pation , educational attainment, crime , consumption , voting , retirement ,
and generational differences in life-styles . Consequently, major shifts in
age distribution resulting from demographic trends can have desirable or
undesirable effects on a society. For example , the impact of the rise in
fertility which resulted in the "baby boom" generation in the United
States on nurseries , schools , college s , the work force , the housing
market , and eventually the retired population and the social security
system is well known . To cite another case , the decline in death rates in
developing countries brought about rapid population growth and a
younger population , which in turn resulted in a less favorable ratio of
productive to nonproductive individuals . Under certain conditions , this
demographic situation affected savings and investment and hindered
social and economic development; these and other problems that rapid
population growth has caused in the developing world are well documented.
Changing age composition can also have beneficial effects on a
society. Thus , a decline in fertility-which occurred in most developed
countries-results in a declining rate of growth of new entrants to the
work force , a development that over time should alleviate unemployment
problems (if work-force participation rates and economic conditions
remain constant) . Fertility decline also results in an increasing share of
the population in the working ages and thus a decreasing dependency
burden . Other alterations in the structure of a population , such as the sex
ratio or ethnic composition , can also affect a society.
Suffice it to say, then, that virtually every social or economic problem
facing a country has a demographic dimension . However, one must
avoid what might be termed "demographic determinism" in appra1smg
the effects of population change on a society because demographic

38

Robert A. Lewis

processes interrelate with a variety of other forces ; after all , the " sins"
of environmental and economic determinism resulted from exaggerating
the influence of one factor in the human milieu . One illustration of
single-factor determinism in the Soviet context is the purported psycho­
logical and political impact of the decline in the Russian ethnic group' s
share of the Soviet population . Clearly, dominance i n a multiethnic state
does not relate solely to brute numbers but to political , historical ,
economic , cultural , and ideological factors as well . Moreover, there is
no indication that the dominance o f the Russians has varied relative to
their share of the population . In the Russian Empire in 1 897 , the
Russians comprised 44 percent of the population , a figure that rose to 5 3
percent i n 1 926--primarily because o f the loss o f territory inhabited b y
non-Russians-and t o 5 8 percent i n 1 939 . Largely owing to the territori­
al acquisitions during World War II , the percentage of Russians in the
Soviet population declined to 55 percent in 1 959 and , because of
declining natural increase compared to other Soviet ethnic groups , to 5 3
percent i n 1 970 and 52 percent i n 1 979 . There is n o reason t o believe
that political or psychological trauma or a diminution in the dominance
of the Russians will ensue when their share slowly drops below 50
percent . Likewise , the changing ethnic composition of draftees into the
Soviet armed forces or the decline in the growth of the work force does
not necessarily herald demographic crises . The essential point is that
population changes , important as they may be , are not the only factors to
be considered and that the effects of demographic trends on the Soviet
society and polity should not be overstated if we are to assess conditions
in that country.

The Importance of Data in Social Science Research
Data , theory, and method are the essential elements of research .
Scholarly research requires a rough balance in these elements in order to
avoid the common academic inclination toward excessive and tedious
description , method for its own sake , and theory unconfirmed and
unrelated to reality. Whereas theory and method are the subject of
considerable academic attention and admiration , data considerations are
generally neglected and considered mundane . Even in demography, a
heavily empirical discipline , little has been written on data problems
relative to work on theory and method . Most failures in research ,
however, can be attributed to lack of data. If theories are lacking , new
hypotheses can usually be formulated , and if new methods are required ,
they can ordinarily be devised , but as a rule appropriate data cannot be
generated.

Data Comparability Problems

39

Thus , the first concern in applied social science research is acquiring
the requisite data; the application of method and theory is normally of
secondary importance . Because data are not collected specifically for
one ' s own research and are frequently lacking , in most instances it is
necessary to use surrogates or to employ a complex methodology to deal
with less than satisfactory data. On the other hand , if data are adequate ,
elaborate methods are often not required . The above , of course, is not to
deny an appropriate respect for theory and method .
In the social sciences , data skepticism is of the utmost importance and
is the mark of scholarly maturity. The mindless acceptance of published
data as accurate or representative of the phenomena under investigation
often results in erroneous interpretation and bad scholarship . Kingsley
Davis has rightly deplored the tendency in demographic research to
apply sophisticated methods to unevaluated and often unreliable data
without a conceptual framework and then uncritically accept the results
(Davis , 1 965 : 1 47) . If the essence of good scholarship is asking the right
questions , then the questions that are asked should be appropriate to the
accuracy of the data at hand . Thus , investigating operational definitions
and evaluating data are crucial steps in research . Some questions can be
answered with relatively bad data, but others cannot . Instead of asking if
the data are accurate , the researcher should consider how accurate they
are and if they are sufficiently representative of the subject under
investigation .
But above all , with respect to data skepticism, the researcher should
realize that virtually all population data contain errors resulting from
deficiencies in collection and tabulation and from inconsistencies in
response to question s . These types of errors occur in censuse s , even
though census data are usually collected more systematically and result
from more straightforward questions than most other kinds of socioeco­
nomic data . Census questionnaires , instructions to census takers , and
census sample surveys are of great importance when evaluating the
accuracy of the data. Errors in the registration of vital statistics are even
more common because of the difficulty in defining some demographic
events (such as what constitutes a birth) , regional variations in the use of
medical facilities , and other factors that affect reporting .
In addition to its crucial importance in analysis , the disaggregation of
data is very useful in evaluating accuracy because there are frequently
geographic differences in the quality of enumeration . This is especially
true of the USSR. Thus , if unexpected variations in data are discovered ,
the first step should be to question the accuracy of the figures themselves .
Data considerations are particularly important i n the study of popula­
tion because the essential elements of demographic research are ( 1 ) the
ordering of the data into consistent definitional and territorial categories;

40

Robert A . Lewis

(2) the evaluation of the data; (3) the calculation of standardized
measures; and (4) the application of demographic and statistical methods
and theory to the data for estimation and analysis . Thus , data compara­
bility and data considerations are central in demographic research .

The Problem of Data Comparability
The basis of the general problem of data comparability is that most
data are artifacts , and thus there are few uniquely correct definitions ,
territorial units , or temporal periods for which data can be collected .
This is so because most statistical data are continuous , and their
demarcation into categories i s , in most instances , arbitrary (Jaffe , 1 982:
5-8 ) . In practice , one encounters three types of comparability problems:
definitional , territorial , and temporal . I n the first instance , if there were
uniquely correct , universal , and constant definitions for demographic
phenomena, there would be no problems of definitional comparability.
Instead , of course , operational definitions of seemingly unambiguous
events differ markedly from country to country and over time because
changing conditions require changing definitions .
Likewise , the territorial units in which data are collected and published
are also artifacts and can bias data. Regionalization is merely the spatial
aspect of the classification problem; just as there is no all-purpose
statistical or taxonomic interval or class, there is no perfect set of regions
for any country. A different set of regions might be required for each
aspect of population that is to be studied . In this regard , regions should
be homogeneous in terms of the problem under consideration and based
on one factor or a combination of factors . Also , spatial units of analysis
should be delimited on a consistent basis in a way that maximizes
external and minimizes internal variation . Unfortunately, population and
other data are not collected at the required scale in the USSR (or most
other countries) to permit the construction of an ideal set of regions for
every analytic purpose . Furthermore , when comparisons are made over a
long period of time , the problem of establishing a set of homogeneous
regions becomes virtually insoluble if significant economic and social
change has occurred . Consequently, researchers are usually forced by
circumstances to use some set of existing units , but in all cases they
should be aware of the set' s limitations .
A related problem to that o f territorial comparability i s that of scale ,
which is in itself extremely important in spatial analysis because results
often differ depending on the scale of the units used . For example , data
by union republic in the USSR are not suitable for use in most research
projects owing to the differences in size as well as in population and

Data Comparability Problems

41

socioeconomic diversity among them; the RSFSR i s almost twice the
size of the United States , whereas Armenia is only about the size of
Belgium , and the population of the RSFSR is about ninety-two times
that of Estonia. A major data problem in the study of the USSR is that
for most subjects more data are available by republic than by the more
useful lower-order units .
Finally, for most research problems the time intervals between censuses
should be constant . Ideally, censuses should be taken every five or ten
years , so that trends and projections can be more easily measured by
aging or tracking five-year age cohorts from one census to another. In
many instanc.!s , however, this does not occur, and difficulties of tempo­
ral comparability arise . The steps necessary to overcome these inconsis­
tencies and the biases that are introduced are often formidable .

The Problem of Data Comparability in
the Study of the U S S R

Data comparability-definitional , territorial , and temporal-is the
central statistical problem in using the censuses in the study of the
population and society of the USSR . Owing to severe comparability
problems , trends over time which are crucial to demographic analysis
cannot be established among censuses unless data are in some way
rendered comparable . Largely because of these statistical obstacles ,
researchers have used the censuses relatively little i n the study of
Russian and Soviet society. These problems may be compounded be­
cause at this writing it appears that only very limited results , and
virtually none of the vital age data , will be published from the 1 979
census . This dramatic curtailment of census publishing in the USSR will
limit the number of variables for which comparable data in all censuses
can be derived . At a time when major international efforts are being
made to provide basic demographic data for the world , it is indeed
unfortunate that only such a limited coverage of the largest and one of
the most important countries will be available .
Because the national territory of the USSR has changed several times
over the last century, its present-day borders differ from those of 1 897 ,
1 926 , and 1 939 . Consequently, to provide even comparable aggregate
data based on the territory of the USSR today, researchers must gather
data from East European and other censuses for the border areas
formerly outside , but currently within , the USSR . However, aggregate
data for a country as large and diverse as the USSR are not especially
meaningful , and therefore some subnational regionalization is necessary
to analyze population and socioeconomic trends . Unfortunately, frequent

42

Robert A . Lewis

and drastic changes in the internal political-administrative divisions into
which census data and other data are ordered make it very difficult to
compare regional , demographic , and socioeconomic characteristics over
time . For example , the number of major enumeration units in 1 897 was
89; in 1 926, 1 89 ; and in 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979, about 1 40 . Furthermore ,
no enumeration unit in any census had the same boundaries in all census
years . Thus , the maj or tasks with respect to territorial comparability of
Soviet census data are to gather data for border areas from the censuses
of neighboring countries and to reorder the Russian and Soviet data into
a consistent set of territorial units .
Problems of definitional comparability-most of which are discussed
in detail by others in this volume-are especially nettlesome in demo­
graphic research on Russia and the USSR . First , and most obviously,
many important categories are defined differently from census to census ,
including such key socioeconomic indicators as urban residence, educational
attainment , ethnicity, and occupation . In fact , sex and age were the only
two characteristics for which the definitions were directly comparable in
all censuses , although the categories in which age data were given
changed from census to census . A second and more subtle problem is
that little systematic attention is given to operational definitions , and
consequently changes in categories are often difficult to determine . Thus ,
one finds confusion over apparently straightforward details , such as the
number of persons enumerated at the national or subnational level; there
are significant differences between the de facto (nalichnoye) and de jure
(postoyannoye) populations in the Soviet censuses (Anderson and Silver,
1 985) .
Still another problem is that of temporal comparability, a difficulty that
arises because of the irregular intervals over which censuses have been
taken in Russia and the USSR. That the censuses were not conducted
every five or ten years greatly complicates research on the population of
the USSR. Therefore , when measuring change among the various
censuses , researchers must use average annual rates of change to stan­
dardize for the different intercensal periods . They should also avoid
assuming that change between two censuses was linear. In the two
intercensal periods that included wars , for example , most demographic
trends were not linear but fluctuated considerably. Even between 1 926
and 1 93 9 , when there was no war, it is not reasonable to assume that
change in such variables as mortality and fertility was linear because
famine , drastic economic reorganization , and variations in socioeconom­
ic conditions clearly had a specific temporal impact .
The 1 897 census was conducted on February 9 (January 28 according
to the Julian calendar) , the 1 926 census on December 1 7 , the 1 939
census on January 1 7 , the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses on January 1 5 , and

Data Comparability Problems

43

the 1 979 census on January 1 7 . In the computation of average annual
rates, a period of 1 9 . 9 years is used for the 1 897- 1 926 period, 1 2 . 1
years for 1 926-39 , 20 . 0 for 1 939-59 , 1 1 . 0 years for 1 959-70 , 9 . 0 for
1 970--7 9 , and 8 2 . 0 years for 1 897- 1 979 .

A Method to Overcome Data Comparability Problem s

For the past two decades , my colleagues and I have done considerable
research on problems of territorial and definitional comparability related
to the Russian and Soviet censuse s . As a result of these efforts , we have
generated a wide array of variables that are comparable in terms of both
territory and definition . In this section I will describe in brief the
procedures that we derived in an attempt to solve the many comparabili­
ty problems associated with the original census data (Lewis , Rowland ,
and Clem, 1 976: 29-60; Leasure and Lewis , 1 966: v-4 1 ) .
A s was previously mentioned , there i s no ideal set of regions for the
study of demographic change . Nevertheles s, a careful selection of
regions into which population data will be ordered is important to avoid
biasing the data excessively. For our study, the nineteen major (krupnyye)
Soviet economic regions of 1 96 1 were selected as the consistent territori­
al units into which the original data would be ordered . We chose these
regions because their scale was appropriate for regional analysis , be­
cause it was easier to order data into these regions than the more
numerous lower-order political-administrative units , and because these
regions were largely congruent with the ethnically based federal structure
of the USSR. Moreover, the 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979 political-administrative
and census units conformed to these regions without major adjustments ,
and other data pertinent to demographic analysis had been presented in
these regions .
In order to allocate original data into the comparable territorial units
(i . e . , the nineteen economic regions) , we assumed that the rural popula­
tion was evenly distributed within each administrative unit . Thus , a
variation in area would result in a proportionate variation in rural
population . For our purposes , we defined the rural population as the
population not living in centers of 1 5 ,000 and over; because the defini­
tions of " urban" varied considerably from census to census , we chose
the size criterion of 1 5 ,000 (the smallest urban center for which data
were available in all censuses) . The procedures for allocating the rural
population were simple and straightforward . The first major step was to
superimpose a map of the economic regions over a map of the political
units for each census year and then to measure with a polar planimeter
the percentage of the area of a given political unit that fell into a given

44

Robert A . Lewis

region , a percentage that we termed the " area allocation . " We used
equal area maps of relatively small scale and where possible checked the
results with maps of larger scale . In practice , many political units fell
totally within the larger economic regions , obviating the need for
allocation . Thus , the rural populations of the units that constituted an
economic region were multiplied by their area allocation and summed to
obtain the estimate for the rural population of that region .
The allocation of the urban population required fewer calculations
because the urban population is spatially concentrated and its location
known. Thus , urban centers could be allocated directly into the appropri­
ate economic region . Accordingly, the summation of the population in
centers of 1 5 , 000 or more from the given political units allocated to a
given economic region yielded the urban population estimate for that
region . An estimate was made of the urban and rural populations and of
the total (i . e . , urban plus rural) population of a given political unit which
were allocated to a given region . The percentage that this allocated
population represented of the total population of the original unit was
termed the "population allocation . " Once the total , urban , and rural
populations of each unit had been apportioned to the appropriate regions ,
it was possible to estimate these populations for each economic region
simply by a summation of all constituent allocations . These procedures­
with adjustments for census dates-were also applied to border areas
currently within the USSR which were outside the boundaries of the
Russian Empire in 1 897 or the USSR in 1 926 and thus not included in
the Russian and Soviet censuses .
To estimate demographic variables for the total population of each
region in 1 897 and 1 926, we multiplied the number of persons in a given
unit with certain characteristics by the population allocation . For the few
border areas for which data were not available , we assumed that the
characteristics of the population for which we had data could be applied
to the entire population of the region or we made independent estimates ,
as was frequently necessary. The allocation of the demographic charac­
teristics of the urban population was somewhat more complicated . The
most logical procedure was to allocate the urban (census definition)
characteristics on the basis of the urban (census definition) population ,
which is the percentage of the urban (census definition) population of a
unit which was fitted into an economic region . The summation of the
allocated figures for each region resulted in an estimate of the character­
istics of the urban (census definition) population of each region . To
derive an estimate of the characteristics of the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over)
population---our comparable urban definition-we adjusted these data by
assuming that the characteristics of the urban (census definition) popula­
tion could be applied in the same proportion to the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and

Data Comparability Problems

45

over) population . This assumption was not unwarranted because in fact
the vast majority of the urban (census definition) population is in centers
of 1 5 ,000 or more . For example , if 20 percent of the urban (census
definition) population were in the G-9 age group in a given economic
region , this same percentage would be applied to the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and
over) population to derive an estimate of this age group according to our
comparable definition of urban . After the demographic characteristics of
the total and urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over) populations of each region were
derived , the characteristics of the rural population could be easily figured
by subtracting the number involved in the urban ( 1 5 ,000 and over)
population from that of the total population .
Available tests indicate that the error involved in these procedures was
small . One check on the accuracy of the method is a comparison of the
official area of the 1 96 1 economic regions with the sum of the estimated
area of the component units of these regions for 1 897 and 1 926 . In most
instances , this comparison yielded an error of less than 2 percent , and
only once did it exceed 4 percent. These results are reassuring when we
consider that in this period some parts of the country were not accurately
mapped and it was necessary to transfer projections to obtain an equal
area map for 1 897 .
Another check is a comparison of our figures with the few available
Soviet estimates . For example , our estimate of the total population in
1 897 within present-day borders was only about 400 ,000 above the
official Soviet figure . Differing estimates of the population of Khiva and
Bukhara probably account for most of this discrepancy, although no
indication has been given as to how the Soviet figure was derived .
Official Soviet estimates for the population of the Transcaucasus , Central
Asia, and Kazakhstan in 1 926 have also been published . Because the
external boundaries of the Transcaucasus and Central Asia have changed
only slightly, that our estimate and the Soviet figure are very close does
not constitute a good check. However, a comparison with the Kazakh
Republic (which is also an economic region) would be an excellent
validation because a more complicated division of units and an uneven
population distribution (related to the diversity of the natural environ­
ment) increase the chance for error in this case . Nevertheless , the
difference between our estimate of the population of the Kazakh Repub­
lic in 1 926 and the Soviet estimate was only about 2 percent .
Recently, the Soviet government published population estimates for
the l 926 population in l 970 units at the oblast scale; typically, no
indication was given as to how these figures were derived (USSR, l 975 :
1 4-25) . However, n o data were provided for areas that were outside the
USSR in 1 926, so the western border regions and the Far East cannot be
compared with our estimates (which do include these areas) . Aggregat-

46

Robert A . Lewis

ing the Soviet data into the 1 96 1 economic regions reveals a very close
correspondence with our figures; in most cases they were within 1
percent of each other and never above 5 percent .
Moreover, Ralph S . Clem independently developed estimates of the
1 926 population in 1 959 lower-order units (ob last scale) by using the
allocation procedure described above; his figures can be aggregated into
the 1 96 1 economic regions and compared with our estimate (Clem ,
1 977: 599-602) . These two sets of estimates were also very close ,
almost always falling within 2 percent and in most cases within 0 . 5
percent o f each other. All told , therefore , w e have considerable confi­
dence in the estimates that we have derived .

Summary
The most basic aspect of demographic research is the determination of
trends over time , which in turn are essential in the analysis of the
determinants of population change and demographic comparisons over
time and space . As we have seen , population trends cannot be derived
from the Russian and Soviet censuses unless major problems in territorial
and definitional comparability are solved . The procedures that we
derived make it possible for the first time to establish these trends
longitudinally for the present-day territory of the USSR for a wide
variety of census variables , such as ethnicity, urbanization , labor force ,
sex , age , fertility, and literacy, for the total , urban , and rural populations .
Aside from making possible the measurement of trends over time ,
solving problems of data comparability by these or other methods
presents other advantages . Data can be put into comparable categories
that permit the application of estimation procedures or that can be used
to adjust other data. For example , after comparable data by five-year
cohorts have been ordered into territorially consistent regions for the
various census years , stable population procedures , life tables procedures ,
and indirect standardization can be used to estimate fertility, mortality,
and natural increase . Five-year age groups can also be used for direct
standardization of other variables (fertility, mortality, marriage , etc . ) to
take into account the effects of changing age distribution . These data can
also be aggregated to make comparisons over time in age groups related
to the life cycle: working-age , dependent, and retired populations .
Moreover, comparable data can facilitate comparative research , al­
though problems of data comparability at the international scale are
staggering . Comparative research can provide insights into how universal
the processes under investigation are and-if they are universal-provide
cautious predictions as to future trends . Also , the comparative method

Data Comparability Problems

47

can enable researchers to hold constant the effects of a given political or
economic system . Clearly, the demographic or social processes in the
USSR cannot be understood solely by studying that country, for a
broader understanding of these processes is required . Therefore , when­
ever possible researchers should attempt to order their comparable data
into categories that permit international comparison s.
The development o f procedures to solve the many problems of
comparability is particularly important in the Soviet context because the
available population censuses constitute a major source of socioeconomic
data for the study of Soviet society. Moreover, because demographic
processes are an important force shaping Soviet society-or any society­
and are interrelated with many other socioeconomic phenomena , a
contribution to our knowledge of the population of the USSR should
greatly increase our understanding of that country and facilitate our
making some guarded and objective forecasts as to the course of events
in the near future .

References
Anderson , B arbara A . , and Brian D. Silver.

1 985 . " 'Permanent' and ' Present '

Populations in Soviet Statistic s . " Soviet Studies 3 7 : 386-402 .
Clem , R. S . 1 977 . "Estimating Regional Populations for the 1 926 Soviet Census . "

Soviet Studies 29 : 599-602 .
Davis , Kingsley.

1 965 . Problems and Solutions in International Comparison for

Social Science Purposes . Population Studies Series , no . 1 92 . Berkeley: University
of California, Institute of International Studies .
Jaffe , A. J . 1 98 2 . " Some Observations of the Nature of Basic Quantitative Data . "

New York Statistician 3 3 : 5-8 .
Leasure , J . William , and Robert A. Lewis . 1 966. Population Changes in Russia and

the USSR: A Set of Comparable Territorial Units. San Diego: S an Diego State
College Press .
Lewis , Robert A . , and Richard H . Rowland. 1 97 9 . Population Redistribution in the

USSR . New York: Praeger.
Lewis , Robert A . , Richard H . Rowland, and Ralph S . Clem . 1 97 6 . Nationality and

Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger.
U S S R . Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . 1 975 . Naseleniye SSSR 1973 .
Moscow : Statistika .

Chapter 3

A

History of Russian and
Soviet Censuses
LEE SCHWARTZ

Many of the problems associated with the use of Russian and Soviet
census data , as described in later chapters in this volume , derive from
the historical and political context in which the different enumerations
were conducted and the state of the art of census-taking at those times .
Although the earlier enumerations were less technically sophisticated and
less accurate than more recent ones , the availability of published figures
has been increasingly curtailed in those censuses taken just before and
after World War II . The following chronological review of census-taking
procedures in Russia and the USSR addresses issues such as the
organization of the census-taking apparatus ; the conducting of individual
censuses; the completeness of the count; and some of the methodologi­
cal , statistical , and political difficulties involved in presenting the results .
Analysis of results , instructions to census takers , definitional issues, and
questionnaire comparisons will be dealt with here in an overall sense ; the
individual chapters that follow discuss these topics in more detail as they
relate to the utilization of various categories of census data . In addition
to works cited in this chapter, the reader may want to consult the
excellent bibliographies in Lorimer ( 1 946) and Dubester ( 1 969) .

Prerevolutionary Population Counts

Historical Background
The earliest censuses, in Russia and throughout Europe , were conducted
by feudal principalities primarily to determine the population eligible for
taxation or military service and , therefore , typically left out women and
children . Population counts were taken for taxation purposes in the lands
of Novgorod and Kievan Rus as far back as the eighth century. Later,
48

A History of the Censuses

49

various Russian principalities enumerated their populations in order to
determine measures of tribute and duty demanded by the Mongol-Tatar
overlords . Such counts were taken in Kiev ( 1 245) , Ryazan ( 1 257) , and
Novgorod ( 1 273) (Bruk and Kozlov, 1 977: 1 74) .
After the overthrow of the Tatar yoke , the gradual elimination of
feudal remnants , and the formation of a central Russian state , counts of
the population began to take a new direction . By the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries , landholdings came to be considered taxable units ,
leading to the development of land-tax censuses upon which the popula­
tion was estimated . These so-called pistsoviye knigi (cadastres) registered
characteristics of the population as well as descriptions of cities, vil­
lages , estates , churches , and monasteries , and records of prison debts
(Kolpakov, 1 969: 9) . These counts were at best incomplete , and many
have not been preserved , succumbing to various historical circumstances
(e . g . , the 1 626 Moscow fire) . 1
In the seventeenth century, as the result of the development of trade
and handicrafts , "courts " (or household economies) gained consider­
ation as units of taxation , and Russian censuses were transformed from
land- to household-based counts . The censuses of 1 646 and 1 678 were
the first to count households , based on men of estate clas s , at least
throughout the territory of the principality of Moscow. The 1 7 1 0 house­
hold census encompassed the entire territory of the Russian state and was
the first to include females . The detail provided by these counts (age ,
occupation , social class) far exceeded many censuses of western Europe
at the time .
An edict of Peter I in 1 7 1 8 changed the counting of the Russian
population from a household to a person-by-person census . Such a
compilation first took place in 1 720-2 1 and was subject to subsequent
verification--or reviziya . Ten revizii were conducted over the next 1 40
years , the last from 1 857 to 1 860 . These limited their enumeration to the
male population in the taxable gentry classes . Apart from soldiers ,
eighteen nontaxable privileged classes were exempt from the reviziya
counts , including the palace retinue , titled citizens , state civil servants
(chinovniki), and the nobility. Outlying areas of the state were often
omitted , and landowners (pomeshchiki) tended to understate the number
of persons on their estate subject to taxation . Despite these deficiencies
and limitations , the revizii provided , in addition to a count of taxpayers ,
useful data regarding the population composition by sex , nationality,
social position , and family status (Feshbach , 1 98 1 : 3 ) .
After the abolition o f serfdom ( 1 86 1 ) , the need developed fo r a more
I. For a detailed survey of early counts of the prerevolutionary Russian population , see V.
Plandovskiy, Narodnaya Perepis ' (St. Petersburg: 1 898) .

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detailed count of the population . Yet, nearly forty years passed before
the tsarist government prepared a comprehensive census . In the mean­
time (between 1 860 and 1 889) , seventy-nine local and city censuses
were independently conducted throughout the Russian Empire , mostly in
Moscow, St. Petersburg , Kiev, Pskov, and the Baltic provinces (USSR ,
1 97 8 : 1 7 ) .

The Russian Census of 1897
The first and only ' 'All-General (Universal) Census of Population' ' of
tsarist Russia was conducted on February 9 , 1 897 (January 28 , according
to the old calendar) . Encompassing the entire Russian Empire with the
exception of Finland , this census was the culmination of years of labor
(Russian Empire , 1 905) . Given the size and diversity of Russia ' s
territory, only a massive effort could have achieved the comprehensive
and relatively unified census program that resulted . The undertaking was
an intellectual exercise as well , incorporating members of the Russian
intelligentsia into the preparation and conducting of the census . Lenin
and Kalinin wrote of the importance of the census , as did Mendeleyev,
Tolstoy, and Chekhov. The latter two directly participated in the census
taking as enumerator and controller respectively ; very few segments of
Russian society remained untouched by the census effort .
The well-known Russian geographer P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shanskyy
played an especially significant role in the organization and coordination
of the 1 897 census . As director of the Central Statistical Committee
( 1 864-75) , he helped prepare a proposal for just such an endeavor, only
to have the Statistical Council limit the count to a census of men in
Russia subject to the new universal military service statutes , which had
become effective in 1 874 (Lincoln , 1 980: 60) . After a prolonged period,
a revised plan was approved in 1 895 , calling for an empirewide census
based on scientific statistical principles similar to those used in conducting
western European censuses .
The organization and conducting of the census was entrusted to civil
servants of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and its regional offices . They
administered and trained over 1 00,000 enumerators to count the 1 27
million Russian subjects living in village dwellings as well as urban
apartments . Along with the population present at the time of the census
survey, temporary and permanent populations were also calculated at
each place of enumeration . Census forms with a single set of questions
and instructions were filled out individually for each person . The census
form was distributed according to three main categories: Form A was for
peasant households on agricultural land, Form B was for landed estates,
and Form C was for urban populations . The basic form consisted of

A History of the Censuses

51

fourteen questions that determined relationship to head of household ,
age , family composition , social clas s , place of birth , place of permanent
dwelling , status of transients , religion , native language , literacy, and
main and secondary occupations . Only a limited number and range of
answers to these questions were provided , although columns were
available in which to write further necessary or explanatory details .
It is interesting to note that the information collected for the 1 897
census was compiled and calculated with the aid of the same tabulating
machines that were developed in the United States by Herman Hollerith
for automating the work of the 1 890 U. S . census . These machines
recorded data via a system of holes punched into special cards (Russian
Empire , 1 905 : ii-iii) . A card was punched for every person , and each
person was given a number corresponding to the number on the census
form in case a check was necessary. For the compilation of tables , each
category required a separate run of the appropriate cards .
Despite these automated statistical manipulations , which provided for
the cross-tabulation of massive amounts of information , and the direct
participation by many of the country ' s leading figures , the census
program and its methodology still had deficiencies . There was , for
example , a shortage of trained personnel who fully understood the
meaning and methods of statistical analysis . Furthermore , because many
of the categories provided a limited set of possible answers , it was
impossible to differentiate fully occupations , educational levels , or class
stratification among peasants (kulaks , middle , and poor peasants were all
listed together under one census heading) . In addition , there was no
question about nationality (only native language and religion) . Finally,
although the census reached most regions of the vast Russian Empire , it
by no means reached them all . Many communities continued to shun the
census because of its tax purposes; according to some estimates , the
population in parts of Siberia was miscalculated by as much as 30
percent and Finland was excluded altogether.
In early 1 902 , the Central Statistical Committee published results of
the 1 897 census in one volume for eighteen gubernii and in two volumes
for another six . The published categories , however, were considered to
be inappropriately designated and a special conference was called to
rework the results based on the de facto and de jure population figures .
(Robert Lewis discusses in his chapter the importance of checking
whether figures from the Russian and Soviet censuses are for the de facto
[nalichnoye] or de jure [postoyannoye] population and how de jure is
defined operationally in a given enumeration . As Anderson and Silver
( 1 985) noted , there may be a significant difference between the two
categories . ) The final census was fully published by 1 905 , eight years
after its inception . Results were presented in twenty-five main tables for

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each of the eighty-nine gubernii , a summary volume for the empire ,
supplements listing urban settlements greater than 2 , 000 people and
places with more than 500 inhabitants , and volumes on several special­
ized topics . 2
The question about the necessity for a new Russian census was raised
several times in the early years of the twentieth century. The Central
Statistical Committee planned to hold a second census in 1 9 1 0 , later
postponed to 1 9 1 5 because of bureaucratic delays . With the outbreak of
World War I in 1 9 1 4 , this census never took place .

The Soviet Censuses
When planning is paramount , as it is in socialist economies , the
government must be able to take stock of the country ' s labor resources
and materials so that a record of past production can be related to future
goals . It is somewhat ironic , therefore, that the officially recognized
censuses of the Soviet Union ( 1 920 , 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979)
fell at such irregular intervals . Ideally, according to the International
Statistical Congress organized by Semenov-Tyan-Shanskyy in St. Petersburg
in 1 87 2 , a census count of the population was to be taken every ten
years, beginning in 1 900. Unfortunately, the USSR periodically encountered
difficulties or adversity (revolution , civil and world war, famine , and
economic reorganization) severe enough to prevent such a regular count .

The Early Post-Revolutionary Period
The first Soviet census of population was conducted in April 1 920 ,
according to a resolution by the Seventh All-Russian Congress of
Soviets . A demographic-professional census and a brief calculation of
industrial enterprises were planned to coincide with a scheduled agricul­
tural census in one statistical operation (Drobizhev, 1 977: 69) . Data were
collected according to occupation , native language and nationality
(natsional' nost' ) , and literacy; in addition , maps of urban apartments and
lists of rural homesteads were compiled.
The 1 920 census took place under the grave conditions of foreign and
civil war and economic devastation . Both paper and literate cadres were
in short supply, and several enumerators were reported to have been
murdered by the people they were attempting to count . Owing to
war-related events , the census could not be conducted in Belorussia, the
Crimea, the Transcaucasus , the Far East, Turkestan , Khiva , Bukhara,
2. Russian Empire , Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet, Pervaya vseobshchaya perepis '
naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii 1897 goda , 89 vols. ( 1 899- 1 905) .

A History of the Censuses

53

and various regions of the Ukraine , the Volga, the North Caucasus , and
Siberia; altogether about 28 percent of the population was not contained
in this count . Including those areas not counted , the Soviet population in
1 920 has been estimated at 1 3 6 . 8 million (Kolpakov, 1 969: 20-2 1 ) .
Although not regarded as accurate and published only in part , the
1 920 census did make some significant contributions . Unlike the 1 897
count , it included a question about nationality (natsional' nost ' ) as well as
a question about native language . A question about general and special
education was asked along with the question about literacy. According to
a suggestion by Lenin , however, no question was asked about religion .
The experience of the first Soviet census of 1 920 was useful in its
application toward subsequent census counts . A 1 923 urban census was
conducted according to the same principles as the 1 920 census but
applied only to cities; settlements connected with factories , plants , and
railroad stations; resorts of 500 people and more; and rural population
points of less than 2 , 000 inhabitants where the dominant means of
employment was provided by a local industry or trade (Kolpakov, 1 969:
1 7 ) . This urban census was conducted concurrently with a census of
industrial enterprises and trade institutions (Zhak , 1 95 8 : 20) .

The Census of 1 926
The next Soviet census was taken on December 1 5 , 1 926 , after peace
had arrived and economic recovery was under way. For the first time
during Soviet rule , the census included the entire territory of the country
and provided a barometer by which to measure the success or failure of
economic rehabilitation . For example , of the population of 1 47 million ,
the census found that only 1 8 percent (26 . 3 million) was urban in 1 926;
this rather low urban share indicated that the country remained primarily
agrarian despite significant industrial strides .
The 1 926 census had as its goal the collection of data about the
population necessary for the compilation of the first Five-Year Plan .
Indeed , this census remains the most comprehensive yet compiled by
either Russia or the Soviet Union; its volumes provided a wealth of
statistical information used by the government in planning the economy
right up until World War II . In addition , complete life tables of the
population were generated from the collected age data from the Ukraine ,
Belorussia, and the European part of the RSFSR .
The conducting of the census proceeded according to a detailed
program . Prior to the census , community Committees of Cooperation
circulated propaganda materials in order to inform the populace of the
importance of census accuracy. Local census bureaus conducted surveys
for the mapping of census regions and city plans , and much time and

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effort was spent training enumerators to fill out forms properly. To insure
an accurate return , special directives were issued by the Council of
People' s Commissars which promised to treat all information as confi­
dential , although the regional executive committees were known to
threaten reprisals to those who gave false information (Petersen , 1 97 5 :
669) .
The questionnaire itself was also more comprehensive than those of
the previous censuses . Questions were arranged in a series of six census
forms , the first of which was a personal survey providing the standard
census information . While the 1 926 census was essentially a demograph­
ic one , the additional forms requested data by family lists , ownership
charts for urban dwellers , and homeowner details for rural locales . These
data provided statistics on housing resources , taxes , construction , and
accommodations by urban and rural area.
As with the 1 897 census , the cross-tabulation of the collected data for
1 926 required a tremendous effort, most of which was done by hand .
Nonetheless , the analysis proceeded rapidly, and the census was ready
for publication by the end of 1 929 (USSR, 1 929) . Results were issued in
fifty-six volumes of seven major categories and in nineteen short
summary volumes . These results were published based on twenty-four
census regions which had been established for planning and administra­
tion to coincide with the economic and political divisions at the time;
there were nearly twice as many political units in 1 926 as there were in
1 897 .
The 1 926 census , as indicated previously, marked a vast improvement
in the general knowledge of the population within the borders of the
Soviet state . This was especially evident in the increased number of
categories designating the various ethnic groups (narodnosti) , about
whom the authorities now had a more comprehensive knowledge . In
addition , questions were added about unemployment, physical handi­
caps , and mental illness .
However, the 1 926 census had several deficiencies . Perhaps most
glaring was the fact that the permanent population in the 1 926 census ,
that population living permanently at the place of enumeration and born
within the 1 926 borders of the USSR, was not the de jure population
because temporary residents were not allocated back to their places of
permanent residence as temporarily absent (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979:
87) .
There were also discrepancies in the levels of training and education
of the census takers . An effort was made to recruit more enumerators
with higher or secondary education or where possible to encourage
university students , teachers , and employees of statistical organizations
to participate in the census-taking effort. Still , in 1 926 only 1 0 . 5 percent

A History of the Censuses

55

of the instructors had any higher education , while 1 8 . 3 percent had no
education at all . Regional variations were significant. Thu s , where in the
RSFSR nearly 65 percent of the enumerators were school employees ,
student volunteers , or members of statistical organizations , only 35
percent of the Central Asian enumerators fell into these categories
(Vorob ' yev, 1 95 7 : 43-48) . Similar urban-rural differentials existed . Al­
though there were 1 63 , 1 32 enumerators for a population of 1 47 million ,
it was necessary to call in the army to take stock of the population in
certain regions of the country.

The Censuses of 1 93 7 and 1 939
The next full-scale census conducted in the Soviet Union took place in
1 93 7 , following the postponement of censuses scheduled in 1 930 and
1 935 . Although the results were apparently circulated in government
agencie s, the 1 937 census figures never appeared in print . The results
were evidently seen as unsatisfactory and declared statistically invalid;
blame was placed upon alleged violations of the basic principles of
science and statistics . The statistician Kvitkin , who had protested the
withholding of results , was removed as head of the census department
(Galin , 1 95 1 : 2) .
The specific statistical principle that was criticized was one that
provided a check of households to prevent a double counting of tempo­
rarily absent persons . As a result of such an innovation , the 1 937 census
total was reported at 1 5 8 million , several million (about 10 percent) less
than had been expected . If accurate , this figure would have indicated the
substantial impact that collectivization , famine , and the purges of the
early Stalin years had on the Soviet population . It has also been claimed
that confusion among local officials and enumerators and the lack of
cooperation by respondents led to an inaccurate count (Somerville , 1 940:

52-55) .
On January 1 7 , 1 939 , two years after the 1 937 count , an all-Union
census was again taken . The census form contained sixteen questions ,
three o f which were geared towards the calculation of the de facto and de
jure inhabitants for each population point of the entire country. The
questionnaire was printed in twenty-two languages . For the first and only
time , a system was developed for counting both convicted criminals and
political detainees . This was important at the time because it has been
estimated that as many as 1 5 million people were either incarcerated for
criminal activity or interned in prisons and camps for political reasons
(Galin , 1 95 1 : 2). The census provided instructions for conducting counts
of prisoners , although details of the system were kept strictly secret . In
terms of the work-force data , political detainees were entered according

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to their occupations before internment; convicted criminals , however,
were listed based on the jobs they performed at the camp or prison .
Convicted criminals , but not political prisoners , were enumerated in later
censuses .
Several new procedures were developed in the method of tabulation .
For the first time a complete control round was instituted , whereby all
residences were submitted to a follow-up check the week after the
completion of the regular census (however, forms were not issued to
keep track of double counting) . The totals were once again tabulated by
electric machines utilizing hole-punched cards . Three regional adminis­
trative centers were established at Moscow, Leningrad , and Kharkov.
Within four months , preliminary results were issued . For reasons that
remain unclear, however, only partial data were ever released , in less
than ten pages of tables . A tabulation for the entire population was never
published , although complete totals were announced (Kulischer and
Roof, 1 956: 280-90) . Because of its lack of detail , the 1 939 census has
not been particularly useful for population analysis . Nevertheless , the
totals released , while considered questionable , do provide some mea­
sures for comparison with the data from 1 926 . 3
In twelve years the urban population more than doubled , reaching
56 . 1 million (33 percent of the total population) by 1 93 9 , a rate of
urbanization historically without precedent . In terms of the economic
structure of the working clas s , the share of workers and employees
(along with their family members) reached half of the total population by
1 939 , up from roughly one-sixth in 1 926. 4 The virtually complete
collectivization of farming was also indicated by census figures .
While the 1 939 Soviet census has not been widely utilized , it never­
theless provided a framework of organizational experience and added to
a popular understanding of statistical methods . These developments
helped especially in conducting the numerous emergency survey counts
that were necessary during World War II .

The 1 959 Soviet Census: The Organization of the Census-Taking Apparatus
Twenty years passed before another comprehensive census took place
on Soviet soil , on January 1 5 , 1 959 . The date chosen at least allowed for
comparisons by twenty-year intervals , and the published tables often
included previously unreleased 1 939 totals as well . However, the large
3 . For the published 1 939 results , see Izvestiya, 2 June 1 939, l ; and lzvestiya, 29 April
1 940 , I. Results also appear in U. S . , Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Russian
Economic Notes 2 ( l July 1 940): 7- 1 0 ; and American Quarterly on the Soviet Union 3
(February/March 1 940): 97- 1 00 .
4 . P art o f the increase w a s due t o a change in the definitions o f social classes.

A History of the Censuses

57

territorial gains following World War II and the devastating effect that
war losses had on the age and sex structure of the population made
comparisons between census years quite difficult. Furthermore , unlike
the Soviet censuses of 1 920 and 1 926 , the 1 959 questionnaire did not
request information on place of birth , making difficult even a crude
estimate of migration .
The organization and administration of the population count in 1 959
marked a standardization in Soviet census-taking procedures; most of the
methods instituted in 1 959 remained virtually unchanged for the succeeding
Soviet censuses of 1 970 and 1 979 . Before 1 959, census questionnaires
and instructions were distributed by the bureau undertaking the census
( 1 897-Central Statistical Committee; 1 926-Central Statistical Admin­
istration ; 1 939-Central Administration of National Economic Account­
ing of GOSPLAN , the State Planning Committee) . The forms were sent
to the statistical boards of the union republics , which sent them on to
regional and local organizations where they were distributed to the
district inspectors of the census . In previous census years a temporary
Bureau of the Census was established in each union and autonomous
republic , in each kray and oblast , and in major cities (Somerville , 1 940:
54) . These bureaus were disbanded after totals were tabulated at the
local levels and summarized versions were mailed in to the union
republic statistical boards .
By 1 95 9 , the system for sending in census results was centralized . All
enterprises , regional boards , and district inspectors sent their totals
directly to the Central Statistical Administration of each republic , where
results were totaled without intervening stages . Census materials were
also sent by telegraph rather than post . These changes hastened the
processing and analysis of census data; 1 959 preliminary results were
published less than four months after the census taking was completed .
In 1 957 the Council of Ministers established a Department for the
Supervision of the National Population Census , which was administered
by the Central Statistical Administration . In one form or another, this
commission , entrusted with the preparation and conducting of the cen­
sus , would remain the permanent census bureau of the USSR. Attached
to it were various other standing councils of the Central Statistical
Administration organized to help deal with problems involved with the
conducting of the censuses (Yezhov, 1 967: 1 23 ) . The procedural organi­
zation of census taking instituted in 1 959 can be applied to the conducting
of the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses with very tew changes . While many of
the procedures described below were applied in 1 93 9 , they were not
established as official policy until the 1 959 census .
A great deal of preparatory work goes into an event as encompassing
as a national census of population . Accordingly, in June 1 957 a national

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conference of statisticians and representatives from various scientific ,
industrial , and planning institutions was held to formulate the general
program and discuss some of the methodological problems associated
with the census (Yezhov, 1 967 : 1 23 ) . Preliminary work also included
drawing up a list of units to be investigated , supplying the materials
needed for the censu s , and briefing census personnel . The effectiveness
of a census depends in large measure on the reliability of the data
entered into the questionnaires. A great deal of effort, therefore , went into
the training of personnel . An increasing number of enumerators were
people with higher education and those familiar with statistical tech­
nique s , especially in the outlying republics . All organs of statistical
information associated with the census at all levels were prepared ,
mobilized , and practiced .
The Central Statistical Administration initiated a substantial propagan­
da effort prior to the actual census taking . Lectures, exhibits , and
discussions were conducted by inspectors and controllers of the local
census department at industrial enterprises , institutions , state farms , and
schools . The media actively participated as well ; television , radio ,
newspapers , and journals carried frequent news of the impending censu s ,
and large numbers o f special brochures were issued (USSR, 1 958a: 26) .
On August 1 , 1 957 , a trial census counted approximately a million
people in seven geographically diverse regions of the country. The
experience aided in questionnaire design and set the numbers of enumer­
ators for urban and rural locales . Regional census divisions were estab­
lished by GOSPLAN for the compilation and collection of data, and set
figures were decided upon for wages and time off from work for those
involved in the census . 5 Finally, the Council of Ministers chose a census
date based on the assumption that a midweek day in January would find
a large portion of the population in their homes , including schoolchildren
on vacation . For the 1 959 census this date was January 1 5 , a Thursday.
Procedures were established for conducting the census early in the Far
North and remote mountain areas .
A few days before the census (January 1 1 - 1 4) a preliminary round
was conducted , during which the enumerators made themselves familiar
with their territory. They visited all of the households in each district,
informing the inhabitants of the census procedures and asking what the
best time would be for enumerators to come by for the actual survey.
The census itself lasted eight day s , from January 1 5 to January 22 . All
people , including temporary residents , were listed at the place where
they were counted as the de facto population as of midnight, January
1 4- 1 5 . Permanent residents who were temporarily absent were noted as
5 . For further details on census-taking procedures, see A. Yezhov, Organization of Statistics
in the USSR (Moscow : Progress Publishers , 1 967) , 1 2 1 -28 .

A History of the Censuses

59

well . To avoid the danger of double counting , enumerators issued to all
those who were listed as temporary residents a special certificate (spravka)
indicating they had already been counted . This was especially important
for those on long-distance transport at the time of the census count .
Details were provided for the counting of those in hospitals , sanitari­
ums , and vacation homes; they were to be listed as temporary residents
if their length of stay was less than six months . University students were
considered permanent residents at their place of study, even if they
resided there less than six months out of each year. People who had
moved their residences for work , study, or training more than six months
before the census were counted at their new location as permanent
residents , even when they had kept material connections with their
family at a previous location . Members of the armed services were
enumerated at their place of duty but were counted as permanent
residents at the location where they were employed before entering
military duty (USSR, l 958a: 24) . (Users of Soviet census data are
advised to check carefully the definition of the population employed in
any given table as to whether the figures are for the de facto [nalichnoye]
or de jure [postoyannoye] population . In the 1 979 census volume , for
instance , tables 1 -4 are de facto population , but the remainder are de jure
(USSR, 1 984: 6, n. 1 ) . Anderson and Silver ( 1 985) is a good guide to
the nuances and possible problems connected with this usage . )
For ten days following the census (January 23-February 1 ) the census
takers made another complete check of all dwellings in a given district in
order to insure that no one was omitted or double counted and to verify
the registered number of temporarily absent and temporarily present
dwellers . During this round , enumerators filled out special control sheets
for those people whose whereabouts were not definitely known at the
time of the census count . All those who had required control sheets were
issued spravki, which they were to maintain in their possession until
February 1 0 . Control sheets were also filled out when persons knew they
might have been included in the census count at another location (USSR,
1 958a: 23) . The control sheets , which requested registration of the exact
address at which the subject should have been counted as well as
responses to the same questions as the regular questionnaire , revealed
another 1 ,074 ,000 people who were missed the first time around or 0 . 5 1
percent of the total population (Yezhov, 1 967: 1 26) .
In addition to the questionnaire form , the Central Statistical Adminis­
tration provided a list of detailed instructions in order to clarify certain
ambiguities . The enumerator was instructed to fill out the census form in
the words of the respondent; the contents of the answers were to be kept
confidential , and no one was required to show any of their documents .
The census was to be conducted by place of dwelling , not place of work;

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dormitories at schools and factories were considered permanent places of
dwelling . The enumerators counted people at work during the time of the
census as part of the de facto population at their place of residence and
not as temporarily absent. The same held true for those on suburban
trains and local buses , those at children' s homes and night sanitariums ,
and those spending the night with friends or relatives living in the same
census district (USSR, l 958b: 23) . Temporary workers and those counted
on long-distance trains , buses , and ships or at stations , ports , and
airports were to be listed as temporary residents and included in the de
facto population at the place they were counted .
The 1 959 census achieved a relative degree of sophistication by
raising the level of training of the enumerators , improving the applica­
tion of statistical techniques , and consolidating specialists from various
discipline s. As was mentioned previously, many of the preparations and
operational methods introduced for the 1 959 count remained similar or
identical in the succeeding census programs .

Censuses of 1 970 and 1 979: The Use of Sampling
Perhaps the most significant innovation in conducting the censuses of
the 1 970s was the acceptance of sampling as a legitimate statistical tool
for compiling population data . Sampling was first instituted into the
census program at the urging of the All-Union Congress of Statisticians
in April 1 968 . A sample format was developed on the basis of results
from a trial census conducted in nine regions during March 1 967 (USSR,
1 97 8 : 26) .
The Congress also provided a forum for a long-standing debate
between demographers and statisticians in the Soviet Union (Perevedentsev,
1 967 : 1 3) . Demographers called for a reworking of the questionnaire in
order to collect more detailed information for the analysis of the
population , while statisticians held fast for the standardization of the
basic questionnaire and the increased use of sampling and data-processing
techniques . Such a debate has been repeated at various times prior to
both the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses (lsupov, 1 97 5 : 5 ) , but the questionnaire
has remained relatively unchanged over the years . Instead , the Central
Statistical Administration issued more detailed instructions in an attempt
to increase the accuracy of the responses to the 1 970 census question­
naire . Enumerators were instructed to explain thoroughly that the census
was not in any way connected with such matters as tax ratings , the use of
living space , or visa registration . The collected data were to be used by
the central authorities exclusively for analysis and for the compilation of
summary indexes by which to categorize the population . Census workers
were not to reveal any of the responses , which were to be used only by

A History of the Censuses

61

organs of the state and economic administrations , planning organiza­
tions , and scientific institutions (USSR , 1 969a: 29) .
The 1 970 census , originally scheduled for 1 969 , was postponed until
January 1 5 , 1 970 , most likely because of technical difficulties encountered
during the course of a trial census conducted in 1 967 (Voronitsyr: , 1 978:
1 ) . While the reason for the delay is unclear, the new date has been cited
as marking the one-hundredth anniversary of Lenin' s birth . The basic
questionnaire consisted of eleven questions asked of the entire popula­
tion ; a second form , distributed to every fourth household , contained
eighteen questions , including the same eleven answered by everyone .
Thu s , the 1 970 census used a 25-percent sample to collect information
for questions 1 2- 1 8 , which concerned work-force and migration data .
This was the first time sampling had been accepted in a Soviet census
count , ostensibly to decrease the expense and accelerate the analysis of
the material . Two additional questionnaire forms were also issued in
1 970 . Form 3 requested information on persons of able-bodied working
age occupied in household and private subsidiary agriculture; Form 4
served to collect information about commuting (Pod"yachikh , 1 976: 3 1 )
Sampling also came into use during the control round , which was held
for six days , from January 24 to January 29 . For urban areas , the control
round was conducted in all districts for 50 percent of the dwellings ; in
rural areas , enumerators checked all of the dwellings for 50 percent of
the districts (USSR, 1 969a: 33) .
The basic questionnaire (first eleven questions) in 1 970 was similar in
form and content to that of 1 959 , but some slight changes merit
mentioning . The question about age was expanded to determine not only
the number of years lived , as in all previous censuses , but also the year
and month of birth . This allowed for a reduction in the distortion in data
about age composition which occurs because of the tendency of many to
round their ages to the -0 and -5 groups . The Central Statistical
Administration modified other questions to gather more detailed informa­
tion about second languages spoken and reasons for temporary absences . In
addition , the 25-percent sample survey obtained data about the previous
occupations of pensioners , the duration of work in the previous year, and
migration trends .
The intercensal period between 1 959 and 1 970 , although a rather
unwieldy eleven years , revealed some interesting facts . With the war
long over, the male-female gap had begun to return to normal . The urban
population reached 1 36 million , surpassing 50 percent of the total for the
first time (from 48 percent in 1 959 to 56 percent in 1 970) . The growth of
large cities was especially rapid; in 1 959 there were three cities with over
a million people , while by 1 970 there were ten .
The actual conducting of the 1 970 census required nearly 662 ,000

62

Lee Schwartz

part1c1pants , including 534 ,000 enumerators and 97 ,000 supervisors
(USSR, 1 97 8 : 26) . With the help of calculators , information was
compiled and processed into summary table s , and results were analyzed
and ready in time for the implementation of the Ninth Five-Year Plan .
The 1 9 70 census was more comprehensive and slightly larger than that
of 1 959 (3 , 23 8 pages to 2 , 830 pages) . It was fully published in seven
topical volumes beginning in 1 97 2 . 6
The program of the January 1 979 census was based on results from
the 1 970 experience . Slight modifications were made in the question­
naire , which totaled sixteen questions , eleven of which were to be
answered by the entire population . 7 The last five questions were again
issued to only 25 percent of the population (i . e . , to every fourth
dwelling) . As in previous years , the census effort included a trial census
(for nine regions in May 1 977) and the convening of an All-Union
Conference of Statisticians for a discussion of the methodological and
organizational questions connected with the 1 979 census program . The
government conducted an early survey for outlying mountainous and
northern regions , and the importance of the preliminary and control
rounds was stressed in order to insure completeness in the count
(lvanova, 1 976: 49) . The control round was based on a 25-percent
sample (as opposed to 50 percent in 1 970) , underscoring an increased
confidence in sampling .
During the preparation of the 1 979 census program , several points of
controversy arose which had to be clarified before the new questionnaire
could be formulated . It was proposed , for instance , that the term
"native" (rodnoy) language be replaced with "conversational" (razgovornyy)
language and also that the qualification "fluently " (svobodnyy) be
omitted from the question on second language (Voronitsyn , 1 97 8 : 2) . A
change never ensued , partly because of the need for consistency and
partly because native language was felt to connote a social function in
terms of relations between people (Voronitsyn , 1 97 8 : 2) . A decision was
made by the Central Statistical Administration to register members of the
armed forces where they were stationed and not at their former places of
residence ; the same applied to persons in confinement (Voronitsyn ,
1 979: 2) .
The first eleven questions in the 1 979 census were nearly identical to
6. USSR, Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye, ltogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya
1970 goda, 7 vol s . ( 1 972) , Vol . I: Number of people; Vol . 2: Sex, age, and marital status; Vol .
3 : Level of education; Vol . 4 : Nationality composition; Vol . 5 : Distribution according to social
group ; Vol . 6: Distribution according to occupation; Vol . 7: Migration .
7 . In ASSRs , autonomous oblasts , and autonomous okrugs with less than 500,000 inhabit­
ants , the entire population was required to answer all sixteen questions (USSR, 1 978: 27) .

A History of the Censuses

63

those asked in 1 970 . The new forms , however, no longer requested the
reason for or length of absence for temporary residents and absentees .
For the first time since 1 926 the questionnaire provided marital status by
type (widowed , divorced , or never married) . Meanwhile , the education
question (number nine) has , with each succeeding census year, required
less and less information about literacy. This development has most
likely come about because nearly the entire population , with the excep­
tion of the elderly and the very young , has become literate . In fact, the
1 979 form had no separate list for those who were illiterate . If the
enumerator came across a person who was illiterate , he was instructed
to note the fact on the census blank and to indicate the reason for
illiteracy.
The All-Union Conference of Statisticians suggested several changes in
the program of the sample survey (questions 1 2- 1 6 ) . A reworking of the
1 970 migration questions in order to account for those who had moved
more than once was considered and abandoned (Isupov, 1 975: 5 ) .
Instead , a question was inserted requesting the number o f children ever
born to all women aged 1 6 and over. Furthermore , the supplementary
form on commuting was dropped from the 1 979 program . Data gathered
from commuters in 1 970 had most likely already been utilized (although
not published) to help determine an estimate for the number of people on
local transport at the time of the census count. Finally, a poll was
conducted simultaneously with the census which sought information on
the work force engaged in housework or in private agriculture . This form
requested details on the number of dependent children , the composition
of the working-age population , and the source of livelihood , as well as
willingness to accept employment and the reason not employed (i . e . , not
" occupied in the social production" ) at the time of the census .
The 1 979 census , while involving over 700 ,000 workers (enumera­
tors , controllers , and supervisors) , was the first Soviet census to make
wide use of a sophisticated network of computers . The census question­
naire s, although not filled out directly by the respondent, were mark­
sensing forms that were machine readable and could be transmitted
onto magnetic tape for direct input into a computer. The census­
processing operation utilized a unified system of twenty-nine regional
computer centers connected with a main terminal in Moscow (Feshbach ,
1 98 1 : 6) .
Because the census day needed to fall in the middle of the week , the
date was changed from January 1 5 (a Monday) to January 1 7 (a
Wednesday) . The Council of Ministers also decided to conduct the
census only nine years after the previous one . This decision resulted in
irregular intervals between census years but brought a return to the

64

Lee Schwartz

pattern established with the 1 939 and 1 959 counts (the 1 970 census , it
should be recalled, was originally slated for 1 969) . Furthermore, the
earlier date meant that the results would be available in time for the
compilation of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (Voronitsyn , 1 98 1 : 1 ) .
Notwithstanding the technical advances connected with the 1 979
census , the publication--or lack thereof--of results from the enumeration
is quite limited for a country with resources and vast data-gathering
apparatus such as the USSR possesses . Although preliminary total
results , by political-administrative unit, were released in April 1 979 ,
additional information appeared only sporadically and in highly incom­
plete form in issues of the journal Vestnik statistiki. These figures were
subsequently compiled and republished (with some minor additions) in a
single volume in 1 984, more than five years after the census was taken
(USS R , 1 984); by contrast, the initial volume of the 1 959 census was
published in 1 962 and that of the 1 970 census in 1 97 2 .
O f much greater concern than timeliness , however, i s the lack o f detail
provided in the Vestnik statistiki tables or the 1 984 compendium. Despite
the deliberations about the age question and the decision to improve the
quality of responses by asking for month and year of birth , no age data
have yet been published from the 1 979 count . The absence of such
figures to date significantly reduces the utility of the census for many
important analytic purposes . The Soviet Union can now be regarded as
ranking behind most developing countries in terms of the volume of
available published census figures .

The Russian and S oviet Censuses: A General Assessment
Although the censuses constitute by far the largest body of empirical
information on the socioeconomic situation in Russia and the USSR,
there are important shortcomings in the data as collected , tabulated , and
published; specific definitional , operational , and availability problems
are discussed at length in the topical chapters that follow. It is clear,
however, that census data from any country present the researcher with a
variety of difficulties . Thus, it might be useful to make some general
comparisons between the Russian and Soviet censuses and international
standards as a means by which these problems can be placed in a
relevant context .
Compared to the most advanced countries , the USSR has lagged
behind in the introduction of some technical advances in the enumeration
proces s . For example , whereas sampling was first used in the U . S .
census of 1 940 , the USSR adopted this technique for the 1 970 census . A

A History of the Censuses

65

question on month and year of birth (a better means of obtaining age
data) , included in the 1 970 Soviet census , had been incorporated earlier
in European and U. S . censuses . Mark-sensing forms and readers were
first introduced in the U. S . census in 1 960 but in the Soviet census only
in 1 979 . Certainly, the USSR has been slow to utilize computers fully in
the census operation , although this tendency is characteristic of the
Soviet bureaucracy, economy, and society in general .
Beginning in the 1 950s , the Statistical Office of the United Nations
(now a branch of the Department of International Economic and Social
Affairs) initiated a series of publications containing guidance for coun­
tries in planning and carrying out national population censuses ; this
office also sponsored numerous technical manuals dealing with different
operational aspects of census taking (United Nations , 1 95 8 ; 1 967 ; 1 974;
1 980) . These important documents , which reflect the growing interna­
tional concern for obtaining more and better information on socioeco­
nomic conditions in the world' s countries , incorporate lessons learned in
previous censuses , the results of conferences and expert consultations ,
and recommendations submitted by international , regional , and national
statistical bodies .
In the most recent of these publications , the UN ( 1 980: 2-3) considers
that four "essential features " are desirable in any population census:
individual enumeration , universality, simultaneity, and defined periodici­
ty. With reference to the Soviet censuses , including the latest ones , the
first three of these features are adhered to; the last is violated by the
troublesome irregularity of intercensal periods . At one point, the UN
recommended that countries take censuses in years ending in zero to
facilitate international comparisons , but that suggestion has been downplayed
of late (UN, 1 980: 3) .
Beyond these very general "essential features , " the UN provides
more specific guidelines for the planning , organization , and administra­
tion of censuses (UN , 1 980: 1 2-37) . First, extensive preparatory work is
necessary for any national census , including establishing a legal basis for
the enumeration , securing funding , agreeing on a census calendar,
setting up administrative bodie s , publicizing the census , mapping census
units , preparing the questionnaire , and recruiting and training staff.
Although not privy to all internal workings of the Soviet census appara­
tus , we do know that considerable effort goes into the preparatory work
of the census . For example , planning conferences involving demogra­
phers , ethnographers , statisticians , and other social scientists , and repre­
sentatives of the Central Statistical Administration are convened well in
advance of the projected census date to review procedures and discuss
changes in technical or operational aspects of the enumeration; lengthy

66

Lee Schwartz

reports on the issues discussed , as well as copies of the household list
and questionnaire forms , are published regularly (USSR, l 958a; 1 958b;
l 969a; l 969b; 1 978) . Of particular interest in these publications are
descriptions of test census results , which in some cases prompt refine­
ments in the full census . In this connection , the fact that the USSR has
had a permanent census bureau since 1 957 provides for continuity in
matters relating to census methodology.
Second, according to the UN, operational aspects of the census process
must receive attention . Decisions must be made regarding the manner in
which the population will be counted (enumerator or householder meth­
ods} , the timing and length of the enumeration period , and the use of
sampling . The Soviet census has always employed enumerators rather
than relying on self-enumeration . As was discussed earlier in this
chapter, serious consideration is given to fixing the date of the Soviet
census in an attempt to minimize undercounting or double counting due
to travel , work , and schooling . During the census period , control slips
(spravki) are used to keep track of persons already counted . Remote areas
are usually enumerated early to avoid delaying the proces s . Finally,
sampling is now an important feature of the Soviet censuses .
Third , data processing and , fourth , evaluation of results must proceed
once the census is completed . Computers and their applications have
become more common in data processing in the USSR, and this trend
will no doubt continue . However, although initial results of the Soviet
census are released reasonably early, the tabulation process is slower
than in the U. S . census . The evaluation of results through internal
checks and postenumeration surveys is standard practice in Soviet census
taking .
Finally, the UN considers the dissemination of results to be the last
stage in the census process and a vital one for the obvious reason that
even the most accurate and extensively tabulated data are of limited
utility unless they are made available to researchers (UN, 1 980: 36-37) .
In this chapter and throughout this volume it is made abundantly clear
that the major failure of census taking in the USSR is in the area of
dissemination of results .
The UN series on population censuses also contains recommendations
for topics to be investigated and tabulations to be made therefrom (UN ,
1 967 : 40-4 1 ; 1 95 8 : 1 8- 1 9) . In terms of topics covered by the census , the
USSR has a good and improving record (UN , 1 974: 9) . For example , of
fifteen high priority topics recommended by the UN , the 1 959 Soviet
census covered twelve (missing only place of birth , children ever born ,
and children living) ; children ever born was added in the 1 979 census .
B y comparison , the 1 960 U . S . census also included twelve of fifteen
high priority topics (missing de facto residence , children living , and

A History of the Censuses

67

literacy) . The tabulation of results varies from census to census , but­
with the obvious exception of the 1 979 count-the USSR satisfies the
vast majority of recommended direct or derived tabulations (UN, 1 967 :
40-4 1 ) .
In conclusion , by accepted international standards the censuses of the
USSR conform to most recommendations regarding the preparation and
conducting of the enumeration but fall far short in rendering available
results of the count and tabulations . As was mentioned in the earlier
chapter by Ralph Clem , the accuracy of Soviet census data has improved
over the years , an improvement that makes it especially ironic that the
publication of the figures has been so severely reduced.

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Chapter 4

The Ethnic and Language Dimensions
in Russian and Soviet Censuses
B RIAN D . SIL VER

The Soviet government emphasizes its leading role in the social and
economic transformation of society. Information gathered from censuses
is important for the periodic assessment of state policies . Therefore ,
census data on nationality and native language of the population serve as
a way both to determine the ethnic composition of Soviet society and , in
conjunction with other data , to assess and compare the progress of
policies designed to promote the economic and social development of the
nationalities of the USSR. Censuses , moreover, are the only source of
systematic information on change in the ethnic composition and lan­
guage preferences of the population as a whole .
Russian and Soviet census planners have always included questions
about nationality and language in the census forms (see Table 4 . 1 ) .
The First General Census of Population in 1 897 contained questions
about native language (rodnoy yazyk) and religion of the imperial popula­
tion . The five general censuses reported since the 1 9 1 7 Revolution
( 1 926, 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979) asked questions about native
language and nationality of the Soviet population . In addition to the
questions about native language , the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses included a
question about second language or, more precisely, " another language of
the peoples of the USSR" that an individual could " freely command . "
The utility o f the information o n nationality, language , and religion
depends both on the exact formulation of census questions and on the
Acknowledgements: Initial work on this chapter was completed while I was a Mellon Fellow
and Visiting Scholar at the Russian Research Center of Harvard University. Work on the chapter
was supported by NICHD Grant Nos . HD-1 8027 and HD- 1 99 1 5 . Murray Feshbach, Lubomyr
Hajda, and Stephen Rapawy kindly made available copies of certain source materials . I am
grateful to them, as well as to Barbara Anderson, Paul Goble , Fred Grupp , Ellen Jones, and
Robert Lewis, who made constructive comments on the manuscript.

70

71

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

Table 4 . 1 . Availability of nationality, language , and religion data in Russian and Soviet census
reports, 1 897- 1 979

Native language
Second language
Religion
Nationality!Narodnost'

1 897

1 926

1 939

1 959

1 970

1 979

x

x

x

x

x
x

x
x

x

x

x

x

x

x

form in which the results are reported , in particular, whether the data on
ethnicity are cross-tabulated in the census reports with information on
age , sex , education , marital status , occupation , migration history, and
other variables . A summary of the extent to which each indicator has
been cross-tabulated with other census variables is presented in the Index
(see also Anderson , 1 977; Arutyunyan et al . , 1 984: 42-43) but will not
be discussed in the text . The main issues treated here will be ( I ) the
formulation of questions on nationality, religion , and language; (2) the
meaning of the responses ; and (3) the use of Soviet census data on
nationality and language in conjunction with other sources of informa­
tion on the ethnic composition and linguistic practices of the Soviet
population .
In treating the formulation and meaning of the census questions on
nationality, religion , and language , I focus on the questions' validity­
the correspondence between the census measures and the concepts for
which the measures are the operational indicators . There are two main
sources of invalidity of the census measures: ( I ) vagueness or uncertain­
ty in the definition of the concept that the census question is intended to
measure operationally; and (2) imprecision or bias in the measurement of
the concept-in the wording of the census question , the method of
asking the question (including the instructions to the census enumera­
tors) , and the method of tabulating the results . A focus on the validity of
the census measures is appropriate because no single publication has
compiled information on the formulation and interpretation of the mea­
sures and because several important features of these measures have not
been examined carefully by users of the census data.
For example , although nationality, language , and religion may each be
regarded as self-standing dimensions of the ethnic or cultural composi­
tion of a population , and although for the most part the three dimensions
have been treated as independent questions during the gathering of
Russian and Soviet census data, the independence of these indicators has
often been compromised during the processing of the data for publica­
tion . Certain operational rules have been employed that lessen the
independence of the indicators . The significance of these rules has not
been widely recognized .

72

Brian D. Silver

The 1 897 Census
The history of the confounding of the different ethnic dimensions can
be dated from the interpretation of " native language" in the 1 897 census
(Russian Empire , 1 905a; 1 905b; 1 905c) . In the six general population
censuses for which results have been published , only the 1 897 census
asked about religion; the unpublished 1 937 census also included a
question on religion (Gozulov, 1 936: 1 3 1-32; Pustokhod and Voblyy,
1 936: 202-5 ) . Because the 1 897 census is also the only one that did not
include a question about nationality, one might initially suppose that the
census designers intended to treat religion as a surrogate for nationality.
In fact, however, they intended to treat native language as a surrogate for
nationality, while religion was a self-standing question included for other
purposes (Russian Empire , 1 905b) .
Because of a series of problems caused by the reliance on the
native-language question , the ethnic composition of the Russian Empire
in 1 897 cannot readily be determined from the census . Most of these
problems were openly acknowledged in the introductory remarks to the
general summary volume of the census report (Russian Empire , 1 905b:
II , ii) . As was noted in the report itself, native language " far from
always gives a correct idea of the nationality of one or another group of
the population . " Confusion occurs because persons of one nationality
often declare the language of another nationality as native language . In
particular, the 1 897 census data on native language underrepresented the
size of the populations of nationalities and ethnic groups that were
experiencing linguistic russification (adoption of Russian as native lan­
guage) , such as the Votyaks (Udmurts) , Mordvinians , and Zyryans
(Komi) . At the same time , the data overrepresented the number of
Russians in the population-perhaps intentionally, as has been suggested
by Soviet population specialists (e . g . , Gozulov, 1 936: 20 1-2) .
To improve the reliability of native language as an indicator of nationali­
ty, certain "corrections" were introduced . For example , the information
gathered on the estates (sosloviya) and on religion often contained
information on nationality, information that was then used to derive
better estimates of the ethnic makeup of the population of certain
regions . As a result of these correction s , reported native language is not
derived solely from the direct census responses to the question on native
language .
An even more serious problem with the native-language data, which
was also acknowledged in the introduction to the summary volume , is
that inadequate anticipation of the kinds of responses that would be

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

73

generated led to post hoc reclassification of the responses during the
preparation of the data for publication . In Dagestan , for example , many
people reported as their native language the language of their village or
town , making it difficult to allocate the population according to standard
linguistic categories . In addition , the widespread use of such terms as
"Tatar" and "Tyurk" by many different Turkic-speaking groups and the
use of the term " Cherkess" as the language of many different groups in
the North Caucasus confounded the problem of deriving information on
ethnic groups from the native-language information . At the same time ,
potentially valuable information on native language was lost because the
information gathered on the many different Caucasian languages or
dialects was aggregated into a general category termed "Georgian . "
The l 8 9 7 census report devotes much attention t o religious affiliation
(religioznaya prinadlezhnost' ) or religion (veroispovedaniye) and presents
many detailed cross-tabulations with other variables such as native
language , literacy, sex , urban-rural residence , and region of the country.
Every person was placed into one or another religious category, with no
allowance for nonbelievers or indication of the intensity of religious
belief. Furthermore , there is reason to believe that the census was
constructed to maximize the estimated number of people who adhered to
the Russian Orthodox religion (Gozulov, 1 936: 202-3) . Nonetheles s ,
precisely because o f the omission of a direct question o n nationality in
the 1 897 censu s , the substantial detail in the reporting of religion in
combination with native language and with numerous demographic
characteristics makes the data an indispensable source of information on
the ethnic composition of late-nineteenth-century Russia . However, in
recent efforts to determine the ethnic composition of the Russian Empire ,
Soviet scholars have avoided using the 1 897 census results (e . g . , Bruk
and Kabuzan , 1 980a, 1 980b ; Polyakov and Kisilev, 1 980) .

The S oviet Censuses
Table 4 . 2 summarizes the formulations of the census questions on
nationality and language used in the Russian and Soviet censuses .
Although I follow the practice of Soviet census administrators of refer­
ring to the items on the census form as questions , the questions on
nationality and native language are each simply terms on the census
form , with blank spaces or boxes for the census taker to fill in . Proposals
by Soviet ethnographers to have the questions on nationality and lan­
guage expressed on the census protocol in sentence form have not been
adopted (e . g . , Bruk and Kozlov, 1 968: 34; USSR, 1 969c : 227 ) .

74

Brian D . Silver

Table 4 . 2 . Wording of questions on nationality and language in the Russian and Soviet
censuses, 1 897- 1 979

Census
year

Formulation
of question

General instructions to
census taker*

Answers for children

Nationality

1 897
1 926

Narodnost' (People)

For fore igners : of
which state are they
a citizen?

To what narodnost' does the
respondent consider himself
to belong? If the respondent
has difficulty answering the
question , preference is given
to the nationality of the
mother.
Since the census has the aim
of defining the tribal (ethno­
graphic) composition of the
population , it is not appro­
priate to replace narodnost' by
religion , citizenship-country
of origin or an indicator of
residing in the territory of
some republic . It is possible
for the answer to the ques­
tion on narodnost' not to cor­
respond with the answer on
native language .

In Urban Areas: if the
narodnost' of children is miss­
ing and the parents belong
to one narodnost' , children
should be assigned the same
narodnost' . If the parents be­
long to different narodnosti
and an answer is missing on
the narodnost' of a child, then
preference should be given
to the narodnost' of the
mother.
In Rural Areas: If the
narodnost' of a child is
missing from the form , the
blank spot can be filled in
only if all members of the
family are of the same
nationality.

Supplemental Instruction: Al­
though the term narodnost'
was adopted with the aim of
emphasizing the tribal (eth­
nographic) composition of the
population , nonetheless the
definition of narodnost' is left
to the respondent himself, and
in writing the answer down it
is improper to alter the re­
spondent ' s answer. Persons
who have lost their link with
the narodnost' of their ances­
tors can indicate a narodnost'
to which they regard them­
selves as belonging now.
1 939

Natsional' nost'
(Nationality)

Citizen of which
state?

Write the nationality to which
the respondent considers him­
self to belong .

For children under 16, if their
nationality is not listed on
the census form , then the
child is attributed the nation­
ality of the parents if the par­
ents both belong to the same
nationality.

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

Census
year

Formulation
of question

General instructions to
census taker*

75

Answers for children

Nationality

1 959

1 970

1 979

Census
year

Natsional' nost'
(Nationality)

Write the nationality that the
respondent himself indicates.

Citizen of which
state?

For citizens of the USSR,
write "USSR , " but for foreigners the name of the state
of which the respondent is a
citizen. For persons who have
no citizenship , write " without citizenship . "

Natsional' nost'
(Nationality)

Write the nationality that the
respondent himself indicates.

For foreigners indicate also citizenship

For foreign citizens, after the
inscription of nationality, write
the name of the state of
which the respondent is a
citizen .

Natsional' nost'
(Nationality)

Write the nationality that the
respondent himself indicates.

For foreigners indicate also citizenship

For foreign citizens, after the
inscription of nationality, write
the name of the state of
which the respondent is a
citizen .

Formulation
of question

General instuctions to
census taker*

Nationality of children is de!ermined by parents. In families where the father and
mother belong to different
nationalities, and the parents
themselves have difficulty defining the nationality of the
children, preference is given
to the nationality of the
mother.
Nationality of children is de!ermined by parents. Only in
families where the father and
mother belong to different nationalities and the parents
have difficulty themselves in
determining the nationality of
children, should preference be
given to the nationality of the
mother.
Nationality of children is determined by parents. Only in
families where the father and
mother belong to different nationalities and the parents
have difficulty themselves in
determining the nationality of
children, should preference be
given to the nationality of the
mother.

Answers for children

Native Language

1 897

Rodnoy yazyk
(native language)

Here is written the language
each person considers native
for himself.

1 926

Rodnoy yazyk
(Native language)

The language the respondent knows best of all or that
he usually speaks is identified
as his native language .

If an answer to the question
on native language is missing for a child age 1 or
less, fill in the blank on the
basis of the mother' s native
language .

76

Census
year

Brian D. Silver

Formulation
of question

General instuctions to
census taker*

Answers for children

Native Language

Supplemental Instruction: The
native language of deaf peopie is considered the language
that they use for communication with their associates.

Supplemental Instruction: The
native language of children
not knowing how to talk is
considered the language of the
mother.

1 939

Rodnoy yazyk
(Native language)

That language the respondent himself considers to be
his native language .

For children under 16, if their
native language is not listed
on the census form, then the
language of their nationality
is to be used .

1 959

Rodnoy yazyk
(Native language)

Write the name of the Ianguage that the respondent
himself considers his native
language . If the respondent
has difficulty naming some
language as native language ,
then write down the language
that the respondent commands
best of all or that is usually
used in the family.

As the native language of
children not yet able to talk ,
writ.e the language usually
used for conversation in the
family.

The native language of deaf
people is considered the Ianguage that they read and
write or that is used by
their family or by a person
with whom they primarily
communicate .
It is possible for native Ianguage not to coincide with
nationality.
1 970

Rodnoy yazyk
(Native language)

Write the name of the Ianguage that the respondent
himself considers his native
language . If the respondent
has difficulty naming some
language as native language ,
then write down the name of
the language that he commands best of all or that is
usually used in the family.
The native language of deaf
people is considered the Ianguage that they read and
write or that is used by their
family or by a person with
whom they primarily communicate .

As the native language of
children still not able to talk,
write the language usually
used for conversation in the
family.

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

Census
year

Formulation
of question

General instuctions to
census taker*

77

Answers for children

Native Language

It is possible for native lan­
guage not to coincide with
nationality.
1 979

Rodnoy yazyk
(Native language)

To the question on native lan­
guage write down the name
of the language that the re­
spondent himself considers his
native language .
It is possible for native lan­
guage not to coincide with
nationality.

The native language of chil­
dren still not able to talk, and
of other young children is de­
fined by their parents. If the
parents have difficulty defin­
ing the native language of a
child, write down the lan­
guage usually used in con­
versation in the family.

If the respondent has difficul­
ty naming some language as
native language, write down
the language that he com­
mands best of all or that is
usually used in the family.
The native language of deaf
people is considered to be the
language that they read and
write or the language used
by their family or those with
whom they primarily com­
municate .

Census
year

Formulation
of question

General instructions to
census taker*
Second Language

1 970

Indicate also another
language of the peo­
ples of the USSR
that he freely com­
mands .

After writing down the na­
tive language , for people free­
ly commanding another lan­
guage of the people of the
USSR ( i . e . , able to speak
freely in that language), write
down which one (for exam­
ple, Russian , Ukrainian).
If the respondent, in addi­
tion to the native language ,
freely commands two or more
languages of the peoples of
the USSR, write down only
the one of those that he com­
mands best .

Answers for children

78

Census
year

Brian D . Silver

Formulation
of question

General instructions to
census taker*

Answers for children

Second Language

For people who do not free­
ly command another languge,
and also for children not yet
able to talk, after writing
down the native language
draw a line .
1 979

Indicate also another
language of the peo­
ples of the USSR
that he freely com­
mands .

After writing down the na­
tive language, for people free­
ly commanding another lan­
guage of the peoples of the
USSR or knowing only how
to converse freely in the
given language, write down
the name of the language
(Russian , Ukrainian, Kazakh,
Latvian , etc . ) .
I f the respondent, in addition
to the native language , free­
ly commands two or more
languages of the peoples of
the USSR, write down only
the one of those that he
knows best .
For persons not freely com­
manding another language of
the peoples of the USSR, af­
ter writing the native lan­
guage write "No."

*The instructions listed in the table are general instructions that have been published by
the Central Statistical Board or reported in other sources given in the References . Certain
specific instructions dealing with special problems and circumstances were also issued . In
the case of the 1 926 census, each volume of the census report summarizes some of the spe­
cial instructions that applied in particular regions .
For example , in Volume XIII it was reported that "to clarify the written answers for per­
sons calling themselves ' Russian , ' it is necessary to determine in precisely which-Russian ,
Ukrainian, or Belorussian-the individual places himself. 'Great Russian' ( Velikoross) is con­
sidered the same as ' Russian' and is recorded as ' Russian' in the individual census lists . "
" To clarify the written answers o n language o f persons answering ' Russian' language , it
is necessary for the respondent to specify precisely which language-Russian , Ukrainian , or
Belorussian-he has in view. If someone calls his language 'Great Russian , ' then write
' Russian' in the individual census lists . "
As additional examples, in the volumes reporting data fo r Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan ,
the census takers were told that " in no circumstance" were they to write Moslem, Chris­
tian , Orthodox, and so on, as an answer to the question on narodnost' . In Uzbekistan , cen­
sus takers were instructed to interpret "Sart" as " Uzbek (Sart) . " In Turkmenistan , census
takers were instructed to write down not only narodnost' but also tribe and clan (rod) . They
were told not to confuse "Tyurki" with " Farsi" and that Persians often called themselves
Tyurki-Azerbaidzhantsy or Tyurki-Persidskiy.

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

79

While there has been a reliance on self-enumeration in the U . S .
Census since 1 960 , i n the Soviet Union census takers visit each resi­
dence . Census takers are supposed to follow certain instructions in
eliciting information from the respondents . Table 4 . 2 lists the general
instructions for the questions on nationality and language in each Soviet
census . Although the instructions may clarify the intended meanings of
certain terms for the census takers , the instructions are not necessarily
read to the respondents . Hence , the respondents are less likely than the
census takers to be informed of the intended interpretation s.

Subjective measures . The census questions are designed t o elicit the
subjective nationality and the subjective native language of the respon­
dent . "Nationality " is a completely open-ended question , with the re­
sponse to be written verbatim on the census blank . Similarly, " native
language" is supposed to be inscribed verbatim and is whatever the
respondent declares it to be . The census takers are instructed not to
check any documents during the census ; they are to accept an answer to
the question on nationality that is inconsistent with the answer to the
question on native language . The classification of the population by
nationality and by native language is exhaustive , and everyone has a
nationality and a native language . There are no reported " don' t knows"
or missing data on these questions .
Because of the subjectivity of the census measures of nationality and
native language , neither characteristic of an individual is necessarily
permanent or " official . " Although it has been suggested that the use of
nationality labels on individual internal passports , personnel records , and
other official documents may " fix" the subjective nationality of people
in the USSR , especially after adolescence (Kozlov, 1 969: 298 ; 1 975:
230-3 1 ) , strong empirical evidence exists that self-identified nationality
often changes between censuses even among people who are beyond
their adolescent years (Anderson and Silver, 1 983) .
There is no inconsistency between international practice and the Soviet
censu s ' s treatment of nationality and native language as subjective
indicators because there is no uniform international standard . A large
variety of classifications by race , language , nativity, citizenship , and
ethnic group are used in the censuses of other countries . There is no
standard classification of ethnic groups or languages comparable to the
International Standard Classification of Occupations . U. S . censuses have
used a variety of classifications by race and "nativity " ; measures of
country of birth of the respondents or of their parents have often served
as imperfect surrogates for measures of "ethnic group" or " nationality "
(Shryock and Siegel , 1 976: 1 45-46) .
A positive feature of the Soviet census's approach to measuring

80

Brian D . Silver

nationality is its consistency with the notion of ethnicity preferred by
many contemporary scholars as essentially a notion based on self­
definition (e . g . , Barth , 1 969; Kozlov, 1 969; Armstrong , 1 982) . By not
linking census nationality by definition to official nationality, Soviet
census planners have made it easier for census respondents to define
their own nationality and to change their ethnic self-designation between
censuses . The same emphasis on measuring change applies to the
self-designation of native language .
For this reason , inconsistency of individual responses from one census
to the next is not necessarily indicative of measurement error in the
censuses . Measurement of nationality and language in successive censuses
is not designed as , and should not be regarded as , a test-retest reliability
check. In contrast , inconsistency between successive measures of char­
acteristics such as race or country of birth used in the censuses of other
countries would be a sign of unreliability. Instead , the Soviet measures
are designed to register intercensal change-although on the aggregate ,
rather than the individual , level .

Instructions to census takers . When questioning adults in a household ,
the census taker has essentially only (according to the typical instruction­
see Table 4 . 2) to " write down the nationality (native language) that the
respondent himself indicates . " The census takers receive written instruc­
tions about what to do if the respondents have difficulty answering the
questions . What is not known is how well the formal instructions are
followed in practice; there are no published studies by Soviet scholars of
the extent to which census enumerators comply with the instructions ,
although some errors by census takers have been mentioned .
During both the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses , for example , many census
takers mistakenly inscribed the word for a female Even (evenka) when
they should have IJ.Sed the term for a female Evenk (evenkiyka) , and this
mistake led to a serious undercount of female Evenks and an overesti­
mate of the number of female Evens (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 92) . A more
consequential error may have occurred involving Ukrainians living in the
Kuban ' region of the RSFS R . A . S . Bezhkovich ( 1 967) has speculated
that in the 1 959 census , census takers frequently confused the response
" rus ' kiy, " a term used as a self-identification by some Ukrainians , with
its near homonym ' ' russkiy, which means Russian . Although official
census documents for the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses (USSR , 1 959; 1 969a) ,
to which Bezhkovich does not refer, clearly state that people who claim
rus' kiy as their nationality were supposed to be classified as Ukrainian ,
he suggests that the response "rus ' kiy" was mistakenly interpreted as
" russkiy. " This practice (in addition to assimilation , the agricultural
collectivization and the 1 932-3 famine , and emigration from the region)
' '

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

81

could partly account for the sharp decline in the number of reported
Ukrainians in the Kuban ' between 1 926 and 1 959.
We would like to know who i n the household generally answers
census questions and how accurately and consistently the recorded
responses to the questions on nationality and native language represent
the direct oral responses of each member of the household . Either the
general instructions to the census takers or the specific instructions for
the questions on nationality and native language deal with the situation
of children , of deaf people , and of people who are temporarily absent
from their permanent place of residence . The information on the
nationality and native language of children is especially important
because it can be used to measure intergenerational change , but the
instructions themselves are not complete (see Table 4 . 2) . For ex­
ample , the instructions do not state clearly under which circumstances
the answers for children are to be given by parents (Kuvshinova, 1 984:
27) . Although in the last three censuses the nationality of children was
supposed to be reported by parents , the instructions do not define what
age these "children" were supposed to be . For the questions on native
language , census takers were instructed in most censuses to follow one
rule or another to determine the native language of children who were
not yet able to talk , but how the native language of children who were
able to talk was supposed to be determined or was in fact determined is
not clear.
The instructions for the 1 979 census stated that the native language of
all " young children" (age not defined) was to be determined by the
parents (see Table 4 . 2 ) . This seems to imply that the native language of
" old " children was to be determined by some other mean s, perhaps by
the children themselves . The instructions for earlier Soviet censuses ,
however, did not tell how to determine the native language of either
young or old children who were able to talk . Thu s , although in
principle all census responses to the questions on nationality and
native language are to reflect the subjective judgment of Soviet citi­
zens , the nationality of children (age not specified) is defined by
the parents , and the native language of children not yet able to talk
is also determined by the parents , but the native language of other
children (except for " young " children) is presumably not determined
by parents .

Nationality in the Soviet Censuses
Terminology. A special Soviet terminology classifies ethnic units or
communities according to their stage of historical development as clan/
tribes , peoples , and nations . However, leading Soviet ethnographers

82

Brian D. Silver

have recently supported use of a general term "ethnic community "

(etnicheskaya obshchnost' ) or " ethnos" (etnos) that incorporates or sub­
sumes the different types of ethnic community (e . g . , Kozlov, 1 969 :
1 5-26; Bromley, 1 98 1 : 1 0-45 ) . In addition , the term " ethnic group"
(etnicheskaya gruppa) is commonly reserved for references to small
ethnic communities or to clusters of people belonging to larger nationali­
ties but residing as minorities away from the primary area of geographic
concentration of their nationality.
In administrative practice and in census usage , however, the Russian
concept of natsional' nost' (nationality) is the common generic term used
to refer to the ethnic affiliation of Soviet citizens (Kozlov, 1 977: 32) . The
Russian meaning of natsional' nost' is essentially equivalent to the Western
notions of both ethnic affiliation and ethnic group (Clem , 1 980: 1 2) .
Therefore , despite the special Soviet usage of the term " ethnic group , "
the term " nationality " is used here interchangeably with the terms
" ethnic group " and " ethnic affiliation . "
Except for the 1 926 census , which used the term narodnost '
(people) , the general population censuses of the Soviet Union have
consistently employed a single Russian concept to express the basic
ethnic or nationality affiliation of the population: natsional' nost' (nation­
ality) . The 1 926 census employed the concept narodnost' rather than
natsional' nost' even though the latter term had been used in the censuses
of 1 920 and 1 923 . During the planning for the 1 926 census , a controver­
sy arose between those who wanted to obtain a picture of the ethno­
graphic composition of the population and those who wanted to depict
the nationality composition of the population in the form that it was
taking as a result of the post-revolutionary self-determination of national­
ities (Vorob 'ev, 1 95 7 : 27) . The proponents of the first opinion won out ,
and the term narodnost ' was chosen because this term was thought to
reflect better the notion of ethnic origins . It was believed that people
would more readily claim affiliation with a narodnost' or ethnic group of
the population than with a natsional' nost' -a concept closely linked to
that of natsiya (nation) .
The 1 939, 1 959, 1 970, and 1 979 census forms included a question on
natsional ' nost ' (nationality) in place of the question on narodnost ' . The
concept of nationality as employed in the censuses has been criticized by
Soviet ethnographers (e. g . , Bruk and Kozlov, 1 967 : 5) who argue that it
is not well understood by the broad masses of the population , but its
repeated use over time-with no change in the wording and little change
in the instructions to the census takers-has the virtue of permitting
longitudinal comparison of the distribution of the Soviet population by
ethnic group . In addition , the use of the term " nationality " in Soviet

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

83

administrative practice and in official documents and statistics is by now
so well established that few people are likely to have any difficulty
identifying themselves as belonging to a nationality.

The number of distinct nationalities . One important problem in the
study of ethnicity in the USSR is that of labeling and counting distinct
ethnic groups . Determining how many nationalities existed in the USSR
at each census date is not simple . The number of the nationalities
actually listed in tables of the census reports always falls short of the
number mentioned in Soviet literature about the censu s. Even within a
given census report, some nationalities are listed only in footnotes , are
included in some summary tables but not others , are collapsed together
with other nationalities for some purposes , or are lumped into an
" other" category. For example , one secondary source (lsupov, 1 964: 1 2)
refers to an official list of 1 26 ethnic groups used for tabulating the 1 959
census results , but the summary volume of the 1 959 census report
(USSR, 1 963) lists only 1 09 nationalities in the main tables and roughly
another half dozen in footnotes .
Nevertheles s, Soviet scholars generally acknowledge that the number
. of nationalities enumerated in the censuses has diminished substantially
over time . Furthermore , the reduction in the number of distinct ethnic or
nationality groups is often said to result not only from ethnic assimilation
but also from a change in the main concept employed in the census
question from narodnost' in 1 926 to natsional' nost' in later census years .
As evidence supporting such a conclusion , it is noted that the 1 926
census report listed 1 94 distinct ethnic titles ( 1 60 titles of nationalities
that are treated as indigenous to the USSR) , while the 1 939 census listed
only 97 such titles (62 indigenous to the USSR) (e . g . , Isupov, 1 964:
1 2) . One difficulty with this argument is that about 20 of the 1 94
narodnosti listed in the 1 926 census report either had no recorded
population , had populations so small that the groups were subsumed
under other ethnic labels in the published reports (USSR, 1 928; 1 929) ,
or were combined with other groups in some tables (e . g . , Czechs and
Slovaks) . Bruk and Kozlov ( 1 967 : 6) note that separate population
figures were provided in the 1 926 census report for only 1 78 narodnosti.
A second difficulty with this argument is that in tabulating census
results from 1 959 and later census years approximately 1 25 different
ethnic titles were employed-that is , an increase since 1 939, even
though the term natsional ' nost' was used both in 1 939 and in all
subsequent censuses . The major reason for the pattern of change over
time is that the number of officially recognized nationalities in the 1 939
census was , in the words of Bruk and Kozlov ( 1 967: 6) , " artificially

84

Brian D . Silver

contracted . " A. A. Isupov, the director of the 1 979 Soviet census , in
1 964 attributed the small size of the list of nationalities in 1 939 to the
" influence of the [Stalin] personality cult" (lsupov, 1 964: 1 2) .
A third difficulty with the argument that use of the term natsional ' nost '
in place of narodnost ' led to a reduction in the number of distinct
ethnic entities is that it assumes that the set of nationalities or peoples
listed in the census reports is determined empirically by the number of
ethnonyms that people offer in their verbatim responses to the census
question on nationality. It is not widely recognized among Western
scholars who use Soviet census data that the "nationalities " included in
the census reports are partly synthetic . The way in which native­
language responses in the 1 897 census were handled was not repeated in
later censuses; instead , much planning preceded the tabulation of the
questions on nationality and language . This planning was not only
technical but also involved policy decisions on whether or not to treat
some groups as distinct nationalities .
For the 1 926 census , for example , the compilation of the data by
narodnost' was based on a "List of Peoples of the USSR" (Perechen '
narodnostey SSSR) prepared by the Commission of the Academy of
Sciences on the Study of the Ethnic (plemennogo) Composition of the
Population of the USSR (USSR, 1 92 8 ; Vorob ' ev, 1 957: 5 5 ; Bruk and
Kozlov, 1 967 : 1 2- 1 3) . As is stated in the 1 926 census report, the " List
of Peoples of the USSR" was supplemented by a "Glossary of Peoples
of the USSR" (Slovar' narodnostey SSSR) to be used by local statistical
administrations to place the numerous concrete names of narodnosti
within the categories of the official " List . " The 1 94 narodnosti listed in
the 1 926 census report amounted to only one quarter to one third of the
actual number of ethnic subdivisions in the Soviet population (Kozlov,
1 982: 7) .
Both a glossary of nationalities and a glossary of languages were
employed in the 1 939 census (Pustokhod and Voblyy, 1 940: 1 5 5 ;
Pod"yachikh , l 957b: 3 2 ) Work b y Soviet ethnographers and linguists
also contributed to the tabulation of the data on nationality and language
from the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses . The 1 26 ethnic titles (92 of which
were for " indigenous " nationalities) used for tabulating the 1 959 census
results were reduced from 733 distinct ethnic titles included in a
" Glossary of Nationalities and Languages" prepared before the census
was fielded (US S R , 1 959; Isupov, 1 964: 1 2 ) . The 1 1 7 main languages
identified in the census report were condensed from a total of more than
320 " names of languages and dialects" in the glossary (Bruk and
Kozlov, 1 967 : 1 3 ; USSR , 1 959) . A slightly modified " Glossary of
Nationalities and Languages" (USSR, 1 969a) was used in tabulating the
results of the questions on nationality and language in the 1 970 census ,

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

85

and a similar glossary was employed in the 1 979 census (Zinchenko ,
1 984: 1 5 1 ) .
Unfortunately, no figures on the distribution of the Soviet population
among the over 700 ethnic self-designations or the over 300 language­
dialects listed in the glossaries in 1 959 and 1 970 have been published .
The published census volumes report the ethnic and linguistic composi­
tion of the population only within the larger synthetic groupings .
However, when one considers the need for such large lists of ethnonyms
and languages to complete the census tabulation , it seems reasonable to
conclude that the shift from the concept of narodnost' to the concept of
natsional' nost' is much less important than other factors in determining
how many separate ethnic groups are listed in the census reports .
Even if we do not have tabulations of the Soviet population using the
detailed ethnographic and linguistic groups identified in the glossaries ,
the information contained i n the glossaries themselves i s valuable . The
glossaries reveal that the census question on nationality does not provide
the sole " ethnic " information used to derive the reported total popula­
tion sizes of nationalities . In fact , the ethnic composition of the Soviet
population as reported in the recent censuses is determined in part by the
data on native language . For example , the case of the Cossacks in the
1 970 census is instructive . The glossary for the 1 970 census (USSR,
1 969a) states that people who claimed Cossack as their nationality but
claimed Russian as their native language were to be classified by nationality
as Russians in the census report , while people who claimed Cossack as
their nationality but claimed Ukrainian as their native language were to
be classified by nationality as Ukrainian s . This classification rule could
also help to account for the substantial decline in the number of
Ukrainians (Ukrainian Cossacks) in some regions between 1 926 and later
census years: if some Ukrainian Cossacks shifted their native language to
Russian while calling themselves Cossack (but not Ukrainian) by nation­
ality, they were classified in the census as having Russian nationality.
Moreover, since Ukrainians in the RSFSR lack native-language schools
and mass media, their accelerated linguistic russification (given the
classification rule just described) would lead to an administrative trans­
formation of Ukrainians into Russians.
Similarly, people who claimed to be Kypchaks by nationality were
reclassified by nationality as Uzbeks if they claimed Uzbek as their
native language and as Kazakhs if they claimed Kazakh as their native
language . In numerous other cases in the glossaries , native-language
information is employed to determine nationality. For instance , the
problem that confounded the tabulators of the 1 897 census of how to
classify ethnically the numerous peoples who called themselves " Tyurk"
has been solved in recent censuses by use of the information gathered on

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Brian D. Silver

native language . Tyurks with Azerbaydzhani as their native language are
classified by nationality as Azerbaydzhanis , Tyurks with Turkmeni as their
native language are classified as Turkmenis , Tyurks with Uzbek as
their native language are classified as Uzbeks , and so on .
The glossaries also provide a valuable guide to ways in which the 1 94
narodnosti listed in the 1 926 census can be " mapped" onto the approxi­
mately 1 25 natsional'nosti listed in the recent Soviet census reports . The
1 926 census , for example , listed as separate narodnosti the following
groups : Tatars , Kryasheny, Mishars , Teptyars , and Nagaybaks . The
" Glossary of Nationalities and Languages" for the 1 970 census listed
Kryasheny, Mishars , Teptyars , and Nagaybaks (among others) as " other
names that might be encountered on the census forms" that belong to the
Tatar ' 'nationality. ' ' Although there are some inconsistencies between
the glossaries for 1 959 and 1 970, these glossaries , in combination with
data from other sources , such as Soviet monographs on language (e . g . ,
Isayev, 1 970; 1 978) and Soviet and Western writings on the ethnography
of the Soviet population (e . g . , Wixman , 1 980; 1 984) , make it possible to
devise a nearly exhaustive mapping of the narodnosti from 1 926 onto the
natsional' nosti in the recent census reports . A similar, though crude ,
mapping between 1 897 and 1 926 was published in a short compendium
(USSR, 1 928) to the 1 926 census report . Additional information from
the 1 926 census on the aggregated 1 926 narodnosti that form part of a
given (later) nationality, such as data on literacy, native language , or
geographic location , can also be combined to establish a referent or base
for measuring change over time .
Uncertainty exists , however, concerning the extent to which the
combining of ethnic groups in the glossaries reflects actual assimilation
or consolidation of ethnic groups rather than only a paper transfer of
ethnic affiliations from smaller to larger groups . In other words , census
users are uncertain whether the merging of ethnic groups in the recent
census reports registers a social rather than a bureaucratic phenomenon .
Furthermore , the extent to which the use of linguistic data to classify
people by nationality affects the relative sizes of nationalities cannot be
precisely determined . The extent of the administrative transformation of
Ukrainian Cossacks into Russians , for example , depends both on how
many Ukrainian Cossacks call themselves Cossack rather than Ukrainian
during the census and on how many Ukrainian Cossacks have adopted
Russian as native language .

A "Soviet" nationality ? Prior to the 1 979 census , V. I . Kozlov, the
leading Soviet ethnic demographer, proposed that a category " Soviet
nationality ' ' be added to the 1 979 census list of nationalities (Ter-

Ethnic and La.nguage Dimensions

87

Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 90) . Kozlov proposed that this category be used for
people who had difficulty defining their ethnic affiliation , and he stated
that this catagory would most likely be employed by people who had
long ago been separated from their nationality and by children of
eth�ically mixed marriages . Kozlov also maintained that the census
instruction to assign nationality of children of mixed marriages according
to the nationality of the mother was incorrect because it treated nationali­
ty as a biological phenomenon rather than a social phenomenon based on
self-consciousness .
No Soviet censuses had ever included a category " Soviet nationality. "
Nothing akin to the category " Yugoslavs nationally undeclared" employed
in recent Yugoslav censuses (Shoup , 1 98 1 ) had ever been employed in
the Soviet censuses . Instead , all citizens had been classified into specific
ethnic groups (nationalities) . Kozlov ' s proposal for the 1 979 census was
not adopted . Had his proposal been adopted , it would probably have
been difficult to confine the use of the category " Soviet nationality " to
cases where respondents had trouble defining their nationality or where
children had parents of different nationalities and parents had trouble
determining the nationality of their children . Although there is every
indication that Kozlov ' s motivation was to provide an accurate ethno­
graphic accounting of the Soviet population , use of the term " Soviet
nationality " would almost inevitably have become politicized , mainly
because of the strong official doctrinal emphasis in the past two decades
on the emergence of a " new historical community of people-the Soviet
people" (sovetskiy narod) , a form of community that is said to transcend
traditional ethnic allegiances .
I n view o f this doctrinal emphasi s , it i s interesting that a " Soviet
nationality" category was not added to the list of acceptable responses .
One reason may have been that addition of a new category could have
had very unpredictable or undesirable results (from the government' s
standpoint) . Since historical evidence shows that Russians have assimilated
substantial numbers of non-Russians (cf. Kozlov, 1 975; Lewis , Rowland ,
and Clem , 1 976; Anderson and Silver, 1 983) , one can speculate that
many people who identified themselves as Russians in the 1 979 census
and who could trace their ancestry to non-Russian origins might well
have chosen the label "Soviet nationality" rather than " Russian" if
encouraged to do so . The number of self-identified Russians who chose
this label might have exceeded the number of self-identified non­
Russians who found it attractive to call themselves " Soviet ." Since
self-identified Russians amounted to only 52.4 percent of the Soviet
population in the 1 979 census , providing a " Soviet nationality" category
might have eliminated the Russian numerical majority.

