Author: Чепурин М.Н. Киселева Е.А.
Tags: основы экономической теории макроэкономика информационная экономика экономика экономическая теория
ISBN: 5-88186-417-4
Year: 2006
Text
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H B CIlO>KHOM nepenIleT8H\II\II 6\110IlOr\llyeCKJ.1X H COL.J,L-18IlbHbIX MaTe p " aIlb
blX" AY x ' -
P eT O HbJX CTOpOH )l{1r13H\.1 Y8IlOBeK8 3KOHOML-1yeCK8f1 TeOpL-1H 8HaIlL-13\11-
B y Ba>KHe"wyfO 05IlaCTb Ae"TeIlbHOCT" IlfOAe" a "MeHHO c"'e py n p O"3
0ACTBa " P a ,'t'-
pe cnp8A8n8HHH )l{L-13HeHHbJX 6Il8r B YCIlOBL-1HX OrpaHL-1Y8HHbIX
cpOCYPCOB, 6e3 KOTOpO" 5b1Il" 6bl HeB03MO>KHbl Bce APyr"e MHoro05pa3Hbie
PMbl pe811V138l!HL-1 Il\.14HOCTHbIX L-1 06Ll.\8CTB8HHbIX L-1HTepeCOB
3KOHOM\.14eCK8H TeOpV1f1 B Vl3Yl.JeHHH yeIlOBeyeCKoro 06Ll.\eC B8 HCXOAiIIT
15
inasa 1
\
I
I
I
I
I
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3 aa>KHeVlW8V1 np8AnOCbU1K\.1 0 TOM, 4TO 48nOBeK HBIlHeTCH OAHOBp8M8HHO L1
n O\tl3BOp,L-1TeIl8M VI nOTpe6\t1T8Il8M 3KOHOMV1Y8CK\.1X 6Ilar. 4enOB8K He TOIlbKO
C 3AaeT HO \II np BOA\IIT B AeL4CTB\II8 \II onp8A8nHeT cnoco6bl \IICnOIlb30B8HL-1R
T8XHL-1KL-1' \II T8XHOIlOrV1L-1, KOTOpbI8, B CBOID 048peAb, npep,bHBIlHIOT \II HOBbie Tpe-
60BaH\IIH K cp\.131t148CK\tIM It1 V1HTenneKTyaIlbHblM nap8M8TpaM 48J10BeK8. _
Ho n04eMY 4eIlOBeK Bo051l1e TPYA"TC"? BIl"eTCR Il" TPYA nepBO" >K"3-
HeHHO" nOTpe5HOCTbfO "Il" T"rOCTHO" He06xOA"MOCTbfO? OyeB"AHO, OTBeT
Ha 3TOT Bonpoc He npeACTaBIl eT 50IlbW"X 3aTPYAHeH"", eCIl" paCCMaTp"-
BaTb 3noxy nepB05b1THO" 051l1"Hbl: A05blTb n"ll1Y B03MO>KHO, Il"Wb 3aTpa-
T"B He05xOA"Mble YC"Il"". CTpeMneH"e 4eIlOBeKa M"H"M"3"pOBaTb 3T"
C"Il"R 3aCTaBIlRIlO ero "305peTaTb HOBbie OPYA"" TpYAa, HOBbie TeXHOIlO-
"" A05b14" CSMblX He05xOA"MbIX >K"3HeHHbIX 5Ilsr. 05paT"M BH"MaH"e Ha
nf050nblTHbl" napaAOKC - CTpeMIleH"e "35e>KaTb T"!OCT" TpYAa, npe>KAe
Bcero cp"3"4ecKoro, 3aCTaBIl"IlO (" 3aCTaBIl eT no ce" AeHb) 4eIlOBeKS TPY-
A"TbC HSA "305peTeH"eM Bce 50Ilee " 50Ilee W"pOKOrO cneKTps MaTep"-
aIlbHblX 5Ilar. TaK, 4T05bl He XOA"Tb neWKOM, "305peTaeTC" KOIleco; 4T06bl
He pblTb 3eMIlIO PYK8M\.1 - C03A81OTCH MOTblr\.1, IlonaTbl, a 38TeM \II coapeMeH-
Hble 3KCKaBaTopbl " T. A. HeAapoM cYll1eCTByeT noroBopKa, 4TO 50raTCTBo
C03p,8HO He TPYAOM, a n8HbIO 4enOB8Ka: B 3TOM 3a68BHOM Bblpa>KeH\II\II OT-
pa>KeH BbIWenp"BeAeHHbl" napaAOKC. .
Teop"" pblH04HOro X03""CTBa TpaKTyeT TPYA KaK cBoe05pS3Hbl" B"A "3-
Aep>KeK KOTOpbl" HeceT 4eIlOBeK, npe>KAe 4eM OH CMO>KeT np"05peCT" He-
06xOA" Oe 5Ilaro. H"4TO B 3TOM M"pe OrpaH"4eHHb1X pecypCOB " B03M , 0>K-
HOCTe" He AaeTC" AapOM. «5e3 TpYAa He BblTall1"Wb " Pbl5KY "3 npYAa.» -
m8C\tIT HapOAH8f1 nOCIlOB\IIL\8.
3aMeTL-1M YTO M8YTOVI BC8X C04H8IlbHbiX YTon\ll171 \II TOT8J1\t1TapHbIX P8>K\r1-
MOB 6blIlO c;peMIleH"e BOCn"TaTb HaCeIleH"e B Ayxe TpYAOBoro 3HT Y 3 ( "a3-
M8 T8K YT06bl yeI10BeK 11 He nOMblWIlHIl 06 8AeKs8THoM AeH8>KHOM V1n\l1
HaT pa bHOM) B03Harpa>KAeH"". OAHaKO 3Ta 3SAa4a OKa3aIlSCb He "3 npo-
CTb nponaraHAa" HaC"Il"e 05IlaAafOT "3BeCTHbIM npO"3BOA"TeIlbHbIM
nOTe '1"SIlOM, HO "X 3cpcpeKT"BHOCTb Ha AIl"TeIlbHbIX OTpe3Kax BpeMeH"
HeB8I1HK8.
TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl np"XOA"M K np05IleMe MOTI1Bal\HH TpYAa, T. e. on-
peAeIleHHIO ABH>KYll1HX CTI1MYIlOB, no5Y>KAalOll1HX 4eIlOBeKS 3SHHMSTb-
C>I TPYAOBOM Ae"TenbHOCTblO B CSMOM WHpOKOM ee nOHI1MaHHH. II1cTo-
pL-1H CT8HOBIl8HHH p83B\I1T\tIH l!\tIBIt1Il\tl384\11H 3H8eT ABa OCHOBHblX CT\.1Myna
3T0ii1 A8sn8IlbHocT\tI - BHe3KOHOMHl.JeCKOe \t1 3KOHOMH'"IeCKOe np\tlHY>KAe
HHe K TPYAY. nepBoe OCHOBaHo Ha cTpsxe 6blTb HaKa3aHHbiM BIlacTbfO a B
C8MbiX 88 pa3J1\t14HblX L-1nOCT8CHX - p860BI18p,8nb48M, nOMe \r1KOM, A\t1KT .
TOpOM " T. n. _ B CIlY4ae YKIlOHeH"" aT TPYAOBO" nOB"HHOCT". BTopoe npe -
non8r8eT Il\tl4HYlO M8TepL-1aIlbHYIO 381t1HTepeCOBaHHOCTb \II CTpeMIl8HL-18 4 -
IlOB8Ka nOBblCHTb ypOBeHb CBOerD 6J1arococTOHH\tIH. BH83KOHOMItIY8CKoe
np"HY>KAeH"e npeAnOIlarseT Il"4HYfO 3aB"C"MOCTb PS50TH"KS aT pa50TOAS-
16
fi/8I1oseK B Mupe 3KOHOMUKU
teIlR, OTCYTCTB"e Y Hero 3KOHOM"4eCKO", a, CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, " Ilf060" APY-
ro" (nOIl"m4eCKO", peIl"r"03HO" " np.) CB050Abi. HanpOT"B, 3KOHOM"4eC-
Koe np"HY>KAeH"e K TPYAY B03MO>KHO Il"Wb np" HaIl"4"" 3'OHOM"4eCKO"
CB050Abi. np"HY>KAeH"e 3AeCb BblCTynaeT He KaK pa3HOB"AHOCTb HaC"Il""
I>AHoro 4eIlOBeKa HaA APyr"M, a KaK MaTep"aIlbHa" 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb,
KOTopa" " 3aCTaBIlReT 4eIlOBeKa TPYA"TbC". KaK 3aMeT"Il BbIAafOll1""C" aB-
CTP""CK"" 3KOHOM"CT <t>P"AP"X ABrYCT cpOH Xa"eK, «...nO"BIleH"e Ba>KHoro
3IleMeHTa 3TO" CB050Abi - CB050Abi "HA"B"AOB "Il" nOArpynn npeCIleAo-
BaTb CBO" oc05ble '1eIl" B 3aB"C"MOCm aT "MefOl11"XC" Y H"X pa3Il"4Hb1X
3HaHVlL4 H HaBblKOB - CT8IlO B03MO>KHbIM H8 TOIlbKO 6IlaroA8ps:1 38Kp8nIl8H\IIIO
3a OTAeIlbHbIM" Il"'1aM" KOHTPOIl" HaA pa3Ho06pa3HblM" cpeACTBaM" npo-
113BOACTBa, HO " 5IlaroAap" ell1e OAHOMY YCTaHOBIleH"fO, npaKm4eCK" He-
OTAeIl"MOMY OT nepBoro: np"3HaH"fO 3aKOHHbIM" "CnbITaHHbIX cnoc050B
nepeAa4" 3TOro KOHTPOIl"».'
TaK"M 05pa30M, xapaKTep CT"MYIlOB TPYAOBO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" onpeAe-
IlReTC" rocnOACTBYfOll1e" C"CTeMO" npaB c05CTBeHHOCT" Ha pecypCbl " pe-
3YIlbTaTbi npO"3BOACTBa (CM. nOAP05Hee 0 npaBax c06CTBeHHOCT" B rn. 4,
2). 3Aecb >Ke cIleAyeT OTMeT"Tb, 4TO 3KOHOM"4eCKOe CT"MYIl"pOBaH"e
3cpcpeKT"BHoro TpYAa HeMbICIl"MO 6e3 npaBa 4aCTHO" c06cTBeHHOCT",
ABIt1Bw8171cfI OCHOBOI71 3KOHOMYlyeCKol71 cB060,Qbl.
12.
MOAeSlIIl "IenOBeKa
B 3KOHOMI1"1eCKOH TeOp1111
MHoro06pa31t18 4eIloB848CKOVl IlHl.JHOCTItI, e8 H8noBTopVlMaH
MHAL-1BV1AyaIlbHocTb, p83Hoo6p83Hbl8 MOTVlBbl 88 A8HT8IlbHOCTItI A8Il81OT H8-
-o6xOAL-1MbIM nplll H8Y4HOM 8H8IlH38 3KOHOMHl.J8CKOVl >KVl3HIII iIIcnOIlb30BaTb
MOAeIlb 4eIlOBeKS, T. e. YHH<jJHl\HpOBaHHoe npeAcTaBIleHHe 0 4eIlOBe-
Ke, e CTBYI()LlI.eM B onpe el1eHHO CHCTeMe C04\t1al1bHO-3KOHOMIoII'"Iec-
KHX KooPAHHaT. MO,Q8J1b 48noB8K8, KaK J.1 BCflK8H HaYl.JH8H MOA8Ilb, nOCT-
poeHa Ha HeKOTopblX ynpOll1eH""X. OHa BKIlf04aeT B ce5" OCHOBHble napa-
MeTpbl, xapaKTep"3YfOll1"e "HA"B"Aa, ", npe>KAe Bcero, MOT"Bbl 3KOHOM"-
''''!8CKOIII 8KTHBHocn1, e8 LleIl!.1, 8 T810Ke n03H8B8TeIlbHb18, HJ1\.1 KOrH!.1TL-1BHbI8
[(OT IlaT. cognitio - 3HaH"e, n03HaH"e) B03MO>KHOCT" 4eIloBeKa, "C-
:hoIlb3yeMble "M AIl" AOCm>KeH"" nOCTSBIleHHblX '1eIle". np" 3TOM Ba>KHO
iOTMeT"Tb, 4TO Bce rYMaH"TapHble HaYK" (cp"IlOCOCP"", "CTOP"", CO'1"OIlO-
n1H, 3KOHOML-1K8 L-1 AP.) nblTalOTCH nOHHTb 48nOB8K8 C TOYKL-1 3peHHfI cBoero
npeAMeTa " n03ToMY ero 06Il"K, c03AaBae-
Mbl" Ka>KAO" "3 3T"X HaYK, He MO>KeT He
TpaAaTb "3BeCTHOM OAHOCTOpOHHOCTbfO.
KaK 3AeCb He BCnOMH"Tb np"T4Y 0 CIlen-
1 Xai:1eK CPo nary6HaS! caMOHa-
,QeS!HHOCTb. M., 1992. C. 55.
17
2 Kypc 3KOHOM '1eCKO TeOP 11
rnaea 1
'1SX, np"KOCHYBW"XC" " Oll1ynblBafOll1"X CIlOHa " np"WeA "X K PS3Il"4HbIM
BblBOAaM a np"pOAe 3TOro >K"BOTHoro. TOT, KTO npOBeIl PYKO" no ero Hore, YT-
Bep>KA aIl , 4TO nepeA H"M - AepeBO; Aep>KaBW""C" 3a X050T 5blIl YBepeH, 4TO
3TO - 3MeR " T. A. nOIlHoe (HO He a5COIlfOTHO AOCTOBepHoe) npeACTSBIleH"e 0
MHoro05pa3"" Il"4HOCT" 4eIlOBeKS MOryr ASTb Il"Wb Bce ryMaH"TapHble Ha-
YK", Aa " TO Il"Wb B paMKax AOCT"rHyroro Ka>KAO" "3 H"X ypOBH" n03HaH"".
3KOHOM"4eCKaR TeOp"R BblAeIl>l8T B 4eIlOBeKe rnaBHblM 05pa30M TO,
4TO OTBe4aeT 3aAa4e 05bRCHeH"R 3KOHOM"4eCKOro nOBeAeH"R IlfOAe", T. e.
"HA"B"AYaIlbHbIX " 051l1eCTBeHHbiX Ae"CTB"" B npO'1eCce C03AaH"" pa3-
IlH4HbiX MaTep"aIlbHblX " AYXOBHblX 5Ilar, "X pacnpeAeIleH"" " "CnOIlb30-
BaH"R. np" 3TOM Ae"TeIlbHOCTb OTAeIlbHblX IlfOAe" " rpynn IlfOAe" peSIl"-
3yeTC" B pa3Il"4Hb1X X03""CTBeHHbIX C"CTeMaX (nOAP05Hee 0 X03""CTBeH-
HblX C"CTeMaX CM. rIl. 4, 9 1) B YCIlOB"RX OrpaH"4eHHOCT" pecypcoB, B03-
MO>KHOCT8 8IlbTepH8TL-1BHOrO HcnOIlb30BaHVlH nOCIl8,QHII\X 11\ 6e3rp8HHYHOC-
TL-1 48IlOBe48CKIf1X nOTp86HocTeVl.
C03AaH"e MOAeIl" 4eIlOBeKa 3KOHOM"4eCKO" HaYKo" npeAnoIlaraeT a5-
CTpar"pOBaH"e OT MHOr"X peaIlbHo CYl11eCTBYfOl11"X 4epT " Ka4eCTB 4eIlO-
Be4ecKo" HaTypbl, Bce 05"Il"e KOTOpblX B 5eC4"CIleHHblx C04eTaH""X KaK
pa3 " xapaKTep"3yeT oTAeIlbHblx IlfOAe". Ho "MeHHO 3TO MHoro05pa3"e "
pa3HocTopoHHee 6or8TcTBo 4enoBe48cKoVl IlV1YHOCn1 14 He n03BoIlHtOT 3KO-
HOMV1Y8CK0I71 H8YK8 npL-1 T80p8TV1Y8CKOM aH8Il\.138 X03HVlCTB8HH0L4 >K1f13HVI onV1-
paTbC" Ha 05pa3bl KOHKpeTHblX IlfOAe" - CIl"WKOM CIlO>KHbIM", npomBope-
l.JH8bIM\.1 L-1 38nYT8HHbIM\.1 OKa3bJB81OTCH II\X Illr1YHOCTHbl8 xap8KT8p\.1CTII\KII1.
n03TOMY MOA8Ilb «Y8IlOB8Ka 3KOHOMH4eCKoro», HIlL-1 «homo
economicus», 0 KOTOpO peYb nO A8T Aan8e, OTIlL-1l.J8eTCH onp8AeIleHHoVl 0,0.-
HOCTOpOHHOCTblO, nocKoIlbKY 48nOBeK - He TOIlbKO «Y8IlOBeK 3KOHOMII148CKVI »),
peaIl"3Y fO ll1"" ce5R "CKIlf04"TeIlbHO B npO'1eCce X03""CTBeHHO" >K"3H". CYll1 e -
cTByeT MHO>KeCTBO APyr"x 05IlaCTe >K"3HeAe"TeIlbHOCT" (nOIl"T"Ka, KYIlbTYPS,
peIl"r"R, cnOpT, ceMe"Hble " APyr"e Me>KIl"4HOCTHble OTHOWeH"" " np.), B KO-
TOpblX HaXOA"T CBoe npORBIleH"e 4eIlOBeK. CIleAyeT np"3HaTb cnpaBeAIl"Bbl-
MVI c.nOBa 0 TOM, YTO «npL-1roAHoCTb nlo60171 IlOrL-14eCK0L4 MO,Q8IlL-1 AIlH 06bHC-
H8HV1ft Y8IlOB848CKoro nOBeAeHL-1ft BeCbMa OrpaHL-1Y8H8».1 OAHaKO 3KOHOML-1-
4eCKaR Ae"TeIlbHOcTb IlfOAe" - CYll1eCTBeHHa" xspaKTep"CT"Ka peaIl"3a'1""
Y8IlOB8l.J8CK0I71 IlHl.JHOCT\.1, YCIlOBlt1e, OCHOB8 11\ np8,QnOCblIlKa BC8X !.1HbIX CTO-
pOH >KV13HH K8K OT,o,8JlbHOro Y8IlOB8Ka, T8K \.1 06W,8CTB8 B 1.\8nOM.
Oc050 cIleAyeT nOA4epKHYTb TO, 4TO np" pa3pa50TKe " "cnOIlb30BaH""
MO,Q8JlL-1 «3KOHOMIt1Y8CKOro l.JeIlOBeKa» \.1 S8
pa3HOBvtAHOCTelil H8e03MO>KHO He Y4HTbl-
BaTb orpOMHYfO pOIlb B MOT"Ba'1"" 3KOHO-
MV148CKOVI AeHTeIlbHOCTII1 nCV1XOIlOrll\l.J8CKII\X
cpaKTOpOB. BeAb HeAapOM MHOr"e, eCIl" He
BC8, TeOpeTV1KII\ npOWIloro VI HaCTOHLl.\ero
18
1 6blOKeHeH ,1],)1(., TannOK r.
PaCyeT comacltIs:!. CepVlf'l «Jlaype-
aTbl H06en8aCKOVI npeM!o1!o1 no 3KO-
HOM!o1Ke}). M., 1997. C. 75.
LlenoseK s Mupe 3KOHOMUKU
np" 05b"CHeH"" 3KOHOM"4ecKoro nOBeAeH"" IlfOAe" Onep"pYfOT TaK"M" no-
HflTV1HML-1, KaK «CKIlOHHOCTb», «npe,QnOYT8H\.1e», «O>K\.1,Q8H\.1S», «H8M8peHL-18»
T. A. TaK, Hanp"Mep, B POCC"" CKIlaAbIBaBwa"C" BeKaM" KOIlIleKmB"CTC-
KSR " naTepHaIl"CTCKa" (aT IlaT. pster - OTe'1) nC"XOIlOr"" OKa3aIlaCb cy-
llIeCTBeHHO" nperpaAO" np" nepeXOAe OT KOMaHAHO" K pbIH04HO" C"CTeMe,
nC"XOIlOr"4eCKO" OCHOBO" KOTOpO" C He05xOA"MOCTbfO "BIl"eTC" PS3YMHbl"
HA"B"AyaIlH3M.
CIleAyeT OTMemTb, 4TO 3KOHOM"4eCKa" TeOp"R paCCMaTp"BSeT MOAeIlb
4eIlOBeKa KaK "HCTpYMeHT "CCIleAOBaH"", "Il" onpeAeIleHHYfO meopemu-
4eCKYlO npeiJnocblnKy. II1MeHHO HS ee OCHOBe 3KOHOM"CTbl-TeOpeT"K" CTpO-
AT CBO" MHoro4"CIleHHble TeOp"" cnpoca, npeAIlO>KeH"", KOHKyp eH '1"",
np"5bIIl", nOBeAeH"" nOTpe5"TeIle" " Ap.
CpeA" MHOr04"CIleHHbIX HanpaBIleH"" «MOAeIl"pOBaH""» 4enOBeKa YC-
J10BHO MO>KHO BbIAeIl"Tb TP". Pa3IlH4"" Me>KAY H"M" onpeAeIl"fOTCR, BO-
nepBblX, CTeneHbfO a5CTpar"pOBaH"" OT MHoro05pa3"" Il"4HOCTHbIX xapaK-
TepVlCTVlK Y8IlOB8K8 1t1, BO-BTOPbIX, YY8TOM 3KOHOMHY8CKOCi, nOIlL-1Tl1l.JeCKOIll L-1
nC"XOIlOr"4eCKO" 05CTaHOBK", B paMKax KOTOpO" oCYll1eCTBIl"eTCR AeRTeIlb-
HOCTb IlfOAe".
nepBoe HsnpaBIleHHe npeACTaBIleHo SHrn""CKO" KIlaCC"4eCKO" WKO-
IlQ", Map>K"HaIl"3MOM " HeOKIlaCC"KaM" (CM. rn. 2, 9 3 - KpaTK"" 0530p oc-
HOBHblX WKOIl B 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp""). Bo rnaBY yrna MOAeIle", Bblpa50-
TaHHblX B paMK8x 3Toro H8np8BIl8HII1H, CT8BV1TCH 3roV1CTV148CKL-1I11, npe)\{A8
Bcero, AeHe>KHbl" "HTepeC, "BIlRfOll1""C" rnaBHblM MOT"BOM Ae"TeIlbHOCT"
«3KOHOMV148CKOro YeIlOBeK8». MOAel1b «homo economicus» - Ha\.16onee
"3BeCTHa" "3 paCCMaTp"BaeMbiX MOAeIle". B COOTBeTCTB"" C 3TO" Teope-
T 4eCKO" KOHCTpYK'1"e" HHAHBHA BeAeT ce5R TaK, 4T05bl MSKCHMH3H-
pOBaTb n0l1e3HOCTb 1 B paMKax onpeAel1eHHblX OrpaHVlYeHHH, OCHOS-
HblM H3 KOTOpblX RBIl"eTC" ero AeHe>KHbIH AOXOA. Pa3pa50TaHHa"
eLl\e B XVII! B., 3Ta KOH'1en'1"" AO>K"Ila AO HaW"X AHe", " e" OTBOA"TC"
n04eTHoe MeCTO B Ilf060M Y4e5H"Ke no 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"".
Ba>KHO 38MeTL-1Tb, 4TO «homo eco-
nomlcus» - 3TO pa'1"OHSIlbHbl" "HA"B"AY-
YM. OH 05IlaAaeT TaK"M ypoBHeM "HTeIl-
neKTa, "HCPOpM"pOBaHHOCT" " KOMneTeHT-
HOCTV1, KOTOpblVl B COCTOHHL-11t1 o6eCn84L-1Tb
peaIl 3a'1"fO ero '1eIle" B YCIlOB""X CBO-
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(noAP05Hee a cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1""
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KOTOpO Ae"cTByeT TaKo" 4eIlOBeK, BbICTY-
naeT K8K npOCT8f1 cOBoKynHocTb X03f1I11CTBY-
fOl11 x cy5be'ToB, " H"4eM He Ae-
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2"
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TepMItIH none3HOCTb s:!BIlfleTCfI C!o1-
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IleTBOpeH!o1e, 6narocOCTOflH!o1e, cya-
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3peH!o1f1 3KOHOM!o1CTa BOBce He 03-
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3TOro CIlOBa, BpOAe ({nOIle3Hblll1
Ans:! 3AOPOBbfl». Mbl e e Heo-
AHOKpaTHO 6YAeM BCrpeyaTbCfI C
3T!o1M repM!o1HOM Ha CrpaH!o1l\aX
y>-Ie6HItIKa.
19
inasa 1
\.1CnbITbIB88T HV1K8KOro B03A8V1CTBV1H 1113BHe (H8npV1Mep, co CTOpOHbl roCYA8P-
CTB8), KpOMe T8KOra, KOTOp08 068CneY\.1B8eT c06mO,o,eHL-1e «np8BL-1Il L-1rpbl» BC8-
M" 4IleHaM" 051l1eCTBa. rOCYAapCTBY B 3TO" CTpYKType OTBOA"TC" pOIlb «H04-
HOro CTOpO>K8», 06eCn8Y\.1S81OLlJ,ero BHYTpeHHlO1O 11 BH8WHIOIO 6e30n8CHOCTb
rpa>KA SH " C03AafOll1ero fOp"A"4eCKOe nOIle AIl" CBo60AHOro 05MeHa 5IlaraM".
AH8IlL-13 SKOHOM\IIY8CKOro nOB8AeHIo1H IlIOA8V1 B p8MK8X MOAeIl\1 «homo
8conomicus» npeAnoIl8r88T, K8K OTM8Y8IlOCb p8Hee, \.1Cn0J1b30B8HHe no-
CTYIl8T8 0 pa4HOHal1bHOM nOBeAeHHH "Ie110BeKa, T. e. CTpeMl1eHHH HH-
AHBHAYYMS nonY4HTb MSKcHMaIlbHbliil pe3ynbTaT npH MHHHMSIlbHblX
3STpSTSX B YCIlOBHSlX orpaHH4eHHocTH HcnoIlb3yeMbix B03MO>KHOCTeiil
H pecypcoB, Pa'1"OHaIlbHbl" 4eIlOBe, B COCTOHH"" paH>K"pOBaTb (np"CBO-
"Tb onpeAeIleHHbl" pe"T"Hr) CBO" npeAn04TeH"H " CTpeM"TC" K AOCT">Ke-
H"fO Il"4HO" '1eIl" BHYTpeHHe HenpOT"BOpe4"BbIM cnoc050M. np" YAoBIleT-
BOpeH"" CBO"X cy5beKmBHbix "HTepeCoB IlfOA" Be3Ae OKa3bIBafOTC" nepeA
Heo6xOA\IIMOCTbIO Bbl6Hp8Tb aIlbTepH8TL-1BHble cnoc06bl L-1CnOIlb30B8H\.151 or-
paHIII4eHHbix SKOHOML-148CK\.1X 6Il8r. ECTecTB8HHO, YTO AIlH p88Il\ll38 L-1L-1 cao-
ero pa'1"OHaIlbHoro nOBeAeH"" "HA"B"AYYMbl AOIl>KHbl 05IlaAaTb cB050AO"
Bbl50pa. C pa3B"T"eM 4eIlOBe4eCTBa CTeneHb cB050Abi Bbl50pa 3KOHOM"-
Y8CKOro nOB8A8HV151 YB8IlI.14I11BaeTcH, 4TO CB5138HO C nocT8n8HHoIII J1V1KBV1Aa-
LlH8ai1 COCIlOBHbIX, KaCTOBbIX, n0J1L-1TVlY8CKIIIX, lt1,o,eoIlorH48cKVlX, np8BoBbiX V1
np04"X OrpaH"4eH"" 3TO" cB050Abi. TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl B"A"M, 4TO KOH-
'1en'1"" pa'1"OHSIlbHOCT" 4eIlOBeKa On"paeTC" Ha npeAnocblIlKY a TOM, 4TO
B CB060AHOM KOHKypeHTHoM 06LlJ,8CTB8 B KOHl!e KOHLIOB BblVlrpblBaeT TOT, KTO
BeAeT ce5" pa'1"OHaIlbHo, " npO"rpblBaeT TOT, KTO He np"Aep>K"BSeTC" pa-
LlL-10H8IlbHOro nOBeAeHV1H. 1
IIIA8f1 0 paLlVlOH8J1bHOM 3KOHOML-148CKOM nOBeA8HV1V1 J1IOA8ai1 OY8Hb B8>K-
Ha. BeAb CTpO\.-1Tb onpep,eIleHHble nporH03bl B OTHoweHHl1 Tex 1r1J1\.1 IIIHblX
nocIleACTBIIIL4, H8npVlMep, rocy,o,8pCTBeHHOVl 3KOHOML-1yeCKOVl nOIll1TL-1KL-1 B03-
MO>KHO TOJ1bKO TorA8, KorA8 npeAnOIlar8eTCH, 4TO 48IloseK 6YAeT B8CTL-1 ce6H
3KOHOMVlY8CKH paLlL-10H8IlbHO.
«ECIl" 6bl IlfOA" B 051l1eCTBe He '1eH"Il" pa'1"OHaIlbHOCTb, a OTAaBa-
Il" npeAn04TeH"e np"4YAaM, CIlY4a"HOCT"M " 5ecnOIle3HbiM Ae"CTB""M,
SKOHOM\.1yeCKaH TeOpL-151 nOl.Jn1 nOTeps:ma 6bl CBOIO npe,QCK838TeJ1bHYIO
CV1IlY; ...88 np8ACK838TeJ1bH8H CV1Il8 Bblwe B T8X 06Il8CTHX 06Ll.\8CTB8H-
HOaii >KL-13HV1, r,Qe peweHVlH np\1HL-1MaIOTC51
50Ilee 05AYMaHHO».'
np" 3TOM np"H"TO pa3Il"4STb nOIlHYlO,
orpaHH4eHHYIO H oprSHH4eCKYIO pal.\HO-
Hal1bHOCTb 3KOHOMHl.JeCKoro nOB8A8HVl51.
AMep"KaHCK"" 3KOHOM"CT OIl"Bep Y"Ilb-
"MCOH npeAIlaraeT KIlaCC"cp"'1"pOBaTb 3T"
p83HOBVIAHOCTVI p8L1!.10H8IlbHOCTV1 K8K, COOT-
B8TCTB8HHO, ee cunbHYJO, nonycunbHYJO H
cna6ylO cpOpMb!. 3
20
1 HOpT J],. VlHCH1TYTbl, Hcn1TY-
u, OHanbHble 3MeHeH1t151 III CPYHK
U, OH pOBaHllle 3I<OHOMIIIK . M.,
1997. C. 37.
2 XeVlHe n. 3KOHOMIII48CKVlIII 06-
pa3 Mb!WneHII1S1.. M., 1991. C. 444.
3 YlllnbSl.MCOH Q. 3KOHOMlI1yec.
K e IIIHCT TYTbl KanlllTaml3Ma.
Cn6. DeH"3AaT. 1996. C. 93.
l../ef/oaeK a Mupe 3KOHOMUKU
nOIlHS" pa'1HOHaIlbHocTb, KS' TeOpeT"4eCKOe AonYll1eH"e, npeAnoIla-
raer, YTO Y8IlOBeK H8\.1IlYYW!.1M L-13 B03MO>KHbIX 06pa30M V1CnOIlb3Y8T BCIO
"MefOl11YfOC" "HcpopMa'1"fO " AOCT"raeT Ha"Bblcwero pa3pblBa Me>KAY
AocmrHYTblM" pe3YIlbTaTaM" " npO"3BeAeHHbIM" 3aTpaTaM" (MaKC"MYM
BI>IrOAbl np" M"H"MYMe 3aTpaT). On"CaHHbl" Bblwe «4eIlOBeK 3KOHOM"4eC-
K""» COOTBeTcTByeT "MeHHO npeAnOCblIlKe a nOIlHo" pS'1"OHaIlbHOCT", "Il",
KaK Bblp8>KaIOTC51 3KOHOM\IICTbl, cTporoill cpOpM8 p8L1L-10H8J1bHOCTL-1. fvmoTe38 0
nOIlHO" pa'1"OHaIlbHOCT", KaK Mbl B"A"M, OCHOBaHa Ha 04eHb CHIlbHblX Aony-
llIeH"RX a5CTpaKTHoro xapaKTepa. n03TOMY B 3KOHOM"4eCKO" HaYKe C cepe-
A Hbl 1950-x rr. CTaIl" pa3pa5aTbiBaTbCH " "Hble nOBeAeH4eCK"e r"nOTe3bl.
TSK, orpaHH4eHHS" pS'1HOHSIlbHOCTb, T. e. nOIlYC"IlbHaH cpopMa pa-
'1 OHaIlbHOCT", (KOH'1en'1"" pa3ps50TaHa aMep"KaHCK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM, Ila-
ypeaToM H06eIleBCKo" npeM"" no 3KOHOM"Ke rep5epTOM Ca"MOHOM) OTpa-
>KaeT HeB03MO>KHOCTb nplr1 nplo1HflT\IIL-1 X03HailcTBeHHbiX P8W8HVlVI L-1CnOIlb30-
BaTb BCfO nOIlHOTY "MefOl11e"c" "HCPOpMa'1"" "3-3a TPYAHOCTe" B ee c60pe
L<t aHaIlVl38, a T810Ke OrpaHL-1yeHHOCTVI n03HaB8TeIlbHbiX cnoc06HOCT8V1l.JeIlO-
aaKa. 48IlOBeK - He C48TH8s:1 MaWL-1HKa, H8 KOMnbIOT8p, cnoc06Hbiail 06pa6o-
TSTb BCfO "MefOl11YfOC" Y Hero "HCPOpMa'1HfO. OrpSHH48HHSR PSl.\HOHSIlb-
HOCTb 03Hai.JaeT J i.JTO i.Je110BeK C03HamenbHO CTpeM\IITCH K AOCTIo1>KeHHKJ
HSHnY4wero BapHaHTS, HO He HMeeT npH 3TOM Bceiil nOIlHOTbl HH,*,OP-
MSl.\HH. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", XOT" IlfOA" " BeAYT ce5R pa'1"OHaIlbHO, "X cno-
C05HOCTb nOIlY4aTb " 06pa5aTbiBaTb "HcpopMa'1"fO OrpaH"4eHa BbI4HCIl"-
TeIlbHbIML-1 cnoc06HOCTHML-1 48IlOBeK8. B AaHHOM CJ1yyae p8WeH\.1H npL-1H\IIMa-
toTCH OTY8CTH Ha OCHOB8 onblT8, \.1HTYL-1l!\.1\.1 H np., 8 YHCTblaii Bbllr1rpblW (T. 8.
pa3H"'1a Me>KAY 051l1"M" BbrrOAaM" " 051l1"M" "3Aep>KKSM" np"H"TOrO pe-
WeH"H) np" 3TOM MeHbwe.
B YCIlOBIt1HX OrpaHL-1yeHHOVl p8L1HOHaJ1bHOCTIll yeJ10B8K Y>Ke He M8KCIo1ML-1-
3HpyeT none3HOCTb (AOXOA, 50raTcTBo, HaCIla>KAeH"e), a TOIlbKO Il"Wb 3a-
H"MaeTC" nO"CKOM nepBoro AocTynHoro eMY ypOBH" YAOBIleTBOpeH"".
3Aecb caMS npoL<eoypa nOUCKa YAoBIleTBOp"TeIlbHoro pe3YIlbTaTa OKS3bIBa-
eTCR B Ll8HTpe BHL-1M8HL-1s:1 npL-1 HCCIl8AOB8HHIII 3KOHOMV148CKOro nOB8AeHV1H.
TaK, npOAa>Ka TOBapa no 50Ilee H"3KO", 4eM Y KOHKypeHTa, '1eHe MO>KeT
" He np"BeCT" K POCTY 061l1ero 05beMa npOAa>K, oc05eHHO TaK"X TOBapOB,
AOIlR !OTOPbIX B 051l1"X nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"X paCXOAax HeB"Il"Ka (Hanp"Mep,
HOBbl CT"paIlbHbl" nopOWOK «Aoc"», 3y5Ha" naCTa HOBO" MapK" " np.).
Ka3anOCb 6bl, 3TO npOTL-1BOpeYHT nOB8A8H!.11O «48IlOBeK8 SKOHOML-1Y8CKOro»'
nOKynaTb 60IlbW8 TOBapOB, KorAa L-1X l!8H8 CHL-1)\{8eTCH. Ho B8Ab MbJ B8A8
paaroBOp 05 OrpaH"4eHHO" pS'1"OHaIlbHOCT". nOBceAHeBHbl" onblT Ha OC-
HOBe KOTOpOro Ae"CTBYfOT nOTpe6"TeIl", nOACKS3bIBSeT"M 4TO 50 ee A e-
we '
Bbte TOBapbl nOBceAHeBHora cnpOC8 OTIlVlY81OTCfI L-1 60Il88 HVl3KL-1M Kaye-
CTBOM. On"CaHHa" C"Tya'1"" B03MO>KHa "MeHHO B TOM CIl Y 4ae Kor A a TOBa-
Pb' M '
a o 3HaKOMbi nOTpe5"TeIlfO, nOKynaTeIlb He pacnOIlsraeT nOIlHO" "HCPOp-
Mau. e\ll 0 HIIIX, a AOCTL-1>K8HIII8 BceVl nOIlHOTbJ 3H8HVlL4 0 HOBblX TOB8pax Conps:1-
21
inasa 1
>KeHO C 4P83BblyaVlHO BbICOK\tIMV1, J.1Il\tl K8K roBOPSH_ 3KOHOM\tICTbl, 38np8THT8Ilb-
HbIM" 3aTpaTaM". «OrpaH"4eHHO pa'1"O aIlbHbl"» cy5beKT YAOBIl8TBOP"T-
C" npe>KH"M" 05beMaM" nOKynoK 3y5HO" naCTbl "Il" CT"paIlbHoro nopow-
K8 H8>K8Il\tl 6YA8T Tp8TL-1Tb BpeMH L-1 YC\tlIlL-1H Ha BblflCH8HIt1e BCeX OC06eHHO-
CT III nOTpe6V1T8IlbCK\tIX K8yeCTB HOBblX TOB8pOB C 60Il88 H\tI3K\tIM\tI l!8HaM\tI.
B cIlyyae oprSHH4eCKO" pa'1HOHa bHOCTH, T. e. 8e cIla50" cpOpMbl
(Ha"50Ilee B"AHble np8ACTaB"TeIl" 3TO" KOH'1en'1"" - SMep"KaHCK"e 3KO-
HOM"CTbl A. AIl4"aH, P. HeIlbCOH, C. Y"HT8P, aBCTp""CK"" 3KOHOM"CT
<t>. Xa"eK) oc050e BH"MaH"e YAeIl"eTC" C05IlfOA8H"fO cpOpMaIlbHblX " He-
cpOpMaIlbHblX npaB"Il nOB8AeH"", KOTOpblM cIleAyeT 4eIlOBeK. Pa'1"OHaIlb-
HOCTb Bbl50pa MO>KeT 5blTb OrpaH"4eHa Il"50 fOp"AH4eCK"M" 3anpeTaM"
«<nO rS30HaM He XOA"Tb!»), Il"50 TpaAH'1"RM" - Bbl5paCblBSTb OKYPK" "3
SBTOM05"Il" Ha OCTSHOBKe Y CBeTocpopa B '1"B"Il"30BaHHbIX CTpaHax He
np\tlHHTO, a HHorAa L-1 H8K83yeMO. rVJnOT83a Opr8H\tI4eCKO p8l!\tIOHaIlbHOCTL-1
np8AnOIlarseT, 4TO B3a"MOAe"CTB"e IlfOAe" pa'1"OHaIl"3"pyeTc" cpopMaIlb-
HbIM" " HecpopMaIlbHbIM", Hanp"Mep, MopaIlbHblM" npSB"naM" nOBeAeH"",
CIlO>KL-1BWL-1MIt1CH 3BOIlIOl..\1t10HHbIM nYTeM \tIHCTL-1TYT8MIt1 yeIlOBeyeCKOrO 06 8-
CTBa. Y>Ke '1"T"pOBaBW""C paHee Xa"eK nOA4epK"BaIl, 4TO «...MopaIlbHble
HOpMbl " TPSAH'1"", a H8 "HT8IlIleKT " paC4eTIl"Bbl" pa3YM n03BOIl"Il" IlfO-
A M nOAH"TbC" HaA ypOBHeM A"Kape,,>),' nfOA" nOA CTpSXOM B03MO>KHOrO
HaKa3aH" "Il" 051l1eCTBeHHoro OCY>KAeH"" nocTynafOT pa'1"OHaIlbHO Aa>Ke
B TOM cIlyyae, KorA8 OH\tI L-1 H8 CTpeMHTCH C03HaTenbHO p a l..\\tIOHaIl\.13\t1pOB8Tb
CB08 nOB8A8H\tI8. 2
IIITaK, On\tlC8HH8f1 BblW8 MOA8Ilb «3KOHOML-1Y8CKOra Y8IlOB8K8» B ee KIl8C-
C\tIl.J8CKOM Bap\tlaHT8 npeAnOIlar8eT P81\L-10H8nbHO MbICIlfl 8ro, T. 8. M8KCL-1-
M"3"pYfOll1 erO CBO" BblroAbl " M"H"M"3"PYf01l18ro 3aTpaTbi 3ro"CTS, CB050A-
HOro B Bbl50pe nOCT8BIl8HHbIX '1eIle" " cnoc050B "X AOCm>KeH"" " 05IlS-
AafOll1erO Bce" nOIlHoTof! "HCPOP Ma '1"".
«48IlOB8K 3KOHOML-1Y8CKL-1 }) - 3TO «p 8 1.\L-10-
H8J1bHbIL4 M8KC\tIML-138TOP». \!1H8ye roBOpH, B
3TO MOA8IlL-1 L-1CnOIlb3Y8TCH np8AnOCblIlK8 0
nOIlHOVl pal\\tIOH8IlbHOCT\.1, 4TO \.1 CAeIl8IlO
ee 06beKTOM KP"T"K" CO CTOpOHbl p"Aa
Y4eHbIX. r. Ca"MOH "pOH"4eCK" 3aMe4aIl:
«...8ro pa'1"OHSIlbHOCTb (T. 8. TpaA"'1"OH-
Horo «homo 8conomicus» - npL-1M. 8BT.)
npOCT"paeTC" TaK AaIleKo, 4TO pacnpocT-
p8HH8TCH 111 H8 cn8IlbHIO: K8K nOIlar88T r8p-
P" 5eKK8p, «OH 5YAeT H04bfO 4"TaTb B no-
CT8JlVl TOIlbKO npL-1 YCIlOBIr1\t1, eCIlVI U,8HHOCTb
ero 4TeH"" (c ero T04K" 3peH"") npeBblwa-
8T l..\8HHOCTb H8,Qocbln8HL-1f1 era >K8Hbl».3
AH8IlL-13 3KOHOMVlY8CKOro nOBeA8HL-1H
22
1 XalileK $. n8ry6HaSl caMOH8-
AeSlHHOCTb, C. 53.
2 CM. nOAP06Hee 06 opraHVI-
4ecKoIiI pa VloHaIlbHocTVI: YVlIlbM-
COH o. 3KoHoMVl4ecKVle VlHCTVlTYTbl
K8nVlTanVl3Ma. Cn6. J1eHIo13A8T.
1996. C. 96.
3 C81i1MOH r. Pal\1010H8IlbHOCTb
K8K npOl.\eCC 101 npOAYKT Mblwne-
H"". THESIS. M., 1993, T. 1,
Bbln. 3. C. 17. r. 5eKKep - 8Meplo1-
KaHcKLilVI 3KOHOMIo1C IlaypeaT Ho-
6eIleBcKoVl npeMIo1V1 no 3KOHOMVlKe,
pe4b 0 KOTOpOM nOVlAeT B KOHl.\e
HacToSlLl\elil rn8Bb1.
L/enOBeK s Mupe 3KOHOMUKU
eIlOB8K8 3aTPYAHH8TCH L-1 H83KOHOM\tI48CKHM KOMnOH8HTOM B MOT\tIBal\H\.1
ero Ae"TeIlbHOCT" (aIlbTPY"3MOM, peIl"r"03HbIM" YCT8HOBKaM" " AP.), T. 8.
KOMnOHeHTOM, YAeIlbHbl" B8C KOTOpOro YBeIl"4"BaeTC" C PS3B"T"eM 4eIlO-
Be4ecKoro 06Ll.\8CTB8. COBepW8HCTBOB8H\tI8 MOA8Il\tl «homo 8conomicus»
np8AnoIlaraIlo Y4eT HenoIlHo" "HCPOpM"pOBaHHOCT" 3KOHOM"4eCK"X areH-
TOB, p8BHO K8K 14 Orp8HHyeHHH, HaKIlaAblBa8Mbl8 Ha VlX nOSeA8HL-18 IOPHA\.1-
4eCK"M" " MopaIlbHblM" HOpMaM". MOAeIl"pOBaH"8 4eIlOBeKa BO BTOpO"
nOIlOB"He XX BeKa Bce 50Ilbwe On"paIlOCb Ha AonYll1eH"e 05 OrpaH"4eH-
HO" " OpraH"4eCKO" pa'1"OHaIlbHocm.
BTopoe HsnpSBIleHHe np"cYll1e Ke"HC"aHCKO" WKOIl8, "HCmTY'1"OHa-
Il"3MY, "CTOp"4eCKO" WKOIle. MOAeIlH 4eIlOBeKa, Bblpa50TaHHbie B paMKax
3Toro HanpaBIleH"R, npeAcTsBIlRfOTC" 50Ilee CnO>KHbIM" " OCHOBSHbl Ha Y>Ke
"3BecTHo" HSM r"nOTe3e OrpaH"4eHHO" pa'1"OHaIlbHOCT". OA"H "3 npeACTS-
B"Tene" HeO"HCT"TY'1"OHSIl"3Ma, aMep"KaHCK"" 3KOHOM"CT Ayrnac HOpT n"-
caJ1, TO «48IlOB8yeCK08 nOB8A8H\.1e roP83AO CIlO>KHee Taro, KOTOpbl8 onVlCbl-
BSfOT 3KOHOM"CTbl B CBO"X MOAeIl"X, On"pafOll1"XC" Ha CPYHK'1"fO "HA"B"AY-
aIlbHO" nOIl83HOCT". Bo MHOr"X CIlY4S"X cIleAyeT roBOP"Tb He TOIlbKO 0
MaKC"M"3a'1"" Il"4HO" BbIlOAbl, HO " 05 aIlbTpY"3M8 " caMOOrpaH"4eH"",
KOTopble paA"KaIlbHO BIl""fOT Ha pe3YIlbTaTbi Bbl50pa "HA"B"AS».'
B 48CTHOCTIt1, CTHMYIlbl BKJllOyalOT B ce6f1 H8 TOIlbKO CTp8MJ18H\tI8 K M8-
Tep"aIlbHbIM, AeHe>KHbIM 5IlaraM, HO " onpeAeIleHHbl8 3IleMeHTbi nC"XOIlO-
r"4ecKoro xapaKTepa - c05IlfOAeH"e TpaA"'1"", np"BbI4K", co05pa>KeH""
npecm>Ka, >K8IlSH"e HaCIla>KAaTbC" >K"3HbfO " AP. 3aTPYAH8HO B paCCMaT-
p"BSeMO" MOAeIl" " AOCT">KeH"e nOCTaBIleHHblX '1eIle". np"4"HaM" 3A8Cb
"BIlRfOTC" Bce Ta >Ke HenOIlHOTa "HcpopMa'1HH X03""CTBYfOll1"X cy5beKToB,
HecoBepweHcTBo "X "HTeIlIleKTa (noA KOTOpblM nOH"MafOTC" KaIlbKYIl"PYfO-
LU.llle cnoc06HOCT\tI LJeIlOB8K8), cT8peoTVlnHocTb nOB8A8HL-1H B 38BIt1CHMOCn1
OT npHBbl4eK, peIl"r"03HbIX YCTaHoBoK " T. n. HecoBepWeHHa" "HcpopMa'1"
BIle4eT 3a c050" B03paCTaH"e 3Ha4eH"" TaK"X cpaKTopoB, KaK O>K"ASH"",
npE!,QYYBCTB"" " T. n., Ha 4TO oc050e BH"MaH"8 05pall1aIl BbIASfOll1""C"
sHrn "CK"'" 3KOHOM"CT A>KOH Me"HapA Ke"HC. B 3T"X YCIlOB""X npeA-
CTSBIlReTC" HeB03MO>KHbIM AOCT">K8H"e '1eIle" X03""CTBYfOll1"X cy5beK-
TOB nocpeAcTBoM M8XaH"3Ma cB050AHO" KOHKypeH'1"", TeM 50Ilee, 4TO
KPOMe "HA"B"AyaIlbHoro, 3AeCb B03H"KaeT 81l1e " Bblpa>KeHHbl" rpynno-
BOt1 101HTep8c, CKIl8AbIB81OLl.\\tIL4CH Bcn8ACTBIt18 CTpeMIl8HVlH X03HI71CTB8HHbiX
areHTOB npeo,QoIleTb Orp8HL-1yeHHOCTb «3KOHOMV1Y8CKOro 3ro\.13M8» n)'TeM caMO-
opraH"3a'1"" B rpynnbl C 051l1"M" "H-
TepecaM". np" 3TOM "HTepeCbl OTAeIlbHblX
rpynn MoryT He TOIlbKO He COBnaAaTb, HO "
npOT"BOpe4"Tb APyr APyry.
B 3T"X MOAeIl"X 051l1eCTBO "MeeT 60-
Ilee CIlO>KHYfO CTPYKTYPY, AIl" nOAAep>KaH""
j HopT A. V1HCTVlTYTbl, Io1Hcnny-
l\VlOHaIlbHbie 1013MeHeHIo1S1 VI CPYHK-
1\t.10HVlpOB8Hlo1e 3KOHOMVlKVI. M.,
1997. C. 37.
23
inasa 1
KOTOpO" B COCTO"H"" paBHOBeC"" Tpe5yeTC" BMeWaTeIlbCTBO roCYAapCTBa
B 3KOHOMV14eCKL-18 OTHOWeHV15L
TpeTbe HanpaBIleHHe npeACTSBIleHO np"H'1"nHaIlbHO HOBO" pa3HOB"A-
HOCTblO MOAeIlH «3KOHOM\.148CKOro 4e.nOB8K8», OTpa>K81OL.l..\eL4 COBpeMeHHble
peaIlH". AIl" Hee xapaKTepHO "3MeHeH"e MOT"Ba'1"" AeRTeIlbHOCT" no
cpSBHeH"fO C MOAeIlbfO «pa'1"OHaIlbHoro MaKC"M"3aTopa»: B03paCTaH"e
3H84eHV1H He CTOIlbKO MaTeplilaIlbHblX, CKOIlbKO AYXOBHblX nOTp86HocTeail
Il"4HOCT" (YAOBIleTBopeHHOCTb OT caMoro npO'1ecca TpYAa, ero CO'1"aIlbHa"
3Ha4"MOCTb, CIlO>KHOCTb " AP.). HOBYfO MOAeIlb OTIl"4afOT MHoro05pa3"e "
A"HaM"3M nOTpe5HOCTe", rnaBHO" "3 KOTOpblX "BIl"eTC" nOTpe5HOCTb B
cB050Ae caMOBblpa>KeHHR, YCTaHOBIleH"R CBR3e" C APyr"M" IlfOAbM", CBO-
60Aa AYXOBHOro caMoonpeAeIleH"R, cB050AHoro Bbl50pa mna KYIlbTYPbl "
051l1eCTBeHHO-nOIl"T"4eCK"X B3rn"AOB. 3Ta MOAeIlb cO'1"aIlbHO-"HA"B"AY-
aIlbHoro yeIlOB8K8 npep,n0J1ar8eT 06Ll.\8CTBO, oCHoBaHH08 H8 A8MOKp8TV14ec-
KVlX VI nIllOp8.nVlCTVl48CKVlX Ha48n8X C pa3BVlTblMH Me>KrpynnOBbJM\.1 CB5I3HML-1
" pa3MbITbIM", He>KeCTK"M" rpaH"'1SM" Me>KAY CO'1"aIlbHbIM" 061l1HOCT"M".
OCYll1eCTBIlR" CBO" Bbl50p B M"pe OrpaH"4eHHb1X pecypcoB, 4eIloBeK B
J11060171 X03HI71cTB8HHOail CVlCT8Me CTp8M\.1J1Cs:I CBeCTL-1 K MVlH\.1MYMY CBOVI L-13-
p,ep>KKL-1 VI AOCTVlYb MaKCL-1MYM8 B nOIlY4eHL-1L-1 BblroAbl. YHL-1B8pca.nbHoCTb :no-
ro npVl H l!lt1n8 n03BOIllftIl8 Y48HbiM nplllMeHL-1Tb ero He TOIlbKO B paMK8X 3KO-
HOMH48CKOVI T80pL-1V1, HO L-1 nonblTaTbCH 06bs:lCHHTb MOTL-1Bbl 48nOBe48CKVlX
Ae"CTB"" B APyr"x, He3KOHOM"4eCK"X ccpepax >K"3H". BbIAafOll1""C" BKIlaA
B TaKoro pop,a IftCCIleAOB8Hlfts:l BH8C COBpeMeHHblVi aMepVlKaHCKL-1V1 3KOHOMV1CT
f3P" 5eKKep, IlaypeaT H05eIleBCKO" npeM"" no 3KOHOM"Ke. ' OH ASIl OP"-
n1H8I1bHOe 06bHCH8HL-18 TaKIftM c nyaLlHs:lM, KaK npL-1Hs:lTL-18 peWeHHaII 0 KOIlV1-
4eCTBe >K8Il8eMbIX AeT8Ci B C8Mb8, COB8pWeHL-18 npecTynIleHa.1a11, nplr1HHTlft8
peWeH"" 0 npOAOIl>KeH"" 05pa30BaH"" " AP., rAe npOCIle>K"BaeTC" np05Ile-
Ma pa'1"OHaIlbHoro Bbl50pa. IiIcnoIlb30BsHHe 3KoHoMH4ecKoro nOAxoAs
K aHaIlH3Y He3KoHoMH4ecKHx CTOpOH JKH3HH IlIOAei1 nonY4"IlO Ha3BaH"e
«3KOHOMH'4eCKOrO HMnepHal1H3Ma».
T8KOB8 Kp8TK8H X8paKT8pVlCTHKa OCHOBHblX MOA8nelit LleJ10B8K8 B 3KOHO-
M"4ecKoi1 TeOp"". Hoc"ll1"e B '1eIloM a6cTpa'THbl" xapaKTep, 3m MOAeIlH
OTpa>KafOT B 05061l1eHHO" cpopMe OCHOBHble napaMeTpbl, np"cYll1"e «yeIlO-
B8l.JeCKOMY cp8KTOPy» B X03HL4CTB8HHOM np0l..\8CC8. 3HaHV1e \.1X n03BOIlHeT He
TOIlbKO pe8.nbHO 0l!8HIftBaTb pOIlb Y8IlOBeK8 B 3KQHOML-1Ke H8 pa3IlHYHbiX CTa-
A""X pa3B"T"R '1"B"Il"3a'1"", HO " CPOpM"pOBaTb Hs"50Ilee OnT"MaIlbHble
Hanp8BIl8H\.1H B 3KOHOML-148CK0Il1 nom1TL-1Ke, npOrH03lftpOB8Tb C AOCT8T04HOVI
CT8neHbIO BepoHTHoCTVI nocIl8ACTBIt1H Tex L-1Il1f1 HHblX 3KOHOMV1Y8CKL-1X pewe-
H"". B nocIleAYfOll1"x rnaBax 5YAeT npo-
AOJ1>KeH aH8IlVl3 pOIlVl Y8.nOB8K8 K8K Ll8HTpa
3KOHOMIII48CKOLil CIilCTeMbl cOBpeM8HHoro
051l1eCTBS " MeXaH"3Ma np"H"T"R "HA"B"-
AyaIlbHblx " 051l1eCTBeHHbix (KoIlIleKT"B-
HbIX) peWeH"".
24
1 5eKKep r. 3KOHOMIiI"'IeCKIiIL7\
aHanlil3 iii 4enose4eCKoe noeeAe-
"He. THESIS, M., 1993. T 1.
Bbln. 1. C. 24-40.
npeOMem U Memoo 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
OCHOBHble nOHSlTIo1S1:
MOT"Ba'1H" TPYAa
«LleIlOB8K 3KOHOMI-14eCKI-1I7t)
PaUHOH8nbH08 3KOHOMVl4eCKoe nOB8A8Hlft8
(pa'1HOHanbHbl" Bb160p)
nonH851 pa lIIoH8nbHocTb
OrpaH"4eHHa" pa'1"OHaIlbHOCTb
OpraHHY8CKaH pa HoHanbHocTb
3KOHOMHY8CKHL4 IIIMnepHaIlVl3M
rnaBa 2,
labour motivation
«homo 8conomicus»,
economic man
rational choice
perfect rationality
bounded rstionality
organic rationality
economic imperialism
nPE,IJ,MET iii METO,lJ,
3KOHOMIiI4ECKOLil TEOPIiIIiI
«3KOHOMU4eCKafi meopufl
npeapamunaCb e L{apuu,y COL{U-
anbHblX HaYK. 3mo eOUHcmeeH-
HaR ompacnb COL{UanbHbIX uccne-
ooeaHuiJ, no KomopoiJ npucY>Koa-
emCR H06eneeCK8R npeMUfI».
P06epm n. Xaun6poHHep
_ 3KOHOM"4eCKa" TeOp"", nOA05HO Ilf050" APYro" HaYKe
KMeeT CBOH CnelJ,L-1cpV148CKHail npeAMeT L-1CCJl8AOB8HIt1H 1!1 HcnoIlb3yeT np
HaIlL-138 3Toro np8AMeT8 oco6ble npL-18Mbl !.13yyeHHH, cOBoKynHocTb KO-
OpblX COCTaBIl"eT ee MeTOA. npeAMeT " MeTOA TeCHO CB"3aHbl APyr C
APyroM " B cOBo'ynHOCT" onpeAeIl"fOT rpaH"'1bl TO" OTpaCIl" 3HaHI1" KOTO-
PSR npeACTaBIleHa 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"e". '
i 1.
npe,qMeT 3KOHOMIII'IeCKOiii Teopllllll
H npeACTaBIleH"" a npeAMeTe 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"" Me-
It "Cb B XOAe yrny5IleH"" 3HaH"" 0 X03""CTBeHHO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" IlfO-
3 " no Mepe YCIlO>KHeH"R caMO" 3TO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" (noAP05Hee 05
M roBOP"TC" B TpeTbeM napsrpacpe HaCTO"ll1e" rnaBbl). Aonroe Bpe-
25
Inasa 2
Mfl CYL-1TanOCb, YTO np8AM8TOM HaYK HBIlHIOTCH npW.J Hbl pOCTa MaTep -
8J1bHOrO 6IlaronOIlYY\I1H J1IOAeVl. HeAapOM r.n8BHblC1 TpYA B8Il\l1KOro aHr.nL-1C1-
CKoro Y4eHoro AgsMa CM"Ta, ony6Il"KOBaHHbl" B 1776 roAY, HS3bIBaIlC"
«V1ccIleAOBaH"e a np"poAe " np"4"HaX 60raTcTBS HapoAOB». B AaIlbHe,,-
weM npeAcTaBIl8Hl1H 0 npeAMeTe 3KOHOMVlyeCKOVl T80pV1H Bce 60JlbWe
H8YV1HaIOT CBH3blB8TbCfI C peAKOcTbtO (orpaHL-14eHHocTblO) \I1M81OUJ,V1XCfI B
pacnOp">KeH"" IlfOAe" pecypCOB.
.o.eVlCTBL-1T8J1bHO, Bce Mbl }/(L-1BeM B MVlpe OrpaHW-1eHHbIX B03MO}/(HOCT8V1 V1
peAK"X pecypCOB. 3s He50nbW"M "CKIlf04eH"eM, KOTOpbIM, CKS>KeM, "B-
J1HeTCH 8TMOCcP e pHbli:1 B03AYx V1J1V1 COJlH8YHbl CBeT, Bce, YTO OKpY>Ka8T
yeIlOSeKa \.1 48M OH n0J1b3yeTcH K0J1V1Y8CTB8HHO VI K848CTS8HHO orpaH\II-
yeHO. Orp8H\I148HO KOIlL-1Y8CTBO npL-1rOAHbiX AJ1H npO\ll3BOACTB8 C8IlbCKO-
X03HVlCTB8HH0l71 npoAYKl!VIVI 3eMenb, AocTynHblx AJ1f1 L-13SIleyeHVls:I. V1 HC-
n0J1b30e8HV1H nOIle3Hb'X HCKonaeMblX, 3anaCOB CblpbH, MaT8pV18IlOB \II
3Hepr"". PeAK"M pecypCOM Bn"eTC" BpeM" - B cYTKax Bcero 24 4aca, a
)\{L-13Hb yeIlOB8Ka \t13Meps:l.eTCH KOIlL-14eCTBOM J18T, oTnYUJ,8HHbIX Ka>K,QOMY L-13
Hac 50roM. CaM Y8nOBeK H8coBepweHeH, 8ro cPIt131t1yeCKHe VI HHT8IlIl8KTY-
8nbHbie B03MO}/(HOCTL-1 A8IleKo H8 6e3rp8HIt1YHbL KOHe4Ho, orpaHV1Y8HHOCTb
P8CypCOB Y8CTO s:l.BnHeTCs:I. OTHOCHTeIlbHOVl, nocKoIlbKY B03HL-1KaIOT HOBbIe
TeXHOIlOrlt1L-1, n03BOIls:l.lOUJ,lt1e YB8IlIt1YV1Tb np0\.13BOACTBO pa3J1L-1YHbIX 6nar, P83-
pa68TbiBalOTCH p8Hee H8AocTynHbie M8CTopO>KP,eHL-1H nOIl83HblX L-1CKOn8e-
MbIX, C03AafOTC" "HCPOpMa'1"OHHble C"CTeMbl, paCW"pR fO l11"e 06beM np"06-
p8TaeMblX 48nOB8KOM 3H8HIt1V1. OAH8KO Bce 3TIt1 1t13MeHeHlt1s:1, YBenV14L-1B8H
05beM AOCTynHblx pecypCOB, He MorYT CAeIlaTb "X 6e3lpaH"4HbIM".
HaxOA"ll1"ec" B pacnOp">KeH"" 4eIlOBeKa pecypcbl " B03MO>KHOCT" He
TOIlbKO KOIl\t1yeCTBeHHO \t1 K8Y8CTS8HHO Orp8HL-1yeHbl, OHH VlM810T MHO)\{eCTBO
BapV1aHTOB V1cnOIlb30e8HVlH. MeT8J1Il Mo)\{eT nplt1MeHs:l.TbCs:I. AIlH L-13roToBn8HltIs:I.
KOCMV1yeCKIt1X paK8T VI 8BTOM06L-1Ile , MOpCKV1X V1 B03AYWHblX Il8V1HepOB L-1
AeTCK"X "rpyweK, TPy50npoBOAOB " 3aMKOB, TpaKTOpOB " TaHKOB. BpeM"
MO)\{HO L-1CnOIlb30B8Tb AIlY! L-13YY8HVlfI 3KOHOMVlyeCK0C1 T80pH\t1 L-1J1V1 683AYMHO-
ro ne)\{8HIt1s:1 Ha AV1B8H8. MHOroB8plt18HTHOCTb npV1MeHeHIt1s:1 p83IlHYHblX P8-
CYPCOB onpeAen"eTC" "X np"pOAHbIM" CBO"CTBaM", a aIlbTepHaT"BHOCTb "X
It1CnOIlb30B8H\IIs:I. - eUJ,8 VI OTHOC\f1TeIlbHOCi peAKOCTblO.
KaTerop"" peAKOCT" pecypCOB B 3KOHOM"4eCKO" HaYKe nOH"MaeTC" KaK
It1X H8AOCT8TO'-\HOCTb AIlfi AOCTL-1}/(8HV1s:1. orpoMHOro MHO>KeCTB8 pa3IlVlYHblX
'1eIle" , KOTopble CTaB"T nepeA c050" IlfOA". np" 3TOM npeAnonaraeTC , 4TO
nOTpe5HOCT" IlfOAe" (B "X pa3B"T""), Ile>Kall1"e B OCHOBe "X '1eIle", B np"H-
'1"ne 5e3rpaH"4Hbl. HSIl"4"e 6e3lpaH"4HblX nOTpe5HOCTe" B ycnOB""X or-
p8HV14eHHOCT\II B03MO>KHOCTeC1 AIls:l. V1X YAOBJ18TBOpeHVlH BcerA8 CT8B\t1IlO n8-
peA IlfOAbM" np06IleMY Bbl60pa cnoc060B " nYTe" aIlbTepHaT"BHoro "C-
nOJlb30BaHL-1s:1 peAKL-1X pecypcoB B cooTseTcTBV1V1 co cTen8HblO Ba}/(HOCTVI T8X
l!eIle , KOTopbJe OHIt1 nepeA c060Vl CT8BHT.
26
:!.. peOMem U Memoo 3KOHOMU'IeCKOU meopuu
B03Bpall1a"Cb K xapaKTep"CT"Ke npeAMeTa 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp""
B8)\{HO oTMen1Tb, YTO OH H8 BKIllOya8T V13YY8HL-1e C8ML-1X P8AKL-1X P8CYPCOB K8
TaKOBblX (An" 3TOro cYl11eCTBYfOT eCTeCTBeHHble " TeXH"4eCK"e HaYK") 3KO-
HOMU4ecK8_R meopuR u3Y48em 3KOHOMU4eCKoe noeeoeHue mooeu T T8-
K\II8 It1X A8It1CTBV1H, KOTopble CBs:l38Hbl C np0L-13BOACTBOM p8CnpeA J1 H eM
06M8HOM L-1 nOTpe6IleHL-1eM M8Teplt18IlbHblX \11 HeM8TepH IlbHbIX 6Il8r IIIMeH
HO n03ToMY 3T8 HaYKa HBIlHeTCs:I ryMaHHTapHoH, V13YY81O 8L4 38KOH M8PHO-
CT\II nOBeAeH\I1s:1 4enOBeK8.
Cyw,8cTsyeT MHOro P83Jllt1YHbiX onpeAeIleHL-1111 npeAMeT8 3KOHOML-1'-\ecK0Il1
TeOp"". Ha"60Ilee pacnpocTpaHeHHo" " 061l1enp"3HaHHO" B C"IlY cBoe"
T04Hocm " IlaKOH"4HOCT" "BIl"eTC" CPOPMYIl"pOBKa onpeAeIleH"" npeAMe-
Ta HaYK", AaHHa" SHrn""CK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM na"oHeIloM P055"HCOM:
« MeHHo 4>OpMbl, KOTopble npMHHMaeT 4e110Be4eCKoe nOBe.qeHHe J Kor-
AS eo5xoAHMO pacnop"AHTbCR peAKHMH pecypcsMH, COCTSBIl"eT eAH-
HbU1 npe.qMeT 3KOHOMHl.JeCKOH HaYKH... 3KOHOMHl.IeCKafi HaYKa - 3TO
HaYKa, H3Y4aHJI..1J.aH 4e110Be4eCKoe nOBeAeHHe C T04KH 3peHHfI COOTHO-
weHHfI Me>KAY u.el1f1MH H orpaHw-leHHblMH cpeAcTBaMM, KOTopble MOryT
HMeTb pa3IlH4Hoe ynoTpe5IleHHe».' B03MO>KHOCTb pa3IlH4Horo (aIlbTepHa-
mBHoro) ynoTpe5IleH"" OrpaH"4eHHblx cpeACTB CTaB"T nepeA IlfOAbM" npo-
5IleMY pa'1"OHaIlbHoro Bbl60pa, 0 KOTOpOM nOAP06Hee rOBOp"IlOCb B rn 1
3KOHOM\.1_4eCK8s:1 TeOpL-1H TeCHO CBH38H8 co MHOr\t1M!.1 APyrL-1M!.1 H8YK8 H:
CP"IlOcoocp"e", nC"XOIlOr"e", "CTOp"e", AeMorpacp"ei1, CTaT"CT"KO" MaTe:
MamKO , fOp"CnpYAeH'1"e" " AP. A>K. M. Ke"HC TaK n"CaIl 05 3TO ' «Ha-
CTOflUJ,V1L-1 3KOHOMIt1CT, 3H8TOK cBoero A8Il8, AOIl>K8H 6blTb H8A8Il8H P8 Ho06-
pa3HblM\.1 A8pOB8HL-1HMH, - B onp8A8IleHH0L4 CTeneHL-1 OH AOIl>KeH 6blTb M8-
TeMaT"KOM, "CTOP"KOM, rOCYAapCTBeHHblM Ae"TeIleM CP"IlOCOCPOM OH
AOJ1>KeH YM8_Tb P83MbIWJ1HTb 0 Y8CTHOCTHX B nOHHTL-1HX 6UJ,8ro It1 06p . 8Tb
oIleT CBoeH MbICIlV1 B OAHH8KOB0ll1 CTeneHL-1 K 86cTp8KTHOMY \11 KOHKpeTHO-
rt' H AOn>KeH "3Y4aTb COBpeMeHHOCTb B CBeTe npowIloro - paA" 6YAYll1 e -
rYrO: °AH8 "-lepTa ,-\eIlOBeyeCKOVl HaTypbl L-1IlIt1 C03p,aHHbIX 48nOBeKOM !.1HCTH-
It1 He AOIl)\{Ha OCT8B8TbCH 38 npeAeIlaM\t1 ero BHHM8HVls:I».2
ce n T8K, 3KOHOMHyeCK8s:1 T80p\lls:l L-13yya8T AeHTeIlbHocTb IlIOAeH B npOl!8C-
61lai0I113BOACTB8, p8cnp8A8Il8HVlH, o6MeH8 It1 nOTp86Il8HVlH 3KOHOML-1'-\eCKHX
peAK: YCIlOBL-1s:1X 8IlbTepH8THBHOCn1l!8Jl8L4 L-1 B03MO>KHOCTeCi L-1CnOIlb30B8H\.1H
X pecypcoB. II1MeHHo n03ToMY B Kpyr
e HHT8pecoB BXOAL-1T V1 nOL-1CK nYT8V1 H8H-
OIlee 3cpcpeKTL-1BHoro L-1CnOIlb30B8HL-1H
AK"X pecypcoB, T. e. TaKoro "X np"MeHe-
, np" KOTOpOM 6YAYT nonY4eHbi MaKC"-
ManbHbl
H e >KeIlaeMble pe3ynbTaTbi np" M"-
MaIlbHbIX 3aT p aTax
C .
ro 6 TOYK\.1 3peHVlH M8CWT86oB L-13y'-\aeMo-
a beKTa pa3Il"4afOT ABa ypOBH" 3KOHO-
1 P066V1HC Jl. npe,QMeT 3KOHO-
MI.1'-1eCKOC1 HaYKVI. THESIS M
1993.T1.Bbln.1.C.18. . .,
2 [4V1T. no: 6parVlHCKI.1C1 C. S., nes-
3Hep R A nOnVlTVI"'IeCKas:l 3KOHOMVls:I:
,QVlCKYCCVloHHble npo6neMbl, nYTI.1
o6HOBneHVls:I. M., 1991. C. 6-7.
27
inasa 2
M\II48CKOro aH8IlL-138, KOTOpblM COOTB8TCTBYlOT ABa p83A8Ila 3KOHOMW-leCK011
TeOp\llL-1 - MHKp03KOHOMHKa H MaKp03KOHOMHKa.
MHKp03KOHOMHKa - TaKO" pa3AeIl Hswe HSYK", KOTOPbl" npeAnOIla.'aeT
8HaIlH3 3KOHOMHY8CK\IIX Aeli1cTB\.1V1 L-1HA\IIB\IIAOB, oTAenbHblX AOMaWHL-1X XO SU1CTB,
CP"PM " OTpscIle". He cIlY4a"Ho np"CTaBKa «M"KpO» 03Ha4seT «M Ilbl"».
MaKpo3KOHoMHKa - nplt1CTaBK8 «M8KPO» 03HaY8e «60IlbW0V1» - 38H\II-
M88TCH 1113yyeHV1eM 38KOHOB cpYHK L-10HHpOB8H\IIH BceV1 H8l..\\IIOH8nbHO\ll 3KO-
HOMHKL-1 B eIlOM, 8 T8101<8 BXOAHlll.IIIX B Hee TaK Ha3blBa8MbiX arperaTOB -
AOMaWHVlX X03HVlCTB, yaCTHoro ceKTop8, np8B\IIT8IlbCTB8HHOro ceKTopa. nOA
arperaTaM" (arpempOBSHHbIM" nOKa3STeIl"M") pa3YMeeTC" COB_oKynHocTb
oTAeIlbHblX 3KOHOM"4eCK"X eA"H"'1, Hanp"Mep, AOMaWH"X X03""CTB, KOTO-
pble B npo eCC8 3KOHOML-14ecKoro aH8JlL-138 p8CCM8TpV1B8IOTCTI K8K OAHO l..\8-
n08. np\ll 3TOM B K8yeCTBe 06beKT8 \IICCIl8AOB8HVlH Bb1cTyn81OT He TOIlb O
C8M\II 8rper8Tbl, HO \II CBTl3\.1 Me>KAY H\IIM\II, B03H\IIK81Olll.\II8 B npo eCC8 X03s::1L-1-
CTB8HHOVI A8T1TeIlbHOCTL-1.
HeCMOTp" Ha pa3H"'1Y B MacwTa5ax 05beKTa "ccIleAOBaH"" Me>KAY
ML-1KP03KOHOML-1KOVI L-1 M8KP03KOHOM\IIKOVI HeT «KL-1T8I71CKOCi CTeHbl» - H8KOTO-
pble np05IleMbl, KaK, Hanp"Mep, HaIloro05IlO>KeH"e BXOA"T B Kpyr "HTepe-
COB 060V1X p83A8IlOB 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOVI TeOp\ll\ll. _ ¥
npL-1 L-1cCIleAOB8H\II\II 3KOHoMIII4eCK\IIX npo eccoB L-1 s::IBIleHIr1\11 BH8 38BL-1C\II-
MOCTL-1 OT TOro, B8A8TCH IlL-1 8H8Il\ll3 H8 ML-1KP03KOHOM\IIyeCKOM L-1 \II M8Kp03KO-
HOMVlY8CKOM YPOBHTlX, P83Il\llY81OT n03L-1TL-1BHblll1 L-1 HOpMaTL-1BHbIH aH8Il\ll3, KO-
Topble npeACTaBJlHIOT, COOTB8TCTB8HHO, n03HTHBHY.o \II HOpM8THBHY.o 3KO-
HOML-148CKYIO T80pllllO. P83HL-1 a Me>KAY HL-1ML-1 COCTOL-1T B OTCYTCTBL-1\11 IIIIlL-1 H8-
Il"4"" 0'1eH04HbIX CY>KAeH"". 3Ta pa3H"'1a 6brna 4eTKO ccpopMyn"pOBaH_a
aHrn""CK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM A>KOHOM HeB"IlIlOM Ke"HcoM (OT'1 0M A>K. M. Ke"-
Hca) B 8ro KHL-1r8 «npeAM8T \.1 MeTOA nOIl\llTL-1Y8CKOVl 3KOHOML-1\11»: «n03umus-
HaR HaYKa...- cOBoKynHocTb C\t1CT8M8TV1yeCKItIX 3H8HL-1V1, OTHOCTlLl.\L-1XCH K
TOMY, YTO 8CTb; HopMamUBHaR unu peaynRmuBHaR HaYK8... - COBOKY HOCTb
C\IICT8M8TVlyeCK\IIX 3H8H\IIVI, OTHOCs:lUI,\IIXCTI K TOMY, YTO AomKHO 6bJTb». _
n03\11n1BH8T1 3KOHOMHyeCK8s::1 TeopV1T1, T8K\IIM 06P830M, \.1MeeT CB08L-1 38-
A8Y8Ci 06bs::lCH8H\II8 CIl8ACTBL-1V1, BbITeK81OLl.\L-1X \113 pe8IlbHoro 1113M8HeH\IIH 06-
CTOHTeIlbCTB. OHa OTB8yaeT, H8np\llMep, H8 Bonpoc: K8K L-13M8HL-1TCs:I Bem.1Y\II-
H8 cnpOC8 H8 IlerKOBble 8BTOM06\t1IlVI onpeAeIl8HHOVl MapKVI nplt1 nOBblW8H\II\II
'1eHbl Ha H"X Ha 10%? II1Il": 4TO 6YAeT C 06beMOM "HBeCT"'1"" B paMKax
Hal...!L-10H8IlbHOCi 3KOHOM\IIKL-1 npL-1 T8Mne \IIHcpns::lL\\t1111 paBHoM 15% B MecHl...!?
n03"T"BHa" 3KOHOM"4eCKa" HaYKa cB050A-
H8 OT Jl\llYHOCTHblX 0l...!8HOYHbIX cY>KA e -
HHH \IIccn8AOB8TeIlTI L-1, no Bblp8>K8H\II1O
M. <Pp"AMeHS, «np"H'1"n"aIlbHO He3aB"C"-
M8 OT K8KOiil-Il\t160 3T\IIyeCKOCi n03L-1l...!IIIV1 IIIIlV1
HOpMaT"BHbIX cY>KAeH""... Kop04e roBOp",
28
1 L\I-1T. no: q:.pVlAMeH M. MeTO-
Aononr1S\ n03V1TVlBHoii1 3KOHOMI-1\.jec-
KOVi HaYK\r1. THESIS. 1994. Bbln. 4.
C.20.
npeOMem U MemOa 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
n03\11TL-1BH8H 3KOHOM!.1yeCK8H H8YK8 HBIlHeTCs:I \t1f1L-1 MO>KeT HBIlHTbCH «o6beK-
n-1BHOIl1» H8YKOtl! TOYHO B TOM >Ke CMbICIle, K8K \II Il1068s:1 \113 CPL-13L-1Y8CKL-1X
HaYK».1
KOH84HO, H8 np8KH1K8 nOA06H8s:1 06b8KTVlBHOCTb B nOIlHOVl Mepe H8AO-
CTVI>KV1Ma, - B8,Qb 3KOHOMVl48CK8H TeOpL-1s:1 L-13Y488T OTHOWeHItfH Me)\{AY IlIOAb-
MVI, 3aTp8rL-1B88T 3KOHOMHyeCK!.18 L-1HTepeCbl, 48CTO H8 COBn8A81OLl.\L-1e Y p83-
JlVlYHblX IlIOAeVl, 8 TO L-1 npHMO npOTHBOnOIlO>KHbI8. .0.8 H C8MH L-1CCIl8AOB8T8-
.nVl HeL-1368>KHO H8XOAs::ITCH B OnpeA8Il8HHOCi 38BL-1C\IIMOCTL-1 OT T8X HIlL-1 L-1HbIX
3T\.1Y8CKL-1X, nOIlHT!.1Y8CKHX HAP. npeACT8BIl8HVlH, L-1AeVl, B3rns::lAOB, HOCHLl.\HX
OLleHOl.JHbIVi X8p8KT8p. 6YAYYL-1 C8MVI COCT8BHOH Y8CTbIO 06b8KT8 VlCCIle,QO-
eaHl1H L-1 H8 p8cnOIl8r8H BceVl nOIlHOTOL4 L-1HcpOpM811L-1\.1 0 npm1CXO,QHLl.\8M B
3KOHOMIt14eCK0L4 >KV13H \II , 8H8rU1TItfK\I1 MorYT no 3n1M npL-1YHH8M npHXOA!.1Tb K
pa3IlVl4Hb1M 38KIlIOY8HL-1s:1M, 4TO CBL-1A8TeIlbcTByeT 0 TOM, H8CKOIlbKO TPYAHO
6blTb 06b8KTHBHO 68CnpltfCTp8CTHbiM npL-1 \t1CCIl8AOB8HVI\II HBIl8Hltfl71 06Ll.\8-
cteeHHOVl >KL-13H\t1. K8K MeTKO 38MeTL-1Il aHrIlO-8MepVlK8HCK!.1L4 cpL-1JlOCOcp H M8-
TeMaT"K A. Ya"TxeA: «Ecn" 5bl TeopeMa EBKIl"Aa 3aTpar"BaIla cp"HaHCO-
Bble VlIlH nOnIllTL-14eCKV18 ItfHTepeCbl, TO OH8 6blIl8 6bl np8,QM8TOM C8MbiX s:lpO-
CTHblX cnopOB».2
B OTIlL-1YL-1e OT n03It1TL-1BHOVl 3KOHOMHyeCK0L4 TeOpltf!.1, OTBeY81O 8171 H8 Bon-
pec «4mo 6yoem, ecnu...?» H nOCTOIlbKY, C YY8TOM OroBOpOK, CAeIl8HHbiX B
npeAblAYll1eM a63a'1e, npeTeHAYfOl11e" HS 05beKT"BHOCTb, HOpMaT"BHa" 3'0-
HOMVlyeCK8H H8YK8 cO,Qep>KL-1T 48TKO Bblp8>K8HHb1L4 0l...!8H04HbIVl KOMnOH8HT L-1
nblTaeTCH OTBeTHTb H8 Bonpoc «4mo oomKHO 6blmb?» npV1eMIl8M JlI.1 AIlH 06-
UjecTBa pa3Mep 6e3pa50T"'1bl, CIlO>K"BW""C" B HSCTO"ll1ee BpeM"? 06ec-
ne4\11BaeT IlV1 pblHOK cnp8BeAIlltfBOe pacnpe,QeIleHL-1e C03A8HHOro 60r8TcTBa?
HY>KHO JlH nO,Q,Q8p>KItfB8Tb MeIlKL-1V1 61t13Hec? COBM8CTHM IlL-1 C ,Q8HHbIM TeMnOM
H<lJIlR'1"" 3KOHOM"4eCK"" pacT? CT"MYIl"PyeT Il" YCTaHOBIleHHbl" pa3Mep
noGo5"" no 5e3pa60T"'1e YBeIl"4eH"e npeAIlO>KeH"" Ha pblHKe TpYAa " >Ke-
naTenbHO IlL-1 OHO? 3TIII L-1 MHOrL-18 ,QPyrL-18 np06IleMbl, CBs:l38HHbI8 C Ol...!eHKOL4
>l<enaT8IlbHOCTL-1 L-1IlL-1 He>K8Jl8TeIlbHOCTL-1 Tex HIlL-1 \IIHbIX 3KOHOML-1Y8CKIt1X HBIle-
HVI VI Ael71cTB!.1L4, nblTa8TCH P8WL-1Tb HOpM8TL-1BH8H 3KOHOML-1Y8CKaH TeOpL-1H.
1013 CK83aHHoro CT8HOBV1TCfI flCHO, HaCKOIlbKO T8CHO CBH38Hbl M8)I{,QY CO-
6o 3KOHOMHyeCK8f1 T80pltfH (OC068HHO HopM8n1BH8H 3KOHOMVl48CK8H T80
P R) rOCYAapcTBeHHa" 3KOHOMH4eCKaR nOIlHTHKS. B caMOM 051l1eM B"Ae
rocYAapcTB8HH8T1 3KOHOMVlY8CK8H nOIl!.1TItfKa MO)\{8T 6blTb onp8A8n8H8 K8K
KOMnIleKc Mep, HanpaBIleHHblX Ha perYIl"-
POBaHV1e nOB8AeHL-1H 3KOHOMV1yeCKV1X 8r8H-
TOB (noTpe6"TeIle" " npO"3BOA"TeIle,,),
Vlnlll nocIleAcTBL-1V1 ,QeHT8IlbHOCTVI 3TltfX areH-
TOB AIl" 3cpcpeKT"BHoro AOCT">KeH"" no-
cTaBneHHblX 3KOHOMIt14eCKL-1X 1\8Il8V1. 3KOHO-
M 4e cK .
n oro pOCT8, HaYYHO-T8XHVlyeCKoro
Porpecca, 60Ilee cnpaBeAIl"Boro pacnpe-
1 U\r1T. no: q:.pIr1AMeH M. MeTO-
AOnOrlr1f1 n031.1TI-1BHOVi 3KOHOMI-1\.jec-
Kolii HaYKIA. THESIS. 1994. Bbln. 4.
C.21.
2 YaliiTXe,lJ, A. v136paHHble pa6o-
Tbl no cpl.1nococpl-1l11. M., 1990. C. 16,
29
inasa 2
AeIleH"" AOXOAOB, nOnHO" 3aH"TOCT" " AP. AIl" AOCT">KeH"H nOCTaBneHHblX
'1ene" roCYASPCTBO "CnOnb3yeT 50raTbl" spceHaIl cpeACTB - aT SAM"H"CT-
paT"BHbIX 3anpeTOB Ha Bbl5poc BpeAHblX Bell1eCTB B aTMoccpepy AO MeTO-
AOB «TOHKOIII H8CTp0I71K\t1» 3KOHOMV1KH nYTeM KP8AV1THO-A8H8>KH0V1 L-1 H8Iloro-
Bo-6fOA>KeTHO" nOIl"T"K" (noAP05Hee 05 3TOM roBOP"TCR B rn. 17).
Pe3YIlbTaT"BHOCTb rocYAspcTBeHHoro ynpaBIleH"" BO MHorOM onpeAen"-
8TCfI KOMn8T8HTHOCTblO rocYAapcTB8HHbiX YL-1HOBHV1KOB, L-1X cnoco6HOCTb
npeAB"AeTb 5n"3K"e " oTAaneHHble pe3YIlbTaTbi npeAnp"H"MSeMblx Ae"-
CTB\t1I11, 8 T8K>K8 }/(8n8T8IlbHOCTb V1Il\t1 He}/(8Il8T8.nbHOCTb HacTyn81Oli.\L-1X no-
CIleACTB"". TaK, Hanp Mep, eCIl" roCYASPCTBO 6YAeT «Ha>K"MaTb Ha ne4aT-
Hbl" CTaHOK» AIlH cp"HaHC"pOBSH"H CO'1"aIlbHbIX paCXOAOB, TO pe3YIlbTaTOM
5YAeT "HCPIl"'1"", KOTOpS" 05eC'1eH"T AeHe>KHble AOXOAbl HaCeIleH"R. Cno-
C06HOCTb np8BHIlbHO nOHsnb CKIl8AbIB81OLl.\YIOCfI 3KOHOMV148CKYIO CL-1TY8L\L-1IO,
Bbl5paTb Hs"50Ilee aAeKBaTHbie Mepbl rOCYAapCTBeHHoro BIl""H"" Ha 3K -
HOML-148CK\f18 npOL\8CCbl, npOC4\t1T8Tb nocIleACTB\t1f1 np\llHHM88MbiX peWeH\t1\t1,
M8KCL-1ML-13L-1pOB8Tb BbJroAbl It! MV1H\IIMV13V1pOB8Tb B03MO}/(HbJ8 V13A8P)\{K\II H8-
npHMYIO 3aBL-1C\IIT OT TOro, HaCKo.nbKO npaB\IIIlbHO L-1 nOIlHO npL-1 npOB8A8HLt1V1
roCYAapCTB8HHOCi 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOtil nOJlIIITL-1KL-1 ItICnOJlb3YIOTCs:I AOCH1}/(8HL-1s:1 no-
3\.1TlttBHOtil L-1 HOpM8TItIBHOlil 3KOHOMVlY8CKOtil T80pLt1L-1. «3H8.n 6bl, rA8 yn8Il -
COIlOMKIll nOAJlO>Klt1n!» - rn8cV1T H8pO,QH8f1 nocnOB\t1L\8. 3KOHOMV148CK8s:1 H8-
YKa nOAKnaAblBaeT SMOPT"3"PYfOll1YfO «COIlOMKY» B cpop e HaY4HO 050CHO-
B8HHbiX np8ABV1,Q8Hlttlll npV1 npoee,Q8HV1\t1 3KOHOMlttY8CK0\t1 nOIlV1TIIIKL-1 TOIlbKO
T8M, KTO 683lttPY8T CBOIO A8HT8IlbHOCTb H8 rny60K\.1X 3H8HLt1f1X OCHOBHblX
np"H'1"nOB 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"".
OCHOBHblM\II CPYHKLl.HflMH 3KOHOM\IIY8CKOVI T80p\llV1 flBIlHIOTCH: n03HaBa-
Tel1bHafl, n03BOIlfllOLl.\8H p8CWL-1pHTb H8WL-1 n03H8H\t1H B 06Il8CTL-1 CJlO)\{HblX
3KOHOMJ.148CKJ.1X npOL\8CCOB B nOCTOflHHO M8HfllOli.\eMCs:I M\IIpe; MeTOA0110rLit-
4eCKaR, AafOl11 a " TeOpeT"4eCKYfO OCHOBY AIl" "CCIleAOBaH"" B np"KIlaAHblx
3KOHOMJ.1Y8CKV1X H8YK8X; npaKTIt1'"tecKafl, n03BoIlSlIOUJ,8s:1 cAen8Tb np8BL-1Ilb-
Hbl" Bbl50p np" npoBeAeH"" roCYAapcTBeHHo nOIl"T"K"; nporHocTH4ec-
Ka", AeIlafOll1 a " B03MO>KHbIM npeAB"AeH"e B 06naCT" KpaTKOCP04Horo "
AOIlrOCpOYHOrO 3KOHOMJ.1Y8CKOro P83BlttTL-1H.
2.
MeTOA 3KOHOMI'I'IeCKOH TeOp1'l1'l
GIlOBO «M8TOA» (aT rp8Y8CKOro methodos - <mYTb K K8KOIII-
IlL-160 l!8IlV1») 03HayaeT cnoco6bl n03H8HVlH, V1HCTPYM8HTbl, cOBoKynHocTb
npJ.18MOB L-1ccn8AOB8HL-1H flBneHL-1t11 np\llpO,Qbl L-1 06li.\8CTB8HHOVl >KL-13H\I1. K8}/(-
AaH H8YK8 IttM88T CBOIII M8TOA, oco6eHHOCTL-1 KOTOpOro Hep83pbIBHO CBH38Hbi
C ee npeAMeToM. MeToA HaYK" np"3BaH 06eCne4"Tb Bce 60Ilee rny60Koe
nOCTL-1}/(eHlt1e npeAM8T8, OH C8M pO}/(,Q8eTcfI V1 COB8pweHcTByeTcH B XOA8
nOIlY4eHV1f1 HOBblX 3H8HV1I1t, B 1t13B8CTHO!ll CTeneHL-1 npeAMeT C8M cpOpM\IIPY8T
30
npeOMem U Memoo 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
MeTOA ", Ha050poT, "CnOIlb3yeMbl" MeTOA "CCIleAOBaH"" n03BOIl"eT Bce
50Ilee 4eTKO onpeAeIl"Tb rpSH"'1bl " cOAep>KaH"e caMoro npeAMeTa.
HaY4Ha" pa3pa50TKa MeTOAa 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"" BOCXOA"T K TPY-
AaM ApeBHerpe4eCKoro Y4eHoro Ap"CTOTeIl" (384-322 rr. AO Hawe" 3pbl).
OH BnepBble CCPOPMYIl"pOBaIl OCHOBHble np"H'1"nbl n03HaH"" 3KOHOM"4eC-
KO" " APyr"x cpOpM 051l1eCTBeHHo" >K"3H" C nOMOll1bfO HaYK" a 3SKOHax
cj>opMax MbIWIleH"" - IlOr"K". Pa3pa50TaHHbie Ap"CTOTeIleM np"eMbl no-
3HSH"H, TaK"e KaK aHaIl"3, C"HTe3, "HAYK'1"", AeAYK'1"", aHaIlOr"" APY-
r"e W"POKO "CnOIlb3YfOTCR AO C"X nop np" aHaIl"3e 3KOHOM"4eCK"X HBIle-
H"" " npO'1eC oB. KOHe4HO >Ke, B XOAe pa3B"T"" " YCIlO>KHeH"" npeAMeTa
3KOHOM1148CK0L-1 TeOpL-1L-1 COB8pW8HcTBoBaIlHcb nplt1eMbl Itt MeTO,Qbl 8ra n03H8-
H R, cnoc05bl npOBepK" "CT"HHOCT" nOIlY4aeMbix B XOAe HaY4Horo aHaIl"-
3S pe3YIlbTsTOB. CIleAyeT pa3Il"4aTb MeTOA 3KOHOM"4eCKO" HaYK" B W"PO-
!COM CMbICJ18 CIlOB8, K8K cOBoKynHocTb IttHCTPYM8HTOB, nplll8MOB HCCIl8AOBa-
HHR " MeTOA KaK C"HOH"M np"eMa HaY4Horo aHaIl"3a, cnoc05a 05pa50TK"
ASHHblX (MaTeMaT"4eCK"" MeToA.' Hanp"Mep), cpOpMbl AeMOHCTpa'1"" pe-
3ynbTsToB aHaIl"3a (rpacp"4eCK " MeTOA). B AaIlbHe"weM "3IlO>KeH"" Ma-
Tep"SIlOB HaCTO"l11ero naparpacpa CIlOBO «MeTOA» 5YAeT "CnOIlb30BaTbC"
BO BTOpOM, Y3KOM era 3H8yeH\.1L-1.
3KOHOMIt1Y8CK8H TeOpL-1H Bblpa60TaIla AOCT8T04HO 60IlbW08 KOIlltt48CTBO
np eMOB nO"CKa HOBOro 3HaH"", OTpa>KafOll1"X cne'1"cp"KY ee npeAMeTa.
AeVlCTBHT8J1bHO, 3KOHOMV1Y8CKHe acn8KTbi 48IlOB8Y8CK0l71 A8HTeIlbHocni H8
MaryT nOABepraTbC" aHaIl"3Y C nOMOll1bfO, Hanp"Mep, X"M"4eCK"X peaK'1"",
conpOTHBIleHIt1f1 Ha pa3pblB !.1IlIo1 68IlIlHCTHY8CKIt1X nap8MeTpOB, K8K 3TO Ae-
J1aeTCH B T8XHL-14eCKJ.1X !.1 8CTeCTB8HHblX H8YK8X. 3KOHOML-1Y8CKaH TeopVlH -
HaYK8 rYM8HIt1T8PH8H, o5w,eCTBeHH8H, YTO CY>Ka8T B03MO}/(HOCTL-1 3KCn8pL-1-
Mel'ITVlpOB8H\.1H B XO,Q8 V13Y4eHIt1f1 3KOHOMHY8CK0l71 >KL-13HL-1.
3KOHOMIt1Y8CK8H HaYKa It1cnOIlb3Y8T p83Ho06p83Hbl8 npH8Mbt n03H8HL-1H
OkPY>K81Oli.\8V1 A8C1CTBL-1T8IlbHOCTL-1, B8>KHeVlWHML-1 L-13 KOTOpblX flBJlfllOTCH aHa-
nM3, CMHTe3, HH,qYKLl.H , Ae,qYKLl.It1H, aHa110rHfI.
H AHanU3 - 3TO T8KOVI M8TO,Q n03H8HIt1H, KOTOpblVl npe,QnOIl8r8eT p83,Q8Ile-
....:e l.\ Ulora H8 OTAeIlbHbl8 COCT8BHbl8 yaCTL-1 14 H3YY8HL-1e K8>K,Q0L4 L-13 3TL-1X
CTe . np"MepOM MO>KeT CIlY>K"Tb "3Y4eH"e 3aKOHOMepHOCTe" CPOPM"PO-
BaH R pblH04Horo cnpoca nYTeM "CCIleAOBaH"" pa3Il"4Hb1X on p e A eIl"fO"'"X
era "'SK
C TOpOB - '1eH, AOXOAOB nOTpe6"TeIle", "X npeAn04TeH"" " AP.
H '" UHme3 - 3TO MeTOA n03HaHIt1H, OCHOB8HHblVl H8 C08,Q\.1H8HIt1L-1 OTA8Ilb-
T I: 4aCT81i1 H IleHL-1H, 1t13YY8HHbiX B npOl!eCC8 8H8IlL-138, B eAL-1H08 u,eIloe.
np'l PblHOYHbl1t1 cnpoc L-1 ero ,QIt1H8MIt1K8 MorYT 6blTb npaBIt1J1bHO nOHHTbl IlL-1Wb
e r III era paCCMOTpeHVlL-1 KaK e,QL-1HCTB8 BXOAHLl.\\.1X B Hero !.1 onpeA8IlfllOLl.\L-1X
o KOMnOH8 -
CTYn HTOB - '1eH, AOXOAOB nOTpe6"TeIle" " AP. AHaIl"3 " C"HTe3 Bbl-
fOT K8K ABe B381t1MOCBH38HHbiX CTOpOHbl npou,8CC8 n03H8HL-1H.
4a c HOYKL<U" - MeTOA n03HaH"", 5a3"PYfOll1""C" Ha YM03aKIlf04eH""X aT
THoro K 5 H
o Ll.\eMY. 8npL-1Mep, none3HOCTb AIlH KOHKpemH020 nompe6u-
31
inasa 2
menfl K8}KAOro nOCIleAYIOLl.\erO 3K3eMnm p8 npv106peTaeMoro M 8H8IlOr\.1Y-
HOro 6J18ra YM8Hbwa8TCH. OTCfOA8 MO}KHO np\.1AT\.1 K BblBOAY 0 TOM, YTO see
nompe6umenu AaHHoro TOBapa roTOBbl 6YAYT npOAOIl>KaTb nOKynaTb 3TOT
TOBap TOJ1bKO npV1 YCIlOBV1V1 CHVI}K8H\.1H. l!eH H8 Hero.
,ljeOYKL<UR (B np"MeHeH"" KOTOPO", KaK "3BeCTHO, 5blIl C"IleH WepIlOK
XOIlMC) _ MeTOA n03HSH"", npeAnOIlarafOll1"" YM03aKIlf04eH"R aT 051l1ero ,
4acTHOMY. Hanp"Mep, 051l1ee 3aKnf04eH"e: BoeHHble "MefOT OTIl"4HYfO
ocaHKY. YB"AeB Ha YIl"'1e 4eIlOBeKa Aa>Ke B rpa>KAaHCKO" oAe>KA e , Bbl MO-
>K8T8 no ero npeKp8cHOVl Bblnp8sKe 38KJ1104\.1Tb, YTO OH HMeeT OTHOW8HL-1e K
apM ". KCTaT", "MeHHO TaK WepIlOK XOIlMC yraAaIl 5blBWYfO npocpeCC"fO
AOKTopa BSTCOHa, BoeHHoro Bpa4a. " -
AHanoaUfi _ MeTOA n03H8HV1H, np8An0J18ralO \I1\11 n8peHOC caO\.1CTB C \113-
BecTHoro RBIleH"" "n" npO'1eCCS HS He"3BeCTHble. np" 3TOM MoryT "CnOIlb-
30B8TbCH AOCTL-1>K8HVlH. B pa3J1\.1l.JHbiX 06Il8cn:;x 3HaH\I1 . TaK, WL-1pOKO npV1Me-
H eTCR cpaBHeH"e AeHe>KHOrO 05pall1eH"" C KpOB006p s ll1 eH "eM B 4eIlOBe-
Y8CKOM OpraHL-13M8. PaBHOB8C\I1e Ha pblHK8 YCIlOBHO 8H8IlOr\.1YHO paBHOB8-
C\.11O B cpH3V1yeCKOM ero nOHl1M8HL-1L-1.
3KOHOMIt14eCK8H. A8H.TeIlbHOCTb IlIOAeC1 CIlO>KHa VI MHOroo6p83H8 L-1 \.130-
5"IlyeT npOT"BOpe4""M". CYll1eCTByeT MHO>KeCTBO pa3HbiX OTpaCIle" npO"3-
BOACTBS, Me>KAY KOTOPbIM" HS onpeAeIleHHblX np"H'1"nSX npO"CXOA"T pac-
npeAeIleH"e HaXOA ll1HXC" B OrpaH"4eHHOM KOIl"4eCTBe pecypCOB. Ka>KAa
OTp8CIlb COCTOV1T 143 AecsHKOB It1Il\.1 TblCHY KPynHblx VI MeJ1KVlX npOVl3BoAVlTe-
IleC1, CBH.38HHbIX APyr C APyroM T8xHoIlorV148cKVI, opraH V13a ll.\.10HHO L-1IlV1 C
nOMolll,blO cpV1H8HCOBbIX VlHTep8coB. K8)I{.Qbll71 Vl3 BXOAfHl..\V1X B OTpaCJ1b npo-
"3BOA"TeIle" npecIleAyeT CBO" C06cTBeHHbie "HTepeCbl, KOHKYP"PY" C APY-
rV1Ml1 np0V13BOAVlT8J1HML-1. ML-1IlJ1V10Hbl nOTp86\.1TeneC1 38V1HTepecOB8Hbl B npL-1-
06P8T8HV1L-1 BbiCOKOK84ecTBeHHbix TOBapos no HV13KV1M l..\eH8M, a np0\.13BOAL-1-
T8IlVl 38V1HTepecoB8Hbl B npOH1BOnOIlO}KHOM. M8HHIOTCH BKYCbl, npeAnOYT8-
H"", np"CTpSCT"", A"KTyeT CBO" Tpe60BaH"" "3MeH4"Ba" MOAa. Ae TeIlb-
HOCTb npaBHT8J1bCTB8 BHOC\.1T Vl3M8H8HV1H B ypOB8Hb AOXOAoB HaC8Il8HL-1H. V1
YCIlOB"R oCYll1eCTBIleH"R npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbCKO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT". nIlOX"e
norOAHbl8 YCf10B\.1H MOryT nOBJ1\.1HTb H8 pa3Mepbl npOH3BOACTBa B C8IlbCKOM
X03""cTBe "3MeH"Tb CIlO>K"BWYfOC" CTPYKTYPY nOTpe6"TeIlbCK"X pacxOAoB,
nOBIl""Tb a cnpoc Ha OTAeIlbHble B"Abl npoAYK'1"". HepaBHOMepHb'" 3KOHO-
MVlyecK1t1171 pOCT M8HH.eT ypOB8Hb 3aHHTOCTIt1, YTO, B CBOIO 04epeAb, H8L-136e>KHO
BJ1HHeT H8 KOIl868HV1H cnpoC8, H8Y4HO-TeXHV148CK\I1171 nporp8cc M8HH.eT CTPYK-
TYPY npO"3BOACTBa, BIl""eT Ha 3aH"TOCTb " cnpoc Ha pecypcbl " KOHe4HYfO
npoAY K '1"fO. Cn"COK cocTaBn fOll1"X X03""CTBeHHO" >K"3H" MO>KHO npOAon-
)\{8Tb nOYTH ,0.0 6ecKOHeYHOCTVI. npL-1 3TOM Bce H83BaHHbl8 11 H8H83B8HHbie
3IleM8HTbi VI 06CTOH.T8IlbCTS8 3KOHOMV14eCK0C1 A8H.TeIlbHOCTV1 H8XOAHTCH B
TeCHO" CBR3" APyr C APyroM " "CnbITbIBSfOT BIl""H"e APyr APyra.
AIlR TOro, 4T05bl He 3anYTaTbCR B M"p"SAaX cpaKTOB, He YTOHYTb B "X
MHoro06pa3 V1 L-1 npOTVlBOp8YV1BOCTV1 3KOHOMH4eCKaH. HaYK8, >K8Il81OW,8H. no-
32
npeOMem U Memoo 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
H"Tb CYll1HOCTb "BIleH"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" >K"3H" " CCPOPMYIl"pOBaTb np"4"H-
HO_CIleACTBeHHble CBR3" Me>KAY H"M", W"POKO "CnOIlb3yeT MeTOA HaY4Hoii
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" OTBIle4eH"" (a5CTpar"pOBaH"") OT HeCYll1eCTBeHHoro, CIlY4a"Horo, Bpe-
MeHHOro, HenocTO HHoro. YpOBeHb a5CTpar"pOBaH"" MO>KeT 5blTb pa3Il"4-
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MYIl"pOBaTb HaY4Hbie KaTerop"", KOTOPbIM" onep"PyeT 3KOHOM"4eCKa Ha-
YKa. 3T" KaTerop"" Bblpa>KafOT CYll1HOCTb OTAeIlbHblX CTOpOH "CCIleAyeMblx
05beKTOB. TaK, HSnp"Mep, "MefOl11a" W"pOKOe np"MeHeH"e KaTerop"" «Be-
Il"4HHa cnpoca», OTpa>KafOll1a" 3aB"C"MOCTb Me>KAY KOIl"4eCTBOM TOBapa,
KOTOpoe roTOBbl Kyn"Tb nOTpe5"TeIl", " '1eHO" ero eA"H"'1bl, npeAnOIlaraeT
a5CTpar"pOBaH"e aT MHor"X napaMeTpOB, xspaKTep"3YfOll1"X nOBeAeH"e
nOTpe5"TeIle" Ha pblHKe, - "3MeHeH"" B "X AOXOAax, BKycax, npeAn04Te-
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J1S1IOT co6oVl K8KL-1e-IlL-160 H8TypaIlbHbl8 Ir1IlH A8H8>KHb18 BeIlV14It1Hbl, J.1M81OLl.\H8
KOIl"4eCTBeHHYfO O'1eHKY, Hanp"Mep, 06beM npO"3BOACTBa, 3apa50THaR
nIlaTa, "3Aep>KK", '1eHbl " T. A. HeKoTopble nepeMeHHble B MOAeIl" MorYT
5blTb npeAcTaBIleHbl B Ka4eCTBe 3aAaHHbix (OH" Ha3b1BafOTC" napsMeTpa-
MH). napaMeTpbl MorYT onpeAeIl"TbC" KaK BHeWH"M" (3K30eeHHbIMU) , TaK "
BHYTpeHHHM" (3H002eHHbIMu) np"4"HaM". TaK, pa3Mep "3Aep>KeK Ha npo-
AYK'1"fO CP"P bl MO>KeT 3aB"CeTb OT BeIl"4"Hbl HaIl ora Ha np"6bIIlb, YCTa-
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aanp"Mep, r"nOTe3a 3cpcpeKT"BHoro pblHKa, YTBep>KAafOl11aR, 4TO '1eHbl aK-
H" Ha CPOHAOBO" 6"p>Ke Y4"TbIBafOT " OTpa>KafOT BCfO "MefOl11YfOC" ny5Il"4-
Ho AocTynHYfO "HcpopMa'1"fO. II1CT"HHOCTb "Il" IlO>KHOCTb BbIAB"HYTO" r"no-
Te3bl npOBepH8TCH nYT8M conOCT8BIl8HHH 8e C p88IlbHblMH cP8KTaML-1 3KOHO-
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C'TBHH 3TL-1M cP8KT8M. Cnoc06 npoB8pKV1 rL-1nOT83bl H8 HCTII\HHOCTb H83b1S88T-
33
3 Kvn.. " nU""L<u"f'"ni, T"n"""
inasa 2
c" BepH<pHKa'1He". Cnoc05 npOBepK" r"nOTe3bl HS IlO>KHOCTb Ha3blBaeTCA
<paIlbCH<pHKS'1Heii. CYMMa npOBepeHHblX (Bep"cp"'1"pOBaHHbIX) r"nOTe3
05pa3yeT TeopHIO, T. 8. cOBOKynHocTb 05beA"HeHHbIX OAH"M 061l1"M np"H-
'1"nOM HaY4HbiX nOIlO>K8H"", CIlY>Kall1"X 06b"CHeH"eM PRAY cpaKTOB 3KOH -
MV1Y8CKOH AeHcTBV1TeIlbHoCTV1. HaM np8ACT0L-1T L-13YYV1Tb MHO>K8CTBO T80pL-1L-1,
\.1CnOIlb3Y8MblX 3KOHOMIt148CKO H8YKOVI - T80pV11O nOT e6l11TeIlbcKoro Bb160-
pa, TeOp"" CP"PMbl, TeOp"fO pS'1"OHaIlbHb:x O>K"AaH"" " AP.
npL-1 8H8Jllll38 HBIl8HV1H 3KOHOMV1Y8CK0L-1 >K\.13HV1 MO>K8T CJlO>KL-1TbCH nono-
>KeH"e, np" KOTOpOM AocTaT04Ho AOcToBepHoe 6b"CHeH"e cpaKTaM ASfOT He-
CKOIlbKO pa3HbiX no CTeneH" CIlO>KHOCT" TeOp"". B 3TOM cnY4ae npeAn04Te-
HH8 06blYHO oT,o,a8TcH Ha\.160flee npocToM T80pL-1V1 B COOTB8TCTBV1L-1 C npV1Hl!V1-
nOM «6pumsbl OKKaMa», Ha3BaHHoM TaK no \.1MeH\I1 aHrIl\l1V1CKOro Q:JV1Jlococpa
YHIlbH.M8 OKK8M8, np8,o,flO>KL-1Bw8ro ew,8 B 48TblpHaAlJ,aTOM BeK8 «C6pIt1B8Tb)}
YCIlO>KH" fO ll1"e TeOp"fO nOAP06HOCT", He "BIl"fOll1"eC" a6 OIlfOTHO He06xo-
A"MbIM" AIl" 06b"CHeH"" Ha5IlfOAaeMbix cpaKT_oB " CB"3e" Me>KAY H"_M".
B xOAe C03AaH"" 3KOHOM"4eCK"X MOAeIleH " pa3pa60TK" T80P"" 3KO-
HOMHY8CKaH HaYK8 n03H8eT A8I71cTBYIOw,L-1e 3KOHOMHl.JeCKHe 3aKoHbl, -
06b8KTIt1BHO CYW,8CTBYIOW,L-18 YCTOVlYIt1Bbl8 npw..IL-1HHO-CIleACTB8HHble CBH.3V1
M8>KAY HBIl8HIt1HMH 3KOHOMV1Y8CKOM >KL-13HIr1. 3aKoH cnpoca, Hanplt1M8p, nOKa-
3blBaeT 05paTHYfO 3aB"C"MOCTb M8>KAY '18HO" 50IlbW"HCTBa TOBSpOB (ecTb
" "CKIlf04eH"R, nOAP06Hee a KOTOpblX - B rn. 5) " o beMOM nOKynaTeIlbcKo-
ro cnpoca Ha H"X. Ba>KHO nOA4epKHYTb 05beKT"BHbl" xapaKTep 3KOHOM"4eC-
KL-1X 3aKOHOB _ OH\.1 CY 8CTBYIOT VI ,o,8V1CTBYIOT H83aBVlC\f1MO OT BOIl\f1, C03Ha-
HL-1H VlIl\.1 >KeIlaH\f1H oTAeflbHblx fllO,o,elil, 06b8AIIIH8HL-1V1 fllOAelil It1IlIt1 roCy,o,8p-
CTBa. 3TL-1 3aKOHbi MorYT 6blTb n03H8Hbi 3KOHOMV1Y8CKO HaYKoVl, HO OHIII He
MorYT 6blTb C03,o,aHbi 810. BblH.BIl8HV18 3KOHOMVl48CKV1X 3aKOHOB HBIlHeTCH
Ba>KH8V1WeVl cpYH K l!\I181i1 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOIit HaYKL-1 \11 \.1M88T orpOMH08 npaKT\.1Y8C-
K08 3Ha4eHL-18, nOCKOflbKY fl\l1Wb Ha OCHOB8 aHaflL-13a 3TL-1X 38KOHOB MO)\{HO
CPOpM"pOBaTb 3cpcpeKT"BHYfO 3KOHOM"4eCKY nOIl"T"KY. _
np" nOCTpOeH"" 3KOHOM"4eCK"X MOAeIle", Bblpa60TKe TeOp"", Bbl"BIle-
HIIIIII 3KOHOMV148CKL-1X 3aKOHOB 3KOHOMIr148CK8H HaYK8 WlllpOKO HcnOIlb3Y8T
MeTOA <PYHKL\HOHSIlbHoro aHSIlH3a, OTpS>KSfOll1"" np"H'1"n B3a"MHO" 3S-
BIIIC\f1MOCTH 3KOHOML-1Y8CKIIIX HBfl8HIt1V1. <S>YHKL-'HeH Ha3bIB88TCH. n8peM8HHaH
BeIl"4"Ha, 3aB"C"ll1a" aT APyr"x nepeMeHHblX BeIl"4"H. TaK"M 05pa30M,
CPYHK'1"" BblCTynaeT KaK 3SB"C"Ma" nepeMeHHaR OT apryMeHTa - He3aB"-
C"MO" nepeMeHHO". HSnp"Mep, CPYHK'1"" cnpoca onpeA8Il"8T cnpoc 3a-
B"C"MOCT" aT BIl""fOll1"X Ha Hero cpaKTopOB (aprYMeHTOB) - O>K"AaH"" no-
Tp86"TeIle", YPOBH" "X AOXOAOB, npeAn04TeH"" " B'YCOB, '1eH TOBapOB-3a-
MeH"TeIle" " AP. B 3KOHOM"48CKO" TeOp"" 4all1e Bcero onpeAeIl"8TC" <j:>YH-
KlJ,V10HaIlbHas:l 38BVlC\IIMOCTb Me>KAY ABYMH. KaT8rop\llHMIt1, np\f1 3TOM OCTaJlb-
Hble aprYMeHTbl npeAnOIlarafOTC" He"3MeHHbIM". 3TO npO"CXOA"T nOTOMY,
4TO OAHOBpeMeHHbl" aHaIl"3 B03Ae"CTB"" Ha CPYHK'1"fO Bcex "Il" 60IlbW"H-
CTea 8pryMeHTOB HaCTOJlbKO YCI10>KHIIIIl 6bl C8M npOl\ecc n03H8H\.1s:1, YTO OH
34
npeOMem U MemOa 3KOHOMUyeCKDU meopuu
CTaIl 6bl npaKn148CKH HeB03MO)\{HbIM. nplllM8pOM BblW8CKa3aHHoro MO>K8T
CIlym"Tb Bbl"BIleH"e BIl""H"" Ha cnpoc (cpYHK'1"R) ypOBH" '18Hbl Ha AaHHbl"
TOBSP (aprYMeHT). Bce OCTSIlbHble, KpOMe '1eHbl, aprYMeHTbl C4"TafOTC" He-
\f13M8HH.8MbIML-1. B A8HHOM cIlyya8 MO>KHO CKa38Tb KOpOTKO - cnpoc eCTb
CPYH K '1"" '1eHbl. OAHaKO 4SCTO CPYHK'1H" " aprYMeHT MorYT M8H"TbC" M8C-
TaM". 3aB"C"MO" nepeMeHHO" MO>KeT CTaTb '1eHa - BeAb np" np04"X PSB-
HblX YCflOBL-1HX OHa TeM BbIW8, Y8M 60IlbW8 cnpoc Ha ,o,aHHblVl TOB8p. B 3TOM
CIlY4se '1eHa eCTb CPYHK'1"" cnpoca.
4>YHKl\L-10HaIlbHble 3aBIIIC!.1MOCn1 OyeHb HarIlH,D,HO npOHBIlHIOTCH npH V1C-
nOIlb30BaH"" rpa<pH4eCKHX nOCTpoeHHii B paMKax 3KOHOMeTp"4eCKOro MO-
AeIl"pOBaH"" 3KOHOM"4eC'"X npO'1eCCOB. 3KOHOMerp"Ka - HaYKa 05 3KO-
HOMH4ecKHx V13Mep8HIIIHX, P83YIlbT8TaML-1 3TOVI HaYKL-1 WL-1pOKO nOIlb3Y8TCs:I
3KOHOMHl.J8CKaH T80pHs:I. IIIcnoflb30BaHH8 rpacp\.1KOB n03BOIlH8T np8,o,CT8SV1Tb
cpYHKlJ,HOHaJ1bHbI8 CBH3V1, KaK B CTaT\.1K8, TaK \.1 B ,D,V1HaML-1K8, onp8A8flHeMoill
1t13M8H8H\I18M pa3IlL-1YHbIX nOK838T8fl8V1. rpacpH48CK\.1L4 M8TOA, L-1CnOIlb3Y8MbIL4
3KOHOMV1CTaMH, L-1M88T O,D,HY L-1HT8P8CHYIO oc06eHHocTb - 3A8Cb H83aB!.1C\.1-
MaR nepeMeHHa" (aprYMeHT) 06bl4HO OTKIlaAbIBaeTC" Ha OC" OPA"HaT, a
3aB"C"MS" (CPYHK'1"") - Ha OC" a6c'1"cc, 4TO CB"3aHO co CnO>K"BW"M"C" B
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BblW8 H80,D,HOKp8THO BCTp8yaIlOCb Bblpa>K8H!.18 «npH npO'"lHX paSHblX
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nOIlb3yeMblVl B 3KOHOMlilyeCKL-1X L-1CCIl8AOB8HL-1HX AIlH BblflCH8HII1f1 cpYHKl!IIIO-
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eCIl" Mbl XOT"M npOCIleA"Tb B03Ae"CTB"e ypOBH" '1eHbl Ha cnpoc, HaM np"-
,QeTCH np8,QnOIlO>KL-1Tb, 4TO Bce OCTaIlbHbl8 aprYM8HTbl, BIlV1HIOLl.\He H8 cnpoc,
KpOM8 l\eHbJ, H8L-13MeHHbl. B npon1BHOM cIlyya8 HaM He TOIlbKO He YAacTcs:I
05HapY>K"Tb oAHoBpeMeHHoe BIl""H"e Bcex onpeAeIl"fOll1"X cnpoc cpSKTO-
pOB Ha ero pa3M8pbl (no np"4"HaM, "3IlO>K8HHbIM B npeAblAYll1eM a53a'1e),
HO H BblAeIlHTb B03Ae"CTB"e c06CTBeHHO '1eHoBoro cpaKTopa Ha cnpoc. Ha
npaKTHKe OY8Hb TPYAHO 068Cnel.JL-1Tb «YV1CTOTY 3KCn8pL-1M8HTa», nOCKOIlbKY
«np041118 paSHble YCIlOBHH» H8XOAHTCfI B COCTOs:lH\I1J.1 nOCToHHHOro ABV1}K8HHH,
- MeH"fOTC" BKYCbl, npeAn04TeH"", MOAa, O>K"AaH"" nOTpe6"TeIle". B pe-
3ynbTaT8 TOYHOCTb BblBOAOB 3KOHOMII1l.J8CK0L4 HaYKH YCTyna8T CTpOroCT\t1 P8-
3YIlbTaToB TaK"X HaYK, B KOTOpblX MO>KHO 06eCne4"Tb Ila60paTopHYfO 4"CTO-
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npH BbIHBIleHL-1L-1 npL-1YHHHO-CIl8ACTB8HHbIX CBH3ealt Me>KAY 3KOHOML-1yeC-
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MeHee npo,o,OIl>KIIIT8IlbHbIVl) M8}1(AY npIl1Y!.1HOL4 H CJleACTBL-18M nOBbIW8HL-18
eHbl, H8npL-1M8p, MO>K8T n04n1 MrHOB8HHO npV1BeCTII1 K COKP llI8HII1IO eeIlV1-
4"Hbl cnpoca, a nocTynIleH"e B 06pa1l18H"e H805ecne4eHHO" TOBapHO"
Macco" C -
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CKon bKO
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3'
35
Inasa 2
>Ke APYroro, TO "MeHHO OHO "Bn"eTC" ero np"4"HO"? BOBce HeT. nOA05HO
TOMY, KaK 3BOHOK 5YA"nbH"Ka He "BIl"eTC" np"4"HO" HacTynIleH"" YTpa,
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He HaXOA\.1TbC51 B npW"IItIHHO-CIleACTB8HHOIit CB513V1. T8K, 8CIlItI nOCIle nOBblW8-
H"R '1eH Ha KO>KaHble KYPTK", Hanp"Mep, B03POCIl" 05beMbi "X npOAS>K, TO
HenpSB"IlbHbIM 6YAeT BblBOA 0 TOM, 4TO pOCT '1eH "B"IlC" np"4"HO" YBeIl"-
4eH"R cnpoca. TaKO" np"4"HO" MorYT 5blTb COBceM "Hble 05CTO"TeIlbCTBa,
CKa>K8M, Kanp"3bl MOAbl, cAeIlSBW"e KO>KaHble KYPTK" TOBapOM nOBblweH-
HOro cnpoca. Bbl51BIl8H\.1e np\.14L-1HHo-c.neACTBeHHbIX CB513ellt B 3KOHOMItIKe, T8-
K"M 05pa30M, RBnReTC" BecbMS HenpOCTO" 3aAa48".
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oTAeIlbHblx 3IleMeHTOB KaKoro-IlH60 HBIleHItIH, TaK It1 AIlH Bcero 51BIleHl1H B
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>KeH"" AIl" 4aCT" " '1eIloro cOBnaAafOT. II1cnoIlb3YR npeAbIAYll1"" np"Mep,
MO>KHO cAeIlaTb BblBOA 0 TOM, l.JTO HOBblL4 npm13BOAItITeilb KO>KaHbIX KYPTOK,
peWVlBWHIltC51 3aHHTbCH \.1X Vl3roToBIleHIo1eM no npltl41t1He BblCOKOIil AOXOAHOC-
T" 3TOro B"Aa Ae"TeIlbHocm, nOIlYY"T np"6bIIlb. Ho AIl" cOBoKynHOCT" CP"PM
3TO" OTpaCIl" nO"BIleH"e HOBblX npO"3BOA"TeIle 5YAeT 03Ha4aTb pOCT npeA-
IlO>KeH"" OTpaCIl" ", np" np04"X pSBHblX YCIlOB""X, CH">KeH"e '1eH " YMeHb-
WeH"e pa3MepOB np"5bIIl", a, B03MO>KHO, " nO"BIl8H"8 y6bITKOB.
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cIleAYfOTC" C np"MeH8H"eM MeTOAS npeAeIlbHoro aHaI1H3a. np8AeIlbHa"
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np8,QeIlbH8H nOIl83HOCTb BblcTynaeT K8K AonOIlHVlT8IlbHaH nOIle3HOCTb, no-
IlY48eM871 nOTp86\.1TeIleM OT VlcnOIlb30B8HL-1H AOnOIlHItITeIlbHOVl eAIIIHL-1L\bl
npOAYKTa; npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA - AOnOIlH"TeIlbHbl" AOXOA, nOIlY4aeMbl"
CP"PMO" aT npOAa>K" AOnOIlH"T8IlbHO" eA"H"'1bl TOBapa; npeAeIlbHble "3-
Aep>KK" - AOnOIlH"TeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" no npO"3BOACTBY AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO"
eA"H"'1bl npoAYK'1"" " T. A. Ba>KHe"W"M np"H'1"nOM 3KOHOM"4ecKoro aHa-
Illi13a HBJl718TCfI conOCTaBIleHH8 npeAeIlbHblX BblroA V1 npeAeIlbHblX 38Tp8T
npH 0L\8HKe COCTO HH71 It1 n8pcn8KTHB A871T8IlbHOCT\II 3KOHOML-148CKL-1X 8reH-
TOB. 51cHo, 4TO nOCIleAH"e 5YAYT npOAOn>KaTb CBOfO Ae"TeIlbHOCTb, Ka, npa-
B"IlO, TorAa, KorAa npeAeIlbHble BbllOAbl OT Hee 5YAYT 50Ilbwe, 4eM npe-
AeIlbHble 38TP8Tbl, CBH3aHHbie C H81O. CTHMYIlbl K npOAOIl>KeHV11O 3KOHOMVI-
48CK0ll1 aKTHBHOCH1 A8HHOro pOAa IIIC48381OT, K8K TOIlbKO npeAenbHbl8 38T-
paTbl OK83bIBaIOTC71 BblW8 npeA8IlbHbiX BblroA.
M8TOA «npeA8IlbHblX Bblro,Q _ npeAeIlbHblX 3aTp8T», K8K nOIlaralOT CTO-
pOHHHKl1 «3KOHOMH48CKoro l1MnepItl8IlItl3Ma», n03BOIlH8T 8H8Illll31t1pOBaTb He
TOIlbKO 3KOHOMIII48CK08 nOB8AeHJ.1e. npeAnOIlO>KVlM, 4TO Bbl xonn8 6pOCL-1Tb
KaMeHb B 4Y>K0" oropoA. KaK pa'1"OHSIlbHO MbICIl"ll1"" cy5beKT, 8bl, KOH84-
HO >Ke, conOCTaBl1T8 BawVl np8A8IlbHbl8 BblroAbl, CK8>K8M, YAOBOIlbCTBVl8 OT
H86IllOAeHIo1H 3a nOIl8TOM 101 npVl3eMIl8HVleM K8MHH, It! np8A8IlbHbl8 38Tp8Tbl,
36
npeoMem u Memoo 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
Hanp"Mep, He06xOA"MOCTb 05b"CH"TbC" C coceAOM "Il" nOABepraTbc" C
era CTOpOHbl P"CKY CYAe6Horo npeCIleAOBaH"". Bawe peweHHe 5YAeT 3a-
BIt1CeTb OT TOro, H8CKOIlbKO npaBItIIlbHO Bbl 0U,8H!.1T8 COOTHOW8Hltle 3TL-1X ABYX
npeA8IlbHbiX B8IlIt14V1H.
B CIlY4SRX, KorAa peWeH"" OAHoro 3KOHOM"4ecKoro areHTa OKa3blBafOT
BIl"RHHe a peWeHH" APyr"X, 3KOHOM"4eCKaR HaYKa AIl" "CCIleAOBSH"R
B3aV1MOAe\.1CTB\.1H Me}/{AY HIIIM!.1 MO)\{8T L-1CnOIlb30B8Tb TeOpH}() Hrp. T80pHH
Hrp, 38HIt1MalOLl.\aHCH 06Ll.\HM 8H8IlL-130M cTpaTer!.148cKoro B38HMOA8171cTBHH
Me>KA cy5beKTaM", MO>KeT 5blTb np"MeHeHa np" 05b"CHeH"" B3a"MOOTHO-
weH"" Me>KAY HeCKOIlbK"M" cp"pMaM" HS pblHKe, "rpOKOB B a3apTHbie rpbl,
yYaCTH"KOB nOIl"T"4eCK"X neperoBopoB, oc05eHHocTe" 3KOHOM"4ecKoro
nOB8AeH"R OTpe5"TeIle" " npO"3BOA"TeIle". HeAapoM Ha3BaH"e KH"r",
BblnYllIeHHO" B 1944 rOAY aBTOpaM" TeOp"" "rp A>KOHOM He"MaHoM " Oc-
KapoM MopreHwTepHoM, - «Teop"" "rp " 3KOHOM"4eCKOe nOBeAeH"e».
Kacaflcb npL-1MeH8HIr1H B 3KOHOMVl4eCKL-1X L-1CCIl8AOBaHL-1HX 3KOHOMHKO-
MaTeMaTw.teCKoro MeTOAa aHal1H3a, cIl8AyeT 38MeTHTb, 4TO OH AOCT8TOl.J-
HO _npoAYKT"BeH AO Tex nap, nOKa CIlY>K"T YA05HO" AIl" BOCnp""T"" cpop-
MO" OTpa>KeH"" 3KOHOM"4ecKoro cOAep>KSH"". Ho "HOrAa npo"CXOA"T OT-
pblB cpOpMbl OT cOAep>KaHH", MaT8MaT"4eCK"e MOAeIl" Ha4"HafOT nOA4"-
HHTbCfI c06cTBeHHoIII IlorHK8 p83BHTL-1H, YTO np8AonpeAeIlfieT B03MO>KHOCTb
nOfiBIleH!.171 OWL-160YHbIX OCHOB8HHbiX Ha MaTeM8TVlLJ8CKL-1X nOCTp08H\.1HX 3KO-
HOMItIY8CK!.1X BbIBOAOB.
3KOHOM"4eCKa" HaYKa 05IlaAaeT 50IlbW"M npOrHOCT"4eCK"M nOTeH'1"-
a.n?M. OCHOB8HHbie H8 BblBoAax n03HTVlBHOH ItI HopMaTV1BHOVl 3KOHOMHyeC-
KO" TeOp"" nOIl"TH4eCK"e peWeH"" B p"Ae cIlY4aeB MorYT 5blTb Hs"50Ilee
3cpcpeKT"BHbIM" "3 Bcex B03MO>KHbIX. OAHa,o, He cIleAyeT C"IlbHO
050Ilbll1STbC", "50 BcerAa eCTb npocTop AIl" Ae"CTB"" 3aKOHa HenpeAB"-
AeHHbix nocIleACTB"", KorAa np"H"MaeMble peWeH"" np"BOA"T K He3anIla-
:POBaHHbIM, a "HOrAa " K np"MO npOT"BOnOIlO>KHbIM pe3YIlbTaTaM. KpblIla-
p M Bblpa>KeH"eM CTaIla cppa3a OAHoro "3 npeAceASTeIle" npaB"TeIlbCTBa
,QCC " B. C. 4epHOMblpA"Ha: «Mbl XOTeIl" KaK IlY4we, a nOIlY4"IlOCb KaK
BcerAa...» He 6YAeM 3s5blBaTb 05 3TOM!
53.
OCHOBHble HanpaBIleHIIIH III WKOIlbl
B 3KOHOMIII'IeCKOIll Teopllllll
P IQ n 3KOHOM"4eCKa" HaYKa "MeeT AIl"TeIlbHYfO " 60raTYfO "CTO-
BIl fO fO "M BcerAa 5b1Il" He5e3pa3Il"4Hbl npO'1eCCbl, np"MO "Il" 'OCBeHHO
BOA x 111 e_ Ha YPOB':Hb "X 5IlarocoCTO"H"". n03TOMY PS3MbIWIleHH" no no-
P O! 03HVlCTBeHHOH >KL-13HH conpOBO>K,Q8IlL-1 nocIl8AHIOIO C MOM8HTa e8 38-
-,,,,,eH"" .
37
Inasa 2
nepBble \t13SeCTHble nOnblTK\t1 C\t1CTeMaT\t138l!L-1L-1 3KOHOMW4eCKL-1X 3HaHVlII1
CBH38Hbl C rpe4eCKIt1ML-1 MbICIlL-1TeIlHM\t1, B nepBYIO Oyepe,qb ApHCTOTel1eM
(364-322 AO H. 3.) " nIlSTOHOM (428-348 AO H. 3.), KOTopble paCCMaTp"Ba-
IlH B CBOL-1X \t1CCIl8,qOB8HL-1HX BOnpOCbl 3KOHOM\t1yeCKoi/1 )\{Vl3H\t1. ApHCTOT8Ilb
CMOr rny60Ko npOH"KHYTb B BOnpOCbl X03R"CTBeHHO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT".. "MeH-
HO OH onpe,qeJ1\t1Il 3KOHOMIt1KY K8K HaYKY 0 60raTCTBe H BH8C U,8HHbl\.1 BKJ1aA
B TeOp\.11O CTO\t1MOCT\t1, U,8Hbl L-1 ,qeHer.
CaM TepML-1H «3KOHOML-1Ka}) np0L-130WeIl OT ,qpeBHerpeY8CKoro CIlOBa
«3KOHOML-1H», KOTopoe, K8K C'-I\t1TaIOT Y4eHble, \t1306peJ1 rpe4eCKL-1V1 nHC8TeIlb
" "CTOP"K KceHoq,OHT (430-355 AO H. 3.). CnOBO «3KOHOM""» COCTO"T "3
ABYX CIlOB: <<O"KOC» (AOM, AOMaWHee X03""CTBO)" «HOMOC» (3HSfO, 3SKOH).
TaK 4TO B 5YKBSIlbHOM, nepBopOAHOM CMblCIle «3KOHOM""» 03Ha4seT HaYKY
o AOMOBOAcTBe, 06 "CKyccTBe BeAeH"" AOMawHero X03""CTBa.
OAHaKo BpeMeHa MeHHIl\t1Cb, a BMeCTe C H\t1ML-1 He TOJ1bKO MeHHJ1CH
CMblCIl CIlOB, HO It1 nOHBIlHIlL-1Cb HOBbie TepML-1Hbl. Pa3BI-1TL-1e 06Ll.\eCTB8HHOro
pa3AeIleH"" TpYAa H 05MeHa np"BeIl" K npeOAOIleH"fO HaTypaIlbHo" 3aMK-
HYTOCT" " CPOpM"pOBaH"fO 3KOHOM"K" KaK eA"HOrO '1eIloro B MaCWTa6e TOro
"n" "HOro rOCYAspCTBa. B03H"KaeT nOTpe6HOCTb B 3HSH""X a HSPOAHOM
X03""CTBe Bce" CTpaHb!. B 1615 r. cppaH'1Y3CK"" 3KOHOM"CT AHTyaH Ae
MOHKpeTbeH (1575-1621) ny5Il"KyeT «TpsKTaT nOIl"T"4eCKO" 3KOHOM""»,
B KOTOpOM npeAIlaraeT npoBoA"Tb 3KOHOM"4ecKYfO nOIl"T"KY BceMepHoro
nOO peH\t1H TOprOBJ1L-1, ,qoKa3bIBaeT, YTO nOCIleAHs:1H HBIls:1eTCH rnasHoVl u,e-
IlbfO npO"3BOAcTBa. Pa60Ta A. MOHKpeTbeHa AaIla HS3BSH"e Hapo>KAaBWe,,-
CH Tor,qa HaYKe, KOTopaH COXp8H!.1J1aCb \t1 no C8V1 ,qeHb.
CJ10BO «nOIl\t1T\.1yeCKaH» B Ha3saH\t1\11 HaYKV1 TalOK8 \.'IMeeT ,qpeBH8rpeYeC-
K"e KOPH". OHO npo"CXOA"T OT TepM"HS «nOIl"C» (ropoA, roCYASPCTBO) "
3aKIlf04aeT B ce5e 60Ilee W"POK"" CMblCIl - "CKYCCTBO ynpaBIleH"" rocy-
AapCTBeHHbIM, 061l1eCTBeHHbiM X03""CTBOM. B XVII-XVIII BB. nOIl"T"4eCKa"
3KOHOM"" 5blIlS 3Mn"p"4eCK"M "CKYCCTBOM, Ha50pOM npeAn"CaH"" AIl"
npaB\t1TeIlbCTB8HHOro n0J1b30B8H\t1s:1. 3KOHOMHCTbi pa3MblWI1s:1Il\t1 HaA TeKY \t1-
M\t1 X03HVlcTBeHHblMVI npo6Il8M8ML-1 L-1 np8AIlaraJ1V1 peWeH\t1s:1, npH3B8HHbie
YBeIl"4"Tb AOXOA roCYAspcTBa H MOHapxa.
B 3TOT n8pL-10A OCHOBHblM Hanp8BIleHL-18M 3KOHOM\t1Y8CKOVl MbICIl\t1 6blJ"i
MepKaHTHnH3M _ KOHl..\enl..\L-1H, KOTopaH B\t1,qena OCHOBY H8u,Lr10HanbHoro npo-
'1BeTaH"" B HaKonIleH"" 6IlSropoAHbiX MeTaIlIlOB (30IloTa " cepe5pa), C4"-
TaBW"M"C" rnaBHblM" CPOpMSM" 60raTcTBa. K 4"Cny B"AHe"W"X npeAcTa-
B\t1TeIlei/1 3TOro HanpaBJ1eH\IIs:1 MO)\{HO OTHeCT\t1 y)\{e ynOML-1H8BweroCs:1 Bblwe
A. MOHKpeTbeHa, aHrIl""cKOro 3KOHOM"CTa TOMaca M3Ha (1571-1641),
cppa H '1Y3cKoro 3KOHOM"CTa " nOIl"T"KS >KaHs 6aTHcTa KOIlb5epa
(1619-1683), POCC""CKOro 3KOHOM"CTa " ny6Il"'1"CTa \.1BsHa THXOHoBH4a
nOCOwKoBa (1652-1726).
<PpaH'1Y3CK"e Y4eHbie <l>paHcya KeH3 (1694-1774) " AHH TlOpro
38
npeOMem U Memoo 3KOHOMU4eCKOU meopuu
(1727-1781) "B"Il"Cb OCHOBaTeIl"M" WKOIlbl q,H3HoKpaToB, npeACTaB"Te-
J1H KOTO OIl1 C4I11TaIlL-1, YTO TOIlbKO 3eMIlH npo,qYKn1BH8 \t1 4TO TOIlbKO TPYA ceflb-
CKOX03HIt1CTB8HHbiX pa60TH!.1KOB cnoc068H C03,qaTb 4\11CTblll1 npOAYKT, TO 8CTb ,0.0-
XOA, npeBbIWafOll1"" 3aTparbi. Bce APyr"e B"Abl Ae"TeIlbHOCT" (npoMblwIleH-
HOCTb, TOprOBfls:1) HBIlHIOTCs:1 «6ecnIlo,QHbIMH», nocKoIlbKY OH\II Il\.1Wb n8pep8-
5aTbiBafOT npOAYKTbl, He YBeIl"4"Ba" "X KOIl"4eCTBO. CBO" AOXOAbl, no MHe-
H"fO CP"3"OKparOB, npOMbIWIleHH"K" " Kyn'1bl nOIlY4afOT "3 «BTOPbIX PYK».
B cpOpML-1POB8HIIIL-1 \II pa3BHTL-1L-1 nOJ1\.1T\IIyeCKOVI 3KOHOM\t1L-1 K8K HaYKIll Bbl-
AafOl11YfOc" pOIlb CbrrpaIl" TaK"e Y4eHble, KaK Y>Ke Ha3BaHHbl" HaM" <PPSH-
cya KeH3, aHrn""CK"e 3KOHOM"CTbl YHIlb"M neTTH (1623-1687), AAaM
CMHT (1723-1790), AaBHA PHKapAo (1772-1823), ,Q>KOH CTIOSpT MHIlb
(1806-1873), cppaH'1Y3CK"" 3KOHOM"CT >KsH-6aTHcT C3i1 (1762-1832). He-
CMOTP" Ha PS3Il"4"" "X B3rn"AOB, "HOrAa cYll1eCTBeHHble, Bce OH" OTHOC"T-
CS1 K Kl1aCCHKaM nOl1HTH"'IeCKOH 3KOHOMHH. 1 KIl8CCL-1KOB 06beAIIIHHfl Ps:lA
051l1"x npeAnocblIloK, KOTOpbl", HecMoTp Ha paCXO>KAeH"" no MHor"M OT-
AeIlbHblM BonpocaM, 5blIl np"cYll1 BceM Ha3BaHHbiM aBTopaM. npe>KAe Bce-
ro, KIl8CCLr1KV1 - CTOpOHHL-1K\t1 3KOHOMH4eCKoro IlL-168paIlH3Ma, CYTb KOTOpOro
HepeAKo Bblpa>KaeTC" CIlOBaM" <<laissez faire» (6YKBaIlbHo - «OCTaBbTe Ae-
IlaTb» - cpp.). np"H'1"n <<laissez laire» - nOIl"m4eCKOe Tpe50BaH"e, ccpop-
MYIlHpoBaHHoe eLl.\e wKoIlolII QJL-13\t10KpaToB: nOJlHaH 3KOHOMHyeCK8s:1 cBo60-
Aa Il"4HOCm " cB060AHa" KOHKypeH'1"", He OrpaH"4eHHa" BMewaTeIlb-
CTBOM rOCYAapCTBS. KIlaCC"4eCKa" WKOIla paCCMaTp"BaeT 4eIlOBeKa, npe>K-
Ae Bcero, KaK «48IlOB8Ka 3KOHOMW"lecKoro». Ero CTpeMIleHL-1e K M8KCHML-138-
'1"" CBoero 60raTCTBa BeAeT " K np"YMHO>KeH"fO 60rarCTBS Bcero 051l1eCTBS.
«H8BH,q\llMaH PYK8», K8K H83B8Il aBTOM8T!.14eCKIilVI MeX8HL-13M caMOHaCTpoCi-
K 3KOHOM"K" A,QaM CM"T, HsnpaBIl"eT pa3p03HeHHbie Ae"CTB"" OTAenbHblX
npO"3BOA"T8Ile" " nOTpe6"TeIle" TaK"M 06pa30M, 4TO BC" C"CTeMS Haxo-
A"TC" B COCTO"H"" Aonrocp04Horo 3KOHOM"4ecKoro paBHOBeC"". AIl"TeIlb-
Hoe CYll1eCTBOBSH"e B TaKa" C"CTeMe 6e3-
pa50T"'1bl, nepenpO"3BOACTBa "Il" HeAO-
np0!.13BOACTBa TOBapOB OKa3bJBa8TCs:1 He-
B03MO>KHbIM. KIlaCCL-1KH BHeCIlL-1 orpOMHblVl
BKI18,q B C03,QaH\t1e annap8T8 3KOHOMJ.14eC-
KOH HaYKIt1, KOTOpblH B A8IlbHeVlweM V1C-
nOIlb30BanCs:I L-1 COBepweHCTBOB8IlCH B TPY-
Aax APyr"x npeACTaB"T8Ile" M"POBO" 3KO-
H'OMII1"'1eCKOVl MbICIlL-1.
A. CM"T " ero nOCIleAOBaTeIlH pa3ps-
OTanll1¥ 3KOHOML-14eCKYIO T80pHIO, B OCHOBe
OTOpO" Ile>KaIla KOH'1en'1"" TPYAOBO" CTO-
II1MOCTH. OHV1 CYL-1Tafllr1, 4TO 60raTCTBO co-
aeTC" He TOIlbKO 3eMIleAeIl"eM, HO " TPY-
A M Bcex APyr"x 'IlSCCOB, Bce" Ha'1"" B
, B JlI.nepaType, nOCB5H1.l,eHHO
VlCTOplllVl 3KOHOMVlyeCKO MbICJlIII,
MO>KHO BCTpen1Tb pa3JlVlYHbie TOY-
Kill 3peHVlfI Ha TO, KOro ItIMeHHQ CJle-
AyeT OTHOCIIITb K KIlaCCItIKaM 3KOHO-
MW-leCKO HaYKVI. TaK, MapKCVlCTCK\II
B3rJlSlA Ha STY np06JleMY cyli.J,e-
CTBeHHblM 06p830M OTJl\llyaeTC5I OT
B3rJlSlAOB cospeMeHHblx 38naAHbix
3KOHOMVlCTOB. B HaweM Y4e6HIIIKe
Mbl OTHaCVlM K KIlaCCYlKaM Tex 3KO-
HOM\IICTOB, KOTOpblX 06be,QIIIHfleT Ha-
6ap anpe,QeJleHHblX npegnoCblJlOK, a
KOTOPb!X pe4b no geT g8Jlee.
39
Inasa 2
'1eIlOM. Bce KIlaCCbl, Y4aCTBYH B npO'1eCCe npO"3BOACTBa, COTPYAH"yafOT,
BCTynalOT B Koon8paLl.llllO, 4TO IIICKI1104aeT BCHKoe pa3IlHYL-1e M8>K,o,y «6ec-
nIloAHbIM"» " npO"3BOA"TeIlbHbIM" B"AaM" Ae"TeIlbHOCT". 3TO COTPYAH"-
4eCTBO Ha"60Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHO, eCIl" aHa OCYll1eCTBIl"eTC" B cpopMe Pb1H04-
HOro 05MeHS.
Ha OCHOBe TeOp"" TPYAOBO" CTO"MOCT" HeMe'1K"" 3KOHOM"CT " CO'1"O-
Ilor KapIl MapKc (1818-1883) c03AaIl Y4eH"e 05 3KcnIlyaTaTopcKoM xapaK-
Tepe pblH04Horo X03""CTBa (MapKC "CnOIlb30BaIl TepM"H «Kan"TaIl"3M»).
TOIlbKO TPYA HaeMHblX pa604"X c03AaeT 60raTCTBO 061l1eCTBs. np"6blIlb
Kan"TaIl"CTOB npeAcTaBIl"eT c060" HeonIla4eHHbl" TpYA pa604ero KIlscca.
BHYTpeHH"e 3SKOHbi Kan"TaIl"3Ma BeAYT K nOIlRp"3a'1"" 051l1eCTBa, OTHO-
C"TeIlbHOMY " a5coIlfOTHOMY 05H"ll1aH"fO TPYA"ll1"XC", c03peBaH"fO BHYT-
pV1 caMoVl K8nVlTaIl\.1CTV148cKoa:1 CHCTeMbl npe,o,nocblIlOK ,o,Jls:\ nepexo,o,8 K co-
'1HaIlHCT"4eCKoMY 051l1eCTBY B pe3YIlbTaTe n05eAoHocHO" npoIleTapcKO"
peBOIl fO '1"". MHOr"e nOIlO>KeH"" " nporH03bl K._ MapKca, HOC"BW"e YTOn"-
4eCK"" xapSKTep, He nOATBepA"Il"Cb npaKT"KO" pa3B"T"" 061l1eCTBa.
Bo BTOPO" nOIlOB"He XIX B. "CCIleAOBaH"H KOH'1eHTp"PYfOTC" Bce B
60IlbW8a:1 M8p8 Ha p8CCMOTpeHIII\II KOHKp8THbiX OTHOWeHL-1Ci pblH04HbiX areH-
TOB, Bblpa50TKe COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"X npaKT"4eCK"X peKOMeHA a '1 H ". Y4eHbie
Bce 4all1e CTpeM"TC" K "CCIleAOBaH"fO np05IleM OnT"M"3a'1"" pacnpeAeIle-
H"" OrpSH"4eHHbIX peCYPCOB, W"POKO np"MeH"" AIl" 3T"X '1eIle" annapaT
np8,o,8IlbHbiX BeIl\ll4I11H, M8T8M8T\II4eCKH8 M8TOAbL BCJl8A 3a 3TIt1M MeHH8TCH III
Ha3BaH"e caMO" HaYK". TepM"H political economy «<nOIl"T"4eCKa" 3KOHOM""»)
BbIT8CHs:\8TCH HOBblM H83BaH\.18M - 8conomics (<<3KoHOMIt14eCK8H TeOp\lls:\»).1
CBoe HOBoe "M" 3KOHOM"4eCKa" HSYKa nOIlY4"Ila B BblweAwe" B 1890 r.
KH\IIre BblAalOw,erocH aHm\.1I11CKoro 3KOHOMIIICTa, OCHoBononmKHVlK8 HeOKl1aC
CH'teCKoro HanpaBl1eHHSI, maBbl «KeM6p\llA>KCKol71 WKOIlbl» Al1bc:t>peA
MspwaIlIla (1842-1924). Ha3blBaIlacb OHS «np"H'1"nbl 3KOHOM"4eCKO"
HSYK"» (Principles of economics). ABTop KH"r" C4"TSIl, 4TO 3KOHOM"4eCK"e
\IIccIleAOBaHV1H AOIl)\{Hbl cIle,o,oBaTb npaKTHKe >KL-1T8a:1CK0a:1 IlOrVlKL-1, 6blTb Ha-
YYHblM 05051l1eH"eM pS'1"OHSIlbHOro MbIW-
IleH\IIH \II nOB8AeHL-1H pblH04HbiX ar8HTOB.
n03TOMY no,o, «3KOHOMIIIKC» CTaIlIt1 nOHVI-
MaTb HaYKY, "cCneAYfOl11YfO nOBeAeH"e IlfO-
Ae" B npo'1ecce npO"3BOACTBa, pacnpeAe-
IleH"" " nOTpe5IleH"" peAK"X 5Ilar " YCIlyr
B M"pe OrpaH"4eHHblx pecYPcoB, a TaK>Ke
cnoc06bl Ha"60Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHoro "cnOIlb-
30BSH"H 3T"X pecypcoB.
B '1eHTpe BHHMSH"" npeACTaB"TeIle"
H80KIlaCCL-1Y8CKOrO H8npaBJl8HL-1f1 Haxo,o,L-1Jl-
c" aHaIl"3 YCIlOB"", np" KOTOpblX nOTpe6"-
TeIlH VI npm-13BOAV1TeIlH MaKc\IIMH3HPYlOT
40
1 3aMen1M, '-ITO aHrm1 CKoe
cnOBO economics TonbKO B nocne-
AHl1e 6-8 neT crano nepeBOAI1TbCS1
Ha PYCCKI1I11 S13btK K8K 3KoHoMUyeC-
Kafl meopuH. ,0,0 3TOro OHO 4aw,e
Bcero nepeBOAl1nOCb KaK 3KOHOMU-
K8, nonumU4eCKafl :JKOHOMUfI, 3KO
HOMUyeCKafl HaYKa, I1nl1 A8>Ke 3KO-
HOMUKC - AOCTaT04HO nOCMOTpeTb
Ha Ha3BaHI1e 113BecTHoro Y'-le6HIi1Ka
K. MaKKOHHenna 11 C. 5plO, BbInY-
eHHoro B ceeT B 1992 r.
npeaMem U MemOa 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
CBoe 6IlarococTOHHV18. K8K nOK83aIl A. MapW8IlIl, TaKaH MaKCL-1MI-13al!HH 803-
MO>KHa IlL-1Wb B YCJlOBHs:\X cB060AH0L4 KOHKypeHl!VlL-1, L-1 L-1MeHHO TO r,o,a , KorA8
pblHOK np"XOA"T B COCTO"H"e c5SIlaHC"pOBaHHOCT", pSBHOBeC"".
C03,o,aHHbl8 HeOKJl8CCL-1KaM!.1 VlHCTPYMeHTbl aHaIlH3a III ceroAHs:\ COCT8B-
nRfOT «30IlOTO" CPOHA» M"POBO" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" HSYK". 3TO - 3IlaCT"4-
HOCTb cnpocs, npeAeIlbHbl" aHaIl"3, pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY KOPOTK"M " AIl"TeIlb-
HblM n8plo10,o,aMVI npL-1 yyeTe Bp8M8HHblX B03A8V1CTBVlVI Ha X03HL4CTBeHHYfO ,o,e-
SHenbHOCTb, aHaIl\.13 BHYTP8HH8a:1 L-1 BHewHe npOH3Bo,o,CTBeHHOVl 3KOHOMVlV1
B TeOp"" CP"PMbl, B3a"M03aB"C"MOCTb pblHKOB " AP.
II1AeaIl"3a'1"" MeXaH"3Ma CB060AHO" KOHKypeH'1"" «<HeB"A"Ma" PYKa»
pblHKa cnoc05HS HanpaBIl"Tb pa3B"T"e 3KOHOM"K" no Ha"50Ilee 3cpcpeKT"B-
HOMY nYT"), HeAOO'1eHKa POIl" rOCYAapCTBa (OHO AOIl>KHO 5blTb Il"Wb «H04-
HblM CTOpO>Ke.,»), xapaKTepHble AIl" HeOKIlaCC"KOB, onpeAeIl"Il" pa3B"T"e
3KOHOMHl.J8CKOVI T80pHL-1 H8 npOTfI)K8HVlI-1 ps:\Aa ,o,ecs:\TL-1IleTL-1a1!, BnIlOTb ,0.0 KOHLl.8
20-x roAOB npowIloro BeKa. 3KOHOM"4eCKa" TeOp"" 3TOro nep"OAa CHa4a-
11a I-1MeHOSaIlaCb «TeopHe Ll.8Hbl) , 38T8M «TeOpHeVl cplllpMbl», /.01, HaKOHeLl.,
nOIlY4V1Ila W!.1pOKO L-1CnOIlb3yeMo8 C8roAHH Ha3BaHL-18 «MIt1Kp03KOHOML-1Ka».
Y>Ke Ha p 6e>Ke XIX" XX BeKOB M"KP03KOHOM"4eCK"" aHaIl"3 nOABep-
raeTCH OCTpOL-1 KpHTIIIK8 co CTOpOHbl H8KOTOpblX yyeHblX, OAH8KO, B KOH8Y-
H0M V1Tor8 Onn03V1l..\!.10HHble BblcTynIleHHs:\, K8K 3TO Y8CTO CIlY488TCs:\, T011bKO
cnoco6CTBOB8Il!.1 pa3BL-1TL-11O L-1 YKpenneHHIO 8BTOpHT8T8 H80KnaCCV14eCKoro
HanpaBIleH\IIH. B 3TOT n8pL-10,D, HaYKe CTaIlL-1 Vl3B8CTHbi !.1M8H8 TaKL-1X Bb1A81O-
ll1HXCH Y4eHbIX-HeOKIl CC .KOB, KaK ApTYP nHry (1877-1959), KapIl MeHrep
(1840-1921), EBreHHH 6eM-6sBepK (1851-1914), <l>PHAPHX BH3ep (1851-
1926), lleoH BSIlbpac (1834-1910), BHIlbcppeAo napeTo (1848-1923) "
AP. II1MeHHo B "X TPYAax 5b1Il" OKOH4aTeIlbHO CCPOPMYIl"pOBaHbl OCHOBHble
np"H'1"nbl Map>KHHSIlH3Ma (OT marginal - npeAeIlbHbl" - aHrn.), "Il" TeO-
pVlH npe,o,eIlbHOL4 nOIl83HOCTH, 3HaMeHoB8Bw8V1 n0L-1CTIt1H8 peBoIlIOu,\IIOHHbl
npopblB B npeAcTSBIleH"" 0 '1eHHOCT", '1eHe, nponop'1""x 05MeHs, "3Aep>K-
Kax, cnpoce " npeAIlO>KeH"" " AP. Map>K"HaIl"CTbl B OCHOBY 3KOHOM"4eC-
Koro aHaIlL-138 nOIlO>KL-1IlV1 cy6b8KH1BHble 0Ll.8H04Hble cy eH\IIH BOBIl84eHHbiX
BX03""cTBeHHble OTHOWeH"" cy6beKToB (noAP06Hee 05 3TOM CM. B rn. 5).
On"pa"Cb Ha «3aKOH PbIHKOB» >K.-5. C3", cornaCHO KOTOPOMY npeAIlO-
)l(eHHe npOAYKTS BcerAa C03AaeT cnpoc Ha Hero caMoro «<TOBSPbl 05MeH"-
BafOTC" Ha TOBapbl»), HeOKIlaCC"K" 060CHOBbIBaIl" caMoperYIl"PYfOll1""CH
xapaKTep pblH04H0L4 3KOHOMHKIo1, cnoco6HOCTb MeX8HL-13Ma CBo60,o,HOtit KOH-
K.YP8HU,VIVI BOCCTaHaBIlL-1B8Tb HapyweHHoe p8BHOBeCL-1e L-1 06eCneYL-1BaTb TeM
C8MbiM ,o,HHaM\II4HOe, 6eCKp!.13HCHOe pa3BHTL-1e.
Oc06oe M8CTO B 3KOHOML-148CK0tl1 HaYK8 3aHL-1MaIOT TaKHe nOCIleAOB8Te-
Il" np"H'1"na <<laissez faire», KaK aBcTpO-SMep"KaHCK"" 3KOHOM"CT ABryCT
:PHAPHX cjJOH Xa;;eK (1899-1992) " aBCTp""C'"" 3KOHOM"CT 1llOABHr
OH MH3ec (1891-1973). Hs npOT">KeH"" Bce" CBoe" TBop4eCKO" >K"3H"
3T" Y4eHbie CTO"Il" Ha n03"'1""X Henp"M"p"MbIX npOT"BH"KOB roCYAap-
41
Inasa 2
CTBeHHoro BM8WST8IlbCTBa B 3KOHOM"KY, npeAynpe>KAaIl" 06 onaCHOCT"
4p83MepHoVl 3ap8rynVlpoBaHHOCT\.1 X03r1V1CTSa, KOTopaH H838M8THO AIlH 8e
nocIl8AoBaT8neVl B8p,eT K TOTanvnap\.13MY.
M8>K,QY TeM, Kp\.13L-1CHble rlBneHL-1H, HapaCTaBWL-18 B 38n8p,Hb1X cTpaH8x H8
npOT">KeH"" 1920-x roAOB (no nporH03aM HeOKIlaCC"KOB, OH" BOT-BOT AOIl>KHbl
6b1Il" paCCOCSTbC"), BbIIl"Il"Cb B rpaHA"03Hbl" no CBO"M MaCWTa5aM " rIly5"-
He M"POBO" 3KOHOM"4eCK"" KP"3"C «<BeIl"KYfO AenpeCC"fO») 1929-1933 rr
BMeCTe C KpIr13\.1COM X03H CTB8 H8cTynL-1Il KpIr13\.1C \.1 ML-1KP03KOHOMIr1Y8CKO T80-
p\.1L-1, B 48CTHOCT\.1, H80KJl8CCL-148CKOro H8npaBIl8HIr1r1 K8K ee c8PA1\8BVlHbi.
Ha aBaHCl!eHY 3KOHOMVl48CKO MbJCIlIr1 nOp,HIr1M8eTCH HOB08 H8npaBne-
HIt18 HaYYHoro aH8I1L-13a - KeL1HClltaHCTBO, nOCT8BIr1BWe8 B l!8HTP BHL-1MaH\.1H
np06IleMbi MaKp03KOHOM"K". BbIW8AWa" B 1936 r. KH"ra BblAafOll1erOC" aH-
rn""CKoro 3KOHOM"CTa AJKOHS Mei1HSPAa Kei1Hca (1883-1946) «051l1a" Te-
OP"" 3aH"TOCT", npO'1eHTa " AeH8r>' npO"3BeIla nOAn"HHYfO peBoIl fO '1"fO B
3KOHOM\.148CKO T80pL-1V1 VI p,aIla OTBeTbl H8 MHOrL-18 Bonpocbl, KOTopble He
Mornlr1 6blTb P8W8Hbi B paMK8X TOIlbKO MIr1KP03KOHOML-1yeCKoro 8HaIlH38 (CM.
nOAP06Hee rIl. 18, 26).
K8V1HC OTK83aIlCri OT rn8BHoro nocTYIl8T8 HeoKIlaCCV1yeCKoro YY8HL-1H -
«38KOHa pbIHKOB» C3H - \t1 BbIBOA\t1MOI71 1-13 H8ro CPOPMYIlbl pblH04HOro M8X8-
H"3Ma KaK "AeanbHO" caMoperYIl"PYfOll1e"C" C"CTeMbl. AB"raTeIleM 3KOHO-
MIt1K\.1, no MH8HL-11O K8V1Hca, HBIlH8TCri He npeAIlO>K8HL-18, 8 cnpoc, \.1 \.1M8HHO
OH BblcTynaeT pewafOl11"M cpaKTopOM PS3B"T"" npO"3BOACTBS " npeAIlO>Ke-
H\.1H. AIlH nOBblweH\.1H cOBoKynHoro cnpOC8 Ke HC P8KOM8Hp,OBaIl Ir1CnOIlb-
30BaTb HaIloroBo-6fOA>KeTHYfO " KpeA"THO-AeHe>KHYfO nOIl"T"KY rOCYAap-
CTBS. B ASIlbHe"weM 3Ha4"TeIlbHbl" BKnaA B pa3pa50TKY TeOpeT"4eCKO"
CV1CT8Mbl Ke Hca BHeCIlVl 8Mep\t1K8HCKL-18 Y48Hbl8 311BlltH XaHceH, nOl1 Ca-
MY3IlbCOH, aHrIl""CK"" 3'OHOM"CT AJKOH XHKC " APyr"e.
Ke"HC"aHCK"" nOAXOA K MeXaH"3MY CPYHK'1"OH"POBSH"" 3KOHOM"K"
"MeIl 60IlbWO" ycnex C KOH'1a 1940-x " AO 1960-x rr., Kama OH CTaIl nOA-
B8praTbCri KpL-1n1Ke CH8yaIl8 co CTOpOHbl MOH8T8pIt1CTOB, 8 38T8M CO CTOpOHbl
np8ACTaB\.1T8Il8L4 HOBO Kn8CCL-14eCKO M8Kp03KOHOMI-1Y8CKO T80pL-1\t1.
MOHeTapH3M np8ACT8BIlrl8T c060 T8K08 T848HI-18 3KOHOML-148CKOVI MbIC-
nlr1, KOTopoe CT8B\.1T p,8HbrL-1 B l..\8HTP M8KP03KOHOM\.1yeCK0L4 nOIlHTV1KL-1, OTBOAri
L-1M peW81OU\YID pOIlb B KOIl868T8IlbHOM ABVI>KeHVlIr1 Hal!L-10H8IlbHOro X03r1 -
CTB8. MOH8T8pV1CTCKIr18 KOHl!8nl\L-11r1 nocnY>KL-1nlr1 OCHOBOVI KP8AVITHO-A8H8)\{HOVt
nom-1T1-1, K\.1 VlcnOIlb3Y8MOVt B K848CTBe B8)\{HeVlwero HanpaBIl8HL-1H rOCYA8p-
CTBeHHoro perYIl"pOBaH"" 3KOHOM"K" (CM. rn. 20). 3aAa4a rocYAapcTBa B
06Il8CT\l1 ynpaBIleH\.1s:J. 3KOHOML-1K0t1 CBop,VlTCrI, C TOYKIr1 3p8HVlH COBp8M8HHbiX
MOHeTapL-1CTOB, K KOHTpOIlIO H8A 3MVlCCL-18V1 p,8Her L-1 p,eHe)\{HOVl M8ccoill, p,OC-
T">KeH"fO c6aIlaHC"pOBaHHOCT" rocYAapcTBeHHoro 6fOA>K8Ta, YCTaHOBIleH"fO
BblCOKoro KpeA"THoro 6aHKOBCKoro npO'1eHTa AIl" 50pb5bl C "HcpIl"'1"e".
384aTK\.1 L-1A8V1 MOH8T8pL-13M8 npocM8TpHB8IDTCTI 8U\e B 3KOHOM\.148CKL-1X
Y48H""X ApeBHOCT" " B "BHOM B"Ae np"cYTcTBYfOT Y MepKaHT"Il"CTOB.
42
npeoMem U Memoo 3KOHOMU'-IeCKOU meopuu
OnpeAeIleHHble 3IleMeHTbi MOHeTap"CTcKoro nOAXoAa B"AHbl " B pa60Tax aH-
rIl""CK"X KIlaCC"KOB. CcpopMyn"pOBaHHs" WOTIlaHACK"M cp"nOcocpOM ASBH-
AOM 10M OM (1711-1776) KOIl"4eCTBeHHS" TeOp"" AeHer, CB"3bIBaBWS" ypo-
B8Hb l\eH C 06b8MOM p,8H8>KHOVI M8CCbl B CTP8H8, nOIlYYItIIl8 nOAA8p>KKY, B 48-
CTHOCT", CO CTOpOHbl A.P"KapAO. Ho B COBpeMeHHOM B"Ae KOH'1en'1"" MO-
HeTap"3Ma Ha"60Ilee "PKO Bblpa>KeHa B pa60Tax IlaypeaTa H05eIleBCKO"
npeM"" no 3KOHOM"Ke 3a 1976 r. npocpeccopa 4"Karc,oro YH"BepC"TeTa
MHIlToHa <l>pHAMeHa (POA. 1912).
AOCTL-1>KeHHfI <1>plr1AM8H8 B 06Il8CTV1 MOH8T8p\t13M8 T8K \t1J1\t1 L-1H8ye CBH3aHbi
C KpIt1TIt1Y8CKL-1M 8H8IlL-130M TeOpL-1\r1 K8a1tHC8 \.1 8ro nocIl8AOB8T8J18V1, HCXOAHBWLt1X
"3 nOIlO>KeH"" 0 HeCYll1eCTBeHHOM BIl""H"" AeHer HS 061l1"e pacxoAbl, nOTpe6-
IleH"e, '1eHbl " y5e>KAeHHOCT" B Hecnoc05HOCT" pbIH04H0i1 3KOHOM"K" aB-
TOMaT"4eCK" A05"TbC" nOIlHo" 3aH"TOCT" " cTa5"IlbHOCT" '1eH.
Kp"mKY" 3T" nOIlO eH"", <Pp"AMeH B '1eIlOM pRAe CBO"X pa60T, B TOM
4 CIle no «MOHeTapHO"» "CTOP"" CWA, nOKa3an, 4TO Bce KpynHble "3Me-
HeHV1f1 X03HVlCTB8HH0l71 )\{L-13HV1 CBH3aHbl, npe>KA8 BC8ro, C A8H8)\{HbJML-1 VlM-
nYIlbCaM", 3M"CC"e" AeHer. «X03""CTBO nIl"weT nOA AYAKY AOIlIlapa, no-
BTop eT ero TaHe'1», - TaK 05pa3Ho CCPOPMYIl"pOBaIl rnaBHbl" BblBOA CBO"X
HccIleAOBaH"" <Pp"AMeH.
nOIlO>KeH"" MOHeTap"CTOB OTHOC"TeIlbHO He3cpcpeKT"BHOCm AeHe>KHO"
nOIl"T"K" B KpaTKOCp04HOM nep"OAe 5b1Il" nOABeprHYTbl Kp"T"Ke CTOpOH-
HHK8MH HOSOH Kl1aCcw..,ecKoVi MaKpo3KoHoMH'"tecKoVi TeOpIitH. 3T8 H8Y4-
Ha WKOIlS CCPOPM"pOBSIlacb B 1970-e rr. B pe3YIlbTaTe np"MeHeH"" np"H-
u.\.1nOB ML-1KP03KOHOML-1Y8CKOrO 8H8Illt138 K ccpep8 M8Kp03KOHOMHKL-1. HOBbIe
KIlaCC"K" BbIAB"HYIl" r"nOTe3Y paLlHOHaIlbHblX O>KHAaHHi1 (CM. rn. 23, 26),
3a KOTOpyfO ee aBTOp - Po5epT flYKSC (POA. 1937), npocpeccop 4"KarcKoro
YH"BepC"TeTa, - YAOCTO"IlC" H06eIleBcKo" npeM"" no 3KOHOM"Ke 3a 1995 r.
Corn cHo ASHHO" r"nOTe3e, 5YAYll1"e '1eHOBbie O>K"ASH"" "BIl"fOTC" 4pe3-
Bbl4altlHO B8>KHbIMH MOT!.1B8MV1 nOB8AeHJ.1H Anfl BC8X, KTO npL-1HL-1M88T 3KOHO-
MH48CKL-18 peW8H\.1r1: AIlri KOMn8HL-1V1, OpraHL-138l!V1V1 L-1 A8)\{8 AIlH OTA8IlbHbiX
ceM8V1. .0.0 3TOro C4L-1T8IlOCb, LITO nOAo6Hbl8 P8W8Hlllfi 3KOHOM\t1Y8CKL-1X
Cy6b8KTOB CTpOHTCfI H8 np0lr13BOIlbHOVt !.1J1\.1 CT8THyeCKOVl OCHOB8. T8K, 0)f{L-1-
AaeMbl" ypOBeHb '1eH paCCMSTp"BaIlC" KaK npaKm4eCK" He"3MeHHbl". f"-
nOT838 pal!\IIOH8IlbHbIX 0>KL-1A8H\.1V1 n03BOIlLt1Ila nOCTOHHHO 3arnHAblB8Tb Bn8-
peA" COOTHOC"Tb 3T" O>K"AaH"" C "3MeH"fOll1e"C" "HcpopMa'1"e".
E 8 OAHL-1M B8)\{HbiM HanpaBIl8HL-1eM cOBp8MeHHoro 3KOHOM\.1Y8CKOro
H8IlH38 HBIlH8TCri TeOplitH 3KOHOM\.1KIo1 npe,Q110>KeHIo1H, 38B08B8BW8H nony-
pHOCTb B 1970-1980-e rr. B"AHe"W"M ee npeACTaB"TeIleM "BIl"eTC"
aMep",aHCK"" 3KOHOM"CT ApTYP flscp,*,ep (POA. 1941). nO"BIleH"e TeOp""
3KOHOM"K" npeAIlO>KeH"" 5blIlO 06ycIloBIleHo cepbe3HbiM 'P"3"COM rocy-
AapcTB8HHoro p8rYIlHpoBaHMfI pblHOYHOL4 3KOHOMHKL-1 Ha OCHOB8 K8V1HCL-18HC-
x pe'1enroB, KOTOpbl" C nOIlHo" C"IlO" npO"B"nC" B Ha4aIle 1970-x rr. 3a-
AH8f1 3KOHOML-1yeCK8H Mblcnb n8p8wIla K aKTViBHOMY nOMcKY HOBblX M8TO-
AOB 03AOPOBIl8HL-1H 3KOHOMHKIr1, KOTOpbI8, K8K CT8IlO HCHO B A8IlbH8L4W8M,
43
Inasa 2
onltlpam.1Cb rIl8BHb1M 06pa30M Ha H80KIlaCCItIY8CKItI8, B yaCTHOCTL-1, H8 MOH8-
Taplt1CTCKItI8 B3rIlHAbi L-1 nOp,XOp,bL _
B C8MOM H83BaHL-11t1 TeOp1tl1tl - «3KOHOM\t1K8 np8AIlO>K8HItIH» - aBTopbl npo
TItIBOnOCTaBflHIOT ee K8CiHC\.18HCTBY, KOTopoe m8BH08 BHlttM8Hltt8 YAenfl8T P8-
ryIl"POBSH"fO cnpoca. C "X T04K" 3peH"" nacpcpeps " ero CTOPOHH"KOB, pe-
wafOl11"M cpaKTOpOM 3KOHOM"4eCKOro PS3B"T"" "BIlReTC" He cnpoc, a npeA-
J10>KeHltte.
OAIo1H 1t13 OCHOBHblX nOCTYIl8TOB TeOpVlL-1 «3KOHOM\IIKL-1 npeAIlO>K8HHH» -
YM8HbW8HL-18 BM8W8TeflbCTBa rocy,o,apCTBa B 3KOHOMItI4eCKL-1e npOl..\eCCbl ItI
CT"MYIl"pOBaH"e 4aCTHO" "H"'1"ST"Bbl " npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbCTBa. Oc05a"
pOIlb np" 3TOM OTBOA"IlaCb rOCYAspCTBeHHblM cp"HaHcaM: YMeHbWeH"fO
HaIlorOB, COKpall1eH"fO rOCYAapCTBeHHblX paCXOAOB, YM HbWeH"fO KOIl"4e-
CTBa AeHer B 05pall1eH"" C nOMOll1bfO COOTBeTCTBYfOll1e" nOIl"T"K" B 05IlS-
CTL-1 roCyp,8pCTB8HHOro Kp8p,ItITa. nOIlO)\{eH\t1H \II BblBOAbl T80p8TL-1KOB 3K<:HO-
MItIKH npeAIlmK8Hlttfl CTaIlItt OAHItIM 1t13 Ba)\{HblX 3IleM8HTOB nOIlL-1TVlKItI « 8L-1ra-
HOM"K"» B CWA B 1980-e roAbl npOWIloro BeKa, B paM,ax KOTOPO" npo-
L-130WIlO pe3K08 YM8HbW8Hltt8 CTaB?K nOAoxoAHOro aIlora.
OC0608 M8CTO B COBpeM8HH0V1 3KOHOMJ.148CKOItI TeOp\.1L-1 38HL-1M88T HH-
CTHTyu.HOHal1bHO-COLl,HOnOrH'4eCKOe HanpaBneHHe, npeACT8BL-1T8IlHMH KO-
TOpOro "BIl"fOTC" TopcTei1H Be5IleH, A>KOH KOMMOHc, Y3CIlH MHT4eIlIl,
A>KOH r3Il5pe"T. CBoe "M" 3TO Te4eH"e nOIlY4"IlO OT HS3BaH"" KH"r"
A>K. KOMMOHca «II1HCT"TY'1"OHanbHa" 3KOHOM"Ka», BblweAwe" B 1924 roAY
B HblO-1I10PK8. OAHaKo OCHOBaT8fl8M ItIHCTL-1Tyu,L-10HaIlbHO-C O l..\\I10flOrV148cKoro
HanpaBneH"" C4"TaeTC" T. Be6IleH (1 57-1929), AOKTOp CPHIlOCOCP"" "3
eIlbCKoro YH"BepC"TeTa, BbrnYCT"BW"" B 1899 r. KH"ry «Teop"" npa3AHo-
ro KIlaCC8». 6YKB8nbHo T8pMlttH «ItIHCTIttTYl...!L-10HaIlL-13M» npo\l1CXOAL-1T OT nOHfI-
T"" «"HCT"TY'1""» (05bI4a", 3aBeAeHHbl" nOp"AoK) " «"HCT"TYT» (nop"AOK,
3aKpenIleHHbl" B cpopMe 3aKOHS "Il" Y4pe>KAeH"").
np8ACT8BIH8flL-1 IttHCTItITYl...!ItIOH8flL-13Ma nop,OWflL-1 K L-1cCIleAOB8HItlIO 3KOHO-
M"4eCK"X np05IleM C HeTpSA"'1"OHHbIX n03"'1"". no CYll1eCTBY, "X MeTOA
HB\I1IlCfI peaKl...!Vl8V1 H8 M8TOp, KIlaCCV14eCKO L-1 HeOKfl8CCL-1Y8CKOVl WKOfl, L-1CXO,D,-
HblM nYHKTOM KOTOpOro 6blIl Y>Ke \.13B8CTHbIVl HaM 1t13 rIl. 1 «yenOB8K 3KOHO-
MV1yeCKHVI». V1HCTItITYl..\ItIOH8IlHCTbl npeAIlO)\{\I1IlItI ItICCnep,OB8Tb yeIlOB8K8 He
L-130n\.1pOBaHHoro, 8 B 38SL-1CItIMOCTL-1 OT ero Cp8p,bl. nO:nOMY «Y8IlOBeK8 3KO-
HOML-14ecKoro» OHItI 38MeHflIOT «Y8nOB8KOM cou,L-10IlOrltlyeCKL-1M», H8XOAflLl.\ItIM-
CfI B l..\eHTpe COBoKynHOCTL-1 06li.\eCTBeHHbIX OTHOW8HItIVI, ItIIlL-1 «yeIlOSeKOM B
KOHKpeTHol71 CItITY8l...!L-1It1».
3Ta CIHY8l..\ltIfI, no MHeHltl10 L-1HCTItITYU,L-10H8Il\l1CTOB, COCTOItIT, rIl8BHblM 06.
p830M, 143 VlHcn1TYTOB B C8MOM WL-1pOKOM CMblCfl8 3Toro Cn?B8, 1. e. 1t13 CO-
BOKynHocTVI nL-1C8HbIX L-1 HenltlC8HbiX 38KOHOB ItI YCTaHOBIleHL-1\.1, KOTOpblX np\l1-
Aep>K"BSfOTC" X03""CTBYfOll1"e cy6beKTbi KaKoro-Il"60 co051l1eCTBa, " "3 CO-
BOKynHocTH opraHOB, yype>KP,8HL-1Ci, COl..\J.10IlOrL-14eCKL-1X ItIIlItI 8p,ML-1HH9TP8TVlB-
HblX rpynn, KOTopble COAe"CTBYfOT CPOpM"pOBaH"fO CTPYKTYPbl 3TO" cpeAbl.
nOA Py5p"KY "HCT"TYTOB nonaAafOT TaK"e "BIleH"", KaK roCYAapCTBO, ce-
Mb", MopaIlbHble " npaBOBble HOpMbl, KopnopS'1"", npocpCOf03bl, pa3n"4Hble
44
npeOMem U Memoo 3KOHOMUyeCKOU meopuu
3KOHOML-1yeCKI.18 s:lBIl8H\t1s:1 L-1 MeXaHL-13Mbl. CIO,qa )\{e MO)\{HO OTH8cn1 06Ll.\e-
CTBeHHoe MHeH"e, MOAY, Bblcwee 05pa30BaH"e, cB060AHoe npeAnp"H"Ma-
TeflbCTBO, Y8CTHYIO c06CTBeHHOCTb, Kpe,QHT L-1 1. A.
MeTOA ItIHCTlr1TYl...!!.10H8IlbHO-COll,vlOnOn14eCK0L4 WKOflbl YYHTblB8eT Op,HO-
Bp8M8HHO L-1 3BOIllOlI,HIO VlHcn1TYTOB, Vl3MeHHIOLl.\YIO YCIlOBL-1H X03HL4CTB8HHOVI
>K1r13HL-1, V1 BflVlflHItI8 3KOHOML-1KH H8 C8M\I1 3TItt L-1HCn1TYTbl.
B nOCIleB08HHblVl nepHO,q «4\.1CTbIVl» Io1HCTL-1Tyu,HOHanL-13M noweIl H8
y5blIlb. 1113 OTAeIlbHoro Te4eH"" "HCT"TY'1"OHaIl"3M npeBpaT"IlC", C OAH00
CTOpOHbl, B 3IleMeHT 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"", C APyro" - B MeTOA 061l1ero
8H8IlVl3a npOl...!eCCOB L-1 cp,BV1rOB B pe8IlbHOVl 3KOHOM!.1Y8CK0L4 CV1CT8M8. Ko
BTOPOMY CIlY4afO MO>KHO OTHeCT" cospeMeHHbli1 HeOHHCTHTY'1HOHaIlH3M,
B p8MK8X KOTOpOro S03HL-1KIl8 3KOHOMV14eCK8H TeopV1H npas C06CTB8HHOCTL-1
(POHSIlbA KOY3, CWA), TeOp"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" OpraH"3a'1"" (POHaIlbA
KOY3, OIlHsep YHIlbflMCOH, CWA), TeOp"" 061l1eCTBeHHoro Bbl60pa
(AJKei1Mc DbIOKeHeH, CWA) " AP.
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TeXH"4eCK"X cpa'TOpOB " np"AaeT oc050e 3Ha4eH"e POIl" TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX
H3Aep>KeK ("3Aep>KeK pbIH04HO" KOOPA"Ha'1"" npO"3BOACTBa - nOAP05Hee
a H"X CM. rn. 4, 9). Ha KOH'1enryaIlbHo" OCHOBe TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK
5blIla CCPOPMYIl"pOBaHa HOBa" pOIlb npSB C06CTBeHHOCT" B MeXaH"3Me
CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"" " pa3B"T"" pblH04HOro X03""CTBa, AaH OTBeT Ha Bon-
pac, 3a4eM HY>KHa cp"pMa, eCIl" eCTb pbIHOK, pa3pa60TaH P"A APyr"X "HTe-
p8CHbiX npo6Il8M X03HL4CTS8HHOVI >KL-13HL-1. TeopHS1 06u.-eCTBeHHoro Bbl6o-
pa !.1CCn8,o,Y8T B38L-1MOCBH3b 3KOHOMH48CKItIX L-1 nOIlV1H14eCKHX HBIl8HL-1V1 (CM.
rn. 17). II1Ha4e Bblpa>Ka"Cb, 3TY TeOp"fO MO>KHO paCCMaTp"BaTb ,aK 3KOHO-
MIIIY8CKL-1171 8H8Il\l13 nOIlItITItIY8CKOVl AeHTeIlbHOCTVI. n0J1It1TVl4eCK8H ccpepa
npeACTaeT KaK cBoe06pa3Hbl" pbIHOK, np"4eM 061l1eCTBeHHbie Ae"TeIl" np"
Bblpa60TKe Tex "Il" "HbIX peWeH"" PYKOBOACTBYfOTC" TeM >Ke np"H'1"nOM
MaKCItIMIt138lJ,L-1L-1 48CTHOVI BblroAbl, 4TO Itt OT,Q8IlbHblV1 L-1H,o,ItIBItI,QyYM L-1J11t1 cpltlp-
M8. A 3TO 03Ha4a8T, 4TO 38KOHOp,8T8IlbHbIMItI L-1 HCnOIlH\IIT8IlbHbIM\.1 opraH8-
MIr1 B03MO>KHO npltlHHTItI8 T8KL-1X peweHVlVI, KOTOpbl8 MaKC!.1MH3L-1PYIOT 6Ilaro-
COCTOHHVle Bbl60pHbiX nOnL-1TV1KOB ItI 4L-1HOBHVlKOB, HO ,QaIleKO He OnT\IIM8Ilb-
HblX C T04KL-1 3peHItIs:I MaKCHML-13al...!lt1V1 06Ll.\eCTB8HHOro 6IlarococTOflHL-1f1.
B 1I,8nOM H8 npOTH>K8HHVI XX B8K8 B 3KOHOMHY8CKOVI TeOpL-1L-1 CIlO>KL-1IlOCb
rocnop,CTBYIOli..\8e nOIlO)\{8HH8 T8K H83blB88MOro «OCHOBHOro T848HL-1H»
(mainstream). 3n1M TepM\IIHOM npL-1HHTO H83blB8Tb H80KIl8CCL-14ecKYIO T80-
P"fO, B TOM COBpeMeHHOM ee B"Ae, KOTOpbl" Ha"50Ilee OT4eTIl"BO npeA-
CTaBIleH B 3apy6e>KHblX CTaHAapTHblX Y4e6H"KaX " p"Ae BeAYll1"X TeOpeT"-
48CKHX >KYPH8IlOB no 3KOHOML-1YeCKO TeOp\l1l.1. O,QHaKO CIle,qY8T OTM8TItITb,
4TO «OCHOBHoe TeYeHL-18) H8 CBOAL-1TCfI TOIlbKO K cpYHA8M8HTa.nbHbIM nOIlO-
>KeH\.1HM HeOKnaCCL-1KItI. Ba)\{H8V1W8H OC068HHOCTb mainstream COCTOL-1T B ero
cnoc06HOCTH Bm1Tb1B8Tb S c86H, p,enaTb CB08V1 COCT8BHOVI yaCTblO BblAep-
>KaBW\.18 npoBepKY Bp8MeHeM nocTYIl8Tbi K8I71HcVlaHcTBa, H80KeVlHCL-18HCTB8,
HeO"HCT"TY'1"OHaIl"3Ma " AP. AocTaT04Ho CpaBH"Tb 5-e "3ASH"e W"POKO
3B8cTHoro yye6H!.1K8 n. CaMY3nbcoHa «3KOHOMVlK8», nep8s8,q8HH08 H8
45
rnasa 2
PYCCK"" "3blK B 1964 r., " 16-e ero "3AaH"e (B coaBTopcTBe C B. Hop xay-
COM) BblweAwee B POCC"" B 2001 r. B nepBOM "3 Ha3BaHHbiX "3AaH"" OT-
CYTC BYfOT TaK"e KSTerop"", KaK HeCOCTO"TeIlbHOCTb (cp"aCKO) bIHKa, Teo-
peMa KOY3a, TeOp"" 051l18CTBeHHoro Bb160 a " APyr"e Ba>KHe"W"e nOH"-
n1f1 H80\l1HCT\I1TYL\VlOH8J1bH0L4 3KOHOMVl48CK0lt1 T80pVlL-1, BOW8AW\.18 B nOCJ1e-
AHee "3AaH"e Y4e5H"Ka, C4"TafOll1eroc" 06pa3'10 M <OCHOBHOro HanpSBIle-
HL-1f1» B npenOAaB8HV1\.1 COBpeMeHHOL-1 3KOHOML-148CK0L-1 H8YKVI.
TaKVlM 06p830M, COBp8M8HH8s:! 3KOHOMIt148CK8f1 T80pL-1H He HBIlfl8TCH Ha-
60pOM p83 L-1 H8BcerA8 YCT8HOBIl8HHbiX 810 38KOHOB V1 T80p8M, 8 Ir1CKJ1104L-1-
T8J1bHO rL-16K\.1M L-1 nOCTOHHHO COBepW8HCTBYIOL.l..\\I1MCH If1HCTPYM8HTOM n03H8-
H\I1f1, cnoc06Hb1M AaB8Tb OTB8Tbl H8 BonpOCbl, B03H\t1K81OL.l..\Vl8 np\.1 \I1CCIl8AO-
BaH\I1V1 p83J11f14Hb1X 3KOHOM\I1Y8CK\I1X CVlCT8M.
OCHOBHble nOHHTHH:
MIf1Kp03KOHOMIf1Ka
MaKpo3KOHOM\t1Ka
n03It1TL-1BH851 It1 HopMaTIt1BHa5t
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npVlHl.\lIIn «laissez - faire»
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«QcHoBHoe TeyeHlt1e»
microeconomics
macroeconomics
positive and normative
economics
economic policy
8n81ysis 8nd syntheses
induction and deduction
snalogy
economic models
function81 8nalysis
merc8ntilism
physiocrats
classic81 school
laissez - faire principle
neo-classic81 school
marginalism
keynesianism
monetarism
new cl8ssical economics
supply-side economics
institutional economics
neo-institutional economics
mainstream
46
OCHosHbie 3aKOHOMepHocmu 3KOHOMU4eCKOU opaaHU3BI..{UU 06U4ecms8
rnasa 3.
OCHOBH E3AKOHOMEPHOCT
3KOHOM 4ECKOLil OprAH 3AU
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6bl He omKa3anUCb».
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4eHHbiX pecypCOB, X03""CTBeHHble cy6beKTbi AOIl>KHbl paCnOIlaraTb He06xo-
A MO" "HcpopMa'1"e" 0 TOM, 4TO, KaK HAIl" Koro npO"3BOA"Tb. BbIAeIl8H-
Hbl8 CIlOBS CPOPMYIl"PYfOT TP" OCHOBHblX 3aAS4", KOTopble AOIl>KHbl peWaTb-
CR B Ilf050M 051l1eCTBe.
LITO npOlil3BOAIiITb - 3TO np"H"T"e peWeH"" 0 TOM, KaK"e "MeHHO
6Il8ra, K8KOrO K8YeCTBa, B K8KOM KOIllf1Y8CTB8 AOJ1)\{Hbl 6blTb np0!.13B8A8Hbl.
KAK npOlil3BOAIiITb - 3TO np"H"T"8 peWeH"" 0 TOM, C nOMOll1bfO KS-
KIt1X orp8HH48HHbiX P8CypCOB L-1 L-1X KOM6!.1H8l!V1V1, C nOMOll!blO KaKL-1X T8XHOIlO-
r"" 5YAYT npO"3BeAeHbl 5Ilsra.
j:\flfl KOrO npO"3BOA"Tb - 3TO np05IleMa, CB"3aHHa" C pacnp8AeIleH"-
eM 6Ilar: KOMY AOCTaHYTCH np0L-13BeA8HHbI8 6Ilara VI B K8KOM KOIllt14eCTS8
5YAeT pacnoIlaraTb "M" 3KOHOM"4eCK"" cy6beKT.
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PH" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" OpraH"3a'1"" 061l18CTBa, KaK"M 5bl H" 6blIlO ero CO'1"aIlb-
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MepHOCTHX 3KOHOM\I148CKOVI )I{!.13HIII, H806xOAVIMO paCCMOTp8Tb T8K\.18 Ba>KH8V1-
w"e nOH"T"", ,aK npO"3BOACTBO, 5Ilsrs, nOTpe6HOCT", 06MeH, aIlbTepHS-
TL-1BH8s:1 CTOHMOCTb It1 AP., n03BOIls:!IOLl.\lo1e YCBO\.1Tb 83bl 3KOHOMVl48CK0L4 H8YKL-1.
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7IBIlHIOTCfI IlL-1 TepMIt1Hbl «np0It13BOACTBO» V1 «3KOHOML-1K8» CVI-
HOHVlM8M\.1? 3TOT Bonpoc nOCT8Bn8H He CIlY48V1HO. H8 >KL-1T8I71CKOM, 06b1A8H-
HOM ypOBHe npVlHHTO CYV1T8Tb, 4TO np0lt13BOACTB8HH8H A8sn8nbHOCTb Y8IlO-
47
inasa 3
B8K8 - 3TO L-1 8CTb 3KOHOML-1Ka, 3KOHOMw.18cKaH >K1tI3Hb IlIO,Q811t. III CIl8,QyeT
IlOrltlLJeCKIilVI BbIBO,Q: 3KOHOML-1LJeCKafi HaYKa V13YLJaeT npm13BOACTB8HHYIO, XO-
3HVlCTBeHHYlO ,QeHTenbHOCTb IlIO,D,8L4 B pa3nt.-14HbIX L-1CTOpL-1yeCKL-1X YCIlOBL-1HX.
