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rJlaBa 9. KaK nOBbICHTb MOTHBa HIO pe6eHKa . . . . . . . . . .. 117
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>KH3HH. I1paB,n;a, ,WI}! Tex, KTO )l(HBeT ,n;a.TIeKO OT 60JIb-
llIHX ropo,n;oB H He HMeeT B03MO)KHOCTH 06w;aTbCiI C pO-
.l(HTeIDIMH, HMelOW;HMH Te )l(e np06JIeMbI, 3TO O,n;HHOKoe
lI)'TellIeCTBHe no nYCTbIHHOH ,n;opore B CTenH C napOH
-11-
ETCKI1H AYTM3M H ABA
yK33areneH Ha 060QHHe. IDI Tex )l(e, KTO )l(HBeT B QeH-
Tpe 60JILllIHX ropO,nOB, ,nopora, Ha060pOT, neperp)')KeHa
3HaKaMH H yKa3aTeIDIMH BO Bcex HanpaBJIeHIDIX. 1I B TOH,
H B ,npyroH cmyanIDIX po,nHTeIDIM Tpy.nHO BocnHTblBaTb
CBOHX )(eTeH 6e3 qyBCTBa nOTepjffiHOCTH, cTpaxa H BHHbl.
,lq>yrHMH CnOBaMH, He3aBHCHMO OT roro, KaK Bbl 6y,n;e-
Te pemaTL npo6neMbI cBoero pe6eHKa, DaM BCer,lJ;a 6y,n;eT
Ka3aThCjJ, qTO BLI He c,nenanH Bcero, qTO MornH 6bl c,lJ;e-
JIaTb. 3T0 HOpMaJIbHO. I1pOCTO nOMHHTe, qTO pO,lJ;HTenH
He MOryr KOHTponHpOBaTb npHqHHbI, KOTopbIe npHBON{T
K aynf3M)', H HeT HH O,lJ;HOro yaa)l(aeMOrO HCTOqHHKa, KO-
TOpblH 6bl ymep)K,l{aJI 06paTHoe.
B KOHne ,neBjJHOCThIX, 6y,nyqH CneUHaJIHCTOM no HH-
KJII03HBHOM)' 06pa30BaHHIO 1, jJ pa60TaJI B KaJIHcpOpHHH
C ,lJ;eTbMH, HMelOIIJ;HMH pa3nHqHble BH,lJ;bl paCCTpOHCTB.
lIIecTb neT jJ H3yqaJI caMble COBpeMeHHble Mero,lJ;bl 06y-
qeHIDI H CTaJI MaCTepOM B 06nacTH 06pa30BaHIDI ,neTeH
C OC06blMH nOTpe6HocTjJMH. B TO )l(e BpeMH jJ qyBCTBO-
BaJI, qTO BeCb MOM onblT H Bce MOM 3HaHIDI He,nOCTaTOqHbl
,nmI TOro, qT06bl jJ Mor yaepeHHo nOMOraTh ,neTjJM C ,lUia-
rH030M «ayrH3M» CTaTb 60nee ycnemHblMH. jJ: 3HaJI, qTO
eCTb HeqTO HeBepOjJTHO oc06eHHoe - TO, qro npe,lJ;Ha-
3HaqeHO KaK pa3 ,nnjJ 3THX ,lJ;eTeH. IIlno BpeMjJ, HO MHe
He y.naBaJIOCb HaHTH Te ,neMCTBHTenbHO 3cpcpeKTHBHble
cnoc06bl, KOTopble 6bl nO-HaCTOjJIIJ;eM)' nOMornH 3THM
,lJ;eTjJM CTaTb 60nee ycnemHblMH. MOH TIIJ;eTHble nonhIT-
KH CTaTb cnaCHTenbHbIM MWIKOM, KOTOpbIH 6bl BcenjJn
I1HKJII03HBHbIM Ha3bIBaerCg 06pa30BaHHe, .n;OCTyIIHoe AJllI
Bcex (B .n;aHHOM c.rryqae .n;ereH), B TOM qHCJIe H AIDI .n;ereH-
HHBaJIH.n;OB, .n;ereH C orpaHlReHHbIMH B03MO)I(HOCTIlMH HJIH
C OC06bIMH nOTpe6HOCTIIMH.
-12-
opora K .nyqmeM)'
Han;e>K.nY B po,nHTeJIeH, paHKJIH MeIDl. jJ: XOTeJI nOMOqb
,D;euIM paCTH, yqHTbCiI H COCTOgTbCiI B )l(H3HH. jJ: nbITaJICiI
HaiITH .rryqlliHe nyrH, H Bce, 0 qeM iI Mor ,nYMaTb, MO)I(HO
61dJI0 BbIpa3HTb CJIOBaMH: <01 npOCTO He 3HalO, qTO eIne
MOry c,neJIaTb».
B nepHO,n MoeH pa60TbI B KaJIH<pOpHHH CHJILHOe
BJIIDIHHe Ha MeIDl OKa3aJI O,[(HH )',nHBHTeJIbHbIH pe6eHOK.
AapOH 6Lm Heo6bIKHOBeHHO YMHbIM, HO np06JIeMHLIM
CeMHneTHHM MaJILqHKOM C ayrH3MOM. MHe 6bIJIO no-
pyqeHo nOMOqb AapoHY a;J:anTHpOBaTbCg B 06LIQHOM
KJlacce cpe,D;H nepBOKJIaCCHHKOB. KaK H MHorHe ,npyrHe
P0)UITeJIH ,nereH c ayrH3MoM, po,nHTeJIH AapoHa XOTeJIH,
qro6bI pe6eHOK no.rryqHJI 06Inee cpe,nHee 06pa30BaHHe.
11M 6bIJIO HeBbIHOCHMO BH,neTb ero CTpa,naIOInHM BO Bcno-
MOraTeJILHOM KJIacce HJIH IIIKOJIe. Po,nHTeJIH AapoHa
nOJIaraJIH, qTO eMY IJY)KHO yqHTbCg TaM, r,ne yqe6HbIH
nponecc He 6y.neT 06JIerqeHHbIM, r,ne K MaJILqHKY 6y.nyT
npe,l{bJIBIDITh BLIcOKHe Tpe60BaHIDI H r,ne o,nHOKJIaCCHH-
KH CTaHYT 06pa3nOM nOBe,neHIDI ,WUI HX CbIHa. Po,nHTeJIH
nOHHMaJIH, qTO 3TO KJIlOqeBbIe YCJIOBIDI ycnelliHoro Pa3-
BHTIDI HX ChIHa BonpeKH ero COl(HaJIbHbIM HaBLIKaM H no-
Be,neHQeCKHM oc06eHHOCTilM.
Kor,n;a AapOH 6LIJI YBJIeQeH TeM, qTO HaxO,nKJI HHTe-
peCHbIM, OH 6Lm MHJIbIM H YMHbIM, KaK JII060H ,npyroH
pe6eHOK. IIp06JIeMa B03HHKaJIa B lliKOJIe, Kor,na ero npo-
CHJIH c,n;eJIaTb 1ff0-JIH60, qTO OH ,neJIaTb He XOTeJI. I1c-
IILITbIB3JI ,naBJIeHHe co CTOpOHbI, 3TOT MaJIeHbKHH MaJIb-
qHK npeBpaInaJICiI B TaCMaHcKoro ,nbilBOJIa. OH Mor 6e3
tpy,n;a pa3pymHTb JII06YIO nporpaMMY, pa3pa60TaHHYIO
HaMB, eCJIH He 6bIJI B HeH 3aHHTepeCOBaH. qro6bI IIOMOqb
eMY, iI HCIIOJIb30BaJI BceB03MO)l(HbIe TpIOKH H TeXHHKH,
-13 -
ETCKI1H AYTM3M H ABA
C KOTOpbIMH Kor,n;a-JIH60 n03HaKOMHJICB, B TOM qHCJIe
COBeTbI 3KcnepTOB Bcex MaCTeH, KOTOpbIX 6bIJI B COCTO-
BHHH HaHTH. jJ: npomry,n;HpOBaJI Bce noc06HB no nOBe-
,n;eHHIO, KOTopbIe TOJIbKO CMor ,n;OCTaTb. K CO)KaJIeHHIO,
HOBbIe 3HaHHB JIHllIb BHOBb H BHOBb no,n;TBep)l(,[{aJIH Moe
6eCCHJIHe B 3TOH cHryaQHH. JII060H nJIaH, npH3BaHHbIH
nOMOqb MaJIbqHKY HayqHTbcB qeMY-JIH60, AapoH 6bIJI
cnoc06eH p33PyuIHTb, eCJIH He HcnbITbIBaJI )l(eJIaHHB
eMY cne.nOBaTb. HaKoHen, B npHrnen K TeM >Ke 3aKJIIOQe-
HHjlM, KOTopbIe c.nenaJIH H .npyrHe CnenHaJIHCTbI: AapoH
He MO)KeT yqHTbCB B 06Ine06p330BaTenbHOH CHCTeMe
H .non)KeH 6LITb nepeBe.neH B CneQHaJIbHbIH KJIacc.
3ro 6bIn COKpyuIHTenbHbIH y.nap no MoeH caMOYBe-
peHHOCTH. KaKHM CneQHaJIHCTOM no HHKJII03HBHOM)' 06-
pa30BaHHIO Mor B ce6B Ha3LIBaTL nocne TOro, KaK BbIH)')K-
.neH 6bID CK83aTb po,n;HTeilllM, qTO HX pe6eHOK He MO)l(eT
yqHTLCB B CHCTeMe 06Inero 06p83oBaHIDI?
Qro6bI nOBbICHTL CBOIO KBaJIH«pHKanHIO, B CTaJI noce-
maTh 3aIDITIDI H TpeHHHrH, p83pa6OTaHHbIe C QenblO no-
MOqb 06yqaTL .neTeH c aym3MOM. jJ: H3yqHn CHCTeM)' 06-
IneHIDI C nOMOlI(blO 06MeHa KapTHHKaMH (PECS-Picture
Exchange Communication System) H C HeKOTopbIM
ycnexoM Orrp060BaJI ee B pa60Te co CBOHMH no.noneqHLI-
MH. jJ: H3yqHJI nporpaMM)' «JIeqeHHe H 06yqeHHe ,n;eTeH
C ayTH3MOM H .npyrHMH KOMMYHHKaTHBHLIMH paccTpOH-
CTBaMH» (TEACCH: Treatment and Education of Autistic
and Related Communication Handicapped Children)
H TO)l(e 60nee-MeHee ycnemHo HaqaJI HcnonL30BaTb ee
B pa60Te C MOHMH no.noneqHLIMH. jJ: H3)"1HJI mpOB)'IO
TepanHIO, p83pa6OTaHH}'IO CH.l{HH M. rpHHcneH (Sid-
ney I. Greenspan, MD), Ha3LIBaeMylO «HrpLI Ha nony»
-14-
,[,(opora K .rryqmeMY
(Floortime, www.floortime.org), H TaIOKe C HeKOTopbIM
ycnexOM Haqarr HCnOJIb30BaTb ee C MOHMH no,norreqHbI-
MH. O,nHaKO c.rryqaHHbIe nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI,
KoropLIe j{ cYMeJI no.rryqHTb, HaBeJIH MeIDl Ha MbICJIb, qTO
jf em.e TOJIbKO yqyCb HCnOJIb30BaTb HHCTpYMeHTbI, qT06bI
H8ytIHTbCg CTpOHTb CTeHbI HJIH ,neJIaTb ,nBepH. jJ: 3Harr,
tfIO 3TOro 6y.neT He,nOCTaTOqHO HH .nIDI MeIDl, HH ,nIDI ,ne-
Teii:, KOTOpbIM g XOTeJI nOMOqb. ECJIH g ,neHCTBHTeJIbHO
xoqy CTaTh MacTepoM B ,neJIe, KOTopoe BbI6parr, g ,nOJI-
)l(eH Ham KOro-TO, KTO 6bI HayqHJI MeIDl, KaK nOCTpOHTb
.nOM nOJIHOCTLIO. qT06bI c,neJIaTb qTO-TO .nIDI 3THX ,neTeH,
j{ ,nOIDKeH CTaTb «llJIOTHHKOM».
H8KOHeQ, MOH nOHCKH npHBeJIH MeIDl K rrpHKJIa,n-
HOM)' aH8JIH3Y rroBe,neHIDI l (Applied Behavior Analysis,
ABA) H 3aTeM K MeTO,ny aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,ne-
HIDI (Verbal Behavior Analysis, VB) KaK cOCTaBIDIIOIneH
ABA. MHorHe ro,nbI ABA KaK HayqHoe HanpaBJIeHHe
6LIJIO H3BeCTHO B MHpe aYTH3Ma JIH60 no,n H8.3BaHHeM
«MOJUf«pHKaQIDI nOBe,neHIDI», JIH60 KaK «MeTO,n JIoBaaca»
(The Lovaas method). O,nHaKo npaBHJIbHee CK8.3aTb, qTO
,nOKTOp JIoBaac H ,npyrHe 6bIJIH B qHCJIe nepBbIX, KTO npH-
MeIDIJI MeTo,nbI ABA, .nIDI TOm qT06bI nOMOqb JIIO)UlM
C .IniarH030M «aYTH3M».
TIpHHInlnbI, Ha KOTOpbIX ,nOKTOp JIoBaac nocTpoHJI
CBOIO nporpaMM)', 6bIJIH pa3pa60TaHbI n. <1>. CKHHHepoM
(B. F. Skinner) H orry6JIHKOBaHbI B ero KHHre «IIoBe,neHHe
TIpHKJIa.nHOH aHanH3 nOBe.n;eHIDI, RJIH COKpam;eHHO IIATI,-
npHMeIDIeMoe B POCCHH Ha3BaHHe MeTo.n;a ABA. 3m npH-
Kna.nH3JI oTpaCJIb HaYKH, B KOTOpOH npHHQHnbI 6HXeBHopH3Ma
npHMeIDllOTcjJ .L{JllI y.rryqmeHIDI COQHaJIbHO 3HaQHMoro nOBe-
.n;eHIDI. ,[,(anee B TeKCTe .ltIDI 3TOro TepMHHa 6y.n;er npHMeIDITb-
CJI cOKpam;eHHe ABA.
-15 -
ETCKI1H AYTM3M H ABA
opraHH3MOB» (<<The Behavior of Organisms», 1938). XOTjJ
,nOKTOp JIoBaac c,neJIaJI OqeHb MHOro ,nIDI Toro, qT06bI
,npyrHe n03HaKOMHJIHCb C npHKJIa,zJ;HbIM aHaJIH30M nOBe-
,neHIDI KaK MeTO.nOM 06yqeHIDI ,lJ;eTeH C aYTH3MOM, B cpaB-
HeHHH C cero,lJ;IDIlliHHM .nHeM npHMeHeHHe nOBe.neHqe-
CKHX npHHnHIIOB Ha HaqaJIbHOM 3Tane pa3BHTIDI ABA
6bIJIO 3aqacTYID rpy6bIM H He)'MecTHbIM. BpeWI H Hayq-
HLIe H3bICKaHIDI npHBHeCJIH 3HaqHTeJIbHble H3MeHeHIDI
B cnoc06bI npHMeHeHIDI 3THX paHHHx MeTO,lJ;OB H npone-
.nyp. 11 HecMOTpjJ Ha TO, qTO MHome CneI(HaJIHCTbI no MO-
.nH<pHKanHH nOBe,neHIDI B ceMH.neCilTbIe-BOCbMH,neCjJTbIe
ro.nbI HCnOJIb30BaJIH HenpHeMJIeMble npone.nypLI H OCTa-
BHJIR HeraTHBHbIH OTneqaTOK Ha BceM, qTO OTHOCHTCjJ
K MHPY ABA, 3TO HayqHoe HanpaBJIeHHe cTa6HJIbHO Pa3-
BHBaJIOCb Ha npoTjJ)I(eHHH nOCJIe.nHHX ,necjJTHJIeTHH.
1l0cJIe nepecMoTpa H y.rryqllieHIDI cTapblx TeXHHK H
CTpaTerHH 06yqeHIDI Harne nOHHMaHHe Toro, KaK aYTH3M
BJIIDIeT Ha pa3BHTHe .neTeH H KaK MbI MO)l(eM BJIIDITb
Ha aYTH3M, 3Ha1lHTeJIbHO H3MeHHJIOCb. IIo Mepe P83BH-
TIDI ABA B03paCTaJIa H 3<p«peKTHBHOCTh ero HCnOJIb30-
BaHIDI. Cero)UUI 3TO HayqHoe HanpaBJIeHHe JIHllib CJIen<a
HanOMHHaer ABA npOmJIblX JIeT. 06yqeHHe no 06w:eH
nporpaMMe CMeHHJIOCb H HBH,nYaJIbHbIM H Henocpe.n-
CTBeHHLIM, HCnOJIb30BaHHe BbI3bIBalOW:HX ,lUICKOM«POpT
TeXHHK - nOJIO)l(lffeJIbHbIMH nO,lUCpeIIIDIIOIIUlMH npo-
ne.nypaMH. BMecTo H30JIHpOBaHHLIX KJIaCCHIdX KOMHaT
MLI cejfqac peKoMeH.n)'eM 60JIee eCTeCTBeHHYID 06cTa-
HOBKY .nIDI 06yqeHIDI. O.nHaKo He3aBHCHMO OT KaKHX 6bI
TO HH 6LIJIO TeXHHqeCKHX ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHH npHH-
I(HnbI CKHHHepa OCTaJIHCb HeH3MeHHLI H jJBIDlIOTCjJ Teo-
peTWleCKOH 6a30H npHKJIa.nHoro aHaJIH3a nOBe.n;eHIDI.
-16-
opora K JIY1ImeM)'
PO,nHTeJIH, KOTopbIe npHBbIKJIH K paHHHM MeTo,n;aM
ABA, qaCTO OTKa3bIBaJIHCb c,n;eJIaTb BbI60p B nOJIb3Y
HOBblX MeTO,n;OB. XOTjJ Bce ,n;OKa3aTeJIbCTBa 3<p<peKTHB-
HOCTH HOBbIX MeTO,n;OB 06yqeHIDI ,n;eTeH COQHaJIbHO
npHeMJIeMoMY nOBe,n;eHHIO H yqe6HbIM HaBbIKaM 6bIJIH
HanHIJ;O, po,n;HTeJIH npe,nrrOqHTaJIH HMeTb ,n;eJIO C rrpo-
ne,nypaMH, HCnOJIb30BaHHe KOTOpbIX BbI3bIBaJIO corrpo-
THBJIeHHe H KOTopbIe BbIrIDI,n;eJIH HenpHrllil,n;Ho. MHorHe
ceMbH, HCrrOJIb30BaBillHe MeTo,n;bI ABA, CqHTaJIH HX
3<pcpeKTHBHbIMH, B TO )l(e BpeWl 6bIJIH H TaKHe ceMbH,
KOTopble CqHTaJIH, qTO pe3YJIbTaTbI He CTOHJIH 3aTpaqeH-
HIdX YCHJIHH.
B nOCJIe,lUlHe ,n;eCjJTHJIeTIDI npOH30llIJIH cyrueCTBeH-
RYe H3MeHeHWI B ABA, H cero,nIDI MbI C )'BepeHHocTblO
MO)l(eM CK83aTL: npHKJIa;:J;HOH aHaJIH3 nOBe,neHIDI - Bep-
HIdH BbI60p np8I(1'HqeCKH ,n;lliI Bcex ,neTeH C ayrH3MoM
H C no,n;06HLIMH ayrH3M)' paCCTpOHCTBaMH. IIpe)K,[(e Bce-
ro, pe'tIL H)];eT 0 pa3BHTHH MeTo,na aHaJIH3a Bep6aJThHoro
nOBe,neHWI KaK COCTaBmlIOIneH ABA.
Mero,n 8HaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro rrOBe,n;eHIDI (Verbal
Behavior, VB) 1 - 3TO H <pHJIOCO<pIDI ABA, H cepIDI
06yqalOInHX TeXHHK, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha npHHQHnax ABA,
.nIDI npH06peTeHIDI ,n;eTbMH peqeBbIX HaBbIKOB. KpoMe
TOro, nOTeHD:HaJI ABA-nporpaMM 3HaQHTeJIbHO pacillH-
pHJICJI 6JIaro,n;apjJ CneQHaJIHCTaM, pa3BHBalO HM VB:
,nOKTOpy eKY MaHKJIY (Dr. Jack Michael) H ,n;pyrHM,
B TOM qHCJIe ,n;OKTOPy eHMCY IIapTHHIToHY H ,nOKTOpy
MapKY CaH.IJ;6epry (Dr. James Partington and Dr. Mark
Sundberg), KOTOpbIe pa3pa6OTaJIH cepHIO HOBbIX TeXHHK
8JIee B TeKCTe .ltIDI 3TOro TepMHHa 6y.n;eT HcnOHL30BaHO co-
KpmneHHe VB.
-17 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
.l(IDI ,nereH C OTCTaBaHHeM B pa3BHTHH peqH Ha OCHOBe
KHHrH CKHHHepa «Bep6aJIbHoe nOBe,neHHe» (Dr. Skinner
«Verbal BehavioD>, 1958).
3a ,nOBOJIbHO KOpOTKHH nepHO,n;, C KOHQa ,n;eBilHO-
CTbIX ,lJ;0 ,lJ;BYXTbICilqHbIX ro,n;OB, aHaJIH3 Bep6aJIbHOrO
nOBe,lJ;eHIDI KaK MeTO,n CTaJI nOBceMeCTHO npHMeIDITbCjJ
.l(IDI JIeqeHIDI ayrH3Ma B Coe,nHHeHHbIx lIITaTax. EJIaro-
,napil ABA B QeJIOM H npeHMYJI(ecTBaM MeTo,n;a aHaJIH3a
Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,neHIDI B qaCTHOCTH npOH30meJI 3Ha-
qHTeJILHbIH CKaqOK B pa60Te C ,n;eTbMH 1. O,n;Ha H3 rJIaB-
HbIX npHqHH 3Toro ycnexa - IIpHBJIeqeHHe pO,lJ;HTeJIeH
KaK rJIaBHbIX )"IHTeJIeH CBOHX ,n;eTeH. CJIHllIKOM ,nOJIro
pO,lJ;HTeJIH O)l(H,n;aJIH 3a K)'JIHCaMH, Ha6JIIO,n;WI, KaK YBeJIH-
qHBaeTCiI paCCTOilHHe Me)K,[(y HX ,n;eTbMH H 06w;eCTBOM,
B TO BpeMjJ KaK Y HHX Ka)K,[(bIH ,neHb 6LIJIH TbICilqH B03-
MO:>KHOCTeH ,n;JIiI 06rneHHjJ C ,n;eTLMH, ,n;ID1 Toro, qT06bI
HayqHTb HX npHeMJIeMbIM COQHaJIbHbIM H KOMM)'HHKa-
THBHbIM HaBbIKaM H B KOHeqHOM CqeTe nOMOqb HM ,n;o-
CTHqb 3HaqHTeJIbHoro ycnexa.
ECJIH TepaneBT HJIH )"IHTeJIb Bamero pe6eHKa He HC-
nOJIb3yeT npHHQHIIbI ABA B cBoeH pa60Te, TO OH, CKO-
pee Bcero, He 3HaKOM C ,n;OCTIDKeHIDIMH B 3TOH 06JIaCTH.
ECJIH )l(e OH HCnOJIb3yeT ABA, HO He BKJIlOqaeT MeTO):{
aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,n;eHIDI B 3aIDITHg C BallIHM
pe6eHKOM, 3HaqHT, eMY He H3BeCTHbI pe3YJIbTaTbI no-
CJIe,lJ;HHX HCCJIe,n;OBaHHH, rOBOpgrnHX B nOJIb3Y 3Toro Me-
To,na.
ll06e,nHTb ayrH3M HenpOCTO. BaM H .npyrHM )'MHbIM
H 3a60TJIHBbIM JIIO)UlM npe.nCTOHT nepe)l(HTb H ycnexH,
3.n;eCb H .n;a.nee CJIOBa «pe6eHOK», «.n;eTH» 6y.ZJ:YT ynOTpe6JU1Tb-
Cj{ B 3HaqeHHH «C ayrH3MOM».
opora K .rryqmeMY
H Hey,naqH. He3aBHcHMo OT Toro, r,[{e HaXO,[{HTeCb ceH-
qac BbI H Barn pe6eHOK, HHKor,[{a He 3a6bIBaHTe, qTO
)l(H3Hb - 3TO ,[{opora, H Ha 3TOH ,[{opore HHKTO He 3HaeT
OTBeTOB Ha Bce BOnpOCbI. 51 Ha,[{eIOCb, qTO 3Ta KHHra no-
MO>KeT BaM B BarneH HenpOCTOH pa60Te H, MO)l(eT 6bITb,
CTaHeT XOpOillHM opHeHTHpOM B nOCTOjlHHOM nOHCKe
nyqmero n)'TH.
fJIaBa 2.
qTO 03HaQaeT ,[(HarH03
«aYTH3M»
B 3TOH rJIaBe jI nonblTalOCb 06'bjlCHHTb, KaK H no-
qeMY pe6eHOK nOJIyqaeT ,[{HarH03 «ayrH3M». 51 He 6y,[{y
06Cy)K]];aTb npHqHHbl, Bbl3blBalO He ayrH3M H ,[{pyrHe H3-
BeCTHble ,[{HarH03bI. 51 Cnel\HaJIbHO 06xo:>KY 3TY TeMY, no-
CKOJIbK)' OHa TOJIbKO BBO,[{HT B 3a6.JI)')K,lJ;eHHe H OTBJIeKaeT
OT OCHOBHOH QeJIH: 06yqeHIDI ,[{eTeii. 3HaHHe Toro, qTO
eCTb ,[{Ba B03MO)KHbIX <paKTopa npOHCXO)K):{eHIDI ayrH3Ma:
reHeTHqeCKHe HapymeHIDI H BJIIDIHHe OKp)')KalO eH cpe-
,[{bl, He nOMoryr BaM JIyqrne no,[{rOTOBHTb Barnero pe6eH-
Ka K 6Y,[{)'IneMY.
AyrH3M CqHTaeTCjI 3ara,[{OqHblM j1BJIeHHeM e e
C Tex ,[{aBHHX nop, Kor,[{a y Hero He 6blJIO ,[{a)Ke Ha3Ba-
HIDI. qeM 60JIbrne Harne 06 eCTBO H3yqaeT ayrH3M, TeM
3<p<peKTHBHee Mbl CTaHOBHMCjI B onpe,[{eJIeHHH KpHTe-
pHeB, KOTopble Ha3bIBaIOT ayrHcTHqHbIMH. 11 XOTjI Bce
60JIbrne JIIO,[{eH e)KerO,[{HO nOJIyqalOT ,[{HarH03 «ayrH3M»,
KpHTepHH aYTH3Ma OCTalOTCjI npe)KHHMH. qTO ,[{eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO H3MeHHJIOCb, TaK 3TO HHTepnpeTaQHjI KpHTe-
pMeB H/MJIH KOJIHqeCTBO JIIO,[{eH, KOTopble HM COOTBeT-
CTBYIOT.
-20-
qTO 03Haqaer .n;HarH03 «ayrH3M»
Pe6eHoK n0JIY'laeT ,[{HarH03 «ayrH3M», Kor,[{a Y Hero
MO)I(HO Ha6JIIO,[{aTb no KpaHHeH Mepe meCTb CneI\H<p Hqe -
cKIIX THnOB nOBe,[{eHIDI B Tpex 06JIaCTgx: COI\HaJIbHOro
B3aHMo,neHCTBIDI, KOMMYHHKal\HH H llOBe,[{eHIDI (pe6eHOK
HMeeT nOBTOpglO HeCg H CTepeOTHllHbIe Mo,[{eJIH nOBe-
,neHIDI H orpaHlflleHHbIe cneIUl<pHqeCKHe HHTepeCbI).
npH onpe,[{eJIeHHH ,[{HarH03a 06pa alOT BHHMaHHe
Ha cne.nyroInHe ,[{e<pHIUlTbI:
. OTcyrcTBHe B3rIDI,[{a rJI3.3a B rJI3.3a;
· HeyMeHHe C03,[{aBaTb 3MOl\HOHaJIbHbIe ,[{p)')KeCKHe
OTHomeHIDI co CBepCTHHKaMH;
· OTcyrcTBHe npOgBJIeHIDI )KeJIaHIDI no,[{eJIHTbCg
c ,npyrHMH JIIO,[{bMH CBoeH pa,z:t;OCTblO, HHTepecaMH, ,[{O-
CTIDKeHIDIMH;
· OTcyrCTBHe p3.3H006p3.3ID1, <paHT3.3HH H H3MeHeHHH
B poneBOH Hrpe HJIH B Hrpe, npe,[{nOJIaralO eH COI\HaJIb-
IfYIO HMHTaI\HIO.
IIpH3HaKaMH ayrH3Ma TaIOKe CqHTalOTCg OTCTaBaHHe
B p83BHTHH pe1lH HJIH llOJIHOe ee OTcyrcTBHe, npHcyr-
CTBHe CTepeOTHnHH (nOBTOpgIOInHXCg ,[{eHCTBHH) B nOBe-
.n;eHHH, HCnOJIb30BaHHe nOBTOpOB B peqH, YBJIeqeHHe CTe-
peOTHDHLIMH 3aIDITIDIMH HJIH HHTepecaMH, HaBg3qHBbIe
.n;BlDKeHIDI. M 3TO e e He nOJIHbIH nepeqeHb. OnHcaHHe
Bcex KpHTepHeB ayrH3Ma H paCCTpOHCTB ayrHcTHqeCKoro
cneKTpa BLI HaitneTe B DSM-IV 1 .
DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition) -
H3tJ;aBaeMoe AccoQHaQHeH aMepHKaHCKHX nCHXHaTpoB «Py-
ICOBOtJ;CTBO no tJ;HarHOCTHKe H CTaTHCTHKe nCHXlfqeCKHX pac-
CTpOHCTB». ABTop ynoMHHaer 4-e H3.n;aHHe, BLInyru;eHHoe
B 1994 ro.n;y; B HaCTOjIw;ee BpeMjJ .n;eHcTByer BLInyw;eHHCUI
B 2000 ro.ny nepeCMOTpeHHCUI pe.n;a IDI, DSM-IV-TR).-
lIfJUMe'l. Hay'l. peo.
-21-
ETCKMM AYTM3M H ABA
a)l(e eCJIH Barn pe6eHOK ,neMOHCTpHPYeT MHHHMyM
H3 nepeqIDI CneQH<pHqeCKHX THnOB nOBe,neHIDI, OH, CKO-
pee Bcero, no.rryqHT ,nHarH03 «ayrH3M». OrMeqy TaIOKe,
QTO nepeqHCJIeHHbIe npH3HaKH OTCTaBaHIDI B p3.3BH-
THH ,nOJI)l(HbI 6bITb 3aMeQeHbI ,no TpexneTHero B03paCTa
H He 6bITL CBjl3aHHLIMH C CHH,npOMOM Perra 1 .
ECJIH pe6eHOK ,neMOHcTpHpyeT HeKOTopbIe H3 3THX
THnOB nOBe,neHIDI, HO YMeeT rOBopHTb B paHHeM B03-
paCTe, OH, CKopee Bcero, no.rryqHT ,nHarH03 «CHH,npOM
Acneprepa».
B HaCTOjlInee BpeMjI He cym;ecTBYeT aHaJIH3a KpOBM
HJIH reHeTHqeCKoro TeCTa, KOTopbIe MOrJIH 6bI onpe,ne-
JIHTb, eCTb JIH Y pe6eHKa ayrH3M. HarH03 «ayrH3M»
CTaBHTCjI npH HaJIHqHH Y pe6eHKa CneQH<pHqeCKHX TH-
nOB nOBe,neHIDI. Ho MO>KHO JIH Y3HaTb, eCTb JIH Y pe6eH-
Ka aym3M, 6e3 HCnOJIb30BaHIDI <pH3HQeCKoro TeCTa? KaK
onpe,neJIHTL, qTO pe6eHOK BbIJIeqHJICjI? OTBeTb{ Ha 3TH
BonpOCbI npOCTbI: eCJIH ,nHarH03 «paCCTpOHCTBO ayrH-
CTHQeCKoro cneKTpa» (ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder)
nOCTaBJIeH B pe3ynbTaTe «raJIOlleK» B cnHCKe npe,nCTaB-
JIeHHbIX THnOB nOBe,neHHSI, TO nOIDITHO, qTO, eCJIH pe6e-
HOK 60JIee He npOjlBIDIeT TOro HJIH HHOro nOBe,neHHSI, OH
60JIbme He CqHTaeTCjI pe6eHKOM C ayrH3MOM. 03Haqa-
eT JIH 3TO, qTO pe6eHOK BbIJIelleH? I1JIH liTO OH He 60JIeH?
A MO)l(eT, Y Hero Bo06Ine HHKor,na He 6LIJIO ayrH3Ma? 3TH
BonpOCbI qaCTO 3a,nalOT no nOBO,ny ,neTeH, Y KOTOpbIX
ITcHXoHeBpOJlOruqeCKoe HaCJle.n;CTBeHHoe 3a6oJIeBaHHe,
BCTpeqaerCg nOIJTH HCKJIlOqHTeJIbHO Y ;J;eBOqeK; npOgBJIeHH
CXO;J;HLI C CHMnTOMaMH ayrH3Ma, HO 3a60JIeBaHHe I1MeeT HHoe
npOHCXo)l(,l(eHHe H Tpe6yer ;J;pyrHX MeTO.n;OB JIeqeHIDI H KOp-
peK HH. - IlpUMell. Hayll. peiJ.
-22-
qTO 03HaQaeT .n;HarH03 «ayrH3M»
yMeHbWHJIOCb npOj{BJIeHHe npH3HaKOB ayrH3Ma H KOTO-
pbIe CTaJIH 60JIee npHcnoc06JIeHbI K )KH3HH B 06m;eCTBe.
,l(ID1 MeIDl 3TH BonpOCbI He Ba:>KHbI - 3TO rryCTIDI TpaTa
BpeMeHH H 3HeprHH. Ba:>KHo TO, qTO MbI HaqaJIH pa60TaTb
c pe6eHKoM, KOTOPOMY 6bIJI nOCTaBJIeH ,[{HarH03 «ayrH3M»
H KOTOpbIH ,[{O 3Toro MOMeHTa He Mor Henocpe,[{CTBeHHO
06m;aTbCjJ C ,L\pyrHMH, HrpaTb H npoj{BJUITb Te npocTbIe
HaBhIKH nOBe,L\eHIDI, KOTopbIe nOMOrJIH BceM HaM CTaTb
B TOD: HJIH HBOM CTeneHH ycnemHbIMH H 6JIaronOJIyqHbI-
MH. Ii Kor,na 3TOT pe6eHOK CrryCTj{ BpeMSI He nO,[{TBep,L\HT
,L\HarH03, nOCTaBJIeHHbIH Me,lUfQHHCKHMH CBeTHJIaMH,
H CTaHeT 06JIa.,n;aTb eCJIH He BceMH, TO 60JIbIllHHCTBOM
Heo6xo,nHMhIX HaBbIKOB, j{ 6 y6e)l()J;eH, qTO 3TO H eCTb
TOT pe3YJIbTaT, KOTOpbIH CJIe.nyeT yqHTbIBaTh.
Kor,na BbI ,nyMaeTe 0 pe6eHKe C ayrH3MoM, npe,L\CTaBbTe
ern H8 IIJllDKe OKp}')KeHHbIM rHraHTCKOH CTeHOH, nocTpo-
eHHOH H3 neCKa. 3Ta CTeHa HepaBHOMepHa no BbICOTe,
HMeeT MHOro TpeIIUlH H ,L\OCTaTOqHO BbICOKa BO MHorHX
MeCTax - HaCTOJIbKO, qTO pe6eHOK He MO)KeT BH,lJ;eTb
BHelIIHHH MHp 3a ee npe,L\eJIaMH. IIo MHeHHIO 60JIbmHH-
CTBa B3pOCJIbIX C ayrH3MoM (Tex, KTO MO)l(eT BbIp3.3HTb
CBOH qyBCTBa B KHHrax HJIH JIeKIJ.IDlx Ha 3TY TeMY), MHp
BHyrpH CTeHbI - 3TO CJIOBHO y6e)I(HIne OT 3arryraHHoro
H Henpe,nCK3.3yeMoro BHemHero MHpa. A caMa CTeHa -
cBOe06p83HbIH 6apbep Me)l()J;y pe6eHKoM H OCTaJIbHbIM
MHpOM.
A Tenepb nonbITaeMCj{ npe,L\CTaBHTh, qTO OT,L\eJIb-
HhIe yqaCTKH CTeHbI - 3TO p3.3JIHQHbIe HaBbIKH, KOTO-
phIe Barn pe6eHoK ,L\OJDKeH OCBOHTb. Qro6bI ycnemHo
B3aHMo,neHCTBOBaTb C OKp}')KaIOIIUlM MHpOM, OH ,L\OJDKeH
06.na-naTb HaBbIKaMH, KOTopbIe n03BOllilT eM)' nO,L\IDIThCj{
-23-
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
Ha,n BepXHeH qaCTblO 3TOH CTeHbI. HH)KIDUI qaCTb CTeHhI
npe,nCTaBIDIeT C060H HaBbIKH, KOTOpbIe pe6eHOK npH-
06peJI rrpaKTl{qeCKH 6e3 nOCTopOHHeH nOMO H. K HHM,
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, KaK ayrH3M BJIIDIeT Ha pe6eHKa,
OTHOCHTCjf, HanpHMep, cnOC06HOCTh TjlH)'Tb Bac 3a PYKY
K qeMY-TO, qTO OH :>KeJIaeT nOJIyqHTb, HJIH cnoc06HOCTh
nJIaKaTb, YCTpaHBaTh HCTepHKH, BbIXO,nHTb H3 ce6jf, Ha-
HOCHTb ce6e y,napbI C ueJIblO ,n06HTbCjI Barnero BHHMaHIDI
JIH60 3aCTaBHTb Bac OCTaBHTb ero B nOKoe. CHJIbHO MOTH-
BHpOBaHbIH pe6eHOK C ,nOCTaTOqHbIM ypOBHeM p83BHTH}I
HeKOTopbIX cnoc06HOCTeH 6y,neT HHor,na npeo,nOJIeBaTh
cpe,nHIOIO qaCTb CTeHbI, ,neMOHCTpHPYjl TaKHe HaBbIKH,
KaK YK33aTeJIbHbIH :>KeCT HJIH HCnOJIb30BaHHe O,nHOro HJII1
HeCKOJIbKHX CJIOB. HaKOHe:n, HeKOTopbIe qaCTH 3TOH ne-
COqHOH CTeHbI OKIDKyrCjf HaCTOJIbKO BbICOKHMH ,nIDI Ba-
mero pe6eHKa, 1ff0 OH He CMO:>KeT rrpeo,nOJIeTb HX caMO-
CTOjlTeJIbHO, 6e3 BarneH nOMOInH.
Cyrb 3TOH MeTa<popbI B TOM, tffO OHa nOK83bIBaeT
He06xo,nHMOCTb CHHXpOHHOH pa60TbI nporpaMMbI ABA
H MeTo,na aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,neHIDI (VB), He06-
XO,nHMbIX ,Z:(IDI Toro, qT06bI nOMOqb pe6eHK)' nOCJIe,[{OBa-
TeJIbHO npeo,nOJIeTb Bce Tpy,l(HbIe yqacTKH CTeHbI H OKa-
3aTbC5I BO BHemHeM MHpe. IIOIDITb MeTo,nbI npHKJIa;J;Horo
aHaJIH3a nOBe,neHIDI - 3HaqHT nOIDITb, KaK CHCTeMaTH-
qeCKH H nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO HCnOJIb30BaTb nodKpenneHue
(Reinforcement, SR) HJIH, ,npyrHMH CJIOBaMH, KaK C03,naTb
He06xo,nHMYID MOTHBaUHIO.
qT06bI npeo,nOJIeTb 60JIee CJIO:>KHbIe yqacTKH CTeHbI,
pe6eHKy He06xo,nHMo ,neHcTBHTeJIbHO :>KeJIaTb 3Toro,
TO eCTb 6bITb ,nOCTaTOqHO MOTHBHpOBaHHbIM. C03,naTb
,nOJI)KHyIO MOTHBaUHIO MO)I(HO C nOMOInblO no6y:JIC-
-24-
qTO 03HaQaeT .n;HarH03 «ayrH3M»
OQIOUleZO YCJl06UJl (Establishing Operation, EO) -
cnOBa HJIH ,neHcTBIDI, KOTopbIe BpeMeHHO H3MeIDIT u;eH-
BOCTb nOCJIe,ncTBHH Ka oro nocrynKa (noBe,neHIDI).
.nPyrHMH CJIOBaMH, 3TO YCJIOBHe, KOTopoe ,neJIaeT no-
cne,nCTBHe Ha KaKoe-TO BpeM 60JIee HJIH MeHee QeH-
ShIM ,nJI Bamero pe6eHKa, qeM 3TO 6bIJIO 6bI B ,npyrOH
CHTYanH H .
HanpHMep, Bo,na, KaK npaBHJIO, HMeeT ,nIDI Hac 60JIb-
myro neHHocTb B >KapKHH COJIHeqHbIH ,neHb, qeM B ,neHb,
xor,na npOXJI8.,nHO H BeTpeHo. CaMa Bo,na npH 3TOM He H3-
MeIDIeTC - ,npyrHM CTaHOBHTC Bame OTHomeHHe
K Bo,ne, Ha KOTopoe nOBJIIDIJIH YCJIOBIDI: BOKpyr CTaJIO
CJIHIIIKOM TenJIO, HJIH ,na)l(e, B03MO>KH0, B03HHKJIa yrp03a
06e3BO>KHBaHIDI. MOTHBanIDI BIDleTC Ba)l(HbIM <paKTO-
pOM 06yqeHIDI ,neTeH C ayrH3MoM, H qeM nyqme BbI Ha-
yqHTeCb ynpaBIDlTb OKpY>KalO HMH YCJIOBIDIMH .ltIDI C03-
naHIDI MOTHBanHH, TeM nyqIIIe CMO)l(eTe npO BHTh CBOH
ne.narorHqeCKHe cnoc06HOCTH.
bopb6a C aym3MoM CpO,nHH nepeTIlrHBaHHlO KaHaTa:
1fr06bI no6e,lUITb 60JIe3Hb, BbI ,nOJDKHbI y.nep)l(aTh CBOH
KOHen KaHara, BOBJIeKWI B 3TOT nponecc BIDKHOro COI03-
HHKa - oKpY>KalO 06CTaHOBK}' Bamero pe6eHKa.
CKopee Bcem, B HaCTOjf ee BpeWl oKpY>KalO W1 06CTa-
HOBKa BlliIeTCjf BeCOMbIM napTHepOM ayrH3Ma - OHa
HanOJIHeHa Be aMH, KOTOpbIe OTBJIeKaIOT Bac OT rJIaBHOH
QeJIH. OJ(HaKO BbI MO)l(eTe c,neJIaTb oKpY>KalO 06CTa-
BOBKY CBOHM COI03HHKOM. Be,2UJ TOJIbKO nepeOCMbICJIHB
ee 3HaqeHHe, BbI CMO)l(eTe nOHHMaTh pe6eHKa H ,nOJDKHbIM
06p3.30M MOTHBHpOBaTb em. 11 Tor,na pe6eHOK OKIDKeTC
B nepeTIIrnBaHHH KaHaTa Ha BalleH cropoHe, a He Ha CTO-
poHe aym3Ma. TOJIbKO OC03HaHHO ynpaBJUUI OKpY>KalOm;eH
-25-
ETCKMM AYTI13M H ABA
cpeAOH, BbI MO)KeTe 6bITb )'BepeHbI B TOM, qTO pe6eHOK
6YAeT nOCTOjlHHO nOMoraTb BaM B BaWHX nonbITKax 06-
yqaTb ero. (TIoAP06Hee 0 TOM, KaK JIyqwe nOIDITh MHp
pe6eHKa H CAeJIaTb ero CBOHM nOMOInHHKOM B npoQecce
06yqeHIDI, HanHcaHO B rJIaBaX 5 H 6.)
QeJIblO JII060H xopoweH nporpaMMbI ABANB jlB-
JIReTCjI onpeAeJIeHHe eCTeCTBeHHMX eJIaHHH pe6eHKa
H HCnOJIb30BaHHe HX B npoQecce 06yqeHIDI. ,L\IDI 3Toro
COCTaBJUIeTCjI cnHCOK n06)')K,[(aIOInHX YCJIOBHH - JII06H-
MbIX H eJIaHHbIX pe6eHKoM 3aIDITuH, npeAMeTOB, Hrpy-
rneK H JIaKOMCTB. ,L\06aBIDUI K }1Ke H3BeCTHbIM HOBbIe,
60JIee npHeMJIeMhIe npe,L\MeTbI H 3aIDITIDI, MbI Mo eM
C,L\eJIaTb ox 60JIee )KenaHHbIMH AIDI pe6eHKa, a MeHee
npHeMJIeMbIe OTO,L\BHHYTb B KOHen cnHCKa KaK HaHMeHee
B8)KHbIe AJllI Hero.
ECJIH BcnOMHHTb HaWH aHaJIOrHH, TO MOTIfBanHIO
MO)I(HO CpaBHHTh C BO,L\OH. HanOJIHHB BH)'TpeHHHH MHp
pe6eHKa BO,L\OH TaK, qro6bI OH Mor nO,L\HJITbCjI H MaKCH-
MallbHO npH6JIH3HTbCjJ K BepXHeH qaCTH OKp}1KaIOIneH
ero neCqaHOH CTeHbI, MbI nOMO)KeM eM)' nepe6paThCB
qepe3 Hee. Jij>yrHMH CJIOBaMH, MOTHBaI(IDI 6YJ:{eT CHJIOH,
n03BOIDIIOIneH npOjlBHTbCjI eJIaHIDIM H cnOC06HOCTjlM,
CTOJIb He06xo,L\HMhIM pe6eHKy AJllI 06peTeHIDI HaBbIKOB,
KOTOpbIM BbI ero 06yqaeTe.
MeTOA aHallH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,L\eHIDI MbI paCCMa-
TpHBaeM KaK HHCTpYMeHT, KOTOpbIH nOMOraeT MOTHBHpO-
BaTh pe6eHKa Ha HaqallbHOM 3Tane npH06peTeHIDI HOBbIX
HaBbIKOB, a Mero,nLI ABA B neJIOM - KaK CTHM)'JIHpyro-
cHcTeM)', n06)')K,[(alO pe6eHKa CHOBa H CHOBa
HCnOJIb30BaTb 3TH HOBbIe HaBbIKH. llpHKJIa,L\HOH aHaJIH3
nOBe,L\eHIDI KaK HayqHoe HanpaBJIeHHe CTaBHT CBoeH
-26-
qTO 03HaQaeT .n;HarH03 «ayrH3M»
neJlbIO H3yqeHHe H npHMeHeHHe MeTo,nOB ABANB,
qro(jbI nOMOqL JIIO,lI)IM ,n06HTLCjI ycnexa B caMOM lliHpO-
KOM CMLICJIe 3THX CJIOB.
O,nHHM H3 KJIlOqeBLIX nOIDITHH npHKJIa,nHoro aHanH3a
JIB,JUIeTCjI no,nKpenneHHe - BIDKHeHmHH npHHnHn ABA,
KOTOpbIH npHMeIDIeTCjI ,naBHO H ycnemHo. llo,nKpenJIe-
HHe - 3TO TO, qTO npOHcxo,nHT nOCJIe npOjlBJIeHIDI no-
Be,neHIDI H YBeJIIfIIHBaeT BepOjiTHOCTL nOBTopeHIDI TaKoro
nOBe,neHIDI B 6y.LJyIneM. Bce, qTO MLI ,neJIaeM, HBIDIeTCjI
qaCThIO Hamero nOBe,neHIDI, B TOM qHCJIe 06yqeHHe HO-
BhIM HaBLIKaM. B 06pa3e CO CTeHOH nOBe,neHHeM 6y,neT
nOIILITKa pe6eHKa OCTaBHTL CBOH c06CTBeHHLIH MHp
H npeo,nOJIeTL cTeny, a no,nKpenJIeHHeM - onLIT, KOTO-
pLIH OH npH06peTaeT, Kor,na ,n06HBaeTCjI ycnexa. ECJIH
TaKOH onLIT (no,nKpenJIeHHe) 6y,neT nOJIO)KHTeJILHLIM
Ka)I(,l(LIH p3.3, Kor,na pe6eHOK HCnOJIb3yeT onpe,neJIeHHLIH
HaBbIK, y Hero 6y,neT MOTHBaQIDI HCnOJIL30BaTL ero CHOBa
B rrponecce npeo,nOJIeHIDI TOH neCqaHOH CTeHLI. To eCTL
nO,nKpenneHHe onpe,neJIeHHOrO nOBe,neHIDI C03,naeT y pe-
6eHKa MOTHBaQHIO nocTapaTLcH H npoHBHTL HaBLIK em;e
pM, Kor,na B03HHKHeT no,nXO,ll)lInaJI cHryaQIDI.
HMeHHo MOTHBanIDI CTaHOBHTCjI TOH ,nBH)I(ym;eH CH-
nOH, KOTOpaji no,nBHraeT pe6eHKa npOjiBIDITL HaBbIK CHOBa
H CHOBa. A no,nKpenJIeHHe p3.3 3a p3.30M C03,naeT YCJIOBIDI
MH Toro, qT06LI BHYTPeHIDIH MOTHBaQIDI CTana CHJILHee,
qeM BHemIDUl. EanaHc MOTHBaQHH H no,nKpenJIeHIDI npH-
BO,lJ;HT K Bce 60JILmeMY )l(eJIaHHIO pe6eHKa npOHBHTh Ha-
BLIK, no OTHomeHHIO K KOTOpOMY OHH nOCJIe,nOBaTeJILHO
npHMeIDIJIHcb.
3aMeqy, qTO CTeHa, KOTOpaJI oKp)')KaeT Bamero pe6eH-
Ka, COCTOHT He H3 TBep,nOH nopo,nLI - OHa pbIXJIaJI, qTO
-27-
ETCKMI1 AYTM3M H ABA
j1BJUleTCg npH 06yqeHHH pe6eHKa H np06JIeMOH H 6JIa-
roCJIOBeHHeM. TIp06JIeMa MO)l(eT 3aKJIIOQaTbCjI B TOM,
qTO Qepe3 TpeInHHbI B CTeHe pe6eHOK MO)l(eT ,n06paTbCjI
,nO no,nKpeIIJIeHHH, He npHJIarCUI YCH.JIHH AJllI HCnOJIb30-
BaHIDI HaBbIKOB, KOTOpbIM BbI 06yqaeTe. ECJIH OCTaBHTb
TpeInHHbI He3anOJIHeHHbIMH, npoH30H,neT «yreqKa MO-
THBaI(HH», H Y pe6eHKa He 6y,neT ,nOCTaTOqHoro CTHMYJIa
CTpeMHTbCjI K ycnexy. K CqaCTblO, neCOK 3aCbInaeT Tpe-
IIJ.HHbI, ,neJICUI HX He3aMeTHbIMH, H n03BOIDIeT MOTHBHpO-
BaHHOMY pe6eHKY «nepeMaXH)'Tb» qepe3 CTeHY K O)l(H-
,naeMOMY nO,nKpenJIeHHIO, no nyrH pa3pymWI BepXH1010
qaCTb CTeHbI. CTeHa CTaHOBHTCjI HH)I(e H npOIne ,nIDI
npeo,nOJIeHIDI, H B CJIetJYlOIIJ.HH pa3 npo,neMOHCTpHpOBaTb
npOjlBJIeHHbIH HaBbIK 6y,neT HeMHoro JIerqe.
IIporpaMMbI ABANB HCnOJIb3yIDT npHHI\HnbI MOTH-
Bal\HH H no,nKpenJIeHIDI, qT06bI n06y,nHTb Barnero pe6eH-
Ka K BbInOJIHeHHIO HOBbIX H Bce 60JIee Tpy,nHbIX HaBbI-
KOB, C l\eJIblO YBeJIHqHTb B 6y,nym;eM )l(eJIaHHe nOBTopHTb
HCnOJIb30BaHHe HaBbIKa H c,neJIaTh ero MeHee Tpy,nHbIM.
K3.)I()J.bIH p3.3, Kor,na pe6eHoK npeo,nOJIeBaeT KaKYID-TO
qaCTb CTeHbI, eM)' CTaHOBHTCjI JIerqe nepenpbIruyTb ee
B 6y.nyw.eM. IIecoK )l(e, OCbInCUlCb cBepxy, 3anOJIIDIeT Tpe-
IIJ.HHbI B HIDKHeH qaCTH CTeHbI - H 3TO eIne O,nHH IIJIIOC
HCnOJIb30BaHIDI no,nKpenJIeHHH: MOTHBal\ID1 He yreKaeT,
H pe6eHKa JIerqe MOTHBHpOBaTb Ha OCBoeHHe HOBbIX Ha-
BbIKOB.
B03Mo1KH0, Bce onHcaHHoe BhIme C03,naeT y Bac Bne-
qaTJIeHHe, 6y,nTO peqb H,l{eT TOJIbKO 0 ,neTjJX C ayrH3MoM.
Ha caMOM ,neJIe jI OnHCaJI, KaK yqHTCjI K3.)I()J.bIH H3 Hac.
MhI C pO)K)J;eHIDI OKp}')KeHbI p3.3HbIMH no BbICOTe CTeHa-
MH-6apbepaMH - orpaHHqeHIDIMH, KOTophIe HaM npe,n-
-28-
qTO 03HaQaeT .n;HarH03 «ayrH3M»
fII8BT npeo,nOJIeTL 6JIaro,napg OCBoeHHIO Bce HOBLIX H 60-
". CJlO)I(HLIX HaBLIKOB. TOJILKO TaK MLI MO>KeM CTaTL
oueHHLIMH qJIeHaMH 06 ecTBa. 11 TOJILKO TaKHM
OM HaM y,naCTCg pa3pymHTL CTeHLI, CKOJIL 6LI BLI-
. H OHH HH OKa3aJIHCL. KOM)'-TO 3TO y,naCTCg c,neJIaTL
.-rune H 6LICTpee, B TOM qHCJIe H nOTOM)', qTO HX CTeHLI
-0f(838JIHCL HIDKe. Y KorO-TO CTeHa 6y,ner HaCTOJILKO BLI-
COKOB, qTO maHCOB nepe6paTLCg qepe3 Hee He OCTaHeTCg.
O,nHaKO qa e Bcero OKpy>KalO He Hac CTeHLI HepaBHO-
MepHLI: r,ne-TO BLIIIIe, a r,ne-TO HH>Ke. Pe6eHOK C a)'TH3-
MOM HWleM He OTJIHqaeTCg OT ,npyrHX ,neTeH. IlpocTO eMY
:BMO nOMOIlL npeO,LJ;OJIeTL 60JIee Tpy.n:HLIe yqacTKH CTeHLI
.,IIOMOInLIO HaBLIKOB, KOTopLIe 06 ecTBo CqHTaeT 06g-
.ttrreJThHLIMH. Hecnoc06HoCTL caMOCTOgTeJILHO npeo,no-
(1feTL cTeHY HanpgM)'IO CBg3aHa C He,nOCTaroIlHLIM YPOB-
lieM pa3BHTIDI HaBLIKOB B Tex 06JIaCTgX, KOTopLIe 6LIJIH
. qHCJIeHLI B HallaJIe rJIaBLI: COQHaJILHOe B3aHMo,neH-
eTBHe, KOMMYHHKaQIDI H nOBe,neHHe (pe6eHOK HMeeT
JlOBTOpglO HeCg H cTepeoTHnHLIe Mo,neJIH nOBe,neHIDI
B orpaHHlIeHHLIe CneQHQ>HqeCKHe HHTepeCLI).
HMeHHo OTc)'TcTBHe HJIH He,nocTaTOqHOe pa3BHTHe
1_8.BLIKOB B 3THX 06JIaCTgX >KH3HH H gBJIglOTCg npH3HaKa-
MIl ayrH3Ma.
A)'TH3M - 3TO paCCTpOHCTBO IIIHpOKOro cneKTpa,
ICOTOpoe Ha6JIIO,naeTCg y Bce 60JILmerO qHCJIa JIIO,neH.
I YTH3M BJIIDIeT Ha cnoc06HoCTH pe6eHKa K 06 eHHIO
I
"if B3aHMo,neHCTBHIO B pa3HLIX >KH3HeHHLIx, B TOM qHC-
1tRe yqe6HLIx, cHryaQIDIX. ECJIH He 06yqaTh ,neTeH, OHH
6y):(yr OCTaBaTLCg BO BJIaCTH ayrH3Ma ,nO Tex nop, nOKa
'OI(OHqaTeJILHO He nOTepglOT KOHTaKT C OKpy>KalO HMH.
ECJIH He 06yqaTL po,nHTeJIeH H yqHTeJIeH, TO OHH 6y,LJ;)'T
-29-
ETCKI1H AYTl13M H ABA
HeBOJIbHO MOTHBHpOBaTb H no,nKpenJIjfTb Bce 60JIee npo-
6JIeMHOe nOBe,neHHe pe6eHKa. O,nHaKO eCJIH BbI HayqH-
TeCb nOHHMaTb MOTHBbI nOBe,neHIDI Bamero pe6eHKa
H OCBOHTe npHHQHnbI H TeXHHKH ABANB, BbI nOMO-
)KeTe eMY )'MeHbmHTb npOjlBJIeHIDI He)KeJIaTeJIbHOrO no-
Be-neHIDI H ,n06HTbCjf 60JIbllIHX ycnexoB B )KH3HH.
.-
-.-
,.
....
... .
!!-IJi- I
ABA
rJIaBa 3.
H3bIK aYTH3Ma
Jj{;<
ttf'
!fJ'"
r- ;l
4.J -'"
i8t:. llporpaMMbI ABA, HJIH npHKJIa HOrO aHaJIH3a no-
T"
.-ACHIDI, pa3pa60TaHHble H HBH YaJIbHO, MOryr pac-
.-aTPHsaTbCg KaK onpe eJIeHHbIH nJIaH. ,[(eJIo B TOM, qTO
411f)eaeJIeHHbIM THnaM nOBe eHIDI COOTBeTCTB)'IOT onpe-
tlPft'BllLle nOCJIe CTBIDI, H eCJIH BamH pe HH Ha nOBe-
pR e pe6eHKa (IIOCJIe CTBIDI) npe CKa3yeMbI H IIOCJIe-
_TeJIbHbI, TO OHH nOIDITHbI pe6eHK)'. COOTBeTCTBeHHO
t*ieHOK HaqHHaeT nOHHMaTb Bac .rryqrn:e. Bame npHC)'T-
_He HaqHHaeT OK33bIBaTb Ha pe6eHKa ycnoKaHBalO ee
l8MAe HCTBHe, OH pe)Ke paCCTpaHBaeTCg H CTaHOBHTCg 60-
.tICe .OTKpbITbIM ,WUI B3aHMo eHcTBIDI.
/if. DOJIbmHHCTBo eTeH H B3pOCJIbIX C ayrH3MoM JIIO-
_ KOMnblOTepbI 3a HX nOIDITHbIH «g3bIK». ABA MO)KHO
fPiBHHTb C KOMnblOTepoM no CTeneHH ynopg OqeHHOCTH
_iiCTBD H pea HH. QT06bI ycnemHo pa60TaTb HJIH
'1IIPaTL Ha KOMnblOTepe, pe6eHK)' He06xo,[(HMO BbI6paTb
'IIe06XO HMYIO KOMaH . HIDKaB onpe eJIeHH)'IO KHonK)',
OR no.nyqaeT npe CKa3yeMbIH pe3YJIbTaT, 6Y eT JIM 3TO
CJIylIIHBaHHe MY3bIKH HJIH npocTO )KeJIaHHe BKJIIO-
I81TL JIH60 BbIKJIlOqHTb KOMnblOTep. rJIaBHOe 3 eCb -
-31-
,nETCKI1:H AYTI13M H ABA
nOCTOjfHCTBO, npOCTOTa B HCnOJIb30BaHHH H OTcyrCTBHe
Heonpe,n;eJIeHHOCTH. lIcnOJIL30BaHHe KOMnLIOTepHoij
MLIlliH ,n;aeT pe6eHKY qyBCTBO KOHTpOIDI Ha,n; cHTyaQH..
eM. KOMnLIOTep He HallHeT npOHrpLIBaTh M)'3LIKY, eCJIIi
He nO.rrytlHT CneQHaJILH)'IO KOMa , He CTaHeT roBOpHTh
pe6eHKY, Kor,n;a OH ,n;OJI)KeH BLIKJIIOIIHTL KOMnLIOTep. OH
He KOMaH)];)'eT, OH OTBeqaeT Ha KOMaH,n;LI, npHlIeM ,n;eJIaeT
3TO C 3aBH,lI;HLIM nOCTOgHCTBOM.
ECJIH BLI XOTHTe 6LITL nOHjfTLIM BallIHM pe6eHKOM,
Barn jf3LIK ,n;OJI)KeH 6LITL npe,n;eJILHO jfCHLIM, KpaTKHM
H nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJILHLIM KaK B CJIOBaX, TaK H B ,n;eHCTBH..
jfX. ,LJ:a, TaKHM )Ke, KaK jf3LIK KOMnLIOTepa. If eCJIH BhI
npe,n;JIOjl(HTe pe6eHKY onpe,n;eJIeHHLIe BapHaHTLI nOBe-
,n;eHHjf C KOHKpeTHLIMH H nOHgTHLIMH nOCJIe,n;CTBIDIMI1
,n;JIg K3.)I()J;0rO BapHaHTa, BaIlIe nOBe,n;eHHe 6y,n;eT nOIDIT-
HO BarneMY pe6eHKy. A eCJIH BLI OKIDKeTeCL cnoc06HhI
,n;aBaTL pe6eHK)' gCHLIe H KOHKpeTHLIe YK33aHHjf, QTO
H KaK ,n;eJIaTL, C gCHLIMH, KOHKpeTHLIMH H nOCTOgHHLI-
MH nOCJIe,n;CTBIDIMH ero ,n;eHCTBHM, y pe6eHKa nOgBHT-
Cjf o ym;eHHe nOpg,n;Ka H KOHTpOlliI Ha,n; CHTyaQHeH npH
B3aHMo,n;eMcTBHH C BaMH. KaK pe3YJILTaT, )'MeHLmHTc
BepOjfTHOCTL Toro, qTO pe6eHoK 6y,n;eT ,n;06HBaTLCg KOH-
TpOJIjf Ha,n; cHryaQHeH ,n;pyrHMH, MeHee )KeJIaTeJILHLIMH
cnoc06aMH. Ha,n;o OTMeTHTL, qTO po,n;HTeJIL, cnoc06HLIH
6LICTpO npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTL cHTyaQHIO H ,n;aTL pe6eHKY
yK33aHIDI, He06xo,n;HMLIe ,n;ID1 nOJIyqeHHg )KeJIaTeJILHOH
oTBeTHoM peaKQHH, MOjl(eT OK33LIBaTL 60JIee 3HaIlHTeJIL-
Hoe BJIHgHHe Ha nOBe,n;eHHe pe6eHKa, qeM 3anporpaM-
MHpOBaHHag MamHHa.
ECJIH BLI KaK po,n;HTeJIL pe6eHKa C OC06LIMH nOTpe6-
HOCTgMH H3yq:HTe npHHQHnLI H cTpaTerHH ABANB, BLI
-32-
,
\'
l .
-I
_........:--
ABA - 1I3bIK ayrH3Ma
eTe B ce6e cnoc06HOCTL 06yqaTL. BLI MO)KeTe
He60JILillHX H3MeHeHHH B >KH3HH Barnero pe-
p IWTOpble nOMor}'T eMY OCMbIcrreHHO BbI6HpaTi.
.,pa3Hoo6p3.3HbIe THnbI nOBe.n:eHHB. O.n:HaKO 6e3
UOHHMaHIDI npHH:QHnoB ABA Barne B3aHMo,neH-
.. -e pe6eHKOM He 6y,neT ,nOCTaTOqHO CHCTeMaTHQ-
Bld30BeT He,nonOHHMaHHe BarnHX Tpe60BaHHH
OHbI pe6eHKa. ECJIH >Ke Barne nOBe,neHHe 6y,neT
M H HenOCJIe,nOBaTeJILHLIM, Barn pe6eHOK,
Dcern, npe,nnOqTeT npOBo,nHTL BpeMSI He C BaMH,
._BOeM npH):{)'MaHHoM MHpe, HaXO)UI B HeM TOT no-
:H KOHTpOJIL, KOTopLIe eMY TaK He06xo,nHMLI. KaK
e, OH 6y,neT norpYiKaTLCSI Bce rny6)Ke B MHp
.,.... a.
JKor a Bid H Barna ceMLSI OCBOHTe npHH:QHnLI ABA,
.p.efieHOK 06HapYiKHT, qTO BLI ero nOHHMaeTe, H 6y,n:eT OT-
!06IQeHHlO C BaMH. Pe6eHoK CMO>KeT qyBCTBOBaTL
caw KOM4>OpTHO B Kpyry pO,nHLIX JIIO,neH, nOBe,neHHe
MIOpYx 6LIJIO paHLrne TaKHM pa3,npa>KalO HM. TenepL
0InI811HeT CTpeMHTLcSI K 06 eHHIO, H qeM 60JILrne 6y,n:eT
ClaplrlDCg, TeM JIerqe eMY OKIDKeTCSI HaiITH ce6S1 B 06 e-
CbIe. HTaK, 06rneHHe C pe6eHKoM, OCHOBaHHoe Ha npHH-
$DIaX ABA HJIH, HHaqe, npOHCXO)UIInee Ha Sl3LIKe ayrH3-
M8, I(()McpOpTHO ,nIDI pe6eHKa, nOToMY qTO OH nOHHMae-r
lilt - Bam g3LIK B3aHMo):{eHCTBIDI C HHM H Barne nOBe-
e. A 3HaqHT, OH He 6y,n:eT HCKaTb cnoc06LI H36eraTb
IJIC. X<H3HL CTaHeT )',nHBHTeJILHOH H pa):{OCTHOH.
.j} HHKor):{a He BCTpeqa.rr pe6eHKa C ayrn3MoM, KOTO-
pIUi 6hI He 6LIJI cnoc06eH HCnOJIL30BaTL npHH:QHnbI no-
8eAeHIDI B caMLIX HeO>KH,lJ;aHHLIX H CJIO)I(HLIX cHTYa:QH-
JIX MJI ,noCTIDKeHIDI CBOHX :QeJIeH. Ho SI 3HalO HeMaJIO
-33 -
,D:ETCKMM AYTM3M H ABA
po,nHTeneH, KOTopLIe BenH ce6g HeO)KH,naHHLIM 06pa30M,
no,nqHIDUlCL g3LIK)' ABA, npOgBJUlBmeMYCg B nOBe,neHHI1
HX pe6eHKa.
HanpHMep, y O,nHOH MaTepH pe6eHKa C ayrH3MoM
6LIn pHryan YKJIa,nLIBaHIUI Ha HOqL, KOTOpLIH npo,non..
)Kancg Ka)l(J{LIH Beqep B TeqeHHe nonyqaca. IIpoQe.nypa
Bcer,na 6LIna o,nHHaKoBoH H BLIr.rnmena npH6JIH3HTenLHo
TaK: MaMa Ha c06CTBeHHLIX nneqax OTHOCHJIa pe6eHKa
B cnanLHIO. OH CorJIamancg cnaTL TOJILKO B O,nHOH nH-
)KaMe: IIITaHLI ro.rry60ro QBeTa H gpKO-OpaH)KeBWI Mali-
Ka. 3aTeM OHa nOnpaBJUlJIa o,negno H neJIa KOnLI6eJILH)'IO.
