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TIepe,n HaMH OTKpblTbi HCT01JHHKH 3HepfHH, nepeJ( KOTOpblMH no CHJle H 3Ha1JCIIHIO
6.'Ie,nHcIOT CHJIN napa, CHJIbi 3.1eKTpH1JeCTBa, CHJIbi B3pblB1JaTNX XHMH1JeCKHX npo-
lI,CCCOB .
B nepBble rO,!!bI nOCJIe Be.'IHKOH OKT5I6pbCKOIi COUHa.'IHCTH1JeCKOH PCBOJIlOlI,HH
B. 11. Be pH a,!!CKHil, A. E. <1>epcMaH, 1(. A. HeHa,nKeBH'I H ,npYfHe pa3BepHYJIH CHC-
TeMaTH1JeCKHe HCCJIe,nOBaHH5I MeCTOp01K,neHHH pa,nHoaKTHBHoro CblpMI Ha TeppHTO-
pHH HallieH CTpaHN. BOJIbllIOe BHHMaHHe npH 310M Y,!!C.1HJIOCb pa,nHIO - 3JIeMeHTY,
C KOTOpNM 6NJIO CBH3aHO OTKpNTHe HBJleHHH pa,nHoaKTHBlIoCTH. 3HaMeHaTeJIbHO, 'ITO
rrpOH3Bo,nCTBO nepBoro pa,nHoaKTHBHoro 9.'1eMeHT8 - pa,nH5I B Hallieit CTpaHe 6b1JIO
opraHH30BaHo B nepBble ro,nN COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH npH Hcnocpe,nCTBeHHoii: no.n.n.ep1KKe
13. 11. JIeHHHa. Ha np06HOM pa,nHeBoM 3aBo.lle, pa3MemCHHOM Ha CTapblX BOH,nI01K-
CKHX XHMH1JeCKHX 3aBo,nax, nOJI}"IHJIH COe.llHHeHHH BaHa,nH5I, Me,nH, ypaHa, a TaJOKe
KOHI eHTpaT pa,nH5I, H3 KOToporo B 1921 r. no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM aKa,neMHKa B. r. Xno--
nHHa H ,!!pyroro BN,nalOmerOC5I COBeTCKoro }"IeHoro 11. 5I. BallIH.'IOBa 6b1JIH BbI.lleJIeHbI
ncpBble npenapaTbi n01JTH 1JHCTOrO 6poMH,na pa,nHH.
n03,!!Hce (1928 r.) B MOCK Be Ha 3aBo,ne pe,nKHX 3JIeMeHTOB 6b1JIO opraHH30BaHO
npOH3BO,lJ.CTBO pa,nHoaKTHBHblX 3JIeMeHTOB: p8.llH5I, ypaHa, :\Ie30TOpH5I H ,np. 3TO nep-
!Joe B HaIUCH: cTpaHc KpynHoe pa,nHoXHMH'leCKOe npoH3Bo,nCTBO CTaJIO npOMbillIJIeHHOa
llIKO;lOH COBeTCKHX pa,nHoxHMHKOB.
KpynHOJi 3ac.lyroH COBeTCKHX yqeHbIX-pa,nHoxHMHKOB 51BH.laCb pa3pa60TKa oc-
HOBIII X BonpocoB TeOpeTH1JCCKOH II npHKJIa,nHoH pa,nHoxHMHH. Eme B 1922 r. pellIe-
IIHe\l COBerCKoro npaBHTeJIbCTBa I1eCKOJIbKO opraHH3aQHii, 3aHHMalOmHXC5I HayqHblMH
HCC.IC,!!OI!aHIIHMH B 06JIaCTH pa.llHOXHMHH H pa,nHoaKTHBHoCTH, 6b1JIH 06"be,ll,HHeHbI B
Pa;l.Hl'UblH HIICTHTYT B 3TOM HHCTHTYTe B. f. XJIOnHH Hero 6.lH1KaHllIHe Y1JeHHKIi
D. A. HHKHTHH, An. PaTHcp, 11. E. CTapHK, B. M. B,noBeHKo H ,nPYfHe 3aHHJIHCb
H3Y41'IIHCM npHIIQHnHa.lbHo Ba1KHblX np06JIeM pa,nHOXHMHH, B nepBYIO 01Jepe,nb IiCCJIe.
,nOl3allHeM COCTOHHH5I BemeCTB B Ma.lb1X KOHlI,eHTpaQHHx B pa3.lH1JHblX cpe,!{ax Ii pac.
npl'.'1.c.1CIIHC\f pa,nH03JICMCIITOB Me)f{,ny ,l{BYMH q,a3aMH
B. f. X,lonHH Hero llIKO.la y,neJI5IJIH 6oJlbllIOe BHHMaHHe XHMHH oT,neJIbHbIX
pa,Q1I03J1CMCHTOB. lfcc,le,noBaHHH Pa,nHeBoro HHcTHTYTa no ypau)" H cro coe,nHHeHH5IM,
7
HanpHMep, rry6JIHKOBaJIHCb Yi!{e B 1936 r. Oc060ro BHHMaHHH 3ac,lYi!{HBaIOT paHHHe
Hcc.le,nOBaHHH, CB5I3aHHble C BbIH('I!CHHeM nplipo,!!bt rrpo.'tYKTOB Jle.1CHHH !lllCp ypaHa
H TOpHH no,n ,neHCTBHeM HdiTpOHOB. 3TH pa60TbI 6b1.1H lIa1JaTbi B 1938-1939 rr,
cpa3Y i!{e noc.ijC OnbtTOB 3. <1>CPMH, <1>. )K0.1HO-J(IOPH, O. XaHa, <1>. llhpaccMalIa,
O. <1>pHIlla H JI. MeHTHep I1CC.1C.i!.OBaHHH ,nC,leHH5I ypaHa nOJ!. XI:eHCTBHeM HeiiTpoHoB C
3Toro BpeMeHH 6h1,lH pa3BcpHYTbt B .'!a60paTopHH I1. B. J(YP1JaTOBa, a n PaJlHeBOM
HHcTHTyre HeMCJlJIeHHO 6b1JIH opraHH30naHbI pa,nHoxHMH'IeCKHe HCCJIC;(OnaHHH rrpo-
AYKTOB ,!!e.1eHHH BCKope (1939 r.) B AKa,!!cMHH HaYK CCCP 6bt.la C0311aHa KOMIiC-
CH5I no ypaHoBoH np06JICMe BO r.laBe C aKa,neMHKOM B. r. X.l0nHHblM. Ll..1H pelllcHHH
HaY1JHbtX H TCXHOJIOrH1JeCKHX BonpocoB nOJIY1JeHH5I aTOMHblX MaTepHa.10B (ypaHa,
TIJIYTOHHII. I paq,HTa) 6b1JIH I1,)llB.1CqeHbI B nepBYIo 01Jepc.i!.b HIICTHT)'Thi AKaJlc:,tIlH
HaYK CCCP.
HapSIJJ:Y C pa3pa60TKOH TeXHOJIOrHH IIOJIY4CHHSI MeTa.'1JIHl/eCI\oro
ypana SlJJ:epIlOH: 4HCTOTbI Hero coeJJ:HueHHH Ba:>KIICHIIICH 3aJI.atICH,
BCTaBWCH: IIepeJJ: COBeTCKHMH paJJ:HOXHMHKaMH H TeXHo.l0ra\1:H, SIBHJlOCb
H3YtIeilHe XHMHH H TeXIIOJlOrHH HOBoro 3.leMeHTa - IIJIYTOHHH, OJI.HOrO
H3 BeCbMa 3cpcpeKTHBIIbIX ,J.eJ1SIru:HXCSI MaTepHaJlOB, 3aTep5IHHOrO IIOIITH
B HeBeCOMbIX KOJlHIIeCTBax B Macce MaTepHHCKoro Beru:CCTBa - 06.1Y-
1.IeIlHOrO ypalla.
I1CTOpHH no.'1Y'IeHH5I OTC1JCCTBeHHorO nJIYToHH5I npe,nCTaBJIHer 60JIblllOH HaY'IlIblrl
H HCTOpH1JeCKHir HIiTepcc. Pa60Tbi no 110JIyqeHHIO nepBoro COBerCKoro rr.1YToHHH B03-
r.'1aB.1HJIHCb aKaJl:CMHKaMH 11. B. Kyp1JaTOBbtM H B. r. X.ijOnHHbIM. I1CCJICJl:OBaIlHH
6b1JIH Ha1JaTbI co BTOpOH nO.'10BHHbI 1943 r. H npoBo,nH.1HCb o,nHoBpeMeHHo B MocKBe
II JIeHHHrpa,ne.
OrpoMHoH 3aCJIyroH aKa,nCMHKa B. r. XJIOnHHa HB.'!HerC5I era HaCTOH1JHBOe
CTpeMJIeHHe He OrpaHH1JHBaTb HCC.le,nOBaHHe XHMHH n.1YTOHHH paMKaMH JIa60paTOp-
Horo MaCllITa6a, a pelllaTb 3aJl:a1JH pa3pa60TKH npOMbillIJIeHHOH TexHo.l0mqeCKOH
CXCMbI KpynHoMacllITa6Horo npoH3Bo,nCTBa nJIYTOHH5I Ha 60,lblllOM pa,nHoxHMH'ICCKOM
3aBo,ne.
TIepBOHa1JaJIbHble HCCJIe'!!OBaHHH no XHMHH n.ijYTOHH5I 6b1.1H BblIIO.1HCHbi Ha XIi-
MH1JecKHX aHaJIOraX nJIYTOHHH rro,n pyKOBO,nCTBOM B. r. X.lonHHa era Y'lcIIIIKaMH
B. A. HHKHTHHblM H A. TI. PaTHepOM. B Ka1JCCTBe HMHTaTopoB HCrrOJIb30Ba.'1H JIaHTaH,
TOpHH H nOJIY1JeHHblH Ha UHK.loTpoHe HenrYHHH-239 C nepHo,noM nOiIypacIIa,!!a
2, 3 ,nHH. Pa60Ta BeJIaCb, KaK Tor,na 6b1JIO npHHHTO rOBopHTb, C «HMnY!IbCIIUMH
KOJIH1JeCTBaMH BCllIeCTBa, T. c. C HeBCCOMblMH KOJIH1JeCTUaMH, onpc,ne,lHcMblMII TO.lbKO
no c1Jery HMnYJIbCOB, C03,naBaeMbiX HOHH3HPYlOllIHM H3.'!Y'lCHHCM B C1Jer1JHKe.
Pa3Ho06pa3He XHMH1JeCKOrO COCTaBa H CBOHCTB npo,nYKTOB ,!!eJleHH5I HJl:ep ypaHa
BeCb:l!:a OCJIOi!{HHJIO pa60TY, TaK KaK MHorHe npo'!!YKTbI ,nc.1eHH5I HMCJIH nCpHOJl: nO,lY-
pacna,na, 6JIH3KHH K nepHO,!!y no.'1ypacna,na HenrYHH5I-239. He06xo,!!HMO 6b1.10 He
TOJIbKO onpe,neJIHTb XHMH1JeCKHe CBOHCTBa HenTYHH5I H OT;(CJIHTb era OT JlpyrHx npo-
AYKTOB ,neneHH5I, HO H Ha OCHOBaHHH nO Y1JeHHblX PC3YJIbTaTOB pa3pa60TaTb TeXHO-
JIOrH1JeCKYIO cxeMY H pcr,laMeHT npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHhlX onepaUHH ,n,151 H3n.le'lCIIHH n.'!y-
TOHHH. TIpH 3TOM CYlllCCTBeHHblM HBH.'10Cb TO, 'ITa ,!!OCTaTO'lHO H3Y1JeHHble paHec CO-
BeTCKHMH pa,nHOXHMHKaMH 3aKOHbI pacnpe,ne.1eHH5I BelllecTBa Mei!{,ny pa3JIH1JHhIMH
q,a3aMH OKa3aJIHCb nOJIHOCTblO npHMCIIHMbt K npoQcccaM oT,nCJIeI;lHH nJIYTOHHH aT
ypaHa H npO'!!YKTOB ,neJIeHHH. 3TO rr03BO HJIO BblACJIHTb MHKpOKOJIH1JCCTBa HcnTYHH5I,
a 3aTeM H n.lyroHH5I Ha HOCHTl'.lHX, KaK 3TO paHee ,ne.la.'11! npH BbI21CJIeHHH pa,nHH
COBMeCTHO C 6apHCM.
8
COlJeTaliliCM OCa,iJ.IiTC.lbIlLIX II :JKCTpaKQHOllllbIX npOI,eCCOB 6bl.1H nO.'IY'ICllbl ncp-
BbiC KOIIUeliTpaTbi n.1YTOHHH - Clla'la.la B MHKporpaMMOBblX, a 3aTeM B MH.1JIHrpaM-
MOBbiX KO.1HlJCCTBax. TIcplJble nopUHH n.'I)'TOHH5I B 6 H 17 MKf 6b1.111 BbI;(eJIellbi
B B KyplJaTORblM Ii r. H.5IKoB.leBbiM B Ha'la,le 1947 r. H3 06pa3QOB ypalla, 06.1Y-
'I('lIlIoro B peaKTope <1>-1. O,nHoBpeMeHHo MHKporpaMMoabie Ko.1H'IeCTBa n.ijYToHH5I
Ga.m nO;IY'IeHbI KO,l;lCKTHBOM JIeHHHrpall.CKHX Y'IeHblx. Bce 3TO n031J0JlHJIO 6o,lee
no.ap06HO H3Y'IHTb BaJKHeHlllHe XHMHlJCCKHe cBoHCTBa HOBoro 3JIeMeHTa H npe,n,10JKHTb
TCXIIO,lOflIIO, 06cCIIClJIIBaIOIILYIO 60Jlee nomlOe cro BbI,nCJICHHC. MCTO,n, pa3pa60TaHllblH
B Pa;J.HcBoM HHcTHTYTe B. A. HHKHTHHblM H A. TI. PaTHcpoM no,n PYKOBO,nCTBOM
a"a.n.e:\lIlKa B. r. X.lonHHa, 6b1;1 nO,10JKea B OCHoay npoMbillweHHoro H3B.1C'ICHHa
lLlyTOHHH H3 06,lY'ICHHOrO ypaHa.
TIpoeKTHpouaHHe ncpBblx pa,iJ.UOXHMH'ICCKHX npoH3Bo,nCTB B CCCP BCTpeTH.lo
cncQHq,HqeCKHC TPY;(HOCTH. HaJIH'IHC B 06J1Y'IeIlHOM ypaHe npo,nYKTOB ,neJleHH5I-
l' 113.1Y'IaTc.lcii C 3HeprlieH ,no 3 M3B H liHTellCHBIlOCTblO H3JIYlJCIIHH, COOTBCTCTBYIO-
I1lcii n IlCKUTUPb:X c.1Y'IaHX pa.llHOaKTHBlioCTH JJ:CC5ITKOB TblCa'i KlOpH Ha 1 T ypaHa,
Tpe60IJa.10 ;J..1H 06CcnC'ICHH5I 6e30naCIIOCTH paGoTl" nepCOHaJIa cnCIJ:HaJIbIlOH 3aw.HTbI
H ;(IICTaIlQIlOIlIlOCTH ynpaB.1eIlH5I TCXHO.l0rH'ICCKHM npoueccoM H cro KOHTpOJIeM.
. ocTaTO'III() YKa3aTh, 'I TO ypOIJCHb )'-H3,lY'leHH5I B MH.1JIHOH pa3 npCBbllllaJI
YPOllClib ,\,-1i3.IYlJCHHH lIa 3allO.rJ:ax 110 nepcpa60TKC ypalioBbiX Py,n Ii no.1YlJCHHIO
pa,nHH. IJpaKTlilJCCKOfO onbiTa pa60TbI C H3.1Y'lCIIHCM TaKOH HHTCHCHBHOCTH B COBer-
CKO\I COI03C cIu,e HC 6bl,i,0. Ll.pyroro pO.ll.a TPYJJ:1I0CTH 6b1,lH CBH3allbi C CHJIbHOH
copGILl:cil n.1YTOIIHH lIa CTCIIKax allnapaTypbl H oca.n.Kax, a TaK KaK MaCCOlJaa KOII-
UCIlTpall,lIH n.1YTOHIiH H IlpO;I:YKTOll ,neJIeHHH Gbl.la OlJCHb Ma.1a, 3TO npHBo,nH.l0 K
TOMY, 'ITO HlIorJJ:a n.lyToHHH Ha KOHe'lHblX onCpaQH5IX lie 06HapYJKHBaJiH.
HecMoTp51 na 60JIbWHe Tpy.n:HOCTH, IIpOMbIWJIeHHOe IIpOH3BO.n:CTBO
IIJIYTOlIH5I 6bI.l0 OCBOeHO y:>Ke B Ha1J:aJIe 1949 r. B TOM :>Ke 1949 r. B
COBCTCKOM COlO3e 6bIJIO IIpOH3Be.n:eHO HCIIbITaHHe IIepBOH aTOMHOH
60M6bI. MOHOIIOJIH5I CIlIA Ha aTOM Hoe opY:>KHe IIpO,iI.ep:>KaJIaCb Bcero
4eTblpe rOJJ:a.
OOJIHTHKa coxpaHeHH5I MHpa Me:>K.n:y HapOJJ:aMH, IIOCJle,J.OBaTeJIbHO
H peWHTeJIbHO IIpOBOJJ:HMa51 KOCC H COBeTCKHM IIpaBHreJIbCTBOM, Ha-
PSI).(y C Bl>IIIOJIHeHHeM HeOTJIO:>KHbIX 060pOHHbIX 3a.n:a1J: IIO 06eCIIeQeHHIO
6e30IIaCIJOCTH CCCP H CTpaH COII.HaJIHCTH1J:eCKoro cOJJ:pY:>KeCTBa 06y-
CJIOBHJla WHpOKoe pa3BepTbIBaIlHe B HaweH CTpalle pa60T IIO MHpIIO-
My HCIIOJIb30BaHHIO aTOMHOH .:wcprHH.
HecMoTp51 IIa TO 'ITO Me:>KJJ:YHapOJJ:Ha5I IIOJIHTHtJeCKa5I 06cTaHoBKa
1945-1950 rr. Tpe60BaJIa 6bIcTpeHwero C03JJ:aHH5I COBeTCKoro aTOM-
HOro 0PY:>KH5I H JIHKBHJJ:all.HH MOHOIIOJIHH CIlIA B 3TOM 06JIaCTH, co-
BeTCKHe Y'leHbIe H HH:>KeHepl>l Y:>Ke pa60TaJIH Ba.II. IIpoeKTaMH HCIIOJIb-
30BaHmi aToMHoft: 3HeprHH B MHpHbIX ll.eJISIX. «3TO TOJIbKO He06xo.II.H-
MOCTb 3aCTaBHJIa Hac pa60TaTb Ha.II. C03.n:aIIHeM aTOMHoro 0PY:>KH5I,-
rOBOpHJI B O,iI.HOM li3 CBOHX Bl>ICTYIIJIeHHM 11. B. Kyp1J:aTOB, - r.UBHoe
IJailpaBJICIIHe HCIlOJlb30BaIIH5I aTOMHoil 3IIeprHH - MHpHoe».
B 1954 r. B COBeTcKoM C0103e BCTYIIHJIa B CTpOft: .n:eHcTBYlOru:HX
5mepreTH1J:eCKHX npe.n:npH5ITHH ITepBa51 B MHpe aTOMHa5I 3JIeKTpOCTaH-
II.H5I (A3C) MOru:HOCTblO 5000 KBT. 3TO cpaBHHTeJIbHO He6oJIbWa5I
MOru:HOCTb, HO 3TO 6l>1JIH nepBl>Ie B MHpe «aTOMIIbIe KHJIOBaTTbI». BIIep-
BbIC .:JHeprHSJ .n:eJIeHH5I 51.n:ep ypana TOJIKHYJIa BaJI Typ6liHbI H .n:aJIa
3JIeKTpHtIecKYlO 3HeprHlO B IIpOMbIWJIeHIIYlO ceTb.
9
B 1957 r. co CTaIICJIeH AJJ:MHpaJITeHCKOro 3aBo.n:a B J1eHHllrpa;J.e
COIllJIO IIepBoc B MHpe rpa:>KJJ:aHcKoe HaJJ:BOJJ:Hoe aTOM Hoe CYJJ:HO COBeT-
CKoro ToprOBoro $JIOTa JIe.n:OKOJI «J1eHHH». l.Jepe3 20 JIeT B 1977 r.
eru:e 60JIee MOmHbIH COBeTCKHH aTOMOXOJJ: JIe.n:OKOJI «ApKTHKa» BIIep-
BI>Ie B aKTHBIiOM II.laBaHHH .n:OCTHr CeBepHoro nOJIlOCa 3eMJIH.
B Hallie BpeM5I OTtJeTJIHBO oIIpeJJ:eJIHJIHCb HCKJIlOtIHTeJIbHbIe no CBoeH
npaKTHtJeCKOH: 3HaIIHMOCTH H 3KOHOMHtJeCKOH 3<p<peKTHBliOCTH IIepc-
neKTHBI>I HCIIOJIb30BaHH5I aTOMHOH: 3IIeprHH J.I.JI5I pa3BHTH5I 3IIcpreTHKH.
CJIeJ.I.yeT nOJJ:tJcpKHYTb, tJTO BceM pa60TaM IIO peweHHlO aTOMHOH
np06JIeMbI B CCCP y.n:eJI5I.l0Cb oc060e BHHMaIlHe co CTOpOHI>I KOM-
MYHHCTHtIeCKOH IIapTHH, ee lI.eHTpaJIbHOrO KO IHTeTa H COBeTcKoro
IIpaBHTeJIbCTBa. BOJIeH IIapTHH 6biJ1H M06HJ1H30BaHbI He06xo.n:IIMbIe
MaTepHaJIbHble H JIlOJJ:CKHe pecypCbI CTpaHbI. J1Y1JWHe HaYIIIIbIe KaJJ:pbJ,
HH:>KeIlepbI, pa60tJHe H PYKOBOJJ:HTeJIH IIO IIPH3bIBY IIapTHH BJIHJIHCb BO
BHOBb opraHH3yeMYlO OTpaCJIb HaYKH H TeXIlHKH .n:JlSI BbIIIOJIHeIlHH rpaII-
J.I.H03HbIX 3a.n:aII. BCH HaYtJHo-opraHH3aUHOliliaH pa60Ta IIO peWCHHlO
aTOMHOH IIp06JIeMI>I B03rJIaBJI5I.'IaCb Cilell.Ha.lbliO C03}J.aHHbIM IIpaBH-
TeJIbCTBeHHbIM opraHOM, B COCTaB KOToporo 6bIJIH BKJIlOtJeHbI HaH60Jlee
OIII>ITHI>Ie H KBaJIH<pHll.HpOBaHIlbIe PYKOBo.n:HTeJlH IIaYKH H IIpO blWJleII-
HOCTH: B. J1. BaHIIHKOB, A. IT. 3aBeH5IrHH, I1. B. KypIIaTOB, E. O. CJIaB-
CKHH, B. A. Ma.ilblweB, M. r. ITCPBYXHH.
1.2. OTpacnN npOMIIIWneHHOCTN no npoN3BoACTBY
JlAePIfOJi 3HeprNN
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Hcxo.n:Horo H.n:epHoro TOIIJIHBa, MaTepHaJIOB JJ:JI5I peaKTopoCTpoeHHSI, IIO
nepepa60TKe 06JIytIeHHOrO H.n:epHoro TOnJIHBa, no 06e3Bpe:>KHBaIlHIO H
3axopoHeHHlO paJ.I.HOaKTHBHbIX OTXOJ.I.OB.
B HaCT05Iru:ee BpeMSI aTOMHa5I IIpOMbilliJIeHHOCTb B HaH60JIee pa3-
BHTblX npOMbIWJIeHHblX cTpaliax MHpa IIpeJJ:cTaBo/l51eT CJIO:>KHblH:, MIlO-
roCTa.n:HHHblH H tJpe3BbIIIaHli0 pa3BeTBJIeHIIbIH KOMIIJIeKC caMbIX pa3-
Ho06pa3Hblx IIpOH3BO.n:CTB. Ha pHC. 1.1 IIOKa3aHbI OCHOBHI>Ie COCTaB-
JIBIOru:He CJIO)KHOrO KOMIIJIeKCa aToMHoH npOMbIWJIeHHocTH. ITpH pac-
cMoTpeHHH CXeMI>I HaJJ:O HMeTb B BHJ.I.Y H3BecTHYlO yCJIOBHOCTb nOKa-
3aHHI>IX Ha HeH CBH3eM. B ,iI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 3TH B3aHMOCB5I3H tJaCTO
6I>1BalOT CJIO:>KHee H 06YCJIOBJIHBaIOTC5I lIe TOJIbKO TeXHHtJeCKHMH, 110
I'JIaBHblM 06pa30M H 3KOIIOMHtJeCKHMH <paKTOpaMH.
KaK BH.n:HO H3 cxeMbI, HJJ:epHoe TOIIJIHBO IIpOXOJJ:HT CJIO:>KHbIH IIYTb
no pa3JIHtJHbIM CTa.n:mIM KOMIIJIeKCa aTOMHoro IIpOH3Bo.n:CTBa. .II.ml
cxeMbl B ll.eJIOM xapaKTepHO B03Bparu:eHHe tJaCTH H.n:epHoro TOIIJIHBa
HJIH OTJ.I.eJIbHblX ero KOMilOHeUTOB Ha IIpe.n:bl.n:yru:He CTaJ.I.HH npOH3BOJJ:-
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BJ1IlIIblX 3HcprOHCTOtJIIHKOB Bce BpC 51 paCTlIHp5lJICSI H BHJJ:OH3MeI15IJlCH.
OepHO,iI. C cepe,J.HllbI XX B. xapaK1 epH3YCTC5! CY1ll.CCTBCHllhlMH H3MCHe-
HH5IMH TCII,1:ell:.J.HH pa3BHTH5I 3HcpreTHKH. KaK B CBoe BpCM5I yro,lh Bbl-
TeCHH.l ftpeBCCHIIY. a 3aTCM YCTynHJI MeCTO HcqnH, KOTopaH B CBOIO
OtIepC,J.b 6hI.la 1I0TeCHella IIpHpO,LJHbIM ra30M, TaK HbIlle C KaJKJJ.bIM ro-
JJ:OM BCC YBC.1HtJHBaCTCSI )1:0JI5I 51,iI.CpHOro TOIIJlHBa. HeYKJIOHIlOC Hapa-
ru:HBaHHC 51,J,CpIiOH 311cprCTHKH ft.151 60JIbWHTlCTBa CTpaH B HaCT05lru:ce
H 0603pHMOC 6Y,J.YII ec BpeM5I 51BJl5ICTC5I IICH36eJKIIbiM rrpOll.CCCOM, IIC-
CMOTp5I lIa CB5I3aHllbiC C TlH\1 TPY,1.JHOCTH H ftaJKe OilaCIiOCTH.
113 BCCX HCnOJIb3yeVl blX IICJIOBetIeCTBOM BH,1.JOB 3HcprHH 3JICKTpH-
tICCKa5I 311CprH5I B IfCTOpHIICCKH KOpOTKHH CpOK IIpOtIHO BOWJIa DO Bce
C<pePbl ;r,e5ITC:lbIlOCTI! If JKII311H IICJlODCKa KaK HaH60JIcc JJ:HlIaMHIIlla51
II YIIH epca.'Jblla51 <popMa, )I10T5I H lie C,1.JHIICTBCIIHa5l. B JJ:eKa6pe 1920 r.,
T. e. 60JIce 60 JICT Ha3aJJ., B. 11. JIeHHu orrpeJJ:eJlHJI 3J1eKTpH<pHKaILHlO
KaK MaTCpHaJIbHYIO OCHOBY CTpOHTCJIbCTBa 1I0Boro 06ru:eCTBClIlIoro
CTp05l- KO IMYIIH3Ma. Pa3pa60TaHUbIH ITO cro YKa3aHHlO IIJIaH
f03JIPO 6hIJI lIa3Ball HM «BTOpOH rrporpaMMoii rrapTHH». B Cme
60JIbl1!CH CTcrrCHH 3HaIIeUHe pa3BHTHSI 3JICKTp0311cprCTHKH HaWJIO CBoe
OTpaJKellHe I3 KpbI.1aTOH JIellHHCKOH <ppa3C: «KOMMYHH3M -3TO eCTb
COBCTCKaH 1I;laCTb rrmoc 3JIeKTpH<pHKal.JH5I BCCH CTpallbI».
BMCCTC C TeM B HaCT05lU ee BpeM5I 311CpreTHLJCCKHe IIp06JIeMbI IIPH-
06peJIH lIe06bJIlaHllYlO OCTPOTY. 3TO 06'b5lCJl5ICTCH TCM, tJTO HC06XO,iI.H-
MOCTb ,iI.a.'1bHeHWCro pOCTa 3T1cprOBoopY:>KeIlIlOCTH Tpc6yeT YBeJIJ1IIe-
HH5I JJ:06bIIIH H TpaHCIIopTHpOBKH TpaJJ:Hll.HOHHbIX 3HcprOHCTOtIHHKOB BO
Bce B03paCTalomHX MaCWTa6ax IIPH O.n:HOBpCMCHHOM B03HHKIIOBCHHH
orpalIHtJellHH PCcypCHoro, perHOUaJIbHOrO H 3KOJIOrHtIeCKOrO xapaKTe-
pa. K 3TOMY c.1CJJ:yeT JJ.06aBHTb, tJTO He<pTb H ra3 (a B lIeKOTopbIX CJIY-
tJa5lx H yrOJIb) 51BJI5IlOTC5I CbIpbeM JJ:JI5I XHMHlJCCKOH, MCTaJIJIypmtICCKOH
H lieKOTopbIX JJ:pyrHx OTpac;'Ici\: IIpOMbIWJICHHOCTH. Bce 3TH 06CT05lTeJIb-
CTBa BCTYilalOT B OCTpoe rrpOTHBOpCtIHe C IIOTpe6HOCT5IMH pa3BHTH5I
IIpOH3BO,iI.CTBa 3JIeKTp03HeprHH. Pa3pewellHe 3TOro IIpOTHBopetJH5I B
liaCT05lmCe npeM5I peaJIbHO B03MO:>K1i0 TOJIbKO C IIOMOmblO 51JJ:epHOH
3HcprHH. BOT IIOqeMY HJJ:epHa51 3HepreTHKa pa3BHBaeTcSI B OCHOBHO
JJ:JI5I IIpOH3BoJJ:cTBa 3JIeKTp03IICprHH, JJ:OJI5I KOTOpOH B TOIIJIHBIIO-3Hep-
reTHtIeCKOM 6aJIalice pa3BHTbIX CTpaH COCTaBJI5IeT 20-25 %.
HCCMOTp51 Ha CBOIO MOJIOJJ:OCTb, 51JJ:cpHa51 3HcpreTHKa KaK B CCCP.
TaK H 3a py6e:>KOM JJ:06HJIaCb 3liaIIHTeJIbHbIX YCIICXOB. Y:>KC YKa3bIBa-
JIOCb, tJ:TO COBeTcKHH C0103 51BJI5IeTC5I IIHoHepoM B 06JIaCTH 51ftepHOH
3HeprcTHKH. OilbIT IIycKa H 3KCrrJIyaTall.HH IICpBOH B MHpe A3C no-
Ka3aJI peaJIblIYlO B03MO:>KHOCTb HCIIOJIb30BaHHSI aToMHoH 3HeprHH JJ:.TJ5I
IIpOMhlIUJICHHorO IIpOH3BoJJ:cTBa 3JIeKTp031IeprHH, tITO IIOCJIYJKHJIO IIPH-
MepOM ).)JlSI IIOCJIcJJ:ylOru:ero npocKTHpOBaHH5I H CTpOHTCJIbCTBa A3C
pa3JIH 1 IHbIX THIIOB B p5lJJ:c 3apy6eJKHbIX cTpaH. POCT MOru:HOCTH A3C
rrOKa3aII lIa pHC. 2.1. .
B lIaCTOHmee BpeM5I BO BceM MHpe HMeCTC5I 60JIee 235 A3C. YCTa-
HOBJIelIliaSI MOru:IIOCTb A3C K KOHll.Y 1979 r. JJ:OCTHrJIa 120 fBT, a BbI-
pa60TKa 3.1eKTp03HeprHH - 8 % 06ru:ero MHpoBoro 06'beMa IIpOH3BOJJ:-
16
CTBa. rIpc,J.I10.1araeTC5!, IITO K 1985 r. cYMMapHa5I YCTaIlOB.1CHHa5I MOm-
1I0cn A3C COCTaBHT 290-350 rBT, a CCpC;J.IIIIC 90-x ro;r:OB-
245 rBT. )].OJIH IIpOH3BoJJ:cTBa 3J1eKTp03l1cprHH lIa A3C K 1985 r. B03-
pacTeT JJ:O 16 % (<<AToMHaH TeXHHKa 3a py6eJKOM», 1981, N!! 2, c. 43).
npOrIl03bI Jr:aJJbIlCHWCro pa3BHTH5I HJJ:eplioH 3HeprcTHKH, eCTeCT-
BelIllO lIaXOJi5!ru:HCCH B liCIITpC BIIHMallHSI MilOrOlJ.HC.1CIIHhIX HCCJICJJ:OBa-
IlHH, lie npHBoJJ:5!T K 0.L)1I03I1alJ.JlbIM PC3YJlbTaTaM BC.1C;J.CTBHe Heorrpe-
.n:e.leHHOCTH p5lJJ:a cpaKTopoB, OT KOTOpbIX 3aBllCHT 3TO pa3BllTHc. TeM
:;, oo 1 -
::0 so
J
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19/0 /990 2010 2030 rr
PilC. 2.2 TIporHo3HpyeMbIH pOCT 51,nep-
HO-311CpreTH'ICCKHX MOIUHOCTCii npH Bbl-
COKHX (A) 11 HH3KHX (E) TCMnax pa3-
BHTH!!"
1-- nOJlH3H MOII\IfOCTb, 2 - peaKTopLI Ha
6blCTpblX HeiiTpCJla>
IIC ellee, JJ:aJKe eCJIH IIpllH5!Tb CKpOMHbIC (HHJKHHe) OIlCHKH, H B 3TOM
CJIYlJ.aC pOCT IIpOH3BO.L)CTBa 3JIeKTp03I1eprHH C IIOMOUr:bIO 5IJJ:CpHOH 3HCp-
rCTHKH BeCbMa BHYIUHTeJICJI.
Ha pHC. 2.2 IIpllBeJJ:ellbI JJ:aIlHbIC rrpOrH03Hpyc oro pa3BHTHH 51Jr:ep-
IIOH 3HcprcTHKH Ha OCHOBaJlllH MaTepHaJIOB MCJK,'lYlIapO,iI.110ro arCIIT-
CTBa IIO aTOMHOH 3HeprHH (MArAT3) H MCJK,iI.YIIapoJJ:IIOH KOHcpepclI-
ll.HH rro 51JJ:epHoH 3HepreTHKc H ee TOnJIHBllo y ll.HKJIY (3aJJbll.6ypr,
1977).
LITO KacaeTCH pa3BHTH5I 51JJ:epHOH 3HcprCTHKH CCCP, TO MCllee tIeM
30 JIeT CYmCCTBoBaIlHH COBeTCKOH 51JJ:eplloH 3HcprcTHKH 03HaMeHOBaHlJl:
3HatIHTCJJbHbIMH JJ:OCTHJKeHH5IMH H 51pKOH JJ:CMollcTpaIlHcH ee 3KOHOMH-
lJ.eCKOH IlcJIeco06pa3HocTH, KOIIKypcIITocrroc06HoCTli II HaJJ:eJKHOCTH, a
TaKJKe BeCbMa cymccTBeHHbIMH 3KOJIOrHIIeCKHMH IIpeHMYmCCTBaMH rro.
cpaBlleHHlO C TpaJJ.Hll.HOllIIOH 3HcprcTHKoH. B OTJIHlJ.He OT MHOrHX IIpO-
MbIWJIell110 pa3BHTbIX 3apy6e:>KHhIX cTpaH COBCTCKHH C0103 pacrroJIa-
raCT orpoMlIblMH 3aIIacaMH HCKonaeMoro opralIHIIccKoro TOIIJIHBa pa3-
JJHtJ:HbIX BHJJ:OB, a TaK:>Ke 60JIbWHMH IIOTeHliHaJlbHbIMH 3aIIacaMH rHk
p03HepropccypCOB, tITO CHHMaeT yrp03Y 311eprCTHQCCKOrO KpH3Hca Ha
0603pHMoe 6YJJ:ymcc. OpH 3TOM COBeTcKHH C0103 51B.TJHCTC5I eJJ.HHCT-
BeHllbIM B MHpe KPYIIHbIM BbIcoKopa3BlfTbIM HIIJI.YCTpHaJIbHbIM rocy-
JJ:apCTBOM, KOTopoe 6a3HpyeT CBoe 3KOHOMHIIeCKoe pa3BHTHe Ha C06CT-
BelillbIX TOIIJIHBHO-3HepreTHIIecKHx pecypcax.
17
PClUCIIH5IMH XXV C'bC3JJ:a KITCC 6bIJra OIIpe;!:e.'1CHa opnCIITaIlHSI
; aJIblieHIIlero pa3BHTHH 3IICpreTHIICCKHX MOmHOCTeii npcHMyru:eCTBenHO
Ha TBepJJ:oe oprallH4CCKOC Torr.1HBO C rrOCTCIICJllIblM 3aMeru:CHHeM cro
BO Bce B03paCTalOIIiHX Macwn6ax 51JJ:CpHbIM TOrrJIHBOM B IIepBYlO O'lC-
peJJ:b B EBpOIICHCKOH '1aCTH COBeTCKoro C0103a, rJJ:e IIpO:>KHBaeT IIOtITH
76 % HaCeJIeHH5I, IIOTpe6JI5IeTC5I OKOJIO 80 % 3HeprHH H BbIrrycKacTcSI
OCHOBHa51 Macca IIpOMbIllIJICHHOH rrpo:.r.YKll.HH. )].ecpHll.HT 3Hepropecyp-
COB npHXOJJ:HTC5I YJKe CeHqaC IIOKpbIBaTb 3a CqeT JJ:oporOCT05lru:eH IICpC-
B03KH 60JIbWHX KOJIHqeCTB TOrrJIHBa H 3JICKTp03HcprHH H3 BOCTOqHbIX
paH:OHOB CTpaHbI. 3aTpaTbi II a pa3BHTHe TOIIJIHBHOH 6a3bI (waXTbI, pa3-
pe3bI) H TpallcrropTa (rrO..'!:BHJKHOH COCTaB, BTopbIe IIYTH H T. II.) IIPH
pa3BHTHH 3HepreTHKH Ha opraHHIIeCKOM TOIIJIHBe COilOCTaBHMbI, a IIPH
AaJIbJlCH TpallcrropTHpOBKC JJ:aJKe IIpCBbIwalOT 3aTpaTbI Ha CTpOHTC.TJb-
CTBO c06cTBeilII0 Tcrr.l0BbIX 3JleKTpOCTalIll.HH (T3C). BbIcoKa51 Ka.lO-
pHHIIOCTb 51J)cpHoro TOrrJIHBa JJ:eJIaeT 3KOHOMHqIIbI IIpOH3BO.nCTBO
311eprHH Ha A3C rro cpanlIclIHlO C IIpOH3BO,iI.CTBOM cc lIa T3C JJ:a:>Ke
IIPH YJJ:CJIblibIX KaIIHTaJIOBJlO:>KeIIH5iX B A3C B 1,5 pa3a 60JIbWHX, tIeM
B T3C. TaKHM 06pa30M, Borrpoc 0 MacwTa6ax, TeMilax pOCTa MOru:-
HOCTeH H pOJIH 5JJJ:CpliOH 3HcpreTHKH B 3ueprOClIa6:>KeHHH HaweR CTpa-
JlbI 51BJI5IeTC5I rrpCJKJJ:e Bcero 3KOHOMHIICCKHM BorrpOCOM, H OH pcwacT-
CH B IIepBYlO OIICpC; b IIpHMeIIHTeJIbliO K cBponeHcKoH qaCTH CCCP.
B «OCHOBlIbIX lIarrpaB.1CHHHX 3KOHOMHIIeCKoro H COll.HaJIbHOrO pa3-
BHTH5I CCCP Ha 1981-1985 rOJI.bI H Ha IICpHOJJ: JJ:O 1990 rOJJ:a», YTBCPJK-
JJ:CHHbIX XXVI C'bC3JJ:OM KOCC, rrpeJJ:ycMOTpeJlO JJ:aJIblleHWee pa3BH-
THe aTOMHOH 3HepreTHKH B HaWCH CTpaHe, paCWHpCHHC CYIll.CCTBYlO-
ru:HX H CTpOHTeJIbCTBO HOBbIX A3C C peaKTopaMH eJJ:HHH'IHOH MOlliIlO-
CTH 1-1,5 MBT. 06ru:a51 MOru:HOCTb IIpeJJ:ycMoTPCHHbIX K BBO;!:Y I3 Acii-
CTBHC A3C eBpoIIeHcKoii qaCTH CCCP B O,iI.Hlllla,iI.ll.aTOH II5ITH.1CTKe
COCTaBHT 24-25 MBT. ITpH 3TOM TeMilbI pa3BHTH5I aToMHoH 3Hepre-
THKH 6YJJ.YT cymccTBcHHO OIICpCJKaTb TCMrrbI pa3BHTH5I Tpa.nHll.HOHHOH
3HepreTHKH. )].0.'151 A3C B BbIpa60TKe 3JIeKTp03HeprHH B CCCP B
1985 r. COCTaBHT 60JIce 14 % (K HatIaJIY 1981 r. OKOJIO 5 %), 'ITO Ha-
rJI5IJJ:HO CBHJJ:CTeJIbCTByeT 0 pacTymeM 3HaqeHHH 5111.epHOH 3HepreTHKH
B IIpOH3Bo.nCTBe 3JIeKTp03HcprHH H HapOJJ:HOM X0351HCTBe B ll.eJIOM. )].0-
JI5I yqaCTH5I A3C B Haparu:HBaHHH 3HepreTH'IeCKHX MOmHOcTeH B 3TOH
tIaCTH cTpaHbI 6YJJ:eT Bce Bpe\1:51 YBCJIHtIHBaTbC5I. B pe3YJIbTaTe MOru:-
HOCTb A3C eBpoIIeHcKoH qaCTH CCCP B HCCKO.1bKO pa3 IIpCBblCHT
cYMMapHYlO MOru:HOCTb Bcex rHJJ:p03JIeKTpOCTaHll.HH JJ:aHHoro perHOHa.
2.2. Pa3BHTHe paAHOXHMH'IecKHx npoH3BoACTB
Pa3BHTHe 51JJ:epnoH 3HepreTHKH neH36e:>KHO cOnpOBOJKJJ:aeTcSI B03-
pacTaHHeM pOJIH XHMHtIeCKHX H paJJ:HoxHMHtIeCKHX IIpOll.eCCOB, oe3 KO-
TOpbIX I1eMbICJlHMO HH IIpHrOTOBJIeHHC SIJJ:epHoro TOIIJIHBa H3 IIpHpOJJ:-
Horo CbIpbSI, HH percHepali.H5I oTpa60TaBwHx TB3JIOB, IIH IIOJIyqeHHC HO-
BbIX BHJJ:OB JJ:eJISIru:HXC5I MaTepHaJIOB, HH oOe3BpeJKHBaHHe paJJ:HoaKTHB-
HbIX OTXOJJ:OB 51JJ:epHoH 3HepreTHKH, HH MHorHe JJ:pyrHe rrpoH3BoJJ:cTBa
51JJ:epHo-3HepreTHtIeCKOrO TOIIJIHBHOrO ll.HKJIa. 003TOMY npH HCrrOJIb30-
18
BaHHI1 aTO'vllIOH 3I1CprHH BaJKHbI He TOJIbKO A3C, HO H I3CCb 5IJJ:CpHO-
3HCprCTHtICCKHH KO IIJIeKC, rrpCJJ:CTaB.TJ5IlOIllHH cOBoKyrrllocTb CBSI3alIHbIX
MC)K,1.JY C060H IIpOH3BO;J.CTB. TaK, B 51..'!:epHO-3J!cpreTHIICCKOM TOIIJIHBIIOM
ll.HK.1C 60JIbWa51 tIaCTb 3aTpaT TpY,iI.a, CpCJJ:CTB H MaTCpHaJIOB IIa,a:aeT
Ha XJJMH'IE'CKHe, pa,iI.HOXHMHIIeCKHC Ii MCTaJl.1ypnltICCKHe IIpOlJCCCbI H
npOH3BOJICTBa, a MeHbWa5l- Ha 5lJJ:CplibIC peaKTopbl H HX 3KCIIJIya-
Tall.HlO.
PcreHepall.H5I oTpa60TaBwero 5JJJ:eplIoro TOrrJIHBa, OCYIUCCTB.151eMa51
I1a IIpc.n:rrpHHTH5JX pa;l:HOXIiM HIICCKoro IIpO<pHJI5I, o,a:Ha H3 caMbIX CJIO:>K-
I1bIX, BaJKHbIX H TPY;J.HbIX TCXHHtIeCKHX 3a,iI.a4, OCTaCTCH caMbIM Y3KHM
MCCTOM B TOnJlHBIiOM l)HKJle C TOtJKH 3pelIHSI 06eCilCtIeH!lOCTIf IIpOH3-
130JICTBCII IIhIM H MOmlIOCT5I M If, He06xoJIH bIM H JJ:JI5I Y JJ:OBJICTBOpeHHH rro-
Tpc6110CTeii B MaCCOBOH perelIepall.HH TOIIJIHBa A3C. B 3TOM CBSI311
xapaKTcplIO, lITO He3a.ll.OJlro JJ:O MCJK.lI.YlIapO..'!:IIOH KOH<pepCIIUHH rro
aTOMIIOH 3HeprCTHKe H ce TOIIJlHBIIOMY ll.HKJIY (3aJIbll.6ypr, 1977) B
CiliA 6bIJIO 06'b5lBJIeIi0 06 OTKa3e Ha 6JIHJKaHWeC 6YJJ:yru:ce OT nepe-
pa60TKH oTpa60TaBlUero Torr.'mBa BCJICJJ:CTBHe JJ:oporORH3!1bI IIpOlJeCCa,
TOKCHIIHOCTH IIJIYTOIIUH H p5l,T{a COIIpHJKeHHblX C TaKOIf: rrepepa6oTKoH
OrraCCHH11 3KOHOMHtIeCKoro, 3KOJIOrH'ICCKOro H COll.HaJlb!lOrO xapaKTepa
II opHeliTarUIH CillA Ha ,1JIHTeJIhHOe xpalielIHe oTpa6oTaBwero TonJIIf-
na 6e3 cro rrepepa60TKH. AHa. r lOrH4l1ble TCHJT.eHll.HH IIpOHBJl5IIOTC5I TaKJKC
If B 605J3HH KPYIIHbIX ,KaIlHT3JIHCTHtIeCKHX <pHpM HHl3eCTHpOBaTb C;WH
KalIlITa"lbI B pa3BHTHe paJJ:HoxHMHlIecKHx IIpOH3BO.'l.CTB H3-3a HX CJIOJK-
IIOCTH H CBH3aHHoro C !lHM!! pHCKa. OJJ:IIaKo TaKa5J KOIIIIcmlHH He pa3-
.iI,eJISIeTC5l 60JIbWHHCTBOM CBpOIIeHCKHX CTpaII, He rOBOp51 Y:>Ke 0 Co-
BCTCKOM C0103e, r,iI.e COOTBeTCTBYlOmHe pa60TbI npOBOJJ:5ITC5I B CBH3H
C HaMetIeHHOH IIporpaMMOM pa3BHTHH H.lI.epHOH 3HeprCTHKH.
Opom03 pa3BHTH5l pa.n:HOXHMHtIeCKHX IIpOH3BO..'!:CTB IIO ncpepa60T-
KC oTpa60TaBwero 51JJ:epHoro TOIIJIHBa rrpe.ll.CTaBJIeH Ha pHC. 2.3. 3TH
,1.JaHHbIC YCJIOBHbI, OHH IIpHBe)l.eHbI JIHWb JJ:JIH HJIJIlOCTpall.HH 6bICTporo
B03paCTaHH5I IIOTpe6HOCTeH B IIepepa60TKe HJJ:epHoro TOIIJIHBa. BeCb-
Ma Bep05lTHO, 1JTO MacwTa6 TaKOH IIepcpa60TKH 6YJJ:eT CYmeCTBeHHO
!BMeH5ITbC5I. no CTpaHaM H perHOHaM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3MeHeHH5I
KOHKpeTHbIx YCJIOBHM. il03TOMY JJ:aJKe KpaTKOBpeMeHIIbIH IIporH03 pa3-
I3IITHH OT.!I.eJIbHbIX CTa.n:HH TOIIJIHBHOrO I)HKJIa 5IJJ:CpHOH 3HeprenlKH CTaJI-
KHBaeTC5I C 60JIbWHM IIHCJIOM <paKTOpOB HeollpeJJ:eJIeHHocTH. Ewe 60.lee
YCJIOBelI JJ:OJIrOBpeMeHHbIH IIOOrH03, IIpHBe-
;J.eHHbIH B Ta6JI. 2.1. TeM HC Mellee 06pa-
ru.aeT Ha ce65l BHHMaHHe rropSIJJ:oK nporHo-
3HpyeMbIx ,iI.allHbiX 0 HaKOIIJIeHHH oTpa60-
TaBwero TonJ1HBa, OTHOCHlIIHXCSI K 2050 r.,
300 TbIC. T JJ:JISI BapHall'1 a 6e3 HCIIOJIb30Ba-
HH5I IIJIYTOHHH H 19:) TbIC. T JJ:JISI BapHalITa
PHC. 2.3. TIporHo3 nepepa60TKH 06J1YQeHIlOrO Ton-
.'lHBa (3apy6ciI<Hble ,naHllble):
J - cYMMapHall; 2 - r0J10RaR. 3 H 4 - BhlCOKlle II HH3KHe
TeMUhI pa3BHTHfi COOTBe1'CTBeHRO
- - nOTpel5HocTb B nepepal5oTKe; - - - - B03
"OJKHali lIepepal50TKa
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T a (j ,1 H 11 a 2.1. .lI.OJIrocpo'lHblH npom03 HaKOnneHHR orpa60TaBwero R)l.epHOro
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TLiC. T no ypaHY (cYMMapHblH 1l0J.C'IeT C 1976 r.; 3apy6eJKHLle )l.aHHble)
2025 r
2050 r
BapHaliT
rOAOBOe ICYMMaPHoe rO,lJ;OBOe I C)'MMapHoe
BOJ{O-BO Hl1ble pC'aKTOp'" BBP (c perC'llc-
palI.HeH ypaHa); TC\!nbI: 68 2500
MHIIHManbllbie 46 1100
MaKCHMa.lbHbIe 135 2400 300 7600
BSP H peaKTophl Ha 6b1CTpblX HeiiTpolIax
c HCnOJIb30BalIHCM nnYTOIIH5I; TeMnbI: 26 1900
MHHHManbHbIC 36 1100
MaKCHMaJiblIbIe 110 2200 193 5900
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28
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29
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:30
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KOTOpblii MO>KeT 6b1Tb qCTblpCXBaJIeIlTllbIM. COrJIaCHO ypaHH.lI.Hoii TeopHR TOpHii pac-
nO.laraeTCSI B 'IeTBepTOH rpynne nepRo,nR'IeCKOH CRCTeMbl 3.1CMeHTOB, npOTaKTRHHH-
B nSiTOH, ypaH H ypaHH.lI.bI - B llIeCTOH, a KlOpHH H Bce KlOpH..1:bl - B TpeTbeii. TIo
MHeHRIO CTOpOHHHKOB ypaHR..1:HOH TeopRR, TaKa51 KJIaCCHq,HKaQRH, HeCMOTpH Ha ee
C.10>KHOCTb, OOJIee BepHa ,nyxy nepHOJJ:R'ICCKOH CHCTeMbI, lteJIb KOTOpOH- Bblpa3HTb
B03MO>KHO nOJIHee OCHOBHble XHMH'IeCKRe CBOHCTBa SJIeMeIlTOB.
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.lI.. 11. MeH,neJIeeBa MHoro CJIO>KHee, 'IeM 3TO CJIe.ll.yeT H3 aKTHHOR,nHOH TeopRH CR-
60pra, KOTopaH HB:JHeTCH no CYlll.eCTBY JlRllIb nepBblM R .lI.aJIeKO He TO'lHblM npH6,lH-
:>KCIIHeM K 60JIec C,lO>KHOii pca.1bHoii .lI.eiiCTBHTe.lblIocTH OTKphlTHe B I1HcTHTYTe
<pH3H'IeCKOH XHMRH AH CCCP CCMHBaJIeHTHOro COCTOHIIHSI HcnTYHHSI, nJIYToHHH R
a\!epHQHH H YCTallOBJICIIRC aMepRKaHcKHMR Y'IeHbIMH cyrnccTBoBallHH B ,nByxBa.1cHTIiOM
COCTOHHRR MeH.lI.CJIeBHSI R l02-ro 3J1eMeHTa, no,n'lepKHBa,lH Y:>Ke R3BeCTHoe paHee
pa3.1H'IRe B XHMHqeCKHX CBOHCTBax nepBoii nOJIOBRHbl 3JIeMeHTOB rpynnbl JlaHTaHOR-
.aOB R aKTHHOR.lI.OB H CXO.ll.CTBO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbl 3J1eMeHTOB 06eRX rpynn. B 3TOR
CBSl31i 6b1,10 Ba:>KHO BblHCHHTb, HaCKOJIbKO BeJIHKO 3TO CXO.ll.CTBO Y BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbl
4/- H 5t-3J1eMeHTou. COBeTCKH\lH yqelIblMH 6b1JIO YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO KaJIHq,opHRii,
3HHllITeHHHH H q,epMHH MorYT OblTb nOJIY'leHbI B ,nByxBaJleHTHoM COCTOHHHH, npH'IeM
YCToiiqHBOCTb RX COCTOHHHH OKRCJleHHH 2+ B03paCTaeT B pH,ny OT KaJIHq,opHHH K
q,epMRIO. YCTaHOBJIeHHaH 3aKoHOMcplIOCTb lie Ha6JIIO.lI.aCTcH B rpynne JIaHTaIIOH,nHblX
3J1eMeIlTOB. 06palll.aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHRe H TO, 'ITO C YBeJIR'IeHHM nopH.aKOBoro HO-
Mcpa 3JIeMeHTOB y nepBOH nOJIOBRHbI aKTHHOH.lI.OB nOCTenCHHO nOHRJKaeTCSI YCTOH'IH-
BOCTb BblCllIHX BaJIeHTllbiX q,OpM, a Y BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbl 3J1eMeHTOB 3TOH rpynnbl,
1!anpOTRB, YBCJIR'IHBaeTCH YCTOH'IHBOCTb HH311IHX COCTOHIIHH OKHCJIeHHH. 3Ta 3aKOIIO-
'MepllOCTb He H3BeCTHa B pH,ny 4f-3JIeMeHTOB, HO npOHBJIHeTCH Y 3d-SJIeMeHTOB.
TaKHM 06pa30M, HCCJIe.lloBalIRe HR311IHX COCTOHHHH OKHCJIeHHH aKTHHOH.lI.HblX
3JIe\!eHTOB n03BOJIHJIO BblHBRTb HOBYIO 3aKOHOMepHOCTb B H3MeHeHHR YCTOH'IHBOCTH
BaJIeHTHblX q,OpM 3JIeMeHTOB nepHO.ll.RqeCKOH CRCTeMbl .lI.. 11. MeH,neJIeeBa. 3HaqeHHe
pa60T cOBeTCKHx yqeHblX B TOM, 'ITO OHH nO-HoBoMy OCBeTHJIH Ba>KHeHllIHe CBOHCTBa
TpancypaHoBblX 3JIeMeHTOB R nOKa3aJlR B03MO>KHOCTb npe.nCKa3b1BaTb HeH3BeCTHbie
BaJIellTHble COCTOSlHRH aKTHHOH,nOB lIa OCHOBe nepRO.ll.H'leCKOro 3aKOHa ,lI.. 11. MeH-
.)I.eJIeeBa.
3.2. -Uhf3NKO-XNMNlleclCJfe CBoJiCTB8 alCTNHONAOB
toI toIX COCTOJlHHell BOAHYX pacT80pax
B TeXHOJIOrHH 06JIYtIeHHOrO 51.n:epHoro TOIIJlHBa .n:OMHHHpYlOru:ee
3HaIICHHe HMelOT npOll.eCCbI, IIpOTcKalOru:He B BOJJ:HbIX pacTBopax, r.n:e
HapSIJJ:Y C aHHOHaMH KHCJIOT, tIaru:e Bcero asoTHoH, IIPHCYTCTBYlOT HOllbI
aKTHHOH;I,HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. 4>HSHtIeCKa51 XHMH5I aKTHHOHJJ:OB B BO.n:HbIX
pacTBopax OtIeHb CJlOJKHa. BOJIbWOe tIHCJIO H MHoro06pasHe COCT05l-
HHH OKHCJIeHH5I B paCTBope B COqeTaHHH C CHJIbHO BbIpaJKeHHOH TeH-
.n:eHll.Her'i K KOMIIJIeKCOo6pa30B3HHlO HeKoTopbIX HOHOB (HaIIpHMep.
2 3aK. 101
33
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H BCeCTOpOHIIHX HCCJlCJJ:OBaHHH. B peaJIbHblX TCXHOJlOrHlIeCKHX paCTRO-
pax lIap5IAY C COC).\HHeIlHHMH ypalla H nJlYTOJlHH, KaK IIpaBHJlO, npH-
cyrcTBYlOT COCJJ:HHeIlH5I H JJ:PYrHX aKTHHOHJJ:on: HeIITYIIHH, HHOr,iI.a 3:'v1e-
pHll.H5I H KlOpH5I, a TaKJKe IIpOJI.YKTOB ).\CJlCHH5I, MlIorHC HS KOTOpblX xa-
paKTepHSYIOTCSI CJIOJKHOH XHMHeH HX COCTOSIHHH B BOJJ:HbIX cpeJJ:ax (lIa-
IIpHMep, IIH06HH, UHpKOHHH, PYTellHH H ,iI.p.). BOT nOIIeMY SlIallHC HH-
JJ:HBHJJ:yaJlbHhlx CROHCTB 3THX 3JIeMCHTOB, a TaKJKC HX nOBC.ilCHH5I npH
COBMeCTHOM npHCYTcTBHH 51BJISIeTCH neCLMa BaJKHbIM JJ:JI5I TeXIIO.10ra.
HaH60JlblUCe SHaIIeHHe C 3TOH TOIIKH spellHH HMelOT nonpocbI, CB5ISaH-
I1bIe C BaJICHTHblMH COCT05IIIHHMH HOIIOB aKTHHOHjl.OB B pacTRope, KH-
HeTHKoH H McxaHHSMaMH OKHCJIHTe bHO-BOCCTaHOBHTCJIbHblX pe3J\uHH
aKTHIIOH,iI.OB C paSJlHIIllbIMH pearellTaMH, rHJI.pOJlHTHt!ecKH'\1 nOBe,J.eIlH-
eM HOHOB aKTHIIOHJJ:OB, a TaKJKC HBJlellHHMH KOMn.1CKco06paaOR3HIIH.
3.3. COCTOSlHHSI OKHCJletfHSI
XapaKTepHOH oc06eHHocTblO aKTHHOHJJ:llbIX 3JICMCHTOB, KaK YKasbI-
BaJlOCb paHee, HBJISIeTCH HX cnoco6HoCTb cyru:CCTBoBaTb B BOJJ:HbIX pac-
TBopax B HeCKOJIbKHX COCT05lHH5IX OKHCJICHH5I. I1cKJIlOtIeHHe COCTa B-
JI5IeT TOJIbKO TOpHH. Pa311006paSHe COCT05IHHH OKHCJICHH5I- rJIaBHOe
OT.TJH1JHe 3J1CMeIlTOB rpyrrrrbI aKTHHOHJJ:OB OT JlallT a HOHJJ:OB. DepJ31>le
1JJIellhi rpYIIIIbI aKTHHOHJJ:OB MorYT OTJJ:aBaTb B KaIIeCTBe BaJlellTllhIX
3JIeKTpOHbI lIe TOJIbKO 6d- H 7s-op6HTaJleH, HO H 5f-op6HTaJIeH, no-
CKOJlbKY SailOJIH5IlOmHeCSI IIOCJIe aKTHHHSI 5f-ypORlIH 6JIHSKH K 6d-YPOB-
H5IM H 311eprHSI CBSISH 5f -3JIeKTpOHOB cpaBHHMa C 3I1eprHeH CBSISH 6d-
3JleKTpOHOB. BMeCTe C TeM, 6y.n:YtIH f-3JIeMeHTaMH, Bce aKTHHOHJJ:bI, sa
HCKJIlOtIeliHeM TOpH5I H IIpOTaKTHHHSI, CIIoc06HbI IIp05lBJI5ITb CTeneHb
OKHCJIellHSI + 3. B 3TOM cJIYtIae BaJIeHTHblMH 3JIeKTpOHaMH HBJl5IIOTCSI
TOJIbKO 6d- H 7S-3JIeKTpOlIbl. OTCYTcTBHe TpeXBaJICHTHOro COCTOHIIH5I
y Topml 06"b5lCH5IeTC5I TeM, 1JTO ero aTOM He HMeeT 7f-op6HTaJIeH, H B-
HeKoTopbIX oTHOWeIlH5IX, KaK 3TO IIoJJ:IIepKHBaeT raHCHHcKHH, TOpHH
MOJKHO CtIHTaTb He t-, a d-3JICMeHTOM, aHaJIOrOM ll.HpKOHHH H raq,IIHH.
OpOTaKTHHHH: B II5ITHBa.leHTHOM COCT05lHHH TaKJKe HaIIOMHHaeT CKopee
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C YBeJIHtIeHHeM aTOMHoro HOMepa 3JIeMeHTa B p5l.n:y aKTHHOHJJ:OB
IIpOHCXOJJ:HT cTa6HJIHsaUH5I 5f-YPOBHH, IIpHBOJJ:Hru:a51 K TOMY, tlTO nbIC-
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KaK 3TO HMeeT MeCTO H JJ:JI5I JIaHTaHOHJJ:OB. HaIIpHMep, ,iI.JI5I aMepHUH5I
(HatIHHaSI C Hero) TpeXBaJIeliTHOe COCT05lHHe lIaCTOJIbKO YCTOH4HBO,
tITO B KHCJIbIX paCTBopax OHO CTaHOBHTCH eJJ:HIICTBeIlHbIM cTa6HJIbllbIM
COCT05lHHeM HS cyru:eCTBYlOru:HX B BOJJ:HbIX paCTBopax JJ:JI5I 3Toro 3JIe-
MeHTa. I1sBecTHO, tITO B CBoe BpeM5I 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO 06YCJlOBHJIO
SHatIHTeJlbHbIC TPYJJ:HOCTH IIPH OTKpbITHH aMepHll.H5I, TaR KaK JJ:JISI Hero-
IIpCJJ:nOJIaraJIH cyru:eCTBOBaHHe cTa6HJIbHOrO weCTHBa.TJeHTHOro COCTOH-
HHH. CpaBIIHTeJlbHbIe JJ:alIHbIe 0 COCTOHHHH OKHC.leHHH 3JIeMeHTOB rre-
peXOJJ:HbIX CCpHH rrpHBeJJ:eHbI Ha pHC. 3.2, oTKYJJ:a BH.n:HO, 1JTO IIpeJJ:cTa-
34
!.a Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb ny Ho Sr ';"m Yb II!
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. - YCTOHqHBOC. C - HCYCTOiiqIlBOC. . - pa3JIaraCTC>! BOAOii. o - CYW.CCTUYCT TQ.'lbKO B
TBCP.J.OM COCTO>!HHH
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oTBeTcTBY10mHe HM 3JICMCHTbI rpYIIIIbI JIaHTalloHJJ:OB.
I1HTepecHO, 'ITa 6cpKJIHH n nO,lJ.Hblx paCTuopax KpOMC Tpexua.lcnTHoro COCT05llIHH
MO)KeT HMeTb OTHOCHTeJIbHO YCToil'lHBOe 'IeTblpeXBaJICHTIIOe COCTOHHHe. 3TO c.le,nCT-
nRC Toro, qTO 6CPK,lHH HMeeT BOceMb 5f-3,lCKTPOHOB, Ha O,iJ,HII 60.1bllle, '{CM B YCToil-
.llHBOil CTpYKType, COOTBeTCTBYIOW:CH Hano.l0BHHY 3anOJIHeHIIOH 060JlO'lKe. BnOJIHe
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pax aKTHHOHJJ:bI 06paSYlOT tIeTbIpe THIIa KaTHOHOB: Me3+, Me H , Me02+
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C5I npH IIepeXO,iI.e OT 3JIeMeHTa K 3JIeMCHTY.
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Me - 0 H 51BJl5IlOTC5I IIOtITH eJJ:HHCTBeHHbIMH IIpe;.r.cTaBHTeJISIMH TaKora
THIIa HOIIOB cpeJJ:H npOtIHX 3JIeMeIiTOB. 3TH rpYIIIIbI IIpOJJ:OJIJKalOT CY-
IlI.eCTBOBaTb IIPH pasIio06paSHbIX xHMHtIeCKHX HSMeHeHH5IX H BeJJ:YT
.ce651 KaK OTJJ:e.'lbHI>Ie paSHOBH.n:HOCTH HOHOB.
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KaTHOIiOB BIIOCHT 60JIbWOe pasHo06paSHe H p5lJJ: oc06eHHOCTeH B XH-
'MHIO HX B0JJ:HbIX paCTBopOB. B tIaCTHOCTH, WHpOKoe H 60raToe paSHO-
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2* 35
T 3 6 JI H II 3 3 .2. THnbl HOHOB aKTHHOHAOB H HX oKpacKa B BO)l.HblX cpeAax
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nypIloro KpnCHOro TeMIIO CHHHa
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OT CBeTJlO-KOpH'IlIeBOrO .lI0 CHHero HJ1H 'iepHOrO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHQeHTpaQHIf
nnYTOIlHH. TIpH onpeJ1eJIeHllbiX YCJIOBHHX OKHCJICHHC nJIYTOIIHH (VI) B nJlYTOHHii
(VII) B03MO)KHO He TOJIbKO 0301l0M, HO H llepcyJThq,3T-, nepKceHOHaT-, rHnOXJIopHT-
H rHn06pOMHT-HOHaMH. CCMHBaJIeHTHOe COCTOHHHe alIaJIOmqHblM nYTeM MO)KIIO no-
JlY'IHTb H }l;JIH HenrYHHH (paCTBopbl HpKO-3eJIeHOrO UBeT3) H ,na)Ke ,nJlH aMepHQHH.
B03MO)KHOCTb no.1Y'IeHHH aMCpHQHH (VII) nOKa3aHa Hc.aaBliO c npHMeHeHHeM 06,lY-
'IeHHH H.1H 030llHpOBaHHH OX,la)KJJ:CllllbIX paCTBopOB aMcpHQHH (VI) B 3-4 M r\aOH.
OKHCJIHIOLQHM peareHToM IIPH pa.aHaQHOHHO-XHMH'IeCKo'ot OKHCJICHHH CJlY)KHJI HOH-pa-
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CHJIbHblMH OKHCJIHTCJlHMH, JIerKO BOCCTaHaBJlHBaIOLQH mCH nepeKHcblo Bo.aopo.aa, rHk
pa3HHoM, rH.D.poKCHJIaMHHOM, q,eppOQH3HH.aaMH H ,npyrHMH BOCCTaHOBHTeJIHMH. n pH'
OCTOpO)KHOM THTpOBaHHH CeMHB3JIeHTHbiX TpaHC)qJaHOBbiX 3.1eMCHTOB, HanpHMep n.1Y-
TOHHH (VIJ), BOCCTaIlOBHTe.1HMH MO)KHO 3aq,HKCHpOBaTb HX 0.aH03.1eKTpOIlHblH ncpe-
XOA B IUeCTHBaJIeHTHOe COCTOHHHe. CeMHBaJIeHTH('}e COCTOS/IiHe YK33aHHblX 3.1eMeIITOB
KpaHlie IlCYCTOHQHBO, B 'IaCTHOCTH, npH H3MCHeHHH pH H TeMnepaTypbl.
Y.aaJlOCh BbI,neJIHTb HeKOTopble TBep.able c('}e,nHHeHHH CCMHBaJleIlTllblX llenTYIIHSII
H nJIYTOHHH, B 'IaCTHOCTH rH.apOKCH.a :-Jp02(OH)3, ,naBIUHH B KHCJIOM pacTBope HOHbI'
NpOg+, OTJlH'iaIOLQHeCH OT HOHOB NpO + 6o.rree BbiCOKOH CKJlOIiHOCTblO K rH,J,pO-
JIH3Y.
36
n PHqHIIY CYU(CCTBOBaHHH Ce HBaJICIITHbiX rpanrypalloBblX 3JIeMCHTOB CJIe.ayeT
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JIopoJJ:a BO Bcex Ba.lellTnblX COCTOHHH!!X BblllJe Tpex.
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IUleJOT JlHlleiiHYIO CTPYKTYp\', KaK H MC02. MeO+ H M c0 2 2 +
. 2.
I Ie HCK,llO'ICHO, 'ITa MorYT 6b!Tb IIO,lYlJCHbi coe,nHlleHHH BOCbMHua.1ellTiIOrO IT:!Y-
TOIIHH H Te", CaMbI\I rO\lo:JOmQCCKHfI pH,n 6Y.J.CT npOJJ:o.1)KeH ,no PuO +, lJTO COOT-
BeTCTByeT PuO - B l.QCJIOQllOii cpc.n:e H rH)l.pOOKHCII Pu02(OH)..
OnpbITHe H H3Y4eHHe CCMHBa"lCIITllbIX COCT05lllHH TpalicypaHoBbIX
3JIeMCIlTOB nOKaSa.'IO, liTO llpHpO)J.a CC.iI.bMOrO lIepHOJJ:a llCpHO,iI.HtIe-
CKOH CIlCTCMbI 60Jlce C.l0JKlla, IICM 3TO llpe,il.llOJlaraCT aKTHIIOH,J.IIa5I TCO-
pH5I CH60pra.
3.4. O CmfTen"HO-BOCCTiHlOB"Ten"Hwe CBOMCTBa
" nOTett","anW
OKHCJIHTeJlbIlO-BOCCTaHOBHTe.lbllble CBOHCTBa nOHOB aKTHHOHJJ:llbIX
3J1eMeliTOB, oc06ellil0 ypall a, llJIYTOHHSI, HellTYHH5I H aMepHlLH5I, OtIeHb
C.10JKllbI H cBoc06pasHbI, a HX pOJIb B TeXHOJIOrHH 06JIYIIeHHoro 5IJJ:ep-
Horo TOnJIHBa orpoMHa. Bce cOBpeMeHHbIe rrpOMbIWJIeHHbIe MeTOJJ:bI
HSBJICIIeHHSI llJlYTOIIH5I, HeilTYIlH5I H aMepHUH5I H pereHCpall.HH ypaIIa,
MeTOJJ:W HX pa3JJ:CJICHH5I H 04HCTKH OT paJJ:HoaKTHBHbIX llpOJJ:YKTOB JJ:C-
JleHHSI H JIPYrHX rrpHMeceH OCIiOBaHbI Ha pa3JIH4HIl OKHCJlHTeJIbHO-BOC-
CTaHOBHTCJIbHbIX cBoikTB 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB. PasHo06pasHe BaJIeIITIIbIX
COCT05lIlHH, paSJIH 1 !H5I OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbIIbIX IIOTeHll.HaJlOB
3THX 3JICMeIITOB CymecTBcHHO o6JIertIalOT pewcIIHe TCXHOJIOrHtIeCKHX
saJJ:atI pereHepall.HH 06JIytIeHHOrO 51JJ:epHoro TOnJlHBa H HSBJIe4eHHSI HS
Hero uellilbIX KOMllOHCIITOB. OpaKTH4CCKH JII06aSI TeXHOJIOrH5I llCpC-
pa60TKH 06JIYtIeHHOrO SI.n:epHoro TOllJIHBa CTpOHTCH IIa TaK HaSbIBae-
MbIX OKHCJIHTCJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIX UHKJIaX, B XOJIe KOTOphIX llJIY-
TOIlHH cTa6HJIHSHPYCTCH B lIIeCTH-, tICTbIpeX- HJlH TpeXBaJIeIITHOM, a
I1cnTYIlHH B weCTH-, II5ITH- HJIH tIeTbIpeXBa.'1eHTHOM COCT05lHH5IX, B TO
BpeM5I KaK ypaH COXpaH5IeT 06bIIIHO BO Bcex TeXHOJIOrHtIeCKHX Olle-
pal H5IX CBOIO HaH60JIee YCTOHtIHBYlO CTCllCHb OKHCJIeIIH5I + 6, a aMe-
pHll.HH + 3. B ll.eJlOM llpaBHJIbHOe IIOHHMaHHe TeXHOJIOrHQeCKOrO llO-
BCJJ:CHH5I 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB HeBOSMOJKHO 6es tIeTKOrO llpeJJ:cTaBJIeHH5I
oc06eHHoCTeH HX OKHCJIHTeJlbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIX paBHoBecHH, KH-
37
HeTHKH H MeXaHHSMOB OKHCJIHTCJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTCJIbHbIX peaKIlHH B
BO,J.HbIX cpeJJ:ax C YtIaCTHeM HX HOIIOB.
OKHCJlHTCJlbHbIC nOTemmaJIbI pSIJJ:a lla p BaJICHTllbIX COCT05lHHif
III-IV H IV-VI B BO.ll:llbIX pacTBopax YKasbIBalOT Ha 6bIcTpoe YBe-
JIHIIellHe YCTOHIIHBOCTH TpCXBaJICHTHOro COCT05lllHSI llO Mepe nepexoJI.a
K 60JIce T5IJKeJIbIM 3JIeMeHTaM rpYllnbI aKTHIIOII.n:OB. B Ta6.1. 3.3 llO-
T a 6 JI H 11 a 3.3. HOHbI aKTHIIOHjJ.OB B BOjJ.HblJI; pacTBopax H !IX YCTOH'IHBOCTb
AKTIIHOHJ];
Me 3 +
Me 4 -
Mea+
2
Me0 2 +
2
Mea -
V V3+ V1+ vot U0 2 ;- -
2
Np N p 3+ N p 4+ NpOt NpO + NpO -
Pu Pu 3 + Pu 4 + Puot PuO + PuO -
Am Am3T Arn 4 + ArnOt Arn0 2 + AmO -
2
Cm Cm 3 + - - - -
Bk Bk 3 + Bk 4 + - - -
Cf Cf 3 + - - - -
KasaHbI 110HbI, KOTopble 06pasYIOTC5I aKTIIHOl1ilHbIMII 3JICMCHTa\lIH B
B0JJ:HbIX paCTBOpax; HaH60.TJcc YCTOHtIHBblC COCTOSIHH5I BbIJJ:CJlellbI no-
JIYJKHpllblM Wpl1<lnOM. 3J1a t leIlIl5I <popMa.lbHbIX OKHCJIHTeJIhHO-130CCTa-
HOBHTCJIbllbIX llOTeHIIHaJlOI3 aKTHIIOH,lJ.OB B 1 M pacTI30pc HCI0 4 llPH
25°C llpHBeJJ:cHbl B Ta6.'I. 3.4.
T a 6 JI H H a 3.4 . OKHCJlHTeJlbHO-BOCCTaIlOBHTeJIbHble IIOTeHQHaJlbl aKTHIIOHjJ.OB
"PH H3MeHeHHH BaJleHTHbiX COCTORHHH, B
na leHTHoe COCTOHIIHC
AKTHHOHJ];
o
3+
4+
5+
6+
Ac +2,6 I - - -
Th +1.9
Pa -,-0,9 -I 0.1 -
V +1,80 +0,63 -0,58 -0,06
Np +1,83 -0.15 -0,74 -1,14
Pu +2,02 -0,98 -1.16 -0,92
Am +2,32 --2,34 -1.04 -1,60
Cm +2,7 -3,25 - -
Bk +2,4 -1,62 - -
DpHBeJJ:CHllbIe <popMaJIbHbIe llOTeHll.HaJIbI HMCIOT 60JIbWOe SHaqeHHe
B npeJJ:cKasallHH OKHCJIHTeJlbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHOrO llOBeJJ:eIlH5I 3KTH-
UOH.n:OB B BOJJ:llbIX cpeJJ:ax, xapaKTepHbIx JJ:JI5I TeXIIOJIOmtIeCKHX llpO-
38
ueCCOB llcpepa60TKH 06JIYIIeHHOrO SIJJ:CpIIOrO TOI1JIHBa. I1s CpaBHeHH5I
JJ:aIlHbIX Ta6J1. 3.3 H 3.4 B H,iI.1I 0, IITO BospaCTalOmaSI YCTOHtJHBOCTb Tpex-
na.1CIITIlOro COCT05lHH5I C pOCTOM aTOMHoro IIOMcpa 3aypaHoBbIx aKTH-
HOHJI.OB 06"b5lCII5ICTC5I YBeJlH'lHBalOmeHc5I TPYJJ:HOCTbTO OKHCJIeHH5I HX B
60.1CC BhlCOKOC OKHCJIHTCJIbJlOe COCTOHIIHC, tIeM TpeXBaJleHTlloe. (Bo-
.1CC I10n.P06HO BonpocbI OKHCJIHTeJIbJlO-BOCCTaHOBHTe.1bllbIX COCTOSIHHK
3KTHHOH,il.OB 6YJJ:YT pas06paHbI HHJKe JJ:JI5I KaJKJJ:oro KOHKpeTHoro 3JIe-
MeHTa. )
B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJIY'laeB TCXHOJIOrHI!eCKOH llpaKTHKH XHMHtIeCKHC
pCaKll.v.H C YIIaCTHCM aKTHHOHJJ:HbTX 3.'1eMeHTOR (I1JIYTOJlH5I, HcrrTYHH5I,
aMepHUH5I) I1pOTCKalOT Jla <pOHC ypaHa, IIPHCYTCTBYlOru:crO B paCTBope
IIaCTO B 60JlblUHX KOJlHtJeCTBax. B JlaCT05lru:ee BpeM5I CBOHCTBa ypalla
B paCT130paX XopOWO HSYtIelibI H 51B.l5IlOTC5I OJJ:HHM HS CaMI>IX CJIOJKllbIX
If HHTCpCCHbIX paS,iI.eJIOB XHMHH 3Toro 3JIeMCHTa.
KaK HSl3eCTHO, ypaH cyru:eCTByeT B tIeTbIpex OKHCJIHTe.'lhHO-BOC-
CTaHOI3HTeJlbHbIX COCTOHJlHSIX, OJJ:lIaKO B BOJJ:HbIX paCTBopax YCTOHIIH-
BbI TO.lbl<O HOHbI tICTbIpex- H weCTHBaJleHTHOro ypaHa, XOT5I B cneUH-
a.lbllhIX yC.10BHHX YJJ:aeTC5I nOJIYIIaTb II paCTBopbI, cOJJ:epJKaIll.He U3+.
I IHTHB3.1cIITJloe COCT05lHHe ypaHa HaHMeHee YCTOH4HBO, tI3ru:e BCCro
3TO JIJlWb llpOMCJKYToIIlloe COCT05lJlHe B HCKOTOpbIX OKHCJIHTC.1bHO-
BOCCTaHOBIiTCJIbHbIX peaKll.HSlX C YtIaCTHeM ypalla (IV) H ypaHa (VI).
YcraHOI3J1eIIO, 'ITO HOH U0 2 + cpaBHHTeJIbllO YCTOHtIHB TOJlbKO B YSKOH
06J1aCTH KHCJIOTHOCTH llPH pH, 6JIHSKOM K 2, rn.e J)HcllponopnHoHHpo-
BaHHe ero Ha Uh H U0 2 2+ llpOHCXOJJ:HT OTIIOCHTC.lbIlO Me,iI.JICHHO. B 60-
JICC KHCJlbIX pacTBopax U0 2 , OtIeJlb 6blCTpO ,lJ.HCrrpOnOpll.HOJlHpyeT llO
peaKll.HH
2UO;l- -I- 4H+ UO + + U 4 + + 2H 2 0.
PacTBopbI ypaHa (IV) OTHOCHTCJIbJlO YCTOHtIHBbI Ha BosJJ:yxe B KHC-
."bIX pacTBopax, oc06ellllo npH HHSKHX SHatICJlHSIX pH cpeJJ:bI. OJJ:Ha-
KO B rrpHcYTcTBHH aSOTHOH KHCJIOTbI HOH ypaHa (IV) OKHCJlSIeTC5I, xo-
T5I H He TaK 6bICTpo.
YpaH (IV) - 3HeprHtIHbIH BOCCTaIIOBHTeJIb. TaKHe HOlfbI, KaK Pu H ,
Fe 3 +, Ce H , BOCCTanaBJIHBaIOTC5I JIM sa HeCKOJlbKO ceKYHJJ:. OepeKHCb
BO..'I:OpOJJ:a H MHOrHe KHCJIOpOJJ:coJJ:epJKaru:HC KHC.10TbI TaKJKe JIerKO
OKHCJI5IlOT ypaH (IV) JJ:O ypaHHJIa.
CaMbIM YC.TOHtIHBbIM SIB.'151eTC5I weCTHBaJIeHTHOC COCT05lHHe ypaHa,
rrpHIIcM cTa6HJIHSall.HSI BbICOKoro llOJIOJKHTeJIbHoro sap5lJJ:a ypaHa llpO-
HCXOJJ:HT B peaYJIbTaTe 06pasoBaHH5I HOHa ypaHHJIa U0 2 2+.
<1>opM3JIbHbIe llOTeJlll.HaJIbI paSJlHIIllbIX cTeneHeH OKHCJIeJlH5I ypaHa
(B XJIOpHOKHCJIOH cpeJJ:e, 1 M HCI0 4 ) llPH 25°C CJICJJ:ylOru:He:
UO + +0,063B uot +O,58B U 4 + -0,6318 U 3 + -1,80R U.
I1SBCCTHO HeMHoro BOCCTaHOBHTeJIei'i, KOTopbIe Clloc06HbI BOCCTa-
HaBJIHBaTb HOH ypaJlHJla. CpeJJ:H IIHX OJIOBO (II), JKeJIe30 (II), POH-
ra.'1HT, rHJJ:pOCYJIb<PHT, ueKOTopbIe MeTaJIJIbI H aMaJIbraMbI. HeKOTopbIe
HS peaKll.HH BOCCTaHOB.leHH5I ypaHHJla C npHMCHeliHeM 3THX peareH-
TOB Tpe6YlOT Cnell.HaJIbHI>IX YCJIOBHH.
39
CJleJJ:YIOIll.HH sa ypaHoM B nepHOJJ:HtIeCT<OH CHCTCM:e HCKYCCTBeIJIIblJ'f
3JIeMeIlT HeIITYHHH B CBOHX coeJJ:HHCHH5IX MOJKCT HMeTb BaJleHTHOCTb
3+, 4+, 5+, 6+ H 7 +, npHIIeM n OTJlIIIJHe OT ypaHa MaKcHMYM yc-
TOHtIHBOCTH ero C.lJ.BHIIYT B CTOPOHY I1HSKHX cTcneHeH OKHCJIeHH5I. Hen-
TYHHH - eJJ:HllcTBellllbIH (eCJIH He CtIHTaTb llpOTaKTHHHH) aKTHHOHk
IibIH 3.1eMeIlT, ;J:Jl5I KOToporo ll5ITHBa.1CHTlloe COCTOHHHe 51BJISIeTC5I HaH-
60Jlec YCTOHIIHBblM B BO)l.HOM paCTBope. OJJ:HaKO .lJ.JISI HellTYHH5I xapaK-
Tcplla OTHOCHTeJIbllaH YCTOHIIHROCTb H BCCX .n:PyrHx cro BaJlCIITHbIX
COCT05lHHH, a HMeIlHO 3+, 4+, 6+ H 7 +. 3THM SHatIeHHHM Ba.'1eIlT-
HbIX COCTOHHHH B BOJJ:HOH cpeJJ:e cooTBeTcTBYlOT KaTHOHbI NpH, p4+,
Np02+, Np022+, Np023+.
<!>0pMa.lbHbIe nOTellUHaJIbI paSJIHIIHbIX cTeneIlcH OKHCJleIlH5I lIellTY-
IiH5I (B cpeJJ:e 1 M HCI0 4 ) llPH 25°C llOKasallbI HHJKe:
I
z+ +1,1i17 B
NpOz
+O,9i18 &
I
+- +0,71198 .... 0,!551J
NpOz Np
+ 0, *.I 7 8
3+- -1,81 B
Np
lfp
+O,577B
4CTbIpeXnaJICHTHOe COCT05IIIHe HenTYHIIH YCTOHIIIIBee, lJ:CM ypalla,
a weCTHRaJIeUTIIOe - YCTOHIJHBCe, IIeM nJIYTOIIHSI. 3TO CBOHCTno HC-
llO.'IbSYlOT n npoueccc llcpepa60TKH 06JIYIICHHoro 51)1.epliOrO TOI1J1Hna
JJ:JlSI OTJJ:eJleHHSI 06paSYIoru:erOCH B peaKTopax IICIITYIIHSI OT ypaHa H
llJIyTOHH5I.
CoeJJ:JfHeIIH5I HellTYIIH5I (III) JJ:OBOJIbHO JICrKO OKHCJISIIOTCH lIa BOS-
AYxC, a JJ:.151 pacTBopoB lIenTYIIH5I (V), HecMoTpSI lIa HX OTHOCHTCJlb-
BYlO YCTOHtIHBOCTb, xapaKTepHa peaKll.HSI JJ:HcnpollopuHOIlHpoBaIlHSI, B
KOTOpOH lIeIITYHHH (V) KaK 6bI caMOOKHCJI5IeTCSI H caMOBOCCTaHaB-
JIHBaeTCSI, o6pasySI HOllbI lJ:eTblpex- H WCCTHBaJleHTHOro HellTYIHlSI.
C YMCHbWCIIHCM KHCJIOTIIOCTH YCTOHIIHBOCTb HellTYHH5I (V) B BOJIHbIX
pacTBopax pe3Ko BospacTcT, 1JTO C6J1HJKaeT IICllTYHHH C llpoTaKTHHHeM,
H, Ha060poT, OT.'1HIJaeT ero OT ypalla H llJlYTOIlH5I.
DOJIbWYlO pOJIb B XHMHH BOJJ:llbIX paCTBOpOI3 I1eIITYIIHH HrpaeT pe-
aK1iH5I, 06paTHaH JJ:HCllpOIlOPll.HOHHpOBaHHlO HcnTYHHSI (V):
NpO -r + N p 4+ + 2H 2 0 2NpOt + 4H+.
3Ta pCaKll.HH npOTeKaeT 6blCTpO n c.TJa60KHCJIbIX pacTBopax; CYJIb<PaT-
HOHbI KaTaJIHSHpYlOT ee. Eme 6bIcTpee HJJ:eT peaKUH5I MeJKJJ:Y IICIITY-
HHeM (V) H lIeIITYHHeM (II I), T. e. o6paTHa51 JJ:HCllpOllOPll.HOHHpOBa-
HHIO lIeIITYIIHSI (IV):
Np + + N p 3+ + 4H f- 2Np4+ + 2H 2 0.
CKOpOCTb 3TOM peaKll.HH YBCJIHtIHBaCTCH C llOBbIWCHHeM KHCJIOTHOCTH.
HemYHHH (V) 6bICTpO OKHCJI5IeTCSI B Np022+ MHorHMH OKHCJIH-
TeJIHMH. OpaKTHtIeCKOe SHaIIeHHe HMeeT peaKll.HSI OKHCJIeHH5I Hemy-
HHH (V) aSOTllOH KHCJIOTOH, KaTaJIHSHpyeMaH HN0 2 . CKOpOCTb ee
40
CHJIbHO SaBHCHT OT KHCJIOTHOCTH H YBeJlHtIHBaCTC5! IIpOnOpUHOlla.fJbHO
tICTBepTOH CTCneHH KOlIueHTpaUHH.
BOCCTaHOBJIellHe HenrYIIH5I (V) .n:0 HemYHH5I (IV) MOJKIIO ocyru:e-
CTBHTb npH llOMOru:H JKCJIeSa (II), BallaJJ:HSI (III), H 2 0 2 , KI, ypaHa
(IV), rHJJ:poKCHJIaMHlla, OKca.laT-HOHa H JJ:PyrHx BoccTaHOBHTCJIeit
HemYIIHH (VI) ,iI.OCTaTOIIHO YCTOHIIHB B pacTBopax HCl H HCIO a ,
BOSMOJKIIO J1HWb Me;I,JIeIlIlOe OKHCo'ICHHe HOHOM Np022," HOHa Cl-; pe-
aKll.H5I CTaHOBHTC5I 60JIee HHTeHCHBIIOH npH nOBbIweHHH Te:.mepaTypbI.
B aSOTHOKHCJIOH cpcJJ:e na6JIlOJJ:aeTC5! MeJJ:JICHHOC BOCCT3110BJIeliHe JJ:O
HCIITYHH5I (V) 06pasYlOIIJ.eHC5I HN0 2 . JJ.pYI'He BOCCTaHOBHTe.'IH (rHJJ:-
pa3HH, rHJJ:poKCHJIaMHH H T. II.) TaK:>KC nepeBoJJ:5IT HemYIIHH (VI) B
TISITHBaJ1CHTIIOC COCT05!HHC. J].aJIbHeHlIIec BOCCTallOBJIeliHe JJ:O IIcnTYIIH5!
(IV) npOHCXOJJ:HT KpaHHc MCJJ:JIeHIIO, sa HCKJllOIIeHHeM BoccTaHoB.1ellll51
JKCJlC30Yf (II), cpaBH HTeJIbHO 6hICTpO BOCCTaHaB"IHBalOU HM HCllTYIl HH
(VI) JJ:O HcmYHHSI (IV).
BsaHMoJJ:eHcTBHe C ypaHoM (IV) npoTcKaeT B COOTBeTCTBHH C
ypaBllcHHcM
2Np (VI) + U (IV) = 2Np (V) + U (VI).
IlpH 60JlbIIIOM H36bITKC ypaHa (IV) CllatIaJIa BeCb HcmYHHH (VI)
6blCTpO BOCCTallaB.'IHBaCTCSI JJ:O HenTYHH5I (V), a saTCM qaCTb IIeIITY-
IIH5! (V) MCJT.JleIiHO BOCCTaHaBJIHRaeTCSI JJ:O qeTblpexBa.lcHTHoro co-
CTOHIIHH. HenTYHHH (VI) :VleJI,JIeIlJlO BOCCTaHaBJIHRaCTC5! nOJJ: )I.eHCT-
BHeM c06cTBelliloro a-H3';IYIICIIH5I.
HemYIIHJ1 (IV) OTHOCHTeJIbliO YCTOllIIHB. OJJ:HaKo KHC.'IOpOJJ: BOS-
.'I.yxa H IIHTpaT-HoIlbl Me;I,JIeIlIIO ero OKHCJI5!lOT. J].PYrHe OKHCJIHTeJIH
cnoc06HbT 60J1CC 3HeprHqHO OKHCJI5ITb HcnTYIIHH (IV), npHtIeM nepBa51
CTa;'.l.H5! pcaKUHH I1emYHHH (IV) - lIemYHHH (V) npOTeKaCT MeJJ:JIeH-
110, a RTOpa5! IICIITYHHJ1 (V) - HenTYHHH (VI) - SliatIHTeJIbllO 6bI-
cTpee.
IloJJ:cIIHTallo, qTO CKOpOCTb peaKIIHH ,iI.HCllpOIlOpll.HOHHpOBaHH5I HeII-
TYHH5I (IV) OlJeHb MaJIa H npHMepllo B 10 10 pas MeHbwe CKOpOCTH
06paTHoH peaKuHH.
PeaKUHH C HOHOM Np3+ H3YQellbI MCHbwe, tIeM peaKUHH JJ:JISI ..'I.PY-
rHX BaJIeHTllbIX COCTOSIHHH HCllTYHH5I. OOJJ: JJ:eHcTBHeM KHC.lopoJJ:a BOS-
.n:yxa NpJ+ ;I.OBOJIbHO 6bICTpO OKHCJI5IeTC5I.
CJIe;I.YlOru:HH sa HenTYIlHeM 3JIeMeliT TIJIYTOHHH 3allHMaeT oc060e
TIOJIOJKeHHe CpCJJ:H XHMHtIeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB. KaK H HenTYHHH, nJIYTo-
HHH 51B.'I5IeTC5I HCKyccTBeHHbIM CHHTeTHtIeCKHYf 3JIeMeHTOM H, KaK OT-
MetIaeT CH60pr, «nepBoH pCaJIHSOBaIllIOH MeQTOH aJIXHMHKOB 0 npc-
Bparu:eHHH 3JIeMeHTOB .n:pyr B JJ:Pyra B 60JIbWOM MacwTa6e. OJIYTO-
HHH 6bIJI nepBbrM HCKyccTBeHHblM 3JICMeHTOM, KOTOpbIH YBHJJ:eJIH JIlO-
.n:H». OJIYTOHHH 06JIaJJ:aeT MHorHMH HCKJIIOIIHTe.fJblIbIMH CBOJ1CTBaMH,
)I.CJIalOru:HMH ero YHHKaJIbHbIM XHMHtICCKHYf 3JICMCHT0'v1.
B HaCT05lmee BpeM5I XHMHSI nJIYToHH5I HsYtICHa HaH60JIec rJIy60Ko
H lloJJ:p06HO llO cpaBlleIIHlO C XHMHeH BCCX JJ:PYfHX aKTHIIOHJJ:OB. OJIY-
TOHHH OTHOCHTC5I K 3JIeMeliTaM XHMHtJeCKH OQeHb aKTHBHbIM. 5IBJI5I5ICb
CHJIbHO 3JIeKTpOllOJIO:>KHTeJIblibIM MeTaJIJIOM, 011 JIerKO pearHpyeT co
BceMH HeMeTaJIJIaMH, a co MHorHMH HS HHX 06pasyeT coeJJ:HHeHH5I-
41
HHTepMeTaJIJIH.n:bI. MeTaJlJlHqeCKHH nJIYTOHHH paSJlaraeT BOJJ:Y Y:>Ke IIPH
KOMHaTHOH TCMnepaTYpC. B COCJJ:HHeHHHX IIJ1YTOHUH MO:>KCT HMeTb Ba-
JIeHTIIbIe COCT05lHH5I + 2, + 3, + 4, + 5, + 6 H + 7. J].OMHIIHPYlOru:HMH
BaJIeHTHbIMH COCTOHHHSIMH SIBJI5IlOTC5I +4 H +6. nJIYTOHHH (V) cY-
ru:ecTByeT TOJIbKO B BOJJ:JlbIX pacTBopax, a IIJIYTOHHll (II) - TOJIbKO B
TBepJJ:bIx coeJJ:HHCHHHX.
00JJ:06HO I1CnrYliHIO nJIYTolIHH B BO,1.HbIX pacTBopax 06pasyeT Ka-
THOHbI Pu3+, Pu H , PU02+, PU022+ H aHHOH PUOs3-, 60JIbWHIlCTBO HS
KOTOpblX OKpaweuo (CM. Ta6J1. 3.2). XHMHqCCKOe nOBeJJ:eHHC PU022+
B BOJJ:HbIX pacTBopax OIIelib CXOJJ:I10 C nOBeJJ:elIHeM U0 2 2-'-. C nOMoru:bIO
HHQ>paKpacHoH cneKTpocKonHH 6bI.10 llOKa3aHO, tITO HOHbI weCTHBa-
JIeHTHbIX llJlYTOIIH5I, lIenTYHH5I HaM CpHll.HSI Cyru:eCTBYlOT B paCTBope
B Q>opMe CHMMeTpHIIHbIX JIHIICHllblX HJIH nOIITH JIHHCHHblX rpYIIll
Me022+, nOJJ:06HblX U0 2 2+.
Ba:>KHOe SlIaIICHHe )I.JI5I XHMHH llJIYTOIIHSI HMeeT 3HaHHe llOTeHll.Ha-
.'IOB paSJIHIIHbIX OKHCJIHTCJlbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTCJIbHbIX CHCTeM C ero YtIa-
CTHCM. OHH nOSBOJISIlOT OIIpe;I:eJI5ITb rpallHUhI YCTOHtIHBOCTH HOHOB
II.1YTOHHSI paSJIHtIHOH CTelleHH OKHCJIeHHSI, paCCtJHTI>IBaTb HX pa I3HO-
neCHble KOIIll.eHTpaIlHH H OUCIIHBaTb HX nOBCJJ:CHHe no OTHOWCHHIO K
pa3JIHQHbIM OKHCJIHTeJlH M H BOCCTaIIOBHTCJISIM.
PesYJIbTaTbI onpeJJ:eJICHHSI Q>opMaJlblibIX OKHCJIHTCJIbHO-BOCCTaHO-
BHTeJIbHbIX nOTeHIIHaJlOB nJIYToHH5I B 1 M pacTBope HC10 4 nOKasaHbI
Ha CJIe.n:YIOru:eH cxeMC:
2+ +0,910:;'8
Pu O 2
"':78
.,' J,9g-Q 9
?
-2,023
Fu J '
l'lJ
ruo z
+l.OlJJB
II
+ 7. ° Z 2 8
3HatIeHHSI OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaIIOBHTeJIbHbIX IIOTCIIll.HaJIOB pas-
JIHtIHbIX n.1YTOHHeBbIX llap YKaSbIBalOT Ha TO, tITO B KHCJlbIX paCTl30pax
B saMCTHblX KOHll.eIiTpall.H5IX MorYT cymCCTBoBaTb B paBIIOBCCHH HOlibi
llJIYTOHH5I Bcex tIeTblpCX CTeneHeH OKHCJleHHSI. HeKOTopbIe HS HHX, Ha-
IIpHMep llJIYTOHHH (IV) H (V), nOJJ:BepralOTC5I pCaKll.HHM JJ:Hcnpo-
IIOpll.HOHHpOBaHHSI, tITO 06YCJlOBJIeHO 6JIHSOCTbIO nOTelIll.H3J10B pas-
JIHIIHblX OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTanOBHTeJIbHblX CHCTeM nJIYToIIHH.