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Brian D . Silver

Native Language in the Soviet Censuses
All of the general Russian and Soviet population censuses have
included a question on rodnoy yazyk, sometimes translated in English as
" mother tongue" and sometimes as " native language . " The term in
Russian has not differed across censuses, although, as noted earlier, the
instructions to census takers have changed somewhat (see Table 4 . 2) .
The United Nations defines " mother tongue" for census purposes as
" the language usually spoken in the individual ' s home in his early
childhood" (Shryock and Siegel , 1 976: 1 57 ) . The UN states that the
criterion for determining language for children not yet able to speak
should be clearly indicated . Soviet censuses do clearly identify the latter
criterion , but the Soviet interpretation of " mother tongue" differs sub­
stantially from the UN definition .
' ' Native language' ' is not a precise linguistic concept and does not
have a clear empirical referent . While most Soviet scholars interpret the
term to mean conversational language , many people , including many
respondents to the censuse s , apparently regard native language as some­
thing else-perhaps as the language used in the family when they were
children , the language spoken by their mothers , or the language of their
nationality. Furthermore , numerous sociolinguistic surveys conducted in
the USSR have shown that the language that people claim as their native
language is sometimes not the language they use most frequently, use in
the family, know best , or occasionally even know at all (e . g . , see Bruk
and Kozlov, 1 967 : 1 0 ; Arutyunyan , 1 97 3 : 292; Klement ' yev, 1 974: 35) .
Soviet scholars have debated the meaning of native language at the
All-Union Conferences of Statisticians held on the eve of each of the last
three censuses to review the census plans (USSR , l 95 8b , l 969c ;
Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979) . During each debate , some scholars have proposed
substituting a question on " conversational language" for the question on
native language or including a separate question on conversational
language on the census form . Each time , the proposal has been rejected .
Thus, the formulation of the question on native language has gone
essentially unchanged for the past five censuses .
The most telling argument against changing the wording of the
question on native language was offered in 1 967 by the director of the
All-Union Census Bureau , P. G . Pod"yachikh , who asserted that the
question should remain unchanged for the sake of continuity and compa­
rability with previous census results (USSR, l 969c : 1 7 8) . 1 At the
All-Union Conference of Statisticians held in May 1 977 , the close
subjective link between native language and nationality and the imporl . This position was challenged by a prominent Soviet ethnographer, S. I. Bruk , on grounds
that if earlier data were unsatisfactory, nothing would be lost if there were no comparability
w ith better, later data (USSR , 1 969c : 226) .

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89

tance of native language as a symbol of national consciousness were also
cited as substantial reasons not to drop the question on native language
(Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 59) . Thus , a major accepted rationale for includ­
ing the native-language question in the Soviet census is the significance
of native language as an ethnic rather than a linguistic indicator.
It should not be surprising that a subjective measure of native
language turns out not to match a well-defined set of objective linguistic
capabilities or behaviors . This does not mean , however, that the indica­
tor is unrelated to linguistic behavior. Even if some people claim a given
language as native while they do not use it or know it well , comparing
the proportion of the population that claims a given language as native
across nationalities still provides a useful comparative indicator of
linguistic behavior.
In this vein, some Soviet scholars have suggested that native language
can perhaps be most usefully regarded as another measure of ethnic
group attachment rather than as a measure of language use (Kozlov,
1 969: 299 ; Guboglo , 1 972: 32; Bondarchik , 1 980: 2 1 4) . Change of
native language may therefore denote change in one indicator of ethnic
attachment rather than change in language use . Although native language
cannot serve as a definitive indicator of ethnic attachment, census data
on native language can be used for most nationalities to represent a stage
in an overall process of assimilation (Kozlov, 1 975) .

Second Language in the 1970 and 1 979 Censuses
The meaning of the question on second language , which was added to
the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses , has been controversial . The formulation of
this question in the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses is given in Table 4 . 2 . This
formulation has been challenged on several grounds , the most common
criticism being the lack of precision of the term "to freely command "
(svobodno vladet' ) . When the question was introduced into the 1 970
census plan , Pod"yachikh stated that the phrase " freely command" was
generally understood to mean " freely converse , " but he conceded that
the phrase was in fact " loose" (rastyazhimyy) , and he invited proposals
for a more precise formulation (USSR , 1 969c : 239) . However, proposals
made prior to the 1 979 census that the qualifier " freely" be dropped and
that the question be rephrased to ask whether people could freely speak ,
freely read , or freely write were not accepted (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979: 1 1 8 ,
1 59-60) .
Another criticism of the question has been directed at its restriction to
" languages of the peoples of the USSR . " One Soviet writer defended
this restriction as follows: " Some comrades who were working on the
plan of the [ 1 970] census program proposed to ask people about their

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Brian D . Silver

knowledge of foreign languages , but because of the extreme subjectivity
of the personal assessment of such knowledge , the question [on foreign
languages] was not included on the census list" (Kolpakov, 1 969 : 3 1 ) .
Considering the many strong criticisms of the validity of the second­
language question in general , this defense cannot be taken seriously.
Pod"yachikh offered what appears to have been a definitive justification
at the All-Union Conference of Statisticians in 1 967 (USSR , l 969c :
3 1 4) . He stated that he initially preferred not to limit the responses to
indigenous languages , but "a judgment was made" to put the words " of
the peoples of the USSR" into the formulation in order to help study the
rapprochement (sblizhenie) among peoples of the USSR.
In the context of the heightened emphasis at that time on spreading
knowledge of Russian as a second language among the non-Russian
nationalities , and in the context of an ideological campaign to promote
rapprochement between Russians and non-Russians , it seems likely that
both the inclusion and the formulation of the question on second
language were designed to provide the government with measures of its
success in spreading Russian-language knowledge and of the level of
sympathy for Russians among the non-Russian nationalities . In fact,
Soviet officials frequently cited the 1 970 census results on the knowledge
of Russian language among non-Russians when comparing the perfor­
mance of different non-Russian republics in teaching the Russian lan­
guage . Moreover, maintaining the question on second language in the
1 979 census protocol was defended at the 1 977 All-Union Conference of
Statisticians as having " enormous significance , since it allows examina­
tion of the spread and functioning of the language of inter-nationality
discourse-the Russian language" (Ter-Izrael 'yan , 1 979: 1 59) .
That the non-Russian populations , or key officials in some of the
republic s , understand the importance of the message conveyed by the
census results on second language perhaps explains the volatility of the
second-language figures between 1 970 and 1 979 . For example , between
the censuses of those years , the Uzbeks took an enormous leap forward ,
from 1 5 percent claiming Russian as a second language in 1 970 to 49
percent in 1 979 , while the Estonians took a long step backward , from 29
percent claiming Russian as a second language to 24 percent . Though
not impossible , neither of these shifts seems likely to reflect real change
in linguistic competency.
Two other implications of the formulation of the question on second
language deserve mention . First, the decision to record only one "other"
language means that the census results distort the language facility of
many non-Russians in another way. Among certain nationalities , trilingualism
is historically very common . Second, how census respondents are to
know which languages are " of the peoples of the USSR" is not defined

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

91

in the census instructions . However, the published census figures for
1 970 and 1 979 make it clear that although "nonindigenous" peoples can
claim their own nationality ' s traditional language as their native lan­
guage , they cannot officially " freely command" their group' s language
as a second language . No Soviet German s , for example , are recorded as
commanding German as a second language .

Relating Census Data and Other Data on Nationality and Language
Data on nationality derived from the Soviet censuses are often used in
conjunction with data on nationality developed from other sources . Data
from other sources almost always represent a form of official nationality.
Most Soviet citizens , for example , have an internal passport that lists
their nationality. The passport system (which was created in 1 932) and
the registration of changes in residence , births , and deaths all rely on the
notion of an official nationality. In addition , school records and work
records contain information on nationality. These records are the source
of such official statistics as data on the nationality composition of
professional manpower or of enrollees in institutions of higher education
(Feshbach , 1 962) .
Although some Soviet scholars (e . g . , V. I . Kozlov) argue that there is
likely to be substantial consistency between "official nationality" and
' ' census nationality, ' ' Soviet sources provide no empirical evidence
about the extent of such consistency. Because the two notions of
nationality are derived in very different ways , statistical distortions can
result when data from two sources are combined . For example , if a large
proportion of people whose official nationality is non-Russian-and thus
are reported as members of a non-Russian nationality by employers­
claim to be Russian in the census , then per capita figures on professional
manpower in that nationality will be overestimated . Similarly, any
statistical rates that rely on both census data on nationality and reports of
official nationality, such as marriage registration , births by nationality of
the mother, death registration , and migration , could be distorted . Espe­
cially for populations experiencing substantial ethnic assimilation , among
whom a shift in official nationality is likely to lag behind a shift in
census nationality, any statistics that combine official and census nation­
ality data could be very distorted .
Combining census and noncensus information on native language
presents a different kind of problem . Soviet sociological studies of
language practices often ask respondents to identify their native language
as well as , among other things , what language they use in various social
spheres (home , workplace , media , and so on) . These studies (e . g . ,
Arutyunyan , 1 973) are the main source of information about the link

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Brian D. Silver

between " native language" and actual language behavior. Although a
rich fund of information on language use , the studies have not generated
data that can be compared directly with census data on language: the
samples have not been designed to be representative of population units
comparable to those used in the censuses , only a few nationalities have
been studied, and none of the studies is USSR-wide . Hence , these
studies have limited use for validating or invalidating the census results ,
and the Soviet censuses remain the only source of information on the
language preferences of the entire Soviet population . 2
Conclusion: General Assessment of the Reliability
of Census Nationality and Language Data

Second Language
There is reason to question the reliability of the second-language data
from the 1 970 and 1 979 Soviet censuses . The term " freely command"
was not clearly defined. During the administration of the census , the
respondents ' language ability was not tested . Moreover, census takers
were not supposed to prompt or to question the respondents' answers as
to whether they did or did not " freely command" a language . In short,
the respondents ' answers to the question on second language are purely
subjective .
Because of the apparent special purpose of the second-language
question , many census takers and respondents are likely to have accepted
a liberal approach to claiming free command of Russian as a second
language . In some cases , as the 1 979 data for the Estonians seem to
suggest , a certain amount of strategic underreporting of knowledge of
Russian as a second language may also have occurred . But in general ,
the census data on second language probably exaggerate the number of
non-Russians who are fluent in Russian .
Assertions by Soviet scholars that the census may underestimate the
extent of knowledge of Russian among non-Russians , though based on
independent empirical research (e. g . , Bruk and Guboglo , 1 974; Guboglo ,
1 978) , have not been based on either representative samples of the
non-Russian population or an explicit comparison of results using the
census wording ( " freely command" ) and results using other questions or
2. In January 1 985 , the Central Statistical Administration conducted a special "Sample
Socio-Demographic Study of the Population ." Based on a 5-percent sample , the study covered
the entire Soviet population , with the exception of the Far North and a few other regions not
readily accessible during January (Troshina, 1 984) . This " midcensus" study included the
standard Soviet question on nationality (Labutova, 1 984) but no questions on language . The
published results may provide a useful censuslike source of systematic information about the
ethnic composition of the USSR.

Ethnic and Language Dimensions

93

question formats . The differences in the results between the sociolinguistic
surveys and the censuses appear to have two main causes: ( 1 ) differences
in the level of Russian-language competency measured and (2) differ­
ences in the measuring instrument , with the surveys focusing on specific
competencies (reading , writing , conversing) and the censuses focusing
on a general self-assessment of the respondent' s "command" of Russian .
Although sociolinguistic surveys suggest that more non-Russians can
read or write or converse in Russian than claim to command it freely, the
surveys have not shown that more non-Russians think that they ' ' freely
command" Russian (using the census formulation) than is revealed by
the census data .
It is clear from the debates at the recent All-Union Conferences of
Soviet Statisticians that the " freely command" formulation in the 1 970
and 1 979 censuses is more restrictive than the proposed alternatives ,
which are analogous to those used i n sociolinguistic surveys by Guboglo
and others . Consequently, while the data for the second-language ques­
tion probably underestimate the number of non-Russians who know
some Russian , the data could at the same time overestimate the number
of non-Russians who can converse fluently in Russian . But the central
problem with the second-language question is that the formulation
' ' freely command another language of the peoples of the USSR' ' is
vague .

Native Language
The measure of native language appears to be less volatile than the
second-language measure . In addition , any bias in the responses proba­
bly runs in the opposite direction from the bias in the responses to the
second-language question for several reasons .
First, responses to the census question on native language are likely to
be constrained by certain features of the census-taking process itself.
Most census takers are likely to be fluent in Russian . Although census
takers are not supposed to administer a language test at the doorstep , we
expect that they would be skeptical about people who claimed Russian as
their native language but did not speak it well . Hence , it seems unlikely,
though not impossible , that people who claimed to be non-Russian by
nationality would have claimed Russian (or some language other than the
language of their nationality) as their native language if they did not at
least speak it fluently. Second , with the advent of the second-language
question , non-Russians who want to claim knowledge of Russian have
another way of doing so . The use of this question could retard the
tendency of non-Russians to claim Russian as native language .
Third , to the extent that rodnoy yazyk is interpreted by some non-

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Brian D . Silver

Russians as " the language of their childhood " (consistent , by the way,
with the UN definition) , the census figures on native language are likely
to underestimate the extent of linguistic russification . It might be more
common for non-Russians to claim the traditional language of their
nationa. ity as native language even if they do not speak it well than for
them to claim Russian as native language if they do not speak Russian
fluently.
On balance , then , considering the various potential sources of bias ,
the bias in the native-language responses seems likely to be toward
overestimating use of the traditional language of the respondent' s nation­
ality. Similarly, any bias in native language as an indicator of ethnic
attachment rather than of language use is likely to be toward greater
consistency between self-identified nationality and self-identified native
language .

Nationality
Of the three main census items discussed here , the question on
nationality appears to be the most reliable . Both Soviet and non-Soviet
researchers commonly employ Soviet census data on nationality as key
indicators of ethnic-group attachment or identity. Although some prob­
lems in enumeration by nationality have been noted , the nationality
question on the census forms has evoked little controversy or even
discussion in recent years . That the nationalities listed in the census
reports represent something of a distillation from a larger set of ethnic
self-designations has not been controversial .

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etnografiya, no . 2: 26-3 6 .
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Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 9 70 goda . Moscow :

Sovetskaya Rossiya .
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osnovnye faktory. Moscow : Nauka .
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Finansy i Statistika .
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L.

1 984 .

" Metod rascheta natsional ' nogo

sostava naseleniya v

mezhperepisnoy periode . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 4: 23-28 .
Labutova , T.

1 984.

" Vyborochnoye sotsial ' no-demograficheskoye obsledovaniye

naseleniya 1 98 5 g . " Vestnik statistiki, no. 1 2 : 4 1 -45 .
Lewis , Robert A . , Richard H . Rowland, and Ralph S . Clem. 1 97 6 . Nationality and

Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger.
Lorimer, Frank . 1 946. The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects .
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Maksimov, G . , and A. lsupov. 1 960 . "Natsional ' nosti SSSR po dannym vsesoyuznoy
perepisi naseleniya. " Vestnik statistiki, no . 4: 65-75 .
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g . Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya i osnovnykh polozheniyakh organizatsionnogo
plana ee provedeniya." Vestnik statistiki, no . 4: 49-76 .
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. 1 957b. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1939 g. (Metodologiya i organizatsiya

provedeniya perepisi i razrabotki itogov) . 2d ed. Moscow : Gosstatizdat.
Polyakov, Yu A . , and I. N. Kisilev.

1 980. " Chislennost ' i natsional ' nyy sostav

naseleniya rossii v 1 9 1 7 godu . " Voprosy istorii, no . 6: 39-49 .
Pustokhod ,

P.

I.,

and

V.

K.

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Perepisi naseleniya . Moscow:

Gosudarstvennoye Sotsial ' noekonomicheskoye Izdatel ' stvo .
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Russian Empire . Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet . l 905 a . Pervaya vseobshchaya

perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii, 1 897 g. 89 vol s . St. Petersburg.
1 905b . Pervaya vseobschchaya perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii,

--- .

1897 g . ; obshchiy svod po imperii rezul'tatov razrabotki dannykh pervoy vseobshchey
perepisi naseleniya . 2 parts . St. Petersburg: Izdaniye Tsentral ' nogo Statisticheskogo
Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennykh Del .
--- . 1 905c . Pervaya vseobshchaya perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy lmperii, 1 897

g . : Kratkiye obshchiye svedeniya po imperii. Raspredeleniye naseleniya po
glavneyshim sosloviyam, veroispovedaniyam , rodnomu yazyku i po nekotorym
zanyatiyam . St. Petersburg: lzdaniye Tsentral ' nogo Statisticheskogo Komiteta
Ministerstva Vnutrennykh Del .
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and Development Indicators, 1 945-1 975 . New York: Columbia University Press .
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Silver, Brian D . 1 975 . " Methods of Deriving Data on B ilingualism from the 1 970
Soviet Censu s . " Soviet Studies 27 : 574-9 7 .

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sovremennom etape (Materialy Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya statistikov) . Moscow:
Statistika .
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graficheskogo obsledovaniya naseleniya 1 985 g . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 6: 34-3 9 .
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1 928 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis'

naseleniya 1 7 dekabrya 1 926 g . , kratkiye svodki. Vypusk 4: Narodnost' i rodnoy
yazyk naseleniya SSSR . Moscow: lzdaniye TsSU SSSR.
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stvennoye Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury.
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vystupleniya v preniyakh i resheniya . Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye
Izdate l ' stvo .
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voprosy perepis'nogo Lista (0 natsional'nosti i rodnom yazyke). Moscow: Gosstatizdat.
. 1 963 . ltogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 959 goda . 1 6 vol s . Moscow:

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. I 969a. Slovari natsional' nostey i yazykov-dlya shifrovki otvetov na 7 i 8

voprosy perepisnykh listov (0 natsional' nosti, rodnom i drugom yazyke narodov
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l 969c . Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 22-26 aprelya 1 968 g . :

Stenograficheskiy otchet. Moscow : Statistika.
--- . 1 97 2 . ltogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 970 goda . 7 vols . Moscow :
S tatis tika .
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1 97 8 .

Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika .

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Gosstatizdat.
Wixman , Ronald . 1 980. Language Aspects of Ethnic Patterns and Processes in the

North Caucasus . Chicago : University of Chicago , Department of Geography
Research Paper no . 1 9 1 .
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. 1 984. The Peoples of Russia and the USSR : An Ethnographic Handbook.

Armonk, N . Y. : M . E. Sharpe .
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1 97 6 .

"Natsional ' nyy sostav i yazyki naseleniya SSSR . " In

Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1970 goda: Sbornik statey, ed . G. M. Maksimov,
1 93-2 1 1 . Moscow : Statistika.
--- . 1 984. "Natsional ' nyy sostav naseleniya SSSR." In Vsesoyuznaya perepis'

naseleniya 1 9 79 goda: Sbornik statey, ed . A. A . Isupov and N . Z. Shvartser,
1 5� 1 . Moscow: Finansy i statistika.

Chapter 5

Occupations and Work Force Data
in Russian and Soviet Censuses
MICHAEL PAUL S ACKS

Occupations constitute a classification of actlv1ties of individuals
which result in the production of economic goods and services . The term
" occupations" is commonly distinguished from " industries , " defined as a
" classification of the activities of organizations" involved in such
production (Stinchcombe , 1 98 3 : 1 08 ) . Throughout the world , occupation
is a critical determinant of an individual ' s social status . In preindustrial
societies , occupation alone was probably a precise indicator of "dress ,
recreation , manners , patterns of association , speech, educational level ,
and other aspects of ' life style ' " (Bogue , 1 969: 43 1 ) . In modern
societies , income and education are combined with a measure of occupa­
tional prestige to create an index of individual socioeconomic achieve­
ment (Bogue , 1 969: chap . 1 4) .
The occupational composition of the economy reveals much about the
characteristics of the total society. It reflects the level of overall econom­
ic development and the position of a region or nation within the broader
economic system . Data on the occupational structure of the economy can
be u sed to determine the social class divisions within the society. Social
inequality is revealed by examining the intergroup differences in occupa­
tional structure . Researchers , for example , can study the association
between gender or ethnicity and occupational concentration . Data on
occupational differences between generations show the extent of upward
and downward social mobility.
For Russia and the USSR, detailed data regarding the occupations of
the entire work force can only be found in the censuses . The censuses
provide a uniform classification of occupations across regions and over
time for at least the period between 1 939 and 1 970 (no such data are
currently available for 1 979 , but their publication would surely extend
the longitudinal comparisons that are possible) . The censuses also

98

Occupation and Work Force Data

99

provide enormous potential for studying the association between employ­
ment and other social characteristics such as nationality, education ,
residence , marital status , and family size . This potential varies from one
census to the next, but the 1 926 census contains by far the most detailed
information and the most sophisticated presentation and discussion of
occupational data. More recent censuses are extremely disappointing by
comparison .
A variety of Soviet economic handbooks provide data on the number
of workers by branch of the economy, with additional detail on the
branches of industry (USSR , 1 98 1 : 1 35 , 357-58) . However, each branch
includes a wide range of occupations , and the same occupation can fall
in many different branches . Further, the occupational composition of
branches may change considerably over time and is likely to differ
among regions ; Feshbach ( 1 972) notes that such problems as changes in
the classification of workers and variation in the number of categories
impede comparisons of branch data over time . There are also irregular
publications containing data on the number of people employed in
selected occupations . The categories given are rarely very numerous but
may reveal the hierarchy of positions , for example , in the area of
industrial management or school administration (Feshbach , 1 972: 2 1 9-22;
Dodge , 1 966: chap . 2 ) . In these areas the categories can be more
detailed than in the censu s .
Very fe w studies have utilized the detailed occupational data from the
Soviet censuses . Dodge' s ( 1 966) research on women in the USSR has
been extremely useful for subsequent study of the subject, but his work
is largely descriptive . He presented data on female representation in the
occupational categories of the 1 939 and 1 959 censuses for the USSR as a
whole . In Women' s Work in Soviet Russia, Sacks ( 1 976) used data from
the censuses of 1 897 , 1 939 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 to construct summary
measures of the levels of occupational gender differences and to pinpoint
and describe where these differences were concentrated . As the title
suggests , the book is concerned solely with the RSFSR. More recently,
Sacks ( 1 982b) extended this analysis and used detailed occupational data
for each of the republics to make both cross-sectional and longitudinal
comparisons of gender differences . This work also includes an analysis of
age differences in occupations based on 1 959 census data and focuses on
differences between Muslim ethnic groups and the Russian s. Sacks
analyzes census data for 1 939 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 to draw conclusions on
this subject in the absence of occupational data cross-classified by
nationality (the techniques are further elaborated in Sacks , forthcoming) .
McAuley ( 1 98 1 ) has also used detailed occupational data to analyze
gender differences and calculate summary measures . He compares the
republics for 1 970 and compares the USSR as a whole over the period
_

1 00

Michael Paul Sacks

from 1 939 to 1 970 . McAuley' s findings differ from those of Sacks' s
( 1 976; 1 982a; 1 982b) on a number of points , apparently because of their
distinct approaches to interpreting the data and to the particular summary
measures employed . Unlike Sacks ( l 982b: chap . 2) , McAuley provides
little information on the way he has resolved problems of missing
occupational categories and of lack of comparability in the number and
classification of categories . Thus , the two authors may have differed
considerably in their resolution of this matter.
Despite their unquestionable richness , the occupational data from both
the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses have remained almost entirely unutilized.
The difficulty in making comparisons with the occupational categories in
the more recent censuses has certainly contributed greatly to this neglect .
What follows is a discussion of problems common to the Russian and
Soviet censuses as well as to most censuses conducted in other areas of
the world . Specific features of the 1 897 census and the Soviet censuses
are then considered separately with a focus on the detail and clarity of
occupational categories , the number of variables by which occupational
data are cross-classified , the internal comparability of tables of occupa­
tional data, and the potential for comparisons with the other censuses .

General Problems Affecting the Census Data
The first problem with occupational data in the censuses concerns the
adequacy of coverage of unpaid family labor. Especially in rural areas
large numbers of young people and women engaged in economic activity
can easily be overlooked by the census informant. Consequently censuses
often both understate the share of the work force engaged in agriculture
and distort the extent of women' s contribution to the household econo­
my. According to a United Nations report pertaining to this subject , " It
is commonly true in developing nations that nearly all the able-bodied
members of farm households take some part in agricultural work , if only
during the seasons of peak labor requirements , but the extent to which
women and young people are reported as economically active varies over
a wide range" ( 1 968: 74) .
This statement leads one to be particularly suspect of low rates of
economic activity among rural women and children not in school. At
early stages of industrialization , unpaid labor among women and chil­
dren may also be widespread in cities (Tilly and Scott , 1 978) . This
problem can be illustrated by figures from the 1 926 Soviet census . In the
RSFSR , one would have expected to find that most rural women in the
age group 25-39 combined the bearing and raising of children with
agricultural labor of some type . Yet, among families of agricultural

Occupation and Work Force Data

10l

workers , the census shows that in this age group 55 ,986 females were
not part of the work force (nesamodeyatel 'nyy) and 66,046 were actively
engaged in agricultural labor. Among males , on the other hand , the
respective figures were 1 ,062 and 1 34 , 876 (USSR , 1 930: 4 1 ) . It does
not seem plausible that 46 percent of the females would have been totally
excluded from economic activity. To correct for this error, or at least to
assess the extent to which it distorts findings based upon the census , the
researcher must study other sources such as social science monographs ,
regional surveys , and even relevant works of fiction that describe the
economic activity of all family members . This advice applies as well to
the problems mentioned below.
A second problem concerns the adequacy of coverage of the labor of
persons engaged in intermittent , temporary, or seasonal employment.
Tilly and Scott ( 1 978: 44) find that in preindustrial Europe "the
normative family division of labor tended to give men jobs away from
the household or jobs which required long and uninterrupted commit­
ments of time or extensive travel , while women' s work was performed
more often at home and permitted flexible time arrangements . " Thus ,
this second problem can exacerbate the difficulty of measuring unpaid
family labor but may clearly apply to other workers as well .
Soviet censuses were conducted in winter, and if census informants
were not fully questioned about activity undertaken during other times of
the year, there may have been a tendency to undercount workers­
especially in agriculture (United Nations , 1 968: 74 , 76) . Noting that
persons employed for an incomplete year had no way to specify this in
the 1 959 Soviet census , Feshbach ( 1 972) contended that this flaw in the
questionnaire had resulted in an upward bias in the number shown
working within many occupations . He suggested that this might have
been rectified in the 1 970 census by additional questions directed
specifically to those who had worked only during part of 1 969 .
The subsequent publication of the 1 970 census , however, did not bear
out Feshbach ' s prediction , as no information was published regarding
employment for part of the year. The 1 979 census questionnaire also did
not include the additional questions , and instructions to enumerators
stated that persons engaged in seasonal work and not employed at the
time of the census should record as their occupation the work that they
were engaged in during their active season . Likewise , women who had
taken leave of absence for the care of children under age one were to
record their place of employment as that from which they had taken
leave (USSR, 1 978: 55) . Ideally, occupational data should indicate the
number who worked by time intervals for the year preceding the census .
A third and related problem concerns the treatment of individuals
engaged in dual economic activities . The 1 897 and 1 926 censuses

1 02

Michael Paul Sacks

contain much extremely detailed data regarding secondary occupations ,
but subsequent censuses show only primary employment . Instructions
from the 1 979 census stated that ' 'persons having at the present time two
or more places of work and also individuals working part of the year in
one enterprise , institution , or organization and part of the year in
another, are to write the name of the enterprise , institution or organiza­
tion where the work is considered by the person to be his primary
employment" (USSR, 1 97 8 : 55) . The consequence of such a procedure ,
according to a UN report ( 1 968: 76) , is likely to be " a tendency to
understate the share of manpower in those activities that are frequently
subsidiary, and to overstate the share in those which frequently occupy
the major part , though less than the whole , of the worker' s time . "
Several factors contribute to the above problems being more signifi­
cant for researchers using the earlier censuses. First, a larger proportion
of the population was engaged in agriculture , handicrafts , and related
activities that were commonly undertaken by the family as a unit .
Second , economic activity began at an especially early age , as labor­
force entry was rarely delayed by schooling . Thus , in the 1 926 census
the age group 1 0- 1 4 actually constituted the first category of the
working population . Children probably worked most frequently as un­
paid family members , and the quantity or quality of labor viewed as
necessary to define children as workers must have varied considerably.
In their description of preindustrial Europe , Tilly and Scott ( 1 978: 44)
note that ' ' the levels of skill expected of children advanced with age ,
with young children performing the simplest and crudest chores . ' '
Finally, the extremely low status of women in traditional Russian
society may have increased the likelihood that their economic activity
would be overlooked . It must have reduced the probability of their being
directly interviewed as part of the census . Furthermore , in rural areas
women appear to have been the most subordinate and the most insulated
from change . Despite the persisten� e of inequality in a wide range of
dimensions , the position of women has improved markedly over the
period covered by the censuses (Sacks , 1 976; l 982b) .
The same factors noted above make it likely that the accuracy of the
census results will vary across regions at any single point in time . This is
owing to the considerable variation in economic development and in
cultural factors influencing female status and the employment level of
children and teenagers . The change over time in this level of heterogene­
ity remains very controversial .

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 03

The 1897 Census
Social and occupational categories in the 1 897 census differ substan­
tially from those of the Soviet period because of both the dramatic
change in the economic structure of society and the distinct influence of
political ideology on the conduct of social inquiry. In this latter regard ,
Lenin complained that the 1 897 census lacked the requisite categories to
delineate the class structure of the population (USSR, 1 95 8 : 1 1 ) .
Looking back at 1 897 , commentators writing in the 1 926 census criti­
cized the lack of information showing the hierarchy of positions within
each occupations , and efforts to correct this are obvious in this first
complete Soviet census (USSR, l 929b: vii-viii) .
The contrast between the 1 897 enumeration and those conducted
during the Soviet period is immediately evident from the divisions by
social strata . For each district and for the major cities, tables in the main
volumes of the 1 897 census divide the population into such categories as
family members of hereditary nobility, church personnel , and petty
bourgeoisie . Peasantry is a single category. This framework cannot be
used for meaningful comparisons with later census data.
For each gubemiya, data are presented for 65 categories of employ­
ment , cross-classified by gender and age . Persons active in the labor
force are shown separately from nonworking members of the family. As
in the 1 926 census where this same distinction appears , it is unclear how
dependents were classified in cases in which members of the same
family were working in different occupations .
The 65 categories constitute an industrial as opposed to an occupation­
al classification (International Labour Office , 1 959: 26-39) . This classi­
fication , therefore , indicates more about where an individual works than
what he or she does within a particular area of service or production .
Prostitution is one of the categories but , since a small number of
both males and females are shown here , it is likely that this too
encompasses different occupations (the category does not appear in
Soviet censuses) .
The industrial classification may not have created serious problems in
1 897 because the distinction between occupation and industry was not
likely to have been as distinct as it was at a later time . Where the
organization of economic activity is not complex , industry is largely
equivalent to occupation . "This is particularly the case where agriculture
dominates the economy, since even in the most highly developed
economies the differentiation of occupations within agriculture has not
progressed far" (UN , 1 968 : 1 1 0) . The secondary activities of persons
engaged in agriculture , hunting , and fishing are shown in remarkable
detail . For each district over 1 50 categories are listed indicating the

1 04

Michael Paul Sacks

wealth of material collected in the course of the census and only partially
tapped in the actual publications . It is unclear why secondary activities
were specified in so much greater detail than were the primary activities
of the total population .
Particularly significant additional tables appear in a supplementary
volume to the census (Troynitskiy, 1 906); these were used to a limited
degree in the work of Sacks ( 1 976: chap . 2) . The data refer only to
" workers , " which has a meaning perhaps synonymous with proletariat
and includes those in manufacturing , mining , communication , transpor­
tation , and some aspects of trade . Twenty-eight of the 65 categories in
the main part of the census appear here . In one set of tables , the number
in each category is shown for married persons by age and gender and for
household heads by gender and number of persons within the household .
Thus , there is especially rich potential for study of the relationship
between family status and employment .
Another type of table shows data for a substantial number of subcategories
of the 28 main categories . These data are cross-classified simultaneously
by age , gender, and literacy. The further detail may make this table
particularly valuable for regional comparisons of age and gender differ­
ences . Cross-sectional rather than longitudinal comparison entailing links
with the Soviet census data is surely the most fruitful research agenda.

The 1 926 Census

Tables in the 1 926 census vary greatly in the detail of the occupational
categories , and careful consideration is necessary when deciding upon
the geographic units to be compared . The headings of the tables can be
confusing and reflect both the intricacy of the occupational classification
and the large number of variables by which data are cross-classified .
Researchers will find it very useful to become familiar with the number
and lettering scheme used in the occupational classification .
The broadest categories are denoted with capital Russian letters . They
represent the status in the labor force and include the following:
1 . Workers (rabochii)
2 . Office personnel (sluzhashchii)
3 . Free professionals
4. Employers with hired labor
5 . Household heads with family members working for them or members of
producers' collectives
6. Own-account workers (hiring no employees)
7. Family members assisting in an economic enterprise operated by another
member of the same household

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 05

There are three additional categories for persons not considered to have
an occupation:
Persons either not having or not stating their occupation
9. Unemployed persons
1 0 . Military personnel
8.

The distinction between the first two categories is especially important.
" Worker, " the same term used in the 1 897 census , refers to " persons
employed directly in the production and transference [peremeshcheniye] of
material value or in the maintenance of production mechanisms . ' ' The
category of office personnel applies to ' ' persons whose participation in
production is in the form of nonmaterial service connected indirectly
with production . . . or in the servicing of population" (USSR, 1 929a:
5 1 9) . The distinction is sometimes difficult to make , as is acknowledged
in the statement following these definitions in the 1 926 census: ' 'The
boundary between both concepts is not fully established , in that it is not
possible to posit completely the precise boundaries between ' material '
and ' nonmaterial ' production . For that reason the placing of specific
occupations in the area of worker or office worker is subject to debate .
For the great majority of occupations, however, such designation is not
difficult" (USSR, l 929a: 5 1 9) .
The distinction between the first three statuses i s best appreciated
simply by examining the categories included within them . (Also see the
definitions provided in USSR , 1 929a: 5 1 7-22 . ) Over time the distribu­
tion of occupations among statuses undoubtedly has changed , as is
illustrated below by the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses .
Other status categories are not free of problems . A UN report states
that " in the reporting of status the distinction between employers and
own-account workers is especially likely to be unreliable; that a self­
employed worker hires one or two employees may easily be overlooked
by the census informant , with the result that the number of employers is
understated and the number of own-account workers overstated " (UN ,
1 968: 73-74) . The status categories are subdivided into a small number
of branches of the economy which are assigned uppercase Roman
numerals . The third level of divisions (lowercase Russian letters) con­
sists of broad occupational categories . The appearance of a great many
of the same occupations across diverse branches of the economy clearly
shows the deficiency of branch data alone .
The last subdivisions are of two types-both demarcated with Arabic
numbers . The first appears in tables where occupational data are cross­
classified by marital status among other variables . This type shows
position within the occupation . For workers the positions consist of
skilled , semiskilled , and unskilled . Other categories are used for office

1 06

Michael Paul Sacks

personnel that number as many as seventeen within a single occupation .
Some status categories do not have further subdivisions at this level .
The alternative type of subdivision consists of still more detailed
occupations ; the tables containing employment data by nationality have
this format . The categories are far more numerous and can readily be
converted into the categories of the first type . Volume 1 8 of the 1 926
census (USS R , 1 929a: 5 2 1 -38) shows the complete list of occupations in
both the full and abbreviated occupational tables of the census and also
indicates which occupations fall within each of the hierarchical posi­
tion s . The level of skill of the worker was not based on a statement by
the census informant . Instead , skill levels were established for specific
occupations using information from a previous survey and from union
handbooks . These levels represent the average or typical level of skill of
workers in those occupations (USSR, 1 929a: 5 2 1 ) . It is therefore quite
possible that systematic errors could result, for example , in the understating
of differences between male and female skill levels . Unfortunately, it is not
possible to convert the first type of subdivisions back into the more
detailed occupations from which they were derived .
A brief examination of some of the more significant occupational
tables illustrates the richness of the data in the 1 926 census and their
enormous research potential . One table , for example , distinguishes
among males and females who are married , single , widowed , and
divorced . For each occupation these categories are further divided into
those who are active in the work force and those who are dependent
members of the family not gainfully employed . This is the same division
found in the 1 897 census . There are also between eighteen and twenty
age categories , and a distinction is made between urban and rural
residents . Furthermore , both age and residence are given not only by
gender but also by the literacy or illiteracy of the individuals .
Other tables show occupational data cross-classified by the largest
nationality groups in the region , the previous occupation of the unem­
ployed further divided by length of unemployment , city size of current
residence along with age and marital status , and place of birth along with
place of residence or length of residence in current location . Detailed
tables show primary occupation by secondary occupation , and in almost
every case the data are also shown separately for males and females .
Obviously the way the variables appear in the tables limits the manner
in which they can be combined . For example , researchers cannot
examine the impact of marital status on employment while controlling
for age , nor can they directly examine the extent to which differences in
literacy contribute to the superior position of one nationality group over
another. But careful integration of the information on occupational
characteristics from several different tables can enable researchers to
draw inferences about a wide range of interrelationships .

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 07

The 1 959 Census
In sharp contrast with the 1 926 census , detailed occupational data in
the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses are available only for the republics and not
for smaller geographic units . Data are cross-classified only by gender,
and the classification of categories is less revealing . Longitudinal com­
parisons are also complicated by change in occupational characteristics
resulting from social and economic changes since 1 926-such as the
forced collectivization of agriculture and substantial industrial develop­
ment . The same categories may not represent the same type of activity,
and new occupations are present which did not exist in 1 926 .
The " social groups " within the society are shown to include workers ,
office personnel , collective farmers and a very small number of indepen­
dent peasant farmers , and uncollectivized handicraftsmen . Table 30
shows members of the Soviet Army as a separate category within the
employed population , but in Table 3 1 the military is not listed and its
members are divided among workers , office personnel , and collective
farmers .
The distinction between collective and state farm workers appears to
be of far greater significance ideologically than as a sign of very different
forms of economic activity, particularly in recent decades (Volin , 1 970:
526-3 1 ) . However, only state farmers are categorized as workers (rabochii).
The group that is commonly formed by combining workers and office
workers is not equivalent to the nonagrarian work force , although it is
often treated this way in Soviet social science literature and statistics .
In Table 45 of the 1 959 census , detailed agrarian occupations are
shown separately for collective farmers and for a category labeled
" workers " (rabochii) . These latter must be exclusively state farmers .
However, the workers (rabochii) shown as having employment in the
branch of agriculture in Table 33 are not restricted to state farmers .
Persons solely engaged in production for family consumption or for
the market on small privately tended plots of land (the private subsidiary
economy) are considered to have a source of income but not an
occupation . They are clearly not counted as state or collective farm
workers (they may also be found among the families of other types of
workers) . No tables show secondary activities of those in the labor force ,
but labor in private agriculture frequently takes this form (see Soviet
time-budget studies) .
Table 44 contains the most detailed occupational categories separately
by branch of the economy, but the data are only for the total population .
Other tables do not show the breakdown by branch but have data either
for 1 939 and 1 959 or for seven age categories for 1 959 only. The table
for the USSR as a whole shows only the distribution among age
categories , but for each of the republics the number of persons is shown .

1 08

Michael Paul Sacks

Occupations are divided into those that are professional or semiprofes­
sional , defined as requiring "primarily mental exertion , " and those that
are nonprofessional or requiring " primarily physical exertion . " As in the
distinction between material and nonmaterial production , there obviously
are definitional problems here . This division further confuses matters
because it does not correspond to any clear combination of the " social
groups " noted above .
Substantially abbreviated occupational tables show the number of
females in 1 939 and 1 959 and their number in the seven age categories
(hereafter referred to as the female listing) . The number of males must
be derived by subtracting the number of females from the corresponding
table with the total figure (hereafter referred to as the total listing) . This
task at times requires some searching and some trial adding together of
categories to determine exactly which of the categories in the total listing
combine to equal those in the female listing .
Subcategories in the female listing often do not sum to the main
category under which they fall . By calculating the residual and then
referring to the total listing , the researcher can frequently specify the
occupations of those unaccounted for. Some main categories are also
missing , and , thus , a residual exists for both major occupational divi­
sions . This can be examined using the same procedure (see Sacks ,
1 982b: chap . 2) .
Table 49 compares the total number of workers in a selected group of
occupations for 1 959 and 1 926 . This table is a useful starting point for
comparisons between these censuses , but the researcher must study the
way in which it was constructed from the categories in the 1 926 census .
Adding the dimension of gender should be possible for many of the
categories .
The 1 970 Census

The 1 970 census has fewer occupational categories than does the 1 959
census , but several new categories appear and added information can be
derived from the presentation of data for both 1 959 and 1 970 in the same
tables . Using data for 1 959 from both the 1 959 census and the 1 970
census , the researcher can determine how the occupational classification
has changed and also specify categories missing from the female listing
in both census publications (see Sacks , 1 982b: 30-35) . Fully exploiting
the analysis of residual categories , the dual set of data for 1 959 , and
other sources of information , Sacks ( 1 982b) shows a definite pattern to
categories that are missing or poorly specified in the census tables:
Occupations that are missing o r have been deleted from the 1 970 census
tend to have distinctly low and/or declining female representation. . . .

Occupation and Work Force Data

1 09

Occupations that were added to the listing in the 1 970 census showed the
opposite trend . In addition , there are many cases in which female
overrepresentation is obscured by combining of occupations with a low and
high proportion of women . Finally, the nonprofessional female listing
clearly omits some of the least desirable occupations and obscures the large
numbers of women doing such work . (Sacks, 1982b: 42)

Commenting on the 1 970 census , Labutova ( 1 976: 23 1 ) notes that the
stated occupation was not always the sole basis for classifying the
individual as being engaged primarily in either mental or physical work .
Social group , education , and answers to questions pertaining to the
character of the work were sometimes considered , but these instances
would appear to have been rare . The difficulty with this distinction
between mental and physical work is shown by changes in occupational
classification between 1 959 and 1 970 . In 1 959, barbers , manicurists ,
photographers , and those in the large category of salespeople were
considered to be professional or semiprofessional . In 1 970 they were
reclassified as having occupations that required primarily physical exer­
tion (Sacks , l 982b: chap . 2; Labutova, l 984a) . This distinction also
influenced the way in which employed persons were distributed between
the categories of workers and office personnel , because the numbers
given for 1 959 differ in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses .
The reduction in occupational data in the 1 970 census is especially
striking in the tables where age categories are shown . The 1 970 census
contains no absolute figures and no separate data for females . All that
appears is the distribution across age groups for the total population . The
number of persons can be calculated only imprecisely, as the distribution
is to just three decimal places .
Another consequence of the reduction in occupational data is that
labor-force participation rates for 1 970 cannot be calculated by age and
gender. Although subsequently published data show the rates for the
USSR as a whole ( Vestnik statistiki, 1 974: 90) , they still cannot be
determined for each of the republics . In addition , the age group 60 and
over is a single category in the 1 959 data , and the appropriate population
base for calculating the rate for this group is difficult to judge .
A useful set of tables in the 1 970 census have greater detail than do
their counterpart in 1 959 . Tables 69-83 in Volume IV show the distribu­
tion by educational attainment within each of detailed occupational
categories . Whereas in 1 959 , educational attainment including and
beyond incomplete secondary education comprised a single category, in
1 970 this was divided into four categories . This arrangement is far better
for roughly distinguishing between high and low status occupations (see
Sacks , 1 982b: chap . 5 ) .

1 10

Michael Paul Sacks

The 1 979 Census

The single volume in which the results of the 1 979 census were
published (USSR, 1 984) contains no data whatsoever on even the total
number of persons within each occupation . The only pertinent tables
show for each republic the proportion in the same four educational­
attainment categories as existed in the 1 970 census by branch of the
economy (Table 42) and by major occupational category (Tables 45 and
46) . The occupational categories appear to be the same as those of 1 970 ,
and in Tables 45 and 46, data are provided for both 1 970 and 1 979 .
Again , there is no distinction between males and females .
Occupational data were obviously collected in the course of the 1 979
census , although the questions on this subject were administered to a
sample population made up of 25 percent of the population living in their
permanent residences (Labutova, 1 984a: 1 0) . Perhaps , as was the case
with the 1 939 census , researchers must await the publication of a future
census before more results for 1 979 are made available . It is apparent,
however, that previously unpublished findings will appear from time to
time in Soviet statistical publications and monographs . In a chapter in a
book on the 1 979 census , Labutova ( 1 984b: 1 92-93) mentions the
percentage of women in a number of occupations . Labutova reveals , for
example , that among doctors and head doctors the percentage of women
was 69 percent (as opposed to 76 percent in 1 970) and among engineers
it was 48 percent (up from 42 percent in 1 970) . This is significant
information , but it provides a very paltry basis for analyzing work-force
structure and patterns of change .

Conclusion
When working with recent censuses of the United States , researchers
commonly use data on the characteristics of individuals for the multivari­
ate analysis of occupational attainment . Computer tapes are available
with information on large random samples of the population . For those
accustomed to studying social processes with such data , the Soviet
census would certainly appear quite useless .
Relative to other sources of information pertaining to Soviet society,
however, the censuses constitute a source of hard data that is of
enormous value . Furthermore , the 1 926 census is surely of exceptional
quality compared both to censuses of other countries during this era and
to present-day censuses conducted in nations at levels of economic and
social development comparable to that of the USSR in 1 926 . The
occupational data from the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses provide , by compari­
son , extremely scant data , but they can nevertheless be used for reliable

Occupation and Work Force Data

111

measures of many aspects of Soviet society and of social change .
Problems arise primarily from the omission of subcategories and of
tables cross-classifying occupational data by additional variables rather
than from the publication of false information . This must be considered
in the light of the recent reduction in statistical information evidenced by
the 1 979 census .
Future research might most profitably focus on the following: ( 1 )
interregional comparison of occupational differences by gender, national­
ity, and marital status based on the 1 926 census; (2) comparison of the
occupational structure of republics in 1 926 with that of 1 939 through
1 970; and (3) intensive study of the characteristics of selected occupa­
tions or industries over the entire period from 1 897 to 1 970. The
cumulation of results in the form of a growing data base easily accessible
for computer analysis and exchange among scholars is certainly essen­
tial . Census data should continue to be used in conjunction with the full
range of other sources that, as noted in the section on general problems
with the censuses, can help compensate for both possible distortions and
omissions . And finally, it is through examining conclusions from re­
search on other countries and applying broader social science theory that
the most significant issues warranting further study can be defined and that
findings based on Soviet data can be critically evaluated (Sacks and
Pankhurst , 1 980) .

References
Bogue , Donald J. 1 969 .

Principles of Demography.

New York: Wiley.

Dodge , Norton T. 1 966 . Women in the Soviet Economy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press .
Feshbach, Murray. 1 97 2 . " Soviet Industrial Labor and Productive Statistic s . " In

Soviet Economic Statistics, ed . Vladimir G. Treml and John P. Hardt, 1 95-228 .
Durham: Duke University Press .
International Labour Office .

1 95 9 . The International Standardization of Labour

Statistics . Studies and Reports , New Ser. , no . 5 3 . Geneva.
Labutova, T. S.

1 97 6 . "Zanyatiya naseleniya S S S R . " In Vsesoyuznaya perepis '

naseleniya 1 9 70 goda, ed . G. M . Maksimov, 227-46 . Moscow : Statistika.
---

. 1 984a . " Programma perepisi i metodologicheskie osnovy ee provedeniya. "

In Vsesoyuznaya perepsis ' naseleniya 1 979 goda, ed . A . A . lsupov and N . Z.
Shvartser, 5-25 . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika.
---

. 1 984b . " Zanyatiya naseleniya SSSR." In Vsesoyuznaya perepsis ' naseleniya

1 9 79 goda, 1 82-94 . See Labutova, 1 984a .
McAuley, Alastair. 1 98 1 . Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union . London:
George Allen & Unwin .

Sacks , Michael Paul . 1 97 6 . Women's Work in Soviet Russia: Continuity in the Midst

of Change . New York: Praeger.

1 12

Michael Paul Sacks

--- ·

1 982a. Review of Women ' s Work and Wages in the Soviet Union , by

Alastair McAuley. Russian Review 4 1 , no . I : 8 3-84 .
--- ·

1 982b. Work and Equality in Soviet Society: The Division of Labor by Age,

Gender, and Nationality. New York: Praeger.
--

. Forthcoming . "The Division of Labor in Central Asia and Its Influence

Upon Ethnic and Gender Conflict . " In Soviet Society and Culture: Essays in

Honor of Vera S. Dunham, ed . Richard Sheldon and Terry L. Thompson . Boulder:
Westview Press .
S acks , Michael Pau l , and Jerry G. Pankhurst. 1 980. " Introduction . " In Contempo­

rary Soviet Society: Sociological Perspectives, ed. Jerry G . Pankhurst and Michael
Paul Sacks , 1 - 1 0 . New York: Praeger.
Stinchcombe , Arthur L. 1 98 3 . Economic Sociology. New York: Academic Press .

Tilly, Louise A . , and Joan W. Scott . 1 97 8 . Women , Work and Family. New York:
Holt , Rinehart & Winston .

Troynitskiy, N. A . , ed . 1 906. Chislennost' i sostav rabochikh v Rossii na osnovaniy

dannykh vseobshchiye perepisi Rossiiskoy lmperii 1 897. Moscow : Gosudarstvenniy
Ministr Vnutrennykh Delenii .
United Nations . Department o f Economic and Social Affairs .

1 968 . Methods of

A nalysing Census Data on Economic Activities of the Population . Population
Studies, no . 43 . New York .

USSR . Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . / 929a . Vsesoyuznaya perepis'
naseleniya 1 926 goda . Vol . 1 8 . Moscow.
--- ·

1 929b . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naselenyia 1 926 goda . Vol . 27 . Moscow.

--- ·

1 930. Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naselenyia 1 926 goda . Vol . 26 . Moscow.

--- ·

1 95 8 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1959 goda . Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye

Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury.
--- ·

1 97 8 .

Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya-vsenarodnoye delo . Moscow :

Statistika .
--- ·

1 98 1 . Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR v 1 980 g. Moscow : Finansy i Statistika .

1 984. Chislennost' i sostav naseleniya SSSR (Po dannym Vsesoyuznoy
perepisi naseleniya 1 979 goda) . Moscow : Finansy i Statistika.
Vestnik statistiki. 1 974. No . 1 2 .

--- ·

-- ·

Volin,

1 98 1 . N o . 5 .

Lazar.

1 970. A Century of Russian Agriculture: From Alexander II to

Khrushchev. Cambridge: Harvard University Press .

Chapter 6

Urbanization and Migration Data
in Russian and Soviet Censuses
RICHARD H. ROWLAND

Urbanization and migration , which collectively comprise population
redistribution , have been especially important in Russia and the USSR.
This region has experienced perhaps the most rapid movement to cities
of any major region in history and also some of the most significant
long-distance internal migrations of any country (Lewis and Rowland ,
1 979) . Urbanization and migration have an added importance because of
their profound influence on Soviet society. Urbanization , for example ,
has been closely associated with rapid industrialization , modernization ,
and social change in the USSR, especially in the last half century.
Migration is a necessary component of economic development-its chief
function is the spatial redistribution of labor-and has resulted in
large-scale shifts in the regional distribution of the country ' s population .
It might be appropriate to define each of these related demographic
phenomena more precisely. Migration is typically defined as a permanent
or semipermanent change in residence . Urbanization is the process of
population concentration which occurs when the percentage of the total
population residing in urban centers (level of urbanization) changes ,
usually increases . Urbanization is distinguished from urban growth ,
which involves a change in the urban population per se without any
reference to a relative comparison to the total population . Urbanization
is , however, greatly influenced by urban growth , as it is the result of
urban population change in comparison to that of the total or the residual
rural population . In short , urbanization results from a "battle" between
urban and rural change , which in turn is the net result of three broad
mechanisms : ( l) net rural-to-urban migration; (2) urban natural increase
vis-a-vis rural natural increase; and (3) reclassification of settlements
from rural to urban status. Net rural-to-urban migration has generally
been the most important of the three mechanisms in the urbanization

1 13

1 14

Richard H. Rowland

process-for both the world as a whole and the USSR in particular­
although urban natural increase has loomed larger in recent years in both
underdeveloped and developed countries with urban mortality declines.
In addition , as a society reaches a high level of urbanization , rural-to­
urban migration becomes less important simply because so few rural
residents , and thus potential rural-to-urban migrants , remain .

Urbanization
Russian and Soviet census data for the study of urbanization are much
more plentiful than are those for migration . Every census contains data
on the number of urban and rural residents for all major political units ,
while some-especially those of 1 897 and 1 926--also include abundant
data on specific characteristics of these populations . The data are of
generally high quality, particularly in that urbanization trends portrayed
by census figures usually conform to trends as evidenced in other
sources .
Census data through 1 970 have been used substantially for compre­
hensive urbanization studies by a number of scholars . In the USSR ,
perhaps the foremost scholar on urban data is B . S . Khorev, who is the
author of numerous works on the subject (e . g . , 1 975) . In the West,
major works include Chauncy Harris' s ( l 970a) classic and exhaustive
study of the growth of cities of the Soviet Union , particularly from the
early 1 800s through the late 1 960s . In addition , in a recent book the
author and Robert Lewis covered numerous facets of the urbanization
process (aggregate , regional , and city-size) based on the censuses from
1 897 to 1 970 and post- 1 970 estimates (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979) .
Sequel types of works based on the 1 979 census have also been recently
published (Bond and Lydolph , 1 979; Clem , 1 980; Khorev, 1 982; Rowland
and Lewis , 1 982) .
The chief problem in investigating urban and rural population change
and urbanization in Russia and the USSR is the differing and incompara­
ble definitions of " urban" employed in the censuses. The typical
procedure of any census is to define certain settlements as urban and to
define as a residual all other settlements as rural . Urban settlements are
usually distinguished from rural settlements on the basis of size , func­
tion , and density ; urban centers usually have a larger population , higher
density, and are predominately nonagricultural in function . The urban
definition of the 1 897 Russian census , in particular, was conceptually
different from and , in my view, inferior to those employed in censuses of
the Soviet period . These definitional problems have been discussed at

Urbanization and Migration

1 15

length elsewhere (Lewis and Rowland , 1 969: 776-78; 1 979: 1 62--65 ;
Leasure and Lewis , 1 966: xi-xii) .
The major problem of the 1 897 census in this regard is that it
employed an administrative criterion , whereas the Soviet censuses used a
more logical size-function criterion . Thu s , in the 1 897 censu s , cities
consisted solely of "official " or chartered urban places , which in turn
consisted mainly of administrative centers (in particular, guberniya and
uezd centers) , as well as a few other legal cities (zashtatnyy and
bezuezdnyy) . The main shortcomings of the definition employed in the
1 897 census are that ( 1 ) it excluded numerous sizable industrial centers ,
many of which had populations between 1 5 ,000 and 40,000, because
they did not enjoy " legal" status ; and (2) it included a number of small
agricultural villages , some with populations of less than 1 ,000 , simply
because they were uezd centers . Thus , if one accepts the contention that
an urban center is a relatively large , predominately nonagricultural
settlement, the urban definition employed in the 1 897 census is some­
what deficient . Despite these deficiencies , the 1 897 urban definition is
still largely representative of the urban population based on more
conventional definitions . The reader is referred to Fedor ( 1 97 5 : 1 - 1 7) , in
particular, for a detailed discussion of urban definitions in late-nineteenth­
century Russia .
The censuses of the USSR in 1 926 and subsequent years , as noted
above , and in contrast to the tsarist practice , employed a size-function
criterion . Namely, to be classified as " urban , " a settlement had to
satisfy minimum standards of · both population size and percentage of
work force in nonagricultural activities . However, although the censuses
of the Soviet period agree in this basic conceptual approach to the
definition of an urban center, specific minimum levels have varied by
census and even by union republic within a given census ; definitions
employed in the censuses of 1 926, 1 939, and 1 959 are discussed at
length by Leasure and Lewis ( 1 966: 1 - 1 7 ) .
Briefly, the urban definition o f the 1 926 census included both legal
cities and other, specialized centers . In the 1 926 census , the require­
ments for a legal city varied significantly by republic . In the RSFSR, for
example , a minimum of 1 ,000 adults and 75 percent nonagricultural
work force were required , while in the Ukraine the corresponding
requirements were 1 0 ,000 and no occupational criterion . In addition , the
urban definition in the 1 926 census also included industrial centers ,
railroad stations , and resorts , which were in turn defined by a specific
criterion . The urban definition in the 1 939 census was apparently the
same as that of 1 926 .
By the 1 959 and subsequent censuses , the criteria for urban centers

1 16

Richard H. Rowland

had been changed somewhat , although the basic size-function concept
continued to be employed . In these more recent censuses the urban
definition consists of two types of settlements: legal cities (goroda) and
urban-type settlements (poselki gorodskogo tipa) . Various legislations
around 1 959 resulted in revisions of previous laws dealing with urban
legal status , except in the Tadzhik and Turkmen SSRs . For instance, the
RSFSR definition of a legal city was changed to a minimum of 1 2 , 000
people and 85 percent of the work force in nonagricultural activities . The
RSFSR definition is the most stringent one used (for example , in Latvia
an urban center must have only 8 ,000 people and 66 percent of the work
force in nonagricultural activities) . To complicate matters further, the
census urban definition does not necessarily conform to the legal
definition . According to 0. P. Litovka ( 1 976: 1 2) , " due to historical
conditions , there exists in the majority of union republics some urban
settlements with a population which is less than that stipulated by the
corresponding legislation of the republic . " In the 1 970 census , for
example , more than a hundred urban centers of the RSFSR had less than
the 1 2 ,000 legislated minimum (Khorev and Moiseenko, 1 977) . Fortunately,
however, it appears that these recent definitions have not been changed
subsequently. Thus , urban definitional comparability evidently exists
among the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses , although republic definitional
differences obviously remain . Different definitions of urban-type settle­
ments are also employed from republic to republic .
How can the problem of the lack of urban definitional comparability
be solved? One approach , adopted by the author and others , employs a
uniform size-only definition , because appropriate urban functional data
are not available in the post- 1 926 censuses (Leasure and Lewis , 1 966;
Lewis and Rowland , 1 979) . For this approach , a minimum of 1 5 ,000
people was selected as the size criterion because all censuses except 1 979
list for every region the settlements with 1 5 ,000 or more people . Another
consideration was that no separate official urban centers below this
population are listed for the RSFSR in 1 959 . For 1 897 and 1 926,
thousands of settlements , officially both urban and rural , many with even
only a few hundred people , are individually listed . The 1 926 listings
come from the main census volumes , while those for 1 897 come from a
special census volume that lists individually the nearly fifty thousand
settlements of the Russian Empire with 500 (actually 485) or more
people (Russian Empire , 1 905a) . The censuses of 1 939 , 1 959 , and 1 970
list only official urban centers; for these years , the few official rural
settlements of 1 5 ,000 and over are , unlike for 1 897 and 1 926 , not
included. Urban centers with 1 5 ,000 or more people for the RSFSR in
1 939 are listed in the 1 959 census only if their 1 959 population exceeded

Urbanization and Migration

1 17

1 5 ,000 . Thus , urban centers of the RSFSR which declined from above to
below 1 5 ,000 between 1 939 and 1 959 are not listed in the 1 959 censu s .
How valid is the 1 5 ,000-plus criterion a s a n operational definition?
Generally, it has been quite useful because in any year it includes the
vast majority of the population in centers that were defined as urban by
the censu s , and thus it coincides to a great extent with the urban
definition employed in the census . In 1 970 , for example , over 80 percent
of the urban population based on official urban definitions resided in
centers of 1 5 ,000 and over. Also , patterns of urbanization , and urban
and rural population change , both aggregate and regional , generally
match known actual patterns (e . g . , the recent rapid urban growth in the
extreme western region of the USSR is indicated by the 1 5 ,000-plus
definition) .
However, our 1 5 ,000-plus definition has some minor shortcomings .
First, although it largely overlaps the official urban population , the
definition excludes numerous centers that would be included as " urban"
by any reasonable definition . Second , because major studies of interna­
tional urbanization (e . g . , United Nation s , 1 969 ; Davis , 1 972) employ a
20 , 000-plus criterion , we might have been wise to use this definition .
Third , we should have excluded centers of 1 5 ,000-plus in 1 897 and 1 926
which were both predominately agricultural and not official urban cen­
ters . Finally, we could not have foreseen that the published results of the
1 979 census would not include a list of individual centers below 50,000
in population , thus making the 1 5 ,000-plus criterion difficult to employ
with 1 979 data. Such data may, of course , eventually be published , and ,
as will be discussed later, it may in any case be possible to estimate the
1 5 ,000-plus population in 1 979 . Fortunately, the most detailed post- 1 970
listings did include official cities , but not urban-type settlements , of
1 5 ,000-plus (USSR, 1 974: 636-50) , thus making possible a post- 1 970
census study of urbanization based largely on our comparable definition .
In addition , comparative studies of urbanization based on the 1 959,
1 970 , and 1 979 censuses can be undertaken using official urban defini­
tions because apparently these definitions have not changed . Indeed , the
author and a colleague have employed such data (Rowland and Lewis ,
1 982) .
Four other noteworthy temporal and geographic definitional problems
related to an assessment of urbanization and urban population changes in
Russia and the USSR are ( 1) the technical measurement of urbanization
over time; (2) changes in city boundaries ; (3) the lack of a census
" metropolitan" concept; and (4) the general lack of data by internal
geographic units (such as "census tracts " ) within cities . To solve the
first problem , researchers can measure temporal trends in urbanization

1 18

Richard H. Rowland

by using percentage-point change or percentage change . The former
measures changes in urbanization by simply subtracting the earlier level
(or percent) of urbanization from the later level , while the latter mea­
surement goes one step further by taking this percentage-point change as
a percent of the earlier of the two levels of urbanization . In studies with
which the author has been associated, we opted for the first measure ,
percentage-point change , chiefly because it is less influenced by low base
or earlier percentages (Lewis and Rowland, 1 979: 1 62-65) . In addition ,
we used average annual percentage-point changes (overall percentage­
point change divided by the number of years in the period) in order to
provide comparability between the differing intercensal periods . Of
course, average annual percentage change (the calculations for which
involve logarithms) should be used when measuring annual percentage
changes in the levels of urbanization , and urban and rural populations . A
word of caution: irrespective of the measure of change used , the rate of
urbanization will inevitably slow over time because urbanization is a
finite process; that is , the upper limit is 1 00 percent, and thus the rate of
change will slow as this level is approached .
City boundaries have changed, particularly as large cities have annexed
major surrounding areas (e . g . , Moscow in the early 1 960s ) . Thus , the
reported populations of Moscow in the 1 926 census and in the 1 979
census are not strictly comparable , as the 1 979 area of Moscow was
appreciably larger than the 1 926 area. Another major type of city
boundary change has occurred in the eastern Ukraine , where numerous
small mining centers have been annexed to or amalgamated into larger
" new " citie s. In addition , some cities have been subdivided or " de­
annexed" into smaller cities . These problems are covered in detail
elsewhere (Harri s, 1 970a, and 1 970b; Lewis and Rowland, 1 979: 1 93-96) .
In general the overall impact of such changes on urbanization and urban
population growth was relatively small , partly because the annexed areas
were frequently defined as urban both before and after the boundary
change .
Fortunately, the Soviet censuses do provide some degree of urban
boundary comparability, especially between two consecutive censuses .
The typical " backtracking " procedure used in recent censuses has been
to present the populations of a city for the dates of both the census at
hand and the preceding census in the boundaries of the city at the later
date . In the 1 979 census , 1 970 and 1 979 populations appear to be given
in city boundaries existing in 1 979 (except for Samarkand) . Similarly, in
the 1 970 censu s , 1 959 and 1 970 populations are given in boundaries of
1 970 , and in the 1 959 census , 1 939 and 1 959 populations are given in
boundaries of 1 959 . A lesser degree of comparability exists between
1 926 and 1 939 , although Lorimer ( 1 946: 250-5 3) lists the 1 926 and

Urbanization and Migration

1 19

1 939 populations of all cities with 50,000 or more people in 1 93 9 ,
apparently both i n 1 939 boundaries . Unfortunately, n o " backtracking"
comparability exists between the 1 926 and 1 897 censuses , although as
the urban process was relatively slow during this period , probably few
urban boundaries changed significantly.
More annoying , perhaps , and more important for the present and
future is the lack of any official census metropolitan definition , that i s , a
definition including the population of central cities plus suburbs . The
United States , in contrast , employs such definitions as the " Metropolitan
Statistical Area" (formerly " Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" )
and " Urbanized Area . " This lack o f information on the part of the
Soviet censuses is especially disconcerting as metropolitan areas or urban
agglomerations continue to evolve . Scholars have put forth different
metropolitan definitions; the major and most contentious issue dividing
them is the determination of what specific suburban settlements to
include within the "orbit" of a major urban center (Lewis and Rowland ,
1 979: 323-27) .
The author and colleague (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: chap . 6)
attempted to provide a comparable metropolitan definition for all of the
censuses between 1 897 and 1 970 by drawing circles of fifty miles in
radius around major Soviet cities in 1 970 and summing the populations
of settlements with 1 5 ,000 or more people within each fifty-mile radius .
By this method we determined that in 1 970 there were twenty-two
"urban regions" with fifty-mile radii which contained 1 million or more
people residing in 1 5 ,000-plus centers . We then determined the analo­
gous populations residing in centers of 1 5 ,000-plus in these twenty-two
urban regions in 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 939 , and 1 959 and further subdivided the
regions into central city, 0-25-mile (excluding the central city) , and 2550-mile zone s . Thus , we were able to calculate the population growth of
and redistribution within these "metropolitan" regions from 1 897 to 1 970 .
However, as this procedure employs a 1 5 ,000-plus operational definition ,
the lack to date of a listing of urban centers of 1 5 ,000-plus for the 1 979
census precludes a similar investigation of urban region changes from 1 970
to 1 979 , although the author has made similar calculations based on centers
of 50,000 and over for this most recent period (Rowland , 1 983c : 266) .
Finally, virtually no data are available in the Russian and Soviet
censuses for the internal parts of citie s . Only in the 1 897 census are data
presented for internal units of cities , and here only for the four largest
cities of the Russian Empire (St. Petersburg , Moscow, Warsaw, and
Odessa) . In contrast, the U. S . censuses present a plethora of data by
census tracts and even blocks for all American cities . Therefore , studies
of population variations within Russian and Soviet cities are for the most
part very difficult to undertake .

1 20

Richard H. Rowland

Although the availability of specific population characteristics is
discussed in other chapters in this volume , I will make some general
comments concerning the types of characteristics available for the urban
and rural populations in each of the censuses . In this regard , the 1 897
and 1 926 censuses are clearly superior to those of 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and
1 97 9 . Data presented for urban and rural population by political units in
these two earlier censuses include age , sex , work-force composition ,
language , literacy, and place of birth for migration studies . In addition ,
the 1 897 census includes urban data on social class and religion . A
further advantage of the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses is that these data were
presented for hundreds of individual urban centers . A separate volume of
the 1 897 census lists individually the thousands of settlements of the
Russian Empire with 500 or more people and includes data on the
number of males , females , and religious groups , which , in general ,
individually accounted for 1 0 percent or more of the population of the
settlements (Russian Empire , 1 905a) . Unfortunately, the subsequent
censuses of 1 939 , 1 95 9 , 1 970 , and 1 979 presented much less data by
urban-rural residence . Not only were available characteristics fewer for
the urban and rural populations by political units , but very few data were
presented for individual urban centers .
Finally, with respect to the availability of characteristics for the urban
and rural populations in recent censuses, researchers should note that
additional data have been published in various scholarly works outside of
the official census publications . Demographers in the USSR have some
access to unpublished census data, and, thu s , data not directly available
to Western demographers " leak out" through these publications . Two
major examples stand out . First, Khorev ( 1 968) presented work-force
data from the 1 959 census for cities of 50,000 and over. These data
allow for the only significant study of the functional classification of
Soviet cities since the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses , and they have been
extensively utilized and discussed by Harris ( 1 970a: 54- 1 1 5 ) .
Second , although 1 979 urban-rural ethnic data are generally unavail­
able from published census results , Kozlov ( 1 982: 1 00) presented aggre­
gate levels of urbanization for forty major nationalities of the USSR.
From these data and the total populations of the nationalities , researchers
can determine the 1 979 population of each listed nationality residing in
urban and rural areas , respectively, for the entire USSR and derive the
ethnic composition of the urban and rural populations themselves .
Researchers can also determine the 1 979 ethnic composition of Moscow,
Leningrad , Minsk, Kiev, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, and Ashkhabad by a
residual technique applied to available data. Data for 1 979 , for example ,
indicate the numbers of Russians and Uzbeks in the Uzbek SSR as a
whole and each of its internal units except the city of Tashkent .

Urbanization and Migration

121

Summation of the number of Russians and Uzbeks residing in these
political units and subtraction of those sums respectively from the
corresponding Uzbekistan total results in a residual , which equals the
number of Russians and Uzbeks in Tashkent proper (Rowland , 1 983b) .
A separate publication for Leningrad allows for the derivation of data for
Leningrad and Moscow (Leningrad , 1 98 1 ) . Kozlov ( 1 982: 24 1 ) also
presented 1 979 data for thirty-five nationalities on the percentages of the
total and urban populations of each which consider the language of their
nationality as their native language .

Migration

Data on migration are available in the Russian and Soviet censuses of
1 897 , 1 926 , 1 970, and 1 979 but not in the censuses of 1 939 and 1 959 .
Migration studies from the 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 979 censuses are based on
place-of-birth data , while those for the 1 970 census are based on
residence change during the two years prior to the census . Major studies
employing migration data from the 1 897 and 1 926 censuses include
Rashin ( 1 956) , Leasure and Lewis ( 1 967 ; 1 968) , Lewis and Rowland
( 1 979) , Lorimer ( 1 946: 44-49) , Anderson ( 1 980) , Rowland ( 1 976;
1 982a) , and Tikhonov ( 1 978) .
Place-of-birth data are perhaps the main indicator of migration found
in censuses throughout the world . The underlying rationale is that if a
person' s place of birth is different from his or her place of residence at
the time of the census , a migration has undoubtedly occurred . Thus ,
such persons are operationally defined as migrants , while all others are
not . There are obvious universal conceptual problems with these data as
indicators of migration . In particular: ( 1 ) they detect at most only one
migration (that between place of birth and present place of residence)
even though the person may have made many migrations ; (2) they do not
detect a migration if a person has moved from and then returned to his or
her place of birth; and (3) unless specifically indicated , they give no
indication of when the migration took place . But despite these shortcom­
ings, place-of-birth data are the basis of most migration studies from
censuses .
In the 1 897 census , place-of-birth data are available for the eighty­
nine gubemiyas or equivalent units , for uezds , and for the roughly nine
hundred official urban centers listed individually; thus , as a residual ,
"rural " areas of the uezds can also be derived . Responses to place-of­
birth questions are classified in four categories: ( 1 ) natives of the same
uezd where they lived or "home uezd " (urozhentsy togo-zhe uezda , gde
zhivut); (2) natives of other uezds within that gubemiya (urozhentsy

1 22

Richard H. Rowland

drugikh uezdov, toy-zhe gubernii) or intra-guberniya migrants; (3) natives
of other guberniyas (urozhentsy drugikh guberniy) or inter-guberniya
migrants; and (4) natives of other countries (urozhentsy drugikh gosudarstv)

or immigrants . The definition of a " migration" must then be operation­
ally specified by the researcher based on migration-defining boundaries .
In other words , the researcher determines beforehand which of the
available boundaries have to have been crossed for a migration to have
taken place . In the 1 897 census the first category consists , operationally,
of nonmigrants in all situations , while the other three might or might not
consist of migrants , depending on the context employed by the researcher.
From the broadest perspective , all three categories would be used if a
migrant were someone born in another country, guberniya, or uezd . A
researcher concerned with internal migration and not international migra­
tion , however, would exclude category 4 .
The presentation o f place-of-birth data i n the 1 897 census also allows
for a more specific investigation of migration streams . In particular,
researchers can investigate migration streams between guberniyas , be­
cause for the population of a guberniya born in another guberniya or
foreign country (as well as rural areas and individual urban centers
therein) , specific guberniyas or countries of birth are listed . These
listings thus allow an investigation not only of in-migration to a guberni­
ya but also of out-migration and thus net and gross migration or
migration turnover. Unfortunately, however, particular migration streams
within guberniyas cannot be determined because specific other uezds of
birth are not listed .
It is also unfortunate that very few characteristics of migrants besides
the specific guberniya of birth are available from the 1 897 census for all
three categories of migrants . The only other explicit characteristics
available in the general census are sex and social class, although urban
and rural origin can be derived from the social class data and crude
indicators of distance of migration can be determined based on ' 'home
uezd , " other uezds , and other guberniyas (Rowland , 1 97 1 : 76-9 1 ;
l 982a: 30) . However, a separate, specialized volume provides guberniya-of­
birth data for workers and servants (Russian Empire , 1 905b) , data that
have been extensively utilized by Anderson ( 1 980) .
Place-of-birth data are also available from the 1 926 census . However,
the 1 926 definition of a migrant is somewhat broader than that of 1 897 .
Whereas a person had to cross an uezd boundary in 1 897 to be
considered a migrant, in 1 926 the individual simply had to have been
born in another place (nemestnyye urozhentsii), even if it was in the same
uezd . In addition , 1 926 place-of-birth data are more comprehensive in
terms of available territorial units and migrant characteristics . Indeed ,
the 1 926 census contains the richest source of migration data of any of

Urbanization and Migration

1 23

the Russian and Soviet censuses . In 1926 the political-administrative
units were greater in number than in 1897 (about 190 as compared to
roughly 90) and different in size and shape . Also , the USSR in 1926 was
slightly smaller than the Russian Empire of 1 897 . In particular, migra­
tion data for 1926 are available for approximately 190 units , from
gubemiyas down to small okrugs in certain cases . Unlike 1897, howev­
er, separate place-of-birth data are not available for most uezds and
individual urban centers , making the 1 897 census superior to that of
1926 at least in these ·instances . For each of these units , the following
migrant characteristics are available: (1 ) region , gubemiya, okrug , etcet­
era, of birth; (2) sex ; (3) current urban-rural residence of the migrant,
although the urban definition is different from that of 1 897; (4) duration
of residence; and-especially important-(5) work-force composition
and major ethnic groups , by sex and in borders of both the USSR in
1926 and the Russian Empire . The latter allows a greater degree of
comparability between the 1897 and 1926 censuses .
Nearly half a century passed before a Soviet census again included
migration data. In the 1970 census , residence-change data during the two
years prior to the census were employed instead of place-of-birth data. In
particular, the 1970 census asked people, "How long have you continuously
resided at this particular residence in 1970?' ' Those residing in the place
of enumeration less than two years were counted and listed in the
census , thus providing an operational definition of migrants . Previous
place-of-residence data reveal more current migration because they cover
recent movements as opposed to those between place of birth and present
place of residence , movements that could have taken place decades
earlier. Thus , the 1970 migration data are conceptually different from
those of 1 897 and 1 926. The territorial units and urban-rural definitions
also differ from those of the earlier censuses . An additional problem is
that no other country has employed the operational migration definition
used in the 1970 Soviet census , thus impeding comparisons between the
migration data in this census and migration data from other countries .
In the 1970 censu s , migration data are available specifically for total
male and female populations and for urban and rural populations for all
economic regions , union republics , oblasts , krays , ASSRs , and union
republic capitals and the city of Leningrad . It is not possible , however,
to assess migration streams in as much detail as it was for either 1897 or
1926 because previous place-of-residence data are presented only for
economic regions and union republics and not for oblasts or equivalent
units ; for 1897 and 1926, it is possible to determine out-migrants by
smaller political units . Also , the 1970 census data exclude temporary
movers and the military.
In comparison with earlier data, migration data from the 1 970 census

1 24

Richard H. Rowland

have two unique advantages . First, using the 1 970 data, researchers can
determine urban-rural migrations in greater detail . For each political unit
available , the 1 970 census provides data on either the urban or the rural
origin (by economic region or union republic of origin) of both the urban
and rural populations of that unit . In 1 897 and 1 926, no explicit data on
the urban-rural origin of the migrants were available (although for 1 897
the author, as mentioned before , has shown how available social class
data could be used to estimate such origins) . Second , the 1 970 census
allows for a determination of migration flows between various urban size
classes by economic region and union republic . The author and a
colleague have discussed specific procedures for using these 1 970
urban-rural and size-class data, especially the need to include or exclude
certain categories of data depending on the unit of reference being
employed; for example , for a more realistic determination of the migra­
tion to all cities of a particular region , one should exclude migrants from
other cities within that region (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 1 23-24 ,
434-35) . The 1 970 census thus allows for fairly detailed studies of
regional total , urban , and rural in- and out-migration and thus total ,
urban , and rural net and gross migration .
Limited migration data from the 1 979 census based on the place-of­
birth concept have been published (Vestnik statistiki, 1 982) . Data are
presented for the total , urban , and rural populations of the USSR as a
whole and of the fifteen union republic s . Migrants can be operationally
defined as ' 'those who have resided uninterruptedly at their permanent
place of residence ' not from birth , ' " as opposed to those " nonmigrants"
who have resided continuously at their permanent place of residence
" from birth . " For those in the migrant population , data are also
presented on length of residence in seven categories (less than 2 years ,
2-5 years , 6--9 years , 1 0- 1 4 years , 1 5- 1 9 years , 20-24 years , and 25 or
more years) . Thus , the migration data from the 1 979 census are most
comparable to those from the 1 926 census , which , as mentioned earlier,
employs place-of-birth and length-of-residence data (although the length­
of-residence categories are not necessarily exactly the same in each
case) . However, both the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses have some compara­
bility in that in each case , data are presented for persons residing in their
present place of residence less than two years . Recent works have
utilized the 1 979 migration data (Moiseenko , 1 983; Naseleniye SSSR,
1 98 3 : 36--53) . The latter publication includes " leaked-out" data on
mobility by major nationality, data that were not presented in the official
census publications .
The study of recent migration i n the USSR does not depend solely
upon migration data from censuses . Although no migration data are
available from the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses for subrepublic units , net

Urbanization and Migration

1 25

migration for such units can be estimated for the 1 959-70 and 1 970-79
periods using the vital-statistic s , or residual , technique . This method
utilizes available data on the number of births and deaths and thus
natural increase for individual regions compared to total population
change , with the difference between total population change and natural
increase being net migration . The application of this technique to the
1 959-70 and 1 970-79 periods is generally valid , not only because there
exists a fairly good-though not complete-array of annual vital statis­
tics but also because it is possible to assess natural increase relatively
accurately for the entire period owing to the absence of wars . A number
of studies have estimated regional net migration for 1 959-70 based on
available vital statistics (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979; Grandstaff, 1 980;
Baldwin , 1 979) .
The author derived estimates of 1 970-79 regional and subregional net
migration based on available vital statistics for the first half of the 1 970s ;
none have been published for 1 975-79 for units other than union republics
(Rowland , 1 982b) . Basically, for units other than union republic s , the
author used 1 974 natural increase , the intercensal midpoint , to estimate
natural increase and thus met migration for the entire 1 970-79 intercensal
period . The continuing publication in Vestnik statistiki of the number of
births and deaths for twenty-one of the largest Soviet cities (cities of 1
million-plus and/or union republic capitals) for every year of the 1 970-79
period enabled the author to assess net migration for these cities during
this period , also by means of the vital-statistics technique (Rowland ,
1 983c: 270) .
Recent migration studies are possible using data on the registration of
arrivals and departures (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 34) . These data are
collected in conjunction with the internal passport system and have been
published in a statistical compendium (USSR, 1 975 : 1 78-200) and in
various issues of Vestnik statistiki. They include information on the
number of in-migrants and out-migrants for urban centers in general , as
well as for union republics and economic regions and individually for
cities of 500 ,000 and over. Unfortunately, these data have not been
published for years after 1 974 and have other problems connected with
their use (Lewis and Rowland , 1 979: 1 1 1 - 1 5 ; Grandstaff, 1 980: 9- 1 7) .
A few comments should perhaps be made on the permanent or
temporary residence of migrants and the censuses . In the 1 897 and 1 926
censuses , place-of-birth data are presented for the de facto population ,
and thus the migrant population includes temporary residents; these
residents are listed separately and so can be deleted . In addition , in both
censuses it appears that most migrants were permanent, as temporary
residents constituted only a very small share of the population . In a study
of urban in-migration in 1 897 , for example , the author concluded that no

1 26

Richard H. Rowland

more than 6 percent of the migrants to cities of the Russian Empire were
"temporary " (Rowland , 1 983a: 6) . In contrast , as was noted earlier, the
migrant definition of 1 970 and 1 979 excludes temporary movers , as they
are based on the permanent population .

Future S tudies of Urbanization and Migration
In considering future scholarly studies of Russian and Soviet urbaniza­
tion and migration , I find it useful to recognize two broad categories of
studies: ( 1 ) those based on potentially available future population data; and
(2) those based on population data already published. Recent Soviet cutbacks
in published demographic data make it likely that the greater number of
future studies will be based on past data.
Studies involving future data seem to hold much greater promise for
research on urbanization than for research on migration . Studies of
recent national and regional urbanization patterns and city-size trends
continue to be possible because the annual Narodnoye khozyaystvo series
lists the current urban and rural populations of oblasts and equivalent
units , as well as the population of cities with 50,000 or more people . A
particular study that could be undertaken after urban data are presented
in the 1 980s and 1 990s is an updating of Harri s ' s study of the long-term
growth of individual Soviet cities (Harris , 1 970a; 1 970b) . Harri s ' s
investigations went through 1 967 , and new data fo r the end o f the
twentieth century would allow for an additional 30-40-year perspective .
Another type of future study in this respect is an assessment of the
degree of success of Soviet policies aimed at limiting the growth of large
cities (i . e . , cities of 1 00 , 000 and over) . In earlier works , the author and
a colleague assessed the " subsequent growth of large cities" from 1 959
to the mid- 1 970s and 1 979 (Lewis and Rowland, 1 979: 2 1 8-89; Rowland,
1 983c: 262-64) . In addition to investigating changes in the population
residing in large and small cities, these studies identified large cities of
1 959 and traced the growth of this constant number of cities through the
1 970s . Because data on large cities continue to be published in the
Narodnoye khozyaystvo series , an updating and testing of this policy in
the future would seem feasible , barring , of course , any further data
cutbacks . Indeed, it could be argued that among all types of demographic
studies of the future USSR, the brightest prospects are in the area of
urbanization .
In contrast , the outlook for studies of current and future migration
trends appears to be very limited. First, the 1 979 census does not provide
migration data for subrepublic units . Second, the cessation of the publication
of vital statistics for oblasts and migrant registration data since the

Urbanization and Migration

1 27

mid- 1 970s limits the study of migration , although it is possible to
estimate net migration for the fifteen union republic capitals and other
cities with one million or more people based on annually presented
population totals and births and deaths . Two important questions con­
cerning future regional migration confront the USSR: ( 1 ) will attempts to
increase net in-migration to Siberia succeed? and (2) will substantial
out-migration from Soviet Central Asia occur? In light of the above
comments on potential data availability, prospects seem to be greater for
the study of the latter than the former topic because of the availability of
vital statistics by union republic and the lack of similar data for areas
within republics (e . g . , Siberia) . Regarding recent migration , a more
detailed and rigorous analysis of regional net migration rates estimated in
a previously mentioned article by the author would be desirable (Rowland,
1 982b) .
Given these apparent data limitations , future studies of urbanization
and migration may well be based on already existing data that have not
been fully tapped , especially those from the censuses of 1 897 and 1 926.
Indeed, the underutilization of these data is suggested by this chapter' s
list o f references , which indicates that most major studies using data of
1 897 and 1 926 did not occur until the 1 960s and 1 970s . Studies of
urbanization and migration based on existing Russian and Soviet census
data are thus still possible; a few examples come to mind . Although the
author (Rowland , 1 97 1 ; 1 976; 1 982a) has undertaken a study of the
migration to Russian cities based on the 1 897 census , a similar study
based on the 1 926 census has yet to be undertaken . It would be
interesting to investigate whether the same conditions related to rural-to­
urban migration in 1 897 , especially jobs in personal services , prevailed
in 1 926 . The previously discussed problems of changing city boundaries
and metropolitan definitions have not been fully explored; for example ,
an estimate of the population of Moscow and other cities in 1 897 , 1 926 ,
and other census years in current city boundaries would be useful ,
although the lack of detailed data may make such a study difficult. Also ,
the comparable metropolitan definition employed by the author and a
colleague was based on agglomerations of 1 million and over in 1 970,
but clearly a similar delineation of smaller metropolitan areas would be a
worthwhile refinement . Regarding comparability, some attempt should
be made to estimate the 1 5 ,000-and-over population by economic region
for 1 979 . A possible approach might be to estimate the share of the
available urban population (census definition) residing in centers of
1 5 ,000 and over, based on corresponding available shares by region for
1 959 and 1 970 .
Many studies , particularly those dealing with regional settlement size ,
are possible based on the roughly fifty thousand individual settlements of

1 28

Richard H. Rowland

500 and over from the 1 897 censu s . In such a vein , the author recently
completed a study involving the settlement-size structure of Jews and
non-Jews in the Jewish Pale of Settlement of late-nineteenth-century
Russia (Rowland, 1 983a) . A wealth of data also exist in both 1 897 and
1 926 on the economic structure of hundreds of urban centers .
A final category of future studies involves regional scale . For the most
part, major studies of urbanization and migration using the Russian and
Soviet censuses have involved the aggregate national territory of Russia
and the USSR and macroregional variations . Future studies could there­
fore either broaden or narrow the perspective . Further international
comparisons involving Russian and Soviet urbanization and migration
would be useful in order to assess more precisely the similarities and
differences of the Russian and Soviet experience . On the other hand ,
more detailed studies of urbanization and migration at the microregional
level (oblasts and cities) would also be valuable .
In summary, the greatest prospects for future studies of urbanization
and migration in Russia and the USSR appear to lie in already existing ,
rather than future, census data. In this respect the future is in the past,
although one must hope that this contention is proven wrong by the
publication of much more urbanization and migration data in the future
than currently seems reasonable to expect .
References
Anderson, B arbara A.

1 980. Internal Migration during Modernization in Late

Nineteenth-Century Russia . Princeton: Princeton University Pre s s .
B aldwin, Godfrey S . 1 97 9 . Population Projections by Age and Sex: For the Republics

and Major Economic Regions of the U.S.S.R . , 1 9 70 to 2000 . U . S . , Bureau of the
Census , International Population Reports , Series P-9 1 . no . 26 .
B ond , Andrew A . , and Paul E. Lydolph . 1 979 . " Soviet Population Change and City
Growth, 1 970-79: A Preliminary Report." Soviet Geography: Review and Translation
20: 46 1 -8 8 .
Clem , Ralph S . 1 980. " Regional Patterns o f Population Change i n the Soviet U nion ,
1 959- 1 97 9 . " Geographical Review 70: 1 37-5 6 .
Davis, Kingsley. 1 97 2 . World Urbanization, 1 950-1 970 , Vol . II; Analysis of Trends,

Relationships, and Development. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of
International Studie s .
Fedor, Thomas Stanley. 1 975 . Patterns of Urban Growth in the Russian Empire

during the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago , Department of
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Grandstaff,

Peter J .

1 980. Interregional Migration in the U.S.S.R . : Economic

Aspects, 1 959-1 970 . Durham: Duke University Press.
Harris , Chauncy D . 1 970a. Cities of the Soviet Union : Studies in Their Functions,

Size, Density, and Growth . Chicago: Rand McNally.

Urbanization and Migration

---

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. 1 970b . " Population of Cities of the Soviet Union , 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 ,

and 1 967 : Tables , Maps , and Gazetteer." Soviet Geography: Review and Translation
1 1 : 307-444 .
Khorev, B . S . 1 968 . Gorodskiye poseleniya SSSR . Moscow : Mys! ' .
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. 1 975 . Problemy gorodov. 2d. ed . Moscow : Mys! ' .

--- .

1 98 2 . Urbanizatsiya i demograficheskiye protsessy. Moscow: Finansy i

Statistika.
Khorev, B. S . , and V. M. Moiseenko . 1 977 . " Urbanization and Redistribution of the
Population of the U . S . S . R . " In Patterns of Urbanization : Comparative Country
Studies, ed. Sidney Goldstein and David F. Sly, 643-720. Dolhain, Belgium:
Ordina Editions .
Kozlov, V. I . 1 98 2 . Natsional'nosti SSSR : Etnodemograficheskiy obzor. Moscow:
Finansy i Statistika .
Leasure , J . William , and Robert A. Lewi s . 1 966. Population Changes in Russia and

the USSR : A Set of Comparable Territorial Units. San Diego: San Diego State
College Press .
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1 967 .

" Internal Migration in the U S S R , 1 897- 1 926 . " Demography 4 :

479-96 .
---

. 1 968 . " Internal Migration in Russia in the Late Nineteenth Century." Slavic

Review 27: 375-94 .
Leningrad . Statisticheskoye Upravleniye Leningradskoy Oblasti i Leningrada. 1 98 1 .

Narodnoye khozyaystvo Leningrada i Leningradskoy Oblasti v JO Pyatiletke:
Statisticheskiy sbornik . Leningrad: Lenizdat.

Lewi s , Robert A . , and Richard H. Rowland. 1 969. " Urbanization in Russia and the
USSR: 1 897- 1 966 . " Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5 9 :
77fr-96 .
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. 1 97 6 . " Urbanization in Russia and the USSR: 1 897- 1 970." In The City in

Russian History, ed . Michael F. Hamm . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

. 1 979 . Population Redistribution in the USSR : its Impact on Society,
1 897-1977. New York: Praeger.
Litovka, 0. P. 1 976. Problemy prostranstvennogo razvitiya urbanizatsiya . Leningrad:

---

Nauka .
Lorimer, Frank . 1 946 . The Population of the Soviet Union: History and Prospects.
Geneva: League of Nations .
Moiseenko, V. 1 98 3 . " Vliyaniye migratsii na formirovaniye naseleniya (po materialam
Vsesoyyznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 979 g . ) . " Vestnik statistiki, no . 7: 8- 1 4 .

Naseleniye SSSR : Spravochnik. 1 983 . Moscow: lzdatel' stvo Politicheskoy Literatury.
Rashin , A. G .

1 95 6 . Naseleniye Rossii za JOO let. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye

Statisticheskoye Izdatel ' stvo .
Rowland , Richard H. 1 97 1 . ' ' Urban In-Migration in Late Nineteenth Century Russia . ' '
Ph . D . diss . , Columbia University.
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. 1 97 6 . " Urban In-Migration in Late Nineteenth Century Russia . " In The

City in Russian History. See Lewis and Rowland, 1 976: 1 1 5-24 .
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. 1 982a. Spatial Patterns of Urban Jn-Migration in Late Nineteenth Century

Russia : A Factor Analytic Approach . Historical Geography Research Series , no .
1 0 . Norwich , England: Geo Abstracts .

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---

. l 982b. " Regional Migration and Ethnic Russian Population Change in the

U S S R ( 1 959-79) . " Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 23 : 557-8 3 .
--- .

l 983a. " Geographical Patterns o f the Jewish Population i n the Pale of

Settlement of Late Nineteenth Century Russia . " Paper presented at the Internation­
al Conference of Historical Geographers , Oxford , England . Abstract in Historical

Geography 1 3 : 27-28 .
---

.

1 98 3 b .

" Regional Changes in Nationality Composition in the U S S R ,

1 970--7 9 . " Paper presented a t the Annual Meeting of the Association o f American
Geographers , Denver, Colo .
---

. l 983c . " The Growth of Large Cities in the USSR: Policies and Trends,

1 959-79 . " Urban Geography 4 : 258-79.
Rowland , Richard H . , and Robert A . Lewis . 1 98 2 . " Regional Population Growth
and Redistribution in the U . S . S . R . , 1 970--7 9 . " Canadian Studies in Population 9 :
7 1 -93 .
Russian Empire . Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet.

1 905a. Naseleniya mesta

Rossiyskoy lmperii v 500 i bolee zhiteley s ukazaniyem vsego nalichnago v nikh
naseleniya i chis/a zhiteley preobladaioshchikh veroispovedanii po dannym pervoy
vseobshchey perepisi nn 1eleniya 1897 g. St. Petersburg .
--- . 1 905b. Raspredeleniye rabochikh i prislugi po gruppam zanyatiy i po mestu

rozhdeniya

na

osnovanii dannykh pervoy vseobshchey perepisi naseleniya Rossiyskoy

lmperii 28 yanvarya 1 897 g . St. Petersburg .
Tikhonov, B . V.

1 97 8 . Pereseleniya v Rossii vo vtoroy polovine XIX v. Moscow :

lzdatel ' stvo " N auka . "
United Nations . Department o f Economic and Social Affairs . 1 969 . Growth of the

World' s Urban and Rural Population, 1 920-2000 . ST/SOA/Series A, no . 44. New

York .
USSR. Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik.
1 97 4 . SSSR : Administrativno-territorial' noye deleniye Soyuznykh Respublik na 1

yanvarya 1 974 goda . Moscow.
USSR . Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye .
Moscow : Statistika .

Vestnik statistiki. 1 9 8 2 . N o . 7: 77-7 9 .

1 975 . Naseleniye SSSR 1 9 73 .

Chapter 7

Marriage, Family, and Fertility Data
in Russian and Soviet Censuses
B ARBARA A . ANDERSON

Soviet planners are interested in information on the fertility, marriage
patterns , and family structure of the Soviet population because of the
relevance of these data for monitoring and projecting population growth ,
for planning the demand for social services such as schools , for assessing
social stability, and for studying the household economy. Both Soviet and
Western researchers seek information on family and fertility in the Soviet
population because of their bearing on questions of social structure and
social change . Age of marriage , for example , is often regarded as an
indicator of the social progress of women , as a large age gap between
spouses can signal a situation in which males are strongly dominant.
Also , the disappearance of the extended family has been considered part
of the demise of a once traditional way of life .
Fertility differences among regions and among ethnic groups have
come to be the major cause of differential rates of population growth .
Higher Muslim than non-Muslim fertility generates concerns ranging
from the effect of the high fertility of women in traditionally Muslim
groups on the women' s status to alarm over the " yellowing of the
Army " (Ogarkov, 1 982) as the proportion of the total population from
traditionally Muslim groups increases over time .
The traumas of Soviet history have affected patterns of marriage and
family formation . World War II caused a severe male deficit, widowing
many women , creating numerous single-parent families , and preventing
a large number of women from marrying . These developments in tum
affected female labor-force participation rates . Even now, a concern with
Acknowledgments: Work on this paper was supported in part by NICHD Grant No. HD
1 8027-0 1 . I am grateful also to the Russian Research Center, Harvard University and to the
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial foundation for their support. I also thank B rian Silver,
Thomas Burch, Sidney Goldstein , Gur Ofer, Elizabeth Wood , and Kristen Benson .

131

1 32

Barbara A . Anderson

labor shortage has fueled Soviet interest in the relationship between
female labor-force participation , fertility, and child-care arrangements .
Family structure is central to the study of censuses because the way a
census treats the individual , the family, and the household determines
much of how the census is conducted . Whether family relationships are
recorded , whether people need to be coresident to be considered mem­
bers of the same family, and in what situations people can answer
questions about others are all matters that hinge in this issue .

Overview of Family and Fertility Information
in Russian and Soviet Census Reports

Table 7 . 1 summarizes the direct information on marital status , family
structure , and fertility available in the published results of the Russian
and Soviet censuses from 1 897 to 1 979 . The only items available from
all six censuses are marital status by currently married/currently not
married , families (or households) by size , and the population by depen­
dency status .
Table 7. 1 . Availability of family and fertility data in Russian and Soviet census reports ,
1 897- 1 979

1 897

1 926

1 939

1 959

1 970

1 979

Marital status (married/not married)
Single , married, widowed, divorced

x
x

x
x

x

x

x

x
x

Families or households by size
Families/lone individuals
Families by type

x

x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x

x

x
x

x
x

x
x

Children ever born
Children at home
Crude birthrate
Children under one year of age
Population by dependent or not
Dependents by type

x
x

x

x

x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x

The most basic distinction in family structure is between those who
live in families and those who do not. Although the definition of a
family differs from census to census , a family always must have at least
two members . The family members must be related by blood , adoption ,
or marriage , and there is some requirement of coresidence , sharing of
facilities , or sharing of a budget . Soviet censuses classify each member
of the population according to whether that person is the head of a
family, is not the family head but lives together with other members of

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 33

his or her family, is a member of a family not living together with the
rest of his or her family, or is not a member of a family.
Overall , the 1 926 census is the most complete of the six censuse s , but
the information gathered on family composition and on fertility has
improved somewhat in post-World War II censuses . The 1 970 and 1 979
censuses collected and published more detailed information on the
family for the Soviet Union as a whole than did earlier censuses .
Some information on family and fertility in Soviet censuses seldom
appears in censuses anywhere . Only the 1 979 census collected and
published information on the number of children ever born to women .
Similarly, crude birthrates rarely appear in censuses. In instances where
these rates do appear, as in the 1 959 Soviet census report , they had to be
calculated by combining census data with vital-statistics data, a practice
that usually is not followed .
Information on the dependency status of the population has always
appeared in Russian and Soviet censuses . Some discussion of dependen­
cy is relevant to family and fertility because dependents are usually
supported by other members of the family. Also , the relation between a
woman' s dependency status and the presence of young children is a topic
with great policy relevance .

Census Information on Family and Fertility

It is important to know what information relevant to family and
fertility was collected and how the information was used to construct the
measures in the census reports . The range of possible census results , of
course , is constrained by what was asked . The instructions to interview­
ers also are helpful for understanding the meaning of the items .
Most questions about family and fertility were asked of the entire
Soviet population . In most Soviet censuses, however, some questions
were asked of only a part of the total population . Questions directed to a
random sample of the population or directed at particular subgroups are
often motivated by pressing policy concerns . Besides generating useful
data , these special questions provide insight into the concerns of the
census planners . In the 1 926 census , some questions were asked only of
urban residents . In the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses some questions were
asked only of a random sample of the permanent resident families , and
special questions were also asked of those working only in the domestic
(household) economy or in private auxiliary agricultural employment .

Organization of the census form . The blanks for Russian and Soviet
censuses have been published , but the instructions to enumerators usual-

1 34

Barbara A . Anderson

ly do not state explicit questions to be asked . Table 7 . 2 shows the
wording of the family and fertility items asked in each census . Every
census asked sex and age for every person; sex and age (aside from age
in months for those less than one year of age) are not listed in Table 7 . 2 .
Table 7.2 . Wording of questions on family and fertility in the Russian and Soviet censuses,
1 897- 1 979
Fertility
1897' 1926, 1939
How many years of age
years , or for children less than one year
months.
1959
How many years of age , or if less than a year of age , what is the age-in months? (Years
Months
)
1970
Age (Years
Months
)
For those who desire to work , which of the following would convince you to work: I)
Having children in day care , school-internal or group with an extended day, 2) Obtaining
work for part of each day or part of the week, 3) Obtaining work in (my) speciality, 4)
Obtaining work near my home , 5) Obtaining further training in my profession , 6) Obtaining
work I would enjoy, 7) Other reason
(In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in
the rural economy)
__

__

__

__

__

__

For women ask: a) the number of children under 16 years of age (Total , number under I year
of age , 1-2 years of age , 3-6 years of age , 7- 1 3 years of age , 1 4- 1 5 years of age), b) Of that
number, the number in day care , school-internal, or group with an extended day (categories
as above)
(In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in
the rural economy)
1979
For women, ask how many children have been born (none , 1 , 2, . . . 1 5 , or more)
(In 25% sample)
For those who desire to work , which of the following would convince you to work: 1 )
Having children in day care , school-internal or group with an extended day, 2) Obtaining
work for part of each day or part of the week , 3) Obtaining work in (my) speciality, 4)
Obtaining work near my home , 5) Obtaining further training in my profession , 6) Obtaining
work I would enjoy, 7) Other reason
(In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in
the rural economy)
For women ask: a) the number of children under 16 years of age (Total , number under 1 year
of age , 1 -2 years of age , 3-6 years of age , 7- 1 3 years of age , 1 4- 1 5 years of age) , b) Of that
number, the number in day care , school-internal , or group with an extended day (categories
as above)
(In form for those in the working ages who work at home or as private auxiliary workers in
the rural economy)
Marital Status
1897
Single , married, widowed , divorced or separated
1926
Marital status (Married, widowed, never married, separated or divorced)
1939
Are you currently married (Yes, no)
1959

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 35

Are you currently married? (Yes, no , widowed indicated to interviewer as acceptable
answers)
1970
Are you currently married (Yes, no)
1979
Marital status (Married, never married, widowed, divorced/separated)
Relationship to head of family

1897
Write down the head of household or head of family
1926
Relationship to head of family (Wife , son , daughter, etc . , [indicate])
Whether the person is the son or daughter of the family head from a previous marriage
Number of family members, including family head, regularly living in the dwelling
(On family card, for the urban population)
Number of servants and members of families of servants regularly living in this dwelling
(On family card, for the urban population)
Number of marital pairs in family
(On family card , for the urban population)
If head of family is a member of a marital pair, number of years married
(On family card, for the urban population)
1939, 1959, 1970
Relationship to head of family (Wife , son , daughter, mother, sister, nephew, etc . , [indicate] )
1979
Relationship to head of family (Head , wife/husband, daughter/son , mother/father, sister/
brother, mother-in-law/father-in-law, daughter-in-law/son-in-law, grandmother/grandfather,
granddaughter/grandson, niece/nephew/other relative, lone individual , member of a family
that lives elsewhere)
Dependency status

1897
Source of support
1926
If not working, indicate the main source of support
1939
Of what social group are you a member: in a group of workers, service personnel,
kolkhozniks, cooperative kustars, individual peasants, a free professional, or a member of a
cult or a nonworking element?
1959
If not working, indicate the main source of support
1970, 1979
Primary source of support (Work at an enterprise, in the public sector, work in a kolkhoz,
work in own account [for kustars and individual peasants] , work as a private individual , free
professional , private auxiliary worker in the rural economy, pensioners, on a stipend , other
governmental support, dependent, other source)

Although the census is conducted by an enumerator who v1s1ts the
household and supposedly asks every person (except young children) to
answer for himself or herself, the census blank appears similar to one
designed for self-enumeration . For example , the census blank contains a
heading , such as Pol (Sex) , and then a blank (M or Zh) to be checked .
However, some questions have acceptable responses indicated , and the

1 36

Barbara A . Anderson

1 970 and 1 979 censuses have precoded categories for the answers to
many questions .
The 1 897 census was a census of individuals . Unlike later censuses ,
the basic enumeration unit was the household , rather than the family.
Households were tabulated by size , and enumerators recorded whether or
not the members of the household were related . The enumeration in the
1 926 census and later censuses was based on the family. In fact , the
1 926 census included a " family card" for urban residents on which
information such as the duration of marriage of the family head was
recorded .