IIepe,n OKOWlaHHeM neCHH pe6eHOK npOCHJI MaMY npHHe-
CTH BO,nbI, H OHa npHHOCHJIa CTaKaH BO,nLI H3 BaHHOH KOM-
HaTLI. 3TO Bcer,na 6LIn O,nHH H TOT )Ke CTaKaH, HanOJIHeH-
HLIH ,nO KpaeB; pe6eHOK, OTnHB pOBHO nOJIOBHH)', npOCHJI
MaMY CHOBa HanOnHHTL ero. IIoTOM OHa ,non)KHa 6LIJIa
nOCTaBHTh CTaKaH Ha TYM60qKY H npOqHTaTL nocne,nHIOIO
rnaBY KHHrH «ManeHLKHH napOB03, KOTOpLIH Mor...». Pe-
6eHoK nOMorarr MaMe ,nep)KaTL KHHry H nepeBOpaqHBaTb
CTpaHHIU>I. Kor,na nepeBOpaqHBanaCL nocne,nIDUI cTpa-
HHQa, MaMa ,noniKHa 6LIna CKa3aTL: «KO-O-He-eu!» 3aTeM
OHa uenOBana ero, )Kenarra cnOKOHHOH HOqH, BLIxo,nHJIa
H3 KOMHaTLI, 3aKpLIBana ,nBepL H )l(J{ana, CTOg 3a ,nBepLIO,
Kor,na pe6eHOK n030BeT ee. Tor,na OHa OTKpLIBana ,nBepb,
3 a rJUl,n LI Ban a B cnarrLHIO, H pe6eHOK )Kenan eH cnOKOH-
HOH HOqH. 11 TonLKO nocne 3TOro OH 3aCLInaJI.
11 qTO )Ke 3,neCL He TaK? 1l0qeMY po,nHTenH nona,na-
lOT no,n no,n06HLIH KOHTpOnL? MHorHe CKa)Kyr, qTO Y HHX
HeT BLI60pa. OHH nOBepHJIH, qTO ,npyroro II)'TH HeT. He3a-
BHCHMO OT TOro, Ka)KeTCg nH BaM TaKOH npHMep CTpaH-
HLIM HnH HeT, 3TO BeCLMa THnWlHWI cHryaUIDI, Kor,na
-34-
ABA - j{3bIK ayrH3Ma
enH, He nOHHMag R3LIKa ABA, HaXO,lJ)lTCjI no,n; BJIH-
_eM pe6eHKa. ECJIH BLI 3HaKOMLI C TaKOH cHryaQHeH
.'ilOHaCJIbImKe, TO Ball pe6eHOK onpe,aeJIeHHO no,n;-
qJI8JIJI Bac ce6e. Pa3pemaeTe JIH BLl BameMY CLIHY HJIH
pH BLI6HpaTL o,n;e)l()];Y caMOCTORTeJIbHO, ,n;a:>Ke eCJIH
O)IiBOCHT o,n;uy H TY )Ke <p)'T60JIKy TPH ,aHjI no pg,n;? Pe-
uacn JIH pe6eHOK B BameH ceMLe, 6y,neT JIH OH cnaTL
yexc.ny po,n;OTeillIMH KIDK,nYID HOqL, ,n;a:>Ke eCJIO eMY }')Ke
_H8)UJ.aTL JIeT? Bac B caMOM ,n;eJIe HaTpeHHpOBaJIH TaK,
qre Bid HaBepIDIKa 3HaeTe, Kor,n;a H KaK BaM pa3pemaeT-
eJl I«>pMHTL Bamero pe6eHKa? 3HaeT JIH Barn pe6eHOK,
K8K c,neJIaTL TaK, qT06bl Bbl CJIe,n;OBaJIH 3a HHM nOBCIO,n;y
H DO.lUlHMaJIH Bce, qTO OH ypOHHT Ha nOJI? Y6e,n;HJI JIH Bac
CmII, qTO eCTL TOJILKO O,n;OH II)'TL ,n;OMOH H3 mKOJILI HJIH
1'QJII,KO O,n;HH npaBHJILHbIH II)'TL B napK? Y6e,n;HJIHCL JIM
BY, 1JT0 BLI MO:>KeTe pa3rOBapHBaTL no TeJIe<pouy H pa60-
TaTb 3a KOMnLlOTepOM TOJILKO Tor,n;a, KOf,aa OH cnHT?
KIDK,nLIH H3 3TH X npHMepOB nOKa3LIBaeT, qTO pe6e-
BOR npHMeIDIeT no OTHOllIeHHIO K BaM npHH:QHnLI ABA,
HCllOJIL3yg CBOH BpO)l()];eHHLle, npHpo,n;HLle cnoc06HO-
CTH. ABA - 3TO nOHHMaHHe Toro, KaK npe,n;noCLIJIKH
H nOCJIe,n;CTBHR Moryr BJIHRTL Ha nOBe,n;eHHe. TaK, o,n;eB
pe6eHKa B «HenpaBHJILHYID» nH:>KaMY, BLI CTOJIKHeTeCL
c nocne,aCTBIDIMH 3Toro nocTynKa. ECJIH pe6eHoK KPH-
1fHT H HaHOCHT ce6e y,napLI no rOJIOBe, - 3TO 3HaQHT,
tIro BaM TOJILKO qTO gCHO ,n;aJIH nOHRTL: BLI c,neJIaJIH
«HenpaBHJILHLIH» BL160p. ECJIH BLI HrHopHpyeTe 3TO
Coo6m;eHHe H npo,aOJI:>KaeTe Ha,n;eBaTL Ha Hero «Henpa-
BBJILHyIO» nH:>KaMY, BLI MO:>KeTe nOJIyqHTL Oqepe,L{HOe
nocne,n;CTBHe - pe6eHOK 6y,aeT 6HTLCg rOJIOBOH 0 CTe-
By. ECTeCTBeHHO, BLI He XOTHTe, qT06LI Barn pe6eHOK
-35 -
,[{ETCKMfI AYTM3M H ABA
CTpa,lJ;aJI, H n03TOMY ,lJ;IDI Toro, qT06LI 3a UTHTb era
OT Hero caMoro, BbI MO)l(eTe H3MeHUTb CBoe nOBe,lJ;eHMe
U Ha,lJ;eTb Ha Hero 1)' caMYIO cTapylO rOJIy6ylO nH)KaMY.
Barne nOBe,lJ;eHHe 6Y,lJ;eT B03Harpa eHO: pe6eHOK CTa..
HeT BHOBb cnOKOHHLIM, YJIbI6alO HMCg H nOCJIymHbIM.
CTOUT 3TOH npoQe,lJ;ype nOBTOpHTbCjI HeCKOJIbKO pa3,
KaK BbI B,lJ;pyr 3aMeTHTe, t.JTO Ka bIH pa3 BbI6HpaeTe
AID! pe6eHKa «npaBHJIbHYIO» nH)KaMY.
BLI 3aMeTUJIH, KaK pe6eHOK CMor H3MeHHTb Barne no..
Be,lJ;eHue, HCnOJIL3yg npHHQHnbI ABA? ECJIH BbI He MO)Ke-
Te OTBeqaTb TeM )Ke, nOIDITHbIM eMY, g3LIKOM, y Bac 6Y,lJ;eT
xopomHH maHC BbIpa60TaTb CBOH puryaJI, HanOMHHalO-
HH cHryaQHIO C MaMOH, )'KJIa,lJ;LIBalO eH CbIHa cnaTL.
Ii Ha060pOT, eCJIU BLI nOHHMaeTe H npHHHMaeTe npUH-
QunLI ABA, BLI CMO)l(eTe OTBeTHTb pe6eHKY Ha TOM )Ke
g3LIKe, U TOr,lJ;a (eCJIH, KOHeqHO, BLI nOCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJILHbI
H npe,lJ;CKa3yeMLI), OH nOHMeT, 0 qeM BLI rOBopHTe. JIa-
KOHHqHOCTL, gCHOCTL H nOCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJILHOCTL BarnHX
HHCTpyKI.J;HH n03BOIDIT pe6eHKY npe,lJ;CKa3LIBaTL BarnH
,lJ;eHCTBIUI. EM)' 6Y,lJ;eT KOM<pOpTHO, Be,lJ;b OH CMO)KeT KOH-
TpOJIHpOBaTL CBoe oKp}')KeHue. A 3HaqHT, eMY He H)')KHO
6Y.D-eT CTapaTbCg nOJIyqHTL KOM<pOpT U KOHTpOJIL He)KeJIa-
TeJILHbIMH ,lUDI Bac cnoc06aMH.
Barn pe6eHoK nOHHMaeT U npHMeIDIeT npHHQHnLI
ABA. Kor,lJ;a BLI OTBeTHTe eMY Ha g3LIKe ABA, BaM 060-
HM CTaHeT HaMHoro y,lJ;06Hee 06 aTbCg ,lJ;pyr C ,lJ;pyroM.
Ii KOM<pOpT 6Y,lJ;eT YCHJIHBaTLCg no Mepe Toro, KaK pe-
6eHoK 6y;neT q)'BCTBOBaTL ce6g Bce 60JIee )'BepeHHLIM
B OKp}')KalO eM ero 06 ecTBe. ,LJ:eTH, paC He B cno-
KOHHOH H npe,lJ;CKa3yeMoH 06cTaHoBKe, KOTOpyro OHM
MOryr KOHTpOJIHpOBaTL, 60JIee CqaCTJIHBLI H OXOTHee
-36-
ABA - j13bIK ayrH3Ma
o6JnaIOTCSI C ,lJ;pyrHMH. TOJIbKO TOr,lJ;a, KOr,lJ;a pe6eHOK 3a-
x(J1leT nOCTOSlHHO 06IUaTbCSI C BaMH, BbI MO:>KeTe HaqH-
u- nonHOQeHHoe 06yqeHHe.
,naBHWI rJIaBa He npH3BaHa nO,lJ;TBep aTb HayqHo ,lJ;0-
Jll!8llHlde npHHQHnbl ABAIVB. ECTb COTHH Pa3JIHQHbIX
HceJle OBaHHH, ,lJ;OKa3bIBaIOIUHX 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb TeXHHKH
ABA. 3TH HCCJIe,lJ;OBaHIDI MO)I(HO HaHTH B HayqHblx :>KYP-
H8Jlax, CCbIJIKH Ha KOTOpble Bbl HaH,lJ;eTe B KOHQe KHHrH.
QeJI])lO 3TOH rJIaBbl He jfBJIjfeTCSI ,lJ;OKa3aTb 3<pQ>eKTHBHOCTb
upBHnHIIOB ABA. 3TO onHcaHHe Moero c06cTBeHHoro
ODldTa, o(ThjfCHjlIOIUerO, nOqeMY ABA jfBillIeTCjf CTOJIb
citnLHbIM Cpe,lJ;CTBOM nOMOm;H pe6eHK)' C ayrH3MoM. Co-
JIH npHBe,lJ;eHHble Bblme npHMepbl TOM)', qTO Bbl
yw.e 3HaeTe 0 CBoeM pe6eHKe? Bbl 06paTHJIH BHHMaHHe
118;'00, KaK Barn pe6eHOK HCnOJIb3YeT npHlfflHnbl ABA AIDI
MtIiIHnyJIHpoBaHIDI BaMH H ,lJ;pyrHMH JIIO,lJ;bMH B CBoeM
oxpyxceHHH? Bbl 3aMeTHJIH, KaK ayrH3M KOHTpOJIHpye-r
HMeHHO Bac? ECJIH ,lJ;a, npO,lJ;OJDKaHTe qHTaTb, H jf nOKIDKy
Bbf, KaK Bbl MO:>KeTe HCnOJIb30BaTb ABANB, QT06bl 06-
p arHTb nOBe,lJ;eHHe Barnero pe6eHKa B CBOIO nOJIb3Y.
rJIaBa 4.
KaK pacIIo3HaTb
u;eJIH IIOBe,n;eHIDI pe6eHKa
51 qaCTO cnpallIHBalO pO,[(HTeJIeH, KOTopLIe e,[(Ba Ha-
qarrH 3HaKOMHTLCjI C TeopHeH ABA/VB, qTO OHH CqHTa-
lOT HaH60JIee Tl'Y,[(HLIM B 06yqeHHH HX pe6eHKa HOBLIM
HaBLIKaM. IIepBoe MeCTO B cnHCKe 3aHHMaeT np06JIeM-
Hoe nOBe,[(eHHe. He3aBHcHMo OT Toro, KaKoe BJIIDIHHe
OKa3LIBaeT aYTH3M Ha )KH3HL pe6eHKa, Bcer,[(a HaH,[(eTcSI
THn nOBe,[(eHIDI, KOTopoe pO,[(HTeJIL, yqHTeJIL HJIH Te-
paneBT CqHTaeT HY>KHLIM H3MeHHTL. PO,[(HTeJIgM Ba)l(-
HO nOHgTL, qTO OKa3LIBaeT nOJIO)KHTeJILHOe BJIIDIHHe
Ha npoQecc BLI60pa pe6eHKoM Toro HJIH HHoro THna
nOBe,[(eHH.sI npe)K,[(e, qeM OHH npe,[(npHMyr KaK)'IO-JIH60
nonLITK)' 06yqeHHg. )'MalO, 60JILllIHHCTBO H3 Bac co-
rJIaCHTCjI C TeM, qTO Ka>K,[(LIH H3 OCHOBHLIX yqe6HLIx Ha-
BLIKOB npe,[(cTaBJIgeT C060H KOMnJIeKC onpe,[(eJIeHHLIX
,[(eHcTBHH. ECJIH BLI He 3HaeTe, KaK n03HTHBHO BJIIDITb
Ha BLI60p KOHKpeTHoro ,[(eHCTBIDI BallIHM pe6eHKOM, BbI
He CMO)KeTe OKa3aTL nOJIO)KHTeJILHOe BJIHgHHe Ha BeCb
npoQecc OBJIa,[(eHHg HaBLIKaMH. QT06LI JIyqllIe Y3HaTb,
KaK nOMOqb BarneMY pe6eHK)' H36e>KaTL He3<p<peKTHBHO-
ro HJIH np06JIeMaTHqHOrO nOBe,[(eHHjI, BaM He06xo,[(HMO
-38-
KaK paCn03HaTb l.{eJIH nOBe.n;eHIDI pe6eHKa
- ueJIH, KOTopble CTOjIT 3a Ka)l():(blM THnOM TaKoro
.
CTBeHHbIH cnoc06 n03HTHBHO BnIDITb Ha Bbl-
a nOBe,LJ;eHIDI Barnero pe6eHKa - :no onpe,LJ;enHTb
_ CTOJImYID 3a 3THM BbI60pOM. EcnH Bbl He MO)l(eTe
' c eJIaTh, Bbl He Y3HaeTe, KaK B03,n;eHCTBOBaTb Ha no-
_r eo MHorHe po,n;HTenH rOBOpjIT, qTO HX ,n;eTH 3aqa-
c4fll/ OOBepmalOT nOCT)'nKH 6e3 BH,n;HMbIX Ha TO npHqHH.
H&J!ocJIe npHCTaJIbHOrO H3yqeHIDI 3a Ka)K)J;blM ,n;eHcTBH-
tpe6eHKa MO)I(HO 06Hap)')KHTb llaMepellue. EcnH Bbl
_GOHHMaeTe, qTO 3TO 3a HaMepeHHe, 3HaqHT, y Bac HeT
!8IixO,nHMbIX HaBbIKOB. CnelJ)1aJIHCTbI BbI,ll;eIDIIOT qe-
181M' B03MO)l(HblX QenH nOBe,n;eHIDI: nonyqHTb qTO-nH60
«8iXOro-JIH60 (conHaJIbHO onocpe,n;OBaHHOe n03HTHBHoe
l-T ... eHHe), H36e)l(aTb Torn, qTO HHHUHHpOBaHO KeM-TO
, - K npHMepy, 3aIDITIDI HnH 06w:eHIDI (conHaJIb-
HO'<0II0cpe,n;OBaHHoe HeraTHBHoe nOBe,n;eHHe), nonyqHTb
1fIO-JIH60 )l(enaeMOe (aBTOMarnqeCKOe n03HTHBHoe no-
BlACHHe), y6paTh QTO-nH60 He)l(enaTenbHoe/H36e)l(aTb
ro-JIH60 He)l(enaTenbHoro (aBTOMaTHqeCKOe HeraTHB-
ROe nOBe,n;eHHe). I1ocne,n;HHe ,n;Be QenH He CBjI3aJIH C yqa-
cmeM ,n;pyrHX nlO,n;eH.
\ qT06bI nOIDITh, B QeM 3aKJIIOqaeTCjI HaMepeHHe (Qenb),
BIAO 6bICTpO OTBeTHTb Ha TpH Bonpoca:
1. qTO HMeHHO B 3TOM nOBe,n;eHHH MHe He nOHpaBH-
JIOCb?
2. qTO npOH30llIJIO ,n;o npOjIBneHIDI nOBe,n;eHIDI?
3. qTO npOH30mno Cpa3Y nocne npOjIBJIeHIDI nOBe-
Aemm?
TIepBbIH Bonpoc COCTaBneH TaK, qT06bI Bbl cocpe,n;o-
TOtfHJIHCb HMeHHO Ha TOM nOBe,n;eHHID ,n;eHCTBHH, KOTopoe
-39-
ETCKI1I1 AYTI13M H ABA
XOTeJIH 6bI H3MeHHTh, a He Ha caMOM pe6eHKe. 3aMeTHTh
H3MeHeHHe B nOBe,n;eHHH «nJIOXoro» pe6eHKa, K TOMY )I(e
«C03,n;alOm;ero np06JIeMbI», «He nbITalO eroC.SI CTapaTb..
C.SI», «aYTHCTa», Tpy.nHO. 51 HaMepeHHO 3aKJ1lOqHJI B Ka..
BbJqKJf Bce 3TH 06m;He <pP33bI, He OTpa)l(alO He peaJIbHO..
ro nOCTYIIKa. HaMHoro JIerqe pa60TaTb Ha,n; KOHKpeTHbIM
nOCTYIIKOM, TaKHM KaK «y6e)l(aJI OT MaMbI», «He OT3bIBa-
eTC.SI Ha c06CTBeHHoe HWI» HJIH «6pocaeT TapeJIK)' Ha nOJ)
BO BpeM.SI 06e,n;a».
BTopoH Bonpoc COCTaBJIeH TaK, qT06bI BbI MOrJIij
)'BH,n;eTb, HMeeT JIH MeCTO npedUlecmeylOUf.UU cmUMYfl
(Antecedent), TO eCTb HeqTO, npe,n;meCTB)'IOm;ee npO.SIB-
JIeHHIO nOBe.neHWnOCTYIIKa, qTO MO)l(eT paCCMaTpHBaTb-
C.SI KaK ero npHqHHa. HanpHMep, Kajf()UJIH pa3, Kor,n;a BbI
Ha,n;eBaeTe onpe,n;eJIeHHbIH CBHTep Ha pe6eHKa, OH K)'caeT
ce6.SI. I1oHHMa.SI npe,n;meCTB)'IOInHH CTHM)'JI (Ha pe6eHKa
Ha,[(eJIH CBHTep), BbI JIerKO CMO)l(eTe H3MeHHTb npO.SIBJIe-
HHe nOBe.neHIDI (KyCaeT ce6.SI).
KpOMe TOro, OTBeqWI Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, BbI 6e3 Tpy,na
,n;ora,[(aereCb H 0 QeJIH no,n;06Horo nOBe,n;eHIDI. K npHMepy,
B cmya[(HH, Kor,n;a pe6eHOK 6pocaeT TapeJIKy Ha nOJI Cpa3Y
nOCJIe TOro, KaK OTeQ OTBeqaeT Ha TeJIe<pOHHLm 3BOHOK,
BbI CMO)l(eTe nOH.SITb, qro QeJILIO 3TOro nOBe,n;eHIDI .SIBIDleT-
C.SI nOnbITKa npHBJIeqb BHHMaHHe ()'fQa. I1.rrH eCJIH pe6eHOK
nOCTO.SIHHO XJIonaeT B JIa,[(omH, OTKa3bIBIDICb 0T03BaTbC}I
Ha 3B)'K cBoero HMeHH, 3TO MO)l(eT 03HaqaTh, qro QeJThIO
nOBe,n;eHIDI .SIBIDleTC.SI caMOCTHM)'IDIQIDI. CmyaQIDI, Kor,n;a
pe6eHoK BbIXO.lUIT H3 KOMHaTbI, KaK TOJILKO MaMa 6epeT ero
3y6H}1O IneTK)', MO)l(eT npHBeCTH Bac K MbICJIH, qTO no-
Be.neHHe 6bIJIO HCnOJIb30BaHO AJISI TOro, qro6bI H36e)l(aTb
HenpIDITHOH rrpOQe,l(ypbI qHCTKH 3y60B.
-40-
KaK paCn03HaTb QeJIH nOBe.n;eHIDI peoeHKa
1 TpeTHH Bonpoc - caMblH TPY,lJ;HbIH, HO H caMblH
JJ8)KBhIH, a nOTOMY Tpe6yeT npaBHnbHoro OTBeTa. Ka-
I(8DO nOCne,lJ;CTBHe, KOTopoe nO,lJ;Kpennj{eT paCCMaTpH-
&aeMoe nOBe,L{eHHe? KaK TonbKO Bbl onpe,lJ;enHTe, qTO
IISMeHHnOCb B OKpY)I(alOmeH pe6eHKa cpe,lJ;e nocne
npOJIBneHHj{ nOBe,L{eHHj{ (nocrynKa), BbI CMO)l(eTe BbI-
\lHCJlHTb H nO,L{Kpennj{lOmHH $aKTOp, KOTOpblH YBenH-
1IHBaeT maHC npOj{BneHIDI nO,lJ;06HOrO nOBe,lJ;eHHj{ B 6y-
AYJI(eM.
BOT HeKoTopble npHMepbl Tom, qTO Bbl MornH 6bl
spe.nnPHIDITb ,l{IDI H3MeHeHIDI np06neMHoro nOBe,lJ;eHIDI
pe6eHKa, yqHTbIBWI 3HaHIDI 06 OCHOBHbIX neIDIx TaKom
DOBe,neHIDI.
· BHUMaHue (nepBaj{ nenb). EcnH 6porneHHWI Ha nOJ]
TapeJIKa 6bma HCnOJIb30BaHa ,lJ;IDI Tom, QT06bl npHBneQb
BBHMaHHe OTna, OTen He ,L{OJI)I(eH npOj{BJIj{Tb BHHMaHHe
B CJle.nyIDIIJ;HH pa3, KOr,lJ;a TapenKa yna,[(eT Ha nOJI. O,lJ;HaKO
OR ,n;OJDKeH Y,lJ;eJIHTb pe6eHK)' MaKCHMYM BHHMaHIDI TOr,lJ;a,
ICOr,n;a TOT Be,lJ;eT ce6j{ BO BpeMB npHeMa nHmH ,lJ;On)I(HbIM
06pa30M.
· YKJlOHeHUe (BTOpWl nenb). EcnH TapeJIKa 6bIJIa
6pomeHa Ha non ,l{IDI Toro, QT06bl H36e)l(aTb BblnOJIHe-
HIDI HHCTp)'KnHH (HanpHMep: «CKIDKH "x.ne6"»), TOr,lJ;a
eJIbIO nOBe,lJ;eHIDI j{BJ]j{eTCj{ YKJIOHeHHe. B 3TOM c.rryqae
OTeo; He ,L{OJI)I(eH nO,L{KpellJUlTb 3TO nOBe,lJ;eHHe, npo.non-
)J(aJ1 HaCTaHBaTb Ha BblnonHeHHH TOH )l(e HJIH nO,lJ;06HOH
eii HHCTpYKIJ;HH. EcnH pe6eHoK BblnOnHRJI HHCTpYKIJ;HIO,
OTen MO)l(eT no,nKpenHTb noc.rrymaHHe, YMeHbmHB Tpe-
60BaHIDI Ha onpe,lJ;eJIeHHOe BpeMR.
· CaMOCmUMYJlRquR (TpeTbj{ nenb). CaMocTHMynj{-
IDI - 3TO nOBe,lJ;eHHe, neJIblO KOToporo j{Bnj{eTCj{
-41-
,[{ETCKMH AYTI13M H ABA
caMOB036)')K)];eHHe. CaMOCTHMYJllIIJ;ID1 He 3aBHCHT OT
Torn, HaXO,lJ;HTCjI JIH pe6eHOK B KOMHaTe O,nHH HnH B KOM-
naHHH C ,lJ;pyrHMH. B03,lJ;eHcTBOBaTb Ha TaKoe nOBe,lJ;eHHe
HenerKO, TaK KaK OHO nO,lJ;KpenmIeTCjI eCTeCTBeHHblM B03-
6)')K)];eHHeM H BbI He MO)l(eTe ero HCKyCCTBeHHO CTHM)'nH-
pOBaTb.
EcnH npHqHHa 6pocaHHjI TapenKH Ha non B TOM, qTO
pe6eHKY HpaBHTCjI nOjlBnjllOmHHCjI npH 3TOM 3BYK, BaM
He06xo,lJ;HMO HaHTH cnoc06 yMeHbUIHTb 3BYKOBOH 3<p-
<peKT, KOTOpblH jlBnjleTCjI aBTOMaTHqeCKHM (6e3 yqacTHjI
,lJ;pyroro qenOBeKa) TIO,lJ;KpeTIneHHeM nOBe,lJ;eHIDI. BOT
HeKoTopble ,lJ;eHCTBHjI, KOTopble BbI MO)l(eTe npe,lJ;TIpH-
HjlTb: KYTIHTb nonOBHK HnH KOBpHK, 3aMeHHTb TapenKy
Ha nnacTHKoBYIO HnH 6yMa)KHYIO. 06cy,n;HTe JII06ble B03-
MO)KHble BapHaHTbI, KOTopbIe TIOMOryr BaM YMeHbUIHTb
3BYKOBOH 3<p<peKT, nO,lJ;KpenmIlOmHH 6pocaHHe TapeJIKH
Ha nOJI. KpOMe Toro, npe,n;ocTaBmIjI pe6eHKy B03MO)l(-
HOCTb 3KCTIepHMeHTHpoBaTb co CneIJ;H<pHqeCKHMH HnH
TIOXO)l(HMH 3ByxaMH B no,n;06alOInee BpeMjI, MO)l(HO 3Ha-
qHTeJIbHO yMeHbUIHTb )l(enaHHe pe6eHKa ,lJ;enaTb 3TO
3a 06e,n;eHHb1M CTOJIOM.
I1TaK, Kor,n;a Bbl 3a,n;a,lJ;HTe ce6e 3TH TpH Bonpoca
H onpe,lJ;eJIHTe QeJIb nOBe,lJ;eHIDI pe6eHKa, Bbl nOHMeTe, qTO
MO)l(HO C,lJ;eJIaTb, qT06bl B nOBe,lJ;eHHH npOH30lliJIH n03H-
THBHble H3MeHeHIDI. O,lJ;HaKO e,lJ;HHCTBeHHbIH rryTb Y3HaTb
HaBepIDIKa, qTO Barn TInaH Ha,n;e)l(eH, 3TO npHMeIDlTb ern
Ha npaKTHKe H 3aTIHCblBaTb pe3)'JIbTaTbl Ha6JIIO,n;eHHH.
TOJIbKO TaK MO)KHO 6 eT nOIDITb, HaCKonbKO yMeHblliH-
nHCb npOjlBJIeHIDI He)l(eJIaTeJIbHOrn TIOBe,n;eHIDI C TeqeHH-
eM BpeMeHH. He CTOHT O)KH,lJ;aTb, qTO Balli pe6eHOK cpa-
3Y )l(e H3MeHHT CBoe nOBe,lJ;eHHe. BnpoqeM, ,lJ;IDKe eCJIH
-42-
I
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I
I
KaK paCn03HaTb QeJIH nOBe.n;eHIDI pe6eHKa
jIII)"DOBe,neIDIe H3MeIDIeTCjI K nyqmeMY, 3TO em;e He jIB-
;lll.eTCJI HaCTOjII.QHM fiOnO)l(HTenbHbIM pe3ynbTaToM H
i.,03HaQaeT, qTO fiJIaH OKIDKeTC.sI B HTore ycneIIIHbIM.
tlpeMeBHoe ynyqrneHHe nOBe,n;eHHjI - 3TO, KOHeqHO,
SJ;topoBO, O,L(HaKO He CTOHT CqHTaTb nO,L(06HbIe H3MeHeHIDI
DOlC83aTeneM Toro, qTO He)l(enaTenbHoe nOBe,n;eHHe yrnno
B npoDIJIoe H qTO BbI He CTonKHeTeCb C npOjIBneHHeM Ta-
KOro nOBe,n;eHIDI B 6y,n;ym:eM.
HTaK, e,L\HHCTBeHHbIH cnoc06 onpe,n;enHTb, ,n;eH-
CTBHTenbHO nH npOjIBneHHe np06neMHoro nOBe,n;eHHjI
cOKpaTHnocb, - 3TO BeCTH nOCTO.SlHHbIe Ha6nlO,n;eHHjI
II 3anHCbIBaTb HX pe3ynbTaTbI. llocne HeKoToporo ne-
pllo,na Ha6nlO,n;eHHH BbI CMO>KeTe Ha OCHOBaHHH 061>-
tKTHBHO c06paHHbIx ,n;aHHbIX c,n;enaTb BbIBO,n; 0 TOM,
-yMeHLmHnaCb qaCTOTa npOjIBneHIDI He)l(enaTenbHoro
nOBe,n:eHIDI HnH HeT. TonbKo TaK BbI CMO>KeTe pa306paTb-
CJI B TOM, HMeeT nH Barne BMemaTenbCTBO >KenaTenb-
BldH 3.p.peKT. 06bIqHO O,n:HOH-,n:BYX He,n;enb ,n;OCTaTOqHO,
qro6bI onpe,n;enHTb, pa60TaeT nH nnaH. EcnH npOjIB-
neHMe nOBe,n;eHHjI npo,n;on>KaeTCjI HnH cnyqaeTCjI qam;e
-noene He,n:enH-,n;pyroH, BbI ,n;on)l(HbI OCTaHOBHTbCH, 3a-
HOBO npo,n;YMaTb B03MO)l(HbIe QenH H nepeHTH K ,n;pyroH
TaKTHKe.
BHUMaHue! EcnH BbI Ha6nlO,n;aeTe onpe,n;eneHHoe
BenpHeMneMoe nOBe,n:eHHe, Ha KOTopoe BaM He y,n:aeTCjI
B03,n:eHCTBOBaTb, HnH ecnH BaM npHxo,n:HTCjI HMeTb ,n;eno
e arpeCCHBHbIM nOBe,n;eHHeM, KOTopoe no,n:BepraeT onac-
HOCTH )l(H3Hb H 3,n;opOBbe pe6eHKa HnH ,n;pyrHX nlO,n;eH, BbI
AOJI>KHbI HeMe,n;neHHO 06paTHTbCjI 3a nOMOm;blO K npo-
eCCHOHaJIaM. JIyqrne Bcero HaHTH CepTH<l>HQHpOBaH-
HOro cneQHaJIHCTa no ABA (HMelOm;ero KBaJIH<pHKaQHIO
-43-
J(ETCKMH AYTI13M H ABA
BCBA: Board Certified Behavior Analyst) 1, KOTOpbIM
MO)l(eT c,n;enaTh nonHbIH H ,n;eTaJIbHbIH <l>YHKI(HOHaJIbHbIM
aHaJIH3 nOBe,n;eHIDI, 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO onpe,n;enHTb ero
neJIb H pa3pa60TaTb 6e30nacHbIH H 3<l><l>eKTHBHbIH nJIaH
KOppeKIJ;HH.
ECJIH He y)J;aCTCg HaKrH TaKOro Cne1UlaJIHCTa (B HaCTOg ee
BpeMJI no,n06HbIX CIIen;HaJIHCTOB B POCCHH IIOKa MaJIO), CJIe-
,nyeT 06paTHTbCg K .n;erCKOM)' nCHXOHeBpOJIory HJIH nCHXH-
arpy.- IIpUMetl. Hayti. pede
-44-
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BCTBHe, HanpHMep nonpLIraTb, HJIH nOXJIOnaTb B JIa,n;o-
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BLIIIOJIIDIeT Tpe60BaHIDI B3pOCJIOro H He ,n;eMOHCTpH-
HaBbIKH B npoQecce TeCTHpOBaHIDI, 3K3aMeHaTOp
HT 3HaK MHH)'C HanpOTHB COOTBeTCTB)'IOIQerO nYH-
lITO 03HaQaeT HeBbInOJIHeHHe 3a,n;aHIDI. B pe3YJIbTaTe
m=6e1lKY CTaBHTCg He TOJIbKO ,L{HarH03 «ayrH3M», HO H ,n;H-
03L1 «OTCTaBaHHe B Pa3BHTHH» HJIH «)'MCTBeHHWI OT-
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CiieHHLIX cnoc06HOCTeH H He yrpaqHBalOT JIWlHOCTHbIe
-45-
ETCKI1M AYTM3M H ABA
Ka1JeCTBa (,n;06pOTa, C006pa3HTenbHOCTb H ,ap.), HO 3TH
Ka1JeCTBa H cnoc06HOCTH KaK 6y,aTO He COCTbIKOBbIBa-
IOTCjI. ,[(eTH He npOjlBnjllOT 3TH KaqeCTBa nOCTOjlHHO
H B CH1)'aUIDIX, Kor,aa OT HHX 3Toro O)I(H,aaIOT. C ,apyrOH
CTOpOHbI, ecnH pe6eHOK He npbIraeT, Kor,aa ero npOC}lT
nonpbIraTb, 3TO BOBce He 03Ha1JaeT, 1JTO OH Bo06w:e He MO-
:>KeT npbIraTb. I1nH QTO OH He MO:>KeT HayqHTbcjI npbIraTb
Tor,aa, Kor,aa ero npOCjlT. T01JHO TaK >Ke pe6eHOK MO>KeT
BocnpOH3Bo,aHTb 3BYKH, Kor,aa OH Haxo,aHTCjI O,aHH B CBO-
eM KOMHaTe, HO OTKa3bIBaeTCjI C,L{enaTb 3TO no npocb6e
B3pocnoro. 3TO He 03 Ha1JaeT, 1JTO OH He cnoc06eH Ha-
yqHTbCjI rOBOpHTb, a cKopee cBH,aeTenbcTBYeT 0 TOM, 1JTO
Y Hero HeT CTHMYna cne,aOBaTb BarnHM )'Ka3aHHjIM HnH
eMY HenpIDITHO Hanpjl:>KeHHe, KOTopoe HeH36e:>KHO B CH-
ryaUHH, Kor,aa npHxo,aHTCjI «pOpMHpOBaTb 3TH HaBbIKH.
HayqHbIe Hccne,aOBaHIDI B 06naCTH aHaJIH3a nOBe,ae-
HIDI 1 nOKa3aJIH, 1JTO npH1JHHbI, n06)')K,ZJ;a lO m He pe6eHKa
pa60TaTb Ha,a npH06peTeHHeM HaBbIKOB, MOryr 6bITb KaK
BHemHHMH (no,nKpenneHHe :>KenaTenbHoro nOBe,neHIDI),
TaK H BH)'TpeHHHMH (HaJIIfIIHe COOTBeTCTB)'IOlQeH MO-
THBaIUfH). YMeHHe ne,L{arora, TepaneBTa HnH po,aHTenjl
ynpaBIDITb nOBe,aeHHeM pe6eHKa nyreM OC03HaHHoro
H ueneHanpaBneHHoro no,aKpenneHIDI :>KenaTenbHoro no-
Be,aeHIDI H «pOpMHpOBaHIDI MOTHBauHH npHHBTO Ha3W-
BaTb YIJe6HblM KOHmpOJle.M (Instructional Control)2. Ha-
nH1JHe yqe6Horo KOHTpOIDI nOBbIlliaeT BepOjlTHOCTb TOro,
1JTO BarnH HHCTp)'KUHH n06)'.lVIT pe6eHKa ,aaTb npaBHJTh-
HbIM OTBeT; ecnH BbI He Bna,aeeTe yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM,
2
CM., HanpHMep, caRT behavioranalysts.com.
B POCCHH B .n;aHHoM 3HaqeHHH HHOr)];a HCnOJIb3yerCg TepMHH
«PYXOBOJUIII(HH KOHTpOJlb».
-46-
JlJC yBeJIUQUTI, npOSIBJIeHIDI nOJIO)l(UTeJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
--
.
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... KaK <<ynpjIMOe H HeynpaBJUleMoe».
no.rryqeHIDI yqe6Horo KOHTpOJUI BLI ,!J;OJDKHLI,
....epBLIX, BbI3bIBaTb Y pe6eHKa YCTOHqHByK> aCCOIJ;Ha-
__ C KaKHMH-JIH60 npIDITHbIMH BeII(aMH H 3aIDITIDIMH
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IfIroPbIe MOryr CJI)')KHTb nO,L(KpellJIeHHeM )l(eJIaTeJIbHO-
fI'lose)J;eHIDI pe6eHKa) H, BO-BTOpbIX, Hapa60TaTb TaKOH
tIJIdT B3aHMO,L(eHCTBIDI C pe6eHKOM, npH KOTOpOM OH 6y-
. cne)J;OBaTb BaIlIHM HHCTpyKQIDIM npH HaJIH1IHH COOT-
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tf1 i' BcnD BbI XOTHTe, qT06bI 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb npou;ecca
4iJ'leHIDI 6bIJIa YCToWIHBOH, KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb npou;ecc
, OOTHomeHHH BCer,L(a ,L(OJI)KHbI BbI (yqHTeJIb, 06yqa-
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".HHKO H yqe6Horo KOHTpOJIjI - 3HaqHT B TOM qHCJIe
Tb COrJIaCHe pe6eHKa n03BOJIHTL BaM npHHHMaTb
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.c HHM 06IQaTbCjI. TaKoe COrJIaCHe CTaHeT B03MO)KHbIM,
.r:Aa 6JIaro,L(apjI BamHM YCHJIIDIM Y pe6eHKa nOjIBHTCjI
1COTIIBa:QIDI yqacTBoBaTb B 3aIDITHH, r,L(e BaM npHHa,L(-
JIe)I(HT BeJJYIQasI POJIb. JIyqmHH cnoc06 MOTHBHpOBaTb
peooHKa - ,L(aTb eM)' nOIDITb, qTO OH CMO)l(eT 6bICTpO
lI.nerKO no.rryqHTb TO, qTO XOqeT, eCJIH 6Y,L(eT CJIe,L(OBaTb
,tlHCTpYKnHH, HCnOJIb3YjI peqeBbIe H nOBe,n;eHqeCKHe Ha-
BLIKH.
t ' OCTH)I(eHHe 3TOH QeJIH - Barn nepBbIH mar B C03,L(a-
1mB Y pe6eHKa MOTHBaQHH H HaH60JIee Ba)KHbIH acneKT
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3TOH QeJIH MO)KHO rOBopHTb 0 TOM, qTO BbI OBJIa,n;eJIH
yqe6HLIM KOHTpOJIeM H ynpaBJIeHHe 06yqeHHeM pe6eHKa
-47-
.l{ETCKI1I1: AYTM3M H ABA
nOJIHOCTblO B BaIlIHX pYKax. llOKa 3Toro He npOH30lliJIO,
pe6eHOK, HrHopHpyg BallIe pyKOBO,n;CTBO npon;eCCOM
06yqeHIUI, npH06peTaeT HaBbIKH HCXO,lUl H3 c06CTBeH-
HbIX HHTepeCOB H nOJIHOCTblO KOHTpOJIHpyeT cHryan;HIO.
ECJIH OH He CMo eT npeo,n;oneTb CKOHn;eHTpHpOBaH-
HOCTb Ha c06CTBeHHbIX enaHHgX H He 6y,n;eT yqacTBo-
BaTb B yqe6HoH ,n;egTenbHOCTH no BameMY BbI60py,
y Bac He nonyqHTCg OK83aTb pe6eHKY nonHOn;eHH)'IO no-
MOmb.
MeTO,n;bI aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,n:eHIDI (VB) HC-
nonb3)'1OTCg BMeCTe C Tpa,lJ;Hn;HOHHOH nporpaMMoH ABA
He c.rryqaHHO. eJIO B TOM, qro n;enb npHMeHeHIDI MeTO-
,n:HKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,n:eHIUI --- YBen HTb
n;eHHOCTb 06yqeHIDI 6naro,n;apg Hcnonb30BaHHIO no,n:Kpe-
nneHIDI. qeM BLIme n;eHHOCTb 06yqeHIDI, TeM pe)Ke pe-
6eHOK rrpe,n:npHHHMaeT nOnbITKH H36e)KaTb BbInonHeHHj{
3a,n:aHHH. BIDKHO OTMeTHTb, qTO H3-3a Henocne,n;OBaTeJIb-
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nH«pHI(HpOBaHHbIe H OnbITHbIe KOHcynLTaHThI He Bcer,na
MOryr ,n;OCT L nOCTOgHHOro BbInonHeHIDI ,neTLMH HH-
CTpYKIJ;HH H nonHoro npeKpameHIDI nonbITOK yKJIOHHTb-
Cg OT 3aIDITHH. Pa60TWI C HaH60JIee Tpy,nHbIMH ,n:eTLMH,
KOHcynLTaHThI qaCTO npHXO.wIT K BLIBO,ny: ecnH He npH-
,n;ep:>KHBaTbCg nocne,n;OBaTenbHO npHHn;HnoB VB, B HTOre
TepgeTCg MHoro BpeMeHH Ha TO, 1JT06bI npHBJIe1Jb H y,nep-
aTL BHHMaHHe pe6eHKa B nponecce 06yqeHIDI. XOTg
B no,n;06HbIX cHryan;IDIx ,nonycKaeTCg npHMeIDITh TaKOH
MeTO,n; VB, KaK npon;e,nypa rarneHIDI H36eralOInero nOBe-
,n;eHIDI (Escape Extinction), OH ,n:on)KeH 6bITb HCnOJIb30-
BaH TonLKO B KpaHHeM c.rryqae H nOCTeneHHO npHMeIDITh-
Cg Bce pe e H pe e.
-48-
yBeJIWlHTb npOgBJIeHIDI nOJIO)KHTeJIbHoro nOBe.neHIDI
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, jJ ,nOJDKeH c,neJIaTb TaK, qT06bl OH XOTeJI 3aHH-
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tJIIIIIOCTb nOCJIe,nCTBHH npeKpam;eHIDI 3aIDITIDI ,nOJDKHa
... 3HaQHTeJIbHO HH:>Ke, QeM neHHOCTb no,nKpenJIjJlO-
-nOCJIe,nCTBHH 3anJIaHHpOBaHHoro MHOH 06yqeHHjJ.
MM'HBanIDI K 06yqeHHIO ,nOJI>KHa no,z:r.nep>KHBaTbCjJ Ha Ta-
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JI no c06CTBeHHOM)' :>KeJIaHHIO. Kor,na 3TO CTaHeT
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_nOM KaK npH eHHe. I1MeHHo TaKylO MOTHBa-
_'pe6eHKa K yqacTHIO B nponecce 06yqeHIDI jJ ,nOJI)KeH
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areKCIffiIX Mep, KOTopble MOrJIH 6bl n03BOJIHTh pO,l.(HTe-
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OGBOBaHa Ha MeTo,nax aHaJIH3a Bep6a.nbHoro nOBe,neHIDI.
3tH ceMb CTYIIeHeH n03BOJllIT BaM ynpaBilllTb 06cTaHoB-
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H .neRO C<popMHpOBaTh yqe6HblH KOHTpOJIb. BHe 3aBH-
CBMOCTH OT TOro, H83blBaeTe JIH Bbl 3TO yqe6HblM KOH-
tpoJIeM, TpeHHpOBKOH YC'I)'INHBOCTH, OTHomeHIDIMH
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ClyneHeii: n03BOIDIT BaM C,l.(eJIaTh oKp}')KalO 06CTa-
HOBKy CBOHM COlO3HHKOM B BameH 60pb6e C ayrH3MOM.
-49-
Kor,na Bbl HaqHeTe CHCTeMaTHqeCKH npHMeIDITb 3HaHlfjJ
o ceMH CTYIIeIDIX, BaM He npH,neTCSI aKTHBHO KOHTpOJIIf-
pOBaTb pe6eHKa, HCnOJIb3Y}I npone,nypy rarneHIDI H36e-
ralOlI(ero nOBe,neHIDI.
B pe3YJIbTaTe OCBoeHIDI H npHMeHeHIDI BaMH ceMH
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HaqHeT aKTHBHO yqacTBoBaTb B BblnOJIHeHHH Bce 60JIee
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,na, Kor,na 3TO npoH30HJJ:eT H pe6eHOK no cBoeH HHHnHa-
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Bbl cMo eTe HaqaTb 06yqaTb ero TOM)', qeMY OH BHaqa.ne
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qT06bl H36e aTb 06yqeHIDI. 06aBJIIO, qTO HCnOJIb30Ba-
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TbI 6y,nyT CJIe,nOBaTb 3THM ceMH cryneIDIM, TeM qaIne HX
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IIoHHMaHHe H npHMeHeHHe MeTo,nOB ABANB noxo-
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-50-
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JllimeM nOCTpOHTe, 6y eT 3aBHceTb OT npOqHOCTH 3Toro
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-51-
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BIDI B nOBecTBOBaTeJIbHyIO peqb.
jI nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHaJI peqb co06m;aeT pe6eHK)' 0 Ba-
IIWix MbICIDIX H qyBCTBaX, He Tpe6YjJ OT Hero HHKaKOH
. Ha3bIBaHTe npe,nMeTbI, C KOTOpbIMH Hrpae1
pe(ieHOK, ero ,neHCTBIDI, CBOH Hero qyBCTBa: «31'0 MjIq.
011- 60JIblliOH If KpaCHbIH. MbI HrpaeM B MFI. MHe Hpa-
BJrrcJl HrpaTh C T060"!» BaM He06xo,nHMO yqHTh pe6eH-
XI nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOH peqH, Mo,neJIHpYjJ ee B nponecce
ETCKHH AYTl13M H ABA
Jarnero 06meHIDI. Bbl ,nOJI>KHbl YMeTb ,neJIHTbCg MbICJUI..
H, HJ(egMH, HCnOJIb3yg CMernHble CHTyaU;HH, He 60gCh
10Ka3aTbCg r.JIYIThIM H He Tpe6yg HHqerO B3aMeH.
QT06bI C<pOpMHpOBaTb B C03HaHHH pe6eHKa CBg3h
e BaMH H nO KpenJIeHHeM, CJIeAYHTe HHTepecaM
Barnero pe6eHKa H ,naHTe eMY B03MO>KHOCTb HrpaTb C JIIO-
5blM npe,nMeTOM, HrpymKOH TaK ,nOJIro, KaK TOJIbKO Bbl
MO>KeTe Haxo,nHTbCg C HHM. C,neJIaHTe HrpOBoe BpeMg pe-
5eHKa npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblM ,nIDI Hero nOTOMY, qTO Bbl qaCTh
3TOro BpeMeHH. ECJIH pe6eHoK XOqeT cnyrnaTb MY3bIKy,
Bbl OJI>KHbl 6blTb TeM, lITO ,naCT B03MO)I(HOCTb ee nOCJIY-
maTb. B npon;ecce npocJIyIIIHBaHIDI Bbl MO>KeTe ,n;ep>KaTb
ero Ha PYKax, npblraTb H TaHIJ;eBaTh C HHM. ECJIH pe6eHoK
3axOqeT YHTH, HaqHeT HrpaTb C ,n;pyroH HrpyrnKoH HJIM
nepecTaHeT cnyrnaTbCg, Bbl MO>KeTe BbIKJIlOqHTb MY3bIKy.
Ho KaK TOJIbKO OH BepHeTCg B KOMHaTy KJIH nepecTaHeT
KanpH3HHqaTb, Cpa3Y )l(e CHOBa BKJIlOqHTe MY3blK)'.
TIoMHHTe, Ha HaqaJIbHOH CTa,nHH 06yqeHIDI H YCTa-
HOBJIeHIDI yqe6Horo KOHTpOIDI Ba>KHO npo eMoHcTpHpO-
BaTb pe6eHKY, qTO Bbl BKJIlOqHTe MY3blK)', KaK TOJIbKO OH
BepHeTCg B KOMHaTy HJIH npeKpaTHT BeCTH ce6g llJIOxo.
)];pyrIDI npeKpacHWI B03MO>KHOCTb AJUI OTO>K.ZJ;eCTBJIeHH5I
ce6g C nO,UKpenJIeHHeM - Kor a pe6eHoK paCKaqHBaeT-
Cg Ha KaqeJUlX. Bbl MO)l(eTe c,neJIaTb 3TO 3aHgTHe 60JIee
HHTepecHbIM, HrpWI C pe6eHKoM, nbITWICb nOHMaTb ero
HJIH nomeKOTaTb BO BpeW! paCKaqHBaHIDI. TIonp06yHTe
pacKaqaTb ero CHJIbHee HJIH 3aKpyrHTb Ha KaqeJlllx. TIpH-
TBopHTecb, qTO yKJIoIDIeTeCb OT KaqeJIeH B nOCJIe HIOIO
ceKYH.n)'. llOHa6JIIO,n;aHTe, q'f0 3aCTaBmleT em YJIb16aTbCg,
H 3TO nOMO)l(eT BaM c,n;eJIaTb npocToe 3aIDITHe B BameH
KOMnaHHH 60JIee npHBJIeKaTeJIbHbIM, qeM 6e3 Bac.
-54-
KaK yaeJIHqHTb npORBJIeHIDI nOJIO>KHTeJIbHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
-0 CBjJ:3bIBaHTe CBoe npHcyrcTBHe C HaH60JIee CHJIbHbI-
...DO,l(KpenJIeHIDIMH. 3anHCblBaHTe Bce npe,l{MeTbl H 3a-
J8flWI, KOTopble HHTepeCHbl pe6eHK)', H no aHTe, KaK
w.eJIaTb HX 60JIee npHBJIeKaTeJIbHbIMH. ITocTapaHTeCb,
jro6bl OH nOJIyqaJI Bce 60JIbllIe y,l{OBOJIbCTBHjJ: OT 3aIDITHH
o.BaMH - TaKoro y,nOBOJIbCTBHjJ:, KOTopoe OH He Mor 6bl
.nyqHTb, HrpM B O,l{HHOqeCTBe. ITocTapaHTeCb, QT06bI
3IH 3aIDITIDI eMY He Ha,l{Oe,l{aJIH. 3TO HHOr,l{a HaMHoro
TP ee, qeM KIDKeTCg. ECJIH Bbl He YMeeTe HrpaTb C pe-
6eBKOM, Bbl ,l{OJIJKHbl yqHTbCg 3TOMY. 3TO npOCTo He06xo-
o, QT06bl CTaTb xopomHM yqHTeJIeM.
· CmyneHb 3. IToKaJKHTe pe6eHK)', qro BaM MO)KHO
,-oBepjJ:Tb. Bcer,l{a rOBopHTe TO, qTO aeTe, H HMeHTe
JBcBH,ny TO, qTO rOBopHTe. ECJIH Bbl ,l.(aeTe pe6eHK)' HH-
G1p)'KnHIO C,l.(eJIaTb qTO-JIH60, He ,l.(aBaHTe eMY no,nKpen-
,aeHIDI, nOKa OH ee He BblnOJIHHT. 3Ta cryneHb pa3pema-
ft BaM nOMoraTb pe6eHKY B ,l.(OCTH:>KeHHH ycnexa, eCJIH
B 3TOM eCTb He06xo,l{HMOCTb.
. 06m;8JICb C pe6eHKOM, Bbl ,l{OJI:>KHbl HCnOJIb30BaTb
'KOMaHdHblU R3blK (Imperative Language) TOJIbKO B Teqe-
De 25 % OT Bcero BpeMeHH 06m:eHIDI H TOJIbKO Kor,na Bbl
Be BOBJIeqeHbl B npon;ecc yBJIeKaTeJIbHblX 3aIDITHH C pe-
OeHKOM. KOMaH,l{HbIH jJ:3bIK - 3TO <popMa 06pam;eHIDI
Itpe6eHKY, Kor,na Bbl OJKH,l.(aeTe OT Hero KaKOH-TO peaK[(HH
(CJIOBa, :>KeCTa, ,neHCTBIDI). ITpeJK.D:e qeM q'f0-JIH60 nOTpe-
OoBaTb, BbI ,l{OJIJKHbl nOIDITb, q'f0 HMeHHO XOTHTe YCJIbl-
maTh B OTBeT, qero HMeHHO Bbl :>K.ZJ;eTe OT pe6eHKa.
TIOOInPgTb CJIe,l.(yeT TOJIbKO npHeMJIeMblH, C BarneH
tOQKH 3peHHjJ:, OTKJIHK Ha BalliH HHCTpyK[(HH. Bo Bpe-
MJI yqe6Horo npon;ecca He nO,l{KpenJIgHTe pe6eHKa
-55-
ETCKI1I1 AYTM3M H ABA
r
3a nonblTKH yKJIOHHTbCSI OT 06yqeHIDI. Kor a Bbl npe b..
SlBJUleTe paCnOpSlJKeHHe HJIH HHCTp)'KQHIO (HX Ha3blBalOr
TaIOKe )]:HCKpHMHHaTHBHbIMH cTHMynaMH), Bbl OJI)I(IiLl
OJKH aTb OT pe6eHKa BblnOJIHeHHe 3THX paCnOpSlJKeHHij
,
HJIH HHCTp)'KQHH. ,!JUCKpWWUHamU8HbIU (onpeOeJleHHbIU)
cmUMYJl (Discriminative Stimulus, SD) - 3TO CHrHa.J}
,
03HaqalOIIJ;H:U, QTO nO,l.(KpenJIeHHe )]:ocrynHO. Kor)]:a BLI
HCnOJIb3yeTe nO)]:KpenJIeHHe B 06pa30BaTeJIbHb1X QeJI x,
BamH HHCTpYKIJ;HH SlB.IDIIOTCSI YKa3aTeillIMH, KOTopble )]:alOT
CHrHaJI pe6eHK)', 1ff0 onpe)]:eJIeHHblH THn nOBe)]:eHIDI npH..
Be)]:eT K nOJIOJKHTenbHOM)' pe3YJIbTaTy, )]:pyrHe :>Ke - HeT.
Bbl He )]:OJIJKHbl npe)]:OCTaBIDlTb pe6eHK)' nO)]:KpenneHHe,
nOKa OH He OTBeTHT Ha Bam CHrHaJI npaBHJIbHO.
EcnH Bbl He nOOIIJ;pSleTe MOMeHTbI, Kor)]:a pe6eHOK
HrHopHpyeT BallIH HHCTpYKnHH, paHO HJIH n03)]:HO OH
Bbl6epeT 06yqeHHe (nOCJIeJJ:)'eT HHCTPYKQIDIM), TaK KaK
Bbl nO)]:KpenJIjfeTe TaKOH Bb160p. 11 qeM nocne)]:OBaTeJJb-
Hee Bbl 6y)]:eTe, TeM qaIne pe6eHOK CTaHeT Bb16HpaT\
06yqeHHe.
BblpIDKeHHble KOMaH,l(HbIM Sl3blKOM Tpe60BaHIDI pe6e-
HOK )]:OJDKeH cnblmaTb OT Bac B TeqeHHe Bcero )]:IDI B Pa3-
HblX CHTyan;IDIx. I1Hor,na Bbl MOJKeTe 06yqaTb pe6eHKa
B TOT MOMeHT, Kor)]:a OH XOQeT nOCMOTpeTb TeJIeBH30p -
B 3TOM c.rryqae Bbl BKJIlOqHTe TeJIeBH30p, TOJIbKO eCJ1H
pe6eHOK BblnOJIHHT HHCTpYKIJ;H10, H Qepe3 HeKOTopoe
BpeMSl He3aMeTHO BbIKJIIOQHTe, qT06bl aTb CJIeJJ:)'IOInYIO
HHCTp)'KQHIO. A Kor)]:a OH XOqeT npblraTb Ha 6aTyTe, BbI
MOJKeTe yqHTb ero Ha no HCnOJIb3YSI )]:ocTyII K 6aJYI)'
KaK nOJUq)enJIeHHe. ECJIH pe6eHoK XOqeT eCTb qHnCbl, BbI
MOJKeTe 06yqaTb em QeM)'-JIH60 Ha KYXHe, nO)]:KpenmJJI
ero xopomee nOBe)]:eHHe JII06HMblMH QHnCaMH. MecTo,
-56-
yBeJIHqHTb npOj{BJIeHIDI nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHOrO nOBe.n;eHHj{
eT npoxo,nHTb 06yqeHHe, He HMeeT 3HaqeHIDl. C06-
0, Bbl ,nOJI:>KHbl HaMepeHHO CTpeMHTbCjf 06yqaTb
B JII060H cmyaIUIH H B pa3HOe BpeWI ,[(IDI. Ca-
oe, 1ff06bl OH yqaCTBOBaJI B npo[(eCce 06yqe-
'.. 'DO c06CTBeHHOM)' JKenaHHIO H qT06bl Y Bac 6bIJIO
B03MOJKHOCTeH 06yqaTb ern pa3HblM HaBblKaM
. eHHe ,nIDI.
.JBII,!( no,nKpenneHIDI, KOTOpblH Bbl HCnOJIb3yeTe B pa-
. BM HaBbIKOM, ,nOJIJKeH 3aBHceTb OT TeKym;eH MOTH-
.... pe6eHKa - OT Toro, qTO OH XOqeT nOJIyqHTb HJIH
'-'OH XOTeJI 6bl 3aIDITbCjf B ,naHHbIH MOMeHT.
OMHHTe, ,naTb no,nKpenJIeHHe - 3TO He 3HaqHT npo-
.. aTh 1ffO-TO, qTO pe6eHOK JII06HT, nOCJIe Tom KaK OH
:IJIJIOJIHHT Bame yKa3aHHe. CKopee, 3TO C03,naHHe 06CTO-
tJlCDLCTB, KOTopble nOBblCjfT BepOjfTHOCTb Bbl60pa pe6eH-
__ no,n06Horo nOBe,neHIDI B 6y m;eM. BHHMaTeJIbHo
__'lp OJIHPYjf oKp}')KalO pe6eHKa 06CTaHOBKy (C'I)'-
i 1) H C03,naBM npIDITH)'IO HrpOB)'IO aTMoc<I>epy, Bbl
lIBHere caMblM CHJIbHblM nOCTOjfHHblM no,nKpenJIeHHeM
.$nyneHb 2) ,[(illI Bamero pe6eHKa. IIpH 3TOM Bbl 6y.neTe
:tipo OJI)KaTb HCnOJIb30BaTb ,npyrHe JII06HMble npe,nMe-
.. ,8 KaqeCTBe no,nKpellJIeHIDI, OTKpblBWI ,nOC1)'II K HHM
tDJILKO Tor,na, Kor,na pa60Ta xoporno BblnOJIHeHa.
. MMeHTe B BH : npe,nMeTbl H 3aHjfTHjf, KOTopbIe BJIH-
JIOT Ha TeKym;ee nOBe)]:eHHe Barnero pe6eHKa, qaCTO 6y-
ayr He TeMH, KOTopble Bbl nJIaHHpOBaJIH HCnOJIb30BaTb.
DO.AKpenJIeHHe pa60TaeT TOJIbKO Tor)]:a, Kor)]:a HanpjfMYIO
JlJlIDIeT Ha nOBblmeHHe BepOjfTHOCTH nOBTOpeHHjf nOBe-
118HIDI B 6y m;eM. He 3a[(HKJIHBaHTecb Ha npe)]:JIarae-
MLIx npHMepax HJIH e,ne, qT06bl nO)]:KpenillITb nOBe,neHHe
CBoero pe6eHKa B onpe)]:eJIeHHblX yqe6Hblx cH'I)'a[(IDIx.
-57-
ETCKI1M AYTM3M H ABA
Bbl60p no,nKpenJIeHHSI ,nOJI)I(eH 6blTb c,neJIaH Ha OCHOBe
Ha6JIIO,neHHSI 3a TeM, qTO Barn pe6eHOK npe,nnOqHTaeT
8 ,n;aHHbIH MOMeHT. llonp06YHTe He paCCMaTpHBaTb no,l{-
KpenJIeHHe KaK KOHKpeTHblH npe,n;MeT. llpe,nCTaBbTe era
KaK cB060,n;HbIe nOTOKH npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblX npe,n;MeTOB
H n03HTHBHoro onblTa, ,n;BH>K)'ll{HeCjI HaBCTpeqy ,n;pyr
,n;pyry MeJK,lJ;y BaMH H pe6eHKOM.
4T06bl rOBopHTb TO, qTO Bbl no,n;p(3)'MeBaeTe, H no,l{-
p(3)'MeBaTb TO, qTO Bbl rOBopHTe, Bbl ,n;OJI)l(Hbl OqeHb Tll{a-
TeJIbHO no,n;6HpaTb CJIOBa. ECJIH Bbl 3a,n;aeTe pe6eHK)' BO-
npoc, OH ,n;OJDKeH HMeTb B03MO)l(HOCTb Ha Hero OTBeTHTh.
llOMHHTe, Bbl ,n;OJI)l(Hbl YBa)l(aTb pemeHHe pe6eHKa, ,n;a)l(e
eCJIH 3TO H,[(eT Bpa3pe3 C H,nejlMH Bamero npeno,naBaHIDI.
3TO 03HaqaeT, qTO BaM Ha,nO npO,l.()'MaTb B03MO>KHble OT-
BeTbl ,[(0 Torn, KaK Bbl 3a,ZJ;a,nHTe Bonpoc. HanpHMep, Bbl
CnpOCHJIH pe6eHKa, XOTeJI 6bl OH pa60TaTb C BaMH HJIM
HeT, H nO.rrytlHJIH OTpHQaTeJIbHblH OTBeT. OTBeT pe6eHKa
He jlBJllIeTCSI HenpaBHJIbHbIM. Ha caMOM ,ZJ;eJIe Bbl ,ZJ;arrH
eM)' B03MO>KHOCTb Bbl60pa: pa60TaTb HJIH He pa60TaTb.
OH BhI6parr He pa60TaTb. Bbl ,ZJ;OJI)I(Hbl nOIDITb, qTO 3TO
6blJIO Bame pemeHHe - nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc TaKHM 06-
pa30M BMeCTO Torn, qT06bl ,naTb qeTKYK> HHCTpyKQHIO,
H qTO HMeHHO 3TO H C03,[(arro np06JIeMY. Bbl MO)l(eTe H3-
6e)l(aTb H3JIHllIHeH 3anyraHHocTH, HCnOJIb3Yjl 60JIee TOq-
Hble HHCTp)'KI(HH.
rOBopHTe TO, qTO HMeeTe B BH,ZJ;Y, H HMeHTe B BH,ny
TO, qTO roBopHTe. ECJIH Bbl XOTHTe, qT06bl pe6eHoK c,ZJ;e-
JIarr roqHO TO, qTO Bbl npOCHTe, HCnOJIb3yHTe npjlMble HH-
CTp)'KI(HH. Kor,ZJ;a Bbl rOBopHTe: «CjI,ZJ;b», «I{nH KO MHe»
HJIH «C,ZJ;eJIaH TaK», Bbl ,ZJ;OJDKHbl Bcer,[(a ,ZJ;O)I(H,ZJ;aTbCSI co-
OTBeTCTBYIDw:eH peaKQHH OT Balliern pe6eHKa. ECJIH y Bac
-58-
yBeJIHQHTb npOHBJIeHHH nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOrO nOBe eHHH
MjIq, C KOTOpblM pe6eHOK XOqeT HrpaTb, H Bbl ,n;ae-
KOHKpeTHyro HHCTpyKUHIO «Cg,n;b», Bbl He ,n;OJI>K-
I Tb eM)' MjJq, nOKa OH He BblnOJIHHT HHCTpYKI.J;HIO.
OH He ca;urrcg, llpH,[(ep>KHTe Mjfq H ,n;pyrHe <pOpMbI
nrreHIDI ,n;o Tex nop, nOKa OH He BblnOJIHHT HHCTpYK-
H Ha060pOT, eCJIH Bbl cnpOCHTe, XOqeT JIH pe6eHOK
aoiiTH H npHceCTb, BbI ,n;OJDKHbl }'BIDKaTb ero perneHHe
.-
o,nxo,n;HTh, H ror,n;a Mjfq H ,n;pyrHe npe,n;MeTbl no,n;-
. eHIDI ,n;OJI>KHbI OCTaBaThCg ,n;OCTYJIHbIMH ,n.rnI Hero.
.nOMHHTe, qTO nepBWI CT)'TIeHb Tpe6yeT KOMnJIeKCHO-
_:orpaHHqeHIDI no,n;KpeIIJIeHHH. ECJIH Y Bac B pYKax MjJq,
' pLIM XOqeT nOHrpaTb Barn pe6eHOK, H pg,n;OM 60JIb-
..BeT Hlf'1erO H3 roro, qTO eM)' XOTeJIOCb 6bl HMeTb, OH
Hne KOHI.J;OB caMOCTOgTeJIbHO pernHT ceCTb TOJIbKO
fU:H TOro, qT06bl nOJIyqHTb ,n;OCT)'TI K MjJqy.
1n.. ,.nOCTapaKreCb HaKrH n}'TH, qT06bl npe,ZVIO>KHTb 60JIh-
.. no.nKpeIIJIeHHH, Kor,n;a pe6eHOK nOKa3bIBaeT HaBblK
(IIB:BameH nOMOIIJ;H, H MeHbrne, Kor,n;a Bbl nOMOraeTe eMY
npaBHJIbHblH OTBeT. HanpHMep, B CHTYaUHH, Kor,n;a
_ nonpOCHJIH pe6eHKa ceCTb H eMY Tpe6yeTCg KaKoe-TO
WpeMa Ha TO, qT06bl no,n;OHTH K BaM H BblnOJIHHTb HH-
;WhpynnIlO C BameH nOMOrnblO, Bbl MO>KeTe nonpOCHTb
'Ire BLInOJIHHTb erne qTO-TO 6blCTpO ,n;o Toro, KaK ,n;a,n;HTe
aty MFI. O,n;HaKO eCJIH OH HeMe,ZVIeHHO nO,lJ;Xo,n;HT K BaM
.- C Cg 6e3 BarneR nOMOrnH, Bbl MO>KeTe no,n;IDITb ero
- PyKH, norneKoTaTb, nOHrpaTb H, KOHeqHO )Ke, ,n;aTb
.
...
'..A; He06xo,n;HMOCTb no,n;cKa3KH HJIH nOBTopeHIDI HH-
't'tpyKnHH MOryr YKa3blBaTb JIH60 Ha TO, qTO ueHHOCTb
eHIDI C BaMH He,n;OCTaTOqHO BeJIHKa, JIH60 Ha TO,
'fro Bbl KaKHM-TO 06pa30M npoBoUHpYeTe ero nonblTKY
-59-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
yKJIOHHTbCjI OT BblnOJIHeHIDI 3a,n;aHIDI. B03MO>KH0 TaIOKe,
qTO pe6eHOK HHKor,n;a H He 6blJI 3aHHTepeCOBaH B TaKOM
no,n;KpenJIeHHH (HanpHMep, B wrqe). MO>KeT CJIyqHTbC»,
QTO nplf'1HHOH HrHopHpoBaHIDI pe6eHKOM BarnHX CJ10B
CTaJI cpaKT 6blCTpOrO nOBTopeHIDI BaMH HHCTp)'KQHH.
QT06bl H36e>KaTb He06xo,n;HMOCTH qpe3MepHblx no,n;cKa-
30K, BaM Ha,n;o nOCTapaTbCjI onpe,n;eJ1HTb H 3aKpenHTh
MOTHBaIUlIO pe6eHKa (ero >KeJIaHHe ,n;eJIaTb qTO-JIH60)
,n;o TOro, KaK 03ByqHTe HHCTp)'KQHIO. ECJIH >Ke Bbl no.rryql1-
Te OTpHIJ:aTeJIbHbIH OTBeT, npH,[(eTCjI nepeCMoTpeTb CBOU
CJIOBa H ,n;eHcTBIDI. 31)' TeMY Mbl 06C)',nHM B rJIaBe 6.