OJIYTOHHH (V) HeycToi'iIIHB B KHCJIblX pacTBopax, n03TOMY nJIY-
TOHHH (IV) B CJIa60KHCJIbIX pacTBopax JJ:HcIIpOnOpll.HOIIHpyeT B oc-
HOBHOM no peaKUHH 3Pu(IV) 2Pu(lII) +Pu(VI) JJ:O Tex nop, nOKa
llOTeHll.HaJIbI IIap llJIYTOHHH (III) - llJIYTOHHH (IV) H nJIYToIIHH
(IV) - llJIYTOHHH (VI) lie BbIpaBH5IlOTC5I. KOHcTaIITa paBHOBeCH5I
3TOH peaKll.HH saBHCHT OT COCTaBa pacTBopa, pH cpe.n:bI, HOHHOH CHJIbI
H TeMllcpaTypbI. 3TY peaKll.HIO B HOHHOM BHJJ:e MO:>KHO SallHCaTb CJIe-
.n:YIOru:HM 06pa30M:
3Pu4.+ + 2H 2 0 2Pu 3 + + PuO + + 4H+.
OHa IIpOTeKaeT B SHatIHTeJIbHOH CTCIIeHH B COJI5IUOKHCJIblX, XJIOpHO-
KHCJIblX H aSOTHOKHCJIbIX paCTBopax. O.n:HaKO B cepHOKHCJIbIX pacTBo-
42
pax BBH.n:y 06pa30BaHH5I IIpOtIHbIX CYJIb$aTHblX KOMrr eKCOB llJIYTO-
HH5I (IV) Ha6JIIOJJ:aeTC5I cTa6HJIHSaUH5I HOHa Pu4+, H JI.HcllpOnOpll.HO-
HHpoBaHHe nJIYToHH5I (IV) B 3THX cpeJJ:ax nOtITH OTCYTcTByeT. KaK
BHJJ:1I0 HS ypaBllellH5I, YMeHbwclIHe KOHll.eHTpall.HH BOJJ:OpOJJ:HbIX HOHOB
H KOMnJICKC006pasYJOmHx allHOHOB B pacTBope npHBoJJ:HT K cJJ:BHry
paBIIOBeCH5I B CTOPOHY 06pasoBaHH5I HOHOB nJIYToHH5I (III) H (IV),
M JIHWb rHJJ:pOJIHS rrJIYTOHH5I (IV), lIaIIHllalOru:HHC5I rrpH pH = 1-7-1,5
H BbIWC, CJJ:BHraeT paBHoBecHe B 06paTHYlO CTOPOHY. B pesYJIbTaTe
3Toro nJIYTolIHH (IV) CTaHOBHTCSI YCTOHtIHBbIM. OpH HSytICHHH Mcxa-
JlHSMa H CKOpOCTH JJ:HcnpOrrOpll.HOHHpOBaIlH5I nJIYToIIH5I (IV) 6bIJIO
YCTaHOBJIeHO, tJ:TO CKOpOCTb peaKll.HH JJ:HcnpOnOpll.HOHHpOBaHH5I rrJlYTO-
HH5I (IV) B pacTBope HeOpraHHqeCKHX KHCJIOT npOllOpll.HOllaJIbHa
BTOpOH CTeneHH KOHUCHTpall.HH HOUOI3 PU4+ H 06paTHo llpOnOpll.HO-
lIaJIblia TpeTbeH CTeneHH KOilueliTpauHH BOJJ:OpOJI.llbIX HOHOB.
JJ.Pyroc BaJKHOe paBlloBecHe, I1a6JIlOJJ:acMoc B pacTlwpax, BbIpa-
:>KaeTCSI ypaBHcHHcM
Puot + Pu 4 + PuO + + pu 3 +.
KOIlCTaHTa pal3HOBCCHSI 3TOH peaKll.HH lIe 3aBHCHT OT KOHll.CHTpall.HH
130JLOpO,'illbIX HOIIOB, O;J:HaKO paBlloBecHe C,iI.I3HraeTC5I BJleBO npH HS-
MCIICIIHH HOHHOH CHJIbI pacTBopa H B cJIyqae SHaIIHTCJIbllOrO KOMnJIeK-
co06pasoBaHHSI HOIIOB Pu H .
T epMo;'J.HH a M HIIeCKaH KOHCTallTa paBHOBeCH5I JJ:HcllpOrrOpll.HOHHpO-
BaHH5I nJlYToHH5I (V) B pacTBopax HCOpraHHqeCKHX KHCJIOT y6bIBaeT
B TOM JKC rrOp5llI.Ke, KaK H llPH peaKIWH ).JHcnponopHHOHHpOBaHH5I rrJ1Y-
TOHH5I (IV). B OTJIHtIHe OT rr.'1YToJlH5I (IV) YCTOHtIHBOCTb nJIYToHH5I
(V) YBeJIHtIHBaeTC5I C YMeHbweHHeM KOHueHTpall.HH BO,iI.OpOJJ:HbIX
MOHOB. 06JIaCTb YCTOHtIHBOCTH JIeJKHT B HHTepRaJIe pH OT 1 JJ:O 6, rJJ:e
DJIYTOHHH (V) IIpaKTHqCCKH YJKe IIC JJ:HcnponopUHoHHPYCT. Bo Bcex
CJIYIIaSIx CJIeJJ:yeT HMeTb B BHJJ:Y, tITO KOHCTaHTbI paBIIOBeCH5I peaKll.HH
.n:HcnpollopUHoHHpOBaHH5I IIJIYTOJlH5I paSJIHIIHbIX BaJIeHTHOCTCH saMeT-
HO HSMeH5IlOTC5I B rrpHcYTcTBHH TaKHX KOMnJIeKC006paSOBaTeJIeH, KaK
cYJIb$aT-, all.eTaT-, OKCaJIaT-, $oc$aT-HolibI H T. II. 3HaHHe McxaHHS-
Ma H KHHeTHKH pCaKll.HH JJ:HcnpOnOpll.HOHHpOBaIlH5I nJIYTolIH5I (IV) H
(V) rrpH HsyqellHH ero BsaHMoJJ:eHcTBH5I C pas.'1HIIHbIMH OKHCJIHTCJI5I-
MH H BOCCTaHOBHTeJI5IMH OtICHb BaJKHO JJ:JI5I npaKTHKH.
o pOll.eCCbI OKHCJIeHH5I rrJIYTOHH5I (II I) H BOCCTaHOBJIelIH5I IIJIYTOHH5I
(IV), TaK :>Ke KaK H aHaJIOrHqHbIe peaKll.HH JJ:JI5I JJ:PYrHX aKTHIIOHJJ:OB,
COilpOBO:>KJJ:alOTC5I IIepeJJ:atIeH OJJ:Horo 3J1eKTpoHa, n03ToMY OHH rrpoTe-
KalOT OtICHb JIerKO IIOJJ: BJIH5IHHeM 0JI.H03JIeKTpOHHbIX OKHCJIHTeJIeH HJIH
COOTBeTCTBeHHO BOCCTaHOBHTeJIeH. JJ.eHcTBHe JJ:BY3JIeKTpOHilbIX pea-
reHTOB MO:>KeT 6b1Tb caMbIM paSJIHIIllbIM B saBHCHMOCTH OT rrpHpOJJ:bI
pcarCHTa. 3TO JKe OTHOCHTCSI H K OKHCJICIIHIO nJIYToIIHSI (V) HJlH K
BOCCTaHOB.aeIlHlO llJIYTOHH5I (IV). 3HatIHTeJIbHO TpY)I.Hee IIpOTCKaeT
npOll.eCC OKHCJIeIIH5I IIJIYTOHH5I (IV) HJIH BOCCTaIIOBJICHHe IIJIYTOHH5I
(V), TaK KaK IIPH 3TOM npOHCXOJJ:HT paspywellHe CB5ISH Me - 0, tITO
06YCJIOBJIHBaeT 60.'1ee MCJJ:.'IeHHOC npOTeKaHHe npouccca. B KatIeCTBe
npOMC:>KYTOtIHbIX cTaJJ:HH 06b1tIHO BKJIIOIIalOTC5I pCaKll.HH .n:Hcllponop-
43
I.J.HOHHpOBaIlH5I, sa KOTOpbIMH CJIe..'I:yeT 6b!CTpOe BsaHMOJJ:eHCTBHC C
peareHTaMH.
TaKHM 06pasOM, CI\OpOCTb OKHCJIHTCJIbIl0-130CCT3HOBHTCJIbHbIX pc-
aKll.HH IIJlYTOHH5I B UCJlOM OllpCJI.eJIHCTCSI CKOpOCTblO OKHC.1HTCJIbHO-
BOCCTaHOBHTCJlbllbIX pC3KHHH cro HOHOB C pearellTaMH, C OiiHOH CTO-
pOHbI, H CKOpOCTblO JJ:HcrrpOnOpll.HOIIHpOBaHH5I - C JI.PyrOH. COOTHowe-
IIHe Me:>K,il.Y 3THMH CKOpOCT5IMH 3aBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH, B KOTOpblX 3TH
peaKll.HH npOTCKaIOT, H OC06CHIIO OT OTilOCHTeJIbHOH KOHll.eHTpaUHH
pearHpYlOUiHX BemeCTB. HarrpHMcp, OKIICJIeHHC n.1YToHHSI (IV) .n:o
IIJIYTOHH5I (V) MOJKeT rrpOTCKaTb JJ:BYM5I rrYT5IMII:
1) I1crrOcpeJJ:cTBeHllbIM OKHCJICHHCM nJlyrollHSI (IV) .n:o rr5lTHBa-
JIeHTHOro COCT05lIlHSI;
2) JJ:HcnporropuHolIHpoBaHHeM 1I.1YTOIIH5I (IV) I1a llJIYTOHHH (III)
II (V) C llOCJICJJ:ylOmHM OKHCJIeIlHCM rrJIYTOHH5I (III) JJ:O rrJlYToIlHSI
(IV).
OpH 60JIbWHX KOHUCliTpall.HHX OKHCJIHTC.l5I BepOSITcn rrepBbIH npo-
ll.ccc. OpH OTHOCHTeJIbiiO OOJIbWHX KOHll.eIlTpall.H5IX llJIYTOIIH5I (IV)
JI.OJIJKeli npC06JIa,il.3Tb TnopoH npouecc.
00JJ:p06I10 HsyyeIlhl peaKUHH BOCCTaIlOB.;JCIIII5I n.1YTOIlH5I (IV) JJ:O
TpeXBaJIeHTJlOrO COCTOHHH5I C yqaCTHeM JKeJIesa (II), ypaHa (IV),
THTaHa (III), BaHaJ]:H5I (III), o.lOBa (II), rHJJ:pa3IfHa H peaKHHH BOC-
CTailOBJIeIlH5I n.1YToHH5I (VI) ,il.0 rrHTHBaJIeilTIlOro COCTOSIHHSI TCMH :>Ke
peareHTaMH. PcaKuHH OKHCJICIIHH nJIYTOHH5I (II I) JDyqellhI I1a npH-
Mepax ero B3a HMOJJ:CHCTBH5I C KHCJIOpOJJ:OM, a30THCTOH KHCJIOTOH H
XJIOpOM.
OpHBeJJ:eM xapaKTepHcTHKY I1aH60JIee yaCTO npHMCH5IeMbIX OKHC-
JIHTeJIeH H BOCCT3HOBHTCJIeH rrJIyroHH5I.
A30THaSi KHCJIOTa. MOH :-JO a - B KHCJIbIX cpc;r.ax OKHCJI5ICT rr.TJyTo-
HHH (III) JJ:O rrJIYToIlHH (IV), a npH IlCKOTOpbIX YCJIORH5IX (TcMnepa-
Typa OKOJIO 100 DC) H JJ:O ll.'1YTOHH5I (VI). 06pa60TKa pacTBopoB nJIY-
TOHHSI (III) HJIH ocaJJ:KOB rHJJ:poKcHJJ:a Pu (OHh KOIIll.eHTpHpoRaliHoH
HNO a npH HarpeBaHHH llpHBO,ZI.HT K nOtJ:TH MrlloReHiloMY OKHCJJCHHIO
IIJIYTOHHSI (II I) B tIeTbIpeXBaJIeHTHOe COCT05lIlHC. OJIYTOII HH (IV) xo-
powo COXpaH5IeTC5I B 1-2 M HNO a rrpH KOMHaTHoH TeMilepaType B
TeIIeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX MeCSIIiCB. HarpeBaHHe TaKHX pacTBopoB BbISbIBa-
eT OKHCJIeHHe nJIYToHH5I (IV). C YBeJIH4eHHeM KOHll.eHTpall.HH HNO a
CKOpOCTb peaKIr.HH CHJIbHO lla,ZI.aeT. OpH KHCJIOTHOCTH 7,7 M Sa1l,1CTH0-
ro OKHCJIeHH5I rrJIYToHH5I (IV) He Ua6JIlOJJ:aeTCSI.
A30THCTaSl KHCJIOTa. Do OTHomeHlilO K I1.1yrOHHIO (VI) HHTPHT-HOH
BeACT ce651 KaK BOCCTaHOBHTeJIb. 06pa60TKa HHTpHTOM 3S0THOKHCJJbIX
paCTBopoB, cOJJ:ep:>Karu:Hx CMeCb paSHOBaJIeHTHOro nJlYToHH5I, npHBoJJ:HT
K llpeBparu:cHHlO Bcero II.'IYTOIIH5I B tIeTbIpeXBaJIellTilOC COCT05lIlHe.
HN0 2 6bICTpO IIepeBo.n:HT llJIYTOHHH (VI) B llSITHBaJIeHTHOe COCT05l-
HHC C nOCJJe.n:YlOru:HM .n:HcrrpOIIOpll.HOIlHpOBaHHeM llJIYTOHH5I (V). Bpe-
M5I 50 % -HOro BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI Mellec 25 c.
nepMaHraHaT H 6HxpoMaT Ka.1HSI. B KHCJIOH cpe,J.c Mn04- H
Cr2072- 6bICTpO llepeBoJJ:51T IIJIYTOHHH (III) B llJIYTOHHH (IV). PeaK-
ll.Hll OKHCJJeHH5I IIJIYTOHHSI .n:o BbIClUHX BaJIeHTHbIX COCT05lHHH npoTe-
KalOT ropas.n:o Me.n:JIeHHee. HarpeBaHHe yCHJIHBaeT CKOpOCTb OKHCJIe-
44
.!IHSI. B 1 M pacTBope HN0 3 CKOpOCTb OKHCJIeHH5I llJIYTOHH5I 6HXpOMa-
TOM YReJIHIIHBaeTC5I IIpHMCpHO B 3 pasa C llOBbIweHHeM TeMilepaTypbl
lIa 10°C. B bICOKa51 KOHll.eHTpall.H5I IIJIYTOHH5I YBeJIHqHBaeT CKOpOCTb
OKHCJICHH5I, a BblCOKa51 1WHll.eHTpall.HSI HHTpaT-HoHoB CHH:>KaeT. Bpe-
M5I 50 % -Hora OKHCJIeHHSI IIJIYTOIIH5I (IV) .n:o llJIYTOlIH5I (VI) B 1 M
]JacTBope HN0 3 npH 25°C H KOHll.eHTpall.HH KMn04, paBHoH 0,001 M,
{:OCTaBJISIeT npHMeplio 50 MHH.
l\nnapaTypa HS HCpJKaBelOru:eH CTaJIH cIIoc06cTByeT npoBe.n:eHHlO
3TOH peaKll.HH.
nepeKHcb BO)J.opo)J.a. H 2 0 2 C HSMepHMoH CKOpOCTblO BOCCTaHaB-
.1HBaeT llJIYTOIIHH (VI) JJ:O nJIYTOIlH5I (V) B 0,5 M HCI. B aSOTlIO-
KHC.10M pacTBope npH pH=3-4 H 2 0 2 BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeT nJIYToHHH
.(VI) .n:o llJIYTOHH5I (V) IIa 95-97 %. OpH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH IIJIyrOHH5I
(VI) H 2 0 2 CKOpOCTb npouccca saBHCHT OT KOIIll.eIITpaliHH IIJIYTOHHSI,
nepeKHcH BO,iI.OpOJI.a H npHpOJJ:bI KHCJIOThI.
COtIeTaHHe HN0 3 [KaK OKHCJlHTeJI5I JJ:JI5I IIJIYTOHHSI (III)] H H 2 0 2
[KaK BOCCTaIlOBHTeJI5I JJ:JI51 IIJIYTOIIH5I (VI)] nOSBOJISIeT llOJIYIIHTb
4HCTbIC paCTBopbI nJIYToHH5I (IV). PeaKll.HlO npOBOJI.SIT B KOHll.eHTpH-
pOBaHlIbIX pacTBopax HN0 3 ( 1 0 M) B6JIHSH TCMIIcpaTypbl KHne-
HHSI. TaKa51 cTa6HJIHSall.HSI IIJIYTOHH5I B IICTblpCXBaJIeHTHOM COCT05l-
JlHH 4peSBhltIaHHO BaJKlIa IIPH ero 3KCTpaKll.HOJlIIOM HSBJIC4CIIHH He-
KOTOpbIMH 3KcTpareHTaMH B TeXIIOJIOrHtICCKOH llpaKTHKe.
030H. OKHCJIHTeJIb, C nOMOIII.blO IKoToporo MOIKHO nOJIY4HTb pac-
iBOpbI nJIYToHH5I (VI) 6cs BBe.n:eHH5I llOCTOpOHHHX HOHOB. CKOpOCTb
peaKuHH B ceplIOKHCJIbIX paCTBopax saMeTHO naJJ:aeT C YBeJIHqeHHeM
KOHneIlTpall.HH H 2 S0 4 . CKOpOCTb pCaKll.HH SlIaIIHTeJIbHO YBeJIHtIHBa-
CTCH B npHCYTCTBHH KaTa.TJHSaTOpOB - ll.eSH5I (III) HJIH cepe6pa (I).
fH.II.pOKCHJIaMHH. BOCCTaHOBHTeJIh llJIYTOllH5I (IV) JJ:O TpeXBa-
JIellTHOro COCTOSIIIH5I. 1..Jepcs HeCKOJIbKO MHIIYT llPH KOMHaTHOH: T M-
nepaType oKpacKa pacTBopa IIJIYTOHH5I npH06peTaeT KpaCHBblH: rOJIY-
60H OTTeHOK, a eIII.e 4epes HeCKOJIbKO MHHYT CTaHOBHTCSI HHTeHCHBHO
rOJIy60H. OOBbIweHHe TeMilepaTypbl YCKOp5leT peaKll.HlO.
fH)J.pa3HH. 3TOT peareHT .n:OBOJIbHO 6bICTpO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeT
IIJIYTOHHH (IV) B KHCJIbIX pacTBopax. fH.n:poKCHJIaMHH H rH.n:pasHH
BOCCTaliaBJIHBalOT IIJlYTOHHH (VI) JJ:O llJIYTOHH5I (V) B YMepeHHo
KHCJIbIX pacTBopax (OKOJIO 0,5 M H+). B IIpOll.eCCe .n:HCllpOllOPll.HOHH-
pOBaHH5I nJIYTOHH5I (V) n05lBJI5IeTC5I llJIYTOHHH (III).
IJeTblpeXBaJleHTHblH ypaH. TIpH ,n:OCTaTOQHO 60JIbllIOM H36b1TKe ypaHa (IV) B 1 M
HNO nJIYToHHH (VI) BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH ,no nJlyroHHH (III) 3a 5-10 MHH.
B pacTBope 3 M HN0 3 , co,nep*ameM 10- 6 -10- 7 M nJIYTOHHH (IV), B npHcYT-
CTBHH cyJlb<paMHHOB0H: KHCJIOTbi nJlYToHHH: (IV) BOCCTaHaB.1HBaeTCH HanOJIOBHHY H3-
6b1TKO a30THOKHCJIOrO ypaHa (IV) 3a 1-5 MllH.
JJ.ByxBaJIeHTHOe )KeJIe30. )I(eJIeao (II) TaKlKe 51BJISIeTCSI BOCCTa-
HOBHTCJIe\l JJ:JI5I IIJIYTOlIH5I (IV) H JJ:OBOJIbilO tIaCT(} HCllO.TJb3YCTCSI B
TeXHOJIOrHIICCKoH IIpaKTHKe. He60JIbWOe KOJIHqeCTBO (9. 10- 4 M)
H 2 S0 4 B paCTBope YBCJIHtIHBaeT CKOpOCTb IIpOll.eCCa llOqTH B 5 pa3.
HOHbI Cl- BbISbIBalOT saMeTHoe YCKopeHHe peaKll.HH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI
IIJIYTOHH5I. B aSOTHOKHCJIblX cpeJJ:ax JKeJIeso (II) 6b1CTpO pearHpyeT C
45
IIJIYTOHHeM (IV). 3TOT pearCHT tIaru:e npHMeH5IIOT B C\1eCH C CYJlbCP-
aMHHOBOH KHCJIOTOH HNH 2 S0 3 . 110HbI Fe2+ H CYJIbcpaMHHOBOH KHC-
JIOTbI JJ:eHCTBYIOT I1eSaBHCHMO .n:Pyr OT ,iI.pyra. Fe 2 + BOCCTaHaB.1HBa-
eT Pu4+, a CYJIbcpa HHOBa5I KHCJIOTa pa3pywaeT IIHTPHT-HOHbI H
OKHCJIbI aSOTa, KOTopbIe MOrJIH 6bI OKHCJlHTb Fc2+ H McmaTb 06pa-
SOBaHHlO Pu H , JJ.BYKpaTHbIH Hs6bITOK :>KeJICsa (II) B IIPHCYTCTBHH
lIe60JIbworo KOJlHtIeCTBa CYJIbcpaMHHOBOH KHC.10TbI npH cOJJ:epJKaHHH
nJIYTOHHH B MaKpOKOHll.eHTpall.H5IX H n5ITHKpaTHbIH Hs6bITOK IIPH HH-
.n:HKaTopIlbIX KOJIHtIeCTBax ,iI.OCTaTOIIUbI JJ:JISI llOJlIIOrO BOCCTaHOB.1eHHSI
IIJIYTOIIH5I (VI) JJ:O llJlYTOHHSI (III).
POHraJlHT (q,0pMaJlb,nCrH21cy.lbq,oKcH.laT HaTpH5I aHS0 2 ; CH 2 0. 2H 2 0). Boc-
CTaHaB,lHBaeT KaK HH,nHKaTOpHl>le, TaK H MaKpOKo.m'leCTBa n,l}TOHHH (VI) ,no n.IY-
TOHHH (III) B a30TIlOKHC,10H cpe21e 33 HeCKO.lbKO MHHYT.
XHMH5I BOJJ:lIbIX paCTBopOB aMepHll.H5I HSYIIelia cpaBIIHTe.'IbliO Ma-
JIO. DOJIbWHIICTBO Hcc.1eJJ:OBaIIHH, KacalOmHXCSI aMepHll.HSI, ony6JIH-
KOBaHO JIHWb B nOCJICJJ:HHe rOJJ:bI B CB5I3H C peSKO BOSpOCWHM I1aYtI-
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113BeCTHbI COCJJ:HlleIlHSI aMepHll.H5I B CTeneH5IX 0, +2, +3, +4, +5,
+ 6 H + 7. OJJ:I1aKO THnHtIHbIM ,iI.JISI aMepHUH5I 51BJISIeTCH TpCXBa.TJCHT-
HOC COCTOHIIHC. AMepmmH 4peSBbItIaHHO TPY';UIO OKHCJIHTb .n:o 1£eTbI-
peXBaJIeHTIIOro COCTOSII!H5I. TpeXBaJICHTilOC COCTOHIiHe aMepHHH5I HB-
JI5IeTC5I 06bIIIHbTM B BOJI.lIbIX paCTBopax. B tIaCTIiOCTH, aMepHll.HH (III)
JIerKO 1I0JIYIIHTb IIPH pacTBopcllHH MeTaJIJlHtIeCKOrO aMCpHll.H5I B pas-
6aBJIeHIlbIX KHCJIOTax. B 3TOM COCT05lHHH aMcpHuHH OIIeilb CXOJK C
JIaHTaHOM H JIaHTaHOHJJ:aMH.
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HHPYIOT JJ:O Tpex- H weCTHBaJIellTJlOrO COCT05lHHSI. 06paTIIa51 peaKHHSI
peIIpOIIOpll.HOHHpOnaIlH5I npellc6pe)/{HMO MaJIa B IUHpOKOM ,iI.HanaSO-
He KHCJIOTHOCTH. OTCYTCTBHe pcnponOpUHOJlHpOBaHHSI aMepHll.HSI (V)
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(VI). B tIaCTHOCTH, aMepHll.HH (VI) HHTeHCHBliO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI
no BJIH5IHHeM c06cTBeHHoro a-HSJIYtJeHH5I H B KOHll.e KOHll.OB IIOJIHO-
CTblO IIepexoJJ:HT B TpeXBaJIeHTHOe COCTOSIHHe. 110H Am02 2 + - CHJIb-
HbIH OKHCJIHTeJIb H JICrKO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I p5lJJ:OM BOCCTaHOBHTe-
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(II), XOT5I B COOTBeTCTBHH C aKTHHOHJJ:HOH TcopHeii: no aHaJIOrHH C'
eBpOilHeM - JIaHTaHOHJJ:HblM aHaJIOrOM aMepHll.H5I - coeJJ:HHCHH5I aMe-
p H ll.H5I (II) .n:OJ1:>KHbI cyru:eCTBOBaTb, tITO H 6b1.10 IIOJJ:TBep:>KJJ:CHO B
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aMepHll.H5I B 1 M HCI0 4 llPH 25°C IIpHBe.n:eHbI Ha cJIeJJ:YlOru:eH cxeMe:
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46
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lllCJI04HOH cpeJJ:e. Bo06ru:e B ru:eJIOtIHbIX paCTBopax SHa4HTeJIbHO 06-
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waeTCSI HX YCTOHtIHBOCTh, B 4aCTilOCTH cTa6HJIHSHPYCTC5I HeycToH-
tfHBOe B KHCJIbIX pacTBopax BaJleHTHOe COCT05lIlHe a MepHll.H5I (IV).
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XOJJ:SIT IIpaKTHIIecKoe npHMeHeliHe B TCXIIOJIOrHH 06JIYIIeHilbIx SIJJ:ep-
'HbIX MaTeplfaJIOB npH OT.n:eJIeHHH aMepmW51 OT KlOpHSI H TpaHcKlO-
pHeBbIX 3JICMeIlTOB. B KHCJIbIX pacTBopax HCllOJIbSOBaHHe OKHCJIH-
TeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJlblibIX peaKll.HH WHpOKO HCnOJIb3yeTC5I .n:JISI OT-
.n:eJICHH5I aMCpHll.H5I OT ypalla, nJIYToHH5I, nellTYHH5I, KIOpH5I H pe,iI.KO-
SeMeJIbHbIX 3.1CMeHTOB.
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aMepHQHH B TpeXBaJICHTIlOM COCTOHHHH, npH'IeM B OT,lH'lHe OT a'.lepHUHH KIOpHl1 n
1!O,nHOM paCTBope HC y,naCTCH OKHCJIHTb ,no 60,lee BbiCOKHX BaJICHTHbiX COCTOHHHH
AaJKe B caMbiX JKeCTKHX YCJIOBHHX. AII0 3JIbHaH YCTOHqHBOCTb KlOpHH R BHJJ:C HOHa
Cm H CBH3aHa C oc06eHHOCTHMH cro 3,leKTpOHHoro CTpOCHHH, a HMeHIlO C HaJIHqHeM
Hano.l0BHHY 3anOJIHeHHOii 060JIO'lKH H3 ceMH 5f-3,leKTpoHoR. B 3TOM OTHOllIeHHH
XlOpHH nO.1HOCTblO nOBTopHeT CBoikTB8 CBoero JIaHT3HOH,nIlOro aHaJIOra raAOJIHHHH,
1<OTOpbrH TaKJKe HSBeCTeH HCK.11O'IHTeJlbHO B TpexBaJIeHTHOM COCTOHHHH. MHOrO'lHC-
JIeHHbre nonblTKH OKHCJIHTb Cm H CHJIbHeHllIHMH OKHCJIHTCJIHMH OKa3aJIHCb 6e3ycnclII-
IIblMH TIoTCHQHaJI napbl KlOpHH (IIl)/KlOpHii (VI), no HeKoTopblM AaHllblM, paBeH OKO-
. o 3,25 B. OJJ:llaKo coeJl,HflellHH KIOpHH (VI) B TBepJl,OM COCTOHIIHH nec JKe nOJIY'lCllbI,
lIPH BbiCOKOii TeMnepaType H OTCYTCTBHH BO,nbl, HanpHMep, y,naJIOCb nOJIY'lHTb Cm02
H CmF . y!:3 ,npyrHx THJKeJIbiX aKTHHOH,nHblX 3JIeMeHTOB B BO,nHblX pacTBopax JIHllIb
AJIH 6epKJIHH KpOMC TpeXBaJIeTHOrO COCTOHHHH nOJlY'leHo TaKJKe BblCllIee BaJIeHTHOe
COCTOHHHC 4. XOTH 6epKJIHH, KaK H ,npYrHe TpaHCnJIYToHHeBbie 3JIeMeHTbl, HaH60JIee
yCTOH'IHB B TpeXBaJIeHTHOM COCTOHHHH, HO Y aTOMa 6epKJIHH HMeeTCH BoceMb 5f-
3JIeKTpOHOB, H norepH OJl,HOrO li3 HHK npHBOAHT K H3nOJlOBHHY 3anOJIHeHHOH 060 o'l-
Ke, n03TOMY 6epKJIHH (111) cpaBHHTeJIbHO JIerKO OKHCJIHerCH AO 6epKJIHH (IV). no-
TeHUHaJi napbl 6epK.1Hii (11I)/6epKJIHH (IV) paBeli 1,43 B. XHMH'IeCKHM aHaJIoroM
KaJIHq,opHHH cpe,nH JIaHTaHOH,nOB HIIJIHeTCH ,nHcnp03HH, cyru:ecTBYlOlII.HH TOJIbKO B
TpCXBaJIeHTHOM COCTOHHHH. B OTJIH'IHe OT ,nHcnp03HH H3BeCTHbi COeJl,HHeHHH He TO. bKO
Ka.1H<popHHH (111), 110 H KaJIHq,opHHH (11). MHOrO'lHCJIeHHble nonblTKH OKHCJIHTb Ka-
JIHq,OpHHH (I II) H .lI.pyrHe TpaHcKlOpHeBble 3JIeMeUTbi ,no 60JIec BbiCOKHX creneHeH
OKHC.leHHH He HMeJIH ycnexa, no KpaHHeH Mepe ,nJIH BO,nHblX cpe,n, nOCKOJIbKy HMe-
IDTCH CBe,neHHH npe,nBapHTeJIbHOrO xapaKTepa, YKa3blBalOlII.He Ha B03MOJKHOCTb
nOJIyqCHHH TBep,nblX COeJl,HHeliHii KaJIHq,opHH5I C BaJIeHTHbiM COCTOHHHeM 60JIbllIC
3+.
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'ITO B BO,nHOM paCTBope coe,nHHeHHH 3iiHllITeHHHH H q,epMHH C BaJIeHTHblMH COCTOHHHH-
MH 60JlbllIe 3+ He CYlll.eCTBYIOT. 31-0 JKe OTHOCHTCH K MeH,neJIeBHIO. .1J:JIH KaJIHq,op'
HHH, 3HHllITeiiHHH, q,epMHH H MeH:J,CJIeBHH 'IeTKO YCTaHOBJIeHa cnoc06HOCTb BOCCTa-
HaBJIHBaTbCH ,no ,nBYXBaJIerHOrO COCTOHHH5I, a ,nJIH MeH,neJIeBHH ,naJKe ,no o,nHOBa-
JIeHTIiOro, 'ITO, 6eccnopHO, MOJKHO HCnOJIb30BaTb )J.JIH reXHOJIOrH'IeCKHX LleJleH npH pa3-
,AeJIeHHIi 3THX 3JIeMeHTOB.
41
OCHOBHOi! OC06eHHOCTbIO 1I06e.1HH SlB.1HeTCH TO, qTO B BO,:{UblX rpeJJ:ax OH lIallt).J-
JIee YCTOi!'IHB B J{UYXIJa.leTIlOM COCT05lHHH. TIoTeHQHa.1 napbl 1I06eJIHi! (Il)/H06c.I!IH
(III) JIeil<HT OKO,10 1,4-1,5 B
HeKoTopble JJ:aHHble no nOBe,neHHIO .10YPCHCHH CBH21CTC.lbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 'ITO UI-O
He OTm1'1aeTCH OT nOBC21eHH5I TpeXBaJIeHTHbiX KlOpHH, Ka.1Hq,opHHH H q,ep\lHH. nO-BII-
;(HMOMY, .10YPCHCHii lIaH60.1ce YCTOi!'IHIJ U TpCXB3.leUTHOM COCTOHHHH, XOTII He !ltK.llO-
1JeHa B03MOJKHOCTb CYIlJ,CCTBOBaHH5I npH BblCOKHX TCMDcpaTypax B TBep..10M rOCTOH-
HHH JIoypellcHH (II).
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'IecTBe, XHMHqCCKIlC CIJOHCTBa HX H3yqCIlbl ,nOBO.1hHO c.1a60, XOT5I 'JHC.10 pa60T ;; :nuii:
HHTepeCHOH 06,1aCTH YBeJlH'IHBaCTCH C KaJKJJ:blM rO,l!OM.
3.5. CpaBHeHHe CKOpOCTH H MeXatfH3MOB OKHCIIHTenbHO-
BOCCTaHOBHTenloHblX peaKL\HH ypaHa, HenTyHHJI,
nnYTOHHJI H aMepHL\HJI
CKOpOCTb OKHc.'lHTeJIbIlO-BOCCTaHOBHH'JIbHOll peaKUHH, KaK HSBe-
CTHO, saBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH ce IIpOBe,!J.eHHSI H HII)J.HBH}lyaJIbHbIX CBOHCTB
OKHCJIHTCJleH H BOCCTaIlORHTeJIeH. OpH caMOM 06meM paccMOTpellHH
SaKOJIOMCpHOCTeH nOJ10611blX IIpOlieCCOB MOJKHO OTMCTHTb, 'ITO CCJIH
llPH peaKll.HH cyIIJ.ecTRelillblx CTPYKTYPHbIX HSMf'HCHHH pCarHpYlOmHX
HOHOB H MOJICKYJI He npOHCXOJJ:HT, TO peaKll.HH npOTeKaCT 6bICTpO.
ECJIH peaKll.HSI cOnpOBOJK.n:aeTcSI MOJIeKYJISIpHbIMH lIepcrpynllHpoBKa-
MH HJIH HHOH nepecTpoHKOH CTPYKTypbI, npoll.ecc H)J.CT OqeHb MCJJ:JICII-
HO. n03TOMY IJaH60Jlee 06ru:eH KHHeTH'IeCKOH saKoliOMepHocTblO, xa-
paKTepHsYIoweH OKHCJlHTeJIbJIO-BOCCTaIIOBHTCJIbHbIe cBoHCTBa HOHOB
ypaHa, HenTYHH5I, nJIYToHH5I H aMepHll.H5I, SIBJl5IeTCSI cyru:ecTBeHHoe
pa3JIHtIHe MeJKJJ:Y CKOpOCTblO pea Kll.HH, npH KOTOpOH npoHcxoJJ:HT pas-
pbIB HJIH 06paSOBaHHC CB5tSeH Me - 0, H CKOpOCTblO peaKll.HH, rJJ:e
lloJJ:06HbIX HSMeHeHHll He Ha6JIIOJJ:aeTCSI. C 3TOH TOtIKH 3peHH5I peaK-
ll.HH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI tIeTbIpex- H n5lTHBaJICHTHbIX HOHOB ypaHa, Hell-
TYHHSI, llJIYTOHHH H aMepHll.H5I COOTBeTCTBeHHO JJ:O Tpex- H II5ITHBa-
JIeHTHbIX COCTOHHHH H 06paTHbIe peaKll.HH OKHCJIeHH5I, KaK He conpo-
BO>KJJ:alOru:HeC5I 06paSOBaHHeM HJIH paspbIBOM CBSISH Me - 0, JJ:OJIJK-
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TeJIbHOCTH, HallpHMep, IIPH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH llJlYTOHH5I (IV) JJ:O IIJIY-
TOHH5I (III), IIJIYTOHH5I (VI) .n:o IIJIYTOHH5I (V). OJJ:HaKo OKHCJIeHHC'
llJIYTOHHSI (IV) .n:o TIJIYTOHHSI (VI) npoHcxo;r:HT .n:OBOJlbHO Me.n:JIeIIHO.
TaKoe paSJIHtIHe C TeOpeTH'IeCKO TOtIKH SpCHH5I BIIOJIHe 06 51c-
HHMO TeM, qTO cyru:ecTBeHHaH nepecTpoHKa CTp)'KTYPbI HOHOB B pe-
aKUH5IX, xapaKTepHsylOru:HXC5I paspbIBoM HJIH 06pa30BaHHcM CB5ISJ{
Me - 0, COlIpOBO:>K.n:aeTC5I cooTBeTcTBylOru:HM HSMCHeHHeM HX rJf,J,-
paTHbIX 060JIOtIeK, Tor.n:a KaK B peaKIlH5tX, IIPH KOTOpbIX paspbIB H.1H
o6pa30BaHHe CB5ISH OTCYTCTByeT, rH.n:paTHble 060.10qKH npH llepcxo;r:e
3JIeKTpOHa H3MeH5IlOTCSl He3Ha'IHTCJIbHO.
BJlH5IJIHe npHpo.n:bI OKHCJIHTeJIeil: HJIH BOCCTaHOBHTCJICH Ha CKO-
pOCTb OKHCJIHTeollbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHblX llpoueCCOB tIaCTO 06YCJlOB-
"lCHO TeM, tITO 3TH peareHTbI MorYT caMH IIpCTepileBaTb cyru:ecTBel!-
48
HlJle CTPYKTypHbIC H3MeHeIIH5I. HanpHMcp, npH OKHCJICH HI{ nepM alI-
raHaTOM HJIH XpOMaTOM OKCHaHHOHbI Mn04- H Cr2072- IIpCBpaWaIOT-
C5I B IIpOCTbIC HOHbI Mn 2 + H Cr 3 1-. IlpH BOCCTaJlOBJICIIHH fHJJ:pa3HHOM
HOH N2Hs+ nepeXOJJ:HT B a30T, aMMHaK HJIH HOH I-C"b-. f1pc.CTbIC HOHLT
V3+ H Tj3-'- IIPH O.KHCJICHHH IIpCBpaWalOTCSI B OKCHaJlHOJlbT V02+ H
Ti0 2 +. ECTCCTBCHHO, tHO 3TH IIpOll.CCCbI OrpaHHtlHBalOT CKOpOCTb CYM-
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MC.n:JIeHHSI peaKll.HH, 06YCJIOBJICHIIOrO CTPYKTyplIbIMII HSMCHeHHSIMH,
MO:>KeT OKaSaTbCSI 60JIce BbIrOJJ:HbIM llpOll.eCC JJ:HClIpOnOpll.HOJlHpOBa-
HH5I tICTbTpeX- H nSITHBa.TJCHTHOrO HOlla, qeM npOILeCC IICnOCpC,iI.CTBCH-
HOrO BSaHMOJJ:eiicTBH5I 3THX HOHOB C JJ:allHblM peareHTOM. B KatICCTBe
npHMepa MOJKHO YKa3aTb, tITO BoccrallOBJIeJlHC HOHa PU02 2 + nepe-
KHCblO BO;XOpO.n:a, aSOTHCTOH KHCJIOTOH, rHJJ:paSHIIOM H T. II. IIpOHCXO-
.n:IIT TOJIbKO JJ:O PU02+. J].aJIbHeHlUee BOCCTaHOB.leIlHC onpeJJ:eJI5ICTCSI
.n:HCllpOIlOpIlHOHHpOl3aIIHeM 2Pu (V)
Pu (IV) + Pu (VI).
06pasoBaBwHHc5I llJIYTOHHH (VI) BHORh BOCCTaHaBJIliBaeTCSI ,iI.0
PU02+ peareHToM-BoccTaHOBHTeJICM. Ilpe06JIaJJ:aHHe Toro HJIH HHoro
MexaHHSMa peaKll.HH (lIenOcpe.n:cTBelIllOe BsaHMoJJ:eHcTBHe C pcarell-
TOM HJIH peaKll.H5I tIcpes .n:HcnponopUHOllHpOBaIlHC) saBIfCIiT OT YC-
JIOBHH ocyweCTBJIeHHSI peaKll.HH: TCMllcpaTypbI (npH cymecTBelIliOH
paSHHll.e 311epfHH aKTHRaUHH), COOTHOWCHHH KOHlle£lTpall.HH pcafH-
PylOwHX BcmeCTB, pH cpeJJ:bI. OpH OTIiOCHTe.'IbJlO 60.1hWOH KOHll.eHT-
paWiH HOIIOB ypaHa, HenTYIIH5I, IIJlYTOHHH JVIH aMcpHlimT 60JIee Re-
pOHTeli npoll.ecc JJ:HcnpOnOpll.HOHHpOBaHH5I; npH MaJIOH KOlIueliTpa-
rum 3THX HOHOB, HO 60JIbWOH KOlIueHTpamm pearcHTa - npoll.ecc
Henocpe,J.cTBeHHoro BsaHMo.n:cl1cTBH5I.
OpHCYTCTBYlOWHe BO,J.opoJJ:Hble HOHbI OKaSbIBalOT Oqellb 60JIbWOe
BJIH5IHHe, YCKOp5l51 OJJ:HH peaKll.HH H saMe..'I:JI5I5I JJ:pyrHe. 0 paB.n:a, B He-
KOTOpbIX CJIYtIaSIX CKOpOCTb peaKll.HH He saBHClfT OT pH cpeJJ:bI-
3TO pCaKll.H5I MeJKJJ:Y IIJIYToHHeM (IV) H nJIYTOIiHeM (V), npoHcxo-
.n:51wa51 IIYTCM IIpOCToro 3JIeKTpOHHoro IIepexoJJ:a, peaKll.HSI BOCCTa-
HOB.leIIH5I nJIYTOHH5I (IV), (VI) H (V) JJ:BYXBaJIeHTHblM OJIOBOM.
CHJIbHO KaTaJIHSHpyeMa5I XJIOpH.lI:-HOHaMH, peaKll.H5I MeJK,iI.Y nJIYTOHH-
eM (VI) H Fe 2 + H JJ:p.
B 06weM cJIyqae, eCJIH npH peaKll.HH CB5ISb Me - 0 paspblBaeTCSI,
TO BO.n:OpOJJ:HbIe HOUbI yCKOp5l1OT IIpOll.CCC. ECJIH TaKa51 CBSISb 06pa-
syeTC5I, TO BOJJ:OpOJJ:HbIe HOHbI saMe.n:JI5IlOT ero XOJJ:. TaK, .n:HCIIponop-
ll.HOHHpOBaHHC II5ITHBaJIeIITHbIX HeIITYHHSI H IIJIYTOIIHSI, peaKll.HIl
Me:>K.n:y HemYHHeM (V) H HemYHlleM (III), Me:>K.n:y IIJIYTOHlieM (V)
H IIJIYTOHHCM (III), BOCCTaHOB.1eHHe HemYHHSI (V) IIPH IIOMOIl(H
Fe 2 + YCKOp5l1OTCSI B KHCJIOH cpe.n:e. PeaKll.H5I JJ:HcnpOnOpll.HOHHpOBa-
BHSI IIJIYTOHH5I (IV), OKHCJICHHe ypaHa (IV) ll.CpHeM (IV), OKHCJle-
HHe IICmYHH'H (IV) JKeJIeSOM (III), pCaKll.HH MCJKJJ:Y tIeTbIpex- H wc-
CTHBaJIeHTHbIMH HOHaMH ypaHa, HenTYHH5I H nJIYToHH5I 51BJI5IlOTC5I
npHMepaMH sa Me,iI.JIeli H5I npoll.ecca 1I0JJ: .n:cHcTBHeM BO.n:OpOJJ:HbIX
HOIIOB.
KHHeTHKa OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHblX peaKll.HH HOHOB aMepH-
IiH5I HsyqeHa MeHee nOJIHO, tIeM peaKll.HH ypaHa, HeIITYHH5I H nJIYToHHSI.
OTMetIaeTC5I, tITO OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIe IIOTeHll.Ha..1b1 nap.
49-
3MepHUHM (III)jaMepHII.HH (IV), aMepHl1,HH (III)jaMepHII.HH (V),
aMepHLl.HH (III)jaMepHII.HH: (VI) HaCTOJIbKO BCJIHKH, IlTO ,lI,JIH nepc-
BO.il.a aMepHUHH B 60JICC BbICOKHe CTeneliH OKHCJIeHHH Tpe6YIOTcH
CHJlbHble OKHCJ1HTeJIH, TaKl1e KaK HOHbI S208 2 -, Xe064-, 10 4 -, CIO-,
030H, l\g20 H ,lI,p., npHIlCM pCaKUHH B pH,iJ,C CJIYIlaeB HC ,lI,OXO,lI,HT ..'1:0
nOJIIiOrO 3aBCpWCIIHH. O,lI,HaKO OKHCJIeHHC aMepHII.HH (III) ncpKceHa-
"TOM HaTpHH IJpHMepHO B 12 M pacTBope CsF ,lI,OCTHraeT 85-95 %
3a 0,5-1 MHH. DOJICe nO..'l:p06HO H3Y'lClia KHlleTHKa peaKII.HH OKHCJIe-
IIHH aMcpHUHH (II I) ncpcYJIbcpaT-HoHaMH. OKHCJICIiHe aMepHII.IIH (III)
)1.0 aMcpHUIIH (IV) 3aMeTil0 YCKopHeTcH IJpH HarpeBaHHH H B lUeJloq-
OH cpe,lI,e. .il.HcnpOIJOpUHOHHpOBaIlHe aMepHUHH (IV) B KHCJIOH: cpe.lI.c
npoTeKaeT IlpC3BblIlaH:HO 6bICTpO. 110lIbl H+ YCKOPHIOT ,lI,HCnpOIJOpUHO-
HHpoBallHe. I1IITCpeCllo, 'ITO Ila aHaJlOrHLJHYIO pcaKUHIO ,lI,l1cnpoIJop-
IIHoHHpoBaHHH nJIYTOHHH (IV) HOHbl H+ OKa3blBalOT 3aMe,lI,JIHlOlUee
..lI.eHCTBHc.
I10HbI aMepHII.HH (V) cnoc06HbI K peaKUHH ,lI,HCnponopII.HoHHpoBa-
1fHH C 06pa30BallHeM aMcpHuHH (VI) H aMcpHuHH (III), npHIlcM CKO-
pOCTb aTOH: peaKUHH 3aHHMaeT Cpe,lI,Hee IJOJIOJKCIlHC MeJK,lI,Y CKOpOCTblO
peaKII.HH: ,lI,HCIJpOIJOpUHOHHpOBaHI1H IJJIYTOHHH (V) H HeIJTYHHH (V). AMC-
PHUHH: (V) ..'I.OBOJIbllO 6bICTpO BOCCTaHaBJ1HBaeTCH ncpeKHcblO BO,lI,O-
pO,lI,a, KOTopaH MOJKeT llaKaIIJIHBaTbCH B TCXIIOJIOrHIleCKHX paCTBOpa}l
BCJIe..'l.CTBHe pa.il.HOJIH3a BO,lI,bl, OC06CIlHO B TOM CJIYIlae, eCJIH HMelO1
.u.eJIO C CIIJIbHblM a-H3J1YIlaTCJIeM - H30TonOM 241 Am. 113 pCaKUHH: aMC-
pHII.HH (VI) H3yqCHbI TOJIbKO ,lI,Be: BOCCTallOBJICIlHe S2082--HO!laMH H
.u.eH:CTBHeM a-II3JIYIlCHHH. ITpHMe'laTeJIbHO, IlTO C nOBbIWCIlHCM TeM-
ncpaTYPbl paCTBopa KOHCTaHTa CKOpOCTH, xapaKTepH3YIOlUaH peaKuHIO
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH aMepHII.HH (VI) IJepcYJIbcpaT-HOlIa'YIH, paCTeT Me,lI,JlCH-
HCC, IleM KOIlCTaliTa CKOpOCTH 06paTHoro IJpouccca OKHCJIellHH HOHOB
Am02+' B pe3YJIbTaTe npH onpe,lI,eJICHHOH: TeMIJCpaType, 3aBHcHw.eH
OT KOHueHTpaII.HH HN0 3 , HaIJpaBJIeHHe peaKUHH H3MeHHeTCH. B pa3-
6aBJIeHHblX KHCJIOTaX no.il. ,lI,CHCTBHeM a-H3JIYIleHHH aMepHUHH: (VI)
BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH ,lI,0 aMepHII.HH (V) no peaKII.HH
AmO + + e- = ArnOt.
B MeXaHH3Me BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH aMepHII.HH (V) no,lI, ,lI,eH:CTBHeM a-H3-
.1yqeHHH CYlUecTBeHHYIO pOJIb HrpaeT H 2 0 2 , 06pa3YIOlUaHcH B pe3YJIb-
TaTe pa,lf.HOJIH3a BO.lI.bl. B paCTBope HN0 3 CKOpOCTb peaKIlHH BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHH aMepHUHH (VI) B 1,5-2 pa3a BblWC, tICM B HCI0 4 .
C pOCTOM KOHucHTpaUHH HN0 3 npHMepHo ,lI,0 9 M KOHCTaHTa CKOpO-
CTH YBeJIHIlHBaeTcH. B cpC,lI,e H 2 S0 4 KOIiCTallTa CKOpOCTH YMelIblllaeT-
CH C nOBblweHHeM KOHII.eHTpaII.HH cepHOH KHCJIOTbI. 3TO HBJICHHe IJO-
pa3HOMY HHTepIJpeTHpYCTCH pa3JIHIlHbIMH HCCJIe,lI,OBaTeJIHMH.
Ha KHHeTHKY OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaIIOBHTe.1bHbIX pe KII.HH ypaHa,
HeIJTYHHH, IJJIYTOHHH H aMepHUHH BJIHHeT KOMnJICKC006pa30BaHHe C
aHHOHaMH pH,lI,a KHCJIOT. CKOpOCTb peaKUHH CYlUeCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT
npHCYTCTBHH TaKHX HOHOB, KaK C\-, Br-, N0 3 -, S04 2 -, P0 4 3- H ,lI,p.
BbIwe TaKoe BJIHHHHe 6blJIO nOKa3aHO Ha npHMepe C aMepHUHeM (VI).
B 06lUeM CJIyqae CBH3blBaHHe lIeKOTOpOH: ,lI,OJIH pearHpYlOlUHX HOHOB
ypaHa, HeIJTYHHH H nJIYToHHH B 60JIee HJIH MeHee IJpOqHble KOMnJIeKCbI
50
,lI,OJIJKHO Bbl3bIBaTb YMCHbWelIHC CKOpOCTH peaKUHH. 3TO 06bllili0 npo-
HCXOJJ:HT B CJIY'lae KOMnJICKC006pa30BaHHH C HHTpaT-HOllaMH. O,lI,HaKO,
B lIeKOTOpbIX CJIYIla5lX CYJIbcpaTHbIC H XJIOpH,lI,lIble KOMn.;JeKCbI OKa3bI-
BalOTCH 60JIce peaKUHOHIlOCnoc06HbIMH, IleM IIpOCTble rII,lI,paTHpOBaH-
Hble HOHbl ypaHa, HenTYIIHH H nJIYTOIIHH. IT03TOMY HCKOTOpbIe peaK-
UHH, HanpHMep BOCCTaHOBJIeliHe nJIYToHHH (IV) JKCJIe30M (II) HJlH
ypalioM (IV), OKHCJICHHe ypalla (IV) TaJIJIHCM (I II) HJI H lIemYHHcM
(IV), 3I1a'lHTe.'lbHO YCKOPHIOTCH B npHcYTcTBHH cYJIbcpaT-HolioB. X.'IO-
pH,lI,HbIC KOMnJIeKCbI nJ1YTOHHH (IV), nJIYToHHH' (VI) H OJIOBa (II)
pearIIpylOT TaKJKe 3I1a I !HTCJIbHO 6blcTpec, IleM npocTblc HOHbl 3THX Me-
TaJIJIOB. B HeKoTopbIX peaKUHHx H HHTpaTHble KOMnJIeKCbl OKa3blBalOT-
CH 60JIee cnOC06IIblMH K OKHC.'lHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIM peaKuH-
HM, IlC\f npocTblC HOHbI, lIanpHMep CKOpOCTb ,lI,HCnpOnOpII.HOHHpOBaHHH.
ypaHa (V) npHMo npOnOpII.HOHaJIblia KOHII.eHTpaUHH IIHTpaT-HoHoB.
3.6. rHAPonH3 aKTHHOHAOB B BOAHblX cpeAax
Bce nO.'lOJKHTCJIbHO 3apHJKCHHbIe HOllbI B BOJJ:HbIX pacTBopax B TOJ!
HJIH HHOH: CTeneliH 06JIa,lI,a1OT cnoc06HoCTbIO K B3aHMO,lI,eH:CTBHIO H ac-
COII.HaII.HH C BO.lI.OH: (rII,lI,POJIH3Y), 60JIbWaH IlaCTb 3THX HOIIOB 06JIa,lI,aeT
cnoco6HocTbIO K aCCOllHauHH C .lI.PyrHMH JIHraH.lI.aMH (KoMnJIeKC006-
pa30BaHHIO). CTeneHb TaKOH: aCCOUHaUHH onpeJJ:eJI5IeTCH rJIaBHblM 06-
pa30M 3JIeKTpOilliOH CTPYKTypOH: (HJIH 06W.HMH XHMHIJeCKHMH CBOH:CT-
BaMH) KaTHOlla. 3TOT cpaKTop OCTaeTCH nOIlTH lIeH3MCHHblM JJ:J1H Bcex
aKTHIIOHJJ:HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. Pa3JlH 1 !HH MCJKJJ:Y OT,lI,C.'lbHbIMH aKTHHOH.lI.a-
MH onpe,lI,c.1HIOTCH B OCIIOBHOM 3apH.lI.OM H pa3MepaMH HOHa, T. e. 3a-
BHCHT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M OT THna HOlla.
fH.il.pOOKCOKOMnJIeKCbl HOHOB aKTHHOH.lI.OB 06pa3)'IOTc5I, KaK H B
,lI,pyrHx CJIYIlaHx B3aHMo.il.cHCTBHH C BO OH:, B pe3YJIbTaTe ,lI,HCCOUHa-
IIHH aKBaHOHOB aKTHHOH,lI,OB C OTlUenJIeHHeM npoToHoB. HaH60JIbWa51
CTenCHb rH.lI.paTaII.HH, rH,lI,pOJIH3a H KOMnJIeKC006pa30BaIIHH, IlaCTHbIM
CJIYIlaeM KOToporo HBJIHeTCH rH pOJJH3, Ha6JJIO,lI,aeTCH Y OTIIOCHTCJIbHO
IIC60JIblllHX no pa3Mcpy H BbIcoK03apHJKeHHbIX HOHOB THna Me4+.
HanpHMep, Pu H rII,lI,pOJIH3yeTcH ,lI,aJKe npH KHC.'IOTIIOCTH 0,1 M C 06-
pa30BaHHeM nOJIHMepH30BaHHblx HJIH KOJIJIOH,lI,UblX npO,lI,yKTOB.
B ueJIOM ,lI,JI5I pa3JIHIlHblX HOHOB aKTHHOH,lI,OB Ha6JIIO,lI,aCTCH CJIC,lI,YIO-
lUHH: nOpH.llOK YMeHbllIeUHH CTeneHH rII.lI.pOJIH3a HJI H KOMnJIeKC006pa-
30BaHHH: Me H >Me02 2 ->Me3+>Me02+. OTHOCHTCJIbHO CHJIbUaH TeH-
JI.eHII.H5I K rH.lI.pOJIH3Y H K0'\1n..leKC006pa30BaHHIO HOHa M 022+. HCCMOTpH
Ha TO, qTO ero 3apH,lI, paBeH ,lI,BYM, T. e. MeHbwe, qCM Y Me 3 +, nO-BH-
,lI,HMOMY, 06'bHCHHeTCH BbICOKOH: KOHII.eHTpaUHeH nOJIOJKHTeJIbHOrO 3a-
pH.il.a Y aTOMa MeTaJIJIa.
MOJKHO nOKa3aTb, IlTO TeH,lI,eHII.HH K rH,lI,pOJIH3Y Y aKTHHOH,lI,HbIX
3JIeMeliTOB ,lI,JIH KaJK,lI,OrO THna HOHOB Mc 3 +, Me 4 t-, Me02+ H Me022+
,lI,o.lJKHa nOBbllllaTbCH C YBCJIH'leHHCM aTOMHoro HOMepa 3JICMeIlTa, 1'. C.
C YMcHbweHHeM pa3MepoB HOHOB, B CJIC.lI.ylOw.eM nop5I.lI.Ke: Ac<Th<
<Pa<U<Np<Pu<Am. I1cCJIe,lI,OBaHHH nOKa3bIBa1OT, IlTO ,lI,aHHaH
3aKOHOMepHOCTb C06JIIO,lI,aeTCH ,lI,OBOJIbHO TO'l80. O,lI,HaKO BBH,lI,Y He3Ha-
IlHTCJIbHOH pa3HHUbI B pa3Mepax HOliOB rH,lI,po.'lHTHIleCKHe CBoHcTBa
51
.aKTHHOH}J:QR, oC06emfO HaIlHHaH C ypaHa, nOIlTH anaJIOrH'lHbl. C YBC-
JlHIlCHHCM aToMHoro H01.1epa rn,lI,pOJIH3 YCHJIHBaeTCH JIHilib He3HaqH-
Te.lbIlO.
ITOJI,06110 MIIOr03apH,lI,HblM HOHaM ,lI,pymx MCTaJIJIOB HOlIbl ypaHa
B BO,lI,HOM paCTBOpe nO.lI.BCpJKelibI rH.llpOJIH3Y. YBC.fJHIlCHHe CTenCHH
J'H.u:pO.1H3a npOHCXO,lI,HT ,lI,OCTaTOIlHO OTIleTJIHBO B pH,lI,y U3+<U0 2 2+<
<U4-, HeYCTOH:IIHBOCTh paCTBOpOB U3+ 3aTpyil.HHCT nx H3Y'leIlHe. O.ll-
'HaKO 6blJIO yCTaIlOBJIeHO, 1.J:TO rH.lI.pOJIHTHIlCCKOe nOBe,lI,ellHe U3+ MaJIO
OTJIH'laeTCH OT rH,lI,pOJIH3a pC,lI,K03eMCJIbHbIX 3JICMenTOB. ITo oueHKe
IIepRaH KOHCTallTa rH,lI,pOJIH3a (;3+ paBHa 9,2 (8 pKd. LI.aHllblx no rH,lI,-
pOJIH3y U5 t- O'lCHb MaJIO, TaK KaK HCCJIC,lI,OBaIlHC rH.lI.pOJIHTH'leCKoro
1J0Be.llCIIHH 3aTpYJJ,lIcHO Y30CTblO 06JlacTH pH (OT 2 ,lI,0 4), B KOTOpOH
HOR U0 2 + 60JIec HJIH MCHee YCTOH:IlHR. ITpe.il-noJlaraeTcH, IlTO KOHCTaH-
Ta rHJ.pOJlH3a U0 2 + ,lI,OJIJKHa 6blTb 3HaIlHTCJIbHO MCHbwe 1.10- 3 . 113-
BeCTIIO COC,lI,HHCHHe ypaHa (V) COCTaBa [U0 2 0H .xH 2 0], r,lI,C x=
= 2+3. ITpe,lI,nOJIaraeTCH, IlTO :no COe.lI.HHeIlHe -n,HMep, B KOTOpOM 06a
aTOMa ypaHa 3KBHBaJICIITllbl, I1ccJle!l.oBaIlHc IIpouecca r!l.u:po.'IH3a Hona
UH nOKa3aJIO, IlTO Ha nCpBOH: CTa,l,HH npoIlccca 06pa3YlOTcH MOHoMep-
Hble <pOpMbI no pcaKuHH U4++H20 U(OH)3++H+.
KOHcTaHTa paBHoBecHH .lI.JIH 3TOH: peaKUHH IIPH HOHHOH CHJIC 0,5
COCTaBJIHeT 2,9.10- 2 . TepMO.lI.HlIaMHIlecKHe .llallIlble rOHopHT 0 ropa3,lI,0
MeHbllleH: CTeneHH rH,lI,paTaUHH HOlla U (OH) 3 t- no cpaBIICIIHIO C rEk
paTaUHeH HOHa U4 i-. Ha I10CJIC,lI,ylOlUHX CTa.lI.JUIX rHllpOJIH3a npH YBe-
JIHllenHH pH pacTBopa nOHBJIHIOTCH BHa'laJIe Hc60JIhWHC nOJIHH,lI,ep-
HbiC 06pa30Ba1lHH, naXO.il-HIlI.HCCH B paBHoBccHH C MOlloMepaMH H HOlla-
MH UH, 3aTeM, nO-BH,lI,HMOMY, npOHCxO..'l:HT ,lI,aJIbHCHWaH nOJIHMepH3a-
IlHH C 06pa30BaHHeM YJKe lIepaBHoBccHblX KpynHblx nOJIHMepOB, Ha-
npHMcp COCTaBa U (UOOH)nn-4, r,lI,e n MO.>KCT 6blTb paBHblM 1-6.
ITO,lI,p06Hee Bccro H3YIlaJIH rH,lI,pOJIH3 ypaHHJI-HOna, IlTO nOHSITHO,
eCJIH YlleCTb npaKTH1JeCKOe 311aIlCHHe 3TOH: lIa H60.'1ee xapaKTepHOH:
,lI,JIH ypaHa <pOpMbI cYlll.eCTBOBallHH cro HOHOB. PacTBopbl COJIeH: ypa-
HHJIa HMCIOT KHCJIYIO peaKuHIO. fH,lI,PO.1H3 B YMepeHHO KonIleHTpHpo-
BaHHblX pacTBopax HallHHaeTCH YJKe C pH= 1,5. ilpH pH>4 npOHCXO-
,lI,HT Bblna,lI,eHHe B OCa,lI,OK nepacTBopHMblX IIpO,lI,YKTOB rH,lI,pOJIH3a.
I1cCJIe,lI,oBaHHH IIOKa3blBaIOT, IlTO na nepBolI CTa,lI,HH rH,lI,pOJIH3a
o6pa3yeTcH U0 2 0H+, a 3aTeM - nOJIHMepbl U 2 0 5 2+ H U 3 0 8 2+ no pe-
aKUHHM
2UO + + H 2 0 Z Up + + 2H+, k = 1,1.10- 6 ;
U20 + + UO + + H 2 0 U30 + + 2H+, k = 5. 10- 9 .
B npOIlccce ,lI,aJIbHeHIIlCro rH,lI,pOJIH3a no Mepc R03paCTaHH pH cpe-
.lI.bI 06pa3YlOTcH U 3 0 8 0H', U 3 0 8 (OHh, U 3 0 8 (OHh, U 3 0 8 (OH)4 2 -
H T. .LJ.. C KOIiCTaHTaMH, COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHblMH 2,8.10-4; 3.10- 7 ;
4.10- 8 ; 1. 10- 11 . B pacTBopax YCTaHOBJIeHO 06pa30BaHHe JJ,BYX'bH.llep-
IIblX KOMIIJIeKCOB [U0 2 (OHhUOP+ H [U0 2 (OHhUO] OH+. LI.JIH
MHOrOH,lI,epllblX rH,lI,POJIH30BaHHbIX <pOpM B paCTBopax npC,lI,JIOJKCHbl <pop-
MyJIbl U0 2 [ (OHhU0 2 ]n 2 + H UOdOU02)n2+.
52
no rfl,lI,pOJIHTHIleCKOMY nOBCJJ:eIlHIO HeIITYHHH HMCCTCH 3HaIlHTCJIb-
110 MCHblUe CBeJ.CHHH. flo OUCHKC IIepBa5I KOIlCTaHTa rH,lI,pOJIlBa HOHa
NpJ- pKI =7,43 (f..l=0,3, 25 DC). 3Ha4CIIHe KOHCTaHTbl rH,lI,po.TlH3a
HOlfa Np4+ rrpHMcpIlO paBHO 5.10- 3 (f..l=2). ITpH KOH[ eInpaUHH BO-
J1.0pOJJ:HhIX HOIlOH Mellce 0,3 M B BO.u:HbIX pacTBopax rrpoTeKalOT pcaK-
Ium rH.'J:pOJIH3a Np4+, conpoBoJK.u:alOIlIHccH 06pa301JaHHeM HapH.u:y C
HOHlIbIMfi cpOpM3MH TaKJKe rH.il-pOJIH30BalllIblx H no.'IHMepH30BaHllbIx
<:oeJ.HllcIIHH pa3JJH'lHOrO COCTaRa. 110llbI Np02+ rHJJ:pOJIH3YIOTCH npH
pH> 7 C 06pa30BallHcM Ma.rlOpaCTBOpHMOH: rH!l.pOOKHCH Np020H. Ha-
4aJJO ee OCaJKJJ:eIlHH, CCTeCTBCHIIO, 3aBHCHT OT KHucIITpauHH MCTaJIJIa
B pacTBope.
KOHcTaliTa rH;J:pOJIH3a HOHa HCIITYIIHH Np022+ COCTaBJIHCT 2,09X
X 10- 7 , rrpHIleM rrpo.u:YKTOM nCpBOlla'IaJIhllOH peaKIlHH HBJIHeTCH COCJJ:H-
HeIlHe NpO (OHhNpOl+. B ,lI,aJIbIfCHIIICM nOMHMO cTyrreHIlaToro rHJJ:-
po.'IH3a HOIIOH Np022+ rrpOTCKalOT rrpouccchI B3aHMO.'J:CH:CTBHH Me)KJJ:Y
MOIlOMepHblMH rrpoJJ:YKTaMH rHJJ:pOJIH3a C 06pa30BalilieM JJ:HMepOB.
B XHMHH nJIYTOIlHH CYIlIcCTBeIlHbl HBJICIIHH rH,lI,pOJIH3a C 06pa30-
BaHHCM CJIOJKHhfX HOIIOH. ITpH 3HaQeHHHX pH<7 nJI)'TOHHH (III) 3a-
MCTlloro rH}J.pOJIH3a IIC npcTepneBaeT. KOIlcTaHTa rH,lI,pOJIH3a rrpH
J..L = 0,069 B XJIOpHOKHCJIOH: cpe,lI,e ,lI,JIH Pu 3 + COCTaBJIHeT 7,22 (B pKd.
B CHJIbHO Il(CJIOlJHbIX pacTBopax OCaJK,lI,aeTCH rHJJ:pooKHCb Pu (OHh,
npOH3Be,lI,eIlHC pacTBopHMOCTH KOTOpOH paBIIO 2.10- 20 . rH.u:pOJIH3 nJIY-
TOHHH (III) orrHCblBaCTCH ypaBHcHHeM Pu3++H20 Pu(OH)2++H+.
Ha ncpBoH CTaJJ:HH fllJJ:pOJIH3a Pu H npoTeKacT pcaKUHH
Pu'+ + H 2 0 Pu (OH)3+ + H-.
HOHbT IIJIYTOHHH (IV) rH,lI,pOJIH3YIOTCH YJKe B clla60KHc.fJblX pacTBo-
pax «0,3 M). 3HaIlcHHc I1epBOH: KOilCTaHTbl rH,lI,pOJIH3a, no .lI.aHHbIM
pa3JIHIlI!blX aBTopoB, KOJIe6JIeTCH B npe,lI,cJIax 0,018-0,054. B YCJIOBH-
HX 60JICC rJIy60Koro rH,lI,pOJIH3a rrpOHCxO,lI,HT rrOJIHMepH3aUHR IIJIYTO-
IlHH (IV), IlTO COnpOBOJKJJ:aCTCH, B qaCTHOCTH, n05IB:IeIlHeM HpKO-3e-
JIeHOH: OKpaCKH pacTBopa. B npocTeHweM BH,lI,e IIpouecc nOJIHMepH3a-
IIHH, HMCIOIlI.HH He06paTHMblH H HepaBHoMcpHblH xapaKTcp, npC.lI.CTaB-
JIHCTCH KaK nOJIHpH3aUHH ,lI,BYMH HOHaMH rrJIYTOIlHH 0,lI,I10H: MOJIeKYJIbI
BOJJ:bl. 06pa30BaHHc 3BeHbeB nOJIHMepHOll uenH noCpe,lI,CTBoM KHCJIO-
pO,lI,HblX MOCTHKOB 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT BblCOKYIO npO'lHOCTb IIOJIHMepHblx
coe;J:HHeHHH: nJIYToHHH (IV). HatJaJIo IIOJIHMCpH3aI(HH OTMCqaeTCH npH
pH = 1-;.-2, npHIlcM 06pa3YIOlUHecH nOJIHMepbI HMCIOT CJIa6bTH: nOJIO-
JKIiTeJIbHbIH 3apH,lI,. O'leHh cYIuecTBeHHo, OC06CHHO B TCXHOJIOrHH 3KC-
TpaKII.HOHIlbTX H cOp6UHOHHbIX IIpoueccoB, Ilro XHMHIleCKHe CBOH:CTBa
IIJIYTOHHH (IV) B nOJIHMepH30BaHHoM COCTOHIlHH pC3KO OT JIHIlalOTCH
OT cro CBOHCTB B HOHHOH: cpopMe. ITpH pH>8 OCHOBHOH cpOpMOH: cY-
lUeCTBOBaHHH nJIYTOHHH (IV) B pacTBopax HBJIHeTCH cro rH,lI,pOKCH,lI"
npOH3Be,lI,cIIHC pacTBopHMOCTH KOToporo [Pu]. [OH]4 paBHo 7.10- 56 .
HOll nHTHBaJIeHTHOro IIJIYTOHHH PU02+ MaJIO CKJIOHeH K rH,lI,pOJIH-
3y. TaK, npH pH<5 npoueccOM rH,lI,pOJIH3a nJIYToHHH (V) B a30THO-
KHCJIbIX cpe,lI,ax MOJKHO npeHe6petJb. ITpH pH>5 IIpoTeKaeT nepBaH
-cTa,lJ.HH rH,lI,pOJIH3a C 06pa30BaHHeM PU02 (OH). DpH KOHueHTpauHH
53
nJIYTOHHH (V) B paCTBOpe OKOJIO 2 r;JI 3Ha'leHHC pH HalIaJIa OcaJKtl.C-
HHH rH,lI,pOKCH,'I.a nJIYTolIHH (V) npHMepHo paBHo 6,8.
rH,lI,pOJIH3 n.'IYToHH.il-HOlla [nJI)'ToHHH (VI)] H,i.leT cTyneH'laro:
PuO + +- HzO +!= PuO z (OH)+ + H+, k = 5,10- 6 ;
PuO z (OH) !- + HzO PuO (OHh + H+, k = 2, 10-6;
PuO z (OH)z + HzO PuO (OH)t + H+, k =- 2.10- 10 .
I1MelOTcH ,lI,aHllblC 0 TOM, IlTO npouecc rH,lI,pOJIH3a OC.'lOJKHHCTC5f
06pa30BaEIHeM nOJIHMepOB. BCJIH4HHa pH Bbma.a.CHHH OCa,lI,KOB rH.lI.pO-
OKHCllblX COCj).HIICIIHH nJIYToHHJIa H3 a30THOKHC.lbIX pacTBopoB OTBC-
4aeT 3Ha'iemiHM 2,74 .il-JIH 0,01 M PU02(NOah H 3,5 ,lI,JIH 0,0001 M.
PU02 (NOah
I1Cc.1C,II,OBalll1e I H;I.po.1H3a HOHon Am 3 1-, Cm'-, Bk 3 -r H CI'- YCTa 1I03HJIO 31134('-
Hlle ncpBOH KOHeTaHTbI rH.D.pO,lH3a (n pK) npH 23°C H 11=0,1 COOTBeTCTBeHIlO
5,92; 5,92; 5,62 H 5,66. .LJ.ml Fm 3 + Bbl4He,1Clla KOHCTaHTa rH.D.po.1H3a: 19 KI =-3,8
.lH ltCTblpcx3a;>H.D.Hblx HOHOB Am 4 -L, Cm 4 i, Bk 4 -, Fm 4 1- H CI41- nC,le.n.eTBI1C ,IX
HeyeTOH1JHBOCTH B paeTBopax KaKHe-. H(jo eBe.D.eHHH 06 HX fH.D.PO.1HTH4eeKoM nOBe.il.C-
HHH oTeYTeTBYIOT, TaK )KC KaK H A.1H nHTH- H meCTHnaJICIiTHblX HOHOB 3THX 3,lC'vIeIiTOB
3.7. KOMnneKcoo6pa30BaHHe aKTHHOHAOB
rH.lI.pOJIH3 H KOMnJlCKC006pa30BallHe TCCHO CBH3allbI MeJK.lI.Y c060H:.
KaK Ii npH HI3JlellHHX rH.il-pOJIH3a, OTHOCHTCJIbHaH cnoc06HoCTb K KOMn-
JIeKco06pa30BaHHl0 B 3Ha4HTc.'Ih/lOH CTeneHH onpC,lI,eJIHeTCH pa3Mepa-
MH H 3ap5l.lI.OM HOHOB. M/lOr03apHJI.HbIC HOHbI 06pa3YlOT B 06lUCM 60-
JIee npolIHhlC KOMnJIeKCh!, 4eM 0.u:1I03apH.lI.Hble. B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' TH-
IIa KaTHOHa cnoc06HOCTb K KOMnJICKC006pa30BaHHIO C ,lI,aHHbIM aHIID-
HOM }J.JIH aKTHIlOH.u:013 YMellhwacTc5I B pH.u:y Me4,>Me022 >Mc3+>
>Me02 .
HecMoTpH IIa I1eKOTOpbIC OTKJIOIleHHH no CIiJIe KOMnJIeKC006pa30-
BaHHH C HOHaMH aKTHIIOH.il-OB, pa3JIH'l1lbIe allHOHbI MOJKIIO pacnoJIo-
JKHTb B nopH}J.Kc: 0.lI.H03apH,lI,lIble CPTOPH,lI,>HHTpaT>XJIOpH,lI,>nepXJlO-
paT, ,lI,BYX3apH.u:/lbIe Kap60HaT>OKCaJIaT>CYJIbcpaT.
KOMIIJICKC006pa30BaHHe aKTH/lOIi,lI,OB B BOJI.HbIX CpC,lI,ax, OC06CHIIOt
06pa30BallHC OTpHUaTeJIbilO 3apHJKeHHbIX KOMn.leKCOB, HrpaeT HCKJIIO-
1.J:HTeJIbIIO BaJKIIYIO pOJIb BO MHorHX TeXHOJ10rHIlCCKHX npoucccax lIe-
pepa60TKH H,lI.CpIlOrO TOTIJIHBa. Oc06eHHO 31'0 naJKHO ,lI,JIH npOUCCCOB
HOIlHoro 06MCIIa H 3KCTpaKUHH opralIHIlCCKHMH paCTBOpHTeJIHMH, KO-
Topble 4pe3BblIlaHII0 WHpOKO H 3cpcpeKTHBHO HCnOJIb3yIOT IIPH nepe-
pa60TKe 06JIY4eHIIoro H.il-epllOrO Ton.1HBa .lI.JIH pa3,lI,eJIeHHH ypal!a,
nJIYTOIIHH, HCTITYHHH H ,lI,PYrHX TpaHcypaHoBblX 3JICMeHTOB, a TaKJKe
npO,lI,YKTOB 1.(CJIeHHH paClI).cnJIHIOIlIHXCH M aTcpHa.'IOB.
AKTHHOHJI.Hble 3JICMeHTbl 06JIa.lI.a1OT 60JIbWOH CKJIOHHOCTblO K
KOMnJIeKC006pa30BaHHIO. MHOr04HCJIeHHbIe HCCJIe.J:OBaIlHH KOMnJICK-
co06pa30BaIlHH aKTHHOH.llOB B pa3JIHIlHOH: CTenCHIi OKHCJICHHH, OCO-
6eHHO nO,lI,p06110 H3YIlCli/lOrO COBCTCKHMH YIlCHblMIi, nOKa3bIBaIOT, 'ITO'
54
BCC MOHbI 3THX 3 eMeHTOB B BO HblX paCTBOpaX 06JIa,lI,a1OT crroc06-
HOCTblO 06pa30BblBaTh KOMrrJICKCbl C pa3JIHIlHhlMH lIeOprallHIlCCKHMH H
-opraHH4eCKHMH JIHraH aMH. TaK, HOllbl ypaHa HBJIHIOTCH ,lI,OBOJIbHO
CHJIhllbIMH KOMIIJlCKC006pa30BaTCJIHMH H MOrYT }J.aBaTb KOMrrJICKCHble
OC}J.HHCHHH KaK C HCOpraIiHIleCKHMM, TaK H co 1l0rHMH OpraHHQCCKH-
MH JIHralln:aMH. ILJI5I ypaHa OC06ellHO XapaKTepHa KOOp HHaUHH KHC-
JlOpoJJ:co epJKalUHX HOIIOB H MOJICKYJI. Koop HHauHoHHoe lJHCJIO ypa-
lIa (IV) H C MellblUeA JJ:OCTOBCpHOCTbIO ypaHa (III) 06bIIlHO paBHo 8.
YpaH (VI) B KOMrrJICKCllblX COCiI.HHeHH5IX BbiCTyrracT nOtJTH HCKJIIO-
4HTCJIbHO B BH,lI,e ypallHJI-HOlla U0 2 2+. Koop HHauHollHoe IlHCJIO ypa-
Ha (VI) B 60JIbWHHCTBe COe,lI,HHeIlHH: TaKJKC paBHo 8, npHIle'\i ,lI,Ba
MeCTa B KOOpiI.HHaUHOHHOH: cepcpe ypaHa rrp01.JIIO 3allHMalOT ,lI,Ba ypa-
,HHJIbHbIX aTOMa KHCJIOpo a. CBH3b MCJK,lI,y ypaHoM H aTOMaMH KHC-
JIopO,lI,a B HOlle ypaHHJIa HBJIHeTCH npCHMYlUeCTBeHHO KOBaJIeHTHOH.
CBH3b MCJK,lI,Y ypaHoM H JIHraH,lI,aMH, rrO-BH,lI,HMOMY, TaKJKe HOCHT KO-
BaJIeHTHblH xapaKTep BCJIC,lI,CTBHe 0606lUCHHH C ypaHoM CB060,lI,HblX
"3.'lCKTpOHHbIX nap JIHrall OB. IToKa3aHO, HanpHMep, 4TO MOJKeT 6bITb
-o6pa30BaHO BoceMb 01.JeHb npOIlHblx BblTHHYTblX rH6pH,J.HblX Op6HT C
Y4aCTHeM f-op6HT ypaHa. lllecTb TaKHX Op6HT pacrrOJIaralOTCH B O}J.-
HOH: IIJIOCKOCTH, a ,J.Be -B rrepneH,lI,HKYJIHpHOH:.
B lIaCT05llUee BpeMH H3BeCTHO orpOMHOC IlHCJlO KOMnJIeKCHbIX
MOHOB ypaHa, KaK KaTHOHOB, TaK H aHHOHOB, MllorHe H3 KOTOpblX Hr-
palOT BaJKHYIO pOJIb B XHMHH H TeXHO.'10rHH H cpHoro TOnJIHBa.
ITpH KOOp,lI,HllaUHH aHHOHa K KaTHOIIY H3 KOOp,lI,HHaUHOIlHOH: cepe-
pbl nOCJIc,lI,lIero BblTeCIIHeTCH lJaCTb MOJIeKYJI fH,lI,paTIlOH BO,lI,bI HJIH
.n.PYfHX rpynn, T. e. IIpOHCXOn: iT peaKUHH 3aMelUeHHH. I1lI0r,lI,a B ac-
COUHaTe KaTHOH H aHHOII MorYT 6blTb pa3,lI,eJICHbl O..'l:HHM H ,lI,aJKe ,lI,BY-
MH CJIOHMH MOJIeKYJI BO,lI,bI. ITpOIlHOCTb CBH3H KaTHOlla C allHOHOM
xapaKTepH3yeTcH BeJIH'lHHOH: KOHCTaHTbI KOMrrJIeKC006pa30BaHHH (KOB-
CTaHTa YCTOH:lJHBOCTH KOMnJIeKca) H 3aBHCHT OT HeCKOJlbKHX epaKTopOB,
cpeJJ:H KOTOpblX OCHOBHYIO pOJIb HrpalOT pa3Mepbl H 3apH.II KaTHOHa,
onpe,lI,eJIHlOlUHe ero KHCJIOTHOCTb H ,lI,OHOpHblC CBOHCTBa aHHOHa. Oc-
HOBHOCTb aHHOHOB MOJKHO conOCTaBHTb HCXO,lI,H H3 npOTOHoaKueIITOp-
HblX CBOH:CTB. OKCaJIaT-, aueTaT-, Kap60HaT-, epocepaT-HOllbl, KOTOpblM
COOTBeTCTBYIOT cpaBHHTeJIbHO nJIOXO ,lI,HCCOUHHPYlOlUHe KHCJlOTbI, HB-
JIHIOTCH 60JIee CHJIbHblMH OCHOBaHHHMH H 06pa3YIOT 3HaIlHTeJIbHO 60-
Jlee npoIlHble KOMnJIeKCbI C KaTHOHOM, IlCM, HarrpHMep, XJIOPH,lI,-, HHT-
paT- H oc06euHo rrepXJIOpaT-HoHbI.
Ll.JIH TeXHOJIOfHH 06JIYIleHHblx MaTepHaJIOB, r,lI,C npHXO,lI,HTCH HMeTb
,lI,eJIO rJIaBHblM 06pa30M C a30THOKHCJIblMH Cpe,lI,aMH, B npHcYTcTBHH
«epOHOBOH:» IIpHMecH ypalla BeCbMa CYlUecTBeHHo KOMnJIeKC006pa30-
BaHHe no pcaKUHH
UO + + N03":o:% U0 2 NOt.
KOHCTaHTa 3TOH peaKUHH B 2 M pacTBope HOHOB BO,lI,opO,lI,a paBHa
{),21. CYlUeCTBYIOT YKa3aHHH Ra ,lI,aJIbHeHWYIO aCCOUHaUHIO nOJIYlJae-
MbIX HOHOB U0 2 N0 3 + B 60JIee KOHueHTpHpOBaHHblX paCTBopax, r,lI,e
OKOJIO 20 % ROHOB accouHHpoBaHo B HeH:TpaJIbHble KOMnJIeKCbl
55
U0 2 (N0 3 h B KOIlUCIlTpHpOBallHbIX paCTBOpaX HI\03 Moryr B03HIl-
KaTb 11 allHOIIHble TpHIIHTpaTllble KOMnJICKChl [U0 2 (N0 3 h]-.
113Y'lcHO TaKJKC KOMnJIeKC006pa30BailHe ypaHa (IV) C pa3.'IHIl-
HblMH aIlHOllaMH, O.il.llaKO HaH60JlhlUeC 4HC.'I0 HMCIOUJ.HXC5I CBC.il-CllHII
OTHOCHTCH K ypaHY (VI), nocKo.'IhI\Y HMeHHO ero COe.il-HIICIIH5I HaH60-
.'1ee xapaKTcpllbI ;1,.151 npOUCCCOB, I1CnOJIb3ye\1b1X 13 TCXHOJIOrHH H,J,ep-
IIbIX MaTepllaJIOB, oc06eHHO Ta , r.lI.e rrpHMCII5ICTCH 3KCTpaKUHH.
ITo ypallY (Ill) H ypaHY (V) nO.il-p06HbIe Hcc.'Ie,lI,OBaHHH cpaKTHIle-
CKH OTCYTcnYIOT.
I1ccJlc ol3aHH5IMH Ka4eCTBCHHoro xapaKTcpa YCTaIiOBJIeHO, tITO lIen-
TYIlIfH: (IV) 06pa3YCT YCTOH:tIHBbIC KOMn.1CKCbI C cpTOpH,J,OM, CYJIbcpa-
TOM, cpoccpaTO , OKCaJIaTOM, a!.l,eTaTOM H T. n. XOTH OCHOBllaH Macca
HenTYHH5I B BO,lI,IIb1X paCTBopax HaXO.il.HTCH B BH,lI,C NpH, B03MOJKHO.
CYll CCT130RaIlHe, HanpH Cp B CCpIlOKHC.l0H CpC;J.C, ;J,BYX KOMnJICKCOB
[NpS04P+ H [Np (S04h]0.
B cnCKTpax nOrJIOlUCllHH a30TIIOKHCJIbiX paCTBopOB HemYIIHH (IV)
npH nOBblweHHH KOHI eIlTpauHli HN0 3 OT 1 .il-O 10 M lIa6JIIO,lI,aIOTC5I
xapaKTepHble H3MeHCIIHH, CBH.lI.eTeJIbCTBYIOIIlHC 0 HB.'1CIlHHX KOMIIJleKCO-
06pa30Ba1lHH. DblJlH onpC,lI,CJlellbl KOHCTallThI KOMnJIeKC006pa30BaHHH
IlHTpaTHbIx KOM nJICI\COB lIellTYIl HH (IV), H3MeIlHlOll HeCH B 3aBHCHMO-
CTH 01' HOIIHOH CH.lbl pacTBopoB 01' 8 .il-O 0,5 (H3MellcliHe /l C00T13eTC1-
BeHHO OT 0,03 .il-O 2,8). ITo aHaJlOrHH C XOpOJIlO H3Y'ICIIHblMH Ko n.1CK-
caMH nJIYToHHSI (IV) npcJJ.nOJIaraCTcH, IlTO B 1 M HN03 xapaKTep
cnCKTpa nor.'101lIeHH5I 06YCJlOBJ1CH rJIaBllhlM 06pa30M HOllaMH NpN0 3 ;+
II Np (N0 3 h 2 +, B 5 M HN0 3 - HCHTpaJIbllbIM KOMnJIeKCO\t
lNp()\03)4J" H B 10 M HN03- KOMIIJIeKCOM H 2 [Np(N0 3 h].
ITo CKJIOIIIIOCTH K KOMnJICKC006pa30BaHHI0 C HemYIlHeM (IV)
HOHbI 0.lI.1I00CIIOBHbIX IIcoprallH'lccKHX KHCJ10T MOJKHO paCnOJIOJKHTb
B pH,lI, 03->CI->CI04-'
B lUaBCJIeBOKHCJIbIX paCTBopax HemYIIHH: (IV) 06pa3yeT KOMn-
JIeKCHlJie HOHbI [NpC 2 0 4 P+, [Np (C 2 0 4 h] 0, [Np (C 2 0 4 hP- H
[Np (C 2 0 4 ) 4)4-.
HemYHHH (IV) 06pa3ycT KOMn.fJeKCbI C COl--HoHaMH B BO..'l:HblX
pacTBopax, '11'0 nOCJIYJKH.10 npe,!J:MeToM nO.il-p06HOro HCCJIe.a.OBaHHH co-
BeTCKHMH Y4CHbIMH. B IlaCTHOCTH, 6bIJIH onpCjI.eJlellbl KOIlCTaHTbl .lI.IIC-
COUHa!.l,HH KOMIIJIeKCOB H H3MepcHbl cncKTpbl nOrJIOlUeHHH nOJIY4cH-
HbIX Kap60HaTHblx pacTBopoB HemYHHH (IV). .lI.Byx3apH,lI,Hble aIlHO-
IIbl no CKJIOIIIIOCTH K KOMITJICKC006pa30BaHHIO C IlCITTYHHeM (IV) MOJK-
HO paCnOJIOJKIfTb B ITOCJ1e.lI.OBaTe.'IbHOCTH C0 3 2->C 2 0 4 2-> S04 2 -.
11011 ITHTHBaJIeHTHOro HcnTYIIH5I N0 2 +- 60JIblllOH HOII C O,lI,HHM 3a-
pH,lI,OM, IT03TOMY OJKH,lI,aJIOCb, '1TO 011 6Y,lI,eT 06JIa,lI,aTb cpaBHHTeJIbHo.
MaJIOH: CIJOC06HOCTbIO K KOMII.leKco06pa30BaHHIO C .'1106b1MH aHHOHa-
MH. O.lI.llaKO 60JIee TOIIKHMH MCTO..'l:aMH HCCJIe,lI,OBaIlHH, BbInOJIHellllbI-
MH B COBCTCKOM COI03e, ITOKa33110 CYIlIccTBoBaIlHe, IJpaB,lI,a, ,lI,OBOJIb-
HO J1CCTOHKHX, OKCaJIaTllhlX H TapTpaTHbIX KOMIIJICKCOB HeIJTYIIH5I (V),
a TaKJKC p5l,J,a KOMnJIeKCOB HCIJTYHIfH (V) C aHHOllaMH MHorOOCHOB-
HblX opraHu4ecKHx KHCJIOT.
.lI.JIH TeXIIOJIOrHH 06JIY4eHHbIx MaTepHaJIOB cYlUecTBeHHo HBJIeHHe
KOMIJJIeKC006pa30BaHHH HelITYHHH (VI) C HHTpaT-HoHaMH B a30THO-
56
KHCJIblX paCTBOpaX, KOTOpOe II a6JIIO.lI.aeTCH IIPH KOIlII.CHTpaII.HH HN0 3
3,5 M H BbIwe. HaH.lI.CHhI KOMIJ.TIeKCbl IICIJTYHHH (V I) C XJIOpH,lI,- H auc-
TaT-HOHaMH. ITO.'IYIlCHl!hlC ,lI,alllIbIe 0 KOMIJ.'IeKC006pa30BaIIIiH Np02 2 +
C aUCTaT-HOlIaMH HaXO,lI,HTCH B xopollleM COrJIaCHH C pe3YJIhTaTaMH
HCCJIC;J:OBaIlHH KOMIJJICKC006pa30BaHHH HOHa ypaHa C aueTaT-HOHaMH.
T aKJKe OTMC'lCli0 HeKoTopoe KOMIJ.fJeKC006pa30BaHHe HOHa Np022+ B
CCpHOKHCJIblX pacTBopax H OTCYTCTBHC ero B IIepx.lopaTHbIx cpe,lI,ax.
ElUe 60JIec BaJKHbI Bonpocbl KOMn.fJeKC006pa30BaHHH B XHMHH H
TeXl!OJIOrHH IJJIYTOHHH, oc06ellHO B CBH3H C IIIHpOKHM HCIJO.fJb30BaHH-
eM HOH006MeHl!bIX H 3KCTpaKuHOHHblX IJpOII.eCCOB. 3TO IIOCJIYJKHJIO OC-
HOBaHHCM .il-JIH BCCbMa IJO.lI.P06HbIX HCCJIe.lI.OBaIlHH:.
Y CTOH:IlHBOCTb KOMIIJIeKCOB, 06pa3YIOlUHxCH C ,lI,aHHblM aHHoHoM,
,!I.,lH HOHOB IJJIYTOHHH nO,lI,lfHHHeTcH 06lUCH: ,lI,JIH aKTHIIOH,lI,OB 3aKOHO-
MCpllOCTH, B03pacTaH B CJIC,lI,YlOlUeM nOpH,lI,Ke: PU02+<PU3+<
< PU0 2 2 +<PU4+.
CIJOC06HOCTb aHHOHon K KOMnJIeKC006pa30BaHHIO C HOHaMH nJIY-
TOHHH y6blBaeT B pH,lI,Y 0.lI.H03apH,lI,HbIX aHHOHOB F->N0 3 ->CI->
> CI0 4 - H ,lI,syx3apH,lI,HbIX C0 3 2->C 2 0 4 2-> S04 2 -. 4eTblpeXBaJIeHT-
HblH HOH IJJIYTOHHH no cpaBHeliHIO C .u:PYfHMH HOHaMH nJIYToHHH 60-
Jlee CKJIOHeH K KOMIIJICKC006pa30BaHHIO 6JIarO,lI,apH 60JIbWeMY 3apH,lI,Y
Ii MClIhWCMY Pa,lI,HYCY. TaK, nJIYToHHH (IV) 06pa3yeT YCTOH:IlHBble cpTO-
pllJlHble KO:\1nJIeKCbl, ILJIH pcaKUHH Pu4-!.+HF PuP++H+ onpc,lI,eJIeHa
KOHCTaHTa aCCOUHaII.HH 4,25.10 3 B WHpOKOM ,lI,HaIIa30HC oTHOWeHHH:
KOllucliTpauHH HF H IJJIYTOHHH (IV).
IToJI:p06110 H3YIleHbI HHTpaTllble KOMIIJIeKCbl [PuN0 3 ] 3+,
[Pu (N0 3 ) J2 t-, [Pu (N0 3 h]+, 06pa3YIOiliHecH B a30THOKHCJIOM pacTBo-
pc IIJIYTOIIHH (IV). ITo Mepe YBCJIHIleHHH KOlIucHTpaUHH HN0 3 CTY-
JICHIlaTO 06pa3YIOTcH pa3JIH'lHble KOMIJJIeKCHble COC,lI,HHeHHH OT
[Pu (N0 3 ))3+ ,lI,0 [Pu (N0 3 hP-. YCTaHOBJIeHO, t!TO B aueTaTHblX pac-
TBopax nJIYToHHH (IV) CYlUecTByeT B BH,lI,C aueTaTHoro al!HOHHoro
KOMIIJIeKca. 110HbI IIJIYTOHHH (IV) 06pa3YIOT npoIlHbIe KOMIIJIeKCbl C
cYJIbcpaT-HoHaMH, npH 3TOM Ha6JIIO,lI,aCTCH nOCJIe,lI,OBaTCJIbIlOe 06pa-
30BailHe KOMIIJIeKCOB [PuSOp+, [Pu(S04h]0 H [Pu(S04hP-. 113-
BCCTHbl TaKJKe npOIlHble CYJIbcpHTHblC KOMIJJIeKChl Pu (IV).
KOHcTaIlTbl YCTOH:qHBOCTH HHTpaTHbIx KOMIIJIeKCOB nJIYToHHH (IV)
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HOHHOH: CHJIbl ( = 1-8) H3MeHHIOTCH B npe,lI,eJIax
,OT 2,4 ,lI,0 10, XOTH ,lI,aHHble pa3JIHIlHbiX HCCJIe..'l:OBaTCJIeH ,lI,OBOJIbHO
CHJJbHO pa3JIHIlaIOTCH, qTO, nO-BH,lI,HMoMy, 06YCJIOBJIeHO IIorpeiliHocTH-
MH 3KcncpHMeHTa H pacIlcToB. B 1-4 M pacTBopax HN0 3 ,lI,OMHHH-
PyeT KOMIIJICKC Pu (N0 3 ) 4, a npH 60JIbWHX KOHueHTpauHHx - aHHOH-
Ilble KOMnJIeKCbl.
ITpH pacTBopCHHH OKCaJIaTa nJIYToHHH B OKCaJIaTC KaJIHH 06pa-
3YIOTCH KOMIJJICKCbl C O,lI,HHM, ,lI,BYMH H TpCMH OKCaJIaT-HOHaMH:
[PUC 2 0 4 P+, [PU(C 2 0 4 h]0 H [PU(C 2 0 4 hP- COOTBCTCTBeHIlO C KOH-
TaHTaMH 06pa30BaHHH 8.10 3 , 965 H 25,1. CHHTc3HpoBaH H HCCJIe,lI,O-
BaH pH,lI, OKCaJIaTHblX COe,lI,HHeHHH: nJIYTolIHH (IV), HaIJpHMep
Na4[PU (C 2 0 4 )4<5H 2 0, (NH4h[Pu (C 2 0 4 )s. nH 2 0 H ,lI,p. PacTBopH-
MOCTb t!HCToro OKCaJIaTa IIJIYTOHHH (IV) B BO.il-e OKOJIO 20 Mr!JI. 0,lI,-
.HaKO npK H36bITKe OCa)IHTeJIH - OKCaJIaTa aMMOHHH, KaJIHH HJIH HaT-
57
pHS! B pe3YJIbTaTe KOMTIJIeKC006pa30BalIHH npOHCXO,lI,IIT nOCTeTICIIHOe
paCTBopeHHC oca,'!:Ka, H paCTBopIIMOCTb ero ,J.OCTHraeT YJKe lIeCKOJIb-
KHX ,lI,eCHTKOB rpaMMOBlIa JIHTp.
Bbl.u:eJIeliO HeCKOJlbKO Kap60llaTHblX KOMTIJIeKCHblX COe.lI.HI!eHHH:
nJIYToHHH (IV), CMcwaHHhlX Kap60IlaTHO-OKCaJIaTllhlX, aMMoHHHIIO-
Kap60llaTHbIx, nCpOKCHJl.llbIX H cpoccpaTllblX KOM!I.'ICKCllbIX coe.u:HHC-
UHH TIJIYTOIIHH (IV). 11 HTepcc K H3YliCHHIO KOMTIJIeKCllhIX COC.llIIIIC-
I!HH: TIJIYTOIIHH (IV), TIpOHBJIelillblH Y4CHhlMH pa311bIx CTpall, Bbl313aH
TCM, IlTO B IIpOH3BO,lI,CTRClillblX pacTBopax TIPH nepepa60TKe 06.1Y-
tICHHOrO 51.lI.CpIiOrO TOTIJIHBa ,lI,OMHHHPYlOlUHM BaJIellTllblM COCTOHHHCM
TIJIYTOHHH HBJIHeTCH KaK pa3 lIeTblpeXBaJICIITlioe.
II.JIH TIJIYTOI!HH (VI) CHJIbHOe KOMnJICKC006pa30BallHe Ha6.11O.u:aeT-
CH B a30THoKHC.'IOH:, lUaBCJICBOKHCJIOH: H oc06ellll0 Kap60HaTiIOH cpe-
,lI,ax. B IlaCTHOCTH, BbI,lI,C.'ICIiO H H,lI,eHTHcpHII.HpOBalio COe.il-HHCHHe-
HpKO-3eJIeHoro UBeTa (NH 4 h [PU02 (C0 3 )a], aHaJIOrHIlHoe-
(NH 4 )4[U0 2 (C0 3 )a] - KpHCTaJIJIaM JIHMOIIIIO-JKeJITOrO UBCTa.
B a30TIIOKHCJIbIX pacTBopax H,lI,CHTHcpHIlHpoBaHbl KOMTIJIeKCbI THTIa
Pu02(N0 3 )n 2 -n, r.il-e n= 1 +3. 06pa30BaHHe KOMIIJIeKCa Pu02(N0 3 h-
Ha6JIIO,lI,aeTCH TIpCHMYlUCCTRCI!HO n KOHuCHTpHpOBal!blX a30THOKHC.1bIX
pacTBopax (14,6M). BbI411CJIeHa KOHCTalITa YCTOHIlHBOCTH HHTpaTHOro-
KOMTIJICKCa, 06pa3YIOllierocH TIO peaKUHH Pu02(N03h+HN03
HPU02(N03h, OKa3aBwaHCH paBiIOH: 4::!:: 1. HaH,lI,CHO, tITO TIPH cop6-
UHH Ha aHHOHHTax H IIPH 3KcTpaKuHH B HCKOTOpbIC opraHHl!CCKHC pac-
TBOpHTeJIH PU022+ 3KcTparHpyeTcH IIO aHHoHo06MCIIIIOMY McxallH3MY
B BH.llC ,lI,HlIHTpaTlloro H TpHiHlTpaTIiOro KOMTIJICKCOB. B IlaCTHOCTH.