Definition of the family head. I n the 1 926 census and every later census
the enumerator had to first determine who the head of the family was .
After that was determined , given the definition of family in effect , the
information for other family members could be recorded properly.
The definition of family head in Soviet censuses has shifted from
being based on economic support to being based on perceptions within
the family. The definition was not important in the 1 897 census , since
that census was based on individuals and developed scanty information
about the family. In 1 926 and 1 939 , the family head was to be the person
providing the main support for the family (Gozulov and Grigor'yants ,
1 969 : 1 5 3 ; Boyarskiy and Shusherin , 1 95 1 : 1 87 ; Pustokhod and Voblyy,
1 940: 1 48 ) . In the 1 95 9 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses the enumerator was
instructed to record as family head whoever the family thought was the
head , within wide bounds . The family head had to be an adult member
of the family whose permanent residence was with the family (Maksimov,
1 976; USSR, 1 958b; USSR, 1 978) . Although instructed to accept
whoever was designated as head by the family, the enumerator was to
give guidance if the respondents had difficulty formulating an answer. In
post-World War II censuses , enumerators were advised that the family
head should be the person who provided the bulk of support for the
family-harking back to the 1 926 and 1 939 definitions .
Isupov and Borisov ( 1 97 8 : 50--5 1 ) , in commenting on the 1 979
census , state that the designation of the family head is only an heuristic
device and that husbands and wives in the Soviet Union have equal legal
rights . In addition , they state that the census is not the place to determine
whether a single family head exists or whether both marital partners
share equally. Some Soviet scholars have complained about the
inappropriateness of one person being designated as family head when
two spouses share equally or when a family contains more than one
marital pair (Ter-Izrael ' yan , 1 979). Nonetheless, the 1 959 and 1 970
censuses tabulated some information by the sex of the head of the
family.

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 37

The recent Soviet definition of family head is generally in line with
United Nations recommendations on the designation of the head of
household . The UN recommends that
the head of the household is that person in the household who is acknowl­
edged as such by the other household members . Although a more desirable
definition for purposes of dependency statistics would be the person who
bears the chief responsibility for the economic maintenance of the house­
hold , it is not recommended that this definition be applied because of the
difficulty of collecting the information needed to determine economic
responsibility. (UN , 1967 a: 57)

The U. S . definition has differed substantially from UN recommenda­
tions . Before 1 980 , the definition stated:
The household head is the person reported as the head by members of the
group , except that married women are not classified as heads if their
husbands are living with them at the time of enumeration . (Shryock and
S iegel, 1975 : 302)

Since 1 980 , the United States has tabulated data in relation to a
' '.reference person , " who is that person or one of the persons in whose
name the housing unit is owned or rented (Bianchi , 1 982) .

Determining who is a family member. Post-World War II Soviet censuses
defined a family as follows:
A family for the purposes of the censuses includes those individuals, living
together, related by blood or marriage 1 and sharing a common budget .
Individuals living apart from the family, but who share with the family a
common budget or a regular material link (regularnaya material' naya
svyaz ' ) , are also counted as family members , but as living apart from the
family. Individuals not in a family and not sharing support with a family
are counted as lone individuals. (USSR, 1 974: 4)

The UN recommended definitions and the U . S . definition of family
have been more concerned with coresidence than has the Soviet defini­
tion . The UN defines a family as
those members of the household . . . who are related to a specified degree ,
through blood , adoption or marriage . The degree of relationship used in
determining the limits of the family is dependent on uses to which the data
are to be put and so cannot be precisely set for world-wide use . (UN,
1967a: 48)
I . Adopted children are also considered part of the family.

1 38

Barbara A . Anderson

Before 1 947 , U . S . official usage defined a family as
all the persons who occupy a housing unit . A house , an apartment or other
group of rooms or a single room, is regarded as a housing unit when it is
occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters . Separate
living quarters are those in which the occupants do not live and eat with
any other persons in the structure and in which there is either ( 1 ) direct
access from the outside or through a common hal l , or (2) a kitchen or
cooking equipment for exclusive use of the occupants . (United States
Bureau of the Census, 1 964: LY)

Since 1 947 , the former U. S . definition of a family has become the
definition of a household, and the definition of a fam ily has become
the entire group of (two or more) persons in a household who are related by
blood , marriage , or adoption . According to this terminology, two related
married couples , a couple and a related parent-child group , or any other
group of two or more persons related to each other is counted as one family
if the members occupy the same living quarters and eat together as one
household . (Shryock and Siegel , 1 975 : 300)

Thus , the United States has moved from enumeration based on
households with coresidence as a necessary condition and kinship an
unimportant one to enumeration based on households with kinship
mattering but coresidence still being required . The Soviet definition of a
family concentrates on economic ties-sharing a common budget-for
those who are coresident , and on at least the maintenance of a regular
material link for family members who are not coresident .
The lack of a coresidence requirement for family membership in
Soviet census usage differs from census usage virtually everywhere else
in the world. Only in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa does the census
definition of family not require coresidence-leading to some families
reportedly containing over a hundred members in the case of Por­
tuguese Guinea (Burch , 1 967 : 356--5 8) . In most parts of the world ,
" Family" refers only to those kin with whom one co-resides . . . . Kin with
whom one does not share the same dwelling unit are not part of one ' s
" family" i n the demographic sense , even though they may live close by
(sometimes in adjacent dwellings) , and even though there may be consider­
able social and economic integration among them . (Burch , 1 979: 1 74)

Burch ( l 979: 1 82-83) notes that a common hypothesis that has
received little empirical support is that extended families tend to have
higher fertility than nuclear families . According to Burch and Gendell
( l 970) , one reason for this lack of empirical support may be the

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 39

restnct10n of consideration to kin who are coresident. The Soviet
definition of family is more appropriate for a test of the hypothesized
link between fertility and family extension than is the conventional
definition of family.
The difference between most census definitions of family and the
Soviet census definition of family is essentially the difference between
the family of residence and the family of interaction (Burch , 1 967 : 348) .
Most censuses consider the family of residence; the Soviet definition is
close to that of the family of interaction .
Even the sub-Saharan African definitions of family that do not require
coresidence have assumed close residential proximity of those relatives
considered family members (Goody, 1 972: 1 06-- 1 0) . The Soviet defini­
tion of the family does not limit the distance from the rest of the family
that the "family members living apart" can reside and does not require
that their residential separation be temporary-as long as they maintain a
regular material link , they can be family members even though they are
permanently resident elsewhere . Also , what constitutes a " regular mate­
rial link" is a subjective matter determined by the family. There is no
requirement that this link involve a majority of the support of the
physically separated family member as long as the family considers it
' ' regular. ' '
A . G . Volkov, director of the Scientific Research Institute of the
Soviet Central Statistical Administration , complained that the term ' 'reg­
ular material link" was not clear and argued at the All-Union Confer­
ence of Statisticians convened prior to the 1 970 Soviet census that the
concept should be clarified . He noted , for example , that a student who
had a wife and child at the place of his school but who still received
financial aid from his parents could be considered a ' ' family member
living separately " in his parents' family. Since the student had his own
family, though , Volkov maintained that he should not be thus classified .
Despite this appeal , neither the term nor the instructions to interviewers
on this point was changed (USSR , 1 969: 3 1 1 - 1 2) .
There are several likely consequences of the difference between the
Soviet censuses will also contain fewer lone individuals than will American
Definitional differences will cause Soviet families to be larger, to contain
more dependents , and to be more extended than American familie s .
Soviet censuses will also contain fewer lone individuals than will Ameri­
can censuses .
The difference stemming from the definitional interplay of current
residence , place of permanent residence , and family membership can be
illustrated by the different way Soviet and American censuses classify
college students . According to Soviet convention in 1 959 and 1 970,
students living away from home were classified as having their perma-

1 40

Barbara A . Anderson

nent residence at the place of the school , although they could still be
classified as " family members , not living together with the rest of the
family. " In 1 979, the designation of permanent residence at the place of
the school applied only to Soviet students at specialized secondary or
higher educational institutions . Since 1 950, U. S . census procedure has
classified college students away from home as permanent residents at the
place of the college but secondary school students as permanent residents
at the place of residence of their family of origin (Shryock and Siegel ,
1 97 5 : 96) . American students away at a university or college would not
be considered members of their family of origin , but Soviet university
students would still be members of their family of origin if they
maintained a regular material link with that family.
The Soviet census definition affects the classification of families as
extended . Imagine that the widowed mother of the family head lives in
her own apartment , receives financial aid from her son , and eats with the
son' s nuclear family on weekends . U . S . definitions would consider the
widowed mother a lone individual; Soviet definitions would consider her
a member of her son ' s family. U. S . definitions would consider the son ' s
family to b e nuclear; Soviet definitions would consider i t to b e extended .
Now imagine that the mother of the family head lives with her son' s
family but maintains a separate budget . According to the Soviet census
definition of family, she would not be a member of her son ' s family ;
according to the American census definition of family, she would be a
member of her son' s family. On balance , the S oviet definition is more
likely to lead to recorded family extension than is the American defini­
tion . Volkov ( 1 976: 22-24) notes that both the old and the young
disproportionately appear in the categories " family members living apart
from their families" and " lone individuals . " Those in their 20s tend to
be family members living apart , while those over age 50 tend more often
to be lone individual s .
Definitions o f who is permanently absent a s opposed t o temporarily
absent are also important . In post-World War II Soviet censuses ,
information on many topics has been reported sometimes for the present
population and sometimes for the permanent population; information on
family always refers to the permanent population (Anderson and Silver,
1 985) . Soviet censuses define people as " temporarily absent" if their
permanent residence is still with the family and if they have been absent
less than six months . 2 People who have been absent less than six months
but who (in the opinion of the family) do not intend to return are
permanently absent-that is , their permanent residence is elsewhere .
2 . Students residing at school and members of the military are considered permanently
absent even if they have been gone less than six months and even if they intend to return.

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

141

Family composition . Soviet censuses have presented information o n the

composition of the family, including the number of family members , the
dependency status of family members , and the sex of the head of the
family. Information on the type of family is usually not included in
censuses . As Burch ( 1 967 : 352) notes , " No convenient international
compilations are available on such questions as the number of genera­
tion s , relationship of household or family members to the head of
household , and so forth . Indeed , few nations have comprehensive census
data on these more detailed aspects of family composition . "
The distribution o f families b y size has appeared i n the published
results of each of the five Soviet censuse s . This information refers not to
all family members but only to the coresident members of the family. For
1 970, however, it is possible to estimate the average size of the entire
family, induding non-coresident members . For the USSR as a whole in
1 970, the average number of coresident family members was 3 . 7 (Vol­
ume 7 , Table 25) and of all family members was 3 . 9 (from the number
of family members and the number of lone individuals in Volume 7 ,
Table 22 , and from the number of families in Volume 7 , Table 25) .
Although these differences are not large , neither are they trivial .
The lack of a coresidence requirement for family membership proba­
bly has more effect on the recorded proportion of families that are
extended than on family size . Data on families by type (described below)
refer to all family members , not just coresident family members ; no data
have been located that would allow estimation of the proportion of
families that would be extended if coresident family members alone were
considered . In 1 970, 22 . 9 percent of families in the USSR as a whole
were recorded as extended , that is , were of Types 2, 3 , or 4b below
(calculated from data in Volume 7 , Table 27) .
The inclusion of non-coresident family members may be making a
large difference in the estimated proportion of families that are extended .
If in 1 970, for example , every non-coresident family member caused one
family to be recorded as extended when that family would not have been
recorded as extended based only on coresident family members , then
only 6 . 2 percent of the families in the USSR as a whole would have been
recorded as extended based on coresident family members rather than
22 . 9 percent based on coresident and non-coresident members . The
actual effect of inclusion of non-coresident family members in the
determination of whether the family is extended is certainly not as great
as these calculations suggest is possible , but using the available data to
compare the proportion of families that are extended for the USSR and
for other countries would be very misleading .
For 1 970 and 1 979 , the distribution of families by size was published
according to nationality for families in which all members belonged to

1 42

Barbara A . Anderson

the same nationality and also for families of mixed nationality. These
data are published by union republic and other nationality areas . They
also are published (not by nationality) by oblast. Coale , Anderson , and
Hiirm ( 1 979) used these data to estimate marital fertility by nationality,
and Fisher ( 1 980) suggested using them to estimate ethnic intermarriage
rates .
The 1 926 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses include interesting information on
families by type . The 1 926 census classified families as follows:3
Type A . Families including a marital pair
A l . Not including children
A l a . Without (other) relatives
A l b . With economically inactive (other) relatives
A l e . With economically active (other) relatives
A2 . Including children only of the marital pair
A2a. Without (other) relatives
A2b . With economically inactive (other) relatives
A2c . With economically active (other) relatives
A3 . Including children from previous marriages
A3b . With economically inactive (other) relatives
A3c . With economically active (other) relatives
Type B . Families without a marital pair, but that include children of the
family head
B a . Without (other) relatives
Bb. With economically inactive (other) relatives
B e . With economically active (other) relatives
Type C . Families without a marital pair that do not include children of the
family head
Cb . With economically inactive (other) relatives
Cc . With economically active (other) relatives
Type D . Complex families

The 1 970 classification was
1.
2.
3.

One marital pair with o r without children
One marital pair with or without children, but with other relatives
Two or more marital pairs with or without children with or without
other relatives
4a. A mother/father with children
4b . A mother/father with children, with other relatives
5 . Other families

3. The letters and numbers assigned to the different types of families in 1 926 are as assigned
in the 1 926 census . No numbers or letters were assigned to the types of families in the 1 970 or
the 1 979 censuses. Numbers and letters are assigned here for convenient reference and
comparison.

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 43

The 1 979 classification was
1. One marital pair with or without children
2a. One marital pair with or without children, but with one of the parents
of the marital pair
2b . One marital pair with or without children, but with or without one of
the parents of the marital pair but with other relatives
3 . Two or more marital pairs with or without children with or without
other relatives
4 . A mother/father with children
5 . Other families

All these typologies focused on the presence or absence of a marital
pair, of children , and of nonnuclear relatives . In addition , in 1 926 there
was a concern with economic activity of nonnuclear kin . The 1 979
census was more concerned with whether the family was extended only
because of the presence of a parent of the head or a parent of the spouse
of the head , while the 1 970 census was more concerned with whether a
family without a marital pair but with children of the head also included
other relatives . The published results of the 1 979 census noted that
" children" for families classified as Type 1 included " children of all
ages , living together with their parents and not married" (Vestnik
statistiki, 1 98 3 : 70) . Apparently if married children lived with their
parents , the family would then be classified as Type 2b .
The data on dependency status are also interesting . In 1 926 , family
members were classified as to whether or not they were "economically
active . " The industry in which economically active people worked was
cross-classified by the people' s marital status and other family character­
istic s . For those who were not economically active , the cross-tabulations
were presented according to the industry in which the person supporting
the dependent person worked . The data on dependents in the 1 959
census are noteworthy because dependent women in the working ages
were classified as to whether or not they had children younger than age
1 4 . The dependency data reported from the 1 970 and 1 979 censuses did
not include information on the presence of children for dependent
women .

Currently married versus ever married. Russian and Soviet censuses
have varied in the degree of detail for which data on marital status are
collected and published . The 1 897 and 1 926 censuses recorded a full
range of marital statuses: single , currently married , widowed , and
divorced or separated . The 1 939 census recorded only whether or not a
person was currently married . In 1 959, the interviewers were instructed
to record people as married if currently married , widowed if widowed ,

1 44

Barbara A . Anderson

and not currently married otherwise . In the published 1 959 census
report , however, the widowed were not separately reported--only a
classification by currently married/not currently married was given . In
1 970, only current marital status was recorded . The 1 979 census returned
to the 1 897 and 1 926 practice of recording a full marital status distribution .
The return to a full marital status distribution in 1 979 should allow
fuller analysis of marital dissolution in the Soviet Union . However, the
published 1 979 census results have not yet presented detailed marital
status in interesting cross-tabulations . Also , the lack of data by age ,
including marital status by age , seriously limits the usefulness of the
information published to date from the 1 979 census .
Who was considered a married person or a divorced person has varied
among censuses . In 1 897 , enumerators were only supposed to record as
married those who were legally (officially) married . In later censuses ,
people were to be recorded as married who considered themselves so ,
whether the marriage was registered or not. In 1 897 and 1 926 , people
were to be recorded as divorced only if the divorce was registered , while
in later censuses , people who considered themselves divorced were to be
recorded as divorced (or not married) whether or not the divorce was
registered (Gozulov and Grigor' yants , 1 969: 1 45 ) .
The initial variant o f the 1 970 census conducted i n 1 966 and the test
census conducted in 1 967 included a full marital status distribution and
questions on the duration of marriage for women and the month and year
of first marriage and the month and year of dissolution of first marriage
(where appropriate) (Gozulov and Grigor' yants , 1 969: 1 63 ) . None of
these detailed questions were included in the 1 970 census , although the
detailed breakdown of marital status appeared in the 1 979 census . In
their review of the 1 979 census methodology, Isupov and Borisov ( 1 97 8 :
5 2 ) d o not comment o n this change i n detail o n marital status for the
1 979 census .
Even though the answer to the question on marital status seems
straightforward , the question is subjective . Partners sometimes disagree
as to whether or not they are married . For example , comparison of the
estimated numbers of Soviet women and men who in 1 959 reported
themselves as married reveals that larger numbers of women than of men
are married at all ages . This discrepancy probably occurs partially
because widows sometimes report to census takers that they are married .
Also , Goldstein , Goldstein , and Piampiti ( 1 973) found evidence for
Thailand that men living apart from their wives sometimes report that
they are not married , while their wives more often report themselves as
married .
Gozulov and Grigor' yants ( 1 969: 1 47-48) discuss this phenomenon
for those reaching marriageable age in the 1 920s through World War II

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 45

in the Soviet Union . They state that more women than men reported
themselves married or divorced (rather than never married) among those
who reached marriageable age , even though owing to social turbulence
and the shortage of marriageable males , more women than men remained
legally unmarried . For the Soviet population as a whole in 1 95 9 , based
on the reported numbers of men and women aged 1 6 and over (as
published in the 1 970 Soviet census report) and the reported proportions
of men and women marriea (as published in the 1 959 census report) ,
there were 42, 892 , 500 married men and 43 ,642 ,700 married women .
Thus, for every 1 ,000 women reported as married , there were 1 7
missing husbands , that is , 1 7 fewer men who reported themselves as
married .
In the 1 926 census , a larger number of women than men were also
reported as currently married . This larger number of currently married
women than men for Soviet Central Asia in 1 926 has sometimes been
interpreted as evidence of polygamy. However, the ratio of the number
of married women to married men for Soviet Central Asia in 1 926 falls
within the range of this ratio for all the Soviet union republics in 1 926 .
Hence , there seems no solid evidence of substantial polygamy in 1 926
but only the typical greater tendency of women than men to report
themselves as married .

Children present and children ever born . Censuses usually do not record
information directly bearing on fertility. Only the 1 979 Soviet census
includes a direct question on fertility.
The closest that Soviet censuses before 1 979 came to recording
fertility information was to ask the age in months of children less than
one year of age on the census date or to tabulate the number of children
of the family head or of the wife of the family head who resided with
them . The data on children under one year of age are related to recent
fertility but are affected by infant mortality and by the well-known
tendency for children under one year of age to be missed by the census
or to be reported as one year of age (Ewbank , 1 98 1 ) .
The special questions in the 1 926 census for the urban population
reflect a concern at that time with urban living conditions and the nature
of the urban family. For Moscow, Leningrad , and other large cities in the
RSFSR, there are tabulations of the number of children by marital
duration and of the number of children by occupation of the family head .
However, these 1 926 data only include surviving children residing in the
same household and are not tabulated for all types of families . The data
on children by marital duration only refer to families in which the family
head is part of a marital pair and in which there are either no children
(Type A l ) or all the children in the household are the offspring of the

1 46

Barbara A . Anderson

family head ' s current marriage (Type A2) . The data on the number of
children by occupation of the family head only refer to families in which
the family head is a member of a marital pair (Types A l and A2) or the
family head is not a member of a marital pair but the family includes
children of the family head (Type B ) . For these urban populations,
additional data are also presented fo r families with the head a part of a
marital pair and which contain children all of whom are offspring of the
current marriage (Type A2) . These data provide the average age of the
oldest child and the average age of the youngest child , by social group of
the family head . With some qualifications , and in combination with data
on the number of children in the family, these data can be used to
investigate the timing of fertility.
The 1 970 Soviet census also included data on the number of children .
As in 1 926, these data did not refer to all children ever born ; they
referred only to surviving children residing with their families . Also , the
table that presented the number of children by age of mother (Volume 7 ,
Table 32) and the tables that presented the number of children per 1 ,000
women (Volume 7 , Tables 35-37) only referred to children who were
coresident with their mother in families that included only one marital
pair or a mother living with her children (types 1 , 2 , 4a, and 4b) . In
Volume 7 , Table 3 2 , the number of families in the USSR as a whole
with two children was 1 4 ,473 , 833 . In Volume 7 , Table 28 , which only
required that children live with their families , the number of families
with two children was 1 5 ,490 ,03 1 . This illustrates the more general
point that it is important to understand to what population subgroup any
given table refers .
These 1 970 data imperfectly reflect age-specific fertility because they
are affected by differential mortality, patterns of home-leaving , and
differential rates of occurrence of families with more than one marital
pair. In Central Asia, for example , extended families might have higher
fertility than nuclear l amilies have . If so , these data would underestimate
age-specific fertility in Central Asia because they would not include the
fertility of women living ir. extended families that included more than
one marital pair.
The inclusion of a question in the 1 979 census (in the 25 percent
sample) on the number of children ever born was a marked departure
from earlier practice . " Children ever born" included living children
residing with their mother, living children who resided elsewhere , and
children who had died . Tabulations of the number of children of a
woman living in the same family are much more common in all
countries , because they do not require a special question but only a
roster specifying the relationships between family members .
In 1 979 , the question on children ever born was to be asked of all

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 47

women aged 1 6 or older (in the 25 percent sample) , regardless of marital
statu s . Information for women younger than age 1 6 was only supposed
to be recorded for those young women who had borne children . It was
not clear how the enumerator was to determine whether a woman
younger than age 1 6 had borne children . According to Isupov and
Borisov ( 1 97 8 : 57) , this question was included because
obtaining material on the combination by age and other characteristics of
the level of fertility of different generations of women by ten-year age
groups allows the examination of the differences in fertility in relation to
education and nationality. All of this is necessary for the scientific study of
the factors related to fertility and the creation of a great furthering of the
conditions for the development of Soviet families.

In the 1 979 census , the published tabulations from this question report
the data for all women aged 1 5 or older rather than aged 1 6 or older.
Probably the denominator is all women aged 1 5 or older while the
numerator is reported children ever born of all women , even those few
children born to women aged 1 4 , 1 3 , or even younger. The lack of
agreement between the ages of women who were asked the number of
children ever born and the ages used in the publications to date suggests
that more fertility was found among women younger than age 1 6 than
the census planners had expected . However, no data on the number of
children ever born by age of mother have been published from the 1 979
census .
The Soviet definition of a live birth will also make some difference in
the number of children ever born . While women were supposed to report
all live births , they were not to include stillbirths . The official Soviet
definition of a live birth classifies some births as stillbirths that the
American definition would classify as live births (United States , Depart­
ment of Health , Education and Welfare , 1 962: 24) . If women responded
to the Soviet census enumerator in accordance with the Soviet definition
of a live birth , then the reported number of children ever born would be
somewhat fewer than if the American definition of a live birth had been
used .
The identical form was administered to those without public sector
jobs in 1 970 and 1 979 . It included items on reasons for not working and
on children under age 1 6 by child-care arrangements . These questions
were asked because of the government' s strong interest in finding ways
to mobilize labor reserves and especially ways to motivate women with
young children to take public sector jobs (Isupov and Borisov, 1 978).
Neither the detailed census results nor research based on these special
questions has been published , although the original tabulation plans for

1 48

Barbara A . Anderson

the 1 970 census included some results using these questions (USS R ,
1 969: 673 ) . Since plans were originally made t o publish some o f the data
from this special form , something must have happened in the late 1 960s
or early 1 970s which changed that decision .

Data Reliability
In Soviet censuse s , as in other censuses and surveys , some rules are
more likely to be violated than others . For example , it has commonly
been found that more women report themselves as separated or divorced
(rather than never married) than do men , even beyond what can be
explained by differential remarriage rates . One possible explanation for
this phenomenon is that once-married men can plausibly report them­
selves as single , while women with children have more difficulty doing
so . In addition , unwed mothers often report themselves as divorced ,
separated , or widowed (Shryock and Siegel , 1 97 5 : 286) . The extent of
this misreporting has declined in the United States , possibly owing to a
lessening disapproval of illegitimacy (Shryock and Siegel , 1 97 5 : 286) . At
the All-Union Conference of Statisticians held in advance of the 1 970
Soviet census , it was noted that differences in the full marital status dis­
tribution by sex from the test censuses looked even more implausible than
the differences by sex using only the married/not married classification
(USS R , 1 969 : 230) . Fuller publication of the detailed marital status data
from the 1 979 census would allow independent examination of this issue .
The question on temporary absence is certain to cause some difficulty
for respondents . People normally have trouble reporting whether events
happened more or less than a given length of time in the past . For
example , reports on births in the last year are often biased by inaccurate
perception of the reference period (Brass , 1 975) . Also the answer to the
question on temporary absence may be affected more by the strength of
the feelings of attachment of the rest of the family for the "temporarily
absent ' ' member than by the exact length of time the person has been
gone or whether the person intends to return .
In addition , in post-World War II censuses the data on family
members living apart from the rest of the family are likely to contain
some error. For the data to be correct, those living together with the rest
of the family and those living apart would need to be in perfect
agreement as to whether a person maintained a " regular material link"
with the rest of the family. Such agreement is unlikely.
It is well known that older women tend to underreport the number of
their children ever born , partially because of omission of dead children

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

1 49

and partially because of omission of children who have left home . It
would be surprising if this did not happen to some extent in Soviet
censuses . Publication of the number of children ever born by age of the
mother would provide information that could be used to determine the
extent to which such underreporting has occurred (Brass, 1 975) .

Calculation of Measures Indirectly or in
Combination with Noncensus Data
Measures of fertility and family structure can be direct or indirect . On
the most direct level , individuals are asked questions , and the distribu­
tion of answers is reported . Information obtained by combining answers
from more than one respondent is more indirect. For example , censuses
sometimes report the distribution of families by type , such as the number
of families with one marital pair, with more than one marital pair, and so
on . This kind of information is constructed from the set of responses on
age , sex , and relationship to the family head from all the respondents in
a given family.
Information can be obtained even more indirectly. Usually censuses
report information on the status of the population at a given time , such
as on the population by marital status by age or the number of women by
number of children ever born . Censuses rarely report data on the timing
of occurrences of events . For example , censuses rarely report recent
births by age of women or recent marriages by age of spouses . Event
occurrence data (also called current-accounts data) are usually obtained
from the vital-registration system rather than from the census operation .
Vital registration obtains information on the number of people to whom
some event , such as marriage or birth , has happened in a given time
period , but the information from the vital-registration system alone is not
sufficient to calculate a rate of occurrence . The vital-registration system
cannot provide information on the number of people " at risk" of the
event , that is , the number of people to whom the event could have
happened-the denominator for a rate . Information on the population at
risk is typically obtained from a census. The rate then is calculated from
various pieces of information , of which the census provides an important
part .
Even more indirect measures can be constructed using census data .
Fertility measures are sometimes estimated from census-based population
information that does not include items directly referring to fertility at
all . For example , the age distribution of the population in combination
with a mortality assumption can be used to estimate fertility.

1 50

Barbara A . Anderson

Calculation of marital status . Just as census data are needed to provide
denominators for fertility rates when birth data come from vital registra­
tion , vital-registration data are necessary to update census estimates of
the population by current status between census dates . Naturally, vital­
statistics data on births and deaths are used to revise total population
estimates . However, vital-registration data on marriages , divorces , and
deaths (widowhood) are also used to update estimates of the composition
of the population by marital status . For example , using both census and
vital-statistics data, the researcher can construct a nuptiality table in the
form of a multiple decrement life table for the USSR which is sensitive
to period effects on nuptiality (cf. Anderson , 1 982; Volkov, 1 979) .
Results of vital-statistics data collection on marriage and marital
dissolution are published by the Soviet Central Statistical Administration
in the monthly Vestnik statistiki. Marriages and divorces per 1 ,000
population by sex and age are frequently published for the Soviet
population as a whole . Often marriages and divorces per thousand
population by sex (not by age) are also published by union republic .
Data on divorce by duration of marriage for the total Soviet population
are available , but union republic-level data on marriage and divorce by
age are more scanty and are found erratically in Narodnoye khozyaystvo
volumes for union republics .
Models of marriage can be applied to Soviet data on marital status to
estimate first-marriage patterns (Coale , Anderson , and Harm , 1 979) .
Such fitted models can be useful for comparing the dynamics of
marriage across census dates , unaffected directly by changes in the age
distribution .
Calculation of fertility measures . Most conventional fertility measures ,
such as the crude birthrate or age-specific fertility rates, are calculated
through a combination of birth data (or birth data by age of mother) from
the vital-registration system and total population data (or data on the
female population by age) from the census . Sometimes , however, a lack
of fit between census data and vital-statistics data distorts measures . In
late-nineteenth-century European Russia, for example , different defini­
tions of urban were used for different purposes (Fedor, 1 975) . Thu s ,
differences between the urban definition used i n the census and that used
in vital statistics led to distorted fertility measures for some gubemiyas
(Coale , Anderson , and Harm , 1 97 9: 2 1 2- 1 3) .
While in the Soviet Union , as in most countries , the census is under
central control , the vital-statistics system is more decentralized . At the
All-Union Conference of Statisticians convened before the 1 979 Soviet
census , R. M . Dmitriyeva, director of the Sector on Statistics of

Marriage, Family, and Fertility

151

Population , Health , and Social Welfare of the Soviet Central Statistical
Administration , noted that the coverage of vital-statistics data in the
Soviet Union is generally less complete than census data and that
improvement of the quality of the current-accounts data should be a
concern of those involved in the census (Ter-Izrael 'yan , 1 979: 1 44-5 1 ) .
Demographers have long relied on census data by age and sex to
obtain fertility estimates . Estimation of recent fertility was clearly the
main motivation behind the question on the number of children under
one year of age which has been included in some Russian and Soviet
censuses . Some evidence suggests that estimates of fertility for 1 897
based on the number of children under one year of age are more accurate
than estimates based on vital registration (Coale , Anderson , and Hiirm ,
1 979: 207- 1 9) .
Demographers sometimes employ the child/woman ratio , which is
usually the number of children under 5 years of age per 1 ,000 women
aged 1 5-49 , as an indicator of fertility. Researchers using Soviet data
have more often used the ratio of children aged 0--9 to women aged
20-49 because of the age categories in which Soviet data are presented
(cf. Lewis , Rowland , and Clem , 1 976; Mazur, 1 967 ; Silver, 1 974) .
Child/woman ratios are , however, imperfect measures of fertility because
they are affected by differential mortality and by differences in the age
structure of women within the childbearing ages . We know, for example ,
that fertility is higher in Central Asia than in the Baltic area. We also
know that the age structure is older in the Baltic area than in Central
Asia. The higher infant and child mortality in Central Asia will lead the
child/woman ratio to underestimate Central Asian fertility in comparison
with the Baltic region . On the other hand , the younger age structure in
Central Asia will lead to an overestimate of Central Asian fertility in
comparison with that of the Baltic . There is no assurance that these
countering tendencies will cancel each other out.
Another means of obtaining a fertility estimate involves fitting a
population model to the available data by age . For example , a mortality
assumption can be used in combination with the proportion of the
population under a given age , such as under age 1 0 , in order to fit a
model stable population (Brass , 1 975; UN, 1 967b) . A fertility estimate
can then be obtained from the fitted model stable population (cf. Coale ,
Anderson , and Hiirm , 1 979) . If the mortality assumption is correct for
the given population , and if the population sufficiently fits the other
assumptions of stable population models , the mortality level and the age
structure will be taken into account by using this method .
The age structure by marital status can also be used to estimate both
marital fertility and aspects of the marriage pattern , if certain stable

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Barbara A . Anderson

population assumptions are met (Coale and Trussell , 1 974) . Some
regions of the Soviet Union , such as Central Asia , fit these assumptions
more closely than other regions , such as European Russia.
Yet another method involves obtaining a regression predictor of
fertility from known relationships in order to estimate fertility for groups
for which the desired data are not published . Mazur ( 1 976) used this
approach in estimating the total fertility rate by nationality from the
relation between the Soviet version of the child/woman ratio and the
crude birthrate by geographical area of the Soviet Union and between the
crude birthrate and the total fertility rate from non-Soviet data. Coale ,
Anderson , and Harm ( l 979) used a regression approach to estimate
marital fertility in the USSR by nationality in 1 970 based on the relation
between a measure of marital fertility and the distribution of families by
size across provinces .
Both Soviet and Western scholars have been interested in the demog­
raphy of the Soviet family. The Soviet government has collected exten­
sive data on this topic , although they have not always been published in
full . The importance of these data suggest that Soviet statistics on
marriage , fertility, and family structure will continue to be collected . It is
hoped that they will also continue to be published .

References
Allworth , Edward , ed . 1 980. Ethnic Russia in the USSR . New York: Praeger.
Anderson , Barbara A. 1 98 2 . " Changes in Marriage and Marital Dissolution in the
Soviet U nion . " In Nuptiality and Fertility, ed . Ladoslav Ruzicka , 1 33-50 . Liege :
ORDINA .
Anderson , Barbara A . , and Brian D.

Silver 1 985 .

" ' Permanent' and ' Present'

Populations in Soviet Statistics . " Soviet Studies 37: 3 8 6-402 .
B ianchi , Suzanne M . 1 98 2 . " Changing Concepts of Household and Family in the
Census and CPS . " Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section-1 982 ,

1 3-22 .

Washington , D . C . : American Statistical Association .
Boyarskiy, A. Ya . , and P. P. Shusherin . 1 95 1 . Demograficheskaya statistika . Moscow:
Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye lzdatel ' stvo .
Bras s , William I . 1 975 . Methods for Estimating Fertility and Mortalilty from Limited

and Defective Data . Chapel Hil l , N . C . : Carolina Population Center.
Burch, Thomas K.

1 967 . ' 'The Size and Structure of Families: A Comparative

Analysis of Census Data . " American Sociological Review 3 2 : 347-63 .
---

.

1 97 9 .

"Household and Family Demography: A B ibliographic Essay. "

Population Index 45 , no . 2: 1 7 3-95 .
B urc h , Thomas K . , and Murray Gendell . 1 970. " Extended Family Structure and
Fertility : Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues . " Journal of Marriage and

the Family 3 2 : 227-3 6 .

Marriage, Family, and Fertility
Coale , Ansley J . , and T. James Trussel l .

1 97 4 .

153

" Model Fertility Schedules . "

Population Index 40: 1 85-25 8 .
Coal e , Ansley J . , Barbara A . Anderson , and Erna Harm . 1 97 9 . Human Fertility in

Russia since the Nineteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press .
Ewbank , Douglas C . 1 98 1 . Age Misreporting and Age-Selective Underenumeration .
Committee on Population and Demography, National Academy of Sciences Wash­
ington , D . C . : National Academy Press .
Fedor, Thomas S . 1 975 . Patterns of Urban Growth in the Russian Empire during the

Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago , Department of Geography.
Fisher, Wesley.

1 980.

" Comment-The Extent of Intermarriage in the Russian

Group . " In Ethnic Russia in the USSR . See Allworth , ed . , 1 980: 309- 1 1 .
Goldstein , Sidney, Alice Goldstein , and Sauvaluck Piampiti. 1 973 . " The Effect of
Broken Marriage on Fertility Levels in Thailand . " Journal of Social Sciences
(Thailand) 1 0 : 47-8 7 .
Goody, Jack. 1 972. " The Evolution o f the Family." I n Household and Family i n Past

Time, 1 03-24 . See Laslett, ed . , 1 97 2 .
Gozulov, A . I . , and M . G . Grigor ' yants . 1 969 . Narodonaseleniye SSSR . Moscow :
Statistika .

Isupov, A. A . , and V. A. Borisov. 1 978 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis ' naseleniya 1 9 79

goda . Moscow : Znaniye .
Laslett , Peter, ed . 1 97 2 . Household and Family in Past Time . London: Cambridge
University Press .
Lewis , Robert A . , Richard H . Rowland, and Ralph S . Clem . 1 976. Nationality and

Population Change in Russia and the USSR . New York: Praeger.
Maksimov, G. M . , ed . 1 97 6 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1970 goda : Sbornik

statey . Moscow : Statistika .
Mazur, D. Peter. 1 967 . "Fertility among Ethnic Groups in the U S S R . " Demography
4: 1 72-95 .
---

. 1 97 6 . " Constructing Fertility Tables for Soviet Populations . " Demography

1 3 : 1 9-35 .
Ogarkov, N . V. 1 98 2 . Vsegda v gotovnosti k zashchite Otechestva . (All i n readiness
for the defense of the fatherland . ) Moscow : Voyenizdat.
Pustokhod, P. I . , and V. K. Voblyy. 1 940 . Perepisi naseleniya: lstoriya i organizatsiya .
Moscow : Gosplanizdat .
S hishkina , M .

1 969 . " Izucheniye sostava sem ' i v perepisi naseleniya 1 970 g . "

Vestnik statistiki , no . 1 0 : 4 1-44 .
Shryock, Henry S . , and Jacob S . Siegel .

1 975 . The Methods and Materials of

Demography. Vol . 1 . 3d ptg . rev. Washington, D . C . : U. S . , Bureau of the Census ,
U. S . Government Printing Office .
S ilver, B rian D. 1 974. " Levels of Sociocultural Development among Soviet Nation­
alities . " American Political Science Review 68 : 1 6 1 8-37 .
Ter-Izrael ' yan , T. G . , ed . 1 97 9 . Sovershenstvovaniye gosudarstvennoy statistiki na

sovremennom etape (Materialy Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya statistikov) . Moscow :
Statistika.
United Nations . 1 967a. Principles and Recommendations for the 1 9 70 Population

Censuses . Statistical Papers , Series M, no . 44. New York .

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Barbara A . Anderson

---

. l 967b . Manual JV. Methods of Estimating Basic Demographic Measures

from Incomplete Data . Population Studie s , Series A, no . 42 . New York .
United State s . Bureau of the Census . 1 964 . U.S. Census of Population: 1 960. Vol . l ,

Characteristics of the Population, Part l , United States Summary. Washington ,
D . C . : U . S . Government Printing Office .
---

. Department of Health , Education and Welfare . 1 962 . Report of the United

States Public Health Mission to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-August
13 to September 1 4 , 1 957. Washington, D . C . : U . S . Government Printing Office .
USSR. Tsentral ' noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye. 1 958a. Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye

statistikov 4-8 yunya 1 95 7 g . Moscow : Gosudarstvennoye Statisticheskoye
lzdatel ' stvo .
---

. 1 958b. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya 1 959 goda . Moscow : Gospolitizdat.

---

.

1 969 .

Vsesoyuznoye soveshchaniye statistikov 22-26 aprelya 1 968 g .

Moscow: Statistika.
--- . 1 974. Itogi vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1970 goda . Tom VII. Migratsiya

naseleniya, chislo i sostav semey v SSSR, soyuznykh i avtonomnykh respublikakh,
krayakh i oblastiyakh . Moscow : Statistika .
--- . 1 978. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya--vsenarodnoye delo. Moscow: Statistika.
Valentey, D. I . , ed . 1 97 6 . Demograficheskaya situatsiya v SSSR . Moscow : Statistika .

Vestnik statistiki. 1 98 3 . No. 2 .
Volkov, A .

1 97 6 .

" lzmeneniye velichiny i sostava semey v S S S R . " I n Demo

graficheskaya situatsiya v SSSR , 1 7-3 3 . See Valentey, ed . , 1 97 6 .
Volkov, A . G . 1 979. " Ob ozhidaemoy prodolzhitel 'nosti braka i e e demograficheskikh
faktorakh . " In Demograficheskoye razvitiye sem ' i , ed . A . G . Volkov, 59-84 .
Moscow : Statistika .

Chapter 8

Education and Literacy Data
in Russian and Soviet Censuses
RON ALD D . LIEBOWITZ

Social scientists the world over require a knowledge of the quality and
extensiveness of the education made available to , and attained by,
individuals in the societies they are investigating . Education plays a
pivotal role in shaping and integrating many of the changes that fall
beneath the umbrella of ' ' modernization , ' ' including increased literacy,
urbanization , migration , change in the occupational and work-force
structure , and changes in fertility. Quite justifiably, education has been
referred to as ' 'the key that unlocks the door to modernization' ' (Kazamias,
1 97 1 : x) .
With a large part of social science research rooted in explaining both
the reasons for and the consequences of social change , modernization
and hence education have become important research frontiers for the
social scientist. Moreover, the close relationship between educational
attainment and many societal changes brought on by modernization
makes the value of education data more attractive to the social scientist .
The quality and quantity of education available to a population has a
great influence on a society, affecting , for example , labor-force produc­
tivity, literacy and political awarenes s , the allocation and acceptance
of available jobs , the mobility of workers , and the spatial patterns
of many of its institutions . For these reasons the economist, political
scientist, sociologist , geographer, and others have found it helpful to
include an analysis of education data in their research and , wherever
appropriate , have utilized these data as viable surrogates in specific
topical areas beset with scarce or unobtainable data.
Scholars conducting research on the USSR are often confronted with
data limitations and thus must employ existing data to solve their
problems . Education data can be especially useful in this respect because
they are relevant to all disciplines in the social sciences . Writing about
1 55

1 56

Ronald D . Liebowitz

Soviet education , George Counts noted that ' ' the scope of Soviet
education is a matter of great importance . . . . In actuality, education
involves the entire process of inducting the young into the life of the
group or society. Soviet education embraces the entire cultural apparatus ,
all o f the agencies involved i n the molding and the informing o f the
minds and hearts of both young and old " (Counts , 1 969: x) .
This chapter addresses the content and coverage of education data in
the 1 897 Russian census and in the 1 926 , 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979
censuses of the Soviet Union . These volumes represent a virtually
untapped resource for scholars; their contents have gone largely unnoticed
and/or unappreciated , although they represent a wide variety of educa­
tion and literacy data. The maj or goals of this chapter are to alert
researchers to the availability of education data in the Russian and Soviet
censuses and to prepare them for some of the problems associated with
working with such data .

Educational Attainment Data
Educational attainment is one of the many valuable measures that
reflect a society ' s level of social development . However, unless it is
cross-tabulated with selected independent variables (e . g . , age , sex ,
occupation , nationality, time) , educational attainment represents a limit­
ed measure with which to work . Except for the 1 926 census, which
contains no education-related data, the Russian and Soviet censuses offer
a wealth of educational-attainment information (though the contents of
each vary greatly) .
Age data are provided in the 1 897 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 censuses , cross­
tabulated in all three cases with educational attainment on the secondary
administrative level (republic) for 1 959 and 1 970 and on the tertiary
level (uezd) for 1 897 . Specific levels of educational attainment , de­
scribed in greater detail below, are provided according to the following
categories: higher complete , higher incomplete , secondary special , sec­
ondary general , incomplete secondary, elementary, and , in the case of
the 1 897 census , higher military and secondary military education . The
age breakdown across censuses is not as uniform as are the specific
levels of educational attainment . In the 1 897 census , ten-year cohorts are
provided beginning with a 0-9 category and concluding with 60 years of
age and over. The 1 959 census begins with a 1 0- 1 9 category and then
provides five-year cohorts to age 70 , while the 1 970 census begins with
1 0- 1 5 and 1 6- 1 9 age groups and then switches to ten-year cohorts up to
age 60 . Some data are presented in absolute numbers and , as has become

Education and Literacy

1 57

more common , as a rate per 1 ,000 people l 0 years of age and older. The
age data are further cross-tabulated with gender and an urban/rural
breakdown in three of the censuses ( 1 897 , 1 959 , and 1 970) . Thus , in
any ten-year cohort the absolute number of people between 10 and 70
years old , male or female , residing in either rural or urban areas , in any
republic or gubemiya, who have completed one of six levels of school­
ing can be derived for 1 897 , 1 959 , and 1 970 . In the 1 897 censu s,
educational attainment b y age is also cross-tabulated with social clas s .
Unfortunately, aside from these , n o other age-specific data are available
in the census volume s . Age-specific data are the most important type of
Soviet census data because of the lack of age-specific Soviet statistical
data in general .
Segments of the population with specific characteristics other than age
further defined by their educational-attainment levels have been analyzed
in conjunction with independent variable s . One such variable , gender, is
cross-tabulated with all of the characteristics mentioned above in the
1 897 census ; with oblast-level educational attainment (per l ,000 people
over 1 0 years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses; with the levels of
educational attainment of those people employed in the national econo­
my (per 1 ,000 people employed) in the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses; 1
with educational attainment by social group (per 1 ,000 people over 1 0
years o f age) i n the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses; with the educational­
attainment levels of the most populous nationalities (per 1 ,000 people
over 10 years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 970 censuses by republic ; with
the educational level of those employed in specific branches of the
national economy (per l ,000 people over 10 years of age) in the 1 959
and 1 979 censuses ; and with the education levels of the population
employed in manual and intellectual pursuits (per l ,000 people over 1 0
years of age) in the 1 959 and 1 979 censuses . An urban/rural breakdown of
all of these cross-tabulated variables is also available in whichever years
gender-specific data are given . Data for educational attainment (per
1 ,000 people over 10 years of age) for specific occupations are provided
in the 1 959 census , but they are not age , gender, or urban/rural-specific .

Literacy Data

Literacy data are more complete than educational-attainment data , for
all five censuses offer some information on this subject . The earliest two
censuses offer the most complete literacy data. By 1 959 , virtually the
I. Unless otherwise indicated, when reference is made to the 1 979 census , it is to the
preliminary census results reported in USSR, 1 980.

158

Ronald D . Liebowitz

entire Soviet population had achieved literacy, 2 lessening the need for
extensive age , gender, area, and other specific literacy data .
The 1 897 census offers literacy according to age , clas s , sex , urban/
rural residence , and native language . Age data are provided for each
uezd by one-year cohorts up to age 1 1 0 , cross-tabulated with gender and
urban/rural residence . Literacy data cross-tabulated with class associa­
tion , gender, and urban/rural residence are less age-specific ; this infor­
mation is available for ten-year cohorts up to age 60 and is cross­
tabulated by gender and urban/rural residence . Therefore , for 1 897 , one
could determine the number of literate men/women of any age living in
either rural or urban areas for any uezd . One could not, however, find
the number of literate Tatar native speakers by single years of age or the
number of literate clergymen for the same age . Rather, one would have
to settle for the number of literate Tatars aged 30-39 (either male or
female , rural or urban) and the number of literate clergymen aged 30-39
(residing in urban or rural areas for any guberniya) .
The 1 926 census volumes offer the greatest amount of space devoted
to literacy data , though the utility of such an extensive collection is
probably less than that of the 1 897 censu s . Age , urban/rural residence ,
and gender-specific data are available , although other variables (e . g . ,
nationality and social class) are not age-specific , nor are they offered by
an urban/rural breakdown . Consequently, despite extensive data presented
for each region , literacy data cross-tabulated with characteristics other
than gender and urban/rural residence are not age-specific . It is possible ,
then , to obtain the number of literate men or women of any age residing
in either rural or urban areas of any region . One can not , however,
determine the same for any given nationality or social class ; literacy
crossed with these two variables is only available according to gender.
A feature not available in the 1 897 census but provided in the 1 926
volumes is an in-depth analysis of the literacy of the populations of cities
with more than 200 ,000 inhabitants . Literacy figures are presented for
inhabitants of these cities who are ages 0- 1 9 (by one-year intervals) and
ages 20- 1 00 (by five-year intervals); literacy figures are also available
for Moscow and Leningrad which take into account class , age , and
gender.
The 1 95 9 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses have far less published literacy
data than have earlier enumerations , giving literacy rates for those 9-49
years old by gender and urban/rural residence for each oblast. The extent
of the literacy data from the 1 959 census is one table . The 1 970 census
limits literacy coverage to one table as well , providing literacy rates for
those 9-49 by gender and urban/rural residence for each republic . This
2. The all-Union literacy rate in 1 959 was 98 . 5 percent. The lowest rate of literacy for any
union republic was 95 . 4 percent in the Turkmen SSR.

Education and Literacy

1 59

table also provides a comparative literacy column , showing 1 897 , 1 920 ,
1 926 , 1 939 , 1 95 9 , and 1 970 rates of literacy by gender and urban/rural
residence for each republic . The 1 979 census omits the gender break­
down in its reporting , although it does provide urban and rural rates for
1 897 , 1 926 , 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 . A major limitation , however,
is that these rates are given only for the entire Soviet Union; no data
below the all-Union level are available . The de-emphasis on literacy
reporting in the past three Soviet censuses is more a result of near
universal literacy in the Soviet Union than of a conscious data-restricting
policy.

Summary of Literacy and Educational Attainment Data
The 1 897 and 1 959 censuses offer data that is the most in-depth
overall on educational attainment and literacy; both censuses provide
extensive age-specific educational-attainment data, as well as non-age­
specific educational-attainment data. The 1 926 census does not include
any education-related data , while the 1 970 census contains limited data
on educational attainment which are age-specific (for each union repub­
lic) and non-age-specific (e . g . , for those employed in the national
economy and by nationality) . The 1 979 census , at this writing , does not
offer any age-specific educational-attainment data, and it is doubtful that
any age-specific data will be made available . Miscellaneous data on
education from the 1 979 census were published in the Soviet journal
Vestnik statistiki, though none were age-specific . Literacy data are plenti­
ful in the earliest two censuses under investigation . However, illiteracy
has virtually been eliminated in the Soviet Union , and the need for such
data had lessened by the time of the 1 959 census .

U sing Education and Literacy Census Data
Much has been written about the problems associated with using
published Soviet data. A large portion of the literature addressing these
problems has concentrated less on the identification of pitfalls facing the
researcher than on the doubts the researcher should have when using
Soviet sources . Though one should be made aware of such shortcom­
ings , to discredit all major sources of information dealing with the Soviet
Union does little for research in the Soviet field or for bettering the
understanding of Soviet society. A far more constructive manner in
which to approach Soviet data sources and their associated problems is
one that recognizes the potential for certain omissions , deletions , and
even the possible manipulation of data but does not take all the above for

1 60

Ronald D . Liebowitz

granted. Accordingly, this chapter addresses the problems confronting
the researcher using data available in the Russian and Soviet censuses for
an analysis of education . These problems involve the quality of report­
ing , changes in the definitions of key terms and curriculum, the quality
of education across regions , and the questionable practice of grouping
education data in certain situations which tends to mislead the user of
such data .

Quality of Reporting
The quality of data published in any census is inextricably tied to
many factors that cannot be qualitatively assessed . In the Russian and
Soviet context, one must assume a degree of error when evaluating
census data, for the amount of work done by hand , covering such an
extensive land area, undoubtedly led to some inaccuracies . Structurally,
in the earlier enumerations ( 1 897 and 1 926) the manner in which the
census questionnaires were worded would seem to have increased the
chances for errors in the reported data; whether the persons completing
the questionnaire fully understood the questions is problematic . 3 Aside
from the built-in problems that plague censuses conducted in non­
industrialized, lesser-educated societies , there is the universal problem of
conscious or nonconscious fallacious responses to certain question s . For
example , the age data so essential to any analysis of education and
literacy are , in many case s , suspect. Falsifying one ' s age goes beyond
vanity; economic advantages are often reason enough for people to claim
that they are older than they actually are .
A problem that the researcher can more readily account for and
minimize is that of " heaping , " typically found in age-specific data.
Responses tend to cluster around ages ending in "O" and " 5 " years , a
phenomenon that serves to nullify some of the advantages of having
disaggregated age-specific data. In some cases the problem of heaping is
so evident that the use of such data would be considered questionable . In
1 897 , in Samarskaya gubemiya, 5 2 , 502 people claimed to be 50 years
old , while only 1 2 , 3 8 1 people declared that they were 49 years old , and
8 , 634 replied that they were 5 1 years old (Russian Empire , 1 904: 8-9) .
In another example , 25 ,007 people were reported as being 70 years old ,
while 2 , 745 were listed as being 69 years old , and only 1 , 888 responded
on their census forms that they were 7 1 years old (Russian Empire ,
1 904: 8-9 ) . Fortunately for those using these data for education analy3. Although the questions concerning education and literacy have been consistent from one
census to another, some census questionnaires yielded more detailed information than others.
Unfortunately, much of the potential information that could have been derived from the five
published censuses has not been made available .

Education and Literacy

161

ses , clustering does not become a major problem until the 20-year
cohort . Educational attainment could be assessed without concern over
this problem up to age 20 , which serves five of the six levels of
education covered in the censu s . 4 Clustering around ages ending in "O"
and 5 ' ' is common throughout the censuses offering age-specific data
for all cohorts over age 20 and is neither gender nor urban/rural specific .
The most common way in which researchers have lessened the impact of
this problem has been by grouping the data into five-year cohorts and
using statistical smoothing techniques . 5
Errors in calculation and print represent another problem that researchers
using census data must anticipate and for which they must adjust
accordingly. These errors are more prevalent in the 1 897 and 1 926
publications than in the later volumes . The frequency of errors of
miscalculation and/or print should be on the decline following the new
computer tape loadings that started with the 1 979 census and will be
used in all future censuses (Feshbach , 1 98 1 : 7) . This method utilizes a
coding by mark system for most questions on the census form which
eliminates much of the handwritten coding used in the past . Very few
answers will be entered onto the computer tapes by words; in these
instances , local statistical administrators will code the data before they
are entered onto the tapes (Voronitsyn , 1 978: 2) .
' '

Changes in Curriculum
Education policy in Russia and the Soviet Union has undergone
numerous changes since the 1 897 census was conducted . Curriculum
reforms have resulted from the changing needs of Soviet society in
general and from specific branches of the national economy in particular.
These curriculum changes , summarized below, have made it difficult to
compare data from one year to another without exercising caution during
the analysis .
The early policies of the Bolshevik government and the initial policies
of Stalin had two major goals . First and foremost was the building of an
able intelligentsia from what was an overwhelmingly illiterate society;6
the second goal was to eliminate all remnants of tsarist and bourgeois
idealism . In short , education was to serve the goals of the Party (Zajda,
1 980: 1 4) . The move away from the classical education offered in tsarist
4 . Higher education could not be completed until age 2 1 . Therefore , this level of education is
susceptible to the problem of heaping .
5 . The Sprague multiplier and Beers smoothing technique are two of the more widely used
methods. For more detail , see A. J. Jaffe, Handbook of Statistical Methods for Demographers
(New York: Gordon, 1 977) .
6. According to the 1 970 Census, the 1 920 literacy rate was only 44 percent in Soviet
Russia, with areas in Central Asia having less than 4 percent of the population literate .

1 62

Ronald D . Liebowitz

Russia began in 1 9 1 8 when the " Declaration on the Single Labor
School" was made at the All-Russian Congress on Education . The
declaration stressed the political nature of education , and how this was to
be the most vital tenet of Soviet pedagogy (Konstantinov, 1 974: 1 4) .
Since 1 9 1 8 , the basic tenet of this declaration has remained intact,
despite numerous reforms in the curriculum.
The first major policy change came in 1 920 , as a nine-year curriculum
replaced the earlier eight-year program . The relatively liberal New
Economic Policy influenced the content of the curriculum change , which
resulted in the formation of a curriculum that attempted to bridge the gap
between society and school life (Zajda , 1 980: 20-22) . This policy came
to an abrupt end as Stalin ascended to power and instituted the curricu­
lum that was to serve as the basis of Soviet education for two decades.
Throughout the 1 930s , and lasting into the 1 950s , the fundamental
basis of the Soviet education system was the seven-year incomplete
primary/secondary school and the ten-year completed secondary school .
A seven-year factory school and a four-year trade school were also
established in order to prepare semiskilled and skilled laborers for all
branches of the industrializing economy. The basic educational structure ,
then , was established for the coming two decades and included the
following: 7 ( 1 ) primary school (four years); (2) incomplete secondary
school (seven years); (3) secondary school (ten years) ; and (4) trade
school (four-year vocational/technical school) .
S ince the 1 926 census offers no data on educational attainment,
researchers are not faced with comparative research problems arising from
differences between the education structure in 1 926 and 1 897 . The
quality of education did , however, change owing to a shift in the
emphasis of the curriculum . 8
By 1 95 9 , when the next census offered educational-attainment levels
with which comparisons to the 1 897 results could be made , compulsory
primary education had been introduced and a uniform curriculum estab­
lished . In the early 1 940s , the age at which compulsory education was to
begin was lowered from 8 to 7 years . In 1 949 , compulsory seven-year
education was introduced , and in 1 969 compulsory secondary education
(complete ten-year secondary) for those between the ages of 7 and 1 8
was required . These changes served to raise the educational-attainment
levels of the Soviet population , but the quality of education received was
hardly uniform . Many of those included in the data for having completed
7. Included in this structural reform, but eliminated in 1 934, was the school of the rural
youth .
8 . Qualitative changes were partially a result of the reintroduction of formal examinations
that had been abolished during the 1 920s , the use of standardized textbooks, and strict
classroom discipline .

Education and Literacy

1 63

primary and secondary education had done so in evening and correspon­
dence schools that serve the goals of the Soviet worker and government
well . Workers are able to attain education and skills at higher levels
while minimizing the loss of labor/manpower time . It has been suggested ,
however, that the quality of education received in evening and corre­
spondence schools is markedly lower than that attained by the students
studying in the standard day schools (Rosen , 1 97 1 : 1 29) . This should be
recognized when one evaluates the educational-attainment levels of the
Soviet population since the 1 950s; enrollments in these institutions have
been very high the past twenty years , and their graduates have accounted
for a large part of the newly educated segment of the Soviet population .
Another change in the 1 950s which serves to hinder comparative
studies from one census period to another (especially between 1 959 and
1 970) was the reinstituting of polytechnical training by way of a 1 958
decree . This was done in order to prepare Soviet youth better for work
and life; a major criticism of the education system up to that date was
that schooling had become too isolated from the real life of the student .
This reform was also made in response to a greater need for more trained
agricultural and industrial workers . Thus , students were encouraged to
continue their education in technical colleges and schools which special­
ized in preparing students for an extremely wide variety of careers .
These matriculants were completing the equivalent of a secondary
education , though their training was overwhelmingly specialized and
technical . Researchers must take this into account when qualitatively
evaluating the Soviet education system solely on the basis of the
numbers completing secondary education . 9
The Khrushchev era, known for its many reforms in general , left its
mark on the education system with some major curriculum reforms . In
1 95 8 , aside from attempting to improve academic standards , Khrushchev
changed the seven-year school to eight years and the ten-year school to
eleven years . He also attacked the Soviet school of the 1 950s , claiming
that the education offered during that time served to divorce students
from reality and left them insufficiently prepared for practical life
(Tomiak , 1 974: 44) . As a result , the number of electives was expanded ,
and a two-year work requirement was instituted for all students before
they entered higher education . Secondary specialized schools , which
offered more job-related training than the traditional secondary schools ,
were promoted by Khrushchev, mostly to meet the needs of an expanding
industrial sector of the Soviet economy.
9. For a discussion of the many ways in which Soviet students are able to attain a secondary
education, see , for example , Richard B . Dobson, " Socialism and Social Stratification , " in
Contemporary Soviet Society, ed. Jerry Pankhurst and Michael Paul Sacks (New York:
Praeger) , 88- 1 1 4 .

1 64

Ronald D . Liebowitz

The fact that the above reforms were only in practice for six years has
led to problems for those using the data in the 1 959 and 1 970 volumes
for comparative purposes . It is virtually impossible to make a qualitative
assessment of Soviet secondary education when this education has come
to encompass such a wide range of academic/vocational training . In
addition , the data corresponding to the 1 959-70 intercensal period is
difficult to interpret because the Khrushchev reforms did not cover all
eleven years . The researcher should be aware of the enrollments in the
different types of secondary education institutions before generalizing
about the qualitative and quantitative trends in Soviet secondary education .
The past twenty years have seen reforms that could color the face
value of education data available in the past two censuses . In 1 97 2 , a
universal decree was passed which required education for all up to age
1 7 . This served to increase the number of eligible students who contin­
ued secondary school beyond grade eight from 80 percent in 1 970 to
97 . 8 percent by 1 97 8 (Zajda, 1 980: 37 ) . Thus , the increase in the
number of people who had finished secondary education by the time the
1 979 census was taken was to a considerable extent a result of this new
government policy. This increase in the number of secondary education
graduates would probably not have occurred had the decree not been
made .
Two other changes should be noted for those using these data over
time for comparative purposes . First, in 1 969 , primary education was
reduced from four to three years . This seemingly minor change has had a
major impact on data showing primary education completion levels .
Instead o f completing the first phase o f education at age 1 1 , children
could now finish primary school by age 1 0 . Because the data in the
census volumes are given as the number of people per 1 ,000 population
aged 10 years and older who have completed various levels of education ,
1 0-year-olds who used to deflate the educational-attainment data are now
significant contributors to the overall level of primary educational attain­
ment . This reform has served to increase the pool of eligible primary
education attainees , for instead of the possible cohort pool being 1 1 -year-olds
and older (7-year-olds begin school) , it has increased to include the
1 0-year-olds . Consequently, the researcher should be aware that the rate
of primary school completion has increased drastically since 1 970
because of the inclusion of 1 0-year-olds .
The second reform , enacted after the 1 970 census , required that all
males aged 1 5 and older obtain preconscription military training . Since
military conscription is mandatory, the already compulsory nature of at
least an eight-year education has a de facto check and insurance policy.
If a male must serve in the military and obtain two years of preconscription

Education and Literacy

1 65

training offered predominantly in the school system , the student is almost
assured to be in school beyond the eighth grade .
Qualitative changes in the curriculum , as opposed to general structural
changes listed above , present a more difficult problem to account for and
compensate for when comparing data over time . Since 1 970 , the courses
offered in grades 4 (the first year of secondary school) , 6-7 , and 9- 1 0
have changed extensively. For example , there has been an increased
emphasis on communist indoctrination in grade 4 (Matthews , 1 982:
40-66 , 1 53-76) . More important to curriculum content , however, have
been the extensive changes in mathematics (grades 9- 1 0) and basic
sciences (grades 6-7 ) , with linear equations , logarithmic functions , and
physics (e . g . , molecular kinetic energy) now taught as part of the
standard curriculum . These changes would seem to imply that a second­
ary education completed today is more rigorous than that of the past and
hence qualitatively different. Problems could arise if one were to com­
pare attainment levels without evaluating the quality of education offered
in each of the periods being compared .
Differences in the quality of education among regions of the country is
yet another potential problem researchers might encounter when evaluat­
ing education data from the censuses , especially owing to the multiethnic
character of the USSR. It is one thing to point out that certain Central
Asian nationalities are completing secondary school at a rate equal to or
in some cases above that of residents in the RSFSR but quite another to
assume that Central Asian education is equal qualitatively to that offered
in the RSFSR. Researchers should resolve such questions before using
the seemingly objective level of educational-attainment data.

Evaluating the Data as Provided in the Census
The way in which education data are categorized and presented creates
problems for both comparative temporal and regional analyses . With
regard to educational-attainment data , the Soviet scholar V. Ovsienko
believes that reporting data as rates per 1 ,000 population aged 1 0 and
over understates the level of education (Ovsienko , 1 972: 40) . Because
1 0- 1 5-year-olds could not possibly complete secondary education or
higher education , Ovsienko maintains that this statistic fails to reflect
accurately how well-educated a given population is . Comparing levels of
educational attainment across regions whose population structures differ
markedly leads to problems as a result of the age 10 and over category
used in Soviet statistical sources . On the one hand , if an area has a
large portion of its population between the ages of 0 and 20 , education
attainment could be exaggerated given the large numbers (and large

1 66

Ronald D . Liebowitz

percentage of the total population) finishing school as required by the
dictates of the past twenty-five years . On the other hand , regions with
older populations (e . g . , Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine) , which had relatively
more men and women pass through the Soviet school system before
compulsory secondary education was introduced , and when instability
due to World War II limited school participation , would show fewer
attainees of secondary education simply because of age structure . It
could be argued , however, that if a given region has a large percentage
of its population in the 0-9 cohort , a cohort that cannot attain even the
lowest level of education , the region' s level of education is understated
by the current methods of categorizing and presenting the data . The
Slavic areas , with the bulk of their populations over age 1 5 , would seem
to benefit statistically from the existing guideline used for reporting
educational-attainment data as rates per 1 ,000 population aged 1 0 years
and above . Whichever case is more applicable to given regions of the
USSR , one problem is evident: standardization of the data is necessary
so that age structure is not the major factor for interregional differences
in the educational-attainment data used in any serious analysis . 1 0
Because 1 7 is the youngest age b y which one could complete second­
ary education , and because age data are broken into five-year cohorts
after a 1 6- 1 9 cohort ( 1 970 census) , Ovsienko suggested a reordering of
the age data in order to obtain the most accurate measure of educational
attainment . The researcher could simply use the 1 6- 1 9-year-old cohort
and , consulting pertinent volumes of the Narodnoye khozyaystvo series ,
discount the 1 6-year-old population from the larger cohort b y finding the
number of births in the given area in question sixteen years before the
date of the census being used . What the researcher would be left with ,
then , is a 1 7- 1 9-year-old cohort that , when combined with the remaining
population (20 years of age and older) , gives a far more accurate base
population from which to form an education rate (in this case , per 1 ,000
population) . The same correcting techniques could be used when calcu­
lating primary educational attainment (with 1 1 years and older as the
base population) and higher educational attainment (with 2 1 years and
older as the base rate) . When Ovsienko made adjustments similar to
these , the results of the educational-attainment data from the 1 970
census changed as follows: instead of 1 87 per 1 ,000 completing secondI 0. For both sides of the issue concerning the differences in the quality of education offered
to the Slavic versus non-Slavic regions of the USSR, see Ellen Jones and Fred Grupp ,
" Dimensions of Ethnic Assimilation in the Soviet Union" (Paper presented at the 1 979 Annual
Meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, New Haven,
Conn . ) ; Ellen Jones, " Minorities in the Soviet Armed Forces , " Comparative Strategy 3 , no . 4
( 1 982): 294-95; Nicolas Poppe, Introduction to Altaic Linguistics (Wiesbaden: Otto Horowitz,
1 965) , 52; and Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, " Dialectics of Nationalism in the USSR , "
Problems of Communism 2 3 ( 1 974): 1 1 .

Education and Literacy

1 67

ary education (grade 1 0 , both general and specialized secondary educa­
tion) , 220 per 1 ,000 finished that level; instead of 42 per 1 ,000 people
reported as having completed higher education , the exclusion of the
1 0-20-year-old cohort from the base population resulted in a revised
ratio of 55 per 1 ,000 (Ovsienko , 1 972: 42) .
Another problem associated with the way in which educational­
attainment figures are published in the census volumes is the exclusionary
characteristic of the level-by-level reporting . For example , those who are
listed as having completed higher education are not included in the
figures for having attained lower levels of education . Researchers must
keep this in mind when analyzing interregional data and data over time .
Other features of statistical reporting methods include the problem of
the continuing/discontinuing student . Those students who have complet­
ed at least half of the required period of instruction for a higher
education are classified as having an ' ' incomplete higher education . ' '
Those who have completed less than half of the required course of
instruction are listed as secondary education attainees (USSR , 1 978: 52) .
The problem with this method of classification is that it is impossible to
discern from the data how many students in these two categories are
continuing in education . The same problem holds true for the attainees
of an incomplete secondary education . It has been suggested that an
additional explanatory column be added to the census data in order to
provide the number of those in between levels of instruction as well as
the number of continuing students at each level . 1 1 Thus far, this sugges­
tion has not been acted upon .
Problems facing researchers investigating literacy are twofold . First,
when comparing rates from one time period to another, the researcher
should recognize that the criterion for establishing literacy has continual­
ly changed . In 1 897 , for example , people who stated that they could
read were considered literate; in 1 926, people were considered literate if
they were able to write their last name; by 1 959 , the questionnaire asked
whether respondents could read and write , only read , or do neither; and
by 1 970 and 1 979 , with less emphasis placed on gathering literacy data ,
the questionnaire merely asked respondents to note if they were unable
to read .
The second problem with literacy data concerns the age category used
as a population base from which to measure the literacy rates . A. I .
Gozulov, the Soviet statistician , i s one o f the many who have criticized
the use of the 9-49-year-old cohort as the population base from which to
measure literacy (Gozulov, 1 965 : 75) . The Soviet rationale for limiting
the base population to the 9-49-year-old cohort employed in recent
1 1 . For a description of what constitutes each level of education as interpreted in the 1 979
Soviet census , see USSR 1 97 8 .
.._

1 68

Ronald D . Liebowitz

censuses revolves around the belief that literacy rates after age 49 do not
change significantly, and that by beginning the cohort at age 9, preschoolers
and first graders who could not be expected to be literate are rightfully
excluded (Ovsienko , 1 972: 42) . Gozulov maintains that this cohort does
not represent the potentially literate (gramotno-sposobnoye) population
and that the rate should be measured from a population base consisting
of those 8 years of age and older. The population aged 50 and over in
many parts of the USSR could influence literacy rates , especially in areas
where educational-attainment levels have only recently reached all-Union
levels . The lower limit of the age cohort used in measuring literacy rates
need not be altered nor given close attention by the users of the census
volumes for data on literacy. Since all 8-year-olds in the Soviet Union
are learning to read and write regardless of which republic they reside in ,
problems arising as a result of differing age structures across regions are
unlikely.
In addition to the data available in the census volume s , statistical
journals (Vestnik statistiki) and specialized periodicals (e . g . , Sovetskoye

obrazovaniye, Uchitel' skaya gazeta, Sovetskaya pedagogika, Vestnik vysshei
shkoly) provide occasional data on educational attainment , school enroll­
ments , and the number of educational institutions in the USSR for
various years . All of these statistics are often available in the all-Union
and republic-level volumes of the Narodnoye khozyaystvo series , and UN
publications offer much of this information (in French and English) ,
though in less regular intervals .

Agenda for Research Utilizing Education Data
The use of education data provided in the census volumes should
increase in the coming years . Many of the problems and challenges
facing Soviet society, as interpreted by those in the West , are closely tied
to educational attainment and phenomena related to educational attain­
ment. For example , data on educational attainment could be utilized by
the economist who is interested in deriving age-specific data for labor­
force estimates (Feshbach , 1 982: 27-37 ) . Specifically, the need for
skilled and educated labor will inevitably influence enrollments in higher
education , and enrollments in higher education will in tum influence the
number of available workers . Educational-attainment data could also
serve those interested in assessing the quality of the labor force based on
the specific type of schooling the graduates have completed .
Analyzing the spatial distribution of educational attainment across the
USSR will aid the researcher interested in investigating and projecting
migration trends as they relate to the demand for laborers created by

Education and Literacy

1 69

economic development programs. Given the spatial breakdown of the
number of graduates completing the various types of secondary and
higher education , along with plans for economic development through­
out the Soviet Union , a researcher could project where gross labor
deficits for specific types of employment will be most acute and, with
some reservations , predict migration trends . For example , crude migra­
tion estimates could be made using education data that show an abundance
of trained metallurgical workers for a given year coupled with govern­
ment plans for the spatial expansion of the iron and steel industry.
Labor participation studies can be aided by the education data provid­
ed in the censuses . The acceptance or rejection of a job by a worker
could depend upon the level and type of education the worker has
completed . With problematic labor shortages surfacing in many branches
within the Soviet economy, the education goals (universal secondary
education and increased higher educational-attainment levels) and eco­
nomic goals of the Soviet government appear to be in conflict . With
labor becoming less of an available resource, one must assume that the
government will urge students , who were previously encouraged to
complete higher education , either to work a few years and then return to
school or to attend evening or correspondence schools while working in
the national economy.
Research on ethnicity and nationalism can be aided by using education
data for the union and autonomous republics . Unfortunately, ethnic data
for educational attainment have not been available since 1 970. Political
participation research is another area in which education data should be
utilized . The question of whether an increase in the education levels of
the Soviet population has led to , or in the future will lead to , increased
demands for participation in the state' s political process could be further
investigated . 1 2 The success or failure of the Soviet education system as
an effective socializer of the educated masses could be determined by
answering the above question .
Because education pervades so many institutions of a given society,
education data are applicable to most social science research . The census
volumes provide an excellent source for education data in spite of the
decreasing amount of age-specific data available to the researcher.
Virtually the entire Soviet population is literate today, reducing the
1 2 . The effect of a population' s rising level of educational attainment on the political
demands made by that population has become a significant research topic for political scientists
and sociologists specializing in ethnicity and nationalism. See , for example, Anthony D. Smith,
"Towards a Theory of Ethnic Separatism , " Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (January 1 979): 2 1-37;
Anthony D. Smith , The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1 98 1 ); and
Alexander Gella, ed. , The Intelligentsia and the Intellectuals: Theory, Method, and Case Study
(London: Sage , 1 976) .

1 70

Ronald D . Liebowitz

significance and need for literacy data . Nevertheles s , the earlier volumes
of the censuses are rich with literacy data that make comparative
analyses possible and worthwhile .

References
Counts , George S . 1 969 . Contemporary Soviet Education . New York: International
Arts & Sciences Press.

Feshbac h , Murray. 1 98 1 . " Development of the Soviet Census . " In Soviet Population

Policy: Conflicts and Constraints, ed . Helen Desfosse s , 3- 1 5 . New York: Pergamon
Press.
---

. 1 98 2 . " B etween the Lines of the 1 979 Censu s . " Problems of Communism

3 1 : 27-3 7 .
Gozulov, A . 1 965 . Ekonomicheskaya statistika . Moscow : Finansy Izdatel ' stvo .
Kazamias , A . 1 97 1 . ' ' Foreword . ' ' In Education and Modernization in the USSR , ed .
Seymour M . Rosen , vii- x . Reading , Mass . : Addison-Wesley.
Konstantinov, N. 1 974 . /storiya pedagogiki. Moscow : Mys! ' .

Matthew s , Merwyn. 1 98 2 . Education in the Soviet Union . London: Allen & Unwin .

Ovsienko , V.

1 97 2 .

"O statisticheskikh pokazatel' nyakh urovnya obrazovaniya i

gramotnosti naseleniya . ' ' Vestnik statistiki , no . 2: 39---4 3 .
Rosen , Seymour M . , ed . 1 97 1 . Education and Modernization in the USSR . Reading ,
Mass . : Addison-Wesley.
Russian Empire . Tsentral ' nyy Statisticheskiy Komitet . 1 904 . Pervaya vseobshchaya

perepis ' naseleniya Rossiyskoy Imperii . Vol . 3 6 . St. Petersburg .
1 974 . " Fifty-five Years of Soviet Education . ' ' In The History of
Education in Europe, ed . T. Cook , 37-5 1 . London: Methuen .

Tomiak , 1 .

USSR. Tsentral'noye Statisticheskoye Upravleniye . 1 929. Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya

1 926 goda . 66 vol s . Moscow.
. 1 963 . Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 959 goda . 1 6 vol s . Moscow :

---

Gosstatizdat .
---

. 1 97 2 . Itogi Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 970 goda . Vol 3 . Moscow :

Statistika.
--- . 1 97 8 . Vsesoyuznaya perepis' naseleniya--Vsenarodnoye delo. Moscow: Statistika.
---

. 1 980. Naseleniye SSSR po dannym Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1 9 79

goda . Moscow : Izdatel ' stvo Politicheskoy Literaturi .
Voronitsyn , S .

1 97 8 .

"On the Eve of the All-Union Census . " Radio Liberty

Research 230178 : 1 -5 .
Zajda, Joseph I . 1 980 . Education in the USSR . New York: Pergamon Press.

Part Two

INDEX AND GUIDE TO
THE RUSSIAN AND
SOVIET CENSUSES ,
1 897 TO 1 979
PETER R . CRAUMER

CONTENTS

Introduction
Format and Use of the Index
Materials Included in the Index
1 897 Census
1 926 Census
1 959 Census
1 970 Census
1 979 Census
List of Census Tables
Format of Table Entries
Table Titles
Table Descriptors
Sample Table Entry
The First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire,
1897
Vols. 1-89 . [Gubemiyas and Oblasts of the Russian Empire]
General Summaries for the Empire of the Results of Tabulation of
Data of the First General Census of Population . Two volumes
Distribution of the Population by Type of Chief Occupation and
Age Group , for Individual Regions . Table 20. Four volumes
Number and Social Composition of Workers in Russia according
to the First General Census of Population of the Russian
Empire , 1 897 . Two volumes
First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire ,
1 897 . Short Summaries
Number 1 . Population of the Empire , according to the Census
of January 28 , 1 897 , by Uezd
Number 2. Population of Cities , according to the Census of
January 28 , 1 897

1 73

1 77
1 77
178
178
181
1 83
1 84
1 84
1 87
1 87
1 88
1 88
1 90
191
191
1 95
198

1 99
200
200
200

1 74

Contents

Number 3 . Population of the Cities of St. Petersburg , Moscow,
Warsaw, and Odessa according to the Census of January 28th ,
1 897
Number 4 . Final Tabulation of the Enumerated [De Facto]
Population of the Empire , by Uezd
Number 5 . Final Tabulation of the Enumerated [De Facto]
Population of Cities
Number 6 . Enumerated [De Facto] Population of Both Sexes
by Uezd and City, with Listing of the Predominant Religions
and the Main Social Groups
Number 7 . Enumerated [De Facto] Population of Both Sexes
by Uezd , with Listing of the Number of Persons of the
Predominant Native Languages
Number 8 . Percentage Distribution of the Enumerated [De
Facto] Population of the Empire of Both Sexes , by the Most
Important Occupational Groups Which Provide the Main
Means of Livelihood
Populated Places of the Russian Empire Having 500 or More
Inhabitants .
Cities and Population in Uezds Which Have 2000 or More
Inhabitants .
All-Union Population Census of 1926
Section l . Nationality, Native Language , Age , Literacy
Rayon Volumes
Vol . 9. RSFSR
Vol . 1 1 . Ukrainskaya SSR
Vol . 1 7 . USSR
Section 2. Occupations
Rayon Volumes
Vol . 26. RSFSR
Vol . 28 . Ukrainskaya SSR
Vol . 34. USSR
Section 3 . Marital Status, Place of Birth , Length of Residence ,
Physically Handicapped and Mentally Ill Persons
Rayon Volumes
Vol . 43 . RSFSR
Vol . 45 . Ukrainskaya SSR
Vol . 5 1 . USSR
Section 4. Vol . 5 2 . Unemployed in the USSR
Section 5. Vol . 5 3 . Properties , Structures , Living and NonLiving Premises in Cities and Urban Settlements of the USSR
Section 6 . Vol . 54 . Living Conditions of the Urban Population of
the USSR

200
20 1
20 l

202

202

202
202
202
203
203
203
205
207
209
21 1
21 1
213
215
216
217
217
22 1
223
224
227
228
229

Contents
Section 7 . Structure of the Urban Family
Vol . 55 . USSR. 1 . Structure of the Urban Family. Results of
the General Tabulation. 2. Social Composition of the Urban
Population .
Vol . 56. Structure of the Urban Family. Results of a Special
Tabulation . Part 1 . Moscow. Part 2. Leningrad . Part 3 . Cities
of the RSFSR.
Short Summaries
Number 1 . Housing Construction in Urban Settlements of the
RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR, and Belorusskaya SSR
Number 2 . Unemployment in the City of Moscow
Number 3 . Population of the USSR
Number 4 . Nationality and Native Language of the Population
of the USSR
Number 5. Age and Literacy. European Part of the RSFSR.
Belorusskaya SSR
Number 6 . Housing Stock of the USSR
Number 7. Age and Literacy of the Population of the USSR
Number 8. Social Composition and Occupations of the Population of the City of Moscow
Number 9. Social Composition and Occupations of the Popu­
lation of the City of Leningrad
Number 1 0 . Population of the USSR by Position in Occupa­
tion and Sector of the Economy
Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1959
Results of the All-Union Population Census of 1970
Vol . 1 . Population of the USSR, Union and Autonomous Repub­
lics , Krays , and Oblasts
Vol . 2 . Sex , Age , and Marital Status of the Population of the
USSR, Union and Autonomous Republics , Krays , and Oblasts
Vol . 3 . Level of Education of the Population of the USSR , Union
and Autonomous Republics , Krays , and Oblasts
Vol . 4. Ethnic Composition of the Population of the USSR,
Union and Autonomous Republics , Krays , Oblasts , and Na­
tional Okrugs
Vol . 5 . Distribution of the Population of the USSR, Union and
Autonomous Republics, Krays , and Oblasts by Social Group,
Means of Livelihood , and Sectors of the Economy
Vol . 6. Distribution of the Population of the USSR and Union
Republics by Occupation
Vol . 7 . Migration of the Population . Number and Composition
of Families in the USSR, Union and Autonomous Republics ,
Krays , and Oblasts

1 75
233

233

234
236
236
237
237
238
239
240
24 1
24 1
24 1
243
25 1
25 1
252
252

253

255
256

257

1 76

Contents

All-Union Population Census of 1979
Key-Word Cross Index
Purpose and Design
Problems in Using Keywords
Geographic Codes
Locating Additional Cross-Tabulations
Index Subcategories
Meanings and Limitations of Individual Keywords
Sample Keyword Index
Keyword Index to the Russian and Soviet Censuses, 1 897 to 1 979
Geographic Units of the Russian and Soviet Censuses
1 897 Census
1 926 Census
1 959 Census
1 970 Census
1 979 Census

260
269
269
269
270
272
272
273
276
277
304
304
307
312
316
320

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this guide is to provide a detailed list and description
of the contents of all major Russian and Soviet population censuses since
1 897 , with an index to enable the researcher to locate these census
materials by subject . To organize and inventory sets of data as extensive ,
heterogeneou s , and complex as these censuses , it was necessary to make
numerous procedural decisions concerning the structure of the index , the
level of detail to be included , and the methods to be employed . Since the
usefulness of the index depends to a large extent upon these determina­
tions , we would like to make explicit at the outset the format and scope
of this work .

Format and Use of the Index
This work consists of three interrelated sections , all of which should
be employed by the user to obtain maximum benefit from the index .
Section I is a comprehensive , serialized list of all main census tables
for each of the major Russian and Soviet enumerations . The individual
table entries consist of a serial number, the table number as it appears in
the printed census volume , the translated table title , and a table " de­
scriptor. " As is explained in more detail below, this format enables the
user to determine the type of information and geographic coverage of
data in each individual table .
Section II is a keyword index based on the table titles and descriptors
in Section I . By selecting one of seventy keywords , the user can
determine the census years , cross-tabulations , and geographic coverage
available for each subject . The keyword entries refer directly to the table
list in Section I .
Section I/I i s a listing of the main geographic units fo r which data are
given in each of the major Russian and Soviet censuses . This list is
1 77

178

Index and Guide

useful not only for the purposes of this index but also as an aid to
understanding the complex and changing political-administrative struc­
ture of the USSR .

Materials Included in the Index

This index covers all of the major population censuses of Russia and
the USSR: 1 897 , 1 926 , 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 . Data for the 1 939 census
were not published separately; they are indexed in this guide under the
tables in which they appear in the 1 959 , 1 970 , and 1 979 censuses .
Minor censuses or incomplete enumerations conducted during this period
are not included here . Of the published census materials , only the main
data tables are incorporated into the index . Other potentially useful
information , such as descriptions and analyses of the data, maps , and
lists of occupational categories or place names , are not included in this
index . Minor unnumbered introductory tables that summarize the main
tables in the same volume are also not included . The user may want to
consult the census volumes directly to ascertain the nature and usefulness
of these materials for specific research purposes . In addition , several
accessory volumes to the 1 897 census are not included; these volumes
are listed in the following section on the 1 897 census . Aside from these
few exceptions , the list of tables here represents a complete inventory of
tables for all major population censuses since 1 897; thus, it comprises
virtually all such data extant .
1 897 Census

Volumes included. The decision as to which volumes to include as part
of the 1 897 census is rather arbitrary. Aside from the eighty-nine main
regional volumes , there are two major summary volumes , four volumes
of data on occupations by age group (which present greater detail for
Table 20 of the regional volumes) , two volumes on workers , a series of
eight short summary volumes , a list of the populations of all places of
500 or more population , and a list of cities and population in uezds with
2 ,000 or more population . All of these volumes are in this table list and
index . But several brief accessory volumes , typically about forty to fifty
pages in length , were not included . Some of those known to have
additional census data that are not available in the main volumes are
Distribution of the Population by the Major Social Groups, Religions, Native
Language, and Some Occupations ( 1 905) and Distribution of Workers and
Servants by Groups of Occupations and by Place of Birth ( 1 905) . Other
short summary volumes, which are apparently tabulations of census data

Introduction

1 79

which are published in the main volumes , include Distribution of the
Population of the Empire by the Main Religions ( 1 90 1 ) , Distribution of
Populated Places of the Russian Empire by Population Size ( 1 902) , and
Number and Social Composition of Blind Persons in Russia ( 1 905) .

Format of regional and summary volumes . The format of the tables in
the eighty-nine regional (gubemiya) volumes is sufficiently similar that
only one entry is used in the index to represent the same table number in
all eighty-nine volumes . The tables in the two main summary volumes
have nearly the same format as those in the eighty-nine regional
volumes , but there are significant differences between the introductory,
unnumbered tables in the gubemiya volumes and those in the summary
volumes , including , of course , major differences in the level of geo­
graphic units . Therefore , a separate set of entries is given (Nos . 30-57)
for the tables in these two summary volumes . In most cases , the entries
in the summary volumes first indicate the level of units given (e . g . , "by
gubemiya " ) and then provide a reference to the regional volume table of
the same format .
Although these two summary volumes have the same basic table list as
most of the regional volumes , eighteen of the regional volumes have a
slightly different format from both the other regional volumes and the
main summary volumes . After these eighteen had been published , the
format of the census was changed slightly to eliminate unnecessary
tables and to speed up the tabulation and publishing of the census.
Therefore , six volumes were published in three tetrady (parts) , while
twelve others were published in two tetrady . The remaining seventy-one
regions each have a single volume . All tables presented here have the
format of those seventy-one volumes . The major difference between the
earlier multiple- tetrad' volumes and the final census format is that the
multiple- tetrad' volumes contain duplicates of some tables and more of
the tables give data for both the permanent (de jure) and the enumerated
(de facto) population . In addition , the multiple- tetrad' volumes have a
map of the gubemiya at the end of the first tetrad' , giving literacy and
population density by uezd . The volumes that are published in three
parts also have (in the second part) three extra tables on children younger
than one year old ( " Children Younger than One Year Old by Social
Group of the Parents and by Monthly Age Groups , " "Children Younger
than One Year Old by Native Language of the Parents and by Monthly
Age Groups , " and " Children Younger than One Year Old by Religion
and by Monthly Age Groups " ) . The unit list for the 1 897 census
included with this index shows the gubemiyas that have two or three
tetrady.
An appendix to the first main summary volume has forty-four tables

1 80

Index and Guide

(each with an accompanying map) that were not indexed here . Each
table consists of a particular demographic characteristic , given in per­
cent , for each gubemiya. These relationships are presented by gubemiya
on a schematic map of the Russian Empire . Examples of these tables and
maps include the number of women per 1 00 men , the city population as
a percent of total population , and the percent literate of the male
population . All of these data either are found in other census tables or
can easily be calculated from them; nevertheless , they provide a very
interesting spatial representation of the major demographic characteris­
tics of the population of the empire .

Other parts of the empire . In most cases , regional data of the 1 897 census
cover only the eighty-nine gubemiyas and do not include outlying parts
of the empire such as Finland or some parts of Central Asia. Major
exceptions to this pattern are noted in the individual entries , such as
tables in which data are also given for the principalities of Finland . The
two main summary volumes , however, often contain data for the follow­
ing populations in addition to the eighty-nine gubemiyas : the Russian
population in Finland , military personnel abroad serving on warships ,
the Russian population in Bukhara, and the Russian population in Khiva.
In most cases these data are aggregated into one group and thus are of
little interest. Cases where each of the four is given separately are noted
in the table descriptor.
Urban and rural data . The way in which these data are given in the 1 897
census differs substantially from the way in which they are presented in
the other censuses . Urban data usually consist of the population of the
largest town or city in each uezd only; in some uezds with many
settlements more than one town is listed . All remaining population in
each uezd is classified as rural by the census . Usually the rural popula­
tion is referred to as simply the population " in the uezd . " Most of the
tables in the eighty-nine gubemiya volumes give data by uezd for the
population of the main town or towns and then for the remaining
population . The entries give the specific urban and rural categories­
rather than the category " urban-rural "-to minimize confusion . In the
Keyword Index , however, these entries are indexed as urban-rural . Since
the urban population is represented by individual settlements , the data
for which are also given , these entries are coded in the index with a " c "
fo r city (see the Keyword Index) .

Introduction

181

1 926 Census

Limitations of the entries. This census is by far the most detailed and
complex of all of the Russian or Soviet censuses . More than a third of
the entries and more than half of the pages of descriptions in this index
are devoted to 1 926 . In spite of this detail , however, the descriptors can
give only an overview of the contents of some of these complex tables .
Whereas in the recent censuses , and generally also in 1 897 , tables
represent simple cross-tabulations of several categories , in 1 926 a large
number of tables contain ten or more different categories , not all of
which are completely cross-tabulated . With minor exceptions , these
discrepancies in the cross-tabulations are noted in the descriptors . In a
few cases , it was necessary to simplify the descriptions ; therefore , a few
cross-tabulations that are implied in the descriptors may not be found in
the actual tables .
Census sections 1-3 . The heart of the 1 926 census consists of the
fifty-one volumes that make up the first three sections (otdely) . Each
section contains a series of tables on a particular subject or subjects ; each
series of tables is published separately in seventeen different regional and
summary volumes . (See the unit list in this guide for the particular
regions [rayons] that each volume contains . ) One of the main reasons for
the difficulty in describing fully the contents of each of the tables is the
relative lack of uniformity among the regional tables . While the descrip­
tion given here may apply to most of the rayon tables , there are often
significant discrepancies among them . Major systematic discrepancies
are noted in the descriptors , but some rayon tables may not have the
detail that is given in the entry. Usually, rayon data are most detailed in
the rayons of the European USSR and least detailed in some ethnic units
of the Urals , Siberia, or Central Asia. Age data are a notable example of
thi s . Nationality data , however, are least detailed in the European
RSFSR and sometimes are omitted entirely because of the uniformity of
the population (Russians) . Many rayon volumes contain special tables ,
(usually as supplements [dopo lneniya ] to the main tables) which often
contain data for a major city or cities in the rayon; these extra tables are
included in the index . Nearly all of the extra tables on cities include
Moscow and Leningrad , but Moscow and Leningrad are not listed by
name unless they are the only cities given . In the Russian Republic
volumes , including the summary volume , lists of data by guberniya
often include four cities: Moscow, Leningrad , Grozniy, and Vladikavkaz
(now Ordzhonikidze) . In these cases only Moscow and Leningrad are
listed in the table entries here .
Supposedly, the summary volumes for the first three sections of the
census , covering the RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR, and the entire USSR ,

1 82

Index and Guide

merely summarize data that are presented in the rayon volumes . The
number of tables , their titles, their table numbers , and their formats ,
however, often are significantly different from each other and from those
in the rayon volumes . Therefore , to avoid confusion and to simplify the
amount of description that would have been required in each entry to
explain the differences among these summary volumes , each of the three
summary volumes for each of the first three otdely of the census was
indexed , in addition to the rayon volume s . In many of the tables in these
summary volumes , the table format is the same as that of the rayon
volume , and in these cases there is a reference to the appropriate rayon
table . In other cases , the tables for Ukrainskaya SSR or the USSR have
the same format as the ones in the RSFSR summary volume; a reference
to the appropriate Russian Republic table is indicated for these entries .

Census sections 4-7. The remaining main sections of the 1 926 census ,
otdely 4-7 , are not divided into regional volumes but consist of only one
volume for each particular subject; one entry is therefore sufficient to
describe each table . In section 7 , Volume 56 is divided into three vypuska
(parts) , but these are combined here into one set of entries because they
have the same table titles and formats . One part presents data for
Moscow, one is for Leningrad, and one is for cities of the RSFSR . This
third part consists of the results of a sample of 453 cities and urban-type
settlements of different sizes and type s , weighted to represent all of the
cities of the republic . The sample does not include Moscow and
Leningrad . The data are aggregates of all the sample cities , not results
for any individual cities .

Short summaries. In addition to these fifty-six main volumes , the ten
short summary (Kratkiye svodki) volumes are also a vital part of the
census . These volumes are not all merely summaries or retabulations of
data from the main volumes: some of the 1 926 summary volumes
contain data that were not published in the main census volumes . Each
of these ten summaries is included in this index separately with the
exception of Numbers 8 and 9 (Moscow and Leningrad) , which were
combined into one set of entries .
Occupational data and social groups . Another major difference between
the 1 926 census and the other censuses is the way in which occupational
data are presented . Occupational data are usually divided into gainfully
employed and nongainfully employed , and the gainfully employed are
then divided into various positions in occupations , separate sectors of the
economy in which they work , and , often , specific occupations . These
occupation data by position are sometimes referred to in the census as

Introduction

1 83

exactly that (polozheniye v zanyatii) , but sometimes they are referred to as
social groups (sotsial'nyye gruppy) instead . In the other censuses , the
term " social group" refers more to a social classification than to a work
classification , so social group data from the 1 926 census are not
comparable with other censuses . In the table entries here , 1 926 data are
presented both as occupation data by position and as social group data,
depending upon the original Russian wording used in the particular table
in which they appear. Therefore , for 1 926 it is necessary to look at both
sets of entries to get a complete list of the tables that contain these kinds
of data .
1 959 Census

Volumes . This census contains one regional volume for each union
republic and a summary volume for the entire USSR . The summary
volume is sufficiently similar to the format of the republic volumes that it
was not necessary to include a separate list of tables from the USSR
summary volume alone . Differences between this volume and the repub­
lic volumes are noted in the entries where these differences apply. The
USSR summary volume has a number of tables that do not appear in the
individual republic volumes; these additional tables appear in the census
as subparts a or b to the main tables in the summary volume and are
listed in this index in the order in which they are given in the census .
Therefore , a letter after a table number i n the entries here means that the
table is from the USSR summary volume only, except where noted
otherwise .
As a guide to the geographic units that are included in the summary
volume versus those given only in the individual republic volumes , it
can usually be assumed that if data are given only by republic , the USSR
volume contains data for the entire USSR only and each regional volume
contains republic-level data only. When data are given by oblast , the
summary volume usually contains data by republic and the republic
volumes contain the oblast data (for those republics that are divided into
oblasts) . Not all of the republic volumes contain all of the tables that are
listed here . Tables with oblast-level data are omitted for republics where
there are no oblasts , provided that these data have already been given for
that republic at the republic level . In some republics where there are no
oblasts , the oblast table is used to present data for the capital city of that
republic or for areas subject to republic-level administration . Republics
that have oblasts , however, have these city data in addition to the oblast
data. In some republic s , such as Moldavia, either data for years before
the region was incorporated into the USSR (notably 1 939) are omitted or
the entire table is omitted .

1 84

Index and Guide

1 9 70 Census

Volumes . The 1 970 census consists of seven volumes , each on a
particular topic or topics ; it does not contain any regional or summary
volume s . All of the entries here represent the tables exactly as they
appear in the census, with one major exception . For many topics a
separate table is given in the census for each republic or even for
different administrative levels within the same republic . For example ,
one table might be given for the entire USSR, one for each republic , one
for the oblasts of the RSFS R , one for the oblasts of Ukrainskaya SSR ,
and one for the minor ethnic units within the RSFSR. These tables
always have similar title s , which mention the particular regional units
shown in each table . These tables were combined into one entry, with
brackets enclosing the particular regional units that are included . The
brackets indicate that the wording for these units is paraphrased; there­
fore , the title is not exactly as it appears in the census .
1 979 Census

Sources . At the time this index was prepared , results of the 1 979
census had been published only in various issues of the journal Vestnik
statistiki (between no . 2 , 1 980 and no . 1 2 , 1 983) . Therefore , the table
entries here are given in the order in which they appeared in that journal ,
with a citation to the corresponding issue number and year. Many of
these tables are not numbered because there are no table numbers for
those Vestnik statistiki tables .
I n 1 984 a census volume was finally published (Tsentral ' noye
Statisticheskoye Upravleniye SSSR, 1 984 . Chislennost' i sostav naseleniya
SSSR . Po dannym Vsesoyuznoy perepisi naseleniya 1979 goda . Moscow :
Finansy i Statistika) . In the table entries here , this volume is referred to
as TsSU SSSR, 1 984. The data in this volume are essentially the same
as those published in Vestnik statistiki, but some significant differences
are worth noting . There is no correspondence in the number and order of
tables between the two sources . In Vestnik statistiki, initial tables on a
subject were typically followed in subsequent issues by more detailed
tabulations as further results of the census became available . Therefore ,
the journal contains more tables , but with much duplication of data
among them . Many tables in the book encompass the data from two or
more tables in Vestnik statistiki . Some of the extra tables in Vestnik
statistiki, however, contain data from earlier censuses which were not
repeated in the corresponding book tables .
In a few cases , data from the 1 979 census appear in only one of these
sources . Vestnik statistiki has all-Union population data by sex by urban­
rural (no . 704) as well as literacy data (no . 706) . The book has

Introduction

1 85

population data for cities of 50,000 or greater (vs . 1 00 , 000 in Vestnik
statistiki, no . 703 ) , de facto versus de jure population by republic for
urban-rural and by sex (nos . 759-60) , and all-Union education data for
census years since 1 939 (no . 76 1 ) .
Following each entry from Vestnik statistiki in the table list , a note in
parentheses gives the citation to the number of the corresponding table or
tables from the book which contain the same data. Whenever a single
table number is listed with no comment, it can be assumed that the book
table is essentially identical in content to the Vestnik statistiki table . The
table title , however, is not necessarily the same nor is the number of
digits in the data (many initial Vestnik statistiki tables on a subject, most
commonly at the all-Union level , are rounded to the nearest thousand) .
In the numerous cases in which a table in the book contains data from
more than one journal table , the number of the book table is followed by
" contains these data . " Where a book table has data that were not given
anywhere in Vestnik statistiki, or lacks data that were given in the journal ,
a note describes the differences .
With the exception of book tables 5-7 , which were given separate
entries in the table list here , all tables in the book are referenced under
one or more Vestnik statistiki entries . In cases where these book tables
include data that are not in the related journal table , these data are
included in the cross-index under the Vestnik statistiki entry in which this
difference is explained . Therefore , checking the cross-index by subject
will lead the researcher to all data from the TsSU SSSR volume as well
as to all data from Vestnik statistiki.
In addition to the data from Vestnik statistiki and TsSU SSSR, small
amounts of data from the census which have been published in other
sources are included here . These are data on population by sex by
urban-rural residence compiled by Theodore Shabad from Soviet region­
al press reports (no . 755 ) , urban nationality data (no . 756) , data on
bilingualism by nationality (no . 757) , and education data by nationality
(no . 758) .

List of Census Tables

Format of Table Entries
For each entry, the number ( " no . " ) at the left side represents the
sequential order in which that table appears in a particular census . The
first digit of the entry number is keyed to the individual census as
follows:
1 897
1 926
1 959
1 970
1 979

Nos .
Nos .
Nos .
Nos .
Nos .

census
census
census
census
census

1 -90
1 00-4 1 4
500-58 1
600--6 80
700--76 1

Because not all census volumes are numbered , some operational
decisions were made regarding the order in which volumes were listed .
Generally, the regional volumes were listed first, followed by any
summary volumes and other accessory parts of the census . The second
number for each entry represents the number (or numbers) of the table as
it appears for many in the 1 979 census . There is not necessarily a
separate entry to represent each individual table in every censu s . In
many cases , particularly in the 1 970 census , the census contains a series
of tables with the same title , each for a different administrative unit .
These tables were combined into one entry in each case where this
occurs ; each of these entries includes all of the census table numbers .
For the 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 970 censuses-in which table numbers are
unique to each particular topical volume-the user will need to read up
the serial table-number list to determine which volume of the census
contains a given table . The 1 897 , 1 926 , and 1 959 censuses comprise
multiple regional volumes , each of which has essentially the same
format . These volumes were represented by only one table when possi­
ble , but when there were very wide discrepancies among these table
1 87

1 88

Index and Guide

titles and/or contents , extra entries were included as needed to account
for these differences .
All table numbers and letters used to denote parts of tables are given
exactly as they appear in the census , with the letters transliterated . For
example , in transliterations from Russian to English , the first four parts
are given here as a, b , v, and g; they are not given as a, b , c , and d. This
is necessary to avoid confusion , since in a few cases some parts are
deliberately or inadvertently left out of the tables in the census volumes .
Thus , the second section of a table may have a letter " v " in the census ,
rather than a " b . " Roman numerals , which are used extensively through­
out the censuses for table numbers and in volume or section titles , were
converted here to Arabic numerals .