TaK"e paCCY>KAeH"R He BnOIlHe KoppeKTHbl. Pa3YMeeTC", TPYAHO ocna-
pV1B8Tb YTB8p>K,QeHItI8, 4TO ,QeHT8IlbHOCTb IlIO,QeL4, CBfl3aHHaH C npOIll3BO,Q-
CTBOM pa3Ho06pS3HbiX 5Ilar, CYll1eCTBOBsna " B nepB05bITHOM, " B pa50B-
Il8,QeIlbl.J8CKOM 061.l..J.eCTB8. OAH8KO C06CTB8HHO 3KOHOMUKU T8M He 6bIIlO.
npO"3BOACTBO MaTep"aIlbHblX 6Ilar, Hanp"Mep, B pa60BIlaAeIlbyeCKOM 06-
ll1eCTBe, np" KpenocTHoM npaBe, B CTaIl"HCKYfO 3noxy B CCCP 5blIlO OCHO-
B8HO H8 H8CV1Il\.1V1, npL-1HY>KAeHH\.1, Ha T8X MeTOAax, KOTopble npHHHTo H83bl-
BaTb 6He3KOHOMU4eCKUMU. 3KOHOML-1K8 )\{e nOHBJ1HeTCfI TaM VI TorAa, rAe V1
KorA8 npoH3BO,QCTBO perYIllo1pyeTcfI Mex8HVl3M8MI-1, KOTopble OCHOB8Hbi H8
l..\eHoBbiX CL-1rH8IlaX, 1. 8. KOIle68HL-1HX pblHOLJHblX l!eH, ,Q!.1HaMIt1Ke npL-16bJIl8171 L-1
y5blTKOB " T. n. Bce 3TO - aTp"6yrbl pblH04HOro X03""CTBa. CIleAOBaTeIlbHO,
CTpOro roBOpH, 3KOHOMV1Ka - 3TO CHHOHV1M He C110Ba «npOIll3BOACTBO», a
CHHOHV1M nOHflTV1f1 «pbIHO......Hoe X03HVlCTBO». 4aCTO BCTpeLJalOLl.\!.1eCH BbJpa-
>KeHV1f1 «3KOHOMV1K8 n8pB06blTHOro CTPOH», «CP80A8IlbH8f1 3KoHOMV1Ka»,
«3KOHOMHK8 B08HHOro KOMMYH\II3M8», «COLl,It18IlL-1CTlilyeCK8H 3KOHOMHKa» It1 1. n.
OCHOB8Hb1 H8 OTO)!{jJ,8cTBIleHHL-1 nOHHTL-1L4 «np0It13BOACTBO» L-1 «3KOHOMV1K8». 3TIt1
CIlOBOC04eTaH\.1f1 CTam1 nplllBblLJHblMH III H8 BbI3bIBalOLl.\!.1MIII COMH8HL-1V1 B Ir1X
TeOpeTV1LJeCKOC1 npaBoM8pHOCTV1. Ho ,Q8IlO He TOIlbKO B TOM, 4TO AnH MHorV1X
IlIOAeVi CIlOBa «3KOHOMHKa» H «np0It13BOACTBO» 03H8Y81OT O,QHO ItI TO >Ke.
Hawe pa3rp8HV1LJ8HL-1e sn1X KaTeropHVI OCHOBaHO Ha nO,QXOA8, CBOVl
CTB8HHOM nOHV1M8HV11O np8AM8Ta 3KOHOML-1LJ8CK0L4 TeOpJ.1V1 KaK HaYKL-1 0 pbl-
H04HOM X03HlltCTB8. «lIIcTop!l1f1 3KOHOML-1LJeCKOVl MbICIlIt1, - OTMe4a8T L-13B8CT-
HblVl 8HrIlL-1V1CKL-1i11 3KOHOML-1CT MapK 5n8yr, - H8 LJTO V1Hoe, K8K !.1CTOpV1H H8-
WV1X nonblTOK nOHHTb ,Q8V1CTBL-1e 3KOHOML-1KIII, OCHOBaHHOL4 H8 pblHOLJHblX on8-
P8L1,V1HX».1 OTKpOVlT8 Il1060Vl YY86HV1K COBpeMeHHblX 3an8,QHblX 3KOHOML-1C-
TOB, - \II Bbl CP83Y YB!.1AIIIT8, 4TO 4L-1T8TeIlIO 06bHCHHIOT TaKH8 K8TeropVlL-1, K8K
pbIHOK, pblH04Hbl" cnpoc, npeAIlO>KeH"e, '1eHa " T. n. OAHaKO, eCIl" ell1e pa3
BepHYTbCfI K onpeA8Il8HHIO npeAMeT8 3KOHOMH48CKOali TeOpltl!.1 K8K HaYKe a 6b1-
60pe, KOTOpbl" oCYll1eCTBIl"fOT IlfOA" B YCIlOB""X OrpaH"4eHHblx pecypCOB, TO
MO>KHO COrnaCL-1TbCH C T8M, 4TO np06Il8M8 Bbl60pa B npOl!8CCe X03HL4CTB8HHOVI
>KV13HL-1 CTOHIl8 14 CTOHT n8pe,Q IlIOAbMVI npltl J11060M COl!1t18nbHOM YCTpOVlCTBe.
C 3TOilt TOl.JK!.1 3P8HV1s:1 Mbl !.1 MO>KeM roBOpHTb 06 3KOHOMIo1Ke ItIHbIX, 8IlbT8p-
H8TV1BHbIX pblHOLJHOMY X03s:1V1CTBY CIllCTeM.
nO,Qp06Hee 0 nOHHTllllt1 pblH04HOro X03HCicTBa, 8 T81OK8 MeXaHIr13M8 PbIH-
Ka pe4b nO"AeT B rn. 5-7. OAHaKo 3Ha'OMCTBO C KaTerOp"e" npO"3BOACTBS
B Ha"50nee 061l1eM B"Ae npeACTO"T Ha
,QaHHoVl cTyneHL-1 8H8J1L-138.
npO"3BOACTBO MaTep"aIlbHblx 6Ilar -
OCHOB8 >KL-13HL-1 4eIlOBeK8 L-1 06Ll.\8CTBa. Ho
np0L-13Bo,QCTBO - 3TO H8 6\.10IlOrV14eCK!.1L4 npo-
48
, 6Ilayr M. 3KOHOM!.1'-1eCKaR
MblCIlb B peTpOCneKT!.1Be. M., 1994.
C.5.
OCHOBHble 3aKoHoMepHDcmu 3KOHOMUyeCKOU op2aHU3a uu 06lL{ecmsa
u,ecc; OH OTpa>KaeT, Bo-n8pBblx, B3aHMOA8I1tCTBV1e Y8IlOB8Ka It1 nplt1pOAbl, 8, BO-
BTOpbIX, B3S"MOAe"CTB"e IlfOAe" Me>KAY c050" B npO'1eCce HX X03""CTBeHHO"
AeHT8I1bHOCT".
II1TaK, 4TO >Ke npeACTaBIl"eT c050" npO"3BOACTBO B caMOM 061l1eM B"Ae,
He38B\.1CV1MO OT TOIit !.1IlIil L-1HOI71 X03f1V1CTB8HHOIit CVlCT8Mbi (BH83KOHOMV148CKOVI
"Il" OCHOBaHHO" Ha 3KOHOM"4eCK"X CT"MYIlax)?
2.
06L11eCTBeHHoe np0l13BOACTBO
11 6oraTCTBO 06L11eCTBa
npOH3BOACTBO - 3TO '1eIleC005pa3Ha" Ae"TeIlbHOCTb IlfO-
Ae", HanpaBIleHHa" HS YAOBIleTBOpeH"e "X nOTpe5HOCTe". B 3TOM npO'1ec-
ce B3a"MOAe"CTBYfOT OCHOBHble <j:)SKTOpbl npOH3BOACTBS - mpyo, K8nu-
man, 3eMnfl, npeanpUHUMamenbCmSO. B COBp8M8HHOVI 3KOHOMV148CK0Il1 H8-
YKe Mbl 5YAeM 4all1e BCTpe4aTbC" C TepM"HOM pecypCbl. AeIlO B TOM, Ha-
3BaHHbie 4eTbipe cpSKTopa npeACTaBIl"fOT c050" BeCbMa YKPynHeHHoe npeA-
CT8BIleHV18 06 OCHOBHblX 3IleMeHT8X 3KOHOMVll.J8CKOro nOTeHLI,lIIaIla TOVI It1IlIt1
"HO" CTpaHbl. Hanp"Mep, HaKonIleHHble 3HSH"" BblcoKOKBaIl"cp"'1"pOBaH-
HOro npOrpaMM"CTa cIleAyeT OTHecm K TPYAY "Il" K Kan"TaIlY KaK cpaKTOpaM
npO"3BOAcTBa? A "HcpopMa'1"fO? BOT n04eMY Bce 4all1e 3KOHOM"CTbl CTaIl"
ynoTpe5Il"Tb TepM"H pecypcbl, nOA KOTOPbIM" nOApa3YMeBafOTc" npO"3BOA-
CTBeHHble 5Ilars, c03AaHHbie np"pOAO" "Il" IlfOAbM". PeCYPCbl He05xOA"Mbl
AIl" C03,QaH"" nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"X 5Ilar, "Il" KOH84HbIX TOBapoB " YCIlyr (OAe>K-
Abl, npoAoBOIlbCTB"", >K"Il"ll1a, aBTOM05"Ile", pa3BIle4eH"" " T. A.).
Pe3YIlbTaTOM npO"3BOACTBa "BIlReTC" C03AaH"e MSTep"aIlbHblx "
HeMaTep"aIlbHblx 5Ilar, YAoBIleTBOp"fOll1"X 4eIlOBe4eCK"e nOTpe5Hocm. AIl"
nOHHMaH"" 3aKoHoMepHocTe" npO'1ecca npO"3BOACTBa He05xOA"MO 50Ilee
nOAP06HO oxapaKTep"30BaTb KaTerop"" nOTpe5HocTe" " 5Ilar.
__Q9Tpe6HocTH LJ8IlOB8Ka MO)\{HO onp8AeIl!.1Tb K8K COCTOHHH8 H8YAOBIl8T-
BOpeHHo-e-TI4 HIl" HY>KAbl, KOTopoe OH CTpeM"TC" npeOAOIleTb. II1MeHHO 3TO
COCTOHHlt1e H8YAOBIleTBop8HHOCT!.1 38CT8BIlHeT LJ8IlOB8K8 npeAnpVlHHM8Tb
onpeAeIleHHble YC"Il"", T. e. OCYll1eCTBIl"Tb npO"3BOACTBeHHYfO Ae"TeIlb-
HOCTb. KnSCC"CP"Ka'1"" nOTpe5HocTe" OTIlH4aeTCH orpOMHblM pa3H005pa3"-
eM. MHorHe 3KOHOMIr1CTbi np8,Qnp1t1HVlM8IlIt1 nonblTKH «p83IlO>K\.1Tb no nonOLJ-
KaM!> Bce MHoro05pa3"e nOTpe5HOCTe" IlfOAe". TaK, A. MapwaIlIl, BblAafO-
LU,1.H1CH np8ACTaBL-1TeIlb H80KIlaCC\.1LJeCKOIit WKOIlbl, CCblIl8HCb H8 H8M8l..\KOro
3KOHOMHCTa fepM8HH8, OTMe4a8T, 4TO no-
Tpe5HOCT" MO>KHO nOAPS3AeIl"Tb Ha a5co-
flK)THb18 III OTHOCVlT8IlbHbI8, BblCWH8 L-1 H!.13-
LUllle, HeOTIlO>KHble H MorY !.1e 6blTb OTIlO-
>KeHHbIMIII, npHMble VI KOCB8HHble, H8CTOH-
ll1He " 5YAYll1"e " AP.' B Y4e6HO" 3KOHOM"-
1 MapwaIlIl A. np!.1HLll.1nbl 3KO-
HOMW'ieCKO HaYKI.1, M., 1993,1. 1.
C.153.
49
4 KYPC3KOHOMI1'-!eC;KO TeOp1111
Inasa 3
yeCKO" Il"TepaType 4aCTO "CnOIlb3yeTc" AeIleH"e nOTpe6HOCTe" Ha nepSU4-
Hble (HU3wue) " smopU4Hbie (Sblcwue). nOA nepBblM" nOApa3YMeBafOTC"
nOTpe6HOCT" 4eIlOBeKa B eAe, n"Tbe, OAe>KAe " T. A. BTOp"4Hble _ nOTpe5HO-
CT" CBR3aHbi rnaBHblM 05pa30M C AYXOBHO", "HTenneKTyaIlbHO" AeRTeIlb-
HOCTbfO 4eIlOBeKa - nOTpe5HOCT" B 05pa30BaH"", "CKYCCTBe, pa3BIle4eH""
"T n AeIleH"e 3TO B "3BeCTHO" CTeneH" ycnoBHO: pOCKOWHa OAe>KA a «HO-
BO;O 'PYCCKorQ» He 05"3aTeIlbHO CB 3SHS C YAOBneTBOpeH"eM nepB"4HblX
nOTpe5HOCTe", a, CKopee, C npeACraB"TeIlbCK"M" CPYHK'1""M" "Il" TaK Ha-
3blBseMbiM npeCT">KHbIM nOTpe5IleH"eM. KpOMe TOro, AeneH"e nOTpe5HOC-
Te" Ha nepB"4Hble " BTOp"4Hble cyry50 "HA"B"AyaIlbHo AIl Ka>KAO ro OT-
AeJlbHOrD l.J8IlOB8Ka: ,QIlH HeKOTopblX 4T8HL-18 - nepBHYH8H nOTp86HOC b,
paA" KOTOpO" OH" MorYT OTKa3aTb ce6e B YAOBIleTBOpeH"" nOTpe5HOCTe" B
oAe>KA e "n" >K"Il"ll1e (XOT" 5bl 4aCT"4HO).
nOTp86HOCT\.1 4eIlOB8Ka He OCT81OTCs:I HeIt13MeHHbIMvt; OHvt p83BvtB8IOTC7I
no Mep8 3BOIllOl\vtvt 48IlOB848CKOVl U,It1BHJ1L-13 8 1\\.11t1 \.1 3TO KaC88TCH, npemp,8
BC8ro, BbICWV1X nOTpe6HOCTeVl. 48CTO Mbl MO>K8M BCTpeTL-1Tb Bblp8>KeHvt8 «Y8-
J10BeK C H8pa3BIt1TblML-1 nOTpe6HOCTs:lMIt1». KOH8YHO, 3AeCb It1M88TCH B BL-1,QY He-
pa3BHTOCTb BbICW\.1X nOTpe6HOCTelll, TaK KaK nOTpe6HOCTb B eAe H nV1Tb8 38JlO-
>KeHa caMO" np"pOAO". 1I13blcKSHHa" KYIl"Hap"R " CepB"pOBKS CB"AeTeIlbCTBY-
lOT CKope8 BCerD 0 pa3B\.1TvtL-1 nOTpe6HocTel71 Bblcwero nopH,QKa, CBfl38HHblX Ir1
C 3CT8TV1KOVl, a He TOIlbKO C npOCTblM H8CblLl.\8H\.1eM >KeIlYAKa. w
DIlaro _ 3TO cpeAcTBo AIl" YAOBneTBOpeH"" nOTpe6HOCTe". A. Map-
waIlIl onpeAeIl"Il 5naro KaK «>KeIlaeMYfO Bell1b, YAoBIleTBOp" fO ll1YfO 4eIlOBe-
4ecKYfO nOTpe5HocTb». >K.-5. C3" paCCMaTp"BSIl 5Ilsra «KaK peACTBa, KO-
Topble Mbl "MeeM AIl" YAoBIleTBOpeH"" HaW"X nOTpe5HOCTe"». A. WTOpX
nOAY8pKLilB8J1, 4TO «npL-1roBOP, npovt3HOCL-1Mbl Ha 1 Wlt1M Y>KA8HIr18M HaCyeT
nOIle3HOCT" npeAMeToB... AeIlseT "X 5IlarSM"». CBO"CTBO KaKoro-Il"50
npeAMeTa, KOTopoe n03BoIl"eT YAoBneTBop"Tb onpeAeIleHHYfO nOTpe5HocTb
4eIlOBeKa, ell1e He AenaeT ero 5IlaroM. Hs 3TOT cpaKT c06 e BH"MaH"e 06-
pall1aeT OA"H "3 B"AHe"W"X npeACTaB"TeIle" aBCTp""CKO" WKOIlbl K. eH-
rep. TaK, Hanp"Mep, KopeHb >KeHbWeH" cnoc05eH nOAH"Tb >K"3HeHHbl" TO-
HYC 48JlOBeKa. Ho nOKa IlIO,QbMIr1 H8 6blIla nOCT8SJleH8 B npU4UHHo-cnea:
cmseHHYIO GSfl3b nOTpe6HOCTb B 03AopOBIleH\.1\.1 opraHvt3M8 C u,8JlLilTeJlbHovt
C"IlO" >KeHbweH", 3TO paCTeH"e He HOC"IlO xapaKTepa 6Ilara. Apyr"MH CIlO-
BaM", cnoc05HOCTb npeAMeTa YAOBIleTBop"Tb KaKYfO-Il"50 nOTpe5HOCTb
AOIl>KH8 6bITb OC03H8H8 4eIlOB8KOM.
KnSCC"cp"Ka'1"" 6Ilar, TaK >Ke, KaK " nOTpe5HOCTe", OTIl"4aeTC" 50Ilb-
WIt1M p83Hoo6p83vt8M. OTM8TL-1M Ba>KH8I11WL-1e
H3 HHX C T04KL-1 3peHL-1s:1 p83J1vt4Hb1X KpIllT8pH-
eB KIlaCC"cp" Ka '1"".
. 3KOHOMH"IeCKHe ..., He3KOHOMH4ec-
KHe 5Ilars. C T04K" 3peH"" OrpaH"4eHHOC-
T" 5Ilar no OTHOWeH"fO K HaW"M nOTpe5HO-
50
, CM. nOAP06Hee: MeHrep K.
OCHOSaHIIITI nOJlIIIH1yeCK0\l1 3KOHO-
Mill\!!. ASCTplll!l1CKaTi WKOJla B nOJlIi\T\II.
4eCK0C1 3KOHOMVlIII. M., 1992. C. 39.
OCHOBHble 3aKOHOMepHocmu 3KOHOMU4eCKOU op2aHu3au,uu o6 ecmBa
CTHM Mbl roBOp/.1M 06 3KOHOML-1yeCKL-1X 6Il8r8X. Ho 8CTb J..1 TaKV1e 6nara, KOTO-
pble no Cp8BH8HHIO C H8WL-1M!.1 nOTpe6HOCTHML-1 L-1M8IOTCH B H80rp8HV1yeHHOM
KOIl"4eCTBe (Hanp"Mep, B03AYX). TaK"e 6Ilara Ha3blBafOT CB050AHbIM", "Il"
He3KOHOM"4eCK"M" (CM. nOAP05Hee rn. 5).
. DIlsrs nOTpe5HTeIlbcKHe H npoH3BoAcTBeHHble, "Il" 5Ilara np"Mble
It1 6.nara KOCB8HHbJ8. IIIHor,q8 IIIX Ha3blB81OT 6naa8 HU3weao lit 6n8a8 SbJGWe-
eo nopRoKa, "Il" npeoMembl nompe6neHuR " cpeocmea npou3soocmea. no-
Tpe5"TeIlbCK"e 6Ilara, KaK cIleAyeT "3 "X Ha3BaH"", npeAHa3Ha4eHbi AIl"
HenocpeAcTBeHHoro YAoBIleTBOpeH" 4eIlOBe4eCK"X nOTpe5HOCTe". 3TO Te
caMbl8 KOH8YHbl8 TOB8pbl L-1 YCIlyrlo1, 0 KOTOpblX p84b WIl8 Bblwe. npOH3BOA-
CTBeHHble 5Ilara - 3TO "CnOIlb3yeMble B npo'1ecce npO"3BOACTBa pecypcbl
(CTaHK", MaW"Hbl, 050PYAOBaH"e, 3AaH"", 3eMIl", npocpeCC"OHaIlbHble Ha-
Bb,"" KBaIl"cp"Ka'1"").
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KOTopble 6Ilar8 Bo06Ll.\e LilIlIll np8,qocT8BvtTb IIIX B onTL-1M8IlbHOM KOIllilyeCTB8.
Ce Y8C >Ke Mbl MO>KeM TOJlbKO H83B8Tb B K8Y8CTBe npL-1M8pOB 06Ll.\8CTB8H-
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P"AOK, T. e. Te 6Ilara, KOTOPbIM" nOIlb3YfOTC" Bce 5e3 "CKIlf04eH"" rpa>KAa-
He CTp8Hbi. 48CTHbie >K8 6Il8ra npe,qOCT8BIl7lIOTCH TOIlbKO T8M, KTO 38 HIt1X
3anIlamIl (Ka>KAbl" AeHb Bbl np"06peTaeTe 3a AeHbr" PS3Il"4Hble 4aCTHbie
5Ilara - nOe3AK" Ha MeTpo, nOCell1eH"e K"HOTeaTpa, 05eA B CTYAeH4eCKO"
CTOIlOBO" " T. n.). nOAP06Hee pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY 4aCTHbIM" " 061l1eCTBeHHbl-
Mw5IlaraM" 6YAeT 06CY>KAaTbC" B rn. 15" 17.
.Qo CIt1X nop p84b WIl8 rIl8BHbiM 06p830M 0 M8T8plt18IlbHbiX 6Il8r8x V1M81O.
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npO"3BOA"TeIl" K nOTpe6"TeIlfO. B AaHHOM CIlY4ae npO"3BOACTBO nOApa3YMe-
BaeT H8 C03A8H!.1e BeLl.\L-1, KOTOpylO MO}l{HO nOTporaTb, 8 n8p8Me 8HL-1e ee B
npOCTpaHCTBe.
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aIlbHblX 6Ilarax KaK BOnIlOll1eH"" 60rsTcTBs. XOT" Y>Ke B XVIII - Ha4aIle XIX
BB. BbICK83bIS8IlL-1Cb npeAnOIlO)\{eHL-1H 0 It1HblX cpOpM8X 6Il8r - HeMaTepH8Ilb-
HbIX. TaK, >K.-5. C3" np"4"CIl"Il K 6IlaraM " aABOKaTCK"e KOHTOpbl " Kpyr
nOKynaTeIle" Kyn'1a, " cnaBY BoeHHoro npeABOA"TeIl". Oc050e BH'"MaH"e
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HOCT" - '
JlIOAelt1 He orp8HH4L-1B8IOTCH IlL-1Wb It1cnOIlb30B8HL-1eM B CBOL-1X l\eIlHX
MaTep"aIlbHblX 5Ilar. 111 YCIlyra aABOKara, " IleK'1H" B YH"BepC"TeTe " "" P -
m en p ,
8,qCT8BIleHL-18 YAOBIleTBopHIOT onpe,q8Il8HHble yeIlOBeyeCKIt18 no-
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51
Inaea 3
HblX 6nae. 3Ha4eH"e 3TorO pOAa Ae"TeIlbHOCT" He"3Mep"MO B03pOCnO BO
BTOpO" nOIlOB"He XX BeKa no cpaBHeH"fO Aa>Ke C BeKOM XIX, He rOBOp" Y>Ke
o 60nee paHH"X CTSA""X 48IloBe4ecKo" '1"B"Il"3a'1"". TaK"M 05pa30M, co-
BpeMeHHoe nOH"MaH"e npo'1eccs npO"3BOACTBa BKnfOyaeT B ce6" C03ASH"8
KaK MSTep"aIlbHbIX, TaK " HeMaTep"SIlbHbIX 5Ilar.
<l>SKTOpbl npoH3BoAcTBa, HIlH pecypbl (TPYA, Kan"TaIl, 3eMIl",
npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbcTBo) 5YAYT nOAP05HO oxapSKT8p"30BaHbl B rn. 11-14. B
caMOM 051l18M B"Ae Mbl MO>KeM onpeAeIl"Tb pecypcbl KaK 5Ilara npO"3BOA-
CTBeHHoro Ha3Ha48H"R, He05xOA"Mble AIl" c03AaH"" KOHe4Hbix TOBapoB "
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3TOT naparpscp "MeeT B CBoeM Ha3BaH"" CIlOBOC04eTSH"e «051l1e-
CTBeHHoe npO"3BOACTBO». n04eMY nOTpe50BaIlC" 3TOT 3n"TeT? Pa3Be no-
HRT" <<npO"3BOACTBO» HeAOCTaT04HO AIlR TOro, 4T05bl Y"CH"Tb He05xOA"-
MOCTb B3a"MOAe"CTB"" OCHOBHblX cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa? A8IlO B TOM,
4TO npO'1 eCC npO"3BOACTBa oCYll1eCTBIl"eTC He "30Il"pOBaHHbIM" cy5beK-
TaMH, a B 051l1eCTBe, B C"CTeMe 051l1eCTBeHHoro pS3AeIleH"" TpYAa (CM. rIl.
5, 9 1). Aa>Ke oTAeIlbHbl" peMeCIleHH"K "Il" cp8pMep, nOIlara", 4TO OH Ae,,-
CTBY8T nOIlHOCTblO H83aBL-1CL-1MO OT KOro 6bl TO Hili 6bIIlO, H8 C8MOM A8Ile
CBH3aH TbICs:lY8MVI X03HVlCTB8HHbiX Hl1T8V1 C APyn1MIt1 IlIOAbMVI. 3,Q8Cb >Ke
MO>KHO OTMeT"Tb, 4TO Memoo P05UH30HaObl, KorAa B Ka4eCTBe np"Mepa
paCCMaTp"Ba8TC" oTAeIlbHbl" 4eIlOBeK (OA"H "3 Ha"50Ilee W"POKO np"Me-
HH8MbiX M8TO,QOB It1CCIl8AOB8HL-1f1 B H80KnaCCVl48CKOVl 3KOHOMVl48CKOVl T80-
P""), >K"BYll1"" Ha H805"TaeMOM OCTpOBe, He npOT"BOpe4"T YTBep>KAeH"fO
05 051l18CTBeHHoM xapaKTepe npO"3BOAcTBa. "P05"H30HSAa» nOMora8T
IlY4W8 YHCHVlTb M8xaHVl3M P81\HOH8IlbHoro 3KOHOMIII48CKOro nOB8A8HIIIs:I OT-
A8IlbHOro 48IlOBeKa, HO 3TOT M8xaHIII3M H8 n8p8cTaeT ,Q8V1CTBOB8Tb, eCIlIt1 OT
MOAeIl" P05"H30Ha Mbl nepeXOA"M K peaIl"RM He "HA"B"AYSIlbHoro, S 06-
ll1eCTBeHHoro Bbl50pa. MO>KeT nOKS3aTbC", 4TO C "3Y4eH"eM 051l1eCTBeHHo-
ro npoVl3BOACTB8 CBfl38H8 TOIlbKO M8Kp03KOHOMVlK8, a M\.1Kp03KOHOML-1K 8
"MeeT AeIlO TOIlbKO C oTAeIlbHbIM" X03""CTBYfOll1"M" "HA"B"AYYMaM". Ae"-
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nonb30BaTb B Ka48CTB8 nplllM8pa OTA8IlbHoro np0L-13BO,QL-1TeIlH VlIlVl nOTp86V1-
T8IlR. Ho np" 3TOM HY>KHO nOMH"Tb, 4TO ynoM"HYTb18 cy6beKTbi Ae"CTBYfOT
B CVlCT8M8 orpaHVl48H\.1V1, HaIlar88Mb1X 06w,ecmaeHHblMU UHcmumymaMU
(Hanp"Mep, "HCT"TYTOM c05CTBeHHOCT", MOpaIl" " "HbIM" cpopMaIlbHblM"
" HecpopMaIlbHblM" npaB"IlSM").
60rSTCTBO 061l1eCTBa B ero TpaA"'1"OHHOM nOH"MaH"", BOCXOA"ll1 eM K
OCHOBOnOnO>KH\I1K8M KIlaCCVl48CKOVI WKOIlbl, np8,QCTaBIls:lJlOCb KaK BonIlOUJ,8H-
Hbl" B MaTep"SnbHblX 5narax HaKonIl8HHbl" npownbl" TPYA np8AweCTBYfO-
UJ,L-1X 11 HaCTOHLl.\8ro nOKOIleHVlVI. Ho COBp8M8HH8H 3KOHOMVl48CK8H MblCIlb
Kp"T"4eCK" OTHOC"TC" K Te3"CY 05 "CKIlf04"TeIlbHO MaTep"aIlbHOM COAep-
>KaHL-1H 60r8TCTBa. It1Hbl8 Bp8MeHa - L-1HOVI no,qxOA K nOHHMaHVlIO 3TO KaT8-
52
OCH06Hb/e 3aKOHOMepHocmu 3KOHOMUyeCKOU opaaHU3aLjUU 06U{ecmsa
rop"": 60eamcmeo - 3mo Bce, 4mo nJ{)ou L<eHRm. TaKoe onpeAeIleH"e 50-
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pOAHbie pecypCbl, " np"pOAHble cnOC05HOCT" 4eIlOBeKa, " cB060AHoe Bpe-
M.fI. C TeOp8TIt148CKOVl T04KL-1 3peHL-1H nOAo6H08 nOHL-1M8H!.18 60raTCTBa n03BO-
IlReT BbICBeT"Tb MHor"e rpaH" 3TO" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" KaTerop"". OAHaKO,
KorAa pe4b "AeT a CTaT"cm4eCK"X paC4eTax " Me>KAYHapOAHbIX conocTSB-
118HHflX H81\V10HaIlbHoro 60raTCTB8, TaK08 WHpOK08 nOHHM8HHe 60raTCTBa
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Bble nOAC48Tbl. HeIlb3" 3a5blBaTb " a TOM, 4TO 051l1eCTBeHHoe 50raTCTBO
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BaTeIlbHO, "3MeHeH"e '1eHHOCT" CaM"X AeHer MO>KeT np"BeCT" " K pa3Il"4-
HblM O'1eHKaM OAHOro " TOro >Ke KOIlH4eCTBa MaTep"aIlbHblX 6Ilar (nOAP05-
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CTe B3"TbIX. A6cOIlfOTHbie pa3Mepbl npO"3BOACTBa '1eMeHTa, MeTaIlIlOpe>KY-
ll1"X CTaHKOB " AP. TaK>Ke npeBOCXOA"Il" nOKa3aTeIl" pa3B"Tb1X npOMblW-
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paM", np"Op"TeTOM BO MHor"X CPYHAaMeHTaIlbHblX HaY4HbiX "ccneAoBaH""X.
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I1IO,I:\e". 3TO - BO MHorOM HOpMaT"BHa" KaTerOp"" " BHe CY>KAeH"" 4eIlOBe
:a a '1eHHOCT" TOro "Il" "Horo 5Ilara He CYll1eCTByeT. MO>KHO AaTb " TaKY
B:paKTep"CmKY nOH"T"" 50raTCTBa: 50raTCTBO - 3TO Bce, 4TO paCW"p"eT
150p 4eIlOBeKa, "Il" ero aIlbTepHST"BHble B03MO>KHOCT". C 3TO" T04K"
:P:H , " Bell1", AeHbr", " 3HaH"", " np"pOAHble pecypCbl, " cB050AHoe
p R paCW"p"fOT HSW Bbl50p " MorYT paC'1eH"BaTbC" 'aK 50raTCTBO.
oraTCTBO BcerAa He05xOA"MO paCCMaTp"BaTb B KOHTeKCTe YAOBIleTBO-
PeH " nOTpe6HOCTe" 4eIlOBeKa. TaK, eCIl" MaTep"aIlbHble " HeMaT8 p "a Ilb
Hble 6Ila -
ra VlM81OTCs:I B K0I1HY8CTB8, cnoco6HOM YAOBIl8TBOplllTb HaWH no-
: HOCT" AO nOIlHOro "X HaCblll1eH"" " 3T" 5Ilara HSM AocTynHbl, MO>KHO
P"Tb, 4TO Mbl 50raTbi. Ho BHOBb " BHOBb Mbl 06pall1aeM BH"MaH"e Ha
53
In8e8 3
HOpM8THBHbl OTTeHOK B onp8Aen8HLt1Lt1 K8T8ropLt1L-1.60r8TCTBa. SoraT IlIt1 or,
o6XOAHLl.\L-1CiCH ML-1HLt1MYMOM nLt1UJ,\.1 Lt1 cocpeAOT04eHHblVl Ha nOCTL-1}/{eHL-1L-1 Sora?
DoraT IlIt1 M\..1TIIlLt10Hep, npLt1KOB8HHblVl nap8nW-loM K nOCTeIlL-1 Lt1 nOT8pHBWLt1L4
YMCTBeHHYfO " cp"3"4eCKYfO Aeecnoc06HOCTb? '-ITa 03HS4seT W"POKO
pacnpOCTp8H8HH08 Bblp8)\{8HLt1e «rnaBH08 60raTCTBO - 3AOPOBb8»? 111m"
«rnaBHoe 60raTCTBO - CB060A8»? B03MO>KHO IlLt1 6blTb CB060AHbIM, He 06-
n8A8H TeM KOnlt148CTBOM M8Tep\.1aIlbHb1X 6Ilar, KOTopoe npL-13HaHO np0}/{L-1T04-
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T8K MHoro BonpocoB np\.1 aHaIlV13e KaT8ropLt1\.1 6or8TcTBa nOCTaBIleHO AIlH
TOro, YT06bl 8w,e pa3 nOAyepKHYTb 3Ha48H\.1e Ol..\8HOYHbIX, HopMaT\.1BHbIX Ka-
T8ropLt1V1 B 3KOHOMIt1Y8CKOVl TeOpVlL-1. 3TO CTaH8T HCH88 B nocneAYIOw,eM, noc-
Ile aHaIl"3a np06IleM cnpaBeAIl"Boro pscnpeAeIleH"" AOXOAoB (rn. 15,24),
'1ene" rocYAapcTBeHHo" nOIl"mK" (rIl. 17) " T. A.
3.
npOH3BOACTBO, pacnpeAeneHHe,
o6MeH H nOTpe6neHHe
B pe3YIlbTaTe 051l1eCTBeHHoro npO"3BOACTBa c03AaeTC" Ba-
IlOBO" Ha'1"OHanbHb'" npOAYKT (noAP06Ha xapaKTep"CT"Ka ero paC4eTa
5YAeT AaHa B rn. 16). B CBoeM AB">KeH"" OH npOXOA"T P"A B3a"MOCB"3aH-
HblX cTaA"": npoH3BOACTBO, pacnpeAeIleHHe, 05MeH H nOTpe5IleH>le.
npOH3BoACTBO _ 3TO "CXOAHbl" nYHKT c03AaH"" MSTep"aIlbHbIX " He-
MaTep\.1aIlbHblX 6nar. Ho HCXOAHbl TonbKO B p8MKax TO OY8BVlAHOVl VlCH1-
Hbl, YTO AIlH TOro, YT06bl }l(L-1Tb, Y8IlOBeK AOIl>K8H eCTb, nLt1Tb, J.1MeTb >KLt1IlLt1w,e
" T. n. B pblH04HOM >Ke X03""CTBe npO"3BOACTBO 6YAeT oCYll1eCTBIl"TbC"
Il"Wb TorAa, KorAa pblHOK " Bo061l1e ccpeps 05MeHS ASAYT npO"3BOA"TeIlfO
COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"" '1eHOBO" C"rHSIl. 5YAY4" C03AaHHbIM" B npO'1 eCce npo-
Lt13BOACTBa, 6Ilara 3aBepW81OT CB08 ABLt1>K8HJ.1e B nOTpe6IleHL-1H. Ho sa)\{HO
nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO nOTpe5IleH"e "BIl"eTC" HenocpeACTBeHHO" '1eIlbfO npO"3-
BOACTB8 JH1Wb BO BH8pblHOYHbiX C\.1CT8M8X X03HVlCTB8. Hanp\.1Mep, l..\8nblD
OXOTbl " C06"paTeIlbCTBa nepB06b1THO" 051l1"Hbl 5blno nOTpe6IleH"e A06bl-
TOro 38 AeHb; H8KOTopaH 48CTb np8AM8TOB nOTpe6Il8HLt1H Morna 6b1Tb OTIlO-
>K8Ha B K8Y8CTB8 38n8C8. L48IlblO np0Lt13BOACTB8 B pa60BIlaA8IlbyeCKOM 06.
ll1ecTBe 6blIlO nOTpe6IleH"e (3s4acTYfO paCT04"TeIlbHoe) pa60BIlaAen b '1 eB ,
H"4TO>KHa" 4aCTb npO"3BeAeHHoro AocTaBaIlacb ps5aM. Bo061l1e B HSTY-
paIlbHoM X03""cTBe (pa60BnaAeH"e, cpeoAaIl"3M) nOTpe5IleH"e, BnOIlHe
048B\t1AHO, Henocp8AcTB8HHO HBIlHeTCH 1\8IlbIO npO\ll3BOAcTBa. OAHaKo B
C\.1CT8Me pblHOYHoro x03HI71cTBa Henocp8AcTB8HHO l..\eIlblO HBIlH8TCH nOIlY-
yeHVle npL-16bIIlH. 3TO - H8 H3bHH C\r1CT8Mbl pblHOYHOVl 3KOHOMLt1KL-1, a 8e Ba}/{-
He"wee npe"MYll1eCTBo. «CTpeMIleH"e K np"5bIIl", - nOA4epK"BaeT BblAs-
54
OCHOSHble 3aKOHOMepHocmu JKOHOMuyeCKOU Op28HU38LjUU 06U..{ecme8
fOllI""C" aBCTp""CK"" 3KOHOM"CT <P. Xs"eK - 3TO KSK pS3 ro
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Ha '1eIlb npO"3BOACTBa MorYT He COBnSAaTb, KSK 3TO " npO"CXOA"T B C"C-
TeMe pblHOYHOro X03HaltCTBa.
_ECIl" npO"3BOACTBO paCCMaTp"BaTb KaK HenpepblBHO B0306HOBIl"fO-
1lI""C" npO'1eCC, KOTOpbl" BKIlf04aeT B ce6" pacnpeAeIleH"e 06
Tpe5IleH"e npO"3BeAeHHblx 5Ilar, TO B TaKOM CIlY4ae Mbl "Me M MeH" no-
L<eCCOM 60cnpOU3600cmea. AeIlO C npo-
05MeH KaK 3KOHOM"4eCKa" KaTerop"" 6YAeT nOAP05Hee oxapaKTep"30-
BaH B CB"3" co Cne'1"aIl"3a'1"e" " pa3AeIleH"eM TPYAa B 051l1eCTBe (rn 5
1). B AaHHOM naparpacpe Mbl AOIl>KHbl nOA4epKHYTb MblCIlb MHOr"X 3KO 0
MHCTOB - HeOKIl8CCHKOB 0 npou3soaumenbHocmu o6MeH8. CMblCIl Bbl 8-
eHHbIX CIlOB 3SKIlf04aeTC" B TOM, 4TO 05MeH cnoc05cTByeT YBeIl"4eH fO
oraTCTBa 06Ll.\eCTB8. 3T8 L-1AeH He BcerA8 HBIlHIl8Cb 06 enpVl3H8HH0L4 T8K
CPH3 OKP8Tbl C4HT8IlH np0113BOAIr1T8IlbHbiM TOIlbKO TPYA Be. ,
X03""CTBeHHOM npO"3BOAcTBe. A CM"T" A P eIlbCKO-
. . V1K8PAO Cl.JHT8IlH np01r13BOAL-1-
: : "" T: OB o : " n : = ;"np BCs4%T: ,, B ":
4epK"Ba HenpO"3BOA"TeIlbHbl" xapaKTep 05MeHa: B 3TO" ccpep A
::4 : : T,';,IlbHOCT" H"4ero He C03AaeTC", npO"CXOA"T TOIlb O 4 : :
3T ",OpMbl CTO"MOCT" Ha TOBapHYfO " Ha060pOT. B CB"3" C
o H80KIl8CCHKH 38A81OT Bonpoc: 8 npaBOMepHO IlH B006Ll.\8 rOBO V1Tb
A M M, 4TO 4eIlOBeK C03AaeT MaTepHaIlbHble npeAMeTbl KaK TaKotble?
B apwaIlIl nOHCHH8T 3TY MblCIlb CIleAYIOLl.\!.1M 06pa30M: BC8, 4TO 48IlO
5..: MO>KeT CAeIlaTb C cp"3"4eCKO" np"pOAO" - 3TO Il"60 nepeCTpO"Tb (KOM-
Ile3 POBaTb) MaTep"aIlbHble npeAMeTbl Ta" 4T06bl CAeIlaTb "X 50Ilee no-
nOIlobIM", Hanp"Mep, COeA"H"Tb KYCK" AepeBa " CAeIlaTb CTOIl' Il"50 pac
Ilee >K"Tb MaTep"SIlbHble npeAMeTbl TaK, 4T05bl np"pOAa cAe sIla "X 50:
TBe nOIle3HblMH (noce"Tb 3epHS " nOIlY4"Tb KOIlOCb" nWeH"'1bl) B no -
<l>P: " 5 e CBO"X pa B CCY";AeH"" A. MapwaIlIl CCbIIlaeTC" Ha CP"'Iloco':a
3KOHa.« A8L-1CTB\IIT8J1bHOCTL-1
IlOBeK He MO>KeT H"4erO APyroro, KaK
IlbKO COeA"H"Tb TeIla np"pOAbl GcraIlb
Hoe n p .-
05Me "POA,: COBepwaeT BHYTP" ce5"»,'
BO H C 3TO" T04K" 3peH"" TaK >Ke npO"3-
T TeIleH, KaK " npO"3BOACTBO, nOTOMY
H cnoc06cTByeT nepeMel11eHHfO B npo-
, Xa eK cD. nary6Ha51 caMO-
Hage5lHHocTb. M., 1992. C. 182.
2 Mapwaflfl A. npl1HL\lt1nbl 3KO-
C HOMIt14eCKO HaYKIt1, M., 1993, T. 1.
. 122.
55
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48CK\.18 nOTp86HOCTIr1 L-1, cIleAOSaT8IlbHO, YBeIlL-14\.1B88T 60raTCTBO 06W.8-
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TporaTb). PaCXO>KVle np8ACTaBIleH\.1H 0 TOM, YTO ToprOBLJ,bl «HL-1yero He CQ-
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paKTepe 50raTCTBa.
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pacnpeAeIleH"e npO"3BeAeHHbIX TOBSpOB " YCIlyr. 3TO " pacnpeAeIleH"e,
"Il" pa3Mell1 eH "e pecypCOB, "n" cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa. B 3TOM CMblCIle
pacnpeAeIleHHe B 051l1eCTBe 3aB"C"T OT "HCT"TYTa c05CTBeHHOCT", TSK KaK
cpaKTopbl npO"3BOACTBa np"HaAIle>KST "X co5CTBeHH"KaM. B pbIH04HO" C"-
CTeM8 X03""CTBa pacnpeAeIleH"e peCYPCOB npO"CXOA"T nOA B03Ae"CTB"-
eM '1eHoBoro MeXaH"3MS, S He no 4beMY-Il"60 n"4HOMY YKS3aH"fO.
PacnpeAeIleH"e " 05MeH He npOCTO onocpeACTBYfOT CB"3b Me>KAY npo-
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TpaAHLI,HH 3anaAHol71 3KOHOMIt14eCKOVl MbICIl\.1 H8YJIIHaTb aHaIl\.13 pbIH04HO-
ro X03""CTBa "MeHHO co ccpepbl 06MeHa " pacnpeAeIleH"" AOCTaT04HO OT-
4eTIl"BO npOCIle>K"Ba8TC", HS4"Ha" co BpeMeH A. CM"Ta. 3TO He CIlY4a,,-
HOCTb. B8Ab 3KOHOM\.1K8 nOHBIlHeTCfI J1HWb TorAa, KorA8 B03HL-1K88T A06po-
BOIlbHbl" 06M8H, a pacnpeAeIleH"e OCYll1eCTBIl eTC" He no BaIle pa60BIla-
AeIlb'1 S "Il" cpeOASIla, a Ha OCHOBe 05beKT"BHbIX pblH04HbiX c"rHaIlOB.
«05"Il"eM npOAYKTa Mbl 06"3aHbl MeTOASM «pacnpeAeIleH""», T. e. C"CTe-
Me pblH04Horo '1eHo05pS30BaH"". 05b8M TOro, 4TO Mbl AeIl"M, 3aB"C"T OT
np"H'1"na OpraH"3a'1"H npO"3BOACTBa, a B ASHHOM CIlY4ae 3TO pblH04Ha"
C"CTeMa '1eHo05pa30BSH" " pacnpeAeIleH""».'
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'1ecce nOTpe6IleH" npO"CXOA"T YMeHbWeH"e "Il" pa3PyweH"e nOIle3HOC-
T", nOCTOIlbKY nOTpe5IleH"e xapaKTep"3yeTc" KaK OTp"'1aTeIlbHoe npO"3-
BOACTBO. OAHaKO HeIlb3" nOH"MaTb nOTpe5IleH"e "CKIlf04"TeIlbHO KaK npo-
'1eCC YH"4TO>KeH" nOIle3HOCTe". A8IlO B TOM, 4TO caMO nOTpe5IleH"e MO>K-
HO nOApa3AeIl"Tb Ha ABa T"na - nU4H08 nompe5neHU8 " npOU3S00cmseH-
Hoe, unu npOU3eooumenbH08 nompe5neHue. nepBbl" mn nOTpe5IleH" OCY-
ll1eCTBIl eTCR BHe paMOK 051l1eCTBeHHoro npO"3BOACTBa: eAS, n"Tbe, 4TeH"8
BcerAa OCTafOTC" "HA"B"AyaIl"3"pOBaHHbIM npO'1eCCOM, eCIl" , KOHe4HO, He
paCCMaTp"BaTb TOTaIl"TapHble pe>K"Mbl " Ka3apMeHHbie nOp"AK", B KOTOpblX
BIlaCTHble CTPYKTYPbl CTpeM"n"Cb B np"H'1"ne cBeCT" K M"H"MYMY KaK"8-
Il"50 "HA"B"AYSIlbHble aKTbl " peWeH"". BMeCTe C TeM CYll1 eCTB Y8T P"A
5Ilar, KOTopble no CBoe" np"pOAe npeAno-
narafOT 051l1eCTBeHHoe, KOIlIleKT"BHOe no-
Tpe5IleH"8: TeaTpaIlbHble nOCTSHOBK", K"-
HOCP"IlbMbl, CPYT50IlbHbie MaT4" " T. n.
56
1 XaVieK ct>. nary6HaSl caMoHa-
AeSlHHOCTb. M., 1992. C. 162.
OCH08Hbie 3aKoHoMepHocmu 3KOHOMUyeCKOU opZaHU3aLjUU 06/l.{ecmsa
C pa3B"T"eM HOBblX 3IleKTpOHHbiX cpeACTB "HCPOpMa'1"", C"CTeMbl II1HTep-
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5nar. B CYll1HOCT", npo'1eCc npO"3BOACTBa eCTb He 4TO "HOe, KaK npO'1eCC
npO"3BOA"TeIlbHoro nOTpe5IleH"".
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CK"M npO"3BOACTBOM. AonycT"M, He05xOA"MO npO"3BeCT" ABa TOBapa -
nywK" " MSCIlO. npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO Bce HaIl"4Hble pecypCbl 051l1eCTBa Ha-
npSBIl8Hbi Ha npO"3BOACTBO MaCIla. 5YAeM C4"TaTb era 05beM B 5 MIlH. Kr
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Kp"Ba" TpaHccpopMa'1"" MO>KeT "IlIlfOCTp"pOBaTb " pa3Il"4"", CYll1 e -
CTBYfOl11"e B 05IlSCT" npO"3BOACTBeHHbIX B03MO>KHOCTe" B KaK"X-Il"50 CTpS-
HaX. TaK, Ha P"c. 3.2 "306pa>KeHbl Kp"Bble TpaHccpopMS'1"", "Il" Kp"Bble npo-
"3BOACTBeHHblx B03MO>KHOCTe" ABYX cTpaH - <PPSH'1"" " CWA.
04eB"AHO, 4TO npO"3BOACTBeHHbl" nOTeH'1"aIl CWA MOll1Hee, 4eM y
<PpaH'1"". AS>Ke eCIl" 5bl <PpaH'1"" peW"Ila nOIlHOCTbfO cocpeAOT04"TbCR
58
QCHOBHble 3aKOHOMepHocmu 3KOHOMUyeCKOO opaaHU3aLjUU 06U{ecmBa
A8TOM06UJIJI
A 2 CIlIA
PUC. 3.2.
o 11 1 ll2 ITlIIemt::u;a
npOU3s00cmseHHble a03MOJKHOCmU osyx cmpaH
HS npO"3BOACTBe TOIlbKO aBTOM05"Ile", ee nOTeH'1"aIl n03BOIl"Il 5bl e" AOC-
T"4b MaKC"MYMa B T04Ke A,. CWA, nOCTaB"B aHaIlOr"4HYfO 3sAa4Y, AOCT"rHyr
MaKcVlMYM8 npm13BoAcTBa 8BTOM06V1J1eVl B T04Ke A2' YTO 06bHcHHeTcH npeBoc-
XOACTBOM pecypcHoro 06eCne4eH"" CWA B ccpepe aBTOM06"IleCTpOeH"'"
Pa3YMeeTc", np"BeAeHHble rpacp"K" "BIl"fOTC" Il"Wb a5cTpaKTHo" MO-
AeIlbfO pesIlbHo cYl11eCTBYfOl11"X pa3Il"4"" npO"3BOACTBeHHoro nOTeH'1"aIla
ABYX CTpaH. Ho AIl" Hac Ha AaHHOM 3Tane "CCIleAOBaH"" Ba>KHO nOKa3aTb 4TO
B Ka>KAblVl MOMeHT BpeM8HL-1 CTpaHa 06Ila,o,aeT OrpaHHyeHHblMVI B03MO)KH CTfI-
MH " He MO>KeT BblpBaTbC" 3a npeAeIlbl CBoe" KP"BO" TpaHccpopMa'1"".
Ho B03 0>KeH Il" Bo061l1e nepeXOA C H"3KOrO Ha 50Ilee BbICOK"" ypo-
BeHb KpLi1BOL-1 np0lt13Bo,o,CTBeHHbiX B03MO>KHOCTeL4? .o.a, 3TOT nep8XO,o, MO>K8T
ocyw,eCTBIlflTbCH B pe3YIlbTaT8 TeXH\.14eCKVlX OTKpbITIt1V1, pa3pa60TK!.1 HOBblX
MeCTOpO>KAeHVlVI nOIle3HbiX VlCKona8MbJX, H8Y'-lHbIX npOpbJBOB B C8MbiX
pa3IlIIIl.JHbIX 06IlaCTTlX 4eJ10BeY8CKOVl A8HTeIlbHOCTIII.
051l1eCTBO BcerAa AOIl>KHO Bb15"pSTb Me>KAY HSKonIleHHeM (KSn"TaIlOB-
IlO>KeHl1HMLi1) It1 nOTpe611eHHeM. ECIlIt1 H8 K8Koe-TO BpeMH OTK83aTbCH OT pac-
W peH"" TeKYl11ero nOTpe6IleH " pa3Il"4Hb1X 6nar " YCIlyr ("MeeTC" B B"AY
IlH4Hoe, a He npO"3BOACTBeHHoe nOTpe6IleH"e) " YBeIl"4"Tb pa3Mepbl Ha-
KOnIleH"" (CTpO"TeIlbCTBO HOBblX 3aBOAOB " cpa5p"K), TO MO>KHO 4epe3 He-
CKOIlbKO IleT nepe"T" Ha 50Ilee BblCOKYfO KP"BYfO TpaHccpopMS'1"".
Ha P"c. 3.3 nOKa3aHO COOTHOWeH"e Me>KAY 06beMOM HaKOnIleH"" "
ypoBHeM TeKYl11ero nOTpe6IleH"" Y 4eTbipex pa3HbiX cTpaH (A, B, C, D),
"M:'fOl11"X OAHY " TY >Ke KP"BYfO TpaHccpopMa'1"". B T04,e A - caMbl" H"3-
K " " Bcex 4eTbipex cTpaH 05beM HaKOnIleH"" (CTpSHS A), a B T04Ke 0 -
caMbl" BbICOK"" 05beM HSKonIleH"" (cTpsHa D).
e pe8Illll3aLlL-1eH H8KonneH!.1T1, T. e. CTpO\.1TeIlbCTBoM HOBblX npo1t13BOA-
CTBeHHblx 06beKToB, BblnycKoM HOBblX CT8HKOB, M8WL-1H L-1 o60py,o,OB8HHTI
CTpaHbl MorYT nep8MeCTL-1TbCfI H8 60nee BbICOKL-1Ci ypoBeHb KpL-1BbIX TpaHc-
(jJOpMa'1"", 4TO 5YAeT 03Ha4aTb 3KOHOM"4eCK"" paCT. B 3TOM CIlY4ae "3Me-
H"TC" " ypOBeHb nOTpe5IleH"" BO Bcex CTpaHSX (P"c. 3.4).
ECIl" CPSBH"Tb P"C. 3.3 " 3.4, TO MO>KHO KOHCTaT"pOBaTb cIleAYfOll1ee:
59
rnasa 3
060eM
HaKOUJIelDUl
4
3
2
1
o
1
2
3 4 YpoBeBb
DOTpe6JIemm
PUC. 3.3.
HaKonneHue u nompe6neHue e pa3nu4Hblx empaHax
Q61,eM
HaIl:01LlleHHJI
7
6
5
4
3
2
o
12345678
YpOBeHb
nOTpe6JleHJIH
PUC. 3.4.
KpueaR npou36ooemeeHHblx e03MollCHoemeu:
3KoHoMu4eeKuu poem
CTpSHbl A " B, "MeBW"e CpaBH"TeIlbHO He50IlbW"e 05beMbi HaKOnIleH"",
HeHaMHoro YBeIl"4"Il" " CBO" pa3Mepbl nOTpe5IleH"".
II1Ha" KapT"Ha Ha5IlfOAaeTc" B cTpaHax C " 0, rAe 5b1Il" peaIl"30BSHbl
50IlbW"e 05beMbi HaKOnIleH"". 3T" cTpaHbl nOIlY4"Il" e03Mo)J(Hocmb cYll1eCTBeH-
HOro nOBbIWeH"" YPOBH" nOTpe5IleH"" no cpaBHeH"fO co cTpaHaM" A " B.
5,
AnbTepHaTHBHaSi CTOHMOCTb, HnH
H3Aep>KKH ynYLlleHHblX B03MO>KHOcTei'l
C nOMOll1bfO Ta5Il"'1bl 3.1 " KP"BO" npO"3BOACTBeHHblx B03-
MO>KHOCTe" MO>KHO nOKa3aTb '1eHY, KOTOPYfO nIlaT"T 051l1eCTBO 3S nPC:"3BOA-
CTBO Ka>K,Qoro ,o,on0J1H\.1T8nbHoro MIt1IlIlHOH8 TOHH M8cna. nOCIl8,o,HHH CTOJ1-
68l! T86m-1l..\bl nOK83b1B88T, OT K8KOro KOIlH48CTBa nyw8K H8,o,O OTK83aTbCfI,
60
OCHOBHb/e 3aKOHOMepHocmu 3KOHOMU4eCKOU op2aHU3aLjUU 06l14ecmsa
4T05bl npO"3BeCT" ell1e 1 MIlH. Kr MaCIla. YKa3aHHbie '1"CPPbl nOKS3blBSfOT
'1 eH Y MaCIla, Bblpa>KeHHYfO B nywKax, a He B np"Bbl4HblX AIl" Hac AeHe>K-
HblX eA"H"'1SX. Hs 3TO 05CTO"TeIlbCTBO HY>KHO 06paT"Tb oc050e BH"MaH"e.
3A8Cb Mbl Bn8pBbie CTaIlKL-1BaeMCH C K8T8ropH8V1 u.eHbl KaK al1bTepHaTHB-
HOM CTOHMOCTH. 05blAeHHbie npeACTaBIleH"" CBOA"T '1eHY K onpeAe-
IleHHO" CYMMe AeHer, KOTOpyfO HY>KHO 3anIlaT"Tb 3a np"05peTeH"e TOBapa.
OAHaKO '1eHa 4erO-Il"50 He 05"3STeIlbHO Bblpa>KaeTC" B AeHbrax. 3KOHOM"-
48CKoe nOH!.1M8HV18 K8Teropl.-1L-1 l..\8Hbl CBH38HO C nOHHTL-1eM al1bTepHaTHBHOVI
CTOHMOCTH, "Il" H3Aep>KeK ynYll1eHHblX B03Mo>KHocTeM (opportunity cost
_ aHen.). 1I13Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe" KaKoro-Il"50 5Ilars - 3TO
KOIl"4eCTBO APyroro ("Il" APyr"x) 5Ilar, aT npO"3BOACTBa KOTOpblX HY>KHO OT-
Ka3aTbC". B HsweM np"Mepe '1eHY MaCIlS Mbl Bblpa>KaeM B KOIlH4eCTBe ny-
weK, npO"3BOACTBOM KOTOpblX HY>KHO nO>KepTBOBaTb, 4T05bl nOIlY4"Tb AO-
nonHIIIT8IlbHbla:11 MJlH. Kr M8CIl8.
TaK"M 05pa30M, '1eHa MO>KeT BblpS>KaTbC" KaK B TOBapax (aT npO"3BOA-
CTBa "Il" nOTpe5IleH"" KOTOpblX np"WIlOCb OTKa3aTbCR), TaK" B 50Ilee np"-
Bbl4HbiX AIlH H8C AeHbrax. Ho He TOIlbKO B HHX. W8HY MO)\{HO Bblp83HTb It1 B
4acax BpeMeH" (ynYll1eHHoro BpeMeH" C T04K" 3peH"" ero aIlbTepHsmBHO-
ro HcnOIlb30BaH""). Hanp"Mep, BbICTO"B 3-x 4aCOBYfO 04epeAb 3a 5ecnIlST-
HO" TapeIlKO" cyna, 4eIlOBeK Ha caMOM AeIle np"05peIl 3TO 6Ilaro He Aa-
pOM: Be,Qb CYLl.\8CTBYIOT 8IlbTepHaTHBbi VlcnOIlb30BaHJ.1H Bp8M8HH B T84eHI.-18
3THX 3-x 4aCOB. Hanp"Mep, MO>KHO 6blIlO 5bl nocIlywaTb IleK'1"fO, nOCMOT-
peTb TeIleB"30p, HSH"TbC" rpY34"KOM B Mara3"H Ha 3 4aca " T. A. BeAb B
cYTKax Bcero 24 4aca " BpeM" - 3TO 5Ilaro, K KOTOPOMY TSK>Ke np"IlO>K"MO
nOH"T"e peAKOCT".' 4eIloBeK BcerAa AOIl>KeH Bbl6"paTb Me>KAY pa3IlH4Hbl-
MH BapIt18HT8M!.1 L-1CnOIlb30BaHIo1H CYTOYHOro 3anaca 4aCOB. «BpeMH - AeHb-
fH!» - VI 3T8 KpblIlaT8H cppa38 K8K H8Ilb3s:1 IlYYWe OTp8>K88T 8IlbT8pH8n1B-
HOCTb paCnOps:l>K8HHH Orp8HVlY8HHbiM KOIl\.148CTBOM l.J8COB, OTBeAeHHblX H8M
np"pOAO" B Te4eH"e Hawe" >K"3HH.
IIITaK, BbIHCHVlB, YTO U,8H8 eCTb H8 YTO HHoe, KaK !.13A8P>KKL-1 ynYLl.\8HHbIX
B03MO>KHOCTeL4, BepH8MCs:I K nOCIl8AH8MY
CTOIl5'1Y Ta6Il"'1bl 3.1.
T8K, l.JT06bl np0!.13BeCTL-1 MaCIlO B KOIl!.1-
....ecTB8 1 MIlH. Kr, HaAO OTK838TbCH OT npo-
3BoAcTBa 1 TbIC. nyweK (coKpaT"Tb "X npo-
H3BOACTBO C 15 AO 14 TbIC.). AM Hapall1H-
BaH"" npO"3BOACTBa MaCIlS C 1 AO 2 MIlH.
Kr HY>KHO OTKa3aTbC" Y>Ke aT 2 TbIC. nywe,
(14 TbIC. - 12 TbIC.). HaKOHe'1, nOCIleAHee
np pall1eH"e B npO"3BOACTBe MaCIla (c 4
AO 5 MIlH. Kr) nOTpe6yeT OTKa3a OT 5 TbIC.
1 3,QeCb Mbl ,QOJUKHbl c,QenaTb
OrosOPKY, npItlBe,Q BblCKa3blBaHVle
D. Po66J.1Hca: «CJle,QyeT nOMHItITb,
LITO pe,QKItIM s:!BJls:!eTCs:! He «BpeM5D>
caMO no ce6e, a Hawa co6CTBeH-
Has:! B03MO>KHOCTb ,Qe CTBOBaTb.
Pe,QKOCTb BpeMeHItl - 3TO Bcero
JlItIWb MeTaqwpa». Po661t1HC n.
npe,QMer 3KOHOMJ.14eCKO HaYKIo1.
THESIS. M.. 1993. T 1. C. 17.
61
Inasa 3
nyweK (5 TbIC. - 0). TS'"M 06pa30M, 3a ,a>KAbl" AOnOnH"TeIlbHbl" M"Iln"OH
K"IlOrpaMMoB MaCIla 061l1eCTBo AOn>KHO nnaT"Tb BC8 50IlbWYfO '1eHY B B"A8
HenpO"3BeAeHHblx nyweK. HaIl"'10 - B03pacTafOll1"e "3Aep>KK" 3aMell1eH""
OAHOro TOBspa APyr"M, "Il" 603pacmalOlLjUe U308P)/(KU ynYlLj8HHbiX 603MO)/(-
Hocm8ii. rpacp"4eCK" 3TO OTpS>KaeT 60eHymaR no OTHoWeH"fO K Ha4aIlY KO-
OPA"HaT KOHcp"rypa'1"" KP"BO" npO"3BOACTBeHHblx B03MO>KHOCTe". HSKIlOH
3T0L4 KpL-1BO B Ka>K.QOVl e8 T04Ke MO}\(HO 3Mepv1Tb, npoBeAH KacaTeIlbHYIO K
He". 111 TorAa Mbl YB"A"M, 4TO, 4eM 60Ilbwe "3Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>K-
HOCTe", TeM 50Ilee KPYTblM 5YAeT HaKIlOH KP"BO" TpaHccpop Ma '1"".
4"TaTeIlb BnpaBe 3SASTb Bonpoc: S n04eMY "3Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03-
MO)\{HOCTe AOI1>KHbl H8npeM8HHO B03paCT8Tb npL-1 nepeKIltOyeHL-1L-1 C BoeHHO-
ro Ha rpa>KAaHCKoe npO"3BOACTBO? MO>KeT 5blTb, '1"CPpbl TSK X"TPO nOAO-
6paHbl? OTBeT 6YAeT 3SKnf04aTbC" B CIl8AYfOll1eM: nepeXOA" aT npO"3BOA-
CTBS OAHoro 6nara K npO"3BOACTBY APYroro, Mbl nepe5paCblBaeM "MefOl11"-
ec" OrpaH"4eHHble pecypCbl 051l1eCTBa "3 BoeHHoro B rpa>KAaHCKoe npO"3-
BOACTBO. TaK08 n8peKnf04eH"e pecypCOB no Mepe Hapall1"BaH"" npO"3BOA-
CTBa MSCIla 5YAeT 05XOA"TbC" 051l1eCTBY Bce AopO>Ke. AeIlO B TOM, 4TO P8-
CYPCbl He 05naoalOm nonHoii 63aUM03aM8HR8MocmblO (CM. nOAP06Hee rn.
10). TpYAHO npeACTaB"Tb ce5e, 4TO AIl" cne'1"aIl"CTS BoeHHo-npoMblwIleH-
Horo KOMnIleKca T8K >Ke npocTo n8pe T\.1 Ha MacJl060 HIO, KaK 14 npo 3BOAL-1-
TentO MaCIla CA8I18TbCH cnel!1t18I1L-1CTOM B 06I18CTL-1 paK8THoVl T8XHIr1K\II. Mbl
np"BeIl" np"Mep, KacafOl11""C" TOIlbKO TaKoro pecypca, KaK TPYA. Ho TO >Ke
caMoe MO>KHO CKa38Tb L-1 0 T8XHIr1Ke VI TeXHOIlOr\llV1, np\t1M8HHeMol71 B P8CCM8T-
pL-1B8eMb1X OTpaCIlHX. CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, «nepeHaIl8AK8» 06W,8CTB8HHOro
npO"3BOACTBa 6YA8T 05XOA"TbCR 061l1eCTBY Bce AOpO>Ke " AOpO>Ke.
T8M H8 M8Hee, 3KOHOMV1yeCK8H TeOp\t1H paCCM8Tp\t1B8eT \1\ rL-1nOTen1yeC-
K"" cnY4a" nonHoii 63aUM03aMeHR8Mocmu P8CYPC06. B TaKOM CIlY4ae KP"-
Ba" TpaHccpopMa'1"" 5YAeT "MeTb Il"He"Hbl" B"A (CM. P"c. 3.5), 4TO 03HS-
llyn..'"
o
MaCJlo
Puc. 3.5.
KpueaR mpaHccpopMau,uu: nocmoRHHble U30ep>KKU
ynyuceHHblx e03MO>KHOCmeii
62
OCHOBHble 38KoHoMepHocmu 3KoHoMu4ecKoD opa8Hu38LjUU 06l14eCmS8
4aeT nOCTo HHbI8 "3Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe" np" n8peXOAe OT
npO"3BOACTBS OAHoro 5Ilara K npO"3BOACTBY APyroro.
V1TaK, a}l{HeL4WIt1V1 BbIBO,Q, KOTOpblVl Mbl AOIl>KHbl CAeIl8Tb B 38KIl1048HL-18
HaCTO"1l18" rnaBbl, 3aKIlf04aeTCR B CIleAYfOll1eM: KaK"M 5bl B"AOM Ae"TeIlb-
HOCTIt1 H\.1 38H\IIMaIlCs:1 3KO OMIt1YeCKV1 Cy6b8KT, OH BcerAa HeC8T 1t13Aep)\{KL-1
ynYllleHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe". 3KOHOM"4eCK"" 05pa3 MbIWIleH"" npeAnOIlara-
8T YMeH"e onep"pOBaTb nOH"T"eM aIlbTepHaT"BHO" CTO"MOCT", " 5e3 3TO-
ro H8BblK8 HeJlb3H CYL-1T8Tb ce6H 3KOHOMlo1yeCK!.1 rp8MOTHbiM YeIlOSeKOM.
OCHOBHbl8 nOHRTH":
3KOHOMIo1Ka
npO"3BOACTBO
OrpaH"4eHHOCTb (peA'ocTb)
Cl>aKTopbl npoIo13BoACTS8, Hnlo1 pecypcbl
nOTpe6HOCT!.1
Einaro
60raTcTBo
OBM8H
PacnpeAeneHHe (pa3Me1l18HHe pecYPcoB)
PacnpeA8neH"e (AOXOAOB)
nOTpe6n8HIo18
Kp\IIBaH npolo13BoACTS8HHbJX B03MO)f(HOCTeC1
(KpHBa" TpaHccpopMa'1"")
AnbTepHaT\IIBH8H CTO!.1MOCTb
(\II3.Qep)\{K\II ynYl..L\eHHblX B03MO)f(HOcTeli1)
economy
production
scarcity
fsctors of production
(resources)
needs
good
wealth
exchange
allocation
distribution
consumption
production possibility
curve (transformation curve)
opportunity cost
Inasa 4
rnaBa 4.
KOOPAIo1HAL\Io1f1 Bbl50PA B PA3Illo14HbiX
X03f1I11CTBEHHbIX CIo1CTEMAX
((Xomf1 U none3HO aYMamb
o pblHKax u uepapxuflx KaK 06
anbmepHamuBHblx cnoco6ax
opzaHU3atWU co MHOZUMU o6
W,UMU 4epmaMu, aaJKHO maK)/(6
nOHUMamb, 4mo KaJKOblU U3 HUX
UMeem ceou cunbHble U cna-
6ble cmopoHb/».
Onueep YunbflMcoH
1.
X03S1i'1cTBeHHble CI1CTeMbl:
cnOHTaHHbli'l nopSiAOK 11 l1epapXI1S1
X03>1i<cTBeHHSR CHCTeMa - OC05blM 05pa30M ynop"A04eH-
HaH CV1CTeMa CBH3 Me>KAY npOH3BOA TeIlHM\.1 14 nOTpe6 TeIlHM MaTep aIlb-
HblX HBM8T8pHanbHbiX 6nar.
3TO 03Ha4a8T, 4TO H8 CYLl.\8CTBY8T «6pOYHOBCKOro ABH)\{8H\t1H» B X03HLI1-
CTBeHHO A8f1TeIlbHOCTH mOAeVl, K8K 3TO MO>KeT nOK838TbCH H8 nepBblLl1
B3rn"A. npO'1ecc npO"3BOACTBa, 06MeHa, pacnpeAeIleH"" " nOTpe5IleH""
6Ilar, OCYll1eCTBIl"fOll1""C" B pa3Ho06pa3HbiX cpopMax, BcerAa OKa3bIBa8TC"
opraHH30B8HHbiM T8M It1IlL-1 \t1HbIM 06p830M.
AIl" TOro, 4T06bl OCYll1eCTB"Tb CBO" Bbl60p B M"pe OrpaH"4eHHb1X pe-
CYPCOB, X03""CTBeHHbl" cy5beKT AOIl>KeH pscnOIlaraTb He05xOA"MO" "H-
CPOP Ma '1"8" a TOM, 4TO, KaK H AIlR Koro npOH3BOAHTb. BblAeIleHHble cno-
Ba CPOPM"PYfOT TP" OCHOBHblX 3aAa4" , KOTopble AOIl>KHbl pewaTbC" B IlfO-
50M 051l1eCTBe. Mbl paCCMOTpeIl" "X B rIl. 3.
MO>KHO CK838Tb, 4TO P83Il\t1YHble Cy6bBKTbi X03s:1V1CTBBHHbIX C\t1CT8M 8
"CTOP"" 4eIlOBe4eCKO" '1"B"n"3a'1"", 5YAb TO nepB05blTHa" 051l1"Ha, pS-
60BnaAeIlb4eCKa" IlaT"CPYHA"", cpeOAaIlbHoe nOMeCTbe, Kan"TaIl"CT"4eC-
Koe "Il" co'1"an"CT"4eCKOe npeAnp""T"e - 3TO pa3n"4HblM 05pa30M YCT-
poeHHble "HcpopMa'1"OHHbI8 C"CTeMbl, KOTopble " npeAonpeAeIl"fOT cnoc06
p8WeH\t1s:1 Tpex OCHOBHbJX 38Aay X03HI71cTBeHH0Ll1 }l{Vl3H\.1.
KTO >Ke " Ka, OCYll1eCTBn"eT KOOPA"Ha'1"fO Bbl60pa, peaIl"3Y8Moro
IlIOAbM\t1 B npol..\eCce HX nOBC8AHeBH0Ll1 X03s:1L11CTBeHH0Ll1 ,q8HT8IlbHOCTVI? BeAb
K8>KA bIVl 4eIlOB8K CTpOIt1T CBO\f1 c06CTBeHHble nIlaHbl, Y Ka>K,Qoro CBOL-1 BKYCbl
" npeAn04TeH"", CBO" npeACTaBIleH"" 0 cnoc05sx, nocpeACTBOM KOTOPblX
He05xOA"MO OCYll1eCTBIl"Tb npO"3BOACTBO 5Ilar.
64
KOOpOUHal.Wfl sbl60pa B pa3nUYHbiX x03RucmseHHbix cucmeMax
3KOHOM"4eC,a" Te?p"" paCCMaTp"BaeT ABS pa3Il"4Hb1X cnoc06a KOOp-
A Hal...!!.1L-1: cnOHTaHHbIH, L-1IlH CTHXHHHblH nopfiAOK \.1 HepapXHIO. B cnOH-
TaHHblX nOp"AKaX "HCPOpMa'1"", H805xOA"Ma" npO"3BOA"TeIl"M " nOTpe5"-
TeIlHM, nepeAaeTCH nYTeM l...!8HOBbIX CV1rH8IlOB. nOBblWeHL-1e !.1IlV1 nOHH}I{eH\.18
'1eHbl pecypCOB " npO"3BeAeHHbIX C "X nOMOll1bfO 6Ilar nOACKa3blBaeT xo-
3s:1171CTBBHHblM 8reHTaM, B K8KOM M8HHO H8npaBIleHL-1H HY)\{HO p,8I11CTBOBaTb,
T. e. YTO, KaK " AIl" KOro npO"3BOA"Tb. B Ilf050" C"CTeMe npO"3BOA"TeIlb
AOIl>KeH oCYll1eCTBIl"Tb psc4eT CBO"X "3Aep>K8K (3aTpaT) " nOIlY4aeMbix
BbIIOA. 3TO OTHOC"TC" " K nOTpe5"TeIlfO. Ho KaK B03MO>KHO oCYll1eCTB"Tb
TSKYfO 3aAa4Y, eCIl" 4eIloBeK, BeAYll1"" AOMawH8e X03""CTBO "Il" PYKOBO-
A"TeIlb CP"PMbl He B COCTO"H"" OK"HYTb B3rn AOM BeCb «3KOHOM"4eCK""
KOCMOC», no BbJpa}l{eHVlIO BaIlbTep8 0Ll1K8H8, H3B8CTHOro H8MeUKoro 3KOHO-
M CTa? KOHe4HO, B X03 "CTBe P05"H30Ha Ha MaIleHbKOM OCTpOB8 "Il" B
pSMK8X OTHOCIt1T8IlbHO H860Ilbworo nepBo6bITHOro nIl8M8HL-1 KOIl\.148CTBO
MefOl11"XC" pecypCOB " KOM5"Ha'1"H "X aIlbTepHaT"BHoro "CnOIlb30BSH "
np8ACTaBIl"fOT c050" BeIlH4"HY, nOAAafOll1YfOC" Y4eTY. Ho KaK B03MO>KHO
paCC4"TaTb COOTHOWeH"e BbllOA H "3Aep>KeK He B MaIlblX rpynnax, a np"
«pacllI"peHHOM nop"AKe 4eIlOBe4ecKoro COTpYAH"4eCTBa», KaK "M8HY8T
4>. XaH8K COBpeMeHHYIO X03HLI1CTB8HHYIO CHCTeMY, Ha3blBaeMYIO K8nHT8IlV13-
MOM? BeAb "HcpopMa'1"" 05 "MefOl11"XC" pecypcsx, a BKycax " npeAn04Te-
HVlHX nOTpe6v1T8IleVl pacceRHa, paccp8AOTOY8H8, OHa He H8XOp,HTCH B HeKO-
eM W8HTpe. B TaKIo1X YCIlOBL-1HX TOIlbKO MexaHH3M Kone68H\.1H ueH, \.1Il!.1 8Ilb-
TepHa HBHbIX 3Ae >K8K, MO>KeT CKOOPAItIHVlpOB8Tb 3KOHOM!.1YeCKJ.1L4 Bbl60p
IlIOA8\t1. TaK8H X03HL-1CTB8HHaH C\t1CT8M8 H83BaHa XaLi1eKoM cnOHT8HHbiM \t1IlH
caMo pOVl3BOIlbHbIM nopHAKoM, YTO nO,Q4epK\.1BaeT 3BOIlIOl...!VlOHHbIVl, He 8BH-
CIt1Mbl\.1 OT 4bL-1X-m-160 H8MepeHV1L11 L-1IlL-1 nIlaHOB X8paKTep ee B03H!.1KHOBeHHH
CnOHT8HHb VI nOps:lAOK B03HL-1K eCT8CTBeHHbiM nYT8M, B XOp,8 pa3BV1T\.1H 4e
J10B84eCK0V1 l...!!.1BHIlL-138U,\t1It1. PblHOK - 3mo u ecmb cnoHmaHHblu nopflooK L-1
nOAp05Hbl" ero aHaIl"3 npeACTO"T B nocIleAYfOll1"X rnaBax. '
Ho eCTb " APyro" cnoc05 nOIlY4eH"" "HcpopMa'1"" a TOM, 4TO, KaK "
An" KOro npO"3BOA"Tb. 3TO - C"CTeMa np"Ka30B " nopY4eH"", "AYll1a"
cBepxy BH"3, aT HeKoero L1eHTpa K HenocpeACTBeHHOMY "CnOIlH"TeIlfO (npo-
3BOA"TeIlfO). TaKa" C"CTeMa Ha3b1BaeTC" HepspxHei<. np"MepOM "epsp-
J\ 4ecKoro nop"AKa MO>KeT 6blTb nepB06blTHa" 061l1"Ha, rAe BO>KAb nIleMeH"
pewsIl, KOMY, KaK " 48M 3aH"MaTbC". liIepapx"" - 3TO " KOMaHAHo-aAMH-
HCTpaT"BHa" C"CTeMa, "Il" C0'1"aIl"3M, rAe rocYAapcTBo B Il"'1e 10cnIla-
a I1IlL-1 BbICWL-1X n8pTIo1L11HbiX V1HCTaHUHLI1 OT,lJ,8B8IlO npV1Ka3bl, LITO V1M8HHO npo-
3BOA"Tb, pacnpeAeIl"IlO pecypCbl, np"KpenIl"IlO nOCTaBll1"KOB , nOTpe5"-
TeIl"M. B cpopMe "epapx"" OCYll1eCTBIl"eT CBOfO Ae"TeIlbHOCTb " "'" p Ma
e ,
PYKOBOA"T8Ilb OTAaeT np"Ka3bl CBO"M nOA4"HeHHbIM lI1e p a p x"" OCHO-
BaHa .
J1 H8 Ha l...!8HOBbIX C!.1rHaIl8X, a Ha BIl8CT!.1, nepCOHHcpL-1L1V1POB8HH0L4 B
'1e PYKOBOA"TeIl" CP"PMbl "Il" '1eHTpaIlbHoro ynpaBIl"fOll1ero roCYAap-
CTBeHHOro oprSHa.
65
'5 KypC3KQHOM>14eCK0Io1 TeOp>1M
(nasa 4
B peanbHOM M"pe Ha5IlfOAaeTC" cOCYll1eCTBOBaH"e CT"X""HbIX nOp"A-
KOB " "epapX"". Ho aT 4ero 3aB"ceT CTOIlb pa3Il"4Hble cpOpMbl KOOPA"Ha-
'1"" 3KOHOM"4eCKoro Bbl50pa IlfOAe,,?
AIl" 3Toro HaM HY>KHO 05paT"TbC" K HOBO" KaTerop"", KOTopa" "C-
nOIlb3yeTce COBpeMeHHO" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"e,,: TpaHCaKL!HOHHble H3-
Aep)l(KH. TepM"H BnepBble 6blIl BBeAeH B 3KOHOM"4eCKYfO HaYKY aMep"KaH-
CK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM, IlaypeaToM H06eIleBCKO" npeM"" POHaIlbAOM KOY30M
B ero pa50Te «np"pOAa CP"PMbl» (1937 r). PaCCMOTp"M"X nOAP05Hee. 3T"
"3Aep>KK" CB"3aHbl He C npO"3BOACTBOM KaK TaKOBblM (paCXOAbl Ha Cblpbe,
MaTep"aIlbl, 3apa60THYfO nIlaTY, TpaHcnopT " T. n.), a C conYTCTBY fO ll1"M"
8MY 3aTpaT8Mvt. H830B8M B8>KHei.1Wvte irt3 H\.1X.
1. 1130ep!KKU nOUCKa uHcpopMaL<Uu. 3Aecb "MefOTC" B B"AY, npe>KA e Bce-
ro, 38Tp8Tbi H8 nOV1CK KOHTpar8HToB x03Hi.1cTBeHHblx CA8IlOK L-1 nOvtCK H81t160-
Ilee BbllOAHblX YCIlOB"" KynIl"-npOAa>K" ('1eHax). nepeA 3aKIlf04eH"eM
cAeIlK" 3KOHOM"4eCK"" cy6beKT C05"pSeT HHcpopMa'1"fO 0 KOHTpareHTe (Ha-
np"Mep, KOMnaH"" no cTpaXOBaH"fO >K"3H" nOTpe5yeT aT Bac Maccy cnpa-
BOK a COCTOeH"" Bawero 3AOPOBb" " npOBep"T "X AOCTOBepHOCTb; MSCP"-
03Ha" rpynn"pOBKS MHOroKpSTHO nepenpOBep"T HaAe>KHOCTb nOCTaBll1"Ka
"Il" nOKynaTeIl" KpynHblx napT"" HSPKOT"KOB " T. n.). L\eHbl Ha OAHO " TO
>Ke 5Ilaro MOryT CYll1eCTBeHHO pa3Il"4aTbC" B pa3HbiX MeCTax, " Ka>KAbl" "3
Hac 3HaeT, 4TO IlfOA" C H"3K"M" " CpeAH"M" AOXOAaM" BHa4aIle 050"AYT
H8CK0J1bKO M8r83L-1HOB L-1 onTOBblx pbIHKOB, np8}I{A8 Y8M Kynsn TOBap.
2. 1130ep!KKU 3aKfl104eHUR X03RiicmseHHozo ooeosopa (KoHmpaKma).
AIl" TOro, 4T05bl 3aKnf04"Tb cOrnSWeH"e Me>KAY KOHTpareHTaM", Tpe5YfOT-
ce 3aTpaTbi BpeMeH" " AeHer. AonycT"M, Bbl c05"paeTecb ony6Il"KOBaTb
CBoe IlHTepaTYPHoe npO"3BeAeH"e. BSM nOTpe5yeTc" sreHT, 'OTOpbl" 5YAeT
BeCT" neperoBopbl C "3AaTeIleM, cIleAOBaTeIlbHO, nOTpe5YfOTc" " paCXOAbl
HS onIlaTY ero YCIlyr. CSM" neperOBopbl 3a"MYT onpeAeIleHHoe BpeM". nOA-
n"caH"e AoroBopa, APY>KeCK"" y>K"H C "3AaTeIleM - Bce 3TO BO"AeT B "3-
g8P)\{Kill 3aKfl1048HIIIH KOHTp8KTa.
3. 1130ep!KKU u3MepeHuR. 5Ilara 05IlaAafOT CaMbIM" pa3Il"4HbIM" CBO"-
CTBaM", np"HOC"ll1"M" nOIle3HOCTb "X 05IlaAaTeIlfO. AonycT"M, Bbl c06"pa-
eTeCb Kyn"Tb wy5y. npe>KAe, 4eM cOBepW"Tb nOKynKY, Bbl AOIl>KHbl y5eA"Tb-
CH B Ka48CTBe BblA8flKvt Mexa, npOYHOCTL-1 oKpacKIll \11 T. n. nplIIgL-1pYL-1BbIVl no-
KynaTeIlb 6YAeT M"Tb wy6y B pYKax, BCTP"X"BSTb, nblTaTbC" BblAepHYTb
BOpC " AS>Ke nOHfOxaTb, nblTa"Cb onpeAeIl"Tb Ka4eCTBO BbIAeIlK". 1I13Aep>K-
K" "3MepeH"" B AaHHoM cIlY4ae 3aTpYAH"fOT nOKynKY AIl" Taro, KTO He 05-
IlaAseT 3HaH"eM" TOBapOBeAa. 3aAa4Y M"H"M"3a'1H" "3Aep>Ke' "3MepeH""
B 3Ha4"TeIlbHO" Mepe BbrnOIlH"eT TOprOBa" MapKa (<<6p3HA») "3BeCTHo"
CP"PMbl, HO " B 3TOM cIlY4ae eCTb onaCHOCTb nOAAeIlK". 1I13Aep>K'" "3Mepe-
H"" CB"3aHbl " C He06xOA"MOCTbfO 3aTpaT Ha "3Mep"TeIlbHYfO annapaTYPY
(KOHTPOIlbHble BeCbl, nepcoHaIlbHble KaIlbKYIl"TOPbl " Aa>Ke A03"MeTpbl, C
KOTOPbIM" rpa>KASHe, onaCSfOll1"eC" paA"OSKT"BHoro 3apa>KeH"", npeAno-
4"TSfOT nOKynaTb OBOll1" " CPPY'Tbl).
66
KoopOUHau,UR sbl60pa s pa3nUYHbiX x03RucmseHHbix cucmeMax
4. 1130ep!KKU cneL<ucpuKaL<UU U 3au.{Umbl npas c06cmseHHocmu. nOA-
p05Hee 0 npaBax c05cTBeHHOCT" " "X cne'1"cp"Ka'1"" pe4b nO"AeT B CIle-
AYfOl11eM napsrpscpe HaCTO"ll1e" rnaBbl. 3Aecb >Ke MO>KHO OTMeT"Tb 4TO
cne'1"cp"Ka'1"" " 3all1"Ta npSB c06CTBeHHOCT" CB"3aHa C "3Aep>KKS " Ha
YCTSHOB eH"e 06beKTa " cy6beKTa c05CTBeHHOCT", CPYHK'1"OHHpOBaH"eM
CYAe5HO" C"CTeMbl, opraHOB OXPSHbl npaBonop"AKa " T n. B Ka4eCTBe np"-
M8pa MO)\{HO np!.1B_8CTH ,q8HT8IlbHOCTb MHontX np8,qnpIt1HTL-1L4 MaIloro 6J.13H8-
ca B COBpeMeHHO" POCC"". no "Aee, npaBO 4aCTHO" c05CTBeHHOCT" 3T"X
CP"PM A?Il>KHO OXpaH"Tb roCYAapCTBO, KaK B Ilf060" CTpaHe C pbIH04HO" 3KO-
HOMHKOL-1. OAHaKO, eCIlIrt B CL-1IlY T8X IIIIlIll HHblX nplrtYI.1H roCYAapCTBO nIlOXO
cnpaBIls:!8TCH C 3TOVI 38AaYe , TO cpl.1pMbl npL-16eralOT K aIlbTepHaTVlBHblM
cnoc068M 38Ll.\IHbl CB08V1 C06CTB8HHOCTVI, 1. e. nOV1CKY TaK H83b1sa8MblX
«KPbIW», KOTOpbl8 BblnOIlHHIOT OXP8HY 38 onp8,qeIl8HHYIO nIlaTY.
5. 1130ep!KKU onnopmYHucmu4ecKoeo noseoeHu". OnnopTYH"Cm4eCKoe
nOB8AeHlrte 03H8Y8eT H84eCTHOCTb, 06M8H, COKpblTlrt8 HHcpOpMal!1rt1rt 11IlIr1 KaK
nOs:lCHHIl 3TY K8TeropL-11O 8M8pL-1K8HCKV1 3KOHOMHCT O. YHIlbHMCOH, «npO'CYH-
T8HHbre YCHIlHH no C6IttBaHL-11O C npaBIt1IlbHoro nYTL-1»; OHO BIl848T 38 c060Vl
Oll1YT"Mble "3Aep>KK" KaK AO (ex ante), TaK nOCIle (ex post) 3aKIlf04eH""
G,QeIlKItt. V1H8Y8 roBOps:!, BblHBIleHHe L-1 H8Ka38HL-18 H8PYW11T8IlH gOroBOp8 CBH-
3SHO C "3Aep>KKaM". Tpe6YfOTC" 3aTpSTbl, 4T05bl KOHTpareHTbl 3all1"T"Il"
ce6H OT onnopTYHIrtCTL-1yeCKoro nOBeAeHVlH. TaK, B 06M8HHbiX nYHKT8X B8IlIO-
TbJ CTOs:lT CneLJ,I.18JlbHbl8 npH60pbl, npOB8pHIOLl.\1r18 nOAIlL-1HHOCTb 6aHKHOT
nf05"TeIl" HaCTO"ll1erO MeAa XOA"T no PblHKY C X"M"4eCK"M KapaHAaWOM.
nblT8HCb 0 p8,q8n11Tb nOAJ1HHHOCTb 3TOro npOAYKTa nY8IlOBOACTBa: 8CIl
onYll1eHHbl" B 'anIl_fO MeAa Ka aHAaw nOTe4eT cp"OIleTOBbIM" pa3BOAaM",
TO MeA nOAAeIlbHbl". «AOBep"", HO npOBep""!» - rnaC"T pYCCKa" noroBop-
KS, KOTOPYfO B CBoe BpeMe Ilf05"Il nOBTop"Tb POHaIlbA Pe"rSH, npe3HAeHT
CWA B 1980-1988 rr., B CB"3" C neperoBopaM" Me>KAY CCCP " CWA 06
Orp8HIt1Y8HL-1H cTp8T8rItt4eCK11X HacTynaTeIlbHblx BoopY>KeH11I71.
TpaHC8KLJ,lttOHHbl8 L-13A8P)\{KL-1 npOHL-13bIB8IOT aclO TKaHb X03HVlCTB8HH0L4
>KH3HIt1 06Ll.\8CTB8, Mbl CT8IlKHB8eMCH C HIt1ML-1 H8 Ka>KAOM wary, A8>K8 H8
OC03H8B8H 3Toro. IIIHorA8 yyeHble npoBoAHT 8HaIlOrlt11O M8>K,qy Tp8HcaK-
"OHHbIM" "3Aep>KKaM" B 3KOHOM"Ke " TpeH"eM B cp"3"Ke. A>K. CT"rnep
M8pHK8HCKL-1 3KOHOML-1CT, YTB8p}l{,q8Il, YTO «ML-1P C Hyn8BblMIt1 TP8HC8K
4H?HHbIML-1 L-13,q8p>KK8ML-1 OK83blB88TCH CTOIlb )\{8 CTpaHHbIM, K8K cpH3HY8C-
KIllIo1 MHp 683 C!.1Il Tp8HIrtH».1 .o.8L4CTBlrH8flbHO, 8CIlL-1 OTCYTCTBYIOT Bce n8-
eYVlCIleHHble Bblwe BIIIgbl Tp8HCaKl!1r10HHbIX L-13Aep)\{8K, TO, no KOY3Y HL-1-
ero He CTO"T YCKOP"Tb TpSHCaK'1"" (CAeIlK") TaK, 4TO Be4HOCTb 5YAeT
npO>K"Ta 3S AOIl" ceKYHAbl. 06MeH npo"c-
XOAM 6bl MrHOBeHHO, nOTOMY 4TO He Tpe-
60BaIlOCb 6bl 3aTpa4"BaTb pecypCbl Ha no-
"CK TO" "HCPOpMa'1"", a KOTOpO" roBOP"-
nOCb paHe8 B H8weVl rnaBe.
5'
1 CM. KOY3 P. ct>lt!pMa, pblHOK It!
npaso. M., 1993. C. 16.
67
Inasa 4
K. 3ppoy AaIl 50Ilee W"pOKOe OnpeAeIleH"e TpSHCa K '1"OHHbIX "3Aep-
>KeK: TpaHCSKLlHOHHble H3AepJKKH - 3TO H3Aep>KKH 3KcnIlyaTa'1 HH 3KOHO-
MH4ecKoi1 CHCTeMbl. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", Ilf05a" C"CT8Ma <1:YHK'1"OH"pyeT C
«Tp8H 8M». III pbIHO H8H 3KOHOML-1Ka, \t1 8I1bT8pH8n1BHb18 8H C\t1CT8Mbl CTaJ1-
K"BafOTC" C TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIM" "3Aep>KKaM". B OAHOM CIlY4ae Mbl B"A"M
4TO TpaH caK '1"OHHble "3A8P>KK" - 3TO "3Aep>KK" 3KcnIlyaTa'1"" pbIH04HO"
('1eHOBO") C"CT8Mbl KOOPA"Ha'1"" Ae"TenbHOCT" 3KOHOMw:eCK"X cy6beK-
TOB. Ho L-1 np\.1 cOl.\\t1aIlL-13Me TaK Ha3blBa8M08 nIlaHOB08 X03HV1CTBO, YCTP08H-
Hoe no "epapX"4eCKOMY np"H'1"ny ynpaBIleH"", He Morna "35e>KaTb TpaHcaK-
'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK. lI13Aep>KK" cornaCOBaH"" nIlSHOB Me>KAY BblweCTORll1"M"
" H">KeCTO"ll1"M" "HCTaH'1"RM"; "3Aep>KK", CB 3SHHble C nO"CKOM A8CP"'1"T-
HblX TOBapOB; "3Aep>KK" onnopTYH"CT"4ecKoro nOBeAeH"", T. e. 58CKOHe4Hbie
<<np"n"CK"», 3aBblWeH"e 05beMa npO"3B8AeHHO" npOAYK'1"" " T. n. Tpe60-
BaIl" COAep>KaH"" orpOMHoro annspaTa KOHTpOIl (CM. nOAP05Hee rn. 29).
B Ilf050M 051l1eCTBe 3KOHOM"4eCK"e areHTbl cTpeMRTc" CH"3"Tb BeIl"-
4"HY TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK. B CB"3" C 3T"M MO>KHO cKa3_sTb, 4TO B03-
H\t1KWVl8 3BOIlIOl.\L-10HHbIM nYT8M \t1IlH B pe3YIlbTaT8 OC03HaHH0lo1 Y8IlOBe 8C-
KOI71 A8HT8IlbHOCT\t1 L-1HCTL-1TYTbl BblnOIlHHIOT 38A84Y M\t1H\t1MVl3al!\.1\.1 Tp8HC8KU,L-1-
OHHblX "3Aep>KeK. B"AHe"W"" npeACTaB"TeIlb HeO"HCT"TY'1"OHaIl"3Ma Ayr-
Ilac HOpT onpeA8Il"8T KaTerop"fO "HCT"TYTOB cIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M: «HH-
CTHTYTbl npeAcTaBIl IOT co50i1 paMKH, B npeAeIlax KOTOpblX IlIOAH B3a-
HMoAei1cTBYIOT APyr C APyroM».' II1HcmTYTbl CH">KafOT HeonpeA8IleH-
HOCTb, C KOTOpOVl CTaI1KL-1BaIOTCH 3KOHOM\t1 8CKV18 Cy6b8KTbi B npOl!8CC8 CBO-
8 A8f1T8IlbHOCTV1, H Y>K8 T8M caMblM cnoc06cTSYlOT ML-1H\t1M 3al.\L-1L-1 TpaHcaK-
'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK. Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO, 8CIl" Bce IlfOA" np"Aep>K"BafOTC" Ta-
K!.1X «npaBl1Il \.1rpbl», KOTopble Bblp8>KalOTCfI 6L-16Ile CKHML-1 3anOB8AflM\t1 «He
y6\t1 », «H8 YKP8AL-1», «H8 Il>K8CBL-1A8TeIlbCTBYL4» VI 1. n., TO paCCMOTp8HHbl8
H8M!.1 TpaHC8Kl.\HOHHbI8 1r13,Q8P>KKL-1 L-13Mep8H\t1H, 3aw,\.1Tbl npaB C06CTB8HHOC-
TH, onnopTYHHCT\t148CKOro nOBeA8HVlfI L-1 ,D.p. CTaHOBHTCH H8MHOro M8HbW8.
K8K npaB\.1IlO, B CTpaH8X, rA8 H8C8Il8H\t1e 38KOHonOCIlYWHO, ,o,OCT\.1rHYT L-1
BblCOKL-1Ci ypOBeHb 3KOHOMVl48CKOro p83B\.1H1H. BOT ManeHbK\.1171 npltlM8p: BI1a-
A8Il8l.\ 8BTOM061t1Ilfi B WB8V1l...\8p!.11t1 MO)\{eT H8 68CnOKOIIITbCfI 0 TOM, YTO 8ro
MaW\.1HY yroHflT, 8CIlH OH OCT8BL-1I1 B HeCi KIlIOYL-1 38>KVlr8H\t1H. EMY Bo06w,8 He
Tp86yeTcH 3aTp8T H8 CIIICT8MY CL-1rHaIlIll3al.\\.1L-1. Bblpa>KaHCb 3KOHOMIr1Y8CKL-1M fl3bl-
KOM, ero "3Aep>KK" Ha 3all1"TY npaBa c06-
CTB8HHOCT!.1 H8MHOro HL-1>K8, l.J8M Y BIl8,o,8Ilb-
u,a aBTOM06L-1IlH B cTpaH8, rA8 npaBV1IlO «He
YKpaAH» HapywaeTc" HS Ka>KAOM wary.
V\TaK, H3 paCCMOTpeHHblX HaML-1 onp8-
A8Il8HHL4 CTaHOBV1TCH HCHO, l.JTO T8 L-1IlVl
"Ha" C"CTeMa 6YAeT CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaTb KaK
"epapx"" "Il" KaK cnOHTaHHbl" nop AOK B
38B!.1CV1MOCTL-1 OT BeIlIll4\.1Hbl TP8HC8Kl...\1II0H-
HblX \.13Aep>K8K.
68
1 CM. nOAPo6Hee: HOpT ,D,. V!H-
CTVlTYTbl, VlHCTVlTYL\VlOH8JlbHble 1.013-
MeHeHVls:! VI QJYHKL\VlOHVlpOsaHVl8
3KOHOMVlKVI. M., 1997. C. 19. 3Aecb
>Ke ,D,. HOpT YTsep>KAaeT, '-ITa VlH-
CTVlTYTbl ({...a5conIOTHO aH8IlOrVl'.j-
Hbl npaBVlIlaM Vlrpbl B KOMaHAHblX
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KOOpaUHa UR sbl60pa 8 pa3flUYHbIX X03RucmseHHbiX cucmeMax
npeACTaB"M ce6e, 4TO B «paCW"peHHOM nop"AKe 4eIlOBe4ecKoro co-
TPYAHL-1Y8CTBa)), KaK Ha3blB88T <P. Xa 8K K8nHT8IlIll3M, H806xOAIt1MO C06P8Tb
"HcpopMa'1"fO 0 TOM, 4TO, KaK " AIl" KOro npO"3BOAHTb. Hs"50Ilee Aewe-
BblM cnoc060M OK8>K8TCs:I 3,Q8Cb cnoHTaHHbl171 nOpH,D,OK, H60 «c06paTb B eA\.1-
Hbl" KYIlaK» BCfO pscce"HHYfO "HcpopMa'1"fO 0 '1eHaX, npeAn04TeH""X, Ha-
Il"4HbIX pecypcax OKa>KeTC" HenOC"IlbHO" H"KaKoMY L\eHTpy 3aAa4e". Aa,
np" 3TOM cYl11eCTBYfOT TpaHCaK'1"OHHble "3Aep>KK" pbIH04HO" KOOPA"Ha'1"",
HO OHIt1 OKa3blBalOTCH HL-1)\{e Tex L-13A8p>KeK, KOTOpbl8 B03HIo1KIl!.1 6bl B cIlyya8
'1eHTpaIl"30BaHHoro np"KpenIleH"" Ka>KAoro npO"3BOA"TeIl" K KOHKpeTHoMY
nOTpe5"TeIlfO B MscwTa5ax Bce" Ha'1"OHaIlbHo" 3KOHOM"K".
A BOT B paMKax CP"PMbl cnoc050M, 3KOHOMRll1"M TpaHCaK'1"OHHble "3-
Aep>KK", OKa3bIBaeTC "epapx"" (CM. nOAP05Hee rn. 9). 3Aecb pa60TH"K"
B3S"MOAe"cTBYfOT APyr C APyroM He np" nOMOll1" '1eHOBblX C"rHaIlOB; a TOM,
l.J8M 8MY 38HL-1MaTbCH 11 4TO npOVl3BOAL-1Tb, pa60THHK Y3H88T OT CB08ro H8-
nocpeAcTBeHHoro Ha4aIlbCTBa. KaK "epspx"" YCTpoeHa " apM"", rAe, KaK
"3BeCTHo, np"Ka3bl He 05cY>KAafOTC". CeMb" naTp"apXaIlbHoro T"na TaK>Ke
YCTpoeHa Ha np"H'1"naX "epapX"4eCKOro ynpaBIleH"".
TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl nOAOWIl" K "HTepeCHOMY BbIBOAY: O'1eH"BaTb 3cp-
cpeKT"BHOCTb cnOHTaHHblX nOp"AKOB "Il" "epspx"" He06xOA"MO He C T04K"
3peH"" HOpMaT"BHbIX O'1eHOK (nIlOX"e "Il" Xopow"e), a C T04K" 3peH"" 3KO-
HOMV1\t1 TpaHC8Kl!VlOHHbIX 1113,Q8P)\{8K. KOH84HO, 3TO H8 8A\t1HCTB8HHbIL4 KPHT8-
pJ.1l71, HO OH OyeHb Ba>K8H. T80pL-1H Tp8HCaKl.\VlOHHbIX Vl3,D,8P>K8K nOMora8T no-
HHTb, nOY8MY OKa3aIl8Cb He3QJQJeKTl1BH0ll1 COl.\L-1anV1CT!.148CK8H CVlCTeMa XO-
3HVlCTBa: nonblTK8 nOCTpOVlTb sce 06U{ecmseHHoe npOU3S0aCmso no muny
CPUPMbl, "Il" «eAHHO" cpa5p"K"», KaK n"CaIl B. 111. neH"H, OKa3anaCb Heco-
CTOHTeIlbHOVl L-13-38 orpOMHblX TpaHCaKl...\HOHHbIX L-13Aep>K8K, C KOTOpblMIII CBfI-
3aHO perYIl"pOBaH"e "3 L\eHTpa (iocnIlaHa). II1HTepecHo, 4TO "AeaIlbHoe
06Ll.\8CTBO, 0 KOTOpOM M8YT8nL-1 COl..\Vl8Il\.1CTbl-YTOnL-1CTbl V1 nOCIl8AOBaTeIlH
MapKC"CTCKOro Y4eH"", B TepMHHSX HeO"HCT"TY'1"OHaIlbHO" TeOp"H AOIl>K-
HO 5blIlO 6bl npeACTaBIl"Tb c050" C"CTeMY C HYIleBbIM" TpaHCaK'1HOHHbIM"
"3Aep>KKaM". TaK, P. KOY3 YTBep>KAaIl, 4TO a6comomHO KOMMYH"CT"4eCK08
06Ll.\8CTBO B 8ro np8,qCTaBIl8HVlVI - 3TO CItICTeM8, B KOTOpOVl Tp8HCaKl.\L-10HHbl8
"3Aep>KK" He CYl11eCTBYfOT. Ho B peaIlbHOCT" C0'1"aIlHCT"4eCKa" C"CTeMa
OKa3aIlaCb «n8perpY>K8HHO ») TpaHCaKl!L-10HHbIML-1 \t13A8p>KKaM\.1. HaL-1BHaH
c0'1"aIl"CT"4eCKa" YTOn"", 4TO MO>KHO B eAHHOM '1eHTpe cocpeAOT04"Tb
BCfO pacce"HHYfO B 051l1eCTBe "HCPOpMa'1"fO 0 '1eHHOCT"X pecypcoB, a no-
CTOHHHO M8HHIOLl.\VlXCfI np8,o,no4T8HVlHX nOTpe6\.1T8Il8L4 V1 T. n., TaK L-1 OCTaIlaCb
yronHeVi, HepeaIl\t130BaHHoVl M84TO . BbIAalOLl.\L-1V1CH BKIlaA B p83B8H48HIr18
VlIlIlI03L-1V1 0 B03MO>KHOCn1 nOCTp08HL-1H BC8ro 06W,8CTB8HHOro X03HL4CTB8 no
T"ny "epapx"" BHeCIl" aBCTp""CK"e 3KOHOM"CTbl-HeOIl"5epaIlbl "'. Xa"eK
«<nary6Hs" cSMOHaAe"HHOcTb»), n. M"3eC «<C0'1"aIl"3M»), POCC""C'""
3KOHOM"CT 5. 5pY'1KYC B CBoe" pa50Te «C0'1"aIl"CT"4eCKOe X03""CTBO»,
BblweAwe" ell1e B 1922 r., " APyr"e 3KOHOM"CTbl.
69
Inasa 4
Ao C"X nap Mbl "CCIleAOBaIl", KaK"M nYTeM MO>KeT nepeAaBaTbC" "H-
cpOpM a '1"" 0 peAK"X pecypcax B pa3Il"4Hb1X X03""CTBeHHbIX C"CTeMax. Ho
06m'1K TOVI L-1IlL-1 L-1HOVI CIilCTeMbl 38B\I1CL-1T \11 OT ynoMHHYTblX p8Hee L-1HCT\I1TYTOB,
L-1Il\.1 «np8Bv1n L-1rpbl», KOTOpblX AOIl>KHbl np\l1A8p>KL-1B8TbCf1 Bce X03HVlCTseHHbie
areHTbl. B CIleAYfOll1eM naparpacpe " nO"AeT pe4b 0 HeKOTopblX "3 3T"X Ba>K-
He W\I1X np8B\I1Il.
2.
npaBa co6CTBeHHOCTlil KaK «npaBliina
IIIrpbl» B X03f1ii1CTBeHHbIX CIilCTeMax
B COBpeMeHHO" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"", KSK HaM "3BeCTHO
"3 rn. 2, 9 3, nOIlY4"IlO pa3B"T"e HanpSBIleH"e 3KOHOM"4eCKOro aHSIl"3a,
H83blsa8M08 H80\l1HCT\I1TYUL-10HaIl\l13MoM. OAHoii1 \113 H8H60Ilee 1113B8CTHblX Te-
Oplt1V1 :3TOro HanpaBIleH\I1H flBIlH8TCH 3KOHOMw.,eCKas:l TeopHst npaB co6-
CTBeHHOCTH. Y HCTOKOB T80pL-1\11 npaB c06CTBeHHOCTL-1 CTOHIl\l1 ABa V13Be-
CTHblX 8Mep\.1KaHCKHX 3KOHOM\I1CTa - POHaIlbA KOY3, 0 KOTOpOM Mbl MHoro
roBOP"Il" B npeAblAYll1eM naparpscpe, " ApMeH AIl4"aH. B ASIlbHe"weM B
pa3ps50TKe " "CnOIlb30BaH"" 3TO" TeOp"" np"H"MaIl" aKT"BHoe Y SCT"e
T8KHe \.13BeCTHble 3KOHOM\I1CTbi He0!.1HCTL-1TYUL-10HaIlbHO WKOIlbl, KaK V1. 6ap-
'1eIlb, r. AeMce'1, A. HOPT, P. n03Hep " AP.
CBoe05pa3"e nOAXOAa aBTopOB 3TO" TeOp"" K TpaKTOBKe c05CTBeHHOC-
TH L-1 e8 \.1CnOIlb30B8H\I11O B K84eCTB8 MeTOAOnOr\l14eCKO \11 06w,eTeope-
TV1yeCKOVl OCHOBbl 3KOHOM\I1yeCKoro 8H8Il\l138 COCTOHT B cneAYIOw,8M: Bo-nep-
BbIX, B CBO\.1X VlCCJ1eAOBaHV1f1X OH\I1 onepV1pYIOT He np\l1Bbl4HbiM AIlfi Hac no-
HSH\tI8M «C06CTB8HHOCTb», a L-1CnOIlb3YIOT T8pMV1H «npaBO Co6cTBeHHOc-
TH». He pecypc caM no ce5e "BIl eTC" c05cTBeHHocTbfO, a <<nY40K "Il" AOIl"
npaB no L-1CnOflb30B8HL-11O P8CYPC8 - BOT 4TO COCT8BIlH8T C06CTB8HHOCTb».1
nOIlHblVi nYYOK npaB, Ha3blBaeMblVi «nepe'"tHeM OHope» (B Y8CTb aHr-
Il""CKOro fOp"CTa A. OHope, BnepBble npeAIlO>K"Bwero ero B 1961 I.), co-
CTO"T "3 cIleAYfOll1"X 11 3neMeHTOB:
1. npaeo enaoeHuR, T. e. npaBo "CKIlf04"TeIlbHoro cp"3"4ecKOro KOHT-
pOIl" HaA 6IlaraM";
2. npaso ucnOflb30saHUR, 1. e. npaBo npL-1M8HeHL-1H non83HbiX CBOVlCTB
5Ilar AIl" ce6,,:
3. npaeo ynpaef1eHU", T. e. npaBo pewaTb, KTO " KaK 6YAeT 05ecne-
4L-1B8Tb V1cnOIlb30BaHH8 6Il8r;
4. npaeo Ha OOXOO, T. e. npaBo 06IlaAsTb
P83YIlbT8TaM\I1 OT L-1Cn0J1b30B8HL-1H 6flar;
5. npaeo cyeepeHa, T. e. npaBo Ha OT-
4Y>KAeH"e, nOTpe6IleH"e, "3MeHeH"e "Il"
YH"4TO>KeH"e 6Ilara;
1 Oemsetz H. Toward a theory
of property rights - "American
Economic Review". 1967, v. 57, NQ 2
70
KOOPOUH8LjUfI Bbl60pa s pa3nUYHbiX X03f1UCmSeHHblx cucmeM8X
6. npaeo Ha 6e30naCHocmb, T. e. npaBO Ha 3Sll1"TY OT 3KCnpOnp"a'1""
5Ilar " OT BpeAa co CTOpOHbl BHewHe" cpeAbl;
7. npaeo Ha nepeoa4Y 6nae e HaCf1eOCmeo'
8. npaeo Ha 6eccp04Hocmb 06f1aOaHUR 6n eoM'
9. 3anpem epeOHoeo ucnonb30eaHUR, T. e. 3anp T "CnOIlb30BaH"" Bell1"
cnoc050M, HaHOC"ll1"M BpeA "MYll1eCTBY APyr"X X03""CTBeHHbIX areHTOB'
10. npaeo Ha omsemcmseHHocmb S eUGe S3bICKaHUR, 1. e. B03MO)\{HOC b
B3bICKaH"" 5Ilsra B ynIlaTY Aonra;
11. npaeo Ha ocmam04HbiU xapaKmep, T. e. npaBO Ha cYll1eCTBOBaH"e
npO'1eAYP "_ "HCTHTYTOB, 06eCne4"BafOll1"X BOCCTaHOBIleH"e HapyweHHblx
npaBOMOl.JIIIL-1.
npaBa c06CTBeHHOCT" nOHHMafOTC" KaK CSHK'1"OH"POBSHHble 051l1e-
CTBOM (3aKOHSM" rOCYAapCTBa, aAM"""CTPST"BHbIM" pacnOp">KeH""M",
TPSA"'1" M", 06bI4a"M" " T. A.) noseAeH4eCKHe OTHOWeHH>I Me>KAY
111O,qbM , KOTOpbl8 B03HHK81OT B CBH3H C CYLl.\eCTBOB8HH8M 6Il8r, L-1 K8C8IOT-
CH HX \.1CnOIlb30B8HL-1f1. 3T\I1 OTHOWeHL-1H npeACTaBIlHIOT HOpMbl nOB8AeHV1H no
nOBoAY 5Ilar, KOTopble Ilf050e Il"'10 AOIl>KHO c06IlfOAaTb B CBO"X B3a"MOAe,,-
CTB""X C APyr"M" IlfOAbMH "Il" >Ke Hecm "3Aep>KK" "3-3a "X Hec05IlfOAe-
HHH. IIIHa48 roBOpH, npaBa co6cTBeHHocTH eCTb He l.JTO HHoe, KaK onpe-
,qel1eHHble «npaSHl1a Hrpbl», npL-1HHTb18 B 06Ll.\8CTB8. «np8sa coocms8H-
Hocmu - 3mo npaea KOHmponupoeamb ucnonb30eaHue onpeoeneHHblX pe-
cypcoe U pacnpeOef1Rmb e03HUKalOu<ue npu 3mOM 3ampambl U ebleOObl.
VlM8HHO npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTL-1 - VlIlItI TO, 4TO, no MH8HvtlO IlIO,Q8M, HBflH8TCH
COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"M" npaB"IlaM" "rpbl, - onpeAeIl"fOT, KaK"M "MeHHO 06pa-
30M B 051l1eCTBe OCYll1eCTBIl"fOTC npO'1eCCbl npeAIlO>KeHH" " cnpoca».'
BTOp8H OTIlIr1l.J\I1T8IlbHafi 48PT8 TeOpL-1L-1 npaB c06CTBeHHOCTH 3aKIlIOY88T-
CH B TOM, YT? cpeHOMeH c06CTBeHHOCTH BbIBO,QHTCH B HeVlH3 np06IleMbi OT-
HOCHTeIlbHOH peAKOCH1, ItIIlH OrpaHVlyeHHOCTVI pecypCOB: «683 K8K0I71-Il!.160
npeAnOCblIlKItI P8AKOCTeVl 6eCCMbicneHHO roBOpVlTb 0 c06CTBeHHOCTL-1» 2
npaBAS, TaKO" nOAxoA He "BIl"eTC OTKpbIT"eM BbiweHa3BaHHbiX aBTOpo ;
BnepBble OH 6blIl 060CHOBaH ell1e B 1871 r. aBCTp""CK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM Kap-
JlOM MeHrepoM B KHHre «OCHOB8HHH nOIlItITVlY8CKOVl 3KOHOM\.1!.1». C06CTB8H-
HOCTb, nHcaIl K. M8Hr8p, CBOvtM KOH8'-1HbIM
OCHOBaH"eM "MeeT CYll1eCTBOBaH"e 6Ilar,
KOIlH'-I8CTBO KOTOpblX MeHbwe no cp8BHe-
HHIO C nOTp86HOCTHMvt B HL-1X. n03TOMY
HHCT\.1TYT c06CTBeHHOCTL-1 flBIlH8TCH eAL-1H-
CTBeHHO B03MO>KHbIM IIIHCTvtTYTOM pa3pe-
weH"" np06IleM ({HeCOpS3MepHocm Me>K-
AY HaA06HOCTbfO " AocTynHblM pacnop"-
>K8H\.11O KOflH'-IeCTBOM 6Ilar».3 TaKoe Heco-
OTB8TCTBL-1e BeAeT K TOMY, '-ITO 1\8HTP8Ilb-
1 Xe He n. 3KOHOMY1'-1eCKIo1 06-
pa3 MbIWJl€HV1S1. C. 325.
2 Toumanoff P.G. Theory of
market failure - «Kyklos», 1984,
v. 37, NQ 4.
3 MeHrep K. OCHosaHIiISI nOJl\iI-
TIiI'-IeCKO 3KOHOMV1Y1. ASCTpY1C1cKaSl
WKOJla s nOJlY1TV1'-1eCKOC1 3KOHOMY1Ii1.
M., 1992. C. 79.
71
Inasa 4
HblM MOM8HTOM OTHOW8HHII1 C06CTB8HHOCT\l1 CT8,"!OBV1TCH \.1X UCKn10481OUl,uiJ
XapaKmep.
TaKL-1M 06pa30M, OTHOW8HL-1f1 C06CTB8HHOCH1 - 3TO CIr1CT8Ma HCKJllOyeHL-1V1
"3 AocTyna K MaTep"aIlbHblM " HeMaTep"aIlbHblM pecypcaM. II1HbIM" CIlO-
BaM", 06eCne4eH"e npaB C06CTBeHHOCT" npeAYCMaTp"BaeT "CKIlf04eH"e
APyr"X Il"'1 "3 4"CIla nOIlb30BSTeIle" OrpaH"4eHHb1X peCypCOB. Ho CSMO
068Cn8Y8HIII8 3TOro np8Ba, KaK OTM84a8T Vl3BeCTHblVl !.1CI1aH,QCKItI 3KOHOML-1CT
T. 3rrepTCCOH, COnp">KeHO C "3Aep>KKaM". B HeKOTOpblX CIlY4a"X 3T" "3Aep-
)\{K\II MOrYT 6blTb 04eHb BbICOKIllMH. XOPOWO 1t13BeCTHO, 4TO BI1aAenblJ,bJ ,0.0-
MOB B pa"OHaX C BbICOK"M ypOBHeM npecTynHOCT" «OTKa3bIBafOTC" OT H"X,
KOrAa "3Aep>KK" 05eCneyeH"" npaB C06CTBeHHOCT" CBOA"T 4"CTYfO '1eH-
HOCTb 3T0l71 C06CTB8HHOCTL-1 K HYIlIO».1
OTCYTCTB"e "CKIlf04eHH" "3 AocTyna K pecypcaM, "Il" CB050AHbl" AOC-
Tyn K HV1M, 03Ha48eT, 4TO OH!.1 - HL-1YbVl, 4TO OHL-1 He np\.1H8,QIl8>K8T HIIIKOMY
"Il", 4TO TO >Ke caMoe, BceM (051l1a" c05cTBeHHocTb). TaK"e pecypCbl He
COCT8BIlHIOT 06b8KT8 C06CTB8HHOCTL-1. no nOBoAY HX L-1CnOIlb30B8HL-1f1 M8)\{AY
IlIOAbMH He B03HHK81OT 3KOHOML-1yeCKL-1e, pblHOYHble OTHOW8HVlH.
C T04K" 3peH"" aBTopOB TeOp"H npaB c06CTBeHHOCT", "CKIlf04"Tb APY-
r"x "3 cB050AHoro AOCTyna K pecypcaM 03Ha4aer cne'1"cp"'1"pOBaTb npaBa
c05CTBeHHOCT" Ha H"X. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", Cne'1H(jJHKaLlH" npaB c05-
CTseHHOCTH - 3TO 3aKpenl1eHHe OT,qel1bHbiX npaSOMO\.lH.-:t 3a O,qHHM Hl1lt1
HeCKOl1bKHMH 3KOHOMMl.JeCKItIMItI cy6"beKTaMH. T8K, nepe4V1cIleHHbl8 BblW8
11 npaBOM04"" "3 <<nepe4H" OHOpe» MorYT 5blTb 3aKpenIleHbi He 05R3a-
T8IlbHO 38 O,QHHM cPL-13Ir1Y8CK!.1M HIl\.1 tOpL-1AL-14eCKL-1M IlHU,OM, 0 yeM Mbl nO,Qp06-
Hee CKa>KeM AaIlee. fOCYASPCTBY np"HSAIle>K"T oc050 Ba>KHa" pOIlb B cne-
'1HCP"Ka'1"" npaB c05CTBeHHOCT", 'OTopble np"H"MafOT B"A cpOpMSIlbHblX
npaBL-1Il (3aKOHOB, npOnL-1C8HHbIX B pa3IlIIIYHbiX 3aKOHOAaT8IlbHbiX aKT8X III,
npe>KAe Bcero, B KOHCT"TY'1H").
CMblCIl " '1eIlb cne'1Hcp"KS'1"" COCTO"T B TOM, 4T06bl C03AaTb YCIlOB""
gnH npH06p8T8Hlllfi np8B C06CTB8HHOCT\.1 T8ML-1, KTO l!eHIllT HX BbIW8, KTO cno-
c06eH 1113BIl8Yb 1113 HHX 60IlbWYIO nOIlb3Y. «ECIlI.1 npaBa H8 COB8pW8HL-1e on-
peAeIleHHblX Ae"CTB"" MorYT 5blTb KynIleHbl " npOAaHbl, - n"WeT P KOY3, -
"X B KOH'18 KOH'10B np"06peTafOT Te, KTO Bblwe '1eH"T AapyeMble "M" B03-
MO>KHOCT" npO"3BOACTBa "Il" pa3BIle4eH"". B 3TOM npO'1eCce npaBS 5YAYT
np"06peTeHbl, nOApa3AeIleHbi " CKOM6"H"pOBaHbl TaK"M 06pa30M, 4T06bl
AonYCKaeMa "M" Ae"TeIlbHOCTb np"HOC"-
Ila AOXOA, "MefOl11"" HS"BbICWYfO Pb1H04-
HYfO '1eHHOCTb».' TaK"M 06pa30M, OCHOB-
Ha" '1eIlb cne'1"cp"Ka'1"", T. e. 4eTKO" on-
peAeIleHHOCT" npaB co5CTBeHHOCT", 3a,-
IllOya8TCfI B !.13M8H8HL-1111 noa8geHHH X03f1V1-
CTBYfOl11"X cy5beKToB TaK"M 05pa30M, 4TO-
72
1 3rrepTCCOH T. 3KOHOMlilyeC-
Koe nOBegeHlr1e Ir1 Ir1HCTIr1TYTbl. M.,
Aeno. 2001. C. 50.
2 KOY3 P. ct>lr1pMa, pblHOK Ir1 npa-
BO. M., 1993. C. 14.
KOOpaUHaU,UR sbl60pa s pa3J1UYHbIX X03RucmseHHblX cucmeMax
5bl OH" np"H"MaIl" Hs"60Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHble peWeH"". BeAb TOIlbKO Ha
C06CTB8HHIIIKa n8A8tOT B KOHe4HOM CyeT8 BC8 nOIlO)\{I.neIlbHble III OTpL-1lJ,a-
TeIlbHble P83YIlbT8Tbi ocyw,eCTBIlHeMol71 14M AeHTeJ1bHOCn1. n03TOMY OH L-1
OKa3blB8eTCfI 3aHHTepeCOB8HHbiM B M8KCL-1M8IlbHO nOIlHOM ItIX YY8T8 npL-1
np"HRT"" peWeH"".
np"BeAeM np"Mep, n03BOIl"fOll1"" IlY4we nOH"Tb np05IleMY cne'1"Cp"-
K8L1,VlV1 npaa C06CTB8HHOCTIt!. HepegKo HaM npHXOAL-1TCf1 CT8IlKHB8TbCfI C TaK
H83blB8eMoVl «6ecx03HOIII» 38MIl8L4 B Y8pTe ropOA8. KaK npaSltlflO, 3TO CTH-
X""Hble MycopHble CBaIlK", Kpowe4Hbie OropOAbl Ha OKpa"HaX ropOAS, co-
opY>KeHHble B nopRAKe «caM03aXBaTS» Bce TO" >Ke HH4e"HO 3eMIl" " T.n.
KOHCPIl"KTHble C"Tya'1"" no 3TOMY nOBOAY B03H"KafOT "3-3a TOro, 4TO Ka>K-
AblVl H3 ero yyaCTHV1KOB nOIl8r8eT: OH UMeem npaso CB8IlL-1B8Tb MYCOP V1IlItl
Bblpall1HBaTb peA"CKY; B TO >Ke BpeM" APyr"e nOIlarSfOT, 4TO OH" UMeIOm
npaeo Ha 4"CTbl" B03AYX " '1"B"Il"30BaHHbl" ropOACKO" B"A. Ha caMOM
g8Il8 BCH np06IleM8 38KIl1048eTCfI B TOM, YTO np8Ba c06CTBeHHOCTItI He cne-
'1"CP"'1"pOBaHbl, npaBOM04"" He 3aKpenIleHbi H" 3S OAH"M "3 Y4aCTH"KOB
KOHcpn"KTS.
YeM onpeAeIleHHee npaBa c06CTBeHHOCT", TeM C"IlbHee CT"MYIl y XO-
3""CTBYfOll1erO cy5beKTa Y4"TbIBaTb Te BblroAbl "Il" TOT Yll1ep6, KOTOpble ero
peWeH"" np"HOC"T APyroMY Il"'1Y. II1MeHHo n03TOMY B npo'1ecce 05MeHs
npaBa c06cTBeHHocm HS Te "Il" "Hble 6Ilara 5YAYT nep8AsHbi TOMY 3KOHO-
MHY8CKOMY areHTY, AIlH KOro OHL-1 np8gcTaBIlfilOT H81t1BblCWYfO U,8HHOCTb. TeM
caMblM 06ecne4"BaeTC" 3cpcpeKT"BHOe pacnpeAeIleH"e pecypcoB, nOCKOIlb-
KY B XOAe 06MeHs OH" nep8Mell1afOTC" aT MeHee npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOro K 50-
Ilee np0L-13BOAV1TeIlbHoMY L-1CnOIlb30B8HL-1IO, OT IlHLI" MeHe8 V1X l!eHH VlX - K
Il"'1aM, '1eH"ll1"M "X 50Ilbwe. B 3'OHOM"4eCKO" HaYKe 3Ta np05Il8Ma
paCCMSTp"BaeTC" B "3BeCTHO" TeopeMe KOY3a, C KOTOpO" Mbl nOAP05HO
n03HaKOM"MC" B rn. 15.
3KOHOM"4eCKa" TeOp"" pSCCMaTp"BaeT pa3Il"4Hble pe>K"Mbl npaB c05-
CTB8HHOCTVI:
. 4acmHa" c06cmeeHHocmb (private ownership). B 3TOM cIlY4ae "CKnfO-
Y!.1T8IlbHbIMH npaB8MItI nOIlb3YfOTCH OT,Q8IlbHble ItIH,QL-1BY1,Qb1.
. eocyoapcmeeHHaR c06cmeeHHocmb (state ownership). II1CKIlf04"-
TeIlbHble npaBa np"HaAIle>KaT rocYAapcTBY, "Il" T04Hee, TeM, KTO ero
KOHTpOIl"pyeT.
. KOMMYHanbHaR c06cmeeHHocmb (communal ownership). V1CKIlf04"-
TeIlbHble npaBa np"HaAIle>KaT HeKoeMY c0051l1eCTBY IlfOAe", KOTopble KOHT-
POIl"PYfOT AocTyn K pecypcy.
. 06u<aR c06cmeeHHocmb, "Il" ce0600Hblii oocmyn (common
ownership).
3T" 5a3"CHble pe>K"Mbl npaB C05CTB8HHocm MorYT cOCYll1eCTBOBaTb B
caMblX pa3Il"4Hb1X COyeTaH""X B pa3Hbix CTpSHSX.
73
Inasa 4
OCT8HOBI.1MCs:I H8CKOIlbKO nO,Qp06H8e Ha Tex, nOCn8,QCTBI.1HX, KOTOpbl8
BblT8K81OT 11\3 YKa38HHbiX p8>KII\MOB npaB C06CTS8HHOCTV1.
npaBO Y8CTHOVI C06CTB8HHOCTV1 03H8ya8T, 4TO OT,Q8nbH08 cPL-13V1Y8CK08
\.1IlV1 IOpV1,QVl48CKOe .m1l..\o 06IlaAa8T BC8M nY4KOM np8S C06CTBeHHOCTL-1 It1IlV1
TOIlbKO He'OTOpbIM" "3 11 npaBOM04"" «nepe4H" OHOpe». AonycT"M, Bbl
Mo)\{eT8 06n8A8Tb I1V1Wb H8KOTOpbIMV1 V13 nepeYHCIl8HHbiX np8B, HO He 06Il8-
AaTb OCTaIlbHbIM" npaBaM". HeKOTopble npSBa CYl11eCTBYfOT Il"Wb B onpe-
AeneHHOVl KOM6It1H8l...\HH 1.1, B3s:1Tble C8MV1 no c86e, He ItIMelOT HI.1K8K0l71 U,8HHO-
CT" (Hanp"Mep, npaBOM04"e ceAbMoe 6e3 npaBOM04"" nepBoro). KOM5"Ha-
'1"" 3T"X npaB C Y4eTOM TOro, 4TO "M" 05IlaAafOT pa3Il"4Hble cp"3"4eCK"e
" fOp"A"4eCK"e n"'1S MorYT 5blTb BeCbMS pa3Ho06pa3HbIM". n03TOMY MO>K-
HO rOBOp"Tb 0 pa3H005pa3"" cpOpM c06CTBeHHOCT".
npaBO roCYAapCTBeHHO" c06CTBeHHOCT" 03HayaeT, 4TO BceM nY4KOM
np8B L-1nL-1 p83IlV14HbIM\.1 era KOMnOH8HT8ML-1 06Il8A8eT V1CKIlIOYV1TeIlbHO rocy-
AapCTBO, np"4eM, 4eM B 50Ilbwe" CTeneH" Bce 11 npaBOM04"" peaIl"3YfOT-
Cs:I rocY,QapcTBoM, T8M B 60IlbW8V1 CT8n8HL-1 T8KaH CVlCT8M8 X03HL4CTBOB8HV1s:1
38cIlY)\{\.1Ba8T H83B8HV1e 1.18papxHV1.
CB060AHbl" AocTyn, "Il" 061l1a" c05cTBeHHocTb nopO>KAaeT np05IleMY,
KOTopaH B 3KOHOMItIY8CKOCi HaYK8 H83blB88TCs:I «Tpare,QHeH 06 HH». 3TV1M
TepM"HOM 0503Ha4SeTC" TeHAeH'1"" K xUIl.{HU4ecKoMY ucnonb30eaHUIO 05-
Il.{eii c06cmeeHHocmu. Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO, npeACTaB"M ce5e 03epo "Il" peKY,
B KOTOpO" BOA"TC" pbl5s, np" 3TOM npSBa c06CTBeHHOCT" Ha ee YIlOB xa-
paKTep"3YfOTC" cB050AHbiM AocTynoM. H"KaK"M 3aKOHOAaTeIlbCTBOM He on-
P8A8Il8Hbi V1CKIlIOYIt1T8nbHble npaB8 H8 COBepW8HIt18 X03HVlCTBeHHOH ,Qes:l-
TeIlbHOCT\.1, B ,QaHHOM CI1YY88, PbI60IlOBCTB8. B TaKOM cIlyya8 X03s:1HCTSYIO-
1118 Cy6"b8KTbJ, H8 OrpaHL-1yeHHbl8 B CBOL-1X ,Q8HCTBL-151X HIIIK8KL-1ML-1 3aKOH8MVI,
L-1IlL-1 «npaBL-1IlaML-1 L-1rpbl», 6YAYT 3KcnnY8TL-1pOB8Tb H8nL-1YHbI8 3an8Cbl pbJ6bl
BnJlOTb ,0.0 nOIlHoro L-1X VlCTOLl.\eH\.1s:1. K8)j{AbIVl PYKOBO,QCTBY8TCs:I nL-1Wb CBOV1M
CTp8MIl8HIII8M K MaKCI.1MI.13al!L-1L-1 Bblro,Qbl, VI B P83YIlbT8T8 CKIl8AbIBa8TCf! C\t1-
Tyal!Vls:I «cBepX\t1CnOIlb30B8HI.1SH) p8cypca. Yrp03a I.1CTOU..\8HL-1H Orp8Ht.148HHblX
pecypCOB MO>KeT np"BeCT" K "3MeHeH"fO pe>K"Ma OTKpblTOro AOCTyns " ne-
pexoAY K 4aCTHo", roCYAapCTBeHHO" "Il" KOMMYHaIlbHO" ee cpopMaM.
COBpeMeHH8s:1 X03HVlCTB8HH8s:1 CI.1CTeM8 3anap,Hblx CTp8H L-1M8HY8TCSi
«CMewaHHoH 3KOHOMHKOH», III Bce-T8KVI Mbl He COBepWL.1M 60IlbWOVl OWV16-
KL-1, eCIlL-1 H830B8M 3TV1 CTp8Hbi K8mnaIlL-1CTL.1Y8CKIt1ML-1. Bo-nepBbIX, onp8Ae-
Il"fOll1"M cnoc060M nepeAa4" "HCPOpMS'1"" B H"X "Bn"eTC" MexaH"3M '1e-
HOBblX CV1rH8IlOB, L.1JlL-1 cnOHT8HHblH nopSiAOK. BO-BTOpbIX, B 48CTHOH c06-
CTBeHHOCT" HaXOA"TC" npe05IlSAafOll1a" AOIl" peAKHX (orpaH"4eHHbIX) pe-
CYPCOB, fJl8BHbiM L-13 KOTOpblX HBIlSi8TCH K8nL-1T8Jl. n03TOMY T8pML-1H «CM8-
waHH8Si 3KOHOML-1K8» OTp8)j{88T BC8ro IlL-1Wb TO 06CTOs:lTeIlbCTBO, YTO B YVlC-
TOM BV1A8 Mbl He H86JlIOfJ,8eM H\t1 cnOHT8HHOro nOps:lAK8, H\II \lie pa PX\t1 1.1; HV1
74
KOOpaUHaLjUR sbl60pa s pa3nUYHbiX X03RucmseHHbiX cucmeM8X
np8BoBoro p8>KL-1M8 V1CKnIOYVlTeIlbHO Y8CTHOVI C06CTB8HHOCTIt1, L-1CKIlIOYL.1T8Ilb-
HO 06ll.!eH C06CTB8HHOCT!.1, HCKIlIOY\t1TeIlbHO roCYA8PCTB8HHOH HIlVI KOMMY-
H8IlbHOVl co6CTBeHHocT/II. «CM8W8HH8H 3KOHOMIr1K8» 03H8yaeT COCYLl.\8CTBO-
BaH"e MeXSH"3Ma pbIH04HO" KOOPA"Ha'1"" " rOCYAspCTBeHHoro perYIl"pO-
B8HHH 3KOHOMHKItI. Pe4b H8 L.1A8T 0 H8K08M «Tp8Tb8M nYTH», no KOTOPOMY
"K05bl "AYT TaK"e cTpaHbl, KaK BeIl"K05p"TaH"", ABCTP"", WBe'1"", 71no-
H"", IO>KHa" Kope" " T. n. 50Ilee Taro, paCW"peH"e rOCYAapCTBeHHoro ceK-
Topa C HeH368>KHOCTblO 6YA8T YCL-1IlHB8Tb !.1ep8pXIt1Y8CKL-18 KOMnOH8HTbi B
fJ,8HHOVl CHCTeMe X03H 1cTB8HHbIX CBfl38V1. A 3TO YpeBaTO H8p8cT8HVleM
TP8HC8Kl..\L-10HHbIX 1t13,Q8p)j{eK, nepe48pKL-1B81OLl.\HM 61l8rL-18 H8M8P8HL-1H, C KOTO-
PbIM" CB"3aHO YC"IleH"e POIl" rocYAapcTBa B 3KOHOM"Ke. B 3TOM CMblCIle "
cIleAyeT nOH"MaTb 5ecKOMnpOM"CCHOe Bb1CKa3b1BaH"e n. M"3eca: «npO"3-
BOACTBO MO>KeT HanpsBIl"TbC" Il"50 pb1H04Hb1M" '1eHaM"..., Il"60 npaB"-
TeIlbCTBeHHblM COBeTOM no ynpaBIleH"fO npO"3BOACTBOM. TpeTbero pewe-
H"" He CYll1eCTByeT. HeB03MO>KHa TpeTb" CO'1"aIlbHa" C"CTeMa, KOTopa"
6blIla 6bl H!.1 COU,H8IlHCTV1Y8CK0L4, Hit! K8nL-1T8IlIIICTL-1Y8CKOVl».1
OCHOBHble nOHHTHfI;
CnoHT8HHblVi nOp5lAOK
VlepapXVl5I
TpaHCaKLJ,1t10HHble Vl3,Qep)l(KIt1
npaBa C06CTB8HHOCTIt1
Cne'1"cpH'S'1""
«nepeyeHb OHOpe»
4aCTH 851 C06CTB8HHOCTb
fOCY,Q8pCTB8HHa51 c06CTBeHHOCTb
KOMMYHanbHa51 c06CTBeHHOCTb
06W,851 C06CTB8HHOCTb (cBo60AHbIVi AocTyn)
TpareA"" 061l1"H
«GMewaHHa51 3KDHOMIt1K8»
spontaneous order
hierarchy
transaction cost
property ri9hts
specification
«Honore's list»
privat8 ownership
state ownership
communal ownership
common ownership
tragedy of commons
«mixed economy»
, MI13eC n. 5topOKpanM1. 3an-
I1aHlilpOBaHHbl xaoc. AHTIiI-
KanI1TaI1Ii1CTIiI4eCKal=! MeHTanb-
HOCTb. M., 1993. C. 113.
75
rnaea 5
Pa3Aen II. M KP03KOHOM KA
1113YY8HVle MVlKp03KOHOML-1KL-1 AaeT OTB8Tb! Ha MHOroYVlCIl8H-
Hble BonpOCbl, CB"3aHHble C np05neMaM" UHou8uoyanbHoeo 8b/60pa B Pbl-
HOYHOM X03f1 CTBe: KaK nplt1HHMalOTcH peW8H\.1H 0 TOM, YTO np0\.13BO,lJ,L-1Tb,
YTO nOKynaTb, K8K pacnp8,Q8IlJ.1Tb CBOVI C68pe>K8HVlH BO Bp8MeH\.1, K8K cp,e-
IlaTb Bbl60p B nOIlb3Y AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" PS60Tbi "Il" Ao yra " T. A. nOCKOIlb-
KY pe4b "AeT a Ae'1eHTpaIl"30BaHHO" C"CTeMe, KOTOPO" " "BIl"eTCR pbIHOK,
"HcpopMa'1"OHHbIM c"rHSIlOM AIl np"H"T"" peWeH"" BO Bcex YKS3aHHbiX "
MHOr"X APyr"x np"MepaX BIl"eTC" L<eHa. He CIlY4S"HO "KP03KOHOM"KY
KaK pa3AeIl 3KOHOM"4eCKOH TeOp"" 4SCTO Ha3blBafOT HaYKO" a '1eHo06pS30-
BaH"". B '18HTpe Haw8ro BH"MaH"" " 6YAeT HSXOA"TbC" npo'1ecc YCTaHoB-
Il8HII1H l!8H Ha MHoroYJ.1CIl8HHbI8 TOBapbl 14 YCIlyrVl H8 pblHKe 6Il8r, a TaJOKe
YCTaHOBIleH"e '1eH HS pblHKax cpaKTopoB npO"3BOACTBa, T. e. pblHKe TpYAa,
pblHKe Kan"TaIla, pblHKe 3eMeIlbHbiX pecypcoB. Oc060e BH"MaH"e 5YAeT
y,QeIleHo VI T8M cnyyas:lM, KorAa 8HOB0j.1 ClI1rHan HCKa}\{88TCs:I, !.1Il 111 , APyrIt1ML-1
CIlOBaM", '1eHa AaeT HeBepHYfO "HcpopMa'1"fO a nOTpe6HOCT"X 051l1e TBa.
T8KIt1M 06pa30M, HaM np8ACTaBJ.1TCH B03MO)\{HOCTb CpaBHJ.1Tb pblH04Hbllr1 M8-
xaH"3M C aIlbTepHaT"BHbIM" C"CTeMaM" X03""CTBa " ASTb O'1eHKY 3cpcpeK-
T"BHOCT" "X CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH" .
rnaBa 5_
05Ll\A5I XAPAKTEPIo1CTIo1KA
P H04HO 3KOHOMIo1KIo1
«PbIHOK He npOU3Booum
npeOMemos, a nepeoaem UH-
cpopMau,wo 0 HUX».
(/J. A CPOH Xai)eK
1.
PblHOK iii ycnoBIiIR ero B03HIiIKHOBeHIiIR
B CSMOM 061l1eM B"Ae pblHOK MO>KHO onpeAen"Tb KaK CT"-
X""Hbl" nop AoK. 3m xapaKTepHa" 4epTa pblHKa 05CY>KAaIlaCb B rn. 4. Y4":
Tbl, Bas:l YTO B KpaTKoM onp8,o.8Il8HIIIL-1 H8B03MO)\{HO OCBeTVlTb Bce rpaHL-1 3T0lr1
B8)\{H8V1W8V1 3KOHOMVlY8CK0li1 K8T8ropL-1L-1, MO}\{HO CKa3aTb, 4TO pblHOK - 3TO
cnoc05 B3aHMoAeiicTBHR npoH3BoAHTeIleii H nOTpe5HTeIle", OCHOBaH-
Hbl Ha Aeu,eHTpal1H30BaHHoM, 6e3nw"IHocTHOM MexaHH3Me u,eHoBbiX
76
06UjaR xapaKmepucmUKa PbIHO'-IHOU3KOHOMUKU
CHrHaIlOB. B YCIlOB""X "CCIleAyeMo" cpOpMbl X03""CTBa pblH04Hbie CB"3"
OXBaTblBalOT BCIO CJ.1CT8MY 111 BC8X cy6beKToB 3KOHOML-1yeCKL-1X OTHOW8HL-1H.
Y4aCTH"KaM" pblHKa BIl"fOTC" " npeAnp"H"MaTeIl", " pa60TH"'", npoAs-
fOl11"e CBO" TPYA, " KOHe4Hbie nOTpe5"TeIlH, " BIlaAeIlb'1bl CCYAHOro Kan"-
TaIla, C06CTB8HHL-1KL-1 l!eHHbIX 6YM8r III T. A. OCHOBHblX Cy6b8KTOB pblH04HOro
X03HVlCTB8 nplr1HHTO nOApa3AeIlHTb Ha TPL-1 rpynnbl: AOMaWH\.18 X03HVlcTBa,
5"3HeC (npeAnp"H"MaTen") " npSB"TeIlbCTB0 B pa3AeIle «MaKp03KOHOM"-
Ka», KorAa Mbl 5YAeM Y4"TbIBaTb " Me>KAYHapoAHble 3KOHOM"4eCK"e CB"3",
npeAMeToM aHaIl"3a 5YAeT " ell1e OA"H cy5beKT pblHKa - 3arpaH"'1a.
AOMawHee X03RiicTBO - OCHOBHa CTPYKTypHa" eA"H"'1a, CPYHK'1"OH"-
PYfOl11a" B nOTpe5"TeIlbCKO" ccpepe 3KOHOM"K". OHa MO>K8T COCTO>ITb "3
OAHOro "Il" 60Ilee 4eIlOBeK. B paMKax AOMawHero X03""CTBa nOTpe5Il"fOT-
C" KOHe4Hbie npOAYKTbl ccpepbl MaTep"SIlbHOro npO"3BOACTBa " ccpepbl YC-
Ilyr. AOM8WH!.1e X03HVlCTBa HBIlHIOTCs:I c06CTBeHHHKaMII1 \.1 nOCT8B L-1KaM\.1
cpaKTopOB npO"3BOACTBa B pbIH04HO" 3KOHOM"Ke. nOIlY4eHHbie aT npOAa>K"
YCIlyr TpYAa, Kan"Tana " APyr"X cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa AeHbr" pacxoAY-
fOTC" AIl" YAoBIleTBOpeH"" Il"4HbIX nOTpe6HOCT8" (s He AIl" Hapall1"BaH""
np"6bIIl").
DH3Hec - 3TO AeIloBoe npeAnp""T"e, CPYHK'1"OH"PYfOll1ee C '1enbfO no-
IlY4eHH" AoxoAa (np"5bIIl"). OHO npeAnoIlaraeT BIlO>KeH"e B AeIlo c05-
CTB8HHOro \.1IlIl1 3a8MHoro K8nHT8Il8, AOXOA OT KOTOpOro pacxoAyeTcH He npo-
eTO Ha IlL-1YH08 nOTpe6n8HL-18, a AIls:l p8CWlI1p8HIt1s:1 npolll3BoAcTBeHHol71 AeH-
T8IlbHOCTl1. 51113Hec s:lBIlHeTCfI nOCTaBLl.\Ir1KOM TOB8pOB VI ycnyr B pblHOYHOM
X03HHCTBe.
npaBHTeIlbCTBO npeACTaBIl8HO rnaBHblM 05pa30M pa3Il"4HbIM" 6fOA-
)\{eTHbIML-1 Opr8HL-13al!L-1s:1ML-1, KOTOpbl8 He L-1MeIOT CB08Ci. l!8IlblO nOIlyyeHIII8 nplll- .
5bIIl", S peaIl"3YfOT CPYHK'1"" roCYAapCTBeHHoro perYIl"pOBaHH" 3'OHOM".".'i
OA"H " TOT >Ke 4eIlOBeK (B3pOCIlbl" 4IleH 061l1eCTBa) MO>KeT 6blTb B CO-
CTaB8 H p,oMawH8ro X03HL4CTB8, L-1 6\.13H8C8, L-1 np8BL-1TeIlbCTBeHHoro Yl.Jp8>K-
A8H"". Hanp"Mep, pa60Ta" no Ha"MY roCYAspCTBeHHblM CIlY>Kall1"M, Bbl
HBIlfl8TeCb npeACT8BL-1TeIl8M npaBIt1T8IlbCTB8HHOH opraHH3au,ItIL-1; BIlaAeH
'1eHHbIM" 5YMsraM" KaKO"-Il"60 KOpnOpa'1"", Bbl np8AcTaBIl"eTe 6"3HeC;
pacxOAYfI CBOH AOXOP, Ha l..\eIlL-1 IlVl4HOro nOTpe6neHVls:I, Bbl HBIlH8T8Cb YIl8-
HOM p,OM8wH8ro X03HVlCTB8. COOTBeTCTBeHHO COBp8MeHHaH pblHOYHaH 3KO-
HOM"Ka - 3TO '1eIla" C"CTeMa pbIHKOB: TOBapoB " YCIlyr, TpYAa, CCYAHblX Ka-
n"TaIlOB, '1eHHblX 6YMar, "HOCTPSHHO" BsnfOTbl " AP.
Ba>KH8i.1WL-1MVI YCIlOBL-1HML-1 B03HVlKHOS8HL-1H pblHKa HBIlHIOTCH 06I..4eCTBeH-
Hoe pS3AeIleHHe TpYAa H Cne'1HaIlH3a'1HR. nepBa" "3 3mx K8T8roP"" 03-
H8Y8eT, YTO B Il1060M 60Ilee L-1IlL-1 M8H8e MHOro4L-1CIl8HHOM C006Ll.\8CTB8 IlIO-
p,8V1 HHKTO L-13 yyaCTHIt1KOB X03HL4CTB8 He MO:>K8T :>KV1Tb 38 CyeT nOIlHoro caMO-
06eCneY8HL-1f1 BC8ML-1 np0L-13BOACTB8HHbIML-1 pecypcaML-1, BC8MIII 3KOHOMH4ec-
KHMH 6Ilar8ML-1. Pa3flL-1YHble rpynnbl npm13BOAVlT8Il8i1t 38H!.1MaIOTCH OTp,8Ilb-
HbIM!.1 BVlA8MVI x03HIi1CTB8HHOVl p,8HT8IlbHOCTVI. 3TO V1 03H84a8T CnelJ,L-1aIlV13a-
r)
4(,-;,
1/",;,-
77
Inasa 5
'1"fO B npO"3BOACTBe Tex "n" "HbIX 6Ilar " ycnyr. Cne'1"aIl"3a'1"", B CBOfO
04epeAb, OnpeAeIl"eTC" npHHL\HnOM CpaSHHTeIlbHOrO npeHMYll1eCTSa,
T. e. CnOC06HOCTbfO npO"3BOA"Tb npOAYK'1"fO np" OTHOC"TeIlbHO MeHbWe"
aIlbTepHaT"BHO" CTO"MOCT". CpaBH"TeIlbHOe npe"MYll1eCTBO "BIlReTC" OA-
HL-1M L-13 l...!eHTp8IlbHbIX nOH TV1V1 B 3KOHOMW"'18CKOVI T80pL-1 . npOVl3Bo,qV1TeIlL-1
06IlaASfOT pa3HblM" HaBblKaM", YMeHHeM, nO-pa3HOMY 05eCne4eHbi OrpSH"-
4eHHbIM" pecypcaM". Hanp"Mep, ABa 4eIloBeKa, A " B, npO"3BOA"T 05YBb
" nIlaTb". Cy6beKT A 3a Mec,,'1 MO>KeT "3roTOB"Tb 2 napbl 05YB" "Il" CW"Tb
4 nIlaTbR npO"3BOA"TeIlb B COOTBeTCTBeHHO 4 napbl 06YB" "n" 16 nIlaTb-
eB. AnbTepHaT"BHa" CTO"MOCTb OAHO" napbl 06YB" cy6beKTa A paBHa ABYM
nIlaTb"M; y cy5beKTa B aIlbTepHST"BHa" CTO"MOCTb nspbl 06YB" paBHS 4e-
TblpeM nf18Tb M. OTHOC TeIlbHO MeHbwa 8f1bT8pHaTV1BHa CTOIr1MOCTb (L-13-
Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe,,) npO"3BOACTBa 06YB" - Y npO"3BOA"Te-
Il" A. CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, eMY cIleAyeT nOIlHOCTbfO cocpeAOT04"TbC" (cne'1"S-
Il"3"pOBaTbCH) Ha npO"3BOACTBe 05YB", APyrOMY npO"3BOA"TeIlfO '1eIleCO-
06pa3H8e cn81\H8IlH3V1pOBaTbCs:I Ha np0L-13BOACTBe nIlaTbeB, TaK K8K L-1MeHHO
:310 6naro L-1M8eT OTHOCHT8IlbHO M8HbWYIO 8IlbTepH8T BHYID CTOIt1MOCTb Y
npO"3BOA"TeIlH B. np"H'1"n CpaBH"TeIlbHoro npe"MYll1eCTBa 05b"CH"eT KaK
npO'1eCCbl cne'1"aIl"3a'1"" B paMKax OTAeIlbHoro npeAnp""T"", TaK " B Me>K-
AYHapOAHblX MaCWTa5ax, 0 4eM 6YAeT nOAP05HO CKa3aHO B rn. 27.
YCIlOB\.1eM B03H KHOBeH pblHK8 Bf1f1eTCfI L-1 T8K H83b1BaeM8s:t 3KOHO-
MH'"IeCKafi o6oco611eHHOCTb, Hl1H X03RHcTseHHafi aSTOHOMHfI Cy6b8KTOB
pblHKa. BeAb 05MeH"BSfOTC" 6IlaraM", c03AaHHbIM" Ha OCHOBe 051l1eCTBeH-
HOro p83,[1,8IleHIo1H TPYAa Cneu,HanL-138lJ,VlVI, nOIlHOCTblO H83aBIo1CIt1MbI8, caMO-
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KOHcp"CKOBaH B nOIlb3Y rocYAapcTBa "Il" APyr"x Il"'1; eCIl" npO"3BOA"TeIlb
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3eM8J1bHOro yyaCTK8 V1 T. ,[1,. KOHe4Ho, MO>KHO 38CT8BV1Tb npoV13BoAV1Tb Kap-
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COBp8M8HH8H 3KOHOML-148CK8H T80pHH A8n88T 8KU,8HT H8 TOM, YTO pblHKH
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pO>KHbIX y ce6" AOMa C '1eIlbfO "X nOCIleAYfOll1e" npOAa>K" B caMblX O>K"BneH-
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rAe LjeHTp onpeAeIl"eT KOMY " 4TO npO"3BOA"Tb, KOMY " C KeM 06MeH"BaTb-
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pa, B"AHOrO npeACTaB"TeIl" aBCTp""CKO" WKOIlbl), " AOCTynHblM AIl" pacno-
. pH>KeHVlH KOIlVlyeCTBOM 6nar, ,o,8IlaeT VlX 3KOHOMV1yeCKIo1M!.1 HIlH He3KOHOMV1Y8C-
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w.a H8 HBflHIOTCs:I ,QIlH B8C 3KOHOMV1yeCKIr1MLII 6Il8raMVI. Be,qb L-1X KOIllr1Y8CTBO B
orpOMHoe 4"CIlO pa3 npeBblwaeT Bawy nOTpe6HOCTb B 3TOM CTpO"MaTep"a-
fie. III so,qa ,qIls:! nlo1Tbs:l, eCIlIr1 Bbl >KVlBeTe H8 6epery YHCTeHwero 038P8, He
79
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nYCTbIH8, rA8 nOTpe6HOCTb Y8IlOBeKa B nHTbe OKa3b1B88TCH BbIW8, Y8M AocTyn-
Hoe AIlH y,o,OBIleTBOp8HL-1H 3TOVI nOTpe6HOCTH KOnlt1Y8CTBO BOAb!. HeoKIlacclt1Y8C-
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4TO TOBap AOIl>K8H 05"3aTeIlbHO 5blTb npOAYKTOM TpYAa.
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rafOl11"X "X AIl" npOAa>K", aT "X MaTep"aIlbHOCT", He3aB"C"MO OT xapaKTe-
pa "X KSK npOAYKTa TpYAa, npeAHS3HS4eHHbie AIlR 05MeHa».1 Ba>KHe"W"-
MH xapaKTep"CT"KaM" TOBapa "BIl"fOTC" nOTpe5HTeIlbHaR '18HHOCTb (CTO-
HMOCTb) H MeHOBS" 4eHHOCTb (CTOHMOCTb).' 3T" KaT8rOp"" BBeAeHbl B
HaY4Hbl" 050POT MHOro CTOIleT"" Ha3aA. Ap"CTOT8Ilb, A. CMHT, A. P"Kap-
AO, T. MaIlbTYC, K. MapKC, A>K. C. M"IlIlb " MHOr"e APyr"e 3KOHOM"CTbl nOA-
4epK"BaIl" pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY nOTpe5"TeIlbHO" " MeHOBO" '1eHHOCTbfO.
nOIle3HOCTb 5Ilara, ero CBO"CTBa, 6IlaroAap" KOTOpblM OHO MO>KeT
YAOBIl8TBOP"Tb TY "Il" "HYfO nOTpe6HOCTb IlfOAe", AeIlafOT 5Ilaro nOTp8-
5HTeIlbHO;;; 48HHOCTblO. nOTpe5"TeIlbHa" '1eHHOCTb MO>KeT HenocpeA-
CTBeHHO YAOBIleTBOp"Tb IlH4HYfO nOTpe5HOCTb 4eIlOBeKa "Il" CIlY>K"Tb cpeA-
CTBOM npO"3BOACTBa MaTep"aIlbHblX 5Ilar. Hanp"Mep, xIle6, MaCIlO, KapTO-
cpeIlb " T. A. YAOBIleTBop"fOT nOTpe5HOCTb B n"ll1e, TKaHb - nOTpe6HOCTb B
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peSbeB. Ho H8 BCHK08 6Ilaro, HM81OLl.\ee nOTp861t1TeIlbHYlO u,eHHocTb, HBnfl-
eTCH TOB8pOM.
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AOIl>KHa YAoBIleTBOp"Tb nOTpe5HOCT" H8 Taro, KTO ero npO"3BeIl, a nOCTY-
naTb AIl" nOTpe5IleHH" APyr"M IlfOA"M, 4epe3 06MeH " YAoBIleTBop"Tb no-
Tpe5HOCT" APyr"x 4IleHOB 061l1eCTBa.
MeHosafi u.eHHocTb - 3TO KOIllt1ye-
CTB8HHoe oTHoweHHe, B KOTOpOM nOTp86H-
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IOTCH Ha nOTpe6101T8IlbHbl8 l...!8HHOCTJ.1 APYro-
ro pOAa. Hanp"Mep, 1 Tonop 06MeH"BaeT-
CfI Ha 20 Kr 38pHa. B 3TOM KOIlHyeCTBeHHOM
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(A. CM"T, A. P"KapAO, K. MapKc " AP.), 4TO
80
1 MeHrep K. OCHOBaHIo1S1 nOJlIo1-
TIo14eCKOVI SKOHOMIo1Io1. ABcrplo1i1cKaSi
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M., 1992. C. 201-202.
2 B AopeSOntOl,\1r10HHble BpeMe-
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TOMY 4TO OH" "MefOT 051l1YfO OCHOBY - TPYA. 3TO" OCHOBO", no "X MHeH"fO,
He MO>KeT 5blTb H" OAHO "3 np"pOAHbiX CBO"CTB TOBapa - Macca, 05beM,
cpopMa " T. n., a TOIlbKO TPYAOBble 3aTpaTbi. H805XOA"MbIM YCIlOB"eM 06-
M8Ha HBIlf!8TCH pa3IlHY!.1e nOTpe6HT81lbHbiX l...!8HHOCT8 06M8HHBaeMbix TO-
BapoB, HO nOTpe5"TeIlbHble '1eHHOCT" pa3Il"4Hb1X TOBapoB, KaK Ka4eCTBeH-
HO pa3HopoAHble, C T04K" 3peH"" TeOpeT"KOB TPYAOBO" CTO"MOCT" "BIl"-
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BeAYll1"" CBoe Ha4aIlO C pa50T npeACTaB"TeIle" TeOp"" npeAeIlbHo" nOIle3-
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T8IlbHOCTb 3TOro TpYAa, C03"AafOll1ero CTO"MOCTb? HenocpeACTBeHHblM "3-
Mep"TeIleM TPYAOBblX 3aTpST "BIl"eTC" B TeOp"" TPYAOBO" CTO"MOCTH pa-
5048e BpeM". CTO"MOCTb TOBapa 5YAeT onpeAeIl"TbC" H8 "HA"B"AyaIlbHbIM
PS504"M Bp8MeHeM, 3aTpa4eHHbiM Ha npO"3BOACTBO eA"H"'1bl TOBapa, a
TaK Ha3blBaeMbiM 06U.jecmeeHHO H806xOOUMbiM pa604UM ep8M8H8M. 3Ta
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pOBaHHbl"? YMcTBeHHbl" "Il" cp"3"4eCK""? TpYA, pe3YIlbTaToM KOTOpOro
RBIl"eTC" cp"3"4eCK" OC"3aeMa Bell1b "Il" YCIlyra? TSK, Hanp"Mep,
K. MapKc TaKoro pa3H005pa3"" BonpOCOB He paCCMaTp"BaeT " roBOP"T
Il"Wb a np06IleMe npOCToro " CIlO>KHOro TpYAa. no ero MH8H"fO, CpaBH"-
T8IlbHO CIlO>KHbll71 TPYA BbJCTyn88T B CTOL-1MOCTIt1 K8K YMHO>K8HHbIVi It1IlH B03-
B8,o,eHHbll71 B CTeneHb npOCTO TPY,Q, n03TOMY M8HbW8e KOIlHyeCTBO CIlO>K-
HOro TPYAS paBH"eTC" 50IlbweMY KOIl"4eCTBY npocToro. Ho 4eM ("Il" KeM)
onpeAeIl"fOTC" '03CPCP"'1"eHTbl, CBOA"ll1"e CIlO>KHbl" TPYA K npOCTOMY?
BH"THoro OTBeTa TpYAOBa" TeOp"" HS 3TOT Bonpoc He AaeT.
05paT"MC" K 60Ilee pa3BepHYTO" xapaKTep"CT"Ke TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO"
non83HOCT!.1, KOTOpa.A, no MHeH\I!1O MHorHX 3an8AHbiX 3KOHOMHCTOB, npm-13-
BeIla HaCTO"ll1"" nepeBopOT B 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"", cp"rYP"PYfOl11"" nOA
H83B8HH8M «Cy6b8KTV1BH0I71 p8BOIlIOl...!!.1\1!».
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Aa. TOIlbKO Ha pblHKe CTO"MOCTb nOIlY4aeT CBOfO CPOPMY Bblpa>KeH"" B B"Ae
MeHOBO" CTO"MOCT". npOll1e roBOP", CTO"MOCTb C03AaeTC" B npO"3BOACTBe,
a npOHBIlH8TCH H8 pb1HK8. III BOT 3g8Cb-TO B03HL-1K8IOT B03p8>K8HII1H CO CTO-
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3STp3Tbl TpYA3 Ha npO"3BOACTBO TOBapa KaK 061l1eCTBeHHO He05xOA"Mble,
a nOTOMY, 4TO AaHHbl" TOBap AIl" nOKynaTeIl" 05IlsAseT onpeAeIleHHblM no-
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He MO>KeT 6blTb CBO"CTBOM, 05beKTHBHO np"CYll1"M Bell1". l.\eHHOCTb "MeeT
Il"Wb TO, 4TO '1eHHO B rna3ax nOKynaTeIl", 4b" cy5beKT"BHble O'1eHK" " np"-
AafOT npO"3BeAeHHOMY 6Ilary CBO"CTBa CTO"MOCT". TaK"M 05pa30M, TpYAOBa"
CTO"MOCTb - Il"Wb cpaHTOM, a Ae"CTB"TeIlbHa" CTO"MOCTb ('1eHHOCTb)
KOHCT"TY"PyeTC" Il"Wb Ha pblHKe " BHe ero npOCTO He CYll1 eCTB yeT.
YeM onpeAeIl"eTC" CTO"MOCTb 6YKeTa A"K"X '1BeTOB (IlaHAblwe,,), KOTO-
pble copBaIla B 05xOA 3aKOHa 5s5YWKa " TopryeT "M" Ha BOK3aIlbHO" nIlO-
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He06xOA"MbIM. Ho 4TO HBIl"eTC" 051l1eCTBeHHO He06xOA"MbIM BpeMeHeM B
AaHHblX CIlY4a"x? MO>KHO 3aMeT"Tb, 4TO np"BeAeHHble np"Mepbl He T"n"4-
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IleTe) B POCC""CKYfO rny5"HKY. Ka3aIlOCb 5bl, CTO"MOCTb 3TOro npOAYKTa
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OAHaKO B POCC""CK"X YCIlOB""X ""'1a TaKoro Ka4eCTBa Bo061l1e He 6YAYT
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itlM810T Bo06Ll.\e HIo1K8KO l!8HHOCT\l1. Pa3YMeeTCs:I, B HaWIIIX paccy)\{,o,8HL-1s:1X Mbl
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82
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"MOCT" npe_KpaCHO nOH"MaIl", 4TO 5e3 nOTpe6"TeIlbHO" '1eHHOCT", 6e3 05-
llIeCTBeHHO" nOIle3HOCT" 5Ilsra HeB03MO>KHO Bo051l1e CYll1eCTBOBaH"e KaTe-
rop"" TOBapa. Pe4b "AeT 0 APyroM - a TOM, 4TO CTO"MOCTb, no "X MHeH"fO
H8nocpe,qCTBeHHO C03,qa8TCH B np0L-13BOACTB8, YTO 3TO - 06b8KTL-1BH08 CBoiil
CTBO TOBaps. Ho -"CIl" 5e3 pblH04HbiX O'1eHOK nOKynaTeIle" HeB03MO>KHO
Bbl"B"Tb nOIle3Hbl" 3cpcpeKT npO"3BeAeHHO" npOAYK'1"", TO, 04eB"AHO CTO-
HMOCTb ('1eHHOCTb) eCTb npe>KAe Bcero K3TeropHR 05MeHa. '
nOM HMO 3TOro, H80KIlaCCIIIKL-1, B TOM 4!.1CIl8 III 8BCTplI1V1CK8s:1 WKOIl8 no,o,-
4epK"BafOT, 4TO B C03AaH"" '1eHHOCT" TOBSpS np"H"MafOT Y4SCT"e He KOIlb-
KO paBHonpaBHblX cpaKTopOB npO"3BOACTBa - TPYA, Kan"TaIl, 3eMIl", npeA-
np"H"MaTeIlbCK"e cnOC06HOCT", a He TOIlbKO OA"H TPYA.
PaCXO>KAeH"e TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" C TeOp"e" TPYAOBO"
CTO"MOCT" CB"3aH? " C np06IleMO" CO"3MepeH"" pa3HopOAHbiX nOTpe6"-
T8flbHbiX U,8HHOCT8101, V1n1l1 nOIl83HOCT8V1. B8gb B Ka)\{,QOM KOHKp8THOM CIlY4a8
npH Bblpa6oTK8 X03HIo1CTB8HHbiX p8WeHL-1V1 6L.13HeCM8HOM HIlL-1 B npOl!eCce !.1H-
AJ.1BL-1AY8IlbHoro nOTpe6Il8HL-1H nOCTOs:lHHO npOL-1CXOAII1T conOCT8BIl8Hltle no-
Ile3 oro 3cpcpeKTa pa3Il"4Hb1X 6Ilsr. Bo051l1e 5e3 conOCTaBIleH"" nOTpe5HO-
CTe", 5e3 O'1eH'" nOIle3Horo 3cpcpeKTa Tex "Il" "HbIX MaTep"SIlbHbIX " AY-
XOBHblX 5Ilar Ka>KAbl" pa3, KorAa Tpe6yeTC" np"H"T"e X03""CTBeHHoro pe-
W8HItIH, HHK8K8f1 3KOHOML.1Y8CK8s:1 A8HT8nbHOCTb 6blIl8 6bl H8B03MO>KH8.
npL.1 3TOM caM8 np06Il8Ma n0L-1CK8 1t13M8p8H!.1f1 nOIl83HOCTL-1 Bbl3blB8Il8
O>K"BIleHHYfO nOIleMH'Y B cpeAe CTOPOHH"KOB TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3-
HOCT". B KaK"X eA"HH'1aX "3Mep"Tb nOIle3Hbl" 3cpcpeKT? B 3aB"C"MOCT" OT
OTB8T8 Ha 3TOT Bonpoc Y48Hbl8 p83A8IlV1IlL.1Cb Ha ABa (<JlarepH» - op.QIiIHa-
l1HCTOB iii Kap.QIiIHal1HCTOB, OAH8KO CYTb 3TOVI npo6IleMbi MO)\{HO YHCH!.1Tb
IlHWb nocIle 1t13YY8HItIs:I C8MOYI KaT8ropHlil np8,o,eIlbHOVl nOIl83HOCTItI, KpL-1BOVl
cnpoca " APyr"x Ba>KHbIX KaTerop"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" HaYK".
06paT"MC" K 60Ilee nOAP06HO" xapaKTep"CT"Ke np05IleMbi '1eHHOCT"
B KOH'1en'1"" TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3Hocm. Y4eHble, pa3pa60TaBW"e 3TY
TeOp"fO, - Y A>KeBOHC, A. MapwaIlIl (BeIl"K06p"TSH""), E. 5eM-5aBepK,
K. MeHrep, "'. B"3ep (ABCTP""), n. BaIlbpac (WBe"'1ap""), B. napeTO (II1Ta-
Il"") " APyr"e B OCHOBHOM C03AaBaIl" CBO" TPYAbl BO 2-" nOIlOB"He XIX _
Ha4a e XX B. ep A'o BKIlaA 3T"X "CCIleAOBaTeIle" (oc05eHHo npeACTSB"-
T8Ilelil 8BCTpHL-1CKOIil WKOIlbl) B pa3B!.1Tltle 3KOHOMII148CK0L4 T80pL-1L-1 II1MeHYIOT
«Cy6b8KTIr1BHOVl peBOJlIOlJ,L-18H», L-1IlIl1 P8BOJlI01\L-18V1 «np8,qeIlbHoVl nOIl83HOC-
H'I». 8H8, onpeA8nHeM8H np8,Q8IlbHOVl nOIl83HoCTblO, nOMorna p83p8WL-1Tb
MHOrlt18 3ara,QKH L-1 nap8Ao cbl X03HVlCTS8HHOVl }I(!.13HI.1 III n03BOfllllIla C03,qaTb
TOT a3A8Il 3KOHOML-1Y8CK0J.1 HaYKL-1, KOTOpblL4 C8V14ac npL-1HHTO H83blsaTb T80-
p"e" nOTpe6"TenbcKoro Bbl60pa (CM. S 9 HaCTO"ll1e" rnaBbl). Yall1e Bcero B
CBH3V1 C 3TL-1M ynOM!.1HaeTCH 3H8M8HL-1TbIVl «napaAoKc CMHTa»: n048MY BOA8
TOIlb nOIle3H8H AIls:! 48IloBeK8, CTOIilT T8K ,Q8W8BO, 8 aIlMa3, 4bs:l nOIlb3
8MHOro M8Hbwe AIlH YAOBfl8TBOpeHL-1H >K1I13H8HHbIX nOTp86HOCT8H, CTOln
6"
83
Inasa 5
TaK AOPOro? OTBeTL-1Tb Ha 3TOT HTep8CHbl Bonpoc HaM nOMO)\{8T L-1MeHHO
TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT". no MHeH"fO Xa"eKa, C 3IleMeHTapHbIM
OCHOBaM" TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" AOIl>KeH 5blTb 3HSKOM Ka>KAbl"
05pa30BSHHbl" 4eIlOBeK.'
CTOPOHH"K" TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" paCCMaTp"BafOT, npe>KAe
Bcero cy6beKT"BHYfO '1eHHOCTb, BblpS>KafOll1YfO OTHOWeH"e 4eIlOBeKa K
Bell1": np" 3TOM cy5beKT"BHYfO '1eHHOCTb CB"3bIBSfOT C peAKOCTbfO 6Ilara,
T e C BeIl"4"HO" era 3anaca. «l.\eHHOCTb npeAnOIlaraeT, - n"CaIl E. 5eM-
6a epK, _ "MeHHO OrpaH"4eHHOCTb KOIl"4eCTBa Bell1e", OTCYTCTB e '1eHHOCT"
npeAnOIlaraeT "35bITOK "X».' npeACTaB"TeIl" TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOC-
TH, BblBOAR l...\eHHOCTb 3 non83HOCTH, CY T8nL-1 Heo6xOAHMbiM BbIAeIl Tb ABa
B"Aa nOIle3HOCT": 5
a) a5cTpaKTHYfO, "Il" POAOBYfO none3HocT ,. T. e. cnoc05HoCTb Ilara
YAoBIleTBopRTb KaKYfO-Il"50 nOTpe5HocTb nfOAe" ,
5) KOHKpeTHYfO nOIle3HOCTb, KOTopa" 03Ha4aeT cy6beKmueHYIO OL<eH-
KY none3Hocmu AaHHoro 3K3eMnIl"pa 3TOro 5Ilara. 3Ta cy5beKT"BHa"
O'1eHKS 3aB"C"T OT ABYX cpaKTopoB: OT "MefOl11eroC" 3snaca AaHHoro 5Ila-
ra " aT CTeneH" HaCblll1eH"" nOTpe5HOCT" B HeM (CTeneH" "HTeHC"BHOC-
T" nOTpe5HOCT").
no Mepe YAOBIleTBOpeH"" nOTpe5HOCT" «CTeneHb HaCbl!:l1eH" » paCTeT,
a BeIl"4"Ha KOHKpeTHO" nOIle3HOCT" (CTeneHb «HaCTORTeIlbHO" nOTpe6HOCT"»)
nSAseT. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO Ka>KAOe nOCIleAYfOll1ee 6Ilaro, YAOBIleTBOp" fO ll1 ee
AaHHYfO nOTpe5HOCTb, 05IlaAseT MeHbwe" nOIle3HOCTbfO, 4eM peAbIAYll1ee,
a np\.1 orpaHHY8HHOM 38naC8 6nara !.1MeeTCH ero ((np8AeI1bHbl » 3K3eMnm:lp,
YAOBIleTBOp" fO ll1"" «HaCTO"TeIlbHYfO nOTpe5HOCTb». OTCfOAa AeIlaeTC" BbIBOA,
4TO LleHHOCTb 5Ilsra AaHHoro pOAa onpeAeIlReTCJI nOIle3HOCTbIO npeAeIlb-
Horo 3K3eMnl1f1pa, YAOBl1eTBOpsuow.ero HaHMeHee HaCTOHTel1bHYK> no-
Tpe5HOCTb. 3 _
II1IlIlfOCTp S '1"e" np06neMbi npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" Y E. 5eM-5aBepKa
CIlY>K"T n03a"MCTBOBaHHbl" "M "3 pa50Tbi K. MeHrepa np"Mep :' n"TbfO
MeWKaM" 3epHa, KOTOPbIM" 06IlaAaeT CTap"K-OTWeIlbHHK, >K"BYll1"" B Ilecy.
nOne3HOCTb 3TL-1X M8WKOB 3epH8 pacnOIla-
raeTC" B y5blBafOll1eM nop"AKe: nepBbl"
MeWOK ynoTpe5Il eTC" AIl" YAoBIleTBope-
H" caMblX HacYll1HblX nOTpe5HOCTe" n"Ta-
H"", BTOPO" - AIl" YIlY4weH"" nHTaH"",
TpeT"" - AIl" oTKopMa AOMaWH"X nT"'1,
Y8TB8pTbll71 - AIlH H3roToBIleHVlR nHB8, nfl-
Tbl" - AIl" 3a5aBbi (KopMIleH"" nonyraeB).
n"W"BW"Cb KaKoro-Il"50 OAHorO MeWKa,
oTweIlbH K OTK83anCH 6bl Il Wb OT KopMa
nonyrseB, T. e. YAoBIleTBOpeH"" Ha"MeHee
HSCTO"TeIlbHO" nOTpe5HOCT". n03TOMY
MeHHO 810 onp8A8IlHeTCH l...\8HHOCTb K8>K-
84
1 XaC1eK <D. nary6Ha caMOHa
A8f1HHOCTb. M., 1992. C. 175.
2 6aM-6aB8pK E. OCHOBbl T80-
pl.1l.1 l..\8HHOCH1 X03T1 CTBeHHbIX
6Ilar. ABCTpl.1i1icKaTi WKOIla B nOIlI.1-
H148CKOili 3KOHOMI.H1. M., 1992.
C.262.
3 TepMIIIH «npeAeIlbHaTi nOIle3
HOCTb» 6blIl BB8AeH B 3KOHOMIII48C-
KYIQ HayKY <t:>pl.1API.1XOM cpOH B1II38-
paM (1851-1926), B"AHbIM npeA-
CTaBm8Il8M aBcTpIIIC1cKOili WKOIlbl.
06U(aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblH04HOU 3KOHOMUKU
AOro "3 n"T" MeWKOB 3epHa. no onpeAeIleH"fO 5eM-5aBepKS, «BeIl"4"Ha
u,eHHOCT!.1 M8TepH8IlbHore 6Il8r8 onp8AeIlH8TCH B8>KHOCTblO TOVI KOHKp8THOVI
nOTpe5HOCT" ("Il" 4aCT"4HO" nOTpe5HOCT"), KOTOpa" 3aH"MaeT nOCIle-
AHee MeCTO B P"AY nOTpe5HOCTe", YAOBIleTBop"eMbIX BceM HaIlH4HbiM
3snSCOM MaTep"SIlbHbIX 6Ilar AaHHoro pOAa».' CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, nOIle3-
HOCTb nOCIleAHe" eA"H"'1bl Ka>KAoro 5Ilars, T. e. eA"HH'1bl, KOTopa" YAOB-
IleTBopH8T H8HM8H8e H8CTOHT8IlbHYIO nOTp86HOCTb, !.1 8CTb np8geIlbH8H.
nOIle3HOCTb. no MHeH"fO CTOPOHH"KOB AaHHO" TeOp"H, cy5beKT"BHa" O'1eH-
Ka Ka>KAoro 5Ilara 4eIlOBeKOM HenocpeACTBeHHO onpeAeIl"eTC" npeAeIlbHO"
nOIle3HOCTbfO 3TOro 5Ilara, a 05beKT"BHble MeHOBble npOnOp'1"H "Il" '1eHbl
TOBSpOB 3aB"C"T OT cy5beKT"BHb1X O'1eHOK ", B KOHe4HOM C4eTe, TO>Ke on-
peAeIl"fOTC" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCTbfO (CM. TaK>Ke a npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HO-
CT" B 9 9 HaCTO"ll1e" rnaBbl).
T8n8pb CT8HOBHTCH B03MO)\{HbiM 06bHCHVlTb !.1 «napagoKc CMVlT8»: HY>K-
HO pa3Il"4aTb o51l1YIO nOIle3HOCTb Bcero 3anaca 5Ilara " ero npeAeIlbHYIO
n0l1e3HOCTb. 06Ll.\8H nOIle3HOCTb BC8re 3an8C8 BOAbl, KOHeYHO, BblW8 06-
8171 nOIl83HOCTL-1 aIlM830B, HO l...\8HHOCTb 3TVlX 3KOHOMVl4eCK\.1X 6Il8r 06bHC-
HR8TCfI np8A8IlbHol71 nOIl83HOCTblO, a OHa BblW8 Y aIlMa30B.
POAOHa48IlbH\.1KOM HOBore H8np8BIleH H B T80pL-1H l...\8HHOCT!.1 VI U,8H HB-
IlReTCH Bblg81OLl.\L-1V1CH aHrnVlL4CKVlII1 3KOHOMHCT A. MapwaIlIl. no ero MH8HII1IO,
TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3Hocm CTpaAaeT onpeAeIleHHO" OAHOCTOpOHHOC-
TbfO, nOCKOIlbKY 06b"CHReT '1eHHOCTb monbKO OAH"M cpaKTOpOM. W"POKO
"3BeCTHO MHeH"e A. MapwaIlIla 0 He05xOA"MOCT" C"HTe3a npeAeIlbHO" no-
Ile3HOCT" " "3Aep>KeK npO"3BOACTBa np" onpeAeIleHH" TOro, 4eM onpeAe-
IlHeTCH CTOHMOCTb TOB8pa. «Mbl MornL-1 6bl C p8BHbiM OCHOB8HV18M cnopHTb
o TOM, perYIl"PyeTc" Il" CTO"MOCTb nOIle3HOCTbfO "Il" "3Aep>KKSMH npO"3-
BOACTBa, KaK " 0 TOM, pa3pe3aeT Il" KYCOK 6YMar" BepXHee "Il" HH>KHee
Il83BH8 HO)l{HHl...\».2
II1MeHHo C pa50TaM" A. MapwaIlIla CB"3aH OTXOA HeOKIlaCC"4eCKO"
WKOIlbl OT nonblTOK nOCTpOL-1Tb MOHVlCTHY8CKYIO T80pL-11O CTOHMOCTH H l...\eHbl.
npHHl...\L-1n MOHL-13Ma o3Ha4a8T, 4TO gOIl)l{eH 6blTb H8V1AeH eAHHblM HCTO"'lHHK
CTOVIMOCTVI, eAHHoe OCHOBaHiote u,eHbl, e.QHHbIM HCTO"'lHiotK ,QOXOAOB 06 e-
CTB8 B pblHOYHOM X03HVlCTB8. TaKL-1M 8gHHcTBeHHbiM !.1CTOYHVlKOM, H8npHM8p,
B TeOp"" K. MapKca "BIl"eTC" TPYA, " TOIlbKO TPYA. TeOpeTHK" aBCTp""C-
KO" WKOIlbl "ll1YT TaKoe eA"HOe OCHOBaH"e B KaTerOp"" npeAeIlbHo" nOIle3-
HOCT". B TeOp"" >Ke A. MapwaIlIla onpeAeIleH"e CTO"MOCT" " '1eHbl CBOA"TC"
K BblHCHeHVlIO B3aHMOAev.cTBHH pbIHO"'lHbIX
CHl1, l1e>Ka VlX KaK Ha cTopoHe cnpoca
(npeAeIlbHa" nOIle3HocTb), TaK H npeAIlo-
JKeHH" (H3Aep>KKH npoH3BoAcTBa TOBaps).
no MHeH"fO A. MapwaIlIla, '1eHHOCTb TOBa-
ps B paBHO" Mepe onpeAeIl"eTC" nOIle3HO-
CTbfO " "3Aep>KKaM" npO"3BOACTBa.
AaTb pa3BepHYTYfO xspaKTep"CT"KY
j 68M-6aB8pK E. OCHOBbl T80-
pl.1l.1 l..\8HHOCTI.1 x03 ilicTBeHHblx
6f1ar. YKa3. C04. C. 278, 279.
2 Mapwaf1f1 A. npJIIHl..\lIInbl 3KO-
HOMI.14eCK0l.1 HaYK\.1. M., 1993. 1. II.
C.31-32.
85
Inasa 5
BTOPO" CTOpOHe ("3Aep>KKaM npO"3BOACTBa) B 3TOM nspsrpacpe He npeA-
CT8BIl 8TCH B03MO)\{HbIM, T8K KaK p,IlH :noro HY>KHO n03H8KOM\.1TbCH C K8T8-
rop"e" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK (rn. 6), S TaK>Ke C TeOp"e" npeAeIlbHblx npo-
AYKTOB " npeAeIlbHo" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCT" cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa
(rn. 10). Ho Y>Ke 3AeCb MO>KHO 3SMeT"Tb, 4TO B TeOp"" HeOKIlaCC"KOB np"
onpeAeIleH"" '1eHHOCT" TOBSpOB "CnOIlb3yeTC" cBoe05ps3Hbl" nOAxOA K
O1.\8HK8 np0L-13BOp,CTB8HHbIX P8CYPCOB, H8np8BIl8HHbiX H8 \.13roTOBIl8H\I18 TO-
Bapa, B TOM 4"CIle " cpaKTopa TpYAa. n04eMY OCYll1eCTBIl"fOTCR 3aTpaTbi
TpYAa HS npO"3BOACTBO KaKoro-Il"50 TOBSpS (_ He TOIlbKO TPYAa, HO " APY-
r"x cpaKTopoB - Kan"TaIla " 3eMIl")? nOTOMY 4TO 051l1eCTBO "CnblTblBseT
nOTp86HOCTb B K8Koli1-TO KOHKp8THOCi nOIl83HOCTL-1. IIIM8HHO 1.\8HHOCTbKl 3TO.
ro TOBapa, 3TO" nOIle3HOCTbfO " 5YAYT onpeAeIlRTbc" '1eHHOCT" 3aTpaT TPY-
AS, Kan"TaIla " 3eMIl". II1MeHHo '1eHHOCTb KOHe4Horo TOBapa onpeAeIl"eT
'1eHHOCTb TOro "Il" "HOro cpaKTopa npO"3BOACTBa, MacwTa5s era np"MeHe-
HL-1H L-1 B l!8IlOM - S8IlL-1YL-1HY 1r13Aep>K8K np0L-13BOp,CTB8. CTOVlMOCTb roTOBOro
TOB8p8 BMeHfleTCfI CTOItIMOCTL-1 ItICnOIlb30B8HHbiX npH 8ro !.13rOTOBIleH!.1\.1
cpSKTOpOB npO"3BOAcTBa. nO"CH"M 3TOT np"H'1"n Ha KOHKpeTHblx np"Mepax.
PS3pa60TKa HecpTRHblX MeCTOpO>KAeH"", A05bl4S HecpT" " npO"3BOACTBO
5eH3"Ha oCYll1eCTBIl"fOTC" nOToMY, 4TO IlfOA" '1eHRT TaKoe 6Ilaro, KaK SBTO-
M06\o1Ilb. 48M BblW8 Ol.\eHKJ.1 nOIl83HOCT\.1 3TOro 6Il8r8, TeM B 60IlbW\I1X Macw-
Ta5sx 5YAYT OCYll1eCTBIl"TbCR 3aTpaTbi TpYAa " APyr"x cpaKTopoB HS A05bl4Y
HecpT" " "3roTOBIleH"e 5eH3"Ha. He nOToMY Aopor 5eH3"H, 4TO BbICOK" 3aTpa-
Tbl Ha A06bl4Y HecpT", S Ha050por: "3-3a BbICOKO" '1eHHOCT" AIl" aBTOM05"Il"-
CTOB 6eH3"Ha 5YAYT BbICOK" " 3aTpaTbi Ha A06bl4Y HecpT". 3TOT np"H'1"n
E. 5eM-5aBepKoM on"CaH TaK: «He nOToMY AOporo TOKa"cKoe B"HO, 4TO AO-
por" TOKa"CK"e B"HOrpaAH"K", S Ha060p0T>'.' Ha4"Ha" C pa50T A. Map-
waIlIl8, B 3KOHOM\.1Y8CKOVI T80p\.1\.1 OTY8TIl\l1BO npOHBL-1IlCH OTXOp, OT nO\.1CKOB
Cy6CTSH'1"" CTO"MOCT" _ nepexoA K CPYHK'1"OHaIlbHoMY aHSIl"3Y, K OOHO-
speMeHHoMY onp8A8Il8H\.11O B38V1MOBIlHHH\.1 l!eHbl !.1 cnpoc8-np8p,IlO)\{8HVlH.
4.
npOIllCXOJKAeHllle AeHer
Bonpoc 0 npO"CXO>KAeH"" AeHer pa3Il"4HbIM" TeOpeT"4eC-
K\.1M\.1 WKOIlaML-1 CB 3bIBaeTCH C npOl.\eCCOM p83BL-1TL-1H 06M8H8.
II1CCIleAOBaTb npO"CXO>KAeH"e AeHer - 3TO "CCIleAOBSTb pa3B"T"e TOp-
roSIlL-1, 06M8H8, B03HL-1KHOB8HL-18 TOro 3T8n8
Y8IlOB848CKOVl l.\HBV1IlL-138l!L-1H, KOTOpblVl
"'. Xa"eK Ha3BSIl «paCW"peHHbIM nop"A-
KOM 4enOB8Y8CKOro COTPYAHL-1Y8CTsa».
CaMO" npOCTO" cpOpMO" 05MeHa "BIl"-
eTC" 5apTep. 5apTep - 3TO HenocpeACTBeH-
1 5eM-5aBepK E. OCHOBbl Teo-
plo1lo1 u,eHHOCTIo1 x03 liicTBeHHb1X
6Jlar. YKa3. COY. C. 334.
86
06U4aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
Hbl" 06MeH OAHOro TOBapa Ha APYro". Hanp"Mep, 3eMIleAeIle'1 06MeH"Ba-
eT 500 Kr 3epHa Ha OAHY KOPOBY, np"HSAIle>Kall1YfO CKOTOBOAY. OAHaKo 5ap-
TepHble CAeIlK" MorYT 5ecnpen"TcTBeHHo oCYll1eCTBIl"TbC" n"Wb np" orpa-
H"4eHHOM Ha60pe npeAIlsraeMblx K 06MeHY TOBapoB. KOIl"4eCTBO Y4aCTH"-
KOB np" 5apTepHoM 06MeHe TaK>Ke OrpaH"4eHo. np" BOBIle4eH"" B TOproB-
IlfO 50IlbWOro KPyra X03""CTBYfOll1"X cy5beKToB 5apTep HaTaIlK"BaeTC" Ha
cepbe3Hble_ 3aTpYAHeH"". Hanp"Mep, Bbl XOT"Te 05MeH"Tb CBOfO nWeH"'1Y
Ha MeAHbl" KYBW"H, HO BIlSAeIlb'1Y KYBW"Ha He Tpe5yeTc" Bawe 3epHO.
nOTpe5yeTc" MHO>KeCTBO npOMe>KYT04HbIX TOproBblX CAeIlOK, npe>KAe 4eM
Bbl H8KOH81.\ CT8H8Te 06Il8p,aT8Il8M KYBWL-1H8.
3TO 3aTPYAHe "e, OTMe4aIl K. MeHrep, Ka3aIlOCb 5bl HenpeOAOIl"MbIM,
eCIl" 5bl «B CaMO" np"pOAe Bell1e" He CYll1eCTBOBaIlO cpeACTBa, KOTOpoe
caMO no ce5e " 5e3 BC"KOro... COrnaWeH"" "Il" rocYAapcTBeHHoro np"HY>K-
AeH"" np"BOA"T K peWeH"fO YKs3aHHoro 3sTpYAHeH""»' AeIlo B TOM 4TO
no M pe pa3B"T"" _05MeHa B pS3HbiX per"OHaX BbIAeIl"eTC" TOBap, 06Il'aAa-
fOl11"" Hs"50IlbWe_ cnoc05HOCTbIO K C5blTY (TepM"H K. MeHrepa). Bblpa-
>Ka Cb COBpeMeHHblM R3bIKOM, pe4b "AeT a TOBape, 05naAafOll1eM Ha"60Ilb-
we" IlHKBHAHOCTblO. n"KB"AHbl" TOBap ("Il" Ilf050e APyroe 5Ilaro) - 3TO
IlerKOpeaIl"3yeMbl" TOBap. C nOH"T"eM Il"KB"AHOCT" Mbl ell1e 5YAeM Heo-
AHoKpaTHo BCTpe4sTbc" B nocIleAYfOll1"X rnaBax Y4e5H"Ka.
nOK8 HaM Tpe6yeTc BblflCH\.1Tb, OT yero >Ke 3aB\.1CL-1T cnoc06HOCTb TOB8-
pa K C6bITY, "Il" Il"KB"AHOCTb.
Bo-nep bIX, 3Ta cnoc06HOCTb OrpaH"yeHa KPyroM Il"'1, KOTOpblM MO>KHO
C5blTb CBO" TOBap. BIlaAeIle'1 TOBapa He MO>KeT npOAaTb CBO" TOBap TeM
IlH'1aM, KOTopble He "MefOT nOTpe6HOCT" B H"X; KOTOpble B C"IlY npaBOBblX
" cp"3"4eCK"X CHOBaH"" OTCTpaHeHbl OT "X np"06peTeH""; KOTOpble He 3Ha-
lOT 0 nOHB\I1BW8L-1CH B03MO>KHOCTH 06MeH8 (MaIlOH3BeCTHbI8 TOBapbl 06Il8A81OT
BeCbMa Or aH"4eHHO" cnoc06HOCTbfO K C6bITY) " B C"IlY ell1e HeKOTOpblX or-
paHHyeHVlL-1.
B,O-BTOPbIX, cnoc06HOCTb TOBapOB K C6blTY OrpaH"4eHa 05IlaCTbfO, B KO-
Topm" TOB8p MO>KeT HaL4TL-1 C6bIT. 3TO 03H8ya8T, 4TO nOMHMO H8IlIIIY\.1H Kpyr8
Il"'1, ,KOTOPbIM MO>KHO C5blTb TOBap, He AOIl>KHO 6blTb HenpeOAOIl"MbIX npen"T-
CTB"" (cp"3"4eCK"X "Il" npaBOBblX) np" TpaHcnopmpOBKe TOBaps B AaHHYfO
MeCTHOCTb; TpaHcnopTHbl8 H3,q8p>KKH He AOIl>KHbl 6blTb CIlL-1WKOM BbICOK!.1.