KOMTIJICKC PU02 (N 03)a- HBJIHeTCH cpOpMOH, 3KcTpa mpycMOH: B l/CT-
BepTH411hIe aMOIIHCBhlC OCHOBaHHH.
ITpH HCCJIeJl.OBaHHH KOMTIJICKC006pa30saHHH PU02 2 + I10Ka3aIl0, 41'0'-
TIPH KOlIueliTpaUHHx HN0 3 .il-O 4 M 06pa3YIOTc5I KOMTIJICKCbI C 01l.HOH
H ,lI,ByMH !lHTpaTlIblMH rpYIITIaMH, a TaKJKC Pu020HN0 3 . ITpH 60JIee'
BblCOKHX KOHucHTpauHHx HN0 3 06pa3yeTcH KOMnJIeKC Pu02(N0 3 h-,
TIO-BH.lI.HMOMY IIO peaKuHH [PuOdN0 3 )2' (H 2 0)4] +N03-
[Pu02(N03)a. (H 2 0):J]-+H 2 0.
KOMTIJIeKC006pa30Bail HC TpaHCnJIYToHHCBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB B BO;l.HbIX,
pacTBopax C alIHOHaMH KHCJ10T, B TOM tIHCJIe TaKHX, KaK JIHMOHHaH..
COJIHHaH, MOJIOIlHaH, pO,lI,aII HCTOBO,lI,OpO,lI,HaH, a TaKJKe a30TlIaH, cepliaH.
XJIOpllaH, HrpaeT BeCbMa BaJKHYIO pOJIb .lI.JIH BbI60pa HaHJIYIllllHX YC-
JIOBHH: IIOHo06MeHHoro pa3,lI,CJIeIlHH H Bbl.llCJICIIHH 3THX 3JIeMeIITOB.
YCTaHORJIeHa B03MOJKHOCTh 06pa30BaHHH p5Ijla KOMTIJICKCOB aMe-
PHUHH C CepHOH:, a30THOH, COJIHIIOH: H XJIOpliOH KHCJIOTaMH. AHHOHbI
HeoprallH4eCKHX KHCJIOT IIO HX CTIOC06HOCTH K KOMTIJICKC006pa30Ba-
HIIIO C aMepHuHcM (III) MOJKIIO paCTIOJIOJKHTb B pH,lI, S04 2 ->N0 3 ->
>CI->CI0 3 -. B IJaCTHOCTH, B a30THOKHCJIOH cpc,lI,e aMepHUHH: (III),
6Y,lI,YIlH allaJIoroM TIJIYTOHHH (III), TaKJKe 06pa3ycT, TIO-BH,lI,HMOMY,
KOMTIJIeKCbI C COOTHOWCIiHeM aMcpHuHH: JIHrall,lI" paBH'bIM 1: 1, 1: 2.
1 : 3. Hc HCKJIIOIlClla BCpOHTIiOCTh 06pa30BaHHH oTpHuaTc.rlbliO 3ap5l-
JKeHHbIX KOMTIJICKCOB a MepHUIIH (II I) B KOlinellTpHpoBaHHoH H [\;0 3 .
PO,lI,aHH,lI,Hble, cpTOpH,lI,l!blC H XJIOPH.u:HbIC KOMTIJIeKCbI aMCpHlIH5I (III)
60JIee TIpOtIHbI, IleM aHa.'10rHIlHble KOMIIJICKCbI eRpOTIHH, HBJIHlOlIiCrOCR
58
JIaHTaIlOH,lI,HbIM allaJIOrOM aMepHUHH, HC.YCTaIlOBJICIIbI Kap60HaTilbIe
J! aUCTaTHbIe KOMnJICKCbI aMcpHUHH (III), 110 lIaH.J:eHO. 41'0 IIPH 3Ha-
4eHH5IX pH>3 aMepHUHH: (III) nOIlTH nOJIHOCTblO I1aXO.lI.HTCH B cpOpMe
KOMnJIeKCllhlX HOHOB B CJIYIlae IlIaBCJIeBOKHCJIbIX paCTBOpOB. B 3THX
YC.'IOBHHX 06pa3YIOTCH KOMII.1CKChl [Am(C 2 0 4 h]-, [Am(HC 2 0 4 h]0 H
[Am (HC 2 0 4 h]-,
.lI.aHHblc 0 KOMn.'1CKC006pa30BaHHH aMepHuHH (V) C aHHOHaMH
KaKHX-JIH60 KHC.10T B BO,lI,HblX pacTBopax nOIlTH nOJIHOCTblO OTCYTCT-
nYIOT. I1MelOTcH JIHlllb YKa3allHH KaIleCTBeHHoro xapaKTepa 0 CHJIb-
110M KOMnJICKC006pa30BaHHH aMcpHUHH (V) B COJIHIIOKHCJIOH: cpe,lI,e.
I1MelOTcH CBC.a:CHHH H 0 KOMIIJIeKC006pa30BallHH aMepHuHH (IV) c
cy.HbcpaTllhIMH, HHTpaTHblMH H cpTOpH,lI,IIb1MH HOHaMH, IlTO, B IlaCTHO-
CTH, npOHRJIHCTCH B oKpacKc paCTBopoB, OTJIHIlllblX OT CBeTJIO-JKeJITOH
oKpacKH pacTBopa aMepHl HH (VI) B HCI0 4 , r,lI,e KOMnJIeKC006pa30-
BaHHC OTCYTcTByeT. OTMeIlcHo KOMIIJIeKCOo6pa30BaHHe aMepHUHH (VI)
B Kap60HaTHbIx paCTBopax, a TaKJKe H,lI,eHTHcpHILHpoBaHo COe,lI,HlIeHHe
aMCpHl HJITpHaueTaT HaTpIIH NaAm02(CH3COOh, aHaJIOrHIlHOe co-
'OTBCTCTBYlOlUIIM COe.il-HlleHHHM ypalla, lIenTYHHH H IIJIYTOIIHH.
I1MelOTeH .D.aHHDle 0 KO\1:l.ICKco06pa30BaHHH KIOpH!I B COJI!lHOKHeJILIX H 3TH.1eH-
;Wa\IHHTeTpaal.{CTaTHbiX paemopax. 113BJIC4CHHC HHTpaTHbIX Ko n.'1eKeOB KlOpHH
(III) Jle)KHT B oeHOBC MeTO.D.a 3KeTpaKItHOIIHoro H3B.'1e4eHHH ero e JlOMOlL(blO TpH6y-
TH,lcpoecpaTa (TB<1» H3 10-16 M pacTBopa HI\03. KlOpHH o6pa3yeT up04Hble KOMU-
.1eKCbI e aTIHOlla H BHIIHOH, MO,10'lHOH H .D.P)TIIX nO.D.06HblX KHeJIOT. B KOHneHTpHpO'
uaHlIDlX Kap60HaTHbiX paeTBopax KIOpHH 1l0J!06110 a epHlJ,HIO oupa3yeT XOpOllIO
paclBopwvrbIH KapOOl!aTHblH KOMII.'reKe. '1TO MO)KHO HeUO,lb30BaTb )1JI!I BbI)1eJIeHHH
KlOpHH B 4HeTO" Blllle Do eKJlOHHOeTH K KO"IIJICKCOOUpa30BaHHlo e KlOpHeM (III)
11 a ICpHl.{HCM (III) aHHOHLI KHe.10T paello.1aralOTeH B TO )Ke 1I0pH,llKe, KaK H .D.JIH
1I.1YTOHHH (III).
B OTHOllIeHHH 6CpKJIHH yeTaliOBJIeIIO 06pa30BalIHe H" UOJICC np04HblX XJIOpH.!!-
HbiX KOMnJICKeOB no cpaBHeHHIO e pC)1K03eMe.'1bHblMH 3.10lellTaMH. KOMn,1eKeooupa-
30BaHHe 6epK,1HH (III) e l.{HpaT-, a-oKcHH306YTHpaT-, P0.llaHH.D.- H TeHoH.1TpHcpTOp-
al.{CTOHaT-HOHa 1II I!CnOJIb3YlOT .D.JlH ero H3BJIe'lCIIHH.
I<aJIH<j>opHHH no eBOHM KO nJIeKe006pa3YK)ll.{H" cBoHeTBaM, nO-B1I)1HMOMY, aHa-
JlOrH4eH OeTaJIbHblM TpaHeypalioBbiM 3JIeMeHTaM 3TO )Ke MO)KIIO eKa3aTb H OTHoeH-
TeJIblIO 3HHllITCHIIHH, cpepMHH H Mell.D.eJTeBHH. OCHoBllbie CBC;J:eIIHH 0 HBJIeHHHX KOMII-
JlcKco06pa30BaHHH 3THX H HCKOTOpblX )1PYrHX TpallcypaHoBDlx 3J1eMeHTOB nOJIY4eHbI
npH HeeJIen:OBaIlHI! npOl.{eeeOB HOHo06MeliHoH COPUl.{HH H 3JIIOHpOBaHHH 3TH X 3JIeMeH-
TOB B HH)1HKaToplIbiX KO.1H4eeTBax e nOMOlL(blO pa3JIH4HblX paeTBopOB,
r JlABA 4
XAPAKTEPHCTHKA SlAEPHOrO TOnnHBA
4.1. OCHOBbi npOH3BOACTBa J1IAepHOH 3HeprHH
B OCIlOBe npOH3BO,lI,CTBa H.lI.CpHOi1 3HcprHH JIeJKHT pcaKuHH ,lI,eJIe-
IIHH H.LI.ep TaK lIa3blBaCMblX ,lI,CJIHlUHXCH HJIH paCilienJIHlOlUHXCH Ma-
TepHaJIOB (H;J.epHoc TOnJIHBo) no,lI, ,lI,eHCTBHeM IICHTpOHOB
A + n - X + y + (2 - 3) n + Q,
59
r,lI,C A - aTOM ,lI,eJIHlUCrOCH MaTCpHaJIa, HaIIpHMep 235U HJIH 239PU; X H:
!J - rrpO.il-yKTbI ,lI,eJIeIlHH; n - HellTpOIl; Q - Bbl,lI,CJIHlOluaHCH 311CprHH.
K ,'J.eJI5rIllHMCH MaTepHaJIaM OTHOCHT H30TorrbI ypaHa (235U, 233U),
a TaKJKe rrJIYTOHHH (2'\!!Pu, 241 Pu), ..'I:CJIHlUHeCH rrpH 3aXBaTC TCrrJIOBbIX
HeH:TpOIiOB. }f3 3THX 'lCTbIpex H30TonOB TO.lbKO 215U BC rpCllaCTCH B
rrpHpO}le. TpH JlpyrHx nOJIY'lalOT HCKYCCTBCHllhI\1 nYTC B H,lI,CpllbIX
peaKTopax 06JIY4ClIHCM rrpHpOJworo ypaHa HJIH TOpHH IICHTpOlla \1 fI,
06pa3YIOWH\1HCH B H36bITKe IIO IIpIlBC.lleIlIlOH BhlWC H.u:epHOH pcaKIUIIf
B IIpOI!eCCe ,lI,C.1CHHH H,lI,ep 235U. OpH 3TOM cO,J,cpJKaIUHHCH B npHpoJ.-
110M ypaHe THJKCJIbIH H30Ton 238U 'laCTH'lHO rrCpeXO,lI,HT B 239pU rre}
pcaKlIHH
2R8 U L I 39 U -= 2'9 Np -= 239 pV
92 -, on -+ 91 93 94.
AllaJIOrH'lIlO JlJIH TOpHH
-II -II
232 Th 1 1 211 Th _..... n3 p _..... 233 U
90 -, on -+ 90 91 a 92 .
IT03TOMY H30Ton 2J5U Ha3hlUalOT rrcpBH4HblM H.lI.epllbI TOII.1HnOM, a
239PU, 241PU H 238U - BTOpH'lHbIM.
B OTJIH'lIiC 01 .u:CJI5IIIlHXCH IIYKJIHJI.OB 215C, 239pU H 233U pa,lI,HOIl)'K-
JIH,lI,bJ 235U H 232Th CJlyJKaT JIHWb MaTcpHlICKHM BcmeCTBOM ,lI,JIH no-
JIy'leIlHH 1I0BbIX ,lI,eJI5IIUHXC5I MaTCpHaJIOB (3TO TaK Ha3blBaCMbIe <pcp-
THJIbHble BCIII.CCTBa, OT CJIOBa fertilis - TTJ10.u:OPO.u:HblH).
06e npllBClI.eHllhIe BhIwe HJI.CpllblC pcaKuHH OCYlllCCTBJIHIOTCH B
KpyrrHoM rrpOMbIWJIeIlIlO MaCWTa6e B H,lI,CpllbIX pcaKTopax - yCT-
pOHcTBax, B KOTOphiX npH orrpc..'1.c.leHllblx K01ITpOJIHpyeVlbIx YCJIOBHHX
IIpOBO.u:HTCH CaMOrrO,lI,,lI,CpJKHBaIOIUaHcH peaKUH5I ,lI,eJIeHHH.
B IIaCTOHlUec BpeMH IIpaKTH'lCCKH BO Bcex cTpaHax MHpa, IIpO-
H3BO,lI,HlUHX H,lI,epllYIO 3HeprHIO, ,lI,JIH ee IIOJIY'lCIIHH Hcrro.lb3YIOT H,lCp-
1I0e TOrrJIHBO Ha OCHOBC ypaHa. ITpHMcHellHC TOpHH ,lI,JIH OCYlUeCTB-
JICHHH H,lI,CpIiOH peaKllHH nOJIY'lellHH 233U BeCbMa OrpaHH'lCHO.
O,lI,HaKO B 6Y,lI,YlUCM rrOCJIe HC'leprraHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO ,lI,eWCBbIX
npHpO,lI,HblX pecypcoB ypalIa HCIIOJIb30BaJIHC TOpHH, nO-BH,lI,HMOMy, CTa-
HeT IlepcnCKTHBHbIM.
KaK YJKe YKa3bIBaJIOCb, HeHTpOHbI, lIe06XO,lI,HMbJe ,lI,JIH HallaJIa uen-
IIOH CaMOrrO,ll,,lI,epJKHBaIOWeHCH peaKUHH .il-CJICIIHH, 06pa3YlOTCH caMO-
npOH3BOJIbHO (crrOIiTaIlHO) IIPH :'jeJIeHHH ypall a, IIO C1UCHHoro B IIC-
06XO.lI.HMOM KOJIH'leCTBe B pa604YlO 30llY 5I:'jcplloro peaKTopa.
}f30TOII 235U ,lI,CJIHTCH rrpH 3a XBaTe KaK TcnJ10BhIX, TaK H 6bICTpblX
IICH:TpOHOB. 238U ,lI,eJIHTCH TOJIhKO rro.u: B03,lI,dfcTBHeM 6b1CTpblX HeHT-
pOHOB C 3HepmCH lie MCHec 1,1 M3B. OAllaKo, B3aHMO,lI,eilcTBYH C Ten-
JIOBblMH IIcHTpoHaMH H IIor.lowaH HX, 238U npeBpalUacTcH B 239PU, KO-
TOpblH IIO cnOHM H,lI,CpHblM CBoHcTBaM nO,lI,06ell 235U H MOJKeT ,'jC.rIllTh-
CH KaK Ha TenJIOBblX, TaR H Ha 6b1CTpblX HdiTpollax. 3TH cnOHcTB3
H,lI,epHOrO TOnJIHBa 06YCJIOBHJIH npHMeHeHHe B H,J,CpIlOII TeXHHKC J.BYX
OCIIOBHblX THIIOB H,lI,epHblX peaKTopOB: Ha TenJIOBblX II 6DfCTpblX HeHT-
pOHax.
60
ITOCKOJIhKY BepOHTHOCTb ,lI,eJIeHHH 235U Ha ObICTpbIX Ht'HTpOHaX B
COTHH pa3 CHbWC BepOHTlIOCTH .lI.CJICHIHI cro lIa TCnJIOBbIX, B 60.1b-
IlIHIICTBe paCnpOCTpaHClIllblX B lIaCTOHIlIee BpCMH npOMbIW:ICEilbIX
H,lI,CpHbIX peaKTOpOR HCnOJIb3YlOTCH Ten.'IOBbIe I1CHTpOHbl, 'ITO ..'I:OCTH-
raCTCH ,lI,06aBJICIlHCM B aKTHBHYIO 30HY pCaKTOpa OnpC,lI,CJICHHbIX BC-
lUCCTB-3aMe.'l.JIHTeJICH, 06JIaJl.alOlIiHX MaJIbIMH aTOMHOH MaCCO" H ce-
'leHHCM 3aXBaTa IICH:TpOIiOB. B Ka'lCCTBe TaKHX 33\le,lI,JIHTeJIeH: IfC-
nOJIh3YJOT, HanpHMep, rpacpHT, THJKCJIYIO BO.lI.Y, OKHCh 6epHJIJIHH, a
TaKJKC 06bI'lIlYIO BO,1y, KOTopaH B COBpCMellllblX peaKTopax 0,lI,1l0BpC-
MCHHO BbllJOJIHHeT pOJIb If TCIl.'lOHOClfTeJIH, OTBO,lI,HWCro Ten.rIO 1f3 aK-
THBIIO" 30HbI peaKTopa.
Ha npHpO,lI,HOM ypalle, a TaKJKC 113 ypaHe C HeBblCOKOH: CTcnCHblO
060rallielIHH JICrKHM H30TonOM 235U pcaKTOp 6C3 3aMe,lI,JIHTeJIH Bo06-
IlIe He MOJKCT pa60TaTb, TaK KaK OCIIOBllaH Macca Bbl..'l:eJIHIOUlHXCH
lIeihpOIiOB TpaTHJlaCb 6b1 na nOrJIOlUCHHe JJX 2380. PcaKTopbl na Tcn-
JIOBblX HeHTpOlIax C 3aMC,lI,.1JHTeJICM - 3TO O,lI,HH THn COBpeMe/!lIbIX
HlI.ep/!bIX pcaKTopOB. .II.PyrHM IIcpcneKTHRHbIM nmo HBJIHIOTCH pe-
aKTopbI Ha 6bICTpblX HCH:TpOHax. I1MelIllo OHH 6JIarO,lI,apH CBOHM or-
pOMHbIM nOTellUHaJIbllbIM npcHMYlUecTBaM npCII.CTaBJIHIOT reHCpaJIh-
nylO JIHHHIO pa3BHTHH 60JIbllIOH: H,lI,CpIlOH: 3HcprcTHKH COBeTcKoro COIO-
3a. B peaKTopax Ha 6bICTpbIX HeHTpOliax 3aMC.il-JIHTeJIb OTCYTcTByeT
If H.u:epHbIc pcaKUHH OCYlUeCTBJIHIOTCH no,lI, B03l1.eHCTBHcM IIcnocpe;rCT-
BCHliO 6blCTpblX HciiTpOHOB. Ho C nOBblweHHeM CKOpOCTH HeH:TpOHOB,
CCTccTBe/!Ho, paCTcT H HX nOTcpH BCJIe,lI,CTBHe YTe'lKH B oKpYJKalOlUee
npoCTpallcTBo. l.J:TOObl KOMneliCHpOBaTb 3TH nOTcpH /!CiiTpOHOB, B pe-
aKTopax lIa 6bICTpblX lIe"TpOH3X npHXO.lI.HTCH npHMCIIHTb BhICOKo060-
ralUeHHoe H,lI,epliOe TOnJIHBO: 239pU HJIH ypall C BbICOil.OH CTeneHblO
060ralUeHHH no JIerKoMy H30Tony - 235U.
4.2. Aeptlble peaKTopbl
B npOMbJWJIeHHO pa3BHTblx cTpaHax (CCCP, ClIlA, Be.'IHK06pHTa-
HHH, <PpaHUHH, <PPf, KaHa,lI,e, 51noHHH H ,lI,p.) pa3pa6aTbiBalOTcK
H,lI,epHble pcaKTopbl, pa3JIHIlalOWHecH no lIeJIeBoMy lIa3I1a'lCHHIO, BH-
,lI,3M npHMeHHeMoro H,lI,CpHOrO TOnJIHBa, 3aMC,lI,JIHTeJlCH: H TeIIJIOHOCH-
TeJICH, no THny H KOHCTPYKUHH TB3JIOB, xapaKTepy pacI10JIOJKeIlH5I
TOnJIHBa, 3aMe,lI,JlHTe.leH H T. n.
P accMoTpHM OCHOBHbIe H HaH60JIee nepcneKTHBllbIC THIIbJ 51,lI,epHbIX
pcaKTopoB, y,lI,eJlHB rJIaBHOe BIIHMaHHe OTe'leCTBeHHbJM H,lI,epHO-3I1Cp-
reTH'lCCKHM YCTaHoBKaM (5I3Y), nOCKOJIbKy Hawa cTpaiia IIaXO,lI,HTCH
B aBaHrap,lI,e HaY'lHO-TeXHH'leCKOrO IIporpecca B 06JIaCTH aTOMIlOH
3HeprcTHKH. CnpoeKTHpoBaB, nocTpoHB H nycTHB B 3KCnJIyaTaUHIO B
pCKOp,lI,HO KOpOTKHH: CpOK ITepBYIO B MHpe aTOMHYIO,3J1eKTpocTanUHIO
B r. 06mmcKe, COBeTcKHH COlO3 OTKpblJI 3noxy CTaHOBJIelIHH H,lI,epHOH
311epreTHKH B MacwTa6ax HaweH nJIaHeTbf. K nacTOHllI.eMy BpeMeHH
B CCCP nocTpoeHbI H ycnewHo 3KCIIJIyaTHpYlOTCH KpynHbJe aTOMIIble
3JIeKTpOCTaHUHH (A3C), n03BOJIHIOlUHC y,lI,OBJleTBopHTb pacTYIUHe.-
3HepreTH'leCKHe nOTpe6110cTH BaJKHCHWHX npOMbllIIJIeHHbIX paHolloB;
cTpaHbI.
6L
5bcpliaH 3HCprCTHKa CCCP pa3RHBaeTC5I OrrCpeJKalOlUHMH TC rra-
M!I rro cpaBlleHlilO C 311epreTHKOH B ueJIOM. CTpOHTCJIbCTBO A3C OCY-
lUCCTBJIHeTCH B OCHO.BIIO\1 B cBporrcifcKoH 'laCT![ CCCP, OTIIOCHTCJJbIIO
6c.u:1I0H: OpraHH'lCCKH TOIIJIHBOM H nO'lTH rrOJIIIOCTblO HCrrOJIb3YIOWCH
PCCypCbI rH,lI,p03HcprHH. B rrcpcrrCKTHBe rr.laHHpyeTcH ,lI,aJIbHeH:IlIeC
lIapaWHBaHHe TeMilOB CTpOHTCJIhCTBa A3C B 3TOM perHOilC. B HaCTOH-
lUee BpeMH 5I.lI.epHaH 311epreTHKa CCCP 6a3!IpycTC5I IIa ,lI,BYX T!max
IIaH60JIce oTpa60TaHHbIX H npOBepeIlllbIX Ha IIpaKTHKe peaKTopOB Ha
1'enJIOBbIX lieH:TpOHax: BO.lI.O-BO,lI,HHbIX KoprrYCHblX H ypaH-rpaqmToBblX
KaHaJIbHbIX. XapaKTepHOH: 'lCpTOH: pa3BHTHH peaKTopOB TOro H JI.pyro-
ro THrra HB.'lHCTCH HeYKJIOHHOe rrOBhIWCIIHe C.il.HIIHLfIlOH MOWHOCTH
3IIepr06JIOKOB. BMeCTe C TeM OCYlUeCTBJI5IeTCH rrporpaMMa CTpOHTCJIb-
CTBa H OCBoellHH pcaKTopOR Ha 6bICTpbIX HCHTpOHax.
BO.lI.O-BO,lI,HHblC 3HepreTHtIeCKHe pcaKTopbl (BB3P) JI.eH:CTUYIOT Ha
HOBOBOpOHeJKCKOM, KOJIbCKOH, ApMHHCKOH: A3C H coopYJKalOTCH Ha
BHOBb CTPOHWHXCH KaJIHIIHlICKOH, IOJKllo-YKpaHHCKOH:, POBCIICKOH,
3ana,lI,Ho-YKpaHllcKOH A3C. K llaCTOHlUCMY npCMCHH BB3P HBJIHIOT-
CH OCBOCHIIbIMH peaKTopaMH, OTJIH'lalOlUHMHC5I Ko naKTIIOCTblO, ,lI,OCTa-
T04110 BbICOKOH 31leprOnarrpHJKCIIIIOCTblO, He60.1hWHM KOJIH'lCCTBOM
KOHCTPYKHHOllIrbIX MaTepHa.l0B B aKTHBIIOH: 30HC, IIa.u:eJKIIOCTblO H
-6c30rracHOCTblO B 3KCnJIyaTamm. .II.PYrHM THIJOM pcaKTopOB, WHpOKO
fJpHMeIlHCMbl\f B CCCP, HU.1HIOTCH ypaH-rpaqmToBhIe KaHaJIbHblC pC-
2KTOpbl (PK), HCrrOJIb3YCMbTe !fa pH.lI.C COBeTCKHX A3C: !fa ITCpBOH:
B MHpe l\3C, CH6HpCKOH H DCJIOHpCKOii A3C HM. 11. B. KYP4aTOBa.
3KCnJIyaTHPYIOTCH 'lCThipC 6JIOKa TaKHX peaKTopOB Ha £HJIH6HHCKOH:
A3C. ITpe.lI.CTaBHTc.leM ypaII-rpacpHTOBblX KanaJIbHblX peaKTopOB HB-
JIHeTCH peaKTOp 60JIbWOH MOIl HOCTH PBMK-IOOO. 4eThIpe 3Hepr06JIo-
Ka C PBMK-IOOO 3KCIIJIyaTHpYlOTCH Ha JIeIlHlIrpa.il.CKOH A3C HM.
B. 11. JIeHHHa. ITYWellbI nepBbIe 3Hepr06JIOKH C peaKTopaMH PBMK-
1000 Ha KypCKOH H 4Cpll06hIJIbCKOH l\3C. Ha 3THX A3C CTpOHTCH
JIe,lI,YlOlUHC 3HCpro6JIOKH C peaKTopaMH PBMK C TaKHM paC'leTOM,
IlT06b1 06waH 3JICKTpH4CCKaH MOlUHOCTb 3THX A3C ,lI,OCTHrJIa 4000 MBT
KaJK,lI,aH, B03BO,J.HTCH TaKJKe .lI.Ra 3Hepr06JIOKa C PBMK-IOOO Ha C o-
.:lCHCKOH: A3C. CTpOHTCH I1rHaJIHHCKaH A3C (JIHToBcKaH CCP) C
.1RYMH 6JIOKaMH nepBoH OIlCpC.'l.H C peaKTOpaMH PBMK-1500. lJ.aJIb-
lIeHwee pa3BHTHe ypaH-rpacpHToBbIX peaKTopoB KaIIa.'IbHOrO THrra npe-
:IycMaTpHBaeT C03,lI,aHHe arperaToB ewe 60,TlhTlleH 3JIeKTpH'leCKOH: MOIlI.-
HOCTH (2000-2400 MBT).
KOHe'lIlOH: neJIblO npOrpa\1MbI pa60T rro pcaKTopaM lia 6blCTpbIX
HCHTpoHax (PBH) B CCCP HB.'IHeTCH C03,lI,aIlHe lIa,lI,eJKHbIX H KOHKy-
pCHTocnoc0611bIX 3HcprcTHIleCKI1X pcaKTopoB, KOTopbIe cMorYT B 6y-
.il-yweM nMeCTe C peaKTopaMH Ila TCrrJIOBbIX HeiiTponax 06CCrrC'lHTb
HaH60JIcc paUHOHaJIbllOC HCrrOJIb30BailHe PCCypCOB H,lI,epilOrO CbIpbH, a
TaKJKe II yJK,lI, bI pa3BHBalOlUeIlcH H,lI,epHOH: 3IlcpreTHKH CTpallbI.
O,lI,HOBpeMeliHo paCWHp5IeTC5I KoonCpaUH5I co CTpallaMH COIlHaJIH-
CTH'leCKoro cO,lI,pY2KeCTBa, BXO.il-HIUHMH B C3B, a niKJKe ,lI,PYrHMH
cTp.aHaMH (HanpHMep, C <PHHJIHH,lI,HCH:), KOTOpbIM COBCTCKHH: COlO3
nOMoraCT B cTpOHTeJIbCTBe H OCBOCHHH A3C, rrOCTaBJIHH .lI.JIH HHX, B
qaCTlIOCTH, CepHH:llbIe peaKTopbI CpC,lI,HeH: MOlUHOCTH (BB3P-440).
62
4epe3 2 ro,lI,a nOCJIC nycKa ITCpBOH B MHpC l\3C Ha'IaJIOCb CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBO ncpBoro B MHpC aTOMlloro JIC.il-OKOJIa «JICHHH» - cpJIarMalla'
COBeTCKoro apKTH'IeCKOrO cpJIOTa. B HaCTOHwee UpCMH 3KCIIJIyaTHpy-
IOTCH MOIUllblC aTO OXO,lI,bI «ApKTHKa» (<<JI. BpeJKHeB») H «CH6Hpb».
B ro.il- 60-JICTHH BCJIHKOrO OKTH6pH «l\pKTHKa» COBepruHJIa rcpOH4C-
CKHH nepexo.lJ, npCO.lI.OJIeB JIh,lI,bI OKcaHa, ,lI,OCTHrJIa RnepBbIc H HCTOpHH
MOpCnJIaBallHH lIa;I.BO,lI,HbIX Kopa6JICH CCBcplloro nOJIlOca.
fCllepaJIbHOH: JIHIIHCH 6Y,lI,YWeH aTOMHOH 3HcprCTHKH CCCP HB-
mICTCH C03)I.aHHe MOIUllblX A3C C 311eprcTH4ccKHMH peaKTopaMH 1I<l'
6bICTpbIX lIeHTpoHax, Ha KaKOM-TO 3Tanc pa3BHTHH no Mepe lIaKon-
.'1CIIHH IIJIYTOHHH B )I.OCTaTO'IHbIX KOJIHIleCTBax peaKTopbl lIa 6hlCTpblX
HcflTpOllaX 3aMCHHT peaKTopbl lIa TenJIOBblX Hci'lTpOllax.
OC06CHHOCTb H BCCbMa 60JIbIlIOC npeHMywccTBO peaKTopoB Ira
6bICTpbIX HCHTpollax COCTOHT B TO , 'ITO B IIHX H;J.CpIIOC TOnJIHBO 130-
cnpOH3RO..'l:HTCH B 60Jlbllle\1 KOJlH'IeCTBC, 'Ie\! cropaeT. ITpH nOna.lI.aHHIf
6bICTpbIX lIeH:TpOHOB B H,lI,pO 238U oCYlUeCTBJIHeTCH HCCKOJIbKO H.u:CPHbIX
pCaKUHH:, R pe3y.lJbTaTe KOTOpblX 06pa3yeTcH HOBoe ..'I:CJIHlUeeCH Be-
IlICCTBO - IIJIYTOIIHH:, KOTOpbIH BHOBb MOJKHO HCIIOJIb30BaTb R peaK-
Topax lIa 6hICTpbIX Hei'l.TpOHaX B Ka'ICCTBC H,lI,CpHOrO TOIIJIHBa. 31'0
UaJKHOC 06CTOHTCJIbCTBO ;I,CJIaeT peaKTophI lIa 6hlCTpbIX lIeihpOllax
'lpc3Bbl4aHHo nepcneKTHBHblMH, nOCKOJIbKy OIlH B OT.'IH'lHC OT peaK-
TOpOB Ha TenJIOBbIX HeHTpoHax n03BOJIHIOT HCnOJIb30BaTb nOJIHOCThm.
HC TOJIbKO n5U, HO H RCCb npHpO..'l:IIb1H ypaH. 06pa3YlOlUHHCH nJIYTO-
HHM. - caMOC BbIrO,lI,IIOe ,lI,CJIHlUeeCH BClUeCTBO ,lI,JIH peaKTopa lIa 6hICT-
pbIX HeHTpoHax: npH KaJK,lI,OiM aKTe ,lI,CJH HHH OH .lI.aeT OKOJIO 2,9 HCHT-
pOHa, TOr,lI,a KaK npH ,lI,eJIeHHH 235U BbI,lI,eJlHeTCH JIHIlIb 2,3 HeHTpoHa.
HaH60JIce paII.HOHaJIbliOe HCIIOJIb30BaIIHe HeHTpoHoB - O,J.IJa H3 oc-
1I0BHbiX 3a,lI,al! npHMeHeHHH H,J.epHoro Ton.'1HBa. IT03TOMY cYluecTBcH-
110, 'ITO ,lI,OJIH ,lI,OnOJIHHTeJIbllbIX HeHTpolloB, BblCB06oJK.lI.alOlUHxCH npH
.il-CJJCHHH ypaHa 6blCTpbIMH HCM.TpOHaMH, BeCbMa 3I1a'IHTC.JlbIJa Ii B pC-
aKTopax Ha 6blCTpblX HCH:TpOliaX MOJKeT .il-OCTHraTh 15-20 %. 00-
rJlOIUeHHe 6b1CTpblX HeHTpoHoB B KOHCTPYKUHOHHblX MaTepHaJIaX H
np0,lI,yKTax H,J.epHbIx peaKUHH: B peaKTopax Ha 6bICTpblX HeHTpoHax
cpaBIIHTe.'IbHo MaJlO. K03cpcpHUHeHT BocnpOH3BO,lI,CTBa MOJKeT ,lI,OCTH-
raTb IIpHMCpliO 1,4 (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna pcaKTopa). 3TO 03Ha'la-
cr, 'ITO «CJKHraH» 1 Kr nJIYToHHH, TaKO" pcaKTop lIe TOJIbKO B03Bpa-
lUaeT cro, HO H ,lI,aCT ,lI,OnOJIHHTeJIbHO 0,4 Kr nJIYTOHHH, KOTOpbIH: MO-
JKCT CJIyJKHTb HOBblM H,lI,CpllbiM TOnJIHBOM. OTCIO,lI,a CJIC,lI,yeT, '-ITO TOII-
JIHBHaH COCTaBJIHlOlUaH CTOHMOCTH 3JICKTp03I1CpfHH, nOJIYIlaeMOH: OT
6b1CTpblX peaKTopoB, 6Y,lI,eT BCer,lI,3 MeHbiliC CTOHMOCTH TOnJIHBHOH: co-
CTaBJIHlOlUeH JII060ro peaKTopa Ha TenJIOBbIX HeihpoHax.
l-I3yqeHHe nepcneKTHB npOMblIIIJleHHOrO HCnOJlh30BaHHH pcaKTopOB Ha 6b1CTpbIX
IIcHTpoliax B COBeTCKOM COlO3e HaQaJlOeb eIIIe 3a)l.o.lro )1.0 nYCKa B 3KenJlyaTal.{HIO
TIepBoH B MHpC A3C, nOCKOJlbKY BblrO)l.bI HMeHIlO TaKora nYTH HcnO.'Ib30BaIlH5I
H)l.epl!Ora TOnJlHBa 6b1J1H OQCBH)l.HbI no TCOpCTH'IeCKHM co06pa)KeHHHM. CJlO)KIIOCTb
np06J1eMbI C03)1.aHHSI 3HepreTHQeCKOro peaKTopa lIa 6b1eTpblX HciiTpoliax nO\lHMO
TeOpCTH'ICCKHX, 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbllblX H npoeKTHbiX pa60T lIoTpe60BaJia e03)1.al!HSI ee-
pHH OTIblTllblX peaKTopOB epaBHHTeJlbHO Hc60.1bIIIOii MOIIIIIOCTH. TaK, B 1955 r. 6b1J1
63
noerpoeH II IIYll.(eH peaKTOp BP-l TeIlJIOBOii MOIl.(HOCTblO HeCKOJIbKO ,neCHTKOI5 BaTT,
B 1959 r. - peaKTop BP-5 MOIl.(HOCTblO 5000 KBT na )l.HOKCH.ne IIJIYTOIIHH C 1KH)l.KO-
MeTaJIJIHIJecKHM (HaTpHeBblM) TCIIJIOHOCHTeJIeM. YCIIeuIHaH 3KCIIJIyaTal.{HS! OIlbiTHoro
peaKTopa BP-5 Ha 6b1CTpblX lIeiiTpoHax C narpHCBblM TenJIOHOCHTc.1eM CBH)l.eTeJIbCT-
1I0naJla 0 npaBHJlbHOeTH Hbl6paHHoro HailpaBJleIlHS!, n IJaCTIIOCTH IIO)l.TAep)l.H.'1a B03-
M01KIIOCTb pa60Tbi C pa)l.KOaKTHBllbiM lIaTpHeBbiM KOlITYPOM npH r.ly60KoM Bblropa-
HHH TOIlJIHBa H TCMnepaType naTpHH )1.0 500°C
BOJIblllOe 311aIJenHC ,nJ!!1 pa3BHTHS! peaKTopoB Ha 6b1CTpblX HeiiTpoHax H\leJIO eo-
opY1KeHHe OIlbiTHOrO ::mepreTHIJeCKOrO peaKTopa lIa 6b1eTpblX HeHTpoHax BOP-60,
BcrynllBllIero B cTpoii B .lJ.HMH'l'pOBrpa.ne. Ero TCnJIOBaH MOIl.(HOCTb 60 MBT, a 3JIeK-
TpHIJeCKaH 12 MBT. Ha 3TOM pcaKTope IIpOBe)l.eHa ecpllH 3KcIIepHMeHTon, KOTopble
YKa3b1BaIOT na B03M01KHOCTb 3KOHOMHIJeCKOii KOHKypeHTocnoc06HocTH A3C C peaK-
TopaMH na 6b1eTplJlX neiiTpoHax 60JrblllOH MOIl.(HOeTH, 3TH HCCJIe)l.OBaHHS! II03BO.1HJIH
C YBepeIIIIOCTblO BeCTH pa60Tli IIO coopY1KeHHIO 311aIJHTeJIbHO 60Jlee KPyilHoa OIlblT-
no-npOMbillIJIeHHOii A3C C peaKTopOM Ha 6b1CTpblX HCHTpOHax BH-350, paCIIO.lO-
1KeHHOii Ha BOCTOIJHOM n06epe1KbC l(aenHiicKoro MOpS! B r. llleB'IeHKo. BOJIblllaH IJaCTb
MOIl.(HOCTH 3TOii A3C IIpe)l.Ha3Ha'leHa )l.JIS! orrpCCHeHHH co.'1eHoii MOpCKOH BO)l.bI, a
MCHblllaH - )l.JIH Bblpa6oTK!f 3JIeKTp03l1eprHH.
Ha A3C B r. llleB<reHKo YCTaHOBJIeH peaKTop BH-350 KopnYClloro THila. AKTHB-
naH 30Ha peaKTopa COCTOHT H3 llIeCTHrpaHHblX TOIlJIHBHblX C60POK (TBC) C TB3JIaMH
CTep1KHeBorO THna. B Ka'leCTBC fl.nepHOro TOIlJlHBa HCIIO.'lb3YIOT Ta6JICTKH H3 235U0 2
B 060JIOIJKe H3 nCp1KaBelOll.(eii CTaJlH. AKTHBHaS! 30Ha OKpY1KeHa co Beex CTOpOH TaK
Ha3WBacMOH 30HOH BocnpOH3AO)l.CTBa, KOTopaH npeACTaB S!eT e060ii TOnJlHBHble e60p-
KH C 3JICMellTaMH H3 .aBYOKHCH ypana, 06e)l.HeHHOii H30TonOM 235U.
HeiiTpOllbi H3 aKTHBlloii 30HbI nOrJIOll.(alOTCH B 30He BOCIIpoH3Bo.neTBa IIpeHMY-
lUeeTBellHo Hn:paMH H30Tona 238U, B pe3YJIbTaTe 'Iero eYll.(eCTBellllo napaCTaeT na-
KOIlJleHHe IIJIYTOHHH B peaKTope.
TenJIOlloCHTeJIeM CJIy1KHT p11CIIJIaBJIeHHblii naTpHii, KOTOpblH, CHHB TeIlJIO aKTHB-
noii 30HbI H 30HbI BOCIIpOH3BO)l.CTBa, IIocTynaeT B IIpOMC1KYTO'lHblii TeIIJI006MellHHK,
r,J.e IIepC)l.aeT TeIlJlO BTOPOMY KOHTYPY. TeIlJIoHoeHTeJleM BO BTOpOM KOHTYPC CJly1KHT
TaK1Ke HaTlmii, KOTOpblH ne TIOnBCpraeTCS! Hei't:TpOlIHOMY 06J1YIJCHHIO H II03TOMY Hepa-
,Z1HoaKTHBeH. HaTpHH BTOpOro KOHT)'pa IIepe)l.aeT TeIlJlO B IIaporeHepaTopax IIapy
TpeTbero KOHTypa, H 3TOT IIap HaIlpaSJI!leTCH B Typ6HHbI.
B naCTOHll.(ee BpeMH e)l.aH B 3KcIInyaTallHIO Ha YpaJle TpeTHH 3Hepr06J10K BeJlo-
HpCKOii A3C HM. H. B. l(ypIJaTOBa C 60Jlee MOIl.(HbiM H cOBepillelIllbiM peaKTopoM Ha
6b1CTpblX HeiiTpoHax BH-600. HaqaThl pa3pa60TKH ell.(e 60Jlee MOIUHoro peaKTopa Ha
OblCTPblX HeHTpOHaX BH-16oo, KOTOpblii B 6Y)l.YUleM )l.OJI1KeH eTaTb oeHoBoii ecpHiiHblX
3Hepro6JIOKOB A3C.
PeaKTopbI H3 6b1CTpbIX HeHTpoH3x BOP-50, BH-350, BH-600 pa-
60TalOT H3 060ralUCHHOH: ,lI,ByOKHCH ypaHa. O,lI,HaKO HCnOJIb30BaHHe B
peaKTopax !fa 6b1CTpblX HcihpoHax 236U no cyu ecTBY 6ecnepcneKTHB-
HO BCJIe,lI,CTBHe HH3Koro TeMna BOCIIpOH3BO,lI,CTBa B IIHX H,lI,epHOrO Ton-
JIHBa, IIC y,lI,OBJICTBOpHlOlUero Tpe60B3HHHM C03J1:aIlHH 60JIhIlIOH: H,lI,ep-
HOH: 3IIcpreTHKH ,CCCP. B ,lI,aJIbHeHIlIeM HaMeIleli nCpCBO,lI, 3THX pc-
aKTopoB Ha CMCIlIaHHoe ypan-nJIYToHflCBOC TOnJIHBO Ha nCpHO,lI, O,lI,HO-
rO-.il-BYx nOKOJIeHHH pcaKTopoB. HaH60JIee 3cpcpeKTHBIla H BbIro,lI,Ha
pa60Ta pcaKTopoB H3 6bICTpblX HeH:TpOHaX B peJKHMe 6pH,lI,CpOB, HC-
nOJIb3YlOWHX B KaqeCTBe TOnJIHBa II.'1YTonHH:, BocnpOH3BO,lI,HMblH B
60.'IbilieM KOJIHIleCTBe.H3 238U, qeM ero 3aTpa'lHBaeTCH.
'64
ITpC,lI,CTOHIlIHH pOCT COBCTCKOH aTOMHOH 3HeprCTHKH 6Y,lI,eT conpo-,
BOJK.il-aTbCH cYIllecTBcHHbIMH KarrCCTBCHllblMH H3MeHeHHHMH ce CTpyK-
TYPbl: BBO.lI.OM A3C C peaKTopaMH na 6bICTpbIX IICHTpOIIaX H C03,lI,a-
IIHe 3aMKHYTOH: no TOnJIJmy CHCTCMhI, B KOTOpOH npoH3RoJI.HMOC Jla
A3C BTOpH4110C H,lJ,CpJlOC TOnJIHBO - nJIYTOHHH CTallCT O,lI,HH\f 113 OC-
1l0BHbiX BH..'I:OB nOTpe6JIHeMblX TOIWHBHbIX peCYPCOB. TaKHM 06pa30M,
UHKJI npOH3BO)I.CTBa, ncpcpa60TKH H nOTpe6JIelIHH IWYTOIIHH CBHJKeT
Bce A3C H npC,J:npHHTH5I BlIelllllcro Ton..1HBHoro lIHKJla B C.u:HIIYIO HiJ:ep-
Ho-::mcprc fH'leCKYIO CHCTeMY, Il pH 3TOM peaJIH3aUHH npCHMYlUCCTU,
KOTOpblMH 06JIa.lJ.a1OT pcaKTopbl-pa3MIIOJKIITeJIH lIa 6bICTpbIX lIeiiTpo-
J-Iax no cpaBlIcliHIO C peaKTopaMH lIa TenJIOBblX HeiiTpoliax 6. aro.u:apH
BbICOKOMY K03cpqmII.ltCliTY BocnpoH3uo,J:cTBa, ROJMOJKHa TOJIhhO npH
XOpOIlIO opraHH30BaHHoM 3aMKHYToM TOnJIHBIlOM IlHK.,lC,
B HaCTOHlUce BpCMH OCliOBllaH ueJIb pa60T B COBCTCKOM COI03e-
C03;:WIlHe lIa;1.CIKHhIX KOHKypelITocnoc06HbiX 3HCprCTH'lCCKHX peaKTo-
pOR Ha 6hICTpbIX lIefnpollax, cnoc06HbIX BMeCTe C peaKTopaMH na
TenJIOBhIX IIcihpoHax 06ccnc'lHTb lIaH60JIec pallllOHaJIbHOC HCIIOJIb30-
BaIlHe CYIJlCCTBYIOlII.HX pecypcoB HjI.CpHOrO CblpbH.
SlJl.epHO-3HepreTH'IeeKHe yeTaHoBKH Ha Kopa6JUlx. OcoueHIIOCTH HcnO.lb3013aHHH
'5I.!I.epHOH 311CprHH .!I.c.1alOT ce HeK:IIO'IHTeJIbHO npHB:leKaTCJIbiiOH .lVIH npHMeHeHHH 13
ABHrarC.1HX Kopa6,leH. 5I.!I.epHaH 3HeprHSI npHAaCT CYAaM Ka1JeeTBa, paHee He;J:OCTH-
)KH:\IblC: npaKTH'IeCKH HcOrpaIIH'IeIIIIblH pai!oll n.laBaHHSI npH pauoTe Ha 60.lJblllOH
MOllUIOCTH, J\:IHTeJIbHYIO aBTOHOMHOCTb. TaK, olla n03Bo.1HCT 3Ha'lIiTC,lbHO nOAHSlTb
M01llHOeTb H 3HeprOBoopY)KCHHOCTb .lCjlOKO.10B, YBe.1H'IHTh :lhAonpOXO.!l.HMOCTb II
CKopoeTh npOBOAKIi eY.!I.OI3, nOBbIeHTh aBTOHOMHOCTb n.1aBaHIIH, y.'!Y'IIUHTb TaKTHKY
'le.il.OBoro n,laBaHHH, ATOMOXOAbI, He HY)K.!I.aSleb B 6YHKepOBKC TOnJIHHOM, MorYT pa-
()oraTb no Jlh.!l.aX, He YJ\.O;J.H e Tpacebl, BCIO HaBHra HIO, nOCTpOHKa aTOMHblX JICAOKO-
:1013, oCY1lleeTn.1eHHaH nnepl3b1C 13 COIJCTeKOM COI03e, 03Ha\!CHOIJa,Ia, 13 '1aCTHOCTH, HO-
BblH 3Tan n OCBOCIIHH CCBcpHoro MopCKoro nYTH.
BcenoH 1960 r. HaqaJl CBOIO IICPBYIO Ha13Hra HIO aTOMOXO.il. «JIeIlHII:' - JlHHeHHblH
Kopa6,lb coneTcKoro MOpCKOro .1CAOKOJIbHOrO <jJ.loTa. 5I.il.epnaH yeTaHoBKa JIC.!I.OKO,1a
«JICHHH» M01ll1l0CTblO 44000 JI. e no M01llHOeTH npenocxo;J.IIT Bce .1Y'IlllHe .!I.H3e.'!bHhle
YCTalloBKH conpcMcHHblX .1e.!l.OKo.10B MHpa. naponpOH3BO.!l.Sl1llaSi yCTalloBKa aTOMOXO.!l.a
(;OeTOHT 113 AI3YX OAHHaKOBblX HC3aBHeHMblX 3HCprOUJlOKOn I' pcaKTopaMH BO.!l.O-BOASI-
Horo THna, Ka)K.!I.blH H3 pcaKTopOB, paUOTalO1llHX aBTOHOMHQ, HMeeT no '1CTbIpe na-
porCHepaTopa. B Ka'lCCTl3e H.!I.cpHoro TOnJIHBa npHMeHHeTCSI enC'IeHHblH AHOKCH..'!.
ypaHa, 060raI eHHblH AO 4,6-6,4 % 235U.
TenJIonaSi M01llHOCTb O.!l.HOrO peaKTopa 90 MDT. npH pa60Tc Ha caMblX TSI)KC.lblX
Y'IaeTKaX CeBcpnoro MOpCKOro nYTH 60JIblIIaH M01llHOeTb, MaHenpeHHoeTb H lIa.!l.e)K-
1I0CTb 3HeprCTH'ICeKOH YCTaHoBKII oUCCnC'IHl3aIOT aToMoxoAY «JICHHH» ycnellliioe Bbl-
nO.1HCHHe nOCTaBJIeHHblX 3aAa'l H coxpaHIIoeTb npOIJO.!l.HMbIX KapanaiioB HC3a13HeHMO
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lUalOT B TBCP.lI.bIH: IWH JKH,lI,KHH 3a MC,lI,JIHTCJIh B BH,lI,C H3,lI,CJIHH: pa3JIH'l-
IIOH cpOpMbl (6JIOKOB, CTCpJKlleH:, IIJIaC;rHH H T. II.). Bhl60p H)I.epllorO
TOIJJIHBa, KOHCTPYKrLHH TB3JIOB II HX C60POK OlIpC)I.C IHIOTCH 3a,lI,3I1HOH
MOIUIIOCTblO peaKTopa, pa60'leH: TCMlIcpaTYPOH aKTHBHOH 30Hbl, A.m-
TC.lbIlOCTblO 3KCIIJIyaTauHH H B l eJIOM 3KOHOMH'lCCKHMH cpaKTopaMH.
B COBpCMCHllbIX peaKTopax npHMeU5II0TcH:
1) TB3.1hl C l eJIbIlOMeTaJIJIH'leCKHMH CCp,lI,C'lIlHKaMH II3 IJpHpO,lI,-
Horo ypalla (pa3.TJHIlHOH: CTenCIiH 060ralUeIlHH HJIH Hc060rallI.CHHoro),
pCJKC 113 233U, 239PU HJIH HX cn.laBOB;
2) TB3JIbI KCpa H'lCCKOrO THna C HCIIOJIb30BaHHCM B Ka'lCCTBC TOIJ-
JIHBa pa3JIH'lHbIX T)TolI.lJaBKHX COC,lI,HHCIIHH: ypaHa, 06bItIIIO 060ralUclI-
1I0ro, HJIH nJIYTolIHH (B nepBYIO oqepC.il-b OKCH.il-OB H CH.'IHUIIJI.OB, 3aTCM
Ka p6H,lI,OB II IIHTpH)I,OB);
3) TB3JIhI iI.HCIICpCHoHHoro THlIa. B 31'01'.1 cJIY'lac ypaH, ero CnJIaRbI
H.'IH COe,lI,HHCIIHH ,lI,HClIeprHpoBaHbl B IIJIaCTH'lHOH: MaTpHUc H3 ne,lI,C-
JIHII CroCH MaTepHaJI3 (cTa.1H, UHpKOHHH, aJIIOMHHHH, lIepJKaBClOlUCH:
CTaJIH H ,lI,p.). B 'laCTIIOCTH, TB3.lJbI ; HCIICpcHoHIIoro JHlIa 06bI'lUO npH-
MCI!HIOTCH B BbICOKoTcMlIepaTypilbIX peaKTopax C ra30BblM (rCJIIICBblM)
OXJI a JK.!I.CH HeM.
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2) 06CCIIeIJHBaJIH Tpc6yeMoe IIpocTpaHcTBclIHOC paClIpe,lI,eJIeliHe
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aKTopa;
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I!HH H TCpMH'lCCKHX UHKJIOB;
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BIIYTPCHlIHX HalIpHJKeIlHH, B03I1HKalOlII.HX B IIponeccc 3KCIIJIyaT3uHH;
5) 06CCIIC'lHBaJIH ncpe,lI,a'lY TCIIJla K Ten,rIOIlOCHTCJIIO C MHHHMa.lb-
HbIM TCMnepaTYPHbIM rpa)I.HCIITOM no CCIJellHIO TB3JIOB;
6) 06ecIIe t IHBaJIH H30JIHlIHIO npO,lI,YKTOB ,lI,eJIeIlHH OT TeIIJIOIlOCH-
Te.1H.
TaKHM 06pa30M, H MaTepHaJI, H KOIICTPYKUHIO TB3JIOB CJIC,lI,yeT BbI-
6HpaTb C y'lCTOM H,lI,CpllblX CBOHCTB BCCX M3TCpHaJIOB TB3JIOB, cpaKTo-
pOB TenJIOIICpC,lI,a'lH H YCJIOBHH: MaKCHMaJIbHOH: cTa6HJIhHOCTH cpH3H-
'lCCKHX H MeXaHH'leCKHX CBOHCTB B IIpouccce 06JIYIleHHH.
69
A.4. SHAW JlAepHOrO TOnnHB8
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ralUeHHblH H30ronOM 235U. ,lI.HOKCH,lI, ypalIa, cO,J.CpJKalUHH .lIO 2,5-3 %
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a C 060ralUcHHeM ,lI,0 6,4 % - TB3JIbi peaKTopoB, YCTaliOBJIellllbiX lIa
aTOMOXO}.!.ax «JICIIHH», «ApKTHKa» H «CH6Hpb». 060ralUeHHbIif ,lI,H-
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OKCH,.'I. ypaHa lllHpOKO HCnOJIb3ycrcSI B peaKTopax He TOJIbKO COBCT-
CKOro COlO3a H crpaH COUHa.1HCTHIleCKoro CO.il-PY)KeCTBa, HO H 60.'Ib-
lllHIICTBa ,lI,pyrHx CTpan MHpa. TaKHM 06pa30M, CIIeIlel1Hble Ta6.'IeTKH
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HaH60Jlee pacnpOCTpaHellHoro B IIaCTOHIUCC BpeMH.
B HallaJIbHblH nCpHO,lI, SI,lI,eplJoro pcaKTOpOCTpOCIIHH .n.OMHIIHpOBa-
JIa opHeHTalI.HH Ha npJlMeHCHHe B KaQCCTBe OCIlOBHoro TOnJIlfBa Me-
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TaJIJJHlIeCKOrO ypaHa. ITplf 3TOM C'lHTaJIH, IlTO lfMCHI!O B MeTaJ1J1II-
qeCKOM ypallc MOJKeT 6bITb pCaJIlf30BaHa llaHBblCmaH nJIOTHOCTb no
)l,CJIHlUeMYCH BClUeCTBY, TaK KaK B 3TOM c.1YIlac OTCYTCTBYIOT TaK lIa-
3bIBaeMbIC RTopbIe KOMnOHeHTbI, cnOC061!hIe nOrJIOIl(aTb Hei'ITpOHbl.
YIlHTblBa.laCb TaKJKC MexaHlfIlCCKaH npOIlHOCTb, npHC)'lUaH MCraJIJIlf-
qeCKoMy COCTOHIIHIO BelUeCTBa.
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JIHIleCKOro ypaHa 6bIJJO Bbl5IBJIeHO HCCKOJIbKO lIe)!(CJJaTeJIbllbiX HB.1e-
HHH. ITpH 06JIYIleHlflf ypaHOBbie 6JIOKH, KaK npaBlf.10, lf3MCHHIOT CBOIO
<jJOPMY. ITpH 3TOM HrpalOT pOJIb CYlUCCTBO!3aUHe TpCX MO.!i.H<I>HKar:!iH
ypalla (a, H y), alIH30TponHOCTb MOHOKpHCTaJI.'lOB, HBJIeHHC ra30-
Boro pacIIyxaHHH (CBeJIJIlfUra) H T. n. 3TH 5IBJIelIlfH MorYT 6b!Tb B
3HaIlHTeJIbliOH CTenCHH npeO,lI,OJIellbI, eCJIlf ,,'ICmpOBaTb ypall ,lI,pyrHMH
MeTaJIJlaMH, HanpHMCp aJIIOMHHHeM, MOJIH6,lI,eHOM, HH06HeM, UHpKO-
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llpocTpaHeHHe. ,lI.OBOJIbHO ncpcncKTHBllbi Tal{JKe CnJIaBbI, HMelOlUHC
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o60ralUeHHSI no 235U. TaM IIC MCHee IIpHMeHeHHe CnJIaBOB ypaHa CBH-
3aHO C BBe,lI,eIlHeM B aKTHBHYIO 30HY peaKTopa BClUecTB, KaK npaBH-
JIO, 06JIa.!i.alOlUHx CYlUecTBelilio 66JIbIlIHM CCIleHHeM 3aXBaTa HeHTpo-
HOB, IlTO B CBOIO OIlepC)J:b 3aCTaBJIHer HCnOJIb30BaTb 60JIce ,lI,OpOrOH
ypaH C nOBblIlIeHHoH CTerrCHblO 060ralUeHHSI JIerKHM H30TonOM. B 3TOM
3aKJIIOIlaeTCH onpe,lI,eJIeHHbIH IIC,lI,OCTaTOK rrpHMeHeHHH ypaHOBbix
CnJIaBOB B TB3JIax. KpoMe TOro, 3TH CnJIaBbi IIOJIIIOqblO He pelllalOT
rrp06JIeMbi C03,lI,aHHH CTOHKHX TB3JIOB BCJIe,lI,CTBHe coxpaHeHHSI ,lI,pyrHX
CBoHCTBeHI1b1X MeTaJlJIHIlecKoMy ypaHY He,lI,oCTaTKoB, HanpHMep CHJIb-
HOro pa3BHTH5I ra30Boro pacnyxaHHH npH TeMnepaType 600-650°C.
,lI.a H IIpH 60JIee HH3KHX TeMncpaTypax, 110 B YCJIOBlfSlX ,lI,JIHTeJIbHOH
10
3KCIIJIyaTaUHH YCTOHIlHBOCTb IIOJIY'leIlHblX CllJIaBOB C TC4eHHeM BpC-
MeHH HapYlllaCTCH.
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CeM HC npHMeIlHCTCH, TaK KaK 06JIa,J.aCT HH3KOii TCMnepaTYPOH: IIJIaB-
JIeHHH (640°C), OIlClib 60JIbIlIOii: xHMHIlecKoH aKTHBIlOCTblO H orpoM-
HOii: TOKCHtfIlOCTblO. ITpeHMYlUccTBO MeTa.'IJIHIlCCKOro TOpHH nepe,lI,
ypaHoM COCTOHT B TOM, IlTO cro TCMncpaTypa nJIaB eHHH 60JIee BbI-
COKa (1700 °C), OH HC 06JIa,lI,aeT aHH30TponHblM CBOHCTBOM, HC HMC-
eT <l>a30BbIx npCBpaw.eIlHH: ,lI,0 1400°C. O,lI,HaKO TOpHH caM IIO cc6c He
HBJIHeTCH .il-eJIHlUHMCH BClUCCTBOM, a JIHIlIb <l>epTHJIbHblM MaTCpHaJIOM,
Tpe6YIOlUHM ,lI,06aBJIeIlHH ,lI,OBOJIbIlO 60JIblllHX KOJIHIleCTB 060ralUCII-
Horo ,lI,eJI5Iw.erOCH BClUCCTBa, IlTO OCJIO)!{HHCT ,lI,eJIo.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MeTaJI,rIHIlCCKHe TOnJIHBHble CHCTCMbl HMCIOT lIe-
KOTopble IIpeHMYlUCCTBa JIHlllb npH OTHOCHTeJIbHO HH3KHX TeMnepaTY-
pax, pa3BHBaCMblX B H,lI,eplibIX peaKTopax. 3TH npeHMYlUeCTBa CBO-
JI.HTCH K 60.1bIlIeH: nJIOTIIOCTH aTOMOB ,lI,eJIHlUCrOCH BelUeCTBa, 60JIbllleii:
renJIOnpOBO,lI,1I0CTH II 60JIee BblCOKOii npOIlHOCTII no cpaBHeHHIO C 3TH-
MIl )!{C cBoikTBaMH ,lI,OBOJIbHO xpynKHx KepaMII'lCCKliX MaTCpHaJIOB.
TCH..'I:eIlUHH COBpeMelllloro peaKTopOCTpoeHHH, 3aKJIIOIlalOlUaHCH B
CTpCMJIeHHH JI.OCTHIlb B H,lI,epHbiX peaKTopax MaKCHMa.lbHO B03MO)!{HbIX
BbICOKHX TCMIIepaTYP, MaKCHMaJIbHO 60JIblllerO BblropaHHH ,lI,CJIHlUHX-
CH BeIlICCTB, YKpYIIllenHH e,lI,HHH'lHOH: MOlUliOCTH 3nepr06JIOKOB, OCO-
6ellHO HpKO IIpOHBJIHCTCH npH pa3pa60TKe nepcnCKTIIBHbIX H IIporpec-
CHBllbIX THnOB peaKTopOB Ha 6b1CTpblX lleii:TpoHax. Ba)!{HO TIO,lI,IlepK-
IIYTb, IlTO r JIy6HHa BbIropaHHH TOnJIHBa OrpaHH'lIiBaCTCH B3aHMO,lI,eft-
CTBHeM 060JIOIlKH TB3JIa H TOTIJIHBa, H3MeHeHHeM pa3MepOB TOnJIHBHblX
C60POK. BHeIlIHHM KOpp03HOHHblM IIOBpeJK,lI,eHHeM 060JIOIleK, BHYTPCH-
IlHM ,lI,aBJIeHHeM B TB3JIe.
Bce 3TO 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT ueJIeC006pa3HOCTb npHMCIICHHH 60JIee
JKapOCTOHKHX KcpaMHIleCKHX KOMn03HUHH Ha OCHOBe OKCH,lI,OB, Kap-
6H,lI,OB, HHTpH,lI,OB II ,lI,pyrHx COCJI.HHCHHH: ypaHa H nJIYTOIiIiH. B COB-
peMCHHblX 311epreTH4CCKHX peaKTopax npHMelIHCTCH OKCH,lI,HOC ypaIIo-
Boe H ypan-nJIYTOHHeBoe TOnJIHBO, xapaKTcpH3YlOIlICCCH xopOIlIeH COB-
MeCTHMOCTblO C KOHCTPYKUHOHHbIMH MaTCpHaJIaMH, a B peaKTopax Ha
6blCTpblX HeHTpOHax TaKJKe C HaTpHeBbIM TenJIOHOCHTCJIeM, xopOIlIeH
pa,lI,HaUHOHHoii CTOHKOCTblO H cpaBHHTCJIbHOH npOCTOTOH: TeXHOJIOrHH
ero H3rOTOBJICHHH. HCCOMHeHIIO, 'ITO HaKon"lCHHe onblTa 3KCnJIyaTa-
I HH TB3JIOB C OKCH,lI,HbIM ypaHoBblM H ypaH-nJIYTOHHeBbIM TOnJIHBOM
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60HHTpH,lI,OB ,lI,eJIHlUHXCH BelUeCTB.
lIlHpoKoe IIpHMellCHHe ,lI,HOKCH,lI,a ypaHa 06YCJIOBJICII0 npHCYlUHMH
CMY KaIleCTBaMII, UCHHblMH C TOIlKH 3peHHH cro IIOBe,lI,CHHH B JKeCTKHX
YCJIOBHHX aKTHBHOH: 30Hbl H,lI,epHblX peaKTopOB. U0 2 - XHMH'leCKH ,lI,0-
BOJIbHO CTOHKoe BelUCCTBO. OH cJIa60 pearHpyeT C BO,lI,Oii: ,lI,aJKe IIPH
BbICOKHX TeMnepaTypax, COBMeCTHM co MHorHMH KOHCTPYKUHOHHblMH
MaTepHaJIaMH, Bbl,lI,epJKHBaCT HarpeBaHHe ,lI,0 BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYp.
,lJ.HOKCH,lI, ypaHa xapaKTepH3yeTcH OTCYTCTBHeM H3MeHeHHH aJIJIOTpO-
nH'leCKHX MO,lI,H<pHKaUHH npH pa3JIH'IHblX TeMnepaTypax, 'lTO Ilpe3Bbl-
71
\laHilO BblrO,lI,HO OTJIHIlaeT cro OT MeTaJIJIHlIeCKHX ypalla If n.1YTOHHH.
OCHOBHhIM .il-OCTOHIlCTBOM IIJIOTIIOCnCIlCHIlOrO U0 2 5IB.'IHCTCH ero cno-
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ra3bl, 6e3 3Ha'IHTCJIbHOrO H3MCHeHlfH BHelllHHX pa3MepOB, 6C3 pacny-
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ralUelllloro TOnJIHBa, IlTO OC06CIlHO Ba2KHO ,lI,JIH cOBpeMcIlHhlx pcaKTo-
pOB H nepcneKTHBHo ,lI,JIH peaKTopoB Ila 6bICTphIX HeH:TpOHax. OTHO-
CHTCJIbllO nJIOXHe TenJIOnepeJ1.alOlUHe CBOHCTBa U0 2 , cro H1I3KaH Ten-
JlOnpOBO.lI.1l0CTh KOMncHcHpYIOTCH B03MO)KIIOCThlO 3IlaIlHTeJIbHOrO no-
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MH KCpaMHKH II3 U0 2 , TaK )!{C KaK II JJI060H ,lI,pyrOH: KepaMHKH, HBJlH-
IOTC5I CC xpynKocTb H CKJIOllllOCTb K pa,lI,HaJIbHOMY paCTpCCKHBaHli10 B
yCJIOBHHX pa60TbI peaKTOpa. ITOCKOJIbKY rOpH1J.aS! HCHTpa.lblla 5{ 06-
.1aCTb U0 2 B npoQccce pa60TbI pacIlIHpHeTcH, B031lHKalOlUliC TpClUH-
HbI B lIaII60JIee XOJIO,lI,1l0H: nepHlpepHH:IIOH IlaCTH U0 2 CTpeMHTcH TaK-
)!{e paCIlIHpHTbCH. Bce 3TII lle.il-OCTaTKII IlaCTHIlHO YCTpaHS!IOTcH B TB3-
JIax Ha OCHOBe ,lI,HCnCpCHbIx CMCCeH: U0 2 C A1 2 0 3 , BeO HJIH MgO H
B TaK Ha3b1BaeMbIX KcpMeTax H3 BbICoKo060ralUcHHoro U0 2 , pacnpe;!,c-
JICHIlOrO B MaTpHUC H3 KOHCTPYKUHOlllibIX MaTepHaJIOB. B Ta6JI. 4.1
IIprmC,lI,CHbI cpaBHHTeJIbllble ,lI,aHHble 0 CBoHcTBax U0 2 II ,lI,pyrnx co-
e,lI,HIlCHIIH: ypaHa, nJIYTonHS! H TOpHS!, KOTOpblC H nOJIb3YIOT B Ka1J.C-
CTBe H,lI,epllOrO TOnJIHBa HJlH nOrJIOTHTeJIeii: (<I>epTHJIbHblX MaTcpHa-
JIOB) .
113 MaTepnaJIOB, nepeIlIICJICHHblX B Ta6JI. 4.1, KpOMC ,lI,HOKCH,lI,a
ypaHa BeCbMa ncpcneKTHBHbl B KaIlCCTBe H,lI,epHOrO TOnJIHBa Kap6H bI
ypaHa (MOIlO- H .il-IIKap61I,lI, ypaHa). CYlUCCTBCHHO, IlTO 06.'1YIlcliHoe
51,lI,CpHOe TOnJIHBO Ila OCHOBe Kap6H,LT,a ypaHa ,lI,.1JS! pcrenepaQHH UCH-
HbIX KOMnOHCIITOB MOJKIIO OKHCJIHTb lIarpcBaHHeM Ha B03,lI,yxe npH
100-200°C H TCM caMbIM Y.il-aJIHTb yrJIcpo,lI" a OCTaTOK ypalla JICrKO
pacTBopHTb B HN0 3 .
He,lI,OCTaTOK Kap6H,lI,a ypaHa - cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIa5I KOpp03IIOH-
HaH CTOHKOCTb cro no OTIlOIlIeHHIO K TCnJIOIIOCHTeJIHM II Bo06lUC K pa3-
T a 6 JJ H I a 4 .1. CBoiicTBa coeJl.HHeHHii ypaHa, nJlYToHHJI H TOpHJI, HcnoJlb3yeMblx
B KaqeCTBe JlJl.epHOro TOnJlHBa
Coe,tl,HHeHBe
I1.nOTIIO CTb
I1.nOTHOCTb, rfcM" no J\eJI" eMYC"
Be eC!BY, rfcyl
TeMnpparypa
1Ul8BJIeHHH. °C
Ce'leHHe norJ70 e-
HB" HeiITpoHOB
Bl'OpblM SJlCMeHTOB.
6
U 19,05 19,05 1130 -
Pu 19,8 19,8 640 -
Th 11,71 - 1700 -
DO 10,97 9,67 2800 0,0002
pu6a 11,46 10,1 2360 0,0002
thO! 10,00 - 3300 0,0002
UC 13,63 12,97 2400 0,0045
UCa 11,68 - 2470 0,0045
PUC 14,00 13,1 1650 0,0045
Pu 2 C S 12,70 11.8 2050 0,0045
ThC 10,67 - 2625 0,0045
ThC a 12,6 - 2650 0,0045
UN 14,32 13,6 2880 1,78
PuN 14,25 13,47 2627 1,78
ThN .- - 2630 1,78
U 3 Si s 12,20 - 1665 0,13
USi 10,40 - 1575 0,13
PuSi 10,15 9,08 1577 0,13
Th 3 Si a 9,75 - 1850 0,13
ThSi 8,92 - 1900 0,13
PuA1a 8,06 6,57 1540 -
73
JIHIlHblM XHMlIIleCKIIM pearCHTaM H nOBbIIlIeHllaH xpynKocTb npH 06-
pa60TKe. CJIC,lI,yeT TaKJKe OTMeTHTb lIHpO<l>OpHOCTh H caMOBOCllJIaMe-
HHeMOCTb TOHKHX nopolllKoB Kap6H,lI,a ypaHa. KOpp03HOHHYlO CTOH-
KOCTb Kap6H,lI,a ypaHa no OTHOIlIeHHIO K BO,lI,C H ra3011hIM Tcn"lOHOCH-
TeJIHM nOBblIlIalOT MeTaJIJIH3aUHeii ero IIOBCpXHOCTH.
B noc.'Ie,lI,lIce BpeMH HCCJIC,lI,OBaHHlO Kap6H,lI,IIOrO TOnJIHBa )".il-eJIH-
eTCH 60JIbIlIOe BIIHMaHHe B CB5I3H C ero ncpcneKTHBHOCTblO ,'J.JISI HC-
nOJIb30BaliliH B peaKTopax Ha 6bICTpbIX IIeii:TpoHax. B 1J.aCTIiOCTH, Ha
peaKTopc BOP-60 6blJIH HcnblTaHbI npC,lI,Ha31la'leHHbIe ,lI,JISI 6Y,lI,YlUHX
IIpoMblIlI.'IeIlIIbIX peaKTopoB Ha 6bICTpbIX HeihpoHax TB3JIbI 1I3 Kap-
6H,lI,a ypaHa, Ha 90 % 060rarucHHoro 235U. COOTHOllleIIHC (C +0+ N)j
U npH 3TOM COCTaBJIH.lO 0,98-1,08 IIPH cO.lI.epJKaIIHH yrJIepo,lI,a 4,7-
5,1 % (no Macce). ITpO,lI,YKT 6bIJJ IIOJIY1J.CH ropH41IM npcccoBalllieM H
cneKaliHeM HCXO,lI,HblX nopolllKoB Ka p6HJI:a, B CBOIO OIlCpe,lI,b 1I0JIYIlell-
HbIX MeTO,'J.OM ra30BOH: Kap6H,lI,H3aIlHH nopoIlIKa ypaHa H Kap60Tep-
MH'leCKHM BOCCTaHOBJIellHCM JWOKCH,lI,a ypaHa. HCKoTopbIe lICnblTaH-
HbIe KOMn03HUHH cO,lI,epJKaJIli ,lI,0 15 % (no M acce) PU02.
ITepcneKTHBHblM BH,lI,OM ypaHoBoro H,lI,epHOrO TOII"lHBa HBJI5IIOTCH
HHTpH,lI,bI ypaHa, 06JIa,lI,aIOIUHC XOpOIlICM TCnJIOnpOBO.'I.HOCTblO, BbICOKOii:
IIJIOTHOCTblO no ypaHY H HCKOTOpbIMH npcHMyruecTBaMH no cpaBHeHHIO
C Kap6H,lI,aMH ypaHa. B CHcreMe U - N H3neCTHbi UN, U 2 N 3 H UN 2 .
TeMnepaTypa nJIaBJIeliliH UN npH ,lI,aB.'IelllIH a30Ta 60JIee 0,25 MITa
COCTaBJIHeT 2850°C. HlITpH,lI, ypaHa UN 60JIce YCTOHIlHB XHMH'leCKH,
IleM Kap6H,lI, UC, H 06JIa,lI,aCT npIfMepliO TaKOH: JKC pa,lI,HaUHOHHOH:
CTOii:KOCTblO.
CJIC,lI,yeT ynoMHIlYTb H CHJIHUH,lI,bl ypana U 3 Si, U 3 Si 2 , USi, U 2 Si 3
H USb, nOTOMY IlTO KpeMHHH: TaKJKC npHllaJI:JIe)KHT K 3JIeMeHTaM,
HMelOlUHM OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIOe CCIleIIHC 3aXBaTa HeH:TpOHoM. COC,lI,H-
Helme C HaIfBbIClUHM CO.lI.CpJKaHHeM ypaHa U 3 Si HMeCT nJIOTHOCTb
15,58 rfcM 3 H ,lI,OBOJIbliO BhICOKYIO KOpp03HOHHYlO CTOHKOCTb, XOTH Tep-
MH'IeCKH OHO He OIlelih YCTOHIlliBO. BOJIee JKapOCTOeK CHJIHUH,lI, U 3 Si 2
(BnJIOTb .il-O TeMnepaTypbI lIJIaBJIeHHH 1665 °C). ITo <l>H3H'leCKHM CBOH-
CTBaM U 3 Si 2 npH6JIHJKaCTCH K MOHOKap6H,lI,y ypaHa, 110 MeHee xpynoK
H JIcr'le o6pa6aTbIBacTc5I. ITOpOIlIOK CHJIHU,li.lI.OB ypaHa BCCbMa nHpo-
<l>opeli.
B CliCTeMC Pu - 0 H3BCCTHO TPH COe,lI,HHeIlHH: PuO, PU203 H PU02
B a- H -MO,lI,H<I>HKaUHHx. PU02 - BbICIlIHH: H HaH60JIec YCTOHIlliBblii:
OKCH,lI, nJIYTOHHH (B OKlICJIHTeJIbHoii: aTMoc<I>epe). O,L.J.HaKO BbIIlIe
1200 °C OH JIerKO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B pe3YJIbTaTe B3aHMO,lI,cii:cTBHSI
C KOHTaKTHpYlOlUHMH MeTaJIJIaMH 060JIOIlKH.
CMelllaulioe H,lI,epHOe TOnJIHBO U0 2 + PU02 MOJKeT 6b1Tb IIOJIYIleHo
IIYTeM JIH60 MeXaHH'leCKOrO CMeIlIHBaHHH IIOpOlllKOB .lI.HOKCHJI:Oll ypaHa
II nJlYToHHH, JIH60 COBMeCTHoro OCaJK,lI,eHHH HX 1I3 paCTBopoB. 06a Me-
TO,lI,a HMelOT CBOH He,lI,OCTaTKH H npeHMYlUcCTBa.
Cpe,lI,H HllTepMeTaJIJIlIIlCCKHX COe,lI,HHCHHH nJIYTOIIHH HaH60JIee Ba-
JKeH PuAh, KOTOpblH 6JIarO,lI,apH Ky6HIlecKOH CTpYKType pelllel1KH 06-
JIa,lI,aeT HaH60JlbilieH pa,lI,HaUHOHHOH: CTOHKOCTblO. PuAl 2 HMeeT xopo-
lllYIO TenJIOnpOBO,lI,HOCTb, BblCOKYIO TeMnepaTypy nJIaBJIeH HSI (1540 °C) .
O,lI,HaKO y PuAh ,lI,OBOJlbHO HH3KaH II.lIOTHOCTb 1I0 nJIYToHHIO
U
(6,57 rfcM 3 ), IlTO 06YCJIOBJICHO ,lI,OBOJIbIlO HH3KOH nJIOTHOCTblO caMoro
COC.lI.IIHCHHH.
BHHMaHHC ncc.TJC..'I.OBaTCJIeH npIIBJIeKalOT raKJKC CHCTeMbl Pu - P,
Pu - Si, Pu - S H T. n. I1CCJIC,lI,YIOTCH H ,lI,pyrHe CHCTeMbI, lIanpliMep
ryrOnJIaBKHe TBep,lI,bIe pacTBopbI UN - ZrN, UN - UC, PuN - ZrN,
UN - PuN, a TaKJKe KCpMCTbl UN - Mo, UN - W, PuN - W II naCTbT
UN - Na, UN-3BTeKTHKa Bi - Pb.
4.5. MaTepHanbi AllJI o60nolieK TB3nOB
060JIOIIKa TB3Jla, BbInOJIIIHH BeCbMa BaJKHbIe <l>YHKUHH, SlBJIHerCH
cro OTBCTCTBCIIHbIM 3JICMCHTOM. I1MeHHo OT ce KaIlCCTBa H COOTBeT-
CTBIIH CBOCMY Ha311aIlCHlIID 3aBHCHT npO'lHOCTb TB3JIa B ueJlOM H H30-
JIHUHH npO,lI,YKTOB ,lI,eJIeIiIiH. MaTepHaJIbl H KOHCTpyKUHH 060JIOIlKH
,lI,OJlJKHbI:
1) HMeTb B03MOJKII0 MelibIlIce CCIlelIliC 3aXBaTa IICHTpOHOB;
2) 06JIa,lI,arb ,lI,OCTaT04I10 BblCOKOH Tcn.'1onpOBO.lI.HOCTblO;
3) 6blTb KOpp03HOIIII0- H 3p03HOHIl0-CTOHKHMH no OTHOIlICHHIO K
Ten.lOHOCHTCJIIO (BO,lI,C, JKH,lI,KIIM MeTaJI.'IaM HJIH OpraHH'leCKHM BClUe-
cTBaM) ;
4) HMeTb xopoIlIHe McxaHIIIleCKIiC CBoHcTBa, rapaHTHpYlOlUHC CTa-
6HJIblIOCTb <pOpMbI, pa3MepOB H coxpaHcHlic rcpMeTHIlHocTH TB3JIOB II
nJIOTIIOrO IIpHJIerallIIH H,a:epiloro TOnJIHBa K 060JIOIlKe;
5) 6bITb cpaBHIITCJIbHO .il-eIlIeBblM H HMerb no B03MOJKIIOCTH HC-
CJJOJKHYIO TeXHOJlOrHIO 06pa60TKH;
6) 06ccncIlHBaTb B03MOJKHOCTb nOCJIC,lI,YlOlUeii: XHMHIlCCKOH: nepc-
pa60TKII oTpa60TaBIlIHx 06J1Y'leHHblX TB3JIOB.
B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH B KaIlecrBe MaTepHaJIOB ,lI,JIH 060JIOIleK IIP"-
MelIHiOT rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M aJIIOMHHHH:, MarHHH, II.HpKOHHii: H IIX CIIJla-
Bbl. JI.JISI BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYP, B IlaCTHOCTH ,lI.JIH H,lI,epUbIX peaKTopOB
lIa 6bICTpbIX HeH:TpOHaX, XOpOIlIHM MaTCpHaJIOM ,lI,JIH 060JIOIIeK TB3-
JIOB CJIYJKHT lIepJKaBelOlUaH CTaJlb, XOTH olia H 06JIa,lI,aCT 60JIbIlIHM
ceIleHHeM 3aXBaTa HeH:TpOHOB, 'lTO Tpe6yeT rrpHIIHTHH OIIpe,lI,eJIeHHblX
Mep ,lI,JIH KOMIICHCa[ HH HX norepb.
AJIIOMHHHii: - pacnpocTpaHcHHblH MaTepHaJI ,lI,JIH 060JIOIICK TB3JIOB,
pa60TalOlUHx B pcaKTopax, oXJIaJK,lI,aeMbIx BO;'l.Oii: C TCMnepaTypoii:
100°C H HHJKe. ITpHMeHeHHe KOpp03HOHHO-CTOHKHX CnJIaBOB Ha OCIIO-
Be aJIIOMHIIHH C He60JIbIlIHMH ,lI,06aBKaMH JKCJIe3a, KpeMIIHH, HHKeJlH,
6CPHJIJIHH, THTalIa n03BOJIHeT B 3HaIlHTCJIbHOH CTcnelIH (npHMepHO ,lI,0
300 °C) nOBbICIITb npC,lI,CJIbIIYIO TCMncpaTYPy, lionycKalOlUYIO IIpHMe-
IICHHe aJIIOMIIHHH KaK MaTCpHaJIa ,lI,JIH 060JIOIlCK TB3JIOB. AJlIOMHHHH
B KaIlCCTBe MaTepIIaJIa 060JIOIIeK npIIMeHHJICH npeHMYlUecTBeHHO B
peaKTopax C TB3JIaMII H3 MeTaJIJIHIlCCKOro ypaHa, KOTopbIe CJIYJKHJlH
.lI.JIH npOH3BO,lI,CTBa II.1YTOHHH.
ManIHH, 06JIa,lI,alOlUHH CCIleHHeM 3aXBaTa HCHTpOHOB B 5 pa3
MCHbIlIHM, IfCM aJIIOMHHHH, ycneIlIlIo npHMeHHIOT KaK MaTepHaJl 060-
JIOIleK TOJlbKO ,lI,JIH pcaKTopoB C ra30BblM OXJIaJK,lI,eHHeM (C0 2 ) npH
TeMnepaTYpc ,lI,0 500°C, TaK KaK MarHHH: lIeJIb3H HCIIOJIb30BaTb B KOH-
TaKTe C rOpHIleH: BO,lI,Oii:. B BeJIHK06pHTaHHH, r,lI,e IIpeHMYlUeCTBeHHO
75
HCIIOJIb3YJOT nO,lI,06HhIC peaKTOpbl, pa3pa6oTaH CnJIaB MarnoKc-12, co-
,lI,epJKalUHH KpOMC MarHHH OKOJIO 0,8% a.'IIOMHIIHH H 0,01 % 6CpHJI-
JIIfH. MOJKHO Hcno.lb30BaTb lIeKOTOpble CnJIaBbI Ha OCIlOBe .Mg - Zr -
Mn ,lI,JISI 060JJO'iCK TB3JIOB, pa60TalOlUHx C ra30BbIM OXJIaJK.lI.eIlHCM.
XOpOIlIHC pe3YJIbTaTbl ,lI,aeT pa3pa6oTalIHblH: B CCCP MarHlIeBbIH:
CnJI8B, cO,!:J.cpJKalUliH 0,2-15 % 6CpHJJJIHH.
HaH50JIce pacnpocTpaHclfHhlM KOHCTPYKUHOHHblM MaTepna.'lOM B
cOBpeMcHHbIx 3I1CpreTH'leCKIIX H,il,CpllhiX pcaKTopax, B 1JaCTHOCTII IIPH-
MeHHCMhIM JI.JIH o60JIO'leK TB3.10B, HBJIHeTCSI HHpKOHHH: H cro CnJIaBbI,
xapaKTepH3yeMbIc MaJIbIM CCl/CHHCM 3aXBaTa HciiTpOHOB. O,lI,lIaKO UHP-
KOIlHH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH ,lI,JIH 3THX uCJIeH:, .llOJIJKell 6bITb 06H3aTeJIbHO
O'llilUeH OT 06bl'l1l0H: B HCM IIpliMCCH racpHHH, HMelOlUero B OTJIH'lHe
OT II.HpKOHHSI O'lClib 60JIbIlIOC CC'ieHHC 3aXBaTa IlcihpOHOB. YIIHKa.'Ih-
I1bIe Ka'lCCTBa IlHpKOHHH C,lI,CJIaJIH ero IlWpOKO IIplfMeH5ICMbIM II IICp-
CIICKTIIBHblM KOIICTPYKUHoHllbl:.r MaTeplIaJIOM B HJl.epHOH 3HeprCTIIKC.
I1cno.'1b30BaHlic II.lfpKOHHH Hero CIIJIaBon B pcaKTopOCTpoeHHH 06y-
C.'10BJIeHO y,lI,aIlHhlM COIlCTaHHCM cro H,lI,CpHO-cpH3HIlCCKHX xapaKTepH-
CTHK C XOpOIlIIIMH MCXalIH'leCKHMH CBOHCTBa.\1H.
l1.HpKOlIHH: II CnJIaBhI IIa cro OCHOBe .J,OCTaTOIlIfO KOpp03HOHHO-
CTOHKH ,lI,aJKe IIpli cpaBIlHTeJIbHO BblCOKOH TeMnepaTYpc B aTMoccpcpe
MllorliX ra30B, B TOM 'lHCJIe B03,lI,yxa, II B cpc,'I,e pa3o/1HIlHhlX BO.lUIhJX
paCTBopOB H HCKOTOpblX TCnJIOHOCHTeJICH. I103TOMY IIX npliMellSlIOT B
KaIleCTBC 060JIO'leK TB3JIOB B BO,lI,O-BO.il-HHhIX peaKTopax BB3P BCCX
TlinOB, a TaKJKe CY,lI,OBblX H.il-epIl0-3HcpreTH4eCKHX YCTallOBKax Ha JIe-
,lI,OKOJIaX «JIeHHH», «ApKTIIKa» (<<JI. J3peJKHCB»), «CH6Hpb». 113-
neCTHO, IlTO II.HpKOHHH: 5IBJIHJICH KOHCTpyKLl.HOlIHblM M aTCpHaJIOM 060-
JIO'lCK TB3JIOB aMepHKaHcKlix CYJl.OBbIX peaKTopoB IIO.lI.BO,lI,HOH: O.lI.KII
«HaYTHJIYc» H CY,lI,Ha «CaBalIHa», 3J1CpreTII'i CKHX BO,lI,O-BO,lI,5IHbIX pC-
aKTopoB LUHnnHHrnopTcKoH, pe3J1.eHCKOH: H .lI.pyrHx aMepHKaHcKHx
A3C C peaKTopaMH BOJJ:o-nO,lI,HIlOrO THna. B IIOCJIC.lI.HeC BpeMH JWpKO-
HIICBbIe CnJIaBhI CTaJIH IIpHMeHHTh B 51,lI,CpHblX KHn5llUliX peaKTopax
II peaKTopax no,lI, .lI.aBoI'ICHHCM (,lI,0 10 MITa).
OCHOBHblMH CIIJIaBaMH II.HpKOIlHH, IIpliMCIIHCMhIMH B peaKTopax,
pa60TalOililix Jla BO.lI.e If no,lI, BblCOKHM ,lI,aBJICHHeM, HBJI5IIOTCH TaK lJa-
3bIBaCMhlC JllIpK8JIOH. MexaHHIlccKHC CBOHCTBa HHpKao/locB, oc06eHHO
npH nonhlweIlllbIX TeMnepaTypax, 3HaIlHTeJIbliO BbIIlIe, IleM IlilCToro
UHpKOIlHH. CIIJIaBbI THna IIHpKaJIOeB JIerKO 06pa6aThIBalOTc5I ,LlaBJIC-
HHeM KaK B ropHIlcM, TaK II B XOJIO,lI,I10M COCTOHIlHII. HHOr,lI,a B II.c.'I5IX
IIOBbIIlICHHH KOpp03HOHII0H: CTOHKOCTH CIIJIaBOB II.HpKOHIIH:-OJIOBO B HHX
BBO,lI,HT Me,lI,b.
l1.HpKOHHH )J.OBOJIbHO ,lI,opor, OC06CHHO oIlHlUeHlIblH OT racpHHH. TeM
IIC MeHee CnJIaB Ha ero oCl/onc - II.HpK8JIOH (OJKeIlHT) npliMCHHeTCSI
BO Bce YBeJIHIlHBalOlUHXCH M aCIlITa6ax, B IlaCTlIOCTH Ha Bcex COBeT-
CKHX A3C C pcaKTopaMH BB3P. CocTaB 3Toro CIIJIaBa (%) 1,3Sn,
0,07-2,0 Fe, 0,16Cr, 0,1 Ni, OCT8JIhI/Oe-Zr. TB3JIbl C 060JIOIlKOH: 113
II.HpKOHHH Hero CnJlaBOB MOJKIfO npHMClIHTb npH TCMnepaType .lI.0
540°C, a nOKpblTbIe HepJKaBelOlUeii CTaJIbIO -,lI,aJKe ,lI,0 650-700°C.
BecbMa ncpcIIeKTHBlIbIMH CnJIaBaMH II.HpKOHHH .il-JIH HCnOJIb30BaIlH5I B
BO.lI.e H IIape B IlaCTOHlUCe BpeM5I CIlHTalOT ,lI,BOHlJbIe cnJlaBbI II.11pKO-
76
HIHI H IIH06HH, a TaK:lKC CnJIaBbl II.HpKOIIHH H IIlW6lIH C ,lI,06aBKaMH
pa3JIHIlIlblX MeTaJI.10B. OCHOBllhIC YClIJIHH HCC.le;J:OBaTc.1CH: npH pa3-
pa60TKe 1I0BbiX CnJIaBOB .il-JIH 060.l0l1CK TB3JI013 H2.IIpaB.lell bIlla' TO,
liT06hI nO,lI,IIHTb TCMnepaTypHbIH: IIopor lIcnO.lb30naIlIl51 CnJIaBOB Ll.lfP-
KOHlfH B BO,!l.e H napc.
Ba:IKlldiwH.\1 KOIlCTPYKUHOllllbIM MaTcpHa.'IOM ,J..IH 060JIOt!CK 1'8'3-
JIOB H,lI,epHbIX pcaKTopoB HBJI5IIOTCH IlCpJKaBeIOU!HC XpOMOIIIJKeJIeBblC
aycTclIHTlIbIe CTa:m. Pa3pa60TaiiO 60JIbWOe IllICJIO pa3JIlIIlHbIX'MapoK
CTaJleii, HorHC H3 KOTOpblX nOMlIMO IlHKe.1H H xpo a CO;1:CpJKaT )1.0
TpCX II 60JIce JIcrnpYlOlUlIx 3JICMCHTOB. OC06CH1I0 60JlblUoe 3Ha'ICHHC
,iI..'I51 H.1:CPIIOH: 3IIcpreTlIKH HMCIOT XpOMOHHKCJIeBbIe cTa.'IH, JICrnpOBaH-
HblC Mo.m6,lI,CH0\1 jI,(JI 2-3 %, KOTOpbIii CYIlIccTBeHllo nOBbIJllaeJ HX
)KapoIJpOtJIIOCTb H KOpp03lIOlIHYIO CTOHKOCTb B BO,iI.C II napc. OC06CHHO
)KCCTKHe Tpe60BaHlIH npC.lI."bHBJIHIOT K CTaJJHM, npC.lI.lla3l1aIlellllbiM ,n:JIH
060JI04eK TB3.'IOB, nOCKOJIhKy lIMellIlO OHlI pa60Ta1oT B 118n60JJte'JKeCT-
I01X YCJIOI3HHX: TenJIOBblX, MexaHlI4eCKlIX, KOpp03IIOIIlIblX, a TaKJKC
B YC.10BH5IX CH.'lbliOrO IlCHTpOlllloro 06.'lY'lCIlHH.
OllhlT 3KCIJJIyaTaILlIH peaKTopoB, OXJ1a:IK.lI.aCMhIX BO;J.OH: H :lKU)l.KHYl
MCTa.'I.'IOM (HaTplIcM), TeM ncpaTypa KOTOpOro lie 11 pCBbIwaCT 550°C,
nOKa3hlBaCT, IlTO llaH60J1ee pacnpocTpaHellllaH Hep:IKa13elOruaH aycTc-
lIlITHaH CTaJIb lX18HlOT MOJKCT o6ecncIlHTb .il-OCT<lTO'ilIO Iia,lI,CJKIIYIO
pa601'Y 060Jl0IlCK TB3JIOB. JI.JIH pa60Thl C 60JIce BbICOKIJ H napaMer-
paMlI - IIPH TeMncpaTYpc 600°C II BbIWC, a TaK)J(C npH .u:aBJICIIlIH ne-
perpcToro napa .il-O 25-35 MOa IIc06xo;1:H bl 60JIec C.'IO:IKllo.lcmpo-
BallHhJe aVCTellHTHbIe CTaJIH.
CJIe;weT OTMeTlITb, IlTO I1epJKaBeIOlljaH CTaJIh IIpcKpacHo COB:\fCCTH-
Ma C lI.HOKCH,lI,OM ypalla JJ:O TeMncpaTypbl 1300°C. O.il-IIaKO MOHOKap-
()UJI: ypaHa nplI TeMncpaTYpc 600°C Ha'IlIIIaCT B3aHMOJI.eHCTBOBaTb co
CTaJIbIO. 113YIlelllIbIe 3aKoHoMepHocni nOBC,lI,eHHH aycTclIHTHhIX CTaJICH:
JIa OnbITC pcaKTopoB Ha 6blCTpblX HCHTpoliax ncpBoro nOKOJIelilIH
(EP-5 II EOP-60 B CCCP, EBP-2 B CiliA, Df'R B AHr.'IlIH H «Pan-
CO.lI.H5J» BO <PpaI!I!lIH) JIerJIH B OCHOBY pCKO\1CH.lI.aIllIH: no HepJKaBCIO-
IUHM CTaJIH\1 3Toro 1'Hna IIPH C03.lI.aIlHH peaJnopoB Ha 6hICTpblX HeH:'1'-
pOllax BToporo nOKOJIeHlI5J (BH-350 H BH-600 B CCCP, «<PeIlHKc» BO
<ppaHulIu, PFR B AHrJIHlI).
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o60.'I0'-lCK 1'B3.10B, II03BOJIHlOllI.HH: HMeTb lIa HX J10BCpXIIOCTH TCM -
paTYPY )1.0 600°C. B IICKOTOpbIX, IIpaB.il-a, nOKa ClIle pC.u:KHX, CJIYliaHX
.il-JI5J 60J1eC BhlCOKlIX 1'CMncpaTYP nplIMellHIOT CnCUHaJIbllbie ertJIaBbl
(xaCTeJIJIOH-X ;J:O 950°C B peaKTopax ML-l H EBOR B ClIll\) lIJIH
rpa<pHT,!I.O I060°C (B peaKTOpc Tlma HTGP B CTIIl\, )1.0 1250°C B
pcaKTope «JI.paKoH» B AllrJIlIH).
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77
YCHJIeHHIO rJIy6HHbI BhIrOpaHHH TOn.rIHBa. PeaJIH3aILHH 3TOrO M02KeT
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B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3HaIleHH5I Ii KOHCTPYKUHII peaKTopa TB3JIbf
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TaK, lIa 3aBO..'l:C B AH..'I:aXo-<PoJIC (ClIlA) HCnblTbTBaJIOCb YCTPOHCTBO
,lI,J1H pC3KH oTpa60TaBwero ypaIloBoro TOIIJIHBa C 060JIOIlKOH: H3 aJIIO-
MHHHH. }\I1aJIOrHIlIIblc pa60TbI npoBO,lI,HJIHCb TaKJKe B OK-PH.il-JKCKOH:
nauuol:aJlbHOH: JIa60pa10pHH (ClIlA). B BeJIHK06pHTaHHH B KOJI.u:ep-
XOJIJIe npH'\1eIIHJIH MexallHIlCCKoe Y,lI,aJICHHe 060JIOIlKH C nOKpblTHeM
H3 CIIJlarw MarnoKc-C. Bo <PpaHlI.HH Y,lI,aJIeHHe aJIIOMHHHeBhlX 060JIo-
IleK C ypalloBblx TOnJIHBlibIX 3JICMCIITOB no MeTO..'l:Y «04HCTKH 6aHaHoB»
npaKTHKyeTcH Ha 3aBO,J.e B MapKYJIC.
98
3HaqHTeJIbHO 60JIee TpY,lI,HOH 3a,lI,aqeH: npe,lI,CTaBJIHeTCH nepepa-
()OTKa TB3.'IOB COBpeMeHHbIX 3HepreTHqeCKHX pCaKTOpOB C HX CJIOJKHbIM
COCTaBOM, KOHqmrypaUHeit H BbICOKOH: CTeneHblO BbIropaHHH.
B COBeTCKOM COlO3C ,lI,JIH nepepa60TKH TB3JIOB 3IIepreTHQeCKHX
pCaKTOpOB THna BB3P, P£Ml\ H ,lI,p. 6bIJI pa3pa60TaH YlIHBepCaJIb-
HbIH: MeTO,lI, MeXaUHQeCKOH: pe3KH C60POK TB3JIOB C nOCJIe,lI,ylOlUHM BbI-
ru:CJIaQHBaHHCM 06JIYQeHHOrO TOnJIHBa B a30THOH KHCJIOTC H Y,lI,aJIe-
HHeM HepaCTBOpHMbIX 06pC3KOB 060JIOQKH. 3TOT MeTO,lI, B nepBOHa-
QaJIbliOM BapHaHTe 6b1JI npC,lI,JIOJKCH COBeTCKHMH YQeHbIMH ,lI,JIH nepe-
pa60TKH oTpa60TaBIlIHX TB3JIOB ITepBOH: B MHpC A3C. IT03,lI,Hee OH
nOJIYQHJI Ila3BaHHC «QOn 3H,lI, JIHQ-npOuecc» (chop and leach), T. e.
pe3Ka H paCTBopeHHC. B CCCP pa3pa60TaH annapaT THna npecca
HJIH rHJIbOTHHHblX HOJKHHU. 060pY,lI,OBaHHbIH: MexaHH3MaMH ,lI,JIH O,lI,HO-
BpeMel!I!OH: pe3KH BCeH: C60PKH I!a KYCKH 3a.il-aHHOrO pa3Mepa (25-
27 MM). TaKoMY H3MCJIbQeHHIO TB3JIOB npe,lI,IlIeciBycT 06pe3aHHe xo-
JIOCTbIX KOUUOB C60PKH (XBOCTOBHKOB), KOTOpOC OCYlUeCTB.'1HeTCH Ha
CTaHKe TaKJKe ,lI,HCTaHUHOHliO C nOMOlUblO CneUHaJIbHbIX nHJI. Bce one-
paUlIH BbITIOJIHHIOTCH B OC060M nOMCIlICIIHH, npC,lI,Ha311a4eHHOM ,lI,JIH
pa60TbI C BblCOKoaKTHBHbI\1H BelUeCTBaMH. ITpaKTHQeCKOe OCYlUeCTB-
JIeHHC oncpaUHH CYIlleCTBCHHO OCJIOJKHHeTCH pa3Ho06pa3HcM KOH-
CTPYKUHH: TB3JIOB H UX C60pOK. TB3JIbI A3C B CCCP, TaK JKe KaK H 3a
Py6CJKOM, IlIHpOKO pa3JIH4alOTCH no COCTaBY TOnJIHBa H KOHCTPYK-
UHOHHhIM xapaKTepHcTHKaM.