Table Titles
Each table title is translated from the Russian as literally as possible ,
so that the user can more easily determine the original terminology of a
particular table . Often , there are slight differences between the title of a
table as presented in the table of contents of the census volume and the
title that appears at the top of the table itself. When the discrepancies are
great, this is noted in the individual entries; otherwise , the title used is
the one that best describes the contents of the table . In some cases the
table titles consist of several parts and subparts . These are usually given
in the entry, although some parts were not included when they became
too repetitious (e . g . , " rural population , " "urban population , " "USSR
population , " " Population by Union Republic " ) . When these parts were
omitted , information was included in the descriptor to account for them .
Brackets in the titles indicate paraphrasing and not a direct translation of
the original . Brackets were necessary mainly when regional tables on the
same subject were combined into one entry ; brackets enclose the types of
units that were included . Parentheses in the titles are part of the original
title .

Table Descriptors
Titles of all of the tables as they appear in the censuses are generally
indicative of the contents , but they are usually incomplete . Accordingly,
a " descriptor" was included for each entry, enclosed in parentheses
below the title . In a few cases , the title is sufficient to describe the
contents , and no descriptor was used . The purpose of the descriptor is
not only to provide information that is not contained in the title itself but
also to clarify vague or misleading information in the title . Therefore ,
the descriptors often repeat some of the title categories and give greater

List of Census Tables

1 89

detail . For example , if a title included the words "by age , " the
descriptor would tell how many age groups there were and give a better
idea of the usefulness of the table . The number of categories that are
indicated for a particular factor such as age or marital status is often
approximate because the number depends upon whether categories such
as "total , " " all , " "other, " or " not specified" are included . Generally,
these summary or other categories were not counted in listing the
number of categories or groups .
Many o f the descriptors are very detailed , especially for 1 926 entries ;
nevertheless, they often do not indicate all of the information in the
table . One of the most common categories that appears in the title but
not in the descriptor is "by sex . " Thu s , it is necessary to look at both
the title and the descriptor to get a complete understanding of all of the
categories . When neither the title nor the descriptor includes the year or
years represented by the data, then the data are for the year of that
particular census only. The combination of title and descriptor includes
virtually all categories in all tables with the exception of some tables for
1 897 and 1 926 where it was necessary to generalize some categories .
Sections of the tables which are essentially repetition of other data in the
same table (such as "percent urban" when the urban and rural popula­
tions are both given) were not included . That is, when a category can
easily be calculated from other categories in the same table , it is usually
not mentioned . This also applies in the numerous cases where the total
population and then the urban population are given . These are described
simply as " urban-rural . "
The descriptors are generally limited t o explaining categories o f data
that are included in the tables ; other subtleties that the reader must
understand before intelligent use of the data can be made are beyond the
scope of this work . A good example of this is the use of " de facto" and
"de jure" population data . The Russian and Soviet censuses employ
both types of data (depending upon the particular census and particular
table) , both in reporting population totals and in reporting population
characteristics . Many of the table titles in the censuses indicate whether
the data are for the de facto (nalichnoye) or de jure (postoyannoye)
population; this information is thus provided here for those tables . In
cases where the table title does not specify de facto or de jure , it is the
responsibility of the reader to examine the censuses and determine the
type of data being presented . For example , while the nationality data in
the 1 979 census represented the permanent population , previous censuses
generally gave nationality data in terms of the present population .
Another peculiarity of the census data which is not included in the
descriptors is the use of both the preannexation and postannexation
boundaries (depending upon the table) to represent the 1 939 population .

1 90

Index and Guide

This applies mainly to the 1 959 census , where most of the 1 939 census
data that are available were published . The user should be aware that
both types of data are used in the censuses; again, examination of the
censuses themselves is necessary in order to determine which data are
being used before comparability among tables can be attempted . Data
presented for the postannexation boundaries in the censuses are not actual
census data: they represent adjustments made by the Central Statistical
Administration to estimate the population characteristic s for the
postannexation boundaries . Data for age distributions in 1 939 which
were published in the 1 959 census represent the postannexation bound­
aries ; comparison of age distributions with the preannexation boundaries
can be made by reference to preannexation data published in Vestnik
statistiki , no . 6 , 1 95 6 .

638./i2.
I

Sample Table Entry
No .

entry
no.

D i s t r i b u t i o n � � Popul a t i o n o f � � .!,!!.!!, U n i o n
Repu b l i c s .!!.!. S o c i a l r o u p i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( by 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ma n u ai-workerS:- o f f i c e worker s ,
llective farmers ] ; by urb n-rural ; by e x )

table
no .

l

y

j

;

ans lated table title (containing keywords used for indexing)
descriptor (also containing keywords used for indexing)

In this sample , the table serial number (no . 638) indicates that this
table is from the 1 970 census , while the table number (2) shows that it is
labeled Table 2 in the census volume . Again , for the 1 897 , 1 926, and 1 970
censuses , the reader should read up the serial list of table entries to
locate the appropriate census volume (in this example , Volume 5 ) . The
translated table title is then given , followed by the table descriptor,
which provides supplementary information as to the actual table con­
tents . Examples are also shown here of typical keywords in the table title
and descriptor; these words were used for preparing the keyword cross
index .

THE -F I R S T G E N E R A L C E N S U S OF THE P O P U L A T I O N
- -OF T H E RU SS'fA'NEMPI RE";-1 8 9 7

Volumes 1-89 .
No . 1 .

[ G u b e r n i y a s a n d O b l a s t s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e ] .

S u b u r b a n S e t t l e me n t s a n d V i l l a g e s .Q.f [ N a m e .Q.f G u b e r n i y a ] .
� Th o s e I n c l u d e d i n t h e T a b u l a t i o n a s P a r t s o f t h e
C i t i e s . b . T h o s e LOcated C l o s e t o t h e C i t i e s-ii" ut'""No t
I n c l u d e d as P a r t s o f T h e m .
( p o p u l a t i ;;;- o f e a c ho f t h e s e p o i n t s b y s e x)
--

--

---

--

----

No . 2 .

T i t l e fu U e z d w i t h C i t i e s a n d .!!.¥. C i t i e s ) , w i t h
I n d i c a t i o n o f t h e A r e a , P o p u l a t i o n De n s i t y , a n d P e r c e n t
Literacy .
( t hi s i s t he ti t l e i n t he ta b l e of c on t e n t s [ t i t l e o f th e
t a b l e i t s e l f i s t h e n a me o f t h e g u b e r n i y a o n l y ] ; d a t a a r e
f o r t h e wh o l e u e z d an d t h e n f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y
[ s ome t i m e s f o r more than one c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d ; t h e a r e a
a n d p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y a r e o f t h e wh o l e u e z d o n l y , n o t o f
t h e c i t y a l s o ; e n um e r a t e d [ d e f a c t o ] p o p u l a t i o n , b y s e x ;
o f t h e e n ume r a t e d p o p u l a t i o n [ n o t b y s e x ] , t h e n u m b e r o f
p e r s o n s wh o we r e t h e r e t e m p o r a r i l y a t t h e t i m e o f t h e
census, a n d t h e number of foreign citi zens; percent
l i t e r a te [ t h i s i s on l y b y ue zd a n d ci t y , i s no t c r o s s ­
tabu l ated w i t h a n y other categor y ] )

No . 3 .

S um m a r y - -Comp o s i t i o n o f t h e E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ]
P o p u l a t i o n .Q.f B o t h S e x e s lli U e z d w i t h C i t i e s a n d .!!.¥.
Ci t i e s) , w i t h D i v i s i o n .!!.¥. P l a c e o f B i r t h , S o c i a l G r o u p , ,
R e l igion, a n d N a t i v e Language .
( t hi s i s t he t i t l e i n t h e t a b l e of c o n t en t s [ t i t l e o f t h e
t a b l e i t s e l f i s s i m p l y C o m po s i t i o n o f t h e E n u m e r a t e d
P o pu l a t i o n .Q.f B o t h S e x e s ] ; d a t a a r e f o r t h e w h o l e u e z d
a n d f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y [ s o m e t i m e s f o r mo r e t h a n o n e
c i t y ] in t h e u e z d ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s by p l a c e o f b i r t h
[ l o c al l y born, born in a n o t h e r uezd in the same
g u b e r n i y a , born i n another g u b e r n i y a , or born in a n o t her
s t a t e ] ; number of p e r s o n s b y 5 s o c i a l g r o u p s , p l u s
f o r e i gner s ; number o f p e r sons b y n a t i v e l anguage [ a bout 8
cate gor i e s ] ; number of persons by r e l igion [ a bout 6 to 8
categorie s ] ; none of these categories i s cross-tabul ated
by any other , and none of the categories is by sex )

No . 4 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J u r e ]
P o pu l a t i o n .
( d at a a re f o r e ac h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l ar ge s t c i t y
[ some t i m e s for more than one c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s the
u e z d p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ; e n um e r a t e d p o p u l a t i o n
i s b y R u s s i a n a n d fo r e i g n [ e a c h i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h e
permanent p o pu l a tion a n d t h e popul ation that was
t emporar i l y p r e s e n t a t the t ime o f the c e n s u s ] ; permanent
p o p u l a t i o n i s f o r t h e t o t a l a n d t h e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s wh o
w e r e t e m p o r a r i l y a b s e n t a t t h e t i me o f t h e c e n s u s ; b y
sex )

No . 5 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .!!.¥. H o u s e h o l d s a n d T h e i r
C o m po s i t i o n .
( d a t a a r e fo r e a c h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l a r ge st c i t y
[ some t i m e s f o r m o r e than o n e c i t y ] in the u e z d , p l u s the
uezd popul ation without the c i t i e s ; total number o f
househol ds, p r i vate househo l d s [ di vided into many

191

1 92

Index and Guide
subcategories for househol d s o f r e lated persons,
househo l d s o f persons l iv ing al one, househo l d s with
serv ants, and househo l d s o f unre lated persons (each of
t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s h a v e f u r t h e r s u b c a t e g o r i e s , s om e o f
wh i c h a r e b y s e x ) ] , a n d househo l d s o f e n t e r p r i s e s [ by s e x
o f membe r s ] )

No . 6 .

3 a . P o p u l a t i o n .!!..r T e n - Y e a r � G r o u p s .
( d a t a a r e f o r e a c h w h o l e u e icfB nd f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y
[ sometimes for more than one c i t y ] i n the uezd, p l u s the
uezd popul a t ion without the cities; by sex)

No . 7 .

3 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!..r � 11.!!. Y e a r s ) , a n d
Literacy .
( d a t a a re f o r e ac h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l ar ge st c i t y
[ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e
u e z d p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ; b y s e x)

No . 8 .

4 . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d .!!..r ,!:!.o n t h l y �
Groups .
( d a t a a r e fo r e ac h w ho l e ue zd a nd f or t he l a r ge s t c i t y
[ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e
uezd population without the cities ; by sex)

No . 9 .

�

�-

5 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .!!..r M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d

m Group .

( d at a a re f o r e a c h w ho l e ue zd a nd f o r t he l a r ge s t c i t y
[ s ome t i m e s f o r more t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s t h e
uezd popul ation without the cities; 4 categories of
mar i t a l s t a t u s ; by 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ; b y sex)

N o . 1 0 . 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .!!..r S o c i a l G r o u p a n d
Pl ace of Birth.
fdata a re f o r e a c h w h o l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y
[ some t i m e s f o r m o r e than o n e c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s the
uezd popul ation without the c i t i e s ; number of persons
wh o w e r e b o r n i n t h e u e z d w h e r e t h e y n o w l i v e , b o r n
e l s e w h e r e i n t h e s a m e g u b e r n i ya , b o r n i n a n o t h e r
guberni y a , o r born i n another c o un t r y ; b y 3 d i f f e r e n t
social groups ; by s e x )
No . 1 1 .

7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e N o n - L o c a l l y B o r n P o p u l a t i o n E.Y_
Place of Birth.
( p l a c e of b i r t h [ b y g u b e r n i y a s i n R u s s i a , p r i n c i p a l i t i e s
in Fin land , and foreign states ] by p lace of l ocation at
the t ime o f t h e c e n s u s [ by g u b e r n i y a s , u e z d s ( no t
incl uding t h e i r c i t y popul ations) , and o n e or t w o c i ties
in each uezd ] ; by sex)

No . 1 2 .

8 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!..r S o c i a l G r o u p .
( d at a are fo r e a c h w ho l e ue zd and f or t he l ar ge s t c i t y
[ s om e t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e
uezd popul ation without the cities ; by about 9 social
groups, plus the total for al l soci a l groups of those
born in Fin l and, al l Russian subjects, and a l l foreign
citi zens; by sex)

No . 1 3 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i on .!!..r L i t e r a c y,
Education, Socia l � and � Group.
( da t a a r e f o r e a c h u e z d , w i t h o u t t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ,
and then f o r t h e l ar g e s t c i t y [ some times f o r m o r e than
one c i t y ] in the uezd; number l i terate and the number
who are studying in 6 d i f ferent kinds o f school s ; by
about 5 social group s , p l us the total o f al l social

List of Census Tables

1 93

g r o u p s f o r t h o s e b o r n in F i n l a n d a n d f o r f o r e i gn
c i t i z e n s ; b y s e v e n 1 0- y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x)
No . 1 4 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n il S o c i a l G r o u p .!.!!i
M a r i t a l S t a t u s lli G u b e r n i y a a n d t h e M a j o r C i t i e s) .
( da t a f o r each g u b e r n i y a a r e f o r t h e who l e guberniya,
the popul ation without the cities, the city popul ation,
a n d s e v e r a l i nd i v i d u a l c i t i e s ; b y 4 t y p e s o f ma r i t a l
s t a t u s ; by a bo ut 5 s o c ia l gr ou ps , p l us t he t o t a l of a l l
s o c i a l g r o u p s f o r those born i n F i n l a n d a n d f o r f o r e i gn
cit i zens ; by s e x )

No . 1 5 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .!!!. F o r e i gn C i t i z e n s il S t a t e lli
G u b e r n i ya a n d t h e M a j o r C i t i e s ) .
( d a t a f o r e a c h g u b e r n i y a a r e f o r t h e who l e g u b e r n i ya ,
t h e popul ation wi thout the c i t i e s , the c i t y popu l a t ion,
a n d s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ; b y a b o u t 1 8 c a t e go r i e s o f
foreign countries, depending upon the guberniya ; by sex)

No . 1 6 .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n ll R e l i g i o n .
( d a t a a r e f o r ea c h w h o l e u e z d a nd for t he l a r g es t c i t y
[ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e
uezd popu l a tion without the cities; for about 15
c a t e g o r i e s o f r e l i g i o n s ; b y s e x)

No . 1 7 .

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll N a t i v e L a n gu a ge .
( d a t a a r e fo r e a c h w h o l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e l a r g e s t c i t y
[ somet i m e s f o r more than one c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s the
uezd popul ation without the c i t i e s ; by about 40 or more
d i f f e r e n t l anguag e s , d e p e n d i n g upon t h e g u b e r n i y a ; by
sex)

No . 1 8 .

1 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll R e l i g i o n a n d N a t i v e
La n g u a ge .
( data are for each uezd and for the l argest c i t y
[ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s t h e
u e z d p o p u l a t i on w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ; b y a b o u t 2 0
d i ff e r e n t l anguage s ; by about 1 5 d i f f e r e n t cate g o r i e s of
r e l i gions; by l iterac y ; by sex)

No . 1 9 .

1 5 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .!!!. t h e
u l a t i o n ll N a t i v e L a n guage ,
L i t e r a c y , a n d ill_ G r o u p b U e z d w i t h C i t i e s a n d ll t h e
a jo r Ci t i e s ) .
f o r e a c h g u b e r n i ya a r e f o r t h e w h o l e g u b e r n i y a ,
t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t ho u t t h e c i t i e s , t h e wh o l e c i t y
p o p u l a t i o n , a n d s e v e r a l ma j o r c i t i e s ; d a t a a t t h e u e z d
l ev e l a r e onl y f o r the who l e u e z d ; by a bout 2 0 d i f f e r e n t
l an g u a g e s ; by 8 m o s t l y 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y 3 meas u r e s
o f l iteracy [ 1 i terate in Russian, 1 iterate in another
l a n g u a g e , h a v i n g e d u c a t i o n h i g h e r t h a n p r i ma r y l e v e l ] ;
b y sex)

No . 20 .

No . 2 1 .

r

lii

1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d
N a t i v e L a n guage ffi G u b e r n i ya a n d t h e M a j o r c f't'Ie"S)"";
( d a t a f o r e a c h g u b e r n i ya a r e f o r t h e w h o l e g u b e r n i y a ,
t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t ho u t t h e c i t i e s , t h e w h o l e c i t y
p o p u l a t i o n , a n d s e v e r a l ma j o r c i t i e s ; 4 t y p e s o f m a r i t a l
s t a t u s ; f o r a b o u t 2 0 d i f f e r e n t l a n g ua g e s ; b y s e x)
1 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s w i t h P h ys i c a l H a n d i c a p s ll

m G r o up .

( da t a a r e f o r e a c h u e z d [ w i t h o u t t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ]
a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e
city ] in the uezd; by 5 different types of physical

1 94

Index and Guide
h a n d i c a p s ; b y 8 m o s t l y 1 0- y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ma r i t a l
s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d o r n o t ] ; b y s e x )

No . 2 2 .

1 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s .QI.
N a t i v e L a n gu a g e . { d a t a a r e f o r e a c h w ho l e u e z d a n d f o r t h e ma j o r c i t y
[ some t i m e s f o r m o r e t han o n e c i t y ] i n t h e u e z d , p l u s the
uezd popul ation without the cities; by 5 types of
phy s i c a l hand i cap s ; by about 15 n a t i v e l a nguage s ,
d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e g u b e r n i ya ; b y sex)

No . 2 3 .

1 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s .QI.
Social Group .
( d at a a r e fo r e a c h w ho l e ue zd a n d f o r t he l ar g e s t c i t y
[ sometimes for more than one c i t y ] i n the u e z d , p l u s the
uezd popul ation without the cities; by 5 types of
phy s i ca l hand i c ap s ; by 4 d i f f e re n t s o c i a l g r o u p s , pl us
the tota l of a l l social groups for those born in Finl and
and for foreigners; persons born in F i n l a n d are not by
d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f h a n d i c a p s [ on l y the tota l han d i ca p s ]
and foreigners are onl y by 3 types of hand icaps; by sex)

No . 24 .

2 0 . R e s u l t s .QI. G u b e r n i ya .!..!!.!. t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI.
O c c u pa t i o na l G r o u p a n d lli G r o u p .
( number o f s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g persons in each o f 6 5
occupational groups, by 7 age groups ; number of their
fami l y memb e r s , by memb e r s y o u n g e r than 1 5 y e a r s o l d , or
15 years a n d o l d e r ; b y s e x)

No . 2 5 .

2 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. O c c u pa t i o n a l
Group .
( d a t a a r e b y u e z d [ w i t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r
c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r more t h a n one c i t y ] i n each u e z d ;
number of sel f-suppor ting persons in each of 65
o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o up s , a n d the n u m b e r o f t h e i r fami l y
member s ; b y s e x )

No , 2 6 .

22. Distribution of
a n d .QI. N a t i o na l i t y ,
('i]li s t a b l e h a s t h e
category i s al so by
by s e x )

No . 2 7 .

2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n .QI. P e r s o n s E n g a g e d i n
A gr i c u l t u r a l .2!. N o ma d i c E c o n o m y , F i s h i n g , a n d H u n t i n g ,
.QI. P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s .
( by u e z d : t o t a l n u m b e r o f s e l f - suppor t i n g p e r s o n s who
are i n a l l of the o c c u p a t i o n s l i s t e d abov e [ to g e t h e r ] ,
and number o f t h e i r fami l y memb e r s ; number o f t h e s e
s e l f- s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s a n d n u m b e r o f t h e i r f a m i l y
m e m b e r s w h o ha v e p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y s e x)
( s u b t i t l e : O f T h e m , P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t -T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s . ;
by u e z d : n u m b e r o f s e l f- suppor t i n g p e r s o n s a n d n u m b e r o f
f a m i l y m e mb e r s i n e a c h o f m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 p a r t - t i m e
o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y s e x)

No . 28 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. N a t i v e L a n g u a g e
and S o c i a 1 Group.
(ciat a a r e b y u e z d [ wi t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r
c i t y [ some t i m e s f o r more than one c i t y ] i n e a c h u e z d ; by
about 20 d i f f erent languages ; by 9 socia 1 groups, pl us
the tota l of a l l social groups for those born in Finl and
and f o r f o r e i gn er s ; by s e x )

--

t h e P o p u l a t i o n .QI. O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p
£.!!. t h e Ba s i s o f N a t i v e L a n g u a g e .
same format a s Tabl e 2 1 , but each
about 25 to 35 d i fferent l anguages;

List of Census Tables
No . 29 .

1 95

2 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. R e l i g i o n a n d T e n ­
Y e a r ill G r o u p s .
( d a t a a r e b y u e z d [ wi t h o u t t h e c i t i e s ] a n d f o r t h e ma j o r
c i t y [ s ome t i m e s f o r m o r e t h a n o n e c i t y ] i n e a c h u e z d ;
by a b o u t 1 5 d i f f er e n t r e l i g i o u s group s ; b y s e x )

G e n e r a l S umma r i e s f o r t h e Empi r e o f t h e R e s u l t s o f T a b u l a t i o n o f
Data of the First General Census o f Population .
V o l um e s 1 - 2 .

No . 30 .

A r e a , E n u m e r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n , a n d P o p u l a t i o n
Dens i t y .
( b y g u b e r n i y a ; b y s e x)

No . 3 1 .

Enume r a te d � Facto ] Popul a t i o n i n C i t i e s .
( b y g u b e r n i y a ; u r b an p o p u l a t i o n , b y s e x)

No . 32 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d � Fa c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J ur e ]
Population .
( by guberniya, f o r the whol e popul a t i o n and f o r the c i t y
popul ation; d a t a a r e a l so g i v en for 4 specia l categories
that ar e not i nc l u d e d in guberni yas [ R ussian popul a t i on
in F i n land , m i l i t a r y p e r s on n e l who a r e abroad on
war s h i p s , R u s s i a n p o p u l a t i on i n Bukha r a , and R u s s i a n
popul a t i o n i n Khi v a ] , but t h e s e cate g o r i e s a r e onl y for
t h e who l e p o p u l a t i o n , n o t f o r c i t i e s a l s o ; s a m e f o r m a t
a s T a b l e 1 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 4 ] )

No . 33 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. H o u s e h o l d s a n d
T he i r C o m po s i t i o n .
n>Y"S"u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul a t i on ; d a t a a r e a l s o g i v en for the 4 s p e c i a l
c a t e g o r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n gu b e r n i y a s [ s e e
Ta b l e 1 ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t
a s T a b l e 2 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 5 ] )

No . 34 .

3 a . P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. S e x , T e n - Y e a r ill_ G r o u ps , a n d
Literacy .
( b y g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul ation; d a t a are a l so g i v en f o r t h e 4 special
cate gor i e s that a r e no t incl uded in guberniyas [ see
Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y )

No . 35 .

3 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. S e x , ill. ii.!!.
Y e a r s) , a n d L i t e r a c y .
( by m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e )

No . 36 .

4 , C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d .l!.l. M o n t h l y ill
G r o up s .
( by g u b e r n i y a , for t h e whol e popul a t i o n and for t h e c i t y
popul ation; d a t a a r e a l so g i v en f o r t h e 4 s p eci a l
c a t e go r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e
Ta b l e l ] , bu t f o r t h e wh o l e po pu l a t i on o n l y ; b y s ex ;
s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 4 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 8 ] )

No . 37 .

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .l!.l. � a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d

ill G r o u p .

( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e , f o r t h e
popul a t i on without the c i t i e s and f o r t h e c i t y

1 96

Index and Guide
popul a t i o n ; b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ; by mar i t a l s t a t u s
[ ma r r i e d , s i n g l e , n o t i n a f a m i l y , w i d o w e d ] ; b y s e x ;
same f o r m a t a s T a b l e 5 i n t h e g u b e r n i ya v o l ume s [ No . 9 ] )

No . 38 .

6 . Dis t r i bution �
o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n EL S o c i a l G r o u p a n d
Pl ace of Birth.
( by guberniya, f o r t h e whol e popul ation and for the c i t y
popul ation; d a t a are a lso giv en f o r t h e 4 special
c a t e go r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e
Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e
f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 6 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 0 ] )

No . 39 .

7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e N o n - L o c a l l y B o r n P o p u l a t i o n EL
Place of Birth .
rn:rBt ji"a r t : p l a c e o f b i r t h [ b y g u b e r n i y a s i n R u s s i a ,
p r i n c i pal i t i e s in Finl and, and foreign state s ] by p l ace
o f e n um e r a t i o n i n t h e c e n s u s [ b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e
R u s s i a n Empi r e , f o r the who l e d i v i s i o n and f o r t h e c i t y
p o p u l a t i o n ] ; b y s e x)
( s e c o n d p a r t : p l a c e o f e n u me r a t i o n i n t h e c e n s u s [ b y
g u b e r n i y a s i n R u s s i a , p r i n c i pa l i t i e s o f F i n l a n d , a n d
foreign states ] by pl ace of birth [ by guberniyas in
Russia , Finlan d , and foreign states ] ; by sex )

No . 40 .

8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n EL S o c i a l G r o u p .
( b y g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul at ion; d a t a a r e a l so g i v en for the 4 special
categories that are not incl uded in guberniyas [ see
Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t
a s T a b l e 8 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l ume s [ N o . 1 2 ] )

No . 4 1 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n EL L i t e r a c y,
E d u c a t i o n , S o c i a l f.!.2.!!.p_,_ a n d ill G r o u p .
( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e , f o r t h e
w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ; s am e
format as Tabl e 9 i n t h e g u b e r n i ya v o l umes [ No . 1 3 ] )

No . 42 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2..f t h e P o pu l a t i o n EL S o c i a l G r o u p a n d
M ar ital Status.
( b y g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e wh o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul ation; d a t a are a l so giv en for t h e 4 special
cate gor i e s that are not i nc l uded in guberni yas [ see
Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s
T a b l e 1 0 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 4 ] )

No . 43 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f F o r e i g n C i t i z e n s EL S t a t e .
( by g u b e r n i y a , f o r t h e whol e p o p u l a t i o n and f o r the c i t y
popul ation; data are a lso giv en for the 4 special
cate gor i e s that are not incl uded in guberni yas [ se e
Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t
as Tabl e 1 1 i n the gubern i y a v o l umes [ No . 1 5 ] )

No . 44 .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n EL R e l i gi o n .
( b y g u be r n i y a , f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul ation; data are a lso giv en for the 4 special
ca t e g o r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e
Ta b l e l ] , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t
a s T a b l e 1 2 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 1 6 ] )

List of Census Tables

1 97

N o . 45 .

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n ll N a t i v e L a n gu a g e .
( by guberniya, f o r t h e who l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul ation; d a t a are a lso g i v en for the 4 special
cate gories that are not incl uded in guberniyas [ see
T a b l e 1 , V o l um e ..!..,J , b u t f o r t h e w ho l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ;
s a me f o r ma t a s T a b l e 1 3 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o .
1 7 ] , b u t f o r m o r e t h a n 1 00 l a n g u a g e s )

No . 46 .

1 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll R e l i g i o n a n d
N at i v e Language.
( b y m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e , f o r t h e
who l e p o p u l a t i o n and f o r the c i t y popul a t i o n ; same
f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 4 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l ume s [ N o . 1 8 ] )

No . 47 .

1 5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll N a t i v� L a n g u a g e ,
L i t e r a c y , a n d lli G r o u p .
( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Emp i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e
p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ; same format a s
Tabl e 1 5 i n t h e guberni ya v o l umes [ No . 1 9 ] )

No . 48 .

1 6 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d
� Language .
( b y m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Emp i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e
popul a t i on, f o r t h e popul a t i o n wi thout t h e c i t i e s , a nd
f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i o n ; s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 1 6 i n t h e
g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 2 0 ] )

No . 49 .

1 7 . D i s t r i bu t i on o f P e r s o n s w i t h Phys i c a l Handi caps h

lli G r o u p .

( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Emp i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e
population and for the c i t y popul ation; same format as
T a b l e 1 7 i n t h e g u b e r n i ya v o l ume s [ N o . 2 1 ] )

No . SO .

1 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s h
N a t i v e Language .
( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e , f o r t h e w h o l e
population and for the c i t y population ; same format as
Tabl e 18 i n the g u b er n i ya v o l umes [ No . 2 2 ] , but f o r 9 7
languages )

No . 5 1 .

1 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .21. P e r s o n s w i t h P h y s i c a l H a n d i c a p s .!!.l'..
S o c i a l G r o up .
�b e r n i y a , f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y
popul ation; d a t a ar e a l so g i v en for the 4 s p e c i a l
c a t e go r i e s t h a t a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n g u b e r n i y a s [ s e e
Ta b l e 1 , V o l u m e .l:J , b u t f o r t h e w h o l e p o p u l a t i o n o n l y ;
s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 9 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 2 3 ] )

No . 52 .

2 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n Bi O c c u pa t i o n a n d lli

�

( f o r t h e w ho l e R u s s i a n Emp i r e : n u m b e r o f s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g
p e r s o n s i n each o f 65 occupa t i onal g r o u p s [ an d i n
n um e r o u s s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e g r o u p s ] , b y 7 a g e
g r o u p s ; n u m b e r o f t h e i r f a m i l y memb e r s , b y m e m b e r s
younger than 1 5 years ol d, or 1 5 years and ol der; by
sex)
( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e : f o r t h e
popul ation without the cities and for the city
popul a t i o n ; number of sel f- suppor ting persons in e a c h of
the same 65 occupational groups and subgroups, and
number o f t h e i r fami l y member s ; by s e x )

No. 53 .

2 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n ll O c c u pa t i o n a l
Group .

1 98

Index and Guide
( b y g u b e r n i y a [ M o s c o w , S t , P e t e r s b u r g , Wa r s a w , a n d
O d e s sa n o t i n c l uded ] ; numbe r o f s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r sons
in each of 65 occupational groups, and the number of
t h e i r f a m i l y m em b e r s ; b y s e x ; d a t a a r e a l s o g i v e n b y
ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e mp i r e f o r t h e s e s a m e c a t e g o r i e s ,
but these data are for the popul ation without the cities
and then for the c i t y popul ation)

No . 54 .

2 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n Ju. O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p
a n d Ju. N a t i o n a l i t y, on t h e B a s i s of N a t i v e L a n g u a g e .
( f or the who l e R u s s i a n E m p i r e o n l y ; number o f s e l f­
supporting persons in each of 65 occupational groups,
a n d t h e n u m b e r o f t h e i r f a m i l y m e mb e r s ; b y mo r e t h a n 1 00
d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s ; b y s e x)

No . 55 .

2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. P e r s o n s E n g a g e d i n
A gr i c u l t u r a l .2.!. NOm a d i c E c o n omy, F i s h i n g , a n d H u n t i n g ,
Ju. P a r t -T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s .
( f i r s t p a r t : by m a i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e ;
s a me f o r m a t as t h e f i r s t pa r t o f Ta b l e 2 3 i n t h e
g u be r n i y a v o l u m e s [ N o . 2 7 ] )
( s u b t i t l e : O f T h e m , P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s . ;
by main d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e ; number o f s e l f­
s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s and number o f fami l y membe r s in e a c h
o f 4 7 gr o u p s [ an d d e t a i l e d s u b g r o u p s ] o f p a r t - t ime
o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y s e x)
( th i r d par t : b y guberni ya; number of s e l f- s u p p o r t i n g
p e r s o n s and number o f fami l y mem b e r s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l or
noma d i c e c o n o m y , f i s h i n g and hunting [ t o ta 1 o f a 1 1 t h e s e
occupational c a t e g o r i e s ] ; numb e r o f these p e r s o n s [ by
s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s a n d f a m i l y m e m b e r s ] w h o ha v e
part- time occupation s ; b y sex )

No , 56 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. N a t i v e L a n g u a ge
and Socia 1 Group.

tbY
No . 57 .

ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e ,

f o r t h e who l e

p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e c i t y p o p u l a t i on ; same format as
T a b l e 2 4 i n t h e g u b e r n i y a v o l um e s [ N o . 2 8 ] )
2 5 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. R e l i g i o n a n d T e n ­
Y e a r ill g r o u p s .
( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n E mp i r e ; s a m e f o r m a t a s
Tabl e 2 5 in the guberniya v o l umes [ No. 2 9 ] )
.

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. � o f C h i e f O c c u pa t i o n a n d
ill G r o u p , f o r I n d i v i d u a l R e g i o n s . T a b l e IQ.:.
Volumes 1-4 .
No . 58 .

2 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n Ju. O c c u pa t i o n s a n d

ill G r o u p s .

( t h e s e v o l um e s p r e s e n t a m o r e d e t a i l e d v e r s i o n o f T a b l e
20; they consist of 20 regions, each of which contains
s e p a r a t e data f o r s e v e r a l guber n i ya s )
( b y r e g i o n : f o r 6 5 o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s , mo s t o f w h i c h
ha v e ma n y s u b d i v i s i o n s ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s wh o a r e s e l f ­
s u p p o r t i n g i n e a c h o f t h e s e o c c u pa t i onal c a t e g o r i e s [ by
7 a g e g r o u p s ] , and the number o f t h e i r fami l y memb e r s
[ by younger than 15 years ol d, or 1 5 and o l der ] ; number
o f t h e s e s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g p e r s o n s and o f their fami l y
m e mb e r s b y p o p u l a t i o n n o t i n c i t i e s a n d p o p u l a t i o n i n
c i t i e s [ genera l l y t h e c i t y p o pu l a t i on r e p r e s e n t s onl y
a l l c i t i e s i n each r e g i on , b u t data f o r S t . P e t e r s bu r g ,
M o s c o w , Wa r s a w , a n d O d e s s a a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e i r

List of Census Tables

1 99

r e s p e c t i v e r e g i o n s , in a dd i t i o n to t h e t o t a l c i t y
p o p u l a t i o n i n t h o s e r e g i o n s ] ; b y s e x)
( b y gub e r n i y a : f o r the who l e g u b e r n i y a , for a l l c i ti e s
together, and for one or more specific c i t i e s ; b y the
s a m e 6 5 o c c u pa t i o n a l g r o u p s a s f o r t h e r e g i o n l e v e l
data, but with fewer subcategories; number o f persons
who are s e l f-suppor t i n g i n each of these o c c u p a t i onal
cate gor i e s , and the number o f their fami l y member s ; data
a r e a l s o g i v e n f o r e a c h u e z d [ n o t b y u r b a n- r u r a l ] , b u t
onl y for the number of se l f-supporting persons in each
o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r y [ n o t f o r f am i l y m e m b e r s ] ; a l l o f
t h e d a t a i n t h i s t a b l e a r e b y s e x)
N um b e r a n d S o c i a l C o m po s i t i o n o f Wo r k e r s i n R u s s i a a c c o r d i n g .!£
t h e F i r s t Geii'e'riil C e n s u s o f P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e R u s s i a n E mp i r e , 1 8 9 7 .
V o l um e s 1 - 2 .

No , 59 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r k e r s .l!.l. G r o u p a n d � o f
O c c u pa t i o n lJii G u b e r n i ya ) .
( data for 1 0 cities a l so [ I vano vo- Voznesen s k , R o s t o v -na­
Donu, K i e v , Riga , M o scow, St. P e t e r s bur g , Khar'kov ,
Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz ' ] ; for al l worker s and for those
1 5 years o l d or younger; by sex ; by 1 49 di fferent
occupations )

No . 6 0 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r ke r s .l!.l'.. S e x , M a r i t a l S t a t u s , a n d
R e l a t i o n t o t h e F a m i l y lli O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p a n d .l!.l.
Gu b e r n i a
d at a f o r 1 0 ci t i e s a l s o [ s e e T ab l e l ] ; to ta l nu mb e r o f
wo r k e r s , n u m b e r o f ma r r i e d w o r k e r s i n e a c h o f 5 a g e
g r o u p s , number o f wor k e r s who a r e hea ds of fami l i e s [ by
6 s i z e g r o u p s o f t h e number o f fami l y memb e r s ] ; by 28
occupational groups )
•

No , 6 1 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Wo r k e r s .l!.l. � o f O c c u pa t i o n , S e x ,
� a n d L i t e r a c y (G e n e r a l S umma r y f o r t h e Empi r e ,
E u r o p e a n R u s s i a , P r i v i s l i n s k i y G u b e r n i ya s , C a u c a s u s ,
S i be r i a , and Central �
( b y 7 age group s ; by 1 4 9 d i f f erent occupations )

A p p e n d i x . N u m b e r a n d C o m po s i t i o n o f A gr i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s , W o r k e r s
i n F o r e s t I n d u s t r i e s a n d F o r e s t r y , i n F i s h i n g a n d H u n t i n g, �
Laborer s , Unski l l e d Worker s , and S e r van t s .
No , 62 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Wo r k e r s , Day-La b o r e r s , U n s k i l l e d
W o r ke r s , a n d S e r v a n t s .l!.l'.. � o f O c c u pa t i �
G u b e r n i yaY:-( d at a f o r 1 0 c i t i e s a l s o [ s ee T ab l e l ] ; nu m b er o f a l l
wor k e r s and o f t h o s e a g e d 1 5 and younger; b y 1 0
o c c u p a t i o n s , f r om t h e t y p e s l i s t e d a b o v e ; b y s e x )

No . 63 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r k e r s a n d S e r v a n t s .l!.l. S e x , M a r i t a l
S t a t u s , a n d R e l a t i o n .!£ t h e F a m i l y .
( b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e m p i r e ; n u m b e r o f m a r r i e d
w o r k e r s , b y 5 a g e g r o u p s ; n u m b e r o f ma r r i e d w o r k e r s w h o
head fami l i e s , b y 6 size groups o f the fami l i e s t h e y
hea d ; b y the s a m e 1 0 o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s as Tab l e 1 )

200
No . 64 .

No . 65 .

Index and Guide
3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f W o r k e r s a n d S e r v a n t s kl'.. S e x , ��
S t a t u s , and Relation t o the Famil y .
( s am e t i t l e a s T ab l e 2 , b ut i t i s a pp ar en t l y a
t y po g r a p h i c a l e r r o r , b e c a u s e t h e c o n t e n t s a r e un r e l a t e d
t o t h e t i t l e : b y ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e m p i r e ; f o r t h e
same 1 0 o c c u pa t i on a l g r o u p s a s i n Tabl e 1 , t h i s t a b l e
g i v e s l i t e r a c y b y 7 a g e g r o u p s a n d b y s e x [ t h e r e a r e no
data o n ma r i t a l s t a t u s o r r e l a t i o n t o the f a m i l y ] )

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Wo r k e r s 1I_ � .2.f O c c u pa t i o n , S e x ,

!&h !.!!..!! L i t e r a cX:

( t h i s t a b l e i s t h e s a m e t i t l e a n d f o r ma t a s t h e m a i n
T a b l e 3 i n V o l um e l.:, b u t i t i s b y g u b e r n i y a r a t h e r t h a n
b y ma j o r d i v i s i o n s o f t h e e m p i r e ; d a t a a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d
f o r t h e 1 0 c i t i e s [ s e e T a b l e 1 , V o l u m e .L_] )

F i r s t G e n e r a l C e n s u s .2.!. t h e P o p u l a t i o n .2.f t h e R u s s i a n E mp i r e ,
S h o r t S umma r i e s . N u m b e r s �

1897.

N u m b e r 1 . P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e E mp i r e , a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e C e n s u s o f
J a n ua r y lJh 1 8 9 7 , 1I_ U e z d .
No . 66 .

1 . Popu l a t i on o f t h e Russian Empi r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , 1I_ U e z d .
( permanent popu l a t i o n , b y se x ; urban popu l a t i o n , n o t b y
sex)

No . 6 7 .

2 . P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e , a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e
1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , 1I_ G u b e r n i ya .
( permanent p o p u l a t i o n , by s e x ; ur ban p o p u l a t i o n , n o t b y
sex )

N u m b e r 2 . P o p u l a t i o n o f C i t i e s , a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e C e n s u s .2.f J a n u a r y

lJh 1 8 9 7 .
No . 68 .

1 . P o p u l a t i o n o f C i t i e s .2.f t h e R u s s i a n E m p i r e , a c c o r d i n g
to the 1897 Census .
'("by gub e r n i y a , t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a 1 c i t i e s
[ about 5 t o 2 5 c ities, depending upon the guberniya ] ; by
sex)

No. 69.

2 . E n u m e r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n i n C i t i e s , a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , 1I_ G u b e r n i ya .
"('Ur b a n p o p u l a t i o n , b y s e x )

N u m b e r 3 . P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e C i t i e s o f §..!:.:. P e t e r s b u r g , M o s c o w,
W a r s a w , a n d Ode s s a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e C e n s u s o f J a n u a r y 2 8 t h , 1 8 9 7 .
No . 70 .

1 . P o p u l a t i o n o f §..!:.:. P e t e r s b u r g, a c c o r d i n g !.2. t h e 1 8 9 7
Census .
( b y p o l i c e d i s t r i c t s a n d t h e i r s u b d i v i s i o n s [ " u c h a s t k i" ]
f o r t h e c i t y a n d t h e subur b s ; b y s e x ; enume r a t e d
p o p u l a t i o n i n 1 8 9 0 a n d 1 8 9 7 ; p e r ma n e n t p o p u l a t i o n [ d e

List of Census Tables

20 1

jure ] in 1897 )
No . 7 1 .

2 . P o p u l a t i o n .2.f � P e t e r s b u r R , a c c o r d i n R t o t h e 1 89 7
Census .
( b y t h e same d i s t r i c t s a n d uchastki a s i n Tabl e l ; for
the years 1 890 and 1897; b y peasant and non peasant
s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y s e x)

No . 7 2 .

3 . P o pu l a t i o n o f M o s c ow , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s .
( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 1 , b u t t h e y e a r s a r e
1882 and 1 897)

No . 7 3 .

4 . P o pu l a t i o n o f M o s c o w , a c c o r d i n g !.!!. t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s .
( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s Ta b l e 2 , b u t t h e y e a r s a r e
1882 and 1 8 9 7 )

No . 7 4 .

5 . P o p u l a t i o n .2.f O d e s s a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s .
( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 3�
�-

No . 7 5 .

6 . P o pu l a t i o n o f O d e s s a , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s .
( e x a c t l y t h e s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 4�
�-

No . 7 6 .

-�-

7 . Popu l a t i on o f Warsaw , a c c o r d ing t o the 1 89 7 Census .
( by d i s t r i c t s o f the c i t y ; unl ike the other tabl e s in
t h i s v o l u m e , i t i s f o r 1 8 9 7 o n l y ; e n u me r a t e d [ d e f a c t o ]
a n d p e r ma n e n t [ d e j u r e ] p o p u l a t i o n ; e n u m e r a t e d p e a s a n t
a n d n o n p e a s a n t p o p u l a t i o n ; b y s e x)

N umb e r 4 . F i n a l T a b u l a t i o n o f t h e E n u m e r a t e d � Fa c t o ]
P o pu l a t i o n o f t heEiiijirr;:-hU e z d .
No . 7 7 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n .2.f t h e Emp i r e , .!!.z.
Uezd .
( total popul ation, by sex; urban popul ation; number of
persons who were born in the guberniya in which they
were enumera t e d )

No . 78 .

2 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e E m p i r e , .!!.z.
Guberniya .
( s ame f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 , b u t b y g u b e r n i y a o n l y )

N u m b e r 5 . F i n a l T a b u l a t i o n o f t h e E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ]
Popu l a t i o n o f C i t i e s .
No . 79 .

1 . E n u me r a t e d P o p u l a t i o n o f C i t i e s .2.f t h e R u s s i a n
Empi r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1 8 9 7 C e n s u s .
( by g u b e r n i y a a n d by t h e p o p u l a t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l
c i t i e s in each guberniya [ about 5 to 25 cities,
depending u p o n the guberniya ] ; tota l popul ation of each
unit, by sex; subur ban popul ation and prel iminar y c i t y
popul a t i o n f i gu r e s [ no t b y s e x ] )

No . 80 .

2 . E n u me r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n
Empi r e , a c c o r d i n g !.!!. t h e
( s ame f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 ,
guberniya le ve l , not for

of Cities of the Russian
1 8 9 7 C e n s u s , .!!.z. G u b e r n i ya .
b u t d a t a a r e on l y a t t h e
i n d i v i dual c i t i e s)

202

Index and Guide

N u m b e r 6 . E n u me r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n o f B o t h � .!!.I. U e z d
� .£!!..Ii. .!!..!.!.!!. L i s t i n g o f t h e P r e d om i n a n t R e l i g i o n s a n d t h e M a i n
Social Groups .

No . 8 1 .

1 . E n u m e r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n o f B o t h S e x e s .!!.I. U e z d a n d .£!!..Ii.
w i t h L i s t i n g .Q.f t h e P r e d om i n a n t R e l i g i o n s a n d t h e M a i n
S o c i a l G r o up s .
( b y u r b a n - r ur a l i n ea c h u e z d [ d a t a a r e n o t g i v e n f o r
i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ] ; n o t b y s e x ; d a t a on r e l i g i o n s a n d
social groups a r e n o t c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d b y each o t h e r )

i�

N u m b e r 7 . E n u me r a t e d f De F a c o P o p u l a t i o n o f B o t h S e x e s .!!.I. U e z d ,
w i t h L i s t i n g o f t h e � .Q.._ e r s o n s o f t h e P r e d o m i n a n t N a t i v e
L a n guage s .
No . 82 .

[ see ti t l e of Number 7 . ]
a .!!!. G u b e r n i ya a n d Obia s t .
( for the total popul ation and for the urban popul ation;
n o t by s e x )
b .!!!. U e z d a n d O k r u g .
( not by sex)
•

•

N u m b e r 8 . P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ]
P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e Em p i r e o f B o t h S e x e s , .!!.I. t h e M o s t I m po r t a n t
O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p s W h i c h P r o v i d e t h e M a i n M e a n s o f L i v e l i h o o d .
No. 83.

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .Q.f t h e E n u me r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n .!!.I. t h e �
O c c upa t i o n a l G r o up s ==. i n P e r c e n t a g e s l!l ==. S um ma r y .
( f or main di v i sions of the empi r e on l y ; for the total
popul ation and for the urban popu lation ; for 20
o c c u pa t i o n a l g r o u p s ; n o t b y s e x )

No . 84 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e E n u m e r a t e d P o pu l a t i o n .!!.I. M a i n
O c c u pa t i o n a l G r o u p -=:- i n P e r c e n t a ge s i!l ==. .!!!. G u b e r n i ya .
( same format as Table 1 , but b y guberni ya )

P o pu l a t e d P l a c e s o f t h e R u s s i a n Empi r e H a v i n g 5 0 0 £.!:. M o r e
I n h a b i t an t s , w i t h L i s t ing o f the Tota l Enume r a t e d Popu l a t i on a n d
t h e N u m b e r o f I n h a b i t a n t s W h o B e l o n g .!.2_ t h e P r e d o m i n a n t R e l i g i o u s
G r o u p s , a c c o r d i n g !.Q. D a t a o f t h e F i r s t G e n e r a l C e n s u s o f t h e
Population , 1 8 9 7 .
No . 85 .

S u p p l e m e n t . N u m b e r o f P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s .Q.f 5 0 0
I n h a b i t a n t s £.!:_ M o r e , .!!.I. G u b e r n i ya .
(al so gi ves , for each guberniya , the total pop u lation in
p l a c e s w i t h 500 i n h a b i t a n t s o r more a n d t h e num ber and
total population of other s e t t lemen t s )

No . 86 .

- S a m e t i t l e a s v o l ume t i t l e - .
( by guberniya; the tota l popu lation o f each pl ace i s by
sex, but data on r e l i gion are not by sex ; each
s e t t l e me n t i s a l s o c o d e d a s t o i t s t y p e a n d f u n c t i o n )

C i t i e s a n d P o p u l a t i o n i n U e z d s t h a t Ha v e 2 0 0 0 £.!:_ M o r e
I n h a b i t an t s .

List of Census Tables

203

No . 87 .

Cities .
( b y g u b e r n i y a ; n u m b e r of c i t i e s a n d t h e i r t o t a l
popul at ion in each of 5 size groups)

No . 88 .

S e t t l em e n t s i n U e z d s .
( b y g u b e r n i y ii; n u m b e r of p o p u l a t i o n p o i n t s in t h e u e z d s
[ i .e. , other than the cities inc luded abov e ] and their
total population in each of 6 si ze group s )

N o . 89 .

C i t i e s that Have Fewer than 2000 Inhabitants .
"'(li'Y8ub e r n i y a ; p o p u l a t iOiiOf e a c h o f t h e s e c i t i e s )

N o . 90 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f S e t t l e me n t s o f 2 0 0 0 o r M o r e I n h a b i t a n t s ,
E x c l u d i n g C i tie s , .!!..l'.. t h e Popiilatfiiil o f B o t h S e x e s .
( b y g u b e r n i y a ; p o p u l a t i o n o f e a c h o f t h e s e s e t t l e me n t s ;
t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d n u m b e r o f s e t t l e me n t s i n e a c h o f 6
size group s ; not by s e x )

A LL-UN I O N POPULAT I O N C E N S U S O F 1 9 2 6

S e c t i o n 1 . N a t i o na l i t y , N a t i v e L a n guage , � L i t e r a c y .
R a yo n V o l um e s .
No . 100 .

1 . U r b a n S o v i e t s , V o l o s t s , a n d R a y o n s .!!..l'.. P o p u l a t i o n
Size .
( data are general l y by gub erni ya [ in many un i t s ,
e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e not i n European RSFSR or Ukrainskaya
S S R , d a t a a r e o n l y a t t h e wh o l e A S S R o r S S R l e v e l ] ;
number o f urban so v i e t s and number of v o l o s t s and
rayons [ together ] and their popul ation, by 15
p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 1 0 1 .

2 . R u r a l S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ] .!!.I. P o p u l a t i o n S i z e .
( by guberniya and [ in most guberni yas ] by uezd;
popul a t i o n in r u r a l so v i e t s and v o l o s t s [ t o g e t h e r ] ;
number o f v o l o s t s ; numb er o f r u r a l s o v i e t s and t h e i r
total population , by 6 populat ion-size groups )

No . 102 .

3 . N u m b e r o f R u r a l S o v i e t s , P o p u l a t e d f. l a c e s , �
H o u s e h o l d s , a n d E n u me r a t e d � Fa c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I.
V o l o s t , w i t h � A p po r t i o n m e n t o f T h o s e R e gi s t e r e d .!.!!.
Urban Settlements .
( i n some u n i t s d a t a ar e g i v e n on l y a t th e ra y o n
[ e qu i v a l e n t t o u e z d ] l e v e l , n o t f o r v o l o s t s ; i n
a d d i t i o n t o t h e r ur a l popu l a t i on i n t h e c a t e gor i e s
l i s t e d abo v e , p o p u l a t i on o f urban sov i e t s t h a t a r e
included i n t h e v o l o s t so viets i s also gi ven )

No . 103 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U r b a n a n d R u r a l P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s .!!.I.
P o pu l a t i o n S i z e .
( pa r t a , b y g u b e r n i y a , g i v e s t h e n u m b e r o f u r b a n a n d o f
r u r a l p o p u l a t e d p l aces and the t o t a l popu l a t i on i n
them, by 1 4 s i ze groups; part b, by guberniya and [ in
most gube r n i y a s ] b y uezd , g i ves s i mi l ar data but by 1 1
s i ze groups )

204

Index and Guide

No . 1 0 4 .

5 . Enumerated � Fact o ] and Permanent � Jur e ]
Popu l a t i o n of Ur ban S e t t l ement s .
( b y guberni ya , data f o r each ur ban s e t t lemen t ; by s e x )

No . 105 .

6 . P o p u l a t i o n ,h N a t i o n a � N a t i v e L a n gu a g e , a n d
Literacy .
( by g u b e rn i ya , and for i n d i v i dua l l a r ge c i t i e s [ usual l y
1 o r m o r e c i t i e s i n e a c h ma j o r c e n s u s r a y o n , a n d
some times 1 c i t y i n each guberni ya ] ; number o f p e r s o n s
b y r e l a t i o n s h i p o f n a t i o n a l i t y and n a t i v e l a n guage
[ na t i v e l an g u a g e i s the language o f their n a t i o na l i t y,
i s not o f their national i t y ( by Russ ian, one or two
local l anguages, or other ) ] ; tota l number of l i terate
pe r s o n s an d n u m b er o f t h o s e wh o a r e l i t e ra te in t h e
language o f their national i t y; for 1 9 0 d i f f erent
c a t e g o r i e s o f n a t i o n a l i t i e s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l ; b y s e x ;
t h e t o t a l f o r e i g n p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e number o f t h e m who
a r e l i t e r a t e i s a l s o g i v e n , b y s e x a n d u r b a n- r u r a l
on l y )

No . 1 0 6 .

6a . L i t e r a t e P e r s o n s ,h S e x a n d L a n g u a g e o f L i t e r a c y .
( o n l y a b o u t h a l f o f t h e ma j o r c e n s u s r a y o n s h a v e t h i s
tabl e ; i n some r a yons t h e ta b l e co v e r s onl y o n e e t h n i c
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e un i t , w h i l e i n o t h e r s i t c o v e r s a l l
g u b e r n i y a - l e v e l u n i t s a n d [ e s p e c i a l l y i n U k r a i n s ka y a
S S R ] e v e n s o m e ma j o r c i t i e s ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s l i t e r a t e
in each of se vera l d i f ferent languages ; by two or m o r e
e t h n i c g r o u p s ; by s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r al ; l anguage and
na t i o n a l i t y d a t a a r e e s p e c i a l l y d e t a i l e d i n U k r a i n s ka y a
SSR )

No . 1 0 7 .

7 . F o r e i g n e r s ,h S e x a n d S t a t e .
( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; f o r 4 7
d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s or g r o u p s of s t a t e s ; by urban-rura l )

N o . 1 08 .

8 . P o p u l a t i o n ( C i t i z e n s o f t h e U S S R a n d F o r e i g n e r s ) .h
Na t i v e L a n g u a g e .
( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; f o r 1 5 3
d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e c a t e g o r i e s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l ; b y s e x ;
data a r e a g g r e ga te , not by c i t i z e n s h i p )

No . 1 09 .

9 . P o p u l a t i o n ,h S e x , � M a i n N a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d
Literacy .
( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r mo s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; n a t i o n a l i t y i s
u s u a l l y b y R u s s i an o r o t h e r [ i n a r e a s w i t h w i d e e t h n i c
d i v e r s i t y or i n non-R u s s i an r e p ub l i c s i t i s for s e v e r a l
o r m o r e n a t i o n a l i t i e s , w h i l e i n a r e a s t h a t a r e mo s t l y
Russian nationa l i t y data are often not g i v en ] ; b y
s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 1 0 .

9a . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d ,h S e x a n d �
( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y n a t i o n a l i t y
[ u s ual l y R u s s i an a n d o t h e r , or s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t
e t h n i c g r o u p s ] ; b y 5 a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l [ i n
s o m e un i t s u r b a n - r u r a l d a t a a r e n o t b y n a t i o n a l i t y ] )

No . 1 1 1 .

9 b . U k r a i n i a n s ,h N a t i v e L a n g u a g e a n d S e x , � a n d
Literacy .
( th i s tabl e i s in t h e 6 Ukrainian sub-rayons onl y; by
o k r u g a n d f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; t o t a l n u m b e r o f
Ukr a i n i a n s and the number l i te r a t e ; number o f
U k r a i n i a n s w h o s e nat i v e l anguage i s Ukra i n i a n , R u s s i an,
or other , and the number of each of those groups who
are l i terate; by singl e-year ages to age 1 9, and then by

List of Census Tables

205

5- and 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y urban-rura l )
No . 1 1 2 .

1 0 . Popu l a t i o n J!.I. Sex , National i ty, .!a! l!.!.!.!!..!. Language
J!.I. I n d i v i dual � S e t t l ements and V o l o s t s .

( by guberniya a n d u e z d ; f o r the ma j o r e thnic groups and
for the ma j o r l anguages o n l y [ common l y 5- 1 0 o f each ] ,
n o t c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d b y each other )

No . 1 1 3 .

1 1 . Popu l a t ion J!.I. � Sex, and Literacy, J!.I. U e z d ,
V o l o s t and I n d i v i dual U r b a n S e t tlemen t s .
( fo r 2g age g r o u p s ; a l sOli'Y"""nationa l i t y in mo s t un i t s
[ f r om 2 to a b o u t 6 o r 8 g r o u p s , depending u p o n the
unit ] , but ethnic data a r e often n o t gi v en when the
p o p u l a tion in the guberniya i s main l y R u s s i an ; wi thin
g u b e r n i y a s wher e ethnic data a r e g i v en, t h e y are
g e n e r a l l y in c l u d e d f o r most u e z d s and f o r many v o l o s t s
and c i t i e s , but not a l l ; o f t e n , ethnic data t h a t a r e
giv e n for the who l e u e z d a r e not b y u r b an-rural )

V o l ume 9 . �
No . 1 1 4 .

1 . Popu l a t e d P l a c e s . Enume r a t e d � Facto ) � a n d
Rur a l Populat i o n .
( genera l l y b y guberniya a n d u e z d , but some un i t s are
n o t sub d i v i de d [ i . e . , d a t a a r e o n l y a t the ASSR , AO, or
guberniya l e ve l ] ; area o f each unit and p o p ul a t i o n
d e n s i t y [ to ta l , r u r a l ] ; n u m b e r o f p o p u l a t e d p l a c e s a n d
t o t a l popu l a t i o n , b y s e x and urban-rural )

No . 1 1 5 .

2 . Urban S o v i e t s [ Counci l s ) , Vo l o s t s , a n d Rayon s , J!.I.
Pop"'iiiiti o n Size .
( by g u b e r n i y a ; same format as Rayon Table 1 [ No . 1 00 ] )

No . 1 1 6 .

3 . � S o v i e t s [ Counc i l s ) J!.I. Population S i z e .
( by guber n i ya ; same format as Rayon T a b l e 2 [ No . 1 0 1 ] )

No . 1 1 7 .

4 . D i s t r i bution o f Urban an d ��Rural Popu l a t e d � J!.I.
Popu l a t i o n S i z e .� ��- -�
( fo r the ma i n r a y o n s [ 1 9 o f them ] ; same format as Rayon
Table 4 [ N o . 1 03 ] , p a r t a )

No . 1 1 8 .

5 . Enumera t e d � Facto ) a n d Permanent � Jure )
Popu l a t i o n o f Urban S e t t l ement s .
( by g u b e r n i y a , data f o r each urban s e t t l emen t ; same
f o r ma t a s Rayo n Table 5 [ N o . 1 04 ] )

No . 1 1 9 .

6 . Popu l a t i o n J!.I. S e x , Nationa l i ty, � Language , .!a!
Literacy 1!.!!. A b s o l u t e N umbe r s ) .
(whol e RSFSR o n l y ; same format as Rayon Tabl e 6 l No .
1 05 ] , but n at i v e l anguage i s onl y for 2 c a t e g o r i e s
[ R ussian a n d other ] )

No . 1 20 .

7 . Popu l a t i o n J!.I. S e x , Nat ional ity, Na t i ve Language , .!a!
Literacy ( i n R e l a t i v e Numbe r s ) .
( w h o l e RS"'FS"R o n l y ; in s p i t e o f th e t i t l e , t h i s t a b l e i s
n o t e x ac t l y th e sa me f or ma t a s T ab l e 6 ; n u mb er o f wo me n
per 1 000 men, percent o f the popu l a t i o n o f eac h
n a t i o n a l i t y whose nati v e l an guage i s t h e language o f
that na tiona l i t y , percent l i terate by nationa l i t y ,
p e r c e n t o f l i terate p e r s o n s w h o are l i terate in the
language o f their nationa l i t y ; for 1 90 d i f f erent ethnic
groups; b y ur ban- rura l ; l i terac y o f a l l foreigners i s

206

Index and Guide
a l s o g i ven , b y se x a n d u r ban-rural o n l y )

No . 1 2 1 .

8 . For e igne r s Ju'.. �
( t he f o r ma t o f t hi s ta b l e at t h e w h o l e R SF SR l e v e l i s
t h e same a s that o f Rayon T a b l e 7 [ No . 1 07 ] , i n c l u d i n g
data b y s e x and u r ban-rural ; d a t a a l s o g i v e n f o r e a c h
o f t h e 1 9 c e n s u s r a y o n s and f o r M o s cow and L e n i n g ra d ,
bu t t ho s e r e gi on a l an d c i t y d a t a a r e no t b y s e x o r
u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 1 2 2 .

9 . Popul a t i o n (Ci t i ze n s o f � U S S R .!.!!.!!_ F o r e igne rs) Ju'..
N a t i v e Language .
( wh o l e RSFSR ; s a m e f o rmat as Rayon T a b l e 8 ( No . 1 08 ] )

No . 1 23 .

1 0 .!U.fil!.!£ Compo s i t i on � t h e Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i dual
T e r r i t o r i a l Un i t s o f t h e RSFSR .
( b y g u b e r n i y a p l u s-p;j oSC'Ow�Len i n g r a d ; numb e r o f
d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c g r o u p s g i v e n f o r e a c h r e g i o n v ar i e s
f r om 3 t o a b o u t 3 5 ; b y ur ban- r u r a l a n d b y s e x [ da t a a r e
no t c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d b y u r ban-rural a n d s e x ] )

N o . 1 24 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f N a t i o na l i t i e s .!.!!. the T e r r i t o r y o f
t h e RSFSR.
( fo r 190 d i f f e r e n t ethnic c a t e g or i e s ; f o r e a c h e t h n i c
g r o u p t h e n u m b e r o f that g r o u p l i v i n g i n e a c h e t h n i c
un i t o r g u b e r n i y a ( p l u s M o s c o w and L e n i n g ra d ] o f the
RSFSR i s g i v e n , w i t h the un i t s l i s t e d i n d e c r e a s i n g
o r d e r o f t h e n um b e r o f t ha t gr o u p l i v i n g t h e r e ; b y
u r ban-r ural )

No . 1 2 5 .

1 2 . Popu l a t i on o f I n d i v i d u a l T e r r i t o r i a l U n i t s o f t h e
RSFSR Ju'.. N a t i v e-i:: a nguage ( I n c l u d i n g Fore ign Ci tIZe'ii'S'I .
( e xac t l y t h e same admini s t r a t i v e uni t s and format a s
T a b l e 1 0 [ No . 1 2 3 ] but f o r n a t i v e languag e )

No .

126.

No . 1 2 7 .

•

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Language s i n t h e T e r r i t o r y � t h e
RSFS R .
( e xac t l y the same a dmini s t r a t i v e uni t s and fo rmat a s
T a b l e 1 1 [ N o . 1 24 ] but f o r langua g e )

1 4 . P o pu l a t i on .!!..v. S el , � an d Li t e r a c y .!!,,,_ I n th e
RSFSR .!!.,_ I n t h e RSF R w i t h o u t Kazakhskaya A � .
rrrgI'Z s kaya A S S R , Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR, a n d Autonomous
Obl a s t s o f t h e N o r t h Cauca s u s .
( fo r t h e ""WhO'fe RSFSR a n d f o r t h e RSFSR w i t h o u t t h e
uni t s n o t e d a b o v e onl y ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s ; f o r u r b a n ,
r ural , c i t i e s w i t h more than 1 0 0 , 000 p o pu l a t i o n [ t o t a l ,
not indi vidua l cities ] , cities with popu lations of
50 , 000 t o 9 9 , 999 [ a l s o t o t a l ] , a n d o t h e r ur ban )
•

•

N o . 1 28 .

No . 1 2 9 .

1 5 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. S e x , � a n d L i t e racy, a c c o r d i n g .!£.
the C e n s u s e s o f December ll... 1926 .!.!!.!!_ F e b r u a r y .2.._ 1 8 9 7 .
( by 1 9 c e n s u s r a y o n s o f t h e RSFSR; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s
1 - 1 9 , then b y 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y urban- r u r al )
1 6 . Chi l d r e n Youne e r than O n e Year. O l d Ju'.. S e x a n d �
I n t h e RSFSR . _:_ I n the Irn"FSR withOut K rnkhSkaya
f SSR, ( i r gi z ska a A S S R l Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR, and
u o omous Repu G l i e s .!?__ � North Cauca s u s .
( fo r t h e who l e R S F S R a n d the RSFSR w i t h o u t t h e u n i t s
n o t e d a b o v e o n l y ; b y 5 age g r o u p s ; f o r urban , rural ,
c i t i e s w i t h mo r e than 1 00, 000 p opul a t i o n [ t o t a l ] ,
c i t i e s with p o p u l a t i ons o f 50, 000 t o 9 9 , 999 [ a l so
t o t a l ] , o t h e r u r ban )

.!!...

207

List of Census Tables
N o . 1 30 .

1 7 .!.&!!. Compo s i t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n a c c o r d i n g .!.!!. t h e
C e n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 8 9 7 , i n R e l a t i v e N u mb e r s lli �
( b y 1 9 c e ii'Su s r a yOiS o f t h e """'RS F S R ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s
1 - 1 9 , t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an - r ur s l ; b y
se x )
•

�

No . 1 3 1 .

1 8 . Literacy o f the Popul ation h � accordin
o the
C e n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d lf9 7 i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s i n �
�
( by 19 c e n s u s r a y o n s o t e R SFS R ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s
5 - 1 9 , t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an- r u r a l ; b y
se x )

No . 1 3 2 .

1 9 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ua l
T e r r i t o r i a l U n i t s w i t h Appo r t i o nme n t o f t h e �
N u me r o u s N a t i o n a l i t i e s , i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s ii.!!. �
( b y g u b e r n i y a a n d u e z d [ ma n y un i t s do n o t g i v e u e z d
d a t a ] , p l u s M o s c o w a n d Le n i n g r a d ; n u m b e r o f
n a t i o n a l i t i e s g i v e n r a n g e s f r om a b o u t 2 t o 3 5 ; b y s e x ;
b y u r ba n r u r a l ; d a t a a t t h e u e z d l e v e l a r e n o t b y
n a t i o na l i t y )

V o l um e 1 1 .
No . 133 .
N o . 1 34 .

U k r a i n s ka y a S S R .
1 . P o pu l a t e d P l a c e s . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] U r b a n a n d
Rural Population .
n>Y'Qk r u g , same f o r m a t a s R S F S R T a b l e 1 [ N o . 1 1 4 ] )

2 . U r b a n S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ] a n d R a y o n s h P o pu l a t i o n
Size .
('bY6" s u b - r a y o n s ; n u m b e r o f u r b a n s o v i e t s a n d o f r a y o n s
a n d t h e i r t o t a l p o p u l a t i o ns , b y 1 1 p o p u l a t i o n - s i z e
groups )

No . 1 3 5 .

3 . R u r a l S o v i e t s h P o pu l a t i o n S i z e .
( by 6 sub-rayons; number o f rural s o v i e t s and their
t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n , b y 6 p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 136 .

4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f U r b a n a n d R u r a l P o p u l a t e d � h
Population S i ze .
( b y 6 s u b - r a y on s ; same f o r m a t as R a y on T a b l e 4 [ N o .
1 03 ] , p a r t a )

No . 1 3 7 .

5 . E n u me r a t e d � F a c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J ur e ]
Population of Urban Sett lemen t s .
( b y 6 s u b - r a y o n s ; d a t a f o r a l l u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s o n l y
[ not indivi dual ones ] ; by sex)

No . 1 3 8 .

6 . P o pu l a t i o n lb'.. S e x , N a t i o n a l i t y , N a t i v e Langua R e , a n d
L i t e r a c y ii.!!. A b s o l u t e N u m b e r s ) .
( who l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; same f o r ma t a s R a y o n T a b l e 6 [ N o .
1 05 ] )

No . 139 .

6a.

L i t e r a t e P o pu l a t i o n

lli A b s o l u t e N um b e r s )

•

h

S e x a n d Language of L i t e r a c y
h R u s s i an s. c .

.!..:. Uk r a i n i a n s .

Jews .
( wh o l e r e pu b l i c o n l y ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s l i t e r a t e i n
each o f se vera l d i fferent languages [ see t i t le ] by
na t i v e l a n g u a g e [ R u s s i a n , U k r a i n i a n , o t h e r ] ; T a b l e 7 a
g i v e s t h e s ame i n f o r m a t i o n , b u t i n r e l a t i v e numb e r s
[%])

208

Index and Guide

No . 140 .

7 . P op u l a t i o n ll S e x , N a t i o n a l i t y , N a t i v e L a n g u a g e , a n d
L i t e r a c y 1!!!. R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s ) .
( wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; same f o r m a t as R S F S R T a b l e 7 [ N o .
1 20 ] )

No . 141 .

8 . F o r e i g n e r s ll S t a t e .
( d a t a f o r t h e wh o l e r e p u b l i c a r e f o r 3 9 c a t e g o r i e s o f
s t a t e s , b y s e x a n d b y u r b a n- r u r a l ; d a t a f o r t h e s e s a m e
c a t e gor i e s are a l s o gi v en f o r the 6 sub-rayons a n d f o r
Kiev , Kharko v , and Odessa , but these data are not by
s e x o r b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 4 2 .

9 . P o pu l a t i o n (C i t i z e n s � t h e U S S R a n d F o r e i gn e r s ) ll
N a t i v e Language .
twliOf"e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; same f o r m a t a s R a y o n T a b l e 8 [ N o .
1 08 ] )

No . 143 .

1 0 . E t h n i c Compo s i t i o n � I n d i v i d u a l T e r r i t o r i a l U n i t s
o f t h e Ukrainskaya S S R .
'{'by ()i(r u g ; s a m e f o rmata s R S F S R T a b l e 1 0 [ N o . 1 2 3 ] , b u t
t h e n um b e r o f d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c g r o u p s g i v e n f o r e a c h
un i t v a r i e s f r om a b o u t 4 t o 1 1 )

No . 144 .

1 1 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f N a t i o n a l i t i e s i n t h e T e r r i t o r y o f
t h e Uk r a i n s ka y a S S R .
( same format a s RSFSR Ta b l e 1 1 [ N o . 1 24 ] , but d a t a a r e
giv en for fewer languages and are not pro v i d e d for any
cities )

No . 1 4 5 .

1 2 . P o p u l a t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l T e r r i t o r i a l Un i t s o f t h e
U k r a i n s kaya S S R ll N a t i v e L a n guage .
( b y o k r u g ; e xa c t l y t h e same f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 0 [ N o .
1 4 3 ] b u t for n a t i v e languag e )

No . 146 .

1 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f L a n g u a g e s .!.!!. t h e T e r r i t o r y o f t h e
Uk r a i n s ka y a S S R .
( e x a c t l y t h e"Siiie f o r m a t a s T a b l e 1 1 [ N o . 1 4 4 ] , b u t f o r
langua g e s )

No . 1 4 7 .

1 4 . P o p u l a t i o n ll S e x , � M a i n N a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d
Literacy.
( wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s who a r e
Uk r a i n i a n s , R u s s i a n s , J e w s , o r o t h e r s , a n d t h e n u m b e r
o f e a c h o f t h e s e n a t i o n a l i t i e s who a r e l i t e r a t e [ f o r
Ukr ainians and Jews the data al so i n c l ude the number o f
l i t e r a t e p e r s o n s who s e na t i v e l a n g a u g e i s U k r a i n i a n o r
R u s s i a n ( f o r Jews, the number who se 1 anguage i s a
na t i v e E u r o p e a n l a n g u a g e) ] ; b y u r b a n , r u r a l , c i t i e s o f
m o r e t h a n 1 00 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n [ t o t a l , n o t i n d i v i d u a l
c i t i e s ] , c i t i e s o f 5 0 , 000 t o 9 9 , 9 9 9 p o p u l a t i o n [ a l s o
total ] , and other ur ban ; by s i n g l e-year ages)

No . 148 .

1 5 . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d ll S e x a n d �
( wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; b y U k r a i n i a n , R u s s i a n , J e w ,
other ; by 5 age groups ; by urban, rura 1 , c i t i e s o f more
t h a n 1 00 , 00 0 p o p u l a t i o n [ t o t a l , no t i n d i v i d u a l c i t i e s ] ,
c i t i e s o f 50, 000 t o 9 9 , 999 p o p u l a t i on [ a l so t o t a l ] , and
o t h e r ur ban)

No . 149 .

1 6 a . U k r a i n i a n s ll N a t i v e L a n gu a g e a n d ill lli R e l a t i v e
Numb e r s
wh o l e r e p u b l i c o n l y ; p e r c e n t o f U k r a i n i a n s who s e
nativ e language i s Ukrainian , Russian, or other; by
s i n g l e - y ea r a g e s t o a g e 1 9 a n d t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e

�

�-

�

•

List of Census Tables
groups;

by u r b a n - r u r a l ;

209

by s e x )

No . 150 .

1 6 b . � .!!.I. N a t i v e L a n guage a n d !&£. ill R e l a t i v e
N u mb e r s
same f o r ma t as Ta b l e 1 6a , b u t p e r c e n t of Jews w h o s e
n a t i v e l a n g u a g e i s a E u r o p e a n l a n g ua g e )

No . 1 5 1 .

1 7 . P o pu l a t i o n .!!.I. S x , .!.&.!... a n d L i t e r a c y, a c c o r d i n t o
t h e Ce n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 a n d 1 8 9I""I!!!: Ab s o l u t e Numbe r s _ .
(Wli"o l e r e p ublTC o n ly ;""'l)y" s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 - 1 9 and t h e n
5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 5 2 .

•

6

'

'

1 8 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I. S e x , .!.&.!... a n d L i t e r a c y , a c c o r d i n !.£
t h e Ce n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 8 9:f'I!i! R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s _ .
TSBme f o r m a t 88 'f8iile--r7 , b u t i n %

V o l ume 1 7 . U S S R .
No . 153 .

1 . P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s . Enume r a t e d � Fa c t o ] U r b a n a n d
Rural Population .
t"'b'Yra y o n ; same f o r m a t as R S F S R T a b l e 1 [ N o . 1 1 4 ] )

N o . 1 54 .

2 . U r b a n S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ) , V o l o s t s , a n d R a y on s , .!!.I.
P o pu l a t i o n S i z e .
( b y U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; same f o r ma t a s R a y o n Ta b l e 1 [ No .
1 00 ] )

No . 155 .

3 . R u r a l S o v i e t s [ C o u n c i l s ] .!!.I. P o p u l a t i o n S i z e .
( by Union Repub l i c ; popul a tion which i s i n c l uded in
r u r a l s o v i e t s a n d t h a t whi c h i s n o t i n c l u d e d ; n u m b e r o f
r u r a l s o v i e t s a n d t he p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e m , b y 6
p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 1 56 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U r b a n a n d R u r a l P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s .!!.I.
P o pu l a t i o n S i z e .
( b y U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; same f o r m a t as R a y o n Ta b l e 4 [ N o .
1 03 ] , p a r t a )

No . 157 .

5 , E nume r a t e d � Fa c t o ] a n d P e r m a n e n t � J ur e ]
P o pu l a t i o n o f U r b a n S e t t l em e n t s .
( fo r who l e U S S R , R S F S R , B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , a n d
Uk r a i n s k a y a S S R o n l y ; b y s e x ; d a t a f o r a l l [ n o t
i n d i v i du a l ] u r ba n s e t t l e m e n t s i n e a c h un i t )

No , 1 58 ,

6 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I. S e x , N a t i o n a l i t y , N a t i v e L a n gu a ge , a n d
L i t e r a c y 1!!i A b s o l u t e N u m b e r s ) .
( wh o l e U S S R o n l y ; same f o r m a t as R a y o n T a b l e 6 [ N o .
1 0 5 ] , b u t nat i v e l a nguage i s onl y for 2 c a t e go r i e s
[ Rus sian and other ] )

No . 159 .

7 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!.I. S e x , N a t i o na l i t y, � Language , a n d
L i t e r a c y lli R e l a t i v e N u mb e r s ) .
( wh o l e U S S R o n l y ; same f o r ma t as R S F S R Ta b l e 7 [ No .
1 20 ] )

No . 1 6 0 .

8 . F o r e i gn e r s .!!.I. S t a t e .
( t h e f o r m a t o f t h i s t a b l e a t t h e wh o l e U S S R l e v e l i s
t h e same a s t h a t o f R a y o n Ta b l e 7 [ N o . 1 07 ] , i n c l u d i n g
d a t a b y s e x an d u r b a n- r u r a l ; d a t a a r e a l s o g i v e n b y
Un i o n R e p u b l i c , b u t d a t a f o r t ho s e u n i t s a r e o n l y t h e
t o t a l number o f foreigners o f each state, t h e y a r e n o t
b y s e x o r u r b a n- r u r a l )

210

Index and Guide

No . 1 6 1 .

9 . P o p u l a t i o n (Ci t i z e n s .Q.f t h e U S S R a n d F o r e i gn e r s) .!!l'..
N a t i v e Language .
( wh o l e U S S R o n l y ; s a m e f o r m a t a s R a y o n T a b l e 8 [ N o .
1 08 ] )

No . 1 6 2 .

1 0 . E t h n i c C o m po s i t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U n i o n
R e p ubITC8.
( fo r 1 9 0 d i f f er e n t ethnic c a t e g or i e s ; b y ur ban- r u ra l )

No . 1 63 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b ution o f the Popul ation o f the Union
R e p u b l i c s .!!l'.. Language:( f o r 1 5 3 d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e c a t e g o r i e s ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

N o . 1 64 .

1 2 . P o pu l a t i o n .!!.z S e x , !.Rh a n d L i t e r a c y .!!.. l.!!. t h e
U S S R .!!.:.. .!.!!. t h e � ( wi t h o u t K a z a k h s kaya A S S R ,
K i r g i z s ka y a A S S , Dage s t a n s k a a A S S R , a n d A u t o n o m o u s
Obl a s t s o f t h e o r t h C a u c a s u s_, B e l o r u s s k a ya S S R , a n d
U k r a i n s kays S S R .
( wh o l e U S S R a n d who l e R S F S R [ wi t h o u t t h e un i t s l i s t e d
a b o v e ] o n l y ; same format as R S F S R T a b l e 1 4 [ N o . 1 2 7 ] )

No . 1 6 5 .

1 3 . C h i l d r e n Y o u n g e r t h a n O n e Y e a r O l d .!!l'.. S e x a n d �
.!!.:.. .!.!!. t h e R S FSRTWi t h o u t K a z a k h s k a ya
A S S R , K i r g i z s kaya A S S R , D a ge s t a n s k aya
and
A u t o n o m o u s R e p u b l i c s o f t h e N o r t h C a u c� ,
B e l o r u s s k ay a S S R , a n dU krai nSkilVa S S R .
( wh o l e U S S R a n d w h o l e R S F S R [ wi t h o u t t h e un i t s l i s t e d
a b o v e ] only ; same format a s R S F S R T a b l e 1 6 [ No . 1 2 9 ] )

�

�-

-��

•

•

§

l

.!!._ I n t h e U S S R .

�

No . 1 66 .

1 4 . P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. S e x , .!&.!!.... � L i t e r a c y, a c c o r d i n g .!.!!_
t h e C e n s u s e s o f D e c e m b e r lZ... 1 9 2 6 , a n d F e b r u a r y .2..,_ 1 8 9 7 .
( b y U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; same f o r m a t a s R S F S R T a b l e 1 5 �
1 28 ] )

No . 1 6 7 .

1 5 . � C o m po s i t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
C e n s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 a n d 1 8 9 7 , i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s i!!!. �
( by Union Repub l i c ; same format a s RSFSR Tabl e 1 7 [ No.
1 30 ] )

No . 168 .

1 6 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. .!&.!!.... a c c o r d i n
o the
C e n s u s e s o f .121§. a n d 1 8 9 7 , i n R e l a t i v e N um b e r s i n �
( by Union Repub l i c ; same format a s RSFSR Ta b l e 1 8 [ No .
131 ] )

No . 1 69 .

1 7 . � a n d L i t e r a c y o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. N a t i o n a l i t y
Absolute Data ) .
who e U S S R o n l y [ f i g u r e s f o r e a c h n a t i o n a l i t y a r e t h e
USSR t o t a l , based on the ethnic p o p u l a t i o n s i n s e l ec te d
r e g i o n a l u n i t s on l y ] ; by 5 3 d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c
categor i e s ; by sing le-year ages 1 - 1 9 , then by 5-year
a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x)

No . 1 7 0 .

1 8 . � C ompo s i t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n .!!l'.. N a t i o n a l i t y ,
i n R e l a t i v e N um b e r s i!.!!. �
t'Who l e U S S R o n l y ; b y 53 d i f f e r e n t . e t h n i c c a t e g o r i e s ; b y
s i n g l e-year ages 1 - 1 9 , then by 5-year age groups;
by sex)

No . 1 7 1 .

u l a t i o n .!!l'.. N a t i o n a l i t y a n d .!&.!!....
1 9 . L i t e r a c y .Q.f t h e
i n R e l a t i v e N u m b e r s i n !};
t'Who l e U S S R o n l y ; b y 5 3 d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c c a t e g o r i e s ; b y
singl e-year ages 5 - 1 9 , then by 5-year age group s ; by
sex)

�

i!i

List of Census Tables

211

S e c t i o n 2 . O c c u pa t i o n s .
R a y o n V o l ume s .
No . 1 72 .

1 . P o pu l a t i o n kI_ P o s i t i o n i n O c c upa t i o n a n d � o f
the Econom .
'("liY g u b e r n y a , a n d a l s o f o r m a n y ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y
g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y
u r b a n - r u r a l ; by s e x ; mo s t g u b e r n i y a s a r e a l s o by 2 o r 3
d i f f e r e n t n a t i o n a l i t i e s [ mo s t c i t i e s , e x c e p t f o r M o s c ow
a n d L e n i n g r a d , a r e n o t by n a t i o n a l i t y ] ; n a t i o na l i t y
data a r e n o t by ur ban-rural )

No . 1 7 3 .

2 . S e x , !.&h L i t e r a c y , a n d M a r i t a l S t a t u s kI_ t h e M a i n
D i v i s i o n s o f t h e O c c u pa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( b y m a i n cens US-r a y o n s , b u t some r a y o n s a r e d i v i d e d b y
g u b e r n i y a s [ Mo s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d ] ; b y
position i n occupation and sector of the economy; by
g a i n f u l 1 y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- g a i n f u l 1 y e m p l o y e d ; b y 1 7
a g e g r o u p s ; by mar i t a l s t a t u s [ 4 t y p e s ] o f t h e wh o l e
p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 5 a n d o l d e r [ n o t by a g e ] ; by u r b a n ­
r u r a l [ t h i s i s c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d w i t h e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t
a g e a n d ma r i ta l s t a t u s ] ; t h i s ta b l e f o r t h e r a y o ns o f
B e l o r u s s ka y a S S R , S i b i r s k i y k r a y , a n d D a l ' n e-V o s t o c h n y y
k r ay is ba se d n ot on the m a i n d i v i s i o ns of th e
o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , b u t on t h e s h o r t
occupational c l a s s i f ication [ i .e. , the occupationa l data
are more detai led ] )

No . 1 7 4 .

2 a . F a r me r s a n d A gr i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s .!.!!. P e a s a n t -Type
E n t e r pr i s e s .
( by rayon ; for a l l farmer s and agricu l t ura l workers
together, by position in occupation ; by 15 age groups;
by sex; by number literate [ l i teracy is onl y for the
t o t a l by a g e a n d s e x , n o t b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n ] ;
t h i s t a b l e i s numbe r e d 2 b for the rayons l i s t e d i n No .
175)

No . 1 7 5 .

2 a . S u ppl eme n t a r y D a t a .!!..!!. t h e !.&!1. C o mpo s i t i o n o f
Ga i n f u l l y Emp l o y e d P e r s o n s kI_ S e p a r a t e Type s oY­
T h e M o s t Nume r o u s � o f O c c u pa t i o n s ,
O c c u pa t i o n s .
� Fa r me r s .
( th i s t a b l e p r e s e n t s r a y o n d a t a f o r B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R ,
S e v e r o - K a v ka z s k i y k r a y , t h e r e p u b l i c s o f Z a k a v ka z s ka y a
SFSR, U r a l ' skaya o b l a s t , S i b i r s k i y kray, and Dal ' n e­
V o s t o c hn y y k r a y ; f o r a b o u t 3 6 0 o c c u pa t i o n s [ n o t a l l o f
them a r e inc l u d e d in e v ery rayon ] by p o s i t i o n in
occupation; by 15 age g r o up s ; by sex; by l i teracy [ this
is by a l l of the categories except age ] )

No. 1 76 .

2 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U n d e r age W o r ke r s ( 1 0 - 1 5 � O l d)
W h o H e l p i n Agr i c u l t u r e , A r e P e r s o n a l S e r v a n t s , .2!. A r e
I n d i ge n t s , kI. �
( by r a y o n , p l u s L e n i n g r a d ; by s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 0- 1 5 ;
b y s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l ; t h i s t a b l e i s n u mb e r e d 2 g o r 2 d
f o r the rayons l i s t e d i n No. 1 75)

No . 1 77 .

3 . Ga i n f u 1 l y Empl o y e d P e r s o n s kI. T h e i r M a i n
O c c u pa t i o n s , a n d t h e N o n - G a i n f u l I y Emp l o y e d kI_ t h e M a i n
O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e B r e a d w i n n e r s .
( b y g u b e r n i y8,'"" a n d a l s o f o r m o s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y
p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n om y , a n d 2 4 2

t

212

Index and Guide
occupations;

by u r b a n - r u r a l ;

b y s e x)

N o . 1 78 .

4 . M a i n a n d P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e G a i n f u l l y
Empl o y e d .!!L t h e C o m p l e t e O c c u pa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r o n e o r m o r e c i t i e s i n s ome
g u b e r n i y a s ; b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r of the
e c o n om y , and 373 o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y a g r i c u l t u r a l o r n o n ­
ag r i c u l tural o f part -time occupation , for those al s o
ha v i n g a f u l l - t i me o c c u p a t i o n [ t h i s c a t e g o r y g i v e n a t
the rayon l e v el on l y ] ; by sex; by ur ban-rura l o f
l o c a t i o n o f ma i n o r p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n ; f o r m o s t
g u b e r n i ya s d a t a a r e a l s o g i v e n f o r m a i n o c c u p a t i o n s
on l y b y 2 or 3 n a t i o na l i t i es [ t h e s e da ta a re c r o s s ­
t a b u l a t e d w i t h e v e r y t h i n g e x c e p t u r ba n - r u r a l ] )

No . 1 7 9 .

4 . M a i n a n d P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s £i. G a i n f u l l y Empl o y e d
P e r s o n s a n d T h e i r � C ompo s i t i o n , .!!L t h e Com pl e t e
O c c u pa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( this ta b l e i s for Moscow and Lenin grad onl y, and
a p p e a r s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r a y o n v o l um e s ; n u m b e r o f
g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d p e r s o n s b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n ,
sector o f the economy, and 373 occupational categories
o f t h e i r ma i n a n d o f t h e i r p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n s , b y
s e x ; da ta f or m a i n o c c u pa t i o n s a r e by a l 1 o f t he a b o v e
a n d a l s o b y 1 5 a g e g r o u p s ; d a t a f o r ma i n o c c u p a t i o n s
a r e a l s o b y n a t i o na l i t y [ R u s s i a n s a n d J e w s ] , a n d t h e s e
na t i o n a l i t y d a t a a r e b y a l l c a t e go r i e s e x c e p t a g e )

No . 1 80 .

4 a . M a i n a n d P a r t -T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s o f M a n u a l a n d �
W o r k e r s . R e s u l t s f o r A l l S e c t o r s £i. t h e E c o n o m y .
( b y guberniya, and al so for M o scow and Leningra d ;
n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s b y ma i n o c c u p a t i o n , p a r t - t i m e
o c c u p a t i o n , a n d [ f o r t h e u n e m p l o y e d ] mo s t r e c e n t
occupation ; by 289 occupations ; by sex)

No . 1 8 1 .

4 b . S u p p l e me n t a r y D a t a .!!.!!. M a n a geme n t P e r s o n n e l £i.
I n s t i t u t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f A gr i c u l t u r a l , M e d i c a l ­
S a n i t a r y , a n d C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , C o r r e s p o n d i n g .!£
Numb e r s l2Q a n d 2 0 4 o f t h e F u 1 1 O c c u pa t i o n a l
Clas sification .
( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r s o m e ma j o r c i t i e s ; n u m b e r
o f e m p l o ye d pe r s o n s w h o a r e d i r e c t o r s o f t h e t y p e s o f
i n s t i t u t i o n s l i s t e d a b o v e ; e a c h o f t h e ma i n c a t e g o r i e s
i s d i v i d e d by se vera l or more s p e c i f i c kinds o f
ins t i t ut i o n s ; by ur ban-rural ; by s e x )

No . 182 .

4 v . � C ompo s i t i o n £i. P e r s o n s W h o A r e G a i n f u l l y
Empl o y e d .!..!!. t h e M a j o r � o f O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e
Ha n d i c r a f t I n d u s t r y , C o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d L o c a l T r a n s p o r t
i n t h e C i t y o f M o s c o w . Compa r a t i v e D a t a f o r I n d i v i d u a l
P o s i t i o n s i n O c c u pa t i o n s .
( t h i s t a b l e i s in V o l um e 1 9 ; f o r 1 5 d i f f e r e n t
occupations, or gani z e d u n d e r t h e s e c t o r s l i sted abov e;
each occupation i s by 5 different positions in
occupation; by 1 5 a ge groups ; by sex [ o nl y one sex is
g i v en f o r e a c h o c c u p a t i o n , b u t a ·d i f f e r e n t s e x i s g i v e n
d epending upon the occupation ] ; a tabl e with the same
f o r m a t b u t e n t i t l e d M a j o r � .2!. O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e
Han d i c r a f t I n d ustry, Bui l d i n g , and L o c a l Transpo r t ,
a p p e a r s a s Ta b l e 2 v o r 2 g i n r a y o n s o f B e l o r u s s k a y a
S S R , t h e r e p u b l i c s o f Zaka v ka z s k a y a S F S R , S e v e r o ­
K a v k a z s k i y k ra y , U r a l ' s k a y a o b l a s t , S i b i r s k i y k r a y , a n d
Dal ' ne-V o s t ochnyy kray [ d ata a r e a t the rayon l e v e l ] )

List of Census Tables

213

No . 183 .

5 . P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t - T i m e O c c u pa t i o n s !I. t h e P o s i t i o n
i n O c c u p a t i o n a n d S e c t o r tl ili E c o n om y o f .!l!.!..!!. �
Occupat ions .
( by rayon ; for each position in occupation and sector
o f t h e e c o n o m y o f p e r s o n s h a v i n g p a r t - t i m e o c c u p a t i on s ,
t h e t a b l e g i v e s t h e n um b e r o f p e r s o n s w h o h a v e m a i n
occupations, by position in occupation and sector of
t h e e c o n o m y o f t h o s e ma i n o c c u p a t i o n s )

N o . 1 84 .

S a . P e r s o n s wi t h P a r t -T i m e O c c up a t i o n s !I. t h e P o s i t i o n
i n t h e H a i n A r i c u l t u r a l O c c u pa t i o n a n d !I. G r o u p a n d
!l'...P.!!. o f P a r t - i m e O c c u pa t i on ,
( by r a y o n ; f o r e a c h p a r t - t i me o c c u p a t i o n [ b y p o s i t i o n
i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e e c o no m y , a n d a b o u t 3 6 0
occupations ] the tabl e g i v e s the number of persons
hav i n g an a g r i c u l tural o c c u p a t i o n as their main
occupation [ by 5 positions in occupation ] and the
numb e r o f p e r s o n s w h o d o n o t [ t o t a l , n u mb e r o f t h e m i n
u r ba n s e t t l em e n t s ] )

No . 1 8 5 .

6 . Unempl o y e d !I. S e c t o r o f t h e E c o nomy and P o s i t i o n in
Most R e c e n t O c c u pa t i o n .
OiY""g u b e r n i y a [ i n m o s t r a y o n s , a l t h o u g h s o m e o f t h e m
a r e o n l y t h e who l e r a y o n ] a n d mo s t ma j o r c i t i e s ; numb e r
o f unem p l o y e d i n 4 c a t e go r i e s [ p r e v i o u s l y w o r k e d f o r
hire, prev ious l y worked not for hire, l ooking for work
for the first time, other ] , each category by sev eral
positions in occupations a n d / o r s e c t o r s o f the ec onomy;
by s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l )

N o . 1 86 .

7.
t i o n o f t h e U e z d s o f t h e G u b e r n i ya s o f [ Name
.2.f R a o n !I. P o s i t i o n in O c c u pa t i o n .!!.!!£ S e c t o r .2.f t h e
E c o n omy .
( s ome r a y o n s d o not ha v e t h i s t a b l e ; b y g a i n f u l l y
em p l o y e d a n d n o n- g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban­
r ural )

'

iillll

V o l um e 2 6 . �
No . 1 8 7 .

1 . P o pu l a t i o n !I. P o s i t i o n i n O c c u p a t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f
t h e E c o n omy . R S FS R .
twii'"o l e R S F S R ; by g a i n f u l 1 y em p l o y e d a n d n o n- g a i n f u l 1 y
e m p l o y e d ; by s e x ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 1 8 8 .

2 . P o p u l a t i o n !I. P o s i t i o n i n O c c u pa t i o n a n d � o f
t h e E c o n omy . R a y o n s o f t h e �
"'(1iY g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d a n d n o n - ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d )

N o . 1 89 .

3 . P o p u l a t i o n !I. P o s i t i o n in O c c u pa t i o n a n d � o f
t h e E c o n omy. Ob-ra s t s , G u b e r n i ya s , O k r u g s , a n d U e z d s o f
t h e R S FS R .
'('dat aare-a l s o g i v e n f o r ma n y l a r g e c i t i e s ; p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy a r e n o t c � o s s ­
t a b u l a t e d [ un l i ke n e a r l y a l l o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l
t a b l e s ] ; d a t a a t t h e g u b e r n i y a l e v e l o r h i g h e r a r e by
u r ba n- r u r a l )

No . 1 9 0 .

4 . S e x , !&!.... L i t e r a c y , .!!.!!£ M a r i t a l � !I. G r o u p o f
O c c u pa t i o n s o f t h e S h o r t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( who l e R S F S R-On l y ; b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f
t h e e c o n o m y , a n d some s p e c i f i c o c c u p a t i o n s [ 2 4 1
num b e r e d c a t e g o r i e s ] ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d n o n -

214

Index and Guide
g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; by 1 7 a g e g r o u p s [ 1 9 g r o u p s f o r
non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ] ; ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ 4 c a t e g o r i e s ]
a n d u r ban- r u r a l a r e a l s o b y a l l o f t h e o c c u p a t ional
c a t e gor i e s a n d b y l i t e r a c y , but t h e y a r e n o t b y a g e )

No . 191 .

4 a . S uppl e m e n t a r y Data .2.!!. t h e � Compo s i t i o n o f
G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed P e r s o n s J!.I. S e p a r a t e 1'..Y.P.!.!!. o f
Occupa t i o n s . T h e Mo s t Nume r o u s 1'..Y.P.!.!!. o f Occupa t i o n s ,
e x c e p t Farme r s .
( who l e R S F S R ; same format a s t h e s e c o n d R a y o n T a b l e 2 a
[ N o. 1 7 5 ] )

No . 1 9 2 .

4 b . Agr i c u l t u r a l Worke r s , Farme r s , a n d C a t t l e R a i s e r s .
( b y 1 9 r a y on s ; b y e a c h o f the main o c c u p a t i o n a l
c a t e gor i e s l i s t e d a b o v e ; b y a g e compo s i t i o n [ % ] i n 1 5
age groups; by literacy [ % ] ; by sex; farmers and
c a t t l e r a i s e r s a r e a l s o b y p o s i t i o n in o c c u pa t i o n , b u t
the p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n d a t a a r e n o t b y r a y o n , onl y
f o r the w hole RSFS R )

No . 1 9 3 .

4 v . M a i o r 1'..Y.P.!.!!. o f O ccupa t i o n s o f the S m a 1 1- S c a l e a n d
Dome s t i c Han d i c r a f t I n d u s t r i e s , Con s t r uc t i o n , a n d L o c a l
Tra n s po r t . Compa r a t i v e D a t a f o r V a r i o u s P o s i t ions i n
Occu pa t i o n s .
( w ho l e RSFSR; f o r a b o u t 1 8 o c c u p a t i o n s , amo n g the
categories l i sted abov e ; by position in occupation; by
15 age groups ; by sex and urban-rural [ not al l
o c c u p a t i o n s a r e f o r b o t h s e x e s o r f o r u r b an- r u r a l ] ; by
l i t e r a c y [ no t b y sex a n d u r b a n- r u r a l i n some c a s e s ] )

N o . 1 94 .

4 g . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f U n d e rage ( 1 0- 1 5 Y e a r s Ol d)
P e r s o n s Who A r e He lping i n Agr i c u l t u r e , A r e P e r s o n a l
S e r v a n t s , .2!. A r e Dec l a s s e , J!.I. �
( who l e RSFSR; b y a b o u t 1 0 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s f r om
the c a t e go r i e s a bo v e ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s ; b y s e x ; b y
u r b a n - r u ra l )

No . 1 9 5 .

5 . M a i n a n d Par t-Time O c c u p a t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e
Gailifui l y Empl o ye d , J!.I. t h e Ma i n DiVi s i o n s of tile
Occupa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( who l e RSFSR ; number o f p e r s o n s w i t h ma i n o c c u p a t i o n s ,
n u m b e r w i t h p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n s , a n d n u m b e r o f
unemp l o y e d [ b y most r e c e n t p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d
s e c t o r ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f the
ec onomy; b y ur ban-ru r a l ; b y s e x)
-­

No . 1 9 6 .

6 . M a i n a n d Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e
Gailifui l y Empl o ye d , J!.I. t h e F u 1 1 Occupa t i onal
Cla s s i f i ca t i o n .
( who l e RSFSR; same f o r ma t as Ta b l e 5 , b u t a l so b y 3 7 3
occupational categories)

No . 1 9 7 .

6a. Supp lementary Data .2.!!. M anagement P e r s o n n e l of
I n s t i t u t i o n s . Di r e c t o r s o f Agr i c u l t u r a l , M edical"=
San i t ar y , a n d C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , C o r r e s r o n d i n g t o
the Ful l Oc c upa t i ons
Numbe r s 1 9 0 a n d 204 o f -Cla s s i ficatiiiii: -( wh o l e RSFS R ; s a m e f o r m a t a s Rayon Ta b l e 4 b [ No . 1 8 1 ] )
-

N o . 1 98 .

---

7 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f M anual a n d O f f i c e
Workerii ."""Re s u l t s f o r A l l S e c t o r s o f t h e E c o nomy .
( who l e RSFSR; n um b e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h main o c c u p a t i o n s ,
n u m b e r w i t h p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n s , a n d n u m b e r o f
unemp l o y e d [ b y mo s t r e c e n t o c c u p a t i o n ] ; b y 289

���­

List of Census Tables

215

o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e go r i e s , b u t not b y i n d i v i dua 1 s e c t o r s ;
b y s e x ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )
No . 1 9 9 .

8 . P e r s o n s w i t h Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n
Oc c u pa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy o f T h e i r �
Occupa t i o n .
( wh o l e RSFSR ; same format as Rayon Tab l e 5 [ No . 1 8 3 ] )

No . 200 .

9 . Re l a t i o n between Agr i c u l t u r a l a n d Nonagr i c u l t ur a l
Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s Having Part=Time Occupa t i o n s .
( who l e RSFSR; numb e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h a main o c c u p a t i o n
[ by a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d nona g r i c u l tu r a l ] and n u m b e r o f
p e r s o n s w i t h a p a r t - t ime o c c u p a t i o n [ b y p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o c c u p a t i o n s ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the economy , a n d 3 6 1 o c c u p a t ional
c a t e g or i e s )

Vo l ume 2 8 . Ukrainskaya �
No , 2 0 1 .

1 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i on a n d S e c t o r o f
t h e Economy . Who l e Repub l i c .
'[iiY g a i n f u l l y empl o y e d and non-gain f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by
n a t i o na l i t y [ Uk r a i n i a n , Russian, Jew, o t h e r ] ; by sex ;
by ur ban-rura l )

No . 202 .

2 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i on a n d S e c t o r o f
t h e Economy . JU. S u b -Rayon s .
'[iiY g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l 1 y empl o y e d [ same
format a s RSFSR Table 2 ( N o . 1 8 8 ) ] )

No . 203 .

3 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f
the Econ omy. JU. Okrug.
t\iili t s a l s o i n c l u d e 6 c i t i e s ; p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n i s
onl y f o r manual worker s , o f f i c e worker s , a n d o t h e r ;
s e c t o r o f ec onomy data are not c r o s s- t a b u l a t e d w i t h
p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n ; number o f g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d
and non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d in each o k r u g a r e a l s o
given)

No . 204 .

4 . S e x , � L i t e r acy , a n d M ar i t a l S t a t u s Ju'.. Group o f
Occupa t i o n s o f the S h o r t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( w ho l e r e p u bIIc;-"Same format as RSFSR Ta b l e 4 [ No .
1 90 ] )

No . 205 .

4a. S uppl emen tary Data .Q.!!. t h e � Compo s i t i o n o f
Ga i n f u l 1 y Emp loyed P e r s o n s Ju'.. S e pa r a t e Typ e s o!
Occupa t i o n s , The M o s t Nume r o u s � o f Occupa t i o n s ,
� Farme r s .
( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same format as the s e c o n d Rayon Ta b l e
2 a [ N o. 1 7 5 ] )

No . 206 .