B-TpeTb"X, cnoc05HOCTb TOBapOB K C6blTY OrpaH"4eHa KOIl"4eCTBeHHO
3Ta CnOCO?HOCTb OrpaH"4eHa pa3MepaM" ell1e HeYAOBIleTBopeHHblx no:
Tpe5HOCTe"; KpOMe TOro, BcerAa cYl11eCTBYfOT rpaH"'1bl KOIl"4eCTBeHHoro
05beMa c5blTa, C"IlbHO pa3Il"4SfOll1"eC" Y
pa3Hbix TOBSpOB. TaK, K. MeHrep npeAIlars-
eT CpaBH"Tb cnoc05HOCTb K C5blTY ,aKoro-
Il"50 HaY4Horo TpSKTSTa a nepyaHCK"X
ApeBHoCT"X " cnoc05HOCTb K C6blTY M"Ca
"Il" xIle5a.
1 MeHrep K. OCHOBaHIo1 nOJlVl-
H1yeCKOVl 3KOHOMIo1Io1. ABCTpl.1liicKa
WKOJla B nOJlIo1Tlo1yeCKOVl 3KOHOMIo1I.1.
M., 1992. C. 218.
87
rnaea 5
B-4eTBepTbIX, CnOC06HOCTb K C6blTY 3aB"C"T aT npOMe>KYTKa BpeMeH",
B T8Y8H1-18 KOTOpOro B03MO>KeH C6bIT. 3TH p83IlIIIY H TOBapOB CTaHYT HCH88,
eCIl" CpaBH"Tb B03MO>KHOe BpeM" peaIl"3a'1"" CBe>Ke" KIly6H"K", YCTP"'1,
Kon48HOVl KOIl6aCbJ, nOIlL-1THyeCKL-1X r838T, OCTpOMOAHblX TOB8pOB L-1 1. ,0..1
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C" AeHbrSM". AeHbrH - 3TO S5COIllOTHO IlHKBHAHoe cpeACTBO 05MeHa.
.o.eHbrH ftBflHIOTCH OAHHM L-13 H8H60Ilee 3H8YHTeIlbHblX KOMnoH8HTOB 3KOHO-
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HBVlIlVICb Ha onp8A8Il8HHOM 3T8ne pa3BIIITHH X03HVlCTB8HH0L4 >KV13H\.1 06Ll.\8-
CTBa, HO He KaK npOAYKT KaKoro-Il"50 3aKOHOAaTeIlbHoro aKTa roCYAapCTBS,
a KaK pe3YIlbTaT pa3B"T"R 3KOHOM"4eCKHX OTHOWeH"", KSK pe3YIlbTST ecme-
cmseHHoQ X03f1 CTB8HH0I71 >KV13HH IlIOA8 .
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TOBSP, B KOTOpOM OHH HY>KAaIl"Cb. B Ka4eCTBe cpeACTBa 05MeHa "cnOIlb30-
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'1a KH">KeH"R AM"TP"" AOHCKOro B Ka4eCTBe Ha"60Ilee Il"KB"AHbIX cpeAcTB
05MeHa 05pall1aIl"Cb cepe6po B CIl"TKaX «<rP"BHbl»), "HOCTpaHHa" MOHeTa
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B CB 3" C aHaIl"30M AeHer Mbl MO>KeM ASTb ell1e OAHO onpeAeIleH"e KS-
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Hble CTOpOHbl 3Toro B8>KHeVlWero pblHOYHOro cpeHOM8H8. Bo-nepBbIX, U8Ha
- 3TO aIlbTepHaT"BHble "3Aep>KK", 0 4eM roBOP"IlOCb B rn. 3. BO-BTOpbIX,
ueHa - 3TO \.1HCPOpM8l!HOHHbIL4 CHrH8Jl (<<CIt1MnTOM 3KOHOMH4eCKoro Bbl-
paBH"BaH""», no MeHrepy), KOTOpbl" nOACKa3blBaeT cy6beKTY pblH04HOro
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He'1, '1eHa - 3TO nponop'1"" 05MeHa TOBa-
pOB Ha AeHbr".
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OH" CTaIl" AeHbraM"? 30IlOTO " cepe5po
88
1 nOAPo6Helil CM.: MeHrep K.
OCHoBaHIilSi nOJH1TWlecKol:1 3KOHO-
MIiII.1. YKa3. CO'-l. C. 205-210.
06LLjaR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOfJ 3KOHOMUKU
CTaIlH ,q8Hbr8ML-1 nOTOMY, YTO 06IlaAaJ1101 cosoKynHocmbJO Ka4ecms. n03BO-
Il"fOll1"X "M IlY4we, 4eM APyr"M TOBapaM, BblnonH"Tb pOIlb a5COIlfOTHO Il"K-
BHAHOro cpeACTBa 05MeHs:
1) COXpaH"eMOCTb;
2) nOpTaT"BHOCTb (T. e. BblCOKSR '1eHHOCTb B He50IlbwoM 05beMe);
3) 3KOHOM"4eCKa" AeIl"MOCTb (T. e. CIl"TOK 30IlOTa, nOAeIleHHbl" Ha ABe
p8BHbiX no B8CY Y8CTH, 03H8l.J88T, YTO L-1 l!8HHOCTb K8>K,Q01l1 nOIlOBHHbl CIlHT-
KS pOBHO B ABa pa3a YMeHbW"IlaCb). 3T"M CBO"CTBOM He 05IlaAafOT H"
CKOT, HH M8xa, HV1 >K8M4yr, Hili aIlMa3bl H T. A.;
4) OTHOC"TeIlbHa peAKocTb 30IlOTa B np"pOAe.
B cOBpeMeHHblx YCIlOB""X 30IlOTO, a ell1e paHbwe - cepe5po, nepecTa-
IlO 6blTb ,qeH8>KHbIM TOB8pOM. B Haw8171 06bl,Q8HHOIII >KVl3HH Mbl L-1CnOIlb3Y8M
5YMa>KHble AeHbr" (5aHKHoTbl), a He MeW04K" C 30IlOTbiM neCKOM "Il" 30IlO-
Tbl8 MOH8TbL YTO >Ke ceVlyac HBIlH8TCH ,Q8HbraM1-1?
OTB8T H8 3TOT Bonpoc Mbl nOIlY4L-1M B p83A8Il8 «MaKp03KOHOMIr1Ka», B
rn. 20, KorAa paCCMOTp"M Ae"TeIlbHOCTb LleHTpaIlbHblx " KOMMep4eCK"X
5aHKoB. Ho B HaCTO"ll1eM naparpacpe Mbl 3sTpoHeM Il"Wb ABa acneKTa, CB"-
38HHbiX C np1-1po.QoVl COBp8M8HHbiX A8H8r: ,Q8Hbr!.1 KaK l1HKBH,QHOCTb It1 K8K
AeKpeTHble AeHbr".
nOHHTllle J1I.-1KBV1AHOCTIr1, Y>Ke L-13B8CTHoe H8M, 03Haya8T, 4TO COBp8M8H-
Hble 6YMa>KHble AeHbr" (AOIlIlapbl, eBpo, 3CKYAO " T. n.) 05IlaAafOT Henoc-
peACTBeHHO" nOKynareIlbHo" C"IlO". n"KB"AHOe cpeACTBO, KSK OTMe4aIlOCb
paHee, - 3TO IlerKOpeaIl"3yeMoe cpeACTBO 06MeHa. Hanp"Mep, eCIl" y
sac 8CTb 12 CTYIlb8S, 3TO BOBce He 03Ha4a8T, l.JTO B Il1060Vl MOM8HT HX
MO>KHO 06MeH"Tb Ha Ilf06yfO nOHSA06"BWYfOC" BaM Bell1b. A BOT eCIl" Bbl
pacnOIlaraeTe onpeAeIl8HHO" CYMMO" AeHer (AOIlIlapOB, eBpo "AP.), Bbl
BC8rA8 CMO>K8T8 06M8HHTb It1X Ha Il10608 6Il8ro. Ho nOY8MY KaKH8-TO KYC-
K" 5YMar" 06IlaAafOT a5COIlfOTHO" Il"KB"AHOCTbfO? 111 TYT Mbl nOAXOA"M
KO BTOPOMY acneKTY, KaCSfOl11eMYC" np"pOAbl COBpeMeHHblx AeHer. AeHb-
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THTb BH\.1M8HH8 Ha CJ10BO «06Ll.\8np!.13H8HH08». YeM >Ke onp8A8IlH8TCfI u,eH-
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JlIOAL-1 ...eHRT 6YMa>KHbI8 ,Q8HbrL-1 III n03TOMY ,Q8IlaIOT L-1X «6YM8>KK8MH», L-1M8-
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3TO «4TO-TO» " 6YAeT "BIl"TbC" AeHbraM". B HaCTO"l11ee BpeM" AeHbr" AeKpe-
T"PYfOTC" roCYAapCTBOM B Il"'1e LleHTpaIlbHoro 5aHKa CTpaHbl, OTBeTCTBeHHO-
ro 3a npeAIlO>KeH"e AeHer. LleHHOCTb AeHer onpeAeIl"eTC" BO MHOroM AOBep"-
eM K npaB"TeIlbCTBY " LleHTpaIlbHOMY 5aHKY, Aep>Kall1eMY nOA CBO"M KOHT-
pOIleM 06beM AeHe>KHO" MaCCbl. YCTO"4"BOCTb (He"3MeHHOCTb nOKynaTeIlb-
HO" cnOC05HOCT") COBpeMeHHblX AeHer onpeAeIl"eTC" BOBce He 30IlOTbiM 3a-
naCOM CTp8Hbi. no aH8IlorHH C 30IlOTOM MO>KHO CK838Tb, YTO Y npaBV1TeIlbCTBa
89
InaB8 5
T8KL-1e )l{8 38AaYL-1, YTO L-1 Y npV1pO,D,bl, COTBOPL-1BW80 30IlOTO 8 OapaHUlIeHHOM
KonU4ecmee: l\eHTpaIlbHbl" 6SHK AOIl>KeH CAeIlaTb OrpaH"4eHHb1M npeAIlO-
>KeHH8 A8H8r L-1 A8Il8Tb \.1X p,ocTynHocTb T8M CaMblM T81OK8 Orp8HI-'IY8HH0C1.
ECIl" 6YMa>KHble AeHbr" nepeCTaHYT 05IlSAaTb CBO"CTBOM OTHOC"T8IlbHO"
p8,D,KOCTL-1, TO I-'IX l!eHHOCTb L-1CY83H8T COBC8M.
nOABOA" 061l1"" "Tor aHaIl"3Y B03H"KHOBeH"" AeHer, HY>KHO 06paT"Tb
BH"MaH"e Ha OAHY cne'1"cp"4eCKYfO pOIlb, KOTOPYfO "rpafOT AeHbr" B Pb1H04-
HOM X03""CTBe. 05MeH, 0 KOTOpOM TaK MHOro roBOP"IlOCb B npeAblAYll1"X
naparpacpax, CB"3aH C onpeAeneHHblM" "3Aep>KKaM" (K. MeHrep roBOP"T 05
3KOHOMH4eCKHX >KepTSaX, KOTOpblX Tpe6YfOT MeHOBble On8pa'1""). LITO 3TO
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Aep>KK", CB"3aHHble C OCYll1eCTBIleH"eM 05MeHHbiX CAeIlOK (Tpa HCaK '1"").
BeAb 05MeH npO"CXOA"T, KaK OTMe4aIl P. KOY3, He B "AeaIlbHOM M"pe, rAe
ABa Y8IlOB8Ka 6ecnp8nHTCTBeHHO M8HHIOT Ha onYWK8 Il8C8 s:l6IlOKI-'I Ha Op8-
XL-1, He H8CH npH 3TOM HVlK8KV1X TpaHC8Kl.\L-10HHbIX L-13A8P)\{8K. .QeHbra.1 me no
MoralOT COKpSll1aTb TpaHCaK'1HOHHble H3Aep>KKH, 05Iler4a" H YCKOPR"
05MeH. n03TOMY AeHbrSM" B pa3HbiX CTpaHax " per"OHaX CTaHOB"IlC" He
caMbl" nOIl83Hbl" (c TOYK" 3peH"" Il"4HOro nOTpe6Il8H"") TOBap, a TaKa",
KOTOpbl" B Ha"50IlbWe" CTeneH" cnoc05CTBOBaIl 05Iler4eH"fO 05MeHa. Ha-
3Ha4eH"e AeHer - He np"HOC"Tb nOIlb3Y, nOA06HYfO YAOBIl8TBOpeH"fO no-
Tpe6HOCT8171 B eA8, nL-1Tb8 V1 1. n., a 3KOHOMV1Tb TpaHCaKlJ,L-10HHbI8 L-13Aep)\{KL-1.
MO>KHO npeACTSB"Tb, HaCKOIlbKO 60Ilbwe 6b1Il" 5bl 3T" "3Aep>KK", eCIl" 5bl
pa3B"T"8 05MeHa Ha4aIlOCb " 3SKOH4"IlOCb 5apTepOM: OAH" Il"Wb 3aTpSTbi
Ha nOHCK\.1 HY>KHOro KOHTpar8HTa COCT8BIlHJ1L-1 6bl IlbBI-'IHYIO ,l],OJ11O 3TL-1X \113-
Aep>KeK 06MeHa!
B 3aKIlIOY8HL-18 noro n8p8rpacp8 OTM8TL-1M, YTO 1r13 nOBceAH8BHOtil np8K-
TI-'IKL-1 Mbl 3H88M ° H8IlVl4HbiX \.1 683HaIlL-1YHbIX p,8Hbr8X (noAP06Hee 06 3TOM
CM. rn. 20). II1MeHHo pa3B"T"e 6e3HaIl"4HOrO AeHe>KHoro 06pall1eH"", KorAa
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BL-1IlH3au,HIt1, OT KOTOpblX 3aBVlC\.1T TOproBJ1s:1 L-1 «Yep83 KOTOpbl8 onocp8AcTBY-
IOTCH ... YYBCTB8HHO H8 BOCnp\.1H\I1Ma8MbI8 nOCIl8ACTBL-1s:1 L-1H,lJ,HBL-1AyaIlbHbJX
,l],eVlCTBL-1V1 . n03TOMY ,o,8Hbr\ll, nOp,48pKL-1Ba8T . XaVl8K, «KOTOpble Mbl 8>K8,lJ,-
H8BHO nycK88M B XO,lJ" OCTalOTCH B8Ll.\blO COB8pW8HHO H8nOCTL-1>K.L-1MOtlt, \II,
nO>KaIlY", Hap"AY C ceKCOM - 06beKToM caMblX 5e3paccYAHbiX cpaHTS3""».'
V'13YY8H1018 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOVI TeOp\l1lt1 nOMO>K8T B,o,YM4L-1BOMY YV1T8T8IlIO oCB060-
A"TbC" aT 06blAeHHbiX npeACTaBneH"" 0 AeHbrax " He AaTb YBIle4b ce6"
cpaHTa3""M, Hanp"Mep, 0 B03MO>KHOCT" Il"KB"Aa'1"" AeHer B '1eIl"X Aocm-
>KeH"" Bce051l1ero pSBeHcTBa, Ka, 3TO
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KOH'1en'1""x K. MspKca, "'. 3HreIlbca,
B. VI. neH"Ha.
90
1 XaiiieK $. nary6Ha5'l caMOHa-
,Qe5'lHHOcTb. M, 1992. C. 177.
06U{8R xap8KmepucmuKa pblH04HOO 3KOHOMUKU
5.
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Ke 3T" BonpOCbl pewafOTC" rnSBHblM 05pS30M C nOMOll1bfO pblHKa (4epe3
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"3BOACTBS KapTOcpeIl". 111 pa3Il"4Hble copTa M"ca 5YAYT npOAaBSTbC" no
TaKa" '1eHe, KOTOPYfO B 3aB"C"MOCT" OT ypOBHR AOXOAa pa3Il"4Hble rpynnbl
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cnoc06CTBOB8IlH YCT8HOBIl8HVlIO paBHOB8CL-1s:1 Ha pb1HK8.
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HeH"" 06beMoB npO"3BOAcTBa. 1I13MeHeH"e '1eH nOBIl""IlO Ha Bbl50p Tex-
HOIlOr"" npO"3BOAcTBa. l\eHbl B KOHe4HOM "TOre npeAonpeAeIl"Il" " TO, KeM
np" AaHHOM ypOBHe AOXOAOB 5YAeT nOTpe5IleH npOAY'T.
BO-BTOPbIX, 3TO cnpoc H npeAIlO>KeHHe. Cnpoc (nIlaTe>KeCnoc05Hbl")-
91
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3TO npeACTaBIleHHa" HS pblHKe nOTpe6HOCTb B TOBapaX, OnpeAeIl"eMa" KO-
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pblH04HbiX '1eH BOKpyr TaK Ha3b1BaeMO" '1eHbl paBHOBeC"'" Llepe3 3T" KOIle-
6aH"" YCTaHaBIl"BSeTC" TOT ypOBeHb '1eH, np" KOTOpOM 05eCne4"BSeTC"
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"3BOACTBa " nOTpe5IleH"".
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TOB8p, 3ayaCTYlO BbIHY)/{A8H CHL-1>K8Tb LJ,8HY, YTO, K8K npaB\.1JlO, BIle4eT 38
c060" COKpall1eH"e npO"3BOACTBS AaHHoro TOBapa. ECIl" cnpoc 50Ilbwe,
4eM npeAIlO>KeH"e, TO KOHKYP"pOBaTb APyr C APyroM BbIHY>KAeHbl Y>Ke nOKY-
naTeIl". LlT05bl "MeTb B03MO>KHOCTb np"06peCT" Aecp"'1"THbl" TOBap, Ka>K-
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Y8M 3TO MOryT CA8n8Tb 8ro conepHVlKH. l..\8Ha nOBbIW88TCH, VI 3TO CTL-1MYIlV1-
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6.
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Pa3IlL-1l.JHH B X8p8KTep8 pblHOYHOH KOHKYP8Hl!\.1V1 CBfl38Hbi C
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APyr OT APyra no KOIl"4eCTBY " pa3MepaM Ae"CTBYfOl11"X Ha AaHHOM pblHKe
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T" BXOAa Ha pblHOK HOBblX CP"PM " BblXOAa "3 Hero, a TaK>Ke AOCTynHocTbfO
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pblHKe xapaKTep"3yeTC":
1) MHO>KeCTBOM nOKynaTeIle" " npOAaB'10B:
2) BbICOKO" M05"IlbHOCTbfO cpaKTopoB npO"3BOACTBS:
3) oTcyrcTB"eM 5apbepoB Ha nyr" BCTynIleH"" Ha pblHOK "Il" BblXOAS "3 Hero;
92
06U4aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
4) OAHOpOAHOCTbfO (cTaHAapTHocTbfO) npoAaBaeMo" npoAYK'1"":
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cpoP Ma '1"".
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Ae He CYll1eCTBOBaIla. n"Wb HeKOTopble PbIHK" no CBO"M xapaKTep"CT"KaM MO-
ryT np"5Il">KaTbC" K COBepweHHO" KOH'ypeH'1"" (Hanp"Mep, pblHOK 3epHS).
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war AIl" y"CHeH"" np"H'1"nOB CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"" pblH04Horo MeXaH"3Ma.
Era nOAPo5HOMY aHaIl"3Y B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" 5YAeT no-
CB"ll1eHa rn. 6.
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cTByeT, TO TaKa" pblH04Ha" CTpYKTypa Ha3b1BaeTC" HeCOBepweHHoii KOH-
Kype H 4Heii. Pa3IlH4afOT TP" OCHOBHble B"Aa HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"":
1) 4HCTSJI MOHonoIlHR, KorAa Ha pblHKe OAHa cp"pMa "BIlJleTC" eA"H-
CTBeHHblM npOAaB'10M TOBapa "IlH YCIlyr" " rpaH"'1bl CP"PMbl " OTpaCIl"
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CHMOCTb cy6b8KTOB 3KOHOM!.148CKHX OTHOW8H!.1V1. B xO,Qe ,QaIlbH8Hw8ro 1013-
J10)/{8HVlfI 38KOHOM8pHOCTeVl pbJHOYHOro MeX8HH3Ma 3TO Ba)/{H8L4W88 nOIlO-
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He, KorAa cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"e paBHbl.
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93
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BV1IlO, Y8M Bblwe u,eH8, T8M M8Hbwe YVlCIlO T8X, KTO cornaC\.1TCH Kym'ITb ,qaH-
Hbl" TOBap, T. e. MeHbwe ypOBeHb cnpocs (np" AaHHOM ypOBHe AOXOAOB);
", Hs050pOT, 4eM H">Ke '1eHa, TeM 50IlbWe 6YAeT 4"CIlO nOKynaTeIle" " KO-
Il"4eCTBO np"05peTaeMoro TOBapa.
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4eCK". ECIl" Ha a5c'1"cce 0603HSY"Tb KOIl"4eCTBO TOBapa Q, nOKynseMoro
Ha pblHKe, a Ha OPA"HaTe - AB">KeH"8 '1eHbl P, TO nOIlY4"TC" CIl8AYfOll1""
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94
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b - peaK'1"fO BeIl"4"Hbl cnpoca HS H3MeHeH"e '1eHbl, 0 4eM nOAP06Hee
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CCPOPMYIl"pOBaTb CIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M: eCIl" '1eHa KaKoro-Il"60 TOBSpS no-
BblwaeTC" (" np" 3TOM Bce APyr"e YCIlOB"" OCTafOTC" He"3MeHHbIM"), TO
cnpoc 5YAeT npeAb"BIl"TbC" Ha MeHbWee KOIl"4eCTBO 3Toro TOBapa. Ta >Ke
3aB"C"MOCTb MO>KeT 6blTb CcpopMyn"pOBaHa "Ha4e: eCIl" Ha pblHOK nOCTY-
na8T 60f1bWe8 KOIlL-1Y8CTBO K8KOrO-IlL-160 TOB8pa, TO, nplt1 npOYIliX paBHbJX
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AOXOA B 300 AOIlIl. CMO>KeTe Kyn"Tb Y>Ke He 100 Kr, a 300 Kr "6IlOK. ECIlH >Ke
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CS, B 4eM " 3aKIlf04aeTC" CMblCIl 3cpcpeKTS AoxoAa. CIleAyeT OTMeT"Tb, 4TO
Aa>Ke nOCIle TOro, KaK pOCT cnpoca AaHHoro nOTpe5"TeIl" cpSKT"4eCK" np"-
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He 100, a 150 "Il" 200 Kr.
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cnpoca npV1 CHL-1)\{eHIt1L-1 U,8H Ha TOB8pbl. Ho CYlL\ecTBYIOT TaK Ha3blBaSMble
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rH<jJ<jJeHS, a H"3W"" TOBap, KOTOpbl" 3aH"MaeT 3HS4"TeIlbHOe MeCTO B
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aHrn""CKoro 3KOHOM"CTa P. r"cpcpeHa (1837-1910). npeAnoIlaraeTc", 4TO
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Mb" paCW"p"fOT nOTpe5IleH"e KapTocpen", HecMoTp" Ha ero nOAOpO>KaH"e.
06b"CHeH"e CBOA"TC" K TOMY, 4TO KapTOcpeIlb 3SH"MaeT 50IlbWYfO AOIlfO
paCXOAOB Ha eAY B 5eAHbix CeMb"X. ApyryfO n"ll1Y TaK"e CeMb" MorYT no-
3BOIl"Tb ce5e He4aCTO. 111 eCIlH npO"CXOA"T pacT '1eH Ha KapTocpeIlb, TO
6eAHa" ceMb" Bo051l1e BbIHY>KAeHa 5YAeT OTKa3aTbC" aT nOKynK" M"ca, Tpa-
TH BeCb CBOVI He60J1bW0L4 AOXOA H8 nOKynKY TaKoro HVl3wero TOBapa, K8K
KapTOcpeIlb. Kp"Ba" cnpoca B TaKOM CIlY4ae "MeIla 6bl nOIlO>K"TeIlbHbl"
HaKIlOH. 3cpcpeKT AOXOAa B CIlY4ae C H"3W"M TOBapOM r"cpcpeHS nepeBe-
W"BaeT 3cpcpeKT 3aMell1eH"", ", CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, np" CH">KeH"" '1eHbl Ha
T8KOVI TOB8p cnpoc Ha H8ro YMeHbwaeTCH, 8 np!.1 nOBbIWeHL-1H l...\8Hbl - YBe-
Il"4"BaeTCR (KSK B CIlY4ae C KspTocpeIleM).
II1MefOTC" " APyr"e (nOM"MO 3cpcpeKTa r"cpcpeHa) "CKIlf04eH"" "3 3SKO-
Ha cnpoca. TSK, C OAHO" CTOpOHbl, HeKoTopble nOTpe5"TeIl" MorYT cOKpa-
li..IaTb CBOVI cnpoc Ha TOBap npYl CHH>KeHHVI 8ro l...\eHbl, nocKoIlbKY A8HHbJVI
TOBap CTaHOB"TC" 50Ilee AocTynHblM, MacwTa5bl ero nOTpe6IleH"" pacTYT,
a AaHH8H KaTeropHH nOTp86L-1T8n8ii1 He X04eT 6blTb «K8K Bce» (T8K H83b1B8e-
Mbl" 3<jJ<jJeKT cHo5a). C APyro" CTOpOHbl,
cnpoc H8 3KCKIlI03f11BHble AoporOCTOHLl.\L-1e
TOBapbl MO>KeT A8>Ke B03paCTL-1, 8CJlL-1 l!eHbl
H8 HL-1X YBeIlHyaTCH, TaK KaK 60r8TblVl nOKY-
naTeIlb np"05peT8eT 3T" TOBSpbl npe>KAe
Bcero "3-3S npeCT">KHbIX C005pa>KeH"" (TaK
Ha3blBaeMbl" 3<jJ<jJeKT Be5IleHa).'
96
1 TopCTeH Be6neH (1857-
1929), 8MepIr1K8HCK\r1i1 3KOHOMIr1CT,
0AIr1H 1013 OCHOB8TeJle Ir1HCTIr1TY Ir1-
OHaJlbHOro HanpaBJleHIr1H B 3KOHO-
MIr14eCKO TeOplr1lr1.
06 af1 xap8KmepucmuKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
ECIl" Tenepb paCCMOTp"M pblH04HYfO C"Tya'1"fO CO CTOpOHbl npOAaB'10B,
"Il" co CTOpOHbl npeAIlO>KeHH", TO 3aMeT"M 05paTHYfO KapT"HY. Bce npo-
AaB'1bl 5YAYT CTpeM"TbC" nOIlY4"Tb Ha pblHKe CaMYfO BblCOKYfO '1eHY, " 4eM
BblWe 5YAeT '1eHa, TeM aKmBHee OH" 5YAYT nblT8TbC" npOAaTb 60Ilbwee KO-
IlH4eCTBO TOBapa, T. e. YBeIl"4"Tb npeAIlO>KeHHe.
II1HbIM" CIlOBaM", Y K8>KAOrO npOAaB'1a 05beM np8AIlO>KeH"" 5YAeT MeHRTbC>!
B 38BYlCV1MOCTH OT l...\8Hbl: 48M Bblwe u,eHa, TeM, np\.1 npOYHX p8SHbJX ycnOB\.1f1X,
BblWe pa3Mep npeAIlO>KeH"" Ha pblHKe AaHHoro TOBapa. rpacp"4eCK" AaHHaR
3SB"C"MOCTb "305ps>KeHa Ha P"C. 5.2 (a5c'1"cca CIlY>K"T AIlR 0503Ha4eH""
KOIl"4eCTBS TOBapa Q, AOCTaBIleHHoro Ha pbIHOK; OPA"HaTa 0503Ha4aeT AB"-
>KeH"e '1eHbl Pi. Kp"BYfO S Ha3blBafOT KpHBOii npeAIlOJKeHHR.
np" npeAnOIlO>KeH"", 4TO CPYHK'1"" npeAIlO>KeHH" HOC"T Il"He"Hbl" xa-
paKTep, ypaBHeH"e KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH"" MO>KeT 6blTb npeACTaBIleHO B CIle-
AYfOl11eM 051l1eM B"Ae:
Qs = a + b . P (2)
YpaBHeH"e CPYHK'1"" npeAIlO>KeH"" nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO Me>KAY ypoBHeM
pbIH04HO" '1eHbl (P) " KOIl"4eCTBOM npoAYK'1"", KOTOpoe npO"3BOA"TeIlb ro-
TOB npeAIlO>K"Tb Ha pblHKe (Qs)' cYll1eCTByeT np"Ma" 3aB"C"MOCTb. napa-
MeTpbl a " b OTpa>KafOT "3MeHeH"e 3K30reHHbiX (He'1eHOBblx) cpaKTOpOB
npeAIlO>K8HL-1R npYl 1r13M8H8HYlH BeIlYl4!.1Hbl a npOt.1CXO,QHT CABL-1r Kp!.1BOI71
npeAIlO>K8Ht.1f!, a npH L-13MeHeHt.1V1 BeIlV14HHbl b 1i13M8Hf1eTCH H8KIlOH KpHBOVl.
TeHAeH4Y1H K YBem1yeH!.11O np0V13BOACTB8 npH BbICOKt.1X Ll.eH8X 06bHCHH-
eTCH TeM, YTO, C OAHOVI CTOpOHbl, nOBblWeH!.1e l...\eHbl np\.1BIleK88T B AaHHYIO
OTpaCIlb HOBblX npO"3BOA"TeIle". C APYro" CTOpOHbl, np" pOCTe '1eH npeA-
npfllHL-1MaTeIlb nOIlyyaeT A06aB04HYIO npV16blIlb H fIIMe8T B03MO>KHOCTb H8-
H"Tb 50Ilbwe pa504"X, Kyn"Tb 50Ilbwe CblPb" " MaW"H, paCW"p"Tb npO"3-
BOACTBO.
BMeCTe C TeM cIleAyeT "MeTb B B"AY, 4TO pe4b "AeT Il"Wb 0 TeHAeH'1"H
p
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Puc. 5.2.
I
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KPUS8R npeOnOJKeHUR
Q
97
7 Kypc 3KOHOM",4eCKO TeOp 1o\
InaBa 5
K YBeIlL-148H!.11O np8AIlO>K8HVlH. .0.0 !.13B8CTHOro npeA8Jl8 pOCT Ll,8H Bbl3blBaeT
pOCT npeAIlO>KeH"". OAHaKO, eCIl" paCT '1eH npOAOIl>KaeTC", TO npO"3BOA"TeIlb
MO>K8T CH\r13HTb 06b8M npOH3BO,QCTB8. Bo-n8pBbIX, BbICOK\.1V1 YPOB8Hb AOXOAa B
H3B8CTHOVI M8P8 CH\r1)\{8ST CTVlMYIlbl K npOAOIl>KSHHIO \r1HTeHC\r1BHOVl pa60Tbi. BO-BTO-
PbIX, eCIl" p84b "AeT 0 pblHKe H8COBepweHHO" KOHKYpeH'1"", npO"3BOA"TeIlb Me-
>KeT onacaTbC>l, 4TO np" AanbHe"weM Hapall1"BaH"" 05beMOB npO"3BOACTBa npo-
V130L4,QeT 3aTOBapIt1B8HV18 \r1 l!8Hbl Ha4Hyr CHL-1>KaTbC5L
AIl" Ka>KAOro TOBapa CYl11eCTBYfOT CBO" Kp"Bble cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"".
OAHaKo 5blIlO 5bl HenpaB"IlbHO npeACTaB"Tb "X KaK p83 " HaBcerAa AaHHble.
nOA B03Ae"CTB"eM p"Aa cpaKTOpOB Kp"Bble cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" MOryr CMe-
Ll.\8TbCH. B CBH3H C 3TL-1M B8>KHO p83I1L-14aTb Bel1H HHY cnpoca Ir1 C8M cnpoc, 8
T81OK8 Bel1H"IHHY npeAJ10>KeHHfI L-1 C8MO npeAJ10>KeHHe. np\.1 CHH>K8HIr1H l!eHbJ
YBeIl!.1Y!.1BaeTC5t B8IlVl4\r1H8 cnpoca, C8M cnpoc K8K Bblp8>K8HHe nOTpe6HOCTV1 B
,Q8HHOM TOBape OCTaeTCH H8\r13MeHHbIM. MO>KHO rOBOplt1Tb 06 yseIl!.1yeHIt1H cnpo-
ca, eCIl" np" Ka>KAO" '1eHe (" BbICOKO", " H"3KO") nOKynareIl" 5YAYT np"06pe-
T8Tb 60JlbW88 KOIl\r1Y8CTBO A8HHOro TOB8p8. T8K, B >K8pKIttS Il8THL-1e M8CHLI,bl
B03pacTaeT cnpoc HS npoxnaA"TeIlbHble Han"TK" " MOpO>KeHoe. B 3TOM CIlY-
4ae 5YAeM AB"raTbC" He no KP"BO" 0 " S npO"30"AeT CAB"r KP"BO" B HO-
Boe nOIlO>KeH"e 0, (P"c. 5.3).
P
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PUC. 5.3.
C08U2 KpU80ii cnpoca
KpOM8 TOro, cIl8AyeT OTM8TVlTb, YTO Ha B8IlV1YHHY cnpoca, KpOMe
'1eHbl, BIl""fOT ypOBeHb AOXOAOB, pa3Mep pblHKa, '1eHa " nOIle3HOCTb APY-
r"x TOBapOB, oc05eHHO TOBapOB-3aMeH"TeIle" (Cy6CT"TYTOB), cy5beK-
T"BHble BKYCbl " npeAn04TeH"", MOAS " T. n. ECIl", Hanp"Mep, CpeAH""
AOXOA nOKynaTeIle" B03pSCTaeT, TO, np" np04"X paBHblX YCIlOB""X, KP"-
Ba" cnpoca 0 , CMeCT"TC" BnpaBO " TOMY >Ke YPOBHfO '1eHbl P, 6YAeT CO-
OTB8TCTBOB8Tb B03pOCWV1V1 ypOB8Hb cnpOC8 Q2.
rIlaBHbl" cpaKTOp, B03Ae"CTBYfOll1"" Ha npeAIlO>KeH"e, - "3Aep>K'" npo-
!.13BO,QCTBa. n03TOMY, 8CIlH B pe3ynbT8T8 IIIcnOIlb30B8HHH AOCnnKSHlr1111 Tex-
98
06fl{aR xapaKmepucmuK8 pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
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PUC. 5.4.
C08U2 KpU80ii npeOnO}l(eHUR
HIIIl.JeCKoro nporpecca HIlH, np!.1MeHL-1T8JlbHO K ceIlbcKOMY X03HVlCTSY, B CL-1IlY
5IlaronpH"THb1X norOAHblx YCIlOB"" YAaeTC" CH"3"Tb "3Aep>KK" npO"3BOACTBa,
Kp"BaR npeAIlO>KeH"" 5, CMell1aeTC" BnpaBO (P"c. 5.4). BeIl"4"Ha npeAIlo>Ke-
H"R np" He"3MeHHO" '1eHe P, B03pacTseT C 0, AO 02' K CAB"ry KP"BO" npeA-
JlO>KeHHH nplllBOAHT T810KS III H3MeHeHHH B H8Iloro06IlO>KeH!.1\r1: nOBblweHH8
H8JlOroB, KOTopble ynIl8YHB8ST npOH3BOAIIIT8Jlb, npHBO,QHT K cABVlry KpL-1BOVl
npS,QIlO>KSHHs:! BIleBO, 8 CHH>K8HHe H8Iloroe - K CABL-1ry KpHBOVl snp8BO.
P8CCMOTp8HHbie Kp1llBb18, B3HTbie C8MH no ce6e, nOK83bIB8IOT, l.JTO npo-
HCXOAHT C nOKynK8ML-1 !.1 npOA8)K8ML-1, eCIlV1 U,8H8 1113M8HH8TCfI. Ho Ha KaKOM
ypOBHe AOIl>KHa YCTaHOB"TbC" '1eHa? 4T05bl OTBeT"Tb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, HaAO
caecTV1 BMeCT8 H conOCT8B!.1Tb KpHBbl8 cnpOC8 L-1 npS,QIlO>K8HJ.1f1.
ECIl" HaIlO>K"Tb APyr Ha APyra ABa rpacp"Ka, 0503Ha4afOll1"e pblH04Hb'"
cnpoc " pblH04Hoe npeAIlO>KeH"e oAHoro " Taro >Ke TOBapa, nOIlY4"M rpa-
CP"K, nOKa3bIBafOll1"" OAHOBpeMeHHoe nOBeAeH"e cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH""
P
P,
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PUC. 5.5.
o Q,
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Q
99
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Inaea 5
"HTep8CYfOll1ero Hac TOBapa. B KaKO"-TO T04Ke ABe Kp"Bble nepeceKYTC"
(P"c. 5.5). B T04Ke BCrpe4" E cnpoc KOIl"4eCTBeHHO paBeH np8AIlO>KeH"fO
(Q,) " '1eHa P, BblcTynaeT KaK ypaBHOBeW"BafOll1S" '1eHa, "Il" '1eHa paB-
HoeeCHR.
np" 50Ilee BbICOKO" '1eH8 P, B03HHKaeT "35bITOK npeAIlO>KeHH" HSA
cnpocoM (paBHbl" no BeIlH4"He oTpe3KY AB). 3TOT "35bITOK B pe3YIlbTBTe
KOHKypeH'1"" npoAaB'10B 5YAeT cnoc05cTBoBaTb CH">KeH"fO '1eHbl. np" '1eHe
H">Ke ypaBHOBeW"BafOll1e" (P 3 ) cnpoc npeBblwa8T npeAIlO>KeH"8 (oTpe30K
CF) " B03H"KaeT Aecp"'1"T TOBaps Ha pblHKe. B 3TOM cIlY4ae "3Il"WeK cnpo-
ca " KOHKYP8H'1"" nOKynaTeIle" 5YAYT TOIlKaTb '1eHY BB8pX. n"Wb B T04Ke E
AOCT"raeTC paBHOBeC"e C"Il " YCTO"4"Ba" '1eHa, KOTOpa" MO>KeT coxpa-
HHTbCH B Kp8TKOCp04HOM nepL-10Ae, nOKa H8 H3M8HHTCH K8KL-18-IlH60 napa-
MeTpbl, onpeAeIl"fOll1"e cnpoc " np8AIlO>KeH"e.
Ba>KHO nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO np" '1eHe paBHOBeC"" YCTaHaBIl"BaeTC" pa-
BeHCTBO He nOKynoK " npOAa>K - TaKoe paBeHcTBo cY1l18CTByer np" Ilf060"
'1eHe. np" '18He paBHOBeC"" KOIl"48CTBO npoAYK'1"", B npeA8Ilax KOTOpO"
nOTp85"TeIl" HaMepeHbl npOAOIl>KaTb AeIlaTb 3aKynK", 5YAeT COOTBeTCTBO-
BaTb TOMY KOIl"4ecTBY npoAYK'1H", KOTopoe npO"3BOA"TeIl" HaMepeHbl npo-
AOIl>K8Tb nOCT8BJlHTb H8 pbIHOK. TOIlbKO npH T8KOVI Ll8He 6YA8T OTCYTCTBO-
BaTb TeHAeHLlHH K nOBbIW8HL-11O L-1IlIil nOHIt1>KeHHIO LleHbl.
TaK"M 06pa30M, KOHKypeH'1" " KOIle6aH"" cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH""
np\.1B8IlV1 K YCT8HoBIleHHIO p8BHosecHH H8 pblHKe. Orp8HIt14eHHOe KOIlH4e-
CTBO "Mef01l18roc" B 051l1eCTBe AaHHoro TOBapa pacnpeAeIleHo Me>KAY B03-
MO>KHbIMH ero nOTpe6!.1T8IlHMH. Ho 3TO IlV1Wb '-IaCTH'-IHOe paBHoBecHe H8
eAHHcTBeHHoM pblHKe. HaAo Y4It1TbIB8Tb, l.JTO U,8Hbl Ha pblHKe H8XOAHTCH B
nOCTOflHHOM ABH>KeHV1!.1 BCIleAcTBVle Vl3MeH8HL-1V1 B cnpoc8 !.1IlIo1 npeAIlO>K8HL-1L-1
TOB8pOB. 3TIII 113MeHeHHH H8 HBIlHIOTCH He38B11CHMbIM\.1 APyr OT APyr8, 8, H8-
npOT11B, BC8 B38L-1MOCBH38Hbl. K8>KAOe L-13MeH8HH8 l!eHbl OAHOro TOB8p8 nplt1-
BOA"T K "3MeH8H""M B '1eHe APyr"X TOBapoB. CYll1eCTByeT '18IlS" C"CT8Ma '18H,
KOTopaH MO>KeT OKa3aTbCH B p8BHOBeCL-1H, 8CIl\.1 p8CCMaTplt1B8Tb 8e B onpe-
A8Il8HHblll1 MOM8HT 11 OAHOBpeMeHHO B ee cOBoKynHocTV1. III B 3TOM cIlYY8e
roBOP"T 06 0611\eM pSBHoBecHH pblHKS (noAP05Hee 05 3TOM CM. B rn. 15).
B8>KHO nOAY8pKHYTb, YTO p8BHOB8CHbli71 MeTOA 8H8IlH38 B MV1Kp03KOHO-
M11l.JeCKOM !.1CCIleAOB8HIIIL-1 npeAnoIl8raeT nOHCK cIo1TyaLlHVI, B KOTOpOI71 3KOHO-
M\.14eCK8H CHCTeMa H8XOAHTCH B COCTOflHHH {{HAe8IlbHoro» nOKOH. B COCTO-
"H"" paBHOBeC"" (4aCT"4Horo "IlH 051l1ero) Ha5nfOAaeTc" COBnaAeH"8
cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeHH"; HaMep8HUfI nOTpe5"TeIle" Kyn"Tb onpeAeIleHHoe
KOIlL-14eCTBO TOB8pa no ,q8HHOVI LleHe COBn8,q8eT C HaMepeHuRMu np0L-13BO-
AHT8Il8L4 nOCTaBHTb H8 pblHOK TaKoe me KOnlr1yeCTBO TOB8p8 no TOVI >Ke LleH8.
IIIMeHHo n03ToMY B COCTOflHIIIH 3KOHOMH4eCKoro paBHOBeCL-1H x03f1l71cTBYIO-
1l1"" cy5beKT - 5YAb TO oTAeIlbHbl" npO"3BOA"T8Ilb, cp"pMa "Il" nOKynaTeIlb
- He \.1M8eT CTHMYIlOB K H3MeHeHHIO CB08ro 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOro nOBeAeHIt1f1. B
TO'-lKe paBHOBeCHH 3KOHOMH'-IeCKOe .o.BH>KeHHe npeKpa aeTCH. .o.Ilfi TOro,
100
06U{aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOiJ 3KOHOMUKU
'-ITo6bl OHO Ha48IlOCb BHOBb, ,qOIl>KHbl 1113MeHIiITbCfI BH8wHHe YCIlOBIr1H - ypo-
BeHb LleH, TeXHOnOrL-1H, 0>KIIIA8HHH 14 npeAn04TeHHH npm13Bo,q11TeIl8i71 V1IlV1
nOTpe5"T8Ile". KOHe4HO, paBeHCTBO cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" - 3TO Teope-
T"yeCKa" a5CTpaK'1"", "50 B peaIlbHo" X03""cTBeHHo" npaKT"Ke TaKoe co-
BnaAeH"e 6blBaeT BeCbMS peAK"M. OAHaKo "MeHHO 3Ta a5CTpaK'1H" n03BO-
IlReT Bbl"B"Tb Ha"50Ilee Ba>KHble 3sKoHoMepHOCT" CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"" Pbl-
H04HOro M8X8HL-13M8.
AH8IlL-13 3aKoHoMepHocTel71 H3MeH8H\.1f1 cnpoca H np8AIlO>KeHL-1f1 V1 MeX8-
H"3Ma 05pa30BaH"" '1eHbl paBHOBeC"" AaeT B03MO>KHOCTb 60Ilee nOIlHO
oxspaKTep"30BaTb 3KOHOM"4ecKYfO cB050AY KaK Ba>KHe"Wee YCIlOB"e HOp-
MaIlbHoro CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"" pblH04HOro MeXaH"3Ma " AOCm>KeH"" 051l1e-
ro paBHOBeC"R 3KOHOM"4eCKa" cB050Aa nOApa3YM8BaeT, Bo-nepBblx, CBO-
50AY npeAn,P"H"MaTeIlbCTBa; BO-BTOpbIX, cB060AY Bbl50pa npOAaB'10B "
nOKynaT8IleH, T e. cB050AY TOproBIl"; B-TpeTb"X, cB050AY nep eMe ll1eH""
pecypcoB no pa3HbiM ccpepaM np"MeHeH""; B-48TBepTblx, cB050AY '1eHo05-
pa30BaHH".
II1MeHHO 3KOHOM"4eCKa" cB050Aa n03BOIl"eT PblHKY r"5KO p8ar"pOBaTb
Ha H3M8HfllOLl.\\.1eCH YCIlOBHH III 06ecne4V1B8Tb KaK Y8CTH4Hoe, T8K VI 061l..\88
paBHOBeC11e.
8.
3naCn'''IHOCTb cnpoca III npeAnO>KeHlllfl
PaCCMOTpeB OCHOBbl pblH04Horo p8BHOBeCV1H, Mbl nOK8 8Ll.\e
He BblflCHV1IlH, n04eMY KPHB8H npe,qIlO>KeHHfI BblrIlHAHT T8KIIIM, a He V1HbIM
05pa30M, " n048MY "MeHHO TaK"M, S He "HbIM 05pa30M BbllIl"AHT Kp"Ba"
cnpoca. B CBOIO 04ep8Ab, 8CJlH Mbl H8 BblHCHHM :noro, TO He nOi71MeM, OT48-
ro Kp".Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" nepeceKaeTCR C KP"BOil cnpoca B AaHHO", a He B
APYro" T04K8. B CB"3" C 3T"M 3aB"C"MOCTb BeIl"4"Hbl cnpoca " npeAnO>Ke-
H"" OT COOTBeTCTBYfOll1e" pbIH04HO" '1eHbl TOBapa HY>KAaeTC" B 50Il88 Ae-
TanbHOM p8CCMOTp8HHV1.
Pa3Il"4Hble TOBapbl OTIl"4afOTC" APyr aT APyra no CTeneH" peaK'1"H
cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"" Ha "3MeHeH"8 '1eHbl. PaCCMOTp"M TP" Bap"aHTa
KP"BO" cnpocs (P"c. 5.6). OCHOBHblM MOMeHToM, Ha KOTOpbl" HY>KHO 05pa-
T"Tb BH"MaH"e, "BIl"eTC" 3AeCb 051l1a" cYMMa AeHer, KOTOpyfO nOKynaTeIl"
ynIla4"BafOT npoAaB'1aM. 051l1aR BblpY4Ka, HIlH BSIlOBOii AOXOA, npoAaB-
'1a BcerAa paBHS '1eHe, YMHO>KeHHO" Ha KOIl"4eCTBO npoAaHHoro TOBapa,
Il" npO"3BeAeHHfO P x Q. Ha P"C. 5.6a npeACTaBIleH CIlY4a", KorAa naAe-
H "e '1eHbl B 3 pa3a Bbl3BaIlO pOCT cnpoca TO>Ke B 3 pa3a, " 061l1a" BblPY4Ka
e "3MeH"IlaCb. Ha P"c. 5.66 CH">K8H"e '1eHbl B 3 pa3a conpoBo>KAaIlocb
CTOM 3sKynoK IlHWb B 2 pa3a, " 061l1s" BblpY4Ka COKpaT"Ilacb. Apyra"
Ty a '1"" npeACTBBIleHa Ha P"C. 5.6B. BblpY4Ka B03pacTaeT, nOTOMY 4TO
05beM cnpoca BblpOC 60IlbW8, 4eM ynaIla '1eHa.
101
Inasa 5
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I
I
I
I
I
I
1 - - -J- - - - - -,
I I
I I
1
o 1
a)
Puc. 5.6.
3 Q 0
5)
1
2
2
3naCmU'"IHOCmb cnpoca
3
2 --
1---:-
3
o 0
B)
3
Q
1
2
To, B KaKo" Mepe 05beM cnpoca Ha pblHKe B03pacTaeT np" AaHHoM
CHH)\{eHL-1V1 Ll8Hbi HIlItI cOKpa 88TcH nplll A8HHOM nOBbIW8HL1H l!eHbl, X8-
paKTeplr13Y8T CTeneHb 311aCTH"IHOCTVI cnpoca B 38BHCHMOCTL-1 OT l..\eHbl.
K03CPCP"'1"eHT 3IlaCT"4HOCTH cnpoca B 3aB"C"MOCT" aT '1eHbl (E P )
D
npeACTaBIlHeT c060111 OTHoweHV18 L13M8HeHVlH 06b8Ma cnpoca K BbI3B8B-
weMY ero 1t13MeHeH\.11O Ll8Hbl:
E P = /'"Ql1P
D Q P
(3)
K03CPCP"'1"BHT 3IlaCT"4HOCT" nOKa3blBaeT, Ha CKOIlbKO npO'1BHTOB MeH"-
eTCR pa3Mep cnpoca Ha TOBSp B pe3YIlbTaTe "3MBHeH"" ero '1eHbl Ha OA"H
npO'1BHT. KorAa CH">KeH"e '1eHbl B T04HOCT" KOMneHC"pyeTc" COOTBBTCTBY-
IOI.1.\HM pOCTOM BeIlL1l.JVlHbl cnpoca, T8K YTO 06Ll.\8H BblPYYK8 OCTaeTCH HeL13-
MeHHO" (P"c. 5.6a), Mbl rOBOp"M a eA"H"4HO" 3IlSCT"4HOCT" cnpoca
(ED = 1). KorAa CH">KeH"e '1eHbl Bbl3blBaeT MeHbW"" pOCT 05beMa cnpoca
(P"c. 5.65), cnpoc He3IlaCT"4eH (ED < 1). KorAa CH">KeH"e '1eHbl Bbl3blBaBT
50IlbW"" pacT BeIl"4"Hbl cnpocs (P"C. 5.6B), Mbl roBOP"M 05 3IlaCT"4HOM
cnpoce (ED> 1). K03CPCP"'1"eHT 3IlaCT"4HOCT" cnpoca no '1eHe, KaK npaB"-
IlO, HBIlH8TCH OTpHLl8T8IlbHO BeIlVlYHHOVl;
OAHaKO B 3KOHOMHY8CKOVI T80pVl!.1 np!.1HHTO
nOIlb30BaTbCH 86cOIlIOTHbiM 3HayeHL-1eM
3Tore nOK838T8IlH, H8 npL-1HIIIM8H BO BHL-1M8-
HL-18 3H8K «MVlHYC».1
H8 CTeneHb 3IlaCTHYHOCn1 cnpoc8 BIlL-1-
"eT '1eIlbl" P"A cpaKTopOB: HaIl"4"e TOBa-
pOB-cy6cmumymoB (T. e. B3a"M03aMeH"B-
102
1 HanplllM8p, nOSblW8HIIIB L\8H
Ha f'l6nOKIII Ha 10% Sbl3Bano YM8Hb-
weHIIIB SBnlll4111Hbi cnpoca Ha 5%.
K03cPcPlIIL\IIIBHT 3naCTIII4HOCTIII pa-
B8H: (-5%)/10% ::; -0,5. Ho Hac 6y
,QeT IIIHTepeCOBaTb a6comOTH08
3Ha48HIo1B, KOTOpOB pasHo 0,5.
Q6U{aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
MblX TOBapoB, Hanp"Mep, 4a" " Kocpe), pa3Mep AoxoAa nOTpe5HTeIlR, Ka4e-
CTBO TOB8pa, y,q8IlbHb1Vl B8C TOB8p8 B 61O,Q>KeTe nOTpe6L-1TeIlH, HBIlH8TCH IlVt
TOBap npeAMeTOM POCKOW" "Il" npeAMeTOM nepBO" He05xOA"MOCT", O>K"-
AaH"" nOTpe6"TeIl" " T. A.
K8K Y>K8 OTM8Y8IlOCb, cnpoc H8 A8HHbl Toaap 3aBIt1CHT He TOJlbKO OT ere
'1eHbl, HO " aT '1eH Ha APyr"e TOBapbl. 3AeCb HY>KHO OTMemTb, 4TO nOM"MO
TOBapoB-cy5CT"TYTOB, CYl11eCTBYfOT " TOBapbl - KOMnneMBHmbf (B3a"MOAO-
nOIlH"eMble TOBapbl, Hanp"Mep, cpOTosnnapaTbl " cpOTonIleHKa). nOM"MO
3T"X rpynn TOBapOB, CYl11eCTBYfOT " He3aBUCUMbiB TOBapbl (Hanp"Mep, Ka-
paHAaW" " MOIlOKO). 3IlaCT"4HOCTb cnpoca Ha OAHH TOBap OTHOC"TeIlbHO
'1eHbl Ha APYro" TOBap Ha3b1BaeTC" nepeKpBcTHoi1 3IlSCTH4HOCTblO. K03cp-
cp"'1"eHT nepeKpeCTHO" 3IlaCT"4HOCT" cnpoca npeACTaBIl"eT c060" OTHO-
weHHe Vl3MeHeHHfI cnpoca H8 Toa8p j K Sbl3BaBweMY ere H3MeHeHIo11O l!8Hbl
Ha TOBap j:
EP = /'"Qi /I,,['j
il Q .' P .
. 1.1
(4)
np" "3MeHBH"" '1eHbl Ha TOBap-cy5cmTYT K03CPCP"'1"eHT nepBKpeCTHO"
3IlaCT"4HOCm oKa3blBaeTCR 50Ilbwe HYIl" (pOCT '1eH Ha Kocpe Bbl30BeT pacT
cnpoca Ha 4a,,); np" "3MeHeH"" '1eHbl TOBapa-KOMnIleMeHTa K03CPCP"'1"BHT
nepeKpeCTHOH 3IlaCT"4HOCT" oKa3blBaeTC" MeHbWB HYIlR (pOCT '1eHbl Ha
cpOTOnIleHKY BBAeT K YMeHbWeH"fO cnpoca Ha cpOToannapaTbl). np" "3MeHe-
HH" '1eHbl He3aB"C"MOro TOBapa K03cpCP"'1"eHT nepeKpeCTHO" 3IlaCT"4HOCT"
paBBH HYIlfO (pOCT '1eHbl Ha KapaHAaw" He "3MeH"T cnpoc Ha MOIlOKO).
CIleAyeT TaK>Ke OTMemTb, 4TO KOIle5aH"" '1eH TOBapOB C pa3Il"4HO"
3JlaCTHYHOCTbIO cnpoca no-p83HOMY BIlL-1f1IOT Ha L13MeHeHVte LleH OCTaJ1bHbIX
TOB8pOS. T8K, eCIlH u,eHa Tosapa C He3IlaCTVll.JHbIM cnpOCOM B03p8CT8eT, TO
051l1"B paCXOAbl Ha nOKynKY 3TOro TOBspa paCTYT, 4TO np" He"3MeHHOM AO-
xOAe np"BOA"T K COKpall1eH"fO cnpoca Ha APyr"e TOBapbl, a CIleAOBaTeIlb-
HO, It1 K CHH>KeHL11O V1X l!eH.
KorAa Mbl roBOP"M a cnpoce, TO nOApa3YMeBaeM, KOHe4HO, nIlaTe>KeC-
nO 05Hbl" cnpoc. n03TOMY, KaK Y>Ke 5blIlO nOKS3aHO paHee, OAH"M "3 Ba>K-
He"w"X cpaKTopOB, BIl""fOll1"X Ha cnpoc, "BIl"eTC" ypOBeHb AOXOAOB. np"
113MeH8HVIVI AOXOAOB cnpoc H8 TOBapbl H3MeHH8TCH no-p83HOMY. B CBH3V1 C
T"M Mbl roBOP"M 06 3IlaCTH4HOCTH cnpocs B 3SBHCHMOCTH aT AOXOAa.
YaCTHOCTVI, XopOWO 1113B8CTHO, 4TO 1t13MeH8Hllle AOXOgOB nOKynaTeIleVl OKa-
3blS8eT ropa3,Q0 60Ilbwee B03AeVlCTBL-1e Ha nOKynKH TOB8pOB AIlHT8IlbHOro
nOIlb30BaH"", 4eM Ha nOKynK" npOAOBOIlbcTBeHHblX TOBapOB. Apyr"M" CIlO-
BaMIit, 3JlaCT!.14HOCTb cnpOC8 H8 npOMblWIl8HHbl8 TOBapbl 06bll.JHO 6bJBaeT
60Ilbwe.
103
Inasa 5
BIl""H"e AOXOAa HS cnpoc OnpeAeIl"fOT K03CPCP"'1"eHTOM 3IlSCT"4HOCT":
E 1 = L'lQ . M
D Q' I
rAe E 1 - K03cpcpH'1"eHT 3IlaCT"4HOCT" cnpoca B 3aB"C"Mocm aT AO-
D _
xOAa, Q - BeIl"4"Ha cnpoca, a I - AOXOA nOKynaTeIle".
AIl" 50IlbW"HCTBa TOBapOB 3aB"C"MOCTb Me>KAY AOXOAaM" " cnpOCOM
np"Ma", T. e. C pOCTOM AOXOAOB cnpoc YBeIl"4"BaeTc". OAHaKO B HeKOTO-
pblX CIlY4a"x 3aB"C"MOCTb MO>KeT 5blTb 05paTHO". 05bl4HO 3TO KacaeTCR,
KaK OTMe4aIlOCb B S 7, TOBapoB H"3KOro Ka4eCTJ3a, C H"3K"M" nOTpe5"TeIlb-
CK"M" CBo"CTBaM", KOTopble nOTpe5Il"fOT Ha"50Ilee 5eAHbie CIlO" HaceIle-
H"H. C pOCTOM AOXOAOB TaK>Ke 05bl4HO naAaeT cnpoc Ha TaK"e npoAYKTbl
n"TaH"R, KaK xIle5 " KapTocpeIlb, nocKoIlbKY nOTpe5"TeIl" nOIlY4afOT B03-
MO>KHOCTb BKIlf04aTb B CBO" pa'1HOH 50Ilbwe M"ca, OBOll1e" " CPPYKTOB.
Ha OCHOBe aHaIlH38 B3aHMOCBH3V1 M8)I{,QY H3MeHeHVleM AoxoAa L-1 cnpo-
COM Ha pa3Hbie TOBapbl MO>KHO nOCTpO"Tb rpacp"K «AoxoA-paCXOAbl» An"
oTAeIlbHoro 5Ilara (np" npeAnOIlO>KeH"", 4TO '1eHa 5Ilara OCTaeTC" He"3-
MeHHO"). TSK"e rpacp"K" Ha3blBafOT KpHBblMH 3HreIl".' Ha P"c. 5.7 nOKa-
3aH np"MepHbl" B"A KP"BbIX 3HreIl" AIl" HopMaIlbHblx TOBapoB (Kp"Ba" E,),
npeAMeToB POCKOW" (Kp"Ba" E,) " H"3KOKa4eCTBeHHbIX TOBapoB (Kp"Ba"
E 3 ). Ha OC" a5c'1"cc OTKIlaAbIBaeTC" ypOBeHb AOXOAa (I), a Ha OC" OPA"HaT
- paCXOAbl Ha nOTpe5IleH"e ASHHoro 5Ilsrs (C).
P8CCY>KA8HHH OTHOCHTeIlbHO 3IlaCTL-1YHOCTIt1 cnpoca B l...\eIlOM MorYT 6bITb
np\.1MeHeHbl VI npLo1 8H8IlH38 B03A8ViCTBL-1H l...\8Hbl Ha np8AIlO>K8HHe. 311aCn1l4-
HOCTb npeAJ10>KeHH - 3TO nOK838TeJlb OTHOCL-1TeIlbHoro Lo13M8H8HL-1H np8,Q-
Ilar8eMoro H8 pblHKe KOIlHyeCTB8 TOBap8 B COOTBeTCTBl1\r1 C OTHOCL-1T8IlbHbIM
"3MeHeH"eM KOHKypeHTHo" '1eHbl. K03CPCP"'1"eHT 3IlaCT"4HOCT" npeAIlO>Ke-
(5)
c
E,
E,
, 3pHCT 3HreJlb (1821-1896)-
HeMeLl,K !iI CTaT cn1K, 3aHVlMaB-
WVl!ilC aHaJl 30M BJlVl H 3Me-
HeHVI AOXOA8 H8 CTPYKTYPY nOTpe
6 TeJlbCK X pacxoAoB.
o
I
Puc. 5.7.
KpUBbie 3H2enR
104
06U4aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblH04HOO 3KOHOMUKU
p
Es< 1
o
Puc. 5.8.
Q
3nacmu4Hocmb npeOnO}l{eHUR
H"" (E P ) npeACTaBIl"eT c060" OTHOWeH"e "3MeHeH"" npeAIlO>KeH"" K
S
Bbl3B8BW8MY ero H3M8H8HV11O U,8Hbl:
E P = L'lQ . M
SQ' P
(6)
Ha P"C. 5.8 nOKa3SHbi TP" Il"HH" npeAIlO>KeH"" C pa3Ho" 3Ilacm4HOC-
_TblO. 3Il8CTVlYHOCTb npeAIlO>KeH\r1f1 TOB8pa 38BVlCL-1T OT MHOr\r1X cpaKTopoB: OT
CTPYKTYPbl "3Aep>KeK Ha pa3HbiX npeAnp""T""X, CTeneH" 3srPY3K" npO"3-
BOACTB8HHblX MO HOCT8V1, H8IlHY\r1H cB060AHOVi pa60Y8Vi C\.1Ilbl, 6bJCTpOTbl
nepeIl"Ba Kan"TaIla "3 OAHO" OTpaCIl" B APYryfO " T. A.
rOBOpfl 06 3J18CTH4HOCTLo1 enpoc8 L-1 np8AIlO>KeH\r1H, T. e. 0 TOM, HaCKOIlb-
KO npH Vl3M8H8HHH l\eHbJ H3M8HHIOTCH cnpoc !.1 npeAIlO>KeHH8, Mbl AOJl>KHbl
VlM8Tb B B\.1AY, 4TO 3T\.1 L-13M8HeHHH npO\.1Cxo,qHT BO Bp8M8HH H, CIl8AOB8TeIlb-
HO, BpeM" CTaHOB"TC" OAH"M "3 cpaKTopOB 3IlaCT"4Hocm. Oc05eHHO 50Ilb-
woe 3H8yeHL-1e cp8KTOp BpeM8HH \r1MeeT AIlH xap8KTepHCTL-1KIr1 3Jl8CT!.14HOCTIt1
npeAIlO>KeH"": npe>KAe 4eM npeAIlO>KeH"e nOIlHocTbfO np"cnOC05"TC" K HO-
BOMY ypOBHfO '1eH, AOIl>KeH npO"T" onpeAeIleHHbl" npOMe>KYTOK BpeMeH".
II1cXOA" "3 3Toro, Hawe nOH"MaH"e pblH04Horo pSBHOBeC"" AOIl>KHO
6blTb AOn0J1H8HO aH8JlL-130M corn8COBaHHH cnpoca VI npeAIlO>K8HVlH C Y4e-
TOM 3I18MeHT8 BpeMeHVI.
npeAnOIlO>K"M, cnpoc Ha KaKO"-Il"50 TOBap BblpOC. nOCKOIlbKY npeAIlO-
)l(eH"e 3TOro TOBapa cpa3Y B03paCT" He CMO>KeT, C"Tya'1H" MrHOBeHHoro
paBHOBeCHR 5YAeT xspaKTep"30BaTbC" Il"Wb nOBbIWeH"eM '1eHbl (P"C.
5.9a). Kp Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" S, npeACTaBIl"eT c050" BepmKaIlbHYfO Il"H"fO
C HYIl8BOVl 3IlaCTVll.JHOCTblO, L-1 CABHr KpHBOVi cnpoca B nOflO>KeHVle D YB8IlVl-
4HB88T l!eHY paBHOB8CL-1H ,0.0 P2" 2
105
inasa 5
P 5, P P
P, P, P,
P,
P 4
P, - - -- P,
D,
Q, Q,
o
a)
Puc. 5.9.
Q,
Q 0
6)
0 0
B)
CoznacoaaHue cnpoca u npeiJnOJKeHUR
c YLlemoM cpaKmopa apeMeHu
B YCIlOB""X KpSTKOcp04Horo paBHOBeCH" (P"c. 5.96) 4"CIlO npeAnp"-
"T"" , pa60TSfOll1"X Ha AaHHOM pblHKe, ell1e He MeH"eTC". OAHaKO npeAIlO-
>KeHL-1e HeCKOIlbKO YBeIlHYHB8eTCH, H KpL-1B8f1 8 2 CT8HOBHTCfI CIlerKa H8KIlOH-
HOVl, nOCKOIlbKY npeAnpHHHM8TeIlL-1 MorYT 60Ilee HHTeHCIIIBHO L-1CnOIlb30BaTb
"MefOl11"eC" npO"3BOACTBeHHble MOll1HOCT". B 3TOM CIlY4ae 05beM npeAIlO-
>KeHIr1H HeMHoro B03p8CT88T ,0.0 Q3' 8 l!eHa p8BHOBeCIr1H P3 CT8HOBIr1TCH HIr1>Ke.
HaKOHe'1, KorAa paCCMaTp"BaeM AIlHTeIlbHoe pSBHOBeCHe (P"C. 5.9B),
npeAIlO>KeH"e nOIlHOCTbfO np"CnOCa5Il"BaeTC" K "3MeH"BWeMYC" cnpocy.
BbICOKL-1e 1...\8Hbl n03BOIlHIllr1 C03A8Tb HOBbie MO HOCTL-1, B OTpaCIlb npL-1WIlH
HOBbie npeAnp"H"MaTeIl", 05beM npeAIlO>KeH"" BblpOC AO Q" a '1eHa paB-
HOBeC!.1H eLl.\8 60Ilee CHIr13HIl8Cb.
TaK"M 05pa30M, 3IlaCT"4HOCTb npeAIlO>KeH"" paCTeT no Mepe YBeIl"4e-
H"" paCCMaTp"BaeMoro nep"OAa BpeMeH", 4TO cnoc05cTByeT YCTaHOBIle-
HIr1IO HOpM8IlbHbiX l!eH. To, HaCKo.nbKO 6blCTpO npeAIlO>KeHH8 MO>KeT npL-1cno-
C061r1TbCH K L-13MeHL-1BWL-1MCfI l!eH8M B KOH84HOM L-1Tore 38BL-1C!.1T OT CT8neHH
M061r1IlbHOCTIr1 3KOHOML-14eCKHX pecypCOB.
C nOHHTHeM 3Il8CTL-14HOCTH cnpoc8 III npeAIlO>KeHV1H CBH38HO nOHfiTHe
rH6KocTH u,eHbl, KOTOp8f1 MO}l{eT 6blTb onpeAeIl8H8 K8K BeIlHl.JHH8, 06P8T-
H8f1 3Il8CTHYHOCTH. OH8 1r13M8pHeT BIlL-1f1HIr18 AaHHoro H3M8HeHHS:! BeIlL-14I11HbJ
cnpoca " npeAnO>KeH"" Ha '1eHY.
nOHHn1H 3IlaCTHYHOCTL-1 cnpoca L-1 npeAIlO>K8HJ.1H no l!eHe Ir1M81OT 60IlI;;a-
W08 npaKTHyeCKOe 3H8Y8HL-1e He TOIlbKO AIls:! nOHHMaHHH nOBeAeHHs:! nOTpe-
5"TeIlR Ha pblHKe "Il" '1eHOBO" cTpaTer"" CP"PM, HO " AIl" SHSIl"3a nocIleA-
CTBL-1V1 3KOHOM\.1l.JeCKOiil nOIlL-1T1t1KIr1 rocYAapcTB8, B Y8CTHOCTIII, nOIlHT!.1K!.1 H8IlO-
ro05IlO>KeH"". OAH"M "3 Ba>KHe"WHX 3AeCb "BIl"eTC" Bonpoc pscnpeAeIle-
HHSI Ha110rOBOro 6peMeHH, T. 8. KTO pe8IlbHO ynIl8l.JL-1B8eT TOT \.1nL-1 !.1HOVI
HaIlor. npO"IlIlfOCTp"pyeM 3TO Ha YCIlOBHOM np"Mepe (CM. P"C. 5.10). npeA-
106
06 aR xapaKmepucmUKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
P
P
D
\,,35
l't\
, 1171 1,00
<>,
,85
Q
1,15
1,00
0,65
Q 0
6)
Q
o
s)
Puc.5.10.
3naCmUI.fHOCmb U pacnpeiJeneHue
Hanozoaoao 6peMeHU
n011Q}KIr1M, p8BHOS8CH8H l...\eH8 TOBapa H8 pblHK8 COCT8BIlfl8T 1 ,qOIlIl., H ro-
cYAapcTBo BBOA"T AonoIlHHTeIlbHbl" HaIl or HS npO"3BOA"TeIl" B pa3Mepe 50
'1eHTOB Ha Ka>KAYfO eA"H"'1Y AaHHoro TOBapa. Kp"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"R B 3TOM
cIlY4ae CAB"raeTC" BBepx HS BeIl"4"HY HaIlora, H '1eHa TOBspa AOIl>KHa B03-
paCT".
£CIlH 6bl YBeIlH4eHH8 l!8Hbl B TOYHOCTIII cOOTBeTcTBoBa110 pa3Mepy H8-
110ra, TO 3TO 6bJ 03Ha48IlO, 4TO npoH3BOAHTeIlb nOIlHOCTblO n8p8KIl8AbiBaeT
ynIlaTY HaIl ora Ha nOKynaTeIl" (3TO B03MO>KHO B CIlY4ae HYIleBO" 3IlaCT"4-
HOCT" cnpoca). Ha p"cYHKax 5.10s " 5.105 nOKa3aHO, 4TO peaIlbHoe psc-
npeAeIleH"e HaIlorOBOro 5peMeH" Me>KAY npOAaB'10M " nOKynaTeIleM 3aB"-
CIr1T OT 3Il8CTHYHOCTH cnpoc8 V1 npe,QIlO>KeH!.1H. npH H€3J1aCTH4HOM cnpoc€ H
3Ilacm4HOM npeAIlO>KeH"" (P"c. 5.10a) '1eHa C"IlbHO YBeIl"4"BaeTC" "
50IlbWYfO 4aCTb HaIlora ynIla4HBaeT nOKynaTeIlb (B HaweM np"Mepe 35
I...\€HTOB 1.-13 06Ll.\81i1 CYMMbl H8Ilor8 cpaKTIt14eCKL-1 nIl8un nOKyn8T8Ilb H TOIlb-
KO 15 '1eHTOB - npO"3BOA"TeIlb). np" 3IlaCT"4HOM cnpoce " He3IlaCT"4-
HOM npeAIlO>KeH"" (P"c. 5.105) nC:BbIWeH" ':1.:.>'bl np"B . TO 4JQ...
nOTp Te J1H cYll1eCT,, .!:'_() _£() a llj".KJT 3aKmK :.:.o;amr:Qro TOB pa, nepe-
K IQ aRcBo Ha TOBapbl-cy5cT"TYTbl, " npO"3BoA'<TeIlfO y,,{e He
YAseTc"nepenO>K"Tb Ha nOKyn T!'[1B_6[JeM" ynIl?T IHanQra ('1eHa B03pac-
T8eT TOIlbKO H8 15 l...\eHToB,- 8 OCT8IlbHYIO CY-MMY H8Ilor8 n TL-1T C8M np0L-13-
BOA"TeIl b).
9.
Inasa 5
Cnpoc 11 nOIle3HOCTb,
Teopl1J1 nOTpe611TeIlbCKOrO Bbl60pa
KaK Y>K8 6blIlO nOKa3aHO, '1eHS paBHOBeC"" Ha KOHKypeHT-
HOM pblHKe OnpeAeIl"eTC" T04KO" nepeCe4eH"" KP"BbIX cnpoca " npeAIlO-
>KeH"". B AaHHOM naparpacpe 50Ilee nOAP05HO OCTaHOB"MC" Ha 3KOHOM"-
4eCK"X np"H'1"naX, Il8>Kall1HX B OCHOBe KP"BO" cnpocs, T. 8. '1eHbl nOKyna-
TeIl>!. 3aTeM B CIl8AYfOll1e" rnaBe npoaHanH3"pyeM np"H'1"nbl, onpeAeIl"fO-
ll1"e KP"BYfO np8AIlO>KeH"", T. e. '1eHY npOAaB'1a.
04eB"AHO, 4TO nOKynaTeIlb np"05peTaeT TOBap paA" ero nOTpe5"TeIlb-
HOH l!8HHOCTIt1, nOTOMY YTO 3TOT TOB8p 06Il8A8eT nOIl83HoCTblO \.1 H805xo-
AHM eMY AIl" YAoBIleTBOpeH"" ero nOTpe6HocTe". 3TO 061l1ee " cOBepweH-
HO 6eccnopH08 nOIlO>K8HHe He A88T HaM nOl.JT\.1 HL-1yero AIlH nOHHM8HIt1H no-
B8A8HY1H nOKyn8T8IlH H8 pblHKe, eCJlH Mbl H8 p8CCMOTp!.1M H8KOTOpbl8 38KO-
HOMepHocm caMoro npO'1eCca nOTpe5IleH"".
Bo-nepBbIX, 60JlbW8H Y8CTb nOTpe6HocT8i1 yeIlOBeKa p8HO L-1IlH n03AHO
HaCbl 88TCH, T. 8. nOCTeneHHO YAOBIleTBopH8TCH no Mape TOro, K8K L-1CnOIlb-
3yeTc" 5Ilaro. BO-BTOPbIX, nepeXOA OT HenOIlHoro YAOBIleTBOpeH"" nOTp85-
HOCTH K 88 nOJlHOMY YAOBIl8TBopeHHIO npOHCXOAIt1T He BH838nHo, 8 l.J8p83
60.nee V1IlIt1 M8H88 MHOroYHCIl8HHbl8 cTyneH!.1.
Ho eCIl" Hanp">KeHHOCTb nOTpe5HOCT" y5blBaeT no Mepe TOro, KaK no-
Tp86HOCTb Y OBIleTBopHeTCH, TO iii nOIl83HOCTb 6Il8r8 ADH nOTp86L-1TeIlH
TO>Ke AOIl>KHa y5blBaTb no Mepe pOCTa KOIl"48CTBS 3TOro 6Ilara. TaK, eCIl"
AIl" roIloAHOro 4eIlOBeKa nepBa" He50Ilbwa" nop'1"" eAbl 5YAeT "MeTb Ha"-
50IlbWYfO nOIle3HOCTb, TO no Mepe YTOIl8H"" rOIlOAa Ka>KAa" nOCIleAYfOll1a"
nop'1"" eAbl 5YAeT "MeTb Bce MeHbWYfO nOIl83HOCTb.
AIl" 60Ilee T04Horo On"CaH"" npO'1ecca y5bIBaH"" nOIle3HOCT" B 3KO-
HOMH4ecKol71 HaYK8 HcnOIlb3Y8TCH Y>Ke L-13BeCTHoe H8M nOHHTHe npe.
Ael1bHOH n0l1e3HOCTH, T. 8. A05aBOYH0L4 nOIl83HOCTL-1, npH6aBIlHeMO
Ka>KAO" nocIleAHe" nOp'1"8" TOBapa, a 4eM KpaTKO rOBOp"IlOCb B 9 3.
II1cnoIlb3Y" 3TO nOH"T"e, CCPOPMYIl"PY8M 3SKOH y5blBalOI.L\eii npeAeIlb-
HOH n0l1e3HOCTH: no Mepe YBeIl\.1yeHI-1H KOIlH48CTB8 nOTpe6IlH8Moro TO-
Bapa ero npeAeIlbHS" nOIle3HOCTb "MeeT TeHAeH'1"fO K COKpall1eHHfO.
3TOT 38KOH 06bll.JHO H83blB81OT nepBblM 3aKOHOM rOcceHa. 1
Hs P"C. 5.11 a Ha a5c'1"cce OTIlO>K"M
KOIlHyeCTBO nOTpe6IlHeMoro TOBap8 Q, H8
OPA"HSTe - 051l1YfO nOIle3HOCTb TV. no
Mepe YB8Il"4eH"" KOIl"4eCTBa nOTpe5Il8H-
HOro TOBapa 051l1a" (CYMMapHaR) nOIl83-
HOCTb B03paCTseT, HO np"pOCT nOIle3HOCT"
(He3aWTp"XOBaHHble np"MoyroIlbHHK") C
Ka>KAO" HOBO" nop'1"e" TOBapa COKpall1a-
108
1 V1A8s:! y6b1S8JOLl.{eU npeA8flb-
Hoiil non83HOCTYI 6bl.n8 BnepSbl8
BblCK838H8 H8M8l\KItIM 3KOHOMVlC-
TOM repMaHOM rOCC8HOM B 1854 f.,
XOTSI caM repMVlH «npe,l.\e.nbH8S1 no-
J183HOCTb>} OH He ynoTpe6m:1Il.
06U(8R xap8KmepucmUKa pbIHOYHO{J 3KOHDMUKU
TV
MU
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1
0 0 1 2
s) 5)
Puc.5.11. 06U4aR u npedenbHBR none3Hocmb
4 Q
eTC" , nOKa H8 AO"AeT AO HYIl>!. ECIl" npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO 5Ilaro MO>KHO pa3-
A8Il"Tb Ha 58CKOHe4HO MaIlbl8 nOp'1HH, TO 3aM8AIl"fOll1""C" pOCT 051l1e"
nOIle3Hocm MO>KeT 5blTb "305pa>KeH He B B"A8 cTyneH4aTO" A"arpaMMbl, a
K8K HenpepblBH8H BblnYKJl8H IlIr1HIi1H.
Ha P"c. 5.115 B B"Ae np"MoyroIlbH"KOB OTIlO>K8Ha TOIlbKO np8AeIlbHa" no-
Ile3HOCTb MU, KOTOpa" no Mep8 YB8Il"48H"" KOIl"4eCTBa TOBapoB y5blBaeT.
TaK!.1M 06pa30M, MO>KHO <::1Q8Il8Tb BbIBOA, 4TO B8nH4L-1H8 np8AenbH0L4 nOIl83HO-
CTJ.1 38BI-1CL-1T OT KOIlHY8CTB8 A8HHOro TOB8pa It1 CTeneHL-1 nOTp86HOCTH B H8M.
BMecTe C TeM, y 4eIlOBeKS CYll1eCTBY8T MHO>KeCTBO nOTpe5HocTe", KO-
TOpbl8 x8p8KTeplt13YIOTCH pa3Jlw"'IHO CTeneHblO Ir1HT8HCL-1BHOcn1. XOTfi OLl8H-
K8 HHT8HCHBHOCTH nOTp86HOCTH Cy6b8KTHBH8, HO MO>KHO H 06b8KTL-1BHO OT-
A8JlHTb nepBVl4Hbl8, H80TIlO>KHble nOTp86HOCTIt1 OT M8H88 H8CYLl.\HbJX no-
Tpe6HocT8V1. Bo BCflKOM cIlYY8e, .ACHO, YTO Ka}I(,Qblll1 Y8IlOBeK p8cnOIlar88T
CBOII! nOTp86HOCT!.1, a, CIl8,QOB8T8IlbHO, VI CBOVI cnpoc Ha pbrHKe B COOTBeT-
CTB\.1!.1 C onpeA8IleHH0L4 WK8IlOVl, H8 KOTOpOVl n8pBbie MeCTa 38HV1M81OT ca-
Mbr8 HeOTIlO>KHble nOTpe6HOCTV1, 38 HHMH p8cnOIlar81OTCH OCT8IlbHbI8.
KaKOBO OCHOBHoe YCIlOBH8 p8BHOBeCL.1H, KOTopoe .QOIl>KHO 6bITb BbrnOfl-
H8HO, l.JT06bl, np!.106peT8H P83Jllt1YHbie TOB8pbl, 4eIlOB8K MaKC!.1MIt13L1pOB8Il
nOIlY4a8MYfO nOIle3HOCTb? BeAb, KaK OTMe4aIlOCb B rn. 1, Mbl paCCMaTp"Ba-
8M nOBe,QeHHe «pa V10HaIlbHoro M8KCL-1MIt138Topa». nplt1 Y,QOBIleTBOpeHL-1H no-
Tpe6HOCT6V1 4eIlOBeK Ha4V1H8eT C C8M0L4 HeOTJlO>KHOIl1 nOTp86HOCT\.1, a 3aTeM
nOCTen8HHO nepeXOAIt1T K MeH8e HeOTIlO>KHbIM, Aev.CTBYfI TaKL1M 06pa30M,
4TO, B KOH'18 KOH'10B, npeAeIlbHble nOIle3Hocm ynoTpe5Il"eMblx 5Ilar CTa-
HYT OA"HaKOBbl. TaK"M 05pa30M, MO>KHO CCPOPMYIl"pOBaTb BTOpO" 3aKOH
r cceHa: npL1 MaKCIt1MIt138 !.1H 06Ll.\8L4 nOIle3HOCTIt1 npeAeIlbHaH nOIle3HOCTb
Bcex nOTpe6IlHeMbix 6Il8r AOIl>KH8 6blTb OAHOVI It1 TOL4 >Ke BeIl!.14!.1Hbl.
Ho 4eIloBeK, np"05p8Ta" 5Ilara Ha pblHKe, TpaT"T pa3Hbie CYMMbl Ae-
Her, nOCKOIlbKY y Ka>KAoro TOBapa CBO" pblH04Ha" '1eHa. ECIl" Mbl pa3AeIl"M
npeAeIlbHYfO nOIle3HOCTb 5Ilara Ha era '1eHY, TO nOIlY4"M 63eeweHHYlO npe-
A8JlbHYIO nOIle3HOCTb. YYL-1TbIB8H 3TO, K8>K,QbIL4 nOTpe6L-1TeIlb p8CW!.1pHeT OT-
109
Inasa 5
,QeIlbHble BH,qbl nOTp86neHL-1H ,q0 Tex nop, nOKa npe,Q8IlbHble none3HOCTH He
OKa3blB81OTCH nponOpl\II10HaIlbHbi l!eH8M, L-1IlL-1 nOKa H8 OKa3blBalOTCH 0,qIl1H8-
KOBbIML-1 B3B8weHHbie npe,qeIlbHbl8 none3HOCTL-1. npOW.8 rOBopH, nOCneAHItIL4
py5Ilb, 3aTpa4eHHbl", Hanp"M8p, Ha M"CO, AOIl>KeH npeAcTaBIl"Tb TY >Ke no-
Ile3HOCTb, YTO 14 nocn8,QHHVI py6Ilb, 3aTp8l.JeHHb1L4 Ha xne6 It1IlH aneIlbCHHbl.
3TO YCIlOB"e paBHOBecH" nOTpe5HTeIl" MO>K8T 6blTb Bblpa>KeHO CIle-
AYfOl11"M 05pa30M:
MU j MU 2 MU 3
- -
-----
P2 P"
MU
----"'-
P
n
(7)
rAe MU - npeA8JlbH8H nOIle3HOCTb OTA8IlbHbiX TOB8pOB, 8 P - HX l!8H8.
npOBeAeHHbl" HaM" AO C"X nop aHaIl"3 5a3"pOBaIlC" Ha KapA"HaIl"CT-
CKOVI KOHl!8nl..\II1H nOIl83HOCTH. B 9 3 A8HH0l71 rn8Bbi Y>Ke OTM848IlOCb, YTO B
Map>K\.1HaIlIl1CTCKOIl1 TeOpL-1H B8)\{H08 MeCTO 38HHMaIl8 npo6Il8M8 K0J1H48-
CTB8HHOro Vl3M8peHHH 86cOIlIOTHbiX BeIlL-1YHH np8AeIlbHoLil nOIle3Hocn1. LITO
C4L-1T8Tb 1I13M8pHT8IleM, T. 8. B K8KHX 8,QHHH1\8X 6YAYT 0l..\eHL-1B8TbCH !.1 conoc-
TaBIlHTbCH npeAeIlbHbl8 nOIle3HOCTIt1 6Ilar? B03MO>KHO IlV1 B006Ll.\8 HalllTVt
TaKoli1 nOKa3aTeIlb? B 3aB\.1CHMOCT\.1 OT OTB8T8 Ha 3TL-1 BonpOCbl CTOpOHHL-1KIt1
TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" pa3AeIl"Il"Cb Ha ABa HanpaBIleH"": KSp-
AHHaIlHcToB " 0PAHHSIlHCTOB. n8pBbie 5b1Il" 3aH"Tbl nO"CKOM "3Mep"Te-
Il" a5coIlfOTHbiX BeIl"4"H npeAeIlbHo" nOIl83HOCT" (Y. A>KeBOHC, A. Map-
waIlIl, A. P05epTCOH " AP.). OAHaKO 31" nO"CK" He YBeH4aIl"Cb ycnexoM "
48 8 Bcero npH cpaBHeHIt1H V1cnOIlb30B8IlIt1Cb .QeHe>KHble oa.-eHKH nOIl83HO-
CTH. Op,qHH8Il\.1CTbl >K8 B npL-1Hl\Hne OTK83aIlHCb OT n0L-1CK8 T8KOLII YHHBep-
caIlbHO" eA"HH'1bl " npeAIlO>K"Il" "HO" nOAXOA (B. napeTo, A>K. X"KC " AP.).
TaK, B. napeTo BblCKa3aIl "AefO 0 TOM, 4TO BMecro a5COIlfOTHbiX "3MepeH""
npeAeIlbHOVl nOIl83HOCTH nIlOAOTBopHee 6blIlO 6bl nepel71T!.1 K 8HaIlL-13Y OTHO-
CHTeIlbHOMY, a "MeHHO: onpeAeIl"Tb npeAn04TeH"e OAHHX KOM6"Ha'1""
TOBapOB nOKynaTeIl8" (nOTp85"T8Il8") APyr"M KOM5"Ha'1""M, "Il" Ha50paM
TOBapOB. IIIHCTpYM8HTOM TaKoro aH8IlH3a HBItIIlHCb T8K H83b1BaeMbl8 KPH-
Bble 6e3pa311W.IHJI, KOTopble WHpOKO !.1CnOIlb3YIOTCfI HeOKIlaCCHY8CK0L4 WKO-
IlOL4 nplt1 Ir1CCIleAOB8HL-1H MHorll1X MIt1Kp03KOHOMIr1l.J8CKL-1X np01\8CCOB, CBH3aH-
HblX C np05Il8MO Bbl60pa: Bbl50p OnT"MaIlbHOro Hs50pa nOTpe6"TeIlbCK"X
6nar, Bbl60p onn1MaIlbHoro C04eTaHHH cp8KTOpOB np0Ir13BOACTB8, Bbl60p on-
T"MaIlbHO" KOM5"Ha'1"" Me>KAY AocyroM " pa604"M BpeMeHeM " T. A.
II1Ta" 05paT"MC" K np05Il8Me OnTHM"3a'1"" nOTpe5Il8H"" C T04K" 3P8-
HL-1H Op,qHH8Il\.1CTCKOro nOAXOA8.
PaBHOBeC"e nOTpe5"TeIl" MO>Ker 5blTb nOKa3aHO rpacp"4eCK" C nOMO-
Ll.\blO BblW8Ha3B8HHbiX KpHBblX 6e3p83IlW"'IL-1f1. B03bM8M nOTp86L-1T8IlH, p8cno-
IlarafOll1ero CP"KC"pOBaHHbIM AeHe>KHbIM AOXOAOM, KOTOpbl" OH '1eIl"KOM
TpaTIr1T H8 nOTpe6neHL-1e. .o.nH npOCTOTbl np8AnOIlO>KIo1M, YTO OH nOKyn88T
110
06U4aR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOI1 3KOHOMUKU
TOIlbKO ABa BL-1,qa TOBapoB: A Ir1 B. OY8BV1AHO, YTO V1M8IOTCH H8KOTOpbJe KOM-
5"Ha'1"" KOIl"4eCTBa 3T"X TOBapoB, KOTOpble AafOT paBHYfO 061l1YfO nOIl83HOCTb
AnR nOTpe5"TeIl" (Hanp"Mep, ABS TOBaps A " TP" TOBapa B "MefOT TaKYfO >K8
051l1YfO nOIle3HocTb, KaK TP" TOBapa A " ABa TOBapa B " T. A.). OTKa3 aT OA-
HOro "3 TOBapOB KOMneHC"pyeTC" nOIlY4eHHeM APYroro TOBapa B 50IlbweM
KOIl"48CTBe. K 3T"M KOM5"Ha'1""M TOBapoB A " B nOTpe6"TeIlb, cIleAoBa-
T8IlbHO, B paBHO" Mepe 6e3pa3Il"4eH. '
ECIl" 3T" KOM5"Ha'1"" nOKa>KeM rpacp"4eCK", TO nOIlY4"M nIlaBHYfO KP"-
BYfO 683pa3n"4"" U 2 (P"C. 5.12a). 3Ta Kp"Ba" npoBeA8Ha TaK"M 05pa30M,
Tosap B
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U,
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6
5
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a)
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TOBao A
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U,
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2 3 4
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Puc. 5.12.
KpUSbie 6e3pa3nU"IUR,
610dJKemHaR nUHUR
U paSHosecue nompe6umenR
, 5e3pa3.nV14eH He 03H848eT
p8SHO,QyweH. .n106bJe OTMe4eHHble
KOM6V1H8 V1V1 TOS8pOB O,QV1H8KOBO
XOPOWV1 ,q.nSl nOTpe6V1Tens:t, T. K.
npV1HOCs:tT O,QV1H8KOSYIO none3-
HOCTb.
111
Inasa 5
YTO eCIlVl 6bl nOTpe6111TeIlb MOr Bbl6p8Tb Il106ble TOYKL-1 H8 H8V1, OHIII 6b1IlV1 6bl
AJ1f1 Hero OAHHaKOBO >KeIlaT8J1bHbl, H 8MY 6blIlO 6bJ COBepW8HHO Bce paBHO,
KaKYfO KOM5"Ha'1"fO OH nOIlY4"T. Kp"Ba" U, - 3TO Il"Wb OAHa "3 58C4"CIleH-
HOro MHO>K8CTB8 B03MO>KHbJX KpL-1BbIX. ECIlIII B03bMeM 60J18e BbICOKL-1V1 !.1IlIt1
50Ilee H"3K"" YPOBeHb YAoBneTBopeHHR nOTpe6HOCTe", TO Kp"Ba" np"MeT
"HOe nOIlO>KeH"e. Ha P"C. 5.12a nYHKT"pHO" Il"H"e" nOKa3aHbi Il"Wb HeKO-
Topble "3 B03MO>KHbIX KP"BbIX 5e3pS3Il"4"" AIl" AaHHbix TOBapoB A " B:
Kp"Bble 583pa3Il"4H", 50Ilee YAaIl8HHbl8 aT Ha4aIla KOOPA"HaT, COOTBeT-
CTBYfOT 60Il8e BblCOKOMY ypOBHfO YAOBIleTBOpeH"" nOTpe5HOCTe". Ha60p
KP"BbIX 5e3pa3Il"4"R AIl" oTAeIlbHoro nOTpe6"Ten" " ABYX pa3Il"4Hb1X TO-
BapoB Ha3b1BaeTC" KapToii 5e3pS3IlH4HR.
06paTIt1M BHHMaHli1e, 4TO KpHBbl8 683pa3IlL-14L-1H HM810T BblnYKIlYIO K Ha-
4aIlY KOOPA"HaT CPOPMY. 4eM 3TO 05b"cH"eTc,,? AB">KeH"e BAOIlb KP"BO"
6e3p83IlHYHH cBepxy BHL-13 03HaY8eT, YTO nOTpe6HTeIlb OTKa3blB88TCfI OT H8-
KOTOpOro KOIl\.1yeCTBa TOB8p8 B AnH nOIlyyeHVlH AOnOIlHI.1T8IlbHoro KOIlVl4e-
CTB8 TOBapa A. BblnYKIlblVl X8p8KTep KpHBOL4 roBOpHT HaM 0 TOM, 4TO nOTpe-
61.1TeIlb \.1M8eT AeIlo C TOB8p8ML-1, KOTopble He HBIlHIOTCH nOIlHOCTblO B38L-1-
M038MeHH8MbIML-1. KOIl!.1Y8CTBO oAHoro TOB8p8, OT KOTOpOro nOTpe6HTeIlb
roTOB OTK83aTbcH, YT06bl nOIlYl.JVlTb AOnOIlH\.1TeIlbHYIO eA\.1HIi1l.\Y APyroro TO-
Bapa, OCTaBa"Cb np" 3TOM Ha AaHHoM ypoBHe YAOBIleTBOpeH"" nOTpe5HOc-
Te" (Ha AaHHO" KP"BO" 5e3pa3Il"4""), Ha3b1BaeTC" npeAeIlbHoii HOpMOii
3aMell1eHHR (MRS). npeAeIlbHa" HopMa 3aM81l1eH"" MO>KeT 5blTb npeACTaB-
IleHa KaK OTHOWeH"e: MRS = "'BiLlA. Ha P"c. 5.13 nOKa3aHO, 4TO no Mepe
YB8Il"4eH"" nOTpe5Il8H"" TOBapa A Ha Ka>KAYfO AOnOIlH"TeIlbHYfO eA"H"'1Y
(M) (AB">KeH"e OT T04K" K K T04Ke N) KOIl"4eCTBO TOBapa B, aT KOTOporo
nOTpe6"TeIlb roTOB OTKa3aTbC" (LIB), COKpall1aeTC", T. 8. npeAeIlbHa" HOp-
TOBap B
10 - - - _ _ _ K
9
8
7
6 ------
5
4
I
I
I
3 - - - - - _1- _
I
2 I I
1 - - - - - - 1- - -
I I
N
I
6 7
TOBap A
01234
5
Puc. 5.13.
npeiJenbHaR HopMa 3aMeU(eHUR
112
06 aR xapaKmepucmuKa pbIHOYHOi) 3KOHOMUKU
fa3JfpoBaHllaJI
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s) coaepweHHble cy6cn1Tyrbl 6) coaepweHHble KOMnneMeHTbl
Puc. 5.14. Pa3HoeuoHocmu KPU8blX 6e3pa3nuliuR
Ma 3aMell1eH"" y5blBaeT. B caMOM AeIle, 4eM MeHee Aecp"'1"THbIM CTaHO-
BLiiTCH TOB8p A, T8M MeHbWVlM KOIlli1Y8CTBOM TOBap8 B Mbl roTOBbl nO>KepT-
Boa8Tb, YT06bl H AaIlbwe YBeIlVll.JiIIBaTb ero nOTpe6Il8Hli1e. VlHblMH CJlOBaMI.1,
pOCT KOIl"4eCTBa TOBapa A np"BOA"T K YM8HbW8H"fO ero npeAeIlbHo" no-
Il83HOC",:", a cOKpa1l18H"e KOIl"4eCTBa TOBapa B - K B03paCTaH"fO 8ro npe-
Ael1bHOH nOJl83HOCTVI. HaKIloH Kp!.1BOVl 6e3pa3JlVl41.1f1 B K8>KAOH 8e T04Ke on-
peAeIl"eTc" npeAeIlbHo" HOPMO" 3aMell1eH"R (MRS), YMHO>KeHHO" Ha -1.
KpHBbie 583pa3Il"4"" MorYT "MeTb caMYfO PS3Il"4HYfO CPOPMY, B 3aB"-
CHMocm aT npeAn04TeH"" nOTp85"TeIl>l. Ha P"c. 5.13 nOTpe5"TeIlb "MeeT
AeIlO C TOBap8MH, KOTOpbl8 He OTIlHl.J8IOTCfI COBepweHHOH B38V1M038MeHHe-
MOCTbfO. Ho eCIl" B Ka4eCTBe np"M8pa B3"Tb TOBapbl - cOBepweHHble cy5-
CTHTYTbl (noIlHOCTbfO B3a"M03aM8H"eMble TOBapbl), TO Kp"Ba" 5e3pa3Il"4""
6YAeT "MeTb Il"He"Hbl" B"A, KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha P"C. 5.14a.
48M >Ke 05b"CH"eTC" TaKa" KOHcp"rypa'1""? AonYCT"M, nOTpe5"TeIlfO
HpaB"TC" M"HepaIlbHa" BOAa, HO Y Hero COBepweHHO OA"HaKOBble npeA-
nOl.JTeHiIIH no OTHOW8HillIO K ra3V1pOB8HHOVI 14 Her83V1poaaHHol71 BOA8. B T8KOM
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Ha 1 eA"H"'1Y nOTpe5IleH"e Hera3"pOBaHHo" BOAbl. HaKIloH KP"BO" 6e3pa3-
JU1YHfI, VlM81OLl.\eVl nIllH8V1HbIVi BHA, 8 T8KOM CIlY48e B Il1060Vl 8e TOl.JKe Be3Ae
5YAeT paBeH -1. B cIlY4ae >Ke TOBapoB - cOBepw8HHbiX KOMnIl8MeHTOB (P"c.
5.145) nOTpe6"TeIlb CTaIlK"BaeTC" C C"Tya'1"e", KorAa TOBapbl MOryT no-
Tpe5IlRTbC" Il"Wb B CTpOro nOCTO"HHO" nponop'1"". Hanp"Mep, 3IleKTpoH-
Hbl8 4aCbl " 5aTape"Ka K HHM. 3IleKTpOHHbie 4aCbl 5e3 5aTape"K" He MorYT
"CnOIlb30BaTbC". YBeIl"4eHHe 3Il8KTpOHHbiX 4aCOB AO 2 eA"H"'1 np" 1 5a-
TapeiiKe H"KaK He OTpa>KaeTC" HS YBeIl"4eH"" 5IlarococTO"H"" nOTpe5"Te-
Il". To >Ke caMoe MO>KHO CKa3aTb " npo YB8Il"4eH"e 5aTapeeK AO 2 eA"H"'1
np" 1 eA"H"'1e 4aCOB. 3anac 6aTspeeK, KaK MO>KeT nOKa3aTbC" HeKoTopblM
VlTaTenHM, HV1K8K He YBeIlV1YHB88T 6Il8rOCOCTOHHHH nOTpe61t1T8Ilfl: BeAb
BCTaB"Tb B 4aCbl MO>KHO Il"Wb OAHY 5aTape"KY. Kp"Ba" 6e3pa3Il"4"" B Ta-
KOM CIlY4a8 6YAeT "MeTb L-05pa3Hbl" B"A.
113
8 Kypc aK{"Jl<n""U"''' n':;; T.."n,."
InaeB 5
PaHee Mbl YCIlOB"Il"Cb, 4TO nOTpe5"TeIlb "MeeT CP"KC"pOBaHHbl" Ae-
He>KHbl" AOXOA. nYCTb OH TpaT"T 6 AOIlIl. B AeHb, npH4eM TOBap A CTO"T
1,5 AOIlIl., a TOBap 8 - 1 AOIlIl. ECIl" nOTpST"Tb Bce AeHbr" Ha TOBap A, TO
MO>KHO Kyn"Tb 4 eA., eCIl" Bce AeHbr" nOTpaT"Tb Ha TOBap 8, TO MO>KHO KY-
n"Tb 6 eA. !1CHo, 4TO nOTpe5"TeIlb MO>KeT "3paCXOAoBaTb CBO" AeHbr" Ha IlfO-
6yfO "3 B03MO>KHbIX KOM5"Ha'1"" TOBapoB A " 8 B npeAeIlax 6 AOIlIl. Ha P"c.
5.125 np"Ma" Il"H"R KL - 3TO Il"H"" B03MO>KHOCTe" nOTpe5IleH"" AIl AaH-
HOro nOTpe5"TeIl", "Il" 51OA>KeTHS" IlHHHR (5IOA>KeTHOe orpaHH4eHHe).
HaIlO>K M Tenepb Il"H"fO KL Ha rpacp"K KP"BbIX 6e3pa3Il"4"" (P"c.
5.12B). nOTpe5"TeIlb np" AaHHOM ypoBHe AOXOAa MO>KeT nepeMell1aTbC" no
np"Mo" KL. KYAa OH 5YAeT nepeMell1aTbc"? 04eB"AHO, K T04Ke, rAe OH no-
IlY41t1T H81t160IlbWYlO nOIle3HocTb, 1. 8. K H81r1BblCWeVl B03MO>KHOVI KpHBOL4 6e3-
pa3Il"4"". B T04Ke M 5fOA>KeTHa" Il"H"" KL KaCaeTC" KP"BO" 5e3pS3IlH4""
U. 3TO It1 8CTb H81r1BblCW8H KpIt1BaH, KOTOpOVl OH MO>KeT AOCTH4b. B nOIlO>Ke-
, -
H"" paBHOBeC"" '1eHa Ka>KAoro TOBapa nponOp'1"OHaIlbHa ero npeAeIlbHO"
nOIl83Hocn1.
KaK Y>Ke 5blIlO CKS3aHO B 9 7 AaHHo" rnaBbl, "3MeHeH"e cnpoca Ha 5Ila-
ro np" "3MeHeH"H ero '1eHbl MO>KeT 6blTb 06b"cHeHo np" nOMOll1" 3cpcpeK-
Ta AoxoAa " 3cpcpeKTs 3aMell1eH"". II1cnoIlb3yeM Tenepb Kp"Bble 5e3pa3Il"-
4L-1f1 AIlH Taro, YT06bl nOK838Tb, B K8K0L4 CTeneH\.1 1r13MeH8HIr1e 06beM8 cnpo-
C8 Bbl3blB88TCH 1t13MeHeHIt1eM OTHOCL-1T8IlbHbIX LleH, 8 B K8K0l71 - pe8IlbHoro
AOXOAa.
AonYCT"M, 4TO COOTHOWeH"e '1eH TOBapoB A " 8 Ta'OBO, 4TO np" CP"K-
CIr1pOB8HHOM AeHe}/{HOM AOXO,q8 nOTpe6L-1TeIlH era Il\.1H\t1H B03MO>KHOCTeVl no-
Tpe6IleH"" (6fOA>KeTHa" Il"H"") MO>KeT 6blTb npeACTaBIleHa np"MO" KL
(P"c. 5.15). B 3TOM cIlY4ae nOIlO>KeH"e paBHOBeC"" nOTpe6"TeIl" onpeAe-
IlHeTCH TOYKOVI K8C8HL-1H 61O,Q>KeTHOVl nlllHVlIr1 H8Ir1BbICW8V1 B03MO>KHOVI KpIr1BO
5e3pa3Il"4H" (T04Ka E , Ha KP"BO" 5e3pa3Il"4"" U,), a 05beMbi nOTpe5Ile-
H"" TOBapoB A " 8 COCTaB"T COOTBeTCTBeHHO OA , " 08 , eA"H"'1.
ECIlVI LleH8 TOBap8 A CHH3HIl8Cb, 8 l!eH8 TOB8p8 B oCT8n8Cb HeIt13MeH-
HOVl, TO 6IOA>KeTH8H IlIt1HIo1H CT8HOBIt1TCH 60Il8e nOIlorol71 14 nepeC8K8eT OCb
a5c'1"cc B T04Ke M (np"Ma" KM). 3Ta HOBa" 6fOA>KeTHa" Il"H"" KacaeT-
C" 50Ilee BbICOKO" KP"BO" 5e3pa3Il"4"", " Onr"MYM nOTpe5"TeIl" nepe-
Mell1aeTC" B T04KY E,. B pe3YIlbTaTe CH">KeH"" '1eHbl TOBapa A 06beM
cnpoca Ha Hero YBeIl"4"TC" AO OA, eA"H"'1, CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, np"pOCT
cnpoca COCTaB"T A,A,. KaK pa3IlO>K"Tb 3TOT 051l1"" 3cpcpeKT Ha 3cpcpeKT
3aMell1eH"" " 3cpcpeKT AOXOAS?
BbIAeIlL-1M CH848Il8 ,QeVlCTBH8 TOIlbKO
3cpcpeKTa 3aMell1eH"" np" npeAnOIlO>KeH"",
4TO pe8IlbHblVl AOXOA nOTpe6L-1T8IlH OCT88T-
CH HeV13MeHHbIM. Pe8IlbHblL4 ,QOXO,Q nOTpe-
6V1Ten MO>KeT p8CCM8TpVlB8TbCH K8K HeVl3-
M8HHbIL4, 8CIlL-1 nOTpe6HTeIlb OCTaeTCs:t H8
OAHOCi L-1 TOVI >Ke Kplr1BOVl 6e3pa3Il!.1YIt1 .1
114
1 TaKO cnoco6 3MepeHwR
3cpcpeKTa 3aMew,eH s:I np He!l13-
MeHHOM pea.nbHOM AoxoAe 6blJ1
npeA.nmKeH aHrmHkK M 3KOHOMIi1-
CTOM ,Q}fC XIi1KCOM.
Q6U{aR xapaKmepucmUKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
TORap B
K
M
o
TOBap A
Puc. 5.15.
3CPCPeKm doxoda U 3cpcpeKm 3aMe eHUJl
npOBeAeM Bo05pa>KaeMYfO 5fOA>KeTHYfO Il"H"fO K M , KOTOpa" napaIlIleIlb-
Ha HOBOVI 61O,QW8THOVI Il!.1HIt1J.1 KM H K8C8eTCH nep 0 8Y8IlbHOVl KpHBOVl 683-
pa3IlIt1l.Jl1H U 1 . 3T8 61O,q>KeTHa m1HV1H OTp8>K8eT HOBoe COOTHOWeHL-1e u,eH TO-
BapOB A " 8, OAHaKO T04Ka paBHOBeC"" E3 COOTBeTcTByeT npe>KHeMY YPOB-
HfO peSIlbHoro AOXOAa. TaK"M 06pa30M, nepeXOA T04K" paBHOBeC"" nOTpe-
6v1TeIlH H3 nOIlOWeHL-1H E 1 B nOJlO>KeHJ.1e E3 Bbl3BaH L-13MeHeHV18M l!8H, L-1, CIl8-
AOBaTeIlbHO, np"pOCT nOTpe6IleH"" TOBapa A B pa3Mepe A,A3 eA"H"'1 05yc-
IlOBIleH 3cpcpeKTOM 3aMell1eH"". COOTBeTCTBeHHO, nepeXOA T04K" paBHOBe-
CVI nOTpe6r.nenH !.13 nOnO>KeHL-1 E3 B nOIlO>KeHJ.18 E 2 J.1 npHpOCT nOTpe6Ile-
H" TOBapa A B pa3Mepe A3A, eA"H"'1 npeACTaBIl"eT c050" 3cpcpeKT AOXO-
Aa, nOCKOIlbKY 05YCIlOBIleH pOCTOM peaIlbHoro AoxOAa nOTpe5"TeIl" B CB"-
3vt C H3MeH8H!.18M COOTHOW8HL-1H l!eH.
05paT"M BH"MaH"e, 4TO B HaweM np"Mepe K 061l1eMY YBeIl"4eH"fO
cnpoca Ha TOBap A np"BeIlO Ae"CTB"e KaK 3cpcpeKTa AOXOAa, TaK " 3cpcpeK-
Ta 3aMell1eH"" (pe3YIlbTaTbl Ae"CTB"" 3T"X ABYX 3cpcpeKTOB CYMM"pOBa-
Il"Cb). 3TO xapaKTepHO AIl" HopMaIlbHblX 6Ilar, 05beM nOTpe5IleH"" KOTO-
pblX B03paCTaeT np" YBeIl"4eH"" AOXOAa. KaK Y>Ke 6blIlO nOKa3aHO paHee,
np" CH">KeH"" '1eHbl HS H"3KOKa4eCTBeHHoe 5Ilaro 3cpcpeKT AOXOAa Ae,,-
cTByeT B HanpaBIleH"", npomBOnOIlO>KHOM 3cpcpeKTY 3aMell1eH"", np"4eM B
CIlY4ae C TOBapOM f"cpcpeHa 3cpcpeKT AOXOAS nepeBeW"BaeT 3cpcpeKT 3aMe-
ll1eH"" " 061l1"" 3cpcpeKT OKa3bIBaeTC" OTp"'1aTeIlbHbIM.
AH IlI.13 KpHBOVl npeAeIlbHOVl nOIl83HOCTV1 n03BOIlHeT OCMbICIl!.1Tb Ir1 T8KYlO
Ba>KHeHWYIO K8T8ropllllO, K8K !.13n1t1WeK nOTpe6J.1T8IlH. CMblcn 3TOVI K8Teropl.1!.1
3aKIlf04aeTC" B cIleAYfOll1eM: nOTpe5"TeIlb nIlaTHT 3a Ka>KAYfO eA"H"'1Y TO-
Bapa OA"HaKOBYfO '1eHY, paBHYfO npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" nOCIleAHe",
H8HMeHee l!eHHOL4 ,QIlH Hero 8AL-1HVll!bl. A 3TO 3H8YL1T, 4TO H8 K8>K.QOVl e,QvtHH-
115
"
Inasa 5
P
80
60
40
20
0 1 2 3 4
Q
PUc. 5.16.
li13nuweK nompe6umenR
'1e TOBapa, npeAwecTBYfOl11e" 3TO" nocIleAHe", nOTpe6"TeIlb nOIlY4aeT He-
KOTOPYfO BblrOAY. nO"CH"M "AefO "3IlHWKa nOTpe5"TeIl" rpacp"4eCK"
(P"c. 5.16).
ECIl" 6bl nOTpe5"TeIlb np"05peTaIl TOIlbKO OAHY eA"H"'1Y TOBapa, TO OH
COrnaCeH 5blIl 5bl ynIlamTb 80 AOIlIl. 3s BTOpyfO eA"H"'1Y (eCIl" 5blIlO 5bl
Bcero ABe eAHH"'1bl TOBapa) nOTpe6"TeIlb 3anIlamIl 6bl 60 AOIlIl. Pb1H04-
Ha" '1eHa Ka>KAO" "3 ABYX eA"HH'1 np" 3TOM COCTaB"Ila 5bl OAHY " TY >Ke
BeIl"4"HY - 60 AOIln. (BeAb '1eHa YCTaHaBIl"BaeTC" HS ypOBHe npeAeIlbHo"
- B ASHHOM cIlY4ae BTOpO" - eA"H"'1bl). LITO >Ke nOIlY4aeTC"? II1HA"B"AY-
aIlbHa" O'1eHKa nOIle3HOCT" 1- eA"H"'1bl - 80 AOIlIl., 2-" - 60 AOIlIl., "X
cYMMa - 140 AOIlIl. Ho no eA"HO" '1eHe nOKynafOTc" 05e eA"H"'1bl, TaK 4TO
nOTpe5"TeIlb 3anIlaT"T (60 + 60) = 120 AOIlIl.; 3-fO eAHH"'1Y nOKynaTeIlb
O'1eH"BaeT B 40 AOIlIl., " 3Ta npeAeIlbHa" nOIle3HOCTb 6YAeT onpeAeIl"Tb
pblH04HYfO '1eHY Bcex Tpex eA"H"'1. CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, pblH04Ha" '1eHa, yn-
Ila4eHHa" nOTpe5"TeIleM np" nOKynKe Tpex TOBapoB, COCTaB"T (40 + 40 +
40) = 120 AOIlIlapoB. A BeAb eCIl" CYMM"pOBaTb "HAHB"AyaIlbHble O'1eHK"
npeAeIlbHo" nOIle3HOCT" Ka>KAO" "3 Tpex eA"H"'1, TO nOIlY4"IlOCb 5br:
(80 + 60 + 40) = 180 AOIlIl. II1TaK, H3IlHweK nOTpe6HTenR - 3TO PS3H"'1 S
Me>KAY TO CYMMO" AeHer, KOTOPYfO nOTpe5"TeIlb 5blIl 5bl cornaceH ynIla-
T"Tb, " TO" CYMMO", KOTOpyfO OH peaIlbHo ynIlamIl. A. MapwaIlIl 06b"CH"-
eT 3TO cIleAYfOll1HM 05pa30M: "3Il"WeK nOTpe5"TeIl" - 3TO "35b1TOK '1eHbl, KO-
TOPYfO nOTpe6"TeIlb roTOB 6blIl 6bl 3anIlaT"Tb (cKopee, 4eM Bo051l1e 050"T"Cb
6e3 AaHHoro TOBapa), cBepx TO" '1eHbl, KOTOPYfO OH Ae"CTB"TenbHO nIlamT.
Ha rpacpHKe "3Il"WeK nOTpe5"TeIl" - 3TO 3awTpHxoBsHHa" 05IlacTb, or-
p8H!.1yeHH8H cBepxy KpHBOi1 cnpOC8, 8 CHV13Y - IlHHlileVl U,8Hbl. 4eM HH>Ke
LleHa, TeM 50nbwe BeIlH4HHS H3IlHWKS nOTpe5HTeIlR. np" nOKynKe ABYX
eAHH"'1 TOBapa "3Il"WeK nOTpe6"TeIl" COCTaB"T: 140 - 120 = 20 AOIlIl.; np"
nOKynKe Tpex eA"H"'1 180 - 120 = 60 AOIlIl.
116
06waR xapaKmepucmuKa pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKU
t '
: (/...'.
" ,I,i...."
KOHl\em..\HH 1113Illt1WK8 nOTpe6L-1TeIlH WlilpOKO \.1CnOIlb3yeTcH HeOKIl8CCIiI-
48CKOVI WK0I10i1 nplll rpacpHYeCKOM aH8Illll3e np06Il8M H8noro06IlO>KeHHH,
MOHOnOIl"CT"4ecKoro '1eHo05pS30BaH"" (CM. rn. 7, S 6) " AP.
TaK"M 05pa30M, 6b1Il" paCCMOTpeHbl 50Ilee nOAP05HO Te cpaKTOpbl, KO-
TOpble Ile>KaT B OCHOBe KP"BO" cnpoca. CYll1eCTBeHHaR np"4"Ha "3MeHeH"R
05beMa cnpoca KaK 05paTHo CPYHK'1"" '1eHbl 3aKIlf04aeTCR B npO"CXOAR-
ll1eM y5bIBaH"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" TOBapa. TOIlbKO TorAS, KorAa '1eHa
TOBapa CH">KaeTC", nOTpe6"TeIlb 5YAeT roTOB KynHTb nOCIleAYfOll1"e KOIl"-
4eCTBa 3TOro TOBapa, np"HOC"ll1"e eMY MeHbwee YAOBIleTBOpeH"e.
Teop"" npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" " TeOp"" nOTpe5"TeIlbCKoro Bbl60pa
n03BOIlRfOT IlY4we nOHRTb, KaK BeAeT ce6" HS pblHKe 3KOHOM"4eCK""
cy5beKT, a TafOKe npO"3BeCT" 50Ilee T04Hbl" aHaIlH3 cnpoca " BIl""H"e ero
KOIllll4eCTBeHHblX L-13MeHeHHVI H8 pbIHOl.JHOe paBHOB8CV18. 3TIII T80pH\.1 nOA-
l.JepKIiIBaIOT B03AeC1cTBIt18 H8 3KOHOMW-IeCKYIO CL-1CTeMY IiIMnYIlbCOB, BbITeK8-
fOl11"X "3 "3MeHeH"" BKYCOB " npeAn04TeH"" nOTpe5"TeIle".
10.
PblHO'IHOe x03fliilcTBO H
,QenepCOHH<p H 4 H pOBaHHbIH MexaHH3M 4eH
KaTerop"" cnpoca, npeAIlO>KeH"" " '1eHbl "BIl"fOTC", KaK
5blIl0 OTMe4eHO B npeAblAYll1"X naparpacpax, B3a"MOCB"3SHHbIM". Ha pblH-
Ke npolilCXOAHT nOCTOHHHbl8 KOIle6aHHH pblH04HbJX l\8H nOA B03Aei1cTBIt18M
H3MeH8HV1171 B cnpOC8 H npeAIlO>KeHHIiI.
3KOHOMH4eCKa" TeopH" "CCIleAyeT KOIle5aHHR pblH04HbiX '1eH BOKpyr
H8Koero COCTOHHIiIH p8BHOBeCL-1f1. P8BHOB8CHaH Ll8H8, YCTaHaBIlHBalO aHCfI
npH paBeHCTBe cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" Ha
Bcex pblHKax, OTpa>KSeT HeKYfO «HopMaIlbHYfO
'1 eH Y» , np" KOTOpO" npeAeIlbHa" 051l1eCTBeH-
Ha5=:; non83HOCTb V1 np8,qeIlbHble 06 8CTBeH-
Hble "3Aep>KK" ypaBHOBeW"BafOT APyr APyra
(BcnOMH"M TeOp"fO '1eHbl A. MapwaIlIla).
3T8 «HOpM8nbH8H l\8Ha» - COCT05=:;HHe H8V1-
50Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHoro np" AaHHOM He"3MeH-
HOM ypOBHe TeXHOIlorHIII IiIcnOIlb30B8HI-1H
Bcex OCHOBHblX cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa: "
TPYA8, VI Kan1-1TaIl8, H 3eMJI!.1.
KOIle5aH"" pblH04HbiX '1eH " onpeAeIl"-
fOT Ba>KHe"W"e CPYHK'1"" pblHKa:
1. PacnpeAeIleHHe OCHOBHblX !jISKTO-
pOB npOH3BOACTBa (aIlIlOKaTHBHa" !jIYH-
K'1H" pbIHKa).' B Tex OTpaCIl"X, rAe Ha6IlfO-
1 ABTOpbl YlJe6HIIIKa - He CTO-
pOHHVlKVI 6e3AYMHoro IIICnOJlb30sa..
Hillfl aHrJllIIl\Vl3MOS. Ho B ,QaHHOM
CJlY4ae pe4b VI,QeT 0 nepeSO,Q8 Ta-
KIIIX CJlOB, KaK allocation III
distribution. Ha PYCCKVI .Il3blK OHIII
lJaCTO nepeBO,Q5ITC5I O,QVlHaKOBO KaK
«pacnpe,Q8neHllle)). M8>K,QY T8M
8CTb OTTeHKIII B IIIX 3Ha48HIIII-1 Ha aH-
rJllII CI<OM .Il3b1K8. nepS08 1113 YKa-
3aHHbiX GJloa npaSVlJlbH88 6bJJlO
6bl n8peS8CTill KaK «pa3MeIl.\8Hllle»
(pel.Jb l-1,QeT 0 pa3MelJ.\8HIIIIII , VlJlIII
pacnpe,Q8JleHIII\II cPaKTOPOS npOVl3-
BO,QCTsa), a BTOp08 - C06CTS8HHO
KaK «pacnpeA8n8HI-18», T. 8. pac-
np8,Q8neHl-1e ,QOXO,QOS.
117
Inasa 5
Aa8TCH nOBbIW8H e 1\8H, np0L-1CXO.QL-1T O>KHBJ1eH!.1e np0V13BOACTB8, CIOA8 ne-
peIlHB810TCH K8nL-1T8Ilbl, TPY.Q L-1 HHbie peCypCbl. EeJlJ.1 B pe3YIlbT8Te T8Kora
nepem1S8 np0L-130HA8T np8SbiWeHIt1e npeAIlO>K8HL-1s:1 TOB8pOB H8A cnpOCOM
Ha HV1X, H8YH8TCs:I 06P8THblVl npOl\ecc: H84HYT eHL-1>KaTbCH pblHOYHbJe
'1eHbl " npO"30"AeT OTTOK pecypCOB "3 AaHHO" OTpaCIl".
2. CTHMYIlHpoBaHHe TeXHH4eCKoro nporpecca. ECIl" KaKO"-TO CP"P-
Me YAaeTC" YMeHbW"Tb 3aTpaTbi cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa Ha eA"H"'1Y npo-
AYKl\HH ,0.0 ypOBHH 60Ile8 HIt13KOra, l.JeM CJlO)\{L-1BWHIltCH YPOB8Hb pblHOYHOVl
'1eHbl, TO 3Ta cp"pMa nOIlY4"T np"6bIIlb. AIl" 3TOro He06xOA"MO COBepweH-
CTBOBaTb T8XHOIlOrL-1lO, yeIlOB8yeCKIt18 3H8HVlH, HcnOIlb30BaTb AOCH1>KeHL-1H
HaY4HO-TeXH"4ecKoro nporpeccs, 3KOHOM"Tb pecypCbl. CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, 6e3
BCHKL-1X Il03YHroB \.1 npH3blBOB pblH04HaH CL-1CTeM8 3aCT8BIlHeT 3KOHOM\.148C-
K"X cy5beKTOB Y4aCTBOBaTb B npO'1eCce COBepweHCTBOBSH"" " pa3B"T""
T8XH!.1KV1, TeXH0J10rVU1, H8YKH It1 T. n.
3. AHlj>lj>epeHLlHsLlHR AOXOAOB cy5beKToB pblHKa (AHCTPH5YTHBHaR
Ij>YHK'1H" pbIHKa). 3Ta CPYHK'1"" C He"35e>KHOCTbfO BblTeKaeT "3 ABYX npe-
AbIAYll1"X: Te X03""CTBYfOll1"e cy5beKTbl, 4b" "3Aep>KK" npO"3BOACTBa OKa-
38IlVICb H\.1>K8, YbL-1 Ol\eHKH pblH04HOlit KOHblOHKTypbl OK838IlVlCb 60Ile8 TOY-
HbIM", CTaHOB"TC" 60ra4e B pe3YIlbTaTe HapSCTafOll1erO "Tara nOIlY4aeMbiX
np"5bIIlefi. PbIH04Hbl" MeXaH"3M np" pacnpeAeIleH"" 5Ilsr Y4"TbIBaeT
IlV1Wb «A8He>KHble raIloca», 8 H8 nOTpe6HOCTH Cy6b8KTOB KaK T8KOBble. .o.PY-
rHe >Ke 3KOHOMHyeCKIII8 8r8HTbl, OKa38BWH8Cs:I B np0L-1rpbIW8, Tepns:lT y6blT-
K", pa30p"fOTC" " Bo051l1e YXOA"T C pblH'a. A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"" AOXOAOB B
pblH04HOM X03HIIICTBe - 06b8KTHBHblL4 pe3YIlbTaT AelllCTBHH M8X8HL-13M8 l!8H.
MO>KHO no-pa3HOMY OTHOC"TbC" K cpaKTY pS30peHH" CP"PM, HO np"IlaraTb
MOp8IlbHbI8, Hp8BCTB8HHbl8 01\8HKIII K M8X8HIII3MY pblHOYHblX l\eH - 6ec-
CMbiCIleHH08 3aHs:lTV18. }f(8IlOS8TbCH Ha Hecnp8B8AIlItIBOCTb pblHKa, KaK OT-
M8Y8Il X811t8K, 3TO TO )\{e e8M08, 4TO >K8IlOBaTbCH H8 Hecnp8BeAIllo1BocTb
COIlHe4HO< CIr1CTeMbL
Bb1A81OLl.\1t18Cs:I 3KOHOM!.1CTbl npowIloro V1 cOBpeMeHHbl8 T80peTL-1KH Pbl-
H04Horo X03""CTBa nOA4epK"BafOT AenepCOH"cp"'1"pOBaHHbl" (5e3n"4HOC-
THbJVI) X8p8KTep pblH04Hora M8X8HL-13M8, T. 8. M8X8HVl3M8 Kone68HL-1L4 u,eH.
H8L-160Ilee !.13BeCTHbIM HBIlHeTCs:I nOIlO>KeHIr18 A. CM!.1Ta a «HeBIIIAVlMOa;.
pYKe», KOTopa" KOOPA"H"PyeT Ae"CTB"" pS3p03HeHHbiX npO"3BOA"TeIle" "
nOTpe5"TeIle" npOAYK'1"". KS>KAbl" Ae"cTByeT, npeCIleAY" CBO" Il"4Hbl" "H-
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barter
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MexaHU3M pblHKa cosepweHHoO KOHKypeHLjUU
4 d
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e
AC-".:;'.,-
Ave cj" I;"
AFe f: ! fj) Un
, .
o
Q
PUC. 6.2.
CpeOHue U30ep>KKU cjWPMbi
38KOH y6blBalOLl.\eVl np0!.13BO,QV1TeIlbHOCTV1, nepeM8HHbie 1113Aep>KKV1 CHOBa
H8l.JV1HaIOT 06roHSHb pOCT np0L-13Bo,qCTB8.
CIleAyeT nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO 0 pa3AeIleH"" "3Aep>KeK Ha nOCTO"HHble "
nepeMeHHble MO>KHO roBOpHTb TOIlbKO npHMeHJ.1TeIlbHO !L C: CP
nep"OAY CP Y HK'1"OH"pOBaH"" CP"PMbl. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", "CXOA" "3 aHaIl"-
38 BHAOB [ir :!,u,t:::' )Kt:::'1\. VI VIA. ,L\Vf H8MV1KIr1, Mbl MQ}KeM npOBeCTL-1 pa3IlH4V18 M8>K.QY
, KpaTKocp04HbiM " Aonrocp04HbiM nep"OAaM" CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"" CP"PMbl.
B KpaTKocp04HOM nepHOA e nOCTOs:lHH bIS H3Aep>KKV1 OCT8IOTC IA 'ii'1 rllLI -
M", " cp"pMa MO>KeT "3MeH"Tb 05beM BbrnYCKaeMO" npOAYK'1"" TOIlbKO C
O blO H3MeHeHHH BeIlV1l.J!.1Hbl nepeMeHHblX V13Aep>KeK. B AOl1rOCpO\fHOM
nepHOAe Bce H3A8P>KK!.1 CT8HOBflTC a np.rAMA''''H'''H....'MI/I TO eCTb 3TO ,QOCT8TO'-/-
HO ,QIlV1TeIlbHbIL4 BpeMeHHOVl Ir1HTepBaJ1 AIlH TOro, 4T06bl cpV1pM8 Morn8 V13-
MeHV1Tb CBOV1 np0V13BOACTBeHHbre MO HOCTH.
BSIlOBble (o51l1He) H3Aep>KKH (TC) npeACTaBIl"fOT c060" CYMMY nOCTO-
"HHbIX " nepeMeHHblX "3Aep>KeK np" Ka>KAOM KOHKpeTHOM ypOBHe npO"3BOA-
CTBa. Ha rpacp"Ke (P"c. 6.1) CYMM"pOBaH"e VC " FC 03Ha4aeT CAB"r BBepx
Il"H"" VC Ha BeIlH4"HY OF no OC" OPA"HaT.
HepaBHoMepHoe "3MeHeHHe BanOBblX "3Aep>KeK np"BOA"T K TOMY,
l.JTO M8HHIOTCH no Mepe pOCT8 06b8M8 np0!.13Bo,qCTB8 VI V13A8p>KK!.1 Ha eAL-1-
H"'1Y npoAYK'1"", "Il" cpeAHHe H3Aep>KKH. CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" paBHbl Ba-
IlOBbJM L-13,Qep>KK8M, AeIleHHblM Ha npoV13BeAeHHo8 KOIlJ.14eCTBO TOBap8
(AC = TC/Q). 3TOT B"A "3Aep>KeK "MeeT oc050e 3Ha4eH"e AIl" nOHHMaH""
pbIHOGHC>ro p8BHOBeCV1f1, nocKoIlbKY npeAnpHHHMaTeJ1b cTpeMHTcH L-1X MHHH-
M"3"pOBaTb. Kp"Ba" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK 05bl4HO "MeeT U-05pa3HYfO cpop-
MY (P"C. 6.2). CHa4aIla CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" BeCbMa BbICOK"e. 3TO CB>I3aHO
C TeM, YTO 60JlbWV18 nOCTOHHHble V13Aep>KKV1 paCnpeA8JlHIOTCR H8 He-
3Ha4"TeIlbHbl" 05beM npoAYK'1"". no Mepe paCTa npO"3BOACTBii nOCTO"H-
Hble "3Aep>K'" np"XOA"TC" Ha Bce 50Ilbwee 4"CIlO eA"HH'1 npOAYK'1"", "
CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" 5blCTpO naAafOT, AOXOA" AO M"H"MYMS B T04Ke M. no
125
Inasa 6
Mepe pOCTa 06beMa npO"3BOACTBa OCHOBHoe BIl""H"e Ha BeIl"4"HY cpeA-
HL-1X 1t13Aep>KeK H8YV1H8IOT OK83blBaTb He nOCTOHHHbI8, 8 nep8M8HHbie \.13-
Aep>KK". n03TOMY BCIleACTB"e 3aKOHa y5blBafOll1e" AOXOAHOCT" KP"BS"
H8YV1H8eT III,QTVI BB8pX.
CIleAyeT 05paT"Tb BH"MaH"e, 4TO Kp"Ba" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK HenocpeA-
CTBeHHO 3aB"C"T aT KP"BbIX CpeAH"X nOCTO"HHbIX "3Aep>KeK (AFC) " cpeA-
H"X nepeMeHHblX "3Aep>KeK (AVC). nOCTO"HHble "3Aep>KK" OCTafOTC" He"3-
MeHHbIM" Ha npOT">KeH"" KpaTKocp04HOro nep"OAa, n03TOMY no Mepe YBe-
Il"4eH"" KOIl"4eCTBa npO"3BeAeHHO" npOAYK'1"" BeIl"4"Ha CpeAH"X noCTO-
"HHbIX "3Aep>KeK y6blBaeT. LJTO KaCaeTC" CpeAH"X nepeMeHHblX "3Aep>KeK,
TO OHIt! CH8Y8Il8 HL-1)\{e, 48M CpeAH!.18 nOCTOHHHble L-13,qep>KKV1, HO 38TeM H8-
YHH810T B03p8CT8Tb, np\.16IlH>K8HCb K cpe,QHL-1M B8IlOBbiM L-13Aep>KK8M. no-
CKOIlbKY TC = FC + VC, TO, pa3AeIl"B 05e 4aCT" 3TOro ypaBHeH"" Ha Q,
nOIlY4aeM: AC = AFC + AVC. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", KP"BYfO AC MO>KHO nOIlY-
4"Tb, ecn" CYMM"pOBaTb Kp"Bble AFC " AVC.
Kp"BS" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK "MeeT 60Ilbwoe 3Ha4eH"e AIl" npeAnp"HH-
M8TeIlH, nocKoIlbKY n03BOIlH8T onpe,q8IlVlTb, npJlf K8KOM 06b8Me npoIlf3Bo,Q-
CTBa "3Aep>KK" Ha eA"H"'1Y npoAYK'1"" 6YAYT M"H"MaIlbHbIM".
2.
PaBHOBeClile cplllpMbl
B KpaTKocpO....HOM neplllo,qe
B OAHOVI \11 TOVI >K8 OTp8CIlL-1 ,q8VrCTBYIOT He O,QV1HaKOBble, 8
COBepweHHO pa3Hbie CP"PMbl C pa3HblM" MaCWTa6aM", OpraH"3a'1"e" " Tex-
HL-1yeCKoVr 6830111 np0L-13BOACTS8, 8 3H84V1T, VI C pa3HbiM YPOBH8M 1r13A8P>K8K.
CpaBHeH"e CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK CP"PMbl C ypOBHeM '1eHbl AaeT B03MO>KHOCTb
O'1eH"Tb nOIlO>KeH"e ,a>KAo" CP"PMbl Ha pblHKe.
B YCIlOB""X COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" np" Ilf050M CIlO>K"BWeMC"
ypOBH8 l!8Hbl CYLl.\eCTBY8T cBoero P0,Q8 «BH8WHL-1V1 np8A8Il», np!.1 KOTOpOM
npOH3BOAL-1TeIlI.1 BCTyn810T B ,q8HHYIO OTp8CIlb HllV1 >Ke BbIT811K\r1B8IOTCH !.13
H8e. nOBblW8HHe L..(eHbl 06YCIlOBIlHB8eT nOHBIl8HVle HOBblX CPL-1PM 14 coxpa-
HeHL-18 CT8pbIX. CHL-1>K8HVl8 L..(8Hbl nplr1BOAVlT K TOMY, YTO np8AnpVlHT\.1H C Bbl-
COK!.1M ypOBH8M L-13,Qep)f{8K CT8HOBs:lTCH y6bITOYHbIML-1 VI AomKHbl AaHHYIO OT-
p8CIlb nOK!.1HYTb.
H8 pL-1c. 6.3 nOK838Hbi TpVl B03MO)\{HbiX B8p!.18HTa nOIlQ)K8HHH cpHPMb! H8
pblHKe. ECIl" Il"H"" '1eHbl P Il"Wb KaCaeTC" KP"BO" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK AC
B M"H"MaIlbHO" T04Ke M (P"c. 6.3a), TO cp"pMa B COCTO"H"" Il"Wb nOKpblTb
CBOL-1 ML-1HIIIM8IlbHble CP8AHL-18 !.13Aep)\{KVI. TOYK8 M B A8HHOM CIlYY8e s:lBIls:leT-
CH TOYKOVI HYIleB9.VI. npL-16bIIlVI.
CIleAyer oc060 n0/14epKHYTb, 4TO, roBOP" 0 HyneBo" np"5bIIl", Mbl He
"MeeM B B"AY, 4TO cp"pMa Bo061l1e He nOIlY4aeT H"KaKO" np"6bln". KaK Y>Ke
126
MexaHU3M pblHK8 coeepweHHoO KOHKypeHLjUU
C C
C AC
AC
AC
P P P
I I
I I
I I
0 Q, Q 0 Q, Q, Q 0 Q
s) 5) B)
Puc. 6.3. nOnOJKeHUe KOHKypeHmHoii q,UPMbl Ha pblHKe
6btll0 nOK838HO, B H3A8P>KKV1 npoVl3BoACTB8 BKIlIOl.J8IOTCfI He TOI1bKO 38TP8-
Tbl Ha Cblpbe, 050PYAOBaH"e, pa604YfO C"IlY, HO " npO'1eHT, KOTOpbl" CP"P_
Mbl MornH 6b! nOIlYYHTb Ha CBOL4 Ka, mn811 eCIlL-1 6bl BKIl8AbIB8IlL-1 8ro B APY-
rHe OTpaCIlL-1. IIIHblMH CIlOB8MIII, HOpMal1bHaJ1 npH6bll1b K8K HOpM8IlbH8H
OTAa4a OT Kan"TaIlS, onpeAeIl"eMa" nYTeM KOHKypeH'1H" BO Bcex OTpaCIl"X
C OA"HaKOBbIM ypOBHeM p"CKa, "Il" B03Harpa>KAeH"e cpaKTopa npeAnp"H"-
MaTeIlbCTBa, "BIl"eTC" COCTaBHO" 4aCTbfO "3Aep>KeK. 05bl4HO cpaKTOp npeA-
np"H"MaTeIlbCTBa paCCMSTp"BaeTC" KaK nOCTO"HHbl" cpaKTOp. B CB"3" C
3TL-1M HopMaIlbH8H npVl6blI1b OTHOCV1TCH Ha nOCTOHHHble L-13Aep>KKVI.
ECIl" CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" H">Ke '1eHbl (P"c. 6.36), TO cp"pMa np" onpe-
AeIleHHblX 05beMax npO"3BOACTBa (OT Q, AO Q,) nOIlY4aeT B cpeAHeM np"-
5blIlb 60Ilee BbICOKYfO, 4eM HopMaIlbHa" np"5bIIlb, T. e. cBepxnp"6bIIlb, "Il"
KBS3HpeHTY.
HaKOHe'1, eCIl" CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" CP"PMbl np" Ilf050M 05beMe npO"3-
BOACTBa Bblwe pbIH04HO" '1eHbl (P"C. 6.3B), TO AaHHa" cp"pMa Tepn"T y5blT-
K" " pa30p"TC", eCIl" He 5YAeT peOpraH"30BaHa "Il" He Y"AeT C pblHKa.
A"HaM"Ka CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK xapaKTep"3yeT nOIlO>KeH"e CP"PMbl Ha
pblHKe, OAH8KO C8M8 no ce6e He onpe,qellHeT IlL-1HHL-1 np8AIlO>K8HI4H VI T04KH
OnT\.1M8IlbHOro 06b8M8 npoH3BoACTB8. J].eVlCTBIIIT8IlbHO, eCIlVl CP8AHVl8 1113-
Aep>KK" H">Ke '1eHbl (P"c. 6.35), TO Ha 3TOM OCHOBaH"" Mbl MO>KeM Il"Wb YT-
Bep>KAaTb, 4TO B "HTepBaIle OT Q, AO Q, HaXOA"TC" 30Ha np"5blIlbHoro npo-
H3BOAcTBa, a np" 05beMe npO"3BOACTBa Q3' KOTOPOMY COOTBeTCTBYfOT M"-
H"MaIlbHble CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK", cp"pMa nOIlY4aeT MaKC"MaIlbHYfO np"5blIlb
Ha eA"H"'1Y npOAYKTa. OAHaKO 03Ha4aeT Il" 3TO, 4TO T04Ka Q3 - 3TO T04Ka
onmMaIlbHoro 06beMa npO"3BOACTBa, rAe cp"pMa AOCT"raeT cBoero paBHo-
BeCL-1H? np0L-13Bo,q!.1TeIlH, K8K 1r13B8CTHO, L-1HTepecY8T H8 nplt!6blllb H8 e,qIt!HH-
'1Y npoAY K '1"", a MaKC"MYM 051l1e" MaCCbl nOIlY4aeMo np"6bIIl". Kp"Ba"
CpeAHL-1X !.13,qep>KeK He nOK83b1B88T, r,qe ,qOCTlt!r8eTCfI 3TOT M8KCHMYM.
B CBs:l3!.1 C 3THM H806xOAHMO p8CCMOTpeTb T8K H83blB88Mbie npe,qel1b-
127
fnasa 6
C
AC
AVC
PUG. 6.4.
o
npeoenbHble U30epJKKU q,UPMbl
Q
..-H ..!! .aep T. e. AOnOIlH"TeIlbHble "3Aep>KK", CB"3aHHble C npO"3BOA-
CTBOM AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl npOAYKTa Ha"50Ilee AeWeBblM cnOC060M.
npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" nOIlY4afOTCR KaK pa3HOCTb Me>KAY "3,qep>KKaM"
npO"3BOACTBa n eA"H"'1 " "3Aep>KKaM" npO"3BOACTBa n-1 eA"H"'1:
MC = TC o -TC o _,' Ha P"c. 6.4 nOKa3aHa A"HaM"Ka npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK.
Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK He 3aB"C"T OT nOCTO"HHbIX "3Aep>KeK,
nOTOMY 4TO nOCTOHHHbl8 H3Aep>KK\.1 CYLl.\eCTBYIOT He38BI.-1CHMO OT TOro, npo-
H3BOAVlTCfI JlVl AonOIlHHTeJlbH8H eAHHH 8 npOAYK HH. CH848n8 npeAeIlbHble
"3Aep>KK" COKpall1afOTC", OCTaBS"Cb H">Ke CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK. 3TO 05b"C-
H"eTC" TeM, 4TO eCIl" "3Aep>KK" Ha eAHHH'1Y npOAYK'1"" y6blBafOT, cIleAO-
BaTeIlbHO, Ka>KAbl" nOCIleAYfOll1H" npOAYKT CTO"T MeHbwe CpeAH"X "3Aep-
>KeK npeAWeCTBYfOl11"X npOAYKTOB, T. e. CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" Bblwe npeAeIlb-
HbIX. nOCIleAYfOll1"" paCT CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK 03Ha4aeT, 4TO npeAeIlbHble "3-
Aep>KK" CTaHOB"TC" Bblwe npeAweCTBYfOl11"X cpeAHHX "3Aep>KeK. TaK"M 05-
pa30M, Il"H"" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK nepeceKaeT Il"H"fO CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK
B ee MVlHHM8IlbHOH T04K8 M.
npOH3BOACTBO AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl npoAYK'1"", nop0>KAa" AOnQJ1-
H"TeIlbHble "3Aep>KK", C APYro" CTOpOHbl, np"HOC"T " AonoIlHHTeIlbHbl" AO-
XOA, BblPY4KY OT ee npOAa>K". BeIl"4"Ha 3TOro AOnOIlH"TeIlbHoro, "Il"
npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAS (npeAeIlbHoH BbIPY4K") npeACTaBIl"eT c060" pa3-
HOCTb Me>KAY BaIlOBO" BblPY4KOH aT npOAa>K" n " n-1 eA"HH'1 npoAY K '1"":
MR = TRo - TRo_,' B YCIlOB""X cB050AHO" KOHKypeH'1"H, KaK "3BeCTHo,
npOH3BOAHTeJlb He MO>KeT nOBIl\.1HTb H8 ypoa8Hb pbJH04HOVl l!8Hbl, 14, cneAO-
BaTeIlbHO, npOAaeT Ilf050e KOIl"4eCTBO CBoe" npOAYK'1"H no OAHO" " TO" >Ke
'1eHe. 3TO 3Ha4HT, 4TO B YCIlOB""X CB060AHO" KOHKypeH'1"" AOnOIlH"TeIlb-
Hbl" AOXOA aT npOAa>K" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl npoAYK'1"" 5YAeT
np" Ilf050M 05beMe OA"HaKOB, T. e. npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA 5YAeT paBeH '1eHe:
MR=P.
128
MexaHU3M pblHKa cosepweHHou KOHKypeHLJ,UU
P
MC
P,
MR
o
Q,
Q
PUG. 6.5.
PaSHoaecue q,UPMbl Ha pblHKe cosepweHHoii KOHKypeHI..(UU
I
BBeA" nOH"T"" npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK " npeAeIlbHOro AoxoAa, Mbl MO-
>KeM Tenepb 50Ilee T04HO onpeAen"Tb T04KY paBHOBeC"" CP"PMbl, "Il" T04-
KY, rAe OHa npeKpall1aeT Hapall1"BaTb npO"3BOACTBO, A05"BW"Cb MaKC"-
MaIlbHO B03MO>KHO" np" AaHHO" '1eHe MaCCbl npH5bIIl". 04eB"AHO, 4TO
cpHpMa 6YAeT paCW"p"Tb 05beM npO"3BOACTBa, nOKa Ka>KAa" AOnOIlH"TeIlb-
HO npO"3BeAeHHa" eA"H"'1a npOAYK'1"" 5YAeT np"HOC"Tb AOnOIlH"TeIlbHYfO
np"5bIIlb. Apyr"M" CIlOBaMH, nOKa npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" 5YAYT MeHbwe,
4eM npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA, cp"pMa MO>KeT paCW"p"Tb npO"3BOACTBO. ECIl"
npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" Ha4HYT npeBblwaTb npeAeIlbHblH AOXOA, cp"pMa 5y-
AeT HeCT" y5bITK".
Ha P"c. 6.5 nOKa3aHo, 4TO C YBeIl"4eH"eM npO"3BOACTBa Kp"Ba" npe-
AeIlbHblX "3,qep>KeK (MC) "AeT BBepx " nepeceKaeT rop"30HTaIlbHYfO Il"H"fO
npeAeIlbHoro AoxoAa, paBHoro pbIH04HO" '1eHe P" B T04Ke M, COOTBeTCT-
BYfOl11e" 05beMY npO"3BOACTBS Q,. nf050e OTKIlOHeH"e aT 3TO" T04K"
np"BOA"T K nOTep"M AIl" CP"PMbl IlH50 B B"Ae np"MblX y6blTKOB np" 50Ilb-
weM 05beMe npO"3BOACTBa, Il"60 B pe3YIlbTaTe cOKpall1eH"R MaCCbl np"-
5b1Il" np" YMeHbWeH"H BblnycKa npoAYK'1"".
TaK"M 06pa30M, YCIloBHe pSBHoBecH" <jIHPMbl, KaK B KpaTKocp04HOM,
TaK " B AOIlroCp04HOM nep"oAe (0 nocIleAHeM - CM. 3 3) MO>KHO ccpop-
MYIl"pOBaTb cIleAYfOll1"M 06pa30M;.MC = MR.. nf05s" cp"pMa, A05"BafOll1a,,-
C" np"5bIIl", CTpeM"TC" YCTaHOB"Tb TaKO" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa, np" KOTO-
pOM c05IlfOAaeTC" 3TO YCIlOB"e paBHOBeC"". Ha pblHKe COBepweHHO" KOH-
KypeH'1"" npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA BcerAa paBeH '1eHe, n03TOMY YCIlOBHe paB-
HOBec"" CP"PMbl np"05peTaeT B"A MC = P.
COOTHOWeH"e npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK " npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa - 3TO CBO-
ero pOAa C"rHaIlbHa" C"CTeMa, KOTOpa" "HCPopM"pyeT npeAnp"H"MaTeIl" a
TOM, AOCTHrHYT IlH OnT\.1MYM np0l.13BOACTB8 V1IlH MO>KHO O>KIr1AaTb ,lJ,8IlbH8V1-
wero pOCTa np"5bIIl". OAHaKO HeIlb3" T04HO onpeAeIl"Tb nOIlY4aeMYfO CP"P_
MO" Maccy np"5bIIl" Ha OCHOBSH"" A"HaM"K" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK, no-
CKOIlbKY, K8K Y>Ke OTMel.J8IlOCb, OHH H8 YLJV1TbIBaIOT nOCTOHHHblX H3A8p>KeK.
129
9 Kypc 3KoHoMw...ec o Teop
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c
c
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5)
Q,
B)
o
QO
Q 0
Q
npU6btnU U y6blm«u q,UPMbl Ha pblHKe
cosepweHHOU KOHKypeHLCuu
061l1a" np"6bIIlb, nOIlY4aSMa" CP"PMO", MO>KeT 5blTb onpeAeIleHa KaK
pa3HOCTb Me>KAY BaIlOBO" BbIPY4KO" (TR) " BaIlOBbIM" "3Aep>KKaM" (TC). B
CBOIO 048p8Ab, BaIlOB8H BblpYYKa BbIYL-1CIlHeTCH KaK np01t13BeAeH!.18 KOIlL-14eC-
TBa npOAYK'1"" Ha '1SHY (TR = Q x PI, a BaIlOBble "3Aep>KK" - npO"3BeAe-
H"e KOIl"4eCTBa npoAYK'1"" HS CpeAH"e "3ASP>KK" (TC = Q x AC). TaK"M
05pa30M, Il"Wb COeA"H"B npOBeAeHHbl" paHse aHaIl"3 npSASIlbHblX "3Aep-
>KSK " npSAeIlbHoro AOXOAS C aHaIl"30M A"HaM"K" CPSAH"X "3Aep>KeK, MO-
>KeM TOYHO onp8Aem-1Tb 06b8M nOIlY488MOVl npVl6blIlH.
PaCCMOTpHM TP" B03MO>KHbIX pblH04HbiX C"Tya'1"". KorAa Il"H"" npe-
AeIlbHoro AOXOAa Il"Wb KaCaeTC" KP"BO" CPSAH"X "3Aep>KeK (P"C. 6.6a), Ba-
IlOBa" BblpY4Ka B T04HOCT" paBHa BaIlOBblM "3Aep>KKaM. np"5blIlb CP"PMbl 5y-
AeT HopMaIlbHO", nOCKOIlbKY '1eHa ee npOAYK'1"" paBHa CpeAH"M "3Aep>KKaM.
ECIl!.1 Ha KaKOM-TO !.1HTepBaIle IlVlHHH u,eHbJ VI npeA8IlbHoro AOXOA8 p8C-
nOIlsraeTC" Bblwe KP"BOH CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (P"c. 6.65), TO B T04Ke paBHO-
BeC"" M CP"PMS 5YAST nOIlY4aTb KBa3"pSHTY, T. e. np"5bIIlb, npeBblWafOll1YfO
HopMaIlbHbl" ypOBeHb. np" OnT"MaIlbHOM 05beMS npO"3BOACTBa Q, CP8AH"e
"3ASp>KK" 6YAYT paBHbl C" CIleAOBaTSIlbHO, BaIlOBble "3Aep>K'" COCTaB"T;,nIlO-
ll1aAb np"MoyroIlbH"Ka OC,LQ,. BaIlOBa" BblpY4Ka (np"MoyroIlbH"K OP,MQ,)
6YAeT 50Ilbwe, " nIlOll1aAb 3aWTp"XOBaHHoro np"MoyroIlbH"Ka C,P,ML no-
Ka>KeT HaM 051l1YfO Maccy nOIlY4aSMO" cBspxnp"6bIIlH.
Ha P"C. 6.6B nOKa3aHS "Ha" C"Tya'1"": CpeAH"e "3ASP>KK" np" Ilf050M
05bSMe npO"3BOACTBa npeBblwafOT pblH04HYfO '1eHY. B 3TOM CIlY4ae Aa>Ke
np" OnT"MaIlbHOM 05beM'e npO"3BOACTBa (MC = P) cp"pMa HeceT y5bITK",
XOTR OH" " MSHbwe, 4eM np" APyr"X 05beMax npO"3BOACTBa (nIlOll1aAb
3aWTp"XOBaHHoro np MoyroIlbH"Ka P 3 C,LM M"H"MaIlbHa "MSHHO np" 06b-
eMS npO"3BOACTBa Q3)'
PaCCMOTp"M 3TY nOCIleAHfOfO C"Tya'1"fO nOAP06Hee. OT y5blTKOB B Pbl-
HOYHOIl1 3KOHOMVlKe He 3aCTpaXOB8H HVIKTO. n03TOMY, 8CIlL-1 B CHIlY T8X Hn
PUC. 6.6.
130
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MUHUMU3aLCUR y6blmKos q,UpMbl
HHblX np"4"H (Hanp"MSp, He6Ilaronp""THO" KOHbfOHKTypbl pblHKa) cp"pMa
He nonY4aeT np"5bIIl", TO aHa AOIl>KHa M"H"M"3"pOBaTb y5bITK". ECIl"
paCCMaTp"BaTb nOBSAeH"e CP"PMbl B KpaTKocp04HO" nepCneKT"Be, KorAa
OHa nO-npe>KHeMY OCT8eTCH Ha AaHHOM pblHKe, TO YTO AJIH Hee npeAn04TH-
TeIlbHse - npOAOIl>KaTb pa50TaTb " npO"3BOA"Tb npOAYK'1"fO "Il" BpeMeH-
HO OCTaHOB"Tb npO"3BOACTBO? B KaKOM CIlY4as y5b1TK" 6YAYT MeHbwe?
05paT"M BH"MaHHe, 4TO KorAa cp"pMa H"4ero He npO"3BOA"T, OHS He-
ceT TOIlbKO nOCTo"HHble "3Aep>KK". ECIl" >Ke OHa npO"3BOA"T npOAYK'1"fO,
TO K nOCTO"HHbIM "3ASp>KKaM A05aBIl"fOTC" nspeMeHHble, HO np" 3TOM CP"P_
Ma nOIlY4aeT " HeKOTopbl" AOXOA aT npOAa>K. n03TOMY, 4T06bl nOHmb, Kor-
Aa cp"pMa M"H"M_".3_"RyeL.Q. 0" y5b11KH" HaAo COnOCTaB"Tb ypoBeHb '1eHbl
He TOIlbKO co CpeAH"M" "3Aep>KKaM" (AC), HO " CO cpeAHHM" nepSMeHHbl-
M" H3Aep>KKaMH (AVC).
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HVI>Ke MV1H\.1M8IlbHbIX CpSAHVlX H3A8p>KeK, HO BblW8 Mt.-1HV1MallbHbIX CpeAHL-1X
nepeMsHHblX "3Aep>KeK. np" OnT"MaIlbHOM 06beMs npO"3BOACTBa Q, BeIl"-
4"Ha CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK npO"3BOACTBa COCTaB"T oTpe30K Q,M, BeIl"4"Ha
CpeAH"X nepeMeHHblx "3Aep>Ke' - oTpe30K Q,L. CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, oTpe30K
ML - 3TO CpeAH"e nOCTO"HHble "3Aep>KK". ECIl" cp"pMa npOAOIl>KaeT pa60-
TaTb, TO se BaIlOBa" BblpY4Ka (np"MoyroIlbH"K OP,EQ,) 6YAeT MeHbWS
nOIlHblX "3Aep>KeK (np"MoyroIlbH"K OC,MQ,), HO np" 3TOM 5YAYT nOKpbl-
Tbl nepeMeHHble "3Aep>KKH (np"MoyroIlbH"K OCvLQ,) " 4aCTb nOCTO"HHbIX
"3Aep>KeK. Pa3Mep y6blTKOB 5YAeT "3MSP"TbC" nIlOll1aAbfO np"MoyroIlb-
H"Ka P,C,ME. ECIl" >Ke cp"pMa OCTaHOB"T npO"3BOACTBO, TO y5b1TK" CO-
CTaB"T BCfO BeIl"4"HY nOCTO"HHbIX "3Aep>KeK (np"MoyroIlbH"K CvC,ML).
131
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Inasa 6
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"3Aep>KeK, cp"pMe B KpaTKOCp04HOM nep"OAe BbilOAHee npOAOIl>KaTb npo-
"3BOA"Tb npOAYK'1"fO, nOCKOIlbKY B 3TOM CIlY4ae M"H"M"3"PY fOTC" y6bITK ".
ECIlH LleHa p8SH8 MHHHM8IlbHbiM CpeAHHM n8peMeHHbIM-V;3A€P>KK8M, TO AJ1si
Hee 6e3pa311H4HO, npOAOJl>K8Tb npOH3BO CTBO L-1IlVJ OCTaHaBJ1!.1BaTb 8ro.
ECIl" >Ke '1eHS ynaAeT H">Ke M"H"MaIlbHbIX CpeAH"X nepeMeHHblX "3Aep>KeK,
TOrAa npO"3BOACTBO npOAYK'1"" AOIl>KHO 5blTb npeKpall1eHO.
Mbl B"AeIl", 4TO np" "3MeHeH"" '1eHbl cp"pMa 5YAeT "3MeH"Tb 05beMbi
npOH3BOACTBa, AB"ra"Cb BAOIlb KP"BO MG. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", BOCXOA"-
ll1a" BeTBb KP"BO" npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK (Bblwe T04KH M"H"MaIlbHbIX
CpeAH"X nepeMeHHblx "3Aep>KeK) "BIl"eTC" cpaKm4eCK" KP"BO" ee KpaTKO-
cp04Horo npeAIlO>KeH"".
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TO OAHO" OTpaCIl", nOIlY4aeM KP"BYfO cOBoKynHoro OTpaCIleBOrO npeAIlO>Ke-
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50TafOll1"e B AaHHO" OTpaCIl", paCW"p"fOT CBoe npO"3BOACTBO " CBoe
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npO"CXOA"Tb AO Tex nap, nOKa cOBoKynHbl" cnpoc Ha npOAYK'1"fO OTpac-
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B8HCTBO .QocTHr88TcS1 npH onpe,QeIleHHOM YPOBHe l!eHbl, KOTopaS1 nOCIle
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H"R nOIlY4aeMo" np"5bIIl" cpHpMa CTpeM"TC" K CH">KeH"fO CpeAH"X "3Aep-
>KeK, n03TOMY B Aonrocp04HOM nep"OAe OHa "3MeH"eT CBO" pa3Mepbl np"
VJ3M8HeHHH 06b8MOB npOH3BOACTBa. nOCKOIlbKY npH 3TOM M8Hfl8TCS1 B8IlH-
4HH8 nocToHHHblX Vl3Aep>KeK, TO cp!.1pM8 K8K 6bl «nepexo.QIr1T» H8 HOBYIO KPL-1-
BYfO CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (AC).
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p8CnOIlO>KeH8 OTHOCV1TeIlbHO CT8pOVl KpV1BOH AC? 3TO 38BIt1CL-1T OT Ael71cTBHH
3<j1<j1eKTs MacwTa5s. Ha P"c. 6.8 nOKa3aHbi HeCKOIlbKO Bap"aHTOB KpaTKOC-
p04HbiX KP"BbIX CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK CP"PMbl, cooTBeTcTBYfOll1"X pa3HbiM
05beMaM npO"3BOACTBa " pa3HoMY Ae"CTB"fO 3cpcpeKTa MacwTa5a. np"
B03paCTafOll1e" OTAa4e OT MacwTs5a npO"3BOACTBa nponOp'1"OHaIlbHoe
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05beMbi npO"3BOACTBa CIl"WKOM BeIl"K", nponOp'1"OHaIlbHoe YBeIl"4eH"e
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cTafOl11e" OTAS4e aT MaCWTa6a, a BOCXOA"ll1"" Y4aCTOK - y5blBafOll1e" OT-
Aa4e aT MaCWTa5s. np" "3MeHeH"" CBoero pa3Mepa cp"pMa Ka>KAbl" pa3
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cOBepWeHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" On"CbIBaIl C"Tya'1"fO B KpaTKOcp04HOM BpeMeH-
HOM HHTepBaJl8. 4TO L-13MeHHTCS1 B H8weM 8HaIl!.13e, eCIlVJ Mbl 6YAeM pac-
CMSTp"BaTb C"Tya'1"fO HS pblHKe B 60Ilee An"TeIlbHOM npOMe>KYTKe BpeMe-
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peMeHHblM\.1 H3A8p>KK8MVJ, !.1 Bce VJ3Aep>KKL-1 CT8HOBHTCH nep8MeHHb1MVJ, 8 BO-
BTOpbIX, H8 pblHK8 B l!eIlOM VJ3MeHHeTCH YL-1CIlO cpV1PM.
PaCCMOTp"M CHa4aIla, 4TO npO"CXOA"T C "3Aep>KKaMH CP"PMbl B Aomo-
Cp04HOM nepHoAe. np" nIlaH"pOBaH"" Aonrocp04HOro paCW"peH"" "Il" CO-
Kpall1eH"" 05beMOB npO"3BOACTBa cp"pMa He MO>KeT OrpaH"4"TbC" TOIlbKO
YBeIl"4eH"eM "Il" COKpall1eH"eM nepeMeHHblX "3Aep>KeK (KOIl"4eCTBa HaHR-
TblX pa504"X, "CnOIlb3yeMoro Cblpb", nOIlycpa6p"KaTOB " T. A.). B 3TOM CIlY-
4ae 3cpcpeKmBHocTb npO"3BOACTBa CH"3"TC", nocKoIlbKY np" coXpaHeH""
He"3MeHHbIM" npO"3BOACTBeHHblx MOll1HOCTe" (nOCTO"HHbIX "3Aep>KeK) Ha-
132
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MaCWTa6a 8 Wl.1pOKI.1X npe,Qenax
1113MeHeHIIIH 06beMa BblnYCKa. B
3TOM cnY4ae MIIIHIIIManbHble cpe,Q-
Hille 1113,Qep}l(KIil nplll pa3HbiX pa3Me-
pax cplllpMbl O,QIIIHaKOBbl.
133
Inaea 6
MexaHU3M pblHKa coeepweHHoO KOHKypeHLJ,UU
P8CCMOTpV1M Tenepb, K8K H3MeHs:leTCH p8BHOBeCHe CPL-1PMbl npL-1 L-13MeH8-
H"" 4"CIlS CP"PM B OTpaCIlH. 05paT"MC" CHOBa K P"CYHKY 6.6. ECIl" Pb1H04-
Ha" '1eHa Bblwe CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (P"c. 6.66) " cp"pMa nOIlY4aeT KBa3"-
peHTY, TO B 3TOM CIlYY8e HOBbl8 CPL1PMbl, npHBIl848HHbl8 B03MO>KHOCTblO no-
IlY4"Tb cBepxnp"6bIIlb, 6YAYT CTpeM"TbC" B 3TY OTpaCIlb. B YCIlOB"RX CO-
BepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1H" CYll1eCTBeHHblX 5spbepOB, npen"TCTBYfOl11"X nO"B-
IleH"fO B OTpaCIl" HOBblX CP"PM, HeT. n03TOMY npeAIlO>KeHHe npOAYK'1""
Ha4HeT paCT", " B pe3YIlbTaTe KOHKypeH'1"" Me>KAY cp"pMaM" np"BOA"T K
CHL1>KeHL11O u,eHbl It1 L1CY83HOB8HV11O KBa3HpeHTbi.
KorAa C"Tya'1"" Ha pblHKe cKIlaAblBaeTc AIl" CP"PMbl He6IlarOnp""THO
" '1eHa HS ee npoAYK'1"fO OKa3bIBaeTC" H">Ke CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (P"c. 6.6B),
TO cp"pMa, OKa3SBwa"c B TaKOM nOIlO>KeH"", YXOA"T C pblHKa, " npeAnO>Ke-
H"e npOAYK'1"" COKpall1aeTC". np" np04"X pSBHblX YCIlOB""X, '1eHa Ha4"Ha-
eT B03paCTaTb, nOKa CP"PMS He 5YAeT nOIlY4aTb HOPMSIlbHYfO np"5bIIlb.
HaKOHe'1, eCIl" '1eHS paBHa M"H"MaIlbHbIM CpeAH"M "3Aep>KKaM
(pHC. 6.6a), TO B 3TOM CIlY4ae He Ha6IlfOAaeTC" TeHAeH'1"" K "3MeHeHHfO
4"CIla CPYHK'1"OH"PYfOll1"X B OTpaCIl" CP"PM, AaHHa" KOHKypeHTHa" OTpaCIlb
H8XOAIr1TCH B COCTOHHL1H nOIlHOro ,QOIlrOCpOYHOro p8BHOBeCV1H, YCIlOB!.1e KO-
TOpOro MO>KHO 3an"CaTb CIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M:
MC = P = AC = LAC
C OAHO" CTOpOHbl, YCIlOB"e P = AC nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO cp"pMa AocmraeT
paBHOBeCHH npH p8BeHCTB8 u,eHbJ Ir1 MHHHM8IlbHblX CpeAHL-1X L-13Aep>K8K, TO
eCTb B npo!.13BOACTB8 L-1CnOIlb3YIOTCH H8\.160Il8e 3cpcp8KTHBHbl8 T8XHOIlOr!.1L1
C Ha"MeHbW"M pacXOAOBaH"eM pecypcoB. KpOMe TOro, YCIlOB"e AC = LAC
npeAycMaTp"BaeT, 4TO cp"pMa "MeeT onmMaIlbHble pa3Mepbl, KorAa KpaT-
KOCp04Hbie CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" paBHbl MHH"MaIlbHbIM Aonrocp04HbiM cpeA-
H"M "3Aep>KKaM.
C APYro" CTOpOHbl, YCIlOB"e P = MC nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO '1eHa KaK Mepa
npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" AaHHoro npOAYKTa paBHa npeAeIlbHblM H3Aep>KKaM
KaK Mepe aIlbTepHST"BHO" CTO"MOCT" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eAHH"'1bl npOAYKTa.
TaK"M 05pS30M, 3TO YCIlOB"e nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO OrpaH"4eHHble pecypCbl pac-
npeAeIleHbl B COOTBeTCTB"" C npeAn04TeH""MH nOTpe5"TeIle".
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nOKa3aTeIlb AIl" npO"3BOA"TeIl". 1>13IlHweK npoH3BoAHTeIlR - 3TO pa3H"-
'1a Me>KAY pbIH04HO" '1eHo" " npeAeIlbHblMH "3Aep>KKaM" BbrnycKaeMO
npoAYK'1"". npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" YKa3blBafOT Ha M"H"MaIlbHYfO '1eHY, np"
KOTOpO" cp"pMa COrnaC"IlaCb 5bl Bo051l1e npO"3BOA"Tb Ka>KAYfO AOnOIlH"-
TeIlbHYfO eA"H"'1Y npoAYK'1"" (cpaBH"Te C onpeAeIleH"eM "3Il"WKa nOTpe-
5"TeIl B rn. 5, 3 9). rpScp"4eCK" 3TOT "3Il"WeK MO>KeT 5blTb nOKa3aH B B"-
Ae nIlOll1SA" HaA KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH"", BnIlOTb AO Il"H"" pbIH04HO" '1eHbl
(Ha P"C. 6.10 3aWTp"XOBaHHa" 05IlacTb).
nOHHTL1H L-13IlIr1WKa nOTpe6L-1TeIls:l VI 1r13Illt1WKa np0!.13BOAL-1TeIlH MorYT 6blTb
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H"KHOBeH"fO Aecp"'1"Ta (0, - 0,), nOCKOIlb'Y np" CH">KeH"" '1eHbl BeIl"4"-
Ha cnpoca B03paCTaeT, HO npO"3BOA"TeIl" COKpall1afOT npO"3BOACTBO.
A YTO OT T8KOVI rocY,Q8pCTB8HHOVl nOIlL-1TL-1KIr1 BblV1rpblB8lOT L1IlH npoV1rpbl-
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WYfO '1eHY, n03TOMY "X nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"" "3Il"WeK B03pacTaeT Ha BeIl"4HHY,
paBHYfO nIlOll1aA" np"MoyroIlbH"Ka a. Ho B CB"3" C B03H"KW"M Aecp"'1"TOM
P"A nOTpe5"TeIle" He MO>KeT np"05peCT" He05xOA"Mbl" "M TOBap. nOTep"
"X nOTpe5"TeIlbCKoro "3Il"WKa nOKa3aHa TpeyroIlbH"KOM 6. TaK"M 05pa30M,
eCIl" cnpoc AOCTaT04HO 3IlaCT"4eH " nIlOll1aAb np"MoyroIlbH"Ka a 50Ilbwe
135
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HOM nep"OAe nOKa3aHO Ha P"c. 6.9.
MO>KHO CAeIlaTb BbIBOA, 4TO B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" B
Aonrocp04HOM nep"OAe AocmraeTcR 3KOHOM"4eCKa" 3cpcpeKT"BHOCTb KaK C
T04K" 3peH"" "cnOIlb30BaH"" OrpaH"4eHHblx pecypcoB B AaHHOM npo'1ecce
npO"3BOACTBa, TaK " C T04K" 3peH"" "X pacnpeAeIleH"" Me>KAY pa3Il"4Hbl-
M\.1 npoVl3Bo,QCTB8HHbIML1 npOl!8cc8MH.
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6 oon20cpO HOM nepuooe
134
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nIlOll1aA" TpeyroIlbH"Ka b, TO nOTpe5"TeIl" B pe3YIlbTaTe roCYAapCTBeHHOrO
KOHTPOIl" HaA '1eHSM" OKa3bIBafOTC" B Bbl"rpbIWe, paBHOM (a _ b).
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"36bITOK, paBHbl" nIlOll1aA" np"MoyroIlbH"Ka a. KpOMe TOro, B pe3YIlbTaTe
051l1ero COKpall1eH"" 06beMOB npO"3BOACTBa npO"3BOA"TeIl" AOnOIlH"TeIlb-
HO Tep"fOT 4acTb "35bITKa, paBHYfO TpeyroIlbHHKY c. TaK"M 05pa30M, 051l1"e
nOTep" npO"3BOA"TeIle" COCTaBIl"fOT (- a - cj.
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rHMH CIlOB8M!.1, nOT8pVl npOl.-13Bo,QVlT8Ilelll np8BblW81OT BblHrpbrw nOTpe6HTe-
Il8V1, VI CIl8,QOBaT8IlbHO, roCYAapCTB8HHblVl KOHTpOIlb H8A 8HaMH npVlBOAVIT
K YVlCTblM nOTepHM 6IlarococTOHHIt1H.
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nocnedcmeUR 2ocydapcmeeHHo2o KOHmponR Had qeHoii
136
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>KL-1BweIl1CH Ha pblHK8 U8He HBIlH8TCH B38!.1MOBblroAH0C1 AIlH npOA8Bl!OB \.1 no
,ynaTeIle". 111 Te, " APyr"e nOIlY4afOT B pe3YIlbTaTe 06MeHa onpeAeIl,,:HHbl"
Bbl"rpblW ("3Il"WeK). Ba>KHO, OAHaKO, nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO cOBoKynHbl" pa3:
Mep 3TOro BblV1rpblwa MaKCL-1M\.13HPY8TCH L-1MeHHO B YCIlOBHs:lX COBepW8HH0V1
KOHKypeH'1"". nf050e OTKIlOHeH"e aT KOHKypeHTHoro pSBHOBeC"" (B pe3YIlb-
TaTe BMewaTeIlbCTBa roCYAapCTBa "IlH KaK"X-Il"50 APyr"X np"4"H) np"BO-
A"T K nOTep"M 051l1eCTBeHHoro 5IlarococTO"H"R
OCHOBHble nOHRTHR:
HSHble Y13A8p)l{KY1
explicit cost
implicit cost
sunk cost
HeflBHbre !.13,Q8p>KKItl
HeB03SpaTHbJe V13,Qep)l{KVI
A.nbTepHaT\.1SHble Vl3Aep)l{KH
5yxramepCKa" np"6blnb
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HopMaflbHafl npH6blIlb
nOCTOflHHble Vl3,Qep)l{KVI
opportunity cost
accounting profit
economic profit
normal profit
fixed cost
variable cost
total cost
short run
nepeM8HHbie H3,Qep>KKVI
BanOBble (061l1"e) H3Aep>KKH
Kp8TKOCp04HblC1 neplllo,Q
,QOIlrocpo4HbrC1 nepVlo,Q
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KS83V1peHTa
npe,Q8IlbHbre 1t13,Qep>KKIII
BaIloBoa:1 ,QOXO,Q
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average cost
quasi-rent
marginal cost
total revenue
npeAenbHbl" AOXOA
P8BHoseCVle qH1pMbr
V13IlVlweK IJPOIll3BO,QVlTeIlfl
marginal revenue
firm equilibrium
producer's surplus
137
Inasa 7
rnaBa 7.
MEXAHIo13M PblHKA
HECOBEPWEHHO KOHKYPEHI..\Io1Io1
«KaK npupooa He npoeena
pe3Kux nUHUU Ha WK8ne epeMe.
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He C030ana pe3Koao pa3apaHu-
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HeCOBepweHHO KOHKypeH HH
npeACTaBIleHHa" B rn. 6 MOAeIlb pblHKa cOBepweHHO" KOH-
KypeH'1"" "CXOA"T "3 MHOr"x npeAnOCbIIlOK, KOTOpbl8 AaIleKO He BcerAa
peaIl"3YfOTC" Ha npaKT"Ke. 50Ilee aAeKBaTHO" peaIlbHOCT" "BmeTC" MOAeIlb
pblHKa HeCOB8pweHHO" KOHKypeH'1H", KOTOpyfO HaM" npeACTO"T On"CaTb B Ha-
CTO"ll1e" rnaBe. BbIAafOll1"HC" BKIlaA B aHaIl"3 pblHKa HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKY-
peH'1"" BHeCIl" TaK"8 3KOHOM"CTbl, KaK AHTyaH KYPHO, 3ABapA LJeM58pIl"H
A>KoaH P05HHCOH, A>KOH XHKC " APyr"e 3HaMeH"TbI8 Y4eHble. '
An" IlY4wero nOH"MaH"" MeXaH"3Ma pblHKa HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKY-
p eH '1H" Ba>KHO paCCMOTpeTb KIlaCC"cp"Ka'1"fO pblH04HbiX CTPYKTYP, Y>Ke yno-
M"HYTbIX B. rn. 5, S 6. np" 3TOM "CHee 6YAYT B"AHbl PS3Il"4" Me>KAY co-
BepWeHHO" " HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"e" (Ta5Il. 7.1). B Ka48CTBe np"-
3HaKoB, onpeAe.""fOll1"x CPOPMY pbIH04HO" CTpYKTypbl, Mbl paCCMOTp"M He-
CKOIlbKO Ba>KHeHW!.1X, 8 J..1MeHHO: KOIlHyeCTBo QJV1PM, BXO,QHLl.\HX B OTp8Cflb;
xapaKTep npO"3BOA"MO" npoAY K '1"", BXOAHble 6apbepbl np" BCTynIleH"" B
OTp8CIlb; CTeneHb KOHTpOIlH, L.1Il!.1 BIl8CTL.1 H8,Q Ll,eHOL4. -
K8K Y>Ke OTMe4aIlOCb B rn. 6, B pe8nbHolif AeVlCTBJ.1TeIlbHOCTL-1 He CYLl.\8-
cT yeT TOIlbKO COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" "Il" TonbKO 4"CTO" (a5COIlfOT-
HOL.1) MOHonOIlHH. Mbl Ha6JllOAaeM CMeW8HHe P83IlJ..1YHbIX 3Il8MeHTOB pac-
CMOTpeHHblX B ra5Il"'1e 7.1. pblH04HbiX CTPYKTYp.
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fOl11"X AocTyn HOBblM cp"pMaM Ha pbIHOK. Pe4b "A8T 0 np06IleMe BXOAHblX
5apbepoB, BnepBbl8 paccMoTpeHHo" B pa60Tax aMep"KaHcKoro 3KOHOM"CTa
A>KO 58"Ha. BXOAHOH 5apbep npH BCTynIl8HHH Ha pblHOK - 3TO YCIlOB"e
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lOT «CTap0>KL.1Ilbl» A8HHOVI OTp8CIlJ..1. K OCHOBHblM BL-1,Q8M BxoAHblX 68pbepOB
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138
MexaHU3M pblHK8 HecosepweHHoO KOHKYpeHLI,UU
Ta6JHu.\a 7.1
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pblHK8 QJI-1PM B npoAYKLlL1L1 6apbepbl H8A l.\eHoC1
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MOHOnOJH1T1 (oTpacDb npoAYKL\Y1T1,
npe,QCTasneHa He !I1MelOLl.\as:t
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KOfllo1l.1eCTBO C He3Ha4lo1TeflbHoC1
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KOHKypeHl\It1T1 C ,Q!I1cp-
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H8npHMep, n04TOB8H CIlY>K68, K86eIlbH08 T8Il8BHAeHV1e, Tp8HcnopTHble YC-
Ilyr"). MHOr"e "3 Ta'OrO POAS 5apbepOB TeCHO CB"3aHbl C Ae"TeIlbHocTbfO
eCTeCTBeHHblX MOHOnOIl"" (CM. S 4 HaCTO"ll1e" rnaBbl).
2. C05cTBeHHocTb Ha HeBOCnpO"3BOA"Mble " peAK"e pecypCbl. Hanp"-
Mep, npocpeCC"OHaIlbHbl" CnOpT"BHbl" KIly5 npen TcTByeT 06pa30BaHHfO
KOHKYP"PYfOll1"X C H"M KIly60B nYTeM 3SKIlf048H"" AOIlrOCp04HbiX KOHTpaK-
TOB C BbIAalOLl.\HMIt1Cs:I cnopTcMeHaMH.
3. ABTOpCK"e npaBa " nSTeHTb!. "'"pMa, 4b" Ae"T8IlbHOCTb 3all1"ll1eHa
naT8HTOM, 06n8A8eT L-1CKIlIOYJ.1TeIlbHbIM np8BoM Ha npOAa>KY IlHl!eH3HIIf, a
3TO AaeT e" MOHonOIlbHble npe"MY1l18CTBa. HepeAKo TaKo" T"n MOHOnOIl""
H83blB8eTCH 3aKpblToH MOHOnOl1l<1eH, B OTIlVlYlo1e OT OTKpblTOH MOHono-
l1HH, He !.1MelOLl.\eVl 38Ll.\HTbl OT KOHKypeHLI,HL-1 B BL-1Ae naTeHTOB, 8BTOpCKL-1X
npaB "Il" npe"MYll1eCTB eCTeCTBeHHO" MOHOnOIl"".
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3BOIl"fOll1"e CH">KaTb "3Aep>KK", Hapall1"Ba" 06beM BbrnycKa npoAYK'1"".' TaK,
Ha pblHOK SBTOM05"IleCTpOeH"" HeIl8rKO BO"T" HOBblM cp"pMaM, He 05IlaAafO-
Ll.\Ir1M 3HaYJ..1T8nbHbIML-1 KamnaIlaML-1 ,QIlH CO-
3AaH"" KpynHoMacwTa5Horo npO"3BOAcTBa.
5. BCTynIleH"fO B oTpacIlb MorYT npe-
nflTCTBOB8Tb L-1 HeIl8r8IlbHbl8 M8TOAbJ 60pb-
1 3cPQ:>eKT M8CWT86a no wo6-
HO paCCM8Tplt1B8eTCs:I B rfI. 10.
139
rnaea 7
6bl C HOBblMVI nOT8HL\lIIaIlbHbIM!.1 KOHKypeHTaMIII, BnnOTb,qO yrpo3bl cpVl3V14eC-
KOro YH"4TO>KeH"" (Macp"03Hble CTPYKTYPbl).
BXOAHble 68pbepbl nOMoralOT IlY4We nOHHTb, n04eMY TaK p83IlH4Ha KOH-
l!8HTP8l!J..1f1 pblHKa B p83IlH4HbiX Ccp8paX X03HVlCTB8HHOCi ,qeflTeIlbHOCTH, 8
TalOK8 npHYLilHbl OTKIlOH8HHs:I OT VlA88IlbH0C1 MO,qeIlIt1 COBepWeHHOH KOHKY-
peH'1"", rAe Ae"cTByeT MHO>KeCTBO aTOM"3"pOBaHHblx CP"PM.
Oc06eHHocH1 pblHKOB 4V1CTOVI MOHonoIlL.1L-1, oIlVIronom1H, 8 T810Ke MOHO-
nOIl"Cm4eCKO" KOHKypeH'1"" C A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"e" npOAYKTa 6YAYT pac-
CMOTpeHbl B CIleAYfOll1"X naparpacpsx ASHHO" rnaBbl.
2.
4HCTafl MOHonOflHfl
npVl aHaIllll3e MOHOnOIl!.1L-1 Ba)\{HO YYHTblB8Tb Heo,qH03Hal.J-
HOCTb caMoro TepMVlH8 «MOHonOIlHfI». npe>K,qe Bcero, HeIlb3H BbIBO,q!.1Tb
CYTb 3TOro HBIleHL-1H Vl3 3n1MOIlOn1J..1 CIlOB8 «MOHO» - O,qLilH, «nOIlHC» _ npo-
,qalO. B peaIlbHOC1 AeC1cTBHTeIlbHocTH npaKTL-1yeCKV1 HeB03MO>KHO HaC1TL-1 C!.1-
Tyal!VlIO, KorA8 H8 pblHKe AeillcTBoB8Il 6br o,qL-1H-e,qHHcTBeHHbIL4 npoVl3BoAH-
TeJlb TOBapOB, He VlMelOLl.\HX cy6cn1TYToB. A pa3 TaK, TO HeB03MO>KHO HaHTH
CP"PMY, Kp"Ba" cnpoca Ha npOAYK'1"fO KOTOpO" 6blIla 5bl a6COIlfOTHO He3Ila-
CT"4HO (P"c. 7.1).
H8 pt-1c. 7.1 m1HIIIH 0 nOK83bIB8eT, 4TO cnpoc 86cOIllOTHO He3Jl8Cn14eH:
npH IlI06blX L\eH8X, L-1 ,qa>Ke 04eHb BbICOKItfX, nOKyn8T8Ilb Bce p8SHO 6YAeT
np"06peTaTb TOBap B KOIl"4eCTBe Q,. Ho 4TO 3TO 3a TOBap? neKapCTBO aT
paKa? BaK'1"Ha npOT"B Cnll1Aa? B KOH'1e KOH'10B, nIlaTe>KeCnoc05Hbl"
cnpoc OrpaH"4eH (Hanp"Mep, ypOBHeM P3)' " CP"PMS He MO>KeT AB"rSTbC"
AO 5eCKOHe4HOCT" BBepx (nOBblwa" '1eHbl) no OC" OPA"HaT.
CIl8,qOB8TeIlbHO, B Vlcnonb30B8HIr1V1 TepMVlHa «MOHOnOl1HR», 8 TeM 60-
P
D
P, - - - -
P, - - - -
P, - - - -
0 Q, Q
PUC. 7.1.
A6conlOmHO He3nacmU Hblii cnpoc
U MOHononbHaR anacmb Had L(eHoii
140
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHoi1 KDHKypeHLI,UU
nee «4L-1CTaH MOHonOIlVlH» BcerAa npHCYTCTBY8T L-13BeCTHaH AOIlH ycnoBHoc-
TII1. H8 cIlyyaVlHO H8KOTOpbl8 3KOHOML-1CTbl CTp8MHTCH H8V1TIt1 3aM8HY 3TOMY
TepML-1HY: «H8COB8PW8HHbIL4 KOHKyp8HT», «4eHOHCKaTel1b» (price s88k8r).
B OTIlL-1YH8 OT Hera, cosepW8HHblL4 KOHKypeHT - 3TO «4eHOn0l1Y"laTel1b»
(price taker).
COBepWeHH8f1 KOHKypeH41t1H III YHCTaH MOHOnOflL-1H - 3TO T80peTHyeCKIr18
a5cTpaK'1"", KOTOpble Bblpa>KafOT ABe nOIl"pHble pblH04Hbie C"Tya'1"", ABa
IlOr"4eCK"X npeAeIla. 3T" MOAeIl" n03BOIl"fOT CCPOPMYIl"pOBaTb YCIlOB""
pa'1"OHaIlbHoro nOBeAeH"" "HA"B"AyaIlbHo" CP"PMbl, CTpeM"ll1e"C" K MaK-
CHML-13a4!.1H CBOeL4 npL-16bIIlt-1 B K8>KA0L4 L-13 3THX cIt1Tyau,HVI.
B YCIlOB\.1.RX "IHCTOH MOHOnOl1HH Mbl BCTp848eMCH C 8AIIIHCTBeHHbiM
npOAaB'10M TOBapa, He "MefOll1erO 5Il"3K"X Cy5CT"TYTOB (T. e. TOBapOB -
38MeHL-1T8IleVl). 06 YCIlOBHOCTH 3TOVI CV1TY8U,L-1L-1 CKa3aHO Bblwe. MOHOnOIlIr1CT-
npoA8Be4 BCTyn88T B pblH04Hbl8 OTHoweHHH TOIlbKO C nOKynaTeIlHML-1 8ra
npoAYK4111L-1. X8p8KT8p 3THX B38V1MooTHoweHVliII T8KOB: eCflL-1 MOHOnOIlL-1CT
CH">KaeT '1eHY, Y Hero 5YAYT nOKynaTb TOBapOB 60Ilbwe. Ha nepBbl" B3rIl"A,
yrB8P>KA8H1II8 0 CHH>K8H!.1!.1 MOHOnOflL-1CTOM u,eHbl H8 CBOIO npOAYK4!.11O MO>KeT
nOKa38TbCH CTp8HHbIM. B8Ab B 06blA8HHOM np8ACTaBIleHL-1V1 nOHHTHe MOHO-
nOIlL-1CT8 CBH3btBa8TCs:I C H8nOMepHO BbICOKV1MH l!8H8M!.1. .o.IlH TOro, YTo6bl
nOHRTb pblH04Hoe nOBeAeH"e CP"PMbl-MOHOnOIl"Cra, HY>KHO ell1e pa3 cpaB-
HHTb HeKOTopble Ba>KH8L4WH8 npVl3HaKL-1 COBepweHHOVl V1 H8COB8pWeHH0L4
KOHKypeH'1"".
nplll COBepW8HHOH KOHKyp8H4L-1L-1 CPlllpM8 He S COCTOHHl1J.1 nOBIlJ.1HTb Ha
pblH04HYfO '1eHY. LjeHa Ha npOAaBseMbl" TOBap A"KTyeTC" pbIHKOM, ccpop-
MHpOB8H8 «3a CnL-1HOIl1» np0!.13BOAL-1TeIlH TOBapOB, npeACT88T K8K 06beKTJ.1B-
HblC1, H83aBHCV1MbIVl OT BOIlH ItI C03HaHIt1H pblHOYHblL4 cpeHoM8H. BOT OTKYA8
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06beMa npO"3BOACTBa, np" KOTOpOM pa3H"'1a Me>KAY BSIlOBblM AOXOAOM "
B8IlOBbIML-1 Vl3Aep>KK8MVI 6blIl8 6bl M8KCIr1M8IlbHOCi.
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pa3Il"4afOTC", KaK nOKa3aHO B ra5n. 7.1, B 3aB"C"MOCT" aT cpOpMbl Heco-
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YCTaHaBIl"BaeT TaKa" ypOBeHb '1eHbl, np" KOTOpOM np"6blIlb 5blIla 6bl MaK-
C"MaIlbHO". np" 3TOM CPYHKL<UR cnpoca RBnRemCR 3aoaHHoii, T. e. npeAno-
Il8ra8TCH, YTO MOHonOIlVICT He B CL-1n8X 88 H3M8H!.1Tb. B8Ab, 8CJ1V1 BCnOMHL-1Tb
3aKOH cnpoca, CYTb ero TSKOBa: np" pOCTe '1eHbl BeIl"4"Ha cnpocs (np"
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3H8TeIlbHO nOBblW8Tb l\eHY, TO OH He B COCTOHHHH 8Ll.\e nplll 3TOM H YCTa-
H8BIlHB8Tb 06beM cnpOC8. III 8CIlL-1 MOHOnOIl\.1CT 3aXBaTIt1n BeCb pbIHOK, TO
141
rnaea 7
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npu coeepweHHou U HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHL4UU
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"H" Ha pblH04HYfO '1eHY. CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, Il"H"" cnpoca 0 Ha ee npOAYK-
4 1O rop 30HTaIlbH8. H8B03MO>KHOCTb BIl HTb H8 pblHOYHYIO l!8HY CBfl3aH8 C
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AeHHblX rpacp"KOB, CIleAYfOll1"": rop"30HTaIlbHOCTb Il"H"" cnpocs Ha TOBap,
npO"3BOA"Mbl" CP"PMO", xapaKTep"3yeT ee KaK COBepweHHoro KOHKypeHTa.
ECJl!.1 >K8 IlL-1HVlH cnpoca M88T OTpltlU,8T8IlbHbIVi H8KIlOH, TO Mbl ItIMe8M AeflO
C cpHpMOIII - «4eHoHCKaT8IleM».
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MV138l!It1H npV16blIlVl l.JIt1CTOVl MOHonom1eVl. npL-1 ee p8WeH L-1 MO>KHO BocnOIlb-
30BaTbCH ABYMH cnOC068M\.1:
1. MeToAoM cpaBHeH"" BaIloBoro AOXOAa (TR) " BaIlOBblX "3Aep>KeK (TC);
142
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHLjUU
Ta6IH1L1a 7.2
KOflH"IeCTSO Tosapos, ...eHa H SM,qbl ,qOXo,qos MOHOnOl1HCTa
1 2 3 4
KOIlIII'-IeCTBO WeHa, P BaI10BOLii npe,QeI1bHbILii
e,QIt1HIt1L1 TOBapa, Q AOXOA, TR ,QOXOA, MR
1 41 41 41
2 39 78 37
3 37 111 33
4 35 140 29
5 33 165 25
6 31 186 21
7 29 203 17
8 27 216 13
9 25 225 9
10 23 230 5
11 21 231 1
12 19 228 -3
2. MeToAoM cpaBHeH"" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa (MR) " npeAeIlbHblX "3-
Aep>KeK (MC).
KaK "3BeCTHO "3 rn. 6, BaIlOBO" AOXOA npeACTaBIl"eT c060" npO"3Be-
AeH"e p" Q, T. e. '1eHY eAHH"'1bl TOBapa, YMHO>KeHHYfO Ha KOIl"48CTBO 8A"-
H"'1 npoAaBaeMo" npoAYK'1H" (PQ). nOMH" 0 TOM, 4TO AIl" npOAS>K" Ka>K-
AO" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl npoAYK'1"" MOHOnOIl"CT AOIl>KeH nOH">KaTb
ee '1eHY, npeACTaB"M B B"Ae Ta5Il"'1bl A"HaM"KY '18Hbl, BSIlOBOro AOXOAS "
np8AeIlbHoro AoxoAa (Ta5Il. 7.2).
3H8YeH H KOIlOHKH 3 nOIlY481OTCH YMHO>KeHHeM COOTB8TCTBYIOLl.\V1X
3H8YeH!.1V1 KOIlOHKV1 1 Ha 3H848HL-1e KOIlOHKVI 2. KOIlOHKY 4 nOIlY4a8M !.13 KO-
IlOHKV1 3, Bbl4L-1Tas:l 1113 Ka)\{Aoro CIleAYIOLl.\ero 3H8Y8HII1s:1 BanoBoro Aoxo,qa
BeIl"4"HY, npeAweCTBYfOl11YfO e". Hanp"Mep, 78 - 41 = 37; 111 - 78 = 33;
140 - 111 = 29 " T. A.