Ha pHC. 6.5 nOKa3aIIa cxeMa KaMepbl ,lI,JIH pe3KH TB3.'10B, npHHHTaH
B npocKTc 3aBO,lI,a B MH,lI,Y3cTe. B KaMepy pe3KH CTepJKHH TB3JIOB no
Mepe HX HaKOnJICHHH Ha CTOJIe TpaHcnopTHpoBKH nO,lI,aIOTCH pOJIHKO-
BhIM TpaHcnopTcpoM 4cpe3 BXO,lI,Hoe OTscpcTHe C nHeBMaTHQCCKH yn-
paBJIHeMOH ,lI,BepblO. ITOCJIC 3aKphITHH ,lI,BepH KaMepbl CTepJKHH nepe-
1
\
PRC 6.5. KaMepa n:.1H pe3KR TB3.10B:
1 - JJ.Bepb; 2 - YKa3aTeJlb-HHJJ.HKaTop. 3 - CTepJKeHb TB3J1a
4- 99
;J:BHraIOTC51 HenOCpCJI:CTBCHHO Ha pe3KY C nOMOr.u:bIO perneTKII C lI.en-
HbIM npIIBO,lJ,OM II perY.'IHpOBKOH .u:JIHHbI Hape3aCMbIX KYCKOB. CaMa
pC3Ka OCYllJ,eCTBJI51erC51 HO)l{OM MaCCOH 150 T. Hapc3aHHbIe KYCKH, TOH-
KO;J:HcnepcH3H nblJIb H KpornKH nocryn3IOT HenOCpe,lJ,CTBCHHO B anna-
p3T ,lJ,JI51 pacTBopclIlIH '1epC3 HaK.l0HHbIH nO.J1HOCTbIO rCpMeTHtIHbIH :>KC-
J105. Bce CHcrCMbI crporo C5JIOKHpOBaHbI B lI.CJI51X perYJIIIpOBKH He-
npepbIBHoH nO;la'lH M3TepHa.la II YCTaHOBJICHHH np0,lJ,OJI)KIITC.lbHOCTH
npollecc3. O'leHb Ba:>KHO 06CCnC'IeIlHC 511I:CpHOH 6C30naCIIOCTH npH pa-
PHC 6.6 CTaHoK J{.1!! oTpe-
3aH
!! XBOCTOBHKOB TB3
OB.
1 - BaHHa. 2 - JlHCKOBbie flHJlbI;
3 - c60pKa TB3J10B
60Te YCTaIlOBKH, '1ro ,lJ,OCTHraerCH OrpaHH'IeHHeM nocTynJICHlI51 KYCKOB.
TOTIJIHBa B annapar B e,lJ,HI!HILY BpeMCIIH, KOJIH'IeCTBCHHO MCHbrnHM
MHIIHMaJIbHOH KpHTJJ'ICCKOH :\13CCbJ, HanpHMCp MeHbrne 30-35 Kr JI,JIH
TOnJIHB3 C 5 % -HbIM 060ralllCHHC'M no 23f>U B BH,ll,e CTCp:>KJlCH ,lJ,Ha:\1CT-
pOM 10-13 MM (aMepHKallcKllc ,lI,aHHble).
Ha pilC. 6.6 nOK33aJla CXCYl3 pa3pa60TaHiIOro B COBercKoM COI03C
CTaJlKa ,lJ,JI51 oTpC3aHH5I XBOCTOBHKOB, Jla KOTOpOM :ny onepalf.HIO npo-
113BQ,lJ,51T C nOMOUl,blO 3JICKrpOKoHr3KTHbIX ,lJ,HCKOBbIX nHJI no,lJ, CJIOeM
BO,lJ,bI. 3Tor MCTO,lJ, I103BOJI51eT H36e:>KaTb 60JIbrnHX lIarpY30K lIa ,lJ,HCKH
TIIIJI H YMcHbrnacr B03MO:>KHOCTb HX ,lJ,e<p0pMall.HH. OTpe3alIHe no,n: BO
,n:OH npOHCxO,lJ,HT 6C3 CHJIbHOrO HCKpellHH H rnYMa, npH 3TOM 3Ha'lH-
TeJIbHO COKp3UI,aeTC51 06pa30BaHHe a3p030JICH no cp3BHeIIHIO C PC3-
KOM Ha B03.lIyxe.
Pe3Ka C60POK ocymcCTBJIHerCH 6C3 npC,lJ,BapHTCJIbIIOH pa360pKH HX
Ha .3JICMCHTbI npCCC-HO)[{HHll,aMH. Ilepc,lJ, pC3KOH C60PKII nOJJ,BepraIOTcH
06)1{aTHIO (cnJIlOUI,IIBaIIlIIO) ,lJ,JI5I YMcHbrneJlHH HX nOnepe'lHOrO cetIe-
HHH H 60JIec y.u:061I0H no.u:a4H B arperaT. YCTaHoBKa pacnOJIO:>KCHa B
KaMepe ,lJ,JIH p360T C BblCOKoaKTHBlIbIMH MaTepHaJIaMH. CaM pe)l{Y-
r.u:HH 6JIOK COCTOIIT H3 HenO,.'l,BH)I{HOro H BCpTHK3JIbHorO nO,lJ,BH:>KHOr()
HO)l{eH. IlocJIe,lJ,HHM CBH3a II C rH,lJ,paBJIH'IeCKHM npHBO,lJ,OM, pacnOJIO)l{CH-
HbIM BHe K3MepbI pe3KH. C60pKa B ropH30HTa.J1bIlOM nOJIO:>KCHHH no-
,lJ,aeTC5I B 6.10K 1I0:>KeH. 110C.'IC pC3KII npOBO,lJ,51T KOHTpOJIb pa3Mepa
KYCKOB. KYCKH pa3McpoM 50.lce YCT3HOBJIeHHOH Be.'IH'IHllbI (uanpll-
Mep, 40 MM) no Mepe HaKOnJICIIHH MaHHnYJIHTOpOM c0611paIOT B KOH-
TeHHcp H B03Bpar.u:aIOT Jla nOBTopHYIO PC3KY, a 60JIee MCJIKIIe npo-
BaJIHBaIOT tIepe3 pcrncTKy B 3nnapaT ,lJ,JI51 pacTBOpeHfJ51 TOnJIHBa. Ar-
pcrar ,1.151 pe3KH TB3JIOB nOKa3aH Ha pHC. 6.7.
PeaJIH331I,HH onHcaHlloro MCTO,lJ,a MeXaIlH'IeCKOH nepepa60TKH TB3-
JIOB 06CCnC'IHBaer .3<p<PCKTHBlloe pcrnellHc TpCX OCHOBJlbIX 3a,lJ,a'l:
1) npHcM II 06pa60TKY TB3JIOB 3HepreTII'IeCKHX pCaKT
QR c pa3-
JIHtIlIOH rcoMcTpHeH II KOHCTPYKllHOHHbIMH MaTCpHaJIaMH;
JOO
2) B03MO:>KHOCTb opraHH3alum nOCJIc,n:YIOr.u:cro ce.'ICKTHBIIOro pac.
TBOpCHHSI Cep,lJ,C4HHKOB TB3JIOB II H3B.'IeqeHH51 uellHblX KOMnOHeHTOB
06JIY'leHHoro 51,lJ,CpIlOrO TonJ1HBa;
3) Y,lJ,aJICIIHe 060J10'leK H KOHCTPyKUHOHHbIX MaTCpIIaJIOB 6e3 IIX
pacTBopcHH51 II 06pa30BaHHH :>KH,LI.KIIX OTXO,n:OB, '1TO n03BOJJ51eT oCY-
r.u:eCTBHTb HX nOCT05IHHOe xpaHeHHe B TBep.u:OM KOMnaKTIIOM BH,il.e.
PIIC, 6 7. ArpcraT ;J;,l!1 pe3KII TB3-
.10B.
I - r:peccoBaH YCTaHoBKa, 2 - 6JIOK
HOMe", J - KaMepa 1I0)l.aQll, 4 - KaMe-
pa KOHTpO H KYCKOB
IlpaKTII'IeCKOe oCyr.u:eCTBJICIIHC npOUCCCOB MeXaHH'ICCKOrO y;I.aJIe-
JlII5I 060JIO'leK TB3JIOB Tpe6YCT 3Ha'lHTCJIblIbiX KanHTaJIbHbTX 3aTpaT.
KpOMe TOro, npH pC3Ke TB3JIOB 06pa3yeTc51 .J.OBOJIbHO MHOrO BbICOKO-
aKTHBHOH nbIJIII(TOnJIIIBO) H nllpO<pOpHOrO MaTepHaJIa (UHpKOIIHeBbIe
CnJIaBbI), '1TO, eCTCCTBeHHO, YCJIO:>KH5IeT 3KCnJIyaTaUHlo .u:aHlIoro Tex-
HO,,10rW.leCKoro Y3JI3, oc06eHHO npH npOBe,lJ,eHIIII peMOJ!THbIX II npo-
<p1I.TJaKTH'IeCKHX onepallHH.
6.5. XHMHileCKHe MeToAbl YAaneHHSI o60nO'IeK TB3nOB
060JI04KII TB3JIOB MO:>KHO Y,lJ,aJIIITb nYTeM HX p3CTBOpeHH51. :::hOT
XHMH4eCKHH MCTO,lJ, ,lJ,OBOJIbHO ycnernHo npHMCH5IeTC5I B npollecce ne-
pcpa60TKH 06JIY'IeIlHbIX TB3JIOB C 060JI04KOH II3 aJIIOMHIIHeBbIX cnJIa-
BOB. JI.JI5I Y.J.aJIeHII5I 060.'IO'lCK H3 Hep:>KaBeIOr.u:eii CTaJIH II CnJIaBOB UHP-
KOHIi51 OJ! IIC npHMeH51eTCH.
MCTO,lJ, XHMII'IeCKOrO y.n:aJICHII5I 060JIO'lKH B HeKOTopbIX TeXHOJIOrII-
tIeCKHX CxeMax npe,lJ,ycMaTpllBaCT COBMeCTIIoe paCTBopeHIIC II 060JIOtI-
KII H TOnJIHBa. 110 ,lJ,PYrHM cxeMaM paCTBopCIIHIO nO,lJ,BCpraCTC51 TOJIb-
KO 060.l0'lKa. MCTO,lJ, XHYlH'ICCKOrO y,lJ,aJIeHH5I 060.'IOtIKlf mncpeCCIl TeM,
tITO ero MO:>Kl\O HCIIOJIb30BaTb ,lJ,JI5I nepcpa60TKH TB3JIOB, pa3Hoo6pa3-
HbIX no reOMeTpH'IeCKOH KOH<pHrypallHH:, B TOM tIHCJIe H HCCTalI,lJ,apT-
HbIX, Cyr.u:CCTBeHHbIM lIe,lJ,OCTaTKOM MeTO,lJ,a XHMH'IeCKOrO y,lJ,a.'IeHIIH'
060JIO'lKH SIBJI51eTC5I, KaK Y1Ke YKa3bIBaJIOCb, 3I1a'lHTeJIbHOe YBeJIH'lCHIIe
06'beMa :>KH,lJ,KIIX OTXO,lJ,OB H YCJIO:>KHeIlHC HX COCTaBa.
060JlOQKH H3 aJiIOMHHHH Hero CnJlaBOB. PaCTBopeIlH02 aJIIOMHHHC-
BOH 060JIOtIKH TB3JIOB Ii3 npllpO,lJ,Horo MCTaJIJIH'IeCKoro ypall3 MO:>KHO
oCyr.u:CCTBIITb B paCTBopax a30THOH KHCJIOTbI B npIICYTCTBHH KaTaJIH-
3aTopa - HIITpaTa PTYTH (B KOHlleHTpauHII npHMeplIO 0,0025 M
101
Hg2+). B 3aBHCH:\10CTH OT KOHI.I,eIlTpau,HIl a30THOM KHCJIOTbI paCTBOpe-
HHe aJIIOMHHHeBOH 060JIOQKH MO:>KHO npOBeCTH CC.'IeKTHBHO, nO'lTIi He
3aTparHBa51 MeTaJIJIllqeCKHA ypaH HJIH COBMeCTHO C nOCJIC,lJ,HIIM, QTO
Aaer 3KOHOMHIO BO BpeMCHH. O,lJ,HaKO B 3TOM CJIyqae HY:>KHO C'IHTaTb-
CSI C HeH36e:>KHbIM 3arp513HeimeM :>KH,lJ,KHX OTXO,lJ,OB nOCJIe,lJ,YIOr.u:HX CTa-
.il.IlH ncpepa60TKH 3Ha'lIlTeJIbHbIM KOJIH'IeCTBOM cO.lcA aJIIOMHHIl51, 3a-
TPY,lJ,II51IOr.u:HM COKpar.u:eHHe HX 06'bCMa npH ynapHBaHHII. 1103TOMY
'lar.u:e npH6craIOT K paCTBopCHHIO aJIIOMIlHHeBoA 060JIO'lKH B roP51QIlX
paCTBopax WeJIO'lH (e,lJ,KOM HaTpe). 3TOT npou,ecc npOTCKaCT ,lJ,OCTa-
TO'lIiO 6bICTpO no ypaBHeHllIO
AI + NaOH + H 2 0 -+ NaAI0 2 + 1,5H 2
H cOnpOBO:>K,lJ,aeTCH BbI,lJ,eJICHHeM 29,4 MJI.:>K IIa 1 Kr pacTBopeHHoro
aJIIO:\11111 IIH.
06pa30BaHlle BO,lJ,OpO,lJ,a C03,lJ,aeT onaCHOCTb nO:>KapOB H B3pbIBOB,
'ITO KpaHllc HC:>KeJIaTCJlbIlO, OC06CHHO CC:JIH Y'ICCTb BbICOKYIO pa,lJ,Hall.H-
OHHyIO onaCHOCTb 06'bCKTOB nepepa60TKH. Il03ToMY 06bI'IIIO BbI;1:e.1C-
BIle nO,lJ,opO,lJ,a n0LI.aB.l51IOT .LI.06aBKOA HHTpliTa IlJIH IIHTpaTa HaTpHH.
EOJlbllIOH H36bITOK HHTpaTa IIaTpHSI cnoc06ell nOJIIIOCTbIO npe,il,OTBpa-
TIlTb 06pa30BaHHe BO,lJ,OpOLI.a HJIIi aMMHaKa, eCJIIl C06JIIO,lJ,aIOTC51 yc-
JIOBHH pCaKu,HH
AI + NaOH + 1,5NaN0 3 -+ NaAI0 2 + 0,5H 2 0 + 1,5NaN0 2 .
O.aHaKO YCTaHOBnCHO, tzTO MHHHMa.'lbHoro BbI.aeJIeHH!I B3pbIBoonaCHbIX ra30B
M01KHO J{OCTHtzb npH rrpOBc.aeHHH rrpOll.ecca rro ypaBHeHHIO
Al + 0,85NaOH + I,05NaN0 3 ..... NaAI02 + O,9NaN0 2 + 0, 15NH 3 + 0,2H 2 0.
PaCTBopCHlie a,lIOMIIHII!I B IlI.eJIOqH npoTeKacT B COOTBeTCTBHH C KHHeTllqeCKHM
ypaBHeHHeM peaKlI.HII rrepBoro rrOp!!J{Ka
-dC;dt = K (SjV) C.
I'.!le C - MOJI!lpHa!l KOHueHTpall.H!I IlI.eJIoqa B MOMelIT t; S - nJIOIll.aAb nOBepxHocTH
aJIIOMHHH!I, CM 2 ; t - BpeM!!, MHH; V - 06"be\l pacTBOpHTeJI!I, :1. K:O!!CTaHTa CKOpOCTH
peaKll.HH K =2,6.10-' JI/ (CM' MH!!). CKOpOCTb pacTBOpellH!I aJIIOMHHH!I B03pacTaeT C
YBeJIHQeHHeM TeMnepaTypbl H KOHlI.eHTpaUHII IlI.eJIoqll H npH 100°C COCTaBJI!!eT (.aJI!I
pacTBopa 10 % NaOH H 20 % NaNO g ) B cpeAHeM 0,1-0,15 MM/MHH. DOTep!! ypaHa
BCJIe.aCTBHe ero norrYTHoro pacTBOpCHH!!, Kor.aa IICrrOJIb3ye'PC!I pacTBop NaOH B KOH-
v;eIITpaUHH He BblUIe 30 %, OqeHb MaJIbi. CJIeAyeT TaK1Ke no.a.acp1KIIBaTb MOJI!lpHOe
OTHOllieIlHe KOHlI.eHTpall.HI"i e.aKoro HaTpa II aJIIOMHHH!! B pacTBope lIe MeHee 1,65: 1 BO
H36c)/(aHHe He06paTHMoro Bblna.aeHHH rH.!I:pOOKHCH aJIIOMIIH!!H B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3JIO-
)KeUIIH aJIIOMHHaTa.
OnHCaHHbIA npou,ccc, B '1aCTJIOCTIl, npHMeH51JICSI Ha 3aBO,lJ,e no ne-
pepa60TKC 06JIY'leHHblx TB3JIOB <pHPMbI «EBpOKeMHK» B MOJIe (BeJIb-
fIl51). Ha 3TOM npe,lJ,npHHTHIi onepau,IIIO pacTBopeHHH 060JIO'lKH npo-
BOLI.HJIH B CJIC,lJ,YIOr.u:eM nOpHLI.Kc; BH3qaJIe BBO,lJ,HJlH' pacTBop e,lJ,KOrO
HaTpa KOHu,CHTpaI.l,HeA He 60JIee 1..\1, a 3aTeM nOCTeneHHO ,lJ,06aBJIHJIH
10 M pacTBop NaOH, '1T06bI nOLI.,lJ,ep:>KHBarb 60JIec HJIH MeHce nOCTO-
SIHHYIO CKOpOCTb npou,ecca.
102
OnHC3IIHbIC BbIrnc ,lJ,Ba MCTo.u:a Y,lJ,3JICIIHH 060JIO'lKH TB3JIOB (Mexa-
HH'IeCKa51 pe3Ka C nOCJIC,lJ,YIOr.u:HM BbImeJIa4HB3HHeM Ton.J1HBa Ii XH-
MH'ICCKOe paCTBopeHHe aJIIOMHHHeBOH 060JI04KH) nOJIY'IHJIH npaKTH-
'1eCKOe npHMeHelIHC B pa,lJ,HOXHMH'ICCKOM npOH3Bo.u:CTBe. O,lJ,HaKO HMe-
IOTC51 H ,lJ,pyrHe MeTO,lJ,bI CH51TH51 060JIO'lKII TB3JIOB, npC,lJ,JIO:>KCHIi51 H
onbITHbIC pa3pa60TKH. HeKOTopbIC H3 HHX TaK:>Ke 3aCJIY:>KHBaIOT BHH-
MaHH51.
060JlOQKH H3 MarnHH Hero CnJlaBOB. 060JIO'lKII H3 M3rHHH, Mar-
HOKca, CnJIaBOB Mg - Al (,lJ,0 4 % AI) H Mg - Zr (,lJ,0 0,5 % Zr) paCT-
BOp51IOT B KHn51r.u:eH pa36aBJIeHHOH CCpHOH KHC.JIOTe C BbI,lJ,CJICIIHeM
21 MJI.:>K Ha 1 Kr pacTBopeHHoro MarHH51. IlpH 3TOM ypaH pacTBo-
p51eTc51 He3Ba4HTCJIbHO H ero nOTepH C paCTBopOM COCTaB.'1HIOT MCHee
0,1 %. PeaKu,HH B3aHMO,lJ,eHCTBH51 onHCbIBaeTCH ypaBHelIHeM
Mg + H 2 S0 4 -+ MgS0 4 + H 2 .
CKOpOCTb pCaKlI.IIH pcrYJIHpyeTc51 TCM :>KC npHeMOM, '1TO H Ha 3a-
BO,lJ,e «EBpOKeMHK» B MOJIe. JI.JIH npe,lJ,OTBpawelIHH Bbma,lJ,elIH51 Oca,lJ,-
KOB KOHlI.elITpaUHIO MgS0 4 H H 2 S0 4 B KOHe'lHOM paCTBope nO,lJ,.u:ep-
:>KHBaIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO lIa ypoBHe 1,5-0,6 M.
060JlO'lKH H3 lI,HpKOHHH Hero CnJlaBOB. UHpKOHIIH H cro Cfi.1aBbI
'1pe3BbI'IaHlI0 CTOHKH K 60JIbrnHHCTBY XHMH'ICCKHX pearelITOB. OHH
COBeprneHHO HepaCTBopHMbI B a3OTHOH KHCJIOTe, 06bI'IHO npHMelI51eMOH
.u:JI51 paCTBopeHHH 060JIO'leK pa3JIH'IHbIX TB3JIOB. PaCTBopeHHe 060JIO-
'1eK H3 I.I,HpKOHH51 Hero CnJIaBOB MO:>KHO OCyr.u:CCTBHTb B paCTBopax
nJIaBHKOBOH KHCJIOTbI, B CMCCH nJIaBHKOBOH H r.u:aBCJICBOH KHCJIOT,
nJIaBHKOBOH H a30THOH KHCJIOT, B paCTBope <pTopll,lJ,a aMMOHH51, a TaK-
:>Ke B 60JIbrnOM H36bITKe rOpH'IeH 14 M cepHoH KHCJIOTbI. PacTBopeHHe
lI.HpKOHHH B nJIaBHKOBOH KHCJIOTe B npHcYTcTBHH H36bITKa HOHOB BO-
;r.opo,lJ,a npoTeKaeT no peaKI.I,HH
Zr + 3HF +H+ -+ ZrFt + 2H 2 .
3TOT npoI.l,ecc H,lJ,eT C 60.lbrnoH CKOpOCTbIO, OlIHaKO eMY CBoHcTBelIHbI
cywecTBeHHblc lIe,lJ,OCTaTKH: orpoMHaH arpcccIIBIIOCTb CpClIbI H TPYA-
HOCTb nO,lJ,60pa KOHCTPYKlI.HOIIHbIX MaTepHaJIOB ,lJ,JI51 annapaTypbI, BbI-
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B '1aCTIlOCTH ,lJ,.151 II3rOTOBJIeHHH TBC H 060JIO'lCK TB3JIOB pCaKTOpOB
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paCTBOp51IOTC5I B KHIIHr.u:CH 4 M CCpHOH KHC.'IOTC, ,lJ,03HpOBKa KOTOpOH
npHMepHO B 4 pa3a 60JIbrne, 'ICY! CTeXHOMeTpll'lCCKa51. TIpH 3TOY! BbI-
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XO,lJ,HT :>KCJIe30, XpOM, HHKCJIb, MaprallCI.I, B BH,lJ,e CYJIb<paTOB. 3Tor npo-
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peH B OK-PH,lJ,:>Ke Ha TB3JIaX C TOnJIHBOY! B BR,lJ,C U0 2 H U0 2 + Th0 2
C 060.'IO'lKaMH H3 I1Cp:>KaBCIOr.u:eH CTaJIH R BbICOKOH r JIy6HHOH Bblro-
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npHMeHHJIH B npaKTHKe pa,lJ,HOXHMH'ICCKOrO 3aBO,'J;a «EBpOKCMIIK», rJI:e,
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K npllcYTcTBHlO ,lJ,a:>Ke caMblX MaJIbIX KOJIH'ICCTB IfHTpaT-HOIlOB, BbI3bI-
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r.u:CH CTaJIH.
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HHIOTC5I I1a.1H'IHCM B TBC IIC TOJIbKO caMHX 060.l0'leK II Ton.1HBa, HO
H TaKHX ,lJ,CTaJIeH TB3JIOB, KaK XBOCTOBHKH, Me:>KTpY{)HbIC perneTKH,
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H3 Hep)KaBelor.u:cH CraJIH. CJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, He06xo,lJ,HMOH CTaHOBHTCH
onepau,H51 MeXaIlH'ICCKOro y.n:aJIeHH51 TaKHX ,n:eTaJICH TBC.
104
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npe,J..10)KeHIIbIX, HO TaK)KC OrpaHH'ICHIIO npHMCI!51eVfbIX Ha npaKTHKe
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3J1eKTpOXHMII'IecKoe paCTBopeHHe. 3TOT MeTO.a npHBJIeKaTc.leH TCVI, '1TO Teope-
THqeCKH rr03BO.l!leT OCYIlI.eCTBHTb paCTBopCHHe Bcex THnOB TB3.10B B a30THOKHC,'IOM
paCTBope ue3 rrpH\leHeHH!I MeXaHHqeCKHX VleTo",OB pa3.ae,lKH H:IM C.'IOiKHhIX npHcrro.
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TOB 060,10qKH H cep.aeqHHKa TB3,10B. JIHIUb lI.HpKOHHH H rpa<jJIlT Bblna.aalOT B oca.aOK
B BH,'lC III.laMa. B03MO)/(HO .aBO!!KOe KOHCTpyKlI.HOHHOe peUIeHHe 3JIeKTpOXIIMHqCCKOrO
paCTBOpCHH!! TB3.10B. B Ol\HOM H3 BapHaHTOB H3.aeJIH!I, no",.lC)/(aUmC paCTBopeHHIO,
c.'IY1KaT aHOl\OM, a KaTo.aO\l MorYT 6bITb CTCHKH Kopnyca 3.1CKTpO,lH3epa. B .apyroM
BapHaHTe C60pKH T03.10B 3arpy)/(alOT B BaHHY 3,lCKTpO,lH3cpa II OT.ae.1!!1OT OT
3.'ICKTpO.!J.OB peUIeTKaMH H3 HHepTHbIX MaTcpHa.l0B. B 3TOM c,qyqae H3Ae,lHe Be.aeT
ceu!I KaK 6I1no.l!!pHbIH 3JICKTpO.a. xonI paCTBOpeHHC rrpOHCXOl\HT npCHMYlllCCTBCHIIO
lIa aHOAHOH CTOpOIlC H3l\CmUI BTOpOH BapH8HT npOllie H Ha.aCJKHee 06CCJ1CqHBaeT
3 CKTpOKOHTaKTHpOBaHHe B lI.enH TOKa, HO Tpe6yeT npHMCHeHH!! CnCUHaJIhHblX BHJ{03
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HCn0J1b30BaIlHH B3aHMo.aCHCTBH!I MaTepHa.la 060.10qCK TB3.10B C aKTHBHblMI! He BOA-
IIblMH peareHTaMH - ra300upa3HblMH BeIll.eCTBaMIi H,1H pacn.1aoaMH COJIeH npH no-
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npH TeMnepaType 350-800°C TIpH 3TOM lI.HpKOHHH y.aaJI!!eTC!! B BH.lJ.e ,1eTyqero
TCTpax,lopH,Z!.a. TIpouecc M01KHO oCYIll.ecTBHTb H B rrCeB",OO1KH1KeHHOM CJ1oe. BapHaH-
TaMH npoll.ecca !!B,'I!leTC!! rrpHMeHeHHe <jJTopHCToro BO.lJ.opo.aa, KHC.'IOpo.aa, Bo.a!lHOrO
napa. TIpe.a.laraeTc!I rrpoll.ecc fH.lI.pHpOBaHHH UHpKOHHH BOJ{OpO.ll.OM. Ox pyn'JHBa HHC,
pa3ynpOqHeHHe, pacnyxaHHe lI.HpKOHHeBoH 060JIOqKH TB3 OB B pe3y bTaTe rH.apHpo-
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.lJ:.'I!! y.aa.1eHH!I CTa.1bHblX 060JIOqeK M01KHO rrpHMeH!!Tb 06pa60TKY TB3JIOB ra30BO"
CMeCblO <jJTopHcToro BOAopo;J.a H KHC.'IOpOAa rrpH TeMnepaType OKO,'!O 500°C. I13Me-
H!!H COOTHOIUCHHe HF II O 2 B ra30BOH <jJa3e, M01KHO HJIH pa3pYlllHTb OAHY 060JIOqKY
C OCTaB.1eHHeM CepAeqHHKa H3 U0 2 B ero rrepBOllaqa,'IbHOH <jJopMe, H,1H (rrpll nOBbI-
llleHHOM cOJ{epJKaHHH O 2 ) rrpeBpaTHTb .aIlOKCHJ{ ypaHa B nopOUIOK U 3 08. TIPO.aYKTbI
pa3pYIUeHII!! CTa.lbHOH 060,qOqKH <jJeppOMarHHTHbI, qTO n03BOJI!leT OT.aeJI!!Tb HX Mar-
HHTHOH cenapall.lIeH. I1MecTc!I .aOCTaTOqHO MHoro pa3.1HqHblX npe.ll..q01KeHHH TaKoro
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paCnJ1aBJIeHHH MaTCpHaJIa 060J10qKH HJIH paCTBQPCHHH CC B paCnJIaBe ApyrHx \lCTaJl-
JIOB. 51AcpHOC Ton.'IHBO, CCJIII OHO He B3aHMo.aeHCTBYCT C MaTepHaJIaMIl 060.qO'lKII,
JIerKO oT.n:eJIHeTC!I OT paCrrJIaBa, '1TO xapaKTepHO .a.'I!I TaKHX KOMn03HlI.Hii, KaK MeTaJI-
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105
npn 800.C (noJI. C, OeM qMlOca H3 CaCI 2 H CaF 2 ). HMeIOTC!I H Apyme BapHaHTbI nll-
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KHCJIOpOJ:r.a. Y'IHTbIBa51, '1TO TpHTIIH C01ICp:>KHTC51 B TOnJIHBe B IIHqTO:>K-
HO Ma.l0H KOHI.I,CHTpa! HH (2. 10-5 aT. % ), MO:>KHO npen:nOJIO:>KHTb, 'ITO
BeCbMa ncpoHTIlOH MO:>KCT 6bITh peaKIlH5! 06pa30BaHH51 cOell.lIHeHHH
TPHTH5! C KHC.TJOpO,J:OM H npO):r.YKTaMH ,J.C.'ICHII5! THna T++CS+02-__
--CsOT.
Bep05!THOCTb 06pa30BaHH51 B.'IarH 3113'IHTC.lbII0 YBC.'IH'IHBaCTC5! Ha
nOBcpxHOCTII U0 2 npH HaJIH'IHH B ra30BOH <pa3e H 2 0. IlPOHCXO,J.51T
c.leJl.VIOI.llHe B3aH:'v!OlIei1cTBHH: T++H 2 0--HTO+H+; T-I +H++02-__
--HTO. HaJIH'IHC BJIarH 13 ra30Boi1 <pa3e cnoc06CTBYCT TaK)KC YBC-
JIH'ICHHIO CKOpOCTH H nO.'IHOTbI y,lJ,aJICHH51 MOJICKy.J1 HTO C nOBCpx-
HOCTH '1acTHll U0 2 B ra30BYIO <Pa3Y B pe3YJIbTaTC H30TonHoro 06MCIIa
HTO + H 2 0 -+ HTO + H 2 0
(Ha nOBepx- (B ra30Boi\
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(B ra30Boi\ (Hd nOBepx-
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IloCKo.TJbKY B B03,lJ,YXC, nocrynaIOr.u:cM B npoll.ecc OKHc.1HTe.lbHoH
06pa60TKH, MOJICKYJI H 2 0 B 2,5.10 4 pa3 60.'IbrnC, '1CM 06pa3YIOr.u:rrXC5!
MO.ICKY.l HTO, paBHoBecHe peaKI HH C,lJ,BIIHYTO BnpaBo. TaKHM 06-
pa30M, npH 06pa60TKc 06.'IY'lCHHOro U0 2 B.la)KHbIM B03,lJ,YXOM 3Ha'lH-
TCJIbHO YBe.1H'IHB3CTC51 CKOpOCTb y,lJ,a.lcIlHH TPHTH5! C nOBepxHocTH Ton-
JIHBa.
OnbITbI non:TBcpJ1.HJIH BbICOKYIO crenCIIb y.la.TleIIH5! TPHTH5!, n:OCTH-
raIOrnYlo 99,96 % npH 12-'1acoBoi1 06pa60TKe H TCMncpaType 650 ce.
r J1ABA 7
PACTBOPEHHE TEnnOBbIAEnSlIO HX 3nEMEHTOB
110 cpaBHellHIO C npou,eccaMH y,lJ,aJIeIlH51 060JIO'lKH, 113JIO)KCHHbIMH
Bblrnc, paCTBopCIIlle TOnJIHBa B CJIYLJae HCnOJIb30BaHH5! BO,iI.HbIX MeTO-
,lJ,OB npOTeKaCT 1I0BOJIbHO npOCTO. YpaH H 60JIbrnHHCTBO ero COC,lJ,HHe-
HHH 6bICTpO paCTBOp51IOTC5I B paCTBopax a30THOH KHCJIOTbI. O,lJ,HaKO
107
XHMHLJeCKlIi1 COCTaB 06JIY'ICIIHOrO 5uepIloro TOnJIHBa IiMCCT Ba)l{HOC
3IIaLJellHe npH BbI60pc MeTolla paCTBopellHH, KOTOpbIH 3aBHCHT TaK:>KC
OT Bpe 1eIl H f3bIiI.Cp1KKH, cnoc06a Y,lJ,3.TJCIIHH 060JIOIIKH Ii .u:pymx <paK-
TOpOB. H3H60.'ICC OTBeTCTBCIIIIbIMH oncpaUHH 1H npH oCYII.I.eCrBJICHlIIl
npOllccca pacrBopCII P.51 Ton.TJHBa B npOH3B0-1CTBelilibIX yC.10BHHX HB-
JI5IIOTC5I KOIITpOJIb pCaKll.HH H 06paUICHHe C ra3aMH, BbI.LI.CJI51IOrnHMHCH
npH paCTBopeHHH.
7.1. PacTBopeHHe MeTannH'IeCKOrO ypaHa
Mcra.l.1HLJCCKHH ypaH .1crKO pacTBopHCTC51 B KHnHII.I.eH a30THoi1
KHC.lOTe C 06p330BallHcM ypaIlHJI-IIHTpaTa. CTCXHOMCTpH'ICCKHe OTHO-
rnellH5I peaKII.HH 3aBHC51T OT YC.10Blli1 npoBe;:J.eIIHH npollccca, B 'laCT-
I10CTH OT KOHueliTpallHH pcampYIOII.I.ci1 KHC.l0TbI.
B OTHOCHTeJIbllO pa36aBJIelillblX pacTBopax (.LI.O 8 M HN0 3 ) npo-
TCK3eT peaKu,H51
U + 4HN0 3 -+ U0 2 (N0 3 h + 2NO + 2Hp.
IlpH KOHlleHTpau,HH a30THOH KHCJIOTbI Bblrnc 8 M B OrXOD:51r.u:IiX
ra3ax n05lBJIHCrC51 ,lJ,1I0KCII,.'I. a30Ta, QTO YKa3bIBacT I1a npeHMyr.u:ccTBelI-
HblH xo.u: npouccca no ypaBHcHHIO
NO + 2HN0 3 -+ 3N0 2 + H O.
B 11 M KHnHII.I.CH a30rHoi1 KHCJIOTe npoll.CCC pacTBopcIIHH ypaHa
onHCbIBaCTCH ypaBHcHHcM
U + 5,5H1'\03 -+ U0 2 (N0 3 )2 + 2,25 02 + 1 ,25NO + 2,75H 2 0.
OlIliaKo paCXO;1. a30T1l0i1 KHCJIOTbI MO:>KIIO CYU(CCTBeHllo CHH3HTb, ec-
JIH lICnOJIb30Barb KOH,lCHcaUlIlO OTXO,lJ,51II.I.HX ra30B C IIHCXOJJ.51II.I.HM no-
TOKOM H I1pelIycMorpCTb OKHCJ1CliHe 60JIbrneH 'laCTH NO B N0 2 .
B H.LI.CaJIC, CCJlH Bce o KCH.u:bI a30r3 nor.10II.I.3JOTC5I B npHcYTcTBHH
KHCJIOpO,lJ,3 H I1CnpCphIllIIO UHpKy.1HPYIOT 13 JlHKJle B BH,'l.C a30THOH KHC-
JIOThI, ypaBllcIIHc pC3KII.HH npHIIH acT npocToH B!!lI
U + 2HN0 3 + 1,50 2 - U0 2 C'J0 3 )2 -+ H 2 0.
B npaKTHLJCCKHX YC.'IOI3HHX npH ncpHO,lII'IeCKOM BapIIaHTc pacTBo-
pellH5I MCTaJI.llH'IeCKOrO ypalla (HanpHMep, B BH,1C ypalloBhlx 6.10'1-
KOB) B a30TIIoH KHC.'IOTC 06bl'lll0 npHIIH"-1310T TCLJCIIHC peaKII.HH no
CJIC,J.YIOII.I.CMY ypa Bllell HIO:
U + 2, IHN0 3 + 1,3750 2 -+ U0 2 (N0 3 )2 -I- 0,05 2 + 1,05H 2 0.
TeII.l0ra 06pa30BallIIH ypaIlII.'J-IIHTpaTa H3\1CII5IC'TC5I B npeilc:lax OT
3420 JI.)K/Kr )l.JIH U0 2 (N0 3 h ;1.0 6340 KJI.)K/Kr ;VIH U0 2 (N0 3 h.6H 2 0.
IIpH ,Jocr3TO'IHO KOHlleliTpIIpoRaIlHoi1 a30TlIOH K!!CJIOTC (Bblrnc
60 %) pe3KUHOIl1l351 CMCCb 6Y,lcT nO,lJ,;I.ep:>KHBanCH np!! TC\1nCp3Type
KHIIC'IIH5I 33 CI[CT Bblf(eJICH!!H Ten.la.
CKOpOCTb p3CTI30peIlHH ypaHa B a30THOH KHC.TJOTC YBC.1H'IHI33CTCH
C pocrOM KOlillelITpaIl.HH KHCJIOTbI, 06r.u:ei1 KOIIIICIiTpaUHI'I IIIlTpaT-HOHa
Ii Yll.eJIbllOH 1I0BepXHOCTH CTaJIJIa. TaKH 06pa30M, 06pa30B311He
108
ypaIIH.'I-HHTpaTa Cnoc06CTByeT npOTeKaIIHIO
pC3KllHH, KaK 3TO nOKa3alI0 Ha pHC. 7.1.
113"b5l3B.'IeHHe MeTa.1JIa, YBeJIH'IHBaH cra
nOBcpxHOCTb, 06JIer'laeT H YCKop51eT npo-
I.I,eCC p3cTBopeHHH.
Ilo.u:aBJI5IIOwcC KOJIII4eCTBO pacTBopeH-
1I0ro ypaHa I!axon:HTCH B paCTBope B !lIC-
CTHBa.leHTHOM COCTOHHHH. O,lJ,lIaKO, nOKa
npHCJTCTBYCT MCTaJIJIH'leCKHH ypaII, 5IBJI5IIOWHHCH CHJIbHbIM BOCCTaHO-
BHTCJleM, no KpaHlIeH Mepe I1eKOTOpa51 '1aCTb ypaHa B paCTBope 1I3XO:UiT-
CH B '1eTblpeXBaJICHTHOH <POp Me. IlJIYTOIIHH, 60JIce CKJIOHHbIH K BOCCTaHO-
BJICHHIO, B OCHOBIIOM HaXO,lJ,HTC5I B TpexBaJlelITlIoM COCT05IHHH. B OTCYT-
'CTBHe MeTaJIJIa, lIanpHMep nOCJIC oT.u:eJICHHH p3cTBopa OT HcpacTBo-
plIBrnerocH OCTaTKa ypaHoBblx 6JIO'lKOB, ypall (IV) 6bICTpO OKHCJI5IeT-
CH a30THoH KHCJIOTOH n:o ypalla (VI), a nnYTOIIHH (III) -,lJ,0 nJIYTo-
IIHH (IV) no aBTOKaTaJIHTJIlIC'CKOH pC8KllHH C Y'laCTHCM CJIeD:OB HK0 3 .
JI.JI5I nCpeBOJI:a n.1YToIIH5I B rnCCTHBaJICHTHOC COCT05lHHe Tpc6YCTCH 1303-
,lJ,CHCTBHC TaKHX OKHC.'IHTCJIeH, KaK 6lIxpOMaT HJIH ncpMalIraHaT KaJIH5I.
B a30THOKHCJIOM paCTBope nJIYToHHH (VI) ,lJ,OCTaTO'lHO YCTOHlJHB, H B
< CJIa60a30TIIOKHCJIhlX pacTBopax Haxo.u:HTCH npCH\1yllJ,ccTBeIlIIO B Ka-
THOIIHOH <popMe. B 60JIee KHCJIbIX pacTBop3X n05lBJIHIOTCH MOHO-, ,lJ,H-
II TpHHHTpaTlIblc a II liO I! HbIC KOMnJICKCbI nJIYToHHH (VI). B npHcYTcT-
BIfH ,lJ,a:>Ke CJIa6bIX BOCCTaHOBHTeJICH nJIYToHHH (VI) .'IerKO BOCCTaHaB-
JIHBaCTC5I.
IlJIYTOlIHH, KaK npaBliJIO, nplIcYTcTBycT B a30THOKHCJIbIX pacTBo-
pax B BH,lJ,C npocToro HOlla '1eTbIpCXBaJICHTHOro n.1yToHHH Pu 4 + H 4ac-
TH'lHO B BH,lJ,e KOMnJICKCHbIX 1I01I0B Pu (N0 3 )3+. JI.JIH npC,lJ,OTBpaweIlH5I
'o6pa30BaHH5I COC,lJ,HHCHHH nJIYToIlH5I (VI), KOTopble MorYT 6bITb no-
TCp5lllbI npH nOCJIe,lJ,YIOUjHX 0IIcpau,H5IX, pacTBopbI, no.'IY'IaCMble nOCJIe
pacTBOpeHH5I 06.1Y'ICIIIIbIX TB3JIOB, f(O.TJ:>KI! bI liMen ,lJ,OCTaTO'lIIYIO KHC-
JIOTIlOCTb.
PHC. 7.1. 3aBlicHMoCTb CKOpOCTH pacTBopeHHH MC'
Ta.l,1HqeCKOrO ypalla OT KOllll.eHTpaUHH a30THOli KHC-
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PaCTBopeHHe ypalIoRblX TB3,10B COBMeCTHO C OOO.lO'lKOIi H3 a.lIOMIIHII!! MOJKeT
HMeTb HCKOTophle npellMYIUCCTlJa ITPH J{06aB..f'HIIH BbIca.1I1BaTe.leH B npouccce J{a,ll>-
Hcillllcro 3KCTpaKlI.HOHHOro ncpe",eJIa no HCKOTOpbIM TeXIIO,10rllqeCKHM CXPMaM. Kpo-
MC TOro, COllVlCCTHOC paCTIJOpCHHe Ton,1HBa H 060.10qKH 3aHHMaCT MCHbillC BpeMeHH,
qeM pa3l\c.lbIIOC. qTO MOiKeT BI>lrO",HO CKa3aTbC!I lIa npOII3Bo.1HTC.lbIlOCTII YCTaIlOBKH,
O)l!!aKO He,10CTaTKH COBMCCTIIOro paCTBOpCIIH!I, 3aK.llOqaIOU(HeC!I B YBC.1HqCHIIH KO-
lIeqllbiX 061>CMOB C6POCHbiX pal\IIOaKTHBHhlX paCTBopOB, yc.l0JKHeHHH HX nepcpa60T-
KII, a TaK)/(C nOBhllUCIIHH B3pblBoonaCHOCTH npH paCTBopelIHH amOMHHH!! B a3OTHOH
KHC.lOTe, npHlIC,lH K TOMy, qTO B cOBpeMclIlIoH npaKTHKe COBMeCTlIoe paCTBopCHHC
ypaHa H a,lIOMHHHH n[JHMCH!!eTC!! peAKO.
iG9
B C.1YQae ero HcnO,lb30BaHH!! BbinOJIHeHHe npouecca B03MO)/(HO KaK B nepHO-
,/lHqCCKOM, TaK H B HcnpcpbIBIIOM BapHaHTax PaCTRopelIHC a,lJOMHHH!! ,10.1)/(HO 6b1TJ>.
KaTa.1H3HpOBaIi0 .l\06aRKOII HHTpaTa PTYTH, RBO.l\HMOii B KO.1HqCCTBe 2-5 % MaCChi'
a,lIOMHIIHH, lJTO npc",OTBpaIll.aeT 06pa30BaHHC OKHCHOii n;;CHKH Ha nOBcpXHOCTH a:llO-
MHHH!!. HOHbI .l\lIYXlJa.1CHTHOii PTYTH BoccraHaB.1HBaIOTC!! Y nOBcpXHOCTH MeTa.l.la ",0
MeTa,l,qHqCCKOH PTYTH, KOTOpa!! 06pa3yeT aMa,lbraMy c a,lJOMHHHCM AMa,lbraVla:
3HcprHqHO pcarHpyeT c a30THoii KHC.l0TOH, 06pa3Y5I HHTpaTbI a,l1OMHIIIf!! H pTyTH.
HHTpaT prYTH BHORh BOCCTaHaB.1HBaCTC!! H T ,/l.
7.3. PaCTBopeHHe TB3nOB H3 cnnaBOB ypaHa C amOMHHHeM
n pouecc paCTBOpCIIH!! TB3.10B H3 cn.laBOB ypaHa c a.lIOMHHHCM HMCeT Mlloro
OOIucro c npOl(CCCOM COBMCCTHO O paCTBOpeHH!I MCTa.l.1HlJeCKoro ypaHa H a,lIOMHHHC-
BOH 060:IO%H OH npOROJlHrC!! B paCTBopax KHn!!II cii KOHI CHTpHpoRaHHoH a30THOH:
KHC.l0TbI B npHcyTcTllHH KaTa.1H3aTopa - HHTpaTa PTYTH 06blqHO TaKHC cn,laBbl
CO.l\Cp)/(aT OT 2 ;:1.0 50 % (no Maccc) ypaHa, 060raIll.CHIIOrO ::crKHM H30TonoVl 235U.
npouccc I1pOBO.l\!lT H.:1H I1CpHO;J.HqCCKH, H.1H HCnpCphll3HO CKOpOCTb paCTBOpCHHH"
ypaH-a.qIOVlHHHellbIx cn.laROD 3aBHCHT OT KOH!.I.eHTpaUHH H:-J0 3 , 06111eii KOHucHTpanHH
HHTpaT HOHOR H KOIl!.l.CHTpaUHH KaTa.1H3aTOpa, a TaK)/(e OT cIIoc06a npHroToR.1CHH5f
H 06pa60TKH cn.lalla.
7.4. PacTBopeHHe ypaH-MOnJIt6AeHoBblx cnnaBOB
B peaKTOp3x HCKOTOpbIX 33py6c:>KllbIX H OTC'ICCTBCHHbIX (l1cpBOH:
B MHpC H BCJI05lpCKOH) A3C HCnOJIh3YIOT CnJI3BhI ypalla C pa3JIHII-
lIbIMI1 KOJIH'IeCTB3MH ,lJ,063BOK MOJIH6,lJ,eHa, nOBbIUlaIOII.I.HMH P3,lJ,H311H-
OHHYIO CTOHKOCTb TB3.10B. I1pll HX pacTBopellHH B 330TIIOH KHCJIOTe
CKOpOCTb npOu,eCC3 paCTCT C nOBbIrnCHHeM ee KOHueIITp311HH II TeM-
nep3TypbI. O.LIJlaKO 3TOT pOCT 33BHCHT T3K:>Ke OT COiI.ep:>K3lIH5I Mo.'IH6-
,lJ,CH3 B CnJI3Be. Oc06elIHOCTb p3CTBopeHHH TB3JIOB C MOJIH6;'I.eHOM 3a-
KJIIOlfaeTCH B He06xo,J,HMOCTH OrpaHH'IeHHH KOlIlleHTpau,HH p3CTBopa
no Mo.'II16.zr.eHY, a c.rre,lJ,OBaTCJIbIIO, H no yp3HY, T3K K3K lIH3K3H paCTBO-
pHMOCTb MOJIH6,lJ,elIOBOH KHCJIOTbI H MOJIH6,lJ,aTa ypaH3 MO:>KeT npII-
BeCTH B npoI.l,CCCC paCTBopellHH K 06pa30B3HHIO OCa,lJ,KOB. Bbm3..'I.eHHe
OC3,lJ,KOB MO:>KHO npC,lJ,OTBpaTHTb ,lJ,06aBKOH B p3CTBOp TpCXB3JIeHTlIOrO
:>KCJIe33, 06p33YIOII.I.erO :>Ke.1C30MOJIII6,lJ,eHOBbIH KOMnJIeKC, '1TO, nOHHT-
lIO, H:\teeT CBOH lIC,lJ,OCTaTKH. B K3LIeCTBe KOMnJIeKC006p330BaTeJI51
MO:>KHO npHMelIHTh TaK:>Ke TpHOKCHr.TJyT3pOBYIO KHCJIOTY. I1HOr,lJ,a npe,lJ,-
nO'lHTaIOT npOBO,lJ,HTb p3CTBopeHHe B 11 M HN0 3 C p3cLIeToM nOJIY-
llelIHH KOHlleHTpI1pOB3HHbIX p3CTBOpOB no YP3IIY (,10 200 r ypaHa !fa
1 JI). OCa..'I.OK 06p33YIOllJ,eHCH MOJIH6,lJ,CHOBOH: KHCJIOTbI OT<pIIJIbTpOBbI-
BaIOT H p3CTBOpHIOT B II.I.CJIO'lH. 33XBa'lCHHbIH YP3H B BH,lJ,C ,lJ,HypaHa-
Ta B03Bp3UI.aJOT B npollccc.
HaJIH'IHC MOJIH6,lJ,eH3 B TOnJIHBe (,lJ,0 9 %) rr03BOJIHeT nOJIYlfaTb
rm.wreHHbIH a30THOKHCJIbIH: p3CTBOp C KOHlleHTpallHeH: ,lJ,0 50 r ypaHa
Ha 1 JI. JI.063BJIeHHe K pacTBopy KOMnJICKC006pa30BaTeJIeH .u:aeT B03-
MO:>KHOCTb nOBblCHTb KOHI.I,eHTpau,HIO ypaHa B pacTBope ,lJ,0 100 r/JI.
110
7.5. PacTBopeHHe TB3nOB H3 ypUB H qHpKOHKJI
TB3,lbl, Cep.l1e1JHHKII KOTOpblX COCTO!lT H3 cn.UBa C BblCOKHM cOJ{cp1KaHHeYi lI.HP-
OHH!I, 06b1t!HO nOABcpralOT noc eAoBaTenbHoH o6pa60TKc CHa1Ja a B OpHCTOBOJ{O-
pOJ{HOH KHC.10TC (paCTBopeHHe UHpKOHH!I). a 3aTeM B a30THoii (pacTBopeHHe ypaHa).
EO,lbUIHM npeHMYIll.CCTBOM IIcnO.lb30BaHH!! <jJTOpHCTOBOJ{OpOJ{HOii KHC.10TbI npH paCT-
BOpCHlIH ypaH-UllpKOHIICBblX CnJIaBOB !lB.l!!CTC!! YCTpaHeHHe onaCHOCTIi B3pblBOB,
KOr.l1a 3TH CnJIaBbI paCTBOp!lIOTC!! B a30THOH KHc.10Te. TB3JIbi C HH3KHM CO.l1CpMa-
HlieM UHPKOHII!! MOJKHO paCTBopHTb B CMeCH 330THOH H <jJTOPIlCTOBOAopOAnOH KHC-
JIOT. .lJ:,1!! CHH1KeHH!I KOpp03HOHHoro .l1eHCTBH!! <jJTop-HOHa .!:Ia,.peaKTOp H3 Hep1KaBelO-
xuea CTaJIH (MOHe b-MeTa JI B a30THOKHCJIbiX cpeAax HCYCTOHqHB) B paCTBOp A06aB-
n!llOT HilT paT aJIIOMIlHH!I, 1JTO, O.l1HaKO, HMeeT HCKOTOpblH HeJ{OCTaTOK, 3aKJIlOqalO-
1l.I,HHC!! B TOM, qTO a.1IOMHHHH H lI.HpKOHHH B HHTpaTHo-<jJTOpHCTOH CHCTeMe IIMelOT
-orpaHHqeHHYIO paCTBopIiMOCTb. OCn01KH!ler npouecc B03MOMHOe OCa1KAeHHe TeTpa-
'q>TOpll.l1a ypaHa, nOCKO,qbKY IlMeIOTC!I YC,qOBH!I .l1JI!I BOCCTaHOB,leHH!I ypaHa (VI) .l10
ypaHa (IV). DO.lyqCHHC HCpaCTI OpHMblX ocaJ{KOB oc06eHlIO HenpH!lTHO C TOqKH
3PCHH!! !lAepHOH 6c30nacHocTH. D03TOMY CnJIaBbI, cOAep1Kallille AO 10 % ypaHa,
paCTBOp!llOT B 5,4 M NH4F - 0,33 M NH4N0 3 C A06aB.leHHeM H 2 0 2 B KC,1HqeCTBe,
.l10CTaTOqHOM JI..l!l OKHCJIeHII!! ypaHa (IV) AO ypaHa (VI). AHa,10rHqna!l cxeMa, npH-
rO.l1Ha!! .l1n!! nepcpa60TKH TB3nOB KaK 113 cn aBOB ypaH-lI.HpKOHHH, TaK H H3 cnnaBOB
ypaH -lI.HPKOHHH- HIl061l H.
DpH pacTBopeHHH B a30THoH KIICJIOTe UllpKoHHH-ypaHoBblx Cn,qaBOB B03M01K-
.RbI peaKlI.HH B3pblBHoro xapaKTepa, npH1JHHOH KOTOpblX !lBJI!lCTC!I aKTIlBHoe OKHC,lC-
Hlie MeTaJInHqeCKOrO OCTaTKa, nO,lyqaeMOrO npll paCTBopeHIlIl. 3TH B3pblBbI MorYT
IlHHUHHpOBaTbC!I MeXaHHqCCKIIMIi YJlapaMIl. COC.l1HHeHlle, KOTOPOMY npHnHCblBaeTC!!
B3pblBoonaCHocTb, IlMeer COCTaB UZr2. OHO 06pa3yeTc!I, nO-BH.l1HMOMY, B pC3y.lbTaTe
npCJ{IUeCTB)'IOIlI.eH TepMHqCCKOH 06pa60TKIl HCKOTOpblX CHCTCM C ypaHoM II lI.HpKO-
HHeM II COCYIlI.eCTByer C a-ypaHoM B KaqeCTBe BTOpOH <jJa3bI. B3pblBoonaceH H npo-
.uecc paCTBOpeHII!! B a3OTHOH KHc..qOTe lI.HpKOHllii-HH06Hii-ypaHoBbiX CnJIaBOB.
BBeAeHHe B CHCTCMY <jJTOp-HOHOB (H.1H KpeMHe<jJTopH.l1a aMMOnH!!) B .l10CTa-
"ToqHoii CTCIIeHH 06eCneqllBaeT B3pblB06e30naCHOCTb npOll.eCca paCTBopeHHH TB3.10B,
,coJ{ep1KaIll.IlX lI.HpKOHHH.
7.6. PaCTBOpeHHe TB3nOB, C0AeP*aLqHX HepHCallelOLqYIO CTan..
HnH HHXpOM
OnHcaHbI npOll.eCCbI paCTBOpeHH!I TB3JIOB peaKTopOB aMepllKaHCKHX nOABOJ{HbiX
JlOJ{OK, apMeHcKHx MaJIora6apHTHblx 3HCprerHqCCKHX peaKTopOB H 3KcnepHMeHTaJIb-
Horo peaKTopa C OpraHllqeCKHM 3aMeAnllTeJICM. 3TH TB3JIbI, liMelOIlI.lle B COCTaBe
Hep1KaBelOIlI.YIO CTaJIb H,qll HHXpOM, n0.l1Bepra.1H noc.le.l10BaTeJIbHOH 06pa60TKe cep-
HOH H a30THOH KHcnOTaMH, a TaK1Ke B03AeHCTBHIO TaK Ha3b1BaeMOro .l1apeKC-npo-
uccca, O:::IIOBaHHoro Ha npHMeHCHHIl CMeCil a30THOH Ii COn!!HOH KHCJIOT (uapCKOH
BOJlKH). DpeHMYIll.eCTBa J{apeKc-n pouecca 3aKJIlOqaIOTC!I B B03M01KHOCTII paCTBope-
IIH!! TB3JiOB Bcex KOH<jJHrypaullii B OJ{HOM annapaTe, YCTpaHeHHH OIlepall.HH
MCXaHHqeCKOH 06pa6OTKH, OTCYTCTBHH BOAopOAa B OTXOA!llllIlX ra3ax Ii 6b1CTpOM
HcnpcpblBHOM npOll.CCce, 6C30naCHOM B OTHOUIeHHIl KPHTHqHOCTII. OCHOBHblMII He.l10-
.cTaTKaMH !lB.l!lIOTC!! KOpp03H!I, ncpcXOA 60JIblllOrO KOJIllqeCTBa conYTCTBYIOIlI.IlX Me-
Ta JIOB B CHCTCMY ncpepa60TKIi H xpaHCHH!I BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX OTX0.l10B H BlJe.l1eHHe
XJIOpIiAOl! B cllcTeMy paJlHOaKTHBHblX OTX0.l10B HIl3KOii aKTHBHOCTII. B KaqCCTBe
KOHCTPyKUHOHHblX MaTepHa.10B AJI!I annapaTypbl npHrOAHbI JlHllib THTaH H TaHTaJI.
III
7.7. PaCTBOpeHHe AHOKCHAoB ypatla H nnYTOHHJI
B HaCT05lIIICC BpeMH pacTBopeHHc ;J.HOKCH,lJ,OB ypaIla H n.l)'ToHIIH-
rJIaBHbIX KO:\lnOIlCIITOB TB3.108 cOBpcMellHblx peaKTopoB 51B.1HeTC5I oc-
HOBHbIM nponeccoM npHroToB,;lCIIH5I pacTBopoB pa,lJ,HOXHMHlJCCKOrO
npOH3Bo,1cTBa, HCnOJIb3YIOweIo BO,lJ,Hble, B nO,lJ,aBJIHIOr.u:CM 60.TJbrnHH-
CTBe 3KCTpaKI HOHIIble MeTOJ.{hI. KaK npaBHJIO, oTpa60TaBrnee OKCH.'(-
Hoe Ton HBO paCTBopHIOT B a30THOH KHCJIOTC nOCJIC MeXaHH'IeCKOrO
y,lJ,3.1eHH5I 060JIO'lKH. PaCT80peHHe U0 2 B KHIIHWCH 8 M HN0 3 npolIc-
XO,lJ,HT 6bICTpO H 6C3 06pa30BaHHH IICpaCTBopHMbIX OCa,lJ,KOB.
KO.1H4CCTBO a30TIIOH KHCJ10TbI, He06xo;I.HMOH ,lJ,JIH OKHCJIeHHH ypa-
Ha npH pacTBopeHHII U0 2 , 3aBHCHT OT KOIlI.l,CHTpaIIHH KOMnOIlellTOB
B pacTBopc (OHO J13MCII5IeTCH B npc,lJ,cJIax 1-2 MOJIb Ha I MOJIl>-
U0 2 ), n03ToMy peaKlI.HIO pacTBopcHHH MO:>KHO npc.u:cTaBHTb ypaBHe-
HHHMH
U0 2 + 4HNO a - U0 2 (N0 3 )2 + 2N0 2 + 2H 2 0;
U0 2 + 3HNO:j -+ U0 2 (N0 3 )2 + 0,5NO + 0,5N0 2 + 1,5Hp.
IloqTH BO BCCX npollcccax pacTBopcHHH oTpa60TaBrnero H,lJ,epHOrO
TOIIJIHBa Bhlf(CJIHIOTCH OKCH,lJ,bI a30Ta: ,lJ,HOKCH,lJ, N0 2 H OKCH;I. NO. JI.JI5I
HX OKHCJ1CHHH B CHCTCMY .u:06aBJIHIOT KHCJIOpO,lJ, HJIH '1awe Bcero 06bIq-
HbIM B03,lJ,YX. B pe3YJIbTaTe pH,n:a OKHCJIHTCJIbHbIX peaKI.I,HH 06pa3yeT-
CH a30THaH KHCJIOTa:
2NO + 02- 2N0 2 ;
2N0 2 + H 2 0 - HN0 2 + HN0 3 ;
3HN0 2 - HN0 3 + 2NO + H 2 0.
Ilpii nOJIHOM OKHCJIeHHH H nOrJIor.u:cHHH B BH,lJ,e HN0 3 OKCH,lJ,OB a30-
1a B YCJIOBHHX HX HcnpcpbIBHOH I.I,HPKYJIHllHH B annapaTc ,lJ,JIH pacTBo-
peHHH H ,lJ,e<pJIerMaTOpe ypaBHelIHc peaKllHH YIIpor.u:acTC5I:
UO z + 2HN0 3 + 0,50 2 _ U0 2 (N03)2 + H 2 0.
TenJIOTa 3TOM peaKI.I,HH onpC,lJ,eJIeHa B 386 KJI.:>K/Kr U0 2 .
CKOpoCTb pacTBopeHHH ,lJ,HOKCH,lJ,a ypaHa B a30THoH KHCJIOTe no-
BbIUIaetGH C YBeJIH4eHHeM KOHlleHTpaII.HH KHCJIOTbI. OHa TaK:>Ke 3aBH-
MT 'OT TeMneparypbI, YCJIOBHH H3rOTOBJIelIHH TB3JIOB, YCJIOBHM 06JIY-
t{ellH : MaTepHaJIa B peaKTope. 06JIy4eHHbIH TB3JI npe,lJ,CTaBJIHCT co-
OOH: CJ:rO>KHYIO CMeCb BeweCTB, Ba:>KHOH: cOCTaBHOM: 4aCTbIO KOTOpOH:
Sl13J1H'1OTCH OKCH,lJ,bI nJIYToHHH. TBep,lJ,bIe pacTBopbI U0 2 - PU02 (20 %
rtJIyrOHHH), KaK npaBHJIO, nOJIHOCTbIO pacTBopHIOTCSl B a30THoM KlIC-
JIore oe3 o6pa30BaHHH HepacTBopHMbIX OCa,lJ,KOB. O,lJ,HaKO HHor,n:a He-
KOTopaH lJ3CTb ,lJ,HOKClI,lJ,OB nJIYTOHlIH OCT3eTCH B HcpacTBOpHMOH: <pop-
Me. CKOpOCTb paCTBOpCHH5I CMCij.l3HHOro TOIIJIHBa U0 2 - PU02 3aBH-
CHT OT YCJIOBHH: ero 06pa60TKH B npe,lJ,rnCCTBYIOr.u:HX OIIepaI.l,HHX. Bo
Bcex CJIYlJaHX, K3K IIpaBHJIO, p3CTBopeHlIe ,lJ,HOKCH,lJ,a ypaHa IIpOHCXO-
AHT ObICTpee, lJeM paCTBopeHHe .n.HOKCH,lJ,a IIJIYTOHlIH, H HBJIHeTC51 nOJI-
HbIM. BOJIbrn3H 4aCTb TOnJIHBa paCTBopHeTCH ObICTpO H JIHWb MaJIasr
112
'1aCTb ,lJ,MOKClI,lJ,a TI.1IYTOHlIH - MCD:JICHHO, B HCKOTOpbIX C.1Y4aHX OH TaK
H OCTaeTCH HepaCTBOpCHHblM (B 8 N\ HN0 3 ). HanpHMep, nplI pacTBo-
peHHIi TB3.'IOB H3 c eCIi OKCH,lJ,OB ypaHa H n,TJYToIIM5I, H3rOTOBJIeHHblx.
MCTO,J.OM T36JIeTMpOBaHIi5l, B c,;rY'I3e cpaBHHTe. bllo IICBbICOKOH rJIy6H-
HbI BbIropaHHH OKOJIO 1 % nJIYToIIH5I OCTaeTC5I B IIcpacTBopHMO BHD:e.
3TOT OCTaTOK npHxO,lJ,HTC5I nepepa6aTbIBaTb ,lJ,OnOJIIIHTeJIbHO, HanpHMcp
pacTBopeliHeM B KHnHr.u:eH CMCCH 10-12 M a30THoH H 0,02 M <pTOpH-
CTOB0..10pOD:1I0H KHCJIOT '1TO, 01l.H3KO, BIIOCHT ,lJ,onOJIIIIITCJIbHble TPY.u:-
HOCTH, CBH3aHHbIe C BblCOKOH: KOpp03HOHHOH aKTHBHOCTbIO nOD:06HbIX
cpe,lJ, H He06xo.il.HMOCTbIO npH clIclIHH crrelwa.1bHbIX MaTCplIaJIOB ,lJ,JIK
060pY,lJ,OBaHHH.
7.8. AnnapaTypHoe O OpMneHHe npo",ecca
pacTBopeHHSI TB3nOB
Annap3TypliOC o<p0pMJIeHHC npollccca pacTBopeHHSI TB3JIOB 11.0-
BOJlbliO CJIO)KIIOe, '1TO onpC,lJ,c.1HeTC5I BblCOKOH aKTHBHOCTbIO nepcpa-
6aTbIBaeMbIX npO,lJ,YKTOB H, c.1e,lJ,OBaTCJIbHO, He06xo,lJ,HMOCTbIO nOJIHOK
rCpMCTH'IHOCTH 060pY,lJ,Om'tHHH H jI.HCTaHUHOHHoro ynpaBJIeHHH, cotJe-
TaIlHC MeXaHH'ICCKHX H XHMH'ICCKHX npoueCCOB C npHMCHeHHeM ar-
peCCHBHbIX pcareHTOB, Tpc6YIOIUHX CnellHaJIbHblX KOIICTPYKI.I,HOHHblX.
MaTepHaJIOB. Ilcpepa60TKa 06JIY'lelIHoro 51.lI.epHOrO TOnJIHBa, KOHllCHT-
pHpOBalIlioro no ,lJ,CJIHIUHMCH HYKJIH.il.aM 235U Ii 239PU, Tpe6yeT, KpOMe-
TOro, C03,J.3HHH KpHTH'IeCKH 6e30naCIIOH rCOMCTpHH BceH CHCTeMbI.
BO.1brnHe TPY,lJ,HOCTH CBH3aHbI C Y,lJ,aJIeHHC OCTaTKOB 060JIOqeK
TB3JIa, OCTaIOIUHXCH HepaCTBopeHlIbIMH npH 06bltJHO npHMCIIHeMOM
npOllecce paCTBopeHHH Ton.1HBa B a30THOH: KHCJIOTe.
Onucall annapaT (pHC. 7.2), npC,lJ,JIO:>KClIllbIH .n.JIH pacTBopeHHSr
TB3JIOB B HN0 3 H Y,lJ,aJIeHMH HepacTBopcHHoro OCTaTKa. AnnapaT ){ei1:-
CTByeT no npHHu,Mny HcnpepblBHoro npoTHBoToKa. BHYTPH CTaI.l,HO-
lIaplloro HaKJIOHHOrO 6apa6alla HaXO,lJ,HTCH j{pyroll Bpar.u:aIOr.u:HHcH
oapa6aH, HMeIOIUHH BHYTPCHHHH rnHeK H Tpy6y, KOTopaH C.1Y:>KHT oc-
HOBHOH onopoH: ,lJ,JIH BpaIUaIOr.u:eHcH C60PKII H nO.'l.,lJ,ep:>KHBaeTCH B kOH-
COJIbHOH <pOpMC nOCpe,lJ,CTBOM n01l.rnHnHHKOB, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX Y ee
BepxHero KOHu,a.
KYCKH TOnJIHBa rrOCJIC pe3KH (H BOJIOKCII,lJ,aIlMH, eC.TJH OHa BKJIIO-
qeHa B cxeMY) nO,lJ,aIOT B 3nnapaT no BHYTpCHHeH: Tpy6c. BJIaro,lJ,apH
Bpar.u:eHHIO 6apa6aHa MaTepHaJI )J.BlI:>KeTCH BBepx C nOMor.u:bIO rnHeKa,
TOr,lJ,a KaK a30THaH KMCJIOTa TC'IeT npOTHBOTOKOM BIIH3 no rnHeKY.
B pe3YJIbTaTe TOrrJIHBO paCTBOpHeTCH, a KYCKH HepaCTBopeHHOH 000-
JIO'lJKH H3 I.I,HpKaJIOH HJIH Hep:>K3BeIOr.u:eH: CTaJIH OCTaIOTCH. PaCTBOp
YXO)J.'HT H3 HM:>KHeH: qaCTH annapaTa no TPy6c. CKpan 060JIOqCK Y,lJ,a-
JIHIOT no :>KeJI06y, pacnOJIO:>KeHHoMY OKOJIO BepxHcro KOHlla rnueKa,
a ra3006pa3Hblc npO,lJ,YKTbI H napbI OTBO,lJ,HT qepe3 ,lJ,e<pJIerMaTOp H
KOH,lJ,CHCaTOp ,lJ,JIH YJI3BJIHBaHHH napoB KHCJIOTbI, KOTOpyIO CHOBa B03-
Bpar.u:aIOT B arrnapaT ,lJ,JIH paCTBopCHHH.
PaCTBopeHMe ypaHoBbIX 6JIOKOB B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH 060JIoqK3
npe)J.BapHTCJIbHO Y,lJ,aJIeHa MeXaHHqeCKlI HJIH paCTBopHeTCH O)J.HHM H3
XHMH4eCKHX MCTO,lJ,OB, arrrr3paTypHO O<popMJI51eTCH HeCKOJIbKO rrpor.u:e.
113
HanpHMep, B MapKYJIe (<Pp3HI.I,HH) paCTBOpeHlIe 06.1yqeHHblX yp31I0-
BbIX 6JIOKOB npOH3BO,lJ,lITCH KHnHIUeff 11 M a30THOH KHCJIOTOH. Ypa-
HOBbie 6JIOKH 3arpY:>KaIOT B KOP31IHY H3 CneI.l,HaJIbHOH: Hep:>KaBeIOr.u:eH
CTaJIlI, KOTOpyIO nOMer.u:aIOT B peaKTOp D:JIH paCTBopelIHH. BbI,lJ,e.'1HIO-
1I.I.HeCH npH paCTBopeHHH OKCH,lJ,OR a30Ta no,lJ, ,lI.eHCTBHeM KHCJIOpO,lJ,a
B03,lJ,yxa OKHCJIHIOTCH, BCJIC,lJ,CTBHe '1ero B KOIf,1I.eIfCaTope BHOBb 06pa-
3yeTcH a30THaH KHCJIOTa, KOTOpyIO B03Bpar.u:aIOT B annapaT ,lJ,JIH P3CT-
BopeHHH.
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PIIC. 7.2. AnnapaT J{J1!! pacTBOpeHH!I TB3.10B:
J - BpaIl\alOIl\Hi!cSl 6apa6aK. 2 - cnHpaJ!b
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npoiJ!}Kmo1
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PIIC. 7.3. AnnapaT .lI..1!1
pacTBOpeHH!I TB3J10B C
nHeBMaTHQeCKOH BblrpY3-
KOH 060.10tzeK
B COBeTCKoM COI03C BO.ll:IIbIe MeTO,lJ,bI nepepa60TKH TB3JIOB 3Hepre-
TH'ICCKHX peaKTopOB npC,lJ,nOJIaraIOT no.JIytJeHHe a30TIIOKHCJIblX paCT-
BOpOB, npHrO,lJ,Hblx ,lJ,JIH nOCJIe,lJ,YIOIUeH 3KCTpaKI.I,HOHHOH: nepep360TKH.
C 3TOH I.I,eJIbIO C03,lJ,aHbI ,lJ,Ba THna annapaTOB. O,lJ,HH H3 BHX - paCTBO-
pHTeJIb nepHO,lJ,HtJeCKoro ,lJ,eHCTBHH, npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT C060H KOJIbI.l,eBOH
51,lJ,epHo-6e30naCHbIH peaKTOp C nHCBMaTHLIeCKHM BbI6poCOM 060JIOqCK
(pHC. 7.3).
KYCKH TB3JIOB nOCJIe pC3KH 3arpY:>KaIOT B annapaT C 8-12 M
paCTBopoM a30THoH KHCJIOTbI, r,lJ,C npoI.l,ecc npoTeKaeT B TeqeHlIe
3-4 q. 060JIOqKlI H3 Hep:>KaBeIOIUCH CTaJIH HJIH I.I,HpKOHHH, HepacTBopll-
Mble B a30THOH KHCJIOTe, BbI6pacbIBaIOTcH H3 peaKTopa C:>KaTbIM B03-
AYXOM HJIH a30TOM, nO,lJ,aBaeMbIM 'lepC3 conJIa C .u.aBJIeHHeM 1,5-
2,0 MIla. IloCKOJIbKY peaKTop-pacTBOpHTeJIb COCTOHT. H3 IlICCTH ceK-
I.I,HH, BbI6poc 060JIOqCK npOH3BO,lJ,HTCH nOCJIC,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO H3 Ka:>K,lJ,OH:
ceKlllIH.
JI.pyroH THn annapaTa - BH6pallHOHHbIH. B Hero HenpepbIBHO no-
AaeTC51 KHCJIOTa H 3arpY:>KaIOTCH KYCKH TB3JIOB. BblrpY3Ka 060JIotJeK
114
OCYWCCTBJIHeTCH MCXaHH'IeCKHM nYTe . BbI,lIa'la rOTOBorO a30THOKHC-
JIOrO p3CTBOpa npOH3BO.u:HTCH nenpepbIBIIO. B annapaTax 3Toro THna
51.u:cpIIa51 6e30naCIIOCTb nponeCC3 CO'lCTaeTC5I C BbICOKOH npOH3BO,lJ,H-
Te.'JbIlOCTbIO.
7.9. 06pa eHHe c rnoo6pa3HblMH npoAYKTaMH H nbinblO,
o6pa3YIO HMHCJl npH pe3Ke H pacTBOpeHHH TB3nOB
B npouecce pC3KH TB3 OB 06pa3yeTcH HCKoTopoe KOJIHqCCTBO nbI-
JIH, YIIOCHMOH: C OTXO,J.51WHMH ra3aMH. 3Ta nhIJIb 13 OCHOBHOM COCTOllT
H3 TOIIKHX '1aCTHll caMoro TOnJIHBa, T. C. ,lJ,HOKCH,lJ,OB ypaHa H nJIYTO-
IIHH. AII3Jl0rHqllaH nbIJIb 06pa3YCTCH npH 3arpY3Ke KyCKOB HapC3aH-
HbIX TB3.TJOB B peaKTOp paCTBOpCHH5I, a T3 K:-Ke B npouecce BOJIOKCH-
,lJ,aUHH, CCJIH 011 npHMeH5IeTCH. KOJIJIlleCTBO 310H: TIbIJIH HeBCJIHKO. TCM
IIC MCHec OHa ,lJ,OJDKHa 6bITb YJIOBJIelIa H B03BpaWCHa B npOH3Bo.u:CTBO
(B annapaT paCTBOpeHH5I), qTO OCYWCCTBJl51CTC5I C nOMOWbIO <pHJIbTpa-
ImH nOTOKOB QCpe3 <pH.1bTpbI H3 CTeKJIOBOJIOKHa.
OnepaUHH pe3KH 06.1Y'IeIIHbIX TB3J10B, paCTBopeHHe TonmIBa, ne-
peMernHBaHHC H TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHe p3CTBOpOB CB5I3aHbI C 06pa30-
B3I1He a3p030.1eH, ).lJ151 y.'I3B.1HBaHH5I KOTOpblX ,lI.allHble Y3JIbI 060py-
.u:oBaHbI cHcTeMoH cncllH3.lbllblX OQHCTHTCJIbHbIX YCTPOllCTB. TaKHe
CHCTeMbI 06bIQll0 COCTOHT H3 KOH.u:ellcaTopOB, cKpy66epoB, HarpeBaTe-
JICH, <pHJIbTpOB npe1I.RapHTCJIbIlOH H rpy60H OQHCTKII H, IIaKoHeu, H3
TaK Ha3bIBaCMbIX a6COJIIOTHbIX <pHJIbTpOB. (BOJICC nO.'l.p06110 BonpocbI
OQHCTKII ra30B OT a3p030.TJeH: 6Y,lJ,YT OCBemelibI B rJI. 18.)
O,lJ,HOBpeMcIIHo npH YKa3aHllblx npoILeccax BbI,1I.CJI5IeTCH qaCTb ra-
3006pa3HbIx paD:II0aKTHBIIbIX npo,lJ,YKTOB D:CJIeHH5I, T3KHX KaK 85Kr H
IJ3Xe, 129 1 H 3H. 113oTon HO,lJ,a 131 1 K :\fOMeHTY nepepa60TKH TB3JIOB
npaKTH'ICCKH nO.TJHOCTbIO pacna.u:aeTC5I, TaK K3K HMeCT nepHO;J: nOJIY-
pacna,lJ,a Bcero 8,05 CYT. 3TO :>Ke OTHOCllTC5I H K 133XC, HMeIOweMY ne-
pH01I. nOJIypacnalIa 5,3 cyr.
IlpH pacTBopcHHH TOnJIHBa B a30THOH KHC.TIOTC BMCCTC C napaMH.
ra3aMH H a3p030JIHMH y,laJl51IOTcH 85Kr, 129 1 H 3H, a TaK:>KC I03-106Ru.
110 aMepHKaHCKHM lIaHHbIM, TPH npOl(CCCa, npelIrnCCTBYIOWHe 3KCT-
paKUHH (pC3Ka, BOJIOKCH.u:aUHH H paCTBopellHe TOnJIHBa), OT,lJ,eJIHIOT
OKOJIO 99 % 85Kr, 129} H 3H. Y,lJ,aJIeHHe pyTeHHH OCHOBaHO IIa JIeTyqeCTlf
cro '1CTbIpCXOKHCH. JI.JIH YJI3BJIHBaHHH HO,lJ,3 HCnOJIb3YlOT KOJIOHKH c-
HaCa,lJ,KOH, npomnaHHoH HHTpaToM ccpc6pa, H.1H cKpy66epbI, opollIae-
Mble pacTBopaMH HHTpaTa PTYTH [Hg (N0 3 hJ.
COrJIaCHO ony6JIllKOBaIIHbiM B CCCP f(3HHbIM, CHCTCMa ra300QHCT-
KH, qepe3 KOTOPYIO npOXo,lJ,HT BbIXO,lJ,Hr.u:He ra3bI, 06p33YIOWHecH nOCJIe
pacTBopeuHH TB3JIOB, OTBeqaeT CJIe,lJ,YIOweH npH:\fCpIIOH: cxeMC: npe,lJ,-
BapHTeJIbHO ra30BblH: nOTOK nOCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO oCB060:>K,lJ,aIOT OT a3po-
30JIeH:, pa,lJ,HOaKTllBHoro HO,lJ,a H OKCH,lJ,OB a30Ta. JI.JIH YJIaBJIHBaHH5I
HO,lJ,3 H3 ra30BblX C6POCOB npHMeHHIOT xpoMaTorpa<pHqeCKHe KOJIOHlIbI
C naCa,lJ,KOH:, cO,lJ,ep:>Kar.u:cH CO,JIH cepe6pa. JI.JIH YJIaBJIHBaHHH 129 1 B03-
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OCBeT.leHHe pacTBopoB nOCJIC BbIllJ,eJIaqHBaHHH TOnJIHBa, B qaCTHOCnr
,lI..TJ5I. Y,lI.a.'ICHHH KpeMlIeKHCJIOTbI, npOH3BO,lI.HTCH ueHTpH<pympoBaHHcM.
Onepau,HH COCTOHT B npC,lI.BapHTeJIbHOM BbI.u:cp:>KHBaHHH pacTBopa npH
80°C C ,lJ,06aBKOH 0,5 % (no 06'beMY) :>KeJIaTJIHbI, KoarYJIHpYIOllJ,eu'
KpCMIICKHCJIOTY H YBJIeKaIOllJ,eH B OCa;I:OK ,lJ,Pyme B3BcrnelIHblC npH-
MeCH, H nOCJIC,lI.YIOllJ,eM I.I,CHTpH<pympoBaHHH.
I1cC.lc,J.oBaHHH, BbmOJIHCHHble B COBCTCKOM COI03e, n03no.'IHJIJ.f
paCC4HTaTb OCHOBHble napaMeTpbI OnbITHOH cenapHp)'IOllJ,eH cynep-
ueHTpH<pym OBC-540-80K, nOKa3aHHOH Ha pHC. 7.5.
l1.eHTpll<jJyra OBC-540-801\ - oca)J.HTeJIbHa!! BepTHKa.1bHa!l c naKeTOM cenapli-
PYIOIlI.HX TapeJIOK, pOTOpOM ,n:llaMeTpoM 540 MM Ii nOJIe3HblM 06"beMOM Kopnyca
80 JI. Porop 113rOrOBJIeH 1'13 TIiTaHa, OCTaJIbHble ,n:eTaJIH, conpllKaCalOIlI.HeC!! C pa-
60'ieH Cpe)J.OH, - 1i3 HepMaBelOIlI.eH CraJIH. l1.eHrpll<jJyra BbInOJIHClla C B03MO>KHOCTbJOo
,n:IICTaHlI.IIOHHOro 06CJIY1KIiBaHII!! II ,n:eMOHTa1Ka; ,n:JI!! norD npllBo,n: 1 BblIIeceH 3a
6110JIOfllIJecKYlO 3am:IiTY 2, a Bce Tpy60npOBO,iJ.b1 3, CB!!3b1BaIOIlI.He ee C npoMeMY-
TOqHblMIl eMKOCTHMIl Ii coce,n:HIIMIi annapaTaMIi, nO,iJ.Coe,n:!lH5IIOTC!! C nOMOIll.blO Mexa-
1I113Ma ,n:HcraHlI.IIOHHOro no,n:coe)J.IIHeHII!! Tpy60npOBo,n:OB. B Kopnyce 4 neHTpll<jJym:
pa3MeIll.aeTC!! porop 5 C TapeJIKaMH, H3 KOToporo OCBeTJIeIIIIa!! <jJa3a (Ayrar) BblBO-
,n:llrc!! npll pa60re no,n: ,n:aBJIeHlleM C nOMOIll.blO Heno,n:BII1KHOH orCOCHOH Tpy6KH 6
TIoc.1e HaKon,1eHII!! oca,n:Ka B pOTOpC ero BblrpY1KalOT pacnY,1bnOBOqHOH nOBopoTIIOif
Tpy6KOH 7 II npoMbiBalOT, )J.JI!! qcro npoMblBHYIO MIlAKOCTb 3aJIIIBalOT B Kopnyc If
nepeKaqHBalOr HacocoM-Typ6HHKoH 8 B POTOP, oTKy,n:a OCa.!lOK BblMbiBaeTC5I H c6pa-
CblBaeTC!! B BH.!le nYJIbnbl CHOBa B Kopnyc. OKOHqaTeJIbHO npOMblTblH pacnYJIbnOBaH-
HblH ocaAOK no,n: HanopOM Typ611!1K0H 8 Y.!laJI5IeTC!! 113 lI.elI rpll <jJYfll.
TaKIlM 06pa30M, pa3pa60raHHblC KOHCTPYKlI.HH naTpOHHoro <jJIIJIbTpa Ii uenrpH-
<jJym npOH3BO.!lllreJIbHOCTblO 1 M 3 fq 06eCneIJliBalOT BbiCOKYIO CTeneHb OCBeTJIeHHK
pacTBopoB nOCJIe BblIlI.eJIaqHBaHH5I oTpa60raBlllHx TB3JIOB pea.KTopoB BB3P, npm
3TOM He .!lOnYCKaeTC!! npOCKOKa B3Beceii 60JIee 5 Mr/JI.
<l>IIJIbTpaUIi!! II lI.empll<jJyrllpoBaHHe BblCOIwaKrHBHblX pacrBopoB, KaKHMII, B:
IJaCTHOCTII, 51BJI5IIOTC!I pacrBopbl nOCJIe BblIlI.eJIaqHBaHII!! 06JIYIJeHHblx TB3JIOB, HeH3-
6e1KHO CB!!3aHbI co 3HaqliTeJIbllbiM 3arp!l3HeHlieM pa,n:lioaKrHBHblMIl BeIlI.eCTBaM3
120
060PYAOBaIlH!!, II Me IOIlI.er 0 .nOBO.1bIlO C.l01KIIYIO KOH<jJHrypal.(HIO H Aera.1H. IT03rmlY
B nOCJ1C;J.Hec BPCM!! YCHJIH!! MHomx HCCJIe.llOBareJIeH HanpaB.1CHbI lIa OrbiCKallJlC Ta-
KHX KOVln.leKco06pa30Barc.1CH, KOTOpblC nepeBOJ{H:rH 6bl OCHOBHl e KOMnOHCllTbI B3Be-
ccii B TPy.nIl03KcrparHpyeMoe COCr05lHHe. J( 3rOMY Ha.no A06alJHrb, '!TO, HCCMOrp!!
Ha rIll.areJlbllYlO <jJHJIbrpaUHlO pacrBopa nOCJIe BblIlI.eJIa'lHBaHIIH OTpaOOTaBUIero
ron.1HBa, He YJ{aCTC!! nOJIHOCrbJO 1l36e1KaTb IIaKonJIeHH!! MeJK<jJa31IblX lJ3BeCeH B
3KcrpaKUHOIIHQH CHcreVle. BBe.nCHHe ;J.e3V1YJIbraTOpOB npe.nynpCIK,aaCT nO!!B.1CHile
'CTOHKHX 3MY,IbCHH, 06!!3aUHblX npHCYTCTBHIO nOBepXHocrHo-aKrHBHbiX lJeIll.CCTB BOLI:-
HOH <jJa3b1, HO HC ycrpaH!!CT 06pa30BaHH!! B3BeceH, Bbl3b1BaeMblX, I1anpll\Iep, KO ln-
.leKco06pa30BaHHCM l.(HpKOHH5I C .nH6YTHJIOBOH KHc.10rOH, 06pa3YIOIlI.ellc!! B PC3Y,lb-
raTe rH.llpOJlH3a rpH6yrH.l<jJoc<jJar3.
r JlABA 8
3KCTPAK HOHHbIE METOAbi nEPEPA&OTKH
O&nYLlEHHOrO SlAEPHOrO TOnnHBA
8.1. CbH3HKO-XHMH'IecKHe OCHOBbi 3KCTpaK"'HH
OCHOBHbIM 3<p<peKTHBlIbIM MeTO,lI.OM BbI;I.CJIeIlHH H3 06.'IyqeHlloro
TOnJIHBa ypaHa, nJIYTOHHH, lIenTYHHH, TpaHcypaHoBblx 3.le\leIlTOB H
HeKOTopbIX pa.u:HoHyKJIHJl:OB, HX pa3;I.eJIeIIHH H 04HCTKH OT aKTHBHbIX
npO,lJ,YKTOB ,lJ,CJICHHH HBJIHeTCH 3KCTpaKu,HH.
Cyr.u:HOCTb npOlJ,CCca 3KcTpaKu,HH COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO BO.1.lIbIH pac-
TBOp, CO,lJ,ep:>Kar.u:HH 3KCTparHpyeMoe Ber.u:eCTBO, 06pa6aTbIBaCTCH TeM
H.1H HHbIM OpraHHqeCKHM paCTBOpHTCJIeM. IlpH 3TOM Ber.u:eCTBO pac-
npe,lI.CJIHeTCH MC:>K,lI.Y BO,J.HbIM paCTBOpOM H paCTBOpHTeJIeM B KOJIHqe-
CTBaX, 3aBHCHr.u:HX OT cro K03<p<pHI.I,HeIiTa pacnpC)"(CJICHHH Me:>K)I.Y ;I.BY-
MH :>KH;I.KHMH <pa3aMH H KOJIHqeCTBeHHoro COOTllornellHH 3THX <pa3.
Ilepexo,lJ, BellJ,eCTBa H3 BO,lI.HOH <pa3bI B OpraHH!IecKYIO cOBeprnaeTcH
,lJ,0 Tex nop, nOKa He ,lJ,OCTHraeTCH paBHOBeCIlOC COCTOHHHe, onpc.u:c-
JIHeMOe K03<p<pHu,HeHTOM pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH.
Ilpou,ccc 3KCTpaKI.I,HH nO;I.qHHHeTCH 3aKOilY pacnpe,lI.CJIeHHH feHpH-
HepHcTa, KOTOpbIJ1 rJIaCHT, qTO ,lJ,JIH ,lI.aIIHOH TeMncpaTypbI OTHornellHe
KOHu,eHTpallHH Ber.u:CCTBa, pacnpe,lJ,eJIHIOllJ,erOCH Me:>K,lI.Y ,lJ,BYMH HeCMe-
llIHBaIOr.u:HMHCH :>KH,lJ,KOCTHMH, HBJIHeTCH BCJIHqHHOH nocToHIIHOH npH
pa3JIHqHbIX KOHu,cHTpau,HHx Ber.u:eCTBa. COrJIaCHO 3TOMY 3aKoHY
D = COPr/CBOJ\I!'
T,lJ,e D - K03<p<pHu,HeHT pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH; C opr H CROJ\I! - KOHI.I,eHTpau,HH
Ber.u:eCTBa B OpraHHqeCKOH H BO,lJ,HOH <pa3ax COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
K03<p<PHI.I,HCHT pacnpC,lI.eJIeHHH 3aBHCHT OT npHpO,lI.bI pacTBOpHTeJIH
H pacnpe,lJ,CJIHIOr.u:erocH Ber.u:eCTBa, TeMnepaTypbI, HO He 3aBHCHT OT
KOHUCHTpaUHH Ber.u:eCTBa.
Pa3.1HqaIOT ,lJ,Ba MexaHH3Ma 3KCTpaKlum: <PH3HqCCKOe pacnpC,lI.CJIe-
JIHe, KOr,lJ,a pacnpe,lJ,CJIHeMOe Ber.u:eCTBO He B3aHMO,lJ,eHCTBYCT HH C op-
raHHqeCKOH, HH C BO,lI.HOH <pa3aMH, H XHMHqeCKOe, npH KOTOpOM pac-
npe,lJ,eJIHeMOe BellJ,CCTBO npeTepneBaeT XHMHqeCKHe npeBpar.u:eHUH KaK
121
B BO){HOH, TaK H B OpraHHtICCKOH <pa3aX (nOJIHMCpH3allHH, ,lJ,HCCOIIHa-
I.I,HH, KOMnJICKC006pa30BallHC H T. n.). 3aKOH p3Cnpe,lI.eJIeHHH B O,lJ,H-
HaKOBOH CTenCHH CnpaBC,lI.JIHB KaK ,lJ,JIH <pH3HtIeCKOrO, TaK H ,lJ,JIH Xlf-
MlltIeCKOrO MexaHH3MOB 3KCTpaKIIHH.
ECJIH p3Cnpe,lI.eJIHeMOe Ber.u:eCTBO 3KCTparHpyeTcH no XHMHtIeCKOMY
MexaHH3MY (T. e. OHO nO,lJ,BepraCTCH H3MCHCHHIO), TO 3aKOH pacnpe-
AeJICHHH lIenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHIIO CJIe.rr.yeT H3 paBelICTB3 XHMHtIeCKHX nOTeH-
I.I,HaJIOB KOMnOHeHTOB B pa3HbIX <pa3ax H MO:>KeT 6bITb BbIpa:>KeH C Y4e-
TOM aKTHBHOCTH <pa3
P T = a 1 /a 2 ,
f,J.e P T - TCpMO,lJ,HHaMH4eCKaH KOHCTaHTa pacnpe,lI.eJIeHHH; al If a2-
aKTHBIIOCTb OpraHHtIeCKOH H BO,lJ,IIOH <pa3 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. Cor.laCHO
3TOH <popMYJIe OTlIornCHHe aKTHBIIOCTCH KOMnOHCHTOB B ,lJ,BYX <pa3ax
B COCTOHIIHH paBHOBCCHH H npH nOCTOHHHOH TCMnepaType - BeJIHtIHHa
nOCTOHHHaH.
KOHCTaHTa pacnpe,lJ,eJICIIHH MO:>KeT 6bITb Bblpa:>KeHa C nOMor.u:bIO.
3aKOHa ,lJ,CHCTBHH Macc. TaK, ,lI.JIH HCHTpaJIbHbIX <poc<popopraIIHtICCKHX
COe,lI.HHCHHH H 3<pHpOB peaKIIHH 3KCTpaKIIHH 3aKalltIHBaeTCH 06pa30-
BaHHeM 3KCTparHpYCMoro KOMnJIeKCa, npaKTH'ICCKH He ,lI.HCCOILHHpO-
BallHoro B OpraHH'IeCKOH <pa3C,
M Z + + zA- -qS = MA z ' qS,
f1I.e Mz+ - HOH 3KCTparHpyeMoro MeTaJIJIa; A- - aHHOH; S - 3KCTpa-
feHT; q - COJIbBaTHOC tIHC.TJO (opraHH4eCKafI <pa3a 0603HatIClIa '1CpTOH
Ha,lJ, CHMBOJIaMH).
KOHCTaHTa paBHOBeCHH olIOH peaKIIHH, nOJIyqHBIIIaH lIa3BaHHe Tep-
MO,lJ,HHaMHtICCKOM KOIlCTaHTbI 3K cTpaKu,HH , HMeeT BH,lI.
K. (MAz.qS]yc
= [Mz+)[A-)z1' +I[S)q1' .
r,lI.e y - KOHI.I,eHTpau,HOHHble iK03<P<PHI.I,HeHTbI aKTHBHOiCTH (V::!:: - cpe.'!:-
HHH K03<p<pHIIHeHT aKTHBHOCTII BO,lJ,HOH <pa3bI; 1'c - K03<p<PHllHeIlT aK-
THBHOCTII COJIbBaTa B OpraHHtIeCKOH <pa3e; 1's - K03<p<pHHHeHT aKTHB-
HOCTH 3KCTpareHTa). KBa,lJ,paTHbIC CK06KH 0603HaqaIOT KOHllCHTpaI.l,HIO
COOTBCTCTBYIOr.u:HX COe,lI.HlleHHH HJIH HOIIOB.
3HatICHHH K03<p<pHIiHeIlTOB aKTHBHOCTH H3BeCTHbI B OCHOBHOM JIHrnb
){JIH HCMHOrHX KOMnOIlCHTOB B BO,lJ,HOH <pa3C, n03TOMY B TeXIIOJIOrHIi
AJIH paC4eTOB qar.u:e nOJIb3yIOTCH TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH KOHlleHTpallHOHHOH
KOHCTaHTOH R 6e3 ytIeTa K03<p<pHIL HeHTOB a KTHBHOCTH
R = (MAz.qS)
[MZ+) (A-J z (S)q .
ECJIU D=Copr/CBOlJ,H, TO D=K[A-]Z[ S] q. CBH3b MC)K,lI.y KOHlleHT-
pau,HOHHOH KOHCTaHTOH 3KCTpaKIIHH H TepMO,lI.HHaMHtIeCKOH MO:>KHO
BbIpa3HTb B BH,lI.e
q
K - - K z+I 1's
- 1' -.
1'
122
;II:JIH rHnOTCTH'IeCKHX paCTBOpOB co CBOHCTBaMH npeJ{eJIbIJO pa36aBJIeH-
HbIX KOHCTaHTa 3KCTpaKUHH COBIIa,lI.aCT C K03<P<PHllHCHTOM paCIIpC,lI.e-
.JIer!HH D = K.
JI.JIH BMHBJIeHHH H30TepM 3KCTpaKllHH He06xo,lJ,HMO COCTaBHTb Ma-
1'eMaTH'ICCKYIO MO,lI.CJIb H OnHCaHHC 3KCTpaKUHoIIHOro paBIIOBCCHH C
HCnOJIb30BaHHeM K03<p<pHUHCHTOB paCnpe,lJ,eJIeHHH. L(JIH 3TOrO nOTpe-
6yeTcH 60JIbrnaH 3KcnepHMelITaJIbIJaH pa60Ta. Ho 3TH pe3YJIbTaTbI
MO:>KHO nOJIyqHTb paCqeTIIbIM nYTCM C HCnOJIb30BaHHCM ypaBHeHHH
y = Kx[A-t [S]q,
r,lJ,e x H Y - paBIIOBeCHaH KOHI eHTPaUHH KOMIIOIJeHTOB B BO,lI.HOH H op-
raHHqeCKHX <pa3ax COOTBeTCTBeHHO. 3TO ypaBHeHHC CO,lJ,ep:>KHT O,lI.HY
3MIIHEHQeCKYIO KOIICTaHTY - KOHI.I,eHTpaI.l,HOHHYIO KOHcTalny 3KCTpaK-
UHH K, paBHYIO
R = y
x [A-]Z [S]q
Ko.mqeCTBeHHblH paCqeT 3KCTpaKUHOIIHblX paBHOBeCHH npH ncpepa60TKe 51J{ep-
llOrrJ TOnJIHBa TCpMo.nHHaMHqeCKHM MeTo.nOM BeCbMa 3aTpy.aHCH Bce HJIH noqTH Bce
BOJ{Hbie paCTBopbl OTHOC!!TC!! K CHJIbHblM 3JIeKTpOJIHTaM Ii qaCl0 co.ncp1KaT He3KCT-
parupye\.lble COJIH (BbiCaJIHBaTeJIH) B 60JIbUIHX KOHueHTpa H!!x. 3KCTpaKI(H!! npOTe-
KaeT no pa3JIHqHblM MexaIIH3MaM (COJIbBaTHblH, HOHo06MCIIHbIH) II npH 3TO'd co-
npOBOiK.naeTC!! npo eccaMH KOMnJIeKC006pa30BaHH!!, .nHMepH3al.(HH. cHncpreTHocTH
!I .lIp. 3KCTpareHT Me MOJKIIO OTHeCTH K KaTeropHH He3.1eKTpOJIHTOB. DOCKOJIbKY
3KCTpareHTbI, KaK npaBHJIO, HCnOJIb3YIOTC!! B BH.lIe paCTBopOB C pa36aBHTe,151\.1H (TO-
1Ke He3,leKTpOJIHTaMH), OpraHHqeCKYIO <jJa3Y MOJKHO paCCMaTpHBaTb B CBeTe COBpe-
MCHIIOH TeopHH paCTBopOB KaK CMeCb HeCKOJIbKHX IIe3JIeKTpOJIHTOB.