· CmyneHb 4. IIoKa>KHTe pe6eHK)', qTO TOJIbKO CJIe,n;y»
BamHM HHCTp)'KQIDIM, OH cYMeeT nOJIyqHTb TO, qTO XOqeT.
,[J;aBaHTe pe6eHK)' JIenrne 3a,n;aHIDI TaK qaCTO, KaK TOJIbKO
B03MO)KH0, H nOOIIJ:PjIHTe em CTpeMneHHe yqacTBoBaTb
B HX BblnOJIHeHHH, npH06peTWI n03HTHBHbIH onblT.
Kor,n;a Bbl YCTaHOBHTe KOHTpOJIb Ha,n; npe,n;MeTaMH
HJIH C06blTIDlMH, KOTopble no,n;KpenIDIIOT nOBe,n;eHHe, BbI
MO)KeTe HaqaTb HCnOJIb30BaTh HX B npOIJ;eCce 06yqeHWI
H nO)J.ll;ep)KaHIDI npHeMJIeMoro nOBe,n;eHIDI. 3cpcpeKTHBHO
CJIe,n;OBaTb 3TOM)' nOMO>KeT npHHIJ:Hn IIpeMaKa (Premack's
Principle) 1. B HarneM c.rryqae 3TOT npHHIJ;Hn 03HaqaeT,
qTO pe6eHOK ,n;OJI>KeH CJIe,n;OBaTb yKa3aHHIO HJIH BeCTH
ce6jI xopomo ,n;o Toro, KaK Bbl pa3pemHTe eM)' no.rryqHTb
TO, qTO OH XOqeT. IIpHHIJ;Hn IIpeMaKa elIJ:e H3BeCTeH KaK
COrJIaCHO npHHQHny IIpeMaKa, pe6eHK)' pa3peWaeTCH .n;e-
JIaTb TO, Iff 0 eM)' HpaBHTCH (qaCTO nOBTopmomeeCH nOBe.n;e-
HHe - HanpHMep, CMOTpeTb TB), TOJIbKO nOCJIe Torn, KaK OH
BhInOJIHHT HeJII06HMOe ,AeJIO (pe,AKO nOBTOpglOI.1.(eeCH nOBe.n;e-
HHe - HanpHMep, y6HpaTb HrpYWKH), KaK CJIe.n;CTBHe, qaCTO-
Ta nOBTOpeHIDI nOCJIe,znIero YBeJIWlHTCH.
-60-
I {(aK yaeJIHqHTb npOHBJIeHIDI nOJIO)KHTeJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
- _ HllO 6a6YIIIKH»: «TIpe)l(JJ;e qeM nonyqHTb L(eCepT,
IDKeH C'beCTb CBOH )')KIfH».
. ro6bl pe6eHOK HayqHJICg CJIeL(OBaTb 3TOMY npaBH-
.iIId )J.OJDKHbI KIDK,lJ,bIH pa3 UHCTpYKTupOBaTb pe6eHKa
ro, KaK ){aL(HTe eMY qTO-JIH60, qTO OH OqeHb XOqeT
I/JI"1C nonyquTb. BalliU pacnOpJl>KeHIDI )J.OJDKHbI 3ByqaTb
. «CHaqarra Bbl6poCH 3TO B M)'COp» HJIH «CaL(HCb,
"Te6e 3TO ){OCTaHY». qeM 60JIbIIIe B03MO>KHOCTeH Bbl
fjIOJIb3YeTe AJUI nOL(KpenJIeHIDI nOBeL(eHIDI pe6eHKa
_tJfO, qTO eMY HpaBHTCg, H B cnyqae, KOrL(a OH BblnOJI-
., BallIH YKa3aHIDI HJIH npOL(eMOHCTpHpOBarr xopOIIIee
lIIBC eHHe, TeM 6blCTpee OH HayqHTCg nOHHMaTb, qTO
_oBaTb npaBHJIaM - 3TO JIyqIIIHH cnoc06 nonyqHTb
waeMoe.
. ,He nOAnaBaHTeCb HCKYIIIeHHIO cnpaIIIHBaTb pe6eH-
fIt>1ITO OH XOqeT, ){O Torn, KaK Bbl 06'bgCHHTe eM)' Tpe-
IDI, He06xoL(HMbIe AJUI BblnOJIHeHIDI 3aL(aHIDI. ,[J;IDKe
Bbl CqHTaeTe npHeMJIeMblM L(IDI ce6g nonpOCHTb
Pl4)eHKa CL(eJIaTb qTO-TO npe)l()];e, qeM BblnOJIHHTb ero
,.ch6bI, CTapaHTeCb H36eraTb IIIa6JIOHa «eCJIH... TO.. .».
'-"ii npHeM - 6blCTpblH IIyTb K TOM)', qro6bl nonyqHTb
epe6eHKa TO, qTO BaM HaL(O, HO BnOCJIeL(CTBHH OH MO-
. npBBeCTH K np06JIeMaM H orpaHHqeHIDIM.
Itp :BcerL(a nyqIIIe CL(eJIaTb pe6eHKy ClOpnpH3, L(aBIDI eMY
8)Ie eT HJIB npeL(JIaraJI 3aIDITHe, KOTopoe, no BameMY
lIBeHHlO, OH XOTeJI 6bl nonyqHTb, }')Ke nOCJIe Torn, KaK
IjpeJUIOqTeT npHeMJIeMOe nOBeL(eHHe He)KeJIaTeJIbHOMY.
¥enOJIb30BaHHe 3aJIBJIeHIDI «eCJIH... TO...» He nOMora-
flpe6eHKy CL(eJIaTb npaBHJIbHblH Bb160p. Ha060poT, OHO
tpoBOQHpyeT ern HaqaTb npepeKaHIDI C BaMH. OH MO>KeT
.JelIIHTb yqacTBoBaTb B 06rneHHH C BaMH TOJIbKO nOCJIe
-61-
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
Toro, KaK OQeHHT, CTOHT JIH Harpa,na Toro, qT06bl CJIe o__
BaTb BarnUM YKa3aHIDIM. 3ajfBJIeHIDI «eCJIu... TO...» OCJIa...
6JU11OT Barn KOHTpOJIb Ha,n npOQeCCOM 06rneHIDI H nepe...
,nalOT ero pe6eHKY.
MeHbIIIe Bcero Bbl XOTeJIU 6bl, QT06bl Barn pe6eHOl<
HaqaJI Ol.{eHHBaTb, CKOJIbKO YCHJIHH OH ,nOJI>KeH npHJIo...
>KHTb ,nIDI Toro, 1ff06bl nOJIyqHTb 06ernaHH)'IO BaMH Ha...
rpa.n;y. Ha npaKTHKe pa3HHQa MO>KeT BblrJIjf.n;eTh HeYJIOBH...
MOH, o.n;HaKo OHa Qpe3BblQaHHO BIDKHa. Bbl XOTHTe, qT06bI
Barn pe6eHOK Bbl6HpaJI npHeMJIeMble Tunbl nOBe.n;eHM»
nOTOMy, QTO OHH Bcer.n;a B em c06CTBeHHblX UHTepecax.
3T0 OTHOCHTCjf KO BceM JIIO,WIM H pa60TaeT B TOM CJIyqae,
Kor.n;a no.n;KpenJIeHUe npOjfBJIeHHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI pa3HO-
06pa3HO H Henpe.n;cKa3yeMo.
QT06bl 6blCTpO npOHTu nepBble cT}'IIeHH paHHero
3Tana OBJIa,neHIDI yqe6HblM KOHTpOJIeM, npe.n;ocTaBbTe
pe6eHKY B TeqeHHe .n;Hjf COTHH B03MO)I(HOCTeH Bbl6HpaTb
npHeMJIeMble THnbl nOBe.n;eHIDI, OCHOBaHHble Ha Bamux
HHCTp)'KI(IDIX, HeMeAJIeHHO no,nKpenJUUI K bIH npa-
BHJIbHblH Bbl60p nOBe.n;eHIDI. KaK TOJIbKO Bbl nOJIyqHTe
KOHTpOJIb Ha.n; BH,naMH no.n;KpenJIeHIDI nOBe.n;eHIDI Bame-
ro pe6eHKa, BaM 6y.n;eT JIeNe npe,nocTaBHTb eMY B03-
MO:>KHOCTb CJIe.n;oBaTb BamHM HHCTp IDIM. IIoCKOJIbK)'
Y Bac eCTb KOHTpOJIb Ha.n; em JII06HMblMH npe.n;MeTaMIi
U 3aIDITIDlMH, pe6eHoK .n;OJI)KeH npHHTH K BaM, qT06bl no-
.rryqHTh TO, Qro OH XOqeT. If Kor.n;a OH npH)::(eT, BaM OCTa-
HeTCjf JIHmb nonpOCHTb ern BHaqaJIe QTO-JIH60 CL(eJIaTb.
3TO MO>KeT 6blTb npOCTO npocb6a B03BpaTHTb HrpymK)',
C KOTOpOH OH TOJIbKO qTO Hrpan, ,nOTp0HYTbCjf L(O c06-
CTBeHHoro Hoca, BblKJIlOqHTb TeJIeBH30p HJIH nOBTopHTb
npocb6y, HCnOJIb3Yjf 60JIee npHeMJIeMble CJIOBa.
-62-
YBeJIH1JHTb npOHBJIeHIDI nOJIO)KHTeJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
:qHHTe C npOCTbIX 3a,n;aq. Ey,abTe OCTOpO)KHbI, ,n;a-
aHIDI, ,n;mI BbInOJIHeHIDI KOTOpbIX Y Bac HeT no,n;-
. HeBep6aJIbHbIM cnoc060M, TaKHM KaK Momop-
UMumaliuR (BocnpOH3Be,n;eHHe C nOMO blO )KeCTOB),
o conpOBo,n;HTb HHCTp)'KI.{HH, KOTopbIe Tpe6)'1OT
HOro OTBeTa. I1cnoJIb3YHTe no,n;CKa3KH C yqeToM
p83BHTIDI HaBbIKOB Barnero pe6eHKa Hero )KeJIa-
fiIi!yqacTBoBaTb B o6UJ,eHHH C BaMH. EcnH Balli pe6eHOK
bIBaeTCjf yqacTBoBaTb HJIH He MO)KeT roBOpHTb, BbI
p())I(eTe nOMOQb eMY 3aXOTeTb c,n;eJIaTb 3TO. BaM OCTa-
.. .TOJIbKO )K,1].aTb HJIH YCTYIIHTb.
. .:,HanOMHIO, QTO BbInOJIHeHHe HHCTp)'KI.{HH ,n;OJI)KHO
B pa.nOCTb pe6eHKY. QT06bI ,n;06HTbCjf 3Toro, HH-
H yqe6Horo KOHTpOmI ,n;OJI)KHM 3aKaHQHBaTbCjf
T'
.8 H 06 eHHeM: MO)KHO no eKOTaTb pe6eHKa, no-
-.mrrb, <<y,n;apHTb no PYKaM». Cnoc06bI no,n;KpenJIeHHjf
_.neHIDI, BKJIlOqaJI noXBaJI)', onHcaHbI B rJIaBe 7.
8t -
. !J,Cmynellb 5. HCnOJIb3yHTe MeTO,n; no,n;Kpen.rreHIDI.
i1a:PaHHHX 3Tanax OBJIa,n;eHIDI yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM HC-
l yHTe no,n;KpenJIeHHe Ka)K,1].bIH pa3, KaK TOJIbKO no.rry-
..,.e nOJIO)KHTeJIbJIYlO peaKQHIO Ha BarnH HHCTp)'KI.{HH.
'.IIocTeneHHo nepeH,n;HTe K 603pacmalOUf,eMY nepeMell-
WQ;Uy COOm1l0UlellU1O nodKpeWlellUR (Variable Ratio of
Aeinforcement).
h:- nOCTOjfHHOe no,n;KpenJIeHHe ,n;IDI YCHJIeHIDI nOBe,n;e-
.". BaxmO nOTOMY, qTO Barn pe6eHOK ,n;OJI)I(eH nOIDITb,
.. B pe3YJ1bTaTe onpe,n;eJIeHHOrO nOBe,n;eHIDI OH nOJIyqHT
8>, tIro XOqeT. TIoBe,n;eHHe JIIO,n;eH npe,n;CKa3yeMo, Kor,n;a
H,neT 0 B03Harpa)K,1].eHHH. ,[(pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, MbI
- BLI6HpaeM Te THnbI nOBe,n;eHIDI, KOTopbIe B HTore
-63-
,[{ETCKI1M: AYTI13M H ABA I
npHBe,ayT Hac K B03MO>KHOCTH no.rryqHTh >KeJIaeMOe no __
KpenJIeHHe. ,l(a>Ke eCJIH 3TO Bcero JIHmL qYBCTBO rop o__
CTH 3a HamH ,n;OCTH)KeHIDI, TaKWI Harpa,n;a 6y,aer JIe)l(an
B OCHOBe TOro, qTO MLI ,n;eJIaeM.
flOHHMaHHe TOro, qTO npaBHJILHLIH BLI60p nOBe--
,n;eHIDI Be,n;eT K xopomeM)' B03Harpa)l()]:eHHIO, nOjIBHTCg
TOJILKO B TOM c.rryqae, eCJIH Ka)K)];LIH npaBHJILHLIH BLI60p
3aBepmHTCjI nOJIO>KHTeJILHLIM pe3YJILTaTOM. nOCKOJILKy
60JILmHHCTBO 3THX pemeHHH OCHOBaHbl Ha BLInOJIHeHHH
HHCTpyKIJ:HH, KOTopble Bbl ,n;aeTe pe6eHKY, OH yaH,n;HT, qTO
CJIe,n;OBaHHe HHCTp M eCTb He06xo,n;HMoe YCJIOBHe
no.rryqeHIDI Harpa,n;LI. CBjI3L Me>K,n;)' qeTKOH HHCTpYKQH-
eH H npaBHJIbHblM Bbl60pOM THna nOBe,n;eHIDI, Be HM
K 3<p<peKTHBHOM)' B03Harpa)l()J;eHHIO, He OCTaHeTCjI He3a-
MeqeHHOH ,n;JUI pe6eHKa, KOTOpLIH 3HaeT, KaK no.rryqHTb
TO, qTO OH XOqeT.
Pe6eHOK yqHTCjI nOHHMaTb, qTO 3TO B ero HHTe-
pecax - cnymaTb BamH pacnOpjI)KeHUjI H npaBHJILHO,
Ha HUX pearHpOBaTh, U n03TOM)' OH 6y,aeT CTapaThCjI c,n;e-
JIaTL TO, qTO BLI XOTHTe OT Hero no.rryqUTh. B KOHeqHOM
cqeTe OH HaqHeT caM npnxO,n;HTb K BaM 3a B03MO)KHOCTblO
yqHTLCjI, nOTOM)' qTO OH 3HaeT - 3TO nepBblH mar K ero
JII06HMLIM Be aM.
OC03HaHHe Ba>KHOCTH npHcyrcTBIDI ,n;pyrnx JIIO,n;eH -
nepBblH mar K BbIXO,n;y H3 paMOK ayrH3Ma. Ho TaKoe oco-
3HaHHe npH,n;eT TOJILKO B TOM c.rryqae, eCJIH Bbl nOCTOjIH-
HO ,n;eJIaeTe Bce ,n;JUI TOrn, qT06LI Barn pe6eHOK, CJIe.nyj{
BamUMH )'Ka3aHIDIM, cYMeJI 6blCTpO no.rryqHTL Harpa.ny.
3T0 03HaqaeT, qro BLI ,n;OJI>KHLI nOCTapaThCjI He OCTaBHTb
HH e,n;HHoro c.rryqWl 60JIee-MeHee xopomero OTBeTa Ba-
mero pe6eHKa 6e3 no,n;KpenJIeHIDI. Bcer,na MO>KHO KaK-TO
-64-
:; yseJIWlHTb npOmmeHIDI nOJIO:>KHTeJlbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
pe6eHKa: no eKOTaTb, nOKpyrHTb B B03,n;yxe
. CTO KpeIIKO 06IDITb. no,n;KpenIDIjJ )l(eJIaTeJIbHOe
e BCjJKHH pa3, Bbl 3ID1BJU1eTe, QTO B no,n;06HblX
Bbl XOTHTe CHOBa BH,n;eTb HMeHHO TaKoe no-
. KaK TOJIbKO Barn pe6eHOK nOHMeT 3TO, OH TaIOKe
- , qTO OTcyrcTBHe no,n;KpeIIJIeHIDI 03HaqaeT, qTO
OTHTe BHL{eTb 3TO nOBe,n;eHHe Bnpe,nb.
Bbl OBJIa,n;eJIH yqe6HblM KOHTpOJIeM, Bbl MO)l(e-
twleHHO HaqaTb npouecc YMeHbllIeHIDI KOJIHqeCTBa
oneRHH 3a onpe,neJIeHHOe KOJIHqeCTBO npaBHJIb-
eroB. COOTHomeHHe «OTBeT-no,nKpenJIeHHe» -
' .mrqeCTBO npHeMJIeMblX OTBeTOB pe6eHKa, He06xo-
.' ,WUI no.rryqeHIDI HM O,nHOro no,n;KpenJIeHIDI.
, ro6bI YBeJIHqHTb COOTHOllIeHHe OTBeT-no,n;KpenJIe-
'TO eCTb C03,n;aTb pe)I(HM 60JIee pe,n;Koro nO,Z:(K}JenJIe-
". saM Ha,no nepeHTH OT no,nKpenJIeHIDI KIDK):{Oro OT-
HOro OTBeTa (1: 1) K no,n;KpenJIeHHIO Ka)l(,Z:(OrO BTO-
TpeTbero H ,n;a)Ke qeTBepToro OTBeTa (2:1,3:1,4:1)
aQIDIX, Kor,n;a pe6eHoK CJIe,n;yeT HHCTPYKUHH. B KO-
". OM CqeTe, Bbl MO)KeTe )l(,Z:(aTb ,nOJIbme. Kor,na pe6e-
.'DpOjJBIDIeT )KeJIaHHe npHHHMaTb yqacTHe B yqe6HoM
t ecce, nepexo,nHTe OT COOTHomeHIDI O,nHH K O,n;HOMY
'. 0 no,nKpenJIeHHe Ha Ka)K,n;bIH OTBeT) K nepeMeHHO-
t tCOOTHomeHHIO (Variable Ratio, VR) - ,n;Ba K O,n;HOMY
_ _ Tp8 K O,nHOMY. 3TO 03HaqaeT, qTO B cpe,nHeM Bbl
f;AeTe noo pjJTb ,nBa HJIH TPH nOJIO)l(HTeJIbHblX OTBe-
. pe6eHKa KaKHM-JIH60 MaTepHaJIbHbIM npe,nMeToM.
"'hme Bbl MO)l(eTe nepeHTH K no,nKpenJIeHHIO B cpe,n-
Ka)l(L{blX njJTH nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIX OTBeTOB. Ii HaKO-
-0;, nepeH,n;eTe K COOTHOmeHHIO ,neCjJTb K O,nHOMY HJIH
Go.JILme.
-65-
,[{ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA !
IIpHqHHa, no KOTOpOH MbI HCnOJIb3yeM nepeMeHHOe
COOTHOllIeHHe nO,lJ:KpenJIeHHH, B TOM, qTO, no ,lJ:aHHbIM
HayqHbIx HCCJIe.ZJ;OBaHHH, HCnOJIb30BaHHe nepeMeHHo..
ro (Henpe,lJ:CK83yeMoro) COOTHOllIeHHjI nO,lJ:KpenJIeHHij
60JIee 3<p<peKTHBHO J{mI n06)')KJJ;eHHjI K nOCTOjIHHbIM
H npaBHJIbHbIM OTBeTaM, qeM HCnOJIb30BaHHe nOCTO H..
Horo H npeJ{CK83yeMoro rpa<pHKa npe,lJ:OCTaBJIeHHjI no,l{..
KpenJIeHHg.
· Cmynellb 6. IIoKIDKHTe, qTO BbI 3HaeTe npHopHTeTLI
Balliero pe6eHKa TaK >Ke XOpOIlIO, KaK H CBOH c06CTBeH-
HbIe.
OnpeJ{eJIHTe H 3anHllIHTe Ka)K,l{bIH npe.ZJ;MeT HJIH 3a-
IDITHe, KOTopbIe MOryT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI KaK no -
KpenJIeHHe ,l(JIjI Balliero pe6eHKa. 3aTeM nOHa6JIIO,n;aHTe,
qTO HMeHHO OH npeJ{nOqHTaeT B p83HbIX CHTyaQIDIX. 3TH
npeJ{nOqTeHIDI MOryT nOCTOjIHHO MeIDITbCg, TaK qTO BaM
HaJ{O nOCTapaTbCg nOJ{MeqaTb, qTO eMY J{eHcTBHTeJIbHOI
XOTeJIOCb 6bI no.rryqHTb 60JIbllIe Bcero B TO BpeMg, KOf-
J{a BbI C HHM 3aHHMaeTeCb. COCTaBbTe cnHCOK npeJ{no-
qHTaeMbIX npeJ{MeTOB-nOJ{KpenJ1eHHH H no,n;eJIHTeCb 11M
co BceMH B3pOCJ1bIMU, KTO TaK UJIH HHaqe B3aHMOJ{eH-
cTByeT C BarnHM pe6eHKOM. BbIJ{eJIUTe B 3TOM cnUCKe
nepBHqHble (eJ{a), BTOpHqHLIe MaTepHaJIbHble (Hec'be.ZJ;06-
HbIe) H BTOpHqHbIe COQHaJIbHbIe (06rneHHe H 3aIDITIDI)
nOJ{Kpen.rreHIDI. IIpHJIo)I(HTe MaKCHMYM YCHJIHH, qT06bI
HaHTH KaK MO>KHO 60JIbllIe p83Ho06p83HbIX no,n;KpenJIe-
HHH H 3anOJIHHTb 3TOT cnHCOK. Barn pe6eHoK ,nOJDKeH
HMeTb B03MO>KHOCTb pa60TaTb 3a lliHpoKHH cneKTp no)!-
KpellJIeHuH. Ka>K)J;bIH ,neHb BbI ,nOJDKHbI IThITaThCg HaHTH
H J{06aBHTb O,nHO HJIH .ZJ;Ba HOBbIX no,nKpellJIeHIDI.
-66-
YBeJIHq}fTb npOHBJIeHIDI nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
WHB rryTb HaHTH HOBoe no,n;KpenJIeHHe (npe,n;MeT
He) ,n;IDI pe6eHKa - 3TO BbUlCHHTb, qTO B Ha-
ee BpeMjl pa60TaeT KaK no,n;KpenJIeHHe, H pa30-
CJI, KaKHe HMeHHO CBOHCTBa 3THX no,n;KpenJIeHHU
. eKalOT Balliero pe6eHKa 60JIbllIe Bcero. BblllCHjfHTe,
HOBbIe npe,n;MeTbI HJIH 3aIDITIUI co CXO,n;HbIMH Kaqe-
II03BOIDIT BaM nOnOJIHHTb cnHCOK no,n;KpenJIeHHH
pe6eHKa. TIPHBbIqKH, pH1)'aJIbI H caMOCTHMYJIH-
ee nOBe,n;eHHe - XOpOlliWi nOqBa ,n;IDI paCllIHpeHHjf
_' a no,nKpenJIeHHH. HanpHMep, pe6eHKy, KOTOpbIH
Kpyx<HTbCjf, MO>KeT nOHpaBHTbCjf paCKaqHBaTbCjf
eIDlX, no,n;TaJIKHBaeMbIX po,n;HTeIDIMH, Bpam;aTbCjf
OqeM KpeCJIe, no,n;npbIrHBaTb Ha 60JIbllIOM rHMHa-
,-CKOM MjIqe HJIH CH,[(eTb Ha o,n;ejfJIe, Ha KOTOpOM BbI
Te ero no KOMHaTe. t:(eTH, KOTopbIe JII06jfT OT-
Th H 3aKpbIBaTh ,n;BepH HJIH BbICTpaHBaTb npe,n;MeTbI
, MOryT npOCTO HrpaTb HrpymKaMH, KOTopbIe n03BO-
"
I1D<n' COBepllIaTb 3TH ,n;eUCTBIUI. t:(eTH, KOTopbIe JII06jfT
Ie «pOHaPH, Moryr HrpaTb C «pOHapjfMH H MHralO-
HrpymKaMH, «pOHapHKaMH H 3epKaJIaMH.
-.tu .He CYIneCTByeT e,n;HHCTBeHHoro npaBHJIbHOrO cnoco-
.'1IaHTH no,nKpenJIeHHjf ,n;JIjf Barnero pe6eHKa. JIyqrnHH
o ,n - nOCTOjfHHO np060BaTb HOBbIe HrpymKH, npe,n;-
, 3aIDITIDI ,n;o Tex nop, nOKa H)')KHbIe cnoc06bI no,n;-
lIfJenneHIDI He 6y,L()'T HaB,n;eHbI.
':f't ...; :qepe,n;yHTe HCnOJIb30BaHHe onpe,n;eJIeHHbIX noo pe-
-till, 1JT06bI npe,n;OTBpaTHTb nOTeplO HHTepeca K JI1060-
''',H3 HHX. OqeHb xopomo, eCJIH BbI OCTaBHTe HaH60JIee
tlJlmneKaTeJIbHbIe npe,nMeTbI H 3aIDITIDI ,[(IDI HCnOJIb-
'IJaamm B pa60Te Ha,n 60JIee TJJy,n;HbIMH HJIH Ba>KHbIMH
8BldKaMH, TaKHMH KaK p8.3BHTHe peqH HJIH npHyqeHHe
-67-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
K TYaJIeTY. TIocTapaHTeCb HCnOJIb30BaTb CO[(HaJIbHhIe
nOL(KpeIIJIeHIDI BMeCTe C MaTepHaJIbHbIMH. TIoHHMaHlie
,
KaK ynpaBIDITb TeM, qTO XOqeT Balli pe6eHOK, - O }fa
H3 BIDKHeHllIHX COCTaBJUlIO HX ,[(JUI p83BHTIDI cnoc06HO..
CTeH pe6eHKa B npHIDITHH caMOCTOjITeJIbHbIX pellIeHHIf.
j(ufjJfjJepeHlIUaJlbHoe nodKpeWleHue (Differential Rein..
forcement) - 3TO npo[(ecc HCnOJIb30BaHIDI p83Horo KO..
JIHqeCTBa nOL(KpenJIeHHH ,[(JUI P83JIHqHbIX THnOB H ypOB..
HeH npOgBJIeHIDI nOBeL(eHIDI.
3HM, qTO Balli pe6eHOK npeL(nOqHTaeT, BbI 6YL(eTe
B COCTOgHHH pemaTb, qTO HMeHHO L(aTb eM)' 3a y,nOBJIeT..
BOpHTeJIbHbIH OTBeT, KaKoe H3 nOL(KpellJIeHHH HCnOJIb30-
BaTb KaK Harpa,ny 3a XOpOllIHH OTBeT H KaKOH THn no -
KpellJIeHIDI OH 3aC.JIY)KHBaeT 3a 3aMeqaTeJIbHbIH OTBeT.
I1cnoJIb30BaHHe p83Ho06p83HbIX nOL(KpenJIeHHH ,[(JUI pa3-
HbIX THnOB OTBeTa Barnero pe6eHKa nOMO>KeT BaM ccpop-
MHpOBaTb TOT THn OTBeTa, KOTOpbIH BbI XOTHTe nOJIyqHTb
OT Hero B 6Y,l()'lQeM.
BbI He L(OJI>KHbI 3a6bIBaTb H 0 CBOHX npHOpHTeTax.
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-70-
I J(aK COKpaTHTb np01lBJIeHH1I np06JIeMHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
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.n;eJIaTb BbI60p, npe,nJIO)l(eHHbIH BaMH, - B ero
cax, a BbI60p HenpHeMJIeMOrO nOBe,neHIDI He JJ:O-
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HOro nOBe,neHIDI 6YJJ:eT yMeHbllIaTbCjI.
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HapyruHTb npaBHJIa HJIH npOHrHopHpOBaTb HH-
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JIO, CTaHOBjITCjI 60JIee Tpe60BaTeJIbHbIMH, Kor,na
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'_ipemHTeJIbHO pe6eHoK OTKa3bIBaeTCjI nOBHHOBaTbCjI.
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.., KOTOpbIM OH 3aXOqeT CJIe,nOBaTb. ,L(lliI 3Toro He06-
o KOMnJIeKCHO HCnOJIb30BaTb yqe6HbIH KOHTpOJIb
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eT y6e,nHTbcjI, qTO pe6eHOK He no.rryqaeT HHKa-
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tJitImx BamHX npaBHJI HJIH HHCTpYKnHH. KaK 3Toro ,no-
jI, 06'bjlCIDIeT ce,nbMaJI CT)'IleHb CHCTeMbI yqe6Horo
-.rrpOIDI.
-71-
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HHe BarneR HHCTp}'KI(HM HJIH BbI60p HenpHeMJIeMoro 00--
Be.n:eHIDI He npHBe.n:eT K nonyqeHHIO no.n:KpenJIeHIDI.
BbI CMO:>KeTe CTaTb rJIaBHbIM HCTOqHHKOM no.n:Kpe__
nJIeHHjI, eCJIM pe6eHOK OTO)K)];eCTBJUleT Bac C JII06MMhI_
MH npe,nMeTaMH H 3aIDITIDIMH B TeqeHHe 75 % OT Bcero
BpeMeHH B3aHMo,neRcTBHjI C HHM. nOJIHOe orpaHHqeHHe
BaMH ,nocT)'Ila K no,mq>en.rreHIDIM, C O,nHOR CTOpOHhI,
M OTO)l(.lJ:eCTBJIeHHe ce6j1 C no,nKpermeHHeM - C ,npyroH,
n03BOJIMT BaM y.n:ep)KHBaTb pa60Tocnoc06HoCTb Barnero
pe6eHKa Ha BbICOKOM ypoBHe B TeqeHHe 25 % BpeMeHH,
KOTopoe BbI OTBo,nHTe yqe6HOM)' nponeccy. He ,naBaHTe
BarneM)' pe6eHKY no,nKpermeHHe, Kor,na OH HaMepeHHo
pernaeT He CJIe.n:OBaTb npjlMOM)' )'Ka3aHHIO HJIH C03Ha-
TeJIbHO Be.n:eT ce6j1 He:>KeJIaTeJIbHblM 06pa30M.
He:>KeJIaTeJIbHoe (HenpHeMJIeMoe) nOBe,neHHe - 3TO
nOBe,neHHe, nOBTOpeHHe KOTOpOro BbI He XOTeJIH 6bI BH-
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OTIaJIKHBaHHe ,npyrHX M HrHopHpoBaHHe npocb6 PO,aH-
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-72-
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C MaJIbqHKOM no HMeHH 3HTOHH, Iff06bI YCTaHOBHTb
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ceHcopHbIe np06JIeMbI, qyBCTBO BHYTPeHHem ,nHC-
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H nOCJIe CTBHR nOKa3aJIO, qTO 3HTOHH HCnOJIb30Ban
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1 I ,.I!faIOKe HMeJI npeKpacH)'IO B03MO)I(HOCTb )'KJIOHHTbCjI
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"1fIOii!» ,l(IDKe Tor,na, KOr,lJ;a eMy 6bIJI HyiKeH KapaH)];am ,npy-
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KaK COKpaTHTb np01lBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
HHKaKHX rrpHqMH .nIDI em HCnOJIb30BaHIDI H B 3TOT
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-73-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
JIyqmHM cnoc060M nOBJIIDITb Ha HeHa,l];JIe)l(am;ee HC-
nOJIb30BaHHe MaJIbqHKOM MeiK):{OMeTIDI «OM» 6bIJIO npeKpa-
eHHe em ,naJIbHeHmero no,nKpenJIeHIDI. Hama KOMaH.l\a
peIIIHJIa 3TY np06JIeMY nyreM npHMeHeHIDI nOCJIe,ncTBIDI,
Ha3blBaeMoro «rameHHe». raUleHue (Extinction) - 3TO
npeKpam;eHHe no,nKpenJIeHIDI nOBe,neHIDI, KOTopoe B npo-
IllJIOM nO KpenilllJIOcb. BCjfKHM pa3, Kor,na Bbl HMeeTe
,neJIO C nOBe eHHeM, HMelOIU:HM ,lJ)IHTeJIbHyro HCTOpHIO
no,nKpenJIeHHii, Bbl MO)l(eTe HCnOJIb30BaTb TeXHHKy rame-
HIDI, He no,nKpenJIIDI He)l(eJIaTeJIbHOe nOBe,neHHe Bnpe,nb.
npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3Toro MeTo,na JII060e nOBe,neHHe CO-
KpaTHTCg B TeqeHHe KaKorO-TO BpeMeHH.
3HTOHH nO.JIyqaJI no,nKpenJIeHHe, Kor,na npoH3HOCHJI
«OM!», nOToMY qTO 3a 3THM qaCTO CJIe OBaJIO BHHMaHHe,
B03MO)I(HOCTb yKJIOHHTbCj{ OT Tpe60BaHHii H nO.JIyqeHHe
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UbI 6blJIH y,naJIHTb no,nKpenJIeHIDI, KOTopble paHee 3a HHM
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HHe, Kor,na OH npoH3HOCHJI «Oil!» (3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM Tex
C.JIyqaeB, KorJJ:a 3HTOHH 6blJIO JJ:eiicTBHTeJIbHO 60JIbHO),
Mbl YMeHbmHJIH JJ:JIg Hero QeHHOCTb 3Toro 3B)'KOCOqeTa-
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KopoTKoe BpeMjf 3HTOHH OTKa3aJICj{ OT HeHa,nJIe)l(am;ero
HCnOJIb30BaHIDI «Oii!», KOTopoe npeIDITCTBOBaJIO ero
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nOJIb30BaHHe HM 3B)'Ka «Oii!», Kor a 3TO 6blJIO YMecTHo,
HO npeCeKJIH nonblTKH ero HCnOJIb30BaHHj{ B HenO,l(XO,WI-
ru:ee BpeMjf. 3TOT npHMep HCnOJIb30BaHIDI raIlleHHjf MO)l(-
HO npHMeIDITb B HeorpaHHqeHHOM IIHCJIe c.JIyqaeB MeHee
)l(eJIaTeJIbHOrO H.JIH np06JIeMHOrO nOBe,neHIDI.
-74-
KaK COKpaTHTb np0)lBJIeHH)I np06JIeMHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
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1"'K8Tb Ka)l(,lJ;bIH p33, KOr,lJ;a 3aXOqeT, qT06bl BbI nOJIO)I(H-
.''Ipy6KY. I1cnoJIb30BaHHe TeXHHKH rameHIDI nOMO)l(eT
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L-ItpIrm0PjlTbCjf, qTO Bbl OTBeqaeTe Ha 3BOHOK.
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-75-
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ce6j1 xyJKe, qeM Bbl O)l(H)];aeTe, BLI ,nOJI)KIfbl npHMeHHTb
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npH p83pa60TKe yqe6Horo KOHTpOJUI Mbl nOK83aJIM
MaKcy, liTO OH Bcer,na MO)KeT no.rryqHTb TO, liTO XOqeT,
eCJIH BblnOJIHHT HamH HHCTpyKIUfH. KpoMe Toro, MbI
TaIOKe ,nOJI)KHbl 6bIJIH YMeHbrnHTh eHHOCTb nonLITOK
TjIlfYTL MaMY K HHTepecyrom;HM ero npe,nMeTaM. HCnOJIb-
30BaHHe ce,nbMoR cTYTIeHH yqe6Horo KOHTpOillI B ,naH-
HOM c.rryqae 03HaqanO He ,naBaTb MaKCY TO, liTO OH XOqeT,
Kor,na OH lThlTaeTCjI npHTjIH)'Tb MaMY 3a PyKy. K bIR
p83, Kor,na OH nLITanCjI B3jITh MaMY 3a pyKy, OHa ,nOJI)KHa
-76-
l J(aK COKpaTHTb np01lBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
.CJIO)l(HTb PYKH TaK, qT06bI OH He Mor HX CXBaTHTb.
6bIJIO nopyqeHo npOH3HeCTH Ha3BaHHe npe,l(Me-
pblH MaKc XOTeJI nonyqHTb, H )K)];aTb, QT06bI OH
sropHJI. npH nonbITKe CbIHa nOTIlH}'Tb ee 3a PYKY,
,DOBTOpjfTb Ha3BaHHe npe,l(MeTa, MaMa ,l(OIDKHa 6bIJIa
ayrbCjI OT Hero. KaK TOJIbKO OH npeKpam;arr nonbIT-
Tb ee 3a PYKY, MaMa ,l(OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa nOBepH}'TbCjI
H nOBTopHTb Ha3BaHHe npe,l(MeTa.
- a npone,l()'pa nOBTOpjlJIaCb TaK qaCTO, KaK 6bIJIO
_- O)J;HMO. Kor,l(a MaKc nOBTOpjlJI Ha3BaHHe npe,l(MeTa
j e)J(aInHM 06pa30M H.JIH XOTjf 6bI npoH3HOCHJI CJIOBO,
- _ !J(Oe no 3B aHHIO, MaMa ,l(OJI)l(Ha 6bIJIa B3j{Tb ero
_ fKY H H,l(TH C HHM, QT06bI ,l(aTb eMY TO, QTO OH npo-
.iJECJIH OHa He 3HMa, QTO OH XOTeJI, OHa ,l(OJI)I(Ha 6bIJIa
CHTb ero rrOBTopHTb: «noH,r(eM...» KaK TOJIbKO OH
PRJI, MaMa lliJIa C MaKCOM, nOKa OH He nOKa3bIBaJ]
I XOTeJI rronyqHTb. IIoTOM, KOr,l(a OHa MOrJIa y6e-
g, qTO OH 6bIJI MOTHBHpOBaH, OHa rrpOH3HOCHJIa Ha-
tlIIBw e 3Toro npe,nMeTa, O)KH,nWl ero nOBTopeHIDI. KaK
'''1(0 MaKC rrOIDIJI, QTO HCnOJIb30BaHHe CJIOB 6y,neT no-
HO (rro,nKpenJIeHO), a norrbITKH XBaTaHIDI 3a PYKY -
., OH HaqaJ] HCnOJIb30BaTb CJIOBa H 60JIbllie He nbITaJICjI
MaMY 3a PYKY.
.. .ttfa rrpone,nypa pa60TaeT TaIOKe H ,LWjI «HerOBOpjl-
) ,l(eTeH. O,nHaKO BMCCTO rrpocb6bI nOBTopHTb CJIOBa
clO,na» MbI npOCRJIH TaKHX ,neTeH c,neJIaTb COOTBeT-
tIIByIolI(HH )l(eCT AIDI BbIpa)l(eHIDI «H)J.H CIO,na», a 3aTeM
- , 03HaQalOllJ;HH npe,l(MeT, KOTOpbIH HX HHTepeCOBarr.
G\:: TeXHHKa rameHIDI He)l(eJIaTeJIbHoro rrOBe,neHIDI OT-
..IITeJILHO JIerKa, Kor,na Balli pe6eHOK HCrrOJIb3yer
eMJIeMOe nOBe,neHHe, )l(eJIWI rronyqHTb QTQ-JIH60.
-77-
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA ,
BbI KOHTpOIDlpYeTe TO, qTO Barn pe6eHOK XOqeT 3anoJIy..
qmb, H HMeHHO BbI npHHHMaeTe perneHHe, Kor,n;a y,l{O..
BJIeTBOpHTh >KeJIaHHe pe6eHKa. HanoMHHaHHe ce6e 0 TOM
,
B qbHX PYIffiX HaxO,n;HTCg KOHTpOJIb 3a cHryaIUieH, ,n;OJDKHo
nOMOqb 88M OCTa88TbCj{ cnOKOHHbIM H pearHpOBaTh Ha ..
JIe>KaIIUiM 06pa30M Ha JII06ble npOgBJIeHIDI nOBe,n;eHIfiI
pe6eHKa.
O,n;HH H3 npOCTeHrnHx MeTo,n;oB, KOTOpbIH BbI MO)I(e-
Te HCnOJIb30BaTb, Kor,n;a pe6eHOK qTO-TO XOqeT OT Bac
H HrHopHpyeT HHCTpYKnHH HJIH nbITaeTCg HCnOJIb30BaTh
He>KeJIaTeJIbHOe nOBe,n;eHHe, qT06bI nO.JI)TIIHTb 3TO, - OT- I
BepHyrbCj{ OT Hero. llpe)K)];e qeM qTO-JIH60 nO.JI)TIIHTb, OH I
nOCTapaeTCg npHBJIeqb Barne BHHMaHHe H 3apyqHTbCg Ba-
rnHM ,n;06pOBOJIbHbIM yqacTHeM. OTBepHYBrnHCb OT Hero,
BbI onpe,n;eJIeHHO 3WIBillIeTe, qTO ero nOBe,n;eHHe npH"
BeJIO K nOTepe Barnero BHHMaHIDI. KaK TOJIbKO OH CTful
BeCTH ce6g ,n;OJI)l(HbIM 06Pa30M, BbI MO)KeTe nOBepH)lbCjJ
K HeMY H em;e pa3 npOH3HeCTH HHCTp)'KnHIO. BbI ,n;OJI>KHhI ,
6bITb rOTOBbI nOBTOpgTb 3ry npone,n;ypy ,n;o Tex nop, nOKa
pe6eHOK He nepeCTaHeT BbI6HpaTb HenpHeMJIeMbIH, C Ba-
meH TOqKH 3peHIDI, THn nOBe,n;eHIDI.
OBJIa,n;eB B ,n;OCTaTOqHOH CTeneHH yqe6HbIM KOHTpO-
J1eM, BbI MO>KeTe HaqaTb oneHHBaTb, HaCKOJIbKO npHeM- I
J1eMbIM j{BJIj{eTCj{ nOBe,n;eHHe pe6eHKa nOCJIe Toro, KaK BbI
npOH3HeCJ1H HHCTp)'KnHIO. DbIJI JIH ero OTBeT ,n;OCTaTOqHO
rpOMKHM? DbIJ1 JIH ,n;OBOJIbHO gCHbIM? IIbITaJICg JIH pe-
6eHOK nonpOCHTb 6e3 HbITbg? CMOTpeJI JIH BaM B rJIa3a?
He CTOHT 3a,n;aBaTbCj{ 3THMH BonpocaMH Ha HaqaJIbHbIX
CTa,n;IDIX OCBoeHIDI yqe6Horo KOHTpOilll, TaK KaK nOKa
em;e BbI TOJIbKO ytlHTecb H Ha6HpaeTecb onbITa. O,n;Ha-
KO no Mepe OBJIa,neHIDI yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM BbI MO>KeTe
-78-
8)I(e eCJIH Barn pe6eHOK CJIe;J;yeT YKa3aHIDIM, BbI
. pasHO ;J;OJI)KHbI HMeTb B03MO)KHOCTb nO;J;KpeIImITb
. AeHHe B TOM nOpjf;J;Ke, KOTOpbIH BbI CqHTaeTe npa-
HbIM. ECJIH nOCJIe CJIe;J;OBaHIDI YKa3aHIDIM pe6eHoK
., . qeT CXBaTHTb nO;J;KpenJIeHHe npe e, qeM BbI CMO-
em npe;J;ocTaBHTb, OCTaHOBHTeCb H nonpOCHTe
... npO,l\eMOHCTpHpOBaTb KOHK}'PHpYIOm;ee nOBe,l\eHHe.
UPYIOUJUM n06edeHUe.M (Competing Behavior) Ha-
Cjf JII060e nOBe;J;eHHe, KOTopoe He MO)KeT rrpOHC-
L O;J;HOBpeMeHHO C paCCMaTpHBaeMbIM (B ;J;aHHOM
ae He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIM) nOBe;J;eHHeM. HanpHMep, BbI
I'
' eTe nonpOCHTb pe6eHKa nO;J;O)l()];aTb HJIH nOJIO)KHTb
tIPH Ha KOJIeHH (BMeCTO TOro, qT06bI CXBaTHTb nO;J;Kpen-
_BHe). If BOT Tor;J;a BbI MO)KeTe npe;J;OCTaBHTb nO;J;-
DJIeHHe, TaK KaK HMeHHO BbI 3Toro XOTHTe.
...f- :HHor;J;a pe6eHOK 3aXOqeT nO.rrytlHTb OT Bac qTO-TO,
___, no BallieMY MHeHHIO, OH HMeTb He ;J;OJI)KeH. ECJIH
'* Be npHHHMaeT OTBeT «HeT» H npo;J;OJI)KaeT npOCHTb,
eTCjf HJIH Be;J;eT ce6jf He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIM 06Pa30M, BbI
\ paCCMOTpeTb 3Ty CHTyaQHIO KaK Tpe6yK>II{yIO
'-Pou;e bI rallieHIDI. )l(arr06bI HJIH HerrpHeMJIeMbIe no-
. y6e.lUlTh Bac H3MeHHTb CBoe pellIeHHe BbI MO)KeTe
. cOCpe;J;OTaqHBaTbCg Ha ;J;pyrHx Ba)KHbIX MOMeH-
TaKHX KaK 06'beM OTBeTa, jfCHOCTb, HaJIHqHe rJI33HO-
J{TaKTa. ITO;J;06HbIe 3a;J;aqH COOTHOCjfTCjf C llIeCTOH
HLIO yqe6Horo KOHTpOJUI, TO eCTb 6Y;J;yr 3aBHceTb
HX TeKYII.(HX npHopHTeTOB B 06yqeHHH. HanpH-
;1 BaM npH;J;eTCjf BbI6paTb, qTO B HaCTOjfII.(ee BpeMjf
Cjf ;J;JIjf Bac 60JIbllIHM npHopHTeTOM: COTPY HH-
. _ 0 6e3 npHH)')K)J;eHHjf HJIH KaqeCTBO OTBeTa pe-
J(aK cOKpaTHTb npOjlBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
.il
-79-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
IIpeKpaTHTb aHaJIOrlftlHO TOM)', KaK 3TO 6LIJIO OIIHcaHo
BbIllie. OCHOBHLIM OTJIH'IHeM 6y,neT jfBJUIeTCjf TO, qTO
IIOCJIe Toro, KaK BbI OTBepH)'JIHCb OT Balliero pe6eHKa, BbI
,nOJI)KHbI IIo,nO)K)J;aTb, IIOKa OH IIpeKpaTHT CBOH IIonbIT-
KH H3MeHHTb Ballie pellIeHHe. KaK TOJIbKO OH 3aMOJIQHT,
BLI MO)KeTe no,nOHTH K HeMY C npe,n.nO)KeHHeM nOHrpaTb
C ,npyrHM npe,nMeTOM HJIH 3aIDITbCjf QeM-HH6y,nb ,npyrHM.
ECJIH OH HaqHHaeT npOCHTb He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIH o6neKT CHO-
Ba HJIH BeCTH ce6jf HeIIpHeMJIeMO, BbI ,nOJI)KHbI HeMe,nJIeH-
HO OTBepH)'TLCjf HJIH yHrn. ITOBTOpjfHTe 3ry npoQe py
):(0 Tex nop, nOKa pe6eHOK He IIPHMeT Barn OTBeT. KaK
TOJILKO OH 3TO c):(eJIaeT, IIO):(KpenHTe n03HTHBHoe peme-
HHe pe6eHKa qeM-TO Ba>KHbIM ):(JUI Hero. B caMOM HaqaJIe
HCnOJIL30BaHIDI 3TOH npone,nypLI BbI MO)KeTe O)I(H):(aTb
OT pe6eHKa JIHmb HeCKOJILKO ceK)'H.n Mo.rrqaHIDI, IIpe)f(){e
qeM nOnbITaeTeCb BOBJIeqL ero B ,npyryID ):(ejfTeJIbHOCTb.
O,nHaKO IIO Mepe TOro, KaK IIOHHMaHHe pe6eHKOM ):(aHHOU
npOQe,nypbI 6y,neT Bce 60JIbme, BpeWI ero cnOKOHHO-
ro nOBe,neHIDI, IIpe e qeM BbI CHOBa 06paTHTe Ha Hero
BHHMaHHe, ,nOJDKHO )'BeJIIftIHTLCjf.
Bmopou Memod zaUleHWl HCIIOJIb3YeTCjf Tor):(a, Kor,aa
BaM H)')KHO, qTo6LI pe6eHoK qTO-TO c):(eJIaJI no Ballieu
npocb6e.. HO OH OTKa3bIBaeTCjf HJIH nbITaeTCjf YKJIOHHTb-
Cjf OT BbInOJIHeHIDI Bamero Tpe60BaHIDI. HanpHMep, BbI
XOTHTe, qT06LI Balli pe6eHOK o):(eJICjf KaK nOJIO)KeHO, npe-
e qeM OTnpaBHTCjf B mKO.rry, a OH OTKa3LIBaeTCjf Ha,neTb
06)'Bb. CJIe,nOBaTL ce,nbMOH CTYIIeHH B 3TOH cHryan HH
CJIO>KHee, IIOTOM)' qTO BLI He MO)KeTe KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb
):(aHHoe )KeJIaHHe Balliero pe6eHKa, TO eCTb HCnOJIb30BaTb
3TO )KeJIaHHe KaK MOTHBaQHIO HJIH no,nKpeIIJIeHHe. B 3TOM
cnyqae BaM OCTaeTCg TO, qTO MbI Ha3LIBaeM npolledypou
-80-
. KaK COKpaTHTL npORBJIeHHJI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
WI U36ezaIOUle20 n06edeHUJl (Escape Extinction).
onecc, IIPH KOTOpOM pe6eHOK He MO)l(eT yKJIO-
. JI OT yqe6HoH 3a;:J;aqH HJIH CHTyaIUDI H BLIlI)')K.aeH
Cjf Tpe60DaHIDIM.
. pH HCIIonb30BaHHH npou;e,nypbI rameHIDI H36eralO-
nOBeJJ;eHIDI BbI He MO)l(eTe OTBepH)'TbCjf HnH yilTH
ero pe6eHKa IIocne npeJJ;DjfBneH Tpe60BaHIDI
eH HeIIpHeMJIeMOrO OTBeTa. BaM He06xoJJ;HMO
Th llpjfMO npOTHBOnOnO)I(Hoe. EcnH BbI QTO-JIH60
OBMH OT Bamero pe6eHKa H OH He BbInOJIHHn 3TO
, BaHHe, DaM H)')KHO npOJJ;OIDKaTb IIOBTOpjfTb 3TO Tpe-
e ,no Tex nop, IIOKa OH He BbInonHHT ero.
. . pOQe,nypa rameH H36eralOm;ero nOBe,neHIDI
aer B ce6jf nOBTOpeHHe BameH HHCTp HH IIPH
peMeHHoM 6JIOKHpOBaHHH IIOIIbITKH pe6eHKa yKJIo-
- JI OT BLIIIOJIHeH Tpe60BaHIDI. 3TO Qpe3BbIQaHHO
o c,nenaTh, He 3aCTaBIDIjI pe6eHKa nO,WIHHHTbCjf
eCKH. KpOMe TOro, 3TO MO)l(eT npHBeCTH K pa3py-
Tex JJ;p}')KeCKHx OTHomeHHH, HaJJ; KOTOpbIMH BbI
- TInaTenbHO pa60TaJIH. KpOMe Toro, HCnOJIb30BaHHe
e,nypbI rameHIDI H36eralOm;ero nOBeJJ;eH He no-
BameM)' pe6em<y yKJIOHHThCjf H TaKHM 06pa30M
ero B03MO>KHOCTH cJJ;enaTL c03HaTenbHbIH BbI60p,
ltefiy OCTaHOBHThCjf. O,nHaKo BIDKHO OTMeTHTb: eCJIH
.'rDpOJlBHTe Cna6HII)' H BamH HHCTp HH OKa:>K)'TCjf
_LmonHeHHbIMH B nOJJ;06HoH cmyaUHH, BbI, no CyrH,
nHTe He)l(enaTenLHoe nOBe,neHHe pe6eHKa H, KaK
CTBHe, OH He 6y.neT cneJJ;OBaTb BamHM YKa3aH M
eM. IT03TOM)' cTapaifrecL H36eraTb IIOjfBneHIDI
, B KOTOpblX nOTpe6YeTCB npHMeHHTh npone -
lfrrameHIDI H36eralOm.ero nOBe.n:eHIDl.
-I
I :'
,A'
-81-
ETCKI1H AYTI13M H ABA
I1cnoJIb30BaHHe Bcex ceMH CTYl1eHen yqe6Horo KOIi..
TpOilll, KaK npaBHJIO, npHBo.n;HT K TOMY, qTO TeXHHKa ra..
rneHIDI nonblTOK yxnOHeHIDI OKa3bIBaeTCjf HeHy)KHoif,
O,aHaKO ecnH Kor,aa-JIH60 Bbl pernHTe ee HCnOJIb30BaTh \
,
nOCTapaHTeCb .n;OBeCTH npou;e,l()'pY .n;o KOHu;a, TO eCTh
.n;o BblnOJIHeHIDI pe6eHKOM Barnero Tpe60BaHIDI. JIyqIlIHij
cnoc06 y6e,aHTbCjf, qTO Barn pe6eHOK BblnOJIIDIeT BaWij
YKa3aHIDI Ha.n;ne)l(aW;HM 06Pa30M, - 3TO CBoeBpeMeHHO
nOMOqb eM)' npHHTH K npaBHJIbHOMY OTBeTY.
ECJIH BaM H)')KHO Hcnonb30BaTb npoQe.n;ypy raIlIe-
HHjf H36eralOw;ero nOBe.n;eHHjf, He06xo.n;HMO CHaqaJIa
npOaHaJ1H3HpOBaTb, nOqeMY pe6eHOK He CJIe.n;yeT BallIHM
HHCTPY HjfM. EblJIa JIH Barna HHCTPYKU;Hjf .n;OCTaTOqHO
jfCHon? ,l];ocTaTOqHO nH Bbl no,nKpenJIjfJIH 3TOT BH,n ,aejl- I
TeJIbHOCTH B npOrnJIOM? nblTaJ1HCb JIH paHbrne Hcnpa-
BHTb no.n;06HYIO CHTYaU;HIO UpH CHJIbHOn MOTHBaQHH
H CJIa60M no.nKpenJIeHHH? Mor JIH pe6eHOK BblnOJIHHTb
Barny HHCTPYKU;HIO? MO)l(eT 6blTb, Bbl He HCnOJIb3yeTe, I
Ha.nJIe)l(aW;HM 06pa30M ,nHcpcpepeHQHaJIbHOe no.n;Kpen- I
JIeHHe?
I1cnoJIb30BaHHe ,nHcpcpepeHQHaJ1bHbIX no.n;KpenJIeHHM
B .n;aHHOM cJIyqae 03HaQaeT, QTO BbI MO)l(eTe HaqaTb no,a- I
KpenJLSITb pe6eHKa nO-pa3HoMY B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, I
KaK BblnOJIHeHa 3a.naqa. ,n:aHTe eM)' MeHee cYlI.{eCTBeHHoe
no.n;KpeUJIeHHe, eCJIH BbI nOMoraeTe eMY BblnOJIHHTb 3a-
.n;aHHe, 60JIee c)'InecTBeHHoe, eCJIH OH BbInOJIIDIeT 3a,aa-
HHe caMOCTOjfTeJIbHO, H caMoe JIyqrnee no,nKpen.rreHHe,
ecnH OH .n;enaeT 3TO 6blCTpO H 6e3 nOJJ;cK83oK. 3T0 ca-
Moe JIyqrnee no,nKpen.rreHHe CTaHeT CTHM)'JIOM AJUI Bame-
ro pe6eHKa BLlnOJIHHTb no,n06Hoe 3a,naHHe B 6y,nym;eM
Ha rnHM 06p830M. HMeHHo nOBTOpeHHe CHTYaU;HH,
-82-
I KaK COKpaTHTb npORBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHH5I
. pLIX JIyqlliHH OTBeT 6Y):(eT CBjf3aH B C03HaHHH pe-
c .rryqlliHM nO):(KpenJIeHHeM, H CTaHeT MOTHBHpO-
ero npo):(OJI)KaTb BbI6HpaTb npHeMJIeMbIH THn nOBe-
38 npe):(eJIaMH yqe6HoH KOMHaTbI.
60JIblliHHCTBe CJIyqaeB BbI CMO)KeTe H36e)KaTb
BhIX H He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIX CHTyaQHH, eCJIH nOHMeTe,
KORTpOJIHpOBaTb nponecc B3aHMo):(eHCTB C pe-
10M, H BbI):(eJIHTe ce6e ):(OCTaTOqHO BpeMeHH, QT06bI
aTb CBOH ):(eHCTBHjf. BaM CJIe):(yeT 3HaTb, qTO
:;-TOJIbKO B 061I(eHHH nOjfBIDIeTCjf KOMaH):(HbIH g3bIK,
- ORHg HapyrnaeTCjf, Tor):(a KaK B3aHMo):(eHCTBHjf
nOJIb30BaHHeM nOBeCTBOBaTeJIbHOrO jf3bIKa Bcer):(a
ee-MeHee rapMOHHqHbI. ,l];o Tex nop, nOKa BbIpa)Ke-
- _ Tpe60BaHHjf He BocnpHHHMaeTCjf KaK yrpO)KalOlI(ee,
. ;.:O.l(Ha H3 CTOpOH He O)KH):(aeT nO):(Boxa B nponecce 06-
. MMeHHo TaKoe B3aHMo.n:eHcTBHe cnoc06cTByeT
HTHIO COnHallbHbIX HaBbIKOB.
*,J B nporpaMMe ABANB, pa3pa60TaHHoH B Knospe-
tlJA, MbI HaCTOjfTeJIbHO peKOMeH):(yeM, qT06bI 061I(e-
1
.-. Me)K.L{)' BaMH H BalliHM pe6eHKoM Ha 75 % COCTOjfJIO
. lIoBecTBOBaTeJIbHbIX IIpe):(JIO)KeHHH H TaKHM 06pa30M
.C06CTBOBaJIO pa3BHTHIO COUHaJIbHbIX HaBbIKOB pe-
. ,l];pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, B Ka)l(,l(OH MHHyTe BpeMeHH,
tIpoBe):(eHHoH C BalliHM pe6eHKoM, TOJIbKO 15 ceK)'H):(
.mKHbI BKJIlOqaTb BbIpa)KeH Tpe60BaHIDI H HHCTPYK-
., a OCTaJIbHbIe 45 ceKyH.ll: CJIe):(yeT OTBeCTH 061I(eHHIO
-'cnOJIb30BaHHIO nO):(KpeIIJIeHHH.
r-, Ka bIH pa3, Kor):(a KTo-JIH60 HMnepaTHBHbIM TOHOM
cYeT ):(pyroMY qeJIOBeKY KaKOe-JIH60 Tpe60BaHHe, OH
OBOJIbHO nepe):(aeT 3TOMY qeJIOBeKY KOHTpOJIb Ha):(
alUfeH. qeJIOBeK, KOTOpOMY a.n:pecoBaHa npocb6a,
-83 -
I.
ETCKI1H AYTI13M H ABA
no.rryqaeT KOHTpOJIb Ha,n CJrryaIUleu, noTOM)' qTO MO)f(et
BbI6paTb, XOqeT OH OTBeqaTb HJIH HeT.
I1pHQHHa, no KOTOpOU npoQecc rameHIDI OKa3bIRa..
eTCR HaCTOJIbKO ,neUCTBeHHbIM, 3aKJIIOqaeTCR B >KeJIaHlili
pe6eHKa no.rryqHTb qTO-TO OT Bac. OH npHBbIK, qTO ero
noom.pRIOT 3a onpe,neJIeHHOe nOBe,neHHe, a Tenepb RhI
6JIOKHpyeTe >KeJIaeMbIU npe,nMeT, nOKa OH He BbI6epeT
):(pyrou THn nOBe):(eHIDI. Kor):(a pe6eHoK XOqeT qero-JIH60
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I II
.JICHHTb pe6eHK)', nOqeMY OH He ,n:OJI)KeH ,n:eJIaTb TO HJIH
.. O,nHaKO CJIOBa - 3TO He ,neHCTBIDI, H OHH He Bcer,na
tltelOT,Z:LJ.UI pe6eHKa TO )Ke 3HaqeHHe, qTO H ,n:IDI B3pOCJIbIX.
.. MO)KeTe CKa3aTb «HeT» pe6eHKY, HO B TO )Ke BpeM ,
apam;a.sICb K HeMY, Bbl OK33blBaeTe eMY BHHMaHHe, KO-
I/Jtpoe OH KaK pa3 H XOqeT nOJIyqHTb! ECJIH Bbl HCnOJIb-
CJIOBO «HeT» HJIH JII060e ,n:pyroe CJIOBO BO BpeM
'tIpWBHOH peaKQHH, BbI pHCK)'eTe 3HaqHTeJIbHO YBeJIH-
. I L KOJIHlIeCTBO npOgBJIeHHH no,n:06Horo nOBe,neHIDI
'.6YAYIneM - nOBe,neHHg, KOTopoe BbI nblTaeTeCb npe-
. tlpamTh.
KaK COKpaTHTb npOSlBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHHSI
I
1M
-91-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
IIoMHHTe, qro B3pbIBHbIe peaKQHH MOI)'T cnpOBO:QH_
pOBaTb HOBbIe THnbI nOBe,neHIDI, KOTopbIe pe6eHOK paHh-
me He HCnOJIb30Ba.rr: OH MO)l(eT 6pocaTbCjI Ha nOJI HJIIi
yrpO)l(aTb QTO-HH6y,nb CJIOMaTb. HeroBopg}UHH pe6eHOk
MO)KeT y,napHTb HJIH nOKycaTb ce6j1. rOBOpjl}UHH MO)l(eT
CK83aTb, QTO HeHaBH,lJ;HT Bac HJIH qTO BbI 3JIOH HJIH 6e3-
YMHbIH. 3T0 HOBoe nOBe,neHHe OTpIDKaeT Bcero JIHmb 60-
JIee BbICOKHH ypoBeHb Tpe60BaHHH, KOTOpbIH OH HCnOJIb-
3YeT, qT06bI nOJIyqHTb TO, qTO XOqeT. If eCJIH BbI HHKaKHM
06p830M He nOKIDKeTe, qTO 3TO HOBoe nOBe,neHHe MO)l(eT
YBeWlaTbCjI ycnexoM, y Barnero pe6eHKa He 6y,neT npH-
qHH HCnOJIb30BaTb ero CHOBa.
He3aBHcHMo OT Toro, HaCKOJIbKO HHTeHCHBHbI nepBble
npOjl8JIeHIDI B3pbIBHOro nOBe,lJ;eHIDI, npHHD;Hn TeXHH-
KH rameHIDI rJIaCHT: eCJIH BbI CMO)KeTe HX nepeTepneTb,
np06JIeMHOe nOBe,neHHe noH.neT Ha y6bIJIb. E}Ue BIDKHee
TO, qTO eCJIH TeXHHKa rarneHIDI HCnOJIb3yeTcjI nOCTOjlHHO
H nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, He)KeJIaTeJIbHOe nOBe,neHHe HCQe3-
HeT H3 penepTyapa Bamero pe6eHKa HaBCer,lJ;a.
B3pbIBHasI peaKIUUI CTaHeT MeHee ,L(JUITeJIbHOH H HH-
TeHCHBHOH, Kor,na Barn pe6eHoK nOHMeT, qro B pe3)'JIbTaTe
npO}lBJIeHIDI HenpHeMJIeMoro nOBe,neHIDI OH He nonyqaeT
HHKaKOH BbIrO,nbI. HMeHHO n03TOMy ABANB npe,lJ;JIara-
eT TeXHHKY rarneHIDI. IIpeo,lJ;oJIeTb Tpy,LUIbIe 3TanbI 3a KO-
pOTKoe BpeMjl, HCnOJIb3Yjl rameHHe, 3HaqHTeJIbHO .rryqme,
QeM HCnOJIb30BaTb TeXHHKy HaK33aHIDI, KOTOpasI BKJIIO-
qaeT B ce6j1 HaMepeHHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe nOCJIe,nCTBHH,
KOTOpbIe, KaK BbI nOJIaraeTe, ,nOJDKHbI npHBeCTH K YMeHb-
rnemno nOBe,neHIDI B 6y;nyw;eM. qaCTO 3TH nOCJIe,lJ;CTBIDI
HenpIDITHbI II npHBO,lVIT K B03HHKHoBemno BpIDK,ZJ;e6HOCTH
no OTHomeHHIO K qeJIOBeKy, HX npHMeIDIIOIUeMy. TeXHHKa
-92-
. I<aK COKpaTHTb npOjIBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
.nyqllIe nOTOM)', qro He co,nep:>KHT HeraTHBHoro
H npO BIDIeTCjI JIHllIb OTKa30M ,naTb pe6eHKy He3a-
HH)'IO Harpa,ny.
oqyBCTByHTe 3ry p33HHQy, qT06bI CYMeTb nocTpo-
OTHOllIeHHjI C pe6eHKOM 6e3 p33pYllIeHIDI ero
.. WI HJIH )KeJIaHIDI 6bITb C BaMH. HCnOJIb30BaHHe Tex-
- .rameHIDI JUllI YMeHbllIeHIDI HHTeHCHBHOCTH npO B-
np06JIeMHoro nOBe,neHIDI MO)KeT 6bITb CIDIbHbIM
YMeHTOM, o,nHaKO eCJIH OHa HCnOJIb3yeTc Heno-
OBaTeJIbHO, 3TO MO)KeT npHBeCTH K p33pYllIalO HM
. llpHMeIDIeM3JI npaBHJIbHO, TeXHHKa rallIeHIDI
. _ J.lHT nOJI HTb nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI Bcero
KOJIbKO ,nHeH HJIH He,neJIb H 3aMeTHO YMeHbllIHTb KO-
. CTBO npO BJIeHHH np06JIeMHoro nOBe,neHIDI. O,nHa-
I . eCJIH BbI He,nOCTaTOqHO no,nrOTOBJIeHbI K TOMY, QT06bI
aTb Bce npO BJIeHIDI B3pbIBHOH peaKD;HH, BbI TOJIb-
.peJIIf1IHTe ee qaCTory H MOW:HOCTb.
I r TeXHHKa rallIeHIDI - CHJIbHOe op}')KHe ,nIDI YMeHb-
HenpHeMJIeMOrO nOBe,neHIDI, HO nOMoraeT TOJIbKO
_ a, Kor,na BbI BJIa,neeTe yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM H HCnOJIb-
IIOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO Bce ceMb CTyneHeH. TexHHK)' ra-
*"BIDI npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO)l(HO npHMeIDITb 6e3 orpa-
)
lJpfeHIDI ,nocryna K no,nKpenJIeHIDIM (6e3 orpaHHQeHIDI
.AKPellJIeHHH), a ee HCnOJIb30BaHHe 6e3 ,nOBepHTeJIb-
I
Iitx OTHOllIeHHH Me:>K,lJ;Y BaMH H pe6eHKOM OqeHb yro-
: JIbHO. ECJIH )l(e 3ry TeXHHK)' npHMeIDIIOT po,nHTeJIH,
IJI;ropbIe He HMeIOT B BH,ny roro, qTO roBOp T, H rOBOpjlT
._ 1JT0 He HMelOT B BH,ny, OHa CTaHOBHTC HenOCJIe,nOBa-
_HOH. ECJIH po,nHTeJIH He 3HaIOT, qTO MO)KeT C.1I)')KHTb
ellJIeHHeM JUllI HX pe6eHKa, OHH He CMOryr npe,n-
4Pxarrb aJIbTepHaTHBY B3pbIBHOH peaKD-HH. rallIeHHe
J
I"
-93-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
6e3 HCnOJIb30BaHIDI Bcex cryneHeH yqe6Horo KOHTP0JIJr
nOqTH Bcer,na OKa3bIBaeTCjI 6eCnOJIe3HbIM.