4 b . Agr i c u l tural Worke r s i n Peasant-Type E n t e r pr i s e s ,
a n d Farme r s ,
r;ilo l e r e p u b l i c ; by t h e two c a t e g o r i e s l i s t e d a b o v e ; b y
1 5 age g r o u p s ; b y l i t e r ac y ; b y s e x ; the farme r s
c a t e g o r y i s a l s o by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , but t h e
p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n d a t a a r e n o t by l i t e r a c y)

No . 207 .

4 v , Ma j o r � of Occupa t i o n s o f the Sma l l-S c a l e a n d
Dome s t i c Hand i c r a f t I n d u s t ry, C o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d LoCilT
Transpo r t . Compa r a t i v e D a t a f o r V ar i o u s P o s i t i on s i n
Occupa t i o n s .

216

Index and Guide
( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same format a s RSFSR Tabl e 4 v [ N o .
1 93 ] , b u t f o r f e w e r o c c u p a t i o n s )

No . 2 0 8 .

4 g . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f U n d e rage ( 1 0- 1 5 Y e a r s Ol d)
P e r s o n s � A r e He l pi n g i n Agr i c u l t u r e , A r e P e r s o n a l
Se r v a n t s , .2!. A r e D e c l a s s e , !.I_ !&!.:_
( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same f ormat a s RSFSR Ta b l e 4 g [ N o .
1 9 4 ] , b u t f o r a sl i gh t l y d i f f e r e n t l i s t o f o c c u pa t i o n s)

N o . 209 .

5 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e
G a i n f u l l y Emp l o ye d , !.I_ t h e M a i n D i v i s i o n s o f the
Occupa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( whole r e p u b l i c ; same format a s RSFSR T a b l e 5 [ N o . 1 9 5 ] )

No . 2 1 0 .

6 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e
G a i n f u l l y Empl o y e d , !.I_ t h e Fu 1 1 Occupa t i o n a l
Clas s i f i c a t i o n , Appo r t i on e d !.I_ t h e Main N a t i o n a l i t i e s .
( whol e r e publ i c ; number of p e r sons With a ma i n
o c c u p a t i o n [ b y U k r a i n i a n , R u s s i a n , J ew ] , numb e r of
p e r s o n s w i t h a p a r t - time o c c u p a t i o n , number of
unemp l o y e d [ b y mo s t r e c e n t o c c u p a t i on ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the e c o n om y , a n d 3 7 3 o c c u p a t i o n a l
c a t e go r i e s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 2 1 1 .

6a. Supp lemen t a r y Data .2.!!. M anagement P e r s o n n e l .Qi.
I n s t i t u t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f Agr i c u l t u r a l , M e d i c a l ­
San i t a r y , a n d C u l t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s .
( b y 6 s u b - r a y o n s , a n d a l so f o r 6 c i t i e s ; s a m e f o rmat a s
Ray on Tab l e 4 b [ N o . 1 8 1 ] )

No . 2 1 2 .

7 . M a i n a n d Par t -Time Occupa t i o n s o f M anual a n d O f f i c e
Worker s . R e s u l t s f o r -A l l S e c t o r s o f t h e Econom f .
( wh o l e r e p u b l i c ; same -rclrmat a s RS FS'if"Ta b l e 7 N o . 1 98 ] )

No . 2 1 3 .

8 . P e r s o n s w i t h P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s !.I_ P o s i t i o n i n
Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e E c o nomy of T h e i r M a i n
Occupa t i o n .
( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same f o r ma t a s Rayon Ta b l e 5 [ No . 1 8 3 ] )

No . 2 1 4 .

9 . Re l a t i o n b e tween A gr i c u l t u r a l a n d Nonagr i c u l t u r a l
Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s H a v i n g Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s .
( wh o l e r e p u bTic ; same format a s RSFSR Ta b l e 9 [No . 200 ] )

V o l ume 34 .

�

No . 2 1 5 .

1 . Popul a t i o n !.I_ P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f
the Economy . U S S R .
rs&me f o r ma t a s RSFSR T a b l e 1 [ No . 1 8 7 ] )

No . 2 1 6 .

2 . Popul a t i o n !.I_ P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r .Qi.
.!..!!.!. E c o nomy . U n i o n Repu b l i c s .
( same format a s RSFSR T a b l e 2 [ N o . 1 8 8 ] )

No . 2 1 7 .

3 . S e x , � L i t e r a c y , a n d M a r i ta l S t a t u s !.I_ Group of
Occu£ a t i o n s o f t h e S h o r t C l a s s i f i ca t i o n .
( who e USSR ; '"liypos i t i o n i n o c c u pa t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e
e c onomy, a n d s o m e s p e c i f i c o c c u p a t i o n s [ 2 4 1 numb e r e d
c a t e g o r i e s ] ; by ga i n f u l l y emp l o ye d and n o n- g a i n f u l l y
emp l o y e d ; b y 1 7 a g e g r o u p s [ 1 9 g r o u p s f o r n o n - g a i n f u l l y
empl o y e d ] ; b y u r ban- r u ra l ; ma r i t a l s t a t u s o f p e r s o n s
a g e d 1 5 an d o l d e r [ i n 4 ca t e go r i e s ] i s b y a l l o f t h e
ab o v e e x c e p t a g e a n d urban- r u r a l )

List of Census Tables

217

No . 2 1 8 .

3 a . S uppl ementary Data .2!!. the � Compo s i t i o n o f
G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed Persons .l!..v. Separate 1'.ll!.!. of
Occupa t i o n s . The Most Nume r o u s 1'.ll!.!. o f Occupa t i o n s ,
e xcept Farme r s .
( who l e USSR; same format a s the second Rayon Ta b l e 2 a
[ N o. 1 7 5 ] )

No . 2 1 9 .

3 b . Agr i cu l t u r a l Worker s , Farmer s , a n d C a t t l e R a i s e r s .
( w h o l e U SS R ; e a ch o f t h e gr o u p s l i sted a b o v e i s b y 1 5
ag e g r o u p s , b y s e x , a n d b y l i t e r ac y ; farme r s a n d
c a t t l e r a i s e r s a r e s l so b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , but
the position i n occupation data a r e n o t by l i t e r a c y )

No . 220 .

3v . Ma j o r 1'.ll!.!. o f Occupa t i o n s o f the Sma l l- S c a l e .!,!!.!
Dome s t i c Han d i c r a f t I n d u s try, C o n s t r uc t i o n , a n d Local
Transpo r t . Compar a t i v e Data f o r V ar i o u s P o s i t i o n s i n
Occupat i o n s .
( whole US S R ; same f o rmat a s RSFSR Tab le 4 v [ No . 1 9 3 ] )

No . 2 2 1 .

3 g . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Un d e r age ( 1 0- 1 5 Year s Ol d)
P e r s o n s Who !!..!!. He lping i n Agr i c u l tu r e , A r e P e r s o n a l
S e r v a n t s , .2!. A r e De c l a s s e , .l!..v. .!.&.!.:.
( who l e U S S R ; same f o rma t a s RSFSR Tab l e 4 g [ No . 1 94 ] ,
but the o c c u p a t i o n s l i s t e d u n d e r the t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s
above are slightly more detai led)

No . 222 .

4 . M ai n a n d Part-Time Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s W h o A r e
G a i n f u l l y Emp l oye d , .l!..v. the M a i n D i v i s i on s o f ill
Occupa t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( whole USSR ; same f o rmat a s RSFSR Tab le 5 [ No . 1 9 5 ] )

No . 223 .

5 . M a i n a n d Part-Time Occupa t i o n s tl P e r s o n s W h o A r e
G a i n f u l l y Empl o ye d , .l!..v. t h e F u 1 1 Occupa t i o n a l
Clas s i f i c a ti o n .
( whole U S S R ; same f o rmat as RSFSR Table 6 [ No . 1 9 6 ] )

No . 224 .

Sa. S uppl ementary Data .2!!. Managemen t P e r s o n n e l o f
I n s t i t u t i o n s . D i r e c t o r s o f Agr i c u l tura l , M e d i c a l ­
S a n i t a r y , a n d Cul t u r a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , C o r r e sponding �
Num b e r s 1 90 a n d 204 o f t h e Fu l l Occupa t i onal
Clas s i f i c a t i o n .
( whole U S S R ; same f o rmat as Rayon Table 4 b [ No . 1 8 1 ] )

No . 225 .

6 . M a i n a n d P a r t -Time Occupa t i o n s tl M an u a l a n d �
Worker s . R e s u l t s f o r A l l S e c t o r s o f the Economy .
( wh o l e USSR ; same�rmat a s RSFSR"°Tab'I"e 7 [ N o . 1 98 ] )

No . 2 2 6 .

7 . P e r s o n s w i t h Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s .l!..v. P o s i t i o n i n
Occupa t i o n a n d � o f ill Econ omy o f � M a i n
Oc cupa t i o n .
(whole USSR ; same format a s Rayon Tab le 5 [ No . 1 8 3 ] )

No . 227 .

8 . Re l a t i o n b e tween Agr i c u l t u r a l a n d Nonagr i c u l t u r a l
Occupa t i o n s o f P e r s o n s Having Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s .
( whole USSR ; same format a s RSFSR T a b l e 9 [ N o . 200] )

S e c t i o n 3 . M ar i t a l S t a t u s , P l a c e tl B i r t h , Li n � h o f R e s i d e n c e ,
Phys i c a l l y Han d i capped .!,!!.! Menta l l y .!....!. e r s o n s .
Rayon V o l ume s .

218

Index and Guide

No . 2 2 8 .

1 . Popu l a t i o n kl'.. Ma r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , � a n d
N a t i o na l i t y .
( by g u b e r n i y a a n d some ma j o r c i t i e s ; b y 4 d i f f e r e n t
c a t e g o r i e s o f mar i t a l s t a t u s ; b y s e v e r a l n a t i o na l i t i e s
[ na t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e n o t g i v en f o r s o m e g u b e r n i y a s o r
c i t i e s , b u t a r e gi v en o n l y a t t h e r a y o n le v e l ] ; b y
s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 5 - 2 9 , t h e n b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o up s ; by
u r ban- r u r a l [ i n many units n a t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e b y
u r ba n - r u r a l on l y a t t h e r a yon l e v e l , a n d a r e n o t g i v e n
for some or a l l guberniyas ] ; Uzbekskaya SSR and
T u r kme n s k a y a S S R ha v e a s u p p l ement t o t h i s t a b l e wh i c h
gi v e s s i m i l a r d a t a f o r s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 0- 1 4 , a t t h e
who l e S S R l e v e l a n d n o t b y u r b a n- r u ra l )

No . 2 2 9 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n kz. Ma r i ta l S t a t u s , S e x , � a n d P o s i t i o n
i n Occupa t i o n .
'[by r a yon ; by g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non- g a i n f u l l y
emp l o y e d ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then b y 5-year
a g e groups; by 4 d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o f mar i t a l
s t a t u s ; p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n d a t a f o r p r i v a t e
empl o y e r s , s e l f-emp l o y e d , a n d a s s i s t i n g fami l y memb e r s
[ t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s t o g e ther ] w h o work i n a g r i c u l ture a r e
al s o i n c l u d e d , i n a d d i t i o n t o the o t h e r p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i on c a t e g o r i e s , a n d t h e s e d a t a a r e b y a l l
c a t e g o r i e s l i s t e d a b o v e)

N o . 230 .

S u p p l emen t t o Ta b l e 2 . Popu l a t i o n kl'.. Mar i t a l S t a t u s ,
S e x , A e a n d P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n . [ Name .2.f C i t y .!!.!.
Cities
t h i s t a b l e a p p e a r s i n the c e n s u s v o lumes f o r 1 5 r a yo n s
and cov ers 28 cities; format i s the same as that of
Tabl e 2 , b u t t h e l a s t c a t e g o r y o n a g r i c u l t u ra l w o r k e r s
i s not incl uded)
•

No . 2 3 1 .

3 . Popul a t i o n kz. P l a c e o f B i r t h , N a t i ona l i t y , P o s i t i o n
i n Occupa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy .
'{"fi r s t par t : b y r a y o n ; number o f p e r s o n s b o r n in the
USSR [ wi th o u t B e s s a r a b i a ] , b y ur b a n- r ur a l o f p l a c e o f
r e s i d e n c e a n d u r ba n - r u r a l o f p l a c e o f b i r t h [ c r o s s ­
t a b u l a t e d ] ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a a n d
num b e r b o r n a b r o a d ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d [ b y p o s i t i o n
in o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r s ] a n d non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d ;
by 1 0 a g e g r o u p s [ fo r a l l a g e s ] f o r the e n t i r e
p o p u l a t i o n a n d f o r t h e non- g a in f u l l y emp l o y e d
p o p u l a t i o n , b u t b y 8 a g e g r o u p s [ fo r a g e s 1 0 a n d o l d e r ]
f o r the g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d p o p u l a t i on a n d i t s
o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s [ in some r a y o n s t h e p o s i t i o n i n
occupation and sector data are not by age ] ; al so by
s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t n a t i o na l i t i e s f o r m o s t r a y o n s , but
n a t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e o n l y f o r t h e entire p o p u l a t ion
[ i . e . , t h e y a r e b y a l l o f t h e a b o v e except the
occupational c a t e g o r i e s ] ; b y s e x)
( s e c o n d p a r t : b y g u b e r n i y a a n d a l s o f o r M o s cow a n d
L e n i n gr a d ; s a m e format a s t h e r a y on- l e v e l d a t a but
there are no age data )

No . 232 .

S u p p l ement 1 t o Tab l e 3 . P e r s o n s Who � .!!2.!:!!. �
a n d A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s .!.!. t h e � .2.f the Census,
.!!l. P o s i t i o n .!..!!_ Occupa t i o n a n d � o f t h e Economy.
( by r a y o n ; t o t a l number o f p e r s o n s b o r n a b r o a d a n d the
number o f them b o r n outside t h e b o r d e r s o f t h e R u s s i an
Emp i r e , b y u r b a n - r u r a l o f p l a c e o f c u r r e n t r e s i d e n c e ;
b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n a n d

List of Census Tables

219

s e c t or s ] a n d non- ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s e x)
No . 233 .

S u p p l ement 2 t o Tabl e 3 . O f f i c e Worke r s o f S e c t o r s .!..=.§.

.l!.I. P l a c e .2f B i r t h a n d � (Women ) .

( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r M o scow a n d L e n i n g r a d ;
n u m b e r o f women b o r n i n the USSR [ without B e s s s r s b i a ]
b y ur bsn- r u r a l of p la c e o f r e s i d e nce and u r ban- r ur a l o f
p l ace o f b i r t h [ c r o s s - t a b u lat e d ] , n u m b e r b o r n i n
B e s ss r s b i s , n u m b e r b o r n a b r o a d ; b y 8 age g r o u p s o f
t h o s e a g e d 1 0 an d o l d er [ a g e d a t a ar e o n l y a t t h e ra yo n
lev e l , not f o r g u b e r n i y a s a n d c i t i e s ] ; the r a y o n s o f
Da g e s t a n s kays ASSR , Buryato- Mongo l ' s ka y a A S S R ,
Yakutskaya A S S R , Kazakskaya ASSR , K i r g i z s ka y a ASSR,
U z b e k skaya S S R , a n d Turkme n s kaya S S R d o n o t ha v e this
ta b l e )

No . 2 3 4 .

4. Popu l a t i o n !.!. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , N a t i o na l i t y ,
P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n , a n d Sector o f � Economy .
( fi r s t pa r t : b y rayon ; number o f temp o r a r y r e s i d e n t s ,
n u m b e r o f l o c a l l y b o r n [ o f them , numb er o f temp o r a r y
r e s i d e n t s ] , a n d n u m b e r o f non- loca l l y b o r n [ by number
o f t empo r a r y r e s i d e n t s a n d by 9 l e n g t h s o f r e si d e n c e o f
permanent r e s i d e n t s ] ; n u m b e r o f ma r r i e d p e r s o n s , b y
l oc a l 1 y a n d non-1 o c a l l y b o r n ; by g a i n f u l I y emp l o y e d [ by
p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n a n d secto r s ] and non- g a i n f u l l y
em p l oye d ; by 1 0 age g r o u p s [ a l l a g e s ] of the t o t a l
popul a t i o n , o f the n a t i o n a l i t i e s , a n d o f the non­
g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d , a n d by 8 age groups [ a g e s 1 0 and
ol d er ] f o r a l l c a t e g o r i e s o f the emp l o y e d p op ul a t i o n ;
i n most r a y o n s , a l so b y s e v e r a l nationa l i t i e s [ t h e s e
data are by a l l o f the abo ve e x c e p t the o c c u p a t i o n a l
c a t e g o r i e s ] ; by s e x 0 by ur ban-rur a l )
( s e c o n d p a r t : by g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l so for Moscow ; same
f o rmat as the r a y on- le v e l d a t a , b u t there a r e no age
data )

No . 2 3 5 .

fi r gh , Length o f R e s i d e nc e , !.&!.... N a t i o n a l i ty, P o s i t i o n
ups t i on a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy f o r [ Name of
fi t y o r C i t i e s ] .

S u p p l ement 1 to Tabl e s 3-4. Popu l a t i o n !.!. P l a c e o f

_

s t a b l e i s in 1 7 o f t h e ra y o n v o l u me s an d co v e r s 3 3
c i t i e s ; f o r t h e T s e n t r a l ' n o-Promy s h l e n n y y rayon t h e s e
d a t a ar e a l s o i n a S u p p l e me n t 4 t o Ta b l e s 3 - 4 ; n um b e r
o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n t h e U S S R [ wi thout B e s s a r a b i s ] , by
u r ban-rural ; number b o r n in B e s s a r a b i a ; number b o r n
a b r o a d [ o f t h e m , n u m b e r o f temp o r a r y r e s i d e n t s ] ; number
o f l o c a l l y born [ o f them, number o f temp orar y
r e s i d e n t s ] ; number o f non- l ocal l y b o r n , by number o f
tempo r a r y r e s i d e n t s a n d b y 9 l e n g t h s o f r e s i dence o f
pe rmanent r e s i d e n t s ; number o f ma r r i e d p e r s o n s , b y
local l y a n d non-1 o c a l l y b o r n ; by se x ; by 1 0 a g e g r o u p s
[ a g e i s not b y n a t i o n a l i t y or o c c u p a t i o n a l cate gor i e s ] ;
b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n and
s e c t o r ] and non-gainf u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s e v e r a l
na t i o n a l i t i e s [ th e s e da t a a r e n o t b y ag e or b y
o c c u p a t i onal c a t e g o r i e s ] ; ta b l e s f o r Moscow a n d
Lenin g r a d c o n t a i n a g e data for al l c a t e gor i e s l i s t e d
abo v e )

No . 2 3 6 .

S u p p l ement 2 to Tab l e s 3-4. Non-Ga i n f u l l y Empl oye d
Pe r s o n s o f M o s c o w !.!. L e n gt h o f R e s i d e n c e a n d Ju.
P o s i t i on .!..!!. Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy of
The i r Breadwinne r s .
( th i s tabl e i s f o u n d i n t h e T s e n t r a l ' no-Prom y s h l e n n y y

220

Index and Guide
r a y o n v o l um e ; number of t em po r a r y r e s i d e n t s , number o f
permanent r e s i d e n t s [ o f them, number b o r n in M o s c o w a n d
9 l en g t h s o f r e s i d e n c e o f t h o s e n o t b o r n t h e r e ] ; by 1 0
age groups ; by s e x )

No . 237 .

S u p p l ement 3 t o T a b l e s 3-4. Gai n f u l l y Empl oyed
Popu l a t i o n tl M o s c o w h P l a c e .Qi B i r t h a n d L e n g t h o f
R e s i d e n c e , h � S h o r t O ccupa t i on a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
( th i s t a b l e , u n d e r a s i mi l a r t i t l e , a p p e a r s a s
S u p p l eme n t 2 i n L e n i n g r a d sko-Ka r e l ' s k i y r a y o n a n d i n
L e v o b e r e zh n y y p o d r a y o n [ fo r L e n i n g r a d a n d K h a r k o v ] ;
numb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n M o s cow, b o r n i n o t h e r p a r t s
o f the USSR [ b y u r ban-rural ] , b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a ;
numb e r o f tempo r a r y r e s i d e n t s ; numb e r o f permanent
r e s i d e n t s [ o f them, number b o r n i n M o s c o w a n d 9
l e n g t h s o f r e s i d e n c e o f t h o s e n o t b o r n t h e r e ] ; by s e x ;
by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the e c o n o m y , a n d
228 occupational categories )

No . 2 3 8 .

5 . Non-Loca l l y B o r n P e r s o n s Who A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s
a t t h e P l a c e o f t h e C e n s u s , .l!J'.. P l a c e tl B i r t h an d �
.Qi R e s i d e n c e , I n d i c a t e d i n D e t a i l .
( f i r s t p a r t : by r a y o n ; number o f non- l o c a l l y born
persons who a r e l i v i n g i n the r a y o n , by u r b a n - r u r a l o f
p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e ; number o f l o c a l l y b o r n p e r s o n s who
ar e l i v i n g in o t he r ra y o n s ; b y t h e s p e c i f i c ra yo n s o f
p l a c e o f b i r t h o f th e n o n- l o c a l l y b o r n a n d t he r a y o n s
o f p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f the l o c a l l y born who a r e
l i v i n g i n o t h e r r a y o n s ; by g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ b y
p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy ] a n d
non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s e x )
( s e c o n d par t : b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d f o r M o s c o w and
L e n i n g r a d ; same format a s the f i r s t part, b u t the
p l a c e s of b i r t h an d o f r e s i d en c e a r e g i v e n at th e
g u b e r n i y a l e v e l a n d a l s o i n c l u d e M o s c o w a n d Len i n g r a d)

No . 2 3 9 .

S u p p l ement to T a b l e S . Non-Loca l l y B o r n P e r s o n s Who
Are Permanent R e s i d e n t s i n [ Name o f C i t y .2!. C i t iesJ h
P l a c e o f B i r t h , D e n o t e d i n D e t ai l ,
( t h i s t a b l e i s g i v e n in 1 5 r a y o n v o lumes a n d c o v e r s 2 8
c i t i e s [ t h e c i t i e s a r e n o t e xa c t l y th e s a m e o n e s a s i n
t h e S u p p l eme n t t o Ta b l e 2 o r S u p p l ement 1 t o Tab l e s 34 ] ; number o f non- l o c a l l y b o r n r e s i d en t s b y e a c h of t h e
ma j o r r a y o n s , gube r n i y a s , o r o t h e r uni t s [ M o s c o w and
Le n i n g r a d i n c l u d e d , d e p e n d i n g u p o n the c i t y ] whe r e they
we r e b o r n ; b y p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n , some o f w h i c h a r e
d i v i d e d by s e v e r a l s e c t o r s o f the e c o n omy ; b y s e x)

N o . 240 .

6 . Phys i c a l 1 y H a n d i cappe d a n d M e n t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s h
G u b e r n i ya a n d U e z d .
( i n many r a y ons-reB"p e c i a l l y t h o s e n o t in European
RSFSR ] the d a t a a r e o n l y by guberniya o r o k r u g , not by
uezd; d a t a are p r e s e n t e d f o r many major c i t i e s a l so ;
u s u a l l y , d a t a f o r the sma l l e s t r e g i o n a l uni t s [ u e z d ]
c o n s i s t o f t h e number of p h y s i c a l l y han d i c a p p e d p e r s o n s
b y 8 c a t e g o r i e s an d t h e n u mb e r oJ me n t a l l y i l l by 2
c a t e gor i e s , b y s e x ; at the gub e r n i ya l e v e l , data a r e ,
i n a d d i t i o n , b y u r ban-ru r a l ; f o r some g u b e r n i y a s [ a n d
f o r M o s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d ] a n d f o r a l l nea r l y al l r a y o n s
d a t a s r e a l so b y s e v e r a l or mo r e n a t i o n a l i t i e s )

No . 2 4 1 .

7 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i c a pped a n d M e n t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s h
Cause of D i s a b i l i t y .
�u b e r n i y a [ f or ma ny un i t s , d a t a a r e o n l y b y rayon ]

List of Census Tables

22 1

a n d f o r some major c i t i e s ; b y 4 c a t e go r i e s o f
c a u s e s ; b y 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f han d i c a p s , p l u s m e n t a l
i l l ne s s ; b y sex)
No . 2 4 2 .

No . 2 4 3 .

8 . Phys i ca l l y H andi cappe d a n d M en t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s .!!.Y.
Place of Birth .
n;y-ra yon a n d g u b e r n i ya [ some r a yons a r e n o t d i v i d e d ] ,
p l u s Moscow a n d Leningra d ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s b y 8
c a t e go r i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f
m e n t a l i l l ne s s ; b y ur ban-r u r a l o f p la c e o f b i r t h f o r
t h o s e l i v i n g i n u r b a n a n d t h o s e l i v i n g in r u r a l a r e a s
[ t h e se d a t a a r e o n l y g i v en a t t h e ra y o n l e v e l ] ; b y s e x ;
b y t h e n um b e r w h o l i v e i n a u n i t w h o we r e b o r n t h e r e
[ t hese d a t a g i ven onl y a t the g u b e r n i y a l e v e l ] )
9 . Physical 1 y Han d i c apped a n d M en t a l I y

.!.&!.:.

11 1

P e r s o n s .!!.Y.

( by r a yon ; number o f p e r s o n s by 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f
p h y s i c a l hand i c a p s , 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s , 3
c a t e gor i e s o f war i n v a l i d s , and l a bor i n v a l i d s ; b y
s i n g l e-year a g e s to a g e 4 , then b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ;
by s e x )

No . 244 .

1 0 . Physical I y Han d i c appe d a n d M e n t a l I y

� and Literacy .

11 1

P e r s o n s .!!.Y.

( by g u b e r n i y a a n d many ma j or c i t i e s [ f o r many u n i t s
d a t a a r e g i v en on l y at the rayon l e v e l ] ; numb e r of
p e r s o n s by 5 c a t e gor i e s o f p h y s i c a l han d i c a p s , a n d
mental i l ln e s s ; b y 6 a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban- r u r a l ; b y
sex)

No . 245 .

1 1 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i capped and M en t a l I y I l 1 P e r s o n s .!!.Y.
Main Means o f L i v e l i h oo d .
('i)'Yrayon : number o f p e r s o n s by 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f
phy s i c a l hand i c a p s , 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s , war
inv al i d s , and l a bor i n v al i d s ; b y gainful l y emp l o y e d and
non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s e x ; the t o t a l numb e r of
p e r s o n s with p h y s i c a l hand i c a p s and mental i l l n e s s
[ t o g e t h e r ] i s al so b y ur ban- r u r a l )
( by g u b e r n i y a a n d many ma j or c i t i e s : the t o t a l number
o f a l 1 hand i c a p p e d p e r sons [ ph y s i c a l I y and menta l I y
t o g e t h e r ] ; by a l l of the o t h e r cate gor i e s a b o v e ,
i n c l u d i n g ur ban-r u r a l )

V o l ume 43 . RSFSR .
No . 246 .

1 . Popu l a t i on .!!.Y. Ma r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , a n d �
( who l e RSFSR: 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; b y ur ban
[ t o t a l , c i t i e s with popul a t i o n s o f more than 1 00 , 000,
other ur ban ] a n d r u r a l ; b y s i n g l e-year ages 1 5- 2 9 , then
by 5-year a g e g r o u p s )
( by r a y o n : same format a s who l e r e p u b l i c data , but
ur ban- r u r a l d o e s n o t i n c l u d e any e x t r a c a t e g o r i e s o f
ur ba n )

No . 2 4 7 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.Y. Mari ta l S t a t u s , S e x , !&!..i.. P o s i t i o n i n
Occupa t i o n , and S e c t o r o f the Economy .
( who l e RSFSR; ma r i t a l s t a t u s i s b y 4 t y p e s f o r the
t o t a l o f g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d and o f non- g a i n f u l l y
emp l o y e d , but b y 2 t y p e s for the s p e c i f i c p o s i t i on s i n
o c c u p a t i o n s and s e c t o r s ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non­
gainful l y emp l o y e d ; by s i n g l e year ages 1 5- 2 9 , then by

222

Index and Guide
5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 2 4 8 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. P l a c e o f B i r t h , P o s i t i o n i n
O c c u pa t i o n , a n d � o f t h e Economy .!!.:.. R e s u l t s for
t h e RSFSR and Rayon s . b , R e s u l t s f o r the RSFSR w i t h o u t
The s e A S S R s : Dage s t anska ya , Kazak'iiSkaYB:" YirSizs kaya,
and Yakut skaya .
( whol e RSFSR a n d who l e r e p u b l i c without t h e un i t s
l i s t e d a b o v e : number o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n t h e USSR ,
without B e s s a r a b i a [ t o t a l , b o r n i n ur ban s e t t l eme n t s ,
r e g i s t e r e d i n ur ban s e t t leme n t s ( o f them , l o cal l y b o r n ;
b o r n i n o t h e r u r ban s e t t l emen t s o f t h e U S S R ; b o r n i n
r u r a l s e t t l eme n t s ) ] , number b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a , number
born a b r oa d ; b y g a i n f u l l y em p l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l l y
emp l o y e d ; b y 8 a g e g r o u p s [ e v e r y t h i n g i s b y a g e e x c e p t
the p o s i t i on i n o c c up a t i o n a n d s e c t o r d a t a ] ; b y s e x )
( b y r a y o n : same f o rmat a s RSFSR d a t a , but none o f the
c a t e gor i e s i s b y a g e )
•

No . 2 4 9 .

S u p p l ement 1 t o T a b l e 3 . P e r s o n s W h o W e r e B o r n A b r o a d
a n d A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s a t t he-"Place- o"T"tii e"""CeiiSii s ,
.!!.I. POSit i o n i n Occupation a n d Sector o f the ECOnomy.
( w h o l e R S F SR ; s am e f o rm at a s S u p p l e m e n t 1 t o T a b l e 3 i n
the Rayon v o l um e s [ N o . 2 3 2 ] )

N o . 250 .

S u p p l ement 2 to Ta b l e 3 . O f f i c e Worke r s o f S e c t o r s 1 - 8
.!!.I. P l a c e o f B i r t h a n d � R e s u l t s f o r t h e RSFSR
without The s e A S S R s : Dage s t a n s kaya , Kazakhs kaya ,
K i r g i z skaya, and Y a k u t s kaya ( Women) .
( who l e RSFSR w i t h o u t the uni t s l i s t e d a b o v e ; same
f o rmat a s S u p p l ement 2 t o Tab l e 3 i n t h e Rayon v o l umes
[ N o . 2 33 ] , i n c l u d i n g the a g e d a t a )

No . 2 5 1 .

4 . Popul a t i o n .!!.I. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , P o s i t i o n i n
Oc c u pa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r .2.f t h e E c o n omy
.!!.:., R e s u l t s !..!!.!:. ili RSFSR a n d Rayo n s .
( a . who l e R S FS R : t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n [ o f t h e m , t e m p o r a r y
r e s i den t s ] , l o c a l l y b o r n [ o f them, temp o r a r y
r e s i d e n t s ] , non- l o c a l l y b o r n [ t o t a l , numb er o f
tempo r a r y r e s i d e n t s , number o f permanent r e s i d e n t s b y 9
d i f f e r e n t l en g t h s o f r e s i d e nc e ] ; b y 1 0-year a g e g r o u p s
[ a g e i s b y a l l c a t e go r i e s e x c e p t t h e s p e c i f i c p o s i t i o n s
i n o c c u p a t i o n s a n d s e c t o r s ] ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d
non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s e x ; b y ur ban-r ur a l )
( a . b y r a y o n : same format a s wh o l e RSFSR, b u t t h e r e are
no a g e d a t a )
b. Resul t s for the RSFSR without These ASSRs:
Dagesta'iiSiC'iiYa .�zakiiBkaya:-Ti r gi z s kaya, a n d Y a k u t s kaya.
( b . who l e RSFSR w i t h o u t un i t s l i s t e d a bo ve : same f o r mat
a s who l e RSFSR i n p a r t a, but a l l c a t e g o r i e s [ i n c l u d i n g
al l p o s i t i o n s in o c c u p a t i o n s a n d s e c t o r s ] a r e b y a g e )
•

No . 2 5 2 .

No . 253 .

5 . Phys i c s l ly Han d i c a pped a n d Menta l l y
Rayon, Autonomous Repub l i c , G u b e r n i ya ,
A u t o nomous O b l a s t .
( da t a a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d f o r Moscow a n d
c a t e g o r i e s o f phy s i c a l hand i c a p s a n d 2
me n t a l i l l n e s s ; b y s e x)

I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!.I.
� and
Len i n g r a d ; b y 8
c a t e go r i e s o f

6. Phys i c s l ly Han d i c a ppe d a n d Menta l l y I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!.I.
N a t i on a lit y .
( whol e RSFSR; b y 8 c a t e gor i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s and
2 c a t e g o r i e s o f menta l i l l n e s s ; b y a b o u t 7 0 d i f f e r e n t
n a t i o na l i t i e s ; by s e x )

List of Census Tables

223

No . 254 .

7 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i c a pped a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v.
� L i t e r a c y , a n d Mar i ta l S t a t u s .
( wh o l e RSFSR; 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f phy s i c a l han d i c a p s , 2
c a t e g o r i e s o f mental i l l n e s s , 3 c a t e g or i e s o f war
inv a l i d s , l a b o r i n v a l i d s ; by 5-year age g r o u p s ; by
ur ba n - r u ra l ; by sex; mar i t a l status [ number ma r r i e d ]
and l i t e r a c y a r e e a c h b y a l l o f the abo v e c a t e g o r i e s
e x c e p t war and l a b o r i n v a l i d s , but t h e y a r e n o t c r o s s ­
t a b u l a t e d b y each o t h e r )

No . 2 5 5 .

8 . Phys i c s l l y H a n d i capped a n d Menta l l y I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v.
Means of L i v e l i h o o d .
( whol eifSFSR ; same f o rmat as whol e ra yon- le ve l d a t a i n
Ra y o n Ta b l e 1 1 [ N o . 2 4 5 ] , b u t th e me an s o f l i v e l i h o o d
data a r e more d e t a i l e d , a n d a l l c a t e gor i e s a r e b y
ur ban-r ural )

No . 2 5 6 .

9 . Phys i c a l 1 y H a n d i cappe d a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v.
Cause o f D i s a b i l i t y .
( whole"°'RSFSR ; same f o rmat a s Rayon Ta b l e 7 [ No . 2 4 1 ] )

No . 2 5 7 .

1 0 . Phys i c s l ly Han d i c a pped and Menta l ly I 1 1 P e r s o n s .!!..v.
Place of Birth .
( whol eifSFSR ; same format as the ra yon- le v e l d a t a i n
R a y o n Ta b l e 8 [ No . 2 4 2 ] )

Vo l ume 45 . Ukrain skaya SSR .
No . 2 5 8 .

1 . Popu l a t i on .!!..v. Ma r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , � an d
Na t i o na l i t y .
( who l e r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; b y
s i n g l e-year a g e s f r om 1 5- 2 9 , then 5-year age g r o u p s ; by
national i t y [ Uk r a i n i a n , R u s s i a n , J ew ] ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 259 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!..v. Ma r i tal S t a t u s , Sex, � a n d P o s i t i o n
i n Occupa t i o n .
(Who l e r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e gor i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by
s i n g l e-year a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then by 5-year a g e g r o up s ; by
g a i n f u l I y emp l o ye d and non-ga i n f u 1 ly em p l o y e d ;
o c c u p a t i o n d a t a a r e n o t onl y by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n ,
but a l s o b y s e c t o r s o f the e c o n o m y ; by u r b a n- r u r a l )

N o . 2 60 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n .!!..v. P l a c e o f B i r t h , N a t i o na l i ty, P o s i t i o n
i n Occupa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy.
( who l e r e p u b l i c ; same f o rmat as Rayon Ta b l e 3 [ N o .
2 3 1 ] ; a l l o c c u p a t i o n a l d a t a are by age)

No . 261 .

S u p p l ement 1 to Ta b l e 3 . P e r s o n s Who W e r e Born �
a n d A r e P e rmanent R e s i d e n t s a t t h e P l a c e o f the C e n s u s ,
� P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f the Economy.
( who l e r e pu b l i c ; same format a s S u p p l ement 1 t o Tab l e 3
i n the Rayon v o l ume s [ N o . 2 3 2 ] )

No . 2 6 2 .

S u p p l ement 2 t o Ta b l e 3 . O f f i c e W o r k e r s o f S e c t o r s l::J!
� P l a c e o f B i r t h a n d fil"('WOiiie n ) .
( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same format as S u p p l ement 2 t o Tab l e 3
in the Rayon v o l umes [ N o . 2 3 3 ] )

No . 2 6 3 .

4 . Popul a t i o n .!!..v. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , N a t i o n a l i t y,
P o s i t i o n in Occupa t i o n , .!.!!i S e c t o r o f the Economy.
( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same f o rmat as the rayon- l e ve l d a t a i n

224

Index and Guide
Rayon Ta b l e 4 [ No . 2 34 ) ; n a t i o na l i t y d a t a a r e by
Ukra i n i a n , R u s s i a n , a n d Jew)

N o . 264 .

5 . Phys i c a l ly Han d i c appe d a n d Menta l ly I 1 1 P e r s o n s in
t h e Repub l i c .
(Who l e r e p u b l i c ; f o r 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s
and 2 categories of mental i l lness ; by 1 0 d i fferent
e t h n i c g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l [ c r o s s - ta b u l a t e d
by e verything except national ity ] )

No . 2 6 5 .

6 . Phy s i c a l 1 y Han d i c appe d a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s lv.
Ca u s e o f D i s a b i l i t y .
( wh o l e-X:-e p u b l i c ; same format a s Rayon T a b l e 7 [ No . 2 4 1 ) )

No . 266 .

7 . Phys i c a l l y Han d i c a pped a n d M e n t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s lv.
Place of Birth .
( who l e-X:-e pu b l i c ; f o r 8 c a t e gor i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s
a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f m e n t a l i l l n e s s ; by u r b a n - r ur a l o f
pl ace o f birth for those l i v ing in urban and those
l i v i ng i n r u r a l a r e a s ; b y s e x )

No . 2 6 7 .

8 . Phys i c a l 1 y Han d i c a pp e d a n d M e n t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s lv.

ill..:.

( whol e r e p u b l i c ; same f o r ma t a s Rayon Tab l e 9 [ No . 2 4 3 ) ,
but ages are all 5-year age group s )

No . 2 6 8 .

9 . P h y s i c a l 1 y H a n d i c apped a n d M e n t a l 1 y I l 1 P e r s o n s lv.

� and Literacy .

( whore-r e p u b l i c ; same format a s R a y on Ta b l e 1 0 [ No .
2 44 ) )

No . 2 6 9 .

1 0 . P h ys i c a l 1 y Han d i capped a n d M en t a l 1 y 1 1 1 P e r s o n s lv.
Ma i n Means o f L i v e l i h o o d .
( w h o l erepuiiT i c ; s a m e format a s Rayon Ta b l e 1 1 [ No .
2 45 ) )

V o l ume 5 1 . �
No . 2 7 0 .

l a . Popu l a t i o n lv. M a r i t a l S t a t u s , S e x , a n d � R e s u l t s
f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s .
'[Who re-U S S R : i;"typ e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by s i n g l e - y e a r
a g e s 1 5- 2 9 , then b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban [ t o t a l ,
p o p u l a t i o n i n c i t i e s o f more than 1 00 , 000 p e r s o n s ,
other urban ] and rural )
( by r e p u b l i c : same f o r ma t a s who l e USSR , but u r ban­
rural d a t a d o n o t in c l u d e a n y other c a t e g o r i e s of
ur ban )

No . 2 7 1 .

l b . Popu l a t i o n lv. M a r i t a l S t a t u s a n d N a t i o na l i ty.
Results for the USSR .
( 4 t y p e s Of mari ta l s t a t u s ; b y a b o u t 5 0 e t h n i c g r o u p s ;
b y s a m e a g e g r o u p s a s Tab l e l a ; b y s e x )

No . 2 7 2 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n lv. Mar i t a l S t a t u s , . S e x , � P o s i t i o n i n
O c c ur a t i o n a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy .
( who e USS � ; �t y p e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by g a i n f u l l y
a n d n o n - g a in f u l l y emp l o y e d ; b y s i n g l e-year a g e s 1 5- 2 9 ,
then b y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; by u r ban-rura l )

No . 273 .

3 a . Popu l a t i o n lv. P l a c e o f B i r t h a n d � Re s u l t s f o r t h e
USSR .
( num b e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n in the USSR , w i t h o u t B e s s a r a b i a

225

List of Census Tables

[ o f them, numb e r b o r n in c i t i e s ] , number r e g i s t e r e d i n
c i t i e s [ by l o c a l l y b o r n , b o r n i n another c i t y , b o r n i n
a r u r a l a r e a ] , numb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n B e s s a r a b i a ,
n u m b e r b o r n a b r o a d ; b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non- g a i n f u l l y
employe d ; by 1 0 ag e g r o u p s ; b y s e x )
No . 2 7 4 .

3 b . Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. � tl B i r t h , P o s i t i on .!.!!.
Occupa t i o n , a n d S e c t o r o f t h e Economy. R e s u l t s f o r �
USSR and Union1feiiililic'S:'" -( number-"o l'-pers o n s born i n USSR , without B e s s a r a b i a [ o f
them, born i n ur ban s e t t l em ents ] , number r e g i s t e r e d i n
u r ban s e t t lemen t s [ by l o c a l l y b o r n , b o r n i n another
u r ban a r e a , b o r n i n a r u r a l a r ea ] , numb e r b o r n in
B e s s a r a b i a , number b o r n abroad [ i n Russian Emp i r e ,
o u t s i d e the emp i r e ] ; b y sex)

No . 2 7 5 .

S u p p l ement to Ta b l e 3b. Persons Who Were Born A b r o a d
a n d A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s a t t�P l a c e OT"'t h� u s ,
JU: POSit ion i n O c c U D a t i o n a nd Sect orofthe EConomy.
R e s u l t s f o r tii e USSR.
( w ho l e USSR ;sametOrm a t as S up p l em e n t 1 t o T ab l e 3 i n
the Rayon v o l um e s [ N o . 2 3 2 ] )
--

-��-

-

--

No . 2 7 6 .

3 v . Popu l a t i on .!!.I. � tl B i r t h , !&!J.. P o s i t i o n i n
Occupa t i o n , m S e c t o r .2£. � Economy. R e s u l t s i2!:. �
US SR without !.b.!.!£ Repu b l i c s : U z b e k s kaya S S R ,
T u r kmens kaya S S R , Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR , Iazakhskaya A S S R ,
Iirgi z s kaya ASSR , m Yakutskaya ASSR .
( who l e USSR w i t h o u t t h e s e r e p u b l i c s ; numb e r o f p e r sons
born i n U S S R , by urban-r ura l o f p l ace o f r e s i dence a n d
ur ban- r u r a l o f p l a c e o f b i r t h [ c ro s s- t a b u l a t e d ] ; number
born i n B e s s a r a b i a ; number born abro a d ; b y 10 mos t l y
1 0-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x)

No . 2 7 7 .

S u p p l ement to Tab l e 3 v . � Wo r k e r s ( Women) tl
S e c t o r s 1 -8 .!!.I. P l a c e o f B i r t h and !&.!:.. Resul t s f o r the
USSR w i tii'Oiit T h e s e ReP\i"bITciil UZbekskaya SSR ,
Turkmens kaya S S R , Dage s t a n s kaya ASSR , Iazakh skaya ASSR,
Iirgi z skaya ASSR, m Yaku t s kaya �
( s ame format as Tab l e 3v , but o n l y f o r fema l e o f f i c e
worke r s , a n d b y 8 a g e g r o u p s )
--

-­

No . 278 .

4 a . Popul a t i o n .!!.I. Length o f R e s i d e n c e a n d !&.!:.. R e s u l t s
f o r t h e US SR .
( to t ar-po p u l a t i o n , number l o c a l l y b o r n , and number non­
l o c a l l y b o r n , e a c h o f these c a t e g o r i e s by the t o t a l and
the number o f temp o r a r y r e s i d en t s ; number o f permanent
r e s i d e n t s by 9 lengths o f r e s i d e nc e ; b y g a i n f u l l y
emp l o y e d and non- g a i n f u l l y empl o y e d ; b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ;
b y s e x ; b y ur ban-ru r a l )

No . 2 7 9 .

4 b . Popu l a t i on .!!.I. Length o f R e s i d e n c e , P o s i t i o n i n
Oc c upa t i o n , m S e c t o r .2£. t h e E c onomy. R e s u l t s f o r �
USSR m Union Republ i c s .
( R SFSR i s n o t in c l ude d ; t o t a l pop ul a t i o n , number
l o c a l l y born, number non- l o c a l l y born , e a c h o f t h e s e
c a t e g o r i e s b y t h e t o t a l a n d the n u m b e r o f temporary
r e s i d e n t s ; number o f permanent r e s i de n t s b y 9 l e n gths
o f r e s i d e n c e ; b y s e x ; b y urban- r u r a l )

No . 280 .

4v . Popu l a t i on .!!.I. Length tl R e s i d en c e , !&!J.. P o s i t i o n .!.!!.
Occupa t i on , m � o f � Economy. R e s u l t s for �
USS R w i t h o u t !.b.!.!£ Repub l i c s : Uzbekskaya, Turkmenskaya ,

226

Index and Guide
Dage s t an skaya , Kazakhskaya , K i r g i z skaya , a n d Y a k u t s kaya .
( w ho l e U S S R w i t h o u t t h e s e r e p u b l i c s ; same format a s
T a b l e 4 b , b u t b y 1 0 a g e g r o u p s in a d d i t ion)

No . 2 8 1 .

S.
il

No . 2 8 2 .

6a. P e r s o n s B o r n .!!!. O ther Republ i c s a n d Rayons h P l a c e
o f B i r t h . R e s u l t s f o r the U r b a n a n d � Popul a t i o n .
Uni on Republ i c s .
( number o f p e r s o n s b o r n in e a c h r e p u b l i c , number b o r n
in Bessarabia, number born abroad, a l l of these
c a t e gor i e s b y s e x ; by r e pu b l i c o f c u r r e n t r e s i d e n c e , b y
ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 2 8 3 .

6 b . P e r s o n s B o r n i n O ther Repu b l i c s a n d R a y o n s h P l a c e
o f B i r t h . R e s u l t s f o r the U r b a n a n d R u r a l Popul a t i o n
.!!.Y. S e x . R a yo n s .
( number o f persons b y 29 r a y o n s o f p l a c e o f birth [ no t
b y s e x o r u r ba n- r u r a l ] , c r o s s - ta b u l a t e d b y 2 9 r a y o n s o f
p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e [ t h i s i s b y s e x a n d b y ur b a n - r u r a l ] )

N o . 284 .

6 v . P e r s o n s Born i n O ther Repu b l i c s a n d Rayo n s h P l a c e
tl Bi r t h . R e s u l t s h S o c i a l G r o u p . U n i o n Republ i c s .
( n umb e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n i n e a c h r e p u b l i c , b y g a i n f u l l y
empl o y e d [ b y p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n and s e c t o r o f t h e
e c onomy ] a n d non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by r e p u b l i c o f
c u r r e n t r e s i d en c e )

No . 2 8 5 .

6 g . P e r s o n s B o r n i n Other Repu b l i c s a n d R a y o n s h P l a c e
o f .!li.!:lh.:._ Re s u l t s h S o c i a l Group . Ra yo n s .
'("ilum b e r o f p e r s o n s b o r n in e a c h o f the 2 9 r a y o n s , b y
g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ by p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n a n d
s e c t o r o f the e c o n omy ] a n d non-gain fu l l y emp l o y e d ; by
t h e rayon o f c u r r e n t r e s i d e n c e )

No . 2 8 6 .

7 . Phys i c a l l y H a n d i c a ppe d a n d M en t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s .
R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Republi c s .
( 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l ha n d i c a p s a n d 2 c a t e g o r i e s o f
mental i l l n e s s ; b y s e x )

No . 2 8 7 .

8 . Phys i c a l l y H a n d i cappe d a n d M en t a l l y I l l P e r s o n s h
N a t i o na l i t y .
( who l e U S S R ; 8 c a t e g o r i e s o f p h y s i c a l han d i c a p s a n d 2
c a t e g o r i e s o f me n t a l i l ln e s s ; by a b o u t 1 00
na t i o nal i t i e s ; b y s e x)

No . 288 .

9 . Phys i c a l I y H a n d i c a ppe d a n d M e n t a l I y I l l P e r s o n s h

Persons B o r n i n t h e USSR Who A r e Permanent R e s i d e n t s
t h e P l a c e o f t h e""Cen"'Sii"B, !.!. P l a c e .2.f B i r t h an d P l a c e
o f R e s i d e n c e , I n d i c a t e d .!!!. D e t a i l .
( b y g u b e r n i y a , a n d a l s o f o r M o s c o w and L e n i n g r a d ;
number of persons registered in each unit as of the
c e n s u s [ t o t a l p e rmane n t r e s i d e n t s ( o f t h e m , num b e r b o r n
i n that u n i t , number b o r n i n o t h e r r e g i o n s o f t h e
USSR) ] , number b o r n i n t h e unit who l i v e i n a n o t h e r
r e gi o n o f the USSR , a n d t o t a l number o f l o c a l l y b o r n
p e r s o n s , a l l o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s b y s e x ; number b o r n i n
ea c h u n i t wh o l i v e i n t h a t u n i t an d th e nu mb e r l i v i n g
in a n o t h e r u n i t o f t h e U S SR , n u mb er w ho l i v e in e a c h
un i t w ho w er e b o r n i n an o t h e r u n i t , a l 1 o f th e s e
c a t e g o r i e s b y g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d [ b y p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i o n a n d s e c t o r s o f the e c o n o m y ] a n d non­
g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; the f i r s t s e c t i on [ b y s e x ] a n d the
s e c o n d section [ by o c c u p a t i o n s ] a r e n o t c r o s s­
tabulate d )

List of Census Tables

227

� L i t e r a c y , a n d Mar i t a l S t a t u s . USSR .
( 8 categories of physical handicaps, 2 categories of
me ntal i l l n e s s , 3 c a t e go r i e s o f w a r i n v a l i d s , l a bo r
inv a l i d s ; b y 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-ru r a l ;
on l y the 8 c a t e g or i e s o f p h y s i c a l h a n d i c a p s and the
t o t a l f o r mental i l l n e s s a r e a l so b y l i t e r a c y a n d
ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d or n o t ] ; l i t e r a c y and ma r i ta l
status are not cross-tabul ated)
No . 2 8 9 .

1 0 . Phys i c s l ly Han d i c appe d a n d Menta l ly Ill P e r s o n s h
Ma i n Means o f L i v e l i h oo d .
'(Wli'Ol elrnSR;-same f o r mat a s Rayon Tab l e 1 1 [ No . 2 4 5 ] )

N o . 290 .

1 1 . Phys i c a l ly Handi capped a n d Menta l ly Ill P e r s o n s h
Cause o f D i s a b i l i t y . R e s u l t s -f o r t h e USSR .
( s ame f o rmat a s Rayon T a b l e 7 -rNo-:-24�

No . 2 9 1 .

1 2 . Phys i c a l l y Handi capped a n d M en t a l l y ill P e r s o n s h
P l a c e o f Bi r t h .
( whol elJSSR ; same format as the r a y on- le ve l d a t a in
Rayon Table 8 [ N o . 24 2 ] )
S e c t i o n 4 . Vol ume 5 2 . Un empl oyed i n t h e U S SR .

No . 292 .

1 . Unemp loyed h Length EJ.. Unemp l oyme n t , � and
M a r i t a l Status. B a s e d on t h e S h o r t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f
Occupa t i o n s . USSif'(";itiiOutT urkiiieii skaya MlQ!O
( data a r e f o r the who l e USSR , M o scow, L e n i n g ra d , other
cities o f 1 00, 000 popul a t i o n a n d greater a s a g r o u p [ b y
i n d u s t r i a l c e n t e r s and o t h e r ] , o t h e r c i t i e s and ur ban
s e t t l eme n t s as a group, a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l l o c a l i t i e s as
a group; number o f unemp l o y e d by 2 main types o f
unemp l o yment [ p r e v i o u s l y w o r k e d f o r h i r e , d i d n o t work
f o r h i r e ] ; by 4 l e n g t h s o f unemp l o ymen t ; b y 8 age
g r o u p s [ a g e i s by a l l c a t e g o r i e s except ma r i t a l status
a n d the i n d i v i dual c i t i e s and s e t t l ement types l i s t e d
abov e ] ; by position in occupation , sector of the
economy, a n d 2 2 8 o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e gor i e s ; b y s e x ;
b y m a r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d o r n o t ] , w h i c h i s n o t by
ag e )

No . 2 9 3 .

2 . Un empl oyed h Length EJ.. Un empl oyment, � a n d
M a r i ta l S t a t u s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e M a i n Di v i s i o n s o f the
Cl a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Occupation s-:-ReSiiTt s f o r t h e USSR-;-­
U n i o n Repub l i c s , a n d R a y o n s (wi thout Turkme n s kaya S S R) .
'("iiieiiii" r of unempl o y e d b y 4 main c a t e gor i e s of
unemp l o yment a n d s e v e r a l s u b c a t e g o r i e s [ i n c l u d i n g s ome
s e c t o r s o f the economy and po s i t i o n s in o c c u p a t i o n s of
p r e v i o u s l y em p l o y e d p e r sons ] ; b y 4 l e n g t h s of
unemp l o yment ; b y 8 age g r o u p s [ a g e is b y a l l c a t e g o r i e s
e x c e p t l e n g t h o f unemp loyment and ma r i ta l s t a t u s ] ; b y
s e x ; by ma r i t a l s t a t u s [ ma r r i e d , o t h e r ] , w h i c h i s n o t
by a g e )

No . 2 9 4 .

3 . Unempl oye d h Length E.f Un empl oyme n t , P l a c e o f B i r t h
.!,!!i Length o f R e s i d e n c e . A c c o r d i n g t o the !1!.!!!.
Di v i s i o n s o f � C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f Occupa t i o n s . R e s ul t s
f o r t h e US S R .
{dataar e gi v e n f o r th e u n i t s a n d c i t y t y p e s l i s t e d i n
Tab l e l ; b y 3 p l a c e- o f - b i r t h a n d r e s i d e n c e c a t e g o r i e s
[ t empor a r y r e s i d e n t s ; non- l o c al l y b o r n , b y 4 c a t e g o r i e s
o f l e n g t h o f r e s i d e n c e a n d b y urban- r u r a l o f p l a c e o f

228

Index and Guide
b i r t h ( th e s e a r e n o t c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d) ; l o c a l l y b o r n ] ;
b y 4 l e n g t h s o f unemp l o yme n t ; b y p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i on
a n d s e c t o r o f the economy ; b y s e x)

No . 295 .

4 . Unempl oye d J?.I. Pl a c e o f .!!!!.!!! a n d Length o f
R e s i d e n c e . R e s u l t s f o r t h e U n i o n R e pu b l i c s a n d Rayo n s .
( f o r t h e s ame 3 p l a c e - o f - b i r t h a n d r e s i d e n c e c a t e gor i e s
use d in Ta b l e 3 ; by s e x ; by ur ban- r ur a l )

S e c t i o n 5 . V o l ume 5 3 . Proper t i e s , S t r u c t u r e s , Li ving a n d �
L i v ing Premises i n C i t i e s a n d U r b a n S e t t l emen t s .2.f t h e �
No . 296 .

1 . N um b e r o f P r o pe r t i e s , T h e i r Popul a t i o n, a n d the A r e a
o f Land P a r c e l s .
(To r Union R e p u b l i c s , r a y on s , and 30 c i t i e s o f 1 00, 000
p o p u l a t i o n o r g r e a t e r ; b y 4 c i t y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 3 main
types o f b u i l d i n g o wn e r s h i p )

No . 297 .

2 . Bui l d i n gs .
( f or Union R e p u b l i c s , r a y o n s , a n d 30 c i t i e s o f 100, 000
p o p u l a t i on o r g r e a t e r ; number o f l i v i ng s t r u c t u r e s by
t y p e o f ma t e r i a l , c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a t u s , and number o f
f l o o r s ; numb e r o f non- l i v i n g s tr u c t u r e s , b y t y p e ; b y 4
c i t y - s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 3 main t y p e s o f bu i l d i n g own e r s h i p )

No . 298 .

3 . L i v i n g Premi s e s ( A partme n t s a n d Dormi t o r i e s ) .
( fo r Union R e p u b l i c s , r a y o n s , a n d c i t i e s of 1 00, 000
p o p u l a t i o n or g r e a t e r ; number of a p a r tment s , the number
o f inha b i t a n t s i n them, number o f k i t c h e n s , number o f
liv ing rooms, and li ving area by type of buil ding
ma t e r i a l ; number o f d o r mi t o r i e s , t h e number o f
i n ha b i ta n t s i n t he m , a n d l i v i n g ar ea b y t y p e o f
bu i l d in g ma t e r i a l ; number o f l i v i n g s t r u c t u r e s which
hav e e l e c t r i c i t y , a n d the number o f inha b i t a n t s i n
them ; b y 4 c i t y- s i z e g r o u p s ; by 3 main t y p e s o f
bui l d i n g owne r s h i p )

No . 2 9 9 .

4 . Non-Living Premises i n L i v i ng S t r u c t u r e s .
( f or U n i o n R e p ub l i c s , r a y o n s , a n d c i t i e s o f 1 00, 000
po pu l a t i o n or g r e a t e r ; number and f l o o r s p a c e o f non­
l i v i n g p r emi s e s by t y p e o f bui l d i n g ma t e r i a l and by
k i n d s o f use; b y 4 c i t y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y t h r e e ma i n
t y p e s o f bu i l d i n g owner s h i p )

No . 300 .

5 . Chara c t e r i s t i c s o f P r o pe r t i e s , B u i l d i n g s , �
Premi s e s J?.I. I n d i v i d u a l � S e t t l ement s .
( b y r a y o n , a n d f o r t h e ma j or c i t i e s in e a c h u n i t [ a b o u t
2 0 0 0 c i t i e s ] ; t o t a l number o f bu i l t p r o p e r t i e s a n d
t h e i r f l o o r s p a c e ; l i v i ng s t r u c t u r e s by t y p e o f
bui l d i n g mat e r i a l a n d number o f f l o o r s ; l i v i n g p r e m i s e s
by t y p e [ ap a r tme n t s a n d dormi t o r i e s ] , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
[ l i v i n g s p a c e , number o f r o om s , number o f i n h a b i t a n t s ,
kitchens, etc. ] , type of bui lding materia l , and supp l y
o f e l ec t r i c i t y )

No . 3 0 1 .

6 . L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s , Li ving A r e a , a n d � tl
I n h a b i t a n t s J?.I. Category o f P r o p e r t y ( Re s u l t s .!?.I.
Indi v i dual U r ban S e t t l ement s ) .
( f or same un i t s a s Ta b l e 5 ; b y 3 main t y p e s o f b u i l d i n g
owner s h i p a n d s e v e r a l subc a t e gor i e s ; by the number o f
l i v i n g s t r u c t ur e s , the l i v i n g s p a c e in s q u a r e m e t e r s ,
and the number o f inha b i t a n t s )

List of Census Tables

229

N o . 302 .

7 . P r o pe r t i e s !.h!!. !.£!. Connec t e d !.!!. !h!. .!!!.!!.!. S upply .
( fo r e a c h Union R e p u b l i c a n d for 2 6 6 p op ul a t i o n
c e n t e r s ; n umb e r o f b u i l d i ng s , numb e r c o n n e c t e d t o wa ter
s u p p l y , and number o f i n h a b i t a n t s i n bui l d i n g s w i t h
wa t e r s u p p l y ; b y t y p e s o f b ui l d i n g owne r s h i p)

No . 303 .

8 . Prope r t i e s t h a t A r e C o n n e c t e d t o t h e S elsf e System.
, and
{ f or 3 6 c i t i e s:-Tii tile' RSFSR, UkriiTn iiki"y a
Zakav k a z s ka y a SSR onl y ; n u m b e r o f bui l d i n g s , number
conn e c t e d t o sewa g e s y s t em, and numb e r o f i n h a b i t a n t s
i n b u i l d in g s that a r e conne c t e d t o the sewage s y stem;
by types o f bui l d i n g own e r s h i p )

S e c t i o n 6 . V o l ume 5 4 . L i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s .21. !h!, .l!!:.!!.!.!!. Popul a t i o n
.21. ili US SR .
No . 304 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .21. Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing �
..!!.I. Cha r a c t e r .21. Occupi e d Premi s e s .
a . R e s u l t s f o r !h!, � fil � Repub l i c s .

( t y p e o f l o d g i n g o f fami l i e s and p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l one
[ ho u s e , s e p a r a t e apartment , p a r t o f an apar tmen t ( pa r t
o f a r oom, 1 r o om, m o r e t h a n 1 r o om) , dormi t o r y , n o n ­
l i v i n g p r emi s e s ( k i t c h e n , o t h e r ) ] ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d
s e c t o r o f t h e e c o nomy)
b. R e s u l t s ..!!.I. � o f .l!!:.!!.!.!!. S e t t l ement .
( s ame f o rmat a s p a r t a , but who l e USSR onl y ; s e t t l ement
type i s d i v i d e d into M o scow, Le n i n g r a d , a n d about 25
other t y p e s [ by size an d f u n c t i o n ] ; 19 o f these c a t e g o r i e s
[ s e t t l eme n t s w i t h p o pu l a t i o n s o f 50 , 000 o r fewer ] are
not s u bd i v i d e d b y social group or s e c t o r o f the e c onomy)

No . 305 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing !1.2.!!.! ..!!.I.
!h!, C h a r a c t e r o f U s e .21. !h!, L i v ing Area ; Av erage L i v ing
!r.!!_ .!!.!!. I n h a b i t a n t .
a . R e s u l t s f o r !h!, � fil .!!.!!.!.2.!. Repub l i c s .
( c h a r a c t e r of u s e o f l i v i n g space i s d i v i d e d i n t o those
not ha ving t h e i r own l i v i ng a r e a [ l i v i ng with o t h e r
p e o p l e , l i v i n g i n k i t chen or other non- l i v i n g s p a c e ,
l i v i n g in dormi t o r y ] and t h o s e ha v in g t h e i r o w n l i v i ng
s p a c e [ i nc l u d i n g the a v e r a g e area per p e r s on ] ; b y
s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f t h e economy )
b , R e s u l t s ..!!.I. � o f .l!!:.!!.!.!!. S e t t lement ,
( s ame format a s p a r t a , but who l e USSR on l y ; d a t a by
s e t t l ement t y p e hav e the same format a n d l im i t a t i ons as
Ta b l e l b)

No . 306 .

3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .21. Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing A l one ..!!.I.
!h!, Number o f S g ua r 0 M e t e r s o f L i v i n g !!:!.!_ .!!.!!. ""Yiiiiil1i i t a n t .
a . ReSul't'S To'r !h!. � fil .!!.!!.!.2.!. Repu b l i c s .
( l i v i ng s p a c e p e r p e r s o n i s b y 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s o c i a l
group and s e c t o r o f the economy)
b . Re s u l t s ..!!.I. � .21. .l!!:.!!.!.!!. S e t t lement .
( same f o rmat a s par t a , b u t who l e USSR o n l y ; d a t a by
s e t t l ement type hav e the same format and l im i t a t i o n s as
Ta b l e l b)

No . 3 0 7 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .21. Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v ing !1.2.!!.! ..!!.I.
Numbe r .21. I n h a b i t a n t s .!!.!!. �
a . R e s u l t s f o r the � fil .!!.!!.!.2.!. Republ i c s .
( b y 5 s i z e g r o u p s o f the number o f p e r s o n s p e r r oom; b y
s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f the econom y )

230

Index and Guide
b , Re s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l ement .
( same f o rmat a s p a r t a , b u t who l e U S S R o n l y ; d a t a b y
s e t t l ement t y p e hav e the s a m e format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s
Tab l e l b)

No . 308 .

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s Ju'.. � o f Oc c upi e d Rooms
a n d Use o f K i t c hen s .
S:-Results f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .
( n umber o f room'S"Pe:r-Iii"mi l y i s in 3 c a t e g o r i e s [ pa r t o f
a r o om, 1 r o om, mo r e than 1 room ] ; u s e o f k i t c h e n s
i n c l u d e s numb e r o f fami l i e s hav i n g a s e p a r a t e k i tc hen
[ a n d w he t h e r i t i s u s e d for l i v i n g ] , th o s e s h a r in g a
ki tchen, those not hav ing use of a kitchen; by social
g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n om y )
b . Re s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l eme n t .
( same format a s p a r t a , but who l e U S S R on l y ; d a t a b y
s e t t l ement t y p e hav e the s a m e f o r m a t a n d l i m i t a t i o n s as
Ta b l e l b)

No . 309 .

6 . C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e U s e .2.f Dwe l l ings a n d R e n t .
a . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .
( number o f fami l i e s a n d p e r s o n s l i v i n g in t h e i r own
hou s e s , number o f fami l i e s a n d p e r s o n s who a r e r e n t e r s
[ n umber p a y i n g r e n t , s i ze o f l i v i n g a r e a , r e n t p a i d ,
e t c . ] ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s e c t o r o f the e c o n om y )
b , R e s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l emen t .
( s ame format a s p a r t a , b u t who l e USSR o n l y ; d a t a by
se t t l ement t y p e h a v e the same format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s
T a b l e l b)

No . 3 1 0 ,

7 . S o c i a l Compo s i t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n Ju'.. Category .2.f
P r o pr i e t o r s h i p .
a . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .
( p r o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , and
pr i v a t e , a n d b y a d d i t i onal s u b c a t e gor i e s o f these; b y
s e c t o r o f t h e e c o nomy )
b . R e s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U rban S e t t l eme n t .
( s ame format a s p a r t a, but who l e USSR on l y ; d a ta b y
s e t t l ement t y p e ha v e the s a m e format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s
Ta b l e l b)

No . 3 1 1 .

8 . D i s t r i bu t i o n Ju'.. � .2.f Propr i e t o r s h i p o f t h e L i v ing
A r e a , Ju'.. Separ a t e S o c i a l Groups .
a . R e s u l t s f o r t h e USSR a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .
( p r o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r at i v e , and
p r i v a t e , a n d by a d d i t i o n a l s u bc a t e gor i e s o f these; b y
s e c t o r o f t h e economy, but s e c t o r s a r e n o t a s d e t a i l e d
as i n T a b l e s 1 - 7)
b . R e s u l t s Ju'.. � o f U r b a n S e t t l eme n t .
( s ame format a s p a r t a , but who l e USSR o n l y ; d a t a by
s e t t l ement type ha v e the same format a n d l i m i t a t i o n s a s
Table l b )

No . 3 1 2 .

9 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g A l o n e Ju'..
Char a c t e r o f O c c upi e d Premi s e s . R e s u l t s Ju'.. Rayon �
for � with More than 1 0 0 , 000 I n h a b i t an t s .
( t yp e s o f o c c u pi e d p r e mi s e s i n c l u d e s e p a r a t e h o u s e s ,
s e p a r a t e a p a r t nt e n t s , p a r t o f an apar tment , dormi t o r y ,
non- l i v i n g s p a c e [ k i t c h e n , o t h e r ] ; by 4 ma i n s o c i a l
group s )

No . 3 1 3 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g A l o n e

Ju'.. t he C ha r a c t e r tl U s e o f t he L i v i n g Ar e a ; A v e r a g e
L i v ing A r e a � I n h a b i t a n t . R e s u l t s Ju'.. Rayon a n d for

List of Census Tables

23 1

� !.!!.!.!!. 1 00 ,000 I n h a b i t an t s ,
( c ha ra c t er o f u s e o f l i v i n g s p ac e ha s t h e s am e
c a t e g o r i e s a s Tabl e 2 a ; b y 4 main s o c i a l g r o u p s )

� with

No . 314.

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl Fami l i e s fil P e r s o n s L i v i n g �
.!!.I. � tl S q ua r e M e t e r s o f L i v ing !.!..!!. � Inhabi­
t a n t . R e s u l t s .!!.I. Rayon fil f o r � .!!!.!!!. Hore !.!!.!.!!.
lO'O;Oo o I n h a b i t a n t s .
( l i v i ng s p a c e p e r p e r s o n i s by 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 4 m a i n
social groups)

No . 3 1 S .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li ving A l one
.!!.I. � o f I n h a b i t a n t s � Room. Resul t s .!!.I. Rayon fil
� � .!!!.!!!. Hore than 1 00, 000 I n h a b i t an t s .
( b y S s i z e g r o u p s o f t h e numb e r o f p e r s o n s per r o om ; b y
4 ma i n s o c i a l g r o u p s )

No. 3 1 6 .

1 3 , D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s J!.I. Number o f Occupi e d
Rooms and Use o f Titchen s . R e s uI"t'S'"li Rayon and f o r
Ci t i e s wi t h H o r e !.!!.!.!!. 1 0 0 , 000 I n ha b i t a n t s .
( number �r o oms per fami l y i s i n 3 c a t e gor i e s [ se e
Ta b l e Sa ] ; u s e o f k i t c h e n s i s a l s o by t h e s am e
c a t e g o r i e s a s Tabl e S a ; by 4 main s o c i a l g r o u p s )

No. 317 .

1 4 . Con d i t i o n s tl t h e U s e o f Dwe l l i ngs a n d �
R e s u l t s .!!.I. Rayon a n d f o r � .!!!.!!!. More than 1 00, 000
Inhabitants .
( number o f fami l i e s a n d p e r s o n s l i v i n g i n their own
h o u s e s , number o f f ami l i e s and p e r s o n s who a r e r e n t e r s
[ number p a y i n g r e n t , s i z e o f l i v i n g area , r e n t p a i d ,
e t c . ] ; b y 4 main s o c i a 1 g r o u p s )

No . 3 1 8 .

l S . S o c ial Compo s i t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n J!.I. Category o f
Propr i e to r s h i p. Resul t s J!.I. Rayon fil f o r � w i t h
Mo r e than 1 00, 000 I n h a b i t a n t s .
( pr o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , a n d
pr i v a t e , and b y a d d i t i o nal s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e ; b y
4 main s o c i a l gr oups)

No . 3 1 9 .

1 6 . D i s t r i b u t i on J!.I. � o f Propr i e t o r s h i p o f the
Aref , J!.I. S e pa r a t e � Groups. R e s u l t s .!!.I.
�an d -2!:
C i t i e s w i t h M o r e t h a n 1 00, 000
I n h a b i t an t s .
( pr o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d by s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i ve , a n d
p r i v a t e , a n d by a d d i t i o n a l s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e ; b y
4 ma i n s o c i a l g r o u p s )

No . 320 .

1 7 . A pa r tment Ren t J!.I. Category tl P r o pr i e t o r s h i p .
R e s u l t s .!!.I. Rayon fil for C i t i e s with More than 1 00 , 000
Inhabitants .
( pr o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d by s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , a n d
p r i v a t e , a n d b y a d d i t i onal s u b c a t e g o r i es)

No . 3 2 1 .

1 8 . Chara c t e r i s t i c s tl L i v ing C o n d i t i o n s o f the
Popul a t i o n .!!.I. I n d i v i d u a l Urban S e t t l eme n t s .
( data a r e b y a l l c e n s u s u n i t s at the gubern i ya l e ve l o r
abov e , a n d f o r a l l ma j o r c i t i e s a n d u r b a n t y p e
s e t t l ements [ a p p r o ximat e l y 2 0 0 0 popu l a t i o n p o i n t s ] ;
number o f fami l i e s a n d numb e r o f p e o p l e l i v i n g i n non­
l i v ing premi s e s , in dormi tori e s , i n their own l i v i n g
a r e a s , or wi t h o t h e r s ; t o t a l l i v i n g s p a c e ; a v e r a g e
l i v i n g s pa c e p e r p e r s o n for fami l i e s and f o r p e r s o n s
l i v i n g a l on e ; number o f o c c u p i e d l i v i n g r o o m s ; numb er
o f kitchens used for l i v i n g ; number o f p e o p l e p e r 100

1!.!..!!!A

232

Index and Guide
r o o m s , a n d p e r 1 00 r o oms a n d k i t c he n s ; number o f p e o p l e
l i v i n g i n t h e i r own home s ; a v e r a g e r e n t p e r s q u a r e
meter )

No . 322 .

1 9 . T o t a l L i v ing Area .!!.I. S o c i a l G r o u p . R e s u l t s f o r
� a n d f o r C i t i e s o f Mor e than 2 0 , 000 Popula t i o n .
( fo r a b o u t 2 2 5 i n d i v i du a l c i t i e s ; t o t a l l i v in g s p a c e
a n d a v e r a g e l i v i n g s pa c e p e r p e r s o n ; s o c i a l g r o u p s
i n c l u d e s e v e r a l s u b c a t e gor i e s , u s ua l l y b y s e c t o r s o f
the e c onomy)

Living C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e W o r k e r s of
t h e Fa c to r y - a n d -Wo r k s I n d u s t r i e s .
No . 323 .

20. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g �

.!!.I. � o f P r e m i s e s Occupi e d .

( s e e s e c t i o n t i t l e a bo v e ; b y r a yon , a n d f o r ma j o r
c i t i e s [ ab o u t 70 ] ; b y s am e t y p e s o f l o d g i n g a s i n Ta b l e
1 ; b y s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f wo r k e r s [ me t a l wor k e r s ,
t e x t i l e wor k e r s , m i n e r s ] )

No . 3 2 4 .

2 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g A l o n e

.!!.I. t h e Char a c t e r o f U s e o f t h e Li v i n g A r e a .

( s ee-Be c t i o n t i t l e-a b o v e;-siliii'e r e giona �t s a n d
c i t i e s a s Ta b l e 20 ; b y t h o s e n o t h a v i n g t he i r o w n
l i v i n g s p a c e [ l i v i n g w i t h o t he r s , l i v i n g i n non- l i v i n g
s p a c e , 1 i v i n g i n d o r m i t o r y ] a n d t h o s e ha v i n g t h e i r own
l i v i n g s p a c e [ t o t a l l i v i n g s p a c e and a v e r a g e l i v i n g
s p a c e p e r p e r son ] ; by se v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f
worker s )

No . 3 2 5 .

2 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g A l o n e

.!!.I. N um be r o f S g u ar e M e te r s tl L i v i ng A r e a �

Inhabitant .
( s e e s e c t i o n t i t l e a b o v e ; same r e g i o n a l u n i t s a n d
c i ti e s a s Ta b l e 2 0 ; l i v i n g s p a c e p e r p e r s on i s b y 8
s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f worker s )

N o . 326 .

2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f Fami l i e s a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g �

.!!.I. Number .2.f I n h a b i t a n t s � Room.

( s e e s e c t i o n t i t l e a b o v e ; same r e gi o n a l uni t s and
c i t i e s a s T a b l e 20; b y 5 size groups o f t h e number of
p e r s o n s p e r r o o m ; b y se v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f wor k e r s )

No . 32 7 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s .!!.I. Number .2.f O c c u p i e d
Rooms a n d U s e o f Ki t c h e n s .
'('ii'ese e c t i onti t l e a b o v e ; same r e gional un i t s a n d
c i t i e s a s Ta b l e 20 ; n um b e r o f r o o ms p e r f am i l y a n d u s e
o f k i t c h e n s ha v e t h e s a m e ca t e go r i e s a s Ta b l e Sa ; b y
sev e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s o f wor k e r s )

No . 3 2 8 .

2 5 . C o n d i t i o n s .2.f t h e U s e .2.f Dwe l l ings a n d R e n t .
( see section titl e abo ve ; same regional units and
c i t i e s a s T a b l e 2 0 ; n u m b e r o f fami l i e s and p e r s o n s
l i v i n g i n t h e i r o w n h o u s e s , n u m b e r o f f ami l i e s an d
pe r s o n s who a r e r e n t e r s [ number p � y i n g r e n t , s i z e o f
l i v i n g a r e a , r e n t pa i d , e t c . ] ; b y se v e r a l s e p a r a t e
t y p e s o f worker s )

No . 3 2 9 .

2 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2.f W o r k e r s o f t h e F a c t o r y-an d-Wo r k s
I n d u s t r y .!!.I. Category .2.f P r o pr i e t o r sh i p .
( same r e gi o n a l uni t s and c i t i e s a s T a b l e 20;
p r o p r i e t o r s h i p d i v i d e d b y s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , and
p r i v a t e , a n d b y a d d i t i o n a l s u b c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e s e ; by

List of Census Tables

233

s e v e r a l s e p a r a t e t y p e s of work e r s )
S e c t i o n 7 . S t r uc t u r e o f t h e Urban Fami l y .
V o l ume 5 5 . U n i o n o f S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t Repub l i c s . 1 . S t r uc t u r e o f !..!!.£.
U rban Fami l y. R e sU'I t s o f t h e Gen e r a l Tabu l a t i o n . 2 . S o c i a l
co;;;pos i t i o n .2!, !..!!.£. U r b a n �ul a t i o n .
1 . S t r u c t u r e .2!, !l!!, U rban Fami l y .
No . 3 30 ,

1 . Compo s i t i o n o f the Fami ly. Number o f M em b e r s ,
Empl oyment . ConnectrOn w i th AsrTCii"ft ure .
( wh o l e USSR onl y ; t o t a l number of fami l i e s , f ami l i e s
with ma l e h e a d of fami l y , fami l i e s with fema l e head o f
f ami l y , e a c h o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s d i v i d e d b y emp l o yment
s t a t u s o f fami l y mem b e r s ; c o n n e c t i o n with a g r i c ul ture
[ fami l i e s ha v i ng l an d , fami l i e s w i t h memb e r s who
par t i c i pa t e i n f i e l d work a n d the number o f t h o s e
memb e r s ] ; n u m b e r o f p e r sons l i v i ng a l o n e , by sex ;
c o n n e c t i o n o f p e r s o n s l i v, i n g a l one with a g r i c u l t u r e ; by
p o s i t i o n in occupation, sector o f the economy, and 3 7 5
occupations )

No . 3 3 1 .

2 . D i s t r i bu t i on .2!, Fami l i e s .Ju: � !..l!!!.!!£!. o f M emb ers
a n d .Ju: !..l!!!.!!£!. .2!, A c t i v e l y Emp l oye d Memb e r s . Emp l oyment .
Connection � Agr i c u l t ur e .
( b y rayon, p l u s Moscow a n d Leningra d ; numb e r o f p e r s o n s
l i v i n g a l o n e , by s e x ; n u m b er o f f a m i l i e s b y 9 s i z e
g r o u p s , b y s e x o f h e s d o f f ami l y , a n d b y numb e r o f
a c t i v el y o c c u p i e d memb e r s ; emp l o yment s t a t u s o f fami l y
memb e r s , in 3 c a t e g or i e s ; c o n n e c t i o n of fami l i e s with
a g r i c ul t u r e [ by c a t e g o r i e s gi ven i n Tabl e 1 ] ;
c onne c t i on o f p e r sons l i v i n g a l one w i t h a g r i c u l ture
[ number who ha v e land and number who pa r t i c i pa t e i n
f i e l d work ] ; by p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n o f h e a d o f
fa mi l y a n d s e c t o r o f t h e ec o n o m y i n w h i c h he or sh e
wor k s )

No . 3 3 2 .

2 . S u p p l ement, Compo s i t i o n .2!, !l!!, Fami l i e s o f
Metalworke r s , Mine r s , a n d T e x t i l e Worke r s . ( e s s e n t ia l l y the same as Tabl e 2 , but c o v e r s on l y these
specialized occupations )

No . 3 3 3 .

3 . � Charac t e r i s t i c s .2!, the A c t i v e 1y Empl oyed
M em b e r s i n Re l a t i on t o -the S o c i a l Charac t e r i s t i c s of
the Hea d o f !l!!, FamiTY .
a . Re s u l t s f o r t h e USSR .
( whol e USSR""Oiily;- sOCiaI charac t e r i s t i c s o f h e a d s o f
f ami l i e s by s e c t o r o f the ec onomy i n w h i c h t h e y work,
by soc i a l chara c t e r i s t i c s and s e c t o r s o f a c t i v e l y
emp l o y e d fami l y memb e r s )
b . R e s u l t s .Ju: Rayon s .
( n um b e r of f am i l i e s by s o c ia l gr ou p an d s e c t or o f th e
e c onomy i n which the h e a d o f the fami l y works, srid the
social group [ an d , i n some c a s e s , a l s o the s e c t o r of
the e c o nomy ] o f fami l y memb e r s o f these h ea d s of
fami l i e s )
----

2.

S o c i a l Compo s i t i o n .2!, !l!!, U r ban Popul a t i o n .

234
No . 334 .

Index and Guide
4 . � Compo s i t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f C i t i e s .!!,!!.!!.
� � S e t t l ement s .

a . Re s u l t s J!.I. U n i o n Republ i c .
'(Dumber o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e , number o f h e a d s o f
fami l i e s , a n d number o f fami l y memb e r s ; b y s o c i a l
comp o s i t i o n a n d s e c t o r o f t h e e c onomy)
b . Re s u l t s f o r I n d i v i dual U r b a n S e t t lement s .
( by g u b e r n i Y8,'"" f o r a l l c i t i e s a n d ur ban- t y p e
s e t t l eme n t s i n e a c h u n i t [ mo r e than 2 0 0 0 a l t o g e t h e r ] ;
s o c i a l g r o u p [ po s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n ] a n d s e c t o r o f t h e
e c o nomy o f g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d p e r s o n s ; o t h e r p e r s o n s
[ un emp l o y e d , p e n s i o n e r s , s t u d e n t s ] )

V o l ume 56. S t r u c t u r e o f t h e U rban Fami l y. R e s u l t s .!!.!. �
S p e c i a l T a b u l a t i o n . P a r t � M o s c ow. P a r t l,._ Leningr a d . P a r t 1:..
C i t i e s .2.f t h e RSFS R .
No , 335 .

1 . � o f Fami l i e s J!.I. � .2.f t h e H e a d o f t h e Fami l y .
( number o f fami l i e s h e a d e d b y ma l e s a n d by f ema l e s , a n d
the number o f p e r s o n s i n them; b y a b o u t 1 5 d i f f er e n t
fami l y t y p e s a n d s u b t y p e s ; by s o c i a l g r o u p [ b y some
s e c t o r s o f the economy ] and 1 0 age g r o u p s o f t h e h e a d
o f the fami l y )

No . 336 ,

2 . Occupa t i o n J!.I. � .!!,!!.!!. S u b t ype .2.f Fami l i e s .
( n umb e r o f fami l i e s , number o f p e r s o n s i n them, number
o f o c c u p i e d p e r s o n s , number o f unemp l o y e d , number of
non- g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d p e r s o n s ; b y a b o u t 15 d i f f e r e n t
fami l y t y p e s a n d s u b t y p e s , by s e x o f h e a d o f fami l y ; b y
s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s o m e s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n omy )

No. 337.

3 a . Fami l i e s w i t h A c t i ve ly Emp l o y e d Memb e r s . D i s t r i bu­
t i on !.I. T o t a l N u m b e r tl Fa mi l y M em b e r s a n d !.I. N u m b e r o f
A c t i v e l y Empl oyed Fami l y Memb e r s .
( numb er of fami l i e s a n d number o f a c t i v e l y em p l o y e d
fami l y memb e r s , b y 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; by s e x o f h e a d
o f f am i l y ; by 4 m a i n f a mi l y t y p e s ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p a n d
some s e c t o r s o f the e c o n omy )

No . 338 .

3 b . Fami l i e s w i t h o u t A c t i v e l y Emp loyed M embe r s .
D i s t r i b u t i o n J!.I. N u m b e r o f P e r s on s .
( n um b e r o f f am i l i e s b y s e x o f he a d o f f a mi l y a n d b y 9
fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; by s o c i a l g r o u p a n d some s e c t o r s o f
t h e e c onomy; b y 3 fami l y t y p e s )

No , 3 3 9 .

3v . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2.f Fami l i e s J!.I. � Number .2.f Fami l y
M em b e r s a n d J!.I. � o f A c t i v e l y Emp loyed Fami l y
Memb e r s , i n L.
( by 7 fami l y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s e x o f h e a d of fami l y ; by
social group a n d some s e c t o r s o f t h e economy )

N o . 340 .

4 . Compo s i t i on .2.f Fami l i e s in R e l a t i o n !.Q. the � .2.f
t h e .!!.!.!!i o f t h e Fami l y .
'(iiilmber o f fami l i e s b y 9 fami l y- � i z e g r o u p s , a n d number
o f p e r s o n s i n them; n u m b e r o f fami l y memb e r s b y
emp l o yment [ ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d , unemp l o y e d , non­
g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ] , sex, a n d 3 age g r o u p s ; numb e r o f
chi l d r e n o f hea d o f fami l y a n d n u m b e r o f r e l a t i v e s [ b y
3 c a t e g o r i e s o f e m p l o yment ] ; b y a g e [ i n 1 0 a g e g r o u p s ]
a n d s e x o f h e a d o f fam i l y ; b y 4 ma i n fami l y t y p e s ; b y
s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s ome s e c t o r s o f the e c o nomy)

List of Census Tables

235

No . 341 .

5 . A v erage Number o f Fami l y M em b e r s , C hi l d r e n o f ili
Head o f ili Fami l y , a n d R e l a t i ve s , � Fami ly .
n;y-4 mai n fami l y t y p e s ; b y s e x and 1 0 a g e g r o u p s o f
h e a d o f f a m i l y ; b y s o c i a l g r o up a nd s om e s e c t o r s o f t h e
ec onomy )

No . 3 4 2 .

6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fam i l y Membe r s .!!.I. � i n �
( p e r c en t a g e o f fami l y memb e r s younger than 1 6 y e a r s o f
a ge and o f t h o s e a g e d 1 6- 5 9 ; b y s e x a n d 1 0 a g e g r o u p s
o f h ea d o f f am i l y ; by 4 ma i n fa mi l y t y p e s ; b y s o c i a l
g roup and some s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy )

No . 343 .

7 . P e r c e n tage of Occupi e d Memb e r s a n d o f A c t i v e l y
Employed Memb e r s o f t h e Fami ly .
( by s e x a n d 1 0 a g e g r o u p s o f fami l y hea d ; b y 4 main
f a m i l y t yp e s ; by s o c ia l gr ou p an d s o me s e c t o r s o f t h e
e c onomy )

No . 3 4 4 .

8 . Emp l oyme n t o f Memb e r s .2f Mar r i e d Coupl e s i n R e l a t i o n
t o � Age s . Fami l i e s o f 1'..I.I!.!. h
(Dum b er o f fami l i e s ; number o f fami l i e s whe r e b o t h
s p o u s e s ha v e o c c u p a t i o n s ; number o f famil i e s where o n e
s p o u s e has an o c c u p a t i o n and the o t h e r [ b y s e x ] has a n o t h e r
s o u r c e o f i n c om e , i s unemp l o ye d , or i s d e p e n d e n t ; b y 1 0
a g e g r o u p s o f t h e h u s b a n d [ for e a c h o f t h e s e a g e g r o u p s
b y a g e g r o u p s o f the w i f e ] ; by s o c i a l g r o u p an d some
s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy )

N o . 345 .

9 . E mp l o ym e n t o f M o t he r s 11!. Re l a t i on .!.2_ th e N u m b e r o f
C h i l d r en . Fami l i e s o f � !.!. a n d �
( n umber o f fami l i e s i n each o f 9 s i z e g r o u p s by number
of c h i l d r e n ; each size group i n c l u d e s data on the total
numb e r o f f ami l i e s a n d the number o f fami l i e s i n which
the mother i s g a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d , i s unemp l o ye d , or is
non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d ; by s o c i a l group a n d some
sectors o f the e c o n o m y )

N o . 346 .

1 0 . Empl o ymen t o f Chi l d r e n o f H e a d s o f Fami l i e s .
Fami l i e s o f � ! a n d 1L_
( numb e r of c hi l d r e n who hav e t h e i r own s o u r c e s o f
income [ th o s e ha v i n g o c c u p a t i o n s , ha v i n g a n o t h e r s o u r c e
o f i n c ome, unem p l o y e d ] ; number o f c h i l d r e n who d o n o t
ha v e t h e i r o w n s o u r c e o f i n c o m e ; b y s e x ; by s i n g l e-year
ag e s 10-25; by social g r o u p a n d some sectors o f the
e c o n om y )

No . 3 4 7 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C h i l d r e n o f the Head o f the
Fami l y .!!.I. P o s i t i on.!.!!. OccupatTon-:-FaiiiTITeso� !
and B .
( number o f c h i l d r e n b y 7 d i f f er e n t p o s i t i o n s i n
o c c u p a t i o n s , b y s e x , and b y 6 age g r o u p s [ f or c h i l d r e n a g e d
1 6-25 ] ; a l l o f t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s a r e by the s o c i a l group
and s e c t o r o f the e c o nomy o f the fami l y h e a d s )

No . 348 .

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s o f � !.!. and A 2 .!!.I.
Numbe r o f Chi l d r e"ii:
( numb e r Cif c h i l d r e n by 9 s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 7 a g e g r o u p s
o f the a g e o f the mother a t ma r r i a g e ; b y l e n g t h o f
ma r r i a g e , i n 3 3 g r o up s ; by so c i a l g r o u p and some
s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o n omy )

No . 349 .

1 3 . A v e rage � o f C h i l d r e n � Fami l y .
( by l e n g t h o f mar r i a g e , i n 3 3 g r o u p s ; b y s o c i a l g r o u p
and s o m e s e c t o r s o f the e c onomy )

Index and Guide

236
N o . 350 .

1 4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s o f � ! J!.I. � .2!.
C h i l d r en , i n % .
( n um b e r o f f am i l i e s an d th e n u m b er o f c h i l d r e n i n 4
s i z e g r o u p s ; by l e n g t h o f ma r r i ag e , i n 3 g r o u p s ; by
s o c i a l g r o u p a n d some s e c t o r s o f the e conomy)

No . 351 .

1 5 . A v e r a ge � tl t h e O l d e s t a n d t he Y o u n ge s t Ch i l d .!...!!.
Fami l i e s o f � A 2 .
( by t h e a g e o f t h e mother a t ma r r i a g e , i n 4 g r o up s ; b y
s o c i a l g r o u p a n d s o m e s e c t o r s o f t h e e c o nomy)

A l l - U n i o n Popu l a t i o n C e n s u s .Qi 1 9 2 6 . S h o r t S ummar i e s .
Numb e r 1 . H o u s i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n i n Urban S e t t l e me n t s o f the RSFSR,
U k r a i n s kaya SSR , a n d B e l o r u s skaya SSR .
No , 352 .

1 . � o f L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s ill.£!!. We r e Newl y £2.!!=.
s t r u c t e d , Compl e t e d , and R e no v a t e d d u r i n g t h e Y e a r s
1 9 2 3 - 2 6 i n C i t i e s a n d Urban-Type S e t t l eme n t s , a n d t h e
L i v ing A r e a o f T h e s e B u i l d i ngs ( R e s u l t s fQ.!. M a i n Rayons) .
{ f o r i n d i v i dual y e a r s 1 9 2 3 , 1 9 2 4 , 1 9 2 5 , 1 9 2 6 ; number of
bu i l d i n g s and their a r e a in square m e t e r s b y
construction categories l isted abo ve ; by type of
b u i l d i n g owner s h i p [ s t a t e , c o o p e r a t i v e , p r i v a t e ] ; by
type o f bu i l d i n g mat e r i a l [ wo o d , s t o n e , mi x e d , o t h e r ] ,
b u t on l y a t the r e p u b l i c l e ve l ; f o r RSFSR, Ukra i n s ka y a
S S R , a n d B e l o r u s s ka y a SSR r a y o n s o n l y)

No . 3 5 3 .

2. � o f L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s W h i c h Were Newl y Con­
s t r u c t e d , Compl e t e d , a n d Renov a t e d d u r i n g t h e Year s
1923- 2 6 i n C i t i e s a n d-urban-Type S e t t l ements";" a n d the
L i v i n g A r e a o f T h e s e Bui l d i n gs ( Re s u l t s f o r A u t o n omou s
Republ i c s a n d Ob l a s t s , G u b e r n i y a s a n d Okrugs) .
{ un i t s a l s o i n c l u d e Moscow a n d L e n i n g ra d ; same a s Tab l e
1 e x c e p t d a t a ar e fo r th e s e sm a l l e r un i t s ; t y p e o f
bu i l d i n g ma t e r i a l d a ta a r e a t the r a y o n l e v e l )

No , 3 5 4 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f L i v ing S t r u c t u r e s W h i c h Were Newl y
Con s t r u c t e d , Compl e t e d , a n d Ren o v a t e d d u r i n g the Y e a r s
1 9 2 3- 2 6 , J!.I. Ma t e r i a l o f t h e �
( numb e r o f bu i l d i n g s ; f o r the e n t i r e p e r i o d , n o t by
i n d i v i dual y e a r s ; b y t y p e of b u i l d i n g own e r s h i p ; by
rayons i n RSFSR, Ukrainskaya SSR , a n d B e l o r u s s ka y a SSR
o n l y , plus Mo s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d )

No . 355 .

4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f L i v ing A r e s i n S t r u c t u r e s Wh i c h Were
Newl y C o n s t r u c t ed, Compl e tea-;-a n d Ren o v a t e d d u r i n g t h e
Y e a r s 1 9 2 3 - 2 6 , J!.I. M a t e r i a l o f the Wal l s .
( same s ubca t e g o r i e s a s Tabl e-3:-"Bn d'!IIS'O b y r a y o n s i n
R S F S R , U k r a i n s k a y a S S R , a n d B e l o r u s s k a y a SSR [ p l u s
Mo s c o w a n d Len i n g ra d ] , but f o r s q q a r e met e r s of l i v i n g
area )

No . 3 5 6 .

5 . Quan t i t y o f L i ving A r e a � Bui l d i n g , J!.I. Category of
Bui l d e r an d M a t e r i a l o f t h e Wal l s , in S t r u c t u r e s Whic h
We r e NewIYC o n s t r u c t ed, COiiip l e t e d , a n d Reno v a t e d d u r i n g
the Years 1 923-26.
'[bi :rayolls in R S F S R , Ukra i n s k a ya S S R , a n d Bel o r u s s k a y a
SSR, p l u s Mo s c o w a n d L e n i n g r a d ; f o r the e n t i r e p e r i o d ,

List of Census Tables

237

not b y i n d i vi dua l y e a r s ; c a t e g o r y of bu i l d e r r e f e r s to
buil d i n g own e r s h i p or p r o p r i e t o r s h i p ; for e s c h c a t e gor y
data a r e gi ven f o r number o f bui l d i n g s and t h e l i v i n g
a r e s in them)
No . 357 .

6 . L i v ing A r e a � 1 000 Inhabitants i n S t r u c t u r e s Which
We r e New l y Cons t r u c t e d � Comp l e t e d , and Re n o v a t e d d u r i ng
the y ears 1923-26 , Ju. ategory o f BiiI'I d e r .
( f o r 1 9 23 - 2 6 t o t a l a n d f o r 1 9 2 6 ; b y autonomo us
r e p u b l i c s a n d o b l a s t s , guberni yas , and okrugs in RSFSR,
Ukrainskaya SSR , and B e l o r u sskaya SSR, p l u s M o scow and
Len i n g r a d ; c a t e g o r y o f bui l d e r r e f e r s t o bu i l d i n g
own e r s h i p o r p r o p r i e t o r ship)

No . 358 .

7 . L i v i n g A r e a .!.!!. S t r u c t u r e s � .l!.!r!, Compl e t e d ,
Reno v a t e d , .!..!!.! Newl y C o n s t r u c t e d .!.!!. 1 9 24, 1 92 5 , .!..!!.!
1 9 26, .!.!!. R e l a t i o n .!.!?. t h e L i v ing !!.!.!_ o f Bui l dings Which
Were Comp le t e d , Reno v a t e d , a n d Newl y C o n s t r u c t e d i n
1 923 , w i t h ill1 � .!.!!. 1 00 .
( fo r i n di v i dual y e a r s 1 9 2 4 , 1 9 2 5 , 1 9 2 6; b y rayon i n the
RSFS R , Ukra i n s kaya S S R , and Bel o r us s kaya SSR , p l u s
Moscow a n d Leningra d )

Number 2 . Unemployment i n t h e C i t y o f Mo scow .
No , 359 .

1 . Unemp loyed .!.!!. the C i t y o f � Ju. Se x , � and
Ma r i ta l S t a t u s .
( by 4 c a t e g or i e s of unemp l o yme n t ; by 4 t y p e s o f mar i t a l
s ta t u s ; by 1 6 a g e g r o u p s o f p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r)

N o . 360 .

2 . Unempl oyed i n the C i t y o f M o s c ow Ju. Sex, P r e v ious
Occupa t i o n , .!..!!.! Length o f Unempl oymen t ( Ex c l ud ing
Wor k e r s W h o A r e S e e k i n g W o r k f o r the F i r s t T \me) .
( number �un em p l o y e d p e rsons ;-b'Y ...,..-,_ e n g ths o
unempl o ym e n t ; by p r e v i o u s p o s i t i on in o c c u p a t i o n ,
s e c t o r o f the e c onomy, and 3 7 7 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t ions)

Num b e r

3.

Popu l a t i o n o f the USSR .

No . 361 .

1 . T e r r i t o ry. Admini s t r a t i v e Un i t s . Popul a t e d P l a c e s .
Popula t i o n . R e s u l t s f o r Rayons a n d S ub-Rayo n s .
( ar ea o f each u n i t in s quare k i l ome t e r s ; number o f
r ural and c i t y s o v i e t s ; n u m b e r o f v o l o s t s and r a y o n s ;
n u m b e r o f r u r a l a n d u r ban po p u l a t e d p l a c e s ; p op ul ation
by u r ban-rura l ; a v e r a g e p o p u l a t i o n size o f cities and
o f r u r a l p o pu l a t e d p l aces; popul ation density p e r
square k i l ome t e r by t o t a l and r u r a l )

No . 362 .

2 . T e r r i t o r y , Admini s t r a ti v e .l!!!.!1!.:. P o pul a t e d P l a c e s .
Popula t i o n . R e s u l t s f o r U e z d s a n d Okrugs .
( th i s t a b l e i s the same a s Ta b l e 1 , b u t data a r e at the
uezd l e v e l [ okrug l e v e l in s ome uni t s ] )

No . 363 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popu l a t e d P l a c e s .!!.v. � o f
I n h a b i t an t s . R e s u l t s .!!.v. Repub l i c , Rayon, .!..!!.! S u b-Rayo n .
( number o f r u r a l and u r ban p o pu l a t e d p l a c e s a n d the
p o pu l a t i o n in them, b y 14 s i z e groups)

N o , 364 .

4 . Rura l a n d Urban Popu l a t i o n .!!.v. S e x .
( by g u b e r n i ya_
)
__

238

Index and Guide

No . 3 6 5 .

S . Permanent � J u r e ) a n d Tempo r a r y � F a c t o) U r b a n
Popula t i o n . Re s u l t s .!!..v. Repub l i c , O b l a s t , and G u b e r n i ya .
(by sex)

No . 3 6 6 .

6 . Permanent � J u r e) a n d Tempo r a r y � F a c t o)
Popul a t i o n . C i t i e s w i t h M o r e than 5 0 , 000 I nh a b i tan t s .
( data f o r 9 1 c i t i e s ; b y s e x )

N umb e r 4 . N a t i ona l i t y a n d Na t i v e Language .2.f the Popul a t i o n of
t h e USSR .
No . 3 6 7 .

I n t r o du c t o r y Ta b l e 1 . Compa r i s o n o f t h e R e s u l t s o f t h e
1 8 9 7 a n d 1 9 2 6 C e n s u s e s o n N a t i o na l i t y a n d Language I!!!:
'filoiisiiiids o f P e o p l e ) . ( fo r 80 e t h n i c g r o u p s ; 1 8 9 7 data a r e by 1 a n g u a g e o n l y ;
1 9 2 6 d a t a g i v e t h e number o f e a c h n a t i o na l i t y a s
d e t e r m i n e d by b o t h n a t i o n a l i t y a n d b y na t i v e l a n g u a g e ;
f o r t h o s e l i v i n g i n European U S S R , T r a n s c a uc a s u s ,
Central Asia, other)
--

N o , 368 .

I n t r o d u c t o r y Ta b l e 2 . R e l a t i v e Change i n the
Popu l a t i o n s o f E t h n i c G r oups s i n c e 1 89 7 (1 8 9 7 D a t a
G i v e n a s lQQh
�S Y-e t h n i c g r o u p s , as d e t e r m i n e d b y b o t h
n a t i o n a l i t y a n d b y language i n 1 9 2 6 ; f o r t h o s e l i v i n g
in European USSR , T r a n s c a u c a s u s , C e n t r a l A s i a , o t h e r )

No . 369 .

1 . Popu l a t i o n J!..v. S e x , N a t i o na l i ty, a n d C a t e g o r y .2.f
Popu l a t e d � J!..v. U nion Repu b l i c .
( f o r 1 8 8 e t h n i c g r o u p s ; c a t e g o r y o f p l a c e s means that
data a r e b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 370 .

2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!..v. S e x , Na t i v e Langu a 2 e , a n d Category .2.!.
Popu l a t e d � J!..v. U n i o n Repu b l i c ,
( f or 1 4 7 l a ngua g e s ; c a t e g o r y o f p l a c e s means that data
a r e b y u r ba n - r u ra l )

No , 3 7 1 .

3. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n J!..v. N a t i o na l i t y a n d
Language .
( by g u b e r n i ya ; number o f p e r s o n s o f e a c h n a t i o na l i t y ;
numb e r o f p e r s o n s s p e a k i n g e a c h l a n g u a g e ; f o r t h e ma j o r
n a t i o na l i t i e s a n d l a n guages i n each un i t ; b y s e x ; by
u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 3 7 2 .

4 . S e x Compo s i t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n .2.f the USSR .!!..v.
N a t i o na l i t y ( N umber o f Fema l e s � 1 000 Male�
(whole U S S R ; b y u r ban-r ura l )

No . 373 .