KaK H3BeCTHO, ypaBHeHHe COCTO!!IIH!! paCTBopOB CHJIbllbiX 3JICKTpOJIHTOB nOKa
lIC BbiBeAeHO. IT03TOMY B 60JIblllliHCTBe CJIYIJaeB HCnOJIb3YlOT 3HaqeHII!! XIIMHqeCKHX
nOTeHUHaJIOB (K03<jJ<jJHlI.HeHTOB aKTHBHOCTII), HaH.neHHblX 3KCnepli'dCIiTaJIbHO. PaCqeT
K03<jJ<jJIlUlleHTOB aKTHBHOCTIi CHJIbHblX 3JIeKTpOJIHTOB no ypaBHeHHIO .z:I:e6a!! - XIOK-
KCJI!! y.nOBJIeTBOpIiTeJIbHO OCYIll.eCTBJI!!ercn TOJIbKO .no KOHUeHTpall.HH KHCJIOTbI 10- 2 M.
ITpH 60JIee BbiCOKIIX KOHlI.eHTpall.li!!X paCIJeTbI, KaK npaBHJIO, npOBo.n!!T no pa3JIllq-
HbiM 3MIIHpHqeCKHM <jJOPMYJI3M. TeOpH!! paCTBopOB HC3JIeKTpOJIHTOB eIll.e MeHee CO-
BepUIeHa, IJeM TeopllSi paCTBopOB 3JIeKTpOJIHTOB. fT03TO\.lY J{JI!! Ko.1HqeCTBCHHoro OIIH-
aHII!! Hell.neaJIbHOCTIl opraHllqeCKOH <jJa3bl lI.eJIeC006pa3Hee HCnOJIb30BaTb TaK1Ke
3MnHpliIJeCKile ypaBHeHIi!!. TaKlie 3MnilpliqeCKilC <jJOpMY,lb1 II CBO.!{KH 3HaqeHliH K03<jJ-
4JHlI.HeHTOB aKTIlBIIOCTIi npeA.QOMeHbI P0611HCOHOM H CTOKCOM. 3MnHpilIJeCKOe ypaB-
HeHHe XapHe.na YA06HO .nJI!! no.ncqera K03<jJ<jJHl.(HeHTOB aKTHBHOCTH B 611HapHblX
CMeC!!X 3JIeKTpOJIHTOB Ii npHVleH!!erc!! .nJI!! IIIITcpnpeTaUHH AaHHblx no pacnpe.neJIe-
HIiIO MeTaJIJIOB B npHCYTCTBll1l BbiCaJIIIBaTeJIeH. B nocJIe.nllee BpeM!! A. C. COJIOB-
KIIHblM npe.nJI01KeH MCTO.n onpe.aeJIeHII!! K03<jJ$HJ\HeHTOB aKTHBHOCTIl Ha OCHOBe
1'eOpHIl rll.npaTall.lIl1 1i0HOB. B npaKTIlKe npH paCqeTe TeXHOJIOmqeCKIIX 3KCTpaKlI.H-
DHHblX cxeM lllllpOKoe npliMeHeHHe Haxo.n!!T paCqeTbI 1130TepM 3KCTpaKUHH, OCHOBaH-
Hble Ha IICnOJIb30BaHIIH 3KcnepllMeHTaJlbHO nOJIyqellIIblX K03<jJ<jJIlUlleHTOB pacnpe.ne-
JleHH!!.
ECJIH ,lJ,JIfI H3y4eHHH MexaHH3Ma 3KCTpaKI.I,HH H C03,lJ,aHHH CHCTeM
ynpaBJIeHHH npOI.l,eCCOM OCHOBHbIM COCTOHHHeM HBJIHeTCH 3KcTpaKllH-
OHHoe paBHOBeCHC, TO ,lJ,JIH C03){aHHfI BbICOKOnpOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHbIX 6bI-
123
CTpOACHCTBYIOr.u:HX annapaTOB, KOr.u:a Tpc6yeTcH 3aBeprneHHe npOllccca:
B onpe.u:CJICHHOe BpeMH, 3aMcTHYIO pOJIb HrpaeT KHHCTHKa 3KCTpaKIIHH.
)].OCTaTOqIlO XOpOIlIO pa3pa60TaHbI BonpOCbI rH,n:po.u:lIIlaMHKH, Macco-
06MeHa, YC.l0BHH 3MYJIbrHpOBaHHH H JI.p. B JIaCTOHr.u:cC BpeMH rnHpOKO>
H3Y'laeTCH KHIICTHKa caMoro npouccca 3KCTpaKllHH.
TIpH HCC.1CL(OBaHH!!X 3KcTpaKUHoHHbiX npOl.(eCCOB H B npaKTHKe HX OCYlllccTB,le-
HII!! npHIIHTa CJIe.ll.YlOllla51 TepMHHOJIoru!!.
3KcTpuaeHTbt - OpralIHqeCKHe COC.lI.HHCIIH!!, cnoc06HblC H3B.leKaTb 113 BOl\HOH
<jJa3b1 MCTa,l.lbl, HX COe.ll.HHCHH!! H.1H KIIC.10Th!. I1x UpHMCHH10T B qHCTOM BH.1C 1I.1H B
CMeCH C !lPYrIlMH OpraIlH'IeCKHMH MHJ{KOCT!!MH.
PU36u8UTeAU - OpraHHqCCKHe Th-HJ{KOCTH, KOTOpblC caMH lie 3KcTparuPYJOT, 110
YJIyqUIalOT rJIaBHblVI 05pa30Vl rII.lI.pO.ll.IJHa\lHqCCKHe CBOHcTBa 3KCTpaKUHGIIHOII CHC-
TeMbI.
3KCTpUKT - OpraHH'ICCKHH paCTBOp, lIaCblIlI.ellHblH H3B.1CKaeVlbl\f BCIlI.eCTBo:'.I.
PUc{JUHUT - BOAlIblH paCTsop, H3 KOToporo H3B,lCqell0 BCIlI.CCTBO.
K03c{Jc{JUl{UeHT pacnpeue,1eHUJl D - OTHOUICIIHe KOJJl\ellTpallHH 3.1CMeHTa 8 opra-
HHqeCKOH H BOAHOH <jJa3ax lJ YCJIOBIfHX paBIIOBeCH!!.
KOHCTUHTU 3KCTpUKl{UU K - xapaKTepp.CTHKa 3KCTpaKl.(HOllllOro paBIiOBeCIf!!
K03c{Jc{JUl{ueHT pU30eAeHUJl - BeJ1HqH!la, xapaKTepH3YlOllla!! 1136HpaTc.lbIlOCTb
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OTHOUIellHIO HX K03<jJ<jJHUHCIITOB pacnpc.a.eJIeIlHH.
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Bope:
CoprV opr
f1 = C V = Dn,
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8.2. 3KCTpareHTbI H pa36asHTenH
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OOJlyqeHHOrO SlJI,epHOrO TOnJIHBa. IlpoI.l,ccc 3KCTpaKIIHH B 06IILeM BHD:e
npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT C060H pacnpCJI.e.1eIlHe Ber.u:eCTBa Me:>KJI.Y ,lJ,ByMH HCCMe-
rnHBaIOr.u:HMHCH :>KH)I.KHMH <pa3aMH, B HarneM c.'Iyqae 3KCTpaKIIHH ypa-
Ha, nJIYTOHHH H HenTYHHH - MC:>KJI.Y opralmqeCKOH <pa30H H a30THO-
KHCJIbIMH BO,lJ,HbIMH paCTBopaMH. Ycnex TaKoro npOllecca 3aBHCHT B
nepBYIO Oqepe,lJ,b OT BbI6paHHoro 3KcTparelITa.
124
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HHTpaT8MH H3BJIeKaeMbiX 3.1eMeHrOB H 06pa30BallHe paCTBOpH\IblX B Opra!lHqecKoii
<jJa3C KOOp,LIIIHaUHOHHblX CoeJ{lIl1eHllH HI!TpaTllble COe.n;HlleIlHR ypalla, n,lYTOHH!!.
HCnrYIIHH Ii .lI.PYrHX aKTHHOH,LIOlJ, 06JIaJ{aR aK!IenTopHbI IH CBOHCrBa IH, 'IOryr cpaB-
IIHre;lbHO ,1erKO 06pa30BbiBaTb KOOp,LIHHaUHOHHbIC COC.J.HHCHH!! rHna CO,1bBarOB C
3KCTpareHTOM, 06.'1a.n;aIOIlI.HM .lI.OIIOpllblMH CBOHCTBaMU.
3KCrpareHTbI, npO!!B.l!!IOIlI.He CK.l0HHOCTb K KOVln.1eKCo06pa30B:JHHIO, 06lHHOo
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pa3YIOIlI.aH, r e. 3KCTpaKl.(HOHlla!!, cnoc06nOCTb, 110 npll 3rO\1 OIlH 60.lbUIe paCTBO-
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no.u:pa3,lI.CJIHTb lIa CJIe,lJ,YIOr.u:HC KJIaCCbI:
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JIOBbIH 3<PHP ,lI.H3THJIeIIr JIHKOJIH (6YTCKC), MeTHJ1H306YTH.1KCTOH (reK-
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(6yreKc)
125
CKHMH nOKa3aTeJIHMH, HanpHMep HX B3pbIBO- H nO:>KapOOnaCHOCTbIO,
nOTepHMH C BO,lI.IIOH <pa30H, npOCTOTOH pCreHCpallHH. PaCTBOpHMOCTb
3KCTparCHTa HMeeT 60JIbrnOe 3HaqeHHe, nOCKOJIbKY KOHTaKTHpOBaHHe
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MbIBKe opraHH4eCKOH <pa3bI, pC3KCTpaKIIHH H, HaKOHel(, pereHcpallHH
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no rrJIOTHOCTH npH6JIH:>KaIOllJ,HeCH K BO,lJ,e HJIH TH:>KeJIee ee, MorYT 6bITb
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BaTb, tITO B npOllecce 3KCTpaKllHH n.'IOTHOCTb BO,J.HbIX paCTBopOB, CO-
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paCTaeT. IlpH onpe)I.CJICHHbIX YCJIOBHHX, KOrlIa JIerKaH OpraIIH'IeCKaH
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126
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qeCTb H ,lI.p.).
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TCIIHH, I!HpKOHHH, HH06HH, UC3HH H ,lI.p.). TB<t:> pa3JIaraeTCH no,lJ, ,lJ,eH-
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pll36aBIITeJle B nepBoM lI."KJle sKCTpaKlI.HII (30°0 T6cJ> B paBHoBecll1l C 2 M HN0 3 )
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fJlytJilHa Bhlropa. ! KOlll\eHTpaUH!!
HH!!, MBT'CYT/T (3 Y XHMHQCCKOe ]paAHOJJHTIIQeC- ,lJ,B<P H MB<p,
Koe :M.r/JJ
10 10,3 G 0,00184 0,00013 0,002
1000 1,03.10 3 6.10 2 0,00184 0,013 0,015
10000 1,03.10 4 6.1()3 0,00184 0,13 0,132
20 000 2,06.10 4 1,2.10 4 0,00184 1,26 0,262
Y C JJ 0 B H !! (3-H3JJYQeHHe nOJJIIOCTbIO nor.l0Il\aeTC!! paCTBopOM; Y-H3JJYQeHHC norJJOll\aCTC!! lIa
O%, '1.-H3JJYQeHHe B paCqeT He IIpHHHMdCTC!! BblXOA 1J:B<p npHMepHO 'paBeH eAHIiHue H 1l0CTO!!IICH
M!! BCCX A03 H3JJyqe1lH!! XHMHqCCKOe pa3J10>KeHHe Bb/3BaHO 3-QdCOBblM KOHTaKTHpoBaHyeM oprallH-
'1eCKoi\ q,a3b1 C BOAH JM paCTBOpo\! "PH 50°C, paAHo.1HTIIQeCKOe pd3JJOJlleHHe - 45-MHIIYTHOII BbI-
Aep>KKOIl B 3KCTpaKl\HOHHOJ1 KOJJOHHe (nYJJbCHPYIOll\eli npll cn.lolliHOIi OpraHHQeCKOil q,d3C)
D.B<P Y.IKe npH KOH[ CHTpaltHH rrpHMcpHO 10- 4 MOllb/.l 3aMeTHO
Cnoc06CTByeT 3KCTpaKI.I,HH UHpKOHHH II InI06HH, KOTOpbIC 06pa3YIOT
c JI.B<P npOLfHble KOMnJIeKCHbIC COe,lI.HHeHHH. Ilpll pC3KCTpaKu,HH 3TH
COe,J)1IIeIlHH B OCHOBHOM nepCXO,lJ,HT B BO..'l.HbIH paCTBOp H TOJIbKO qaC-
TH'IHO y,lI.Cp)KHBaIOTC5I B OpraHHLfeCKOH <pa3e. JI.B<P 06pa3yeT C nJIY-
.0HHeM (B tIeTblpCXBaJIeHTHOM COCTOHHHH), ypalIoM H HcrrTYIlHCM
128
KOMnJIeKCHbIe COe,lI.HHeHHH, KOTOpbIe TaK:>KC 06JIa,n:aIOT 60JIbrnHM cpo.u:-
CTBOM K OpraHHqCCKOMY paCTBopy, qTO npHBO,lJ,HT K nOTepHM ypaIIa,
n.1YTOIIHH H IICIITYIIH5I C OpI<l\IH'IeCKOH <pa30ii npH pe3KCTpaKUHH.
MBet> 06pa3yeT C yp3HOM coe;WHeHHC, KOTopoe HMeCT 60JIbrnOe
CpO,J.CTBO K BO,lJ,IIOH <p33e, B pe3YJIbTaTC qero npH 3KCTpaKUHH B03MO:>K-
IIbI nOTepH ypaHa C pa<pHHaTOM. C nJIYToHHeM (IV) MB<P 06pa3yeT
coeJ.HHeHHe, KOTopoe nJIOXO pacTBopHMO H B OpraHHqeCKHX, H B BO,lJ,-
HbIX pacTBopax, HO HaKClnJIHB3eTCH B Me:>K<pa3Hblx B3BeCHX. TpY,lJ,HO
p3CTBopHMbIe Coe,lI.IIHeHHH C npOD:YKT3MH pa3JIO:>KeHHH TB<P MorYT 06-
pa30Bb1BaTb H ,lJ,pyrne 3JIeMeHTbI, HanpHMep na.'TJI3,lJ,HH, KOTopble co-
..'I.ep:>KaTCH B 3HaqHTeJIbHb1X KOJIH4CCTBax B 06.TJyqeHHOM Ton.1HBe C
BbICOKOii rJIy6HHoii Bb1ropaHHH.
,IJ,JIH TIpH,lJ,aIIHH HCOOXO,lI.HMbIX TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHX CBOHCTB opraHH-
1IeCKOH tpa3e TBet> 06bT'lHO pa36aBJI5IIOT KaKHl\1-JIH60 HHepTHbIM pa3-
6aBHTCJIeM. OCHOBHDIM Tpe60BaHHeM npH BbI60pc pa36aBHTe.'1H HBJIH-
eTCH ero HIIepTHOCTb no OTHorneHHIO K H3BJIeKaeMOMY 3JIeMeHTY H
npI1MeIIHeMbIM pcareIITaM. OCTaJIbHbIC Tpe60B3HHH HC OT.TJHqaIOTCH OT
Tpc60BalIHii, npe,lI.'bHBJIHeMbiX K 3KCTpareIITaM. OIlH ,lJ,OJI:>KHbI 6bITb
nO)KapOOC30naCHbI, ,lJ,CIlIeBbI, 06JIa,lI.aTb IIH3KHM KOpp03HOllIIbIM B03,lI.eH-
CTBHCM Ha ann3parypy, 6bITb XHMHqeCKH H pa..'l.HaIlHOHHO CToiiKHMH,
lIeTOKCHqIlbIMH, HMCTb Im3KYIO ynpyrocTb na pOB. B Ta6JI. 8.3 npHBC-
T a 6 JI H U a 8.3. CocTao 'pa3JIH'IHblX pa36aBHTeJleii H CKOpOCTb paCCJlaHBaHHII <jJa3
flOCJle CMeIliHOaHH!I pa36aOllTeJIeii C BOil.HblMII paCTBopaMII
CKOPOCTb paCCJlaHBaHH!I q,a3.
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Pa3(5a- BO,!J.Hblll BO;(Hb/1i Hb/II
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CmlTHH 1,0 4,0 22,0 26,0 24,0 15,0 7.0 1.0 - - 1,88 1.76 1,43 1,58 1,43 1,7
napa- - - 0.28 1.76 6,39 28,6 48.4 13,6 0,75 0, I 4 1,50 1,25 0,94 1,25 I,ll 1,5
q,HH
CCI, - - - - - - - - - - 1,50 1.43 0,97 1,67 0,70 1,3
6
o
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MeHHIOllJ,HXCH B npouecce nepepa60TKH 06JIY'lCHlIoro TOnJIHBa.
B nOCJIC,lJ,HCe BpeMH B Ka'leCTBe pa36aBHTeJIH HCnOJIb3YIOT npe,lI.eJIb-
HbIe yrJIeBO,lI.OpO,lJ,bI. 113 BCCX HcnbITalIHblX yrJICBO,lI.OpO,lJ,OB (H-napa<pH-
HbI, u30-napa<pHHbI, 3pOMaTHqeCKHe yrJICBO,lI.OpO,lJ,bI, OJIe<pHHbI H ,lJ,p.)
HaH60JIcc YCroiiqHBbIMH K ,n:eHcTBHIO a30THOH KHCJIOTbI H pa,lJ,HaUHH
OKa3aJIHCb H-napa<p1iH.bI (Ta6JI. 8.4). 3TaJIOHOM YCTOHqHBOCTH HBJIHCT-
.cH HH,J.HBH,lI.yaJIbHbIH TIpe,lJ,CTaBHTeJIb H-napa<pHHoBoro pH,lJ,3 H-,lJ,O,lJ,eKaH.
Ho OH OTHOCHTCJIbIlO ,lJ,opor H MaJIO,lJ,OcTynelI, n03TOMY qaCTO npHMC-
H51IOT CMeCb H-napaYJHIIOB" CO,lJ,ep:>KaI.l{HX 12-15 aTOMOB yrJIepo,lJ,a.
5 3aK. 101
129
T a 6 JI H 11. a 8.4. YCTOHqllBOCTb OpraHllqeCKHX coe,ll,HHeHuH K )l.eikTBHIO Moraoit-.
KHCROTY H pa.IJ.Ma IIH
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n-Dapa<jJIIH
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KIIX yrJIeBO OpO OB
O.lc<jJHIIbI
Y CTOHqHBbl
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KOMOJIeKYJI!!pHble - IIcycTOii'lIlBbl
OT YMepcHHo ycrOH'IHBbIX ;(0 HCYCTOH'IH-
qHBbIX
Or cpC;J.IICYCTOH'IHBb!X ;\0 HcycroH'IHBblX
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HeycToHlJHBhl
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BO,lJ,C caBaHHa-PHBep (CiliA):
70
0,77
0,02
98,0
0,1
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MHHIlMaJIbHaH TeMJICparypa BCIIbIUIKH, °C
MIIHIIMa,lbHa!! I1JIOTHOCrb (npH 25°C), rjc-.r 3
MaKCHMaJIbHa!! B!!SKOCrb (25°C), Da.c
COJ{cpJKaHHC, %:
H-napaqJl\lIolJ . . . . . . .
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;J.JI!! CHcrCMbI 30 Y6 - HblH TB<P B pa36aBHTc,lC, 1.\1 BOJ\HblH
pacTBop NaOH . . .. .......... . .
;(JI!I CHcrCMhI 30%-HblH TB<P B pa36aBHTCJIC, 1.\1 HNO a . . .
80
50
B K34ccme pa36aBHTCJIH TB<P MO:>KIIO HCnOJIb30BaTb H ,lJ,PYrHC CO-
e,lJ,HHeIIHH, rJIaBHbIM 06pa30'1 XJIOpCO.u:ep)K3WHC, HanpH:vrep cc1 4 . Oc-
HOBHOC npcHMYI.l{eCTBO p336aIH1TeJleH 3Toro KJIaCCa 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B
TOM, 4TO B CJIY4ae HX npHMellCHHH BCH 3KCTpaKllHOHHaH CHCTeMa CTa-
1l0BHTCH B3pb1B06c30n3CHOH, HCfOplO'leH H 51JI.CpH06c30naCHOH. BMCCTC
C Te:vI 3TH pa36aBHTCJIH no;'!. f(eHCTBHeM pa:.I.Hau,HH BbI,lJ,eJIHIOT XJIOp,
KOpp03HOHHO ,lJ,CHCTBYIOliI.HH Ha annapaTYPY. K TOMY :>Ke cc1 4 HMeeT
BbICOKYJO ynpyrocTb napoB (90,7 MM pT. CT. npH 20°C).
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TepHcTHKH ncpcpa6aTbIBacMoro CbTpbH, HO BCCff(a CTCnCITb pa36aB-
JICHHH ..'.!.OJI:>KJla 06ecne4HTb npHeMJIeMble B5!3KOCTb, nJIOTHOCTb H no-
BCpXHocTHoe lIaTH:>KeHHC opraHH4ccKOH <pa3bI. 06bI4HO Ha npoMbIIlI-
JIelIHbIX npC,lJ,npHHTHHX npJIIVIClImOT ,lJ,BC CTcnell H pa36aBJIeUHH. n PlIo
nepcpa60TKe TB3JIOB C BbICOKHM COf(ep:>KaHHeM 235U (npHMepHo 90 %)
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20-30 %-lIbIe.
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ncpaTypbI pa36aBHTeJIb pa3JIaracTcH. B OTJIH4He OT npo.u:yKToB pa3-
JIO:>KeHHH TB<P npOf(YKTbI pa3JIOIKCHHH p336aBHTeJIH IIC Yf(aJIHIOTCH
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130
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KO\lnOHCHTOB OT PYTeIIHH, I.I,HpKOHHH, HH06HH.
B COCTaB aJIH<paTH4CCKHX yrJICBO.il.OpO,LI.OB B TOI1 HJIH HlIOH CTeneHH
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TbI pa3JIO:>KCIIHH. HaJIH4HC HeHaCbII.l{eHHblx COef(HIIeHHI1 B pa36aBHTe-
JIC npH KOIITaKTC C BOf(HbIMH pacTBopaMH a30THoH KHCJIOTbI npHBO,LI.HT
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qeCKH 6e3Bpef(lIbI. Kap60HHJIblIblC COC,lJ,HHCIIHH !IC HBJIHIOTCH CHJIbHbI-
MH KOMnJICKC006pa30BaTeJIHMH H He OKa3bIBaIOT 3aMeTHoro BJIHHHHH
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JIeKco06pa30BaHHe HOf(a (Bblpa:>KaCMOe HOf(HbIM 4HCJIOM) H CIIHIKaIOT
CKOpOCTb paCCJIaHBaHHH.
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pH4Hble npOf(YKTbI pa3JIO:>KeIIHH, B QaCTHOCTH (no npcf(nOJIO:>KeHHIO)
5* 131
rH.n:pOKcaMOBble KHCJlOTbI, KOMnJleKCYIOI.l{He I.I,HpKOHHH H HH06HH. 3TJf:
KOMnJIeKCbI HC BblMbIBaIOTC51 npll COf(OBOH OTMbIBKe H HaKanJIHBaIOTC51
B OpraHH4CCKOH <pa3e. TaKHM 06pa30M, YXY,lJ,llIeIIHe 04HCTKM llCllllbIX
KOMnOHCHTOB OT npOf(YKTOB f(CJIeHHH 06'bHCHHeTCH B OCHOBHOM !IpO-
f()'KTaMH BTOpH4HOrO pa3JIO:>KeHHH.
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COBMeCTHOM rrpHCYTCTBHH C TB<P OIl BJIHHeT I1a <pH3HKO-XHMHLJCCKHe
cBoikTBa OpraHH'ICCKOH <pa3bI. nO Mepe CHH)I{eIlHH KOlIllCHTpaIlHH
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waeTCH. Ha K03<p<pHllHeHT pacnpC1I.eJIeHHH 3aMCTHO BJIIfHeT TaKIKe
npHpo.a.a pa36aBHTeJIH. cKOpOCTb pa3JIO:>KCHHH TB<P B pa3JIH411bIX
pa36aBliTc.'IHX IleO,lJ,HIIaKOBa. ApOMaTH4eCKHC yr.'leBOf(OpOJl.bI 6JIaro.a.a-
pH Ila.1H4HIO 6eH30JIbIlOrO KOJIblla OKa3hIBaIOT 3aIlU:lTIIOC BJIHHIIHC Ha
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MCTHO YBeJIH4HBaCTCH. B TO :>KC BpeMH OHa CHH./KaCTCH C YBeJIH'IeHHeM
,lJ,OJIH pa36aBHTeJIH B opraUH4eCKOH <pa3e.
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DpH IIepepa60TKe TB9.l0B peaKTopoB H3 TeIlJIOIlblX lIeihpoHax D HCXOJIHOM IIOA-
HOM pacTBope IIPH KOHLleHTpaLlHH ypaHa 300 r/,'I cOJIep)KaUHe paJ{lIoaKrHBHblx npo-
.ZI.YKTOB .ZI.eJIeHII!I B 3aBHCHMocrH OT rJIy6HHbI BblrOpaHII!!, KaMilallHIl peaKTopa H Bpe-
MeHIl Ox.la1K.ZI.eHH!I TB9JIOB MO)Ker JIOCTHraTb 500' KH!JI, a npH nepepa60TKe TB9JIOB
peaKTopOB Ha 6b1crpblx HeHTpoHax - 1000 KH/JI. B 9TO\ol CJIyqae 3a OJIIIH 060POT
9KCTpaKlI.II11 OpraHHqeCKa!l <jJa3a IIoJ{BepraeTC!! 06JIyqeHilIO B .ZI.03e JIO 1,08.10 fp.
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KOMnJIeKCOBaTb I.(HpKOIIHH, JKeJIe30 H J{pyrHe MeTaJIJIbI, 06pa3Y!! Me1K<jJa3Hble B3BeCH.
33TPY.Zl.H!!IOIlI.He IIpOBe.Zl.eHHe 9KcrpaKLlHoHHoro IIpoLlecca. DpH 9TOM He IICKJIlOqaeTCSI
B03MO)KHOCTb KOMnJIeKCOBaHH!I nJIYTOHII!! II ero nOTepH.
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MeTO,lJ,OM pcreIlCpaI.l,HH 3KCTparCHTa Me2K,lJ,Y llHKJIOBbIMH ooopOTaMH
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BHX COJleH
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+ Na 2 c0 3 -+ 2 (c 4 H.o)h P
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+ CO 2 + H O.
132
TaK3H 06pa60TKa 3KCTparCHTa BnOJIHC OCTaT04Ha H n03BOJIHeT no-
BTOpllO HcnO.'Ib30BaTb ero IlpaKTH'IeCKH C nepBOlla4aJIbilOH 3<p<pCKTHB-
1I0CTbIO. npH CO)J.OBOH: HJIH I.l{CJI04I10H npOMbIBKC y.u:a.TJ5ICTCH 4aCTb
npO,lJ,YKTOB pa3.10IKeHH51 pa36aBHTeJIH.
DpH HCITOJIb30BaHHH yr.qeBO)(OpO)(1I0ro pa36aBHreJI!! ITpO)(YKTbI ero pa3.'I01KeIlH5I
1I0crenellil0 HaKanJIHBalOrC!I B OpraHHqCCKOii <jJa3e, YXY)(II1a!l rHJ{pOJ{HllaMHKY npo-
lI.eCca, YBCJIHqHBa!l IIPO)(o.'I1KHTeJIbHOCTb paCCJIaHBaHH!I <jJa.3 H CIIHJKa!l K03<jJ<jJIlLlHeHT
OqHCTKH uellHblX KOMIIOHeHTOB. [J03rOMY 06b1qHO IIPH CYMMapHOH )(03e 06JIyqeHH!I
OKO,10 7,2.10 5 rp 3KcTpareHT BblBO)(HTC!! H3 IIpouecca H nO)(BepraeTC!! 60.1ee rJIY-
60KOH pereHepaUIIH, HallpH\fep MeTO;:J.OM RaKYYMHOH )(HCTHJIJI!!UHH, HJIH IIpOCTO
C1KllraCTC!!. EOJICC tzaCTO npOH3BO)(!!TC!! BblBOJ{ 'lacrH oTpa60TaHlloro 3Kcrparellra Ii
BBe)(eHHe CBe1Kero. [JonOJIlleHHe CBe)KHM 3KcTparcII fO\f npOBO)(HTC!! TaKMC J{JI!I
BOCIIOJIHCHH!I cro MexaHHtzeCKHX nOTepb, AOCTHralOIlI.HX IIPH HOpMaJIbHOM IIpoueccc
3KcII.lyaraLlHH HeCKO,1bKHX IIponenToB Ha I T IIepepa6aTbIBaeMoro CblPh!!. 3ro ITO-
nO.QHCIIHe nOJIIIOCTblO HCKJIIOqaeT OlTaCIIOe naKOnJIelIIIC IIpoAYKroB pa3JIOMeIlH!I
pa36aBHTc.'J!I. 11 Bce MC B YC,'IOBH!!X npoH3BoJ{cTBa oc06eHHo IIPH peMolITllblX
pa6oTax. KOr)(a BblBe)(eHllblH 3KcTparcHT 3arp!!3H!lCTC!! (\faCJIaMH II )(p), nOBroplloe
HCnOJIb30BaHHe ero He pCKO\fell)(yeTC!I. B 3TOM CJlY'lae BblBe)(ellllblH 3KcrpareHT )(OJI-
1KeH nOCTYIIHTb Ha 3axoponCHHe, KaK 06b1'lIIbIC OTXO,>IbI PcrCHcpHpOBarb ero 3KOHO-
MHqeCKH HCBblrOJ{HO. JIyqIIlHH cnoco6 ero o6pa60TKH - C)KHraIlHC, KOTopoe npOBO-
J{HrC!! C yqeTOM HaJIHqH!I B HCM IIJIYTOHH!! H <jJoc<jJopa
8.3. 3KCTpaK","JI ypaHa " a30THOH K"CnOTIol T&cP
3KCTpaKI.I,HH ypaHa. B TCXHOJIOrH4CCKHX a30THOKHCJIbIX paCTBopax
nOCJIe paCTBopeIlHH TB3JIOB ypaH HaXOJI.HTCH B BHf(C ypalIHmIHTpaTa.
3KCTpaKIW5I ypalIHJIHHTpaTa TB<P onHC bIBaCTCH ypaBHeH HeM
Uo + + 2N0 3 + 2TB<P U0 2 (N0 3 )2' 2TB<P.
TepMOf(HHaMH4eCKYIO KOHcTallTY paBHOBCCH5I 3TOH peaKI.I,HH (KOHCTaH-
TY 3KCTpaKllHII) MO:>KIIO 3anH caTb B BH,lJ,C
K - [U0 2 (N0 3 )2,2TE<I>hc
- [UO +[ [NO;F[TE<I>]21' I' .
r f(e y= - Cpe,lJ,HHH: K03<p<pHIIHeHT aKTHBUOCTH HOHOB B BO,lJ,HOH: <pa3e;
Yc - K03<p<p H U,IICHT aKTHBHOCTH COJIbBaTa 13 oprallH4eCKOH: <pa3e; YT-
K03<P<P Hl HeHT aKTHBHOCTH 3KcTpareHTa.
IloCKOJIbKY K03<p<pHllHeHT pacnpe,lJ,CJIeHH5I CCTb OTHornCHHe aHaJIH-
TH4ecKoH KOHueHTpallHH MeTaJIJIa B opralIH4ecKoH <pa3e K 3HaJIHTH4e-
CKOH: KOHI.I,eHTpaI.l,HII MeTaJIJIa B BOf(HOH <pa3e
DU02+ = COPr!CBOlI.H>
2
TO 3aBHCHMOCTb MC:>Kf(y K03<P<PHI.I,HeHTOM pacnpC,lJ,c.TJeHHH H KOHCTaH-
TOU 3KCTpaKllHH MO:>KHO BbIpa3HTb ypaBHeHHeM
2
DU02+ = K [N03]2y [ TB<I> ]2 J!... = R [NO;F [ TB<P ]2,
2
133
r,Jc K - KOHI.I,eHTpaI.l,HOHHaH KOHCTaHTa
3KCTpaKIIHH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, K03<P<PHI.I,HCHT pac-
npe;:r.eJIeHHH ypallHJI-HHTpaTa npH 3KC-
TP3KllHH TB<P npHMO nponOpI.l,HOHaJIeH
KOHCTaHTe 3KCTpaKI.I,HH, KBa.n:paTY KOH-
ILelITpaI.l,HH N0 3 -HOHOB H KBaD:paTY KOH-
u,elITpallHH cB060;:r.Horo TB<P.
Pacnpc.n:CJICHHe ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa B
pa3JIHI[HbIX KOHIICIITpallHHX VIC:>Kf(Y BOD:-
HOlI <pa30H H paCTBOpa 1H TG<P B pa36a-
BHTeJIC nOKa3aHO lIa pHC. 8.2. 113 PHCYH-
Ka BHJ IIO, 4TO pOCT KOHlleHTpaI.l,HH ypaHa
B OpraHH'leCKOH <pa3e 3aMeJJ:JIHCTCH no Mepe YBeJIH4elIHH cro KOHI.I,eIIT-
paI.l,HH B BOf(IIOM paCTBOpc, 4TO CBH3aHO C YMClIbrneHHeM KOIII.l,eHTp3-
I.I,HH CB06of(HOrO TB<P B OpraHH'leCKoi'r <pa3C. no TOH IKe npH4HHC CHH-
:>KaeTCH KOHI.I,eHTpallHH ypaHa B OpraHII'leCKOH <pa3C npH p336aBJIe-
HHH TB<P pa36aBHTCJleM.
5l.u:CpHOC TOnJIHBO B TB3JIaX HaXOf(HTCH B pa3JIHI[lIbIX KOMn03HHHHX
C ,lJ,PYrHMH MCTaJI.TlaMH (Mg, AI, Mo H .u:p.), KOTopbIe npH pacTBope-
HHH nepCXOf(HT B paCTBopHMble a30THOKHC.l bIC COJIH H CJIy){{aT Bblca-
JIHBaTCJICM npH 3KcTpaKllHH ypaIIa. HaJIH4He B paCTBopax I!bICaJIHBa-
TeJIeH npHBO.ll:HT K YBeJIH'ICHHIO KOHneIITpallHH HHTpaT-aIlHolloB, T. c.
K nOBblrneIIHIO aKTHBIIOCTH BO,lJ,IIOH <pa3bI, a CJIef(OB3TCJIbIl0, H K POCTY
K03<P<PHllHeHToB pacnpc.n:e.'IeIIHH ypalla. KpoMe Toro, KaTHOlIbI Bblca-
JIHBaTeJIH CBH3bIBaIOT CB060f(HYIO BO,lJ,)' (rHf(paTHpYIOTCH) H TCM ca-
MbIM YMeIIbrnaIOT aKTHBllOCTb BO,lJ,bI n CTeneIIb rH.n:paTaIlHH ypaHHJI-
HHTpaTa. 4eM 60.'1bIIIC rHll.paTHpOsalIbI KaTHOHbI Bblca.'1HBaTeJIH, TC1\1
3<p<pcKTHBllee BbICaJIHBaHI1C H BbIllie K03<p<pHUHCHT pacnpef(c.TJeIIHH
(Ta6JI.8.5).
EMKOCTb oprauH4ccKOH <pa3bI no ypaIIY nporropuHOllaJIbHa COf(Cp-
:>KaIIHIO B HCH TB<P. np3KTHLJCCKH CMKOCTb TCXHH4CCKoro IIcpa36aB-
JICHHOrO TB<P npH6JIH./K3CTC5I K 400 r/JI ypaHa. 3TO 6JIH3KO K CTCXHO-
...
11::1
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EH
100
I}
IJ 100 200 JOO
,tcmJ.qeHmpaqUQ i/paHulI-Humpama.
6 Oaf/Hali IpQ3e, r /11
fOO%
PRC. 82. PacnpeJJ.eJlelIHC ypaHRJI-HHTpara npll
3KCTpaKUHH T5<1> pa3uaB,1eHHblM KepocHHoM
50
'10
JO
20
fO
T a 6 JI II U a 8.5. CpaBHeHlle 3<jJlJ>eKTa BbiCaJIHBaHH!I ypaHa npll 3KCTpaKl(HH TBIJ>
BblCaJlHBaTCJlb
D
KOl!uel!TpaUH>I BbIC3J1HBaTeJl>l
B BO,'J.1I0M paCTBOpe, % (no
Mdcce)
NH 4 N0 3
NaN03
Ca (N03)2.4H20
Al (NOsh.9H20
Fe (N0 3 !a.9H 2 0
31,6
33,64
32,46
4,5
4,6
0,12
0,44
2,0
28,12
31,9
134
MeTpHIIeCKOMY 3IIa'lCHHIO, KOTOpOe npH nOJIlIOM CBH3bIBaUHH TB<P
ypaH'HJI-HHTpaTOM ,l(OJI:>KI\O COCTaBJIHTb 440 r/JI.
3KcTpaK HSI a30THoH KHCJlOTbI T6c)). B 330TIIOKHCJIO:vr p3CTBOpf'
ypaHHklIHTpaTa npHcYTcTByeT 3IIa'lHTeJIbHOe KOJIH'IeCTBO cB060.n:HOH
a30THOH KHCJIOTbI. Gila HMeeT cpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKHH K03<p<PHllHeHT
pacnpeJJ:cJlcHHH, a B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH: 3KcTpaKILHH CJIY:>KHT BbI-
ca.1HBaTCJIeM ,lJ,JIH yparra, nJIYTOHHH H HenTYHHH, B.'IHHH IIa HX KOH-
CTaliTbI 3KcTpaKI HH. OT KOJII eHTpauHH 330TIIOH KHCJIOTbI B 3HaqHTeJIb-
HOH CTenCHH 3amlCHT BaJICIITIIOC COCTOHHHC 3KcTparHpycMblx BeI.l{CCTB
H K03<p<pHIlHCHT HX O'lHCTKH OT p3.1.HOHYKJIHf(OB. IlpH pe3KcTpaKUHH
ypaIIa KOIIlleliTpallH5I a.30TrroH KHC.l0TbI TaK:>KC HBJIHeTCH onpef(eJImo-
II HM <paKTopOM npH BbI60pc pC)KHMOBIIpoIlccca. OC06CIIII0 '1YBCTBH-
TCJIbHbI K a30TIIOH KHCJIOTC 3KCTp3KIUlOIIHbIH a<p<PHllalK nJIYTolllIH H
HenryHHH, OnepalllIH HX pa3,lJ,CJICHHH, cTa6HJIH3au,H5I BaJICHTHbIX <pOP 1
H3BJIeKaeMblX 3JICMeHTOB. TE<P C 330THOH KHCJIOTOH 06pa3ycT no-
CpC.u:CTBO:vr BOf(OpOf(HOH CBH3H COJIbBaTbl, pacTBopHMbIC B TB<P,
o . . .HON0 2
(C4H90h P = 0 . . .HON
'\
o . . .HON0 2
IloBc,l(cHHe HN0 3 npH 3KCTpaKllHH onHCbIBaCTC5I. )I.BYMH ypaBHCIIH5I.-
MH: npH KOHI CIlTp311HH cc .l{0 5 M 06p33yeTC5I. MOIIOCOJIbBaT
+ - ---
H + NO;;- + TB<P HN0 3 . TB<P,
a npH KOH elITpaIlHH BbIllle 5 M - f(HCOJlbB3T
2H+ + 2NO;;- -1- TB<P (HN0 3 )2 TB<P.
K03<P<PHllHCIITbl pacnpef(eJICHHH MOHO- H ; HCOJIbBaTa COOTBCTCTBelIHO
BblpalKalOTC:H ypaBHcIIHHMH.
Dl = K1lNO;] '\' [ TB<P ]..Y!- ;
'¥c
D 2 = K 2 [NO;] 2 '\' [ TB<P ] '¥T .
'¥c
r,lJ,c KI H K 2 --repMO.l{HHaMH4eCKHC KOHCTaTbl 3KCTpaKllHH; ,\,:!:-cpe,lJ,-
HHH K03<p<PHllHeHT aKTHBIIOCTH HOHOB B BOf(IIOH <pa3e; ,\,c - K03<P<PHI H-
ellT aKTHBHOCTH COJlbBaTa B opraHH4CCKOH <pa3C; ,\,T - K03<P<PHllHCHT
aKTHBHOCTH 3KCTpareHTa (B KBaf(paTHbIX cKo6Kax - iKOIII.I,eHTpalUIH
peareHTOB) .
C BBef(eHHCM K-OHllCIITpaI.l,HOHHblX KOHCTaHT 3KCTpaKllHH K 3TH
ypaBHellH5I. yrrpolllalOTCH:
Dl = Kl [NO:!] [ TB<P ];
Dz = K 2 [NO;1 2 I TB<P ].
135
Ha pHC. 8.3 nOKa3alIO pacnpCf(CJICHHe a30TIlOH: KHCJIOTbI MCIK.u:y
BOf(HOH H opraJIHQeCKOif <pa3aMH npH pa3JIHQHOif KOHu,cHTpau,HH TB<P,
npHQCM rpalIIIUbl o6pa30BaHHH MOIIO- H f(HCO.lbBaTa HJIH HX CMCCH He
YCTaJlOBJIeHbI. C nOBblrnCHHeM TCMncpaTypbl K03<pcpHllHeHT pacnpe.u:e-
.1IeHH HN0 3 CHHIKaCTCH (pHC. 8.4).
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I
D HN ;;-- - -
O,tf
0,3
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..1....I...J
o I 2 3 * 5 6 7 B 9 IC !ill
KOHl4eHmpaljUJ, HNO J IJ IJO(}'IOU.
rpa3e, III
PIIC. 83 PacnpeAeJICHHe a30TIlOH KIlC-
JlOTbi MC)KJ{Y BOJ{llOii <jJa30H H opra..
IIH'JeCKOH:
1 - Hcpa36aBJlCHHbliI TBet>; 2 - 40 '/,
TE</>+60 % KepOCHI!a, 3 - 20'/, To</>+
+80 % KepocHHa
PIlC. 84. TeMncparYPHa!l 3aBHCHMOCTb
K03<jJ<jJHHHeHTa pacnpeJ{e,1eHIl!! a30T-
Holi KHC,10TbI npH [T5<1» = 1,47 M.
UH<jJpbI Y KpllBbIX - KOHlI. e HTpaUHH
a30rHoli KHC OTM B HCXO HOM pac-
TlJOpe
COBMeCTHaH 3KCTpaKI.I,HH 16<1> ypaHa H a30THOH: KHCJIOTbI. IlpH-
CYTCTByIOllJ,aH B BO)I.HOH <pa3c a30T!laH KHCJIOTa OKa3bIBaeT CH.1blIoe
I3JIH5IHHe I1a 3KCTpaKI(HIO ypa!lHJI-HHTpaTa TB<P. 3aBHCHMOCTb K03<p-
<pJIlUIeIIToB pacnpe)I.eJICJlHH HIITpaTOB ypamiJIa, TOpH5I, nJIYTOJlHH H
3MCP}!HH5l MC:>K,lJ,Y OprallH'-ICCKOH H BO.u:HOH <pa3aMH OT KOHIlCHTpanHH
a30THOH: KHCJIOTbl nOKa3aHa !la pHC. 8.5. lb pHcYHKa BHf(IIO, tITO C
pOCTOM KOHueHTp311HH a30TIIOH KHCJIOTbI K03<p<PHUHeIlTbJ p3cnpc;:J:eJIe-
HHH ypaHa, TOpHH H llJIYTOHHH pC3KO YBeJIH'IHBaIOTcH. Ho npH KOH-
I.I,eHTpaI.l,HH KHCJIOTbl BbIlliC 6 M K03<P<PHUHCHTbl pacnpClIeJIelIHH CIlH-
:>KaIOTC5I, TaK KaK B 3THX YCJIOBHHX OHa 3KCTparHpyeTCH 60JIee aKTHB-
HO H n03ToMY YMeHbrnaeT KOHllellTpaUHIO cB0601IHOrO TB<P. IlpH BbI-
COKOH KOHUeHTp3u,HH ypalla B BOf(HOM pacTBopc lIa6JIIOf(aeTCH KOHKy-
peHllHH MCIK,lJ,Y ypaHHJI-IIHTpaToM H a30TI10M KHCJIOTOH 38 TB<P, B pe-
3YJIbTaTe KOTOpOH C YBCJIHL[CIlHCM KOHu,CHTpaUHIi U0 2 (N0 3 h B no,lJ,-
HOH <pa3c npOHCXOf(HT BbITCCHCHHe HN0 3 H3 opraHH4eCKOH: <pa3bI.
K03<p<pHu,HeHTbI pacnpef(CJICIIHH ypaHHJI-IIHTpaTa H a30THoH KHC-
JIOTbl npH HX COBMeCTHOM I1pHCYTCTBHH B BO.1J:HOM pacTBopc B03paCT"-
lOT npH HaJIHtIHH BbIca.'1HBaTeJICH, KOTOpbIC qaCTO 06pa3YIOTCH B pC-
3YJIbTaTC paCTBOpCHHH pH,lJ,a TCnJIOBblf(CJIHIOllJ,HX KOMn03HUHH. H3060-
pOT, HaJIHtIHC HJIH BBCf(CHHe B paCTBOp TaKHX HOHOB, KaK CYJIb<PaT,
<poc<paT, OKcaJIaT, XJIOpHf( HJIH <PTOPH){, pC3KO yxy f(rnaeT 3KCTpaKI.I,HIO
136
PU(N0 3 )4 -19% T6lP
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PHC. 85. 3aBllcilMoCTb K03<jJqmUHeHToB pac-
npeJ{e.1CHH!I aKTHHOHJ{OB OT KOHueHTpaUll1l
a30THOH KHCJIOTbI
PIIC. 86. BJIIIJIHlle 'TeMneparypbl Ha 3KcrpaK-
UHlO ypaHIIJI-HHTpaTa 30 %-HbiM pacTBopoM
To<\> B KcpocllHe. l..lH<jJpbl y KpHBblX - KOH-
lI.ellTpaUH!I ypaHa B BO}].HOH <jJa3e
flu
1,0
O,45M
10- 3
o
20
ypaHa (VI), T3K KaK 3TH HOHbI 06pa3YIOT C HHM np04HbIe KOMnJIeKC-
IIble COe,lJ,HHeHHH, nJIOXO HJIH npaKTH4CCKII COBCeM He3KCTparHpyeMbIe.
C nOBblrneHHeM TeMnepaTypbI K03<p<PIIIIHeIITbl pacnpCf(eJICHHH ypa-
HHJI-HHTpaTa YMeHbrnaIOTCH, 4TO 06'bHCHHeTCH BbI,lJ,e.'1eIIHCM TenJIa B
PC3YJIbTaTe peaKI.I,HH 06pa30BaHlfH CO.1bBaTa (pHC. 8.6). 3THM 06CTOH-
TeJIbCTBOM nOJIb3YIOTCH npH pe3KcTpaKllHH ypaHa (VI), KOTOPYIO .n:JIH
2: 10
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Pu(NJ i
20 40 60 80 10D
lIacblw,eHllc, ;0
PHC. 8.7. BJIlI!lHHe HaCblIlI.eHH!I opra-
HH'leCKOH <jJa3b1 ypaHoM Ha 3KCTpaKUHIO
ypaHa II nJIyroHII!I 30 %-HblM pacTBO-
pOM T5<\> B KepOCIlHe
10-'
%
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w-zl
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toO 200 JIJO
{uj60iJH' r / A
PHC. 88. BblTCCHeHHe a30THoH KHC-
.10Tbl ypallH,l-HHTpaToM npll 3KcTpaK-
lI.HH 20 % -HbiM pacTBopoM T5<\> B KC-
pocHHe
nOJIHOTbI BbIf(eJIeHH51 MCTaJIJIa H3 opraHH4eCKorr <pa3M npOBOf(HT npn
nOBbIrneHHOH TCMnepaType. 110 Mepe HacbII.l{eHHH opraIIH4eCKOH <pa3bI
ypaHoM (VI) ero K03<p<pHI.I,HeHT pacrrpe,lJ,eJIeHHH na.n:aCT, HO B TO :>Ke
BpeMH Ha6JIIOf(aeTCH BbITCCHeHHe H3 Hee a30THOH KHCJIOTbl H nJIYTO-
HHH (pHC. 8.7 H 8.8).
137
8.4. 3KcrpaK"'HSI nnytOHHSI T&CD
nOBeAeHHe nJlYToHHSI npH 3KCTpaKI.I,HH. Ha Bcex CTaf(HHX H3BJIeQC-
HHH nJIYToHHH - OTl{eJICHH51 ero OT ypaHa, a<P<PHIJaIKHoH O'lHCTKIf. no-
JIYQeHHH COJICM H OKCH,lJ,OB MCTaJIJIa - HC06XOf(HMO YQHTbIBaTb oc06eH-
HOCTH n,TJYTOHHH. B npoI.l,CCCC ncpcp360TKH TCXIIOJIOrHtIeCKHX paCTBO-
pOB B03MO:>KHbI rHf(pOJIH3 H KO:\1nJIeKCOBaHHe nJIYTOHHH C BbIIIa,lJ,eIlHeM
OCaf(KOB. JI.JIH nJI YTOHHH (II I) rH.n:pOJIH3 npOHcxO,lJ,HT B OOJIaCTH
pH::::::7+4, ,lJ,JIH n.TJYTOHHH (IV) -B 06JIaCTH pH 371 H ,lJ,JIH nJIY-
TOHHH (VI) - npH pH::::::5.
EMKOCTb no nJIYToHHIO 10-30 % -lIbIX pacTBopoB TB<P OrpaHHqelIa
H B 3HatIHTeJIbliOH CTcnCHH 3aBHCliT OT npHpO,lJ,bI pa36aBHTeJIH. IlpH
nepCCbII.l{eHHH CHCTCMbI MO:>KCT JICrKO BbInaf(aTb TpCTbH <pa3a, cOf(Cp-
:>KaI.l{aH COJIbBaT nJIyToIIH5I. B TO :>Ke BpeMH Hll.CpIlO-6e30naCHblC KOH-
J CIITpallHH nJIYTOHHH OrpaHllqClIbI, tITO Tpe6yeT C03AaIUm 511l.epHO-6c3-
onaCHOH annapaTypbI H CTpororo KOHTpOJIH.
n.1YTOIIHH B BOl{I10M a30TlIOKHC.10M p3CTBope HaXOf(HTCH B meCTH-,
4CTblpex- H TpCXBa.'ICHTIIOM COCT05lIlHHX. IlpH 3KCTpaKllHH I/InpaTOB
nJIYTOIlHH TB<P, T3K )KC K3K H B CJIyqac yp3Ha, npOHCXO,lJ,HT 06pa30-
BalUle HCrH,lJ,panfpOBaIlHblX COJIbBaTOB n o ypaBIICIIHHM:
2+ --
PU02 + 2N0 3 + 2TB<P P u0 2 (N0 3 h . 2TB<1> ;
Pu 4 + + 4NO; + 2 TB<P Pu (N0 3 )4' 2TB<P ;
3+ ----
Pu + 3NO; + 3TB<P Pu (:'.J0 3 h. 3TB<P.
110 alIaJIOrHH C npHBe.n:cHIIbIMH BbIllIC ypaBJICHHHMH ,lJ,JIH ypalIH.'1-
HHTpaTa 3aBHCHMOCTb MC:>K,lJ,Y K03<p<pHI HCHTOM pacnpC)I.CJIeHHH nJIYTO-
HHH H KOIICTaHTOH 3KCTpaKllHH .n:JIH 3THX pcaKllHH HMeeT BH,lJ,
2
D p 0 2+=Kl[NO;f1I' [ TB<P ]2 =K 1 [NO;]2 I TB<P ]2;
u 2 I'c
2
DPuH = K 2 [NO;]4y [ TB<P ]2l = K 2 [NO;]4 [ TB<P F;
I'c
3
D Pu 8+ = K3 [NO;P I' I TB<P ] = K3 [NO;P [TB<P]3.
I'c
A30TIIaH KHCJIOTa OKa3bIBaeT CHJIbHOC BbICaJIHBaIOI.l{Ce .n:CHCTBHC,
tITO OC06CHHO 3aMCTHO ,lJ,JIH nJIYTOHHH (IV), K03<P<PHU,HCIIT pacnpC,lJ,e-
JIeHHH KOToporo 3aBHCHT OT KOHlleHTpaI.l,HH HHTpaT-HOHOB B '1CTBCpTOH
CTeneHH (CM. pHC. 8.5). O,lJ,HaKO npH BblCOKOH KOHI.I,eHTpaI.l,HH a30THoH
KHCJIOTbI (6-7 M) npOHCXO,lJ,IiT BbITCCHeIlHe n.'YToHHH H3 OpraIlHqe-
cKoH <pa3bI H CBH3aHHOC C 3THM na)I.eHHC K03<p<pHllHcHTa ero pacnpc-
,lJ,eJICIIHH. AlIaJIOrHQIIaH KapTHHa Ha6JIIOAaCTCH H npH 3KcTpaKIIHH nJIY-
TOHHH (VI).
fOpa3f(0 C.10:>KHeC nOBef(CHHe nJIYToHHH (IV) H oc06eHHo nJIYTo-
HHH (VI) npH 3KCTpaKu,HH TB<P H3 pacTBopoB, co.n:ep:>KaI.l{Hx H a30T-
HYIO KHCJIOTY, Ii ypaHHJI-HHTpaT. Ha pHC. 8.9 npHBe,lJ,CHa 3aBHCHMOCTb
138
5
4
PHC 89. 3aBHcHMoCTb K03<jJ<jJHHHcIITa pacnpeJ{e.1e-
IIH!! n.1YToIIH!! (V) OT KOIILleHTpal.(HH ypaHH.'I-HHT-
paTa npH cOAeplKaHHH HN0 3 B BOJlIIOH <jJa3e
0,5M (1), 1M (2), 2M (3), 3M (4) II 4M (5)
K03<pqHIuHcHTa pacnpe,'J.e leIIHH n.1YTOHIUI
(IV) OT KOIIu,eHTpaUHlI YP aIIHJI-HHTP aTa
IIpn pa3.1H'IIIOH KHCJIOTHOCTH BO;J.HOH <pa-
3bI. 113 pHCYHKa BHf(HO, 'lOT npHcyTcTBHe
ypaHHJI-HliTpaTa f(aIKe B CpaB/lHTe.lbHOH
MaJIOH KOlll1.CHTpaUHH pe3KO CHHIKaeT KO-
3<P<PHllHeIIT paCnpC;1.CJIeIlHH n.lyToIIHH.
BJIHHHHe H3CblIItellHH ypaHoM OpraHH'Ie-
CKOH <pa3bl Ha 3KCTpaKllHIO nJIYTOHHH (IV)
nOKa3aHO lIa pHC. 8.7. TaKaH BbITeCH5IIO-
I.l{aH cnoco6HoCTb ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa HaCTOJIbKO BeJIHKa, '1TO npH onpc-
,lJ,e.'1CHIIOH CTeneHH IIaCbII.l{CIIH5I ypaHoM OpraHH'IeCKOrr <p33bI n.'IyTo-
HHH nOCJIe HeKOToporo HaKOnJICHHH B annapaTC npeKpaI.l{aeT 3KCTpa-
rllpOBaTbCH.
o 50 fOO 200 Joo flJO
IfOHIjCH/npalluR !lPQHQ 660ONoU
tpQ3e,rlA
13 TCXIl0.10fHH 3KcTpaKIUIolllIOI0 BbI,J.C.leIlH!! ypaHa H nJIyrOHHH 113 IICXOAHblX
BO,1Hb!X paCTBOpOI\ TaKOC 1l0BCACJlHe 1l.1YTOIlI1I1 C03JI.aCT P!!:1. TpYj].HOCT ii, TaK KaK,
C OJJ.HOH CTOpOllbI, lIaKOIl.1eIlHC n,lYTOHHH B 3KCTpaKUHOIIHOM annaparc )1.0 npeJ{CJIb-
Horo 31laqCIIHII MO)/(CT npHBCCTH J( HClKC.lare.lhHbIM nOTcpllM cro C pa<jJHllaTaMII, a c
JJ.pyroH - npHBOJ{IIT K 1!0BblllleHIIl0 ero KOHuel!TpaHHH B CHCTCMC H B03\10JKHOMY
B03HHKHOBeHHIO KpHTH'IeCKOrl MaCCbl. TaK, n HH)/(HCH 'laCTH 3KCTpaKLlIIOHHOH KO-
.10HlIbI, rJJ.e ypaIlHJI-HHTpaT npaKTH'JeCKH OTCYTcrByeT, nJlyrolIHH 3<jJ<jJeKrHBHO 3Kcr-
pampycTC!!; B BCPXHCii qaCTH Ko.10Hllbi ypallHJJ-HHrpaT BblTeCHHeT n.1YTOIIHH H3
OprallHqeCKoi1 <jJa3b1 (l!pOHCXOAHT KaK 6b1 pe3KCrpaKl1HH nJIyroHH!!), B pe3Y,%TaTe
tJero nJIYTOIlHH lIaKanJJHBaeTC!! B cpCAHeH qaCTH KOJIOHlIbI, rAe ero KOHLleHrpaI1HH
MO)Ker npCBblCHTb B HeCKOJlhKO pa3 HCXO,1HYIO HaKOnJIeIlHe nJIYTOHIIH npo.lIOJI)/(a-
eTCH AO rex nop, nOKa 30Ha cro lWHlJ,eHTpHpOlJaHHH HC CMeCTHrC5I J{O HH3a KOJIOHHbI.
Tor.lIa nJIyroHHH 6YJJ.er nCpeXO)l.HTb B pa<jJHHar Oc06ellHO JIerKO nJIYTOHHH HaKan-
JIIiBaeTCH npH lIaJIH'l1l1l nJIYToHH!! (VI), xapaKTepH3YIOIlI.erOc!! cpaBIIHTeJIbHO HH3KHM
K03<jJ<jJHuHeHToM pacnpeJJ.eJICHH!!. TeopcrH'lecKH npH OIlTIlMaJIbHblX pelKH\laX HaCbI-
IlI.eIIIIH, 3KcTpaKLlHH H npoMblBKH B cMeCHTeJIHX-OrCroHIIHKax H npll 3HaqHTeJIbllO\l
qHCJIe 9KCTpaKlI.HOIIHblX cTyneHeH B pe3YJIbTaTe IIaKOnJIenHH KOHueHTpall.H!! nJIYTo-
HH!! MOlKeT YBeJIHqHTbCH 1I0 cpaBnellHIO C HCXOAHOH nOqTH B 50 pa3. TaK, B CJIyqae
3KCTpaKII.HII ypaHa II nJIYToHHH 30 %-HblMH TE<I> B napa<jJHHoBoM pa36aBHTeJIC npll
HaCblIlI.eHHIl ypaHoM OpraHHqCCKOH <jJa3b1 AO 100 r!JI U0 2 (N0 3 !2 (TeMneparypa KOM-
HaTHa!!) KOHueHTpall.HH IIJIyroHH!! B BOJJ.HOH <jJa3c :VJO)/(eT COCraBHTb 40 r/JI H BblIIIe,
a B OpraIIH'lCCKOif <jJa3e npH AOCTHJKeHHH [Pu (N0 3 ) ,j 30 r/JI MOJKeT BbinaCTh TpCTbH
cpa3a (co.1bBaT nJIYToHH!! C TE<I». DOBbIUIClI1fe TCMnepaTypbI cnoco6crByeT YBe.1H-
qeHll10 pacTBopHMocrll COJIbBaTa B opraJIHQeCKOfi <jJa3e.
BJIHHIIHC TCMnepaTypbI Ha K03<p<PHllHeHT pacnpe,lJ,eJIemlH nJIYToHHH\
(IV) nOK33alIO Ha pHC. 8.10, 1I3 KOToporo BHf(IIO, LITO K03<p<PHllHCHT
p3Cnpef(CJICHHH nJIYTOIlHH B npHCYTCTBHH 3HallHTCJIbIlbIX KOJIHlleCTB
yp3Ha YBeJIHllHBaeTCH C nOBbirneHHeM TeMnepaTypbT, TaK KaK YMeHb-
llIeHHe KOHCTaHTbI 3KCTpaKI.I,HH ypaHa C nOBbIrneHlIeM TeMnepaTypbI
139
npHBO,lJ,HT K YBeJIH'IeIIHIO KOHlleIITpaJJ.HH CB060ll:HOrO TB<P, a 3TO B
CBOIO O'lepe,lI.b - K YJIY4WCHliIO 3KCTpaKu,HH nJIYTOHHH. 0,lI.H3KO ,lJ,JI51
paCTBopOB C HlI3KOH KOHIl( HTpaIlIICH ypaHa H CO,lI.Cp:>KaHHCM HN0 3
HH:>Ke 6 M K03cpq)lluneIlT p3cnpc.J.eJIeHHH n.'IYTOllHH YMeHbwaeTcH C
pOCTOM TeMncp3TypbI.
D ,- l
r 5r/A '1
1.5 I
I .
PIIC. 8.10. B,ll1!!Hlle TeMnepaTYPbl Ha 3KcTpaKUHIO UJIYTO-
IIHH (IV) H3 2 M BOl\IIOrO pacTBopa a30THoH KHCJlOTbl
20 %-lIbIM pacTBopOM TfiQ> B KepocHHe. I.J;H<jJpbl Y KPH-
BblX - KOHueHTpaUHH ypaHH.l-IIHTpaTa B BO.l\HOH <jJa3e
PHC. 8 11. BJIH!!IIHC <jJoc<jJaT-HoHoB Ha 3KCTpaKI.{HIO UJIYTO-
HHH 30 % -lIh!M pacTBopoM TfiQ> B KcpocHHe
IJ pu
4
3
0,5 2
0 0,04 0,08 12
30 40 50 [pot], "1
3 KCTpaKD.lilSl nJlYTOHHSI B npHCYTCTBHH ,lJ,pyrHx KHCJlOT. B BO,lJHbIX
p3CTBOp3X, nocTyn3IOI.l{Hx 1I3 3KCTp3KU,HIO, nOMI1:\lO 330TIIOH KHCJIOTbI
MorYT rrpaCYTCTBOB3Tb <pTOPH,lI.-, OKC3JI3T-, CYJlb<p3T- H X,'IOPH,lI.-HOHbI.
KpOMC TOro, B npoJJ.ecce 3KCTpaKJJ.HH B PC3YJlbT3Te P3,lI.HOJIH33 TE<P
o6pa3ycTcH <poc<popHa5I KHCJIOTa. 3TH HOIlbI 06p33YIOT C IIJIYTOHHCM
(IV) np04Hble KOMllJICKClIbIC COC,lI.HHCHHH, '1aCTHlJlIO HJIH nO.1HOCTbIO
p3CTBOpHMbIe B BO.II.e.
BJIHHHHC KOMllJIeKCYIOI.l{HX 3HHOHOB 113 3KCTpa KIlHIO nJlYTOHHH
(H YP3Ha) 60JIee 3aMeTII0 npH HH3KOH KHCJIOTHOCTH BO,lJHOrO paCTllO-
p3 H YMeHbllIaeTCH B pH,lI.Y P0 4 3-> 50 4 2 -> F-> C 2 0 4 2-> Cl-. CJIC,lJY-
eT OTMeTHTb, QTO .II.06aBK3 3THX aHHOHOB B HC60JIbWHX KOIIl.lCHTp3JJ.H-
SIX He)KeJIaTeJIbHaH, no ,lI.onYCTHM3 npH 3KCTp3KU,HH ypaH3 H IIJIYTO-
HHH. TaK, llPH paCTBopeHHH 06JIY4CHHOro H,lI.epHOrO TOnJIHBa B 330T-
HOH: KHCJIOTC HHOr,lI.a ,lI.JIH nOJIIIOTbI BCKpbITH5I HepaCTBopHMbIX OCT3T-
KOB ,lJ,063BJI51IOT ,.'J.O 0,05 M <pTOPH.II.-HOHOB. TaKaH KOIIJJ.CHTp3U,HH noCTO-
pOlHlllX HOHOB np3KTH'lCCKH HC OTpa:>KaeTCH Ha H3BJIe'lelIHH I1JIYTOHHH.
3aBHcHMoCTb K03<p<pHI.I,HeIITa p3Cnpe,lI.eJIeHHH n.1YTOHHH OT KOHu,eIIT-
paJJ.I-ill B nO,lI.HOM <pa3e H3H60JIec CHJIblIOrO KOMnJIeKC006p330BaTeJI5I-
HOHa P0 4 3- npH 3KCTp3KI.I,HH ypaIl3 H nJIyTOIlHH 30 % -HbIM paCTBopOM
TB<P B yrJICBO,lI.OpO,lI.IIOM p336aBHTCJIC I10Ka3aIl3 Ha pHC. 8.11. KOMll-
JICKcYIOI.l{ee ,lJ,CMCTBHe aHHOIlOB II3 nJIYTOIlllH HCnOJIb3yeTcH npH no-
BTOpHOH 3KCTpaKI.I,HH yp3Ha ,lJ,JISI OlJHCTKH ero OT nJIYToIIH5I. JI.JIH 3Toro
B HCXO,lI.lIbIH: HJIH B npoMbIBHOH p3CTBOp ,lI.06aBJIHIOT I.l{3BeJICBYIO aJIH
CCPHYIO KHCJIOTY B KOHI CIITpau,HH, 06CCnC'IHB3IOU eH nOJIHOe KOMnJIeK-
COBaHHe nJIYToHHH H nepeBO.II. ero B p3<pHHaT.
140
8.5. Pa3AeneHMe ypaHa M nnYJOHM,.
Pa3.u:CJICIlHe ypaHa, nJIYToHH5I, lIenTYIIH51 H 04HCTKa HX OT np0,lI.YK-
TOB .u:CJIeHHH - Ba:>KHCHrnCe 3BeHO B npoI.l,ecce nepep360TKH 06JIY'ICR-
Horo 51 cpuoro TOnJIHBa - OCHOBaHO Ha pa3JIH4HH CBOHCTB 3THX 3JIe-
MeUTOB B p33HbIX B3JICHTIIbIX COCTOHIIHHX. I1x xapaKTepliaH oco6eR-
HOCTb - cIIoc06HOCTb cYIllecTBoB3Tb B BO,lI.HblX pacTBopax O,lI.ROBpC-
MelIllO B HCCKOJIbKHX BaJICHTlIbIX COCTOHIIHHX. CJIe,lI.YCT Y1IHTbIBaTb, 4TO
BbICOKaH pa,lI.HaJJ.HH CHJIbHO B03) eHCTBYCT H3 BaJIeHTHbIe COCTOHHHH
Becx 3JIeMCHTOB. Kpo\1e TOro, npH [liNOa] :::::::3-4 M B BO,lI.IIO\1 pacTBo-
pc B 3H34HTeJIbiiOH KOIIUCHTp3U,IIH lIaXO,lI.HTCH a30THCT3H KHCJIOTa,
CHJIbliO BJIHHroII.I.aH 1I3 B3JIeHTllblC <pOpMbI nJIYToHHH H oc06eHHo Hcn-
T)'HHH, B CBH3H C 4eM lIa Bcex TeXHOJIOrH'ICCKHX onepallHHx, f,lJ,e npo-
HCXO)J.HT CT36HJIH3.<lIlHH 3JICMCHTa B BOCCT31I0BJIeHHOH <popMe, B ncp'
BYro 04epe)J.b Tpc6YCTCH HCHTpaJIH30B3Tb ,lI.eHCTBHc a30THcTOH KHCJIO-
TbI. B npoI.l,eccc CT36H.'IH33 U,HH B3JIeHTHbIX <pOpM n.1YToIIH51 H HcnTY-
HHH 3aMeTIIYIO pOJIb HrparoT T3K:>Ke npHMccH lIeKoTopblX npO,lI.YKTOB
,lJ,CJICHHH (naJI.13,lI.H5I, TcxHeu,HH H ) p.) H KOpp03HH (xpoMa H ,lI.p.).
B pacTBop3X MorYT npHcYTcTBOB3Tb KOMnJICKC006pa30B3TCJIH (<pTOP,
CY,,1b<P3T, CYJIb<p3M3T). Bcc 3TO 33TPY,lI.IIHeT p33)J.eJIeHHC ypaHa, nJIY-
TOIlIl51 H HcnTYHHH H HX 04HCTKY OT npO,lI.YKTOB JI.CJICHHH.
P331I.CJICHHe ypaHa H nJIYToHHH OCIIOB31I0 Jl3 TOM, 4TO rneCTH- H
tICTblpCXB3JIeIITilble nJIYTOHHl1 H yp3H XOpOUIO p3CTBOpHMbl KaK B BOA-
JlOH <pa3e, T3K H B 30 % -IIOM pacTBope TE<P B pa363BHTeJIe, a nJIY-
TOHHH (III) n04TH Hep3cTBopHM B OpraHH'IeCKOH <p33e TB<I>
(Ta6.1. 8.6). IlpH BOCCT3HOBJIeHHH nJIYTolIH51 ,lI.0 TpeXB3JIeHTHOro co-
T a 6 ,'111 U a 8.6. CsoHcTsa ypaHa, HenTYHHII H nJIYToHHII B a30THOKHCJIoA cpe)l.e
l(03i!J.pHD;HeHT paCl1pel\eJIeRUII aR-
THHOHI\OB npH SKcTPa HH 19%-JIbPI
OCHoBHoe pacTBopoM TB<f> B KepocHHe U9
COCTOflHHe,. CTa6HJlbHOCTb B pacTBopax HNO. BOI\HhlX pacTBopos
OKHcneHHH 1 M HNO.14 M HNO.16 M HNO.
U (IV) JIcrKo OKIICJIHCTCH - - -
U (VI) CTa611JIeH 5 29 34
Np (VI) JIerKo BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH 2,9 11 10
Np (V) .D:llcnpOnOpll.HOIIHp Y eT npH BbICOKOH HH3KHH 0,13 HII3KHH
KHCJIOTHOCTH
Np (IV) JIerKo OKHCJI!!eTC!! 0,41 3,0 5,1
Pu (VI)
Pu (IV)
Pu (III)
JIerKo BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH 0,7
.lJ:HcnponOpll.HOHHpyeT "Pll HII3KOH KIIC- 1,4
JIOTHOCTH
JIerKo OKHCJIHeTC!! 0,014
2,5
11,5
0,014
:1,4
20
141
CTOHIIH5I OH nO.'IIIOcTbro nCpeXOD:HT B BO,lJ,HbIH BOCCT3HOBHTeJIbHblH pac--
TBOp H BbIBOD:HTCH H3 npOu,ecca, B TO BpeMH K3K yp31I UCJ1HKOM OCT3.
eTCH B OpraHH'IeCKOH <p33C.
HCnOJIb3yeMblH BOCCT3HOBHTeJIb )lOJI:>KeH OTBeQ3Tb CJIe.:r.yroIII.HM Tpe-
60B3HHHM: 06JI3,lJ,aTb BbICOKOH H36Hp3TCJIblIOCTblO npH p33,lI.CJICHHK
yp3H3 H nJIYTOIIHH, 6bITb Cp3BHHTCJIbHO ,lJ,emCBblM H o6rne,lJ,ocTynllbIM;
6bICTpO H 3<p<peKTHBIlO nepeBOD:HTb nJIYTOHIIH H3 4CTblpex- H rnecTLI-
BaJICHTHOro COCTOHHHH B TpCXBaJIeHTIIOC npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH Hc60.1b-
rnHX 06DC OB BOCCT3HOBHTCJIbIIOrO paCTBopa C TeM, 4T06bI MO:>KHO
6bIJlO npOH3BO,lI.HTb KOHI.I,eHTpHpOB3HHe nJIYTOHH5I.
O,lJ,HO H3 pcrnarornHx CBOHCTB BOCCTallOBHTCJIH - ero KHHeTH4eCK8H
cnoc06110CTb. IlpoTHBoTO'lHaH onepaUHH BbIBO,lI.3 nJIYTOHHH H3 opr3-
HH'IeCKOH <p33bl 06bI4HO npOBOJl:HTCH II3 BOCbMH HJIH D:CCHTH cTyncHSlx
3KCTp3KTopa C OrpalIH'ICHHhIM BpeMCHCM npe6bIBaHHH BOCCT3HOBHreJIH
B KOHTaKTe C Opr3HH'ICCKOH <p330H. HcnblT3110 60JIbHIOe 4HCJIO BOC-
CT3HOBHTeJIeH nJIYTOHH5I )10 TpeXB3JIeHTIIoro COCTOHHH5I B UCJI5IX HC-
nOJIb30B3HHH HX ,lI.JIH p33,lJ,eJIeHH5I ypaH3 H nJIYTOHHH. 3TO - rH,lI.pa3HJI,
rH,lJ,pOKCHJI3MHH, HOHbI :>KCJIC33 (II) II yp3H3 (IV), 3CKOp6HHOBaH
KHCJIOTa, BO,lI.OpO,lI.. B nOCJIC,lI.lIce BpeMH H3Y'leII3 B03MO:>KHOCTb 3JIeKTpO-
XHMH'ICCKOrO BOCCT3I10BJICIIIIH nJIYTOIIHH.
HC,lI.OCT3TKOM rll,lI.pa3HlI3 H rH,lI.pOKCHJI3MHH3 HBJIHCTCH M3JIaH CKO-
pOCTb BOCCT3HOBJICHH5I. C YBeJIH'ICIiHeM KOHlteHTpaI.l,HH nJIYTOHHH B
p3CTBOpC rH,lI.p33HII CT3110BHTCH lIe3<p<peKTHBHbIM BCJIe,lJ,CTBHe He60.'Ib-
1lI0H CKOpOCTH peaKUHH. fH,lI.pOKCHJIaMHH 3<p<peKTHBCH TOJIbKO B YCJIO-
BHHX ,lJ,.lHTCJIbHOrO KOHT3KT3 p3CTBOpOB (OKOJIO 7 MHH), npeBocxo-
,lJ,HllJ,erO npO,lI.OJI:>KHTCJIbHOCTb pa3D:CJleHHH <p33 B c eCHTeJIHX-OTcToi1-
HIIKax HJIH KOJIOHII3X; npH BblCOKOH KHCJIOTHOCTH II36JIro,lI.3eTCH 3H3-
'1HTeJIbIIOe p33JIO:>KeHHC rHD:pOKCHJI3MHH3. ACKOp6HHOBYro KHCJIOTY If
BO.n;OpO,lI. HHor,lI.a HCnOJIb3yroT TOJIbKO IIa CT3,lI.HH a<p<pHHa:>Ka n.TJYToHHSI
H HenTYHH51. Hall60JIbrnee npHMellcHHe B npOMblrnJIeHHOCTH H3rnJIH ,lJ,Ba
BOCCT3HOBHTeJIH: :>KCJIC30 (II) H YP3H (IV).
)l(ene3o (II). Ero HCnOJIb3YlOT H3 pa3JIH'IHbIX 33BO,lJ,3X B <popMe
JIu60 CYJIb<p3MaTa, JIH60 HHTpara. CYJIb<p3MaT :>KeJIe3a HarneJI rnHpo-
Koe npHMeHeHHe Ha 3aBO,lI.aX ClllA, neCMOTp51 Ha TO, 4TO npH 3TOM
YBeJIH4HB3eTCH COJIeBOH COCT3B BO,lI.HbIX pa<pHHaTOB, a 06pa3yroI.l{HeCH
CYJIb<p3T-HOIIbI OKa3bIB3roT KOpp03HOHHoe ,lI.eHCTBHe Ha annap3TYPY,
oco6eHHO npH ynapKe. HOHbI :>KCJIe3a (II) 6bICTpO BOCCTaH3BJIHB3roT
nJIYToHHH (IV) ,lJ,O TpeXBaJICHTHOro COCTOHHH51
Fe 2 + + Pu 4 + -+- Pu 3 + + Fe 2 +,
a cYJIb<paMaT-HoH B3aHMO,lJ,CHcTByeT C a30THCTOH KHCJIOTOH
NH 2 SO a H + HN0 2 -+- N 2 + H 2 S0 4 + H 2 0
If npe,lJ,oxp3HHeT HOHbI :>KeJIe33 OT OKHCJIeHH51.
CKOpOCTb peaKUIIH B3aHMO.ll.eAcTBIIH nJIYToHIIH (IV) C lKeJIe30M (II) OIlHCIiBaeTCft>
KHHeTllqeCKIlM ypaBHeHlleM
- d [Pu (IV))/dt = k' [Pu (IV)] [Fe (II)].
142
KOIICTaliTa CKOpOCTH k' npllMeplIO 06paTHO npOnOpll.HOHaJIbHa KOHlI.eHTp a ll. lI11
HT_HOEOB npH nOCTOHHHOH IIOHIIOH CIIJIe. OTCIO.ZI.a, npHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHC, qTO
'1aCTb Pu (IV) HaXOAHTC!! B fHApOJIH30BalilIOH <jJOp\lC, II npeHe6pei a!! rH,'J.pO.1H30Vl
Fc2-r, ypaBHC[IHe CKOpOCTIl MO)/(IIO 3anHcaTb B BH.ZI.e
- d[Pu (IV)]jdt = k [Pu (IV)] [Fc (II)]j(K + [H+]),
r.Zl.e k - KORCTaHTa rll.Zl.pOJIH3a, a k=k' (K +[H +]). Cpe.Zl.Hee 3Ha'leHHe HCTHHHOii KOH-
'cTaHTbI CKOpOCTH k paBlIo 187,2:t4,4 \lHH- 1 IIPH IIOIIHOH CHJIe 2,03 H 2,5°C, a
K=0,021. B TCXHOJIOrHtJeCKoii npaKTHKe Onepall.HIO BOCCTaHOBJICHHH nJIYToHIIH lKe-
JIe3m! (II) OCYIlI.eCTBJI!!IOT npll HH3KOH (nOp!!.ZI.Ka 0,5 M) KOHlJ,eIlTpaUHH a30TIIOH
KHc,mTbI.
B CCCP B K34eCTBe BOCCT3I10BJiTCJIH npHMcHHroT HHTpaT :>KCJIe3a
(II), 4T06bl H36e:>K3Tb KOpp03HolIHoro ,lI.CHCTBHH cepHoH KHCJIOTbI npH
Xp3HeHHH H oc06eHHo yn3pKe p3<pHlIaToB.
KHIfCTH4CCKH nponeccbI BOCCTaHOBJICHHH nJIYTOHHH IIHTpaToM H
,CYJIb<p3MaroM :>KCJIe3a (II) nO,lI.06HhI. 0.u:H3KO npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH
IIHTpaTa :>KCJIe3a (II) Tpe6yeTcH .u:06aBJICHHe B BocCTaHaBJIIlB3roI.l{HH
p3CTBOp cTa6HJIH33TOp3, rJIaBHblM 06p330M rH;:J:p33HII3, KOTOpbIH, TaK
:>Ke KaK H cy.TI b<p 3 MaT-HOII, B3aHMO,lJ,CMCTBYCT C a30THCTOH KHCJIOTOM
N 2 H 4 + 2HN0 2 -+ N 2 + N 2 0 + 3H 2 0
Ii npen5lTcTByeT OKHCJIeHHro :>KeJIC3a (II).
YpaH (IV). B I.I,eJIHX CHH:>KeHHH CTOHMOCTH nepcp300TKH OTXO,lI.OB
Ii pcrelIep3I.1,IiH KHCJIOTbl B npOMbIrnJIeHHOCTH B nOCJIe,lI.HHe ro,lJ,bI ,lJ,JI51
p331I.eJIe1IHH yp3H3 H nJIYTOHHH H343JIH npHMCHHTb ypaH (IV), He
YCTyn3roI.l{HH no CBOHM Ka4CCTB3M :>KeJIe3Y (II). BOJIee TorQ, CY,lJ,SI no
peD:OKC-nOTeIII.I,H3JI3M, yp3H (IV) K3K BOCCTaHOBHTeJIb CHJIbHee :>KeJIe-
3a (II). Yp3H (IV) BOCCTaHaBJIHB3CT nJIYToHliH (IV) no CTeXHOMeT-
pH4ecKoH peaKI.I,HH
2pu 4 + + U 4 + + 2H 2 0 -+ 2Pu 3 + + UO + + 4H+.
IIpll nOCTORHHOH KOIlll.elITpall.lI11 H+-IIOHOB ypaBHeHlle CKOpOCTH IIMeeT BH.ZJ.
- d [Pu (IV)[/dt = k' [Pu (IV)] [V (IV)] .
C yqeTGM BJIllHIlHH H+-lIoHoB, rll.Zl.pOJlll3a IIJIYTOHIIH (IV) (K I =0,021 IIPH IIOH-
HOH CHJIC 2 II 2,6°C) H rlUl.pOJIII3a ypaHa (IV) (K 2 =0,005) 3TO ypaBHeHHe MOlKHO
.2allllcaTb B BII.ZI.e
_ d [Pu (IV)) = k' [Pu (IV)J1V (IV)] = k [Pu (IV)][V (IV)]
dt [W]2 (K 1 + [W]) (K 2 + [W])
I1cTHHIIaH KOHCTaiiTa CKOpOCTH npll IIOHHOH CIIJIe 2,05 H 2,6°C k=k'(K I +
+[H+]) (K2+[H+]) = 14{):t5 MOJIb/(JI'MIIH).
CJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHO, CKOpOCTb BOCCTaHOB.TIeHH51 YBeJIH4HBaeTCH C YMeHb-
weHHeM KHCJIOTHOCTH paCTBopa (pHc.8.12).
B 3aMeTHOH CTeneHH Ha KHHeTHKY npOI.l,eCca BJIH51eT KOHI.I,eHTpaI.l,H51
ypaHa (IV). KaK BH,lJ,HO H3 pHC. 8.13, 4eM BbIrne KOHI.I,eHTp3I.1,HH ypaHa
(IV) B BOCCTaHaBJIHBaroI.l{eM p3cTBope, TeM 3<p<peKTHBHee npoTeKaeT
..npoI.l,ecc BOCCTaHOBJIeHHSI. KOHCT.<lHTa CKOpOCTH peaKI.I,HH, oupe,lJ,eJIeH-
143
IIa51 B BO,lI.I10H 4>a3C, ,lJ,OCT3TO'lHO BCJIHK3, 4TQ6bI 06eCne4HTb 6bICTpOe-
(T 1 / 2 ::<::0,3 MHH) BOCCT3HOBJIeHHC nJIYToHHH (IV) ypaHoM (IV) B hOH-
TaKTopax, r,lJ,C npOD:OJI:>KHTCJIbllOCTb H3XO:>K,lI.eHIIH pacTBopoB B CMCCH-
TeJIbHOH 30HC COCT3BJIHCT 3-4 MHH.
Pa3pyrncHHe (oKlfCJIeHHe) ypaH3 (IV) npoTeKaeT 60JIce HHTCHCHB-
HO, '1eM OKIICJIeHHe :>KeJIesa (II), nOCKOJIbKy OR (B OT JIHlfHe OT :>KeJIe-
",,-
i:;I 10- 1
i$
I
'"
"'=>
:0>:;- 10- 2
c:t
'"
:;j
::r
<:j
t-
::r
:r;
10- 3 0
r ---
L... (0-1
-
'"
I:>-
----
,
I
, .'"
I
10- 2
<:j
'"
"'"
:;j
10- 3
:;j
",..
<:j
'"
10-'1
o
,
.
I
,
1/.1
2 "
6 8 10
BoeMfl, MUH
12 1'1 (6
2
4
6 8 10 12
BpeAl/ , MUH
1'1 16
PHC. 8.12. B.1HfllJlle KOHlI.eHTpalJ,JiIl
asoTHoH KIICJIOTbI (lI.lI<jJPbl Y KpIlBblX)
Ha KHHeTHKY BOCCTBHOBJIeHHH n.1YTO'
HIIH (IV) ypaHoM (IV)
PHC. 8.13. BJIH!!HHe KOHlI.eHTpallHIt
ypaHa (IV) (lI.H<jJPbl Y KpIlBIiIX) Ha
KIlHeTHKY BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH nJIYToHHif
(IV)
sa) 3KcTparnpyeTcH; 3H34HTeJIbHO H3BJIeKaeTCH H aSOTHCTaSI KHCJIOT3-
(cTa6HJIH3aTOp He 3KCTparHpyeTCH), B PC3YJIbTaTe 4ero B OpraliHQe-
CKOM <pase YP3H (IV) nO,lJ,BepraeTc51 OKHCJIeHHro )1;0 ypaHa (VI) H TeM
caMbIM CHH:>KaeTCH KOHueHTp3UH51 ypaHa (IV) B BOtI:HOH <pase.
B OTJIH'IHe OT npoI.l,ecca BOCCTaHOBJIeHH51 nJIYToHH51 (IV) :>KeJIe30M
(II), KOTOphlH npoTeKaeT TOJIbKO B BO,lJ,HOM pacTBope, npoI.l,ecc BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHH51 nJIYToHHH (IV) ypaHoM (IV) npOHCXO,lJ,HT KaK B' BO,lJ,HOH,
T3K H B opraHH4ecKoH <pa33x.
CKOpOCTb BOCCTaHOBJICHH51 nJIYToHHH (IV) ;:(0 TpeXB3JIenTHOro co-
CTOHHHH He3aBHCHMO OT BOCCTaHOBHTeJIH MO:>KlIO yBCJIHIfHTb, eCJIH npo-
I.I,ecc BeCTH npH nOBbIrnCHHOH TCMnepaType. O)l;H3KO 3TOH oc06eH-
HOCTbro CHCTeMbi npaKTHlfeCKH He nOJIb3yroTCH, TaK K8'K npH nOBbIUIC-
HHH TCMnepaTyphl B BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIH paCTBOp B 3H3QHTC.lIbHOH CTC-
neHH pe3KCTp3rHpyeTc51 ypaH.
B npOMblrnJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHHX p3CXO)l; BOCCTaHOBHTeJIH npCBOCXO,lI.HT
ero CTeXHOMeTpH'ICCKOe KOJIH4eCTBO, npH4eM nepepacxotJ; ypaH3 (IV)
no cpaBHeHHlO C :>KeJIe30M (II) rOpa3,lJ,0 BbIllIe.
144
B OCHOBHOM 3TO o6YCJIOBJIeHO OKIfCJIeHlfeM ypaH3 (IV) II IIJIYTOIIIf!l (Ill)
a30TIICTOH KHCJIOTOH II KIfCJIOpO.nOM B03,!!.yxa, npOTeKaIOIlI.H'd B OpraHHqeCKOii <jJa3e.
O.nlfaKO HeJIb3!! IICKJIIO'laTb TaKlKe BJIIfHHlfe IIOHOB MeTa,'1.l0B nepCMelIIIOH Ba,leIITHO-
CTII, npHCYTCTBYIOIlI.HX B nepepa6aTbiBaeMbIX paCTBopax, TaKHX KaK PYTeHIIH, TeXHe-
Ullii, MOJIII6.neH, naJIJIa.nIlH II .np., KOTopble HBJI!!IOTCH 3<jJ<jJeKTIIBHblMIl KaTaJIJl3aTO-
paMH MHOruX OKIICJIIITeJIbIlO-BOCCTaIlOBHTeJIblIbiX peaKlI.HH, B TOM qHCJIe C yqaCTHeM'
HOMOB aKTIIHOH,'J.OB. HanpHMep, 06Hapy)/(eHO, qTO nJIYTOHHii (III), YCTOHqHBblii B.
BO.l1HOM a30THOKHCJIOM paCTBope, co.nep)/(aIll.e\l rH,ilpa3HH, OKHCJIHeTC!I .nO qe:rblpex-
B3J1eHTHoro COCTOHHH!! B npHCYTCTBHII MIIJlJIHrpaMMOBblX KOHlI.eHTpaUHH TeXHeumJ.
TIepepacxo.n BOCCTaHOBHTeJIH B rrpOMbllllJIeHHblX KOHTaKTopax MOlKHO 061>HCIIHTb
CJIe.nYIOIlI.HM. B fH.npo.nHHaMllqeCKIIX YCJIOBII!!X pa60TbI 3KCTpaKTopa Ha Bblxo.ne
Bo.nHoro paCT BOp a H B CeKL\HH OTMblBKIl ypaHa 113 BO.nHOH <jJa3bI rrJIYTOHIIH B yc o-
BII!!X nOBblUIeHHOH KHCJIOTnOCTH (1-2 M) qaCTb rrJIYTOHHH (III) 6blCTPO OKHC.'1H-
eTCH .nO qeTblpeXBaJIelITHOro COCTOHHIIH. Ha cTynelI1I BBo.na CBelKero BOCCTaHOBHTeJIH
OH CHOBa BoccraHaB,'1HBaeTCH J{O TpeXBaJIeHTHOro He3KCTparHpYCMoro COCTOHHIIH,
TaKHM 06pa30M, BHYTPIl KOHTaKTopa npOHcxo.nHT qaCTHqHaH PClJ,IIPKYJIHUIIH nJIYTO-
1I1f!! cor JIaCHO, lIarrpHMep, CJIeAYJOIlI.eMY MexaHH3MY:
Pu4+ + Fe 2 + -+ Pu 3 + + Fe 3 +;
Pu8+ HNO. .... Pu4+.
TIoTpe61l0CTb B H36b1TO'lIlOM KOJIHqCCTBe BOCCTaIlOBHTeJI!! Bbl3b1BaeTC!! (KpOMC nOBbI-
meHIlOH KHCJIOTHOCTH H naJIHqHH a30THCTOH KHC.10TbI) TaKJKC nll3KOH KOHueHTpa-
J.J.lfeH BOCCTaHOBHTeJIH II npo.nOJI)/(HTeJIbIIOCTblO npC6b1BaHHH paCT BOp a B annapaTe
IlpaKTH'IeCKH B YCJIOBHHX npoH3Bo.u:CTB3 Ha BOCCT3HOBJICHHe nJIY-
TOHH51 :>KeJIe3a (II) paCXO){yeTcH B 2-3 pa3a 60JIbille pac4eTHoro KO
JIHQeCTBa, a yp3Ha (IV) - B 4-5 pa3. Ha){o OTMCTIITb, QTO H36bITO'l-
HbIM yp3H (IV) JICrKO BbIBO,lI.HTC51 H3 npollccca BMeCTe C nJIYToHHeM.
YXY,lJ,rn3H reM C3MbIM K03<p<PHI.I,HeHT pa3,lJ,eJIeHHH ypaHa H n,'YTOHHH H
OCJIO:>KH5151 ,lJ,3JIbneHrnyro CTa,lJ,Hro 3<p<PHHa:>Ka nJIYTOHHH. CJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIb-
HO, pe:>KHM BOCCT3HOBHTeJIbHOM pe3KCTpaKI.I,HH .n;OJI:>KeH 6bITb TaKHM..
4T06bI B 30He BbIBO,lJ,a nJIYTOHH51 nOMep:>KHBaJIaCb BbICOKaH KOHu,eHT-
paI.l,H51 ypaH3 (IV), 3 B 30HY nO,lJ,nHTKH n9,lJ,aBaJIOCb TaKoe KOJIH4eCTBO
TB<I>, KOTopoe n03BOJI51JIO 6bI 3<p<peKTHBHO 3KCTpampOBaTb ypaH (IV}
H (VI).
3JIeKTpOXHMHQeCKHH: MeTO)l. BOCCTaHOBJJeHHSI nJJYTOHHSI. B nOCJIeD:-
Hee BpeM B03pOC HHTepec K 3JIeKTpOXHMH'IeCKOMY MeTO,lJ,y p33,lJ,eJIe-
HH51 ypaHa H nJIYTOHlI5I, KOTOpbIH: no H,lI.eC .l\OJI:>KeH YCTpaH51Tb He){O--
CTaTKH, B03HHKaroI.l{He npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH K3K :>KeJIe3a (II), T3K H
ypaHa (IV). B npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTb 3TOT MeTO,lI. nOKa He BHe.n;peH, HO'
YCHJIeHHO pa3pa6aTbIBaeTCH B YCJIOBHHX UOJIynpoMblrn.'1eUHbIX YCT3-
HOBOK.
B CJIO:>KHOH CHCTCMe 330THaH KHCJIOT3 - fH.l\pa3HH - yp3H - nJIY-
TOHHH: npH 3JIeKTpOJIH3e npOTeK3eT 60JIbillOC 4I1CJIO XHMHQeCKHX pe-
aKI.I,HM. CYMM3PH3H pcaKllHH BOCCTaHOBJICIIHH yp3H3 (VI) ,lJ,0 YP3H3
(IV) H3 KaTO,lI.C npH D:OCT3TO'lHO BbICOKOM KOHu,eHTpaUHH KHCJIOTbI
OnHCbIBaeTCSJ yp3BHeIIlleM
UO + + 2e- + 4H+ U 4 + + 2Hp, Eo = 0,338.
145
'TI3paJIJIC.lbHO MO)KCT npOTCKaTb OOpaTH351 peaKu,H5I OKHCJICHHH yp3Ha
(IV) Ha alloAC
u 4 + + 2H 2 0 -r UO + + 4H+ -+ 2e-.
B npv.cyrCTBHH rHApa3HHa B OOW.CH !!1/dIKe C aHO OVl H KaTOAOM pCaKlI.HH np07e-
KaCT I1PH BblCOKOM ncpeI1anpHJKeHHH D03TOMY I1pCl\no.laraCTCH, qTO neI10Cp e .ll.CTBCH-
liO Ha aHOl\C ypall (IV) nc OKIlC.'IHerC!! II qTO qaCTH'IHOC ero OKHc.qeHHC npOHCXO.ll.HT
TO.lbKO KBK BTOpH'Ina!! pCaKUH!! B pe3y.%TaTC B3aHMO.ll.ei1cTBIiH C BbI e,l!!IOw.HMCH
.KHC.10pO.ll.OM He06paTIIMblH xapaKTep pcaKUIiH UO + -+U 4 I , a TaKlKe TOT <jJaKT. 'lTO
aHO.ll.HOe OKHCJICHHC rH.l(pa3Hlla I1P(H!CXO.ll.HT Ilpll 60JIee HH3KOM nOTCHllllaJIe, qeM
Tpe6YCTCH .lI..1H BblAe.lellHH KHCJIOpOAa, C03AalOT B03MO)/(HOCTb npH KOHCTpYlipOBanHIl
'3.1eKTpO,lHTllqeCKoi1 aHnapaTypbl H36c)/(aTb IIpHVlClieIlH!! Me,,6paH. B npouccce
3,1CKTPO,lHTIIqeCKoro BoccraHOlJ;IellHH 11,1) TOIIHR O.ll.HOBpeMCHHO HJ{eT 3JIeKTpOJ{Hoe
BOCCT2.HOBJIeIlHC HMelOw.eHC!! B CHCTeMe a30THOH KHC.l0Tbl no c.le.ll.YIOw.eH CYMMapHOH
peaK11lIH:
3H+ ...).. NO:;- - 2e- IlN0 2 + 2/1 2 0.
'OKIICJIIITeJIbIlO-BOCCTaHOBHTe.lbHbIH nOTCHUHaJI 3TOH peaKllHH no O:-HOIIleHHlO K HOp-
MaJIbHOMY BO.ll.OpO.ll.J!OVlY 3:JCKTpO.ll.Y paBeH +0,94 B. B pe3YJIbTaTe B CHCTe\\C nOF-B-
JI!!IOTCH 3IlaQHTeJIbHblC KOIlll.cHTpalJ,HH a30THCTOH KHCJIOThI.
fHApa31111, A06aB.151c lblH B cHcTeMY i]..1!! cTa6H,lH3aUHH n.1YToHIiH (J II) H
ypaHa (IV), Ba3HMo.ll.eHCTByeT C a30THCTOH KHC.10TOH COrJIaCHO MCX3HII3MY
N2Ht + HNO l --+ HN 3 ...).. 2/1 2 0 f- / r t ;
HN a -I- HN0 2 -+ I\2 0 T N l + H 2 0,
BCJIC,!{CTBHe '1cro YCTpaHHeTCH Bpc,llHOe BJIII!!HHC a30THCTOH KIICJIOTbI. lIap!!J{Y C pac-
XO.ll.OBaHlleM rHJ{pa3HHa lIa pa3JIO)/(eIlHe a30THCTOH KHCJIOTb! B03MO)/(HO OKHCJIelIHe
fH.lI.pa3HHa HenocpeACTBelIHO Ha allO.ll.e no peaKUHH
NlHt -+ N 2 + 5H+ + 4e--.
OKIICJIIITeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIH nOTeHlJ,HaJI peaKlJ,HH aHO.ll.HorO OKIICJICHHH rHApa-
3HHa no OTHOIIIeHll1O K BOAOpO.ll.HOMY 3JIeKTpO.1{Y paBeH - 0,23 B. 3To 3HaQHTeJIbHO
HlIlKe nOTeHl].lIaJIa BbI.lI.eJIeHIIH KIICJIOpO.ll.a Ila ano.ll.e, paBHoro 1,23 B, B pe3YJIbTaTe
pa3JIO)/(eHIIH BOJ{b!, QTO cyw.ecTBeHHo BalKllO npil KOHCTpYHpoBaHHH 3JICKTpOJIHTII-
qeCKOH annapaTypb!.
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe nJIYTOHHH B CHCTeMe oCYII.I.eCTBJIHeTCH KaK nYTeM
KaTO,lI.HOro BOCCT3HOBJICHHH nJIYTOHHH (IV) ,lJ,0 TpeXBaJIeHTHOro CO-
CT05IHH5I, TaK H npH B33HMO,lJ,eHCTBHH ero C 06p33yror.u:HMC5I npH 3JIeKT-
pOJIH3e ypaHoM (IV).
IlpH pa3,lJ,eJIeHHH ypaHa H nJIYToHH5I BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe nOCJIe,lJ,HerO
ocyr.u:ecTBJI5IeTCH B ,lJ,BYX<P33HOH CHCTeMe: 30 % -HbIM TB<P - BO){HbIA
a30THOKHCJIbIH p3CTBOp. IlpH KOJIH4eCTBeHHOM npCBOCXO,lJ,CTBe opra-
HH4eCKOH <pa3bI nJIYToHHH (IV) B OCHOBHOM UaXO,lI.IITCH B HeH II BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHe ero 3aTpY,lJ,HHeTCH pH,lI.OM 06CTOHTeJIbCTB. 06p33yroII.I.HeCB
npH 3JIeKTpOJIH3e HHTPHT-HOHbl B BO,/\HOM pacTBope pa3pyrn3roTcH no
,/\eHcTBHeM ,lJ,06aBJIHeMOrO B cHcTeMY rH,lJ,p33HHa. B opraHH4ecKoA <pa-
3e fH,/\p33HH He paCTBOp5IeTC5I, a 330THCTaH KHCJIOTa XOpOIliO 3KcTpa-
146
mpyeTC5I. Il03ToMY B Opr3HH4eCKOH <p<l3e, CO,lI.ep:>K3I.l{CH OCHOBHOe KO-
JIHQeCTBO nJIYTOHH5I H ypana, npOHCXO,lI.HT 6bICTpOe OKHCJIeHHe 3JIeKT-
pOJIHTH'IeCKH nOJIY43eMbIX nJIYTOHHH ( III) H ypaHa (IV).