MHorHe ,neTH C ayrH3MoM JII06j1T CMOTpeTb BH eo.
ECJIH 3TO BepHO H .nIDI Bamero pe6eHKa, 06yqaTb ero, lic--
nOJIb3Yjl B KaqeCTBe no,nKpenJIeHHjI BH,[(eO, O,nHH H3 JJyq__
mHX cnoc060B HaqaTb OBJIa,neBaTb yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM.
1. HaqHHTe C O,nHOH H3 caMbIX JII06HMbIX BH,neonpo-
rpaMM. Y6e,nHTecb, qTO y Bac eCTb nyJIbT ,nHCTaH:QHOH-
Horo ynpaBJIeHIDI H BbI MO)KeTe pemaTb, Kor,na H nOqeMY
BH,neo BKJIlOqeHO HJIH OCTaHOBJIeHO (CT)'IIeHb 1).
2. BKJIlOqHTe BH,neo H nOKaqHBaHTe pe6eHKa Ha KOJIe-
IDIX HJIH MaccHpyHTe ero cnHHY BO BpeMjI npocMoTpa,
QT06bI <paKT npocMoTpa BMeCTe C BaMH ,nOCTaBJIj{JI eMY
60JIbme y,nOBOJIbCTBIDI, qeM B o,nHHOqeCTBe, 6e3 Bac (CTy-
neHb 2).
3. IIpHocTaHoBHTe BH,neo H ,naHTe pe6eHK)' npocTyIO
HHCTpYK:QH10, HanpHMep: «llOXJIOnaH B JIa.nomH» (CT)'-
neHb 4).
4. ECJIH pe6eHoK CJIe,nyeT HHCTp)'I(QHH, HeMe,nJIeHHO
BKJIlOqHTe BH,neO OIDITb (CT)'IIeHb 5).
6. ECJIH pe6eHoK pemaeT He CJIe,nOBaTb HHCTPYKUHH,
HeMe,nJIeHHO BbIKJIlOqHTe BH,neo HJIH BCTaHbTe nepe,n Te-
JIeBH30pOM, qT06bI nOKa3aTb, qTO BbI HMeeTe B BH,L{y TO,
qTO rOBopHTe (CT)'IIeHb 3).
7. ECJIH pe6eHoK np06yeT no,nIDITbCjI co cryJIa, HaqM-
HaeT llJIaKaTb, 6HTb ce6j1 HJIH Bac JIH60 npOjiBIDlTb ,npyroe
HenpHeMJIeMOe nOBe,neHHe, BbI He ,nOJI)KHbI BKJIlOlIaTb BM-
,neo CHOBa (CT)'IIeHb 7).
8. O,nHaKo KaK TOJIbKO pe6eHoK 3aMOJIKaeT H CJle-
,nyeT HHCTPYKUHjlM C Bame" nOMOIIJ;blO HJIH 6e3 Hee
(cryneHb 4), BbI MO)KeTe CHOBa BKJIlOqHTb BH,neo (cry-
-94-
). 3aTeM HaqHHTe nOKaqHBaTb H nOrJIa:>KHBaTb ero
. 2). Ii T. J):.
( , JIH Barn pe6eHOK He pa3rOBapHBaeT, HayqHTe ern
BKJIlOqHTb TeJIeBH30p, HCnOJIb3yg g3bIK )Ke-
. :;-- 3TO 6y,neT 3aMeqaTeJIbHbIM HaBbIKOM npHMeHe-
" e6Horo KOHTpOIDI. ECJIH OH pa3roBapHBaeT, TO npe-
M BKJIlOqHTb TeJIeBH30p, BbI MO)KeTe nOnpOCHTb
,OBTOpHTb 3a BaMH npOCTbIe ,neHCTBIDI (BbInOJIHHTb
_ IIyK> HMHTaQHIO). HanpHMep, CKa3aTb: «C,neJIaH
-'j OTparHBWICb ,nO rOJIOBbI, TonWI HoraMH HJIH XJIO-
'JIanOIDH.
i)J)JIaro,napg HCnOJIb30BaHHIO ceMH CT)'neHeH yqe6-
'ICOHTpOJIg BbI npH06peTeTe onbIT B3aHMOJ):eHCTBHg
6eHKOM, KOTOpbIH CMO)KeTe HCnOJIb30BaTb e)Ke-
HO.
;UpHMeIDIeMWI npaBHJIbHO, TeXHHKa rameHIDI no-
err 6bICTpO YMeHbIDHTb npOgBJIeHIDI J):IDKe BeCbMa
t:; eMHoro nOBe,lJ,eHIDI. Ce,lJ,bMasI cryneHb yqe6Ho
OJIB HCnOJIb3yerCg JJ:llR YMeHbllIeHIDI npOgBJIeHHH
I
"'* THllOB nOBeJ):eHIDI, KOTopbIe BbI 6bI He XOTeJIH BHJ):eTb
_e.nb npH J):aHHbIX 06CTOgTeJIbCTBax. OJ):HaKO 3Ta Tex-
,1Imm caMa no ce6e He nOMO)l(eT 06yqeHHIO HOBbIM HaBbI-
I,
H He MO)l(eT 6bITb npHMeHeHa TorJ):a, KorJ):a pe6eHOK
\moB COCTOgHHH npo,neMOHCTpHpOBaTb HaBbIK, KOTOPOMY
._ ern 06yqaeTe.
- IIepeqHTaHTe nepBbIe meCTb cryneHeH yqe6Horo
I -HTpOIDI, 06paIUWI BHHMaHHe Ha Te MecTa, rJ):e ynoMH-
eTCg MeToJ): nOJ):cKa3KH. IIpaBHJThHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe
I ifII0.nCKa3KH OqeHb BIDKHO B ABANB H 6YJ):eT no,np06Hee
.tpaCCMOTpeHO B ,npyrHX rJIaBax. PeKOMen,nyeTCg HCnOJIb-
,IOBaTh nOJ):cKa3KH, KorJ):a He06xo.lUfMO nOMOIIb pe6eHKy
COKpaTHTb npOjIBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
-95-
ETCKMH AYTH3M H ABA
CJIe,aOBaTb BanrnM HHCTp)'KnIDIM. HarrpHMep, HCnOJIb30..
BaHHe «pH3HQeCKOH nO,lJJ\ep)I(KH npH BbIlIOJIHeHHH 3a a..
HIDI nOMO)KeT pe6eHK)' BhInOJIHHTh em 6e3 omH60K. Hc..
nOJIb30BaHHe no,aCK83KH B nponecce 06yqeHIDI nOMoraer
pe6eHK)' npo,aeMOHCTpHpOBaTb HOBbIH npHeMJIeMbIH TUn
nOBe,aeHIDI 6e3 omH6KH. O,aHaKO eCJIH pe6eHOK OTKaJbI-
BaeTC}I n03BOJIHTh BaM nOMoraTb eM)', OH ,aeMOHCTpHPYer
He)KeJIaHHe nepe,aaBaTb BaM KOHTpOJIb H BbI6HpaeT Bap"-
aHT «OTK83a OT COTpy,nHHqeCTBa». Kor,aa 3TO CTaHOBHTCjf
rrp06JIeMOH, BbI ,aOJDKHbI HCnOJIb30BaTh TeXHHKY raIlle-
HIDI, HHaqe BaM He y,aaCTC}I ,a06HTbC}I ,a06pOBOJIbHOrO
yqacTIDI pe6eHKa B nponecce 06yqeHIDI.
ITpon:e,aypa rameHH}I )'MeHhmaeT BepOjlTHOCTh npOjfB-
JIeHIDI np06JIeMHoro nOBe,aeHIDI, HO HeKorophIe ,aeTH B OT-
BeT Ha npHMeHeHHe BaMH 3TOH TeXHHKH pearHpYlOT HCTe-
pHKOH (B3pbIBH3JI peaKIUUI), KOTOpYlO po,aHTeJIH He Moryr
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTh. If eCJIH ,ao ceMH-BOChMHJIeTHerO B03-
paCTa pe6eHKa JIerKO HayqHTb p83JI aTb npHeMJIeMOe
H HenpHeMJIeMOe nOBe,aeHHe, HCnOJIb3Y" TOJIbKO TeXHHKY
rameHIDI, ,aeTH nOCTapme HHor,aa 06JIa,aalOT ,aOCTaTOq-
HOH CHJIOH ,amI Toro, qT06bI HcnOpTHTh Be}UH HJIH Ha-
Bpe,aHTb ce6e HJIH ,apyrHM BO BpeM}I npHMeHeHIDI 3TOH
npou;e,ayphI.
OqeHb Tpy,aHO H36e)KaTb no,aKpenneHIDI nOBe,aeHfUI
pe6eHKa B npou;ecce npHMeHeHIDI TeXHHKH rameHIDI, Kor-
,aa BbI 3HaeTe, QTO OH MO)KeT p836HTh OKHO, nepeBepHyrb
Me6eJIh HJIH CHJIhHO y,napHTh 6paTa HJIH cecTpY. B CJIY-
qae C ,aeThMH, Y KOTOpbIX B3phIBHWI peaKIUUI Ha npou e -
,aypy rameHIDI npoxo,aHT B T}I)KeJIOH «popMe, BLI MO)KeTe
HCnOJIL30BaTb HeKOTophIe BH.nhI HaKtl3aHUJl. HeT HHlIerO
He3TW1Horo B HCnOJIb30BaHHH npone,ayphI HaK83aHIDI.
-96-
1CaK COKpaTHTb npOgBJIeHIDI np06JIeMHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
auIDIX, Kor,na pe6eHOK no,nBepraeT ce6jJ HJIH ,npy-
acHOCTH, HaKa3aHHe MO)KeT 6bITb e,nHHCTBeHHO
M H 3THqHbIM pemeHHeM. Ce,nbMaJI CTyIIeHb
ro KOHTpOIDI He npenjJTCTBYeT HCnOJIb30BaHHIO
HaKa3aHIDI. QHa )'TBep)K,l(aeT: «IIoKa)I(HTe pe-
- , 1ff0, HrHopHpYjJ BalliH HHCTpYKf(HH H ,neJIaJI BbI60p
He)KeJIaTeJIbHOrO nOBe,IJ;eHIDI, OH He CMO)KeT no-
nO,IJ;KpenJIeHHe». 11 XOTjJ rallIeHHe - OCHOBHajJ
)'MeHbmeHIDI He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIX npOjJBJIeHHH no-
, HaKa3aHHe KaK MeTO,n TO)Ke OTBeqaeT KpHTepH-
e,nbMOH CTyIIeHH.
CnOJIb30BaHHe HaKa3aHIDI BKJIlOqaeT HaMepeHHoe
'. eceHHe HJIH y;:J;aJIeHHe qero-JIH60 H3 oKp)')KeHIDI
pe6eHKa nOCJIe Toro, KaK nOBe,neHHe npOH3011IJIO,
'peHbmaeT npojJBJIeHHe TaKoro nOBe,neHIDI B 6 -
. ECJIH BbI qyBcTBYeTe, qTO npol(e,nypa HaKa3aHIDI
o,nHMa, jJ HaCTOjJTeJIbHO peKoMeH,l(ylO 06paTHTbCjJ
OMOInblO K cneQHaJIHCTaM. Tpy,nHo HaHTH 3aMeHY
oMy B3rIDI,ny co CTOpOHbI, Kor,na peqb H)];eT 0 KOM-
CHOM nOHHMaHHH nOBe,neHIDI. ECJIH BbI pellIHJIH
illJ30BaTb ceMb CTyIIeHeH yqe6Horo KOHTpOJUI HJIH
e ,npyrHe npoQe,nypbI, peKOMeH,ZJ;OBaHHbIe B 3TOH
, CHaqaJIa nonp06yHTe HaHTH CepTH HQHpOBaH-
cneQHaJIHCTa no aHaJIH3Y H MO,l(H HKaQHH nOBe,ne-
, KOTOpbIH Mor 6bI aHaJIH3HpOBaTh H KOOp,nHHHpOBaTh
nporpaMMy.
.1
.
I
"'I
"f.f
':-r
II
rJIaBa 7.
I1HCTPYMeHTbI o6yqeHIDI
06YlleHue OmdeJlbHbl.MU 6JlOKaMU (Discrete Trial
Training, DTT) }lBJI}leTC}I OCHOBHbIM MeTo,nOM, HCnOJIL-
3yeMbIM B ABA/VB.06yqaIOIUHH nponecc COCTOHT
H3 HeCKOJIbKHX cepHH He3aBHCHMbIX 6JIOKOB, Ka bIH
H3 KOTOpbIX Bcer,na HMeeT <pHKcHpoBaHHbIe HaqaJIO H KO-
Hen: Ka)l(,[(bIH 6JIOK HaqHHaeTC}I C npe,ncTaBJleHIDI CTH-
MYJla H BKJIlOqaeT B ce6jJ KaKHe-TO nOCJIe,ncTBIDI. Ilo-'
CJIe,ncTBIDIMH, KOTopbIe HaH60Jlee qaCTO HCnOJIb3YIOTCjJ
B DTT, jJB.IDIIOTCjJ no,nKpenJIeHH}I. Ho xopomee npeno-
,naBaHHe H)')KJJ:aeTC}I B 60JIbmeM, qeM npocTo ,naTb no,n-
KpenJleHHe pe6eHK)'. BbI ,nOJI)KHbI 3HaTb 0 TOM, KaKHe
cnoc06bI no,nKpenJIeHH}I jJBJI}lIOTCjJ caMHMH JIyqmHMH,
H 0 TOM, qTO HMeHHO BbI XOTHTe 3aKpenHTb H C KaKOH
[(eJIblO .
CyInecTBYIOT qeTbIpe OCHOBHbIX <paKTopa, BJIIDIIOIUHX
Ha 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb no,nKpenJIeHIDI. ,[(JUI ycnemHoro no,n-
KpenJleHIDI nOBe.neHHjJ BbI ,nOJI)KHbI nOIDITb H a,neKBaTHO
yqecTb Ka)K):{bIH H3 HHX, a HMeHHO:
· He3aMe,nJIHTeJIbHOCTb;
· 06'beM.
,
-98-
I1HCTpYMeHTbI 06)"IeHIUI
, eCLI eHHe.
, BblH <paKTOp, fle3aJWeOJlUmeJlbflOCmb, 03HaqaeT,
. enJIeHHe, qT06bI 6bITb 3<p<peKTHBHbIM, OJI)KHO
..BaTL Cpa3Y 3a TeM, KaK 6blJIO npOjlBJIeHO nOBe e-
TO eCTb, KaK npaBHJIO, B TeqeHHe 3 ceK)' nOCJIe
epmeHIDI. C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH, no Mepe Pa3BH-
MMYHHKaTHBHblX HaBbIKOB pe6eHKa, BbI CMO)l(eTe
HapOqHO 3a ep)l(HBaTh nO KpenJIeHHe 6e3 yru;ep-
ero 3<p<peKTHBHocTH. O HaKo Ha paHHHX 3Tanax
,HWI npOMe)l(yroK BpeMeHH Me)K):()' OTBeTOM H no-
eM no,nKpenJIeHIDI ,nOJDKeH 6LITb KaK MO)KHO KO-
. 31'0 n03BOJIHT pe6eHKy 06Hap)')KHTb CBjl3L Me)K):()'
, OM, KOTOPOMY Bbl ero 06yqaeTe, H no,nKpen.rreHHeM,
- , 1llb30BaHHblM ,nIDI pa60Tbl Ha 3THM HaBbIKOM, H oco-
, HaCKOJILKO 3Ta CB.H3L 3HaqHMa ,nIDI Hero.
- TOpOH <paKTop, BJIIDIIOInHH Ha 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb no -
eHIDI, o60e.M, HMeeT OTHOllIeHHe K nOCJIe,nCTBIDIM
eHHoro nOBe,neHIDI. llo.nKpenJIeHIDI ,nOJDKHbl 6LITb
roqHO 60JIbllIHMH, qT06LI npeo,nOJIeTb JII06ble KOH-
lHp)'lO He )I(eJIaHIDI. llonLITKH ,naTL BallIeMy pe6eHK)'
,nIDI Hrpbl MOryr 6LITb ycnemHLI B KaqeCTBe no -
nneHIDI npocTblX HaBbIKOB. O,nHaKo 3<p<peKTHBHOCTb
_ro nO KpenJIeHIDI MO)l(eT 6LITL CHIDKeHa, eCJIH BKJIIO-
TeJIeBH30p HJIH eCJIH HaBbIKH, KOTopble BLI npocHTe
_ eMoHcTpHpoBaTL, CJIHllIKOM TpY HbI ,nIDI OCBoeHIDI
HKOM.
I -I' 'TPeTHH <paKTOp, onpe eJIjllO HH BJlIDIHHe no,nKpe-
CIIIDI Ha nOBe eHHe, 3TO npjlMM 3a6UCUMocmb. llo,n-
nneHHe ,nOJDKHO Hanp.HMyIO 3aBHceTb OT HaBbIKa,
poMy BLI XOTHTe HayqHTL pe6eHKa. lloJIyqaeT JIH
j
-99-
ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
pe6eHOK nOJJ;KpenJIeHlfe TOJIbKO TorJJ;a, KorJJ;a OH BbInOJI..
HjleT HaBbIK, IfJIIf )l(e OH BpeMjI OT BpeMeHIf no.rryqaeT n0.l\..
KpenJIeHlfe JJ;a)l(e B TOM c.rryqae, eCJIIf 1f36eraeT JJ;eMO}{..
CTpaU;IfH 3TOro HaBbIKa?
11 nOCJIeJJ;HIfH Ba)l(HbIH <paKTOp, OT KOTOpOro 3aBHCliT
u;eHHOCTb nOJJ;KpenJIeHlfjl, - 3TO npeCbl'UleHue. ECJIM pe..
6eHOK He rOJIOJJ;eH IfJIIf eMY HaJJ;oeJIO nO,L(KpenJIeHlfe, OR
,
BepOjiTHO, npeCLITIfJICjI 3TlfM nOJJ;KpenJIeHlfeM. 06'beM
pa60TbI, KOTOpbIH Barn 60cc MO)l(eT 3aCTaBlfTb Bac e-
JIaTL B cy660ry JJ;HeM 3a $ 10 B qac, MO)l(eT 6LITb cYll(e-
CTBeHHO IfHbIM, eCJIIf Y Bac HeT ,L(eHe qeM 6LIJIO 6bI TOM
B CJIyqae, eCJIIf Barn 6aHKOBCKlfH CqeT nepenOJIHeH. JIIO H
peJJ;KO e,WIT, KOr,L(a HX )l(e.rry,rurn nOJIHLI, If BLI He ,L(OJI)I(HbI
O>KH.naTb, qro KaKOe-TO nO,L(Kpen.rreHHe - npe,l(MeT liJ1H
JJ;ewreJIbHOCTb - OKIDKeTCjI 3<p<peKTHBHLIM, eCJIIf pe6eHoK
YCTaJI IfJIIf npeCbI eH 3TIfM npe,L(MeTOM (,L(ewreJIbHOCTblO).
llOHIfMaHlfe rom, KaK He3aMe,L(JIlITeJILHOCTb, o(TheM,
3aBlfClfMOCTb If npeCLI eHlfe BJIIDlIOT Ha u;eHHOCTh H
ycnemHoe IfCnOJIb30BaHlfe nO,L(KpenJIeHlfjl, He06xoJJ;H-
MO, qT06bI BLI MOrJIH 06yqaTL pe6eHKa. ,l];eJIO B TOM, qTO
nO,L(KpenJIeHHe KaK If HCTp)'MeHT, n03BOJIjllO IfH YBe-
JIHqlfTL qaCTOT)' BLI60pOB TlfnOB nOBe,L(eHIDI, ,L(eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO pa60TaeT. ECJIH )l(e 3Toro B KOHKpeTHOH CIf1)'a-
IJ;1f1f He npOIfCXO,L(HT, BnOJIHe BepOjiTHO, qTO BbI He J1H
KaKOH-JIIf60 1f3 <paKTOPOB, onpeJJ;eJIjllO HX JJ;eHCTBHe
nO,L(KpenJIeHIDI: He3aMe,L(JIHTeJIbHOCTL, 06'beM, 3aBIfCH-
MOCTL IfJIIf npeCbI eHHe.
nOMIfMO 3HaHIDI 0 HaH60JIee 3<p<peKTHBHbIX cnoc06ax
nOJUqJen.rreHIDI IfHJ(HBHJ(y8JThHbIX HaBbIKOB Bamero pe6eH-
Ka, BbI JJ;OJDl(}lLI nocrojlHHO pa60TaTb Han; COBepmeHCTBO-
BaHlfeM cnoc060B nOJUqJen.rreHIDI. nO,L(Kpen.rreHlfe - 3TO
- 100 -
I1HcTPYMeHTbI 06)"IeHIDI
CJIe,nyeT 3a npOMBJIeHHeM nOBe,L(eHIDI pe6eHKa
aeT BepOgrnOCTb rom, qro TaKoe nOBe,L(eHHe
HTC.SI CHOBa. TaK KaK HCnOJIb30BaHHe nO,L(K})ellJIe-
ep)KHBaeT nponecc 06yqeHIDI, BaM He npHXO)UIT-
BLI6HpaTb, qTO 6)',L(eT nO,L(KpellJIeHHeM, oc06eH-
y pe6eHKa BbI3LIBalOT HHTepeC JIHIIIb HeCKOJILKO
eTQB. BHaqane BaIlIe 06yqeHHe, B03MO)I(H0, 6)',L(eT
o Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH JII06HMbIX npo oB, BKJIIO-
_ BcpeTLI, 1IHnCbl, cJIa,L(KHe HalIHTKH H COKH. Bbl MO-
cnOnL30BaTb npbDKKH Ha 6aryre HJIH paCKaqHBaHHe
e, JIH60, MO:>KeT 6LITL, Bbl 6)',L(eTe Bbl eHLI 6ec-
o CH,L(eTL nepe,L( TeJIeBH30poM, npocMaTpHBaSl nlO-
e 3nH30,L(b1 pe6eHKa H3 nporpaMM npo TeJIeny3HKoB
oapHH. CyrL B TOM, qTO Y Bac eCTL TOJILKO ,L(B3. nyTH:
, HCnOJTh3yg TO, qTO nO,L(KpeIIJUIeT )KeJIaTeJIbHOe no-
e pe6eHKa, HJIH He yqHTL COBceM.
- JIB npHMeIDITb Bce OCHOBHble npHeMLI KOMllJIeKCHO,
pe6eHOK 6)',L(eT ,L(BHraThcj{ Bnepe,L( ,L(OCTaroqHO 6LI-
H BaIlIe 06yqeHHe 6)',L(eT nOCTeneHHO, no Mepe 06pe-
. . pe6eHKoM HOBLIX HaBbIKOB, H3MeIDIThCj{ K nyqmeM)'.
ecc OTO)l():{eCTBJIeHIDI nO,L(K})ellJIeHIDI C BaMH HrpaeT
pOJIb B pa3BHTHH cOTpy.zurnqeCTBa C pe6eHKoM
- 3eP4>eKTHBHOCTH nponecca 06yqeHIDI. HanoMHID, qro
HO BTOpOH C1)TIeHH yqe6Horo KOHTpOillI (rnaBa 5)
v e BIDKHO, qT06bl B C03HaHHH Bamero pe6eHKa BLI
eCTBJlJIJIHCL C nO,L(K})eIIJIeHHeM H OH XOTen 6LI npo-
BpeWl C saMH, a He HrpaTb B O,L(HHOqeCTBe.
I (npHHnHn OTO)l():{eCTBJIeHIDI HMeeT MeCTO H npH pa60-
. :c nO,L(KpenneHIDIMH. ECJIH Y Bac eCTb TOJIbKO 11'H HJIII
, npe,l(MeTa, KOTOpble MOryr HCnOJIb30BaTbCjf B Ka-
!JItcme nO,l(KpellJIeHIDI AIDI Bamero pe6eHKa, BLI ,l(OJDKHbI
I
j
- 101 -
ETCKHM AYTH3M H ABA
,I:(06aBHTb K HHM napy ,I:(pyrHX HeifrpaJIbHbIX npe.l(MeTon
HJIH 3aIDITHi1, KOTOpble nOKa He HMelOT ,lUDI pe6eHKa Tel..
KOH )l(e u;eRJIOCTH, KaK nO.l(KpenneHIDI. COrJIaCHO npHIl..
U;Hny OTOx<p:eCTBJIeHIDI, npH O,I:(HOBpeMeHHOM HcnOJ]L..
30BaHHH npe.l(MeTOB H 3aIDITHH, HMelOIIUiX u;eHHOCTL
nO,L(KpenneHiUI, H Tex, KOTopble j1BID1IOTCjI HeifrpaJIbHbIMIi
,
u;eHHOCTh nepBblX nepe,L(aeTCjI HeHTpaJIbHbIM. ECJIU BLI
XOTHTe paCIIIHpHTh CllHCOK npe,L(MeTOB, KOTopble nO.l(Kpen..
JUlIOT nOBe,[(eHHe Bamero pe6eHKa, Bbl ,L(OJI:>KHbl Haqan
HCnOJIb30BaTJ> HeifrpaJIbHble CTHMYJIbl, Hapjl.ny C npe -
MeTaMH H 3aIDITIDIMH, KOTOpble )')Ke j1BID1IOTCjI nO,L(Kpen-
JIeHIDIMH: e,[(a, M)'3blKa HJIH mo6HMble BH)];eo.
ECJIH BaW pe6eHOK MOTHBHpOBaH TOJIbKO e,L(on H Ha-
nHTKaMH, y Bac HeT HHOro Bbl60pa, KpOMe KaK npHCTy-
nHTb K HcnOJIb30BaHHIO JII06HMblX JIaKOMCTB H HanHTKOB
B KaqeCTBe nO,L(KpenJIeHIDI ,lUDI Bbl60pa pe6eHKOM npHeM-
JIeMoro nOBe,L(eHIDI. O.l(HaKO HCnOJIb3Yjl B KaqeCTBe no)],-
KpellJIeHIDI e.ny, Bbl ,L(OJI)I(Hbl OTO)l(J];eCTBIDITb CHen ce6R
-'
H ,L(pyrHe HefiTpaJIbHble npe,L(MeTbl H 3aIUlTIDI, Tame KaK
IUeKOTKa, paCKaqHBaHHe H HrpymKH. 3T0 co BpeMeHeM
npHBe.l(eT K TO MY, qTO HeHTpaJIbHble npe,L(MeTbI CTaHYT
B .l(OCTaTOqHOH CTeneHH npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblMH ,lUDI pe6eH-
Ka (nO,L(KpenJUIIOru;HMH), qT06bI ox HCnOJIb30BaTb B ,L(aJIb-
HeHmeM npl{ 06yqeHOH. nOCJIe Toro KaK Bbl HaqHeTe
06yqaTb, noompjUJ pe6eHKa )')Ke He TOJIbKO e,I:(on, HO TaK-
)Ke HrpymKaMH H KaqeIDIMH, BaM CJIe.nyeT ,L(06aBHTb
K HHM Tame HeifrpaJIbHble HeMaTepHaJIbHble nO,L(Kpen-
JIeHIDI, KaK nOXBaJIy H nooru;pjllOIUHe <pp83bl ,lUDI OTO)l(-
,L(eCTBJIeHIDI BTOpblX C nepBblMH. C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH
nOXBarra caMa no ce6e CTaHeT ,L(OCTaTOqHbIM nO,L(Kpenne-
HHeM, H Heo6Xo.l(HMOCTb MaTepHaJIbHoro nO,L(KpenJIeHJ1
- 102 -
HHCTp)'MeHTbI 06 eHIDI
CjJ. TaKHM 06Pa30M, HCnOJIb30BaHHe nOXBaJIbI "PH
o BblnOJIHeHHOM 3a,l(aHHH CTaHOBHTCg nO,l(KpenJIe-
a KOHeQH3JI QeJIb 3aKJIIOQaeTCg B TOM, QT06bI Ha-
- . it )(IDI pe6eHKa, KOTOpbIH CTapaTeJIbHO 3aHHMaeTCjf,
I ;.ycnex. Bpg,l( JIH MbI KOr,l(a-HH6Y,l(b CMO)l(eM nOJI-
OTKa3aTbCg OT HCnOJIb30BaHIDI MaTepHaJIbHbIX
. urpymKH) HJIH COnHaJIbHblX (nOXBarra) nO,l(KpenJIe-
,O.nHaKO qeM 60JIbllIe Bbl OTO)K):(eCTBJIgeTe TeK)'mee
llJIeHHe C 60JIee CJIO)KHbIMH npe,l(MeTaMH HJIH 3a-
_. H, TeM 60JIbme Barn pe6eHOK 6Y,l(eT CTapaTbCg pa-
3a 3TH HOBbIe, 60JIee npHeMJIeMble <pOpMbl no,l(-
eHIDI.
, OMHMO 3HaHIDI HaH60JIee 3<p<peKTHBHbIX cnoc060B
ellJIeHIDI, Bbl ,l(OJI)KHbl TaIOKe 3HaTb, KaK pa60TaeT
o,neHcTBHe C pe6eHKoM. TepMHHbl «npe,L(rneCTBY-
CTHMYJI», «nOBe,L(eHHe» H «nOCJIe,L(CTBHe» )')Ke
ynOWluyTbl Ha CTpaHHnax 3TOH KHHrH. Ka bIH
;aH B3aHMO,L(eHCTBIDI C pe6eHKoM, HJIH UHmepaKlIUJl
; . teraction), COCTOHT H3 Tpex COCTaBIDIIOm:HX, KOTopble
:BOKyIIHOCTH C03,l(a1OT napa,L(HrMY ABC. D)'KBbI «A»,
.> H «C» B ABC-napa,L(HrMe 03HaQalOT COOTBeTCTBeH-
__ npe,nllIecTByrom:HH CTHMYJI (Antecedent), nOBe,L(eHHe
IBehavior) H nOCJIe,L(CTBHe (Consequence).
I
l. IIpeiJuteCm6Y1OUluu cmUMYJl - 3TO TO, qTO npHcyr-
.YeT B OKp)')KalOm:eH pe6eHKa cpe,L(e ,L(o npO.SIBJIeHIDI
. Be.AeHIDI. llpe,L(meCTByrom:He CTHMYJIbl eCTb B HarneH
J HH BCer,L(a, B JII060e BpeWl. HanpHMep, 3a 3aBTpa-
-19M jJ OKp)')KeH npe,L(llIeCTBYIOIIUiMH CTHMYJIaM B03MO)l(-
1BJdx BapHaHTOB nOBe,L(eHIDI. TaK, Ko<peHHHK Ha CTOJIe
',ko)J(eT CTaTb CTHMYJIOM pemeHIDI HaJIHTb Ko<pe B qallIKy.
- 103 -
.-LJ
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
HaJIWIHe paL(HO MO)l(eT CTaTL CTHMYJIOM Toro, qTO » ero
BKJIlOqy, a qeJIOBeK, BXO,lUlII(HH B KOMHaTy, MO)KeT CTalb
npHqHHOH TOro, qTO jI CKa «,D:06poe yrpo». KaK BHJJ:If..
Te, qHCJIO CTHMYJIOB B HarneM OKp eHHH He nO,Ll[{aeTCjf
HCqHCJIeHHIO H nOCTOjlHHO MeIDIeTCjI.
[]o6edeHue - CJIe.l(ylOlI(CUI qaCTb ABC-napaL(HrMbI.
llOBeL(eHHe - 3TO JII06LIe H3MepHMbIe H L(OCTylIHbIe
Ha6JIIOL(eHHIO H3MeHeHIDI B Harnen L(ejJTeJILHOCTH. Ha-
JIHTb Ko<t>e, BKJIlOqHTb paL(HO, nO)KeJIaTb KOMY-TO L(06po-
ro yrpa - Bce 3TO npHMepLI nOBeL(eHIDI 3a 3aBTpaKOM.
B L(aHHbIn MOMeHT Barne nOBeL(eHHe - qTeHHe. BLI, Be-
pOjJTHO, L(ep)I(HTe 3T)' KHHry. Bbl, MO)KeT 6LITL, onHpae-
TeCL Ha qTO-ro, nO.lI)];ep)I(HBWI Bec TeJIa, CH,lJ;HTe B KpeCJIe
HJIH JIe)l(HTe B KpOBaTH. ;::J:OBOJILHO CKOpO Bbl nepeBepHeTe
CTpaHHny. llOMHHTe, qrrO JII06LIe H3MepHMLle H3MeHeHIDI,
KoropLIe L(eJIaeT qeJIOBeK, OTHOCjlTC.SI K KaTeropHH nOBe-
L(eHIDI.
[]oCJledCm6Ue - Tpenill KOMllOHeHT ABC-nap8JUfrMbI.
llOCJIeL(CTBHe - 3TO Bce, 1ffO npOHCXO,lUIT B OKp alOmeH
cpeL(e nOCJIe npO.SIBJIeHIDI nOBeL(eHIDI. HanpHMep, qallIKa
Kocpe, roTOBWI K ynOTpe6JIeHHIO, jlllJUleTCjJ CJIeL(CTBHeM
roro, qro .SI HaJIHJI Ko<t>e B qamK}'. TIpOc.rrymHBaHHe M)'3blIGf
MO)l(eT 6LITb CJIeL(CTBHeM BKJIIOqeHIDI pa;J.HO. qL.SI-TO YJIbI6-
Ka B OTBeT - CJIeL(CTBHeM nO)KeJIaHIDI L(06poro yrpa.
npeL(rneCTB)'IOII.J;He CTHMYJILI, nOBeL(eHHe H nOCJIe,L{-
CTBIDI - OCHOBHLle cpaKTOpLI, yqacTB)'IOInHe B Ka)l(L(OH
HHTepaKlUfH. 3HaTL, 1ffO ABC cymecTBYeT, BIDKHO, O,L{-
HaKO He MeHee Ba)KHO nOHHMaTb 3THqeCKHe H CHCTeMa-
TWleCKHe cnoc06LI MaHHnyJIHpOBaHIDI KOMnOHeHTaMH
ABC, npe)K,[(e qeM Mbl HaqHeM HCnOJIb30BaTb HX L(IDI 06y-
qeHIDI.
- 104-
I. .1dHorHe ,L(eTH C ayrH3MoM B COCTOjlHHH npH06pe-
'TOJIbKO Te HaBbIKH, B KOropLIX OHH 3aHHTepeCOBa-
;'CHCTeMaTHqeCKOe ynpaBJIeHHe npe,nmeCTByroInHMH
aMH H nOCne,L(CTBIDIMH MO)l(eT cnoc06CTBOBaTb
, qro pe6eHOK 3aXOqeT npH06peCTH HaBLIKH, KOTO-
- OH Mor 6LI HayqHThCjI C BameD: nOMOmLIO. YnpaBJIe-
npe,nmeCTByromHMH CTHMYnaMH H nocne,nCTBIDIMH
BbI60pa pe6eHKOM )l(enaeMoro nOBe,neHIDI H eCTL TO,
'JIeM OCHOBaHa HayKa ABANB. CneQH<pHqeCKWI CH-
Ma, HCnOJIL3yeMWI ,nIDI MaHHnyJIjlQHD: 3THMH <t>aKTopa-
. , Ha3LIBaeTCjI «06yqeHHe ,nHCKpeTHLIMH 6JIOKaMH».
- 06ytteHUe OUCKpemHblMU 6110KaMU - 3TO CHCTeMa
"!l eHID!, B KOTOpOH, KaK 6LillO CKa3aHO B Haqa.rre rnaBLI,
m 06yqalOIIUfH 6nOK HMeeT onpe,neJIeHHLle Haqa-
H KOHeQ. Haqa.rroM C.JIYjKIIT npe,L(OCTaBJIeHHe QeJIeBoro
. ):(IIIeCTByromero CTHMYJIa, Ha3LIBaeMoro OUCKpWUU-
8HblM (onpeoe.n.eHHblM) cmWUYllOM (Discriminative
· ulus, SO), a 3aKaINHBaeTCjI rrpe,L(OCTaBJIeHHeM Qene-
aBJIeHHoro nOCJIe,L(CTBID!, Ha3LlBaeMoro nOOKpenIlRIO-
I
ru,UM cmUMYllOM (Reinforcing Stimulus, SR). E,nHHCTBeH-
.1foe, 111'0 OTJIHqaeT onpe,neJIeHHLIH CTHMyn OT JII060ro
:. ro CTHMYJIa, - 3TO HCropIDI HCrrOJTh30BaHIDI. :ro6LI
f '.tmm. orrpe.n.eJIeHHLIM CTHMYJIOM, rrpe.n.meCTByro CTH-
"
Myn ,L(OJDKeH HMeTh HCTOpHIO np06)')K)J;eHIDI KOHKpeTHOro
', ;, .tIoBe,neHIDI. E,L(HHcTBeHHoe, 111'0 OTJIlNaeT JII060e IIOCJIe,n-
,u CTBHe OT no.znq>enillllOmero CTHMYJIa, 3TO TaIOKe HCTOpIDI.
nOCJIe,L(CTBHe, C03,naBllIee HCTOpmo no,nKpenrreHIDI onpe-
eJIeHHoro nOBe,neHIDI, CTaHOBHTCjI no,nKpenmrlOmHM CTH-
I MyJIOM )tJUI 3TOro nOBe,neHIDI.
ECJIH BLI XOTHTe HayqHTL pe6eHKa HaBLIKaM, KOTOpblX
I eMY He XBaTaeT, BaM He06xo,L(HMO pa3pa60TaTb CHCTeMY
I1HCTPYMeHTbI o6yqeHIDI
'I
-
- 105 -
,L\ETCKHI1 AYTH3M H ABA
ynpaBJIeH:IDI onpe eJIeHHLIMH H nO KpeilillIlOmHMH CTH-
MYJIaMH H HCIIOJIL30BaTL ee B Ka)K.AOM CJIyqae B3aHMo eH-
CTB:IDI C pe6eHKOM (B Ka OH HHTepa HH). To, qTO MO)I(eT
nOKa3aTLCjI CJIO)I(HLIM B TeopHH, Ha npaKTHKe OKa3LIBaeT-
CjI IIpOCTOH IIOCJIe OBaTeJILHOCTLIO L(eHCTBHH, KOTOpylO
MO)KeT ocymecTBHTL Ka)K.ALIH, KTO 3 aXoqeT. YilpomeHHO
06yqeHHe OTL(eJIbHLIMH 6JIOKaMH MO)I(HO npeL(CTaBHTh
B BH)];e Tpex IIOCJIe OBaTeJILHLIX 3TaIIOB:
· Bbl IIpeL(CTaBIDIeTe pe6eHKy OIIpe eJIeHHLIH (L(HC-
KpHMHHaTHBHLIH) CTHMYJI;
· BLI Ha6JIIO aeTe OTBeT pe6eHKa Ha 3TOT CTHMYJI;
· BbI IIpeL(bjlBJUleTe pe6eHKy B TOM HJIH HHOH cpopMe
TO, qro Ha3LIBaeTCjI IIOL(KpeIIIDIIOIIU1M CTHMyJIOM.
nlO60H nponecc 06yqeHIDI B ABA 6Y.L\eT COCTOjlTh
H3 TaKHX Tpex qaCTeH: HaJIHqIDI onpe eJIeHHoro CTHMY-
na, Ha6JIIO,neHIDI 3a peaKQHeH pe6eHKa H npe,nocTaBJIe-
H:IDI IIo,nKpenIDIIOm:ero cTHMYJIa. Onpe,neneHHLIH CTHMyJI
co06 aeT pe6eHKy, qTO nO,nKpenmIlO HH CTHMyJI ,no-
cTYIIeH, a no,nKpenIDIIOm:HM CTHMYJI II06 aeT pe6eHKa
IIpOjlBJUlTL no,n06Hoe nOBe,neHHe B 6 eM.
EcnH BLI CqHTaeTe He06xo,nHMLIM, BLI MO:>KeTe ,n06a-
BHTh K 3TOMY nponeccy no,ncKa3Ky, QT06LI nOMOqL pe6eH-
K)' npHMTH K npaBHJILHoMY OTBeTy. B HeKoTopLIX cJIyqaJIX
BLI MO)KeTe BeCTH ,nHeBHHK 3anHCH pe3ynLTaToB B KOHue
06yqalOm:ero npouecca. IIpHMep 06yqeHIDI OTL(eJILHLIMH
6JIOKaMH MO)KeT Bblr eTL CJIe.nyIO HM 06pa30M:
1. TIpe,nbjlBHTe onpe,neneHHLIM cTHMyn pe6eHK)', KO-
rL(a OH BHHMaTeJIeH H c.rrywaeT Bac.
2. TIpH He06xo,nHMOCTH aHTe BameMY pe6eHK)' no,n-
CKa3Ky, KOTOpaJI YCHJIHT onpe,neneHHLIH CTHMYJI H II06y-
,nHT pe6eHKa ,naTL npaBHJILHblH OTBeT.
- 106 -
I1HCTpYMeHTbI o6yqeHIDI
3. Ha6JIIO,naHTe 3a nOBe,neHHeM Bamero pe6eHKa.
4. 1l0,nKpenHTe npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT pe6eHKa.
5. BHecHTe B ,nHeBHHK 3anHCb, OTpIDKalO yro Kaqe-
If npaBHJIbHOCTb OTBeTa.
eTo,n aHaJIH3a Bep6anbHoro nOBe,neHHR peKOMeH-
eT 4>HKcHpoBaTb np06HbIe ,naHHbIe. K TaKHM ,naHHbIM
OC TCg pe3YJIbTaTbI TeCTHpOBaH Ka oro HaBMKa
pa3 B HaqaJIe yqe6HoH ceCCHH H CBe,neHIDI 06 34>-
KTHBHOCTH pa60TbI pe6eHKa B QeJIOM. 3aTeM, Kor,na Bbl
OWlHTe TeCTHpOBaHHe Ka oro HaBbIKa, Bame 06yqe-
e MOjl(eT 6bITb nOJIHOCTblO cocpe,nOTOqeHO Ha npo,nBH-
_ emrn pe6eHKa OT o,nHoro 6nOKa K ,npyroMy. IIp06HbIe
bIe BbI MOjl(eTe npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb nOCJIe OKOHQa-
06yqeHIDI.
, Cne.nyro HH n9"Mep nOMOjl(eT OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpo-
OTHOCHTeJIbHO 06yqeHIDI OT,neJIbHbIMH 6JIOKaMH, eCJIH
tJm y Bac e e OCTaJIHCb:
.: .:. 1. OnpedeJleHHbl'U cmUMYJl: npocb6a MaMbI «)]:011'OHb-
. neJl ,no Hoca».
1#,.,' 2. [JoOCKa3Ka: MaMa nOMoraeT pe6eHK)' BbI6paTb npa-
" R1IbHbIH OTBeT, yKa3bIBIDI Ha CBOH c06CTBeHHbIH HOC
. npH He06xo,LUiMOCTH).
3. Om8em: pe6eHoK )];eMOHC11'HpyeT HaBbIK, KaCIDICb
(CBoero Hoca.
4. [JodKpenJlRlOU/uu cmUMYJl: MaMa no,nKpenIDIeT no-
Be,neHHe - eKOqeT pe6eHKa.
5. paHHble: MaMa CTaBHT ranoqK)' B C11'OKe «,nOTparH-
BaeTCg )];0 Hoca» ,nHeBHHKa Ha6JIIO,neHHH.
rJIaBa 8.
THIIbI Bep6aJIbHOrO
IIOBe,[(eHIDI
,nOCTaTOIlHO MHoro nHCaJI 0 MeTO,nax ABA H Bcer a
6bIJI npe,neJIbHO OCTOpO:>KeH, ,naBWI KaKHe-JIH60 peKoMeH-
,naQHH no nOBo,ny npHMeHeHIDI MeTo,na aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIb-
Horo nOBe,neHIDI. B nOCJIe,nyK> Hx rJIaBaX j{ nonp06ylO
nOKa3aTb, liTO HCnOJIb30BaHHe npHHIUInoB ABA 6e3 npH-
MeHeHIDI MeTo,nHlIecKHX peKoMeH,naQHH aHaJIH3a Bep-
6aJIbHOro nOBe,neHIDI 6y,neT He,nOCTaTOIlHbIM )])Ij{ pa60TbI
C BaIlIHM pe6eHKoM.
IIo,n Bep6aJIbHbIM (pelleBbIM) nOBe,neHHeM B 6Hxe-
BHopH3Me npHIDITo nOHHMaTb JII060e nOBe,neHHe, KOTO-
poe B03HHKaeT H nO.lI)];ep)I(HBaeTcj{ npH B3aHMo,neHCTBHH
C ,npyrHM qeJIOBeKOM. TepMHH «Bep6aJIbHOe nOBe,neHHe»
6bIJI BBe,neH E. <1>. CKHHHepoM, OTQOM cOBpeMeHHoro 6H-
xeBHopH3Ma. CKHHHep pa3BHBaJI nOIDITHe 06 OCHOBHbIX
npHHQHnax nOBe,neHIDI, HCnOJIb3Yj{ ,naHHbIe HCCJIe,nOBa-
HHH HaqaJIa XX BeKa. BbIXO,n nepBOH KHHrH CKHHHepa
«IIoBe,neHHe opraHH3MoB» (<<The Behavior of Organisms»,
1938) nOJIO)I(HJI HaqaJIO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHoMy aHaJIH3Y
nOBe,neHRj{ KaK HayqHoMY HanpaBlleHHIO. 3TOT Hayq-
HbIH no,nxo,n BnepBbIe 6bIJI npHMeHeH K paCCTpOHCTBaM
- 108 -
eCKoro cneKTpa ,nOKTOpOM O.llaapoM JIOBaaCOM
_ Ivar Lovaas). O,nHaKo TOJIbKO nOCJIe Toro, KaK
eK MaHKJI H3 YHHBepCHTeTa 3ana,nHoro MH-
a (Dr. Jack Michael, Western Michigan University)
KOJIJIerH HaqaJIH H3yqeHHe ,npyroH KHHrH CKHHHe-
, ep6aJIbHOe nOBe,neHHe» (<<Verbal Behavior», 1957)
npHMeIDITb onHcaHHbIe B HeH no,nxo,nbI B npo-
ax ABA, pe3ynbTaTbI OKa3aJIHCb BneqaTJllIIOIIJ;HMH.
H KHHre 6bIJIa BnepBbIe c,neJIaHa nOnbITKa paccMo-
- npo[(ecc YCBoeHIDI g3bIKa qepe3 npH3M)' nOBe,ne-
pe6eHKa.
ABA-nporpaMMbI, KOTopbIe He OCHOBaHbI Ha npH-
_ HHH MeTo,na aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,neHIDI, Pa3-
T peqb Ha naCCHBH)'IO (BOCnpIDITHe H nOHHMaHHe
,
) H 3KCllpeCCHBH)'IO (c06CTBeHHO aKTHBHWI peqb) 1 .
paHHHX 3Tanax pa3BHTIDI ABA 60JIblliHHCTBO npo-
npe.nycMaTpHBaJIO HCnOJIb30BaHHe HHTeHCHBHLIX
OB 06yqeHIDI 1I0HHMaHHIO peqH; npH 3TOM IIpe,n-
, nar8JIOCb, qTO 3KcnpeccHBHWI peqb g3bIK pa30BbeTCg
OCTo.srreJIbHO. B pe3YJIbTaTe MHorHe ,neTH c aYTH3-
, 06yqaBlliHeCg 110 3THM nporpaMMaM, pa3BHBaJIH
'I OKHH cneKTp pe[(eIITHBHbIX HaBbIKOB, HO He Bcer,na
':;,..enH roBOpHTL. EcnH 3TH ,n:em H npHo6peT8JIH HaBLIKH
' .J1KcnpeccHBHOH peQH, ypOBeHL <PYHKI.J;HOH8JILHOH peQH
"::"-HHX qaCTO OCTaBaJICg HaMHoro HH)I(e HOpMbI.
II
,I ' Pe3YJIbTaTbI npo,nOJI)I(aIOIUHXCg HCCJIe,nOBaHHH CTH-
II
I
V'MyJIHpyK>T Cnen;HaJIHCTOB, HCIIOJIb3yK>IUHX Tpa,nH[(HOH-
i BLIe 1I0,nXO,nbI ABA, y,neJUITb Bce 60JIbmee BHHMaHHe
L 3kcnpeccHBHoH cTopoHe peqH. B TO )l(e BpeWi aH8JIH3
THnbI Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
I
, 1
,
III
B POCCHH .n;aHHbIH no.n;xo,n: llpHMeIDIeTCjJ B JIorone.n;HH H .n;e-
$eKTOJIOrnH. - JIpUMel.l. Hayl.l. peo.
.
- 109 -
ETCKl1ti AYTI13M H ABA
peqeBoro nOBe,n:eHIDI yqHT Hac, qTO g3bIK eCTb HeqTo
60JIbllIee, qeM npOCTO naCCHBHaJI HJIH 3KcnpeCCHBliast
peqb. B aHaJIH3e Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,n:eHIDI npHIDITO PaJ-
,n:eIDITb Bce BH)];bI peqH Ha ,n:eBjlTb KaTeropHH, npHqeM
onpe,n:eIDIIOW:HM <paKTOpOM npH pa3,n:eJIeHHH Ha KaTero_
pHH OKa3hIBaeTCjI He <popMa peqH, a ee <PYHKQIDI.
E. <1>. CKHHHep npo,n:eJIaJI cepbe3HYIO pa60T)' no P3.3-
BHTHIO MeTo,n:a aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,n:eHIDI H npH-
KJIa,n:Horo aHaJIH3a nOBe,n:eHIDI (ABA) B [(eJIOM. O,n:HHM
H3 HaH60JIee Ba)KHbIX pe3YJIbTaTOB ero pa60TbI gBJIjler-
Cg KJIaCcH<pHKa[(IDI THnOB Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,n:eHIDI (The
Behavioral Classification of Language). COrJIaCHO 3TOH
KJIaCcH<pHKaIUlH, cyw:ecTByer ,n:eBgTb THnOB Bep6aJIbHoro
nOBe,n:eHIDI. }];.T.UI TOro qT06bI BallI pe6eHOK Mor 3<p<p e K-
THBHO 06w:aTbCg, eM)' npe,n:CTOHT HayqHTbcjI HCnOJIb30-
BaTh KaJK.noe CJIOBO, KOTopoe OH )'3HaeT, B paMKax 60JIb-
mHHcTBa, eCJIH He Bcex, THnOB Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,n:eHIDI.
,[(.rnI JIIO,n:eH, cTpa,n:alOW: HX ayrH3MoM, 0606w:eHHe HH-
<popMa[(HH, KaK npaBHJIO, He gBmIeTCg JIerKOH HJIH aBTO-
MaTH'leCKH BbInOJIIDIeMOH 3a.n:aQeH. HaBbIK 0606w:eHIDI
MO)KHO pa3BHTb H ynyqmHTb, KaK H JII060H ,n:pyrOH Ha-
BbIK, HO qaw:e Bcero HMeHHO 3TOT HaBbIK - TO cJIa60e
3BeHo, KOTopoe MhI OTO eCTB.T.UIeM C ayrH3MoM. TOT
<paKT, QTO Bam pe6eHOK nOHHMaer CJIOBO B O,n:HOM KOH-
TeKCTe, He 03HaQaeT, qTO OH CMO)KeT HCnOJIb30BaTb ero
B ,n:pyrHX.
Ha HaqarrbHOH CTa,n:HH 06yqeHIDI pe6eHKa CJIOBaM
H HX 3HaqeHIDIM BaM, BepOgTHO, npH,n:eTCg B onpe,n:eJIeH-
HOM CMbICJIe 3aHOBO yqHTh MHorne CJIOBa, paCKpbIBaJI HX
Pa3JIHqHOe <PYHKnHOHaJIbHOe 3HaqeHHe B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT CHTya[(HH ynOTpe6JIeHIDI, QT06bI ,n:aTb BameMY pe-
- 110-
THnbI Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
. !TIOJIHYID KOH[(en[(HIO CJIOBa. HanpHMep, MO)KeT JIH
nonpOCHTb qaIIIKY? MO)KeT JIH OH }'Ka3aTb
no BaIIIeH npocb6e? MO)KeT JIH pe6eHOK CKa-
aIIIKa», Kor.n;a Bbl nOKa3blBaeTe qaIIIKY HJIH Kor.n;a
eTe «qTO 3TO?»? MO)KeT JIH OH CKa3aTb «qaIII-
r)];a Bbl nonpOCHTe em Ha3BaTb QTO-JIH60, H3 qero
,.eT nHTb? YMeHHe 0603HaqHTh npe.n;MeT CJIOBOM
I » JIHIIIb B HeCKOJIbKHX H3 BblIIIeHa3BaHHbIX cHTya-
me He 03HaqaeT, qTO pa60Ta Ha.n; 60JIee IIIHpOKHM
aHHeM nOIDITIDI «qaIIIKa» OKOHqeHa.
. J epBblH H caMblH npoCToH H3 .n;eBgTH THnOB Bep6arrb-
'. nOBe.n;eHIDI - 3TO 8blpaJICeHUe npocb6bl (Mand,
ding, OT aH2Jl. Command). Bblpa)KeHHe npocb6bl -
. iSanpOC C [(eJIblO no.rryqHTb npe.n;MeT, yqacTBoBaTb
BOM 3aIDITHH HJIH Y3HaTh 0 qeM-JIH60. IIpHMepoM
eHllil npocb6bl 6y.n;eT cHTya[(IDI, Kor.n;a pe6eHoK m-
«6apaHKa», eCJIH OH XOqeT, 1ff06bI Bbl .n;arrH eM)'
KY. CyInecTByJOT Pa3JIHQHble ypOBHH Bblpa)KeHIDI
CL6bI. HanpHMep, pe6eHoK BblpIDKaeT rrpocb6y, HC-
o 3Yj{ )KeCT, cooTBeTcTByJOIIJ;HH CJIOBY «6apaHKa», HJIH
LIBaeT Ha 6apaHKH B Ha.n;e e, qro Bbl .n;a.n;HTe eM)'
. OCHOBHblM $aKTOpoM, KOTOpblH npeBpamaeT «npo-
06meHHe» B BbIpa)KeHHe npocb6bl, j{BIDIeTCj{ He TO,
pe6eHOK .n;eJIaeT HJIH rOBopHT, a em HaMepeHHe. Mbl
JIIO.n;aeM Bblpa)KeHHe npocb6bl, Kor.n;a )KeJIaHHe pe6eH-
, no.rryqHTb 6apaHK)' npOj{BJUIeTCg o.n;HOBpeMeHHO C Bbl-
eHHeM npocb6bI.
I
, . - BTOpOH THn Bep6arrbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI - MOmOpHaR
umalfuR (Motor Imitation). MOTOpHag HMHTa[(IDI -
nOBTOpeHHe .n;BH)KeHHH. JII060e .n;BIDKeHHe, BblnOJI-
eMoe pe6eHKoM C [(eJIblO BOcrrpOH3BeCTH .n;eHcTBIDI
-111-
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
,npyroro qeJIOBeKa, KOTopbIe OH BH)J;HT, gBIDleTCg MOTOp-
HOH HMHTaQHeH. MOTOpHaJI HMHTal.(IDI gBJUleTCg BIDKHbIM
HaBbIKOM. ECJIH pe6eHOK He MO)KeT HMHTHpOBaTb BaWH
,nBIDKeHIDI, OH He HayqHTCg HCnOJIb30BaTb g3bIK )KeCTOB
B KaqeCTBe cnoc06a 06m;eHIDI H He CMO)KeT KonHpOBaTh
,l(BIDKeHIDI ry6 H g3bIKa, KOTophIe nOMoryr eMY npOH3HO-
CHTb 3ByKH H CJIOBa. IIpHMepoM HaBbIKa MOTOpHOH HMI1-
TaIUlH 6y.neT CHTYal.(IDI, B KOTOpOH BbI roBopHTe: «C,neJIaH
TaK!», o,nHOBpeMeHHO npHKaCaJICb P)'KOH K CBoeH roJIOBe.
ECJIR pe6eHOK MO)KeT KOCH)'TbCg CBoeH roJIOBbI nOCJIe
TOro, KaK YCJIbIlIIHT CJIOBa «C,neJIaH TaK!» R YBH)J;HT, qTO
BbI KOCHyJIRCb BallIeH roJIOBbI, TO OH npo,neMOHCTpHpO-
Barr HaBbIK MOTOpHOH RMHTaIUfH. DOJIee CJIO)KHlde HaBbI-
KH MOTOpHOH HMHTalUlH MOryr BKJIlOqaTb KonHpOBaHHe
nOCJIe,nOBaTeJIbHbIX ,neHcTBHH HJIH cnOHTaHHoe KonHpo-
BaHRe ,neHcTBHH ,npyrHX JIIO,neH.
TpeTHH THn Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,neHIDI --- 6ep6anb-
HaJl (3ByK06aR, CJl06eCHaR) UMumalfUR (Verbal Imitation).
Bep6aJThHaJI HMHTal.(IDI - 3TO cnoc06HoCTb roqHO no-
BTOpHTb TO, qro BbI CJIbllIIHTe. ECJIH Bid CKa3aJIH «MaMa» t
H Balli pe6eHoK CMor nOBfOpHTh «MaMa», OH npo,neMOH- \
CTpHpOBaJI HaBbIK Bep6aJIbHOH HMHTanHH. Bep6aJIbHWI
HMHTal.(IDI H3Becma TaIOKe KaK 3B)'Kono,npIDKaHHe. Mo-
)KeT JIH BallI pe6eHOK no,npIDKaTh 3B)'KRM H CJIOBaM, KOTO-
pbIe OH CJIbIIIlliT? Balli pe6eHoK ,nOJDKeH HayqHThCg no-
,npa)KaTh, Qro6bI HaytlHTbCg roBOpHTh. KpoMe roro, HMeHHO
3Ta cnoC06HOCTb K 3B)'Kono,npIDKaHHIO HrpaeT 60JIbIIIylO
pOJIb B nOCJIe.ny1OrneM YCBoeHHH .npyrnx qaCTeH peqH.
[JOHUMaHue pellU, WlU PellenmU6HaR pe1lb (Receptive
Language ), - qemepTbm THll Bep6aJThHoro nOBe,neHIDI -
npojffiJIjleTCg B cnoc06HoCTH CJIe,nOBaTb HHCTpyKI.UfiIM HJIII
- 112-
THIThI Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
OJIIDITb npocb6bI. CIO a OTHOCHTCjI cnoc06HOCTb co-
OCHTb npe MeTbI C HX Ha3BaHIDIMH. HanpHMep, eCJIH
C nOnpOCjIT nepe aTb KOMY-JIH60 CaJI<peTKy, Barna cno-
HOCTb YCJIbllllaTb H npaBHJIbHO BbInOJIHHTb npOCb-
- 3TO HaBbIK nOHHMaHIDI peqH. IIoHHMaHHe peqH
_eeT MHOro pa3JII{qHbIX ypOBHeH, O HHM H3 KOTOpbIX
l,mrnIeTCjI cnoc06HOCTb pacn03HaBaTb H pearnpOBaTb
CBoe HMjJ. pyrHe ypOBHH BKJIlOqalOT B ce6jI H,l{eHTH-
I ; j)HKaQHIO Ha3BaHHH 06bIqHbIX npe MeTOB, BbInOJIHeHHe
IIHCTp)'KI(HH B nOBce HeBHbIX CHTYaQIDIX H H eHTH<pHKa-
I
I, 1 1PfIO JIIO eH B OKp)')KalOw:eH 06CTaHOBKe.
lliTbIH THn Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe eHIDI - Ha3bl6aHUe
: !'npeO.Mem06 (Tact, Tacting, OT aH2Jl. Contact), TO eCTb )'Me-
:' BHe H eHTH<pHnHpOBaTb OObeKTbI, eHCTBIDI H C06bITIDI
,. OKp)')KalOI.QeH cpe e C HX Ha3BaHIDIMH. 3TOT THn nOBe-
eHIDI MO:>KeT 6bITh TalOKe 0603HaQeH 06InHM TepMHHOM
:'.«MapKHpOBKa». ECJIH BbI )'Ka3bIBaeTe Ha aBTOM06HJIb,
':«qx>CHTe pe6eHKa Ha3BaTh 06DeKT H pe6eHOK OTBeqaeT
'.aBTOM06HJIb», TO 3TO 6y,neT npHMepOM HaBbIKa Ha3bIBa-
4IIDI. ECJIH Barn pe6eHOK He roBOpHT, HO MO)KeT HCnOJIb30-
. JJaTh JUI H,lJ;eHTH<pHKaQHH OObeKTa «aBTOM06HJIb» jI3bIK
aeCTOB, 3TO nOBe eHHe TalOKe jIBIDleTCjI HaBbIKOM Ha3bI-
'eaHIDI npe MeTOB. ,[(pyrHe npHMepbI Ha3bIBaHIDI BKJIlOqa-
«IT MapKHpOBKy npe MeTOB C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM onopHOH
!Cf»P8.3bI: «3TO ... (aBT06yc )>>; HJlH MapKHpOBKy C HCnOJIb-
OOBaHHeM npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX: «CMOTpH, )KeJITbIH ... (aBTO-
6yc)>>; HJIH MapKHpOBK)' C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM npe,nnoroB:
.«KOllIKa Ha ... ( epeBe)>>.
llIecToH mn Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe eHIDI - pa3JlUlleHUe
.npeOMem06 no onucaHulO npU3HaKa, ljJyHKlIUU U Kllac-
-00 oUbeKmo6 (Receptive by Feature, Function or Class,
- 113 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
RFFC), TO eCTb pa3JIWleHHe npe.n;MeTOB H gBJIeHHH no
HX xapaKTepHCTHKaM. KaK )')Ke OTMeqarrOCb, nOHHMaHHe
peqH - 3TO cnoc06HOCTb CJIeJJ;OBaTb HHCTp}'KQIDIM HJIM
BblnOJIIDITb npocb6bI. 3JJ;eCb )Ke peqb HJJ;eT 0 cnoc06HO-
CTH onpe.n;eJlllTb KOHKpeTHbIe npe.n;MeTbl no onHcaHHIO
HeKOTopblX HX npH3HaKOB, <PYHKQHH HJIH BHJJ;a. HanpH-
Mep, MjJq MO>KHO oxapaKTepH30BaTh nO-pa3HOMY. OH MO-
)KeT 6blTb H.n;eHTH<pHQHpOBaH KaK HeqTO KpyrJIoe, Kpac-
Hoe HJIH pe3HHOBoe ()'MeHHe pa3JIWlaTb no npH3HaKy);
TO, C qeM Bbl MOjl(eTe HrpaTb, KaTaTb no no.ny ()'MeHHe
pa3JIHqaTb no <PYH HH); TO, qTO MO)KeT 6blTb cnOpTHB-
HbIM 060py,nOBaHHeM HJIH HrpymKOH ()'MeHHe pa3JIHQaTh
no KaTeropHH).
K ce.n;bMOMY THny Bep6arrbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI OTHO-
CgT Ha8blK UHmpa8ep6aJlbHbiX Oeucm8UU (Intraverbal).
I1HTpaBep6arrbHble JJ;eHCTBHjf - 3TO )'MeHHe OTBeqaTb
Ha BonpOCbl H BeCTH 6eCeJJ;bl; 3TO nOBe.n;eHHe, npH KOTO-
pOM CTHMYJIOM JJ;JllI npOH3HeceHIDI CJIOB HJIH COBepmeHHjI
.n;eHCTBIDI gBJUlIOTCg CJIOBa, npOH3HeceHHble .n;pyrHMH
JIIOJJ;bMH. HanpHMep, KTO-TO cnpamHBaer: «r.n;e Bbl 6blJIH
Bqepa?» Bbl OTBeqaeTe: (<. 6blJI Ha pa60Te». HeKOTOpbIe
H3 nepBblX HaBbIKOB HHTpaBep6arrbHbIX JJ;eHCTBHH B npo-
rpaMMax, OCHOBaHHblX Ha MeTOJJ;ax aHarrH3a Bep6arrbHoro
nOBe.n;eHHjf, pe6eHOK YCBaHBaeT qepe3 neCHH. ECJIH, HC-
nOJIHIDI neCHIO, Bbl OCTaHaBJIHBaeTeCb Ha onpe.n;eJIeHHOM
MeCTe H Barn pe6eHOK MO)KeT CKa3aTh (HJIH TeM 60JIee
cneTb) CJIe)JylOm:ee CJIOBO, TO OH TOJIbKO QTO npo.n;eMOH-
CTpHpOBarr HaBbIK HHTpaBep6arrbHoro .n;eHCTBIDI. ,n:pyrHM
npHMepOM HHTpaBep6arrbHoro .n;eHCTBIDI 6y,neT cHrya-
QIDI, Kor.n;a Bbl, copeBHyjfCb C pe6eHKOM B 6ere, rOBOpHTe:
«BHHMaHHe!», qTO gBJUIeTCg onpeJJ;eJIeHHblM CTHMYJIOM
- 114-
THIThI Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
I WllI BaIIIero pe6eHKa, QT06bl npOH3HeCTH «MapIII! ».
Donee KOMnJIeKCHaJI HHTpaBep6aJIH3aUH.SI BKJIlOqaeT OT-
I BeThl Ha BonpOCbl «QTO?», «r,L\e?» H «nOqeMY?», cY)K,L\e-
Ii. HWI 0 6Y,L\yw:eM HJIH npOIlIJIOM, YMeHHe paCCKa3bIBaTb
I I
I 'I" HCTOpHH.
I I' C ,L\B)'MjJ nOCJIe,L\HHMH THnaMH Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe-
i. 1 .neHIDI 60JIbIIIIIHCTBO JIIO,neH CTaJIKHBaeTCjJ nOqTH e)l(e-
I
I
I: .nHeBHO.
I, llTaK, BOCbMOH THn Bep6arrbHoro nOBe,neHIDI - 3TO
, meKcmyaJlbHOe oeucm6ue (Textual). TIpjJ:MO ceiiqac, B :ny
;' MHHyry, BbI .n;eMoHcTpHPYeTe HMeHHO 3TOT HaBbIK. 3TOT
t- THII Bep6a.rrbHoro I10Be.n;eHIDI BKJIlOqaeT B ce6jJ: qTeHHe
; 1IHCbMeHHblX CJIOB.
eBjJTblH THn Bep6a.rrbHoro nOBe,neHIDI - nUCbMO
. (Writing) - BKJIlOqaeT HaBblK BJIa,neHIDI nHCbMOM, a TaK-
. x<e )'MeHHe neqaTaTh (rrHcaTb) CJIOBa, npoH3HeceHHble
I
I, ';.zq>yrHM qeJIOBeKOM.
ecTBYeT ew:e 0,lUl0 BIDKHoe co06pIDKeHHe, KOTOpoe
I I HMO yqHThlBaTb, 06yqasI ,nereH C ayrn3MoM MHoro06pa-
i '3H1O cpymantH CJIOBa. 3m TOT cpaKT, 'ITO HaHMeHOBaHHe
i j" o6DeKTa qaCTO He TOJIbKO Ha3blBaer OT,neJIbHbIH o6'beKT,
: I 80 H co,nep)KHT HH<popMaIUlIO 0 HeM. Kor,na pe6eHoK Ha-
3bIBaeT o6'LeKT, HanpHMep «aBfoM06RJIh», OH ,nOJDKeH
I
I 6b1Th B COCTOjJ:HHH rrpo.n;e M oHcTlnlp 0 BaTh, 'ITO OH 3HaeT,
qro H .npyme MarnllHbl - aBfOM06H.JIH. MO)l(eT JIH Barn
.I
, pe6eHOK nOKa3aTh aBI'OM06HJTh Ha KapTHHKe? MO)KeT JIH
OR H)];eHTH<pHnHP0BaTh KaK aBTOM06H.JIb Barny peaJIbH)'lO
I MaIlIHH)' II urpymeqH)'lO MarnHHKy? 3Haer JIH OH, qro aB-
T06yc - He aBTOM06HJTh? 3m BOnpOCbl, Ha KOTOpble Bbl
. OIDKHbI 06panrrb BHHMaHHe, 06yqaJI Bamero pe6eHKa
pe'IH. qacTO TOJIhKO no OKOWIaHHH pa60TbI Ha)]; HOBblM
-115-
ETCKI1H AYTM3M H ABA
,LUUI pe6eHKa CJIOBOM BbI MO)KeTe B,npyr 06Hap)')KHTh, 1JTO
OH He,nOCTaroqHO nOHHMaeT, KaK 3TO CJIOBO HCnOJTh30BaTh.