KOIlOHK8 3 nOK83bJB8eT, YTO BaIloBoVi AOXOA p8cTeT, HeCMOTpH H8 nOHH-
>KeH"e '1eHbl, BnIlOTb AO npOAa>K" 11 eA"H"'1 TOBapa "AOCT"raeT np" 3TOM
MSKC"MYMa, T. e. 231 AOIlIl. MOHOnOIl"CT CHH>Ka8T '1eHY, HO 3aTO pacw"p"-
eT 06beM npOAa>K. Ho, Ha4"Ha" C 12-" eA"H"'1bl npoAYKTa, np" CH">K8H""
'1eHbl AO 19 AOIlIl. " AaIlee, BaIlOBO" AOXOA Ha4"HaeT YMeHbwaTbc". Te-
143
Inasa 7
TC,TR
TC
o
9 11
Puc. 7.3.
Q
Bano6ou iJoxoiJ U 6an06ble u3iJep>KKU MOHononucma
nepb npO"rpblW OT CHH>KeH"" '1eH Y>Ke He KOMneHC"PyeTC" Bbl"rpblWeM OT
paCW"peH"" npOAa>K: BaIlOBO" AOXOA nOCIleAOBaTeIlbHO COKpall1aeTC". rps-
cp"4eCK" A"HaM"Ka BaIlOBoro AOXOAa OTpa>KeHa Ha P"C. 7.3.
Kp"Ba" BaIloBoro AoxoAa CP"PMbl npH HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1""
""M88T «xoJlMo06pa3Hblllt» BHA.
Ha 3TOM >Ke rpacp"Ke "305pa>KeHS " Kp"Ba" BaIlOBblX "3Aep>KeK (TC),
KOTOpa" Y>Ke "3BeCTHa "3 rn. 6. MaKC"MYM 061l1e" np"6bIIl" 5YAeT np" Ta-
KOM 05beMe BblnycKa, KorAa pa3H"'1S Me>KAY TR " TC MaKC"MSIlbHa. 3TO
B"AHO "3 rpacp"Ka Ha P"c. 7.3: MaKC"MaIlbHOe paCCTO"H"e Me>KAY TR H TC
6YAeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb paCCTO"H"fO Me>KAY T04KSM" A " 8, T. e. KorAa npo-
"3BeAeHO 9 eA. npoAYK'1"". He HY>KHO CMeWHBSTb MSKCHMYM BSIlOBoro
AOXOAS H MaKcHMYM o51l1eii np"5bIIlH: np" BbrnycKe 11 eA. AOCT"raeTC"
Ha"50IlbW"" 06beM TR, HO MaKcHMYM np"6bIIl" 5YAeT AocT"rHYT np" 9 eA.
npoAYK'1"".
AnbTepHaT"BHbl" cnoc05 onpeAeIleH"" MaKC"MYMa np"5bln" Tpe5yeT
COnOCTaBIleH"" npeAeIlbHoro AoxoAa (MR) " npeAeIlbHblX H3Aep>KeK (MC).
Ell1e pa3 HanOMH"M, 4TO B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHoii KOHKypeH'1"" '1eHa AIl"
oTAeIlbHoH CPV1PMbl HBIlHeTCH Bel1L-14t.-1H0L4 nocToHHHOVl 14 38A8HHOIII pbIHKOM.
Ho KaKOB np" 3TOM npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA?
npeAeIlbHblii AOXOA - 3TO AonoIlHHTBIlbHblii AOXOA OT npOAa>KH AO-
nOIlHHTBIlbHOii eAHHHLlbl TOBSpS. OH onpeAeIl"eTc" KaK pa3H"'1S Me>KAY
TRo" TRo_, (CM. Ta5Il. 7.2, KOIlOHKa 4), T. e. MR = TRo- TRo_,'
ECIlH cp"pMa - cOBepweHHbl" KOHKypeHT, "Il" «'1eHonOIlY4aTeIlb», TO
aHa 5YAeT npOASBaTb Ka>KAYfO AOnOIlH"TeIlbHYfO eA"H"'1Y TOBapa no OAHO"
H TO" >Ke He"3MeHHO" '1eHe. Hanp"Mep, 1 eA. npoAaeTc" no '1eHe 41 AOIlIl.,
2 eA. no TO" >Ke '1eHe np"HecYT BaIlOBO" AOXOA 82 AOIlIl. (41 x 2). npeAeIlb-
Hbl" AOXOA (MR) np" npOAa>Ke 2 eA"H"'1 COCTaB"T 82 AOIlIl. - 41 AOIlIl. =
41 AonIl. np" npOAa>Ke 3-x eA"H"'1 no '1eHe 41 AOIlIl. BaIlOBO" AOXOA co-
CTaB"T 123 AOIlIl. (41 x 3), cIleAoBaTeIlbHo, MR COCTaB"T BHOBb 41 AOIlIl.,
Ta, KaK 123 AOIlIl. - 82 AOIlIl. = 41 AOIlIl. TaK"M 05pa30M, MO>KHO CAeIlaTb
144
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecoeepweHHoiJ KOHKypeHl../,uu
D,MR
Q
Puc. 7.4.
Cnpoc u npeiJenbHblu iJoxoiJ MOHononucma
i
t
BbIBOA: B YCIlOB""X COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA paBeH
'1eHe TOBapa, T. e. MR = P.
KaKoB >Ke 5YAeT MR np" HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1""?
1I1305pS3"M rpacp"4eCK" (CM. P"c. 7.4) A"HSM"KY npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa
" cnpoca B YCIlOB""X HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" (Ha OC" OPA"HaT - npe-
AeIlbHblii AOXOA " '1eHa, Ha OCH a6c'1"cc - KOIl"4eCTBO npOAYK'1"").
1113 rpacp"Ka Ha P"c. 7.4 B"AHO, 4TO MR CH">KaeTC" 5blcTpee, 4eM cnpoc
D. B YCIlOBH"X HecoBepwBHHoii KOHKypeHLlHH npeABIlbHblii AOXOA
MeHbWB LleHbl (MR < P). BeAb AIl" TOro, 4T06bl npoAaTb AOnOIlH"TeIlbHYfO
eA"H"'1Y npoAYK'1"", HecoBepweHHbl" KOHKypeHT CH">KaeT '1eHY. 3TO nOH"-
>KeH"e AaeT eMY HeK"" Bbl"rpblW ("3 Ta6Il. 7.2 B"AHO, 4TO BaIloBo" AOXOA
YBeIl"4"BaeTc,,), HO oAHoBpeMeHHo np"HOC"T " onpeAeIleHHble nOTep". 4TO
3TO 3a nOTep"? AeIlO B TOM, 4TO, npOAaB, Hanp"Mep, 3-fO eA"H"'1Y 3a 37
AonIl., npou3Booumenb CHU3un meM caMblM U L<eflY KaJKooii U3 npeobloyU{UX
eOUHUL< npooYKL<UU (a Ka>KAa" "3 H"X npOAaBaIlaCb no 39 AOIlIl.). CIleAoBa-
TeIlbHO, T8nepb Bce nOKyn8TeIllr1 nnaTHT 60Ilee HH3KYlO l!eHY. Y6blTOK H8
npeAwecTBYfOl11"X eA"H"'1aX 5YAeT paBeH 4 AOIlIl. (2 AOIlIl. x 2). 3TOT y5bl-
TOK It! BbIYL-1T88TCH H3 L\eHbl B 37 AOIlIl. Ir1 nOIlYY8eTCH npeAeJlbHbl1it AOXOA _
33 AOIlIl.
B3a"MOCB"3b P"C. 7.3 " 7.4 3SKIlf04aeTC" B cIleAYfOll1eM: nOCIle TOro,
K8K B8IlOB0L4 goxoA gocTHr8eT cBoero MaKcHMYMa, npeAeIlbHblL4 goxoA CT8-
HOBIt1TCH OTp!.1l!aTeIlbHoVl BeIlL-1YVlHOL4. 3T8 38KoHoMepHocTb nOMO}f{8T H8M
BnocIl8ACTBVI!.1 nOHHTb, Ha K8KOM yyaCTK8 KpL-1BOVl cnpoc8 MOHOnOJ1V1CT YCT8-
HaBIl"BSeT '1eHY, MaKC"M"3"PYfOll1YfO np"6bIIlb. 05paT"Te BH"MaHHe " Ha
TO, 4TO B cIlY4ae Il"He"HO" KP"BO" cnpoca 0 rpacp"K MR nepeceKaeT OCb
a6c'1"CC pOBHO noCepeA"He paCCTO"H"" Me>KAY HYIleM " BeIl"4"HO" cnpo-
ca np" HYIleBo" '1eHe.
06PST"MC" BHOBb K "3Aep>KKaM CP"PMbl. 1I13BecTHo, 4TO CpeAH"e "3Aep-
>KK" (AC) "MefOT BHa4aIle, KorAa KOn"4eCTBO eA"H"'1 npoAYK'1"" YBeIl"4H-
145
10 Kypc 3KOHoM 4ecKo Teop 101
rnasa 7
BaSTCH, TSHA8Hl!HIO K YM8HbW8HL-1IO. OAH8KO BnOCIle,QCTBHL-1, KorAa ,QOCTHr8-
eTC" " npeBOCXOA"TC" HeKOTopbl" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa, CpeAH"e "3Aep>K-
K" HSY"HSfOT paCT". A"HaM"Ka CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK, KaK HaM "3BeCTHO, "Me-
eT B"A U-05pa3HO" KP"BO" (CM. rn. 6, S 1). 1I1305pa3"M Ha a5cTpaKTHoM
'1"CPPOBOM np"Mepe A"HaM"KY CpeAH"X, 051l1"x (BaIloBblx) " npeAeIlbHblx
"3Aep>KeK CP"pMbl-HecoBepweHHoro KOHKypeHTa. Ho BHa4aIle ell1e pa3 Ha-
nOMH"M cIleAYfOll1"e 0503Ha4eH"R:
TC = Q x AC, (1)
T. e. B8JlOBbl8 H3,Qep>KKV1 pasHbl npoV13Be,Q8H!.11O KOIlV1yeCTBa TOB8pa L-1
CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK;
MC = TC o - TC H , (2)
T. e. npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" paBHbl pa3HOCT" Me>KAY BaIlOBbIM" "3Aep-
>KKaM" n eA"H"'1 TOBapa " BaIlOBbIM" "3,Qep>KKaM" n -1 eA"H"'1 TOBspa;
TR=QxP,
(3)
T. e. BaIlOBO" AOXOA paBeH npO"3BeAeH"fO KOIl"4eCTBa TOBapa Ha ero '1eHY;
(4)
MR = TRo - TRH'
T. e. npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA paBeH pa3Hocm Me>KAY BaIlOBblM AOXOAOM OT
npOAa>K" n eA"H"'1 TOBaps " BaIlOBblM AOXOAOM OT npOAa>K" n -1 eA"H"'1
TOBapa.
KOIlOHK" 2, 3, 4 (Ta6Il. 7.3) xapaKTep"3YfOT YCIlOB"" npO"3BOACTBa CP"P-
Mbl-MOHOnOIl"CTS, a KOIlOHK" 5, 6, 7 - YCIlOB"R npOAa>K".
Ell1e pa3 BepHeMC" K nOH"T"fO cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" " paBHo-
BeC"fO CP"PMbl B 3T"X YCIlOB""X. KaK "3BeCTHO, paBHOBeC"e HacTynaeT
TorAa, KorAa MC = P, a '1eHa B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" COBna-
AaeT C npeAeIlbHblM AOXOAOM, cIleAoBsTeIlbHo, MO>KHO 3an"CaTb; MC
= MR = P. AOCT">KeH"e CP"PMO" nOIlHoro paBHOBeC"" Tpe6yeT BbrnOIl-
HeH"" ABYX YCIlOB"";
1. npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA AOIl>KeH paBH"TbC" npeAeIlbHblM "3Aep>KKaM;
2. l.\eHa AOIl>KHa paBH"TbC" CpeAH"M "3Aep>KKaM. ' A 3TO 3Ha4"T:
MC = MR = P = AC (5)
nOBeAeH"e Ha pblHKe CP"PMbl-MoHono-
IlItICT8 6YA8T T04HO T8K )\{e onp8,Q8JlHTbCH
A"HaM"Koi1 npeAeIlbHoro AoxoAa (MR) "
npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK (MC). n04eMY? no-
TOMY, 4TO KaJK08R oononHumenbHaR eouHu-
L<a npooYKL<UU 006aenRem HeKYKJ eenu4uHY
K eanoeoMY ooxooY U oOHoepeMeHHo -
146
1 El..L\e pa3 He06xo,QJ.1MO OTMe-
TJ.1Tb, '"ITa a nOHSHlo1e cpe,QHII1X 1113-
Aep}f(eK BKf1I04aeTC J.1 HOpMaJlb-
HblC1 ypoaeHb npJ.16blJlI-1 (P06Io1HCOH
,Q}f(. 3KOHOMIo14eCKas:i TeOpJ.151 Heco-
aepweHHOC1 KOHKypeHlJ,J.1I-1. M.,
1986. C. 142-143).
M exaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHLjUU
Ta6n" a 7.3
KOl1 '"IeCTBO TOBapoB, BHAbl H3,Qep>KeK, 4eHa H BIII,Qbl ,QOXO,QOB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q AC TC MC P TR MR
KOI1 80 Cp8AHIo18 BaJlOBble np8A8IlbHbie lJ,eHa BaIlOBO np8AeflbHbl
np01013se- 1013Aep>KKIo1 1013Aep>KKIo1 1t!3,Qep>KKIo1 ,QOXO"q "qOXOA
.Q8HHbIX
eAIo1HII1U
Tosapa
1 24 24 24 41 41 41
2 21,75 43,5 19,5 39 78 37
3 19,75 59,25 15,75 37 111 33
4 16 72 12,75 35 140 29
5 16,5 82,5 10,5 33 165 25
6 15,25 91,5 9 31 166 21
7 14,25 99,75 8,25 29 203 17
8 13,5 108 8,25 27 216 13
9 13 117 9 25 225 9
10 12,75 127,5 10,5 23 230 5
11 12,75 140,25 12,75 21 231 1
12 13 156 16,25 19 228 -3
13 13,5 175,5 19,5 17 221 -7
14 14,25 199,5 24 15 210 -11
15 15,25 228,25 29,25 13 195 -15
16 16,5 264 36,75 11 176 -19
17 18 306 42 9 153 -23
K eanOeblM U30epJKKaM. 3T" HeK"e BeIl"4"Hbl - npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA " npe-
AeIlbHble H3Aep>KKH. "'"pMa AOIl>KHa Bce BpeM" COnOCTaBIlRTb 3T" ABe Be-
Il"4"Hbl. nOKa pa3HOCTb Me>KAY MR " MC nOIlO>K"TeIlbHa, CP"PMS pacw"p"-
eT CBoe npO"3BOACTBO. MO>KHO npOBeCT" TaKYfO aHaIlOr"fO: KaK pa3HOCTb no-
T8HLlL-18JlOB 06eCn84L-1B88T ABL-1>KeHL-18 3Il8KTPL-1Y8CKOro TOK8, T8K L-1 nOIlO>KH-
TeIlbHa" pa3HOCTb MR " MC 05eCne4"BaeT paCW"peH"e CP"PMO" 05beMa
npO"3BOAcTBa. KarAS >Ke MR = MC, HacTynaeT <<nOKO"», paBHOBeC"e CP"P-
Mbl. Ho K8K8H npH 3TOM YCT8HOBVITCH l!8H8 B YCIlOBV1HX HecoBepw8HHo KOH-
147
10-
Inasa 7
KypeH'1"H? KaKOBbl np" 3TOM 5YAYT CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" (AG)? 5YAeT Il" CO-
6IlfOAaTbC" cpOpMYIla MG = MR = P = AG?
05paT"MC" K Ta6Il. 7.3. MOHOnOIl"CT, KOHe4HO, CTpeM"TC" YCTaHOB"Tb
BbICOK"e '1eHbl Ha eA"H"'1Y npoAYK'1"". OAHaKo, eCIl" OH YCTaHOB"T '1eHY
41 AOIlIl., TO npOAaCT Il"Wb eA"H"'1Y TOBapa, " era BaIlOBO" AOXOA cocTa-
B"T Il"Wb 41 AOIlIl., a np"5blIlb (41 - 24) = 17 AOIlIl. npH5blIlb - 3TO pa3-
HH4a Me>KAY BSIlOBblM AOXOAOM H BaIlOBblMH H3Aep>KKSMH. npeAnoIlo-
>KHM, 4TO MOHonom.1CT nOCTen8HHO CHIt1>KaeT Ll8HY V1 YCT8H8BIlVlBaeT ee H8
ypoBHe B 35 AOIlIl. TorAa OH MO>KeT C5b1Tb, KOHe4Ho, 50Ilee 1 eA"H"'1bl TO-
Bapa, Hanp"Mep, 4 eAHH"'1bl, HO 3TO TO>Ke He3Ha4"TeIlbHbl" 05beM npOAa>K.
npH 3TOM ero BaIloBo" AOXOA 5YAeT paBeH 140 AOIlIl. (35 x 4), a np"6blIlb
(140 - 72) = 68 AOIlIl. CIleAY" KP"BO" cnpoca, MOHOnOIl"CT, CH">Ka" '1 eH Y,
MO>KeT YBeIl"4"Tb 05beM npoAS>K. Hanp"Mep, np" '1eHe 33 AOIlIl. OH npo-
AaCT Y>Ke 5 eA"H"'1. 111 XOT" np" 3TOM 5YAeT YMeHbwaTbc" np"5blIlb Ha eA"-
H"'1Y TOBspa, 051l1a" BeIl"4"Ha np"5bIIl" 5YAeT B03pacTaTb. Ao KaKOro >Ke
npeAeIls MOHOnOIl"CT 5YAeT nOH">KaTb '1eHY, cTpeM"cb YBeIl"4"Tb CBOfO
np"5bIIlb? 04eB"AHO, AO TOro MOMeHTa, KorAa npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA (MR)
5YAeT paBeH npeAeIlbHblM H3Aep>KKaM (MG), B AaHHOM cIlY4ae np" npoAa-
>Ke 9 eA"H"'1 TOBapa.
II1MeHHo B 3TOM cIlY4ae 05beM np"5bIIl" 6YAeT MaKcHMaIlbHbIM, T. e.
(225 - 117) = 108 AOIlIl. Ecn" npoAaBe'1 nOH"3"T '1eHY AaIlee, Hanp"-
Mep, AO 23 AOIlIl., TO pe3YIlbTaT 6YAeT TaKOB: npOAaB 10 eA"H"'1 TOBapa,
MOHOnOIl"CT nOIlY4HIl 6bl npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA 5 AOIln., a npeAeIlbHble "3-
Aep>KK" np" 3TOM COCTaB"Il" 5bl 10,5 AonIl. CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, npOAa>Ka 10
eA"H"'1 TOBapa no '1eHe 23 AOIlIl. np"BeIla 5bl K YMeHbweHHfO np"6bIIl" MO-
HOnOIl"CTS (230 - 127,5) = 102,5.
BepHeMc" K P"C. 7.3. MaKC"ManbHbl" pa3Mep np"5bIIl" Mbl onpeAeIl"-
8M He «H8 rn830K», npI.1KV1AbIB8H, npYl K8KOM 06b8Me npOAa>K pa3HL-1l!a Me>K-
AY BaIlOBblM AOXOAOM " BaIlOBbIM" "3Aep>KKaM" MaKC"MaIlbHa. npeoenb-
Hblii ooxoo U npeoenbHble U30ep)J(KU onpeOeIlf1l0m HaKnOH KpueblX eanoeo-
eo ooxooa U eanoeblX U30ep)J(eK e IlI060ii ux m04Ke. npoBeAeM KacaTeIlb-
Hble K T04KaM A " B. II1x OA"HaKOBbl" HaKIlOH 03Ha4aeT, 4TO MR = MG.
II1MeHHo B 3TOM cIlY4ae np"6blIlb MOHOnOIl"" 6YAeT MaKC"MaIlbHS.
B YCIlOB""X HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" paBHOBeC"e CP"PMbl (T. e. pa-
BeHCTBO npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK " npeAeIlbHoro AoxoAa, "Il" MG = MR) AO-
CT"raeTCR np" TaKOM 05beMe npO"3BOACTBa, KorAa cpeoHue U30ep)J(KU He
Oocmue8/om ceoeeo MUHUMYMa. L1eHa np" 3TOM Bblwe CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK.
np" COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" c05IlfOAaeTC" paBeHCTBO MC = MR = P =
AG. np" HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKyp eH '1""
(MG = MR) < AG < P
(6)
MOHOnOIl"CT, CTpeM"ll1""C" MaKC"M"3"pOBaTb np"5bIIlb, BcerAa Ae,,-
cTByeT Ha 3JlaCT\.14HOM YY8CTKe KpL-1BOVl cnpOC8, nOCKOIlbKY TOIlbKO npH KO-
148
M eX8HU3M pblHK8 HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHLJ,UU
p
o Q, Q
7 5 PasHoaecue MOHononuu B HpamHOCpO'lHOM nepuooe
PUG. ..
3CPCP"'1"eHTe 3IlaCT"4HOCT", 60IlbweM eA"H"'1bl (EDP > 1), npeAeIlbHbl" AO-
XOA nOJlO>Kln8IleH. Ha 3nacmU4HOM Y48cmKe KPUSOU cnpoca CHWKeHue
u,eHbl o6ecne4u8aem MOHononucmy yeenu4eHue S8nosozo aoxoaa. BHOBb
oopamMc" K B3a"MOCB"3" P"C. 7.3 " 7.4. np" Eo" = 1, npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA
HYIleBo", a np" Eo" < 1, npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA np"06peTaeT OTp"'1aTeIlbHoe
3Ha4eH"e (CM. rn. 5, 9 8).
II1TaK, MaKC"MYM np"6bIIl" MO>KHO onpeAeIl"Tb, CpaBH"Ba" TR " TG
npH pa3Il"4Hb1X 06beMax BblnYCKa npOAYK'1"": TOT >Ke pe3YIlbTaT nOIlY4"T-
CR, eCIl" CpaBH"BaTb MR " MG. Apyr"MH CIlOBaM", MaKC"MYM PS3Il"4""
Me>KAY TR " TG (MS'CHMYM np"6bIIl") 5YAeT Ha5IlfOAaTbc" np" paBeHcTBe
MR " MG. 05a MeTOAa onpeAeIleH"" MaKC"MYMa np"5bIIl" paBHO'1eHHbl "
A8toT OAVlH8KOBblL4 pe3YJlbT8T.
Ha P"C. 7.5 B"AHO, 4TO nOIlO>KeH"e paBHOBeC"" CP"PMbl onpeAeIl"eTC"
T04KO" E (T04KO" nepeCe4eH"" MG " MR), aT KOTOpO" npOBOA"M BepT"KaIlb
AO KP"BO" cnpoca D. TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl Y3HseM '1eHY, 05eCne4"BafOll1YfO
Ha"50IlbwyfO np"6bIIlb. 3Ta '1eHS YCTaHOB"TC" Ha ypOBHe E , . 3areHeHHbl"
npfiMoyroIlbHL-1K nOKa3blBaeT BeIlIt1Y\.1HY MOHonOIlbHOVl np!.16bIIlH.
B YCIlOB""X COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" cp"pMa paCW"pReT CBoe npo-
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BnIlOTb AO MOMeHTa pSBeHCTBa MG " MR. MOHOnOIl"CT PYKOBoAcTByeTC"
TeM >Ke npasHIloM - OH conOCT8BIlHeT AOnOIlHIt1T8IlbHbl8 38TP8Tbi 14 AOnOll-
HHTeIlbHbl" AOXOA, np"H"Ma" peWeH"e 0 paCW"peH"", np"OCTaHOBKe "Il"
COKpall1eH"" npO"3BOACTBS, T. e. CpaBH"BaeT CBO" MC " MR. 111 OH pacw"-
P"eT npO"3BOACTBO BnIlOTb AO MOMeHTa paBeHcTBa MG " MR. Ho 05beM
npO"3BOACTBa np" 3TOM 6YAeT MeHbW"M, 4eM OH 5blIl 5bl np" cOBepweH-
HO KOHKypeH'1"", T. e. Q, < Q,. np" cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" "MeHHO B
T04Ke E, npo"CXOA"T COBnaAeHHe npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK (MG), M"H"MaIlb-
149
Inasa 7
HOro 3Ha4eH"" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (A C) " ypOBH" npOAa>KHO" '1eHbl (P).
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HononbHOH npH6blIlIt1.
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aIlbTpY"3MOM. B 3TO" T04Ke MC = AC = P. Ho np" 3TOM MC > MR. Pa'1"O-
H8IlbHO AeHCTBYIOW,8H qmpM8 OTHIOAb He C04T8T HOpM8IlbHbiM TaKoe nOIlO-
>KeH"e, KarAS paCW"peH"e npO"3BOACTBa BO "M" <<o51l1eCTBeHHbIX "HTepe-
COB» 5YAeT conpoBO>KAaTbc" AIl" Hee 50IlbW"M" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHbIM" 3aTpa-
T8MH, Y8M AOnOIlHIr1TeIlbHblM AOXOAOM.
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W"X "3Aep>KKaX Ha eA"H"'1Y npoAYK'1"". np" YBeIl"4eH"H BbrnycKa C Q, AO
Q2 CpeAH"e "3,Qep>KK" YMeHbW"Il"Cb 5bl, HO TOrAa AIlR C6blTa AOnOIlH"TeIlb-
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>KK" no CT"MYIlHpOBaH"fO npOAa>K (a 3TO CB"3SHO C pOCTOM "3Aep>KeK C5bl-
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«It1CnOpTL-1Tb» caOH pblHOK nOH\.1>KeHL-1eM l!8H. ,QIlH M8KCV1ML-138L1HH npH6blIllr1
cp"pMa c03AaeT onpeAeIleHHbl" oecpUL<um, KOTOpbl" " 05YCIlOBIl"BaeT '1eHY,
npeBblWSfOll1YfO npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK". Aecp"'1"T 03Ha4aeT OrpaH"4eH"e
(MeHbW"" 05beM npeAIlO>KeH"") B YCIlOB""X HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1""
no cpaBHeH"fO C TeM era 06beMOM, KOTOpbl" 5blIl 5bl B YCIlOB""X COBepweH-
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Ho HaCKOIlbKO YCTO"4"BO 3TO npeBblWeH"e HaA HopMaIlbHo" np"5bl-
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COKH, TO MOHonOIlbHa" npH6blIlb npH05peTaeT YCTO"4HBbICi xspSKTep.
B Aonrocp04HOM nep"OAe Ilf05a" MOHOnOIl"" "BIl eTC" OTKpbITO", n03TOMY
B AI1\.1TeIlbHOM epeMeHHOM nepHO,Qe AeVlcTByeT T8H,QeHLllllfi K L-1Cye3HOBeHIt1IO
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TeIle". rpacp"4eCKH 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO Kp"Ba" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK AC 5YAeT
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CTpYKType, Ha3b1BaeMO" MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCKO" KOHKypeH'1"e" (CM. AaIlee
p"c.7.14).
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L = P- MC
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150
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHOu KOHKypeHLjUU
4eM 50Ilbwe pa3pblB Me>KAY P " MC, TeM 50Ilbwe CTeneHb MOHonOIlb-
HO" BIlaCT". BeIl"4"Ha L HaXOA"TC" B "HTepBaIle Me>KAY 0 " 1. np" cOBep-
weHHo" KOHKypeH'1"", KorAa P = MC, "HAeKC nepHepa, eCTeCTBeHHO, 5y-
AeT paBeH O.
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nOIlbHa" np"5bIIlb.
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cmpeMneHUU MOHononucma npucsoumb ce6e U3fluweK nompe6umenfl \.1
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KO" CTeneH" 3TO eMY YAaeTC , '1eHOBa" A"CKp"M"Ha'1"R nOApa3AeIlReTC"
Ha TP" B"Aa: A"CKp"M"Ha'1"" nepBO", BTOpO" H TpeTbe" CTeneH". PaCCMOT-
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np" LIe HOBO" AHCKpHMHHa'1HH nepBoii cTeneHH, HIlH COBepweHHO"
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Ka>KAOMY nOKynaTeIlfO no ero pe3epBHpOBaHHoii '1eHe, T. e. TO" MaKC"-
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H"'1Y TOBapa. 3TO 03Ha4seT, 4TO BeCb "3Il"-
weK nOTpe5"TeIl" np"CBS"BaeTC MOHono-
Il"CTOM, a Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHoro AoxOAa CO-
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HO". np" npoBeAeH"" '1eHOBo" A"CKp"M"Ha'1"" nepBO" CTeneH" MOHono-
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TO >Ke caMoe KacaeTC" " BTOpO" (npOAaeTC" 0, no '1eHe P,), " nocIleAYfO-
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8TCH» M KCV1MYM TOro, YTO OH roTOB 3anIl8THTb. Tor,q8 KPHB8H MR cOBnaA8T
C KP"BO" cnpoca 0, a 05beM npOAa>K, MaKC"MH3"PYfOll1"" np"5bIIlb, COOT-
BeTCTByeT T04Ke 0" T. K. "MeHHo B T04Ke E Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK
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nOnL-1CT8.
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H"'1bl npoAYK "H B Ka>KAOM cIlY4ae 5YAeT paBeH ee '1eHe, KaK " B YCIlOB""X
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TeT Ha BeIl"4"HY, paBHYfO "3IlHWKY nOTpe5"TeIl" (3aTeHeHHa" 05IlaCTb).
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,qaHHoro TOBapa. MO>KHO cKa38Tb, YTO cOBepweHHaH Ll,eHOBaH AHCKpL-1MV1H8-
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xopowo 3H8H nJl8Te>K8CnOc06HOCTb CB08L4 KIlV18HTypbr, MO>KeT H83HaYV1Tb
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CYMM8, KOTOPYIO roTOB 38nIl8TJ.1Tb KIl!.18HT.
LleHoBS" AHCKpHMHHSLlHR BTOpO" CTeneHH - 3TO '1eHOBa" nOIl"T"KS
CYTb KOTOpOVl 38KIllOY88TCR B YCT8HOBIl8HV1V1 p83IlV14Hb1X l!8H B 3aBHCL-1MOCT
OT KOIl"4eCTBa nOKynaeMoii npoAYK'1"". np" nOKynKe 50Ilbwero KOIl"4eCTBa
TOBapoB nOTpe5"TeIlfO YCTaHaBIl"BafOT 60Ilee H"3KYfO '1eHY 3a Ka>KAbl" 3K-
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152
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHLjUU
QJbl H8 np083A B MeTpo B 38BL-1CHMOCTL-1 OT KOIlHyeCTB8 n083AOK. MO)\{HO CK8-
3aTb, YTO MeTponOIlHT8H ocy ecTBIlH8T nOIllt1TV1KY l..\8HOB0C1 ,QHCKpVlML-1H8U,V1V1
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po" CTeneH" BblcTynaeT B B"Ae P83Il"4HbIX '1eHOBblX CK"AOK (A"CKOHTOB).
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3IlaCT"4HOCTbfO cnpoca no '1eHe. 3AeCb npO"CXOAHT He pa3AeIleH"e '1eH
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pbfHK8, T. 8. p83A8IleHL-1e nOKyn8Ten8V1 Ha rpynnbl B 38BIt1CL-1MOCTH OT L-1X no-
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poro,,» " «AeweBbl"» PbIHK".
Ha «AOpOroM» pblHKe cnpoc HL-13K03Il8CTlt1yeH, l.JTO n03BonH8T MOHono-
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COK03Jl8CTIt14eH, 4TO AaeT B03MO)\{HOCTb YB8IlL-1'-1L-1Tb 06 ylO BblPY4KY 38 CyeT
npOAa>K" 50Ilbwero KOIl"4eCTBa npoAYK'1"" no 60Ilee H"3K"M '1eHaM (CM.
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np"BeAeM KOHKpeTHbl" np"Mep AOCTaT04HO HSAe>KHoro pa3AeIleH"" pblHKa:
B MY38e L-1306p83HT8IlbHb1X !.1CKYCCTB 6V1J18Tbl AJ1s:t WKOIlbH\.1KOB L-1 CTYA8HTOB
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«ABeHaA'1aTb cTynbeB», KorAa OCTan 5eHAep TOproBaIl 6"neTaM" C B"AOM
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MC OA"HaKOBbl np" npOAa>Ke npoAYK'1"" no pa3HbiM '1eHaM. nepeCe4eH"e
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A"ll1ero '1eHOBYfO A"CKp"M"Ha'1"fO (CIlY4a" B).
TaK"M 05pa30M, A"CKP"M"H"PYfOl11"" MOHOnOIl"CT AOIl>KeH YMeTb HS-
Ae>KHO pa3AeIl"Tb CBO" pbIHOK, Op"eHT"PY"Cb Ha pa3HYfO 3IlaCT"4HOCTb
cnpoca no '1eHe Y pa3HbiX nOTpe5"TeIle".
4.
nOTeplit OT HeCOBepweHHolii KOHKypeHLllit1it
MOAeIlb pblHKS COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" npeAnOIlaraeT
Ha"50Ilee pa'1"OHaIlbHoe "CnOIlb30BaH"e Bcex pecypCOB 051l1eCTBa, M"H"-
M"3S'1"fO 3aTpST Ha npO"3BOACTBO npOAYK'1"". PblHOK HeCOBepweHHO" KOH-
KypeHu,L-1H, no CYTVI, npeAnOIl8raeT OTKIlOH8HH8 OT COCTOHHIIIH p8BHOBeCl.1s:1,
CflO>KHBwerocH B YCflOBVlHX COBepweHHOVi KOHKYP8HlJ,HH. Cfl8AOB8TeflbHO,
051l1eCTBO HeceT onpeAeIleHHble nOTep" B CB"3" C MOHOnOIl"3a'1"e" (CTe-
n8Hb 8e MO)f(eT 6bJTb 60IlbWeL4 V1IlL-1 MeHbWeJII) X03HVlCTB8HHOJII )f(Vl3HIII.
B KOH8YHOM CyeT8, np06J18Ma MOHonOIlVlVl CBO,QL-1TCH K Bonpocy 0 CTen8-
HL-1 BJ1aCTL-1 H8A lJ,eHoIII, 3H1M pblHOYHblM cp8HOMeHOM, He 38BHCHLl.\Ir1M OT BOIlL-1
1.1 C03H8HVlH OTA8IlbHOro 3KOHOMllfyeCKoro 8reHT8 B YCIlOBV1HX COBepweHHOVI
154
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHoO KOHKypeHLjUU
KOHKypeH'1"" (BcnOMH"M rOp"30HTaIlbHOCTb Il"H"" cnpoca Ha npOAYK'1"fO
«'1eHonOIlY4aTeIl"» ).
BIlaCTb HaA '1eHO" (s OHa BcerAa OTHOC"TeIlbHa " H"KOrAa He 6blBaeT
a6COIlIOTH0L4) - OyeHb TOHK\.1L4 L-1HCTPYM8HT B PYK8X MOHOnOJ1L-1I11, HIlIII H8CO-
BepweHHoro KOHKypeHTa. ECIl" 3Ta BnaCTb OAHOBpeMeHHO COnpOBO>KAaeT-
CH YMeHbWeH\.1eM H3,Qep>KeK np0L-13BOACTB8 npOAYKlJ,HIII BCIleACTBL-18 3KOHO-
MI.1V1 Ha M8CWTa6e np0L-13BOACTB8, pa3BL-1TL-1eM H8YYHO-T8XHL-14ecKoro npo:
rpeCC8, H8CblLl.\eHHeM pblHKa MaCCOBblM BblnYCKOM CTaHA8pTH3I11posaHH0V1
npoAYK'1"" no AocTynHblM '1eHaM, TO, 04eB"AHO, HeCOBepweHHa" ,oHKypeH-
'1"" HeceT 051l1eCTBY onpeAeIleHHbl" Bbl"rpblw.
MO>KHO cpaBHmb BIlaCTb HaA '1eHO" co CTpeMIleH"eM 4eIlOBeKa YCTS-
HOB"Tb CBOfO BIlaCTb HSA np"pOAO". Hanp"Mep, eCIl" Mbl He YAOBIleTBope-
Hbl 5eAHO" n04BO", 3scywn"BblM KIl"MaTOM, TO, npOBeAH MeIl"OpaT"BHble
MepOnp""TH", conpOBO>KAaeMble BHeCeH"eM "CKYCCTBeHHbIX YA06peH"",
Mbl 05paT"M ce5e BO 5Ilsro Hawy BIlaCTb HaA np"pOAO". Ho eCIl" nepe"T"
"3BeCTHYfO rpaHb MeIl"Opa'1"", TO, CKopee Bcero, Hawa BIlaCTb HaA np"po-
AO" 05epHeTC" pa3pyweH"eM OKpY>KSfOll1e" cpeAbl.
T8K 14 MOHOnOIlL-13au,L-1H: eCIlL-1 npecTynL-1Tb HeKYIO CTeneHb KOHTpOIlH H8A
'1eHO", 3TO 050pa4"BaeTC" pa3pyweH"eM " YH"4TO>KeH"eM 50raTCTBS 05-
Ll.\eCTB8, BeAeT K CT8rH8lJ,L-1L-1, 38CTOIO !.1 1. n. Tal71Hble COrn8W8HL-1H 0 lJ,8H8X,
C03,QaH"e "CKYCCTBeHHbIX Aecp"'1"TOB - Bce 3TO onaCHble npO"BIleH"" MO-
HonOIlH38lJ,HI.1. nOMHH, YTO BCHKL-1e aH8IlOrlr1\.1 YCIlOBHbl, MO>KHO CpaBHL-1Tb
"3BeCTHoe "3pe4eH"e IlOPAa 3KTOHa: «BC"Ka" BIlaCTb pa3Bpall1aeT. A5co-
IlIOTH8f1 BnaCTb p83Bpall\aeT a6COIlIOTHO» - 1.1 CIl8AYIOLl.\L-1Ci T83L-1C: «A6cOIlIOT-
Hafl BIl8CTb HaA U,8HOVI p83Bp8 8eT a6COIlIOTHO». T8KVlM 06pa30M, 8HTHMO-
HonOIlbHoe (aHT"TpeCToBcKoe) 3aKOHOAaTeIlbCTBO " perYIl"pOBaH"e, W"PO-
KO np!.1MeHHeMoe B CTp8H8X pblHOYHOL4 3KOHOMHKVI, V1 nblT88TCH H8ll\ynaTb
TY rpaH"'1Y BIlaCT" HaA '1eHO" , npecTynaTb KOTOPYfO 3aKOHOAaTeIlbHbiM 05-
pS30M 3anpell1aeTC".
nOTepL-1 OT H8coBepweHHol71 KOHKypeHlJ,HH MO>KHO npOHIlnlOCTpVlpOB8Tb L-1
rpacp"4eCK" (P"c. 7.8).
ECIl" 5bl '1eHS YCTaHaBIl"BaIlaCb Ha ypoBHe T04K" E, (T04K" nepece4e-
H"" KP"BO" MC " KP"BO" cnpocs 0), T. e. '1eHa P, COOTBeTCTBOBaIla 5bl yc-
IlOB""M cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1H" MC = P, TO nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"" "3Il"WeK
5blIl 6bl pSBeH nIlOll1aA" TpeyroIlbH"Ka P,PoE,.
B YCIlOB""X HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" '1eHa YCTaHaBn"BSeTC" Ha
YPOBH8 T04KH E 2 (3T8 TOYKa ne)/{I.1T H8 O,QHOVI BepTL-1K8IlL-1 C T04KOVI E - n8p8-
ce4eH"eM MC " MR). np" TaKO" >Ke '1eHe - Ha ypOBHe P, - 05beM npeAIlO-
>KeHL-1H cp!.1pMbl paB8H Q2' cneAOB8T8IlbHO, OH M8HbW8 TOro 06b8M8, KOTO:
pbl" 6blIl 5bl np" COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"": Q, < Q" nOTpe5"TeIlbCK""
Vl3J1V1WeK Tenepb YMeHbWL-1nCH AO nIlOLl.\8A\.1 TpeyronbHHKa P2E2Po' Ho C8M08
B8>KHOe - OTY8TnVlBO BHAHbl rp8cpV1YeCKL-1 '"IVlCTble nOTepH, V1IlVl «MepTBbIH
y5bITOK», AIl" 051l1eCTBa: 3TO TpeyroIlbH"K EE,E,. TaK"M 05pa30M, MOHO-
155
Inasa 7
p
D
o
Q,
Q
Puc. 7.8.
nomepu om HecoeepweHHOU KOHKypeH4uu
nOIlHH K8K 6bl «pBeT H8 Y8CTL-1» L-13IlL-1WeK nOTpe6!.1TeIlH \.1 V13IlHweK np0L-13BO-
Al-nenH: yaCTb AOCT8eTCH (38TeH8HHbIVl npHMoyroJlbH!.1K) C8MOVI MOHonoIlllu1,
a APyra" 4aCTb 3TOro "3Il"WKa nOTpe5"TeIl" B B"Ae nIloll1aAH CE,E, Bo06-
e T8pH8TCfI 06 eCTBOM, He AocTaeTcH HV1KOMY. T8K >Ke He AOCTaeTCH HH-
KOMY 4aCTb "3Il"WKa npO"3BOAHTeIl" (TpeyroIlbH"K ECE,), 3TO HeAonOIlY-
4eHHoe, a T04Hee, pa3pyweHHoe 50raTCTBO 061l1eCTBa. no HeKOTopblM nOA-
c4eT8M, «M8PTBbIL4 y6bITOK», B03H!.1KalOLl.\1r1111 B CV1IlY MOHOnOJlHCTL-1yeCKoro
pacnpeAeIleHH" pecypcoB, COCTaBIl"eT 0,5-2% BaIlOBOro Ha'1"OHaIlbHoro
npoAYKTa CWA.
5.
ECTeCTBeHHaH MOHonon H
B HeKOTopblX OTPSCIl"X 3KOHOM"K" Ha"50Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHa
OpraHL-13aLJ,\.1H np0L-13BOACTBa Ha 683e e,QHHCTB8HHOVl CPL-1PMbl, a He HeCKOIlb-
K"X CP"PM-KoHKypeHTOB, T. e. npO"3BOACTBO Ilf050ro 05beMa npOAYK'1"" B
paMKax OAHO" CP"PMbl 05XOA"TC" AeweBIle, 4eM B HeCKOIlbK"X.
3Ta 3cpcpeKmBHOCTb 05YCIlOBIleHa oc060" 3Ha4"MOCTbfO AIl" TaK"X OT-
pacIle" pacTa MacwTa5a npO"3BOACTBa, KorAa Aonrocp04Hbie CpeAH"e "3-
Aep>KK" npO"3BOA"TeIl" (long run average cost, LAC) oocmuealOm csoeeo
MUHUMYMa U npOOOn)l(8fOm coxpaHRmbCR Ha HU3KOM ypOSHe s me4eHue
onumenbHOZO speMeHu SMecme c pocmOM 06beMa SbmycKaeMoii npooYK-
'1uu. '-JeM Bblwe 06beM BblnYCKa npOAYK'1"", TeM H">Ke CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK",
np" 3TOM npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" H">Ke CpeAH"X np" Bcex ypOBH"X 05beMax
npO"3BOACTBS. B rpacp"4eCKOM "305pa>KeH"" CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" TaKO"
CP"PMbl "MefOT He napa60Il"4eCKYfO (U-05pa3HYfO), a L-05pa3HYfO KP"BYfO
(P"c. 7.9).
156
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHoiJ KOHKypeHLjUU
p
D,
o
Q,
Q
Q,
LleHoo6pa30eaHue e ycnoeuRX
ecmecmeeHHOU MOHononuu
OTpacIlb, B KOTOpO" Ae"TeIlbHOCTb eA"HCTBeHHo" CP"PMbl 60Ilee 3cp-
cpeKTHBH8 B C\.1IlY H8Ilit14111f1 cy ecTBeHHoVl 3KOHOM!.1vt OT Ma?WT868, conp -
BO>K,QalOLl.\8111 pOCT np0!.13BOACTB8, H83blBa8TCH eCTeCTseHHOH MOHonOl1HeH.
B TSKO" OTpaCIl" Ha"50Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHbl" MacwTa6 npO"3BOACTBa TO-
Bapa 5Il"30K K TOMY KOIl"4eCTBY, Ha KOTopoe pblHOK npeAb"BIl"eT cnpoc no
Ilf050" '1eHe, AocTaT04Ho" AIl" nOKpbIT"" "3Aep>KeK npO"3BOAcTBa. OO"a cpup-
MB u,enuKoM MO)l(em o6ecne4usamb seCb cnpoc, npeObRsnReMbfU Ha ee
moeap (ycnyey). _
C\.1TyaLJ,HH eCTeCTB8HH0L4 MOHOnOIlV1!.1 nOpO>K,Q88TCH T8XHOIlOrH81r1, HC-
nOIlb3YIO 8111 3Ha4V1T8IlbHblll1 06b8M nocToHHHoro KOMnOHeHT8 1r13Aep>K8K
npOH3BOACTBa, 4TO conpOBO>K.Qa8TCH CYLl.\8CTB8HHOH 3KOHOMIr1ell1 Ha MaCWT8-
6ax BbInYCK8. P83AeIleH\.18 BblnYCKa Me>KAY 2-3 Ir1IlL-1 60IlbW!.1M KOIllr148CTBOM
CPHpM np"BeAeT K TOMY, 4TO MacwTa5bl npO"3BOACTBa Ka>KAO" 5YAYT He3cp-
cpeKT"BHO MaIlbl " HaIl"4"e 50Ilee, 4eM oAHoro npOAaB'1a np"BeAeT K poc-
TY H3Aep>KeK. KOHKypeH'1"" 3AeCb HeB03MO>KHa " B C"IlY TOro, 4TO CaMa"
KpynHa" cp"pMa BcerAs 05IlaAaeT npe"MYll1eCTBaMH B 4aCT" "3Aep>KeK ne-
Pe,Q CBOIr1MH COnepHIr1K8MH, 8 M8JlKV1e CPL-1PMbl, B 3n1X YCIlOB!.1HX, nO-BIilAYlMO-
MY, He cnoc05Hbi BblAep>KaTb KOHKypeH'1"" H 5YAYT BblTeCHeHbl C pblHKa.
K TaK"M OTpaCIl"M np"H"TO OTHOC"Tb 50IlbWHHCTBO npeAnp""T"" TaK
H83blB8eMoro 06Ll.\8CTB8HHOro nOIlb30B8H!.1H, OCYLl.\eCTBIlHIOLl.\!.1X KOMMYH8Ilb-
Hoe 05CIlY>KHBaH"e (3IleKTpo-, 1830-, BOAOCHa5>KeH"e, KaHaIl"3a'1"R), npeA-
np" T"R TeIlecpOHHO" CB 3", >KeIle3HOAOpO>KHOro, Tpy60npoBOAHoro TpaHC-
nopTa, Ka68IlbHoe T8Il8BHAeHV1e \.1 T. n.
3T" npO"3BOACTBa BbIAeIl"fOT B OTAeIlbHYfO rpynny B C"IlY 3Ha4HMOCT"
!jJaKTopa 3KOHOM"" OT MacwTa5s np" pacnpeAeIleH"" YCIlyr. TaK"e KOMna-
HHvt IlerKO MOryT p8CWL-1p1llTb Y\.1CJ10 CBOL-1X nOTp86V1TeIleH B 06CIlY>KIo1BaeMOM
pen10He. C03,Q8HHe >Ke HOBOVI AOnOIlHL-1T8IlbHOVl KOMnaHL-1L-1, BbInOIlHSiIOLl.\eill
puc. 7.9.
157
rnasa 7
aHaIlOrV1YHbI8 CPYH, Kl!L-1L-1 B CIlYY8e nOs:!BIl8HVls:! AOnOIlH\.1T8IlbHOro cnpOC8,
5YAeT 05XOA"TbC" CIl"WKOM AOPOro.
B H8KOTOpblX OTpaCIl"X, KaK, Hanp"Mep, B 3IleKTp03HepreT"K8, 3KOHO-
Mills:! OT M8CWTa6a MO>KeT 6blTb CYLl.\8CTBeHH0L4 npltl BC8X 06b8Max BblnYCK8.
Hanp"Mep, C"CT8Mbl BOAOCHa5>KeH"" "Il" 3IleKTpOCHa5>KeH"" Tpe5YfOT Bbl-
COKL-1X 06b8MOB nOCTOHHHblX H3p,ep>K8K BBL-1p,y BblCOKOIl1 CTOHMOCTItI OCHOBHO-
ro 060PYAOBaH"" - TpaHccpopMaTopHblX nOACTaH'1"", reHepaTOpOB, Ji"H""
3IleKTponepeAa4, HaCOCHoro " BOAonpOBOAHoro 050PYAOBaH"", 04"CTHbIX
cOOPY>KeH"" " T. A. B CIlY4a8 COKpall1eH"" 06beMOB npeAOCTaBIleH"" AaH-
HblX 6Il8r H8 Tex >Ke npOltl3BOACTBeHHbiX M0Ll.\HOCHIX nOCTOHHHble Vl3Aep>KKVI
He YM8HbW8TCH, T8K K8K OCHOBHble K8nItlT8IlOBnO>KeHV1H y)\{e OCYLl.\eCTBIl8Hbl,
HO np" 3TOM YBeIl"4aTC" CpeAH"8 "3Aep>KK". ECIl" B OTpaCn" 6YAYT Ae,,-
CTBOB8Tb HeCKOIlbKO cpItlPM, TO B8Cb 06beM npoL-13BOACTB8 p8cnpeA8IlL-1TCs:I
Me>KAY H"M" " npO"3BOACTBO Ka>KAO" "3 H"X 5YAeT MeHbWHM. B 3TOM CIlY-
4ae (np" COXpaHeH"" np8>KHero 06beMS nOCTO"HHbIX "3Aep>KeK Ha 060PY-
AOBaH"8) CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" He AOCT"rHYT CBoero M"H"MaIlbHOro ypOBH>I.
3ApaBblVl CMblCIl nOACK83bIB88T, YTO AeweSIl8 nOIlb3088TbCfI OAHOII! Jl!.1Hj,1eCi
3Il8KTponepeAa4, 4eM T"HYTb ABe napaIlIleIlbHblX, nepeKpblBafOll1"X APyr
APyra. To >Ke caMoe MO>KHO CKa3aTb 0 TPy60npoBoAax AIl" TpaHCnOpT"pOB-
KItI H8CPT!.1 HIlL-1 r838.
np8gocT8BIleHltle K8KOVt-JlL-160 KOMn8HL-1H L-1CKIlIOY!.1TeIlbHbIX MOHonOIlb-
HblX npaB H8 nOCT8BKH nOTpe6V1TeIlHM 3IleKTpo-, BO,QO-, r830p8cypCOB L-1IlVl
Ha TpaHcnopTHoe 06CIlY>K"BaH"e Ha AaHHo" Tepp"TOp"" "Il" B MacwTa6ax
Bcero roCY,Q8PCTB8 Bbl3blB8eT He06xoAVlMOCTb YCT8HOBIleHL-1H rocYAapcTB8H-
HOro KOHTpOIlfi H8g AeflT8IlbHOCTbIO T8KHX MOHonoIlHVI. 3TO AeIl88Tcs:I B l!e-
IlHX YCTp8HeHVlH B03MO)\{HbiX 3IloynoTp86IleHVlVt BIlaCTblO H8A pblHKOM !.1 He-
r8THBHbiX nocIlep,cTBHVt ,QIlH nOTpe6V1T8Ilelil OT MOHOnOJlbHoro nOIlO>K8HL-1H
OCHOBHblX nOCTaBLl.\VlKoB. B 60IlbwHHcTse CTp8H 3TH OTp8CIlIII IlH60 H8XOAHT-
c" B rocYAapcTBeHHO" C05CTBeHHOCT", Il"60 perYIl"PYfOTC" rOCYAapCTBoM.
B 050"x CIlY4S"X '1eHbl YCTaHaBIl"BafOTC" roCYAapCTBoM, a He eCTeCTBeH-
HOVI MOHOnOIlL-18L4.
H8 p\.1c. 7.9 nOK838Hbi n8p8M8Tpbl 1t13g8p>K8K eCT8CTB8HHOII! MOHOnOIlHL-1.
npHB8,Q8Hbl KpltlBble cnpoc8 L-1 1t13,Qep>KeK npOltl3BOACTB8 AIlH TL-1nJ.14HOIII eCTe-
CTB8HHOVI MOHOnOJlVlL-1. 1113-38 60IlbWHX nOCTOHHHblX 1113A8P)\{8K KpL-1BaH cnpo-
ca (D) nepeceKaeT KP"BYfO Aonrocp04HbiX CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (LAC) B T04Ke
E2' KorAa CpeAH!.1e 1t13A8P>KKH Bce 8Ll.\8 nOHItI>K8IOTCR
ECIlL-1 OTp8CIlb - eCTeCTBeHH8H MOHOnOJ1l.1H, TO BblnYCK npoAYKl\VlH VI
'1eHa YCTaHOB"TC" Ha YPOBHe Q, " P , COOTB8TCTBeHHO T04K8 (E), rAe nepe-
ceKafOTC" Aonrocp04Hbl8 npeAeIlbHbl8 "3A8P>KK" (long run marginal cost,
LMC) " npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA (MR), T e. B YCIlOB""X MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"6bIIl"
MOHonOIlHCTOM.
TaK KaK B 3TOM nOIl?>KeH"" '1eHa (P , ) npeBblwaeT B8Il"4"HY CpeAH"X "3-
P,8P>K8K, eCTeCTB8HHblL-1 MOHOnOIl!.1CT nOIlYY88T 3H8YItIT8IlbHYIO npVl6blIlb B
158
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHOU KOHKypeHu,uu
pS3Mepe np"MoyroIlbH"KS P , E , MP M' a '1eHa 3Ha4"TeIlbHO npeBblwa8T npe-
AeIlbHble "3A8P>KK".
OnT"MaIlbHSR, C T04K" 3peH"" 051l18CTBa, Ae"TeIlbHOCTb OTpaCIl" COOT-
B8TCTByeT YPOBHfO T04K" E3' B KOTOpO" AOIlrocp04Hbie npeAeIlbHble "3Aep-
)l(K" (LMC) cOBnaAafOT C '1eHHOCTbfO AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" 8A"H"'1bl npoAYK'1""
AIl" nOTp85"TeIle", T. e. C KP"BO" cnpoca D. 06beMbi BblnycKa npoAYK'1""
H">Ke Q3 He3cpcpeKT"BHbl B C"IlY Taro, 4TO nOTpe5"TeIl" 5b1Il" 5bl rOTOBbl
3anIlamTb 50IlbW8 BeIl"4"Hbl Aonrocp04HbiX npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK 3a
50IlbW"" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa npOAYK'1"" (Kp"Ba" LMC paCnOIlO>KeHa
H">Ke KP"BO" cnpoca D). ECIl" BbmycK npeBblwaeT Q3' TO AOnOIlH"TeIlbHOe
npO"3BOACTBO npoAYK'1"" np8BblwaeT ypoBeHb "Mef01l18rOC" Ha AaHHYfO
npoAYK'1"fO cnpocs (Kp"Ba" LMC paCnOIlO>K8Ha Bblwe KP"BO" cnpoca D).
TSK"M 05pa30M, BblnycK npoAYK'1"" B 06beM8 Q3 "BIl"eTC" OnT"MaIlbHbIM C
T04K" 3peH"" 061l1eCTBa B '1eIlOM. OAHa,o T04Ka E3 He MO>KeT 5blTb T04KO"
AOIlrocp04HOro paBHOB8CItIH, T8K K8K COOTB8TCTBYIOLl.\8H 8V1 1\8H8 HL-1>Ke B8-
Il"4"Hbl LAC, a cp"pMa He MO>KeT AIl"T8IlbHO CYll1eCTBOBaTb np" OTCYTCTB""
HopMaIlbHO" np"5bIIl".
M"H"M"3a'1"" LAC Ha AIl"TeIlbHOM "HTepBaIle npO"3BOACTBa "BIl"eT-
CR cpaKTopoM coXpaHeH"" BblCOKOro 6apbepa BX0>KA8H"" B OTpacIlb " OT-
CyTCTB"" KOHKypeHToB Aa>Ke np" YBeIl"4eH"" cnpoca Ha TOBap C D AO D , .
3KOHOMVls:I H8 MacwT86e np0L-13BOACTBa 38 HLl.\aeT eCTeCTB8HHbl8 MOHO-
nOIlHVI OT on8CHOCT!.1 nOHBIl8HL-1H KOHKYP8HTOB ,0.0 Tex nop, nOK8 HOB8H Tex-
HOIlor"" He n03BOIl"T BBeCT" 3cpcpeKT"BHOe npO"3BOACTBO B MeHbW"X pa3-
Mepax.
nOCKOIlbKY OTp8CIlb eCT8CTB8HHOII! MOHOnOIlL-1L-1 Tp86yeT TOIlbKO OAHOro
3cpcpeKmBHoro npO"3BOA"T8Il", 3TOT npO"3BOA"T8Ilb np"06peTaeT orpOM-
HYfO pblH04HYfO BIlaCTb, Ha3Ha4a" '1eHbl, HaMHoro npeBblWafOll1"e 8ro "3-
Aep>KK", 4TO C03AaeT np05IleMY He3cpcp8KT"BHOCT" pacnpeAeIleH"" pe-
CypCOB C T04K\.1 3peHHH 06Ll.\8CTB8, T. e. 1\8Ha OK83blB88TCH BbIW8, 8
06b8M BblnYCK8 HL-1>K8 onTHMaIlbHoro AIls:! OTpaCIlL-1. KpoMe TOro, BblCOK8H
eHa H8 npoAYKl\VlIO 8CT8CTB8HHOro MOHOnOIl\.1CTa BeAeT K nOBb!W8HIt1IO
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nporpecc B 05IlaCT" BHeApeH"" HOBblX TeXHOIlOr"" CAeIlaIl B03MO>KHbIM
KOHKypeH'1"1O He50IlbW"X 3Il8KTpOCTaH'1"" C '1eHTpaIl"30BaHHbIM" r"raH-
TaM" B ccpepe AOCTaBK" 3IleKTp03Hepr"" nOTpe5"TeIl"M Ha 4Y>KYfO Tep-
P"TOP"fO.
np8Kpall1eH"e >Ke Ae"TeIlbHOCT" eCTeCTBeHHO" MOHOnOIl"" MO>KeT npo-
"30"T" (nYCTb 3TO " 3BY4"T TaBTOIlOr"4HO) eCT8CTBeHHbiM nYTeM B pe3YIlb-
TaTe H3MeHeHIiIH T8XHOIlor\.1H np0V13Bo,qCTS8.
6.
OI1lIlrOnOnHfI
P8CCMOTP8B 4HCTYlO MOHonOIlHIO KaK KP8V1HIIIIII cnYY81i1
CTPYKTYPbl pblHKa HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"", n8pe"A8M K APyr"M ee
BIiIA8M C 60Jl8e cIla6blM npOHBIleHltleM MOHonOIlHCTL-1yeCKOIII Bfl8CTH Ha,Q
l!eHol71. O,QHIiIM !.13 HL-1X HBflfleTCH OIl iii ronofl VlH.
Ol1Hr nOl1HH - 3TO T!.1n pblHK8 H8COB8pW8HHOVl KOHKypeHu,L-1!.1, X8paKT8-
p!.13YIOLl.\V1HCH npIllCYTCTBL-18M H8 pblHK8 TOB8p8 H8CKOflbKIt1X np0!.13BOAHT8Il81i1.
T8KL-1M 06pa30M, B Ofl!.1ronoIlIIICn1YeCKOIII OTpaCIlVl npOH3BOA!.1TeIleVl 60IlbW8,
48M B YCIl B!.1HX MOHOnOflL-1H, HO 3H8l.JIIIT8IlbHO MeHbwe, yeM B YCIlOBL-1HX co-
B8pW8HHOH KOHKypeHu,HH. Vl3 3TOro cIl8AyeT, l.JTO OIl III ronoIl IiICT, B OTIlV141118
OT _COBepweHHoro KOHKyp8HTa, 05IlaAaeT onpeAeIleHHo" BIlaCTbfO HaA '1e-
HO!.1, HO ero BIl8CTb, no Cp8BH8HL-11O C MOHonOflHcToM, OrpaHIr1Y8H8 KOIlHY8-
CTBOM npO"3BOAHTeIle", nOAeIl"BW"X pblHOK Me>KAY c050".
KaKV1M MO>KeT 6blTb YL-1CJlO Y48CTHVlKOB oIlV1ronom1CTHY8CKOro pb1HK8?
ECIl" pblHOK pa3AeIleH Me>KAY ABYM" npO"3BOA"TeIl"M", TO TaKO" T"n PbIH-
K8 H8:bIB8eTCH ,qyonOl1HeH. AyonoIlIIIH - Y8CTHbllll cnyyalll OJllllronoIlHL-1, KO-
TOpblH 48148 BCTp8Y8eTCH B T80peTHyeCKItIX MO,q8IlHX, yeM B pe8flbHOIII >K1tI3-
HV1. C06cTBeHHO }l{8 oIllllronOIlHH >Ke HaCYJ.1TbIB88T OT Tp8X YY8CTHIIIKOB !.1
60Ilee. B 3KOHOM"K8 CTpaH C pa3B"Tb1M pblHKOM npe05IlaAa8T "MeHHO OIl"-
ronOIl"CT"48_CK"" T"n npO"3BOACTBa, 4TO oc05eHHO xapaKTepHO AIl" 06pa-
68TbIB81OLl.\8\.1 npoMblwIleHHOCTL-1. npL-1Y8M B YCI10BIIIHX oIlHronOIlV11t1 np0!.13BO-
A"TC" KaK OAHOpoAHble, TaK " A"cpcpepeH'1"pOBaHHble TOBapbl. Hanp"M8p,
164
MeX8HU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHoCi KOHKypeHIJ,UU
B CWA, no AaHHblM M"HHCTepCTBa ToprOBnH CTpaHbl, Me>KAY 48TbIPbM"
KpynHblMH np0L-13BO,QI..1T8nHMV1 p83,QeIl8H B8Cb pblHOK nepBIt14Horo CB!.1HLI,8;
np M8PHO 90% np0L-13BOACTB8 nL-1B8, cHr8peT, XOIlOAL-1IlbHHKOB L-1 cTHpaIlb-
HblX M8WHH; 64% np0J.13Bo,qCTB8 nepBL-1YHoro aIlIOMIIIHHH 14 npoAYKl!L-1H C8-
MOIleToCTpOeH"R. B BeIl"K06p"TaH"" " iepMaH"" 94% pblHKa C"rSpeT HSXO-
A"TCR B PYKax Tpex npO"3BOA"TeIle". Bo <!>paH'1"" Bce 100% C"rapeT " XOIlO-
A"IlbH"KOB npO"3BOA"TC" TpeM" KpynHblM" CP"PMSM".' B 06YBHO" npoMblw-
IleHHocm KOH'1eHTpa'1"" 3Ha4"T8IlbHO HH>Ke: TP" KPynH8"W"X npO"3BOA"-
TeIlR B BeIl"K06p"TaH"" KOHTPOIl"PYfOT 17% pblHKa, B iepMaH"" 20%, a BO
",paH'1"" - Bcero 13% pblHKS 05YB". TaK"M 05pa30M, B YCIlOB""X OIl"ronOIl""
Il"50 BeCb pblHOK nOAeIl8H Me>KAY HeCKOIlbK"M" npO"3BOA"TeIlRM", Il"50 4SCTb
pblHKa AeIl"T KpynHble CP"PMbl, a OCTaIlbHoe pblH04Hoe npOCTpaHCTBO 3aH"Ma-
aT MHO>KeCTBO MeIlKHX npOH3BOA!.1T8Il8V1 (MOHOnOIl!.1CTIr1YeCKV1X KOHKypeHTOB).
KaK Mbl B"AHM, KOH'1eHTpa'1"" npO"3BOACTBa B pa3Il"4Hb1X OTpaCIl"X He
O,QIt1H8KOB8. 48M MeHbW8 np0L-13BOAL-1T8IleVl A8IlHT pblHOK M8>K,Qy c0601ll, T8M
BblW8 CTeneHb MOHOnOJllt1Cn14eCKOVl BIl8CT!.1 B OTp8CIlH.
.o.IlH npOrH03!.1pOB8HHH MOHonOIlVlCTVl48CKOro nOBeA8HHH CPL-1PM B OTpac-
Il" paCC4HTbIBaeTC" HHAeKC repcj>HHAaIlR (Herfindsil index). AaHHbl" "H-
A8KC nOK83blB8eT CTeneHb KOHLI,8HTp8l!It1H pblHK8 !.1 Bbl4HCIlH8TCH nOCp8,D,CTBOM
CYMM"pOBaH"" KBaApaTOB pblH04HbiX AOIle" Ka>KAO" CP"PMbl B OTPSCIl":
H=S2+S2+ +5 2
1 2 ... n
(8)
rA8 H - "HAeKC iepCP"HAaIl"; S, ' S, ' S, - AOIl" CP"PM Ha pblHKe,
KOTOpble CYMM"PYfOTC" B nop"AKe y5bIBaH"" (Ha nepBOM MeCT8 - caMa"
KpynHa" AOIl") " onpeAeIl"fOTC" B npO'1eHTaX KSK OTHOWeH"e 05b8Ma no-
CTaBOK CP"PMbl K 05beMY Bcero pblHKa. Hanp"Mep, eCIl" npeAIlO>KeHHe Ka-
Koro-Jl1t160 TOB8p8 06eCn8YHB81OT Y8Tblpe cplllpMbl C pbJH04HblMIt1 ,qOIlflM!.1,
CKa>KeM 60%, 20%, 10% " 10%, TO H = 3600 + 400 + 2 x 100 = 4200.
B cIlY4ae 4"CTO" MOHOnOIl"", KorAa oTpacIlb COCTO"T "3 OAHO" CP"PMbl
(n = 1), "HAeKC iepCP"HAaIl" 5YAeT paBeH 10000, T. e. S, = 100%, a
H = 100' = 10000. ECIl" B OTpaCIl" ABe CP"PMbl-AyonOIl"H, " pblH04Hbie
AOIl" "X paBHbl (50% y Ka>KAO"), TO H = 50' + 50' = 5000. B cIlY4a8, np"-
5Il">KafOll1eMC" , cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"", KorAa B OTpaCIl", Hanp"Mep,
100 "'" P M, " AOIl" Ka>K A O" P aBHa 1%, "HAeKC H = I' + l' +...+ l' = 100
'+' j 2 100 .
II1HAeKc iepCP"HAaIl" p8ar"pyeT KaK Ha pblH04HYfO AOIlfO Ka>KAO" CP"PMbl,
T8K iii H8 KOIl!.148CTBO cf:n-1pM B oTpacIlIo1. TaK, 8CIlitl He L-1CnOIlb30BaTb L-1H,D,8KC
H iii oplo1eHTVlpOB8TbCH TOIlbKO Ha KOIlL-1Y8CTBO cf:mpM B OTpaCIlL-1, TO MO>KHO
nOAYMaTb, 4TO OTpaCIlb, rAe CPYHK'1"OH"PY-
lOT 5 CP"PM, 60Ilee KOH'1eHTp"pOBSHa, 4eM
Ta, B KOTOpO" Ae"cTBYfOT 6 CP"PM. OAHaKo
3AeCb He Y4"TbIBaeTC" nOKa3aT8Ilb S. Ha-
np"Mep, B OTpaCIl" 6 CP"PM, Y OAHO" "3
1 8egg D., Fisher S., Dornbush
R. Economics. London. 1991.
p 160.
165
Inaea 7
H"X S = 50%, a Y APyr"X n"T" - AOIl" no 10%. TorAa "HAeKC H = 50 2 +
(10 2 X 5) = 3000. KorAa >Ke B OTpaCIl" 5 CP"PM, " Y Ka>KAO" paBHble pb1H04-
Hble AOIl" , T. e. S = 20%, TO "HAeKC H = 20' x 5 = 2000. TaK"M 05pa30M,
OTpaCIlb C weCTbfO cp"pMaM" 05IlaAaeT 50Ilbwe" CTeneHbfO KOH'1eHTp a '1"",
4eM OTpaCIlb, COCTO"ll1aR "3 n"T" CP"PM, HO He "MefOl11a" AOM"H"PY fO ll1e"
CP"PMbl. KOH'1eHTpa'1"" pblHKa C "HAeKCOM fepCP"HAaIl", He npeBblWafOll1"M
1000, C4"TaeTC" H"3KO". IIIHAeKc, paBHbl" 1800 " Bblwe, - np"3HSK BbICO-
KO" KOH'1eHTpa'1"".
ECIl" 6bl Mbl nOAC4"TaIl" "HAeKC 'OH'1eHTpa'1"" AIl" 50 Ha"60Ilee
KpynHblx CP"PM OTpaCIl", TO Mbl 6bl BocnOIlb30BaIl"Cb HHAeKCOM fep-
Ij>HHASIlR,XHPWMSHS (H-H index). no AaHHblM M"H"CTepCTBa TOproBIl"
CWA, 3TOT "HAeKC AIl" pblHKa MY>KCKO" 06YB" COCTSBIl"eT Bcero 380, a
>KeHCKO" - 492. 04eHb BblCOKa KOH'1eHTpa'1"" pblHKOB aIlfOM"H"", MeA"
" "CKYCCTBeHHoro BOIlOKHa, onpeAeIl"eMa" "HAeKCaM" 2564, 2673 "
2970 COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
Ba>KHO nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO B cIlY4ae OIl"ronOIl"" KOHKypeH'1"" HOC"T npe-
"MYll1eCTBeHHo He'1eHOBo" xspaKTep. BKpaT'1e MO>KHO CKa3aTb, 4TO HeLle-
HOBaR KOHKypeH HfI OCHOBaH8 H8 npJ.1BfleyeHL-1H nOTpe6v1TeIlH He C nOMO-
l11bfO CH">KeH"" '1eHbl, a 3a C4eT APyr"x cpaKTopOB: YIlY4weH"" Ka4eCTBa
TOBapOB, p8KIl8Mbl, nocIlenpOA8>KHOro TeXHV14ecKoro 06CIlY}l{ B8HL-1H VI T. n.
OT yero >K8 38BIt1CHT KOIl!.1yeCTBO OIl/llronOIl!.1CTOB Ha pblHKe? nOl.JeMY pbl-
HOK aBTOM06!.1IleVl BceVl CTp8Hbi 38nOIlHHeTCH npO,QYKl!HeVl He 60Ilee, yeM
4eTblpex-nflTVI KpynHblx npQl.If3BOAL-1TeIleVl, B TO Bp8MH KaK onT M8IlbHoe KO-
IlH4eCTBO 6eH303anp8B04HblX CT8HlJ,L-1V1 AIlfl He60Ilbworo ropO,QK8 MO}i{8T
6blTb H8 MeHbwe nflTHaAl!8TH?
npe>K,Q8 Bcero, OT TeXHOIlOr!.1!.1, KOTopaH onpeAeIlHeT ML-1HHM8IlbHbIVl Mac-
wTa6 np0Ir13BOACTB8, HaYJ.1HalOLl.\ero ,Q8BaTb npV16bIIlb. ECIlV1 T8XHOIlOrL-1H
npQl.13BO,QCTBa B OTp8cm.1 T8KOBa, YTO nOIlO>KiIITeJlbHbIVl 3CPCP8KT MaCWTa6a
(T. e. nOCTeneHHoe CH">KeH"e Aonrocp04HbiX CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK no Mepe
Hapall1"BaH"" BblnYCKa - CM. nOAP05Hee rn. 10) coxpaH"eTc" np" rops3Ao
60IlbW8M o6beM8 BblnycKa, l.JeM B YCJlOBiIIHX KOHKypeHTHoro npO/ll3BOACTsa,
HO Bce >Ke MeHbweM, Y8M B YCIlOB HX MOHOnOIl!.1!.1, TO 3T8 OTpaCIlb OIlJ.1rono-
Il"CT"4eCKa". Cnpoc Ha npOAYK'1"fO AaHHO" OTpaCIl" CMorYT YAOBIleTBOp"Tb
HeCKOIlbKO KpynHblx npO/ll3BOA TeIleVl n Wb COBMeCTHO. npH TaKOVl TeXHO-
IlOr"" npOAYK'1"" 60IlbWOro 4"CIlS MeIlK"X CP"PM 6blIla 5bl CIlHWKOM AOPO-
roVl /II y6bITOYHOIII. P83Mep M8IlKOVl cp/llpMbl H8 n03BOIl T VlcnOIlb30BaTb 3cp-
cpeKT MacwTa5a " nOH"3"Tb CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" AO ypOBH", npHHOC"ll1ero
np"5bIIlb. B TO >Ke BpeM", MO>KeT OKa3aTbC" He3cpcpeKT"BHbIM " CIl"WKOM
MaIloe KOIl"4eCTBO KpynHblx CP"PM B OTpaCIl". AIlR YAOBIleTBopeHH" 061l1e-
ro cnpoca OH" AOIl>KHbl 6YAYT paCW"p"Tb 06beM npO"3BOACTBa 3a npeAe-
Ilbl OnT"MaIlbHOro. B pe3YIlbTaTe KpynHble CP"PMbl CTOIlKHYTC" C OTp"'1a-
TeIlbHblM 3cpcpeKTOM MaCWTs5a (KorAa paCW"peH"e BblnYCKa nOBbIC"T cpeA-
166
M exaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHol1 KOHKypeHu,uu
H e "3Aep>KK"), 4TO TafOKe np"BeAeT K y5b1TKaM. Mbl B"A"M, 4TO "MeHHO
TeXHOIlOr"R npO"3BOACTBa onpeAeIl"eT pa3Mep CP"PMbl, a, 3HS4"T, " KOIl"-
4eCTBO OIl"ronOIl"CTOB B OTpaCIl". TaK"M 05pa30M, TeXHOIlOr"R npO"3BOA-
CTBa, CB"3aHHa" C 3cpcpeKTOM MacwTa5a, CIlY>K"T np"4"HO" B03H"KHOBeH""
OIl"rOnOIl"" " OAHOBpeMeHHO "BIl"eTC" ecmecmeeHHblM 6apbepOM onR
ecmynneHuR e ompacnb. _
K APyr"M 6apbepSM, OrpaH"4"BafOll1"M AOCTyn Ha OIl"ronOIl"CT"4eCK""
pbIHOK, cIleAyeT OTHeCT" naTeHTOBaH"e " Il"'1eH3"pOBaH"e, KOHTpOIlb HaA
pecypcaMH, a TafOKe KpynHble cp"HaHCOBble paCXOAbl Ha peKIlaMY. CYll1e-
CTBYfOT " noeeoeH4ecKue 6apbepbl. OIl"ronOIl"CTbl, pa3PeIl"BW"e pblHOK "
nOIlY4afOll1"e YCTO"4"BYfO np"5bIIlb, MorYT arpeCC"BHO OTpear"pOBaTb Ha
nORBIleH"e HOBblX CP"PM: BCTyn"Tb B CroBOp, 05pYW"Tb '1eHbl " T. A. II1x MO-
THBa'1"R nOHRTHa: BeAb HOBbie CP"PMbl HspywafOT CIlO>K"BW""C" B OTpaCIl"
05beM npO"3BOACTBa, np"HOC"ll1"" np"5bIIlb.
Ba)\{H0Il1l.J8pTOIII OIlHronOIlIr1H, OTIl\.14alOLl.\8V1 ee OT APyrJ.1X Tlt1nOB HecoBep-
weHHo" KOHKypeH'1"", "BIl"eTC" 63aUM03aeUCUMocmb CPUpM 6 ompacnu.
Om-1ronOIl/llCTbl - He TOIlbKO KOHKypeHTbl, HO /II OAHOBp8MeHHO Her.naCHb18
napTHepbl. np" He50IlbWOM KOIl"4eCTBe npO"3BOAHTeIle" B OTpaCIl" CP"P-
Me-OIl"rOnOIl"CTY He05xOA"MO nIlaH"pOBaTb CBOfO CTparer"fO C Y4eTOM no-
BeAeH"" OCTaIlbHblX Y4aCTH"KOB pblHKa. BeAb pa3Mep ee np"5bIIl" 3aB"C"T
OT 06beMOB BblnYCKa L-1 l!eH, YCTaHOBneHHblX APyrlllMVI OflL-1ronOIlL-1CT8MIt1. Ha-
npHMep, eCIl" cp"pMa-OIl"ronOIl"CT npO"3BeAeT CIl"WKOM MaIlO npOAYK'1"", TO
'1eHbl Ha Hee 6YAYT Bblwe, 4eM y APyr"X Y4aCTH"KOB oIlHronOIl"CT"4ecKOro
pblHKa. ECIl", Ha050pOT, cp"pMa YBeIlH4"T BbrnycK HacToIlbKO, 4TO ee '1eHbl
5YAYT H">Ke ypOBH" '1eH B OTpaCIl", TO 3TO MO>KeT Bbl3BaTb arpeCC"BHYfO pe-
aK'1"fO APyr"X OIlHrOnOIl"CTOB. B 050"x cIlY4aRx cp"pMa CTaIlK"BaeTC" C
yrp030" naAeH"" np"5bIIl". TaK"M 05pa30M, LleHoBoe nOBeAeHHe OIlHro-
nOl1HCTOB CKOBaHO B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTbKJ.
OIlHronoIlHcTbl K8K 6bl HaxoAHTcH B «OAHOI71 IlO,QKe», OHH CIlIIIWKOM Kpyn-
Hbl H HecornaCOB8HHbl8 T8IlOABIt1>KeHHH On8CHbi. OAHaKo y HHX HeT B03MO>K-
HOCTH AOroBOpVlTbCH Me>K,Qy c0601l1, TaK KaK CroBOp BOCnpeLl.\8eTCH aHTHMO-
HonOflbHblM 3aKoHoAaTeIlbcTBoM. BCTynIleHH8 >K8 B Tal71H08 cornaweHHe ,Qo-
BOJlbHO plllcKoBaHHo, nocKoIlbKY H8T YBepeHHocT/II B np04HocTIII COlO38 C KOH-
KypeHToM. n03TOMY AIl" OIl"ronOIl"CTa 04eHb Ba>KHO YMeTb npeAB"AeTb,
"Il" npeAyraAblBaTb, nOBeAeH"e CBO"X KOHKypeHToB.
AHaIlOr"4Hble C"Tya'1"H "CCIleAYfOTc" B TeOp"" "rp. nOBeAeHHe Y4acT-
H/IIKOB KOM8HAbl, KOTopble AOIl>KHbl np\.1HHTb HalllIlYYWee AIls:! Bcex p8WeH\.1e,
HO He IIIMelOT B03MO>KHOCTH AOroBOpL-1TbCfI, H83blB88TCH HeKoonep8mUBHblM.
Ha"50Ilee npOCTa" " pacnpOCTpaHeHHa" MaTp"4Ha" MOAeIlb (nIlaTe>KHS"
MaTp"'1a), C nOMOll1bfO KOTOpO" "CCIleAYeTC" HeKOOnepaT"BHOe nOBeAeH"e,
H83blB88TCfI «AHl1eMMO'" 3aKl1H)'"IeHHoro». P8CCMOTplt1M 8e KIl8CCHyeCK\.1C1
C'1eHap"".
167
Inasa 7
ABa 3aKnf04eHHblX, HanpHMep, M"CTep II1KC " M"Crep II1rpeK, 06B"H"fOT-
CH B COBMeCTHOM npecTynIleHHL-1, KOTopoe K8p8eTcH ,QeCHTblO ra,Q8M\.1 IlIi1We-
HHH cB060,Qbl. 0,QH8KO, 8CIlH OAHH H3 HvtX npH3H8eTCH B CO,QeHHHOM vt CB8-
IlV1T Ii1HvtU,L-18THBY npecTynneHL-1s:1 H8 APyrora, TO eMY «CKOCTHT» CpOK 38KIlIO-
4eH"" AO Tpex IleT, a APYro" nOIlY4"T cnOIlHa (10 IleT). ECIl" B npecTynIle-
H"" C03HafOTC" 05a, TO "M AaAYT no n"Tb IleT. B03MO>KHO, 4TO 05a 3aKIlfO-
4eHHbiX 5YAYT OTp"'1aTb CBOfO np"4aCTHOCTb K npecTynIleH"fO, H TorAa "X
omYCT"T Ha CB050AY 3a HeAOKa3aHHOCTbfO B"Hbl. OAHaKo, AIl" 3TOro "M
HY>KHO CroBOP"TbCR Ho 3a'Ilf04eHHbie cOAep>KSTC" B pa3Hbix KaMepax " He
MOryT ornaCOBaTb CBoe nOBeAeH"e Ha Aonpoce. KaKoe peWeH"e np"MeT
Ka>KAbl" "3 H"X? Bce B03MO>KHble Bap"aHTbl Bbl50pa 3aHeceHbi B cIleAYfO-
l11YfO MaTp"'1Y:
Ta6mll...\a 7.4
.QlIlJ1eMMa 3aKnto'-leHHOrO
3aKnlOLfeHHbiU HKC
C03HaIlCs:r
He C03HaIlCs:r
3aKnlOLfeHHblU C03HaIlcs:r
MapeK
5:5
3: 10
He C03Hancs:r
10 ; 3
0:0
KOHe4HO >Ke, Ka>KAbl" X04eT, 4T06bl ero omYCT"Il" Ha CB050AY, HO AIl"
:noro 68 38KIlIOl.J8HHbIX He ,QOIl>KHbl C03H8B8TbCfI. B TO >Ke BpeMH, HeC03-
H8BWHHCH pVlcKyeT OCT8TbCs:I B TlOpbMe Ha AeCHTb JleT, 8cm.., C03H8eTCH era
H8n8pH\.1K. npH3H8TbCH HIlI.1 H8 npL-13H8TbCH - BOT B yeM Bonpoc! OyeBHAHO,
YTO B YCIlOBIr1HX HeKOOnep8T!.1BHoro nOB8AeHL-1H Ka blVl BbJ68p8T H8L-1M8Hee
p"CKOBaHHbl" AIl" ce5" Bap"aHT. Pa'1HOHaIlbHblM B AaHHoM cIlY4ae 5YAeT
npeAnOIlO>KeH"e a xYAweM (nOAeIlbH"K c03HseTC"). np" TaKO" cTpaTer""
06a np8cTynHlAK8 C03H81OTCH H nOIlYY8T no nHTb IleT.
B AaHHo" C"Tya'1"" CYll1eCTByeT ABa paBHOBeCHblX peWeH"". OAHO
(KorAa 05s 3aKIlf04eHHbiX He C03HafOTC" " "X omYCKafOT) - nSpeTO-3<jJ-
<jJeKTHBHoe peweHHe,' MaKC"M"3"PYfOll1ee nOIle3HOCTb 05e"x CTOpOH. B
pe3YIlbTaTe APYroro peweHH" (050fOAHoe np"3HaH"e) - AOCT"rSeTC"
paBHOBeCHe no H3WY, np" KOTOpOM H" OA"H "3 "rpOKOB (3SKIlf04eHHbIX)
H8 MO>KeT YBeIlW"/!.1Tb CBOVI BblHrpblW, B O,QHOCTopOHHeM nopflAKe MeHHH
CBoe peweHH8. PaBHOB8CL-1e no H:3WY - :no Cv1TY8U,L-1H, Kor,Qa CTp8T8rV1H Ka)\{-
AOro "3 "rpOKOB "BIl"eTC" Ha"IlY4we" pe-
aK'1"e" Ha Ae"CTB"" APyroro "rpOKa.
nOA05Ha" C"Tya'1"" xapaKTepHa " AIl"
onHronoIlHcToB, T8K K8K OHV1 TO>K8 oCYLl.\e-
CTBIlHIOT HeKoonepaTV1BHbl Bb160p, Haxo-
1 nogpo6Hee 0 paBHoBecVIVI no
napeTO 6ygeT CKa3aHO B rn. 15.
168
MexaHU3M pblHK8 HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHLJ,UU
AHCb B ycnOB""X B3a"M03aB"C"MOCT". AonYCT"M, pblHOK pa3AeIleH Me>KAY
ASYMs:I OIlVlronOIlVlCT8MH: cplt1pMm'1 «AnOIlIlOH» H cp\llpMOI71 «S8H8p8». ECIlV1
5bl 05e CP"PMbl Morn" COTpYAH"4aTb (T. e. CrOBOp"TbC"), TO, COKpaT"B Bbl-
nYCK L-1 H83H8YHB MOHOnOIlbHO BbICOKL-18 l..\8Hbl, OHVI nOIlYl.J\.1J1H 6bJ III BblCOKYIO
np"5blIlb no 100 MIlH. Py6. OAHaKo 3T" CP"PMbl, npe>KAe Bcero, KOHKypeH-
Tbl. Y Ka>KAO" eCTb "CKyweH"e HSpYW"Tb HernacHbl" AOroBOp: BOnpeK"
0>KV1A8HHHM COnepHIt1Ka nOHH3HTb l!8Hbl !.1 3aXB8T!.1Tb '-IaCTb ero pb1HK8, co-
pBaB ell1e 60IlbWYfO np"5blIlb B 130 MIlH. Py6Ile". TorAa np"5blIlb COnepH"-
Ka pe3Ko COKpaT"TC" " COCTaB"T, Hanp"Mep, TOIlbKO 10 MIlH. Py5Ile". nblTa-
RCb 050"TH COnepH"Ka, Ka>KAbl" "rpOK Bbl5epeT H"3K"e '1eHbl, " 05e CP"P-
Mbl nOIlY4sT np"5blIlb no 70 MIlH. py5Ile" BMeCTO B0>KAeIleHHblx 130. Bsp"-
aHTbl np"5blIle" B 3aB"C"MOCT" OT Bbl50pa '1eH "305ps>KeHbl B nIlaTe>KHO"
MSTP"'1e (Ta5Il. 7.5). PaccMoTpeB MaTp"'1Y, Mbl YB"A"M, n04eMY CP"PMbl He
Ae"CTBYfOT co051l1a " He "CnOIlb3YfOT B03MO>KHOCT" nOIlY4HTb 50Ilee BbICO-
KHe npV16blIlH 3a CyeT CBoere KOHKypeHTa.
Ta6IlVlu,a 7.5
CTpaTentfi u,eHoo6pa30saHMfI onMronOIHtM
tPupMa «BeHepa»
HVl3KVle u,eHbl
BblCOKVle u,eHbl
tPupMa «AnonnOH» HVl3KVle u,eHbl
70 : 70
130 ; 10
100; 100
BblCOKlo1e u,eHbl
10; 130
IIIT8K, L-1pM8 «AnOIlIlOH» H cplr1pM8 «B8H8p8» He MorYT A8 cTBoBaTb
C006Ll.\8 !.1 ,QeIl8IOT Bbl60p H8 OCHOBe IlorHKVI l!8HOBOro nOB8AeHIIIs:I KOHKY-
peHTa. 05e CP"PMbl He peWSfOTC" Bbl5paTb caMble BbICOK"e '1eHbl " no-
IlY4afOT OA"HaKOBYfO np"5blIlb no 70 MIlH. Py6Ile". B pe3YIlbTaTe P"CKH
MHH\.1ML-13V1pOB8Hbl, L-1 OIl!.1ronoIlVlcTH4eCKL-1 pblHOK OK83blB8eTCs:I B YCIlOBH-
fiX paBHOBeCL-1H no H3wy. 3TO 48CTIIIYHOe p8BHoBecHe, T8K K8K CPHPMbl H8
M8KC\.1MH3V1PYIOT CBOIO nOIle3HOCTb. YCTOVl4HBOCTb p8BHOSeCIt1H COXpaHIr1T-
CH ,0.0 T8X nop, nOK8 y OIlHronoIlVlcTOB He nOHBL-1TCs:I CT\.1MYIlOB K H3MeHe-
HHfO 05beMOB BbrnYCKa.
B 3KOHOM\t1yeCKOVl TeOpL-1H BblAeIlHIOTCH T8KL-18 MOAeIlL-1 LJ,8HOBOro nOBeAe-
HlIIs:I Om'lronOIl\t1CTOB, K8K IlOMaHas:l KpV1B8H cnpoc8, T8L4HblL4 CroBOp, IlV1A8pCTBO
B '1eHax, np"H'1"n '1eHo05pa30BaH"" «"3Aep>KK" nIlfOC». PaCCMOTp"M "X 50-
Ilee nOAP05HO.
IloMsHa" KpHBa" cnpoca. II1Ae" IlOMSHO" KP"BO" np"HaAIle>K"T aMe-
p"KaHcKoMY 3KOHOM"CTY n. CY"3", On"CaBweMY ee B 40-x rr. XX B. B AaH-
HO MOAeIlV1 8H8J1H31t1pyeTcH pe8KLJ,It1s:1 oIlHronOJ1It1CTOB H8 1113M8HeHL-18 nOBe-
AeH"" "X KOHKypeHTa. CYll1eCTByeT ABe OCHOBHblX Il"H"" nOBeAeH"" Y4aCT-
169
rnasa 7
HHKOB pblHKa B OTBeT H8 &.13MeHeH&.1e l!eH cp!.1pMOIiI-OIlL-1ronoIlHcTOM (Ha30BeM
ee CP"PMO" «AnOIlnOH»). B nepBOM CIlY4ae np" nOBbIWeH"" "Il" CH">KeH""
'1eH AaHHO" CP"PMO" KOHKypeHTbl MOrYT OCTaB"Tb 5e3 BH"MaHH" ee Ae,,-
CTB"" " COXpaH"T npe>KH"" ypOBeHb '1eH. TorAS Kp"Ba" cnpoca «AnOIlIlO-
H8» OTp83HT BbICOK03IlaCTH4HblJ.1 cnpoc H 6Y,QeT It1M8Tb nOIlOrHJ.1 H8KIlOH. 3T8
IlHH&.1H nOBe,QeHH5I n03BoIlHT «AnOIlIlOHY» np&.1 CHH>KeHHVI LleHbl H8 ero npo-
AYK'1"fO CYll1eCTBeHHO paCW"p"Tb 06beM npOAa>K, a np" ee nOBbIWeH"" _
CTOIlKHYTbC" C pe3K"M COKpall1eH"eM 3TOro 05beMa (P"c. 7.11 a, Kp"Ba" 0,).
Bo BTOpOM cIlY4ae KOHKypeHTbl MorYT cIleAoBaTb 3a CP"PMO"-OIl"rono-
Il"CTOM, "3MeH"" '1eHbl B TY >Ke CTOPOHY. TorAa "3MeHeHHe '1eHbl cYll1e-
CTBeHHO He OTpa3"TC" Ha 06beMe cnpoca Ha npOAYK'1HfO «AnOIlIlOHa»: np"
nOBbIWeH"H '1eHbl pblHOK CP"PMbl Il"Wb HeMHOZO COKpaT"TC", a np" nOH"-
>KeHHH - MO>KeT cneaKa YBeIlIt14It1TbCH, T8K KaK COKpa eHH8 HIlVl YBeIl\.148HVle
05beMOB npOAa>K paBHOMepHO pacnpeAeIl"TC" Ha Bcex Y4aCTH"KOB OIl"ro-
nOIlVlCT&.1yeCKoro pblHKa. B 3TOM CIlY48e KpL-1B8f1 cnpOC8 «AnOIlJlOHa» 6YAeT
"MeTb H"3KYfO 3IlaCT"4HOCTb no '1eHe, 4TO OTpa>KeHO Ha rpacp"Ke (P"C.
7.11a, Kp"BaR 0,). OAHaKO, He 3Ha", KaKYfO Il"H"fO nOBeAeH"" Bbl5epYT KOH-
KypeHTbl, Ilor"4HO npeAnOIlO>K"Tb cIleAY fO ll1ee.
B OTBeT Ha nOBblWeH"e '1eHbl «AnOIlIlOHOM» APyr"e CP"PMbl CKopee
npO"B"T BRIlYfO peaK'1"fO " He nocIleAYfOT npHMepy 3TO" CP"PMbl. Hanpo-
T"B, B_ OTBeT HS CH">KeH"e '1eHbl, APyr"e CP"PMbl, CKOpee Bcero, nocIleAYfOT
38 HeH, >K8JlaH COXP8HL-1Tb CBOIt1 ,QOIlVl Ha pblHKe. T8KIt1M 06pa30M, B CIlO>KVlB-
WHXCH YCIlOB&.1HX OIlHrOnOIl&.1CTY He Bblro,QHO MeHHTb 06b8M Q &.1 YCT8HOBHB-
WYIOCfI Ll8HY Pf' 4TO It1 06YCIlOBIlHBaeT >KeCTKOCTb u,eH H8 OJlH OnOIlVlCTH4ec-
KOM pblHKe. KpVlB8f1 cnpoca Ha npo,QYKLlIt1IO T8KOro OJlHrOnOIl\.1CTa YYL-1TbIBaeT
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o Q,
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6) flOMaHaH KpHBaH cnpoca
onHrononHCTa,
o6ycnoBnHBalOLLlaR
>KeCTKOCTb ""eH
a) .QBa BapHaHTa KpHBOM cnpoca
omfrononHCTa B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT peaK4HH kOHKypeHToB
Ha H3MeHeHMe 4eHbi
PUC. 7.11.
nOcmpoeHue nOMaHoii «pusot1 cnpoca
170
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHoi1 KOHKypeHLjUU
05a Bap"aHTa peaK'1"" KOHKypeHTOB HS OTKIlOHeH"e aT TeKYll1e" '1eHbl, KO-
Tapa" "306pa>KeHa Ha P"c. 7.116 Ha ypoBHe Pr KOHKypeHTbl He peSr"pYfOT,
KorAa OIl"ronOIl"CT YCTaHaBIl"BaeT '1eHY Bblwe TeKYll1e", ", Ha05apOT, pes-
r"PYfOT, KorAa '1eHa onYCKaeTC" H">Ke TeKYll1e". 3T"M " 06b"CH"eTC" IlOMa-
Ha" KOHcp"rypa'1"" KP"BOH cnpoca CP"PMbl-oIlHronOIl"CTa (P"c. 7.115, KP"-
Ba" O,P p,). OHa COCTO"T "3 Y4aCTKa nOIloro" KP"BO" O,Pf AO nepece4e-
H"R ee C Il"H"e" TeKYll1e" '1eHbl Pf " Y4aCTKS KP"BO" P P 1 C 60Ilee KPYTblM
H8KIlOHOM nOCIle nep8Ce4eH!.1s:1 8e C IlVlHL-1eL4 T8KYLl.\elil LleHbl. CneAOB8TeIlb-
HO, IlOMaHa" KOHcp"rypa'1"" " y KP"BO" npeAeIlbHoro AoxOAa (P"c. 7.115,
Kp"Ba" MR,MR , ). OAHaKo, B OTIl"4"e aT KP"BO" cnpoca, Kp"Ba" npeAeIlb-
Haro AoxoAa MR,MR, "MeeT pa3pblB, "Il" BepT"KaIlbHbl" nYHKT"pHbl" OTpe-
30K, Ile>Kall1"" Ha nepneHA"KYIl"pe, onYll1eHHOM "3 T04K" Pf Ha OCb s5c'1"cc.
BeIl"4"Ha AaHHoro pS3pblBa nOKa3blBaeT, B KaK"X paMKax MOryT "3MeH"Tb-
c" npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK", He Hapywa" paBHoBecHoro 05beMa npO"3BOA-
CTBS CP"PMbl-OIl"rOnOIl"CTa.
TaHHb'" crOBOp (KapTeIlb). "'"PMbl-OIl"ronoIlHcTbl MorYT OrpaH"4"Tb
KOHKypeH'1"fO Me>KAY c050", a TafOKe npeAOTBpaT"Tb BCTynIleH"e B OTpaCIlb
HOBblX cp&.1PM, 38KIl104L-1B T81i1Hoe comaW8HHe. npeAMeTOM cor.n8weHL-1H MO-
>KeT CT8Tb BblpaBHHB8HL-1e VlIla.1 cpa.1KC8l!VlH l!eH, Ila.160 38KpenJl8HVl8 AOIleVl no-
CTaBOK npOAYK'1"" HS pbIHOK. AonYCT"M, 4TO B YCIlOB""X Ta"HOrO crOBopa
cpHpMbl-OIl"ronOIl"CTbl npO"3BOA"T OAHOPOAHYfO npOAYK'1"fO " BblpaBH"BS-
lOT LleHbl, K8K B CIlY4ae nOH\.1>KeHHH, T8K Ir1 B CIlYY88 V1X nOBbIW8HIt1f1, 8 T81OK8
\IIM8IOT OAIr1H8KOBbie npeA8IlbHbie Vl3,Qep>KK!.1. B T8KOM cIlyyae OHVI MorYT MaK-
C\.1MH3HpOB8Tb npH6blIlb nO,Q06HO 4111CTOVI MOHonOIlHH. TorA8 06b8M npOVl3-
BOACTBa KspTeIlR 6YAeT MeHbW"M, 4eM OH 5blIl 5bl B YCIlOB""X COBepweH-
HO" KOHKypeH'1"", a '1eHS, KOTOPYfO YCTaHaBIl"BafOT Y4aCTH"K" KspTeIl",
50Ilbwe", 4eM np" COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"". fipK"" np"Mep Me>KAYHa-
pOAHoro KapTeIl"pOBSH"" - COrnaWeH"e CTpaH-4IleHOB OnEK, KOTOpblM
HeO,QHOKpaTHO YAaB8nOCb nOAHflTb LleHbl Ha HecpTb nocpeACTBOM OTHOCL-1-
TeIlbHO He60Ilbworo orpaHW..leHVlH BblnYCK8.
np" KapTeIlbHOM croBope Ka>KAa" CP"PMS nonY4aeT CBOfO KBOTY BblnYC-
KS npOAYK'1"", 'OTOpyfO aHa, cornaCHO YCIlOB""M AoroBopa, He AOIl>KHa npe-
BblwaTb, 4T05bl He nOAOpBaTb MOHonOIlbHYfO '1eHY P, (CM. P"c. 7.12).
Hs P"C. 7.12 LMC " LAC 03Ha4afOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO npeAeIlbHble "
CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" B AOIlroCp04HOM nep"OAe. Q, - 05beM npO"3BOACTBa
KapTeIlR, COCTO"ll1"" H3 'BOT BXOA"ll1"X B Hero CP"PM. Po - '1eHS, KOTopa"
YCTaHOB"IlaCb 6bl B YCIlOB""X COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"", a Qo - 05beM
npO"3BOACTBa, COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"" YCIlOB""M COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"".
CrOBOp 06Iler4aeTC" B TOM CIlY4ae, eCIl" CP"PMbl-OIl"ronOIl"CTbl, BXOA"ll1"e
B KapT8Ilb, HM810T npVl6Il!.13l,.,TeIlbHO OA!.1H8KOBbICi ypOB8Hb H3A8p>KeK np0lo13-
BOACTBS " npO"3BOA"T OAHOPOAHYfO npOAYK'1"fO.
np06Il8M8 YCToIiIYL-1BOCTlt1 K8PT8Ils:l 3aB!.1CL-1T OT TOro, H8CKOIlbKO C\.1IlbHbl
CT"MYIlbl ero Y4aCTH"KOB c05IlfOAaTb YCIlOB"" croBopa. ECIl" OA"H "3 Y4ac-
171
Inasa 7
p
o
Q
PUC. 7.12.
Kapmenb
THJ.1KOB nOnbIT8eTCfI B 06xOA ,qPyrL-1x YBeIlHYHTb CBOIO KBOTY SblnYCKa, TO, np
YCIlOBL-1L-1, LJTO BCe OCT8IlbHbfe C06IllOAalOT ycnoBIIIH AoroBopa, «06M8HLl.\VlK»
nOIlYYHT 60IlbWH AOXOA. BeAb ero ,qOIlH H8 pblHKe He,qOCT8TOYHO BeIlIIIKa,
YT06bl nOBIlL-1HTb H8 MOHonOIlbHO YCTaHOBIleHHYIO l...!eHY. TaKVlM 06p830M, Ha-
PYWHT8Ilb CMO>KeT npOA8Tb 60Ilbwe npOAYKlJ,L-1H no MOHonOIlbHO BblCOKOVl
l...!eH8. Ho eCIlH L-1 ,QPyrHe YY8CTHJ.1K!.1 K8pTeIlH nonblTalOTCH 06M8HYTb CBOL-1X
n8pTHepOB L-1 nocTynHT 8H8nOrVlLJHO HapYWL-1T8IlIO, TO 06beM L-1X COBMecTHO-
ro npeAIlO>KeHIt1f1 Ha pblHKe T8K YBeIlVlLJIt1TCH, LJTO MOHonOIlbH8H U,8H8 pYXHeT,
ynaB AO KOHKypeHTHoro ypOBH". np06IleMa «HapywaTb - He HapywaTb»
aH8nOrL-1YHa p8CCMOTpeHHOVl paHee «AlllneMMe 3aKIlI048HHOro».
OAHaKO KapTeIlbHble 05beA"HeH"" HeAoIlroBe4Hbi. n04eMY? Bo-nep-
BbIX, Ta HbIVl crosop npOT BOpeLJL-1T 8HTL-1TpeCTOBCKOMY 38KOHo,q8TeIlbCTBY, \t1
BblCOK pL-1CK 8ro p8CKpbIH1f1. BO-BTOPbIX, OIlL-1rOnOIlL-1CTaM TH}I{eIlO ,QOroBO-
pL-1TbCH no l...!eH8 L-1 06b8M8M AOIleVl pb1HK8, T8K K8K, BblnYCK8f1 Aa}l{8 O,qHO-
POAHYfO npOAYK'1"fO, OH" HS npaKT"Ke "MefOT pa3Il"4Hble npeAeIlbHble "3-
,qep}I{KL-1 It1 KpHBbie cnpoca. B-Tp8TbL-1X, K8K Mbl 38M8n1IlL-1 Bblwe, Y4aCTHHKL-1
Ta Horo corn8weH H L-1MeIOT cepbe3Hoe L-1CKyweHVl8 HapYWL-1Tb CBOIO KBOTY
BbJnYCK8 C lJ,8IlblO MaKCItIML-138l...!\t1H CBoeVl L-1 TOIlbKO CBoe npL-16bIIlH. III, HaKO-
H8l...!, Y8TBepT8H np\t1YL-1Ha. >KL-13Hb K8pT8nH OrpaHHLJV1B8eTCH Bblro,qHOCTblO
CroBOp8, OCHOB8HHO H8 BblCOKOM cnpOC8. K8K TOIlbKO cnpoc nep8CTaH8T
paCT" " Ha4HeT CH">KaTbC", CP"PMbl 6YAYT BbIHY>KAeHbl COKPST"Tb Bb,"YCK.
1I13-3a HeAo"cnOIlb30BaH"" MOll1HOCTe" CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" CP"pM-OIl"rOnO-
IlV1CTOB B03P8CTYT. B T8KL-1X YCIlOBHHX K8pT8IlbHbl8 COrn8WeHL-1H, K8K np8B\t1-
IlO, pa3pywafOTC".
flHAepCTBO B '1eHax. B AaHHO" MOAeIl" oIlHronoIlHcTbl KOOPOUHUPYlOm
CBoe noseoeHue nocpeocmSOM MOnlJanUBOao coanaCUR cneoosamb 38 nu.
oepOM. TaK8H MOAeIlb nOBeA8HL-1H OIlHronOIlVICTOB B CTp8H8X C p83BHT0L4 Pbl-
H04HO" 3KOHOM"KO" oc060 pacnpOCTpaHeHa B 05pa5aTblBafOll1e" npo-
172
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecosepweHHoO KOHKypeHLjUU
MblwIleHHOCT". CaMa" KpynHa" " TeXH"4eCK" nepeAOBa" cp"pMa OTpaCIl"
YCTaHaBIl"BaeT '1eHY, a APyr"e, MeHee BeCOMble CP"PMbl, np"Aep>K"BafOTCR
3T0Li1l...!8Hbl. CIle,qYH L-1 38 nOHIt1>K8H\t18M, It1 38 nOBbIWeHL-18M lJ,8Hbl Il\.1A8p8, B8-
AOMble CP"PMbl "BIl"fOTC" «'1eHOnOIlY4aTeIl"M"». "'"PMS-Il"Aep MeH"eT
'1eHbl peAKO " OCTOpO>KHO, Y4"TbIBa" B03MO>KHOCT" 60Ilee MeIlK"X CP"PM,
"AYll1"X B ero cpapBaTepe. BeOb ycnex onueononucmoe 3aKnlO4aemCR B
M8KCUMU38'1UU coeMBcmHoii npu6blIlU. HSnp"Mep, B CWA Il"Aep C"rapeT-
HOVI npOMblwn8HHOCTL-1 «P8I1tHOIlbAC» B T8Y8HL-18 AB8Al..\8TL-1 neT TOIlbKO
weCTb pa3 "3MeH"Ila '1eHbl Ha npOAYK'1"fO OTPSCIl". BeCOMO" np"4"HO" AIl"
YCTaHOBIleH"" HOBO" '1eHbl "BIl"eTC" "3MeHeH"e "3Aep>KeK Ha eA"H"'1Y
npOAYK'1"" (nOBbIWeH"e "Il" nOH">KeH"e '1eH cpaKTopOB npO"3BOACTBS, "3-
M8H8HH8 H8IlOroBblX CT8BOK L-1 T. A.).
LleHoo6pa30BSHHe no npHH'1Hny «H3Aep>KKH nIlIOC». MOAeIlb '1eHO-
Bora nOB8A8HHH «!.13Aep>KKL-1 nIlIOC» L-1CnOIlb3Y8TCH K8K B CIlYY88 pa3AeIl8
pblHK8 H8CKOIlbKV1MV1 KpynHblML-1 np0\t13BOAVlT8IlflML-1, TaK \t1 npL-1 H8IlL-14L-1L-1 OIl!.1-
rOn0I1\.1CT8-IlHA8pa. Ee np\t1SIl8K8T8IlbHOCTb 38KIllOLJ8eTCfI B npOCTOT8 L-1 YHL-1-
BepC8IlbHOCT!.1.
.o.8HH8H MOA8Ilb CBH38H8 C nIl8HL-1pOB8HIt18M BblnYCK8 L-1 npL-16bIIlIt1. LleH8
H8 npOOYKL<UIO ycm8H8BnUBaemCR no npUH'1Uny: cpeOHue U30epJKKU nnlOc
npu5blIlb, UC4ucneHHaR KaK npOL<eHm am ypOBHR cpeOHUX U30epJKeK. Ho Ka-
KYfO np"5blIlb " KaK"e CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" 3aKIlaAbiBaTb B '1eHY? BeAb pa3-
Mep CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK 3aB"C"T OT 05beMa BbrnYCKa, a np"6blIlb - OT Be4-
HO KOIle5IlfOll1eroC" 05beMa npOAa>K. n03TOMY CP"PMbl nIlaH"pYfOT CpeAH""
05beM BblnYCKa, Hanp"Mep, 75-80% aT nOIlHO" 3arpY3K" npO"3BOACTBeHHbIX
MOI.1..\HOCT8Ci. «nIlIOC», VlIlItI H8,q68SK8, nIl8HHpyeTcH K8K MVlHL-1MaIlbH8H 3KOHO-
M"4eCKa" np"6bIIlb, "CXOA" "3 cpeAHe" HOpMbl np"6bIIl" OTpaCIl" nOCIleAH"X
neT. <t>OPMYIl8 «L-13,Qep>KKH nIlIOC» COCT8BIlH8T OCHOSY CT8HA8pTHOro u,eHo06-
p830B8HL-1H, BOKpyr KOTOpoCi, B 38BV1CL-1MOCTL-1 OT TeKYl.1..\eVl KOHbIOHKTypbl, lJ,8H8
MO>KeT KOIle68TbCfI. IIIcnOIlb3Yfl T8KYlO MOAeIlb, OIlL-1rOnOIlL-1CTbl C nOYT\t1 0,0.111-
HaKOBblMIII cpe,qHIIIML-1 L-13Aep>KK8MV1, CMorYT 8BTOM8H1LJeCKH BblpaBH!.1B8Tb
'1eHbl " MaKC"M"3"pOBaTb COBMeCTHYfO (051l1YfO) np"6bIIlb.
Y oIlVlronOIl!.1Cn148CKOIit CTPYKTypbl pblHK8 eCTb CBOL-1 nIlIOCbl VI ML-1HYCbl.
HaXOAHCb B YCIlOBL-1HX B38I11M038BIIICL-1MOCTL-1, OIlL-1ronoIlHcTbl YCT8H8BIlIIIB81OT
u,eHbl OLJ8Hb B3BeweHHO, nepeCM8TpL-1B81OT VlX BeCbM8 peAKO \t1 OCTOpO>KHO.
OIlL-1rOnOIl\.1H1yeCK8H Bfl8CTb H8A l...!8HOVl He T8K 3HaYL-1T8IlbH8, K8K Y MOHono-
Ill1CT8, cIleAoB8TeIlbHo, oIlVlronOIl!.1L-1 npL-1HOCflT 06Ll.\8CTBY M8HbW8 HeBOC-
nOIlHIo1MblX nOT8pb OT C03H8T8IlbHOro H8AonpoVl3BoACTB8 (BcnOMH!.1M «MepT-
BblL4 y6bITOK») no cp8BHeHL-11O C MOHOnOflL-1eVl. OAHaKO TeXHOIlOrlt1LJ8CKllle It1
APyr"e 5spbepbl BCTynneH"" B OIl"ronOIl"CT"4ecKYfO OTpacIlb Bce >Ke Bbl-
COKIII. C03A8B8H YCIlOB!.1f1 AIlfl TeXHOIlOrL-1Y8CKH CTaTVlYHoro p83BL-1TV1f1, OHL-1
CIl"WKOM OCIls5Il"fOT CT"MYIlbl AIl" pS3pa60TK" " BHeApeH"" nporpeCC"B-
HblX T8xHoIlorVlH, K YAew8BIl8HL-11O npoAYKl...!V1It1, C8pb83HO Orp8HVlYVlB81OT KOH-
KypeH'1"fO co CTOpOHbl HOBblX CP"PM.
173
rnasa 7
7.
MOHOnOI1I1CTI1'feCKafl KOHKypeHLlI1f1
C Al1tf)(pepeHLll1aLll1elil npOAYKTa
MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCKaR KOHKypeH'1"" C A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"e"
npOAYKTa - 3TO T"n pblHKa HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"". B OTIl"4"e
OT oIlV1ronoIlvu...., 3TOT BHA pblHK8 X8p8KTepH3yeTcH MHO>KeCTB8HHOCTblO KOH-
KypeHTOB.
B 4eM >Ke CYll1HOCTb MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCKO" KOHKypeH'1""? 04eB"AHO, 4TO
HaIH1YH8 60nbworo 4V1CIl8 KOHKyp8HTOB B OTpaCIlH He A8eT B03MO>KHOCH1
!.1CnOIlb30BaHL-1H 3c:pcpeKT8 M8CWTa6a, H8 KOTOpOM OCHOB8H8 oIlV1ronOJll.1s:1, a
T81OK8 B38lttM038BIr1CL-1MOro nOBe,QeHHH CPHPM B OTp8CIlH. 3TO CH\.1>KaeT 68pb-
epbl BCTynIleHIIIH B OTp8CJlb H YCHIlL-1BaeT KOHKypeHl...!!.1IO, cYLl.\eCTBeHHO OC-
Il86IlflH MOHonOIlVlCTHl.JecKYIO BIl8CTb HaA u,eHol71. Ho nycTb III cn868H, 3Ta
BIlaCTb cYll1eCTByeT.
H8 Y8M >Ke OH8 oCHoBaH8? 4TO n03BOIlH8T H83blBaTb 3TOT BillA KOHKY-
peH V1V1 MOHOnOJlL-1CTL-14eCK0C1?
B A8HHOVI MOAeIlIt1 MOHOnOmI'l3M, BeCbMa Orp8HHY8HHblVl 60IlbWHM KOIlL-1-
4eCTBOM KOHKypeHToB, OCHOBaH Ha oucpcpepeHL<UaL<Uu npOOYKma. HanOM-
H"M, 4TO A"cpcpepeH'1"pOBaHHble npOAYKTbl - 3TO HeOAHopOAHble npOAYK-
Tbl, T. 8. OAL-1HaKOBbI8 no CYTL-1, HO H8CKOIlbKO OTIlL-1yalOLl.\VleCH no BH8WH8MY
B"AY (BKYCY, '1BeTY, cpopMe, ynaKOBKe), no KOHC"CTeH'1"", Ka4eCTBY " T. A.
51pK"M np"MepOM A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"" npoAYKTa B MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCKO" KOH-
Kyp8H4L-1H HBIlHIOTCH 6e3aIlKoroIlbHbl8 HanVlTKL-1: «.nlttMOHa,Q», «.o.IOW8C»
«5a"Kam, " T. A. np"H'1"n "X npO"3BOACTBa OA"H " TOT >Ke. Ho CYll1eCTBY:
lOT HeKOTopble HlOaHCbl B T8XHOIlOrlttll'l, C03,Q81OLl.\!.1e OTIlIl'l4!.1TeIlbHble oc06eH-
Hocm npOAYKTa. K TOMY >Ke OA"H " TOT >Ke TOBap MO>KeT A"cpcpepeH'1"po-
BaTbC" no Ka4eCTBY nOCIlenpOAa>KHOrO 05CIlY>K"BaH"" "Il" 05CTaHOBKe B
KOTOpO" OH npOAaeTC". HeKOTOpblM nOTpe6"TeIl"M, Hanp"Mep, B YfOTH M
K8cp8-68pe, OcpOpMIl8HHOM no,Q KaIOT-KOMn8HL-1IO, T8 >Ke C8Mbie HanHTKV1 Ka-
>Kyrc" BKYCHee, 4eM npOCTO KynIleHHble B MarS3"He. 111 nOTpe5"TeIlb corna-
CHTCH 3anIl8TIt1Tb ,l],opO>Ke 38 COyeTaHL-1e npL-1HTHoro C nOIl83HbIM. TaKL-1M 06-
pa30M, nocpeAcTBoM A"cpcpepeH'1"s'1"" npoAYKTS MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCK"" KOH-
KypeHT YMeHbwaeT 3IlaCT"4HOCTb cnpoca no '1eHe. nOBblwa" '1eHY, MOHO-
nOIlHCTIII4eCK\.1H KOHKypeHT He I1!.1Wa8TCs:I BC8X nOTpe6L-1TeJleVl, KaK :310 6blIlO
5bl np" COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"". PblHOK HeCKonbKO CY3"TC", HO OCTaHYT-
CH Te, KTO YCT0L44HBO npe,QnOYV1T8eT npOAYK4HIO TOIlbKO gaHHoro npOlll3-
BO,QHTeIlH.
6IlaroA8pH HaIlH4lttIO HeKOTOpoVl BIlaCTL-1 H8A 4eHoill (IlH60 HeBblCOKOVl
3IlaCT"4HOCT" cnpoca no '1eHe) Kp"Ba" cnpoca ("Il" Il"H"" '1eHbl) MOHono-
IlV1CTHyeCKoro KOHKypeHT8 V1Me8T OTp!.1U,8T8IlbHbIH H8KIlOH, KaK III y MOHono-
IlV1I11. COOTB8TCTB8HHO OTpVlu,8TeIlbHbIL4 HaKIlOH I!1MeeT V1 IlL-1HVlH npe,QeIlbHoro
174
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecoeepweHHoO KOHKypeHLjUU
p
MC AC
Puc.7.13.
Q, I
1/2Q
KpamKOCpO"lHOe pasHosecue
MOHonOnUCmU"leCK020 KOHKypeHma
(3aTeHeHHbIM npTlMoyro.nbHIiIKOM nOKa3aHa
Be.n1ll41t1Ha cBepxnplt16blnlt1 MOHOnOflIt1CTW-lecKoro KOHKypeHTa,
o6.naAalO ero HeKOTOpOt1 BnaCTblO Ha,q u,eHoC1)
o
Q
AOXOAa (MR). ECIl" Kp"Ba" cnpocs nepeceKaeTC" C OCbfO a5c'1"cc B T04Ke
Q, TO Il"H"" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa nepeceKaeT OCb a6c'1"cc B T04Ke 1/2 Q.
CpeAH"e " npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" (AC " MC) MOHonOIl"CT"4ecKoro KOHKY-
peHTa H3M8HHIOTCH B 38BL-1CIt1MOCTItl OT 06b8M8 BbmycKa no T8M )\{e npaslII-
IlaM, 4TO " B YCIlOB""X 06b14HO" MOHOnOIl"" (P"c. 7.13).
1113 p"CYHKa B"AHO, 4TO rpacp"4eCKOe "305pa>KeH"e MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCKO-
ro KOHKypeHTa aHaIlOr"4HO nOIlO>KeH"fO CP"PMbl-MOHOnOIl"CTa. BeAb, BHe-
AP""Cb Ha pblHOK C HOBO" pa3HOB"AHOCTbfO npOAYKTa, npO"3BOA"TeIlb 3a-
H"MaeT HS HeM onpeAeIleHHYfO H"WY. B npeAeIlax A"cpcpepeH'1"S'1"" (T. e.
OTIl"4"", CSM05bITHOCT") cBoero npOAYKTa OH - MOHOnOIl"CT, HO B paMKax
BceVl OTpaCIlH - KOHKypeHT. IIIM8HHO BblCOK8H KOHKyp8HTHOCTb pblHK8 AaH-
HOI71 MO,l],eIlIII Itt AOBOIlbHO Y3KL-18 B03MO>KHOCn1 MOHonOIlHCTVlyeCKoro nOBeAe-
H R OrpaH"4"BafOT nOIlY4eH"e CP"PMO" cBepxnp"6bIIl" KpaTKOCp04HbiM ne-
PHOAOM. n03TOMY AIl" MOHOnOIl"CT"4ecKoro KOHKypeHTa C A"cpcpepeH'1Ha-
4"e" npoAYKTa 50Ilee xapaKTepHblM "BIlReTC" OTCYTcTB"e cBepxnp"5bIIl" B
Aonrocp04HOM nep"OAe (P"c. 7.14).
1113 p"CYHKa B"AHO, 4TO B AOIlroCp04HOM nep"OAe MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCK""
KOHKypeHT nOIlY4aeT HopMaIlbHYfO np"5bIIlb, KOMneHC"PY" "3 npOAa>KHO"
48Hbl TOIlbKO CBO!.1 Cpe,l],Hlt1e H3Aep>KKIt1.
n04eMY >Ke nOIlY4eH"e cBepxnp"6bIIl" He xapaKTepHo AIl" MOHonOIlHC-
TH4ecKoro KOHKYP8HTa? .o.eJlo B TOM, '-ITO BIlaCTb Ha,Q 48HOVI MOHonOIlHCTIt1-
48CK\.1X KOHKypeHToB, KaK 6blIlO ynoMHHYTO Bblwe, B8CbMa OrpaHH'-IeH8.
npe>K,Qe Bcero, TeM, '-ITO OH!.1 np0!.13BOAHT, B CYLl.\HOCT\.1, OAV1H !.1 TOT >Ke TO-
Bap: HaIl"4"e A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1H", T. e. OTIl"4"TeIlbHblx oc06eHHOCTe", He
175
Inasa 7
p
MC
o
Q
Puc. 7.14.
,lloneOCpOI.IHOe pasHosecue
MOHonOnUCmUl.leCK020 KOHKypeHma
MeH"ST OCHOBHOro COASp>KaH"" npOAYKTa. Hanp"Mep, npOxIlaA"TeIlbHble
HanHTKVI T8K \.1 OCT8HYTCH npOXJ1aAL-1TeIlbHbIML-1 HamnK8M!.1, He38BIIICHMO OT
BKYC8 \.1 U.B8T8, !.1IlItl OT TOro, KTO 3a npL-1Il8BKOM: IiIHT8nIlL-1reHTH8H Kp8c8BHlJ,a
VlIlH CaMoAOSOIlbHblVl «,qYTbIW».
C APYro" CTOpOHbl, AaHHa" MOAeIlb pblHKS npeAnOIlarasT LleHoBYIO
KOHKypeHLlHIO. CH">KeH"e '1SHbl B KpaTKOcp04HOM nep"OAe Morna 5bl no-
MOYb paCW\.1pJ.1Tb pblHOK 38 C48T KOHKypeHTos VI nOIlY4!.1Tb csepXnpltl6blIlb.
OAH8KO He cIleAyeT 386b1B8Tb, YTO 3Il8CTL-1YHOCTb cnpOC8 no l!eHe y MOHO-
nOIlIiICTHY8CKOro KOHKypeHT8 H8BbICOK8, L-1 nOIlYYHTb cBepxnpL-16blIlb OT p8C-
W"peH"" 05beMa npOAa>K 3aTpYAH"TeIlbHO.
KPOM8 TOro, B03MO>KHOCTV1 nOIlyyeHVls:I CB8pXnp\ll6b1Jl!.1 MorYT 6bITb CBH-
38Hbl C COKpa 8HHeM cpe,QHL-1X !.13Aep>KeK, 8 :no, B CBOIO 04ep8Ab, 38B\IICL-1T
OT YCOBepweHCTBOB8HIiIH IIIIlV1 BH8ApeHHH HOBblX TeXH0J10rH . <t>HH8HCHposa-
H"e HaY4HbiX pa3pa60TOK " "X BHeApeH"e - Aoporo", AOnr"" " p"CKOBaH-
Hbl" nYTb. n03TOMY CP"PMbl B KOHKypeHTHo" 50Pb6s nepeMel11afOTC" "3
06Il8CTH Ll8HOBoro conepHH48CTBa B 06IlaCTb He4eHOBOH KOHKypeH4I11H.
PeKIlaM8 \II nOCIlenpOAa>KHOe 06CIlY>KHB8HVle, M8pKen1HrOBbl8 HCCJ1eAOB8-
H!.1H III 1. n. - Bce 3TO HHCTPYM8HTbi Heu.eHOBOL4 KOHKypeHU.H!.1, ya8IlL-1YV1S8-
fOl11"S paCXOAbl no C6bITY, HO COKpall1afOll1"e nYTb K nOTpe5"TeIlfO. np"
MOHOn0J1Ir1CH1yeCKoii1 KOHKypeHl!L-1L-1 peKnaM8 SbtnOflHRem cneoYJOUJ,ue
CPYHKL<UU: CPOPM"PYST " paCW"p"eT cnpoc, a TaK>Ke CH">KaeT '1eHOBYIO
3IlaCT"4HOCTb cnpoca, nOMora" cp"pMe YC"Il"Tb BIlaCTb HaA '1eHO". nOA
BIlHHHHeM peKIl8Mbi nOKynaT8Ilb MO>KeT He CHH>K8Tb CBO cnpoc nplll nOBbl-
W8H\.1V1 u.eHbl, 8 HHorA8 14 paCW!.1plt1Tb 8ro. BOT y)l{ n0L-1CTIIIH8 - «peKIl8Ma -
ABlllraT8Ilb TOproBIlH!».
Ell1e OA"H cpaKTOp, 3aTpYAH"fOll1"" nOIlY4eH"e MOHOnOIl"CT"4SCK"M
176
MexaHU3M pblHKB HecosepweHHou KOHKypeHLjUU
KOHKypeHTOM cBspxnp"6bIIl", - HeBbICOK"e 5apbspbl BCTynIleH"" B oTpacIlb.
YKpenIl""Cb Ha pblHKe, cp"pMa C HOBO" MSpKO" npOAYKTa c03AaeT CBO" cer-
M8HT 38 CYeT COKp8Ll.\eHL-1s:1 ,QOIleii1 APyrVlx YY8CTHL-1KOB pblHKa, YTO H81t136e>K-
HO OTPS3"TC" Ha "X np"5bIIl". K TOMY >KS HOBYfO MSPKY (HOBYfO OC05SH-
HOCTb) npoAYKTa C03AaTb KYAS npOll1s, 4eM np"H'1"nHaIlbHO "HO" npoAYKT.
n03TOMY nOHBIl8HHe HOBblX CPL-1PM H8 pblHK8 MOHonOIlHCTL-1Y8CKOIII KOHKYP8H-
U,1-'I1II - s:lBIl8HL-1e 60Il88 yaCTOe, Y8M B YCIlOBL-1HX OIlHronOIl\.1V1, YTO COKpa 8eT
npOAOIl>K"TeIlbHOCTb nOIlY4eH"" cBepxnp"6bIIl" MOHOnOIl"CT"4eCK"M" KOHKY-
peHTaM".
Ha rpacp"Ke (P"c. 7.14) nOKa3aH PS3YIlbTaT pa3HoHsnpaBIleHHoro AB"-
>KeH"" 'P"BbIX cnpoca " CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK B AOIlroCp04HOM nep"OAe. Kp"-
Ba" cnpoca D Ha npoAYK'1"fO CP"PMbl CAB"raSTC" BIleBO BCIleACTB"e BHe-
,qp8HHH B OTp8CIlb npIIIBIl8yeHHblX cB8pXnpL-16blIlblO HOBblX npOH3BOAL-1T8Il8L4,
8 KplllS8H CpeAHL-1X L-13,Q8p>K8K n8p8M8Ll.\8eTCH BB8pX B CBH3L-1 C ,QonoIlHVlTeIlb-
HbIM" 3aTpaTaM" CP"PMbl Ha BeAeH"S He'1eHOBO" KOHKypeH'1H". CBepx-
npH6b1Ilb L-1CY8388T, MOHOnOIlL-1Cn1Y8CKIIIL4 KOHKypeHT no.nY48eT IlHWb HOp-
M8IlbHYlO nplr16blIlb B YC.nOBHHX HenoIlHol71 38rpY3KIII ero np0L-13BOACTB8H-
HblX MOLl.\HOCTeVl - B TOYK8 Ao.nrOCpOYHoro paBHOBeCIt1H E 1 cp8AHHe L-13-
Aep>KK" He AOCT"rn" CBosro M"HHMYMa AC m ". L1sHa Ha npOAYK'1"fO CP"P-
Mbl (P,) YCTaHOB"IlaCb Ha 60Ilse BblCOKOM ypOBHe, 4eM TOT, KOTOpbl" Ha-
5IlfOAaIlC" 5bl np" COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"". Ho 3TO - nIlaTa 3a pa3HO-
06P83H8, 38 B03MO>KHOCTb Bbl60p8 60raToro cn8KTp8 TOB8pOS V1 YCIlyr, 38
60Ilee nOIlHoe y.Qosn8TBOpeHL-1e nOTp86HOCTeVl IlIOAeVl.
IIIT8K, B OTIlL-1YL-1e OT MOHonOIlVlVl Ir1 oIlVlronOIlL-1L-1, MOHOnOIlL-1CTVlY8CK8f1 KOH-
KypeH'1"" xapaKTep"3yeTc" OTHOC"TeIlbHO HeBbICOK"M" 5apbepaM" BCTyn-
IleHL-1s:1 B OTp8CIlb VI MHo)\{eCTBeHHOCTblO npOVl3BOAL-1TeIleVl. 3TL-1 YCIlOBVlH on-
P8A8IlHIOT BblCOKYIO CT8n8Hb COnepHIr1l.J8CTB8 Me>K.Qy MOHOnOJlIt1CT!.14eCKL-1MItI
KOHKypeHTaM", oCIla5Il"" "X BIlaCTb HaA '1eHO". n03TOMY '1sHo06pa30Ba-
Hille B ,Q8HHOVI MOAeJlIII pblHK8 60J1bWe KOHKypeHTHoe, yeM MOHOnOIlL-1CT\.1-
4eCKoe. L\eHbl B YCIlOBHHX MOHonOIlHCTL-148CKOiil KOHKypeHu,VlVI H8CYT B
ce5s 60nee T04HYfO pblH04HYfO "HCPOpMa'1"fO: OH" nOAB">KHbl " HS 3aBbl-
W8Hbi TaK, K8K B YCIlOB!.1HX oIlHrononV11t1 !.1 MOHonOIlVlH. 1113 3TOro cIleAyeT,
4TO MOHonOIlHCT"4eCKa" KOHKypeH'1"R C A"cpcpepSH'1"a'1"e" npOAYKTa
np!.1BOAHT K M8HbWL-1M nOTeps:lM B L-13J1It1WKe nOTpe6V1T8Ilfi \.1 M8HbW8MY
«MepTBOMY y5bITKY» (4"CTbIM nOTep"M) 061l1eCTBa, 4eM APyr"e T"nbl
pblHKa HeCOBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"".
177
12 KYPC3KOHoMw.1ecKo TeopVlIo\
8.
MOHonCOHlilfi
Inasa 7
npeAbIAYll1"" aHaIl"3 5blIl CB"3aH C MOHOnOIl"e" KaK cpe-
HOMeHOM OnpeAeIl8HHOVl BIlaCT!.1 H8A pbIHOYHOVll.\eHOVI co CTOpOHbl npog8B-
Ll8. Ho !.13B8CTHbIVi KOHTpOJlb H8A l.\8H8M\II MO>KeT 6blTb !.1 CO CTOpOHbl nOKY-
naTenH. ECIlH TepMHH MOHOnOI1V1H 03H84aeT «OA\IIH npO,l:\8Beu,», TO MOHO-
nCOHHSI - 3TO «O,q H nOKynaTel1b».
II1CCIleAOBaH"e np05IleMbi MOHonCOH"" "BIl eTCR OAHO" "3 Ba>KHe"W"X
HaY4HbiX 3acIlyr A>KOaH P05"HCOH.'
npe>KAe 4eM aHaIl"3"pOBaTb YCTaHOBIleH"e '1eH B YCIlOB"RX MOHonco-
H\II\.1, Cp8BHHM pblHOK COBepW8HHOVI \.1 H8COBepW8HHOVI KOHKypeH4Li1\11 «rna-
3aM" nOKynaTeIlR». B YCIlOB"RX COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" Ae"cTByeT MHO-
>K8CTBO npOA8BLI,OB VI T04HO T8K >Ke A8V1cTByeT MHO>K8CTBO nOKyn8TeIleVi. KaK
OTA8IlbHbll71 npOA8B8L1 B 3TL-1X YCIlOBHHX He MO>K8T nOBJlHHTb Ha pblHOYHYIO L\8HY,
T8K H OTA8IlbHbll71 nOKynaT8Ilb H8 KOHKYP8HTHOM pblHKe He MO>K8T B03,Qel71cTBo-
BaTb Ha pblH04HYfO '1eHY nOKynaeMblX "M TOBapOB. n"H"" cnpoca Ha npOAYK-
'1"fO COBepweHHoro KOHKypeHTa-npOAaB'1a xapaKTep"3yeTc" a5COIlfOTHO" 3Ila-
CTHl.JHOCTblO. III T8K >Ke IlVlH\.1H np8AIlO>K8HVlH AIlH COBepw8HHoro KOHKypeHT8-
nOKynaTeIlfi HBJlfl8TCH 86COJllOTHO 3Jl8CTHYH0Ii1. 3TO 03H8Y8eT, YTO ecm-1 no-
Kyn8TeIlb np8AI10>IOH 38 TOB8p MeHbwe AeHer, yeM CIlO>KIIIBW8HCH pb1H04-
Ha" '1eHa, OH He Kyn"T H"4ero. A, npeAIlO>K"B AeHer 50Ilbwe, OH 'yn"T TO-
BapoB CKOIlb yroAHO MHOro.
CpaBH"M Kp"Bble cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" B YCIlOB" X cOBepweHHo"
KOHKypeH'1"" co CTOpOHbl nOKynaTeIl" " co CTOpOHbl npOAaB'1a (npO"3BOA"-
TeIl").
Ha rpacp"Ke (P"c. 7.15s), Y>Ke "3BeCTHOM "3 aHaIl"3a COBepweHHO"
KOHKypeH'1"", Kp"Ba" cnpoca Ha npOAYK'1"fO npOASB'1a (npO"3BOA"TeIl")
It1MeeT rop!.130HT8IlbHbIVl B\.1A, 8 Kp!.1B8f1 ero np8AIlO>KeHHH - 3TO BocxoAHw,a5=l
BeTBb KP"BO" npeAeIlbHblx "3Aep>KeK MG.
rpacp"K (P"c. 7.155) "BIl"eTC" 3epKaIlbHbiM OTpa>KeH"eM rpacp"Ka Ha
P"c. 7.15a. nOKynaTeIle" B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" MHOro, "
K8>KAbIVi 143 H!.1X He B COCTOHHHH B03A8L4CTBOB8Tb 06b8MOM CBOVIX 38KynoK
Ha KP"BYfO npeAIlO>KeH"" S, T. e. OH" TaK>Ke
HBIlfllOTCfI «L\eHOn0J1Y48TeIlHML-1». IIIM8HHO
n03TOMY rop"30HTaIlbHocTb rpacp"Ka npeA-
nO>KeHIo1H HBIlHeTCH nplt13H8KOM COBepw8H-
HO" KOHKypeH'1"" CpeA" nOKynaTeIle". 4TO
>Ke cKpblBaeTc" 3a KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH""
npoAYK'1"" (co CTOpOHbl nOKynaTeIl")?
He\.13MeHHocTb l!8HbJ B YCIlOBVlHX CQ-
BepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" AIl" nOKynaTeIl"
03H848eT, YTO OH HVlK8K He BIlHs:l8T H8 Has,
\II c06mOA81OTCfI Bce YCIlOBVlH paBHOB8C!.1H:
178
1 nplo1HSlTO c'-nnaTb, '-ITO enoeD
«MOHonCOHIo1S1» BBeAeHO B HaY4-
Hbl(.1 060POT ,Q>K. P06Ii1HCOH. OIJ,Ha-
KG B cBoei/1 paGoTe OHa CCbIIlaeTCS'I
H8 6. fl. XaIlsap,o,a 1113 KeM6pl1\JJ,>K8.
nOJ],GK838SWero e(.1 3TOT TepMIt1H.
(P06It1HCOH A>K. 3KOHOMVl4eCK8S1
TeOpll1S1 HecosepweHHOLil KOHKypeH-
"". M., 1986. C. 295).
MeX8HU3M pblHK8 HecoeepweHHoi1 KOHKypeH/../,UU
p
p
S (MC)
D (MU)
D
S
o
o
Q
Q
8) npoAaBe'-'.«'-'eHOnOl1y....aTe.nb» 6) nOKynaTeIlb-«L4eHOnonY"laTel1b»
Puc. 7.15. Cnpoc u npeOnOJKeHUe Ha KOHKypeHmHoM pblHKe
P = AG = MG. Co CTOpOHbl nOKynaTeIl" ynIla4"BaeMa" "M '1eHa P COBnaAa-
eT C AOnOIlH"TeIlbHbIM" (npeAeIlbHbIMH) "3Aep>KKaM" np"05peTeH"" npo-
AYK'1"". nO"CH"M 3TO nOAP05Hee.
npeAeIlbHble H3AepJKKH npHo5peTeHH" - 3TO AonOIlHHTeIlbHble H3-
AepJKKH nOKynsTeIlR npH 3sKynKe HM AOnoIlHHTeIlbHoM eAHHHl\bl npo-
AYKl\HH. nOKynsTeIlb ynIla4"BaeT 3a np"06peTaeMbl" "M TOBap onpeAeIleH-
HYfO '1eHY. l.\eHa P - ero "3Aep>KK" KaK nOKynaTeIl". ECIl" 3Ta '1eHa He"3-
MeHHa np" Ka>KAO" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" nOKynKe eA"H"'1bl npOAYK'1H", TO "
npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" np"05peTeHH" TOBapa 5YAYT OCTaBaTbC" He"3MeH-
HblMl1. 3TO !.1 OTp8>KaeTCH H8 ropL-130HT8IlbHOCTV1 Il\.1H np8AIlO>K8HIr1H.
CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, eCIl" P = AC, TO Il"H"" S eCTb He 4TO "HOe KaK Il"H""
CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK (AG). 111 3Ta >Ke Il"H"" COBnaAaeT C Il"H"ei< npeAeIlbHblX
H3Aep>KeK np"05peTeH"" (MC) nOKynaTeIlR B YCIlOB""X COBepweHHO" KOH-
KypeH'1"H, paCCMaTp"BaeMO" co CTOpOHbl nOKynaTeIl", Il"H"" npeAnO>KeH""
S - 3TO OAHOBpeMeHHO " Il"HH" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK AG " IlHH"" npeAeIlb-
HblX "3Aep>KeK np"05peTeH"" npoAYK'1"" MG.
YCIlOB"eM paBHOBeC"" npOAaB'1a (npO"3BOA"TeIl") BIl"eTC", KaK "3Be-
CTHO, paBeHcTBo MG " MR. To" >Ke IlOr"K" pblH04HOro nOBeAeH"" AOIl>KeH
npHAep>KV1B8TbCH L-1 nOKynaTeIlb: OH AOIl>KeH Cp8BHHBaTb CBOH npeAeIlbHbl8
3Aep>KK" " npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA, eCIl" CTpeM"TC" K AOCT">KeH"fO paBHoBe-
CHH.
4TO TaKoe npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" nOKynaT8Il", Y>Ke Bbl"CHeHO: 3TO era AO-
nOIlH"T8IlbHble 3STpSTbi Ha np"06peTeH"e AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl npoAYK-
l\H . 111 eCIl" '1eHa nOKynaeMo" npoAYK'1"" He"3MeHHa, TO OHa COBnaAaeT C
np8AeIlbHbIM" "3Aep>KKaM nOKynaTeIl". Ho 4TO TaKoe npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA MR
nOKynaTeIl"? ECIl" OH np"05peTaeT npOAYK'1"fO, TO, 04eB"AHO, PYKOBOACTBY-
E!TCR 3aKOHOMepHOCT M", np"CYll1"M" A"H8MHKe npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT"
/iAu. npupocm ooxooa, m. e. MR, co cmopOHbl nOKynamenfi - 3mo npupocm
none3Hocmu. CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, Kp"Ba" cnpoca 0 nOKynaTeIl" - 3TO Kp"Ba"
npeAeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT" MU, "Il" Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa MR.
179
12'
Inaea 7
B YCIlOBltlflX MOHonCOH!.11t1 Ha pblHKe ,q8L4CTBY8T H8 MHO>KeCTBO, a O,qL-1H
nOKynaTeIlb. '1TO >Ke 6YAeT npeACTaBIl"Tb c060" 'p"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" B
ycnOBL-1HX MOHOnCOHIt1L-1? 04eBL-1AHO, OH8 AOIl>KH8 YTpaTL-1Tb ropH30HT8IlbHblVl
xspaKTep " np"05peCT" "HO" B"A.
npe>KAe 4eM 05pHCOBaTb KOHcp"rypa'1"fO KP"BOC; npeAIlO>KeH"" B YCIlO-
B"RX MOHOnCOH"H, Ba>KHO nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO 3TO 5YAeT KpHBSR npeAIlO>Ke-
HiI'Ist BceM OTpaCl1l1'1, a He npOCTO Kp!.1B8H npeAIlO>KeHJ.1H K8KOVl-TO OAHOVI
CP"PMbl. BeAb MOHOnCOH"CT "MeeT nepeA c060" BeCb pbIHOK, 3a ero «6Ila-
roCKIlOHHOCTb» KOHKYP"PYfOT Me>KAY c050" pa3p03HeHHble npO"3BOA"TeIl"
KaKol71-IlH60 oTpacIlIiI B u,eIlOM.
H8 A8HHOVI CT8A\II!.1 8HaIlH38 HCHO, YTO 8CIl!.1 nOKynaTeIlb - OAV1H, a npo-
AaB'10B - MHOro, KOHKypeH'1"" pS3BepHeTc", npe>KAe Bcero, Me>KAY npOAaB-
'1aM" (npO"3BOA"TeIl"MH), " '1eHa 6YAeT nOH">KaTbC". MOHOnCOH"CT "MeeT
B03MO>KHOCTb A"KTOBaTb '1eHbl Ha np"06peTaeMYfO npOAYK'1"fO " YCTaHaB-
IlL-1BaTb ee H8 YPOBH8 60Il88 HVl3KOM, Y8M B YCIlOB!.1HX COB8pW8HHOVl KOHKY-
peH'1"H.
KaK H3B8CTHO, MOHonOIlV1CT, HM8H BIlaCTb Ha,q L\8H0L4, MO>K8T YCTaHOBIt1Tb
ee Ha ypOBHe, npeBblWafOll1eM ypOBeHb '1eHbl paBHOBeC"" B YCIlOB""X CO-
BepW8HHOVl KOHKYP8HlJ,HH, \.1 06b8M npOlil3BOACTB8 Y MOHonOIll1CTa H\II>Ke,
4eM npH COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"". A KaKOB 05beM 3aKynoK Y MOHonco-
H!.1CT8? BbJW8 HIlIt1 HilI>K8 ypOBHH YCIlOBHVI cOBepW8HH0L4 KOHKYP8Hl!HH? OT-
BeT Ha 3TOT Bonpoc HeOAH03Ha4eH. Bce 5YAeT 3aBHceTb aT YCIlOBH"
npeA110>KeHHH OTpaCl1l1'1 H COOTBeTCTBYtol!-'erO ypOBHst eHbl npeA110>Ke-
HHR. Ho npe>KAe 4eM "3Y4"Tb YCIlOB"" npeAIlO>KeHH", 3aAaA"MC" Bonpo-
COM: 8 38BHCVlT JlItI BflaCTb MOHonCOHL-1CTa OT caMoro xapaKT8pa np!.106peT8-
8Mora 14M npOAYKT8? Ol.JeBVlAHO, ,0.8. COnpOTIt1BflHTbCH BIlaCTH MOHonCOHVlC-
Ta MorYT, CKopee, npO"3BOA"TeIl" He CKopOnOpT"ll1e"C" npOAYK'1"": eCIl"
HM H8 Hp8BflTCH YCIlOBHH MOHOnCOH!.1It1, OHVI eLl.\e MorYT K8Koe-TO Bp8MH no-
"CKaTb APyroro nOKynaTeIlR A 4TO AeIlaTb npO"3BOAHTeIl"M cKoponopT"-
eVlcH npoAYKLlL-1L-1 ceIlbCKora X03HL4CTS8? no BC8L4 BHA\tIMOCTVI, Y HIiIX 60Ilb-
we B8pOHTHOCTH nonaCTb B 3aBV1CV1MOCTb OT ycnOBIt1V1, AL-1KTY8MbIX MOHonco-
HVICTOM. KOHe4HO, 3TO He 8AHHcTBeHHblVi np!.1M8p. A npm-13BOA\tITeIlIr1 8IlMa-
30B? 3TO npOAYKT He CKopOnOpT"ll1""CR. OAHaKO MOHOnCOH"CT «Ae 5"pc»
AHKTyeT CBO!.1 YCIlOBL-1H nOKynKIt1 af1Ma30B np0L-13BOA\.1T8IlHM 3TOro TOB8p8 B
p83HbiX CTp8H8X. MOHOnCOHL-1H HepeAKO YCTaH8BIlVlBa8TCfI H Ha pblHKe TPY-
Aa (CM. rn. 11).
IIIT8K, MOHonCOHVlCT, M8HHnYIllo1pYH 06beMoM CBO\.1X 38KynoK, MO>K8T B03-
Ae"CTBOBaTb Ha pblH04HYfO '1eHY np"06peTaeMo" npoAYK'1"". CIleAOBaTeIlb-
HO, era MO>KHO H83B8Tb «l!eH0L-1CK8TeIleM». C T04K!.1 3p8HIiIH MOHOnCOHL-1CTa,
pblH04Ha" '1eHa npeAIlO>KeH"" 5YAeT OTpa>KaTb A"HaM"KY CpeAH"X "3Aep-
>KeK Bce" oTpacIlH. COBoKynHoe npeAIlO>KeHHe oTpacIlH xapsKTepH3yeT
KpHBaR, OTpa>KalOll1SR cOBoKynHocTb cpeAHHx H3Aep>KeK pa3IlH4HblX
tjJHpM ASHHO" OTpaCIlH (P"c. 7.16).
180
MexaHU3M pblHKa HecoeepweHHoO KOHKypeHLjUU
P,AC
o
AC
KpusaR npednOJKeHUR dnR MOHonCOHucma
Q
PUC. 7.16.
KpHBa" npeAIlO>KeHHR AIlR MOHonCOHHCTa - 3TO KpHBS" cpeAHHx
H3Aep>KeK oTpacIlH (AC).' nf05a" T04Ka, HaXOA"ll1a"C" Ha KP"BO" AC, co-
OTBeTcTByeT TOMY HIlH L-1HOMY ypOBHIO lJ,eHbl npeAIlO>KeHHH MOHOnCOHL-1CT8
npVl 38KynK8 \11M onp8AeIl8HHora KOIlItIl.JeCTS8 TOB8pa Q.
AIl" MOHOnCOH"CTS, KaK B"AHO "3 rpacp"Ka (P"c. 7.16), '1eHa npeAIlo-
>K8HHH MO>KeT 6blTb:
1. nOH">KafOll1e"C" - H"CXOA"ll1a" BeTBb AG (3TO - AOBOIlbHO peAK""
CIlY4a,,);
2. nOBblwafOll1e"C" - BOCXOA"ll1a" BeTBb AC.
IIIT8K, lJ,8Ha npeAIlO>KeHHfI B OTp8CIlVl, «3axB848HH0L4» MOHOnCOHL-1CTOM,
MO>K8T 6blTb VI nOHL-1>K81OLl.\8V1CH, !.1 nOBblw81O 8V1CfI. CIleAoBaTenbHo, H npe-
AeIlbHble (AonOIlH"TeIlbHble) "3Aep>KK" np"06peTeH"" npoAYK'1"" (MC) MO-
HOnCOHL-1CT8 nepeCT810T 6blTb H8H3M8HHbJMH (KaK npL-1 cOBepw8HHoVi KOHKY-
peH'1H"); OH" MorYT 6blTb (nocKoIlbKY MG OTpa>KaeT A"HaM"KY KP"BO" AG)
TaK>K8 \tI nOHH>KalOLl.\L-1, MItICH \tI nOBbIW81O VlML-1CH.
PaCCMOTp"M Ha"50Ilee T"n"4HYfO C"Tya'1HfO, KorAa Kp"Ba" cnpoca 0
MOHOnCOH"CTa nepeceKaeT KP"BYfO npeAIlO>KeH"" OTpaCIl" AG npu n06blwa-
lOl.L<eiicR '1eH8 npeOnOJKeHUR (P"c. 7.17).
MOHOnCOH\tICT, L-1MeH AeIlO C pacTYLl.\ell1 lJ,8H0I71 npeAIlO>KeHL-1H, CTOJlKH8T-
c" " C pacTYll1"M" npeAeIlbHblM" "3Aep>KKaM" np"05peTeH"" TOBaps; KP"-
Ba" MG O,a>KeTC" Bblwe BOCXOA"ll1e" BeTB" KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH"" AG. Ha
P"c. 7.17 "3BeCTHble HaM Kp"Bble TpaKTYfOTC" CIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M:
AG - 3TO Kp"Ba" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK B OTpaCIl" (c T04K" 3peH"" MOHO-
nCOHVlCTa - 3TO KpVlB8f1 npeAIlO>KeHVlH npo-
AY K '1"");
MC - 3TO Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep-
>KeK OTpaCn" (c T04K" 3peH"" MOHonCOH"C-
Ta - KP"BS" ero npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK
np"05peTeH"" TOBapa);
, CIt1MMeTp\.1YHO 3TOMY Kplt1BaSi
cnpoca Ha npOAYKWIt1 MOHOnOfi\.1-
cTa - 3TO Kplt1BaSl cpeAHero AOXO-
,Qa MOHOnOfiIt1CTa, T. e. Kp\.1BaSl D.
181
Inasa 7
p
MC AC
o
Q, Q,
Q
PUG. 7.17.
PaeHoeecue MOHonCOHUU
D - KP"BS" cnpoca (C T04K" 3peH"" MOHonCOH"CTS - Kp"BaH npe-
AeIlbHO" nOIle3HOCT", "Il" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAS MU, "Il" MR). Ha"AeM
TOYKY paBHOB8CIr1f1 nOKynaT8IlH-MOHOnCOH\.1CT8 Ha n8peCS'-!8HVI!.1 KpHBblX
ero MG " MR.
T04Ka E - MeCTO nepeCe4eH"" KP"BO" MG " KP"BO" D (KP"BO" npe-
AeIlbHoro AOXOAa nOKynaTeIl"-MOHOnCOH"CTa). TaK"M 06pa30M, Ha KP"BO"
AG HaXOA"M T04KY E" KOTopa" " onpeAeIl"T ypoBeHb '1eHbl np"06peTeH"" MO-
HonCOHHCT8 P 1 . OH8 OKa3blB8STCH HIr1>Ke l!8Hbl Po' KOTopaH 6b1Jl8 6bl B YCJlOBL-1-
"X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" nOKynaTeIle". Ha 3TOM rpacp"Ke MOHOnCOH"CT
np"05peTaeT npoAYK'1HfO B KOIl"yeCTBe Q" 4TO MeHbwe KOIl"4eCTBa 0 0 B yc-
IlOB"RX cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"". Ba>KHO nOH"Tb, 4TO ypoBeHb 05beMa
3sKynoK MOHOnCOH"CT onpeAeIl"eT, CpaBH"Ba" CBO" MG " MR " HaXOA"
TOl.JKY V1X n8p8c8'-!8HHfI.
AHam13 H8COB8pWSHHOVl KOHKypSHU,!.1H co CTOpOHbl nOKynaT8IlH - MO-
HonCOHVlCT8 np\.1BOAHT K aH8IlorHl.JHbIM BblBOA8M OTHOCL-1T8IlbHO OTKIlOH8-
HL-1H pblH04HbiX '-"8H OT COCTOHHVlH paSHOBeCIt1f1 B YCIlOBVlHX COB8pW8HHOCi
KOHKypeH'-"HV1. P83H\.1l!a 3aKJlI0488TCH TOJlbKO B TOM, YTO MOHOnOl1HCT YC-
TaHaBIl"BaeT CBOfO '1eHY Bblwe YPOBHH YCIlOB"" COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH-
'-"HH, 8 MOHonCOHHCT - HH>Ke TOro ypOBHH, KOTOpblL4 6blIl 6bl np!.1 COBSp-
weHHO" KOHKypeH'1"".
nOCIl8 paCCMOTpeHHH np06IleM MOHOnCOHL-1L-1 MO>KHO AaTb CpaBHL-1TeIlb-
Hbl" aHaIl"3 YCIlOB"" paBHOBeC"" CP"PMbl- MOHonOIl"CTa " CP"PMbl- MOHO-
nCOHV1CT8.
Ho BHa4aIle ell1e pa3 HanOMHHM 0 rpacp"Ke 'P"BO" cnpoca Ha npOAYK-
'1"fO COBepweHHoro KOHKypeHTa. 3Ta Il"H"" - D, nspaIlIleIlbHa" OC" a5c-
'1"CC. OAHOBpeMeHHO 3TO " Il"H"" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa MR. Apyr"M" CIlO-
BaM", B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" Il"H"" D " MR CIl"Tbl B OAHY,
«Hep8Cll..\8nIl8HHYIO» ropVl30HTaIlbHYlO IlVlH!.1IO.
182
AA exaHU3M pblHKa HecoeepweHHoiJ KOHKypeHLjUU
B YCIlOB""X HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" Kp"Ba" cnpoca D KaK 5bl
«ps3ABa"BaeTcH» - Ha c05cTBeHHo KP"BYfO D " ee cBoe05pa3HYfO <<TeHb» -
KP"BYfO npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa MR. A Tenepb nepe"AeM K cpaBHeH"fO paBHo-
e8CVlH MOHOnOIl!.11t1 VI MOHonCOHHVI.
. npVl MOHonOIlVlH KpHBaH cnpoca «pac 8nIl518TcH» H8 KPIllBYIO D It1
ae «TeHb», KP"BYfO MR. np" MOHOnCOH"" «paCll1enIl"eTcH» Kp"BaH npeA-
IlO>KeH"" Ha KP"BYfO AG " ee <<TeHb», KP"BYfO MG (npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>K-
K" np"05peTeH"").
. np" MOHonOIl"" Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa - 3TO MR.
np" MOHonCOHH" Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa MOHOnCOH"CTa - 3TO
Kp"Ba" cnpoca D, "Il" Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHo" nOIle3HOCT" MU.
. np" MOHonOIl"" Bce B03MO>KHble T04K" '1eHbl npOAa>K" Ile>KaT Ha KP"-
BO" cnpoca D. np" MOHonCOH"" Bce T04K" '1eHbl np"05peTeH"" TOBapa
Ile>KaT Ha KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH"" AC.
. npL-1 rp8cpH'-!8CKOM 8H8Il\.138 MOHonOIlHH Mbl BHa'-!ane H eM TO'-!KY n8-
peCe4eH"" KP"BbIX MG " MR, a 3aTeM npOBOA"M BepT"KaIlb AO KpKBOH
cnpoca D. TaK Mbl onpeAeIl"eM ypoBeHb npOASJKHOH 4eHbl. np" aHaIl"3e
MOHOnCOH"" BHa4aIle TafOKe "ll1eM T04KY nepeCe4eH"" KP"BbIX MG " MR
(D), a 3aTeM npoBOA"M BePT"KaIlb AO KpHBOH npeAIlOJKeHHR MOHOnCOH"C-
Ta AC. TaK onpeAeIl"eM ypoBeHb 4eHbi npHo5peTeHHR.
. np" cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" co CTOpOHbl npO"3BOA"TeIle" '1eHa
pSBHOBeC"" YCTaHOB"IlaCb 5bl Ha ypoBHe nepeCe4eH"" KP"BO"_ cnpoca D "
KpHBO" npeAIlO>KeH"" MG. 111 OHa 5blIla 5bl HKJKe MOHonOIlbHOH 4eHbl, np"
COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" co CTOpOHbl nOKynaTeIle" '1eHS paBHOBeC""
TO>Ke YCTaHOB"IlaCb 6bl Ha nepeCe4eH"" KP"BO" cnpoca " KP"BO" npeAIlO-
JKeHH" AIlR nOKynaTeIl" AG. 111 OHa 5blIla 5bl Bblwe '1eHbl MOHonCOHHH,
S 9.
AHTI1MOHOnOI1bHOe 3aKOHO,tlaTeI1bCTBO
11 peryI1l1pOBaHl1e 3KOHOMI1KI1:
OCHOBHble npl1HLll1nbl
npH Bcex H8ocnopV1MblX AOCTOL-1HCTBaX COB8pW8HH0l71 KOH-
KypeH'1"H y Hee eCTb CYll1eCTBeHHbl" HeAOCTSTOK: cnOHTaHHoe pa3B"T"e
PblH04HbiX npOl!eCCOB MO>K8T conpOBmKAaTbCH MOHonom"'38'-"H8 T8X It1IlL-1
"HbIX ccpep X03""CTBeHHO" >K"3HH. COBepweHHa" KOHKypeH'1"", 5YAY4"
«npeAOCTaBIleHHO" caMO" ce5e», npeBpall1aeTc" B KOHKypeH'1"fO HecoBep-
weHHYfO. A 3TO 03HS4aeT, 4TO nOA YAap CTaB"TC" 3KOHOM"4eCKa" AeMoKpa-
T fI, KOTOp8H, B CBOIO Ol.JepeAb, HBIlfl8TCH OCHOBO nOIlItITHl.J8CKOal! A8MoKpa-
T . n03TOMY ell1e B KOH'1e XIX B. B npoMblwIleHHo pa3B"Tb1X cTpaHax 3a-
naAa ", npe>KAe Bcero, B CWA 5blIla OC03HaHa He05xOA"MOCTb nOCTaB"Tb
onpeAeIleHHbl" 3aCIlOH AecTPYKmBHblM C"IlaM MOHOnOIl"3a'1"".
183
Inasa 7
MOHOnOIl"", KaK OTMe4aIlOCb B npeAblAYll1"X naparpacpax rn. 7, 03Ha-
\..Ia8T onp8A8IleHHYlO CTeneHb Bn8CTlil H8A l!8HOVl, A 3T8 BIl8CTb MO)\{eT 68-
3HpOB8TbCH H8 p83IlH4HbiX np8AnocblIlK8X: KOHU,8HTP8U,Hs:I pb1HK8, T8 Hble it1
"BHbI8 COrnaWeH"" a pa3AeIle pblHKOB " ypOBHe '1eH, C03AaH"e "CKYCCTB8H-
HblX Aecp"'1"TOB HAP. AHmTp8CTOBCK08, "IlH aHT"MOHOnOIlbHoe 3aKOHOAa-
TeIlbCTBO np"3BaHO He AonYCT"Tb pa3BepTbIBaH"" pa3pYW"TeIlbHO" AIl"
3CPcp8KT!.1BHOCTJ.1 3KOHOMHKL-1 Orp8HL-1YL-1T8IlbHOVl AeIloBoVl np8KTit1KIII. nOA noc-
Il8AH8V1 nOHit1M8IOTCs:I ,Q8V1CTBHH, Hanp8BIl8HHbl8 H8 OrpaHW-I8HJ.18 KOHKYP8H-
'1"" Ha pblHKe.
Ha"50Ilee pS3pa50TaHHbiM np"HRTO C4"TaTb aHmMOHonOIlbHoe 3SKOHO-
AaTeIlbcTBo CWA, "MefOl11ee K TOMY >Ke " Ha"50Ilee ASBHfOfO "CTOP"fO. OHO
683L-1pyeTcH H8 <<Tpex KJ.1T8X», T. 8. Tp8X OCHOBHblX 38KOHOA8T8IlbHbiX 8KT8X:
1. 3SKOH WepMaHs (1890 I.). 3T"M 3aKOHOM 3anpell1aeTC" Ta"Ha" MO-
HonoIlH3au,L-1H TOproBIlVl, eAHHo.nVlYHbIVl KOHTpOIlb B TO it1Ila.1 HHO OTp8CIlit1,
croBop a '1eHax.
2. 3aKoH KIleHToHa (1914 r.) 3anpell1aIl OrpaH"4"TeIlbHYfO AeIloBYfO
npaKT"KY B 05IlaCT" c5blTa, '18HOBYfO A"CKp"M"Ha'1"fO (He BO Bcex CIlY4a-
"X, a TorAa, KorAa 3TO He A"KTyeTc" Cn8'1"CP"KO" TeKYll1e" KOHKyp eH '1""),
onpeAeIleHHbl8 B"Abl CIl""H"", nepenIleTafOll1"eC" A"peKTOpaTbl " AP.
3. 3aKoH P05HHCOHS-n3TM3HS (1936 r.) - 3anpeT Ha OrpaH"4"TeIlbHYfO
A8IlOBYlO np8KTHKY B 06Il8CTVI TOproBIla.1: «HO>KHHl!bl U,8H», U,8HOB8s:1 ,QHCKPH-
M"Ha'1"" " AP.
B 1950 r. K 3aKoHY KIle"TOHa 5blIlS np"H"Ta nonpaBKS CeIlIlepa-Ke<j>o-
Bepa: yr04HH.nOCb nOHHTa.1e H838KOHHOro CIlL-1HHHH. T8K, 3anp8Ll.\8IlIt1Cb CIlL-1-
HHHH nYT8M cKynKH 8KTHBOB. ECIlH 8KTOM (38KOHOM) KIl8L4TOHa 6blIl nOCT8B-
Il8H 38CIlOH ropH30HT8IlbHbiM C.nL-1HHHHM KpynHblx cp!.1PM, TO nonp8BK8 C8Il-
Ilepa-KecpOBeps OrpaH"4"BaIla BepT"KaIlbHble CIlH"H"" (Hanp"Mep, npO"3-
BOACTBO - C6blT npOAYK'1"").
CIlO>KHe"Wa" 3aAa4a, CTO"ll1a" nepeA roCYAapCTBeHHbIM" opraHaM",
HenocpeACTBeHHO npOBOAHLl.\L-1MIt1 B >KH3Hb aHTit1Tp8CTOBCK08 3aKOHOAaTeIlb-
CTBO, 38KIllOY8eTCH B CIl8AYIOLl.\8M: K8KOBbl Te 3KOHOMHyeCKH8 KpHTepHH, H8
OCHOB8HHH KOTOpblX YCT8H8BIlHBa8TCH CP8KT MOHonOIlH38lJ,a.1I11? nOHCHHM 3TY
np05IleMY nOCTaHOBKO" BonpOCOB, 'OTopble npeACTO"T Ka>KAbl" pa3 pewaTb
roCYAapCTBeHHblM aHT"MOHOnOIlbHbIM cIlY>K5aM: 4TO C4HTSTb H"3K"M ("Il"
Ha050pOT, 3aBbIW8HHbIM) ypOBHeM '1eH? KSKO" npO'1eHT (AOIl") Bcero OTpac-
Il8Boro npOH3BO,QCTB8 CB\.1A8T8IlbCTBY8T 0 MOHonOIlHCTHY8CKOM 38XB8Te?
KaKO" ypOBeHb OrpaH"4eH"" BbrnYCKa npOAYK'1"" C4"TaeTC" "CKYCCTB8H-
HblM Aecp"'1"TOM?
Bce 3TO HenpOCTble BonpOCbl, H8 KOTOpbJe HeIlb3H BO BC8X CIlYY8HX AaTb
OAH03HS4Horo OTBeTa. A 4TO, eCIl" KPynHa" KOpnOpa'1"" A05"IlaCb H"3KOrO
npOAa>KHoro ypOBH" '1eH nYTeM CH">KeH"" "3Aep>KeK, C nOMOll1bfO 50Ilee Bbl-
COKOro ypOBH" TeXHOIlOr"H " Bo061l1e X03""cTBeHHo" 3cpcpeKT"BHOCT"? KaK
OTIlHYL-1Tb «AeMnL-1HroBbI8» l!8HbJ OT HL-13KHX l!8H, CIlO>KL-1BWVlXCH B cL-1ny Bbl-
184
\
\
MeXBHU3M pblHK8 HecosepweHHo{J KOHKypeHLjUU
COKO" 3cpcpeKT"BHOCT"? 111 Bo051l1e, BBOA" 3anp8T Ha npOAa>KY <<no 4pe3Bbl-
4a HO HVl3K!.1M U,8H8M», KOro 38Ll.\V1Ll.\8eT 8HT!.1Tp8CTOBcKoe 3aKoHoA8T8nbcTBo
- KOHKypeHl!HIO L-1IlH KaKH8-TO rpynnbl KOHKypeHToB?
Bce 3TO He npOCTO aKa,Q8M!.1Y8CKL-18, YHCTO T80peT\.1\..18CK!.18 BOnpOCbl. Ha-
np"Mep, 3aKOH P05"HCOHa-n3TM3HS, 3anpell1aBW"" '1eHOBYfO A"CKp"M"Ha-
'1"fO, 5blIl HsnpaBIleH, no CYT", npOT"B KpynHblx P03H"4HbIX Mara3"HOB " CY-
nepM8pK8TOB, KOTOpbl8 MOfIlVl ce6e n03BOIlVlTb CHIt1>K8Tb l!8Hbl AIlH onpe,qe-
IleHHblX rpynn nOKynaTeIle". Ho 3TOro He MOrn" n03BOIl"Tb c85e MeIlK"e
ToproBble CP"PMbl. TaK npOT"B KOro >Ke 5blIl HanpaBIleH 3TOT 3aKOH, " 4b"
"HTepeCbl OH 3all1"ll1SIl? n. CSMY3IlbCOH O'1eH"BaeT era TaK: «3TO (T. e.
3anpell1eH"e '1eHOBO" A"CKP"M"HS'1"". - np"M. aBT.) " APyr"e npeAIlO>Ke-
HHH 38KOHa cnoc06CTBOB8IlH Orp8HL-1Y8HHIO KOHKyp8HlJ,HH. BMeCTO TOro,
4T06bl CH"3"Tb P (T. e. '1eHY) B nOIlb3Y nOTp85"TeIl", OH 6blIl HanpSBIleH
Ha coxp8HeHVle MHOr!.1X npeAnp!.1HTHVI, HeCMOTpH H8 TO, YTO HeKOTopble 1r13
H"X 5b1Il" MaIl03cpcpeKT"BHbl>,.' TaK 4TO >Ke Bbl"rpaIlO 051l1eCTBO aT TOro,
4TO aHTHTpeCTOBCKVlM 38KOHOA8TeIlbCTBOM B A8HHOM cnyyae 6b1Ilit1 3aLl.\H-
1l18Hbi MeIlK"e ToprOBble CP"PMbl, KOTOpble npOAaBaIl" CBO" TOBapbl no 50-
Ilee BbICOK"M '18HaM, 4eM KpynHble ToproBble np8Anp""T""? BeAb nOTpe5"Te-
Il" ynIla4"BaIl" 50Ile8 BblCOKYfO '1eHY, nocKoIlbKY cynepMapKeTaM 5blIlO 3an-
p e ll1 eH O OCYll1eCTBIl"Tb nOIl"T"KY '1eHOBO" A"CKP"M"HS'1"H.
COMHeH""M" no nOBOAY "K05bl He"3MeHHO" BbICOKO" 3cpcp8KT"BHOCT"
aHTHTpecTOBCKOL4 nOIlHTVlKH rocy,qapCTB8 no.nHbl CTp8HL-1lJ,bl MHorHX 3ana,q-
HblX yye6H!.1KOB H MOHorpacpHVI. H8npHM8p, 8MepHK8HCKHL4 3KOHOML-1CT
n. XeVlH8 H8CTOVlYL-1BO npOBO,QHT MblCIlb 0 TOM, l.JTO 8HTHTpeCTOBCKoe pery-
Il"pOBaH"e (He3aB"C"MO aT ero 5Ilar"X HaMepeH"") 3all1"ll1a8T He CB050A-
HYfO KOHKypeH'1"fO, a onp8AeIleHHbie rpynnbl KOHKypeHTOB. «Ba>KHO no-
MHVlTb, - nOAyepKHB8eT XeVlHe, - 4TO HaVl60Ilee 3cpcpeKTV1BHoe ,q8BIleHL-18 H8
rocYAapCTBeHHYfO nOIl"T"KY OKa3blBafOT He nOTpe5"TeIl", a npO"3BOAHT8Il".
111 CIl"WKOM 4aCTO 3Ta nOIl"T"Ka 6YAeT CPOpM"pOBaTbC" nOA BIl""H"eM
CTp8MIleH"" npO"3BOAHTeIle" 3Sll1Hll1aTb ce6" OT CypOBblX 3aKOHOB KOHKY-
peHTHOCi >KL-13HVI».2
rOCYAapCTB8HHbie CIlY>K6bl, np"3BaHHbl8 OCYll1eCTBIl"Tb peaIl"3a'1"fO
8HTL-1MOHOnOIlbHoro 38KOHOA8T8IlbCTB8, MorYT PYKOBOACTBOB8TbCH ABYMH
np"H'1"naM": Bo-nepBbIX, >KeCTKO CIleAY" 5YKBe 3aKOHS ", BO-BTOPbIX,
«npHHl.-'lo1nOM pa3YMHOCTIo1». eIlO B TOM, YTO BO MHOrL-1X OTHOW8HL-1HX IOpVl-
A"4eCK"" "3blK aHT"TpeCTOBCK"X S'TOB (Hanp"Mep, 3aKOHa WepMaHa) Ha-
CTOIlbKO AeKIlapaT"BeH, 4TO cpeAepaIlbHbl"
CYA CWA Mor 5bl nOABeCT" nOA ccpepy ero
Ae"CTB"" Ilf06blX ABYX napTHepOB, peW"B-
WHX B8CTL-1 COBMecTHoe AeIlO. n03TOMY
«npL-1HlJ,L-1n pa3YMHOCTL-1» 03H8yaeT, YTO
TonbKO Hepa3YMHoe OrpaHL-1Y8HHe ToproBm1
1 CaMY3J1bCOH n. 3KOHOM\t1K8.
M, 1964. C. 541.
2 Xe He n. 3KOHOM\t14eCKIt\ 06-
p83 MblwneHI/HL M., 1991. C. 296.
185
Inasa 7
(cornaWeH"", CIl""H"", pa3pyweH"e '1eHHOCTe", T e. "CKYCCTBeHHbl" Ae-
CP"'1"T) nOAnaAafOT nOA Ae"CTB"" aKTa WepMaHa.
Ho YTO C4L-1T8Tb Hepa3YMHbiM Orp8HV1YeH!.18M?
Bce 3T!.1 npo6IleMbi nOK83bIB8IOT, H8CKOIlbKO CIlO)\{HblM HBIlH8TCH np8K-
H14eCKoe BOnflOLl.\8HHe B >KH3Hb 8HTVlTpeCToBcKOro 38KOHOA8TeIlbCTB8. fo-
CYAapCTBO AOIl>KHO 5aIlaHC"pOBaTb, npOXOA" no Y3KO" TpOn"HKe Me>KAY
on8cHOCTblO pa3pYWHTeIlbHoro MOHonOIlL-13M8 !.1 onaCHOCTblO OrpaH!.148HL-1s:1
KOHKypeH'1"" (a Ilf050e BMewaTeIlbCTBO roCYAspCTBa, Aa>Ke C '1eIlbfO nOA-
Aep>K8HHH KOHKypeHlJ,L-1H, COnpOBO>KA8eTCH TeM HIlVl HHblM Orp8HHY8HVleM
KOHKypeHTHblX B03MO>KHOCTeC1). K8K L-13B8CTHO, 6Il8rHM!.1 H8Mep8H!.1HM!.1 Bbl-
MOll1eHa Aopora BaA. AHT"MOHOnOIlbHS" npaKmKa AOIl>KHa Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO
nOAAep>K"BaTb KOHKypeH'1"fO, a He OrpaH"4"BaTb ee, npeAOCTaBIl"" Ha"50-
Ilee nbroTHbl" pe>K"M OAH"M rpynnaM npO"3BOA"TeIle" (noTpe6"TeIle,,) 3a
C4eT APyr"x.
.o.IlH TOro, YT06bl YCT8HOBL-1Tb CP8KT MOHonOIlH38lJ,VlVI, 8HTVlMOHonOflbHoe
perYIlL-1pOB8HVle np8AnOIlara8T WV1pOKoe HcnOIlb30B8HI-18 M8TeM8TIo1yeCKoro
HHCTpYMeHT8pL-1H H TeOpeTV1yeCKoro 8nn8paTa KOHl\enl...!!.1C1 H8COB8pW8HH0C1
KOHKypeH'1"", pa3pa50TsHHbiX 3. YeM5epIl"HOM, A>K. P05"HCOH, B. napeTo
VI APyrVlMH 3KOHOMVlCT8ML-1. IIIcnoIlHL-1T8IlbHbI8 opr8Hbi BIl8CTH B8AYT He TOIlb-
KO «KapaTeIlbHYfO», HO " npocp"IlaKT"4eCKYfO pa50TY no npeAOTBpall1eH"fO
MOHOnOIlI-1CTH48CK!.1X Orp8HHyeHL-1V1. H8np!.1Mep, MHHHCT8pCTBOM IOCTL-1l\VlL-1
CWA "3AafOTC" cnpaB04Hbie MaTep"aIlbl, COAep>Kall1"e napaMeTpbl CAeIlOK
no CIllllflHVlIO VI nor.n0Ll.\8HVlIO KOMn8HHC1, KOTOpbl8 nOAn8A81OT nOA A8171cTBHe
8HTVlTp8CTOBCKOro 38KOHOA8T8IlbCTB8. T8K, VlHTepeC8H KpHTepHIII, H8 OCHO-
e8 KOTOpOro ,QeIl8eTCH 38KJllOyeHllle 0 cp8KTe YCT8HOBIleHHfI H8 pbJHK8 MOHO-
nOIlHCTHyeCKoro npeBOCXOACTB8 OAHOro HIlL-1 HeCKOIlbKIt1X npeAnpHHTL-1C1: 33%
- AIl" OAHOro npeAnp""T"", 50% - AIl" Tpex, 66,6% - AIl" n"T".
B8>KHO OTM8THTb, YTO 8HTVlTpecToBcKoe 38KoHo,Q8TeIlbcTBo H8np8BIl8HO
He npOT!.1B KpynHblx Kopnop8u,HC1, «60IlbWOro 6L-13HeC8» K8K T8KOBOro, T8K
K8K p83Mep KOMn8HHH eLl.\e He A8eT B03MO>KHOCTH Tp8KTOB8Tb ee K8K MOHO-
nOIl L-1 10. AHH1MOHonOIlbHoe p8rYIllo1pOB8HH8 H8np8BIl8HO npOTIr1B Orp8HVlYL-1-
TeIlbHO" AeIlOBO" npaKT"K", nOAPblBafOll1e" 3cpcpeKT"BHYfO KOHKypeH'1"fO. 111
eCIlH L-1cnOIlb30B8Tb npVlHl..\L-1n cp8BHeHVlH AonOIlHIIIT8IlbHbiX H3Aep>KeK L-1 /1,0-
nOIlHHT8IlbHbiX BblroA, TO MO>KHO YTBep>K/1,8Tb: HeL-136e>KHbI8 L-13/1,8P)\{KH, KO-
TOpbIML-1 COnpOBO>KA8eTCH aHTVlMOHonOIlbH08 p8rYIlL-1pOB8HHe, BC8-T8KVI OK8-
3blB81OTCH HH>K8 Tex npeVlMYLl.\8CTB, KOTopble npL-1HOCHT CAep>KIIIB8HVl8 MOHO-
nOflHCTVlY8CKHX TeHA8Hl..\L-1L4 B pbIHOYHOC1 3KOHOMVlK8.
186
MeX8HU3M pblHKa HecoeepweHHO(; KOHKypeHLjUU
OCHOBHble nOHSlTHSI
HeCOBepW8HH8s:1 KOHKypeHl.\Vls:I
MOHonom1f1
Ayonon""
0J1V1rOnOm1f1
MOHonOflVlCTVlY8CK8f1 KOHKypeHl.\Vls:I
4a.1CT8f1 MOHOnOIlVls:l
BxoAHble 6apbepbl
M8KCHM!.138l.\HVI npVl6blfllr1
a yc.nOBHflX MOHonOIl!.1H
L\eHOB8f1 ,QVlCKp!.1MVlHaLlHs:I
I-1HAeKc nepHepa
ECTeCTB8HHafl MOHonOIlVlfl
ASYXKOMnOHeHTHblVi TapVlcp
I-1HAeKc repcpHHAaIl"
I-1HAeKc repCP"HAan" - X"pWMSHa
«nOMaHafl KPHB8H» cnpoca
«AHIl8MM8 38KIlIOLJeHHoro»
PaBHOB8cVle no H3WY
KapTeIlb
Hel.\eHOBas:l KOHKypeHLlHfI
nVlAepCTBO B l.\eHaX
MOHonCOHVlfI
«MepTBbtll1 y6bITOK»
AHTVlTP8CTOBCKVlC1 3aKOH
«npHHl.\Hn P83YMHOCTVI»
imperfect competition
monopoly
duopoly
01l9 0 poly
monopolistic competition
pure monopoly
barriers to entry
profit maximization
for the monopoly firm
pric8 discrimination
Lerner index
natural monopoly
two-part tariffs
Herfindal index
Herfind81 - Hirschman index
kinked demand curve
prisoner" s dilemma
Nash equilibrium
cartel
non price competition
price leadership
monopsony
deadweight loss
antitrust law
rule of reason
rJ1aBa 8.
Inasa 8
3KOHOMlilKA HEOnPE,QEIlEHHOCTIII,
IIIH<I>OPMALlIIIIII III CTPAXOBAHIII
1.
«(- Hy U HY, - omeel.{an Oc
man pa30paJKeHHO, - OQUH
waHC npomue OQUHH8ou,amu. VI
3mom W8HC... OH xopoweHbKO
nopblflCR 6 cmyne U 3aKOHl./Un:
- /11 3mom W8HC nOK8 He Haw».
VI. VlnbcjJ, E. nempOB.
«,fJeeHaou,amb cmynbes»
Heonpe,QeJ1eHHOCTb KaK xapaKTepHafl
'lepTa pbIHO'lHOiil 3KOHOMIiIKIiI,
nOHflTlile aCIiIMMeTplil'lHOiil IiIHQ:>opMaLlIiIIiI
np" paccMOTpeH"" KOHKypeHTHoro pblHKa Mbl c03AaeM a6-
CTP8KTHYIO Mo,qeIlb co BC8ML-1 YCIlOBHOCTHMVI, npHcYLLlHMVI 3TOVI MOA8JlH. B
TOM 4"CIle Mbl npeAnOIlaraeM, 4TO "HcpopMa'1"" Ha TaKOM pblHKe pacnpe-
,Q8IleHa CVlMMeTpHl.JHO, TO eCTb Bce YY8CTH\.1KIr1 pblHK8 06Il8A81OT paSHb!M
AocTynoM K Helll. HeonpeA8Il8HHOCTb OTCYTCTBY8T, 8 3TO n03BOIlH8T L-1CnOIlb
30BaTb pecypCbl " cpeACTBa Ha"50Ilee 3cpcpeKT"BHbIM 05pS30M.
OAHa,o B peaIlbHO" >K"3H" MOAeIlb COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" Hapy-
waeTCs:!, VI B03H!.1KaeT aCHMMeTpVll.lHOCTb L-1HcpOpM8U,HH, nOA KOTOpOVl Mbl
nOHL-1MaeM CL-1TY8 l!L-1 10 , Kor,q8 OTA8IlbHbl8 Y48CTHVlKH pblHK8 L-1M8IOT AocTyn K
B8>KHOVI L-1HcpOpM8l.\L-1L-1, KOTOpOro He L-1M8IOT OCTanbHble 38HHTep8COB8HHb18
IlVl1\8. B03HVlKaeT HBIleHL-18 HeOnpeAel1eHHOCTVI - H8AOCT8TK8 \.1HcpOpM8lJ,L-1V1
o Bepo"THbiX 5YAYll1"X c05blm"x.
B 3KOHOML-148CKOVI TeopVlVl cYLl.\eCTBYIOT pa3IlJ.1YHb18 T04KVI 3peHHH OTHO-
CL-1TenbHO HBIl8H!.1H H80np8A8n8HHocn1. HeoKIl8cc!.1KL-1 nOIlaralOT, 4TO OHa
M8W8eT 3KOHQMVl4eCKL-1M Cy6b8KT8M BeCTL-1 ce6H paLJ,VlOH8IlbHbiM 06p830M \.1
"BIl"eTC" 5apbepOM Ha nym 3cpcpeKT"BHoro "CnOIlb30BSH"" pecypCOB. OA-
H8KO CYLl.\8CTBY8T H APyr8H T04K8 3peHHH, corn8CHO KOTOpOL4 C!.1Il8 pblHK8 K8K
p83 38KIllOY8eTCH B YM8HHL-1 L-1CnOIlb30B8Tb L-1HcpOpM8l!1r11O, KOTOp8H nepBOH8-
Y8IlbHO ,QocTynH8 H8MHOrL-1M. TaKol71 TOYKH 3peH!.1s:1, B Y8CTHOCTL-1, npHAep}l(V1-
BaIlC" "'. A. Xa"eK, HeCMOTp" Ha ero "B-
Hbl8 pblHOYHbl8 B3rnHAbl. 1 no 8ra MHeHIt1IO,
BblroA8 B03HL-1Ka8T IlHWb B TOM cIlyyae,
eCIl" "HCPOpMS'1"" nepBOHa4aIlbHO AocTyn-
Ha He Ka>KAOMY; npeAnp"H"MaTeIlb, 05IlS-
188
1 XaC1eK <P. nary6H8S1 C8MOHa-
,q851HHOCTb. «HOBOCH1», M., 1992.
C.156-157.
3 KDHOMUK8 HeonpeoeneHHocmu
,qatOl..UL-1V1 L-1HcpopMal.\L-1eCi, nonyya8T B03MO>KHOCTb L-13BIl8K8Tb npVl6blIlb B T8-
4eH"e nep"OAa BpeMeH", nOKa AocTyn K "HCPOpMS'1H" He nOIlY4aT OCTaIlb-
!-Ibl8 areHTbJ H8 pb1HK8. _
.o.aIl88 Mbl 6YA8M paCCM8TpL-1BaTb B OCHOBHOM HeOKIl8CC\.1Y8CKVI!.1 nOAXO,q
K8K HaH60Il8e p8cnpOCTpaHeHHblVl nplll 8H8IlH38 np06Il8M H80npe,qeIleHHO-
CT" " SC"MMeTp"4HOCT" "HcpopMa'1"".
C T04K" 3peH"" HeOKIlaCC"KOB, aC"MMeTp"4HOCTb "HcpopMa'1"" - OAHa
H3 np"4"H cp"aCKO, "Il" HeCOCTO"TeIlbHOCT", pblHKa (CM. nOAP06Hee rn. 15).
C 4eM 3TO CB"3aHo?
B pe3YIlbTaTe aC"MMeTp"4HO" "HCPOpMa'1"" B03H"KSfOT HHTepHsIlHH
("HTepHaIlbHble 3cpcpeKTbl), T. e. "3Aep>KK" HIl" BbIrOAbl, nOIlY4aeMbie Y4SC-
THVlK3MH ,q8HH0L4 CA8IlKH, KOTOpbl8 He 6blnlll orOBopeHbl nplt1 3aKll1OY8HIt1V1
3TO CA8IlKIr1 (cpaBHIt1T8 :no C nOHHn18M 3KCTepHal1 H B rn. 15, KorA8 Bblro-
Abl "Il" "3Aep>KK" naAafOT Ha «TpeTbHX» IlHLI). np"MepOB "HTepHaIl"" MHO-
>KeCTBO: nOTpe6V1TeIlb Kym1Jl TOB8p, 8 OH OK838IlCH H8K84eCTB8HHbIM; OAH8
"3 CTOpOH 5e3HaKa3aHHO HapYW"Ila AorOBOp (peneT"TOp B3"Il AeHbr" Bne-
peA, 06eLl.\8H H8YYHTb 8HrIlL-1V1CKOMY H3blKY 38 AB8 MeCFll!a, L-1 H8 BblnOIlHHIl
ca08 06eLl.\8HH8); H8HL-1MaTeIlb nOIlY'-lHI1 BblroAY OT p860THHK8, nOBbICHBW8-
ro CBOIO KB8IlHcpV1K8l..\L-11O nYT8M C8M006p830BaHV1H L-1 T. A.
B 4eM )\{8 np!.1YV1H8 B03HHKHOB8HL-1H HHT8pH8IlL-1H? .o.eJlO B TOM, '-ITO
TpaHCaK'1"OHHble "3Aep>KK" no c50py 100%-HO" "HCPOpMa'1"" MorYT OKa-
3aTbCH OY8Hb BbICOKV1ML-1 V1 nepeKpolOT O)\{L-1A88MYIO BblroAY OT 06Il8A8HL-1H
1i0IlHO" "HcpopMa'1"e". KaK 3apaHee Y3HaTb 0 KS4eCTBe np"06peTseMoro
TOBapa? nOnpOC"Tb CepT"cp"KaT KS4ecTBa? A eCIl" 3TOT CepT"cp"KaT np"-
06P8T8H H838KOHHbiM nYTeM HIlVl HBI1F1eTCFI CP8IlbWV1BbIM? n03BOHIt1Tb V1Il!.1
HanpaB"Tb 3anpoc Ha CP"PMY-"3roTOB"TeIlb? Ho pacxoAbl Ha TaK"e Mepon-
pHHTVlFI MorYT OK838TbCH OLJeHb 60IlbWJ.1MV1, !.1 BpeMH, nOTp84eHHoe H8 3TL-1
Ae CTB\IIH, MO>KeT L-1MeTb CIlV1WKOM BblCOKYIO 8IlbTepH8TV1BHYIO CTOL-1MOCTb.
TaK"M 06pa30M, B pe3YIlbTaTe aC"MMeTp"4HOCm "HcpopMa'1"" Hapywa-
aTCSl C8M npL-1Hu,L-1n Ael71cTBVlH pblHOLJHOro M8xaHV13Ma, nocKoIlbKY 4eHOBbie
CIUHal1bl nepecTalOT OTpa>KaTb peal1bHOe n0110>KeHHe Ael1. KIl8CCL-1Y8C-
KV1 npHM8p, BoweJJ,wV1V1 BO MHorV1e YLJe6HL-1KV1 no 3KOHOML-1K8, H3IlO>KeH B CT8-
Tbe aMep"KaHcKoro 3KOHOM"CTa IlaypeaTa H05eneBcKo" npeM"" 3a 2001
rOA A>KOPA>Ka AKepIlocpa «PbIHOK Il"MOHOB» (1970 r), On"CbIBafOll1e" C"TY-
a'1HfO Ha pblHKe nOAep>KaHHbiX aBTOM06"Ile".
Ha pblHKe eCTb npocTo nO,Qep)\{8HHbl8 aBToM06V1IlH, H8XOAFlLl.\L-18CH TeM
He M8H8e B xopoweM COCTOHHIo1V1. 38 TaKoH 8STOM06V1Ilb nOKyn8T8Ilb corn8-
CeH ynIlaT"Tb 6000 AOIlIl., a npOAaBe'1 cornaceH Ha Ilf05yfO '1eHY Bblwe
5000 AOIlIl. Ho Ha 3TOM >Ke pblHKe APyr"e npOASB'1bl nblTafOTC" C6blTb TaK
Ha3blBaeMbl8 «Il!.1MOHbl» - A8cp8KTHbie aBToM06V1IlV1 (H8 aMepHK8HcKOM >K8P-
rOHe), 3a KOTopble OH" 6b1Il" 5bl cornaCHbl nOIlY4"Tb '1eHY Bblwe 2000
AOIlIl., S nOKynsTeIl" 3anIlaT"Il" 6bl 3S TaKO" aBTOM06"Ilb He 50Ilbwe 3000
AOIlIl. ECIl" 5bl "HcpopMa'1"" pacnpeAeIl"IlaCb C"MMeTp"4HO, CYll1eCTBOBS-
189
Inasa 8
Il" 5bl PbIHK" " An" Tex, " An" APyr"X MaW"H, a Ha Ka>KAOM "3 pblHKOB -
CBOH l!eH8. Ho B TOM-TO It1 ,qeJ10, l.JTO C!.1MMeTpL-1H OTCYTCTBY8T. TOIlbKO npo
A8Beu, 3H8eT 0 CBoeVl M8WL-1He Bce. nOKyn8TeIlb >K8 He 3H88T 0 H8 HL-1Y8ro.
npV1 p8BHOM KOIlH4eCTBe nIlOXIr1X !.1 XOPOWL-1X aBTOM061t1IleVl YCT8HaBIlIr1BaeT-
C" CpeAH"" '1eHa: 4500 AOIlIl. = (3000 AOIlIl. + 6000 AOIlIl.)/2. no TaKa"
'1eHe npOAaB'1bl XOPOW"X MaW"H npOCTO He 5YAYT "X c5blBaTb, a «Il"MO-
Hbl» nOVlAYT no u,eH8, np8BblwalOw,8L4 L-1X p8aIlbHYIO l.\eHHOCTb. «nHMOHbl»
BblT8CHsn K8Y8CTB8HHblL4 TOB8p C pb1HK8, 4TO B T8pMHH8X 3KOHOMHyeCK0L4
TeOp"" Ha3bIBa8TC" OTpH'1STeIlbHO" C8IleK Heit (He5IlaronpHRTHb1M
OT50pOM).