CKOpOCTb 3JIeKTpOXHMH4ccKoro BOCCTaIlOBJLeHHH nJIYToHHH (IV) B
OpraHH'IeCKOH <pa3c npHMcpHO B 100 pa3 HH:>Ke, 4eM B BOD:HOM p3CTBO-
pe (T 1 / 2 B opr3HH4ecKoH <p33e npH KOHll.eIITpaI.l,HH a30THoH KHCJIOrbl ,lI.O.
0,14 M COCTaBJI5IeT ,lJ,0 0,2 MHH). ECJIH Y4CCTb eI.l{C BOCCT3HOBJIeHHe
nJIYTonHH yp3HO.\f (IV), TO MO:>KHO nOJIaraTb, 4TO 3JIeKTpOJIHTH4CCKoe
BOCCT3HOBJICHHC nJIYTOlIHH ,lI.0 TpeXB3JIeIlTHOro COCTOHHHH 06ecne411T
pa3,lJ,eJIeHHe yp3Ha H nJIYTOHH5I ,lJ,a:>Ke B TaKHX CKOpOCTHbIX 3nn3p3Tax,
K3K n:CHTp06e:>KHbIe 3KCTpaKTopbl. CY,lJ,H no JIHTep3TypHbIM ,lJ,3HHbIM,
3JIeKTpOXHMH'IeCKHH MeTO,lJ, p33,lJ,eJIeHHH yp3Ha H nJIYTOHHH nOCpC,lI.CT-
BOM nOCTOHHHoro TOKa H3Y4eH ,lJ,OCT3TO'l1l0 ,lJ,CTaJIblIO, ,lJ,3HbI peKOMeH-
aI.l,HH no BbI60py MaTepH3JIOB 3JIeKTpO,lJ,OB H ODTHMaJIbHbIM YCJIOBHHM
npOBe,lI.eHHH p33,lI.eJICHHH.
8.6. H3Bne'leHHe HenTYHHSI T&CD
B nOCJICD:HHe rO,lJ,bl 33,lJ,a4CM nepep360TKH oTpa60TaHHblx TB3.'108"
5I,lJ,CpHbIX pe3KTopoB HBJIHCTC5I C03,lI.311He KOMnJICKCHOH CXCMbl, npe y-
CM3TpHBaroI.l{CH Bbl,lI.CJIeHHe H3pH,lJ,Y C yp3noM H nJIYToHHCM ,lJ,pyrHx
3JIeMCHTOB, npHcYTcTByroI.l{HX B TOnJIHBe. K 4HCJIY T3KHX 3JIeMeHTOR
OTHOCHTCH H HenTYHHH, Y:>Ke HarneD:rnHH rnHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe B Ha-
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148
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opraHHlIccKOH <pa3bI ropa3,n:0 JIyqllIe, tJCM nOCJIe,n:!IHH. nOBbIIIleHHe
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80 r!JI. CHl1iKeHHC 3TOif KOHu:eIlTpaU:HH Be,n:eT K nOBbillIeHHoMy co,n:ep-
2KaHHIO B pe3KcTpaKTe pacTBopeHHoro TB<I>. TaK, npH [U0 2 (N0 3 h] ""='
",,=,50-60 r/JI B pe3KCTpaKTe KOHueHTpalLHH B HeM TB<I> ,n:OCTHraeT
200-250 Mr!JI. npH ynapKe TaKoro pC3KcTpaKTa C03)];aCTCH yrp03a
B3pblBa, 130 H36eiKaIlHe KOToporo pe3KcTpaKT HIIor,n:a npoMbIBalOT
CBCiK!l:\1 pa36aBI1TCJIeM. ECJIH TaKoif pe3KcTpaKT HanpaBHTb na ,n:e-
IIHTpalL1110 H nOJIyqeIIHC OKCH,n:OB, TO B KOHCqHOM npo,n:YKTe 06HapYiKH-
BaeTCH I1e,n:onYCTHMO BbICOKa51 KOHl eHTpalLHH <poc<popa. npH no,n:-
,iJ.epiKallHH [U0 2 (N0 3 h] ""=' 100 r/JI B pe3KcTpaKTe KOHuenTpaUII5I TB<I>
B HCM CHH3HTCH AO 50 Mr/JI. YnapKa TaKoro pe3KcTpaKTa 6e30nacHa,
npH 3TOM co,n:ep2KaHHe <poc<popa B OKCHAax (BCJIe,n:cTBI1C CiKHraUH5I
TBcI» naxo,n:IITC5I B ,n:onycTHMbiX npc,n:eJIax.
He Mcnee Ba2KHbIM <paKTOPOM, onpe,n:e.'15IIOW:HM pe2KI1M pe3KCTpaK-
UHH, HBJI5ICTCH He06xo,n:HMOCTb B03MOiKHO 60JIec nOJIHOrO H3BJIeqeHH5I
ypaua H3 OpraHHqeCKOH <pa3bI, nOCKOJIbKY OCTaBllIHHCH ypaH np»
,n:aJIbHeHllIeH CO,n:OBOH OTMbIBKe 3KCTpareHTa YH,n:eT B 6e3B03BpaTHble
nOTepH. 06bI'IHO OCTaTOqHaH KOHueHTpaUHH ypaHa nOCJIe OTMbIBKM B
3KCTpareHTe IIC ,n:OJI2KHa npeBbillIaTb 1-2 Mr/.'l, a nJIYToHHH - Ha no-
pH,n:OK HH2Ke.
l.JHCJIO cTyneHeH pe3KcTpaKHHH TaKOC 2KC, KaK H 3KcTpaKUHH
(10-12). B OpraHH'IeCKOH <pa3e KOHu:eHTpalLHH ypana 06bI'IHO ;'1.0-
CTHraeT 75 r/JI, a KOHu:eHTpaU:HH a30THOH KHCJIOTbI 25 r/JI. )1,JISI no.'1Y
lIeHH5I B pe3KcTpaKTe 80-100 r/JI ypana COOTHOllIeHHe <pa3 Hc06xo,n:H-
MO no,n:,n:cp2KHBaTb Ha YPoBHe n",,=, 1,25. O,n:HaKo CnH2KeHHe 06'beMa BO,n:-
HOH <pa3bI npHBo,n:HT K TOMY, '1TO KHCJIOTa, nepBoH pe3KcTparHpYHcb
Ha nOCJIe,n:HHX cTyneH5Ix anrrapaTa, ,n:OCTHraCT TaKOH KOHlLeHTpaU:HH,
npH KOTOpOH pe3KcTpaKIlHH ypaHa 3aTpy,n:H5IeTcH. E,n:HHCTI3CHHO npa-
BHJIbHOe pCllIeHHe Bonpoca 3aKJIIOlfaeTCH B nOBbillIeHHH TeMnepaTypH
pe3KcTpaKU:HH. npH TeMnepaType OKOJIO 60-70°C MOiKHO nOJIyqHTb
KOHUCHTpalLHIo ypaHa B pe3KcTpaKTe 100 r/JI H BbillIe. npH nOBbIllIe-
HHI1 TeMnepaTypbl YCTOH4HBOCTb KOMnJIeKCa ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa C TB<I>
YMeHbllJaeTCH, YJIyqllIalOTCH YCJIOBHH Macconepe,n:alIH, CHH2KaeTCH BH3-
KOCTb, YBeJIH'IHBaeTcH CKOpOCTb ,n:H<P<PY3HH, nOBbiliiaeTCH npoH3Bo,n:H-
TeJIbHOCTb annapaTa H KOHlLeHTpaumI ypana B pe3KcTpaKTe. JIHMI1TH-
PYIOru:I1M <paKTopOM pe3KcTpaKU:HH ypaHa npH nOBbIIIleHHOH TeMnepa-
Type 51BJl5ICTCH TeMnepaTypa BcnbIIIlKH 3KCTpareHTa H pa36aBHTeJI5I.
)J.mI no,n:.iJ:ep2KaHHH TeMnepaTypbl pe3KCTpaKU:HH na ypoBHe 60-70°C
2KeJIaTeJIbHO, 4T06b1 TeMnepaTypa BcnblllIKH KOMnOHeHTOB OpraHH'Ie-
CKOH <pa3bI 6bIJIa He HH2Ke 90°C.
166
BMeCTO cJIa60ro a30THOKI1CJIOrO paCTBOpa ,n:JIH pe3KCTpaKUHH M02K-
HO HCnOJIb30BaTb BO,n:HbiC paCTBOpbI COe,n:HHeUHH, 06pa3YIOur.HX C ypa-
HHJI-HliTpaTOM KOMnJIeKCbI C HH3KHM K03<p<pHIJ.HeHTOM pacnpe,n:eJIeHHH.
TaKHMH KOMnJIeKC006pa30BaTeJI5IMH MOrYT 6b1Tb Kap60HaT-HOH, ma-
BeJIeBaH, YKCYCHaH, <pOC<pOpHa51 H cepHaH KHCJIOTbi. O,n:HaKO O,n:Illf
KOMnJleKC006pa30BaTeJIH 06pa3YIOT npH pe3KCTpaKUHH HcpaCTBopH-
Mble COJIH, ,n:pyrHe uenpHro,n:HbI ,n:JIH ,n:aJIblIeHIlJCH nepepa60TKH. no
3THM C006pa2KeHHHM pC3KCTpaKUHH C KOMnJIeKC006pa30I3aTeJIHMH
npaKTH'IeCKH He npHMCHHCTCH.
H3BeCTHO, '1TO K03<p<pHUHeHT pacnpc,n:eJICIIHH ypaHa 3aBHCHT OT
KOHueHTpaU:HH TB<I> B pa36aBHTeJIe. COBepllIeHHO OqeBH,n:HO, lITO npH
YMenbllIeHHH KOHueIlTpaUHH TB<I> HHiKe 30 % pe3KcTpaKUHH ypaHa
npoTeKaeT 60JIee ycnellIHo, a, HanpHMep, H3 10 % -HbIX pacTBopoB
TB<I> B pa36aBHTeJIe ypaH cpaBHHTeJlbHO JIerKO nOJIIIOCTblO nCpeXO.D:HT
B CJla60KHCJIbIH BO,n:HbIH pacTBop 6e3 no,n:orpeBa.
OIJHCTKa 06opoTHoro OpraHHIJeCKOrO pacTBopa. npM rJly6HHe BbI-
ropaHHH TOnJIHBa ,n:o 30000 MBT'CYT/T H OXJIaiK,n:eHHII 2-3 rO.D:a aK-
THBIlOCTb Hcxo,n:Horo Bo,n:Horo pacTBopa, nocTyrralOUJ.ero Ha nepBbIH
lI.HKJI 3KcTpaKU:HH, KOJIe6JIeTCH B npe,n:eJIax 100-250 KH/JI. 3a O.z:r;HH
060POT (U:HKJI) 3KcTpaKUHH OpraHHqeCKaH <pa3a nOJI:BepraeTC5I .D:03e
06JIYQeHHH 8,64.10 2 -1,8.10 3 fp. npH 3TOM CJIe.a.yeT 02KH,n:aTb Ha-
KOnJIeHHH ,n:H6YTHJI<POC<pOpHOH KIICJIOTbi B cpe,n:HcM 100-150 Mr/JI.
4aCTHqHO npoHcxo,n:HT 06pa30BaHHe npo,n:YKTOB HHTpoBaHHH H OKHC-
JICHH5I.
GllbiT pa60Tbi IIpOMbillIJICHllbiX YCTaHOBOK 1I0Ka3aJI, '1TO TaKoe HaKOll,lCHHe IIpO-
AYKTOB XHMHqeCKOrO H paAHaIJ:HOIlHOro pa3JIO)KeHHSI OpraHH'-ICCKOH cjJa3bI He OKa-
3b1BaeT 3aMCTHoro BJIHSlHHSI lIa IIpOIJ:CCC 3KCTpaKIJ:HH. BCCbMa BCpOSlTHO, qTO IIPH
1l0BTOpHOM HCIIOJIb30BaHHH 060pOTHoro OpraHHqCCKOrO paCTBopa 6C3 Y,lJ.aJIeHIlSI
IIpO.IJ.YKTOB rH,lJ.pOJIH3a H paAHOJIH3a HX HaKOllJICIIHC, IICCOMHCHHO, OTpHUaTC.lbHO
1l0BJlIISlJIO 6b1 Ha K03cjJcjJHUHCHTbI O'lHCTKH, rliApoAHHaMHKY IIpOIJ:CCCa II H3BJICqeHHe
B llepBYIO O'lCpCAb llJIYTOHHSI.
n03TOMY BO BCeX TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKHX CXeMaX ,n:eHCTBYIOUJ.HX M npo-
eKTHpyeMbix 3aBO.z:r;OB OpraHHqeCKHH paCTBOp nOCJIC pe3KCTpaKU:HH ypa-
Ha no,n:BepraeTCH npOMbIBKe. 06bI'IHO npOMblBKa OpraHl1lIeCKOro paCTBO-
pa npOBo,n:HTCSI B TaKOM 2Ke annapaTe, KaK H 3KCTpaKU:HH. )1,JIH 04HCT-
KH OT ,n:H6YTHJI<POC<pOpHOH KHCJIOTbi npHMeHHIOT 20 % -Hble BO)];Hble
pacTBopbl CO,n:bI H ru:CJIOlIH npH n = 10. YlIHTblBaH TOT <paKT, '1TO pe-
aKU:HH CO,n:bI HJ1H ru:eJIO'lH C .z:r;HOYTHJI<POC<pOpHOH KHCJIOTOH npOTeKaeT
Me.z:r;JIeHHO (,n:o 20 MHH), KOJIHqeCTBO annapaToB no,n:6HpalOT C paClIe-
TOM Ha 3TO BpeMH. 06bIqHO HCnOJIb3YCTCH llIeCTb - BoceMb cTyneHeH
CMCCHTeJIH-OTCTOHHHKa, H3 KOTOpblX nOJIOBHHY HCnOJIb3ylOT ,n:JIH OT-
MblBKH CO,n:OH, a .z:r;pyrylO ,n:JIH OTMbIBKI1 ru:.eJIO'IbIO. B neKOTopblX cxeMax
nOCJIe CO.z:r;OBOH H ru:eJIO'lHOH OTMblBKH rrpe,n:YCMaTpHBaeTCH npOMblBKa
KHCJIOTOH.
npOMbIBKa OpraHH'IeCKOrO paCTBopa nOCJIe BToporo H TpeTbero
UHKJIOB 3KCTpaKUHH ypaHa H a<p<pHHaiKa nJIYTOHHH H HemYHHH 60-
JIee npocTa B o<popMJIeHHH. nOcJIe OQHCTKH ero HanpaBJIHIOT Ha nep-
BblH U:HKJI 3KcTpaKUHH ,n:JI5I no.z:r;nHTKH. HHor,n:a 3TO ,n:eJIaCTCH H 6e3
O'lHCTKH.
167
06W:He nOTepH OpraHJ.fqeCKOH <pa3bI npH nepepa60TKe TB3.10B PTH
KOJle6JIIOTCH B npe,n:eJIax 20-25 Kr/T ypaHa. OpraHHQCCKaH <pa3a, KaK
npaBHJIO, H3 npou:ecca HC BbIBO.D:HTCH H nepHo,n:H'ICCKH no,n:nHTbIBaeTCH
CBe2KHM 3KCTpareJlTOM H pa36aBHTe.leM 13 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX nOTcpb.
C.'le.D:yeT OTMCTHTb, qTO pacTBopHMOCTb TEeI> H pa36aBHTCJI5I B I30;J:HbIX
pacTBopax pa3.1HQHa, n03TOMY no,n:nHTKa CBCiKHMH peareHTaMH ocy-
lI.(eCTBJI5IeTC5I C YlIeTOM cTpororo COOTHOllICHHH B OpraHHqCCKOH <pa3e
TEeI> H pa36aBHTCJIH.
06pa30BaHHe Me1KcjJa3Hblx B3BeceH. 3KcTpaKuHoHHaH nepepa60T-
Ka 06.1Y'leHlIbix TB3JIOB PTH OCJI02KHHCTCH nOHBJIeHHeM B 3KcTpaK-
Topax nepBoro lLHKJIa, OC06CHIIO B cMeCHTeJI5IX-OTCToHHHKax, Hepac-
C.1aflBalOW:HXCH 3MYJIbCHH H MCiK<pa3Hb!X B3BeCCH. 06pa30BaBllIHecH
cTa6f1J1H3HpOBaHHbIe 3MYJIbCHH pacnOJIaralOTCH Me2K,'J:y BO,n:HOH H op-
rallHQCCKOH <pa3aMH. HaKanJIHBaHCb H ynJIOTI!HHCb, OHH HapYliialOT
rI!i1:po;J:HHaMHKY npou,ccca, 3a611BaH nepeToKH KaK OpraHH'IeCKOH, TaK
J! BO,n:HOH <pa3aMH.
npHqHHaMH nOHB.1eIIHH cTa6HJIH3MpOBallHblx 3MYJIbCHH H Me2K<pa3-
IIbIX B313CCCH MoryT 6bITb cJIe,n:YIOW:He.
HepaCTI30pHMbIC OCTaTKH TB3JIOB H pyrHc npHMecH B HCXO,n:HOM
BO,n:HO\1 paCTI30pe OT pacTBopeHHH TI33JIOB. npH pacTBopelIHH TOnJIH-
Ba PTH C BbICOKOH rJIy6HllOH BbIropaHHH 06pa3YIOTc5I pacTBopbI TeM-
HOro UBCTa H3-3a cycneH3HpoBamroro B HHX yr.'Iepo,rJ:a. AHaJlH3 cyc-
nCH3HpoBaHIIblx qaCTHU: nOKa3aJI HaJIH'IHe B HHX Kpe:\1IIHH, naJIJIa,n:HH,
pYTeHH5I. CycneIl3HpoBaHIIble TBcp,n:ble '1aCTHU:bI He y,n:aeTCH nOJlHOCTblO
y,n:a.1HTb H3 paCTBopa npH <pHJlbTpaUHH. Hc60JIbllIa51 qaCTb HX OCTa-
eTCH B paCTBope, nocTynalOru:eM Ha 3KCTpaK1I,HIO, B BH,n:e KOJIJIOH,n:HOH
cycneH3HH. Oc06eHHO onaCHbi KOJI.10H,n:HbIH KpeMHHH H naJIJIa.z:r;HH,
,n:a2Ke eCJlH nOCJIe,n:HHH Haxo,n:HTC5I B paCTBopeHHOM COCTOHHHH. LIac-
THlIHO 3KcTpampyHcb, OH YiKe B OpraHHqeCKOH <pa3e npH HH3KOH KHC-
JIOTHOCTH BOCCTaHaBJIHBaCTCH ,n:o 3JIeMeHTapHoro na.TJJIa,n:HH H Bbma-
,n:aeT B oca,n:OK.
B npolrecce 3KCTpaKU:HH nOJIY4aC:\1bIC B PC3YJIbTaTC pa,n:HOJIH3a
TEeI> ,n:H6YTI1JI- H MOIl06YTHJI<poc<paTb! B3aHMo,n:eHCTBYIOT C Haxo,n:Hru:H-
MHCH B paCTBope IlHpKOHHeM H 06pa3YlOT HcpaCTBopHMbiC 6YTHJI-
«I>OC<paTbI U:HpKOHHH, KOTopbIe 06JIa,n:a1OT cnoc06HOCTblO cTa6HJIH3HpO-
BaTb 3MYJIbCHH H caMH 06pa30BbIBaTb Me2K<pa3HblC B3BeCH. KOJIHlIe-
CTBO H 06'beM HcpacTBopHMblX 6YTHJI<poc<paTOB UHpKOIIHH nOBbIliialOT-
CH C YI3eJIHqeIlHeM rJIy6Hllbi BblropaHHH TOnJIHBa.
XapaKTep 06b1qHbiX 3MYJIbCHH, 06pa3YlOIllHXCH npH KOHTaKTHpo-
BaHHH BO,n:HOH H OpraHHqCCKOH: <pa3, M02KCT 6bITb pa3JIliqHbiM. TaK,
npHMbie 3MYJIbCHH, 06pa3YIOru:HecH npH H36bITKe BO,n:HOH <pa3b1 (MaCJIO
B BO,n:C), XOpOliiO cTa6H.1H3HPYIOTCH KpeMlleBoH KHCJIOTOH. 06paTHbIe
3MYJIbCHli, 06pa3YIOru:HeC5I npH 1136blTKe OpraHHqeCKOH <pa3bI (Bo,n:a B
MaCJIc), XOpOliiO cTa6HJII13HPYlOTCH 6YTH.,1<pOC<paTaMH U:lipKOHHH. 06a
3TH <paKTopa C03.z:r;a1OT 6JIarOnpHHTHbie YCJIOBHH ,n:JI5I. 06pa30BaHHH CTa-
6HJIH3I1pOBaHHb!X 3MYJIbCHH npH nepepa60TKe TB3JIOB C 060raru:eHHblM
TOll.llHI30M 10 % -HbIMH pacTBopaMH TEeI> H TB3JIOB PTH 30 % -HblMH
pacTBopaMH TEeI> B pa36aBHTeJlHx.
LIT06bI H36eiKaTb 3aTpy,n:neHHH no '1aCTH m,n:po.z:r;HHaMHKH, oc06eH-
168
HO npH pa60Te co CMeCHTCJIHMH-OTCTOllHHKaMH, B nepBYlO Olfepe,n:b He-
06XO.'l.HMO 06ecne4HTb XOPOllIYIO <pHJIbTpaUHIO nocTynalOllI,HX Ha
3KCTpaKU:HIO BO,n:HbIX paCTBopOB OT paCTBopCIIHH TI33J10B, JIY'IllIC Bcero
,J.BOHHYIO, HanpHMep COlIeTaHHC UellTpH<pyrH H nCCOlfHoro HJlH CHJIH-
KareJIeBOrO <pfiJIbTpa.
npl1 <pHJlbTpaUHI1 CJIc,n:yeT HCnOJlb30BaTb <PJIOKYJI5IHTbI, HanpHMep
)Kc.'JaTHHY, ,n:JIH y.J.aJIeHfiH KOJIJIOH,iUIhIX lfaCTHU, H B nepBYIO 04epe,n:b
KpeMHeBOH KHCJIOTbI. YCTaHOBJIeHO, '1TO YBC.1H4CIIHe HaCblllI,CHfiH 3KC-
TpareIITa ypaHoM cnoc06CTByeT CHHiKeHHIO 06'bc a 3MYJIbCHll, cTa6H-
.1JH3Hp0I3aIlHbIX 6YTHJI<poc<paTaMH HHpKOIlHH. YBeJIl1qeHfie KHC.10THOCTH
BOJIHOrO paCTBopa ,n:o 3-4 M HN0 3 pC3KO CIIHiKaeT 06pa30BaIIHe CTa-
611JIH311pOBaHIIbIx 3MYJIbCHH.
;r:I..1S1 YCTpaHCHIISI B.1HHHIIH 1l0BepXHOCTHo-aKTHBllbiX SlB.1CHHii, KOTOpbIC xapaK-
TCpHbI .Il.1Sl Ka)l{.Iloii CIICTC\!b!, HO B pa3110ii CTenCHH, HCOOXO.llHMO nO.ll6HpaTb .Ile3-
MY,lbraTOpbl. PCKOMCH.IlYCTCSI TaK)I{C 113YtJHTb B03MO)l{HOCTb CMCHb! THna 3MYJIbCHH:
npSlMY!O Ha o6paTHYIo H Ha060poT. B YC,lOBIISlX pa60Tb! C\ICCI1Te.'1S1-OTCTOiiHHKa 3TO
\lO)I{HO OCYIUCCTBHTh IlYTC\! pClil1pKy.'1HlI.HH OJl.Hoii H3 cpa3 BIIYTPH allnapaTa. CJIC-
.aYCT H\!eTb B BH.IlY, '1TO TaKoii IIpHCM CHH)I{aCT HpOH3BO.llHTe.'1bHOCTb 81111apaTa.
no,1l. I303,n:CHCTBHeM 06JIY4ell HH H a30THOH KHCJIOTbi npOHcxo.z:r;HT no-
,'JHMepU3alLHH MOJICKYJI pa36aBHTCJIH H 06pa30BalIHe npO,1l.yKTOB OCMO-
JIeHHH ero H nOBepXHOCTIIO-aKTHI3l1blX Beru:CCTB, cnoc06CTBYIOru:rrx no-
JIyqelIl1lO CTOHKHX 3MYJIbCHH. )1,06aBJIeHHC B 3KCTpaKlLHOHHYlO CHCTe-
MY <pTop-HOlla CHHiKaeT 06pa30BaIIHe MeiK<pa3HbIX I33BCCeH, nOCKOJlbKY
<pTOp CI3H3bIBaCT UHpKOIlHH B paCTBopHMbIe <pTOpH,n:bI U:HpKOHHH. CJJe-
,lYCT yqeCTb, lITO 3T0T 3<P<PCKT MOiKlIO OiKH,n:aTb TOJlbKO B TOM cJlY'lae,
CC,'JH OCHOBIIOH npH'IHHOH 06pa30I3aHHH B3BCCCH 5IBJI5IIOTCH 6YTHJI<pOC-
<paTbi U:HpKOIIHH.
ECJlI1 npH BCCX C03,n:aIlHbIX 6JIarOnpHHTIIbiX YC.10I3HHX ,n:JIH 3KCTpaK-
UHH B CMeCliTe.l51X-OTCTOHIlHKax 06pa3YlOTCH B3BeCH, npOlLCCC CJIe,n:yeT
npOBO)lHTb B nYJIbCHpYlOllI,HX KOJIOHHax.
8.9. AnnapaTYPHoe o opMneHMe npo",ecca 3KcTpaK"'MM
OCHOI3HbiM 060Py,n:0I3aIIHeM 3KcTpaKU:HoHHoro nepe,n:e.1a pacTBopoB
OT paCTI OpeHH5I TB3JIOB PTH 51BJIHIOTCH 3KcTpaKTopbI, a TaK2Ke CCpHH
C60PIlHKOB-MOH2KYCOB. )JJIH I3e,n:eHH5I npou:ecca He MeHee I3a2KHbI ,n:03H-
PYIOW:HC H nepeKatJHBalOru:I1C paCTBopbl HaCOChl, BeHTHJIH, OT HcnpaB-
HOH pa60Tbi KOTOpbIX npH J{HCTaHU:HOHHOM pcrYJlHpOI3aHHH 3aBHCHT
TOqHOCTb paCXOJIOB H OTCYTCTBHe 3arpH3HCHHH OT YTe4eK pa,n:HoaKTHB-
HbIX paCTBopOB. KOHTpOJIbHO-H3MCpHTeJIbllaH annapaTypa C np0600T-
60pOM -- TaKiKe HCOT'beMJIeMaH '1aCTb 06ru:Cll CXCMbI TCXHOJIOrH'IeCKOrO
npou:ccca. OHa no,n:p06HO paccMaTpHBacTcH 13 pa3,n:eJIe KOHTpOJI5I H
ynpaB eHH5I npolLcccOM. 060py,n:0I3aHHe ,n:JlH OqHCTKH ra30B OT a3po-
30.leH onHcaHO B 06ru:eM pa3,n:eJIe OqHCTKH ra30B. B ,n:aHIIoM pa3,n:eJIe
paCCMaTpfiBalOTCH TOJIbKO Tpe60BaHfiH K no,n:60py 3KCTpaKTopOB-
OCHOBHoro 060py ,n:OBaHHH npOl ecca 3KCTpaKU:HH.
l'!3 aHaJIH3a K03<p<PfiU:HeHTOB pacnpc,n:eJICHHH ypaHa, nJIYTOHHH H
HenTYHHH BH,n:HO, '1TO 3a O.J.fiH paBHOBeCHbIH KOHTaKT HeJIb3H H3BJIe'lb
169
3TH 9J1eMeHTbl H3 BO,n:IlOH B OpraIIH4CCKYlO <Pa3Y ,n:0 3KOHOMH4CCKH Tpe-
6yel\tOH CTeneHH (99,9 %) ,n:a>Ke npH YCJIOBHH BbICOKoro K03<p<PHUHeHTa
3KcTpaKUHI1. n03TOMY ,n:Jl5I 60JlbllIeH 3<p<pCKTHBHOCTH npou,ccc 3KcTpaK-
UHH npoBo,n:HTCH MHorocTyneIl'laTo B HenpepbIBHoM npoTHBoTOKC. 4HC-
JIO paI3110BeCIIbIx (TeopCTI14CCKHX) cTyneHcH 3KCTpaKIJ.HH N onpc,n:e-
JIHCTCH K03<p<PHu,HeHToM pacnpe,n:eJIeHHH, a npH pa3,n:e.'ICHHH ;J,BYX Be-
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H OCTaTKOB ypaHa ocyru:CCTBJIHeTCH lIa CTa,n:HH a<p<PHlla2Ka. npH 3TOM
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a30THoH KI1CJIOTbi. 3a O.II.HII UHKJI COp6UHH K03<P<PHllHeHT OQHCTKI1
nJIYToHHH OT npo,n:YKTOB ,n:eJICHHH npHMepIlo ,iJ.OCTHracT 5.10 3 , OT ypa-
Ha - 5.10 4 H M02KeT 6b1Tb nOJIY'IeH KOHeQHblH np0)];YKT C KOHueHTpa-
179
u,HeH nJIYTOHHH )];0 50 r/JI. Ho Y2Ke npH TeMnepaType BbIIIle 60°C H3-
BJIeqeHHe nJIYToHHH YXY)];IIlaeTcH.
Me2K)];Y CTa,a:HHMH COp6UHI1 H ,a:CCOp6IlHtf npoBo,n:HTCH IlHKJI npoMbIB-
XH, '1T06b1 ,n:onOJlHHTCJIbHO O'lHCTHTb nJlYToHHH OT 3aXBa1JCHHbIX CMO-
.'IOH npHMeceH. O)];HHM H3 HeMHOfHX 3J1CMCHTOB, 3aTpY)];IIHIOIUHX 04HCT-
xY npH cOp6U:HOHHOM a<p<pHHa2KC nJlyToHHH, HBJIHeTCH ypan (VI), H
npoMblBKa CMOJIbI '1pC3I3bI'IaHIIO nOJlC3Ha ,n:JIH ero y)];aJIeHHH. 3JIIOHpO-
BaHHe nJIYToHHH M02KeT oCYllI,eCTBJlHTbCH KaK B BM,n:e nJIYToHHH (III)
pacTBopoM, co)];ep2Karu:HM BOCCTaHOBHTeJIb, TaK H B BH.z:r;e nJIYToHHH
(IV) - pa36aBJIeHHOH a30THOH KHCJIOTOH. TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKaH cxeMa
2HHoHo06MeHHoro a<p<pHUa2Ka nJIYToHHH npHBe.z:r;eHa na pHC. 8.25.
p{/ :JO{/!JneHHfl fi
HNO a
Na NO z . HNO a
Nt! COPOl(lIfO
Pu"" 0,2-/;-,0 "In
HNO a {j,O-8,O M
UO +, n,4
Nfl
3KCmp{/Kl(UIO
'PHC. 8.25 TCXHOJIOrHqCCKaSl CXCMa a<p<pHHaiKa llJIYTOHHSI C IIpHMCHCIIHCM aHHOIlO-
,o6MeHHblx CMO.l
TIpHMeHeHHe CMOJIbI na CTa)];HH a<p<pHHa2Ka Bbl3b1BaeT HeKOTopbIe
'OCJI02KHeHHH. TaK, npH 06.1Y'leHHH B )];03e 60JICC 3.10 6 fp npOHCXO-
AHT cepbe3Hble pa)];HaUHOHHble nOBpe2K)];eHHH aHHOHHTOB. O,n:HaKO Ha-
rpY2KeHHaH nJIYTOHHeM CMOJIa nOJIY'IaeT )];03Y npHMcpHO 6.10 5 fp B
MeCHU, TaK lITO 6e30naCHaH 3KCnJIyaTa1l,HH CMOJIbI M02KCT OCyru:eCTB-
HTbCH B TelIeHHe no KpaHlIeH Mepe 5 Mec. TIeperpY3Ka CMOJIbI B KO-
OHHC C nOMoru:blO rn,n:pOTpaHcnopTa He BbI3blBaeT OC06bIX 3aTpy.z:r;He-
HHH H ycneillHo ocyru:eCTBJlHeTCH B npOMbIU1JIeHHOM MaCIIlTa6c.
B ClllA H <I>panIJ:HH 6bI.1H aBapHH, npH KOTOpblX CMOJIa, HarPYiKcHHaSl llJIYTOHHCM,
B3phIBaJIacb. HCCJIc;J.oBaHHSI nOKa3aJIH, qTO ncpcBc.acHlIaSl B HHTpaTHYIO <POPMY Ii
-3aTCM IIpOMbITaSl J1.HCTH.l.ijHPOIltiIiHOH RO.aOH CMO.la BOCnJIaMCHSlCTCSI npH 200°C. KHC-
JIOpo.a, Hc06xOJl.HMblH .a:ISI cropaHH5I, IJep05lTHO, 06CCneqHBaeTCSI HHTpaT-HoHaMH.
3THM MOiKHO 06'bSlCnHTb 60.1CC 6ypnoe, R3phIBHOC npoTcKaHHc pCaKIJ:HH .a:ISI narpy-
2KCHIIOH 1l.1YTOHHCM CMO.'lbI. :,.' CTaHOIJ.1CHO, QTO TeMIIcpaTypa BOCnJIaMCHCnHSI CMOJIhI
<:HHiKaCTCSI C YBC.'lHQCHHCM J1.HaMCTpa KO.l0JlHW.
)1,OO'lHCTKa nJIYToHHH HOllo06MCHHbIM MeToJ{oM IIaIIlJIa llIHpoKoe
npHMeHeHHe B npOMbillIJIeIIHocTH. O,n:HaKO Y2KC npH nepepa60TKe Ton-
JIHBa PTH Ha CTaJI.HH HOHo06MeHHoro a<p<pHHa2Ka nJIYToHHH B03HHKa-
10T Tpy,1J;HOCTH, 06YCJIOB.TJeHHble npHcYTcTBHeM 238pU, HMelOru:ero BbI-
-COKYIO y)];eJlbHYIO aKTHBHOCTb. I13JIylIeHHe 238pU BbI3bIBaeT cpaBHH-
TeJIbHO 6bICTpbIH pa)];HOJIH3 CMOJIbI, H npo,n:OJI2KHTeJIbHOCTb pa60TIi
:KOJIOHH pe3KO COKparu:aeTcH, XOTH OlIHCTKa nJIYToHHSI OT oCTaTOlIHbIX
180
JIpO,n:YKTOB ,n:CJIeHHH, ypaHa H ,n:Pyrnx npHMCCeH OCTaeTCH )];OBOJIbHO
.3<p<peKTHBHOH. TIpH nepepa60TKe TOnJIHBa peaKTOpOB-pa3MfI02KHTeJIeH
Ha na.D.HH HOII006MeHHoro a<p<PI1IIa2Ka BbIHBHJIHCb .D.OnOJIIIHTCJIbHbIe
TPY)];IIOCTH: pC3KO BbIpOCrneC KOJIH'IeCTBO nJIYTOHI1H nOTpe60BaJIO npH
HCnOJlb30BaHHH annapaTOB C H,n:CpHO-6c30naCHOH reOMCTpHCH YBCJIH-
"1JCIIHH '1HCJIa OCHOBHbIX H BcnOMOraTCJIbIIbIX annapaTOB, KOMMYHHKa-
lJ,HH, KOHTpOJIbHO-H3MepHTeJIbHOH annapaTYPbI H np. n03TOMY npH
ncpepa60TKe TOnJIHBa C BbiCOKOH rJIy6HHoH BbiropaHHH 3TOT MeTO.z:r;
8<p<pHHa2KHOH O'lHCTKH HencpCneKTI1BeH.
A<P<PHHaJK nJIYTOHHSI 9KCTpaKlJ,Heii aMHHaMH. AMHHbI, oco6eHHO
TpCTH'IHbIC, KaK 3KCTpareHTbI npHBJIeKalOT BHHMaHHe BCJIe)];CTBHe HX
BbICOKOH H36HpaTeJIbHOCTH H HCKJIIO'IHTeJIbHO 60JIbliiOH conpOTHBJIHe-
MOCTH K XHMH'IeCKOMY H pa)];HOJIHTH'ICCKOMY B03,n:eHCTBHIO. TIpocTbIe
TpeTH'IHbie aMHHbI, 6Y,'I.Y'IH CJIa6bIMI1 OCHOBaHHHMH, B3aHMO)];eHCTBYIOT
c KHCJIOTa H C 06pa30BalIHCM COJIeH no peaKlJ,HH
R3N + HX R 3 NHX.
COJIH aMHHOB C ,n:OCTaTO'lIlO BbICOKOH MOJIeKYJIHpIlOH MaCCOH npaK-
THqeCKH HepaCTBopHMbI B BO)];e H JIerKO CMellIHBalOTCH C pa3JIH'IHbIMH
<>praHH'IeCKHMH pa36aBHTCJIHMH. K03<p<PHll,HeIlTbI pacnpc,n:eJIeHHH 3KC-
TpampyeMbix .3JIeMCHTOB nOBblillalOTCH C YBeJIH'IeIlHeM )];JIHHbI yrJIe-
BO)];OPO)];HOH 1I,enO'lKH B MOJIeKYJIe aMHHa.
AIIHOHbI COJIH aM HHa JIC rKO 3aMeru:aIOTCH:
R 3 NHX + HY R 3 NHY + HX.
.Cnoc06HOCTb aHHOHOB K 3aMeru:eHHIO CHH2KaeTCH B PH)];y CIOr<
<N0 3 -<CI-<HSOr<F-. CB060,'I.HHH aMHH o6pa3yeTcH npH 06pa-
-6oTKe COJIH ru:eJIO'lblO:
R 3 NHX + OH- R3N + HzO + X-.
3KCTpaKlJ,HH nJIYTOHHH (VI) TpCTH'IIIblMH aMHllaMH H3 HHTpaTHbIx
epe)]; ocyru:ecTBJIHeTCH no ,n:BYM MexaHH3MaM (npHCOe)];I1HeIlHH H aHH-
Olllloro 06MeHa):
pu (N0 3 )i + 2R 3 NH N0 3 (R3NHh Pu (N 0 3 )6;
Pu (N03) - + 2R 3 NHN0 3 (R 3 NHh Pu (N0 3 )6 + 2N03'.
C TO'IKH 3peHHH TepMo,n:HHaMHKH 3TH peaKlJ,HH 3KBHBaJIeHTHbI H
paBIlOBeCHble )];aHHbie HC YKa3bIBalOT Ha npe06JIa,n:alUie KaKOH-JIH60 H3
HHX.
THnH'IHbIC 3Ha'lellHH K03<p<pHlJ,HCHTOB pacnpe,n:eJIeHHH MeTaJIJIOB
npH 3KCTpaKlJ,HI1 0,3 M pacTBopaMH IUiTpaTOB nepBl1'1HblX, BTOpH'IlIbIX,
TpeTHlIllbiX aMHHOI3 H '1CTBepTH'IHbIX aMMOlIHeBbiX OCHOBaHHH H3 2 M
HN0 3 npHBCJI.ellbI B Ta6JI. 8.16. )1,JIH TpeTH'IHbIX aMHHOB xapaKTepHa
BbiCOKaH H36HpaTeJIbHOCTb no OTHOilleIlHIO K nJIYToHHIO (IV). HH3KHe
3Ha 4CII HH K03<p<PHU:HeIIToB pacnpe)];CJICHHH nJIYToHHH (III) 11 (VI)
no,n:'1CpKHBaIOT He06xoJJ:HMOCTb KOJIH'IeCTBeHHOH KoppeKTHpoBKH Ba-
JIeHTHbIX <pOpM MCTaJIJIa ncpe)]; 3KcTpaKu,HcH. 113BJIe'leHHe npO)];YKTOB
)l,CJIeIlHH OqeHb HH3Koe, H3BJIe'leHHe ypaHa (VI) TaK2Ke He3Ha'lHTeJIb-
181
T a 6 JI H I.l a 8.16. Ko::ujlctlHu.HeHTbI pacllpeJJ,e.neHHSI aKTHHOHJJ,OB H npoJJ,YKTOB JJ,e.neHHSI
npH 9KcTpaKu.HH 0,3 M paCTBOpaMH aMHHOB H3 2 M paBHoBecHoii H\10 3
,\ MElfi '"
1.JCTRE:'pTH'!..JHbtC
3.1 C"CfI T aMMOHHeBbte
nepBHQIl1.e BTOpEl'JRblC TpeTR'JRble oCHoBanHH
Th (TV) < 1 O- <0,1 -1 50
U (IV) - -4
U (VI) <10- 2 <0,1 0,5 2
Np (IV) -0,5 0,1 5 200
I\p (V) 3.10- 3 10- 2
Pu (III) < 10- 2 < 10- 2 5. 10- 2 0,1
Pu (IV) 2 0.5 500 50
Pu (VI) <10- 2 <10- 2 0.1 0,2
Am (III) 10- 2 <0,1
Sm (III) 10-. 10-. 10- 4
Ru (IV) 10- 2 0,1
Zr (IV) 10- 4 10- 4
'\\0 (VI) 10-. 10- 4 10- 4
HO, 'ITO ,1,aCT B03MOiKIIOCTb OCyru:CCTBHTb O'lHCTKY nJlYTOH1:I5I Ii OT
ypaHa.
)1,JIH ycneIlllloro BbInOJlHCHHH npoU:CCCOB 3KCTpaKIllll1 aMHIIaMII
HCl\1aJJOBaiKlIOC 31la4CIllle HMeCT no.a60p pa36aBHTCJJH. )1,JIH 3THX HC-
JICH MO}KHO HcnO.lb3013aTb KaK a.lll<paTH'IeCKHe, TaK H apOMaTIi'ICCKlie
pa36aBI1Te.1H. Pa36aBHTCJIH )];OJI2KHbi 6blTb CTOHKllMH K Xl:IMI14eCI\OMY
H pa,n:llO.1HTH1fCCKOMY B03.II,eHCTBliIO, B IIIIX }J,OJliKHbI AOCTaT04HO xo-
pOillO paCTBOp5ITbC5I COJJH aMHHOB II 3KCTparlIpYCMbie KOMn.'1CKCbI Me-
TaJIJI- aMHH.
HaH60JIec nO.L(XO)];HlllH H pa36aBHTeJIHMH npll3HaHbI a.1H<paTll4e-
CKlle coe,n:HHeHHH THna H-)];O.il,eKaIla. OJ{lIaKO paCTI30pHMOCTb KOMn.'1eK-
COB nJIYTOlllIH B HeM orpaHll4eHa. Kor.il,a .il,OCTHraeTCH npe,n:eJI paCTBO-
pllMOCTH, o6pa3ycTcH BTopaH OpraHll'leCKaH <pa3a, cO)J.cp2KallI,aH 311a-
'1llTeJlbHOC KOJIH'ICCTBO nJlYTOlIl:IH. 3TO H a PYillaeT npouecc 3KCTpa KUlllI
Ii H,n:epHYIO 6C30naCHOCTb. 06pa30BaHHc TpcTbeH <pa3bI 06bI'IHO npe,n:-
OTI3palllalOT ,n:06aB.1clIllCM nOJl51 pllhIX MOi!,l:I<pllKaTopoB, !IanpJlMep
.il,.1HHIIOUCnO'lC'IHblX cnHpTOB (13 'IaCTHOCTll, IllHpOKO npllMeHHCTCH OK-
TllJIOBbIH cnHpT), XOT5I 3TH ,n:06aI3Kll npHBo,n:51T K CIIH2KCHHIO CTcnCHH
H3BJICtleHliH nJIYTOIIHH, a TaKiKC XHMH4CCKOH H pa,n:llaILHOHHOH YCTOH-
'1llBOCTH OpraHM'IeCKOH <pa3bl. TaKHM 06pa30M, a<p<pHlIa2K n.1YTOHHH
3KCTpaKUHCH: aMHHaMH HMceT jJ.13a Cyru:CCTBCIIHbIX Hc,n:OCTaTKa: Bo-nep-
BbIX, IIC06XO,n:HMOCTb A06aB.1CHHH B oprallH'IeCKYIO <Pa3Y «MO,n:H<pHKa-
TOpOB» (cnHpTOB H T. n.) CBO,n:llT lIa HeT BbiCOKYIO pa,n:l:IalLHOHHO-XH-
MI!4eCKYIO CTOHKOCTb aMllHOB ll, BO-BTOphIX, pe:;;KCTpaKIJ,HH IlJIYTOIlHH
H3 OpraHH'ICCKOH <pa3bl npOXO.II,HT C nOMoru:blO JIH60 KOMIIJIeKC006pa-
30BaTCJICH, JIH60 BOCCTaIlOBHTCJIeH. n pHMeHCIIHC ypalla (IV) HC)];Ony-
CTHMO, TaK KaK Tpc6yeT cru:c O,n:HOH onepaUHH - OT.zr.eJIeHllH ypaHa
OT nJlYTOHllH. TCXHOJIOrH'IeCKaH CXCMa a<p<PHHa2Ka n.1YTOIIHH 3KCTpaK-
1I,HeH aMIIHaMH npHMeHHTeJIbHO K pereHepaUHH TOIIJIHBa BB3P npH-
Be)];eHa Ha pHC. 8.26.
182
Pl7flJUHam
Ha npoMbllJKY
3KCmp17Kma
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npoilytrm
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A<P<PHHa}l{ nJIYTOHHH 3KCTpaKlI.HeH T6 . OCHOBHbl:vt ,aOCTOHHCTBOM
.a<p<pHHaiKa nJIYToHHH 3KCTpaKU:HeH pacTBopaMH TBQ> B pa36aBHTeJIe
na pa<plfHOBoro pH,n:a HBJIHeTCH O)];HOTHnHocTb npHMCHHeMOH opraHH-
'1eCKOH <pa3bI j JIH BceH TCXHOJIOrH'IeCKOH cxeMbI nepepa60TKH 06JIY-
1.fCIIIIOrO TOnJIlfBa. Bcc nOTOKH npouecca (BO,n:HbIC, OpraHH'ICCKI1C H
ra30Bble) I1MelOT MHoro 06ru:HX 060POTOB, OTXO,n:OB II T. n. BBeJJ.CHHC
3MIIII0I3, TaK 2Ke KaK H aHHoIIIITOB, Ha CTa,n:HI1 a<p<pHlIa2Ka HapymaeT
3TO C]l.HHCTI30, YCJI02KH5ICT cxeMY H C03)];aCT yrp03y B3aHMHoro 3a-
rp5l3HCHI1H 3KcTpaKUlfolIHhIX CHCTCM. BOT nO'leMY B nocJIe.il.llee BpeMH
nO'lTH nOBCCMeCTHO a<p<PHHaiK nJIYTolIHH nepcBo,n:HT (a Ha 60JIbIIlIIH-
CTne 3aBo,n:OB Y2KC nCpeBeJIH) Ha 3KCTp3KUHIO TBQ> B napa<pHH0I30M
pa36aBHTeJIC.
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na HCXO,JlIbIX nJlYTOHHHco,n:cp2KaIUHX BO,n:HbIX paCTBopOB. B TaKlfX
paCTBopax KpOMe nJIYTOHHH Haxo,n:HTCH TaK2Ke HenTYHHH H '1aCTH'IHO
183
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BH)];C ,n:BYX 3KCTpaKUHOHHbIX KaCKa;J.OI3 B .II.I3YX BapH3I!TaX. nO;J..II.ep2KH-
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H '1eTbIpCXBa.'1eHTIIOM COCTOHI!HH, 3KCTpampYIOT HenTYHHH H ypaH
(c nOCJlelIYlOweH pe3KCTpaKUliCH I1CmYHHH), a 3aTCM YiKC npOBO;J.HT
a<p<pIiHaiK IIJlYTOIlHH H3 pa<pHIiaTOI3, He co,n:ep2Karu:HX HH HemYIIHH"
npOflfbl(JHOU
;;ar 77 :JOI
T5</> 30%
I Z J l;- 5 {] f 8 IJ 'C ., "7 IJ 14 15 16
3rC{7',l:l r/{uJl
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HH ypaHa. M02KHO TaK2Ke, C03,n:aB napy nJIYTOIIHH (IV) - HcmYHHK
(V), CHa'laJIa 3KcTpampoBaTb nJIYToIIHH H ypaH, a 3aTeM Y2Ke ocyru:e-
CTBJl5ITb a<p<PHHa2K HenTYHHH.
EC.'IH HCXO,n:HbTH nJlYToHHeBbIH pacTBop co,n:ep2KHT TOJlbKO ypaH (6e3
HenTYIIHH), TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKa51 CXCMa M02KCT 6b1Tb npc,n:CTaBJIeHa B 0)];-
IIOKaCKa,n:1I0M 3KcTpaKuHoIlHOM MCDOJIHCI!HH. Pa3JIH'IHe B pe2KHMaX
3aBHCHT OT KOJIH'ICCTBeHHoro cO)];ep2KaIiHH ypaHa B pacTBope. Ha
pHC. 8.27 npHBe,n:eH O)];HII 113 BapHaHTOB <ppaHUY3CKOH cxeMbT a<p<PHHa-
2Ka npH COOTHOllICHHH nJIYTOIIHH H ypaHa B HCXO,n:UOM BO,n:HOM paCTBO-
pe 1 : 1. 3,n:ecb nOCJIe COBMCCTIIOH 3KcTpaKUHH ypaHa H nJIYToHHH npo-
BO)];HTCH BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHaH pC3KCTpaKUI1H DJIYTOIlH5I C nOMoru:bI(}
'1eTbIpeXBaJICIITHOro ypaHa. BOJ{HbIH pacmop pe3KcTparHpoBaHHoro
nJIYToHHH OTMblBaeTCH OT ypaHa pacTBopoM CBC2KCrO 3KcTparcHTa, B
PC3YJlbTaTe '1ero nOJIY'IaIOT 04Hru:eHHbIH OT npO)];YKTOB )];eJleHHH pac-
TBOp C KOH1I,eHTpaI.I:HeH 15 r/JI HHTpaTa nJIYTOHHH H MeHee 75 Mr/Jf
ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa. OKOH'IaTeJIbHaH O'lHCTKa nJIYToHHH OT npo,n:YKTOB )];e-
JIeHHH H ypana ocyru:ecTBJIHeTCH I1a CTa.z:r;HH OKCaJIaTHOrO OCa2K.z:r;eHHH
184
PC3KCTpaKUHIO nJIYTOHHH H3 OpraHH'IeCKI1X paCTBOpOB TB<I> 06bI'I-
HO npOBO,n:HT pa36aBJIeHHbIM paCTBOpOM a30TIIOH KHCJIOTbI (20 r/JI).
TIpH 3TOM nOBCCMCCTIIO OTMC'IaeTCH IIenOJIHOTa pe3KcTpaKUHH nJIYTo-
HHH. Ha 3aBO)];e W AK (<I>pr) Ha 3TOH CTa,n:HH TCXHOJIOrHlfeCKoro npo-
uecca B03IIHKaJIH TPy,n:HOCTH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbie npHcYTcTBHeM 238PU.
TIpH nOBblIIlCHHH rJIy6HlIbI BblrOpaH1:IH TODJIHBa B DJIYToIIHeBoH <ppaK-
UHH nOMHMO H30TonOB C MaCCOBbIMH '1l1CJIaMH 239-242 CO,n:CpiKI1TCH
60JlbliiOC KOJIH'IeCTBO 238PU, HMelOru:ero BbICOKYIO Y)];CJIbHYIO aKTHB-
HOCTb. I13J1Y'IeHHe 238PU BbI3bIBaeT OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6bIcTpoe pa3JI02Ke-
HHe TBcI> C 06pa30BaHHcM )1,BcI>. I1HTeIIcHBHoCTb 06JIY'IeIlHH, C031I.a-
13aeMoro BCCMH H30TonaMH nJIYToHHH, BCJIe,n:CTBHC BbiCOKOH Y 1I.eJIbHOH:
aKTHBHOCTH 238PU (17 KH/Kr) YBCJlH'IHBaCTCH npHMepHo B,n:Boe. npo-
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nJIYToIIHH.
B npOH3BO)];CTBeHHoH npaKTHKe B Ka'lCCTBe pe3KcTpareHToB '1aCTO
HCnOJlb3YIOT KOMnJICKC006pa30BaTCJIH: YKCYCHYIO KI:ICJ10TY (npH a<p-
<pHllaiKc nJIYToHHH aMHHaMH) H.TIH cepHYIO KHC.'1OTY (npH a<p<PHlIa2Ke
nJIYToHHH TBcI». YBeJIH'IeIIHe KOHUCHTpalLHH H 2 S0 4 B BO,n:tlOM paCTI30-
pC npH DOCTOHHlIOH KOHU:CHTpaU:HH a30THOH KHCJIOTbi npHBO,n:HT K CHH-
2KCHHIO K03<p<pHllHeHTa paCnpe)];e.leIIHH nJlYToHH5I (IV) TCM 60.1CC 311a-
"tJHTeJlbHoMY, '1eM HH2Ke KOHu:eHTpaUHH HN0 3 B paI3IIOBCCIIOH I30,n:I1011
<p a3e .
B DOCJIe,n:Hee BpCM5I HaH60JIee y,n:06I1bIM npHcVloM pC3KCTpaKUHH
nJIYToIIHH npH a<p<pHHaiKe TBcI> C'IHTaIOT HCnOJlb30BaHHe pacTBopoB
a30THoH KHCJIOTbi (20 r/JI) H B03BpaT pacTBopa 3KcTparcHTa H3 a<p-
<pHHa2KHOrO nepe)];eJIa, B KOTOpOM OCTaeTCH 10-50 r/JI HHTpaTa
nJIYToHHH, 6e3 06pa60TKH ero CO,n:OH, Ha nepBbIH H.TJI1 I3TOpOH UHKJI
'3KCTpaKUHH, r,n:e H3 Hero nOJIHOCTblO H3BJIeKalOT OCTaTOlfIIoe KOJ1HlfC-
-CTBO nJIYTOHHH.
8.13. nepepa60TKa TonnHBa peaKTOpOB
Ha 6b1CTpblX HeKrpOHaX
TIepepa60TKY 06JIY'IeHHOrO TODJIHBa PTH MOA<I10 C'IHTaTb Y2Ke
npOMbIllIJIeHHbIM npoueccoM, KOTOpbIH Hc06xo,n:HMO cOBepIIleHcTBoBaTb
)];aJIbllIe nYTeM npOBC)];eHHH HCCJIe)];OBaTeJIbCKHX H ODblTHO-KOHCTPYK-
TOpCKHX pa60T.
B aTOMHOH 3HcprCTHKC 6y.ayw:cro PBH npH06pcTalOT pCllIaIOW:CC 3I1aIJCHHC,
TaK KaK OHH 1l03BOJISlIOT BOBJIC'Ib B IICC npaKTH'ICCKH BeCb .a06b1BaCMblH ypaH C
130cnpOH3Bo.aCTBOM HOB oro TOnJIHBa - llJIYTOHHSI. B COBeTCKOM COI03C pa60TaIOT
ABa pcaKTopa lIa 6hICTpblX HCHTpOliax - BH-350 II BH-600, B KOTOpblX TOnJIHBOM
'CJIY:>KHT 060raW:CHHhIH ypaH. B IlOCJIC.aYIOW:CM peaKTophI 6y.aYT pa60TaTb Ha CMC-
lliaHHOM ypaH-nJIYTOHHeBOM TOll.lHBC. B HaCTOSlw:ce BpC\lSI B HIIX Hcno.lb3YIOT lIaH60-
.JICC H3Y'leHHYIO q>OpMY TOnJIHBa - OKCH,!I.HOC TOU.1HBO; B .aaJIbHCHllICM MO:>KCT OKa-
3aTbCSI He06xo.aHMhIM llCpCHTH na .apyroc, 60JICC BhIro.aHOC .aJISI Bocnp01l3Bo.aCTBa
"TOllJIHBO - Kap6H.aHOC, HHTpH.aHOC H MCTaJIJIHIJCCKOe
LJ:.1S1 pa60TbI PBH OIJeHb Ba:>KHO IIpC.aYCMOTPCTb pcrCHepan:HIO H B03BpaT SI.il.Cp-
HOro TOll.1HBa B UHKJI. ITpll oprallH3aUHH 3aMKHYToro TOllJIHBHOrO UHKJIa pa60Ta
185
PBH HaH60. ec 3«P«PCKTHBHa. IlpH 3TOM O,J.HHM H3 YC.l0BHH 3KOHOMHQHOCTH SlB.1S1CTCsr
COKpaW:CHHe BnernHCrO TOnJlHBIIOrO l\HKJIa npH CpllO .l{0 12 MCC.
no KOHCTPYKlLHH TB3JIbi PBH npH6JIu2KaIOTC5I K TB3JIaM PTH.
BMeCTe C TeM pa3J1HlJalOT TB3JIbi aKTHBHoH 30HbI (060raru:eHlla5I 30Ha
TODJIHBa B u:eIlTpe) H Topu:eBbix 3KpaHoB (H3 06C)];HellHOro ypaHa) H
caMOCTOHTC.lbHO TB3JIbI 60KoBoro 3KpaIIa, co)];ep2Karu:He 06c,n:IIeHHbIH
ypaH.
BOJlbIllHIICTBO np06JICM nepcpa60TKH TODJIHBa PBH CB5I3aHO C BbI-
COKHM y,n:eJIbHbiM 3HeprOBbI)];e.leHI1CM (npH rJIy6HlIe BbIrOpaIIH5I TOD-
J1HBa, .il.OCTHralOru:eH 3a o.n:HY KaMnaHHIO 100-120 TbIC. MBT' cYT/T);
3HaQUTeJlbIIbIM HaKOnJlCHHeM npO)];YKTOB ,n:eJIeIIH5I (,n:o 100 Kr/T, '1TO
BJIClJeT 3a C060H npH KOpOTKOM BpcMeHH BbI)];ep2KKU TOnJlHRa BblCOKYIO
pa,n:HoaKTHBlloCTb MaTepHaJIOB) H BbICOKHM cO)];ep2KaHHeM nJlYToHuH,
yCJlO2KHHIOru:H BeCb TeXIIOJIOfH'IeCKHH npolLecc, oc06eIIII0 YC.l0BH5I
51,n:epHoH 6c30nacHocTH.
TpaHcnopTHpoBKa, xpaHeHHe, pa3)1.eJIKa C60POK H ux paCTBOpeHue.
OrpaHH4HBalOru:HM <paKTopo npH xpaHeIIHH H TpaHcnopTHpoBKe Ton-
JIHBa HBJI5IeTC5I TeMnepaTypa 060-
JIO'leK TB3JIOB. nOCKOJlbKY OT,n:CJIb-
HbiC TB3J1b1 TOnJIHBa 06'be,n:HHeHbI
B TenJIOBbI,n:CJl5IIOru:He C60PKII, KOH-
CTPYKTHBHO CB5I3aHHbiC nY4KI1 CTCp-
2KHeH, npH HIITelICHBHOM BbI,J,e.'1e-
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,n:JI5I npe,n:oTBparu:eHHH nJlaBJICHHH.
lLeHTpaJIbHbIX CTep2KHCH C60pKH.
(4T06b1 TpaHcnopTHpoBaTb C60PKH
6e3 OXJIa2K,n:eHH5I B cywecTBYIOIIlHX
KOHTcHHcpax, Tpe6ycTC5I BbI,n:ep2KKa
BblJI,eJIeHHII C60POK TOnJIHBa PBH He MeHee
pacna.u.a OT 300 CYT, TaK KaK npH YBeJIl1'1eHHH
BpeMeHH OXJIa2K)];eHI15I nOCJIe H3BJIe-
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12 Mec TeDJIO, rCHepHpyeMoe Ka2K-
.z:r;OH C60PKOH, CHH2KaeTC5! C 13,4 ,n:o 1,2 KBT). He06xo,n:HMoe OXJIaiK..'I.e-
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N aK, KOTOpblH pacceHBaeT TenJlO KOHBeK1I,HeH 6e3 npeBbIllIeHH5I KPH-
TH'IeCKOH TeMnepaTypbl.
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Ho06JIY'leHHbiX C60POK H 60JIbIIlHM KOJIH'IeCTBOM HaTpHH B TpaHCDopT-
nOM KOHTeHHepe, Tpe6yeT YCTaHOBJIeHHH 2KCCTKHX npaBHJI B OTHO-
IIleHHH nepeB030K, '1TO BJIH5!eT Ha 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe acneKTbI TOnJlHBHO-
ro lLHKJIa. B TOM CJIY'lae, Kor,n:a TODJIHBO nepeB03HT B cpe)];e HaTpH5!,
3aBO.n: no ncpepa60TKe ..'I.OJI2KeH HMeTb CnClLHaJlbHOe 060pY.ll.OBaHHe
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KaMepy ,n:e3aKTHBaU:HH HaTpH5!. nepe.ll. nOMeru:eHHCM C60PKH B 6ac-
ceHH ,n:Jl5! xpaHeHH5! HJIH B KaMepy )];J15! pe3KH cc He06xo.il.HMO O'lHC
L 200
,,
100
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JO 60 90 120
BpeMfi 6bldepJH:KU., clIm
PHC. 8.28. 3aBHcHMoCTb
Ten. a pa)J,HoaKTHBlloro
BpeMcHH BblJl.epMKH:
J - TR"JlbI PBH (80000 MBT CYT/T); 2-
TB"JlbI PTH (32000 MBT CYT/T)
186
150
THTb OT HaTpHH. 3TY OnepaUHIO M02KHO ocyru:eCTBHTb B KaMepe c
HHepTIIbiM ra30M npO,n:YBKOH BO.ll.HHbIM napOM npH TCMnepaTYpc 120-
150°C. )1,JlH )];C3aKTHBalLHH MOiKHO HCnOJIb30BaTb CI3HHelL, TaK KaK
Cl\iCCb Pb - Na paCTBopHeTcH B BO,n:C 6C3 B3pbII3a (pHC. 8.29).
Al(mU/iOUObl+
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refltJOi[; ". L' 3I(cm!JOKt;iIiI Tb4>
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nY'lKH, a 3aTeM pe2KYT Ha KyCKH Tpe6yeMoro pa3Mepa H 3arpY2KalOT
B annapaT .ll.JIH paCTBOpeHHH. B CCCP )];JIH C60POK PTH npHHHT Me-
TO.z:r; pe3KH BceH C60PKH Ha KYCKH pa3McpoM npHMepHo 50 MM C aBTO-
MaTH'ICCKOH 3arpY3KoH B annapaT-pacTBOpHTeJIb. AHaJIOrH'IHbIH Me-
TO,n:, nO-BH)];HMOMY, 6Y)];eT npHHHT H JI.JI5J TOnJIHBa PBH. iloCJIC pac-
TBopeHHH TOnJIHBa KYCKH 060JIO'lKH TB3JIOB H3 Hep2KaBelOweH CTaJIH
nHeBMaTH'IeCKH y.ll.aJI5IIOT H3 annapaTa-pacTBOpHTCJIH.
ECJIH BpeMH OXJIa2K)];eHHH TOnJlHBa 3-6 Mec, npou:ecc pe3KH c6o-
pOK OCJlO2KIIHCTCH, nOCKOJIbKY Tpe6yeTcH )];OnOJIHHTCJIbIIaH CHCTCMa
{)XJIa2K)];eHHH Ha CTa.z:r;HH pa360pKH qeXJIOB, y,n:aJIeHHH XBOCTOBHKOI3 H,
HaKOHeu, Ha caMOH pC3KC C60pKH. TOJ1bKO OXJIa2K,n:eHHe Ton.1HBa B Te-
qeHHe ro)];a CHHMaeT 3TY np06JICMY.
187
PaCTBopeHHe CMeIIlaHHoro OKCH,n:Horo ypaH-nJIYTOHHCBoro TOnJlHBa
3aBHCHT OT nOJlHOTbi 06pa30BaHHH TBep)];OrO paCTBopa U0 2 - PU02.
ECJlH paCTBOp$1Tb CMeIIlaHHoe ypaH-nJIYTOHHeBoe TOnJIHBO ,n:o 06JIYlJe-
JlHH, TO BCCb PU02, lie Borue,n:IIlI1H B TBep,n:blH paCTBOp, 6y)];eT Bbma-
)];aTb B Tpy,n:1I0paCTBopHMbIH OCTaTOK. ilplI nepepa60TKe 06JIY'leHHoro
TOnJIHBa yCTaHOB.'1eIlO, '1TO BbICOKaH rJIy6HHa BbIropaHIIH OKa3blBaeT
.z:r;OBOJIbliO 6.'1arOnpH5ITIIOe BJlHHHI1C I1a paCTBopCIIHe nJlYTOIIHH. BMec-
Te C TeM KOJIII'IeCTBO HepaCTBopHMoro OCTaTKa nOBbIliiaeTCH npH YBe-
J1H'ICHHII rJIy6HHbi BbIropaHHH TOnJIHBa, '1TO CBH3aHO C HaKOnJIeIIHeM
Tpy,n:lIopaCTBopHMblX npO)];YKTOB )];CJICHHH, lIanpHMCp PYTCHHH, UHpKO-
IIHH, HH06HH, MOJIH6)];eHa H .J.p. 3KcnepHMeHTa.lbli0 nOKa3alI0, '1TO npK
rJIy6HlIe BbIropam:lH TOnJlHBa J1.O 20000 MBT' CYT/T KOJIH'IeCTBO nJIY-
TOHHH B HcpacTBopHMOM OCTaTKC COCTaBJlHeT OKOJIO 50/0, a npH rJlY-
6HlIe BblropaHHH 85000 MBT' CYT/T CIIH2KaCTC5I .J.O 0,47 %. nOJlHOro-
pacTBopeHHH OCTaTKa (99,99 %) M02KHO ;:r,OCTHlJb JIHillb B 14 M HN0 3
B Te'IeHHe 5 1J. 06bI1J1I0 pacTBopcHHe HN0 3 PCKoMcII.J.yeTcH npOBo,n:HTb-
c ,n:06aBJIeIIHCM <pTopa HJIH HepacTBopHMbiC OCTaTKH 06pa6aTbIBaTb
OT,n:eJlbIIO a30THOH KHCJlOTOH C J1.06aBKaMH <pTopa.
Y)l.aJIeHHe ra3006pa3Hblx npoAYKTOB ,n:eJIeHHSI. EOJlcc BbICOKa51 rJIY-
6HlIa BbiropaHHH 11 60Jlee BblCOKoe y)];eJIbHOC 3HeproBbI.J.CJleHHC, xa-
paKTeplibIc ,n:.'1H TOnJlI1Ba PEH, a TaK2KC Tell,n:eHU:HH K cOKpalllcIIHJ()
nepHoJ1.a OX.naiK.J.CIIlIH TOnJlHBa nepe)]; nepepa60TKoH Tpe6YlOT YCTa-
HOBJlCHHH 60Jlee 2KeCTKHX IlOpM JIa c6poc ra3006pa3Hbix npoAYKTOB
.n;CJIeHHH B aTMoc<pepy.
C YBC.1HlJCHlieM 1.'ly6I1Hb! BblrOpaHll51 IIponopIlHOHa.'lbI!O YBC.'llllJIIBaCTC5I KOHueHT-
paUHSI ,aO.'lroJKllBYlIIIIX pa,aHoaKTHBHbIX HYK.1HJl.OB 85I(r(T 1/2 = 10,8 rO,l!a), 3H (T 1/2=
= 12,3 10,ll.a II 129 1 (T 1/2= 1,7.10 7 JICT) B 06JIYlJCHHOM Ton.'lHBC. Y\lClP,lUCHI!C BpC:\IC-
IIH oXJIaJK,l!ClIHSI, 06YC.'lOBJIllBae\lOC 60.lblIlHM KO.1HlJCCTBOM 1l.1YTOHIIH, 3a;r3JIMllBaC-
MblM BO BlIClIlHC\I Ton.1HBIIO 1 llllK.1C, 6Y,lI.eT IIpllBO,ll.llTb K IIaKOnJICHl!1O B BeCbMa
60JIblIlHX KOJIlllJCCTBaX KOpOTKOJKllBYlllllX ra3006pa3HblX npOJl.YKTOB J1.C.1CIIHSI:
131 1 (T I / 2 =8,05 CYT) H 13JXc (T 1 / 2 =5,3 CYT). no paClJeTaM CO,ll.CpJKallllC 3TllX
"YKJIH,lI.OB BIT 06.'lYlJCHHOrO Ton.1HBa ,lI.OCTHraCT [I(H!(MBT'CYT)]: 85I(r-0,3 3H_
0,025; 129 1 - 1,5.10- 6 ; 133XC - 1200 (lloc.,1e 30 CYT OX.laJK,lI.CIIH51) H I11J - 220()
(TaKJKC 1l0CJIC 30 CYT ox.'laJK.LJ:eHll5l).
He06xo,n:HMO nplIIIHMaTb MepbI K YJlaBJIHBaHHIO 851\r, 3H H 129I
'1T06b1 H36c2KaTb HaKon.'leIB:lH 3THX HYKJlM)];OB B OKPY2KalOru:CH cpe,n:e.
HaH60JIec 2KCCTKHe Tpc60BallHH npe,n:'bHBJIHIOTCH K c6pocy B aTMO-
C<pepy HO)];a. ilpH O'leHb Hc60JIbIJIOM nepHO,n:c OXJIa2K,n:eHHH (30 CYT)
K03<p<PHUHCHT YJlaBJIHBaHHH .ll.OJl2KCII COCTaBJIHTb 10 8 . ilpH OXJIa2K)];e-
HHH B Te'lCHHC 150 CYT K03<p<PHIIHeHT OlfHCTKH He )];OJl2KCH 6bITb MelIb-
me 10 3 . TaKHe 2Ke 2KeCTKHe Tpe60BaHHH npe,n:'bHBJI$1IOT K 3H, KOTOpblH
Hc06xo,n:HMO y,n:aJIHTb H3 TOnJlHBa ,n:o paCTI30peHHH, '1T06bI CKOHllCHT-
pHpOBaTb H 1I36e2KaTb pacnpOCTpaIleHHH ero B orpOMHblx 06'bCMaX
paCTBopOB.
3KcncpHMCHTa.'lbllO YCTaHoB.'lellO, lJTO B TOnJIHBC 1I0C.1C 06JIYlJellH5I B pcaKTope
OCTaCTCSI HC GOJICC 1 % paClJCTHOrO KOJIHlJCCTBa 3H, TaK KaK B TB3JIax C OGOJIOlJKOH
H3 HCpJKaBCIOIIleii CTa.'lll OH )l.H«P«PYHJl.HPYCT H Y,lI.a.1S1crcSI Ha CTa,ll.HH IIpc6blBaHHR B
188
peaKTOpc B OTJIHIJHC OT TB3JIOB PTH C 060.'lO'lKOH H3 UHpKOHHSI. B 3TOH CBSl3H, <II
TaKJKC BCJIC,!I.CTBHC MCHeC 34>4>CKTHBHOrO BbI,!I.e.'leHH5I 3H npH BO.'lOKCH,!I.aUHH H3 C\IC'
naHIlOrO ypaH-TIJIYTOIiHeBOrO TOTIJIHBa no cpaBHCHHIO C ypaHoBbl 1 Ton.mHO\! uc.le-
co06pa3HOCTb opralIH3aUHH .J,OBO.lbHO C.10JKHOrO npouecca BO.l0KCll.J,aUHH CTaHOBHTCSI:
CO\!IIHTCJIbHOH. I( TOMY JKC BblJl.e.leHHC HO.1a npH BO,lOKCH,J.aUJIII IIC npcBbllllaeT
60-70 %.
06ru:ee BbI.il.eJleHHe 85Kr Ha CTa,n:HI1 pC3KH COCTaB.'1HeT npHMepHO
93 %, a nOCJIe pacTBopcHHH 100 %. YIo.J. npH pC3Ke H paCTBOpCl!HH
MOiKHO Y.J.aJlHTb Ha 95 %. Tpe6YlOTcH .J.ono.'1HHTeJIbHbIe Mepbl no npn-
HY)];HTeJIbHoMY y,n:aJleliHIO HO)];a H3 paCTI30pa, '1T06bI 06CCne'lHTb KO-
3<P<PHU:HCHT O'lHCTKI1 OT Ho,n:a B npe.J.cJlax 99 %. OCTaBllIHHcH B pacTBo-
pe Ho,n:a npH 3KcTpaKUHI1 6y,n:CT HaKaTIJIHBaTbCH B OCHOBHO\! B 3KcTpa-
reHTC HaJll1411e Ho,n:a B 3KCTpaK1I,1l0HHOH CHCTC:\1e nOTpe6yeT oCYIIle-
CTBJleHHH 04HCTKI1 OT HO)];a Bccro C.J.YBo'lHoro B03,'J.yxa.
nepepa60TKa TOnJIHBa P6H. CyrnecTBYJOT .J.Ba Tlo.J.xO,'I.a K pcrne-
HHIO 3TOii np06JICMbI: HCnOJIb30BaHHC 3KcTpaKILHOl!l!OH CXCMbI pere-
lJepaUHH TOnJIHBa PTH JIH60 npouecca, OCHOBaHlioro Ha H36HpaTe.lb-
IIOH B03rOHKC raJlOrCIIH,'J.OB l\1eTa.'1JIOB. nOCJICJI,HHH npouccc HCnblTan
IIa 06JIY'lCHtlOM cMcruaHlioM OKHCHO ypaH-nJlYToIIHCBOM TOnJIHBe. O.n:-
HaKO B HaCTOHII CC npeM5! HCB03M02Kl!0 npoBecTH .il.OCTaTO'lIiO y6C,n:H-
TCJIblIOC cpaBHcHHc 3Toro npouecca C BO.J.llbIM BC.le,n:CTBI1C OTCYTCTBHH
Ha)];C2KHbIX ,n:aHllbIX, B lfaCTHOCTlI no YCTOHlfHBOCTH PuF 6 , nOTepHM'
nJlYToHHH B XOJI,e npouecca H cpoKa c.1Y:l1(6bI TCXHO.'1OrWICCKoro 060-
pY)];OI3aHHH.
OnHcaHbI pe3YJlbTaTbI .il.BYX KpynHoMacIIlTa6HbIx OnblTOB no nepe-
pa60TKe 06JIY4cIIHoro TOnJlHBa PBH BO,n:HbIM 3KcTpaKU:HoHlIbI MCTO-
,J:OM, npHlJeM HaH60JIcc u:eHHbIH onblT npoBe,n:elI Ha 3aBOJI,e B )1,aYHpw
(AHrJIHH), r..'l.C nepepa6aTbiBaJIH TOTI.TIHBO Ha OCHOBe 060raru:eHHoro
ypaHa B BH,n:e CnJIaBa C MOJIH6)];eHoM. MaKCHMaJIbHaH r Jly6HHa Bblro-
paHHH )];OCTHraJIa 1,5 %. BpeMH OXJla2KJ{eHHH KOJIe6aJIOCb B npe,n:c.'1ax
83-135 CYT. npH 3TOM pa,n:HoaKTHBHoCTb TOnJIHI3a COCTaBJIHJla: no
-H3J1Y'lCHHIO ,n:o 18000 KH/Kr ypaHa H no ,\,-H3JIYlfeIlHIO )];0
6000 r-3KB Ra/Kr. KaK OTMC'IaCTCH B .il.OKJlalI.aX, 3Ta aKTHBHOCTb He
yxy,n:llIaJla nOKa3aTeJIeH XHMH'IeCKOrO npouecca, HO BJIHHJla Ha YCJlO-
BHH pa60TbI BcnOMOraTeJIbHOro 060pY.ll.OBaIlHH (,n:pCHaiKHbIX JIHHHH,
CHCTeMbI np0600T60pa H )];p.). COOTHOIIleHHC OCHOBHbIX npo,n:YKTOB ,n:e-
JIeHHH B HCXO,n:HOM BO,n:HOM paCTBope COCTaBJl5!Jl0 (%): Zr + Nb - 77..
Ru - 13 H Ce - 10. TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKaH cxeMa 3aBo,n:a BKJIIO'IaJIa Mexa-
HH'IeCKOe CHHTHe 060JIO'leK TB3JIOB, pacTBopcHHe TB3JIOB B HN0 3 ..
TPH UHKJIa cOBMecTHoH 3KcTpaKlrHH ypaHa H nJIYTOHHH 20 % -HbIM pac-
TBOpOM TBel> B KCpOCHHC H '1CTBCpTbIH U:HKJI - a<p<PHHa2K nJIYToHHH'
(nocJIc OT)];e.l1eHHH nOCJIe)];HerO OT ypaHa IIa TpeTbeM llIIKJIe). XapaK-
TepHbIe K03<p<PH1I,HeHTbI O'lHCTKH npHBo,n:HTCH B Ta6J1. 8.17. KaK BH)];-
HO H3 Ta6JIHUbl, )];OCTHrHYTa BbiCOKaH CTcneHb O'lHCTKI1 TOnJIHBa OT
PYTeIlHH, KOTOpblH C Tpy,n:OM 06HapY2KHBaCTCH Y2Ke nOCJIC nepBoro
UHKJla. OClIoBHaH TPY)];HOCTb O'lHCTKH 06YCJlOBJICHa UHpKoHHeM H IIHO-
6HeM.
YCTalloBKa, nepepa6aTbIBalOrnaH TOnJIHBO (U0 2 - PU02) peaKTo-
pOB-pa3MH02KHTeJIeH «el>eHHKc» H «P anco,n:HH», npOH3BO)];HTeJIbHOCTblO
189
Ta6.1Hl.{a 8.17. XapaKTepflLle K03cpcpHl.{HeHTLI O'lHCTKH
KaMIIaHHH
HYKJI Hl\bI npoeKTHbllI
A B B r nOKaaaTeJIb
DepBbIH l.{HKJI
fI- H3JIytJaTeJIH 3,8.10 3 5,8.10 3 6,3.10 3 1,5.10 4 2,3.10 3
"Y- H3. ytJaTeJIH 1,2.10 3 1.3.10 3 2,1.10 3 3,7.10 3 1,7.10 3
103, 106Ru 1,6.10 3 3 ,4 . 10 3 l,O.loa 4,3.10 3
'95Zr_ 95 Nb 1,1.10 3 1,1.10 3 2,4.10 3 3,7.10 3
BTOpOH l\HKJI
-H3.1ytJaTCJIH I, 9.10 3 1,1.10 2 1,1.10 2 1,2.10 2 50
y-H3JIytJaTCJIH 1,7.10 2 90 1,2.10 2 5,0.10 2 50
103, 106Ru 1,9.10 2 90 2,2.10 2 7,l.t0 2
$5Zr- 95 Nb 1,6.10 2 92 1,0.10 2 6,3.10 2
T pCTH iI l.{HK.'l
-H3JIYtJaTCJIH 50
y-H3JIYtJaTCJIH 37 82 23 26 50
103, 106Ru 39 29
1)5Zr- 95 Nb 37 86 23 40
06mHH
; -H3JIytJaTCJIH 5,0.10 6
1'- H3JIYtJaTeJlH 7,3.10 6 9,2.10 6 5,5.10 6 4,8.10 7 4,2.10 6
103.106Ru 8,5.10 6 8,85.10 7
5Zr-95 D 6,3.10 6 8,9.10 6 5,6.10 6 9,3.10 7
AO 100 Kr/He.z:r; pa60TaeT BO <l>paHuHH. BpeMH OXJIa2K.z:r;eHHH TOnJIHBa
1 ro,n:, rJIy6HHa BbiropaHHH 70000 MBT'CYT/T (nJIaHHpyeTcH .z:r;OBeCTll
,n:o 100000). C60PKY TB3JIOB pa36HpalOT, 3aTeM TB3JIbI Hape3alOT KYC-
KaMH pa3MepoM 20 MM H pacTBopHIOT B annapaTe C nep<p0pHpoBaH-
HOH KOp3HHOH. HepacTBopHMbIC OCTaTKH BblrpY2KalOT H ,n:OpaCTBOpH-
.lOT HX B CneUHaJIbHOM annapaTe. <l>HJIbTpaU:HIO paCTBopOB npOBo.z:r;HT
6e3 npHMeHeHHH <PJIOKYJIHHTOB. B TeXHOJIOfH'IeCKYIO cxeMY BKJII04eHbI
TPH UHKJIa 3KCTpaKU:HH ,n:JIH O'lHCTKH ypaHa H )];OnOJIHHTeJIbHO O,n:HH
UHKJI .z:r;JlH a<p<pHHa2Ka nJIYTOIIHH. OpraHH'IeCKaH <pa3a - 30 % -HbIH pac-
TBOp T5<1> B n-.z:r;o,n:eKaHe. npH 3TOM HCllOJIb3YlOTCH H.z:r;epHo-6e30nac-
Hble nYJlbCHpYIOllI,HC KO.l01lllbi jI,liaMeTpoM 50-55 MM H BbiCOTOH 6 M.
Pa3,n:e.leHHe ypaHa H nJIYToIlHH M02KeT ocyru:ecTBJIHTb<;H KaK Ha nep-
.BOM UHKJIe, TaK H Ha BTOpOM. BoccTaHOBHTeJICM CJIY2KHT ypaH (IV).
YpaHoBbIH pe3KcTpaKT ynapHBalOT .z:r;o 400 r/JI no ypaHHJI-HHTpaTY.
3TO KOHe'lHbIH npo,n:YKT. PacTBop HHTpaTa llJIYTOHHH (IV) nOCJIe a<p-
-$HHa2Ka TaKiKe ynapMBaeTcH ,n:o 150-200 r/JI. 3TO TaKiKe KOHe'lHaH
90
npo.z:r;YKUHH. 113BJIe'leHHe HemYHHH HC npe.n.ycMOTpeHO. K03<p<pHUHeHY
OtfHCTKH ueHHblX KOMnOHCHTOB OT npO,n:YKTOB ,lleJICHHH Ha nepBOM"
BTOpO:\1 H TpeTbeM UHKJIaX paBeH 10 4 -10 5 , 10-10 2 , 3-10 COOTseT-
CTBeHHO. Ha OCHOBaHHH 3THX )];aHHbIX, a TaKiKC aHa.1H3a jJ.aHlIbiX ony-
6J1HKOBaHHbiX Hcc.'1e,n:oBaHHH MOiKIIO npe,n:cTaBHTb npHIInHnHa.'lbHYro.
CXCMY nepepa60TKH TOnJIHBa PBH.
npoBepHcMble B lIaCTOHIII.eC BpeMH B MacwTa6ax onbITlibIX YCTa-
HOBOK TCXHOJIOrH'IeCKHC CXCMbI BKJlI04alOT TPH UHKJla 3KcTpaKlLHH
30 % -HbIM pacTBopoM TB<I> B H-,n:O,lleKaHe. Ha nepBoM IlHKJIe 3KcTpaK-
UHH lIe npc,n:cTaBJlHCTCH B03M02KHbIM ,n:OCTH'Ib TaKOH BblCOKOH CTenClIIr
O'lHCTKH ypalla H nJlyroHHH OT npo,n:YKTOB ,n:eJIeHHH, KaKaH ,n:OCTHfHY-
Ta npH nepepa60TKe TB3JIOB PTH. O,n:HHM H3 peliialOIII.HX <paKTOpOB-
nOJIY'leHHH BbiCOKOH O'lHCTKH npH 3KcTpaKUHH HBJlHeTCH CTeneHb lIa-
CbIru:CHHH 3KCTparCIITa. )1,.151 TB3J10B PTH TaKOC lIaCblru:eHHe 06bI'IHO
no,n:,n:ep2KHBaeTCH B npe)];eJIax 90-95 r/JI. (K03<p<PHlLHeHT 04HCTKH
paBeH 10 5 ). )1,JlH TB3.10B PBH HacblluclIHe 3KCTparCHTa JIHllIb 60-
70 %, '1TO, HeCOMIICIIHO, OTpHuaTeJIbHO CKa3bIBaeTCH lIa CTcnelIH O'lHCT-
KH. nOBblCHTb lIaCbIw.eHHe 3KCTpareHTa npH nepepa60TKe TB3J10B PBH
HeJIb3H BCJIc,n:CTBHe onaCHOCTH Bbma,n:CIIHH TpCTbeH <pa3bI H nOBbillIe-
HMH nOTcpb nJIYTOIIHH C pa<pHHaTOM ,n:aiKC npM YBCJIH'IeHHH '1HCJIa
cTyncHcH 3KCTpaKuHoHHOro annapaTa ,n:o jJ.CCHTH. CJle,n:yeT TaK2Ke ytrH-
TblBaTb '1pC3MepIloe HaKonol1CHHe HeKOTopbIX npo,n:yKTOB ,n:eJleIIHH. TaK"
Ha 1 l' TOnJIHBa aKTHBHOH 30lIbi npH rJly6HlIe BblropaHHH 100000 MBTX
X cYT/T 06pa3yeTcH 11 Kr KceHOHa, 10 Kr ue3HH, 17 Kr pejJ.Ko3cMe.1hHbIX
3JICMeHTOB, 7,1 Kr PYTCHHH, 6,6 Kr UHpKOHHH H 5,4 Kr naJIoI1a,n:HH.
3,aeCb YMeCTHO OCTaHOBHTbCH Ha oc06emTOCTHX 3KCTpaKIlHH MaKpOKOHIlCHTpa-
IlHH ypaHa H nJIYTOHHSI, xapaKTepHbIX TO.%KO ,a.151 ncpepa60TKH paCTBopOB C HX
BbICOKHM co,acp)KaIIHeM ECJIH ncpepa6aTbIBalOT paCTBOp OT paCTBopellHSI TB3.10B
PTH co cpaBIIHTeJIbHO HH3KOH KOHIleHTpaltHCH n.1YTOHHSI, TO npc,anOJIaraeTCSI 06pa-
30BaHHe B OpraHHqCCKOH q,a3c ,aBYX caMOCTOSlTe.lbHO CYIIlCCTBYIOIIlHX COJlbBaTOB
ypaHa H IIJlYTOHHSI: U02(N03h.2 113<1>, H Pu (N0 3 )..2 15<1> COOTBeTCTBCHHO. DpH
HaCbIIIleHHH ypaHoM OpraHHqeCKOH q,a3bI nJlYToHHH nOCTenelIHO HaKanJIHBaeTCH If
annapaTe H OTTeCHSleTCSI B cTopony c6poca paq,HnaTa. DpH 3KCTpaKIlHH MaKpoKo-
JIHqCCTB ypaHa H llJIYTOHHSI YCTaHoB.leHa HeH3MCHSle:vJOCTb K03q,q,HIllleHToB pacnpe,ae-
.1CHHSI 1l0CJIe,aHcro BO BceM ,aHana30He cro KOHIleHTpaUHH IIPH nOCTOSlHIIOVl co,aep-
)KaHHH ypaHa B BO,aHOM pacTBope' 15-300 r/JI B 2-4 M HN0 3 H 4-300 r/JI B
0,5-1 M HN0 3 . ::ITO SlBJICHHe MO)KHO 06'bSlCHHTb TeM, qTO npH ,llOCTaTOqIIO BbICOKOii
KOHIleHTpaIlHH MCTaJI.lOB B paBHoBccHOH BO,aHOH q,a3e H, c.leJl.OBaTeJlbHO, npaKTH-
qCCKH 1l0JIHOM lIaCbIIIlCHHH OpraHH'ICCKOro paCTBopa MCTaJI.laVlH H a30TIIOH KHCJIOTOfr
KOHIlellTpaIlIISl cB060,aHoro 3KCTparCHTa CTpCVlHTCSI K HYJIIO. B 3THX YCJlOBHSlX nJlY-
TOHHH ycnelI1HO KOHKypHpyeT C ypaHoM H 3KCTparHpYCTCSI, BepOSlTIIO, Y)Ke lIe CBO-
60.ll.HbIM 3KCTpareHTOM 110 H3BeCTIIOMY Mcxa1lH3V1Y
Pu 4 + + 4NO; + 2T13<1> +,= Pu (NOsk2T13<1>,
a CBSl3alIHbIM T13 <I> , B qaCTHOCTII ,aHCOJIbBaTOM ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa, no 06MCHHOH MO-
JlCKYJISlpHOH peaKIlHH
Pu (N0 3 )m + U0 2 (NOah' 2T13<1> +'= Pu (NOa)m' 2T13<1> + U0 2 (NOah.
191
TIpH 60JIbIDOH KOHIJ;eHTpaIJ,HH ypaHa B C eCH Pu 4 --uq+ H npCH'IIYlIJ.CCTBCIiHOH
'3KCTpaKIJ,HH ypaHa TEet> IlO cpaBliellHlO C nJIYTOHHe'll paBEoBccHC 1l0c.'1C.lI.IIeH peaKIJ;HH
<C.lI.8HHyro BJICBO.
Bc.'Ie,n:cTBHe CHIf2KCHHH K03<p<pHUHCHTOB O'lHCTKH ypaHa H nJIYToHHH
Ha ncpBoM UHKJIe B pe3y.'IbTaTe yMeHbllIellHH Hacblru:eHHH 3KcTpareHTa
BO Bcex TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHX CXC!>1ax nepepa60TKH TB3JIOB PBH npe,n:yc-
MOTpCHbi TPH UHKJIa 3KCTpaKlLHH KaK ,n:.1H ypaHa, TaK H ,n:JIH nJIYToHH .
K HJIJIIOCTPHPYCMbI::\1 cxeMaM CJIe,n:ycT .z:r;06aBHTb CJIC.il.YIOru:He 3aMe-
'tJaHHH. ECJIH nJIYTOHHH He BblBO,n:HTCH H3 npou:ecca, a CJIe,n:yeT '1epe3
Bce TPH UHKJIa COBMeCTHO C ypaHoM, B03HHKalOT Tpy,n:HOCTH ero pe-
:3KCTpaKU:HH, nOCKOJIbKY B YCJIOBHHX HH3KOH KHCJIOTHOCTH ypaH-nJIYTO-
HHeBoro pe3KCTpaKTa (15 r/JI HN0 3 ) nJIYToHHH nOJIHMepH3yeTcH. no-
3TOMY Ha nOCJIe,n:HHe cTyneHH 3KcTpaKuHoHHoro annapaTa lIe06xo.z:r;HMO
BBOjJ,HTb a30THYlO KHCJIOTY BbiCOKOH KOHueHTpaUHH (11 M), '1TO, He-
OMHCHHO, 3aTpy,n:HHT BeCb XO pe3KCTpaKlLHH. C 3TOH TO'lKH 3peHMH
BapHaHT cxeMbI C pa3,n:eJIeHHCM ypaHa H nJIYTOllHH npc,n:nO'lTHTeJIeH,
110 3THM iKe C006pa2KeHHHM ,n:JIH pa3,n:eJIeHHH ypaHa H nJIyroHHH BbI-
BO,n: nOCJIe,n:llcro H3 npOI ecca uc.1eco06pa3HO ocym:eCTBJIHTb na nepBOM
II.HKJIe (<ppaIlHY3CKaH cxeMa npc,n:ycMaTpHBaeT BbIBO,n: nJIYTOHHH Ha
nepBOM H BTOpOM UHKJIax).
npH nepepa60TKe TB3J10B aKTHBHOH 30HbI H Topu:eBbIX 3KpaHOB B
YCJIOBHHX COBMCCTHoro H3BJIe'leHHH ypana H n.TJYTOHHH 6e3 HX pa3.z:r;e-
JIeHHH B KOHe'lllOM npo,n:YKTe 6y,n:CT co,n:epiKaTbCH H36blTOK ypaHa (3a
'1eT TOp1l,CBbIX TB3JIOB). n03TOMY B CXCMe npe.z:r;YCMOTpeHa TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMaH BblTeCIlHTeJIbHa51 pC3KCTpaKUHH n.1YTOHHH COBMeCTHO C ypa-
HOM B COOTHOllIeHHH, npHrO HOM nOC.1C lIeKOTopOH KoppeKTHpOBKH ,n:.TJH
pe<pa6pHKaUHH TB3JIOB. npOUCCC BbITeCHHTeJIbHOH pe3KCTpaKUHH 3a-
KJIIO'IaeTCH B npO:\1bIBKC opraHHLfeCKOH <pa3bI, BbIXO,n:HI1I,CH H3 nepBoro
:annapaTa ncpBoro Il.HKJIa, HC paCTJ30pOM BOCCTaIlOBHTeJIH, a BO,n:HbIM
HaCblilI,eHHbIM paCTBopOM ypaHa, KOTOpbIH BblTeCHHeT nJIYTOHHH B CTpO-
fO 3a,n:aIlIlOM COOrHOllICHHH C ypaHOM. 3TO COOTHOllIeHHe perYJIHpyeT-
CH 06'beMOM no,rr,aBaCMoro Ha npOMblBKY paCTBopa ypaHa, KOHUCIlTpa-
II.HCH B HeM nOCJIe,n:Hcro, a TaK2Ke KOJIH'IeCTBOM CBeiKcro 3KCTpareIna,
paCTBopOM KOToporo npOMblBaeTCH pe3KCTpaKT nJIYTOHHH H ypaHa.
.1J.JIH nOJIHOrO pa3,!I,eJIenHH ypaHa H nJIYTOHHH HcnblTblBalOT .z:r;Ba
npOBepeHHbiX BOCCTaHOBHTeJIH: HHTpaT 2Ke.1e3a (II) B BH,n:C paCTBopa
B m,n:pa3Hlle 11 HHTpaT ypaHa (IV) TaKiKe B rH,n:pa3HHe. ECJIH Y'lCCTb
HX pacxo,n:, ,n:aJIeKO npeBOCxO,!I,Hru:HH paCLfeTHbIH, TO npH TaKOH KOH-
II.eHTpaU:HH ypaHa ,!I,aHHbIH TCXHOJIOrHLfeCKHH npHeM 6y,n:eT He JIY'IllIHM.
DOJlee nepcnCKTHBeH 3JIeKTpOXHMH'IeCKHH MeTO,n:, KOTOpbIH B HaCTOH-
.LU.CC BpCM5I HHTCHCHBIIO pa3pa6aTbiBaeTCH ,n:JIH pa3,n:CJleHHH ypaHa H
nJlYTOHHH npH nepepa60TKe TOnJIHBa PTH.
.1J..'IH peaJIH3aUHH TeXHOJIOrHLfeCKOH CXCMbi perCllepaUHH TOnJIHBa
peaKTopOB-pa3MH02KHTC.1CH, oc06eHHO npH KOpOTKOM ncpHO,n:c OXJIa2K-
)J.CHHH, He06xo,n:HMO pellIHTb pH,n: np06.1CM, KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH cneUH-
.q>H'ICCKHMH ,n:JIH ,n:aHIIOro THna TOnJIHBa H 06YCJIOBJICHbi BbICOKOH
y.z:r;eJIbHOH aKTHBHOCTblO H BbiCOKH\1 co,n:ep2KaHHCM nJIYTOIIH5I.
06JIYQeHHe 3KCTpareHTa. O,n:HOH H3 OCHOBHbiX Tpy,n:HOCTeH npH ne-
pepa60TKe TB3JIOB PBH MeTo,n:aMH 3KCTpaKUHH HBJIHeTCH pa,n:HauHoH-
11.92
Hoe pa3J102KeHHe TB<l>. npH fJIy6HHe BblropanHH TOnJIHBa
100000 MBT'CYT/T H OXJIa2K).{eHHH C60POK B Te'lCIIHC 6 Mec pa,n:HoaK-
THBHOCTb TOnJIHBa aKTHBHOH 30HbI J{OCTMraeT 1,6.10 7 KIT/T. npH COI3-
MccTHOil rrepepa60TKe Ton.'IJfBa aKTHBHoH 30HbI H Top1l,eBbIX 3KpaHoB
nOCJIe OXJlaiK)];eHHH B Te'leHHe ro,n:a aKTHBHOCTb TOTI.1HBa CHH2KaeTCH
.D.O 4.10 6 KH/T. I10CJIe pa36aB.1eHHH pacTBopoB OT paCTBOpeHHH Ton-
JIHBa ,n:o KOHu.eHTpaUfHf u.eHHblX KOMnOHeHTOB 200 r/JI (180 r/n ypa-
HHJI-I1HTpaTa H 20 !'!Jl HHTpaTa nJIYToHH5I) ero aKTHBHOCTb CHH2KaeTCH
.D.O 800 KIT/JI. (AKTHBHOCTb TOnJIHBa BB3P npH rJIy6HHe BbiropaHHH
OKO.'1O 30000 MBT.CYT/T H OXJla)J{,n:CHHH B TCIICHHe 3 JICT )];OCmraeT
200 KH/n B pacTBope co cpc)];Heil KOH1I,eHTpaUlieH u.eHHbIX KOMITOHeH-
TOB 250 r/JI.)
B npo1l,ecce pereHeparrHH TOnJIHBa PTH npH npe6b1BaHHH opraHH-
qeCKOH <p83b1 B 3KCTpaKUHOH!IOH 30He annapaTa B TCIIeIIHe 1 II OHa
no,n:BcpraeTCH 06JIY'lCHHIO B .z:r;03e 1,8.10 3 fp, B pe3YJIbTaTe '1ero B HeM:
HaKanJIHBaeTCH ,n:o 50 Mr/JI )1,B<l>, KOTOpbIH JIerKO OIIHru:aeTC5I CO,n:OH.
OpH nepepa60TKe TOnJIHBa PBH Ha 3aBO,l!e B )1,aYHpH YCTaHOBJICHO,
LITO aKTHBHOCTb Bo,n:I10rO pacTBopa 2000 KH/JI He npMBO,lJ;,HT K KaKHM-
JIH60 He06paTHMbIM H3MeHeIlHHM B OpraHHqeCKOH <pa3e - paCTBopax
TB<l> B KcpOCHHe. npH TaKOM ypmme pa,n:HoaKTHBIIOCTH 3KCTpareHT
nO.1Y'IaJI 3a KaiK;J,bIH 060POT ,J.03Y 5.10 3 fp. npl1 3T0:\1 He 6WIO OT-
MeqeHO haKOrO-JIH60 3aMeTHoro BJIHHHH5I OOJIyqeIU!51 3KCTparCHTa Ha
CTeneHb O'lHCTKH HJIH rMApo,n:HHaMHKY npou:ccca. OTMblBKa 060pOTHoro
3KcrpareHTa 6bIJIa ,n:OCTaTOtr!IO 3<p<peKTHBHOM:, IT cyru:eCTBeHHbIX pa3-
IIHqHH Me2K,n:y CBOHCTBaMH 060POTHbIX H CBCiKcnpHrOTOBJIeHHbIX op-
CaHHqeCKHX paCTBopOB HC Ha6.IIIO.z:r;aJlOCb.