Bame nOHHMaHHe Bep6aJThHoro nOBe,neHIDI H em rnnOB
n03BOJIHT BaM CHCTeMHO IIO,nOHTH K npoQeccy 06yqeHIDI
peqH H nOMO)KeT BameMY pe6eHKY 60JIee 3<p<peKTHBHO
YCBOlITb HaBbIKH 06IneHIDl 1 .
no.rryqeHIDI 60JIee no.npo6HOH HH«popMaQHH 0 TOM, KaK HC-
nOJIb30BaTb nOBe;:teH'leCKHe KJIaCCH«pHKaQHH peqH B KOHTeKCTe
ABANB, aBTOp peKOMeH.n;yeT 06paTHTbCjJ K KHHre «llpeno.n;a-
BaHBe jJ3bIKa .nIDI .n;eTeH C ayrH3MoM H .npyrHMB OTKJIOHeHIDI-
MH B p83BHTHH», HaIIHCaHHOH .nOKTOpOM MapKOM CaH.D;6eprOM
H ,nOKTOpOM )VKeiIMcoM ITapTHHITOHOM (Dr. Mark Sundberg
and Dr. James Partington, «Teaching Language to Children
with Autism and other Developmental Disabilities»).
- 116-
rJIaBa 9.
KaK IIOBbICHTb MOTHBaI(HIO
pe6eHKa
. AHaJIH3 Bep6aJIbHoro nOBeJJ;eHIDI He TOJIbKO nOMoraer
.rryqme nOIDITh CPYHKIIJIH g3blKa H OBJIa;J.erb MeTOJJ;O-
I , en 06yqeHIDI pe6eHKa peqH. O,nuo H3 C)'Il(eCTBeHHbIX
eCTB MerOJJ;a auarrH3a Bep6arrbHoro nOBeJJ;eHIDI
qaercg B B03MO)I(HOCTH HayqHTbCg BblllBillITh H HC-
m,30BaTh eCTeCTBeHH)'lO MOTHBalUfiO pe6eHKa, qro6bI
. . ero 6billO )l(eJIaHHe OCBOHTb Te HaBbIKH, KOTOpblM Bbl
e ero HayqHTh. ECTeCTBeHHWI MOTHBaIJ)UI 06pa3Y-
. JI BcneJJ;CTBHe no6y:JICda1OUlUX YCJl06UU (Establishing
ration, EO). II06y)K,Aa1OIIUie ycnoBIDI - 3TO Bce cpaK-
phI BHellIHeH cpe,nbl H COCTOgHIDI opraHH3Ma, KOTopble
oryr BpeMeHHo YCHJIHBaTb QeHHOCTh nO ellJIeHIDI.
eCTb qTO-TO, qro JJ;enaer nO ellJIeHHe 60JIee QeH-
AIDI BaC, TO 3TO YCHJIHBaeT Barny MOTHBaQHIO HC-
OBaTb onpeJJ;eJIeHHOe nOBeJJ;eHHe HJIH nOKa3bIBaTb
eJIeHHbIH HaBbIK, KOTopble nOMoryr DaM no.rryqHTb
ellJIeHHe.
"\ <l>YUJJ;aMeHTaJIbHOe nOJIO)l(eHHe ABA - 3cpcpeKTHB-
e HCnOJIb30BaHHe nOJJ;KpenJIeHHn. TIOJJ;KpenJIeHHe -
nOCJIe)];CTBHe, KOTopoe YBeJIHqHBaeT BepojJTHoCTb
-117-
ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
npOgBJIeHHg cneQH<pHqeCKOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI. 3a IDITb.n;ecsrr
C JIHIlIHHM JIeT pa3BHTIDI ABA 6blJI ,l10CTHrHYT 3Haqli-
TeJIbHblH nporpecc B C03,l1aHHH MeT0,l10B, cnoc06cTBY-
IOIUHX <pOpMHpoBaHHIO y pe6eHKa HaBblKOB HJIH THnOB
nOBe.n;eHHg, KOTopble cKopee npHBe.l()'T K nOJIyqeHHIO
KaKOrO-JIH60 no.n;KpenJIeHIDI. O,l1HaKO HMeHHO MeTo
aHanH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,l1eHHg n03BOJIgeT HayqHTh-
Cg TOMY, KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb MOTHBaQHIO, lIT06bl Y pe-
6eHKa B03HHKJIO CTpeMJIeHHe OCBOHTb HaBblK C caMoro
Haqana.
11 XOTg TepMHHbl «n06 aIOIUHe YCJIOBHg» H «MOTH-
Ba[(IDI» He gBJUlIOTCg CHHOHHMaMH, Mbl MOjl(eM HCnOJIb30-
BaTb CJIOBO «MOTHBa[(IDI», KOr,l1a HaM H)')KHO 061>gCHHTh,
KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb n06 alOIUHe YCJIOBIDI, lIT06bl no-
MOqb BameMY pe6eHK)' yqHTbCg. HeKoTopble Cne[(HaJIH-
CTbl npe.n;nOqHTalOT KOH[(eHTpHpOBaTbCg TOJIbKO Ha MO-
THBHp)'lOIUeH CHJIe n06 aIOIUHX YCJIOBHH H nOTOMY
HCnOJIb3)'1OT TepMHH «MOTHBa[(ID1 .n;eHcTBHg» (Motivating
Operation, MO). KaKOH 6bl TepMHH Bbl HH Bbl6parrH, BbI
6y.n;eTe HMeTb ,l1eJIO C MOTHBaQHeH. 6y.n;y HCnOJIb30BaTb
60JIee Tpa,l1HQHOHHbIH TepMHH «n06 aIOIUHe YCJIO-
BIDI», roBOpg 0 TOM, liTO MOTHBHpyer pe6eHKa npOgBJIjJTb
aKTHBHOe nOBe,l1eHHe.
HCnOJIb30BaHHe nO,l1KpeIImIlOtnero CTHMYJIa 6e3 MO-
THBa[(HH OCTaBmIeT BaM e.n;HHCTBeHHbIH Bb160p: 3aCTa-
BHTb pe6eHKa npH3HaTb [(eHHOCTb yqacTIDI B 3aHHTHH.
HanpHMep, eCJIH Bbl XOTHTe nOKa3aTb pe6eHK)', qTO no-
nblTKa nOnpOCHTb neqeHbg 3aKOHQHTCg IIonyqeHHeM
neqeHbg, a Barn pe6eHOK He XoqeT neqeHbg Ha .n;aHHbIH
MOMeHT, TO Barn e.n;HHCTBeHHbIH IIyrb - 3TO 3aCTaBHTb
pe6eHKa npOCHTb Bac 0 neqeHbe. O.n;HaKO eCJIH OH xoqeT
- 118-
KaK nOBbICHTb MOTHBaIJ;HIO pe6eHKa
eHbe BO BpeMjI 06yqeHIDI, y Hero 6y,L\eT MOTHBa IDI
. opOCHTb. 3TO n03BOJIHT BaM He 3aCTaBJIjlTb ero.
; ECJIH Barna eJIb - HayqHTb pe6eHKa cnOKOHHO
I'
eTb Ha MeCTe BO BpeMj{ BblnOJIHeHIDI 3a,[{aHIDI, BbI
)J OJDKHbI npHMeIDITb <pH3HqeCKYK> CHny, QT06bI 3aCTaB-
ero CH,[{eTb. 3aCTaBIDITb pe6eHKa CH,[{eTb ,[{O Tex nop,
OH He BblnOJIHHT 3a,[{aHHe H He no.rryqHT Harpa,L{)',
o THnHQHOH npaKTHKOH B Tpa,[{H HOHHbIX nporpaM-
Ha paHHHX 3Tanax p33BHTIDI ABA. O,[{HaKo Kor,[{a
HOK HcnbITbIBaeT ,[{aBJIeHHe, ero eCTeCTBeHHWI pe-
- COnpOTHBJIeHHe. llonbITKa 3aCTaBJUlTb Barnero
HKa CH,[{eTb Ha cryJIe BO BpeMj{ 3aIDITIDI TOJIbKO YBe-
T eHHOCTb eJIaHIDI YKJIOHHTbCjI OT Tpe60BaHIDI.
. CHJIbHOe, HJIH npHH)')K,L{eHHoe, B3aHMo,[{eHCTBHe He co-
. aeTCjI C OTHorneHIDIMH, OCHOBaHHbIMH Ha B3aHMHOM
eHHH H ,[{OBepHH.
1 '_ )]:OBepHe H yBIDKeHHe - 3TO OCHOBa AJUI p33BHTIDI Ha-
:lJwmB COI.\H8JIbHOro 061IJ,eHIDI Y Bamero pe6eHKa. BMecTo
QT06bI 3aCTaBJUITb pe6eHKa OCTaBaTbCjI Ha MecTe,
,",)aLl ,[{OJI)KHbI npHMeIDITb ceMb cryneHeH yqe6Horo KOH-
.IDI (rJIaBbI 5 H 6), H Tor,[{a npOjlBJIeHHe HaBbIKa cno-
iiHo CH,[{eTb 3a CTOJIOM CTaHeT BblrO,[{HbIM ,[{JUI pe6eHKa.
'ilro6bI ,[{OCTHQb 3Toro, orpaHHQbTe Bce <pOpMbI nO,[{Kpen-
1 «eBHH; y6e,[{HTe pe6eHKa, QTO ero 06m;eHHe C BaMH 6y-
I 6
t,jIeT YBJIeKaTeJIbHbIM; npeMaraHTe p33HOO p33Hble no-
E TeJIbHble nO,[{KpenJIeHIDI 3a npOjlBJIeHHe HaBbIKOB;
.naBaHTe nOJUCPenJIeHIDI B TOM c.rryqae, eCJIH pe6eHOK
mHT BCTaTb H yHTH. ECJIH BbI Bce c,[{eJIaJIH npaBHJIbHO
'nOCJIe,[(OBaTeJIbHO, Barn pe6eHOK co BpeMeHeM 6y,[(eT
t _CT3BaThCH Ha pa60QeM MeCTe Bce ,lJ,OJIbme H ,lJ,OJIbme.
HaKoHeu" HaQHCT npOHBillITh HHHl.\HaTHBY, npe,LVIaraJI
!I - 119 -
ETCKMi1 AYTI13M H ABA
BaM npHCTYIIHTb K 3aIDITIDIM C HHM K Bce061I(eMY Y.lJ.O-
BOJIbCTBHIO.
ECJIH BbI XOTHTe, qT06bI Barn pe6eHOK npo):(eMOH-
CTpHpOBaJI HaBbIK HJIH npHIDIJI yqacTHe B 3aIDITHH, BbI
):(OJI)KHbI npe):(OCTaBHTb eM)' B03MO)l(HOCTb 06Hap I1Tb
CTHM)'JI c):(eJIaTb 3TO. COrJIaCHO MeTO):(Y aHaJIH3a Bep-
6arrbHoro nOBe,[{eHIDI, pe6eHOK rrpOj{BHT He06xo,l{HMbIH
HaBbIK HJIH rrpHMeT yqacTHe B 3aIDITHH C BaMH, eCJII1 6y-
,[{eT y6e)K):(eH, qro TaKOM cnoc06 BpeMj{npenpOBO)l(,[{eHH»
6Y,[{eT caMbIM HHTepeCHbIM H YBJIeKaTeJIbHbIM B ):(aHHbIH
MOMeHT. TIo):(KpenJIeHHe H MOTHBa IDI MOryr paCCMaTpH-
BaTbCj{ KaK rr06 alOm;He YCJIOBIDI TaKoro perneHH}l.
ECJIH Bac cnpOCj{T: «IIoqeM)' Barn pe6eHOK ):(OJI)I(eH 3a-
XOTeTb yqacTBoBaTb B 3TOM 3aIDITHH?», BbI paCCKIDKeTe
06 HCnOJIb30BaHHH HeKOTopbIX <pOpM nO):(KpenJIeHIDI HJII1
MOTHBa HH. IIoMHHTe, nO):(KpeII.IDIIOII(HM CTHM)'n - 3TO
TO, qTO n06YJnfT pe6eHKa npoj{BJUlTb onpe):(eneHHbIM THn
nOBe):(eHIDI CHOBa H CHOBa B 6y,nyIneM. MOTHBa ID1 - 3TO
TO, nOqeMY Barn pe6eHOK 3aXOqeT npOj{BHTb orrpe):(eneH-
HbIM HaBbIK B KOHKpeTHOH cwryaIUlH.
MOmU6al/UR - 3TO Bce TO, qTO BpeMeHHO YBeJIHql1-
BaeT QeHHOCTb nO):(KpenJIeHIDI H npHBO):(HT K YBeJIHqe-
HHIO qaCTOTbI npOj{BJIeHHj{ nOBe):(eHIDI, KOTopoe HMeeT
OTHOIIIeHHe K 3TOM)' rrO):(KpeIIJIeHHIO. ECJIH eCTb qTO-TO,
qTO ):(eJIaeT nO):(KpenJIeHHe 60nee eHHbIM, MOTHBaUIDI
nOJIyqHTb ero, npo):(eMOHCTpHpOBaB onpe):(eneHHoe no-
Be):(eHHe (HJIH KaKOH-JIH60 HaBbIK), YBeJIHqHBaeTCj{. TaK,
XOJIO):(HWI KOMHaTa ):(eJIaeT TenJIO (no,[{KpenJIeHHe) 60nee
QeHHbIM AIDI Bac H nOTOM)' n06 aeT npe):(npHIDITb
):(eHCTBIDI, KOTopble B npOrnJIOM n03BOJIHJIH BaM corpeTb-
Cj{ (MOTHBa IDI). OTcyrcTBHe ,neHer B KapMaHe YBeJIWlHT
- 120 -
KaK nOBbICHTb MOTHBaQHIO pe6eHKa
'neHHOCTb Me):(Horo IDITaKa, HaH):(eHHoro Ha YJIHI(e (no):(-
1,'apenJIeHHe), H, BepOjfTHO, n06Y):(HT Bac rro,nIDITb MOHery
i(MOTHBaI(IDI). qYBCTBO He3):(opOBbjf YBeJIHqHT I(eHHOCTb
" OpOBbjf (no):(KperrJIeHHe) H n06y,nHT IIpHIDITb ropbKoe
. .IeKapCTBO (MOTHBaI(IDI). I1crroJIb30BaHHe MOTHBaI(HH
I
I'. ,iI npoI(ecce 06yqeHIDI HOBbIM HaBbIKaM - O):(Ha H3 rJIaB-
BIdX npHqHH Toro, qTO ABA OqeHb 3<p<peKTHBeH B 06yqe-
. BHH ):(eTeH C a)'TH3MoM, O):(HaKO npHMeHeHHe ABA H VB
f. BMeCTe OKa)KeTCjf elI(e 60JIee 3<p<peKTHBHbIM.
, . {,. MOTHBaI(IDI npOjfBJUleTCjf nO-pa3HoMY. ITpo,neMoH-
ITpHpyro 3TO Ha rrpHMepe TaKoro COCTOjfHIDI, KaK )Ka)K-
.n8. 3ao):(Ho nonp06yro 06'bjfCHHTb pa3HHI(y Me)K):{)' Tpa-
I
'; .JnInHOHHOH ABA-nporpaMMoH H npoFpaMMOH ABANB
, 'I H8 npHMepe cHryaI(HH, Kor):(a BbI XOTHTe HayqHTb pe6eH-
I :' tal CJIOBY «Bo):(a».
B Tpa):(HI(HOHHOH nporpaMMe 06yqeHHe npOBo,nHT
I
- TepaneBT. TeparreBT rrOKa3bIBaeT pe6eHKY CTaKaH C BO,nOH
: HJIH KapTHHKY CTaKaHa C BO):(OH H npOCHT pe6eHKa: «ITo-
I tal>KH MHe BO.ny». ITOBTOPjflOlI(WICjf npaKTHKa 3TOro Ha-
," BLIKa, no H)];ee, ):(OJI)KHa IIpHBeCTH K TOMY, q'f0 pe6eHOK
, .\
. nOHMeT, qTO 03HaqaeT CJIOBO «Bo,na» (naCCHBHWI peqb).
.1
· AmI pa3BHTIDI 3KcnpeCCHBHOH peqH TepaneBT 6y,neT no-
., D3LIBaTb Ha BO.ny HJIH KapTHHKy BO,nbI H roBOpHTb pe-
. 6eHKy: «CKa)KH "Bo):(a"». Cl>aKT Toro, qTO pe6eHOK 6y,n;eT
'.
::, DOCTOjfHHO nOKa3bIBaTb BO.ny, Kor):(a ero npOCjfT nOKa3aTb
j: BO.ny, H rrpOH3HOCHTb CJIOBO «Bo,na», Kor,na ero rrpOCjJT OT-
. BeTHTb Ha Bonpoc «qTO 3TO?», 6y,n;eT 03HaqaTb, qTO pe6e-
;
HOK YCBOHJI 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa «Bo):(a» - HaBbIK OCBoeH.
qa e Bcero Harpa,n;OH CJfY)KaT KOH<peTa HJIH neqeHbe.
06yqeHHe no MeTO):(HKe ABANB 6y,neT BbIrIDI):(eTb
HHaqe. He CTOHT C caMoro Haqana 06yqaTb pe6eHKa
- 121 -
I.
ETCKI1f1 AYTl13M H ABA
naCCHBHOH HJIII 3KcnpeCCHBHOH peqH. IJ.eJIeC006pa3Hee
HcnOJIL30BaTb ,neBjfTb THnOB nOBe,neHHjf, onHcaHHblX
B rJIaBe 8. If nOKa CJIOBO «Bo,na» He 6y,L(eT oTpa60Ta-
HO no BceM 3THM j:{eBjfTH KaTeropIDIM, Bbl He CMO)l(eTe
yrBep)K,L(aTb, qTO pe6eHOK OCBOHJI 3HaqeHHe CJIOBa «Bo):(a».
TaIOKe He HMeeT CMblCJIa npH6eraTb K HCKYCCTBeHHOMY
no,nKpenJIeHHIO. BMecTo 3Toro CJIe,nyeT HaqaTb C C03,na-
HIDI cHryalUlH, B KOTOpOH pe6eHOK eCTeCTBeHHblM 06-
pa30M nonpOCHT BO,nbI. HanoMHIO, qTO npocb6a - 3TO
3anpoc C IJ;eJIblO nOJIyqHTb npe,nMeT, 3aIDITbCjf qeM-JIH6o
HJIH qTO-TO Y3HaTb. I1cnOJIb30BaHHe MOTHBaIJ;HH ,[(eJIaeT
npou;ecc 06yqeHIDI 60JIee eCTeCTBeHHbIM. Bbl HCnOJIb-
3yere :>Ka KaK MOTHBaIUUO AJUI pa60Tbl Ha,n HaBbl-
KOM nonpOCHTb ,[(aTb BO,nbI. Pe6eHOK He MO)l(eT HayqHTb-
Cjf npOCHTb 0 qeM 6bl TO HH 6bIJIO, eCJIH He XOqeT 3Toro
B ,[(eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH B TOT MOMeHT, Kor,[(a OH 3TO npOCHT.
ECJIH OR He XoqeT nOJIyqHTb npe,nMeT, Bbl He HayqHTe ero
Ha3blBaTb 3TOT npe,nMeT.
TaKHM 06Pa30M, BMeCTO Toro, qT06bl CH,[(eTb 3a CTO-
JIOM, JIyqIIIe nOHTH C pe6eHKOM Ha YJIHIJ;Y, nOHrpaTb
H n06eraTb, HaCJIa)l()];ajfCb COBMeCTHblM BpeMjJnpenpo-
BO:>K,neHHeM. OTO)l()];eCTBJIeHHe Bac C nO,[(KpenJIeHHeM -
BTOpWl cryneHb yqe6Horo KOHTpOJUl. ConyrcTBYIOIIJ:HM
jfBJIeHHeM B 3TOH cHryaIJ;HH CTaHeT c03):(aHHe BaMH MO-
THBaIJ;HH YTOJIHTb )l(a:>K,nY. KaK TOJIbKO Y pe6eHKa B03-
HHKHeT MOTHBaI.UUI yrOJIHTb :>Ka)K,[(Y, BaM OCTaHeTCjf
TOJIbKO npHroToBHTb CTaKaH C BO,[(OH H no,nO)l()];aTb,
nOKa pe6eHOK nonblTaeTCjf ero nOJIyqHTb. ECJIH nonblT-
Ka c,neJIaHa, Bbl nOJIyqHJIH OnTHMaJIbHYIO cHryaIJ;HIO,
KOTOPYIO MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb ,nJIjf Toro, qT06bI HaqaTb
06yqeHHe.
- 122 -
j
1
, .
KaK nOBbICHTb MOTHBaQHIO pe6eHKa
i.. To, qeM)' BbI 6y,neTe yqHTb Bamero pe6eHKa, 3aBHCHT
OT ypOBIDI ero HaBblKOB B Bblpa>KeHHH npocb6. OH MO)l(eT
:BpoH3HecTH CJIOBO «Bo,na», HCnOJIb30BaTb )l(eCT, 03Ha-
qalOInHH BO,ny, HJIH rrpoH3HecTH u;eJIYlO <ppa3Y C rrpOCb-
.60" ,naTb BbInHTb BO.zn,I. He3aBHcHMo OT Bbl6paHHoro
pe6eHKoM crroc06a Bblpa)l(eHIDI rrpocb6bl Bbl 6y,neTe HC-
-DOJIb30BaTb BO,ny B KaqeCTBe eCTeCTBeHHoro nO,l)J<penJIe-
fBWI B rrpou;ecce ycrremHoro 3aBepmeHIDI pa60TbI Ha,n
< 3THM HaBbIKOM. B npou;ecce <pH3HQeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH
o6yqeHHe HaBbII<)' rrpOCHTb BO,ny, CKopee Bcero, rrpHBe,neT
K )l(eJIaeMOM)' pe3YJIbTary. MCnOJIb30BaHHe eCTeCTBeHHO
B03HHKalOII(HX nOCJIe,ncTBHH B KaqeCTBe rro,nKpeI1J1eHHjf
o6yqeHIDI 3aMeTHO npo,nBHHeT pe6eHKa B OCBoeHHH H ca-
MOCTOjlTeJIbHOM HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3Toro HaBblKa.
CpaBHHB pe3YJlbTaTbl ,nBYX rrO,lV{o,nOB 06yqeHIDI CJIOBY
'«Bo,na», BbI y6e,nHTecb B TOM, qTO nporpaMMa ABANB
lIMeeT jfBHOe npeHM)'IneCTBO. B Tpa,nHU;HoHHOM ABA pe-
6eHOK HayqHTCjf OTBeqaTb «Bo,na» Ha Bonpoc «t{T0 3TO?»,
ICor,na OH BH,nHT peaJIbH)'1O BO,ny HJIH KapTHHI<)' CTaKaHa
C BO,nOH. Ha060poT, HCrrOJIb3Yjf eCTecTBeHH)'1O MOTHBa-
r(HIO )'TOJIHTb )l(a , pe6eHoK HayqHTCjf rrpocHTb BO,ny
B mo60e BpeMSl, Kor,na ,neHcTBHTeJIbHO 3axOqeT nHTb. KaK
TOJIbKO pe6eHoK MO)l(eT rrOrrpOCHTb BO,nbI, HaCTaJIO BpeMjf
HaqaTb 06yqeHHe ,npyroH <PYH HH jf3blKa C HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHeM 3Toro CJIOBa. BbI MO)l(eTe HaqaTb 06yqeHHe rrOHH-
MaHHIO peQH, rrorrpocHB pe6eHKa: «nOKa)l(H MHe BO,ny»;
MO)l(eTe nOnpOCHTh 0603HaQHTb ee C rrOMOlI(blO BOrrpO-
ca: «qTO 3TO?»; oxapaKTepH30BaTb: «Ha30BH MHe TO, QTO
TLI rrbemb». nOHHMaHHe 3HaqeHHH CJIOBa 3aKJIIOQaeTCjf
B nOHHMaHHH em <PYHKIJ;HH. Y BO,nbl MHoro <PYH HH,
H npe>K.ne Bcero <PYHKUIDI )'TOJIeHIDI )l(a>K.nbI. n03TOM)'
- 123 -
ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
06yqeHHe 6y):(eT HMeTb CMbICJI, eCJIH y pe6eHKa nOjlBHTCjJ
MOTHBan;IDI yrOJIHTb )l(a)K):(Y.
I1cnoJIb30BaHHe B KaqeCTBe OCHOBbI ,LVUI MOTHBan;HH
)l(apKOH norO):(bI, qYBCTBa )l(Cl)I()U»I KJIH rOJIo,na - 3TO Bce-
ro JIHllIb O):(HH H3 MHO)l(eCTBa cnoc060B nOBbICHTb 3<p<peK-
THBHOCTb yqe6Horo npon;ecca. HH)I(e npHBe):(eH cnHCOK
p33HbIX MOTHBan;HH, KOTopbIe BbI MO)l(ere HCnOJIb30BaTh
):(IDI TOro, qT06bI nO):(TOJIKH)'Tb Balliero pe6eHKa K npH-
06pereHHIO HaBbIKOB, KOTOpbIM BbI XOTHTe ero HayqHTh.
K8K HCnOJIL30B8TL MOTHBaQHIO
npH Ofi}"leHHH pefieHKa
· OrpaHHqbTe nO):(KpeUJ1eHIDI. TIepBaji C1)'I1eHb yqe6-
Horo KOHTpOJUI 06bjlCIDIeT, KaK KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb nO):(Kpe-
nJIeHIDI, H OTMeqaeT, qTO TaKOH KOHTpOJIb OqeHb BIDKeH
B npon;ecce 06yqeHIDI. KOHTpOJIb 3a no;u<penJIeHIDIMH Ba-
)KeH TaIOKe H npH C03):(aHHH MOTHBan;HH pe6eHKa. He no-
3BOIDUI pe6eHKY HMeTb CB060,lUlbIH H JIerKHH ):(OCTY"
K no,nKpenJIeHIDIM, BbI ):(eJIaeTe HX 60JIee n;eHHbIMH H )Ke-
JIaHHbIMH npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH B npon;ecce 06yqeHIDI.
· 06yqaHTe 6e3 01lIH60K. CHcTeMa 06yqeHIDI, Han;e-
JIeHHWI Ha ycnex, n03BOJIHT BaM 06yqaTb 6e3 npHHy)K-
):(eHIDI, qTO HCKJIlOqHT nonbITKH pe6eHKa yKJIOHHTbCjI
OT 06yqeHIDI. He3aBHcHMo OT TOro, KaKoe no;u<penJIe-
HHe Bb! HCnOJIb3YeTe, OHO 6rAeT npe):(CTaBIDITb 60JIbIlI)'lO
n;eHHocTb ,LVUI Balliero pe6eHKa, eCJIH pe6eHOK, Hapg):(y
C noo peHHeM, nOJIyqHT OT Bac ):(ocTaTOqHO nO,ZJJJ;epJKKH
H nOMOII(H npH pa60Te HR):( HaBbIKoM, a 3HaqHT, 6y,neT 60-
JIee ycnerneH B npou;ecce 06yqeHIDI. 06yqeHHe 6e3 OllIH-
60K MbI 06CY):(HM B rJIaBe 10.
- 124 -
KaK nOBbICHTb MOTHBanmo pe6eHKa
· qepe,l{}'HTe THnbl 3a,naHHH. qepe,nOBaHHe pa3HblX
OB 3a,naq B npOIJ;eCce 06yqeHIDI nOMO)KeT pe6eHKY H3-
)KaTb CK)'KH OT nOCTOjfHHOro nOBTopeHWI HHCTPYKIJ;HH
.n03BOJIHT C<pOKYCHpOBaThCjf Ha HHCTpYKIJ;IDIX, KOTopble
eMY ,naeTe, qTO npHBe,neT K IIOBblilleHHIO 3HaqHMO-
I
)_ 3aIDITHH. IIoCTojfHHO BapbHpYjf yqe6Hble 3a,naHIDI,
JIId H36e)I(HTe CTepeOTHIIOB B 06yqeHHH. ECJIH pe6eHOK
. eTHT CTepeOTHnHblH no,nxo,n, HanpHMep, npH nOBTO-
II
I L!p'HHH BaMH 0,nHo06pa3HbIX HHCTpYKIJ;HH, OH TO)Ke Haq-
I BeT OTBeqaTb cTepeoTHIIHo, a He OC03HaHHO - TO eCTb
I-
a co6CTBeHHO BOIIpOCbI. BH,noH3MeHeHHe HHCTPYKIJ;HH
I/B03BOJIHT pe6eHKY cocpe,nOTOqHThCjf Ha co,nep)KaTeJIb-
.OB: CTopOHe 06yqeHHjf, a He Ha <pOpMaJIbHOH.
: · qepe)Jyifre 33.,L(aHIDI no CTeneHH CJIO:>KHOCTH. IIepe-
I
;kO.n OT 06yqeHIDI JIerKHM HaBblKaM K 06yqeHHIO 60JIee
/lpy.nHbIM CHIDKaeT MOTHBaIJ;HIO pe6eHKa. Kor,na 3a.n;aHHe
YJUloBblnOJIHHMO, eHHOCTh nO,nKpelIJIeHIDI, Koropoe
Bid npe,LtJIaraeTe, n3.,L(aeT. O,lUlaKO qepe,noBaHHe JIerKHX
I fll Tpy;l.UlbIX 33.,L(aHHH yoeJIWlHBaeT IJ;eHHOCTh IIo,nKpenrre-
II .
I itmI, KOTOpoe B 3TOM c.rryqae CTaHOBHTCjf 60JIee ,nOC'l)1IHbIM.
" · YMeHblIIaih'e HHTepBaJIbI Me 3a.,u:aHIDIMH. qTo6bI
I
II I y.nep)KaTb BHHMaHHe pe6eHKa Ha no,nKpeUJIeHHH, KOTopoe
j-l' JILI rrpeMaraCTe, H COKpaTHTb BpeMjJ, B TeqeHHe KOTO-
. lporn OH Mor 6bl nepeKJIlOqHTbCjf Ha ,npyrHe npe,nMeTbl,
r
" enOc06Hble YMeHbilllITb HHTepeC K no,nKpeIIJIeHHIO, BaM
I
.! Ra,n;o nocTapaTbCjf c,neJIaTb HHTepBaJIbl Me IIpe,nJIO-
! aeHHblMH 3a,naHIDIMH KaK MO)KHO 60JIee KOpOTKHMH.
1'.1 - · IIooInPjfHTe 6blCTpblH TeMn OTBeTa. Pa3Ho06pa3Hble
cnoc06bl no,nKpenJIeHIDI 6bICTpOro H IIpaBHJIbHoro OTBe-
r
II T8 nOO pjflOT pe6eHKa B nOCJIe,l()'lOIneM ,naBaTb 6blCTpblH
t R rrOJIHbIH OTBCT. 3TO TalOKe rro6y»<JJ;aCT ern pa60TaTb
L - 125 -
ETCKWM AYTl13M H ABA
cepbe3Hee, 6hITb BHHMaTeJIbHee K BallIHM HHCTpYKQIDIM
H OTBeqaTL BaM B TOM TeMne, KOTOpblH n03BOJIHT eMY no-
.nyqHTb 60nbme QeHHbIX, C ero TOqKH 3peHIDI, nOOI.f(pe-
HMH. 06yqeHHe HaBblK)' pearHpOBaTb 6bICTpO gBIDIeTC»
qaCTblO HOpMaJIbHOrO npoQecca 06yqeHIDI.
· aBaHTe pe6eHK)' He3apa60TaHHble nO,llKpenJIeHI1.s1.
IIpe,n:ocTaBJIeHHe pe6eHKY BpeMSl OT BpeMeHH He3apa6o-
TaHHbIX HM no,n:KpenJIeHHH MO)l(eT cnoc06CTBOBaTb <pop-
MHpOBaHHIO 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTH B nonyqeHHH 60JIbIlIe-
ro KOJIHqeCTBa TaKHX no,n:KpenJIeHHH. I1H,n:YCTPIDI KHHO
yrnep)K)J;aeT, qTO BepOgTHOCTb Toro, qTO JIIO,nH no yr
Ha npOCMOTp <pHnbMa, yBenHqHTCg, ecnH OTphIBKH <pHJIb-
Ma nOKa)I()'T no TeneBH30py. Mepu;aHHe 3epKaJIbHOrO
mapa B TeMHOH KOMHaTe 3HaQHTenbHO YBeJIHqHT )l(eJIa-
HHe pe6eHKa nonyqHTb 3TOT map H noraCHTb CBeT BH)'TpH
Hero. IIonp060BaB qKnCbl, pe6eHoK MO)l(eT 3aXOTeTb no-
nyqHTb 60nbme qHnCOB. COJIeHble qHnCbl MOryr nOMOQb
B C03,naHHH MOTHBaU;HH nonpocHTb BO,nhI.
· IIooInPjfHTe npHJIaraeMble YCHJIIDI. HacKonbKo npo-
CTO nonyqHTb nO,nKpenJIeHHe? Kor,na npe,n:MeT, KOTOpblH
Bbl XOTHTe nonyqHTb, BbIrmI,nHT He,nocT}'IIHblM, Bbl He 6y-
,n:eTe npHnaraTb YCHJIHH, qT06bl ero nonyqHTh, HnH 3a-
TpaTHTe Ha 3TO He OqeHb MHoro BpeMeHH. O,nHaKO eCJIH
Bbl CQHTaeTe, qTO Y Bac HenJIOXHe maHCbl .n06paTbCjI
,n:o npe,n:MeTa, Bbl npHJIO)KHTe 3HaqHTenbHO 60nbme YCH-
nHH. qeJIOBeK MO)l(eT nporymITbCjf,nO 6nH)I(aHIIIero Mara-
3HHa, qT06bl KyIIHTb mOKona,n:K)', HO u;eHHOCTh nOKyIIKH
mOKOJIa,n:a 3HaqHTenbHO yna,neT, eCJIH ,n:ID1 3TOro eM)' npH-
,n:eTCg exaTb B neHTp ropo,n:a B 'lac nHK.
· YnpaBmIHTe «nepeBeCOM Ha none 60jf». OK83a-
HHe ,naBneHIDI Ha pe6eHKa MO)l(eT 06ePHYTbCjf TeM, qTO
- 126 -
HaqHeT eIne 60JIbIIIe ynHpaTbCj{. ECJIH BbI XOTHTe,
6bI pe6eHOK OXOTHO CJIe OBaJI 3a BaMH, HHor a MOjJ(-
o n03BOJIHTb eMY KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb npou;ecc 06IneHHjf
" . )l()];Y BaMH H BbI6HpaTb HanpaBJIeHHe ejfTeJIbHOCTH
,"JJOrnaCHO ero )KeJIaHHjfM. MCnOJIb30BaHHe npou;ecca
I ,, epeBeca B Barny nOJIb3Y Ha «nOJIe 60j{» npOTHB ayrH3-
'Ma - u;eJIaj{ KOHu;enn;Hjf, KOTOpajf 6y eT paCCMOTpeHa
i 'S rnaBe 15.
II
.
II'
I
KaK nOBbICHTb MOTHBaQHIO pe6eHKa
t MOTHBHpoBaTb )KeJIaHHe yqHTbCjf MO)KHO, HCnOJIb3Yjf
II
f cnoc06bI, KOTopbIe npe JIaraeT MeTO aHaJIH3a Bep6a.nb-
.
Horn nOBe eHIDI. MCnOJIb30BaHHe eCTeCTBeHHOH MOTHBa-
I IUfH HCKJIIOQHT He06xo HMOCTb npHH)')KJ(eHIDI pe6eHKa
III
L.', J( yqacTHIO B npou;ecce 06yqeHIDI. IToHHMaHHe Toro, KaK
HCnOJlb30BaTb cnHCOK, npe CTaBJIeHHbIH BbIme, a TalOKe
' .npyrHe <pOpMbI MOTHBaIJ;HH, OqeHb Ba)I(HO ,lUllI ycneIIIHo-
I
I ro 06yqeHIDI. KOM6HHaIJ;Hjf MOTHBaU;HH H nO KpenJIeHIDI
I' CTaHeT YCJIOBHeM, KOTopoe n06Y HT Bamero pe6eHKa 3a-
I
I XOTeTb OCBOHTb HaBbIKH, KOTOpbIM BbI XOTHTe ero 06y-
lIHTb.
IToHHMaHHe MOTHBaU;HH - 3TO KJIlOq K pa3BHTHIO
BameH cnoc06HOCTH 06yqaTb, HCnOJIb3Yjf MeTO bI aHa-
JIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe eHIDI. MCnOJIb3Yjf MOTHBaIJ;HIO
. H nO KpenJIeHHjf B Ka)l()J;OM CJIyqae 06meHHj{ C BaIIIHM
pe6eHKOM, BbI MO)KeTe 06yqaTb, npeO OJIeBaj{ np06JIe-
MbI, BbI3BaHHbIe ayrH3MOM. MHorHe Tpa HU;HOHHbIe
nporpaMMbI ABA npoHrpbIBalOT, eCJIH He HCnOJIb3YlOT
CH.rry MOTHBaIJ;HH npH 06yqeHHH HaBbIKaM <pOpMHpOBa-
HHj{ COIJ;HaJIbHbIX OTHomeHHH. OnbITOM, nOJIyqeHHbIM
"PH HCnOJIb30BaHHH MOTHBan;HH B npon;ecce 06yqeHHg
COU;HaJIbHbIM HaBbIKaM, BbI MOjJ(eTe BOCnOJIb30BaTbCg
- 127 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
B nepHO,n, Kor,na 6y,neTe 06yqaTb pe6eHKa YCTaHOBJ1e-
HHIO CO HaJIbHbIX KOHTaKTOB, 06IneHHIO H B3aHMo,neH-
CTBHIO C ,npyrHMH JIIO,D;bMH. M3yqeHHe MeTo,na ABANB
nOMO)KeT BaM Y3HaTb, nOqeMY pe6eHOK 3aXOQeT HCnOJ1h-
30BaTb 3TH HaBbIKH, H n03BOJIHT pa3pa60TaTb nporpaM-
MY CHCTeMaTHqeCKOrO 06yqeHIDI.
rnaBa 10.
06yqeHHe 6e3 OIIIH6oK
B rJIaBe 7 MbI rOBOpHJIH 06 06yqeHHH OT,neJIbHbIMH
. I. OKaMH. BOT npHMep Toro, KaK TaKoe 06yqeHHe BblrJUI-
I T Ha npalITHKe:
. .
I
YqHTeJIb: qTO 3TO? (I1HcmpYKlfUR.)
YqHTeJIb: I.IJ;eHoK (BapHaHT: «I.IJ;e.. .»). (IIodcKa3Ka.)
Pe6eHoK: I.IJ;eHOK. (Om6em.)
YqHTeJIb: OTJIHqHWI pa60Ta! (I1J,eKollem pe6eHKa.)
I (IIo,nKpenJIeHHe.)
YqHTeJIb: CTaBHT rarroqKY B rpaq.e. (,paHHble.)
QeJIb 3TOH rJIaBbI - 06Cy,nHTb no,ncKa3KY, BTOpylO
'1f aCTb npoQecca 06yqeHIDI oT,neJIbHbIMH 6JIOKaMH. IIod-
,CKa3KU (Prompt) - 3TO Bce TO, qTO MO)KHO ,n06aBHTb
I( HHCTPYKQHH, qT06bI nOMOqb pe6eHKy ,naTb npaBHJIb-
f. HhlH OTBeT. Cym;eCTBYIOT pa:3Hble cpOpMbI IIO,lJ;CKa30K
r II pa3Hble CH'I)'aI(HH, B KOTOpblX OHH ejJ{e,lJ;HeBHO HC-
nOJIb3YIOTCj{ JIIO,nbMH. Kor,na lITO-TO npOCHT Bac nOMOqb
HaRTH ryaJIeT B 3,naHHH, BbI MO)KeTe CKa3aTb, qTO OH
HaxO,nHTCj{ cnpaBa OT Bxo,na. O,nHaKO o,nHOBpeMeHHbIH
- 129 -
,L{ETCKUM AYTH3M H ABA
)KeCT PYKOH B TOM )Ke HanpaBJIeHHH c.l(eJIaeT Baili OTBe'f
60JIee nOIDITHLIM MH Co6eCe.l(HHKa. YKaJaHHe B CTOpO_
HY ry8JIeTa - :no nO.l(CKaJKa, KOTop3JI nOMOraeT JIyqUle
nOIIJITL Bamy HHCTpYKQHIO (<<CnpaBa OT BXO.l(a») H .l(e-
JIaeT npoQecc CJIe.l(OBaHlfJI BailieH HHCTPYKQHH 60JIee
JIerKHM. B .l(eHCTBHTeJILHOCTH BCe nO.l(CKaJKH _ 3TO no-
6}')K.l(alOlQ;He YCJIOBIDI. OHH HBIDIIOTCH qaCTLIO npe.l(Ule-
CTBYlOlQ;ero CTHMYJIa H BpeMeHHO nOBLIUlalOT QeHHOCTI:,
nO.l(KpenJIeHHH, nOToMy qTO ero CTaHOBHTCH JIerqe no-
JIyqHTL.
BLI.l(eIDIIOT .l(eBHTL PaJHLIX BH.l(OB nO.l(CKa3KH B .l(B)'X
KaTeropIDIX. qT06LI 6LITL XOpOIlIHM yqHTeJIeM MH BaIlIe-
ro pe6eHKa, BLI .l(OJI)JQ{LI 3HaTL, KaK H Kor.l(a HX HCnOJIL-
30BaTL.
OCHOBH3JI QeJIL nO.l(CKa3KH - 06eCneqHTL ycnex
B o6yqeHHH. LIH THn nO.l(CKaJKH npe.zmaraeT onpe-
.l(eJIeHHLIH ypOBeHL nOMOIIUI. HeKOTopLIe H3 nO.l(CKaJOK
60JIee CHJILHLIe H nOMepXOlBalOlQ;He, qeM .l(pyrHe.
no KaTeropIDIM nO.l(CKa31(Jf .l(eIDITCH Ha Bep68JILHLIe
H <j>H3HQeCKHe.
· Cpe.l(H <pH3HqeCKHX nO.l(CKa30K HaH60JIee CYlQ;e-
CTBeHHOH MH 06yqeHIDI HBJIHeTCH nOJIH3JI <pH3HqeCK3JI
nO.l(CKaJKa, KOmp3JI MO)KeT 6LITh onpe.l(eJIeHa KaK nOJIH3JI
<pH3HqeCKaJI MaHHnyIDIQIDI TeJIOM .l(pyroro qeJIOBeKa MH
BLInOJIHeHIDI 33..l(aHIDI. HanpHMep, nOJIH3JI <pH3HqeCK3JI
nO.l(CKaJKa HMeeT MeCTO B CHryaQHH, KOr.l(a BLI yqHTe
pe6eHKa nHcaTL: BLI BKJIa.l(LIBaere KapaH.l(aili B ero P)'Ky,
Y.l(ep)KHBaeTe KapaH.l(aili B PYKe H HanpaB.IDIeTe PYKy,
KorLJ;a pe6eHOK llHlUeT.
· QaCTJf1IH3JI <P H 3Jf1IeCK3JI nO.l(CKaJKa .l(aeT pe6eHKy
MeHLilie nOMep)JQ(H. HanpHMep, BLI MO)KeTe pacnOJIO-
- 130-
I
06yq:eHHe 003 OIDH6oK
,JQITb KapaHt(am B pyKe pe6eHKa H ,nep)KaTb, nOKa OH
, ' 'lie nonblTaeTCj{ c,neJIaTh ,nBIDKeHHe He3aBHCHMO. qacTHQ-
I, JIIUI <pH3HqeCKaj{ no,nCKa3Ka onpe,neJUIeTCj{ KaK qaCTHqHaj{
, -)l8HHnyJlSlUIDI TeJIOM ,npyroro qeJIOBeKa AJllI 3aBepmeHIDI
I sanaHHj{. yrHM npHMepOM qaCTHqHOH <pH3HqeCKOH
! IIO,UCKa3KH MO)KeT 6bITb He)KHOe no,nTaJ1KHBaHHe no,n JIO-
-, I(()1'b, qT06bI nOMOQb pe6eHK)' ,nOTpOH)'TbCj{ ,nO roJIOBbI.
Yro6bl 3TO Ha3BaTb QaCTHQHOH <pH3HQeCKOH no,nCKa3KOH,
II' 88M Ha,no nOMOQb pe6eHK)' nOJ(IDITb PYKY J(O onpeJ(eJIeH-
T BOrn ypOBIDI, a 3aTeM n03BOJIHTb eMY 3aBepmHTb J(eH-
r- CTBHe caMOCTOj{TeJIbHO.
· Em;e MeHbllIe no ep)KKH, QeM QaCTHQHWI <pH3}fqe-
CJ(8JI nOJ(CKa3Ka, J(aer HMHTaIUUI, HJIH MOJ(eJIHpOBaHHe.
HMHTaIUUI - BH3YaJIbHWI ,neMOHCTpaUIDI J(eHCTBIDI AJllI
. KOITHpOBaHIDI pe6eHKOM. HanpHMep, BLl MameTe pyKOH
80 BpeWl npOH3HeceHIDI HHCTpyKUHH, aJ(peCOBaHHOH pe-
6eHKY, QTO 03HaQaeT «TIoMamH PYKOH». MCnOJIb30BaHHe
, HMHTaUHH npeJ(nOJIaraeT, qTO pe6eHOK B COCTOJlHHH HC-
nOHb30BaTh HaBbIK, KOTOpblH Bbl npOCHTe nOKa3aTb, He3a-
BHCHMO OT cHryaUHH 06yqeHIDI.
· )l(ecToBIDI nOJ(CKa3K3., eIne B MeHbmeH CTeneHH no,n-
Aep)KHBalOIIJ;W1, 3aKJIIOQaeTcj{ B HCnOJIb30BaHHH )KeCTa,
HanpaBIDIIOm;ero K OTBeTy. B3Max pyKOH B CTOpOH}' rya-
HeTa, pacnOJIO)KeHHoro cnpaBa OT BXOJ(a, - 3TO npHMep
xceCTOBOH nOJ(CKa3KH. llOC1)'KHBaHHe no npeJ(MeTy, KO-
ropLlH Bbl XOTeJIH 6Ll, QT06Ll Barn pe6eHOK BLl6pan, HJIH
B3rIDI.n B CTOpOH}' npaBHJIbHoro OTBeTa - 3TO TO)Ke npH-
Mepbl )KeCTOBOH nOJ(CKa3KH, nOCKOJIbKY nOJ(CKa3bIWUOT
pe6eHKY, r,ne HaxO;:ulTCj{ OTBeT.
· TI03HnHOHHWI nOJ(CKa3Ka - HaHMeHee no ep)I(H-
BaIOm;aB H3 <pH3IAecKHX nOJ(CKa30K. KorJ(a Bbl HaKJIOIDIeTe
- 131 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
TeJ10 HJ1H 06'beKT B CTOpOHY Bamero pe6eHKa, Bbl HC-
n0J1b3yeTe n03HUHIO, cnoc06cTByIOII(yIO Bbl60py pe6eH-
KOM npaBHJIbHOrO OTBeTa. HanpHMep, Bbl ep)l(HTe pyq-
KY B O HOH pyKe, qamKY B pyroH H roBopHTe pe6eHKy:
«)];OTpOHbCg O qamKH». 3aTeM BbI npH BHraeTe qamKy
6J1IDKe K pe6eHKY, qT06bl nOKa3aTb, qTO 3TO npaBHJ1bHblH
OTBeT.
llpHHQHn CHCTeMarnqeCKoro )'MeHbmeHIDI nO CKa3KH
Ha3blBaeTCg <pe HHrOM. (/)ei)uH2 (Prompt Fading) - 3TO
npouecc npe OCTaBneHHg onpe eJ1eHHOrO KOJ1HQeCTBa
nO,lU(ep)KKH If CJ1e m;ee 3a 3THM CHCTeMaT}lqeCKOe
)'MeHbmeHHe 3TOH nO,ZUJ;ep)l(I(H B TeMne, n03BOillllOm;eM
BameMY' pe6eHKY OCTaBaTbCg ycnemHblM B npo[(eCce
npH06peTeHHg 60J1bmeH caMOCTOgTeJ1bHOCTH. B mo60e
BpeW!, Kor a BbI HCnOJIb3YeTe <pH3}1qecK}'IO nO CKa3-
KY, BLI OJI)l(HbI HaqaTb C HaH60J1ee nO,ZUJ;ep>KHBalOm;eH
no,nCKa3KH, qT06bl nOMOqb pe6eHKY 06HTbCg YCIIe-
xa. HanpHMep, BaM Ha o HaqaTb C nOJ1HOH «pH3HqeCKOH
nO CKa3KH H )'MeHbmHTb ee O qaCrnqHOH «pH3HqeCKOH
nO CKa3KH. Kor a Barn pe6eHOK cnpaBillIeTCg C 3a aHHeM
TOJ1bKO C IIOMOm;blO qaCT}lqHOH <pH3W1eCKOH IIO,nCKa3KH,
BbI MO)l(eTe HaqaTb HCn0J1b30BaTb )l(eCTOByIO IIO CKa3KY
HJIH, B03MO)I(H0, II03H[(HOHH)'IO. BbI 6y,neTe )'MeHLmaTL
HHTeHCHBHOCTb IIO CKa3KH O Tex nop, nOKa Barn pe6e-
HOK He OKa)l(eTCg CIIoc06HbIM HCII0J1b30BaTb HOBblH Ha-
BLIK 6e3 nOMOm;H. YMeHLmeHHe IIO,nCKa3KH n03BOillleT
pe6eHKY CTaHOBHTbCg Bce 60J1ee He3aBHCHMbIM B HC-
IIOJIb30BaHHH HaBbIKa HJIH IIOBe eHIDI.
llHor,na BaM IIpHJ(eTCg HCIIOJIb30BaTb Bep6arrbHble IIO -
CKa3KH. Cym;eCTByIOT Ba OCHOBHLIX BH)J;a Bep6arrbHbIx
IIO CKa30K: IIO CKa3Ka-3XO H IIo cK83Ka-HHcTpYKnIDI.
- 132-
06yq:eHHe 6e3 omH6oK
· IIo cKa3Ka-3xo 06bIqHO HCnOJIb3yeTCjf, Kor a He06-
XO,nHMO nOMOqb pe6eHKY HaHTH Bep6aJIbHblH OTBeT, Ha-
upHMep, Ha Borrpoc «qTO :no?». TaK )Ke KaK H B cnyqae
, c <pH3HqeCKOH nO CKa3KOH, Bep6a.rrbHaJI OJI)l(Ha co Bpe-
I
I MeHeM )'MeHbmaTbCjf. HaqHHTe C nOJIHOH nO CKa3KH.
I
;. HanpHMep, npOH3HeCHTe TO CJIOBO, KOTopoe Bbl XOTHTe
I
f YCJThlmaTb OT pe6eHKa: «qTO 3TO? MJIq!», H Barn pe6e-
II HOK nOBTOpHT: «MJIq». IIOJIHWI nO CK3.3Ka 3aKJIIOqaeT
I
r B ce6e npaBHJIbHblH OTBeT, O HaKO, HeCMOTpg Ha TaKYIO
nOMOIIJ;b, OTBeT pe6eHKa OJI)I(eH paCCMaTpHBaTbCg KaK
ycnex. KaK TOJIbKO Barn pe6eHOK OTBeTHJI Ha BOnpOC
!; C DOJIHOH rrO,lJ;CKa3KOH, HaqHHTe crrpamHBaTb: «qTO 3TO?
, MR...» 3T0 H3.3blBaeTCg qaCTHQHOH nO CK3.3KOH-3XO. Bbl
MO>KeTe BHeCTH H3MeHeHIDI B qaCTIf1IHYIO nO CKa3KY, Ha-
...
npHMep, BMeCTO «Mg...» npOH3HeCTH «M-M.. .».
· IIO CK3.3Ka-HHCTp)'KnIDI 06blQHO HCnOJIb3yerCg,
. Kor a Bbl XOTHTe, QT06bl Barn pe6eHOK CaMOCTOjfTeJIb-
\ 80 BblnOJIHHJI QTO-TO. HanpHMep, Bbl XOTHTe, QT06bl OH
nOMbIJI PYKH H y6paJI HrpyrnKH, nepe TeM KaK nOHTH
cnaTb. B 3THX cHTYaQIDIx Bbl MO)l(eTe HcnOJIb30BaTb npg-
MyIO H HenpgMYID Bep6aJIbHble nO CKa3KH. (Ha,no 3a-
MeTHTh, QTO Bce nO CKa3KH MOryr 6bITb HCnOJlb30BaHbl
B pa3HblX cHTYaQIDIx H CKOM6HHHpOBaHbl B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT HaBblKa, KOropOM)' Bbl 06yqaere.) IIpgMWI Bep6a.rrb-
HWI nO CK3.3Ka - 3TO nO CKa3Ka-HHCTp)'KnIDI. «IIoMOH
PYKH» HJIH «C06epH CBOH HrpymKH» - npHMepbl npg-
MOB Bep6an:bHOH nO CK3.3KH, Koropble cooTBeTcTByroT
BbIpIDKeHHIO HHCTp)'KnHH «qTO Tbl OJI)I(eH 6bl eJIaTb
ceiiQac?». HHTeHcHBHoCTb Bep6an:bHOH nO CKa3KH, KaK
H Bcex pyrHX nO CKa30K, oIDKHa 6bITb co BpeMeHeM
)'MeHbmeHa. HanpHMep, BMeCTO Torn, Qro6bl OTnpaBHTh
- 133 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
Barnero pe6eHKa MblTb P)'KH, Bbl MO)l(eTe CKa3aTb: «3To
TO, qTO Mbl ,n;eJIaeM B BaHHOH KOMHaTe» HJIH «3TO ,n;eJIaeT
TBOH P)'KH qHIne nepe,n; 06e,n;OM». TaKWI Bep6anbHWI no,[\-
CKa3Ka 6y,n;eT HenpjJMOH (KOCBeHHOH).
I1CKYCCTBO npHMeHeHIDI no,n;CKa3KH gBIDIeTCg Ba)l(-
HDIM AJUI 3cpcpeKTHBHOrO 06yqeHIDI. 3T0 rH6KHH npou;ecc,
KOTOpblH MO)l(eT BH,n;OH3MeIDITbCg OT O,n;HOH nporpaMMbI
K ,n;pyroH. 1l0,n;cKa3Ka H rpaHHIJ;bI ee npHMeHeHIDI 3aBH-
CjJT OT u;eJIeH, KOTopble Bbl CTaBHTe. HeKoTopble HaBblKH
MOryr 6bITb 60JIee Tp)'.nHbIMH AJUI YCBoeHIDI pe6eHKOM
H, KaK CJIe,n;CTBHe, 6y,nyr B 60JIbmeH CTeneHH Tpe60BaTb
no,nCKa3KH. K OCBoeHHIO ,n;pyrHX HaBblKOB pe6eHOK MO)l(eT
6ldTb 60JIbme MOTHBHpOBaH, H B 3TOM c.nyqae no,n;CK33-
Ka eM)' 6)'.neT Tpe60BaTbCjJ B MeHbrneH CTeneHH. 3HaHHe
roro, KaK no,n;CKa3DIB8.Tb H Kor,n;a )'MeHbrnaTh no,n;CKa3KH,
onpe,n;eIDIeTcg BarnHM onblTOM 06yqeHIDI pe6eHKa H Ha-
6JIIO,n;eHIDI 3a HHM.
1l0cTeneHHoe CHIDKeHHe ypOBIDI no,n;CKa3KH Ha3bIBa-
eTCjJ npa6WloM «om 60JlbUle20 K MeHbUleMY» (Most-to-
Least Prompting). MeTo,n; aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,n;e-
HIDI peKOMeH.n)'eT HCnOJIb30BaTb npaBHJIO «OT 60JIbmero
K MeHbrneMY», npWleM Ba:>KHee BOBJIeQb pe6eHKa B npo-
u;ecc 06yqeHIDI, qeM ,n;06HTbCjJ OT Hero caMOCTOjJTeJIb-
HOro rrpOjfBJIeHIDI HaBLlKa. 1l03TOM)' u;eHHOCTb yqacTIDI
pe6eHKa B 3aIDITHH onpe,n;eIDIeTcjJ TeM, 6y,neT JIH OH npH-
HHMaTh yqacme B yqe6HoM npou;ecce no C06CTBeHHoM)'
)l(eJIaHHIO B 6y;nyIUeM.
1l0HHMaHHe MeTo,na aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe,ne-
HIDI Tpe6YeT nOHHMaHIDI MOTHBau;HH. qro CMO)l(eT no,n;-
,nep)l(aTb MOTHBau;H1O pe6eHKa K yqacTHIO B yqe6HoM
npou;ecce? ECJIH BLI HCnOJID3YeTe cHcTeM)' no,nCKa30K
- 134 -
06yq:eHHe 6e3 OillH6oK
«OT MeHbrnero K 60nbrneMY», Bam pe6eHOK MO)l(eT qeTbI-
I pe pa3a omH6HTbCR O TOro, KaK Barna nO CKa3Ka OKIDKeT-
i
CJI OCTaTOqHOH H pe6eHOK HaKOHeQ OTBeTHT npaBHJIbHO.
Ho 3TO 6y eT nHmb O HH npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT H3 IDITH!
KaK OJIro 3aXOqeT pe6eHOK yqacTBOBaTh B TaKOM npo-
necce OCTH1KeH ycnexa? EcnH )l(e BM Hcnonb3yeTe
npaBHno «OT 60JIbmero K MeHbrneMY», OH nonyqHT no -
CKa3KH qeTbIpe pa3a H CTonbKO )l(e pa3 OTBeTHT npaBHJIb-
HO, BepOj{THO, nonyqCUI 3a Ka)I()];bIH OTBeT (nyCTb H C no,n-
CKa3KOH) no,nKpenrreHHe. 1l0,nCKa3KH OJDKHbI 6y,nyr
CHCTeMaTHqeCKH YMeHbmaTbCj{ O TOro MOMeHTa, Kor,na
OH CMO)l(eT npOJlBllilTb HaBbIK caMOCTOj{TenbHO. Barn pe-
6eHOK 6bICTpO OCBOHT HaBbIK, H B TO )l(e BpeMJI yqe6HbIH
npou:ecc 6y,neT ycnemHbIM H 3axBaTbIBaIOInHM.
Jho,nH 06bIqHO HMelOT Teu.neHQHIO npe)UlOqHTaTb Te
BeIIUf B >KH3HH, KOTopble npHHocwr ycnex H no,nKpen.ne-
HUe. 3T0 BepHO H no OTHomeHHIO K B8.)KHbIM yqe6HbIM
H nOBe,neuqeCKHM HaBbIKaM. EcnH qTO-TO ,naercJI nerKO
H 3a 3THM cne,nyeT Harpana, Barn pe6eHOK 3aXOqeT 6bITb
qaCThIO 3TOro npoQecca CHOBa H CHOBa. EcnH 3TO Tjf)f(enO
H 6e3ycnernHo, OH 6y,neT HCKaTb nyrH YKJIOHHTbCj{ OT H3-
HypJlIOInero npoQecca.
ABANB peKOMeH,nyeT OITaJIKHBaTbCJI OT H.neH 6e30-
lliH60qHOro 06yqeH . 6e30mH60IJHOe 06yqeHHe - 3TO
npou:ecc nOCTOj{HHOro nononHeH Bamero cnHCKa no -
CK830K K HHCTp M, qT06bI pe6eHOK ,nOCTHr ycnexa,
H CHCTeMaTWlecKoro YMeHbmeH KonWleCTBa Hcnonb-
3yeMbIx nO CKa30K, IJT06bI nOMOIJb pe6eHKY CTaTb 60JIee
CaMOCTOJlTenbHbIM qepe3 onpe,neneHHoe BpeMJI. 06yqe-
HHe 6e3 omH60K OCY1QeCTBlliIeTCj{ npH Hcnonb30BaHHH
npaBHJIa «OT 60JIbmerO K MeHbrneMY», cne OBaHHe
- 135 -
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
KOTOp0MY gB.IDIeTCg HaH60JIee eCTeCTBeHHbIM no,nxo,nOM
06yqeHIDI ,neTeH HOBLIM HaBbIKaM.
CHCTeMa no,nCKa30K «OT 60JIbmero K MeHbmeMY» -
3TO TO, KaK Bce MDI 06blQHO yqHMCg. IIpeAJIararrH JIH BaM
ytlHTbCg H8 c06CTBeHHblx OlliH6Kax, nOCa,nHB B MallIHHy
H BpytlHB KJIlOqH? II03B0J1HJI JIH BaM KTO-TO BblHTH nep-
BblH pa3 H3 6eHC60JIbHOe nOJIe C MjIqOM, JIeTgI.QHM Ha Bac
co ClOpOCTblO 90 MHJIb B qac? HHKoro 83 Bac B ,neTCTBe
He npoCHJIH B3gTb BeJIOCHne,n H nonp060BaTh npoexaTbCjJ
KaKoe-TO BpeWI ,no TOro, KaK npe,nJIO>KaT nOMOInb. IIpo-
ecc o6yqeHIDI e3,ne Ha BeJIOCHIIe,ne HaqHHaeTCg C Tpex-
KOJ1eCHoro BeJIOCHne,na. IIOTOM Bbl nepexo,nHTe K ,nBYX-
KOJ1eCHOMY BeJIOCHne,ny C TpeHHpOBOqHblMH KOJIeCaMH.
IIocJIe 3Toro BallIH po,nHTeJ1H CHHMalOT TpeHHpOBOqHbIe
KOJ1eca, HO 6eryr pg,nOM C BaMH ,no roro, KaK n03BOJIJlT
BaM exaTb 6e3 nOMOI.QH. 11 HaKOHe , Bbl e,neTe Ha BeJIOCH-
ne.ne caMocrogTeJIbHO.
nO.nCKa3KH - 3TO 3q.q.eKTHBHbIH cnoc06 nO,Z:J;,nep>KaTb
HHCTpyI<l.UiIO. BCDKHO 3HaTb, KaK H Kor,na HCnOJIb30BaTb
no.ncIC3.3KY, HO TaIOKe BCDKHO 3HaTb, KaK ee YMeHbllIHTb.
ECJIH Bbl CJIHIlIKOM MeAJIeHHO CHIDKaeTe HHTeHCHBHOCTb
HCnOJIb30BaHIDI no,nCKa3KH, 3TO MO)KeT C03,naTb 3aBHCH-
MOCTb OT no,nCKa30K. Ha060pOT, nocnemHblH nepexo,a
C O.LJ;HOro ypOBIDI no,nCKa3KH Ha ,npyroH MO>KeT npHBe-
CTH K HenpaBHJIbHblM OTBeTaM H CHIDKeHHIO MOTHBaQHI1
K 06}'1feHHIO. QT06bl 6blTb XOpOIlIHM yqHTeJIeM Bamero
pe6ema, BaM He06xo,nHMO CTaTb MaCTepOM 06yqeHIDI6e3
01lIH6oK, B KOTOpOM npHMeIDIeTCg npaBHJIO YMeHbllIeHIDI
KOJIlf1IeCTBa no,nCKa30K «OT 60JIbllIero K MeHbmeMY».
fnaBa 11.
B,n;oxHHTe )l(H3Hb
B npou;ecc o6yqeHIDI
XOTj{ caMIde 3HaqHTeJlbHbIe H3MeHeHIDI B 11'aJUllJ)iOH-
TeopHIO yqeHIDI ABA BHec MeTO,n aHaJIH3a Bep68JIb-
I oro nOBe,neHIDI, TeM He MeHee CJle,nyeT OTMeTHTb eme
. f'B8 KpynHbIX ,nOCTH)I(eHIDI, onHcaHHbIX BIdme: BbllIBJIe-
'jlHe 3HaQHMOCTH MOTHBaIUlH H oo6yx<,nalOIIUiX YCJlOBHH
I
;e npou:ecce 06yqeHIDI, a TalOKe C03,naHHe KJIaCCHcpHKa-
THOOB Bep6a.JThHOrO nOBe,neHIDI (Behavioral Clas-
:_cation of Language). ,ZWyroe ycoBepmeHcTBoBaHHe,
.1CTOJlb )l(e peBOJIIOU:HoHHoe, - npH3HaHHe 3HaqeHIDI Tpex
If OB 06yqeHIDI.
MeTo,lUd 06yqeHIDI, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha npHHU:HTIaX aHa-
3a Bep68JIbHoro nOBe,neHIDI, MOiKHO pa3,neJlHTb Ha 11'H
: IiOCHOBHbIe KaTeropHH. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, Ha Ka-
II«)M ypOBHe 06yqeHIDI HaxO,nHTCj{ pe6eHOK, TOJlbKO o,nHa
.113 3THX KaTeropHH 6y,neT AIDI Hero OCHOBHOH. O,nHaKO
-no Mepe npHo6peTeHIDI HOBblX HaBblKOB H H3MeHeHWI
r QeJIeH 06yqeHIDI pe6eHKa 6y,neT H3MeIDIThCj{ H KaTeropIDI
I o6yqeHIDI.
TpH THna 06yqeHIDI, B KOTOpIdX BId ,nOJDKHbI xopomo
pa36HpaTbCj{ :
- 137 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
1) 06yqeHHe B eCTecTBeHHoH cpeJ(e (Natural Envi-
ronment Teaching, NET);
2) MeTO,n HHTeHCHBHoro 06yqeHIDI (Intensive Trial
Teaching, lIT);
3) cnOHTaHHoe 06yqeHHe (On-the-Move Teaching,
OMT).
3TH TpH THna 06yqeHIDI OCHOBaHbl Ha Tex )l(e npHH-
QHnax, qTO H MeTOJ( 06yqeHIDI OT,neJIbHbIMH 6JIOKaMI1,
KOropblH 06cyx<.narrcg B rJIaBe 7. CaMoe 60JIbmOe 3a-
6JIyx<.neHHe B OTHomeHHH 3THX Tpex THnOB 06yqe-
HIDI - nonaraTb, qTO p3.3HHQa Me)f(J(y HHMH onpe,neIDI-
eTCg cpe,noH, B KOTOpOH npOHCXOJ(HT 06yqeHHe. O,nHaKO
He 06CTaHOBKa ,neJIaeT O,nHH THn 06yqeHIDI HHTeHCHBHee,
a ,npyroH eCTeCTBeHHee. CKopee, 3TOM)' cnoc06CTBYlOT
QeJIH, KOTOpblM Bbl CJIeJ()'eTe B 06yqeHHH, H HX COOTBeT-
CTBHe B03MO)l(HOCTjJ:M pe6eHKa, - HMeHHO 3TO H OTJIHqa-
eT Mero,nbl ,npyr OT .npyra.