THnHYHblM np!.1MepOM OTplt1U,8T8IlbHOH C8IleKl.\Ir1L-1, HIlIt1 He6Il8ronpIr1HTHO
ro oT50pa, CTaIl pblHOK CTpaXOBblX YCIlYr. C"Tya'1"" pa3B"BSeTC" no TOMY
>K8 Cl.\eH8pHIO, YTO Ir1 H8 pblHK8 «nL-1MOHOB». 3TO npOHCXOAVlT V13-38 8CHMM8T-
P"4HOCT" "HCPOpMa'1"". nfOA" IlY4W8 Ilf050" CTpaXOBO" KOMnaH"" 3HafOT
COCTOHHVl8 cBoero 3AOPOBbH. T8, KTO L-1MeeT XY,QW88 3AopOBbe, 60nee
CKIlOHHbl np"5erHYTb K YCIlyraM CTpaXOBaH"". AOIl" H8 04eHb 3AOPOBbiX
IlIOA8 nOCT8n8HHO B03paCTaeT B 06 8M YHCIl8 Tex, KTO cTpaxyeT CB08 3,QO-
pOBb8. 3TO nOBblwaeT '1eHY CTpaXOBblX YCIlyr. np" pOCTe '1eHbl 50Ilee 3AO-
pOBble IlfOA" n8peCTaHYT CTpaXOBaTbC", " AOIl" 50IlbHbiX 5YAeT YBeIl"4"-
BaTbCR B KOHl...\e KOHl.\OB MO>KeT CIlO>KL-1TbCH CHTY81...\L-1H, KorA8 CTpaXYIOTCH TOIlb-
KO 60IlbHb18, a C8M8 CTp8XOBaH AeHT8IlbHOCTb CT8HOBHTCH H8BblroAH0L4. Mbl
H86J1IOA88M y>K8 1t13SeCTHblH H8M CIlYY8L4: HeK8yeCTB8HHblt1 «TOB8p» BbIT8CHfI
8T C pblHK8 K8Y8CTBeHHblll1. CTp8XOBaH A8HT8IlbHOCTb CT8HOBHTCfI H8Bblro,Q-
HOVl, HO OHa H806xOAL-1Ma. n03TOMY 48CTO CTpaXOBOVl AeHTenbHocTblO 3aH -
M8eTCH rocy,qapcTBo. nOM!.1MO Tp8HC8Kl!L-10HHbIX H3Aep>K8K, eLl.\8 VI 8CIr1MM8T-
P"4HOCTb "HcpopMa'1H" 3aCTaBIl"eT rocYAapcTBO BKIlf04aTbC" B npO'1ecc
opraHH38l.\V1V1 VI OCYLl.\8CTBIl8HIr1H CTpaXOBOH A8HTeIlbHOCTL-1.
TaK, O,QHVlM 143 H8r8T\.1BHbIX nOCIle,QCTBL-1V1 H8IlHYHH 8CVlMM8TPL-1YHOVl VlH-
cpopMa'1"" Ha pblHKe CTaHOB"TC" OTp"'1aTeIlbHaR CeIleK'1"". C "BIleH"8M
OTpVll.\8T8IlbH0L4 C8n8Kl!HIr1 T8CHO CBH38HO CIl8AYIOw,e8 H8r8TVlBHoe nOCIle,Q-
CTBL-18 8CIo1MM8TpVl4HOCTH Ir1HcpopMal.\VI!.1 - B03HHKHOBeHH8 MOpal1bHOrO p c.
Ka. nHl!a, It1M81Ow,L-1e AorOBOp co CTp8XOB0L4 KOMnaHVl8V1 0 CTpaXOB8HHH 3,0.0-
POBb", MOryT Ha4STb 4all1e 05pall1aTbC" K Bpa4aM, a HepeAKO " MeHee BH"-
M8T8IlbHO OTHOCHTbCfI K CB08MY 3,QOpOBblO. Te, KTO 38CTpaXOB8Il\.1 OT ymHa
CBOVI aBTOM06L-1IlIt1, n8peCTalOT 38nVlpaTb ABepV1, He CTaBflT CHCTeMY C\I1rHa-
IlH38l.\L-1H. KOMn8HL-1Itt, KOTopaH 38HHM88TCH CTp8XOB0l71 A8HT8IlbHOCTbKJ,
CIlO>KHO npeAyraAaTb BC8 nOA05Hbie cpOpMbl nOBeA8H"", H TaK"M 06pa30M
OHa H8C8T AOnOIlH!.1T8IlbHbI8 L-13Aep>KKH, CBfl38HHbie C MOp8IlbHbiM pL-1CKOM -
OTCYTCTB"eM CT"MYIlOB K MepaM np8AOCTOpO>KHOCT".
HaKOHe'1, cIleAyeT CKa3aTb H8CKOIlbKO CIlOB 0 npo5Il8Me «npHH HnaIl
_ SreHT» (nOAP05Hee 0 np05IleMe <<np"H'1"naIl - areHn, CM. rn. 9) C T04K"
3peH"" aC"MMeTp"4HOCT" "HCPOPMa'1"". C05cTBeHHH' aK'1"" KOMnSH""
(np"H'1"naIl) " MeHeA>Kep KOMnaH"" (areHT) MorYT np8cIleAoBaTb pa3Hbl8
190
3KOHOMUKa HeOnpeaeneHHOCmU
'18Il". KOHe4Ho, MeHeA>Kep 3a"HT8peCoBaH B npO'1BeTaH"" CP"PMbl, KaK " e8
BIlaA8Il8'1, HO Y MeHeA>KepS MorYT 6blTb " CBO" c06cTBeHHbl8 '18Il" , T"nH4-
HblMH cpeAIr1 KOTOpblX 06bl4HO Ha3blsalOT pa3p8CT8HIr18 ynp8BIl8Hl.J8CKoro
nepcoHaIla " COKpall1eH"8 pa604ero AH". np"H'1"naIl H8 "MeeT nOIlHO" "H-
cpOpMa'1"" 0 '1eIl"X CBO"X ynpaBIl"fOll1"X, n03TOMY B np"H'1"ne Ae"TeIlb-
HOCTb CP"PMbl MO>KeT 6blTb AaIleKO He BC8rAa HanpSBIleHS Ha MaKC"M"3a-
l.\HIO npa.16bIJl!.1, K8K 3TO np!.1HHTO Cl.JHT8Tb B HeOKIl8CCW-leCKOVl TeOpL-1l11.
2.
PIIICK III cnoco6bl ero CHIIIJKeHlllfI.
CTpaXOBaHlile
B YCIlOB""X SC"MMeTp"4HOCT" "HcpopMa'1"" " HeonpeAe-
neHHOCTIr1 nlOA!.1 B OCYLl.\8CTBIl8HHIt1 CB08L4 3KOHOMIII48CK0l71 AeHT8IlbHOCTH
He"35e>KHO "AYT Ha P"CK. nOA pHCKOM nOH"MaeTC" C"Tya'1"", KorAa, 3HS"
BepmnHOCTb K8>K,QOro B03MO>KHOro HCXO,Q8, BC8 >Ke H8Ilb3H TOYHO np8ACK8-
38Tb KOH8YHbl pe3YJ1bTaT. PaCCMOTp\.1M H8KOTOpbl8 OCHOBHble nOHHTIo1H, CBfI-
38HHbl8 C nOB8A8HIt1eM 48IlOB8K8 B YCIlOBHHX H80np8A8IleHHOCTH. Yl.J8Cn18
B nOTep88 - HInL-14HbIVl nplr1M8p pV1CKOBOH A8f1T8IlbHOCTH.
0>KH,Q8eMoe 3Hal.J8Hlt1e cnY48V1HOVl BeIlVlYL-1Hbl (H8npHMep, BblHrpbJW HJlH
npO"rpblW B IlOTepee) nOAC4"TbIBaeTC" no cpopMYIle MaTeMSTH4eCKoro O>KH-
ASHHR:
(1)
E(x) = 7l"1X1 + 7r 2 X 2 + ... + 7r n X n ,
rA8 7r 1 , 1[2' ... 7r n - B8pOHTHOCTVI Ka>KgOrO VlCXOA8,
X 1 ' X 2 , ... X n - 3Ha4eHL-1H K8>K,QOro J.1CXOA8.
npV1 3TOM B8>KHO YY!.1TbIB8Tb, YTO BepOHTHOCTL-1 MOrYT L-1MeTb p83IlV14HYIO
np"pOAY, TO eCTb 5blTb KaK 05b8KT"BHbIM", TaK " cy5beKT"BHbIM". Te Y4e-
Hble, KOTOpble np"Aep>K"BafOTC" KOH'1en'1"" 05b8KT"BHO" np"pOAbl BepO"T-
HOCT8t1, nOIl8ra1OT, 4TO 3Ha4eHHH BepOfiTHOCTeVl nOT8Hu,HaIlbHO Onpe,qeIlH-
Mbl H8 M8T8M8TH4eCKOVl OCHOB8. TaK, CPP8Hl.\Y3CKIo111! 8CTpOHOM, M8TeM8THK
H cI>"3"K nbep nanIlaC OnpeAeIl"Il B8PO"THOCTb "CCIl8AyeMoro C06bIT"" KaK
OTHOWeHL-18 KOIlVl4eCTB8 6Il8ronpHflTHbiX HCXOAOB A8HHOro C06bITL-1f1 K KOIlH-
48CTBY Bcex B03MO>KHbIX "CXOAOB. CTOPOHH"KH cy5beKT"BHoro nOAXOAa (Ha-
npHMep, aMep"KaHCK"" 3KOHOM"CT " CTaT"CT"K neOHapA C3B"A>K) nonara-
IlIr1, YTO BepOHTHOCTL-1 - 3TO CTen8HH y68>K,Q8HHOCTL-1 B H8cTynIleHL-1L-1 Tex It1nlt1
HHblX C06bITHVI.
B Ilf060M CIlY4ae, KaKYfO 5bl TpaKTOBKY np"pOAbl BepO"THOCTe" Mbl H"
npHHHIlH, HaM B8>KHO p83.n!.148Tb M8TeM8THY8CKOe O}l{HA8HVle (npe,qnOIlar8-
eMoe 3Ha4eHHe "CXOAa) " O>K"AaeMYfO nOIl83HOCTb.
CTOKH M8T8MaTIt1yeCKoro 060CHOB8HV1H TeopHH O>KH,QaeMOLil n0l1e3-
191
inasa 8
HOCTH MO>KHO BCTpeT!.1Tb B pa50T8X WB8V1l!apCK!.1X M8T8M8TL-1KOB f86pH3Ilfl
KpaMepa " AaH""Ila 5epHYIlIl", nOCIleAH"" "3 KOTOpblX npeAIlO>K"n CBoe
peWeH"e 3HaMeH"Toro CSHKT-neTep5yprcKoro napaAOKca. ' napaAOKC
CPOPMYIl"PyeTc" CIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M: "HA"B"Abl rOTOBbl 3SnIlaT"Tb Bcero
IlVlWb He60nbWYKJ CYMMY AeHer 3a Y48CTIt18 B V1rpe, B KOTOpOVI MaTeM8TV1-
yeCKOe 0>KH.Q8HV18 Bbl/t1rpblWa 6eCKOHe4HO eenUKO. IIIrpa 3aKIllOY8eTCfI B no,Q-
6p8CbIB8HL-1H MOHeTbl AO Tex nop, nOK8 He Bbln8A8T 38AaHH851 ee CTOpOH8,
Hanp"Mep, «opem" a pa3Mep Bbl"rpblWa onpeAeIl"eTC" KOIl"4eCTBOM nOA-
5paCbIBaH"" MOHeTbl AO BblnaAeH"" 3aAaHHO" CTOpOHbl. TaK, np" nepBOM
nOA5paCbIBaH"" B CIlY4ae BblnaAeH"" <<opIla» cy5beKT X BblnIla4"BaeT
cy5beKTY Y 1 AOIlIl.; BO BTOpOM TaKOM >Ke cIlY4ae Y nOIlY4"T 2 AOIlIl.; B Tpe-
Tb8M - 4 AOIlIl., T. e. 3a Ka>KAblVl 6pOCOK C BbIn8AeHV1eM «opIla» cy6beKT X
BbInIl8l.J/t1B8eT npH n-OM 6pOCK8 2 n - 1 AOIlIl.
BepO"THOCTb (IT) Bbl"rpblWa B "rpe C nOA5paCbIBSH"eM MOHeTbl, cornsc-
HO TeOp"" BepO"THOCT", COCTaBIl"eT 50%, "Il" 0,5 np" Ka>KAOM 5pocKe.
M8TeM8TV14ecKoe O)f(H,q8HV18 ,QeHe)f(Horo BblVlrpblw8 np!.1 nepBoM 6pocKe co-
CT8BlUIeT J[ x 1 AOIlIl. It1IU1 0,5 x 1 ,QOIlIl. = 0,5 ,qOIlIl. npVl BTOpOM 6pOCKe OHa
COCTaBHT (0,5 x 0,5) x 2 Aonn. ; 0,5 AonIl. 061l1ee O>K"AaeMOe 3Ha4eH"e
npeACT8BIlfieT co6o CYMMY O)f(It1,q8H!.1111 H8 K8)f(,Q0Il1 CT8AVlH Hrpbl It1 COCT8BYlT,
cIle,qos8TeIlbHO, 0,5 ,QOIlIl. + 0,5 ,qOIlIl. + 0,5 ,qOIlIl. + CYMM8 :noro 6ecKQ-
HeYHoro PflA8 npeACT8BIls:leT 6ecKoHe4Ho 60IlbWYlO BeIlIt1Y!.1HY.
T8KHM 06p830M, K8K OTMeY8IlOCb Bblwe, n8paAoKc 38KIllOY8eTCH B TOM,
YTO 0>K\.1,q88MbIVi ,q8He>KHbIVl BblL-1rpblW B T8KOVI L-1rp8 6eCKOHeY8H, 0,QH8KO
60IlbWL-1HCTBO IlI0AeVl YKIlOH!.1TCH OT YY8CT\.1s:1 B Helll. 2 nOY8MY >Ke T8K npolt1c-
XOA"T? LlT05bl 05b"CH"Tb CaHKT-neTep5yprCK"" napaAOKC, A. 5epHYIln"
npe.QnOJlmK!.1Il, l.JTO B ,q8HHOM CIlYl.J8e HHAHBH,Qbl CTpeMflTCfI K MaKCHMH-
JaLH1H He O>KH,QaeMoro AeHe>KHOrO BblHrpblwa, a MOpal1bHOrO O>KHAa
HHSI, BnOCIleACTBHV1 H83a8HHOro O>KHAae-
MOH nOl1eJHOCTblO Bbllr1rpblw8. A 3TO He
OAHO " TO >Ke. PaCCMOTp"M 3TY np05neMY
nOAPo6Hee B CBfl3L-1 C OTHOWeH!.1eM IlIOA8V1
K P"CKY.
II1Ae" A. 5epHYIlIlH nOIlY4"Il" pa3B"T"e
B p860T8X 8MepL-1K8HCKHX 3KOHOMHCTOB
A>KOHa cpOH He"MaHa " OCKapa MopreHW-
TepH8, KOTOpblX 48CTO Ha3blB81OT OCHOBO-
n0J10>KH!.1KaMH TeOpL-11t1 0>KL-1A8eM0L4 nOIle3-
HOCTL-1. OHL-1 nOK838JlIII, YTO B YCIlOBHHX H8-
nOIlHO" "HcpopMa'1"" pa'1"OHaIlbHbiM Bbl-
50pOM "HA"B"Aa 5YAeT Bbl50p C MaKC"-
MaIlbHOVI 0>KHA8eMOCi nOIle3HOCTb .
192
1 ,[\aHIi1IMl 6epHY.n.nVl (1700-
1782), wBe'-1l\apcKVI'-1 MareMan1K Ii1
ecreCrB0Ii1Cnblrar8.nb. B 1723-
1725 rr. pa6ora.n B nerep6yprcKo'-1
AKageMIi1V1 HaYK Ha KacpeApax CPIi1-
31i10.norVlIi1 Ii1 MareMarVlKIi1.
ra6pli13.nb KpaMep (1704-
1752) - wBe'-1l\apCKIi1'-1 MareMarV1K.
2 CM. nOAP06Hee: 6epHY.n.nVl,q
OnblT HOBO'-1 r80pL11.1 1i13MepeHVlfJ
)/{pe6Ii1fJ. B KHVlre: TeOpV1fJ norpe61i1-
re.nbCKoro nOBeA8HVlfJ 11 cnpoca.
C.-n6. 1993. C. 23.
3KOHOMUKa H80npeaeneHHOCmU
O>KItI,q8eM8H nOIle3HOCTb Ka>KAoro B8pV1aHT8 nOACYIt1TblB88TCH CIl8AY Ll.\VlM
05pa30M:
"
E(U); Iu, IT,
i"1
(2)
rAe u. - nOIle3HOCTb HCXOA8 I, 7[, - BepoHTHoCTb HCXO,q8 I, n - YL-1CIlO \.1C-
XOAOB. 3 T8M VlHAIr1B!.1A CP8BH!.1B8e 0>K1t1,q8eMbI8 nOIle3HOCT!.1 B8pH8HTOB It1
OCYll1eCTBIl"eT Bb150p, CTpeM"Cb Ma'C"M"3"pOBaTb O>K"AaeMYfO nOIle3-
HOCTb. KaKoBO >Ke 5YAeT ero OTHOWeH"e K P"CKY?
nlOAfiM CBoVlcTBeHHo pa3IlL-14H08 OTHOW8HL-18 K pL-1CKY. B 3KOHOMVl48CKOVl
TeOp"" np"H"TO BbIAeIl"Tb:
a) HeiiTpaIlbHblX K PHCKY;
5) IlI06HTeIleii pHCKa;
B) HcnblTblBSlOll1HX aHTHnSTHIO K PHCKY, "Il" npOTHBHHKOB pHCKS.
B HeKOTopblX cnY4a"x MaTeMST"4eCKOe O>K"AaH"e np" OCYll1eCTBIleH""
pHCKOBO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" MO>KeT 5blTb paBHO B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>KeH"" He-
P"CKOBOMY Bap"aHTY, " Bce >Ke IlfOA" nOBeAYT ce5" no-pS3HOMY. Hanp"Mep,
Baw AOIl>KH"K BMeCTO TOro, 4T05bl BepHYTb BaM 10 AOIlIl., npeAIlarseT 5po-
C"Tb MOHeTY. ' ECIl" Bbl Bbl"rpaeTe, TO nOIlY4"Te He 10, a 20 AOIlIl. (T. e. Baw
4HCTbl" Bbl"rpblW COCTaB"T 10 AOIlIl.), HO eCIl" npO"rpaeTe - He nOIlY4"Te
H"4ero (T. e. nOTep"eTe CBO" 10 AOIlIl.). MaTeMaT"4eCKOe O>K"AaH"e E(x) B
3TOM CIlY4ae COCTaB"T: (0,5 x 10) + (0,5 x -10) ; O. OHO paBHO HYIlfO, H
nOIlY4aeTC", 4TO BaM, BpOAe 5bl, 5e3pS3Il"4HO, "rpaTb B OPIl"HKY C AOIl>K-
HHKOM L-1Il!.1 nOTpe60B8Tb npOCTO CBO!.1 AeHbr!.1 Ha38A.
Ho KTO-TO nO>KeIl88T nOVlTL-1 H8 plt1CK B H8,q8>KA8 nOIlY4L-1Tb 60Ilbwe, a KTO-
TO npeAn04TeT He npeAnp"H"MaTb H"KaK"X Ae"CTB"", CB"3aHHbIX C P"CKOM.
.Qnfl TOro, YTo5bl 06bs:lCHIt1Tb Bbl60p 3KOHOML-1Y8CK!.1X 8reHTOB, He06xOAHMO
BKIlI04L-1Tb B Haw 8H8Il\.13 KOHl..\8nu,HiO O>KL-1AaeMOL4 nOIle3HOCTL-1.
np8KTIt1Ka nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO B OCHOBHOVI cBoeVi M8cce IlIOAL-1 He CKIlOHHbl
K plt1CKOBOVl AeHT8IlbHOCTL-1. T8Koe nOB8,q8HL-18 05blYHO 05bHCHHeTCH, nOMH-
MO oco6eHHocTel71 4eIlOB8Y8CKOVI nCHX!.1KIt1, YHCTO 3KOHOMHyeCKOVI npIr1YV1HOVl,
a HMeHHO: A8V1CTBH8M 3aKOH8 y6b1B81O eVl np8A8IlbHOVl nOIl83HOCTL-1.
npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO Y Bac eCTb 100 AOIlIl. Bbl MO>KeTe cbrrpaTb B PYIleT-
KY \.1 nOCT8BHTb «H8 KpacHoe» 50 AOIlIl. B
cnY4ae Bbl"rpblWa (np" YAS4HO" "rpe «Ha
Ll.Ben> CYMM8 CT8BKIII YBef1!.14HBaeTcH B AB8
Pa3a) Y Bac 6YAeT 150 AOIlIl.: 50 AOIlIl., KO-
TOpble Bbl He CTaB"Il", nIlfOC 50 AOIlIl. x 2
- Baw Bbl"rpblw. TaK"M 05pa30M, Bbl YBe-
nHYHTe CBoe nepBOHaY8IlbHOe 60raTcTBo,
1 KypC3KOKOMH"I8CK0i1T80PHH
1 HanOMHIotM ew,e pa3, 4TO B
c.nY4ae C nOA6paCblBaHIi1eM MOH8-
Tbl Bepo rHocrVl npOVlrpblwa \11 Bbl.
I1rpblWa paBHbl Me>K.Qy co6o'-1 VI co-
craB.n IOT Be.n114I.1HY 0,5.
193
InaS8 8
= = = = = = = = = - - = = - - }
I } Y6LlTOK: I
I 5 7 = -2 I
5 ____--I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
o 50 100 150
YCJlOBHhle
e"""""",
nOJIe3uocru
KpKBaJI o6m;en
nOJle3HOCTH
ITpK06peTeHHe:
8-7 = 1
Puc. 8.1.
KpueaR o6U(eu none3Hocmu: HenpuRmue pucHa
IioI'aTCFBO.AOJIJl.
paBHoe 100 AOIlIl., Ha 50 AOIlIl. B cIlY4ae npO"rpblWS Y Bac OCTaHeTC" Bce-
ro 50 AOIlIl., T. e. Bbl YMeHbW"Te CBoe nepBoHa4sIlbH08 50raTcTBo HS 50
AOJlIl. M8T8M8TIr1Y8CKOe 0>KVlAaH!.18 B .Q8H8>KHOM Bblp8>K8HL-1L-1 COCTaBL-1T:
(0,5 x-50) + (0,5 x 50) = O.
Ho npeAeIlbHa" nOIle3HOCTb, KaK B"AHO "3 rpacp"Ka 051l18" nOIl83Hocm
(P"c. 8. 1.) , y5blBaeT, n03TOMY B YCIlOBHblX eA"H"'1aX nOIl83HOCT"' O!I<uoa-
eMaH none3Hocmb 6YA8T Ir1MeTb OTplo1L1,8TeJlbHOe 3H8l.J8HL-1e:
(0,5 x -2) + (0,5 x 1) = -1.
II1Ha4e roBOp", B CIlY4a8 npO"rpblWa BaW" y5b1TK" 5YAYT B YCIlOBHblX
eAV1H\.1u,ax nOIle3HOCTH 60Ilbwe, yeM B8W8 npHo6peTeHHe B CIlY48e BblL-1r-
pblwa. TaKVlM 06p830M, B K8Terop\.1HX nOIle3HOCT\.1 CHTY8L1,L-1H Bblr.nHAL-1T l1H8-
48, l.JeM B AeHe>KHOM L-1CYHCIl8HL-1L-1, It1 Bbl He 6YA8Te CKIlOHHbl pL-1CKOB8Tb. BOT
n04eMY Mbl rOBOpLi1IlVI paHe8 0 He06xOALi1MOCTLi1 p83IlHyaTb MaTeM8TJ.1Y8CK08
0>KJ.1,QaHH8 AeHe>KHOC1 CYMMbl BblVlrpblW8 !.1 ee 0>KHA8eMYtO nOIle3HOCTb. Bbl-
pa>KaHCb 60Ilee npOCTblM H3bIKOM, MO>KHO CKa3aTb, l.JTO, KOHel.JHO, B8M ,QOC-
T8BIt1T P8AOCTb nOIlYYHTb 60IlbW8 TOro, YTO Bbl L-1MeeTe, HO AIlH B8C ropa3Ao
0ll1ymMee 5YAeT nOTep" TOro, K 4eMY Bbl
Y>Ke npHBbIKIlLi1. B 3KOHOMH4eCK0C1 TeOpL-1H
ASHHbl" cpeHOMeH nOIlY4"Il Ha3BaHH8 3<1>-
<l>eKTa BIlSAeHHR. 3cpcpeKT BIlaA8H"" 3aK-
fllOY88TCH B TOM, 4TO IltOAH ropa3Ao Bblwe
OLl,8HLi1B8IOT TO, yeM OHVI BIl8AeIOT, Y8M TO,
l.JTO nOKa Li1M He npHH8AIle>K!.1T.
B03Bpall1a"Cb K CaHKT-neTep6yprcKOMY
nap8AoKCY, Mbl MO>KeM Tenepb CK838Tb, YTO
194
I YC.noBHble eA!i1H!i1L1bl no.ne3HO.
CTI-1 MO}f(HO o603Ha4!i1Tb KaK «IOTIi1-
.n!i1» (OT aHr.nI-1V1CKoro c.nOBa uti!ity-
no.ne3HocTb), MO}f(HO 1-1 B npec.noBY-
TblX y. e., nogpa3YMeBa nog HIIIMIi1
IIIMeHHO HeKlile YC.noBHble egl-1HIi1-
Llbl, a He Ao.n.napbl CWA.
3KOHOMUK8 HeonpeoeneHHocmu
YCJIOBHLIe
ellHHH'<h'
nOJIe3HOCTK
KpKBaJI o6m;eri:
nOJIe3HOCI'U
8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3
: I ITpH06peTeHHe:
I 8-3=5
I
----I
I } Y6hlTOK: j
I 2 _ 3 - -11
- - - - 1 I
I
50 100 150 IioraTcrBO, AOJIJl.
2
o
Puc. 8.2.
KpueaR o6U(eii none3Hocmu: CHnOHHocmb K PUCKY
VlHAHBHAbl, OTK83blB8HCb OT L-1rpbl B nO,Q6paCbIBaHL-1e MOHeTbl, H8CMOTpfl H8
6eCKOH8YHO 60Ilbwoe 3H84eHV18 M8TeMaTltt48cKOro 0>KVlA8HL-1H, PYKOBOACTBY-
toTCfI, com8CHO rL-1nOTe3e 6epHYIlIlItt, npe>KAe Bcero 0>K!.1A8eM0C1 nOIle3HOC-
Tbto BblLi1rpblw8. A npeA8IlbHaH nOIl83HOCTb AOXOA8 C K8)I{,QbIM ero npHpoc-
TOM CH!.1>KaeTCR npltt YMeHbWalOLl.\eL4CH npeAeIlbHol71 nOIle3HOCT!.1 AeHe>KHO-
ro Bbl"rpblWa IlfOA" 5YAYT Tpe60BaTb Bce B03paCTafOll1"X BbrnIlaT, AIl" TOro,
4T06bl KOMneHCL-1pOBaTb CBOL4 pL-1CK B CIlYl.J88 npO!.1rpblwa.
KOHe4Ho, CYl11eCTBYfOT IlfOA" , KOTopble Bce >Ke CKIlOHHbl "Am Ha P"CK.
CaMO nOHHTHe npeAnpHH!.1M8TeIlbcTBa Bcer,Q8 CBH3aHO C 60IlbW&.1M V1IlH
MeHbW\.1M pIttCKOM. .o.IlH T8KIt1X mOAeVl, HcnblTblBalO It1X CKIlOHHOCTb K PHCKY,
Kp"Ba" 061l1e" nOIle3HOCT" 6YAeT np"05peTaTb BorHYTbl" B"A, " np"06pe-
TeH"8 B cIlY4ae Bbl"rpblWa 5YAeT npeBblwaTb y6blTOK B CIlY4ae npO"rpblWa
B YCIlOBHblX eA"H"'1aX nOIl83HOCT" (P"c. 8.2).
M8TeMaTIt14eCKOe O>KItt,QaHlt1e B A8He)\{HOM Bblpa>KeHIttH, K8K H B cIlyyae,
paccMoTpeHHoM Bblwe, 6YAeT cIleAYfOll1"M:
(0,5 x-50) + (0,5 x 50) = O.
Ho npeA8IlbH8f1 nOIle3HOCTb B A8HHOM cIlyyae B03pacT88T, n03ToMY B
YCIlOBHblX eAVlHHLI,8X 0>KHA8eM8H nOIle3HOCTb 6YA8T \.1MeTb nOIlO>KHTeIlbHoe
3H84eHL-1e:
(0,5 X-I) + (0,5 x 5) = 2.
nOIlO>KHT8IlbHbIH 3HaK roBOplt1T 0 TOM, 4TO AIlH IlIO,QeC1, CKIlOHHblX K plt1C-
KOBO" Ae"T8IlbHOCT", Oll1YT"Mee 5YAeT paAOCTb Bbl"rpbIWS, 48M HeYAO-
BOJ1bCTBVle OT npOVlrpbJWa.
111, HaKOHe'1, B CIlY4ae He"TpsIlbHOro OTHOWeH"" K P"CKY Kp"Ba" 051l18"
nOIle3HOCT" 5YAeT np"05peTaTb B"A np"MO" Il"H"" (P"c. 8.3).
195
13-
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6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UOJIe3HOCTH
: } npH06peTeHHe:
1 6 - 4.. 2
4 -----
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o 50 100 150 Bo£aTCTBO, )]:OJlJl.
Puc. 8.3.
KpuaaR o6uceii none3Hocmu:
Heiimpan&HOe omHoweHue H PUCHY
MaT8ManlY8CK08 0>KIo1A8H!.1e B A8H8>KHOM BbJp8>KeHHIo1, 8CTeCTB8HHO, He
MeHH8TCH:
(0,5 x-50) + (0,5 x 50) = O.
Ho " npeAeIlbHa" nOIle3HOCTb He MeH"eTC", n03TOMY B YCIlOBHblX eA"-
H"'1aX nOIle3HOCT" O>K"AaeMa" nOIle3HOCTb 5YAeT TaK>Ke paBHa HYIlfO:
(0,5 x -2) + (0,5 x 2) = O.
TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl B"A"M, 4TO AM IlfOAe", 5e3pa3Il"4Hb1X K P"CKY, no-
nO>KV1TeIlbHbI8 3MOLlL1\.1 OT Bbl!.1rpblWa p8BHbi OTpLilLl8TeIlbHbiM 3MOU,HHM OT
npO"rpblwa.
C T04KH 3peH"" TeOp"" O>K"AaeMO" nOIle3HOCT" Bce TP" paCCMOTpeH-
Hble Bap"aHTa Bbl50pa 5YAYT pa'1"OHaIlbHbIMH. OAHaKo BnocIleACTB""
6blIl0 BblHBIleHO L-1 onHC8HO AocTaT04Hoe KOIllo1Y8CTBO CIlY4aeB, H8 YKIl8Abl-
BalOLl.\L-1XCH B A8HHYlO TeOpL1lO. P8CCMOTplt1M HeKOTopblX 143 HL-1X.
1113BeCTeH TaK H83blBaeMblVl a£t>£t>eKT TOl.JKH OTCl.JeTa. 4T06bl nOHCHL-1Tb
ero, np"BeAeM np"Mep. LleIlOBeK C05"paeTC" Kyn"Tb A>K"HCbl CTO"MOCTbfO
50 AOIlIl., np" 3TOM Y Hero eCTb Bb150p, Il"60 Kyn"Tb "X B Mara3"He P"AOM
C ,QOMOM, IlH60 nOTp8TVlTb 4ac Bp8M8HLiI H KynL1Tb \.1X B APyroM M8r83101H8 no
'1eHe 40 AOIlIl. KOHe4Ho, OH MO>KeT MaxHYTb PYKO" Ha AeHbr" " Kyn"Tb "X
P"AOM C AOMOM, HO Bce >Ke cYl11eCTBYfOT AocTaT04Hbie CT"MYIlbl AIl" noe3A-
KH B LleIlHx 3KOHOML-1H. ECIlH >K8 TOT )\{e caMblVl 4eIlOB8K CTOL-1T nepeA Bbl6o-
pOM, Kyn"Tb KO>KaHYfO KypTKY 3a 690 AOIlIl. P"AOM C AOMOM "IlH - 3a 680
AOIlIl. B YAaIleHHoM MSra3"He, CT"MYIlOB K noe3AKe 6YAeT ropa3Ao MeHbwe.
3KOHOMHH B 10 AOIlIl. nOIlyyaeTCH B 06olt1x cIlY4aHx, HO T04K8 OTC48T8 3aK-
Il104aeTCH B npou,8HT8 3KOHOML-1L-1, T. 8. OTHOWeHHL1 C3KOHOMIl8HHblX A8H8r K
l..\8H8 TOBap8, Bblpa>KeHHOM B npOLleHT8X.
196
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KpuaaR o6uceii none3Hocmu: U3MeHeHue omHoweHUR
H PUCHY 8 3aSUCUMocmu om ypOSHR iJoxoiJa
4eIlOB8K MO>KeT BeCT!.1 ce6H, OnpOB8pr8H KOHLlenl!L11O 0>KHAa8MOVt nOIle3-
HOCTLiI, B P83YIlbTaT8 He.nHH8L4H0L4 38BL-1C\.1MOCTH 06b8KTIt1BHbiX V1 Cy6b8KTL1B-
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p05lTHOCTH no Mepe YBeIlH48HLilH >K8.naT8JlbHOCTV1 C06bITHII1, T. 8. yeIlOBeK Bbl-
AaeT >KenaeM08 3a A8V1CTBHT8IlbH08. npV1M8HIt1TeIlbHO K pV1CKOBOVl ,QeHT8Ilb-
HOCTL1, MO)\{HO CK838Tb, 4TO 4eIlOBeK B 60IlbW8111 CT8neH\.1 6YA8T CKIlOH8H
HATVI H8 pL-1CK, eCIlL-1 nOBblwaeTCH np\.1THraT8IlbHOCTb B03MO>KHOro V1CXOA8.
IIICKIlI04eH\.1H H3 TeOpHIr1 O>KL-1,QaeMOVt nOIl83HOCTH CBH38Hb1 TalOKe C >K8-
IlaH"eM 50nbW"HCTBa IlfOAe" "35e>KaTb p"CKa Ilf050" '1eHO". CYll1eCTByeT
3!j)!j)eKT onpeAeIleHHOCTH. OH 3aKIlf04aeTC" B TOM, 4TO np"BIleKaTeIlb-
HOCTb onpeAeIleHHblX "CXOAOB AIl" IlfOAe" OKS3bIBaeTC" HenpOnOpL<uo-
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Ka3blBafOT, 4TO Bbl"rpblW C 100%-HO" Bepo"THoCTbfO IlfOA" O'1eH"BafOT
HenpOnOp'1"OHaIlbHo Bblwe, 4eM Bbl"rpbIW" C BepO"THOCTbfO, np"5Il">Ka-
101l1e"c" K 100%, HO He AOCT"rafOll1e" ee: C Bepo"THoCTbfO 99%, 98% "
T. A. T. e. nlO,QH 0l!8HLilB8IOT B8pOHTHOCTb He TOIlbKO C KOJlH4eCTB8HH0L4
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8 MeH8e CKJlOH
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qHT"naT"fO K P"CKY C ypOBHeM AOXOAOB pa3Il"4Hb1X Il"'1 " CTPO"T cIleAYfO-
l11YfO KP"BYfO nOIle3HOCT" (P"c. 8.4):
Y4acToK A - rpynna Il"'1 C H"3K"M" AO-
XOAaM".
Y4acToK B - npOMe>KYT04HS" rpynna.
Y4acTOK C - rpynna Il"'1 C BbICOK"M"
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1 CM.: Teop\t1S1 nOTpe5\t1TeI1bc-
KOro nOBeAeHIIISlIII cnpoca. C.208-
250.
197
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198
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risk neutrals
risk lovers
risk 8verters
expected utility theory
St.Petersburg paradox
anchoring effect
certsinty effect
insur8nce
market signalling
w8rranties
reputation
rl1aBa 9.
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apeHAaTopbl, "35"pSTeIl" " 3aKOHOAaTeIlbHbl" opraH (Hanp"Mep, focYAap-
CTB8HHas:l .QYM8, KOTOpOVI Mbl AeIlerlllpoB8m1 npaBo npeAcT8BIlHTb H8W!.1 It1H-
Tepecbl).' AreHT 05IlaAaeT 50Ilbwe" "HCPopMa'1"e", He>KeIl" np"H'1"naIl,
T. e. "HcpopMa'1"" Me>KAY H"M" pacnpeAeIleHa aC"MMeTp"4Ho. B 3T"X yc-
JlOBHHX npillHu,L-1n8Il He MO>KeT nOIlHOCTblO KOHTpOIlHpOB8Tb ,QeIl1CTBHH 8r8H-
T8. CIleAOB8T8IlbHO, y nocIleAHero B03HL-1K8IOT CTHMYIlbl K onnopTYHHCTL-1YeC-
KOMY nOBeAeHlt11O H L-1cnOIlb30B8H!.11O CBOIt1X np8BOMOYHVI HCKIllOYIr1T8IlbHO B
c06CTBeHHbiX V1HTepeC8X.
Hanp"Mep, Bbl " Baw KOMnaHbOH KaK np"H'1"naIlbl YAOBIleTBop8Hbi pS-
50TO" 000 (061l1eCTBa C OrpaH"48HHO" OTBeTCTB8HHOCTbfO) «KOP>K"K»,
npO"3BOA"ll1ero ne4eHbe. Baw napTHep AaBHO Me4TaIl COBepW"Tb Kpyroc-
BeTH08 nYTeweCTBL-1e H8 B03AYWHOM wape,
H no 3TOVI npHl.J!.1He c06Hp8eTCfI C,Q8Il8Tb
nep8pblB B TPYAOBO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" Ha
O,QHH roA. Bbl >Ke, B CBOIO OyepeAb, XOTeIl!.1
5bl nepeKIlf04"TbC HS KOMMep4ecKYfO Ae,,-
T8IlbHOCTb B APYroVl 06Il8CTL-1, CKa>K8M, 38-
HHTbCH 38KynK8ML-1 TOBapOB H8pOAHoro npo-
MblCIl8 Y KopeHHoro H8C8Il8HV1H O,qHOro ce-
206
1 CM. 0 np06n8M8 «npIo1HL\Io1-
nan-areHT» B OTHoweHVlSlX M8>KAY
Vl36V1paTemlMIo1 VI 3aKOHo,qaTeJlSlMV1
B pa60T8: HOpT l\. V1HCTIo1TYTbl, V1H-
CTIo1TY\..I1010HaJlbHbI8 Vl3M8H8HIo1S1 101
CPYHKLlIo10HVlpOBaHIo18 3KOHOMIi1KIi1.
C.70.
TeoPUR cPUpMbl U opeaHU3aLjUOHHbie 1jJ0pMbi 6U3Heca
sepO-BOCTOYHOro nOIlYOCTPOB8 POCCL-1H C l!8IlblO ,qaIlbH8li1weL4 npOA8>KH H8
3KcnopT. H8 BpeMH BaweVl 38HHTOCTlt1 Bbl pew88Te B3HTb H8 AOIl>KHOCTb py-
KOBOA"TeIl" CP"PMbl HaeMHoro ynpaBIl"fOll1ero (areHTa), Ha3Ha4"B eMY CP"K-
C"pOBaHHYfO 3apa50THYfO nIlaTY " OCTaB"B "HCTPYK'1"" no pa60Te. OAHaKO
BCKope 05HaPY>K"BaeTC", 4TO pblH04Hbie n03"'1"" Bawe" CP"PMbl YXYAW"-
Il"Cb. AonYCT"M Aa>Ke, 4TO ynpaBn"fOl11"" 05IlaAaeT nOp"A04HOCTbfO " npo-
Q:>8CC!.10H8IlL-13MOM. Ho, nepeIlO>KHB Ha ero nIleYL-1 OTB8TCTBeHHOCTb no npVl-
HflTVlIO onep8n-1BHblX pew8HVlI71, Bbl nOCT8BHIlVI n8peA HHM CIlO>KHbIVl Bonpoc:
3aY8M np!.1IlaraTb CBepXYCHIlVlH, L-1ATL-1 Ha pillCK, p860TaH «H8 AHAIO», 8CIlH OH
BC8 paBHO nOIlY4aeT Cra5"IlbHbl" ypOBeHb onIlaTbl TPYAa? OTpblB CPYHK'1"H
C05CTB8HH"KS OT CPYHK'1"" ynpaBIl"f01l18ro nOpO>KAa8T TSK Ha3blBaeMoe OT-
IlbIHHBSHHe, T. 8. onnopTYH"CT"4eCKOe nOBeA8H"e ex post (nOCIle 3aKIlfO-
4eHH AoroBopa 0 HsfiMe).
Ha OCHOBe paCCMOTp8HHbiX HaM" np06IleM MO>KHO AaTb CIleAYfOll1ee on-
peAeIleH"8 CP"PMbr: (j>HpMa - 3TO CTPYKTypa Ae"TeIlbHOCTH, HsnpaBIleH-
H8f1 H8 nOHCK HaH6ol1ee BblrOAHoro cnoco6a npolll3BOACTBa B YC110BH-
fiX HeOnpeAel1eHHOCnt. IIIMeHHo HeonpeA8IleHHOCTb, B03HHK81O 8H BBL-1AY
CY1l18CTBOBaH"" aC"MMeTp"4HO" "HCPOpMa'1"" B YCIlOB""X pblH04HOro XO-
3HI71CTB8, nOpO>KA8eT, Bblpa>KaHCb 06pa3HO, >K8IlaHL-1e \.1HAL-1BHAOB IIICK8Tb cn8-
CeHIiIH OT BblCOKHX BOIlH TpaHCaKl!\.10HHbIX L-13Aep)\{8K B OK88He cnOHT8HHOro
nop AKa Ha OCTpOBSX "epapx"", T. e. CP"PM.
COBpeM8HH8s:1 He0L-1HCTL-1TYl!V10H8IlbHas:l TeOpHs:I, OAH!.1M H3 H8!.160Ilee
HpKIIIX np8ACT8BHT8Ileli1 KOTOpOVl flBIlHeTCH 8M8pHKaHCKL-1171 3KOHOML-1CT
O. YHIlb"MCOH, np8AIlaraeT ell1e 60Ilee rny50KOe norpY>K8H"8 B CYll1-
HOCTb 3KOHOM"48C'O" np"pOAbl CP"PMbl. AIl" Bbl"CH8H"" 3TO" np"po-
Abl H8M Heo6xoAHMO BBeCTH B 8H8Il1013, HapHAY C L-13BeCTHbIMH (onnop-
TYH"CT"4eCKOe nOBeAeH"e), " HOBbie KaTerop"": cneLlH(j>H4HOCTb SKTH-
BOB (peCYPCOB) " THnbl KOHTpaKTOB.
np"H'1"n nOIlHO" pa'1"OHaIlbHOCT", KaK OTMe4anOCb B rn. 1, nOApa3Y-
M8BaeT 06Il8,q8HVle BceMVI Y48CTHHK8MH pblHK8 nOIlHoHIiI HeVlCK8>K8HHOVl L-1H-
cpopMa'1"e". np" 3TOM Y 3KOHOM"48CK"X areHTOB OTCYTCTBYfOT CT"MYIlbl
YIlY4W"Tb CBoe 5IlarocOCTO"H"e 3a C4eT APyr"x. OAHaKo B pesIlbHo"
3KOHOMVlK8 Mbl, KaK npaBV1Ilo, HMeeM AeIlO C OrpaHHY8HHOVl pau,\.10H8Ilb-
HOCTblO. CVlTyau,iIIs:I H80npeAeIl8HHOCTL-1 It1 nOCTOHHHoe CTOIlKHOB8HHe B38-
"MHbIX "HTepeCoB cy5beKToB pblHKa nOpO>KAafOT "X onnopTYH"CT"4eCKOe
nOB8AeHlo1e. 3T8 MOAeIlb nOBeAeHL-1H, 0 KOTOpOL4 Mbl roBOp!.1Il\ll p8Hee, X8-
paKT8pH3Y8TCH cTpeMneHlo1eM 8reHTOB M8KC!.1MVl3!.1pOB8Tb npL-16blIlb SHe
a8BIiICHMOCTIt1 OT B03MO>KHOro y eMIleHHs:I np8B n8pTH8pOB H H8pyweHL-1H
np"H'1"nOB AeIlOBO" 3T"K". CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, BCTyna" B AoroBopHble OT-
HOW8H"" C APyr"M" cy5beKTaM" pbIHKS, He06xOA"MO npeAYCMOTpeTb
207
I nasa 9
MexaHH3M 38 L-1Tbl CBOIo1X np8B OT nO,Q06HbIX nOCHr8T8IlbCTB. MO>KHO CKa-
3aTb, 4TO cj>UpMa S03HUKaem U KBK peBKu,UR HB onnOpmYHUCmU4eCKOe n08e_
OeHUe 3KOHOMU4eCKUX aaeHmos, om Komopoao Hecs0600eH pblH04HbliJ Me-
XBHU3M. 1
06beA"HR" CBO" YC"Il"" B CTpeMIleH"" K M"H"M"3a'1"" TpaHCaK'1"OH_
HblX V13A8p>KeK, 3KOHOM!.1l.J8CKV1e areHTbJ C08AV1HHIOT V1MelOLl.\V18CH Y HHX aKn1
Bbl B paMKax CP"PMbl. AKTHB - 3TO 05beKT c05CTBeHHOCT", "MefOl11"" Ae-
He>KHYfO O'1eHKY. AKT"Bbl MOryT 5blTb cp"3"4eCK"M" (MaW"Hbl, 050PYAoBa-
H"e), cp"HaHCOBbIM" (aK'1H", 05Il"ra'1"" " APyr"e '1eHHble 5YMar"), HeMa-
Tep"aIlbHbIM" (aBTOpCK"e npaBS, «4eIlOBe4eCK"" Kan"Tam', T. e. HaKonIleH_
Hble npocpeCC"OHaIlbHble 3HaH"", 0 KOTOpblX nOAP05Hee nO"AeT pe4b B
rn. 11). II1cXOA" "3 cpaBHeH"R CP"PMO" '1eHHOCT" aKT"BOB, KOTOPbIM" OHa
05IlaAaeT, MO>KHO BbIAeIl"Tb TP" mna aKT"BOB: 051l1He, cneLlH<jIH4ecKHe "
HHTepcneLlH<jIH4eCKHe.
AIlR 061l\HX SKTHBOB xspaKTepHa paBHa" O'1eHKa "X '1eHHOCT" KaK AIl"
"CnOIlb30BaH"R B npeAeIlax AaHHo CP"PMbl, TaK " AIl" pblHKa. II1Ha4e rOBO-
PR, sIlbTepHaT"BHa" CTO"MOCTb 051l1ero aKT"Ba OA"HaKOBa KaK BHYTP" CP"P-
Mbl, TaK " BHe ee. TaK, CKa>KeM, 5eH3"H cTaHAapTHo" MapK" RBIl"eTC" AIl"
HecpTenepepa5aTbiBafOll1erO npeAnp""T"R 051l1"M aKT"BOM.
CneLlH<jIH4ecKHe SKTHBbl AM BHYTpeHHero "CnOIlb30BaH"" O'1eH"Ba-
fOTC" CP"PMO Bblwe, 4eM Ha pblHKe (aIlbTepHaT"BHa" CTO"MOCTb cne'1"cp"-
4ecKoro aKmBa Bblwe B paMKax CP"PMbl, 4eM BHe ee). np"MepOM TaKoro a,-
TV1B8 MOryT CIlY>KHTb HaBbIK!.1 npOrpaMMI.1CT8, KOTOpblCi AOCKOH8IlbHO 3Ha8r
cneL<UanbHO C0308HHoe onR oaHHoii CPUpMbl nporpaMMHoe 05eCne4eH"e.
YHHKanbHble, B3aHMO,QonOJlHH8Mble
TOIlbKO B paMKax AaHHO" CP"PMbl aKT"Bbl
Ha3blBafOT HHTepCne'1H<jIH4ecKHMH. BHe
CP"PMbl OH" Aa>Ke MorYT He Ha"T" pb1H04-
HOVI OU,8HKH, nOCKOIlbKY smnHIOTCH H8-
OTb8MIleMO COCT8BIlHIOLl.\8t1 ,QPyrV1x 8KTV1-
BOB CP"PMbl, OH" KaK 6bl «C03AaHbl APyr
AIl" APyra».
BC8 OTHOW8HIt1H BIlaA8Ilb1\8B 8KT!.1BOB
no noeoAY \.1X 06M8H8 It1IlIt1 L-1CnOIlb30BaHV1H
perYIl"PYfOTC" KOHTpaKTaM". KOHTpaKT -
3TO COrl1aWeHHe no nOBo,qy 06MeHa
Me>K,.Qy 3KOHOMH4eCKHMH areHTaMH, cne-
'1H<jIH'1HpYlOll1ee npaBa H 05R3aHHocTH
CTOpOH. B OCHOBe KIlaCC"cp"Ka'1"" KOH-
TpaKTOB Il8>KaT Y8Tblp8 CYli.\eCTB8HHbIX X8-
p8KTepHCTIt1K\.1:
208
1 CIl8AyeT 06pan1Tb BHIIIMa-
Hille, 4TO B HaCToS! etl rIlaBe Mbl
paCCMaTplllBaeM onnopTYHIIICTV1-
4eCKoe nOBeAeHIII8 III B paMK8X pbl-
H04HOti KOOPAIIIH81.\1II101, III B [)8MKaX
cPlllpMbl. B nOCIleAH8M CIlY4ae 38-
UJ,IIITOti OT onnopTYHIIICTIII4ecKoro
nOBeAeHlIIs:I s:lBIls:leTCs:I 8AMIIIHIo1CTpS-
TIIIBHblti KOHTpOIlb 38 A8s:1TeIlbHOC-
TblO pa60THIIIKOB cPlllpMbl co CTOpO-
Hbl npeAnpIllHIIIMSTeIlS!. OAH8KO,
eCIlIII 6bl H8 npaKTIIIK8 3TOT KOHT-
pOIlb 6blIl eceoxsamblsaJOU(UM, Io1C.
4e3IlLil 6bl III CTIllMYIlbl K onnopTYHIt1-
CTIII48CKOMY nOS8AeHYlIO. A no-
CKOIlbKY T8KOBoro He Ha6IlIOAaeT-
CfI, 101 B paMKax cplllpMbl He YAaeTCs:I
nOIlHOCTblO 1113)f{IIITb onnopTYHlllcm-
Y8CK08 nOBeAeHlile.
feOPUR cjJUpMb/ U opeaHu3au,UOHHble cpOpMbl 6U3Heca
. YCTOL4YHBOCTb 3KOHOML-1Y8CKV1X CBH38V1 M8>+<.,qy CTOpOH8MIII (p830BbI8,
nep"OA"4eCK"e "Il" HenpepblBHble CAeIlK");
. CTeneHb Heonp8A8IleHHOCTL-1 (HH3KaH HIlH BbICOK8H);
. T"nbl aKT"BOB, "Il" peCypCOB (051l1"e, Cne'1Hcp"4eCK"e "Il" "HTep-
cne'1"cp"4eCK"e );
. HaIl"4"e ("Il" OTCYTCTB"e) rapaHm" BblnOIlHeH"" CTOpOHaM" CBO"X
05"3aTeIlbCTB.
B COOTB8TCTBV1!.1 C YK838HHbJMH BblWe napaMeTp8MIt1 BblA8IlHIOT TPL-1 THna
KOHTpaKTOB: KIlSCCH4eCKH;;, HeOKIlSCCH4eCKH;; " OTHOWeHyeCKH;; ("Mn-
Il"'1"THbl").'
KIlSCCH4eCKH;; KOHTpaKT (pblH04Hoe ynpaeneHue') npeAnOIlaraeT, 4TO
cAenKV1 M8>K,QY 3KOHOMIt1l.JeCKV1MI.1 areHT8MItI HOCHT p830Bblll1 X8paKT8p \.1 BBI.1-
AY HVl3KO CT8neHH H80np8AeIl8HHocn1 BCe aCn8KTbi OTHOW8HL-1V1 MOryT 6blTb
npeAYCMOTpeHbl 3apaHee " BKIlf04eHbi B KOHTpaKT. npeAMeTOM KIlaCC"4eC-
KOrO KOHTp8KT8 HBIlHIOTCH 06Ll.\H8 aKTL-1Bbl, OH CY 8CTBY8T TOIlbKO B nlr1Cb-
MBHHO" cpOpMe, S 3all1"Ta npaB yyaCTH"KOB OCYll1eCTBIl"eTC" CYAe5HO" C"-
CTeMO" roCYAapCTBa. He05xOA"MbIM YCIlOB"eM B03MO>KHOCT" 3aKJ1f04eHH"
KllaCCVl4ecKoro KOHTpaKTa O. YI.1IlbHMCOH Ha3blB8eT C06IllOA8HIt18 np\.1H4!.1na
l1oilHol71 p81\L-10HaIlbHOCTL-1. HanpL-1M8p, nOKyn8H K8>KAbl ,Q8Hb B Mara3L-1H8
5aTOH xIle5s, Bbl BCTynaeTe B KIlaCC"4eCK"" KOHTpaKT. Bsc 3TO MO>KeT YA"-
BHTb, nOCKOIlbKY nplr1 ocy ecTBIl8HHV1 3T0L4 CAeIlKIil Bbl HIII4ero He nOAnHCbl-
BaeTe. Ho 3TO H8 COBceM BepHo. KOHTp8KT HBIlHeTCH KIl8CC!.1l.J8CKL-1M no CIle-
AYfOl11"M np"4"HaM: Bo-nepBblx, 05b14Hbl" 5aTOH - 3TO 051l1"" pecypc. Bo-
BTOpbIX, BaWL-1 npaB8 It1 06H38HHOCTH npo,QaBu,8 npOn!.1CaHbl BO MHO>KeCTB8
3aKOHOB: rp8>K,Q8HCKOM KO,Q8KC8, 38KOH8 0 38Ll.\HT8 np8B nOTpe6I11TeIl8L4,
npaBHIl8x TOproBIl!.1, L-1HOrAa BblBeW8HHbiX nps:lMO B Mara3111H8 H T. A. B-Tp8-
Tb"X, eCIl" BaW" npaBa 5YAYT HapyweHbl (B 6aTOHe Bbl 05HapY>K"Te "HO-
pOAHbl8 BKp8nIl8HL-1H B BVlA8 HaceKoMoro Lr1IlIt1 OCKOIlKa CT8KIl8) - Bbl MO>KeTe
nOAaTb B CYA Ha TOproBYfO OpraH"3a'1"fO.
OAH8KO B pe8IlbH0ll1 pblH04HOVl 3KOHOML-1K8 Mbl, KaK np8BL-1IlO, L-1M8eM
AeIlO C Orp8HHyeHHOH p8l!V10H8IlbHOCTblO 3KOHOMI.1Y8CKIIIX ar8HTOB V1 H80np8-
AeneHHocTblO. B TaKOM CIlY488 It1M88T M8C-
TO HeOKIlaCCH4eCKH;; KOHTpaKT (mpex-
cmopOHHee ynpaeneHue) peryn"PYfOl11""
rU1Wb H8KOTopble !.13 B03MO>KHbIX BapL-18HTOB
pa3BIo1THH OTHOW8HL-1L4 M8>KAY CTOpOH8ML-1 B
XOAe L-1CnOIlH8H!.1H KOHTp8KTHbiX 06H38-
Te.nbCTB. HeOKIl8CCL-1Y8CKItIVI KOHTpaKT X8p8K-
Tep"3yeTC" peryIl"pHOCTbfO OTHOWeH"" Me>K-
AY CTOpOHaM", ero npeAMeTOM "BIl"fOTC" KaK
14 KYPC3KOHoMw-lecKO Teopl'\l'\
, OT aHrIl. implicit - H8s:1BHblti.
2 3A8Cb III AaIle8 B cK06K8X nplll
X8paKTeplllcn1Ke KOHTpaKToB YKa-
38Hbl cmPYKmypbl ynpaeneHUfI,
nag KOTOpbIMLiI, COrIlaCHO nOAxoAY
O. YIIIIlbflMCOH8, nOHLilM81OTCs:I Me-
X8HIt13Mbi KOOpglllHal.\lII1II X03s:1t1
CTB8HHOti AeflT8IlbHOCTIi\.
209
Inasa 9
061l1"e, TaK " Cne'1"cp"4eCK"e aKT"Bbl. nOCKOIlbKY AaHHbl" T"n KOHTpaKTa npe-
AYCMaTp"BaeT MeHbWYfO CTeneHb cpOpMaIl"3S'1"" OTHOWeH"" Me>KAY areHTa-
M", OH MO>KeT BKIlf04aTb B ce5" YCTHble AoroBopeHHOCT" " AOnYCKaeT pa3pe-
weH"e cnopOB He TOIlbKO B CYAe5HOM nop"AKe, HO " nYTeM 06pall1eH"" K
He3aB"C"MO" CTOpOHe - TpeTe"CKOMY ap5"TPY. 3TO " eCTb Ta TpeTb" CTO-
pOHa (nOM"MO ABYX KOHTpareHTOB KOHTpaKTa), KOTOpS" " AaIla Ha3BaH"e
cnoc05y ynpaBIleH"", YKa3aHHOMY Bblwe.
B OTHoweH4eCKOM, "IlH HMnIlH'1HTHOM KOHTpSKTe (oeycmopoHHee
ynpaeneHue)' "MefOT MeCTO AOIlrocp04Hbie " HenpepblBHble BO BpeMeH"
CBfl3V1 Me>KAY 3KOHOMHl.JeCKHMVI Cy6b8KT8MH B YCIlOBVlflX BblCOKOI71 CTen8HL1
HeonpeAeIleHHOCT". TaKa" mn KOHTpaKTa OTIl"4SeTC" npe05IlaAaH"eM He-
cpopMaIlbHblx AoroBopeHHOCTe" HaA cpopMaIlbHblM" " HHTepCne'1 H cp"4HOC-
TblO 8KTVlBOB.
TaK"M 05pa30M, B COOTBeTCTB"" C HeO"HCT"TY'1"OHaIlbHbIM nOAXOAOM
Mbl MO>KeM onpeAeIl"Tb <PHPMY KSK ceTb Aonrocp04HbiX OTHoweH4eCKHX
KOHTpSKTOB Me>KAY co5CTBeHHHKSMH npeHMYLLleCTBeHHO HHTepcneLlH-
<pH4eCKHX SKTMBOB C '1eIlblO MHHHMH3SLlHM TpSHCSK'1HOHHblX H3Aep-
>KeK B ycnoBHRx HeonpeAeIleHHOCTH H onnopTYHHCTH4eCKoro nOBe-
AeHHR sreHTOB. nOCKOIlbKY Mbl "MeeM AeIlo C HenpOrH03"PyeMblM KOIl"-
4eCTBOM Bepo"THbiX C"Tya'1"", npeAycMoTpeTb KOTopble 3apaHee HeB03-
MO>KHO, np"pOAY CP"PMbl MO>KHO xapaKTep"30BaTb KaK Aonrocp04Hbl"
HenOl1HblH KOHTpaKT.
KaK HeTPYAHo 3aMeT"Tb, "HCT"TY'1"OHaIlbHaR TeOp"" CP"PMbl "3Y4aeT
Bonpocbl, CBH3aHHbie He TOIlbKO C nOHCKOM onTHMaIlbHoro pa3Mep8 cpHpMbl,
HO H C npVl4V1HaMVI 8e npOVlCXO)I{,Q8HHfI, a TalOKe M8X8HH3M8MH BHYTpeHHeL4
KOOPAHHa'1HH ee Ae TeIlbHOCT". 3T" MeXaH"3Mbl BO MHOroM onpeAeIl"fOT
Il"'10 CP"PM - "X OpraH"3a'1"OHHble cpOpMbl.
2.
OpraHIII3aLlIIIOHHbie <j>OpMbl 61113Heca
B COBpeMeHHO" 3KOHOMHKe CYll1eCTByeT MHO>KeCTBO opraHW-
3a'1"OHHbIX cpOpM 5"3Heca. C npaBOBO" T04K" 3peHH", Bce OpraH"3a'1"W
BblCTynafOT KaK fOp"A"4eCK"e Il"'1a, nOA-
pa3,QeIl"eMble Ha ABe rpynnb!: KOMMep4ec-
Kue \.1 HeKOMMep4eCKue B 38BIIICVlMOCTL-1 OT
TOro, CTaBRT Il\.1 OHIII B K8Y8CTB8 eIl\.1 CBO-
8i11 ,QeflTeIlbHOCTH !.13BIlell8H!.1e np\.16bIIlH.
B HaCTO"ll1eM naparpacpe Mbl OCTaHO-
B"MCR Ha paCCMOTpeH"" OCHOBHblX cpOpM
OpraH"3a'1"" 5"3HeCa (T. e. KOMMep4ec-
K"X fOp"A"4eCK"X Il"'1), K KOTOpblM OTHO-
1 ABYCTopOHHee ynpaBJleH e
MO>KeT OCYlL\eCTSJlSlTbCSI ASYMSI
cnoco6aM : AByMSI aBTOHOMHbIM
(He3aB C\I1MbIM\t1) areHTaM\t1 \.Iepe3
MexaH 3M pblHKa Io1Jl BHYTPIll cpV1p.
Mbl npVl nOA\.I\IIHeHVlIo1 0AHOro 8reH-
Ta APyroMY (sepn1K8JlbH8S1 VlHTer.
pa "").
210
TeopUR cjJUpMbl U opaaHu3au,UOHHble cjJOpMbl 6U3Heca
C"TC" "HAHBHAYSIlbHble BIlaAeHH", nspTHepCTBS H KOpnOpS'1HH, Bbl-
AeIl"" 3KOHOM"4eCK"e SCneKTbl "X CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"". Hac TaK>Ke 6YAYT
VlHTepecoB8Tb npeHMYLl.\8CTB8 \.1 HeAOCT8TKL-1 K8>KAOVl !.13 3T\.1X cpOpM C T04-
KVI 3peHHfI B03MO>KHOCTeVl IIIX nOHBIl8HVlH 14 YCTOa/1YIr1BOCTH Ha pblHKe.
IIIHAHBHAyaIlbHoe BIlsAeHHe, KaK 3TO Y>Ke B"AHO "3 HS3BaH"", npeA-
CTaBIl"eT c050" CP"PMY, HaXOA"ll1YfOC" B c05CTBeHHOCT" OAHOro Il"'1a
(npeAnp"H"MaTeIl"). BIlaAeIle'1 TaKO" CP"PMbl, C OAHO" CTOpOHbl, eA"HO-
Il"YHO pacnOp">KSeTC np"5bIIlbfO, nOIlY4eHHO" B pe3YIlbTaTe ee X03""-
CTBeHHOVl AeflTeIlbHOCTH, 8, C APYroVl CTOpOHbl, H8ceT eAVlHOIlHYHYIO OTB8T-
CTBeHHOCTb no BceM 05"3aTeIlbCTBaM AaHHO" CP"PMbl. 3TS cpopMa oprSHH-
3a VIVI 6V13H8C8 B CTp8H8X pa3BVlToill pblHOYHOL4 3KOHOM!.1KVI Il!.1,QL-1PY8T C or-
pOMHblM OTpbIBOM. TaK, B CWA OKOIlO 74% aT 061l1ero 4"CIla Bcex 3aper"C-
TpHpoBaHHblx CP"PM "BIl"fOTC" "HA"B"AYaIlbHbIM" BIlaAeHH"M", 4TO co-
cTaBIlfieT nOYTIt1 13 MIlH. nOK838T8Ilb HX BKnaA8 B cOBoKynHbl171 roAOBOa/1 060-
pOT (BaIlOBa" BbIPY4Ka) ropa3Ao CKpOMHee - 7%, a BeIl"4"Ha cpeAHero AO-
xOAa Ha OAHY CP"PMY - 42 TbIC. AOIlIl. B roA.
AIl" "HA"B"AyaIlbHoro BIlaAeH"" xapaKTepHa KOH'1eHTpa'1"" Bcero nY4-
KS npaB co5CTBeHHOCT" B PYKax BIlaAeIlb'1a CP"PMbl. OHO, KaK npaB"IlO,
50Ilee "epapX"4HO, no cpaBHeH"fO C APyr"M" OpraH"3a'1"OHHbIM" cpopMa-
MVI, nOCKOIlbKY KOM8HAbi B T8K0a/1 cpVlpMe V1CXOAHT OT OAHOro IlV1 8, YTO CBH-
3blB8eT BOeA!.1HO npL-1HHTL-18 peWeHL-1H, Ol.\eHKY 3TOro p8WeH\.1H MeXaHL-13MOM
pblHKa " 3KOHOM"4eCK"" pe3YIlbTaT. TaK"M 05pa30M, MO>KHO CAeIlaTb Bbl-
BOA 0 TOM, 4TO ypoeeHb mpaHCaKL<UOHHbIX U30ep)/(eK eHympu CPUPMbl-UH-
dueudyanbHoao enaOeHUf1, CSf138HHbIX C peanu3au,uei1 3KOHOMU4eCKoao
peweHUR, HU)/(e, 4eM e 60nee CnO)/(HbIX opeaHU3aL<UOHHbIX cmpYKmypax
5U3Heca.
PaCCMOTp8HHbll71 8cn8KT HBIlH8TCH OAH!.1M L-13 CY 8CTB8HHbIX npeHMY-
LLleCTB "HA"B"AYaIlbHoro BIlaAeH"". KpOMe Hero, npe"MYll1eCTBaMH 3TO"
<pOPMbl OpraH"3a'1"" 5"3HeCa "BIl"fOTC":
. npOCTOTa per"CTpa'1"" np" C03AaH"";
. HaIlorOBble IlbroTbl (BO MHOr"X pa3B"Tb1X CTpaHax);
. IlY4W"e YCIlOB"" AIl peaIl"3a'1"" CPYHK'1"" HOBaTopa, BB"AY OTCYT-
CTB " He05xOA"MOCT" cornaCOBaH"" peWeH"" (nOAP05Hee 0 npeAnp"H"-
MaTeIlbCKO" CPYHK'1"" CM. rn. 14);
. CHIlbHble CTHMYIlbl K L-13BneyeHHIO 3KOHOM\.1l18CK0a/1 npH6blJl\.1.
0AHaKO, nOM"MO CYll1eCTBeHHblx nIlfOCOB, "HA"B"AyaIlbHoe BIlaAe-
Hille He Il!.1WeHO PHA8 He,qOCTaTKOB, K OCHOBHblM H3 KOTOpblX MO>KHO OT-
HeCTH:
. OTCYTCTBL-18 AOnOIlHL-1TeJlbHbIX HCT04HL-1KOB cp!.1HaHCL-1pOB8H!.1f1 X03HII1-
CTBeHHO" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" ("Il" 3aTPYAHeHHbl" AocTyn K H"M);
. KOH'1eHTpa'1"" p"CKa Ha OrpaH"4eHHO" ccpepe Ae"TeIlbHOCT" (HeT pe-
211
14'
Inasa 9
CYPCOB AIl" A"BepC"cp"Ka'1""). nOA oueepcucpuKa'1ueii B AaHHoM cIlY4ae
nOApa3YMeBaeTc" YBeIl"4eH"e 4"CIla pbIHKOB, Ha KOTOpblX oCYll1ecTBIl"eT-
C" A8"TeIlbHocTb CP"PMbl. A"BepC"cp"KS'1"" pewaeT np05IleMY 3aB"C"MOC-
T" CP"PMbl OT KOHbfOHKTypbl eA"HCTBeHHoro pblHKa, Ha KOTOpOM aHa pa60-
Ta8T, nOCKOIlbKY H86Il8ronpL-1f1TH8H cHTyau,HH B OAHOL4 OTp8CJlVl H8 6YA8T 03-
Ha4aTb AIl" CP"PMbl yrp03Y pa30peH"". Hanp"Mep, B '1eIl"X A"BepC"cpHKa-
LlHL-1 HnOHCKaf1 KOMn8H\.1H «COHH», KOTOp8H HBIlH8TCH IlVlg8pOM H8 pblHKe
aYA"O- " B"A80T8XH"K", np"06p8Ila SMep"KSHcKYfO K"HOCTYA"fO «KoIlaM5""
n"K4ep3». B paMKax "HA"B"AyaIlbHoro BIlaAeH"" TaKa" npO"3BOACTBeHHa"
nOIlHT!.1K8 B8CbMa OrpaH\.1l.J8H8;
. cocpeAOT04eH"e Bcex CPYHK'1"" ynpsBIl8H"" Ha BIlaA8Ilb'1e CP"PMbl
(np05Il8Ma CTeneH" ero KOMn8T8HTHOCT" " pacnpeAeIleH"" pa604ero Bpe-
MeH");
. BblCOKHVI ypOBeHb OTBeTCTB8HHocn1 38 OWH60YHbl8 ynpaBIl8H4eCKL-18
peWeH"" (BnIlOTb AO 5aHKpOTCTBa CP"PMbl " nOTep" Il"4HOro "MYll1e-
CTBa).
Apyro" pacnpOCTpaHeHHO" cpOpMO" opraHH3a'1"" 5"3H8Ca "BIl"eTC"
nspTHepCTBo. napTHepCTBOM np"H"TO Ha3blBaTb CP"PMY, KOTOpa" HaXOA"T-
C" B c06CTBeHHocm ABYX "Il" 50Ilee Il"'1. BIlaAeIlb'1bl OCYll1eCTBIl"fOT co-
BM8CTHoe ynp8BIl8HL-18 A8HT8IlbHOCTbIO CPHPMbl, a gOJls:!. B npH6blIlVI K8>K,Q0-
ro 113 HHX nponOpl!YlOH8IlbH8 8ro AOIle B YCT8SHOM KanHT8Ile. n8pTHepbl
H8CYT COBMeCTHYIO OTB8TCTB8HHOCTb no 06H38T8IlbCTBaM cp\.1pMbl, BeIl\.1YVI-
H8 KOTOpOii1 onp8A8IlHeTCfI K8K HX AOIleVl, TaK L-1 BHAOM n8pTH8pCTB8. B 38-
B"C"MOCT" OT B"Aa napTH8pCTBa (nOIlHoro "Il" npeAYCMaTp"BafOl11ero or-
paHHY8HHYlO OTB8TCTB8HHOCTb) BIl8AeIlbl!bl MOryT OTS8Y8Tb no 06H38T8Ilb-
CTBaM CP"PMbl BC8M CBO"M "MYll1eCTBOM "Il" B pa3Mepe AOn" Y4aCT"" B
YCTaBHOM Kan"TaIl8 CP"PMbl. napTHepCTBa "BIl"fOTC" MeHee pacnpOCTpa-
HeHHO" cpOpMO" OpraH"3a'1"" 5"3Heca: B CWA Ha "X AOIlfO np"XOA"TC"
OKOIlO 7% Bcex CP"PM, a "X rOAoBo" 060POT COCTaBIl"8T nop"AKa 4% OT
cOBoKynHoro B H8L1L-10H8IlbHOVI 3KOHOMVlKe. O,QH8KO B8Illr1YHH8 !.1X cpeAHero
AOXOAa Ha OAHY CP"PMY n04m B 4eTbipe pa3a np8BblwaeT aHaIlor"4Hbl"
nOKa3ST8Ilb AIl" "HA"B"AyaIlbHblx BIlaAeH"", AOCT"ra" YPOBH" 166 TbIC.
AOIlIl. B lOA.
nOCKOIlbKY n8pTH8pCTBO, B OTIlL-1YVl8 OT L-1H,QHBHAyaIlbHoro !.o1BIl8AeHH,
OpraHL-13yeTcH H ynp8BIlfl8TCH HeCKOIlbK\.1MH c06cTBeHHHKaML-1, OTHoweHVlS1
Me>K,Qy HIt1MVI no cB08171 3KOHOMHyeCKoii1 npL-1pOAe npeAcT8BIlHIOT c060Vl C8Tb
OTHOWeHyeCKIr1X KOHTp8KTOB M8>K,Qy BIlaAeIlbLl8ML-1 L.1HTepCn8l!L-1cplt1yeCKL-1X
pecypcoB. "'opMaIlbHbIM" (n"CbMeHHbIM") npO"BIleH""M" AaHHbix OTHOW8-
H"" "BIl"fOTC" Y4peA"TeIlbHbl" AOroBOp " YCTaB CP"PMbl, OAHSKO H8CPOP-
MaIlbHble COrnaWeH"" Me>KAY nspTHepaM" "MefOT 50Il88 cYll1eCTB8HH08
3Ha4eH"e, oc05eHHo B T8KYll1e" A8"T8IlbHOCT" CP"PMbl. nOCKOIlbKY B napT-
212
TeoPUR cpUpMbl U opaaHu3au,UOHHble CPOpMbl 6U3Heca
HepCTB8 CYlU,eCTBY8T H8CKOIlbKO BIl8A8Ilbl!8B, K8>K,QbIL4 Vl3 HL-1X MO)\{8T pe-
aJ11t130Bb1B8Tb Il1060e \.13 npaB C06CTB8HHOCTL-1, COCT8BIlHIOlU,VlX V13B8CTHbIVl
HaM nY40K npaBOM04"", OAHaKO HY>KHO Y4eCTb, 4TO TaKoro pOAa Ae,,-
CTBHf1 AOJl>KHbl cornaCOBblBaTbCH C OCT8IlbHbIML-1 n8pTHepaML-1. 3TO 06CTO-
RTeIlbCTBO np"BOA"T K YBeIl"4eH"fO BHYTp"cp"pMeHHbIX TpaHCa''1"OHHbIX
"3A e p>KeK.
K 4"CIlY npeHMYll1eCTB napTHepCTBa KaK cpOpMbl OpraH"3a'1"" 6"3HeCa
CIl8AY8T OTHeCT" CIleAYfOll1He:
. OTHOC"TenbHa" npOCTOTa per"CTpa'1"" np" C03ASH"";
. 50IlbW"e B03MO>KHOCT" np"BIle4eH"" CP"HSHCOBbIX pecypCOB no cpaB-
HeH"fO C "HA"B"AyaIlbHbIM BIlaA8H"8M;
. cne'1"aIl"3a'1"" BIlaAeIlb'1eB Ha OTAeIlbHblX Y4aCTKax ynpaBIleH""
cI>"PMO".
OAHaKO, napTH8pCTBaM np"cYll1" " onpeAeIl8HHbie HeAoCTSTKH:
. HeOrp8HHyeHH8H L-1MYLl.\eCTSeHHaH OTB8TCTBeHHOCTb no 06H3aT8Ilb-
CTBaM CP"PMbl (B CIlY4ae nOIlHOro napTHepCTBa);
. B03MO>KHbI8 p83Horn8CVlH M8>KAY n8pTH8paMIt1 no peaIlIo13au,H!.1 np8B
C05CTB8HHOCT";
. np05Il8Ma «np"n'1"naIl-areHT>' (KorAa CPYHK'1"" ynpaBIleH"" nepeAa-
IOTCR c05CTBeHH"KaM" HaeMHOMY PYKOBOA"TeIlfO);
. Orp8HL-1yeHHbte B03MO>KHOCTVI ,QocTyna K L-1CTOYHHK8M cpHHaHC\.1pOBaHHH
,Q8f1T8IlbHOCTL-1.
Ha"50Ilee CIlO>KHO" OprSH"3a'1"OHHO" CTPYKTYPO" " MeXaH"3MaM"
BHyrp8HHeli! KOOPAL-1H8l!J.1V1 X03Hii1cTBeHHOCi A8HT8IlbHOCT!.1 06Il8A88T Kopno-
pSLlHR. KopnOpa'1""M" B CWA "BIl"fOTC" Il"Wb 19% CP"PM, OAHaKO "X AOIl"
B roAOBOM 060poTe orpOMHa - 89%. Co CTOIlb >Ke cYll1eCTBeHHblM OTpblBOM
OT "HA"B"AYaIlbHblx CP"PM " napTHepcTB KOpnOpa'1"" Il"A"PYfOT no nOKa-
3aTeIlfO cpeAH8ro rOAoBoro AOXOAS - OKOIlO 2,1 MIlH. AOIlIl. HS CP"PMY. OA-
HaKO He CTOHT BC8rA8 8CCO H\.1pOB8Tb nOHHTIt18 KOpnOp8l!HL-1 C nOHHTHeM
KpynHo" CP"PMbr: eCTb MHor04"CIleHHble np"Mepbl KOpnOpa'1"" co 3HS4"-
TeJlbHO 60Il88 CKpOMHbIMV1 nOK838TeIlHM!.1.
3KOHOMH4ecKa" np"pOAa KopnopS'1"" " ee OpraH"3a'1"OHHa" CTPYKTY-
pa CnO>KHbl L-1 MHororpaHHbl; He CIlY4al71Ho 3TL-1MH np06IleM8ML-1 38HHMa8TCH
caMOCTOHT8IlbH8H HaYK8 - meopufl opa8Hu38u,UU. H80V1HCTL-1TYLlL-10HaIlbH8H
TeOp"" TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK ", B 4aCTHOCT", pa50Tbi O. Y"Ilb"MCO-
Ha, T810Ke BHeCIla cy ecTB8HHblC1. BKIla,Q B H3yyeHL-1e BonpOCOB nOCTpOeHL-1H
KOHTpaKTHblX OTHOWeH"" BHYTP" ,opnopa'1H".
B OTIl"4"e aT paCCMOTpeHHblX Bblwe cpOPM OpraH"3a'1"" 6"3HeCa, CO-
BnaAeIlb 8MH KOpnOp8l!HtII MorYT HBIlHTbCH AeCflTKV1, COTHH VI g8>Ke TblCHYH
3KOHOM"4eCK"X areHTOB. YCTaBHbl" (aK'1"OHepHbl") Kan"TaIl KOpnOpS'1""
"BIl"eTC" CYMMO" Bcex AOIle" Y4aCT"" (naeB) pa3Il"4Hb1X CP"PM " rpa>KAaH.
213
I nasa 9
Ka>KAOMY "3 H"X np"HaAIle>K"T OnpeAeIleHHOe KOIl"4eCTBO eA"H"'1 YCTaB-
HOro KanHTaIla - aK'1H". BIlaAeIle'1 aK'1"" "MeeT npaBa HS AOIlfO B np"6bl-
IlH KOpnOpa'1"" nponOp'1"OHaIlbHO CBoe" AOIle Y4aCT"", S TOT AOXOA, KOTO-
Pbl" Ha4"CIl"eTC" Ha OAHY aK'1"fO, Ha3bIBSeTC" AHBHAeHAOM. PS3Mep np"-
5bIIl", nOAIle>Kall1e" pacnpeAeIleH"fO no "TOraM X03""CTBeHHO" Ae"TeIlbHO-
CT" 3a rOA, onpeAeIlHeTc" C06paH"eM aK'1"OHepOB. Ka>KAb'" "3 COBIlSAeIlb-
l...!8B HMe8T npaBO roIloca H8 rO,QOBOM C06P8HHH, a «Bec» 3TOro roIlOC8 on-
pe,QenH8TCH KOIlV14ecTBOM 8Kl.\!.1V1 Y A8HHOro aKl...!\.10Hep8. 1 H8cMOTpH H8 TO,
YTO K8nHT8Il p8cnpeAeIleH Me>KAY 60nbWL-1M KonH48CTBOM 8r8HTOB (TaK Ha-
3blBaeMaH «A"CPCPY3"" C05CTBeHHOCT"»), BcerAa CYll1eCTByeT BIlaAeIle'1
("Il" rpynna BIlaAeIlb'1eB), KOH'1eHTp"PYfOll1"" KOHmponbHblii naKem (50%
nIlfOC OAHa aK'1""). B KPynHblx KOpnOpa'1""X TaKa" nSKeT, BB"AY orpoMHoro
KOIl!.1yeCTBa aKl...!!.10HepOB, MO>KeT COCT8BIlHTb rop83AO MeHbWHe 3H84eHHs:I
(3-5%). C05paH"e aK'1"OHepOB 05IlaAaeT npaBOM Ha3Ha4eH"" ynpaBIlRfO-
ll1"X KOpnOpa'1"'" oCYll1eCTBIl"fOll1"X TeKYll1ee PYKOBOACTBO Ae"TeIlbHOCTbfO
KOMn8H U1.
He BAaBa"cb B 50Ilee AeTaIlbHOe paccMOTpeH"e CTPYKTYPbl Kopnopa-
l.\L.1L.1, OTMeT\.1M, YTO, B OTIl\.14V18 OT V1HAHBHAY8IlbHoro BIl8A8HV1H 101 n8pTHep-
CTB8, OHa CT8IlKHBa8TCs:! C HapaCTalOLl.\8£1 BeIlHYIo1Hol71 Tp8HC8Kl...!HOHHbIX H3-
Aep>KeK BHYTP" CP"PMbl. K 4"CIlY npeHMYll1eCTB KOpnOpa'1"" KaK cpOpMbl
OpraH"3a'1"" 5"3HeCa OTHOC"TC":
. B03MO>KHOCT" np"BIle4eH"" 3Ha4"TeIlbHbIX cp"HaHCOBbIX pecypcoB
AIl" '1eIle" CBoero pa3B"T"" (BblnYCK aK'1"" " 05Il"ra'1"");
. orpaHV14eHHaft OTBeTCTB8HHOCTb 8Ku,L-10HepOB no 06H38T8IlbCTB8M cpHp-
Mbl, T. e. TOIlbKO B npe,Q8J18X BHeceHHoro naH;
. AHBepC"cp"'1"pOBaHHa" no pa3HbiM
pblHK8M L-1, B03MO>KHO, CTp8H8M ,QeftT8Ilb-
HOCTb;
. B03MO>KHOCTH
Il056"pOBaH"" CBO"X
MeXaH"3Mbl rocYAap-
!.1HTep8COB Y8pe3
CTB8HH0l71 BIl8CT!.1.
He,qocTaTK8MH KOpnOp8l...! 1\.1 HBIlHIOTCfI:
. CIlO>KHa" npO'1eAypa per"CTpa'1"" "
OTY8THOCT!.1 nepeA rocYAapcTB8HHbIMV1
opr8H8MH;
. np06IleM8 «npL-1Hl...!lt1n8Jl-ar8HT»;
. ABOVlH08 HaIloro06no>KeHV18 npV16bIIlH. 2
Cne'1"cp"Ka pa3Il"4Hb1X opraHH3S'1"OH-
HblX cpOpM 6"3HeCa npeAnoIlaraeT pa3Il"-
4"" B "X CTpYKType " pa3Mepax. B CIleAYfO-
214
1 V1CKJlIO'-I8HIiI8 COCT8BJl IOT
,Qep}f{aTeJlIiI nplo1BIo111erlo1pOBaHHblX
aK Io1H - OHIr1 galOT npaBO Ha ctHo1K-
ClilpOB8HHbiaii (T. e. He 3aSIiICflUJ,lr1ai1 aT
peweHIiI co6paHIr1s:1 aKL\1r10H8pOB)
gIr1BIr1AeH,Q, HO He A810T npaBa raJlO-
ca Ha co6paHIllIiI. B 06blKHOBeHHbiX
aK Io1HX HeT rapaHT\t1pOBaHHoro AIt1-
BIr1A8HAa, HO eCTb npaBO raJlOC8.
nOAPo6HblVi aH8Jllll3 AeflT8nbHOCTlil
aKl.\1II0HepHbtX 06w,eCTB iii BIr1AOB
aKlJ,IiIVI CM. B rIl. 21.
2 CH8'-1ana nplil6blJlb Kopnopa
l\1r11r1 o6naraeTC COOTB8TCTBYIO-
W,IiIM H8noroM, 8 3aT8M HaJlOr H3
AOXOA, nOJlY'-l8HHbtVl B cPOpM8 ,QVI-
BIiIAeHA8, ynn84111s81OT ee 8Kl\IIIO-
H8Pbl.
TeoPUR cPUpMbl U opaaHU3al..\UOHHbie rjJOpMbl 6U3Heca
llIeM naparpacpe Mbl nOCTapaeMCH peW"Tb BOnpOC 0 TOM, 4eM onpeAeIl"fOTC"
aT" napaMeTpbl, " CYl11eCTBYfOT Il" OnT"MaIlbHble pa3Mepbl CP"PM C T04K" 3pe-
H"R 051l1eCTBeHHbiX nOTpe5HOCTe".
t 3.
POI1b MaI1bIX, cpe.qHHX H KpynHblx cpHpM
B 3KOHOMHKe
MHoro05pa3"e CYl11eCTBYfOl11"X cpOpM opraHH3a'1"" 5"3-
Heca, OCHOBHble "3 KOTOpblX Mbl paCCMOTpeIl" B npeAblAYll1eM naparpa-
Q:le, nopO>KAaeT W"POK"" cneKTp B03MO>KHOCTe" AIl" peaIlH3a'1H" npeA-
np H"MaTeIlbcKo" CPYHK'1H" B pbIH04HO" 3KOHOM"Ke. HecMoTp" Ha TO,
4TO Ka>KAa" cp"pMa "BIl"eTC" B CBoeM pOAe YH"KaIlbHO" " HenOBTOp"-
MO", eCTb HeKoTopble 051l1"e Kp"Tep"H, AafOl11"e B03MO>KHOCTb KIlaCC"-
Q:I"'1"pOBaTb CP"PMbl no np"3HaKaM, OTIl"4HbIM aT "X OpraH"3a'1"OHHO-
npSBOBblX cpOpM. HaH50Ilee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbl" nOAxoA K KIlaccHcp"Ka-
'1HH CP"PM - pa3AeIleH"e "X Ha MSIlb.e, cpeAHHe "Il" KpynHble. CIleAY-
eT BbIAeIl"Tb ABa OCHOBHblX MeTOAa KIlSCC"cp"Ka'1"" CP"PM - KonU4e-
cmeeHHbfU U K84ecmeeHHb/U.
CornaCHO Ha"50Ilee "3BeCTHOMY MeTOAY KIlaCC"cp"Ka'1"" CP"PM - KO-
Il"4eCTBeHHOMY, - npeAnp""T"e onpeAeIl"eTC" KaK MaIloe, cpeAHee "Il" Kpyn-
Hoe B COOTB8TCTB\.1H C 86cOIlIOTH0L4 BeIlL-14HHOVI K8KOro-J1V160 nOKa3aTeJ1H Io1IlIo1
rpynnbl nOKa3aTaIle". KaK npaB"IlO, B Ka4eCTBe TaK"X nOKa3aTeIle" 5epyrc" KO-
IlH4eCTBO 3aHHTbiX Ha cp"pMe, pa3Mep ee SKT"BOB H roAOBO" 050pOT (BSIlO-
BaR BblpY4Ka 3a roA).
B M"POBO" npSKT"Ke BCTpe4afOTc" BeCbMa pa3Ho05pS3Hbie Bap"aHTbl
"CnOIlb30BaH"R KOIl"4eCTBeHHoro MeTOAa B '1eIl"X KIlaCC"cp"Ka'1"" CP"PM.
TaK, A,QM"H"CTpa'1"" MaIloro 5"3HeCa (AM5), Y4pe>KAeHHa" np" npaB"TeIlb-
CTBe CWA B 1953 I., pa3pa50TaIla KIlaCC"cpHKa'1"fO MaIlblX CP"PM AIl"
CWA. Ee CTPYKTYPY MO>KHO onpeAeIl"Tb KaK AByxcTyneH4aTYfO. CHs4aIla
cjJOpM"PyeTcR rpaH"'1S pa3Mepa CP"PMbl no oTpacIleBoMY np"H'1"ny
(CM. Ta5Il. 9.1).
215
In8e8 9
TeopUR cjJUpMbl U Op88HU38LjuoHHbie cjJOpMbJ 6u3Hec8
Ta6m1L.\a 9.1
OnpeAeneHHe ManblX CPHPM no KnaCCHcpHKa",HM KOMMTeTa
no AenaM Ma110rO 6M3Heca npM npaSHTenbCTse CWA
0) 3Tan pa3pa60TK" HOBOro npoAYKTa
1) 3Tan BHeApeH"" Ha pblHOK
2) 3Tan pocTa
3) 3Tan 3peIlOCT"
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V1CTO'-lHVlK: Barrow C. The Essence of Small Business (2 d ed). Prentice Hall
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1 Barrow C. The Essence of
Small Business (2 nd ed). Prentice
Hall Europe, 1998. P. 5.
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neoclassical theory of the firm
institutional theory of the firm
firm
principal-agent problem
shirking
assets
common ass8ts
specific assets
interspecific assets
contract
cl8ssical contract
neoclassical contract
rel8tional contract
individual proprietorship
psrtnership
corporation
diversification
stock, shsre
dividend
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C05bl npO"3BOAcTBa. ECIl" cp"pMa He BbrnonH"eT 3T" YCIlOB"", TO aHa He-
H35e>KHO YTpaT"T CBOfO KOHKypeHTocnoc05HOCTb.
5a3"CHble nponop'1"" npO"3BOACTBeHHO" CPYHK'1"" MorYT 5blTb "CCIle-
OBaHbl Ha np".Mepe npOCTO" AByxcpaKTOpHO" C"CTeMbl: 2 Buoa pecypcoB _
K BUO KOHe4HOU npooYKL<UU. PaCCMOTp"M npO"3BOACTBeHHbl" npo'1ecc, np"
OTOPOM pa3Il"4Hble KOIl"4eCTBa TpYAa (L) " Kan"TaIlS (K) MorYT 6blTb "C-
nOIlb30BaHbi AIl" npO"3BOACTBa TeIleB"30pOB (Q). npO"3BOACTBeHHa" CPYH-
K'1HR AIl" TaKa" C"CTeMbl 6YAeT "MeTb CIleAYfOll1"" B"A:
Q = f (L, K)
(1)
221
Inasa 10
Ta6JH1l\a 10.1
AI1bTepH3THBHble CnOC06bl npOlll3BOACTBa npOAYKlI,HH (TeneBM30pbl, WT.)
TpYA, KOIU1'-1eCTBO eAIt1HIt1l\ (ctJaKTop L)
Kanma.n, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
KO.n-BO
eAIt1HIt1l\
(<j>a'Top K)
1 4 11 34 47 55 54 52 49 45 39
2 14 30 47 58 67 71 72 71 69 66
3 34 48 58 67 75 82 88 90 89 88
4 46 57 67 76 84 90 96 99 101 102
5 54 65 74 83 91 98 103 106 108 109
6 61 71 81 90 98 106 110 113 115 116
7 60 76 86 95 103 111 116 119 120 121
8 58 74 90 98 107 116 121 123 124 125
AaHHble, XapaKTep"3YfOll1"e Hawy npO"3BOACTB8HHYfO CPYHK'1"fO, npeA-
CTaBIleHbl B Ta5Il"'1e 10.1.
1113 m5Il"'1bl 10.1 Mbl B"A"M, 4TO CYl11eCTBYfOT onpeAeIl8HHbl8 KOM5"Ha-
'1"" pa3Il"4Hb1X cpaKTOpOB AIl" npO"3BOACTBa MaKC"MaIlbHoro 05beMa KOH-
KpeTHoro B"Aa npoAYK'1"". AHSIl"3 m5Il"'1bl n03BOIl"eT cAeIlaTb ABa Ba>K-
HblX BbIBOA8.
Bo-nepBbIX, npO"3BOACTBeHHa" CPYHK'1"" nOKa3blBaeT MaKC"MaIlbHoe
KOIlVl4eCTBO TOB8p8, KOTopoe MO>KeT 6blTb np0\.13BeAeHo npH pa3IlVlYHbiX CO-
4eTaH""X cpaKTopOB L " K. Hanp"Mep, C048TaH"e 2 eA. TpYAa " 3 eA. KSn"-
mIla 05eCne4"BaeT BblnycK 48 eA. npoAYK'1"", 4 eA. TpYAa B C04eTaH"" C
6 eA. Kan"TaIla AaeT B pe3YIlbTaTe 90 eA. npoAYK'1"" " T. A.
BO-BTOPbIX, npO"3BOACTB8HHaR CPYHK'1"" nOKa3blBaeT aIlbTepHaT"BHble
B03MO>KHOCT", np" KOTOpblX pa3Il"4Hb18 KOM6HHa'1"" cpaKTopoB 06eCne4"-
BafOT OAHH " TOT >K8 05b8M BbrnYCKa npOAYK'1H". Hanp"Mep, 05b8M Bbrnyc-
,a npOAYK'1"", paBHbl" 106 eA. (BbIAeIl8H >K"PHbIM WP"CPTOM), MO>K8T 5blTb
nOIlY48H np" cIleAYfOll1"X C04eTaH"RX cpaKTOpoB: 6 eA. TpYAa " 6 eA. Kan"-
TaIl8; 8 eA. TpYAa " 5 eA. Kan"TaIla.
np" "3Y4eHH" npO"3BOACTBeHHO" CPYHK'1"H He05xOA"MO nOAP05H8e
paccMoTpeTb "3B8CTHble HaM Karerop"" 3<j><j>eKTa MaCWTs6s npOH3BOA-
CTBa " oTAa4H OT <j>aKTOps.
MaCWTa5 npO"3BOACTBa 3SAaeTC" npO"3BOACTBeHHO" CPYHK'1"e". B Ha-
weM np"Mep8 npO"3BOACTB8HHS" CPYHK'1"" BbrnYCKa TeIleB"30pOB on"Cbl-
BaeTC" ypaBH8H"eM (1). ECIl" cp"pMa np"H"MaeT peW8H"e 06 oAHoBpeMeH-
222
TeopUR npou3soocmsa U npeoenbHoiJ npou3BooumenbHocmu cpaKmopos
HOM H nponOpl!V10HaIlbHoM 1013MeHeH VI K0I1H4eCTB8 BC8X np!.1M8HfleMbJX cp8K-
TOpoe, TO H8IlL-1l!0 - H3M8HeHV1e MaCWT868 np0V13BOACTB8.
npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO cp"pMa, "MefOl11a" nepBOHa4aIlbHO 06beM BbrnYCKa
npoAYK'1"" 0" np"H"MaeT peWeH"8 05 YBeIl"4eH"" MaCWTa6a npO"3BOA-
CTBa B n pa3. B 3TOM CIlY4ae 3aAaHHaR npO"3BOACTBeHHa" CPYHK'1"" np"-
MeT CIleAYfOll1"" B"A: 0, = f (nL, nK), rAe 0, - 06beM BblnycKa TeIleB"30pOB
nocIl8 H3MeHeH"R MacwTa5s npO"3BOAcTBa.
B3aHMocB 3b Me>KAY 1,113MeHeHHeM MacwTa6a npoH3BoAcTBa H co-
oTBeTcTBYlOll1HM H3MeHeHHeM B 05'beMe BbtnycKa npoAYKLlHH Ha3bIBS-
eTcR oTAa e" OT MSCWTS5s. OTAa4Y OT MacwTa5a MO>KHO "3Mep"Tb nYTeM
cpaBHeH"" npO'1eHTHoro "3MeHeH"" B BblnycKe npoAYK'1"" C npO'1eHTHblM
1t13MeHeH\.1eM B KOJlW...leCTB8 Bcex npVlMeHHeMblx cp8KTOpOB.
np"H"TO pa3Il"4aTb nocTo"HHYfO, B03pacTafOll1YfO " y6blBafOll1YfO oTAa-
4Y OT MacwTa5a.
nOCTORHHSR OTAS4S OT MacwTs5s. ECIl" np" nponOp'1"OHaIlbHoM YBe-
Il"4eH"" KOIl"4eCTBa cpaKTopOB B n pa3, 05b8M npO"3BOACTBa TO>Ke B03pa-
eTeT B n pa3, TO L-1MeeT MeCTO nOCTOHHHaH OTA8Y8 OT M8cwTa6a, T. 8.
Q, = nO, (rAe 0, - nepBOHa4aIlbHbl" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa). Hanp"Mep,
cpHpMa CTOIlKH8TC" C C"Tya'1"8" nOCTO"HHO" OTAa4" aT MaCWTa5a, eCIlH
npH nponOp'1"OHaIlbHOM YABOeH"" KOIl"4eCTBa Bcex P8CypCOB 05beM npo-
H3BOACTBa TO>Ke YABO"TC".
B03paCTSIOll1SR OTAa4a aT MSCWTa5a. B CIlY4ae, KorAa nponop'1"O-
HanbHoe YB8IlHyeHL-18 K0J1HY8CTBa Bcex npL-1M8HHeMblx cpaKTopOB B n p83
Bbl30BeT pOCT 06beMa npO"3BOACTBa 60Ilbwe, 48M B n pa3, Ha5IlfOAaeTC"
B03paCTafOll1a" OTAa4a aT MaCWTa5s, T. e. 0, > nO,.
05paT"MC" K AaHHblM Ta6Il"'1bl 10.1. npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO cp"pMa AIl"
npO"3BOACTBa 34 T8IleB"30pOB "CnOIlb3yeT cIleAYfOll1ee C04eTaH"8 cpaKTo-
POB: 1 eA. Kan"TaIla " 3 eA. TpYAa. B cIlY4ae nponOp'1"OHaIlbHoro YABoe-
H"R Bcex cpaKTopOB "X KOM5"Ha'1"" 5YAeT BblrIl"AeTb cIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M:
2 eA. Kan"TaIla " 6 8A. TpYAa. TaKoe C04eTaH"e cpaKTOpoB 05eCne4"T 05beM
npO"3BOACTBa, paBHbl" 71 TeIl8B"30PY. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO YB8Il"4eH"e KOIl"-
4eCTBa cpaKTopoB npO"3BOACTBa Ha 100% np"BeIlO K POCTY 05beMa BblnycKa
npoAYK'1"" n04T" Ha 109%. B ASHHOM cIlY4ae npoH3BOAcTB8HHa" CPYHK'1""
AeMOHCTp"PyeT B03pacTafOll1YfO OTAa4Y aT MaCWTa5a.
Ho K8KOBbi iIICT04HV1KIII B03p8CT81OLl.\eiil OTAaYL-1? Ba>KHeVlWiIIMV1 L-13 H!.1X HB-
IlRfOTC" cne'1"aIl"3a'1"" B paMKax CP"PMbl " "CnOIlb3yeMaR TeXHOIlOr"".
YBeIl"4eH"e MaCWTa50B npO"3BOACTBa MO>KeT n03BOIl"Tb cp"pMe HaH"MaTb
cne,",\.18IlHCTOB B TOVI \.1IlVl iIIHO 06Il8CTL-1 np0!.13BOACTBeHHO H C6blTOBOVl AeH-
TeIlbHOCT". Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO, MaIleHbKa" 05YBHa" cpa5p"Ka "IlH «KYCTapb-
°AHH04Ka» no nOW"BY 05YB" BP"A Il" 6YAYT np"BIleKaTb OTAeIlbHoro cne-
223
inasa 10
'1"aIl"CTa no A"3a"HY npOAYK'1"", peKIlaMe, pa60Te C nepCOHaIlOM" T. n.
Pa3AeIleH"e TpYAa Ha KPynHo" cpa5p"Ke n03BOIl"fOT pa604"M cne'1"aIl"3"-
pOB8TbCH H8 OTAeJlbHblX on8pau,L-1HX (OA!.1H KIleHT nOAOWBbl, APyroL4 H3roT8B-
Il"BaeT WHypK" " T. n.) KpynHa" cp"pMa MO>KeT ce5e n03BOIl"Tb TaK"e pac-
XOAbl, KOTOpbI8, H3M8HHH BHYTpeHHlO1O Opr8HLr138L1HIO np0L-13BOACTB8, B VlTO-
re " np"BeAYT K 50Ilee 4eM nponOp'1"OHaIlbHOMY YBeIl"4eH"fO BblnYCKa no
cp8BHeH\.11O C 38Tp8T8MVL TeXHOIlOrLr1f1 :>K8 n03BOIlHeT Lr1CnOJlb30B8Tb KpynHble
K8nHT8Il08MK\.18 np0Lr13BOACTS8HHbI8 M0Ll.\Hocn1, KOTopble 60Il8e np0Lr13BOAL-1-
TeIlbHbl B paC4eTe HS eA"H"'1Y rOTOBO" npOAYK'1"". TaK, B MeIlKoM cpepMep-
CKOM X03RVlCTBe ero BIlaA8Jl8L1 MO>KeT n03BOJlLr1Tb c86e BM8CTO OAHOro XQ-
IlOA"IlbH"Ka YCTaHOB"Tb ABa. Ho MOll1Hbl" pecpp">KepaTOp Ha KPynHo" cpep-
M8 OKa>K8TCH 60Jl8e npOH3BoAHTeIlbHblM, T8K K8K B paC4eme H8 eouHuu,y 38-
MOpO)/(eHHOii npoiJYKL<UU OH OKa)/(emCfI oeweene, 4eM ABa He50IlbW"X " 60-
Ilee AeweBblx XOIlOA"IlbH"Ka MeIlKoro cpepMepa.
YMeHbWSlOll1S"CR OTAa4S OT MscwTa5s. KorAa nponOp'1"OHaIlbHoe
YS8m.1yeHL-18 BC8X npJ.1M8HH8MbIX cp8KTOpOB B n pa3 Bbl3blBaeT pOCT 06b8M8
np0J.13BOACTB8 M8Hbwe, Y8M B n pa3, HMe8T M8CTO y6bIS81OLl.\8s:r OTA8Y8 OT
MacwTa5a, T. e. O 2 < nQ,.
BepHeMC" K AaHHblM ra5Il"'1bl 10.1 " paCCMOTp"M C"Tya'1"fO, KorAa
CP"PMS np"H"MaeT peweHHe 0 nponop'1"OHaIlbHoM YBeIl"4eH"" Ha 50%
cpaKTOpOB, "CnOIlb3yeMblx B cIleAYfOll1e" KOM5"Ha'1"": 2 eA. Kan"TaIla "
6 eA. TpYAa. np" TaKOM "3MeHeH"" MacwTs5a npoH3BoAcTBa cp"pMa 6YAeT
np"MeH"Tb 3 eA. Kan"TaIla " 9 eA. TPYAa. COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"" AaHHo" KOM-
6"Ha'1"" cpaKTOpOB 05beM BbrnycKaeMo" npoAYK'1"H COCraB"T 89 TaIleB"-
30pOB. B"AHO, 4TO paCT 05beMa npO"3BOACTBa no cpaBHeH"fO C nepBOHa-
4aIlbHbiM 05beMoM (71 TeIleB"30p) COCTaBIl"eT Bcero 25%, B TO BpeM" Ka'
pOCT KOIl"4eCTBa np"MeH"eMbIX cpaKTopOB - 50%. B AaHHOM cIlY4ae cp"pMa
CT8IlKHBaeTCH C CLr1Tyal.\Lr18V1 y6bIB81OLl.\8V1 OTA8YLr1 OT M8cwTa68. npL-1YLr1H8MI.o1
YMeHbWafOl11e"C" OTAa4" aT MaCWTa5s 4all1e Bcero 5blBafOT paCTYll1"e 6fOPO'-
paT"4eC,"e, "Il" "epapX"4eCK"e, "'Aep>KK" BHYTpeHHero ynpaBIleH"" pa3poc-
weVlCH CPHPMbl. P8CnOpH)KeHL-1H «CB8PXY-BHIt13» npOXOAHT 48pe3 BC8 60Ilbwee
KOIlW-18CTBO It1HCT8HLlIt1V1, 8AML-1HIIICTp8TIIIBHbJ8 paCXOAbl B03p8CT81OT B 60Ilb-
weH CT8neHH, H8)K8IlIll BblnYCK roTOBOVl npOAYKLlIt1I11. B l!eIlOM 3TO BeAeT K
CH">KeH"fO 3cpcpeKmBHocm npO"3BOACTBa.
OTAa4a OT q,aKTOps nOKa3blBaeT 3aBHCHMOCTb Me>KAY 05'beMOM
BbmYCKaeMoii npOAYK4HH H H3MeHeHH"MH B KOIlH4eCTBe OAHoro q,aK-
TOpS npH HeH3MeHHOM KOIlH4eCTBe APyroro. no Mepe Hapall1"BaH"" OA-
HOro n8p8M8HHoro cp8KTOp8 H8YL-1H8eT npOflBI1HTbCH T8HAeHLlIIIH, L-13B8CTH8f1
KaK 3aKOH y6blBafOll1e" npeAeIlbHo" npO"3BOA"TenbHOCT", "n" y6blBafOll1 e "
npeAeIlbHo" AOXOAHOCT" cpaKTopa npO"3BOACTBa, 0 4eM " nO"AeT pe4b B
cIleAYfOll1eM naparpacpe.
224
TeopUfl npou3soocmsa U npeoenbHoO npou380oumenbHocmu cjJaKmopos
2.
TeopliiSi npe,qenbHOH
npOIll3Bo,qIllTenbHOCTIil aKTopOB
AHaIl"3 TeOp"" npeAeIlbHO" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCT" cpaKTO-
pOB Tpe5yeT paCCMOTpeH"" TaK"X nOH"T"", KaK 051l1Hii, npeAeIlbHblii H
cpeAHHii npOAYKT nepeMeHHoro cpaKTOpa npO"3BOAcTBa. 051l1Hii npOAYKT
(TP) - 3TO CYMMSPHblii 05'beM BbmYCKa npoAYK4HH, nOIlY4e HblH B
pSMKSX 3aAaHHoii npOH3BOACTBeHHoii q,YHK'1HH, H H3MepeHHblH B q,H-
3H4eCKHX eAHHH'1aX,
nOH"T"e 051l1ero npoAYKra n03BOIl"eT Bbl"B"Tb 3aBHC"MOCTb Me>KAY
06beMOM BblnycK8eMol71 npoAYKu,HH L-1 1113MeHeHL-1HMIt1 B KOIl\.1l.J8CTSe oAHoro
pecypca np" He"3MeHHOM KOIl"4eCTBe APyr"x.
npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO cp"pMa "CnOIlb3yeT 2 eA. Kan"TaIla.TorAa npO"3BOA-
CTBeHHa" CPYHK'1H" 6YAeT npeAcTaBIleHa AaHHbIM", cOAep>Kall1"M"C" BO
BTOpOH cTpoKe ra6Il"'1bl 10.1. KaK B"AHO "3 ee AaHHbIX, np" "CnOIlb30Ba-
HH" 2 eA. Kan"TaIlS 051l1"" 06beM npO"3BOACTBa 5YAeT 3aB"CeTb aT KOIl"-
4eCTBa "CnOIlb3yeMblx eA"H"'1 TpYAa. TaK"M 05pa30M, 051l1"" npOAYKT ne-
peMeHHoro cpaKTopa L MO>KeT 6blTb On"CaH CIleAYfOll1e" npO"3BOACTBeHHO"
CPY HK '1"e,,:
o = f (L), npu K - canst.
(2)
3TO ypaBHeH"e BblpS>KaeT OTHOWeH"e Me>KAY 051l1"M BblnYCKOM npOAYK-
'1"" " KOIl"4eCTBOM cpaKTopa L, np" YCIlOB"", 4TO KOIlH4eCTBO cpaKTOpa K
nOCTO"HHO " paBHo 2 eA. rpacp"4eCK" AaHHa" npO"3BOACTBeHHs" CPYHK'1"R
6YAeT "MeTb cIleAYfOll1"" B"A:
KomAecrno
Qpo , 80
(TeJIeBH30pLI, nIT.), Q
Q !tL), np" K 2
60
40
20
o
4
2
6
8
10
PUC.10.1.
KOJIHqecroo nepeMeHHoro
aKTOpa ('DICJIO pa60'DIX), L
npOU3S00CmSeHHaR YHK UR
225
15 KyPC3KOHOMI'14eCKO TeOp1'11'1
inasa 10
Kplt1B8H npm13BOACTB8HH0l71 cpYHKlJ,It1!.1 nOCTpOeHa H8 OCHOB8 A8HHbiX T86-
Il"'1bl 10.1. " nOKa3blBaeT 3aB"C"MOCTb Me>KAY 06beMoM BbrnycKaeMo" npo-
AYK'1"" " 3aTpaTaM" OAHOro nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa L np" He"3MeHHOM KO-
Il"4eCTBe cpaKTopa K (K = 2). 04eB"AHO, 4TO, eCIl" KOIl"4eCTBO "CnOIlb3ye-
MOro cpaKTopa K 5YAeT 3acp"KC"pOBaHO Ha APyroM ypOBHe, TO npO"3BOA-
CTBeHHaR CPYHK'1"", On"CblBafOll1aR 051l1"" 05beM BbrnYCKa cpaKTOpa L, 6y-
AeT "MeTb "HO" B"A.
PaCCMOTpeB nOH"T"" 051l1ero npOAYKTa cpaKTOpa, Mbl MO>KeM IlerKO Bbl-
BeCT" nOH"THe npeAeIlbHoro H cpeAHero npOAYKTa cpaKTOpa.
npeAeIlbHblii npOAYKT IjISKTOpS npOH3BOACTBS (MPJ, HC4HCIleHHblii
B 4J;H3H"IeCKHX e,.qHHHu,aX, nOKa3blBaeT H3MeHeHHe B 06beMe BbmYCKa
npO,.qYKLWUo1, Bbl3BaHHOe HCn0l1b30BaH eM ,.qOnOl1HHTel1bHO eAHHHlJ,bl
ASHHOrO IjISKTOpS (L) np'" HeH3MeHHOM KOnH4eCTBe BCeX OCTaIlbHbIX.
npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT cpSKTopa MO>KeT 5blTb "C4"CIleH CIleAYfOll1"M
05pa30M:
MP L = I>.Q/I>.L (3)
rAe MP L - npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaKTopa L, I>.Q - "3MeHeH"e 051l1ero
05beMa BbrnycKa npoAYK'1"", I>.L - "3MeHeH"e KOIl"4eCTBa cpaKTOpa L.
CpeAHHii npoAYKT ljIaKTops (APJ onpeAenReTcR nYTeM AeIleHHR
o5...eMs BblnYCKseMoii npoAYKLI"'H HS KOIlH4eCTBO HcnoIlb3yeMoro ne-
peMeHHoro IjISKTOpS L:
AP L = Q/L
(4)
CpeAHH" npoAYKT TPYAa nOKa3blBaeT, KaKoe KOIl"4eCTBO npO"3BeAeHHo"
npoAYK'1"" np"XOA"TCR Ha OAHY eA"H"'1Y TpYAa. 04eHb 4aCTO CpeAH"" npo-
AYKT Ha3blBalOT nOK838T8Il8M npoH3Bo,.qHTel1bHOCTH Tpy,.qa.
PaCCMOTp"M AByxcpaKTOpHYfO npO"3BOACTBeHHYfO CPYHK'1"fO Ha np"Me-
pe 05YBHO" cpa5p"K". npeAnOIlO>KHM, 4TO KOIl"4eCTBO "CnOIlb3yeMblx B npo-
1t13BO,LtCTBe CT8HKOB flBIlfieTCH H8V13M8HHbIM 14 paBHo 7 eA., T. e. K8nV1T8Il-
BeIlH4HHa nOCTO"HHa". 3aTpaTbi nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa TPYAa "3MepRfOTC"
KOIl"4eCTBOM pa504"X. AaHHbie 05 051l1eM, npeAeIlbHOM " cpeAHeM npoM'-
Te nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa B paMKax Hawe" npO"3BOACTBeHHo" CPYHK'1""
npeAcTsBIleHbl B Ta5Il"'1e 10.2.
226
TeoPUR npou3S0acmea U npeaenbHoiJ npou3BOaumenbHocmu cPaKmopoB
Ta6mu..\a 10.2
061J.1Hii, npeAeIlbHblii H cpeAHHii npOAYKT TpYAa
npH npOH3BO,QcTBe 06YBH
'-!Io1CflO 3aHSHbiX TP L B ,QeHb MP, AP,
B ,QeHb pa6o'-llllx (.iWCSHKIII nap) (MP, = QI L) lAP, = QIL)
° °
1 0,5 0,5 0,5
2 1,2 0,7 0,6
3 2,1 0,9 0,7
4 3,5 1,4 0,87
5 4,5 1,0 0,9
6 4,8 0,3 0,8
7 4,8 ° 0,68
8 4,6 -0,2 0,57
9 4,3 -0,3 0,47
10 3,6 -0,7 0,36
Ha OCHOBe AaHHblX Ta5Il"'1bl 10.2 nOCTpO"M Kp"Bble 051l1ero, npeAeIlb-
HOro " cpeAHero npOAYKTa nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa " npOaHaIl"3"PyeM "x.
KaK B"AHO "3 p"CYHKa 10.2a, Kp"Ba" o51l1ero npOAYKTa (TP) npOXOA"T
TPIll CT8AL.1L.1, K8>K,QOVl !.13 KOTOpblX COOTB8TCTBYIOT OTpe3KH KpL.1BOVl, orp8HIiI-
4eHHbie T04KaM" A, B, C, npeACTaBIl fOll1HMH OC05bl" "HTepec. CIleAyeT
3aMeTHTb, YTO K8>K,QaH L-13 3TL.1X Tpex T04eK HMeeT CBOIO npOeKlJ,!.11O H8 KpV1-
BblX npeAeIlbHoro " cpeAHero npOAYKTa - T04K" A', B', C' (CM. P"C. 10.25).
T04Ka A Ha OTpe3Ke OA npeACTaBIl"eT c050" T04KY "31"5a, rAe Kp"Ba"
051l1ero npoAYKTa "3MeH eT CBOfO BblnYKIlocTb. 3TO CB"3aHO C TeM, 4TO pOCT
051l1ero npoAYKTa YCKOp"eTC" AO 3TO" T04K" (B HaweM np"Mepe e" COOT-
BeTcTByeT 051l1"" npoAYKT, paBHbl" 3,5 AeC"TKOB nap 05YB"), TaK KaK npe-
AeIlbHbl" npoAYKT nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa L Ha OTpe3Ke OA YCTO"4HBO H
5b1CTpO pacTeT. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO Ka>KAa" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHa" eA"H"'1a cpaK-
Tapa L YBeIl"4"BaeT 051l1"" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa Ha 5YIlbWYfO BeIl"4"HY no
cpaBHeH"fO C npeAbIAYll1e". II1MeHHo T04Ka A Ha KP"BO" 051l1ero npoAYKTa
COOTBeTCTByeT MaKC"MaIlbHoMY 3Ha4eH"fO npSAeIlbHoro npoAYKTa (B HsweM
np"Mepe OH paBeH 1,4 AeC"TKa nap 05YB").
Ha oTpe3Ke AC paCT 061l1ero npoAYKTa 3aMeAIl"eTc , TaK KaK npsAeIlb-
Hblii npoAYKT cpaKTopa L Ha4"HaeT YCTO"4"BO CH">KaTbC", XOT" " "MeeT no-
nO>KV1TeIlbHoe 3H8yeHL-18. 3TO 03H8Y8eT, 4TO Ka>KA8H .Qono.nH\.1T8IlbHaH eAH-
H"'1a cpaKTOps L YBeIl"4"BaeT 051l1"" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa Ha MeHbwyfO
BeIlH4"HY no cpaBHeH"fO C npSAbIAYll1e". n03TOMY Ha OTpe3Ke AC Kp"Ba"
061l1ero npOAYKTS "3MeH"eT CBOfO BblnYKIlocTb no OTHOWeH"fO K OTpe3KY OA.
227
,..
Inasa 10
TP,
c
MPL,AP L
TP,
o
a)
Ko;mqecmo Tpyp;a
(mJCJlO pa60qux), L
MP L Komtqecmo Tpyp;a
(ttHCJlO pa60qux), L
Puc. 10.2.
o
5)
06U(uu, npeoenbHblu u cpeoHuii npodYKm
nepeMeHHoao cPaKmopa
T04Ka B Ha KP"BOH (TP L ) nOKa3blBaeT TY BeIl"4"HY 061l1ero npOAYKTa, np"
KOTOpO" npeAeIlbHbl" " CpeAH"" npOAYKT paBHb!. B T04Ke C 051l1"" npOAYKT
AocnU88T CB08ro M8KCV1MaJlbHOro 3Ha48HL-1H (B HaW8M npHM8p8 4,8 p,8csn-
Ka nap 06YB"), S npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT paBeH O.
nOcIle T04K" C Kp"Ba" 051l1ero npoAYKTa Ha4"HaeT CH">KSTbC", TaK Ka'
npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT np"H"MaeT OTp"'1aTeIlbHble 3Ha4eH"". 3TO 03Ha4aeT,
l.JTO A8IlbH8V1W88 YB8IlV1l.J8HIi18 KOIlIi1l.JeCTB8 n8peM8HHoro cpaKTop8 np1i1S8,Q8T
K COKpall1eHHfO BeIl"4"Hbl 051l1ero npoAYKTa.
CYll1eCTByeT onpeAeIleHHS" 3aB"C"MOCTb Me>KAY npeAeIlbHblM " cpeA-
H"M npoAYKTOM nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa, 4TO xopowo B"AHO Ha rpscp"Ke (CM.
P"c. 10.25.). npeAeIlbHblH npoAYKT AOCT"raeT CBoero MaKC"MaIlbHOro 3Ha-
4eH"" paHbwe, 4eM CpeAH"" npoAYKT. KorAa BeIl"4"Ha npeAeIlbHoro npo-
AYKTa npeBblwaeT BeIl"4"HY cpeAHero npoAYKTa, TorAa Kp"Ba" AP L B03pac-
TaeT " Ha050poT, KorAa BeIl"4HHa npeAeIlbHoro npOMKTa MeHbwe BeIl"4"-
Hbl cpeAHero npoAYKTa, Kp"Ba" AP L y6blBaeT. 1113 3TOro cIleAyeT, 4TO KP"BS"
228
Teopufl npOU3BOaCmSa U npeoenbHOU npOU3s0oumenbHocmu fjJaKmopoB
npeAeIlbHoro npOAYKTa (MPJ nepeceKseT KP"BYfO cpeAHero npOAYKTa (AP L )
B TOYK8 M8KCHMYM8 nOCIleAHero.
PaCCMOTpeHHble Bblwe Kp"Bble 051l1ero " npeAeIlbHoro npOAYKTa OTpa-
,"afOT TeHAeH'1"fO, H3BeCTHYfO KaK 3SKOH y5blBSIOll1eii npeAeIlbHoii npo-
H3BOAHTeIlbHOCTH (AOXOAHOCTH) !jJSKTOpOB npOH3BOACTBa. 3TOT 3aKOH
rnaC"T, 4TO, no Mepe YBeIl"4eHH" KOIl"4eCTBa nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa np"
He"3MeHHOM KOIl"4eCTBe Bcex OCTaIlbHblX 6YAeT AocmrHYT TaKO" Py5e>K,
nOCIle KOToporo npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa HS4HeT YMeHb-
waTbCH. .o.8HHblL4 38KOH He HMe8T yeTKOC1 C\.1CT8Mbl ,QOK838T8JlbCTB, OH OC-
HOBaH Ha 3ApaBOM CMblCIle " 3Mn"p"4eCK"X Ha5IlfOAeH"RX.
3aKOH y5blBafOll1e" npeAeIlbHO" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOcm cpaKTopOB MO>KHO
npO"IlIlfOCTP"POBSTb Ha np"Mepe Hawe" 05YBHO" cpa5p"K" (CM. Ta5Il"'1Y
10.2.). ECIl" cp"pMa Ha"MeT OAHOro pa504ero, TO np" CYl11eCTBYfOl11e" Tex-
H0J10rli1V1 OH He CMO>KeT 06CIlY>KIi1BaTb OAHOBpeMeHHO Bce ceMb CT8HKOB.
04eB"AHO, 4TO npH TaKO" KOM5"Ha'1"" TpYAa " Kan"TaIla BblnYCK npOAYK-
'1"H 5YAeT BeCbMa HeBeIl"K. ECIl" cp"pMa np"BIle4eT HeCKOIlbKO AOnOIlH"-
T8IlbHbiX p860YHX, TaK, l.JT06bl OHIi1 CMOr.nH HcnOIlb30BaTb Bce C8Mb CTaHKOB,
TO BblnYCK 05YB" pe3KO YBeIl"4"TC". 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO npeAeIlbHbl" npo-
AYKT Ka>KAoro AOnOIlH"TeIlbHoro pa504ero B03paCTaeT. ECIlH cp"pMa 5YAeT
npOAOIl>K8Tb YBem-1l.JJ.1B8Tb KOIlHY8CTBO p8601.-IIt1X, TO CTaHOYHblL4 napK OKa>KeT-
CR CIl"WKOM MSIleHbK"M AIl" H"X, " npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT Ka>KAoro "3 3mx
pa60YIi1x H8YHeT nOCTeneHHO CH!.1>K8TbCH AO Tex nop, nOK8 He AOCTli1rHeT
HYIl". COOTB8TCTBeHHO, TeMn np"pOCTa 051l1ero npOAYKTa 3aMeAIl"TCR. 111,
HaKOHe'1, Mbl CTOIlKHeMC" C C"Tya'1"e", KorAa npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT ell1e
QAHOro AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO HaH"TOro pa504ero np"MeT OTp"'1aTeIlbHoe 3Ha4e-
H e, TaK KaK AIl" paBHoMepHo" 3arpY3K" pa504"X npeAnp"H"MaTeIlb Bbl-
HY>KAeH 5YAeT 4epeAoBaTb "X pa50TY Y CTaHKOB. 3TO He"35e>KHO np"BeAeT
K nOTepe BpeMeH" CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"" CTaHKOB " COOTBeTCTBeHHO K CH">Ke-
HHfO 05beMa BblnycKaeMo" npoAYK'1"". B HaweM np"Mepe 3TO BOCbMO"
HaHRTbl" pa504"".
TaK"M 05pa30M, TeOp"" npeAeIlbHo" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOcm cpaKTOpOB
Io1M88T Io1CKIlI04V1T8IlbHO Ba>KHOe 3HaLJeHIi1e AIlH onpeA8Il8HL-1f1 OnTL-1ManbHOro
C04eTaH"" cpaKTopoB np" BbrnycKe npoAYK'1"".
Inaea 10
3.
Cnpoc Ha Q>aKTopbl np0I13BOACTBa,
npaBl1flO I1CnOflb30BaHI1R peCYPCOB
KaK "3B8CTHO, cnpoc Ha KOHe4Hbl8 TOBapbl " YCIlyr" npeAb"B-
Il"fOT AOMaWH"e X03""CTBa, BblcTynafOll1"e B POIl" nOKynaTeIl8". np8AIlO>Ke-
HHe TOBapOB " YCIlyr C03AafOT CP"PMbl, BblcTynafOll1"e B POIl" npOAaB'10B.
KaK CPopM"pyeTC" cnpoc Ha cpaKTOpbl npO"3BOACTBa, KTO 8ro npeAb"B-
JlH8T V1 l.JeM OH onpeA8IlHeTCH?
OTIlW"'IHTeIlbHO 48pTO pblHKOB CP8KTOpOB npm-13BOACTBa HBIlH8TCH TOT
cpaKT, 4TO B POIl" nOKynsT8Ile" 3A8Cb BblcTynafOT CP"PMbl, a npOAaB'1SM" "B-
IlRfOTCR AOMaWH"e X03""CTBa, "Il", APyr"M" CIlOBaM", cy6beKTbi cnpoca -
CP"PMbl, S Cy5b8KTbi npeAIlO>KeH"" - AOMaWH"e X03" CTBa.
B OCHOBe nOTpe6V1TeIlbcKoro cnpoca, K8K HaM L-13BeCTHO L-13 rIl. 5, Ile>KL-1T
CPYHK'1"" nOIle3HOCT". B OCHOBe >Ke cnpoca Ha cpaKTopbl npO"3BOACTBa Ile-
>KHT AOXOA, KOTOpbl" cp"pMa CTpeM"TC" nOIlY4"Tb, npO"3BOA" C nOMOll1bfO
3T"X cpaKTOpOB pa3Il"4Hb18 TOBapbl " YCIlyr". 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO cp"pMa
npeAb"BIl"eT cnpoc Ha pecypcbl Il"Wb nocToIlbKY, nocKoIlbKY nOTpe5"T8nb
HY>KAaeTC" B TOBapax, npO"3BeA8HHbIX C nOMOll1bfO 3T"X pecypcoB, a He
Ha050pOT. Hanp"Mep, 05YBHbie cpa5p"K" npeAb"BIl"fOT cnpoc Ha KO>KY "
YCIlyr" TpYAa 05YBll1"KOB nOTOMY, 4TO nOTpe5"TeIl" np8Ab"BIl"fOT cnpoc Ha
KO>KaHYfO 05YBb. TaK"M 05pa30M, e 3KOHOMU4eCKoii meopuu cnpoc Ha cpaK-
mopbl npou3S00cmea npUHFImo Ha3blsamb npOH3BOAHbiM cnpOCOM. 3TO -
nepBoe " B8CbMa CYll1eCTBeHHoe OTIl"4"e cnpoca Ha pblHKSX cpaKTOpOB npo-
"3BOACTBS OT cnpoca Ha pblHKax KOHe4HbiX TOBapOB " YCIlyr.
Bblwe roBOP"IlOCb a TOM, 4TO npO"3BOACTBeHHbl" np0'18CC npeACTaBIl"-
eT c050" npO'1eCC B3a"MOAe"CTB"" pa3Il"4Hb1X cpaKTopOB npO"3BOACTBS.
HeB03MO>KHO OpraH"30BaTb npO'1eCC npO"3BOACTBa, "Me", Hanp"Mep, Kan"-
TaIl, HO He HMeR pa504e" C"Ilbl " Ha050pOT, T. e. H" OA"H cpaKTOp B OT-
AeIlbHOCTH He MO>KeT np0L-13BeCTH npoAYKT. OTCIOA8 BbIT8KaeT, YTO cnpoc Ha
cpaKTopbl npO"3BOACTBa "BIl"8TC" B3SHM03SBHCHMbIM. 3TO - BTopoe cy-
ll1eCTBeHHoe OTIl"4He cnpoca Ha pblHKax cpaKTOpOB aT cnpoca Ha pblHKax
KOH84HbiX TOBapOB " YCIlyr. "'"pMa, npeAb"BIlR" cnpoc Ha cpaKTopbl, CTaIl-
K"BaeTC" C He05xOAHMOCTbfO P8W8H"" CIleAYfOll1"X 3aAa4:
- OnT"MaIlbHoro C04eTSH"" cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa;
- M"H"M"3a'1"" "3Aep>K8K np" Ka>KAOM 3aAaHHOM 05beMe npO"3BOACTBa;
- onpeA8Il8H"" 05beMa npO"3BOACTBa, MaKC"M"3"pYfOll1erO BeIl"4"HY
np"5bIIl"_
PaCCMOTp"M 60Ilee nOAP05HO, KaK"M 06pa30M pewafOTC" Ha3BaHHbie
TP" 3aAa4"_
4TO >Ke Ile>K"T B OCHOBe cnpoca CP"PMbl Ha cpaKTopbl npO"3BOACTBa "
l.JeM onpeAeIlfilOTCH ero rpaHV1l.\bl? H8 nepBblVl B3rIlHA, OTBeT K8>KeTCfI 048-
230
TeopUR npoU3s00cmea U npeoenbHOO npou3sooumenbHocmu cjJaKmopoe
B"AHbIM - '18Hbl HS pecypCbl. OAHaKO npO"3BOAHbl" xapaKTep cnpoca Ha
q,SKTOpbl co CTOpOHbl CP"PMbl npeAonpeAeIlReT ero 3aB"C"MOCTb TaK>K8 H
aT npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCT" cpaKTopOB, " OT ypOBH" '1eH Ha npOAYK'1"fO, npO"3-
BOA"MYfO C nOMOll1bfO 3T"X cpaKTopOB.
npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCTb nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa MO>KeT "3Mep"TbC" H8
TOIlbKO B cp"3"4eCK"X, HO " B AeHe>KHbIX eA"HH'1ax. CTOHMOCTHblM nOKa3a-
TeIl8M npO"3BOAHTeIlbHOCT" cpaKTopa RBIlReTC" npeAeIlbHbl npOAYKT
SKTOpS B AeHeJKHOM BblpSJKeHHH, "Il" npeAeIlbHblii AOXOA OT npOAYK-
TS ItCnOnb3yeMoro SKTOpS_
npeAenbHblii npOAYKT SKTOpS B AeHeJKHOM BblpSJKeHItH (MRP,) -
3TO npOH3BeAeH"e npeAeIlbHoro cp"3"4ecKoro npOAYKTa nepeMeHHoro cpaK-
TOpS (L) " npeAeIlbHoro AOXOAa, nOIlY4eHHoro OT npOAS>K" OAHO" AOnOIlH"-
TeIlbHO eA"H"'1bl npOAYK'1"H:
MRP, = MP, x MR Q (5),
rAe MRP, - np8AeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaKTopa L B AeH8>KHOM Bblpa>KeHH";
MP, - npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaKTopa L B cp"3"4eCKOM Bblpa>KeH"";
MR Q - npeAeIlbHbl" AOXOA OT npOAa>K" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eAHH"'1bl npo-
AYK'1"".
TaK"M 05pa30M, np8AeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaKTopa B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>Ke-
H"" nOKa3blBS8T np"pOCT 051l1ero AoxoAa B pe3YIlbTaTe "CnOIlb30BaH"" ell1e
O,qHO (AonOIlH"TeIlbHo,,) eAHH"'1bl nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa L np" He"3MeH-
HOM KOIl"4eCTBe Bcex OCTaIlbHblX cpaKTopOB.
B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"", KorAa CP"PMbl "BIlRfOTC" «'1e-
HonoIlY4aTeIl"M"», npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaKTopa L B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>K8-
HHH - 3TO npO"3BeAeH"e npeAeIlbHoro npoAYKTa cpaKTOps L B cp"3"4eCKOM
Bblpa>KeH"" " '1eHbl eA"H"'1bl BblnycKaeMo" npoAYK'1"":
MRP, = MP, x P (6),
rAe P - '18Ha eA"H"'1bl BblnycKaeMo" npoAYK'1H". HanoMHHM, 4TO B yc-
IlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" P = MR.
KaK "3B8CTHO, B YCIlOB""X HecoB8pweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" npeAeIlbHbl"
AOXOA OT npOAa>K" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl npoAYK'1"H 5YAeT MeHbwe,
4eM ee '1eHa. 3TO 03Ha4seT, 4TO, np" np04"X paBHblx YCIlOB""X, np8AeIlb-
Hbl npoAYKT cpaKTopa B AeH8>KHOM Bblpa>KeH"" (MRPJ Y CP"PMbl-CoBep-
W8HHOro KOHKypeHTa 5YAeT 50Ilbwe, 4eM Y 4"CTOro MOHOnOIl"CTa.
PaCCMOTp"M C"Tya'1HfO Ha np"Mepe CP"PMbl, npO"3BOA"ll1e" KO>KSHYfO
05YBb " peaIl"3YfOll1e" ee Ha KOHKypeHTHoM pblHKe. AonYCTHM, 4TO KOIl"4e-
CTBO eAHHH'1 Kan"TaIla, "CnOIlb3yeMoro cpHPMO", eCTb BeIl"4"Ha nOCTO"H-
Ha", a KOIl"4eCTBO HaH"MaeMbIX pa504"X - BeIl"4HHa nepeMeHHaR. np8A-
nOIlO>K"M, 4TO 04epeAHo" HaH"Tbl pa504" npO"3BOA"T 3a A8Hb TP" napbl
05YB", KOTopble MOryT 6blTb npoAaHbl no pbIH04HO" '1eHe (P), paBHo" 1 00
231
Inasa 10
Py6. 3a nspy. B 3TOM CIlY4ae npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT TpYAa B AeHe>KHO" cpop-
Me COCTBB"T 300 PY5.:
MRP L = MP L X MR Q = MP L X P = 3 x 100 py6. = 300 py6.
AaHHbie a npeAeIlbHoM npoAYKTe TpYAa Ha 05YBHO" cpa6p"Ke cOAep_
>KaTC" B Ta5Il"'1e 10.3.
Ta6IlVIL.\a 10.3
npeAeIlbHblM npOAYKT TPYA3 B AeHeJKHOM ,*,opMe
KOJH.1yeCTBO 06w,1t1ii1 npoAYKT npeAeI1bHbll1 npeAeI1bHbliil
pa6oYIt1x TPYAa 8 cp1t13. eA. (Q) npoAYKT rpYA8 npOAYKT TPYA8
8 cp1t13. eA. (MPJ 8 AeH. eA. (MP L x P)
1 4 4 400
2 9 5 500
3 13 4 400
4 16 3 300
5 18 2 200
6 19 1 100
AIl" TOro, 4T06bl onpeAeIl"Tb, KaKoe KOIl"4eCTBO pa504"X cIleAyeT HS-
H"Tb cp"pMe, He05xOA"MO 3HaTb '1eHY 3TOro pecypca " CpaBH"Tb, Ha CKOIlb-
KO YBeIl"4HTC" AOXOA H "3,Qep>KK" CP"PMbl OT "CnOIlb30BaH"" OAHO" Aonon-
H"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl pecypca. 3STpSTbl ,*,HPMbl HS npHo5peTeHHe K3>K-
AOM AonOIlHHTeIlbHOM eAHHHl\bl ,*,aKTopa npHH"TO Ha3blBSTb npeAeIlb-
HblMH H3AepJKKSMH pecypca (MRC). ECIlH cp"pMa nOKynaeT pecypCbl Ha
4"CTO KOHKypeHTHblX pblHKaX, TO npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" Ha "X np"05peTe-
H"e 5YAYT paBHbl "X '1eHaM. B HaWeM np"Mepe MRC paBHbl AHeBHO" CTSS-
Ke 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl, T. e. MRC = w. AonYCT"M, 4TO AHeBHa" CTaBKa 3a-
pa50THO" nIlaTbl pa504ero COCTaBIl"eT 300 py5. KaKOe >Ke KOIl"4eCTBO pS-
504"X cIleAyeT HaH"Tb cp"pMe? BepHeMC" K AaHHblM Ta6Il"'1bl 10.3. 04e-
B"AHO, 4TO cp"pMa Ha"MeT 4eTbipex pa504"X. HaH"MaTb n"TOro pa504ero
HeBblr0AHO: npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe COCTaBIl"eT 200 py5.,
a npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK", CB"3aHHble C HS"MOM n"TOro pa504ero - 300 py6.
3TO 03Hs4aeT, 4TO cp"pMa B AaHHOM cIlY4ae nOHeceT y5b1TK" B pa3Mepe 100
py5. (300-200). ECIl" cp"pMa Ha"MeT Tpex 4eIlOBeK, TO Mbl 05HapY>K"M, 4TO
npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe TpeTbero pa504ero paBeH 400
py5., a ero 3apa50THa" nIlaTa - 300 py5. II1cnoIlb30BaHHe TpeTbero ps50-
4ero AacT cp"pMe np"pOCT 05beMa np"5bIIl", paBHbl" 1 00 py5. CIleAoBa-
TeIlbHo, AIl" YBeIl"4eH"" np"5bIIl" e" cIleAyeT HaH"Tb 4eTBepToro pa504e-
ro: npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe 4eTBepToro pa504ero, paBHbl"
300 py5., B T04HOCT" cOOTBeTCTByeT BeIl"4"He ero 3apa60THo" nIlaTbl.
232
TeopUR npOU3BOaCmSa U npeaenbHOU npou3sooumenbHocmu cjJaKmopoB
Tenepb Mbl MO>KeM CCPOPMYIl"pOBaTb npSBHIlo MaKCHMH3a'1HH npH5bl-
IlH AIl" ,*,HPMbl, npeA'b"BIl"lOll1eM cnpoc Ha OAHH nepeMeHHblM ,*,aK-
TOP. 3aMeT"M, 4TO AaHHoe npaB"IlO "AeHT"4HO npaB"IlY onpeAeIleH""
05beMa npO"3BOACTBa CPHPMbl, MaKC"M"3"PYfOll1e" np"5bIIlb, np" KOTO-
pOM MR = MC: ,*,HPM3, MaKCHMH3HPYIOI1\S" npH5blIlb, AOIlJKHS HC-
nonb30BSTb TSKOe KOIlH4eCTBO nepeMeHHoro ,*,SKTopa, npH KOTOpOM
ero npeAeIlbHb.M npOAYKT B AeHeJKHOM ,*,opMe 5YAeT pSBeH ero npe-
AenbHblM H3AepJKKSM. 3TO npaB"IlO MO>KeT 5blTb 3an"CaHO B B"Ae CIleAY-
fOllIe" CPOPMYIlbr:
MRP L = MRC L (7)
AIlR YCIlOB"" cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" npaB"IlO np"MeT CIleAYfO-
Ill"" B"A:
MRP L = W , TBK KaK MRC L = W (8)
ECIlH npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaKTopa B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe npeBblwaeT
npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" Ha ero np"05peTeH"e, TO cp"pMe, C '1eIlbfO MaKC"-
M 3au, npL-16bIJlH, cIleAyeT YBem-1YHTb KOIlL-1yeCTBO L-1CnOIlb3yeMoro nepe-
MeHHoro cpaKTOpa. 111 Ha050pOT, eCIl" npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" Ha np"05pe-
TeH"e cpaKTopa 50Ilbwe, 4eM ero npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT B AeHe>KHO" cpop-
Me, AIlH MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"5bIIl" cp"pMe cIleAyeT YMeHbW"Tb KOIl"4eCTBO
AaHHoro cpaKTopa. 111 TOIlbKO TorAa, KorAa AocmraeTC" paBeHCTBO npeAeIlb-
Hare npOAYKTa cpaKTopa B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe " ero npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK
('1eHbl cpaKTopa - AIl" 4"CTO KOHKypeHTHoro pbIHKa), cp"pMa HaxoAHTc" B
COCTOHHHH paBHOBeCL-1H, 1. e. nOIlyya8T M8KCL-1M8IlbHYIO npL-16bIIlb.
PaCCMOTp"M C"Tya'1"fO paBHOBeC"" CP"PMbl, npeAb"BIlRfOll1e" cnpoc Ha
OA"H nepeMeHHbl" cpaKTop, Hanp"Mep, TPYA, np" ycnOB"", 4TO " TOBapHbl"
pbIHOK, H pblHOK TpYAa "BIl"fOTC" 4"CTO KOHKypeHTHbIM", T. e. CP"PMS H Ha
TOM, Ha APyroM pblHKax HBIlH8TCH «u,8HonOIlY48T8IleM». fp8cpL-148CKIt1 AaH-
HaR C"Tya'1"" H305pa>KeHa Ha P"c. 10.3.
Kp"Ba" cnpoca CP"PMbl Ha OA"H nepeMeHHbl" cpaKTop (0) COBnaAaeT C
KP"BO" ero npeAeIlbHoro npoAYKTa B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe (MRPJ, TaK KaK
mo6aH TOYK8 H8 A8HH0ll1 KpL-1BOVl nOK83blB8eT YHCIlO 3aHHTbIX, HcnoIlb3yeMbix
c\J pMO" np" KS>KAOM 3aAaHHOM ypoBHe CTaBK" 3apa50THo" nIlSTbl (w). OT-
p"'1aTeIlbHbl" HaKIlOH KP"BO" MRP L CB"3aH C Ae"CTB"eM 3SKOHa y5blBafO-
ll1e" npeAeIlbHo" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOcm cpaKTopa, a ee paCnOIlO>KeH"e on-
peAeIl"eTC" ypoBHeM npeAeIlbHo" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCT" cpaKTopa (MPJ "
'1eHo" npO"3BeAeHHoro npoAYKTa (P). T04Ka E - 3TO T04Ka paBHOBeC""
c\J"PMbl Ha pblHKe cpaKTopa, TS' KaK "MeHHO 3AeCb MRP L = wE' 3TO 03Ha4S-
eT, 4TO np" 3aAaHHOM pblHKOM ypOBHe 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl (WE)' cp"pMe CIle-
AyeT HaH"Tb 4"CIlO pa504"X, paBHoe L E . ipacp"K nOKS3bIBaeT, 4TO eCIl"
MRP L > WE' TO cp"pMe cIleAyeT YBeIl"4"Tb 4"CIlO "CnOIlb3yeMblx pa504"X, a
233
Inasa 10
U:eua <paKTOpa
(W)
WE
o
Puc. 10.3.
4: qUCJIO pa60"IHX (L)
CumyaLCuR paSHoseCUR cPUPMbl Ha "Iucmo
KOHKypeHmHoM pblHKe nepeMeHHoao q,aKmopa (mpyda)
eCIl" MRP L < WE - cOKpamTb "X 4"CIleHHOCTb. 111 TOIlbKO Kor A a MRP = W
m ' L E'
","pMa, np AbHBIl"fOll1a" cnpoc Ha OA"H nepeMeHHbl" cpaKTOp, 05eCne4"T on-
TVlMaIlbHblVl ypoBeHb 3aHHTOCT!.1 Ha CBoeM npeAnp .fITIr1H.
A Tenepb YCIlO>KH"M Hawy 3aAa4Y " paCCMOTp"M C"Tya'1"fO, KorAa CP"P_
Ma npeAb"BIl"eT cnpoc Ha ABa nepeMeHHblx cpaKTopa.
4.
83al1M03aMeHSIeMOCTb peCYPCOB,
npeAeI1bHaSi HopMa
TeXH0I10rl1'-IeCKOrO 3aMelLleHI1S1
KOH'1 enT yaIlbHo HeOKIlaCC"4eCKa" TeOp"" npO"3BOACTBa,
KOTOpyfO Mbl "CCIleAyeM B HaCTO"l11e" rnaBe, 6a3"pyeTc" Ha nOIlO>KeH"" 0
B3a"M03aMeH"eMOCT" cpSKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa.
npO"3BOACTBeHHa" CPYHK'1"'" npeACTaBIleHHa" B Ta5Il"'1e 10.1, nOKa3bl-
BaeT, 4TO OA"H " TOT >Ke 05beM BblnYCKa npOAYK'1"H MO>KeT 5blTb AOCT"rHYT
np" PS3Il"4HbIX C04eTaH"HX cpaKTOpoB. AIl" CP"PMbl, CTpeM"ll1e"c" K MaK-
C"M"3a'1"" np"5bIIlH, Ha"IlY4we" KOM6"Ha'1He cpaKTOpOB OKa>KeTCR Ta,
KOTopa" 06ecne4 BaeT Ha"MeHbWHe "3Aep>KK". CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, 3aAa4a
CP"PMbl CBOA"TC" K TOMY, 4T05bl 06ecne4HTb M"H"MH3a'1"fO "3Aep>KeK np"
Ka>KAOM 3aAaHHOM 05beMe npO"3BOACTBa.
.QIlfi BbIHBIleH H Bcex B03MO>KHbJX KOM-
5"Ha'1"" cpaKTOpoB np" BbrnYCKe 3aAaHHO-
ro 05beMa npOAYK'1H" B 3KOHOM"4eCKO"
TeopHV1 HCnOJlb3yerc.fI nOHflT e H30KBaH-
Tbl. 1 GIlOBO H30KB8HT8 npOL-1CXOAHT OT Jla-
1 CpaSHIr1Te 10130KBaHTbl, 10111101 Kplo1-
Bble 6e3pa3JlIo1YIo1s:1 np0Io13BO,lJ,CTSa, C
Y>Ke 1013BeCTHblMItI BaM Kpl'1BblMI'1 6e3-
pa3JlW.II'1s:1 B TeOplo1L-1 nOTpe61i1TeJlbC-
KOro Bbl60pa (rn. 5, 9).
234
TeopUR npou3soocmea U npeoenbHo() npou3sooumenbHocmu rjJaKmopos
n1HCKoro iso - paBHblL4 !.1 quant - KOIlH48CTBO, T. e. paBHoe KOIlH48CTBO.
1'!30KBSHTS npeACTaBIl"eT c050 KPHBYOO, Iloo5SJI T04KS Ha KOTOpO no-
KS3blBseT pa3IlH4Hble KOM5HHS'1HH ABYX nepeMeHHblX <paKTOpOB, 05ec-
ne4HBSOOll1He OAHH H TOT >Ke 05...eM BblnYCKa npOAYK'1HH. Bce KOM6"Ha-
UViVI cp8KTOpOB np0L-13BOACTBa, npeACT8BIl8HHbl8 H8 Vl30KBaHTe, HBIlHIOTCH
TeXHOIlor"4eCK" 3cpcpeKTHBHbIM". HSnp"Mep, C04eTaH"e 3 eA. cpaKTOpa K H
4 eA. cpaKTopa L MO>KeT 05eCne4"Tb BblnycK npoAYK'1"", paBHbl 67 eA.
(CM. Ta6Il"'1Y 10.1). OAHaKo, eCIl" "CnOIlb3yeTc" MeHee npO"3BOAHTeIlbHa"
reXHOIlOrVl.fl, TO BbiweYK838HHoe COl.JeT8HHe ABYX cp8KTOpOB AacT 06b8M
npO"3BOACTBa, paBHbl", Hanp"Mep, 63 eA. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO pecypcbl "C-
nOIlb3YfOTC" He3cpcpeKT"BHO, n03ToMY Ha "30KBaHTe C 05beMoM, paBHoM 63
eA., He 5YAeT npeACTaBIleHa paCCMOTpeHHS" Bblwe KOM5"Ha'1"" cpaKTopoB
(3 eA. K" 4 eA. L).
BepHeMcR K AaHHblM Ta5Il"'1bl 10.1, KOTopble nOKa3blBafOT, 4TO BbrnycK
npoAYK'1"", paBHbl" 90 eA., MO>KeT 5blTb nOIlY4eH np" cIleAYfOll1"X KOM5"-
Ha'1""X cpaKTopOB:
. 3 eA. L " 8 eA. K;
. 4 eA. L " 6 eA. K;
. 6 eA. L " 4 eA. K;
. 8 eA. L " 3 eA. K.
Bce KOM5"Ha'1"" 6YAYT HaXOA"TbC" Ha "30KBaHTe C 05beMoM B 90 eA.
Apyr"e KOM5"HS'1"" ABYX cpaKTOpOB (6 eA. L " 8 eA. K; 7 eA. L " 7 eA. K;
10 eA. L " 6 eA. K) AafOT BblnycK npoAYK'1"", paBHbl" 116 eA., " 5YAYT Ha-
XOA"TbCR Ha "30KBaHTe C COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"M 05beMoM BblnycKa. 1I1305pa3"B
HeCKOIlbKO "30KBaHT, Mbl nOIlY4"M KapTY "30KBaHT (CM. P"C. 10.4).
1I130KBaHTbi 05IlaAafOT cIleAYfOll1"M" CBo"CTBaM":
- "30KBaHTbl H"KOrAa He nepeceKafOTC" B C"IlY Ae"CTB"" np"H'1"na TpaH-
3\.1TV1BHOCTH. 1 K8>K,Q0L4 L-130KB8HTe COOTB8TcTByeT onpeAeIl8HHblL4 06b8M Bblnyc-
K8 npOAYKu,!.1H, np!.1yeM, 48M A8Ilbwe 1t130KBaHTa OTCTOVIT OT H848Il8 KOOPAL-1-
HaT, TeM 60JlbWHL4 06beM BbtnYCK8 068Cn8YL-1B8eTCH;
- H30KB8HTbi iIIMelOT OTpL-1l\aT8IlbHbICi H8KIlOH. 3TO 06bHCHHeTCH T8M,
4TO AIl" cOXpSHeH"" He"3MeHHbIM 05beMa BbrnycKs npoAYK'1"H np"
YMeHbweHHH "CnOIlb30BaH"" OAHOro cpaKTopa He05xOA"MO YBeIl"4"Tb
np"MeHeH"e APyroro cpaKTopa;
- H30KBaHTbi CT8HOBHTCH 60Ilee nOIlO-
r"M" no Mepe npOAB">KeH"" cBepxy BH"3
BAonb HHX. 3TO CBH3aHO C TeM, 4TO B Bepx-
Het1 48CTL-1 H30KBaHTbl, K8K BL-1AHO H8 pa.1c.
10.4, AIlR BbrnycKa 3aAaHHoro 05beMa npo-
AYK'1"" "CnOIlb3yeTc" 50Ilbwoe KOIl"4eCTBO
KanVlT8na L-1 He3Hal.JL-1TeIlbH08 KOIlV14eCTBO
TPYAa. np" AB">KeH"" BH"3 BAOIlb "30KBaH-
Tbl Tpe6yeTc" Bce 60Ilbwe eA"H"'1 TpYAa
1 TpaH3L-1TIiIBHOCTb 03Ha'-iaeT
CJle,lJ,YIOLlIee: eCJlIo1 KaKas:l-TO aJlb-
TepHaTIiIBa A npe,lJ,nOYTIiITeJlbHee,
.....eM aJlbTepHaTlo1sa 5, a aJlbTepHa
Tlo1sa 5 npe,lJ,nO'-iTeTeJlbHee C, TO
aJlbTepHaTliIsa A npe,lJ,nO'-iTIo1TeJlb-
Hee C. (8 HaweM cJlY'-iae aJlbTep-
HaTIo1Sbl - aTO 10130KsaHTbl).
235
inaea 10
K
Q-125
Q-116
Q-90
o
L
Puc. 10.4.
Kapma U30KsaHm
AIls:! 38Me 8HIt1H K8>K,QoCi eAHHIt1l!bl K8nL-1T8Ila, BCIl8ACTBIt18 n8A8HIt1H np8-
A8IlbH0L4 npoH3BOAHT8IlbHOCTH TPYA8 no M8pe H8P8Ll.\HB8HIt1s:! ero KOIlIt148-
CTBa. 3THM 06bflCHH8TCH BbInYKIl8f1 no OTHOW8HIt11O K H8yaIlY KOOPAIt1H8T
cpopMa "30KBaHT.
C nOMOLl.\blO H8KJlOH8 1t130KB8HT MO>KHO onp8A8Illt1Tb CT8neHb 38M8w,eHHH
OAHOro cpaKTopa npO"3BOACTBa APyr"M. Hanp"Mep, cp"pMa npO"3BOA"T
npoAYK'1"fO C "CnOIlb30BaH"eM ABYX nepeMeHHblx cpaKTOpOB: Kan"TaIla (K)
" TpYAa (L). Ha4HeM AB"raTbC" BH"3 no "30KBaHTe C 05beMoM BblnYCKa
npOAYK'1"", pSBHblM 116 eA. (CM. P"C. 10.4), COKpall1a" KOIl"4eCTBO np"Me-
HH8MOro Kanlt1T8n8. AIlH TOro 4T06bl OCTaTbCH H8 3TOIII L130KB8HTe, T. 8.
05eCne4"Tb TOT >Ke 05beM npO"3BOACTBa, cp"pMe nOTpe6yeTc" YBeIl"4"Tb
KOIlItfl.J8CTBO npItfM8Hs:l8MOro Tpy,qa. OTHoweHlile H3MeHeHHfI B KOl1Hl.JeCTBe
OAHoro <l>aKTops K H3MeHeHHIO B KOIlH4ecTBe APyroro <l>aKTops npH CO-
xpaHeHIiIH Helil3MeHHbiM 06'beMa npOIil3BO.QCTBa Ha3blBaeTcfI npe.Qel1b-
Hoii HOpMO" TeXHOIlorH4eCKoro 3SMell1eHHR (MRTS):
MRTS KL = b.K/M
(9)
B HaweM np"Mepe MRTS npeACTaBIl"eT c060" nponOp'1"fO 3aMell1eH""
K8nHTaIl8 TPYAOM npltt YCIlOBL-1H, l.JTO Mbl OCTa8MCH Ha TOIII >Ke caMOIII !.130-
KBaHTe C 05beMOM B 116 eA.
KaK H3B8CTHO, H8KIlOH KpL-1BOVl B Ka>KAolII TOYK8 onp8A8IlH8TCs:! HaKIlOHOM
K8c8T8nbHoIII B A8HHOIII TOYK8, KOTOpbllll, B CBOIO 048peAb, paB8H OTHOW8HL-11O
BeIlHY!.1Hbl 1tt3M8H8HHH cpaKTopa K K BeIlL-1YJ.1H8 H3M8H8HL-1H cpaKTOp8
L (b.Klb.L). 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO HaKIlOH "30KBaHTbl paBeH npeAeIlbHo" HopMe
T8XHOIlOrHY8CKOro 3aMeLl.\8H!.1H. B CL-1IlY TOro, 4TO 1tt30KB8HT8 !.1M88T oTpHu,a-
TeIlbHbl" HaKIloH, MRTS K B Ilf060" T04Ke 5YAeT paBHa HaKIlOHY KacaTeIlb-
_ _ L
HOVI B A8HHOH TOl.JKe, YMHO>KeHHOCi Ha -1, 1. 8.
MRTS KL = b.K/M x (-1)
(10)
236
TeopUR npou3eoocmea u npeoenbHoi1 npou3sooumenbHocmu cpaKmopos
ECJ1H Bbl xopowo YCBm1IlL-1 KaTeropHIO np8,Q8IlbHol71 HOpMbl 38M8 8HIttH
MRS (rn. 5, 9) , TO nOH"T"e MRTS He nOKa>KeTC" BaM CIl"WKOM CIlO>KHbIM.
npeA8IlbH8H HOpM8 TeXHOIlOrltf48CKoro 3aM8Ll.\8H!.1H H8nocp8ACTBeHHO
CB"3aHa C npeAeIlbHblM" npOAYKTaM" cpaKTopOB npO"3BOACTBa. COKpall1S"
KOIl"4eCTBO OAHOro "3 cpaKTOpOB, HSnp"Mep Kan"TaIlS (b.K), cp"pMa TeM
caMblM YMeHbwaeT 05beM BblnYCKa npOAYK'1"" Ha onpeAeIleHHYfO BeIl"4"-
H 3Ta BeIlH4"Ha paBHa npO"3BeAeH"fO npeAeIlbHoro npOAYKTa Kan"TaIla
(MP K ) " "3MeHeH"" B ero KOIl"4eCTBe (b.K):
b.Q = MP K X (-b.K) (11),
rAe b.Q - "3MeHeH"e B 05beMe BblnycKa npoAYK'1"";
MP K - npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT Kan"TaIla;
I1K - L-13M8H8HH8 KOIl\ll4eCTBa npL-1M8HHeMoro K8nL-1T8Il8.
AIls:! TOro, 4T06bl OCTaTbCH H8 TOL4 >K8 !.130KB8HTe, COKpa 8Hlo1e 06b8Ma
npOltl3BOACTB8 AOIl>KHO 6blTb KOMn8HCHpOB8HO YB8Il!.1YeH!.18M KOIlH4eCTB8
np"MeH"eMoro TPYAa (b.L), T. e.
b.Q = MPLx M (12),
rAe MP L - npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT TpYAa;
I1L - 1tt3M8H8HIt18 KOIlL-1Y8CTB8 nplt1M8HH8Moro TPYA8.
3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO a5coIlfOTHoe 3Ha4eH"e b.Q B ypsBHeH""X (11)" (12)
AOIl>KHO 6blTb OA!.1HaKOBbIM. CIle,QoB8T8IlbHO, MO>KHO 3am1caTb:
MP K x (-b.K) = MP L x M
OTcfOAa cIleAyeT, 4TO
MRTS KL = -tJ( Ib.L = MP L IMP K = HaKIloHY "30KBaHTbl (14)
(13)
K8K BV1AHO H3 pHC. 10.4, V130KBaHTbl HM810T BblnYKIlYIO no OTHOW8HHIO K
Ha4aIlY KOOPA"HaT CPOPMY. 3TO CB"3aHO C TeM, 4TO no Mepe AB">KeH"" BH"3
no "30KBaHTe MRTS KL YMeHbwaeTc". 06b"cH"eTc" 3TOT cpSKT cIleAYfOll1"M
05pa30M: no Mepe YBeIl"4eH"" KOIl"4eCTBa cpaKTOpa L ero npeAeIlbHbl" npo-
AYKT YMeHbwaeTc" OTHOC"TeIlbHO npeAeIlbHoro npoAYKTa cpaKTopa K CooTBeT-
cTBeHHo, COKpall1eH"e np"MeH"eMoro cpaKTopa K BeAeT K POCTY ero npe-
AeIlbHoro npoAYKTa. 3TO 03Hs4aeT, 4TO 3HaMeHaTeIlb B ypaBHeH"" (14) 5y-
AeT paCT", a 4HCIl"TeIlb 5YAeT YMeHbwaTbC". CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, MRTS KL 6y-
AeT CHL-1>K8TbCH.
11130KB8HTbi MorYT V1M8Tb pa3Il\.14Hb1Vl BHA B 38B!.1C\.1MOCTH OT CTeneHL-1
B3a"M03aMeH"eMocm pecypCOB. PSCCMOTP"M TP" CIlY4a". 111 BHOBb HaM no-
MO>K8T aHaIlorHH C B3aYlM038MeHH8MOCTblO TOB8pOB np\.1 aHaIlH3e pa3Il1t14-
HO" KOHcp"rypa'1"" KP"BbIX 6e3pa3Il"4H" (rn. 5, 9).
PecYPcbl MOryT 06IlaAaTb a5coIllOTHOii B3aHM03aMeHReMOCTblO. 3TO
237
InaBa 10
He<lm>
KOJIHqecmo
aBTOM06H.JIeH
Q
o
o
KOJIHQeCCBO
BOAHTeJIen
ra3
a)
6)
KOJIH-qeCTBO
CTaHKOB
Q,
o
KOJIH1lecTBO
pa60<rnx
B)
Puc. 10.5.
Budbl U30KsaHm
03Ha4aeT, 4TO 3aAaHHbl" 06beM BbrnYCKa npOAYK'1"" MO>KeT 5blTb 06eCne4eH
KaK nYTeM "CnOIlb30BaH"" KaKOrO-Il"50 OAHOrO "3 ABYX nepeMeHHblX peCypCOB,
TaK " nyreM "X KOM5"Ha'1"". B 3TOM CIlY4ae "30KBaHTa 6YAeT "MeTb B"A np"-
MO" Il"H"" (CM. P"C. 10.5a), a MRTS 5YAeT nOCTO"HHO" BeIl"4HHO". Hanp"-
Mep, HecpTb " ra3, KaK cblpbe AIl" nOIlY4eH"" 3Hepr"H, "BIl"fOTC" a6coIlfOTHO
B38L-1M038M8HfleMbIMVI.
BTOpO" cIlY4a" - pecypcbl 05IlaAafOT CBO"CTBOM a5coIlloTHOii KOM-
nIleMeHTspHoCTH. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO ABa nepeMeHHblX pecypca, "CnOIlb-
3yeMbix AIl" npO"3BOACTBa AaHHoro BHAa npoAYK'1"", HMefOT OAHY onpeAe-
IleHHYfO npOnOp'1"fO. II1Ha4e roBOP" , 3aAaHHa" npO"3BOACTBeHHa" CPYHK'1H"
npeAnoIlaraeT HaIl"4"e eouHcmeeHHo e03MOJKHOii KOM6uHaL<UU pecypcoe. B
3TOM cIlY4ae MRTS 5YAeT paBHa 0, a "30KBaHTa 5YAeT "MeTb B"A np"Moro
yrna, KaK 3TO "305pa>KeHO Ha P"c. 10.55. 05"3aTeIlbHb1M YCIlOB"eM nepe-
XOAa Ha 50Ilee BblCOKYfO "30KBaHTY TaKoro B"Aa "BIl"eTC" c05IlfOAeH"e 3a-
AaHHo" nponOp'1"OHaIlbHOCT" B "CnOIlb30BaH"" pecypcoB. ECIl" 5YAeT YBe-
Il"4eHO KOIl"4eCTBO OAHOro pecypca 5e3 cOOTBeTCTBYfOll1ero "3MeHeH"" B
238
TeopUR npou3Boocmea u npeoenbHoD npoU3BooumenbHocmu cpaKmopoe
KOIl"4eCTBe APyroro, TO nepe"T" Ha APyryfO "30KBaHTY He npeACTaBIl"eTC"
B03MO>KHbIM. B KaljeCTBe nplt1Mep8 TaKOIl1 npOH3BOACTB8HH0L4 CL-1CT8Mbl MO>K-
HO np"BeCT" ccpepy TpaHcnopTHblX YCIlYr. AIl" 05eCne4eH"" paCTa 05beMa
YCIlyr He05xOA"MO YBeIl"4eH"e B nponop'1"" OA"H K OAHOMY KaK aBTOMO-
5"IlbHoro napKa, TaK " 4"CIleHHOCTH BOA"TeIle" np" YCIlOB"" OAHOCMeHHO-
ro pe>K"Ma pa50Tbi. Ell1e 50Ilee npOCTO" np"Mep: AIl" y60PK" YIl " '1bl CP"P-
M8 no npeAocTaBIleHV11O >KHIlH HO-KOMMYH8IlbHbIX YCIlyr MO>KeT HaHflTb 1
ABopH"Ka, cHa5A"B ero OAHO" MeTIlO". C04eTaH"e 20 ABOPH"KOB " 1 MeT-
nbl 3KOHOMl1l.J8CKV1 6eccMblcIl8HHO, T8K >Ke, KaK V1 COyeT8HH8 1 ,QBopHL-1Ka !.1
20 MeTeIl. nepexoA Ha 50Ilee BblCOKYfO "30KBaHTY B AaHHOM cIlY4ae OCTSB-
Il"eT He"3MeHHOii npOnOp'1"fO 1: 1, Hanp"Mep, 3 ABOpH"Ka " 3 MeTIlbl.
111, HaKOHe'1, Tpem" cIlY4a" (P"c. 10.5B) - "30KBaHTbl, OTpa>KafOl11"e 4S-
CTH4HYlO B3aHM03aMeH"eMOCTb pecypcoB. B 3TOM cIlY4ae npO"3BOACTBO
np0.QYKlJ,It1V1 MO>K8T OCYLl.\8CTBIlHTbCH C 06f13aTeIlbHb1M L-1CnOIlb30B8HIr18M ABYX
nepeMeHHblx pecypCOB, Hanp"Mep, TPYAa " Kan"TSIla. OAHaKo "X KOM5"Ha-
1..\.V1V1 MorYT 6blTb CaMblMIt1 p83JlL-14HbIM\.1 B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aAaHHoVl npoH3-
BOAcTBeHHo" CPYHK'1He". AaHHa" cpopMa "30KBaHT BCTpe4aeTc" 4all1e Bce-
ro, H ee np"H"TO C4"TaTb cTaHAapTHo".
5.
npaBIIII10 MIIIHIIIMIII3aLlIIIIII 1113AepJKeK
III YCI10Blllfi MaKCIIIMIII3aLlIIIIII nplll6blI1111
"'"pMa, OCYll1eCTBIl"fOll1a" CBOfO Ae TeIlbHOCTb C "CnOIlb30-
BaH"eM ABYX nepeMeHHblX 4aCT"4HO B3a"M03aMeH eMbIX cpaKTOpOB, CTaIl-
KHBaeTC" C np06IleMO" OnT"MaIlbHoro Bbl50pa KOM5"Ha'1"" pecypCOB np"
Ka>KAOM 3aAaHHOM 05beMe BblnYCKa npOAYK'1"". 04eB"AHO, 4TO cp"pMa,
MaKC"M"3"PYfOll1a" np"5bIIlb, 5YAeT CTpeM"TbC" Bbl5paTb TaKoe C04eTa-
H"e pecypCOB, KOTopoe OKa>KeTC" caMblM AeweBblM. TaK"M 05pa30M, 3a-
Aa4a CBOAHTC" K TOMY, 4T05bl M"H"M"3"pOBaTb "3Aep>KK" CP"PMbl AIl"
K8>Kp,Oro 3aA8HHoro 06b8Ma np0!.13BOAcTBa.
.o.IlH peweHHfI nocT8BIleHHoC1 3a.QaljH He06xoAVIMO BBeCTH nOHHn18 H30-
KOCTbl. H30KOCTS RBIl eTC" oAHoBpeMeHHo H nHHHeii paBHblx H3Aep-
>KeK, H IlHHHeii 51OAJI(eTHOrO orpsHH4eHHR cjIHpMbl.
1I130KocTa CTPO"TC" cIleAYfOll1HM 06pa30M. AonycT"M, 4TO 5fOA>KeT
CP"PMbl AIl" 3aKynK" cpaKTOpOB, Hanp"Mep, Kan"TaIla " TPYAa, COCTaBIl"-
eT 1000 PY5. l\eHs 1 eA. Kan"TaIla paBHa 500 py6., a 1 eA. TpYAa - 250
PY5. ECIlH B paMKax 3aAaHHoro 5fOA>KeTa cp"pMa 3aTpaT"T AeHbr" Ha
nOKynKY TOIlbKO OAHOro "3 ABYX cpaKTOpOB, TO OHa CMO>KeT Kyn"Tb Il"60
2 eA. Kan"TaIla, Il"50 4 eA. TPYAS. OTMeT"M Ha rpacp"Ke T04K", COOTBeT-
CTBYfOl11"e 3TO" KOM5"Ha'1"" cpaKTopoB (CM. P"c. 10.6a). COeA"H"B 3T" T04-
K", Mbl nOIlY4"M "30KOCTY.
239
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PUG. 10.6.
H30Kocmbl
Il1068H TOYK8 Ha L-130KOCT8 nOKa3blB88T TaK08 COyeT8H\.18 ABYX cp8KTOpOB,
np" KOTOpOM cOBoKynHble paCXOAbl Ha "X np"05peTeH"e 5YAYT paBHbl. 1I130Ko-
CTbl, "306pa>KeHHble Ha p"c.10.6, On"CbIBafOTC" cIleAYfOll1"M ypaBHeH"eM:
B=PKxK+PLxL (15),
rAe B - 6fOA>KeT CP"PMbl, npeAHa3Ha4eHHbl" AIl" 3aKynK" cpaKTOpoB;
PK l...\eHa eAV1HVll...\bl K8nHT8Jla;
K - KOIlVll.JeCTBO KanL-1TaIl8;
P L - '1eHS eA"H"'1bl TpYAa;
L - KOIlH4eCTBO TpYAa.
H8KIloH H30KOCTbi paB8H OTHOW8HlllIO l...\eH V1cnoIlb3Y8MblX cpaKTopoB
YMHO>KeHHoMY Ha (-1), TaK KaK "30KOCTa "MeeT OTp"'1aTeIlbHbl" HaKIlOH.
II1Ha4e roBOP", eCIl" cp"pMa YBeIl"4"BaeT KOIl"4eCTBO OAHOro cpaKTOps,
TO OHa AOIl}f(H8 COOTB8TCTB8HHO COKpaTL-1Tb HcnoIlb30BaHL-18 APYroro, YTO-
6bl COXpaHL-1Tb H8V13M8HHbIMH cOBoKynHbl8 P8CXOAbi Ha npVlo6p8T8HL-1e
cpaKTOpOB, T. e. P L x Jl,L = -(P K X Jl,K). OTCfOAa cIleAyeT, 4TO
- Jl,K1M = P L IP K (16)
nf050e "3MeHeH"e '1eHbl Ha OA"H "3 ABYX "CnOIlb3yeMblx peCYPCOB
BeA8T K H3MeH8H!.11O H8KIlOH8 V130KOCTbl. B H8W8M np!.1M8p8 HaKIlOH 1t130KOC-
Tbl paBeH -0,5: PLIP k = 250/500 X (-1) = -0,5. npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO '1eHa
1 eA. TpYAa B03pocIla AO 400 PY5., a '1eHa 1 eA. Kan"TaIla He "3MeHHIlaCb.
B 3TOM CIlY4ae HaKIlOH "30KOCTbl 5YAeT paBeH -0,8. KaK B"AHO "3
p"c.10.65, "30KOCTa, OTpa>KafOll1a" HOBoe COOTHOWeH"e '1eH Ha "CnOIlb3ye-
Mble pecypCbl, "MeeT 50Ilee KPYTO" B"A.
B TOM CIlY4ae, KorAa "3MeH"eTC" 3aAaHHa" BeIl"4"Ha 5fOA>KeTa CP"PMbl,
np8AHa3H8yeHHoro Ha nOKynKY P8CypCOB, L-130KOCTbl CABHralOTCH BIleBO MIlL-1
BnpaBO B 38SMCVlMOCTL1 OT TOro, YMeHbWHn8Cb V1IlH B03pocna cYMMa 610,[\-
>KeTa (CM. P"C. 10.6a).
240
TeopUR npou3BoCJcmsa U npeCJenbHou npou3soCJumenbHocmu cPaKmopoe
K
PUG. 10.7.
o L
MUHuMu3ar.cuR u3depJKeK dnR KaJKdoao
3adaHHoao 06"beMa npou3sodcmsa
AIlR OTBeTa Ha nocTaBIleHHbl" Bblwe Bonpoc, KaKoe C04eraH"e cpaKTo-
pOB AJlfl Ka>KAoro 3a,q8HHoro 06b8M8 BblnYCK8 flBIlHeTCH C8MbiM AeweBblM,
H806xOAV1MO COBM8CTHTb KapTY H30KBaHT C !.130KOCT8ML-1. T04KL-1 K8C8HVlH !.130-
KOCT C Vl30KBaHTaMH nOKa>KYT onTHM8IlbH08, C TOl.JKH 3p8H!.1H 38TP8T, C04e-
TaH"e cpaKTOpOB AIl" Ka>KAoro 3aAaHHoro 05beMa BblnycKa npoAYK'1""
(CM. P"C 10.7).
KOM5"Ha'1"" cpaKTOpOB B T04Ke A 05eCne4"T Ha"MeHbW"e "3Aep>KK"
np" 06beMe BbrnycKa npoAYK'1"", paBHoM 0,; B T04Ke 8 - 05beMe, paB-
HOM 0,; B T04Ke C - 05beMe, paBHOM 03' Bce APyr"e B03MO>KHble KOM-
5"Ha'1"" cpaKTOpOB, np"HSAIle>Kall1"e "30KBaHTaM C 05beMoM npO"3BOA-
CTBa COOTBeTCTBeHHO Q1' Q2' Q3' Il8>K8T H8 60.nee BblCOKIIIX Il\.1HL1s:1X 610,0.-
>KeTHoro OrpaH"4eH"". COeA"H"B T04K" A, 8, C, Mbl nOIlY4"M KP"BYfO,
nOKa3blBafOll1YfO OnT"MaIlbHble KOM5"Ha'1"" pecypcoB np" CYl11eCTBYfO-
ll1"X '1eHaX Ha H"X AIl" Ka>KAoro 3aAaHHoro 06beMa BbrnycKa npoAYK'1H".
np"H"Ma" peWeH"e 05 05beMSX npO"3BOACTBa, cp"pMa 5YAeT AB".'aTb-
C" BAOIlb AaHHo" KP"BO", KOTOpyfO np"H"TO Ha3blBaTb TpaeKTopHeH po-
CTa. TOT CP8KT, 4TO MVlHHM\.13al!L-1s:1 H3Aep>KeK ,qoCT\.1r8eTCH B TOl.JK8 Kaca:
HIIIH H30KOCTbi !.1 H30KB8HTbl, n03BOIlHeT cAen8Tb B8>KHbIL4 3KOHOMHY8CKIt1V1
BbIBOA. K8K V13B8CTHO, H8KIlOH H30KOCTbi paB8H OTHOWeH!.11O l..\eH Ha cpaKTO-
pbl (P L IP K ), a HaKIlOH "30KBaHTbl paBeH MRTS KL , KOTOpaR BbI4"CIl"eTC" no
cpopMYIle (14). B T04Ke KaCaH"" HaKIlOH "30KOCTbl paBeH HaKIloHY "30KBSH-
Tbl. CIleAoB8TeIlbHo, p8BHOBeC!.18 AOCTL-1r8eTCH TorAa, KorA8 OTHOWeH!.1e
'1eH Ha cpaKTOpbl paBHO OTHOWeH"fO "X npeAeIlbHblX npOAYKTOB, T. e.
P L IP K = MP L IMP K
(17)
241
16 KYPC3KoHoMw ecKOMTeOpl<1l1
inaea 10
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, OTHOWeH"" npeAeIlbHblX npOAYKTOB cpaKTOpOB K '1e-
HaM nOCIl8AH"X AOIl>KHbl 5blTb paBHbl M8>KAY c050":
MPL/PL=MPKIP K (18)
C nOMOll1bfO ypaBHeH"" (18) Mbl MO>KeM CCPOPMYIl"pOBaTb npaB"IlO M"-
H"M"3a'1"" "3Aep>K8K AIl" Ka>KAOrO 3aAaHHoro 05beMa BbrnycKa npoAYK'1"",
onTHMSIlbHoe C04eTSHHe «j>SKTOpOB, HcnoIlb3yeMbix B npoLlecce npo-
H3BOACTBS, AocTHraeTcR TorAs, KorAs nocIleAHHH 3STpa4eHHblH py5Ilb
HS nOKym<y KS>KAOrO «j>SKTopa AaeT OAHHSKOBblH npHpocT o51l1ero Bb'-
nycKs npoAYKLlHH. C T04K" 3peH"" pa'1"OHaIlbHoro 3KOHOM"4ecKOro nOBe-
AeH"", 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO OTHOC"TeIlbHO 60Ilee AOPOro" cpaKTop npO"3BOA-
CTB8 38MeLl.\8eTCH OTHOCIr1T8IlbHO 60flee Aew8Bb1M. T8K, 8CJlH MP L /P L >
MP K IP K , TO cp"pMa M"H"M"3"PyeT CBO" "3Aep>KK" nYTeM 3aMeHbi KsnHTaIla
TPYAOM. B xOAe 3TO" 3aMeHbi npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT TpYAa 5YAeT YMeHb-
waTbc", a npeA8IlbHblH npoAYKT KSn"TaIla pacm. 3aMeHa 5YAeT oCYll1eCTB-
IlRTbC" AO Tex nop, nOKa He 5YAeT AOCT"rHYTO pSBeHCTBO B3BeweHHbiX no
COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"M '18HaM np8A8IlbHbiX npOAYKTOB cpaKTOpOB. 111 Ha050pOT,
8CIl" MP L IP L < MPKIP K TO cp"pMe cIl8AyeT 3aMell1aTb TPYA Kan"TSIlOM AIl"
AOCT">KeH"" paBeHcTBa' (18).
.o.Ilfi VlJlIlIOCTp8l..\ H1 A8HHbiX nOIlO>K8H!.1 p8CCMOTp!.1M YCIlOBHbl171 YHCIlO-
BO" np"M8p. npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO eA"H"'1S TpYAa " 8A"H"'1a Kan"TaIla "Me-
fOT OAHY " TY >Ke '1eHY, paBHYfO 100 PY5. np" 3TOM cp"pMa "CnOIlb3yeT 4 eA.
TpYAa " 9 eA. Kan"TaIla. npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT 4eTBepTO" eA"H"'1bl TpYAa
III A8BHT0ll1 eAIt1HIIILlbl K8nL-1T8Il8 p8BHbi COOTBeTCTB8HHO 12 14 6 eA. nOAcTa-
B"B B ypaBHeH"e (18) 4"CIlOBble 3Ha4eH"", nOIlY4"M CIl8AYfOll1ee HepaBeH-
CTBO: 12/100 > 6/100. AaHHa" KOM5"Ha'1"" cpaKTopOB He COOTBeTcTByeT
Tpe60B8HHHM np8BHJl8 MIIIHHMIII38l!1II!.1 L-13A8P>K8K, T. e. H8 s:lBIlHeTCH OnTIr1-
MaIlbHO". nOCIl8AH"" Py5Ilb, 3aTpa4eHHbl" Ha np"05peTeH"8 AOnOIlH"TeIlb-
HO" eAHHH'1bl TpYAa, AaeT np"pOCT npoAYK'1"H, paBHbl" 0,12 eA., a nOCIl8-
AHH" Py5Ilb, 3aTps4eHHbl" Ha npH05peTeH"8 AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" eA"H"'1bl
Kan"TaIla, TOIlbKO 0,06 eA. B 3TOM cIlY4a8 cp"pMe AIlR YBeIl"4eH"" Bbrnyc-
K8 npo,QYKLI!.1111 nplt1 Tex }f{e C8MbiX 38Tp8Tax cIle,o,yeT 38M8HV1Tb OTHOCHTeIlb-
HO 50Ilee Aoporo" cpaKTOp OTHOC"T8IlbHO 50Il88 AeweBblM. Apyr"M" CIlO-
BaM", HY>KHO YBeIl"4"Tb KOIl"4eCTBO np"MeH"eMoro TpYAa " YM8HbWHTb KO-
IlH48CTBO "CnOIlb3yeMoro Kan"TaIla. 3aM81l1eH"e KSnHTBIla TPYAOM H805xo-
A"MO npOBOA"Tb AO rex nap, nOKa OTHOWeH"e npeAeIlbHoro npoAYKTa Ka>K-
Aoro cpaKTopa K "X '18HaM He 5YAeT paBHO. npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO B Haw8M
np"Mepe npeAeIlbHble npOAYKTbl weCTO" 8A"H"'1bl TpYAa " C8AbMO" eA"-
H"'1bl KSn"TSIla OKa>KYTC" paBHblM" " COCTBBRT 10 eA. npoAYK'1"". B 3TOM
cIlY4ae cp"pMa 05eCne4"BaeT M"H"M"3S'1"fO "3Aep>KeK np" 3sAaHHoM
05beM8 npO"3BOACTBa "Il", 4TO OAHO " TO >Ke, YBeIl"4"BaeT BblnycK npo-
AYK'1H" np" Tex >Ke caMblX 3STpaTax.
242
TeopUR npou3soocmea U npeoenbHou npou3sooumenbHocmu cjJaKmopos
OAHaKO M"H"M"3a'1"" "3Aep>KeK np" 3aAaHHOM 05beMe npO"3BOACTBa
He 03Ha4aeT, 4TO AaHHbl" 05b8M 05eCne4"BaeT cp"pMe MSKCHMaIlbHYfO np"-
6blflb. MYlHHMYl3aLlHfI H3 ep)f{eK eCTb 06f13aTel1bHOe, HO He OCTaTO"lHOe
yC110BHe AIlR MaKCHMH3SLlHH npH5blIlH. Pa3H"'1a Me>KAY M"H"MH3a'1"e"
"3Aep>KeK " MaKC"M"3a'1"e" np"5bIIl" 3aKIlf04aeTC" B CIleAYfOll1eM: np" AO-
CT">KeH"" OnT"MaIlbHO" KOM5"Ha'1"H cpaKTOpOB AIl" Ilf050ro 05b8Ma Bbl-
nycKa BO BH"MaH"e np"H"MSfOTC" '1eHbl cpSKTOpOB " "X npeAeIlbHa" npo-
"3BOA"T8IlbHOCTb. np" CPOPMYIl"pOBKe YCIlOB"" MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"5bIIl"
He05xOA"MO Y4"TbIBaTb " TaKYfO BeIl"4"HY, KaK npeAeIlbHbl" npoAYKT cpaK-
Topa B A8H8>KHOM Bblpa>K8H"", OTpa>KafOll1"" cnpoc Ha npoAYK'1"fO, npO"3-
BOA"MYfO C nOMOll1bfO 3mx cpaKTopOB. 3TO CB"3aHO C npO"3BOAHbIM xapaK-
TepoM cnpocs Ha cpaKTOpbl.
KaK >Ke MO>KHO onpeAeIl"Tb 06beM npO"3BOACTBa, np" KOTOpOM CP"P-
Ma M8KCL-1M113L-1PY8T CBOIO npV16blflb? .o.IlH OTBeT8 H8 nocT8BIleHHbll71 Bon-
poc H806xOAL-1MO BocnOIlb30B8TbCH npaBHIloM J..1CnOIlb30BaH!.1H pecypcoB,
1113flO>KeHHbIM B 3 A8HHOCi m8Bb!. H8nOMHL-1M, YTO npV1MeHV1T8IlbHO K yc-
IlOB""M cOBepw8HHo" KOHKyp8H'1"H 3TO npaB"IlO CPOPMYIl"PyeTc" cIleAYfO-
ll1"M 05pa30M: MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"5bIIl" AOCT"ra8TC" TOrAS, KorAa npeAeIlb-
Hbl" npoAYKT nepeMeHHoro cpaKTopa B AeHe>KHO" cpopMe paBeH 8ro '1eH8.
ECIl" cp"pMa "CnOIlb3yeT ABa nepeMeHHblx cpaKTopa, Hanp"M8p, TPYA " Ka-
n"TaIl, TO MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"6blIlH 6YAeT 05ecne4eHa np" TaKOM 06b8Me
npO"3BOACTBa, ,orAa
MRP L = PL' a MRP K = P K , T. e.
MRP L IP L = MRPKIP K = 1
(19)
C05IlfOAeH"e 3TOro YCIlOB"" 03Ha4aeT, 4TO cp"pMa CPYHK'1"OH"PyeT 3cp-
cpeKTIr1BHO, T. e. 06eCn8YIiIBaeTCH OnTL-1M8IlbH8f1 KOM6L-1H8L1HH cp8KTOpOB, MH-
H"M"3HPYfOll1a" "3Aep>KK" npO"3BOACTBa, np" eA"HCTBeHHo B03MO>KHOM
05beMe BblnYCKS, MSKC"M"3"pYfOll1eM np"5bIIlb.
OCHOBHble nOHRTHR:
nP0J..13BO CTBeHHa YHK Ir1
OTA848 OT MacwTa6a
nOCTO HHas:l oT a4a OT MacwTa68
B03pacTalO 8 OT,Q848 OT M8cwTa6a
Y6b1BalO aH OTA8ya OT MacwTa6a
061!1H" npoAYKT cpaKTopa
npeAeIlbHbl" npoAY'T cpa'Topa
'"
production function
returns to sC81e
constant returns to scale
increasing returns to scale
decreasing returns to sC81e
total product of S fsctor
mar9inal product of a factor
243
inasa 11
CpeAH"" npOAYKT cpaKTopa
3aKOH y6b1B81OUJ,8171 npe,qeJ1bHol71
npm-13Bo,q!.1TeJ1bHOCH1 cpaKTopa
npO 3BO,qHbl cnpoc
npeAenbHbl" npOAY'T cpaKTopa
B ,q8H8>KH0I71 cpopMe
npeAenbHble "3Aep>KK" pecypca
V130Ks8HTa
npeAeIlbHa" HOpMS
TeXH0J10rVl48cKoro 3aMeUJ,8H fI
V130KoCTa
TpaeKTOp"" paCTa
average product of a f8Ctor
the law of diminishin9
marginal r8turns
derived demand
m8rginal revenue product
marginal r8source cost
isoquant
marginal rate
of technical substitution
isocost
expansion path
rnaBa 11.
PblHOK TPYAA 3APA50THAfi nIlATA
((TaK unu UHaye, HO eCRKUU
ucmUHHb/U ycnex Ha 3eMne
ecmb ycnex mpyaa».
J1e8H J.1nbuH
B npeAblAYll1e" rnaBe 6b1Il" nOAP05HO paCCMOTpeHbl np"H'1"nbl cjJYH'-
'1HOH"pOBaH"" pblHKOB pecypCOB (cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOAcTBa). B HaCTO"l11e"
r.naBe HaM np8 cTOVlT 06p8n1Tb npV1CTaIlbHoe BH\.1M8HIo18 H8 Cn8l.\HqH1KY
pblHKS TpYAa - OAHOro "3 pblHKOB pecypCOB, "MefOll1erO, KaK " PbIHK" APY-
rHX cp8KTOpOB np0V13BOACTBa, CBOV1 OTIlL-1YV1TeIlbHbI8 np!.13H8KL-1 V1 xapaKTep-
Hbl8 YepTbl. OTflW.I!.1T8IlbH0Il1 4epTOtll pblHK8 TPYA8 HBIlfl8TCH np!.1cYTCTBHe H8
HeM Ba>KHe"W"X "HCmTYTOB (npocpCOf030B, KOpnOpa'1"", rOCYAspCTBa), 6e3
YY8T8 KOTOpblX HeB03MO>K8H 8HaIl!.13 cnpoca V1 np8AJ10>K8HHH TpYAa. G8M
pecypc, "Il" cpaKTOp npO"3BOACTBS - TPYA, OTIl"4aeTC" OT APyr"x "3BeCT-
HblX HaM cp8KTOPOB, T. 8. Kan!.1T8Il8 14 3eMIlH, T8M, YTO HBIlH8TCH CPYHKl.\!.18V1
>K\.13H8AeHT8IlbHOCTJ.1 YeJlOBeKa. n03TOMY, KorA8 pel.Jb HA8T 0 np06Il8M8 Bbl-
50pa Ha pblHKe TpYAa, He 5YAeM 3a5blBaTb, 4TO peWeH"" np"HHMaeT He
TOIlbKO cp"pMa, npeAb"BIl"fOll1a" cnpoc Ha pecypc, HO " HaAeIleHHbie BO-
Il8 H C03H8HIt18M 3KOHOMIr1yeCKH8 Cy6b8KTbl, OCYLl.\8CTBIlHIOLl.\V18 np8AflO)\{e-
H"e cBoe06pa3Horo B"Aa YCIlyr. 06 3T"X oc06eHHOCT"X " nO"AeT pe4b B
cIleAYfOll1eM naparpacpe.
244
PblHOK mpyoa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
1.
Oco6eHHOCTIiI pblHKa TPYAa
Cne'1"cp"Ka pblHKS TPYAa BO MHorOM onpeAeIl"eTC" oco-
68HHOCTHMV1 TOro TOBap8, KOTOpbl171 Ha H8M np8ACTaBIl8H. T8K YTO >K8 npo-
AseTC" " nOKynaeTcR Ha 3TOM pblHKe? OTBeT KaK 5YATO 04eB"AeH, - KOHe4-
HO >Ke, TPYA. Ho BeAb TPYA eCTb CPYHK'1"" CSMOro pa50TH"Ka, 3aTpara ero
cp"3"4eCKO" " YMCTBeHHO" 3Hepr"" B npO'1eCce npO"3BOACTBS 5Ilar. TPYA
HeOTAen\.1M OT l.J8IlOB8K8 K8K TaKoBoro, OH HBIlH8TCH cpOpMOI71 >KH3HeA8HTeIlb-
HOCT" Il"4HOCT" " nOCTOIlbKY He MO>KeT 5blTb 05beKTOM KynIl"-npOAa>K" B
nOIl"m4eCK" " 3KOHOM"4eCK" CB050AHOM 051l1eCTBe. A BeAb, KaK 05 3TOM
nOAP05Hee roBOpHIlOCb B rn. 5, 3KOHOM"4eCKS", a, CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, " no-
Il"T"4eCKa" cB050Aa eCTb Ba>KHe"Wee YCIlOB"e pblH04Horo X03R"cTBa. CBO-
50AHbl" 4eIlOBeK He MO>KeT 6blTb npOAaH (KaK 3TO, Hanp"Mep, 5blIlO np" pa-
50BIlSAeH""), " nOCTOIlbKY He MorYT CIlY>K"Tb 05beKTOM KynIl"-npOAa>K"
HeOTAeIl"Mble OT Hero CPYHK'1"H, B TOM 4HCIle " TPYA. n03TOMY Ha pblHKe
TpYAS npOAaeTCR H nOKynaeTc" He CSM TPYA, S YCIlyrH TpYAa, KOIl"4e-
CTBO H Ka4eCTBO KOTOpblX 3aB"C"T aT MHor"X cpaKTopOB - ypOBH" npocpec-
C OHaIlbHO" nOAlOTOBK" pa50TH"Ka, ero KBaIl"cp"Ka'1"", onblTa, A05poco-
BeCTHOCT" " APyr"x. KynIl,,-npOAa>Ka YCIlyr TpYAa BblcTynaeT B cpopMe Ha,,-
Ma CB050AHOro pa60TH"Ka Ha onpeAeIleHHblX YCIlOB""X, KaCafOl11"XC" npo-
AOIl>K"TeIlbHOCT" pa504ero AH", pa3MepOB 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl, AOIl>KHOCT-
HblX 06H38HHocTeVl V1 HeKOTopblX L-1HbIX. H8 nepL-10A HaL4Ma pa60TO 8T8Ilb -
5"3HeC "Il" rOCYAapCTBO - nOKynaeT npaBO Ha "cnOIlb30BaH"e YCIlyr TpYAa
npOASB'1a, a He Ha caM TPYA, c05CTBeHH"KOM KOTOporo npOAOIl>KaeT OCTa-
BaTbCH H88MHbll71 pa60THIr1K. n03TOMY B 06ll..\8npV1HHTOM Bblpa>K8HHL-1 «pbIHOK
TPy,qa» HaM cIleAyeT B"AeTb KSTerOp"fO «pbIHOK YCIlyr TPYAa». CAeIlaB 3TY
orOBopKY, Mbl "35aBIlReM ce5" aT He05xOA"MOCT" Ka>KAbl" pa3 YT04H"Tb,
4TO nOKynafOTC" "Il" npOAafOTC" "MeHHO YCIlyr" TpYAa, a He TPYA. AaIlee
Mbl 6YAeM nOIlb30BaTbC" 061l1enp"H"TbIM" TepM"HaM" «pbIHOK TpYAa»,
«cnpoc Ha TPYA» , «npeAIlO>KeH"e TpYAa» " T. n.