)1,JIH CHH2KCHHH ,n:03bI 06JIY'IeHHH Opra!IHIIeCKOM: <pa3bI 2KeJIaTCJIbHO
:9KCTpaKU:HOHIlYIO nepepa60TKY TOnJIHBa PBH ocyru:eCTBJIHTb B UCHT-
P06C)J{HbIX 3KCTpaKTOpax. B 3TOM CJIyqae npo,n:OJI2KHTeJIbHOCTb 06.TJY-
qeHH5I opraHHIIeCKOH <pa3bI 3a O.z:r;HH 060POT M02KeT 6b1Tb CBe.z:r;eHa K
1 MHH BMeCTO 1 II .z:r;JIH CMCCHTCJIeH-OTCTOHHHKOB HJIH 15 MHH .z:r;JIH nYJIb-
caU:HOHHblX KOJIOHH.
SI,n:epHaSl oe30nacHocTb. PerCHepau.H5I TOnJIHBa PBH, pa60TalOllIHx
B pe)J{HMe nepcpa60TIIHKa HJIH pa3MH02KHTeJIH, CBH3ana C ero SbICO-
KHM 060raru:eHHcM JIH60 no 235U, JIH60 no nJIYTonHlO. Bo Bcex c.'1Y-
qaHX Bonpoc 0 H,n:epHoH 6c30nacHocTH pa3JIHqHblX onepaU:HH TeXHO-
JIOmqCCKOH cxeMbi pClllaCTC5I KOHKpeTHO ,n:JIH Ka2K,n:OH: H3 BHX. Ha
CTa,n:HH pacTBoperrHH TOnJIHBa B annapaTax nepHoJ{H'IeCKOrO TliIIa
5I)I.Cp!IaH oe30nacHocTb OCyru:eCTBJIHCTC5I orpaHHtreHHeM 3arpY3KH. Ha
a<p<pHHa2Ke H onepauMH nOJIyqeHHH OKHCJIOB ,n:JIH nCpHO,l!H'IeCKOrO
npou:ecca OHa TaKiKe 06eCne'lHBaeTCH OrpaHH'IeHHeM 3arpY3KH, ,n:JIH
HenpepblBHoro npouecca - 6C30naCHOH rCOMCTpHeH 06opy,n:OBaHHH.
npH RbI60pe 3KCTpaKUHOHHoro 060PY)];0BaIIH5I BbICOKOH npOH3BO,l!H-
TCJJbllOCTJf C H,n:epHo-6e30naCHbIMH xapaKTcpHCTHKaMH npe,lI,nOqTCIIHe
OT.z:r;aIOT U.CHTp06e2KHblM 3KCTpaKTopaM, B KOTOpbIX J{.1H B03HJfKHOBC-
HHH YCJIOBHH 06pa30BaHH5I KpHT»qeCKOH MaCCbI KOHu:eHTpaUH5I nJIYTO-
HHH ,n:OJI2KHa npeBbIIUaTb 100 r/JI. npH HCITOJIb30BaHHH CMCCHTeJIeH-OT-
-cTOHHHKOB H,n:epnaH 6e30nacHocTb C06JIIO.z:r;acTC5I TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY'lae,
eCJIH co,n:ep2KaHHe 240pU He MCHee 12 %, a OTpa2KeHHe lIeHTpOHOB
7 3aK 101
193
:9KCTpaKU:HOHHblM aimapaTOM H ,n:pyrHM 060pY)];OnaHHe\1, HMelOl1I,HM
,n:eJIHru:HeCH BCw.CCTBa, 6y,n:CT M HHHMaJlbIlbIM.
IhMeHeHHe XHMHLJeCKHX CBOHCTB nJIYTOHHH. B paCTBOpaX, rJ1.C
nJIYTOHHH npHCYTCTI3yeT B MaKpOKOHUeliTpaUHHX, 13 onpeJl.eJlCI!I1b1X
YCJIOBHHX MOiKCT n pOH30HTff 06pa30BaHHC nOJIHMCpOB, 'lTO npHI3e,LleT
K HapYllIell11l0 npOllccca 3KCTpa RUHH, YBCJIH'Iell HIO nOTepb nJIYTOIl HH
C OTxo,n:aMH H onaCHOCTH B03HHKI!ORenHH KpHTH'IeCKHX YCJlOBl1iL 06-
pa30BallHH nOJlHMepOB MOiKl!O H36ciKaTb, eCJIH nO.iJ:Jl.CpiKHBaTb KOH-
u:eHTpaIlHIO a30THoH KHCJlOTbi BO BCCX pacTBopax, B TO\1 '1HCJlC H B
OpraHH'ICCKHX, BbIllIe 0,25 M. O,il.HaKO 3TO 3aTpYJJ.HHeT nOJIHYIO pC3KC-
TpaKlLHIO '1CTbIpeXBaJIeHTIIOro n..'YTOHHH H3 OpraIlH'ICCKOH <pa3bI. no-
TCpH IlJIYTOlll1H npH nepcpaGoTKc TOnJIHBa PTH MorYT )];OCTHraTb 2 %.
npH He60JlbllIHX KOJlH4eCTBax nJIYTOHHH B TOnJIHBC 3TH nOTepH BnOJI-
He npHCMJICMbI. B TOM CJIY'Iae, Kor;r.a co,n:epiKaHHe nJlYTOI!HH R Ton-
JIHBe COCTaBJIHCT 20 %. TaKHC nOTcpH cro MorYT JICrKO ,n:OCTIlraTb-
HCCKOJIbKHX KH orpaMMoB MeTa Jla Ha 1 T nepcpa6aTbiBaeMoro Ton-
JlHBa, '11'0 BbI3bIBaCT CCpbC3HbiC 3aTpy,n:HeIlHH npH xpallcHHH OTXO,n:OB.
npO)l.YKTbI )l.eJIeHHH. KOJlIl'lCCTBO npO)];YKTOB ilCJICHHH B 06 YllCH-
HOM TOnJIHBC aKTHBIIOH 30HbI pcaKTopoB-pa3MHoiKHTC.'1CH 6YJlCT J1.0-
CTHraTb 10 %, TOr,Lla KaK B CHJlbH006JIY'leIlHOM TOnJII1I3C PTH OHO co-
CTaBJlHeT OKO.'1O 4 %. TOI1Jll!l3o PBH H PTH TaKiKC 3Ha4HTCJIbIlO pa3-
JIH'IaeTCH no cocTaBY npo.rJ:)'KTOI3 ,n:eJlCHHH. CO;I;ep2KaHHe PyTeHHH B
TOnJII1Be PBH, HanpHMep, B IICCKOJlbKO pa3 BbIIIIC, 4eM B Ton.1HBC
PTH. PYTeHHH OTHOCHTCH K npOJ1.YKTaM ,n:e..1eHHH, HaH60Jlcc TpYilHO
OT,n:CJI HeM bI:\1 OT ypaHa H IWYTOIlHH. nOBe,n:CHHe npo,n:YKTOB ,l!CJleIlHH
6y.z:r;eT H3MeIlHTbCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJlOI3HH 3KCTpaKUHH. npH no-
BblweHHH KHCJIOTHOCTH Hcxo,n:1I0ro 11 npOM hIBHoro paCTBopOB, 6J1a ro-
npHHTcTBYlOuLeH 3KcTpaKIlHH ILeHHbiX KOMnOlleHTOB, K03<p<PHlLHeHT
O'lHCTKH HX OT PYTeHHH YBeJIH'lHI3aeTCH, a OT lLl1pKOIIHH - YMcllblIlacT-
CH. n03TOMY Hap5l,n:y C CHJlbIlOKHCJIOH npOMblBKOH 3KCTpaKTa peKO-
Mell.z:r;yeTcH npOBO,LlHTb cru:c H CJla60RHC,ilYIO. PCKOMeHJ1.yeTC5I TaK2Ke
nOBbIllIaTb HaCbIlu:ellHe 3KCTpareHTa ypaHoM, XOT5I 3TO Tpy,n:1I0 ocyW.C-
CTBHTb npH BbICOKOH KOIlUCIITpaUHH nJlYTOHHH. BBe,l!eHHe nJIaBHKOBOH
KHCJIOTbI B paCTROp B 311a'lHTeJlbIlOH CTenellH YJlY411IaCT O'lHCTKy nerr-
I1b1X KOMnOHeliTOB OT IlHpKOI!HH, o,n:I1aKO cnoc06CTBYCT KOpp0311H TCX-
HOJIOfH'leCKOrO 060pY)];OBaHHH. K03<P<PHUHCHThi O'lHCTKH OT Ho,n:a TaK-
2Ke BbI3blBalOT cepbC3HYlO 03a60'leHHOCTb. B TOnJIHBC pcaKTopOB-
pa3MHOiKHTeJICH C KOpOTKHM nepHOJ1.0M BbIJ1.ep2KKH co,n:ep2KaHHC Ho,n:a
I1aCTOJIbKO BCJlHKO, '1TO K03<P<PHIlHeHT O'lI1CTKH OT Hero ,n:OJI2KeIl 1303-
paCTH ,n:o 10 5 -10 6 BMeCTO 10 2 -10 3 , nOJIY'lCHIiOrO rra ,n:eHCTBYlOl1I,HX
3aBOJ{ax no ncpepa60TKC TOnJlHBa PTH. 110,n: I1C06XO,n:HMO KOJlI1'1e-
CTBellHO y,n:aJlHTb Ha CTa,n:HHX npe,n:BapHTeJIbliOH 06pa60TKH, '1T06bI
HCKJIIO'IHTb R03M02KHOe B3aIiMo.u:eHCTBHe cro C 3KCTparellTOM H Ha-
KOnJleHHe B OpraHH'IeCKOH <pa3e, a T3iKiKC O'lHCTKY OT 110,n:a B03,n:yxa
C.z:r;YBO'lIlbiX JIHHHH.
KaLJeCTBO KOHeLJHblX npO)l.YKTOB. Pa,n:HoaKTMBHOCTb KOHe'lHbIX npo-
,n:YKTOB ypaHa M nJlYTOHH onpe,n:eJI eTC c06CTBeI!HOH pa,n:HoaKTHB-
HOCTblO MeTaJIJlOB H 3arpH311eIlHOCTblO HX npo,n:YKTal\1l1 ,n:c..,eHHH. ECJIH
no y,n:eJlbHOH aKTHBHOCTH I1C06J1Y'lCHlIbIH ypaH H ypatl, H3BJIeKaCMbIR.
194
1f3 06JIYtIeHHOrO TOnJIHBa PTH, 3Ha'lHTCJlbHO HC pa3JIHtIaIOTCH, TO
;I.JlH nJIYTOIIH5I 3TO pa3JIHqHe ReCbMa 3aMeTIIO. I130TonHbIll COCTaB
il3BJIeKaeMOro nJlYTOIIHH TaKOI3, tITO R I1eM 6y,n:YT npOTeKaTb (a, n)-
peaKHHH, R PC3YJlbTaTC KOTOpbIX nOTOK I1eHTpOIlOI3 COCTaBHT npHMCp-
1I0 300 HCHTp.j(c.r). TaKHM o6pa30M, npn nOBTopllOM npOH3I3o,n:CTBC
TOnJIHBa H3 TaKoro nJlYTOIIHH Tpe6ycTcH 3ail HTa OT IICIlTpoHlIOro H3-
.:lY'lCHHH H M02KeT R03HHKHYTh Bonpoc 06 3KOIlOMHLJCCKOH IlcJlcco06-
pa3HocTH rJly60KOH: O'lHCTKIl UCHIIhIX KOMITOHeHTOI3 OT npo;LYKTOI3 ,n:e-
JIeHHH. B pcrcHcpnpoBaIllIoM IIJ1YTOHIIH CO.1CpiKHTCH 3I1atIHTeJlbHaH
,n:OJl51 241 Pu (,n:o 4-5 % ), H3 I\OToporo co npeMCHe'V! 06pa3YCTC5I
,\,-aKTl1BlIhIH 241An, '!TO Bhl3bIBaeT He06xo,cw'V!OCTb }!.HCTaIlILHOIIHoro
IIpORe):{eHH npouccca pe<pa6pHKanHII TB3.10B. O.i.UIHM H3 R03MOiKHhIX
nYTCH pellICIIH5I 3TOH: np06J1CMbI 5I13J151eTCH 04HCTKa pereHcpaI HOHHoro
n.aYTOHH5I OT I1aKOnHBlUCrOC5I aMepHILH5I HenOCpC;I.CTBeIIHO nepc;I. 113-
rOTOR.leHHCM T133J10R C nOIIYTllbIM 113RJIeLJCIIIICVI noc.1C;IlIcro.
06pa6oTKa OTXO,n:OB. npI1 pcrCH2paIlHII Ton.1HBa P6H BO.1.HbIVlI1
MCTO,JaMH 06pa3yroTC5I B OCIIOUHOM TaKHC iKe ra3006pa3Hh1C, 2Kll,n:KHe
Ii TBep}!.bIe OTXO.L(bI, KaK H I1PH lIepcpa60T!\C Ton.1HBa PTH, HO HX KO-
..lIllfCCTBO R03paCTaCT lIa nOp5l,1.0K. XapaKfCp np06"le 1, CRH3allllbIX
C 06pa60TKoll H YJJ.a.1CIIHeM OTXO}!.OI3 B nponeccc perCllepalLHH, ;1..'151
TOnJIHBa P6H npaKTH'IeCKH TOT iKC, '1TO H /1.JIH TOrrJlHBa PTH. )1,0-
1I0.1HHTCJlhlIhiC Tpy,n:HOCTH MorYT 6blTb BhI3BaHhI B03MO)KHbIMll OCTaT-
KaMH HaTpHH Ha TR3.1ax HJlH B HilX, 60.1CC BblCOKHM CO.J.cpiKaHHeM
Tpallcn.1YTOIIHCBbIX 3J1CMCIIT0I3 H npo,n:YKTOB ,n:CJIeHHH H 60JICe KOPOT-
KHM nCpH0.10M Bbl,n:CpiKKH TOnJlHBa nepe}!. ncpcpa60TKOH.
'4ACTb III
nOnY"IEHHE OKCHAOB H3 PEfEHEPHPOBAHHOrO
'SI'AEPHOfO TOnnHBA
r JlABA 9
npOH3BOACTBO OKCHAOB YPAHA
9.1. Oco6eHHocTM Hcnonb30BIHHJI pereHepHpOBaHHOrO TonnHBI
B npouecce percHcpaUHll 06J1yqeHHOrO 5IJl.epHOro TOnJlHRa MCTO-
)J.aMH TpI16YTllJI<poc<paTHoH 3KcTpaKILHH. ,n:OCTHraeTCH ,n:OCTaTO'lHaH
O'lHCTKa ypalla H nJlYToHHH OT npo,n:YKTOI3 ,n:eJICHHH, n03ROJlHIOru:aH
npoH3Bo,n:HTb HX ,n:aJIbHcHllIYIO ncpcpa60TKY 6C3 CnClLHaJIbiiOH 3alliH-
Tbi OT HOHH3MpYIOru:ero H3J1Y'ICIIH5I.
O,n:IIaKo npH 06J1Y'lCHHH ypalioBoro TOTI.1JHUa B 5I.z:r;eplloVi peaKTopc
B HCM HaKanJlHBalOTCH 232U 11 236pU, pa,n:HoaKTllRHbJH pacna,n: KOTOpbIX
.conpoBoiK,n:acTcH V-H3JIYQeIIHCM, npH4eM HeKOTOpbIC ,n:OLJepHHC npo-
JI.YKTbI HX pacna,n:a 06J1a,n:aIOT K TO MY iKe - H V-H3JIY'leHHCM C BbICO-
7* 195
KOH 3Hepmeif:
236pU a .... 232U _ 22BTh a .... 224Ra a .... 220Rn -+
2,85 rot\a 72 rO,lla I, 95 ro;ta 3,64 cyr
.... 216PO "" 2l2Pb (3- .... 212Bi a
55,3 c 0,15 c 10,64 ro;ta (3- I 66,6 MHH
64% 60.6JlHH
-I
-+ 20BTI 212pO
(3- I 3, I MHH
t
B npouecce XHMH'ICCKOH nepepa60TKH 06J1YQeHHOrO TOnJIHBa 232U
He MOiKeT 6b1Tb OT,n:e.1JeH OT ypaHa, a 236pU - OT nJlYTOHHH, '1TO npH-
BO,n:HT K nOBbIllIeIlHOH l'-aKTHBHOCTH perCHepHpOI3aIlIlbiX ypaHa H nJlY-
'IOHHH.
06pa30Balllie HYK.'lHjJ:OB 232U If 236pU npOHCXO,IT,HT BCJIC,n:CTBHC
TOro, QTO co.z:r;cp/KaI1I,HCCH n HCXO):{IIOM ypaIloBoM TOnJIHBC 238U, 235U
H 234U B H,n:CpIiOM pcaKTOpc npeTcpneBaIOT c.'1C,n:YIOru:MC npCBpaII CIlHH:
23BU (n, 2n) 237U ( )237Np (n, 21/) 236Np ( , 50 %) 236pU (ex) 232U;
235U(n, y)236U(n, y)237U( )237Np(n, 2n)236Np( , 50%)236PU(ex)232U;
234U (ex) 230Th (n, 1') 231Th ( ) 23LPa (n, 1') 232Pa ( ) 232U;
234U (n, 3n) 232U.
a _ 208Pb ,
3-10-' c
KpoMe TOro, nOCKo.'IbKY HCXO.D:HOC ypaIIoBoc Ton.1HBO BCJIc,n:CTI3He
pa.D:HOaKTHBlIoro pacna.n:a '1aCTH 234U H 235U CO.z:r;CpiKHT 230Th H 231Pa.
06pa30BaHHc 232U H,n:CT H no pCaKI H\IM
23°Th (n, y) 2:nTh ( )231Pa (n, y) 232Pa ( ) 232U; 231Pa (n, 1') 232Pa ( )232U.
TIoc.'Ie,n:HHe liCnO'lKH npcBparu:e1fI1H HrpalOT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHYIO pOJIl>
npH 06.1YIIeuHH npHpo,n:Horo ypana, B KOTOpOM Bcer.z:r;a npHCYTCTByeT
HeKOTopoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TOpHH H npOTaKTHHH5I, TaK KaK B npou:ecce
nOJIY'leHHH coe,n:HIIeIlHH ypaHa H3 py,n: He y,n:aeTCH nOJIHOCTblO O'lHCTHTl>
HX OT 3THX 3J1eMeHTOB. HaJlH'IHe TOpHH npHBOjJ:HT K 06pa30BaHMIO
232U H no peaKI HHM
232Th (n, 2n),231Th ( ) 231Pa (n, 1') 232Pa ( ) 232U;
232Th (n, 1') 233Th ( ) 233Pa (n, 2n) 232Pa ( ) 232U;
232Th (n, 1') 233Th ( ) 233Pa ( ) 233U (n, 2n) 232U,
npH'IeM nepBaH uenO'lKa HBJlHCTCH OCHOBHblM nyTeM HaKOnJIeHHH (60-
JIee 98 %) 232U H3 232Th.
nOCKOJIbKY B npoliccce XHMHQeCKOH nepepa60TKH 06JIY'IeHHOrO
ypaHoBoro 'IOnJIHBa 232U OCTaCTCH B pcrcHepHpoBaHHoM ypaIIc, a
236pU - 13 BbI)];eJIeHHOM IIJlYTOHHCBOM npo.n:YKTe, npH nOBTopHOM 06-
JIY'leHHH ypaHa H nJIYToHH5I co,n:epiKaHHc 3THX lIYKJIH,n:OB 6y,n:eT B03-
pacTaTb. TIpH'IeM HaKOnJIeHHe 232U H 236pU B ypaHoBoM TOnJlHBC npll!
nOBTopHoM ero HCnOJIb30BallHH 6y.z:r;eT YBCJIH'IHBaTbc5I H BCJlC.D:CTBHC
196
HaJIH4HH B perCHCpHpOBaHHOM
JIH'IeCTBa 237Np:
236U (n, 1') 237U ( ) 237Np (n, 2n) 236Np ( , 50 %) 236pU (ex) 232U;
237Np(n, 2n)236Np( , 50%)236PU(ex) 232 1J.
ypaHe 236U, a TaK2Ke neKOToporo KO-
B CBH3H C HaJIH'IHeM nepBoH peaKU:HH HaKOnJIeHHe 236U B ypaHo-
BOM TOnJIHBe BeCbMa HC2KeJIaTeJIbHO, TaK KaK cro npHcYTcTBHe Tpe-
6yeT nOBbIllICHMH CO)];ep2KaHHH 235U B perCHcpHpOBaHHOM TOnJIHBe npH
npOH3Bo,n:CTBe TI33J10B ,n:JIH cJIe.z:r;YIOru:eH KaMnaHHH. O,n:HaKo npH o6JIY-
4eHHH ypaHoBoro TOnJIHBa B H.z:r;CpHOM pcaKTOpc npOHcxo.z:r;HT He TOJIb-
KO 06pa30BaHHe 232U H 236PU, HO H HX 4aCTH'IHOC I3blrOpaHHe, n03T0-
MY co,n:ep2KaHI1C 3TH X IIYKJIH.z:r;OB cyru:eCTI3eHHO 3aI3HCHT 01' YCJIOBHH 06-
JIY'ICHHH (THna peaKTopa, <pJIlOeHCa HeHTpoHoB H npOJI:OJl2KHTeJIbIIO-
cm KaMnaHHH). BCJIe,n:cTBHc pa.z:r;HoaKTHBHoro pacna,n:a 232U H 236pU
co,n:epiKaHHe HX B pereHepHpoBaHHblx ypaHe H nJIYToHHH 6y.z:r;eT CHJIb-
1I0 3aBHCCTb H OT BpeMeHH BbI,n:ep2KKH oTpa60TaBllIero TOnJlHI3a ncpeJJ
XHMH'IeCKOH nepepa60TKoH, H 01' .z:r;JIHTeJIbIIOCTH xpaHeHHH ero nOCJIC
pereIIepaI HH .z:r;o nOBToplloro HCnOJIb30BaHHH B H,n:epHblx peaKTopax.
232U B OCHOBHOM 06pa3yeTcH B pe3YJIbTaTC pa,n:HoaKTHBIIoro pac-
na,n:a 236PU, n03ToMY YMeHbllIeHHe BpeMeHH BbI,n:epiKKH oTpa60TaBllIe-
ro TOnJIHBa MC2K,n:y BbIrpY3KoH ero H3 peaKTopa H XHMH4CCKOH nepe-
pa60TKoH CHHiKaeT KOHu:eHTpauHIO 232U B pcreHcpHpoBaHHoM ypaHe,
1I0 YBCJlH'IHBaCT co,n:ep2KaHHe 236pU B nJIYTOHHH. YBCJII14CHHe BpeMeHH
OXJIa)K)];eHHH 06JIY'ICIlIIblX TB3JIOB nepe.z:r; pcreIIepalLHeH Bbl3blBaeT 3a-
MeTIIoe B03paCTaHHe KOHueHTpaU:HH 232U B ypaHe. B TO 2KC BpeMH Ta-
Koe YBCJIH'IeHHC BbI,n:Cp2KKH npHBo,n:HT K HCKOTOPOMY CHM2KeHHlO KOH-
1I,CI!TpaUl1H 236PU. TaKHM 06pa30M, co.z:r;ep2KaHHe 232U H 236PU B pere-
IIepHpoBaHHbIx ypaHe H nJIYToHHH 3aBHCHT OT MHOrHX <paKTopOB H
KOHueHTpaU:HH 232U B ypaHe COCTaBJIHeT 2.10-7+1.10-100/0, a KOH-
uCHTpaU:HH 236PU B nJIYToHHH 1.10- 5 + 1.10- 7% .
BKJIa,n: 236PU H npo.z:r;YKTOB era pacna.z:r;a B cYMMapHYIO aKTHBHOCTb
BbI)];e.'IeHHOrO H3 06JIY4eHHoro TOnJIHBa nJIYToIlHH He3Ha'lHTeJIeH, eCJIII
cro KOHu:eHTpaU:HH He npeBblllIaeT 10- 6% . npH 60JIbllIeM co,n:ep2KaHHH
236PU lIe06xo,n:HMO Y4HTblBaTb, 4TO - H l'-aKTHBHblC npo.z:r;YKTbI era
pacna,n:a 6y,n:YT c03,n:aBaTb pa,n:Ha1l,HOHHYIO onaCHOCTb npH H3rOTOBJIC-
IIHH nJlYToHHeBoro HJIH CMellIaHHoro TOnJIHBa H TB3J10B Ha HX OCHOBe.
npH 3TOM pa,n:naUHOHHaH onaCHOCTb np" npOH3Bo,n:CTse nJIYTOHHeBO-
fO TOIIJlHI3a cyru:eCTBeHHO 3aBHCHT ot BpeMeHH xpaHCHH5I BbI.z:r;eJIeHHOrO
IIJlYTOHH5I ,n:o nOBTopHoro HCnOJIb30BaHHH, C YBCJlH4CIIHeM KOToporo
B pe3YJIbTaTC pa,n:HoaKTHBHoro pacna)];a 236pU B03paCTaeT KOJIH'IeCTBO
232U H COOTBCTCTBCIIIIO npO.il.YKTOB ero pacnaJ{a.
CJIe,n:yeT HMCTb B BH,n:y, '1TO Bbl.z:r;eJIeHIIbIH H3 06JIY4eHHoro ypaHo-
Boro TOnJlHBa nJIYTOIlHH npc,n:craBJIHeT C060H CMCCb H30TonOB, B KO-
TOpOH 3IIa'lHTCJIbHYIO .z:r;OJIIO COCTaBJIHCT 241PU, KOTOpblH B pe3YJIbTaTe
-pacna,n:a npCBparu:aCTCH B 241Arn. YBeJIH4CHHC BpeMCIIH xpaHeHHH
IIJlYTOHHCBoro npo,n:YKTa npHBo,n:HT K HaKOnJICI!HIO B HeM 241Arn, a-pac-
na,n: KOTOpOro conpoBoiK,n:acTcH I'-H3JIYQeHl1eM, H, CJlc):{oBaTeJIbHO, OH
TaK2Ke 6y,n:eT c03.z:r;aBaTb nOBbIIIleHHYIO pa,n:HauHoHlIYIO onaCIIOCTb. DpH
197
I1CnOJIb30BaHI1H ,n:JlH U3roTOBJICHHH TB3JIOB TaKOrO «BbT,n:CpiKaHHOrO»
1I.1YTOHI15I HC06XOJJ:HMO npOBO.L(HTb cra OtJHCTKY OT 241 Am, KOTopaH
ocymeCTBJIHeTCH rrOCJIe COOTBCTCTI3YIOIII;ero paCTBOpClIl1H nJI)'TOHHe-
Boro npo,n:YKTa MeTO;U:lMH, OIIHcaHHbIMH B rJI. 15.
PercllepHpoBallHbIH B npouecce XI1MH'leCKOH ncpepa60TKH 06JIY-
qeHHOrO TOIIJlJi6a ypall MO)KIIO HCnOJlb30BaTb .L(J1H H3rOTOB.'1CHHH HO-
BbIX T63.'10B. O,n:llaKo, nocKo.1JbKY B npOIleccc 3Kcn.OIyaTamiH B HJJ:Cp-
HOM peaKTope cO.L(cp2KaHHe 235U B ypaHe 3HatJHTCJlbll0 YMeHbllIacTcH,
Hc06xo)(HMO BHOBb J{OBeCTH KOllucHTpaUHIO 235U B percllepMpOI3allHO
ypaHe ,n:o IIpHlIHTOH ,n:.15I TB3J10B ,n:aHlloro THna. nOBbillICHHC co,n:ep-
2KaHHH 235U B ypaHe MOiKCT IIpOH3BO,n:HTbCH Ha 3aBOJT.aX no pa3J{CJlC-
HHIO H30TOIIOB, HCnOJIb3ylOW.HX ,n:JI5I 3TOH lLeJlH UF 6. HaJ1HtJHe B pcre-
HcpHpOBaHHOM ypaHe 232U C03,n:aeT onpe,n:CJleHllhIC TPY)];II0CTH 1Ia I3cex
CTaJ{HHX nepepa60TKH TaKoro yp3fla B TB3.1bI H Tpc6YCT IIpH eIlCHH5I
Crrel(l1aJIbHbIX MCp no TCXHHKe 6C30naCIIOCTJi.
B npou:ccce ncpCI3o,J.a perCHepHpOBalllloro ypalla B UF 6 Bce IIpO-
,n:YKTbI pa.n;HoaKTIlBHoro pacna.n:a OCTalOTCH B TI3Cp.L(biX OTXOJ{ax, o6pa-
3YIOIII;HXCH B npouccce <pTopHpOBaIlHH, 'lTO rrpHBOJT.HT K onpc,r:r:CJ1CHHbIM
3aTpY,lJ;HeHH5IM npH HX IIcpcpa60TKe. nOJlytJellHbIH UF 6 , CCTeCTBCHHO,
co.n:ep2KHT Bce npHCYTCTBYIOW.HC 1130TonbI ypaIIa, B TOM tJHCJIe 11 232U.
B npouecce 060raw.C11H5I UF 6 M02KeT B03HHhHYTh pa,n:Ha1LHOIIIla5I
onaCHOCTb IIPH 3KcIIJlyaTaILHH H pC\>IOHTe OCIIOBHoro 060PYJWBa IIHH,
TaK KaK BCJlC.L(CTBHC XHMH'ICCKOro B3aHMo,n:CHCTI3H5I UF 6 C KOHCTPYK-
UHOHHbIMH MaTCpHaJIaMH annapaTOI3 06pa3YlOTCH HeJICTY'lHC <pTOpH,lJ;bI
ypaIla, KOTOpbIC cO,J.ep2KaT 232U, B HHX npOHCXOJIHT HaKOnJlellHC npo-
,lJ;YKTOB cro pacnaJ:a. nOJlyqellHbIH B PC3YJIbTaTC 060ralliCHIfH UF 6
co,n:ep2KHT nOBbIIlICHlIoe KOJ1HtJeCTBO 232U, TaK KaK 060raIII;CHHe npu-
BO;J.HT K K01!1tel!TpHpOBa11H1O 60JIec JlerKOrO H30Tona 232U, B PC3YJlb-
TaTe tJero C03,r:r:aCTCH pa,n:HaUHoHHasr onaCHOCTb npH 06paIII;eHHH C Ta-
KHM UF 6 Ha CTa,n:HHX npHroTOBJICHHH H3 Hero U0 2 , a 3aTCM TB3.'10B.
npH perCHepalLlfII 06JIYIIetliloro TOnJlI1Ba iKH,n:KOCTHOH 3KCTpaKIIHCH
TB<I> nOJIYtJalOT a30THOKIiCJIble paCTBOpbJ ypaHa, n.'1YTOHH5I H HenTY-
HHH, !<OTopble He06xo,n:HMO nO,lJ;BeprHYTb ,n:aJ1bIICHWCJ':i o6pa60TKe J{JIH
npCBpaIII;eHH5I I1X B tV0PMY, y,n:06HYIO JI;JIH I10CJIe)];YlOu(cro npH:\1eHe-
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9.2. nonY'IeHHe OKCHAOB ypaHa nYTeM AeHMrpaL\HM
pacrBopoB ypaHHn-HHrpara
nCpBOH oIIcpallHcH B npolLcccC JT.eIlHTpaIlHH HI3J1HeTCH ynapH-
BaHHC pacTBopoB npH TeMncpaType 120--140°C, B PC3YJlbTaTe lIero
KOIlueHTpaU:HH MeTaJIJla B paCTBopc nOBbIlIIaCTCH ,lJ;0 1000-1400 r/JI,
'lJTO cooTBeTcTByeT II/CCTHBO)];1I0MY KpHCTaJIJlom,n:paTY III1TpaTa ypallH-
Jla. LI.JI5I ocyw.ecTBJIellHH 3TOH oncpalLHH HcnoJlb3YlOT BCpTHKaJlbIlbIe
Tpy6'laTbTe BbmapHblc annapaTbT H3 Hep2KaBelOIII;eH CTaJlM. nOCKOJIbKY
KOHueHTpHpoBaHHbie pacTBopbI-paCrrJIaBbI ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa, 3aTBcp,n:e-
BalOT IIPH TeMnepaType OKOJIO 60°C, KOMMYIlHKaUHH 06orpeBalOT.
KOHueHTpHpoBaHHbIe pacTBopbI-paCnJIaBbi ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa nocTY-
nalOT 3aTeM Ha ,n:eHHTpaU:HIO. Pa3JI02KeHHe reKCarH,n:paTa ypaHHJI-HHT-
198
paTa fla'lHHaeTCH npH HarpeBaHHH BbIIIle 160°C H npoxo,n:HT ,n:OBOJlbIlO
6b1CTpO npH TeMnepaTYPc 200°C C 06pa30BailHeM nOCJIe-,n:OBaTCJlbHO
TpHrH.apaTa, ):{HrH,n:paTa, 3aTCM 6e3I3o,n:I1oro ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa H, lIaKO-
HCll, TpHoKcH,n:a ypalla. CYMMapllblH npouecc MOiKHO onHcaTb ypaBHe-
HHeM
U0 2 (N03h' 6Hp -+ U0 3 + N0 2 + NO + O 2 + 6H 2 0.
npl1 ,n:eHI1TpaUHH B BaKYYMe B HHTepBaJlC 250--450°C npo,n:YKTOM
peaKUHH 51BJlHCTCH a op<pHbIH TpHOKCH,n: ypaHa. Pa3J102KeHHC cro npH
aTMoc<pcpHOM ,n:aI3J1eHI1H H TCMncpaTYpc 300--500°C npHBo,n:HT K 06-
pa30BaHHIO KpHCTaJlJlH'IeCKoro 1'-U0 3 . npH nOBbIllIeHHH TCMnepaTypbI
,n:o 600-900°C 06pa3yeTcH U 3 0 8 . BbI,n:CJIHlOlliHeCH B npou:ecce pa3J10-
2KCHH5I reKCarHJI:paTa ypaIlHJI-I1HTpaTa OKCH,n:bI a30Ta YJIaBJIHBalOT H
I1CnOJlb3yIOT ,n:JlH nOJIY'IeHHH HN0 3 .
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nepexo.L(e OT 2KHJ{KOCTH K TBep.n.oMY COCTOHIIHIO H Heo6xo,n:HMOCTH
nC.1eJJ.CTBHe 3H.aOTCpMH'IIIOCTH npolLecca pa3JIOiKeHHH (tJ.H 573 =
= 590 K)1,iK/MO.'1b) nOCTOHlllloro nO;1.Bo,n:a 60JlbliiOrO KOJlH'-IeCTBa TenJla
oCYIII;eCTBJIeHHe npouecca )l;eIIHTpalLHH )1;0 nOJIY'lcHHH Tpc6yeMoro BbI-
COKOKa'-IeCTBCHHoro npo,n:YKTa B npOMbIllIJIellHOM MacwTaGc BCTpC'IaeT
onpc,n:e.1enHbie TPy,n:HOCTH.
$H3HQCCKI1C CBOHCTBa nO Y'IeHHblX OKCH)I;OB 3aBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH
npOBe;1.eIIHH npouecca ,n:CHHTpaU:HH (KOHCTPYKUHH annapaTa, TeMne-
paTypbI, ,n:aBJIeHHH H T. n.). TaK, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJlOBHH nOJIY'Ie-
IIHH HaCbInHaH Macca U0 3 MOiKCT H3MeHHTbCH B npe)];eJlax 0,65-
4,6 r/cM 3 , y)];eJIbllaH nOBcpxHOCTb 'IaCTHU: U0 3 - 0,1-1,0 M2/r.
npOlJ.ccc ,n:eHHTpaUHH MOiKHO npoBo,n:HTb KaK nepHo,n:H'-ICCKH, TaK
H HenpepblBHo, HO B HaCTOHIII;CC BpeMH npe,n:nO'-ITeHHC OT,n:mOT nocJle,n:-
HeMY sapHaHTY, TaK KaK B 3TOM cJlY'lae HCnOJlb3YIOT 60Jlcc 3<p<peKTI1B-
IIbie annapaTbi KHnHIII;cro CJlOH, n03BOJlHIOIII;He 311a'lHTeJlbHO HHTeHCH-
<pHuHpoBaTb npouecc. )1,.151 C03,n:aHI1H B annapaTC nCCB,n:OOiKHiKeHHoro
CJlOH I1CnOJlb3YIOT rpaHY.1bI U0 3 , no,n:;J.epiKHI3ae\1bIC no I33I3CWeHHOM
COCTOHHHH C nOVIOllibIO B03J1.YWHoro ,n:YTbH. 060rpCB ocymeCTI3JIHIOT
'-IepC3 CTellKH annapaTa OT BHellIHero HCTO'lHHKa. CKOHlLCHTpHpOBau-
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B annapaTax KHn5lw.ero CJIOSI pa3JIO)KeHHe rCKCarH.lI.paTa ypaHHJI-I!IITpaTa npo-
HCXO.ll.IIT C BbiCOKOH CKOpOCThlO yhY'IellHe KHneTIIKH npou.ecca, npOBC.lI.eHHOe R yc-
.10BHSlX, 6.1H3KIIX K Ha6JIIO.ll.aCMbIM H al!napaTax KHnSlw.clo C.l0Sl, IIOKa3aJIO, 'ITO B
lIHTCpBa.TJe Te\mcpaTYP 200-350 DC pa3JIO)KenllC MO)KHO OI!HCaTh .lI.BYMSI peaKl(HSlMII
ncpBoro nOpSl.ll.Ka:
U0 2 (N03h.6H20 -+ U0 2 (N03)2.H20 + 5Hp;
U0 2 (N03kH20 -U03 + H 2 0 + 2N0 2 + 0,50 2 ,
k, = 2,96.10 5 exp (- 46 700/RT) (B HHTCpBaJIe 200 - 350 0 C);
k 2 = 2.08.10 11 exp (- 159 500/RT) (B IIHTCpBaJIe 250-350° C). k 1 Ii k 2 - B MHH- 1
199
B annapaTaX KHn5IIII;erO CJIOH nOJIY'IaIOT 60JIee nJIOTHbIH OKCH)];,
COCTOHIII;HH B OCHOBHOM H3 C<pepHtJeCKHX IIaCTHL( H MeHee 3arpH3HeH-
HbIH npO,n:YKTaMH KOpp03HH annapaTa. <PH3H'ICCKHe XapaI<TepHCTHKH
M02KHO YJIY'IllIHTb ,n:06aBJICHHeM B paCTBOp ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa nepe,n:
pa3JI02KCBHCM B anna paTC KHn5IIII;erO CJI05I Hc60JlblUHX KOJlH'IeCTB
CYJIb<paT-HOHa HJIH npOBe,n:elIHeM J..LHKJIa rH.!1:paT a1l,11H,n:0 C0 3 . 2H 2 0
H nOCJle,n:YIOIII;CH ,n:CrH,n:paT3lLHH.
npOIlCCC ,n:eHHTpaL(HH M02KIIO OCYIII;eCTBHTb H B nJlaMeHHblX peaK-
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paTa TCnJlO no,n:BO;J;HTC5I K CHCTeMe nYTeM C2KHraHH5I roplO'Iero ra3a,
HanpHMep nponaHa HJIH 06bI'IHOrO npHpo,n:Horo ra3a. PaCTBOp (HJIH
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OT TeMnepaTypbl <paKCJla H H36b1TKa npHMeH5leMOrO roplO'Iero ra3a
M02KHO nOJIY'IHTb KaK U 3 0 8 , TaK H ,n:HOKCH,n: ypaHa. OJ{HaKO B 3TOM
CJIY'Iae YCJI02KH5ICTC5I O'lHCTKa ra30B 01' nblJIH OKHCJIOB yparra.
TepMH'IeCKOe pa3JI02KeIIHC paCTBopOB ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa M02KHO npo-
BeCTH H nYTeM np5IMOrO HCnOJIb30BaHH5I mepmH 3JICKTpH'IeCKOrO TO-
Ka, KOTOpa51 nepc,n:aCTCH B CHCTeMY IIcpe3 nJIa3MCHHbIH TenJIOHOCMTeJIb
(B03)];YX, a30T, KHCJ10pO,n:). )J,JIH HarpeBa nJIa3MCHIIoro Tcn.l01I0CI1Te-
JIH npHMeH5IIOT 3JIeKTpo,n:yroBbic HJIH BbiCOKO'IaCTOTHbIe pa3pH,n:bI. npH-
MeHeHHe nJIa3Mbi ,n:Jl5l HarpeBa paCnblJIeHHOrO C nOMOIII;blO IleHTp06e2K o
HbiX HJlH nHCBMaTH4CCKHX <POPCYHOK paCTBopa ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa npH-
BO,n:HT K HHTeHCHBHOMY Hcna peHHIO BO,n:bI H pa3J102KeHHIO U0 2 (N0 3 h X
X6H 2 0. npl1 OCYIII;eCTBJleHHH npOL(CCca IIPH Te:l.mepaType OKOJ10
1200 0 e pa3JI02KCHliC npOHcxo,n:HT B Te'lCIIHe 10- 2 -10- 3 c, npHQCV1 06-
pa3yeTcH MeJIKo,n:HcnepcHblH nopoliioK OKCH,n:OB C XOpOliiO pa3BI1TOll
nOBepxHocTblO.
nOJIY'ICHHblH B pe3YJIbTaTe TepMH'IeCKOrO pa3.TJ02KCHIIH ypaHH.l-
HHTpaTa U0 3 BOCCTaHaBJlHBalOT ,n:o U0 2 BO.J.OpO,n:OM HJlH J{I1CCOlLl1HpO-
BaHHbIM aMMHaKOM. npHHUHnHaJIbHaH TeXHOJIOrH'ICCKa5I CXCMa nepe-
pa60TKH pacTBopoB ypaHH.l-HHTpaTa B ,n:HOKCH;J; ypaHa ,n:JIH TB3JIOB
nOKa3aHa Ha pl1c. 9.1.
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lJeCKYIO CTPYKTYPY, a 3aTeM nOCTcnelUIbIH roMorelIHbIH nepexo,n:
U 3 0S+X B U 3 0 S - x H, HaKOHelL, npeBpaIII;eHHe U 3 0 S - X B U0 2 Ky6HIIe-
CKOH CTPYKTypbl. nOCKO.lbKY BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe OKCH,n:OB npOHcxo,n:HT,
KaK nOJIaralOT, nYTCM B3aHMo,n:ciicTBHH a,n:cop6HpoBaHHoro Bo,n:opo,n:a
C KHCJ1Op0.10
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ponaHHe Me
KHX IIaCTHlL B arperaTbi (KpHCTaJIJIH,n:bI) H YKpynHeHHc
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P0J{OM npOBo,n:51T npH 800-900°C. npH 3TOM nOJIY'laeTC5I U0 2 C Ma-
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)J,JlH oCYIII;eCTBJIeHHH np01l,ecca BOCCTaHOBJIelUiH U0 3 ,n:o U0 2 BO-
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pacTBopoB a30TIIOKHCJIOrO ypallHJIa npH pH 7 -;-.7,5 B KOJIOHHC C HH-
TeHCHBHblM nepcMcUIHBaHHcM H npoTHBoTOKOM HCXO.lI,IIOrO pacTBopa
H OCa.lI,HTeJIH. B 3TOM CJIY4ac 3Ha4HTeJIbHO ynpOlll.aCTCH np06JIeMa
OTMhIBKH I1HTpaTa aMMOHHH OT ocaJ!.Ka. ECJIH B 0)].HocTyncH4aToM an-
napaTC ;J.a)Ke nOCJIe MHoroKpaTHoH npoMbIBKH ocaJ!.OK COJ1ep)KHT
)].0 10-15 % HliTpaTa aMMOIlH5I (B XHMHLJeCKH CBH3aHl!OH cpopMe), TO
nOJJHypallaT, Bbl)].CJJeHHbIH B MllorocTyneH'IaTOM annapaTC, CO)].CP)KI1T
JIl1lIlb OKOJIO 1 % I!I1TpaTa a:\1MOIIHH. DOJIlIOTa y)].aJIeIlHH HHTpaTa aM-
MOHHH IIMeeT 60JJbIlIOe 311a 4eHHe .lI.JIH nOCJIe)].YIOIlI.HX npOKaJIO'IHbIX
onepaUHH, TaK KaK HaJIH411e ero MO)KCT npHBecTH K R3PbIBY.
Oca.lI,OK )].HypaHaTa aMMOHHH lIanpaBJJHIOT 3aTeM Ha CYlliKY 11 npo-
202
KaJIIIBaHHC, KOTOpOe OCYlll.CCTBJIHIOT Ha B03.l1.)'XC R Tpy6LJaTOll nClJH.
DpH TCMnepaType 250-400°C )].HypaHaT aMMOIIH5I pa3JIaraeTCH no
peaKUHH
(NHJ2 L\07 -+ 2U0 3 + 2NH3 -1- Hp.
DpH 60JIce BbICOl<OH TCMncpaTYpc (600-900°C) U 3 0 8 06pa3ycTcH no
pCaKUHI1
9 (NH 4 )2 U 2 0 7 -+ 6U 3 0 8 + 14NH 3 + 15H 2 0 -I- 2N 2 .
Do"lY4ellllbIc OKCII)J.bJ ypaHa BOCCTalIaB.1HBaIOT BO)J.OpO)].OM )].0 UO?
KaK onHcallO BbIlIJe. DOpOlliKH U0 2 , npHrOTOBJIeHlIhle H3 )].HypaHaT3
aMMOIIHH, HMelOT pa3MCp 1JaCTI1U 0,08-0,44 MKM 11 XOpOlliO cnCKa-
IOTCH.
DpH C06.11O)].CHHI1 onpe;J.cJlcHllbIX YCJIOBHH npoHcxo)].HT )].l1ccoQl1a-
UHH aMMHaKa II RbI)].C.1HCTC5I BO)J.OpOJl., BCJIC)J.CTBIfC LJcro R03MO.>K1I0 H
60JIec r.ly60Koe BOCCTaH013JICHl1e ypalla ;J.O U0 2 h. f1pH nOJIY1JeIlHI1
U0 2 60.1blIlOC 3IIaLJCIIIIC H\1CIOT rrpcJJ,napHTc.lbHoe y,1.a.1cIIHc RO)J.bI 113
.lI.l1ypaHaTa 11 B03BpaT OTXOJJ.HllI.HX ra30B CHOBa B nCLJb (nOCJIe y)].a-
.1CHHH H3 IIHX B.1arH).
.LI.JIH nOJIY4CHHH U0 2 MO)KIIO HCnOJlb30BaTb 11 OCa.>K)J.CIIHe aMMO-
IIHHypaHIIJITpI1Kap60HaTa, TCpMH'IeCKOC pa3.TJO)KCHHe KOToporo lIa
B03.lI,YXC npH 700-900°C npHBO)].HT K 06pa30BalII11O U 3 0 8 :
3 (NH 4 )4 [U0 2 (C0 3 )al -+ U 3 0 8 + lONH 3 -I- 9C0 2 + N 2 + 7H 2 0 + 2H 2 .
B HHepTHOll aTMoccpepe HJII1 B BaKYYMe
(NH 4 )4 [U0 2 (C0 3 hl -+ U0 2 + 2NH3 + 3C0 2 -1- N 2 + 3H 2 0 + 2H 2 .
BOCCTaHOBJIellHC npOI1CXO.lI,HT BCJIC)].CTBI1C )].HCCOQHa I1I1H aMMl1aKa;
npH C06JIIO;J.eIlHI1 onpc)].CJICHHbIX YCJIOBHll y.lI.aCTCH nOJlYLJHTb )].HOKCI1.lI.
ypaHa COCTaBa U02,05-U02,06.
9.4. nony"eHHe CMeWaHHOrO ypaH-nnYToHHeBoro
H ypaH-TopHeBoro OKCHAHoro TonnHBB
CMellialIHoe ypan-nJlYToHHeBoe OKCH)].Hoe TOnJII1I30 I1cno.lb3YIOT B
lIaCTOHllI.CC BpeMH B pcaKTopax Ha 6bICTpbIX HCllTpoHax. TaKoe TOnJIH-
RO npc)].cTaBJI5IeT C060ll TBep)].bIH: pacTBop PU02 B )J.HOKCH)].e ypaHa.
DpHCYTcTBHe PU02 OKa3bIBaCT cTa6HJIH3HPYlOlliCC BJIHHHHe Ha cpJIIOO-
pl1THYIO Ky6H4CCKYIO CTPYKTYPY U0 2 , 1JTO n03BOJlHCT HCnOJIb30BaTb
CMemallHOC TOnJIHRO npH )].OCTaT04110 BbICOKHX TeMnepaTypax, B 'IaCT-
HOCTH .lI,JlH cOBpeMclIHbIX peaKTopoB IIa 6bICTpbIX HCllTpoHax HaH6o-
.lec nO/1.XO)].HT TOnJIHBO, cOJl.ep)Kalll.ee 10-30 % PU02. .LI.HOKCH)]. ypa-
Ha, B KOTOpOM KO.1I1'ICCTBO PU02 COCTaRJIHCT 1-3 %, MO)KHO I1CnOJlb-
30BaTb B Ka4CCTBC TOnJII1Ra B peaKTopax Ha MC;J.JICllllbIX IIcihpoHax.
O)].HaKo PU02 06JIa,'J.acT CKJIOHHOCTbIO K nOTcpc KI1CJlOpO.lI,a C 06pa-
30BaHHCM cpa3bJ a-Pu203, 4TO C03.lI,aeT onpe)].CJleHHble TPY)].HOCTH npH
CneKaHI1H crrpeccoBaHHblx nopolliKoB H3 CMeCH PU02 - U0 2 B BO.ll.O-
pO.lI,e.
Ha Ka4eCTBO KepaMI1'IeCKOrO CMeIlIaHHoro TOnJlHBa lIa OCHOBe
203
U0 2 - PU02 BJIHHIOT TaKl1e cpaKTOpbI, KaK CIIoc06 npHrOTOB.1CHl1fl
HCXO.lI.HbIX nOpOlliKOB H Te nepaTypa, a TaK)Ke aTl\wccpepa cnCKaIlHH.
CMelliaHIIOC OKCH.lI.HOC ypaH-nJIYTOHI1CBOC TOnJII1BO MO:>KHO H3ro-
TOBHTb npCCCOBaHHCM H CIIeKaHHCM nopOlliKOB, nO.1Y4eHHbIX JJ.I3Y H
MeTo.a;aMH: CMCIlIeHHeM OT)].eJlbHO npHrOTOBJIellHbIX U0 2 II PU02 H
rrpOKaJIHBalIHeM OCa.ll.KOB, BM.lI,eJICHlIbIX npH COBMeCTHOM OCa)KjJ.elIl1l1
ypaHa H nJIYTOHI1H 113 HI1TpaTHbIX paCTBopOB aMMHaKOM. I1MCHHO BTO-
pOH: MCTO.lI. .lI.aCT B03MO.>KHOCTb nOJIY4HTb OKCl1.!1.HOe TOnJIHBO llaHBblC-
llIeH rrJIOTHOCTH H C 60JIce paBIIOMepHbIM pacnpe.lI.CJIeHHeM KOMnOHeII-
TOB B fOTOBOH npO.lI.YKLI.HH.
)1..151 npOBe.lI.eHHH npoQecca COBMeCTHOfO OCa2K.u.eHHH HCnOJIb3YlOT
paCTBopbI ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa, CO.lI.ep2KaIII.HC onpe.lI.eJICHHOC KOJIHIJeCTBO
HHTpaTa nJIYToHHH (IV). .LI.JIH nepeBO.lI.a nJIYTOHHH B lJeTbIpeXBaJIeHT-
Hoe COCTOHHHe npHMCHHIOT ncpeKHCb Bo)].opO.lI,a. 06pa60TKa TaKHX pac-
TBOpOB BO.lI.HbIM HJIH ra3006pa3IIbIM aM l1aKOM B IlIHpOKOM HHTepBaJIe
TeMnepaTYP 25-98°C npH nOMep)KaHI1H pH Cpe.ll.bJ, paBHoM 7-10,
npHBO.lI.HT K nOJIY4ellHIO HY:>KIIOrO Ka4CCTBa OCa.lI,KOI3. Pa3pa60TaIl
BeCbMa 3<p<peKTHBHbIH npHeM oCYllI.eCTBJICHH5I npouecca OCa)K)].CHI1H,
3aKJIIO'IalOllI.HH:CH B TOM, 4TO 06pa60TKY pacTBopOB npoBo.lI.HT KaK 6bI
B npOTHBoToKe, B nYJIbCHpYlOllI.eH KOJIOHHC. (I10.lI,06HbIll nprrcM, KaK
6bIJIO YKa3aHo, HCnOJIb3yeTcH H .lI.JI5I OCa2K.lI.CHHH nOJIHypaHaToB aMMO-
HHH).
I1CXO.lI,HMH: pacTBop H aMMl1aK nO.lI,alOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO CHH3Y H
cBepxy KOJIOHHbI; 3cp<pCKTHBIl9C ncpeMeIlIHBaIlHc JWCTHracTcH KaK Bpa-
llI.eHHeM LI.eHTpaJIbHOrO BaJIa C MeIlIaJIKaMH, TaK H nYJIbCaLI.Hell. r JIaB-
Hoe .>Ke .lI.OCTOHIICTBO annapaT3 3aK.TJI04aeTCH B TOM, 'ITO B YCTaIlOBI1B-
IlIeMCSI pe)KHMe KOHLI.eIITpaUHH OCa.ll.HTeJIH Ha Ka)K)].OH nOCJIe)].YlOllI.eH
CTa.lI.HH (CBepxy BHH3) MeHbIlIe, 4eM Ha npC)].bI.lI.Ylll.eH:, Ha O.ll.HO H TO
JKe 3Ha4eHHe, onpe.ll.CJISIeMOe COOTHOIlIeHHeM nOTOKOB paCTBopa 11 oca-
,lJ.HTeJISI. TaKHM 06pa30M, Ha ncpBbIX cTyneHHx .lI.OCTl1raCTCSI HH3Koe
3Ha4eHHe pH cpe)].bI, B PC3YJIbTaTe IJcro nOJIY4alOT JIerKO <PHJIbTPYIO-
llI.HeCSI OCa.lI.KH; Ha nOCJIe)].HHX CTa.lI,HHX npH 60JIee BbICOKOH: KOHLI.CHT-
paLI.HH OCa.lI.HTeJIH 06CCnelJHBaeTCH KOJIH4CCTBeHHoe BbI.lI.eJIeHHC 060HX
MeTaJIJIOB H3 pacTBopa. B 3TOM annapaTC, KpoMe TOro, .lI.OCTHraeTC5I
3cp<peKTHBHaH rOMOfeHH3aLI.HH. DOJIY'IeIIHbIH: OCa.lI.OK OT<pHJIbTpOBbIBa-
JOT H npOMbIBalOT .lI.JIH y)].aJIeHHH HHTpaTa aMMOHHSI CJIa6bIM paCTBO-
pOM aMMHaKa. D pOMbITbIH: oca,!!:OK npOCYIlIHBalOT H npOKaJIHBalOT Ha
B03.lI.yxe B Tpy6'IaTOH: neIJH, a 3aTeM .lI.JIH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH U 3 08 H ypa-
Ha, a TaK2Ke 4aCTH4IIoro YMCHbIlIelIHH nOBepXHOCTI1 OKCH.lI,OB npOKa-
JIHBalOT B aTMoc<pepe a30Ta HJIH aprOHa, CO.ll.ep)Kamero 4-5 % BO.!l.O-
pO.lI.a. CxeMa uerrH annapaTOB rrpoLI.eCca nOJIY'ICHHH nopOlliKa CMeCH
U0 2 H PU02 npHBe.ll.Cna IIa pHC. 9.3. KOHe'lHbIM npo)J.YKTOM 3THX one-
paLI.HH: SlBJIHeTCH TBep)].bIH pacTBop .lI.HOKCH.lI.OB ypaHa H nJIYToHHH C
COOTHOIlIeHHeM Me: 0= 1: 1,97-;-2,03. DOPOIlIKH, nOJIY4eHHbIe 3THM
rrYTeM, XOpOlliO cnCKalOTCH rrpH 1550°C B aTMoc<pep BO.lI.OpO.lI.a HJIH
YfJIeKHCJIOfO ra3a. DJIOTHOCTb nOJIY4CHHbIX Ta6JIeTOK COCTaBJIHeT OKO-
JIO 95 % TeOpeTHIJeCKoit TaKoc OKCH.lI.Hoe TOnJIHBO o6JIa.u.aeT BbICOKOH:
pa.lI.HaLI.HOHHOH CTOH:KOCTblO, 11 ero MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb npH 60JIbIlIOH
rJIy6HHe BbIfopaHHH.
204
TIpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH CMeIlIaHHOro OKCH.l{HOrO TOnJIHBa MeXaHH'leCKHM C\<IeIlIeHHeM
nOpOIlIKOB .l{IWKCH.D.OB ypaHa H n.'YTOHHH O'leHb BaJKHO rOMOreHIIOe paCnpe.l{e.'reHHe
PU02 B OU'beMe U0 2 . 9TO .D.OCTHraCTCH TIIJ;aTeJIbHbIM CMeIlIeHHeM H3MeJIb'leHHbIX .l{H-
OKCH.l{OB, HMelOIIJ;HX Onpe.ll.e.leHHbIH H nO'lTH paBHbIH pa3Mep 'laCTHlI.. B3aHMHaH Aml>-
4JY3HH KaTHOHOB H rOMoreHH3all.HH C 06pa30BaHHeM TBep.D.Oro paCTBopa 3aBHCHT OT
llcIoiJHb/U.
pacrn{Jop
7
ra3
PHC. 9.3. CxeMa nenH annapaToB nponecca nOJIY'leHHH nopollIKa U02+PU02 H3
.a30THOKHC.lhIX pacTBopoB:
J - 6aK HCXO)l.Horo paCTBopa ypaHa H nJlYToHHH; 2 - paCXo)l.OMep; 3 - annapaT )l.JlH JlOCCTa-
HOBJleHHH nJlYToHHH (IV); 4 - Hacoc )l.JlH nYJlbCanHH; 5 - MHorocTyneHqaTaH OCa)l.HTeJlbHa>l KO-
JlOHHa. 6 - <PHJlbTP, 7 - neqb )l.JI>I CYIllKH H npOKaJlHBaHH>I OCa)l.Ka. 8 - neqb )I..1H npeil,BapH-
TeJlbHoro cneKaHHH MaTepHaJia
YCJJOBHH cneKaHHH nopOIlIKOB. CrreKaHHe npOBO.l{HT OUbI'lHO npH nOHHJKeHHOM .D.aB-
JIeHHH B aTMoc epe CMeCH aprOHa H BO.l{opO.l{a co CTporo onpC.l{eJIeHHOH CKOpOCTblO
nO)l'beMa TeMnepaTypbI .l{O 1400-1700 °C.
B nOCJIe)].Hee BpeMS! .lI,JIH nOJIY'IeHHS! CMeIlIaHHoro OKCI1.lI,HOrO Ton-
..7II1Ba pa3pa60TaHbI pa3JIH4HbIe BapHaHTbI 30JIb-rc.1b-npouecca. 3TOT
npouecc npC.lI,CTaBJIHeT 60JIbIlIOH: npaKTH'IeCKI1H HIITepCC .lI,JIH nOJlYLJe-
HHS! MHKpOTB3JIOB - ccpepH'IeCKHX TOnJII1BlIbIX IJaCTHU OKCI1.l1.0B (a TaK-
.>K:e Kap6H.lI,OB) ypaHa, TOpH5I, nJIYTOHHS! H HX cMeceH, HCnOJIb3ylOllI.HX-
<CS! .lI.JIS! H3roTOBJIeHHH TOnJII1Ba BbIcoKoTeMnepaTypHbIx ra30BbIX pe-
aKTopOB. DpoLI.ecc nOJIY4eHHH MHKpOTB3JIOB BKJIIO'IaeT cJIe.ll.YlOllI.He
<DnepaLI.HlI: nOJIYIJeHHe KOJIJIOH.lI.HOrO pacTBopa (30JIS!) ypaHa JIH60
MeCH ypaHa H TOpHH (I1JII1 nJIYToHHS! H TOpHS!) Hero KOHLI.eHTpHpo-
BaHl1e, .lI.HCnepmpOBaHHe 30JIH B BH.lI.C OT.lI.eJIbHbIX KaneJIb B .>KH.lI.KOCTb,
npaKTH4eCKH He CMeIlIHBalOllI.yIOC5I C BO.lI.OH, r.lI.e c<pepH4eCKHe KanJIH
B pe3YJIbTaTe 3KCTpaKUHH BO)].bI 3aTBep.lI.eBalOT H npeBpalll.alOTCH 13
MHKpOC<pepbI reJI5I, KOTopbIe HanpaBJIHIOT lIa CYIlIKY, a 3aTeM npOKaJl-
KY H cneKaHHe npH 60JIee BMCOKOH: TeMnepaType.
B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMS! 30.1b-reJIb-npOuecc S!BJIHeTCH O.lI.HHM H3 MCTO-
.lI.OB nOJIY4eHHH TOnJIHBHbIX 4aCTHU KOHTpOJIHpyeMoro pa3Mepa, Tpe-
6yeMblx nJIOTHOCTH H C<pepH'IHOCTH. BbICOKaS! 3<p<peKTI1BHOCTb 3Toro
npouecca 06'bHCHS!eTCS! 04eHb MaJIbIMH pa3MepaMH 3cpeH OKCH.lI,OB, a
CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, HX BbICOKOR nOBepXHOCTHOH: aKTHBHOCTblO H cnoc06-
lIOCTblO BCJIC.lI.CTBHe .lI.H<p<PY3HH B TBep.lI,OM COCTOS!HHH cneKaTbCS! Y.>Ke
npH TeMnepaType, 3Ha4HTeJIbHO 60JIee HH3KOH, 4eM npH CneKaHI1H
'06bIIJHbIX nopOlliKOB OKCH.lI.OB. KOJIJIOH.lI,Hble paCTBopbI HCnOJIb3yeMoro
TOnJIHBHOfO MaTCpHaJIa CO.lI.ep2KaT MeJIKO.lI.HcnepCHbIe KpHCTaJIJIHTbI,
06'be.lI.HHeHHbIe B OT.lI.eJIbHbIe arperaTbI pa3MepoM 40-100 MKM, KOTO-
pbIe TIOCJIe fCJIe06pa30BaHHH HMelOT YCTOH'IHBYIO CTPYKTYPY. DpH no-
CJIe.lI.YlOllI.eM Y.lI.aJIeHHH H36bITKa BO.lI.bI no Mepe nOBbIIlICHHS! TeMncpa-
TypbI TIJIOTHOCTb feJIS!, a 3aTeM H OKCH.!I.OB nOBbIlliaeTC5I H B npoLI.ecce
205
CneKaJlHH npH TCMnepaType, paBIIOH HJIIi MeHblIlC 1200°C, .lI,OC1Hraer
nOQTH TCOpCTHlJCCKOrO 3Ha4CIlI1H.
B HaCT05Iw.ee BpCM5I pa3pa60TaHbJ pa3J1H1IHbIe BapHaHTbI 30JIb-
re.lb-npouecca npHMCIIHTeJIbHO K nO.1Y'IeIiHIO MHKpoc<t>ep TOnJIHBa
Jla OCHOBe U0 2 HJIH CMeceH Th0 2 - U0 2 11 Th0 2 - PU02, pa3JIH4alO-
llI.HeCH MeTO.lI,OM nO.1Y1J.CII I1H 30JIH H cro KOH[ eHTpl1pOBallHH, TCXHHKOH:
.lI,HCneprHpOBaIlHH 30JIH, cnoc060M npCBpall eHH5I 30JI5I B reOMCTpH4e-
CKH cTa6HJIbllbIH reJIb H yCJIOBH5IMI1 CYlliKII H npOKaJIKI1 MHKpOCcpCp
remI.
9.5. nony"eHHe AHoKcHAa ypaHa H3 060rall.\eHHOrO UF 6
KaK Y)KC YKa3bIBaJlOCb, )].0060ralll.ellHe pcreHcpHpoBaHHoro ypalla
110 235U MO)KCT 6bITb npOBC.lI,enO nyTeM npeBpaw.elI HH cro R UF 6 H
IlOCJIC,lI.Y101IlCH ra30BOH .lI,H<PCPY3HH. LlmI np0I13BO,ll.CTI3a UF 6 :\10)KHO
l1CnO.1b30RaTb nOJIYLJClIllble B npouccce nepcpa60TKI1 paCTBopOR ypa-
JlHJI-HHTpaTa U0 3 H U 3 0 B , KOTOpblC nO)].BcpralOT cpTopHpOBaliHIO 3JIe-
MeHTapIlblM <pTOpOM B n.TJaMelIHblX pcaKTopax.
B IJ:eJIHX 3KOHO!l!HH ,noporocTOHll\ero !j>Topa II neKoTopbIX TcxnO.10rJ1lleCKHX CXC-
Max HCnOJIb3Y!OT IJpou:ecc !j>TopHpOBaHH5I He OKCH.lWB, aUF., KOTopbrii n CBOIO O'IC-
pCD:h no.1Y1JaIOT H3 o6pa30n lIlIIciicj{ np" nOCCTa Hon:lCHHH llhlCIUHX OhCHll.OB ypana
U0 2 nYTeM rHD:po!j>TopHpoBaIlHH ero 6e3B0,Z1TlhIM !j>TOpHCTbIM llO,lOPOi{OM lJ annapaTax
KHIIIIll\cro CJIOH
DOJIY4eHHbIH UF 6 nOCJIe COOTBCTcTBYlOllI.eH O'lHCTKH IlanpaB.rI5IIOT
Ha pa3)].eJIeHHe 1130TOnOB. 060ralll.eHHbIH no 235U reKca<pTopH)]. ypalla
3aTeM HCrrOJIh3YIOT I1.JIH npHrOTOBJICHHH U0 2 . HaH60JIee pacnpocTpa-
HeHHbIH npoUccc npCBpalll.eIlI1H UF 6 B U0 2 BKJII04aeT rH.lI,pO.TJH3 UF 6
H nocJlc.lI,YlOllI.ce OCa>K;TJ:CHHe .lI,CHCTBHeM aMMl1aKa ypaIlaToR a:vrMOHHH;
OT<pHJIbTpOI3aHHbIH OCa,lJ.OK npOKaJIHBalOT .lI,0 U 3 0 B 11 BOCCTaHaBJII1Ba-
lOT )1.0 U0 2 . DOJIY4ellHC XOpOlliO cncKalOw.erOCH U0 2 C BbICOKOH: n.10T-
HOCTblO H3 ypaIlaToB aMMOIIHH, OCa)K)].eIlHbIX H3 paCTBopOB ypaJlHJI-
cpTopl1.l1.a, npe.lI,CTaBJIHCT onpC,lJ.CJICHHhIC TPY)].IIOCTH, CBH3allIlbIC co
CTPYKTypOH 06pa3YlOIlLcrOCH OCa!l.Ka Ii lIe06XOi1.I1MOCTblO II8H60JICe
nOJIHOrO y.lI,aJIelIHH CPTOP-HOHOB.
LlJIH nOJIY4CHHH Ka1J.CCTBCIlHoro U0 2 IIC06XO)].HMO, 4T06bI oca;J.OK
ypaHaToB aMMOHHH HMeJI pa3BHTYlO nOBcpXHOCTb, a TaK)KC Ma.lblH:
pa3Mep KpIiCTaJIJIOB H 4aCTI1IL. O)].HaKO npH OCa)K;J.eHHH ypaHaToB aM-
MOHHH H3 paCTBopOB ypamIJI-<pTopH)].a H nJIaBHKOBOH KHCJIOTbI, nOJIY-
'IalOllI.HXCH npH rH.lI,pOJIl13e UF 6, npOHCXO.!l.IiT 06pa30naHHe KpynHbIx
KpHCTaJIJIOB C IIe60JIbIlIOH nOBcpXHOCTblO. .LI.JIH nOJIY4CIIHH MCJIKHX
Kpl1CTaJIJIOB .lI.HypailaTa aMMOIlHH p33pa60TaH HcnpcpMBllbIH MCTO)l.
OCa)K,lJ.eHHH B peaKTope, 06ccne4HBa IOllI.HH 6bICTpOC CMeIlIeHHC pac-
TBOpOB U0 2 F 2 11 NH 4 0H. YBCJIH'IeHHIO nOBcpXHOCTH 06pa3YIOlll.CrOCH
OCa.ll.Ka cnoc06cTByeT IlaJlHIIl1e 60JIbIlIOrO H36bITKa aMMHaKa. Oca)K-
)I.eHHe CJIC,lJ.yeT npOBO.ll.l1Tb npH 25°C, TaK KaK nOBbIIlIeHlfe TCMncpaTY-
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206
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HO CC )].06aBJlHIOT B BH.lI.e 30-50 %-lIoro BOJI.HOrO pacTBopa) BHC 3a-
BHCHMOCTH OT HCXO)J.II0ro Ba.rleHTHoro COCTOHHI1H nJIYToHIIH BbI.lI,CJI5ICT-
CH nepoKCUa nAYTOHwl (IV). OCa)K.lI.CIIHC npOBo,lIHT npH nOHH)KCHHOii
TeMncpaType (l 0-15 °C) .lI,JIH YMcHblIIeJlI1H pa3JIO)KCIII1H ncpeKHcH.
DpH TaKOH: TeMnepaType nJIYToHHH (III) 6hICTpO OKHCJIHeTC5I .lI,0 4e-
TbIpeXRaJICIITHOro COCTOHIIHH; a BOCCTaHORJIClIl1C nJIYTolIHH (VI) npo-
HCXO;J.HT 04eHb MC.lI.J1CHIiO (HHor)].a B TCQCHl1e IICCKOJIbKIIX JI.HeH:). .LI.JIH
YMCHbllICHI1H nOTepb nJIYToHHH C cpHJIbTpaTOM B CJIY4ae co)].cp)KaHH5I
nJIYToIIHH (VI) 06pa60TKY pacTRopa nepeKI1CbJO Bo)].opo.ll.a )].JIH nepe-
Ro)].a era B 4CTblpCXBaJIeHTHOC COCTOHHI1C He06xo)].HMO npOBo.ll.HTb npH
I!arpCBaHHI1 (50°C).
06bI4HO nepOKCI111.Y nJIYToHHH npHnl1CbIBalOT <POPMYJIY PU207, HO'
B 3aBI1CHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH OCa)K)].eHHH XHM I1QCCKHH COCTaB cro H3-
'VICHHCTCH B IlIHpOKI1X npe)].cJIax H xapaKTepH3yeTcH 06w.eH: CPOPMYJIOM:
Pu03+xAI-x (2-3) H 2 0, r,1.e A - a1l110H, cBH3aHHbIH: C nJIYToHHeM B
HCXO)].1I0M paCTBopc; x - BeJII1'IHHa, MeHbIlIa5I C)].HHI1UhI.
YCJIOBHH OCa)K.lI.eHIIH cYluecTRcHHbIM 06pa30M BJII1HIOT lIa CTPYK-
TYPY 06pa3YIOllI. e rOCH OCa.lI,Ka. DepoKcH)]. nJIyTOI!HH CYllI.CCTByeT B 1I.BYX
KpHCTaJIJIH4eCKHx MO.lI.H<pHKaUI1SIX (reKcarOHaJIbHOH H Ky6H4ecKoH rpa-
HeUCHTpl1pOBaHIIOM:), KOTopble pa3JII14alOTCH OTIIOlIlelll1CM KHCJIOpO.lI,a
K nJIYToIiHIO. DpH 3TOM nCpOKCI1JI. nJIYToHHH, HMelOw.HH Ky6H4ecKYIO
CTPYKTypy, 06pa3ycTcH 06bI'IHO B KOJIJIOH.lI,HOH cpOpMC 11 )].JIH TCXHO-
J10rHQCCKOH npaKTHKH HcnpHro)].cH. CTPYKTypa OCa.lI,Ka B nepBYIO 04e-
pC.lI,b 3aRHCHT OT KHCJlOTI!OCTH pacTBopa, H nJIOXO <pIIJIbTpYlOllI.aHCSI
KOJIJIOH.lI,HaSi Ky6114ecKaH cpopMa nCpOKCI1)].a nOJIyQaCTC5I npH npoBe)J.e-
III1I1 OCa)K)].eHH5I H3 pacTBopoB C KOHI cHTpaUHeH: HN0 3 HH)KC 2 M, 4TO
CBH3all0 C CHJIbHbIM rH;J.pOJII130M COJIeH nJIYToHHH B CJIa60KHCJIbIX
paCTBopax. Ll.TJH 06pa30BaHI1H ncpOKCH,1.a KpHCT3JIJIH1IeCKOH: reKcaro-
HaJIbllOH MO.ll.HcpHKaLI.HI1 H nOJIY'IeHI1H 60JIee KpynHblx H XOpOlliO CPHJIb-
TpyeMblx KpHCTaJIJIOB He06xo.lI,HMO JIH60 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOe nOBbIIlIeHHe
KHCJIOTHOCTH pacTBopa, .1H60 BBe)].CHHe cYJIbcpaT-l1oHoB, npHcYTcTBl1e
KOTOpbIX cnoc06cTByCT KoarYJIHUI1H nOJlO)KHTeJIbHO 3ap5l)KeHHbIX 'lac-
TH\J, nepOKCI1)].a nJIYTOIIHH, 06pa3YlOllI.HXCH B CJIa60KHCJIbIX pacTBopax.
Ha pacTBopHMOCTb ncpOKCH.lI.a nJlYToHHH cYllI.eCTBeIIHoc BJlHHI!He
OKa3bIBalOT KOHueHTpaUI1H HN03, a TaK)Ke H36bIT04HaH KOIlI cHTpaUHH
nepCKI1CH Bo)].opO.ll.a. B npHcYTcTBHH TaKHX aHHOHOB, KaK F-, P0 4 3-,
C 2 0 4 2-, 06pa3yIOllI.HX C nJIYToHHeM YCTOH'IHBble KOMnJICKCbI, pacTBo-
211
pllMOCTb nCpOKCI1,iJ.a YBCJIII'IHBaeTCH. HCKJIIO'IeHHC COCTaBJIHIOT JIHIlIb
CYJIbcpaT-HOllbl, HaJTH'IHC KOTOpbIX B paCTBOpaX a30THOH KHCJIOTbI npH-
BO)l.HT K YMCllblIleHHIO paCTBOpHMOCTH nCpOKCH,.'I.a JIJIYTOHHH.
,lJ,J15:I Ha1160.1ee nOJIHOrO Bbl.ll.CJIeHHH nJIYTOIlHH B OCa.!l.OK OnTHMaJIb-
HbIMH HBJIS!IOTCH CJIe.ll.YIOw.He YC.10BH5:I: [Pu] = 10+ 100 r/JI, [HN0 3 J =
=3 M, [S04 2 -] =0,2 M, 1136wTO'IIIOe cO.ll.Cp.>KaHHC H 2 0 2 B pacTBope
2-3 M. OCa)K,'J.eI!HC npOBO.ll.5:IT B Te'ICHHe 0,5 q )J.06aBJIeHHeM 30 % -HO-
fO pacTBopa H 2 0 2 , 3aTCM nYJIbIJY BW)J.ep.>KHBaIOT 1 'I H <PHJIbTpYIOT
(B Ka'IeCTBe CPHJIbTPYIOW.efo MaTepHaJIa HCnOJIb3yIOT I1Cp.>KaBeIOw.yJO
CTaJIb); npH 3TOM OCTaTO'IHa5l KOHLI.eHrpaLI.H5I nJIYToHH5l B MaTOqHOM
pacTBopc COCTaBJI5IeT 0,3 r/JI. DpH OCa.>K.lI.eHHH ncpoKcH)J.a DJIYTOHIUI
IIPH 60JJCC BblCOKOH KHCJIOTHOCTH (4,7 M HN0 3 ) H TllI.aTCJIbHOM IWIIT-
pOJIC YCJlOBHH OCa)K)J.eHI15l OTna)J.aeT He06xo)J.H}lOCTb B .lI.06aBJIeHHH
cy.lbcpaT-HoHoB. PcrCHCpaLI.HH MaT04HbIX pacTBopoB OCYlll.eCTBJIHeTCSl
nYTcM pa3pymcHHH nepcKHcH BO)J.opO.ll.a HafpeBaHHcM H B03BpaToM
TIJlYTOIIHH B UHKJI Ha 3KcTpaKUHIO.
D pH OCa)K.lI.eHHH nepOKCH.lI.a nJIYTOHHH MO.>KHO nOJIY'IHTb npO.ll.YKT
BbICOKOH CTenCHlI IJHCTOThl, TaK KaK B 3TOM cJlY'Iac npOHCXO.ll.HT 3<p-
cpeKTMBIl aH O'IHCTKa OT 60.1blIlHIICTBa KaTHOIlOB C K03cpcpH[J,n:CHTaMH
O'IHCTKH:
3Jle'lleHT U Ni, Cr Fe AI, Ca, Be Mn Zr, Nb,
Mg Ru
I(03qxpH- 10 2 2.10 2 10 2 103 10 4 50 4
l(HeHT
OQHCTKH
OCHOBIIOH: lle)J.OcTaTOK nepOKCH.lI.I10ro OCa)K)J.cHlIH COCTOHT B TOM,
IJTO B 3TOM npouccce HCnOJIb3yIOT npO.!l.YKTbI, KOTopble B onpe.ll.CJIeH-
HbIX YCJIOBHHX MOfYT pa3JIafaTbCH CO B3pbIBOM, oc06elIHO B npHCYT-
CTBHH HeKOTopbIX npHMeCeH:, HanpHMCp .>KCJIe3a, BaHa)J.HH. 3TH npH-
MeCH KaTaJIH3HpYIOT pa3JIO.>KCHHe nepCKHceH, 'ITO Tpe6yeT TllI.aTeJIb-
Horo KOIITpOJI5I 'IHCTOTbI pcaKTHBOB H YCJIOBHH: OCa.>K.lI.eHH5:I H CYlliKH.
OnpC.lI.eJIeHHbIH HHTcpec npe)J.CTaBJIHCT OCa)K.lI.eHHe H3 BO)J.HbIX pac-
TBOpOB cjJTOPUOOB nAYT01iUfl, TaK KaK n03BOJIHeT 3IIa'IHTeJIbHO COKpa-
THTb nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHbIH LI.HKJI OnCpaLI.HH: npeBpaw.eHH5:I COJIeH: nJIYTO-
IIH5l B MCTaJIJI. OCa.>K.lI.eHHbIH: H3 BO,lJ.HbIX paCTBopOB cpTOpH.lI. nJIYTOHH5I
(III) nO.ll.BepfaeTcH JIHlIlb oncpaUHH .lI.em.lI,paTaUHH, nOCJIe qero cro
MO.>KIIO HenOcpe.ll.CTBeHHo HanpaBJIHTb Ha MCTaJIJIyprH'ICcKYIO nJIaBKY
.lI.JI5l nOJIYIJeJTHH MeTaJIJIH'IeCKOrO nJIYToIlHH.
D pH .lI.eH:CTBHH n.1aBHKOBOll KHCJIOTbI lIa a30THOKHCJIbIe paCTBopbI
nJIYToHH5I (III) BbI.lI.eJIHCTCH PuF 3 .nH 2 0, pacTBopHMOCTb KOToporo npH
npOBe)J.cHHH npouecca OCa.>K,!!:CHHH B onpe.ll.eJIeHHbIX CTpOfO KOHTpO-
JIHpyeMbIx YCJIOBH5:IX He npeBwIlIaeT 10 Mf!JI. O.n.HaKo TaKoe HH3Koe
cO.ll.ep.>KaHHC nJIYToHH5:I B MaTO'IHOM pacTBope B03MO.>KHO JIHIlIb B CJIY-
IJae OTCYTCTBH5:I .lI.Pymx BaJIeHTHbIX cpOpM nJIYToHHH (npH OCa.>K.lI.eHHH
212
PUF3 H3 a30TIIOKHCJIbIX paCTBOpOB, cTa611.1113HpOBaI!HbIX CY.1hcpaVIH-
1I0BOH: H aCKop6111!0ROH: KI1CJIOTaMH). KpoMc TOIO, lIe06xoJ:I1MO rro.ll.-
Cp)KHBaTb COOTHOlliCHHe a30THOH: H nJIaBHKOUOH KHC.l0T I1PH oca/l\J1.e-
111111 OKOJIO 3. B TO )Ke BpeMH ;J.JIH 1I0JIY'ICHI1H KPYIIHOKpI!CTa.1JIHlJC-
CKOro XOpOlliO cpll.lbTpyeMoro oca.ll.Ka 3TO COOTIIOlIlCHHC I!C06XOJ:I1MO
nOBbIlIlaTb .lI.O 6-7. DpolJ.ccc OCa)K.lI.eIII1H PuF 3 \10)KHO npOBO,'I.HTb KaK
nepHO,lJ.HLJeCKH, TaK H lICllpCpbIBHO. OnTHMaJIbHblC YCJIOBH5I Oca)K,1.C-
HHH HaH60JIee nOJIIIO MorYT 6W'Ib BbljJ.cp)KaHbI npH npOBe.ll.CHHI! oca)K-
)J.eHHH B ,lJ.Be CTa)J.HI1. ,lJ,.1H nOJIYlJCIIHH O.ll.HOpO.ll.lIOfO KpHCTaJl.1H'ICCKOrO
oca)J.Ka lIa nepBoH CTa)J.I1H OCa)K.lI.eHHe npoBo)J.HT npH nepeMclIlHBaHHH
H nO.ll..lI.ep.>KaHHH COOTIIOlIlCHHH a30TIIOH H n.laBHKOBOH KHCJIOT paBHhlM
HJIH 60JICC 6 nYTcM 0)J.I10BpCMellIIOH: nO)J.a'IH co cTporo onpe;J.CJIeHHOH
CKOpOCTbIO I1CXO)J.HOfO paCTBopa, cO,'J.cp)Kaw.cro 50-70 r/JI nJIYTOHI1H
(III), H oca)J.HTCJIH, COCT05l1lI.CrO H3 CMeCH 2,7-4 M HF H 4-5 M
HN0 3 ; B KalJCCTRC 6ycpcpa HCnOJIb3YIOT 0,1 M paCTBop HN0 3 11.111
MaTOlJl!bIH paCTBOp OT npC.lI.bl)J.yw.ero OCa)KjJ.eIIHH. 06pa30BaBlIla5ICH
nYJIbna nepeTeKaCT B ,lJ.PYfOH annapaT, fjJ.C )J.JIH H8:100.1CC nOJIHOrO
OCa)K,lJ.eHHH nJlYTOlIl1H .lI.06aBJIHIOT HF, lJT06bI ClIH3HTb COOTIlOlllelIHH
HN0 3 /HF ,'J.O 3 H Mellec, a 3aTeM OHa nocTynaeT Ha <p1J.lhTpaIlHIO.
B u,eJIHX npC.!I.OTBpaw.eIlHH OKHCJICHHH PuF3 )1.0 TeTpaq>TOpl!;J,a Oca.lI,OK
TlllaTeJIhllO npOMbIBaIOT 0,8 M HF .lI.JIH Y JlaJICHHH a30THOH: KHCJlOTbI.
DOJIblIlHM npeHMylll.ecTBOM npolJ.ecca OCa)K)J.eIIHH PUF3 HBJIHeTCH
cro IIH3KaH paCTBopHMOCTb, BCJIC)J.CTBHe 'Iero n.1YTOHHH B MaTO'IHbIX
pacTBopax cO,'I:ep)KHTC5I O'IClIb MaJIO Hero pereHepaIWH He Tpe6YCTCH.
OCIIOBIIOH IIC.lI.OCTaTOK cpTopH.lI.HOrO OCa)K.lI.eHI1H - BbICOKaH arpeCCHB-
HOCTb CMeClf HF H HN0 3 , lJTO BbI3bIBaeT He06xo,lJ.HMOCTb npHMeHCHH5I
cneu,HaJIbHbIX KOpp03HOHHO-CTOHKHX MaTepHaJIOB ,lJ.JIH annapaTOB.
KpOMC TOro, acpcpHHa)KHbIH: 3cpcpeKT 3Toro MeTO)J.a OlJHCTKH nJIYTOHHH
3HaLJHTeJIbHO HH.>Ke, lJeM OKCaJIaTHOrO HJIH nCpOKCH.lI.HOfO npouecca.
,lJ,ocTaTOLJHaH O'IHCTKa (K03cpcpliLI.HeHT O'IHCTKH 10-20) npOHCXO.!l.HT
OT Fe, Ni, Cr, B TO BpeM5I KaK pH,lJ. TaKHX npHMeCeH:, KaK AI, Zr, U
II ,lJ.p., MO.>KeT OCa.>K)J.aTbCH C nJIYTOHHCM. D03TOMY paCTBOpw nJIYTO-
HHH, IIocTynalOw.l1c Ha OCa)K.lI.ellHe PUF3. )J.OJI.>KIIbI 6bITb )J.OCTaTO'IHO
1JHCTbIMH.
ITpH .n;ci1cTBIHI II,laBIfKOBOH KIIC.10TbI Ha Bo.n;Hble paCTBopbI II,lYTOHHH (IV) ocalK-
.naCTCH ero KpIfCTaJlJlOrlf.n;paT pur .2,5 H 2 0. O.n;HaKo B Tex1I0,10mtleCKGH npaKTHKe
3TOT MeTO.n; BbI.n;eJlCHHH IIJlYTOHIIH H3 paCTBopOB He IIpHMeH5IeTCH, TaK KaK paCTBopH-
MOCTb pur B KIfCJlbIX paCTBopax cyrn;cCTBeHHO BbIllle, qeM PuF3, H, KpOMe Toro,
TeTpa<jJTopH.n; npe.n;CTaBJIHeT COUOH nJloxo <jJH.lbTpylOrn;lfiicH H Tpy.n;HO ooe3BOlKHBalO-
rn;HHCH oca.n;oK.
TIpaKTHIJCCKIfH HIlTepec npe.n;CTaBJIHeT ocalK.n;ellHe H3 BO.n;HbIX paCTBopOB KO \-I II-
.1eKCllbIX <jJTopaMMOIlHeBbiX CO.1Ci! TCTpa<jJToplf.n;a IIJlYTOHHSI, KOTopble .1erKO pa3J1ara-
IOTCSI IIPH npOKaJlHBaHHH (250-500 0 C) .n;o ue3Bo.n;Horo PuF.. CocTaB oupa3YIO-
rn;IfXCH oca.n;KOB 3aBHCHT OT YCJlOBHH ocalK.n;eHHH. BbIcoKaH OCTaTOtlHaSI KIfCJlOTIIOCTb
H HH3KaH KOHn;eHTpan;HH <jJTopHcToro aMMOHHSI cIIoc06CTBYlOT BbI.n;e,leHHIO IJ TBep.n;ylO
<jJa3Y aMMoHIfHneHTa<jJToplf.n;a IIJlYTOHHH NH4PuFs. HaIIpoTIiB, 60JlbillOH H36b1TOK
oca.n;HTCJlSI H HH3KaH OCTaTOtlHaH KHCJlOTHOCTb IIpIfBO.n;HT K IIpeHMyrn;ecTBeHHoMY
ocalK.n;eHHIO .n;HaMMoHHHreKca<jJTopH.lla II.1YTOIIHH (NH 4 hPuF 6 . B pCaJlbHbIX YCJlOBHHX
:213
OCa1K.lI.CIIH5I OCa.ll.OK CO.ll.Cp1KHT oue q>a3b1 C npe06,1a.ll.aHHCM CO,1H (NH 4 )zPuF 6 . <I>TOP-
aMMOIlHClJhIe CO.1H cO.u:Cp)KaT .'!HIlIb an.COp6I{HOIIIIY!O B.1ary, KOTOpa5I npaKTHt!CCKW
1I0JJHOCTb!O y;J.a.l5ICTC5I IIPH BblCYUlHBallHH OCa.ll.Ka npH 85-90 DC.
10.2. nony"eHHe AHOKCHAOB nnYToHHSI H HemYHHSI
B CI1CTCMC IIJIYTOIIHH - KHCJIOpO..'l. 113BeCTlIbI pa3.111LJllhIC COCiI.H!lC-
111151: MOHOOKCH,J. nJIYToHHH, nOJIYTopnbIH OKCHJI. H .lI.p. Ho lIaH60JIec
YCTOHLJHR .lI.HOKCI1.l1. nJIYToHHH PU02 - nopollioK OT )KeJITOrO ,lJ.0 TCMIIO-
KOpH'IlieBOrO IlBCTa C TeOpCTI1'ICCKOH: n.10THOCTbI0 11,44::t 0,0 1 r/cM 3.
B TCp OJl.I1HaMHLJeCKOM OTIIOliICIIHH PU02 npe.ll.CTaBJIHCT c060H: O'Iellb
npOtIlIOC coe)J.I1HelIHe ( H0298 = -1056,7::t 4,6 K,lJ,)K/MOJIb). TCMnepa-
Typa nJIaBJIellH5I PU02 2400°C.
,L:LIIOKCII.lI. rr.1YTOHH5I 1I0JIY'laIOT rrpOKa,1HBaHHeM nI.lI.pOOKHCH, ncpOKCHAa, OKca-
.1aTa, cY,lbq>aTa, HHTpaTa n.1YTOIIH5I (IV) II .lI.p. PeaKI{HOIlHaH cnOCOUllOCTh PuOz
3aBHCHT OT COCTaBa HCXO.ll.IIOrO IJeII{eCTBa H YCJIOBHM npOKa,lHBaI!H5I. CHJIbHOnpOKa-
.'ICIIHhIe 06pa3I(bi BCCb\Ia YCTOH'IHBhI, IJ TO BpeM5I KaK nO:IY'IeHHbIe npH HH3hoi{
TCMlIepaType paCTBopiIIOTC5I B H 2 S04 H HN0 3 H JICfKO BCTYllaiOT B peaKI{HIO nI.lI.-
pOq>TopllpOBalIH5I J]..1H :1O.1Y'IeIIH5I BecoBoM q>OpMbI PL.02 IIco6xo.ll.HMa5I TC\lncpaTypa
rrpOKaJIHBalIH5I COCTaBJIiIeT 500-600 DC; O.ll.HaKO npaKTH'IeCKH rrOJIHOe rrpCBpaII(eIIHC
coe;J:HHeIIHlI II.1YTOHH5I B .lI.HOKCH.lI. Ha6JIIO.lI.aCTC5I .lI..1iI nepeKIICH npH 150, .lI..15I HHTpa-
Ta - npH 230 H .lI..15I OKCaJIaTa - IIPH 300 DC
TepMI1LJeCKaH YCTOHlJHBOCTb )J.HoKcH,lJ.a n.1YToIIIIH n03BOJIHeT npH-
MeHHTb cro R Ka1JeCTBC H,lJ.CpHOrO TOnJIHBa B peaKTopax C BbICOKOH
pa60'ICH TeMncpaTypOH:. ,lJ,HOKCH.lI. nJIYToHHH, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH: ,lJ.JIH H3-
rOTOBJIeHII5I TB3JIOR, .lI.OJI)KCH 6bITb no B03MO)KHOCTH HHepTHbIM Bernc-
CTBOM, IIC BCTynaIOw.HM B XHMHLJCCKHC pcaKUHH C .lI.pyrHMH KOMnOIIeH-
TaMH 51.l1.eplIOrO TOnJIHBa Ii M3TepHaJIOM 060JIOLJKH TB3.'IOB. TaKHM
Tpe60Ba1I11H\1 OTBeLJaeT PU02, nOJIYLJCHHbIH: npOKaJIHBalll1eM oca;J.KoB
COJIeH: npH RbICOKOH: TeMncpaType, TaK KaK C nOBbIlliCHHeM TCMncpa-
TypbI nOlJTH aMopcpHbIll PU02 npH06pCTaeT KpHCTaJI.1H1JCCKYIO CTPYK-
TYPY, OT JIHLJaIOllI.yIOcH IIH3KOH peaKUHOlllIOH cnoc06HoCTbl0.
DpH npoH3BO.ll.cTBe .lI.lI0KclfJl.a n.1YTOIII1H, npCJl.Ha3Ha'ICHHOrO ,lJ.JIH
H3fOTOBJlelll1H TB3JIOB (KcpaMH'IeCKHH PU02), fJIaBHaH 3a..'l.a'Ia 3aKJIIO-
IJaeTCH B TOM, IJT06bI nOJIY1JCHHMH B pe3YJIbTaTC TCpMHQeCKOrO pa3-
JIO)KCHHH COJIeH nopOlIlKo06pa3IfbJH MaTepHaJI CneKaJICH B Ta6JIeTKH
C nJIOTHOCTblO, 6JIH3KOll K TeOpCTHLJCCKOH:. ,lJ,JIH nOJIY1JCHI1H Ta6J1eTOK
C TaKOH nJIOTHOCTblO B KaIJCCTRC HCXOJl.Horo coe,!!:HHeHHH HCnOJIb3YIOT
rIlJl.pOKCH,lJ. nJIYTOHH5:I PU(OH)4.xH20, KOTOpbIH nO.'Iy1JaIOT ,lJ.eH:CTBHeM
aMMHaKa lIa a30THOKHCJIbIC paCTBOpbI nJIYTolIHH (IV).
OCa}K,lJ.eIlHe fH,lJ.poKcH.lI,a nJIYToHH5I Ha1JHHaCTCH npH pH = 3,5, a
pacTBopHMOCTb cro npH 30°C H pH = 6,5 COCTaB.1HCT OKOJIO 0,3 Mr/.'I.
,lJ,J1H nO.'ly'ICIlIIH XOpOlliO cpHJIbTPye:\1bIX oca)J.KOB OCa)K.lI.CHI1C CJIe.ll.OBa-
JIO 6bI npOBO,iJ.HTb npH nOBblliICHllOH: TCMnepaType, OJl.II.aKO nJIOTIIOCTb
nOJlY1JaeMbIX R 3TOM cJIY'Iae Ta6JIeTOK 113 PU02 CHH)KaeTC5:I. ,lJ,JIH no-
JIY'IellHH Ta6J1CTOK !le06XO)J.I1Moro Ka'ICCTBa HaH60JIee UCJIeC006pa3HO
OCa)K)J.aTb fH.lI.pOKCH.lI. n.1YTOHH5I npH KOMHaTIIOH: TCMncpaType C no-
CJIe.ll.YlOllI.HM npOKaJIHBaHHeM oca)J.Ka Ha B03,lJ.YXC npH 400°C H cneKa-
214
HlieM B aTMoccpepc BJIa)KIlOrO BO;J.opO,'J.a npH TCMIlepaTYpc 1300-
1600 dc.
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TCpMIILJeCKOe pa3JIO)KCIIHe MO'ICI3I1J1bI B BOJl.HOM paCTBOpc n.1YTOJlI1H
npn 95°C. MC.lI.JICJlJlO 11 paBHoMeplio nOBbIlIlaIOl1(eeCH 3HaLJeIlliC pH
<cpeJl.bI npHBO.ll.HT K rOMoreHIlOMY OCa)K,'I.eIlHiO mJl.pOKcH;J.a n.1YTOHI15I,
B pe3YJIbTaTC 'Icro nOJlyLJaIOT JICrKO CPI1.1bTpYIOw.HecH Oca;1.KI1.
J],110KCH)]. nJIYToHH5l 06pa3yeT IlcnpepbIBIlblH pHJJ: TBep;J.hlx paCIBO-
pOB C U0 2 , 'ITO HCnOJIb3yeTcH .lI..TJH nOJIYIJeHHH CMelIlaJlIlOrO ypalI-nJIY-
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<o6.1a,'laTb BblCOKOH XHMH<ICCKOH aKTHBHOCTblO, 'ITOObI HJ IIcro \IOiKIIO 6bl.10 llO:lY-
'1aTb raJlOrelIH,'lbl C BblCOKH'! BbIXO,'lOM. TaKOH peaKl{HOII!!OCIIOC06I1blH PU02 oopa-
JYCTC5I npH IIpOKa.lI1BaHHH OKca.1aTa II.lyTO!!HH (IV) 11.111 IICpOKCH,'la n.1YTOIIHH
npH B03MOiKHO HH3KOH TCMnepaType DpOKa.IlIRaIII1C nepOKCI1Jra .:IaCT XH\lII'ICCKH \lC'
!lee aKTIIBHhIH JJ:HOKCHll, TorlIa KaK npH onTHMa.lhHhlX YC.10BI151X OCa)/{,'lCIII1H H IlpO-
KaJlHBaHHH OKca.1aTa n.1YTOHII5I (IV) nO:IY'lacTol PU02 C BblCOKOH y.n:C.lbHOii nOBepx-
HOCTblO.
Dpll npoKa.1HBaHI1I1 OKca.laTa n.lyToHH5I (IV) npOHCXO.:l5lT c.1e,J.YlOll!Hc TepMH'ICC-
KHe npcHpalIrClI1I5I' npH 100-120 °C_ Y.:la.lclIllc mrpOCKOnH'ICCKOii B.lam,llpH 120°C--
JrCrJ1llpaTal{H5I I npcHpamcHHc Pu (C 2 0 4 h. 6II 2 0 B 6e3BO.lllIbrH IIPOilYKT Pu (C 2 0 4 h 1 H
BPII 120-130 °C - pa3,lOiKelIHe OKca.laTa llO ,'lHOKClI,'la Pu (CzO.h= PU02T
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Tpy6'1aTYlO nC'Ih 113 HcpiKaRCIOll!CH CTa.ll1 Do ,'l.1HHe ne'lH OT 3arpY3KH MaTCpl1a.la
,'lO HblrpY3KH no.n:,'lepiKHIJalOT rpa;rHeHT TCMncpaTYP 100-350°C CYMMapHoe IJpCM5I
npe6blBaHH5I TBCp.llOro MaTcpHa:la B nC'I11 COCTaB.1HeT npH\lCplIO I 'I. DCpCMCillI1Ra-
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Tpy6'1aToH nC'IH, .TH60 BHYTpclIHero illHCKa. OTXO.:lHIIIHC npll TCpMII'ICCKOM pa3.loiKe-
IIHH ra3b1 nepe,'l Bbl6poCOM Q)H.1bTpylOT B l{e.1HX Y.lla.lelIllH TBep.lblx '1aCTI1l{ H npo-
MblBalOT BO.llHblMH paCTIJOpaMH ,'l.151 OKOII'laTc.lbIlOH O'lI1CTKH OT n.1YToIIIIH.