· Memod UHmeHCU6H020 o6ytleHWl 3aKJIIOqaeTCjJ
B 06yqeHHH pe6eHKa onpe,neJIeHHOM)' nOBe,neHHIO HnM
HaBblKY H He 3aBHCHT OT MeCTa npHMeHeHIDI. ,[LIDI 06y-
qeHIDI HaBblKY Bbl HCKYCCTBeHHO C03,naeTe CH1)'aQHIO,
B KOTOpOH HaBbIK 6YJ(eT nOK33aH H npHMeHeH. HanpH-
Mep, 3TO MO)l(eT 6blTb 06yqeHHe no KapTOQKaM, 06yqeHHe
pa60Te C HO)KHHQaMH HnH BbInonHeHHe pe6eHKoM Bame"
npocb6bl «,nOTpOHbCg PYKOH ,no roJIOBbl». MbI rOBopHM
06 HCnOJIb30BaHHH MeTo,na HHTeHcHBHoro 06yqeHIDI,
Kor,na peQb H,neT 06 06yqeHHH HaBbIK}' HJIH nOBeJ(eHHIO
Ha OCHOBe Bamero pemeHIDI He3aBHCHMO OT TOro, 3a-
HHTepecoBaH JIH pe6eHoK B ,naHHbIH MOMeHT B ero BbI-
nonHeHHH. ,[(aHHbIH MeTO,n gBJUleTCg O,nHHM H3 HaH60JIee
Ba)KHbIX npH 06yqeHHH npe)K,l{e Bcero noTOM)', qTO no-
- 138-
B.n;OXHHTe )KH3Hb B npoQecc o6yqeHIDI
oraeT pe6eHKY B ,naJIbHeHmeM n03HTHBHO pearHpOBaTb
TPe60BaHIDI, npe,n'bjlBJUleMbIe B lliKOJ1e. EOJ1blliHHCTBO
JIbHbIX nporpaMM nOCTpoeHbI Ha 06yqeHHH ,neTeH 6e3
)];BapHTeJ1bHoro onpe,lJ;eJ1eHIDI MOTHBa HH yqeHHKOB.
.O.nHaKO, KaK CKa)I()'T BaM npHBep)l(eH bI Tpa,lJ;HIUfOHHOro
ABA, 3TO ,lJ;aJIeKO He e,aHHCTBeHHbIH MeTa,lJ; 06yqeHIDI.
· 06ytteHUe 6 ecmecm6eHHOU cpede MO:>KeT npOBO-
1/ NfTbcjI r,ae yro,lJ;HO: Ha K)'XHe, B BaHHOH KOMHaTe, HrpO-
'BOi KOMHare, B MaIlIHHe HJIH 3a CTOJIOM. Oco6eHHocTblO
e6yqeHIDI ,lJ;aHHbIM MeTO,L(OM j1B.IDIeTCjI TO, qTO pe6eHOK
ecrecTBeHHbIM 06pa30M 3aHHTepeCOBaH npH06pecTH Ha-
,BIdKH, Ha.A KOTOpldMH Bid pa60TaeTe. HanpHMep, HaneBa-
ltHe neCHH HJIH npocb6a nO,lJ;aTb neqeHbe 6y,nyr paCCMaT-
. P HB8TbCjJ KaK 06yqeHHe B eCTeCTBeHHOH cpe,lJ;e, ,L(IDKe
II
I eCJIH 06yqeHHe ,lJ;aHHbIM HaBbIKaM npOHCXO,nHT, KOr,lJ;a pe-
1. 1 6eHOK Ha,neBaeT HOCKH.
II Pa3HH a Me 3THMH ,lJ;BywI BH.D;aMH 06yqeHIDI
B TOM, qTO O,L(HH H3 HHX OCHOBaH Ha eCTeCTBeHHO B03HH-
' ICaIOInHX MOTHBaIUUIX pe6eHKa, a .npyroH no,apa3YMeBaeT
o6yqeHHe HaBbIKaM 6e3 yqeTa HHTepeCOB pe6eHKa, C HC-
.. n0JlL30BaHHeM HCKYCCTBeHHO C03,lJ;aHHbIX MOTHBalUfH.
nOCKOJ1bKY MeTO,a HHTeHcHBHoro 06yqeHIDI 03HaqaeT,
1fTO y pe6eHKa HeT eCTeCTBeHHOH MOTHBa HH, He06xo,lJ;H-
MO H OqeHb BIDKHO, QT06bI yqacrne pe6eHKa B npo ecce
06yqeHIDI 6billO nO)JJl;ep:>KaHO 3cpcpeKTHBHbIM HCn0J1b30-
BaHHeM nO,lJ;CKa30K H n06)?KJ{alOInHx YCJ10BHH.
· CnOHmaHHoe o6ytteHue OCHOBaHO Ha 3KcnpOMTe H
MO)KeT 6bITb HCnOJTh30BaHO B J11060H cHryalUfH, KOr,lJ;a 6bI
H r,ae 6bI BbI HH 6bIJ1H C B3.mHM pe6eHKOM. 3TOT BH.D; 06y-
1JeHIDI MO:>KeT 6bITb HCn0J1b30BaH no nyTH B Mar33HH,
B MamHHe HJIH ,lJ;IDKe 3a 06e,aeHHbIM CTOJ10M. KaK TOJ1bKO
-139 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
pe6eHOK nOKa3bIBaeT 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb B qeM-J1H60,
BbI HCnOJIb3YeTe 3TOT MOMeHT ,LVllI 06yqeHIDI. ECJ1H o6y-
qeHHe BKJIlOqaeT neJ1H, KOTopbIe He 6billH 3anJIaHHpOBa-
HbI BaMH 3apaHee, HO B03HHKJIH Ha OCHOBe eCTeCTBeHHhIX
MOTHBanHH pe6eHKa, BbI HCn0J1h3YeTe ,lJ;aHHhIH MeTO .
HarrpHMep, pe6eHOK OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCjI, qT06bI paCCMOT-
peTb 6a60qKY. BbI mBOpHTe: «3T0 6a60qKa. MO:>Kemb no-
BTOpHTb: 6a60qKa?» 3T0 H eCTb cnOHTaHHoe 06yqeHlie.
3TOT MeTO,lJ; BeCbMa CXO)K C MeTO,lJ;OM 06yqeHIDI
B eCTeCTBeHHOH cpe,ae, nOCKOJIbKY 06a MeTO,lJ;a OCHOBaHhI
Ha HCn0J1b30BaHHH o6'beKTOB, B KOTOpbIX pe6eHOK Heno -
,aeJ1bHO 3aHHTepeCOBaH. OCHOBHoe pa3JIHqHe 3aKJIlOqaeT-
CjJ B TOM, qTO, npHMeIDUI MeTa,lJ; 06yqeHIDI B eCTeCTBeH-
HOD cpe,lJ;e, BbI 3apaHee onpe,lJ;eIDIeTe neJ1b (,lJ;IDKe eCJ1H
HCn0J1b3yeTe eCTeCTBeHHbIe MOTHBanHH pe6eHKa), npo-
bIBaeTe Ii nJ1aHHpyeTe 3a,lJ;aqH 06yqeHIDI. HanpHMep,
eCJIH BbI 06yqaeTe pe6eHKa HOBOM)' CJ10BY «neqeHbe», BhI
MO:>KeTe nOJIO)K}ITb naqKY neqeHbjl Ha nOJ1KY TaK, qT06hI
pe6eHOK He Mor ,aOTjJH}'TbCjJ. Tor,aa B cmyanHH, KOr,lJ;a
pe6eHoK nO:>KeJIaeT ,aOTjlH}'TbCjI ,lJ;0 neqeHbjJ, BbI IIOny-
qHTe maHC HayqHTb em npaBHJIbHO BbIpa)KaTb npocb6y.
IIpH cnOHTaHHOM 06yqeHHH BbI HCn0J1b3YeTe He3anJ1aHH-
pOBaHHbIH, c.rryqaHHbIH MOMeHT ,lJ;ID1 06yqeHIDI pe6eHKa
onpe,lJ;eJ1eHHoM)' HaBbIKY. ECJIH BbI 3aMeTHJIH, qTO pe6e-
HOK npOjlBIDIeT HHTepec K qeM)'-J1H60 B CHryaQHH, paHee
BaMH He 3anrraHHpOBaHHOH, BbI CMeJIO MO:>KeTe HCnOJIb30-
BaTb 3TY CHTyanHIO ,lVllI 06yqeHIDI, OCHOBbIB8JICb Ha HH-
Tepece pe6eHKa. 3TO TaIOKe 6y.aeT CnOHTaHHOe 06yqeHHe.
3HaHHe Toro, qTO CyI.QeCTByeT 60J1ee qeM O,lJ;HH Me-
TO,lJ; 06yqeHIDI, n03BOIDIeT DaM He qyBCTBOBaTh ce6j1 npH-
BjJ3aHHbIM K OCHOBaM Tpa,lUfnHOHHbIX MeTO,lJ;OB ABA.
- 140-
B.n;OXHHTe )l(H3Hb B npou;ecc o6yqeHIDI
epb, nOMHMO HCrrOJIb30BaHIDI n06)')K)J:aIOInHX YCJIO-
H MOTHBanHH, crroc06HbIX C,lJ;enaTb MeTO,lJ; HHTeH-
Horo 06yqeHIDI 60JIee rrpHBJIeKaTeJIbHbIM, BbI MO>KeT
HMeIDITh MeTO,lJ;bI crrOHTaHHoro 06yqeHIDI H 06yqeHIDI
creCTBeHHOH cpe,lJ;e.
!. XOTg MeTO,lJ; HHTeHcHBHoro 06yqeHIDI gBIDIeTCg O,lJ;HHM
TPa,D;HnHOHHbIX MeTo,nOB ABA, HCnOJIb30BaHHe ,lJ;BYX
yrHX MeTO,lJ;OB crroc06cTByeT 60JIee JIerKoM)' BOBJIeqe-
pe6eHKa B rrponecc 06yqeHIDI, TaK KaK 3TH MeTo,nbI
. HOBaHbI Ha HHTepecax H MOTHBanHH Bamero pe6eHKa.
_.I... ECJIH pe6eHOK MOTHBHpOBaH, BbI MO>KeTe rrpHMeHHTb
,lJ; 06yqeHIDI OT,lJ;eJIbHbIMH 6JIOKaMH ,n.rrg rro.rryqeHIDI
"' . O>KHTeJIbHoro pe3YJIbTaTa. O,lJ;HaKO B MeTo,ne HHTeH-
.CHBHOro 06yqeHIDI HeT eCTeCTBeHHO B03HHKalOIneH MOTH-
H, rr03TOM)' rrponecc 06yqeHIDI 3,lJ;eCb rrO ep)I(JIBaTb
:, CKOJIbKO CJIO)KHee. ll03TOM)' rrOHHMaHHe H HCnOJIb30-
He MOTHBanHH B ,norrOJIHeHHe K MeTO.ny HHTeHCHBHO-
.1'0 06yqeHIDI CTaHOBHTCg ,lJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO BIDKHbIM.
I
Bce TpH MeTo,na 06yqeHIDI y6e)l()J;alOT Hac B TOM, qTO
'pe6eHOK, TaK )Ke KaK H Bce MbI, 06yqaeTCg rrOCTOgHHO
. B cnoc06eH rrpH06peTaTb HaBbIKH B caMbIX pa3JIWlHbIX
. cmyanIDIx H caMbIMH pa3JIWlHbIMH crroc06aMH. To, qTO
o6yqeHHe He rrpHBg3aHO K KaKOM)'-TO onpe,neJIeHHOM)' Me-
I CTy HJIH BpeMeHH, OqeHb Ba)KHO, TaK KaK pe6eHOK HaqH-
HaeT CJIe,lJ;OBaTb HHCTpyKQIDIM H CTapaThCg He3aBHCHMO
I OT Toro, r,lJ;e OH HaXO,lJ;HTCg H qTO ,lJ;eJIaeT. Pa3Ho06pa3He
MeTO,lJ;OB TalOKe )'MeHbmaeT B03HHKHOBeHHe y pe6eHKa
)I(eJIaHIDI YKJIOHHTbCg OT 06yqalOIQHX CHryanHH. Kor,na
l o6yqalOIQHH rrpon ecc CTaHOBHTCg qaCThIO e>Ke,lJ;HeBHO-
, ro paCnOpg):{Ka, a He ypOKOM B KJIaCCHOH KOMHaTe B Te-
I tfeHHe onpe,neJIeHHOrO BpeMeHH, pe6eHOK HaqHHaeT
- 141 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
BocnpHHHMaTb 06yqeHHe KaK qaCTb CBoeH )l(H3HH. 06y-
qeHHe ,nOJDKHO CTaTb qaCTblO K8.)K)]:oro Bamero B3aH-
Mo,neHCTBHj{ C pe6eHKOM, eCJ1H BbI XOTHTe BbIHrpaTb
B 60pb6e npOTHB ayrH3Ma, HMelOInerO )l(eJ1e3HyK> XBaTKy.
IIOCKOJ1bKY 06yqeHHe MO)KeT npOHcxo,nHTb r.n;e H Kor.na
yro.n;HO, BbI nOMOraeTe pe6eHKy He TOJIbKO COBepmeH-
CTBOBaTb )'MeHIDI H HaBhIKH, HO TalOKe nOIDITb OrpOMHbIH
MHp qepe3 nepe)KHBaHIDI H onhIT, «pOpMHpYlOInHe era
Henocpe,nCTBeHHbIe H pa3Ho06pa3HhIe HHTepeCbI.
MomBaIUUI OqeHb BIDKHa .l{IDI pe6eHKa C ayrH3MOM:
3HaTh, KaK 06yqaTb pe6eHKa B eCTeCTBeHHOH cpe.n;e H Me-
TO.n;OM cnOHTaHHoro 06yqeHIDI - 03HaQaeT 3HaTb, KaK
06yqaTb em Ha OCHOBe eCTeCTBeHHO B03HHKalOInHX MO-
THBaIUiH.
3TH ,nBa THna 06yqeHIDI BMeCTe C 60JIee rH6KHM
B3r.JllI)];OM Ha MeTO,n HHTeHcHBHoro 06yqeHIDI .n;alOT BaM
He06xo.n;HMbIe HHCTp)'MeHThI, Qro6bI BhI CMOrJIH nOMOqb
pe6eHKy CcpOpMHpOBaTh npOqHhIe HaBhIKH 06yqeHIDI.
I
rnaBa 12.
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa
<PYHKQHOHaJIbHOH peQH
" .
, -
(
J'.
. MeTO,a aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,aeHIDI KaK COCTaB-
1OIIJ;asI ABA npeAJIaraeT MHOro Y.l{HBHTeJIbHhIX TeXHHK
;- cTpaTerHH, qT06hI nOMOqb ,aeTjlM npH06pecTH pa3HbIe
.. .BH.nbI HaBbIKOB. O,n;HaKo oc060 H3J];O OTMeTHTb cpH.JIOCO-
I HIO, KOropasI CTOHT 3a 3THM MeTo,n;OM - MeTo,aOM 06y-
: ,1IeHIDI ,aeTeH peqH.
r HaBblK 06 eHIUI He j1BIDIeTCjI BpO)K)];eHHbIM, OH cpop-
':' MHpyeTCjI Y Ka)l()];Oro qeJIOBeKa no,n; BJIHjlHHeM noo pe-
I HIDI ,aeHCTBIDIMH ,n;pyrHx JIIO,n;eH. TIJIaq - 3TO nepBoe
npOjlBJIeHHe j13blKa 06 eHIDI pe6eHKa. MJIa,aeHIJ;bl 6bl-
CTpO YCBaHBaIOT, liTO HX KPHK npHBo,aHT K TOH HJIH HHOH
. cpopMe OTBeTa. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npo,aOJI>KHTeJIbHOCTH
HJIH HHTeHCHBHOCTH 3TH KPHKH Moryr 6blTb HCnOJIb30-
BaHbl KaK CHrHaJIbl B3pOCJIOMY B3j1Tb pe6eHKa Ha PYKH,
nOKaqaTb HJIH no,n;6pOCHTb Ha PYKax. Kor,[(a onpe,aeJIeH-
Hble THnbl llJIalia n03BOJUIIOT pe6eHKY nOJIyqHTb :>KeJIae-
MbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI, HX lIaCTOTa H npo,n;OJI:>KHTeJIbHOCTb
YBeJIHqHBalOTCjJ B TOT nepHO,a BpeMeHH, Kor,aa pe6e-
HOK XOlieT nOJIyqHTb HMeHHO 3TOT pe3YJIbTaT e e pa3.
He CJIyqaHHo 60JIbillHHCTBO MaTepeH YMelOT pa3JIHqaTb
- 143 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
Y CBOHX ,neTeH nJIaq OT rOJIo,na, YCTaJIOCTH, MOKpbIX ne-
JIeHOK, 60JIH.
Kor,na pe6eHOK H3,naeT 3B}'KH (aryKaeT, ryJIHT H ,np.),
MaMa H nana pa TCj{, nOBTOpj{1OT 3TH 3B}'KH H ,neJIalOT
CMellIHble JIHQa. 3B}'KH, KOTopbIe npOH3HOCHT pe6eHOK,
BbI3bIBalOT ynbI6KH H ,npyrHe Q.>OPMbI BHHMaHIDI co CTO-
pOHbI po,nHTeJIeH, yBeJIHqHBWI BepOj{THOCTb, qTO pe6eHOK
nOBTopHT HX CHOBa. B KOHQe KOHQOB, H3 3THX 3B)'KOB
Q.>OpMHpyroTCj{ 3BYKOCOqeTaHIDI, npHro,nHble ,lI)llI HCnOJIh-
30BaHIDI B KaqeCTBe CJIOB. HanpHMep, MaMa HCnOJIb3Y-
eT CJIOBO «6yrbIJIOqKa», ,naBIDI pe6eHKy ero 6yrbIJIOqKY.
B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT pe6eHOK HaqHHaeT HCnOJIb30BaTh
CJIOBO «6a», KOTopoe j{BIDleTCj{ 3ByKOM, npH6JIIDKeHHbIM
K 3ByqaHHIO CJIOBa «6yrbIJIOQKa». «Da» nepexo,n:HT B «Ga-
6a», npeBpa WICb 3aTeM B «6yrbIJIOqKy», KOTopoe 03Ha-
qaeT <01 xoqy 6yrbIJIOqKy». Pe6eHKy CTaJIO H3BeCTHO, qTO
eCJIH OH npo,n:OJDKaeT npOH3Bo,n:HTb KOHKpeTHbrH 3B)'I<, OH
CMO)KeT no.rryqHTb KOHKpeTHhIH oGDeKT. Pe6eHOK TalOKe
Y3HaeT, qro, nOBTOpj{j{ onpe,n:eJIeHHbIe COqeTaHIDI 3BYKOB,
TaKHe KaK «MaMa» H «nana», OH no.rryqaeT BHHMaHHe
CBOHX po,n:HTeJIeH.
O,n:HaKO MHorHe ,n:eTH C ayrn3MoM nOCTeneHHO nepe-
CTalOT pearHpOBaTb TaK, KaK ,n:eJIaJIH 3TO paHbllIe B npo-
Qecce e)Ke,nHeBHoro COQHaJIbHOrO B3aHMo,n:eHCTBIDI. 3To
He 03HaqaeT, qTO po,n:HTeJIH He C)'MeJIH nocTpoHTb 06-
meHHe co CBOHM pe6eHKoM Ha,n:JIe)KaInHM 06pa30M.
3To TaIOKe He 03HaQaeT, QTO pO,lUlTeJIH He y,neIDIJIH BHH-
MaHHe CBoeMY pe6eHKy. DOJIbmHHCTBO po,nHTeJIeH ,neTeH
C ayrH3MoM - JII06j{InHe H BHHMaTeJIbHbIe. B caMOM
,n:elle, 3TH po,n:HTeJIH HaCTOjf He no,n:BIDKHHKH B TOM,
Qro KaCaeTCj{ nOMOID;H CBoeMy pe6eHKy H em Pa3BHTHIO.
- 144-
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa <PYHKUHOHaJIbHOH peq}f
110 nOCKOJIbKy HX ,n:eTH npe,n:pacnOJIO)KeHbI K npOgBJIe-
;JIIDIM nOBe,n:eHIDI, IIpo,n:HKTOBaHHoro paCCTpOHCTBaMH
(lYTHCTHqeCKoro cneKTpa, 3TH po,n;HTeJIH ,[(OJI)KHbI nOHH-
aTb, KaK yqHTb CBOHX ,n;eTeH Henocpe,n:CTBeHHO HaBbIKY
I 06meHIDI.
J -
DOJIbillHHCTBO H3 Hac, B TOM qHCJIe ,n;eTH C ,n;pyrHMH
I -BapyrneHIDIMH B p33BHTHH, yqaTcH rOBopHTb 6e3 cneQH-
aJlbHOrO 06yqeHIDI. 3a nOCJIe,lJ)l101O COTHIO JIeT MhI npaK-
. mqeCKH He HMeeM HCCJIe,n:OBaHHH Ha TeMY «KaK HayqHTb
(roBOpHTb» I. Cyw;eCTBYIOI.1UIe HCCJIe,[(OBaHIDI cocpe,n;o-
roqeHbI B OCHOBHOM Ha H3yqeHHH npoQecca 06yqeHIDI
tteTeH npaBHJIbHOH apTHKYJIgQHH CJIOB, a He KOMM)'HH-
.KaTHBHbIM HaBbIKaM. CJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO, po,n:HTeJIH ,n;eTeH
_.C ayrH3MoM HCIIhIThIBalOT BHRY H p330qapOBaHHe H3-3a
'CBoeH Hecnoc06HOCTH HayqHTb pe6eHKa 3TOMY 6330BOM)'
HaBbIKY. O,n:HaKO 3a nOCJIe,n;HHe ,nBa,n:QaTb-TpH.D:QaTb JIeT
B 3TOH 06JIaCTH 6billO npOBe,n;eHO HeMaJIO HCCJIe,n;OBaHHH,
oc06eHHO B TOM, qTO KaCaeTCg p33BHTIDI MeTo,n:a VB.
CaMbIH npocToH ypoBeHb g3bIKa npe,n;nOJIaraeT nOHH-
MaHHe CJIe meH KOHQenQHH: «EcJIH H qTO-TO c,[(eJIalO,
g nO.JIy1IalO qTO-TO B3aMeH; eCJIH g c)].erralO qTO-TO ,[(pyroe,
TO nOJIyqy HHOH pe3)'JIbTaT». ,[(aHHajf KOHQenQIDI rre)l(}fT
B OCHOBe Bcex KOMM)'HHKaQHH, H HMeHHO 3T)' KOHQen-
QHIO Hama KOMaH,na Knospe-ABA npe,[(cTaBIDIeT ,[(eTHM,
KOTOpbIM MbI nOMoraeM.
IIoMHHTe, MbI rOBOpHJIH 0 TOM, qTO Ka)l()];ag <popMa
06 eHIDI HMeeT CBOIO <PYHKQHIO? ECJIH BbI 06paTH-
TeCb K KJIaCcH<pHKaQHH THnOB Bep6a.rrbHoro nOBe,neHHg
B pOCCHHCKOH IIe.n;arorHKe H .n;e<peKTOJIOrHH HeMaJIO HCCJIe.n;o-
BaHHH, IIOCBmneHHbIX o6yqeHHIO peQH, B TOM qHCJIe rnyxHX
H CJIeIIOrJIyxHX .n;ereH. - flpUMell. Htl)"I. pea.
- 145-
ETCKI1A AYTM3M H ABA
CKHHHepa, BbI YBH,lJ;HTe, qTO KOHI{enI{IDI « eJIaTb qTO-TO
AJUI Toro, qT06bI no.rryqHTh qTO-TO» 6Y,lJ;eT KJIaCCHcpHQH-
pOBaHa KaK HaBblK Bblpa:>KeHIDI npocb6bI. BblpajJ(eHHe
npocb6bl - 3TO cnoc06HOCTb 3anpamHBaTb npe,lJ;MeT, 3a-
HgTHe HJIH HHcpopMaI{HIO, KOTopble Bbl XOTHTe no.rryqHTb.
KOHI{enQIDI «ECJIH g qTO-TO C,lJ;eJlalO, g qTO-TO no.rryIJy»
nOna,lJ;aeT B 3TY KaTeropHIO. HanpHMep, eCJlH jf roBOplO:
«t(aHTe, nO:>KaJIyHCTa, MHe BO,lJ;bl», g HaBepIDIKa nOJlyqy
BO)];)'. ECJlH g yKa3blBalO Ha :>KeBaTeJlbHYIO pe3HHKY Ha CTO-
Jle H roBOplO: «Pe3HHKa», g, CKopee Bcero, ee no.rryqy. 3TO
OqeHb npOCTWI H,lJ;eg, K nOHHMaHHIO KOTOpOH, O,l(HaKO,
MHorHe ,lJ;eTH C aym3MoM He MOryr npHHTH CaMOCTOjf-
TeJlbHO. BIDKHO He TOJlbKO pa3,lJ;eJIHTb HaBblK 06 eHIDI HJIM
BbIpIDKeHIDI npocb6bl Ha 3Tanbl, qro6bl HayqlITb pe6eHKa
npOClITb, BIDKHO TaIOKe pa36HTh' 3TOT npoQecc Ha ypOBHM
H OCBaHBaTh I<IDK,lU»IH H3 HHX nOoqepe,l(Ho.
MO>KHO Bbl,lJ;eJIHTb HeCKOJlbKO no):{xO,lJ;OB K Bbl)];eJle-
HHIO ypOBHeH npH06peTeHID! HaBblKa BbIpa>KeHIDI IIpOCb-
6bl (Tpe60BaHHg). llo,l(Xo,lJ;, C KOTOpblM Mbl pa60TaJIH
B Knospe-ABA, BKJIIOqarr cJle,[()'lOlI(He ypoBHH Tpe60Ba.HJtif:
1. llJIaq, qT06bI IIO.rryqHTb :>KeJlaeMbIH o 61> e KT.
2. llJIaq B6J1H3H :>KeJlaeMoro 061>eKTa.
3. llplITgrHBaHHe KOro-JIH60 3a PYKY K :>KeJIaeMOMY
o 61> e KTY.
4. YKa3aHHe Ha :>KeJIaeMblH o6DeKT.
5. HCIIOJlb30BaHHe aJIbTepHaTHBHoH KOMMYHHKaI{HH
(g3blK :>KeCTOB), qT06bl IIO.rryqHTb >KeJIaeMblH o6DeKT.
6. HCIIOJlb30BaHHe HeTOqHO npOH3HeceHHoro CJlOBa
HJIH 3ByKa AJUI no.rryqeHIDI o6DeKTa.
7. HCIIOJIb30BaHHe B KaqeCTBe npocb6bl npaBHJIbHO
npoH3HeceHHoro CJIOBa.
- 146-
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa <PYHKI(HOHaJIbHOH peQH
8. llpoH3HeceHHe npocToro npe,lJ;J10:>KeHIDI.
9. TIpocb6a B cpopMe pa3BepH)'Toro npe,[(JIO:>KeHIDI, co-
Aep:>Ka ero onHcaHHe npe,lJ;MeTa.
10. YnoMHHaHHe 0 :>KeJ1aeMOM npe,aMeTe KaK cnoc06
I yroBOpHTb KOm-J1H60 em npe,lJ;OCTaBHTb.
He3aBHcHMo OT TOro, CKOJ1bKO J1eT BameM)' pe6eH-
. ICY H HaCKOJ1bKO pa3BHTa ero peqb, OH 6Y,lJ;eT HaXO,lJ;HTbCB
Ha O,aHOM H3 3THX ,lJ;eCgTH ypoBHeH Bblpa:>KeHHg CBOHX
DOTpe6HocTeii. MHorHe ,aern cnoc06Hbl TOJ1bKO nJ1aKaTb
WIH YCTpaHBaTb HCTepHKY, Kor,lJ;a OHH XOTgT qTO-TO nOJ1Y-
1IHTb. ,lijJyrHe c)'MeJ1H IIpeo,aOJ1eTb qaCTb ypoBHeH H CIIO-
C06Hbl YKa3aTb Ha npe,aMeT IIDH IIpHBecTH po,aHTeJ1eH
r' K npe,lJ,MeTy, KOTOphIH OHH XOTjfT nOJIyqHTb. He3aBHcHMo
, OT Toro, KaKoMY ypOBHIO COOTBeTCTBYIOT HaBblKH Bamero
pe6eHKa, Bbl MO:>KeTe HCII0J1b30BaTb ,lJ;OcryIIHble cero,aIDI
cTpaTerHH, n03BOIDIIO He BaM nOMOqb BameM)' pe6eHKY
nepeHTH C O,lJ;HOrO ypOBIDI Ha CJ1e.a)'lOIQHH.
06yqeHHe ,aeTeH rOBopHTb HaqHHaeTCg C caMoro
nepBoro rnara - C npe,lJ;CTaBJ1eHHg IIpOCTOH KOH eIIIUiH:
«EcJ1H g qTQ-TO C,lJ;eJ1alO, g IIOnyqy qTO-TO; eCJ1H g C,lJ;eJ1alO
qTO-TO ,apyroe, g no.rryqy qTO-HH6y,ab ,lJ;pyroe». ECJ1H Barn
pe6eHOK cnoc06eH KonHpOBaTb Barny peqb, Bbl MO)KeTe
nOMOqb eMY npOH3HOCHTb CJ10Ba, a 3aTeM no,aKpenJ1BTb
HCn0J1b30BaHHe 3THX CJ10B Pa3J1HqHbIMH npe,aMeTaMH,
KOTopble OH XOTeJ1 6bl nOJIyqHTb. 3TO CTaHeT HaqarrOM
BBe,aeHIDI B KOHQenQHIO «C,lJ;eJ1aTb - 3HaqHT nOJ1Y-
qHTb». O,aHaKo eCJ1H Barn pe6eHOK He MO)KeT IIOBTOpgTb
CJ10Ba, BaM CJ1e,lJ;yeT npe,lJ;IIpHIDITb IIO,lJ;rOTOBHTeJ1bHbIH
mar H HCII0J1b30BaTb ero B KaqeCTBe nepeXO,lJ;a K YCT-
HOH peqH. TaKoH nepexo,lJ; gBIDIeTCg cBoe06p83HbIM MO-
CTOM H BKJIlOqaeT HCII0J1b30BaHHe HeKoTopblX 3J1eMeHTOB
- 147 -
.l(ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
6CnO.MOZameJlbHOU CUCme.Mbl KO.M.MYHuKalluU (Augmenta-
tive Communication System). B 60JIbllIHHCTBe c.rryqaeB
npH pa60Te C HeroBOpg HM pe6eHKoM .rryqIlIHM MOCTOM
OKa3blBaeTCg g3bIK )l(eCTOB.
513b1K :>KeCTOB cnoc06cTByeT 06 eHHIO 6JIaro,napg 06-
MellY 0601O,nHO nOHHMaeMblMH ,nBH)I(eHHgMH TeJIa. Tpy -
HO, npaKTHqeCKH HeB03MO)l(HO HCnOJIb30BaTb nOJIHyIO
<pH3INeCKYJO no,nCKa3Ky, qT06bl 3aCTaBHTb qeJIOBeKa ro-
BOpHTb. TaKHM 06Pa30M, no,nKpenHTb peqb HerOBOpg e-
ro pe6eHKa Ka)l(eTCg HeB03MO)KHbIM. 3,neCb Mbl 3axo,nHM
B TYJ1HK, TaK KaK TOJIbKO TO nOBe,neHHe, KOTopoe no,n-
KpenIDIeTCg, HMeeT TeH,neHQHIO yqa:rnaTbCg B 6Y,l{)'lneM.
Ho MeTO,n aHaJIH3a Bep6arrbHoro nOBe,neHIDI HCnOJIb3yeT
MOTHBaQHH H no,nKpenJIeHHe TaKHM 06Pa30M, lITO nOMO-
raeT HaM pemHTb 31)' np 0 6JI e My. ECJIH pe6eHOK He ro-
BOpHT, He06xo,nHMO C03,naTb CHJIbHyIO MOTHBaQHIO ,lJ;JIj{
06:rneHIDI. E,nHHCTBeHHbIH cnoc06 C03,lJ;aTb CHJIbHyIO MO-
THBaQHIO 3aKJIlOqaeTCj{ B HCnOJIb30BaHHH nO,lJ;KpenJIeHHH.
}13bIK )l(eCTOB H 3HaKOB MO)KeT 6blTb xopomHM nepexo,lJ;-
HbIM 3TanOM K pa3roBOpHOH peQH, TaK KaK pearrH3yeTCg
B TaKOH <popMe 06:rneHHj{, KOTOpyIO JIerKO no,nCKa3aTb H,
CJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIbHO, JIerKO no,nKpenHTb.
nOCKOJIbKy Bbl MO)KeTe <pH3HQeCKH nOMOQb pe6eH-
KY BblnOJIHHTb )KeCT, a 3aTeM nO,lJ;KpenHTb ero, nOKa pe-
6eHOK He cnoc06eH KonHpoBaTb BallIH CJIOBa, TO j{3bIK
)KeCTOB OKa3bIBaeTCj{ JIyqIIIHM cnoc060M nOKa3aTb pe-
6eHKy Ba)KHOCTb 06:rneHHj{. HaqHHTe C ynpaBJIeHHg
OKPY:>KalO eH 06CTaHOBKoH, Hacbl:rnWl ee npe,nMeTaMH,
KOTopbIe BallI pe6eHOK, BepOgTHO, XOTeJI 6bI no.rryqHTb
H ,nJIj{ 06JIa,lJ;aHHj{ KOTOpbIMH OH, MO)l(eT 6blTb, nOCTapa-
eTCj{ BbIpa3HTb npocb6y. XpaHHTe 3TH npe,lJ;MeTbl BHe
- 148 -
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa <PYHKD;HOHaJIbHOH peQH
e enOB ero ,L\OCBraeMOCTH. IIo,L\o)K)];HTe, nOKa MOTHBa-
pe6eHKa nonyqHTb KaKOH-TO H3 npe,L\MeTOB B03pac-
O TaKOH CTeneHH, qTO OH nonbITaeTCB ,L\OCTaTb 3TOT
JiPPe,nMeT. B 3TOT MOMeHT npHBneKHTe BHHMaHHe pe6eH-
.B8 H nOKa)KHTe KaKOH-HH6Y,L\b npOCTOH )KeCT no BameMY
....Bw60PY, KOTOpbIH OH Mor 6bI HMHTHpOBaTb (nOBTopHTb).
I aTeM nOMorHTe eMY BocnpOH3BeCTH H)')KHbIH )f(eCT ca-
. "OCTOBTenbHO, Hcnonb3YB nonHYIO <pH3HQeCKYIO no,L\-
: .f;Ka3KY. Cp83Y )f(e nO,L\KpenHTe ycnemHoe BbInonHeHHe
I 3Toro )KeCTa, ,L\aB pe6eHKY npe,L\MeT, KOTOpbIH OH CTpe-
; MHnCB nonyqHTb. EcnH OH nOTBHeTCB K ,L\pyrOMY npe,L\-
l MeTY, CHOBa nOKa)KHTe )KeCT, a 3aTeM nonpOCHTe pe6eH-
I ,Ka nOBTopHTb 3TOT )KeCT. IIo 3aBepmeHHH nO,L\KpenHTe
I BbInonHeHHe HHCTPY HH npe,L\MeTOM, KOTOpbIH OH no-
npOCHn.
IIpH ,L\OCTaTOqHOM KOnHqeCTBe nOBTOpeHHH 3Ta npo-
n:e,L\)'pa CTaHOBHTCB 3<p<peKTHBHOH AID! K Oro pe6eHKa.
TIocKOnbKy BbI npe,L\nonaraeTe Hcnonb30BaTb B3bIK )f(e-
CTOB TonbKO B KaqeCTBe BpeMeHHoro 3Tana Ha nyrH OCBO-
eHIDI p83rOBopHOH peqH, y6e,L\HTeCb, qTO BbI6paHHbIe
BaMH )KeCTbI acconHHpyK>TCB co 3BYXOBbIM 0603HaQeHHeM
npe,L\MeTa no KpaHHeH Mepe TPH p83a B TeqeHHe K oro
06yqalO ero 6noKa: npOH3HOCHTe TO cnOBO, KOTOpOMY
BbI XOTHTe HayqHTb pe6eHKa, nepBbIH p33, KOr,L\a BbI nOKa-
3bIBaeTe pe6eHKY )KeCT; BTOpOH p83, KOr,L\a BbI <pH3HqeCKH
nOMOraeTe eMY C,L\enaTb )KeCT; H TpeTHH p83, KOr,L\a BbI
,L\aeTe eMY nO,L\KpenneHHe. KaK TonbKO npone,L\)'pa CTaHeT
npHBbIQHOH ,L\illI pe6eHKa, )KenaHHe nonyqHTh nO,L\Kpe-
nneHHe 6y,n;eT MOTIlBHpOBaTb ero nOMOqb BaM YCKOPHTb
nponecc Hcnonb30BaHIDI )KeCTa. IIepBbIH mar co CTOpO-
HbI pe6eHKa K He3aBHCHMOMY Hcnonb30BaHHIO JKeCTOB -
- 149 -
ETCKMH AYTH3M H ABA
3TO em :>KenaHHe npe,WIO:>KHTb BaM CBOH P)'KH, qT06bI BbI
MornH nO,lJ;CKa3aTb H nOMOqb eM)'. B KOHn;e KOHn;OB, BbI
CMO:>KeTe nOq)'BCTBOBaTh, KaK on nOMoraeT BaM C,lJ;enaTb
:>KeCT. Kor,lJ;a 3TO npOH30H,l.{eT, HaCTyIIHT BpeMjI, qT06bI
HaqaTb HCnOJIb30BaTb qaCTIftIH)'IO <pH3HqeCKYID nO,lJ;CK83-
K)', qro6bI pe6eHOK yqHJICjI pa60TaTb caMOCTOjJTenbHO.
IIoMHHTe, qTO Hcnonb30BaHHe qaCTHQHOH <pH3HQeCKOH
nO,lJ;CKa3KH Tpe6yeTCjI ,l{JIjI nOMO H B Haqarre H Cepe,lJ;HHe
npon;ecca, O,lJ;HaKO BaM cne,nyeT n03BonHTb pe6eHK)' 3a-
BepmHTb pa60'I)' Ha,lJ; HaBbIKOM caMOCTOjITenbHO.
HeKOTopbIe ,lJ;eTH HaqHHalOT HMHTHpOBaTb nO,lJ;CKa3KY
caMOCTOjJTenbHO, TO eCTb 6e3 nOMOm;H B3pOCJIbIX, e
nocne HeCKOJIbKHX ypOKOB. Y ,lJ;pyrHX 3TO MO:>KeT 3aHjITb
HeCKonbKO MeCjIu;eB. He3aBHCHMO OT Tom, CKOJIbKO Bpe-
MeHH Tpe6YeTcjI pe6eHK)', QT06bI HaqaTb HMHTHpOBaTb
Barn :>KeCT caMOCTOjITeJIbHO, BaM He06xo,lJ;HMO HaqaTh
npon;ecc 06yqeHIDI cnOHTaHHOM)' (no c06CTBeHHOH HHH-
n;HaTHBe) Hcnonb30BaHHIO jI3bIKa :>KeCTOB.
CnOHTaHHoe Hcnonb30BaHHe jI3bIKa y ,lJ;eTeH C ayrH3-
MOM qaCTO 3a,lJ;epJKHBaeTCjI. IIyrb OT HaBbIKa BbIpa)l(eHIDI
npocb6bI, nOKa3aHHOm C BarneH nOMOm;blO, ,lJ;0 HaBbIKa,
nOKa3aHHOm cnOHTaHHO, MO)l(eT 6bITb OQeHb ,l.{OnrHM.
O,lJ;HH H3 cnoco60B YCKOPHTb 3TOT npou;ecc - He 3a-
,lJ;aBaTb Bonpoc «qTO TbI XOQernb?». 3TOT Bonpoc Ha ca-
MOM ,n:ene jIBIDleTCjI KOCBeHHOH Bep6anbHOH nO,lJ;CKa3KOH;
BeCbMa BepOjJTHoe B03HHKHOBeHHe y pe6eHKa 3aBHCHMO-
CTH OT 3TOH nO,lJ;CKa3KH MO)l(eT c eCTBeHHO 3a,l.{ep)l(aTb
nepeXO,lJ; K cnOHTaHHOM)' jI3bIK}'. CTOHT B03,lJ;ep)l(aThCjI
OT Borrpoca H nO,lJ;OJK,ZJ;aTh, nOKa Barn pe6eHOK C nOMOm;blO
B3rJUl){a, 3B}'Ka HJIH nOIILITKH ,lJ;OTjJH)'TbCjJ ,lJ;0 rrpe,lJ;Me-
Ta rrpO,l.{eMOHCTpHpYeT )l(eJIaHHe nOJIyqHTb qTQ-JIH60.
- 150 -
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa 4>YHKIUIOHaJILHOH peQH
H Tor,na Cpa3Y :>Ke HaqHHTe 06yqeHHe :>KecTy, nOBTOpgjl
Ba3BaHHe npe,nMeTa TpH pa3a.
IIpHBe,neM npHMep 06yqeHIDI jl3bIKY HerOBOpjlrn;ero
pe6eHKa, KOTOpbIR H3yqaeT jl3bIK JKeCTOB ,nIDI <pOpMHpO-
B8HIDI npocb6bI nOJIyqHTb neqeHbe.
Pe6eHOK: TjlHeTCjI K neqeHblO.
MaMa: npeceKaeT ,neRCTBIDI pe6eHKa H nOKa3bIBaeT
)l(eCT «neqeHbe», BIDITHO npOH3HOCjI: «lleqeHbe».
MaMa: HCnOJIb3YeT nOJIH)'IO <pH3HqeCK)'IO no,ncKa3KY,
qT06bI nOMOqb pe6eHK}' c,neJIaTb :>KeCT «neqeHbe», 3aTeM
e e pa3 qeTKO npoH3HoCHT: «lleqeHbe».
MaMa: no,nKpenIDIeT pe6eHKa neqeHbeM, npOH3HOCjI
I CJIOBO «neqeHbe» B TpeTHR pa3.
IIoMHHTe, qTO 3a,naBaTb Bonpoc «qTO TbI XOqeIllb?»
I H)')KH0 Tor,na, Kor,na BbI He 3HaeTe, qTO pe6eHOK npOCHT
B ,naHHbIR MOMeHT. ECJIH BaM H3BeCTHO, qTO pe6eHOK XO-
qeT, HaqHHTe 06yqaTb BbIpa)KeHHIO npocb6bI, npOH3HOCjI
TOJIbKO Ha3BaHHe 3Toro npe,nMeTa.
Kor,na pe6eHOK rOTOB nepeHTH OT npOjlBJIeHIDI Ha-
BbIKa C BarneR no,nCKa3KOH K cnoHTaHHoMY npOjlBJIeHHIO
HaBbIKa, BbI ,nOJI:>KHbI YBeJIHqHTb BpeWl Me)l(,L\Y HHCTPYK-
IJ;HeH H no,nCKa3KOH. O:>KH,naHHe YBeJIHqHT MOTHBaQHIO
pe6eHKa nonbITaTbCjI HaRTH cnoc06bI, qT06bI CKopee no-
JIy'1HTb )KeJIaHHbIH npe,nMeT. 3TO, B CBOIO Oqepe,nb, npH-
Be.u-eT K TOMY, qTO OH nonbITaeTCjI «nepeCKOqHTb» K TOH
qaCTH nponecca, r,ne 6y,neT B COCTOjlHHH nOKa3aTb :>KeCT
caMOCTOjlTeJIbHO, 6e3 no,nCKa3KH. Kor,na 3TO npOH30R,neT,
no,nKpenJIeHHe ,nOJDKHO 6bITb OqeHb HHTeHCHBHbIM If pa-
,nyrorn;HM pe6eHKa.
-151-
ETCKMH AYTH3M H ABA
ECTb MHOro cnOC060B c eHaTb npo ecc 06yqeHH»
)KeCTaM JIerKHM ,lI..JUI Barnero pe6eHKa, B TO )Ke BpeWl cy-
w:eCTByeT MHoro cnoc060B ero YCJIO:>KHeHIDI. He nblTaH-
TeCb np060BaTb npHMeIDITb 3TH cnoc06bl caMOCTOjITeHb-
HO 6e3 npe BapHTeHbHoro H3yqeHIDI HHH KOHcYHbTaQHI1
KBaJIH«pH HpOBaHHoro cne HarrHcTa.
I1epBoe npaBHJIO npH 06yqeHHH jI3blKY )KeCTOB -
06yqaTb, CHe,L\YjI MOTHBa HH Bamero pe6eHKa. BbIyqHTe
)KeCTbl ,lI..JUI HI06HMOH e bl H HanHTKoB, a TaIOKe JU1 Hrpy-
IIIeK HJIH 3aIDITHH, Koropble OH HI06HT, TaKHX KaK 6aTyT,
KaqeHH HHH BH eo. IIpH 06yqeHHH HcnoHb3yHTe npe eHb-
HO KOHKpeTHble 0603HaqeHIDI: «COK», «MOHOKO», «Bo a»,
a He 06rnHe nOIDITIDI, Tame KaK «nHTb» H «He rrHTb». 113-
6eraHTe 06yqeHIDI )KeCTaM, 0603HaQalOInHM KOHKpeTHbIX
HIO,L\eH, OCTeperaHTeCb 06yqHTb pe6eHKa TaKHM )KeCTaM,
KaK «60HbIIIe», «xoqy», «,L\a», «HeT», «erne», «rrO)KaJIyi1:-
CTa», nOKa penepryap Ballero pe6eHKa He CTaHeT ,L\OCTa-
TOQHO 60HbIIIHM.
TaKHe npocb6bl, KaK «60JIbIIIe» HHH «rrHTb», He HMe-
lOT onpe eHeHHoro 3HaQeHIDI H MeIIIalOT BaIIIeMY Ha-
MepeHHIO 06HePIHTb npo ecc 06rneHIDI. 11 )')K TOqHO
HHQerO xopollero He 6Y,L\eT B TOM, eCHH Barn pe6eHOK
HaqHeT XO HTb no OMY, nOBTOpgjI )KeCT «60Hbme, 60Hb-
me, 60JIbme», a BLI He 6y,n:eTe nOHHMaTb, qero :>Ke OH XO-
qeT. ECJIH pe6eHoK CHaQaJIa BbIyqHT CJIOBa «,L\a» H «HeT»,
BaM npH,L(eTCjI eJIbIH eHb npe,L\JIaraTb eMY npe,L\MeTbI,
BblCJIYIIIHBaJI ero corHaCHe HHH OTKa3, K TOMY :>Ke Y Hero
He 6y eT MOTHBa HH HayqHTbCjI rrpaBHHbHO npOCHTb TO,
qro OH XOQeT nOJIyqHTh. pyroH )KeCT, H3yqeHHe KOTOpO-
ro Mbl npe,lVIaraeM OTJIO)I(HTb Ha HeKOTopoe BpeWl, - 3TO
«TYarreT». 06yqaTb 3TOMY :>KecTY OqeHb HeJIerKO, pa3Be
- 152-
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa <PYHKIJ;HOHaJIbHOH peQH
TOnbKO pe6eHOK OqeHb MOTHBHpOBaH B HcnonL30BaHHH
TY3JIeTa H BbI cornaCHbI )l()]:aTb, nOKa OH c,nenaeT :>KeCT,
npe:>KL(e qeM BbI pa3pernHTe eMY HM Bocnonb30BaTbCjI.
Bcer,l(a yqHTe pe6eHKa 60nbrne qeM O,nHOMY :>Kecry,
oc06eHHO B Haqarre 06yqeHHjI. MHaqe MO:>KeT cnyqHTb-
CjI, qTO nepBbIH BbIyqeHHbIH :>KeCT CTaHeT YHHBepcarrb-
HbIM 3HaKOM ,nIDI nOHjITIDI «jI XOqy». B Knospe-ABA MbI
Bcer,na nbITaeMCjI 06yqaTL ,l.{eTeH njITH p33HbIM :>KeCTaM
napa.rrnenbHO. O,l.{HaKO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pe6eHKa MbI
MO:>KeM HaqaTb C Tpex HnH ,l(a:>Ke C ,l.{eCjITH. HaKOHeu;, OCTe-
peraHTeCb «npoKpyrKH» (Scrolling). JIpoKpymKa - 3TO
npou;ecc H306pa:>KeHHjI, HnH npoKpyqHBaHHjI, pe6eHKoM
Bcex :>KeCTOB O,l.{HOrO 3a ,l.{pyrHM B nonbITKe 6bIcTpee no-
nyqHTb nO,l.{KperrneHHe. 3TO pacnpOCTpaHeHHajI npo-
6neMa, HO ee nerKO YCTpaHHTb. EY,l(bTe TBep,l.{bI, Kor,na
OCTaHaBnHBaeTe pe6eHKa, KaK TonbKO OH HaqHHaeT rrpo-
KpyrKY, H nOMorHTe eMY HaqaTb CKITa,l.{bIBaTb Hy>KHbIH
:>KeCT C caMoro HaqaJIa. ,[(orronHHTenbHoe BpeMjI, KOTO-
poe 6Y,l.{eT 3aTpaqeHO Ha IIOBTOp H OT,naJIHT nonyqeHHe
nO,l(KperrneHHjI, MOTHBHpyeT pe6eHKa nOCTapaTbCjI C,l.{e-
naTb :>KeCT npaBHnbHO C nepBoro p33a. nO,l.{KpenneHHe
,non:>KHO npe,nOCTaBnjlTbCjI TonbKO 3a npaBHnbHO BbInon-
HeHHbIH :>KeCT 6e3 nonbITOK «npOKpYTKH».
npH 06yqeHHH pe6eHKa 06ll.{eHHIO C nOMOll.{blO jI3bI-
Ka :>KeCTOB Ba:>KHO nOMHHTb, qTO ero :>KeCTbI npe,nH33Ha-
qeHbI TonbKO ,nIDI nepexo,na K pa3rOBOpHoH peqH. He no-
3BOnjIHTe BarneMY :>KenaHHIO 06yqaTb CTaTb cnyqaHHoH
npuqHHoH ocna6neHHjI eCTeCTBeHHblX nOITbITOK pe6eHKa
Hcnonb30BaTb 3BYKH. KaK TonbKO BarneMY pe6eHKY CTa-
HeT nOIDITHa KOHu;enU;IDI BbIpa:>KeHIDI npocb6bI, OH MO:>KeT
HaqaTb HcnonL30BaTb 3ByKH BMeCTe C :>KeCTaMH HnH
- 153 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
BMeCTO HHX. He3aBHCHMO OT aKKYpaTHOCTH BbInonHe-
HHB )KeCTa Ba)KHO nOOrn;pjlTb 3B)'KOBble nonbITKH Cpa3Y,
KaK TonbKO OHH cnyqalOTCjI, H ,lJ;enaTb 3TO HHTeHCHBHO.
3TO npHBe,lJ;eT K HOBbIM nonbITKaM Hcnonb30BaTb 3BYKH
B 6Y,lJ;yrn;eM. O,lJ;HaKO ecnH BbI He Ha6nlO,n;aeTe nporpec-
ca B Hcnonb30BaHHH pe6eHKOM pa3HbIX 3BYKOB B Coqe-
TaHHH C pa3HbIMH )KeCTaMH, He06xo,lJ;HMO npO,lJ;On)KaTb
06yqeHHe, KaK 6bIno nOK33aHO BbIme.
06yqeHHe cnOBeCHOMY nO,lJ;pa)KaHHIO Tex ,lJ;eTeH, KO-
TopbIe He nbITalOTCjI nOBTOpjITb cnOBa 3a B3pocnbIMH
no eCTeCTBeHHOMY n06y)KJ1.eHHIO, CTaHOBHTCjI OT,lJ;enb-
HOH BIDKHOH qaCTblO 06yqeHIDI. B TO caMoe BpeM.sI, KOr,lJ;a
BbI yqHTe pe6eHKa BbIpa)KaTb npocb6y C nOMOrn;blO jI3bIKa
)KeCTOB, He06xo,lJ;HMO HaqaTb pa601)' H Ha,lJ; cnoBecHoH
HMHTaQHeH. HayqHTb pe6eHKa nO,lJ;pa)KaTb 3BYKaM BHa-
qarre 6bIBaeT OqeHb Tp HO. O,lJ;HaKO OqeHb MHorHe ,lJ;eTH
6bICTpO ,lJ;OCTHraIOT ycnexa B 3TOH 06naCTH, KaK TonbKO
OHH nOHHMaIOT, qero BbI OT HHX XOTHTe.
TIpoQe,lJ;ypa 06yqeHIDI pe6eHKa 3B)'KOBOH HMHTaIJ;HH
(no,n;paJKaHHIO pa3rOBOpHoH peqH) npe,lJ;nOnaraeT ero
BOBneqeHHe B OqeHb HHTepecHYID H 3axBaTbIBalOInyID
Hrpy. 11 B TOT MOMeHT, KOr,lJ;a Barn pe6eHOK OqeHb 3aHH-
TepeCOBaH B Hrpe, npeKpaTHTe 06rn;eHHe H npOH3HeCHTe
3BYK, KOTOpbIH BbI XOTenH 6bI OT Hero ycnbIrnaTb. Ha nep-
BbIX nopax BbI ,lJ;On)KHbI nO,lJ;KpenIDITb nlO6yID nonbIT-
KY BOKaJIbHOH HMHTaIJ;HH. JJ:IDI 3TOro npOCTO Cpa3Y :>Ke
npO,lJ;OIDKHTe 3aHHMaTenbHYlO Hrpy. IIocne Toro KaK pe-
6eHoK CTaHeT peryIDIpHo Hcnonb30BaTb 3TOT nepBbIH
3B)'K, cTapaHTecb nO,lJ;KpenIDITb TonbKO 3BYKH, 6nH3KHe
no 3ByqaHHIO K nepBOHaqaJIbHoMY 06pa3U;Y. Kor,n;a pe6e-
HOK CMO)KeT H3,lJ;aBaTb 3B)'K, nOXOJKHH Ha Balli, HaqHHTe
- 154 -
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa <PYHKQHOHaJIbHOH peQH
HCnOJIb30BaTb ero B KaqeCTBe HHCTp)'KU;HH H nO,[(Kpen-
mTe Tenepb TOJIbKO npaBHJIbHYIO HMHTaU;HIO KaK OTBeT
Ha Barny HHCTPYKIJ;HIO.
Bonpoc, C KaKHX HMeHHO 3B)'KOB HaqHHaTb 06yqeHHe,
)1;0 CHX nop jIBJUleTCjI npe)1;MeTOM cnopoB. XopornHH JIoro-
ne,L{ MO)l(eT nO,l.{CKa3aTb BaM, KaKHe 3B)'KH pe6eHK)' 6 eT
JIerqe BocnpOH3BO,l.{HTb B Haqane 06yqeHIDI. He 3a6bIBaH-
Te 0 rJIaBHOH u;eJIH JII060ro yqeHIDI ABANB - pe6eHoK
)1;OJI)I(eH qyBcTBoBaTb, qTO B 60JIbllIHHCTBe c.rryqaeB OH
)1;OCTHraeT ycnexa. ECJIH BbI CqHTaeTe, qTO Bep6a.rrbHaJI
HMHTaU;IDI CJIHIIIKOM CJIO)KHa ,l(JUI Hero, HaqHHTe co 3BY-
KOB, KOTopbIe pe6eHOK 3HaeT H qaCTO nOBTOpjIeT. Barna
nepBOHaqaJIbHaJI u;eJIb 3aKJIIOqaeTCjI B TOM, qT06bI pe6e-
HOK nOBTOpjIJI 3B)'K B OTBeT Ha Barny npocb6y.
XOTII B BallIH 3aIDITIDI ,L{OJDKHbI 6bITh BKJIlOqeHbI
H Bep6a.rrbHaJI HMHTaU;IDI, H YMeHHe BbIpIDKaTh npocb6y,
06yqaTb HM Ha,L(O pa3,l.{eJIbHo. 06yqaJI HMHTaIJ;HH, BbI MO-
)l(eTe HCnOJIb30BaTh JII06bIe KOM6HHalUlH 3B)'KOB, TOr,L{a
KaK npH 06yqeHHH HaBbIK)' npOCHTh 0 qeM-JIH60 BbI ,[(OJI)I(-
HbI HCnOJIb30BaTb TOJIbKO Ha3BaHIDI npe,L{MeTOB, KOTOpbIe
pe6eHOK ,l.{OJI)I(eH 3HaTh, qT06bI BbIpa3HTb npocb6y. ;::(py-
rHMH CJIOBaMH, 06yqaiITe YMeHHIO BbIpIDKaTh npocb6y
B eCTecTBeHHoH 06CTaHoBKe, KOr,L{a pe6eHOK ,l.{eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO XOqeT nOJIyqHTb npe,L{MeT, KOTOpbIH npocHT. HMH-
TaU;HH )l(e MO)KHO 06yqaTb C nOMOIIJ;blO MeTO,l.{a HHTeH-
CHBHOro 06yqeHIDI Ha OCHOBe ,L{pyrHx MOTHBaU;HH ,l.{JIjI
n06)')K,L{eHIDI OTBeTa.
IIocJIe Torn KaK pe6eHOK 6Y-neT B COCTOjIHHH npOH3-
HeCTH ,l.{OCTaTOqHOe KOJIWleCTBO pa3JIWlHbIX 3B)'KOB H MO-
)l(eT HCnOJIb30BaTb jI3bIK :>KeCTOB CnOHTaHHO H nOCJIe,[(o-
BaTeJIbHO C u;eJIblO nonpOCHTh 15 HJIH 60JIee Pa3JIHqHbIX
- 155 -
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
npet(MeTOB HJIH BH)J.OB ,negTenbHOCTH, BM MO)KeTe HaqaTb
pa60ry Ha,n HaBbIKOM BbIpIDKeHIDI npocb6bI C qaCTWIHbIM
Hcnonb30BaHHeM cnOB H.JIH 3ByKOB (ypoBeHb 6 B MeTO,nH-
Ke 06yqeHWI BbIpIDKeHHIO npocb6bI).
06yqeHHe pe6eHKa CTHXHHHO npOCHTb 0 QeM-nH60
npe,nnonaraeT, qTO BbI ,nOJDKHbI c,nenaTb naY3Y, nepe,n TeM
KaK ,na.,nHTe no,nCKa3Ky. If Ha060poT, 06yqeHHe pe6eHKa
Hcnonb30BaHHIO 3ByKOB, qT06bI nonpOCHTb qTO-nH60,
npe,nnonaraeT, qTO BbI BbI,L\epJKHTe naY3Y, npe)K)];e qeM
,na,nHTe pe6eHKY no,nKpellJIeHHe. KaK TonbKO BbI qYBCTBY-
eTe, qTO pe6eHoK OJKH,naeT OT Bac no,nKpenneHIDI, nocne
TOro KaK OH CTHXHHHbIM )KeCTOM nonpOCHT 0 qeM-TO,
BbI MO)KeTe c,nenaTb naY3Y, ,naBaJI eMY B03MO)KHOCTb ,no-
6aBHTb K )KecTY HeKoTopbIH 3ByK, H nOTOM no,nKpenHTb
nOBe,neHHe. 3TO nerKO MO)KHO c,nenaTb, y,nepJKHBWI no,Z:{-
KpenneHHe Ha BH.L\y y pe6eHKa, npOH3HOCg ern Ha3BaHHe
H nOMorWi pe6eHKy nOBTopHTb.
IIoCKOJIbKy BbI pa60TaeTe Ha,n Bep6anbHoH HMHTa-
HeH OT,nenbHO, BarneMY pe6eHKy nOTpe6yeTCg BpeWl,
qT06bI nOIDITb, qero BbI ,n06HBaeTeCb, H nonbITaTbCg no-
BTOpHTb 3ByK. B HaqaJIe 06yqeHIDI BbI MO)KeTe BbI6paTh
nlO60H 3BYK H no,nKpeIIJlllTb ero BocnpoH3Be,neHHe pe6eH-
KOM. CO BpeMeHeM BbI 6y,Z:{eTe Mo,nenHpOBaTb 3BYKH, 60-
JIee qeTKHe no 3ByqaHHIO H 60nee CnO)KHbIe ,nIDI npOH3He-
ceHIDI. 3BYK 6y,neT ,naBaTbCg pe6eHKY Bce JIY1Irne, eCJIH BbI
npo,Z:{on)KHTe OCTOpO)KHO OT,naJIgTb nO,Z:{KpenneHHe, nOKa
pe6eHOK He npOH3HeceT 6nH3KHH no 3ByqaHHIO 3BYK.
KaK TOnbKO Barn pe6eHOK CMO:>KeT npH6JIH3HTenbHO
nOBTOpHTh e,nHHWlHoe cnOBO, qro6bI nonpOCHTb CBOIO
nlO6HM)1O BeIIU», He06xo,nHMOCTb HCnOJIb30BaTb g3bIK :>Ke-
CTOB OTlla,neT, H BallI pe6eHoK ,nOJDKeH 6y.ner OTKa3aThcg
- 156 -
, 06yqeHHe pe6eHKa $YUKQHOHaJIbHOii: peQH
r OT HCnOJIb30BaHIDI )l(eCTOB. OL\HaKO 3TH )l(eCTbI-3HaKH
r qaCTO BbIC1)'IIaIOT B KaqeCTBe nOMOIIJ:HHKOB L\JIjI pe6eH-
. Ka, Kor,na OH He MO)l(eT BOBpeMjI BcnOMHHTb IfY)KHbIe
CJIOBa. KaK TOJIbI<O pe6eHOK nonpOCHT BeInb, HCnOJIb-
3YjI CJIOBa H Bep6aJIbHYIO HMHTaIJ;HIO, 3TH HOBo06peTeH-
HbIe HaBLIKH MO)l{HO npHMeHjITb L\JIjI 06yqeHHjI L\pyrHM
«PYHKIJ;HjJM jI3bIKa, TaKHM KaK 0603HaqeHHe rrpeL\MeTOB,
YMeHHe OTBeqaTb Ha BonpOCbI, pacn03HaBaTb npeL\MeTbI
no rrpH3HaKaM, <PYHKIJ;HjlM H BHL\Y, TO eCTb HHTpaBep-
6anbHOH <PYHKIJ;HH jl3bIKa. 06yqeHHe Bep6arrbHOH HMH-
TaIJ;HH, KOTOpajI 06bIqHO HCnOJIb3yeTCjI C MeTOL\OM nepe-
xo,na, 6y,neT paCCMOTpeHO B rJIaBe 13.
3<p<peKTHBHOCTh ABANB 3aKJIIOqaeTCjI B TOM, qTO
nporpaMMa HCnOJIb3yeT eCTeCTBeHHO B03HHKalO MO-
THBaIJ;HIO pe6eHKa CHaqana ,l.{IDI Toro, qT06bI n06Y,l(HTb
ero QTO-JIH60 nOJIyqHTh HJIH QTO-JIH60 c,neJIaTb, a 3aTeM
,l.{IDI Toro, QT06bI 06yqHTb Bce 60JIee CJIO)l(HbIM cnoc06aM
BbIpa)l(eHIDI rrOTpe6HOCTeH B npe,nMeTax HJIIt BH,nax ,l(ejI-
TeJIbHOCTH.
rnaBa 13.
OCHoBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a
Bep6aJIbHOrO IIOBe,lJ;eHIDI
JI106W1 XOpOIliIDI nporpaMMa 06yqeHIDI 06g3aTenbHO
,lJ;on)I(Ha BKJIlOqaTb nponecc nepeHoca peaKQHH c O,lJ;HOH
HHCTpyxInfH Ha cne,lJ;yrolQ)'lO. IIponecc nepeHoca peaK-
nHH MO)KeT 6bITb Hcnonb30BaH nO-pa3HOMY H AillI pa60TbI
Ha,lJ; pa3nHqHbIMH HaBbIKaMH. l1.,L\ejJ 3TOH TeXHHKH npOCTa,
O,lJ;HaKO 6bIBaeT cnO)KHO nOMHHTb 0 He06xo,lJ;HMOCTH no-
CTOjJHHO npHMeIDITb ee B xo e 06Y1IeHIDI.
IIpOllecc nepeHoca PeaKlluu c odHOU UHcmPYKl/UU HQ
dpyzylO 3aK.JIIOQaercg B 10M, qro pe6eHOK HCnOJTh3yer pe-
aKInOO (0TBeT) Ha 0,lUl)' HHC1p)'KlUflO B KaqeCTBe pemanrn
(omera) Ha HOB}'lO HHC1p)'KlUflO. IIpeJnlonoJKHM, BbI HayqH-
Jill pe6em<a npHKaCarbCg P)'KOH K ronOBe nocne BaIlleii HH-
C1p)'KI.{HH, KOfOpasI 3aKJIl()qanaCb B npHKOCHOBeHHH K rono-
Be H npoH3HeceHHH cnOB «C,lJ;enaH TaIO). PeaKl.(IDl BallIero
pe6eHKa (npHKOCHOBeHHe K ronoBe) renepb accornrnpyercjJ
c BallIeH HHC1pyKI.UieH (KOHTpO.TIHpyercjJ elO). ECJIH B BOC-
npIDITHH pe6em<a omer Ha 3TY HHC1p)'KQHlO Ha1ffieT acco-
rnrnpoBaThCjJ C HOBOH HHC1pyKI.Uieii, KOfOpasI npeJnlonaraer
TOT )Ke 0TBeT, peaKl.(IDl pe6eHKa 3aKpeIIHTCjI 3a HOBOM HH-
C1pyKI.UieH. Qr06bI 31Oro ,lJ;OC'fH1lb, HcnoJIb3)'lOT nO,lJ;CK33KH.
- 158-
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
HH)Ke nOKa3aH npHMep npHMeHeHIDI npoQecca nepe-
Boca peaKIJ;HH c HHCTpyKQHH «C,neJIaH TaK» (HMHTaQIDI
,neHCTBIDI) Ha HOByro HHCTpyKQHIO « OTpOHbCg ,no rOJIO-
Bbl» (nOHHMaHHe peqH).
TepaneBT: C,aeJIaH TaK. (lIoiJcKa3Ka: ,aoTparHBaeTCg
,no rOJIOBbI.)
Pe6eHoK: ,noTparHBaeTCg ,no rOJIOBbI.
TepaneBT:MoJIo,neQ!
TepaneBT: OTpOHbCg ,no rOJIOBbI. (lIoiJcKa3Ka: ,no-
TparHBaeTCg ,ao rOJIOBbI.)
Pe6eHoK: ,noTpamBaeTCg ,no roJIOBbI.
TepaneBT: OTJIIfIIHO!
TeparreBf: OTpOHbCg,nO IUJIOBbI. (He nOKa3bmaeT, KaK.)
Pe6eHoK: ,noTparHBaeTCg ,no rOJIOBbI.
TepaneBT: OTJIIfIIHWI pa60Ta, MOJIo,neQ!
Barn pe6eHoK HaIIHHaeT C npocTOH HMHTaQHH ,nBH-
)KeHIDl, cJIe g HHCTpyKQHH «C,neJIaH TaK». 8JIee MbI
pa60TaeM Ha,a peuenTHBHoH peIIblO, H CJIe)fj'lOIneH 6y.neT
HHCTpYKUHg « OTpOHbCg ,no roJIOBbI». 3TO Bcero JIHillb
O,nHH H3 MHorHX npHMepoB, KaK MO>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb
npoQecc nepeHoca pea HH,l{IDI 06yqeHIDI HOBbIM HaBbI-
KaM. 3aIIeM HaqHHaTb 06yqeHHe Ka oMY HOBOMY HaBbI-
KY C H)'IDI, Kor,na BbI MO)KeTe HCnOJIb30BaTb OTpa60TaH-
HbIH HaBbIK ,l{IDI 06yqeHIDI HOBOMY HaBbIKY C nOMOInblO
npoQecca nepeHoca peaKnHH?
IIpoQecc nepeHoca pea HH n03BOIDIeT pe6eHKY
,naBaTb TOT )Ke OTBeT Ha HOByro HHCTpyxnHIO, qTO caMO
C060H )'BeJIH'lHT KOJIlflleCTBO HaBbIKoB, KOTopbIe pe6e-
HOK MO>KeT BbInOJIIDITh npaBHJIbHo. IIpoQecc nepeHoca
- 159 -
ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
peaKlUfH gBIDIeTCg qpe3BbRaHHO npaKTHqHblM, H ern CJIe-
,!(yeT no B03MO:>KHOCTH npHMeIDITh AJUI 06yqeHIDI HOBhIM
HaBbIKaM. KpOMe roro, npoQecc nepeHoca peaKlUfH no-
3BOJUIeT 06yqaTb 6e3 omH60K, nOTOMY qTO pe6eHOK }')Ke
3HaeT OTBeT H cnoc06eH npHMeHHTb ero, OTBeqIDI Ha ,aPY-
rHe BOnpOCbI. COqeTIDI OTBeT c ,apyrOH HHCTpYKQHeH
H ,aaBIDI COOTBeTCTBYIOInHe no,nCKa3KH, Bbl MO:>KeTe pac-
lliHpHTb cneKTp HCnOJIb30BaHIDI OTBeTa.