S u p p l ement l a . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .2.f
Dal ' ne-Vo s t o chnyy Kray J!..v. N a t i ona l i t y ( F i n a l Count ) ,
( f or a b o u t 1 5 0 n a t i o na l i t i e s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 3 7 4 .

S u p p l ement l b . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .2.f
Dal ' n e -V o s t oc hnyy Kray .!!..v. N a t i ve Language � Count) .
( f o r about 75 languages ; b y s e x ; b y n a t i v e langua g e )

No , 375 .

S u p p l ement 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .2.f t h e
T o bo l s k N o r t h .!!..v. N a t i o n a l i t y a n d Na t i ve Language .
( f o r a b o u t 2 8 n a t i o na l i t i e s a n d 2 2 l an g u a g e s , n o t
c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d ; by s e x )

--

List of Census Tables

239

Number 5 . A s e ill L i t e racy. European f!.!.!. o f ili �
B e l o r u s s kaya �
No . 3 7 6 .

1 . Popu l a t i o n o f t h e Eur opean f!.!.!. tl !.!!£. !.§1'.§!. .!!.I. S e x,
ill L i t e r acy, a c c o r d i n g ll � tl !.!!£. 1 9 2 6
census .
( fo r whol e E urop ean RSFSR, n o t d i s a g g r e ga t e d ; b y
i n d i v i dual y e a r ag e s ; b y ur ban-r ural )

!.&.!.....

No . 3 7 7 .

S e x , !.&.!..... ill L i t e racy
2 . Popu l a t i on
Rayons of
.l!.Y.t o f the RSFSR, a c c o r d i n.l!.Y.
the European Par
g t o Data 01'
-the 1 926 Cen sUS:-- \iiY i nd i v i d ual year a g e s through a g e 1 9, t h e n b y 5-year
a g e groups; b y u r ban-r ur a l )

No . 3 7 8 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n tl M o s c o w , Leningrad, R o s t o v-na-Don u , and
S e x , � ill L i t e r acy, a c c o r d i n g ll Data""""OI
Saratov
the 1 9 2 6.l!.Y.C e n s u s .
CbY ii8'iie a g e g r o u p s a s Ta b l e 2 )

No . 3 7 9 .
N o . 380 .

4 . Popu l a t i o n tl B e l o r u s s kava SSR
ill
L i t e r a c y , a c c o r d i n g ll � o f""tlie.l!.Y.1 9_
nsus.
�rb e�
_ l)
{ by i n d i v i dual year a g e s ; by urban-rura
5 . Popul a t i o n

S e x , !.&.!..... _!,!!! L i t e r a cy, a c c o r d i ng

ll

� of !!!!, C e.l!.Y.
n s u s e s o f 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 2 0 , ill 1 9 2 6 ( D a t a fil
8 Rayo n s o f ili European f!.!.!. o f !.!!£. RSF]'RI:"

fby s i n g l e-year a g e s t o a g e 1 9 , then by 5- a n d 1 0-year
a g e g r o up s )

No . 3 8 1 .

6 . Popu l a t i o n A g e d lQ � ill fil.fil
S e x , L i t e racy,
.l!.Y. Data tl !.!!£.
a n d S i ngl e-Year A e-Grou s a c c o r d i n g ll
Iif97 ill 1 92 6 C e n s u s e s Data f o r .§. Rayons tl !.!!£.
European f!.!.!. o f !.!!£. RS R
•

No . 3 8 2 .

7 . L i t e r a c y o f the Po u l a t i o n o f the Eur opean P a r t of

ili RSFSR J!.I.Sex and W a t i o n a l iti,llec or d i n g t o Dat a o f

the ffi6C e n s u s .
(Wiio I"i!'Eu r o p e a n RSFSR, not d i s a g g r e g a t e d ; f o r about 60
nationalities )
No . 383 .

No . 384 .

8. Literacy
Repu bl i c , G u b e r n i ya , Autonomous �
ili Eur opean f!.!.!. o f the RSFSR, a c c o r d i ng
a n d Okrug tl.l!.Y.
t o Data o f the 1 92 6 Census.
Tiin i t s inclii'iie MOS'Co w a n d Len i n g r a d ; b y s e x ; by u r ban­
r u r a l ; i n many un i t s where t h e p o p u l a t i on is e t h n i c a l l y
d i v e r s e , data a r e a l s o gi v en f o r s e v e r a l n a t i onal i t i e s
b y s e x and by l i t e r a c y , but n o t b y u r b an-r u r a l )
9 . L i t e racy tl ili Popul a t i o n tl B e l o r u s skaya SSR

� .!,!!! N a t i o na l i ty, a c c o r d i n g t o � tl ili T926.l!.Y.
1.ensu s .
( fo r 8 e t h n i c g r o up s )

No . 385 .

1 0 . L i t e racy
Okrug tl B e l o r u s skaya S S R , a c c o r d i n g
Da t a o f t h e 1.l!.Y.
926 Census.
Tii'Ysex ; by iirii&n-rural )

N umb e r 6 . Housing Stock tl ili �

ll

240

Index and Guide

No . 3 8 6 .

1 . L i v i n g S t r u c t u r e s .!!.I. M a t e r i a l .!!.f ili Wa l l s .!..!!.!!.
Number o f Fl o o r s .
�piili1 i c ; b y c a t e g o r y o f b u i l d i n g own e r s h i p [ s t a t e ,
cooperative and socia l , private ] )

No . 3 8 7 .

2 . L i v ing � a n d A r e a .!!.f Non-Li v i ng Premi s e s J!.I.
Category o f Own e r s h i p.
(by r e p u b l i c ; b y 4 types o f c o n s t r uc t i o n ma t e r i a l s )

N o . 388 .

3 . � o f Rooms a n d L i v i n g A r e a i n Apa r tme n t s .!.!!.!
Dormi t o r i e s .
( b y r e p u b l i c ; b y 3 c a t e gor i e s o f b u i l d in g own e r sh i p )

No . 389 .

4 . A r e a o f L i v i n g a n d Non-Li v i n g P r e m i s e s .!.!!. L i v ing
S t r u c t u r e s .!!.I. Repuiifi c a n d Rayon.
( by 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f b u i l d i n g owne r s h i p ; b y 4 types o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n ma t e r i a l s )

No . 390 .

5 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Bu i l t Prope r t i e s .!!.I. Category .!!.!.
Own e r s h i p .
( by r a y o n , a n d a l so f o r a b o u t 240 c i t i e s ; b y 3
c a t e g o r i e s o f bu i l d i n g own e r s h i p )

No . 3 9 1 .

6 . L i v i n g S t r u c t u r e s a n d L i v i n g Premi s e s .
( by rayon, and al so for about 225 cities; by 3
c a t e gor i e s o f b u i l d i ng own e r s h i p )

N umb e r 7 . � an d L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e �
No . 3 9 2 .

1 - 1 0 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.f t h e [ US S R , U n i o n Repub l i c s , a n d
Ra o n s .!!.I. S e x , !..&£..,_ a n d L i t e r a c y .
d a t a for a l l r e p u b l i c s , t h e A s i a t i c p a r t o f the RSFSR,
rayons o f the A s i a t i c RSFSR, an d rayons o f Ukr a i n s ka y a
S S R a n d Zakav k a z s kaya S S R ; a g e d a t a a r e g i ven a s
s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s f o r t h e r e p u b l i c s , b u t a s s i n g l e-year
a g e s f r om 1 - 1 9 a n d as 5-year a g e g r o u p s from a g e s 201 00 f o r r a y on s ; b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 393 .

1 1 . Popul a t i o n o f � o f � than 200, 000
I n ha b i ta n t s .!!.I. S e x , � an d L i t e r acy.
( d ata f o r K i e v , Baku, Odessa, Khar ' k o v , Tashkent,
T b i l i s i , Dne p r o p e t r o v s k ; M o s c ow a n d Leningrad a r e n o t
i nc l u d e d ; b y s i n g l e - y e a r a g e s 1 - 1 9 and 5-year a g e
g r o u p s f r om 20- 1 00 )

No . 394 ,

1 2 . Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. t h e USSR .!!.I. S e x , � a n d L i t e r a c y,
a c c o r d ing t o Data o f t h e 1897 a n d 1926 C e n s u s e s .
( w h o l e U S SRo n l y ; b y s i n g l e - y eara g e s )

No . 395 .

1 3 . Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!.I. S e x , N a t i o na l i t y , and
Literacy .
( wh o l e USSR o n l y ; f o r a b o u t 1 1 0 e t h n i c g r o u p s )

No . 396 .

1 4 - 1 8 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f t h e [ Un i on
Repu b l i c s , Guberiii ya&;' Autonomous Oblasts , a n d Okrugs ] .
( d a t a f o r the RSFSR a r e o n l y f o r t h e A s i a t i c p ar t ,
b e c a u s e d a t a f o r t h e European p a r t w e r e g i v en in Number
5 o f t he S h o r t S um ma r i e s ; by s e v e r a l [ u p to as m a n y a s
8 o r 9 ] o T""th"e"m o s t n um e r o u s na t i o n a l i t i e s i n e a c h
u n i t ; by s e x ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

List of Census Tables

24 1

No . 397 .

A p p e n d i x . Popu l a t i o n o f Ura l skaya Q!!..!!.!!. .!!.J. S e x , .!&!.&.
a n d L i teracy.
('SBme f o rmat a s T a b l e s 1 - 1 0 )

Numb e r 8 .

�

!.!!.!. C i ty o f M o s cow.

Compo s i t i o n a n d Occupa t i o n s o f

ili

Popul a t i o n .21

Number 9 . S o c i a l Compo s i t io n a n d Occupa t i o n s o f
t h e C i t y o f Leni ngra d .

ili

Popul a t i on o f

No . 398 .

I . Gainful l y Emp loyed Popu l a t i o n .21 M o s c o w a n d
L e n i n fr a d ] .!!.J. P o s i t i o n i n � Occupati on Com ara t i v e
Da t a ...!.2J!!. ili 1 9 26, 1 9 2 3, m 1 92 0 C e n s u s e s} .
a . A b s o l u t e Numb e r . b . R e l a t i v e --Number 1!hO
"'{ii y s e x )

No . 3 9 9 .

2 . Occupa t i o n s a n d O ther M ea n s o f L i v e l i h o o d o f t h e
Gai n f u l l y Emp l oyed llil'tai n OccUpati on) and N on--­
Gai n f u l l y Em l o e d lli !,iai n Occupa t i o n o f t h e
Breadwinner Popul a t i o n o f [ M o s c o w fil Leningr a d ] .
b y p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f the eco nomy , a n d
2 3 7 n um b e r e d o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e go r i e s ; by s e x)

No . 400 .

3 . G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed Popu l a t i o n o f � M o s c o w a n d
Leningr a d ) .!!.J. S e x , B r a n c h o f Labo r , o s i t i o n i n �
Occupa t i on, m 1Y.P.£.!. of Occupa t i o n s i!l.:_
( i . e . , by p o s i t i o n in o c c u p a t i o n , s e c t o r o f t h e economy,
and 337 numb e r e d o c c u p a t i onal c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s e x )

No . 401 .

4 . Ga i n f u l ly Emp loyed Popu l a t i o n o f [ Moscow .!..!!&
Le n i n g r a d ) O l de r t ha n .!Q !llll tl ll!. .!!.J. S e x a n d !..J.
Groups a c c o r d i n .!.!!. P o s i t i o n i n C h i e f Occupa t i o n , .!&!.&.
an d L i t e r a c y Re la t i ve Numb e r s) .
( by 1 9 age groups

N o . 402 .

5 , Popu l a t i o n .21 [ M o scow a n d Leningr a d ] .!!.J. S e x , Empl oy­
ment Chi e f Occupa t i o n , � a n d L i t eracy.
�a i n f u l l y emp l o y e d a n d non-gai n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; by
p o s i t i o n i n occupation, sector o f the ec onomy, and more
than 1 0 0 o c c u p a t i o n s ; by 19 a g e g r o u p s )

N o . 403 .

6 . Compa r a t i v e Tabl e o f Data from the Cen s u s e s o f 1 9 2 6 ,
1 92 3 , fil 1 92 0 .2!!. Occupa t i o n s o f the Popul a t i o n o f
Moscow an d Leni ngra d ) .
by p o s i t io n i n o c c u p a t i o n and about 250 o c c u p a t i o n s ;
by s e x )

t

Number 1 0 . Pop ul a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!.J. P o s i t i on .!.!!. Occupa t i o n a n d
S e c t o r o f t h e Economy .
Part .L..
No . 404 ,

1 -4. Popul a tion o f t h e [ USSR, .!l!!!.2!!. Repub l i c s , Ra f o n s
o f ili RSFS R fil Ukra i n s kaya SSR, and Repub l i c s .2,_
Zaka vka z s kaya SFSR ] .!!.J. S e x fil Empl o ymen t .
( by u r b an-rural ; f or p o p u l a t i o n younger t h a n 1 0 y e a r s
ol d and f o r p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; p o p u l a t i o n 1 0
a n d o l d e r by gainful l y emp l o y e d [ emp l oy e d , unemp l oy e d,
o t h e r ] a n d non-ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d )

242

Index and Guide

N o . 405 .

5 . Popul a t i o n o f t h e M a j o r C i t i e s o f t h e U S S R Ju'.. S e x
a n d Em � l oymen t .
Tiiilm e ormat a s Ta b l e s 1 - 4 but for 3 5 l a r g e c i t i e s )

N o . 406 .

6 . P e r s o n s Who Hav e Occupa t i o n s , Ju'.. S e c t o r o f t h e
Economy a n d Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n ( Republ i c s ,
Rayo n s , S ub-Rayon s .
( by s e x ; by u r ban-r ura l )

N o . 407 .

7 . P e r s o n s Who Hav e Occupa t i o n s , Ju'.. S e c t o r � !..!!!.
Economy a n d Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n ( Ma j o r C i t i e s ) .
( same format a s T a b l e 6 but f o r 3 5 l a r g e c i t i e s )

No . 408 .

8 . P e r s o n s W h o Hav e Occupa t i o n s , Ju'.. S e c t o r o f t h e
E c o n o m y a n d Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i oil1j\'Uton omous
Republ i cS:-G u b e r n i ya s , a n d O k r ugs ) .
( th i s t a b l e format i s not q u i t e t h e same a s Ta b l e 6,
b e c a u s e o n l y the p o s i t i o n i n o c c u p a t i o n i s by sex; onl y
s e c t o r o f e c o nomy a n d the t o t a l o f a l l ma l e s w i t h
o c c u p a t i o n s a n d a l l fema l e s with o c c u p a t i o n s a r e by
u r b an- r u r a l )

No . 409 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e r s o n s W o r k i n g .!..!!. S e pa r a t e S e c t o r s
o f !..!!!. Economy Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Oc c u pa t i o n I£!i !k_
f(iy r e p u b l i c a n d by r a yo n ; by u r b a n - r u r a l at the
r e p u b l i c l e v el but n o t at the r a y o n l e v e l )

Par t b..
No . 4 1 0 .

1 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. S e x a n d Empl oymen t ( USSR w i t h o u t
Yakutskaya A S S R ) .
( by r e p u b l i c a n d rayon ; number o f ga i n f u l l y emp l o y e d
per sons aged 10 and ol der [ by those with occupations,
unemp l o y e d , o t h e r ] , n u m b e r o f non- s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g
p e r s o n s [ d e p e n d e n t s ( wi t h o c c u p a t i o n s , unemp l o y e d ,
ot h e r ) a n d c h i l d re n yo un g e r th a n 1 0 y e a r s o l d wh o ar e
r e g i s t e r e d a s g a i n f u l l y emp l o ye d ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )

No . 4 1 1 .

2 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. S e x a n d Empl oyment i n t h e RSFSR
( wi th o u t Yakutskaya A S S R ) , U k r a i n s kaya S S R , and
Zaka v k a z s kaya SFSR , Ju'.. Rayons .
a . Re s u l t s f o r P e r s o n s Who A r e G a i n f u l l y Empl oye d and
T h e i r Depen d e n t s .
( number o f emp l o y e d a n d unemp l o y e d ; number o f c h i d r e n
l e s s t h a n 1 0 y e a r s o l d w h o are r e g i s t e r e d a s gainf u l l y
emp l o y e d ; by u r b a n - r u ra l )
b . Non-G a i n f u l l y Emp loyed Persons Ju'.. the Occupa t i o n s o f
T h o s e S uppo r t i n g Them.
( same f o r ma t as part a , but for d e p e n d e n t p e r s o n s ; by
s t a t u s o f d e p e n d e n t s [ ha v i n g o c c u p a t i o n , u n em p l o y e d ,
other ] )

No . 4 1 2 .

3- 1 1 . Popul a t i o n Ju'.. P o s i t i o n i n Oc c upa t i o n a n d �
o f t h e Economy. USSR. RSFSR. European Part o f the
'RSF S R . A s i a t i c Part o f t h e RSFSR. B e l o r u s s kaya S S R .
� s kaya S S R:--ZSkav kazskayasF.S R . U z b e k skaya SSR .
Turkmen skaya� .
a . G a i n f u l l y Emp l o y e d P e r s o n s Who Hav e Occupa t i o n s , a n d
T h e i r Depe n d e n t s .
"'("'li'YS"e x ; by urban- r u r a l )
b . G a i n f u l l y Employed Persons Who Have Occupa t i o n s .
( same c a t e g o r i e s a s p a r t a , w i t h o u t d a t a on d e p e n d e n t s ;
onl y the t a b l e s f o r t h e U S S R , R S F S R , a n d t h e A s i a t i c
P a r t of the R S F S R ha v e t h i s s e c t i on)

List of Census Tables

243

v . Depen d e n t s o f G a i n f u l l y Empl oyed Persons fu Hav e
Occupa t i o n s .
( same c a t e g o r i e s a s p a r t a , but fo r d e p e n d e n t s o n l y )
No . 413 .

1 2 . N o n-Ga i n f u l ly Emp l o y e d P e r s o n s � Ar e Depe n d e n t s £.!.
P e r s o n s Hav i n g Occupa t i o n s , kl: � £! t h e E c o n o m y a n d
kl: P o s i t i o n i n Occupa t i o n o f � Breadwinner ( Re s u l t s
fu Rayons . )
( by r e p u b l i c a n d r a y o n ; the p o s i t i on i n o c c u p a t i o n i s
b y s e x b u t d a t a f o r s e c t o r s o f the e c o nomy a r e n o t by
sex)

No . 4 1 4 .

A p p e n d i x . Par t-Time Occupa t i o n s o f � Popu l a t i o n £!
t h e USSR � w i t h o u t Yakut s k ya AS SR) .
rwho relrS R onl y ; number of p e r s o n s with p a r t - t i me
o c c u p a t i o n s [ a g r i c u l t u r a l , not a g r i c u l t u r a l ] , number of
unemp l o y e d p e r s o n s by mo s t r e c e n t o c c u p a t i o n , a n d
numb e r o f p e r s o n s w i t h a part-t ime o c c u p a t i o n whose
ma i n occupation i s i n a g r i c u l t u r e [ b y p o s i t i o n i n
o c c u p a t i o n o f m a i n o c c u p a t i on ] o r n o t i n a g r i c u l ture
[ by position in o c c u p a t i o n i n part-t ime o c c u p a t i o n ] ; by
p o s i t i on in occupation a n d sector o f t h e e c onomy o f the
ma in o c c u p a t i o n )

RESULTS OF THE ALL-UN ION POPULATION
N o , 500 .

�

OF 1 95 9

1 . Chan e i n Popul a t i o n o f the [ US S R ill .l!!!.!.!m Repub­
lics
s umma r y t a b l e for the USSR gi v e s the p o p u l a t i o n i n
1 9 1 3 , 1 9 1 7 , 1 9 20, 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , and 1 9 6 2 , whi l e for
the r e p u b l i c s data are usua l l y g i v en for fewer years
[ common l y 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 59 , 1 9 6 2 ] ; b y ur ban­
r u ra l )
•

No . 5 0 1 .

2 . Popul a t i o n £! � [ USSR a n d .l!!!.!.!m Republ i c s ] i n
1 9 1 7 , 1 9 20, 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 6 2 i n P e r c e n t ages
o f t h e 1 9 1 3 Popu l a t ion ,
( y ea r s a b o v e a r e f o r t h e w ho l e U S S R , w hi l e f o r r e p u b ­
l i c s on l y 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 39 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 6 2 a r e i n c l ude d ; by
urban-rural ; whe r e a p p l i ca b l e , b y current borders a n d
b y pre- 1 9 3 9 bor d e r s )

No . 502 .

3. Admin i s t r a t i v e-Ter r i t o r i a l D i v i s i o n s £! the [ USSR ,
Repub l i c s , � an d O b l a s t s ] .
( data a r e g i v en f o r 1959 a n d 1962 on the number o f
a dm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s ions o f a l l t y p e s i n eac h un i t ,
down to t h e o b l a s t l e v e l , i nc l u d i n g al l U n i o n Repub l i c
c a p i t a l s ; a r ea a n d p o pu l a t i on d e n s i t y i n e a c h u n i t are
al so g i v en; USSR popul a t i o n d e n s i t y i s i n Ta b l e 4a.)

N o , 503 .

4. Numb e r o f Enumer a t e d .LI!.£. Fac t o ] a n d Permanent
.LI!.£. Jur e ] Popul a t i o n i n the [ USSR, Re pub l i e s , Krays,
a n d Obl a s t s ] .

lbY s e x ; b y u r b a n- r ur a l )

N o . 504 .

4a . � a n d Den s i t y £! Popu l a t i o n kl: .l!!!.!.!m Republ i c .
( th i s t a b l e i s in t h e USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; a l s o
i n c l u d e s p o p u l a t i o n o f the c a pi t a l o f e a c h r e p u b l ic )

244

Index and Guide

No .

505 .

No .

506 .

5 . E n u me r a t e d [ De Fa c t o ] P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e [ US S R ,

R e pu b l i c s , K r a y j a n d O b l a s t s ] i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 .
( un i t s i n c l u d e 6 �the S S R c a p i t a l s ; iiY'""uriiiiji':r u r a l ;
U S S R s umma r y v o l um e a l s o g i v e s r e p u b l i c d a t a by s e x )
S a . En ume r a t e d � F a c t o ] P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e R e p u b l i c s ,
� and Ob lasts i n 1 9 3 9 and 1 959.
{ by u r b an=-r u r a l ; t h fS t a b l e is :i:ii"tile U S S R s umma r y
v o l ume o n l y )

No .

507 .

6 . P o p u l a t i on o f C i t i e s � A r e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e
Cente r s o f Union and Autonomous Repub l i c s , � a n d
O b l a s t s , .!.!!.! A l s o O t h e r filill .!!.!!.!!. P o pu l a t i o n s o f
M o r e t h a n 5 0 , 000 i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 .
CTTi stst h e t i t leo rthe tab l e i n t h e U S S R s u mm a r y
v o l ume ; in m o s t r e p u b l i c v o l um e s t h i s t a b l e i n c l u d e s
t h e p o p u l a t i o n s o f a l l c i t i e s a n d u r b a n- t y p e
s e t t l e me n t s , a l t h o u g h i n s e v e r a l r e p u b l i c s w i t h m a n y
l a r g e c i t i e s o n l y t h o s e g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 , 000 o r 1 5 , 000
p o p u l a t i o n are g i v e n )

No ,

508 .

7 . G r o u p i n g o f C i t i e s a n d U r b a n -Type S e t t l e me n t s h
P o pu l a t i o n S i z e i n 1 9 2 6 , 1 9 3 9 , .!.!!.! 1212.:.
( by repub l i c ; data f o r c i t i es g i v e the number o f
p o p u l a t e d p l ac e s a n d their total p o p u l ation in e a c h of
7 o r 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; d a t a f o r u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e me n t s a r e
in 5 s i z e g r o u ps)

No . 509 .

8 . G r o u p i n g o f C i t i e s a n d U r b a n - T ype S e t t l e m e n t s h

Po u l a t i o n S i z e i n t h e [ US S R , R e p u b l i c s , � .!.!!.!
Oblasts
n u m b e r o f c i t i e s , i n 7 or 8 s i z e g r o u p s , a n d n u m b e r o f
u r b a n- t y p e s e t t l em e n t s , i n 5 s i z e g r o u p s )
•

No .

510.

9 . G r o u p i n g .Q.f R u r a 1 P o p u l a t e d P l a c e s h � a n d
P o pu l a t i o n �
( by r e p ub l i c ; number o f p l a c e s and t h e i r t o t a l
r o p u l a t i o n , b y 1 2 p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s a n d 6 t y p e s
g e n e r a l l y b y f u n c t i o n ] ; a s o f Jan u a r y 1 9 6 1 )

No .

51 1 .

9 a . Gro uping of Rural Popu l a t e d � h � a n d
P o p u l a t i o n S i z e �e r c e n t a ge s o f t h e T o t a l ) .
( t h i s t a b l e i s i n t h e U S S R s umma r y v o l um e o n l y ; w ho l e
US S R ; s a m e f o r m a t a s T a b l e 9 , b u t i n p e r c e n t a g e s )

No .

512 .

9 b . G r o up i n g o f R u r a l P o p u l a t e d � h P o p u l a t i o n
S i z e h U n i o n Repu b l i c .
( th i s t a b l e i s i n t h e U S S R s umma r y v o l um e o n l y ; n u m b e r
o f p o p u l a t e d p l a c e s a n d t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i on i n e a c h o f
1 2 size groups ; data are for 1 9 6 1 )

No .

513 .

1 0 . G r o u p i n g o f Rayo n s ll P o p u l a t i o n S i z e i n t h e [ U S S R ,
Republ i c s , � an d Oblasta ] ,
( number o f rayons i n each o f 9 s i z e groups; as o f
Januar y 1 9 6 2 ; d a t a f o r Union Republ i c c a pita l s n o t
given)

No .

514 .

1 1 . G rouping o f Rura l S o viets

"[iiiriiii'li"e o s o v i e t s i n e a cjj""'"f"()
Januar y 1 96 2 )
No .

515.

h

P o pu l a t i o n S i z e .!.!!. t h e

� Re�u b l i c s , � an d O b l a s t s ) .

10 size groups; as of

1 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .Q.f t h e P o p u l a t i o n h � .!.!!. 1 9 3 9 a n d
1 95 9 .

List of Census Tables

245

( by r e p u b l i c ; for 1 3 a g e g r o up s )
No . 5 1 6 .

No . 5 1 7 .

1 3 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popula t i o n .!!.I. � a n d �
{ by r e p ub l i c ; by 1 4 a g e g r o u p s to age 1 00, t h e n 5 a g e
g r o u p s o f p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 00 and o ld e r ; b y ur ban­
r ura l )
1 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C h i l d r e n Younger than � Year Ol d

.!!.I. S e x a n d �

( by r e p iiliTi C ; ---ii y a g e s in months, in 1 2 a g e g r o u p s ; by
urban- r u r a l )

No . 5 1 8 .

1 5 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f the Popu l a t i on o f !.!!£. [ USSR,
Republ i c s , Irays, a n d Obl a a t s ) .!!.Y, � a n d �
( by 1 2 a g e g r o up s ; by urban- r u r a l )

No. 5 19 .

1 6 . Number o f M a l e s a n d Fema l e s .!!.I. Separate ill Gr oups
.Pll lOOO Popu l a t i o n o f .!!. G i v e n �
( b y r e p ubl i c ; by 1 2 age g r o u p s ; by urban-rural )

No . 5 2 0 .

1 7 . Number o f M ar r i e d P e r s o n s .Pll 1 000 Popu l a t i o n .!!.I.
.!JL!. a n d S e X:( by r e p ub l i c ; for popul a t i o n a g e d 1 6 a n d o l d e r ; by 1 2
a g e g r o u p s ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 5 2 1 .

18.
ill
( by
age

No . 5 2 2 .

1 9 . Number .2.f M ar r i e d P e r s o n s .Pll .!QQQ Popu l a t i o n Aged
16 a n d Ol d e r .!!.I. S e x i n the [ US S R , Republ i c s , Irays, ill
'Olil a s t s=r;--( u n i t s i n c l u d e o n l y 1 0 o f t h e SS R ca p i t a l s ; by u r b an ­
rural )

No . 5 2 3 .

20 . L evel o f E d u c a t i o n .2.f the Popula t i o n .
{ b y r e p ub l i c ; f o r p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 0 a n d o l d e r ; by 6
l e v e l s of e d u c a t i o n ; by 1 2 a g e g r o u p s ; by s e x ; by
ur ban-r ural )

No , 5 2 4 .

2 1 . Numbe r o f P e r s o n s w i t h H i g h e r and S e c o n d a r y
E d u c a t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 59 .
( by r e p u b lIC'; for a l l p o pu l a t i o n with e d u c a t i o n a n d for
a l l p o p u l a t i on of ab le-bo d i e d a g e s w i t h education; by
s e x ; by urban-r ura l )

No . 525 .

2 2 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f the [ USSR,
Repub l i c s , Irays, a n d O b l a s t s ] J!.I. 1.!!..!..!! o f E d u c a t i o n .
{ by 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; by ur liiln - r u r al )

No . 5 2 6 .

2 3 . Number o f P e r s o n a w i t h H i g h e r .!!1! S e c o n d a r y
Educa t i o n !A t h e [ US S R , Repub l i c s , I r a y s , ill Obl s s t s ]
i n 1 939 m 1 95 9 .
{ u n i t s i n c l u d e o n l y 1 0 o f th e SS R ca p i t a l s ; i n th e
r e p u b l ic v o l umes t he t i t l e i n c l u d e s .Pll 1 000
Popul a t i o n ; data i n the r e p u b l i c v o l ume s a r e by s e x a n d
by ur ban-r u r a l for a l l uni t s ; data i n the USSR s umma r y
volume a r e a t the r e p u b l i c level , by s e x onl y )

No . 527 .

Number .2.f M ar r i e d P e r s o n s .Pll 1 000 Popu l a t i o n .!!.I.
a n d S e x i n 1 9 39 a n d 1 9 59 .
r e p u b l i clfor popul a t i o n a g e d 1 6 and o l d e r ; by 1 2
g r o up s )

2 4 . � o f P e r s o n s o f A b l e-Bo d i e d Age s w i t h Higher

.!!l! S e c o n d a r y Education .Pll 1 000 Popul a t i o n i n t h e

USSR Repub l i c s , Irays , a n d"()b'Iast s ! .
uni t s i n c l u d e onl y 1 0 o f the SSR c a p i ta l s ; by s e x; by

246

Index and Guide
u r ba n- r u r a l )

No . 528 .
No . 529 .

2 5 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Aged 9-49 i n 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 2 6 ,
1 93 9 a n d 1 95 9 .
�e p u b l i c ; by a e x ; by u r b a n - r u ra l )
2 6 . L i t e r a c y o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Aged 9-49 i n 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 2 6,
1 9 3 9 , a n d 1 95 9 i n t h e [ U S S R , Repub l i c s , � a n d
Obla s t s
u n i t s i n c l u d e o n l y 1 0 o f t h e S S R ca p i t a l s ; t h e U S S R
s umma r y v o l ume h a s d a t a f o r a l l y e a r s g i ven a b o v e , a t
the Union R e p u b l i c l e ve l , whi l e dat a i n the r e p u b l i c
v o l umes a r e o n l y f o r 1 9 39 a n d 1 9 59; l i t e r a c y g i v e n i n
p e r c e n t a g e s ; b y s e x ; b y u r ba n- r u r a l )
•

N o . 530 .

2 7 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. � Group.
( by r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f social groups; by s e x ; by
ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 531 .

2 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S o c i a l Group i n 1 9 3 9
a n d 1 9 5 9 lli P e r c e n tage s o f ili To�
"'(1iY r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l group s )

No . 532 .

2 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e [ U S S R ,
Republ i c s , I r a ys , a n d O b l a s t s ] .!!.I. S o c i a l Group .
( 4 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y�

No . 5 3 3 .

29a. D i s t r i bu t i o n .2l_ ili Working Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S o c i a l

� .!!.I. U n i o n Repub l i c .

{ t h i s t a b l e i s in t h e U S S R s u mm a r y v o l u m e o n l y ; 4
categories of social groups )

N o . 534 .

30 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popu l a t i o n .!!.I. Means o f L i v e l i h o o d .
( b y r e pub l i c ; b y 9 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ;
by s e x ; by u r ban- r u ra l )

No . 535 .

3 1 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .!!.I. M ea n s o f
Li v e l i h o o d i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 95 9 lli P e r c e n t ages o f t h e
Total ) .
( by r e p ub l i c ; by 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ;
by s e x )

No . 536 .

3 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f A b l e-Bo d i e d Ages

.!!.I. � o f Li ve l i h o o d .!!!. t h e � Repu b l i c s , �
.!..!!.J! O b l a s t s ] .

( by 5 c a t e gor i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; some o f the
c a t e g o r i e s a r e b y s e x ; b y urban- r u r a l )

No . 5 3 7 .

3 2 a . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f A b l e-Bo d i e d Ages

.!!.I. M ea n s .2l_ L i v e 1 Iho Ocl.!!..Y. !!.!!.!£!!. Rep Ubl i c

lli !h

{ t h i s t a b l e i s i n th e US S R s um ma r y v o l um e on l y ; b y 5
c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h oo d ; by u r b a n - r u r a l )

No . 538 .

33. D i s t r i b u t i o n .2l_ t h e Working Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S e c t o r
o f ili Economy .!..!!.J! � Group .
tl>y r e p u b l i c ; 4 c a t e gor i e s o f s o c t a l g r o u p s ; by s e x ; b y
ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 539 .

34. D i s t r i bu t i o n .2l_ ili Working Popul a t i o n .!!.I. S e c t o r s
o f the
' i n P e r c e n tages 1 959 �
and -1 9 3 9 -in -o f t h e Ec o n omy- 'TOtfil.
( by r e p u b l i c ; by s e x )

List of Census Tables

247

N o . 540 .

3 5 . Le ve l o f Education o f ili Popul a t io n J!i �
Group .
( pe r 1 000 p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; by r e p u b l i c ; by 3
c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s ; by 4 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ;
by s e x ; b y u r ban-r ural )

N o . 541 .

35a. Lev e l .Qi Educa t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n h S o c i a l
G r o u p and !&!..:..
( th i s tab l e i s in the USSR s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; who l e
USSR; per 1 000 popul a t i o n o f 3 d i f f er e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s
wi t h e du ca t i o n ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by 1 2 a g e
g r o u p s ; by s e x ; who l e USSR)

No . 542 .

3 6 . � o f Educa t i o n o f the Working Popu l a t i o n J!i
S o c i a l Group .
( by r e p u b l i c ; per 1 000 working p o pu l a t i o n o f 3
d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s with e d uc a t i o n ; by 4 le ve l s of
e du c a t i o n ; b y sex; b y urban-rura l )

N o . 543 .

3 7 . Le ve l o f Educ a t i o n o f Manua l Worke r s , �
Wo r k e r s , and C o l l e c t i v e Farme r s i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 .
( b y r e p ub l i c ; p e r 1 000 working popul a t i on w i t h h i g h e r
a n d secondar y e du c a t i o n [ t o g e t h e r ] ; by s e x ; b y u r ban­
rural )

No . 544 .

3 8 . � o f Educa t i o n o f M anual Worker s , �
Worker s , a n d Co l l e c t i v e Farme r s i n 1 9 3 9- a n d 1 9 5 9 i n the
:r:@]kL ReP\ibl i c a , K r aya, and Oblas tsr: -- --- - -( t h i a t i t l e i s o f t h e ta b l e in t he U S S R s um ma r y v o l u me ;
USSR summa r y d a t a a r e per 1 000 working popu l a t i o n w i t h
h i gher a n d s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n [ t o g e t h e r ] , by r e p u b l i c ;
d ata in the r e p u b l i c v o l umes a r e for the same
e ducational c a t e g or i e s but are g i v en down t o the o b l a s t
le v e l [ un i t a i n c l u d e on l y 1 0 of the SSR c a p i t a l s ] by
sex a n d by u r ban-r u r a l , for 1959 onl y)

No . 54 5 .

39 . .!.&£. S t r uc t u r e o f ili Working Popul a t i o n J!i Separate
S e c t o r s o f t h e Economy a n d I n d u s t r i e s .
( by r e p u b l iC:-per 1 000 working popu l a t i o n ; by 8 a g e
g r o u p s ; for about 7 0 d i f f e r e n t s e c t o r s a n d i n d u s t r i e s ;
by s e x )

No . 546 .

40. Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Working Popu l a t i o n J!i
S e pa r a t e S e c t o r s o f t h e Economy and I n d u s t r i e s .
( by r e p ub l i c ; p e r -Y-000-working popul a t i o n with
e d u c a t i o n ; by 4 l e v e l s o f e d uc a t i o n ; for a b o u t 85
d i f f er e n t s e c t o r s and i n d u s t r i e s ; b y sex)

No , 547 .

40a. Lev e l .Qi E d u c a t i o n o f the Working Popul a t i o n h
S epar"'8't'e"Se c t o r a o f ili Economy .
( th i s t a b l e i s i n the USSR s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; who l e
USSR; per 1 000 p o p u l a t i o n with e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x)

N o . 548 .

4 1 . Number o f Peop l e Empl oyed i n Phys i c a l a n d �
Labor in 1 93 9 and 1 95 9 .
( b y r epub l i c ; bY a�

No . 549 .

4 1 a . Numbe r .Qi Peop l e Empl oyed in Physical a n d M en t a l
Labor i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 J!i .l!.!!.!.!u!. Repub l i c .
ITT1S ta b l e i s i n th e US S R s um ma r y v o l um e on l y ; b y
ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 550 .

4 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f ili Popu l a t i on J!i Occupa t i o n a n d

!&!..:..

248

Index and Guide
( by r e p u b l i c ; i n USSR s umma r y v o l ume per 1 000
p o p u l a t i on , b u t i n r e p u b l i c vo lumes by numbe r s o f
p e o p l e ; by 7 a g e g r o u p s ; f o r a b o u t 4SO d i f f e r e n t
o c c u p a t i o n s , by t h o s e o f p r imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e
o f p r i m a r i l y menta l l a bo r ; w h e n comb i n e d w i t h Tab l e 4 3 ,
s o me o f t h e s e d a ta c an b e c a l c u l a t e d b y s e x )

No . SSI .

4 3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f Fema l e s !.I. Occupa t i o n a n d �
( t h i s t a b l e i s t h e s am e a s T a b l e 4 2 , e x c e p t i t i s o n l y
f o r fema l e s a n d c o v e r s on l y a b o u t 1 2 S d i f f e r e n t
occupations )

No . SS2 .

44. D i s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n !.I. Occupa t i o n , i n
S e pa r a t e S e c t o r s o f t h e Economy .
( by r e p u b l i c ; numlier"Of wor k e r s i n e a c h o f a b o u t 1 000
o c c u p a t i on s )

No . S S 3 .

4 S . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n Engaged i n Phys i c a l
L a b o r i n t h e Agr i c u l t u r a l S e c t o r , !.I. S o c i a l Group.
�e p ub l i c ; number o f wor k e r s i n e a c h o f 2 7
o c c u p a t i o n s ; by worker a n d c o l l e c t i v e farmer [ s o c i a l
g r o u p ] ; w h e n comb i n e d w i t h Tab l e 46 , some o f t h e s e d a t a
can b e c a l c u l a t e d b y s e x)

No . SS4 .

4 6 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2f Fema l e s Engage d i n Phys i c a l L a b o r
i n t h e Ag r i c u l t u r a l S e c t o r , !.I. � Group .
thy r e p u l i e ; number o f women in e a c h o f 2 1
o c c u p a t i o n s ; b y w o r k e r a n d c o l l e c ti v e farmer [ s o c i a l
group ) )

No . S S S .

4 7 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2f the Popul a t i o n !.I. Occupa t i o n i n
1939 and l 9S9.
�r e p ub l i c ; n u m b e r o f p e o p l e emp l o y e d i n each o f
a bo u t 2 3 S d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by t h o s e o f
pr imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i m a r i l y m e n t a l l a bor ;
when comb i n e d w i t h Tab l e 48, d a t a f o r some o f t h e s e
o c c u pa t i o n s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d by s e x)

No . SS6 .

48. Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fema l e s !.I. Occupa t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d
1 9S9 .
�e p ub l i c ; number o f fema l e s emp l o ye d in e a c h o f
a b o u t 1 2 S d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by t h o s e o f
pr imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i ma r i l y m e n t a l l a b o r )

No . SS7 .

4 9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n !.I. Occupa t i o n i n
1926 and l 9S9.
( by r e p u b l i c ; n u m b e r o f p e o p l e emp l o y e d i n e a c h o f
a bo u t 8S d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d by t h o s e o f
p r i ma r i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r imar i l y mental l a b o r )

N o . SSS .

SO. � o f Educ a t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n Engage d i n
Phys i c a l a n d M e n t a l Labor .
( by r e p u b l i c ; p e r 1 0 00 p e r s o n s wi th e d u c a t i o n ; by
hi gher a n d b y s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n ; by sex; by ur ban­
rural )

No . SS9 .

SOa. Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Engage d i n
P h* s i c a l a n d M e n t a l Labor , !.I. Republ i c .
( t i s ta ble'"is i n th e US SR s um ma r y v o l um e on l y ; pe r
1 000 p e r s o n s w i t h e d u c a t i on ; b y 3 l e v e l s o f e d ucat ion)

No . S 6 0 .

S I . Number .2f P e r s o n s w i t h H i g h e r a n d S e c o n d a r y
E d u c a t i on Engaged i n Phys i c a l a n d � 1!!1!.£!. i n 1 9 39
an d 1 9S 9 .

List of Census Tables

249

( by r e p u b l i c ; per 1000 p e r s o n s w i t h higher a n d
s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y urban- r u r a l )
No . 5 6 1 .

5 2 . � of E d u c a t i o n o f !..!!.£. Popul a t i on .!!.I. S epa r a t e
Occupa t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 959 .
( by r e p ub l i c ; per-1000 p e r s o n s with higher a n d
s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n e mp l o y e d i n a g i ven o c c u p a t i on ; f o r
each o f a b o u t 2 5 0 d i f f er e n t o c c u p a t i o n s , g r o u p e d b y
t h o s e o f p r imar i l y phy s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r imari l y
mental l a b o r )

No . 5 6 2 .

5 3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .!!.I. N a t i o na l i t y a n d
N a t i v e Language .
( by r e p u b l i c ; number o f p e r s o n s o f each n a t i o na l i t y by
nat i v e language [ l anguage o f that n a t i o n a l i t y , o f t he
t i t u l a r nati onal i t y o f the Union R e p u b l i c , R u s s i a n , or
o t h e r ] ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 5 6 3 .

54. D i s t r i bu t i on o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f the Union a n d
Autonomous Repub l i c s , Aut onomous Ob l as t s , .!!.!!i N a t i onal
Okrugs .!!.I. !..!!.£. Most Nume r o u s N a t i on a l i t i e s .
( T a b l e 5 4 wi th t h i s t i t l e i s i n t h e US SR s um ma r y v o l um e
onl y ; n umb er of p e o p l e o f each nati onal i t y in al l
e t h n i c un i t s l i s t e d a b o v e)

No . 564 .

5 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .2f Popul a t i o n .2f the [ Republ i c s ,
� a n d Ob las t s ] .!!.I. the M o s t Numer o u s N a t i o n a l i t i e s
n d Naa t i v e Language .
_(a�
Tabl e 54 w i t h t h i s t i t l e i s in the r e pu b l i c v o l umes
o n l y ; d a t a g i v e n f o r a l l c e n s u s un i t s , inc l u d i n g Union
Republ i c c a p i t a l s ; number o f persons in each
n a t i o na l i t y , by n at i v e language [ l anguage o f that
national i t y , l a nguage o f the t i t u lar n a t i o na l i t y o f the
Union R e p u b l i c that the un i t i s l o c a t e d i n , R u s s i a n , or
other ] ; by s e x ; by u r ba n - r u ra l )

No . 565 .

54a. Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e T i t u l ar N a t i o na l i t i e s o f the
� Re pu b l i c s .!!.�epub
.I.
l i c o f T h e i r P r imary R eiiideii7e .
( th i s tab l e i s i n the USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; numbe r
of pe o p l e o f each U n i o n Repub l i c n a t i onal i t y l i v i n g in
each U n i o n R e p u b l ic)

No . 566 .

54 b . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f T i t u l a r National i t i e s o f the
[ U n i o n a n d Autonomou s Republ i c s ] .!!.I. !&.!!. a n d .!!.I.Per cent­
� t h e Nat i o na l i t y W h o C o n s i d e r .I.!!!.! N a t i o n a l i t y
T o Be T h e i r � Language .
'{Tab l e 5 4 b . [ which gi v e s data f o r the t i t ul ar
n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f the SSRs ] i s i n the USSR s ummar y
vol ume on l y ; Tab l e 54a. of the RSFSR vo lume c o n t a i n s
the s a m e d a t a , but for the t i t u l a r national i t i e s o f the
ASSRs i n that r e p u b l ic onl y ; for 12 a g e g r o u p s ; b y sex;
b y u r ban- r u r a l )

No . 5 6 7 .

5 5 . D i s t r i bu t i o n .2f t h e Popul a t i on .!!.I. N a t i v e Language .
( by r e publ i c ; n umber o f p e o p l e who c o n s i d e r e a c h
l a nguage t o b e t h e i r na t i ve l a nguage [ fo r mo s t
langua ge s , n o t for on l y the ma j or o n e s ] ; b y s e x ; by
urban-r ura l )

No . 568 .

56. � o f Mar r i e d P e r s o n s .!!.I. the T i t u l a r N a t i o n a l ­
i ti e s o f t h e Union Republ i c s .
{ by r e p u b lic; iilth e r e p u b l i c v o l umes the t i t l e i s .!!.I.
t h e Mos t Nume r o u s N a t i ona l i t i e s ; p e r 1 000 mar r i e d
popul a t i o n ; by 1 0 mos t l y 5-year a g e g r o u p s o f t h e

250

Index and Guide
p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 6 a n d o l d e r ; by s e x)

No . 5 6 9 .

5 7 . L e v e l tl E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e T i t u l ar
N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e U n i o n Repub l i c s i n 1 93 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 .
( b y r e p ub l i c ; th ist itre'1. s fo r th e t81i l e i n t h e ifSS'ir
s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; in t h e r e p u b l i c vo lumes t h i s t a b l e
i s f o r t h e m o s t num e r o u s n a t i onal i t i e s , whi l e f o r t h e
RSFSR i t a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e n a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e ASSR ' s ;
p e r 1 000 p e r s o n s w i t h h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n
[ to g e t h e r ] ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-rura l ; data f o r 1 9 5 9 a r e
gi v en f o r a l l p o p u l a t i o n and f o r t h e empl o y e d
p o p u la t i o n )

No . 570 .

5 7 a . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f t h e
T i t u l8r"N'iltIOna l i t i e a o fthe ( U n i o n a n d Auton'OiiiOu s
-Repub l i c s ) .!!.I. ill Group . -( t h i s t a b l e i s i n th e US S R s um ma r y v o l um e [ w he r e i t
g i v e s d a t a f o r the U n i o n R e pu b l i c n a t i o na l i t i e s ] and
the RSFSR v o l ume [ wh e r e i t g i v es data f o r the t i t u l ar
n a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e A S S R ' s i n the Russian R e p u b l i c ]
o n l y ; p e r 1 000 p e r s o n s w i t h hi gher and s e c o n d a r y
e du c a t i o n ; b y 1 0 mo s t l y 5 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 6 a n d o l der ; by u r ban-r ura l )

No. 571.

5 8 . Number o f Fami l y Memb e r s a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g �
in t h e [ US S R , Republ i c s , I rays, a n d O b l a s t s ] .
( number o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g i n fami l i e s , numb e r l i v ing
s e p a ra t e l y but i n c l u d e d i n fami l y b u d g et s , number of
persons l i v i n g a l o n e who do n o t hav e fami l i e s ; b y s e x ;
by u r ban-rural )

No . 5 7 2 .

5 9 . G r o uping of Fami l i e s .!!.I. Size i n t h e [ US S R ,
Repub l i c s , !!!.I.!... a n d O b l a s t�
( number o f fami l i e s b y s e x o f fami l y head; number of
f ami l i e s i n e a c h o f 9 size g r o up s ; a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ;
b y u r ban-r u ra l )

No . 5 7 3 .

60. Number .2.f Fami l i e s , Fami ly M em b e r s , a n d P e r s o n s
L i v ing A l o n e � 1 000 Permanent Popu l a t i o n i n 1 9 3 9 a n d
1 95 9 .
( by r e p ub l i c ; b y s e x [ f o r fami l i e s i t i s the s e x o f t h e
f ami l y head ] ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 574 .

60a . S e x a n d A g e o f Fam i l y Memb e r s .!!.I. Fam i l y S i z e .
( th i s t a b l e i s in t h e USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; wh o l e
USSR; number o f fam i l y memb e r s p e r 1 0 0 fami l i e s ; by 9
fami l y- s i z e g r o u p s ; b y 1 1 mo s t l y 5-year a g e g r o u p s ; by
s e x ; b y u r b a n - r ur a l )

No . 5 7 5 .

6 1 . G r o uping o f Fami l i e s .!!.I. � o f Memb e r s L i v ing
Toge t h e r i n 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 5 9 .
( by r e p u b ITc ; p e r ""TOOOfami l i e s ; by 9 fami l y- s i z e
g r o u p s ; b y u r ban-rur a l )

No . 5 7 6 .

6 2 . � tl Fami l y Memb e r s L i v i n g S epar a t e l y f!:2!! t h e
Fami l y, a n d P e r s o n s Li v i n g b l o n e , - .!!.I. ill Group.
( by r e pub'ITc ; b y 6 mo s t l y 1 - y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y
u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 57 7 .

6 3 . � tl Fami l y Membe r s L i v i n g Separ a t e l y f r o m t h e
Fami l y , a n d P e r s o n s L i v i n g A l o n e , .!!.I. S o c i a l Group .
( by r e pu!i"Ifc ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; by ur ban­
rural )

List of Census Tables

25 1

No . 5 7 8 .

64. G r o uping .2f Fami l i e s !.I. � Group o f t h e Fami l y
Head a n d Fami l y S i z e .
('iiy-r e p u b l i c ; n u �of fami l i e s by s e x o f fami l y h e a d ;
numb e r o f f ami l i e s i n each o f 9 s i z e g r o up s ; av e r a g e
fami l y s i z e ; by 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; by ur ban-r ura l )

No . 579 .

64a. Grouping o f S i ngl e-Nat i o n a l i t y Fami l i e s o f !h!,
T i t u l a r National i t i e s o f the U n i o n Repub l i c s !.I. S i ze .
( th i s tab l e i s in the USSR s umma r y v o l ume onl y ; WliOie
USSR; per 1 000 fami l i e s o f each national i t y who a r e
l i v i n g t o g e t he r ; b y 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o up s , and av erage
fami l y s i z e ; by u r ban-r ura l )

N o . 580 .

64b. Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l y Memb e r s !.I. M eans .2f
L i v e l i h o o d a n d Fam i l y S i z e .
( th i s ta b l e i s i n the USSR s umma r y v o l ume o n l y ; who l e
US S R ; p e r 1 00 fami l i e s ; b y 4 cate gor i e s o f means o f
l i v e l ihoo d ; by 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban­
r u ra l )

No . 5 8 1 .

A p p e n d i x . � o f Mor t a l i t y and A verage L i f e
Ex e c tanc o f t h e U r b a n and R u r a l Popu l a t i o n ( 1 9581 95 9
b y s e x and by i n d i v i dual-year a g e s )
•

RESULTS OF .!'..!!! ALL-UNION POPULAT ION CENSUS OF 1 9 7 0
Volume 1 .

Popul a t i o n .2f !.!!!, USSR, Union .!.!!.!!. Autonomous Repu b l i c s ,
!!!.I.!!.... a n d O b l a s t s .

No . 600 .

1 . Enum e r a t e d � Fac t o ] Popul a t i o n o f the USSR and
Union Repub l i c s i n 1 9 1 3 , 1 93 9 , 1 9 59, and 1 9 7 0 .
tiiY\ir ban-rura l )

No . 6 0 1 .

(b ays,

No . 602 .

3 . Popu l a t i o n .2f C i t i e s and U r ban-Type S e t t l eme n t s w i t h
Popul a t i o n s o f 1 5 , 000 � Greater i n Repub l i c s , [rays,
an d O b l a s t s i n 1 9 59 a n d 1 9 70,
{7it i e s a n d set t l emeiit'S i n AO' s and NO' s a r e listed not
under those u n i t s b u t under the k r a y s a n d o b l a s t s whi ch
contain t h o s e un i t s )

No , 603 .

4 . Gr ouping .2f £.!!.!.!.!. .!.!!.!!. U r ban-Type S e t t l eme n t s in t h e
USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s !.I. Popu l a t i o n S i z e i n 1 9 39,
1 9 5 9 , !.!!..& 1 9 70 .
( 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; number and t o t a l popul a t i o n o f c i t i e s
and o f s e t t l emen t s i n e a c h s i z e group)

No . 604 .

5 . Grouping of £.!!.!.!.!. a n d Urban-Type S e t t l emen t s in t h e
Repub l i c s , !!!.I.!!.... a n d Ob l as t s !.I. Popu l a t i o n S i z e .
( 8 s i z e g r o u p s ; number and t o t a l p o pu l a t i o n o f c i t i e s
and o f s e t t l emen t s i n e a c h s i z e group)

No . 605 .

6 . Grouping .2f Rayons .!!!. the Republ i c s , Irays, .!.!!.!!.
Ob l a s t s !.I. Popul a t i o n S i z e ,

2 . Enume r a t e d � f a c t o ] Popu l a t i o n o f the Repub l i c s ,
a n d Ob l a s t s i n 1 95 9 and 1 9 7 0 .
y
ban=-r u r a 1 ; a l so i n c l u d e s the p op ul a t i o n o f the
a dm i n i s t r a t i v e c e n t e r o f each unit for 1 9 59 and 1 9 70)

252

Index and Guide
( number o f r a y o n s i n each o f 9 s i z e g r o u p s onl y [ no t
the t ot a l p o p u l a t i on i n e a c h o f t h o s e r a y o n s ] ; uni t s
that c o n t a i n o n l y u r ba n r a y o n s , such a s Union R e p ub l i c
c a p i t a l s , a r e n o t i n c l uded)

No . 606 .

7 . G r ouping o f Rura l S o v i e t s .!.!!. t h e Repub l i c s , K r a y s ,
a n d Obl a s t s J!.I. Popu l a t i o n �
rD"iim b e r o f s o v i e t s [ no t th e p o p u l a t i o n i n th em ] by 1 0
p o p u l a t ion- s i z e g r o u p s )

No . 6 0 7 .

8 . G r o uping o f R u r a l Popu l a t e d P l a c e s i n t h e
Repub l i c s , � an d O b la s t s J!.I. P op u l a t i o nS i ze .
( number o f p o p u l a t e d p l a c e s a n d the total p o p u l a t i o n i n
e a c h o f 1 2 s i z e gr o u p s )

V o l ume 2 . S e x , !s!i. a n d M a r i t a l S t a t u s .2f the Popul a t i o n o f the
U S S R , U n i o n a n d Autonomous Republ i c s , � an d O b l a s t s .
N o . 608 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f the � an d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s J!.I. S e x .!.!!. 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( by u r ban-r urarJ

No . 609 .

2 . Number o f Ma l e s a n d Fema l e s .1!ll 1 000 Popu l a t i o n o f
t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s i n 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , a n d 1 9 70.
'(bY u r ban-r ur�

No . 6 1 0 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n .2f the U S S R a n d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s J!.I. S e x a n d ill i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( by S-year a ge-8°r o u p s ; by""""Ur ban-rilrSl�

No . 6 1 1 .

4 . Di s t r i b u t i o n .2f t h e P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e ASS R ' s , �

� O b l a s t s J!.I. ill i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 ,

( b y 1 0- y e a r a g e g r o u p s ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 6 1 2 .

5 . N um b e r tl M a l e s an d Fe ma l e s A g e d 1 00 a n d O l d e r .!..!!.
nd 1 970.
t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s i n 1 9 5 9 a_
T1iY 5-y earag e g r o u p s ; b y u r b an- r u r a l _
--)

No . 613 .

6 . Number .2f M a r r i e d P e r s o n s .1!ll 1 000 Popul a t i o n .!!.I. ill
an d S e x i n t h e U S S R a n d Un i o n R e p u b l i c s in 1 95 9 an d
1970.
tii'Y"T2 [ mo s t l y 5 - y ea r ] a g e g r o up s ; b y ur ban- r u ra l )

V o l ume 3 . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e U S S R ,
U n i o n a n d A u t o n o m o u s R e pu b l i c s , � an d O b l a s t s .
No . 6 1 4 .

1 . Di s t r i bu t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n .2!. t h e USSR a n d .!L!!!£!!.
Repub l i c s J!.I. E d u c a t i o n .
( f o r a l l p o p u l a t i o n , by 6 l e ve l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by 8
a g e g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y urban-ru r a l )

No . 6 1 5 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n . o f t h e USSR, Union
a n d Autonomous Repu b l i c s , K r a y s , a n d Ob l a s t s .!!.I.
lrallc a t io n .
( f o r p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 an d o l d e r , b y 6 l e v e l s o f
e du c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 6 1 6 .

3 . Le v e l o f E d u c a t i o n .2f � P o pu l a t i o n .2f t h e U S S R ,
U n i o n a n d"°Autonomous Republ i c s , Krays, a n d Obl a s t s i n
1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .

List of Census Tables

253

( pe r 1 000 e duca t e d p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; by 6
l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an - r ur a l )
No . 6 1 7 .

4 . Popu l a t i o n � Higher a n d Secondary Education !!!.
t h e U S S R a n d � Repu b l i c s !!!. 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , a n d illQ..:.
fliY h i gher a n d by s e c on d a r y e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y
ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 6 1 8 .

5 . Number o f P e r s o n s w i t h High e r a n d S e c o n d a r y
EduC'8tTOii .I!.!!. 1 000 PopiiT&t i o n AgedTO and Ol der i n the
d�
USSR, Uni o n a n"'dAii t onomous Re � u b l i cS'; lrays;-&ii�
O b l a s ts--rn- 1 93 9 , 1 959 , and 19 O .
( by h i gher a n d b y secondar y-eiiiai'C t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y
u r ban- r u r a l )

�-

No . 6 1 9 .

6 . � tl Education tl ill Worki.ng Popu l a t i o n i n t h e
U S S R , � a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s , (rays, !.!!i
O b l a s t s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( pe r l OOOwO'r'kfngpersons with e d u c a t i o n ; b y 6 l e v e l s
o f e d ucation ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 6 2 0 .

7 . � tl E d u c a t i o n o f the Working Popu l a t i o n o f ill
US S R a n d Union a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s i n 1 939, 1 959 ,
and 1'910.
{Per '""fO'OO wor king p e r s o n s with e ducation ; by h i g h e r and
by secondar y e d uca t i o n ; b y sex; b y u r b an-rur a l ;
contains data o n l y f o r S S R ' s and ASS R ' s )

No . 621 .

8 . L i t e r a c y o f the Popul a t i o n Age d 9-49 !!!. ill USSR !.!!i
!.!!. ill � tl ill C e n s u s e s ;

� Repub l i c s-rii c c o r d i n g
i n !.h

'[by s e x ; by urban-rur a l ; for 1 8 9 7 , 1 920, 1 9 2 6 , 1 93 9 ,
1 95 9 , 1 9 7 0 )
V o l ume 4 . !!.h.!!.!.£ Compo s i t i o n tl ill Popu l a t i o n tl ill USSR, Union
a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s , !!.!..Y..!!.... Oblas t s , a n d National Okrugs .
No . 6 2 2 .

No . 623 .

1 . Di s t r i bu t i on tl ill Popu l a t i o n o f the � h
N a t i o n a l i t y an d Language i n 1 9 59 and T97o .
( po p u l a t i o n �each o f l Oi-natTOniiTiti e s ; p e r c e n t a g e of
that popu l a t i o n who c o n s i d e r the l anguage o f that
na t i onal i t y to be their na t i v e l anguage; for 1 9 7 0 onl y ,
p e r c e n t a g e o f e a c h national i t y who speak e i ther R u s s i an
or a n o t h e r nationa l l a nguage of the USSR f l uen t l y)
2.

ijhange

i n the Popu l a t i o n tl I n d i v i dua l N a t i o n a l i t i e s

ll -1!.ill R e piibri c ,

( po p u l a t i o n o f the mo s t nume r o u s nationa l i ti e s i n e a c h
SSR i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 70)

No . 624 .

3 . Change i n ill Popu l a t i o n tl I n d i v i d u a l N a t i o n a l i t i e s

.J!.I A u tonomo u s Republ i c .

( po p u l a t i o n o f the mo s t nume r o u s national i t i e s i n e a c h
A S S R in 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 70)

No . 625 .

4-29. D i s t r i bu t i o n of ill Popu l a t i o n o f ill [ USSR,
Repu b l i c s , (rays m Ob l a s t s l .!!.I N a t i ona l i t y a n d
Language .
( fo r 1 04 nationa l i t i e s at the USSR and Union R e p u b l i c
lev e l , whe r e p re s e n t ; d a t a f o r uni t s b e l ow the Union
R e p u b l i c l e v e l a r e on l y for the mo s t nume r o u s
national i t i e s ; f o r each n a t i o na l i t y i s g i v e n i t s
I

254

Index and Guide
p o p u l a t i o n , t h e number o f t h e s e p e r s o n s who c o n s i d e r
t h e i r n a t i v e l an gu a g e t o be t h i s l an g u a g e , R u s s i a n , o r
o t h e r , a n d t h e number w h o s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i on a l
l a n g u a g e o f t h e U S S R [ Ru s s i a n , the l an gu a g e o f the
un i t , o r o t h e r ] ; b y u r ban-rura l ; by s e x , a t t h e U n i o n
R e p u b l i c 1 e v e l o n l y)

No , 626 .

30, D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Popu l a t i o n o f t h e T i t u l a r
N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e Union a n d A u t onomous Repu b l i c s .
( th e number o f -ea �o f t h e rs-na t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e
Union R e p u b l i c s l i v i n g i n each U n i o n R e p u b l i c ; t h e
p o p u l a t i on o f the t i t u l a r n a t i o na l i t i e s o f the A S S R ' s
b y t h e ma j o r S S R ' s , A S S R ' s , k r a y s , o b l a s t s , a n d
c i t i e s [ M o s c o w a n d Leningra d ] in which t h e y l i v e )

No . 627 .

3 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl � Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR a n d �
.!!.!!.!!. A u t o n om o u s Repub l i c s J!.I. Na t i v e Language and S e c o n d
N a t i o n a l Language o f t h e USSR .
( number o f p e o p l e i n each unit who s p e a k each o f t h e
ma j o r l a n g ua g e s s p ok en i n t h a t u n i t a n d t h e n u mb er o f
t h e s e who s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e ; b y s e x ; b y
u r b an - r u r a l )

No . 6 2 8 .

3 2 . ill a n d Language tl the Popul a t i o n tl I n d i v i d ual
N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e U SSR.
( fo r 1 5 l a n g u a g e s OT UiiIOD R e p u b l i c s o n l y ; number
s p e a k i n g e a c h l a nguage a s their n a t i v e l a nguage a n d
number o f t h e s e who s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e
[ Russian, the language of their nationa lity , or other ] ;
b y 8 a g e g r o u p s ; who l e USSR)

No . 629 .

3 3 . ill a n d La nguage o f the Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ua l
N a t i o na l i t i e s .!!.!. U n i o n Repub l i c .
( in each U n i o n R e p u b l i c t h e number o f p e o p l e s p e a k i n g
ea c h o f t h e 1 5 t i t u l a r l a n g u a g e s an d ea c h o f th e
langua g e s o f t h e A S S R s , AOs , o r NOs i n t h a t
R e p u b l i c a s t h e i r n a t i v e l a n g u ag e ; number o f t h e s e w h o
s p e a k a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l an g u a g e [ R u s s i a n , the l a nguage
o f their n a t i o na l i t y , a n d o t h e r ] ; b y 8 a g e groups)

N o . 630 .

3 4 . Number o f M a r r i e d Men a n d Women o f I n d i v i d ua l
N a t iO'ii'ii'Tit ies i n t h e USSR Til l 9 5 9 and 1 9 7 0 .
( pe r 1 000 mar r i e d""""P'Op u l a t ion; f o r rs-t i t u l ar
na t i o na l i t i e s ; b y 6 [ mo s t l y 1 0- year ] a g e groups o f
p e r s o n s age d 1 6 a n d o l d e r )

No . 6 3 1 .

3 5 , Number o f Mar r i e d M en a n d Women J!.I. I n d i v i d ual
N a t iOiiilTTt. ies J!.I. U n i o n!feplilil fCID 1 95 9 a n d 1970.
( pe r lOOO ma r r i e d p o p u l a t i o n ; f o rt h e mo�nU"iiierou s
n a t i o n a l i t i e s and n a t i ona l i t i e s o f t h e A S S R ' s i n each
R e p u b l i c ; b y 6 a g e groups)

No . 632 .

36- 5 3 . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f
I n d i v i dUar'"N ationa l i t i e s i n t h e [ US S R , U n i o n a n d
A u t onomou s Repub l i c s , Autonomous Obl a s t s , and N a t i o n a l
Okr ugs ] in 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( pe r 1 000 e duca t e d p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0 a n d o l d e r ; f o r t h e
m o s t nume r o u s n a t i o na l i t i e s i n each e th n i c u n i t p l us
f o r a l l n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f t h e A S S R s , AOs , a n d NOs
t h a t are l o c a t e d w i t h i n those u n i t s ; g e n e r a l l y , d a t a
f o r R u s s i a n s , Ukra i n i a n s , B e l o r u s s i an s , a n d T a t a r s a r e
f o r the p o p u l a t i o n in e a c h u n i t r e s p e c t i v e l y , wh i l e
d a t a f o r o t h e r n a t i o na l i t i e s a r e for the e t h n i c u n i t i n
wh i c h mo s t o f t h a t g r o up l i v e s ; b y 7 l e v e l s o f

List of Census Tables

255

e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y u r b a n- r ural )
N o . 633 .

5 4 . L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n a n d ill o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f
I n d i v i d ual N a t i o na l i t i e s i n t h e USSR ,
( who l e USSR; p e r 1 000 e du c a t e d p e r s on s ; f o r 1 5 t i t u l ar
national i t i e s ; by 3 le ve l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; b y 8 a g e
g r o u p s ; b y u r ban- r u r a l )

N o . 634 .

55 , 1!..!tl o f E du ca t i on a n d � tl fil Po pu l a t i on o f
I n d i v i d ual N a t i o n a l i t i e s .!!.I. Union Republ i c ,
( pe r IOOO e du c a t e d p e r s o n s ; rneilch Union R e p u b l i c , f o r
the t i t u l a r n a t i o na l i t y and the n a t i o na l i t i e s o f a l l
ASS R ' s ; b y 3 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; b y 8 a g e g r o u p s ; b y
u r b an-rur al )

No . 635 .

5 6 . � tl E d u c a t i o n o f the Who l e Popul a t i o n a n d o f
t h e Working P o pu l a t i o n o f I n d i v i d ual Nationa l i t i e s i n
the USSR and U n i o n RepUbl i c s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( for the ma j or n a t i o n a l i t i e s and the n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f
ASSRs i n each Union R e p u b l i c ; per 1 000 p e r s o n s a g e d 1 0
a n d o l d e r a n d p e r 1 000 w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n , w i t h h i gher
and s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i on [ t o g e t h e r , n o t b y type of
e du c a t i o n ] ; b y sex; b y u r b an-r ural )
-

No . 6 3 6 .

5 7 - 7 2 . Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n tl � Working Popu l a t i o n tl
I n d i v i d ual N a t i o n a l i t i e s o f the [USSR a n d Union
Re ublics
one t a b l e f o r the USSR a n d one f o r each Uni o n
R e p u b l i c ; p e r 1 000 e d u c a t e d working p e r s o n s ; f o r 7 e du­
c a t i o n a l l e ve l s ; for 15 t i t u l a r national i t i e s at the
who l e USSR l e v e l ; within e a c h Union R e p u b l i c , f o r t he
mo s t nume r o u s n a t i o n a l i t i e s and f o r the n a t i o na l i t i e s
o f i n t ra -Re p u b l i c ASSR s , AOs , a n d NOs ; b y s e x ; by
urban-rura l )
•

Volume 5 . D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e Popul a t i o n tl � USSR, Union a n d
A u t o n o m o u s Repub l i c s , Irays, a n d O b l a s t s .!!.I. � Group , Mean s
o f L i v e l i h oo d , a n d S e c t o r s o f the Economy .
No . 637 .

1 . Enume r a t e d � Facto ] a n d Permanent � Jure ]
Popu l a t i on o f � USSR a n d Union Repub l i c s .
( by s e x ; by ur ban- r u r a l Y--

No , 638 .

2 , D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n o f the USSR a n d .!!.!!.!.2!!.
Repu b l i c s .!!.I. S o c i a l roup i n 1 9 5 9 and 1 9 7 0 .
( by 3 s o c i a l groups ma nuaY-wor k e rS:-o"'f"f'i'C"e wor ker s ,
c o l l e c t i v e f a r m e r s ] ; b y ur ban- r u r a l ; b y s e x )

No . 6 3 9 .

y

3 . D i s t r i bu t i o n tl the Popul a t i o n o f t h e Repub l i c s

� a n d Ob l a s t s lf. � Group i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 76 .

{ by 3 s o c i a l g r o up s )

No . 6 4 0 .

4 . D i s t r i b u t i on tl � Working Popu l a t i o n o f the U S S R
a n d Union Repub l i c s .!!.I. � Group i n 1 9 5 9 a n d �
tbY 3 s o c i a l g r o up s ; by s e x ; by ur ban-rur a l )

No . 641 ,

5 . Di s t r i b u t i o n tl the Working Popu l a t i o n o f �
Republ i c s , Irays, .!.!!.!! Ob lasts .!!.I. � G r o up in 1212.
an d 1 9 7 0 .
tbY '380Ci a l g r o u p s )

256

Index and Guide

No . 642 .

6 . � tl E d uc at i o n o f t he P o p u l a t i o n tl t he U S S R an d
U n i o n Republ ica J!.I. ill!!! Group i n ll.22. a n d 1 9 7 0 .
�1 000 e du c a t e d p e r s o n s ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 4
l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; by s e x ; by u r b an-rur a l )

No . 6 4 3 .

7 . L e ve l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e
U S S R m lli!!.2.!. Repub l i c s J!.I. S o c i a.l Group i n 1 9 5 9 a n d
1970.
eper-1 000 e du c a t e d w o r k i n g p e r s on s ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ;
b y 4 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an- r u r a l )

No , 644 .

8 . � o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e W o r k i n g Popu l a t i o n o f t h e
Re a u b l i c s , Krays, m Ob l a s t s J!.I. S o c i a l G r o up i n 1 9 5 9
an 1 970 .
'[per 1 0 0 0 w o r k i n g p e r s o n s w i t h h i gher a n d s e c o n d a r y
e d u c a t i o n [ to g e t h e r ] ; b y 3 s o c i a 1 g r o up s ; b y s e x ; by
ur ban-r ura l )

No . 645 .

9 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl � Popu l a t i o n tl the U S SR a n d .!!.!!!.2.!.
Repub l i c s J!.I. � o f L i v e l i h oo d ,
( by 9 c a t e gor i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; b y s e x ; b y
ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 6 4 6 .

1 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR a n d
U n i o n Repub l i c s .!ii"" M eans o f Li ve l i hoo d--rii 1 95 9 ana
1970 ( i n Pe r c e n t age s o f t h e W h o l e Populati Oii):"
( me a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d i s b y 6 c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s e x ; by
urban-r ur a l )
-­

No . 6 4 7 .

1 1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl t h e Popu l a t i o n o f the U S S R a n d
U n i o n Repu b l i c s J!.I. M ea n s o f L i v e l i h o o d a n d �
G r ou p .
( me a n s o f l i v e l i h o o d i s b y 6 c a t e g o r i e s ; b y s e x ; by
u r ban-r u r a l )

No . 648 .

1 2 - 2 7 . D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e Working P o pu l a t i o n o f
t h e [ US S R an d U n i o n Repub l i c s ] J!.I. S e c t o r o f t h e Economy
a n d ill!!! G r o up .
( o n e ta b l e f o r th e w h o l e US S R an d o n e f o r e a c h Un i o n
R e p ub l i c ; b y 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y s e x ; b y u r b an-r u r a l )

No. 649.

2 8 . D i s t r i b u t i o n tl the Working Popu l a t i o n o f the U S S R
and
a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s J!.I. S e c t o r o f t h e Econ omy -'So'Ci a l G r o u p i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 lli'!L.:
( by 3 social groups)

V o l ume 6 .
N o . 650 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n tl the U S SR a n d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s J!.I. Occupa t i o n .
1 . Popu l a t i o n O c c upi e d J!.I. Phys i c a l a n d M en t a l 1.!J!.2!. i n
and 1970 ,
i n 1 95 9 -t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s "(liY s e x ; ny-urban- r ur a l )
--

---

No . 651 .

2 - 1 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a ti o n o f the [ USSR m
U n i o n Repu b li c s I fu:. Oc CUpS t i o n .!!!. l 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0.
( o ne t a b l e f or t he wh o l e U S S R a n d o n e f or e a c h Un i o n
Republ i c ; number o f wor k e r s i n e a c h o f a p p r o ximat e l y
330 different occupations, grouped by those of
p r i ma r i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f p r i ma r i l y m e n t a l l a b o r )

N o . 652 .

1 8- 3 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Women o f t h e [ US S R a n d lli!!.2.!.
Repub l i c s ] J!.I. O ccupation i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 . --

List of Census Tables

257

( th e s e t a b l e s hav e the same f ormat as T a b l e s 2- 1 7 ,
e x c e p t t h e y a p p l y o n l y t o women a n d c o v e r on l y a b o u t
1 30 d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s )
No . 653 .

34-49. D i s t r i b u t i on o f t h e P opul a t i o n o f � [ USSR a n d
U n i o n Repu b l i c s ] !I_ Occupa t i o n .!!.!!J! � £!. �
!CO'iiO'm y .
( o n e ta b l e f o r th e w ho l e U S S R an d o n e f o r e a c h Un i o n
R e p u b l i c ; n umb e r o f w o r k e r s i n e a c h o f a b o u t 7 6 0
d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s and s e c t o r s o f the ec onomy )

N o . 654 .

50- 6 5 . !&!_ S t r u c t u r e o f t h e Popul a t i o n !I. I n d i v i d u a l
O c c upat i o n s , f o r t h e ( USSR a n d !!.!!.!.2.!!. Repu b l i c s ] .
( o n e t a b l e f or t he wh o l e U S S R a nd o n e f or e a ch lJn i o n
Re p u b l i c ; p e r 1 000 p e r s o n s emp l o y e d i n a g i v en
occupation; for about 320 different occupations,
g r o u p e d b y t h o s e o f pr imar i l y physi ca l and t h o s e o f
p r ima r i l y men t a l l a b o r ; f o r 7 a g e groups)

No . 655 .

6 6 . Le ve l o f E d u c a t i o n £!. the Popu l a t i o n Occupi e d !I.
Phys i c a l a n d � L abor i n t h e .!!§.g a n d !!.!!.!.2.!!.
Republ i c s .
( pe r 1 000 emp l o ye d p e r s o n s w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; by h i g h e r
a n d b y s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 656 .

6 7 . � £!. P e r s o n s .!!.!.!h Higher .!!.!!J! S e c o n d a r y
Ed u ca tion am ong Worke r s Occupi e d !I. Phys i c a l and �
Labor in t h e USSR a n d Union Repu b l i c s i n 1 95 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 .
( p e r 1 000 p e r sons ha v i ng h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y e d uca­
tion [ to g ether ] ; b y s e x ; b y u r ban-rura l )

No . 657 .

68-83. L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n o f t h e
( USSR and !!.!!.!.2.!!. Republ i c s ] !I. I n d i v i dual Occupa t i o n s !.!!.
1 959 and 1 970.
( o n e tiibl e f o r th e w h o l e US S R an d o n e f o r e a c h Un i o n
R e p u b l i c ; p e r 1 000 e d u c a t e d p e r s o n s empl o y e d i n a g i v en
o c c u p a t i o n ; f o r about 3 2 0 d i f f er e n t o c c u p a t i o n s ,
g r o u p e d by those o f p r imar i l y p h y s i c a l a n d t h o s e o f
prima r i l y mental l a b o r ; b y 4 e duc ational l e v e l s f o r
1 9 70, but o n l y h i g h e r and s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n
[ t o g ether ] f o r 1 959)

Vol ume 7 . M i gra t i on o f the Popul a t i o n . � .!!.!!J! Compo s i t i o n £!.
Fami l i e s !.!!_ the USSR , !!.!!.!.2.!!. a n d Autonomous Repu b l i c s , Irays, .!!.!!J!
Oblasts .
N o . 658 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n £!. t h e Popu l a t i o n !I. Region o f .!!!.::.
M i g r a t i o n an d Out-M i g r a t i o n d u r i ng the Two Y e a r s b e f o r e
t h e Cens u s .
'('ii'imber
i"
o f out-mi gran t s f r o m each Union R e p ub l i c a n d
the numb e r o f t h e m m i g r a t i n g to each o t h e r Repu b l i c ;
number o f m i g r a n t s w i t h i n each Repu b l i c )

No. 659 .

2 . Di s t r i b u t i o n £!. the Popu l a t i o n £!. t h e .!!§.g W h i c h .!!!!.
M i gra t e d , !I. P l a c e £!. P r e v i o u s Permanent R e s i d e n c e .
( number o f p e r s on s w h o mi g r a t e d w i t h i n 2 y e a r s p r i o r
to t h e c e n s u s , b y Union R e p u b l i c o r Economic R e g i o n o f
prev ious residence and by sex; second part of the tabl e
gi v e s f o r these same un i t s the number of in-mi g r a n t s to
urban a n d t o r u r a l areas, b y urban-rur a l o f t h e p l a c e
o f o u t -mi g r a t i on , but n o t b y s e x)

258

Index and Guide

N o . 660 .

3- 1 7 . Di s t r i b u t i o n tl I n-M i g r a n t s !E_ t h e [ Repub l i c s ,
I r a y s , .!.!!.! O b l a s t s ] J!..v. lill.!. tl P r e v i o u s Permanent
R e s i d e nc e .
( number o f in-mi g r a n t s to each unit i n t h e p e r i o d
w i t h i n 2 y e a r s p r i o r t o the c e n s u s , b y e c o n o m i c
r e g i o n a n d U n i o n R e p u b l i c o f t h e i r p l a c e o f p r e v i o us
r e s i d e n c e , a n d b y s e x : second p a r t o f t h e ta b l e g i v e s
f o r t h e s e same u n i t s t h e number o f i n-mi g r a n t s to u r b a n
a n d t o r u r a l a r e a s , b y u r ba n- r u r a l o f t he p l a c e o f
p r e v i o u s r e s i d e n c e , b u t n o t by s e x )

No. 661 .

1 8 , � tl I n -M i g r a n t s .!.!!.! Out-M i g r a n t s J!..v. Repub l i c ,
� and Obl ast.
( number-of in-mi g r a n t s a n d ou t-mi g r a n t s who m o v e d
w i t h i n 2 y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e c e n s u s a n d t h e numb e r who
mo v e d w i t h i n the boundar i e s o f the un i t ; data f o r
cities are not incl uded except for M oscow, Leningrad,
I i e v , M i ns k , Tashk e n t , a n d A l ma-Ata)

No . 662 .

19. Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popul a t i o n !!!. lli U S S R , .Y.!!!2!.
Repub l i c s , a n d Economic R e g i o n s o f t h e RSFSR a n d
Ukr a i n s kaya SSR W h i c h Has M i g r a t e d , J!..v. C i t y .!.!!.!
Se t t l ement S i z e .
( number o f m i g r a n t s w i t h i n t h e 2 y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e
c e n s u s , b y ur ban-ru r a l o f the p o p u l a t e d p l a c e in w h i c h
t h e y c u r r en t l y l i v e [ num ber o f t h o s e l i v i n g i n ur ba n
a r e a s i s gi v e n b y 5 p o p u l a t i o n - s i z e g r o u p s o f c i t y or
ur ba n s e t t l ement ] a n d u r b a n - r ur a l o f the p o p u l a t e d
p l a c e i n w h i c h t h e y f o r me r l y l i v e d [ by t h e same 5
ur b a n- s i ze g r o u p s ] )

N o . 663 .

2 0 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f M ig r a n t s !!!. t h e U S S R , .Y.!!!2!.
Repub l i c s , .!.!!.! Economic Regions o f t h e RSFSR a n d
U k r a i n i a n S S R , J!..v. Age G r o up .
( number o f m i g r a n t s within t h e 2 yeara prior to the
census, b y 3 a g e groups [ y o u n g e r than a b l e - b o d i e d ,
a b l e - b o d i e d , o l d e r than a b l e - b o d ie d ] ; b y s e x : by ur ban­
r u r a l o f t h e p r e v i o u s p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f the
mi g r a n t s t o urban areas a n d o f those to r ur a l a r e a s )

N o . 6 64 .

2 1 . D i s t r i bu t i o n tl M ig r a n t s J!..v. Separate N a t i o n a l i t i e s
o f the USSR .
( whOTe U S S R ; number of m i g r a n t s w i t h i n t h e 2 y ea r s
p r i o r t o t h e c e n s u s ; f o r t h e 1 5 ma j o r t i t u l a r
n a t i o n a l i t i e s ; b y se x ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l o f the p r e v i o u s
p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f t h e mi g r an t s t o ur b a n ar e a s a n d
of t h o s e to r u r a l a r e a s )

N o , 665 .

2 2 . � tl Fami l y Memb e r s .!.!!.! P e r s o n s L i v i n g A l o ne
!!!. lli USSR .!.!!.! .Y.!!!2!. Rep u b 1 i c s.

( numb e r o f p e r s o n s li v i n g i n fami l i e s , t h o s e l i v ing
separate from t h e fami l y b u t i n c l u d e d i n the fami l y
b u d g e t , a n d p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e ; b y s e x ; b y ur ban-r u r a l )

No . 666 .

2 3 . � o f Fami ly M em b e r s a n d P e r s o n s Li ving �

J!..v. Autonomous Repub l i c , � a n d . Ob l a s t .

( number of p e r s o n s li v i n g in fs"iiili" i e s , t h o s e l i v i n g
s e p a r a t e f r om the fam i l y but i n c l ud e d i n the fami l y
b u d g e t , a n d p e r s o n s l i ving a l o n e ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l )

No. 667.

2 4 . Number o f Fami l i e s , Fami l y M em b e r s , a n d P e r s o n s
L i v i n g Al on e .P.!U: 1000 Perman e n t Popu l a t iontl the USSR
a n d Union Repub l i c s i n 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 70.
'(tli"e ""'ii"iei'O'V c a t e gor i e sa f"iiO"inc l u d'e'the number o f

259

List of Census Tables

f a mi l i e s b y s e x of h e a d of f am i l y ; b y ur ba n- r u r a l ; b y
sex)
No . 6 6 8 .

2 5 .!..!!.!!!.!. tl Fami l i e s J!i � G r oups !!!. lli USSR,
U n i o n .!..!!.!! A u t o n omous Repub l i c s , I r ay s , .!..!!.!! O b l a s t s .
( number of fami l i e s [ by 9 s i z e g r o u p s ] , number o f
fami l i e s b y s e x o f h e a d o f fami l y , a n d a v e r a g e fami l y
s i z e ; b y u r ban-rura l )

N o . 669 .

2 6 . Grouoi ng tl Fami l i e s J!i lli .!..!!.!!!.!. tl M em b e r s
L i v ing Toget h e r , m_ ili USSR .!..!!.!! .Y.!!.!u!. Repu b l i c s i n
1 95 9 a n d 1 9 70 ,
( pe r 'f00o'"fiii1ii[ i e s ; number o f fami l i e s [ by 9 fami l y­
s i z e g r o u p s ] and av e r a ge fami l y s i z e ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 6 7 0 .

2 7 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s in the USSR a n d Union
Repu b l i c s J!i T yr e .
( number o f fami i e s , number o f fami l y mem b e r s l i v i n g
t o g e t h e r , a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; by 5 t y p e s ; b y u r b a n­
r ural )

No . 6 7 1 .

2 8 . Gr ouping tl Fami l i e s !!!. .!.!!..!. .!!.§§! .!..!!.!! �
Repub l i c s J!i .!.!!..!. � tl Chi l d r e n L i v ing i n lli
Fami ly ,
( number o f fami l i e s without c h i l dren and 5 s i z e g r o u p s
o f t h o s e with c hi l d r en ; b y ur ban-ru ral )

No . 6 7 2 .

2 9 , Grouping tl Fami l i e s i n the .!!.§§! .!..!!.!! Union
Repub l i c s J!i � .!..!!.!! J!i � Group o f Fami l Y
Membe r s .
( number o f fami l i e s in each o f 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s , a n d
t o t a l n u m b e r o f f ami l i e s which c o n s i s t o f more than one
s o c i a l group ; by 9 fami l y - s i z e g r o u p s , a n d a v e r a g e
f ami l y s i z e ; b y ur ban-ru r a l )

No . 6 7 3 .

3 0 , Gr ouping tl Fami l i e s i n the .!!.§§! .!,!!S �
Repub l i c s J!i � .!..!!.!! J!i N a t i o n a l i t y tl Fami l y Memb e r s .
( fo r t h e mo s t nume r o u s na t i onal i t i e s in e a c h Union
Repu b l i c and the t i t u l a r n a t i o n a l i t i e s o f a n y A S S R s ,
AOs, or NOs i n that Repu b l i c ; b y 9 fami l y - s i z e
g r o u p s ; b y ur ban-r ural )

No . 6 7 4 .

3 1 , Gr ouping tl Fami l i e s J!i � .!..!!.!! J!i Na t i o na l i t y o f
!.!!!!.!.I. Memb e r s , !!!. lli Autonomous Repub l i c s , A u tonomous

•

--

---

----

---

----­

b l�
a s�t�:s�, and National Okrugs .
�O�
( same a s Ta b l e 30 but f o r t h e m o s t nume r o u s
na t i o n a l i t i e s in each o f the ethnic un i t s b e l o w t h e
Union R e p ub l i c le v e l )
No . 6 7 5 .

3 2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s in t h e
Repub l i c s J!i Numbe r tl Chi l d ren a n d
{ number o f ch i l d r e n p e r fami l y i n 4
c h i l d ren , 1 , 2 , 3 or more ] by e i g h t
o f mothe r s ' a g e s ; by u r ban-rura l )

No , 676 .

3 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR a n d Union
Repub l i c s J!i .!.!!..!. N um b e r o f Workiiii"Fami
""
l yMember'S"a n d
N u m b e r o f Dependen t s ,
{ number '""Of fami l i e s whe r e 1 , 2 , or 3 o r more memb e r s
a r e wo r k i n g , n u m b e r o f f a m i l i e s t h a t do n o t ha v e a
wor ki n g memb e r ; b y number o f d e p e n d e n t s [ no n e , 1 , 2 , 3
o r more ] ; b y ur ban-r ural )

USSR a n d Union
!&.! o f t heMoth e r ,
groups [ no
5-year g r o u p s

260

Index and Guide

No . 6 7 7 .

3 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l y Memb e r s a n d P e r s o n s L i v ing
Alone .!.!!. t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s J?.v. !.&.! Gr o u p .
rnumD"er or-Tami l y mem b e r s l i v i n g t o g e t he r , n u m b e r o f
t h e m l i v i n g s e p a r a t e l y , a n d n umb e r o f p e r s o n s l i v i n g
al one; by 7 sge groups; by sex ; by urban-rural )

N o . 678 .

3 5 . Number o f Chi l d r e n J?.v. M o t h e r s Who A r e M a nual
Wo r k e r s , O f f i c e W o r ke r s , a n d K o l k h o z Wor k e r s i n t h e
U S S R a n d U n i o n Republ i c s .
( pe r l OOO""'iii'Otiei r s o f e a c h s o c i a l g r o u p ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

N o . 6 79 .

3 6 . � tl Chi l d r e n J?.v. M o t h e r s Who Hav e V a r i o u s
M e a n s o f L i v e l i h o o d i n ill !!§.§! a n d � Republ i c s .
( numb e r o f ch i l d r e n p e r 1 000 mo t h e r s ; b y t h o s e e n g a g e d
in p h y s i c a l l a b o r , menta l l a b o r , p e r s o n a l a g r i c u l t u r e ,
o t h e r ; b y ur ban- r u r a l )

No . 680 .

3 7 . Number o f C h i l d r e n J?.v. M o t he r s Who Ha v e V a r i o u s
L e v e l s o f Educ a t i o n i n t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .
( pe r 1 000 mo t h e r s w i th e d u c a t i o n lby ""'4"1'ev e l s o f
e du c a t i on ; b y u r b a n- r u r a l )
ALL-UNION POPULATION CENSUS O F 1 9 7 9

1 . P o pu l a t i on o f t h e U S S R , R e p u b l i c s ,
K r a y s , O b l a s t s , Autonomous O k r u g s ,
a n d La r g e C i t i e s .
No . 700 .

Change i n t h e P o pu l a t i o n o f t h e U S S R .
( p o p u l a t i o n b y ur ban-rur a l ; f o r 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 ,
1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 :
Ta b l e 1 h'B"'SSSme f o r m a t , but a l s o i n c l u d e s 1 8 9 7 , 1 9 20,
1926)

No . 7 0 1 .

Popu l a t i o n tl t h e U n i o n Republ i c s .
( f or 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s SU S S SR ,
1 9 8 4 : Tab l e 2 has union r e p u b l i c p o p u l a t io n by u r ban­
r u r a l f o r 1 9 39 , 1 9 59 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9)

No . 702 .

a t i o n o f t h e U n i o n a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s ,
fPopul
r a y s , Obl a s t s , a n d A u t o n omous Okrugs.
y
ban- r u r a l ; s e e 1979 unit l i s t f o r the s p e c i f i c
u n i t s i n c l u d e d ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80
( T s SU SSSR: Tab l e 3 �sii'iiie-f ormst b u t un i t s are
listed in d i fferent order )

N o . 703 .

C i t i e s � � Popu l a t ion tl 1 0 0 , 000 .Q.!. �·
( who l e U S S R ; in thousand s ; c i t i e s l i s t e d in d e c r e a s i n g
or d e r b y s i z e ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s S U S S SR ,
1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 4 h a s CI'tieS--;;T"S o , ooo p o p u l a t i o n o r
l a r g e r , i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r , to near e s t p e r s on)

N o . 704 .

2 . Number o f M e n a n d Wome n .
( whOI"e""'U'S"S l(;" oy-u rliSn - r u r a l ; for 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 ,
1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 :
u r ba n-rurBf'""POp u l a t i o n c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d b y s e x d o e s n o t
a p p e a r at a l l i n t h i s v o l ume)

3 . Ma r r i e d P o p u l a t i o n . Number a n d
S i z e o f Fami l i e s .

List of Census Tables
No . 705 .

26 1

Numb e r o f Fami l i e s Ju. Fami l y- S i z e G r o f p .
�p ub l i c ; 6 s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e ami l y siz e) in
V e s t . s t a t . No . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : T ab l e 4 8
�d e s t h e s e d a t a )

4 . Le vel of Ed u cation .
No . 706 .

L i t e r a c y tl � Popu l a t i o n Aged 9-49 ii!!. !2.:_
( wh o l e USSR; b y ur ban-rur a l ; f o r 1 89 7 , 1 9 2 6 , 1 939,
1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) in V e s t . s ta t . No . 2 , 1 98 0 ( T s S U
S S S R , 1 984 : n o t a b l e s ""'i'ii'"tii i s v ol ume contain l i t e r a c y
data )

No. 707.

Growth o f t h e Popul a t i on Ha v i n g H i g h e r a n d S e c o n d a r y
Educa t i o n .
( whol e U SSR; t o t a l num b e r and per 1000 popu l a t i o n a g e d
1 0 and o l d e r ; by 5 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i o n ; f o r 1 9 70, 1 9 79)
in V e s t . s t a t . No . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s S U S S S R , 1 98 4 : Ta b l e 7
i n c l u d e s tiie"iie d a t a [ s e e N o . 7 6 1 ] )

No . 708 .

� o f Peopl e Ha v i ng Higher m S e c o n d a r y E d u c a t i o n
!!!.!2.!!.& t h e W o r k i n g Popul a t i o n .
( whol e U SSR; tota l numb er and per 1000 worker s ; b y 5
l e v e l s of e du c a t i o n ; f o r 1 9 70 , 1 9 79) in V e s t . s t a t .
N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Ta b l e 7 i n c l u d e s these
d a t a [ s e e No. 7 6 1 ] )

No . 709 .

Compa r a t i v e Data .!!..!!. the Lev e l tl E d u c a t i o n .!££ t h e
P e r i o d b e t w e e n t h e 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 7 9 Cen s u s e s .
( whol e USSR; per-1000 working popul a t i o n with
e du c a t i o n ; f o r p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r a n d f o r a l l
wo r k i n g popul a t i o n ; b y h i g h e r and b y s e c o n d a r y
e ducation; for 1 939 , 1 959 , 1 9 7 0 , 1979) in � �
No . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T sSU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Ta b l e 7 in c l u d e s t h e s e
d a t a [ s ee No. 7 6 1 ] )

No . 7 1 0 .

Level o f E ducation o f Ma l e s a n d Fema l e s .
( wh o l e-USS R ; p e r 1 000 p o p u l a t i on wi th e d u c a t i on ; f o r
po p ul a t ion ag e d 1 0 and o l der and for a l l wor k i n g
p o p u l a t i on ; by h i gher and by s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i on ; for
1 9 39 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) in V e s t , s t a t . No . 2, 1 9 8 0
( Ts S U S SSR, 1 98 4 : Ta b l e s 9 SiidTi iiiCTu d e t h e s e da ta,
e x ce pt a l l d a t a fo r 1 9 3 9 and 1 9 5 9 da ta p e r 1 00 0 wo r k i n g
population)

No . 7 1 1 .

Ch an ge s i n th e Le v e l o f E d u ca t i on tl t h e Ur ba n an d
Rur a l Popul a t i o n .
( who l e U S S R ; per 1000 popu l a t i on with e d u c a t i o n ; f o r
p o p u l a t i on a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r and for a l l w o r k i n g
popul a t i o n ; by h i g h e r a n d s e c o n d a r y e du c a t i o n ; f o r
1 9 39 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 9 70 , 1 9 7 9 ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0
( TsSU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Tabl e s 9 a n d 1 1 in c l ude t h e s e d a t a ,
ex c e pt a l l d a t a f o r 1 9 39 a n d 1 9 5 9 d a ta p er 1 0 00 wo r k i n g
popula t i o n )

No . 7 1 2 .

Growth o f the � tl E d u c a t i o n tl the Popu l a t i o n o f
the Union a n d Autonomous Repub l i c s .
\jier """'I'O'mJ popul a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l der and p e r 1 000
working p o pu l a t i o n , with h i g h e r and s e c o n d a r y e duca­
tion [ t o g e t h e r ] ; f o r 1 9 59, 1 9 70, 1 9 7 9) i n V e s t . s ta t .
N o , 2 , 1 9 80 (T sSU S S S R , 1 984: Ta b l e s 9- 1 2 :fiiCTild etliese
d a t a , e x c e p t 1 9 5 9 a n d 1 9 7 0 d a t a by ASSR and 1 9 5 9 union
r e p u b l i c d a t a per 1 000 wor k i n g popul a t i on)

262

Index and Guide

No . 7 1 3 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. t h e USSR E.I.
N a t i o n a l i t y ill Language .
( who l e U S S R ; p o pu l a t i o n o f e a c h n a t i o na l i t y , f o r 9 2
e th n i c g r o u p s ; p e r c e n ta g e w h o c o n s i d e r t h i s n a t i o n a l
languag e t o b e t h e i r n a t i v e l a n g u a g e ; p e r c e n t a g e who
s p e a k a n o t h e r n a t i o n a l l an gu a g e o f the USSR f l u e n t l y
[ by R u s s i a n a n d o t h e r ] ; f o r 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9) i n V e s t . s t a t .
N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( Ts SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 1 3 i n c l u d e s t h e s e
d ata, b u t f o r 1 9 7 9 on l y)

No . 7 1 4 .

Popul a t i o n o f I n d i v i dual N a t i o na l i t i e s E.I. Union
Repu b l i c .
( fo r t h e mo s t nume r o u s n a t i o n a l i t i e s i n e a c h r e p u b l i c )
i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S SS R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e s 1 3 35 IiiCIUd e t h e s e data)

No . 7 1 5 .

6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f -t h e Popu l a t i o n E.I. M e a n s o f L i v e l i ho o d .
( whol e USSR ; 5 c a t e g o r i e s of means o f l i v e l i h o o d ; f o r
1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 0 ( Ts SU S S S R ,
1 9 8 4 : Tabl e 3 7 IiiCfii"d e s t h e s e d a t a , b u t f o r 1 9 7 9 onl y)

Lev e l o f Educ a t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i on
o f the U S S R , Union a n d Autonomous
Republics , Iray s , and Oblasta .
No . 7 1 6 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n .!!.!. t h e Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. t h e U S S R ill �
Repub l i c s E.I. E d u c a t i o n ( T h o'u s a n d P e o pTe} .
( by 6 l e v e l s of e du c a t i o n ; by ur ban- r u ra l ) i n V e s t .!U..!U.:,.
N o . 6 , 1 9 80 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 8)
•

No . 7 1 7 .

2 . 1.lltl .!!.!. E d u c a t i o n .!!.!. t he P o p u l a t i o n o f t he U S S R an d
U n i o n Repub l i c s .!.!!. 1 9 59, 1 9 7 0 , ill 1 9 7 9 � lQQQ Popu­
TiltIOn Aged 10 a n d 0 1 d e r ) .
( by 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; b y u r ban-r ural ) in
V e s t .!U..!U.:,. N o . 6 , 1 9 8 0 ( T s S U S S S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 9)
•

No . 7 1 8 .

3 . L e v e l .!!.!. E d u c a t i o n .!!.!. t h e Popul a t i o n .!!.!. t h e U S S R ,
Republ i c s , Ir a y s , a n d O b l a s t s � 1 000 Popu l a t i o n Aged
.!Q a n d 0 1 d e r) .
( i n c l u d e s d a t a f o r a l l u n i o n r e p u b l i c c a p i ta l s a n d
Leningra d ; by 6 l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i on) i n � .!U..!U.:,.
N o . 6 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 1 0)

No . 7 19 .

4 . � o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Working Popul a t i o n o f the
US S R , R e u b l i c s � a n d O b l a s t s � 1 000 W o r k i n g
Po ulation
i n c l u d e s d a t a f o r a l l union r e p u b l i c c a p i t a l s a n d
Leningra d ; b y 6 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i on) i n � �
No . 6 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tabl e 1 2 )
•

E t h n i c Comp o s i t i on o f the P o p u l a t i o n
o f the USSR .
No . 720 .

1 - 2 3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. [ t he u s s; ,
Repub l i c s , � a n d Ob l a s t s ] E.I. N a t i o n a l i t y .!.!!,._
Lan uage .
(Ta � le 1, f o r the who l e U S S R , g i v e s d a t a f o r 1 0 1
n a t i o na l i t i e s , whi le t a b l e s f o r t h e l e s s e r a d m i n i s ­
t r a t i v e d i v i s i on s gi v e d a t a onl y for the mo s t nume r o u s
n a t i o na l i t i e s a n d t h e n a t i ona l i t i e s o f ASSR' s , Auton­
omou s O b l a s t s a n d Autonomous Okrugs l o c a t e d i n t h o s e
uni t s ; n u m b e r o f e a c h e t h n i c g r o u p who c o n s i d e r t h e i r

263

List of Census Tables

na t i v e l a nguag e to be the l a nguage of t h e i r
n a t i o na l i t y , R u s s i a n , the l anguage o f the c o r r e s p o n d i n g
e t h n i c uni t , o r o t h e r ; number o f each g r o u p w h o a r e
f l uent in a s e c o n d n a t i o n a l l an guage o f t h e U S S R [ by
Ru s s i a n , the l a n g u a g e o f the c o r r e s p o n d i n g e t h n i c un i t ,
o r o t h e r ] ; d a t a a r e n o t gi v e n f o r a n y c i t i e s ) i n .!!.!1:..
� N o s . 7- 1 1 , 1 9 80 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 984: Tabl e s 1 3-35)
No , 721 .

2 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P opul a t i o n o f the T i t u l a r N a t i onal ­
i t i e s o f t h e Un i o n Repub l i c s .!!.I. Pl a c e o f R e s i d e n c e ,
( number o f each o f the 1 5 ma j o r n a t i o n a l i t i e s l i v i ng in
ea c h Un i o n R ep ubl i c ) i n V e s t . s t a t . No. 1 1 , 1 980
( TsSU SSSR , 1 984 : Ta b l e 3�
��

Ma r i t a l S t a t u s . Number and S i z e o f Fami l i e s .
No. 722 .

1 . Di s t r i b ut i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n Age d .!.§. a n d � .!!.I.
M ar i t a l S t a t u s !.!!. ill U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s �
1 000 P e r s o n s .!!.f t h e C o r r e spon d i n g �
t'4Ca t e g o r i e s o f ma r i t a l s t a t u s ; by urban- r ur a l ) in
V e s t . stat. No. 1 2 , 1 980 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 984: Tab l e 47)

No . 7 2 3 .

2 . � o f Fami l i e s i n the � a n d Union Repub l i c s
.!!.I. Fami 1y S i z e .

( number o f fami l i e s in each o f 9 size g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e
fami l y s i z e ; b y u r ban- r u r a l ) i n V e s t . � No . 1 2 , 1 9 80
( T sSU S S S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 48 )

No . 7 2 4 .