Cnpoc Ha pblHKe TpYAa, KaK " Ha Ilf060M APyroM pblHKe pecypCOB, "Il"
q,aKTopOB npO"3BOACTBa, "BIl"eTC" npO"3BOAHbIM " 3SB"C"T aT cnpoca Ha
Ty npOAYK'1"fO, KOTopa" 5YAeT "3roToBIleHa C nOMOll1bfO 3Toro pecypca. TSK,
paCT nOTpe6HOCT" B XOPOW"X Aoporax Bbl30BeT YBeIl"4eH"e cnpoca HS yc-
Ilyr" AOpO>KHbIX pa504"X, a naAeH"e cnpoca Ha aBTOM06"Il" np"BeAeT K
YMeHbWeH"fO cnpoca Ha YCIlyr" aBTOM05"IleCTpO"TeIle".
BbIWeOn"CaHHa" cne'1"cp"Ka CSMOro TOBapa " cpOpMbl ero KynIl"-npO-
Aa)K" Ha pblHKe TPYAS npeAonpeAeIl"fOT H">KeCIleAYfOll1"e oc05eHHocm 3TO-
ro pblHKa:
- Bo-nepBbIX, 60IlbW8H npOAOIl>KV1T8IlbHOCTb B38L-1MOOTHOW8HL-1V1 npo-
245
Inasa 11
AaB'1a " nOKynaTeIl". ECIlH Ha pblHKe 50IlbW"HCTBS nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"X TOBa-
pOB ("CKIlf04eH"e COCTSBIl"fOT AOpOrOCTO"ll1"e "3AeIl"", npOAafOll1"eC" B
KpeA"T, " TOBapbl, "MefOl11"e rapaHT""HOe 05CIlY>K"BaH"e) KOHTa'T npOAaB-
Lla H nOKynaTeIlH MV1MOIl8TeH 38K8H4L-1BaeTCs:I nepeA8Y8Ci np8B C06CTBeH-
HOCT" Ha 05beKT TOprOBIl", TO Ha pblHKe TPYAS B3a"MOOTHOWeH"" npOAaB-
U,8 H nOKyn8TeIlH AIlHTCH T8Koe KOIllt1yeCTBO BpeMeHH, Ha KOTopoe 3aKIllOya-
eTC" AorOBOp Ha"Ma PS50TH"Ka. AIl"TeIlbHOCTb KOHTaKTOB npOAaB'1a " no-
KynaTeIlH HBJlfleTCH H806xOAHMblM YCIlOB eM nOCTOs:lHHOro B0306HOBJ1eH fi
onepa'1"" KynIl"-npOAa>K" YCIlyr TpYAa;
- BO-BTOPbIX, 50IlbwaR pOIlb, KOTOpyfO "rpafOT Ha pblHKe TpYAa Heoe-
HeJKHbie cpaKmopbl - CIlO>KHOCTb H npeCT">KHOCTb pa60Tbl, YCIlOB"" TpYAa,
era 5e30naCHOCTb AIlR 3AOPOBbR, rapaHT"" 3aH"TOCT" " npocpeCC"OHaIlb-
HOro pOCT8, MopaIlbHbl14 KIlV1M8T B KOIlIleKn1Be V1 Ap.;
- B-TpeTbHX, 3HaY!.1T8IlbHOe B03AeliTcTB\.1e, KOTOp08 OKa3blBalOT Ha Pbl-
HOK TpYAa pa3Il"4Hble "HCTHTY'1"OHSIlbHble CTPYKTYPbl - npocpeCC"OHaIlb-
Hble COI03bl, TpYAoBoe 38KOHOA8TeIlbCTBO, roCYA8pCTBeHH8H nOIlL-1n1K8 3a-
HHTOCT V1 npocpeCCV10H8IlbHOVl no,qroToBKL-1, COlO3bl npeAnpV1HIr1M8TeIleVl L-1 ,qpy-
r"e. 3TO CBR3SHO, npe>KAe Bcero, C TeM, 4TO npOAaB'1bl TPYAOBblX YCIlyr - Ha-
eMHble pa5OTH"K" - COCTaBIlRfOT nOAaBIl"fOll1YfO 4aCTb HaCeIleH"", a PS60T8
no H8V1MY HBIlHeTCH It1CTOl.JHIt1KOM VlX 6Il8roCOCTOs:lHHH, onpeA8Il8HHblL4 ypOBeHb
KOTOpOro HBIlH8TCH YCJlOBV1eM COLlH8IlbHoro cnOKOVlCTBHfI B 06Ll.\8CTBe.
3apa50THa" nIlaTa 05pa3yeT 6YIlbWYfO 4aCTb AOXOAOB nOTpe5"TeIle"
" n03TOMY OKa3blBaeT CYll1eCTBeHHoe BIl""HHe Ha pa3Mep cnpocs Ha no-
Tpe5"TeIlbCK"e TOBapbl " Ha "X '1eHbl. nOA 3sps50THOii nIlSTO" B W"-
pOKOM CMblCIl8 CIlOBa nOHL-1M88TCH AOXOA OT cpaKTopa np0V13BOACTBa nOA H8-
3B8H!.18M ({TPYA)}. B Y3KOM CMblCIle CIlOB8 38p860THaH nIl8T8 paCCM8TpL-1B8eTC7I
K8K CTaBKa 3apa6oTHOH nl1aTbl, T. 8. l!eHa, BblnIla4\.1Ba8M8H 3a V1cnOIlb30Ba-
H"e eA"H"'1bl TpYAa B Te4eH"e onpeAeIleHHoro BpeMeH" - 4aca, AH" " T. A.
Pa3Il"4afOT HOM"HSIlbHYfO " peSIlbHYfO 3apa50THYfO nIlaTY. nOA HOMH-
Hal1bHOH 3apa6oTHOH nl1aTOH nOH\.1M8eTCH CYMM8 AeHer, KOTOpylO nOIlyYa-
8T p860THV1K HaeMHoro Tpy,qa 3a CBOL4 AHeBHOL4, HeAeJlbHbIVl, MeCHYHblC1
TPYA. no BeIlH4"He HOM"HSIlbHO" 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl MO>KHO CYA"Tb 05
ypOBHe 3apa50TKs, AOXOAa, HO He 05 ypOBHe nOTpe5IleH"" " 5IlarococTo-
HHL-1f1 Y8IlOBeKa. AIlH 3TOro HaAO 3HaTb, K8KOB8 pe8IlbH8H 3ap860TH8s:1 nna-
T8. Peal1bHas:l 3apa6oTHafi nl1aTa - 3TO T8 M8CC8 >KL-13H8HHbIX 6Il8r L-1 YCIlyr,
KOTopble MO>KHO np"05peCT" 3a nOIlY4eHHbie AeHbr". OHS HaXOA"TC" B np"-
MOIit 3aBL-1CL-1MOCTH OT HOMV1H8IlbHOCi 3apnIlaTbi V1 B 06p8THOVl - OT YPOBH7I
'1eH Ha npeAMeTbl nOTpe6IleH"" " nIlaTHble YCIlyr", a TaK>Ke OT pS3MepOB
ynIl8YL-1Ba8MbIX p860TH\.1KOM H8IlOroB.
246
PblHDK mpyoa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
2.
Cnpoc H npeAI10>KeHHe Ha pblHKe TpYAa
K8K Y>Ke OTMeY8IlOCb B rn. 10, LleHbl H8 npoH3BoA T8IlbHble
yCIlyr", T. e. YCIlyr" TPYAa, Kan"TaIlS " T. A., onpeAeIl"fOTC" HS OCHOBe cnpo-
ca " npeAIlO>KeH"". AHaIl"3 pblHK8 TPYAa Ha4HeM np"MeH"TeIlbHO K YCIlO-
B"RM cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"".
Cy5'beKTSMH cnpocs Ha pblHKe TPYAa BblcTynafOT 5"3HeC " rocYAap-
CTBO, S cy5'beKTSMH npeAIlOJKeHH" - AOMaWH"e X03""cTBa.
Ha pblHKe cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" KOIl"4eCTBO HaH"MaeMbIX npeA-
np"H"MaTeIl"M" pa60TH"KOB onpeAeIl"eTc" ABYM" nOKa3aTeIl"M" - pa3Me-
pOM 3sps50THO" nIlaTbl " '1eHHOCTbfO (B ee AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>KeH"") npe-
AeIlbHOro npOAYKTS TPYAS. C YBeIl"4eH"eM KOIl"4eCTBa HSH"MaeMbIX pa-
50THHKOB npO"CXOA"T YMeHbWeH"e BeIl"4HHbl npeAeIlbHoro npOAYKTa
(ecnOMH"M 3aKOH y5blBSfOll1e" AOXOAHOCT"). np"BIle4eH"e AOnOIlH"TeIlb-
HO" eA"H"'1bl TpYAa npeKpaT"TC" TorAa, KorAa npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT TpYAa
B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>KeH"" (MRPJ cpaBHReTC" C BeIl"4"HO" 3apa50THO" nIl a-
Tbl - CM. rn. 10.
05beM cnpocs Ha TPYA HaXOA"TC" B 05pSTHO" 3aB"C"MOCT" OT Be-
IlH4HHbi 3sps50THO" nIlaTbl. np" pOCTe CTaBK" 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl, np"
np04Hx paBHblx YCIlOB""X, npeAnp"H"MaTeIlb B '1eIl"X COXpaHeH"" paB-
HOBeC"R AOIl>KeH COOTBeTCTBeHHO COKpaT"Tb np"MeHeH"e TpYAa, S np"
ee CH">KeH"H BeIl"4"Ha cnpoca Ha TPYA B03pacTaeT. "'YHK'1"OHaIlbHa"
3SB"C"MOCTb Me>KAY BeIl"4"HO" 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl " 05beMoM cnpoca Ha
TPYA Bblpa>KaeTC" B KP"BO" cnpoca Ha TPYA (P"c. 11.1).
Ha OC" a5c'1"cc - BeIl"4"Ha Tpe5YfOll1eroC" TpYAa (L), a Ha OC" 0PA"-
HaT - CTaBKa 3spa50THO" nIlaTbl (w).
Ka>KAa" T04Ka Ha KP"BO" D L nOKa3blBaeT, KaKO" 5YAeT BeIl"4"Ha cnpoca
w
o
Lfucno pa60mHUKOG, L
puc. 11.1.
KpueaR cnpoca Ha mpyd
247
Inasa 11
w
o
Puc. 11.2.
L
KpusaR npednOJKeHUR mpyda
Ha _TPYA np" OnpeAeIleHH_OM ypOBHe 3apa60THO" nIlSTbl. KOHcp"rypa'1"" KP"-
BO It1 ee OTpH aTeJlbHblL-1 H8KIlOH nOKa3b1Ba1OT, 4TO 60Ilee HLII3K0L4 38p86oT-
HO" nIlaTe COOTBeTCTByeT 5YIlbWa" BeIl"4"Ha cnpocs Ha TPYA " Ha050pOT.
II1Ha48 06CTO"T AeIlo C CPYHK'1"e" npeAIlO>KeH"" TPYAa. 06b8M npeAIlo-
>KeHHH TPYA8 T810Ke 38BLIICHT OT BeIlL-14L-1Hbl 3ap860THOH nIlaTbl, nOIlYY8eMOVl
3a npO"3BOA"TeIlbHbI8 YCIlyr". KSK npaB"IlO (a 5blBa8T " "CKIlf048H"e KaK
Mbl YB"_A"M B AaIlbH8"weM), npOAaB'1bl Ha pblHKe TpYAa B YCIlOB""X cdBep-
WeHHO" KOHKyp8H'1"" cTpeM"Tc" YB8Il"4"Tb np8AIlO>KeH"8 B YCIlOB""X po-
CTa 3apa50THoii nIlaTbl. n03TOMY Kp"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa "MeeT nono-
>K"T8IlbHbl" HaKIlOH (P"c. 11.2).
Kp"B R npeAIlO>K8H"" TPYAa (SJ nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO np" nOBbIW8H"" 3a-
pa50THO" nIlaTbl B03pacTaeT BeIl"4HHa np8AIlO>K8H"" TpYAa, a np" e8 CH"-
>KeH"" 05beM npeAIlO>KeH"" TPYAa YMeHbwaeTC". COBoKynHoe npeAIlO>Ke-
H"e TPYAa B 051l1ecTBe 3aB"C"T aT MHOr"X cpaKTOpOB, onpeAeIl"fOll1"X KO-
Il"4eCTBO " Ka4eCTBO npeAIlaraeMblX YCIlyr TpYAa, CpeA" KOTOpblX Ba>KHe,,-
WLIIM!.1 HBnHIOTCH 06 aH YHCJleHHOCTb H8CeIleHL-1H CTpaHbl It1 ,QOJlfl B HeM 3KO-
HOMHyeCKLII 8KTLIIBHOro H8ceIleHHH, cpe,QHHH npOAOIl>KHTeIlbHOCTb p860yero
AH", npocpeCC"OHaIlbHO-KBaIl"cp"Ka'1"OHHbl" COCTaB pa50TH"KOB " AP.
npe>KAe 4eM 05beA"H"Tb 06a rpacp"Ka - cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa
- OCTaHOBHMCH eLl.\e H8 OAHOM Ba>KHOM LII HHTepeCHOM 3KOHOMLII4eCKOM .RB-
IleHH", xapaKTep"3YfOll1eM npeAIlO>KeH"e TpYAa. BepHee, Ha ABYX "BIleH"-
"X, nOIlY4"BW"X Ha3BaH"e 3cpcpeKT 3aMell1eH"" " 3cpcpeKT AoxOAa. 3T"
KaTerop"" Y>Ke paCCMaTp"BSIl"Cb B rn. 5, KorAa pe4b WIla 05 "3M8H8H""
OTHOC"TeIlbHbIX '1eH Ha pblHKe TOBapOB " YCIlyr. Ae"cTBYfOT OH" " Ha pblHK8
TpYAa. 3T" 3cpcpeKTbi npO"BIl"fOTC" TorAa, KorAa Mbl nO>KeIlaeM Bbl"CH"Tb,
KaK OTpa3"TC" HS npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa omoenbHoeo uHoueuoYYMa nOBbIW8-
H"e CTaBOK 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl. Ha nepBbl" B3rn"A, npeAIlO>KeH"8 TpYAa
AOIl>KHO BblpaCT". OAHaKO He 5YAeM TOpOn"TbC" C BbIBOAaM" - B "rpy BCTY-
nafOT 3cpcpeKT 3aM81l1eH"" " 3cpcpeKT AoxoAa, "3BeCTHble HaM "3 rn. 5.
248
PblHOK mpyaa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
w
w,
I
o
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L,
L
Puc. 11.3.
KpusaR uHdusudyanbHo2o npednOJKeHUR mpyda
Ha P"c. 11.3 "305pa>KeHa Kp"Ba", nOKa3blBafOll1a" 051l1ee KOIl"4eCTBO
pa504ero BpeM8H", KOTOpoe cornaceH oTpa60TaTb KOHKp8THbl" pa50TH"K
np" AaHHo" BeIl"4"H8 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl. OT 05b14HO" KP"BO" np8A-
IlO>KeH"" TPYAa, "IlIlfOCTp"PYfOll1e" C"Tya'1"fO Ha Ha'1"OHaIlbHOM "Il" OTpSC-
Il8BOM pblHKax TPYAa, 3Ta Kp"Ba" OTIlH4aeTC" CBoe" KOHcp"rypa'1"e".
Ao T04K" 1 "HTepeCYfOl11S" Hac KP"BS" nOKa3blBaeT YBeIl"4eH"e npeA-
IlO>KeH"" TpYAa np" pOCTe 3apa60THO" nnaTbl, - OHa YAaIl"eTC" aT OC" op-
AHHaT. OAHaKO, npO"A" T04KY I, Kp"Ba" SL MeH"eT HanpaBIl8H"e. OHa cr"-
68eTCH 14, npHHIt1M8H OTpHl!aT8IlbHbIVl HaKIlOH, CHOB8 npH6IlL-1}1{8eTCH K OCL-1
0PAIt1HaT, nOK83bIB8H, Ha nepBblVl B3rn.R,Q, n8p8AOKC8IlbHYIO CL-1TY8 L-11O -
YMeHbWeH"e npeAIlO>KeH"" TPYAa np" AsnbH8"weM pOCTe 3apa50THo" nna-
Tbl. TaK"M 06pS30M, YBeIl"4eH"e 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl AO onp8AeIleHHbiX pa3-
MepOB BeAeT K POCTY npeAnO>K8H"" TpYAa, KOTOpoe nOCIle AOCT">KeH"" MaK-
CHMaIlbHoro ypOBH" (L,) Ha4"HaeT COKpall1aTbC" BCIleACTB"e AaIlbHe"wero
pOCTa 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl. OAHa " Ta >Ke np"4"Ha - YBeIl"48H"e 3apa50T-
HO" nIlaTbl np"BOA"T " K POCTY, " , COKpa1l18H"fO np8AIlO>KeH"" TPYAa. no-
4eMY >Ke 3TO npO"CXOA"T?
nOCKOIlbKY np" YBeIl"4eH"" 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl Ka>KAbl" 4ac oTpa60TaH-
HOro BpeMeHL-1 IlY4we onIl84HB8eTCH, K8>K,QbIH Y8C CB06oAHOro Bp8M8HIt1 BOC-
np"HHMaeTC" pa50TH"KOM KaK B03POCW"" y5bITOK, T04H8e, ynYll1eHHa" Bbl-
tOAa. 3Ta BblrOAa Morna 5bl 5blTb peaIl"30BaHS np" npeBpall1eH"" CB050A-
Horo BpeMeH" B pa504ee - OTCfOAS CTpeMIleHHe 3aMeCT"Tb cB050AHoe Bpe-
M" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" pa50TO". COOTBeTCTBeHHO, Aocyr 3aMell1aeTC" TeM
Ha50pOM TOBapOB H YCIlyr, KOTopble pa50TH"K MO>KeT np"05peCT" Ha B03-
POCWYfO 3apa60THYfO nIlaTY. BbIWeOn"CSHHbl" npO'1ecc nOIlY4"Il Ha3BSH"e
3cpcpeKTa 3SMell1eH"" Ha pblHKe TpYAa. Ha np"BeAeHHOM Ha P"c. 11.3 rpa-
CP"Ke 3cpcpeKT 3aMell1eH"" npO"BIl"eTCR AO T04K" I, T. e. AO Ha4aIla AB">Ke-
H"" KP"BO" npeAIlO>K8H"" TPYAS BIleBO, K OC" OPA"HaT.
249
Inaea 11
3cpcpe'T AOXOAa npOmBOCTO"T 3cpcpeKTY 3aM81l1eH"" " CTaHOB"TC"
OW,YTL-1M npl.1 AOCTL-1>K8HL-1L-1 p860THL-1KOM OnpeAeIleHHoro, AOCT8TOYHO BbICQ-
KOro YPOBH" MaTep"aIlbHoro 5IlarOnOIlY4"". KorAa np05IleMbi C XIl860M Ha-
CYLl.\HbIM p8weHbl, M8HHeTCH H HaW8 OTHoweHHe K CBo60AHOMY Bp8M8HV1.
OHO nepeCT8eT K838TbCH Bbll.J8TOM 1.13 38p86oTHOVl nIl8Tbl, 8 npeACTaeT no-
IleM AIlfi H8CIl8)\{AeHV1H L-1 P8AOCT!.1, T8M 60Il88, YTO BblCOK8H 38p860TH8f1
nIlaTa n03BOIl"eT 050raT"Tb " pa3H005pa3"Tb Aocyr. n03TOMY IlOr"4HbIM
HBIlHeTCH B03HV1KHOB8HH8 >KeIl8HHH KynHTb He TOIlbKO 60Ilbwe TOBapOB, HO
H HM8Tb 60nbW88 KOIlV14eCTBO CB060AHOro BpeMeH\.1. A CAeIl8Tb :no MO>K-
HO, Il"Wb COKpaT"B npeAIlO>KeH"e TpYAa, Kyn"B cB050AHoe BP8M" H8 3a Ha-
IlL-1YHble AeHbrVl, 8 38 T8 ,Q8HbrH, KOTOpbl8 MOrIlV1 6bl 6blTb nOIlyyeHbl npH OT-
Ka38 aT Aocyra B nOIlb3Y AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO" pa50Tbi. nOcIle npOXO>KAeH""
KP"BO" SL T04K" I 3cpcpeKT AoxoAa CTaHOB"TC" npe05IlaAafOll1"M, 4TO Bbl-
pa>KaeTC" B cOKpall1eHH" npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa np" pOCTe 3apa50THO" nIl a-
Tbl, a npaKT"48CK" B CTp8MIleH"" K nepeXOAY pa50TH"Ka Ha COKpall1eHHbl"
p8604\.1171 A8Hb V1IlH HeAeIl 10 , K nOIlyyeHltl1O AonOIlHV1T8J1bHbIX BbtXOAHblX AHeL4
" omYCKOB (B TOM 4"CIle 3a ({CBO" C4en,).
Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKO" 3cpcpeKT (3aMell1eHH" "Il" AOXOAa) "BIl"eTC" 50-
fle8 CVlIlbHbtM nplll A8HHOM ypOBHe 38p860THoIII nIlaTbl, He V1M88T TOYHOro OT-
B8T8, nOCKOIlbKY onpeA8IlH8TCfI pa3IlHYHOVl pe8K Vl8C1 OTAeIlbHblx IlI0AeL4 It1
rpynn IlfOAe" Ha paCT 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl. AIl" OAHOro 4eIlOBeKa 3000 AOIlIl.
B MeC"'1- TOT npeAeIl, nOCIle KOTOpOro OH He CTaHeT oTpa5aTbiBaTb cBepxy-
pOYHbie YaCbJ, ,qa>K8 eCflVl 6bl OHL-1 OnIlaYHBaIlL-1Cb no 60Ilee BblCOKIt1M CTaB-
KaM. AIl" APyroro - " 10000 AOIlIl. B MeC"'1 HeAOCTaT04HO, 4T05bl npeAno-
yeCTb Aocyr ,QonOIlH\.1TeIlbHol71 pa60Te. «Bcex AeHer He 3ap860T88Wb», -
rnaCL-1T PYCCK8H noroBopKa, BOT TOJlbKO BeIl!.14!.1H8 «Bcex A8Her» AIlH K8>KA0-
ro 4eIlOBeKa - cyry60 "HA"B"AYSIlbHoe nOH"T"8.
Ho, nOA4epKH8M, YY8CTOK C OTpH 8T8IlbHbIM H8KIlOHOM Kp!.1BOL4 npeAIlO-
>KeH"" xapaKTep8H TOIlbKO AIl" "HA"B"AYaIlbHoro npeAIlO>KeH"" TPYAa. Hs
oTpacIleBoM ypoBHe Kp"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa Ha BC8M CBoeM npOT">K8-
H"" 6YAeT "MeTb nOIlO>K"TeIlbHbl" HaKIlOH. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", AIl" oTpac-
IleBoro npeAIlO>KeH"" xapaKTepHo npe05IlaAaH"8 3cpcpeKTa 3SMell1eH"".
.o.a>K8 8CIlH ,QIlfi OTA8IlbHbiX cy6beKToB 60Ile8 BblCOKVle CTaBKV1 3ap860TH0L4
nIlaTbl MorYT nocIlY>K"Tb CT"MYIlOM AIl" COKpall1eH"" npeAIlO>KeH"" CBO"X
TPYAOBblX YCIlyr " YBeIl"4eH"fO CB08ro Aocyra, TO AIl" APyr"X Il"'1 BbICOKa"
CTaBK8 38pa6oTH0C1 nIl8Tbi nocnY}/{HT ClttrH8IlOM AIlH YB8IlV148HHH np8AIlO}/{8-
H"" TpYAa. 50Ilee TOro, BbICOK"e CTaBK" 3apa60THO" nIlSTbl MOryT np"BIle4b
pa50TH"KOB "3 APyr"X oTpacIle".
250
PblHOK mpyoa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
3.
PaBHOBeCHe Ha pblHKe TpYAa
H paBHOBeCHafl CTaBKa 3apa6oTHOH nIlaTbl
npOAOIl>K"M Hawe "CCIleAOBSH"e, 05beA"H"B 05a rpacp"-
Ka - KP"BYfO cnpoca " KP"BYfO npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa " npOaHaIl"3"PY8M 50-
Il88 AeraIlbHO nOIlO>KeH"e Ha pblHKe TPYAS (P"c. 11.4).
OC0508 BH"MaH"e 06pamM HS T04KY E nepeCe4eH"" KP"BO" cnpoca Ha
TpYA " KP"BO" np8AIlO>K8H"" TPYAa. 3TO" T04Ke Ha rpacp"Ke COOTB8TCTBY8T
onpeAeIleHHbl" ypOBeHb CTaBK" 3aps50THO" nIlaTbl (WE) " 3aAaHH08 3T"M
ypoBHeM npeAIlO>KeH"e TpYAa (L E ). B T04Ke E cnpoc Ha TPYA paBeH npeAIlO-
>KeH"fO TpYAa, T. e. pblHOK TPYAa HaXOA"TC" B paBHOBeCHOM COCTO"H"". 3TO
03Ha4aeT, 4TO Bce npeAnp"H"MaTeIl", cornaCHbl8 nIlaT"Tb 3apa50THYfO nIl a-
TY WE' HaXOA"T Ha pblHKe He05xOA"MOe KOIl"4eCTBO TpYAa, "X cnpoc Ha
TPYA YAOBIleTBopeH nOIlHOCTbfO. B nOIlO>K8H"" pblH04HOro paBHOBeC"R nOIl-
HOCTbfO TPYAOYCTpoeHbl " Bce PS50TH"K", roToBble npeAIlO>K"Tb CBO" YCIlY-
r" np" 3apa50THO" nIl aTe WE' n03TOMY T04Ka E onpeAeIl"eT nOIlO>KeH"e
nOl1HOVl 3aHflTOCTH.
np" Ilf050" APYro" BeIl"4"He 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl, OTIl"4HO" OT WE ' paBHO-
BeC"e Ha pblHKe TpYAa HspywaeTC". np" COBnaAeH"" cnpoca " npeAnO>K8H""
TpYAa 3sps50THSR nIlSTS BblcTynseT KSK l.\eHS pSBHOBeCHfi Ha pblHKe
TpY,Qa.
B CIlYY88 npeBbIWeHL-1f1 CT8BKOVI 38p860TH0L4 nIl8Tbi ypOBHH p8BHOB8C-
HO" (CIlY4S" w') np8AIlO>KeH"e Ha pblHKe TPYAa (0 - Ls') npeBblwaeT cnpoc
(0 - LDt). B 3TOVI CV1TY81.\L-1V1 npOVlCXOAHT OTKIlOHeHL-18 OT nOIlO)\{8HL-1H nOIlHOVl
3aHHTOCTL-1, pa60y\.1x MeCT H8 XB8T88T p,Ilfi BC8X >K8Il81O \.1X npOA8Tb CBoC1
W
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PUc. 11.4.
PaeHoeecue Ha pblHKe mpyda
251
Inasa 11
TPYA np" 3apa60THO" nnSTe w'. B03H"KaeT "35bITOK npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa,
H3MepHeMbiCi OTpe3KOM Lo' - Ls' Ha OCIII a6ClJ,HCC.
B CIlY488 CHVI>K8HHH 3apa60TH0L4 nIl8Tbi no cpaBH8HHIO C paBHOB8CH0C1
(Hanp"Mep, AO ypOBH" w") cnpoc Ha pblHKe TpYAa (0 - Lo") npeBblwseT
npeAIlO>KeH"e (0 - Ls") HS BeIl"4"HY Ls" - Lo". B pe3YIlbTaTe 3Toro 06pS3Y-
IOTCH H838nOIlHeHHbl8 pa604\.18 M8CTa BCIl8ACTBVl8 H8XBaTKH p860THHKOB,
cornaCHblX Ha 60Ilee HH3KYfO 3apa60THYfO nIlaTY.
05e 3T" C"Tya'1"" (5e3pa50T"'1a " HaIl"4"e He3aH"TbIX pa504"X MeCT)
B YCIlOB""X pblHKa COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"" He MorYT 5blTb YCTO"4"Bbl-
M", OH" nOABeprafOTC KOppeK'1"" co CTOpOHbl pblH04HbiX MeXaH"3MOB B Ha-
npaBIleHL-1H BOCCTaHOBIl8HHH nOIlO>K8H!.1H nOflHol71 3aHHTocn1.
Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO, eCIl" npeAIlO>KeHHe TpYAa 50Ilbwe cnpoca Ha Hero
BCfl8,qCTBHe YCTaHOBIleHHH CTaBKL-1 3ap860THOH nflaTbl BblW8 p8BHoBecHoro
ypOBH", nO"BIl"fOTC" 6e3pa50THble, rOTOBbie npeAIlO>K"Tb CBO" TPYA no 50-
Ile8 HH3K0L4 l!eHe, H8 KOTOpylO BbIHY>K,QeHbl COrn8C!.1TbCH 14 T8, KTO 38HHT 8
npO"3BOACTBe, 4T05bl He nOTep"Tb CBO" pa604"e MeCTa. npeAnp"H"MaTeIl"
roTOBbl H8HHTb 60IlbW88 KOIlHyeCTBO TPYA8, HO npL-1 YCIlOB!.1V1 CHIII>K8HVlH 3a-
pa50THO" nIlaTbl. TaK"M 06pa30M, TeHAeH'1"" K CH">KeH"fO 3apa50THO" nIla-
Tbl CKIl8AbIB88TC.R K8K CO CTOpOHbl np8,QIlO>K8HVlH TPYA8, TaK VI co CTOpOHbl
cnpoca Ha TPYA.
B TOM >Ke CIlY4ae, ,orAa cnpoc Ha TPYA npeBblwaeT ero npeAIlO>KeH"e
\.13-38 CHH>KeHL-1H CTaBKIt1 38p86oTHOCi nIl8Tbi no Cp8BH8H\.11O C ee p8BHOBec-
HblM 3H848HHeM, Ha6IllOA8eTCH HH8H K8pT\.1Ha. Pa60TO,Q8T8IlVl, YT06bl 38nOIl-
HHTb nYCTYIOLl.\Yl8 pa60l.J\.1e MeCTa, roTOBbl nOBblCHTb 3ap860THYIO nIl8TY.
5IlarOAap" TaKOMY nOBblWeH"fO paCW"p"eTC" Kpyr pa50TH"KOB, rOTOBblX
npeAIlO>K"Tb CBO" TPYA.
KaK B nepBOM, TaK " BO BTOpOM CIlY4a"x paBHOBeC"e Ha pblHKe TPY-
,0.8 BOCCTaHaBIl!.1Ba8TCH, VI 3TOT pblHOK npHXOA\.1T B COCTOHHL-1e nOIlHOL4 38-
HHTOCTH.
KOIle5aH"" cnpoca Ha TPYA " npeAnO>KeH"" TpYAa n03BOn"fOT B caMOM
06Ll.\eM B\II,Qe AaTb OTB8T Ha Bonpoc 0 TOM, n048MY BblCOKa \.1IlVl HH3K8 38pa-
50THa" nIlaTa. Ho BCe-TaK" cIleAyeT nOAP05Hee CKa3aTb 0 A"cpcpepeH'1"a-
l..\L-1L-1 CTaBOK 38p86oTHm1 nIlaTbl.
PblHOK mpyoa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
4.
,[I11Q>Q>epeHl..\l1al..\l1fl CTaBOK
3apa6oTHoiii nl1aTbl
Pa3Mep 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl 3aB"C"T aT Ka4eCTBa TpYAa,
KBaIl"cp"Ka'1"" " npocpeCC"OHaIlbHO" nOAroToBK", BIlH"fOll1"X Ha pa3Mep
npeAeIlbHoro npOAYKTa TpYAa. Hanp"Mep, Ha"60Ilee BbICOK"e 3apa50TK" B
CTpaH8X C p83BL-1TOVl pbIHOl.JHOVl 3KOHOMHKOVI H86IllOAalOTCH y TaK\.1X cnel!\.1a-
Il"CTOB, KaK fOP"CTbl, Bpa4", npenOAaBaTeIlW "X TPYA Tpe5yeT 50IlbWHX 3aT-
paT Ha 05Y4eH"e, KOTOpble CTaHOB"TC" onpaBAaHHblM" IlHWb np" YCIlOB""
x nOCIleAYfOll1e" KOMneHCa'1"" "3 3apa50THO" nIlSTbl. PS3Mep CTaBOK 3a-
pa50THO" nIlaTbl AIl" npocpecc"", He Tpe5YfOll1"X cne'1"aIlbHO" nOAroToB-
K", KaK npSB"IlO, H">Ke, a 3IlaCT"4HOCTb npeAIlO>KeH"" (CM. rn. 5) TPYAOBblX
YCIlyr - Bblwe, nocKoIlbKY KOHT"HreHT npOAaB'10B He OrpaH"4eH He05xOA"-
MOCTbfO nOIlY4eH"" Cne'1"aIlbHO" nONOTOBK". B pe3YIlbTaTe AIl" pblHKa TPY-
Aa xapaKTepHo HaIl"4"e HeKoHKYPHPYlOll1HX APyr C APyroM rpynn PS50T-
HHKOB, 4TO "IlIlfOCTp"PyeT P"C. 11.5.
Ha rpacp"Ke npeAcTaBIleHbl C"Tya'1"" AIl" ABYX - Ha caMOM AeIle "X ro-
pa3Ao 50Ilbwe - HeKoHKYP"PYfOll1"X Me>KAY c050" rpynn pa60THHKOB. OAHS
rpynna npeAcTaBIleHa KBaIl"cp"'1"pOBaHHbIM" pa50TH"KaM" (Hanp"Mep,
IOP"CTaM"), a APyraR - HeKBsnHcp"'1"pOBaHHbIM" (Hanp"Mep, ABOPH"KSM").
Kp"BS" npeAIlO>KeH"" nepBO" rpynnbl (SK) paCnOIlO>KeHa 3Ha4"TeIlbHO
Bblwe KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH"" BTOpO" rpynnbl (SH) " OTIl"4aeTC" MeHbwe"
3IlaCT"4HOCTbfO B C"IlY np"4"H, OTMe4eHHbiX B npeAblAYll1eM a53a'1e. no-
3TOMY paBHOBeCHa" CTaBKa 3apa60THO" nIlSTbl fOP"CTOB (W K ) Bblwe pSBHO-
BeCHofi CTaBK" 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl ABOPH"KOB (W H ).
w
E H
SH
D H
o
1."
L
L K
Puc. 11.5.
HeKOHKYPUPYIOU4ue apynnbl Ha pblHKe mpyda
253
Inasa 11
Pa3Il"4Hble B"Abl pa60T MOrYT 6blTb 60Ilee "n" MeHee np"BIleKSTeIlb-
HblMVI AIlH LJ8IlOB8K8 - 3H8LJL-1T, 3apa6oTH8f1 nIl8T8 AOIl>KH8 CTVlMYIl!.1pOBaTb
BbrnOIlHeH"e MeHee np""THbIX (rp"3HbIX, T">KeIlbIX, onSCHblX AIl" 3AOPOBb"),
HO He05xOA"MbIX AIl" 061l1eCTBa pa60T. TaKa" A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"" B 3apa-
60TH0li1 nIl8T8, KOTOp8H Bbl3blB88TCH H806XOAL-1MOCTblO KOMn8HC!.1pOB8Tb He-
M8Tep!.18IlbHb18 p83IlHYIr1H B X8p8KT8pe C8Moro TPYA8, H83blB88TCH ypaBH .
BaIOI1\HMH, HIlH KOMneHCa'1HOHHblMH (KOMneHCHPYIOI1\HMH), PS3IlH4H"-
MH. n03TOMY 50Ilee BbICOK"e CTaBK" 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl CKIlaAbIBafOTc" B
oTpaCIlRX X"M"4eCKO" npOMblwIleHHOCT", MeTaIlIlypr"", APyr"x OTpaCIl"X,
OTIlV1LJalOLl.\L-1XCH TH>KeIlbIMIt1 YCIlOBL-1HML-1 TPYA8. bOIlee TOro, OAHH8KoBbie yc-
Ilyr" TpYAa MorYT no-pa3HOMY O'1eH"BaTbC" B 3aB"C"MOCT" OT YCIlOB"", B
KOTOpblX npoTeKaeT caM TPYAOBO" npo'1ecc. 3TO 06b"cH"eT, Hanp"Mep, no-
BblW8HHbl8 CTaBK\.1 38p860THOVl nIl8Tbi 6YPL-1IlbLl.\\.1KOB, A8L4CTBYIO !.1X H8 MOp-
CKIr1X nIlaTcpopM8X L-1IlH B YCIlOBL-1HX BeYHOIl1 M8p3IlOTbl, no Cp8BH8HL-11O C CO-
oTBeTcTBYfOll1"M" CTaBKaM" 5YP"Ilbll1"KOB, pa50TafOll1"X B 60Ilee KOMcpOpT-
HblX YCIlOBL-1HX.
CYl11eCTBYfOT " TaK"e pa3Il"4"" B XspSKTepe TPYAa " B pa3Mepax 3apa-
60TKOB, KOTOpble He OTHOC"TC" K T"ny ypaBH"BafOl11"X PS3Il"4"". 3TO PS3-
IlIr1YHH, Bb1TeK81OLl.\1r18 H3 06b8KTHBHbiX K8l.JeCTB8HHbIX oc06eHHOCT8V1, - pa3-
HblX cnoc06HOCT8V1 IlIO,QeVl, T8n8HT8. CT8BKH 38pa60TH0L4 nIl8Tbi AIlH TaKL-1X
rpynn IllOA8L4 AOIl>KHbl 6blTb p83JU1LJHbIML-1: B AOXOA8X oc060 Tan8HTIlL-1BbIX
Cn8L1,Ir18IlL-1CTOB COAep>KL-1TCH 3Il8MeHT p8HTbi. K838IlOCb 6bJ, npL-148M 3AeCb
p8HT8, KOTOpylO B 06blAeHHOM nOHHM8HHH CBfl3blB81OT C nIlaTOVl 38 nOIlb30-
B8HIr1e 38MIleC1? Ho H8M np8,QCT0L-1T BblHCHHTb nplr1pOAY 3KOHOMV148CK0L4 peH-
Tbl B COBpeM8HHOM ee nOHL-1M8HL-1L-1.
II1TaK, AOXOAbl pa50TH"KOB HaeMHOro TpYAa COAep>KaT ABa KOMnOHeHTa.
nepBbl" - TaK Ha3blBaeMa" YAep>KHBalOll1a" 3sps50THa" nIlaTS, "Il" nIla-
Ta 3a HenepexoA (transfer earnings). STOpO" KOMnOHeHT - 3KOHOMH4eCKa"
peHTa. B caMOM 061l1eM B"Ae 3KOHOM"4eCKa" peHTa onpeAeIl"eTc" KaK AO-
XOA aT cpaKTOps, OTIl"4afOll1eroC" He3IlaCT"4HbIM npeAIlO>KeH"eM. OAHaKO
3IleMeHT peHTbl COAep>K"TC" " B Tex CIlY4a"X, KorAa npeAIlO>KeH"e cpaKTO-
p8 3Il8Cn1LJHO, 38 VlCKIlIOLJ8HJ.18M 6eCKOHe4HO 3Il8CTL-1YHOro npeAIlO>K8HIt1R
nO"CH"M HaW" pSCCY>KAeH"" C nOMOll1bfO rpacp"KOB. Ha P"C. 11.6 no-
K83aHO COOTHOW8HVl8 M8}f{,QY Y,Qep)\{L-1B81OLl.\8V1 38P860TH0C1 nIl8T0ll1 L-1 3KOHO-
M\.14eCK0L4 P8HTOVI B Tp8X p83Il!.1LJHbIX CIlYY8HX.
5YAYT Il" pa50TH"K" nOIlY4aTb 3KOHOM"4ecKYfO peHTY " B KaKOM 06be-
M8 - 38B!.1CliIT OT 3Il8CTL-1YHOCTIt1 npeAIlO)\{8HVlfI TPYA8.
B cIlY4ae s) BC" 3apa50THa" nIlaTa npeAcTaBIleHa np"MoyroIlbH"KOM
OwEEL E , rAe cp"rypa OwEL E npeAcTaBIl"eT c050" YAep>K"BafOl11YfO 3apa60T-
HYfO nnaTY. Ka>KAa" T04Ka Ha KP"BO" npeAIlO>KeH"" TPYAa nOKa3blBaeT TY
M"HHMSIlbHYfO nIlaTY, KOTOpyfO rOTOB nOIlY4"Tb pa60TH"K 3a YCIlyr" CBoero
254
PblHOK mpyoa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
'IV W p
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s,
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A
W'
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L 0
L
L,
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a) HopMa.nbHblM
c.nYl.IaM
6) a6comOTHO
3.naCTII'l.IHOe
npeA.nO>KeHMe
B) a6comOTHO
He3.nacTMl.IHOe
npep,.nO>KeHMe
Puc. 11.6.
YoepJKUealOU(aR 3apa6omHaR nnama
U 3KOHOMU'"IeCKaR peHma Ha pblHKe mpyoa
TpYAa. ECIl" ypOBeHb ee 5YAeT H">Ke M"H"MaIlbHO np"eMIleMO" '1eHbl 3a
AaHHbl" pecypc, TO pa50TH"K nepe"AeT B APyryfO OTpaCIlb "Il" B03Aep>K"T-
c" OT npeAIlO>KeH"" YCIlyr TpYAa Bo051l1e. B YCIlOB""X paBHOBeC"" HS PbIH-
Ke TpYAa KaJKOb,ii pa60mHUK nOIlY4aeT 3apa50THYfO nIl STY B pa3Mepe paB-
HOBeCHOC1 CT8BK!.1 WE ' npeBblW81OLl.\YIO MIIIHHM8IlbHO npllleMIleMYIO AIlfl Hero
'1eHY YCIlyr TpYAa. II1CKIlf04eH"e COCTaBIl"eT Il"Wb npeAeIlbHbl" pa60TH"K
(L E ), AIl" KOToporo YAep>KHBafOl11a" 3apa50THa" nIlaTa B T04HOCT" cOBnaAa-
eT C M"H"MaIlbHO np"eMIleMO" AIl" Hero nIlaTO" 3a YCIlyr" TpYAa. Ben"4"-
H8 YA8P>KL-1B81OLl.\8C1 38p860TH0l71 nIl8Tbi onpeA8IlHeTCH 8IlbTepH8THBH0L4 l!8H-
HOCTbfO ("3Aep>KKaM" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe,,) "CnOIlb30BaH"" TpYAa.
4TO >Ke npeACTSBIl"eT c060" APyrs" 4aCTb nOIlY4aeMoro PS50TH"KOM AOXO-
Aa, T. e. TpeyroIlbH"K w'wEE? BOT Tenepb Mbl AaA"M 50Ilee cOBpeMeHHoe
onp8AeIl8HHe 3KOHOM\.14eCKOVl p8HTbL OH8 np8AcT8BIlH8T c060Vl nl1aTY,
npeBblWalOl1\YIO H3Aep>KKH anbTepHaTHBHoro Hcnonb30BaH"" pecypca.
Ha pblHKe TpYAa - 3TO BblnIlsTbl, npeBblWafOll1"e YAep>K"BafOl11YfO 3apa50T-
HYfO nIlaTY. 3Aecb YMecTHo npoBecm aHaIlOr"fO C "3Il"WKOM nOTpe5"TeIl" "'.
"3Il"WKOM npO"3BOA"TeIlR rpacp"4eCK" HanpaW"BaeTC" aHaIlOr"" C "3Il"W-
KOM np0L-13BOAHTeJlH III 3KOHOMHyeCK0C1 p8HT0L4. BCnOMHL-1M, 4TO 1113IlL-1W8K npo-
vt3BOAIr1T8IlH npeAcT8BIlH8T c060171 06Il8CTb, Orp8HL-1LJeHHYIO OCblO oPAHHaT, IlH-
Hlllel71 Ll,8Hbl L-1 YY8CTKOM KpL-1BOL4 npeAIlO>KeHL-1H, BnIlOTb AO TOYK!.1 paBHOB8C\.1R
BIl8AeIlb'1bl cpaKTopa npO"3BOACTBa (TPYAa) nOIlY4afOT TO, 4TO MO>KHO Ha3BaTb
U3IlUWKOM enaOenbL<a pecypca, "Il" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" peHTO".
B CIlY4ae a) 3KOHOM"4eCKa" peHTa npeACTaBIl"eT c050" nIlOll1aAb Tpe-
yrOIlbHIo1K8 w'wEE.
B CIlY4se 5) " B) Mbl CTaIlK"BaeMC" C 3KCTpeMaIlbHbIM" CIlY4a"M".
255
Inasa 11
Ha P"C. 11.66 KpHBa" npeAIlO>KeH"" TPYAa a6coIlfOTHO 3IlaCT"4Ha. B
TaKOM CIlY4ae BeCb AOXOA pa50TH"KOB (nIlOll1aAb Ow EEL E ) npeACTaBIl"eT
c060" YAep>K"BafOl11YfO 3apa50THYfO nIlaTY " 3KOHOM"4eCKa" peHTa OTCYT-
cTByeT. 4TO 3TO Morno 5bl 03Ha4aTb Ha npSKT"Ke? 04eB"AHO, 3TO C"Ty a '1""
cOBepweHHo M06"IlbHOro pblHKa TPYAa, npeACTaBIleHHoro, cKopee Bcero,
H"3KOKBaIl"cp"'1"pOBaHHbIM" pa50TH"KaM". TaK"e 3KOHOM"4eCK"e cy5beK-
Tbl MorYT C IlerKOCTbfO MeH"Tb MeCTO pa50Tbi (nopa50TaIl rPY34"KOM, nOTOM
- p83HOCYI-1KOM r83eT, nOTOM 38HHIlCH MblTbeM nonOB \.1 T. A.).
Apyro" "CKIlf04"TeIlbHbl" CIlY4a" - cOBepweHHO He3IlaCT"4HOe npeAIlo-
>KeH"e TpYAa (P"C. 11.6B). Kp"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" YCIlyr YHHKaIlbHoro pecyp-
ca (Hanp"Mep, "3BeCTHe we" Ton-MOAeIl") BblrIl"A"T KaK Il"HH", nepneH-
,Q!.1KYIl51PH851 K OCL-1 86clJ,HCC, 1-1 nOK83blB8eT COB8pweHHO He3Il8CTI-14HOe
npeAIlO>KeH"e. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO OTCYTCTBYfOT "3Aep>KK" aIlbTepHaT"BHOrO
"CnOIlb30BaHH" pecypca (OH" paBHbl HYIlfO). Bc" nIlOll1aAb Ow EL npeA-
5 - E E
CTaBIl"eT co 0" 3KOHOM"4ecKYfO peHTY. CTpOro rOBOp , " B 3TOM nOCIle-
AHeM CIlY4ae CYll1eCTByeT cBoe05pa3HS" nIlaTa 3a HenepeXOA, a, T04Hee,
3a nO"BIleH"e Ha pblHKe BIlaAeIlb'1a YH"KaIlbHoro pecypca. Ee CTaBKa CO-
CTaB"T w' - BeAb 3aAapOM H"KTO Ha nOA"YM He Bbl"AeT. n"H"" npeAIlO>Ke-
H"" B 3TOM CIlY4ae np"MeT B"A w'AS L , a 051l1"" AOXOA BIlaAeIlb'1a cpaKTO-
pa - OwEEL E , KOTOpbl" COCTO"T "3 nIlSTbl 3a HenepeXOA (nIlOll1aAb OwJ1L )
" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" peHTbl (nIlOll1SAb w'wEEA). E
Bem14!.1H8 3KOHOMHyeCK0L4 peHTbf, nOIlY48eM0L4 Ton-MOAenblO, 6y,q8T 38-
SI.1CeTb HCKJlIOYHTeIlbHO OT BenH4HHbi cnpOC8 H8 YCIlyrl.1 3TOro cnel!liIqmYec-
KOro B"Aa TpYAa. Pa3Mep peHTbl MO>KeT KOIle5aTbC" B W"POK"X npeAeIlax B
38BHC/I1MOCTIiI OT nOJlO>K8HHH Kp!.1BOVI cnpOC8. T8K, BbfXOA V13 MOAbl XY,QbIX M8-
HeKeHLl.\VllJ, MO>KeT BnJlOTb AO HYIlH COKp8n1Tb peHTY, nOIlYY8eMYIO Ton-MO-
A8IlHM!.1 C xpynKL-1M TeIlOCJlO)l{8HVleM.
A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"" B pa3Mepax 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl - "BneH"e 05be,-
TI.1BHOe, nOCKOIlbKY p8CWHpHeTCH npocpeCCL-10H8IlbHbl&ll COCT8B pa60THL-1KOB,
" MHrpa'1"" Me>KAY rpynnaM" n"'1 pa3HbiX npocpeCC"" He MO>KeT 6blTb a6-
COIlIOTHO 68cnpenHTCTB8HHOVI. ,lJ,IlH 60Ile8 nOIlHOro npeAcTaBn8H!.1H 0 KOIlLt1-
4eCTBeHHbiX pa3Il!.14HHX B nOIlY4aeMbJX HaeMHbIMJ.1 pa60THL1K8MLt1 ,QOXOA8X
cneAyeT ynoMHHYTb 0 yeIlOBe4eCKOM K8nHTane.
4e110Be...eCKH KanHTal1 - 3TO M8P8 BOnIlOLl.\eHHOL4 B 48IlOBeKe cnoco6.
HOCT" np"HOC"Tb AOXOA. OH CPopM"PyeTc" KaK Bp0>KAeHHbIM", TaK " 6Ilaro-
npL-106p8T8HHbIML-1 K84eCTB8ML-1 4eIloB8Ka, npH 3TOM rpaH!.1l!8 Me}K.Qy HL-1MV1
HBIlH8TCH ,QOCT8TOYHO npOHL-1l!8eMO&ll. TaK, H8npL1M8p, 3AOPOBb8, cpI.13L-14eC-
K8H CHIl8, cnoco6HoCT/I1 L-1 T8Il8HTbi COA8p>KaT K8K BpmKAeHHbtVl KOMnOH8HT,
T8K 14 npL-106peTeHHblVl nYT8M cpVl3L-14eCKLt1X iii nCHXOIlOrL-1Y8CKLt1X ynp8)1{H8HL-1L4,
06YY8HL-1H L1 1. n. P8CXOAbJ, CBH38HHbl8 C cpOPML-1pOB8HVl8M Y8IlOB848CKOro
Kan"TaIla, HecYT CaM" pa50TH"K", pa60TOASTeIl" " roCYAapcTBo. CpeA"
VlHBeCTVll!HVI B 4eIloB84eCKL-1V1 KamnaIl p83IlHY81OTCH P8CXOAbt H8 06pa30B8
HV18, 3Ap8BOOXp8H8HLt18 L-1 M06L1IlbHOCTb pa60THL-1K8, T. e. 38TpaTbi H8 cMeHY
MeCTa pa50Tbi.
256
PblHOK mpyaa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
4enOB84eCKIr1111 Kam1TaIl p8CCMaTpHBaeTCH B 3KOHOMI.1yeCKOVI TeOpv1li! K8K
38nac Y8IlOB84eCKL-1X KayeCTB, cpopMl-1pyeMblL4 B Te48HVle BceVi >K!.13HL-1 !.1H,QH-
8111g8. IIIHBecn1l!HH B 4eIlOB848CK!.1L4 K8nL-1T8n npHHOCHT p86oTHHK8M nOTOK
AOXOAOB. CO"3MepeHHe paCT"HYTOro no BpeMeH" nOTOKa AOXOAOB " pa3Me-
pOB "HBeCT"'1"" Ile>K"T B OCHOBe np"H T"" pa'1"OHaIlbHO MbICIl"ll1"M
cy5beKToM peweHH" 0 '1eIleco05pa3HOCT" BIlO>KeH"" B 4eIlOBe4eCK"" Ka-
n"TaIl. nOAP05Hee 0 np"H'1"naX np"H"T"" TaKara pOAa peWeH"" roBOP"T-
CR B rn. 12.
II1TaK, aHaIl"3 cOBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" Ha pblHKe TpYAa roBOP"T a He-
B03MO>KHOCm CKOIlbKO-H"6YAb npOAOIl>K"TeIlbHO" 5e3pa50T"'1bl.
H8IlVlYLt1e >Ke YCTOL4l.JHBOL4 6e3pa60T!.1lJ,bl MO>KeT CBI-1A8TeIlbcTBoB8Tb
Il"Wb 05 OAHOM, - a TOM, 4TO Ha pblHKe TpYAa OTCYTCTBYfOT YCIlOB"" COBep-
weHHO" KOHKypeH'1"": CB050AHbl" nepeIl"B pecypCOB Ha pa3Il"4Hb1X cer-
MeHTax pblHKa TpYAa, r"5Ka" 3apa60THa" nIlaTa, COBepweHHS" "HCPOpMS-
'1" " T. n. Bce 3TO cnoc05cTByeT YCTO"4"BOCT" OTKIlOHeH"R 3apa50THO"
nIl8Tbi BBepx OT 8e p8BHOB8CHOro 3H84eH\.1H. npH 3TOM, KaK roBOplilIlOCb
paHee, 4aCTb TPYA"ll1"XC" OKa3bIBaeTC" B nOIlO>KeH"" 5e3pa50THb1X. 0 Ha-
IlH4"" BHeKoHKypeHTHblX cpaKTOpOB Ha pblHKe TPYAS roBOP"T, Hanp"Mep, TOT
cpaKT, 4TO B nOCIleAH"e AeC T"IleT"" pOCT 5e3pa50T"'1bl BO MHOr"X npo-
Mblwn8HHO p83BI!ITbiX CTpaH8X He npHBOAVlIl K CHIt1>KeHIt1IO 3ap860THol71 nIl8-
Tbl 14 YCT8HOBIleHHIO nOIlHOVl 38Hs:lTOCTL-1.
t 5.
HeCOBepweHHafi KOHKypeHLllllfi
Ha pblHKe TpYAa
LJTO >Ke MO>KHO OTHeCTL-1 K 3THM BHeKoHKypeHTHblM cp8KTO-
pSM? npe>KAe Bcero, 3TO pa3Il"4Hble "HCT"TYTbl. Bo-nepBbIX, K H"M OTHO-
C"TCR roCYAapCTBO, SKmBHO perYIl"PYfOll1ee pblHOK TpYAa, 3aKOHOAaTeIlbHO
Il"Wa" 3apa50THYfO nIlaTY pbIH04HO" r"5Kocm. fOCYAapCTBO B pa3IlH4HbiX
CTpaHax YCT8H8BnV1BaeT MUHUM8nbHO aapaHmupOS8HHbiU ypoeeHb
3apa60mHoii nnambl, OCYll1eCTBIl"eT "HAeKCa'1"fO AOXOAOB; TOpM03"1l18e
BIl""H"e Ha KOIle5sH"e '1eHbl TpYAa OKa3blBafOT B p"Ae CIlY4aeB " APyr"e
HanpaBIleH"" CO'1"aIlbHO" nOIl"mK" roCYAapCTBa, a 4eM nOAP05H8e 5YAeT
HAT" pe4b B rn. 24.
BO-BTOPbIX, npocpcof03bl, OKa3blBafOll1"e 50Ilbwoe BIl""H"e Ha ypoBeHb
aap860THOVI nIl8Tbl, K8K npaB!.1IlO, B HanpaBIl8HH!.1 ee nOBbIWeHL1R no Cp8B-
H8Hl!lIO C paBHoB8cHbiM ypOBHeM.
B-TpeTb"X, KPynHble KOpnOpa'1"" T"roTefOT, KaK npaB"IlO, K YCTaHOB-
I18HV'lIO Cp8BHHT8IlbHO CT86!.1IlbHOVl BO BpeMeHL-1 CT8H,Q8pTH0L4 CT8BKLt1 38pa-
60TH0L4 nIl8Tbl, OTKa3blBaHCb CIlLt1WKOM Y8CTO nepeCM8TpL-1B8Tb S8 B 3aBHCL-1-
MOcm OT COOTHOWeH"" cnpoca " npeAIlO>K8H"" Ha pblHKe TpYAa.
257
17 Kypc 3 OHOM '1ec oii TeOplo1\>1
Inasa 11
CIleAyeT 3aMeT"Tb, 4TO perYIlHpOBaH"e 3TOro pblHKa 3Ha4"TeIlbHO 06-
Iler4aeTC" B CB"3" co cne'1"cp"KO" CP"ryp"PYfOl11ero Ha HeM TOBapa. npo-
RBIleH"e pblH04HbiX 3aKOHOB (Hanp"Mep, 3aKOHa cnpoca, YCTaHOBIleH""
paBHOBeCHO" '1eHbl " AP.) Ha pblHKe TpYAa "MeeT OC05bl" xapaKTep. OH
onpeAeIl"eTC" TeM, 4TO KynIlR-npOAa>Ka YCIlyr TpYAa npO"3BOA"TC" B cpop-
Me Ha"Ma Ha 5a3e 50Ilee "Il" MeHee npOAOIl>K"TeIlbHOro TPYAOBOro Aoro-
BOpS. n03TOMY Ka>KAbl" OTAeIlbHbl" pa50TH"K He HaXOA"TC" B nOCTO"HHO"
5ecnpepblBHO" 3aB"C"MOCT" aT COCTO"H"" pblHKa TpYAa. Ha CpOK Ae"CTB"
TPY OBoro COrnaWeH"" npOAaBe'1 KaK 5bl «BbIBOA"TC"» Ha BpeM" "3 Te,y_
ll1e" KOHbfOHKTypbl pblHKa. YCIlOB"", onpeAeIleHHble AOroBOpOM, "MefOT X8-
paKTep M"H"MaIlbHbIX HOpMaT"BOB; 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO "HA"B"AyaIlbHbl"
AorOBOp pa504"X C npeAnp"H"MaTeIl M" np"3HaeTC" fOp"A"4eCK" HeAe,,-
CTB"TeIlbHbIM, eCIl" OH 3aKIlf04eH Ha YCIlOB" X XYAW"X, 4eM Te, KOTOpble
onpeAeIleHbl B KOIlIleKT"BHOM AorOBope. B 4eM CMblCIl KOIlIleKT"BHOCT" AO-
roBopa " np"H'1"na HOpMbl KaK MHH"MYMa? 3m nOIlO>KeH" AoroBopa no-
3BOIl"fOT YCTpaH"Tb KOHKypeH'1"fO Me>KAY HaeMHbIM" pa50TH"KaM" B 50Pb-
5e 3a nOIlY4eH"e pa504ero MeCTa, - BeAb KOHKypeH'1"" BbIHY>KASeT pa60-
4"X cornawaTbC" Ha xYAW"e YCIlOB"" TpYAa, A"KTyeMble npeAnp"H"MaTe-
Il"M", oc05eHHo B OTCYTcTB"e npocpcof030B.
PerYIl"pOBaH"e pblHKa TPYAa npeAnoIlsraeT B03Ae"CTB"e KaK Ha
cnpoc, TaK " Ha npeAIlO>KeHHe TpYAa. 05beKTaM" perYIl"pOBaH"R BbICTY-
nafOT 3apa50THs" nIlaTa, npOAOIl>K"TeIlbHOcTb pa504e" HeAeIl" " oTnyc-
KOB, nop AoK Ha"Ma " YBoIlbHeH"R, pa3IlH4Hbie B"Abl CO'1"aIlbHOro 06ec-
ne4eH"" " AP.
PSCCMOTP"M Ba>KHe"W"e MeTOAbl, np" nOMOll1" KOTOpblX npocpcof03bl
A05"BafOTC" nOBbIWeH"" 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl.
Bo-nepBblx, npocpcof03bl MOryT OrpaH"4"BaTb npeAIlO>KeH"e YCIlyr TPY-
Aa. 3TO AocmraeTC", HanpHMep, BBeAeH"eM BbICOK"X "MM"rpa'1"OHHbIX 5a-
pbepoB, Ilo66!.1pOB8HIr18M 38KOHOB 0 MaKCIIIM811bHO npo,qoIl>KIIIT8JlbHOCTIll
pa504ero BpeMeH", YAIl"HeH"eM cpoKa Y4eH"4eCTBa np" nOAroToBKe K TO"
"Il" "HO" npocpecc"", YCTaHOBIleH"eM BbICOK"X npocpcof03HbiX BCTyn"-
TeIlbHblX B3HOCOB C OAHOBpeM8HHbiM 38np8 8H1I\8M nplt1HIIIM8Tb H8 p860TY
Il"'1, He COCTO"ll1"X B npocpCOf03e, OrpaH"4eH"eM TPYAOBO" HarPY3K" " T. n.
COKpall1eH"e npeAIlO>KeH"" YCIlyr TpYAa np" He"3MeHHOM cnpoce Ha H"X
np"BOA"T K POCTY paBHOBeCHO" '1eHbl, T. e. CTSBK" 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl.
BO-BTOPbIX, npocpCOf03bl A05"BafOTC" nOBbIWeH"" 06YCIlOBIleHHbiX AO-
roBOpOM CT8BOK 3ap860THOVl nfiaTbl, CO,Q8V1CTBYH YCT8HOBIl8HVlIO 8e Bblwe
paBHOBeCHoro ypOBH".
B-TpeTb"X, npocpCOf03bl MOryT COAe"CTBOBaTb POCTY cnpoca Ha ycnyr"
TpYAa. npH 3TOM MorYT "CnOIlb30BaTbC" Ilf05ble cpeACTBa, nOBblWSfOll1"e
cnpoc Ha YCIlyr" TpYAa, Hanp"Mep, npOBeAeH"e peKIlaMHblX KaMnaH"" B
nOIlb3Y Taro "Il" "HOro TOBapa (He 5YAeM 3s5blBaTb, 4TO cnpoc Ha PbIH-
Ke TpYAa - 3TO npO"3BOAHbl" cnpoc). POCTY cnpoca Ha YCIlyr" TpYAa co-
258
Pb lHOK mpyaa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
-
w
w,
o
L
Puc, 11.7.
MOHononUR npocpcolO3a Ha pblHKe mpyda
AeAcTByeT " nOIl"T"Ka npocpCOf030B, HaCTa"BafOl11"X HS YCTaHOBIleH""
BbICOK"X "MnOpTHbIX TaMO>KeHHbIX TSP"CPOB, 3all1"ll1afOll1"X KaKYfO-Il"50
HS'1"OHaIlbHYfO oTpacIlb " cnOC05CTBYfOll1"X POCTY npO"3BOACTBS BHYTP"
CTpSHbl. B pe3YIlbTaTe YBeIl"4"BaeTCR KOIl"4eCTBO "CnOIlb3yeMoro TpYAa "
a03pscTaeT 3apa50THa" nIlaTa.
OTpaCIleBO" npocpcof03 4aCTO BblcTynaeT KaK MOHonOIlHR Ha pblHKe
TpYAa, np" 3TOM era MOHonOIlbHS" BIlaCTb TeM Bblwe, 4eM 50IlbWa" AOIl"
pa50TH"KOB AaHHo" OTpaCIl" BXOA"T B COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"" npocpcof03. 05-
IJ,I.lIIe 3aKOHOM8pHOCTH l!8HOo6pa30BaHHH B YCIlOBHHX l.JL-1CTO MOHOnOIlL-1H
nOAP05HO paCCMaTp"BaIl"Cb B rn. 7. np"MeH"TeIlbHO K PblHKY TpYAa C"Tya-
'1HR B CIlY4ae MOHonOIlbHO" BIlaCT" npocpcof03S nOKS3aHa HS P"c. 11.7.
TeopeT"4ecK" MO>KHO npeACTaB"Tb '1eIlb npocpcof03a no aHaIlOr"" C
cpHpMOA, CTpeM"ll1e"C" K MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"5bIIl". 3TO, KOHe4HO, ynpOll1e-
Hille, HO OHO nOMO>KeT HaM HCHee npeACT8BL-1Tb M8X8HH3M YCT8HOBIleH\.1S::;
3apa50THO" nIlaTbl Ha pblHKe TpYAa B cIlY4ae MOHOnOIlH" npocpCOf03a. Ho
4TO >Ke "MeHHO MaKC"M"3"PyeT npocpCOf03? 1113 rpacp"Ka Ha P"c. 11.7 CIle-
AyeT, 4TO KpHBaH cnpoca DL' C KOTOpO CTaIlKHBaeTCH npocpcoI03-MoHono-
IlH", MO>KeT 5blTb npeAcTaBIleHs KSK Kp"Ba" ero cpeAHero AOXOAa AR
(union - aT aHrn. COf03, 06beA"HeH"e). H">Ke paCnOIlO>KeHa Kp"Ba" npe
AenbHoro AOXOAa MRu npocpCOf03a. Kp"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" SL eCTb He 4TO
"HOe, KaK Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK MC u . PaBHOBeC"e oTpacIleBoro
pblHKa TPYAa, MOHOnOIl"3"pOBaHHoro npocpcof030M, onpeAeIl"eTC" T04KO"
;' ' B OTOPO" nepeceKafOTc" Kp"Bble MRu " MC u ' npoBeA" BepT"KaIlb AO
pHBO" cnpoca, Mbl HaXOA"M T04KY U, Ha ypoBHe KOTOpO" " YCTaHOB"TC"
3apa60THaH nIl8Ta w v ' TorA8 K8K H8 KOHKypeHTHoM pblHK8 paBHOBeCJ.18 on-
peAeIl"IlOCb 5bl T04KO" E, cooTBeTcTBYfOll1e" ypOBHfO 3apnIlaTbi W . COOT-
BeTcTBeHHo, p8BHOB8CH8S::; CT8BK8 38p860THOVl nIl8TbJ W H8 MOHOnO 1I\3V1 p O-
BaHH v
OM pblHKe pecypC8 Bblwe, 48M WE ' 8 4!.1CIlO 38HHTbiX pa6oTHHKOB Lv-
259
17'
Inaea 11
w
o
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L
L,
Puc. 11.8.
MOHonCOHUR Ha pblHKe mpyda
MeHbwe, YeM LE" 38TeMH8HHaH nIlOl.l.\8Ab nOKa3blB88T H8M B8Il!.1YV1HY 3KO-
HOM\.14eCKOIIt p8HTbl, nOIlYY88MOVl 38HflTbIML-1 pa604HMI<1. BOT 4TO CTpeMIt1TC5=I
M8KC!.1ML-13\.1pOB8Tb npocpCOI03-MOHonOIlVlCT! M8KCIt1MIII38lJ,I<1H 3KOHOMHY8CKOVI
peHTbl np"BOA"T K YB8Il"48H"fO OTpaCIleBO" CTaBK" 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl np"
YMeHbWeHL-1H KOIl!.148CTB8 L-1CnOIlb3Y8MbIX p860THI<1KOB, TO eCTb K OTKIlOHe
HL-11O pblHK8 OT nOIlO>KeHV1H nOIlHOVl 38HHTOCT\.1. 1
Apyroe nOIlO>KeH"e Ha OTpaCIleBOM pblHKe TpYAa MO>KeT CIlO>K"TbC.
npH H8Il\.1YL-1H Ha HeM MOHonCOHHH, KorA8 B OTp8CIlL-1 AeC1cTBY8T Bcere
OA"H nOKynaTeIlb YCIlyr TPYAa. TaKa" C"Tya'1"" MO>KeT CIlO>K"TbC", Ha-
np"Mep, B He60IlbwOM ropoAe, rAe eA"HCTBeHHbIM pa50ToAaTeIleM BbIC-
Tyna8T oAHa "MefOl11a"C" B H8M cp"pMa. C"Tya'1"" MOHOnCOH"H paccMaT-
p"BaIlaCb B rIl. 7. rpacp"4eCKOe "306ps>KeH"e MOHOnCOH"H Ha pblHKe
TpYAa Bblrn"A"T TaK, KaK 3TO nOKa3aHO Ha P"c. 11.8.
Kp"Ba" cnpoca D L AIl" MOHOnCOH"CTa npeACTaBIl"eT c050" KP"BYfO
npeAeIlbHoro npoAYKTa TPYAa B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>K8HHH MRP L , a Kp"Ba"
npeAIlO>KeH"" TpYAa SL - IlHH"fO CpeAH"X "3A8p>KeK Ha pecypc (B AaHHoM
cIlY4ae HS TPYA) ARC" KpoMe TOro, cIleAyeT HanOMH"Tb, 4TO Y MOHOnCOH"-
CTa npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" Ha cpaKTOp MRC L pacTYT 6blcTp8e no Mepe YB8-
Il"4eH"" 3aKynoK YCIlyr TpYAa, 4eM CpeAH"e "3Aep>KK" pecypca, T. e. ARC,.
AIl" IlY4wero nOH"MaH"" TOro, n048MY npeAeIlbHbl8 H3Aep>KK" Ha pecypc
PSCTYT 5blcTpee ero CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK,
npOBeA!.1T8 CpaBHL-1T8IlbHbtllt 8H8IlL-13 COOTHO-
WeH"" Me>KAY BOCXOA"ll1e" BeTBbfO AC "
MC "3 rn. 6, S 1, 2. 111 Bbl YB"A"Te, 4TO OH"
8HaIlOrVlYHbi OTHoweHHHM Me}I(,Qy ARC L !.1
MRC L .
3TO npOHCXOAHT nOToMY, YTO MOHonco-
HV1CT, H8HV1M81OLl.\V1111 AonOIlHV1TeIlbHoe KOIlIr1-
1 MaKcIo1M 3au, s:I 3KOHOMI.448C-
KOH peHTbl - OAHO 3 aJlbTepHa
n1SHbiX 06bs:lCHeH t1 noseA8HI.15'1
npOQJCOf03a. CYl..L\eCTSYfOT APY-
rlt1e u,eJl npocpCOf030S Ha pblHK8
rpYAa.
260
PblHOK mpyaa U 3apa60mHaR nnama
w
MRC M
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I
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L"l.u
L
L,
puc. 11.9.
,llsouHaR MOHononUR Ha pblHKe mpyda
""eCTBO pa60THIt1KOB, BbIHY>KAeH He TOIlbKO nplr1BIl8K8Tb BHOBb H8HL-1MaeMbIX
PS504"X 60Ilee BbICOKO" CTaBKO" 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl, HO H YCTaHaBIl"BaTb
3TY nOBblw8HHYIO CT8BKY \f1 AIlfi pa60THIilKOB, H8HflTblX p8Hee. P8BHOB8CIr1e
Ha pblHKe TpYAa B CIlY4ae MOHonCOHHH onpeAeIl"eTC" T04KO" nepeCe4eH""
KP"BbIX npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK Ha cpaKTOp (MRCJ H npeAeIlbHblM AOXOAOM
OT npOAYKTS "CnOIlb3yeMoro cpaKTopa (MRPJ, T. e. T04KO" E , . npOBeA" Bep-
TIr1K8Ilb OT Hee ,0.0 KpV1BOVl SL' Mbl onpeAeIlHeM T04KY M 101, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
YPOB8Hb 38p860THOIII nIl8Tbi npL-1 MOHonCOHvH1 w M . A B YCIlOBVlHX cOBepw8H-
HOH KOHKypeH'1"" paBHOBeC"8 onpeAeIl"IlOCb 6bl T04KO" nepeCeyeH"" KP"-
BblX MRP L " ARC L , T. e. T04KO" E. n03TOMY B OTpaCIl" 6YAeT HaH"TO MeHb-
we pa50TH"KOB, 4eM B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHo" KOHKyp8H'1"" (Ha BeIl"4"HY
LEL M ) " no 60Il8e H"3KO" CTaBKe 3aps50THO" nIlaTbl (Ha B8Il"4"HY WE W M ).
II1HTepecHo paccMoTpeTb C"Tya'1"fO TaK Ha3bIBs8MO" ABOHHOH MOHO-
nOIlHH, cKIlaAblBafOll1YfOC" TorAa, KorAa MOHonoIlbHo" BIlaCT" npocpcofO-
38 npOTIr1BOCTOL-1T MOHOnCOHL-14eCK8H BIl8CTb pa60TOA8TeIlH. .o.IlH 3Tore CO-
BMeCT"M ABa npeAblAYll1"X rpacp"Ka Ha P"c. 11.9.
AHaIl"3"PY" 3TOT rpacp"K, Ba>KHO 4eTKO pS305paTbc" B "HTepnpeTa'1""
L4306p8>KeHHbIX KpIllBbIX. H8M npL-1A8TCH cMoTpeTb H8 HL-1X TO «rn838MH» MO-
HonCOH"CTa, TO npocpCOf03S-MOHOnOIl"CTa. KaK " HS P"c. 11.7 " p"c.11.8,
HH>KHHe "HAeKCbl B B"Ae 5YKB U (aT aHrn. union - COf03, 05beA"H8H"8) " M
(OT aHrn. monopsony - MOHOnCOH"") 6YAYT 0503Ha4aTb np"HaAIle>KHOCTb K
ABYM npomB050pCTBYfOll1"M C"IlaM: npocpCOf03Y - MOHOnOIl"" " MOHonco-
HH" Ha pblHKe TpYAa.
IIIT8K, Kplr1B8H D L C TOYKL-1 3peHIr1H MOHOnCOHL-1L-1 - 3TO KPL-1B8H e8 npeAeIlb-
Horo AoxoAa aT npOAYKTS cpaKTopa, T. e. MRP M' Kp"Ba" SL "HTepnpeT"PyeT-
C" KaK Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHblX "3Aep>KeK npocpCOf03a MC v " B TO >Ke BpeM" -
KP"Ba" CpeAH"X "3Aep>KeK Ha pecypc (TPYA) MOHOnCOH"" ARC M . MRv - 3TO
261
Inasa 11
Kp"Ba" npeAeIlbHOrO AOXOAa npocpCOf03a-MOHOnOIl"CTa, a Kp"Ba" MRC
M
OTpa>KaeT npeAeIlbHble "3Aep>KK" Ha pecypc MOHOnCOH"CTa. AaIl8e Mbl on-
peA8IlHeM Y>K8 L-13BeCTHbIM H8M cnoco60M ypOBHL-1 38p860THOVI nIl8Tbl nplt1
MOHOnCOH"" (T04Ka E,) " np" MOHonOIlbHO" BIlaCT" npocpCOf03a (T04Ka E,).
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MOHOnOn!.1H, T8K !.1 MOHonCOHHH Ir1MelOT CBOHM pe3YIlbT8TOM YMeHbweHlt1e
38HHTOCTH B OTp8CIllr1 (L M L-1 Lu COOTB8TCTBeHHO) no Cp8BH8HL-11O C ee p8BHO
B8CHbiM ypOBHeM B YCIlOB""X COBepweHHO" KOHKYP8H'1"" LE' 4TO >K8 Kaca-
8TC" 3apa60THO" nIlaTbl, TO 8e CTaBKa np" MOHOnOIl"" npocpCOf03a (w u ) -
Bblwe, 8 nplt! MOHonCOHHH (W M ) - HL-1>Ke TOCi, KOTOp8H CIlO>KIt!Il8Cb 6bl B TOM
CIlY4a8, eCIl" 5bl pblHOK TpYAa 6blIl KOHKypeHTHblM (WE)' B 3aB"C"MOCT" OT
COOTHOW8H"" C"Il Me>KAY npocpCOf030M " ps50TOAaTeIleM, CTaBKS 3apa60T-
HO" nIlaTbl 5YAeT KOIle5aTbC" B npOMe>KYTKe M8>KAY W M " W u ' T. e. ee ypo-
BeHb, S TafOKe ypOBeHb 3aH"TOCT", 6YAeT BeCbMa HeonpeAeIleHHblM. 1I13Be-
CTHblVl 8MepHK8HCK!.1V1 3KOHOMIr1CT .o.>KOH r3Il6peVlT H8 CIlYY8V1HO H83B8n
npocpCOlO3bl «YP8BHOB8WHBalOLl.\8V1 CVIIlOVl» , B03HIr1KWeVl B OTBeT H8 MOHO-
nCOH"CT"4eCKYfO BIlSCTb KPynHe"W"X CP"PM. Ho KOHe4Hbl" "CXOA 3TO"
50pb6bl r"raHTOB BOBce He rapaHT"PyeT np"5Il">K8H"" CTaBK" 3apa60THO"
nIlaTbl K KOHKypeHTHOMY ypOBHfO.
CIl8AyeT 38MeTHTb, YTO Y\.1CT8H MOHOnOIlL-1H Ir1IlIr1 YL-1CT8H MOHOnCOHL-1f1
BCTpe4SfOTC" Ha pblHKe TpYAa Kpa"He peAKO. AeIlO B TOM, 4TO B cpeAH8M
4IleHSM" npocpCOf03a "BIl"fOTC" 20-40 npO'1eHTOB pa504"X pa3Hbix oTpac-
IleVl, 8 3TO oCIla6IlHeT MOHOnOIllr11O npocpCOlO38. MOHOnCOHL-1yeCKaH BIlaCTb
T8K >Ke He 86cOIlIOTHa, nOCKOIlbKY Y pa60THI.1KOB nOYTIr1 BcerA8 HMelOTCH 8Ilb w
TepH8TIIIBHbie B03MO>KHOCTH TPYAOYCTp0L4CTB8.
COBpeMeHHbl" pblHOK TpYAa "CnblTblBaeT Ha ce6e Oll1YT"MOe rocYAap-
CTB8HHoe B03A8V1CTBV1e. K8K Y>K8 OTMeY8IlOCb Bblwe, 38KOHO,lJ,8T8IlbH8H ,q8s:1-
TeIlbHOCTb rocy,q8pCTBa OXB8TblBa8T BCIO r8MMY TPYAOBblX OTHOW8HL-1V1. OHO
He TOIlbKO npeAb"BIl"8T cnpoc Ha YCIlyr" TpYAa B roCYAapCTBeHHOM ceKTO-
pe 3KOHOM"K", HO " perYIl"PyeT ero B 4aCTHOM, onpeA8Il"" OCHOBHble na-
p8MeTpbl HaVlM8 B M8CWT868X H8l!HOH8IlbHOVI 3KOHOMHKL-1.
60Ilbwoe BIl!.1HHL-1e H8 pblHOK TPy,q8 OK83blB81OT roCYAapCTBeHHble COLilr1 w
aIlbHble nporpaMMbl (nOMOll1b MaIlO"MYll1"M CIlORM HaCeIleH"", noc05"" no
6e3p86oTHLi8, p83IlHYHbie COLiIr1811bHble BblnIl8Tbl, n8HCIIIOHHoe 06eCn8Y8HII18
" np.). 3T" nporpSMMbl COAe"CTBYfOT onpeAeIleHHO" cTa6"Il"3a'1"H CO'1"-
811bHO-3KOHOMHyeCKoro nOIlO>KeHIr1H H8eMHblX pa60THIr1KOB B 30H8X nOBbl-
weHHoro pblHOYHOro pHCK8, CMHr4810T 60Il83HeHHbie pblBKL-1 pblHOYHOro Me-
XaH"3Ma. B pe3YIlbTaTe nO"BIl"8TC" OC05bl" 3Il8MeHT '18Hbl YCIlyr TpYAa,
Bnp"MYfO He CB"3aHHbl" C CPYHK'1"OH"POBSH"8M pblHKa TPYAa " 06pa3YfO-
ll1""C" HS BHepblH04HbiX np"H'1"nax.
3HS4"TeIlbHa " nocpeAHH4eCKSR pOIlb roCYAapCTBa Ha pblHK8 TpYAa.
OHO 4aCT"4HO 5epeT HS ce5" CPYHK'1"fO nO"CKa " npeAOCTaBIleHH" ps50-
4"X MeCT, a TaK>Ke C03ASH"" 051l1eHa'1"OHaIlbHO" CeT" no TPYAOYCTPO"-
262
P bfHOK mpyiJa U 38pa60mH8R nnama
CTBY. fOCYAapCTBeHHble C"CTeMbl 05Y4eH"" " nep805Y4eH"" pa50TH"KOB
cO,A8C1cTBYIOT M8KC!.1M8IlbHO 6blCTpOVl aA8nT8LiHH nOCIleAHHX K MeHHIOLl.\HM-
CR Tpe50BaH""M pblHKa.
B KOH'1e XX BeKa B peryIl"pOBaH"" pblHKa TpYAa npO"30WIl" 3Ha4"TeIlb-
Hble 1r13MeH8HI-1H. OHIt1 CBH38Hbi C np8KTL-14eCKL-1M BOnIlOLl.\eHHeM B >KV13Hb T8-
Op8T"4eCK"X KOH'1en'1H" COBp8MeHHbiX HeOKIlaCC"KOB (CM. rIl. 26) BO
MHOr"X pa3B"Tb1X CTpaHax 3anaAa. TeOpeT"4eCK"e B3rn"Abl cOBp8MeH-
HblX npeACTaBIr1TeIleVl HeoKIl8CCV1l.JeCKOVl WKOIlbl L-1CXOAfiT H3 TOro, YTO
BCIleACTB"e 3aperYIl"pOBaHHOCT" pblHKS TpYAa OH HaCTOIlbKO nOT8p"Il
r 5KOCTb, 4TO no CY1l18CTBY n8pecTaIl 6blTb pbIHKOM. EMY np"cYll1e co-
C:TOflHHe XpOHHyeCKoro H8p8BHOBeCL-1H, CBH38HHoe C M8cwTa6HbiM BMeW8-
TeIlbCTBOM perYIl"PYfOll1"X cy5beKToB B ero MeXaH"3M.
B pe3YIlbTaTe, no MHeH"fO HeOKIlaCC"KOB, 3KOHOM"yeCKa" >K"3Hb CTSIla
xapaKTep"30BaTbc" cIls5blM nOBbIWeH"eM 3cpcpeKT"BHOCT" npO"3BOACTBS "
YCTO"4HBO" MaccoBo" 583pa50T"'1e". C"TYS'1"" 050CTp"IlaCb ell1e " nOTO-
'MY, 4TO rn05aIl"3a'1"" 3KOHOM"K", HOBbie cpOpMbl "YCKopeHHe HaY4HO-Tex-
HH4ecKoro nporp8CCS, CTPYKTypHS" nepeCTpO"Ka 3KOHOM"K", 050CTpeH"e
KOHKypeH'1"" Ha BHYTpeHHeM " BHeWHeM pblHKax np8Ab"B"Il" oc05ble Tpe-
60B8HV1H K K8yeCTBeHHbiM xap8KTepL-1CTL-1K8M Tpy,qa, KOTOpblVl B HOBblX YCIlO-
BHHX AOIl>KeH OTIlHl.J8TbCH nOBblW8HHOCi npocpeCC1r10H8IlbH0Il1, KB8Illo1cpL-1K8-
'1"OHHO" " per"OHaIlbHO", a nOA4SC " Me>KAYHapOAHO" M05"IlbHOCTbfO.
TaK8H M06\.1nbHOCTb HeMblCIlHMa B YC.nOB\.1HX «6IlOKlt1pOB8HL-1f1» pblHK8 rocy-
AapcTBoM " npocpCOf03aMH.
BblXOAOM L-13 nOIlO>KeHL-1H HBflH8TCH, KaK C4L-1T8IOT HeOKIl8CCIr1KIr1, 1r13BeCT-
Hoe oep8eynupoeaHue U cpn8Kcu6unU3aL<UfI pblHKa mpyoa, T. e. nOBblWeH"e
era rVl6KOCTH, np\.1cnOC06JlHeMOCTL-1 K COBpeM8HHblM Tpe6oBaHIt1HM, YTO H8
MO>KeT 5blTb AOCT"rHYTO 6e3 CYll1eCTBeHHoro YC"IleH"" KOHKypeHTHoro M8-
XaHH3Ma.
"'Il8KC"5"Il"3a'1"" pblHKa TpYAa npeAnOIlaraeT BB8AeH"8 ropa3Ao 50-
Ilee r"5KO", 4eM np8>KAe, C"CT8Mbl onIlaTbl YCIlyr TPYAS, KOTOpa" AOIl>KHa
6a31r1pOB8TbCH He Ha M8ToAe 8H8IlV1TIr1l.J8CK0L4 0l!8HKV1 pa60yIo1x M8C KOTO-
Pbl" np"MeH"IlC" B 1960-1980-x rr., a Ha np"H'1"naX "HA"B"AyaIl"3a'1""
CTaBOK 38p86oTHO nn8TbL B03paCT88T pOIlb eAV1HoBpeMeHHblx BblnJl8T,
np"4eM nocIl8AHHe 4aCTO YBR3bIBafOTC" He C TeKYll1"M TPYAOBblM BKIlaAOM
pa60THHK8, 8 C era 06ti..\.8V1 KOMneT8HTHoCTblO, nOTeHl!V18IlbHbIMJ..1 B03MO)\{HO-
CT"M", cnoc06HOCT"M" " A"cpcpepeH'1"a'1"e" TPYAOBblX CPYHK'1"'" pOCTOM
KBaIl"cp"Ka'1H". II1cnOIlb3YfOTC" " TaK"e cpOpMbl MaTep"aIlbHoro B03Harpa>K-
AeHHH, K8K Yl.J8CTL-1e B npL-16b1IlHX KOMn8Hllllt1, npV14eM p860THJ..1K MO>K8T H8CTL-1
H P"CK y5blTKOB npeAnp""T"".
B03paCTaeT pOIlb pa60TH"Ka B cB050AHOM Bbl50pe cpOpM onIlaTbl TPY-
Aa, CO'1"aIlbHbIX BblnIlaT, npOAOIl>K"T8IlbHOCT" pa504ero BpeMeH" " cpOpM
3aHRTOCT". nOIlY4afOT pacnpOCTpaHeH"e HeCTaHAspTHble B"Abl 3aHRTOCT",
Oco5eHHO B YCIlOB""X KOMnbfOTep"3a'1"" 051l1eCTBeHHO" >K"3H", - HSAOM-
263
Inasa 11
HL-148CTBO, Bp8M8HHaH pa60Ta no HHAL-1BHAyaIlbHbIM KOHTpaKT8M, 4aCTL-1YH8
3aHflTOCTb.
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Il"fOTC" Tpe50BaH"" 0 nepeCMOTpe " 4aCT"4HOM YCTpaHeH"" 3aKOHOAa-
TeIlbHblX nOIlO>KeH"", OTHOCRll1"XC K pernaMeHTa'1"" 3TOro pblHKa, pSB-
HO KSK " 05 oCIla5IleH"" C"CTeMbl CO'1"aIlbHbIX rapaHT"" B '1eIl"X BOC-
CTSHOBIleH" Ha pblHKe KOHKypeHTHblx Ha4aIl. Ba>KHe"We" cpOpMO"
perYIl"pOBaH"" pblHKa TpYAa AOIl>KHO CTaTb He TpYAOBoe 3aKOHOASTeIlb-
CTBD, a "HA"B"AYSIlbHoe TpYAOBoe COrnaWeH"e.
TeM He MeHee, "TorOM cpIleKC"5"Il"3a'1"" pblHKa TpYAa He MO>KeT 5blTb
TOTaIlbHbl" AeMOHTa>K C"CTeMbl era perYIl"pOBaH" " Il"KB"AS'1"" CO'1"-
SIlbHblX rapaHT"" TPYA ll1"XC", 4TO HeM"HyeMo np"BeIlO 5bl K cepbe3HOMY
060CTp8H!.11O C041i18IlbHbiX OTHOW8HH . PeYb L-1A8T 0 n0!.1CK8 TaKora M8X8H1iI3-
Ma CPYHK'1HOH"pOBaHH" pblHKa TpYAa, KOTOpbl" n03BOIl"Il 5bl C Ha"50IlbWe"
onT!.1MaIlbHOCTblO C048T8Tb 3KOHOMH48CKYlO 3cpcpeKTJ.1BHOCTb C cou,HaIlbHblM
nporpeCCOM 051l1eCTBa.
OCHOBHbl8 nOHflTI1f1:
Ycnym TpYAa
CT8BK8 38P86oTHO nn8Tb1
HOM!.1H8IlbH8f1 III peanbH8f1
3apa6oTHafl onaTa
Cnpoc Ha TPYA
npeAnO)/(eHlile TPYA8
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3apa6oTHO nIl8Tbi
HeKOHKYP"PYfOll1He rpynnbl
H8 pblHKe TPYAa
KOMneHC811HOHHble
P83J1W.H1f1 B 38P86oTH0i1 nnaTe
YA8p)\{IiIBalO aH 38pa60THafl nnaTa
(nnaTa 3a HenepexoA)
3KOHOM\.14eCKafl peHT8
48nOBeYeCK!.1 Kamnan
MOHonCOHV1H Ha pblHKe TpYAa
,QBOHHafi MOHononVlfl Ha pblHKe TpYAa
labour services
wage rate
nominal and real wage
demand for labour
supply of labour
wage differences
noncompeting groups
in the labour market
compensating
wage differentials
tr8nsfer earnings
economic rent
human capital
monopsony in 18bour market
bilateral monopoly
in a labour market
PblHOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
rnaea 12, PblHOK KAm1TAnA 101 npOl.\EHT
(B CmpaHe ,£JYPsKoe eemb
eonwe6Hoe none, - Ha3bleaem-
Cf! none '1yaec.. He 3m OM
none BblKons(J RMKY, eKS)KU
mpu pa3a: «KpeKC, cPeKC,
neKC», nonO)KU s RMKY 30no-
moO, 3aCblnb 3eMneD, ceepxy
nOCblnb conbJO, none(J xopo-
weHbKO u uou cnamb. Haympo
U3 RMKU Bblpacmem He6onbwoe
oepeB40, HO Ha HeM BMecmo
nuembeB 6yoym eucemb 30no-
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flues Anuca
T80plilH K8n\.1T8Il8 iii npOl-l8HTa HBIlHeTCH 0,QHOVlH3 HaL-16oIl8e
c-nO>KHbIX L-1 AHCKYCcllloHHbrx B 3KOHOMH48CK0L4 TeOpHL-1. 3TO OTHOCII\TCH iii K
JJnp8AeIl8HL-11O C8Mora nOHSHL-1H KanL-1Tan, iii K 8,Q!.1HliIlIaM 8ra L-13MepeHV1H, V1 K
!lOXOAY, nOpO>KAaeMoMY Kan"TaIlOM, T. e. npO'1eHTY. WeIlb 3TO" rnaBbl - AaTb
KnaCC"cp"Ka'1"fO pa3Il"4Hb1X onpeAeIleH"" Kan"TSIla " npO'1eHTa, a TaK>Ke
. pbl,QeIl\.1Tb pa3IlHYHbl8 C8rM8HTbi pblHK8 K8nHTaIla 14 BbIHBL-1Tb T8CHYIO B38L-1-
OCB"3b Me>KAY H"M".
I Ba)\{H8V1WaH np06Il8M8, C KOTOpOH Mbl 6Y,QeM BCTp84aTbc Ha npOTH>Ke-
H'I-'IVI BC8V1 r.naBbl, - 3TO M8>KBpeMeHHyliT Bbl60p 3KOHOMV1l.JeCKIiIX Cy6b8KTOB.
,!(PyrHM" CIlOBaM", Mbl 5YAeM aHaIl"3"pOBaTb, KaK 3KOHOM"4eCK"e cy6beK-
Tbl pacnpeAeIl"fOT nOTpe6IleH"e Me>KAY HaCTO"ll1"M " 6YAYll1"M nep"OAaM"
$peMeH". 4TO '1eIleco06pa3Hee: ceroAH" cAeIlaTb c6epe>KeH"", T. e. HaKan-
!i BaTb, 4T06bl 3aBTpa nOIlY4HTb 60Ilbwe 6Ilar, "Il" Bce nOTpe6"Tb B TeKY-
. il.!eM nep"OAe? BHOBb nepeA HaM" B03H"KafOT MHoro4"CIleHHble np05IleMbi
)phI60pa, VI B TSOpHIiI Kam1TaIl8 B8;>KH8L4W88 MeCTO 38H\.1M8ST HMeHHO
'\ peM8HHyVl 8cneKT npH npL-1HSHL-1111 8IlbT8pHaTV1BHbIX peweHIiI .
'Jo
'5 1.
nOHRTl1e Kanl1Tana
B 3KOHOMI1'feCKoi1 Teopl1l1_
Kanl1Tan KaK cj>aKTOp np0l13BOACTBa
nOA KSn"TaIlOM HS pblH'e cpaKTopOB npO"3BOACTBa nOH"-
MaeTCs:I qJIo13H\feCKHH Kanlo1Tal1, VlIlVl npOlll3BOACTB8HHbl8 CPOHAbl. nOCIl8-
'"AHIiI8 MO>KHO H83B8Tb Kanlo1Tal1bHblMH 611araMH. K K8m1T8IlbHbIM 6n8r8M OT-
HOCHTCH, Bo-n8pBbIX, >KHIlbI8 3,QaHL-1H; BO-BTOPbIX, npOH3BOACTB8HHbl8 coopY-
>KeH"", MaW"Hbl, 060PYAOBaH"e, "HcppaCTPYKTypa; B-TpeTb"X, TOBapHO-Ma-
Teplil8IlbHbie 3anaCbl.
265
Inaea 12
II1CCIleAOBaH"", nOCB"ll1eHHble Kan"TaIlY " npO'1eHTY, Ha4"Ha co BTOpO"
nOIlOBHHbl XIX BeK8 L-1 BnIlOTb ,0.0 H8WL-1X AH8V1, CBs:138Hbl C L-1M8H8MJ.1 T8KL-1X L-13-
BeCTHblX 3KOHOM"CTOB, KaK E. 5eM-5sBepK, K. B"KCeIlIlb, 111. "'"wep, "'. HS"T,
A. AbfO", B. napeTO, A>K. X"KC, n. CaMY3IlbCOH " MHOr"M" APyr"M".
nOHHTHe K8n!.1T8Il8 B 3KOHOMH4eCKOVl T80pV1H npeTepneIlO 3H8 !.1TeIlb-
HYfO TpaHccpopMS'1"fO co BpeMeH A.CM"Ta, Aa " 50Ilee paHH"X npeACTaB-
Il8HL-1V1 YY8HbIX-3KOHOMHCTOB npowIloro. B H8CTOH 8e BpeMs:1 npL-1HflTO roBQ-
pJ.1Tb 0 Kanumane S WUpOKOM CMblcne cnosa, 8 H8 TOIlbKO 0 Tex 6Il8r8X,
KOTopble 6b1Il!.1 n8peYHCIl8Hbt BblW8. 3T8 p8CWL-1pV1T8IlbH8H Tp8KTOBK8 CBs:1-
38H8, np8)I{,Qe Bcero, C I.1MeH8MIt1 T8KHX 8M8pHK8HCKI.1X 3KOHOMVlCTOB, K8K
111. "'"wep " A. AbfO".
K8nv1T8Il B WHpOKOM CMblCIle MO>KHO onp8A8Ilv1Tb K8K 4eHHOCTb, npl.ll
HOCHW,YIO nOTOK .Qoxo.Qa. C 3T0L4 T04KIr1 3p8HHfI, KanHT8IlOM MO>KHO H83B8Tb
" npO"3BOACTBeHHble CPOHAbl npeAnp""T"", " 3eMIlfO, " '1eHHble 6YMar", "
A8n03HT B KOMMep eCKOM 6aHK8, H «48JlOBeY8CKV1H KanHT8Il» (H8KonIl8HHble
npocpeCC"OHaIlbHble 3HaH"") " T. n. Bce nepe4"CIleHHble 5Ilara np"HOC"T
nOTOK AOXOAOB B p83IlHl.JHbIX cpOpM8X: B BIr1,Qe 8pSHAH0L4 nIl8Tbl, Bblnfl8T
npou,SHTOB no Asn03HT8M, AHBHAeH,QOB no LleHHblM 6YM8r8M, 38M8IlbHO
pSHTbl It1 T. A. He CflYY8HHO, YTO B cOBpsMeHHblx 38n8AHbiX yye6H\.1KaX no
3KOHOMIt1Y8CK0L4 T80pL-1L-1 He Bcsr,Q8 MO)l(HO YBIr1AeTb OTA8IlbHYlO rn8BY, nOCBs:I-
l11eHHYfO Kan"TaIlY. HepeAKO aHaIl"3 Kan"TaIla 05beA"H"eTC" C "CCIleAOBa-
Hlr1eM T8KOro cp8KTOp8 np0L-13BOACTB8, K8K 38MIlH, a T8K>KS «4enOB84eCKVlM
KanL-1T8IlOM».1
np" "CCIleAOBaH"" pblHKa Kan"TaIla Ba>KHO npOBeCT" pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY
K8T8ropL-1HMH 3an8C8 L-1 nOTOK8. KanL-1TaIl K8K 3anac - 3TO HaKonIleHHbl8 6Il8-
r8 np0Ir13BO,QCTS8HHora Ha3H8Y8HIr1f1 H8 onpeA8Il8HHbiCi MOMSHT BpSM8HVL
I1H8ecmuL<uu >Ke npeACTaBIl"fOT c060" nomoK, 5IlaroAap" 'OTOPOMY npo"c-
XOA"T np"YMHO>KeH"e cYl11eCTBYfOl11ero 3anaca Kan"TaIlbHbiX 5Ilar (npO"3-
BO,QCTB8HHOro 060PYAOB8HHs:1, CT8HKOB, M8W!.1H H T. n.) 3a onpe,Q8IlSHHbl
oTpe30K BpeMeH". II1HBecm'1"", KOTopble Mbl 6YAeM "CCIleAOBaTb Ha pblH'e
cp8KTOpOB np0L-13BOACTB8, nOApa3YMeB81OT K8nHT8IlOBIlO)l(8HL-1H, KOTOpbl8
YBeIlIr14L-1B8IOT 38n8C cpL-13H48CKOro K8nL-1T8Ila. V1HBeCTHl!J.1H, B COOTBeTCTBV1Y1
C B8>KHSVlWVlML-1 p83HOBL-1AHOCTHML-1 cplr131r14ecKoro Kam1T8Ila, MO}l{HO nOApa3-
AeIl"Tb Ha "HBeCT"'1"" a) B >K"Ilble 3AaH""; 5) B MaW"Hbl " 050PYAOBSH"e;
B) B Toe8pHO-M8TepL-1aIlbHbIS 38naCbl. B 3TOM CMblCIle He Cfl8AY8T CM8WIr1-
BaTb YKa3aHHbl8 K8nL-1T8IlOBIlO>KeHHH C Ir1H-
B8CTL-1l!VlHML-1 K8K K8TeropHel71 cpL-1H8HCOBOro
pbIHKS, rAe nOKynafOTc" " npoAafOTc" TaK"e
cp"HaHCOBble aKT"Bbl, KaK aK'1"", 05Il"rS-
'1"" " AP. (CM. rn. 21).
TaK, HanOMH"M, 4TO B caMyM onpeAe-
IleHHV1 Kan\.1T8Ila B W!.1pOKOM CMblcne npL-1-
266
1 CM., Hanpl-1Mep, CaMY3J1b
COH n., Hop,Qxayc B. 3KOHOMIt1Ka.
15 1-13,QaHl-1e. M., 1997, rJl. 14.; $1t1-
wep C., AOpH6yw P., WMaJ1eH31-1 P.
3KOHOMI-1Ka. M., 1993, rJl.18.
Pb fHOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
cyTCTByeT ynOM"HaH"e a nOTOKe AOXOAOB. YTO 3TO 3S AOXOAbl - HaM npeACTO-
VlT BblflCHHTb, 06p8TV1BWL-1Cb K !.1CCIleAOB8HHIO CTPYKTypbl pblHK8 K8n1r1T8Il8.
TaK )\{e, K8K VI npL-1 L-1CCIlS,QOB8HL-1L-1 pblHK8 TPY,Q8, HS06XOAIr1MO pa3IlH48Tb
Kanuman \.1 ycnyzu Kanumana. lt1 BHOBb Mbl MO>KeM npL-1MeHIr1Tb K8Teroplr1V1
3anaca Ir1 nOTOKa. KanVlT8Il npeACTaSIleH KaK 38n8C, 8 era YCIlyrH - KaK no-
TDK. HanpL-1Mep, l!eHHOCTb CT8HK8 BblcTyn88T K8K K8nL-1T8flbHblli1 38n8C, 8 YC-
Ilyr", npeAOCTaBIl"eMble 3T"M CTaHKOM B npO'1eCce ero 3,cnIlyaTa'1"", -
KaK nOTOK.
B CBH3H C 3THM Mbl He ,QOIl)l(Hbl CMeWL-1B8Tb u,eHY KanlitTal1bHblX 6.nar
('1eHY CTaHKOB, MaW"H, 3AaH"" " T.n.) " '1eHY YCIlyr Kan"TaIla (AeHe>KHbIX
8,QVlHIt1L1 38 KOIlL-1Y8CTBO M8WVlHO-Y8COB), KOTopaH H83bIB8STCs:! speHAHOH
nnsToii, "Il" peHTHoii O'1eHKoii.' TaK"M 05pa30M, MO>KHO roBOP"Tb 0 Tpex
cerMeHT8X pblHK8 K8n1t1T8Il8: Bo-nepBbIX, 0 pblHKe KanumanbHblX 6naz, rAe no-
r<ynafOTC" " npOAafOTC" npO"3BOACTBeHHble CPOHAbl; BO-BTOPbIX, 0 pblHKe yc-
nye Kanumana, rAe 3T" CPOHAbl MOryT 6blTb CAaHbl HanpOKaT 3a onpeAeIleHHYfO
nIlaTY. An" nOKynK" " npOAa>K" Kan"TaIlbHbiX 5Ilar cy6beKTaM Tpe6YfOTC" Ae-
He>KHb18 cpeACTB8. CIl8,QOB8TeIlbHO, B-TpeTbIr1X, MO>KHO BbIAeIlL-1Tb eLl.\8 OAHH
cerM8HT pblHK8 Kam1T8Il8 - pbfHDK 3aeMHbiX cpeocme, unu CCYOHDZD Kanu-
mana. Aoxo.Q, nopO>K.QaeMbIH CCYAHblM KSnlitTS110M J HS3blBaeTCH npo-
L\eHTOM. Ero np"pOAY Mbl Bbl"CH"M B XOAe aHSIl"3a Bcex Tpex B3a"MOCB"-
38HHbiX C8rMeHTOB pblHKa K8nV1TaIl8.
IIIT8K, 06p8TVlMCH K Ir1CCIleAOBaH\.1j{) K8nL-1TaIl8 K8K 6f18r8 np0L-13BOACTBeH-
HOro H83H84eHIr1s:1. B 3KOHOMVl4eCKOVl H8YKe, T8K >Ke, K8K L-1 B 6yxr8IlTepcKoM
8H8IlH38, np!.1HHTO P83IlL-1Y8Tb OCHOBHOH L-1 060POTHblH KanlitTal1. OCHOB-
HO' Kam1T8Il B cpVl3H48CK0L4 cpopMe npe,QCT8BIleH 3,Q8HL-1HML-1, M8WL-1H8ML-1,
coopY>KeHVlHMVI, T. 8. BC8ML-1 TeM\.1 K8nL-1T8IlbHbIMH 6Il8r8MH AIlIIITeIlbHoro
nOIlb30B8HHH, KOTOpbt8 T8ps:1IOT CBOIO l!8HHOCTb no Mep8 L-13HOC8 B TeyeHL-18
H8CKOIlbKL-1X npOIll3BO,QCTB8HHbIX l.\L-1KflOB. 060pOTHblH K8nVlT8Il T8pHST CBOIO
UeHHOCTb B T8yeHL-18 OAHOro npOVl3BOACTBeHHoro U,L-1KIl8 VI np8,QCT8BIl8H Cbl-
pbeM, M8Tep!.18Il8MIII, 38n8C8MVI roTOBOVl npOAYKl.\L-1L-1 L-1 T. n.
B CBH31r1 C nOHflTV1eM OCHOBHOro K8nL-1T8Il8 Heo6xo,QJ.1MO BB8CTJ.1 eli.\.8
OAHY HOBYfO 3KOHOM"4eCKYfO KaTerop"fO - aMopTH3aLlHIO. AMOpT"3a'1"" -
TO 06eCl!8HeHH8 OCHOBHoro K8nL-1T8Il8 B
pe3YIlbTaTe ero "3Hoca. AIl" B03Mell1eH""
J.13HOweHHoro 38 B8Cb CpOK CIly)\{6bl OCHOB-
oro Kan"TaIla C03AaeTC" CPOHO aMopmU3a-
L<uu, KYAa nocTynafOT AeHe>KHble cpeACTBa
(SMopmU3a4UOHHble om4ucneHUR) nOCIle
npOAa>K" roTOBO" npOAYK'1"". HopMa
aMOpTH3SL\HH - 3TO OTHOWeH"e e>KerOA-
HO" CYMMbl aMOpm3a'1"OHHbIX OT4"CIleH""
K CTOJ.1MOCTL-1 KanVlT8IlbHoro 6Ilara, Bblpa-
*eHHoe B npO'1eHTax. AonYCT"M, CTaHOK
, HeKOTopble aBTopbl npeWlara-
T pa3J1I-1 aTb 3TI-1 nOH TI-1 B TOM
CMbICJ1e, TO peHTa - 3TO ,QOXO,Q OT
HeBOCnp0I-13BO,QI-1MOrO cPaKTopa c
He3J1aCTI-1 HbIM npeWlO)KeHl-1eM, a
apeH,QHafi nJ1aTa - AOXO,Q OT Bocnpo-
1t13BO,QI-1MOro cPaKTopa np0I-13BO,QCTBa
,QJ1I-1TeJlbHoro n0J1b30BaHIt1f1, KaKO-
BblM It1 flBJlfleTCfl KanI-1TaJ1.
267
Inaea 12
CTO"T 1000 AOIln. CpOK ero cnY>K5bl COCTaBIl"eT 10 IleT. TorAa e>KeroAHa"
BeIl"4"Ha aMOpT"3a'1"OHHbIX OT4"CIleH"" COCTaB"T 1000 AOIlIl./10 IleT =
100 AOIlIl. HopMa aMOpT"3a'1"" np" 3TOM COCTaB"T 100 AOIlIl./1000 AOIlIl.
x 100% = 10%. HOpMbl aMOpT"3a'1"" AIl" pa3Il"4Hb1X B"AOB MaW"H " 060-
PYAOBSH"" YCTaH8BIl"BafOTC" 38KoHoAaTeIlbHo. V1 Ha cIlY4a"Ho 3TOT npo-
'1ecc HaXOA"TC" nOA KOHTpoIleM rocYAapcTBa. AeIlo B TOM, 4TO aMOpT"3a_
'1"OHHble OT4"CIleH"" He BKIlf04afOTC" B HaIloro05IlaraeMYfO 5a3Y (He nOA-
Ile>KaT HaIloro05IlO>KeH"fO). rOCYAapCTBO, YCTaHaBIlHBa", B 4aCTHocm, npaK-
T"KY YCKopeHHoii aMOpmU3aL<UU, n03BOIl"eT cp"pMaM 3a AOCTST04HO KOpOT-
K"" nep"OA (a He 3a 10-15 IleT) CCPOpM"pOBaTb CPOHA aMOpT"3a'1"" AIl"
MHOr"X B"AOB 050PYAOBaH"". 05pall1a"Cb K HaweMY YCIlOBHOMY np"Mepy,
roCYASPCTBO MO>KeT YCTaHOB"Tb HOPMY aMOpT"3a'1"" He 10%, a 25%, " Ta-
K"M 05pS30M, CPOHA SMOpT"3a'1"" 5YAeT CCPOpM"pOBaH He 3a 10 IleT, a 38
4 roA8. CYLl.\8CTBYIOT P83IlL-1YHbI8 CX8Mbi 8Mopn138u,L-10HHbIX OTY!.1CIl8H!.1C1:
- MeTOA npHMoIlHH8V1HO 8MOpn138l..\HH, KorA8 8MOpn138l!L-10HHbI8 OTY C-
IleH"", KaK B HaweM nepBoM np"Mepe, npeAcTaBIl"fOT c050" OAHY " TY >Ke
CYMMY B Te4eH"e cpoKa pa60Tbi Kan"TaIlbHOrO 5Ilara;
- MeToA YCKopeHHo" aMOpT"3a'1H", Y>Ke paCCMOTpeHHbl" HaM";
- MeTOA CHL-1>KalOLl.\erOCH OCT8TK8, KorA8 8MOpn138lJ,a.10HHble OT4L-1CIleH s:I
p8CC4L-1TbIB8IOTCH K8K OTHOWeH\.1e OAHOVI VI TO >K8 8MOpTL-138lJ,L-10HHOVl HOp-
Mbl (H8npL-1Mep, 10%), HO He K n8pBOH8Y8IlbH0L4 CTOL-1MOCTVI CT8HK8, 8 K era
OCTaT04HO" CTO"MOCm Ha Ka>KAbl" roA. Hanp"Mep, B 1-" roA 5YAeT OT4"C-
IleHO 10% OT 1000 AOIlIl. Bo 2-" rOA 6YAeT OT4"CIleHO 10% aT CH"3"BWe,,-
C" CTO"MOCm CTaHKa (T. e. OT 900 AOIlIl.) " T. A.
ct>Y13V1Y8CKIt1a11 K8mn8Il CBH38H C nOHHH1eM OKOl1bHblX J L-1JlL-1 KOCBeHHblX
(roundabout) MeTOAOB npoH3BoAcTBa. 3TO MeTOAbl npO"3BOACTBa, CB"3SH-
Hbl8 C BpeMeHHblM Il8roM. J].PyrL-1MI-1 Cf10B8MVI, ,QIlH C03A8HL-1H K8nL-1T8IlbHOro
5Ilsrs Tpe5yeTc" BpeM". nOKa>KeM 3TO Ha npocToM np"Mepe. II1cnoIlb3Y" "3-
Jl106neHHbiCi 3KOHOM!.1CT8MH MeTO,Q «P06L-1H30H8,Qbl», MO>KHO npe,QCT8BL-1Tb OCT-
pOB, Ha KOTOpOM P06"H30H A06blBaeT ce6e npOn"TaH"e rOIlbIM" PYKaM", 583
"CnOnb30BSH"" KaK"X-Il"50 OPYA"" "Il" np"CnOC06IleH"". AonYCT"M, P06"H-
30HY Tp86yeTcH Cb8CTb B ,Q8Hb Y8Tblp8 Kypon8TK!.1. IIIMeHHo T8Koe KOIlH48CTBO
3n1X AHKHX nTL-1u, P06V1H30H MO)\{8T nOVlM8Tb 38 OA!.1H A8Hb. nOTPY,Qj.1BW\.1Cb
>K8 M8CHl! AIls:! H3roTOBIl8HV1s:! C\.1IlKOB, T. 8. npVlcnoc06IleHHs:! AIlH IlOBJl\.1
nm'1, P06"H30H CMor 6bl BnOCIleACTB"" Ka>KAbl" AeHb IlOB"Tb 10 KyponS-
TOK. 0,QH8KO B Te48HJ.18 Bcero M8CHl!8 npL-1WIlOCb 6bl He OXOTL-1TbCH, 8 3H8-
YVlT, roIloAaTb. Tenepb np8AnOIlO>KL-1M, YTO y P06L-1H30H8 eCTb B03MO)\{HOCTb
6paTb eAY (KyponaTOK) B 'peA"T (B3a"Mbl). '-IT05bl "3roTOB"Tb C"IlK", eMY np"-
WIlOCb 6bl n"TaTbC" '1eIlbl" MeC"'1 B 'peAHT, 4TO COCTaB"T 4 x 30 = 120 KYpO-
n8TOK. CKOIlbKO Kypon8ToK roTOB 6blIl 6bl OTA8Tb P06HH30H BnocIl8,QcTB\I11r1
CB08MY Kpe,QIt1Topy B 06M8H H8 B03MO>KHOCTb JlL-1T8TbCs:! B T8Y8HL-18 TOro Me-
cs:!l!a, nOK8 OH 6Y,Q8T L-13roTOBIlHTb CIt1IlKIt1?
3TOT npocToVl np\.1Mep n03BOIls:!eT nOHs:!Tb K8T8ropL-11O YHCTOH npoH3BO
268
Pbl HOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
-
.QMTel1bHOCTH KanHTal1a. B H8W8M npL-1M8p8 K8n\.1T8IlOM HBIlHIOTCs:! CL-1IlKH,
a nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"M 6IlaroM - nT"'1bl. II1TSK, pa3H"'1a Me>KAY CYMMO" no-
Tpe5"TeIlbCK"X 6Ilar, npO"3BeAeHHbIX np" nOMOll1" Kan"TaIla (300 KYpO-
naTOK B MeC"'1, T. e. 10 nT"'1 x 30 AHe,,), " CYMMO" nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"X
6Jlsr, KOTOpoC1 np!.1WIlOCb nO>KepTBOB8Tb AIls:! C03,Q8HL-1H K8nVlT8Il8
(120 KyponaTo,), COCTaBIl"eT BeIl"4"HY 4"CTO" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOcm Kan"-
TaIla, T. e. 300 - 120 = 180.
V1cXOAH L-13 3TOro, Mbl nOIlyya8M OTBeT \.1 H8 nOCT8BIl8HHbJVI Bonpoc. Po-
5WH30H MO>KeT ce5e n03BOIl"Tb OTAaTb 3S nOIlY4eHHbl" KpeA"T B KOH'1e BTO-
poro MeCR'1a He 50Ilee 180 KyponaToK.
MO>KHO B HaW"X paccY>KAeH""X 050"T"Cb " 6e3 "CnOIlb30BaH"" KaTero-
pHH KpeA"Ta (XOT" B3a"Mbl IlfOA" 5paIl" APyr Y APyra " B HaTypaIlbHoM xo-
sRAcTBe). ECIl" P05"H30H Ha 30 AHe" OTKa>KeTC" aT M"CHO" n"ll1" " CTaHeT
BereTSp"aH'1eM, T. e. 6YAeT n"TaTbC" paCT"TeIlbHO" n"ll1e", He 3aTpS4H-
Bafl Ha ae nOHCKL-1 npaKTIr1Y8CKIr1 HIr1K8KOro TPYA8, TO 38 MeCHl! OH CMO>KeT
CAeIlSTb C"IlK". AaIlee '1"CPPOBble BbIKIlaAK" OCTafOTC" TeM" >Ke: P05"H-
I)H nO>KepTBOBaIl onpeAeIleHHblM KOIl"4eCTBOM KyponaToK (4 x 30 = 120),
QTo5bl BnOCIleACTBH" nepe"m BHOBb Ha M"CHYfO eAY " IlOB"Tb C nOMO-
U(bfO C"IlKOB Y>Ke 300 nT"'1. '-I"CTa" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOcTb Kan"TaIlS COCTa-
111fT 300 - 120 = 180.
r. T8KIr1M 06p830M, npOVl3BOA!.1TenbHOCTblO 06Ila,Q88T He TOIlbKO TPYA, HO L-1
Ka'nHT8Il, T8K K8K nplr1 nOMO L-1 K8nL-1T8n8 MO)\{HO nOIlYYVlTb 60IlbW88 KOIl!.1Y8-
(!TBO npOAYK'1"" (06eCne4"Tb ce6e nOTOK AOXOAOB B B"Ae nOTpe6"TeIlbCK"X
6hsr). Ho 3,QeCb Ba>KHO nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO, eCIl" TaK"e cpaKTopbl, KaK TPYA "
3eMJ1H, npeACT810T s:!BIleHL-1HM!.1, C03P,8HHbIMIr1 BH8 3KOHOMIt1Y8CKOVl CIIICT8Mbl, TO
1(8nYlT8IlbHbl8 6Ilar8 np8,QCT8IOT K8K cp8KTOp, np0It13BOAL-1MbIL4 C8MOVI 3KOHO-
MVl4eCKOVl C!.1CTeMoH.
K8TeropL-1H YL-1CTOIit npm13BOAL-1TeIlbHOCTL-1 K8m1T8Ila nOMO>K8T H8M 06bHC-
HIo1Tb T8K\.1e B8>KHble nOHHTL-1H B 3KOHOM\.1Y8CKOVI T80pL-1L-1, K8K AOXOAHOCTb K8-
n TaIlOBIlO>KeH"" " cnpoc Ha Kan"Tan. Ho, npe)KAe 4eM pacKpblTb coAep-
>RaHlo1e 3TL-1X nOHHTL-1V1, 38MeTHM, YTO LJVlCTYIO npoVl3BO,Qa.1TeIlbHOcTb K8mn8Il8
MO>KHO npeACT8BL-1Tb Ir1 B npOl!8HTHOM Bblp8>K8H\.1L-1. Ecm1 BM8CTO cplt1-
3II eCK"X eA"H"'1, T. e. 180" 120 KyponaToK, Mbl nepe"AeM K OTHOC"TeIlb-
HblM BeIl"4"HaM, TO nOIlY4"M: 180/120 x 100% = 150%.
, 4HCT8H np0!.13BO,QVlT8J1bHOCTb K8nL-1T8Il8, npe,QCT8BIl8HH8H T8K\.1M 06P8-
'30M, - 3TO BbJpa>KeHH8H B np0l..\8HTaX AOXO,QHOCTb KanHT8n8, Vlf1L-1 HopMa
AOXOAa Ha Kamnal1. YVICTYIO np0L-13BOAL-1TeIlbHOcTb K8nL-1T8n8, Bblpa>K8HHYIO
B npou,eHT8X, ell.l,8 H83blB81OT «ecTecTBeHHO 1» HOpMOYI npOl.J,eHTa (He ny-
TaTb C pbIH04HO" HOpMO" npO'1eHTa no Aen03"TaM B 6SHKax) - 06 3TOM 6y-
Aer CK838HO A8Il88. Ho n04eMY «8CT8CTB8HHOVl»? nOTOMY 4TO B H80KIlac-
CIo14ecKO TeOpVl\.1 cnoc06HoCTb K8nJ.1T8Il8 npL-1HOC\.1Tb AOXOA B BIr1,Q8 npou,eH-
a C4a.1T8eTcH eCT8CTB8HHbiM CBOL4CTBOM 3TOro cpaKTop8 npoVl3Bo,QcTBa. TaK,
. napeTo nOIl8r8Il, YTO np0L-13BOA!.1T8IlbHOCTb Kamn8Il8 np8ACT8BIl5=l8T CQ-
269
Inasa 12
50" He 60IlbWYfO np06IleMY, 4eM TO, 4TO B"WHeBOe AepeBO np"HOC"T B"W-
H". 3TO - eCTeCTBeHHO. HopMa AOXOAS Ha ,an"TaIl "rpaeT Ba>KHYfO pOIlb
npH cp8BHeHH!.1 BbirOAHOCH1 p83Il YHbIX L-1HBeCTiIIl...!!.1V1 B 8IlbTepHaTJ.1BHble
npOeKTbl. np" np04"X paBHblX YCIlOB""X pa'1"OHaIlbHbl" 3KOHOM"4eCK""
cy6beKT npeAn04TeT OCYll1eCTB"Tb "HBeCT"'1H" B npoeKT, np"HOC"ll1"" 60-
Ilee BblCOKYfO HOPMY AOXOAa.
2.
Cnpoc 1>1 npeAI10>KeHl>1e Ha pblHKe
YCI1yr Kanl>1TaI1a
ECIl" Mbl np"H"MaeM BO BH"MaH"e pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY pblH-
KOM KanHT8IlbHbiX 6Ilar 1/1 pblHKOM ycnyr K8nJ.1T8Il8, TO H8M CT8HYT nOHSHHbl-
M" pa3Il"4"" Me>KAY cy6beKTsMH cnpoca Ha KanHTaIl " ero npeAIlO>KeH""
H8 p83HbiX cerMeHT8X pblHKa KanJ.1T8Il8. Boo6Ll.\e B pblHOYHOI71 3KOHOMiIIKe
npeAIlO>KeH"e cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa (TPYAa, Kan"TaIla, 3eMIl", npeAnp"-
H"MaTeIlbCK"X YCIlyr) OCYll1eCTBIl"fOT AOMaWH"e X03""CTBa, a cnpoc Ha
cpaKTOpbl npO"3BOACTBa npeAb"BIl"fOT CPHPMbl (5"3Hec).
CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, L-1 H8 pblHKe K8nL-1T8IlbHbIX 6Il8r cnpoc H8 HL-1X npeAbs:lB-
Il"eT 6"3HeC, a npeAIlO>KeH"e Kan"TaIlbHbiX 6Ilar OCYll1eCTBIl"fOT AOMaWH"e
X03HVlCTBa. 3T\.1 cy6beKTbi pblHKa, HBflHIOLl.\L-18CH nOCTaBlL\!t1KaMH KanL-1T8Ilb-
HblX 6Il8r, He npeAOCT8BIlHIOT, K8K MO:>KeT nOK838TbCs:! Ha nepBblVi B3rns:!,[I,
CTaHK", MSW"Hbl, 050PYAOBaH"e B "X HaTypaIlbHoM B"Ae cp"pMaM (5"3He-
cy). OH" npeAOCTaBIl"fOT 3aeMHbie cpeACTBa (CBO" c5epe>KeH"") AIl" oCY-
ll1eCTBIleH"" "HBeCT"'1"", 5IlaroAap" KOTOpblM " 5YAYT np"05peTeHbl Ksn"-
TSIlbHble 5Ilara. Ha pblHKe YCIlyr Kan"TaIla cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"e oCYll1e-
CTBIl"fOT, ,aK npaB"IlO, CP"PMbl (5"3Hec), cAafOl11"e B ape HAY np"HaAIle>KS-
Vle L-1M K8nL-1T8IlbHble 6Il8ra no onpeAeIl8HHoVl CT8BKe, KOTOp8s:!, K8K Mbl OT-
Me48IlV1, Ha3blB8eTCH 8peHAH0ll1 nIlaTOL4, L-1IlL-1 p8HTHOVI Ol\eHKOL4. T8K, HanpVl-
Mep, cp"pMa MO>KeT cAaTb B ape HAY np"HaAIle>Kall1"e e" KOMnbfOTepbl, no
onpeAeJleHHOL4 peHTHoli1 0l...!8HKe 38 1 M8WVlHO-Y8C.
cPL.13V1yeCKL-1VI K8nL-1T8Il nOIlb3yeTcH cnpocoM, nOToMY 4TO OH
npOH3BOAL-1T8IleH. Ho B8:>KHO 38M8TL-1Tb, YTO, KorA8 Mbl roBOpHM 0 cnpoce Ha
K8nL-1T8Il K8K cpaKTop np0J.13BO,[lCTB8, TO He MO>KeM a6CTparV1pOB8TbCH OT
cnpoca H8 38eMHbl8 Cp8,[1CTBa, He06xOAL-1Mble AIls:! npill06peTeHL-1H K8nL-1T8f1a
B cp"3"4eCKO" ero cpopMe (MaW"Hbl, 060PYAOBaH"e " T. n.). Cnpoc Ha Ka-
numan - 3mo cnpoc Ha 3aeMHbie cpeocmea (CCYOHblii Kanuman), a He npo-
CTO Ha AeHbrH. 4HCTO BH8WHe cnpoc H8 CCYAHblCi K8nL-1T8Il npe,qCT88T KaK
cnpoc Ha onpeAeIleHHYfO CYMMY AeHer. Ho cnpoc Ha AeHbr" KaK AeHbr" "
cnpoc Ha CCy,qHbIVl K8nVlTaIl - 3TO He O,qHO VI TO :>Ke. 6L-13HeC np8,qbs:!BnS::;8T
cnpoc Ha 3aeMHbJe Cp8ACTBa AIlH OCYLl.\eCTBIl8HL-1H Ir1HBeCTL-1l...!VlVI, T. e. 8MY
Tpe6yeTc" onpeAeneHHa" AeHe>KHa" cYMMa AIl" nonOIlHeH"" npO"3BOA-
270
pr-Ji HOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
-
CTBeHHblX CPOHAOB (Kan"TaIla B cp"3"4eCKO" cpopMe). KOHe4Ho, AOMaw-
H e X03""CTBa (HaceIleH"e) TO>Ke npeAb BIl"fOT cnpoc Ha AeHbr", HO
np pOAa 3Toro cnpoca "Ha" (CM. rn. 20), Ta, KSK He CB"3aHa C npeAnp"-
H MaTeIlbCKO" Ae"TeIlbHOCTbfO. KpOMe TOro, He 5YAeM 3a5blBaTb, 4TO
cnpOC Ha cp"3"4eCK"" Kan"TaIl, TaK >Ke, KaK " Ha APyr"e cpaKTopbl npO"3-
BoAcTBa, "BIl"eTC" npO"3BOAHbIM cnpOCOM (CM. rn. 10), T. e. OH 3aB"C"T OT
cnpoca Ha Te 5Ilara " YCIlyr", B npO"3BOACTBe KOTOpblX "CnOIlb3yeTc" CP"-
3 4eCK"" Kan"TaIl.
PSCCMOTP"M nOCIleAOBaTeIlbHO BHa4aIle cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"e Ha PbIH-
YCIlyr Kan"TaIla, "CnOIlb3Y" "3BeCTHble HaM Kp"Bble cnpocs " npeAIlO>Ke-
H R Ha pecypCbl. 3aTeM Mbl "CCIleAyeM cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"e Ha pblHKe 3a-
6111HbiX cpeACTB, a nOCIle 3TOro - cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"e Ha pblHKe Kan"TSIlb-
HblX aKT"BOB.
, Cnpoc Ha YCIlyr" Kan"TaIla MO>KHO npeACTaB"Tb rpacp"4eCK" B B"Ae
p BO", "MefOl11e" OTp"'1aTeIlbHbl" HaKIlOH (P"c. 12.1).
, 1113 rpacp"Ka B"AHO, 4TO no Mepe BOBIle4eH"" B npO"3BOACTBeHHbl" npo-
\lecc Bce 50Ilbwero KOIl"4eCTBa YCIlyr Kan"TSIla (np" np04"X paBHblX YCIlO-
B RX) CH">KaeTC" npeAeIlbHbl" npOAYKT KSn"TaIla B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>KeH""
(MRP K ) , "Il" npeAeIlbHa" AOXOAHOCTb Kan"TaIla. 3Ta 3aKoHoMepHocTb AIl"
HaC He HOBa - TO >Ke caMoe Ha5IlfOAaeTCR " np" YBeIl"4eH"" YCIlyr TpYAa "
H >KeH"" ero npeAeIlbHoro npOAYKTa. CIleAOBSTeIlbHO, Mbl CTaIlK"BaeMC"
. Y>Ke "3BeCTHbIM 3aKOHOM y5blBafOll1e" AOXOAHOCT". 3TOT 3aKOH nOMoraeT
nOHRTb A"HaM"KY ypOBH" AOXOAa Ha KanHTaIl, "Il" 4"CTO" npO"3BOA"TeIlb-
itPcT" Kan"TaIlS. np" np04"X paBHblX YCIlOB""X (T. e. He"3MeHHbIX 06beMax
IIcnoIlb3yeMbix cpaKTopOB TPYAS " 3eMIl") 4"CTa" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCTb Ka-
'hIilTaIla, "Il" «eCTeCTBeHHa"» HopMa npO'1eHTa (YPOBeHb AOXOAS HS KSn"-
e811) "MeeT TeHAeH'1"fO K nOH">KeH"fO no Mepe paCTa BOBIle4eHHbiX B npo-
M3BOACTBO YCIlyr Kan"TSIla. 3TY 3aKOHOMepHOCTb AaBHO 3SMeT"Il" 3KOHO-
t.I CTbl npowIloro - A. CM"T, A. P"KSPAO, K. MapKC, A. MapwaIlIl " MHOr"e
MRPK,R
.
o
K D K
o YCJIy1'H JillUHTaJla,
MarJJJral)-"Ia<:OB
pUc. 12.1.
Cnpoc Ha ycnyau Kanumana KaK OmpaJKeHUe
npeoenbHou OOxooHocmu Kanumana
271
Inasa 12
,QpyrVle TeOpen1KH. 3TO 3Ha8T /II 6H3H8C Ha CBoeM onblT8, 4L-1CTO 3MnL-1pW-I8C_
KH: yeM 60JlbW8 KanL-1T8nbHbtlll 3an8C B CTp8He, T8M M8HbW8 (npL-1 npoyl.1x
paBHblX YCIlOB""X) OTAa4a aT Hero, "Il" np"6bIIlbHOCTb. BOT n04eMY B 60ra-
TblX K8nHT8Il8MIII npOMblwneHHo pa3BL-1Tb1X CTpaH8X ypOB8Hb AOXO,Q8 H8 Ka-
nlllTaIl MO>KeT OK83aTbCH HV1>Ke, Y8M B MeH88 P83BV1TbIX, He TaK HaCblLl.\8H_
HblX KanHTaIlaM!.1 CTp8H8X.
KpOMe nOH">KaTeIlbHO" TeHAeH'1"" ypOBH" AOXOAa Ha KanHTaIl Ba>KHO
nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO np" M"rpa'1"" Kan"TaIla Me>KAY pa3Il"4HbIMH OTpaCIl"M"
npoMbIWIl8HHOCT" B YCIlOB""X cOBepweHHO" KOHKyp8H'1"" 3TOT ypOBeHb
"MeeT T8HAeH'1"fO K BblpaBHHBaH"fO. 111 Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO, eCIl" He CYll1 eCT BY-
eT 6apbepoB AIl" BXO>KAeH"" B OTpacIlb " BblXOAa "3 Hee, CIl"WKOM BbICO-
K"e ypOBH" AOXOAa Ha Kan"TaIl, Hanp"Mep, B n"ll1eBO" npOMbIWIl8HHOCT",
np"BIleKYT cfOAa npeAnp"H"MaTeIle". no Mepe paCta Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeH"" B
3TY OTpSCIlb, ypOBeHb "X AOXOAHOCT" HS4HeT CH">KaTbC", a B Tex OTpaCIl"X,
KOTOpbl8 K8nHT8Il nOKHHYIl, AOXOAHOCTb K8n!.1TaIlOBIlO>K8HHI71 H84HeT
nOBblwaTbC", TaK"M 05pa30M, B YCIlOB""X COBepW8HHO" KOHKypeH'1"" CBO-
50AHbl" nepeIl"B Kan"TaIla np"BeAeT K BblpaBH"BaH"fO aIlbTepHaT"BHO"
LJ,eHHOCTV1 pa3IlHYHbiX npoeKTOB K8mn8IlOBIlO>K8HIIIVI.
KaKoe >Ke KOIl"4eCTBO YCIlyr Kan"TaIla 5YA8T np"05peTaTb cp"pMa? AIl"
OTBeTS Ha 3TOT Bonpoc (CM. P"C. 12.1) He05xOA"MO conOCTaB"Tb npeAenb-
Hbl" npoAYKT Ka "TaIla B AeHe>KHOM BblpS>KeH"" (MRP K ) co CIlO>K"BWe"C"
Ha pblHKe '1eHO" YCIlyr Kan"TaIla, T. e. peHTHoi< oLleHKo" (R). OnmManb-
Hoe KOIlH4eCTBO YCIlyr Kan"TaIla 5YA8T np"05peTeHO TOrAa, KorAa MRP K 5y-
AeT pSBeH peHTHO" O'1eHKe (Hanp"Mep, peHTHaR O'1eHKa R n p " K r A e K _
o 0' 0
KOIl"4eCTBO YCIlyr Kan"TaIla).
Tenepb 05paT"MC" K aHan"3Y npeAIlO>KeH"" YCIlyr Kan"TSIla KaK cpaK-
Topa npO"3BOAcTBa. KaK npaBMo, YCIlyr" Kan"TaIla nOCTaBIl"fOTC" APyr
APyry cp"pMaM", CAafOl11"MH B apeHAY np"HaAIle>Kall1ee "M 050PYAOBaH"e.
Ho He 5YAeM 3a6blBaTb, 4TO 3Ha4"TeIlbHa" 4aCTb YCIlyr Kan"TaIla np"06pe-
TaeTC" cp"pMaM", "CnOIlb3YfOll1"M" C05CTB8HHOe 060PYAOBaH"8 (cp"PMbl ,a,
5bl ap8HAYfOT CaM" Y ce6" np"HSAIle>Kall1ee "M 050PYAOBaH"e). npeAIlO>Ke-
HL-18 YCIlyr KanL-1T8n8 MO>KHO p8CCMOTp8Tb B Kp8TKOCpOYHOM III ,QOIlroCp04HOM
n8pHOAe. B nepBOM CIlYY8e OHO HBJ1H8TCH 86cOIlIOTHO He3Il8CTHYHbIM, TaK
K8K 38 KOpOTKt.1L4 npOMe>KYTOK Bp8MeHH H8Jlb3H YB8IlIt1Y!.1Tb KOIlll14eCTBO YC-
Ilyr CT8HKOB, M8WJ.1H, 060PY,QOB8HL-1H 14 T. n., ucnoflb3yeMbix C HeU3MeHHblM
yp08HeM UHmeHCUSHocmu. OAH8KO B AOIlroCpOYHOM n8plllOA8 np8,QIlO>K8HIt!8
YCIlyr K8nL-1T8n8 CT8HOB\.1TCfI 3Il8CTHYHbIM, nOCKOIlbKY L-13M8HH8TCfI caM8 B8-
Il"4"Ha_ Kan"TaIlbHoro 3anaca CTpaHbl (CTaHKOB, MaW"H, 050PYAOBaH""),
KOTOpbJL-1 It! MO>KeT nOCT8BHTb 60Ilbwe YCIlyr K8nIllTaIl8.
fpacp"48CK" npeAIlO>KeH"e YCIlyr Kan"T8na B AOIlroCp04HOM nep"OAe
MO)\{HO npeACT8BHTb B BV1Ae KpHBOCi, L-1MelOLl.\8V1 nOIlO>Kt.1T8IlbHbIVl HaKIlOH
(P"C 12.2).
272
PblHDK Kanumana u npou,eHm
MOC,R"""
npeAenbHbl8 3AepiKKIiI ynyw,eHHblX B03MOiK-
HOCTei1 IiIcnonb30BaHIIII1 Kam1Ta.na (MOC) iii
MIiIHIiIMa.nbHal1 peHTHal1 OL\eHKa (R"'in)
R"""
s,
o
I
I
I
K.
YeJI}'J:nJUl.UHTaJla,
MalIIHHO-'1acOB
Puc. 12.2.
npeOnOJKeHUe ycnye Kanumana KaK OmpaJKeHUe
npeoenbHblx U30epJKeK ynyU(eHHblx a03MOJKHOCmeU
ucnonb30eaHUR Kanumana
n04eMY Kp"BaR npeAIlO>KeH"" YCIlyr Kan"TaIla SK "MeeT nOIlO>K"T8Ilb-
Hbl" HaKIlOH? nOTOMY, 4TO Te Cy5b8KTbl, KOTOpble npeAIlarafOT YCIlyr" Kan"-
TSIlS, OTKa3bIBafOTC" aT SIlbTepHaT"BHOrO ero np"MeHeH"'" AonYCT"M, He-
KSR cp"pMa np"05peIlS BeIlOTpeHa>Kep " CAaeT ero B ap8HM KOMMep4eCKO-
MY CnOpT"BHOMY KIly5y. LjeIlb nOA05HO" onepa'1"" - nOIlY4eH"e apeHAHO"
nn8Tbl, L-1IlIil p8HTHOVl OLJ,8HKIo1 3a YCIlyn1 T8KOro K8nlllTa.nbHoro 6Il8r8, KaK B8-
IlOTpeHa>Kep. 4eM Bblwe 5YAeT peHTHa" O'1eHKa, CIlO>K"BWa"C" HS pblHKe npo-
KaT8 AaHHoro K8mnaIlbHoro 6Ilar8, T8M 60Ilbwe K8nL-1T8IlbHbIX YCIlyr MO>K8T
6blTb nOCT8BJleHO. K8Koe >K8 KOIlV148CTBO YCIlyr KanV1TaIl8 6YAeT nOCT8BJ1HTb
Haw BJl8A8n8l! K8n!.1T8IlbHOro 6Il8ra? .o.Ilfl 3TOro HY>KHO cpaBHV1Tb T8K H83bl-
Ba8MYlO MUHUManbHO npueMneMym peHmHym ou,eHKY (R min ) III np8AeJlbHbl8
3A8p>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe" (MOC - marginal opportunity cost),
CBH38HHbl8 C BIl8,q8H\.1eM A8HHbiM aKT!.1BOM (H8npL-1M8p, R min = MOC npV1
npeAIlO>KeH"" YCIlyr Kan"TaIla Ko)'
He 6YAeM 3a5blBaTb, 4TO cp"pMa HeceT "3Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>K-
HocTe", npeAOCTaBIl"" Kan"TaIlbHOe 5Ilaro B ap8HAY. BeAb AIl" nOKynK"
3TOro 6n8r8 HY)f{HO 6blIlO 3aTp8TL-1Tb onp8AeneHHbie A8H8>KHb18 cpeAcTBa,
CBOl1 c06cTBeHHbl8 \.1IlV1 388MHb18. ECIlL-1 CBOII! C06CTB8HHbI8, TO cplilpMa OT-
KS3aIlaCb Ha onp8AeIleHHbl" nep"OA BpeMeH" aT APyr"x, aIlbTepHaT"BHbIX
cnbc050B "CnOIlb30BaH"" 3T"X AeH8>KHbIX CP8ACTB (MO>KHO 6blIlO 6bl Kyn"Tb
Y4acToK 3eMIl" " nOIlY4aTb apeHAHYfO nIlaTY; nOIlO>K"Tb AeHbr" Ha Cp04Hbl"
Aen03"T nOA npO'1eHTbl " T. A.). TaK"M 06pa30M, Mbl B"A"M, 4TO pblHOK yc-
Ilyr K8nHT8Il8 Hepa3pblBHO CBH3aH C pblHKOM 388MHbiX CP8ACTB.
Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", 4eM 50IlbWYfO CYMMY AeHer cp"pMa BKIlaAblBaeT B
nOKynKY Kan"TaIlbHoro 6Ilara, TeM 50Ilbwe npeAeIlbHbl8 "3Aep>KK" ynY1l18H-
HblX B03MO>KHOcTet1, KOTopble OH8 HeCeT.
B03Bpa aflCb K M\.1HIIIM8IlbHO npll!eMIl8M0L4 peHTHOL4 OLJ,8HK8, MO>KHO CKa-
3aTb, YTO OHa AOIl>KH8 6blTb ,QOCTaT04HOIII ,QIlfl TOro, 4T06b1 nOKpblTb T8 1113-
273
18 KYPC3KoHoMw-!ecKo Teoplillil
rnasa 12
R
R.
o
I
I
I
D K =8,.
YCJlYfH KanHTaJla,MamHHO-'1aCOB
Puc. 12.3.
PaeHoeecue Ha pblHKe ycnyz q,u3Ul.feCKOZO Kanumana
Aep>KK", KOTopble B03H"KIl" npH CAa4e B apeHAY Kan"TaIlbHoro 5Ilara (B pac-
4eTe Ha roA): roAOBYfO aMOpT"3a'1"fO CAaBaeMoro B apeHAY 5Ilsra, nIlaTY 3a
3aeMHbie cpeAcTBa, eCIl" 5paIlacb cCYAa AIl" nOKynK" Kan"TaIlbHOrO 5Ilara,
cTpaxoBKY " T. A.
111, HaKOHe'1, He05xoAHMO COeA"H"Tb ABa rpacp"Ka BOeA"HO, T. e.
cnpoc Ha YCIlyrH Kan"TaIla " npeAIlO>KeH"e YCIlyr Kan"TaIla (P"c. 12.3).
KaK B"AHO "3 rpacp"Ka, cnpoc Ha YCIlyr" KanHTaIla ypaBHOBeW"BaeTC"
C npeAnO>KeH"eM YCIlyr Kan"TaIla np" peHTHO" O'1eHKe R E . nf05ble CAB"r"
Kplt1BblX SK H D K nOA B03AeL4CTBHeM H3MeHeH"" B TeXHOJlOrHVI, nOTpe6lt1TeIlb-
CKHX BKYCOB "., npeAnOYT8H"" 101 T. A. V13MeHHT ypOBeHb p8BHOBeCHO peHT-
HO" O'1eHK" Ha pblHKe YCIlyr Kan"TaIla (CM. AaIlee S 4).
3.
Cnpoc iii npeAnO>KeHlile Ha pblHKe
3aeMHbiX cpeACTB (CCYAHoro Kamnana),
PeanbHble iii AeHe>KHble Teoplillil npOLleHTa
Tenepb HaM npeACTO"T Bbl"CH"Tb MeXaH"3M cnpoca "
npeAIlO>KeH"R Ha pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeACTB (CCYAHoro Kan"TaIla) " np"pOAY
TaKoro cpaKTOpHoro AOXOAa, KaK npO'1eHT. BHa4aIle Mbl "3IlO>K"M TaK Ha3bl-
BaeMYfO peanbHYIO meopulO npOL<eHma, pa3pa50TaHHYfO npeACTaB"TeIl"M"
H80KJl8CCIt1l.JeCKOVl WKOIlbl, a 3aTeM OCTaHOBHMCs:I Ha OeHeJKHOU meopuu npo-
L<eHma, B"AHe"W"M npeACTaB"TeIleM KOTOpO" RBIl"eTC" A>K. M. Ke"HC.
Bblwe OTM8l.J8IlOCb, 4TO cy6beKTaMH np8AIlO>K8H!.1H KanHTaIl8 HBIlHIOTCs:I
AOMaWHlr1e X03HL1CTS8. V1 TaM >K8 Mbl 3a MeTVlIl 101 , YTO 3TO He cIleAyeT nOHIr1-
M8Tb B TOM CMbICJl8, 4TO HaC8Il8H!.1e np8AIlar8eT 61r13Hecy CTaHKV1, MaWIr1HbJ,
050PYAOBaHM B cp"3"4eCKOM "X Bblpa>KeH"". AOMaWH"e X03""CTBa npeA-
Ilar810T 38eMHbl8 cpeACTsa, T. 8. AeH8>KHbJe CYMMbl, KOTOpbJe 6V13Hec L-1C-
274
Pbl HDK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
-
nonb3yeT AIlR np"05peTeH"" npO"3BOACTBeHHbIX CPOHAOB. Ha AaHHOM YPOB-
He SHaIl"3a s5CTpar"PyeMcR nOKa OT Taro cpaKTa, 4TO npeAIlO>KeH"e "HBeC-
T"'1"OHHbIX cpeACTB npO"CXOA"T np" nOMOll1" cp"HaHCOBbIX nOCpeAH"KOB
("HBeCT"'1"OHHbIX CPOHAOB, KOMMep4eCK"X 5aHKOB " T. n.).
Cnpoc HS pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeACTB, KaK Mbl Bbl"CH"Il" paHee, onpeAeIl"-
eTCR nOTpe5HOCTbfO 5"3HeCS B np"05peTeH"" cp"3"4ecKoro Kan"TaIla AnR OCY-
llIeCTBIleH"" "HBeCT"'1"OHHbIX npoeKTOB. Tenepb no OC" a5c'1"cc (CM. P"c.
12.4) Mbl OTKIlaAblBseM BeIl"4"HY 3aeMHbiX cpeAcTB, a Ha OC" OPA"HaT - AO-
XOA aT CAeIlaHHblX "HBeCT"'1"". Kp"Ba" cnpoca OK (Tenepb 3TOT >Ke C"MBOIl
0503Ha4aeT cnpoc He HS YCIlym cp"3"4ecKoro Kan"TaIla, a cnpoc HS 3aeMHbie
cpeACTBa) 5YAeT "MeTb OTp"'1aTeIlbHbl" HaKIlOH. 111 05b"CH"eTC" 3TO y5bl-
S81O elll npe,QeIlbHOL4 np0Ir13BOAV1TeIlbHOCTblO !.1HB8CT!.1l...\L-1V1 no Mepe TOro, KaK
YS8IlVll.JLilBa8TCH KOIlIt1l.JeCTBO np!.1BIl8K88MOro CCY,QHOro K8nV1T8Il8.
HopMa AOXO,Q8 OT L-1HBeCT\.1l!L-1111 p8CC4Li1TblB88TCfI KaK OTHoweHLil8 ,0.0-
XOAS OT "HBeCT"'1"" K 06beMY "HBeCT"pOBaHHbIX cpeACTB, Bblpa>KeHHOe
B npO'1eHTax. ECIl" "HBeCT"pOBaH"e 100 AOIlIl. np"HOC"T AOXOA
10 AOIlIl., TO HopMa AoxoAa OT "HBeCT"'1"" COCTaB"T:
10 AOIlIl./100 AOIlIl. x 100% = 10%.
Kp"Ba" npeAIlO>KeH"" 3aeMHbiX cpeACTB 6YAeT "MeTb nOIlO>K"TeIlbHbl"
HaKIlOH (P"c. 12.5).
3Ta Kp"Ba" OTpa>KaeT He 4TO "HOe, KaK npeAIlO>KeH"e c6epe>KeH"" AO-
MaWHLilX X03s:1V1CTB. III 3AeCb T8K >Ke, KaK "., B cnY4ae C pblHKOM YCIlyr Kan!.1T8-
na, np"4"HO" "MeHHO TaKO" ee KOHcp"rypa'1"" "BIl"fOTC" paCTYll1"e npe-
AeIlbHble H3Aep>KK" ynYll1eHHblX B03MO>KHOCTe". Pe4b "AeT 05 ynYll1eHHO"
B03MO>KHOCT" nOTpaT"Tb CBO" c6epe>KeH"" B HSCTO"l11eM nep"OAe BpeMe-
HH. Ha nOCIleAHeM 05CTO"TeIlbCTBe Mbl OCTaHOB"MCR nOAP05Hee, 4T05bl
05bRCH"Tb TaKYfO KaTerop"fO, KaK HopMa BpeMeHHyro npeAn04TeH"".
np" "CCIleAOBaH"" pblHKa CCYAHOro Kan"TaIla " KSTerOp"" npO'1eHTa
04eHb Ba>KHO ell1e pa3 nOA4epKHYTb pOIlb !jISKTOpS BpeMeHH. TaK, Kp"Ba"
SK cBV1,Q8TeIlbcTByeT 0 TOM, YTO AOMawHee X03f1I71CTBO OTK83blBaeTCH OT Te-
KYll1ero nOTpe5IleH"" CBO"X c6epe>KeH"", npeAIlaraR "X B CCYAY. 3Aecb Mbl
&PMa /1;OXO/1;a
Or ,
. npo eHTax
.
Ha OCIII a6cLlVIcc - 3aeMHbie
cpe,QCTBa, IIIIlIil IIIH6eCTIiILlVIVI B ,Qe-
He}l{HblX e,QVlHVlLlax. Ha OCVI Op,QVI-
HaT - HopMa ,Qoxo,Qa OT VlHseCTVI-
LlVlVI, B npOLjeHTax
o
3aeMHLIe cpe/1;cma
Puc. 12.4.
Cnpoc Ha pblHKe 3aeMHblX cpeocme (CCYOH020 Kanumana)
275
18'
Inasa 12
IIpep,eJU.Hhle
H3p;ep1KKJl
ynyn<e
B03MOlKHOCTeH
SK
Ha DCIII a6cl\lIIcc - Sefllll41t1Ha
c6epe)l{eHIIILII, IIIfllll SeJ1L.14111Ha 3aeMHbiX
Cpe,QCT8 8 ,QeHe)l{HbiX e,QIIIHIII4ax. Ha
DCIII Dp,QIIIHaT - npe,QeIlbHble 1113,qep}\{_
Kill ynYLLleHHblX 8D3MO)l{HOCTeLII, IIInL1
LjeHa OTKa3a OT TeKYLLlero nOTpe6ne_
Hills:! C6epe)l{eHIIILII, OHa 1113Meps:!eTC
HOpMOLli 8peMeHHyro npeAn04TeHItI , 8
npOL\eHTax
o
3aeMllLle cpep;CTBa
Puc. 12.5.
npeiJnOJKeHUe Ha pblHKe 3seMHblX cpeiJcma
CTaIlK B88MCH C np06IleMO , KOTOpylO B 3KOHOM\.1l.J8CKOVl T80pL-1!.1 H83blB81OT
Me>KBpeMeHHb/M BbI50pOM. BbIAeIleHHbl" TepM"H 03Ha4aeT ebl60p 3KOHO-
MU4eCKoeo cy6beKma eo epeMeHU. B AaHHOM CIlY4ae pe4b "AeT 0 Bbl50pe
Me>KAY TeKYll1"M " 5YAYll1"M nOTpe6IleH"eM AeHe>KHoro AoxoAa AOMaWHero
X03H CTB8. KaKOBbl MOTHBbl T8KOro Bb160pa B nOIlb3Y OTK838 OT T8KYLl.\ero
nOTpe5IleH""?
AOMawHee X03""CTBO paCC4"Tb1BaeT Ha nOTOK AOXOAOB B 6YAYll1eM.
npO'1eHT " "BIl"eTCR nIlaTO" 3a TO, 4TO BIlaAeIle'1 3aeMHbiX cpeACTB npeAO-
CT8BIlfl8T APyr M Cy6b8KT8M B03MO>KHOCTb cero,qH WHero, T8KYLl.\8ro C-
nOIlb30B8HL-1f1 Kan!.1T8Il8. Ho nOyeMY 38 T8KYlO B03MO>KHOCTb H8AO nIlaTIt1Tb?
3KOHOMVlY8CK8H T80pHfI !.1CnOIlb3Y8T AonYLl.\eHlt1e 0 TOM, '-ITO ceaOOHRW-
Hue 6naea IlI00U OL<eHUealOm Bblwe 6yaywux 6nae. OC05yfO "3BeCTHOCTb B
CBH3H C 3TL-1M HMelOT p860Tbi npeACT8BHT8IlH 8BCTplt1L11CKOVl WKOIlbl, Y>K8 3H8-
KOMOro HaM no rn. 5, E. 5eM-5aBepKa, BbIAB"HYBwero TeOp"fO npeAn04Te-
H"" 5Ilar HaCTO"ll1"X 5IlaraM 6YAYll1"M. Pe4b "AeT 05 oc06eHHOCT" 3KOHO-
M 48CKOro nOBeA8HI<1H Cy5b8KTOB pblH04HOro X03HLI1CTB8, nOIlY4HBweLl1 H8-
3BaH"e BpeMeHHYro npeAn04TeHH". BpeMeHHye npe,Qn04TeHHe - 3TO
CKIlOHHOCTb HA\.1B ,QOB nplt1 np04L-1X p8BHbiX YCIlOBL-1HX 0l.\8H BaTb T8KYli.\88
nOTpe5IleH"e "Il" AOXOA Bblwe, 4eM nOTpe5IleH"e "Il" AOXOA B 5YAYll1eM.
npeAnoIlaraeTc", 4TO npeAn04TeH"e 5Ilar HaCTO"ll1"X 6IlaraM 5YAYll1"M
npeACTaBIl"eT c060" CPYHAaMeHTaIlbHYfO 4epTY 4eIlOBe4eCKOro nOBeAeH""
B Il106blX X03HL4CTBeHHbiX C!.1CTeMaX, a H8 TOIlbKO pbIHOYHOVl. 3TO xopowo
B"AHO "3 PYCCKO" noroBopK": «nY4we C"H"'1S B PYKe, 4eM >KypaBIlb B
H86e». HemepneHue, }KeIl8H e L-1MeTb 6Il8ra CeLl14aC, a H8 nOTOM cBH3aHb! L-1
C TeM 06CTOfiTeIlbCTBOM, YTO Y8IlOBeK CMepT8H, L-1 A8>Ke, eCIlL-1 BCnOMHL-1Tb
3HaMeHHTblli1 pOM8H MIr1XaHIl8 6YIlraKOB8 «MaCTep H M8pr8pIr1Ta», BH83anHO
CMepT8H. OTKIlaAblB8H paCnOpfl>K8HL-1e 6Il8raML-1 «Ha nOTOM», Mbl pI<1CKY8M,
T8K K8K CpOK HaweVl }/{H3H\.1 Orp8HL-1Y8H, L-1 yeM ,Q8Ilbwe BO BpeM8HL-1 OTCTOIl1T
V1cnOIlb30B8Hlr1e P8CYPCOB Ir1IlH nOIlyyeHHe AOXO,QOB, T8M CIr1IlbHee H80npe-
AeIleHHOCTb H8cTynIl8HL-1H 3TOro MOMeHTa (T. e. pe8IlbHoro nOIlYY8HII1H 6y-
AYll1"X 6Ilar).
276
PblHOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
AIl" Taro, 4T05bl n05YA"Tb BIlaAeIlb'1a AeHe>KHoro Kan"TaIla OTKa3aTb-
GH aT cerO,QHHWHero paCnOpH)\{eHHH P8CYPC8ML-1, He06xo,QHMO B03H8rpaAHTb
era 38 TaKOCi OTKa3 (38 B03.Q8p>K8Hltle HIlH O)\{HA8HVle). T8 >Ke X03f1V1CTB8HHble
areHTbl, KOTopble nOIlY481OT B03MO>KHOCTb HcnOIlb30B8Tb cero,QHH 38eMHble
cpeACTBa, AOIl>KHbl 3anIlaT"Tb 3a 3TO BIlaAeIlb'1Y CCYAHOro Kan"TSIla. Apyr"-
MH CIlOBaM", npO'1eHT eCTb LleHS OTKS3S OT cerO,QH"WHero (TeKYll1ero)
nOTpe6IleHHH 5Ila
Y4eT cpaKTopa BpeMeH" np" onpeAeIleH"" KaTerop"" npO'1eHTa CB"3aH
C npeAn04TeH"eM TeKYll1erO nOTpe6IleH"" 5YAYll1eMY nOTpe6IleH"fO. 3TO no-
MoraeT nOH"Tb MHOr"e peaIl"" pbIH04HO" 3KOHOM"K". TaK, Hanp"Mep, 4eM
npOAOIl>K"TeIlbHee BpeMR Cp04HOro BKIlaAa, TeM Bblwe AOXOA Ha 3TOT BKIlaA
B BI<1,Q8 BbInIl84!.1B8SMOro npOl.\eHT8.
BpeM8HHY8 npe,QnOl.JT8Hlr1e MO>KHO Bblp831Hb L-1 B OTHOC!.1T8J1bHbIX BeIlH-
4"Hax. TeM caMblM Mbl onpeAeIl"M HOPMY BpeMeHHoro npe,Qn04TeHH".
MO>KHO 3TO CAeIlaTb, COnOCTaBIl"" HaTypaIlbHble BeIl"4"Hbl (KaK B np"Be-
AeHHOM paHee np"Mepe C KyponaTKaM"), MO>KHO " AeHe>KHble. ECIl" Bep-
H)'TbCH K nplllMepy C P06HH30HOM, TO Mbl AOIl>KHbl conOCT8B!.1Tb YHCTblLl1 ,0.0-
XOA (4"CTYfO npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCTb Kan"TaIla), T. e. 180 KyponaToK, " >KepT-
Bbl P06"H30HS B B"Ae OTKa3a OT TeKYl11ero nOTpe5IleH"", 1. e. 120 Kypona-
TOK: 180/120 x 100% = 150%.
ConocTaBIl"" 6YAYll1"" AOXOA " ceroAH"wHee B03Aep>KSH"e OT TeKYll1e-
ro nOTpe5IleH"" B AeHe>KHbIX eA"H"'1aX, npeACTSB"M HOPMY BpeMeHHyro
npeAn04TeH"" cIleAYfOll1"M 05pa30M. TaK, eCIl" "HA"B"A OTKa3bIBaeTC" OT
1 AOIlIl. nOTpe5IleH"" cerOAHH, paAH nOIlY4eH"" 1,1 AOIlIl. 3aBTpa, TO HOp-
Ma BpeMeHHyro np8An04TeH"" COCTaB"T: 1,1 AOIlIl. - 1 AOIlIl.l1AOIlIl. x 100%
= 10%. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", Mbl AeIl"M O>K"ASeMbl" B 5YAYll1eM AOXOA Ha TY
cyMMY A8H8r, OT P8CXOAOB8HL-1H KOTOpOLl1 B HaCTOfl ee BpeMfi OTK83blBa8TCfI
HA"B"A.
Bp8M8HHye npeAnOYTeHH8 1 MO>KeT 6bJTb nOIlO>KL-1T8J1bHbIM, HYIl8BbJM L-1
OTp"'1aTeIlbHbIM. l.\eHa OTKa3a OT ceroAH"wHero nOTpe5IleH"" c5epe>KeH"",
o KOTOpOVl WIla pSYb BbIW8, MO>K8T 6blTb L-13-
MepeHa HOpMO" BpeMeHHyro npeAn04Te-
H"". II1HA"B"A "MeeT nonOiKumenbHYIO HOp-
MY BpeMeHHyeo npeon04meHUH, eCIl" eMY B
5YAYll1eM Tpe6yeTc" 60Ilee 1 AOIlIl. AIl"
KOMneHC8l!HH OTK83a OT B03MO>KHOCTV1 no-
TpaT"Tb 1 AOIlIl. B TeKYll1eM nep"oAe. B
np"BeAeHHoM Bblwe np"Mepe cp"rYP"pOBa-
Jla HMeHHO nOIlO)\{L-1T8IlbH8H HopMa Bpe-
MeHHoro npeAn04TeH"", paBHa" 10%.
II1HA"B"A "MeeT ompU'1amenbHYIO HOp-
My epeMeHHyeo npeon04meHUR, KorAa OH
OTKa3bIBaeTC" aT TpaTbl 1 AOIlIl. B TeKYll1eM
V1HTepeCHO, '..no BbICOKL1e
npOL\8HTHble CTaBKIt1 B COBpeMeH-
HO pOCCIt1 CKO 3KOHOMIt1Ke MHO-
rlt18 It1CCneAOBaTenlt1 06bflCHS'lIOT Bbl-
COKOVI HOpMOLli BpeMeHHyra npeA-
n04TeHL1s:! HaCeneHIt1f1. Cpe,QL1 nplt1-
41t1H 3Tora flBIleHL1f1 MO>KHO Ha3BaTb
HeYBepeHHOCTb B CBoeM 6Y,Qyw,eM,
Heonpe,QeneHHOCTb 3KOHOML14eCKIt1X
nepcneKTVlB, OTCYTCTBVle CTIt1MY-
nOB K ,Qonrocp04HblM 3KOHOMVl4ec-
KIt1M npoeKTaM (.1 T. n.
277
inasa 12
nep"OA8, Aa>Ke eCIlH B 5YAYll1eM OH nOIlY4"T MeHee 1 AOIlIl. Hanp"Mep,
0,9 AOIlIl. - 1 AOIlIl.l1 AOIlIl. = -0,1 AOIlIl.l1 AOIlIl. x 100% = -10%. nocne-
AHH" cIlY4a" BpoAe 6bl npOT"BOpe4"T 3ApaBoMY CMbICIlY. Ho Mbl MO>KeM
npeACTaB"Tb" TSKYfO C"Tya'1"fO, KarAS cpepMep, pacnOIlarafOll1"" 3anaca-
M" OBOll1e" " CPPYKTOB, nOABep>K8HHbIX P"CKY nOp4", "MeeT, CKopee Bcero
OTp"'1aTeIlbHYfO HOPMY BpeMeHHYro npeAn04TeH"" HaKaHYH8 c50pa HOBor
60raTOro ypO>Ka": OH '1eH"T Bblwe 5Ilara 5YAYll1"e, He>KeIl" HSCTO"ll1"e.
111, HaKOHe'1, "HA"B"A "MeeT HYIleBYfO HOPMY BpeM8HHYro npeAn04T8-
HVlH, KorA8 OH OTKa3blB8eTCfI OT B03MO>KHOCTVI nOTp8THTb 1 ,QOJ1Il. B T8KYLl.\eM
nep"OAe paA" nOIlY4eH"" 1 AOIlIl. B 6YAYll1eM. HSnp"Mep, 1 AOIln. -
1 AOIlIl.l1 AOIlIl. = 0 AOIlIl.l1 AOIlIl. x 100% = 0%. TaK"M IlfOA"M 6e3pa3n"4_
HO - nOTpe5IlRTb Il" B HaCTO"ll1eM "Il" 6YAYll1eM n8p"OAe.
AHaIl"3 BpeMeHHyro npeAn04TeH"R nOMoraeT HaM nOHRTb He TOIlbKO
np"pOAY TSKO" KaTerOp"", KaK npO'1eHT, HO " OTBeT"Tb HS Bonpoc: n04eMY
npOL<eHmHble cmaeKU, no KomopblM Kpeoumopbl npeonaealOm 3aeMI1.{UKaM
csou c6epe>KeHUfl, nonO>KUmenbHbl? Ten8pb Mbl MO>K8M Ha H8ro OTB8TVlTb:
nOTOMY, l.JTO HopMa Bp8MeHHYro npeAnOl.JT8HVlH n0I10>KL-1T8IlbHa.
VlT8K, OyeBIr1AHO, 4TO n06Y VlTb AOMaWHee X03HII1CTBO OTK838TbCH OT Bce
60IlbW8" CYMMbl ceroAH"WHerO nOTpe5IleH"R CBO"X C5ep8>K8H"" MO>KHO,
TOI1bKO nOBblW8H B03H8rpa>K.Q8H!.18, ItIIlL-1 l!8HY 3TOro OTK83a.
AHaIl"3 Me>KBpeMeHHYro Bbl60pa MO>KHO npOBeCT" " C nOMOll1bfO rpacpH-
Ka, OTpa>KafOll1erO KPHBYIO 5e3pS3IlH4HR AOMaWHero x03"iicTBa, pacnpe-
AeIl"fOll1ero CBoe nOTpe5IleH"8 A8He>KHbIX cpeACTB Me>KAY HaCTO"l11"M " 6y-
AYll1"M BpeM8HeM (CM. P"c. 12.6). II1cnoIlb30BaH"e npeAeIlbHblx BeIl"4"H
n03BOIl"eT HaM rOBOp"Tb 0 npeAeIlbHO" HopMe BpeMeHHoro npeAn04Te-
HHR, MRTP (marginal rste of time preference). MRTP - 3TO OTHOWeH"e
AOnOIlH"TeIlbHoro nOTpe5IleH"" B 5YAYll1eM (5YAYll1ero AOnOIlH"TeIlbHOro
AoxoAa) K AOnOIlH"T8IlbHO" AeHe>KHO" eA"H"'1e TeKYll1erO nOTpe5IleH"", aT
KOTOpOVI cy6beKT OTK83bIB8eTCH. ECIlH ceroAHflwH88 nOTpe6IleHIt18 0603Ha-
4"Tb 5YKBO" G" a 5YAYll1ee - G 2 , TO MRTP MO>KHO npeACTaB"Tb KSK
G2/ G,.
P8Yb HA8T 0 pa3IlV14Hb1X KOM6L-1H8l\Ir1HX P8CXOAOBaHL-1f1 AeHe>KHbIX
cpeACTB (TeKYll1erO AOXOAa): eCIl" c68peraeTC" 4aCTb T8KYll1ero AoxoAa, TO
B03MO>KHO YBeIlH4eH"e nOTpe5IleH"" B 5YAYll1eM nep"OA8. Ha KP"BO" 583-
pa3Il!.14!.1f1 U Ka>K.Qafl TOl.JK8 nOK83blB88T B03MO>KHbI8 COY8TaHV1H M8>K.Qy C8-
roAH"WH"M, TeKYll1"M nOTp86Il8H"8M (C,) " 6YAYll1"M nOTpe5IleH"eM (G 2 ).
Kp"Bble 5e3pa3Il"4"" C KPYTblM HaKIlOHOM 6YAYT Y cy5beKTOB C BbICO-
KL-1M 3H8yeHL-1eM nOIlO>KL-1T8IlbHOro speMeHHoro npe,QnOYTeHHfI. 3TL-1 I1IOAVI
C"IlbHee, 4eM APyr"e, npeAn04"TafOT 6Ilara HaCTO"l11"e 6IlaraM 6YAYll1"M.
HaKIlOH KpHBOii 5e3pa3IlH4H" B Il1050ii T04Ke onpeAeIlReTCR npeAeIlb-
HOH HOpMOH. speMeHHyro npe.QnOl.JTeHHH, YMHO>KeHHOH. Ha -1, 1. e.
- G2/ C,. Ae"CTB"T8IlbHO, HaKIlOH KP"BO" 583pa3Il"4"" OTp"'1aTeIl8H. Ha
P"c. 12.6 MO>KHO B"AeTb, 4TO np" OTKa3e aT TeKYl11ero nOTp85IleH"" " c58-
278
P bl HOK Kanumana u np01.4eHm
c,
u
E
.c,{
C j C 2 03HayalOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO
nOTpe6JleH e ,QeHe)f(HbIX cpe,QcTB B
HaCTOS'ILLI,eM 6Y,QYll.\8M n8p O,Qe,
,QOJlJl.
o
-
.c,
c,
Puc. 12.6.
KpueaR 6e3pa3nuiluR oOMawHeao x03Rucrnea:
nompe6neHue 6naa e HacmORU4eM
u 6yoYUj:eM nepuodax epeMeHu
pe>KeH"" (paCCTO"H"e OT T04K" A AO T04K" B) AOMswHee X03""CTBO nOIlY-
4HT 5yIlbWYfO BeIl"4"HY B 5YAYll1eM nep"OAe, T. e. npO"30"AeT YBeIl"4eH"e
5YAYll1ero nOTpe5Il8H"R (paCCTO"H"e aT T04K" BAa G). OTHoweHHe oTpe3-
KOB GBIAB nOKS3blBaeT npeAeIlbHYfO HOPMY BpeM8HHYro npeAn04TeHH",
PSBHYfO 1,2/1. OHO 5YAeT e1l18 Bblwe, eCIl" Mbl CpaBH"M OTpe3K" ED " DG
Ha 50Ilee KPYTOM Y4acTK8 KP"BO" 5e3pa3Il"4"": 2/1.
Tenepb MO>KHO Ha OAHOM rpacp"Ke COBMeCT"Tb Kp"Bble cnpoca " npeA-
IlO>KeHH" Ha pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeAcTB.
np8AcTaBIleHHbl" Ha P"c. 12.7 rpacp"K n03BOIl"eT HaM nOH"Tb KaTere-
pHfO npOl.\eHTa KaK cBoeo5pS3HYIO '1eHY paBHOBeCH": B T04Ke nepece4e-
HHR KpHBblX D K " SK YCTaHaBIl"BaeTC" paBHOBeC"e Ha pblHKe CCYAHoro Ka-
nHTaIla ("HBeCT"'1HOHHbIX cpeACTB), D K = SK' B T04K8 E npO"CXOA"T COBna-
AeHHe HOpMbl AoxOAa CCYAHOro KanHTaIla (HOpMbl AOXOAa OT "HBeCT"'1"") "
HOpMbl BpeMeHHyro npeAn04TeH"R
CTSBKOii (HOpMOii) npOl.\eHTS Ha3bIBa8TC" OTHOWeH"e AOXOAa, nOIlY-
'"IeHHoro OT np8,QOCT8BIleHHH B CCYAY Kan1t1T8Ila, K B8IlHYVlH8 CCY>K8eMoro K8-
nHTaIla, Bblpa>KeHHOe B npO'1eHTSX. Hanp"Mep, BeIl"4"Ha CCYAbl COCTaBIl"eT
1000 AOIlIl., nOIlY4eHHbl" rOAoBo" AOXOA - 100 AOIlIl., TorAa HopMa npO'1eHTa
COcraB"T 100 AOIlIl.l1000 AOIlIl. x 100% = 10%. Ha npaKT"Ke, roBOP" 0 npo-
4eHTe, nOApa3YMeBafOT "MeHHO HOPMY, "Il" cTaBKY npO'1eHTa. PaBHoBecHa"
CTSBKa npO'1eHTa, Hanp"Mep, 10% 03Ha4aeT, 4TO Ha 3TOM ypoBHe COBnaAa-
lOT HOpMa AoxoAa aT "HBeCT"'1"", paBHs" 1 0%, " HopMa BpeMeHHoro npeA-
n04TeH"R, paBHa" 10%.
Tenepb He06xOA"MO npOBeCT" pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY pesIlbHblMH H AeHeJK-
HblMH TeopHRMH npOl.\eHTa. Bce npeAblAYll1ee "3IlO>KeH"e 5blIlO OCHOBa-
279
C .
npou;eHTa (r)
In as a 12
r,
o
D K SK
Puc. 12.7.
npou,eHm KBK paSHoeeCHBR LCeHB
HB pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeocme
3aeMHLle cpe]1:CTBa
HO H8 06bflCH8HVlV1 K8TerOpL-1H npOl.J.8HT8 B PYCIl8 KOHl..\enl!\.1H H80Kn8CCW-Iec-
KOVI WKOIlbl, T. e. Mbl p8ccMaTpV1B8IlH p88JlbHYlO T80pHIO npou,8HT8.
T8K l.JeM >Ke, cor.naCHO peaIlbHoVl T80pHH npo eHT8, onp8,q8IlHeTCH 3T8
CB0806pa3H8H l!8Ha p8BHOB8CIIIH H8 pblHK8 Kamn8Il8? Y6bISalOLl.\8L4 npe-
AeIlbHO" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCTbfO (npeAeIlbHoii AOXOAHOCTbfO) Kan"TSIla "n"
B03paCT81O VlMVI npeA8IlbHblMH L-13,Qep>KK8MI.1 ynYLl.\eHHbiX B03MO>KHOcTei1
(BpeM8HHbIMH npeAnOl.JTeHL-1f1M!.1, CBH38HHbJMH C HeTepn8HL-18M H O>KL-1A8HL-1H-
MV1)? OTBeT H8 3TOT Bonpoc He nOK8>K8TCH CIlO>KHbIM, eCIlVl no 8H8IlOr\.11t1
BCnOMHL-1Tb, 4TO u,8Ha H8 pblHKe TOB8pOB onpeAeIlH8TcfI oAHOBpeM8HHO VI 38-
KOHOM8PHOCT"M" cnpoca (y5bIBafOll1e" npeA8IlbHO" nOIl83HOCTbfO), " 3a'o-
HOMepHOCT"M" npeAIlO>KeHH" (paCTYll1"M" npeAeIlbHblM" "3Aep>KKaM"
npO"3BOACTBa TOBapOB). AOXOA4"BO nO"CH"eT CYll1HOCTb KaTerop"" npo-
U,8HT8 B TpaKTOBK8 H80KIl8CCIIIY8CKOC! WKOIlbl n. CaMY3IlbCOH B OAHOM L-13
CT8pblX H3A8HVlaII CB08ro 3H8M8HV1TOro Y4e6HV1Ka: «.o.IlH TOro, YT06bJ pe-
3aTb, HY>KHbl 06a n83B\r1f1 HO>KHHl.,,\: Bbl H8 MO>K8Te CK838Tb, YTO cpaKTL-1yeC-
K" pe>KeT OAHO Ile3B"e, a He APyroe; T04HO TaK >Ke " 05a HaW"X cpaKTopa,
H8TepneH\.18 !.1 np0\.13BOAHTeIlbHocTb, B38L-1MOA8I11CTBYIOLl.\L-1e Me>KAY co60L4,
onpeA8Il"fOT CTPYKTYPY " AB">K8H"8 npo-
u,eHTHbIX CT8BOK».1
3KOHOM"CTbl, paCCMaTp"BafOl11"e pe-
8IlbHYlO T80pHIO npOl!eHTa, T8K Ir1n\.1 L-1Ha4e
nOA4epK"BafOT, 4TO npO'1eHT cYll1eCTByeT BO
Bcex X03HL4CTBeHHbix CIIICT8M8X - K8nHTaIlH-
cTVl4ecKoVl, KOMMYHHCTIIIY8CKOH V1 ,q8>Ke B
X03""cTBe P06"H30Ha. n04eMY? nOTOMY,
YTO BO BC8X 3T!.1X CL-1CT8M8X, Bo-n8pBblx, cy-
ll1eCTByeT 50Ilbwa" npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOcTb
OKOIlbHbIX, It1IlIr1 KOCS8HHbiX MeToAoB npoH3-
280
1 CaMyanbcoH n., 3KOHOMVtKa,
M, 1964. C. 646. B nocne,qH8M, 15
1.13A8HIo1l.1 Y4e6HIIIK8, nepes8,QeHHoM
Ha PYCCKVlI1 3bIK, n. CaMY3JlbCOH iii
B. Hopp,xayc CCbIIl8IOTC5I H8 111. <P1t1-
wepa, npIt1S8,Q5I era l.\r.1TaTY 0 8381-'1-
Mo,qeC1cTBIiU1 H8repneHIt151 Ii1 np0ll13-
BO,qIo1TeI1bHOCTVI Kamn8n8 npll1 onpe-
A8n8HIo1V1 npOl.\eHT8. CM. CaMY3J1b-
COH n., HOPAXayc B. 3KOHOMIt1KR
15 Vl3,q8Hli1e. M., 1997. C. 293.
P blHOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
BOAcTBa (Kan"TaIl 06IlaAaeT npO"3BOAHTeIlbHOCTbfO), ", BO-BTOPbIX, BO Bcex
051l18CTBax CYll1eCTByeT npeAn04T8H"e 6Ilar HaCTO"ll1"X 5IlaraM 6YAYll1"M.'
05paT"MC" K "HO" KOH'18n'1"", Ha3b1BaeMO" AeHeJKHOii TeopHeii npo-
LleHTS. Hs"50nee B"AHbIM 88 npeACTaB"TeIleM "BIl"eTC" A>K. M. Ke"HC. B
CBoeM 3HaMeH"TOM TPYAe «051l1a" TeOp"" 3aHRTOCT", npO'1eHTa " A8Her»
(1936) Ke"HC npeAIlaraeT CIleAYfOll1ee onp8AeIleHHe: «HOpMS npO'1eHT
eCTb B03Harp8>K,[\8H!.1e 38 IlL-1W8HL-1e AeHer !.1 IlHKBHAHOCT\.1 H8 OnpeAeIleHHblV1
nepHOA... 3TO «l!eH8», KOTOpaH ypaBHoBeWHB88T H8CTOIIIY!.1BOe >K8Il8HL-1e
YA8p>K"BaTb 50rSTCTBO B cpOpMe HaIl"4HbIX AeH8r C HaXOA"ll1"MC" B 05pa-
eHHH KOIlHyeCTBOM AeHer».2
II1TSK, CorIlaCHO Ke"HCY, npOLleHT eCTb nIlSTS 3S pSCCTSBSHHe C
Il KBHAHOCTb . ECIl" CTOPOHH"K" peSIlbHO" TeOp"" npO'1eHTa B"A"T
ero CYTb B peaIlbHblX cpaKTopax (npO"3BOA"TeIlbHOCT" " H8Tepn8H""), TO
CTOPOHH"K" AeHe>KHbIX TeOp"" CBOA"T np"pOAY npO'1eHTa K 4"CTO AeH8>K-
HOMY "BIleH"fO.
TaK KTO >K8 npaB? CTOPOHHHK" p8aIlbHO" "Il" AeHe>KHO" TeOp"" npo-
L\eHTa? .o.IlH OTB8T8 Ha 3TOT Bonpoc 06p8TIt1MCH K KOMMeHTapL-1s:1M H3BeCTHo-
fP "CCIleAOBaTeIl" "CTOP"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" MblCn" MapKa 5Ilayra. OH 05-
pall1a8T BHHMaH"e Ha TO, 4TO npO'1eHTHa" CTaBKa pa50TaeT OAHOBpeM"eHHO
Ha «Tpex CPPOHT8X»: Bo-n8pBbIX, B 06Il8CH1 nOTp86!.1TeIlbCKHX peWeH\.1!.1; BO-
BTOpbIX, B 05IlaCT" "HB8CT"'1"OHHbIX peWeH""; B-TP8Tb"X, B 05IlSCT" pewe-
HH", onpeAeIl"fOll1"X CTPYKTYPY nopTcpeIl" cp"HaHCOBbIX aKT"BOB. II1HbIM"
cnoBaM , CT8BK8 npOL,,\eHTa - :no U H8rp8,Qa 38 0>K1II,Q8Hllle, U nOKa38TeIlb YL-1-
CTaro AOXOA8 H8 KanL-1T8Il, U KOMneHC8l!J.1H 38 OTK83 OT Il!.1KBIilAHOCTH.
KaKa" >Ke "3 ABYX T80P"" aKTyaIlbHee B HaCTO"ll1ee BpeM"? MO>KHO CKa-
aaTb, YTO nOA BIlHHHIII8M Kp8AL-1THO-AeHe>KHOVl nOIlL-1TIIIKH npaBL-1T8IlbCTBa (CM.
rIl. 20), B03Ae"cTBYfOll1e", B 4Hcne np04"X nspaMeTpoB, " Ha BeIl"4HHY
cTaBK" npO'1eHTa, "HTepeC K peaIlbHblM TeOp""M HeCKOIlbKO ynaIl. 3TO B"A-
He) " no Y4e5H"KaM 3anaAHbiX 3KOHOM"CTOB: "3IlO>KeH"e TeOP"" npO'1eHTa
SCTO OrpaH"4"BaeTC" Il"50 "3IlO>KeH"eM TeOp"H npeAn04TeH"" Il"KB"AHO-
CTH, Il"50 TeOp"e" CCYAHblX CPOHAOB, B KO-
TOpblX HOpMS npO'1eHTa onpeAeIlHeTC" co-
OTHOW8H!.18M cnpoc8 H np8AIlO eHV1s:1 H8
pblHK8 38eMHbiX Cp8,QCTB. T8K B8>KH8 IlIII BO-
o51l1e peaIlbHS" TeOp"" npO'1eHTa ceroA-
HfI? Vl3S8CTHbllll 8M8pL-1K8HCKHVI 3KOHOMIIICT
A. naTIIIHKHH T8K OTBeTIIIIl H8 3TOT Bonpoc:
peaIlbHa" TeOp"" np0'18HTa onpeA8Il"eT
HOPMY npO'1eHTa np"MeH"TeIlbHO K PblHKY
TOBapoB, a AeHe>KHa" TeOp"" onp8AeIl"8T
ee Il"50 AIl" pblHKa '1eHHblX 6YMsr, Il"50
AIl" KpeA"THoro pblHKa (pblHKa 3aeMHbiX
cpeAcTB).3
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4eCKIo1M.,.». XeC1He n. 3KOHOMIo1-
4eCKIo1C1 06P83 MbIWJ1eHIo1S1. M.,
1991. C. 316.
2 AHT0J10rlo1s:1 3KOHOMIo14eCK0C1
KJ18CCIo1KIo1. 1. 2. KeC1Hc A)/{.M. 06-
Ll.\8S1 Teoplo1S1 38Hs:lTOCTIo1, npOLleHT8
"AeHer. M.,1993. C. 265-266.
3 5J18yr M. 3KOHOMIo14eCK8s:1
MbJCJ1b B peTpocneKTIo1Be. M., 1994.
C.499.
281
Inasa 12
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Ha pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeAcTB (CCYAHOro Kan"TaIla) MOryT CMell1aTbC" nOA BIl"-
"H"eM caMblX pa3Il"4Hb1X cpaKTOpoB. 05paT"MCR BHa4aIle K cpaKTOpaM "3Me-
HeH"" cnpoca Ha CCYAHbl" Kan"TaIl, OTpa>KaeMOrO KP"BO" Ok (CM. P"c. 12.8).
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cnpoca HS 3aeMHbie cpeACTBa Ko' Hanp"Mep, cp"pMa, npO"3BOA"ll1a" TOBa-
pbl B pe8IlbHOM ceKTope 3KOHOMV1K!.1 L-1 0>KII1A81OLl.\8H onpe,QeIl8HHoro nOBbl-
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YMepeHHo" "HCPIl"'1"" (He 60Ilee 10% B roA), 6YAeT npeAb"BIl"Tb cnpoc Ha
3aeMHbie cpeAcTBa B HaAe>KAe paCW"p"Tb CBoe npO"3BOAGrBO. OAHaKO, B
ycnOB""X 04eHb BbICOKO" "HCPIl"'1"", ,aK 3TO 6blIlO B POCC"" B 1992-1995 rr.,
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285
Inasa 12
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B03H8rpa>KA8HV1H, npj,1l.J8M OHO AOIl>KHO 6blTb peanbHb/M, C TOYK!.1 3peHV1f1
nOKynaTeIlbHol71 cnoco6HOCTIt1 AeH8r
«Hyneeou unu ompUL(amenbHb/U OeHeJKHb/U npOL(eHm, - OTM84aeT M. 5Ila-
yr, - n04mu Hee03MOJKHO coxpaHRmb e me4eHue CKonbKO-Hu6YOb onumenbHO-
ao epeMeHU, ecnu oeHbau maK unu UHaye He 6yoym 06ecu,eHuBambcR... Peanb-
HaR HopMa npOL(eHma meopemu4ecKu MOJKem 661mb U HyneBou, HO ompUL(a-
menbHOU OHa He MO>Kem 6blmb HUKoaoa. nompe6neHue mOBapos MO)/{HO omo-
oeuaamb Ha 6YOYLLfee, HO omOOBuaamb eao B npownoe Henb3R... Ecnu 6bl pe.
anbHaR HopMa npou,eHma 6blna ompuu,amenbHOU, moou cmpeMunUCb 6b/ npe.
spaLLfamb 6yoYLLfue 6naaa B ceaOOHRWHue, a 3mo B03MOJKHO nUWb B mou Mepe,
B KaKOU MO>KHO COKpamumb HaKonneHHb/U 3anac m08apOB. TaKuM 06pa30M,
ompUL(amenbHblU peanbHblU npOL(eHm HeU36eJKHO nopooun 6bl HeoapaHU4eH-
HblU meKYLLfUU cnpoc Ha CKoponopmRLLfueCfI mOBapbl, U B pe3ynbmame peanb-
HblU npOL(eHm 8H08b BepHyncR 6bl K Hyn/O».1
TaK"M 06pa30M, caMO pa3Il"4"e Me>KAY
HOML-1H8IlbHbIMH L-1 p88IlbHb1M!.1 nep8M8HHbl-
M" nopO>KAeHO "HCPIl"'1"OHHbIM" "Il" Aecp-
nfll...\L-10HHbIML-1 npOl!eCC8ML-1 B 3KOHOMV1K8.
Ao C"X nop, roBOP" a CTaBKe npO'1eH-
286
1 5nayr M. 3KOHOM\IILleCKafi
Mblcnb 8 peTpOCneKTlt18e. M., 1994.
C. 497.
P blHOK Kanumana u npou,eHm
-
T8, Mbl roBOP"Il" 0 HeKO" eA"HO" CTaBKe. Ha caMOM AeIle CYll1eCTByeT
MHOJKeCTBO pa3Il"4Hb1X CTaBOK npO'1eHTa Ha pblHKe 3aeMHbiX CP8ACTB,
H8 pblHKe '1eHHblX 5YMar, Ha pblHK8 HeAB">K"MOCT" " T. A. Aa " Ka>K-
Abl" "3 Hac no CBoeMY onblTY 3Ha8T, 4TO CTaBK" npO'1eHTa B KOMMep48C-
K"X 58HKax MorYT OTIl"4aTbC". np"4"H 3AeCb HeCKOIlbKO, HO OAHS "3
C8MbiX Ba>KHbIX - 3TO CTeneHb pHCK8 Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeH"".
CSM P"CK B pblH04HOM X03""CTBe CBR3aH C HeonpeAeIl8HHOCTbfO KaK
MM8HeHTHO" 4epTO" pblH04HOro npO'1eCca (CM. rn. 8, 3 1). Bbl p"CKyeTe,
npeAocTaBIl"" CCYAY MaIlO"3BeCTHo" cp"pMe "Il" oTAeIlbHoMY Il"'1Y, 4be
<I>"HaHCOBoe nOIlO>KeH"e He AOCKOHaIlbHO "3B8CTHO. Bbl p"CKyeTe B np"H-
'1Hn8, OTKIlaAblBaR B03MO>KHOCTb ceroAH"wHero pacnOp">KeH"" AeHe>KHbIM"
peCYPC8M" (BeAb B 6YAYll1eM MOryT "3MeH"TbC" " nOIl"T"4eCK"" KIl"MaT B
crpaHe, iii H8IloroBoe 38KOHOA8T8IlbCTBO VI, BOo6Ll.\8, K8K Y>Ke nOAl.JepKV1Ba-
IlOCb, 4eIlOB8K He Be4eH). n03TOMY, 4eM Bblwe P"CK np" npeAOCTaBIleH""
CCYAbl, TeM BblW8 AOIl>KHa 5blTb CTaBKa npO'1eHTa.
3TO CT8HeT HCHee nOCIle 8HaIlL-13a, B 48CTHOCTH, pblHK8 48HHbiX 6YMar
(CM. rn. 21), rAe HaA8>KHOCTb " AOXOAHOCTb '18HHbiX 6YMar BcerAa HaxoA"T-
CR B 05paTHO nponOp'1"OHaIlbHo" 3aB"C"MOCT". B CB"3" C 3T"M CTaBK"
np0'18HT8 no P"CKOBbIM " 5e3p"CKOBbIM aKT"BaM 5YAYT pa3Il"4HbIM".
5e3pHCKOBbie 8KTHBbi - 3TO 8Kn1Bbl, 068Cnel.Jj,1B81O V18 A8He>KHbI8 no-
cTynIleH"" B 3apaHee 06YCIlOBIleHHoM pa3Mepe. Hanp"M8p, B CWA - 3TO
K83H84eC1cKL-18 BeKceIlH. Bo06Ll.\8, BO MHorVlX CTp8H8X C p83B\.1T0Il1 pblH04H0l71
3KOHOMY1K0L4 rocYAapcTBeHHble 4eHHbl8 6YMarY1 B Halr16ollbW8V1 CT8neHV1 co-
oTseTcTBYIOT nOHflT!.11O 683pV1CKOBOro 8KT!.1B8, HO 14 AOXOA no HVIM KOIl86Il8T-
CR B npeAeIlax 4-8% rOAOBbIX.
PMcKoBbie 8KTHBbi - 3TO aKTL-1Bbl, g8H8>KHb18 nocTynIleHHH OT KOTOpblX
seCbM8 HeOnp8A8Jl8HHbi V1 48CTO 3aBVlCHT OT CIlY48.A. THnV1YHbIVi npHMep H3 He-
A8sHeC1 pocCV1C1cKOL4 3KOHOMH48CKOVI HCTOpL-1L-1 - acpep8 C 06H3aT8IlbCTB8M!.1
npecnoByro" CP"PMbl «MMM», no KOTOpblM 0581l1aIlaCb cpaHTaCT"4eCKa" AO-
XOAHOCTb.
CIl8AYfOll1a" np"4"Ha pa3Il"4H" B CTaBKax npO'1eHTa - 3TO CpOK, H8
IIOTOPblM BbIASIOTC" CCYAbl. np" np04"X paBHblX YCIlOBH"X, KpaTKO-
Cp04Hbie CCYAbl np8AocTaBIl"fOTc" nOA 50Il88 H"3K"" npO'1eHT, He>K8Il"
AOIlrocp04Hble.
B8JKHbIM cpaKTopoM pa3Il"4"" B CTaBKax npO'1eHTa "BIl"eTC" " CTeneHb
MOHononH3sLI..H pblHK8 3seMHblX cpeAcTB. HaM Y>Ke "3BeCTHO, 4TO MO-
HonOIlHCT 05IlaAaeT onpeAeIleHHO" BIlaCTbfO HaA pbIH04HO" '1eHO". B AaH-
HaM CIlY4ae TaKa" CB0805pa3HO" '1eHO" RBIl"eTC" CTaBKa npO'1eHTa. 111 4eM
Bblwe CT8neHb MOHonOIlH384L-1H H8 pblHKe CCYAHblX KanVlT8IlOB, T8M, npY1
np04"X paBHblX YCIlOB""X, 5YA8T Bblwe CTaBKa npO'1eHTa.