CJIe.nyroInHH npHMep - HCnOJIb30BaHHe npoQecca
nepeHoca c O,nHOH HHC1"Yl<QHH Ha ,apyrylO AJUI nepexo,na
OT HaBblKa «0603HaqeHHe npe,nMeTa» (nOHHMaHHe peqH)
K HaBblKY «0603HaqeHHe «pyHKQHH npe,nMeTa» (Pa3JIH-
qeHHe npe,nMeTOB no onHcaHHIO npH3HaKa, «pyHKQHH
H KJIaCca 060 eKTO B ).
TepaneBT: IIoKa)I(H MHe qamKY.
Pe6eHOK: npHKaCaeTCg K qalliKe.
TepaneBT:MoJIo,neQ!
TepaneBT: 1l0KIDKH MHe TO, qTO HMeeT pyqKY. (IIpH-
3HaK npe,nMeTa.)
Pe6eHOK: He 3HaeT OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc.
TepaneBT: no,acKa3bmaeT, nOKa3bIBIDI Ha qallIKY.
Pe6eHOK: ,nOTparHBaeTCg ,no qallIKH.
TepaneBT: IIpaBHJIbHO, Y qamKH eCTb pyqKa!
TepaneBT: qTO HMeeT pyqKY? (He no,ncKa3bIBIDI.)
Pe6eHoK: npHKaCaeTCg K qaIllKe.
TepaneBT: IIpeKpacHo! Tenepb nOKa)I(H MHe, KaK MbI
,nep:>KHM qamKY. (<1>yHKQIDI.)
Pe6eHoK: nOKa3blBaeT Ha qamKY.
TepaneBT: a, nOKIDKH MHe, H3 qero MhI MO:>KeM nHTb
Ko«p e ?
-160 -
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
Pe6eHOK: nOKa3hIBaer Ha Ko<peHH)'IO qamKY.
TepaneBT:Mollo eQ!
,[WyrIDI TeXHHKa, npoQe a KoppeKIUiH, )J.OJDKHa
HCnOJIb30BaTbCg Ka)K):(blH pa3, Kor a Barn pe6eHOK omH-
6aercg.
,
IIpolleiJypa KoppeKlluu - O HH H3 OCHOBHbIX MeTO-
)J.OB aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe eHIDI. QT06bl npoQecc
06yqeHIDI OCTaBIDIll pe6eHKY pa.nOCTb, He06xo HMO,
qT06bl npaBHJIbHblX OTBeTOB 6hIJIO KaK MO:>KHO 60JIb-
me. O HaKO Kor a pe6eHOK OTBeqaeT HenpaBHllbHO, Bbl
He OJDKHbI ero noom:pgTb, nOTOMY qTO 3TO )'BeJIHqHBaeT
BepOgTHOCTb Toro, qTO pe6eHoK OTBerHT HenpaBHllbHO
H B CJIe YIOrnHH p33. CTapaHTeCb H36eraTb HCnOJIb30Ba-
HIDI CllOBa «HeT» HJIH )J.pyrHX OTpHQaTeJIbHblX <pOpM Ha-
Ka3aHIDI, Kor a pe6eHOK OTBeqaeT HenpaBHJIbHO, nOTOMY
qTO HX npHMeHeHHe eJIaeT npoQecc 06yqeHIDI MaJIOnpH-
BJIeKaTeJIbHbIM, pe6eHOK paCCTpaHBaerCg H CTapaerCg
OT Hero )'KJIOHHTbCg.
JIyqmHH cnoc06 H36e:>KaTb 3THX JIOBymeK B cHrya-
U;HH, Kor a Barn pe6eHOK OTBeTHJI HenpaBHJIbHO, 3aKJIIO-
qaeTCg B HCnOJIb30BaHHH npOQe ypbl KOppeKI.(HH. 3TOT
MeTO HCXO HT H3 Toro, qTO omH6KH Bamero pe6eHKa
gBJUlIOTCg pe3YJIbTaTOM OTCYTCTBHg Y Hero onblTa H, Be-
POgTHO, pe3YJIbTaTOM BameH ne arOrHqeCKOH omH6KH.
ECJIH Bbl npaBHllbHO Hcnollb3yeTe MeTO 06)"IeHIDI 6e3
omH60K, Bbl CYMeeTe npHBeCTH Bamero pe6eHKa K ycne-
xy H CBoeBpeMeHHO YMeHbmHTb HHTeHCHBHOCTb no -
CK33KH, Kor)J.a OH 6y eT rOTOB K 60llbmeH caMOCTOgTeJIb-
HOCTH (rJIaBa 10). ECllH Barn pe6eHOK omH6aeTCg npH
HcnOllb30BaHHH MeTo a 06yqeHIDI 6e3 omH60K, BnOllHe
- 161 -
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
BepOHTHO, qTO BbI yMeHbillHJIH nOJJ;CK83KH CJIHIlIKOM paHO,
JJ;O TOro, KaK BallI pe6eHOK OK83arrCjI rOTOB OTBeTHTb 6e3
HHX. B 3TOM cJIY1Iae HMeHHO BbI OTBeTCTBeHHbI 3a CJIO-
>KHBrnylOCjJ CH1)'aUHIO H HMeHHO BallIH JJ;eHCTBIDI Tpe6y-
lOT KoppeKUHH.
Ka bIH p83, KorJJ;a pe6eHOK OillH6aeTCjJ, nOBTOpHTe
HHCTpYKUHIO, COnpOBO)l(}];ajJ ee He06xoJJ;HMOH nOJJ;CK83-
KOH, qT06bI CTHMYJIHpOBaTb npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT. 3aTeM
nOBTOpHTe HHCTp)'KUHIO B TpeTHH p83, 6e3 nOJJ;CK83KH.
3TO nOMO>KeT BallIeMY pe6eHKY OTBeTHTb Ha nepBOHa-
qarrbH)'lO HHCTp)'KQHIO 6e3 nOJJ;CK83KH.
QT06bI y6eJJ;HTbCjJ, qro Ball pe6eHOK JJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO
3HaeT npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT, a He KonupYeT 3ByqaHHe no-
CJIeJJ;Hero OTBeTa, BbI JJ;OJI)KHbI npHMeHHTb Om6JleKalOU/UU
npue.M (Distracter Trial). 3T0 MO>KeT 6bITb JII060H JIerKHH
Bonpoc (pe6eHoK JJ;OJIjf(eH 3HaTb Ha Hero OTBeT); ueJIb 3TO-
ro Bonpoca 3aKJIIOqaeTCjI B TOM, qT06bI Ha ceKyH,ny HJIH
JJ;Be OTBJIeqb pe6eHKa OT nOCJIeJJ;Hero OTBeTa. 3aTeM BbI
erne p83 npOH3HOCHTe nepBOHaqarrbH)'lO HHCTpYXQHIO,
qT06bI y6eJJ;HTbCjJ, JJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO JIH pe6eHOK MOjf(eT
OTBeTHTb npaBHJIbHO, HeCMOTpjI Ha nepeKJIlOqeHHe BHH-
MaHIDI. ECJIH 3TO TaK, nO,lJ;KpenHTe npaBHJIbHbIH OTBeT
60JIee 3HaqHMbIM nOJJ;KpenJIeHHeM, qeM npe,nbI HH OT-
BeT C BallIeH no,nCK83KOH, TaK KaK 3TO jIBIDleTCjJ Ba>KHbIM
nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHbIM MOMeHTOM 06yqeHIDI. I1HbIMH CJIOBa-
MH, no,nKpenJIeHHe 3a caMOCTOjITeJIbH)'lO pa601)' JJ;OJI>KHO
6bITb 60JIee 3HaqHMbIM ,l{illI pe6eHKa.
ECJIH Barn pe6eHOK OTBeTHJI HenpaBHJIbHO erne p83,
CJIe,nyeT HaqaTh ypOK C npHMeHeHHeM npOQe.nypbI KOp-
peKUHH C caMoro Haqarra. UeJIh 3aKJIIOQaeTcjJ B TOM,
QT06hI nOKa3aTh pe6eHKY, qro OTBeT 6hm HenpaBHJIhHhIH,
- 162 -
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJlH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
6e3 npHMeHeHIDI HaKa3aHIDI. B CBOIO Oqepe,ab, HCnOJIb-
3yHTe MeTO,a KoppeKIUiH C nO,I{lCpell.JIeHHeM H nOCTeneH-
BhIM $e.nHHroM, qT06bI n06y,nHTb pe6eHKa K caMOCTOjI-
TeJIbHOCTH. OnOJIHHTeJIbHOe npeHMYIneCTBO npOI.J;e.ny-
-
phI Koppe HH B TOM, qTO pe3YJIbTaTOM Bcer,aa jIBlliIeTCjJ
nOJUCPenJIeHHe, KOTopoe n03BOIDIeT nO;:JJJ:ep)KHBaTh HHTe-
pec pe6eHKa K 06yqeHHIO KaK K qeMY-TO YBJIeKaTeJIbHOM)'
H HHTepecHOM)'.
BOT xopomHH npHMep HCnOJIb30BaHIDI MeTo.na KOp-
peKIJ;HH .nIDI HaqHHalOmero yqeHHKa.
(1) MaMa: OTpOHbCjI .no rOJIOBbI.
Pe6eHoK: .noTparHBaeTcjJ .no Hoca.
(2) MaMa: nOBTopjIeT HHCTp)'KIUflO « OTpOHbCjI .no ro-
JIOBbI»; nOKa3bIBaeT, KaK (no.nCKa3Ka).
Pe6eHoK: KaCaeTCjI rOJIOBbI (HcnOJIb3YjJ no,acKa3KY).
(3) MaMa: nOBTopjIeT HHCTpYKInlIO « OTpOHbCjJ.nO ro-
JIOBbI» (6e3 no,nCKa3KH HJIH C MHHHMaJIbHOH no.nCKa3KOH).
Pe6eHoK: ,aoTparHBaeTcjJ .no rOJIOBbI.
( 4) MaMa: npHMeIDIeT OTBJIeKalOInHH npHeM, npe,n-
JIaraJI .npyryro xopomo 3HaKoMyro HHCTpyKIJ;HIO, Ha KOTO-
pyro pe6eHOK OTBeqaeT 6e3 OillH6KH.
(5) MaMa: nOBTopjIeT npe)KH101O HHCTp)'KI.J;HIO.
ECJIH pe6eHOK npHKacaeTcjJ K roJIOBe, nOOInpHTe ero
H npo,aOJI)Kaifre 3aIDITHe. ECJIH pe6eHOK ,aaeT HenpaBHJIb-
HbIH OTBeT, BepHHTecb K mary 2 H HaqHHTe Bce CHaqarra.
3aKaHqHBaHTe Bcer.na no,aKpenJIeHHeM caMoro JIyqmero
OTBeTa, KOToporo BbI CMO)KeTe ,a06HTbCjI.
IIpHMeHeHHe npOI.J;e bI KOppeKI.J;HH HenpaBHJIbHbIX
OTBeTOB - .rryqmHH cnoc06 3aKaHqHBaTb pa60TY HM
- 163 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
Ka)l(}];blM HOBbIM HaBbIKOM, nOJJ;KpenJlSl.Sl ero, He nOOm;pHH
01lH6KH H He pa30qapOBbIBa.SI pe6eHKa, eCJIH OH OTBe-
THJI HenpaBHJIbHO. MeTo,n Koppe HH nOMoraeT c,neJIaTb
npouecc 06yqeHHB npe,nnOqTHTeJIbHMM 3aH.SlTHeM JJ;nH
pe6eHKa.
llpouecc nepeHoca peaKUHH H npoQe,l()'pa KoppeK-
QHH - 3TO TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,ne-
HHjI, KOTopble ,nOCTaTOqHO H3yqeHbl H HMelOT HCTOpHIO
ycnemHoro npHMeHeHHjI. nlfllHO pa3pa60TaJI H pery-
JIjIPHO HCnOJIb3YIO B cBoeH npaKTHKe em;e JJ;Be npoueJJ;y-
pbl: MeTOJJ; apKH H MHHH-nOCJIe,nCTBHH. HamH KOHCYJIb-
TaHTbl HCnOJIb3YIOT 3TH MeTo,nbI Ha 6JIaro COTeH ,neTeH
BO BceM MHpe. O,nHaKo Ha ,naHHbIH MOMeHT cy1I(ecTByeT
He06xoJJ;HMOCTb B JJ;onOJIHHTeJIbHMX HCCJIe,nOBaHHjIX H
c60pe ,naHHbIX ,nIDI nOJll];epJKKH HCnOJIb30BaHIDI 3THX Tex-
HHK JJ;pyrHMH JIHQaMH. YIffHTe 3TOT cpaKT, npe)l(}];e qeM
HCnOJIb30BaTb JJ;aHHble TeXHHKH B 06yqeHHH.
Memod apKU (Teaching Arc) OCHOBaH Ha MeTo,ne
yqe6Horo KOHTpOJIjI. Mbl y*e OTMeqaJIH, qTO JJ;JIjI OBJIa-
,neHHB yqe6HblM KOHTpOJIeM Bbl ,nOJI>KHbl ,nOCTHqb Toro,
QT06bl Bame npHc)'TcTBHe accoQHHpOBaJIOCb y pe6eHKa
C YBneKaTeJIbHblM BpeMjInpenpOBO>K,neHHeM, a 3aTeM
Bbl MO>KeTe nOCTeneHHO JJ;06aBJIjITb npocTble HHCTPYK-
QHH - TaKHe, KOTOpblM pe6eHK)' 6y,neT OqeHb JIerKO
CJIe OBaTb. Pe6eHoK nOHMeT, qTO CJIe,nOBaTb BarnHM
HHCTPYKQHjIM HeCJIO>KHO H qTO HX BblnOJIHeHHe JJ;OCTaB-
JIjIeT Maccy y,nOBOJIbCTBHjI. K TO MY BpeMeHH, KaK BamH
HHCTPYKQHH CTaH)'T CJIO>KHee, Y pe6eHKa y*e CcpOpMH-
pyeTCjI npe,nCTaBJIeHHe 0 TOM, qTO CJIe,nOBaTb BallHM
HHCTpyKQIDIM JIerKO H 3TO ,neHCTBHTeJIbHO CTOHT Toro,
qT06bl CTapaTbCjI.
- 164-
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJThHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
HHKTO He J1106HT BbInOJIIDITh Tp)',ZUlYlO pa6my. O,l(Ha-
r "KO KOr,l(a g Hrparr B peruH, g nOIDIJI, 1110 60JIL, nOT H YCH-
I JIIDI C JIHXBOH KOMlleHCHpyKITCjf nOJIO)K}ffeJ1bHbIM pe3y.rrb-
I TaTOM. IIpaBHJIbHWI OpraHH3a[(IDI pa60qero ,LUUI MO)KeT
OK83aTb 3Haq}fTeJIbHOe BJIIDIHHe Ha TO, KaK Bbl OTHeCeTeCb
K BblnOJIHeHHIO 60JIbillOro o6DeMa pa60Th1. ECJIH Bbl no-
I CTOgHHO OCTaB.IDIeTe caMble HeJ1106HMble H 1p Hble 3(1-
.n;aHIDI Ha KOHe:Q pa60qero ,l(IDI, Bbl, BepOgTHO, npOBe,l(e-
Te HOqb B pa3MhIIllJ]eHIDIX 0 TOM, KaK )l(e BaM He XOqeTCg
yrpOM OIDITb TH Ha pa6my. O,l(HaKO nonp06yHTe opra-
HH30BaTb CBOH pa60qHH ,l(eHb TaK, qT06bl OH BCer,l(a Ha-
QHHarrCg C BblnOJ1HeHIDI HeCJIO)KHOH H npIDITHOH pa60ThI.
3areM, r,l(e-TO K Cepe,lUiHe ,l(IDI, illIaHHpyHTe BblnOJ1HeHHe
HaH60J1ee TpY,l(HbIX 38.,L(aQ. HaxoHe:Q, npOBe.lUiTe nocJ1e,l(-
HHe HeCKOJIbKO qaCOB Hat( BblnOJ1HeHHeM caMbIX npIDITHbIX
06g3aHHOCTeH. B HTore Bbl BepHeTeCb ,l(OMOH B npHnO,L(IDI-
TOM HacrpoeHHH. Bbl 6 ere n03HTHBHO HacrpoeHbl Ha TO,
qT06bl BepH)'TbCg yrpOM Ha pa6my, 3HWI, qro Bac O)I(}f,AaeT
npIDITHOe H He06peMeHHTeJIbHOe HaqarrO pa60qero ,l(IDI.
B Knospe-ABA MbI yqHM pO,l(HTeJ1eH opraHH30BblBaTb
K bIH ypOK, HCnOJIb3)'1O HH HHTeHCHBHoe 06yqeHHe,
no 3TOMY npHH:QHny. j{ Ha3bIBalO 3TOT npHH:QHn MeTO,l(OM
apKH. OH pa3pa60TaH ,lI)UI Toro, qT06bI C,l(eJ1aTb 06yqeHHe
HaCTOJIbKO )'BJ1eKaTeJ1bHbIM If JIerKHM ,l(mI pe6eHKa, Ha-
CKOJ1bKO 3TO TOJIbKO B03MO)KHO. Haqarro H KOHe:Q 06yqe-
HIDI no MeTO,l(Y apKH ,l(OJI)l(HbI BCer,L(a aCCO:QHHpOBaTbCjI
Y pe6eHKa C Pa.AOCTblO H Y,l(OBOJIbCTBHeM.
1. HaqHHTe 3aHgTHe C HrpbI. I1rpa ,l(OJI)I(Ha 6blTb 3a-
xBaTbIBalO eH H HHTepecHoH ,l(IDI pe6eHKa. CTapaHTecb
B Haqarre 3aIDITHg H36eraTb Bblpa)l(eHIDI KaKHX-JIH60
Tpe60BaHHH K pe6eHKY. BallIa :QeJ1b --- npHnO,L( TOe
- 165 -
ETCKI1M AYTI13M H ABA
HaCTpoeHHe pe6eHKa H pa,nOCTb OT Toro, qTO OH MO)l(eT
npOBeCTH BpeMj{ C BaMH.
2. BBe,nHTe HeCKOJlbKO JlerKHX HHCTPYKUHH B npouecc
HrpbI. nonpocHTe pe6eHKa nOKa3aTb npocTble HaBbIKH,
Te, KOTopble OH y*e xopomo 3HaeT H KOTopble He npe,n o-
JlaralOT ,nonroro MblCJIHTeJlbHOrO npouecca. Bbl MO)KeTe
no,nKpenHTb npaBHJIbHble OTBeTbl pe6eHKa Ha BamH HH-
CTpYKQHH CMeXOM H npo,aOJI>KeHHeM HrpbI.
3. He3aMeTHo BBe,aHTe B Hrpy HOBbIe 06yqalOInHe
3a,aaHIDI, He 3a6blBWI qepe,nOBaTb JIerKHe H Tpy.nHble HH-
CTpYKIJ;HH H npo,aOJI>KajJ no.zu<peIIJUlTb HX BblnOJIHeHHe
npo,aOJDKeHHeM YBJIeKaTeJIbHOH HrpbI.
4. HaqHHTe ynpoIUaTb HHCTp)'KI(HH ,ao TOro, KaK pe-
6eHKy CTaHeT CKy1IHO HJIH OH noqyBcTBYeT YCTaJIOCTb.
HaqHHTe no,nKpenIDITb Ka)K)J;blH npaBHJIbHblH OTBeT
Ha JIerKHe HHCTpYKIJ;HH H 60JIbme HrpaiITe.
5. 3aKaWlHBaHTe ypOK TOJIbKO HrpOH, 6e3 Bblpa)KeHH}J
KaKHX -JIH60 Tpe60BaHHH.
6. Ey,abTe HHHUHaTopOM OKOHqaHIDI 3aIDITIDI H 3aBep-
mHTe ypOK B TOT MOMeHT, Kor,na pe6eHOK OqeHb XOqeT
npo,nOJI:>KeHIDI HrpbI.
I1cnoJIb3yHTe MeTO,n apKH B npoQecce 3aHj{THH C pe-
6eHKOM. OH c,neJIaeT npouecc YCBoeHIDI HOBblX HaBblKOB
JIerKHM H HHTepeCHblM H n03BOJIHT pe6eHKy BocnpHHH-
MaTb 06yqeHHe KaK HeqTO YBJIeKaTeJIbHOe, qTO OH XO-
TeJI 6bl nOBTop}JTb CHOBa H CHOBa. ECJIH ,naHHbIH MeTO,a
npHMeIDIeTC}J H8JVIe:>KaInHM 06Pa30M, 3aIDITIDI, nocTpo-
eHHble no npHHIJ;Hny apKH, MOryr CTaTb CHJIbHOH MOTH-
BaIJ;HeR AJUI 06yqeHIDI B ueJIOM. ECJIH Bbl HaqHHaeTe H 3a-
KaHqHBaeTe 06yqeHHe YBJIeKaTeJIbHOH HrpOR, pe6eHOK
nOJII06HT BarnH ypOKH, CHOBa 3axOqeT npHHHMaTb B HHX
- 166 -
r
I
t
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
yqacTHe He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, HaCKOJIbKO Tpy,nHbIe 3a,na-
HWI BbI npHrOTOBHJIH ,nIDI Hero B cepe,nHHe ypOKa.
O,nHa H3 rJIaBHbIX QeJIeH HameH pa60TbI - nOMOQb
po,nHTeJIjIM C03,naTh 60JIbmOH pe3epB 3aIDITHH, nO)J.Kpe-
l1JllIlO HX >KeJIaHHe pe6eHKa npHHHMaTb B HHX yqacTHe.
K 3TOMY cnHCK)' MO:>KHO OTHeCTH npOCMOTp BH)];eO, pac-
KaqHBaHHe Ha KaqeIDIX, npbDKKH Ha 6awe, Hrpbl C MbIJIb-
HbIMH nY3bIpjIMH, TaHQbl no)]; MY3bIK)' H ,npyroe. Kor)J.a
po,nHTeJIb HJIH TepaneBT HaqHHaeT pa60TaTb C pe6eHKOM,
OH ,nOJDKeH ,naTb eMY B03MO)KHOCTb BbI6HpaTb BH,n ,nej{-
TeJIbHOCTH H3 3Toro cnHCKa. IIocJIe peaJIH3aQHH meCToro
nyHKTa MeTo,na apKH (<<Ey,nbTe HHHQHaTopOM OKOHqaHIDI
3aIDITIDI H 3aBepmHTe ypOK B TOT MOMeHT, Kor)J.a pe6eHOK
OqeHb XOqeT npo,nOJI)KeHIDI HrpbI»), po,nHTeJIH HJIH Tepa-
neBT ,nOJI:>KHbI CK33aTb pe6eHK)', qTO HaCTaJIO BpeWl 3a-
IDITbCj{ qeM-TO ,npyrHM, H n03BOJIHTb eMY BbI6paTb HOBbIH
BH,n ,nejITeJIbHOCTH. KaK TOJIbKO pO)UiTeJIb HJIH TepaneBT
HaqHHaeT HOBoe 3aIDITHe, npOBo,nHTCjI HOBbIH ypOK C HC-
nOJIb30BaHHeM MeTo,na apKH. Kor,na 3TOT npoQecc CTa-
HeT cTa6HJIbHbIM, Bbl YBH,[(HTe, qTO Barn pe6eHOK JIerKO
nepexo,nHT OT o,nHoro BH,[(a MOTHBHpOBaHHoro 06yqeHIDI
K ,npyrOMY.
Memod MUflU-nOCJle()cmeuu (Mini-consequences)
Knospe-ABA BbIpa60TaJIO 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblM lI)'TeM.
OH oc06eHHo 3<p<peKTHBeH B npoQecce nO)l)];ep)KKH npH-
eMJIeMbIX THnOB nOBe,neHIDI H COCTOHT B TOM, qTO pe6eHK)'
B OTBeT Ha em HenpHeMJIeMOe nOBe,neHHe npe,l(JIaraeTCjI
Ha60p n03TanHO B03pacTalOIIUix HeraTHBHblX nocJIe,n-
CTBHH. MHHH-nOCJIe)J.cTBIDI )J.eHCTBHTeJIbHO pa60TalOT,
nOCKOJIbK)' OHH nOMoralOT pe6eHK)' 6bICTpO oQeHHTb
cHryaQHIO H nOIDITb: npaBHJIbHbIH HJIH HenpaBHJIbHbIH
- 167 -
ETCKI1H AYTI13M H ABA
THn nOBe,neHIDI OH Bbl6parr, CTapIDICb no.rryqHTb no -
KpenJIeHHe. IIocJIe Toro, KaK BbI ,Z:(aJIH BameMY pe6eHKy
HHCTp HIO, Ka)l(}];Oe ,nBIDKeHHe, KOTopoe pe6eHOK e-
MOHCTpHPYeT, ou;eHHBaeTCjJ BaMH KaK «roPJNO-XOJIO,nHO»
.
OTHOCHTeJIbHO TOro nOBe,neHIDI, KOTOpoe Bbl paCCMaTpH-
BaeTe KaK >KeJIaeMoe.
He3HaQHTeJIbHOe ,nBH)I(eHHe HJIH )l(eCT C BarneR CTO-
pOHbl 6y.nyr no,nCKa3KOH ,L(.JIjI Bamero pe6eHKa, npH6JIH-
)l(aeTCjI OH K u;eJIH HJIH amIeTcjJ OT Hee, Bbl6Hpaji Te
HJIH HHble THnbl nOBe,neHIDI ,nIDI no.rryqeHIDI Tom, qTO OR
OqeHb XOqeT. 3Toro MO)l(HO ,nOCTWlb, BH3YaJIbHO npH6JIH-
>KWI HJIH y,z:(a.JllUI no,nKpenJIeHHe B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ka)l(-
,noro ,nBH)I(eHHjJ (nOBe,neHIDI) pe6eHKa.
HanpHMep, Bbl ,naJIH pe6eHKy HHCTp)'KIUI1O «,l];arpOHb-
CjI,no qallIKH». ECTh MHOro sapHaHToB nOBe,neHIDI, KOTopble
MO>KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK ,l(BIDKeHHe B H)')KHOM HanpaB-
JIeHHH: pe6eHOK CMOTpHT Ha o6DeKTbI Ha CTOJIe, npH,nBH-
raeTCjI 6JIIDKe, UlHeTCjI K O,nHOMY H3 o6'beKTOB, YKa3blBa-
err narrbQeM Ha O,nHH H3 HHX - Bce 3TO )'Ka3blBaeT Ha TO,
Iff 0 pe6eHoK Haxo,nHTC}I Ha nyrH K npaBHJThHoMY OTBery
Ha Barny HHCTp HIO. Ha060poT, y,napbl no c06cTBeHHoH
roJIOBe, nonblTKH CXBaTHTb no,nKpenneHHe, nOJIHWI He,nBH-
>KHMOCTb, cMex, nOnbITKH nepeKpHqaTb Bac jIBIDlIOTC»
nOKa3aTeJIeM TOrn, 1ffO OH ,nBH>KeTC» B 06paTHOM HarrpaB-
JIeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO Bame" HHCTp)'KIUIH. ECJIH pe6eHoK
BbI6HpaeT 3TH HenpaBHJIbHble, HJIH HeHa,lVIe)l(aI.IJ;He, THnbl
nOBe,neHIDI, OH ,nOJI>KeH Cpa3Y >Ke no.rryqHTb CHrHarr 0 TOM,
Iff 0 OH Bce ,narrbllIe OT,namIeTCjJ OT )l(eJIaeMOH u;eJIH. TaKHM
CHT'HaJIOM, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH 06yqeHIDI H BMa
no,nKpen.rreHIDI, KOTOpoe Bbl HCnOJIb3YeTe, MO>KeT OKa3aTh-
CjI O){HO H3 MHorHX MHHH-nOCJIe,ncTBHH.
- 168 -
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe.n;eHIDI
EcnH B HameM npHMepe c HHCTpyKIJ;HeH «,L(OTpOHbCjf
.n;o qamKH» no.n;KpenneHHeM jfBIDIeTCjf 6nlO.n;:Qe C BHHO-
rpa.n;OM, TO nepBoe, qTO Bbl MO)l(eTe npo.n;eMOHCTpHpOBaTb
KaK MHHH-nocne.n;CTBHe, - 3TO nOnOJKHTb PYKY Ha BHHO-
rpa.n;, qT06bl 3a6nOKHpOBaTb pe6eHKy .n;ocryn. EcnH OH
3aMeTHT 3TO H c.n;enaeT .rryqrnHH Bb160p, TO Bbl .n;on)l(-
Hbl y6paTb Barny PYKY. EcnH OH npo.n;on)KaeT Bbl6HpaTb
HenpHeMJleMble .ZJ;.JUI Bac THnbl nOBe.n;eHIDI, Bbl MO)KeTe
nepecTaBHTb 6nlO.n;:Qe Ha .n;pyryro CTOpOH)' CTona. EcnH OH
3aMeTHT 3TO H Bbl6epeT npHeMneMoe nOBe.n;eHHe, 6nlO.n;:Qe
MO)KHO npH.n;BHH)'Tb 06paTHo. HHor.n;a BaM npH.n;eTCjf CTa-
BHTb 6nlO.n;:Qe Y ce6jf 3a cnHHoH, a MO)l(eT, .n;a)l(e nO IDITb
ero BBepx H B CTOpOHY OT pe6eHKa. ECJIH OH npo.n;on)l(aeT
Bbl6HpaTb Heno.n;06alOm;ee nOBe eHHe, Bbl MO)KeTe )'He-
CTH BHHorpa.n; Ha KYXHIO HnH B KOHeqHOM HTore y6paTb
B IllKa<p.
rrpeHM ecTBoM Hcnonb30BaHHjf MHHH-nocne.n;cTBHH
jfBIDleTCjf TO, qTO OHH n03BOJIjflOT npo.n;eMoHcTpHpoBaTb
Barne He.n;OBonbCTBO nOBe.n;eHHeM pe6eHKa, He y,n;eIDIjf eM)'
KaKOrO-JlH60 BHHMaHIDI HnH He aB3JI TaKOM)' nOBe.n;eHHIO
nOnO)l(HTenbHoro no.n;KpenneHHjf. ,L(pyroe npeHM)'m;eCTBO
MeTo.n;a B TOM, qTO BaM He Ha.n;o nonHOCTblO npeKpam;aTb
3aIDITHe, CTaBjf TOqK)' O.n;HHM 6blCTpblM HeraTHBHblM no-
cne.n;CTBHeM. OnbITHblM nyreM jf npHrnen K TOM)', qTO
pa3YMHoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe MHHH-nocne.n;CTBHH jfBIDIeTCjf
O HHM H3 HaH60nee 3<p<peKTHBHbIX HHCTpYMeHTOB .n;njf
6blCTpOH peaK:QHH Ha np06neMHoe nOBe.n;eHHe HJIH Ha Bbl-
60p HenpaBHnbHoro Tlrna nOBe.n;eHIDI.
C nOMOm;blO MHHH-nocne.n;CTBHH Ka)K)]:blH ypOK
CTaHOBHTCjf Bce 60nee 3<p<peKTHBHbIM B nnaHe MOTH-
Ba:QHH rrpaBHJIbHbIX OTBeTOB. 3To npOHCXO.n;HT nOTOM)',
- 169 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
qTO nocne.n;CTBHeM KIDK.n;oro HerrpHeMneMoro .n;BH)I(eHIDI
pe6eHKa eTC Bce 60nbllIee aneHHe )l(enaHHOro
n0.nKPenneHIDI. ITpH nocne.n;OBaTenbHOM rrpHMeHeHHH
MHHH-rrocne.n;CTBHH BLI 06Hap)')KHTe, QTO CMO)l(eTe rrpe -
ynpe)K)];aTb pe6eHKa 0 rrpe CTO IIJ;eM yxy.n;llIeHHH rrono-
)l(eHIDI BLIpIDKeHHeM nHIJ;a HnH 3B)'KOM. qacTo Bce, qTO
Tpe6YeTc , QT06LI npet()'IIpe HTL pe6eHKa 0 HaCTYIIne-
HHH MHHH-rrOCJ1e.n;CTBHH, eCJ1H OH He H3MeHHT CBoero
rrOBe eHIDI, - 3TO OC06bIH B3rIDI.n; po.n;HTeJ1eH HJ1H yqH-
TeneR.
TaKoe RBJ1eHHe B aHaJIH3e Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe e-
HIDI nO.JIyqHJ10 Ha3BaHHe peljJJleKCU6HoU Momu6alluu
(reflexive-EO). ECJ1H BLI aCCOIJ;HHpyeTecL y pe6eHKa
C npHMeHeHHeM MHHH-nocne CTBHR, BallI BH HJ1H BbI-
pIDKeHHe BallIero J1HIJ;a MOryT BbI3BaTL y pe6eHKa MOTH-
BaIJ;HIO HCn0J1L30BaTL J11060e nOBe.n;eHHe, TOJ1LKO QT06LI
H3MeHHTL BallIe COCTO HHe H He .n;OrryCTHTL rrpe.n;CTO -
W:HX rrOCJ1e.n;CTBHH. ,[(pyrHMH CJ10BaMH, eCJ1H KOHKpeTHoe
BLIpa)KeHHe nHIJ;a 6y,n;eT Bcer.n;a npHBO HTb K rrpOI(e y-
pe MHHH-nOCJ1e.n;CTBHH, 3TO BbIpa)l(eHHe aBTOMaTHqeCKH
CTaHeT .n;IDI BallIero pe6eHKa MOTHBaIJ;HeH K TOMY, qT06bI
npeKpaTHTb Heno 06alOw:ee rrOBe eHHe. KpOMe TOro,
HcnonL30BaHHe BLIpa)l(eHIDI nHIJ;a B KaqeCTBe CHrHana
K H3MeHeHIDIM B YCJ10BIDIX OKp alOIIJ;eH cpe bI rrOKa-
3LIBaeT pe6eHKy BIDKHOCTL nOHHMaHIDI CHrHaJIOB HeBep-
6aJILHOrO 06w:eHIDI.
MeTO LI KOppeKIJ;HH H MHHH-rrocne CTBHH CXO)l(H TeM,
QTO OHH HCn0J1L3yIDTC B cHryaI(IDIX, Kor.n;a pe6eHOK 3a-
Tp IDIeTC rrpo eMOHCTpHpOBaTL HaBLIK, KOTOpOM)' BLI
ero 06yqaeTe. Onpe.n;eJ1HTb, KaKIDI H3 rrpOIJ;e.n;yp no.nxO HT
BaM 60nLIIIe B TOH HJ1H HHOH CH1)'aIJ;HH, MO)I(HO B 3aBHCH-
- 170 -
OCHOBHbIe TeXHHKH aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHoro nOBe.n;eHIDI
MOCTH OT nOHHMaHIDI BaMH npHqHH OTCyrCTBIDI ycnexa
y Barnero pe6eHKa. BLI6HpaHTe npO:Qe.nypLI KOppeKlJ;HH,
Kor a BLI qYBCTByeTe, qTO Barn pe6eHOK npHJIaraeT CO-
OTBeTCTByro ee KOJIHqeCTBO YCHJIHH, HO 6e3ycneIllHo,
nOCKOJILKy eMY He XBaTaeT onLITa HJIH cnOCOOHOCTeH.
MHHH-nOCJIe CTBIDI - JIyqrnHH BapHaHT B CHTya:QIDIX,
Kor a BLI CqHTaeTe, qTO Barn pe6eHOK HMeeT OCTaTOqHO
onLITa, HO He CTapaeTCjf HJ1H HenpaBHJILHO BLI6HpaeT THn
nOBe eHIDI, nLITIDICL yx.rrOHHTLCjf OT 3aIDITHH HJ1H nepe-
XBaTHTL KOHTpOJIL 3a CH1)'a:QHeH.
MLI nOKa3aJIH TOJIbKO HeCKOJIbKO H3 MHorHX CTpaTe-
rHif H MeTO OB, KOTopLle BaM lfY)KHO 3HaTL, qroOLI CTaTL
xopornHM yqHTeJIeM. O HaKO npaBHJILHIDI pea.nH3a:QIDI
3TH X qeTLlpex npo:Qe.nyp 3HaqHTeJILHO y.rryqmliT Kaqe-
CTBO Barnero 06yqeHIDI. IToCJIe):(OBaTeJILHOe HCnOJIL30Ba-
HHe npo:Qecca nepeHoca peaKIJ;HH C O HOH HHCTpyK:QHH
Ha pyryIO H MeTo):(a KoppeK:QHH, a TalOKe MeTOAoB apKH
H MHHH-nOCJIe CTBHif c eJIaeT Barne 06yqeHHe 3<p<peKTHB-
Hee H, B CBOIO Oqepe):(L, COKpaTHT KOJIWleCTBO IIonLITOK,
KOTopLle npe npHHHMaeT Barn pe6eHOK, QT06LI YCBOHTL
HOBLle HaBLIKH.
rnaBa 14.
KaK nOIDITb, qeMY yqHTb
...
C03 aBaJI 3TY KHHry KaK PYKOBO CTBO no 06yqeHHIO
pO HTeJIeH, yqHTeneH H TepaneBTOB, qT06bl OHH MornH
Hcnonb30BaTb TeXHHK)' ABANB B npoQecce 06yqeHIDI
eTeH C ayrH3MoM RJIH pyrHMH aHaJIOrHqHLIMH pac-
CTpOHCTBaMH. Hcxo)J)l H3 3Toro .sI He y elliIlO MHoro BHH-
MaHIDI Bonpocy, qeMY yqHTb. Kor a Mbl rOBopHM 0 eT.sIX
C ayrH3MoM, Hana30H HaBbIKOB, KOTopble nH60 pa3BHBa-
IOTC.sI CJIHmKOM Me JIeHHO, nH60 OTCyrCTBYIOT, HaCTonb-
KO omenoMIDIIOw.HH, qTO HHKaKaJI KHHra He MO:>KeT nOJI-
HOCTblO paCKpblTb 3TY TeMY. KpOMe Toro, .sI Marro qTO
MOry 06aBHTb K TOMY, qTO e C03 aHO B 3TOH 06na-
CTH B npoQecce KpOnOTJIHBOH pa60TM H npe CTaBneHO
B pa3HblX <POp Max Ha pa3nHQHbIX pecypcax. HeKoTopble
H3 3THX HCTOQHHKOB eTaJIbHO onHmy HIDKe.
:Qenb 3TOH rnaBbl - npe):{ynpe HTb Bac 0 TOM, qTO
eCTb H nporpaMMbI, H MeTO bl, QT06bI HayqHTb Bamero
pe6eHKa BceM TeM CneQH<pHqeCKHM HaBbIKaM, KOTOpblX
eMY He OCTaeT. BaM Ba:>KHO 3HaTb, qTO 3TO 3a nporpaM-
Mbl H KaK)'1O nonb3Y BLl MO:>KeTe H3 HHX H3BJIeqb. Kor a
Bbl HaqHeTe npoQecc 06yqeHIDI Bamero pe6eHKa H n03Ha-
- 172 -
KaK nOIDITb, qeMY yqHTb
KOMHTeCL C .rryqrnHMH TeXHHKaMH, pa3pa60TaHHLIMH ,WUI
06yqeHIDI ,neTeH C ayrH3MoM, BLI, CKopee Bcero, 6y,n;eTe
$OpMHpOBaTL cBoH oc06eHHLIH CTHJIL 06yqeHIDI H KOM-
6HHHpOBaTL nporpaMMLI C yqeToM nOTpe6HOCTeH pe6eH-
Ka. O,nHaKO He3aBHCHMO OT TOro, HaCKOJILKO XOpOillHH
83 Bac no.rryqHTC yqHTeJIL, BLI Bcer,na 6y,neTe B nOHCKe
HOBLIX H,neH. ITOHHMWI 3TO, BKJIlOqHJI B ,naHHyro rJIaBY
TpH <pOpMaJILHLIX HCTOqHHKa, KOTopLle cqeJI HaH60JIee
no,nXO,WII.U;HMH H nOJIe3HLIMH, Kor,na onpe,neJI JI, qeM)'
He06xo,nHMO HayqHTL pe6eHKa.
ITepBLle ,nBe KHHrH 6LIJIH HanHcaHLI B 1990-x ro,nax
H 3HaKOM T C OCHOBOH nporpaMM ABA, a TaIOKe npe,n-
JIaralOT cnoc06, KaK HCnOJIL30BaTL 3TH nporpaMMLI ,nJI
yqeHHKoB Ha pa3HLIX 3Tanax 06yqeHH . O,nHa, no,n pe-
,naKI(HeH K3TpHH MOpHC H ,np. (Catherine Maurice, Gina
Green, Stephen C. Luce), Ha3LIBaeTC «BMernaTeJILCTBO
B npo[(ecc nOBe,neHIDI ,neTeH C ayrH3MoM B paHHeM B03-
paCTe» (<<Behavioral Interventions for Young Children
with Autism»). ,[(pyrag, no,n pe):{aKI(HeH POHa JIH$a
H ,[(:iKOHa MaKHqHHa (Ron Leaf, John McEachin), Ha-
3LIBaeTC «IIporpecc B pa60Te» (<<A Work in Progress»).
06a HcroqHHKa YKa3aHLI B cnHCKe JIHTepa1)'pLI B KOH[(e
3TOH KHHrH H peKoMeH Tc JUI np01ffeHIDI yqHTeJUI-
MH, TepaneBTaMH H ceML MH, CTpeM I.IJ;HMHC HaHTH HaH-
.rryqufHe cnoc06LI 06yqeHIDI ,neTeH. 06e KHHrH oc06eHHo
nOMoryr TeM, KTO He MO:iKeT HaHTH nO)JJl;ep:>KKY Cne[(HaJIH-
CTOB no npHKJIa,nHoM)' aHaJIH3Y nOBe,neHIDI H nJIaHHpYIOT
HCnOJIL30BaTL ABA-nporpaMM)' caMOCTO TeJILHO.
XOpOillHH H nOJIHblH yqe6HLIH nJIaH ,WUI 06yqeHIDI
JIIO,neH c paCCTpoHCTBaMH ayrHcTWIecKoro cneKTpa
MO:iKeT 6blTL pa3pa60TaH Ha OCHOBe pa60T eHMca
- 173 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
I1apTHHITOHa (Dr. James Partington, PhD) If MapKa
CaH)J;6epra (Dr. Mark Sundberg, PhD) 1.
I1pOTOKOJI ABLLS-RTM 6bIJI HanHcaH B 1990-x ro ax;
HOBoe, nepepa60TaHHoe H3 aHHe BbIllIJIO B 2006 ro,[{)'. OH
co,n;ep)f(HT 25 pa3HbIX KaTeropHH peQH H OCHOBaH Ha pa3
pa60TaHHoH CKHHHepoM KJIaCcH<pHKaQHH THnOB peqe-
Boro nOBe,n;eHIDI. JIpomOKOJl - 3TO OKyMeHT, KOTOpbIH
npeAJIaraeT caMbIH nOJIHbIH crrHCOK HaBbIKOB, npe cTaB-
JIeHHbIX B nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHOCTH, cB 3aHHoH C Pa3BHTH-
eM eTeH C a)'TH3MOM B paHHeM B03paCTe. OH nOMoraeT
TOqHO onpe eJIHTb, KaKHe HaBbIKH OTC)'TCTByIDT y Bame-
ro pe6eHKa H KaKHM HaBbIKaM ero npe,n;CTOHT 06yqHTh
B 6y ymeM. I1pOTOKOJI He co,n;ep)l(HT nporpaMMbI 06yqe-
HIDI 3THM HH,ZJ;HBH,[{)'aJIbHbIM HaBbIKaM. TaK)'lO nporpaM-
MY MO)l(eT COCTaBHTb crre:QHaJIHCT (cepTH<pH:QHpoBaHHbIH
aHaJIHTHK nOBe,n;eHIDI, BCBA), KOTOpbIH rrpomen cne:QH-
aJIbHyID no,n;rOTOBK)' H HMeeT cooTBeTCTByIDmHH orrbIT
06yqeHIDI.
MCnOJIb30BaHHe JII060H H3 yqe6HbIx nporpaMM,
rrpe)1)IO)l(eHHbIX B 3TOH rnaBe, 6e3 nOJIHOrO nOHHMaHIDI
rrpHH:QHnOB aHaJIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe eHIDI nOMO)l(eT
BaM YBH eTb TonbKO MaJIylO qaCTb 06meH KapTHHbI. Ka)l(-
,n;WI H3 3THX yqe6HbIx rrporpaMM - cBoe06pa3HbIH mHK
C onpe,n;eJIeHHbIM Ha60poM HHCTp)'MeHTOB, KOTOpbIH MO-
)l(eT 6bITb npHMeHeH IDI 06yqeHH JIHmb O HOH rpyrrrre
HaBbIKOB, He06xo HMhIX BameMY pe6eHK)'.
PeQb HJJ:eT 0 .n;Byx pa6OTax: 1. «The Assessment of Basic
Language and Learning Skills - Revised (ABLLS-R)) by
James W. Partington, Ph. D., BCBA. 2. «The Verbal Behavior
Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (VB-MAPP))
by Dr. Mark Sundberg, PhD BCBA.-llpUMelJ. HaylJ. pede
- 174-
KaK nOIDITb, qeMY yqHTb
BLI On)l(HLI XOpOlliO 3HaTL oc06eHHOCTH cBoero pe-
6eHKa, QT06LI HayqHTL ero TOMY, QTO eMY eHCTBHTenL-
HO He06xo HMO, HcnonL3yg MeTO LI ABANB, BLI6H-
pWl caMLIe nO XOJUlII(He H3 Bcex BapHaHTOB OCT)'TIHLIX
nporpaMM H yqe6HLIx IIJIaHOB. QT06LI CTaTL MaCTepOM,
cnoc06HLIM nOCTpOHTL )'HHKaJILH)'IO H He3aBHCHMYlO
nporpaMMY 06yqeHIDI, BaM Ha o BepHO BLI6paTL He06xo-
HMLIH HHCTp)'MeHT H3 H)')KHoro Ha60pa B onpe eneHHoe
BpeMjJ H, HCnOJIL3yg npHHQHnLI MOTHBaQHH H noom;pe-
HIDI, 3aCTaBHTL 3TOT HHCTp)'MeHT pa60TaTL Ha Bac.
.-
rJIaBa 15.
KaK IIo6e,lJ;HTb aYTH3M
3HaHHe Toro, KaK HCnOJIb30BaTb nporpaMMbl ABANB,
n03BonHT BaM 06HTbC npeBOCXO CTBa Ha,L{ a)'TH3MOM.
3TO 3HaHHe nOMO)l(eT BaM 06paTHTb «BparOB» Bawe-
ro pe6eHKa B ero .rryqWHX PY3eH. Bce, qTO Bbl CeHqaC
OTHOCHTe K HaH60nee Tp)',Z:{HOMY HnH He)l(eJIaTeJIbHOMY
B 06m;eHHH C BaWHM pe6eHKOM, MO)l(eT CTaTb OCTaTOqHO
CHnbHblM opy,n;HeM B ero arrbHeHweM 06yqeHHH, O HaKO
3TO npoH30H,neT TOJ1bKO B TOM cnyqae, eCJIH Bbl HaqHeTe
nOCTO HHO Hcnonb30BaTb npHHQHnbl ABANB B e)l(e-
HeBHOM 06m;eHHH C HHM. Bbl MO:>KeTe HCnOJIb30BaTb
TeXHHKH nO KpellJIeHH.SI ABA H MOTHBaQHOHHble cTpa-
TerHH VB, qT06bl y a.nHTb Bce npeIDITcTBIDI H OTKpblTb
opory JI Bamero pe6eHKa.
MHorHe rO bl npHBblqKa eTeH C a)'TH3MOM nOBTO-
p Tb, KaK 3XO, CqHTarraCb HeraTHBHoH. Kor a 6blJ1 MO-
JIO)l(e, 3HaJI MHorHX eTeH H M0J10 bIX JIIO eH, KOTopbIe
6blJIH cnoc06Hbl TOJIbKO nOBTop Tb Bce, QTO OHH CJIblllIa-
J1H. O,lUIHM H3 HHX 6blJ1 TOHH.
TOHH - MaJIbqHK, C KOTOpblM pa6OTarr, - npaKTH-
qeCKH He pa3roBapHBarr. ECJIH g cnpamHBaJI: «Tbl XOqeWb
- 176 -
KaK no6e.n;HTb ayrH3M
HrpaTL B 6acKeT60JI?», OH noBTOpjU(, KaK 3XO: «nacKH60JI,
6aCKH60JI, 6aCKH60JI». Ii XOTjf TOHH Mor BocnpOH3BeCTH
CJIOBO 6JIH3KO K opHrHHWIy, OH He Mor OTBeTHTb COrJIaCH-
eM HJIH OTKa30M - OH IIpOCTO nOBTOpjfJI CJIOBO, He3aBH-
CHMO OT TOro, XOTeJI urpaTb HJIH HeT. O HaKO OCTH)I(e-
HIDI B 06JIaCTH ABANB n03BOJIHJIH c eJIaTh BbIBO , QTO
eTH, KOTopLle cnoc06Hbl nOBTOpjfTb CJIOBa pyrHX JIIO-
eH, 60JIbme He CqHTalOTCjf He CIIoc06HbIMH I'OBOpHTb.
K TOM)' )l(e CIIoc06HOCTb K nOBTopeHHIO CJIOB ,l{pyrHX
JIIO,l{eH - 3TO paHHHH H OqeHL BIDKHbIH mar B 06yqeHHH
KIDK,Z:J;Oro qeJIOBeKa. 3BYXOBCUI (Bep6aJIbHCUI) HMHTa:QIDI-
O HH H3 eB TH <PYHK:QHOHaJIbHLIX THllOB peqH, KOTOpOH
IIOJIb3YIOTC Bce JIIO.LUf.
B npou;ecce pa60Tbl H HaBbIKOM <PYHKlUiOHaJIbHOH
peQH eTH, KOTopble CIIoc06HLI IIOBTOp Tb 3XOM, HMe-
lOT IIpeHMyrneCTBO. I1paBHJILHbIH npo:Qecc IIepexo a
OT <PYHKIJ;HH IIOBTopeHIDI K ,l{pyrHM <PYHK:QIDIM peqH, Ta-
KHM KaK npocL6a HJIH 0603HaQeHHe npe,nMeTa, He CTOJIb
CJIO)l(eH, KaK 3TO Ka)KeTC BHaqaJIe. MeTO LI, KOTopble Bbl
HaH.neTe B MoeH KHHre, IIOMOryr BaM HayqHTL pe6eHKa
3THM HaBLIKaM. BaM Ha o xopomo OBJIa eTL yqe6HblM
KOHTpOJIeM B npo:Qecce 06IUeHIDI C BarnHM pe6eHKoM
(rJIaBLI 5 H 6). Bbl OJDKHbl 3HaTL, KaK HCIIOJIb30BaTL
06yqeHHe OT eJIbHbIMH 6JIOKaMH (rJIaBa 7). BaM BIDKHO
IIOIDITb, KaK H Kor a 3<p<peKTHBHO HCnOJIb30BaTL no -
KpeIIJIeHHe H MOTHBaU;HIO (rJIaBa 9). BaM Ha o }'MeTL
HCIIOJIL30BaTb TeXHHKY 06yqeHIDI 6e3 omH60K C IIO -
CKa3KOH H <pe HHI'OM (rJIaBa 10) H IIpH6eraTb K npou;eccy
IIepeHoca peaKlUiH C O HOH HHCTpyKIJ;HH Ha CJIe,nyIOIUYIO
(rJIaBa 13). HaKoHeu;, BaM Ha,l{O 3HaTh 0 cyrnecTBOBaHHH
HeCKOJIbKHX THIIOB peqH, BLIIIOJIIDIlOmnx pa3JIH'lHble
- 177 -
J(ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
<PYHKI(HH B qenOBeqeCKOM 06m;eHHH, TaKHX KaK Bep6Mb-
HasI HMHTaQIDI, BLlpa)KeHHe npocL6LI H 0U03HaqeHHe
npe,lJ;MeTOB, KOTopLle ,lJ;eTMLHO onHcaHLI B rnaBe 8.
Kor,lJ;a BLI pa60TaeTe Ha,lJ; nepexO,lJ;OM OT HaBLIKa 3BY-
KOBOH HMHTaQHH K HaBLIKy 0603HaqeHIDI npe,lJ;MeTOB,
Ba)l(HO, qT06LI pe6eHoK 6Lln cnoc06eH HMHTHpOBaTb
BarnH CJIOBa, cne,[{)' BarneH npocL6e. [(enL 3TOro npo-
Qecca - n06Y,lJ;HTL pe6eHKa npaBHnLHo Ha3BaTb npe,lJ;MeT
npH OTBeTe Ha Bonpoc «qTO 3TO?» (npH HMHqHH CTH-
Myna B OKp}')KaIOmeH cpe,lJ;e H 6e3 nOBTOpeHIDI caMoro
Bonpoca).
HaqHHTe npoQecc C npe,lJ;'b BJIeHIDI pe6eHKy HHCTpYK-
QHH H nonHoH nO,lJ;CKa3KH-3XO. HanpHMep: «qTO 3TO?
q!» EcnH Barn pe6eHOK rOBopHT H MO)l(eT nOBTopHTb
Bce npeMO)l(eHHe, BLI MO)l(eTe ycnLlrnaTL, KaK OH npOH3-
HOCHT: «qTO 3TO Mjlq». 3TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, He TO, K qeMY
MLI CTpeMHMC . B 3TOM cnyqae BaM H)')KHO qeTKO pa3,lJ;e-
nHTL Barny HHCTp)'KQHIO H Barny nO,lJ;CKa3Ky. BLI MO)KeTe
HerpOMKO cnpOCHTb: «qTO 3TO?» - H rpOMKHM ronOCOM
nO,lJ;CKa3aTb: « q!» ,[(pyrOH cnoc06 - 3TO CnpOCHTb:
«qTO 3TO?» - H )I(,n:aTb, nOKa pe6eHOK nOqTH nOBTopHT
Barn Bonpoc. He ,lJ;aBa eMY nOBTopHTL, npepBHTe ero,
CKa3aB: « q». 3TO 06LIQHO 06pLIBaeT nepBoe 3XO H 3a-
CTaB eT pe6eHKa nOBTopHTL TonbKO nOCne,lJ;Hee CJIO-
BO - «Mjlq».
[(eJIL 3Toro 3Tana npoQecca nepexo,lJ;a 3aKJIIOQaeT-
C B TOM, qT06LI pe6eHOK Mor pa3nWlHTL HHCTpyKIJ;IDO
(<<qTO 3TO?») H nO,lJ;CKa3Ky-3XO (<< q»). TIoCJIe HeKOTO-
poro BpeMeHH pa60Tbl C pe6eHKOM BLI CMO)KeTe nerKO
onpe,lJ;eJIHTL, KaK npe,lJ;CTaBHTb HHCTp)'KI(H1O H nO,lJ;CKa3Ky
TaK, tIT06LI n06y;nrrL pe6eHKa K npaBHJILHOMy OTBeT)'.
- 178 -
KaK n06e.n;HTb ayrn3M
TIoCJIe TOro, KaK BbI nOJIyqHTe OTBeT-3XO, KOTOpOro BbI
,L{06HBaJIHCb, nO,L{KpenHTe ero, 3TO YBeJIWIHT BepO.HT-
HOCTb ycnexa BO BpeM.H nOCJIe HX nOBTOpeHHH. TIo-
CJIe HeCKOJIbKHX onbITOB nO,L{KpenJIeHIDI pe6eHOK 6y;:{eT
roBOpHTb «M.sq» B OTBeT Ha Barny HHCTpyKIUilO «qTO
3TO?» B nape C nOJIHOH no,nCK83KOH-3XO «M.Hq».
CJIe InHH mar - cpe,L{HHr (nOCTeneHHoe )'MeHbme-
HHe nO,L{CK83KH). BaM He06xo,nHMO nOJIH)'IO nO,L{CK83KY-
3XO npHBeCTH K qaCTHqHOH no,nCK83Ke-3XO H nOMOqb
pe6eHKy nepeHTH OT OTBeTa «MjJq» npH BameD: nOJIHOH
nO,L{CKa3Ke K oTBery C MeHbmeH no,nCK83KOH. 3TO MO)K-
HO C,L{eJIaTbT CJIe,L{YIOInHM 06p830M. BbI ,L{aeTe pe6eHKY
HHCTPYKQHIO H nOJIHYIO nO,L{CK83Ky: «qTO 3TO? Mj{q».
KaK TOJIbKO Barn pe6eHOK OTBeqaeT npaBHJIbHO, 6bICTpO
nOBTopHTe HHCTPYKQHIO, TOJIbKO )')Ke C )'MeHbmeH-
HOD: nO,L{CK83KOD:: «M-M-M...» Kor,na BbI nOBTopHTe 3TO
MHoro p83 H y6e,L{HTeCb, qTO pe6eHoK MO)KeT xopomo
CK83aTb CJIOBO C qaCTHqHOH nO,L{CK83KOH, HaqaHTe nepe-
XO,L{ K nOJIHoMY OTCyrCTBHIO nO,L{CK83KH. Tenepb pe6e-
HOK ,nOJI)KeH 6Y,L{eT OTBeTHTb «Mj{q», KOr,L{a BbI 3a,L{a,L{HTe
Bonpoc «qTO 3TO?», eCJIH OH BH,L{HT Mj{q HJIH KapTHHKY
C H306pa)KeHHeM M.Hqa. BbI He nOJIyqHTe npaBHJIbHbIH
OTBeT C nepBOH nonbITKH. O,nHaKO nOCJIe ,L{OCTaTOqHbIX
nOBTopeHHH pe6eHOK HaqHeT OTBeqaTb npaBHJIbHO 6e3
BameH no,nCK83KH.
MOTHBaQIDI H nO,L{KpenJIeHHe - 3TO KJIlOqH AIDI 06y-
qeHIDI JII06bIM HaBbIKaM. OTHOCHTeJIbHO HaBbIKa pe6eHKa
OTBeqaTh «M.sq» Ha Bonpoc «qTO 3TO?» BbI ,L{OJDKHbI no-
HHMaTb, qTO 3TO TOJIbKO Haqarro. BaM npe,L{CTOHT nepeH-
TH OT HaBbIKa-3XO K HaBbIKY 0603HaqeHIDI npe,nMeTOB,
a 3aTeM npO,L{OIDKaTb pa60ry Ha,L{ nOCJIe,L{HHM HaBbIKOM
- 179 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
.
,ZJ;O Tex nop, nOKa pe6eHOK He HaqHeT nOHHMa'b COBOKylI-
HOCTb 3HaqeHHH npe,ZJ;MeTa H He CMO)KeT HaqaTb HCnOJIb-
30BaTh HOBbIe npHMepbI 0603HaqeHIDI 3Toro npe,ZJ;MeTa
CaMOCTO}lTeJIbHO.
IIo,ZJ;06HaJI CTpaTerIDI npHMeIDIeTC}I ,ZJ;IDI nepexo,ZJ;a
OT HaBbIKa-3XO K HaBbIKY BbIpa)KeHIDI npocb6bI, TOJIbKO
B 3TOM c.rryqae BMecTO HHCTp)'KUHH «qTO 3TO?» HCnOJIb-
3YJOT <ppa3Y «qTO TbI XOqemb ?». HaBbIKY BbIpIDKeHIDI
npocb6bI peKOMeH,nyeTC}I yqHTb, TOJIbKO Kor,ZJ;a pe6eHOK
,ZJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO XOqeT npe,ZJ;MeT, KOTOpbIH npOCHT.
QeHHOCTb H 3<p<peKTHBHOCTh npHMeHeHH}I Bep6a.rrb-
HOR HMHTaQHH (3XO) - 3TO TOJIbKO O,ZJ;HH H3 MHorHX ny-
TeH B ABANB, KOTOpbIH nOMO)KeT npeBpaTHTb np06JIe-
MbI Barnero pe6eHKa B npeHM eCTBa. IIoBe,ZJ;eHHe, npH
KOTOpOM pe6eHOK HCnOJIb3yeT caMOCTHMYIDIQHIO, HJIH
pHryaJIbHOe nOBe,ZJ;eHHe (Stimming), - O,ZJ;Ha H3 HaH60-
JIee Y3HaBaeMbIX xapaKTepHCTHK ayrH3Ma C Tex BpeMeH,
KaK nO}lBHJIaCb ero ,ZJ;HarHOCTHKa. XnonaHHe B JIa,ZJ;OllIH,
rIDI,ZJ;eHHe Ha CBeT HJIH ,ZJ;BH>KYIQHeC}I 06'beKTbI, nepceBe-
paQHH, paCKaqHBaHHe, npbI)KKH H BOKaJIH3aQHH - Bce
3TO npHMepbI CTepeoTHnHoro (caMOCTHMYJIHPYJOm:ero)
nOBe,ZJ;eHIDI.
MHorHe pO,ZJ;HTeJIH CqHTaIOT, qTO qeM 6bICTpee pe6e-
HOK H36aBHTC}I OT nO,ZJ;06Horo pO,ZJ;a nOBe,ZJ;eHIDI, TeM MeHb-
me OH 6Y,ZJ;eT OTJIHqaTbC}I OT CBepCTHHKOB. ,L(IDKe eCJIH
3TO 6y,neT npaB,ZJ;OH, npoQecc nO,ZJ;aBJIeHH}I caMOCTHM)'IDI-
QHH Bp}l,ZJ; JIH OKa)KeTC}I ycnellIHbIM. Bo MHornx c.rryqaJIX
BallIH nonbITKH H36aBHTbC}I OT caMOCTHM)'IDIQHH 6yL{)'T
CKopee nOOm;p}lTb H nO,ZJ;KpenIDITb 3TO nOBe,ZJ;eHHe. ECJIH
BaM nOBe3eT H BbI C)'MeeTe nOraCHTb onpe,ZJ;eJIeHHbIH THn
CTepeOTHnHorn nOBe,ZJ;eHIDI, ern MeCTO 3aHMeT ,ZJ;pyroH,
- 180 -
KaK n06e.n;HTb ayrH3M
,lJ;OCTaB.JllDI pe6eHKy Te 0InYIneHIDI y,nOBOJIbCTBIDI HJIH ca-
MoycnoKoeHIDI, K KOTOpbIM OH CTpeMHTCg.
bJIarO,lJ;apg ,lJ;OCTH)KeHHgM ABANB caMOCTHMYJIg-
nIDI He paCCMaTpHBaeTCg CerO,L{IDI KaK qTO-TO, qTO He06-
XO,lJ;HMO noraCHTb. Ha060poT, OHa paCCMaTpHBaeTCg KaK
)l(eJIaHHe pe6eHKa H Cpe,L{CTBO, KOTopoe MO)l(eT 6bITb HC-
nOJIb30BaHO B 06yqeHHH.
HanpHMep, pe6eHKy HpaBHTCg CMOTpeTL Ha 6JIeCTJI-
He npe,L{MeTbI HJIH CKB03b HHX. BbI MO)l(eTe pemHTh
npeKpaTHTh 3TO 3aIDITHe. 3T0 npHBe,L{eT K TOM)', qTO Ta-
KHe npe,lJ;MeTbI CTaH)'T e e 60JIee npHTgraTeJIbHbIMH
AJUI pe6eHKa. TIpaBHJIbHee 6bIJIO 6bI c06paTb KaK MO)l(-
HO 60JIbme TaKHX npe,lJ;MeTOB, nOJIO>KHTb HX B MemOqeK
H HCnOJIb30BaTb HX AJUI MOTHBHpOBaHIDI H nO,L{KpenJIeHIDI
BIDKHbIX HaBbIKOB nOBe,L{eHIDI pe6eHKa. BbI MO)l(eTe Ha-
yqHTb cBoero HerOBOpg ero pe6eHKa )Kecry «OTKpOH»,
qT06bI nOJIyqHTb )l(eJIaeMoe. BbI MO)l(eTe OTpa60TaTb
C HaqHHalO HM yqeHHKoM 3BYKH «H», «a», «0» HJIH «y»,
noo pj{j{ ero 6JIeCTg eH HrpymKOH. ECJIH pe6eHoK rOTOB
HaqaTb yqHTbCg qHTaTh, MO)I(HO ,L{aBaTb eM)' )l(eJIaeMbIH
npe,lJ;MeT KIDK):I;bIH p83, KOr,L{a OH npOqHTaeT HOBoe CJIOBO.
I1cnoJIb30BaHHe caMOCTHMYIDI:QHH HMeeT ,lJ;Ba 60JIb-
mHX npeHM eCTBa. Bo-nepBbIx, Barn pe6eHOK BHy-
TpeHHe MOTHBHpOBaH HCnOJIb30BaTb TaKoe nOBe,L{eHHe,
H Harne BceCTOpOHHee HCnOJIb30BaHHe ero MOTHBa:QHH -
JIyqmee 0p)')KHe npOTHB npOgBJIeHHH a)'TH3Ma. BTopoe
npeHM)'IneCTBO 3aKJIIOQaeTcg B B03MO)I(HOCTH npHMeHHTb
npHHl(Hn OTO)l():(eCTBJIeHIDI, HJIH aCCO:QHa:QHH. Cyrb 3TOro
npHHIUlna B TOM, qTO, KOr,lJ;a ,l(Ba 06'beKTa HJIH 3aIDITIDI
COe,lJ;HHeHbI nonapHO, :QeHHOCTb O,lJ;HOrO H3 HHX HaqHHa-
eT «cmpaTbCg» npH OqeB HOH 3HaqHMOCm ,L{pyroro.
- 181 -
ETCKH:H AYTW3M H ABA
.
C O,n;HOH CTOpOHbl, no,n;KpenJ1JIlO ee 3HaqeHHe caMOCTH-
M)'JI QHH H,n;eT Ha y6blJIb B npOQecce 06yqeHIDI, Tor,n;a KaK
TaKHe <paKTOpbI, KaK BHHMaHHe, <pOKYCHpOBaHHe, rJIa3-
HOH KOHTaKT H nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHOe BblnOJIHeHHe BallHX
HHCTp)'KQHH CTaHOBjfTCjf 60JIee >KeJIaHHbIMH JUUI pe6eH-
Ka, nOTOM)' qTO npe,n;nOJIaralOT CHJIbHOe no,n;KpenJIeHHe.
C ,n;pyroH CTOpOHbI, Tpy.zJ:HOCTH, CBjf3aHHbIe C npOBo,n;H-
MOH pa60TOH, TalOKe Haquyr pa3pyrnaTb no,n;KpenJ1JIlOm;ee
3HaqeHHe caMOCTHM)'IDIQHH. Co BpeMeHeM caMOCTHM)'JIjf-
QH CTaHOBHTCjf Bce MeHee no,n;KpenJIjflOm;eH BCJIe,n;CTBHe
nOCTOjfHHOrO OTO eCTBJIeHHjf C pa6OTOH.
,L(eTH HCnOJIb3)'1OT caMOCTHM)'IDIQHIO, nOTOMY qTO
OHH y,nOBJIeTBOpjfIOT >KeJIaHHe, KOTopoe He 6blJIO y,n;o-
BJIeTBOpeHo ,n;pyrHM cnoc060M. KaK TOJIbKO BbI HaqHeTe
yqHTb CBoero pe6eHKa ,n;pyrHM, 60JIee HHTepeCHbIM cno-
c06aM HaCJIIDKJ{aTbC MHpOM, cTpeMJIeHHe K caMocTHM)'-
IDIQHH HaqHeT HCqe3aTb. O,n;HaKO eCJIH BbI cocpe,n;oTOIJeHbI
TOJIbKO Ha cOKpam;eHHH CTHM)'IDIQHH, Bbl 06HapY>KHTe,
qTO B 60JIbllHHCTBe cJIY1IaeB OHa CTaHOBHTCjf aKTHBHee.