3 . Grouping o f Fami l i e s i n the � .!!..!!.!!. Union Repub1 ics .!!.I. Number o f Membe r s L i v i n g Toge t h e r i n 1 9 70 a n d
1979 .
�1 000 fami l i e s ; number o f fam i l i e s in each o f 9
s i z e g r o u p s ; a v erage fami l y s i z e ; b y u r ban-r u r a l ) in
Ve s t . s t a t . N o . 1 2 , 1 980 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Tabl e 49)

Mea n s o f L i v e l i h o o d a n d S o c i a l G r o u p s .
No . 7 2 5 .

1 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n .!!.f t h e � .!!..!!.!!. .!!.!!!£!!.
Republ i c s .!!.I. � o f Li v e l i h o o d .
( 5 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i ve l i ho o d ; b y u r ban- r u ra l )
i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 3 7
i n c l u d e s t h e s e data)

No . 7 2 6 .

2 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f Popul a t i on o f the USSR a n d Union
Re u b l i c s .!!.I. M ea n s o f Li v e l i hoOd i n 1 9 7 0 a n d lfilTu.
5 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l iho o d ; b y urb an-rur a l )
in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( Ts SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 3 8
i n c l u d e s t h e s e d a t a , but for 1 9 7 9 onl y)

No . 727 .

3 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n o f the USSR a n d Union
Repu bl i c s .!!.I. Social Group.
( 3 c a t e g o r i e s o f s o c i a l g r o u p s [ manual wor ker , o f f i c e
w o r k e r , c o l l e c ti v e farmer ] ; by ur ban-rur al ) in V e s t .
s t a t . No . 1 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s S U S S SR , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 39 )

No . 728 .

4 . Di s t r i bu t i o n .!!.f Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!..!!.!!.
Union Republ i c s .!!.I. ill!.!!. Gr oup.
( 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; by u r b a n - r ur a l ) i n V e s t . � N o . 1 ,
1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : Table 40 )

No . 729 .

L e v e l .!!.f Educa t i o n o f the Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e
U S S R a n d U n i o n Republ i c s .!!.I. � Group � 1 000
Working Popul a t ion).

--

---

--

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264

Index and Guide
( 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 4 l e v e l s o f e du c a t i o n ; by s e x ; by
ur ban-r u r a l ; f o r 1970 a n d 1 9 7 9 ) i n Vest. stat. N o . 2,
1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : T able 4 1 )
--

N o . 7 30 .

--

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Wor k i n g Popu l a t i o n .!!.!. S e c t o r s

tl t h e E c o n omy , .!.!!. t h e lli!_ a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s .

( p e r 1 000 w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e du c a t i o n ; by s e c t o r s
of the e c o nomy [ by p r o du c t i v e s e c t o r s ( 9 c a t e gor i e s )
a n d non p r o d u c t i v e s e c t o r s ( 8 c a t e g o r i e s ) ] ; b y 4 l e v e l s
o f e du c a t i on) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 4 , 1 9 8 1 (TsSU S S S R ,
1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 42)
--

No . 731 .

--

Popu l a t i o n .2.f t h e U S S R a n d U n i o n Repub l i c s Engage d i n
Phys i c a l a n d M e n t a l L a b o r , i n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 9 . i n V e s t .
� N o . --S, 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R,'"" 1 9 8 4 : Tiib l e 43)

--

No. 732 .

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Po u l a t i o n Engage d i n Physi­
c a l a n d M e n t a l L a b o r in the U SSR a n d U n i o n Repu b l i c s
in 1970 and 1979 .
(pe r l OO()';"o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e du c a t i o n ; b y 3
l e v e l s o f e d u c a t i on) i n -V e s t . s t a t . N o . 5 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU
S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tabl e 44)
--

No . 7 3 3 .

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n Engaged i n Physi­
c a l a n d M e n t a l La bo r in t h e US SR i n 1 9 7 0 an d 1 9 7 9 , Ju.
S e p a r a t e Occupa t i o n s .
( pe r 1 000 e du c a t e d p e r s o n s ha v i n g a g i v e n o c c u p a t i o n ;
b y a b o u t SO d i f f e r e n t o c c u p a t i o n s ; by 3 l e v e l s o f
e d u c a t i o n ) in V e s t . s t a t . No . 5 , 1 9 8 1 ( T s S U SS SR , 1 9 8 4 :
Tabl e s 45 [ ph y s i c a l l a bor ] and 46 [ me n t a l l a b o r ]
t o g e t h e r e n c o m p a s s t h e s e data ; Tab l e 46 is by 4 l e v e l s
o f e d u c a t i on)

Fami l y Comp o s i t i on .
No . 734 .

Di s t r i b u t i o n tl F a m i l i e s .J!.i � a n d S i z e .!.!!_
a n d U n i o n Republ i c s .
tiiimber
i"
o f fami l i e s by 5 fami l y t y p e s a n d by
s i z e s ; a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e i s a l so b y f ami l y
Ve s t . s t a t . N o s . 1 1 - 1 2 1 9 8 1 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 :
i n c l u d e s t h e s e data)

t he U S S R
6 fami l y
t y p e ) in
Tab le 5 1

No . 7 3 5 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fam i l i e s i n t h e USSR .!!.!. S i z e a n d
N a t i o na l i t y .2.f Fami l y M e mb e r s .
( fo r fami l i e s l i v i n g t o g e t he r ; number o f fami l i e s i n
w h i c h a l l memb e r s b e l o n g t o o n e n a t i o na l i t y [ b y 1 5 t i t u l ar
na t i o nal i t i e s ] ; number o f fami l i e s in wh i c h the memb e r s
b e l o n g to d i f f e r e n t n a t i o na l i t i e s ; by 6 fami l y- s i z e
g r o u p s ; by u r b a n - r u r a l ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 2 , 1 9 8 1
( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 : T a b l e 5 2 i n c l u d e s t h e s e data )

No . 7 3 6 .

3 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR .!!.!. S i z e a n d
S o c i a l Grf ut o f Fami l y M embe r s .
( n umber o
smi l i e s in whi c h memb e r s b e l o n g to one
s o c i a l g r o u p [ b y manual wor k e r s , o f f i c e wor k e r s ,
c o l l e c t i v e f a r m e r s ] , a n d n u m b e r 0 £ fam i l i e s in whi c h
memb e r s b e l o n g to d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s ; b y 6 f ami l y­
s i z e g r o u p s ; b y u r b a n - r u r a l ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 2 , 1 9 8 1
( T s SU SSSR , 1 984 : T a b l e 5 3 i n c l u d e s t h e s e d a ta )

Num b e r of Chi l d r e n Ever Born .
No . 7 3 7 .

1 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f A l l Women i n t h e USSR a n d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s .!!.!. t h e Number o f Children Ev e r Born� 1 000

List of Census Tables

265

� Aged .!1 a n d O l d e r) .

( number o f women by num b e r o f c hi l d re n e v er b o r n , i n 8
s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e number o f c h i l d r e n e v e r born) in
1.!!.!.:.. .!!.!.b. N o . 1 , 1982 ( T sSU SSSR, 1 984: Tabl e 55)

No . 738 .

2 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f M a r r i e d !'..2.!!!!.!!. i n ili ™ a n d !!!!!.2!!,
Re publ i c s .!!.I t h eNumber o f Chi l d r e n fu'....!!. J!2!.!!. ..(,p,!!. 1 000
M ar r i e d Women) .
( number of women by number o f c h i l d re n e v e r b o r n , in 8
s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e n umb e r o f c h i l d r e n e v e r born) in
Ve s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 2 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : Tabl e 56)

No . 739 .

3 . Numbe r o f Chi l d r e n E v e r Born i n the USSR a n d Union
Rep"'iibTI'Cs .!!.I Women w i t h VarToiiS Lever& o f E duca t�
( p er 1 00 0 w o m e n a g e d 1 5 a n d o l d e r w ho ha v e ha d c hi l d ­
r e n ; b y 7 l e v el s o f e d u c a t i o n ) i n V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 ,
1 98 2 ( T s S U SSSR , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 5 7 ) -- --

No . 740 .

4. Number o f Chi l dr e n E v e r Born t o Women o f V ar i o u s
Na t"IOiiilfi tTe s .!.!!. ili USSR ( p e r 1 00 0 Women bed ll and
Ol d e r , .!!.I N a t i o na l i ty) .
( number o f women by number of c h i l d r e n e v er b o r n , in 8
s i z e g r o u p s ; a v e r a g e numb e r o f ch i l d r e n e ve r b o r n ; f o r
1 5 t i tul ar nationa l i t i e s ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 , 1 9 8 2
( Ts S U S S S R , 1 984 : Table 58 ) -- --

No . 7 4 1 .

L e n g t h o f R e s i d e n c e o f !..!!£ P op u l at i o n o f t he U S S R an d
Union Repub l i c s i n Their P l a c e o f Permanent R e s i d e n c e .
( number o f persons who l i veconsta n t l y in t h e p l a c e of
permanent r e s i d e n c e [ wi t h p a r e n t s , n o t wi th paren t s ] ;
number o f non- l o c a l l y born b y 7 d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h s o f
r e s i d e n c e i n t h e i r p l a c e o f permanent r e s i d e n c e ; by
urban-r ural ) i n V e s t . stat. No. 7 , 1 9 8 2 (Ts SU SSSR,
1 98 4 : T a b l e 59) -- --

Means o f L i v e l i hoo d .
No . 742 .

1 . D i s t r i bu t i o n o f A l l Popu l a t i o n i n the ™ an d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s , � .!!..!!.! Fema l e , .!!.I M eans tl L i v e l i h o o d .
( 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f m e a n s o f l i v e l ihoo d ) in V e s t . s t a t .
No. 9 , 1 9 8 2 ( TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 3 7 i n CTiides t h e s e
d ata )

No . 7 4 3 .

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A l l Popu l a t i o n i n the USSR and U n i o n
Re u b l i c s M a l e a n dFema l e , .!!.I M e ans o f LrveI"fiioo d�
6 c a t e g o r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ) in V e s t . s t a t .
N o . 9 , 1 9 8 2 ( T s SU S SSR, 1 9 84: Tab l e 3 8 i n c l u d e s t'lieSe
data )

No . 744 .

� o f Fami l i e s G r ouped .!!.I S i ze i n Autonomous Repub­
l i c s � and Ob l a s t s .
( ci t ; data g i ven onl y for M o sc o w and Len i n g r a d ; for
fami l i e s l i v i n g together; by 9 fami l y sizes; a v e r a g e
fami l y s i ze; by urban-rural ; data f o r the R S F S R o n l y)
in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 1 0 , 1 9 8 2 ( T s S U S S SR , 1 9 8 4 : Ta b l e 50
inc l u d e s tii'eSe data)

No . 745 .

1 . � tl Fami l i e s Grouped .!!.I � .!.!!. Autonomous
Repub l i c s a n d Obl a s t s .
( fo r fami l ie'S l i v i ng t o g e t he r ; by 9 fami l y s i z e s ; b y
u r ban-ru r a l ; d a ta f o r a l l aut onomous r e p ub l i c s , aut ono­
mo us o b l a s t s , o b l a s t s , and al l Union Republ i c c a p i t a l
c i t i e s , e x c e p t t h o s e uni t s i n t h e RSFSR) i n � .!!.!.h

266

Index and Guide
N o . 2 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 98 4 : T a b l e 50 i n c l u d e s t h e s e
dsta )

2 . Fam i l y Comp o s i t i o n . [ No s . 7 4 6 - 7 4 9 ]
No . 746 .

1 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR a n d Union
Repub l i c s .!!I. t h e Number o f ChlldrenYOunW than �
18.
'[ilu"mb e r o f fsmi l i e s , g r o up e d b y number o f c h i l d r e n [ 1 ,
2 , 3 or more ] ; a v e r a g e fam i ly s i z e o f fami l i e s hav i n g
c h i l d r e n y o u n g e r than 1 8 ) in V e s t . s t a t . N o . 2 , 1 9 8 3
( Ts S U S S S R , 1 984 : T a b l e 5 4 )
--

No . 747 .

--

2 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s i n t h e USSR a n d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s .!!I. Type and S i z e . ( n um b e r o f f a m i l i esof e a c h t y p e [ 5 t y p e s p l u s o t h e r ]
b y 6 s i z e g r o u p s ; av e r a g e fami l y s i z e [ b y t y p e ] ; by
u r ban-r ura l ; s e e N o . 7 3 4 f o r al l p o p u l a t i on) i n V e s t
.!!.!.!!b. N o s . 2 a n d 4 , 1 98 3 { TsSU S S S R , 1 9 8 4 : Tab l e--sIJ"
--

---

--

---

•

No . 748 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s in t h e USSR a n d U n i o n
Repu b l i c s .!!I. S i z e a n d .!!I. Nat roilaITty o f Fam i l y Membe r s .
( number o f fami l i e s i n e a c h o f 6 size g r o u p s , p l u s
a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y number o f fami l i e s i n w h i c h
memb e r s b e l o n g t o one n a t i o n a l i t y [ by n a t i o na l i t y ] a n d
n umb e r o f fam i l i e s i n w h i c h memb e r s b e l o n g t o d i f f e r e n t
na t i o na l i t i e s [ no t by n a t i o na l i t y ] ; by u r ban- r u r a l )
i n V e s t . s t a t . No s . 6 a n d 7 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 :
Ta b l e 5 2 ) ___

No. 7 4 9 .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fami l i e s ll S i z e a n d S o c i a l G r o u p o f
ami l y Member s ll U n i o n Repu b l i c .
b y r e p ub l i c b u t n o t f o r USSR a s a whol e [ s e e N o .
7 3 6 f o r wh o l e U S S R ] ; n u m b e r o f f a m i l i e s i n e a c h o f 6
s i ze g r o u p s , pl u s a v e r a g e fami l y s i z e ; b y number o f
fami l i e s i n wh i c h mem b e r s b e l o n g b e l o n g t o o n e s o c i a l
g r o u p [ by 3 s o c i a l g r o u p s ] and n u m b e r o f fami l i e s i n
w h i c h memb e r s b e l o n g t o d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l g r o u p s [ n o t by
social g r o u p ] ; b y ur ban-rura l ) in Vest. stat. N o . 8 ,
1 98 3 { Ts S U S S S R , 1 984 : Ta b l e 53 d a t� f o r wh o l e U S S R
and al so by union republ ic)

No . 750 .

L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f t h e Working Popul a t i o n o f t h e
US SR and Union Repu b l i c s i n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 9 .
( pe r 1 000 w o r k i n g p e r s o n s w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; 6 l e v e l s o f
e d u c a t i o n ; b y s e x ; by u r b a n - r u ra l ) i n V e s t . s t a t .
N o . 9 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84: Ta b l e 1 1 r- --

No . 751 .

Di s t r i b u t i on o f M e n an d Wo me n i n t he U S S R an d Un i o n
Repub l i c s .!!I. M ea n s o fLl. veTI'ii"o'Od, .!!i lirilan-=R"Ui=ar.-­
( 6 c a t e go r i e s o f means o f l i v e l i h o o d ) in V e s t .!!.!.!!.h
N o . 1 0 , 1 9 8 3 { T s S U S S S R , 1 9 84 : T a b l e 3 7 )

r

•

No . 752 .

Di s t r i b u t i on o f M e n an d Wo me n in t he U S S R a n d Un i o n
u b l i c s ll M ea n s o fLl. ;;IihoOd, ll urii'Bn-=Rii"r a l fu
w

c a t e g o r i e s o f means of l i v e l i h o o d ) in V e s t . �
N o . 1 0 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU SSSR , 1 9 8 4 : T a b l e 3 8 )

No . 7 5 3 .

Le v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popu l a t i o n Engaged in
Phys i c a l L a b o r .!!I. I n d i v i dua l Occupa t i o n s .!!I. �
Repub l i c , i n 1 9 7 0 a n d 1 9 7 9 .
( d a t a a r e by r e pu b l i c bu t n o t fo r U S S R a s a wh o l e [ s e e
N o . 7 3 3 f o r who l e U S SR ] ; p e r 1 000 working p o p u l a t i o n

267

List of Census Tables

with e d u c a t i o n ; 3 l e v e l s of e d u c a t i o n ; by a b o u t 30
t y p e s of o c c u p a t ions) in V e s t .!!!.b. No . 1 1 , 1 9 8 3 ( T s SU
SS S R , 1 9 84 : Ta b l e 4 5 d a t a ar e fo r wh o l e US S R a n d a l s o
b y union r e p u b l ic)
•

No . 7 5 4 .

1£..!.tl .!!.!. E d u c a t i on o f lli Popu l a t i on Engag e d i n �
Labor .!!.I I n d i v i d ua l Oc cupa t i o n s .!!.I � Repu b l i c , in

mDan d 1 9 7 9 .
( data"'Tilc l u d e U S S R as a who l e ; p e r 1 000 wor k i n g
p o p u l a t i on w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; 4 le v e l s o f e d u c a t i on ; by
about 17 t y p e s o f o c c u p a t i o n s ) in Vest .!!!.b. No. 1 2 ,
1 98 3 ( T s SU SSSR , 1 9 84 : T a b l e 4 6 )
•

No . 7 5 5 .

Changes i n Male P e r c e n t age o f Popu l a t i o n ( 1 95 9- 1 9 7 9 ) .
( by r e p ub l i c ; f o r 1 9 59, 1 9 7 9 , and 1 9 7 9 , b y ur ban-r ural ;
data f o r M o l d a v skaya S S R , Lat v i y s kaya SSR , L i t o v skaya
SSR, and Tadzhikskaya SSR i n 1 9 7 9 a r e o n l y f o r the
t ot a l p e r c e n t mal e , n o t b y u r b an-rural ) ; t h e s e 1 9 7 9
d a t a on p o p u l a t i o n by s e x a n d ur ban- r u r a l w e r e comp i l e d
by The o d o r e S h a b a d f r om So v i e t r e gional p r e s s r e p o r t s
and a p p e a r on p . 444 o f "News Not e s : P r e l iminary
Res ul t s o f the 1979 S o v i e t Censu s , " S o v i e t Geo ir aphy:
Re v i ew and Tra n s l a t i o n ( S e p t ember 1 979).""""4 4 0- 5
•

No . 7 5 6 .

S h a r e .!!.!. lli U r ban Popul a t i o n o f lli M o s t Nume r o u s
N a t i o na l i t i e s o f t h e USSR i n .!.21.Q a n d 1 9 7 9 , % .
( pe r c e n t urban o f liboiit4"0 d i f f er e n t nati onal i t i e s in
1 9 70, for the n a t i o na l i t i e s in their own ti tul ar
re pu b l i c s an d in t h e w h o l e U S S R ; p e r c e n t u r b an o f th e
same 40 national i t i e s in 1 9 7 9 , in the who l e USSR onl y) ;
on p . 100 of V . I . K o z l o v ( 1 98 2 ) , N a t s i o na l ' n o s t i S S S R :
y ��
Etnodemogr a f i cheskiy obzor. 2d e d . M o s cow: Finansi s t a t i s t i ka .

No. 7 5 7 .

o f the
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Bi l i n \ual i sm i n V a r i o u s
Popul a t i o n .!!.I N a t i o n s i t i e s o f the U S S R a c c o r d i n g !.!!.
� o f the 1 9 70 a n d 1 9 7 9 C e n s u s e s , .!.!!. !h_
( f or 68 d i f f e r e nt n a t i o na l i t i e s , p e r c e n t a g e o f
popul a t i on which s p e a k R u s s i a n f r e e l y as a s e c o n d
language; by sex ; by ur ban r u r a 1 [ s e x a n d urban- r u r a l
not c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d ] ; for t h e s e s a m e n a t i o na l i t i e s , the
p e r c e n tage which s p eak a n o t h e r n a t i onal l a nguage of the
US SR [ b e s i des R u s s i a n ] f r e e l y as a second l an g u a g e , b y
ur ban-r ural ) ; on p p . 1 1 4- 1 5 o f M.N. Gubo g l o ( 1 9 84) ,
S o v r emennyye e t n o ya zykov yye pr o t s e s s y !. S S S R . M o s c o w:
Nauk a .

No. 758.

Le v e l o f E d u c a t i o n o f the Popul a t i o n o f Separate
N a t i ona l i t i e s .
( pe r 1 000 p o p u l a t i o n a g e d 1 0 and o l d e r ; t o t a l number
ha v i ng h i g h e r or s e c o n d a r y [ c ompl e t e or p a r t i a l ]
e duc a t i o n t o g ether ; for 38 n a t i o na l i t i e s o f SSR' s a n d
A S S R ' s ; f or 1 9 59 , 1 9 7 0 , 1 9 7 9 ) ; on p . 1 6 0 o f A .A . I s u p o v
and N . Z . S h v a r t s e v , e d s . ( 1 9 84 ) , V s e soyu znaya perepi s '
nase l e niya 1 9 7 9 gods. S b o r n i k s t a t e y . Moscow : F i n a n s y i
s t a t i s t i ka .

No. 759.

Tab l e 5 . � o f De !!.£!..2. a n d De Jure Popul a t i o n .!!.I
Union Repu b l i c .
rbY\i"r ban-rura l ) ; p , 20 in T s SU SSSR ( 1 984) ,
Chi s l enn o s t ' � � n a s e l eniys SSSR. Po dannym
V s e soyuznoy perepi s i n a s e l eniya 1 9 7 9 go d s . M o scow:
Finans y i s t a t i s tika .

�

268
No, 760.

Index and Guide
Tab l e 6 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e D e Fac t o a n d D e J u r e
P o pu l a t i o n o f ill U n i o n RepubTic s .!!.I. S e x .
p . 2 0 in T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 ( se e N o . 7 5 9 f o r c i t a t i on )
-

No. 761.

-­

Tab l e 7 . Di s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Popu l a t i o n o f t h e USSR .!!.I.
E d u c a t i o n i n 1 93 9 , 1 95 9 , 1 9 7 0 , a n d 1 9 7 9 .
( t o t a l number a n d number p e r 1 000 po p u l a t i o n , f o r a l l
p o p u l a t i on w i t h e du c a t i o n and f o r wor king p op ul a t i o n
w i t h e d u c a t i o n ; b y 5 le v e l s o f e du c a t i on)
p . 2 3 in T s SU S S S R , 1 9 84 ( s e e N o . 759 for c i ta t i o n )

Keyword Cross-Index

Purpose and Design
Since the entries in this index are all listed in the order in which they
appear in the censuses without regard to the subjects contained in the
individual tables , some means is needed to locate these entries by
subject . The system used here is a modified keyword index ; entries are
indexed not only on the words in the table title or in the table descriptor
but also to some extent on the subject . A number of keywords , ranging
from two to as many as fifteen , were selected for each entry, based on
both the specific words used in the table entry and the subject material of
the table . Generally, however, the keywords were taken from actual
words in the entry itself. For most of the tables in the 1 959 , 1 970 , and
1 979 censuses, one set of keywords was used . This was possible because
there are complete cross-tabulations of all of the data in most of these
tables . The complex tables in the 1 926 census and to a much lesser
extent in the 1 897 census , along with many incomplete cross-tabulations
of the data in those censuses , required as many as twenty sets of
keywords in a few cases . As is discussed below, representing every
possible cross-tabulation in all of these tables was not always practicable .

Problems in Using Keywords
When sets of keywords are used for a cross-index , a computer search
will find a match (and thus an apparent cross-tabulation) between any
two words that appear in the same set. One table , for example , may
contain data on marital statu s , age , nationality, sex , and urban-rural
residence . If there are complete cross-tabulations of these data, the
keywords will be " age , " " marital status , " "nationality, " " sex , " and
" urban-rural . " If, however, marital status and nationality are not cross­
tabulated , two sets of keywords will be needed to represent this table .
One set will have the words " marital status , " " age , " " sex , " and

269

270

Index and Guide

" urban-rural " ; the other set will have the words " nationality, " " age , "
" sex , " and " urban-rural . " The number of sets needed to represent a
table with ten different subjects and very incomplete cross-tabulations is
too large to be practicable in an index such as this one .
A further complication here is that-as will be explained-all entries
are coded with a letter to represent the level of units which are covered
in the table . If, in the example above , data at the republic level contain
all of the categories , while those at the gubemiya level do not include
age , the number of sets of keywords needed to represent the table will be
doubled .
In all , a thousand sets of keywords were used to represent the 630
entries in the table list , with 60 percent of the sets representing the 1 926
census alone . Nevertheless , for the most complex tables in the 1 926
census it was necessary to generalize somewhat in setting up the sets of
keywords which were used by the computer to find the cross-tabulations .
That i s , all keywords were still included for each entry (so the entries
can be found by looking at the ' ' all entries' ' subheading under each main
heading) , but sometimes two keywords that were not cross-tabulated in
the census itself were included in the same set of keywords . Most of
these " false" cross-tabulations in the 1 926 census deal with occupational­
type data or with characteristics of the family (since many tables on the
family have categories of data for the head of the family which are
different from the categories given for family members) . The majority of
misleading cross-tabulations have been eliminated by using fewer
subcategories under these subjects than under the other subject headings .
Furthermore , this is not a serious problem because any false cross­
tabulations in the index will quickly be discovered by turning to the table
entries themselves .

Geographic Codes
Each of the sets of keywords is identified by the entry number that it
represents , along with a geographic code to indicate the level of units
which it contains . The geographic code should make it possible to scan
much more rapidly through the index to find the level of units desired .
Since the detail of categories given within a single table and the
particular cross-tabulations may vary considerably depending upon the
geographic level , many tables require more than one set of geographic
codes to represent them. Therefore , the index may contain several entries
in a row with the same entry number, but with different geographic
codes .
The code represents the lowest or most detailed unit level for each set

Keyword Index

27 1

of cross-tabulations ; one can assume that the same data are available for
higher order units . For example , a table in which the data are given by
republic and by guberniya will be coded only with a " g , " not also with
an ' 'r. ' ' If, however, data presented at the republic level are slightly
different in format from those at the guberniya level , an additional set of
keywords , coded with an " r, " will be used to represent the republic­
level data in the index .
The following geographic codes were used in the index (see the unit
list for more detail on these administrative divisions):
u
r
s
k
b
y
d
e
a
n
g
0

z
v
c
m

USSR or Russian Empire
Union Republic
RSFSR
Ukrainskaya SSR
Belorusskaya SSR
rayon (large units in 1926 census)
main division of the Russian Empire
economic region ( 1970)
ASSR
NO or AO
guberniya (or similar level unit)
oblast (or similar level unit)
uezd
volost
city or settlement
Moscow
Leningrad or St. Petersburg

The codes represent one or more units at those levels , not necessarily
all such units in the USSR . For example , a table for a single rayon will
be coded as " y, " as will tables that contain data for all rayons . A table
that contains one or more cities will be coded as " c , " even if that list
also contains Moscow and Leningrad . If Moscow and Leningrad are
specifically names in the table title or descriptor, then the codes " m "
and "l" are used . Therefore , to look for data o n Moscow and Leningrad ,
the user must look at all three of these letter codes . Furthermore , to find
city data, the user must also look at the codes for guberniyas and oblasts .
This is obvious from the unit lists (see the unit list section) because in
many censuses cities are included as standard census units . In the 1 970
census , for example , unless otherwise noted , all tables that give data at
the oblast level also include all capital cities of union republics plus
Leningrad . Since these cities are part of the standard census unit list ,
they are found whenever the lowest level units (oblasts) are given .

272

Index and Guide

Locating Additional Cross-Tabulations
All of the cross-tabulations given in the index are two-way cross­
tabulations . It is possible to identify additional three-way, four-way, or
higher cross-tabulations by comparing the two-way cross-references with
other categories . Under the main index heading " marital status , " for
example , are three entries for the year 1 970 under the subcategory " all
entries . " Therefore , the only entries containing data on marital status for
1 970 are numbers 6 1 3r, 630u , 63 l r. A glance at the same subcategory
for 1 959 shows that these three numbers are also listed there; these
listings indicate that all of these tables in the 1 970 census contain data
for 1 959 as well . A further comparison with the subcategory " age"
shows that all of these tables are also by age , and a comparison with
" nationality" shows that 630u and 63 1 r are also by that category.
Finally, these three entries are listed under " sex . " Therefore , entries
630u and 63 lr give marital status by nationality, age , and sex for both
1 959 and 1 970 , while entry 6 1 3r gives marital status by age and sex for
those two years .
This procedure works very well for the 1 95 9 , 1 970, and 1 979
censuses and fairly well for the 1 897 census (because there are complete
cross-tabulations in most of those census tables) . Some of the complex
tables in the 1 926 census are not as amenable to this method of
identifying additional cross-tabulations because these census tables have
too many categories that are not cross-tabulated . For all entries , howev­
er, the years that each table represents were included as keywords , so the
user can always compare table entry numbers to find out which years of
data are included in a given table . In many cases , it may be easier for the
user to look up all of the table entries under the " all entries" subcategory
(discussed below) to determine what the tables actually contain rather
than to undertake a complex comparison of index entry numbers .

Index Subcategories
Most of the major headings in the index contain an " all entries"
subcategory, which provides a complete list of the table entries containing
data on that subject (based on the sets of keywords used for each entry)
for each census year. The other subcategories are two-way cross­
tabulations between the main heading and other subjects (keywords)
used in this index . It is very important to remember that the list of
subcategories given under a particular main category is not always
comprehensive . The category " marital status , " for example , contains
only ten subcategories in addition to " all entries . " This does not mean
that only ten other keywords are cross-tabulated with marital status but
rather that these are ten of the most important ones . Therefore , to

Keyword Index

273

compile a complete list of all of the possible table entries under a main
subject heading , the user must look at the " all entries" category.

Meanings and Limitations of Individual Keywords
Since this index is not a true subject index , it is not always possible to
find all of the entries that contain information on a particular topic by
looking at one keyword heading alone . Many of the keywords represent
subjects very clearly, and with these words the keyword and the subject
coincide . These include education , family, foreign born , foreigners ,
literacy, mental illness , marital status , mothers , nationality, native lan­
guage , physically handicapped , persons living alone , religion , and Sovi­
ets (councils) . For other keywords , there is more ambiguity between the
word and what it might represent in the index . The keywords use the
terminology of the tables and the descriptors as closely as possible , so
the index headings will coincide with the particular terminology used in
each census . Therefore , when the terminology of the censuses has
changed over the years , the terminology used here to represent these
topics changes also . Uses of some of the major keywords are as follows:

Age . An entry has the keyword " age" only when three or more age
groups are in the table . While the entry itself might indicate , for
example , that the data are for the population aged 1 0 and older, or for
the population younger than 1 5 and that aged 1 5 and older, these are not
listed in the index as being by age because they have two or fewer age
groups . Exceptions are the occasional use of the term " able-bodied
ages" and the term " ages 9-49 , " which is used only with literacy.
Agriculture . Only tables that have data on agriculture either as the
main subject or as a major part of the table are listed here . Most of the
tables that contain data on agriculture do so as occupational categories ,
as a sector of the economy, or as a means of livelihood . Therefore , most
of the data on agricultural work force and population will be found only
by looking under those general categories .
Children . This term is used as a keyword when it is a major part of the
table itself, not when the subject of the table merely encompasses
children or when children are listed as one category among dependents
or non-self-supporting persons . Other keywords under which children
may be found are " dependents , " " family, " "non-gainfully employed , "
" occupation , position in , " and " means of livelihood . "
Cities . This word is used generically; i t does not conform t o official
Soviet definitions as to what constitutes a "city." Use of the word "city"

274

Index and Guide

in the keywords is generally based on the wording of the table title or of
the descriptor. Therefore , many entries that are translated as " urban" or
as " urban settlements" appear not in this category but under the heading
" settlements . " Entries here also include those in which other data are
given by city size or city type .

Dependents . The paucity of entries under this category is due to the
small number of census tables in which the word "dependents" (izhdiventsy)
appears and not to a lack of census tables on this subject . ( " Means of
livelihood" categories , however, also contain this word . ) A very large
number of tables containing data on dependent or non-self-supporting
persons are found under " non-gainfully employed " and " occupation ,
position in . "
Gainfully employed. This term i n the 1 926 census is a translation of
" samodeyatel'nyy . " Tables from the 1 897 census which use the term
"samostoyatel'nyy" are also indexed under " gainfully employed . " For
other tables with data on employed persons , see also ' ' actively employed , ' '
' 'agriculture , ' ' ' ' labor, ' ' ' 'occupations , ' ' ' 'means of livelihood, ' ' ' 'workers , ' '
and " working population . "

Industry . Nearly all census tables that contain data o n industry are
found only under " occupations" or "economy, sectors of. " Few census
tables are devoted to that subject alone or even to one particular industry.
Labor. Only the three most recent censuses use this term to describe
occupations or employment . Related terms in earlier censuses include all
of the categories related to occupations and employment , although none
of these terms is precisely equivalent.
Leningrad. These entries represent all subjects ; they are included to
facilitate finding entries that include data on Leningrad or St. Petersburg .
Only entries in which Leningrad would not normally be expected to
appear (i . e . , where Leningrad is not on the unit list) are given . Other
entries in which Leningrad is included as only one among many cities
are coded with a " c , " not with an " l " ; therefore , these entries are not
on this list. Most entries with the code " c , " however, do include
Leningrad .
Marital status . Entries that have different types of marital status and
entries that have only " married" or " not married" are both listed under
this heading .
Means of livelihood. This term is synonymous with " sources of
support' ' ( istochniki sredstv sushchestvovaniya) .

Keyword Index

275

Moscow. The explanation for the use of the term " Leningrad" applies
to the term " Moscow " also .
Nationality . Natsional'nost' and narodnost' are both indexed under this
term .

Non-gainfully employed. This is a translation of "nesamodeyatel'nyy, "
and could alternatively be translated in many cases as ' ' non-self­
supporting . " In most tables it is used to mean non-gainfully employed
persons , but in some tables it also included persons who are gainfully
employed but are , nevertheless , dependent .
Occupations. This category is not a general heading representing all
occupational data. Entries are listed here only if they contain one or
more specific occupations or groups of occupations .
Occupation, position in . All entries with this subject are for the 1 926
census . In some parts of that census the position in occupation data are
referred to as " social groups" (sotsial'nyye gruppy) . When that term is
used , the entries are found under the heading " social groups , " not under
" occupation , position in . "
Population . Entries that contain data only b y age , sex , or urban-rural
residence are indexed under this category. All of these entries that
contain age data are also indexed under the main category " age . " Some
entries with keywords "cities " and " settlements" also appear under this
heading if these urban data are only by sex and/or age .
Settlements . Some overlap occurs between this category and the
" cities " category. Entries for populated places or settlements are usually
classified under settlements when the word "city" is not used in the title
or in the table itself. In some ambiguous cases the entry is classified
under both categories .
Sex. Although some tables that are specifically about women are
indexed under " women" or "mothers , " all other tables that include any
data by sex are listed by this subcategory, which appears under most of
the main subject headings .
Social groups . The entries given under this category for 1 926 represent
only a small portion of all of the tables that contain these data . Most of
the 1 926 entries are indexed under the term "occupation , position in . "
Only 1 926 tables that use the term "sotsial'nyye gruppy" appear under
this category, and even some of those tables (one that emphasize
occupational data alone) are only indexed under "position in occupation ."

Index and Guide

276

Unemployment. Tables that are devoted solely to unemployment data
or for which these data are mentioned in the table descriptor are listed
here . Many more tables containing unemployment data for 1 926 are
found under the " position in occupation" heading , because data on
position in occupation often include a category for unemployment .
Urban and rural. Entries that give data b y both urban and rural
populations have the keyword " urban-rural " ; they appear under this
subcategory below most of the main subject categories . Data by urban­
rural residence are usually not indexed by each of the two parts
separately, so they do not appear automatically under the subcategories
" urban" and " rural . " Furthermore , entries that are only by urban or
only by rural generally are not listed under the subcategory ' ' urban­
rural . " Entries that give data for particular cities, either because those
cities are a part of the unit list or because they have special city data
(entries coded with the letter " c , " " m , " or "l " ) , are not automatically
indexed as urban . Therefore , urban data in these entries are usually in
addition to any urban data found under the subcategories " urban-rural "
or " urban . "
Working population . This term refers to tables i n the 1 95 9 , 1 970, and
1 979 censuses only. It is used as a keyword and not as a subject
category. That is , this term is used to index the tables in which it
appears , not to index all of the tables that give data on the employed
population . Therefore , the user must also consult related headings such
as " labor, " " means of livelihood, " and "occupations . " Most of the
entries under this heading are related to education of the working
population .

Sample Keyword Index
S OC I A L

main subject heading

GROUPS

a-1 1--e;;t;i e s

--

-

1

97
8

3z c ,

lO zc ,

4ld ,

42 g ,

p e r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e --- subheading
1926
304 r ,
3 0 4 um l ,
1 9 59
sex

entry number [300' s = l 926 census]

3 1 2yc ,

'-----

97
8
-c

307uml ,
577r

lO zc , 1 2z c ,
42g • 5 1 g • 56d

•

code for geographical units (r = republic)

r year of data that the

entry includes (limited
to mam census years)

Keyword Index

277

KEYWO R D I N D E X TO THE R U S S I AN AND S OV I ET C E N S U S E S , 1 S 9 7 TO 1 9 7 9

A CT I V ELY EMP L O Y E D
all entries
1 9 2 6 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 Sml , 3 3 9ml ,
343ml
A DM I N I ST R AT I V E U N I T S , A R EA
all entries
1 S9 7 2 z
1 9 2 6 1 1 4 s z , 1 3 3kg , 1 5 3y , 36 l y , 3 6 2 z
1 959 5020
AGE
a l l e n t r i e s ( see a l s o t h e c a t e gor i e s b e l o w for a b l e - bo d i e d
a g e s ; l i te ra c y , a g e s 9-49; and m i g r a t i on)
1 S 9 7 6z c , 7 z c , S z e , 9 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 2 l z c , 2 4 g ,
29 zc , 34 g , 3 5d , 3 5g , 3 6 g , 3 7d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 4 9d , 5 2u ,
5 7 d , 5 S y , 6 0 gc , 6 l d , 6 3 d , 6 4 d , 6 5 gc , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k ,
300s y , 3 S l s y , 394u
1926 109gc, l l Ogc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 2 S s y , 1 29s ,
1 30 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 S k , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k ,
1 6 4 u, 1 6 5 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 7 r , 1 6 S r , 1 6 9 u , l 7 0 u , l 7 l u ,
1 73gml , 1 74y , 1 75y, 1 76y l , 1 79ml , 1 S2m, 1S2y, 190s,
1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 s y , 1 93 s , 1 94 s , 204k, 205k, 206k,
207k, 20Sk, 2 1 7 u, 2 1Su, 2 1 9u, 2 20u, 2 2 l u , 2 2Sgc,
2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 3 6 m ,
2 4 3 y , 244gc, 2 4 6 s , 246sy, 2 4 7 s , 24Ss, 250s , 2 5 l s ,
2 5 4 s , 25Sk , 259k, 260k, 262k, 263k, 2 6 7 k , 26Sk,
270u, 270r, 2 7 1 u , 272u, 273u, 2 76u, 2 7 7 u , 27Su,
2SOu, 2SSu, 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 335m 1 , 340ml , 3 4 l m 1 , 342ml ,
3 4 3ml , 344ml , 346ml , 3 4 7 m l , 3 5 l m l , 359m , 3 7 6 s ,
3 7 7 s y , 3 7 Sml c , 3 7 9 b , 3 S O s y , 3 S l s y , 3 9 2 y , 3 9 3 c ,
394u, 397y, 40l m l , 402ml
1939 5 1 5r , 5 2 l r
1 9 5 9 5 1 5r , 5 1 6 r , 5 1 7 r , 5 1 So, 5 1 9r , 520r, 5 2 l r , 5 2 3 r ,
54lu, 545r, 550r, 55lr, 566u, 566s, 56Sr , 570u,
570s, 574u , 576r, 5Slu, 6 10r, 6 1 10, 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r,
630u , 6 3 l r
1 9 7 0 6 1 0r , 6 1 1 0 , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r , 6 1 4r , 62Su, 6 2 9 r , 630u,
63 l r , 633u , 634r , 654r , 675r , 677r
a b l e - bo d i e d ages
1939 524r
1959 524r , 5270 , 5360 , 537r
1970 663re
b i r t h , p l a c e .£!.
1 9 2 6 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 in l , 2 3 6 m , 2 4 S s , 2 5 0 s ,
2 5 l s , 260k, 2 6 2 k , 263k, 2 7 3 u , 2 76 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 S u,
2SOu
children
1S97 Sze , 36g
1 9 2 6 l l Ogc, 1 29 s , 1 4 S k , 1 6 5 u , 340ml , 346m l , 3 4 7 ml ,
3 5 l ml , 4 l l sky
1959 5 1 7r
" d o l g o z h i t e l i " ( pe r s o n s a g e d 1 00 o r o l d e r )
1 959 516r , 6 1 2 r
1970 612r
education
1 S 9 7 1 3 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 47d
1 9 5 9 5 2 3 r , 5 4 l u , 5 70 u , 5 7 0 s
1970 6 1 4r , 633u , 634r
fami l y , head o f
1 9 2 6 3 3 5 ml , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 l ml , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3ml
--

278

Index and Guide

f o r e i gn e r s
1897 13zc, 4ld
ga i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d
1897 24 g , 5 2 u , 58y
1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 2 0 4 k ,
2 0 5 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 30 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 m l ,
2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 9 k , 260k, 2 6 3 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 7 3 u,
2 78 u , 3 40ml , 344ml , 3 4 6ml , 4 0 l m l , 402ml
l a b o r ( ph y s i c a l a n d menta l )
1 959 550r , 5 5 l r
1970 654r
la nguage , n a t i v e
1 8 9 7 19'g'C;- 1 9 z , 4 7 d
1 9 2 6 l l l k g c , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k
1959 566u , 566s
1 970 628u , 629r
life e xpectancy
1959 58lu
li teracy
1897 7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 9 g c , 1 9 z , 34 g , 3 5 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 6 4 d ,
6 5 g c , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 380s y , 38 l s y , 394u
1926 109gc, l l l kg c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 28 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k ,
1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 1 6 4 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 8 r , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 1 u , 1 7 3 gm l ,
l 74y, 1 90s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 sy, 1 93s, 204k, 206k, 207k,
2 1 7 u , 2 1 9u , 2 20 u , 2 4 4 g c , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 8 k , 288u , 3 7 6 s ,
377sy, 3 78ml c , 379b, 380sy, 3 8 l sy, 392y, 393c,
394u, 397y, 40l m l , 402ml
l i t e r a c y , ages 9 - 4 9 ( on e a g e g r o u p )
1897 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 706u
1926 528r , 529r , 62 l r , 706u
1 939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u
1959 528r , 529r , 5290 , 6 2 l r , 706u
1970 62 l r , 706u
1979 706u
mar i t a l status
1 8 9 7� 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 4 9 d , 6 0 g c , 6 3 d
1 9 2 6 2 2 8 g c , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y ,
247s, 254s , 258k, 259k, 263k, 2 70u, 270r, 2 7 l u,
272u , 288u , 359m
1939 52lr
1959 520r , 52 l r , 568r , 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r
1 9 7 0 6 1 3 r , 6 30 u , 6 3 l r
ma r r i a g e , � £!. m o t h e r a t
1 92 6 348ml , 3 5 l ml
ment a l l y i l l
1 9 2 6 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 gc , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 7 k , 2 6 8 k , 2 8 8 u
m i gr a t i o n ( a b l e - b o d i e d a g e s )
1970 663re
mo r t a l i t y
1 9 5 9 58 l u
m o t he r s
1970 675r
n a t i o na l i t y
1 9 2 6 109gc, l l Ogc, l l l kgc, 1 1 3z v c , 1 4 7k, 1 48k, 1 49k,
1 50 k , 1 69 u , 1 70 u , 1 7 l u , 228gc, 2 3 l y , 234y, 2 3 5ml ,
258k , 260k , 263k , 2 7 l u
1 9 5 9 5 6 6 u , 5 6 6 s , 5 6 8 r , 5 7 0 u , 5 7 0 s , 6 30 u , 6 3 l r
1 9 70 630u , 6 3 l r , 633u , 634r
o c c u a t i o n , pos i t i o n i n ( fo r 1 9 2 6 see a l s o Age , s o c i a l g r o u p )
9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4-Y: 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s ,
l9 2 s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 l 7 u , 2 18u , 2 l 9u,
2 2 0 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 ml , 2 3 6 m ,
2 4 7 s , 2 50 s , 2 5 l s, 2 59 k , 260k, 262k, 2 7 2 u , 2 7 6 u ,
2 7 7 u , 280u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 347ml , 4 0 l ml , 402ml

f

Keyword Index

279

o c c u pa t i o n s
1897 24g , 52u, 58 y , 60gc , 6 l d , 63d , 64d , 65gc
1 9 2 6 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s y ,
l 93s, l 94s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 208k, 2 l 7u,
2 1 8u , 2 1 9u , 2 20u , 2 2 l u , 2 4 7 s , 292u , 402ml
1959 550r , 5 5 l r
1970 654r
pe r s o n s l i ving a l one
1 959 5 76r
1970 677r
p h y s i c a l l y ha n d i c a p p e d
1897 2 l z c , 4 9 d
1 9 2 6 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 gc , 2 5 4 s , 2 6 7 k , 2 6 8 k , 2 S S u
popu l a t i o n
1S97 6zc
1 9 2 6 1 30sy , 1 6 7r
1939 515r
1959 5 1 5r , 5 1 So , 6 1 0r
1 9 7 0 6 1 0r
r e l i gion
1897 29zc , 57d
6z c , 7z c , Sz e , 9z c , 1 3 zc , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 2 l z c , 2 4 g ,
2 9 z c , 34 g , 3 5d , 3 6g , 3 7 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 4 9d , 5 2u , 5 7d ,
5 S y , 6 0 gc , 6 l d , 6 3 d , 6 4 d , 6 5 g c , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 3 S O s y ,
3Slsy, 394u
1 9 2 6 1 0 9 g c , l l Ogc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 2 S s y , 1 2 9 s ,
1 30 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 4S k , 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k,
164u, 1 6 5 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 7 r , 1 6S r , 1 6 9u, l 70u, l 7 l u,
l 7 3 gml , l 74y , l 7 5 y , l 7 6 y l , l 79ml , 1 S2m, 1 8 2 y , 1 90 s,
1 9 l s, 1 9 2 s y , 1 92s, 1 93s , 1 94s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k,
20Sk, 2 1 7u, 2 1 Su, 2 1 9u, 2 20u, 2 2 l u, 2 2Sgc , 2 29y,
2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 36m, 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 gc ,
2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 S s , 2 5 l s , 254 s , 2 5Sk , 2 59k,
260k, 263k , 267k, 26Sk, 270u, 270r, 2 7 l u , 2 7 2 u,
2 7 3 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 S u , 2 SO u , 2 S S u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 3 4 0 m l ,
3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 5 9 m , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 S m l c ,
3 7 9 b , 3S0s y , 3 S l s y , 392y, 393c, 394u, 3 9 7 y , 40lml ,
402ml
1 939 52lr
1 9 5 9 5 1 6r , 5 1 7 r , 5 1 So, 5 1 9r , 5 2 0 r , 5 2 l r , 5 2 3 r , 5 4 l u,
5 4 5 r , 550r, 5 5 l r , 566u, 566s, 56Sr, 574u , 5S l u,
6 1 0r, 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r , 630u, 6 3 l r
1 9 7 0 6 1 0r , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3 r , 6 1 4r , 630u , 63 l r , 6 7 7 r , 6 7 7 r
s o c i a l .&!:.£.!!..P. ( f o r 1 9 2 6 , s e e ma i n l y , A g e , o c c u p a t i o n , p o s i t i o n
in)
1S97 13zc , 4ld
1 9 2 6 3 3 5ml , 340ml , 34 l ml , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 34 6ml ,
3 4 7 m l , 3 4 Sm l , 3 5 l m l
1959 54lu
u r b a n- r u r a l
1S97 6z c , 7 z c , Sz e , 9z c , 1 3z c , 1 9g c , 2 l z c , 2 9z c , 3 4 g ,
36 g , 3 7 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 49 d , 57 d , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k
1926 109gc, l lOgc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3z v c , 1 2 7s, 1 2Ssy, 1 29s,
1 3 0 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 S k , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k ,
1 64u, 1 6 5 u , 1 6 6 r , 1 6 7 r , 1 6 S r , l 7 6 yl , 1 93 s , 1 94 s ,
2 0 7 k , 2 0 8 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 20u, 2 2 l u, 2 2Sgc , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y ,
2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 4 g c , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 S s ,
2 50 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 2 60 k , 2 6 2 k , 2 6 3 k ,
26Sk, 270u , 270r, 2 7 2u, 273u, 2 76u, 2 7 7 u, 2 7Su,
2 SO u , 2 S 8 u , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 9 b , 3 9 2 y
1959 5 1 6r , 5 1 7 r , 5 1 So, 5 1 9r , 520r, 523r, 566u, 566s,
570u, 570s, 574u, 576r, 58lu, 610r, 6 1 1 0 , 6 1 2 r ,
6 1 3r
1S97

Index and Guide

280
1970

6 1 0r , 6 1 1 0 , 6 1 2 r , 6 1 3r , 6 1 4 r , 633u, 634r, 675r,
677r
w o r k i ng popu l a t i o n
1959
545r
A G R I C U L T U R E ( s e e a l s o E C O N OM Y , S E C T O R S O F ; L A B O R ; O C C U P A T I O N S ;
M E A N S OF L I V EL I H OO D )
all entries
1897
2 7 z , 5 5 d , 5 5 g , 6 2 gc , 6 3 d , 6 4 d
1926
1 74 y , 1 76 y l , 1 78 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 8 4 y , 1 9 2 s , 1 92 s y , 1 94 s ,
1 9 7 s , 200 s , 2 0 6 k , 2 0 8 k , 2 1 l k y c , 2 1 4 k, 2 1 9u, 2 2 l u,
224u , 2 2 7 u , 229y , 330u , 3 3 l yml , 332yml , 4 1 4 u
1959
553r , 554r
1970
679r
1897
1926

63d , 64d
1 7 4y, 1 7 6 yl , 192s, 1 9 2 s y , 1 94s, 206k, 208k, 2 1 9u,
22lu , 229y
o c c u pa t i o n , p o s i t i o n i n
1926
l 7 4 y , l 7 8 y , 1 84y, 1 9 2 s , 200s, 206k, 2 1 4k, 2 1 9u,
2 2 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 3 30u , 4 1 4 u
occupations
1897
2 7 z , 55d , 55g , 62gc , 63d , 64d
1926
1 74 y , 1 78 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 8 4 y , 192s, 1 92 s y , 1 94 s , 1 9 7 s,
200s, 206k , 208k, 2 1 lkyc, 2 1 4k, 2 1 9u, 2 2 lu, 227u,
3 30 u , 4 1 4 u
1959
553r , 554r
pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e
1926
330u , 3 3 l yml , 3 3 2 yml
sex
1897
2 7 z, 5 5 d , 6 2 gc , 63d , 64d
1926
1 7 4 y , 1 7 6 y l , 1 78 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 9 2 s y , 1 94 s , 197s, 206k,
2 l lkyc , 2 1 9u , 224 u , 229y , 3 3 l yml , 332yml
1959
553r , 554r
B I R T H , P L A C E OF
all entries
1897
3zc , lOzc , l l g , l l zc , 38g , 39d , 39g , 77z , 78g
1926
2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 g m l , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm,
2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 3 6m, 2 3 7m l c , 2 3 8gml , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 g m l ,
2 4 2 gml , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 50 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y ,
2 5 7 s , 260k , 2 6 l k , 2 6 2 k, 2 6 3 k , 2 6 6 k , 2 7 3u, 2 7 4 r ,
2 7 5 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 8 l g m l , 2 8 2 r ,
2 8 3 y , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 5 y , 2 9 l u , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y
--

1926

2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 3 6 m , 248s, 2 50s,
2 5 l s , 260k, 262k, 263k, 273u, 276u, 2 7 7 u , 278u,
280u
f o r e i gn b o r n
1 8 9 7----"IZ c , l O z c , l l g , 3 8 g , 3 9 g
1926
2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 33gml , 2 3 5 c , 2 35ml ,
238s, 248 s y , 249s, 250s, 260k, 26lk, 262k, 273u,
274r , 275u , 276u , 277u , 282r
locally born
3zc , lOzc , 38g , 39g , 7 7 z , 78g
1897
1926
2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 36m, 2 3 7ml c , 2 38 g m l ,
248s, 248sy , 25ls, 25l sy, 263k, 273u, 274r, 278u,
2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 8 l g m l , 2 8 2 r , 2 8 4 r' , 2 8 5 y
non-locally born
1897
3zc , lOzc , l l g , l l zc , 38g , 39g
1926
2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 36m, 2 3 7 m l c , 2 38gml ,
2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 gm l , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 5 l s ,
2 5 l s y , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 3 u , 2 7 4 r , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 8 l gm l ,
2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y
1897

l O zc ,

l lg,

l l zc ,

38 g , 3 9d ,

39 g

Keyword Index

28 1

2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m ,
2 3 7 ml c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 g m l , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 8 s ,
248sy, 249s, 25ls, 25lsy, 257s, 260k, 26lk , 263k,
266k, 2 7 3 u , 274r, 2 7 5u, 276u, 278u, 279r, 280u,
2 8 l g m l , 2 8 2 r , 2 9 l u , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y
urban-rural
1897 3zc , l Ozc, l l zc , 38g, 39d
1 9 2 6 2 3 l y , 2 60 k , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 4 9 s , 2 6 l k , 2 7 5 u , 2 3 3 g m l ,
233y, 250s , 262k, 2 7 7u, 234y, 263k, 234y, 263k,
2 34gm, 2 3 5 c , 235ml , 2 3 7m l c , 2 38gml , 2 4 2 y , 2 5 7 s ,
29lu, 248s , 248sy, 2 5 l s, 2 5 l sy, 266k, 273u, 274r,
2 7 6 u , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y
BUILDINGS ( al l of t h e s e t a b l e s are f r o m the 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s ; t h e y a r e
l i s t e d i n t h e tabl e l i st as Nos. 296-329 , 352-58,
386-9 1 )
apar tmen t s ( s e e a l s o BUILDINGS , l i v i n g p r e mi s e s )
1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 3 00 y c , 3 04 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 5 r , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c ,
320yc , 323yc , 388r
build ings
1926 302rc , 303c
construction
1 9 2 6 2 9 7 y c , 3 5 2 s k b y , 3 5 2 s k b , 353skbgml , 3 5 3 s k b y ,
354skbyml , 355skbyml , 356skbyml , 3 5 7 s kbgml ,
358 skbyml
dormi t o r i e s ( se e also BUILDINGS , l i ving premi ses )
1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 300 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 u m l , 3 1 2 y c ,
3 1 3yc , 3 2 l gc , 323yc , 324yc , 388r
e l e c t r i c i t y , � .2£
1 9 2 6 298yc , 300yc
f l o o r s , n u m b e r .2£
1 9 2 6 297yc , 300yc , 386r
i n ha b i t a n t s
1926 296yc, 298yc , 300yc, 30lyc, 302rc, 303c, 307r,
3 0 7 uml , 3 1 5 y c , 3 5 7 s k b g ml
k i t c h e n s (see al so BUILDINGS , non- l i v i n g space and non- l i v i n g
premi ses )
1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um 1 , 3 0 8 r ,
308uml , 3 1 2yc, 3 1 3y c , 3 1 6y c , 3 2 l gc , 323yc, 324yc,
3 2 7 yc
l a n d pa r c e l s
1926 296yc
living �
1 9 2 6 2 9 8 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 1 y e , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l ,
3 09 r , 3 0 9 um l , 3 l l r , 3 1 1 um l , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 7 y c ,
3 1 9yc, 3 2 l gc , 3 2 2 y c , 324yc, 325yc, 328yc , 352skby,
352skb, 353skbgm l , 353skby, 355skbym l , 356skbyml ,
3 5 7 skbgml , 358skbym l , 3 8 7 r , 388r
l i v i ng premi s e s
1 9 2 6 2 9 6 y c , 2 9 8 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 2 1 gc , 3 8 8 r ,
389 y , 3 9 l yc
living structures
1926 2 9 7 yc, 298yc , 299yc, 300yc, 30lyc, 352skby, 352skb,
3 5 3 s k b gm l , 3 5 3 s k b y , 3 5 4 s k b y m l , 3 5 6 s k b y m l , 3 8 6 r ,
389y, 39l yc
ma t e r i a l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n
1 9 2 6 29 7 y e , 2 9 8 y c , 2 9 9 y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 3 s k b y ,
354skbyml , 3 5 5 s k byml , 386r , 3 8 7 r , 3 8 9 y
non- l i v i ng premi ses
1 9 2 6 2 9 9 y c , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 2 l g c , 3 2 3 y c , 3 8 7 r , 3 8 9 y
non-l iving space
1 9 2 6 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 2 4 y c
non-l i v i ng structures
1 92 6 2 9 7 y c
1926

282

Index and Guide

owne r s h i p ( p r o p r i e t o r s h i p )
1 9 2 6 296yc, 297yc , 29Syc, 299yc, 30lyc, 302 rc, 303c,
3 1 0 r , 3 1 0 um l , 3 l l r , 3 l l u m l , 3 1 S y c , 3 1 9 y c , 3 2 0 y c ,
329yc, 352skby, 352skb, 353skbgml , 353skby,
354s kbyml , 3 5 5 s kbyml , 356sk byml , 3 5 7 s k b g m l , 3 S 6 r ,
3S7r , 3SSr , 3S9y, 390yc, 39lyc
pr o pe r t i e s
1 9 2 6 296yc , 300yc , 302rc , 303c , 390yc
rent
1 9 2 6 309 r , 309uml , 3 1 7 yc , 320yc , 3 2 l gc , 32Syc
r ooms
1 9 2 6 2 9 S y c , 3 0 0 y c , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 uml , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 1 5 y c ,
3 1 6y c , 3 2 l gc , 326yc , 327yc , 3SSr
s e t t l ement � an d s i z e , b u i l d ings a n d h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s �
1 9 2 6 2 9 7 y c , 2 9 9 y c , 3 0 5 u m l , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 S u m l ,
3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 uml , 3 l l uml
� s y s t e m , c o n n e c t e d !.£
1 92 6 3 0 3 c
s o c i a l .8L.2..!!..I!.. h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s �
1 9 2 6 3 04 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 r ,
3 0 7 um l , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 0 9 r , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 r , 3 1 0 u m l ,
3 l l r , 3 l l uml , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 5 y c , 3 1 6y c ,
31 7yc , 31 Syc , 31 9yc , 322yc
wa t e r s u p p l y , c o n n e c t e d t o
1926 302rc
C H I L D R E N ( s e e a l s o D E P E N D E N T S ; FAM I L Y ; NON - G A I N F ULLY EM P L O Y E D )
all entries
�- 1 S 9 7 S z e , 3 6 g
1 9 2 6 l l Og c , 1 2 9 s , 1 4Sk, 1 6 5 u , 340ml , 3 4 l m l , 34 5ml ,
3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 S m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 l m l , 4 l l s k y
1959 5 1 7r
1 9 7 0 67 l r , 6 7 5 r , 67Sr , 6 7 9 r , 6SOr
1 9 7 9 737r , 73Sr , 739r , 740u , 746r
( all entries )
1 S 9 7 S z e , 36 g
1 9 2 6 l l Ogc , 1 2 9 s, 1 4Sk, 1 6 5 u , 340ml , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l ,
3 5 l ml , 4 l l s k y
1959 5 1 7r
( younger than one year )
1 S 9 7 Sze , 36 g
1 9 2 6 l l Ogc , 1 2 9s , 1 4Sk , 1 6 5 u
1959 517r
c h i l d r en ever born
1 9 7 9 """'737 r-;--73S r , 7 3 9 r , 7 4 0 u
ga i n f u l l y e m p l o ye d
1 926 346ml
o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n i n
1926 347ml
-�

---

1S97
1926

Sze , 36g
l l O g c , 1 2 9 s , 1 4 S k , 1 6 5 u , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l ,
4l lsky
1959 517r
urban-rural
1S97 Sze , 36g
1 9 2 6 1 2 9 s , 1 4 S k , 1 6 5 u , 4 l l s ky
1959 517r
1 9 7 0 67 l r , 6 7 5 r , 67Sr , 679r , 6SOr
CHI LDREN YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR OLD ( s e e CHILDREN , a g e )
CHI L D R E N E V E R B ORif"TSee C H I LDREN , c h i l d r e n e v e r b o r n )
C I T I E S ( see-B"l s o POPULAT I O N ; SETTLE MENTS ; e n t r i e s i n c l u d e
other subjects that are by c i t y size or type )
all entries
1 S 9 7 l gc , S 7 g , S9gc

--�

Keyword Index

283

1926

1 2 7 s , 1 2 9 s , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 8 k , 1 6 4 u , 1 6 5 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 u m l ,
2 9 6 y c , 2 9 7 y c , 2 9 8 y c , 2 9 9 y c , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 3 s k b gm l ,
353skby , 366c , 393c , 508r
1 939 507c , 508r , 603r
1 9 59 507c , 508 r , 5090 , 60 l oc , 602oc , 603r
1970 60loc , 602oc , 603r , 6040 , 662re
1979 703c
DEPENDENTS ( s e e a l s o C H I L D R E N ; M E A N S OF L I V E L I H O O D ; NON - G A I N F ULLY
EMPLO Y E D )
all entries
1 9 2 6 344ml , 346ml , 4 l l sky , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3y
1970 676r
ECONOMY , SECT ORS OF ( s e e a l s o A G R I CULTURE ; I N DU S T R Y )
all entries
1 9 2 6 l 7 2 g c , l 7 2 gm l , l 7 3 gm l , l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g ,
1 79ml , 1 82m, 1 8 2 y , 1 83 y , 1 84 y , 1 85 g c , 1 86 z , 1 8 7 s ,
188sy, 1 89sgc , 189sz, 1 90s, 1 93s, 1 9 5 s , 1 96s, 1 99s,
2 00 s , 2 0 l k , 2 0 2 k y , 2 0 3 k g c , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 7 k , 2 0 9 k , 2 1 0 k ,
2 1 3k, 2 1 4 k , 2 1 5u, 2 1 6r , 2 1 7u, 220u, 2 2 2 u, 2 2 3 u,
2 26 u , 2 2 7 u , 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gml , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 gml , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4y,
2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c ,
239gml , 247s, 248s, 248sy , 249s, 250s, 25ls, 2 5 l s y,
259k, 260k , 26lk, 262k, 263k, 2 7 2u, 274r, 27 5u,
2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 8 l gm l , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 S y , 2 9 2 um l ,
2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l ,
3 06 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 r , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 09 r ,
309uml , 3 1 0r , 3 1 0uml , 3 l l r , 3 1 1 uml , 3 2 2 y c , 330u,
3 3 l yml , 3 3 2 ym l , 333u, 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 334gc, 3 3 5ml ,
3 3 6ml , 3 3 7ml , 338ml , 3 3 9ml , 340ml , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2ml ,
3 4 3ml , 344ml , 345ml , 346ml , 347ml , 348ml , 349ml ,
350ml , 3 5 l m l , 360m, 399m l , 400ml , 402ml , 406y,
4 0 7 c , 4 08 g , 4 0 9 y , 4 0 9 r , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3 y , 4 1 4 u
1 9 3 9 539r
1 9 59 538r , 539r , 545r , 546r , 54 7 u , 552r , 649r
1 9 7 0 648r , 649r , 653r
1979 730r
--

1926

1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 g m l , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g ,
1 7 9ml , 1 82m, 182y, 1 85gc, 186z, 187s, 1 90s, 1 93s,
195s, 1 96s , 20lk, 204k, 207k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u,
2 1 7 u , 2 20u, 2 2 2 u , 223u, 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 232y, 234y,
2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c ,
2 3 9 gml , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 59k,
260k, 2 6 l k , 263k, 2 7 2 u, 2 7 4 r , 2 7 5 u, 2 7 6u, 2 7 9 r ,
2 8 0 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 u m l , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l y m l ,
3 3 2 yml , 3 35ml , 3 36ml , 3 3 7ml , 338ml , 3 39ml , 340ml ,
3 4 l ml , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 346ml , 3 4 7m l , 3 60m,
3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 6 y , 4 0 7 c , 4 1 2 r
1 939 539r
1959 538r , 539r , 545r , 546r , 547u
1970 648r
urban-rural
1 9 2 6 l 7 2 g c , l 7 3 gm l , l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 8 S g c , 1 8 6 z ,
1 8 7 s , 1 89 s g c , 1 90 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 9 S s , 1 9 6 s , 20 l k , 204k,
207k, 209k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u, 2 20u, 2 2 2u, 2 2 3 u ,
2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 gml , 2 3 4 y , 234gm, 2 3 S c , 2 35ml ,
237ml c , 247s, 248s, 248sy, 249s, 250s, 2 5 l s , 25l sy,
259k, 262k, 26 lk, 263k, 272u, 2 74r, 27Su , 276u,
2 7 7 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 4 0 6 y , 4 0 8 g , 4 0 9 r ,
412r
1 9 5 9 538r
1970 648r
w o r k i n g p o pu l a t i o n
1939 539r

284

Index and Guide

1 959 538r ,
1970 648r ,
1979 730r
EDUCA T I O N ( s e e a l s o
.!!.!.!. e n t r i e s
1897 1 3zc ,
1 939 524r,
6 180,
1959 523r,
543r,
56lr,
620ra ,
709u,
1970 614r,
633u,
656r,
7 1 2ra,
758u,
1979 707u,
7 1 80,
753r,

539r , 545r , 546r , 547r , 649r
649r
LITERAC Y )
1 9gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 4 7 d
5260, 543r, 544r, 560r, 56lr, 569r , 6 1 7r,
620ra , 709u, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u, 7 6 l u
524r, 5250, 5260, 5270, 540r, 54 l u , 542r,
544r , 5440, 546r, 547u, 558r, 559r, 560r,
569r, 570u, 570s, 6 1 60, 6 1 7r, 6 1 80 , 6 1 90,
632ran , 635r, 642r, 643r, 6440, 656r, 657r,
7 1 0u , 7 1 l u , 7 1 2 ra , 7 1 7 r , 7 58u, 7 6 l u
6 1 50 , 6 1 60, 6 1 7 r , 6 1 80, 6 1 90, 6 20ra, 632ran,
634r, 635r, 636r, 642r, 643r, 6440 , 655r,
65 7r, 680r, 707u, 708u, 709u, 71 Ou, 7 1 1 u,
7 1 7 r , 7 2 9 r , 7 3 2 r , 733u, 7 50 r , 7 5 3 r , 7 5 4 r ,
76lr
708u , 709u, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u, 7 1 2ra, 7 1 6r , 7 1 7 r,
7 1 90, 729r, 730r, 732r, 733u, 739r , 750r,
754r, 758u, 76lu

1 8 9 7 1 3z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 4 7 d
1 9 5 9 523r , 54 l u , 5 7 0u , 5 70s
1970 6 1 4 r , 633u , 634r
l a b o r ( p h y s i c a l a n d me n t a l )
1 9 3 9 560r , 56 l r
1 959 558r , 559r , 560r , 56 l r , 656r , 657r
1 970 655r , 656r , 657r , 732r , 733u , 753r , 754r
1979 732r , 733u , 753r , 754r
l a n g u a g e , na t i v e
1 8 9 7 �1 9 z , 4 7 d
mother s
1 9 7 0 680r
1 9 7 9 7 39r
nationality
1939 569r
1 959 569r , 570u , 570s , 632 ran , 635r , 758u
1 9 70 632ran , 633u , 634r , 635r , 636r , 7 58u
1979 758u
o c c u pa t i o n s
1 939 56lr
1959 56 l r , 657r
1970 657r , 733u, 753r , 754r
1979 733u , 753r , 754r

--

1897
1939
1959

1970

13zc ,
524r,
7 1 0u
523r,
543r,
617r,
6440 ,
614r,
635r,
717r,
7 1 0u ,

1979
social �
1897 1 3zc ,
1 939 543r ,
1 959 540r,
6440
1 9 7 0 642 r ,
1979 729r

1 9gc , 1 9 z , 4 l d , 47d
5260, 543r, 560r, 569r,
524r ,
5440,
6 1 80 ,
656r ,
6150,
636r,
729r ,
7 1 7r ,

5250,
546r,
6 1 90,
7 1 0u ,
6 1 60,
642r,
750r
729r ,

5260,
547u,
620ra,
717r
617r,
643r,

617r,

6 1 80 ,

620ra,

5270, 540r, 5 4 1 u, 542r,
558r, 560r, 569r , 6 1 60,
632ran , 635r, 642r, 643r,
6 1 80, 6 1 90, 620ra, 632ran ,
6440, 655r, 656r , 7 lOu,

7 50r

4ld
544r
54 l u , 542 r , 543r, 544r,
643r , 6440 , 729r

5440, 642r, 643r,

Keyword Index

285

urban- r u r a l
1 8 9 7 1 3 z c , 1 9 gc , 4 l d , 4 7 d
1939 524r, 5260 , 543r, 560r, 569r, 6 1 7r , 6 1 80 , 620ra,
7llu
1959 523r, 524r , 5250, 5260, 5270, 540r, 542r, 543r,
5440, 558r , 560r , 569r, 570u, 570s, 6 1 60 , 6 1 7 r ,
6 1 80, 6 1 9 0 , 620ra, 632ran, 635r, 642r, 643r, 6440,
656r, 7 l lu, 7 1 7r
1970 6 1 4 r , 6 1 50 , 6 1 60, 6 1 7r, 6 1 80, 6 1 90, 620ra, 632ran,
633u, 634r, 635r, 636r, 642r, 643r, 6440 , 655r,
656r, 680r , 7 l l u, 7 1 7 r , 729r, 750r
1979 7 l l u , 7 1 6r , 7 1 7 r , 729r , 750r
wo r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n
1939 543r , 544r , 620ra , 709u , 7 1 0 u , 7 l l u , 7 6 l u
1 9 5 9 542 r , 543r , 544r, 546r , 547u, 569r , 6 1 9 0 , 620ra,
635r , 643r , 6440 , 709u , 7 1 0u , 7 l l u , 7 1 2ra , 7 6 l u
1 9 7 0 6 1 9 0 , 620ra, 6 3 5 r , 636r, 643r, 6440, 708u , 709u,
7 10u, 7 l l u, 7 1 2ra, 729r, 732r, 750r, 753r, 754r, 7 6 l u
1 9 7 9 7 0 8 u , 7 0 9 u , 7 1 0u, 7 l l u , 7 1 2 r a , 7 1 9 0 , 7 2 9 r , 7 30 r ,
732r , 750r , 753r , 754r , 76lu
EMP L O Y E D ( s e e G A I N FULLY EMPLO Y E D )
ETHN I C G R O U P S ( s e e N A T I ONAL I T Y )
FAM I L Y
all entries
1 8 9 7 24 g , 25 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 7 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 3d , 54 u , 5 5 d ,
55 g , 5 8 y , 58 gc , 6 0 g c , 6 3 d
1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 r ,
3 0 7 u m l , 3 0 8 r , 3 08 um l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 5 y c ,
3 1 6yc, 3 1 7 yc , 3 2 l gc, 323yc, 324yc, 325yc, 326yc,
3 2 7 y c , 3 2 8 y c , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l ym l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y ,
3 3 4 r , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0 m l ,
3 4 l m l , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 345ml , 346ml , 347ml ,
3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 l m l
1 939 573r , 575r
1959 5710, 5720 , 573r, 574u, 575r, 576r, 577r, 578r,
579u, 580u, 667r, 669r
1970 665r, 6660 , 667r, 6680, 669r, 670r, 6 7 l r , 672r,
6 7 3 r , 6 74an , 6 7 5 r , 6 7 6 r , 6 7 7 r , 7 2 4 r
1979 705r, 723r , 724r, 734r, 735u, 736u, 744so, 7450,
746r, 747r , 748r, 749r
children
1 9 2 6 3 4 0ml , 3 4 l ml , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 5 0ml ,
3 5 l ml
1970 67lr , 675r
1979 746r
h e a d £.!. ( a l l e n t r i e s )
1 89 7 60gc , 63d
1 9 2 6 3 3 0 u , 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 3 3 5m l ,
3 3 6 m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l ,
3 4 3 ml , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 7 m l
1 939 573r
1959 5720 , 573r , 578r , 667r
1 970 667r , 6680
head of ( ag e )
1 9 2 6 3 3 5 m l , 3 4 0ml , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l
head of ( se x )
1897 63d
1 9 2 6 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l ym l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6 ml , 3 3 7 ml , 3 3 8 m l ,
3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0ml , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l
1 939 573r
1959 5720 , 573r , 578r , 667r
1 970 667r , 6680
nati onal ity
1 959 5 79u
---

--

286

Index and Guide

size
--

1970
1979

673r , 674an
7 3 5 u , 7 48 r

1897
1926

60gc , 63d
3 3 1 yml , 3 3 2 yml , 33 7ml , 338ml , 339ml ,
348ml , 3 50ml
575r
5 7 2 0 , 5 7 4 u , 5 7 5 r , 5 78r , 5 79u , 580u ,
6680 , 669r , 670r , 6 7 1 r , 672r , 673r ,
705r, 723r , 724r, 7 34r, 735u, 736u,
747r , 748r , 749r

1 939
1959
1970
1979

3 4 0m l , 3 4 5 m l ,
669r
674an , 724r
744so, 7450,

social �
1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 u m 1 , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um 1 , 3 0 7 r ,
307 uml , 308r , 308uml , 3 1 2yc, 3 1 3yc, 3 1 4yc, 3 1 5y c ,
3 1 6 y c , 3 1 7 y c , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y ml , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y ,
3 3 4 r , 3 35ml , 336ml , 3 3 7ml , 338ml , 339m l , 340ml ,
34 l ml , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 34 7 m l ,
348ml , 3 4 9m l , 350ml , 3 5 1 ml
1959 577r , 578r
1970 672r
1979 736u , 749r
�
1 9 2 6 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l ,
3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l ; 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 5 0m l ,
3 5 1 ml
1 9 7 0 6 7 0r
1 9 7 9 7 3 4r , 7 4 7 r
urban-rural
1897 25zc , 26zc , 52d , 53d , 58y , 58gc
1939 573r , 575r
1959 5 7 1 0 , 5720 , 573r, 574u, 575r, 576r, 577r, 578r,
579u, 580u, 667r, 669r
1970 665r, 6660 , 667r, 6680, 669r, 670r, 6 7 1 r , 672r,
673r, 674an , 6 7 5 r , 6 7 6 r , 6 7 7 r , 7 2 4 r
1979

723r,

724r,

735u,

7 36u,

744so,

7450,

747r,

748r,

749r
FOR E I G N B O R N ( s e e B I RTH , P L A C E O F , f o r e i g n b o r n )
F O R E I G N E R S ( s e e a l s o B I R T H , P L A C E OF , f o r e i g n b o r n )
all entries
-- 1 8 9 7 2 z c , 3 z c , 4 z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 g c , 1 5 g c , 2 3 z c , 2 8 z c ,
32g , 40g , 4 l d , 4 2 g , 43g , 5 l g , 56d
1 9 2 6 105gc, 107gc, 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 l s, 1 2 l syml , 1 38k,
1 40k , 1 4 1 k , 1 4 l k y c , 1 58u , 1 59 u , 1 60u , 1 60r
1897
education
1 89 7
literacy
1897
1926
1 89 7
1926

13zc , 4ld
13zc , 41d
13zc , 41d
1 0 5 gc , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 38k , 1 58 u , 1 5 9u
4z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 gc , 1 5 gc , 2 3 z c , 28 zc , 32 g , 4 0g ,
4 l d , 42g , 43g , 5 1 g , 56d
105gc, 1 0 7 gc , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 1 s, 1 40k, 1 4 l k , 1 59u,
1 60 u

state
1 8 9 7 1 5 gc , 43g
1 9 2 6 1 0 7 gc , 1 2 1 s , 1 2 l syml , 1 4 l k , 1 4 l kyc , 1 60u , 1 60r
urban-rural
1 8 9 7 2 z c , 3 z c , 4 z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 gc , 1 5 gc , 2 3 z c , 28 z c ,
3 2g , 40g , 4 l d , 4 2 g , 43g , 5 l g , 56d
1926
105gc, 1 0 7 gc , 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 l s, 1 38k, 1 40k, 1 4 l k ,
1 58u , 1 59u , 1 60u

--

Keyword Index

287

G A I NFULLY E M P L O Y E D ( s e e a l s o ACT I V E L Y E MPLOYED ; L A B O R ; M E A N S OF
--r:I'VEL I HOOD ; WORK E R S ; WORK I N G POPULAT I O N )
,ill e n t r i e s
1897 24 g , 25 z c , 2 6 z c , 27 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 4 u , SS d , S S g ,
58y, 58gc, 58z
1 9 2 6 1 7 2 gc , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 S y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c ,
1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 8 6 z , 1 8 7 s , 1 8 8 s y , 1 90 s ,
1 9 1 s, 1 9 5 s , 196s, 20lk, 202ky, 203kgc, 204k, 205k,
209k, 2 1 0k , 2 1 5 u , 2 1 6 r , 2 1 7 u, 2 1 8u , 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u ,
2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 1 gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m , 2 3 5 c ,
2 35ml , 2 3 7m l c , 2 38gml , 2 4 5 y , 2 4 5 g c , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s ,
248sy, 249 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 1 sy, 255s, 259k, 260k, 26lk,
2 6 3 k , 2 6 9 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 7 3 u , 2 7 5 u , 2 7 8 u , 2 8 1 gml , 2 8 4 r ,
2 8 S y , 2 8 9 u , 3 3 4 g c , 3 3 6m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l ,
346ml , 398ml , 399ml , 400ml , 4 0 l m l , 402m l , 404y,
40Sc, 408g , 4 1 0y , 4 l l sky, 4 1 2r
�

1897
1926

1897

24g , 52u , 58y
1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , l 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 2 0 4 k ,
20Sk, 2 1 7u, 2 1 8u, 229y, 230c, 2 3 l y , 234y, 235ml ,
247s, 248s , 2 5 l s , 259k, 260k, 263k, 272u, 2 7 3u,
2 7 8 u , 3 4 0ml , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l

24 g , 2S z c , 2 6 z c , 2 7 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 d , 5 3 g , 54 u , S S d ,
SSg , 58y , 58gc , 58z
1 9 2 6 1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c ,
1 78 g , 1 79ml , 1 8 2m, 1 8 2 y , 1 86 z , 1 87 s , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s ,
195s, 1 96s , 201k, 204k, 205k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u,
2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u, 222u, 2 2 3u , 229y, 230c, 2 3 l y , 2 3 l gml ,
2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 ml , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 g m l ,
245y, 24Sgc , 247s, 248s, 248sy, 249s, 2 5 l s , 251 sy,
255s, 259k , 260k, 26lk, 263k, 269k, 2 7 2u, 27 3u,
2 7 S u , 2 7 8 u , 2 8 9 u , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 9 8 m l ,
3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 4 y , 4 0 5 c , 4 0 8 g ,
4 l l sky, 412r
urban-rural
1897 25zc , 26zc , 52d , 53d , 58y , 58gc
1926 1 7 2 g c , 1 7 3 gml , l 77gc, l 78y, 1 7 8gc, 1 86 z , 1 87 s ,
1 90s, 1 9 5 s , 1 96 s , 2 0 1 k , 204k, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 5u,
2 1 7 u, 2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 3 2 y , 2 34 y , 2 3 4 gm, 235c, 2 35ml ,
2 3 7ml c , 2 4 5 g c , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 1 s ,
25lsy, 2 5 5 s , 259k, 261k, 263k, 269k, 272u , 273u,
275u, 2 7 8 u , 289u, 404y, 408g, 4 1 0y, 4 l l sky, 4 1 2 r
H E A D O F FAMI L Y ( s e e FAM I LY , h e a d o f )
'iioifs°EiiOL D S ( s e e a l s o F A M I L Y ; P E R S O N S L I V I N G A L ON E )
1 897 Sze , 33g
1926 102v
H OU S I N G ( s e e B U I L D I N G S )
I NCOME , S OU R C E OF ( s e e M E A N S OF L I V E L I HOOD )
I N DU S T R Y ( s e e ma i n l y ECONOMY , S E C T O R S OF ; OCCUPAT I ON S )
� o f wo r k e r s
1926 182m, 182y , 193s , 207k , 220u
1 959 545r
e d u c a t i o n o f wo r k e r s
1 959 546r
ha n d i c r a f t s
1926 182m , 1 8 2 y , 1 93s , 207k , 220u
l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s .2.f wo r k e r s
1926 323yc , 324yc , 325yc , 326yc , 327yc , 328yc , 329yc
LABOR ( Phys i c a l a n d Me n t a l )
all entries
-- 1 9 3 9 5 4 8 r , 5 4 9 r , S S S r , 5 5 6 r , 5 6 0 r , 5 6 1 r
1 9 5 9 548r, 549 r , SSOr, 5 5 1 r , 5 5 3 r , 5 5 4 r , S SSr , 5 5 6 r ,
557r, 558r , 559r, 560r, 56lr, 650r, 651r, 652r,

288

Index and Guide

1970
�

1979

656r, 657r
650r, 65lr , 652r, 654r, 655r,
73lr, 732r, 733u, 753r, 754r
73l r , 732r , 733u , 753r , 754r

1959 550r , 5 5 l r
1 9 7 0 654r
education
1939 560r , 5 6 l r
1 959 558 r , 559r , 560r , 5 6 l r , 656r ,
1970 655r , 656r , 657r , 732r , 733u ,
1979 732 r , 733u , 753r , 754r
o c c u 12a t i o n s
1 939 555r , 556r , 56 l r
1959 550r, 55 l r , 553r, 554r, 555r,
65 l r , 652r , 657r
1970 65 l r , 652r , 654r , 657r , 733u ,
1979 733u , 753r , 754r
J2 h y s i c a l l a b o r o n l y ( n o d a t a o n me n t a l
1 959 553r , 554r
1970 753r
1979 753r

�

1939
1 959

548r ,
548r,
560r,
650r ,

1 970
s o c i a l .!l..!:..2..!Ll
1959 553r ,
ur ban-r ural
1939 549r ,
1959 549r ,
1 9 7 0 650r ,
L A N G U A G E , NAT I V E

555r , 556r,
550r, 55lr,
650r, 652r,
652r, 655r,

560r
553r,
656r
656r

554r,

656r,

657r,

679r,

657r
753r , 754r

556r,

557r,

56 l r ,

753r , 754r
labor )

555r,

556r ,

558r,

554r
560r
558r , 560r,
655r , 656r,

650r, 656r
679r

all entries

1897
1926

1959
1970
1979
1 897
1926
1959
1970
education
1897
li teracy
1 89 7
1926

3 z c , 1 7 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9 g c , 1 9 z , 20 gc , 2 2 z c , 26 z c , 28 z c ,
45g , 46d , 4 7d , 48d , 50d , 54u , 56d , 82 g , 82z
105gc, 106gc, 1 08gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s,
1 2 2 s , 1 2 5 s g m l , 1 2 6 s g m l , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9k, 1 4 0 k , 1 4 2 k ,
145kg, 1 46kg , 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 58u, 1 5 9u, 1 6 l u , 1 6 3 r ,
3 6 7 d , 368d, 3 7 0 r , 3 7 l g , 374y, 375g
562r , 5640 , 566u , 566s , 567r , 622u
6 2 2 u , 625r , 6250 , 627ra , 628u , 629r , 7 1 3u
7 1 3 u , 7 2 00
1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 4 7 d
l l l k gc , 1 49k , 1 50k
566u , 566s
628u , 629r
19gc , 1 9 z , 47d

18zc ,
105gc,
l 58u,
ma r i t a l s t a t u s
1 8 9 7 --zOgC ,
nationa l i t y
1926 105gc,
1 50k ,
1959 562 r ,
1970 622u ,
1979 7 1 3u ,

1 9gc , 1 9 z , 46d , 4 7 d
106gc, l l lkgc, 1 19s,
l 59u

1 20s,

1 38k,

1 39k ,

1 40k,

1 06gc , l l l k g c , 1 1 9 s, 1 20s,
1 58u , 1 59 u
5640 , 566u , 566s , 622u
625r , 6250
7 200

1 38k,

1 40k,

149k,

48d

Keyword Index

289

o c c u pa t i o n s
1897 26zc , 54u
religion
1897 18zc , 46d
1 89 7
1926

1 7 z c , 1 8 zc , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 2 0 g c , 2 2 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 8 z c , 4 5 g ,
46d , 4 7 d , 48 d , 50d , 54u , 56 d
1 0 5 g c , 1 06gc , 1 08gc , l l l kg c , 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 2 2 s ,
1 2 5 s gm l , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9 k , 1 40 k , 1 4 2 k , 1 4 5 k g , 1 4 9 k , 1 50 k ,
1 58u, 1 59u , 1 6 1u, 370r, 3 7 1 g, 374y, 375g
562r , 5640 , 5660 , 566s , 567r
625r , 627ra

1959
1970
social �
1897 28zc , 56d
urban-rural
1897 3z c , 1 7 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9g c , 2 0g c , 2 2 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 8 z c , 4 5 g ,
46 d , 4 7 d , 48 d , 50 d , 56 d , 82 g , 82 z
1926 1 05gc, 1 06gc , 108gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 9s, 1 20s, 1 2 2s,
1 2 5 s gml , 1 26 s gm l , 1 38k, 1 40k, 1 4 2k, 1 4 5kg, 1 46kg,
1 49k , 1 50k , 1 58u , 1 5 9u , 1 6 1 u , 1 6 3r , 370r , 3 7 1 g
LANGUAG E , S EC O N D
a 1 1 e ntr"ie"S"
1970 6 2 2 u , 625r , 6250 , 6 2 7 ra , 628u , 629r , 7 1 3u
1 9 7 9 7 1 3u , 7 200 , 7 5 7 u
1970 628u , 629r
n a t i o na l i t y
1 9 70 6 2 2 u , 625r , 6250 , 7 1 3u
1 9 7 9 7 1 3u , 7 200 , 7 5 7 u

1970 625r , 627r
1979 757u
ur ban- rural
1970 625r , 6250 , 627ra
1979 757u
LEN I NG R A D ( t a b l e s w i t h g e o g r a p h i c c o d e 11 1 11 )
1 897 census
7 0 1 , 70 1 , 7 1 1
1926 census
1 2 1 s ym l , 1 2 3 s gm l , 1 2 4 s g m l , 1 2 5 s gm l , 1 2 6 s g m l ,
1 3 2 s z m l , 1 3 2 s g m l , 1 7 2 g ml , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 6 y l , 1 7 9 m l ,
1 8 0 gm l , 2 3 1 gml , 2 3 3 gm l , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 7 ml c , 2 3 8 g m l ,
2 3 9 g ml , 2 4 0 g m l , 2 4 2 g m l , 2 5 2 s g ml , 2 8 l g m l , 2 9 2 um l ,
2 9 4 um l , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 um l ,
3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 1 l um l , 3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 5 m l ,
3 3 6 ml , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l ,
3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l ,
3 5 0m l , 3 5 1 ml , 3 5 3 s k b g m l , 3 5 4 s k b y m l , 3 5 5 s k b y m l ,
356skbyml , 3 5 7 s kbgml , 3 5 8 s k b yml , 3 7 8ml c , 3 8 3 s gml ,
3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9m l , 4 0 0 m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 3 m l
LIFE EXPECTANCY
1 9 59 58 l u
L I TE R A C Y ( s e e a l s o EDUCAT I O N )
all entries
-1897 2 z c , 7 z c , 1 3 zc , 1 8 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 34g, 35 d , 4 l d ,
46 d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 6 4d , 65 gc , 1 5 lk , 1 5 2k , 30 0s y , 3 8 l s y ,
394 u , 528r , 529r , 62 1 r , 706u
1926
105gc, 106gc, 109gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s,
1 2 7 s , 1 2 8 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 3 2 s zm l , 1 3 2 s g ml , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9 k ,
1 40k, 147k, 1 5 1 k , 1 5 2k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 6 4 u , 1 66 r ,
1 6 9 u , 1 7 1 u, 1 7 3gml , 1 74 y , 1 7 5y, 1 90s, 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 sy,
192s, l 93s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 1 7u , 2 18u,
2 1 9u, 2 20u , 244gc, 2 5 4 s , 26 8k , 2 8 8 u , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y,
3 78ml c , 3 7 9 b , 380s y , 3 8 l s y , 3 8 2 s , 383s gml , 384b,

--

290

Index and Guide

�

1939
1959
1970
1979
1897

385bg, 392y, 393c, 394u,
402ml , 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r ,
528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r ,
528r , 529r , 5290 , 6 2 l r ,
62 l r , 706u
706u

395u,
706u
706u
7 06 u

396g,

397y,

40lml ,

7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 9g c , 1 9 z , 34 g , 35 d , 4 l d , 4 7 d , 6 l d , 6 4 d ,
65gc , 1 5 l k , 1 5 2 k , 380s y , 38 l s y , 394u
1 9 2 6 1 09gc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 2 7 s , 1 28sy, 1 3 l sy, 1 4 7 k ,
1 5 l k , 1 52k, 1 64u, 1 66 r , 168r, 1 69u, 1 7 l u , 1 7 3gml ,
1 7 4 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 s y , 1 93 s , 204k, 206k, 2 0 7 k ,
2 l 7u, 2 l 9u, 2 20u, 244gc , 254s, 268k, 288u , 376s,
3 7 7 s y , 3 7 8ml c , 3 7 9 b , 3 8 0 s y , 3 8 l s y , 3 9 2 y , 3 9 3 c ,
394u, 397 y, 40l m l , 402ml
ages 9-49 ( one age group )
1897 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 706u
1926 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r , 706u
1 939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u
1959 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u
1970 62 l r , 706u
1979 706u
language
1 8 9 7 1 8 z c , 1 9gc , 1 9 z , 46 d , 4 7 d
1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 06 g c , l l l kg c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 38 k , 1 39k , 1 40k,
1 58u , 1 59u
mar i t a l s t a t u s
1 9 2 6 ---rDgm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u
n a t i o na l i t y
1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 0 6 g c , 1 09gc, l l l kgc, 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s,
1 3 2 s gml , 1 38 k , 1 40k, 1 4 7 k , 1 58 u , 1 59 u , 1 69 u , l 7 1 u ,
382s, 383sg, 384b, 395u, 396g
o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n i n
1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 3 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 5 k ,
207k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u , 2 20u , 40lml , 402ml
o c c u pa t i o n s
1 8 9 7 6 l d , 6 4 d , 6 5 gc
1926 l 74y, l 75y , 1 90s, 1 9 l s, 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 sy, 1 93s, 204k,
205k , 206k , 207 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u , 2 1 9 u , 402ml
rel igion
1897 18zc , 46d
sex
1 8 9 7 7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9 gc , 1 9 z , 34 g , 3 5 d , 4 l d , 4 6 d ,
4 7 d , 6 l d , 64d, 65gc, 1 5 l k , 1 5 2k, 380s y , 3 8 l s y ,
394 u , 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r
1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 0 6 g c , 1 09gc , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9 s , 1 20 s ,
1 2 7 s , 1 2 8 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 3 2 s z ml , 1 3 2 s g m l , 1 3 8 k , 1 3 9 k ,
1 40k, 1 4 7 k , 1 5 l k , 152k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 64u, 1 66 r ,
1 6 8 r , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 l u , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s ,
l 92s, l 92sy , l 93s, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 l 7u,
2 1 8u, 2 1 9u, 220u, 244gc, 254s, 268k, 288u , 376s,
3 7 7 s y , 3 7 8ml c , 3 7 9 b , 380s y , 38 l s y , 3 8 2 s , 3 8 3 s gml ,
384b, 385bg, 392y, 393c, 394u, 395u, 396g , 397y,
40lml , 402ml , 528r , 529r , 6 2 l r
1939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62lr
1 9 5 9 528r , 529r , 5290 , 6 2 l r
1970 62 l r
s o c i a l .8.!..2..!!.£.
1897 13zc , 4ld
ur ban-rural
1897 2 z c , 7 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 8 z c , 1 9 gc , 34 g , 4 l d , 46 d , 4 7 d ,
1 5 l k , 152k , 528r , 529r , 62 l r , 706u
1926
105gc, 106gc, 109gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3zv c , 1 1 9s, 1 20s,
1 2 7 s , 1 28 s y , 1 3 l s y , 1 3 2 s gml , 1 3 2 s zml , 1 38k, 1 40k,

Keyword Index

29 1

1 4 7 k, 1 5 l k , 1 5 2k, 1 58 u , 1 59u, 1 64u, 1 6 6 r , 1 6 8 r ,
l 7 3 gml , l 9 0 s , l 9 3 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 7 k , 2 l 7 u , 2 20u, 2 4 4 g c ,
2 5 4 s , 2 6 8 k , 2 8 8 u , 3 7 6 s , 3 7 7 s y , 3 7 9 b , 3 8 3 s gm l ,
3 8 5 b g , 3 9 2 y , 3 9 6 g , 5 2 8 r , 5 2 9 r , 6 2 l r , 7 06 u
1939 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u
1959 528r , 529r , 5290 , 62 l r , 706u
1970 62 l r , 706u
1979 706u
L I V I N G S TRUCTUR E S ( s e e B U I L D I N G S )
IeiDGfNG ( s e e B U I L D I NG S )
LONE I N D I V I DU A L S ( s e e P E R S ON S L I V I N G A L ONE )
MiiITT A L STATUS
a l l entries
1 8 9 7 9 z c , 1 4 gc , 2 0 g c , 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 4 2 g , 48 d , 4 9 d , 60 gc ,
63d
1 9 2 6 l 7 3 gm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 2 8 g c , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y ,
2 34gm, 2 6 3 k , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 4 s ,
2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 2 7 0 u , 2 7 0 r , 2 7 1 u , 2 7 2 u , 2 8 8 u , 2 9 2 uml ,
293y , 359m
1939 52lr
1959 520r , 5 2 l r , 5220 , 568r , 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r
1970 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r
1979 722r , 738r
--

1897
1926

9zc , 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 49d , 60gc , 63d
228gc, 229y, 2 30c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5ml , 2 4 6 s , 246sy,
247s, 254s , 258k, 259k, 263k, 2 70u, 270r, 2 7 l u,
272u , 288u , 359m
52lr
520r , 5 2 l r , 568r , 6 1 3 r , 630u , 6 3 l r
6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r

1 9 39
1959
1970
l a nguage
1897 20gc , 4 8 d
literacy
1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u
m a r r i a g e , l e n g t h £!.
1 9 2 6 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l
n a t i o na l i t y
1 9 2 6 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 ml , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 1 u
1959

568r ,

630u ,

63lr

1 89 7
1926

9z c , 1 4 gc , 2 0g c , 2 l z c , 35 d , 4 2 g , 48 d , 4 9d , 60 gc , 63 d
1 7 3gml , 1 90s, 204k, 2 1 7 u, 228gc, 2 29y, 230c, 234y,
2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k ,
2 5 9 k , 263k, 2 70u, 2 70 r , 2 7 l u , 272u, 288u, 2 9 2 uml ,
293y, 359m
52lr
520r , 5 2 l r , 5220 , 568r , 6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r
6 1 3r , 630u , 6 3 l r
722r

1 9 7 0 630u , 6 3 l r
o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n iE_
1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm ,
2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 7 s , 2 5 9 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y
o c c u pa t i o n s
1897 60gc , 63d
1 9 2 6 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 9 2 um l

1 939
1959
1970
1979
s o c i a l .8£.2.!!..P.
1 8 9 7 1 4 gc , 4 2 g
ur ban-r ural
1897 9 z c , 1 4 gc , 2 0 g c , 2 l z c , 3 7 d , 42 g , 4 8 d , 49 d
1 9 2 6 1 90 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 4 6 s , 2 4 6 s y , 2 4 7 s ,
2 5 4 s , 2 5 8 k , 2 5 9 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 0 u , 2 7 0 r , 2 7 2 u , 2 8 8 u , 2 9 2 um l
1959 520r , 5200 , 6 1 3 r

292

Index and Guide

1970 6 1 3r
1979 722r
MA R R I E D ( s e e M A R I TA L S T A TU S )
M E A N S OF L I V EL I HO O D
---S 1 1 e n t r i e s
1 9 2 6 2 4 5 y , 2 4 5 g c , 2 5 5 s , 269k , 289u , 3 9 9ml
1 939 535r
1 9 5 9 534r , 535r , 5360 , 53 7 r , 580u , 646r
1970 645r , 646r , 647r , 679r , 7 1 5 u , 726r
1979 7 1 5 u , 725r , 726r , 742r , 743r , 75lr , 752r
a b l e - b o d i e d ge s
1959 53 o , 5 3 7 r
mothe r s
1970 679r
sex
1 9 2 6 2 4 5 y , 2 4 5 gc , 2 5 5 s , 269k , 2 8 9 u , 39 9ml
1 939 535r
1959 534r , 535r , 5360 , 580u , 646r
1 9 70 645r , 646r , 647r
1979 742r , 743r , 7 5 l r , 752r
s o c i a l .8.!.2.!!.l!.
1970 647r
ur ban-r ural
1926 245gc , 25Ss , 269k , 289u
1 9 5 9 534r , 5360 , 537r , 580u , 646r
1970 645r , 646r , 647r , 679r , 726r
1979 725r , 726r , 7S l r , 752r
M E N T A L I LL N E S S ( s e e P H Y S I C A L L Y H A N D I C A P P E D ; a l l 1 9 2 6 e n t r i e s
l i sted there al so contain data on mental i l l ness)
MENTAL LABOR ( s e e LABOR )
MIGifii.TI O N ( s e e a l s o B I RTH , P L A C E OF ; R E S I D E N C E , LENGTH OF )
all entries
�- 1 9 7 0 6 5 8 r , 6 5 9 r e , 6 6 0 0 , 6 6 1 0 , 6 6 2 r e , 6 6 3 r e , 6 6 4 u
a b l e - b o d i e d a ge s
1970
663re
city and sett lement size
1970 662re
nationa l i t y
1970 664u

6

1970 659re , 6600 , 664u
urban-rural
1970 659re , 6600 , 662re , 663re , 664u
MORT A L I T Y
1959 58lu
MOSCOW ( ta b l e s w i t h g e o g r a p h i c c o d e " m " )
1897 census
7 2m , 7 3m
1926 census
1 2 l s y m l , 1 2 3 s gm l , 1 2 4 s g m l , 1 2 5 s gm l , 1 2 6 s g ml ,
1 3 2 s z m l , 1 3 2 s g m l , 1 7 2 g ml , 1 7 3 g m l , 1 7 3 g m l , 1 7 9 m l ,
1 8 0 gm l , 1 8 2 m , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 3 gm l , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m ,
2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 g m l , 2 3 9 g m l , 2 4 0 g m l , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 5 2 s g m l ,
2 8 l gm l , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 um l ,
3 0 7 u m l , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 l l um l , 3 3 l y m l ,
3 3 2 yml , 335ml , 336ml , 3 3 7 ml , 3 3 8ml , 3 3 9ml , 340ml ,
3 4 l ml , 342ml , 343ml , 344ml , 345ml , 346ml , 347ml ,
3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l , 3 5 l m l , 3 5 3 s k b g m l , 3 5 4 s k b y m l ,
3 5 5 s k b yml , 3 5 6 s k b yml , 3 5 7 s k bgml , 3 5 8 s k b y m l , 359m,
3 6 0 m , 3 7 8 m l c , 3 8 3 s �� l , 3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0 m l , 4 0 l m l ,
402ml , 403ml
MOTH E R S
� entries
1 9 2 6 34 5ml , 348ml

293

Keyword Index

!!.&!.