.o.f1H Yero H806xOAHMO 3H8HIt18 pa3IlHYHbiX CT8BOK npOl!8HT8 3KOHOMV1-
4eCKOMY cy5b8KTY, np"H"Maf01l18MY peWeH"e Ha pblHKe KSn"TaIla? AIl"
Toro, YTo6bl npH ocy ecTBIl8HHH L-1HB8CTH4!.10HHbIX np08KTOB C HL-13Km1 CTe-
287
Inaea 12
n8HbIO pHCK8 Cp8SHL-1B8Tb O)l{HA8eMbie ,QOXOAbl co CT8SK0li1 npOl!8HT8 no
683pL-1CKOBbIM aKTL-1B8M. B CBOIO Oyep8Ab, OCYLl.\8CTBIl8HL.18 BblCOKOpHCKOBblX
"HBeCT"'1"OHHbIX npoeKTOB Tpe6yeT cpaBHeH"" O>K"AaeMbIX AOXOAOB C npo-
l...\8HTH0Il1 CT8BKOVI no COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.\HM aKTL-1BaM co 3H84L.1T8IlbH0Il1 CTene-
HbfO p"CKa. KOHKpeTHbl" MeXaH"3M TaK"X cpaBHeH"" " 6YAeT paCCMOTpeH B
CIleAYfOll1eM naparpacpe.
6.
,Q"'CKOHT"'pOBaH",e '" np"'HJlT",e
"'HBeCT"'LI"'OHHbIX peweH",jij
II1TaK, KaK Mbl OTMeT"Il" B npeAblAYll1eM nsparpacpe, pb1H04-
Ha" CTaBKa npO'1eHTa "rpaeT Ba>KHYfO pOIlb np" np"H"T"" "HBeCT"'1"OHHbIX
peWeH"". npeAnp"H"MSTeIlb BcerAS CpaBH"BSeT O>K"AaeMbl" ypOBeHb AO-
XOAS Ha Kan"TaIl (B npO'1eHTHOM Bblpa>KeH"") C TeKYll1e" pbIH04HO" CTSB-
KO" npO'1eHTa no CCYAaM. CaM" no ce5e "HBeCT"'1"" HeIlb3R C4"TSTb Bbl-
COKO- HIlH HH3KOAOXOAHbIML.1, eCIl\.1 He npHHL-1M8Tb BO BHHM8HIt1e CT8BKY npo-
'1eHTa. Hanp"Mep, HaMepeBa"Cb BIlO>K"Tb B KaKOe-Il"50 AeIlO 1 MIlH. Aonn.
" nOIlY4"Tb 4epe3 roA AOXOA Ha 3m "HBeCm'1"" B pa3Mepe 200 TbIC. Aonn.,
Bbl MO>KeTe C4eCTb 3TOT npoeKT 3cpcpeKmBHblM, BeAb 5YAYT B03Bpall1eHbi He
TOIlbKO BIlO>KeHHble cpeACTBa, HO " nOIlY4eH AOXOA, T. e. ypOBeHb AOXOAHO-
CT" COCTaB"T: 200000 AOIlIl./1 000000 AOIlIl. x 100% = 20%
OAH8KO nplt1 pblH04H0L4 CTaBKe npOl...\8HT8 25% T8K0L4 np08KT HeIlb3H C4V1-
T8Tb peHTa6eIlbHblM: Bbl ynycTVlIlH B03MO)\{HOCTb npeAOCT8BL-1Tb cCY,Qy K8KO-
MY-IlH50 X03""CTBYfOll1eMY areHTY " nOIlY4"Tb 250 TbIC. AOIlIl. roAOBOro AO-
XOAa. 06lL\ee np8BL-1IlO TaKOBO: L-1HBeCH1l...\L-1L-1 CIleAY8T OCYLl.\8CTBIlHTb, 8CIl\.1
O>KIt1AaeMblll1 ypOB8Hb ,QOXOA8 OT H!.1X H8 HH)\{8 L-1IlIt1 p8B8H pblH04HOVI CT8BKe
npO'1eHTS no cCYAaM. 3TOT np"Mep Il"WH"" pa3 AOKa3blBaeT anbmepHa-
mU8Hocmb 3KOHOMU4eCKUX peweHuiJ B pblH04HOM X03HHcTBe, H806xo,QlI\-
MOCTb nOCTOHHHoro conOCT8BneHHH p83IlL-14Hb1X B8pHaHTOB VI Bbl60p onTIr1.
M8IlbHOro H3 HIt1X. T8KIr1M 06p830M, npOl!8HT BbinOIlHH8T B8)KH8HWYIO 3aAa-
4Y 3cpcpeKT"BHoro pscnpeAeIleH"" pecypcoB B pblH04HOM X03""CTBe, Bbl60p
H81t16oIlee ,QOXO,QHOro L-13 B03MO)\{HbiX HHB8CTL-1l!V10HHbIX np08KTOB.
CpaBH8HIt18 ypOBHs:I AOXOA8 H8 V1HB8CH1l...\L-1L-1 C npOl!8HTHOVl CT8BKOH - 3TO
OAHH L-13 cnoc060B 060CHOB8HL-1H 3cpcpeKn1BHOCTL-1 L-1HB8CTL-1l...\1t10HHbIX npoeKTOB.
npL.1 3TOM B8>KHO YYlt1TblB8Tb p83Il\t14He HOML-1H8IlbH0L4 H pe8JlbHO!ll CT8SKL.1 nplt1
cpaBHeHL-1V1 0>K!.1A8eMoro ypOBHs:I AOXOA8 K8nL-1TanOBIlO>K8HIt1L4 H CT8BK\r1 npol!8H-
T8: Cp8BH8HL-18 U8Il8co06p83HO npoBo,QIt1Tb C pe8nbHoVl, a He HOML-1H8IlbH0L4
CT8BKOM.
YT04H"M Tenepb Hawy npO'1eAYPY cpaBHeH"" O>K"AaeMO" AoxoAHOCT"
HHB8CTL-1l!!.1L4 L-1 CTaBKL-1 np0l..\eHTa: CpaBHL-1B8Tb H806xo,QL.1MO C Y48TOM cpaKTO-
p8 pL-1CKa KanL-1T8IlOBIlO)l{eHL-1V1. EcnH np8AnoIl8raeMblVl It1HB8CTIr1l...\!.10HHblC1
288
PblHOK Kanumana u npOl(eHm
npoeKT OTIllt14a8TCH HL-13KOVI CT8n8HbIO pL.1CK8, TO H806xOAHMO Cp8BH!.1B8Tb
o>KV1Aa8MYIO AOXOAHOCTb co CT8BK0L4 npOl...\eHT8 no 6e3p!.1CKOBbIM 8KT!.1B8M. 1
B npeAblAYll1eM aHSIlH3e Mbl s5CTpar"pOBaIl"Cb aT Taro, 4TO nOTOK AO-
XOAOB, nOIlY4aeMbl" OT peaIl"3a'1"" "HBeCT"'1HOHHoro npoeKTa, pacT"HYT
BO BpeMeH". n03TOMY He06xOA"MO paccMoTpeTb HOBoe nOH"T"e, a "MeHHO
A"cKoHmpoBaH"e. KaTerop"" A"CKOHT"POBSH"" Hepa3pblBHO CBH3aHa C
cpaKmopOM epeMeHu " TO" pOIlbfO, KOTOpyfO Bo051l1e "rpaeT BpeM" np" on-
peAeIleH"" KaTerOp"" npO'1eHTa.
AHCKOHTHpOBaHHe (CIlOBO {(A"CKOHT>' 03HS4aeT CK"AKa) - 3TO cneLlH-
Sl1bHb'iO npHeM AIlR COH3MepeHH" TeKYll\eiO (cerOAHRWHeiO) H 5YAYIl\eiO
LleHHOCTH AeHe>KHbIX CYMM. A"CKOHT"pOBaH"e MO>KHO onpeAeIl"Tb " KSK
CHj.1>KeHL-1e l..\eHHOCH1 OTCpOY8HHbJX AeH8>KHbIX nocTynIl8HL-1V1.
np05IleMa A"CKOHT"pOBaH"" 3aKIlf04aeTC" B TOM, 4TO np" OCY-
ll1eCTBIleH"" "HBeCT"'1"OHHbIX npoeKTOB (noKynKe 050PYAOBaH"", CTPO"-
TeIlbCTBe HOBOro 3aBOAa, npOKIlaAKe >KeIle3HO" AOpOr" " T. n.) He05xOA"MO
conOCTaBIl"Tb BeIl"4"HY cerOAH"WHHX 3STpST H 5YAYll1HX AOXOAOB. no-
npOCTY roBOpH, ,Q8HbrL-1 B OCBOeHL-1e np08KT8 Bbl AOIl)l{Hbl BflO>KV1Tb ceZOcJHfl,
a AOXOAbl nOIlY4"Te B 6yoYL4eM. Ho CKOIlbKO CTO"T 1 AOIlIlap, nOIlY4eHHbl"
He cerO,QHH, 8 4epe3 HeCKOIlbKO neT? Ha nepBbl1ll B3rIlHA, Bonpoc MO>K8T
nOKa3aTbC" cTpaHHblM: 1 AOIlIlap, nOIlY4eHHbl" 4epe3 3 roAa, 3TO " eCTb 1
AOIlIlap. OAHaKO He 5YAeM 3s6blBaTb 05 aIlbTepHaT"BHOCm "CnOIlb30BaH""
aw8ro K8nHT8Il8. BKfl8AblBas:l AeHbrV1 ceroAHH B CTp0!.1T8IlbCTBO 38BO,Qa, Bbl
9;nycKa8T8 B03MO>KHOCTb nOIlO)l{lo1Tb A8HbrVl H8 68HKOBCKV1V1 C4eT; npeAOCTa-
"Tb CCYAY CBoeMY 3HaKOMOMY 6"3HecMeHY: Kyn"Tb BblCOKOAOXOAHble '1eH-
Hble 5YMar" " T. n.
LITO 03Ha4aeT nOIlY4"Tb 100 AOIlIl. 4epe3 1 roA? 3TO (np" pbIH04HO"
cTsBKe, Hanp"Mep, 10%) paBH03Ha4Ho TOMY, KaK eCIl" 5bl Bbl cerOAH" no-
IlO>K"Il" 91 AOIlIl. B 5aHK Ha Cp04Hbl" Aen03"T. 3a rOA TaM Ha 3TY CYMMY
Ha5e>KaIl"» 6bl npO'1eHTbl " TorAa 4epe3 rOA Bbl nOIlY4"Il" 5bl 100
AOIlIl. VlTaK, 91 AOIlIlap cerOAH" paBHo-
.3Ha4eH 100 AOIlIlapaM, nOIlY4eHHbiM 4e-
pe3 rOA. II1Il", "Ha4e Bblpa>Ka"Cb, ceroA-
HRWH"" CTO"MOCTb 5YAYll1"X (nOIlY4eH-
HblX 4epe3 1 rOA) 100 AOIlIlapoB paBHa
91 AOIlIlapy. np" Tex >Ke YCIlOB""X
(cTaBKa npO'1eHTa - 10%) 100 AOIlIl., no-
'IlY4eHHble 4epe3 2 rOAa, ceroAH" CTO"T
'83 AOIlIl. TaK"M o6pa30M Mbl
Y3H88M cero.qH WHIOIO 4eHHOCTb
(present vslue, "n" COKpSll1eHHO PV)
6YAYll1e" CYMMbl AeHer.
MO)\{HO 38M8THTb, 4TO ,QIIICKOHT!.1pOB8-
19 Kypc 3KOHOMW-leCKO TeOp >1
, B COBpeMeHHO pOCC CKO
3KOHOMJ.1Ke 3T8 npOLJ,e,Qypa OCIlO)!(
H5IeTCSI J.1HQ:>IlSlLJ,J.1ei1, TeMn KOTOpOVl,
KaK nOKaaaJ1a npaKn1Ka, OKaablBaeT-
C5! LlaCTO Henpe,qCKa3yeMbIM. P5!,Q
3KOHOMlttCTOB npe,qIlaraeT B K8L1e-
CTBe cp8BHeHJ.1S1 Cn0J1b30BaTb
CTaBKY peQ:> H8HClttpOBaH 51l...\6 POC-
CJ.1J.1 (CM. rJl. 20). Ho eCTb \II ,qpyr\lle
npeAJlO}f(eH 5I, Hanp\llMep, CpaBH\II-
BaTb C ro,qOBbIM TeMnOM np pocTa
o6MeHHOro Kypca ,qonnapa CWA
no OTHoweH 1O K py6mo.
289
Inaea 12
H"e - 3TO npO'1eAypa, 06pamHaR Ha4ucneHUIO CnO)l(HblX np0L<eHmOS, T. e.
paC4eTY 5YAYll1eii LleHHOCTH (future vslue, "Il" COKpall1eHHO FV) ceroA-
HRwHe" CYMMbl AeHer. C TaK"M" paC4eTaM" Ka>KAbl" "3 Hac XopOWO 3Ha-
KOM. Hanp"Mep, np" TO" >K8 CTaBKe npO'1eHTS, T. e. 10%, MO>KHO nOAC4"-
TSTb, CKOIlbKO Mbl nOIlY4"M 4epe3 rOA, nOIlO>K"B Ha Cp04Hbl" Aen03"T 1
AOIlIl. B KOH'1e 1-ro roAa - 3TO 1,1 AOIlIl.; B KOH'1e BTOpOro roAa, C Y4e-
TOM CIlO>KHbIX npO'1eHTOB - 3TO 1,21 AonIl. (1,1 + 0,1 x
1,1); B KOH'18 3-ro rOAS - 3TO 1,33 AOIlIl. (1,1 + 0,1 x 1,1 + 0,1 x 1,21).
II1TsK, cpopMYIla AIl" pac4eTs 6yoy,"<eii L<eHHOCmu ceeooHRwHeii CYMMbl
oeHee;
"
FV = LPV(1 + r)',
1"1
(1)
rA8 t - KOIlL-148CTBO 118T, r - CT8BK8 npOL,,\8HTa
<PopMYIla AIl" paC4eTa ceaooHRwHeii L<8HHocmu 6yoy,"<eii CYMMbl 08Hee,
n03BOIl"fOll1a" HaM A"CKOHT"pOBaTb 5YAYll1"e AOXOAbl, TaKOBa:
"
PV = LFV/(1 + r)'
1"'1
(2)
AIl" "IlIlfOCTpa'1"" np0'18CCa A"CKOHT"pOBaH"" np"BeAeM YCIlOBHbl"
np"Mep. AonycmM, 8CIl" BIlO>K"Tb ceroAH" 5 MIlH. AOIlIl. B OCHOBHO" 'a-
nL-1T8Il, TO MO>KHO nOCTpm-1Tb 38BOA no npoH3BOACTBY X03HikTBeHHOVl nocYAbl
" B T84eH"e 5YAYll1101X 10 IleT nOIlY4aTb e>KeroAHo 600 TbIC. AOIlIl. BblrOAHbl"
Il" 3TO "HB8CT"'1"OHHbl" npoeKT? npOC4"TaeM ABa Bap"aHTa. CTaBKa npO'1eH-
T8 no 683pHCKOBbiM 8KTItIS8M, AonYCTV1M, B nepeOM cIlY48e COCT8S11H8T 2%. Ee
Mbl VI 68p8M B K8Y8CTS8 CTaBKH AHCKOHTHpoBaHHfI, Hl1H HOpMbl AHCKOH-
Ta. Bo BTOpOM B8pL-18HT8 CT8BKa AL-1CKOHTHpOB8H\.1H COCT8BIls:l8T 4%.
'-Jepe3 AeC"Tb IleT np" nepBoM Bap"aHTe Mbl nOIlY4"M 6 MIlH. KaK CYM-
MY nOTOKa e>KeroAHblx AOXOAOB no 600 TbIC. AOIlIl. Ka>KAa" "3 3T"X «nop-
'1""» AOXOAOB 6YAeT nOIlY4eHa B 5YAYll1eM, T. 8. 4epe3 1 roA, 3aTeM 4e-
pe3 2 roAa " T. A. B Te4eH"8 10 IleT. H805xOA"MO CpaBH"Tb CerOAH"W-
H"e 3aTpaTbi (0603Ha4"M "X IlaT"HCKO" 6YKBO" C) B 5 MIlH. AOIlIl. "
A"CKOHT"pOBaHHYfO BeIl"4"HY nOTOKa 5YAYll1"X AOXOAOB, onpeAeIl"eMYfO no
cpopMyne (2).
AaIl8e He05xOA"MO CpaBH"Tb ABe BeIl"4"Hbl: C" PV, T. 8. 5 MIlH. AOIlIl.,
KOTopble HY>KHO BIlO>K"Tb c8roAH", " A"CKOHT"pOBaHHYfO BeIl"4"HY, T. e. 5,34
MIlH. AOIlIl. (nepBbl" Bap"aHT, np" CTaBKe A"CKOHT"pOBaH"" 2%). nOCKenb-
KY C < PV, "Il" 5 < 5,34, TO np" TaKa" CTaBK8 npO'1eHTa npoeKT MO>KeT 6blTb
OCY1l18CTBIleH. Ho BO BTOpOM CIlY4ae, T. e. np" CTaBKe npO'1eHTa 4%, '1eH-
HOCTb HaW"X 5YAYll1"X AOXOAOB COCTaB"T ceroAH" Il"Wb 4,8 MIlH. AOIlIl.
CIleAoBaT8IlbHo, C > PV, "Il" 5 > 4,8 " TaKO" npoeKT He3cpcp8KmBeH; '18-
290
P blHOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
-
J1eCO o5 pa3Hee Ha"T" aIlbTepHST"BHble nYT" np"MeHeH"" 3T"M 5 MIlH.
AOIl Il ., Hanp"Mep, nOIlO>K"Tb 3TY CYMMY B 5aHK. <PopMYIla A"CKOHT"pOBaH"R
(2) nOK83b1BaeT, 4TO 4eM H">Ke CTaBKa npO'1eHTa " MeHbwe nep"OA Bpe-
M8H" (BeIl"4"Ha t), TeM Bblwe A"CKOHT"pOBSHHaR BeIl"4"HS 5YAYll1"X AO-
XOAOB.
AIlR 05Iler4eH"" npO'1eAypbl A"CKOHT"pOBaH"" CY1l18CTBYfOT Cne'1"aIlb-
Hble Ta6IlHu,bl, KOTOpbl8 nOMor81OT 6blCTpO nO,QC4\.1T8Tb ceroAHs:lWHIOJO U,8H-
HOCTb 5YAYll1"X AOXOAOB " np"H"Tb npaB"IlbHOe peWeH"e.
Ba>KHbIM nOK838T8Il8M npL-1 0l..\eHK8 L-1HB8CT\.1U,L-10HHbIX np08KTOB stBIls:leT-
CR 'IHCTS" AHCKOHTHpOBaHHaR '1eHHOCTb (NPV). OHa np8ACTaBIl"eT c050"
p83H"'1Y Me>KAY A"CKOHT"pOBaHHO" CYMMO" O>K"AaeMbIX AOXOAOB " "3Aep>K-
K8M" Ha "HBeCT"'1"", T. e. NPV = PV - C. B HaweM np"Mepe 4"CTa" A"CKOH-
THpOBaHHa" '1eHHOCTb np" CTaBKe 2% COCTaB"T: 5,34 MIlH. - 5 MIlH. = 0,34
MJ1H. ,Q011Il. IIICn0I1b30B8HL-18 KpVlT8PHH YL-1CTOVI AHCKOHTL-1pOBaHHol71l!8HHOCT!.1 03-
H8yaeT, YTO L-1HB8CTL-1pOB8HVle HM8eT CMblCIl TOIlbKO TorA8, KorA8 NPV ? O. B
HaW8M BTOpOM npL-1Mepe, KorA8 B K8yeCTB8 CT8BK!.1 AViCKOHTL-1pOB8HVlH Mbl 6p8-
Il" 4%, NPV COCTaB"Ila OTp"'1aTenbHYfO BeIl"4"HY: 4,8 - 5 = -0,2 MIlH.
,Q011J1. npH T8KIIIX YCIlOBVls:lX KpL-1TepL-1L4 YViCTOVl AViCKOHH1pOB8HH0l71 u,eHHOCTIt1
nOKa3blB8eT Heu,eIleco06p83HOCTb OCYW,8CTBI18HHs:I np08KTa.
B CBs:l3L-1 C nOK838T8IleM NPV, paCCMOTpL-1M eLl..\8 OA!.1H B8>KHbIL4 nOK83a-
T8Ilb, Ha3blBaeMbl" BHYTpeHHe" HOpMOii AOXOAa (IRR). 3TOT nOKa3aTeIlb
03Ha48eT TaKYfO CTaBKY A"CKOHT"pOBaH"", np" KOTOpO" 4ucm8R oucKoHmu-
poe8HHaR L<8HHOCmb pasHa HynlO. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", He06xOA"MO peW"Tb
ypaBHeH"8 (3) OTHOC"TeIlbHO "
"
C = LFV/(1 + r)'
1=1
(3)
BHYTpeHH"" HopMa AoxoAa, B CYll1HOCT", - 3TO TOT MaKCUManbHblii ypo-
B8Hb CTaBK\.1 npou,eHT8, Ha KOTOpblVl MO>KeT cornaCL-1TbCH Ir1HBeCTOp AIlH npL-1-
s,ne48HHH L-1HBeCTL-1l!HOHHbIX cpeACTB Ha pblHKe CCYAHoro KanL-1TaIl8.
A"CKOHT"pOBaH"e np"MeH"eTC" He TOIlbKO 5"3HeCMeHaM", OCYll1eCTB-
IlRlOll1"M" "HBeCT"'1"OHHbI8 npOeKTbl. TaK, np" nOIlY4eH"" Bbl"rpbIW8" no
flOTepee H8 p83HbiX sp8MeHHbiX YCIlOBL-1HX, npH nOIlY48HIr1H AeHe>KHbIX CYMM
no 38Be 8HVlIO, rA8 T8K)\{e OroBOp8Hbi P83f1L-1YHbI8 Bp8M8HHb/8 CpOKV1 Bbln-
,flaTbl AeHer, npL-1 BH8CeHIr11r1 nn8Tbi 38 06YY8H!.18 B BblcweM YY86HOM 3aB8-
A HVlIr1 B T8l.J8HVle HeCKOIlbKL-1X IleT VI T. n., 3KOHOMJ.14eCKL-1e Cy6b8KTbJ VlCnOJ1b-
3YfOT npO'1eAYPY A"CKOHT"pOBaH"", KOTOpa" nOMoraeT OCYll1eCTB"Tb pa'1"-
OHanbHblt1 3KOHOM\.148CKL-1V1 Bb160p.
".
Inaea 12
7.
PblHOK KanlllTa11bHblX aKTIllBOB
(KanIllTa11bHblx 611ar
j:\I1I11Te11bHoro n011b30BaHIIIH)
nOCIle TOro, KaK onpeAeIleHa npO'1eAypa A"CKOHT"pOBaH""
MO>KHO 06pan1TbCfI K Bbl4HCIl8HlllIO TOIit l.\8Hbl, no KOTOpOL4 nOKynalOTcfI
npOAafOTC" Kan"TaIlbHble 6Ilara. HaM nOMO>KeT cpaBHeH"e BeIl"4"H C " PV
KOTopble "CCIleAOBaIl"Cb B npeAblAYll1eM naparpacpe. '
AonYCT"M, cp"pMa nOKynaeT MeTaIlIlo06pa5aTbIBafOll1"" CTaHOK. KaKO-
Ba p8BHoBecHaH K8nHT8IlbH8H u,8Ha, no KOTOpOIit 6YA8T nOKynaTbcH H npo-
A8B8TbCH 3TOT CTaHOK? BcnOMHHM, YTO l!8HHOCTb K8mH8IlbHoro 6Il8r8 He
nocp8ACTB8HHO CBH3aHa C nOTOKOM AOXO,QOB, KOTOpbl8 MO>KHO nOIlY4111Tb OT
ero L-1CnOIlb30B8HV1R ECIlH cpI-1PM8, KynHB CTaHOK no l!8H8 C, p8CCl.JI-1Tb1Baer
nOIlY4"Tb B 5YAYll1eM nOTOK AOXOAOB, cerOAH"WH"" '1eHHOCTb KOTOpblX npe-
BOCXO,QI-1T BeIlL-14L-1HY C, TO T8KaH cAeIlK8 YKIl8AblB88TCSl B paMKL-1 p8l!J.10H8Ilb-
HOro 3KOHOML-1yeCKoro nOBeA8HI-1H. np8AnOIlO>KHM, 4TO nOTOK AOXOAOB - 3TO
apeHAHa" nIlaTa, "Il" peHTHa" O'1eHKa, no KOTOpO" cp"pMa 5YAeT AaBaTb
CTaHOK H8npOK8T. CIleAOB8TeIlbHO, l!eH8 K8nHT8IlbHOro 6Il8ra TeCHO CBsn8
Ha C peHTHO" O'1eHKO" YCIlyr 3TOro 6Ilara. AonycmM, BeIl"4"Ha C COCTaB-
Il"eT 10000 AOIlIl. Cpo, CIlY>K5bl CTaHKa - 5 IleT. PeHTHa" O'1eHKa - 2500
AOIlIl. B roA. H806xo,QI-1MO ,QL-1CKOHTL-1pOB8Tb 3TOT nOTOK AOXOAOB no H8KoeC1
CTaBKe npO'1eHTa (CTaBKe A"CKOHTa). AonYCT"M, Ha pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeAcTB
no 6e3pHCKoBbiM aKTL-1B8M T8KaH CT8BK8 COCTaBIlH8T 1 %. B T8KOM CIlYLJ88
PV (ceroAH"WH"" '1eHHOCTb nOTOKa AOXOAOB) 3a 5 IleT COCTaB"T 12133
AOIlIl. <P"pMe "MeeT CMblCIl np"05peCT" CTaHOK np" TaK"X YCIlOB""X. GA-
H8KO 3A8Cb Mbl B\.1,QHM, 4TO Ha pblHK8 K8nl-1T8IlbHbiX 6Il8r ,Q8HHOro BIIIA8 He
Ha6IllOA88TCH p8BHOBeC!.1H, T8K KaK PV > C. BblCOK8H ceroAHHWHSls:! l!8H-
HOCTb nOTOK8 ,QOXO,QOB OT CTaHKOB, CA8Ba8MbiX B apeH,QY, Bbl30BeT np\.1TOK
X03HL4CTBYIOLl.\L-1X Cy6b8KTOB, >K8Il81OLl.\HX KynVlTb T8KL-1e CTaHKIII. B8IlL-14L-1H8 C,
T. e. CIlO>K"BWa"C" nepBOHS4aIlbHO '1eHa Kan"TSIlbHOro 6Ilara 10000 AOM.,
H8YH8T nOBblwaTbCH, T8K KaK BIl8A8Ilbl!bl CCYAHOro K8nL-1T8Il8 COYTYT BblrOA-
HblM BKIl8AblB8Tb CBOVI CB060AHbl8 AeH8>KHbI8 CP8ACTB8 B TaKOVl npoeKT.
BMeCT8 C TeM, YB8JlL-1YL-1TCH npegIlO>K8HHe CT8HKOB Ha pblHK8 !.1X npOK8Ta, 8,
3H84111T, H8YH8T CHL-1>K8TbCfI peHTH8H 0l.\eHK8 (8p8HAH8f1 nIl8T8), KOTOp8f1 T8.
nepb 5YAeT H">Ke 2500 AOIlIl. e>KeroAHO. B pe3YIlbTaTe YMeHbW"TC" " A"C-
KOHT"pOBaHHbl" nOTOK AOXOAOB (apeHAHo" nnaTbl) TaK, 4TO PV Ha4HeT CH"-
)\{8TbCR P8BHOB8CL-1e Ha pblHKe KanlllT8IlbHbiX 6Il8r YCT8HOBL-1TCs:! TorA8, Kor-
Aa C 6YAeT paBHO PV. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", '1eHa KanHTaIlbHoro 5Ilara eCTb
He 4TO HHoe, KSK AHCKOHTHpOBaHHaR '1eHHOCTb nOTOKa 5YAYll1HX AOXO-
ADS, npHHOCIIIMblX OT 8ro L-1CnOIlb30B8H!.1H.
T8KHM 06pa30M, Mbl BepHYIlL-1Cb K TOMY, C 4ero H8Y8Il!.1 H8CTOHl1-\YIO rn8-
292
PblHOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
BY: '1eHbl Ha pblHKe YCIlyr cp"3"4eCKOrO Kan"TaIla (CTaBK" apeHAHO" nIla-
Tbl), '1eHbl Ha pblHKe CCYAHOro Kan"TaIla (CTaBK" npO'1eHTa), '1eHbl Ha PbIH-
Ke KanL-1TaIlbHbiX 6Il8r (AHCKOHTL-1POB8HHbIVl nOTOK AOXOAOB, npHHOCIIIMbl1it
KanVIT8IlbHblMH 6Ilar8M\.1) caMblM T8CHbiM 06pa30M CBs:!38Hbl M8>K,Qy c060Vl.
nOABeAeM HeKOTopble "TOr". npO'1eHT B pblH04HOM X03""CTBe BbICTY-
nseT KSK cBoe05pa3Ha" '1eHa, BblpaBH"BafOll1aR cnpoc " npeAIlO>KeH"e Ha
pblHKe CCYAHoro Kan"TaIla (pblHKe 3aeMHbiX cpeACTB). npO'1eHT - 3TO cpaK-
TOPHbl" AOXOA, KOTOpbl" nOIlY4aeT c06CTBeHHHK CCYAHoro Kan"TaIla. AIl"
cy5beKTa npeAIlO>KeH"" CCYAHOro Kan"TaIla npO'1eHT BblcTynaeT KaK AOXOA;
AflR cy5beKTa cnpocs Ha CCYAHbl" Kan"TaIl npO'1eHT BblcTynaeT KaK "3Aep-
)l(K", KOTopble HeceT 3aeMll1"K KSn"TaIla. CIleAoBsTeIlbHo, KaK " B CIlY4ae C
3apa60THol71 nIl8T0L4, V1 C 38M8IlbHOlit p8HTOVl, T8K L-1 npH Xap8KT8plt1CTIr1K8 npo-
Ll8HTa Ba>KHO nOMHIt1Tb: TO, YTO ,QIls:! 0AHHX X03HL4CTBYIOLl.\L-1X 8r8HTOB HBIlHeTCH
AOxOAaM", AIl" APyr"X - paCXOAaM", "Il" "3Aep>KKaMH. 3TOT cBoe05pS3Hbl"
5aIlaHc AOXOAOB " pacxoAoB B pblH04HOM X03""CTBe nOIlHee 5YAeT pSCKpblT
np" XapaKTep"CT"Ke BaIloBoro BHYTpeHHero npoAYKTa B rn. 16, rAe OCBell1a-
eTCH ABIt1>K8HL-1e BC8X p83HOBIt1,QHOCT8111 AOXOAOB H8 M8KP03KOHOMHY8CKOM
ypoBHe.
npIr1JlO>KEHIr1E K rIlABE 12
Kpej:\IIITOp 11111111 3aeMLLlIIIK?
HaM Y>Ke L-13BeCTHbl T8KL-18 nOHHTL-1H, K8K Me>KBpeM8HHoVl
Bb150p, npeAeIlbHa" HOpMS BpeMeHHyro npeAn04TeH"", A"CKOHT"pOBaH"e,
CT8BK8 npOl.\8HT8. Tenepb B03MO>KHO nocTpoHTb MOA8Ilb onTVlMaIlbHoro Bbl-
60pa 3KOHOMVl48CKOro Cy6b8KT8 C yyeTOM ero Me>KBp8M8HHOro 61OA)\{eTHoro
QrpaH"4eH"". Mbl 5YAeM "CnOIlb30BaTb 3HaKOMbl" HSM "3 rn. 5, 9 9 " rn.
10 annapaT KP"BbIX 6e3pa3Il"4"" " 6fOA>KeTHbIX Il"H"", HO Tenepb Y>Ke np"-
MeH"TeIlbHO He K Bbl50PY Me>KAY ABYM" TOBSPSM" (Hsnp"Mep, ,,5IlOKaM" "
rpywaM"), a Bbl60PY Me>KAY TeKYll1"M " 6YAYll1"M nOTpe6IleH"eM AeHe>KHbIX
cpeACTB. 38,Qaya COCTOIt1T B TOM, YT06bl onpeAeIlHTb OnTL-1MYM 3KOHOMVl48C-
KOro cy5beKTa B pacnpeAeIleH"" "M CBO"X AeHe>KHbIX pecypCOB Me>KAY Ha-
CTQRll1"M " 5YAYll1"M nep"OAaM" BpeMeH". np" 3TOM Mbl 5YAeM B Ha4aIle
aHanlr138 \.1CXOAL-1Tb Vl3 TOro, YTO HeT HL-1 3aHMCTBOB8HL-1L4, HL-1 CCYA; 38TeM ,0.0-
nYCT"M, 4TO CYll1eCTByeT pblHOK 3aeMHbiX cpeACTB. TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl Bbl-
RCH"M, np" KaK"X YCIlOB""X AOMaWHee X03""CTBO 6YAeT BblcTynaTb KpeA"-
TOPOM "Il" 3aeMll1"KOM.
KaK "3BeCTHO, Kp"Ba" 5e3pa3Il"4"" AOMawHero X03""CTBa (CM. P"c.
12.6) npeAcTsBIl"eT c060" CPYHK'1"fO nOIle3HOCT" AaHHoro 3KOHOM"4ecKoro
cy6beKT8 C YY8TOM ero M8)j(Bp8M8HHbIX np8An04TeHHVI:
U = f (C"C 2 )
(4)
293
Inasa 12
K8>K,lJ,8H TOYK8 Ha KpL-1BOL4 6e3p83IlHYL-1H nOKa3blB88T OAL-1H8KOBO npL-1-
eMIleMYfO KOM5"Ha'1HfO ceroAH"WHero " 5YAYll1ero nOTpe5IleH"".
OTKa3 OT CerOAH"WHerO nOTpe5IleH"" AeHe>KHbIX CpeACTB C Y4eTOM no-
IlO>KL-1TeJlbHOL4 npe,QeIlbHOL4 HOpMbl BpeM8HHoro npeAn04TeHL-1f1 03H8Y8eT, YTo
B 5YAYll1eM AOMaWHee X03""CTBO nOIlY4"T B03Harpa>KAeH"e B B"Ae npO'1eH-
T8 3a ceroAHflwHee C68pe>KeHHe. CIleAOB8TeIlbHO, Jl1068H TOYK8 H8 KpL-1BOCi
U 03Ha4aeT OA"HaKOBbl" ypOBeHb nOIle3HOCT" AIl" AOMawHero X03""cTBa.
05paT"MC" K P"c. 1.
BYIJYII ee C J
Jl011Je6JIeHHe,
;J;0JIj1. 1.02 A
C 2 110,2
Y;t 1.00
- - - - - -I
I I
C" - - - - - -1-1- -
I I I
I I I
I I I
I I I
o
B
90100 C' 196 C
C1 Y l 1
CCJ:OJ];WIDIIICC notpe6JJeHHe, AOJlJl.
Puc.1.
MeJKSpeMeHHye 61OdJKemHOe OZpaHU'IeHUe
Hs OC" a6c'1"cc cp"ryp"PyeT ceroAH"WHee nOTpe5IleH"e (C,), Ha OC"
OPA"HaT - 5YAYll1ee nOTpe6IleH"e (C,). AonYCT"M, cerOAH"WH"" AOXOA no-
Tpe61r1TeIlH npe,QCTaBIleH HeKHM n8pBOH8yaJlbHbiM AeH8>KHbIM H8AeIlOM, Ir1IlIl1
3an8COM, L-1 COCT8BIlHeT Y1 AeHe>KHbIX eAL-1HL-1l!; nOTp86IleHL-1e B TOYHOCTL-1 CO-
Bn8A88T C H!.1M, T8K K8K AOMaWHee X03H CTBO He npL-168r8eT K 38111M8M, He
npeAIlaraeT CCYAbl. Apyr"MH CIlOBSM", nOTpe5IleH"e OrpaH"4eHO "MefO-
ll1"MC" AeHe>KHbIM AOXOAOM (HaAeIlOM). 3KOHOM"4eCK"" cy6beKT MO>KeT
nOTpamTb CBO" AOXOA "Il" B ceroAH"WHeM, "IlH B 5YAYll1eM nep"OAe. no-
CKOIlb'Y, HanOMH"M ell1e pa3, HeT pblHKa CCYAHoro Kan"TaIla, 6YAYll1"" AO-
XOA COCTaBIl"eT BeIl"4"HY Y, " 6YAYll1ee nOTpe6IleH"e TaK >Ke B T04HOCT"
cosn8,QaeT C HHM. T8KL-1M 06p830M, Mbl onp8AeIlL-1IlIr1 KOOPAIr1H8Tbi TOYKII1 E,
'OTOpa" nOKa3blBaeT nepBOHa4aIlbHbl" 3ansc (HaAeIl) AeHe>KHbIX cpeAcTB.
A Ten8pb npe,QCT8BIr1M, YTO AOMaWHe8 X03f1L4CTBO B C8ro,QHHWH8M nepL-1o-
Ae c6eperaeT 4aCTb cBoero AOXOAa, OTAaBa" ero B CCYAY. nOIlO>K"TeIlbHa"
pa3HH1J,8 Me>K,[\Y Y 1 L-1 nOTp86IleHII1eM c 1 eCTb He YTO L-1HOe, KaK C6ep8>KeHL-1f1.
294
P b/ HOK Kanumana u npOLjeHm
OTKa3 aT ceroAH"wHero nOTpe5IleHH" 5YAeT B03HarpS>KAeH YBeIl"4eH"eM
5YAYll1ero nOTpe5IleH"". Pa3Mep 3TOro B03Harpa>KAeH"", KaK HaM Y>Ke "3-
BeCTHO, 38B\.1CL-1T OT BeIlHYHHbl npOl!8HTHOVl CT8BKL-1. CIleAoB8TeIlbHo, B 6y-
AYll1eM nep"OAe AOMSWHee X03""CTBO 6YAeT nOTpe5Il"Tb B pa3Mepe Y" "
BA05SBOK K TOMY nOIlY4aTb B03Harpa>KAeH"e B B"Ae npO'1eHTHO" CTaBK" Ha
CAeIlSHHble c5epe>KeH"" (Y, - C,). BbIPS3"M 5YAYll1ee nOTpe6IleH"e cIleAY-
fOl11"M 05pa30M:
c, = Y, + (Y,- c,) (1 + r), (5)
rAe (Y, - C,) npeAcTaBIl"eT BeIl"4"HY c6epe>KeH"" B ceroAH"wHeM ne-
p"oAe. ECIl" pacKpblTb CK05K" B ypsBHeH"" (5) " nepeHeCT" B IleBYfO 4aCTb
paBeHcTBa CYMMY Te'Yl11ero " 5YAYll1erO nOTpe6IleH"", TO nOIlY4"M:
c,(1 + r) + C, = Y,(1 + r) + Y,
(6)
<l>OPMYIlbl (5) "Il" (6) npeACTaBIl"fOT c050" Me>KBpeMeHHoe 5IOA>KeT-
Hoe orpaHH4eHHe AOMawHero X03""CTBa. Me>KBpeMeHHoe 5fOA>KeTHOe or-
p8Hlr1yeHL-1e nOK83blB88T S03MOJKHOCmU, aOCmynHble anfl nompe6neHUFI e ce-
eOOHfiWHeM u 6YOYlLIeM nepuooax epeMeHU. B TaKOM B"Ae CPOPMYIlbl (5) "
(6) nOKa3blBafOT 5YAYll1YfO '1eHHOCTb (FV) CerOAH"WHerO nOTpe5IleHH" Ae-
He>KHbIX cpeAcTB. ECIlIil >Ke MbJ XOTHM nOKa3aTb M8>KBp8MeHHoe 61O,Q>K8THOe
orpaHH4eH"e C nOMOll1bfO npO'1eAypbl A"KOHT"pOBaH"" 5YAYll1ero nOTpe5-
IleH"" " 5YAYll1ero AOXOAa, T. e. nOKa3aTb "X ceroAH"wHfOfO '1eHHOCTb (PV),
TO nOIlY4"M:
c, + c,/(1 + r) = Y, + Y,I(1 + r)
(7)
"Il"
C, = Y, + (Y, - c,)/(1 + r)
(8)
Bce 4eTbipe CPOPMYIlbl (5)-(8) onpeAeIl"fOT Me>KBpeMeHHoe 6fOA>KeTHOe
OrpaH"4eHHe. B cIlY4ae (5) " (6) Mbl "CnOIlb3yeM CPOPMYIlY 6yoYlLIeii L<eH-
Hocmu CYMMbl AeHer (FV), a B CIlY4a"X (7) " (8) - CPOPMYIlY ceeooHfiwHeii
L<eHHocmu CYMMbl AeHer (PV).
Hanplr1Mep, nepBOH8Y8IlbHblll1 ,q8H8)f(Hbl H8,Q8Jl COCTaBIlfl8T 100 ,QOIlIl.
CT8BK8 npou,8HT8 COCTaBIlfleT 2% (Ir1IlIr1 0,02). ECIU1 AOMaWHee x03f1CicTBO nOIl-
HOCTblO OTK83blBaeTCfI OT ceroAHflwHera nOTpe6neHVlfI (c 1 = 0) Ir1 c6eperaeT 100
AOIlIl., OTA8B8f1 Ir1X B CCY,QY, TO era nOTpe6IleH\.1e B 6y,qy eM neplr1o,Qe, comaCHO
cpopMyne (5), COCTaB"" 1 00 + (100 - 0) x (1 + 0,02) = 202 Aonn. T04,a A COOTBeT-
CTByeT HYIleBoMY nOTpe6Il8HlllIO B cero,qHflwHeM nep\.10,Q8 VI M8KCVlM8IlbHO B03MO)f(-
HOMY nOTpe6IleHIr11O B 6YAYl.1.\eM neplr10,q8 npH 38AaHHbiX p8Hee ycnOB\.1f1X
(CM. pHC. 1).
Mbl p8ccMOTpeIl!.1 nOBeAeH\.1e Kpe,QHTopa. A K8KYlO M8KCIIIM8IlbHYlO CYMMY
MO>K8T B3f1Tb B AOIlr ,qOM8WH8e X03f1 CTBO, eCJlIr1 OHO nOIlHOCTblO OTK83blB8eTCfI
295
Inasa 12
aT 6YAYll1ero nOTpe6neH""? V1cXOA" "3 cpopMynbl (8), BenH4HHa c, B TaKOM
CIlYLJae COCTaB T o. CIleAoB8TeIlbHo, MO>KeM 38n e8Tb: c 1 = Y 1 + Y/1 + r, It1IlIt1
100 + 100/(1 + 0,02) = 198 Aonn. Y4"TbIBa", 4TO nepBoHa4anbHbl" AeHe>KHbl"
38n8C COCT8BIls:leT 100 AOIlIl., M8KCHM8IlbH8H CYMM8, KOTOpylO MO>K8T B3s:1Tb B
Aonr AOMawHee X03""CTBO, COCTaBIl"eT 198 - 100 = 98 Aonn. BenH4"Ha 198
,lJ,OIlIl. COOTB8TcTByeT T04Ke B H8 OC!.1 85cLI!.1Ce (HYIl8Boe nOTpe6Il8HHe B 6YAY
Ll4eM M8KCHM8IlbHO B03MO)\{HOe nOTpe6IleHHe B HaCTOs:lLl.\eM C YLJeTOM pblHKa
38 MCTBOB8HIt1C1). COeAHHIt1B TOLJKV1 A It1 B, Mbl nOCTpOIt1M IlIt1HIt1IO Me)\{BpeM8HHoro
61O,Q)\{eTHoro OrpaHV1LJeHHs:I AB.
Mbl paccMoTpem1 KpaC1H\.1e C.nY48V1, Kor,Qa ,QoM8wHee x03s:1C1cTBO nOIlHocTblO
OTK83blB8eTCs:I OT ceroAHs:lWH8ro HIlH 6Y,lJ,YLl.\ero nOTpe5IleHHs:I, npe,lJ,Ilaras:l cCY-
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npeAnaraR CCYAbl (Y, - c,), T. e. (100 - 90) = 10 Aonn. CneAoBaTenbHo, ero
6YAYll1 ee nOTpe6neHHe COCTaBHT 100 Aonn. + 10 Aonn. x (1 + 0,02) = 110,2
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capital
physical capital
capital services
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depreciation
depreciation rate
roundabout production
net cspital productivity
297
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rental rate for capital
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of capital
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marginal rate of time
preference, MRTP
interest rate (nominal and real)
marginal rate of return on the
investment
discounting
present value, PV
future value, FV
net present value, NPV
internal rate of return, IRR
intertemporal
budget constrsint
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300
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307
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Inasa 13
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T. n. 3anpeT B HaWe" CTpaHe CB050AHOro pblH04HOrO 050pOTa 3eMIl"
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>Ke" 3eMIl", - He05xOA"MOe YCIlOB"e ycnexa rny50K"X 3KOHOM"4eCK"X pe-
cpOpM B POCC"".
OCHOBHble nOHSlTI'ISI:
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3eMenbHaH peHTa
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npeAIlO>KeH!.1f1 ycnyr 3eMIl
l.\eHa 3eM""
landowner
derived demand for land
land services
rent of land
differential land rent
unelastic supply
of land services
price of land
npednpUHUMamenbcmso U npu6blflb
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cP"4ecKoro, Bo-nepBbIX, nOTOMY, 4TO npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbCTBO, B OTIl"4"e OT
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TpYAa, KSn"TaIla " 3eMIl". 3Ta cne'1"cp"Ka npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbCTBa KaK cpaK-
Topa npO"3BOACTBa npO"BIl"eTC" 4epe3 ero CPYHK'1"". KaK Y>Ke 5blIlO nOKa-
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cPHpMbl; oCYll1eCTBIleH"e HOBoBBeAeH"" B npO"3BOACTBe "Il" B c5blTe npo-
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B ce5R TOIlbKO AeHe>KHble 3aTpaTbi. B CB"3" C 3T"M, 5yxrsIlTepCKSR npH-
309
Inaea 14
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paTbl, a 3Ha4"T, " "3Aep>KK" npO"3BOACTBa, AOIl>KHbl paCCMaTp"BaTbC" c
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pecypCbl, ynpsBIl"eT CP"PMO" " np"H"MaeT He05xOA"Mble 3KOHOM"4eCK"e
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npeAnp"H"MaTeIlb TeM CSMblM BblnOIlH"eT caMY npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbCKYfO
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no KpS"He" Mepe, "3 ABYX 4aCTe". OAHa 4aCTb AOXOAa 6YAeT npeACTaBMTb
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310
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Hlo1eM 4HCTOVI np0L-13BO,QHT8IlbHOCTVI K8m1T8Ila. 1
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311
Inasa 14
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Ha'1""» cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOAcTBa):
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IIIIlH C03AaHIII8 HOBoro K848CTB8 TOro HIlIll IIIHOro 6Il8r8.
2. BHeApeH"e HOBOro, T. e. AaHHo" OTpaCIl" npoMblwIleHHOCT" el1.\e
npaKT"4eCK" He"3BecTHoro, MeTOAa (cnoc05a) npO"3BOAcTBa.
3. OCBOeH"e HOBoro pblHKa C5blT8.
4. nOIlY4eH"e HOBoro "CT04H"Ka CblPb" "Il" nOIlycpa6p"KaToB.
5. npOBeAeH"e cooTBeTcTBYfOll1e" peOpraH"3a'1"" pbIH04HO" CTPYKTY-
pbl, H8np\.1M8p 068cn848HH8 MOHonoIlbHOro nOIlO>K8HL-1H npeAnpHHT!.1H \.1DL.1
no pblB MOHOnOJlbHoro nOIlO>K8HHH Pyroro np8AnpHflT!.1H. 2
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!.1rp8lOT npeAnpIllHHM8T8IlVl, !.1 OAHOBp8M8HHO npoHBIlHeTcH Cnel!V1cpItlK8
npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbcKo" Ae"TeIlbHOCT" KaK cpaKTopa npO"3BOAcTBa. npeA-
np"H"MaTeIlb He npOCTO COeA"H"eT cpaKTOpbl (pecypCbl) B npO"3BOA-
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npeAnp"H"MaTeIlb He npOCTO PYKOBOA"T npeAnp""T"eM, a npUHUMaem
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apflem uHHoeau,uu H Hecem omsemcmseHHocmb 3a 3KOHOMU4ecKUU pUCK.
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CTBHeM CTan14HOVl 3KOHOM!.1KIII 14 CB06oAHOH
KOHKypeH'1"H B 4"CTOM B"Ae. Ho, C OAHO"
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cB050AHa" KOHKypeH'1"", nOIlHoe paBHOBe-
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312
1 c;,03ecp WYMneTep (1883-
1950), BbtAalOUJ,lt1C1c5I aBCTplt1C1cKIt1C1
3KOHOMIt1CT, c 1932 r. )IU1Jl VI pa6o-
TaJl B CWA.
2 CM. WYMneTep III. Teop!i\s:I
3KOHOMVl4eCKoro pa3BI.o1TVls:I. M.,
1982. C.159.
3 WYMneTep III. YKa3. co"'.
C.169-170.
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315
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economic profit
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implicit and explicit cost
static economy
dynamic economy
uninsur8ble risk
innovations
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3YIlbTaT8 KOIllt14eCTSeHHoro 1t13Me.
H8HL>!H cnpoca It1 npeAIlolKeHIt1 ,
a He 3a C4eT 1t13MeHeHIt1 1.\8H Ha
TOSapbl.
317
Inasa 15
MoperyIlL-1pYIOLl.\8HCs:! CL-1CTeMa, CnOC06H8H aBTOMan1YeCK BOCCTaH8BIlL-1B8Tb yrpa-
4eHHOe paBHOBeC"8. PaCCMOTp"M MeXaH"3M caMoperyIl"'1"" pblHKa nOAP06Hee.
B HeOKIlaCC"4eCKO" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"" cYll1eCTByeT ABa nOAxOAa K
"CCIleAOBaH"fO pblH04HOro paBHOBeC"" - no BaIlbpacy " no MapwaIlIlY.
npocpeccop Il03aHHcKoro YH"BepC"TeTa wBe"'1apCK"" 3KOHOM"CT n80H
BaIlbp8C, OCHoeaT8Ilb MaTeMaTL-1Y8CKOro H8npaBIleH H B 3KOHOML-1yeCKo!71 Te-
OP"", paCCMaTp"BaIl YCTaHOBIleH"e pSBHOBeC"" Me>KAY cnpOCOM " npeAne-
>KeH 8M, np0V1CXO,Qs:lli..\88 B KpaTKOCpOYHOM nIlaH8 H8 OCHOBe HX KOIlL-1Y8-
CTBeHHO" nOACTpO"K". 05paT"MC" K P"C. 15.1a.
P P
H36bITOK D S
S
npeWlo.lJ{eHJIJI
P, T
---
P, P E ----+ - -
D -p; I
Pz - - - +
I
P, - - ..; ---
I ' , I
ff36LITOK cnpoca
I, , I
0 Q Q: Q, Q Q; Q 0 Q, Q
a) YCTaHOB.neHVle paBHOBeClllft 6) YCTaHOB.neHllle paBHOBeClllft
no Ba.nbpacy no Mapwa.nIlY
Puc. 15.1. AemoMamu3M pbIHO'"lH020 paeHoeecuR
nYCTb nepBoHa4SIlbHOe paBHOBeC"e YCTaHOB"IlOCb B T04Ke E np" 06be-
M8 TOBapa QE " '1eHe PE' np" nOBbIWeH"" '18Hbl AO P, 06beM cnpoca co-
KpaTV1TcH, a o6beM np8AIlO>K8Hl1H CT8HeT BblW8 p8SHOB8CHOro, 4TO xapaKTep.
HO AIl" pblHKa nOKynamenR. 1I136aBIl""cb OT TOBapHblx "3Il"WKOB, KOHKYP"PY-
1OLl.\!.1e npoH3Bo,QHTeIlH HaYHYT CHV1>KaTb l..\8Hbl. nOA A8BIl8HL-1eM 36bITOYHorO
np8,qJ10>K8HHH u,8Ha Ha TOBap CHV13L-1TCH. B OTB8T BeIlV1YIt1Ha cnpoc8 H8 ,q8H-
HblL4 TOB8p H8YHeT B03pacTaTb. YToproBblB8HItI8 6YA8T npo,QoIl>KaTbCH ,Qo Tex
nop, nOKa npOH3BOAL-1T8IlH He «H8Ll.\ynaIOT» T8K0!71 06b8M BblnYCK8, KOTOpbl
COBn8,QeT C 06beMOM cnpOC8.
HanpoTL-1B, 8CIl!.1 L\8H8 OKa>KeTC7I HV1>Ke paBHOBeCHOH, ,QonYCTL-1M, H8
ypOBHe P" TO 06beM cnpoca 5YAeT npeBblwaTb 06beM np8AIlO>K8H"", 4TO
xapaKT8p"3yeT pblHOK npooaSL<a: TOBap BpeMeHHO OKa>KeTC" B Aecp"'1"T8.
KOHKypeH'1"" nOKynaTeIl8", T. e. "35bIT04Hbl" cnpoc, 5YA8T ASB"Tb Ha '1 eH Y
TOB8p8 B CTOPOHY nOBbIWeHV1H. B OTBeT npOIll3BO,QV1Tem1 CT8HYT paCWV1ps:lTb
npeAIlO>K8H"e AO Tex nop, nOKa cnpoc He 5YA8T nOIlHOCTbfO HaCblll1eH. Yc-
IlOB"e paBHOBeC"" no BaIlbpscy BblrIl"A"T KaK paBeHCTBO
QD(P) = QS(P) (1)
318
np euMYUjecmsa U HeoocmamKU pblHOYH020 MexaHU3M8
-
<!>opMYIla (1) nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO B MOA8Il" BaIlbpaca 05beMbi cnpoca "
np8AIlO>K8H"" "BIl"fOTC" CPYHK'1"e" '1eHbl.
II1TaK, B nOAXOAe BaIlbpaca aK'1eHT A8IlaeTC" HS TOM, 4TO paSHOS8CU8
ycmaHaenusaemCR noo snURHU8M oaeneHUR u36blm04Hoeo 06b8Ma cnpoca,
unu u36blm04Hoao 06"eMa npeOnOJK8HUR Ha L<eHY, m. e. nocpeocmeOM KO-
nU4ecmseHHoii (06b8MHOU) noocmpoiiKU pblH04Hoeo M8xaHU3Ma.
Banbpac nOAOW8Il K OnV1CaH!.11O o6 ero p8BHOB8CL-1H B CBoeVl 3H8MeH!.1-
TO" «MOAeIlH SYKLlHOHHCTS» np" onpeAeIleHHblX AonYll1eH""X. Ero MOAeIlb
om1CblB8eT M8XaHIt13M YCTaHOBIl8HHH p8BHOB8CV1H B OTCYTCTBlile TpaHCaKl!VI-
OHHblX "3Aep>KeK. KpOMe TOro, B AaHHO" MOAeIl" pblH04Ha" KOOPA"Ha'1""
OCYll1eCTBIl"eTC" 5e3 Y4eTa BpeM8HHyro cpSKTOpS, T. 8. CAeIlK" 3aKIlf04afOT-
Cf\ MrHOBeHHO 14 TOIlbKO Ha Y>Ke rOTOBble TOBapbl. «AYKL\V10HL-1CT», cBoe06-
pa3Hbl" aHsnor «HeB"A"MO" PYK"», 06IlaAS" nOIlHo" pbIH04HO" "HcpopMa-
HeC1, 06bHBIlHeT HOBbie Ha60pbJ l!eH, nOBbIW8s:1 It1X Ha ,Qecplt1l!!.1THble T088-
pbl !.1 nOHIt1>KaH Ha H36blT04Hbl8 TOB8pbJ ,QO Tex nop, nOKa OH He «H8Ll.\ynaeT»
TaKO" Ha50p '1eH, KOTOpbl" ypaBHOBeC"T cnpoc " np8AIlO>KeH"e. B npO'1ec-
ce, Ha3BaHHOM BaIlbpaCOM «Hall1ynbIBaH"eM» (tBtonnement), BOnIl01l18H Me-
xaHV13M nO,QCTpaV1BaHV1H npolil3BoAcTBa no,Q cnpoc, a 8 «aYKl..\HOHL-1CT8» - 8B-
TOMST"3M caMop8rYIl"pOBaH"", AB">KYll1"" pblHOK K OnT"M"3a'1"".
PSCCMOTP"M APyryfO TPSKTOB'Y npO'1eCca YCTaHOBIleH"" paBHOBeC"".
.BbIAalOLl.\L-1HCH np8ACTaBV1TeIlb HeOKIl8CCV148CKOCi WKOJ1bl A.Mapw8IlIl nOIl8-
ral1, YTO CV1Il 0171 , ABIII>KYLl.\elll pblHOK K paBHOBeCL-1IO, HBIlHeTCH l!8Ha. PaCCMOT-
P"M P"c. 15.15. ECIl" '18Ha cnpoca po, npeBblwaeT '1eHY npeAIlO>KeH"" ps"
TO TaKaH pa3HIt1L\a l!eH 38CTaBHT np0L-13BO,QV1T8Il8C1 ysenV14!.1Tb npe,QIlO>KeHL-18
C Q, AO QF " nOTpe5"TeIl" CMorYT paCW"p"Tb CBO" cnpoc, nOKa '1eHa He
YCTaHOB"TC" Ha YPOBH8 P E . HanpOT"B, ecn" '1eHa cnpoca PD,OKa>KeTC"
H >Ke '1eHbl npeAIlO>KeH"" PS" TO npO"3BOA"TeIl" Ha4HYT COKpall1aTb npeA-
IlO>KeH"e TOBapa, a nOTpe5"TeIl" COKpaT"T cnpoc AO 06beMa, COOTBeTCTBY-
101l1ero paBHOBeCHO" '18H8. TaK"M 05pa30M, YCIlOB"e paBHOBeC"" no Map-
WaIlIlY BblrIl"A"T KaK paBeHCTBO '1eHbl cnpocs '1eHe npeAIlO>KeH"":
PD(Q) = PS(Q)
(2)
<t>OPMYIlS (2) nOKa3blBaeT, 4TO B MOA8Il" MspwaIlIla '1eHa "BIl"eTC"
!jJYHK'1"e" 06beMoB cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"R
V1T8K, B COOTB8TCTBL-1L-1 C Tp8KTOBKOCi Mapw8IlIl8, pasHosecue ycm8H8s-
nusaemcf1 8emOM8mU4eCKU nOG GaSneHUeM p83HULI,bl Ll,eH cnpoca U Ll,eH
npeOnO)KeHUf1, m. e. s pe3ynbmame u,eHosou noocmpouKu, 4mo coomsem-
cmeyem 60ne8 00neocp04HOMY nepuooy.
HanOMH\.1M eLl.\e p83, YTO B M8T8MaTL-1Ke npL-1HHTO L-1306p8>K8Tb 3H8yeHL-1H
He3aB\.1C!.1MOVl n8p8MeHH0L4 Ha OCL-1 86cl\L-1cc, a 38BHCL-1MOCi - Ha OCIt1 0P,QVI-
319
Inasa 15
HaT. no M8PW8IlIlY, B8Il!.14L-1Hbl cnpoca L-1 npeAIlO>K8H!.1H HBJ1HIOTCfI H838SL-1_
C\llMblM\II n8p8M8HHbIML-1, 8 L\8H8 cnpoca 14 np8AflO>K8HIIIH - 38BHCIt1M0L4. no-
3TOMY BnOIlHe IlOr"4HO, 4TO Q Y MapwaIlIla cp"ryp"pyeT HS rop"30HTanb_
HOL4, 8 P - H8 BepTV1K8IlbHO OC!.1. 1 OAH8KO COBp8M8HHbl8 3KOHOML-1CTbl It1c-
nOIlb3YfOT CPYHK'1"" cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" B TpaKTOBKe BaIlbpaca, rAe
l!8Ha flBnH8TCH H83aB\IICL-1MO n8peMeHHol71, 8 06b8Mbi cnpoca \II np8AIlO)!{e_
H"" - 3aB"C"MbIM" nepeMeHHblMH. Ho np" 3TOM B rpacp"4eCKOM "306pa_
>KeH"" '1eHa cp"ryp"pyeT Ha OC" OPA"HaT, S BeIl"4"Hbl cnpoca " npeAnO>Ke_
H"" - Ha OC" a5c'1"cc.
nOM"MO TpaA"'1"OHHO" MOAeIl" paBHOBeC"", CYll1eCTByeT MOAeIlb Kpa.
eBoro paBHOBeCIItJI, B03HVlK81OLl.\8ro npH HYIl8BOVl Ll8H8 ItIIlH nplll HYIleSblX
cnpoce " npeAIlO>KeH"" (P"c. 15.2a, 5).
P
P
D S
S
D
o
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a)
Q
5)
Puc. 15.2.
Kpaeeoe paeHoeecue
3TS MOAeIlb OTpa>KaeT HeKYfO <<npeAPbIH04HYfO» C"Tya'1"fO. ECIl" 5naro
HaXOA!.1TCH B \1136bITOl.JHOM KOIllt148CTB8 no OTHoweHllllO K cnpocy, TO n8p8,[1
H8MIo1 - CB060AH08, !.1IlH H83KOHOMV148CK08 6Ilaro (HanpIllM8p, 4V1CTbIVl 803-
AYX, BOAa "CT04HHKa " T. A.); paBHOBeC"e B TaKOM cIlY4ae HacTynaeT np"
HYIleBoCi '1eHe (P"c. 15.2a).
PaBHoB8cH8 H8 «HenpOH3BoAIIIMbI8 6Ilar8» (HanpIllM8p, TOB8pbJ, npoVl3-
BO,QCTBO KOTOpblX T8XHOIlorIll4eCKL-1 B03MO>KHO, HO 3KOHOMH48CK\.1 Hel!8Ileco-
06pa3Ho), xapaKTep"3yeTc" HYIleBblM 05beMoM cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"R Ta,
npO"CXOA"T nOToMY, 4TO '1eHa npeAIlO>KeH"" BcerAa 5YAeT npeBblwaTb '1eHY
cnpocs np" "X nOIlO>K"TeIlbHOM 3Ha4eH"" (P"c. 15.25). AonycT"M, 4TO 3TO
30IlOTbl8 YHIt1T83bl, Io1HKPycTIr1poBaHHbl8
"3YMpYAaM". KOHe4Ho, MO>KHO npeAcTa-
BV1Tb, 4TO HalllA8TcH 3KCLleHTpJ.14HbIL4 MVlIl-
Il"apAep, 3aKa3aBW"" ce5e TaKa" TOBap,
HO npeAnOIlO>KeH"e a Cep""HOM npO"3BOA-
CTBe nOA06HbiX L-13A8IlL-1V1 HBIlH8TCfl CIlL-1W-
, CM. MapwaJlJl A.
3KoHoMlII4ecKo HaYKIII.
1993. C. 29 (P"c. 19).
nplllHWlllnb l
T II. M,
320
Q
npeUMYl14eCmSa U HeaOCmamKU pblHOYHOZO MeXBHU3MB
KOM CMeIlbIM. C"Tya'1"" C «HenpO"3BOA"MbIM"» 5IlaraM" MO>KeT B03H"KHYTb
" np" pa3pa50TKe onblTHblX AOPOroCTO"ll1"X 05pa3'10B KSKOro-Il"50 TOBapa,
ellle He 3HaKOMoro nOTpe6"TeIlfO, a nOTOMY He BoweAweMY ell1e B CTaA"fO
cep""HOrO BblnYCKa.
3aAaA"MC" BonpOCOM 0 eA"HCTBeHHOCT" pblH04Horo paBHOBeC"R Mo-
>KaT IlVl Ha pblHK8 B03HVlKHYTb H8CKOIlbKO paBHOB8CHbJX COCTOHHHVI?
Bce 3aB"C"T aT xapaKTepa CPYHK'1"" cnpocs " npeAIlO>KeH"" KOHKpeT-
Horo TOBspa. PbIHK" 50IlbW"HCTBa HopMaIlbHblX TOBapOB, cnpoc Ha KOTopble
05paTHO nponOp'1"OHaIleH '1eHe, a npeAIlO>KeH"e - np MO nponOp'1"OHaIlb-
HO '1eHe, xapaKTep"3YfOTC eAHHCTBeHHOCTblO pSBHOBeCHR. OAHSKO cy-
llIeCTBYfOT "CKIlf04"TeIlbHble TOBapbl, CPYHK'1"" cnpoca "Il" npeAIlO>KeH""
KOTOpblX BeAYT ce5 «He no npaB"IlaM». TorAa MorYT B03H"KaTb CIlY4S"
MHO>KeCTBeHHOCT" paBHOBeC"R Hanp"Mep, Kp"BaR "HA"B"AYaIlbHoro npeA-
nO)KeH" TpYAa, KaK Mbl nOMH"M "3 rn. 11, Ha Y4acTKe 3cpcpeKTa 3aMell1e-
H"R "MeeT nOIlO>K"TeIlbHbl" HaKIlOH, a 3aTeM, nOA B03Ae"CTB"eM 3cpcpeKTa
AoxoAa, MeH"eT ero Ha OTp"'1aTeIlbHbl", " ABa>KAbl nepeceKaeT KP"BYfO
cnpoca Ha TPYA. n03TOMY Ha pblHKe TPYAa MO>KeT CIlO>K"TbC ABo"Hoe paB-
HOBeC"e: nepBoe - np" H"3KOM YPoBHe CTaBK" 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl " BTOpoe
- np" BbICOKO" CTaBKe.
KnaCC"4eCKa" TeOp"" OCHOBbIBaeTC" Ha npeAnOIlO>KeH"" 0 CTs5HIlbHOC-
TH pSBHoBecH", T. e. 0 cnoc05HOCT" pblHKa caMOCTO"TeIlbHO BepHyrbc" B no-
IlO>KeH"e paBHOBeC"" B cIlY4ae OTKIlOHeH"" aT Hero. BcerAa Il" 3TO TaK? B AaH-
HOM BOnpoce HaM nOMO>KeT pa305paTbC" nS}'THHOo5pS3HSR MOAeIlb pbIHKS.
n8YTIt1H006pa3H8H MO,QeIlb C4!.1T8eTCH A!.1HaMH48CKOIII VI nOK83blB88T B3a-
MMOAeMCTBHe cnpocs H npeAIlOJKeHH" npH nepeXOAe OT OAHoro
BpeMeHHoro nepHOAS K APyrOMY. npeAIlO>KeH"e C on03AaH"eM pear"PyeT
Ha L43M8H8H\.1e Ll8Hbi cnpOC8, YTO Bbl3blB8eT U,8HOBbI8 KOn86aHIr1H.
P P P
D S D S
D
'-'1 -
P, -
;liE - P E
Po -
;1'2 -
Po - P, -
I
I
0 QoQ, Q. Q, QO Q, QoQ. Q, 0 Q.
Q Q
a) Mo,qenb C 3aTyxal-O-
i4MMM ...,eHoBblMIII
Kone6aHMSlMH
Puc.15.3.
6) Mo,qel1b C YCHI1HBalO-
UJ,HMHCSI K0J1e6aHHSlMH
...,eHbl
B) Mo,qenb C paBHoMep-
HblMH K0l1e6aHHflMH
...,eHbl
naymuHoo6pa3HaR Mooenb pblHKa
321
l, Kypc 3KOHOM 4ecKoi1 TeOp 1'1
Inaea 15
B 3SB"C"MOCT" aT 4YBCTB"TeIlbHOCT" (HS'IlOHS KP"BbIX) cnpoca " npeA-
IlO>KeH"" K "3MeHeH"fO '1eHbl pa3Il"4SfOT 3aTyxafOll1"e, YC"Il"BafOll1"8C" "
paBHOMepHble KOIle5aH"" '1eHbl.
PaCCMOTp"M nOAP05He8 Ha P"C. 15.3s, KaK B pe3YIlbTaTe 3aTyxafOll1"X
'1eHOBblX KOIle5aH"" YCTSHaBIl"BaeTCR paBHOBeC"e. B naYT"H005pa3HO"
MOAeIl" npeAnOIlaraeTC", 4TO 05beM cnpocs Op"eHmpY8TC" Ha cpaKT"4eC-
KYfO '1eHY TOBapa meKy eeo nepuooa. 05beMOM npeAIlO>KeH"" TeKYll1ero
nep"OAa PYKOBOA"T '1eHOBbie O>K"AaH"R npeowecmeoeaeweeo nepuooa,
OCHOBaHHble Ha npeAnOIlO>KeH"", 4TO TeKYll1aR '1eHa COXpaH"TC" " B CIle-
AYfOl11eM nep"OA8 (T. e. 05beM BbrnYCKa T8KYll1ero nep"OAa npO"3BOA"Te-
Il" nIlaH"PYfOT B npeAblAYll1eM nep"OAe, "CXOA" "3 '1eH, CIlO>K"BW"XC" Ha
TOT nep"OA). Ha P"c. 15.3a npO"3BOA"TeIl" B TeKYll1eM nep"OAe to npeAIla-
rafOT TOBap B 05beMe Qo no '1eHe Po' 4TO H">Ke paBHoBecHblx napaMeTpoB
pblHKa. np" '1eHe Po Ha5IlfOAaeTc" A8CP"'1"T, KOTOpbl" TOIlKaeT '1eHY TOBapa
K nOBbIWeHL-11O !.1 OH8, np8BbtCHB p8BHOB8CHblL4 ypOB8Hb P E , YCT8H8BIlHBa8T
CH Ha YPOBH8 P 1 . IIIM8HHO 3T8 BblCOKaH U,8H8 H nOBIlL-1H8T Ha p8W8H\.18 npo-
"3BOA"TeIle" YBeIl"4"Tb BblnycK B cIleAYfOll1eM nep"OAe AO ypOBH" Q" 0A-
HaKO B CIl8AYfOll1eM nep"OAe t , 05beM cnpoca, Op"eHT"PYfOll1erOC" HS '1eHY
P 1 , OK8>K8TCH M8HbW8 npeAflmK8HL-1H. 11136blToK TOBapa Ha pblHK8 co6beT
'1eHY H">Ke paBHOB8cHO" AO ypOBH" P,. Ho pa3H"'1a Me>KAY P E " P" ,a,
B"AHO "3 p"CYHKa, M8HbW8, 4eM Me>KAY P E " P , . COOTB8TCTBeHHO, B nep"-
OA t, 06beM npeAIlO>KeH"R np" '1eHe P, CH"3"TC" AO Q" 4TO H8CKOIlbKO 6n"-
>K8 K paBHoBecHoMY, 4eM 06beM npeAIlO>K8H"" npeAblAYll1ero nep"OAa. Ta"
nOCTeneHHO B pe3YIlbTaT8 '1eHOBO" " KOIl"4eCTBeHHo" (05beMHO") nOA-
CTPO"K" npeAIlO>K8H"e nOIlHOCTbfO Ha"AeT cnpoc B 05beMe QE np" '1eHe P E .
Ha pblHK8 8BTOMaTL-1yeCKH YCTaHoBHTcH p8BHoB8cHe.
ECIlH >K8 np0L-13BOAVlTeIlL-1 CHIlbHe8 p8arL-1pYIOT H8 H3M8H8HHe U,8Hbl, 4eM
npeAb"B"TeIl" cnpoca (B 3TOM cIlY4se KP"BS" npeAIlO>KeH"" 50Ilee nono-
ra", 4eM Kp"Ba" cnpoca), TO '18Ha 5YAeT KOIle6aTbC" BO BpeMeH" C Hapac-
TafOl11e" aMnIl"TYAO" (P"c. 15.35), T. e. '18HOBbl8 KOIle5aH"" 5YAYT YC"Il"-
BaTbC" " '18Ha 5YAeT Bce 50Ilbwe YAaIl"TbC" OT paBHoBeCHo". TaKa" C"TY-
8l..\1t1f1 roBOplt1T 0 KpaVlH8V1 H8CT86HIlbHOCTL-1 nOIlO>KeHIt1H np0!.13BOAHT8IleCi OT-
p8CIlL-1. YC!.1IleHHe HeYCTOL4YIr1BOCTL-1 pblHKa T80peTH4eCKL-1 MO>K8T npHBeCT\I1 K
ero pa3pyweH"fO.
OA"HaKOBa" 4YBcTB"TeIlbHOCTb cnpoca " npeAIlO>KeH"" K "3MeHeH"fO
'1eHbl (4TO rpacp"4eCK" Bblpa>KaeTC" paBHblM no MOAYIlfO HaKIlOHOM 3T"X
KP"BbIX) nOpO>KAaeT paBHoMepHble KOIle6aH"" (P"C. 15.3B), T. e. '18HS KO-
Ile6IleTcH B onpeA8IleHHOM KOpHAOp8, He OCTaHaBIlL-1B8HCb Ha paBHOBeCHOM
3H8yeHHH. n03TOMY COOTHOW8HIt18 Me>KAY cnpOCOM It1 np8AIlmKeHilleM Bb!pa-
>K8eTCH Illll60 KaK \I136blTOK (ecn\l1 LleHa BblW8 p8BHOB8CH0L4 H ,[I,B!.1)\{8TCf! K
B8pXHe" rpaH"'1e '1eHoBoro KOp"AOpa), Il"60 KaK Aecp"'1"T TOBapa (np" AB"-
>K8H"" '18Hbl OT paBHOBeCHO" K H">KHe" rpaH"'1e '1eHOBOro KOP"AOPS).
IIICCIleAOBaHIt18 naYTL-1HOo6pa3HOH MOAeIlH nOKa3b1B8eT, YTO, Bo-nepSbIX,
322
npeuMy ecmBa u HeoocmamKU pblH04Hoeo MexaHU3Ma
I
>-
CT04H"KOM '1eHOBblX KOIle5aH"" "BIl"eTC" 3sna3AblBSH"e pes,'1"" np8AIlO-
)l(eH"R Ha "3MeH"BW""CR cnpoc. BO-BTOPbIX, paBHOBeC"e He BcerAa MO>KeT
BOCCTaHaBIl"BaTbC" SBTOMaT"4eCK". OAHaKO Ha npaKT"Ke C"Tya'1"" C YC"-
I1"BafOl11"M"C" KOIle6aH""M" BCTpe4SeTC" CpaBH"TeIlbHO peAKO. B npeA-
CTaBIleHHO" nSYT"H005pa3HO" MOAeIl" He Y4"TbIBaeTC" OAHO Ba>KHOe 05-
CTORTeIlbcTBo: 3KOHOM"4eCK"e sreHTbl Y4aTC" Ha CBO"X OW"5Kax. A n03TO-
MY np" n8peXOAe K CIleAYfOll1eMY BpeMeHHOMY nep"OAY OH" KOppeKT"PYfOT
CBO" '1eHOBbie O>K"AaH"" (CM. rn. 23, 9 6 "3 pa3AeIla «MaKp03KOHOM"Ka»)
pblHOK CPYHK'1"OH"PyeT 50Ilee "Il" MeHee YCTO"4"BO, oc05eHHO B KOHKY-
p8HTHO" CP8A8, H8 "CnbITbIBafOll1e" HeO>K"ASHHbIX BHeWH"X nOTpRCeH"".
np05IleMbi YCTaHOBIleH"" " YCTO"4"BOCT" paBHOBeC"" Mbl paCCMaTp"-
BaIl" Ha np"Mepe pblHKa OAHoro TOBapa "Il" OTpaCIl", T. e. rOBOp"Il" 0 4a-
tTH HOM paBHOBeCHH. OAHaKO B 3KOHOM"4eCKO" T80P"" CYll1eCTByeT no-
HHTV18 o6w.ero paBHOBeCHJI, T. 8. paSHoseCHoao cocmORHUR aceD Pb/HOl/-
HoD cucmeMbf, YTO B MIt1Kp03KOHoMV1Ke 03H8488T oOHospeMeHHoe oocmuJKe-
flue paeHoe8cuR Ha ecex pblflKax (Ha pblHKax 6nae u pblHKax pecypcoe).
C nOMOll1bfO MOAeIl" 061l1ero 3KOHOM"4eCKoro paBHOBeC"" "CCIl8AyeT-
CH B38HMOCBH3b Bcex pblHKOB 3KoHoM1014eCK0L4 CIt1CTeMbl. IIIAeaIlbHblM npo-
BO,QHl1KOM \.1HcpOpM8l..\HV1 B YCIlOBL-1HX cOBepweHHoVl KOHKyp8HLlL-1L-1 HBIlHeTCH
L\eHOBoVl CL-1rH8Il, p8cnpocTp8HHIOLl.\L-1V1 CBeA8Hlllfi 06 H3M8HeHHH pblHOYHOVl
c Tya'1H" no BceM pblHKaM. npOAB"rS"Cb OT pblHKa K PbIHKY, 3SKOA"pOBaH-
Hbl8 B '1eHe CBeAeH"" KOppeKT"PYfOTC", B5"pa" B ce5" Bce HOBbie KOHbfOH-
KTYPHble AaHHble. npe06pa30BaHHbl" '1eHOBO" C"rHaIl B03Bpall1aeTC" Ha
pblHOK nepBHYHOVl HHcpopMaLlH!.1 H OK83blB8eT Ha Hero Y>Ke BH8WHe8 B03AeC1-
CTBIt18. T8K08 HBIleHL-18 H83blBaeTCH a<t><t>eKTOM 06paTHOH CBH3 . WeHoBbl8
CHrHaIlbl V13A81OT 101 nOIlyyalOT BC8 pblHKIr1 OAHOBp8MeHHO, cneAOB8TeJlbHO,
3cj)cj)eKT 05pSTHO CBR3H BKIl104aeT B ce5R MHorOKpaTHble OTpS>KeHHR
M npeo5pS30BSHHR LleHOBblx CHrHaIlOB B eAHHHLlY BpeMeHH.
nOY8MY >Ke pblHKIII TOB8pOB, He L-1MelO HX, H8 nepBblL4 B3rnflA, HL-1K8KOro
OTHOWeH"" APyr K APyry (H" B3a"MOAOnOIlH"eMbIX, H" B3a"M03aMeH"eMbIX,
HH CBH3aHHbiX TeXHOIlOrL-1Y8CK0L4 Ll8nOYKoL-'1), pearlt1pYIOT Ha B38HMHbl8 LleHO-
Bble CHrHaIlbl? 4TO "X 05beA"H"eT B eA"HYfO pblH04HYfO C"CT8MY? B M"K-
P03KOHOMHyeCKOM nIlaHe Bce TOBapHbl8 pblHKH CBfl38Hbl, C OAHOVI CTOpOHbl,
pblHKOM pecypCOB, a C APYro" CTOpOHbl, - nIlaTe>KeCnoc05HblM cnpOCOM Ha
6nara, npO"3BOA"MbI8 C nOMOll1bfO P8CypCOB. Ae"CTB"TeIlbHO, pblHOK TPYAa
IIInIlaTe>KeCnoc06HblVi cnpoc, K8K AHO C006Ll.\81OLl.\L-1XCH COCYAOB, CBH3blB81OT
PbIHK" TOBSpOB " YCIlyr: eCIl" YBeIl"4"BaeTC" cnpoc Ha OAHY rpynny TOBa-
POB, TO MO>KeT COKpaT"TbC" cnpoc Ha APyr"e TOBapbl B C"IlY OrpaH"4eH""
era nIl8Te>KeCnoc06HOCTL-1. 3TO OTHOCL-1TCH III K PblHKY pecypCOB, 8 OC068HHO
K pblHKY TPYA8, YYHTbIB8f1 ero cerM8HT8LJ,1t11O no P83IlL-1YHbIM CneLlL-18IlbHOC-
T"M. C nOMOll1bfO MOAeIl" 061l1ero paBHOBeC"" paCCMOTp"M, KaK OTAeIlbHble
PbIHK" MoryT nOBIl""Tb APyr Ha APyrs.
B03bM8M YeTblpe OTg8IlbHbiX pblHKa: ABa OTpacneBblX pb1HK8, He CBH-
323
21"
Inasa 15
3aHHbiX APyr C APyroM TeXHOIlOr"4eCK", Hanp"Mep, pblHOK 3AaH"" " COOPY-
>K8HHII1, H pblHOK aBTOM06L-1Il8V1, a TalOK8 ABa C8rM8HTa pblHKa pa604eL4 CL-1nbl
COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.\L-1X Cn81\L-1aIlbHOCTeVl - CTp0L-1T8IlbHbIX p860YLt1X H 8BToc60p_
Ll.\HKOB, Bce pblHKH HaXOAHTCH B p8BHOB8CL-1L-1.
AonycmM, B 3KOHOM"Ke Ha4SIlCR CTpO"TeIlbHbl" 5YM: pe3KO nOBbIC"IlC"
cnpoc Ha CTpO"TeIlbCTBO rOCT"H"'1, Mara3"HOB, KOneA>Ke" " T. A., 4TO Tpe-
5yeT 3Ha4"TeIlbHoro paCWHpeH"" cnpoca Ha CTpO"TeIlbHblx " peMoHTHblX
pa504"X. nOBblWeH"e cnpoca " pacT '1eH Ha HOBbie 3AaH"" " coopY>KeH""
On"HYT 4SCTb nIlSTe>KeCnoc05Horo cnpoca C pblHKa aBTOM05"Ile". 3TO OC-
Ila5"T cnpoc HS TPYA aBTOc50pll1"KOB, KOTopble 4aCT"4HO nepe AYT Ha
CTpO"TeIlbHbl" pbIHOK, np"BIle4eHHble B03POCW"M" CTSBKaM" 3apa50THO"
nIlSTbl. TaK"M 05pa30M, Ha paCCMaTp"BaeMbiX pblHKax CKIlaAbIBaeTC" npOMe-
>Kyr04Hoe paBHOBeC"e CO CIleAYfOll1"M" napaMeTpaM". Ha pblHKe >K"IlbIX
He>K"IlbIX cOOPY>KeHH" B03pOC cnpoc, " B03POCIl" '1eHbl. B CB"3" C 3T"M no-
BbIC"IlC" cnpoc Ha COOTBeTCTBYfOll1eM cerMeHTe pblHKa TpYAa, S 3Ha4"T, " CTaB-
Ka 3aps50THO" nIlaTbl CTpO"TeIlbHbIX " peMOHTHblX pa504"X. Ha pblHKe aBTO-
M05"Ile" YMeHbW"IlCR cnpoc, "CH"3"IlaCb paBHOBeCHa '1eHa. Hs pblHKe TPY-
Aa aBTOC50pll1"KOB CH"3"IlC" cnpoc Ha "X YCIlyr", " YCTaHOB"Il"Cb 50nee
H"3K"e CTaBK" 3apa50THO" nIlaTbl.
B HOBO" C"Tya'1"" nOA BIl""H"eM B03POCW"X '1eH npeAIlO>KeH"e CTPO"-
TeIlbHblX CP"PM paCW"p"TC". YBeIl"4"TC" H npeAIlO>KeH"e YCIlyr TPYAa CTpO-
HT8IleVi 38 C4eT YB8IlHY8HIo1H pa60Ll8ro Bp8MeHH \.1 np!.1TOKa pa60Y8L4 CLt1Ilbl
"3 APyro" OTpaCIl". 3Aecb Mbl "CXOA"M "3 AOBOIlbHO C"IlbHOro ynpOll1eH"",
npeAnOIlarafOll1ero, 4TO nepeKBaIl"cp"Ka'1"" pa50TH"KOB npO"CXOA"T 583
CYll1eCTBeHHblX 3aTpaT. Ha aBTOM05"IlbHOM pblHKe npO"3BOA"TeIl" COKPaT"-
IlH BblnYCK B COOTB8TCTBL-18 C 60Il8e HH3KOCi pblH04H0L4 1\8HOVl. TaKOBbl napa-
MeTpbl HOBOro paBHOBeC"" Ha paCCMaTp"BaeMbiX pblHKax. OHO 5YAeT nOA-
A8p>KI-1BaTbCH ,0.0 Tex nop, nOK8 nOBblCI-1BWe8CH npe,qTlO>K8HL-1e H8 pblHK8
CTpO"TeIlbHbIX YCIlyr He HSCbIT"T cnpoc, " '1eHbl (BCIleA 3a cnpOCOM) He
H8YHYT OTKIlOHHTbCH OT paBHOB8CHblX B CTOPOHY nOHL-1>K8HL-1f1. H8npoTI-1B, Ha
8BTOM06!.1IlbHOM pblHKe COKpaTL-1BW88CH np8AIlO>K8HL-1e Ir1 H\.13KL-18 1\8Hbl MO-
rYT Bbl3BaTb B CIl8AYIOW.8M nepvlOA8 nOBbIW8HL-1e cnpoca VI, cIl8AoBaTeIlb-
HO, pOCT l\eH Ha aBTOM06L-1IlH, LITO T8K >Ke KOCH8TCH Lt1 pblHK8 TPYA8 8BTO-
C50Pll1"KOB. B pe3YIlbTaTe paCCMaTp"BaeMble PbIHK" pa36aIlaHC"PYfOTC".
Cnpoc, 1\8H8 !.1 np8AIlO>K8HHe H8YHYT !.13M8HHTbCs:I B 06p8THOM H8np8BIleH\IIVI
,qo Tax nop, nOK8 CHOB8 He BOCCT8HOBV1TCH 06Ll.\e8 paSHOB8CL-18 npL-1 HOBblX
nspaMeTpax.
IIIT8K, Mbl p8CcMOTp8nlt1 YCT8HOBn8HLt1e 06w,ero paBHOBeCI-1H B YCIlOBlt1s:1X
COBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" np" HYIleBblx TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KKax. 011-
HaKO B p8aIlbHol71 >K\.13HVI nOAAep>KaHL-1e YCTOVl4L-1BOCTH p860Tbi pblHK8 ocno>K-
H"eTC" HaIl"4"eM 3mx "3Aep>KeK (CM. rn. 4, 9). OH" 3aTpYAH"fOT pa50 T Y
pblH04HOro M8X8H!.13M8, HCK8>K8H 1\8HOBYIO L-1HcpOpMal...!!.110, YCIlQ}KHHIOT npo-
'1ecc OnT"M"3a'1"" " He AafOT PblHKY pa50TaTb "AeSIlbHO 3cpcpeKT"BHO.
324
npeUMyw,ecmsa U HeoocmamKu pblHOYH020 MexaHU3Ma
fhilKBHAVlpOB8Tb Tp8HC8Kl...!110HHble L-13,q8P)\{KI-1 HeIlb3H, HO MO>KHO HX ML-1HVlMH-
3"pOBSTb. OT4aCT" 3TY np05IleMY pewaeT rOCYAspCTBO, C03AaBa" 4eTKYfO
npaBOBYfO OCHOBY Ae"TeIlbHOCT" 6"3HeCa, nOAAep>K"Ba" aAeKBaTHbl" CO'1"-
aJ1bHblVi KIlVlM8T, pa3BL-1B8H KOHTP8KTHYIO CL-1CTeMY !.1 T. ,q. Ho 3H8YHTeIlbHYIO
4acTb TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK M"H"M"3"PYfOT CaM" npeAnp"H"MaTeIl",
CTpeMRcb K MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"5bIIl". npe>KAe Bcero, 5"3HeC 3S"HTepeCoBaH B
5blCTpOM npeAocTSBIleH"", nOIlY4eH"" " 05pa60TKe Ha"50Ilee nOIlHo" " AOC-
TOBepHo" pbIH04HO" "HCPOpMa'1"", "Ha4e 3STPYAH"eTc" MHH"M"3a'1"" y5blT-
KOB " MaKC"M"3a'1"" np"6bIIl". BaiKHoe npeuMYlJ.{eCmeo pblHKa - omcym-
cmeue Y 3KOHOMU4eCKUX aaeHmoe (no KpaiiHeii Mepe, e ooneocpo4HOM nna-
He) cmuMynoe K UCKaJKeHUIO UHcpopMaL<UU, CTpeMIleH"e K M"H"M"3a'1""
rpaHC8Ku,L-10HHbIX Vl3Aep>KeK, CBH3aHHbiX C e8 nOHCKOM.
t 2.
06LL1eCTBeHHoe 6narOCOCTOflHlile
iii 3Q>Q>eKTIiIBHOCTb
npHM8Y8TeIlbHo, YTO He TOIlbKO MOA8Jlb «aYKl\HOHHCT8»
n. BaIlbpaca, HO " Ae"CTB"e «HeB"A"MO" PYK"» A. CM"Ta ("Ae" pa3pa60-
TaHa B 1776 roAY), on"CblBafOT C"IlY, HanpaBIl"fOll1YfO pblHOK K 051l1eMY paB-
HOBeC"fO. 3Ta AB">KYll1a" C"Ila - cTpeMIleH"e K np"5bIIl" " KOHKypeH'1"",
KOTOpbl8 38CTaBIlHIOT K8>K,QOro oT,qeTlbHOrO npe,qnpL-1HL-1MaT8IlH M8KCHMH3r..1pO-
e.aTb CBOfO np"5bIIlb, M"H"MH3"PY" "3Aep>KK". OnT"M"3"PY" 4aCTHoe npo-
H3BOACTBO, npeAnp"H"MSTeIl" Ae"cTBYfOT B "HTepeCax Bcero 051l1eCTBa.
0AHaKO, 3TO B03MO>KHO TOIlbKO np" 3cpcpeKT"BHOM "cnOIlb30BaH"H pecyp-
COB. nOA 3cpcpeKT"BHbIM "CnOIlb30BaH"eM pecypCOB nOH"MaeTC" AOCT"-
)l{eH\.18 H8\.160IlbWe OTA8YL-1 B ccpepe OnT!.1M8IlbHOro VlcnOIlb30B8HHfI ,q8HHbIX
peCYPCOB, "Il", APyr"M" CIlOBaM", OTCYTCTB"e nOTepb B B"Ae ynYll1eHHO"
nOIle3HOCT".
YCIlOB"eM >Ke 3cpcpeKT"BHOrO npO"3BOACTBS "BIl"eTC" 3cpcpeKT"BHOe
pacnpe,qeIl8HL-18. CIl8AOB8T8IlbHO, UMeHHO KOHKypeHLI,UR RSflaemca ecme-
r;meeHHbiM cmuMynoM U opeaHU3amopOM 3cpcpeKmueHoeo pacnpeoeneHUR.
AaIlbHe"W"" war B pa3pa60TKe "Ae" A. CM"Ta CAeIlaIl "TSIlb"HCK""
3KOHOM"CT B"IlbcppeAO napeTO. OH onpeAeIl"Il Kp"Tep"" 3cpcpeKT"BHoro
pacnpeAeIleH"'" pecypCbl MO>KHO C4"TaTb 3cpcpeKT"BHO, a 3Ha4HT, OnT"-
MSIlbHO pacnpeAeIleHHblM" np" 3aAaHHOM ypOBHe B03MO>KHOCTe", KorAS HU
OdUH Y4acmHUK pblHKa He cMOiKem ynY4wumb ceoeeo nOnOJKeHUR, He yxyo-
«Iue meM caMblM nonOJKeHUR opyeux. TaKOe pacnpeAeIleH"e Ha3b1BaeTC"
:!tfJ<I>eKTHBHbIM no napeTO. HIlH napeTo-onTHMaIlbHblM pacnpeAeIleH"-
eM. ECIl" >Ke CYll1eCTByeT B03MO>KHOCTb XOTR 5bl AIl" oAHoro Y4aCTH"Ka PbIH-
a YIlY4W"Tb CBoe nOIlO>KeH"e, He HaHeC" Yll1ep5s APyr"M, TO TaKOe pac-
peAen8HHe 3KOHOMHyeCKL-1X 6Il8r He onTHM8IlbHO. IIIT8K, KPL-1T8pV18M pbIHOY-
325
Inasa 15
10 9 8
6
5
4
lliOKOJla,TJ,
WIJlBaCH 3
2
1
XJIe6 WUI ADH
6 5
1
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4 3
7
2
1
2
lliOKOJI:lA,
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4
5
6
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3 4 5 6
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1
2
8
9
7
10
Puc. 15.4.
«RUjUK aOJK60pma»
HOCi 3cpcpeKT\.1BHOCT!.1 HBIlfieTCH n8p8TO-OnTL-1M8IlbHOCTb, V1 B03MO)\{HOCTb ee
,QOCTV1>KeHL-1H - C8pbe3Hoe npeL-1My ecTBo pblHOYHOIl1 CIilCTeMbl no cpaBHe-
H!.11O C KOMaHAHO-aAML-1HHCTp8TL-1BH0Il1.
04eHb Ba>KHO, 4TO 3cpcpeKT"BHOCTb pacnpeAeIleH"" no napeTO npeAno-
flaraeT M8KCL-1MIo138U,L-11O 06w,eCTB8HHOVl nOIle3HOCTI-1, XOTH L-1 HBIlHeTCH COl!L-1-
aIlbHO He"TpaIlbHbiM Kp"Tep"eM. n03TOMY paBHonpaBHoe (05 3TOM nOH"-
T"" nOAP05Hee 5YAeT CKa3aHO AaIlee), HO OTHfOAb He paBHoe pacnpeAene-
HV1e npV1 AOCTV1>KeHIIIL-1 H8L-160IlbWeVl CYMM8pHm1 nOIle3HOCTL-1 B pblHOYHOL4
C"CTeMe KOppeKT"PyeTC" 4epe3 nepepacnpeAeIl"TeIlbHYfO C"CTeMY, T. e.
C nOMOll1bfO roCYAapCTBa.
Ho KaK M8KCL-1MH3HpyeTcH 06 eCTBeHHoe 6Il8roCOCTOHHL-18? 3TO OAL-1H \.13
rn8BHbiX BonpOCOB HeOKIlaCClt1yeCKOVl TeopHH 3KOHOMHKIII 611arOCOCTOfl-
HHJ1, np8,QM8TOM KOTOpOVl HBIlHeTCfI C03A8HL-18 MOAeIlL-1 3KOHOML-1yeCKoro on-
mMYMa " peWeH"e np05IleMbi COOTHOWeH"" Me>KAY 3cpcpeKT"BHOCTbfO 3KO-
HOMIII48cKm1 C\.1CT8Mbl V1 cnp8B8,QIlI-1BOCTblO p8cnp8,Q8JleHHH. OTnpaBHblM
nYHKTOM B HCCIl8AOB8HL-1V1 B03MO>KHOCTH M8KCIo1ML-13L-1pOBaTb 6Il8roCOCTOflHI-18
"BIl"eTC" MOAeIlb, HS3bIBseMS" «Rll1HK 3A>KBOpTa» (P"c. 15.4). AaHHa"
MOAeIlb npeAcTaBIl"eT c050" A"SrpaMMY nOIle3HOCTe" ABYX KOHTpareHToB
L-1 nOMoraeT BblHBHTb YCIlOB!.1H AOCTV1>K8HHH OnT\.1M8flbHOro pacnpeAeIleHI-1f1
3KOHOMH4eCKL-1X 6Il8r, npV1 o6MeHe KOTOpbIMV1 AOCTHraeTCH M8KC!.1M8IlbHafi
nOIle3HOCTb Y48CTHIIIKOB 06M8H8.
PaCCMOTp"M MOAeIlb 05MeHa ABYM" TOBapaM" Me>KAY ABYM" nOTpe5"-
TeIl"MH, Hanp"Mep, AHe" " Bace", KOTopble OIl"'1eTBOpHfOT ABe 061l1eCTBeH-
Hble rpynnbl. Ha P"C. 15.4 "305pa>KeHbl ABe C"CTeMbl KOOPA"HaT, nOBepHY-
Tble APyr K APyry TaK, 4TO "X OC" COCTaBIl"fOT np"MoyroIlbH"K. npaBbl" Bep-
326
npsUMYUI,eCmSa U HeoocmamKU pblHOYHOaO MexaHU3Ma
XH"" yroIl np"MoyroIlbH"Ka - HS4SIlO KOOPA"HaT 0A' B C"CTeMe KOTOpblX
paCnOIlO>KeHS KspTa KP"BbIX 6e3pa3Il"4"" AH" (cpaBH"Te C aHaIlor"4HbIM"
KapTaM" B rn. 5, 9 9). neBbl" H">KH"" yroIl - Ha4aIlO KOOPA"HaT 0B' B C"C-
TsMe KOTOpblX p8CnOIlO>KeHa KapTa Kp!.1BbIX 683pa3IlL-1L1L-1H B8CV1. no roplll30H-
TaJ1bHol71 OCL-1 OTM84eHO KOIlHyeCTBO xIle6a, no BepTIilKaIlbHOL4 - WOKOIl8,Q8,
B KOIll-1Y8CTBe 10 V1 6 8AL-1HV1U, COOTBeTCTBeHHO. nYCTb 1t13HaY8IlbHO 6Ilara
pacnpeAeIleHbl B T04Ke 1, T. e. 7 eA"H"'1 xne5a " 1 eA"H"'1a WOKOIlaAa y
Bac" (n03TOMY OH '1eH"T WOKOIlSA 50Ilbwe, 4eM xIle5). B TO" >Ke T04Ke 1
Mbl B"A"M, 4TO Y AH" 3 eA"H"'1bl xIle5a " 5 eA"H"'1 WOKOIlaAa ' (aHa, "Me"
50Ilbwe WOKOIlaAa, O'1eH"BaeT xIle6 Bblwe, 4eM Bac,,). B 3TO" T04Ke npe-
AeIlbHble HOpMbl 3aMell1eH"" (MRS) Y4aCTH"KOB CAeIlK" He COBnaAafOT':
MRS A = 3, MRS B = 1/2, 4TO n03BOIl"eT 3aKIlf04aTb B3a"MOBblrOAHble CAeIl-
K". Kp"Bble 6e3pa3Il"4"" U A1 " U.,. cooTBeTcTBYfOll1"e Hs50py npeAn04Te-
HH" AH" " Bac", nepeceKafOTc" B T04Ke 1, 05pa3Y" 05IlacTb B3a"MOBblrOA-
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UMoebleOOHoii coenKe pacnpeoeneHue 3cpcpeKmUBHO. Hanp"Mep, B T04Ke 2
CAe IlK a B3a"MOBbIrOAHa (Bac" np"05peTeT AOnOIlH"TeIlbHYfO nIl"TKY WOKO-
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T"BHOro pacnpeAeIleH"" "BIl"eTC" paBeHCTBO MRS Y4aCTH"KOB 06MeHa, B
pe3YIlbT8Te KOTOpOro 6Jl8rococToHHHe KOHTp8r8HTOB H8Ilb3H YIlY4WItITb, He
YXYAW"B nOIlO>KeH"" OAHOro "3 H"X, T. e. YCIlOB"e napeTO-3cpcpeKmBHoro
pacnpeAeIleH"". OHO "306pa>KeHO Ha P"c. 15.4 B T04Kax 3, 4 " 5, B KOTO-
pblX Kp"Bble 6e3pa3Il"4"" KacafOTC" APyr APyra " "MefOT B 3T"X T04Kax OA"-
HaKoBbl" HaKIlOH. CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, MRS A = MRS B . AaHHoe npaB"IlO pacnpo-
cTp8HHeTcH 14 H8 MHO>KeCTBO KOHTp8reHToB, 06MeHHBalO L-1XCH MHO>KeCTBOM
TOBapoB: pacnpeAeIleH"e 3cpcpeKT"BHO TOIlbKO B TOM CIlY4ae, eCIl" MRS
Ilf050" napbl TOBapOB OA"HaKOBbl AIl" Bcex Y4aCTH"KOB 05MeHs. TaK"M 06-
pa30M, oAHoBpeMeHHoe paBHOBeC"e Y4aCTH"KOB 05MeHa YCTaHaBIlHBaeTc"
np" 3aKIlf04eH"" 3cpcpeKT"BHO" cAeIlKw
MRSAwOK., XIl. = (PWOK./P XIl.) = MRSBwOK., XIl.
AaHHa" cpopMYIla OTpa>KaeT YCIlOB"e
,qOcTH>KeHL-1f1 p8BHoBecV1H Ha KOHKypeHTHblx
pblHKax. KOHKypeHTHblM pSBHoBecHeM
3KOHOMIt1CTbl Ha3blB81OT p8BHoBecV18 no
BaIlbpacy. HanOMH"M, 4TO B OCHOBe AOCT"-
eHHH KOHKypeHTHoro p8BHOBeCL-1H Il8>KHT
YCTaHOBIleH"e Ta,oro Ha50pa '1eH, np"
KOTOPOM cnpoc paBeH npeAIlO>KeH"fO Ha
Bcex "MefOl11"XC" pblHKax B YCIlOB""X KOH-
Kyp eH '1"".
BepHeMc" K P"c. 15.4. Kp"Ba", npoxo-
(3)
1 np MeM 3a e,QIiIHliIl\Y 3Mepe.
HIiII=! xne6a 1 6yxaHKY, a ,Qnl=! WOKO
na,Qa - 1 nn IiITKy.
2 B 3TOM nerKO y6e,QIiITbCI=!: npo
Be,Qme 4epe3 T04KY 1 KacaTenb-
Hb!e K COOTBeTcTBYIOLl\eiil KplilBblM
6e3pa3nlil41-11=1 AHIiI iii BacJ.1. Bb! YBIiI-
,QLIITe, 4TO y HLIIX pa3Hbliil HaKnOH.
KacaTenbHal=! K KplilBOiil 6e3pa3nlil-
4L111=! VA I-1MeeT HaKnOH -3, a Ha-
KnOH KacaTenbHoiil K Kp BOiil 6e3-
pa3nlil4L11s:! VB paBeH -1/2.
327
Inaea 15
TIOJIe3HOCTb
AHH
V 2 - --
r
v,
I
I
I
__.J_
I
I
I
I I
1-
o V 2 V t
PUG. 15.5.
TIOJIe3HOCTL
BacH
KpuaBR oOCmUJKUMOU (ao3MOJKHOU) none3Hocmu
As:lLl.\8s:1 V13 TOYKL-1 0A B TOYKY 0B C08AL-1Hs:leT BC8 TOYKL-1 KaCaHL-1H Kplo1BblX 683-
p83IlVlYI-1H KOHTp8reHTOB AHL-1 H B8CH, B KOTOpblX HX npeAeIlbHbJ8 HOpMbl 38-
Mell1eH"" paBHbl. TaKaH Kp"Ba", OTpa>KafOll1a" Bce 3cpcpeKT"BHble CAeIl'",
T. e. Bce CIlY4a" 3cpcpeKTHBHoro pacnpeAeIleH"", Ha3b1BaeTC" KpHBOii KOH-
TpaKTOB. II1MeHHo Kp"Ba" KOHTpaKTOB " CIlY>K"T rpacp"4eCK"M "305pa>KeH"-
eM napeTO-3cpcpeKT"BHoro pacnpeAeIleH"" Me>KAY ABYM" sreHTaM" Hn"
ABYM" rpynnaM" areHTOB, 4TO " OTpa>KeHO Ha P"c. 15.4.
Ha p"cYHKe 15.5 "306pa>KeHa Kp"Ba" KOHTpaKToB, BorHYTa" no OTHowe-
HV110 K H8l.J8JlY CHCTeMbl KOOPAI-1H8T. OH8 np8AcT8BIlH8T c060LII \.13B8CTHYIO
HaM KP"BYfO "3 «"ll1"Ka 3A>KBOPTa» (P"c. 15.4), nOIlY4eHHYfO np" npoBeAe-
HHH Il"H"" 4epe3 Bce T04K" KaCaH"" KP"BbIX 5e3pa3IlH4"" (T04K" 4, 3, 5).
nf05a" T04Ka 3TO" KP"BO" npeAcTsBIl"eT c050" 3cpcpeKT"BHOe pacnpeAe-
IleH"e no napeTO, MaKC"M"3"PYfOll1ee cYMMapHYfO nOIle3HOCTb pacnpeAe-
Il8HI-1H 6Ilar B 06Ll.\8CTBe. IIIHa48 rOBopH, :no Kpli1B8H AOCTV1>KIi1MOLil nOIl83HO-
CT" AIl" 051l1ecTBs. AonycT"M, 4TO Bce 061l1eCTBo COCTO"T "3 ABYX n" ,
AH" " Bac", OIl"'1eTBop"fOll1"X ABe 051l1eCTBeHHbie rpynnb!. np" npOAB"-
>KeH"" "3 T04K" 3 B T04KY 4 nOIle3HOCTb 5Ilar AIl" OAHO" rpynnbl 051l1e-
CTBS, KOTOpyfO npeAcTaBIl"eT Bac", YMeHbwaeTc". HanpOT"B, none3-
HOCTb AIl" APYro" rpynnbl, KOTOpyfO OIl"'1eTBop"eT AH", B03pacTaeT. Ho
B KaKoVl T04Ke Ha KpL-1BOLil AOCT!.1)\{I-1MOLII nOIl83HOCTV1 MaKCL-1MH3Ir1pY8TCs:I 06-
ll1eCTBeHHoe 5IlarocOCTO"H"e? BeAb 3cpcpeKT"BHOe no napeTo pacnpe-
AeIleH"e He AaeT OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc 0 pacnpeAeIleH"" 5IlarOCOCTO"H""
Me>KAY IlfOAbM" C T04K" 3peH"" ero )/(en8menbHocmu AIl" 061l1eCTBa. AS>Ke
caMbl8 KpaL4HIi18 TOYK!.1 Ha Kpli1BOVI AOCTL-1>KL-1MOL4 nOIl83HOCT!.1, KorA8 BCe AOc-
TaeTC" KaKoMY-Il"50 OAHOMY "3 cy5beKTOB ("Il" OAHO" 061l1eCTBeHHO" rpyn-
ne), nSpeTO-OnT"MaIlbHbl.
328
npeUMYl.4eCmSa U HeoocmamKu pblHOYHOeO MexaHU3Ma
VA
V,
V,
KpHBaH iJ;OCTWKHM.OH
fiOJIe3HOCrH
o
PUG. 15.6.
VB
MaKCUMU3aLluR o6 ecmaeHH020 6naaococmORHUR
05paT"MC" K P"c. 15.6.
Kp"Ba" AOCT">K"MO" nOIle3HOCT" (P"c. 15.6) nOKS3blBaeT Bce Bap"aH-
Tbl nOIle3HOCT", AOCT">K"MO" np" napeTo-3cpcpeKTHBHoM pacnpeAeIleH"H
A8HHoro KOIl"4eCTBa 5Ilar Me>KAY ABYM" 4IleHaM" 051l1eCTBa (KaK B np"Me-
pe C «"ll1"KOM 3A>KBOpTa») "Il" 051l1eCTBeHHbIM" rpynnaM".
BblnYKIlbJMH no OTHOW8HIo11O K H8yaIlY CHCTeMbl KOOPAI-1HaT 1t1306p8>K8Hbl
HOBbie AIl" Hac rpacp"K" - 051l1eCTBeHHbie Kp"Bble 5e3pa3Il"4"", "Il" KP"-
Bble paBHoro 5IlarococTO"H"". 051l1eCTBeHHS" KpHBSR 5e3pS3IlH4HR. no
SHaIlOr"" C "HA"B"AyaIlbHo" KP"BO" 5e3pS3Il"4"" (CM. rn. 5, 9 9), nOKS3bl-
BaeT Bce KOM6!.1Hal..\1i11-1 nOIle3HOCTell1 P83IlL-1YHbIX COl!1t18IlbHbIX rpynn, COOT-
BeTcTBYfOl11"X OAHOMY " TOMY >Ke ypOBHfO 051l1eCTBeHHoro 5IlarocoCTO"H"",
8 n03TOMY OA"HaKOBO np"eMIleMblX (OA"HaKOBO 6e3pa3Il"4HbIX) AIl" 061l1e-
CTBa. CYll1eCTByeT MHO>KeCTBO 051l1eCTBeHHbix KP"BbIX 6e3pa3Il"4"" (KapTa
051l1ecTBeHHbix KP"BbIX 5e3pS3Il"4""), KOTopble 0503Ha4afOT pa3Hbie ypOB-
H" 5IlarocoCTO"H"" 051l1eCTBa. YeM Bblwe ypoBeHb 5IlSrocOCTO"H"", TeM
ASIlbwe cooTBeTcTBYfOll1a" eMY 061l1eCTBeHHa" Kp"Ba" 5e3pa3Il"4"" pacno-
IlO>KeHa OT Ha4aIla KOOPA"HST. OAHaKO caMbl" BbICOK"" ypOBeHb 6Ilarococ-
TOS1HHH, KOTOpOro 06Ll.\8CTBO MO)l{8T p88IlbHO ,qOCTL-1Yb nplr1 3aA8HHbiX B03-
MO>KHOCTs:lX, OTp8>K8eT T8 06 eCTBeHH8H KPL-1B8H 6e3p83IlHYHH, KOTOp8H
MeeT TOIlbKO OAHY 051l1YfO T04KY ("Il" 061l1YfO KacaTeIlbHYfO) C KP"BO" AOC-
T )I("MO" nOIle3HOCT". TaK"M 05pS30M. pacnpeoeneHue, M8KCUMU3upYlOUjee
OOUjecmeeHHoe 6naeococmORHue, 6yoem oocmueHymo e m04Ke Kac8HUR
b6UjecmeeHHoii KpueoO 6e3pa3nU4UR U KpueoO oocmu)/(uMoii none3Hocmu.
PSCCMOTpeHHbl" HaM" np"Mep ell1e pa3 nOKa3blBaeT YH"BepCaIlbHbl"
apaKTep annap8Ta L-13BeCTHbIX HaM KpL-1BbIX 683pa3IlI-1YL-1s:1, L-1CnOIlb3Y8MbILil
np" aHaIl"3e np05IleM Bbl50pa.
B CBfl3L-1 C npo6Il8MOVl MaKCL-1MH38l!HH 06 eCTB8HHoro 6narocoCTOs:lHL-1H
PaCCMOTp"M ABe TeOpeMbl 3KOHOM"K" 6IlarococTO"H"". nepBS" TeopeMS
1
329
Inasa 15
3KOHOMHKH 611arOCOCTO H 38KIllOyaeTCH B TOM, YTO paCnp8p,eIleHL-1e B
YCIlOB""X KOH'ypeHTHorO paBHOBeC"" 3cpcpeKT"BHO no napeTO. 3Ha4"T,
eCIl\.1 BC8M YY8CTH KaM C,o,8IlK\.1 YA88TCH M8KCHM\.13J..1pOBaTb CBOID nOIle3
HOCTb, TO B pe3YIlbTaTe AOCT"raeTC" 051l1eCTBeHHO 3cpcpeKmBHoe pacnpe-
AeIleH"e, MaKC"M"3"PYfOll1ee 061l1eCTBeHHoe 6IlsrOCOCTO"H"e. AaHHS"
TeopeMa YKa3blBaeT HS "HCTpYMeHT AOCT">KeH"" 3cpcpeKT"BHOCT" no na-
peTO: 3TO - MeX8HL-13M KOHKypeHTHoro pb1HK8. C ero nOMOLl.\blO MO)\{HO
AOCT"4b napeTO-3cpcpeKT"BHOrO pacnpeAeIleHH" 5Ilar CpeA" COTH" Tbl-
C"4 Y4SCTH"KOB, He np"5era" K C03AaH"fO cne'1"aIlbHblX CTPYKTYP no c60-
PY "HcpopMa'1"" " np"H"T"fO '1eHTpaIl"30BaHHbIX peWeH"". He05xOA"MO "
AOCTaT04HO, 4T06bl Ka>KAbl" Y4aCTH"K pacnpeAeIleH"" 06IlaAaIl "HcpopMa-
l!V1eVl 0 KOHKypeHTHoVl pblHOYHOVI l!eHe TOro !.1IlH L-1HOro TOBap8.
BTOPS!! TeopeMS 3KOHOMHKH 5IlsrOCOCTORHHR rnaC"T, 4TO B onpeAe-
IleHHblX YCIlOB""X ' np" nSpeTO-3cpcpeKT"BHOM pa3Mell1eH"" 5Ilar MO>KeT
6blTb AOCTL-1rHYTO KOHKypeHTHoe p8BHOBeC!.1e. II1HbIML-1 CJlOBaM\.1, K8)f{p,aH TOY-
K8 Kp\llBOVI KOHTp8KTOB - 3TO CIlYY8V1 KOHKypeHTHoro p8BHOBeCL-1s:1. .o.8HHas:J
TeopeMa npOBOA"T pa3rpaH"4eH"e Me>KAY aIlIlOKsmBHO" " A"CTp"5ymB-
HO" pOIlbfO '1eHoBoro C"rHaIla (noAP05Hee 06 3T"X CPYHK'1""X CM. rn. 5,
S 10). C OAHO" CTOpOHbl, pblH04Ha" '1eHS onpeAeIl"eT OTHOC"TeIlbHYfO
peAKOCTb TOro V1J1L-1 HHOro 6Il8r8, C ,qpyroVl, - nOK83b1BaeT, K8KOVI 06b8M
pa3IlHYHblX TOB8pOB Ka)f{p,blVl pblHOYHblCi ar8HT B COCTOHHL-1H np\ll06pecn1.
OAHaKo AIl" AOCT">KeH"" 061l1e" 3cp-
cpeKTHBHOCTL-1 3KOHOML-1KH HeAOCT8TOYHO
3cpcpeKT"BHoro pacnpeAeIleH"" 5Ilar CpeA"
nOTpe5"TeIle". He05xOA"MO, 4T06bl " npo-
H3Bo,qHTeIlL-1 p8CnOpH>KaIl\.1Cb 3KOHOM\IIY8C-
K"M" 6IlaraMH 3cpcpeKT"BHo.
AIl" paCCMOTpeH"" ycnOB"" 3cpcpeK-
TIIIBHOro \IICnOIlb30B8HL-1f1 cpaKTopoB np0L-13-
BOACTB8 MO>KHO BHOBb L-1CnOIlb30B8Tb
«"ll1"K 3A>KBOpTa». PaCCMOTp"M P"C.
15.7. Ha nOBepHYTblX APyr K APyry OC"X
KOOPA"HaT paCnOIlO>KeHbl cpaKTOpbl npO"3-
BOACTB8 xIle68 L-1 WOKOIl8A8. K8>KAaH TOYKa
AL-1arp8MMbl nOK83blBa8T 38TP8Tbi TPYA8 H
Kan\llT8Ila ,qIlH np0L-13BO,QCTB8 3TL-1X ABYX
TOB8pOB.
Ha60p "30KBaHT nOKa3blBaeT ypOBH"
BbrnycKoB xIle5a " WOKOIlSAa np" pa3Il"4-
HblX KOM5"Ha'1""X 3aTpaT TpYAa " Kan"T8-
Ila (P"c. 15.7). PacnpeAeIleH"e cpaKTopoB
npO"3BOACTBa 3cpcpeKT"BHO, eCIl" BbrnycK
330
1 YCIlOBLile, npLil KOTOpOM Bbl-
nOIlH eTC BTopa TeopeMa 6Il8-
roCOCTO HItI , 3aKIlto4aeTCH B TOM,
4TO npe,o,n04TeHItI Y4aCTHItIKOB
pacnpe,o,8Il8HItIs:I ,o,omKHbJ Bblpa-
>KaTbC KpltlBblMII1 6e3pa31lW"I!ii ,
ItIMetoll\ltIMItI TaKYIO >K8 cPOPMY, K8K
B MO,o,eJll.1 « ll\ItIK 3,o,>KBOPT8», T. e.
BblnYKIlbIMItI. Tor,o,a M8>K,o,y napo
KpltlBblX 6e3pa3Il1tl41t1 npO AeT
e,QItIHCTB8HH8H 06Ll\a K8C8TeIlb-
Ha , KOropylO MO>KHO npeACT8BIIITb
B BltI,o,e o6Ll\ero 61O,Q)f(eTHoro orpa-
HItI4eHItI ,QIl ,QBYX Y"i8CTH!iiK06
pacnpe,QeIl8HItI , 4TO roBOpltlT 0 ,0,0-
CTItI}f(8HItlItI paBHOB8CIII Ka>K,o,oro 1113
HItIX. EClllt1 >Ke Kpl1Bble 6e3pa3IlV1'-1V1
Y"iaCTHItIKOB pacnp8AeIleHV1 6YAyr
ItIMeTb ,QpyrylO cPOPMY (Hanp1tlM8P,
BOnHItICTYIO), He n03BoIls:llOLl\YKJ
npOBecn1 M8>KAY HItIMItI 06Ll\YIO K8-
C8TeIlbHYIO, TO paBHOBeCItIH nplo1
napeTO-3cpcpeKTItIBHOM pacnpep,e-
IleHl11t1 p,OCTltlfHYTO He 6YAer.
np eUMYUfecme8 U HeoocmamKU pb1HO'-/H020 MexaHU3Ma
-
Tpy]J; AJIH npOH3BO,l];CTBa mOKOJla,!];a
)taDJO'''-" MJI
npOJf3BO)J;CTBa
x.ne6a
KanHTaJI ,IJ;JlJI
npOH3BO)J;CTBa
mOKOJla,!];a
Tpy]J; ,fJ;Jl1I npOH3BO)J;CTBa XJie6a
Puc. 15.7.
«RLqUK 3o)l{sopma» onR paccMompeHuR
:u/JcpeKmusHocmu npou3soocmsa
OAHoro TOBapa He MO>KeT 5blTb YBeIl"4eH 5e3 XOT" 5bl M"H"MaIlbHoro CO-
Kpall1eH"" npa"3BOACTBa APyroro TOBapa. B T04Ke A, Hanp"Mep, BblnYCK He
3cpcpeKmBeH, T8K KaK Bap"aHTbl BblnYCKa B 3aWTp"XOBaHHO" 05IlaCT" AafOT
11Y4W"e pe3YIlbTSTbi. T04K" B, C " 0 - np"Mep 3cpcpeKT"BHOrO pacnpeAe-
.neHa.1f1 3aTpaT, 8 3H8YHT, L-1 npoH3BoACTB8. B 3T!.1X TOYK8X J..130KB8HTbl np0L-13-
BOAa.1TeIl8V1 xIl86a It1 WOKOJl8Aa \IIM8IOT OA\IIH8KOBbJVI HaKJ10H \II, CJleAOB8T8Ilb-
HO, OAV1H8KOBYIO np8AeIlbHYlO HOPMY TeXHOIlor!.14ecKoro 3aMeLl.\eHHH K8nHTa-
Ila TPYAOM (CM. rn. 10, S 4). B paBHaBecHblx T04Kax npO"3BOA"TeIl" AaH-
HblX npoAYKTOB MHH"M"3"PYfOT CBO" "3Aep>KK", KOM6"H"PY" TPYA " Kan"-
TaIl TaK"M 05pa30M, 4TO COOTHOWeH"e npeAeIlbHblX npOAYKTOB 3T"X cpaK-
TapOB paBHO COOTHOWeH"fO "X '1eH (CM. rn. 10, S 4, 5):
MPLIMP K = PLIP K (4)
3Ha4"T, cpaKTOpbl npO"3BOACTBS MorYT 3cpcpeKT"BHO "CnOIlb30BaTbCR
np" YCIlOB"" paBeHcTBa:
MRTS KL = PLIP K (5)
Kp"Ba", Ha KOTOpO" paCnOIlO>KeHbl Bce T04K" 3cpcpeKT"BHoro pacnpeAe-
neH"" " "CnOIlb30BaH"" cpaKTOpoB npO"3BOACTBa (P"c. 15.7), Ha3b1BaeTC"
PMBOH npoH3BoAcTBeHHbix KOHTpaKToB. OH8 nOK83blB8eT Bce KOM6!.1Ha-
4 " MaKC"MaIlbHoro (3cpcpeKT"BHoro) BblnycKa xIle5a " WOKOIlaAa np" "Me-
fG'lL\eMcH KOIlHyeCTBe TPYA8 L-1 KanL-1T8Ila. 3Ta Kpa.1B8H H 8CTb L-13BeCTH8H H8M
rpaHHL\8 np0a.13BOACTB8HHbJX B03MO>KHOCTeL4.
OAHaKO AIl" 3cpcpeKT"BHOrO BblnycKa He06xOA"MO, 4T05bl TOBapbl npo-
3BOAHIlL1Cb B T8K\.1X K0J1V1Y8CTB8X, KOTopble COOTB8TCTBYlOT >K8Il8HHIO nOTpe-
6"TeIle" 3anIlaT"Tb 3a H"X. n03TOMY He05xOA"MbIM YCIlOB"eM 3cpcpeKT"B-
331
Inasa 15
HOro BblnYCK8 s:lBIls:l8TCs:I p8BeHCTBO np8A8IlbHOVl HOpMbl 3aMeLl.\8HJ.1H - npe-
A8IlbHm1 HOp Me T8XHOIlOrL-1yeCKoro 38Mew,8HV1s:1 cPaKTOpOB np0V13BOAcTsa:
MRS = MRTS
(6)
3TO L-1 8CTb COCTOs:lHH8 Onn1ManbHocn1 B 3KOHOML-1K8. BblnOIlH8HL-18 AaH
HOro paBeHCTBa on" Bcex nompe6umeneO u npou3Booumeneii, T e.
I,MRS = I,MRTS
(7)
Ha3blB88TCH nepBblM HaHl1Y"'lwHM pacnpe,qel1eHHeM, L-1A8anbHO OnTL-1ML-1
3"PYfOll1"M 6IlarococTO"H"e Bcero 051l1eCTBa. OAHaKo OHO TPYAHOAOCT">K"-
MO: cOBpeMeHHbl" pblHOK HaXOA"TC" B YCIlOB"RX HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH-
l!HL-1 J.1 np8TepneaaeT MHO>KeCTBO L-1CKa>K8HIt1V1.
MOHOnOIl"3M, aC"MMeTp"4HOCTb "HCPOpMa'1"", Hepa'1"OHaIlbHocTb Ha-
Iloro06IlO>KeH"" " APyr"e np06IleMbi HecoBepweHHo" KOHKypeH'1"" Mewa-
fOT OnT"MaIlbHoMY pacnpeAeIleH"fO pecypcoB. n03TOMY 3KOHOM"CTbl pac-
CMaTpHBafOT npHH'1Hn «BToporo HaHIlY4werO» (second-best principle),
T. e. npeAnsrafOTc" Bap"aHTbl TaKoro pacnpeAeIleH"", KOTOpoe 5blIlO 6bl
HaV1IlY4WL-1M CpeAL-1 HeOnTL-1M8IlbHbIX. TaKoro pOA8 p8cnpeA8Il8HL-18 H83b1S8-
eTCH KBa3HonTHMYMOM, HIlL-1 «BTOPbIM HaHl1Y"lWHM pacnpeAel1eHHeM».
P8CCMOTplilM Ha npL-1M8pe BblnYCK8 ABYX TOB8pOB, xIle6a \.1 WOKOIl8A8, B03
MO>KHOCTb AOCH1>KeHHH KBa3L-10nTL-1MYM8 nocp8ACTBOM H8Iloro06IlO>KeHL-1s:1.
AonycmM, xIle5 npO"3BOA"TC" B 4"CTO KOHKypeHTHblX ycnOB""X, a WOKO-
Il8A - B MOHononbHblX. WeHbl H8 WOKOIl8A 38Bb1W8Hbl, no cpaBHeHV110 C KOH-
KypeHTHbIML-1, 38 Cl.J8T ero HeAOnp0L-13BOAcTBa. B YCIlOBHHX 06 ero paBHo-
B8CL-1s:! pecypcbl wOKOIlaAHOVl OTpaCIl 101 , He H8w8AwHe npL-1M8H8HIo1H, norno-
l11afOTC" KOHKypeHTHblM pblHKOM xIle5Hbix "3AeIl"". B pe3YIlbTSTe ,oHKypeH-
TH08 p8BHOB8CH8 H8 3TOM pblHK8 HacTynaeT, KorAa xIle6 npoH3BOAlilTCH B
60IlbweM 06beM8 It1 npL-1 60Ilee HL-13K0L4 l!8H8, no cp8BHeHL-11O C T8MV1, KOTO
pble MOfnV1 6bl YCTaHOBIt1TbCH, 8CIllt1 6bl WOKOIl8A T81OK8 np0L-13BOA!.1IlCs:! B yc-
IlOB"RX COBepweHHO" KOHKypeH'1"".
KaK MO>KHO BOCnpen"TCTBOBaTb nepeIl"BY pecypcoB, HapywafOl11eMY 3CP-
cpeKT"BHbl" 06beM npO"3BOACTBS TOBapOB? AonYCT"M, roCYASPCTBO BBOA"T
H8Ilor H8 xIle6, H8PYW8s:1 KOHKypeHTHoe paBHOBeCJ.18 Ha pblHK8 xIle6HbiX
J.13A8nL-1Ci. 3TO Bbl30B8T COKpaLl.\eHl.1e np0l.13BOACTB8 XIl868 L-1 nOBblWeHL-1e ero
U,8Hbl AIls:! nOTpe6I11T8Il8L4. CTpeMIl8HL-18 pblHKa K BOCCTaHOBIleHHIO 06w,8ro
paBHOBeC"" C Y4eTOM HaIl ora 6YAeT CT"Myn"pOBaTb nepeIl"B 4aCT" pecyp-
COB npm13BoAcTBa xIle6a B WOKOIl8AHYlO OTpaCIlb. H8CMOTpH Ha MOHono-
IlIll3M, np0V13BoACTBO wOK0J1aA8 CMO>K8T p8CWl.1p!.1TbCH J.1 HeCKOIlbKO CHI.13It1T-
CH ero l\eH8. B P83YIlbTaTe H8 060HX pblHK8X YCTaHOBL-1TCH HOBoe paBHOBec-
Hoe pacnpeAeIleHI.18, KB83L-10nTIIIMYM, KOMneHcHPYIO !.1L4 MOHonOIlbHoe H8-
Aonp0V13BoACTBO WOKOIl8A8 J.1CKa>K8HL-18M KOHKypeHTHoro paBHOBeCIt1s:1 Ha
pblHKe xIle5a. OAHaKO TaKoe paBHOBeC"e 6YAeT IlY4we, 4eM APyr"e MeHee
3cfJcfJeKTL-1BHble Bapl.18HTbi. rIl8BH8Sl L-1A8H T80pJ.1H KB83L-10nn1MYMa COCTOL-1T B
332
npeUMy ecmBa U HeaOcmamKu pblH04H080 MeX8HU3MB
TOM, 4TO 38 CYeT OTKa3a OT KOHKypeHTHoro paBHOB8CL-1H H8 OAHOM pb1HK8,
YCTpaH"fOTC" "CKa>KeH"" B pacnpeAeIleH"" " npO"3BOACTBe Ha APyr"X PbIH-
Kax, T. e. 6aIlaHC"pyeTC" pblH04Ha" C"CTeMa B '1eIlOM.
3.
np0611eMbl <j>lIIaCKO (npOBa110B) pblHKa
Mbl Y>Ke rOBOp"Il" 0 TOM, 4TO pblH04Hbl" MeXaH"3M He Bce-
rAa cnOC05eH aBTOMaT"4eCK" np""T" K OnT MaIlbHocm. CYl11eCTBYfOT npo-
5IleMbl, HS peWeH"e KOTOpblX pblH04Hbl" MeXaH"3M He PSCC4"TSH, S noTO-
MY He B COCTO"H"" peW"Tb "X 3cpcpeKT"BHO. TaK"e CIlY4a", KorAa pblHOK
He3CPCPSKT"BHO pa3Mell1aST pecypCbl, Ha3b1BafOTC" npoBSIlSMH, HIlH !j!HSC-
KO pbIHKS. B CBR3" C 3T"M Mbl paCCMOTp"M TeOp"fO BHeWH"X 3cpcpeKTOB,
np05IleMY npO"3BOACTBa 051l1eCTBeHHbiX 5Ilar, a TafOKe np05IleMY aC"MMeT-
p"4HOCm "HcpopMa'1"" " '1"KIl"4HOCT" pa3B"T"" pbIHKOB.
Ps50Ta pblH04HOro MeXaH"3Ma MO>KeT nopO>KAaTb BHeWH"e 3cpcpeKTbl,
Il 3KCTepHaIl"". nOA BHewHHM 3!j!!j!eKTOM nOApa3YMeBaeTC" B03Ae,,-
CTB"e CAeIlK" Ha TpeTb" Il"'1a ' , He Y4TSHHoe B AOroBOpS. 3TO B03Ae"CTB"e
npO"BIl"STC" B B"Ae "3Aep>KeK "Il" BbIlOA, He OTpa>KeHHbIX B pbIH04HO"
'1SHe. 3KCTepHaIl"", "Il" BHeWH"e 3cpcpSKTbl, AeIlRTC" Ha nonQ)/<umenbHble,
T. e. np"HOC"ll1"e AonOIlHHTeIlbHble BbllOAbl TpeTb"M Il"'1aM, Il"60 ompu-
L<amenbHbIS, np"HOC"ll1"e TpeTbe" CTopOHe AOnOIlH"TeIlbHble "3Aep>KK".
Hanp"Mep, npO"3BOACTBO, HaHOC"ll1ee Yll1ep5 OKpY>KafOll1e" cpeAe " APY-
rHM npO"3BOA"TeIl"M, nOpO>KAaeT OTp"'1aTeIlbHble 3KCTepHaIl"". YCIlyr" B
05IlaCT" 3ApaBOOXpaHeH"", 06pa30BaH"", OpOWeH"e, 03eIleHeH"e " AP. no-
pO>KAafOT nOIlO>K"TeIlbHble BHeWH"e 3cpcpeKTbi. Hanp"Mep, eCIl" Bbl Ha CBO-
eM 6aIlKOH8 BblpaLl.\L-1BaeT8 KpaC\.1Bble l!B8Tbl, TO nOpO>K,q88T8 AIlH BC8X, KTO
nf05yeTc" "M" COBepweHHO 6ecnIlaTHO, nOIlO>K"TeIlbHbl" BHeWH"" 3cpcpeKT.
3KCTepHaIl"" HapywafOT 3cpcpeKT"BHOCTb pa50Tbi pblH04HOro MeXaH"3-
tda. OTp"'1aTeIlbHble 3KCTepHSIl"" Ha KOHKypeHTHoM pblHKe nOpO>KAafOT
nepenpO"3BOACTBO no cpSBHeH"fO C 051l1eCTBeHHO 3cpcpeKT"BHbIM 06be-
MOM npOAYK'1"". np" nOIlO>K"TeIlbHbIX 3KCTepHaIl""X, Ha050pOT, B03H"-
KafOT CIlY4a" HeAOnpO"3BOACTBa TOBapOB " ycnyr. n04eMY 3TO npo"CXO-
A T? PaCCMOTp"M AaHHbie OTKIlOHeH"" HS p"c.15.8. YCIlOB"eM AOCT">Ke-
H R 061l1eCTBeHHO 3cpcpeKT"BHOrO 06beMa BblnYCKa "BIl"eTC" paBeHCTBO
npeA8IlbHOVl 06Ll.\8CTS8HHOVl nOIle3HOCTL-1
(MSU) npeAeIlbHblM 051l1eCTBeHHbiM "3Aep-
>K aM (MSC):
MSU = MSC (8)
B CIlY4ae OTp"'1aTeIlbHbIX 3KCTepHa-
1 nog TpeTbl-1MI-1 JH.11.\aMIII nOHI-1-
MaIOTCS1 3KOHOMI-14eCKIt1e cy6beK-
Tbl, He Y4aCTBYIGLl\l-1e B AaHHo 06-
MeHHO cgeJlKe.
333
P
P
Inasa 15
P E
P,
MC
P,
P E
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6) n0I10}l(MTenbHb1M BHeWHHM 3cp$eKT
a) oTplll,",aTenbHblM BHeWHHK
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BHeWHue 3rPcPeKmbl (3KcmepHanuu)
Il"" (P"C. 15.8a) np8AeIlbHbie "3Aep>KK" oTAeIlbHoro npO"3BOA"TeIl" MC
M8HbW8 npeAeIlbHblx 061l1eCTBeHHbix "3Aep>KeK MSC. Hanp"Mep, npO"3-
BOAlneIlb, OTK83aBWViCb L-1CnOIlb30B8Tb AoporocTOs:lLl.\Vle 3KOIlOr\llyeCKL-1 YVlC-
Tble T8XHOnOrL-1L-1, n8p8HOC\IIT 1 TeM caMblM He TpeTblt1X IlIt1L1, yaCTb CBOVIX
"3A8P>K8K, nOpO>KAa" np8AeIlbHbie BHeWH"e "3Aep>KK" (MEC). BCIleA-
CTBHe 3Toro 05beM BblnycKa Q, npeBblwaeT 051l1eCTB8HHO 3cpcpeKT"BHbl"
06b8M QE' a l..\8H8 P, OKa3b1BaeTCH 38HVI>KeHHOVl no Cp8BH8HHIO C P E'
B cIlY4ae nOIlO>K"T8IlbHbIX 3KcTepHaIl"" (P"c. 15.85) npeAeIlbHa" no-
Ile3HOCTb TOBapa "IlH YCIlyr" MU H">K8 npeAeIlbHo" 051l1eCTBeHHo" none3-
Hocm MSU Hanp"M8p, np" 03eIleHeH"" YIl"'1 060rall1eHHbl" B03AYx 5ec-
nIlaTHO npV1HOCItIT nOIlb3Y BC8M IlIOAHM, a He TOIlbKO T8M, KTO nOC8AIt1Il AS-
peBb", nOpO>KAa" TeM caMblM npeAeIlbHYfO BHeWHfOfO nOIl83HOCTb (MEU).
n03TOMY u,eHa P E Bblwe, 48M u,eHa P1 101 03eIl8HL-1TeIlH noc8AHT AepeBbH B
KOIl"4eCTBe Q, BMeCTO 051l1eCTBeHHo 3cpcpeKmBHoro KOIl"4eCTBa QF
KaK yperYIl"pOBaTb np06IleMY He3cpcpeKT"BHOCT", c03AaBaeMYfO BH8-
WH"M" 3cpcpeKTaM"? 4TO KOMneHC"PY8T
061l1eCTBY Yll1ep5 OT OTp"'1aTeIlbHblx 3K-
CTepHaIlHII1, 8 C03,q8T8J11O nOIlO>KL-1T8IlbHbIX
3cpcpeKTOB HeAonOIlY4eHHYfO BblrOAY? Pe-
WeHL-18 3THX np06IleM, K8K npegnoIlaraIlOCb
AO W"pOKOrO np"3HaH"" "Ae" P. KOY3a, 6e-
peT Ha ce5" rocYAapcTBo, "CnOIlb3Y" CBO"
Tpa,Q!.1l!V10HHbJ8 !.1HCTPYM8HTbl - HaIlon1 Vi
cy5c"A"". ECIl" AIl" YCTpaHeH"" OTP"'1a-
T8IlbHbiX 3KCTepHallL-1V1 roCy,q8pCTBO BB8AeT
334
1 nepeHOCVlT B TOM CMbICJ16,
'..no y TpeTM1X IlVlLl no 8111HB np01-13.
BO,qVlT8J1S1 B03HVlK81OT 1013.Qep>KKV1,
CBSl38HHbl8 c 60n83HSlMVI, nOKyn-
KO'" n6KapCTB, nOTepe 101m., yxyp,-
WeH\I18M rpYAocnoc06HOCTlt1 VI T.n.,
KOTOpbl8 He Y4101TblS81OTCs:I B l\8H8
npOAYKl\1.1101 3K0J10rVl48CKItl spep,HO.
ro npeAnplllSlnlSl.
n peUMy ecmsa U HeoocmamKU pblHOYH020 MeXBHU3MB
CA8P>K"BSfOll1"" HaIlOr ("Il" 3aCTSB"T npO"3BOA"TeIl" nOKynaTb Il"'1eH3"fO
Il"60 YCTaHOB"Tb 04"CmTeIlbHOe 050PYAOBaH"e) B pa3Mep8 npeAeIlbHblX
BHeWH"X "3Aep>KeK, TO BHYTpeHH"e "3Aep>KK" npO"3BOA"TeIl" nOBbIC"T-
CR " np"BeAYT 05beM BbrnYCKa B COOTBeTCTB"e C 061l18CTBeHHO OnT"-
MaIlbHbIM. 3TOT np"eM Ha3b1BaeTC" UHmepHanU3aL<ueii (OT aHrn. int8rnal
_ BHYTpeHH"") SHeWHUX 3CPCPeKmos, KOTOpbl" Ha rpacp"Ke (P"C. 15.8a)
Bblpa3"TC" CMell1eH"eM KP"BO" MC AO ypOBH" MSC " 05beM BbrnYCKa CO-
KpaT"TC" AO QE'
.o.IlH TOro, YT06bl Io1HTepH8IlH3VipOB8Tb nOIlO>KL-1T8J1bHbIJII BH8WHHVI 3cp-
cjJeKT, rOCYAapCTBO "CnOIlb3yeT cmMYIl"PYfOll1"e cy5C"A"" (S). OH" BblnIlS-
4"BSfOTCR B pa3Mepe npeAeIlbHO" BHeWH8" nOIle3HOCm " TpaHCcpOpM"PY-
fOT e8 BO BHYTpeHHfOfO, YBeIl"4"B npeAeIlbHYfO nOIle3HOCTb MU npO"3BO-
A"TeIl". Cy5c"A"PyeMbl" npO"3BOA"T8Ilb paCW"p"T BblnYCK npOAYK'1""
AO 051l1eCTBeHHO 3cpcpeKT"BHoro ypOBH". Ha rpacp"K8 (P"C. 15.85) npo-
Llecc HHTepH8IlIt13au,lt1L-1 nOIlO)\{!4TeIlbHbIX 3KCTepH8IlV1V1 Bblp83L-1TCH CABltlroM
Kp BOfi npeAeIlbHo" "HA"B"AyaIlbHo" nOIle3Hocm TOBSpS MU HS B8Il"4"HY
cy5C"A"", AO ypOBH" npeAeIlbHo" 051l1eCTBeHHo" nOIle3Hocm MSU B pe-
3YIlbTaTe 05beM BblnycKa Q, paCW"p"TC" AO QE'
OAHaKo, 8CIlH npSBa c06CTBeHHOCT" Ha pecypCbl 5YAYT 48TKO onpeAe-
IleHbl (cne'1"cp"'1"pOBaHbl) " c06IlfOAeHbl, BKIlf04a" B03MO>KHOCTb CB050A-
HOro 05MeHa 3T"M" npaBaMH, TO pblHOK CMO>KeT yperYIl"pOBaTb np06IleMY
SKCTepHaIl"" CaMOCTO"TeIlbHO, 6e3 Y4aCT"" roCYAapCTBa, nYTeM KynIl"-npO-
Aa>KH 3T"X npaB. TaKYfO "AefO BbIAB"HYIl P. KOY3, KOTOpbl" "3Y4aIl CB"3b
M8>KAY BHeWH"M" 3cpcpeKTaM", npaBaM" c06CTBeHHOCT" " 3cpcpe'T"BHOC-
TbfO, 4TO np"BeIlO , C03AaH"fO Teop8Mbi (1960 r.), Ha3BaHHO" B 4eCTb Y4e-
Horo. TeopeMa KOY3a rnac"r: BHeWHHe 3q,q,eKTbl MOryT 5blTb HHTepHa-
IlH3HpOBSHbi npH 4eTKo" Cne'1Hq,HKa'1HH npaB co5cTBeHHocTH HS pe-
CYPCbl H cBo50AHOM o5MeHe 3THMH npaBaMH. Teop8Ma BblnOIlH"eTC"
m1Wb nplt1 TaKOM KOIlHyeCTB8 Y48CTHItIKOB 06M8Ha npaB8MH, npH KOTOpOM
TpaHCaK'1"OHHble "3Aep>KK" npOBeAeH"" n8peroBopoB 0 nepeAa4e npaB
C05CTBeHHOCT" He npeBblC"T BblrOA OT pe3YIlbTaTOB 06MeHa. npOll1e rOBO-
PR, KOIlHyeCTBO Y48CTHV1KOB neperoBopoB He AOJ1>KHO 6blTb CIlL-1WKOM BeIlL-1-
Ko. npeACTaBbTe c85e, 4TO Bbl XOT8Il" 6bl AOroBOP"TbC" 06 06MeH8 npaBa-
MH Ha l.JViCTblll1 B03AYX co BCeMIi1 BIlaA8Ilbu,aMH aBTOM06!.1IleVl, npOe3>K81OLl.\VI-
MH no Wocce B03Il8 Bawero AOM8. Tp8HCaKlJ,!.10HHble L-13 ep>KKV1 no npoBeA8-
HIllIO TaKIIIX neperoBopoB OKa>KYTcfI 3anp8nneIlbHo BbICOKL-1MH.
H TeopeMa KOY38 nOMoraeT nOHflTb CMblcIlHHTepH8IlVl3al!HIII 3KcTepHafllt1li1.
anp"Mep, ABa 3aBOAa "CnOIlb3YfOT OA"H " TOT >Ke pecypc, AonYCT"M, peKY
Bo B3a"MO"CKIlf04aeMbIX '1eIl"X: OA"H - AIl" c6poca OTXOAOB APYro" - AIl"
Pa3BeAeH"" pbl6bl. HesaiKHo, Kmo U3 HUX n8psbiM nOnY4U; npaso Ha uc-
nOflb30eaHue peKu. B8)\{HO C8MO OCn1>KeHHe ,qoroBopa 0 KOMneHc8u,HH: TOT,
335
Inasa 15
KTO nOIlY4aeT Bbl"rpbIW, nIlaT"T 3a np"4"HeHHbl" Yll1ep6 APyroMY. TorAa
05beMbi BbrnYCKa " pa3Mep np"5bIIl" 050"X 3aBOAOB CKOppeKT"PYfOTC":
3arp"3H"fOll1"" peKY 3aBOA COKpaT"T 4pe3MepHOe npO"3BOACTBO, KOMneHC"_
PY" nOTep" np"5bIIl" nOCTpaAaBweMY pbI503aBOAY. nOCIleAH"" >Ke 3a C4eT
KOMneHCa'1"" CMO>KeT YBeIlH4"Tb BbrnYCK pb15HO" npOAYK'1"" no cpaBHeH"KJ
C npeAAorOBopHO" C"Tya'1"e".
rIlSBHbl" BblBOA TeopeMbl KOY3a 3aKIlf04aeTCR B TOM, 4TO BHeWH"e 3cp-
cpeKTbl B03H"KSfOT TOIlbKO B CIlY4ae pa3MbITOCT", HeonpeAeIleHHOCT" npaB
c05CTBeHHOCT" Ha peCYPCbl. ECIl" B03MO>KHO 4eTKoe onpeAeIleH"e npaB,
np05IleMa BHeWH"X 3cpcpeKTOB pewaeTC" nYTeM oo6poeonbHbiX napeeoao-
poe 0 B3a"MOBbIlOAHO" KynIle-npOAS>Ke AaHHblX npaB. B KOH'1e KOH'10B, npa-
Ba AOCTaHYTCR TOMY, KTO CYMeeT 3cpcpeKT"BHee MH pacnOp"A"TbCR. POIlb
rOCYAapCTBa CBOA"TCR Il"Wb K YCTaHOBIleH"fO <<npaB"Il "rpbl>' np" 05MeHe
npaBaM" c05CTBeHHOCT" Ha pecypCbl.
05paT"M BH"MaH"e Ha TO, 4TO OTMe4eHHoe paHee YCIlOB"e BblnOIlHe-
H"" TeopeMbl KOY3a (orpaH"4eH"e KOIl"4eCTBa Y4aCTH"KOB BeIl"4"HO"
TpaHCaK'1"OHHbIX "3Aep>KeK npOBeAeH"" neperOBopOB, KOTOpa" He AOIl>KHa
npeBblwaTb BbllOA OT pe3YIlbTaTa 05MeHa npaBaMH) "BIlReTC" 051l1"M YCIlO-
B"eM 3cpcpeKT"BHO" pa50Tbi pblH04HOro MeXaH"3Ma. OHO AaeT B03MO>K-
HOCTb Bbl"B"Tb 05beM cnpoca " onpeAeIl"Tb pblH04HYfO '1eHY npOAYK'1"",
4TO BC8rA8 OCY 8CTBIr1MO .QIlH Y8CTHbiX TOB8pOB, KOr,lJ,a npOA8Bel...! KOHT8Kn1-
PyeT C Ka>KAbiM nOTpe5"TeIleM.
OAHaKO CYll1eCTByeT TaKa" KSTerop"" TOBapOB " YCIlyr, Ha KOTOpble Bbl-
"B"Tb cnpoc " onpeAeIl"Tb OnT"MaIlbHYfO '1eHY pblH04HbiM cnoc050M Il"50
H8B03MO)f(HO, IlH60 H8BbiroAHO L-13-38 4p83Bbll.J8C1HO BblCOKIIIX 1r13A8P>K8K Ta-
Koro Bbl"BIleH"" (MC > MU). Pe4b HAeT 06 051l1eCTBeHHbix TOBapax " YCIlY-
rax, "Il" 051l1eCTBeHHbix 5Ilarsx. 051l1eCTBeHHblMH Ha3b1BafOTC" TaK"e 6Ila-
r8, rnaBHoH x8paKT8plr1CH1K0L4 KOTOpblX HBIlHeTCH HeUCKflIOl/aeMOCmb U3 no-
mpe6neHUf/ H HeKoHKypeHmHocmb e nompe6neHuu. Te 051l1eCTBeHHbie TO-
Bapbl Ir1 YCIlyrlr1, KOTOpbl8 nOIlHOCTblO OTB8Y81OT AaHHblM CBOHCTB8M, Ha3bj-
B810TCH YIr1CTblMIr1 061..4eCTBeHHblMH 611araMIr1. KIl8CCV1yeCKHM nplr1MepOM
YHCTOro 06Ll.\eCTBeHHoro 6Jl8r8 HBIlHeTCH H8l...!(..lOHanbH8f1 060POH8, ropop,c-
Koe oCBell1eH"e, Ma"K", HaY4Hbie 3HaH"" (np" 5ecnIlaTHoM 05pa30BaH"")
" T. A. nOAP05Hee pe4b 05 051l1eCTBeHHbix 5Ilarax nO"AeT B rn. 17.
H8HCKJllOyaeMOCTb H3 nOTpe6IleHIr1H 03Ha48eT, 4TO C8M x8paKTep YL-1CTO-
ro 06Ll.\eCTBeHHoro 6Jl8ra T8KOB, YTO HeB03MO>KHO OTp,eJlL-1Tb «nJl8TeIlbl..L\lr1-
KOB» OT «HenIl8T8IlbLl.\Ir1KOB». V1 ,l],eIlO He TOIlbKO B TOM, YTO T8KL-1e 6Ilar8 H8-
AeIl"Mbl (Ha'1"OHaIlbHa" 050pOHa, YIl"4HOe OCBell1eH"e " T. n.). HeAeIl"MbIX
6Ilar B Hawel71 )f(1r13HL-1 BCTpeyaeTCH AOCT8TOYHO MHOro: TeaTp8IlbHblH cn8K
T8KJlb, AL-1CKOTeK8, 06Ll.\eCTB8HHbIL4 TpaHcnopT. Ho BO BC8X nplr1B8AeHHbiX
npHM8p8X He B03HItIK8eT np06n8Mbi «6e36wl1eTHHKa», 1. e. cHTyau.ww, Kor-
336
npeUMyw,ecmsa U HeoocmamKu pblHOYHOZO MexaHU3Ma
.qa nHu.O n0l1b3yeTcfI 611arOM, He 3anl1antB 3a Hero. Bbl He MO)\{8Te npoVl-
rH H8 ,QHCKOT8KY, B MeTpo L-1IlIr1 nOCeTL-1Tb T88TP, He Kyn!.1B 6!.1Ile1. A BOT CBOVl-
crBO H8V!CKIlIOY8eMOCH1 H3 nOTpe6IleHL-1H roBOplt1T 0 TOM, YTO Y>K8 caMO CO-
3AaHH8 06Ll.\eCTBeHHbIX 6Il8r (8 He L-1X nOKynK8, B OTIlHYHe OT Y8CTHbiX TOB8-
pOB) nopO>KASeT nOIlO>K"TeIlbHble 3KCTepHaIl"". OAHaKO yperyIl"pOBaTb pac-
CMaTp"BaeMYfO np05IleMY nYTeM neperOBopOB, T. e. B 4aCTHOM nop"AKe,
H8B03MO>KHO, T8K K8K He BblnOIlHHIOTCTI YCIlOBHH r80p8Mbi KOY38. 1113-38 or-
pOMHoro KOIl"4eCTBa Y4aCTH"KOB CIl"WKOM BeIl"K" TpaHCaK'1"OHHble "3Aep-
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H04Hoe npO"3BOACTBO 061l1eCTBeHHbiX 6Ilar He3cpcpeKmBHO.
nORCH"M HaW" paCCY>KAeH"" CIleAYfOll1"M np"MepOM. AonYCT"M, 4TO
Ha'1"OHaIlbHa" 050pOHa cp"HaHC"PyeTc" rpynno" HeK"X 4aCTHbiX IlH'1, CTpe-
MRll1"XC" 05e30nSC"Tb TOIlbKO ce5" aT BHewHero Bpara. OAHaKO C03AaH-
Ha", HanpHMep, C"CTeMa nBO He MO>KeT 3all1Hll1aTb TOIlbKO Il"'1, cp"HaHC"-
pOBaBW"X 3TO MepOnp""me. OHa 3all1"ll1aeT Bcex rpa>KAaH CTpaHbl, BKIlfO-
4aR H Tex, 'TO H"4ero He nIlaT"Il «<5e35"IleTHHKoB») AIl" C03AaH"" 060POH-
HOro nOT8Hl...!H8Jl8. np06IleM8 «6e36HIleTH!.1Ka» He n03BOIlTleT onp8A8IlHTb
nOIlHblC1 06beM cnpOC8 H nO,l],pblBaeT pblH04Hbl8 CTIr1MYIlbl IlV160 C8MOro npe-
.qOCT8BIl8HL-1H T8KL-1X 6Il8r, IlL-160 It1X npe.QOCT8BIleHItIH B 06 eCTB8HHO OnT!.1-
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41t1CTbie 06Ll.\eCTB8HHbJ8 6Ilar8 HeKoHKypeHTHbl B nOTpe6Il8HIr1Ir1: YBeIl!.1-
4eH!.18 KOIlV1Y8CTB8 nOTp86lt1Ten8V1 He YM8HbW8eT nOIle3HOCT!.1 3TOro 6Ilar8
AIlfi OCT8IlbHbIX, CIle,l],OBSTeIlbHO, It1 npeA8IlbHbl8 L-13Aep>KK!.1 npeAOCTaBIl8HHH
T8KV1X 6Ilar paBHbl HYJlIO. HsnplilMep, OTTOro, 4TO CB8TOM MaHK8 nOIlb3yeTcH
e e OAHO MOpCK08 CYAHO, He 3SBL-1CIr1T YM8HbWeHIr18 nOIle3HOCTL-1 OCBellle-
H " AIl" APyr"X Kopa6Ile", " AIl" Ka>K,Qoro AOnOIlH"TeIlbHO npOXOA"ll1ero
cYAHa H8 Tpe6Y8TcH B03BO,l],Ir1Tb AOnOIlHL-1TeIlbHbJL4 M8HK. MO>KHO CK838Tb, YTO
HeCOnepHIr148CTBO - Kp8V1HL-1V1 CIlYYSH npOHBIl8HIt1H nOIlO>KHT8IlbHbIX BHeWHHX
3cpcpeKTOB.
V1T8K, AIlH npolll3BoACTB8 06Ll.\8CTB8HHbIX 6Ilar B onTV1M8IlbHOM KOIlV148-
CTBe HY>KHO B3"MSTb nIlaTY co Bcex rpa>KAaH cTpaHbl, 4TO nOA C"IlY TOIlbKO
rOCYAapCTBY, 05IlaAafOll1eMY "HCTpYMeHTaM" HSIloro05IlO>KeH"" " MeXaH"3-
MOM nepepacnpeAeIleH"" B B"Ae roCYAapCTBeHHoro 5fOA>KeTa.
Pb1H04HblH M8X8HL-13M p8cnpeAeIleHL-1H 68cnpHCTpaCT8H, TaK KaK B 8ro
OCHOBe Ile>KHT npHH L-1n p8BeHCTB8 npeAeIlbHoVl np0Ir13BOA!.1T8nbHOcTH pe-
cypca npeAeIlbHoMY AOXOAY aT ero "CnOIlb30BaH"" (CM. rn. 10). 3TO Mexa-
HH3M pasHonpaeHoeo pacnpeOeneHUf/: paBHoe npaBO nOIlY4"Tb AOXOA B CO-
OTBeTCTB"H C npO"3BOAHTeIlbHOCTbfO pecypca "MeeT Ka>KAbl" ero BIlaAeIle'1.
OAHaKO pblHOK pacnpeAeIl"eT AOXOA TOIlbKO Me>KAY TeM", KTO Y4acTByeT
B M8X8HL-13Me pblH04HOVl KOHKypeHl...!L-1I11, He 38Tparlr1B8H Tex, KTO H8XOAHT-
337
.2.2 KYPC3KOHOMI14eCKO TeopVlI1
Inasa 15
C" 3a ero npeAeIlaMW npO"rpaBW"X B KOHKypeHTHo" 60pb5e " HeTpYAO-
cnoc06H08 H8ceneHH8.
CpeA" 3KOHOMHCTOB BeAYTC" cnopbl 0 TOM, cnpaBeAIl"BO Il" 3cpcpeKT"B-
HOe pblH04Hoe pscnpeAeIleH"e? BeAb nOIl"p"3a'1"" AOXOAOB B YCIlOB""X
pblHKa MO>KeT 5blTb orpOMHO" no cpaBHeH"fO C ypaBH"TeIlbHbiM pacnpeAe-
IleH"eM B KOMaHAHO-aAM"H"CTpaT"BHO" C"CTeMe. Aa, pblH04Hoe pacnpeAe-
Il8Hllle pa8HonpaSHoe, HO HepasHoe. Era Y48CTHHKH \.1MeIOT p8BHbie np8Ba
Ha nOIlY4eH"e AoxoAa nponOp'1"OHaIlbHo cBoeMY BKIlaAY, KOTOpbl" 06beK-
THBHO HepaB8H, T8K K8K OT pO>K,QeHIIIH Bce J.1MeIOT pa3IlHYHble CL-1Ilbl, cnoc06.
HOCT", cTpeMIleH"e K TPYAY " T A. nOA paBeHcTBoM cIleAyeT nOHHMaTb pa-
BeHCTBO B03MO>KHOCTe" (npaB), a He paBeHCTBO pe3YIlbTaTOB. B KOMaHAHO"
>Ke 3KOHOMJ.1Ke nOA p8BeHCTBOM B p8cnp8A8Il8HlllIt1 nOHHM88TCH nOIlY48Hllle
OAIt1H8KOBOro AOXOA8, H838BV1CJ.1MO OT BKIl8Aa CHIl, 3H8HH , AeHe>KHbIX
cpeACTB " T. A. KaKoe pacnpeAeIleH"e C4"TaTb cnpaBeAIl"BbIM? 3TOT Bon-
pac 5YAeT nOAP06HO paCCMOTpeH B rn. 24, S 1, nocB"ll1eHHO" CO'1"aIlbHO"
nOIlHT\.1K8 rocyg8pcTBa. OAH8KO cIl8gyeT nOMHHTb, YTO pblHOK cnp8BIlHeTCs:I
C T8MH 38g8yaML-1, H8 p8WeHL-1e KOTOpblX OH paCC4I11T8H. H8Ilb3H roBOpVlTb 0
cplt18CKO pblHK8 B cnYY8HX, KOTopble H8XOAHTCH 38 np8A8Il8MH A8I11CTBir1.R
pblH04HOro MexaHH3Ma. n03TOMY peWeH"e CO'1"aIlbHbIX np05IleM, npe>KAe
Bcero, 068Cn8Y8HH8 H8Tpygocnoc06HOYI Y8CTL-1 H8C8Il8HV1H np8BaML-1 Ha go-
CTOVlH08 CY 8CTBOB8HH8, a ir1M8HHO, nOIlyyeHL-18 onp8g8Il8HHOro AOXOA8 683
COOTBeTCTBYfOll1"X cpaKTOpHblX 3aTpST, - ccpepa Ae"CTB"" APYroro, Hepbl-
HOYHOro MeX8HH3M8, KOTOpblM 06Il8A8eT roCYAapCTBO K8K ir1HCTPYMeHT 06-
ll1eCTBeHHoro perYIlHpOBaH"".
Ell1e OAHO" np06IleMo", "CKa>KafOl11e" pa50TY pblH04HOro MeXaH"3Ma,
HBIlH8TCH 8C\.1MM8TpV1YH8H \.1HcpOpM8L1,L-1H B YCIlOBHHX HecoB8pw8HHOVl KOH-
KypeH'1"". nOA aC"MMeTp"4HOCTbfO nOH"MaeTC" HepaBHOMepHoe pacnpeAe-
IleH"e pbIH04HO" "HcpopMa'1"" CpeA" Y4SCTH"KOB pblHKa " nopo>KAaeTC"
3T8 np06Il8M8 MOHOnOIlIt138L1,L-18V1 pbIHKOB. ACIIIMM8TpHl.JHOCTb HHcpOpMal!1II1r1
He TOIlbKO nOBblW88T Tp8HC8KLI,It10HHbl8 !.13Aep)\{KIII, HO III MO)\{eT nplt1B8Cn1 K
nepenpO"3BOACTBY OAH"X TOBSpOB " K HeAonpOH3BOACTBY APyr"x. ECIl" no-
Tpe6HT8Ilb 06Il8AaeT IlL-1Wb 48CT!.14H0C1 HHcpOpM8L1,!.18L4 0 TOBape It1 ero K8ye
CTBe, TO, Bo-nepBbIX, 3TO nplt1Beg8T K BbIT8CH8HL-11O KaY8CTB8HHbiX TOB8pOS C
pblHK8 (BcnOMHItITe «pbIHOK IlViMOHOB» !.13 r.n. 8), L-1, BO-BTOpbIX, nopO)!{.Q8eT
"HTepHaIl"". TepM"H HHTepHsIlHH 03Ha4aeT BbllOAbl "Il" "3Aep>KK" Y4SCT-
H\.1KOB C,Q8IlKH, H8 OTpa>K8HHbI8 B gOroBOp8. HanpHM8p, MOHonom1H npolt13.
BOA"TeIl" Ha "HcpopMa'1"fO (npO"3BOA"TeIlb 3HaeT Bce 0 CBoeM TOBape, a
nOTpe6L-1T8Ilb - TOIlbKO Y8CTIilYHO) gaeT B03MO>KHOCTb CHir13HTb 1t13g8P)\{1<1t1
npO"3BOACTBa 3a C4eT Ka4eCTBa npoAYK'1"" " paCW"p"Tb BblnycK 3KOIlOr"-
l.J8CKIt1 onaCHblX TOBapoB. 4acTb H3A8P>K8K npoH3BoAHT8IlH nep8HOCIt1TCH H8
nOTpe6L-1Tef1H !.1 OHH CT8HOBHTCs:I «BHYTP8HHL-1MIt1» 1t13Aep)\{KaM!.1 nOTpe61t1TeJl$=l,
338
npeUMyw;ecmsa U HeaOCmamKU pblHOYHOeO MexaHU3Ma
He np8AYCMOTP8HHbIML-1 ycnOBL-1.RML-1 cAeIlKIII, T. e. He OTp8>K8HHbIML-1 B Ll,8He.
TaK, KynL-1B 3ap8>K8HHblli1 paAIt10aKTL-1BHbIMH 3Il8M8HT8ML-1 npOAoBoIlbCTBeH-
Hbl" TOBap, Bbl 5YAeTe cTpaAaTb OT nIlOxoro caM04YBcTB"", TpaT"Tb AeHbr"
H8 nOKynKY n8K8pcTB J.1 T. n. Ha B8IlL-14L-1HY !.1HTepHaIlHL4 YM8Hbw8eTcH npe-
AeIlbHa" nOIle3HOCTb TOBapa AIl" nOKynaTeIl". rOCYAapCTBO MO>KeT cnoc05-
CTBoBaTb peWeH"fO 3TO" np05IleMbl, aKKYMYIl"PY" " npeAocTaBIl"" pb1H04-
HYfO "HCPOP Ma '1"fO, Hanp"Mep, c03AaBa" "HCPOpMS'1"OHHble '1eHTpbl, a TaK-
)l<e YCTaHaBIl"Ba" " 3all1"ll1a" nocpeAcTBoM 3sKoHoAaTeIlbcTBa npaBa Ha
nO Il Y4eH"e nOIlHo" " npaBA"BO" "HcpopMa'1"" 0 TOBape (CM. rn. 17).
Cepbe3HoCi npo6Il8MOVl pblHKa HBIlHeTCH U,HKIlL-1YHOCTb ero p83BIr1TL-1f1: ye-
pegoB8HHe KpIt13V1COB H 3KOHOML-14eCKIt1X nO,QbeMOB, T. 8. ,QBIt1>K8HL-18 OT nOAbe-
Ma K nOAbeMY 4epe3 KP"3"Cbl. B nep"OA Kp"3"Ca ccpepa Ae"CTB"" pb1H04-
Horo M8XaHIt13M8 CY>Ka8TCH: COKp8Ll.\8eTCs:I 38HHTOCTb, n8A81OT gOXO,Qbl, pac-
TYT y5bITK", YBeIl"4"BafOTC" P"CK", "C4e3afOT CT"MYIlbl K npO"3BOACTBY.
OTAeIlbHble PbIHK" MorYT nonpOCTY "C4e3HYTb np" rny50KoM " 3ST">KHOM
Kp"3"Ce. rOCYAapCTBO B Kp"T"4eCK"X YCIlOB""X KaK pa3 " AOIl>KHO npOT"-
HYTb cnaCIt1T8IlbHYlO PYKY pbIHK8M, nOMOr8s:1 HM Bbl>KIr1Tb, CT86It1IlH3V1pOB8Tb-
CR " MOAepH"3"pOBaTb CBOfO npOAYK'1"fO.
PaCCMOTpeB npeIllMYLl.\eCTB8 L-1 HeAOCT8TKH pb1HK8, Mbl BHgIIIM, YTO OH
3cpcpeKT"BeH B Tex ccpepax, Ha KOTopble pacnpOCTpaHeHO Ae"CTB"e Mexa-
HItI3M8 CB060AHbiX Ll,8H, HO pblHOK H8 A8CicTBY8T B «3a38pK8Ilbe», T. 8. T8M,
KYA8 H8 MO>KeT npOHL-1KHYTb. n03TOMY COBMeCTHO C «HeBIt1AL-1MO PYKOYl»
A. CMVlTa OKa3blB88TCfI H806xOAIIIMbiM It1 geVlcTBH8 BnOIlH8 BHAHMO PYK!.1 ro-
CYAapCTBa. TeM caMblM Mbl XOT"M nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO rocYAapcTBeHHoe pery-
Il"pOBaH"e AonOIlH"eT pbIHOK.
Ho TOIlbKO 3,QOpOB08 pYKonO>K8n1e nOMor8eT npL-1A8Tb YCTOL4YI.-1BOCTb
3KOHOM"4eCKOMY pa3B"T"fO CTpaHbl. CYl11eCTBYfOT He TOIlbKO npOBaIlbl, "Il"
QmaCKO pblHKa, HO " npOBaIlbl roCYAspCTBeHHoro perYIl"pOBSH"". CaMoe
ne48f1bH08 AnH o6w,eCTB8 - HeKOMneT8HTHoe BMeW8TeJlbCTBO roCYA8P-
CTB8HHbiX opr8HOB B CL-1TY8L1,V1V1, CBfl38HHbl8 C H8COCT0f1TeIlbHOCTblO pb1HK8.
06 eCTBO HY>K,Q8eTCH B IOcygapcTBeHHOM BM8W8T8IlbCTBe T8M H Torg8, rg8
" KorAa pblHOK He B COCTO"H"" 3cpcpeKT"BHO pacnpeAeIl"Tb pecypCbl. 05
aTOM nO"AeT pe4b B rn. 17. np06IleMbi 3cpcpeKT"BHoro perYIl"pOBaH"" 3KO-
HOMHK" - 3TO Y>Ke ccpepa 3KOHOM"4eCKO" nOIl"mK" rocYAapcTBa, "3Y4eH"fO
KOTOPOL4 BceLl,8IlO nOCBHLl.\8H KYPC M8Kp03KOHOMIIIKL-1.
339
22'
OCHOBHble nOH>lTI'I":
Inasa 15
PaBHOBec e no Banbpacy
PaBHOB8C\i1e no M8pwarmy
Kpaeeoe paBHOe8C\i18
nayn1Ho06pa3HaS1 MOAenb pblHKa
4acTH4Hoe p8SHOB8CItI8
06 ee paSHOe8C\.18
3cpcj>eKTbl 06paTHO" CB"3H
Onn1MYM no napeTO
(napeTo-onTHM8nbHoe pacnpe,Q8n8HHe)
Teop!.1s:1 3KOHQMVlK!.1 6narococTOflH\r1H
«Hl..L.\It1K)} 3,Q)/{BOPT8
KOHKypeHTHoe paBHOB8C\r18
Kp\r1B8f1 KOHTpaKToB
npltlHl.\ltIn BTOpOro Hav1nY4wero
(np"H'1"n KBa3"OnT"MYMa)
<1>H8CKO pblHK8
OTpH1.\8T8IlbHbl8 (nOIlO)\{ 1TeIlbHbj8)
BH8WHH8 3QJcp8KTbi
TeopeMa KOY3a
06l..L.\eCTS8HHoe 6nam
4HCToe 05Ll.\8CTS8HHoe 6Ilaro
npo6n8M8 «6e35\r1Il8TH\r1K8»
V1HT8pHam11i1
Walrasian equilibrium
Marshallian equilibrium
boundary equilibrium
cobweb theorem
partial equilibrium
general equilibrium
feedback effects
Pareto optimum
welfare economics
Edgeworth box
competitive equilibrium
contract curve
second - best principle
market failure
negative (positive)
ext8rnalities
Coase theorem
public good
pure pubiic good
free-rider problem
internalities
OCH06Hbie MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKUe nOKa3amenu U cucmeMa HaLjUOHanbHblX cyemos
Pa3Aen III. MAKP03KOHOMHKA
MaKp03KOHOM!.1Ka - pa3AeIl 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOVI TeOpL-1L-1, 1t13Yl...la-
fOllI"" 3KOHOM"KY B '1eIlOM, HS ypoBHe srper"pOBaHHblx nOKa3sTeIle". Ha-
np\r1M8P, eCIl!.1 npH \r13Y4eHYlV1 MHKp03KOHOM\.1KH Mbl roBOpHIl!.1 0 P8CXOA8X H8
npV106p8TeH!.18 TOS8pOB H YCIlyr OTA8IlbHbiM l.JeIlOB8KOM HIlH oTAeIlbHOL4
cjJ"PMO", TO B HaCTO"ll1eM pa3AeIle Mbl 5YAeM paCCMaTp"BaTb cOBoKynHble
paCXOAbl (coBoKynHbl" cnpoc) 051l1eCTBa. 3TO KaCaeTC" " cOBoKynHoro
npeAIlO>KeH" , 051l1ero ypOBH" '1eH, 5e3pa50T"'1bl " T. A. MaKp03KOHOM"-
Ka "3Y4aeT " 3KOHOM"4ecKYfO nOIl"T"KY npaB"TeIlbCTBa, a nOToMY 4aCTO
CTSIlK"BaeTC" C np05IleMaM" HOpMaT"BHoro xapaKTepa: 4mo oon)J(Ho
oenamb npaB"TeIlbCTBo AIl" npeAOTBpall1eH"" "HCPIl"'1"", 5e3pa50T"'1bl,
nOTepH KOHKypeHTocnoc06HOCT!.1 OT8yeCTB8HHbiX TOB8pOB III T. n.
M8Kp03KOHOMVlK8 - Cp8BH!.1T8IlbHO MOIlOA8f1 H8YK8 H caMO e8 Ha3B8HVl8
nOs:lBV1IlOCb IlV1Wb B cep8AHHe XX BeK8. B03HL1KHOB8HH8M 8e, no MH8H!.11O
50IlbW"HCTBa 3KOHOM"CTOB, Mbl 05"3SHbl, npe>KAe Bcero, A>K. M. Ke"HCY,
4bR pa50Ta «051l1a" TeOp"" 3aH"TOCT", npO'1eHTa " AeHer» (1936) npo-
Vl3B8Il8 nOAIlHHHbl nepeBopoT B np8,qcT8BIleH!.1f1X Y48HbJX 06 YCTOVlYHBOC-
T pblHOYHOL4 CHCTeMbl B l..\eIlOM (..1 H806xOAL-1MOCTH roCYA8pcTBeHHoro BMe-
W8T8IlbCTB8 B 3KOHOM!.1KY.
3Y48Tb M8Kp03KOHOMHKY B HeKoTopblX OTHOW8HV1HX CIlO>KHee, 48M
MHKp03KOHOMIr1KY, nOTOMY 4TO B 3TOM p83,Q8Il8 3KOHOMHLleCKOVl T80pHIr1 Mbl
BHAJ.1M MHO>K8CTBO KOHKYpIo1PYIOLl.\VlX WKOIl \.1 H8np8BIl8H\.1ii1. KTO np8B !.1 LJbfl
MOA8Jlb 60.nee COOTB8TcTByeT peaIlbHoVl AeVlcTBV1T8IlbHOCTVI - npeAOCT8BIlfl-
eTCR Bbl5paTb caMoMY "3Y4afOll1eMY MaKp03KOHOM"4ecKYfO TeOp"fO.
B8>KHO OTM8THTb V1 HBHO YCL-1IlIt1BWVlI71CH B nOCIl8,qHIt18 AB8 A8CHTL-1Ilen1H
HHTepec K MUKP03KoHoMu4ecKuM OCHoeaM MaKp03KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"".
KOHe4Ho, Mbl 5YAeM HCCIleAOBaTb nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"e paCXOAbl, "HBeCm'1"",
c5epe>KeH"" B MacwTa5e HS'1"OHaIlbHo" 3KOHOM"K", HO He 5YAeM 3a5bl-
BSTb, 4TO "X OCYll1eCTBIl"fOT MHIlIlHOHbl OTAeIlbHblX "HA"B"AYYMOB, PYKO-
BOACTBYIOLl.\\.1XCH onp8AeIl8HHb1M!.1 npeAnOYTeHIt1HM!.1, MOTV1BaM\.1 H T. n. BOT
n048MY npaBHT8IlbCTBY, OCYW,8CTBIls:llOLl.\8MY Te HIlH L-1Hble 3KOHOMI-1Y8CK!.1e
nporpaMMbl, He cIleAyeT 386b1B8Tb, '-ITO OHO CBOL-1MH A8L4CTBHHMVI B03A8ii1-
cTByeT H8 CTL-1MYIlbl L-1 0>KHA8HL-1H MHO>KeCTB8 IlIoAeiil, KOTOpbl8 He BcerA8
npYlBOAHT K T8M M8KP03KOHOMHyeCKV1M P83YIlbT8T8M, H8 KOTOpbl8 p8CCLlHTbl-
BaIlO PYKOBOACTBO CTpSHbl. TaK"M 05pa30M, np" "3Y4eH"" MaKp03KOHOM"-
K" Mbl He nepeXOA"M K COBepweHHO HOBOMY npeAMeTY "CCIleAOBaH"": npo-
6neM8 Bbl60p8 H 3KOHOML-1Y8CKOe nOB8A8H!.18 IllOA8111 OCT81OTCs:I B u,8HTpe
BHHM8H\.1s:1, XOTH Ir1 paCCM8Tp\.1B8IOTCH HeCKOIlbKO nOA V1HbIM yrnoM 3p8HIt1H.
341
Inasa 16
rnaBa 16. OCHOBHblE MAKP03KOHOM144ECK14E
nOKA3ATEn14 14 CI4CTEMA
HAL.\140HAnbHbIX C4ETOB
(Henb3R CKnaablsamb R6
nOKU C anenbCUH8MU».
nonynRpHoe U3peyeHue
s MaKp03KOHOMu4ecKoi1 meopuu
MaKp03KOHOM"4eCKa" TeOp"" onep"PyeT Ba>KHe"W"M" ar-
per"pOBSHHbIM" nOKa3aTeIl"M", C KOTOpblMH HaM npeACTO"T n03HaKOM"Tb-
CH B HaCTOfl eVl rn8Be. B OTIllt14H8 OT ML-1KP03KOHOML-1yeCKoro 8H8Il1t138, rAe
L-1CCIl8AOB8IlIt1Cb U,8HbJ Ha OTA8IlbHbte TOB8Pbl \.1 YCIlyr!.1, B M8Kp03KOHoMVlKe
Ba)\{H8171wHM nOK838T8IleM HBIlHeTCH 06Ll.\HVI ypOB8Hb 1I8H. TaK >Ke 8rp8r po-
BaH"fO nOABeprafOTC" Bce npO"3BOA"Mble TOBapbl " YCIlyr", n03TOMY Mbl 6y-
AeM p8CCM8TpHB8Tb P83YIlbTaT 3KOHOMIt1Y8CK0ll1 aKTVlBHOCTL-1, H8nplt1Mep, 38
reA, npeAcT8BIl8HHblal1 K8K OA!.1H cOBoKynHbJVI TOBap. M8TOA!.1Ka paCY8T8 B8m-
H8L4WL-1X M8Kp03KOHOM\.148CKL-1X nOK83aT8n8V1 B p83JlH4HbiX cTpaH8x MO)/{8T
6blTb pa3IlL-1YHOVl, XOTH B cOBpeMeHHoM MHP8 CT8TV1CTL-1Y8CKL-18 cIlY>K6bl CTp8H
C pblH04HOVl 3KOHOMa.1KOVI WVlpOKO L-1CnOIlb3YIOT B CB08V1 p860Te MeTo,qVlKY
pac4eToB, peKoMeHAyeMYfO CTaT"CT"4eCKO" cIlY>K50" OOH.
1.
Kpyroo6opOT AOXOAOB iii paCXOAOB
B HaLlIilOHanbHOM X03Hi1cTBe
B pbJHOYHOVl 3KOHOML-1Ke npOVl3BOAIt1TCH orpOMHoe KOIl\.1Y8-
CTBO pa3Ho06pa3HbiX TOBapOB " YCIlyr. B npO'1ecce "X C03AaH"" Y4aCTBYfOT
P83Il!.1YHble cp8KTOpbl np0L-13BOACTB8, C06CTB8HHa.1K8MIt1 KOTOpblX HBIlfilOTCs:I
1t13B8CTHbie HaM OCHOBHble cy6beKTbi pblHOYHOVl 3KOHOMHK!.1.
BIlaAeIlb'1bl cpaKTopOB nOIlY4afOT AOXOAbl, BeIl"4"Ha KOTOpblX B KOHKY-
peHTHO" 3KOHOM"Ke COOTBeTCTByeT npeAeIlbHOMY npOAYKTY AaHHoro cpaKTO-
pa B AeHe>KHOM Bblpa>KeH"" (MRP). Ho AOXOAbl OAH"X cy5beKToB Pb1H04-
HOVI 3KOHOMHKH OAHOBpeMeHHO HBIlHIOTCfI paCXOA8ML-1 APyrL-1X Cy6b8KTOB.
n03TOMY B MaKp03KOHOM"4eCKO" TeOp"" np"H"TO roBOP"Tb 0 Kpyro050PO-
T8 ,qOXOAOB V1 paCXOAOB B M8CWT86ax H811L-10H8IlbH0L4 3KOHOMIt1K!.1.
YnpOll1eHHa" cxeMa Kpyro050poTa AOXOAOB " paCXOAOB (T. e. 5e3 Y4eTa
cp"HaHcoBoro pblH'a " Me>KAYHapOAHbIX 3KOHOM"4eC'"X CB"3e,,) npeACTaB-
IleHS Ha P"c. 16.1.
342
...:e-- PeaJD>B-Lle nOTOKH
OC HOSHble MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKUe nOKa3amenu U cucmeMa Hau,UOHanbHbIX cyemoe
-
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y'"""' j 0=." y",,",
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Mep, nOAapK" l1eT"M, APY3b"M, nf06"MblM apmCTaM: B AaHHoM cIlY4ae pe4b
"AeT Il"Wb 0 nepepacnpeAeIleH"" AeHe>KHbIX cpeAcTB Me>KAY 4aCTHbIM"
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MaKp03KOHOM!.148CK8H TeOpL-1H V1cnoIlb3Y8T 8Ll.\8 OAV1H B8>KHbJVI nOK838
T8Ilb - nOTeH4Hal1bHbl BBn, KOTOpblVl 03H8Y88T ,QOIlroCpOYHbI8 npoH3BoA-
CTBeHHbl8 B03MO>KHOCT!.1 3KOHOMV1KH npH M8KCIt1M8IlbHOM L-1cnOIlb30BaHIt1It1
"MefOl11"XC" pecypcoB B YCIlOB""X CTa5"IlbHbIX '1eH. Apyr"M" CIlOBaM",
nOTeH'1"aIlbHbl" BBn onpeAeIl"eTC" KSK ypoBeHb BBn, cOOTBeTCTBYfOll1""
nOIlHOL4 38HHTOCTL-1 BC8X P8CypCOB. OC0608 3HaY8HL-18 3TOT nOKa38TeIlb Ir1Me-
8T npL-1 HccIleAOB8HL-1L-1 npo6IleM 3KOHOML-1yeCKHX l\VlKIlOB, V1HcpJls:!l\L-1L-1, 3KOHO-
MlIIyeCKoro pOCTa, KorA8 8H8IlL-13V1PYIOTCH npV1YHHbl OTKIlOHeHHL4 cp8KTVl48CKO-
ro BBn OT ero nOTeH'1"aIlbHoro ypOBHR
BM8CT8 C T8M, cn8AyeT OTM8TVlTb TPYAHOCTIt1 nOACyeT8 nOT8Hl!H8IlbHoro
BBn. T8K, Bcn8ACTBL-1e HcnOIlb30BaHV1s:1 pa3Illt1YHbiX L-1CXOAHbIX B8IlJ.14V1H, T8-
K"X KaK eCTeCTBeHHb'" ypOBeHb 6e3pa60T"'1bl (YPOBeHb 6e3pa60T"'1bl, He
348
QCHOBHble MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKUe nOKa3amenu U cucmeMa HaLjUOHanbHbix CyemOB
nOBbIWafOll1"" 061l1"" ypOBeHb '1eH, "Il" "HCPIl"'1"fO - CM. nOAP06He_e
rJ1. 19) It1IlL-1 CTeneHb nOIlHOTbl 38rpY3KV1 np0lt13BOACTBeHHbix MOUJ,HOCTeH,
o'1eHK" nOTeH'1"aIlbHoro BBn CTpSHbl 3a onpeAeneHHbl" nep"OA MorYT
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3.
HOM\IIHaI1bHbl \II peaI1bHbl BBn
KaK "C4"CIl"Tb BBn? ECIl" paC4eTbi npO"3BOA"Tb B TeKY-
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BOAcTBa. AonYCT"M, BBn B TeKYll1"X '1eHaX YBeIl"4"IlC" 3a rOA C 1 TpIlH.
AOJlIl. AO 2 TpnH. AOIlIl. 4TO 3TO 03H8L188T? YB8IlHY8HH8 KOnL-1Y8CTB8 npolo13-
BeAeHHbix TOBapoB " YCIlyr B 2 pa3a "Il" pOCT 051l1ero ypOBH" '1eH BO
CTonbKO >Ke p83, 6e3 BCflKOro p88IlbHOro pOCTa 3KOHOMII1KVI? IIIIlVl L-1 TO, L-1
APyroe B onp8AeIl8HHoH CT8neHL-1 oAHoBpeM8HHo? OTB8T H8 3TOT Bonpoc
A8eT P83IlL-1YHe B 3H8L18Hl1HX HOML-1H8IlbHOro H p88IlbHOro BBn. HOMHHal1b-
Hb,ii BBn - 3TO BBn, nOAc4HTaHHb'" B TeKYll1HX '1eHax. B MaKp03KoHO-
MH4ecKoCi Teoplo1H ero 0603H8Y81OT CL-1MBOIlOM PQ, rAe P 03H8Y8eT L-1HA8KC
'1eH, a Q - cp"3"4eCK"" 05beM npO"3BOAcTBa. Ho ,aK onpeAeIl"Tb CP"3"-
/ 4E!CK"" 05beM npO"3BOAcTBa? AIl" 3Toro He05xOA"MO npOAeIlaTb CIleAYfO-
l11YfO npO'1eAYPY: YCTaHOB"Tb TaK Ha3blBseMbl" 6a3UCHblii ZOO" paCC4HTSTb
B ero '1eHaX npO"3BeAeHHbl" B TeKYll1eM roAY BBn. Hanp"Mep, Bce TOBapbl
" YCIlyr", npO"3BeAeHHble B 1999 I., paCC4"TbIBafOTC" B '1eHaX 1992 r.
npoMblwIl8HHO p83BHTbiX CTpaH8X K8}I{,Qb18 10-15 IleT onpeAeJlHeTCH HOBblH
5a3"CHbl" roA. HenpaB"IlbHO 6blno 5bl COnOCTaBIl"Tb cp"3"4eCK"e 06beMbi
BBn 1999 r. " npeAwecTBYfOl11"X eMY IleT, nOIlb3Y"Cb Ha npOT">KeH"" MHO-
r x AeC"T"IleT"" '1eHaM" Ha TOBapbl " YCIlyr", Hanp"Mep, 1913 I., H35paH-
Horo B Ka4eCTBe 5a3"CHoro. BeAb B Te AaIleK"e BpeMeHa npOCTO He cYll1e-
CTBOB8IlO Tex 6Jlar V1 YCIlyr, KOTopble npL-1BblYHbl AIlH H8C C8V1yaC - T8IleBL-1-
aopOB, KOMnbIOTepOB, YCIlyr IIIHTepHeT, MHO>K.eCTB8 M8AL-1K8M8HTOB VI T. n., 8.....
cneAOB8TeIlbHO, It1 He CYLl.\eCTBOBano l\eH 3TL-1X TOB8pOB. VlTaK, peal1bHblH
BBn - 3TO !f>aKTH4eCKH" 05'beM BblnYCKa npOAYKLlHH, paCC4HTaHHb'" B
L1eHSX 5S3HCHoro rOAa. nOKa3aTeIlb BBn B 6a3"CHbIX '1eHaX MO>KeT 3a rOA
3MeH"TbC" MeHbwe "Il" 50Ilbwe, 4eM BBn B TeKYll1"X '1eHax. 111 npo"cxo-
,QHT 3TO "3-3a "3MeHeH"" 061l1ero ypOBH" '1eH B cTpsHe. TaK"M 06pa30M,
AIlfi BbIYL-1CIleHL-1H pe8IlbHoro BBn H806xo,QII1MO L-1CnOIlb30B8Tb V1HAeKc 4eH.
peaIlbHbl" BBn (Q) = HOM"HaIlbHb'" BBn (PQ)
AecpIl"TOp BBn (P),
CIl8AoB8TeIlbHo,
(2)
AecpIl"TOp BBn (P) = HOM"HaIlbHbl" BBn (PQ)
peaIlbHbl" BBn (Q)
(3)
349
Inasa 16
AecpIl"TOp BBn "3Mep"eT "HTeHC"BHOCTb "HCPIl"'1"" "Il" 05paTHOrO
npO'1eCCa - AecpIl"'1"", KOrAa Ha5IlfOASeTC" CH">KeH"e 061l1ero ypOBH" '1eH
B CTp8He. ECIlH BeIl!.14HH8 L-1HAeKC8 l!8H OK838Il8Cb 60IlbW8 1, TO Mbl npOH3-
BeIl" oecpnUpOeaHUe BBn, T. e. 3Il"M"H"pOBaIl" cpaKTOp "HCPIl"'1"". Ecn"
)/{8 L-1H,q8KC Ll8H OK838IlCH MeHbW8 1, TO MbJ np0!.13B8IlH UHCj:mUpOSaHUe, 1. 8.
04"CT"Il" HOMHHSIlbHbl" BBn aT BIl""H"" AecpIl"'1"". AIl" POCC"", Hanp"-
Mep, AecpIl"TOp BBn B 1996 r. no cpaBHeH"fO C 1990 r. COCTaB"Il 5929.
nOCKOIlb'Y AecpIl"TOp BBn OCHOBaH HS BbI4"CIleH""X, Y4"TbIBafOll1"X
BC8 npm-13BeAeHHbl8 B CTp8H8 TOB8pbl (..1 YCJlyrL-1, OH HBIlH8TCH BC806b8MIlID-
ll1"M "HAeKCOM '1eH, np"MeH"MbIM AIl" "3MepeH"" a6coIlfOTHoro ypOBH"
l!8H. 3,Q8Cb cIl8AyeT nOAyepKHYTb, 4TO MaKp03KOHOMIr1Y8CK8H TeOpL-1H It1C-
nOIlb3yeT pa3IlL-1YHb18 L-1HA8KCbl u,eH AIlH L-1CYIr1CIleHIt1H p88IlbHOro BBn. no-
M"MO AecpIl"Topa BBn, HcnoIlb3yooTC" HHAeKc nOTpe5HTeIlbCKHx '1eH
(111m.\) " HHAeKc '1eH npOH3BOAHTeIlei1 (lI1wn), "3Mep"fOll1"" ypOBeHb on-
TOBblX LleH. npH 3TOM B K8L18CTB8 B8COB Ll8H MorYT Ir1CnOIlb30B8TbCH KaK
CP"KC"pOBaHHble Ha50pbl 6Ilar (TaK HS3b1BaeMa" <<noTpe5"TeIlbCKaR KOP3"-
H8»), T8K H 1t13MeHHIOLl.\lr1eCH. B CBH3L-1 C 3T(..1M CIle,QyeT BbJ,QeIlL-1Tb Ir1HA8KCbl
'1eH nacne"peca, naawe " "'"wepa.
HAeKC flacneHpeca npeACT8BIls:!eT c060Vl It1HAeKC, rA8 B K8yeCTBe Be-
COB '1eH npeACTaBIleH He"3MeHHbl" Ha50p 6Ilar (He"3MeHHa" no CBoeMY CO-
CTaBY «noTpe5"TeIlbCKa" KOp3"Ha»)
I _ L pi qo; (4)
L - .,'
L POl qol
rAe qoi - KOIlV1L18CTBO TOBapoB L-1 YCIlyr; np0\.13B8.QeHHbIX B 683L-1CHOM mAY, 8
POl - l!8Hbl TOB8pOB 14 YCIlyr B 6831r1CHOM rDAY, P1 i - Ll8Hbi TOB8pOB B T8-
KYll1eM roAY. CYMM"pOBaH"e npO"3BOA"TC" no BceM TOBapaM " YCIlyrsM,
BXOA"ll1"M B Ha50p.
IiIHAeKc nsswe - "HAe,C '1eH, rAe B Ka4eCTBe BeCOB '1eH 6ePYTc" '0-
Il"4eCTBa TOBapoB " YCIlyr, npO"3BeAeHHble B TeKYll1eM roAY:
I _ LPiqi (5)
p -
'iPoiq/
rAe q i - KOIl"4eCTBO TOBapoB " YCIlyr B TeKYll1eM roAY
AecpIl"TOp BBn, paCCMOTpeHHbl" HaM" paHee, " npeACTaBIl"eT c050"
"HAeKC naawe.
YK838HHbl8 HHA8KCbl WVlpOKO It1CnOIlb3YIOTCfI AIlH L-13Mep8HIr1H ypOBHfI
>KH3HH. npJ.1 3TOM V1H,Q8KC n8cneVlpeC8 p8CC4V1TbIB8eTCH, K8K Mbl OTM8TL-1IlH,
AIls:! H81r13M8HHOro H860pa TOBapoB, !.1, cIleAoBaTenbHo, B HeM He YLlI.1TbIBa-
eTC" 3aMell1eH"e AOpor"x npoAYKTOB AeWeBbIM". HanpomB, B "HAeKce
n88we OTpa)/{aeTCH B03MO>KHOCTb B3alt1MHoro 38M8Ll.\eHHH TOBapoB. Wlt1po.