ECJIH Bbl ycnelliHo JIHKBH,n;HpyeTe «CTHM» B pe3YJIbTaTe
HaKa3blBalOm;Hx rrpoQe,n;yp, HO He 3aMeHHTe ero ,n;pyrHM
nOBe,n;eHHeM, y,n;OBJIeTBOp IOm;HM COOTBeTCTB)'IOm;ee )l(e-
naHHe pe6eHKa, TO ero MeCTO 3aHMeT ,n;pyrOH, 60JIee Pa3-
pYIllHTeJIbHbIH «CTHM».
He nbITaHTeCb CKpbITb HJIH «He 3aMeqaTb» caMOCTH-
M)'JIHp)'lOm;ee nOBe,n;eHHe. BMecTo 3Toro YMeHbllaHTe
ero QeHHOCTb, HCnOJIb3Yjf ero B 06yqeHHH. nocTerreHHo
BbI YBH,n;HTe, KaK HOBbIe no,n;KpenJIeHHbIe HaBbIKH, KO-
TOpbIM BbI yqHTe pe6eHKa, 6y,nyr 3aHHMaTb Bce 60JIblle
MeCTa B ero nOBce,n;HeBHOH ,n;ejfTeJIbHOCTH. nOCJIe,n;OBa-
TeJIbHOe OTO eCTBJIeHHe CTepeoTHnHoro nOBe,n;eHIDI
- 182 -
KaK no6e.n;HTb ayrH3M
C MeHee nO,L{I<pellJUllOm:HM npe,ZJ;MerOM HJIH 3aIDITHeM MO-
)KeT YBeJIWlHTb 3HaqeHHe 3TOro npe,ZJ;MeTa (3aIDITIDI) npH
CHIDKeHHH 3HaqeHIDI caMOCTHM)'IDI:QHH. TaK, HCnOJIb3Y.H
caMOCTHM)'IDI:QHIO )J;illI TOro, qT06bl HayqHTb Bamero pe-
6eHKa CKJI3.)J;bIBaTb rr33JIbl, paCCMaTpHBaTb KHHrH, urpaTb
B ,ZJ;orOIDIJIKH HJIH 3a,ZJ;aBaTb BonpOCbl, Bbl 3aMeTHTe, qTO
3TH HOBbIe BH,ZJ;bl ,ZJ;e}lTeJIbHOCTH Bce 60JIbme 3anOJIIDIIOT
,ZJ;eHb Bamero pe6eHKa, B TO BpeMj{ KaK qaCTOTa, HHTeH-
CHBHOCTb H npO,ZJ;OJDKHTeJIbHOCTb caMOCTHMYIDI:QHH CTa-
HOB.HTC}I Bce MeHbme.
O,ZJ;HH H3 HaH60JIee 3cpcpeKTHBHblX cnoc060B «npe-
BpaTHTb» Bpara B ,ZJ;pyra - 3TO HCnOJIb30BaTb B c.rryqae
B3pblBHOH peaK:QHH (HCTepHKH) TeXHHKy rameHIDI. PeaK-
nIDI B3pblBa - CJIe,ZJ;CTBHe HaMepeHHoro HerrO,ZJ;KpenJIeHIDI
BaMH nOBe,ZJ;eHIDI pe6eHKa, KOTopoe 6blJIO rro,ZJ;KpenJIeHO
B npOmJIOM (rJIaBa 6). I1cnoJIb30BaHHe TeXHHKH rameHIDI
}lBIDIeTC}I qpe3BblqaHHO nOJIe3HblM B COKpam:eHHH npo-
}lBJIeHHH He>KeJIaTeJIbHoro nOBe,ZJ;eHIDI, HO HMeeT H CBOH
HerrpIDITHble nOCJIe,ZJ;CTBIDI. O,ZJ;HO H3 HHX - COrJIaCHe pO-
,ZJ;HTeJIeH C,ZJ;aTbC}I H ,ZJ;aTb nO,ZJ;KpeUJIeHHe BO BpeMj{ B3pb1B-
Hon peaK:QHH.
B nepHO,ZJ; «B3pbIBa» Barn pe6eHOK 6y,n;eT HCrrOJIb30-
BaTb BceB03MO>KHble YXHm:peHIDI B IIonbITKe no.rryqHTb
TO, qTO OH XOqeT, npe e qeM Bbl6epeT HOBblU:, 60JIee
npHeMJIeMblH THn nOBe,ZJ;eHIDI, KOTOpOM)' Bbl nblTaereCb
ero HayqHTb. BCJlKHn p83, Kor,ZJ;a pO,ZJ;HTeJIH HCnOJIb3yIDT
TeXHHK)' rameHIDI, OHH ,n;OJI>KHbl 6blTb rOTOBbl BbI,D;ep-
)KaTb HCTepHQeCKHH B3PbIB, r,ZJ;e 6bl H Kor,ZJ;a 6bl OH HX
HH 3aCTaJI.
Kor,n;a pO,ZJ;HTeJIH npHCTyIIalOT K np0:Qeccy oc eCT-
BJIeHIDI ABANB rrporpaMM, B3pblBHasI peaK:QIDI -
- 183 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
.
nepBWI np06JIeMa, C KOTOpOH OHH CTaJIKHBaIOTCjJ. HHKTO
He JII06HT CMOTpeTb, KaK pe6eHOK KpH1lHT, llJIaqeT, Ha-
HOCHT y:napbl ce6e HJIB ,n;pyrHM. TaK Be,n;yr ce6jJ ,n;eTH,
HenpHeMJIeMOe nOBe,n;eHHe KOTOpblX no,n;KpenJ1JIJIOCb
B npOmJIOM. MHorHe po,n;HTeJIH He MOryT nOBepHTb, Ha-
CKOJIbKO ,n;aJIeKO mTOB nOUTH HX pe6eHOK B CTpeMJIeHHH
norryqHTb TO, qTO XOqeT, rrpe>K,IJ;e qeM Bbl6epeT rrpHeMJIe-
MblH THn rrOBe,n;eHIDI. Ho He3aBHCHMO OT Bamero OTHome-
HIDI K HCTepHKaM HMeHHO peaKIJ;ID1 B3pblBa MO>KeT CTaTb
nOMO HHKOM B BarneR pa60Te, eCJIH TOJIbKO Bbl BJIa,neeTe
yqe6HblM KOHTpOJIeM.
HanpHMep, KaK TOJIbKO Barn pe6eHOK HaqHHaeT no-
CTOjJHHO H cnOHTaHHO ,n;eJIaTb )KeCT «M)'3bIKa», HaqHHTe
rrpHMeIDITb TeXHHKy rameHIDI ,n;JU1 3Toro >KeCTa. ,[(a, Bbl
rrpOBeJIH qaCbl, ,n;HH, He,n;eJIH, a HHor,n;a ,n;a>Ke MeCjJU;bl,
06yqWl pe6eHKa 3TOM)' >Kecry. Ho Tenepb, Kor,n;a 3TOT
>KeCT gBIDIeTCjJ CHJIbHblM B penePTYape Bamero pe6eHKa,
ero HCnOJIb30BaHHe Y>Ke He yrryqmaeT HaBblKH pe6eHKa,
H BaM He06xo,n;HMO nepeCTaTh no,n;KpenJ1JITh em. BMecTo
rro,n;KperrJIeHIDI )KeCTa HCnOJIb3yHTe ero KaK CHrHan: Kor,n;a
Bbl KJIa,n;eTe PYKY Ha nepeKJIlOqaTeJIb, nOCMOTpHTe Ha Ba-
mero pe6eHKa H OqeHb qeTKO ,n;Ba-TpH p83a npOH3HeCHTe
CJIOBO «MY3bIKa». He norryqWl no,n;KperrJIeHIDI 3a BblnOJI-
HeHHe )KeCTa, KaK paHbme, Barn pe6eHOK, CKopee Bcero,
B30pBeTCg rro,n;06Ho TOM)', KaK ,n;eJIaJI 3TO B npOmJIOM. OH
HaqHeT YCHJIeHHO Tpe60BaTb TO, qTO XOqeT norryqHTb.
MO)KeT 6blTb, OH nonblTaeTCjJ c,n;eJIaTb )KeCT em;e
HeCKOJIbKO p83. MO>KeT 6blTb, OH 6y,n;eT nblTaTbCjJ B3jJTb
BamH P)'KH, QT06bl Bbl c,n;eJIaJIH >KeCT BMeCTe C HHM. IIo-
CKOJIbK)' Bbl npe,n;cTaBillIeTe )tJUI Hero rrOIDITHe «M)'3bIKa»
TaK >Ke, KaK Bep6aJIbH)'lO HMHTaUBIO «M)'3bIKa», OH MO-
- 184-
KaK n06e.n;HTb a)'TH3M
:>KeT ,n;IDKe nonbITaTbC}I CK83aTb CJIOBO «M)'3bIKa» H npo-
H3HeceT 3B)'I<. Kor,n;a OH 3TO c,n;eJIaeT, no,n;KpenHTe 3TOT
3B)'K, HeMe,n;JIeHHO BKJIlOqHB M)'3bIKy - He3aBHCHMO
OT Toro, BepHbIH JIM 3B)'K npOM3Hec pe6eHOK. IIocJIe TOm,
KaK BbI y6e,n;HJIHCb, qTO pe6eHOK MO:>KeT H3,n;aTb 3BYK BMe-
CTe C :>KeCTOM, Kor,n;a OH XOqeT YCJIbImaTb MY3bIKy, BepHH-
TeCb K TeXHHKe rameHIDI 3Tom :>KeCTa H no,n;KpenJ1JIHTe
pe6eHKa TOJIbKO Tor,n;a, Kor,n;a OH nonp06yeT npOH3HeCTH
3BYK «M» B nape C :>KeCTOM. Kor,n;a BbI HaqHeTe no.rryqaTb
3B)'I< «M» nOCTO}lHHO, CHOBa npHMeHHTe TeXHHKy rame-
HIDI Y'Ke no OTHorneHHIO K 3TOM)' 3BYKY H nOCMOTpHTe,
CMO:>KeT JIH pe6eHOK HaqaTb npOH3HOCHTb 3BYK «M)'».
B KOHI(e KOHUOB, He06xo,n;HMOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHIDI :>Ke-
CTOB HCqe3HeT COBceM, Kor,n;a BbI HaqHeTe CJIbImaTL CJIOBO
«M)'3bIKa», a 3aTeM CJIOBa «c.rrymaTb M)'3bIKy», «MO:>KHO
c.rrymaTb M)'3bIKy», BbIpa:>KeHHe «MO:>KHO MHe noc.rrymaTb
MY3bIKy?» H, HaKOHeu, <pHHaJIbHOe H :>KeJIaeMoe: «MO:>K-
HO JIH MHe noc.rryrnaTh MOIO JII06HM)'IO M)'3bIKY, KOTOpYJO
noeT MaJIeHbKHH MaJIbqHK? 1l0:>Ka.nyHcTa!»
B3pMBHag peaKUH}I Ha HaqarrbHOM 3Tane npoQec-
ca <pOpMHpOBaHH}I yqe6Horo KOHTpOJI}I OqeHb CHJIbHa,
o,n;HaKO qeM OHa CHJIbHee, TeM JIerqe ee HCnOJIb30BaTb
B 6y,n;YIneM ,n;JI}I 06yqeHHjf pe6eHKa Ba:>KHbIM }l3bIKOBbIM
H yqe6HbIM HaBbIKaM. I1MeHHo Barna cnoc06HOCTb no-
H}lTb H HCnOJIb30BaTb B CBOHX QeJI}lX peaKUHIO pe6eHKa
n03BOJIHT eMY ,n;06HTbC}I nporpecca Ha nYTH, KOHeq-
HOM ueJIblO KOToporo }lBJI}leTC}I nOJIHOe BOCCTaHOBJIe-
HHe HaBbIKOB. ,[(0 Toro, KaK BbI nOJIHOCTblO OBJIa,n;eeTe
yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM, BaM 6y,n;eT TPy,n;HO HCnOJIb30BaTb
peaKI(HIO B3pbIBa B npouecce 06yqeHIDI. O,n;HaKO KaK
TOJIbKO BbI nOqYBCTByeTe BJIaCTb Ha,n; CHJIaMH aYTH3Ma,
- 185 -
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
Bid C}'MeeTe HCIIOJIb30BaTb B3PblBHYIO peaKQHIO KaK 3<p-
<peKTHBHOe opY,L{He B 60pb6e 3a YCIIemHOCTb H 6JIaro-
IIOJIyqHe CBoero pe6eHKa.
B npOI(ecce «nepeuIrHBaHIDI KaHaTa», OCBOHB BeCb
nOTeHWIaJI ABANB, Bbl YBH.lUfTe, HaCKOJIbKO MOUUILIM
HHCTp}'MeHTOM MOI)'T 6bITh 3TH nporpaMMbI. OKOJI1laTeJIb-
HblH nOBOpOT B Barny IIOJIb3Y MO:>KeT C.rryqHTbC}I, TOJIbKO
eCJIH Bbl IIOHMeTe: qT061d Barn pe6eHoK HayqHJIC}I BceMY,
qeMY OH MO)KeT HayqHTbCJI, ero )KeJIaHHe yqHThC}I Y HaC
,L{OJDKHO 6bITb 60JIbme, qeM Bame :>KeJIaHHe HayqHTh ero.
QT06bI ,L{OCTHqb 3TOro, Ka:>K,I(Oe B3aHMo,neHCTBHe
,L{OJDKHO npHBO,L{HTb K IIO,L{KpenJIeHHIO pemeHIDI Bamero
pe6eHKa CJIe,L{OBaTb BamHM HHCTp)'KnIDIM. CeHqaC Bbl,
BepojJTHo, ,L{eJIaere 60JIee qeM 95 % pa6OTbl, qT06bl no,L{-
,nep:>KHBaTb B Touyce B3aHMO,L{eHCTBHe Me)l():(Y BaMH H pe-
6eHKoM. TIoKa Bbl rOTOBId IIO)JJ.l;ep:>KHBaTb 3TO COOTHome-
HHe, Barn pe6eHOK He HayqHTc}I HaBbIKaM, He06xo,L{HMbIM
AIDI pa3BHTIDI II03HTHBHblX OTHomeHHH. C KaKOH CTaTH
OH ,L{OIDKeH IIpHJIaraTb YCHJIIDI, qeTKO npOH3HOCHTb CJIO-
Ba, nO)JJ.l;ep:>KHBaTb 3pHTeJIbHblH KOHTaKT, yqacTBoBaTb
B Hrpax H ,npyrHX <popMax n03HTHBHOro COI(HaJIbHOrO
B3aHMo,neHCTBIDI, eCJIH Bbl roTOBbl C,L{eJIaTb 3a Hero BCID
pa60T)', CB}l3aHuyIO C no,n,nep:>KaHHeM B3aHMO,L{eHCTBIDI?
ECJIH B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT Barn pe6eHOK OTKa3aJICjJ
npHWlTb yqacTHe B 3aWlTHH HJIH BO B3aHMO,L{eHCTBHH
C BaMH, BaM JIyqme nOBepH)'TbCjJ H yHTH. I1cnoJIb3yHTe
TeXHHK)' rameHIDI OTHOCHTeJIbHO ero He:>KeJIaHIDI IIPH-
WlTb H8.,L{JIe>Kam:ee yqacTHe B npOI(eCce 06m:eHIDI. 3aTeM
n03BOJIbTe eMY paCCTpOHTbCjJ H «3aKaTHTb HCTepHKy»,
qTO HeIIpeMeHHO nOMO:>KeT eMY HaHTH HOBbIe H 60JIee
CJIO>KHble cIIoc06bl BepuyTb Bame BHHMaHHe H IIOnyqHTb
- 186 -
KaK n06e.n;HTb ayrH3M
no,n;KpenJIeHIDI, KOTopble aCCOUHHp)'lOTCg C BarnHM npH-
C}'TCTBHeM. Bame pemeHHe: <01 YX0)K}', H jJ HMelO B BH):{y
HMeHHO 3TO» - MOTHBHpyeT pe6eHKa Ha nOHCK nyTeii
YCTaHOBJIeHIDI B3aHMOOTHorneHHH H Ha npOgBJIeHHe Bce
60JIee CJIO>KHbIX HaBblKOB ,WllI pa3BHTIDI OTHorneHHH
Me HHM H BaMH.
qacTo po,n;HTeJIH H TepaneBTbl TaK CHJIbHO 6ecnOKOjJT-
Cg 0 cnoc06ax y,n;ep)KaTb pe6eHKa 3a pa60QHM CTOJIOM, qTO
Henpe,n;HaMepeHHO nepe,n;alOT pe6eHK}' nOJIHblH KOHTpOJIb
Ha,n; cHryaUHeH. B HTore 3Ta cHryaUIDI MaJIO qeM Hano-
MHHaeT 06yqeHHe. Pe6eHOK HrpaeT B Hrpbl C TepaneBTOM,
HrHopUPYjJ Tpy,n;Hble HHCTp)'Kll:HH, HaMepeHHO COBeprnWl
omH6KH, CMegCb H npHJIarag CTOJIbKO YCHJIHH B BblnOJI-
HeHHH 3a,n;aHHH, CKOJIbKO CqHTaeT H)')KHbIM. IIoCKOJIbKy
pe6eHOK nOCTOjJHHO yrp0)KaeT YKJIOHHTbCg OT 06yqeHIDI,
po,n;HTeJIb, yqHTeJIb HJIH Bpaq OCBaHBaeT TOJIbKO O,n;HH Ha-
BbIK: KaK y,n;ep)KaTb rope-yqeHHKa. IIo,n;yMaHTe, qeMY Bbl
MO)KeTe HayqHTb pe6eHKa, eCJIH OH nOJIHOCTblO KOHTpO-
JIHpyeT cHryaUHIO? A Tenepb cpaBHHTe 3TO C 06'beMOM
HaBbIKOB, KOTOpblM Bbl MOrJIH 6bl HayqHTb Bamero pe-
6eHKa, eCJIH 6bl OH ,n;eHcTBHTeJIbHO 6blJI 3aHHTepecoBaH
B 06yqeHHH.
BMecTo Toro qT06bl nblTaTbCg y,n;ep)KaTb CBoero pe-
6eHKa B «nJIellY» 06yqeHIDI, .rryqIIIe HCnOJIb30BaTb ceMb
cryneHeH yqe6Horo KOHTpOIDI H ,n;pyrHe npOI(e,n;ypbI,
onHcaHHble B 3TOH KHHre. 3aTeM, Kor,n;a pe6eHoK no-
nblTaeTCjJ KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb npouecc 06yqeHIDI, OTKa3bl-
BaRCb yqacTBoBaTb B CnJIaHHpOBaHHoM BaMH 3aHjJTHH,
Bbl Bcer,n;a MO>KeTe n03BOJIHTb eMY yilTH. ECJIH ypoBeHb
nOHHMaHIDI peqH y pe6eHKa BbICOK, CKa>KIITe eMY, QTO 3a-
HjJTHe 3aKouqeHO H 1ff() MaMa HrpaTh 60nbme He 6 eT.
- 187 -
ETCKMM AYTM3M H ABA
ECJIH pe6eHOK - HaqHHalOInHiI yqeHHK, MO>KHO B3gTb
ero Ha PYKH H nOBepHyfb B ,L{pyry1O CropOHY, a 3aTeM aK-
KypaTHO nO,L{TOJIKHYTb, qT06bI nOKa3aTb, qTO OH nOTepgJI
npaBO Ha yqacTHe B yqe6HoH ,L{egTeJIbHOCTH. KOHeqHO,
nOTepg ,L{ocTYIIa K yqe6HoH ,L{egTeJIbHOCTH 03Haqaer TaK-
>Ke, qTO OH TepgeT Bce CBOH nO,L{KpenJIeHIDI B BH,lI;e Hrpy-
meK HJIH Hrp, KOTopbIe eH COII)'TCTBOBaJIH.
ECJIH BbI Bce C,L{eJIaJIH npaBHJIbHO H OCTaeTeCb yse-
peHbI B ce6e, BbI YSHJUlTe, qTO pe6eHOK ,L{eJIaeT nOIThITKH
nepeXBaTHTb Y Bac KOHTpOJIb Ha,L{ CHTyaQHeH, CTapWlCb
CBOHM nOBe,L{eHHeM 3aCTaBHTb Bac n03BOJIHTb eMY Bep-
HyfbCjJ K pa60qeMY CTOJI)'. no Mepe Torn KaK BbI 6Y,L{eTe
nOKa3bIBaTh, qTO rOTOBbI no.nqHHHTbCg eMY, OH ,L{eHCTBH-
TeJIbHO HaqHeT BepHTb, qTO 3TO OH XOqeT Y3HaTb OT Bac
60JIbme, a He BbI XOTHTe ero 06yqaTb. 11 KOr,L{a OH npo-
,L{eMOHCTpHPYeT xopomee nOBe,L{eHHe, n03BOJIbTe eMY
BepHyfbCg H B0306HOBHTe ypOK C caMoro HHTepeCHoro.
O,L{HaKO eCJIH pe6eHOK nepeCTaer C.JI)'llIaTbCg H HaqHHaer
6a.nOBaTbCjJ, HCnOJIb3yHTe MHHH-nOCJIe,L{CTBIDI (rJIaBa 13),
QT06bI nOK83aTb eMY, qTO BaM HHqero He CTOHT ew:e pa3
npeKpaTHTb 3aIDITHe.
He CTOHT He,L{OOQeHHBaTb ,L{ereH C ayrH3MoM. IIoBepb-
Te, Y HUX eCTb >KeJIaHHe Y3HaTb TO, qeMY BbI XOTHTe HX
HayqHTb, HO CHaqaJIa OHH ,L{OJI>KHbI npeO,L{OJIeTb Qpe3BbI-
qaHHO BbICOKYID CTeHY, KOTOpasI CTOHT Me)K):(y HHMH H HX
6y,n)'IIUiM. DJIaro,L{apjJ COqeraHHIO cTpaTerHH VB C npHH-
IUinaMH ABA MbI MO>KeM cero,L{ID1 nOMOraTh ceMbjJM 06y-
qaTb HX ,L{eTeH.
QT06bI ,L{eHCTBHTeJIbHO B3gTb Bepx Ha,L{ ayrH3MoM, BbI
,L{OJDKHbI y6e,L{HTh pe6eHKa, qTO Bac HHCKOJIbKO He BOJIHY-
eT TOT cpaKT, yqaCTByer JIH OH B npoQecce 06yqeHIDI. 3T0
- 188-
KaK no6e.n;HTb ayrH3M
.
e HHCTBeHHbIH nyrb, cnoco6HbIH nO BHrHYTb pe6eHKa
n03a60THTbCjf 0 TOM, qT06bI CKJIOHHTh Bac K COBMeCTHldM
3aIDITIDIM CHOBa.
KpaTKO HanOMHIO ceMb cryneHeH <pOpMHpOBaHIDI
yqe6Horo KOHTpOJUl:
1. OrpaHHqbTe ocryn pe6eHKa KO BceM <popMaM no -
KpenJIeHHH B oKp)')KalOIneH cpe e.
2. C eJIaiITe TaK, qT06bI pe6eHoK OTO eCTBJUIJI Bac
C nO KpenJIeHHeM, Tor a BpeMj{npenpOBo eHHe C BaMH
CTaHeT ,r(JUI Hero ywIeKaTeJIbHee, qeM 6e3 Bac.
3. IIOKa3bIBaifre, qTO Bid Bcer a eJIaeTe TO, qTO rOBO-
pHTe, H rOBOpHTe TO, qTO eHCTBHTeJIbHO HMeeTe B BH,ZJ;Y.
4. IIoKa)KHTe pe6eHKy, qTO BbI npe ocTaBHTe eMY o-
cryn K nO KpenJIeHHIO, KaK TOJIbKO OH nOCJIe yeT BaWHM
HHCTp IDIM.
5. BbI OJDKHId 3HaTb, KaKOe nO KpellJIeHHe jlBJUJ:eTCjf
caMbIM CHJIbHbIM JU1 Bawero pe6eHKa.
6. IIo KpenmIHTe KIDK)J;oe nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOe B3aHMO-
eHcTBHe C pe6eHKoM, pa60TaJI Ha,L( YCHJIeHHeM COOTHO-
weHIDI «HHCTp IDI- nO KpellJIeHHe».
7. IIoKa)KHTe pe6eHKy, qTO Kor a OH He CJIe,nyeT Ba-
WHM HHC-rpYKIJ;IDIM, BbI He a,L(HTe eMY ocryna K no -
KpellJIeHHIO.
ECJIH BbI nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHO HCnOJIb3yeTe 3TH cry-
neHH, Baw pe6eHOK 6y.n;eT BbInOJIIDITb BaWH HHCTp HH,
nOTOMY qTO nOHMeT: 3TO caMbIH 6bICTpbIH H JIerKHH cno-
c06 nOJIyqHTb TO, qTO 08 XOqeT (cryneHb 4). BbI Bcer a
MO)KeTe aTb eMY TO, qTO OH XOqeT, Kor a OH 3apa60Ta-
eT 3TO npaBO (cryneHb 5). ECJIH OH pewaeT He yqacTBo-
BaTb B npon;ecce 06yqeHIDI HMeHHO TaK, KaK BbI 3TOro
XOTHTe, OH He nOJIyqHT OT Bac HHKaKoro nO KpenJIeHIDI
-189 -
ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
(CTYIIeHb 7). 11 eCJIH OH npocTo BbIH,neT H3 KOMHaTbI, TO
OH He HaitneT HWlero HHTepecHoro, qeM Mor 6bI 3aIDITbCjJ:
(CTYIIeHb 1). ECJIH BbI CKIDKeTe: <01 yH,ny B ,ZJ;pyryro KOMHa-
ry, eCJIH TbI He Cj{));eWb 3a CTOJI», OH 6y.n;eT 3HaTb, qTO BbI
HMeeTe B BH,ny TO, qTO roBopHTe (CTYIIeHb 3). IIoCKOJIbK)'
BbI OTOX<neCTBIDIeTe ce6jJ: C nO,ZJ;KpenJIeHHeM 60JIbIlI)'lO
qaCTb BpeMeHH, Baw pe6eHoK cKopee COrJIaCHTCjf c.rry-
WaTbCjf BaC, qeM n03BOJIHT BaM yHTH (CTYIIeHb 2).
Kor,ZJ;a BbI nOCJIe,ZJ;OBaTeJIbHO BbInOJIHHTe Bce ceMb
CTYIIeHeH, BbI 3anOJIHHTe Bce TpemHHbI BHH3Y necqa-
HOH CTeHbI, 0 KOTOpOH MbI roBOpHJIH B caMOM Haqane
KHHrH. Pe6eHOK He CMO)KeT nOJIyqHTb nO,ZJ;KpenJIeHHe,
He npe,ZJ;npHIDIB nOnbITKy HaqaTb WTYPM 3TOH CTeHbI
BMeCTe C BaMH. 3aTeM, HCnOJIb3Yjf MOTHBaIUlH pe6eHKa,
BbI nOMO)KeTe nO,ZJ;IDITbCjf eMY Ha Bo06pIDKaeMoH BOJIHe
MOTHBa[(HH K caMoH BepwHHe 3TOH CTeHbI. BbI MO)KeTe
npe,ZJ;JIO)KHTb BaWH HHCTp HH H nO,ZJ;cKa3KH, H pe6eHOK
BHOBb nonbITaeTCjf no.rryqHTb no,nKpenJIeHHe, «Kapa6Ka-
jfCb» qepe3 Bo06pIDKaeM)'IO cTeH)' - H TaKHM 06pa30M
npOJIO)KHT ce6e rryrb, KOTOpbIH C KIDK,L(bIM pa30M 6y,neT
Bce JIerqe npeo,nOJIeTb B 6 eM.
Tenepb BcnOMHHM HeCKOJIbKO TeXHHK. ECJIH BbI HC-
nOJIb3YeTe MeTo,n 06yqeHIDI 6e3 oWH60K, Baw pe6eHoK 6y-
}];eT OTBeqaTb npaBHJIbHO, npH 3TOM ypoBeHb no.rryqeHHjJ:
HM nO,ZJ;KpenJIeHHH 6y,neT BbICOK. ECJIH BbI HCnOJIb3YeTe
MeTO}]; apKH, BbI 6y,neTe HaqHHaTb ypOK C HrpbI H 3aKaH-
qHBaTb ypOK, OCTaBIDUI pe6eHKa B TOT MOMeHT, Kor,na eM)'
Bce eme OqeHb XOqeTCjf npo,nOJDKHTb 06meHHe C BaMH.
ECJIH BbI BapbHpyeTe HHCTp HH, BaweM)' pe6eHKy
HHKor,na He Hac aT 3a.naHIDI, KOTopbIe BbI eMY npe}];JIa-
raeTe. ECJIH BbI qepe,nyeTe Tpy,r(HbIe H JIerKHe 3a,naHIDI,
-190 -
KaK n06e.n;HTb ayrH3M
cpe,nHHH ypOBeHb CJIO)KHOCTH pa60TbI HHKor,na He 6y,neT
CJIHWKOM BbICOKHM. ECJIH BbI HCnOJIb3yeTe MeTO,n MHHH-
nOCJIe,ncTBHH, Baw pe6eHoK Bcer,na c)'MeeT nOIDITb, KOr}];a
OH C6HJICjJ: C nyrH B nOHCKe npaBHJIbHoro OTBeTa, H ero
MOTHBaQHH B pa60re Ha,L( HaBbIKOM 6yJJ:YT pacTH.
ECJIH BbI BJIa,neeTe yqe6HbIM KOHTpOJIeM, HCnOJIb-
3yeTe npHHQHnbI ABA H TeXHHKH VB, y Bac eCTb Bce
HHcTp)'MeHTbI, KOTopbIe H)')KHbI BaM ,nIDI Toro, QT06bI
06yqHTb Bawero pe6eHKa BceMY, QTO OH cnoc06eH OCBO-
HTb - HaCTOJIbKO 6bICTpO, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO B03MO)KHO. BbI
caMH 6y,neTe YCTaHaBJIHBaTb, KaKoe KOJIHqeCTBO YCHJIHH
,nOJI)KeH npHJIO)KHTb pe6eHoK ,nIDI BbInOJIHeHIDI Toro HJIH
HHoro 3a,naHIDI. BbI CMO)KeTe pewaTb, KaK 6bICTpO, KaK
rpoMKo, HaCKOJIbKO jJ:CHO, HaCKOJIbKO npHeMJIeMO ,n0J1-
)KeH Ball pe6eHOK ,neMOHCTpHpOBaTb onpe,neJIeHHbIH
HaBbIK. BbI MO)KeTe nOMoraTb eMY ,n06HTbCjJ: ycnexa
B nOCTOjJ:HHOM npoQecce «,nOTjJ:rHBaHH.H» ,no BaWHX Bce
B03paCTalOInHx Tpe60BaHHH H no,nKpenJ1jJ:Tb Ka)K,nylO
ycneWHYIO nonbITKY Ha 3TOM rrYTH. ECJ1H Barn pe6eHOK
He onpaB,nbIBaeT BaWHX O)KH,naHHH, nOTOMY qTO 3a,na-
HHe Tpy,nHoe, BbI MO)KeTe HCn0J1b30BaTb npoQe,n;ypy KOp-
peKQHH, qT06bI HayqHTb npaBHJIbHOMY oTBery 6e3 Pa3-
pyrneHHjJ: BallIHX OTHorneHHH yqHTeJ1b-yqeHHK. ECJIH OH
He OTBeqaeT BaWHM Tpe60BaHHjJ:M, nOTOMY qTO He XOqeT,
BbI MO)KeTe HCn0J1b30BaTb CHCTeMY MHHH-nOCJIe,n;CTBHH
HJIH, eCJIH He06xo,nHMO, c06paTb Bce CBOH MaTepHaJIbI
H BbIHTH H3 KOMHaTbI.
TIoMHHTe, OH XOqeT 6bITb C BaMH, nOTOMY qTO C BaMH
HHTepeCHO (CTYIIeHb 2). OH XOqeT HMeTb 6bICTpbIH H JIer-
KHH nyrb K nonyqeHHIO no,nKpellJIeHHH (CTYIIeUb 4).
OH XOqeT HMeTb ,nocTYII K CBOHM JII06HMbIM HrpynIKaM
- 191 -
ETCKHH AYTM3M H ABA
(CTYIIeHb 1). IIoJIHoe npe,nCTaBJIeHHe 06 3THX )KeJIaHIDIX
pe6eHKa n03BOJIHT BaM coxpaHHTb KOHTpOJIb Ha npon;ec-
COM 06yqeHIDI H C03,naTb xopomHe, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha ,no-
BepHH pa60QHe OTHOmeHIDI yqHTeJIb-yqeHHK.
ECJ1H BbI 6y.neTe CJ1e,nOBaTh 3THM CTYIIeIDIM, BbI YBH-
,nHTe, qTO pe6eHOK XOQeT yqHTbCg H n03BOJUIeT BaM pe-
maTb, Kor,na CJJ;eJIaTb nepepbIB. ECJIH BbI HCnOJIb3YeTe
3TH TexHHKH CHCTeMaTHqeCKH H BceCTopOHHe, OCHOBbI-
BWlCb Ha HH,nHBH,[(yaJIbHbIX nOTpe6HOCTgX pe6eHKa, OH
6y.neT )f(eJ1aTb, qT06bI HMeHHO BbI 06yqaJIH ero, 60J1bme,
qeM BbI 6y,neTe )KeJ1aTb 3Toro. BaM Ha,no 6y,neT HaHTH no-
MOIIJ;HHKa, nOTOMY qTO Bcer,na He XBaTaeT BpeMeHH Ha TO,
qT06bI HayqHTb pe6eHKa BceMY TOMY, qeMY OH XOqeT Ha-
yqHTbCg.
IIepe,n HaqaJIOM HCnOJIb30BaHIDI JII06bIX npon;e,nyp,
npe,nCTaBJIeHHbIX B 3TOH KHHre, BbI ,nOJI)KHbI HaRTH Ha-
,ne)KHoro Cnen;HaJIHCTa B 06JIaCTH ABANB. ECJIH BbI
He MO)KeTe HaHTH HHKoro, KTO 6bI HMeJI COOTBeTCTByK)-
myro KBaJIH<pHKaIUfIO (BCBA), BbI He ,nOJ1)KHbI np060BaTb
npHMeIDITb 3TH TeXHHKH ,nOMa 6e3 ,naJIbHeilmero H3yqe-
HIDI HJ1H Cnen;HaJIbHOrO TpeHHHra (06yqeHIDI). ABA -
3TO e,nHHCTBeHHWI ,nHcn;HnJIHHa B MHpe, KOTOpWI yqHT
J11O,neH TOMY, KaK MOJJ;H<pHUHpOBaTh (H3MeIDITb) nOBe,ne-
HHe B pa60Te Ha,L( HaBbIKaMH H B BbI60pe npaBHJIbHbIX
Mo,neJ1eH nOBe,neHIDI.
ABA onHpaeTCg TOJ1bKO Ha HayqHbIe ,naHHbIe, no,n-
TBep:>K,ZJ;alOInHe 3<p<peKTHBHOCTh npHMeHeHIDI ero npHH-
IUfnOB. CneU;HaJIHCThI He TepglOT BpeM1l H 3HeprHIO,
nbITaJlCb onpe,neJIHTb, IfrO gBIDIeTCg npINHHOH Torn HJIH
HHoro nOBe,neHIDI. BMecTo 3TOro OHH onpe,neillIIOT, lITO
B ,naHHLIH MOMeHT npHBO,nHT K npOgBJIeHHIO 3TOro THna
- 192 -
KaK nOOe,L(HTL ayrH3M
nOBe,neHID! H KaK YBeJIINHTb HJIH YMeHLillHTb TaKoe IIpO-
jJ:BJIeHHe B 6y.n eM.
B HaCTOjJ:lI(ee BpeM1l HCnOJIb30BaHHe npHHIUlnoB
ABA - caMoe 3cpcpeKTHBHOe HanpaBJIeHHe ,L(IDI 06yqe-
HID! ,neTeH C ayrH3MOM. TIpWlHHa, no KOTOpOH BbI ,nOJDK-
HbI HCKaTb CepTHcpHIUlpOBaHHoro cneQHaJIHCTa B 3TOH
06JIaCTH, B TOM, qro 3Ta He3aBHCHMWI CepTHcpHKaQIDI
(www.bacb.com) CJIYjKHT rapaHTHeH BbICOKOH KBaJIH-
cpHKaIUlH H cepbe3Horo onbITa rrpocpeccHOHaJIa. Cep-
THcpHKaQHjJ: Tpe6yeT KaK MHHHMYM HaJIHqIDI ,nHIIJIOMa
6aKaJIaBpa B 06JIaCTH, HMelOlI(eH OTHomeHHe K nCHXO-
JIOrHH HJIH 06pa30BaHHIO, qT06bI CTaTb «Board Certified
Associate Behavior Analyst» (BCABA), HJIH CTeneHH Ma-
rHCTpa, QT06bI CTaTb «Board Certified Behavior Analyst»
(BCBA). B ,nOIIOJIHeHHe K 06pa30BaHHIO H onbITY cne-
QHaJIHCT ,nOJDKeH CTaTh 3K3aMeH, BKJIlOqalOIIUfH 3HaHHe
3THqeCKHX HOpM, onpe,neJIeHHH, nOHHMaHHe MeTo,nOB,
npoQeccoB, HaBbIKH nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO TecTHpoBaHIDI
nOBe,neHIDI H nepeoQeHKH npoQecca HHTepBeHQHH (BMe-
maTeJIbCTBa), BJIa,neTb MeTo,naMH H3MepeHIDI H3MeHeHHH
B nOBe,neHHH, 3HaTb cnoc06bI c60pa H OQeHKH ,naHHbIX,
YMeTb BbI6HpaTh QeJIH H cTpaTerHH BMemaTeJIbCTBa, no-
HHMaTb npon:e,nypbI Mo,nHcpHKaQHH nOBe,neHIDI H CHCTe-
MbI n o)l.,L(ep)KI(H.
CepTHcpHKaT cneQHaJIHCTa BCABA, BCBA He jJ:B-
JUleTC.H: nO)I(H3HeHHbIM. Ero e)l(ero,nHoe no,nTBep)KJ{eHHe
Tpe6yeT nOCTOjJ:HHoro 06HOBJIeHIDI 3HaHHH B 06JIaCTH
TeOpeTHqeCKHX HCCJIe,noBaHHH H IIpHKJIa,nHbIx MeTO,nOB
ABA (He MeHee 12 yqe6HbIX qaCOB B ro,n). JII060H qJIeH
BACB, KOTOpOM)' He 6y.neT XBaTaTb npocpeCCHOHaJIH3Ma,
MO)l(eT 6bITh JIHmeH qJIeHCTBa. B HacrojllI(ee BpeM.H: MbI
- 193 -
J(ETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
HMeeM npH6nH3HTenbHO 5000 qJIeHOB BCBA B 20 cTpa-
Hax MHpa.
3HaqHTenbHWI qaCTb Toro, qTO BbI rrpOqnH Ha 3THX
CTpaHHo;ax, OCHOBaHa Ha MoeM nHqHOM onbITe nOMOIIJ.H
,neTjfM CTaTb 60nee ycnemHbIMH B )l(H3HH. ABAlVB -
3TO HayqHoe HanpaBneHHe, KOTopoe peo;eH3HpyeTC»
KonneraMH - npe,ncTaBHTellilMH HayqHoro c006IIJ.eCTBa,
C uenblO onpe,neJIHTb ueHHOCTb npHMeIDIeMbIx npHHUH-
nOB H MeTo,nOB. nbITajfCb CJJ;enaTb 3TY KHHry nOHjfTHoH
,nJIjf po,nHTeneH, yqHTeneH HnH TeparreBToB, jf CneO;HaJIb-
HO pemHn He yrny6njfTbCjf B KaKHe-nH60 BH,nbI Hccne-
,nOBaHHH.
CTapaHTeCb nOMOqb CBoeMY pe6eHKY, OCHOBbIBWlCb
He Ha TOM, qTO jf HanHCaR, a Ha TOM, qTO, no BameMY
MHeHHIO, 6 eT nyqme ,nIDI Hero B 6y,nymeM. nOHHMaHHe
3TOro MO)KeT npHHTH TonbKO nOCJIe ,neTaRbHOrO aHaJIH-
3a TeXHHK, rro,nxOJJ;OB H Hccne,nOBaHHH, ,nOCTYTIHbIX Ba-
meMY BHHMaHHIO. 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM Tex HOBOBBe,neHHH,
KOTopbIe MbI npe,nnaraeM B Knospe-ABA (MeTo,nbI aplGl
H MHHH-rrocne,nCTBHH, onHcaHHbIX B rnaBe 13), eCTb ,no-
Ka3aHHOe no,nTBep)l(,L(eHHe 3<p<peKTHBHOCTH 60nbIIIHH-
CTBa TeXHHK H CTpaTerHH, KOTopbIe jf OrrHCaJI. 3TH Hccne-
,nOBaHIDI MO)KHO HaHTH B )K)'pHaJIaX, nOCBjfIIJ.eHHbIX ABA
H VB (<<Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis», «The
Anatysis of Verbal Behavior»), B Hccne,nOBaHIDIX HH-
CTHTYTa JIoBaaca (Lovaas Institute, The Wisconsin Early
Autism Project) H MHorHX ,npyrnx. EIIJ.e 60nbme ,nOKa3a-
TeJIbCTB MO)KHO HaHTH B MaTepHaJIax ceMHHapoB ,noKTopa
napTHHITOHa, JJ;oKTopa CaH,n6epra H ,noKTopa Kap60He
(Dr. Partington, Dr. Sundberg, Dr. Carbone) H JWyrHX. 3m
,nOKa3areJIbCTBa MOryr 6bITh TaK )l(e Ha.H.,neHbI B KHHre
- 194 -
KaK no6e.n;HTb ayrH3M
K3TpHH MopHc C KOnJIeraMH «BMernaTenbcTBo B nOBe,ne-
HHe ,neTeH C ayrH3MOM» (Catherine Maurice «Behavioral
Interventions for Children with Autism»), a TaIOKe B py-
rHX HCTOqHHKaX, BKJIlOqIDI Te, qTO yK83aHbI B KOHQe 3TOH
KHHrH.
IIpHcoe,nHIDIHTecb K co06m;ecTBY ABANB B I1HTep-
HeTe. IIocem;aHTe ceMHHapbI, npoBo,nHMbIe CneIUfaJIH-
CTaMH BCBA, TaKHMH KaK ,nOKTOp BHHceHT Kap60He,
,nOKTOp II. MaKrpHBH, ,nOKTOp eHMc TIapTHHITOH, ,nOK-
TOp Kapn CaH,n6epr, ,nOKTOp E066H HbIOMaH, KpHCTHHa
EYPK, MA (Dr. Vince Carbone, Dr. Patrick McGreevey,
Dr. James Partington, Dr. Carl Sundburg, Dr. Mark
Sundburg, Dr. Bobby Newman, Christina Burk, MA)
H B TOM qHCJIe MHOH. 3TH ceMHHapbI npH3BaHbI nOK83aTb
BaM, KaK nonb30BaTbCg npHHQHnaMH ABANB, QT06bI
IIOMOqb BaM B3jfTb Bepx Ha,n ayrH3MOM.
3aKJIIOqeHHe
CnacH60 BaM 3a qTeHHe MoeH KHHrH 0 MeTo,ne aHa-
JIH3a Bep6aJIbHOrO nOBe,neHIDI. 3Ta KHHra jlBIDIeTCjf
KpaTKOH BepCHeH 60JIee nOJIHoro Moero H3,naHIDI « O-
pora K BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO. B3jfTb Bepx HaJJ: ayrH3MOM»
(<<Educate Toward Recovery: Turning the Tables on
Autism»). B HeH jf rJIy6)1(e H ,neTaJIbHee paccMaTpHBalO
KIDK,nyIO TeM)', onHcaHHYID B 3TOM pyKOBo,ncTBe, a TalOKe
,npyrHe TeMbI, Ba)I(HbIe ,lUUI po,nHTeJIeH ,neTeH C ayrH3-
MOM H nOXO>KHMH paCCTpOHCTBaMH, TaKHe KaK 06yqeHHe
HaBbIKaM rHrHeHbI, ynpaBJIeHHe nOBe,neHHeM pe6eH-
Ka, cnoc06bI pa3BHTIDI B3aHMOOTHoweHHH (Relational
Development Intervention, RDI), HCnOJIb30BaHHe npo-
rpaMM ABANB B IlIKOJIe, 3THKa ABA, pa3JIHQHe Me>KJJ:Y
06yqeHHeM OT,neJIbHbIM HaBbIKaM H HaCTOjfIQHM 06yqe-
HHeM, Be,lt)'IIJ:HM K BOCCTaHOBneHHIO. EcnH BbI HallIJIH
nOJIe3HOH ,naHHyIO KHHry, jf HaCTOjfTeJIbHO peKoMe
npH06pecTH TaIOKe H nOJIHYIO BepcHIO.
- 196 -
A,ZJ;anTHpoBaHHbIH CnOBapb
IIOIDITHH ABA
Bep6aJlbHoe n06edeHue (Verbal Behavior) - JII060e
nOBe,neHHe, KOTopoe B03HHKaer H nO,ZI,nep)KHBaeTCg IIPH
B3aHMo,neHcTBHH c ,npyrHM qeJIOBeKOM.
B3pbl6HaJl peaKlIUR (Extinction Burst) - nepHo,n OT
MOMeHTa, Kor,na He)KeJIaTeJIbHOe IIOBe,neHHe CTaHOBHTCg
60JIee HHTeHCHBHbIM, qeM 06hIqHO, ,no MOMeHTa, Kor,na
OHO HaqHHaeT )'MeHbmaTbCg.
BcnoMozameJlbHaR KOMMYHuKallUR (Augmentative
Communication) - 06meHHe C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM KaKHX-
JIH60 BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX cpe,ncTB.
r azueHue U36ezaIOUlezo/YKJlOHRIOUlezocR n06edeHUR
(Escape Extinction) - npoQecc, rrpH KOTOpOM pe6eHOK
He MO)KeT YKJIOHHTbCg OT yqe6HoH 3a,naqH HJIH cHryaQHH
H BbI eH no,nqHHHTbCg Tpe60BaHIDIM.
/(UcKpUMUHamU6HbIU (onpede.neHHbIU) cmUMYJl (Dis-
criminative Stimulus, SD) - JII060H 3JIeMeHT oKp)')KalO-
IQeH cpe,nbI, KOTOpbIH BbI3bIBaer rrpOgBJIeHHe onpe,neJIeH-
Horo nOBe,neHIDI.
/(uljJljJepeHlIUaJlbHOe nOdKpe11JleHUe (Differential
Reinforcement) - npoQecc rrpe,noCTaBJIeHIDI p3.3HOro
- 197 -
,AETCKHH AYTH3M H ABA
(,l(H<p<pepeHIUiaJIbHoro) KonWleCTBa nO,lU<pellJIeHIDl,WUI Pa3-
HbIX THnOB nOBe,l(eHIDI IillH pa3HbIX ypOBHeH nOBe,ll;eHIDl.
36YK06aR (6ep6aJlbHaR) UMumalfUR (Verbal Imita-
tion) - HMHTaQIDI 3BYKOB H cnOB.
HHmpa6ep6aJlbHOe deucm6ue (Intraverbal) - peqb,
)KeCT HJIH ,l(eHcTBHe B OTBeT Ha CJIOBa HJIH )KeCTbI ,l(pyrHX
JIIO,l(eH.
KOMaHdHblu R3blK (Imperative Language) - jl3bIK
06 eHIDI, HCnOJIb3YjI KOTOpbIH, BbI npe,anOJIaraeTe nOJIY-
qHTb OTBeT (peaKQHIO).
KOHKYpuPYJOUlee n06edeHue (Competing Behavior)-
nlO60e nOBe,ll;eHHe, KOTopoe qeJIOBeK He MO)KeT npO,ll;e-
MOHCTpHpOBaTb O,ll;HOBpeMeHHO C npOjlBJIeHHeM npo-
6JIeMHOrO nOBe,l(eHIDI.
Memod UHmeHCU6H020 o6YIleHUJl (Intensive Trial
Teaching, lIT) - 06yqeHHe B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3anJIaHH-
pOBaHHbIMH paHee QeJUlMH npH OTCyrCTBHH eCTeCTBeH-
HOH MOTHBaQHH.
Memod o6YIleHUJl OmdeJlbHblMU 6JlOKQMU (Discrete
Trial Teaching, DTT) - npoQecc 06yqeHIDI ,l(JIjI <pop-
MHpoBaHIDI QeneBoro nOBe,l(eHHjI, COCTaBHbIMH qaCTjJMH
KOToporo jlBJUlIOTCjI ,l(HCKpHMHHaTHBHbIH CTHMYJI (SD)
H no,aKpenJIjlIOIQHH CTHMYJI, HJIH nO,l(KpenneHHe (SR).
MOmOpHaR UMumalfUR (Motor Imitation) - KonHpo-
BaHHe (HMHTaQIDI) )KeCTOB, ,l(BH:>KeHHH H MHMHKH.
Ha3bl6aHue (Tact, Tacting, om aH2Jl. Contact) - )'Me-
HHe 0603HaQaTb npe,l(MeTbI: npoQecc Y3HaBaHIDI H 060-
3HaQeHIDI npe,l(MeTOB H jlBJIeHHH C nOMO blO CJIOB HJIH
cpe,l(CTB BcnOMOraTeJIbHOH KOMMYHHKaQHH.
HaK{l3aHUe (Punisher) - Bce, qTO BbIcrynaeT B pOJIH
HaK33aHHjI. To, qTO npOHCXo,l(HT nOCJIe npOjlBJIeHIDI
- 198 -
ManTHpOBaHHhIH CJIOBapb nOIDITHH ABA
nOBe.l{eHIDI H Be.l{eT K YMeHbmeHHIO BepOjiTHOCTH Toro,
qTO nOBe.l{eHHe nOBTOpHTCjI npH nO.l{06HbIX 06CTOjlTeJIb-
CTBax. 3T0 TaIOKe Y-naJIeHHe qero-JIH60 H3 oKp}')KalOIneH
cpe,lUd nOCJIe npOjlBJIeHIDI nOBe.l{eHIDI, qTO Be.l{eT K YMeHb-
meHHIO BepOjiTHOCTH npOjlBJIeHIDI nO.l{06Horo nOBe.l{eHIDI
B 6 eM.
06Y'lalOUlUU 6JlOK (Discrete Trial Training, D1T) -
pa30BaJI nonbITKa (np06a) 06yqeHIDI. O.l{HH H3 6JIOKOB
06yqeHIDI.
06Y'leHUe 6e3 oUlu6oK (Errorless Learning) - npo-
Qecc, npH KOropOM HOBbIe Tpe60BaHIDI OTO)K)J;eCTBlliIIOT-
CjJ C MHHHMaJIbHOH nO.l{CKa3KOH, He06xo,nHMOH .l{illI npo-
6)')I()J.eHIDI npaBRJIbHOrO OTBeTa. QeJIblO 3Toro npoQecca
jJBillIeTCjI C03.l{aHHe 06pa3Qa nO.l{KpeillIeHIDI .l{JIjI onpe.l{e-
JIeHHoro :lKeJIaeMOrO nOBe.l{eHIDI.
06Y'leHUe e ecmecmeeHHOU cpeoe (Natural Environ-
ment Teaching, NET) - 06yqeHHe B COOTBeTCTBHH C pa-
Hee 3anJIaHHpOBaHHbIMH QeillIMH B eCTeCTBeHHOH OKPY-
:lKalOIneH 06cTaHoBKe. CTHMYJIHPYeT npOjlBJIeHHe Y pe6eH-
Ka HHHQHaTHBbI npH HaJIINHH eCTeCTBeHHOH MOTHBaQHH.
Omeem (Response) - peaKI(IDI, npOjiBillIlOInaJICjI no-
CJIe npe.l{njlBJIeHIDI .l{HCKpHMHHaTHBHoro CTHMYJIa (SD).
OmpuijameJlbHblU nodKpenJlRlOUlUU cmUMYJl (Nega-
tive Reinforcement) - Y.l{aJIeHHe qero-JIH60 H3 oKp}')Ka-
lO eH Cpe.l{bI nOCJIe npOjlBJIeHIDI nOBe.l{eHIDI, qTO Be.l{eT
K yBeJIHqeHHIO BepOjiTHOCTH TOro, qro 3TO nOBe.l{eHHjI
nOBTOpHTCjI B 6Y-nYIneM npH nO.l{06HbIX 06CTOjlTeJIbCTBax.
IIepceeepaijUR (Perseveration) - He06bIqaHHO CRJIb-
Hoe BJIeqeHHe K npe.l{MeTy HJIH B .l{ejlTeJIbHOCTH.
IIucbMO (Writing) - HaBbIK npaBonHcaHIDI npo-
nHCblO HJIH neqaTHbIMH 6YKBaMH.
- 199 -
ETCKMH AYTM3M H ABA
[Jo6 dalOUlee YCJloeue (Establishing Operation,
EO) - YCJIOBHe, npH KOTOpOM BpeMeHHo H3MeIDIeT-
CjI eHHOCTb cJIe,nyromero 3a nocryIIKoM nocne,nCTBIDI
H YBeJIHqHBaeTCjI (YMeHbmaeTCjI) qaCTOTa npOjlBJIeHIDI
[(eJIeBoro nOBe,neHIDI B 6y.nyInHX cHTYaQIDlX, CBjl3aHHbIX
C ,naHHbIM nOCJIe,nCTBHeM.
[JoeedeHue (Behavior) - JII06bIe H3MepjJeMbIe nepe-
MeHbI B qeJIOBeKe, OKa3bIBalOW;He BJIIDIHHe Ha oKp alO-
W;)'IO cpe,ny.
[JoeecmeOeameJlbHaR pettb (Declarative Language) -
onHcaHHe C06bITHH, He Tpe6)'1Ow;ee OTBeTHOH peaK[(HH
,npyroro qeJIOBeKa.
[JodKpenneHUe (Reinforcement) - Bce TO (npe,n-
MeTbI, 3aHjlTHjI, nOXBarra), qTO npOHcxo,nHT Henocpe,n-
CTBeHHO nOCJIe npOjlBJIeHHjI nOBe,neHHjI H YBeJIHqHBaeT
BepOjJTHOCTb npOjlBJIeHHjI ,naHHoro nOBe,neHHjI B 6y,ny-
w;eM.
[JodKpenJlRlOUlUU cmUMYJl (Reinforcing Stimulus, SR)-
JII060e nOCJIe,nCTBHe, Koropoe C03,naeT HCTOpmo no,nKpen-
JIeHID! onpe,neJIeHHoro nOBe,neHIDI.
[JodCKa3Ka (Prompt) - Bce TO, qTO MO>KHO ,n06aBHTb
K HHCTp)'KIUiH ,lUfCKpHMHHaTHBHoro CTHMYJIa (SD), 1ff06bI
nOMOqb pe6eHKy ,naTb npaBHJThHbIH OTBeT.
[JOJlO meJlbHbIU OCJla6JlRIOUf,UU cmUMYJl (Positive
Punishment) - npHBHeceHHe qero-JIH60 B oKp alOlI()'IO
cpe,ny IIOCJIe npOjlBJIeHIDI nOBe,neHID!, qTO Be,neT K YMeHb-
meHHIO BepOjlTHOCTH TOro, qTO nOBe,neHHe nOBTOpHTCjI
npH no,n06HbIX 06CTOjlTeJIbCTBax.
[JOJlO meJlbHbIU nOdKpenJlRlOUlUU cmUMYJl (Posi-
tive Reinforcement) - npHBHeceHHe qero-JIH60 B oKpy-
)l(alOlI()'IO cpe.ny nOCJIe IIpOjlBJIeHIDI IIOBe,neHIDI, qTO
- 200 -
A.nanTHpoBaHHbIH CJIOBapb IIOIDITHH ABA
Be,neT K YBeJIlNeHHIO BepOjfTHOCTH TOro, qTO nOBe,neHHe
nOBTOpHTCjf npH no,n06HbIX 06CTOjfTeJIbCTBax.
JIoHUMaHue pettu, WlU pel/enmU6HaR pettb (Receptive
Language), - cnoc06HoCTb CJIe,nOBaTb HHCTp)'KnIDIM,
He CBjf3aHHbIM C He06xo,nHMOCTblO Bep6aJIbHoro OTBeTa
Ha HHX.
JIoclle()cm6UR (Consequence) - TO, qTO npOHCXO,[(HT
Cpa3Y nOCJIe npojfBJIeHIDI nOBe,neHIDI H n03BOillIeT ocy-
meCTBIDlTb KOHTpOJIb H8J( paccMaTpHBaeMbIM nOBe,neHHeM.
Ilpe()wecmBylOUf.UU cmUMYll (Antecedent) - C06bITHe
HJIH jfBJIeHHe, HMelOrnee MeCTO Henocpe,nCTBeHHO nepe,n
npOjfBJIeHHeM nOBe,neHIDI.
IlpuKlla()Hou aHaJlU3 n06e()eHUR (Applied Behavior
Analysis, ABA) - Ha)'IIHo 060cHoBaHHbIH no,nxo,n K 06y-
qeHHIO.
Ilpocb6a (Mand, Manding, om aH2Jl. Command) - aKT
BbIpIDKeHIDI npocb6bI (CJIOBaMH HJIH cpe,ncTBaMH aJIbTep-
HaTHBHoH KOMM)'HHKa[(HH) C [(eJIblO no.rryq:HTb QTo-JIH60.
Pa3JlUtteHUe npe()Memo6 no onucaHUlO npU3HaKa,
PYHKlIUU U Kllacca 061JeKm06 (Receptive by Feature,
Function or Class, RFFC) - )'MeHHe H,neHTH<pHQHPO-
BaTb 06'beKTbI no KaTeropIDIM.
CaMOCmUMYllRlIuR (Stimming) - CTepeOTHnHoe no-
Be,neHHe, nOBTopjJlOIIJ:HeCjf ,neHcTBIDI, ,nBH)KeHIDI, BbInOJI-
IDIIOIIJ:He pOJIb caMOCTHMYJUlTOpOB.
CnOHmaHHaR pettb (Spontaneous Language) - JIIO-
60e Bep6aJIbHOe nOBe eHHe, HHH[(HaTOpOM KOToporo jfB-
JUleTCjf pe6eHoK.
CnOHmaHHoe o6YtteHUe (<<On-the-Move» Teaching,
OTM) - He3anJIaHHpOBaHHoe 06)'I1eHHe B MOMeHT npo-
jJBJIeHIDI eCTecTBeHHoH MOTHBaQHH (3KcnpoMToM).
- 201 -
ETCK"H AYTM3M H ABA
TeKcmyaJlbHoe deucm6ue (Textual) - HaBbIK qTeHIDI.
Tpe606aHue, YKa3aHUe, uHcmpYKlIUJl, ducKpUMuHamu6-
Hbl'U cmUMYll (Demand/Direction/lnstruction/S D ) - Tpe60-
BaHIDI, npe,n'bjlBJIeHHhIe pe6eHKY.
(/)eduH2 (Prompt Fading) - nOCTeneHHoe CHCTeMa-
TWleCKoe yMeHbmeHHe no,nCKa3KH nOCJIe rrpe,n'bjlBJIeHIDI
HHCTp HH RJIH )'Ka3aHIDI.
eJle60U om6em/peaKl/UJl (Target Response) - nOBe-
,neHHe, KOTopoe BbI HaMepeBaeTecb BbI3BaTb.
3xo (Echoic) - nOBTOpeHHe 3Byxa HJIH CJIOBa.
5l3blK JlCeCm06 (Sign Language) - BcnOMOraTeJIbHaJI
CHCTeMa 06 eHIDI, OCHOBaHHajl Ha HCnOJIb30BaHHH )Ke-
CTOB.
CnHCOK JIHTepaT)'pbI
H ,l(pyrHX HCTOqHHKOB
KHUZU
Fovel, T. J. The ABA Program Companion: Organi-
zing Quality Programs for Children with Autism and
PDD. New York: DRL Books, Inc., 2002.
Freeman, S., Dake, L. Teach Me Language. Langley,
B. C. Canada: SKF Books, 1997.
Gutstein, S. E., Sheely, R. K. Relationship Develop-
ment Intervention with Young Children: Emotional De-
velopment Activities for Asperger Syndrome, Autism,
PDD and NLD. London & Philidelphia: Jessica Kingsley
Publishers, 2002.
Leaf, R., McEachin, J. (Eds.). A Work in Progress.
New York: DRL Books Inc., 1999.
Lovaas, I. O. Teaching Individuals with Developmen-
tal Delays: Basic Intervention Techniques, Austin, Texas:
PRO-ED, Inc., 2003.
Luckevich, D. Language Targets to Teach a Child to
Communicate. Mercer Island, WA: Talkingwords, Inc., 2004.
Maurice, C., Greene, G., Luce, S. Behavioral Inter-
vention for Young Children with Autism: A manual for
- 203 -
ETCK"H AYTM3M H ABA
parents and professionals. Austin, Texas: PRO-ED, Inc.,
1996.
Mayerson, G. How to Compromise with your School
District without Compromising your Child: A field Guide
for Getting Effective Services for Children with Special
Needs. New York: DRL Books Inc., 2004.
Michael, J. Concepts and Principles of Behavior
Analysis. Kalamazoo, MI: Society for the Advancement
of Behavior Analysis, 1993.
Skinner, B. F. Verbal Behavior. (B. f. skinner Reprint
Series). Action, MA: Copley Publishing Group, 1991
(Oringinal work published 1957).
Sundberg, M L., Partington, J. TV Teaching Language
to Children with Autism or Other Developmental Di-
sabilities. Pleasant Hill, CA: Behavior Analysts, Inc.,
1998.
Sundberg, M L., Partington, J. TV The Assessment of
Basic Language and Learning Skills-Revised. Pleasant
Hill, CA: Behavior Analysts, Inc., 2006.
PaCCbVlKU 3JleKmpOHHb'e
ABAplusRD I@yahoogroups.com
http://groups.yahoo . com! group/abaplusrdi/
Autismus-ABA@yahoogroups.de
http://groups.yahoo .del groupl aba-autismusl
DTT- NET@yahoogroups.com
http://groups.yahoo.com! group/DTT- NET
Verbalbehavior@yahoogroups.com
http://groups.yahoo. com! groupNerbalBehaviorl
ME-LIST@LISTSERV. IUPUI. EDU
listserv@indycms.iupui.edu - subscribe me-list
- 204 -
CnHCOK JIHTepaTypbI H .n;pyrHX HCTOqHHKOB
CeMUnapb'
Bobby Newman, Ph. D. BCBA
www.room2grow.org
Christina Burk, MA, BCBA
www.christinaburkaba.com
Holly Kibbe, MS, BCABA, Cherish Twigg, MS, BCBA,
establishingoperationsinc .com
James Partington, Ph. D., BCBA
www.behavioranalysts.com
Mark Sundberg, Ph. D., BCBA (search Mark Sundberg)
Patrick McGreevy, Ph. D., P.A., BCBA
www.behaviorchange.com
Robert Schramm, MA, BCBA
www.knospe-aba.de
Vince Carbone Ed. D., BCBA and associates
www.drcarbone.com
Budeo- u DVD-MamepUQJlb'
Information Evening on ABANB from Knospe-ABA,
Robert Schramm, MA, BCBA pro-aba.com
Intensive Teaching Series: «Getting Started» Holly
Kibbe, MS, BCABA and Cherish Twigg, MS, BCBA
estab lishingoperationsinc .com
Teaching Verbal Behavior: An Introduction to Parents
Teaching Language, James Partington, Ph. D., BCBA
behavioranalysts.com
The Early Learner at Home, Juliet Burk,
Autismteachingtools.com
The Verbal Behavior Approach to Teaching Children
with Autism. Vince Carbone, Ed. D., BCBA
ABAtoolchest.com
- 205 -
ETCK"H AYTM3M H ABA
Hnmepnem-caum",
www.abaintemational.org www.feat.org
www.abaconnections.com www.knospe-aba.de
www.abaresources.com www.mariposaschool.org
www.autismusaba.de www.nlconcepts.com
www.autismweb.com www.pro-aba.com
www.behavioranalysts.com www.rdiconnect.com
www.christinaburkaba.com www.simplifiedsigns.org
www.cureautismnow.com www.talkingwords.com
www.diffiearn.com www.vbcommunity.org.uk
www.drcarbone.com www.vbteachingtools.com
www.autismteachingtools.com
www.establishingoperationsinc.com
www.verbalbehaviornetwork.com
Hayllnb'e nepuodUlleCKue U3danuR
American Journal of Mental Retardation
Analysis of Verbal Behavior
Behavior Analyst Today
European Journal of Behavior Analysis
Experimental Analysis of Behavior
International Journal of Behavior Consultation
and Therapy
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention
Speech and Language Pathology and Applied Behavior
Analys
II pe,l(MeTHbIH YKa3aTeJIb
ABC-napa.IUITMa 103
Bep6a.rrbHCUI HMHTaIJ;ID1 112
BbIpIDKeHHe npocb6bI 111
rameHHe YKJIOIDIIO erocgJH3-
6eralO ero nOBe,l{eHIDI 74
CKpHMHHaTHBHbIH CTHMYJI
56, 105
<p<pepeHQHaJIbHOe nO,l{Kpen-
JIeHHe 68, 82
KOHK)'p"PYIOm:ee nOBe,l{eHHe
79
MeTo,l{ apKH 164
MeTo,l{ HHTeHcHBHoro o6yqe-
HIDI 138
MeTO,l{ MHHH-nOCJIe,l{CTBHH 167
MOTHBaQIDI 120, 124-127
MOropHCUI HMHTaQIDI 63, 111
HaBbIK HHTpaBep6a.rrbHbIX ,l{eH-
CTBHH 114
Ha3bIBaHHe npe,l{MeTOB 113
HaMepeHHe 39
06yqeHHe 6e3 OIIIH6oK 129
06yqeHHe B eCTeCTBeHHoH cpe-
,l{e 139
06yqeHHe ,l{HCKpeTHbIMH 6JIo-
KaMH 98, 105
OrBJIeKalOIQHH npHeM 162
llHCbMO 115
llo6)')K)J;aIOm:ee YCJIOBHe 24-
25, 117, 118
llO,l{KpellJIeHHe 24, 27, 52, 54,
56---68, 72, 74, 82, 86, 87,
92, 93, 98-105, 117, 120,
124-126
llo;:u(peI1IDllOnurli CTHM)'JI 105
llo;J;cKa3Ka 129, 130-131, 150
llOHHMaHHe peqH (peQenTHB-
HCUI peQb) 112
lloCJIe,l{CTBHe 35, 74, 92, 104
llpaBHJIO «OT 60JIbmerO K MeHb-
meMY» 134
llpe,l{IIleCTByrouuill CTHMyJI 103
llpoKpyTKa 153
llpoQe.n:ypa KOppeKr(HH 161
llpoQecc nepeHoca peaKr(HH
C O)];HOH HHCTp)'KnHH Ha
,l{pyryK> 158-164
Pa3JlHlIeHHe npe,l{MeTOB no OllH-
CaHHIO H ,l{p. 113
Pe<pJIeKCHBHCUI MOTHBaI(IDI 170
CeMb cryneHeH <popMHpOBaHIDI
yqe6Horo KOHTpOIDI 51, 189
CnOHTaHHOe 06yqeHHe 139-
140
TeKCT}'aJIbHOe ,l{eHCTBHe 115
Y1Je6HbIH KOHTpOJIb 46---69
<l>e,lUlHr 132
QeJIH npo6JIeMHoro nOBe,l{eHIDI
41 2
j{3bIK )l(eCTOB 112, 113, 123, 148