1970
1979

6 7 5 r , 678r , 679r , 680r
7 3 7 r , 7 38r , 739r , 740u

1970 675r
c h i l d r e n ( s e e a l s o MOTH E R S , c h i l d r e n e v e r bo r n )
1 9 2 6 345ml , 348ml
1970 675r , 678r , 679r , 680r
children ever born
1 9 7 9 737 r-;--738 r , 7 3 9 r , 7 4 0 u
education
1970 680r
1 979 739r
m a r r i a g e , !!.&!. a t
1 9 2 6 348ml , 3 5 l ml
means of livel ihood
1970 679r
nationa l i t y
1 9 7 9 7 40 u
social �
1 9 2 6 348ml
1970 678r
ur ban-r ural
1970 675r , 678r , 679r , 680r
NAT I ON A L I T Y
!!.!.!. e n t r i e s
1 8 9 7 n o n a t i o n a l i t y d a t a ( s e e LANGUAGE , NAT I V E )
1 9 2 6 1 05 g c , 1 09 g c , 1 1 0 g c , l l l k g c , 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9 s ,
1 2 0 s , 1 2 3 s g m l , 1 2 4 s gml , 1 3 2 s gm l , 1 3 8 k , 1 4 0 k , 1 4 4 k g ,
1 4 7 k , 1 4 8 k , 1 4 9 k , 1 5 0 k , 1 5 8 u , 1 5 9 u , 1 6 2 r , 1 60 u ,
1 7 0 u , 1 7 l u , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0 k , 2 2 8 g c ,
2 3 l y , 2 3 l gm l , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 4 0 g m l ,
253s, 258k , 26Gk, 263k, 264k, 2 7 l u, 287u, 367d,
368d, 369 r , 3 7 l g , 3 7 2 u , 3 7 3 y , 3 7 5 g , 3 8 2 s , 3 8 3 s g ,
384b , 395u , 396g
1 939 569r
1959 562 r , 563ran , 5640, 565r, 566u, 566s, 568r, 569r,
5 70u, 5 7 0 s , 5 7 9 u , 6 2 2 u , 6 2 3 r , 6 2 4 a , 630u , 63 l r ,
632ran, 635r, 758u
1970 622u, 623r , 624a, 625r, 6250, 6260, 630u, 63 l r ,
632ran, 633u, 634r, 635r, 636r , 664u, 673r , 674an,
7 1 3u, 756u, 757u, 758u
1979 7 1 3u, 7 1 4r, 7200, 7 2 l r , 735u, 740u, 756u, 757u, 758u
--

1926

1 0 9 g c , l l Og c , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 4 7 k , 1 4 8 k , 1 4 9 k ,
1 50 k , 1 5 9 k , 1 6 9 u , 1 7 0 u , 1 7 l u , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 4 y ,
2 3 5ml , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 0 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 1 u
566u , 566s , 5 68 r , 5 70u , 5 70s , 630u , 6 3 l r
630u , 6 3 l r , 633u , 634r

1959
1970
education
1939 569r
1 9 5 9 569r , 5 70u , 570s , 632ran , 635r , 758u
1 970 632ran , 633u , 634r , 635r , 636r , 758u
1979 758u
fami l y s i z e
1959 579u
1 9 70 6 7 3 r , 6 74an
1 979 735 u , 748r
l a n gu a ge , n a t i v e
1 9 2 6 1 0 5 gc , 1 0 6 g c , l l l k g c , 1 1 9 s , 1 2 0 s , 1 3 8 k ,
1 5 0 k , 1 58 u , 1 5 9 u
1959 562r , 5640 , 566u , 566s , 622u
1970 622u , 625r , 6250
1979 7 1 3 u , 7200

1 40k,

1 4 9k,

294

Index and Guide
l a n gu a g e ,
1970
1979
l iteracy
1926

second
622u , 625r , 6250 1 7 1 3 u , 757u
7 1 3u , 7 2 00 1 7 5 7 u

105gc, 106gc, 109gc, l l lkgc, 1 1 3zv c, 1 19s, 1 20s,
1 32 s gml , 1 38k, 1 40k, 1 47 k , 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 69 u , 1 7 1 u ,
38 2 s , 383 s g , 384b , 395u , 3 9 6 g
mar i t a l s t a t u s
1 9 2 6 ----z28gc , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 1 u
1 9 5 9 568r , 630u , 63 1 r
1 970 630u , 6 3 1 r
mothe r s
1979 740u
o c c u pa t i o n , p o s i t i o n i n
1 9 2 6 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0 k , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m , 2 6 3 k
o c c u pa t i o n s
1 9 2 6 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 2 1 0k
1926

105gc, 106gc, 1 09gc, l l Ogc, l l l k g c , 1 1 2 z v c , 1 1 3zv c ,
1 1 9 s , 1 20 s , 1 2 3 s gml , 1 3 2 s gml , 1 38 k , 1 40k, 1 4 3kg,
1 4 7 k, 1 48k , 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 69u, 1 70u,
1 7 1 u , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0k, 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 l y ,
2 3 1 g m l , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 4 0 g m l , 2 5 3 s ,
258k, 260k, 263k, 264k, 2 7 l u, 287u, 369r , 37 l g,
372u, 373y, 375g, 382s, 383sg, 384b, 395u, 396g
1 9 39 569r
1959 562r, 5640 , 566u, 566s, 568r , 569r , 630u, 6 3 1 r ,
632ran, 635r
1970 62 5r , 6 3 0u , 63 1 r , 632ran, 635r, 636r, 664u, 757u
1979 757u
urban- r u r a l
1 9 2 6 1 0 5 g c , 1 0 6 g c , 1 09 g c , l l O g c , l l l k g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 9 s ,
1 20 s , 1 2 3 s gm l , 1 24 s gml , 1 3 2 s gm l , 1 38 k , 1 40k, 1 43 k g ,
1 44kg , 1 4 7 k , 1 48k, 1 49k, 1 50k, 1 58u, 1 59u, 1 62 r ,
2 0 1 k , 2 1 0 k , 2 2 8 g c , 2 3 1 y , 2 3 l g m l , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c ,
2 3 5 m l , 2 4 0 gm l , 2 5 8 k , 2 6 0 k , 2 6 3 k , 3 6 9 r , 3 7 1 g , 3 7 2 u ,
373y , 396g
1 939 569r
1959 562r, 5640 , 566u, 566s, 569r, 570u, 570s, 579u,
632ran , 635r
1970 625r, 6250 , 632ran, 633u, 634r, 635r, 636r, 664u,
673r , 674an , 757u
1979 735u , 748r , 756u , 757u
w o r k i n g p o pu l a t i o n
1 9 59 569r , 635r
1970 635r , 636r
N O N - G A I N F U L L Y EM P L O Y E D ( n e a r l y a l l 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s e n t r i e s u n d e r
GA I N F U L L Y E M P L O Y E D a l s o c o n t a i n d a t a o n n o n ­
gain f u l l y emp l o ye d , except for the number s b e l ow;
s e e a l s o D E P E N DENT S ; M EA N S OF L I V E L I H OOD)
all entries
1 9 2 6 236m , 4 1 3k
OCCUPAT I ON , P OS I T I ON .!!!
all entries
1 9 2 6 1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y ,
1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9m l , 1 8 0 g m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 8 3 y , 1 8 4 y ,
1 8 5 gc , 1 8 6 z , 1 8 7 s , 1 88 s y , 1 8 9 s g c , 1 89 s z , 1 9 0 s ,
1 9 1 s , 192s, 1 93 s , 1 9 5 s , 196s, 1 98s, 1 99 s , 200s,
201k, 202ky , 203kgc, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 209k,
2 1 0k, 2 1 2k , 2 1 3k , 2 1 4k, 2 1 5u , 2 1 6 r , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8 u ,
2 1 9u , 2 20u , 2 2 2 u, 2 2 3u, 2 2 5 u, 2 2 6 u , 2 2 7 u, 2 2 9 y ,
2 3 0 c , 2 3 1 y , 2 3 1 gm l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 g m l , 2 7 7 u , 2 3 4 y ,
2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5m l , 2 3 6m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c ,
2 3 9 gm l , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 0 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y ,
--

Keyword Index

295

259k, 260k , 2 6 l k , 262k, 263k, 2 7 2 u, 2 7 4 r , 275u,
2 7 6 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 8 l gm l , 2 8 4 r , 2 8 5 y , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u ,
2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 1 ym 1 , 3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y ,
3 4 7 m l , 3 60 m , 3 9 8 m l , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0 m l , 4 0 l m l , 4 0 2 m l ,
403ml , 406y, 4 0 7 c , 408g, 409y, 409 r , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3 y ,
414u
1926

1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 9 ml , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s ,
l9 2 s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 2 l7 u , 2 18u , 2 1 9u,
220u, 2 2 9 y, 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 5ml , 2 3 6 m ,
2 4 7 s , 2 5 0 s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 9 k , 2 60 k , 2 6 2 k , 2 7 2 u , 2 7 6 u ,
2 7 7 u , 280u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 347ml , 4 0 l ml , 402ml
a gr i c u l t u r e ( s e e a l s o t h e a l l e n t r i e s l i s t a b o v e )
1926 l 74y, l 7 8 y , 184y, 1 9 2 s , 200s, 206k, 2 1 4k, 2 1 9u,
2 2 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 3 30u , 4 1 4u
children
1 9 2 6 34 7ml
literacy
1 9 2 6 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 5 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 3 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 0 5 k ,
207k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8u , 2 20u , 40lml , 402ml
mar i t a l s t a t u s
1 9 2 6 �ml , 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm ,
2 3 5 c , 2 35ml , 2 4 7 s , 259k , 263k , 2 7 2 u , 2 9 2 uml , 2 9 3 y
n a t i o na l i t y
1 9 2 6 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 m l , 2 0 l k , 2 1 0k , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 6 3 k
p a r t - t i m e o c c u pa t i o n s
1 9 2 6 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 gc , 1 7 9 ml , 1 8 0ml , 1 8 3 y , 1 8 4 y , 1 9 5 s , 1 9 6 s ,
1 9 8 s , 1 99 s , 2 0 0 s , 2 0 9 k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k , 2 1 3k , 2 1 4k,
222u , 223u , 225u , 226u , 227u, 414u
pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e
1926 330u
1926

1 7 2 g c , 1 7 2 gm l , 1 7 3 gm l , 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 g c , 1 7 8 y ,
1 78 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 1 80gml , 1 82m, 1 8 2 y , 1 85 g c ,
186z, 1 8 7 s , 1 90s, 1 9 l s , 192s, 193s, 195s, 196s,
1 98 s , 20lk, 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 209k , 2 1 0k,
2 1 2k, 2 1 5 u , 2 1 7u, 2 1 8u, 2 1 9 u, 220u, 2 2 2u, 2 2 3 u,
2 2 5 u , 2 2 9 y , 2 3 0 c , 2 3 l y , 2 3 l g m l , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 g m,
2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6 m , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 3 8 gm l , 2 3 9 c , 2 3 9 g m l ,
2 4 7 s , 248s , 248s y , 249s , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 259k , 260k,
2 6 l k , 263k , 2 7 2u, 274r, 2 7 5u, 276u, 279r, 280u,
2 9 2 um l , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 3 0 u , 3 4 7 m l , 3 6 0 m ,
398ml , 399m l , 400ml , 4 0 l ml , 402ml , 403ml , 406y,
4 0 7 c , 4 08 g , 4 1 2 r , 4 1 3 y
urban-rural
1 9 2 6 l 7 2 gc , l 7 3 gm l , l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 8 5 g c , 1 8 6 z ,
1 8 7 s , 1 89 s g c , 1 90 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 9 5 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 98 s , 2 0 l k ,
204k, 20 7 k , 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2 k , 2 1 5u, 2 1 7 u , 2 2 0 u ,
2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 2 y , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 gml , 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm,
2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 ml , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 4 7 s , 2 4 8 s , 2 4 8 s y , 2 4 9 s , 2 5 0 s ,
2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 259k, 26lk, 262k, 263k, 2 7 2 u , 2 74 r ,
2 7 5 u , 2 7 6 u , 2 7 7 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 4 0 6 y ,
4 09 r , 4 1 2 r
OCCUPAT I O N S
all e n t r i e s
1897 24 g , 2 5 z c , 2 6 z c , 2 7 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 3d , 54 u , S S d ,
SS g , 5 8y , 58 gc , SB z , 5 9g c , 6 0g c , 6 l d , 62 gc , 6 3d ,
64 d , 6 5 g c , 8 3 d , 84 g
1 9 2 6 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 gc , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9 ml ,
1 80gml , 1 8 l gc , 1 82m, 1 8 2 y , 1 83 y , 1 84 y , 1 9 0 s , 1 9 l s
1 9 2 s y , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 94 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 9 7 s , 198s, 1 9 9 s ,
2 0 0 s , 204k, 2 0 5 k , 206k, 2 0 7 k , 208k, 2 lOk , 2 l l kyc,
2 1 2k, 2 1 3k , 2 1 4k, 2 1 7 u, 2 1 8u, 2 1 9u, 220u, 2 2 l u,
2 2 3 u , 2 2 4 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 2 6 u , 2 2 7 u , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 uml ,

296

Index and Guide

1939
1959

�

1970
1979

330u,
4 1 4u,
555r ,
550r,
56 l r ,
65lr ,
733u ,

360m ,
557r
556r,
55lr ,
65lr,
65 2r ,
753r ,

3 9 9m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 3m l , 4 l l s k y ,
56 l r
552r, 553r, 554r, 555r, 556r, 557r,
652r, 657r
65 3r , 654r, 657r, 7 3 3u, 753r, 754r
754r

1897
1926

2 4 g , 5 2 u , 5 8 y , 60gc , 6 l d , 6 3 d , 6 4 d , 6 5 gc
l 7 4 y , l 7 5 y , l 7 9 m l , 1 8 2 m , 1 8 2 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s y ,
193s, 194s , 204k, 205k, 206k, 207k, 208k, 2 1 7u,
2 1 8u , 2 1 9u , 220u , 2 2 l u , 247s , 292u , 402ml
1959 550r , 5 5 l r
1970 654r
agr iculture ( see also the a l l e n t r i e s l i s t above )
1897 27z , 55d , 55g , 62gc , 63d , 64d
1926 l 7 4 y , l 7 8 y , 1 8 l gc , 1 84 y , 192s, 192sy, 194s, 1 9 7 s ,
2 00 s , 2 0 6 k , 2 0 8 k , 2 l l k y c , 2 1 4 k , 2 1 9 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 7 u ,
330u , 4 1 4 u
1 9 5 9 553r , 554r
education
1 9 39 5 6 l r
1959 56l r , 657r
1970 657r , 733u , 753r , 754r
1979 733u , 753r , 754r
language , n a t i v e
1 8 9 7 26zc , 54u
literacy
1897 6 l d , 64d , 65gc
1926 1 74y, 1 7 5 y , 190s, 1 9 l s , 192s, 192sy, 193s, 204k,
205k , 2 06 k , 2 07 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 1 8 u , 2 1 9 u , 4 0 2 m l
ma r i t a l s t a t u s
1 8 9 7� , 6 3 d
1 9 2 6 1 9 0 s , 2 0 4 k , 2 1 7 u , 2 9 2 um l
n a t i o na l i ty
1 9 2 6 1 7 8 g , 1 7 9ml , 2 1 0k
pa r t - t i m e
1897 27z , 55d , 55g
1 9 2 6 1 78 y , 1 7 8 gc , 1 7 9ml , 1 80gml , 1 8 3 y , 1 8 4k, 1 9 6 s , 1 9 8 s ,
1 9 9 s , 200s, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 1 3k, 2 1 4k, 223u , 225u,
226u, 227u, 414u
pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e
1926 330u

24 g , 25 z c , 2 6 z c , 27 z , 52 u , 52 d , 53 g , 5 4 u , 55 d , 5 8 y ,
58gc , 60g c , 6 l d , 6 2 g c , 6 3 d , 64d , 6 5 g c
1926 1 7 4 y , 1 7 5 y , 1 7 7 gc , 1 7 8 y , 1 7 8 g , 1 7 8 g c , 1 7 9ml ,
1 80gml , 1 8 l gc , 1 82m, 1 82 y , 1 90 s , 1 9 l s , 1 9 2 s , 1 9 2 s y,
193s, 1 94s , 196s, 1 9 7 s , 198s, 204k, 205k, 206k,
207k, 208k, 2 10k, 2 l l ky c , 2 1 2k , 2 1 7 u, 2 1 8u , 2 1 9u,
2 2 0 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 4 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 um l ,
3 3 0 u , 3 6 0 m , 3 9 9 m l , 4 0 0m l , 4 0 2 m l , 4 0 3 m l , 4 l l s k y
1939 555r , 556r
1959 550r , 55l r , 553r , 554r , 555r , 556r , 652r
urban-rural
1897 2 5 z c , 2 6 z c , 5 2 d , 53d , 58 y , 58 gc , 83d , 84g
1 9 2 6 l 7 7 g c , l 7 8 y , l 7 8 g c , 1 8 l g c , 1 90 s , 1 9 3 s , 1 9 4 s , 1 9 6 s ,
1 9 7 s, 1 9 8 s , 204k, 207k, 208k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 l k y c , 2 1 2k,
2 1 7 u , 2 2 0 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 4 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 7 m l c , 2 9 2 um l ,
4 l l sky
w o m e n ( s e e a l s o OCCUPAT I O N S , s e x )
1 939 556r
1959 55l r , 554r , 556r , 652r
1 9 70 652r
1897

--

Keyword Index

297

P A R T - T I ME OCCUPAT I O N S ( s e e OCCUPA T I ON S , p a r t - t i me ; s e e a l s o
OCCUPAT I O N , P O S I T I O N I N , p a r t - t i me )
P E R S O N S L I V I NG A L O N E
a l l eii't'ries
1897 Sze , 33g
1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r ,
3 0 7 uml , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c , 3 1 S y c , 3 2 l g c , 3 2 3 y c ,
3 2 4 y c , 3 2 S y c , 3 2 6 y c , 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 y ml , 3 3 4 r
1 939 S73r
1 9S9 S7 l o , S73r , S76r , S77r , 667r
1 9 7 0 66Sr , 6660 , 667 r , 677r
��-

�-

1 9 S9 S76r
1970 677r
agr i c u l t u r e
1 9 2 6 3 3 0 u , 3 3 l yml , 3 3 2 ym l
o c c u pa t i o n , po s i t i o n .!.!!.
1 9 26 330u
o c c u pa t i o n s
1926 330u
1897
1926
1939
19S9
1 9 70

Sze , 33g
3 30 u , 3 3 l ym l , 3 3 2 yml
S73r
S7 l o , S73r , S77r , 667r
66Sr , 667r , 677r

� .8.!2.!!.P.
1926

3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l , 3 0 S r , 3 0 S um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r ,
307uml , 3 1 2yc , 3 1 3yc , 3 1 4yc , 3 1 Sy c , 334r
19S9 S77r
urban-rural
1897 Sze , 33g
1939 S73r
19S9 S7 l o , S73r , S76r , S77r , 667r
1970 66Sr , 6660 , 667r , 677r
P H Y S I C A L LABOR ( s e e LABOR )
PHYS I C A L L'f"li'A'ND I C A PPED ( a l l 1 9 2 6 e n t r i e s a l s o c o n t a i n d a t a o n
mental illness )
all entries
1 8 9 7 2 l z c , 2 2 z c , 23zc , 49d , SOd , S l g
1 9 2 6 2 4 0 z c , 240gm l , 2 4 l g c , 2 4 2 gml , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 3y , 244gc,
2 4 S y , 2 4 S g c , 2 S 2 s gml , 2 S 3 s , 2 S 4 s , 2 S S s , 2 S 6 s , 2 S 7 s ,
2 6 4 k , 2 6 S k , 2 6 6 k , 2 6 7 k , 2 68k, 2 6 9 k , 2 8 6 r , 2 8 7 u ,
288u, 289u, 290u, 2 9 l u
1897 2lzc, 49d
1926 243y , 244gc , 2 S 4 s , 26 7k , 268k , 288u
b i r t h , p l a c e ill r e s i d e n c e , p l a c e o f
1 9 2 6 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 S 7 s , 2 6 6 k , 2 9 l u
� of disability
1 9 2 6 2 4 l gc , 2 S 6 s , 2 6 S k , 2 9 0 u
f o r e i gn e r s
1897 23zc , Slg
ga i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d / n o n - ga i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d
1926 24Sy , 2SSs , 269k , 289u
l a nguag e , n a t i v e
1 8 9 7 2 2 z c , SOd
literacy
1 9 2 6 2 4 4 gc , 2 S 4 s , 2 6 8 k , 2 8 8 u
mar i t a l s t a t u s
1 8 9 7 2TZC , 4 9 d
1 9 2 6 2 S4 s , 2 8 8 u
mean s o f l i ve l ihood
1926 24Sy , 2SSs , 269k , 289u
--

298

Index and Guide
nationality
1926 240gml , 253s , 264k , 287u
1897
1926

2 1 zc ,
240zc,
245y,
26Sk,
289u ,

!2..£.itl �

22zc , 23zc , 49d , SOd , S l g
2 4 0 g m l , 2 4 1 g c , 2 4 2 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 3 y , 2 4 4 g c ,
2 5 2 s gml , 2 5 3 s , 2 5 4 s , 25Ss, 256s, 257s, 2 6 4 k ,
2 6 6 k , 2 6 7 k , 2 68k, 2 69k, 2 8 6 r , 2 87 u , 288u,
290u , 2 9 l u

1897 23zc , S l g
ur ban-r ural
1897 2 1 z c , 2 2 z c , 2 3 z c , 4 9 d , SO d , S l g
1 9 2 6 2 4 0 gm l , 2 4 2 y , 2 4 4 g c , 2 5 4 s , 2 5 S s , 2 5 7 s , 2 6 4 k , 2 6 6 k ,
268k , 269k , 288u , 289u , 2 9 1 u
P O P U L A T E D P L A C E S ( s e e S ETTLEMEN T S )
POPU LA T I O N ( e n t r i e s h e r e c o n t a i n p o p u l a t i o n b y a g e , s e x , o r u r b a n
and rura l onl y; data for these factors for urban
and r ural po pu lation also found under CITIES and
S E T T L EM ENTS ; e n t r i e s t h a t c o n t a i n a n y o t h e r
fac t o r s a r e found under those s u b j e c t he a d i n g s)
1897 6zc
1 9 2 6 1 30 s y , 1 6 7 r
1939 S l Sr
1959 S l Sr , 5 1 8 0 , 6 1 0r
1 9 7 0 6 1 0r
r u r a l ( s e e a l s o POPULAT I ON , u r b a n - r u r a l )
--1 8 9 7 l g c , 8 8 g
1926
l O l z 1 0 2 v , 1 0 3 z , 1 1 6 s g , 11 7 s y ,
1 56r
1959 S l Qr , S l l u , 5 1 2r , 5 1 40
1 9 7 0 6060 , 6070
1897

1 35ky,

1 36ky,

l SSr,

l g c , 2 z c , 4 z c , 6 z c , 3 0 g , 3 1 g , 3 2 g , 6 6 z , 6 7 g , 68 g c ,
6 9 g , 7 0 1 , 7 2 m , 7 4 c , 7 6 c , 7 7 z , 7 8 g , 7 9 g c , 8 0 g , 86 g c
1926 104gc, 1 1 8sgc , 1 30sy, 1 3 7ky, 1 5 7 r , 1 6 7 r , 364g,
36Sg , 366c
1939 SOSr , 608r , 609r , 704u
1 9 5 9 5 0 3 0 , S O S r , 5 1 8 0 , 6 08 r , 6 09 r , 6 1 0 r , 7 0 4 u , 7 5 5 r
1 9 7 0 608 r , 609r , 6 1 0r , 6 3 7 r , 704u , 7 5 5 r
1 9 7 9 7 04 u , 7 5 5 r , 7 6 0 r
u r b a n ( s e e a l s o POPULAT I O N , u r b a n - r u r a l )
��-1 8 9 7 l g c , 3 l g , 6 6 z , 6 7 g , 6 9 g , 7 9 g c , 8 0 g , 8 7 g , 8 9 g c , 9 0 g c
1 9 2 6 l OO g , 1 0 3 z c , 1 0 4 g c , l l S s g , 1 1 7 s y , 1 1 8 s g c , 1 3 4 k y ,
1 3 6 k y , 1 5 4 r , 1 5 6 r , 1 5 7 r , 3 5 6 g , s oa r
1939 507c , 508r
1959 507c , 508r , 5090 , 602oc , 603r
1970 602oc , 603r , 6040
u r b a n - r u r a l ( s e e a l s o POPULAT I O N , u r b a n a n d r u r a l )
1 8 9 7 2 z c , 4 z c , 6 z c , 3 2 g , 7 7 z , 7 8 g , 8 l z , 8 2 g , 8 2 z , 7 00 u
1 9 2 6 1 1 4 s z , 1 30 s y , 1 3 3k g , 1 5 3 y , 1 6 7 r , 3 6 1 y , 3 6 2 z , 364g,
S OOu , S O O r , SO l u , S O l r , 7 00 u
1 9 3 9 SOOu, SOOr , SO l u, SO l r , S O S r , 5050, 5060, 600r ,
6 0 8 r , 6 09 r , 7 0 0 u , 7 0 1 r , 7 0 4 u
1 9 5 9 S O O u , S O O r , S O l u , SO l r , 5 0 3 0 , S O S r , S O S o , 5 0 6 0 ,
5 1 8 0 , 6 00 r , 6 0 l o c , 6 0 8 r , 6 0 9 r ,. 6 1 0 r , 7 00 u , 7 0 l r ,
704u, 755r
1 9 7 0 6 0 0 r , 6 0 1 o c , 608 r , 609 r , 6 1 0r , 6 3 7 r , 700u, 7 0 0 r ,
701 r , 755r
1979 700u , 7 0 1 r , 7020 , 704 u , 755r , 759r
POPULAT I ON D EN S I T Y
1897 2z , 30g
1926 1 1 4 s z , 1 3 3kg , 1 5 3y , 36 l y , 362z
1959 5020 , 504rc

Keyword Index

299

R A YO NS ( mi n o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s )
-1 9 2 6 l OO g , 1 1 5 s g , 1 34 k y , 1 5 4 r
1 9 59 5 1 3 0
1 9 7 0 6050
R EL I G I ON
all entries
1897 3zc , 1 6zc , 18zc , 29zc , 44g , 46d , 5 7 d , 8 l z , 86gc
1897 29zc , 5 7 d
l a nguage , n a t i v e
1897 18zc , 46d
li teracy
1897 18zc , 46d
s e t t l e me n t s o f 5 0 0 o r m o r e p op u l a t i o n

1 897

86gc --

-

--

1897 1 6zc , 18zc , 29zc , 44g , 46d , 57d
ur ban-r ural
1 89 7 3 z c , 1 6 z c , 1 8 z c , 2 9 z c , 44 g , 46d , 5 7 d , 8 l z
RENT ( s e e B U I L D I N G S )
�DE NC E , LENGTH OF ( s e e a l s o B I RTH , P L A C E OF ; M I G R AT I ON )
all entries
1 9 26 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6m , 2 3 7m l e , 2 5 l s ,
2 5 l s y , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 80 u , 2 9 4 u m l , 2 9 5 y
1979 74lr
--

1926

2 3 4 y , 2 3 5 c , 2 3 5 m l , 2 3 6m , 2 5 l s , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 8 u , 2 8 0 u

1926 all entries
ur ban-r ural
1 9 2 6 2 3 4 y , 2 3 4 gm , 2 5 l s , 2 5 l s y , 2 6 3 k , 2 7 8 u , 2 7 9 r , 2 8 0 u ,
294uml , 295y
1979 74lr
R U R A L S ETTLEMENTS ( s e e S E T T L EMENT S )
'SEL'f:S U P P ORT I N G ( s e e G A I NFULLY EM P L O Y E D ; M EA N S OF L I V E L I HOOD;
ON-G A I N FULLY EM PLOYED)
S ET T L EMENT S ( s e e a l s o C I T I E S )
all entries
-- 1 8 9 7 l g c , 8 5 gc , 8 6 gc , 8 8 g c , 9 0 g c
1 9 2 6 1 0 2 v , 1 0 3 z , 1 04 g c , l l 3 z v c , l 1 4 s z , l l 7 s y , l 1 8 s g c ,
1 3 3 k g , 1 3 6 k y , 1 3 7 k y , 1 5 3 y , 1 5 6 r , 1 5 7 r , 3 0 4 um l ,
3 0 5 u m l , 3 0 6 u m l , 3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 u m l , 3 0 9 um l , 3 1 0 u m l ,
3 l l um l , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 2 s k b y , 3 5 3 s k b y , 3 5 3 s k b g m l , 3 6 l y ,
362z , 363y , 508r
1939 507c , 508r , 603r
1959 507c , 508r , 5090 , 5 1 0r , 5 l l u , 5 1 2 r , 602oc , 603r
1970 602oc , 603r , 6040 , 6070 , 662re
r u r a l { s e e a l s o S E TTLEMENTS , a l l e n t r i e s )
1897 lgc , 88g
1926 1 02 v , 103z, 1 1 3z v c , 1 1 4 s z , 1 1 7 s y , 1 3 3kg , 1 36ky,
1 53y , 1 56r , 36 1 y , 362z , 363y
1 9 5 9 5 1 0r , 5 1 1 u , 5 1 2 r
1 9 7 0 6070
� ( s e e a l s o S ETTLEMENT S , a l l e n t r i e s )
1 8 9 7 l gc , 90gc
1 9 2 6 1 0 3 z , 1 04 g c , 1 1 3 z v c , 1 1 4 s z , 1 1 8 s g c , 1 3 3k g , 1 3 6 k y ,
1 3 7 k y , 1 5 3 y , 1 5 6 r , 1 5 7 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 um l ,
3 0 8 u m l , 3 0 9 u m l , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 1 1 um l , 3 5 2 s k b , 3 5 2 s k b y ,
353skby , 353skbgml , 36 1 y , 362z , 363y , 508r
1 9 39 507c , 508r , 603r
1959 507c , 508r , 5090 , 602oc , 603r
1970 602oc , 603r , 604r , 662re

Index and Guide

300

S O C I A L G R O U P S ( f o r 1 9 2 6 s e e ma i n l y OCCUPAT I O N , P O S I T I O N I N )
--al l entrie s
-- 1 8 9 7 3 z c , l O z c , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 g c , 2 3 z c , 2 8 z c , 3 8 g , 4 0 g ,
4 l d , 4 2 g , 5 l g , 5 6 d , 7 1 1 , 7 3m , 7 5 c
1 9 2 6 2 8 4 r , 2 8 5 y , 3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 u m l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r ,
306uml , 307r , 307uml , 308r , 308uml , 309r , 309uml ,
3 1 0 r , 3 1 0 u m l , 3 l l r , 3 l l um l , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4 y c ,
3 1 5y c , 3 1 6y c , 3 1 7 y c , 3 1 8 y c , 3 1 9y c , 3 2 2 y c , 3 3 1 ym l ,
3 3 2 y m l , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r , 3 3 4 g c , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l ,
3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9 m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3m l ,
3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l , 3 4 8 m l , 3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l ,
3 5 1 ml
1939 53lr , 543r , 544r
1 9 5 9 530r, 5 3 l r , 5320, 5 3 3 r , 538r, 540r, 54 1 u, 5 4 2 r ,
543r, 544r, 5440, 553r, 554r, 577r, 578r , 638r,
6390, 640r, 6410, 642r, 643r, 6440, 649r
1970 638r , 6390, 640r, 6 4 1 0 , 64 2 r , 643r, 6440 , 647r,
648r, 649r, 672r, 678r, 729r
1 979 727r , 728r , 729r , 736u , 749r
1897
1926
1 959
education
1 897
1 939
1959
1970
1979
fami l y
1926

13zc , 4ld
3 3 5m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 1 m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l ,
347ml , 348ml , 35lml
54lu
13zc ,
543r ,
540r,
642r ,
729r

4ld
544r
5 4 1 u, 542r, 543r,
643r , 6440 , 729r

3 0 4 r , 3 0 4 um l ,
3 0 7 um l , 3 0 8 r ,
316yc, 31 7yc,
3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6m l ,
342ml , 34 3ml ,
3 4 9 m l , 3 5 0m l ,
577r , 578r
672r
736u , 749r

544r,

5440,

642r,

643r,

6440

3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r ,
308uml , 3 1 2 y c , 3 1 3y c , 3 1 4y c , 3 1 5yc,
3 3 1 y m l , 3 3 2 y ml , 3 3 3 u , 3 3 3 y , 3 3 4 r ,
337ml , 3 38ml , 339ml , 340ml , 3 4 l m l ,
344ml , 345ml , 34 6ml , 347ml , 348ml ,
351ml

1959
1 970
1979
labor
1959 553r , 554r
l a ng u a g e , n a t i v e
1897 28zc , 56d
l i teracy
1897 13zc , 4 l d
mar i ta l s t a t u s
1 8 9 7 14gC , 4 2 g
means of livelihood
1970 647r
mothe r s
1 9 2 6 348ml
1 9 70 6 78r
pe r s o n s l i v i n g a l o n e
1 9 2 6 3 0 4 r , W'4Um l , 3 0 5 r , 3 0 5 um l , 3 0 6 r , 3 0 6 um l , 3 0 7 r ,
307 uml , 3 1 2y c , 3 1 3 y c , 3 1 4y c , � 1 5y c , 334r
1959 577r

---

--

1897
1926
1 939

l O zc , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 g c , 2 3 z c , 2 8 z c , 3 8 g , 40 g , 4 l d ,
42g , 5 1 g , 56d , 7 1 1 , 73m , 75c , 76c
3 3 l y m l , 3 3 2 ym l , 3 3 5 m l , 3 3 6 m l , 3 3 7 m l , 3 3 8 m l , 3 3 9m l ,
3 4 0m l , 3 4 l m l , 3 4 2 m l , 3 4 3 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 4 7 m l
543r

Keyword Index

30 1

530r, 5320 , 538r, 540r, 54 l u, 5 4 2 r , 5 4 3 r , 5440,
553r , 554r , 5 7 7 r , 578r , 638r , 640r , 642 r , 643 r , 6440
1 9 70 638r , 640r , 642r , 643r , 6440 , 647r , 648r , 729r
1979 729r
urban- r u r a l
1 8 9 7 3 z c , l O zc , 1 2 z c , 1 3 z c , 1 4 gc , 23 z c , 2 8 zc , 38 g , 4 0g ,
4 l d , 42 g , 5 l g , 56d , 8 l z
1 93 9 543r
1959 530r, 538r , 540r, 542r, 543r, 5440, 577r, 578r,
638r , 640r, 642r, 643r, 6440
1 9 70 638r, 640r , 642r, 643r, 6440, 647r, 648r, 6 7 2 r ,
678r , 729r
1979 727r , 728r , 729r , 736u , 749r
wo r k i n g p o pu l a t i o n
1939 543r , 544r
1 9 5 9 533r, 538r , 542r, 543r, 544r, 640r, 64 1 0 , 643r,
6440 , 649r
1 9 70 640r , 64 1 0 , 643r , 6440 , 648r , 649r , 729r
1979 7 l l u , 728r , 729r
S O U R C E O F I NCOME ( s e e MEANS O F L I V E L I H O O D )
SOVIETS(C o u n c i l s )
rural
1 9 2 6 l O l z , 1 02 v , 1 1 6sg , 1 35ky , 1 55r , 3 6 l y , 362z
1 959 5 1 40
1 9 70 6060
u r ban
1 9 2 6 l O Og , 1 1 5 s g , 1 3 4 k y , 1 5 4 r , 3 6 l y , 3 6 2 z
U N EMPLOYMENT ( s e e a l s o OCCUPAT I O N , P O S I T I ON I N )
ill e n t r i e s
1 9 2 6 1 80gml , 1 8 5 g c , 1 95 s , 1 96 s , 1 98 s , 2 0 9 k , 2 1 0k, 2 1 2 k ,
2 2 2 u , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 2 9 5 y ,
3 3 4 g c , 3 3 6m l , 3 4 0m l , 3 4 4m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l , 3 5 9 m ,
3 60m , 4 04 y , 4 0 5 c , 4 1 0 y , 4 l l s k y , 4 1 4 u
1959

--

��-

1 9 2 6 2 9 2 u , 2 9 3 y , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4ml , 3 4 6 m l , 3 5 9 m
city � and size
1 9 2 6 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l
fami l y �
1 9 2 6 3 3 6 ml , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 m l , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l
length of
1 9 2 6 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 uml , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 um l , 3 6 0 m
mar i t a l s t a t u s
1 9 2 6�m l , 2 9 3 y , 3 5 9m
o c c u pa t i o n , p r e v i o u s
1 9 2 6 1 8 0 g m l , 1 9 6 s , 1 9 8 s , 2 1 0k , 2 1 2 k , 2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u ,
2 9 2 um l , 3 6 0m , 4 1 4 u
1926

292u,

1 80gml , 1 9 5 s , 1 9 6 s , 1 98 s , 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 2 2 u,
2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y , 2 9 4 u m l , 2 9 5 y ,
3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4ml , 3 4 6 m l , 3 5 9 m , 3 6 0 m , 4 0 4 y , 4 0 5 c , 4 l l s k y

s o c i a l .&!.£!!.P.
1 9 2 6 3 3 6m l , 3 4 0 m l , 3 4 4 ml , 3 4 5 m l , 3 4 6 m l
� of
1 9 2 6 1 8 5 g c , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 3 y
u r ban-rural
1926 1 85gc, 1 9 5 s , 1 96s, 1 98s, 209k, 2 1 0k, 2 1 2k, 2 2 2 u ,
2 2 3 u , 2 2 5 u , 2 9 2 um l , 2 9 4 um l , 4 0 4 y , 4 1 0 y , 4 l l s k y
U R B A N SETTLEMENTS ( s e e SETTLEMENTS )
VOLOST ( g e o g r a p h i c c o d e " v " f o r v o l o s t - l e v e l data )
1926 1 02 v , 1 1 2zvc , 1 1 3zvc
V O L O S T ( n umb e r o f ; p o p u l a t i o n- s i z e g r o u p s )
1 9 2 6 l OO g , l O l z , 1 0 2 v , 1 1 5 s g , 1 1 6 s g , 1 5 4 r
WATER SUPPLY ( s e e B U I L D I N G S , wa t e r s u p p l y )

302

Index and Guide

WOMEN ( s e e a l s o M OT H E R S a n d t h e s u b c a t e g o r y s e x)
all entries
1 9 2 6 2 3 3 gm l , 2 3 3 y , 2 5 0 s , 2 6 2 k , 2 7 7 u
1 9 39 556r
1959 55lr , 554r , 556r , 652r
1970 652r
1979 7 37 r , 738r , 7 39 r , 740u
o c c u pa t i o n s
1 9 39 5 5 6 r
1959 55lr , 554r , 556r , 652r
1970 652r
W O R K E R S ( s e e a l s o OCCUP A T I O N , P O S I T I ON I N ; O C C U P A T I ON S ; S OC I A L
G R O U P S ; WOR K I N G POPULAT I ON )
� entries
1897 59gc , 60gc , 6 l d , 62gc , 63d , 64d , 65gc
1 9 2 6 1 7 4y , 1 76y l , 1 80gml , 1 94 s , 1 98 s , 206k, 208k, 2 1 2k ,
2 1 9 u , 2 2 l u , 2 2 5 u , 2 3 3 y , 2 3 3 gm l , 2 5 0 s , 2 6 2 k , 2 7 7 u ,
3 2 3 y c , 324yc, 325yc, 326yc, 3 2 7 y c , 328y c , 329yc,
3 3 2 yml
a gr i c u l t u r e
1897 62gc , 63d , 64d
1926 1 74y , 1 76yl , 194s , 206k , 208k , 2 1 9u , 2 2 l u
f a c t o r y- a n d -w o r k s i n d u s t r i e s , l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s £.[
1926 323yc , 324yc , 325yc , 326yc , 327yc , 328yc , 329yc
W O R K I N G P OPULAT I ON
� entries
1939 539r , 543r , 544r , 620ra , 709u , 7 1 0u , 7 l l u , 7 6 l u
1959 533r, 538r, 539r, 542r, 543r, 544r, 545r , 546r ,
54 7 u , 5 6 9 r , 6 1 90 , 6 2 0 r a , 6 3 5 r , 6 4 0 r , 6 4 1 0 , 6 4 3 r ,
6 4 4 0 , 6 4 9 r , 7 09 u , 7 1 0 u , 7 1 l u , 7 1 2 r a , 7 6 l u
1 9 7 0 6 1 90, 620ra , 6 3 5 r , 6 3 6 r , 640r, 641 o, 6 4 3 r , 6440,
648r , 649 r , 676r, 708u, 709u, 7 1 0u , 7 1 l u , 7 1 2 r a ,
72 9r , 73 2r , 750r, 753r, 754r, 76lu
1 9 7 9 7 0 8 u , 7 09 u , 7 1 0 u , 7 l l u , 7 1 2 r a , 7 1 9 0 , 7 2 8 r , 7 2 9 r ,
7 3 0r , 7 3 2 r , 7 5 0 r , 7 5 3 r , 7 5 4 r , 7 6 l u

---

--

1959 545r
e c o nomy , s e c t o r s of
1939 539r
1959 538r , 539r ,
1970 648r , 649r
1979 730r
e d ucation
1939 543r , 544r ,
1959 542r, 543r,
635r, 643r ,
1 9 7 0 6 1 90 , 620ra,
7 1 0u, 7 l l u ,
76lu
1979 708u, 709u ,
7 3 2 r , 7 50r ,
n a t i o na l i t y
1959 569r , 635r
1970 635r , 636r
1939
1959

1979

539 r ,
5 38 r ,
6190,
6 1 90,
7 10u ,
7 10u ,

1939

543r , 544r

1970

�

.8.!..2.!!..P.

545r , 546r , 547 u , 649r

6 2 0ra , 709u , 7 1 0u , 7 1 l u , 7 6 l u
544r, 546r, 547 u , 569r, 6 1 90 ,
6440, 709u, 7 10u, 7 l lu, 7 1 2ra,
6 3 5 r , 6 3 6 r , 6 4 3 r , 6 4 4 0 , 7 08 u ,
7 1 2ra , 729r, 7 3 2 r , 750r, 753r,
7 1 0u, 7 l l u , 7 1 2 r a ,
753r , 754r , 76lu

543r , 620ra ,
539r, 542r,
620ra , 635r ,
620ra, 635r,
7 2 9 r , 7 50r
7 2 9 r , 7 50r

7 190,

729r,

620ra,
76lu
709u,
754r,
730r,

7 10u
543r, 545r, 546r, 547u , 569r,
640r , 643r , 6440 , 7 1 0u
636r, 640r, 643r, 6440 , 648r,

Keyword Index
1959

533r,
6440 ,
1 9 7 0 640r ,
1 9 79 728r ,
ur ban-rural
1939 543r ,
1959 538r,
643r ,
1970 6 1 90,
6 76r ,
1979 7 1 1 u ,

538r , 542r, 543r, 544r, 640r, 64 10,
649r
6 4 1 0 , 643r , 6440 , 648r , 649r , 729r
729r

303
643r,

620ra , 7 1 1 u
542r , 543r, 569r, 6 1 90, 620ra, 635r, 640r,
6440 , 7 l l u
6 2 0ra , 6 3 5 r , 6 3 6 r , 640r, 643r, 6440, 648r,
7 1 1 u , 7 2 9 r , 7 50r
7 2 8 r , 7 2 9 r , 7 5 0r

A L L T A B L E S W I T H 1 9 3 9 DATA

�- �c ensu s�� ��
500u , 500r,
515r , 521r,
539r , 543r,
569r, 573r,
1970 census
600r , 603r,
1 9 7 9 census
700u , 7 0 l r ,

5 0 1 r , 5 0 1 u , 505 r , 505 0 , 5060, 507c, 508 r,
524r, 5260, 528r, 529r , 5290, 53 l r , 535r,
544r , 548r, 549r, 555r, 556r, 560r, 561r,
575r
608 r , 609r, 6 1 7 r , 6 1 80 , 620ra,
704 u , 706u,

62 l r

709u, 7 1 0u, 7 l l u, 7 6 l u

304

Index and Guide
G e o g r a p h i c U n i t s £!. t h e R u s s i a n a n d S o v i e t C e n s u s e s

E a c h e n t r y i n t h e l i s t o f C e n s u s T a b l e s i n c l u d e s i n f o r ma t i o n
on th e g e o g r ap hi c u n i ts that ar e r e p r e se nt e d by i nd i v i d ua l
ta b l e s . Th e pu r p o s e o f t hi s s e c t i o n i s t o ex p l ai n t h e m ea n i ng s
o f t h o s e u n i t s , t o d e s c r i b e h o w t h e u n i t s c h a n g e f r o m o n e c e n s·us
t o a n o t h e r , a n d t h e n t o p r o v i d e a l i s t o f a l l o f t h e ma j o r
geographic units used in these censuses.
T r a n s l i t e r a t i o n £!. p l a c e - n a me s . A l l o f t h e u n i t s l i s t e d i n t h i s
s e c t i o n a r e d i r e c t t r a ns l i t e r a t i o n s o f the R u s s i a n p l a ce-name s ,
with two e x c e p t i o n s : USSR a n d M o scow are used instead o f SSSR and
Mo s k v a b e c a u s e t h e y a r e u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p t e d E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s
o f those wor d s .
The a d j e c t i va l endings of al l pl ace-names hav e
b e e n r e t a i n e d , s i n c e t h e r e i s no s i n g l e m e t h o d o f a n g l i c i z i n g
t h e s e wor d s which i s unamb i guous i n a l l c a s e s .
Al though many of
t h e u s e r s o f t h i s g u i d e a r e p r o b a b l y a c c u s t o me d t o t h e L i b r a r y o f
Congress system for Cyr i l l ic-Engl ish trans l iteration , the trans­
l i t e r a t i o n s u s e d h e r e a r e ba s e d o n t h e s y s t e m o f t h e U . S . B o a r d
o n G e o g r a p h i c N a m e s b e c a u s e i t i s t h e mo s t a u t h o r i t a t i v e s y s t e m
a n d t h e o n e mo s t w i d e l y r e c o g n i z e d i n o t h e r E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g
T h e on l y m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t ha t s y s t e m h e r e w a s t h e
co un tr i e s.
d r o p p i n g o f t h e s o f t s i g n a t t h e e n d o f t h e w o r d " o b l a s t ."
A b b r e v i a t i o n s £!. r e g i o n a l u n i t s .
The standard a b b r e v i a t i o n s of
S o v i e t a dm i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s w h i c h w e r e u s e d i n t h e s e l i s t s o r i n
the tab l e e n t r i e s a r e the fo l lowi n g : SSR ( Sov i e t So c i a l i s t Repub­
lic or Union Republ ic) , RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federated Socia l i s t
R e p u b l i c o r s i m p l y R u s s i a n R e p u b l i c ) , A S S R ( A u t o n o mo u s S o v i e t
S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c ) , A O ( A u t o n o m o u s O b l a s t o r A u t o n om o u s O k r u g ) ,
NO ( Na t i on a l O kr ug ) , a n d g . ( g or od o r c i t y ) .
C O !!!J!..!!.£1..!!..8. �i t � a m o n g c e n s u s e s . M a n y o f t h e u n i t s r e t a i n t h e i r
p l ac e - name s o r e v e n t h e i r p o s i t i o n s i n t h e a d mi n i s t r a t i v e s t r uc ­
t u r e f r om o n e c e n s u s t o a n o t h e r . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s
contains a numb er of ASSR s (Bashki r s kaya ,
Yakutskaya ,
Da g e s t a n s k a y a ) w h i c h a r e a l s o f o u n d i n t h e u n i t l i s t s o f a l l
s u b s e q u e n t c en s u s e s . T h e p r e s e nc e o f a un i t o f t h e s am e n am e i n
tw o o r m o r e c e n s u se s , h o w e v er ,
d o e s n ot n e c e s s ar i l y mea n t ha t
the t e r r i t o r i e s o f t h o s e u n i t s a r e a l so the same . The admi n i s tra­
t i v e s t r uc t u r e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a s b e e n r e o r g a n i z e d a n d u n i t
boundar i e s hav e been changed so many times that there i s in fact
litt l e comparab i l i t y between units in the 1926 census and those
i n 1959, 1 9 70 , or 1 97 9 . Therefore, i t i s not possi b l e to compare
th e s e un i t l i s t s a l o n e t o s e e i f a u n i t i s t he s a me f r om on e
census to another .
H o we v e r , b y c o m p a r i n g t h e a r e a o f a p a r t i c u ­
la r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t i n 1 9 5 9 ( e n t r y N o. 5 0 2 0 ) wi th i t s a r e a
i n 1 9 7 0 o r 1 9 7 9 ( f r o m ! a r o d _!!£� k h �.!.!!.�� S S S R o f v a r i o u s
y e a r s ) , o ne ca n e s t im a t e t he e x t e n t o f t er r i to r i a l c ha ng e an d
t h u s t h e d e g r e e o f u n i t c o m p a r a b i l i t y a mo n g t h e t h r e e mo s t r e c e n t
censuses .
C o mp i l a t i o n £!. t h e u n i t l i s t s . T h e s e l i s t s w e r e t a k e n d i r e c t l y
f r o m t h e v a r i o u s c e n s u s e s , w i t h o n l y m i n o r mo d i f i c a t i o n s . T h e
o r d e r o f uni t s i n e a c h l i s t a n d t h e s p e l l i n g a r e t h e same a s t h e
o r i g i n a l . T h e o r d e r o f un i t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e c e n s u s t a b l e f r o m
w h i c h t h i s l i s t wa s t a k e n , h o w e v e r , i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e s a m e
E x p lana t i o n s o f
a s that i n a l l o t h e r t a b l e s o f t h e same c e n s u s .
r e g i o n a l u n i t s ( " R a y o n s u n d e r r e p u b l i c a u t h o r i t y" ) w h i c h a p p e a r
i n the c e n s u s e s , as o p p o s e d t o ac t u a l p l a t e- na me s , w e r e t r a n s ­
la t e d .
I n a f e w c a s e s , u n i t s t h a t w e r e c l e a r l y pa r t o f t h e
c e n s u s b u t d i d n o t a p p e a r i n t h e ma i n l i s t o f c e n s u s u n i t s w e r e
added .

The highest order uni t s o f the 1 8 9 7 census are r e f e r r e d to in
t h i s gu i d e a s "ma i n d i v i s i o n s o f t h e R u s s i a n Em p i r e . " T he y a r e

Geographic Units

305

g i v e n b e l o w as t h e s e c t i o n t i t l e s . E i g h t y - n i n e g u b e r n i y a s a n d
o b l a s t s , e a c h o f w h i c h h a s i t s o wn c e n s u s v o l u m e , ma k e u p t h e
m a i n c e n s u s u n i t s . I n a d d i t i o n , f o u r o f t h e v o l ume s a r e a c t u a l l y
t w o v o l u me s e a c h , o n e f o r a g u b e r n i y a a n d o n e f o r a l a r g e c i t y
w i t h i n i t s b o r d e r s . T he s e c i t i e s ( M o s c o w , S . - P e t e r b u r g , O d e s s a ,
a n d V a r s ha v a ) a r e i n c l u d e d a s s e p a r a t e u n i t s whe n e v e r t h e c e n s u s
giv es data by guberniya. Guberniyas and oblasts are d i v ided into
ue zd s , w h i c h a r e t oo n um e r ou s t o l i s t he r e . M a n y o f t he 1 89 7
c e n s u s ta b l e s a l so g i v e d a t a f or o ne o r mo r e i nd i v i d ua l u r ba n
s e t t l e me n t s o r c i t i e s i n e a c h u e z d .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e 8 9 g u b e r n i y a s a n d o b l a s t s , s o me c e n s u s
ta b l e s a l so gi v e d a t a fo r o t h er pa r t s o f t he em p i r e .
Th e s e
i n c l u d e t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l p r i n c i pa l i t i e s o f F i n l a n d ,
the Russian popul a t i o n o f Bukhar a , and the Russian popu l a t i o n o f
K h i v a . Ta b l e s t h a t i n c l u d e t h e s e u n i t s a r e n o t e d i n t h e t a b l e
list .
E v r o p e y skaya Ros s i ya
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17 .
18.
19.
20 .
21 .
22 .
23 .
24 .
25 .
26 .
27 .
28 .
29 .
30 .
31 .
32 .
33 .
34 .
35 .
36 .
37 .
38 .
39 .

40 .

41 .

42 .

43.

Ar khang e l ' skaya guberniya ( 3 )
A s t r a kh a n s k a y a g u b e r n i y a ( 2 )
Bessarabskaya guberniya
V i l e n s ka y a g u b e r n i ya ( 3 )
Vitebskaya guberniya ( 3 )
V l a d i m i r s ka y a g u b e r n i y a ( 2 )
V o l o g o d s ka y a g u b e r n i y a ( 2 )
V o l ynskaya g u b e r n i ya
Voronezhskaya guberniya ( 2 )
V y a t s ka y a g u b e r n i ya
Grodnenskaya guberniya
Donskogo voyska oblast
Y e k a t e r i n o s l a v s ka y a g u b e r n i ya
Kazanskaya guberniya
Kal uzhskaya guberniya ( 2 )
K i e v s k a y a g u b e r n i ya
K o v e n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
K o s t romskaya guber n i ya
K u r l y a n d s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
K u r s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Liflyandskaya guberniya
M i n s kaya g u b e r n i ya
M o g i l e v s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
G o r o d Mo s k v a ( 2 )
Moskovskaya guberni ya
Ni zhegorod skaya guber n i ya ( 2 )
Novgorodskaya guberniya ( 2 )
O l o n e t s ka y a g u b e r n i ya ( 3 )
O r e n b u r g s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
O r l o vskaya g u b er n i ya
Penzenskaya guberni ya
Permskaya g u b e r n i ya
Podol ' skaya guberniya
P o l t a v s k a y a g u b e r n i ya
Pskovskaya guberniya ( 2 )
R y a z a n s k a y a g u b e r n i ya
S a ma r s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
G or o d S . - P e t e r b u r g ( 2 )
S . -P e t e r b u r g s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Saratovskaya guberniya
Simbirskaya guberniya
S mo l e n s ka y a g u b e r n i ya
Ta v r i c h e s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
T am b o v s k a y a g u b e r n i ya
Tverskaya guberniya

306

Index and Guide

44 .
4S .
46 .
47 .

Tul ' skaya guberniya
Ufimskaya guberniya ( 2 )
Khar ' k o vskaya g u b e r n i ya
Gorod Odessa
K h e r s o n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
48 . C h e r n i govskaya g u b e r n i y a
49 . Estl yand skaya guberniya
SO . Y a r o s l a v s k a y a o b l a s t

Privislyanskiye gubernii
S l . G o r o d V a r s ha v a
V a r s h a vskaya g u b e r n i ya
S2 . Kali shskaya guberni ya
S3 . K e l e t skaya guberni ya
S 4 . L om z h i n s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
S S . L y u b l i n s kaya g u b e r n i y a
S6 . P e t r okovskaya g u b e r n i y a
S 7 . P l o t s k a y a g u b e r n i ya
S8 . Radomskaya guberniya
S 9 . S u v a l k s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
60 . S e d l e t s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
Kavkaz
61 .
62 .
63 .
64 .
6S .
66 .
67 .
68 .
69 .
70 .
71 .

Bakinskaya guberniya
Dagestanskaya oblast
Y e l i savetpol ' skaya guberniya
Karskaya oblast ( 2 )
Kubanskaya oblast
Kutaisskaya guberniya
Stavropo l ' skaya guberniya
Terskaya oblast
T i f l i s skaya g u b er n i ya
Chernomorskaya guberniya ( 3 )
E r i vanskaya g u b e r n i ya

Sibir '
72 .
73 .
74 .
7S .
76 .
77 .
78 .
79 .
80 .

A m u r s ka y a o b l a s t ( 2 )
Yeniseyskaya guberniya
Zabaykal ' skaya oblast
Ir kutskaya guberniya
P r i m o r s ka y a o b l a s t ( 3 )
O s t r o v Sakha l i n ( 2 )
Tobol ' skaya guberniya
Tomskaya guberni y a
Yaku t s kaya o b l a s t

Srednyaya Aziya
81 .
82 .
83 .
84 .
8S .
86 .
87 .
88 .
89 .

A kmo l i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Za k a s p i y s k a y a o b l a s t
Samar kandskaya oblast
Semipalatinskaya oblast
S e m i r e c h e n s ka y a o b l a s t
S y r ' -Dar ' inskaya o b l a s t
T u r g a y s ka y a o b l a s t
Ural ' skaya oblast
F e r g a n s ka y a o b l a s t

T h e c e n s u s v o l ume s f o r g u b e r n i y a s t h a t a r e ma r k e d � i t h a ( 2 ) w e r e
p u b l i s he d i n t wo s e p a r a t e p a r t s o r t e t r a d y ; t h o s e m a r k e d wi t h a
( 3) w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n t h r e e s e p a r a t e t e t r a d y .

Geographic Units

307

The a dm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s of t h e 1 9 2 6 c e n s u s a r e c o n s i d e r ­
a b l y m o r e c o m p l e x. than t ho se of 1 89 7.
N ot on l y i s t h e r e a se t
o f u n i t s f o r n o r ma l a dm i n i s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s , t h e r e i s a l s o a s e t
o f e t h n i c u n i t s . T he c o un t r y i s d i v i d e d i n t o s i x u n i o n r e p u b ­
l i c s : R SF S R , B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R , U k r a i n s ka y a S S R , Z a ka v k a z s k a y a
S F S R , U z b e k s ka y a S S R , a n d T u r k m e n s ka ya S S R .
T h e s e ar e t h e
hi gh e s t l e v e l ce n s us u n i t s .
A l t ho ug h t he th r e e u n i t s i n t h e
Zaka v ka z s k a y a S F S R a r e a l s o S S R s , t h e y a r e n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h i s
l i s t o f u n i o n r e pu b l i c s . The r e f o r e , d a t a for these uni t s a r e n o t
gi v e n in t ho se ca se s w h e r e t he c e n s u s gi v e s d a ta by un i o n
republic .
Bel ow the union r e p u b l i c s , the census g i v e s data b y a s e t o f
r a y o n s , wh i c h a r e i n d e n t e d i n t h e f i r s t s u b h e a d i n g u n d e r e a c h
u n i o n r e p u b l i c . T he s e s e c o n d - o r d e r un i t s i n c l u d e S S R s , A S S R s ,
ra y o n s , po d r ay on s ( s ub r e gi on s ) , k r ay s , a n d o b l as t s . N o t e t ha t
" S S R" i s a t e r m a l s o a p p l i e d t o f i r s t - o r d e r u n i t s .
Unit s at the
Therefore, there
third l ev e l al so incl ude ASSRs and podrayons.
i s n o c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n b y w h i c h un i t s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s s e c o n d ­
o r d e r u n i t s a s o p p o s e d t o t h i r d - o r d e r u n i t s o t h e r t h a n , p r e s uma­
b l y , b y s i z e o r i m p o r t a n c e . U n i o n r e p u b l i c s and r a y o n s e a c h ha v e
a s e pa ra t e v o l um e o r p ar t o f a v o l um e f o r e a c h o f t h e f i r st t h r e e
ot de l y o f t h e 1 9 26 c en s u s.
T he t h i r d a n d l o w e r o r d e r u n i t s ,
which appear in the l i s t bel ow as the f i r s t or second subheading
u n d e r e a c h r a y o n , a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h o s e r a y o n v o l u me s . T h e t h r e e
numbers g i ven in the l i s t a f t e r each union republ i c and rayon are
t h e r e s p e c t i v e v o l ume n u m b e r s f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e o t d e l y o f t h e
census .
T h e t h i r d - o r d e r un i t s a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e t a b l e e n t r i e s
an d i n t he g eo gr a p h i c c o d e s i n t he i n d e x a s g ub e r n i ya s . M o s t o f
the European RSFSR i s d i v i d e d into these uni t s .
Out side of this
a r ea , ho we v e r , m o s t o f t h e t h i r d - o r d e r u n i t s , wh i c h a r e e q u i v a ­
lent t o guberni yas, are cal l e d okrugs.
Other third-order units
a r e t he e t h n i c d i v i s i o n s A S S R a n d a u t o n o mo u s o b l a s t ( a v t o n o m n a ya
oblast ) .
--ro u r t h - o r d e r u n i t s a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e t a b l e e n t r i e s a n d
i n t he g eo g r a p h i c c o d e s i n t h e i nd e x as ue zd s . Th e s e u n i t s ar e
t o o n u me r o u s t o o l i s t h e r e . M o s t o f t h e g u b e r n i y a s a r e d i v i d e d
i n to u e z d s , a nd m o s t o f t he o th er t hi r d - o r d er u ni t s a r e d i v i de d
i n t o e q u i va l e n t un i t s ,
w h i c h ha v e a w i d e v a r i e t y o f n a m e s . M a n y
o k r u g s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e i n U k r a i n s k a ya S S R , B e l o r u s s k a y a S S R ,
T u r km e n s k a y a S S R , a n d U z b e k i s t a n ( i n U z b e k s k a y a S S R ) , a r e d i v i d e d
in t o " r a y o n y " ; s o m e M o s l e m e t h n i c u n i t s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o " k a n ­
tony";
o t h e r e t h n i c u n i t s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o " d a y r a" o r " v i d a y e t" ;
a n d ma n y g u b e r n i y a - l e v e l u n i t s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e w h i c h a r e
sparse l y populate d , hav e n o fourth-or der d i visions.
Admi n i s tra­
t i v e d i visions below the uezd le ve l are referred to as v o l osts ,
a l th o u g h th e r e i s a a l so a w i d e v a r i e t y o f n am e s f o r t he s e f i f t h ­
o r d e r un i t s .
T h e s o u r c e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g un i t l i s t i s t h e t a b l e r e p r e ­
s e n t e d b y e n t r y No . 3 64 .
USSR ( 1 7 , 34 , 5 1 )
RSFSR ( 9 , 1 6 , 43 )
S e vero-Vostochnyy rayon ( or S e ve r n y y rayon ) ( 1 , 1 8 , 3 5 )
Ar khangel ' skaya guberniya
V o l o g o d s k a y a g u b e r n i ya
Iomi ( Zyr yanskaya ) a v t onomnaya o b l a s t
S e v e r o -D v i n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Leningra dskaya oblast i Avtonomnaya Iarel ' skaya respubl ika
( o r L e n i n g r a d s ko - I a r e l ' s k i y r a y o n ) ( 1 , 1 8 , 3 5 )
Iar e l ' skaya ASSR
Leningrad skaya guberniya

308

Index and Guide

M u r ma n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Novgorodskaya guberniya
Pskovskaya guberniya
C h e r e p o v e t skaya g u b e r n i ya
Za p a d n y y r a y o n ( 2 , 1 9 , 3 6 )
Bryanskaya guberniya
S mo l e n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
T s e n t r a l ' n o - P r o my s h l e n n y y r a y o n ( 2 , 1 9 , 3 6 )
Mos k . -Prom y s h l e n n y y podra yon
V l a d i m i r s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
I v an o v o - V o z n e s e n s kaya g u b e r n i y a
Kaluzhskaya guberniya
K o s t r omskaya g u b e r n i y a
Mosk o v s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
N i zh e go r o d s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
Tverskaya guberniya
Yar o s l a vskaya guberniya
Rya zano-Tul ' sk i y podrayon
R y a z a n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Tul ' skaya guberniya
T s e n t r a l ' n o - C he r n o z e m n y y r a y o n ( 3 , 2 0 , 3 7 )
Voronezhskaya guberniya
K u r s kaya g u b e r n i y a
Orlovskaya guberniya
T am b o v s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
Vyatski y rayon ( 4 , 2 1 , 38)
V o t s kaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t
Vyatskaya guberniya
Mari yskaya avtonomnaya oblast
Ural ' skaya oblast ( 4 , 2 1 , 38 )
Predural ' ye
Komi -Permy a t s k i y o k r u g
Kungurskiy okr ug
Permskiy okrug
S a r a p u l ' s k i y o k r ug
G o r n o - Z a v o d s k i y Ur a l
Ver khne-Kamsk i y okr ug
Zlatoustovskiy okrug
S v er d l o v s k i y okr ug
Tagi l ' skiy okrug
Zaural ' ye
I r bitskiy okrug
I s h i ms k i y okrug
Kurganskiy okrug
T r o i t ski y okr ug
T y u me n s k i y o k r u g
C h e l y a b i n s k i y okr ug
S ha d r i n s k i y o k r u g
Tobol ' ski y Sever
Tobol ' sk i y okrug
Ba s h k i r s k a y a A S S R ( 4 , 2 1 , 3 8 )
S r e d n e -V o l z h s k i y r a y o n ( 3 , 2 0 , 3 7 )
O r e n b u r g s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
P e n z e n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
S a ma r s k a y a g u b e r n i y a
Tata r s kaya A S S R
Ul ' yanovskaya guberniya
Chuvashskaya ASSR
N i z h n e -V o l z h s k i y r a y o n ( 3 , 2 0 , 3 7 )
Astrakhanskaya guberniya
Kalmyt skaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t
Nemt se v-Povol zh ' ya ASSR
S a r a t o v s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
S t a l i n g ra dskaya g u b e r n i ya

Geographic Units
Krymskaya ASSR ( 5 , 22 , 39)
S e v e r n y y K a v k a z ( or S e vero-Kavka z s k i y k ra y } ( 5 , 2 2 , 3 9 )
S t e pn o y P r i k a z o v s k i y podrayon
D on s k o y o k r u g
T a g a n r o g s k i y o k r ug
S t e p n o y Vostochnyy podrayon
Done t s k i y okr ug
S a l ' s k i y o k r ug
S t a v r o p o l ' s k i y ok r ug
Sunzhens k i y o k r ug
Te r s k i y o k r u g
S h a kh t i n s k i y o k r ug
S t e p n o y P r i ku b a n s ko - C h e r n o mo r s k i y p o d r a y o n
A d y g e y s k o -C h e r k e s s ka y a a v t o no m n a y a o b l a s t
A r ma v i r s k i y o k r u g
K u ba n s k i y o k r u g
Ma yk o p s k i y o k r u g
C h e r n o mo r s k i y o k r u g
Gor n i y p o d r a y on
V l a dikavkaz a v t onomnyy g o r o d
Grozniy avtonomnyy gorod
I n g u s h s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Kabard ino-Balkarskaya a vtonomnaya oblast
K a r a c ha e v s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Severo-Oseti nskaya a v t onomnaya oblast
C he r ke s s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Chechenskaya avtonomnaya oblast
Da g e s t a n s k a y a A S S R ( 5 , 2 2 , 3 9 )
Kazakhskaya ASSR ( 8 , 25 , 4 2 )
Z a p a d n y y p o d r a y on
Adae v s k i y uezd
Aktyubinskaya g u b e r n i ya
K u s t a n a y s k i y ok r u g
Ural ' skaya guber n i ya
Vostochnyy podrayon
A km o l i n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Semipalati nskaya g u b e r n i ya
Yuzhnyy podrayon
Dzhetysuyskaya guberniya
K a r a - K a l p a k s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
S y r -D a r ' i n s ka y a g u b e r n i y a
Kirgi zskaya ASSR ( 8 , 2 5 , 4 2 )
Sibirski y Kray ( 6 , 23 , 40)
Y u g o - Za p a d n a ya S i b i r '
Barabinskiy okr ug
Barnaul ' skiy okrug
Biyskiy okrug
Kam e n s k i y o k r u g
N o v o s i b i r s k i y okr ug
Oms k i y o k r u g
R u b t s o v s k i y o k r ug
Sla vgoro d s k i y okrug
Ta r s k i y o k r u g
Oyrat skaya a v tonomnaya oblast
S e vero-Vos t ochnaya S i b i r '
Achinskiy okrug
I r kutski y okrug
Kans ki y okrug
K i r e n s k i y o k r ug
K r a s n o ya r s k i y s T u r u k h a n s k i m r a y on o m
K u z n e t s k i y okrug
Mi n u s i n s k i y o k r u g
Tom sk i y o k r u g
Tulunovskiy okrug

309

310

Index and Guide

Khak a s s k i y okrug
B u r y a t o -M o n g o l ' s k a y a A S S R ( 6 , 2 3 , 4 0 )
Yakutskaya ASSR ( 7 , 24 , 4 1 )
D a l ' n e -V o s t o c h n y y K r a y ( 7 , 2 4 , 4 1 )
Zabayka l ' y e
Sretenskiy okrug
C h i t i n s k i y o k r ug
A mu r s k i y p o d r a y o n
A mu r s k i y o k r u g
Zeyskiy okrug
P r i mo r s k i y p o d r a y o n
Vladivostokskiy okrug
Nikolaevski y okr ug
Khaba r o b s k i y o k r ug
S a k ha l i n
K amc h a t k a
Be l o r u s s kaya S S R ( 10 , 2 7 , 4 4 )
Bobr uyskiy okrug
Bor i so v s k i y o k r ug
V i tebskiy okr ug
Gomel ' sk i y okrug
Kalininskiy okrug
Minskiy okrug
Mogi levski y okr ug
Mo z y r s k i y o k r u g
Or shanski y okr ug
Polot skiy okrug
Rechitskiy okrug
Slut skiy okrug
Ukrainskaya SSR ( 1 1 , 28 , 4 5 }
Poles ' ye ( 1 1 , 2 8 , 4 5 }
Z h i t o mi r s k i y o k r u g
Glukho vskiy okrug
K o n o t o p s k i y ok r ug
Korostenskiy okrug
Chernigovski y okrug
( 1 2 , 29 , 46)
Pravobere zhnaya Lesoste p '
B e l o t s e r k o v s k i y ok r u g
Ber d i c h e v s k i y o k r u g
V innitski y okr ug
K a me n e t s k i y o k r u g
K i e v s k i y okr ug
Mo g i l e v s k i y o k r u g
P r o s ku r o v s k i y o k r u g
Tul ' chinskiy okrug
U ma n s k i y o k r u g
Che r k a s s k i y okrug
Shepetovski y okrug
( 1 2 , 29 , 46)
Levobere zhnaya Lesostep '
I zyumski y okr ug
Kremenchugskiy okrug
Kupyans k i y okr u g
Lub enskiy okrug
Nezhinskiy okr ug
Poltavskiy okrug
P r i lukskiy okr ug
R o me n s k i y o k r u g
S ums k i y o k r u g
Khar ' k o v s k i y o k r ug
( 1 3 , 30 , 4 7 )
Step '
Z i no v ' y e v s k i y okrug
Mar i u p o l ' sk i y okrug
Me l i t o p o l ' s k i y o k r u g
Nikolaevskiy okr ug

Geographic Units
Odesskiy okrug
Pervoma y s k i y okr ug
Starobel ' skiy okrug
Khersonskiy okrug
Mo l d a v s ka y a ASSR
Dne p r o p e t r o v s k i y p r om y s h l e n n y y r a yon ( 1 3 , 30 , 4 7 )
Dn e p r o p e t r ovski y okrug
Zap o r o zh s k i y o k r ug
K r i v oro zhski y okr ug
Gor no-promyshlennyy ra yon ( 1 3 , 30 , 4 7 )
Artemo v s k i y okrug
Lugan s k i y okrug
S t a l i nski y okr ug
Zakavk a z skaya SFSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 48 )
A z e r b a y d zhanskaya SSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 48 )
Nagornogo K apa bakha a v t onomnaya o b l a s t
Na k h i c hevanskaya A S S R
Armyanskaya SSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 4 8 )
G r u z i n s k a y a SSR ( 1 4 , 3 1 , 4 8 )
A bkha zskaya DSSR
A d zharskaya ASSR
Yugo-O s e t i n s kaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t
U z bekskaya SSR ( 1 5 , 32 , 4 9 )
U z b e k i s tan
And i zhan s k i y okrug
Bukha r s k i y okr ug
Zeravshanskiy okrug
K a s hka-Dar ' i n s k i y okr ug
Samar kan d s k i y okrug
Sur khan-Dar ' i nski y ok r u g
Tashken t s k i y okrug
F e r g a n sk i y okr ug
Khodzhent s k i y o k r u g
Khor ezmski y okr ug
Kenimekh s k i y ra yon
I s f a n e y s k i y r a y on
Tadzhi kskaya ASSR
Tur kme nska y a SSR ( 1 6 , 3 3 , SO)

311

312

Index and Guide

The h i e r a r c h y o f a d m i n i s t ra t i v e un i t s i n the 1 9 5 9 c e n s u s i s
v e r y c l e a r l y d e f i n e d i n c o mp a r i s o n w i t h 1 9 2 6 . O n l y t w o l e v e l s o f
g e o g r a p h i c d i v i s i o n s a r e c o mm o n l y u s e d : ( 1 ) f i f t e e n u n i o n r e p u b­
l i c s , wh i c h a r e t h e f i r s t - o r d e r d i v i s i o n s ; a n d 2 ) A S S R s , A O s ,
NO s , o b l a s t s , a n d k r a y s , w h i c h m ak e u p t he s e c o n d - o r d e r d i v i ­
s i on s . Th e s e l ow e r l e v e l u n i t s ar e r e f er r e d t o i n t he e n t r i e s
( a nd i n t h e g eo g r ap h i c c od es of t h e i n d e x ) a s o b l a s ts , u n l e s s
t h e r e i s a par t i c u l a r r ea s o n for d i s t i n g u i s h i n g d i f f e r e n t k i n d s
o f s ec on d- or d e r d i v i si on s ( a s i n s o me t a b l e s on na t i o n a l i t y ) .
A l t h o u g h t h e a dm i n i s t r a t i v e l e v e l s o f t h e s e s e c o n d a r y u n i t s a r e
n o t t h e s a m e , t h e y a r e t r e a t e d a s i f t h e y we r e t h e s a m e l e v e l f o r
mo s t c e n s u s p u r p o s e s .
T ha t i s , w h e n e v e r d a t a i n a t a b l e a r e
g i v e n b e l o w t h e r e p u b l i c l e v e l , t h e y a r e u s ua l l y g i v e n f o r a l l o f
t h e s e s e c o n d a r y u n i t s . T a b l e t i t l e s m o s t c omm o n l y r e f e r t o d a t a
t h a t a r e g i v en d o wn t o t h e o b l a s t l e v e l a s da t a " b y R e p ub l i c s ,
K r a y s , a n d O b l a s t s ."
I n a dd it i o n t o t he se ob l a s t - l e v e l d a t a , t a b l e s t ha t g i v e
s e c o n d ar y un i t s us ua l l y i n c l ud e da t a f or a l l un i o n r e p ub l i c
ca pi t a l c i t ie s a nd Le n i ng ra d.
C a s e s w he r e no t a l 1 o f th e s e
c i t i e s a r e i nc l u de d ar e no te d i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r e n t r i e s .
Th e
c i t i e s t h a t a r e s o m e t i me s om i t t e d a r e T a l l i n , R i g a , V i l ' n y u s ,
Yerev an, and K i shine v .
Th e s o u rc e o f t he fo l l o w i n g un i t l i s t i s t he t a b l e r e p r e ­
s e n t e d b y e n t r y No . 5 06 .
US S R
R S FSR
Sever o-Zapa dnyy ra yon
Ar khangel ' skaya oblast
Nenetskiy n a t s i onal ' ny y okrug
V o l o g o d s ka y a o b l a s t
Kaliningradskaya oblast
L e n i n g r a d a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e
city sov iet
g. Leningrad
L e n i n g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t
M u r ma n s k a y a o b l a s t
Novgorodskaya oblast
Pskovskaya oblast
Karel ' skaya ASSR
Komi ASSR
T s e n t r a l ' n y y r a y on
B r y a n s ka y a o b l a s t
Vladimirskaya oblast
I vanovskaya oblast
K a l i n i n s ka y a o b l a s t
K a l u z h s ka y a o b l a s t
K o s t r om s k a y a o b l a s t
Mo sc o w a n d u r ba n s e t t l e m e n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e
city soviet
Mo s c o w
Mo s k o v s k a y a o b l a s t
Ryazanskaya oblast
S mo l e n s ka y a o b l a s t
Tul ' skaya oblast
Yaroslavskaya oblast
V o l g o - Vy a t s k i y r a y o n
G or ' k o v skaya o b l a s t
K i r o v s ka y a o b l a s t
Ma r i y s k a y a A S S R
Mordovskaya ASSR
Chuvashskaya ASSR

Geographic Units
T s e n t r a l ' n o - C h e r no z e mn y y r a y on
B e l g o r o d s ka y a o b l a s t
Voronezhskaya o b l a s t
K u r s ka y a o b l a s t
L i p e t s ka y a o b l a s t
Orlovskaya oblast
Tam b o v s k a y a o b l a s t
P o v o l zh s k i y r a y o n
A s t r a kh a n s k a y a o b l a s t
Volgogra dskaya oblast
K u y by s h e v s k a y a o b l a s t
Pe n z e n s ka y a o b l a s t
Saratovskaya oblast
Ul ' yanovskaya oblast
Tatarskaya ASSR
Severo-Kavkazskiy rayon
Krasnodarski y kray
Adygeyskaya a v t onomnaya o b l a s t
Stavropol ' skiy kray
K a r a c ha e v o - C he r k e s s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Rostovskaya oblast
Da g e s t a n s ka y a A S S R
Kabardi no-Balkarskaya ASSR
K a l m y t s ka y a A S S R
S e v e r o -O s e t i n s ka y a A S S R
C h e c h e n o - I n gu s h s ka y a A S S R
Ural ' skiy rayon
K u r g an s ka y a o b l a s t
Orenburgskaya oblast
Permskaya oblast
Kom i -P e r m y a t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Sverdlovskaya oblast
T y u m e n s ka y a o b l a s t
K h a n t i -Ma n s i y s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Yamalo-Ne n e t s k i y natsional ' nyy o k r u g
Ch e l y a b i n s k a y a o b l a s t
Bashkirskaya ASSR
U d mu r t s ka y a A S S R
Z a p a d no - S i b i r s k i y r a y on
Altayskiy kray
G o r n o -A l t a y s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Kemerovskaya oblast
Novos i bi r s kaya o b l a s t
O ms k a y a o b l a s t
Tomskaya oblast
V o s t o c h n o - S i b i r s k i y r a y on
Krasnoyar s k i y k r a y
K ha ka s s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
T a y my r s k i y ( Do l g a n o - N e n e t s k i y ) n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Evenkiyskiy natsional ' nyy okrug
I r k u t s ka y a o b l a s t
Ust ' -Ordynskiy Buryat ski y natsional ' nyy okrug
Chitinskaya oblast
Aginskiy Buryatskiy natsi onal ' nyy okrug
Buryatskaya ASSR
T u v i n s ka y a A S S R
Yakutskaya ASSR
Dal ' n e v o s t o c h n y y r a y o n
Primorskiy kray
K ha b a r o v s k i y k r a y
Evre yskaya avtonomnaya oblast
Amu r s k a y a o b l a s t
Kamc h a t s k a y a o b l a s t
K o r y a k s k i y n a t s i on a l ' n y y o k r u g

313

314

Index and Guide

Ma g a d a n s k a y a o b l a s t
Chukotski y natsional ' nyy okrug
S a k h a l i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Ukrainskaya SSR
D o n e t s k o -P r i dn e p r o v s k i y r a y o n
Dne p r o p e t r o v skaya o b l a s t
Done t skaya o b l a s t
Zaporo zhskaya oblast
Luganskaya oblast
Poltavskaya oblast
Sumskaya oblast
Khar ' kovskaya oblast
Yugo-Zapa d n y y r a y on
Vinni tskaya oblast
V o l y n s ka y a o b l a s t
Zhitomirskaya oblast
Zakar p a t s kaya o b l a s t
I vano-Frankovskaya oblast
Kiev
K i e v s ka y a o b l a s t
K i rovogradskaya oblast
L ' vovskaya oblast
Rovenskaya oblast
Ternopol ' skaya oblast
K hm e l ' n i t s k a y a o b l a s t
Cherkasskaya oblast
C h e r n i g o v s ka y a o b l a s t
Che r n o v i t s kaya o b l a s t
Yuzhnyy rayon
Krymskaya oblast
g. Sevastopol
Nikolaevskaya oblast
Odesskaya oblast
Khe r s o n s kaya o b l a s t
Zapadnyy rayon
Litovskaya SSR
g . Vil ' nyus
Lat v i y skaya SSR
g . R i ga
E s t o n s ka y a S S R
g . Tallin
Z a k a vk a z s k i y r a y o n
Gruzinskaya SSR
T b i l i s i a n d u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e me n t s a n d r u r a l l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r
the a u t ho r i t y o f t h e city s o v i e t
g. Tbilisi
Rayons under republic authori t y
A b kha z s k a y a A S S R
A d z ha r s ka y a A S S R
Y u g o -O s e t i n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
A z e r ba y d z ha n s k a y a S S R
B a k u a n d u r b a n s e t t l em e n t s a n d r u r a l l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r t h e
a utho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t
g . Baku
Rayons under r e p u b l i c author i t y
Nakhichevanskaya ASSR
N a g o r n o - K a r a b a kh s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
A r m y a n s ka y a S S R
Y e r e v a n a n d r ur a l l o c a l i t i e s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e
city soviet
g . Ere van
S r e d n ea z i a t s k i y r a y o n
U z b e k sk a y a S S R
Andi zhanskaya oblast

Geographic Units

315

B u k ha r s ka y a o b l a s t
Samar kandskaya o b l a s t
S u r k h a n d a r ' i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Tashken t
Taskent skaya oblast
Ferganskaya oblast
K h o r e zms k a y a o b l a s t
K a r a- K a l pa k s k a y a A S S R
Kir g i z skaya SSR
Frunze
Rayons under republic authori t y
Oshskaya oblast
Tyan ' -Shan ' skaya oblast
Ta d z h i k s k a y a S S R
D u s ha n b e a n d u r ba n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e
city soviet
g . D u s ha n b e
Rayons under republic author i t y
Gorno-Badakhshanskaya a v t onomnaya oblast
T u r kme n s k a y a S S R
A s h kha b a d
Rayons under republic autho r i t y
Mar y y s k a y a o b l a s t
Tashauzskaya oblast
Char dzhouskaya o b l a st
K a z a kh s t a n s k i y r a yo n
Kazakhskaya SSR
Zapadno-Kazakhs tanskiy kray
A k t y u b i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Gur ' yevskaya oblast
Ural ' skaya oblast
Tse l i n n y y k r a y
Kokchetavskaya oblast
Kustanayskaya oblast
Pa v l o d a r s k a y a o b l a s t
S e v e r o - K a z a kh s t a n s k a y a o b l a s t
T s e l i n o g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t
Y u z h n o - K a z a kh s t a n s k i y k r a y
Dzhambu lskaya oblast
K y z l -O r d i n s ka y a o b l a s t
C h i mk e n t s k a y a o b l a s t
A lma -A t a
A l m a -A t i n s k a y a o b l a s t
V o s t o c hno-Kazakhstanskaya o b l a s t
Karagand in s kaya o b l a s t
S e m i pa l a t i n s k a y a o b l a s t
Be l o r u s s ka y a S S R
Brestskaya oblast
V i t e b s ka y a o b l a s t
G o me l ' s ka y a o b l a s t
Gro dnenskaya oblast
Mins k
Mi n s ka ya o b l a s t
Mog i levskaya o b l a s t
Mo l d a v s ka y a S S R
g . K i s hi n e v

316

Index and Guide

T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w h i c h wa s
u s e d i n t h e 1 9 7 0 c e n s u s was v i r t ua l l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t whi c h was
e mp l o y e d i n t h e 1 9 5 9 c e n s u s . M os t impor t a n t , the same two l e v e l s
of uni t s were used to represent the census data: ( 1) the f i fteen
un i o n r e p ub l i c s a n d ( 2 ) a l l l ow er un i t s , i nc l u d i n g A S S R s , A Os ,
NOs, obl asts, and krays.
I n a d d i t io n to the ob l a s t - l e ve l u n i t s ,
t h e s e c o n d- o r d e r u n i t s a l s o i n c l u d e t h e c a p i t a l c i t i e s o f a l l
union r e pub l i c s and Leningrad.
S om e o f t h e s e c a p i t a l c i t i e s a r e
n o t l i s te d a s m a i n e nt r i e s i n t h e c e n s u s ta b l e f r om w h i c h t h i s
u n i t l i s t wa s d e r i v e d ; t h e y a r e , h o w e v e r , l i s t e d a s u n i t s i n m o s t
t a b l e s t h a t g i v e o b l a s t - l e v e l d a t a , so t h e y we r e a d d e d t o t h e
l i s t . A s wi t h t he 1 95 9 ce n s u s , t he u se o f th e ph r a s e " b y R ep u b ­
l i c s , K ra y s , a n d O b l a s t s " i n t h e ta b l e t i t l e s o r d e sc r i p t or s
means that a l l o f t h e s e s e c o n d - o r d e r un i t s a r e g i v e n .
The tabl e s on migration i n the 1970 census a l so use economic
regions as uni ts.
These regions cons i s t of each o f the sections
i n t h e R S F S R a n d Uk r a i n s k a y a S S R wh i c h i s c a l l e d a " r a y o n , " p l u s
each of t h e other union republ i c s ( the three Bal t i c repub l i c s are
one unit, as are the three republ ics in the Transcaucasus and the
four repub lics in Central Asia) .
Entry No . 601 i s the source of the unit list below.
USSR
RSFSR
Se vero-Zapadnyy ra yon
Arkhangel ' skaya oblast
Nenetskiy na t s i onal ' ny y okrug
Vologodskaya oblast
L e n i n g r a d a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e
city soviet
Len i n g r a d s kaya o b l a s t
M u r ma n s k a y a o b l a s t
N o v g o r o d s ka y a o b l a s t
Pskovskaya oblast
Kare l ' skaya ASSR
Komi ASSR
Tse ntr a l ' ny y r a y on
Bryanskaya oblast
V l a d i m i r s ka y a o b l a s t
Ivanovskaya oblast
Kal i n i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Kaluzhskaya oblast
K o s t r omskaya o b l a s t
M o s c o w a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e
c i t y so v i e t
Mo s k o v s k a y a o b l a s t
O r l o v s ka y a o b l a s t
Ryazanskaya oblast
Smolenskaya oblast
Tul ' skaya oblast
Yaroslavskaya oblast
Volgo-Vyat s k i y r a y on
Gor ' kovskaya oblast
Kirovskaya oblast
Ma r i y s ka y a A S S R
Mo r d o v s k a y a A S S R
Chuvashskaya ASSR
T s e n t r a l ' n o - C he r n o z e m n y y r a y o n
Bel gorodskaya oblast
Voronezhskaya oblast
K u r s ka y a o b l a s t
Lipetskaya oblast

Geographic Units
T am b o v s k a y a o b l a s t
P o vo l z h s k i y r a y o n
A s t r a kh a n s k a y a o b l a s t
Volgogradskaya oblast
Iuybyshevskaya oblast
P e n z e n s ka y a o b l a s t
Saratovskaya oblast
U l ' y an o v s ka y a o b l a s t
B a s hk i r s k a y a A S S R
Ialmyts kaya A S S R
Tatarskaya ASSR
S e v e r o - I a vk a z s k i y r a y o n
Irasnodarskiy kray
Adygeyskaya avt onomnaya oblast
Stavropol ' skiy kray
I a r a c h a e v o - C he r k e s s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Rostovskaya oblast
D a g e s t a n s ka y a A S S R
I a b a r d i no - B a l k a r s k a y a A S S R
S e v e r o -O s e t i n s ka y a A S S R
Checheno-Ingushskaya ASSR
Ur a l ' s k i y r a y o n
Iur ganskaya oblast
O r e n b u r g s ka y a o b l a s t
P e r ms k a.y a o b l a s t
I om i - P e r m y a t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Sverdlovskaya oblast
C h e l y a b i n s ka y a o b l a s t
U d mu r t s k a y a A S S R
Z a p a d n o -S i b i r s k i y r a y o n
A l ta y s k i y k r a y
G o r n o -A l t a y s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Iemerovskaya oblast
N o v o s i b i r s ka y a o b l a s t
Omsksya o b l a s t
T om s k a y a o b l a s t
T y um e n s k a y a o b l a s t
I h a n t i -Man s i y s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Yama l o - N e n e t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
V o s t o c h n o -S i b i r s k i y r a y o n
Irasnoyarski y kray
Ihakasskaya a v tonomnaya oblast
T a y my r s k i y ( Do l g a n o - N e n e t s k i y ) n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Even k i y s k i y n a t s i onal ' n y y okrug
I r k u t s ka y a o b l a s t
U s t ' -O r d y n s k i y B u r y a t s k i y n a t s i o n a l ' n y y o k r u g
Chitinskaya oblast
Aginskiy Buryatskiy natsional ' nyy okrug
Buryatskaya ASSR
T u v i n s ka y a A S S R
D a l ' n e v o s t o c h y y r a y on
P rimor s k i y kray
Ihabarovskiy kray
E v r e yskaya a v t o nomnaya o b l a s t
Amur skaya o b l a s t
I a m c ha t s ka y a o b l a s t
Ior yakski y n a t s i onal ' n y y okrug
Ha g a d a n s k a y a o b l a s t
C h uk o t s k i y n a t s i � n a l ' n y y o k r u g
S a k h a l i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Ya k u t s k a y a A S S R
U k r a i n s ka y a S S R
Don e t s ko - P r i dn e p r o v s k i y r a y o n
V o r o s h i l o v g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t

317

318

Index and Guide

Dnep r o p e t r o v skaya o b l a s t
Donetskaya oblast
Za p o r o zh s ka y a o b l a s t
K i rovogradskaya oblast
P o l t a v s ka y a o b l a s t
S um s k a y a o b l a s t
Khar ' kovskaya oblast
Yugo-Zapa d n y y r a y o n
V i n n i t s ka y a o b l a s t
Volynskaya oblast
Z h i t o m i r s ka y a o b l a s t
Z a ka r p a t s k a y a o b l a s t
I vano-Frankov skaya oblast
Kiev
K i e v s ka y a o b l a s t
L ' vovskaya oblast
Rovenskaya oblast
Ternopo l ' skaya oblast
K h me l ' n i t s k a y a o b l a s t
Cherkasskaya oblast
Chernigovskaya oblast
C h e r no v i t s k a y a o b l a s t
Yuzhnyy rayon
Kr ymskaya oblast
Nikolaevskaya oblast
Odesskaya oblast
Khe r sonskaya o b l a s t
Pribaltiyskiy rayon
Litovskaya SSR
V i l ' nyus
La t v i y s ka y a S S R
R i ga
E s t o n s ka y a S S R
Tal lin
Kaliningradskaya oblast
Z a ka v k a z s k i y r a y o n
G r u z i n s ka y a S S R
T b i l i s i a n d t h e u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t T s k hn e t i u n d e r t h e
a u t ho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t
Rayons under republic authori t y
A b k ha z s ka y a A S S R
A d z h a r s ka y a A S S R
Y u g o -O s e t i n s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
A z e r ba y d z h a n s k a y a S S R
B a k u a n d u r b a n s e t t l e me n t s u n d e r t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e c i t y
soviet
Rayons under republic authori t y
Nakhichevanskaya ASSR
Nagor no-Karabakhskaya avtonomnaya oblast
Armyanskaya SSR
Yere van
S r e d n ea z i a t s k i y r a y o n
Uzbekskaya SSR
Andi zhanskaya oblast
B u k ha r s ka y a o b l a s t
K a s hk a d a r ' i n s k a y a o b l a s t
Naman g a n s ka y a o b l a s t
Samarkandskaya o b l a s t
Surkhandar ' in skaya o b l a s t
Syrdar ' inskaya oblast
Tashkent
Tashkents kaya o b l a s t
Fer ganskaya oblast
Khore zmskaya o b l a s t

Geographic Units

319

K a r a k a l pa k s k a y a A S S R
Kir gi zskaya SSR
Frunze
Rayons under republic author i t y
I s s yk-Kul ' skaya oblast
Na r yn s ka y a o b l a s t
Oshskaya oblast
Ta d z h i k s ka y a S S R
D u s h a n b e a n d t h e u r ba n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t T a k o b u n d e r t p e
a u t ho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t
Rayons under republic autho r i t y
Leninabadskaya oblast
G o r n o -B a d a k h s h a n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
T u r kme n s k a y a S S R
A s h k h a b a d a n d t h e u r b a n - t y p e s e t t l e m e n t F i r yu z a u n d e r t h e
authori t y of the city soviet
Rayons under republic author i t y
Mar y y s k a y a o b l a s t
Tashauz skaya oblast
Char dzhouskaya oblast
K a z a kh s t a n s k i y r a y o n
Kazakhskaya SSR
A k t y u b i n s kaya o b l a s t
A l ma-A t a
Alma-A t i n s kaya o b l a s t
V o s t o c h n o - K a z a k h s t a n s ka y a o b l a s t
G u r ' y e v s ka y a o b l a s t
Dzhambul ' skaya oblast
Karagan d i n s kaya o b l a s t
K z y l -Or d i n s k a y a o b l a s t
Kokchetavskaya oblast
Kustanayskaya oblast
Pavlo darskaya oblast
Severo-Kazakhstanskaya o b l a s t
S em i p a l a t i n s k a y a o b l a s t
T a l d y- K u r g a n s k a y a o b l a s t
Turgayskaya oblast
Ural ' skaya oblast
T s e l i n o g r a d s ka y a o b l a s t
C h i mk e n t s k a y a o b l a s t
Be l o r u s s k i y r a y o n
Belorusskaya SSR
Brest skaya oblast
Vite bskaya oblast
Gom e l ' s k a y a o b l a s t
Grodnenskaya oblast
M i n s k and the u r ban-type s e t t lement V os t o c h n y y u n d e r the
a u t ho r i t y o f t h e c i t y s o v i e t
Mi n s ka y a o b l a s t
Mo g i l e v s k a y a o b l a s t
Mo l d a v s k a y a S S R
K i shinev

320

Index and Guide

T h e a dm i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s u s e d f o r t h e 1 9 7 9 c e n s u s a r e
th e s a m e a s t h o se u s e d i n t h e t w o pr e v io u s c e n s u se s wi t h o n l y
mi no r e x c e p t i o ns . A l t h o u g h t h e a r r a ng em e n t o f t he u n i t s i n t h e
l i s t he r e i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t , mo s t l y b e c a u se t he u n i t s i n t h e
RSFSR a n d Ukrainskaya S S R a r e presented a l phabetical l y by t y p e o f
u n i t a n d n o t b y economic r e g i o n , t h e a c t u a l un i t s a r e b a s i c a l l y
t h e s a me . A f e w n e w o b l a s t s , h o we v e r , w e r e f o r m e d b e t w e e n 1 9 7 0
an d 1 9 79 .
Th i s l i s t a s p u b l i sh e d i n t h e c e n s u s ( ta b l e e n tr y No . 7 0 2 )
d i ff e r s f r om t ho se o f t h e o th e r t w o c en s u s e s i n t ha t e co n o m i c
r e g i o n s a r e n o t l i s t e d a n d f ewer c a p i t a l c i t i e s o f u n i o n r e p u b­
l i c s a r e i n c l u d e d . T h e r e ma i n i n g c a p i t a l c i t i e s we r e a d d e d t o
t h e l i s t h e r e i n p a r e n t h e s e s , b e c a u s e mo s t o f t h e s ma l l n u m b e r o f
t a b l e s t h a t gi v e d a t a do wn t o t h e o b l a s t l e v e l i n c l u d e t h e m .
Ta b l e t i t l e s t ha t s p e c i f y t h a t d a t a ar e g i v en fo r r e p ub l i c s ,
k r ay s , a nd ob l a s t s i nc l u d e a l l o f t he se se co n d - o r d e r u n i ts .
N a t i o n a l o k r u g s ( n a t s i o n a l ' n y y e .2!.!..!)!..&.Y. w e r e r e n a me d b y t h e 1 9 7 7
So v i et c on st i t u t i o n ; t h e y a p p ea r be l o w un de r t h e ne w n am e
"� t o n �.!!.LY. o k r u .& , " b u t t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e s a m e u n i t s a s i n
ear l ier censuses.
USSR
RSFSR
Altayskiy kray
G o r n o -A l t a y s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Krasnodarski y kray
Adygeyskaya avtonomnaya oblast
Krasnoyarski y kray
Khaka s s kaya a v tonomnaya o b l a s t
T a y m y r s k i y ( D o l g a n o - N e n e t s k i y ) a v t o n o mn y y o k r u g
E v e n k i y s k i y a v t o n o mn y y o k r u g
Pr imorskiy kray
Stavropol ' skiy kray
K a r a c h a e v o - C h e r k e s s ka y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Khabarovski y kray
Evreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast
A mu r s k a y a o b l a s t
A r kh a n g e l ' s k a y a o b l a s t
N e n e t s k i y a v t o n o m n y y o k r ug
A s t r a kh a n s k a y a o b l a s t
Belgorodskaya oblast
Bryanskaya oblast
V lad imirskaya oblast
Volgogra dskaya oblast
Vo logodskaya oblast
Vorone zhskaya oblast
Gor ' kovskaya oblast
Ivanov skaya oblast
I r k u t s ka y a o b l a s t
Ust ' -Ordynski y Buryatskiy a vtonomnyy okrug
Kalin i ngradskaya oblast
K a l i n i n s ka y a o b l a s t
K a l u zhskaya oblast
Kamc h a t s ka y a o b l a s t
K o r y a k s k i y a v t o n o mn y y o k r u g
Keme r o v s kaya o b l a s t
Kirovskaya oblast
K o s t r om s ka y a o b l a s t
K u y by s he v s k a y a o b l a s t
Kurganskaya oblast
Kurskaya oblast
g. Leningrad

Geographic Units
Le n i n g r a d skaya o b l a s t
L i p e t s kaya o b l a s t
Ma gadanskaya o b l a s t
Chukot s k i y a v t onomn y y o k r u g
Mo scow
Mo s k o v skaya o b l a s t
Murmanskaya o b l a s t
Novgo r o d skaya o b l a s t
N o v o s i b i rskaya o b l a s t
Oms kaya o b l a s t
Orenburgskaya o b l a s t
Or l o v s kaya o b l a s t
Penzenskaya o b la s t
Permskaya o b l a s t
Komi -Permyat s k i y a v t o nomnyy okrug
Pskovskaya o b l a s t
R o s t o v s kaya o b l a s t
Ryazanskaya o b l a s t
S a r a t o v skaya o b l a s t
Sakha l i nskaya o b l a s t
S v e r d l o v s kay a o b l a s t
Smolenskaya o b l a s t
Tambovskaya o b l a s t
Tomskaya o b l a s t
Tul ' s kaya o b l a s t
T y ume nskaya o b l a s t
Khant y-Man si y s k i y a v t o nomnyy okrug
Yamalo-Nen e t ski y a v t onomn y y okrug
Ul ' yano vskaya o b l a s t
C h e l y a b i nskaya o b l a s t
Chi t i n s kaya o b l a s t
A g i n s k i y Buryat s k i y a v t o nomnyy okrug
Yarosla vskaya oblast
Bas hkir s kaya ASSR
Bur y a t s ka y a ASSR
Dagestans kaya ASSR
K a b a r d ino-Ba lkarskaya ASSR
Kalmy t s kaya ASSR
K a r e l ' skaya ASSR
Komi ASSR
Ma r i yskaya ASSR
Mo r d ovskaya ASSR
S e v e r o -Ose t i nskaya ASSR
Ta t a r s kaya ASSR
Tuvinskaya ASS R
Udmurt skaya ASSR
Checheno-I ngushskaya ASSR
Chuvashskaya ASSR
Yakutskaya ASSR
Ukra i n s kaya SSR
V i n n i tskaya oblast
V o l y n s kaya o b l a s t
V o r o s h i l o vgradskaya o b l a s t
Dnepr o p e t r o v skaya o b l a s t
Donetskaya o b l a s t
Zhitomi r s kaya o b l a s t
Zakarpatskaya o b l a s t
Z a p o r o zhskaya o b �a s t
I v ano-Fr ankovskaya o b l a s t
g . Kiev
K i e v s kaya o b l a s t
K i r o v og r a dskaya o b l a a t
Kr ymskaya o b l a s t
L ' vovskaya o b l a s t

32 1

322

Index and Guide

N i ko l a e v s k a y a o b l a s t
Odesskaya oblast
Pol t a v skaya o b l a s t
Rovenskaya oblast
S um s k a y a o b l a s t
Ternopol ' skaya oblast
I ha r ' k o v s k a y a o b l a s t
Iher sonskaya oblast
Ihmel ' n i t skaya o b l a s t
Cherkasskaya oblast
C he r n i g o v s k a y a o b l a s t
C h e r no v i t s k a y a o b l a s t
Be l o r u s s k a y a S S R
Brestskaya o blast
Vite bskaya oblast
G o m e l ' s ka y a o b l a s t
G r o d n e n s ka y a o b l a s t
g. Minsk
Minskaya oblast
Mo g i l e v s k a y a o b l a s t
Uzbekskaya S S R
Andi zhanskaya oblast
B u k ha r s ka y a o b l a s t
Dzhi zakskaya oblast
Iashkadar ' in s kaya o b l a s t
N a ma n g a n s k a y a o b l a s t
S a ma r ka n d s k a y a o b l a s t
Surkhandar ' inskaya oblast
S y r d a r ' i n s ka y a o b l a s t
g . T a s h k en t
Tas h k e n t s kaya o b l a s t
Ferganskaya oblast
Ihore zmskaya oblast
Iarakalpakskaya ASSR
I a z a kh s ka y a S S R
Aktyubinskaya oblast
g . A lma-A ta
A l ma - A t i n s k a y a o b l a s t
V o s t o c h n o - I a z a kh s t a n s k a y a o b l a s t
Gur ' yevskaya oblast
D z h am b u l s ka y a o b l a s t
D z h e z k a z g a n s ka y a o b l a s t
Iara gan d ins kaya o b l a s t
I z y l -O r d i n s k a y a o b l a s t
I o kc h e t a v s k a y a o b l a s t
I u s t a n a y s ka y a o b l a s t
Man g y s h l a k s k a y a o b l a s t
Pa v l o d a r s ka y a o b l a s t
S e v e r o - I a z a kh s t a n s ka y a o b l a s t
S e m i pa l a t i n s k a y a o b l a s t
T a l d y -I u r g a n s k a y a o b l a s t
T u r ga y s ka y a o b l a s t
Ura l ' skaya o b l a s t
Tselinogradskaya oblast
Chimkent skaya o b l a s t
Gruzinskaya SSR
A bk h a z s k a y a A S S R
A d zharskaya ASSR
(Tbilisi )
Y u g o -O se t i n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
A z e r ba y d z ha n s k a y a S S R
( Ba k 11 )
Na kh i c h e v a n s k a y a A S S R
N a g o r no - I a r a ba k h s k a y a a v t o n o m na y a o b l a s t

Geographic Units
Litovskaya SSR
( Vi l ' nyus )
Mo l d a v s k a y a S S R
( K ishine v )
Lat v i yskaya SSR
( R i ga )
Kirgi zskaya SSR
( Fr u n z e )
I s s yk - K u l ' s k a y a o b l a s t
Nar ynskaya oblast
O s h s ka y a o b l a s t
Ta d z h i k s k a y a S S R
( Du s h a n b e )
Kulyabskaya oblast
K u r ga n -T y u b i n s ka y a o b l a s t
Leninabadskaya oblast
G o r n o - B a d a k h s ha n s k a y a a v t o n o m n a y a o b l a s t
Armyanskaya SSR
( Ye r e van )
T u r km e n s k a y a S S R
g . A s h k h a ba d
A s h k h a ba d s k a y a o b l a s t
Krasnovodskaya oblast
Mar y y s k a y a o b l a s t
Tashauzskaya oblast
C h a r d z ho u s k a y a o b l a s t
Estons kaya SSR
( Ta l l i n )

323

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Research guide to the Russian and Soviet censuse s .
Includes index.
1 . Soviet U nion-Population-Study and teaching . 2 . Soviet Union-Census­
History-Study and teaching . I. Clem, Ralph S .
H B3607 . R43

1 986

304 . 6 '0947

ISBN 0-80 1 4- 1 838-0 (alk. paper)

86-47638