K08 npL-1MeH8HHe B nocIleAH8e BpeMH HaXOAL-1T T810Ke Io1HAaKc <t>lo1wepa, KO-
350
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TOpblL4 npeACTaBIls:leT c060Vl cpeAHereOM8TpL-1Y8CK08 3H8yeHIr18 L-13 HH,Q8KCOB
J1acne"peca " naawe.
IF = 1Q;, (6)
CIleAyeT OTMemTb pa3Il"4"" Me>KAY AecpIl"TOpOM BBn " II1nw, paCC4"-
TblBaeMblM KaK "HAeKC nscne"peca. Bo-nepBblx, AecpIl"TOp BBn Y4"TbIBa-
eT '1eHbl Bcex TOBapoB " YCIlyr, npO"3BeAeHHblx B cTpsHe, TOrAa KaK II1nw
OTp8)/{8eT TOIlbKO Ll8Hbi TOB8pOB, npv106peTaeMbix AOMaWHItIML-1 x03s:1l71cTB8-
M" «<noTpe5"TeIlbCKo" KOP3"Hbl»).
BO-BTOpbIX, AecpIl"TOp BBn He Y4HTbiBaeT '1eHbl "MnOpTHbIX TOBapOB,
4TO HaXOA"T OTpa>KeH"e B II1nw.
B-TpeTb"X, AecpIl"TOp BBn AonYCKaeT "3MeHeHH" B Ha50pe TOBapOB "
YCIlyr B COOTBeTCTB"" C "3MeHeH"eM COCTaBa BBn. II1nw paCC4"TbIBaeTC",
KaK Mbl nOAY8pKVlB8flL-1, AIlH Heltl3MeHHoro Ha60p8 TOB8pOB, BXOAs:lLl.\L-1X B
<<noTpe5"TeIlbCKYfO KOP3"HY».
C"CTeMa Ha'1"OHaIlbHbIX C4eTOB (CHC), BBeAeHHS" C 1993 r. B Ae,,-
CTB"e Me>KAYHapoAHo" CTamCT"4eCKO" cIlY>K60" OOH (noAP06Hee a He"
B cIleAYfOll1eM napsrpacpe), "CnOIlb3yeT "HAeKC nscnei1peca " "HAeKC naa-
we. np" 3TOM np" "3Y4eH"" A"HaM"K" '1eH npeAn04TeH"e OTAaeTC" "HAeK-
cy T1acnei1pec8, 8 AIlH nepeOLleHK\.1 nOK83aTeIl8V1 B nOCTOs:lHHblX LleH8X - L-1H-
AeKCY naawe. 4TO KacaeTC" "HAeKCa ","wepa, TO "MeHHO eMY CHC 1993
rOA8 OTBOAIt1T np1r10pHT8T, nocKoIlbKY, HBIlHHCb cp8AHe reOM8Tplr1L1eCKOCi S8-
IlillYHHOI71 1013 It1HAeKCOB n8Cn8L4peCa L-1 n8awe, 3TOT nOK838TeIlb H8 3aBJ.1CHT
OT Bbl50pa 5a3bl cpaBHeH"" ", cIleAoBSTeIlbHO, cB050AeH aT HeAOCTaTKOB,
np"cYll1"X APyr"M "HAeKCaM '1eH.
B 38KIllOyeHH8 3TOro n8parpacp8 H8nOMHL-1M, YTO 3KOHOM!.14eCK8f1 T80p\.1H
Io1cno.nb3yeT 1t13B8CTHbl8 H8M K8T8roplr1\.1 3an8C8 14 nOTOKa AIlH X8p8KTepIt1CTIr1-
KI4 MHorV1X nOK83aT8IleVl He TOIlbKO H8 MIr1KpO-, HO H H8 M8KPoypOBHe. B K8-
4eCTBe npHMepOB CBH38HHbiX Me}I(,QY c060171 38naCOB 11 nOTOKOB MO>KHO nplll-
BeCTiII CIl8AYIOli.\He: 3anac - KOIlL-1yeCTBO HaIllIIl..IHblX A8H8r B p8CnOps:l>KeHL-1H
HaCeJleHIr1H H8 onp8AeIl8HHblL4 neplt10A BpeMeHL-1, nomOK - HOMIo1H8IlbHblVl
BBn 3a onpeAeIleHHbl" nep"OA BpeMeH"; 3anac - KOIl"4eCTBO 6e3pa50THbiX
Ha onpe,Q8IleHHblL4 nepHoA BpeMeHH, nomOK - KOIllt1yeCTBO TepHIOLl.\L-1X p860-
Ty 38 K8K0I71-TO OTpe30K BpeMeHL-1. K8T8rOpL-1H 3an8COB !.1 nOTOKOB nOMor81OT
r.ny6>Ke 8HaIlH3HpOB8Tb BpeM8HHYCi acneKT B3aL1MOAe CTBHH B8>KHeVlWV1X
MaKp03KOHOML.14eCKHX nOKa38TeIleCi.
S 4.
CIiICTeMa HaL\IIIOHaI1bHbIX C'IeTOB
B 3KOHOML-1yeCKOVl T80p\.11t1 L-1 CT8T\.1CTItIKe Wlt1pOKO J.1CnOIlb3Y-
IOTCs:I B38HMOCBH38HHbl8 nOK838T8Illil H8l!1r10HaIlbHbIX CLleTOB, KOTopble p8C-
C4"TbIBafOTC" HS OCHOBe BBn. CHCTeMS HaLlHOHSIlbHblX C4eTOB (CHC)
351
Inas816
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06beM BblnYCKa TOBapOB " YCIlyr, cOBoKynHble AOXOAbl " cOBoKynHbl8 pac-
XOAbl 051l1eCTBa. CHC npeACTaBIlAeT c050" COBpeMeHHYfO C"CTeMY c60pa
" 05pa60TK" "HcpopMa'1"" " np"M8H"eTC" npaKT"4eCK" BO BC8X CTpaHax
AIlH M8KP03KOHOMHY8CKOro aH8Il!.138 pbIHOYHO 3KOHOML-1KIr1. OH8 n03BOIlH8T
B Harn"AHO" cpopMe npeACTaB"Tb BBn (BHn) Ha Bcex CTaA""X ero AB">Ke-
H"", T. e. npO"3BOACTBa, pacnpeAeIleHH", nepepacnpeAeIleH"" " KOH84HO-
ro "CnOIlb30BaH"". Ee nOKa3aTeIl" OTpa>KafOT CTPYKTYPY pblH04HOfi 3'OHO-
M"K", "HCT"TYTbl " M8XaH"3Mbl CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaH"".
CHC B03H"KIla B pa3B"Tb1X CTpaHax 3anaAa B KOH'1e 1930-x - nepBO"
nOIlOBHHe 40-x roAoa. MO>KHO CY!.1T8Tb, '-ITO K C03A8HHIO Hal...!1t10H8JlbH0L4 CIr1C-
TeMbl Y'-I8T8 CTaTIr1CT\IIKOB 14 3KOHOM!.1CTOB nOAToIlKHYIl8 Ben\llK8H AenpeCcL-1f1
1929-1933 rr. AIl" KOHbfOHKTYPHO" O'1eHK" pa3B"m" 3KOHOM"K" " pa3pa-
60TKL-1 3KOHOMIt14eCKV1X \II nOIl\llTH4eCKHX MepOnpY1f1TH Tpe60B8nacb O1.\8HK8
X03HII1CTBeHHO A8HTeIlbHOCTH H8 OCHoae CJ..1HT8THY8CKIr1X nOK838T8Il8L4, B38-
"MOCB"3aHHbIX Me>KAY c060fi. TaK"M 06pa30M, npaKT"4eCK"e HY>KAbl np"-
BeJlV1 K B03HL-1KHOBeH!.11O J..1AeV1 H8U,L-10H8IlbHOro cLl8TOBOACTB8, CIt1CT8Mbi M8K-
p03KOHOMIt148CKL-1X nOK838T8Il8L4, OTP8>K81OLl\J..1X aC8 OCHOBHble n8p8MeTpbl
CPYHK'1"OH"pOBaHH" 3KOHOM"K". nepBble pac4eTbi Ha'1"OHaIlbHoro AOXOAa
6b1Il" npO"3BeAeHbl B CWA B 1932 r. K 3TOMY >Ke nep"OAY OTHOC"TC" nep-
Bble OCP\lll...!V18IlbHble 01.\8HKIr1 H8l...!!.10H8nbHoro AOXOA8 f8pM8H!.1L-1 III 71noHV1I-1.
n03AHee OCP"'1"SIlbHble O'1eHK" Ha'1"OHanbHoro AOXOAa 5b1Il" npO"3B8Ae-
Hbl B BeIl"K06p"TaH"" " <t>paH'1"".
Teop\.110 H8l.\L-10H8IlbHOro CLleTOBOACTB8 H8 npOTs:1>KeHL-1L-1 ABYX CTOIleTL-1L4
C03A8B8IlH MHOrL-1e 3KOHOMHcTbl-TeOp8TL-1KItI \II np8KTV1KH, CP8A!.1 KOTOpblX He-
05xOA"MO OTM8mTb "MeHa TaK"X Y4eHbix XX B., KaK P. CTOYHa, A. M3A"CO-
Ha, 3. AeH"COHa, B. neoHTbeBa (CWA), <t>. n8PPY (<t>paH'1""), A>K. X"KCa,
A>K. M. K8"Hca (BeIl"K05p"TaH"").
Oc060e BH"MaH"e cOB8pweHcTBOBaH"fO CHC YA8Il"fOT Me>KAYHapoA-
Hble OpraH"3a'1"" ", npe>KA8 Bcero, OOH. CTaHAapTHa" C"CTeMS Ha'1"O-
H8IlbHbiX CyeTOB, pa3pa60T8HH8s:1 CT8T!.1CTHYeCKO KOMHCC\IIeL4 OOH, np\llM8-
HHIl8Cb C 1953 r. 3TO 6blJ18 CHCTeMa L-13 W8CTV1 C48TOB, KOTOpbl8 A8B8IlL-1 B03-
MO>KHOCTb 0l...!8HHTb 3KOHOM\.14eCK08 pa3BHTI-18 CTp8Hbi. B 1968 r. 6blIl8 BB8-
AeHa HOBa" BepC"" Me>KAYHapoAHoro cTaHAapTa CHC, KOTOpa" CY1l18CTBO-
BSIla AO 1993 r. " BKIlf04aIla cIleAYfOll1"e C4eTa:
1. CBoAHble C4eTa.
2. C48T8 np0!.13BOACTBa, nOTpe6IleHL-1f1 !.1 Ir1CnOIlb30B8HL-1H KanL-1T8Il8.
3. C4eT8 AOXOAOB 14 paCXOAOB !.1 C48T8 cp!.1HaHClr1pOB8H!.1H K8nlr1T8IlbHbiX
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118CHble pecypcbl, nOIle3Hbie IttCKOnaeMbl8 L-1 T. A.) MaTepIt18IlbHO-B8L1...\eCTBeH-
Hble P8CypCbl, a T810Ke cpL-1H8HCOBble aKT!.1Bbl 14 n8ccHBbl, YBH3aHHbie C ABIt1-
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352
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I
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HOI71 CIr1CTeMbl H8l...!VlOHaJ1bHbIX CY8TOB, nOCTp08HH8f1 H8 nOCIl8AHHX K TOMY
BpeM8HV1 AOCTV1>K8HHHX T80pHH VI np8KTV1KIr1 Hal.\HOH8IlbHOro CY8TQBOACTB8 B
oTAeIlbHblx cTpaHax.
np" pa3pa50TKe 3TO" C"CT8Mbl 6b1Il" onpeAeIleHbl rpaH"'1bl «3KOHOM"-
yeCKoro npO"3BOAcTBa» (T. 8. ccpepbl npO"3BOACTBa BBn, KOTOpbl8 OXBaTbl-
BafOT npO"3BOACTBO npaKT"4eCK" Bcex TOBapOB " YCIlyr, 3a "CKIlf04eH"eM
YCIlyr B AOMaWHeM X03""CTBe (np"roToBIleH"e n"ll1", y50pKa >K"Il"ll1a, BOC-
n"TaHHe AeTe" " T. A.). B npO"3BOACTBO BKIlf04eHa Ae"TeIlbHocTb no 3all1"-
Te OKPY>KafOll1e" cpeAbl.
CnOJlb30B8HH8 CVlCT8Mbi H8l...!1r10H8IlbHbIX C48TOB H806xOAHMO AIls:! npo-
B8AeH"" 3cpcpeKmBHo" MaKp03KOHOM"48CKO" nOIl"T"K" rocYAapcTBa, 3KO-
HOM"4eCKoro npOrH03"pOBaH"", S TSfOKe AIl" M8>KAYHapoAHbIX conOCTaBIle-
H"" Ha'1"OHaIlbHoro AoxoAa.
B '1eIlOM peKoMeHAoBaHHble CTaT"CT"4eCKO" cIlY>K60" OOH B KS4eCTBe
M8>KAYHapoAHoro cTaHAapTa Ha'1"OHaIlbHoro c4eToBoAcTBa CHC npeACTaB-
Il"eT c060" ABa ypOBH": ceOOHble C4ema (OTpa>KafOT AB">K8H"e BBn, HS'1"-
OHaIlbHoro AoxoAa (HA), cp"HaHC"pOBaH"" Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeH"", onepa'1""
C APyr"M" CTpaHaM") " 08manU3upoeaHHbie C4ema (nOKa3blBafOT Me>KOT-
paCIleBble CB"3", AB">KeH"e AOXOAOB, "X pacnpeAeIleH"8 H KOHe4H08 no-
Tpe5IleH"e).
PaCCMOTpltlM Ba>KHeL4Wlr1e nOK838T8IlJ..1 CItICT8Mbi Hal.\HOH8IlbHbIX CyeTOB,
xapaKTep"3YfOll1"e AB">K8H"8 BBn Ha pa3Il"4Hb1X ero CTaA""x.
4HCTb'H BHYTpeHHH" npOAYKT (4Bn) npeACTaBIl"eT c050" BBn 3S
Bbl4eTOM aMOpT"3a'1"OHHbIX OT4"CIleHH". C nOMoll1bfO nOKa3aTeIl" 4Bn
MO>KHO "3Mep"Tb rOAoBo" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa, KOTOpbl" 3KOHOM"Ka (npeA-
np""T"", rOCYAapcTBo, AOMOX03""CTBa) B COCTO"H"" nOTpe5"Tb, H8 coKpa-
ll1a" npO"3BOACTBeHHble B03MO>KHOCT" 5YAYll1"X nep"OAoB: 4Bn = BBn -
aMOpT"3a'1"". TaK"M 05pa30M, B 4Bn BKIlf04afOTC" TOIlbKO 4"CTb18 "HB8C-
THU,HH. 4TO KaC88TCH 8MOpT!.138l...!V1H, TO OH8 HBIlH8TCH '-I8CTblO BaIlOBblX I-1H-
BeCTH'1"" " BXOA"T B BBn. AMOPT"3a'1"" OTpa>KaeT B03Me1l18H"e 3anaca
KSn"TaIla, KOTOpbl" "cnOIlb30BaIlC" B T8KYll1eM rOAY.
HS'1HOHSIlbHb'H AOXOA (HA). AIl" onp8A8Il8H"" nOKa3aTeIl" 051l1ero
05beMa 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl, npO'1eHTa, np"5bIIl" " peHTbl, T. 8. nIlaTe>Ke",
nOIlY4eHHbiX np" npO"3BOACTBe BBn B AaHHOM roAY, H805xOA"MO Bbl4eCTb
H3 4Bn KOCBeHHble HaIl or" Ha np8Anp"H"MaT8Il8". CMblCIl 3TOro nOAC4eTa
B TOM, 4TO roCYAapCTBO, B3"MS" KOCBeHHble HaIl or" C npeAnp""m", H"4ero
He BKIlaAblBaeT B npO"3BOACTBO " n03TOMY ero HeIlb3R paCCMaTp"BaTb KSK
nOCTaBll1HKS 3KOHOM"4eCK"X pecypCOB. TSK"M 05pa30M, Mbl nOIlY4aeM no-
Ka3aTeIlb Ha'1"OHaIlbHoro AOXOAa (HA). C T04K" 3peH"R c05CTBeHH"KOB pe-
CYPCOB, Ha'1"OHaIlbHbl" AOXOA "BIl"8TC" "3Mep"TeIleM "X AOXOAOB OT Y4a-
CT"" B npO"3BOACTBe 3a TeKYll1"" n8p"OA.
353
23 Kypc aKOHOMw;ecKO TeOp1'l11
Inasa 16
OCHOSHble MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKUe nOKa3amenu u cucmeMa HBLjuoHanbHblx cyemoo
PacnOIlarseMblH AOXOA (PA), HIlH IlH4Hbl" paCnOIlarSeMblH AOXOA
npe,QCT8Bns:!8T c060 nOIlY48HHblVl ,QOM8WH\.1ML-1 X03HII1CTB8M!.1 AOXOA, OTIl -
4afOll1""C" aT HA, KOTOpbl" RBIl"eTC" 3apa6omaHHbiM OOXOOOM. 3AeCb CIle-
AyeT OTM8THTb, 4TO 48CTb 3ap860T8HHOro AOXOA8 - B3HOCbl Ha COLl,\.18f1bH08
CTpaXOBaH"e, HaIl or" Ha np"6blIlb npeAnp""m" - He nocTynaeT B pacno-
p">KeH"e HaCeIleH"". B TO >Ke BpeM" TpaHccpepTHble nIlaTe>K", OCYll1eCTB-
IleHHbie roCYAapCTBOM, He RBIl"fOTC" pe3YIlbTaTOM X03""CTBeHHOH AeRTeIlb-
HOCT" pa50TH"Ka, HO npeACTaBIl"fOT 4aCTb "X AOXOAa. TaK"M 05pa30M, pac-
nOIlaraeMbl" AOXOA KaK cpaKT"4eCK" nOIlY4eHHbl" AOXOA MO>KHO BbI4"CIl"Tb
nYT8M BbI4HT8HHs:! 1113 HaLl,VlOH8IlbHOro AOXO,Qa B3HOCOB H8 COl..\lr1aIlbHOe CTpa-
XOBaH"e, HaIlorOB Ha np"5blIlb npeAnp""T"", HepacnpeAeIleHHblX np"5bl-
IleVl, HHAHBIII,QY8IlbHbIX H8IlOroB (nOAoxoAHOro, HaIloroB H8 IlIllYHOe L-1MYLl.\8-
CTBO, Ha HaCIleACTBO) "A05aBIleH"" CYMMbl Bcex TpaHccpepTHblX nIlaTe>Ke".
PacnOIlaraeMbl" AOXOA HaXOA"TC" B Il"4HOM pSCnOpR>KeHH" 4IleHOB 051l1e-
CTB8 H !.1CnOIlb3Y8TCH Ha nOTpe6IleHL-18 L-1 C68pe>KeHHH AOM8WHV1X X03HL4CTB.
IIIT8K, B3aHMOCBH3b MaKp03KOHOMHLl8CKIIIX nOK838T8Il8111 MO>KeT 6blTb
npeACTaBIleHa CIleAYfOll1e" cxeMO":
BaIlOBO" BHyrpeHH"" npOAYKT (BBn) - aMopTH3SLlH" =
4"CTbl" BHYTpeHH"" npOAYKT (4Bn) - KOCBeHHble HSIlorH =
Ha'1"OHaIlbHbl" AOXOA (H,Q) - HSIlorH HS npH5blIlb npeAnpHRTHH -
B3HOCbl Ha C04Hal1bHOe CTpaXOBaHHe - HHAHBH,qyal1bHble
nOAOXOAHble HSIlorH - HepacnpeAeIleHHaR npll5blIlb
KopnopSLlHH + TpaHc(j>epTHble nIlSTe>KH =
pacnOIlaraeMbl" AOXOA (PA).
5.
BBn 101 ((4101CTOe 3KOHOMIoI4eCKoe
6I1arOCOCTOJIHIoIe» (435)
T"Tb CBO" ABOpbl OT rp"3", HSKOn"BWe"C" 3a 3"MY): nOMOll1b COCeA"M: 5Ila-
rOTBOPHT8IlbH8f1 A8HT8IlbHOCTb L-1 T. n.
BO-BTOpbIX, Ae"TeIlbHOCTb B ccpepe TeHeBO" 3KOHOM"K", T. e. AeIlOBa"
8KTHBHOCTb, ocy ecTBIls:!eM8H B 06xo,Q YCT8HOBIl8HHOro 38KOHOA8TeIlbCTB8.
3Aecb cIleAyeT pa3Il"4aTb ABa T"na cAeIlOK (TpaHcaK'1""): CAeIlK", KOTopble
He RBIlRfOTC" HeIleraIlbHblMH C T04K" 3peH"" 3aKOHa (Hanp"Mep, peneT"TOp-
CTBO), HO, OCYll1eCTBIlR" "X, IlfOA" HapywafOT Hanoeoeoe 3aKOHooamenb-
cmeo, TaK KaK He AeKIlap"pYfOT CBO" AOXOAbl. Apyro" T"n TpaHCaK'1"" -
He3aKOHHa" Ae"TeIlbHOCTb (npOCT"TY'1"", npO"3BOACTBO " npOAa>Ka HapKO-
T"KOB, TOproBIl" opY>K"eM " T. n.).
MO>KHO Il" "3Mep"Tb Ae"TeIlbHOCTb B ccpepe TeHeBO" 3KOHOM"K"? B
npHHLI,l1n8, 8CIlH 6bl TeHeB8H 3KOHOML-1Ka OTp8>K8Jl8Cb 6bl B CVlCTeM8 H8L1,V10-
H8flbHbiX C4eTOB, TO OH8 nep8CT8na 6bJ 6blTb TeHeBOL4. Cf18AY8T 38MeT!.1Tb,
4TO COBpeMeHHa" BepC"" CHC OOH (1993 r.), a KOTOpO" WIla pe4b B npe-
AblAYll1eM naparpacpe, peKoMeHAyeT Y4"TbIBaTb aKT"BHOCTb B TeHeBOM ceK-
Tope 3KOHOM"K". np05IleMa COCTO"T B TOM, KaK"MH MeTOAaM" "3Mep"Tb
P83Yl1bT8Tbi A8IlOB0L4 8KTV1BHOCT!.1 3KOHOMIt14eCKV1X 8r8HTOB, KOTopble C03H8-
T8flbHO CKpblB810T ee. nOCKOIlbKY npeACT8BVlTeIlVI TeHeBO 3KOHOMItIK!.1 H8
nOAafOT HaIloroBblX AeKIlapa'1"'" nocTOIlbKY pe4b MO>KeT "AT" Il"Wb a KOC-
B8HHbiX OLl,eHK8X AeHT8IlbHOCTL-1 TeHeBoro C8KTOpa. AIls:! 3Toro 3KOHOMVlCT8-
M pa3pa50TaH P"A nOKa3aTeIle", n03BOIl"fOll1"X Y4eCTb MaCWTa6bl HeIle-
raIlbHOVl 3KOHOMVlKL-1. B 3aBIllCIllMOCTV1 OT Bbl6p8HHOro MeTOAa 0U,8HKH, pe-
3YIlbTaTbi MOryr OKa3aTbC" HeOA"HaKOBbIM". BOT n04eMY '1"CPPbl, xapaKTe-
PVl3YIOLl..\He MacwT86 TeHeBOL4 3KOHOMiIIK!.1 B OAHOVI 101 TO >Ke cTpaHe, MOryT
OK838TbCH p83Il!.14HbIMItl. H81r16oIl88 L-13BeCTHbIML-1 MeTOAaMV1 ou,eHKIt1 T8H8B0L4
3KOHOMVlKV1 HBIlHIOTCs:! cJleAYIO l1e:
. AHanU3 cnpoca Ha HanU4Hocmb (nOAXOA OCHOBaH Ha TOM, 4TO TeHe-
BaH 3KOHOMVlK8 nOrnOLl.\8eT nOA8BJ1HIOLl.\YIO yaCTb H8IlItILlHbiX ,Q8H8r - BeAb
He.ner8IlbHble CA8IlKIt1 COB8pW81OTCH 38 HaJ1H4HbI8 - 3a Bbl4eTOM A8Her H8
PYKax Y HaCeIleH"").
. Memoo Y4ema pacxooa 3neKmpU4ecmea (nOCKOIlbKY 3IleKTp03Hepr"fO
HeIlb3R 3anacaTb BnpOK, nOCTOIlbKY npeBblWeH"e TeMnOB paCTa nOTpe5Ile-
H R 3IleKTp03Hepr"" B CTpSHe HaA TeMnaM" pOCTa peaIlbHoro BBn CB"Ae-
TeIlbcTByeT 0 ee nOTpe5IleH"" TeHeBblM ceKTOpOM).
. PaCXO)/(OeHUe Me)/(oy cpaKmU4ecKUMU U ocpUL<UanbHO Y4meHHbiMU
mpyooeblMU pecypcaMU.
. PaCXO)/(OeHUe Me)/(oy ooxooaMU U pacxooaMU.
B Ta5Il"'1e 16.3 np"BeAeHbl O'1eHK" MacwTa50B TeHeBo" 3KOHOM"K" no
H8KOTOpblM cTpaH8M, OCHOB8HHbl8 Ha MeTOAe 8H8Illtl38 cnpoc8 H8 AeHbrVL
HaCKOIlbKO T04HO nOKa3aTeIlb BBn "3Mep"eT 3KOHOM"4eC-
KYfO aKmBHOCTb " 5IlarococTO"H"e Ha'1""? 3TOT Bonpoc Bbl3blBaeT OC05bl"
"HTepeC 3KOHOM"CTOB B CBR3" C P"AOM np"4"H.
Bo-nepBbIX, He BCR AeIlOBaR aKmBHOCTb Y4"TbIBaeTC" B ocp"'1"aIlbHOM
nOKa3aTeIle BBn. CYll1eCTByeT PRA 5Ilar, KOTopble TPYAHO nOAAafOTC" "3Me-
peH"fO, nOCKOIlbKY OH" He "MefOT pbIH04HO" O'1eHK" (He peaIl"3YfOTC" Ha
pbIHKe). npe>KAe Bcero, 3TO Ae"TeIlbHOCTb B paMKax AOMawHero X03""CTBa
- npHroToBIl8HH8 8Abl, BOCnHT8H\.18 AeTSC1, p8MOHT CBOVlML-1 CVlIlaM\.1 VI 8006-
ll1e Ae"TeIlbHOcTb no np"H'1"ny «cAeIla" caM»: A05pOBOIlbHbl" TPYA, Hanp"-
Mep, pa50Ta no y50pKe Tepp"TOp"" BOKpyr CBoero AOMa (BcnOMH"M «cy6-
50TH"K"» " «BocKpeCH"K"», KOTopble Ka>KAO" BecHo" OpraH"3YfOT MYH"'1"-
naIl"TeTbl B POCC""CK"X ropoAax, np"rnawa" >K"TeIle" M"KpOpa"oHa 04"C-
354
355
""
Inaea 16
OCHoeHbie MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKUe nOKa3amenu U cucmeMa HaLjuoHanbHblx C4emos
HOCTb 38KIlf04aeTC" B TOM, KaK AaTb AeHe>KHYfO O'1eHKY BCeM TeM B"AaM
,QeflTeIlbHOCTIit, KOTopble He HOCHT pblH04HOro X8p8KTep8 14, CJleAOBaT8IlbHO,
He MorYT 5blTb O'1eHeHbl B npO'1eCce CB060AHOro pblH04HOro 05MeHa.
nOKa3aTeIlb Y\.1CTOrO 3KOHOM!.1yeCKoro 6Jl8roCOCTOHH H L-1HTep8C8H,
npe>KAe Bcero, KaK TeOpeT"4eCKa" nocTaHoBKa np05IleMbi Y4era pa3Il"4Hb1X
CTOpOH CPYHK'1HOH"pOBaH"" 3KOHOM"K", B TOM 4"CIle " HecpopMaIlbHO". OA-
HaKO Ha npaKT"Ke CTaT"CT"4eCK"e CIlY>K5bl OOH " Ha'1"OH8IlbHOro C4eTO-
BOACTBa oTAeIlbHblX rOCYAapCTB ell1e He BIlaAefOT YH"CP"'1"pOBaHHO" MeTO-
A KO" pac4era 4"CTOro 3KOHOMH4ecKoro 5IlarococTO"H"". BOT n04eMY a55-
peB"aTYPY 435 Mbl BCTpe4aeM B Y4e5H"KaX no MaKp03KOHOM"Ke, a He B
CT8T"CT"4eCK"X C50PH"K8X pa3Il"4Hb1X CTpaH M"pa.
Ta6IlVlu,a 16.3
MacwTa6bl TeHeBOM 3KOHOMIIIKIII B HeKOTopblX pa3BIIITbiX CTpaHax
B 1994-1997 rr,. B % OT BBn
CTpSHbl 03CP
MaCWTa5bl TeHeBo;;; 3KOHOMHKH
II1raIlH"
WBe'1""
"'paH'1""
fepMaH"R
BeIl"K06p"TSH""
CWA
WBe"'1ap""
1994-1995 rr.
26,0
18,6
14,5
13,5
12,5
9,2
6,7
OCHOBHble nOHSlTI1S1:
1996-1997 rr.
27,2
19,5
14,8
14,75
13,0
8,8
7,8
V'lCT04HVlK: 3KOHOMVl48CKafi TeOplr1f1 npeCTynIl8HI-1f1 VI HaKa38HVlaII. P8cpepan1BHbl
>KypH8Il. M., prrY, 2000. BblnycK 2. HecpopM8IlbHblVi ceKTOp 3KOHOMVlKVI 3a py68)f(OM.
C.122.
Kpyro050pOT AOXOAOB H pacxoAoB
B8IlOBO" BHYTpeHH"" npoAYKT (BBn)
BanoBo" Ha'1 OHanbHbl" npoAYKT (BHn)
ABO"HO" C4eT
Ao6aBneHH8f1 CTOV1MOCTb
Aeq)Il"TOp BBn
I'1HAeKc nacneVlpeca
Ii1HAeKc naawe
Ii1HAeKc <I> wepa
.nw.IHble nOTpe6li1TenbCKV1e pacxoAbl
B POCC"", no ocp"'1"aIlbHbIM AaHHbIM, AOIl" TeHeBoro ceKTopa B 061l1eM
05beMe BBn B 2001 r. CH"3"IlaCb AO 18%, XOT" ABa roAa Ha38):1 AOIl" TeHeBO-
ro ceKTopa npOrH03"pOBaIlaCb npaB"T8IlbCTBOM Ha ypoBHe 25-30% BBn. Anb-
TepHaT"BHble O'1eHK" MacwTa50B TeHeBO" 3KOHOM"K" B POCC"" BSPb"PYfOT B
BeCbMa W"POKOM A"ana30He - aT 20 AO 40-50% BBn. '
B-TpeTb"X, nOK83aTeIlb BBn He Y4"TbIBaeT 5Il8rococTO"H"e 051l1eCTBa,
CB"3SHHoe C AocyroM, "Il" '1eHHOCTbfO cB050AHoro BpeMeH". HSnp"Mep, eCIl"
Bbl, nocne AOCT">KeH"" onpeAeIleHHoro, AOCTaT04HO BblCOKoro ypOBH" AOXO-
A8, np!.1MHT8 peweHV1e 0 COKpaLl.\eHIII!.1 48COB CB08171 pa60Tbl, TO B nOK83aTene
BBn 3TO OTpa3"TCR KaK YMeHbweHHe Ao5aBIleHHO" CTO"MOCTH. OAHaKO Bawe
5Il8rOCOCTO"H"e, "3Mep"eMoe He TOIlbKO AeHbr8M", HO " CB060AHbiM BpeMe-
HeM, craHeT Bblwe (BcnOMH"M 3cpcpeKT AoxoAa " 3cpcpeKT 3aMell1eH"" np"
"HA"B"AyaIlbHoM npeAIlO>KeHHH TPYAa).
B-4eTBepTbIX, B nOKa3aTeIle BBn OTCYTcTByeT O'1eHKa HerST"BHbIX pe-
3YIlbTaTOB AeIloBo" aKmBHocm, Ta,"X, KSK 3arp"3HeH"e OKPY>K8fOll1e" cpe-
Abl, 4TO BIle4eT 3a c050" YMeHbWeH"e 5IlarococTO"H"" 051l1eCTBa.
Y4ecTb BIl""H"e 3T"X cpaKTopOB Ha 051l1eCTBeHHoe 5IlarocoCTO"H"e no-
3BOIlHeT nOK83aT8Ilb «....HCToro 3KOHOMLo1....eCKoro 611arOCOCToflHHfI» 06W,8-
CTBa (435), BBeAeHHbl" B HaY4Hbl" 060POT aMep"KaHCK"M" 3KOHOM"CTaM"
B. HOPAxaycoM " A>K. To5"HOM:
435 = BBn - AeHe>KHaR O'1eHKa OTP"-
'1aTeIlbHblX cpaKTopoB, B03,Qe"cTBYfOll1"X Ha
6IlarococToHHH8 + H8pblHOYH8H A8HT8nb-
HOCTb (B AeHe>KHO" O'1eHKe) + AeHe>KHa"
O'1eHKa cB050AHoro BpeMeH". Bc" CIlO>K-
BanOBble yaCTHbJ8 HHBeCTH4H\r1
AMOpTH3a'1""
rOCYAapcTBeHHble 3aKynKH
4MCTblVl 3KcnopT
Ha4HoH8nbHblVi AOXOA
KocBeHHbl8 H8norV1 Ha 61-13HeC
PacnOJ1araeMblVl AOXOA
CHcTeMa Ha'1"OHanbHbiX C4eTOB (CHC)
4HcToe 3KOHOMH4eCKoe 6narococTOHH!.1e
1 «AK&M» OT 27.12.2001 r.;
3KOHOMI-14eCK/.1 >KYPH8Il Bblcwe
WKOIlbl 3KOHOMI-1KVI. TOM 4, NQ 4,
2000. C. 435.
356
circular flow
of incomes 8nd expenditures
gross domestic product, GDP
gross national product, GNP
double countin9
value added
GDP deflator
Laspeyres index
Paasche index
Fisher index
personal consumption
expenditures
gross private investment
depreci8tion
government purchases
net exports
nation81 income
indir8ct business taxes
disposable income
national account system
net economic welfare
Inaea 17
POflb 20cyaapcmsa s pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKe
OTHOC"T TaK"e 5Ilara, KOTOpble 06IlaAafOT ABYM" XapaKTepHblM" CBO"CTBa-
MVI: H8COnepHL-1Y8CTBO V1 He\.1CKIlIOY88MOCTb Vl3 nOTp86IleHHH. 068 cBoiiicTB8
TeCHO CBH38Hbi Me>KAY c0601l1. OCT8HOBHMCH Ha H8HCKIlIOY8eMOCT!.1 L-13 no-
Tpe5IleH"" ell1e pa3, aHaIl"3"PY" pOIlb rocYAapcTBa B npO"3BOACTBe 051l1e-
CTBeHHblx 6Il8r. HeHCKIlIOLlaeMocTb L-13 nOTpe6Il8HL-1f1 03H8L18eT, YTO H8 npaK-
TViKe CIlO>KHO HJ1VJ HeB03MO>KHO 06eCneYVlTb nOTp86IleHH8 A8HHOro 6Il8ra OT-
AeIlbHbIM" Il"'1aM", He npeAOCTaBIl"" "X BceM APyr"M. Y 4acTHoro ceKTOpa HeT
CT\o1MYIlOB npm13BOAHTb T8KL-1e 6Il8ra, nOCKOJlbKY nOIlO>KIt1TeIlbHbIM BHeWHIr1M
3cpcpeKTOM aT "X C03AaH"" " nOTpe5IleH"" MOryT BocnOIlb30BaTbC" Ilf05ble
Il"'18, He3aB"C"MO OT TOro, nIlaT"Il" OH" 3a 3T" 5Ilara "Il" HeT. K 051l1eCTBeH-
HblM 5IlaraM OTHOCRTCR: Ha'1"OHaIlbHaR 050pOHa, BSK'1"Ha'1"R H8CeIleH"", AO-
pO>KHaR p83MeTKa " 3HaK", MaRK", YIl"4HOe OCBell1eH"e " '1eIlbl" PRA aHaIlO-
r 4Hb1X 5Ilar, rAe HeB03MO>KHO A03"pOBaTb "X nOTpe5IleH"e np" nOMOll1" Me-
XSH"3Ma '1eH. 051l1eCTBeHHbiM 5IlaroM "BIlReTC" " 3aKoHoTBop4ecK8" Ae"TeIlb-
HOCTb rocYAapcTBa, 051l1eCTBeHHbl" nop"AoK " T. n.
np"H"TO pa3Il"48Tb 4HCTble 051l1eCTBeHHble 5Ilara " CMeWSHHble 05-
lIIeCTBeHHble 5Ilara. 4"CTble 051l1eCTBeHHbie 5Ilara 05Il8AafOT ABYM" YKa-
3SHHbIM" CBO"CTBaM" B "PKO Bblpa>KeHHO CTeneH". KIlaCC"4eCK"" np"Mep
H8'1"OHaIlbHa" 050poHa. Y CMeW8HHbiX 051l1eCTBeHHbix 5Ilar OAHO "Il"
05s CBO"CTBa MorYT 5blTb Bblpa>KeHbl cIla5ee. np"Mep CMewaHHoro 5Ilara
- 8BTOAOpOr". B HeKOTopblX CIlY4a"x (np" neperpY3Kax AB">KeHH") BBOA"T-
CR nIlaTa np" Bbe3Ae Ha OTAeIlbHble Y4aCTK". nOCKOIlbKY YBeIl"4"BaeTCR co-
nepH"4eCTBO Ha neperpY>KeHHblX Tpaccax, nOCTOIlbKY He"CKIlf04aeMOCTb "3
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HOM Y4aCTKe AOpOr".
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peaT H05eneBCKO" npeM"" no 3KOHOM"Ke " aBTOp TaK"X pa60T, KaK «Ae-
MOKpaT"" B Aecp"'1"Te» (1977), «Pac4eT cornac""» (1962), «OcHOBaH"e
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366
1 Arrow, Kenneth J. Social
Choice and Individual Values. New
York: Wiley, 1951; Black, Duncan.
Theory of Committees and
Electons. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1958.
2 nepSble Tp\ll pa60Tbi HanV!ca-
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nVlCTltlyeCKaH MeHTanbHOCTb. M.,
1993. C. 42.
2 XelilHe n. 3KOHOMII!4eCKIo11/1
o6pa3 MbIWneH\o1H. M., 1991. C.
433.
367
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B ropoAe N. B YCIlOB""X np"MO" AeMOKpaT"" B03MO>KHbl CIleAYfOll1"e C"TY-
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HOro MepOnp""T"" Ha"50IlbWYfO "HA"B"AyaIlbHYfO npeAeIlbHYfO BbIlOAY, TaK
KaK OH" 4all1e APyr"X nOIlb3YfOTC" aBTOM05"IleM, 3a H"M" CIleAYfOT npeACTS-
B"T8Il" rpynnbl B, ", HaKOHe'1, Ha"MeHbWYfO np8AeIlbHYfO BblroAY nOIlY4afOT
Il"'1a H3 rpynnbl C, KOTOpble Bo051l1e He "M8fOT Il"4HbIX aBTOM05"Ile" " Y4a-
CTBYfOT B yn\.14HOM ABH>K8H&.1H IlIt1Wb KaK neweXOAbl. npL-1 3TOM 06Ll.\eCTB8HH8s:1
npeAeIlbHa" BbllOAa onpeAeIl"eTC" KaK CYMMa "HA"B"AyaIlbHbIX npeAeIlbHblX
BbiroA (CYMM"pOBaH"8 '1"CPP no CTpOK8 B CTOIl5'1e 4 paBHo cooTBeTcTBYfO-
ll1e" '1"cppe B CTOIl5'1e 3).
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Ka OAH" " T8 >Ke - 50 eA.
AIl" 051l1eCTBa OnT"MaIlbHbl" 05beM npO"3BOACTBa - 4eTbipe 3HaKS
(P"c. 17.3). Ho 3a KaKoe KOIl"4eCTBO 5YAYT roIlocoBaTb HaW" >K"TaIl"?
3To 38BHCIt1T OT COOTHOWeH!.1H 38TpaT H BblroA. 3AeCb B03MO>KHbl TpJ..1
CIlY4aR (I, II, III).
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TO rOIlOCOBaH"e np"BeAeT K "AeaIlbHOMY pe3YIlbTSTY. Bce rpynnbl 5YAYT ro-
IlOCOB8Tb 38 YCT8HOBIl8HVle Y8Tblp8X 3HaKOB, nOCKOIlbKY B TaKOM CIlYY8e Ir1X
npeAeIlbHbl8 BbllOAbl 5YAYT paBHbl npeA8IlbHbiM 3aTpaTaM ("3A8p>KKaM).
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B"Aa OTKIlOHeH"".
II. ECIl" 3aTpaTbi pacnp8A8Il"fOTC" nopOBHY M8>KAY rpynnSM" (KS>KAa
rpynns nIlaT"T no 1/3 aT 50, T. e. 16,6 eA., a BbllOAbl - B 3aAsHHo" nponoP-
368
ponb aocyaapcmea e pbIHOYHO{J 3KOHOMUKe
Ta6r1l.o11.\a 17.1
AHanM3 M3Aep>KeK M BblrOA npM npOM3BOACTBe 06 eCTBeHHoro 6nara
KOlllo1'-1eCTBO 061l.\a npeAellbHa5'l V1HAIo1BIo1AyallbHa5'l
3HaKOB BblroAa BblroAa* npeAeIlbHa5'l BblrOAa
o6w,ecTBa 061l.\eCTBa no rpynnaM:
B AaHHOM ropoAe B AaHHOM ropOAe A-70%, 8-20%, C-10%
(AeHeIKH. eA.)
1 2 3 4
1 200
2 350 150 105 30 15
3 450 100 70 20 10
4 500 50 35 10 5
5 525 25 17,5 5 2,5
npe)1;e.JIhHaH:
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150
100
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2
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1
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c mOtiKU 3peHuR o6ucecmaa
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:IPT npeAeIlbHYfO BbllOAY rpynnbl C Aa>Ke np" YCTaHOBIleH"" BTOpOro 3HaKa
{16,6 > 15), HO roIlocOBaH"e 6YAeT Ha CTOpOH8 50IlbW"HCTBa A + B. T04HO
,mSK >Ke npOVlA8T npeAIlO>KeHV18 OTHOCV1T8IlbHO Tp8Tb8ro 3H8K8. Ho '-I8Tbipe
aHaKS Y>Ke H8 MOryT 5blTb YCTaHoBIleHbl, nOCKoIlbKY rpynnbl B " C AaAYT
' CYMMe 2/3 roIlOCOB <<nPOT"B» (AIl" rpynnbl B: 10 < 16,6, "OHa np"CO-
!!A H"TC" K rpynne C). II1TaK, np" paBHoM8pHOM pacnp8AeIleH"" 3aTpaT
HepaBHOMepHoM - BbllOA Ha TOBapbl KOIlIleKT"BHOrO nOTpe5IleH"" 6y-
,'leT TpSTHTbC" MeHbwe cpeACTB, 4eM Heo5xoAHMO AIl" 05I1\eCTBa.
. III. Apyro" B"A oTKIlOHeH"", KorAa 3aT-
aTbl pacnpeAeIl"fOTC" HepsBHoMepHo
(rpynna A HeceT 90% 3aTpaT, "Il" 45 eA., B
C - no 5%, "Il" no 2,5 eA.), a BbllOAbl -
paBHoMepHO. fpynna A 6YAeT npOT"B YCTa-
. CpaBHI.He c nOH5'lTIo15'1MIII 06-
ll.\e'1 III npeAeIlbHoiil nOIle3Hocn1 B
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Inasa 17
HOBneHIIIH Y>Ke TpeTb8ro 3H8K8, T8K K8K npeAeIlbH8H BblrO,.Qa 3TOVI rpynnbl
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flOCYIOT «38». npOH,.QeT peW8HHe 0 4eTblp8X 14 A8>Ke 0 nHH1 3H8K8X, T8K K8K
npeAeIlbHS" BblrOAa B " C (25 3 = 8,3) 60IlbW8 "X npeA8IlbHbiX 3aTpaT
(no 2,5 eA.). TaK"M 05pa30M, B cIlY4ae HepaBHoMepHblx 3aTpaT " paBHo_
M8pHOVl BbtroAbl 6y,c.eT TpaTHTbcSJ 6011bWe cpe,c.cTB, "IeM OnTHMal1bHQ
H805xOAHMO.
3T" np"M8pbl np"BOA"T Hac K CIleAYfOll1eMY BbIBOAY: B 051l1eCTBeHHO"
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Ka8T "BIleH"e Ilo56H3MS - OKa3aH"e AaBIleH"H Ha npSB"TeIlbCTBO onp8Ae-
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p"BSeT npO'1ecc npHH"T"" peWeH"" B YCIlOB""X npeACTaB"T8IlbHO" AeMOK-
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P8Cbl>'. n055"CTbl "ll1YT H8 4TO "HOe, KaK nOIlHTH4eCKYlO peHTY (OCYll1e:
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Aa 38KOHOAaTeIlL-1 npL-1HIr1MaIOT np8BIIIT8IlbCTBeHH08 P8W8HL-18 0 BB8A8H\.11r1
Io1MnopTHblX nOWI1L-1H (BblltlrpblB8lOT OT848CTB8HHbl8 np0L-13BOAV1T8IlIt1 8H8IlO-
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nOIlY4111Il np01\8CC nOA H83B8HHeM «110rp0l1l1HHr». JlorpOIlIl!.1Hr - 3TO TOp
roBIl" roIloCaM", KorAa OA"H "HA"B"A (rpynna, napT"") 05ell1SeT CBOfO nO/1-
Aep>KKY APyrOMY "HA"B"AY (APYro" rpynne, napT"") B roIlocOBaH"" no Ka-
KOMY-Il"60 Bonpocy B 05M8H Ha nOAAep>KKY npomBOnOIlO>KHO" CTOpOHbl np"
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npeM8HHO, BcerAa " TOIlb'O CBOfO 4aCTHYfO Bb"OAY. AeIlO B APyroM, T
L-1MeHHO B TOM, 4TO pe8IlL-138l!L-1s:1 06Ll.\8CTB8HHbIX V1HTepeCOB nepenIl8Tae -
C" " C peaIl"3a'1"e" 4aCTHbiX "HT8P8COB 5fOpOKpaT"". A TaKa" nOAxoA Ae-
370
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pO!1b aocyoapcmsa s pblHOYHOU 3KOHOMUKe
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A - nSpT"" Y BIlaCT":
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npltl 3TOM, eCIlH B pe3YIlbT8Te nOIlYY8eTCs:I nOIlO>KVlTeIlbHoe 4 It1CIl 0, !.13-
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np" xopoweM p8"mHre "36"paTeIlb Bce >Ke nporoIlocyeT 3a napT"fO,
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0AH"M "3 Ba>KHe"W"X HanpaBIleH"" B TeOp"" 051l18CTBeHHoro Bbl50pa
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!'I0pce H TeopeMbl H8B03MO>KHOCTH 3p-
poy, KOTOpble HS3BaHbi no "MeHaM CBO"X
aBTOpOB: cppaH'1Y3cKoro CP"IlOcocpa, 061l1e-
CTBeHHoro Ae"TeIl" " 3KOHOM"CTa XVIII B.
>KaHa AHTyaHa KOHAopce " COBpeMeHHoro
, Downs A. An
Theory of Democracy.
P.38.
2 Ibid. P. 42.
Economic
NY 1957.
371
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Inasa 17
aMep"KaHCKOro 3KOHOM"CTa KeHHeTa 3ppoy. Hac 5YAeT "HT8peCoBaTb aHa-
n\.13 BblHBIl8HL-1H 06Ll.\eCTBeHHblx np8An04TeH!.1L4 L-1 npOl!8AYPbl roIlocOBaHL-1f1.
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HHTV1H Tex V1IlL-1 L-1HbIX aIlbTepH8TL-1BHbIX nporp8MM, TO K8K >Ke BblHBV1Tb o6li..\e-
CTBeHHoe npeAn04TeHH8? no np"Hl1"ny 50IlbW"HCTBa np" rOIlOCOBaH""?
3TO B03MO>KHO, HO npV1 YCIlOBL-1H, 4TO np8AIl8raeTCs:1 TOIlbKO OAH8 nporpaM-
Ma. A eCIl" HaAo Bbl5"paTb Me>KAY HeCKOIlbK"M" nporpaMMaM"? Hanp"Mep:
A) 50pb6a C "HcpIl"l1"e,,; 5) 50pb5a C npecTynHocTbfO; B) 60pb5a C 5e3pa-
50T"l1e". 111 np" 3TOM, npeAnOIlO>K"M, eCTb Bcero 3 rpynnbl roIlOCYfOll1"x.
OH" PSH>K"PYfOT CBO" npeAn04TeH"", CTaB" (A), (5), (8) Ha 1-e, 2-e
V1IlH 3-e MeCTO.
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Ta6m"'u,a 17.2
npe,Qn04TeHHfI ronOCYK>I.1.\HX npH Bbl60pe 1113 Tpex 311bTepH3THB
rpynnbl roI10cyKJW,Io1X PaHrlo1 Tpex aI1bTepHaT B:
A 5 B
1 1 2 3
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3 2 3 1
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nepBoe MeCTO, a nporpaMMY 5 - Ha BTOpoe), 2-" - 5 (nporpaMMe A OTBO-
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M8CTO, 5 - TpeTbe). CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, Bbl50p CAeIlaH B nOIlb3Y A, nocKonb'Y
3TY nporpaMMY npeAn04Ilo 50IlbW"HCTBO - 1-" " 3-" rpynnbl.
3aTeM HaAO oCYll1eCTB"Tb Bbl50p Me>KAY nporpaMMaM" 5 " 8. Bbl6epYT
nporpaMMY 5, TaK KaK 1-" " 2-" rpynnbl OTAafOT 8" np8An04TeH"e.
HaKOH8l1, BbI5"pa" Me>KAY nporpaMMaM" A " 8, npeAn04TeH"e OTAS8T-
c" nporpaMM8 8, nocKoIlbKY 3-" " 2-" rpynnbl rOIlocYfOT 3a 8.
Ho B8Ab, Ka3aIlOCb 5bl, eCIl" c06IlfOAaIlc" 5bl np"Hl1"n TpaH3"T"BHOC-
T", TO, npeAn04"Ta" nporpaMMY A nporpsMMe 5 " nporpaMMY 5 nporpSM-
Me 8, 051l1eCTBO AOIl>KHO npeAn048cTb nporpaMMY A nporpaMM8 8. Ho, Ka'
nOKa3aHO Bblwe, 06Uj8cmeo c08nano npomuBope4uBbiu ebl60p, amo aB
npeon04meHue npoepaMMe 8.
3Ta Ta6Il"l1S "IlIlfOCTp"pyeT nspsAoKC KOHAopce, rOBOp"ll1HH 0 He-
372
----
POf1b Bocyoapcmea s pblH04HOO 3KOHOMUKe
nOCl1eAOeaTel1bHOCTH r0110COBaHHfI npocTblM 6011bWHHCTBOM r0110COB.
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Bb150P, HeCMOTp" HS AeMOKpaT"4HOCTb 3TO" npOl1eAypbl.
B 1952 r. K. 3ppoy B CBoe" pa60Te «051l1eCTB8HHbl" Bbl50p " "HA"B"-
AySIlbHbie l1eHHOCT"» «<Social Choice and Individual Values»)' CCPOPMYIl"-
posaIl CBOfO 3HaMeH"TYfO TeopeMY HeB03MO>KHOCTH: He CYll1eCTByeT pS-
3yMHorO KOl1l1eKTHBHoro Bbl6opa, eCl1H '-IHC110 B03MO>KHbIX al1bTepHa-
1'IIB npeBblwaeT ABe.
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Ke MO>KeT HS"TH npOl1e.t1YPY npHHRTHR HenpOTHBope4HBbIX, cornaCOBSH-
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!tHe OAHoro IlHLlS.
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HblH Bb150p?
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npIo1MeHHMOCTL-1, VlIlH KOIlIl8KTHBHOVl p8'-"!.10HaIlbHOCTL-1).
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fasT aIlbTepHST"BY A aIlbTepHaT"Be 5, " aIlbTepHaT"BY 5 aIlbTepHaT"Be C,
TO np" Bbl50pe Me>KAY A " C 061l1eCTBO npeAn04"TaeT aIlbTepHaT"BY A.
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qyll\eCTByeT eA"HoAywHoe npeAn04TeH"e 5 - A. 3TO YCIlOB"e "HOrAa Ha-
3l,11!afOT np"Hl1HnOM napeTo.
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'B 3aTb CBO" npeAn04TeH"" 061l1ecTBY).
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B,Ii\HIIH 50Ilee 4eM ABYX napT"".
'I, B KaKOVl-TO CTeneH\.1 IlorpOIlIlHHr nOMoraeT np80AOIleTb napaAoKC roIlO-
POBaH"R. B HaweM np"Mepe, "IlIlfOCTP"PYfOll1eM napaAOKC KOHAopce,
eGIlIi ABe "3 Tpex rpynn MorYT AOroBO-
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: SMM " nOMeH"Tb CBO" npeAn04TeH""
a'HM 06pa30M, 4T05bl npOWIl" Te npo-
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CT.. M., ry BW3, 2004.
373
Inaaa 17
II1T8K, rOCYASpCTBeHH08 perYIl"pOBaH"e He05xOAHMO OCYll1eCTBIl"Tb B
OnpeAeIleHHblX npeAeIlaX. 3T" npeAeIlbl YCT8HOBIleHbl MaCWTa5aM" cp"aC-
KO pblHKa B l!enOM H KOHKpeTHol71 3KOHOMHyeCKOCi cHTyaLJ,lt1el71. YM8IlOe rocy-
AapCTBeHHOe p8rYIlHpOB8HIo1e n03BOIlHeT IlL-1KBL-1AHpOB8Tb Te «npOBaIlbl»,
KOTOpbl8 H8B03MO>KHO BOCnOIlH!.1Tb, V1CnOIlb3YH L-1CKIlIOYL-1TeJlbHO pblH04HblL4
MeXaHL-13M. 111 BCIleA 3a ABp88MOM nlr1HKOnbHOM Mbl MO>KeM CK838Tb: «P83YM-
HaH L\8Ilb roCYA8PCTB8 COCTOV1T B TOM, 4T06bl AeIl8Tb AIlH IlI0AeVl TO, YTO L-1M
Tpe6yeTcH, HO OHIII C8MIt1 CBOL-1MH C!.1Il8MIt1 He MOryr AeIl8Tb Bo06Ll.\e HIlL-1 He
MOryr AeIl8Tb AOIl>KHbIM 06pa30M».
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Mbl 38K8H4111B81OTCH TorA8, KorA8 roCYA8PCTBO KOMneHcV1pyeT npOB8Ilbi pblH-
Ka. BeAb CYll1eCTByeT " <jJHSCKO rOCYAspCTBS (<jJHaCKO rOCYAspCTBeHHO-
ro peryIlHpoBaHHR), nOA KOTOpblM nOH"MaeTC" He3cpcpeKT"BHOe pscnpeAe-
IleH"e pecypCOB B pe3YIlbTaTe roCYAapCTBeHHoro peryIl"pOBaH"", " ASIlee
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Koe H8paBeHCTBO M8>KAY OTAeIlbHblMIt1 rpynnaML-1 H8CeIl8HIt1H V1 B03MO)\{HO
np"H"T"e He3cpcp8KT"BHbIX peWeH"", T. 8. cp"aCKO roCYAapCTBa. npoaHa-
Il"3"PyeM Ha"50Ilee Ba>KHble np"4"Hbl cp"aCKO roCYAapCTBeHHoro perYIl"-
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MeJKAY npeAeIlbHblMH 3STpaTaMH H npeAeIlbHblMH BbIrOAaMH, KOTopoe
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HHTL-11O 3KOHOMIr1yeCKoro peW8HIt1H, T. e. K cpL-18CKO roCYA8PCTB8.
HepaBeHCTBO B nOIlY4eHHH HH<pOpMSLlHH TaK>Ke nOpO>KAaeT AaHHoe
HeraT"BHOe "BIleH"e. nY4we "HCPOpM"pOBaHbl IlfOA" C BbICOK"M" AOxoAa-
MH, XopOWO opraHV130B8HHble Il066L-1CTCKL-18 rpynnbl. CIleAOB8TeIlbHO, QHIr1
MaKC"M"3"PYfOT CBOfO np"5bIIlb, nOIlY4a" nOIl"T"4eCKYfO peHTY. HepaBeH-
CTBO B nOIlY4eH"" "HcpopMal1"" CB"3aHO " C cpeHOMeHOM, np"CYTCTBYfOl11"M
B CHCTeMe npeACTaBHTeIlbHOVl AeMOKp8TL-1L-1 L-1 nOIlY4!.1BWeM H83B8HIr1e pa'-'H.
OHal1bHOrO HeBeAeHHH. BblA8IleHHblVl TepMIr1H 03H848eT YKIlOHeHL-1e It1H,QLiI-
BL-1AOB OT yyaCTHH B np0l..\eCC8X roIlOCOB8HIt1H L-1 Bbl60pOB B TOM cnY48e, 8cnlr1
BblroAbl, KOTopble OHH nOIlYY8T B CJ1Y48e 6IlaronpL-1HTHoro AIlH HL-1X IIICXO,Qa,
HL-1>Ke L-13Aep>K8K, CBH3aHHbiX C yyaCTH8M B npOl!8CC8 roIlOCOB8HIt1H. ,Qonyc
HiM, 4TO H806xo,QV1MO ou,eHL-1Tb npaB\IIT8IlbCTBeHH08 p8weHllle, npOB8,QeHlr1e
B )\{H3Hb KOTOpOro npHH8C8T Bblro,Qy 06Ll.\eCTBY B LJ,8IlOM, XOTH OT,Q8IlbHbI 8
rpynnbl HaCeIleH"" MOryT npO"rpaTb (Hanp"Mep, OTMeHS cy6C"A"" KaKoMY-
Il"50 ceKTOpy 3KOHOM"K"). OAHSKO Ka>KAbl" om08nbHblii u36upamenb nony-
374
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p onb aocyoapcmsa s pblH04HOO 3KOHOMUKe
-
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ro HaCeIleH""). B T8K"X 05CTO"TeIlbCTBax "36"paTeIl" BeAYT ce5" SnaT"4-
HO "Il" paBHoAYwHO, 4TO " nOIlY4"IlO Ha3BaH"e pal1"OHaIlbHoro "rHOp"pO-
BaH"R - 50IlbWOMY, HO pa3p03HeHHoMY KOIl"4ecTBY IlfOAe" H8T CMblCIla co-
5 paTb " Ol1eH"BaTb "HcpopMal1"fO 0 AaHHoM npoeKTe, OpraH"30BbIBaTbc"
B Il055"CTCK"8 rpynnbl paA" n04T" HeOll1YT"MO" BblrOAbl. A BOT Yll1eMIleH-
H08 MeHbW"HCTBO, KOTOp08 nocTpaAaeT OT OTM8Hbi cy6C"A"", 5YAeT KOH-
LleHTp"pOBaTbC" " CPOpM"pOBaTb rpynnbl AaBIleH"", 0 KOTOpblX rOBOp"IlOCb
B lwe «<arpapH08 Il055"», «060pOHHoe Il055"» " T. n.).
Ellie oAHa "3 np"4"H cp"aCKO rOCYAapCTBS - HeAo5poCOBeCTHOCTb ro-
CYAspCTBeHHblX 4HHOBHHKOB (roCYAspCTBeHHoi1 5IOpOKpSTHH), KOTO-
pble, npeCIl8AYR CBO" 4aCTHbl" "HTepeC, CTpeM"TCR nOIlY4"Tb Ha"50IlbWee KO-
n 4eCTBO rOIlOCOB HS cIleAYfOll1"X Bbl50pax " np"H"MSfOT TaK"e peWeH"", KO-
TOpbl8 nOMOryT "M AOCT"4b 3TOro (TaK Ha3blBaeMbl8 nonYIl"CTCK"e peWeH"R),
XOTR OH" He COOTBeTCTBYfOT Kp"Tep"fO 3KOHOM"4eCKO" 3cpcpeKT"BHOCT". Kpo-
Me TOro, nOJ1V1TIIIyeCKlile A8HT8IlH npeCIl8.QYIOT CBOH IlL1YHble HHTepecbl, KaK It1
Bee 05bl4Hbie IlfOAH, " 3T" Il"4Hble "HTepeCbl MorYT B onpeAeIleHHbl" MO-
MeHT npeBblC"Tb "X 4YBCTBO Aonra KaK rocYAapcTBeHHblx Il"l1.
CIleAyeT TaK>Ke OTMeT"Tb HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb BO BpeMeHH np"H"T""
Tex "Il" "HbIX peWeH"", BeAYl11YfO K cp"aCKO rocYAapcTBs. Hanp"Mep, ne-
P A Bbl50paM" nOIl"T"K 05ell1aeT YBeIl"4"Tb COl1"aIlbHble pacxoAbl, CH"-
3HTb HaIl or" " npOBeCT" MHOr"e APyr"e SHSIlOr"4Hble MepOnp"RT"", KOTO-
pble nOMorYT eMY nOIlY4"Tb nOAAep>KKY 35"paTeIle". OAHaKO nonYIl"CTC-
K08 0581l1aH"" npOB03rIlSWSfOTC" ceroAH", a "X peaIl"3al1"" nOCIle Bb150-
pQB HepeAKO OTKIlaAbIBaeTC" "Il" np"H"MafOTC" np"MO npomBOnOIlO>KHble
peWeH"R, BeAYll1"e K CH">KeH"fO MaTep"aIlbHOro 5IlsronOIlY4"" HaCeIleH"R
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CR HeOnT"MaIlbHbIM" B 5YAYll1eM nep"OAe, oc05eHHO nOCIle Toro, KaK 3KO-
HOM 4eCK"e areHTbl Y>Ke OTpear"pOBaIl" Ha 05b"BIl8HHb18 npeABbl50pHbie
05ell1aH"", T. e. CCPOpM"pOBaIl" CBO" O>K"AaH"R.
B CB"3" C BpeMeHHblMH "HTepBaIlaM" B03H"KaeT np05IleMa BHYTpeHH"X
H BHeWH"X IlaroB, KOTOpa" TaK>Ke MO>KeT np"BeCT" K cp"aCKO rOCYAapCTBa.
Pe4b "AeT 06 3cpcpeKTe 3ana3AbIBaH"", T. e. pa3pblBe BO BpeMeH" Me>KAY
OCo3HaH"eM np05IleMbl, np"H"meM rocYAapcTBeHHblx peWeH"" " pe3YIlb-
raraMH BonIlOLl.\eH!.1H npaBIt1T8nbCTBeHHoVl nporpaMMbl B >KH3Hb.
nOA BHYTpeHHHM IlarOM nOH"MafOT npOMe>KYToK BpeMeH", KOTOpbl"
npOXOA"T Me>KAY MOMeHTOM B03H"KHOB8H"" KaKoro-Il"50 3KOHOM"4ecKoro
RBneHL1H 14 MOM8HTOM np!.1Hs:lH1s:1 oTBeTHoCi Mepbl. BHYTpeHHL-18 Il8rH A8IlHT-
CR Ha JlarH npH3HaHL-1H !.1 Il8rL-1 P8W8HIIIH.
1) Ilar npH3HaHHR (pacn03HSBaH"", oC03HaH""). Ero B03H"KHOBeH"e
B 3aHo C TeM, 4TO AIl" OC03HaH"" caMo" np06IleMbi perYIl"pOBSH"" Ka-
OH-Il"60 ccpepbl 3KOHOM"4eCKO" >K"3H" HY>KHO BpeM". TaK, 4T06bl np"H"Tb
375
Inasa 17
Mepbl, HanpaBIleHHble Ha 50pb6y C "HcpIl"l1"e", He05xOA"MO, npe>KAe Bce-
ro, OLleHHTb ee !.1CTOYHVlKIiI, B03MO>KHble B8PH8HTbi 8HTL-1V1HQJIls:!LlVlOHHO no-
IlV1THK!.1, a AIls:! :Horo HY>KHO Bp8MH. B A8HHOM CIlYY88 H8 AJlVlTeIlbHocTb n8ra
6YAYT BIl""Tb TaK"e cpaKTOpbl, KaK KOMneTeHTHOCTb npaB"TeIlbCTBs, 3Kcnep_
TOB, COCTO"H"e MaKp03KOHOM"4eCKO" HaYK".
2) Ilsr peweHH". 3TO BpeM", KOTopoe npOXOA"T Me>KAY oC03HaH"eM
np05IleMbi " np"H"T"eM KOHKpeTHoro peWeH"". II1HorAa 3TOT nep"OA AIl"T-
c" AOCTST04HO AOIlro. Hanp"Mep, 4T05bl BHecm KaK"e-Il"60 peWeH"H, CB"-
38HHbl8 C !.13MeH8HH8M H8IlOroBOro 38KOHOA8T8IlbCTB8, H806xOAIiIMO A8T8IlbHO
06AYMaTb " 05cYA"Tb C"Tya'1"fO, YTBepA"Tb npoeKT peWeH"H B He05xOA"-
MblX "HCTaHl1""x.
BHewHHi1 Ilsr - 3TO npOMe>KYTOK BpeMeH", KOTOpbli1 npOXOA"T Me>KAY
MOMeHTOM nplt1HHTHfI KaK0L4-IlV160 M8pbl iii MOM8HTOM npoHBIl8HHH e8 pe-
3YIlbT8TOB. K BHeWHHM Il8r8M OTHOCHT IlarV1 B03AeillcTBlilfi.
Ilsr B03Aei1cTBH". 3TO nep"OA, B Te4eH"e KOTOpOro 05beKT rocYAap-
CTB8HHoro p8rYIlHpoBaHVlfI H84111HaeT peaIlbHO H3M8Hs:lTbCH nOA BIlIIIHHVl8M
TOro IiIIlIr1 VlHOro M8KP03KOHOML-1Y8CKOro MepOnpL-1Hn1H np8BHT8IlbCTB8. Ha-
npHM8p, npaBHT8IlbCTBO nplilHHIlo p8WeH!.1e 0 CHV1>KeHVlVI HaIloroBblX cTaBoK,
HO pe8IlbHoe O>KHBneHV18 3KOHOMVlK\.1 H8cTynaeT H8 cpa3Y, a 4ep83 KaKoe-TO
BpeM"-
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npeABHAeHHbix nOCl1e,qcTBHH. CYTb ero 38KIllOya8TCH B TOM, YTO B pe-
3YIlbTaT8 OCYL48CTBIl8HHH K8KIt1X-IlIil60 MepOnpHHT!.1L4 >KeIla8Mbllll pe3YIlbT8T
He AOCTVlr8eTCH H.nH AocTV1raeTcH C 60IlbWHML-1 1i13A8p>KK8MH. CTpeMIleHVle
YIlY4W"Tb pa60TY pblHKS np"BOA"T HepeAKO K npOT"BOnOIlO>KHOMY pe3ynb-
TBTY. Hanp"Mep, roCYASPCTBO YCTaHaBIl"BaeT CP"KC"pOBaHHble l1eHbl Ha
npOAoBoIlbCTBeHHble TOBapbl C l1eIlbfO 50pb5bl co cneKYIl"l1"ei1. OAHaKo pe-
3YIlbTBTOM 3T"X Mep OKS3bIBaeTC" TOBapHbl" Aecp"l1"T, pa3paCTaH"e TeHe-
BOlli 3KOHOMVlKH, Oyep8.QH L-1 T. n.
PeWeH"e Bcex 3T"X np05IleM CTOPOHH"K" 051l1eCTBeHHoro Bbl50pa B"-
A"T B CB060AHOM pa3B"T"" pblH04HbiX npOl1eCCOB, XOT" OH" He OTp"l1afOT "
nOIlO>K!.1TeIlbHOL4 pOIlH roCYAapcTB8, KOTopoe cnoc06HO Hcnp8BIlHTb H8CO-
BepweHcTBa pblH04HOro M8X8HH3M8 B onpeA8IleHHbix np8.Q8Ilax.
4.
rOCYAapCTBeHHoe perynl'lpOBaHl'le
3KOHOMI'IKI'I:
OCHOBHble Llenl'l 1'1 I'IHCTpYMeHTbl
AIl" TOro, 4T05bl Bblpa50TaTb BepHYfO 3KOHOM"4eCKYfO no-
Il"mKY, rOCYAapCTBeHHble Ae"TeIl" AOIl>KHbl OTAaBaTb ce5e OT4eT B TOM, BO-
nepBblX, KS'"X l1eIle" OH" XOT"T A05"TbC", ", BO-BTOpbIX, KaK"M" "HCTpy-
MeHTaM" OH" AIl" 3TOro pscnoIlsrafOT.
376
ponb aocyoapcmea e pblH04HOO 3KOHOMUKe
BnepBble KOMnIleKCHblL4 8H8IlH3 3KoHoMH4ecKoVl nOIlL-1THKVI rocYAapcTB8
5blIl npoBeAeH B 1952 r. roIlIlaHACK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM, IlaypeaTOM H06eIleBc-
KO" npeM"" RHOM T"H5epreHOM B pa50Te «Teop"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" nOIl"-
TVlKH). Corn8CHo THH6epr8HY, Bo-nepBbJX, npaBVITeIlbCTBeHHbJe opr8Hbl ,QOIl-
)l{Hbl Bbl5pSTb KOHe4Hbie l1eIlH 3KOHOMH4eCKO" nOIl"T"K" " CCPOPMYIl"PO-
BaTb "X, 4TO 05bl4HO AeIlaeTCR B TepM"HaX MSKC"M"3al1"" CPYHKl1"" 051l1e-
CTB8HHOro 6Il8rOCOCTOHH!.1H. Ha HX OCHOB8 onpeA8IlfilOTCH 4el1eBbie nOKa-
3sTeIlH (Hanp"Mep, nOIlHa" 3aH"TOCTb, HYIleBa" "HCPIl"l1"" " T. A.). BO-BTO-
pbJX, np8BHT8IlbCTBO 0u,eHHB8eT, K8KVlM!.1 nOJlHTHLleCKL-1MH !.1HCTpYMeHT8M!.1
OHO pacnoIlarseT. B-TpeTb"X, rOCYAapcTBeHHble Ae"TeIl" AOIl>KHbl On"paTb-
CR Ha KaKYfO-Il"50 MOAeIlb 3KOHOM"K", KOTOpaH CB"3bIBaeT BOeA"HO l1eIl" "
"HCTpYMeHTbl. TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl nepeXOA"M K HOpMaT"BHO" 3KOHOM"4ec-
KO" TeOp"", npeAnOIlarafOll1e" npol1ecc l1eIlenOIlaraH""-
Ba>KHe"Wa" np06IleMa, Ha 'OTOpO" OCTaHOBHIlC" T"H5epreH, - COOTBeT-
CTBVlS Me>K.Qy KOIlL-14eCTBOM Ll8IleVl H KOIlL-14eCTBOM HHCTPYM8HTOB nplt1 npo-
BeAeH"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" nOIl"mK". AonycmM, 4TO l1eIle" Bcero ABe (YBe-
Il"4eH"e 3aH"TOCT" " 50pb5a C "HcpIl"l1"e,,), " "HCTPYMeHTOB TO>Ke Bcero
ABa - HaIloroBO-5fOA>KeTHa" " KpeA"THO-AeHe>KHa" nOIl"T"Ka. T"H6epreH
C.QeIl8Il BbIBO,Q, YTO nOl1HTVlKVI MOryT .qOCTIiI'.lb o6eVlx 4el1eH Tor,qa, Kor,qa
KOl1HyeCTBO HHcTpYMeHToB paBHO KOl1HyeCTBY 4el1eH, H Bl1HHHHe HHCT-
PYMeHTOB Ha LleIlH IlHHei1Ho He3sBHCHMbi APyr OT APyrs.
OnpeAeIleHHe MHO>KeCTBa l1eIle" Ha3b1BaeTC" l1eIleBoi1 4>YHKLlHe".
3AeCb Ba>KHO Y4eCTb, 4TO, 4eM 60Ilbwe l1eIle", TeM TpYAHee OAHOBpeMeHHO
HX AOCT"4b. n03TOMY npaB"TeIlbCTBY He05xOA"MO 4eTKO npeACTaBIl"Tb ce6e
04epeAHOCTb roCYA8PCTB8HH0L4 3KOHOMIt148CK0L4 nOIlL-1TIt1KV1 np\.1 AOCTL-1>K8HL-1L-1
MHorHX l!8IleVl.
no OTHOWeH"fO APyr K APYry l1eIl" MSKp03KOHOM"4eCKO" nOIl"mK" MO-
ryr 6blTb B38HM038M8Hs:!8Mbl, B38HMoAono.nHs:leMbJ H H8111Tp8IlbHbL
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pSCCMaTp"BaeMbIX l1eIle" OAHOBpeMeHHO. T"n"4Hbl" np"Mep - KOHTpOIlb
HaA TeMnaM" "HCPIl"l1"" " 6e3pa50T"l1bl. Kp"Ba" "'"nIl"nCa (CM. rn. 23) "Il-
IllOcrp"PyeT Harn"AHO AaHHYfO C"Tya'1"fO.
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IOTCR APyr C APyroM. TaK"M" l1eIl"M" "BIl"fOTC", HSnp"Mep, pOCT Hal1"O-
Hal1bHoro AOXOA8 H pOCT 3aHHTOCTVI.
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ra, BCTpe4afOTC" BeCbMS peAKO. Hanp"Mep, CH">KeH"e 5e3pa50T"l1bl AO on-
peAeIleHHoro ypOBH" MO>KeT " He BIl""Tb Ha TeMnbl "HCPIl"l1"".
no Mepe HSKOnIleH"" OnblTB roCYAapCTBeHHoro peryIl"pOBaH"" B pa3-
HblX CTpaHax npO"CXOA"T COKpall1eHHe pa3MepHOCT" l1eIleBO" CPYHKl1"".
T"H5epreH C4"TSIl, 4TO B l1eIleBYfO CPYHK'1HfO cIleAyeT BBeCT" 8 3Ile-
MeHTOB:
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377
Inasa 17
1. 05beM rocYAapcTBeHHblx pacxoAoB.
2. TeMn 143MeHeHHH peanbHoVi 3apa60THoVl nIlaTbl.
3. YpoBeHb 3aH"TOCT".
4. VlHA"KaTOp pacnp8AeIleH"" AOXOAOB.
5. Pa3Mepbl "HBeCT"l1"".
6. COBoKynHbl" cnpoc.
7. YpoBeHb npO"3BOACTBa.
8. CaIlbAo nIlaT8>KHOrO 5aIlaHca.
n03>Ke, B 1970-e rr., 3KOHOM"CTbl Y>Ke pSCCMaTp"BaIl" 4 l1en":
1. nOIlH8H 38HflTOCTb.
2. CTa5"IlbHOCTb l1eH.
3. OTCYTcTB"e HeynpaBIl"eMblX Aecp"'1"TOB nIlaTe>KHoro 5aIlaHca.
4. YCTO"4"Bbl" ypoBeHb 3KOHOM"4ecKoro pa3B"T"R.
B KOHl18 1980-x - CepeA"He 1990-x rr. MHOr"e npSB"TeIlbCTBa CTa,,"
pSCCMaTp"BaTb Il"Wb 2 3aAS4W
1. nOIlHa" 3aH"TOCTb.
2. 50pb6a C "HcpIl"l1"e".
HeKoTopble 3KOHOM"CTbl C4"TafOT, 4TO IlY4we "35pSTb OA"H acneKT pe-
rynL-1pOB8HIt1H !.1 Ha HeM cocpeAOT04Y1Tb OCHOBHbl8 YCL-1IlY1H.
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np8BIleHL-1eM rOCYA8pcTBeHH0L4 non L-1TL-1 KIt1 , K8K nOKa3bJB8eT np8KT\.1Ka
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B CBfl3H C 3TL-1M MO>KHO npVlB8CT!.1 cnOBa 1t13BecTHoro B8HrepcKoro 3KOHO-
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npflMaS1 III npeACTaBIt1T8nbH8S1 AeMOKpaTVlS1
public 900ds
pure
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incomplete markets
public choic8 theory
direct & representative
democracy
lobbying
politicsi rent seekin9
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Condorcet paradox
Arrowrs impossibility theorem
government failure
rational ignor8nce
inside lag
outside lag
law of unintended
consequences
target function
government intervention
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380
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BBn "Il" Hal1"OHaIlbHbIM AOXOAOM)' " cOBoKynHblM cnpocoM ("CnOIlb30BaH-
Hbl M BBn "Il" Hal1"OHaIlbHbIM AOXOAOM). np" 3TOM Ba>KHe"WHM BonpocoM
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382
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M 8KP03KOHOMUyeCKOe paBHosecue: 6a30Bbie MOaenU
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H8IlbH0ll1 3KOHOMV1KIt1, L-1 BMeW8TenbCTBO roCYAapCTB8 OK83blBa8TCH HeHY>K-
HbIM. A pa3 T8K, TO MO>K8T nOK838TbCfI, YTO H8B03MO>KHO p8CCMaTpL-1B8Tb
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np Hl1"n <<laissez -faire», T. e. np"Hl1"n HeBMewaTeIlbCTBa rocYAapcTBa B
X03R"cTBeHHYfO >K"3Hb. OAHaKo TaKO" BblBOA 6blIl 6bl nocnSWHblM. BeAb
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n Koi! Aenpecc"". KIlaCC"4eCKa" TeopH" B TOM B"Ae, KaK aHa CCPOPM"PO-
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HHTepnpeT8l.\!.1111 K8TeropL-1V1 cOBoKynHoro cnpoc8 L-1 cOBoKynHoro npeAIlO>Ke-
HHH, 06w,enpHHflTblX B cOBpeMeHHoCi 3KOHOMIt1yeCKol71 H8YKe.
383
inasa 18
2.
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Ha oTAeIlbHOM TOB8pHOM pbJHKe. Ho nocTp08Ha 3T8 KPL-1B8s:1 B HHOVI CIr1CTeMe
KooPAHHaT (CM. P"c. 18.1).
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OPA"HaT cp"rYP"PYfOT He S5COIlfOTHbie nOKa3aTeIl" l1eH (Hanp"Mep, B M"n-
Il"apAax AOIlIl.), a ypOBeHb l1eH (P), "IlH AecpIl"TOp.
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Ha KOTOpbl" npeAb"BIl"eTcR cnpoc.
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385
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II1TaK, Hawe 05b"CHeH"e KOHcp"rypal1"" KP"BO" AS C08A"H"IlO anbT8p-
H8TItIBHble B3rnHAbi. KeIl1HCL-18HCKHVI CIlY481i1 B ero 3KcTpeM8IlbHoM B8pL-18HTe
rpacp!.1L1eCKH 03H8Y8eT ropL-130HT8IlbHYIO IlHHHIO. TaK Ha3blBaeMblL4 HOpM8Ilb-
Hbll71 KeVlHCL-1aHCK\.1L4 cIlyyali1 03H8Y8eT nOflO>KL-1TeJlbHbll71 H8KJlOH KpL-1BOVl AS.
KnaCC"4eCK"" cIlY4a" "305pa>Ka8TC" BepT"KSIlbHO" KP"BO" AS, "cxOA"ll1e"
"3 T04K" Ha OC" a6cl1"cc, cooTBeTcTBYfOll1e" nOTeHl1"aIlbHoMY BBn (Y')
(CM. P"c. 18.4). B AaIlbHe"W"X rnaBax Mbl BCTP8T"MC" co BCeM" T"naM"
"305ps>KeH"" KP"BO" AS.
TaK KTO )\{e np8B B 3TOM TeOpeTL-1yeCKOM cnope? OTBeT 38KIlIOY88TCs:! B
TOM, 4TO nplll 8H8IlL-13e cOBoKynHoro npe,QIlO>K8HV1H Mbl CTaIlK\.1B8eMCH C P83-
Illll4HblMVI Aony eH\.1HMH, KOTopble L-1CnOIlb3YIOT Y48Hbie npH HccIleAoB8HI.-1\t1
3KOHOM"K" B KpamKocp04HOM " ooneocp04HOM nep"OAax. Ke"HC"aHcKS"
TeOp"" paCCMaTp"BaeT 3KOHOM"KY B KpaTKOCp04HOM nep"OAe. Ha 3TOM
BpeMeHHYM OTpe3Ke l!,8Hbl L-1 38p86oTH8H nIl8T8 HerH6KH, B yaCTHOCTVI, 1.-13-
3a TPYAOBblX KOnIl8KT"BHbIX AOroBOpOB 0 3apa50THO" nIl aTe, KOTOpbl8 He
nep8CM8TpL-1B8IOTCH Ka blVl MeCHl!,. A 38p860THaS1 nIl8T8 - B8>KHeVlWL-1V1 3ne:
MeHT "3Aep>KeK npO"3BOAcTBa. CIleAoBaTeIlbHo, np" >KeCTKOCT" 3apa60THO"
nIlaTbl " l1eH Ha npoAYKl1"fO CP"PM 051l1"" ypoBeHb l1eH ocmeTC" He"3M8H-
HbIM. HOpM8IlbHblVl KeIi1HcVlaHCKHL4 cIlyyali1, B npVlHlJ,L-1ne, TO>Ke OTHOCJ.1TCS1 K
388
,
I
MBKP03KoHOMUyeCKOe paSHosecue: 6a30Sbie Mooenu
-
p
p
p
AS
AS
AS
y 0
Y"
y 0
o
a) 3KCTpeMal1bHblH
Ke HcMaHcKMH cl1y aH
y
6) HOpMal1bHblH
KeHHCMaHCKMH cl1y aH
B) Kl1aCCM eCKHH
c.ny aH
Pile. 18.4.
AnbmepHamU8Hbie 832nRObi Ha KOHq,U2ypau,wo KPU80ii AS
pSTKOCP04HOMY nep"OAY, HO 3A8Cb Y>K8 np"cYTcTBY8T AonYll1eH"e 05 OT-
'HoCHTeIlbHoli1 rIt16KOCTL-1 lJ,eH no cp8BHeHL-11O C HOMHH8JlbH0l71 38pa6oTH0ll1 nIl8-
1'0111. B T8K0l71 C!.1TY8l!HH np!.1 nOBblweHVlH lJ,eH !.1 >KeCTKOCTJ.1 HOMHH8IlbH0li1
3aps50THO" nIlSTbl peaIlbHa" 3apa50THa" nIlaTa 5YAeT COKpall1aTbC", "
w"pMaM 5YAeT BblrOAHO paCWHp"Tb cnpoc Ha TPYA. npO"30"AeT " YBeIl"-
eH"8 BbrnYCKS, " nOBblweHHe ypOBH" l1eH. HaKOH8l1, KIlaCC"4eCK"" cIlY4a"
60nee nplllMeHV1M K AOIlroCp04HOMY 8H8Il!.13Y, KorAa B Te4eH\.18 HeCKOIlbKHX
lieT KOIlIleKT"BHbI8 AOroBOpbl a 3apa50THo" nIl aTe 6YAYT nepeCMOTpeHbl.
qaHbI " 3spa50THa" nIlaTa B Aonrocp04HOM nep"OAe 05IlaAafOT r"5KOCTbfO,
'1\' 'aTa r"5KOCTb l1eHOBOro MeXaH"3Ma 05eCne4"BaeT CPYHKl1"OH"pOBaH"e
3I<OHOM"K" Ha ypOBHe nOTeHl1"aIlbHoro BBn.
'TaK >Ke, KaK " np" aHaIl"3e KP"BO" AD, HaM He05xOA"MO paCCMOTpeTb
Hel1aHOBble cpaKTOpbl, np"BOA"ll1"e K CMe1l18H"fO KP"BO" AS. Mbl "CCIleAY-
e . HopMaIlbHbl" Ke"HC"aHCK"" cIlY4a", KorAa B KpaTKOCp04HOM nep"OA8
peMeHH Kp!.1B8H cOBoKynHoro npeAIlO>K8HVls:I HMe8T nOIlO>KIt1T8IlbHbll71 Ha-
KJ'IOH. CAB"r" KP"BO" AS 5YAYT CB"AeT8IlbCTBOBaTb a HOBOM ypoBHe "3Aep-
>KeK Ha 8A"H"l1Y npoAYKl1"", CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, "3MeH"TCR pesIlbHbl" BbrnycK
OP" Ilf050M 3aAaHHOM ypOBH8 l1eH B cTpaHe. Hanp"Mep, np" ypoBHe l1eH
P, cMell1eH"e KP"BO" AS MO>KeT np"BeCT" KaK K YBeIl"48H"fO BblnycKa AO
ypOBH" V" TaK " ero YMeHbWeH"fO AO ypOBH" Y,.
MHO>KeCTBO np"4"H np"BOA"T K CMel11eH"fO KP"BO" AS (P"c. 18.5). Ba>K-
HeMW"e "3 H"X - "3MeHeH"e l1eH Ha cpaKTOpbl npO"3BOACTBS. Hanp"Mep,
YAOPO>KaH"e TaKoro cpaKTopa, KaK TPYA, np"BeAeT K Il8BOCTopOHHeMY CMe-
lI\eH"fO KP"BO" AS B nOIlO>KeH"e AS" CH">KeH"e >Ke l1eHbl TPYAa Bblpa3"TC"
B npaBocTOpOHH8M CMe eHHJ.1, B nOIlO>K8HL-1e AS 1 . AH8IlOrVlYHbie H3M8H8HVls:!
npO"30"AYT B CB"3" C A"HaM"KO" l1eH Ha cblpbe " MaTep"aIlbl. TaK, nOBbl-
UleH"8 l1eH Ha 3H8propecypcbl He"35e>KHO Bbl30BeT IleBocTopoHHee CMe1l18-
H"e KpHBOM AS (BcnOMH"M C06bIT"" 3HepreT"4ecKoro Kp"3"Ca 1973-1975 rr.,
389
inasa 18
PUC. 18.5.
p
AS,
o Y 2 Y n Y\ y
Heu,eHosble cpaKmopbl ciJeuaa Kpueoii AS
KorAa cTpaHbl-4IleHbl OnEK pe3Ko nOBbIC"Il" l1eHbl Ha HecpTb, 4TO Bbl3Bano
WOK cOBoKynHoro np8AIlO>K8H""). np"4"HO", cnOC05CTBYfOll1e" CMell1eH"1O
KpL-1BOC1 AS, HBIlfieTCH It1 YCHIleHHe L-1IlH oCIl86IleHHe MOHonoIlbHoH BIlacn1 Ka
KO"-Il"50 rpynnbl nOCTaBll1"KOB P8CYPCOB (COOTB8TcTBeHHo npO"30"AeT IleBO-
"Il" npaBocTOpOHH" CAB"r KP"BO" AS). KpoMe TOro, YC"IleH"e "Il" oCIla5Ile-
H"e HaIlorOBOro 5peMeH" Ha 5"3HeC MOryT Bbl3BSTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO IleBO- "
npaBocTOpOHH"" CAB"r paCCMaTp"BaeMO" KP"BO".
IIIT8K, nOCIle 8H8Il 38 cOBoKynHoro cnpoca L-1 cOBoKynHoro npeAIlO)\{e-
HV1H, paCCMaTp!.1B8eMblx no oTgeIlbHocTH, MO>KHO 06p8THTbCfI K npo6neMe
M8Kp03KoHoMHLlecKora paBHoBecHH. rp8cpw"'lecK M8Kp03KOHOM 4eCKoe
paBHOB8C"e 5YAeT 03Ha4aTb COBMell1eH"e Ha OAHOM P"CYHK8 KP"BbIX AD "
AS " nepeCe4eH"e "X B HeKO T04Ke. Kp"Ba" AD MO>KeT n8p8ce4b KP"BYfO
AS Ha Tp8X Y>Ke "3BeCTHbIX HaM OTpe3Kax: rOp"30HTaIlbHOM, npOM8>KYT04-
HOM "Il" B8pmKaIlbHOM (p"c.18.6).
Ha 3TOM rpacp"K8 npeACTaBIleHbl TP" Bap"aHTa B03MO>KHOro MSKP03'O-
p
PUC. 18.6.
390
AD, AS
o r y
MaKpo3KOHOMUtleCKOe pasHosecue: MoiJenb «AD-AS»
....
MaKP03KOHOMU<.feCKOe paBHOBecue: 6a30Sbie Mooenu
-
HOM 4eCKoro paBHoBecV1H, 1. e. TaKora COCTOflHHH 3KOHOMHK\.1, KorAa BeCb
npOH3B8AeHHbl" Hal1HOHaIlbHbl" npoAYKT nOIlHOCTbfO peaIl"30BaH (Hal1"O-
HaIlbHbl" AOXOA paBeH cOBoKynHblM paCXOAaM). Apyr"M" CIlOBaM", paBHo-
B8CHbl" YPOB8Hb peaIlbHoro BBn (Y) - 3TO TaKO" ypoBeHb, np" KOTOpOM
05b8M npO"3BeAeHHo" npoAYKl1"" paBeH cOBoKynHoMY cnpocy Ha Hee.
T04K8 E 1 - 3TO paBHoBecHe npH HenoIlHoVl 3aHHTOCTH 6e3 nOBblweHHH
ypOBHR l18H, T. e. 5e3 "HCPIl"l1"". T04Ka E, - 3TO paBHOB8C"e np" He50IlbwoM
nOBblweHHYI YPOBHfI u,eH 14 COCTOHHL-1It1, 6IlL-13KOM K nOIlHoa:1 3aHHTOCTVI. TOYKa E3
_ 3TO pSBHOBeC"e B YCIlOB""X nOIlHo" 3aH"TOCT" (Y'), HO C "HcpIl"l1"e".
npHcnoc06IleHL-1e 3KOHOMIt1KH B cnyyae OTKIlOHeHHH OT pa3nH4Hbix paB-
HOB8CHbiX COCTO"H"" B T04Kax E" E, " E3 6YAeT npo"CXOA"Tb no-ps3HOMY.
B 3KcTpeMaIlbHoM Ke"HC"aHCKOM cIlY4ae, KorAa l1eHbl " 3apa50THa" nIlaTa
>i<8CTK", B03Bpall1eH"e B T04KY paBHOBeC"R E, 5YAeT npo"CXOA"Tb 3a C4eT
i(OIl85SH"" B 05beMax peaIlbHoro BBn. <t>"PMbl 5YAYT COKpall1STb HIl" pac-
W"PRTb npO"3BOACTBO np" H8"3MeHHOM ypoBHe l18H B cTpaHe. B HopMaIlb-
HOM Ke"HC"aHCKOM cIlY4ae OTKIlOHeH"8 OT T04K" E, 5YAeT cOnpOBO>KAaTbC"
npMcnoc06IleHVleM 3KOHOMHKL-1 K paBHoBecHoMY COCTOHHHIO nYTeM H3MeHe-
H R " YPOBH" l1eH, " 06beMoB BblnycKs. B KIlaCC"4eCKOM cIlY4ae np" OT-
1(110HeH"" OT T04K" E3 B03Bpall1eH"e K paBHoBecHoMY COCTO"H"fO 5YAeT npo-
CXOA"Tb TOIlbKO 3a C4eT "3MeHeH"R r"5K"X l1eH H 3apa50THo" nIlaTbl 5e3
aKHX-Jl\.160 H3MeHeH\.1111 B o6beMe pe8IlbHoro BblnycKa, nocKoIlbKY 3KOHOML-1-
I(s Y>Ke HaXOA"TC" Ha ypoBHe nOTeHl1"aIlbHOro BBn.
TaK, MO>KHO cAenaTb BbIBOA, LITO B CIlY48e >KeCTKL-1X LleH pe8IlbHbla:1
65beM BBn onpeAeIl"eTC" KOIle5aH""M" cOBoKynHoro cnpoca, TaK KaK
l19Hbi H 3apa50THa" nIlaTa HerH5K". HanpOT"B, B CIlY4ae r"5KOCT" l1eHO-
I$oro MexaHH3Ma peaIlbHbl" BBn onpeAeIl"eTC" 05beMOM cOBoKynHoro
npBAIlO>K8H"".
KaKol71 >Ke H3 p8CCMOTpeHHbiX BapL-1aHTOB MaKp03KOHOM!.1YeCKoro p8B-
HOBeCHH npeAnOYTVlTeIlbHee? G8Ma nOCTaHOBKa T8KOro BonpOC8 roBOplt1T 0
TOM, 4TO Mbl BTOpraeMC" B 05IlaCTb HopMamBHoro aHaIl"3a (CM. rn. 2). no-
31.1THBHblH >Ke 8HaIlH3 onVlCblBaeT B03MO>KHble COCTOflHIt1H MaKp03KOHOMHYeC-
.K6fO paBHOBeC"" 5e3 BC"K"X 0l1eH04Hb1X cY>KAeH"". nOcIleAHee - npepora-
THBa rocYAapcTBeHHblx Ae"TeIle" " npaB"TeIlbCTBa, peWafOl11ero KOHKpeT-
!-Ible MaKp03KOHOMHYeCK!.1e 38A8YL-1 It! pe8IlL-13YIOLl.\ero KOHKpeTHble nporpaM-
. . I B HenOBTop\.1MbIX 06CTOHTeIlbCTBax K8>K,Q0a:1 CTp8Hbi.
13.
KeHHCHaHCKafl MOAenb
o6U1erO paBHOBeCHfl
KeVlHCIt18HCK8H Mo,qeIlb M8KP03KOHOMHyeCKoro paBHOBeCV1H,
KIIK HaM Y>Ke B caMblX 051l1"X 4epTax "3BeCTHO, nOCTpoeHa Ha AonYll1eH"" 0
(j) KCHPOBaHHbIX l1eHax. n03TOMY rpacp"4eCKa" "HTepnpeTal1"" paBHOBeC""
B 3TOM naparpacpe 5YAeT "HO", He>KeIl" B MOAeIl" «AD-AS».
391
Inasa 18
OTMen1M OCHOBHble nOIlQ}KeHHfI KeL4HCH8HCK0L4 TeOp!.1!.1, KOTopble npm.13_
BeIl" nepeBopOT B 3KOHOM"4eCKO HaYKe B CepeA"He 1930-x rr. " ASIl" Ton_
40K p83BL-1THIO MaKp03KOHOMHKH. Bo-nepBbIX, KelllHc, B OTIlV14V1e OT Kn8CCI.1_
KOB, BblABHHYIl nOIlO>K8Hlt1e 0 TOM, LITO He cOBoKynHoe npeAIlO>K8HHe onpe_
AeIl"eT cOBoKynHb'" cnpoc, S, Ha050pOT, cOBoKynHbl" cnpoc onpeAeIl"eT
ypOBeHb 3KOHOM"4eCKO" aKT"BHOCm, T. e. MaKC"MaIlbHO B03MO>KHbl" ypo-
BeHb BblnYCKa npOAYKl1"" (COBoKynHoe npeAIlO>KeH"e) ", COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
3aH"TOCT". BO-BTOpbIX, KaK HaM Y>Ke "3BeCTHO "3 npeAblAYll1ero naparpacpa,
Ke"Hc npeAnOIlaraIl, 4TO 3apa50THa" nIlaTa " l1eHbl He 06IlSAafOT COBep_
weHHO" r"6KOCTbfO. B-TpeTb"X, npOl1eHTHa" CTaBKa He ypSBHHBaeT 05be-
Mbl "HBeCT"l1"" " c5epe>KeH"", KaK 3TO npeACTaBIl"eTC" B MOAeIl" KIlaCC"_
KOB. B-LleTBepTbIX, nOIlHaH 38HHTOCTb He AocTV1raeTCH B 3KOHOML-1Ke aBTOM8_
THyeCKL-1, H 3TO p,aeT OCHOB8HH51 AIlfi roCYA8pCTBeHHoro BMew8TeIlbcTBa B
3KOHOMV14eCKL-1e npOl4eCcbl.
COBoKynHblL4 cnpoc B Ke HcH8HCKO MOAeJlL-1 38BL-1CV1T OT T8KV1X B8>KHeL4-
W"X KaTerop"", KaK CPYHKl1"" nOTpe5IleH"" " c6epe>KeH"". 111 nOTpe5IleH"e,
" C5epe>KeH"" "BIl"fOTC", no Ke"HCY, CPYHKl1"e" AOXOAa. AIl" IlY4wero no-
HIr1M8HHH Hp,e Kell1HC8 Heo6xoAHMO BBeCTV1 HOBbie nOHflT\.1H, HcnoIlb3yeMbl8
"M B «061l1e" Te0P""...». Bo-nepBblx, COOTHOWeH"e Me>KAY AOnOIlH"Tenb-
HblM nOTpe6Il8HL-1eM !.1 AOnOIlHIt1TeJlbHblM AOXOAOM, T. e. npeAel1bHYIO
CKIlOHHOCTb K nOTpe5IleHHIO MPC (marginal propensity to consume):
MPC = t..el" Y
(1)
BO-BTOPbIX, COOTHoweHV1e Me>KAY AOnOJlHIr1TeIlbHblM C68pe>KeHHeM \.1 ,0,0-
nOIlHHTeIlbHblM AOXOAOM, T. e. npeAel1bHYIO CK110HHOCTb K c6epe>KeHHto
MPS (marginal propensity to save):
MPS = "SI" Y
(2)
AonYCT"M, eCIl" AOnOIlH"TeIlbHbl" AOXOA 4eIlOBeKa COCTSBIl"eT 1 00
AOIlIl., "3 KOTOpblX 80 AOIlIl. OH nOTpaT"T Ha nOTpe5IleH"e, a OCTaBW"eC"
20 AOIlIl. - Ha AOnOIlH"TeIlbHble c5epe>KeHH", TO MPC COCTaB"T 80/100 =
0,8. MPS np" 3TOM COCTaB"T 20/100 = 0,2.
KeL4HC Bbl,QBHHYIl n0J10>KeHHe, KOTopoe np!.1HHTO H83blS8Tb OCH08HbiM
ncuxonoeU4eCKUM 3BKOHOM: «nCHXOIlOrL-1f1 06L4eCTBa T8KOB8, 4TO C pOCTOM
cOBoKynHoro peaIlbHoro ,o,OXOA8 YBeIl!.14HB8eTCH Ir1 cOBoKynHoe nOTp86ne-
HHe, OAH8KO He B TaKO >Ke Mepe, B K8KO p8CTeT AOXOA».1 A eCIlH TaK, TO
4aCTb C03AaHHO" npOAYKl1"" He CMO>KeT 5blTb peaIl"30BaHa, npeAnp"H"MS-
TeIl" nOHeCYT y5b1TK" " 6YAYT CBOpa4"BSTb
05beM npOH3BOACTBa. HeAOCTaT04HOCTb
CKIlOHHOCTH K nOTpe6IleHIr11O MO>KeT npHBec-
TIr1 K XpOHV1yeCKOMY OTCT8B8HIr11O cOBoKynHo-
ro cnpOC8 OT ypOBHs:!, 06ecne4HB81OLl.\ero
nOIlHYIO 38HflTOCTb.
1 KeC1Hc ,QIK.M. 06w,afl TeopV\1'1
3aHflTocn1, npoLleHTa It! p,eHer. AH-
TOJlOrli1fi 3KOHOMIi14eCK0C1 KJlacCIA-
K". T 2. M., 1993. C. 155.
392
MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKOe paBHoBecue: 6a30Bbie MOaenU
l
3MnHpH4eCKI-18 It1CCneAOBaHVlfI nOK838Il!.1, 4TO npeAeIlbH8H CKIlOHHOCTb
K nOTpe6f1eHHIO Ir1 npeAeIlbHaH CKIlOHHOCTb K c6epe>KeHL-11O He 1-13MeHHIOTCfI
Ha KpaTKocp04HbiX OTpe3Kax BpeMeH" " HepeAKO OCTafOTC" OAHO" " TO" >Ke
ee.n1r14HHOVl A8>Ke Ha npOTH>KeH\.1V1 AJlL-1TeIlbHoro nep!.10A8. n03TOMY B A8Ilb-
He"weM Mbl 5YAeM "CXOA"Tb "3 TOro, 4TO MPC " MPS - nOCTOHHHble BeIl"-
4 Hbl Ha npOT">KeH"" Aonrocp04Horo nep"OAa.
BeIl"4"Ha npeAeIlbHo" CKIlOHHocm K nOTpe5IleHHfO HaXOA"TC" Me>KAY
HYIleM " eA"H"l1e,,: ° < MPC < 1. CYMMa MPC " MPS BcerAa paBHa 1. 3TO
HeTPYAHO nOH"Tb, nocKoIlbKY AOnOIlH"TeIlbHb'" AOXOA TpaT"TCH KaK Ha no-
tpe5IleH"e, TaK " Ha c5epe>KeH"e B onpeAeIleHHo" nponopl1"".
OT npeAeIlbHo" CKIlOHHOCT" K nOTpe5IleH"fO HY>KHO OTIl"4aTb cpeAHlO1O
CKl10HHOCTb K nOTpe5IleHHIO (APC), T. e. OTHOWeH"e pacxoAoB Ha nOTpe5-
ileH"e K BeIl"4"He AOXOAa: APC = CIY; cooTBeTcTBeHHo, cpeAH"" CKIlOH-
"OCTb K c5epeJKeHHIO onpeAeIl"eTC" KaK OTHOWeH"e c5epe>KeH"R K AOXO-
fJ.y: APS = SlY.
05pamMc" K rpacp"4eCKoMY aHaIl"3Y " nOCTpO"M rpacp"K CPYHKl1"" no-
'Tpe5IleHH". 3aMemM ell1e pa3, 4TO AaIlee Mbl Be3Ae B l1eIl"X ynpOll1eH""
oipaCCMaTp"BaeM MPC KaK nOCTO"HHYfO BeIl"4"HY. Ho 3TO He npocTO a5CT-
j!,lpaKI4V1f1. KaK nOK83blBalOT 3MnHpL-1yeCKHe A8HHble, H8 npOTfI>KeHHH AIlHTeIlb-
. HblX nep"OAOB BpeMeH" BeIl"4"Ha MPC AOMaWH"X X03""CTB OCTaeTC" He-
H3MeHHO", " AIl" p"Aa BblcoKOpa3B"TblX cTpaH HaXOA"TC" Ha ypoBHe
0,8-0,9.
KaK CTPO"TC" rpacp"K CPYHKl1"H nOTpe5IleH"" (P"c. 18.7)? Ha OC" op-
AHHaT - nnaHupyeMble, unu iKenaeMble pacxoAbl Ha nOTpe5IleH"e (C), KO-
TOPbIM" B HaweM ynpOll1eHHoM CIlY4ae npeACTaBIleH BeCb cOBoKynHbl"
cnpoc (AD). BeIl"4"Ha BblnycKa, "Il" AOXOA Y, oTKIlaAbiBaeTc" Ha OCH a6c-
l\, cc. ECJlL-1 6bl P8CXOAbi B T04HOCTIII COOTBeTCTBOB8IlJ.1 AOXOA8M, TO 3TO OT-
pS>KaIla 5bl Ilf05a" T04Ka, Ile>KSll1a" Ha np"MO", npOBeAeHHO" nOA yrnoM
:45'. <PopMYIla AIl" nOCTpOeH"" Il"H"" 45' Bblpa>KaeTCH ypaBHeH"eM C = Y.
Ho B Ae"CTB"TeIlbHOCT" TaKoro COBnSAeH"" He npO"CXOA"T, MPC MeHbwe
1, " monbKO 4acmb OOXOOOB pacxoAyeTC" Ha nOTpe5IleH"e. HaKIloH Il"H""
. C onpeAeIl"eTC" npeAeIlbHo" CKIlOHHOCTbfO K nOTpe5IleH"fO, HSnp"Mep, 0,8.
1')03TOMY rpacp"K CPYHKl1"" nOTpe5IleH""
,A9Il>KeH OTKIlOH"TbCH OT Il"H"H 45' BH"3
:{P"c.18.7a). TaK"M 05pa30M, Mbl MO>KeM 3a-
In caTb CPOPMYIlY CPYHKl1"" nOTpe6IleH""
':': SK C = MPCy"
OAHaKo CYll1eCTByeT nOTpe5IleHHe "
.OPH HYIleBoM ypoBHe AoxoAa. Ho 3a C4eT
ero aHa MO>KeT OCYll1eCTBIl"TbC"? Bo-nep-
BbIX, 3a C4eT npOAa>K" paHee HaKonIleHHO-
ro VlMYLl.\eCTB8, H, BO-BTOPbIX, 38 C4eT 38V1-
1 Ecnli1 nplt!HSHb so SHVlMaHVle
HaJloroo6Jlo)f{eHVle, TO no OCIi1 a6c-
l\VlCC OTKnaAblsaeTCfI pacnOJlarae-
Mbl AOXOA (Y T), a CPYHKl\VlfI no
Tpe6JleHIi1f1 6YAeT 3am1CblsaTbCfI
KaK C::; MPC (Y-T). nOKa Mbl a6CT-
parli1pyeMcfI OT SJlio1s:1Hio1s:1 Hanaros Ii1
TpaHccpepTOS, It! 6YAeM nOJlb30.
saTbCfI cpapMynaC1 C = MPCY
393
AD
inasa 18
C
y
o
y
a) cpYHKLlHA nOTpe6I1eHMA 6e3 y...eTa
aBTOHOMHblX pacxoAoB Ha nOTpe6neHMe
AD
c=c+MPCY
o
300 400 500 600 700
y
6) CPYHKLlHA nOTpe6neHMA
C Y'-IeTOM aBTOHOMHoro nOTpe6neHHA
Puc. 18.7.
4>YHK14UR nompe6neHuR
394
M aKP03KOHOMU4eCKoe paaHOBecue: 6a30Bbie Mooenu
MOB. nOTpe611eHHe, He3aSHCHMoe OT YPOBHH .Qoxo,qa, Ha3blsaeTCH as-
TOHOMHblM nOTpe5IleHHeM. AonYCT"M, B HaweM np"Mepe OHO COCTaBIl"eT
BeIl"4"HY 100 A-"IlIl. (P"c. 18.75). C Y4eToM aBToHoMHOro nOTpe6IleH"",
o503Ha4aeMoro C , cpopMYIla AIl" onpeAeIleH"" CPYHKl1"" nOTpe6IleH"" np"-
H"MaeT B"A:
C = C + MPcY (3)
B cpopMyne (3), K8K It1 B APyrlt1x cpopMyn8x, npVlcYTcTsytOll.\lIIX B HaCTOs:1Ll.\e
rna-
se, rOplr130HTanbH8S'1 '-lepra H8,Q CIIIMBOJlOM 03H8'-1aeT 3K302eHHbiu xapaKTep pacxQ-
ADe (B A8HHOM cnY4ae, nOTpe61.o1TenbCKlllx pacxo,Qoe). B A8IlbHeil1wlllx rnaBax Mbl 6y-
AeM Mcnonb30S8Tb CIt1MBOIlbl C, I, G \t1 NX 663 aToro 3H8K8, He 8Kl\eHTLi1pys:I K8}/{,Qblll1
pa3 BHIt1M8HIt\e H8 3K3oreHHoM xapaKTepe IlIo50ro 1113 KOMnOHeHTOB 8BTOHOMHbiX pac-
XOAOB.
rpacp"48CK" 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO Il"H"" nOTpe5"TeIlbCK"X paCXOAOB "C-
XOA"T He "3 Ha4aIla ace" KOOPA"HaT, a "3 T04K", Ile>Kall1efi Ha OC" OPA"HaT
II COOTBeTCTBYfOll1e" ypOBHfO SBTOHOMHoro nOTp86IleH"" (B HaweM np"Me-
pe 3TO B8Il"4"Ha 100 AOIlIl.).'
Tenepb Mbl MO>KeM onpeAeIl"Tb paBHoBecHbl" ypOB8Hb AOXOAa B ynpo-
1lI8HHO" Ke"HC"aHCKO" MOAeIl" 051l1ero paBHOBeC"". rpacp"4eCK" 3TO MO>K-
HO npeACTaB"Tb Ha Y>Ke paccMoTpeHHoM P"c. 18.75. HaM HY>KHO peW"Tb C"-
CTSMY "3 ABYX ypaBHeHH":
1) Y= C
2) C = C + MPCY
Hanp"Mep, eCIl" MPC = 0,8, a aBTOHOMHoe nOTpe5IleH"e paBHo 100,
TO nOIlY4aeM: C = 100 + 0,8 Y. nOCKOIlbKY C = Y, TO, nOACTaB"B BMeCTO C
C"MBOIl Y, MO>KeM 3an"CaTb: Y = 100 + 0,8 Y. CIl8AoBaTeIlbHo, paBHoBecHbl"
YPOB8Hb AOXOAa COCTaB"T 500 AOIlIl. nepeC84eH"e Il"HH" 45" " rpacp"Ka
nOTp85Il8H"" B T04Ke E 03Ha4aeT ypoBeHb Hyn8eoeo c6epe)/(eHUFI. CIleBa
.OT 3TO" T04K" MO>KHO Ha5IlfOAaTb 3aWTp"XOBaHHYfO 05IlacTb, OTpa>KafOll1YfO
OTp"l1aTeIlbHoe c6epe>KeH"e (T. e. paCXOAbl
np8BbiwafOT AOXOAbl - «>K"3Hb B Aonr»), a
npaBa - c6epe>KeHL-1e nOIlO>K!.1T8IlbHoe.
'PaBHoBecHe Ha6IllOA88TCH TOIlbKO B TOY-
Ks E, TaK KaK TOIlbKO 3AeCb "MeeTC" pa-
'lieHcTBO AOXOAoB " PSCXOAOB. np" ypOB-
He AOxoAa, paBHoM, Hanp"Mep, 700
MIlPA., BeIl"4"Ha nOTpe5IleH"" COCTaB"T
100 + (0,8 x 700) = 660. OTpe30K MN - 3TO
BeIl"4"Ha c5epe>KeH"".
rpacp"K CPYHKl1"" c5epe>KeHH" (P"c.
18.8) nOKa3blBaeT 3aB"C"MOCTb c5epe>Ke-
1 B Haill€M npVlMepe CPYHKl\VlH
norpe6neHVls:t !IIMeeT JlVlHelllHbl1ll
8101A, nOCKOJlbKY MPC npltl mo60M
ypOBH€ ,QOXO,Q8 nOCTOHHHa. MPC
1113MepHer H8KJlOH CPYHKl.\
H1 no-
rpe6n€HVlH. ECJlIt1 >K€ npe,QnoJlo-
>KIIITb, 4TO C pocrOM Aoxo,Qa MPC
YMeHbwaeTCH, TO rpacplt1K cpYHKLJ,ItIVI
norpe6n€HIIIH 6YA8r VlMeTb BorHY-
Tbllll BVI,Q no OTHOW€HIo1IO K OCIr1 a6c-
1..\Ir1CC.
395
--
inasa 18
s
y
Puc. 18.8.
tPYHKLI,UR c6epeJKeHUR
H"" OT pa3Mepa A
xoAa. AIlre5pa"4eCK" Il"H"" C5epe>KeH"" onpeAeIl"eT-
c" no cpopMYIle: -C + MPSY. HaKIlOH rpacp"Ka c6epe>KeH"" S onpeAeIl"eTC"
np8A8IlbHOH CKIlOHHOCTblO K C68pe>KeHL-11O VI COCTaBIlHeT B H8weM npHM8pe
0,2. np" ypoBHe AoxoAa 700 MIlPA. AOIlIl., KaK Mbl npeAnOIlO>K"Il" np" aHa-
Il"3e rpacp"Ka Ha P"c. 18.76, c6epe>KeH"" COCTaB"T: -100 + (700 x 0,2)
= 40 MIlPA. AOIlIl.
To, 4TO Ha P"c. 18.75 Mbl Ha3BaIlH OTp"l1aTeIlbHbiM c5epe>KeH"eM, Ha-
rnHAHO B!.1AHO H8 pL-1C. 18.8: OTpVll.\8T8IlbHbI8 3H848HIr1H S BnIlOTb ,140 TOYKVI
nepeCe4eH"" rpacp"Ka c6epe>KeH"" C OCbfO a5Cl1HCC B T04Ke E. ABTOHOM-
Hoe nOTpe5IleH"e npeACTaBIleHO KSK OTp"l1aTeIlbHoe c6epe>KeH"e np" HY-
neBOM AOXOAe, T. e. -100 AOIlIl. rpacp"K" c5epe>KeH"" " nOTpe5IleH"", no
o6pa3HoMY Bblpa}l{eHHIO CaMY3IlbcOH8, - 3TO «CL-18MCK!.18 6IlL-13Hel.\bl».
IIITaK, Mbl nOCTpOL-1IlH MOA8Ilb, OTpa>K81OLl.\YIO paBHOB8CHbJVI yposeHb ,140-
XOA8 C YY8TOM TOIlbKO OAHOill COCT8BIlHIOLl.\8H - nOTpe6L-1TeIlbCKIr1X P8CXOt:\OB.
Ho Mbl 3H8eM, LITO cOBoKynHbl8 P8CXOAbi BKIllOY81OT B ce6s:1 VI APyrL18 KOMno-
HeHTbl. npe>K.Qe, Y8M paccMoTpeTb H L-1X B KeVlHcH8HCK0L4 MO,QeIlL-1 MaKp03Ko-
HOMHyeCKoro paBHOB8CL-1H, Heo6xOAL-1MO cAen8Tb B8}1{H08 YTOYH8HH8. ,0.0 CVlX
nop He 048Hb BHL-1MaT8IlbHOMY YHTaTeIlIO Morno nOKa3aTbCH, 4TO COBoKyn-
Hble paCXOAbl, "Il" AD, BcerAa COBnaAafOT C cpaKT"4eCK"MH paCXOAaM" (Y).
Ho ce"4ac pe4b "AeT, nOA4epKHeM ell1e pS3, a nIlsHHpyeMblx, "Il" >KeIlse-
MblX cOBoKynHblx pacxoAsx (>KeIlSeMOM cOBoKynHoM cnpoce). Apyr"M"
CIlOB8M!.1, 3TO T8 P8CXOAbl, KOTopble HaMepeHbf oCYLl.\eCTBIt1Tb OCHOBHbl8
cy6beKTbi 3KOHOM"K". n03TOMY, aHaIl"3"py" nocIleAYfOll1"e rpscp"K", Mbl
5YAeM roBOP"Tb He npOCTO a cOBoKynHblx paCXOAax, a 0 nIlaH"pyeMblx co-
BOKynHbix p8CXO,Qax. 3TO Ba>KHO nOTOMY, YTO TeOpeTL-1KO-3KOHOMI-148CK\I1L4
nOAXOt:\ K HCCIleAOBaHHIO cOBoKynHoro cnpoca OTIlHyaeTCH OT nOt:\XOA8, nplt1
H"TOro B Hal1"OHaIlbHOM C4eTOBOACTBe. B rn. 16 np" pSccMOTpeH"" paBeH-
CTB8 BBn CYMM8 P8CXOAOB OCHOBHblX Cy6b8KTOB 3KOHOMHKIt1 pe4b WIl8 0
396
MaK p03KoHOMUyeCKOe paBHOBecue: 6a30Bbie MoCJenu
-
cjJSKT"4eCK" oCYll1eCTBneHHbix pacxoAax ("MeHHO "X " Y4"TbIBaeT CTaT"C-
T"Ka). OAHaKo nnaHupyeMble paCXOObl He eceeoa coena081Om C cpaKmu4ec-
KUMU. Ha 3TO 06CTO"TeIlbCTBO 5YAeT 05pall1eHO oc060e BH"MaH"e B CIleAY-
IOllIeM naparpacpe.
t 4.
IIIHBeCTII'Il-l1111 11 c6epeJKeHI1f1:
npo6neMa paBHOBeCI1f1
Ba}/(HeVlWL-1V1 KOMnOHeHT nIl8HL-1pyeMblx cOBoKynHblx p8CXO-
Aoe COCT8BJ1HIOT HHBeCTL-1l!HH. YpOBeHb HHBeCTHl.\!.1111 OKa3bJB8eT CYLl.\eCTBeH-
Hoe B03,Qe"CTB"e Ha 05beM Hal1"OHaIlbHoro AOXOAa 051l1eCTBa; OT ero A"Ha-
MHK" 5YAeT 3aB"ceTb MHO>KeCTBO MaKponpOnopl1"" B Hal1"OHaIlbHO" 3KOHO-
MHKe. Ke"HC"aHCKa" TeOp"" oc050 nOA4epK"BaeT TOT cpaKT, 4TO ypOBeHb
HHBeCT"l1"" " ypOBeHb c5epe>KeH"" (T. e. "CT04HHK, "Il" pe3epByap "HBeC-
THl1H") onpeAeIl"eTC" BO MHOroM pa3HblM" npOl1eCCaM" " 06CTO"-
TeJ1bCTSaM!.1.
II1HBecT"l1"" (Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeH"") B MaCWTs5ax CTpaHbl onpeAeIl"fOT
npOl1eCC paCW"peHHoro BOCnpO"3BOACTBa. CTpO"TeIlbCTBO HOBblX npeAnp"-
$lTH " , B03BeAeH"e >K"IlbIX AOMOB, npOKIlaAKa Aopor, a, CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, "
co3,QaH"e HOBblX pa504"X MeCT 3aB"C"T aT npOl1eCca "HBeCT"pOBaH"", "Il"
peanbHoro Kan"TaIl005pa30BaH"".
II1CT04H"KOM "HBeCT"l1"" "BMfOTC" c6epe>KeH"". C6epe>KeH"H - 3TO
pacnOIl8raeMblll1 ,QOXOA 38 Bbl4eTOM P8CXOAOB H8 IlHLlHoe nOTpe6IleHL1e,
T. e. (Y - T) - C. C6epe>KeH"" Mbl onpeAeIl"Il" «OCTaT04HbIM» MeTOAOM,
T.e, npeACT8BL-1IlIt1 L-1X K8K OCT8TOK OT TOVI CYMMbl, KOTOp8H OCT8Il8Cb nOCIle
ebl4eTa "3 AoxoAa pacxoAoB Ha nOTpe6IleH"e. np"Me4STeIlbHO, 4TO B KIlac-
CIIIY8CKOH MOAeIlL-1 3TH 3aB!.1CL-1MOCTIr1 HHble: nOTpe6IleHL1e onpeAeIlHeTCH KaK
OCTSTOK aT TO" CYMMbl, "3 KOTOpO" 5b1Il" CAeIlaHbl c6epe>KeH"". np06IleMa
3aKIllOyaeTCfI B TOM, YTO C6epe>K8HV1.A OCYLl.\eCTBIlHIOTCH OAHVlMH X03HHCTBY-
101l1HM" areHTaM", a "HBeCT"l1HH MorYT oCYll1eCTBIl"Tb COBceM APyr"e rpyn-
Obi IlHl1, "Il" X03""CTBYfOll1"X cy5beKTOB. TaK, c5epe>KeH"" WHPOK"X CIloeB
HaCeJleH"" "BIl"fOTC" "CT04HHKOM "HBeCT"l1"" (Hanp"Mep, c5epe>KeH""
P
504ero, Y4"TeIl", Bpa4a, non"l1e"cKoro " AP.). Ho 3T" IlHl1a He OCYll1e-
CTBllHIOT KanIt1TaJ10BIlO}l{eHHs:I, \.1J1V1 HHBeCTHpOB8H\.1f1, CBH38HHOro C pe8Ilb-
HblM npHpOCTOM K8nL-1T8IlbHbIX 6nar 06Ll.\eCTB8. Pa3YMeeTCH, Ir1CTOYHVlKOM V1H-
l!eCT"l1H" "BIl"fOTC" " HaKonIleH"" CPYHKl1"OH"PYfOll1HX B 061l1eCTBe npo-
MbIWIleHHbIX, ceIlbCKOX03""CTBeHHbIX " APyr"x npeAnp"m"". 3AeCb «c6e-
p
raTeJ1b» \.1 «V1HBeCTOp» COBnaA81OT. OAHaKO pOIlb c6epe}l{eHHH AOMaWHL-1X
)(03HHCTB, He "BIl"fOll1"XC" OAHOBpeMeHHO " npeAnp"H"MaTeIlbCK"M" CP"P-
MaM", BeCbMa 3Ha4"TeIlbHa, " HeCOBnaAeH"e npOl1eCCOB c5epe>KeH"" " "H-
BeCTLo1pOB8HHH BCIleACTBL-1e YK838HHbiX p83I11t14\11111 MO>KeT np\.1BOAL-1Tb 3KOHO-
MLo1KY B COCTOHHHe, OTKIlOHHIOLl.\eeCH OT p8BHOB8CL-1H.
397
inasa 18
OT KaK"X >Ke cpaKTOpOB 3SB"C"T nIlSH"PyeMble "HBeCT"l1""? OTMeT"M
Ha"50Ilee Ba>KHble "3 H"X. BO-nepBbIX, np0l18CC "HBeCT"pOBaH"" 3aB"C"T
aT o)/(uoaeMoii HOpMbl ooxooa npeAnOIlaraeMblX Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeH"". ECIl"
3Ta ,QOXO,QHOCTb, no MHeH!.11O !.1HB8CTOp8, CIlHWKOM HVl3K8, TO BIlO>K8HHH He
5YAYT OCYll1eCTBIleHbl. BO-BTOpbIX (" 3TO TeCHO CB"3aHO C nepBblM 06CTO"-
TeIlbCTBOM), "HBeCTOp np" Bblpa50TKe p8WeH"" BcerAa Y4"TbIBaeT aIlbTep_
HaT"BHbI8 B03MO>KHOCT" Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeH"" " peWafOl11"M 3AeCb 5YAeT
ypoeeHb npOL<eHmHOii cmaeKU (CM. nOAP05Hee B rn. 12). II1HBecTop MO>KeT
BIlO>KIr1Tb AeHbrH B CTpOHT8IlbCTBO HOBOro 38BOA8 L-1IlH cPa6pH, K\.1 8 MO}f{eT Ir1
pa3MeCT"Tb CBO" AeHe>KHble pecypCbl B 6aHKe. ECIl" CTaBKa npOl1eHTa OKa3bl-
BaeTC" Bblwe O>K"AaeMO" HOpMbl AOXOAa, TO "HBeCT"l1"" He 5YAYT OCYll1eCTB-
IleHbl, H, Ha060pOT, 8CIllt1 CT8BK8 npOLJ,8HTa HH>Ke 0>KV1,Q88M0I71 AOXO,QHOCTL-1,
npeAnp"H"MaTeIl" 5YAYT OCYll1eCTBIl"Tb npoeKTbl Kan"TaIlOBIlO>KeHH".
B-TpeTbIr1X, Ir1HBeCTL-1LJ,HH 38BHCHT OT ypOSHR Hanoaoo6nOJKeHUFI It1 Bo06-
Ll.\e H8IlOroBOro KIlHM8T8 B A8HHO
CTp8H8 L-1Il!.1 perlr10H8. CIlHWKOM BbICOKV1V1
ypOBeHb HaIloro06IlO>KeH"" He CT"MYIl"PyeT "HBeCT"l1"", XOT" Bonpoc 0
TOM, KaKL-1e CT8SK\.1 H8Ilor8 CYHTaTb BbICOKL-1ML-1 L-1IlIr1 HV13KL-1ML-1, BPHA IlL-1 MO)\{eT
6blTb peweH OAH03Ha4HO pa3 " HaBcerAa (nOAP06Hee 0 np05IleMax HaIlO-
r005IlO>KeH"" CM. rn. 22).
B-4eTBepTblx, "HBeCT"l1"OHHbl" npOl1ecc pear"PyeT Ha meMnbl UHCP-
nRL<UOHHOeo 06eCL<eHeHUR oeHee. B ycnOB""X raIlOn"pYfOll1e" "HCPIl"l1H",
Kor,Qa K8IlbKYIls:lLJ,L-1H H3Aep>K8K npeACT8BIlHeT 3HaYHT8IlbHYIO H80np8,Q8JleH-
HOCTb, npou,8CCbl p8aIlbHoro K8nL-1T8IlOo6p830B8HL-1H CT8HOBHTCH H8np\.1B-
Il8K8TeIlbHbIML-1 It1 CKopee npe,Qn04T8Hlr18 6YA8T OTAaHO cn8KYIlHTHBHbiM one-
pal1""M.
HaM "3BeCTHO "3 rn. 12, 4TO "HBeCT"l1"" eCTb CPYHKl1"" CTaBK" npOl1eHTa
1= I(r)
(4)
np"4eM 3Ta CPYHKl1"" y5blBafOll1aR: 4eM BblW8 ypOBeHb npOl1eHTHo" CTSBK",
T8M HIt1>Ke ypOB8Hb L-1HB8CTL-1l!HL4. C6epe>K8HL-1s:1, com8CHO KIl8CCIr148CKOVl Teo-
p!.1V1, TalOKe 3aBIr1CHT OT npOLJ,8HTHOill CT8BKIt1. P8BHOBeCL-18 Me>K,/J,Y VlHBecn1-
l1H"M" " C5epe>K8H""M" onpeAeIl"eTC" 5IlaroAap" r"6KO" npOl1eHTHO"
CTaBKe (CM. P"C. 12.7 B rn. 12).
Ho, no Ke"Hcy, C5ep8>K8H"" - 3TO CPYHKl1"" AOXOAa, a He npOl1eHTHO"
CTaBKIr1:
S = S(Y)
(5)
IIIT8K, L-1HB8CTHl!It1H s:lBIlHIOTCs:I CPYHKl!L-18V1 npOLJ,8HTHOVl CT8BKH, 8 c6epe)/(e.
H"" - CPYHKl1H8" AoxOAa. TeM caMblM Ke"HC"SHCKO" KOHl1enl1"e" nOA4ep-
KIr1B8eTCH MbICIlb, KOTOpas:l H8MIr1 6blIl8 ccPopMyn\.1pOB8H8 p8Hee: AV1HaMIt1Ka
"HBeCT"l1"" " C58pe>KeH"" onp8AeIl"eTC" PS3Il"4HbIM" cpaKTOpaM".
B8>KHeL4WIt18 MaKp03KOHOM!.14eCK!.18 nponopl!L-1L-1, OTpa)l(alOLl.\!.1e B38It1MO-
AeVlCTBL-18 L-1HB8CTL-1l!1t1
1, C6ep8>K8HItIVI !.1 AOXO,Q8, MO}f{HO npeACT8BL-1Tb CJ18AY-
398
M8 KP03KOHOMUyeCKOe paSHosecue: 6a30Sbie Mooenu
-
IOIlI"M 05pa30M (a5cTpar"pyeMc" nOKa OT rocYAapcTBeHHblx pacxoAoB "
4"CToro 3KcnopTa):
Y = C + I, (6)
T. e. Hal1"OHSIlbHbl" AOXOA np" 8ro "CnOIlb30BSH"" paBeH cYMMe pac-
XOAoB Ha nOTpe5IleH"e (C) " "HBeCT"l1"" (/). np" 3TOM nOTpe5IleH"e 8CTb
cPYHKl1"" AoxoAa, T. e. C = C(Y). C APYro" CTOpOHbl, npO"3BeAeHHbl" Hal1H-
oHaIlbHbl" AOXOA MO>KHO npeACTSB"Tb KaK
Y = C + S, (7)
rAe S - (c6ep8>KeH"e) TSfOKe "BIl"eTC" cpYHKl1"e" AoxoAa (BcnOMH"M
3epKaIlbH08 oT06pa>KeH"e rpacp"KOB CPYHKl1"" nOTpe6IleH"R " c5epe>KeH""),
cIleAoBsTeIlbHo, S = SlY).
II1TaK, eCIl" C + I = C + S,
TO I(r) = S(Y) (8)
PaBeHcTBo (8) ell1e pa3 AeMOHCTp"PY8T Ba>KHOCTb C05IlfOA8H"" onp8Ae-
IleHHblX nponoPl1"" B 3KOHOM"Ke AIl" paBHOBeC"" Me>KAY cOBoKynHblM
cnpocOM " cOBoKynHblM npeAIlO>KeH"eM. Bc" CIlO>KHOCTb np05IleMbi 3aKIlfO-
4aeTCfI B TOM, YTO C6ep8>K8HL-1f1 VI IiIHBeCT!.1LJ,HItI 38BIr1CHT OT p83HbiX cp8KTO-
pOB, KaK HeOAHOKpaTHO nOA4epK"BaIlOCb paHee.
Tenepb Mbl MO>K8M AaTb rpacp"4eCKOe npeACTaBIl8H"e MaKp03KOHOM"-
4eCKora paBHOBeC"" C Y48TOM "HB8CT"l1"OHHO" CPYHKl1"".
Ha P"C 18.9 rpacp"K cOBoKynHblx paCXOAOB npeAcTaBIleH Tenepb He
TOl1bKO nOTp8611TeIlbCKJ.1MItI, HO !.1 ItIHB8Cn1LJ,Ir10HHblMH P8CXOA8MH. Mbl BBO-
AHM HOBoe nOH"T"e - aBTOHOMHbl8 "HBeCT"l1"" (ij. ABTOHOMHble HHBec-
TMLlHH onpeAeIl"IOTCR KaK HHBeCTHLlHH, He 3aBHCRII.IHe aT ypOBHR AO-
XOAS H COCTSBIlRlOll1He npH Il1050M era ypOBHe HeK}'1O nOCTO"HHYIO Be-
nH'IH!:!}'.
MMY aBTOHOMHblX nOTpe
"TeIlbCK"X " "HBeCml1"OHHbIX pacxo-
AOB (C + I) 0503Ha4"M C"MBOIlOM A. TSK"M 05pS30M, Tenepb Mbl MO>KeM
Onp8AeIl"Tb cOBoKynHbl" cnpoc (AD), OTpa>KafOll1"" nIlaH"pyeMble PSCXOAbl,
CneAYfOl11"M 05pa30M:
AD = A + MPCY (9)
Ha P"c. 18.9 rpacp"K nIlaH"pY8MbIX cOBoKynHblx pacxoAoB CAB"rSeTC"
'Bepx H8 B8IlL-14HHY 8BTOHOMHbiX HHBecTV1l!t.1V1. PaCCTOHHL-1e OT 0 ,0.0 AHa OCL-1
OPA"HST cooTBeTcTByeT cYMMapHo" BeIl"4"He SBTOHOMHoro nOTpe5IleH"" "
BBTOHOMHblX ItIHBeCTL-1LJ,L-1V1. P8BHOB8CHblL4 ypoBeHb ,QOXOA8 nOBblwaeTCH.
E:CIlH paH8e OH COCTaBIl"Il BeIlH4"HY Yo' cooTBeTcTBYfOll1YfO T04Ke E, TO B
Pe3YIlbTaTe CAB"ra BBepx rpacp"Ka cOBoKynHblx paCXOAOB OH COCTaB"T Be-
nH4HHY Y" COOTBeTCTBYfOll1YfO T04Ke E,.
A Tenepb onpeAeIl"M paBHoBecHbl" ypoBeHb AOXOAa, KorAa c6epe>KeH""
L1HBeCnILJ,HIiI HaXOAs:lTCs:I B COCTOs:lHL-1H paBHoB8cHH. T8K\.1M o6pa30M, Mbl
AaAIr1M aIlbTepHaTIr1BH08 H306p8>KeHL-1e M8KP03KOHOML-1yeCKOrO p8BHOBeCL-1H
399
Inasa 18
TOBapH
-MaTepl-1anbHble 3anaCbl, TaKI-1M 06pa30M, BblcTynalOT KaK 6anaHCI-1_
PYIOLl.II-1I-1 3neMeHT, 4bl-1 1-13MeHeHI-1i'1 npl-1Bo,qi'lT K paBHOBeCHOMY YPOBHIO ,qo-
xo,qa. TonbKO npl-1 ero paBHOBeCHOM ypOBHe c6epe)l(eHI-1i'1 COBna,qaIOT C I-1H-
BeCTI-1
l-1i'1MI-1.
B ycnOBl-1i'1X CTarHl-1pYIOLl.Ielii 3KOHOMI-1KI-1 YPOBeHb npe,qenbHolii CKnOHHOC_
T
K nOTpe6neHI-1IO, no KeIiiHCY, HeBbICOK, 1-1 cnpoc He ,qOCTl-1raeT Ben 1-14 I-1H bl
3cj)(peKTI-1BHoro cnpoca. 3<j:1<j:1eKTIIIBHbliil cnpoc - 3TO cOBoKynHbliil cnpo
cO
TBeTcTBYIOLl.IllliiI cOBoKynHOMY n peAJ10)l(eH III 10, npl-1 3TOM 3<j:J<j:JeKTI-1
:
Hbll-1 cnpoc, CO
eTaIOLl.II-1IiiCi'I C nonHolii 3aHi'lTOCTblO, comaCHO KeliiHcy, npe,q-
CTaBni'leT c0601-1 nl-1Wb 4acTHbliil cnY4aiil. «KeIiiHCl-1aHCKai'l peBOnlO
l-1i'1», KaK
4aCTO Ha3blBalOT nepeBopOT B 3KOHOMI-14eCKOlii HaYKe, OCYLl.IeCTBneHHbl1ii Bbl-
,qaIOLl.II-1MCi'I aHml-1liicKI-1M 3KOHOMI-1CTOM, COCTOI-1T B TOM, 4TO 6blno TeOpeTI-1-
4eCKI-1 ?60CHOBaHO nOnO)l(eHl-1e 0 B03MO)l(HOCTI-1 paBHOBeCI-1i'1 B ycnOBl-1i'1X He-
nOnHOI-1 3aHi'lTOCTI-1.
V1TaK, Mbl Y)I(e 3HaeM, 4TO, ecnl-1 K pacxo,qaM Ha nl-14HOe nOTpe6neHI-1e «,qo-
6aBI-1Tb» I-1HBeCTI-1
I-1I-1, TO rpa<j:J
K nOTpe6neHI-1i'1 c,qBI-1HeTCi'I BBepx no BepTI-1Kanl'i
Ha paCCTOi'lHl-1e, COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.Iee aBTOHOMHblM I'iHBeCTI-1
l'ii'lM (Pl'ic. 18.11).
Tenepb nl-1HI-1i'1 nnaHI'iPyeMblx pacxo,qoB nepece4eT nl-1Hl-11O 45° B T04Ke
E. 3TOIii T04Ke 6y,qeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 06beM ,qoxo,qa B pa3Mepe Yo' YeM
60nbwe aBTOHOMHble I-1HBeCT
I-1I'i, TeM Bblwe no,qHI-1MaeTCi'I rpa<j:JI-1K COBO-
KynHbix pacxo,qOB 1-1 TeM 6nl-1)1(e «3aBeTHbllii» ypoBeHb nonHolii 3aHi'lTOCTI'i.
Ecnl-1 )l(e rocy,qapcTBo 6y,qeT caMO OCYLl.leCTBni'lTb aBTOHOMHble pacxo,qbl G,
TO nl-1HI-1i'1 cOBoKynHbix pacxo,qOB no,qHI-1MeTCi'I eLl.le Bblwe: T04Ka E npl-16nl'i-
31-1naCb K T04Ke F, COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.Ielii ypOBHIO ,qoxo,qa npl'i nonHolii 1 3aH i'lTOC-
TI'i Bcex pecypCO B (Y') npl'i6aBI-1B K aBTOHOMHblM pacxo,qaM I'i pacxo,qbl Ha
41-1
Tbllii 3KcnopT (NX)', MbJ 6y,qeM Bce 60nee npl-16nl-1)1(aTbCi'I K ypOBHIO non-
HOI'i 3aHi'lTOCTI'i (T04Ka E 2 ). 06Ll.1ai'l l-1,qei'l i'lCHa - Ka>KAOe ,q06aBneHl-1e KaKO-
ro-nl-160 3neMeHTa aBTOHOMHblX pacxo,qOB 6y,qeT c,qBl-1raTb BBepx nl'iHl'i1O CO-
BOKynHbix pacxo,qOB.
V1TaK, C Y4eTOM Bcex 3neMeHTOB aBTOHOMHblX pacxo,qOB B OTKpblTOIii 3KO-
HOMI'iKe cOBoKynHbl1ii cnpoc MO)l(HO npe,qCTaBI'iTb KaK
AD = C + MPCY + T + G + NX ; nOMHi'I, 4TO MPcY npe,qCTaBni'leT c0601ii
<j:JYHK
1'i1O nOTpe6neHl-1i'1, 1-1 4TO CY MMl-1poBaHl'ie Bcex BI'i,qOB aBTOHOMHblX pac-
XO,qOB 0603Ha4aeTci'I 6YKBOlii A, nnaHl-1pyeMbl1ii cOBoKynHbl1ii cnpoc MO)l(eT
6blTb npe,qcTaBneH 1-13BeCTHolii HaM <j:JOPMY-
nolii (9), T. e. AD = A + MPCY.
Pl'ic. 18.11 - Hami'l,qHai'l rpa<j:J1-14eCKai'l
I-1nnIOCTpa
l-1i'1 Tolii 6naroTBOpHOlii ponl-1 rocy-
,qapcTBeHHblx pacxo,qoB 1-1 cTI-1Mynl-1poBaHI-1i'1
I-1HBeCTI'i
1-11ii B 4aCTHOM ceKTope, KOTOpolii
orpoMHoe 3Ha4eHI-1e npl-1,qaBan KeliiHc.
HapaLl.lI-1BaHl-1e nlO60ro 1-13 KOMnOHeHTOB
402
1 ASTOHOMHbl171 4L-1CTbJL4 3KcnopT
- 3TO TaKoe >Ke ynpOll1eH"e, KaK "
8BTOHOMHbie VlHBeCTIII
\IIIi1. Mbl
npeAnOIlaraeM, 4TO BeIl"4"Ha 4"-
CTOrc 3KcnopTa He 3aB"C"T OT AO-
xOAa (Y).
'P"'"
M a K p03KOHOMU4eCKoe paeHoeecue: 5a30sble MOaenU
-
AD
I
I
I I
I I
I I
0 Yo Y, Y, Y*
Y
Puc. 18,11.
«KeUHcuaHCKUU Kpecm»
ii!STOHOMHbIX pacxo,qoB Be,qeT K POCTY Ha
1-10HanbHoro ,qoxo,qa I'i cnoc06-
C:;TByeT ,qoCTI'i)l(eHI-1IO nonHolii 3aHi'lTOCTI'i eLl.le 1-1 B cl'iny onpe,qeneHHoro 3<j:J-
cjJe KTa , KOTOpbl1ii 1'i3BeCTeH B 3KOHOMI-14eCKOlii TeOp1'i1'i no,q Ha3BaHI-1eM 3<j:J-
cjJe KTa MynbTl-1nnl-1KaTOpa, 4eMY 1-1 6y,qeT nOCBi'lLl.IeH O,qI-1H 1-13 cne,qYIOLl.Il-1x
naparpa<j:loB.
r nO,q4epKHeM eLl.le pa3 pa3n1'i41-1i'1 B KeliiHCl'iaHCKOM I'i HeOKnaCCI-14eCKOM
np,qxo,qe K onpe,qeneHI-1IO MaKp03KOHOMI-14ecKoro paBHOBeCl-1i'1. Bo-nepBblx, B
l\JlaCCI-14eCKolii Mo,qenl-1 ,qnl'iTenbHai'l 6e3pa60TI-1
a npe,qCTaBni'lnaCb HeB03-
f!!IQ)I(Holii. rl-16KOe pearl'ipOBaHl'ie
eH I'i CTaBKI-1 npo
eHTa BOCCTaHaBnl'iBanO Ha-
pyweHHoe paBHOBeCl'ie. B Mo,qenl'i, npe,qnO)l(eHHolii KeIiiHCOM, paBeHCTBO /I'i S
MO)l(eT OCYLl.leCTBnmbCi'I 1-1 npl-1 HenonHolii 3aHi'lTOCTI'i.
.. BO-BTOPbIX, KnaCCI-14eCKai'l MO,qenb npe,qnonarana CYLl.leCTBOBaHl'ie r1-16-
KOrO
eHOBOrO MeXaHI-13Ma, OpraHI-14eCKI-1 npl-1cYLl.lero PbIHKY. KeliiHC no,qBepr
eOMHeHl-11O 3TOT nocTynaT: npe,qnpI-1HI'iMaTenl-1, CTonKHYBwl-1Cb C na,qeHl-1eM
(;npOca Ha CBOIO npo,qYK
I'iIO, He CHWKalOm L(eHbl. OHU COKpal.l..(alOm npOU3600-
cm60 U Y60nbHRIOm pa6o'lux, OTCIO,qa - 6e3pa60TI'i
a CO BCeMI-1 BbITeKalOl1\I-1MI-1
OO
l-1anbHO-3KOHOMI-14eCKi-1MI'i KOH<j:JnI-1KTaMI-1, 1-1 «HeBI'i,qI-1Mai'l pYKa» pbIH04HO-
ro MeXaHl'i3Ma He MO)l(eT 06eCne41-1Tb cTa6l'inbHYlO nonHYIO 3aHi'lTOCTb.
B-TpeTbl-1x, c6epe)l(eHI-1i'1 i'lBni'lIOTCi'I, npe>KAe Bcero, <j:JYHK
l-1elii ,qoxo,qa, a
He TonbKO ypOBHi'I npo
eHTa, KaK YTBep>KAanOCb B TeOp1-11-1 KnaCCI-1KOB.
. V1TaK, paBHOBeCl-1e B MacwTa6e o6l1\eCTBa Ha Bcex CBi'l3aHHbIX Me)l(,qy
C0601ii pblHKax, T. e. paBeHcTBo Me>KAY cOBoKynHblM cnpocoM 1-1 cOBoKynHblM
npe,qnO)l(eHl-1eM Tpe6yeT c06nlO,qeHI-1i'1 paBeHcTBa 06beMoB c6epe)l(eHI-11ii 1-1
IrIHSeCTI-1
I-1Iii. To 06CTOi'lTenbCTBo, 4TO I-1HBeCTI-1
1-11-1 eCTb <j:JYHK
I-1i'1 npOL,\eHTa,
a c6epe)l(eHI-1i'1 _ <j:JYHK
I-1i'1 ,qoxo,qa, ,qenaeT np06neMY HaXO>KAeHI-1H I-1X pa-
BeHcTBa BeCbMa cno)l(Holii 3a,qa4elii.
403
.L
26'
'-nasa 18
5.
MYIlbTHnm1KaTOp
,QOCIlOBHO MYIlbTL-1nJlL-1K8TOp 03HaY88T «MHO>KHT8Ilb». CYTb
3cpcpeKTa MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa COCTO"T B cIleAYfOll1eM: YBeIl"4eH"e Ilf050ro "3
KOMnOHeHTOB aBTOHOMHblX paCXOAOB npL-1BOAV1T K ysem1yeHI.11O H8l!1t10Hanb_
Hor:, AoxOAa 051l1eCTBa, np"4eM Ha BeIl"4"HY 60IlbWYfO, 4eM nepBOHa4aIlb_
Hbl" pOCT paCXOAOB. Bblpa>Ka"Cb 05pa3HO, KaK KaMeHb, 5poweHHbl" B BOAY
Bbl3blB8eT KpyrV1 H8 BO,Qe, TaK L-1 aSToHoMHbie paCXO,Qbl, «6POW8HHble» B 3KO
HOM"KY, Bbl3blBafOT '1enHYfO peaK'1"fO B B"Ae paCTa AOXOAa " 3aH"TOCT".
PaCCMOTpL-1M BIlV1HHL-1e 8BTOHOMHbiX It1HBeCT\.1l!It1J11 H8 pOCT H8'-'L-10HaIlbHoro
AoxoAa. TeM caMblM 5YAeT "ccIleAoBaH MYIlbTHnIlHKaTop aBToHoMHblX
pacxoAoB.
B03bMeM YCIlOBHblH l1"CPPOBO" np"Mep, HIlIlfOCTP"PYfOll1"" CYTb MYIlb-
T"nIl"Kal1"OHHOrO 3cpcpeKTa. AonYCT"M, nepBoHa4aIlbHbl" 06beM aBTOHoM-
HblX HHBecTV1u,HJII, H8np8sIleHHbix H8 cTpoVlTeIlbcTBo HOBOro MOCT8 p8BeH
1000 AOIlIl. Bce BIlaAeIlbl1bl cpaKTOpOB npO"3BOACTBa, npeAOCTa "BW"e
pecypcbl AIl" OpraH"3Sl1"" CTpO"TeIlbCTBs, nOIlY4aT CBO" AOXOA. Hanp"-
Mep, pa604"e 48cmb cBoero 3apa50TKS (BbiAeIleHHoe CIlOBO 04eHb Ba>KHol)
npeAb"B"T B B"Ae cnpoca Ha pblHKe nOTpe6"TeIlbCK"X TOBapoB, Hanp"Mep,
nOKynKa TeIleB"30poB. Apyra" 4aCTb AoxoAa pa604"M" c5eperaeTC". CIle-
AOB8TeIlbHo, y K8KL-1X-TO I.1HbJX X03HJIICTBeHHbix 8reHTOB (np0L-13Bo,QL-1TeneVl Te-
IleB"30poB) YBeIl"4"TC" "X AeHe>KHbl" AOXOA. 4acTb ero npO"3BOAHTeIl" Te-
IleBI.130pOB T810Ke nOTp8TflT H8 nOKynKY nOTpe6V1TeJlbCKV1X TOB8pOB H8np\.1-
Mep, aBTOM06"Ile". Apyra >Ke 4aCTb AoxoAa "M" TaK>Ke 6YAeT OTIl >KeHa B
BV1,Qe c6epe>KeHHVI. npou,ecc H8YV1H8eT 38XB8TblS8Tb Bce HOBbie V1 HOBbie
CIlOV1 H8CeJleHV1H, KOTopble, nOIlYYI.-1B CBOH ,QOXO,Qbl, npeAbHBHT V1X B BV1,Q8
cnpOC8 H8 pblHKe nOTpe6HTeIlbCKL-1X TOBapOB.
B03H"KaeT l1enHa" peaKl1"": nepBoHa4anbHbie 1000 AOIlIl. B B"Ae SB-
TOHOMHblX I.1HBeCTI.-1'-'HL4 Bbl30SYT pOCT cOBoKynHoro cnpoca It1 ,QOXO,Q8 60Ilee,
4eM HS 1000 AOIlIl., T. e. 1000 AOIlIl. HY>KHO YMHO>K"Tb Ha HeK"" K03CPCP"-
l1HeHT. 3TOT K03cpCP"l1"eHT " eCTb MYIlbT"nIl"KaTop. KaK >Ke onpeAeIl"Tb
ero? He CIlYY8J11HO 6blIlO BblAeIleHO CIloeo «Y8CTb», KorA8 Mbl roBOpV1IlL-1 0
PScxOAOBaH"" 3apa50THo" nIlSTbl. KaK "3BeCTHO, C np"pOCTOM AOXOAa He
BC" ero BeIl"4"Ha pacxoAyeTc", a TOIlbKO 4aCTb. Apyra" >Ke 4aCTb c5epera-
eTC". AonYCT"M, 4TO 1000 AOIlIl. nepBoHa4aIlbHbix "HBeCT"l1"" Bbl3Ban"
pOCT AOXOAOB. BIlaAeIlbl1bl 3mx AOXOAOB B pa3Mepe 1000 AOIlIl. 4aCTb "3
H"X "3paCXOAYfOT. npeAnOIlO>K"M, 4TO npeAenbHS" CKIlOHHOCTb K nOTpe6Ile-
H"fO (MPC) COCTaBIl"eT 0,8. CIleAOBaTeIlbHO, "3 1000 AOIlIl. TOIlb'O
800 AOIlIl. 5YAeT "3PScXOAoBaHo, OCTaIlbHoe 6YAeT c5eperaTbc", T. e.
MPS = 0,2. nOcIleAYfOll1"" paCT A6xOAOB np"BeAeT K TOMY, 4TO "3 800
AOIlIl. TO>Ke 6YAeT HanpaBIleHo Il"Wb 80% Ha nOTpe6IleH"e, cIleAoBaTeIlb-
HO, np"pOCT Hal1"OHaIlbHoro AoxoAa, "CnOIlb3yeMoro Ha nOTpe6IleH"e, co-
CTaB"T 800 x 0,8 = 640 AOIlIl. npol1ecc 5YAeT pacnpocTpaH"TbC" Ha Bce
404
M aKP03KOHOMUyeCKOe pasHosecue: 6a30Sbie Mooenu
!-IOBble \.1 HOBbie CIlOI.1 3KOHOML-148CKIt1X areHTOB. K8KOB )l{e 6Y,QeT pOCT H8l!V1-
H 8IlbHoro AoxoAa, Bbl3B8HHblVl nepBOH8l.JaIlbHbIMVI V1HBeCTL-1l!V1HMVI? HY)\{HO
a _
CIlO>K"Tb 1000 + 800 + 640 +....... AOIlIl. npeAeIl CYMMbl reOMeTp"4eCKO"
nporpecc"", C KOTOpO" Mbl B AaHHOM cIlY4se "MeeM AeIlO, COCTaB"T 5000
AOIl Il . 3TS l1"CPPs nOAC4"TSHS no cpopMYIle:
,'", x 1/(1 - MPC) = ,'" Y, (10)
T. e. 1000 x (1 + 0,8 + 0,8 2 + 0,8 3 + 0,8 4 + ...) =
= 1000 x 1/(1 - MPC) = 1000 x (1/0,2) = 5000 AOIlIl.
BeIl"Y"Ha 1/(1 - MPC) = k (11)
eCTb cpopMYIla MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa aBTOHOMHblX pacxoAoB.
TaK"M 05pa30M, "HBeCml1"" B 1000 AOIlIl. BbI3BaIl" 5-KpaTHbl" pacT Ha-
4"OHaIlbHoro AoxoAa, "CnOIlb3yeMoro Ha nOTpe5IleH"e. MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOp,
K8K 3TO B"AHO"3 CPOPMYIlbl (11), paBeH 5.
, MO>KHO CPOPMYIlY MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa Bblpa3"Tb " 4epe3 npeAeIlbHYfO
pKIlOHHOCTb K c5epe>KeH"fO:
k = 1/(1 - MPC) = 1/MPS
(12)
4eM Bblwe CKIlOHHOCTb K nOTpe6IleHL-11O V1, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HV1>Ke CKIlOH-
HocTb K c5epe>KeH"fO, TeM 60Ilbwe k " TeM 50Ilbwee YBeIl"4eH"e Hal1"O-
.aIlbHoro AOXOAa 6YAeT cOnpOBO>KAaTb nepBoHa4aIlbHbl" np"pOCT "HBeCT"-
!! ". TaK"M 06pa30M, MYIlbTHnIlHKaTop MO>KHO onpeAeIlHTb KSK OTHowe-
..,e H3MeHeHHfI AOXO,Qa K H3MeHeHHI() 111()6oro H3 KOMnOHeHTOB aBTO-
!10MHbIX PSCXOAOB, B AaHHOM cIlY4ae k = I1Y/M
nepBoH848IlbHblVl «TOIlYOK», KOTOpbl1l1 ,Q81OT L-1HBeCTL-1l..\It1It1, MO>K8T OCY 8-
CfSIlflTbCH K8K Y8CTHbtM ceKTopOM, TaK 14 rocYAapcTBoM. npIt1Mel.J8TeIlbHo,
y O Ke"Hc OTBOA"T oc06yfO pOIlb rocYAapcTBY B CT"MYIl"pOBaH"" cOBoKyn-
H.Qro cnpoc8. B era TeOp8TIt1yeCKIt1X nOCTpOeHIt1HX It1HSeCTV1L.1,It10HHble np08KTbi
peaIl"3YfOTC B B"Ae OpraH"3al1"" 051l1eCTBeHHbix pa60T - CTpO"TeIlbCTBo
gopor, MOCTOB, nIlOT"H " T. n. n04eMY "MeHHO B TaKO" cpopMe AOIl>KHbl oCY-
L4ecTBIlHTbCH roCYA8PCTB8HHbl8 L-1HBeCTL-1l!L-1L-1, a He B BL-1Ae CTp0L-1TeIlbCTB8
BOAOB " cpa6p"K - nO"CH"M AaIlee.
, Ke"HC"aHCK"e pel1embl CT"MYIl"pOBaH"" "HBeCT"l1"OHHOro npOl1eCca
9 MHOroM nOCIlY>K"Il" OCHOBO" «HOBOro Kypca» PY3BeIlbTa, KorAa B CWA "
I'\Pyr"x CTpaHSX CB"penCTBOBSIla BeIl"Ka" AenpeCC"". W"pOKOe OCY-
!MecTBIleH"e 051l1eCTBeHHbiX pa60T, cp"HaHC"PyeMoe roCYAapCTBOM (CTpO-
TeIlbCTBO nIlOT"H, Aopor " T. A.) B Te roAbl - "pKa" "IlIlfOCTpal1"" nOIl"T"K"
roCYAapCTBeHHblx pacxoAoB AIl" nOMep>KaH"" BblCOKOro ypOBH" "HBeCT"l1""
tHa'-'V1oH8IlbHoro ,QOXOA8, 8 TOYHee, CTpeMIleHL-1H BblBeCTIt1 3KOHOMVlKY \.13
COCTo"H"" 3SCTO" " Aenpecc"" C BbICOK"M ypOBHeM 5e3pa60T"l1bl.
L1 BOT Tenepb MO>KHO OTBeT"Tb Ha Bonpoc, n04eMY rOCYAapCTBO OpraH"-
3OBbiBaIlO "MeHHO 051l1eCTBeHHbie pa50Tbl, a He CTpO"TeIlbCTBO, Hanp"Mep,
405
inasa 18
TpaKTopHoro 3aBOAa "Il" Me6eIlbHO" cpa5p"K". B YCIlOB""X n8penpO"3BOA_
CTBa TOBapOB, cOnpOBO>KAaBwero BeIl"KYfO AenpeCC"fO, Ba>KHO 5blnO co-
3A8Tb AOnOIlHVlTeIlbHbl1ll nIl8TeWeCnoc06HblL4 cnpoc V1 COKp8TL-1Tb 6e3pa6oTV1_
l1Y, a He Bbl5paCblBaTb Ha pblHOK HOBbie napT"" TOBapOB. TaK, CTpO"TeIlbCTBO
MOCT8 It1IlV1 nIlOH1Hbl 06eCneYV1T nplt1pOCT ,qeHe>KHbIX AOXOAOB 38HHTbIX, HO He
A06aB"T Il"WHfOfO Maccy TOBapOB B 051l1YfO «KY4Y» HepscnpOAaHHblX TOBap_
HblX 38n8coB.
Ba>KHO OTMeT"Tb, 4TO paCCMOTpeHHbl" 3cpcpeKT MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa - 3TO
3CPCP8KT KpaTKOcp04HOro 3KOHOM"4ecKoro paBHOBeC"". AIl" 3TOro 3cpcpeKTa
He It1MeeT 3H848HIt1H, 6YAeT IlV1 nepBOH84aIlbHas:r CYMMa It1HB8CTL-1LJ,It1V1 «\.1C-
nOIlb30B8H8 A1lH C03A8HIt1H YIlbTp8coBpeMeHHbix MaWL-1H 1t1J11t1 we AIlH onJ1a-
Tbl A8"TeIlbHocm IlfOAe", 3SH"TbIX pblTbeM " nOCIleAYfOll1"M 3aKanbIBaH"_
eM s:rM».1
Ao HaCTO"ll1ero MOMeHTa Mbl paCCMaTp"BaIl" 3cpcpeKT MYIlbT"nn"-
K8TOp8, CBH38HHblll1 C pOCTOM cOBoKynHblx P8CXOAOB. OAH8KO nepBOHaY8Ilb-
Hble V1HBeCTIr1l!1t11t1 B03AeVlCTBYlOT It1 H8 06beM 38HHTOCT\.1. 3,qeCb MO>KHO 38-
MemTb, 4TO Bo061l1e np"Hl1"n MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa 5blIl BnepBble On"CaH
aHrn""CK"M 3KOHOM"CTOM P"4apAOM KaHOM B 1931 r., ell1e AO BblXOAS B
CBeT pa50Tbi Ke"Hca «051l1a" TeOp"" 3SH"TOCT", npOl1eHTa " AeHen>.
p. K8H VlccIleAOBaIl, K8K nepBOH848IlbHbie It1HBeCTV1L.J,It1It1, yaeIlIt1l.JIt1B8H ,qoxo-
,qbl L-1 c03AaB8H 38HflTOCTb B K8KOM-J1L-160 ceKTope 3KOHOMIt1KL-1, cnoco6CTBY-
fOT BTOP"4HO" 3aH"TOCT" B OTpaCIl"X "Il" ccpepax npO"3BOACTBa, KOTOpble
C03A81OT TOB8pbl nOTpe6L-1TeIlbcKoro Ha3H84eHL-1H. B HaweM npL-1Mepe nep-
B"4Ha" 3aH"TOCTb c03AaIla, Hanp"Mep, AOXOAbl pa504"X, KOTOpbl8 np"06-
peIl" TeIleB"30pbl. POCT cnpocs Ha 3TOT TOBap n05YA"T npO"3BOA"TeIle" Te-
IleB"30pOB paCW"p"Tb npO"3BOACTBO, 3aKynaTb 050PYAOBaH"e, HaH"MaTb HO-
BbtX p860YV1X. T8KItIM 06P830M, nepBOH8l.J8IlbHble \.1HBeCH1LJ,\.1V1 A810T TOnY OK
paCW"peHHOMY BOCnpO"3BOACTBY, nopO>KAa" HOBbie "HBeCT"l1"", HOBbie pa-
60YL-1e MeCTa VI YBem-14V1B8H B LJ,eIlOM H8LJ,It10H8J1bHbIVl AOXOA.
3cpcpeKT MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa rpacp"48CK" BbIrIlRA"T, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha
P"C. 18.12.
nepBOHaY8IlbHO pasHoBecHblVi ypOBeHb ,qOX0t:L8 COCTaBIlHeT Yo. Ecnlt1 me
B pe3YIlbT8Te I.1HBeCTIt1u,liIoHHO TOIlYK8 JlL-1HV1H I nOA It1M8eTCH BBepx, H8
paCCTO"H"e, paBH08 oTpe3KY 01, TO nepeC84eH"e S " I npO"30"AeT B T04K8
E" a ypOBeHb p HoBecHoro AoxOAa 5YAeT paBeH Y,. OTpe30K Yo Y, npeBbl-
waeT OTpe30K 01. 3TO 03Ha4aeT, 4TO YBeIlH48H"e "HBeCT"l1"" np"BoA"T ,
50IlbweMY YBeIl"4eH"fO AOXOAa. AonYCT"M,
aBTOHOMHble "HB8CT"l1"" (10 MIlPA. AOIlIl.)
np"BeIl" , YBeIl"4eH"fO AOXOAa He Ha 10, S
Ha 50 MIlPA. AOIlIl. np" 3TOM 04eB"AHO,
4TO k = 5. <PopMYIla Y = T x k B AaHHOM
406
1 CTOJleplO fl. PaBHOBeClt18 It1
3KOHOMIt14eCKJI1iii pacT. M., 1974.
C.80.
M aKP03KOHOMU4eCKoe pasHosecue: 6a30sble Mooenu
-
5,I
5
E,
1
Y,
Y
PUC. 18.12. 3cPcPeKm MynbmunnuKamopa
np"Mepe 03Ha4aeT: 50 = 10 x 5. MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOp paBeH 5, nOCK IlbKY MPS.:.
KaK Mbl npeAnOIlaraIl" paHee B HaW"X np"MepSX, pSBHa 0,2 (k - 1/MPS -
1/0,2 = 5). YeM 50Ilbwe BeIl"4"Ha MPS, TeM KpY4e Il"HH" S " T8M MeHbwe
MYIlbT"nIl"KaTop. rpacp"4eCK" 3cpcpeKT MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa _MO>KHO npoAeMoH-
trPVlPOB8Tb V1 Ha MOAeIlIt1 «KeVlHCIt18HCKL-1V1 KpeCT»: Ka>Kp,blL-1 p83 CAslt1r BBepx
!la onpeAeIleHHYfO B8Il"4"HY Il"H"" nIlaH"PyeMblx pacxoAoB cOnpOBO>KAS-
.erCH 60IlbWVlM YBenw"leH\.1eM AOXO,Q8.
MYIlbT"nIl"KSl1"OHHble 3cpcpeKTbl, KaK OTMe4aIlOCb Bblwe, MO>KeT Bb13-
I!8Tb Il1060Vl L-13 KOMnOHeHTOB, 1t13M8Hs:rIO 11111 BeIl\.1YIt1HY 8BTOHOMHbiX p8CXO-
A9 B . n03TOMY MO>KHO roBOP"Tb 0 MYIlbmnIl"KaTOpe rocYAapcTBeHHb x pac-
XOAOB, HaIloroBoM MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpe (noAP05Hee a H"X pe4b nO"AeT B
rn. 22), MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpe BHewHe" TOproBIl" " T. A.
Bem.1YIt1H8 MYIlbTL-1nflL-1KaTOpa 6YAeT 3aBIt1CeTb V1 OT TaK H83blBa8MbiX
«YTe4eK» B KPyro050poTe AOXOAOB " pacxoAoB. nO"CH"M 3TOT MOMeHT nOA-
,p05Hee. YTO npeACTaBIl"fOT c050" c6epe>KeH""? He 4TO "HOe, KaK cBoe05-
pa3Hbie «YTe4KIt1», nOTOMY YTO c6ep8raeMbie AeH8>KHble CYMMbl He YLJ8CTBY-
.,lQT B Kpyro060poTe ,l10XOAOB L-1 P8CXOAOB. «YTeLJK8MIt1» HBIlHIOTCs:r V1 H8IlorV1
Ct). To >Ke caMoe MO>KHO CKa3aTb " a pacxoAax HS 3aKynKY "MnOpTHbIX TO-
BapoB (M) nOTOMY 4TO OH" He yyaCTBYfOT B KPyro060pOT8 AOXOAOB " pac-
.XOAOB, C8 3aHHbIX C np0V13BOACTBOM 1.1 pe8m138l!lt1el:1 OTeLJeCTBeHHblX TOB8-
:P'QB. 4eM 60flbwe BeIlVlLJIt1H8 «YTeLJeK», TeM MeHbwe 3H8l.JeHlt1e MYIlbTIr1-
nIl"KaTopa.
: . Ho «YTeYKL-1» KOMn8HCI.1pYlOTCs:I «VlH"beKLH.1JtMH». nOCIleAHV18 npeACT8B-
nRIOT c050" "HBeCml1"" (I), roCYAapCTBeHHble paCXOAbl (G), paCXOAbl 3a-
' PaHHl1bl Ha 3aKynKY OT848CTBeHHbiX TOBapOB (X), T. e. 3KcnopT. «II1HbeKl1""»
.i.;3TO AonOIlHV1TeIlbHble KOMnOHeHTbl P8CXOAOB (,QonOIlHeHL-1e K nOTpe6\.1-
.JenbcKVlM paCXOA8M). B p8BHOBeCHOM COCTOHHL-1\.1 3KOHOM\.1KVI «YTel.JKIr1» paB-
Hbl «"HbeKl1""M»: S = I, T = G, M = X.
nOKa>KeM, KaK paCXOAbl Ha "MnOpT YMeHbwafOT B8Il"4HHY MYIlbT"nIl"-
KaTopa. ECIl" pe4b "A8T 05 OTKpbITO" 3KOHOM"Ke, TO CTpSHa KaK 3KCnOpT"-
PyeT, TaK " "MnOpT"PyeT TOBapbl. BB8AeM HOB08 nOH"me - npeAeIlbHa"
407
.,
..... .
Inasa 18
CKIlOHHOCTb K HMnOpTY (MPM), T. e. OTHOWeH"e f'o.M/A Y. ECIl" npeAeIlbHaR
CKJlOHHOCTb K I.1MnOpTY COCTaB11HeT, H8np\.1Mep, 0,1, TO MYIlbTVlnm1KaTOp as-
TOHOMHblX paCXOAOB COCTaBHT BeIl"4"HY 11(MPS + MPM) = 1/(0,2 + 0,1) =
3,33. nOAP06Hee a MynbT"nIl"KaTOpe aBTOHOMHblX pacxoAoB B OTKpbITO"
3KOHOM"Ke pe4b nO"AeT B rn. 28.
3cpcpeKT MYIlbTHnIl"KSTOpa Ae"cTByeT He TOIlbKO B CTOPOHY nOBblweH "
ypOBH" AOXOAa. COKpall1eH"e Ilf050ro "3 KOMnOHeHTOB aBTOHOMHblX pacxo-
AOB 6YAeT BeCTH K KpaTHOMY COKpall1eHHfO AOXOAa " 3aH"TOcm.
6.
IIIHc:pmlL-I110HHbllii 11 .qec:pmlL-I110HHbllii
(peLleccl1oHHbllil) pa3pblBbi
TeOpeT"yeCK" KOHl1enl1"" MYIlbTHnIl"KaTOpa nOMoraeT rny6-
>Ke YflCH\.1Tb np06IleMbi p8BHOBeCVlH, CBH38HHbie C COOTBeTCTBlo1eM Me>KAY
HHBeCTHl1""M" " c6epe>KeHH"MH. np" 3TOM Ba>KHO ell1e pa3 nOA4epKHYTb,
'-ITO MYIlbTlllnJl\.1K8TOp Aea71cTByeT K8K B pe>KHMe paCWHpeHVlH, T8K VI C>K8n1s:1
H811,1.10H8IlbHOro AOXOA8, B 38BHC\.1MOCTH OT p8CWVlpeHHH J.1IlH C>K8T\.1H mo60-
ro "3 KOMnOHeHTOB cOBoKynHblx paCXOAOB. OTCYTCTBHe paBHOBeC"" Me>KAY
nIlaHHpyeMblM" "HBeCT"l1""M" " c5epe>KeH""MH MO>KeT npHBeCT" K ABYM
OTpHl1aTeIlbHblM AIl" CPYHKl1"OH"pOBaH"" 3KOHOM"K" 3cpcpeKTaM: 1) "HCPIl"-
l1"OHHOMY pa3pblBY H 2) AecpIl"l1"OHHOMY (pel1eCCHoHHOMY) pa3pblBY.
nepBbl" cIlY4a HacTynaeT TorAa, KorAa I > S, T. e. nIlaHHpyeMble "HBe-
CTVlL\I.1J.1 npeBblw810T c6epe>KeHV1H, coomsemcmsYIOl1..lue yp08HIO nOflHOU 38-
HRmocmu. 3TO 03H8'-1aeT, YTO npe,QIlO>KeHV1e c6epe>KeHVlVI OTCT8eT OT VlHBec-
T\.1l1,HOHHbIX nOTpe6HocTea71. nOCKOIlbKY pe8IlbHbiX B03MO>KHOcTea71 YBeIlVlye-
HJ.1H J.1HBeCTL-1L\Vla71 npH AOCTVlrHYToVi nOIlHoa71 38HHTOCTH HeT, nOCToIlbKY p83-
Mepbl cOBoKynHoro npeAIlO>KeH"" BblpaCT" He MorYT. HaceIleHHe Bce
50IlbWYfO 4aCTb AOXOAa HanpaBIl"eT Ha nOTpe5IleHHe. Cnpoc Ha TOBapbl "
YCIlyrH paCTeT, a B CHIlY 3cpcpeKTa MYIlbT"nIl"Kal1"" HapaCTafOl11"" cnpoc
AaB"T Ha l1eHbl B CTOPOHY "X "HCPIl"l1"OHHOro nOBbIWeH"".
BTOpO" CIlY4a" HacTynaeT TorAa, KorAa S > I, T e. c6epe>KeH"", COOT-
BeTCTBY fO l11M ypOBHfO nOIlHO" 3aH"TOCT", npeBblwafOT nOTpe6HOCT" B "H-
BeCTHpOBaHH". B 3TO" C"TYSl1"" TeKYll1He paCXOAbl Ha TOBapbl H YCIlyr"
HH3K"e, BeAb HaCeIleH"e npeAn04"TaeT 50IlbWYfO 4aCTb AoxOAa c5eperaTb.
3TO conpOBO)f{A8eTCH cn8,QOM npOMblwIleHHoro npOH3BOACTB8 VI nOHH>KeH\.1-
eM YPOBH" 3aH"TOCT". A BCTynafOl11H" B C"IlY 3cpcpeKT MYIlbT"nIlHK a l1 H "
np"BeAeT K TOMY, 4TO cOKpall1eH"e 3aH"TOCT" B TO" "Il" "HO" ccpepe npo-
\.13BOACTsa n0811e'-leT 38 co60Vl BTOpV1'-1HOe VI nocIle,QYIOLl.\ee COKp8ll..\eHVle 38-
HHTOCTI.1 1.1 AoxoAOB B 3KoHOMHKe CTp8Hbi.
3cpcpeKTbi "HCPIl"l1HOHHOro " AecpIl"l1"OHHOro pa3pblBa IlerKO MorYT
5blTb npeAcTaBIleHbl rpacpH4eCK". Ho npeABapHTeIlbHO AaA"M ell1e OAHY "H-
408
,
MaKp03KOHOMUyeCKOe paSHosecue: 6a30Bbie Modenu
AD,AS
I
I
I
1
1
I
0 Yo V; Y
Puc. 18.13.
HHcjJnRlI,UOHHblU U decpnRu,uoHHblU pa3pbl6bl
Tspnp eTa '1"fO paBHOBeC"" Me>KAY cOBoKynHblM cnpocoM " cOBoKynHblM
i!peAIlO>KeH"eM (CM. pHC. 18.13).
.., 4TO T8Koe cOBoKynHoe npeAIlO>KeHlo1e? 3TO He YTO Io1Hoe, K8K Vl3BeCTHaH
' e HaM Il"H"" 45°.0Ha AeMOHCTp"pyeT cOBnaAeH"e cpaKm4eCK"X pacxo-
'AOB (BblnYCKa) " nIlaH"pyeMblx paCXOAOB. Mbl "CXOA"M "3 Taro, 4TO Hal1H-
iR'ttaIlbHbl" AOXOA paBeH BeIlH4"He Hal1"OHaIlbHoro npoAYKTa (BBn),
'iAOCIleAH"" - 3TO " eCTb cOBoKynHoe npeAIlO>KeH"e (AS). COBoKynHbl"
c:npoc (AD) - 3TO TaK>Ke "3BeCTHa" HaM IlHH"" cOBoKynHblx nIlaH"pyeMblx
paCXOAOB. T04Ka E, T. e. nepeCe4eH"e cOBoKynHoro cnpoca H cOBoKyn-
HOro npeAIlO>KeHH" H nOKa>KeT HSM ypOBeHb paBHOBeC"" Hal1"OHaIlbHoro
ApXOAa - BeIl"4"HY Yo'
. np05IleMa 3aKIlf04aeTC" B TOM, 4TO ypOBeHb nOIlHO" 3aH"TOCT" (YO), KaK
HeOAHOKpaTHO nOA4epKHBaIlOCb paHee, He 06"3aTeIlbHO cOBnaAaeT C ypOB-
',IHeM p8BHOBeCL-1R Yo. OH MO)/{eT H8XOAVlTbCR K8K CIlea8, T8K VI cnp8B8 OT
"'1'b4KH E.
I, '. KorA8 ypOBeHb ,QOXOA8, COOTBeTCTBYIO HVI nOIlHoa71 38HHTOCT\.1, COCT8B-
r:hReT Y* , cOBoKynHbta71 cnpoc npeBblwaeT cOBoKynH08 npeAIlO>KeH\.1e. CK06-
;!'KO nOKk3aH "HCPIl"l1"OHHbl" pa3pblB (II1.P.). KorAa >Ke AOXOA, cOCTaBIl"fO-
'.iII BeIlH4"HY Y02' npeBOCXOA"T ypOBeHb paBHOBeC"" Yo' cOBoKynHoe
\ ;npe,qnO>KeH"e 5YAeT 60Ilbwe cOBoKynHoro cnpoca - CK05KO" nOKa3aH Aecp-
, :I1JUjHOHHbl" (pel1eCCHOHHbl") pa3pblB (A.P.).
. 111, HaKOHel1, Ba>KHO nOA4epKHYTb, 4TO 3cpcpeKT MYIlbT"nIlHKaTopa MO>KeT
npORB"Tb ce5" He Bo051l1e, B a5CTpaKTHO B3"TO" 3KOHOM"Ke pblH04HOro XO-
3St cTBa, a IlHWb B YCIlOB\.1RX 3KOHOMHKH HenoIlHoa71 38HHTOCTH. TaKoa71 Bbl-
BoA He Ka>KeTC" HeO>K"AaHHbIM. Ae"CTB"T8IlbHO, eCIlH Bce pecypCbl 051l1e-
CTea 3SAe"CTBOBaHbl nOIlHOCTbfO, TO OT'YAa >Ke 6YAYT 4epnaTbC" AOnOIlH"-
TeIlbHbie pa504"e PYK" " npO"3BOACTBeHHble MOll1HOCT"? B 3KOHOM"Ke,
. AOCT rwe" ypOBH" nOTeHl1"aIlbHoro BblnYCKa, 3cpcpeKT MYIlbmnIl"KaTOpa He
. CiMO>KeT pa50TaTb Ha AaIlbHe"wee paCWHpeH"e AOXOAa, a BbIIlbeTC" Il"Wb
409
L
inasa 18
B nOBblWeH"e 061l1ero YPOBH" l1eH, T. e. "HCPIl"l1"fO. 3TOT np"Mep roBOP"T
H8M 0 TOM, YTO npVl 8H8IlL-138 MYIlbTVlnJ1L-1Kal.\\.10HHbIX 3cpcpeKTOB OyeHb B8)K-
HO 3HaTb, Ha K8KOM H3 OTpe3KOB Kp\.1BOIi1 cOBoKynHoro npeAIlmKeHVls:I CPYHK-
l!HOHL-1pyeT 3KOHOMVlK8 - KeVlHCHaHCKOM VlIl\.1 KIlaCCV1yeCKOM.
7.
napaAOKC 6epe>KI1I1BOCnt
TpaAL-1l!HOHHbIVi B3fJ1s:1A KJ18CCL-1yeCKOVI T80pL-1V1 H8 npOl!8CCbl
c6epe)/{eHI.1H L-1 Ir1HBeCTVlpOB8H\.1H nO,QYepKV1BaeT 6Il8roTBOpHOCTb BblCOKVlX
c5epe>KeH"". BeAb 4eM Bblwe c6epe>KeH"", TeM rny5>Ke «pe3epByap», OT-
KY,Q8 Yepn810TCH 1.1 H BeCTHLI\.1 \.1. n03TOMY BblCOK8H CKIlOHHOCTb K c6epe>KeHVI-
HM, no norHK8 KIl8CCL-1yeCKOVI WKonbl, AOfl>KH8 cnoc06CTBOBaTb POCTY L-1HBe-
CT"l1"", AOXOAa " npOl1BeTaH"fO Hal1H".
B3rn"A Ha 3TY np05neMY, CCPOPMYIl"pOBaHHbl" Ke"HCOM, CYll1eCTBeH-
HbJM 06pa30M OTIlVlyaeTCH OT KIlaCCHyeCKOVI Tp8KTOBKH. KeVlHC npl.1wen K
BbIBOAY, 4TO B CTpaHax, AOCTHrWJ.1X BblCOKOVI CT8AVI\.1 3KOHOMHyeCKoro pa3
BVlTVlH, CTpeMneH\.1e c6eperaTb 6Y,QeT Bcer,Qa Onepe>K8Tb CTpeMneHHe L-1HBe-
cmpOBaTb. 3TO npOHCXOA"T no CIleAYfOll1"M np"4HHaM. Bo-nepBbIX, C pOC-
TOM HaKOnIleHL-1H K8nHT8Jl8 CHL-1>K8eTCH npe,QeIlbH8H 3cpcpeKTIt1BHOCTb era
CPYHKl1"OH"pOBaH"", TaK KaK Bce 60Ilee " 50Ilee CY>KaeTC" Kpyr aIlbTepHa-
THBHblX B03MO)f{HOCTeLil BblCOKO npH6bfIlbHbiX KanHT8flOBIlO>KeHa.1V1. BO-BTO-
pblX, C pOCTOM AOXOAOB B "HAYCTp"anbHO pa3B"Tb1X CTpaHax 5YAeT YBeIlH-
41.1SaTbCH AOIls:l c6epe>KeHHVI - ,QOCT8TOYHO BcnOMHVlTb, YTO 8 eCTb cpYHKl!L-1s:1
Y, \.1 38B\.1CIt1MOCTb 3T8 nOIlO>KL-1TeIlbHa. nOyeMY >Ke H8pa V1B8HVle c6epe)/{e-
H"" He CAeIlaeT 051l1eCTBO 50ra4e?
OTBeT COCTO\.1T B CIleAYIOLl.\eM. YBeIlYl4eHV1e c6epe)/{eHVlVI 03H8yaeT CO-
KpSll1eH"e paCXOAOB Ha nOTpe5IleH"e. 3TO, B CBOfO 04epeAb, Bbl30BeT co-
Kpall1eH"e cOBoKynHoro cnpoca H 05beMa peaIl"30BaHHoro BBn. B C"IlY
3cpcpeKTa MYIlbT"nIl"KaTOpa npO"30"AeT COKpall1eH"e AOXOAa Ha BeIl"4"HY
60IlbWYfO, He>KeIlH nepBOHa4aIlbHoe YBeIl"yeH"e c5epe>KeH"". Hs P"c.
18.14 B"AHO, 4TO rpacp"K c6epe>KeH"" CAB"raeTC" BBepx, "3 nOIlO>KeH"" S
B nOIlO>KeHV1e 8 1 , ECIlH p8Hee p8BHOBeCa.1e YCT8H8BIlHB8IlOCb B TOYKe E npVl
3H84eHVlVI AOXO,Q8 Yo' TO Tenepb p8SHOBeC\.1e YCTaHOBVlTCH B T04Ke E 1 npVl
3H84eH\.1\.1 Y 1 " «napaAOKC 6epe l1HBOCTH» 03HaYae YTO YBel1HyeHMe
c5epe>KeHHH npHBOAHT K YMeHbweHHIO AOXOAS.
CIleAyeT 38MeT\.1Tb, YTO npV1Mep C «n8p8AOKCOM 6epe>KJlHBOCTIr1» Mbl
p8CCM8TpHBaIl\.1 npV1 AonY148HHV1 06 8BTOHOMHbiX VlHBeCTHl!a.1HX, T. 8. K8nlr1-
T8IlOBIlO>KeHIr1HX, H838BV1CHMbIX OT 06beMa H ,QV1HaMVlKI.1 H8l.\1.10H8IlbHoro AO.
XOAa. OAH8KO 8BTOHOMHbie \.1HBeCTVll!HJ.1, OCYLl.\eCTBneHHbI8 B BH,Qe nepBOHa-
4aIlbHO" «HHbeKl1""», BCIleACTB"e 3cpcpeKTa MYIlbT"nIl"'aTOpa np"BeAyT K
POCTY Hal1"OHaIlbHoro AoxoAa. PaCT AoxoAa, B CBOfO 04epeAb, Bbl30BeT npo-
410
!wISKP03KOHOMU4eCKoe paSHoeecue: 6a308ble Mooenu
S,I
y
I
o
Puc. 18.14.
napadOKC 6epeNmueocmu
CABl-1r BBepx rpacpl-1Ka C58pe>K8HI-1 OT 8 AO 8 1 npl-1 Hel-13M8HHOM ypOB-
He aSTOHOMHblX I-1HBeCTI-1I..\I-1 I npl-1B8AeT K TOMY, '-ITO Yl3-3a 3cpcpeKTa
MYIlbTl-1nIlYlKaTOpa 3KOHOMI-1Ka 5YAeT cpYHKl.\YlOHYIpOBaTb Ha ypoBHe 50-
Ilee HYl3KOro BblnycKa
M3BQJlHbie HHBeCT.HLlHH. TorAa rpacp"K "HBeCT"l1"" 5YAeT npeACTaBIl"Tb co-
60M He rop\.130HT8IlbHYIO IlI.1HVlIO, a IlVlHHIO C nOnO>KVlTeIlbHbIM HaKIlOHOM.
3aMeT"M, 4TO MYIlbT"nIl"KaT"BHbl" 3cpcpeKT MO>KeT nOBepHYTbC" " B
APyryfO CTOPOHY. COKpall1eH"e AOXOAa 5YAeT (BCIleACTB"e 3cpcpeKTOB MYIlb-
mnIlHKal1"" H SKCeIlepal1"") COKpall1aTb " npO"3BOAHble "HBeCml1"", a 3TO
YtQeT B8CTH K CTarHa4\.1\.1 3KOHOMVlKH.
ECflV1 3KOHOMV1K8 H8XOAHTCH B COCTOHHHH HenOJlHol71 38HHTOCT\.1, YBeIlVl-
"IeHVie CKIlOHHOCTI.1 K c6epe>KeHVlIO, eCTeCTBeHHO, 03HayaeT He YTO HHoe, KaK
YMeHbWeH"e CKIlOHHOCT" K nOTpe6IleH"fO. COKpall1eHHe nOTpe5"TeIlbCKoro
pnpoca 03HS4aeT HeB03MO>KHOCTb AIl" npO"3BOA"T8Ile" TOBapoB npoAaBaTb
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Say's law
price flexibility
price ri9idity
aggregate demand
aggregate supply
interest-rate effect
real balances effect
foreign purchases effect
«AD-AS}) model
consumption function
savings function
investment
marginal propensity
to consume
marginal propensity to save
marginal propensity to import
planned spending
planned investment
unplanned investment
inventories
autonomous spending
multiplier
injections and leakages
autonomous and induced
investment
«Keynesian cross» diagram
inflationary and recessionary
gap
paradox of thrift
rnasa 19
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H811bHble T80pL-1L-1 paCCM8TplilBalOT npV14L-1HbJ B03HHKHOBeHL-1H KOIle6aHL-1L4 A8-
110 Bo j;1 8Kn1BHOCTH BHYTPIil caMOVl 3KOHOMV14eCKOVl CL-1CTeMbl.
Ha30BeM HeKOTopbl8 V13 Hal.16oIlee L-13BeCTHbIX «pa60T81OLl.\HX» B HaCTO-
RllIee BpeM" TeOp"" 3KOHOM"4eCK"X l1"KIlOB. Mbl "MeeM B B"AY Te TeOp"",
KOTopble AO HBCTO"l11ero BpeMeH" He OTBeprHYTbl COBpeMeHHO" 3KOHOM"-
"eCKO" HaYKO" (KaK, HBnp"Mep, «TeOp"R COIlHe4HbiX n"TeH», paCCMaTp"Ba-
eMa" ce"4ac no npe"MYll1eCTBY B Kypce "CTOP"" 3KOHOM"4eCKO" MbICIl").
1. Teop"", B l1eHTpe BH"MaH"" KOTOpblX HaXOA"TC" oeiicmeue 3cpcpeK-
moe MynbmunnUKamopa u aKcenepamopa, nOpO"'AafOll1ee l1"KIl"4HOCTb KO-
Ile5aH"" peaIlbHoro BBn (noAP05Hee 05 3TOM 5YAeT CKa3aHO B CIleAYfOll1eM
naparpacpe).
2. Teopuu nonumU4eCKoeo oenoeoeo L<UKna, B"A"ll1"e np"""Hbl MaKpo-
3KOHOM"4eCK"X KOIle5aH"" B Ae"CTB"RX npaB"TeIlbCTBa B 05Ilacm KpeA"T-
HO-AeHe>KHO" " HaIloroBO-5fOA>KeTHO" nOIl"T"K". npeAnoIlaraeTC", 4TO npa-
B"TeIlbCTBO nOIlHOCTbfO BIlaAeeT 3mM" ABYM" "HCTpYMeHTaM" MaKp03KoHO-
MVl48CK0j;1 nOIlV1TIr1KL-1. .QeVlCTB\.1H nOJlIo1THKOB HanpaBIl8Hbi Ha 38BoeS8HVl8
c
MnaT"" 3IleKTopaTa: OH" >KeIlafOT OKa3aTbC" nepe"35paHHbIM" (CM. rn.
17). TaK"M 05pa30M, npaB"TeIlbCTBO CTpeM"TC" npOBOA"Tb >KeCTKYfO Kpe-
AHTHO-AeHe>KHYfO H HaIloroBYfO nOIl"THKY B nepHOA nocne BbI50pOB. 3TO
MO>KeT npVlB8CTIr1 K cnaAY H nOTpe6oBaTb «MHrKolII», nonYIlL-1CTCKOVl MaKpo-
KOHoMH4ecKo" nOIlHTHK" (YBeIl"4eH"e roCYAapCTBeHHblX paCXOAOB, CH">Ke-
H"e HaIloroB) KaK pa3 nepeo CIleAYfOll1"M" BbI50paM". TaK"M 05pa30M, no
MH8HHIO CTOpOHHHKOB 3TOVI TeOpL-1H, n8pHOAIo1L1HOCTb l!HKIlOB COBnaAa8T C
nep"OA"4HOCTbfO Bbl50pOB (OKOIlO 5 IleT).
3. Teopuu pasHosecHoao 3KOHOMU4eCKoao u,UKna, comaCHO KOTOpblM
l1"KIlH4HOCTb 05b"CH"eTC" He KOIle5aH""M" BbrnYCKa npOAYKl1"" BOKpyr
Tp.eHAa nOTeHl1"aIlbHoro BBn, a KOIle5aH""M", "Il" CAB"raM" caMoro TpeH-
Aa (Il"H"" T Ha p"c.19.1) B KpaTKocp04HOM (!) nep"OAe BpeMeH".
4. Teopu" peanbHoeo oenoeoeo L<UKna, cornaCHO KOTOpO" npeAnOIlara-
eTCH, LITO npV14HH0L4 M8Kp03KOHOMVI\..IeCKHX KOIle68HVlL4 MOryT 6blTb WOKOBble
M3M8HeH\.1H npOVl3BOAVITenbHOCTVI B OAHOM L-1nVl HeCKOIlbKI.1X ceKTop8X 3KOHO-
MVlKH, 8 B 60Ilee W\.1pOKOM CMblCIle - WOKOBbl8 V13MeHeHlllfi B TeXHOIlOrL-1H
npO"3BOACTBa (CM. nOAP05Hee rn. 26).
B CBH3111 C WOK8MVI, 0 KOTOpblX rOBopHIlOCb B nOCIleAHeC1 \113 Ha3B8HHblX
TeOp"", cIleAyeT OTMeT"Tb, 4TO 50IlbWYfO nonYIl"pHOCTb np"05peIla TaK Ha-
3blBaeMa" uMnynbcHo-pacnpocmpaHumenbHafi meopu" l1UKnoe. Y "CTOKOB
3TO
TeOp"" CTO"T PYCCK"" 3KOHOM"CT EBreHH" CIlYl1K"" (1880-1948) "
IlaypeaT H05eIleBcKO" npeM"" 1969 r., HOpBe>KCK"" 3KOHOM"CT ParHap
<l>P"W (1895-1973). CMblCIl np05IleMbi «HMnYIlbc-pacnpocTpaHeHHe»
CBOAHTCH K TOMY, \..ITO 3KOHOMVlK8 B CBoeM p83BVlT\.1H CTaIlKHS8eTCH C MHO>K8-
CTBOM HMnYIlbCOB, KOTopble AalOT TOIlYOK l!HKIlHyeCKl1M Kone68HHs:lM. BHYT-
peHHVle MeX8HH3Mbi pblHOLlHOVl CV1CTeMbl, CBH3aHHbl8 C A8j;1cTBlr1eM MYIlbT\.1-
nIl"KaTOpa " aKceIlepaTopa, BCIleA 3a "MnYIlbCOM (TOIl4KOM) BeAYT K pac-
npOCTpaHeH"fO ,oIle6aTeIlbHbiX npOl1eCCOB, KOTopble MOrn" 5bl, B KOHl1e
417
J"
27 Kypc 3KOHoMI14ecKo
Teop