B nOCJIe.ll.llec BpeMH 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIH HHTcpec npOHBJI5ICTCH K lIpO-
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COC.lI.HHCHHH HenTY"IIH (HHTpaTa, OKCaJIaTa, aueTaTa, rH.lI.pOOKHCH,
rrepCKHcH H T. n.) JII060H Ba.'lCHTIlOCTI1 npH 600-800°C.
Np02 npC.lI.CTaB.15lCT C060H HemrpOCKOrrIILJllbIH nopOlIlOK, UBCT KO-
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OKCH)J. HenTYHI1H - TepMO.ll.l1l1aMH'ICCKII BeCbMa YCTOH'II1BOC COe.lI,I1He-
IIHe (I1H0 298 = -1074,2:!:: 2,5 KJ],)K/MOJIb). TeMnepaTypa n.1aBJIeIlI1H
Np02 paBHa 2560:!::50 dc.
J],110KCI1.l1. HenTYHHH npaKTH'IeCKH HepaCTBOpHM 13 BO)J.C II nJIOXO
paCTBOpllM B KHCJIOTaX. DpOKaJlellllbIH npH TeMnepaTYpc lie BbIllie
800°C Np02 XOpOlliO pacTBopHeTcH B KOHuellTpHpoBallHbIx MI1HepaJIb-
HbIX KHCJIOTaX B npHcYTCTI3HH OKHCJIHTeJIH H 6bICTpO - B 6 M HN0 3
215
B CMeCH C He60JIbIlIHM KOJII1'ICCTBOM (0,01-0,1 M) nJIaBHKOBOH: KHC-
JIOTbI. DpH nOBbIllieliHIi TeMnepaTypbl npoKa.1HBaHHH BbIllie 800°C
Np02 CTaHOBI1TCH TpY.IJ.IIOpaCTBOpI1MbIM B KIIC.lOTax. ,lJ,HOKCH.lI. HeIITY-
HHH YCTOHLJIIB K OKHCJICHHIO H B OT JII1'IHC OT ypaIIa H nJlYToHHH ne
06JIa,lJ.aCT cnoc06110CTbIO rrpHcoejJ.HIl5lTb H36blTOK KI1CJIOpO.ll.a.
Hal!60Jlee 6bICTpO Np02 nOJIY4aIOT npH npOKaJIIH3alIHH fH,lJ.pOKCH-
.lI.OB Hem)'lIl15:1 (IV) H (VI) na n03,lJ.yxe nplf TeMnepaTYpc BbIlliC 700°C.
HO rrpH 3TOM 06pa3yeTC5l PblXJIbIH OCa.lWK C HeBblCOKOH HaCbInHorr Mac-
COH. B TeXHOJIOm4eCKoH rrpaKTI1KC Np02 nOJIY4aIOT rrpOKaJIHBaHHCM
OKca.laTa Np (C 2 0 4 )z.6H 2 0, 06pa3YIOw.ero npH OCa)K,'I.CIlIfH B orrm-
MaJIbHblX YCJlOBI1HX KpynHbIe KpHCTaJIJIbI, KOTOpbIC nOCJIe CYlIlKI1 na
B03]I.YXC I1JIH B TOKC a30Ta rrpH 150 DC H rrOCJIC,lJ.YIOllI.CfO npOKaJIHBa-
HnH lIpl1 TeMnepaType 500-600 DC npCBpaw.alOTCH B KOMnaKTIlbIH: c
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4ACTb IV
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BMccTe C TeM HCT HC.lI.OCTaTKa B npC.lI.JIO)KeHH.HX HCnOJIb30BaTb AJISI
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fHpOBaHl1e ypaHa HJIH nJlYToHHH paCrrJIaBJIeHllbIMH. MCTaJIJIaMH H.JIH.
HX 6HHaplIbIMH H TpOHHbIMI1 CnJIaBaMH; 2) 3KcTpampoBaHHe C HCnOJIb-
30BaHHeM paCnJIaBOB CO.1eBMX CHCTeM; 3) cppaKLI.HOHHYIO JJ.HCTHJIJISI-
LI.HIO; 4) 30HIIYIO rrJIaBKY H 5) 3JIeKTpopa<pHlIHpoBaHHe.
K nHpOXHMH'ICCKHM MCTO.ll.aM, OCHOBallllbIM Ha pa3JIH'IHOH peaK-
LI.HOHHOH crroc06HoCTH KOMnOHeHTOB TB3JIOB no OTIlOlIleHHIO K <pTOpH-
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06pa3ycMbIx cpTOpH.IJ.OB HJIH XJIOpH.lI.OB, OTHOC5:lTCH: 1) B03rOHKa <pTO-
pH,lJ.OB; 2) B03rOHKa XJlOpH,lJ.OB; 3) pacTBopeHHe MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHX TB3-
JIOB B )KH.lI.KHX faJIOfellcpTopH.IJ.ax CIF 3 , BrF3 H 4) p.acTBopeHHe B co-
JIeBbIX paCnJIaBaX c nocJIe.ll.YIOW.I1M <pTopHpoBaHHeM HJIH XJIOpHpOBa-
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216
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HeM: OKHCJICHI151. D03TOMY pelIlaIOllI.HM HB.'lHCTCH CTenCHb HX JICTYLJe-
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nepBoH CTa,lJ.HH cpTopnpoBaHHH, lJTO M{»)KCT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHO )J.JIH
pa3,lJ.CJIeHHH ypaHa H nJIYTOIlI1H. O,lJ.HaKO ;J.JI5I pClIlCHHH nOCTaBJICIlHbIX
rrpaKTH'IeCKHX ueJIeH: Ta Koe pa3,lJ.eJIellHC CODCpIlICHHO lIe,lJ.OCTaTO'IHO H
Tpe6YCTCH npHMeHCIlHe )J.onOJIIII1TeJlbHbIX CneUHaJIbHbIX orrcpaUI1I1.
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1) peKTHcpHKaUHH cMeceH UF 6 II PUF6' OCHOBaHHaH Ha pa3JIH'IHOH:
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219
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cop6nH51 NpF 6 C NaF npOHCXO,lJ.HT npaKTHl£eCKI1 110JIIlOCTbIO (97 %)
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MCHTapHMM <pTOpOM npH 500°C.
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220
2) .lI.CCOp6UHIO UF 6 ;
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ra30BbiM nOTOKOM npH B03rOHKC reKCa<pTOpH,lJ.OB YHOCHTCH 3Ha'II1Te.1b-
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LI.e3HH, CTpOHII.HH, pC,lJ.K03CMCJIbHMX MCTaJIJIOB H rCKca<pTopH)1. nJIYTO-
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IlIHX TB3J10B peaKTopoB Ha 6MCTpbIX HCH:TpOHaX, pa3pa60TalllIOro
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221
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BKJIIOLJalOw.I1H pH.lI. npHIIUHnHaJlbllO HOBbIX HayqllbIX II TeXHH1ICCKHX
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nO:J:rOTOBKH TI33J10R K cpTOpHp0I33I1HIO. Ha OCIlOBe nO,1.p06110ro IICC.1C-
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.lI.JIH OCIIOBHOH oncpaUIIH cpTopHpOBallH5J, IlIHpOKO Hcno.1b3YC\10ro 3a
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aKTHIIOH.il.OR H npo,'J.YKTOI3 )J.C.1ellll51 6blJIa npHII5ITa TCXIIOJIOrllLJCCl\aH
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2) yjJ.aJIellHC OOOJIOLJCK MCTO.ll.OM TepMI111eCKOro OnJlaI3.1CHHH; 3) cpTO-
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peaKTopoB Jla 6bICTpbIX I1CHTpOHax, B TOM 4HCJIe peaKTopOB EOP-60,
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II IJaCTHOCTH npH ra30qJTOpH.n:HOM cnoc06c perellepaLLHH TB3.10B peaKTopOB lIa 6b1CT-
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222
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npeBb!WaCT 0,006 %. B Ton.mBe OCTaeTCH ncero 0.5 % CTa.111 B BHJ{C Me.1KHX Bh.110-
lfeHIIH 3a\1elfCHO, 'I TO npll TepMHlfCCKOM Y J{a.leHHII 060JlOlfKH npOIICXOJ{HT BbIJI.C.1CHHC
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H O'IHCTKII ypaHa, OCTalOllI.erOCH B BH,'J.e reKca<pTopH,lJ.a. CxeMa npo-
uecca rrOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 11.4.
OCHOBHble CT31UlII onllC3HHoro npOL(eCC3 6b1J1H npOBepeHbI H3 YCTaHOBKe «ATIIJI.
. 3> B <t>OHTeHe-0-P03 H3 30 C60PK3X TB3. OB pe3KTop3 «P3nCO.llHH>, 06.1Y'Ier'lil>lx
.llO r. y6I1HbJ BbJrOp3HIIH 50000 MBT' CYT/T, 3 T3K>Ke H3 CMeCII U0 2 + PU02 C COOT-
BeTCTBYIOllJ,eU .ll06aBKOU IICKYCCTBeHHOH CMeCII BellJ,eCTB, IIMIITHPYIOllJ,HX npO.llYKTbI'
.lle. eHIIH flPOIl3BO.llIITe.lbHOCTb YCT3HOBKII 1-2 Kr/'1. P360T3 YCT3HOBKII «ATII,lJ1a>
npO.lleMOHCTpllpOB3. 3 B03MO>KHOCTb no.1Y'IeHIIH TeXHHKO-3KOHOMH'ICCKIIX nOK333Te-
.leu, Cp3BHHMblX C nOK333Te.1HMH 06bl'lHOrO BO.llHOrO MC'J'O.ll3 nepep360TKII 06.1Y'IeH-
HblX TB3J10B B '13CTHOCTH, ObI.l no.1Y'leH O'lCHb BblCOKHH K03!jJ!jJH!.{HCHT O'lHCTKII YP3-
Ha no Y'3KTHBHOCTH, 1l0CTHr3BIIIIIH 60.lee 10 8 , K03!jJ!jJHL(HCHT O'lHCTKII n.1YTOHH5I 6bJJI
HII1Ke (10 3 ), '1TO Tpe6yeT BBClleHH5I OnepaL(IIH .llOnOJlHHTe.1bHOH O'lHCTKII, KOTOp3H
M01KeT 6bJTb OCYII.{CCTB.1CHa J11160 BO.1HbIM, J1H60 (npe.llnO'ITIITe.1bHee) CYXIIM nYTeM.
06llJ,lIe nOTepH n.1YTOHH5I B npOL(eCce He npeBbJIIJ3.111 1 %.
CpaBHeHHC OnHCaHIIOrO cyxoro npouccca C 06bI'IlIblM BO;I.HbIM CBH-
.lI.eTeJIbCTBYCT 0 cro npeHMyw.eCTBax: npOCTOTe H KOMn3KTHOCTH an-
napaTypHoro ocpopMJIellHH, no.1YLJeHHH OTXO.ll.OB B TBep.lI,OH II KOMnaKT-
HOH: cpOpMC, HaXO)!{,lJ.eHHIf 60JIblIlHHCTBa Bcw.eCTB B BH.lI.e, He 4YBCTBI1-
TeJlbHOM K HarpeBallHIO 11 06JIY4eHHIO. 3TH .lI.OCTOHHCTBa npH06peTalOT
60JlbIlIOe 311aQelIHC C 3KOHOMIILJeCKOH: TOlJKII 3pe1IHH, a TaK)!{e C TO'IKIi
3peHHH 6e30rraCHOCTH 06palll.eHI1H C pa.lI,110aKTHBHbIMI1 OTXO.lI.aMI1.
B HaCTOHllI.ee BpCMS1 cppaHUY3CKaH cxeMa cllI.e He BbIlliJIa H3 CTa.ll.HH
JIa60paTopHbIX HcnblTaHHH 11 rrpOBepKH Ha nHJIOTHOH YCTaHOBKe B
<POHTeHe-o-P03, HO ec nOTeHUHaJIbHbIC B03MO)KHOCTH H TCXHOJlOrHlJe-
CKoe COBepIlIeHCTBO Bbl3bIBalOT 60JIblIlOH HHTepec.
4ACTb V
H3BnE EHHE H3 npOAYKTOB
P AAHOXHMH ECKHX npOH3BOACTB
TPAHCYPAHOBblX 3nEMEHTOB H npOAYKTOB
AEnEHHSI
rIlABA 12
nOnYIfEHHE 238pU
12.1. 06lqHe 3aMe'uHtHJI
B orpa60TaBlIleM H.lI.epHOM TOnJIHBe npHcYTcTByeT pH.lI. pa.ll.HOHyK-
JlH.lI.OB, KOTopble 6.TJarO,lJ.apH onpe,'J.CJICHHbIM H.lI.epHbIM CBoHcTBaM (BI1-
228
.!I.Y H3JIYQeHH5I, nepHO.ll.Y nOJIypacna.ll.a, Y.ll.eJIbHOH: aKTHBHOCTH, y.ll.eJIb-
HOMY TenJIOBbI,lJ.eJIeHHIO H T. n.) MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI B pa3JIHlJ-
HbIX 06JIaCT5IX TCXHHKH, 6HOJIOrHH H Me,lJ.HUHHbI.
HaH60JIblIlee npaKTH'IeCKOe 3Ha'IeHHe B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeM5I HMelOT
TaKl1e npO.ll.yKTbI ,lJ.CJIeHHH, KaK 90S r , 137CS, 144Ce, 147Pm, H TaKHC HYK-
JIH.lI.bI TpaHcypaHoBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, KaK 237Np, 23BPU, 24J Am, 242Cm.
244Cm H .lI.p. B fJI. 5 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO, lJTO B oTpa60TaBIlIeM 51.l1.epHOM
TOTIJIHBC 3HepreTH'IeCKHX peaKTopOB CO.ll.Cp.>KaHHe 3THX pa.ll.HOHYKJIH;J.OB
;J.OBOJIbHO BeJIHKO. lI.eJICC006pa3HOCTh HX H3BJIelJeHHH H3 npO.ll.YKTOB
pa,lJ.HOXHMHlJeCKOrO npOH3BO.lI.CTBa 06YCJIOBJICHa .lI.OCTaTO'IHO 60JIbIlIHM
cnpOCOM Ha HHX. BbICOKHe ueHbI Ha 3TH HYKJIH,lJ.bI ,lJ.eJIaeT H3B.TJe'IeHHe
HX BeCbMa BbIrO,lJ.HbIM H C 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH TO'IKH 3peHHH.
B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH HaH60JIce B3.>KHOH 06JIaCTblO npHMeHeHHH
3TI1X HYKJIH,lJ.OB HBJIHeTC5I HCnOJIb30B3HHe HX B Ka'IeCTBe HCTO'IHHKOB
3HepfHH B pa3JIH'IHbIX npH60pax. B 'IaCTHOCTH, TaKHe HCTO'IHHKI1 He-
06XO,lJ.HMbI .lI.JI5I nO.lI..lI.ep.>KaHHH nOCToHHHOro TCnJIOBOrO PC)!{HM3 KOC-
MH'IeCKI1X annapaTOB, .lI.JIHTeJIbHOH 3KCnJIyaTaLI.HH YCTaHOBOK no pere-
HepaUHH BO,libI, TIO,lJ.OrpeBa KOCTIOMOB BO,lJ.OJIa30B VI aKBaJIaHrHCTOB H np.
TCnJIOBYIO 3HepfHlO, BbI,lJ.eJIHeMYIO npH pa,lJ.HOaKTHBHOM pacna,lJ.e
HYK.1H.lI.OB, C nOMOlll.blO CneUHaJIbHbIX npe06pa30BaTe.neH MO.>KHO npe-
BpaTHTb B .lI.pyrHe BH.lI.bI 3HepfHH (3JIeKTpHlJeCKYIO H MCX3HH'IeCKYIO).
B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeM5I HaH60JIee lIlHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe HalliJIH H30Ton-
IIble HCT04HHKH TOKa, B KOTOpbIX renJIO pa,lJ.HaKTHBHoro p3Cna,lJ.3 rrpe-
Bpalll.aCTCH B 3JICKTpH'IeCKYIO 3HeprHIO C nOMOlll.blO TepM03JIeKTpH'Ie-
CKHX npe06pa30BaTCJIeH:, HCnOJIb3YlOllI.HX 3cpcpeKT 3ee6eKa B pa3JIl1lJ-
HbIX nOJIynpOBO,lJ.HHKOBbIX MaTepHaJI3X (cnJIaBaX lIa OCHOBC Pb - Te,
Ge - Si H Bi - Te). OCHOBHoe npel1MYlll.eCTBO TepM03JIeKTpH4eCKHX
npe06pa30BareJIeH COCTOHT B OTCYTCTBHI1 KaKHX-JIH60 ,lJ.BH.>KYllI.HXC5I
'IaCTeH )JJIH HcnOCpe,lJ.CTBeHHOfO npeBpalll.eHHH TenJIOBOH 3HeprHH B
3JIeKrpH'IeCKYIO. O,lJ.HaKO KD.LI. ,lJ.eiiCTBYlOllI.HX npe06pa30BaTeJIeH OIJCHb
HH30K. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HcnO.lJb3yeMbIx MaTepHaJIOB H .lI.OCTHrHYTbIX
MaKCHMaJIbHbIX pa60'IHX TCMrrepaTYP JIHlIlb 5-10 % renJIa npeBpa-
llI.3eTCH B 3.TJCKTpHlJecKYIO 3HeprHlO. TaKHe H30TonHble TepM03JIeKTpH-
4eCKHe reHepaTopbI (T3f) B H3CT05lILI.ee BpeM5I HCnOJIb3YIOTC5I B KOC-
MH'IeCKHX anrraparax, a TaK.>Ke B pa3JIHlJHbIX npH60pax, pa60TalO-
llI.l1X B Ha3eMHbIX, Ha,lJ.BO,lJ.HbIX H nO.ll.BO.lI.HbIX YC.'IOBHHX. OTCYTcTBHe
Heo6xo.ll.HMOCTH B nOCTOHHHOM KOI-ITpOJIe npH nOJIyqeHHH 3HeprHH H
npaKTHlJeCKa51 neH3MeHHOCTb CBOH:CTB 3THX feHep3TopoB BO BpeMeHH
(npH ,lJ.OCTaTOlJHO 60JIbIlIOM nepHo.ll.e nOJIypacna,lJ.a pa,lJ.HoHYKJIH,lJ.OB)
HBJI5IIOTCH HX rJIaBHbIM npeHMYlll.ecTBoM.
.LI.pyroH Ba.>KHOH: 06JIaCTblO TIpHMeHeHH5I pa,lJ.HoHYKJIH,lJ.OB 5IBJI5IeTCSI
H3rOTOBJIeHHe Ha HX OCHOBe HCTO'IHHKOB H3JIY'IeHHH, KOTopbIe HCnOJIb-
3YIOTC5I KaK B npOMhIlliJICIIHOH: npaKTHKc ;J.JIH KOIITpOJIH H peryJIHpO-
BaHH5I npOH3BO,lJ.CTBeHHbIx npoueccoB H oCYlll.eCTBJICHH5I pa,lJ.HoaUHoH-
HO-XHMH'IeCKHX peaKuHH, TaK H B 6HOJIOfHH, Me.ll.HUHHe; ,lJ.JIH TaKHX
HCTO'IHHKOB HY.>KHbI B OCHOBHOM HYKJIH,lJ.bI, HcnycKalOllI.HC ')'-KBaHTbI HJIH
HeiiTpoHbI.
H3bICKaHHe ,lJ.aJIbHCHIlIHX TIYTeH: npOMbIlliJICHHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHSI
npO.ll.yKToB .lI.eJIeHH5I H TpaHcypaHoBbIx 3JIeMeHTOB n03BOJIHT CHH3HTb
229
CTOHMOCTb rrepepa60TKH 06 Y'IeHHOrO H,lJ.epHOrO TOnJIHBa II, CJIe.lI.OBa-
TeJIbHO, ce6eCTOHMOCTb 3JICKTp03IICprHH, nOJIYllaCMOH Ha A3C.
Onpcae.1eHHLlII HHTepcc MO)lWT npCllCT3B.1HTb H BbI,!{eJlCIiHe CT30H.lbHblX lIyK.1H-
){OB T3KHX 3.1CMeHTOB, K3K P0,!{HH H n3.1.13,!{IIH. 3 T3KJKC He CYUleCTBYIOUlero B npH-
po,!{e 3J1eMCHT3 TCXHel/,IIH. PO,!{HH, H3npllMep, IIMCeT HCK.llO'IHTeJlbHO BblCOKYIO TepMH-
'1eCKYIO H KOpp03HOHHYlO CTOHKOCTb, '1TO H onpe,!{c.1HeT ero np3KTH'IecKylO l/,CHHOCTb.
Ec.1H Y'ICCTb BblCOKYIO CTOHMOCTb P0,!{HH H3 MHpOBOM pblHKe, HCnOJlb30B3HHC B K3-
'1eCTBC HCTO'lHHK3 3TOro 3JIeMCHT3 npo,!{yKTOB p3)J.HOXHMH'IeCKOrO npOH3BO)J.CTB3
neCbM3 33M3H'IHBO MOJKHO no.13raTb, '1TO np06.1eM3 BbI,!{e.leHIIH T3KHX CT3611JIbHblX
HYK.lII,!{OB B 6YJJ:YUlCM npH06pCTeT cUle 60.1bIUee 3H3'1CIIHC.
12.2. npHMeHeHHe 238pU
LL.'1H H3rOTOBJICHliH H30TonHblX HCTO'IHHKOB 3HeprHH 238pU HMeeT
HaH60JIblIlCC 3Ha'ICHHC. 3TO a-H3JIYllaTeJIb C nepHO.ll.OM no ypacIJa,lJ.a
89,6 rO.lI,a. Ha'Ia.'1bIlOe TCrrJIOBbl.lI,CJIeIIlIe 411CToro HyKJIH.lI.a COCTaBJIHeT
0,58] BT/r Ii O'IeIlb MaJIO H3MeH5ICTC5I no KpaHHeH Mepe B TelJCHHe
10 JICT. 4T06bI B TellCHHe CTO.'1b .lI,.1HTeJIhliOrO BpcMellH nOJIY'II1Tb TaKoe
:»<e KOJIHllCCTBO TCnJIOBOH 3HeprHH, KOTopoe BbI.lI,e HCT 1 r 238pU, no-
Tpc60Ba"10cb 6bI C)KeLJb HeCKOJIbKO KHJIOrpaMMoR H .lI.a)!{e IICCKOJIbKO
.lI.eCHTKOB KHJIOrp3MMoB BbICOKOKaJIOpHH:HOrO yrJIeBo;J.opO,lJ.HOrO Torr-
JII1Ba.
Bo BpeMH nepBoro nOJleT3 '1CJlOBeK3 H3 JIyHY (21.VI 1969 r.) ,!{B3 HCTO'lHHK3
n3 OCHOBe 238pU ObI.1H OCT3BJlCHbI n3 nOBepxHocTH JIYHbI ,!{JlH 33UlIITbI KOCMH'ICCKHX
npH60poB or OX.13JK,!{eHHH B Te'leHHe JlYHHOH HOqH. KOCMH'IeCKHe KOp36.1II cepHH
«AnOJlJlOH:I> HcnO.lb30B3J1H 238pU B K3'1CCTBe HCTOQHHK3 3HcprHH (MOUlHOCTblO 15-
70 BT) B CIICTCMC perenep3l/,HH BO)J.bI )J..1H 3CTpon3BTOB.
.LI.ocTOHHCTBOM 238pU HBJIHCTC5I TOT cpaKT, 4TO OH HMceT He3Ha'IH-
Te bHoe ')'-H3JIY'ICHHe H n03TOMY He Tpe6yeT TH.>Ke.1JOH 3alll.HTbI, 'ITO
O'IeHb Ba.>KHO npH I1CnOJIb30BaHHH TaKHX HCTOllHHKOB B KOCMH'IeCKHX
arrna paTax.
DepBbIH Ii30TonHbIH HCTO'IHHK 3 eKTp03HCprHH Ha OCHOBC 238pU
6bIJI pa3pa60Tau B CIilA B 196] r. H YCTaHoB.'1CII lIa aBTOMaTH'IeCKOH:
MeTeOpOJIOrH'IeCKOH CT3HUHH (O-B. AKCeJIb B KaHa.lI,e), a 3aTeM C
1964 r. nO.ll.06IfbIe HCTO'IHHKH Hc60 bIlIOj:i MOlll.HOCTblO (20-60 BT)
HcnO b30BaJIHCb Ha MeTeOpOJIOm'IeCKHX cnYTIIHKax ,lJ. H nHTaHHH 6op-
TOBOH arrrrapaTypbI. Bce cnYTHHKH THna «KOCMOC» TaK.>Ke 060py.ll.o-
BaIlbI H30TorrHblMH HCTO'IHHKaMH Ha OCIIOBe 238PU. B H3CTOHIHee BpCMH
C03.lI,aHbI 60JIec MOIlIHble I1CTO'IHHKH (500 BT). DOTpc6HOCTb 238pU
TOJIbKO .lI.JIH C03,lJ.aHHH T3r OLI.eHliBaeTCH B HCCKO bKO COTeH KHJIO-
fpaMMoB.
.LI.pyroH 06JIaCTblO npHMeHeHHH H30TonHblX HCTOlJHHKOB TOKa HB-
JIHeTCH Me,lJ.HLI.HHa, r.lI,e T3r HCnOJIb3yeTcH )I,JIH nHTalIHH CCp,lJ.C'IHOrO
CTHMYJIHTOpa - npH60pa, BbIpa6aTbIBalOllI.erO H nO.ll.alOw.ero Ha cep,lJ.-
n.e perYJIHpHble 3 eKTpH'IeCKHe HMny.1bcbI, nO,lJ.,lJ.Cp.>KHBalOw.He HOp-
MaJIbHYIO pa60TY Cep,lJ.C'IHOH M bIlli UbI. 06bI'IHO npHMeHHeMbIe ,lJ.JIH 3TOH:
lI,eJIH XHMIiLJeCKHe 6aTapeH Tpe6YlOT 3aMeHbI Ka.>K,lJ.bIC 1-2 rO,lJ.a,
230
a CpOK rO.ll.HOCTH H30TonHbIX HCTO'IHHKOB npHMepHo 10 JIeT. ,1J.JLH pa-
60TbI 3TH X CTHMYJIHTOpOB He06xo.ll.HMa OlJeHb He60JIbIlIaSJ MOIllHOCTb
(rropH.lI.Ka 160-200 MKBT), KOTOpylO 06eCnC1J:HBaIOT OKOJIO 200 Mr
23SPU. DepBaH 3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHaH HMnJIaJlTaUfl5I lJeJIOBcKY H30Ton-
Horo cTHMy.rIHTopa 6bIJIa npoH3Be,!!:eJla B 1970 r. BO <1>paHuHH. lllHpo-
KHe HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHH T3f .lI.JIH C03.lI.aHHH CTfl1\fYJIHTOpOB Cep.ll.e'IHOH: ,'J.eH-
TeJIbHOCTH npOBO.lI.HTCH H B ,lJ.pymx CTpaHax (CCCP, ClllA, AHrJIHH
H .lI,p.). DOTpe6HOCTb B TaKHX CTHMYJIHTOpaX oueHHBaeTCH npHMepHO
B 10 000 lIlT. B ro.ll..
1130TonHble HCT04HHKH MO.>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb H ,lJ.JIH nOJlYlleHH5I
MeXaHHlJeCKOH 3HepfHH. HaH60JIbIlIHH HT'lTcpec npe,lJ.CTaBJlSleT C03.l1.a-
JlHe Ha HX OCHOBe HCKyccTBeHHoro cep.ll.ua, T. e. MeXaHI111eCKOro anna-
paTa (Hacoca ,lJ.JI5I nepeKa'IKH KpOBH), cnoc06Horo lJaCTI1'IIlO HJIH .n.a.>Ke
nOJIHOCTblO 3aMeHHTb cep,lJ.LI.e lJeJIOBCKa. .LI..'1H C03.l1.a/lHH HCKYCCTBeH-
HOro cep,lJ.LI.a Y.>Ke He06xo.lI,HMa MOW.HOCTb 7-10 BT. DpC.lI.nO'ITHTeJIb-
HbIM nYKJlH.lI.OM 11 )J,JIH 3Toro 51BJIHeTCH 238PU, B CBH3H C 'IeM nOTpe6-
HOCTb B HeM B HaCTOHllI.eC BpeMH COCTaBJlHeT lleCKO.'1bKO TOHH B ro,lJ..
B npoueccc 3KCnJIyaTaUHH 3HepreTH1J:eCKHX H,lJ.epHbIX peaKTopOB B
ypaHoBoM TOrrJIHBe 06pa3yeTcH CMeCb HYKJIH.lI.OB nJIYTOHH5I, CO,lJ.ep.>Ka-
IIHC B KOTOpOH 238pU He3Ha'IHTeJIbHO. B CB5I3H C 3THM 238PU 06bI1J:HO
nOJlY'IaIOT rrYTeM 06JIY4eHH5I B 51,lJ.epHbIX peaKTopax 237Np, KOTOpbIH: B
CBOIO OlJepe.ll.b H3BJIeKalOT H3 oTpa60TaHHoro ypaHoBoro TOrrJIHBa (CM.
rJI. 8).
12.3. AClJClJHH8HC 237Np
BbI;J.eJleHJlbIH: B npoLI.ecce rrepepa60TKH 06J1YlJeHHOrO ypaHoBoro
TOnJIHBa HenTYHHcBbll1 npo,!!:YKT npe,lJ.CTaBJl5IeT C060H a30THOKHCJIbIH
pacTBop, B KOTOpOM HapH,lJ.Y C HenTYHHeM (06bI'IHO HeCKOJIbKO ,lJ.eCHT-
KOB MHJIJIHrpaMMoB B 1 JI) npHcYTcTBYIOT TaK.>Ke ypaH, rrJIYToHHH:, He-
KOTOpoe KOJlH'IeCTBO rrpO,lJ.yKToB .lI.eJleHHH H ,lJ.pymx 3arpH3HeHHH. .LI.JlH
OKOH'IaTeJlbHOH: O'IHCTKH 237Np OT 3THX npHMeCCH: H cro KOHueHTpH-
pOBaHHH HCnOJIb3YlOT 3KcTpaKUHoHHbIe H COp6UHoHHble npoueccbI.
B KalJeCTBe .3KCTpareHToB npHMeHHIOT TEct> H TpeTHlJHbIe aJIKHJIaMH-
HbI; COp6UHOHHbIH acpcpHHa.>K npOBO,lJ.HT C npHMeHeHHeM aHHOHHTOB.
3KCTpaKD.HoHHblH a HHa)l{ 237Np paCTBopaMH T6 . 3TOT npo-
uecc HCnOJlb3yeTcH, HanpHMep, Ha 3aBO.lI,C B XaHcpop.ll.e. YnapeHHbIe
Cpe,lJ.HeaKTHBHbIe OTXO,lJ.bI, 06pa3YIOILI.HeCH B pe3YJIbTaTe OlJHCTKH ypa-
Ha H nJIYTOIIHH H cO.!l.ep.>Kalll.He 237Np, nocTynalOT Ha 3KcTpaKuHIO
30 % -HbIM TEct>. 3KcTpaKUHoilHaH KOJIOHHa (pHC. 12.1) npoMbIBaeTC5I
2 M pacTBopoM HN0 3 , cO,lJ.ep.>Kalll.HM BOCCTaHOBHTeJlH (cYJIbcpaMaT
Fe 2 + H N 2 H 5 +). B pe3YJIbTaTe npOHCXO,lJ.HT C03KcTpaKUH5I HemYHflH
(IV) C ypaHoM H OllHCTKa OT nJIYToHHH (III). Pe3KcTp aK U H H 237Np
(H 4aCTH'IHO ypaHa) npOBO.ll.HTCH 0,01 M pacTBopoM HN0 3 . B UCJISIX
nOJIY1J:eHHH 60JIee 1J:HCTbIX H KOHUeHTpHpoBaHHblX pacTBopoB 237Np 3KC-
TpaKUHIO rrpOBO,lJ.HT B pe.>KHMe BHYTpeHHcro HaKOnJIeHHH, T. e. ocy-
llI.eCTBJlHIOT pe<pJlaKC-npouecc nYTeM B03BpaTa pe3KCTpaKTa B HCXO.l/.-
HbIH pacTBop .lI.aHHOrO UHKJla. OKOH'IaTeJlbHYIO 04HCTKY HaKOnJICHHOrO
TaKHM 06pa30M HenTYHHH npoH3BO.ll.HT aHHoHooOMeHHOH: cop6UHeii.
231
AtI»4>HHa1K 237Np 3KCTpaKLI.HeA
aMHHaMH. ITpHMeHeHHe TpeTH'I-
HbIX aJIKllJIaMllHOB OCHOBaHO Ha
HX BbICOKOH: CeJIeKTHBHOCTH no OT-
HOIlIeHHIO K 4eTblpeXBaJIeHTHbIM
HOHaM aKTHHOH HWX 3JIeMeHTOB
npH 3KCTpaKUHH H3 a30THOKHcnbIX
cpe.ll..
HaH60JIblllHH npaKTHLJeCKHH
HHTepec npe,lJ.CTaBnHIOT TpeTH'I-
HbIe aMHHbI C ,lJ.OCTaTOLJHO .J,JIHH-
HOll uerrblO: TpHOKTH.1aMHH, Tpl1-
JIaypl1JIaMllH H T. ,lJ.. Oml cJIa60-
paCTBOpl1MbI B BO,'J.e, 06JIa,'J.a1OT 60-
JIee BWCOKOH: pa,lJ.HaUI10HHOH: CTOH:-
KOCTblO, 4eM T5<1>, H BbICOKOH
3KCTpaKUI10HHOH: cnoc06HoCTblO
no OTIIOlllCHl11O K 4eTbIpcxBanelITHbIM 110HaM nJIYToHH5! H HenTYHI15!.
Hanpl1MCp, K03cp<pI1Ul1eHTbI pacnpe,lJ.eJIeHI15! MeTaJIJIOB rrpl1 3KCTpaK-
LI.llllll 0,3 M paCTBopoM aMHHa H3 2 M HN0 3 cJIe,lJ.YlOllI.He:
CPCONCUKmll!JHbf(1
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pucm80pbf (U, Pu, Np)
50°C
[ffN03] z6,ZM
[rr] '" 0,17M
PU,Np
ZM HN03+Fe2++ NzH;
JlJ% 754>
r-
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(Pu(lll),<l%Np) qJflJfl (U,Np(lY))
o,OTMHN0 3
Dpi!flNlI'fCCKflR
I/IflJ(l Cu)
BoilHbfD pflcm60p
>98%Np
1,05M HN0 3
O,lHU
PHC. 12.1. TeXHOJIOmQeCK3j1 CXeMIt a!j>!j>H-
H3)K3 HemYHHH C HcnO,1b30B3HHeM TBeI>
113 33BO.ll.e B X3H!j>op,'J.e
3JIeMeHT Th U Np Pu U Pu Pu Zr Ru
(IV) (IV) (IV) (IV) (VI) (VI) (III) (IV) (IV)
K03cfxPHI.{HeHT 1 4 5 500 I 0,5 0,1 5. 10- 2 10- 4 0,1
p.acnpe.ll.eJIeHHH I
3KCTpaKUHH nnYTOHH5! (IV) H HeIITYHHH (IV) pacTBopaMH aMHHa
B pa36aBHTeJIe 3aMeTHO B03paCTaeT C nOBbIllleHHeM KOHueHTpaUHH
830THOH: KHCJIOTbI B HHTCpBaJIe 1-4 MOJIb/JI, HO CHH.>KaeTCH C pOCTOM
TeMnepaTypbI (pHC. 12.2).
Pe3KcTpaKUHIO MCTanJlOB H3 OpraHI1'ICCKOH: <pa3bI MO.>KHO oCYlll.e-
CTBJIHTb C nOMOlll.blO a30THOKHcnblX pacTBopoB pa3JIH'IHbIX KOMnJIeK-
co06pa30BaTeJIeH:: CepHOH:, YKCYCIIOH:, MypaBbl1HOH: KHCJIOT H .lI.p. B CJIY-
lIae HCnOJIb30BaHH5I, HanpHMep, CMeCll 0,75 M H 2 S0 4 H 0,07 M HN0 3
npouecc pe3KcTpaKUllH xapaKTepH3yeTC5I Me.il.JIeHHbIM YCTaHoBneHHeM
paBHOBeCHH, 4TO Tpe6yeT YBeJIH4eHHH BpeMeHH KO TaKTa <pa3 B Ka.>K-
,lI;0H: cTyncHH ,lJ.0 3-4 MHH (npH 3KCTpaKUHH 30 c) H nOBbIIlIeHHH TeM-
nepaTYPbI ,lJ.0 30-35°C. OCHOBHbIM npeHMYllI.eCTBOM npHMCHeHHH YK-
CYCHOH: KI1CJIOTbI HBJIHeTC5I BbICOKa51 KOHueHTpaUHH MeTaJIJIOB (20-
60 r/ JI) B pe3KcTpaKTe H B03MO.>KHOCTb Y.lI.aJIeHHH ee .lI.HCTHJIJIHUHei'f
232
npl1 ynapl1BaHHH paCTBOpOB nJIYTOHHH UJIH HCnTYHI1H noc.'Ie .lI.06aBJIe-
HI1H B HHX 830THOH: KHCJIOTbI.
BblCOKaH CeJICKTI1BHOCTb aMI1HOB IJO OTHOIlIeHHIO K nJIYTOIIHIO (IV)
I1CrrOJIb3yeTcH npH ero a<p<pHHa)Ke (CM. rJI. 8). Pa3pa60TaHbI H pa3-
JIH'IHbIC CXCMbI a<pcpHHa)Ka 237Np C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM aMI1HOB. TaK, BO
'oJ
11;, XOiJflbl'; /} 'vfTlJJp
f'u (IY)
%:-
t{' 'M
But. [/lfaflD
!hnC/lb
Pu 1,5%
U 5r/JI
Np 50 "rjJl
H+ZM
25% TAA
la'
"
ulYl) I
31 1
s- I
1O-' ,I
o 4 8 12
KO"'lfHmpauuo wn , fA
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me J7b
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Pu lJrjIl
Np<O,SMr/ii
U '+r/I1
H+ !M
PHC 12 2 B. HSlHHe a30rHoll KHC.10TbI Ha
3KCrpaKl\HIO n.1yrOHHH (IV) H HenTYHHSI
(IV) aMHHaMH
[JC ".::". -
t![;/ "-, . - )
PHC. 123 TCxHo.l0m'leCK'aH CxeMa alj>Ij>H-
Ha)j{a 237Np npH nepepaoorKe OOJJyqCH-
HbiX rB:;j.10B BB3P C HCnOJIb30flaHHeM
CMCCH rperHqHblX aMHHOB
<PpaHUHH aMHHHaH 3KcTpaKUHH npe.lI.JIo)KelIa ,lJ.JlSI H3BJIe'IeHH5I 231Np
H3 Cpe,lJ.HeaKTHBHDIX OTXO.lI.OB BToporo (ypalIoBoro) LI.HKJIa nypeKc-
npouecca.
npHIIUHnHaJIbH8H cxeM a a<fJ<pHHa.>Ka HcnTYHHSI npH nepepa60TKe
06JIY'IeHHbIX TB3JIOB BB3P npe,lJ.CTaBJIella lIa pHC. 12.3. OCYllI.eCTBJIe-
HHe pe<pJIaKC-npOLI.ecca nYTeM B03BpaTa 4aCTH pe3KcTpaKTa H8 cry-
neHb BBO,lJ.8 HCXO.lI.HOrO p8cTBopa n03BOJISIeT npoBecTH rJIy60Koe (npH-
MCpHO 30-KpaTHoe) KOHueHTpHpoBaHHe HenTYHI1SI. DOTepH HenTYHHSI
B a<p<pHH8.>KHOM LI.HKJIe 3KcTpaKUHH MeHee 1 %, a K03<pcpHUHeHT O'IHCT-
KH HemYHHSI OT nJIYToHHH npeBbIlliaeT }.10 5 . (DpH ncpepa60TKe Ton-
JIHBa BB3P K KUHeHT O'IHCTKH HenTYHHSI OT nJIYToHHH .lI.0JI)KeH
COCTaBJISITb npaMepHo 3. 10 4 .AJISI TOro, 'IT06bI KOHLI.eHTpaLI.H5I nJIytOHlifI
233
B HCM HC npeBbIIlIaJIa 0,1 % (no Macce).) 113 O'IHllI.eHHOrO paCTBopa
OCa)K,'J.aIOT OKCaJIaT HenTYHHH (IV), KOTOpbIH: 3aTCM nYTeM CylliKH H
npOKaJIIfBaHH5I npCBpalll.aerC5I B Np02'
AHHOHHoo6MeHHblH a«l)(IJHHa1K 237Np. 3TOT npoLI.ecc rrpOBO,lJ.HTCH
nyrcM COp6UI1H ero H3 6-7 M pacTBopa a30TIIOH KHCJIOTM. B 3TI1X
YCJIOBH5IX HerrTYHHi'I (IV) rrO,lJ.06HO nJIYToIlHIO (IV) HMceT BbICOKHC
K03CP<pHUHCHTbI pacnpe;J.eJIeHI151 H 3<p<pCKTHBHO norJIow.aeTCH CHJIbHO-
OCHOBHbIMH aHHOHHTaMH B BH,J.C Np (N0 3 h 2 -. .LI.JIH OT,J.CJICHHH 237Np
OT nJIyroHHH COp6UHIO np0I13BO,lJ.51T H3 pacTBopoB a30T1I0H: KHCJIOTbI,
CO,lJ.cp2Kaw.eH: BOCCTaHOBHTeJIb ,'J..TJ5I nCpCBO,lJ.a nJIYTOHHH (IV) B nJIYTO-
HI1H (III), KOTOpbIH: He COp611PYCTCH aliHOHI1TOM H OCTaeTCH (COBMeCT-
lIO C ypaHOM) B paCTBope.
11.4. npOH3BOAcTBO 238pU
]1..151 nOJIY'ICHHH 238pU BbI,lJ.eJIeIIHbIH H O'IHllI.eHHbIH: 237Np crreUH-
3JIbHO nO.lI.BepralOT 06.1Y'IeHHIO nOTOKOM TCnJIOBbIX lIeHTpOHOB B H,lJ.ep-
HOM peaKTope. 5I.lI.pa 237Np 3aXBaTbIBalOT IICH:TpOHbI, npHLJCM 3<p<peK-
TI1BHOe CeLJCHl1e 3aXBaTa ,lJ.OBOJIbHO 3lIa411TeJIbHO H COCTaBJIHeT 170 6,
H nYTeM nocJIe.lI.YIOw.cro -pacna,'J.a npeBpalll.aeTC5I B 238PU:
237Np (ny) 238Np /1- _ 238PU.
2. I I\H!\
237Np HcnbITbIBaCT H peaKUHIO .lI.eJIeIIHH rro,lJ. ,lJ.eH:CTBHeM HeHTpOHOB,
O,'J.HaKO 3<p<pCKTI1BHOC Ce'IeHl1e ,lJ.eJleHIfH BCCbMa HCBeJII1KO (0,019 6).
06pa3YIOllI.HHCH B SIil.epHOM pcaKTOpc npH 06JIY'ICHHH HeIITYHHH
238pU BCJle,lJ.CTBHe npoTeKaHHH peaKu,HH (n, y) 6Y,lJ.eT cO,lJ.ep.>KaTb H
)l.PYrHe H30TorrbI 239-242PU. KpOMC TOro, B HeM BccrJJ.a npHCYTCTByeT
Ii 236PU. I1McHHO HamPlHCM 236PU, npO.ll.YKTbI pacna,lJ.a KOToporo Hcrry-
CKalOT BbICOK0311cpreTH4CCKoe y-H3JIYLJCII I1C, OrpaHI1'II1BaeTCH npHMCIIC-
Hl1e 238pU B Ka'ICCTBe HCTO'IHHKa 3HeprHH. MaKCHMaJIbHOC cO,lJ.ep)KaIlHe
236PU, lIanpl1Mep, R I1CT04UHKax ,lJ.JIH KOCMoca COCTaBJlHeT npH:\1CpHO
2.10- 4 % 236pU 06pa3yeTcH B pe3YJlbTaTe ,lJ.BYX H.lI.epHbIX peaKUHH:
23 7 Np (y, n) 23tN p -1t_ 236PU;
237Np (n, 2n) 2 6Np Jt.... 236PU.
B03HHKHoBeHHe 3THX H,lJ.epHbIX peaKUHH: CBH3aHO C HaJIH'IHCM Heihpo-
HOB H y-KBaHTOB BbICOKOH (6,8 M3B) 3HepmH. HCH:TpOHbI C TaKOH:
3I1epmCH: 06pa3YlOTcH B pC3y.TIbTaTe )].CJICHI1H HYKJIH,lJ.OB nJIyToHHH H
IIcnTYHI1H, a y-H3JIY'IeIlHC B03HHKaCT BCJIe.lI.CTBl1e 3aXBaTa Hci'npoHoB
aJIIOMHlIl1eM, a TaK.>Ke KOHCTPYKU,HOHHbTMI1 MaTepHaJlaMH aKTHBlloH
30HbI pcaKTopa.
IlpH 06JIYQeHHH 217Np B ypaH-rpacpHToBblX peaKTopax nOJIyqaeTCH nJIYToHHH,
HMelO1l.\HH CJIC.aylO1l.\HH H30TonHbIH COCTaB (%): 238pU - 80; 239pU - 15,8; 240pU_
2,7; 241pU - 1,1; 242pU - 0,4 H 236pU - 8.10- 5 -;-.1,2.10- 4 . B BO.aO-BO.aHllbIX 3Hep-
reTHqeCKHX peaKTopax 236pU o6pa3yeTcH B 10-20 pa3, a B peaKTopax Ha 6b1CTpblX
HeHTpoHax B 300-400 pa3 60.1bIIle.
234
237Np 06J1Y'IaIOT B S1.lI.epHOM peaKTOpC B <pOpMC KepMCTa, npHrO-
TORJlCHHOrO nYTCM CMCIlIIfBaHHH Np02 C a:JJOMHHHCBbIM nOpOlliKOM C
JlOC.1C;rYIOw.I1M npCCCOBaHHeM nOJIY4eHHOH IlIHXTbI. B XO,lJ.C 06.1YLJCIII151
237Np B HCM HaKanJIHBaIOTC5I lIC TOJlbKO HYK.ll1JI.bl rrJIYTOHI15I, HO II
rrpO.il.YKTbI ;J.eJIeHHH, 06pa3YlOllI.l1eC5I B pC3y.1\bTaTe ;J:CJICHHH HYKJIIf.J.OB
238pU (.3<pcpCKTHBHoe CCLJCIIHC OKOJIO 18 6), 23iJpU, 241 Pu H 237N p. Do-
3TOMY rrepe.n: XHMHKO-TCXHOJIOrHLJCCKOH 06pa60TKoH, IlC.lb KOTOpOH
3aK.1IOLJaCTCH B Bbl)J.eJleHHI1 238pU 11 B03BpaTc HCH3pacxo.n:oBallHoro
HcmYHI15! BIIOBb Ha 06J1Y'ICHI1C, Np02 B TCLJCIlHe lIeCKOJlbKHX MCCHUeB
BbJ,i.lCp)KI1BaIOT KaK ,il.JIH KOJIHlJeCTBCIIHoro rrcpcxo..1 a 238Np B 238PU, TaK
11 ;.l.15I CHHlKCIIHH ypOBl!H aKTI1BIIOCTH, B TOYI LJHC.1C H .lI.J151 pacna;.la 1311.
51 nepCBO;ra HcrrTYHH5! H nJIYTOHI15I B paCTBOp KCpMCT 06pa6a-
TblBaJOT npl1 HarpCRaHI1H 8-10 M pacTBopo 1 HN0 3 B npl1cyTcTRHH
0,02 M HOHOB cpTopa C JJ.06aRJleHI1CM HOIIOR pT)'TH ,il.J151 pacTBopcHHSI
a.110 1HIII1H. J].JI5I BbI.lI,eJICHHH nJlYToHIf5I If3 nOJIY'ICIIHOrO a30TIlOKHC.10-
ro pacTBopa H 04I1CT.KIf ero OT IICrrTYHI151, aJIIOM I1HIf51 11 npo;rYKToB
.1.CJleHH5I HCIlOJIb3YIOT 3KcTpaKLlHoIlHbLC If COp6UHOHlIbIC npOueCCbI.
3KcTpaKLlHoHilOC BbI.n:e.leHI1C 238pU MO)J{HO ocYW.CCTl3I1Tb T5<t>
.11160 TpeTI14HblMI1 aMHllaMII. IlpHMCIlCIlHC TpCTHlJHbIX aMHIIOB ;J..1S1
3T0H: IlCJJIf npe;rcTaB.l5!CT lIaH60.1blllHII HIlTepCC, TaK KaK n03BO.'1HeT C
BblCOKOH 3<p<peKTI1BHOCTblO pa3.l1.eJll1Tb llemYlIl1H H n.1YTOHHH 11 04If-
CTI1Tb I1X OT pa3JIII4HbiX npl1MCceH.
I1cno.1b3Y5I H36HpaTCJlbllOCTb TpCTHLJllbIX aMHHOB K 4CTblpcxBa-
,1CHTHbIM 110llaM MeTaJlJlOR, pa3,'J.eJIeHHe IIcnTYIIHH If nJIYTOIlHH TIpOBO-
.il.51T nOCJIe ncpeBO.ll.a nJIYToHH5I B TpCXnaJlCHTIiOC COCT05IHHe. D PHlI-
Ill1nl1a.1blla5I TeXHOJIOrl14CCKaH cxeMa BbI,lJ.CJICHH5I 238pU TpCTH4IIblMH
aM HHa Mil (TpHOKTHJlaMHHOM) rrOKa3all a lIa pl1c. 12.4.
J]..1H pa3.J.CJICHH5! lIerrTYIIHH H n.'1YTOIII1H BO BTOpOM UI1KJIC npHMe-
H51IOT 06I1.lCnpHII5ITbIH: npHcM CCJICKTIfBHOH, TaK lIa3bIBaeMoH ROCCTa-
J10BHTCJlbHOH, 3KcTpaKUHH HcmYHHH (IV). B TIOJIY'ICHlIblH: nocJle pac-
TBOpCHH5! 06JIYLJCHIlOrO Np02 a30THOKI1CJ!bIH pacTBop BBO,lJ.5!T HOHbl
Fc 2 1-, KOTOpblC npH HarpcBamm nepeBO;r5IT nJIYToHI1H B TpexBa.1eHT-
IIOC COCTOSHIlle, a HcnTYHI1H B LJeTblpeXBaJIeIlTHOC. DpH 3KcTpaKUHlI
10-25 % -HbIM pacTBopoM TpeTHtIJIOfO aMI1Ha B pa36aBHTeJle npoHc-
XO.n:I1T H3B.1CLJeHHe 237Np 113 2 M pacTBopa HN0 3 B oprallwlecKYIO
<Pa3Y, a nJIYToHIfH OCTaeTC5! B pa<pHllaTe. IlocJle pC3KcTpaKIlHH Hcn-
TYHI1H CUI.C 3arp513llCII rrpO.lI,YKTaMH ,lJ.CJIeHI151 H IlCMHOro nJIYToHHeM.
.LI.aJIblIeilIuylO OQHCTKY pe3KcTpaKTa npOBO;r5IT COBMeCTHO c pacTBo-
pOM HenTYllIfSl, nOJlY4CIllIbIM B TCXIlOJIOrH'IeCKOH uenO'IKe nonYTHoro
H3BJIC4elll15! ero H3 06JIY'ICHHbIX TB3JIOB. J].J1H BbI.lI,CJICHHH 238pU 113
pa<pHHaTa ncpBoro (lIcnTYHI1CBoro) UI1KJIa 3KCTpaKUHH ero OKHCJI5IIOT
.lI.O 'IeTblpCXBaJICHTIIOro COCT05IHI1H 11 OLJHU(aIOT OT npO,'J.YKTOB ,lJ.CJICIIH51
BO BTOpOM LI.HK.1C 3KCTpaKUHH aMl1l1aMH. JI5I OKOHIlaTeJIbllOH 0411CT-
KH 238pU npOH3J30Jl.51T CllI.C O.ll.I1H UHKJI 3KCTpaKUHI1, nOCJIe qero H3
pC3KCTpaKT8 OCaJKt(alOT OKCaJIaT, B pe3YJIbTaTe npOKaJIHBaHI1H KO-
TOpOfO nOJIY'IaIOT PU02, KOTOpbIH: HBJI51eTCH rOTOBbIM rrpO.ll.YKTOM.
.LI.JI5I pa3.l1.eJIeHH5I 237Np H 238pU MO)KIIO HCnOJIb30BaTb H H01I006-
MeHHYIO TeXHOJIOrHIO. B 3TOM CJJY'Iac O'IHCTKa HcnTYHH5I H nJIYTOHI1H
OT npO;J.yKTOB Jl.eJIeIIHH OCYlll.CCTBJI5IeTCH B npouecce aHHoHo06MeHHoH
235
COp6UHH HX 4eTbIpeXBaJleHTHbIX HOHOB H3 6 M pacTBopa HN0 3 If
nocJIC,lJ.YIOlll.eH rrpoMbIBKH CMOJIbI. Pa3.lI.CJleHHe HeIITYHHH H rrJIYToHHH
npoHcxo HT B pe3YJIbTaTe CC CKTI1BHOH .lI.CCOp6UHH nJIYToHHH B BH,lJ.e
nJIYToHH5I (III) npH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3-4 M paCTBopa HN0 3 , CO.ll.Cp-
.>Kalll.ero 110HbI Fe2+. .LI.ecop6UHIO HenTYHH5I (IV) npOBO.lI.HT 0,3 M pac-
TBOpOM HN0 3 . DpH Tpex LI.IfKJIaX COp6UHH - ,lJ.eCOp6LI.HH K03<p<p HI .I,H-
8-70M HN0 3 + O,OZMF+Hg z +
Np9z-AI
Fez.
HN0 3
10-20% TOA
BOiJHad1 pllcm!Jop
Pu (Ill)
OPtllHUW!CKllR I/lllJt1
Np (N)
o P i:ll HV'{t!CKtlR
I/lI1 Jtl
BOt!Ha'U J!f18m6IJp Np
;.
HI1 DII/I H6rlU1YHl
3K mllJ1K/(I/IJHH!J HI
IJi/ut:mK!J
CYUlKI1 U flJ!0Kll/TKll iJo PUOz
PHC. 12.4. IIpHHlI.HnHa,lbHaH TeXHO. OrHIJeCKaH cxeMa BbI,lI.eJIeHH)i 238pU H3 o6J1YIJeH-
Horo 237Np C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM TpHOKTHJlaMHHa (TOA)
eHT O'IHCTKH 238pU OT npO,lJ.YKTOB .lI.eJIeHHH COCTaSJIHeT npHMepHO
5. 104, a CTeneHb H3BJIe'ICHHH ero - 60JIec 99 %.
.LI.JIH Me.lI.HUHHCKHX LI.eJIeH (c03.lI.aHH5I CepJl. IlHbIX CTHMYJI5ITOpOB
If B 6Y,lJ.YILI.eM MexaHH4CCKoro cep,lJ.ua) He06xo.lI.H},f: 238pU BbICOKOH CTe-
neHH 'IHCTOTbI, a rJIaBHOe C MHHHMaJIbHbIM cO.ll.ep.4IS.aHHeM 236PU. l1.l1.e-
3JIbHbIH: Me,lJ.HUHHCKHH: nJIYTOHHH: He ,lJ.o.rI)KeH Bo06u.r.e cO;J.ep)KaTb 236PU,
O,lJ.HaKo .lI.06HTbCH 3Toro npaKTH4ccKH HCB03MO.>KHO. Cq TaIOT, 'ITO npH
CYllI.eCTBYIOlll.HX cnoc06ax npOH3Bo,lJ.CTBa 238pU MO)KHO nOJIY4HTb npo-
.lI.YKT, B KOTOpOM cO.lI.ep.>KaIIHe 238pU COCTaBJIHeT 60JIee 90 %, a 236pU_
MeHce 3. 10- 1 .
TexHH4ecKI1H: 238PU, nOJIY4aeMbIH: 06.1JY'IeHl1eM 237.Np CO,lJ.Cp)KHT
236PU 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO 60JIbIlIe. JJ.JI5I yMeHbIlIelll151 KOJl 236pU .lI.O
He06xo.ll.I1MOrO ypOBHH TeXIIHLJCCKHH 238pU CJIC.lI.yeT HBaTb B
Te'IeHHC 10 JICT, nOCKOJIbKY nepl1o.ll. nOJIypacna,lJ.a uipu eoCTaBJJ5IeT
2,85 rO,lJ.a. Ho rrOCJIe TaKOH: BbI.lI.ep)KKH He06xo.lI.HMO taGaa npoH3Bo-
.lI.HTb O'IHCTKY nJIYToHHH OT npO,lJ.YKTOB .lI.eJIeHH5I. .LI.pyrallJYl'b CHH.>Ke-
236
HI151 KOJIHlJeCTBa 236pU B 238PU, nOJIY4aeMOM np" 06JIyqeHHH 231Np,_
HCrrOJlb30BaHHe peaKTOpOB C BbICOKOH: nJIOTHOCTblO nOTOKa HeHTpoHoB
(2. 10 19 Heihp./ (C, M 2 ), npe.lI.Ha3Ha'IeHHbIX ,lJ.JIH rrpOH3BO,lJ.CTBa 252Cf.
BbICOKOH: CTCneHH 'I HCTOTbI 238pU MO)KeT 6bITb nOJIY'IeH 06JIY'Ie.
Hl1eM B peaKTope WArn:
S41Am (n, y) 242Am -+ 242Cm -+ 238PU.
16 q 163 AHH
06pa3YIOllI.HHCH rrpH 06JIY'IeHHH 241Am nJIYTOHm'i COJ].ep.>KHT OqeHb
He60JIblllYlO nJ:I1MeCb 236PU, TaK KaK OH nOJIY'IaeTC5I JII1IlIb H3 237Np B
XO,lJ.e peaKLI.I1H: (y, n) H (n, 2n), a nOCKOJIbKy nOCJIeJ].HHH: HaKarrJII1BaeT-
CH B pe3YJIbTaTe a-pacna,lJ.a 241Am C nCpHO,lJ.OM nOJIypacna,lJ.a 433 rO,lJ.a,
KOJIH'IeCTBO efO BeCbMa HeBeJIHKO.
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'craB KOTOpOH 3aBHCHT or BpeMeHI1 KaK 06JIY4eHHH, TaK H Bbr.lI.ep)KKH
ero nOCJIe 06JIY4eHH5I nepe,lJ. BbTJ].CJICIlHeM nJIyroHHH. LlJIH HaH60JIee
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'CTaBJIHrb He MeHee 1,5 rO,lJ.a. DYTeM OIITHMH3aUHH npouecca 06JIY'Ie-
HI151 Ii BbI;J.ep)KKH 241 Am MO.>KHO nOJIY'IHTb nJIYTOHI1H: C MHHHMaJIbHOH
npHMeCblO 236PU H 80 % -HbIM cOJ].ep)KaHHeM 238PU. MO)KHO nOJIY'IHTb
np01I.YKr H C 60JIee BMCOKHM cO.ll.ep)KaHHeM 238PU, HO npH 3TOM CTOH-
MOCTb ero npOH3BO,lJ.CTBa B03pacTeT. 06JIY'IeHHIO nO.ll.BCpraIOT KepMe-
rOBbIe MI1111eHH, nOJIYlJeHHble npeCCOBaHHeM CMeCH AI-Am02, KOTOPYIO
nOMew.alOT B aJIIOMHHHeBbIe Tpy6KH. BbJ.lI.eJIeHHe 238pU H3 06JIY'IeHHbIX
aMepHUHeBMX MHllleHeii H era O'IHCTKy OT npO.ll.YKrOB .lI.eJIeHH5I npo-
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3KCTparCHTa TpeTH'IHbIX aMHHOB, TaK )Ke KaK H B CJIY'Iae nepepa60TKH
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'COCT05lHHe. AMepHUHH npaKTH'IeCKH He 3KcTpampyeTc5I aMHHaMH H3
pa36aRJICHHbIX paCTBopOB a30THOH KHCJIOTbI H OCTaeTC5I B pa<l>HHaTe.
D,JIH 04HCTKH 238pU OT npO,lJ.yKTOB .lI.eJIeHHH ,lJ.OCTaTO'IHO ,lJ.BYX II,HKJIOB
3KcrpaKUHH aMHHaMH.
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:HaH60JIbIlIHH HHrepec npe,lJ.CTaBJISleT JIa3epHOe pa3,lJ.eJIeHHe.
rllABA 13
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KlOpH5!. B pe3YJIbTaTe npoTeKaHHSI nOCJIC.lI.OBaTeJIbHbIX peaKI HH 3aXBa-
Ta HeHTpoHoB H,lJ.paMH nJlYToHHH H HX -pacnaJI.a 06pa3YlOTcH HaH60-
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239pU 2 (n, 1') 241pU 13- -+ 2uAm;
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231
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2HArn (n, 1') 242Arn _ (3- -+ 2l2Crn;
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npcBpamacTcH B 242PU, 4TO TaK)KC B KOHC41I0M CLJCTC rrpl1BoJJ.IIT K 06-
pa30Balll1IO 244Crn.
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KOBoro HOMepa H MaCCOBoro qHC a 3 CMCHTa, n03TOMY HX KO HqeCTUO cpaBHHTC bHO
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lI,OB paLlHOX!f1\.IHQeCKHX npOH3BOLlCTB IJnO.1!Ie onpaB,laHHO C1e;weT HMCTb B 8H.:lY, QTO
3HaQCHHe OTXO.lJ,OB OT pcrCHcpallHH T83.108 A3C KaK HCTOQ!IHKa aMepHllHH H KlOpHH
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C KaJK.lJ,blM rO.:lOM Bce YBe.1H'IHBaeTCH.
HYK.ll1.l1.bl KlOpmI HCnOJIb3YIOT napH.lI.Y C 23BPU B Ka'ICCTBe HCTOlJ-
JIHKOB TenJIOBOH 11 3.1eKTpI14eCKOH: 3lleprl1H. D pH 3TOM 244Crn (a-113.1Y-
LJaTe.lb, T1/2= 18 .1eT, Y;J.CJILIIOe TCnJIORbI/J,eJleHHe 2,8 BT/r) MO)KHO
npl1MelIHTb BMCCTO n.1YTOHHH B HCT04I1I1KaX, paCC411TaIllIbix Ha ;!.JIH-
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= 162,5 .il.IIH, Y,lJ.CJIbIIOe TCITJIOBbTJJ.CJleH HC 123 BT/r) KO.1HLJCCTBO BbI;!.e-
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ro pa:lI10HYK.1IL'J,a B Hc60.1blllIlX, HO MOlUlIbIX HCTO'JIIHKaX TOKa KpaT-
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HYKJIH.lI.OB KlOpHH n04TH OTCYTCTByeT y-113JIY4CHl1e, O;1.HaKO crrOHTaHHoe
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H3JIYlJelll151 HeHTpOlIoB (60Jlec 1.10 7 JICH:Tp./c.r), 'ITO Tpc6yeT C03,lJ.a-
HI1H CneHl1aJlbHOH: 3aIHHTbI.
lllHpoKoe npaKTH'ICCKOC rrpl1MeIlCHHe HaIlIeJI 241 Am, y KOToporo
a-pacna)J. (T I / 2 =458 JICT) COrrpOBO)K)J.aCTC5I HcrrYCKaHHeM ,\,-H3JIY4eHHH
C 3HepmeH: 59,6 K3B. B CBH311 C HH3KOH 3IICprHeH 1'-H3JIY'IeHHH 241 Am
oc06eHllO Y.lI.06HO HCrrOJlb3013aTb B Ka1JCCTBe IICT04HI1Ka B036Y)K.lI,CHHH
npl1 peIlTreno<pJIyopecuclITIloVi onpeJJ.eJICHHH MHKpOKOJIH'ICCTB pH,lJ.a
3JIeMCHTOB. 3TO MCTO;!. 04CIIb 6bICTpbIH:, cro 4YBCTBI1TCJIbllOCTb .lI,OCTH-
raCT 0,001 %. BbmycKacMLle B JIaCTOHUJ.ec BpeMH npoMbTlllJleHHocTblO
npH60pbI .lI.JI5I HenpCpbTBIIOrO 3naJIH3a HCnOJIb3YIOTCH B caMbIX pa3Ho-
06pa31lblX 06.1JaCTHX, JIarrpl1MCp B ueMeIlTHOM npOH3BO.lI.CTBe, npH H3-
fOTOBJIeHHI1 pa3J1I1'IHbIX cn.1aBOB, .lI.JIH onpcJJ.eJICHH5I cO.lI.ep)KaHHH cepbI
B KaMellHOM yrJIe, .lI.JI5I KapOTa)Ka 6YPOBbIX CKRa.>KI1H npH npoxoJ1.Ke
lIC<pTHllbIX, ra30BLIX, yrOJlbHbIX, a TaK)KC PY,J,HbIX MCCTOpO)K,lJ.eHHH, B
npoucccax nepepa60TKI1 HeKoTopbIX py.lI. H T. n. KpoMe TOro, 241Arn
npl1MeHHIOT .L!..1H H3MCpeIll1H ypOBHH .>KH.lI.KOCTeH: HJII1 TOJIllI.HIIbI MaTC-
pHa.1Ja 11 T. n. HarrpHMcp, rrpH60pbI C 241Arn HcrroJlb.3YIOT ,lJ.JIH KOHTpO-
JIH TOJIIIJ,l1l1bI .1I1CTOB CTaJII1, a.1IOMHHHH, n.1JaCTMaCCbI, rOpH'IerO CTeKJIa
H .lI.p. C rrOMow.bIO 241 Am R IIC<pTHIIOH: H nHw.eBOH npOMbIlliJICHHOCTH
onpe.lI.eJIHIOT nJIOTHOCTb )KHJ1.KOCTeH H nYJIbn, npOTeKalOllI.HX no TPY-
60npOBO.lI.aM, cOjJ,ep*aHHe B3BeIlIeHHbIX qaCTHU B BO.lI.e H T. n.
238
a-yl3.rrY4CIlHC TpaHCnJIYTOHHeBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB HCrrOJlb3yIOT If .lI.JIH
8KTHBaUHOlIIIOrO aHaJIH3a pa3JIH'IHbIX Belll.eCTB. B 'IaCTHOCTI1, nepBoe
orrpC;J.eJleHHe XHMH'IeCKOrO COCTaBa JIYHIlOii 1I0BepXHOCTH 6bIJIO BbI-
nO.1He1l0 MeTO.ll.OM a-paCCeHHH5I C HCIIOJIb30BaHHCM peaKlI,HH: (n, p) H
'242Cm B Ka'IeCTBe HCTOLJHI1Ka a-H3JIY'IeHH5I.
Ba)KHOH 06JIaCTblO npl1MeHeHH5I rpaHcypaHoBblx 3JICMeHTOB HBJIH-
CTCH C03.l1.aHHC Ha I1X OCHOBe HeH:TpOIlHbIX HCT04HHKOB, KOTopbIe IlIH-
pOKO I1CnOJIb3YlOT B HC1ITpOHHOH: pa.ll.HOrpa<pHH, aKTHBaUHOIlHOM aHa-
JIH3e H ,lJ.JIH ,lJ.PYrHX LI.eJICH. B 3THX HCTOlIHHKaX ocyrn:eCTBJISI€TCH (a, n)-
pCaKUH5I lIa J1erKHX 3JIeMeHTax, lJalll.e Bcero OepHJIJJHH. B KalJeCTBe
.{l-H3.1Y'IaTeJICH: B TaKHX HCTOLJHHKaX pallcc npHMCHHJII1 226Ra, 210pO,
227 Ac, 228Th, 239PU, a B HaCTOHIll.ee BpCM5I - HYK.1H,lJ.bI TpaHcypaHoBbIx
3JIeMCJITOB: 238PU, 241 Am, 242Cm, 244Cm. LlJIH HCT04HHKOB C HeBbICOKOH
IIJIOTHOCTblO nOTOKa HeHTpoHoB (10 10 -10 11 HellTp'/ (c. M 2 ) npHMeHeHl1e
.3THX HYK.rIl1.lI.OB TpaHcypalloBblx 3JJeMClITOR He TOJIbKO Y,lJ.06HO C TO'IKH
3pCIIHH KOMlIaKTHOCTH H IIpOCTOTbI B 06palll.eHHI1, HO 11 3KOHOMHQCCKH
.60Jlee BblrO,lJ.Ho.
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H HX nonY'leHHe B IIHCTOM BHAe
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..lI.apTHOH cxeMe C npHMcHcHHeM .>K11.J.KOCTIIOH 3KcTpaKUHH TB<t> OCTa-
tOTCH B BO.ll.HOM pa<pHHaTc. B BblCOKoaKTHBHbIX OTXO,lJ.aX OT nepepa-
60TKH 06JIyqellHoro npHpo.lI.HOro ypaHa npHcYTcTByeT B OClIOBHOM
24lAm, cO.lI.ep.>KaHHC KOToporo HeBeJIHKO H COCTaBJIHeT HeCKOJIbKO co-
TbIX .lI.oJIeH: MHJIJIHrpaMMa Ha JIHTp pacTBopa. B cJIa60060raw.eHHoM
no 235U TOnJIHBe Ko..1H'IeCTBO aMepHUI151 (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rJIy6HHbI
BMrOpaIIH5! H.lI.epHOrO TOnJIHBa II BpeMeHH BbI,lJ.ep)KHBaHHH ero nepe,lJ.
nepepa60TKOH:) .J.OCTHraeT 60JIee 100 r Ha 1 T ypaHa. 3TOT aMepHUHH:
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npHMepHO 60 r 241 Am H 50 r 243 Am). B peaKTopax Ha 6bICTpblX HciiTpoHax HaKon-
JICHHe aMcpHUHH B 06JIY'IeHnOM TOnJIHBe cme BblIIIC (HarrpHMep, rrpll fJIy6HHe BbIfO-
paHHH 80000 MBT'CYT/T 606 f 241Am H 133 r 243Am). CO.1l.ep)\{aHHe H30TonOB
KlOpHH B CBOIO O'lCpe.1l.b TaK)\{e 3aMeTHO B03paCTaeT (24 r 242Cm H 15 r 244Cm).
npOIlCCC H3BJIe'IeHHH aMepHUH5I H KlOpHH H3 BbICOKOaKTI1BHbIX OT-
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3JIeMeHTOB (ypaHa, nJIYTOHHH, npO.ll.yKToB .lI.eJICJIHH II ,lJ.p.) , cO.lI.cp.>Ka-
HHe KOropbIx B HecKqJIbKO COTeH H TbICH'I pa3 BbIllie. Onpe,lJ.eJIClIHbIe
OCJJO.>KHeHHH npH OQpaw.eHHH C BbICOKoaKTHBHbIMH OTXO,lJ.aMH BbI3bI-
BaCT H BbICOKoe CO)1.ep.>KaHHe B paCTBopax 6aJIJIaCTHbIX COJIeH H npo-
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239
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Ij>HHaTa npH 3KCTpaKuHoHHOH ncpepaooTKe o6.1Y'IeHHJMX TB3.l0B BB3P C npHMeHe-
HHCM )],23f<l>K paccMaTpHBaeTcH B r.l 16.
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B PC3YJIbTaTe npOBC.lI.eHHH npoueccoB 3KcTpaKUHI1 C I1CnOJIb30BaHHeM
LJ.23f<1> K HJIH T5<1> nOJIY'IaIOT KOHueHTpaTbI, CO.lI.ep)Kalll.l1e aMepI1UHH.
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CTBJlHIOT 3KCTpaKLI.110HHbIM MeTO.lI.oM, XOTH .lI.JIH 3THX ueJIer1 6blJII1 pa3-
pa60TaHbI 11 pa3Ho06pa3HbIe COp6UHOHHbIe (HcnOJIb30BaHHe KaTHOHH-
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.'laHTaHOH,lJ.OB HCnOJIb3YIOT B OCHOBHOM 3KCTpaKUHOHHbIH: npouecc, oc-
HOBaHHblr1 Ha npeHMYlll.eCTBeHHOH: 3KcTpaKUHH P33 KHCJIblMH aJIKHJI-
<poc<paTaMH (HanpHMep, .LI.23f<1>K) H3 BO.lI,HbIX CJIa60KI1CJIMX pacTBo-
pOB, CO.ll.Cp)Kalll.HX TaKHe KOMnJIeKC006pa3YlOllI.I1e Belll.CCTBa, KaK CMeCh
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npouecc). TD3 3KCTparHpYlOTcH 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO cJIa6ee H B OCHOBHOM
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JIOTbl B npl1cYTcTBHH ;KOMnJIeKCOHa - ,lJ.H3TI1JICHTpHaMHHneHTaYKCYCHOH
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ca pa3,lJ.eJICnHH C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM pacTBopa .LI.23f<1>K B .lI.I1H30nponH.l-
6eHSOJIe npHBe.ll.ena Ha pHC. 13.1. Dpouecc npOBO.lI.HTCH B ,lJ.Ba UHKJIa.
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99,99 % JIaHTaHOH.lI.OB C nOTepeH: TD3 He 60JIee 0,1 %. BTOpOH: UHKJI
npe.nHa3Ha'ICH .lI.JIH KOHLI.CHTpHpOBaHI151 TD3 H HX OT.lI.eJIeHI1H OT KOMn-
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JHleTC5I 2-3 M pacTBopoM HN03.
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npH OCa)!{J!.CHI1H aMepHUHH (V) B BH.lI,e MaJIOpaCTBOpHMbIX (4,8X
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10 r/JI, BBO.lI,HT K 2 C0 3 npHMepHo .lI,0 KOHueHTpaUHH 3,5 M H npH 85°C
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3Toro npouccca npOI1CXO,1.HT OCa)K.lI.eHHC _1.BOHllhIX Kap60HaTOB aMcpH-
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(I II) OCTaCTCH B pacTBopc.
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nepCYJIbcpaTOM aMMOHHH rrpH 60-80 DC, a 3aTCM H 2 0 2 . KIOpHH pc-
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TbI, OT,lJ.eJIeHHe OT P33 H pa3,lJ.eJIeHHe aMepHuHH H KIOpHH npOH3BO,lJ.HT
243
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paCTBopOM .LI.TDA, a pa3.lI.eJIeHHe aMepHLI.HH H KIOpHH: - B npou.ecce
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npOXO,lJ.HT ycneIllHo, CCJIH KHCJlOTHOCTb nOJIY'IeHHOfO pe3KCTpaKTa
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.cTBJIHCTCH TeM )Ke 3KcTpareHToM nOCJIe pe3KCTpaKUI1H H3 HefO P33
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LI.eHTpaUHH 0,35 MOJIb/JI. llpH npOBe,lJ.eHHH npouecca OCa)K,lJ.eHHH OKca-
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TOpbIX npOHCXO,lJ.HT B npouecce CeJIeKTHBHOH pC3KCTpaKLI.HH 90S r JIH-
MOlfHOKHCJlbIM 6y<pepHbIM pacTBopoM C pH = 4,0. .LI.JIH pa3pYIlleHHH
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241
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nOJIY'IeHHH SrTi0 3 .
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rrpHMeHHIOT B npHcYTCTBl111 KaTaJIH3aTOpa AgN0 3 npH 50°C. B IIa-
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B pe3yJIbTaTe 06pa60TKH oca,lJ.Ka K4Ni4[Fe(CNh] +Fe(OHh pa3-
249
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MallraHaTOB. 113 pa36aRJ1eHHbIX KlICJIOT B03rOHKa PYTCHlIH YCHJIlIBa-
CTCH npII HaJIHlIHlI CYJIbcpaTa :lKCJIe3a, CCpHOH KHCJ10TbI, HlITpaTa HaT-
plIH. TPlITlIH, OCIIOBHOH cpOpMOH KOToporo HBJ1HeTCH TplITlIeBaH Bo;r:a
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aaMlI II J1HWb qaCTIIlIHO nepCXO,!I.lIT R napOBYIO cpa3Y. OH MO:IKeT 6bITb
YJIOBJICH BMCCTC C pcreHcpHpYCMOH a30THOH KHCJIOTOH B KOH.1I:CH-
caTC.
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262
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JIH nJICJlOqHOrO TlIna.
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nplIeM, IIIHpOKO npHMeHHlOllI.lIHCSI B TcnJ10TCXIIHKC, 3cpcpeKTlIBCH H 3KO-
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TaHOBKax. PaCXO.1l: napa B TaKHX YCTaHOBKax HC npeBbIIIlaeT 80-
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npHS1THH, r;J.e npHMeHHCTCH nypeKc-npouecc, BO,llHaH tpa3a nOC.le nepBoro 3KCTpaK-
'Topa, CO.ll.epJKalUaH OCHOBHYIO Maccy npO.ll.YK'TOB .lI.e.'1eHHH H3 o6.1Y'leHHblx TB3.10B,
nponYCKaeTCH 1JepC3 CnCUHaJIbHbIH annapaT ,!I.JIH IJ03MOJKHO no.1Horo OT;J;e,'leIJP.!I /)T
3aXBa'leHHOrO "Kcrparema. 3aTeM paCTBOp nOC'Tynae'T HCnOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO n8 YlJa 11J1)'1O
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HeHTpa.'H130BaTb me:J01JblO), B AHrJlHH C'IHTaIOT 60Jlce 3KOHOMI!'IHbIM pcrcHepHpoBaTb
a30THYlO KHCJlO'TY, nonoMy BblnapHBaHHIO nO.llBCpralOT HcnOcpe.llCTBeHHo KI!C.lble
paCTBOpbl. I1cpcpa6O'TKa a30THOKHCJIblX pacTBopoB COnpH)I{eHa C HeKOTopblMH TPY.lI.-
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B03MO)l{HOCTb B3aHMO.ll.eiicTBHH a30THoH KHCJlO'Tbl C ocraTKaMH 3KC'TpareHTa, KOTopaH
MOJKCT npl!BeCTH K 06HJlbHOMY ra30BblJJ;e.'IeHHIO, neHoo6pa30BaHHIO H B HaH60JIee
He6.1aronpHHTHblX YC.'10BH5IX, HanpHMcp npH rJly60KoM ynapl!BaHHH, .lI.a)l{C K B3Pbl-
BaM, a TaK)I{e BblCOKa!l JlCTY'ICCTb PY'TeHHH H HO.ll.a H3 CH.'lbHOKHCJlblX paC'TBOpoB.
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a 1I0JlY'IeHHYIO nYJIbny OTCTaHBalOT B eMKOCTHX (TaHKax), cHa6)KeHHblX CHCTeMoil
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ll,lIaJ1bHbIX COpTOB HCp:IKaBCIOIIIeH CTaJIlI. TOJ1ll.(HHY CTCHOK pe3cpBya-
pOB paCCqlITbIBalOT Ha lIX CJIY:IK6y B TCqeIIHC HCCKOJ1bKlIX ,!I.eCHTKOB
JIeT (B CCCP 20 JICT) II npc.rr.ycMaTplIBalOT HC MeHCC lIeM TpcxKpaT-
HbIH 3anac TOJIIIIHHbI. .II.JIH 60J1CC Ha,!I.e:IKHOH CJ1Y:IK6b1 CTCHOK lIX 06blq-
HO .1I:c.nalOT ,!I.BOHIIbIMH, a caMlI pC3cpByapbI YCTaHaBJ1lIBaIOT B nOJl,!I.O-
IIbI, RbIllOJ1HeIIHblC TaK:lKC H3 HCp:IKaBCIOIIICH CTaJIlI. PC3cpByapbl yCTa-
HaBJ1lIBaIOT B nO.1l:3CMHbIX nOMeweHHHX HJIlI TaK, 1JT06bI ypOBCIIb :lKlI,!I.-
KOCTH B HHX npHXO.1l:lIJICH HH:lKe nOBcpXIIOCTH 3CMJIH.. B ll.eJIHX CHlI:lKC-
1I1IH KOpp031I0HHOH aKTlIBHOCTlI paCTBopOB HHOr.1l:a npH6cralOT K pa3-
J10:IKCHHIO a30THOH KlICJ10TbI cpopMaJIb,!I.erH.rr.OM H.1m K qaCTlIliHOH lIJIH
nOJIHOH ec HeHTpaJ11I3all.HH. O,!I.HlIM CJIOBOM, lIpC3BbIlIaHHblC nOCJIe.rr.CT-
BHH HapYlIIeHHH perJ1aMCHTlIpOBaHHblX YCJ10BlIH 1I30JIHIllIH TaKlIX onac-
PHC. 16.2. EMKOCTH .lI.JIH xpaHe-
HHH B COKoaKTHBH X OTXO.ll.OB
no.ll. 3eM.1eH:
J - eMKOCTb; 2 - TPYUHbIH
AOP. .1 - MOHT3LKHbiit 33JI;
MOCTOBOI! Kpa H
266
II blX BCW:CCTB, KaKlIMH HBJIHIOTCSI BbICOKOaKTHBHble OTXO.1l:bI, TPCOYIOT
oc060i1 3a6oTbI KaK npH coopy*eHHH, TaK H npH 3KCnJ1yaTaUHlI .rr.aH-
I!blX XpaHlIJIHIII. Y OpO:IKaHHC XpaHeJlHH BbICOKOaKTHBHbIX OTXO.il.OB B
6aKax CBH3aHO C HCOOXOJ{HMOCTbK> nOCTOHHHOrO 06CJIY:IKlIBaHlIH YCTa-
HOBKH H3-3a HBJIeHHH pa.rr.HOJIH3a H TenJIOBbI.1I:eJICHHH. IT03TOMY CTOlI-
MOCTb xpaHeHHH BbiCOKoaKTlIBHbIX OTXOJJ.OB nOliTH B 10 pa3 BbIWC CTOlI-
MOCTH xpaneHlIH cpc.rr.HcaKTlIBHbIX :lKH.J.KHX OTXO.1l:0B (TaK:lKC B pe3cp-
Byapax 1I3 IICp:IKaBCIOll.(CH CTaJIlI).
HeCMOTpH Ha YUHBepCaJIbHOCTb II IIIHpOKoe HCnOJIb30BaHHe xpaneHIIH BbiCOKO-
aKTHBHblX >KH.lI.KHX OTXO.ll.OB B pe3epByapax, 3TOT MeTO.ll. HC pelllaeT nO.1HOCTblO
npo6.lcMbI oGe3Bpe>KHBaHHH II a6CO.lIOTHOU rapaH.TIIH 6e30naCHOCTH. r JIaBHbla He.ll.O-
CTaTOK MeTO.ll.a - 3TO TO, qTO CpOK CJIY>K6b1 nO.ll.06HblX .lI.OCTaTO'iHO .lI.OpOrHX COO-
pY>KeHHa 3HaQHTeJIbHO KOpOQe nepHO.ll.a CHH>KCHHH .lI.O 6e30naCHoro ypOBHH H3J1YQe-
HHH OTXO.ll.OB, xpaHHIllHXCH B pe3epByapax. CM.lI.OBaTe.lbHO, He06xo.ll.HMO C03.l1.aHHe
c. O)j{HOH 1'1 He6c30naCHOH CHCTeMbi nepeKaqKH CO.ll.ep>KHMOrO 6aKOB R HOBbiC pe3ep-
Byapb/, KOTOpb/e npH.lI.eTCH CTpOHTb BO Bce B03pacralOIllHx KO.1HqeCTBaX, nOCKOJIbKY
peMOUT Bblllle.ll.lllHX 1'13 CTpOH pe3epByapoB 3aTpY,!I.HeH H3-3a BeCbMa Bb/COKorO
ypOBHS! pa.a:HoaKTHBHblX 3arpH3ueHHH. Cor.laCHO ony6.1HKOBaHHblM .lI.aHHb/M HX
CpOK c.1Y>K6b/ He .lI.OJI>KeH npCRb/lllaTb 20 JIeT. CTOHMOcrb xpaHeHHH 1 M 3 pacrBopa B
TaKHX YC.l0BHHX COCTaBJIHeT 1500 py6./M 3 .
B ll.CJIOM CTpOHTeJIbCTBO H 3KCllJIyaTaUHH XpaHHJIHIU BCCbMa .rr.opo-
fH, liTO BblHY:IK.rr.aCT HCKaTb H pa3pa6aTbIBaTb lIHbIC nYTlI peWCHHH
np06J1eMbi 06pall.(CHHH C BbiCOKOaKTlIBHblMlI OTX0.1l:aMlI pcrenepall.HH
TOnJ1HBa.
16.4. OTBepHCAeHMe BblCOKOBKTMBHblX OTXOAOB
YKa3aHHblC Hc.rr.OCTaTKH xpaHeHHH :lKlI.rr.KlIX BblCOKoaKTHBHbIX OTXO-
.n:.OB B pC3cpByapax 3aCTaBHJIH HCKaTb HHble, 60JICC cOBeplIIcHHble cno-
c06b1 06pall.(CIIHSI C HHMII. OocTencHHO yqeHbIC H CnCll.lIaJIlICTbI pH.rr.a
CTpaH nplIlllJIlI K C.1I:HHO.rr.YIIIHOMY MHCHlIlO 0 Hc06xo.rr.HMOCTH npeBpa-
IIlCHHH TaKHX OTX0.1l:0B B TBcp.rr.ble npo.rr.YKTbI, xapaKTcpH3YIOIUlIeCH
MaKClIMa.'IbHOH CTaOHJIbHOCTblO B TCqCHHC Heonpe.rr.eJIeHHO .rr.OJIroro Bpe-
McnlI. B PC3YJIbTaTC HCCJIc.rr.OBaHHH 6b1JIlI npe.rr.JIO:IKeHbI MaTCpHaJIbI, B
npHHUHllC y.rr.OBJIeTBOpHIOll.(HC TaKOMY Tpc60BaHHIO, HanpHMCp KcpaMlI-
Ka, CTCKJ1a H T. n. Do cpaBHCHlIlO C .rr.pyrHMH TBCP.1l:bIMlI BCllI.eCTBaMH
CTCKJIa 06JIaJ{a1OT pH.rr.OM HCCOMIICHHblX npclIMYll.(CCTB: OHH rOMorCHHbI,
H30TponHbI, HenoplIcTbI, XlIMlIlICCKlI .rr.OCTaTOliHO HHepTHbI, BKJIIOIIeHHe
B nOJIlIMepHYIO CTPYKTYPY CTCKJIa npo.rr.YKTOB .rr.eJICHHSI 06YCJIOBJIHBaCT
npOliHoe cplIKCHpOBaHlIc npo.rr.YKTOB .rr.CJ1CHHH. B lIaCTIJOCTH, YKa3aHHbl-
MIl CBOll:CTBaMH 06JIa..'l.a1OT CTeKJIa cpocq,aTHbIC H 60pOCHJIHKaTHbIC. O.rr.-
HaKO nOCJIC.rr.HlIe npC.rr.nOqTHTeJIbHbI 6JIaro.rr.apH 60JIbillCH cTa61IJIbilOCTH
H MeHblIICMY KOppO.1l:HpYIOll.(CMY B03.rr.eHCTBHIO IIa MaTCpHaJI OOOPYJJ.O-
BaHHH. I1cCJIe.rr.OBaHHSI npHMeHHMOCTlI TaKlIX CTCKOJI KaK OCHOBbi .rr.JIH
BKJIlOqeHHH B HHX npO.rr.YKTOB .rr.CJICHlIH nOKa3aJIH B03MO:IKHOCTb CYll.(C-
CTBeHHOrO COKpall.(CHlIH 06'bCMa OTXO.1l:0B. TaK, 3aKJIIOlIeHHC B CTCKJIO
BbiCOKOaKTHBHbIX OTXO.1l:0B OT ncpcpa60TKH 1 T TOnJIHBa Ha OCHOBe
267
npHpO,rI,HOro ypaHa COKpallI.aCT 06'bCM OTXO..'l.OB,!I.O 14 JI, a OT ncpe-
pa60TKlI OKHCHoro TOnJIlIBa BO.rr.O-Bo.rr.HHoro 3HeprcTHlIccKoro pcaKTo-
pa - J{O 70 JI. COD:ep:IKaHlIC OKCH,!I.OB npO,!I.YKTOB D:CJICHlIH B CreKJIC np"
3TOM ,!I.OCTlIraCT 20-30 % (no Macce).
Ba:IKHCHlIIlIM Tpc60BaHlIcM K nO.'IylIaeMblM B npOIleccc OCTCKJ10BbI-
BaHHH npOD:YKTaM HBJIHCTCH HX BblCOKaH pa.rr.lIall.HOHHaH CTOHKOCT
CaMH CTeKJIa, KaK H3BeCTHO, BCCbMa YCTOHlilIBbI K pa,!I.Hall.HlI. OpoBe-
.rr.CI!Hble HCnblTaHH51 (BO cI>paH!!lIH) nOKa3aJIlI ,!I.OCTaTOllHYIO paD:Hall.H-
OHHylO CTOHKOCTb cpoccpaTHblx H 60pOCHJIlIKaTHblx CTCKOJI K B03,!I.eHCT-
BHIO - II y-1I3JIYllCHlIH BnJIOTb ,!I.O ,!I.03b1 lOll pa.rr..
On:HaKO pa.ll.lfa HOHHoe B03.l1.cilcTBHe OKa3b1BaCT onpe.ll.c.leHHoe B.1H5IHHC Ha BbI-
ru;eJIatJHBaHHC pa.ll.HOHYK.1H.lI.OB H3 <j:!a3b1 CTeK.la BaJKHO 6bIJIO onpe.ll.e.1HTb CTOHKO( Tb
nOJlYtJeHHbIX CTeKOJI no OTHOIIJCHHIO K BbllUe.lallHBaHHIO HX nO:I .lI.eHCTBHCM no,'ue' -
HblX H rpYHTOBblX BO.ll.. KaK OKa3a.l0Cb, TaKoe BbIru;e.latJHBaHHe npOHCXO...tHT, XOT!: H
B OtJeHb Ma.l0H CTeneHH. CKOpOCTI' BbIru;eJIaIlJlBaHHH, no <j:!paH y3cKHM .lI.aHHbIM,
COCTaBJIHeT 10- 8 -10- 6 r/(CM 2 'CYT). ilpH 06.l1.YBaIlHH 06pa3HOB CTCK.la B03.l1.YXO"" Ha-
Ben:CHHSI aKTHBHOCTH B ra30BOll <j:!a3e He Ha6JIIO.lI.a.l0Cb. CKOpOCTb BbIru;eJlatIHOaHHSI
CTCKOJI 110 HCTetlCHHH 7-.1eTHero nCpHO.ll.a He H3MeHHJlaCb, liTO HaBO.ll.HT Ha MbICJIb
o e.lecoo6pa3HOCTH nOC.1C.lI.YlOll\Cro 3aXopOHeHHH OCTCK.10BaHHblX MaTepHa,10B B
OTCYTCTBHC B03.l1.eHCTBHH BO.ll.b!. 41'0 KacaCTCH B03.l1eHCTBHH a-H3JIYlleHHH, TO COOT-
BeTCTBYlOll\He HcnbITaHHH, npOBe.a:CHHbIe nYTeM BBe.l1CHHII B CTCKJIO pa3JIHtlHbiX KO-
JIHlleCTB a-H3JIYllaTc.leH (HyKJIHL\OB n.1YTOHHH, aMepli HSI H KlOpHH), TaKJKe nOKa-
3aJIH ./tOCTaTOtlHYIO CTOHKOCTb CTCKOJI B YCJIOBHHX, HHTCpnOJIHpOBaHHblX Ha 500-
700 JICT xpaHeHHH. CTencHb BbIll\C.latlHBaHHH nJIYToHHH OKa3a.laCb B 10-100 pa3
MeHblIJe, tleM CTeneHb BbIll\eJIallHBaHHH - H Y-H3;IytlaTeJIell.
OpH Bbl60pc COCTaBa CTCKJIa nOM HMO cro paD:lIal lIOHHOH H XHMH-
qCCKOH CTOHKOCTII CyruCCTBCHHOC 3HaliCHlIC lIMCIOT TCMncpaTypa nJIaB-
JICHlIH, TeKYlIeCTb B :lKH.rr.KOM COCTOHHlIH, CKJ10HHOCTb K KplICTaJIJI1I3a-
I1.HH nOCJIe 3aTBcp,!I.eBaHlIH (paCCTCKJIOBblBaHHC) II ,!I.pymc cpaKTopbl.
CTeKJIHHHblC 6JIOKH, nOMeIIleHHble Ha ,!I.JIHTCJIbHOC xpaHCHHC, 6y-
.rr.YT HaXO,!I.liTbCH B YCJIOBlIHX HarpCBaHlIH, Bbl3b1BaCMOro nOrJ10ll.(CHHCM
H3JIYllCHHH. TCM caMbIM 6Y..'l.YT C03,!I.aBaTbCH yCJIOBlIH, OJIarOnplIHTHbie
.rr.JIH KpHCTaJIJIH3all.HII CTeKJIa. B HacrmIW:CC BpCMH D:aHHble 0 pacnpc-
.rr.CJIeHlIlI aKTHBHOCTH MC:IK,!I.y cpa3aMlI nplI paCCTeKJIOBblBaHHH OTCYT-
CTBYIOT. 003TOMY Ha npaKTlIKe (MapKYJIb, MbiC Ar) npC,!I.nOqlITalOT
H36eraTb KpHCTaJIJIH3aliHH nYTCM no.rr.,!I.ep:IKaHHH TCMnepaTypbl B CTCK-
JIHHHbIX 6JIOKaX 60JICC H1I3KOH, lICM TCMnepaTypa KpHCTaJIJIH3all.HH
(nopH.rr.Ka 600°C). 3TOH :lKC liCJIH CJIy:IKHT CTpCMJICHHe nOJIYllHTb KOM-
n03HliHH CTCKOJI, O H3KlIX no cocTaBY H CTPYKTYpC K 6a3aJ1bTaM (6a-
3aJ1bTOnOD:06Hble CTCKJIa), KOTOpblC, KaK H3BCCTHO, HC CKJIOHHbI K
KpHCTaJIJI1I3all.HlI. 3TH CBOHCTBa npOHBJTHIOT, B lIaCTHOCTH, 60pOCHJIlI-
KaTl!ble II 60pOaJIIOMOCHJIHKaTHbIC CTCKJIa. B 3TOH CBH3H CJ1e.rr.yeT OT-
MCTHTb HCCJ1e,!I.OBaHHH no H3YlIeHHIO BJIli5lHHH BbiCOKHX TeMncpaTYP Ha
06pa30BaHHC CTPYKTYP 6a3aJIbTOrrO,!I.06HbIX CTeKOJI, nOJIYlIaeMblx rrpH
BbICOKHX TCMnepaTypax (BblWC 1500-1600 °C) II HC CKJIOHHblX K pac-
CTeKJlOBblBaHHIO. B psr,!I.e cTpaH BbITIOJIHCH 60JIbillOH KOMnJIeKC pa60T
no OCTeKJ10BblBaHlIlO BblCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO,!I.OB nOCJIe pcreHepall.HH OT-
pa60TaBIIIJfX TB3JIOB. Pe3YJIbTaTbi MHOrOqHCJleHHblX lICCJIc,!I.oBaHHH no-
268
.Ka3b1BaIOT, liTO npO.rr.YKTbI, nO.1yqaCMbIC B npOll.eCCe OCTeKJIOBbiBaHlIH,
no CBOHM cpH31I1ICCKlIM H XHMHqCCKHM cBoiicTBaM 5lBJIHIOTCH BnOJIHC
npHeMJIeMOH <pOpMOH KaK J{JISI BpCMeHHoro, TaK, 'ITO oc06eHHO Ba:IKHO,
H .l!.JISI .rr.OJIrOBpCMeHHoro xpaHeHH51. Pa3pa60TaHbl CXCMbI OCTCKJIOBbI-
naHlIH. O.rr.HH H3 HHX Y:lKC rOTOBbi HJIH nOqTH rOTOBbI )J.JIH npOBepKH
B OnblTHOM M8ClIlTa6c Ha pCaJIbHblX BbICOKoaKTHBHblX paCTBopax, .rr.PY-
IHe ,D.OBC,!I.eHbI .rr.o npOMbIWJICHHOrO YPOBHH.
3a nOCJIC..'l.HHC rO,!I.bI B 3apy6e:IKH X CTpaHax npoxo.rr.HT orrblTHYIO
npOBepKY pa3JIHlIHbIC BapHaHTbI npOll.eCca OCTCKJIOBbiBaHlIH.
nplI o.rr.HOCTa.iJ.HHHOM THreJIbHOM npoll.CCCC :lKlI.iJ.KHC OTXO,!I.bI O,!I.HO-
BpCMeHHO C cpJIIOCYIOIII.HMH .rr.o6aBKaMH 3arpY:lKalOT B THrCJIb, B KOTO-
pOM nOCJ1e.1l:0BaTeJIbHO OCYWCCTBJ1HIOT OnCpall.HH ynapKH, npOKaJlKH
(KaJ1bUHlIall.HH) H nJIaBJICHHH CTeKJIa. B KOHCliHOM lITorc TlIrCJIb CO
BCCM CO,!I.CpIKlIMbIM HanpaBJIHIOT Ha 3axopOIICIIHe. OpOll.eCC nCpHO,!I.H-
'lCH H MaJ10np01I3BO,!I.HTeJICH: np01I3BO.1l:HTCJIbHOCTb ero HC npeBbliliaeT
30 JI!4.
npH .rr.ByxcTa.iJ.HHHOM npoucccc ynapHBaHHe H npOKaJIKy npoBo.iJ.51T
B O,!I.HOM anrrapaTc, HanpHMep BO Bpall.(alOll.(CMCH KaJIbll.HHaTOpc lIJIH
KaJ1bUITHaTOpe paCllbIJIHTeJIbHOrO THna, a nJIaBJIeHHe CTeKJIa - B .rr.py-
rOM, HarrpHMCp B nCqH HenpepblBHoro ,!I.CHCTBHH C HH.1I:YKll.HOHHbIM Ha-
rpeBOM. .rr.aHHaH TCXHOJIOrH51 JJaMHOrO npOH3BO,!I.lITeJIbHCH nepBoH, no-
CKOJ1bKY npouccc OCYII1.eCTBJIHCTCH HcnpepbIBHO.
TpCTHH BapHaHT npouccca pa3pa6aTblBaCTCH B cI>pr. B 3TOM CJ1Y-
'lac 06c3Bo:IKeHHbTH lIJIlI npOKaJICHHblH npO,!I.YKT (OKCH,!I.bI npO,!I.YKTOB
..rr.CJIeHHH) nocTynacT B HcnpcpblBHO ,!I.CHCTBYIOIII.HH KcpaMHlIecKHH nJIa-
BITTeJIb C 3JICKTpHlICCKlIM HarpeBoM. TaKoBbi OCHOBHblC HarrpaBJICHHH
Be::r.yIIlHxcH onbiTHbiX pa60T.
ilpHMepOM rrepBoro HarrpaB.lIeRHH MO)KeT CJIYJKHTb oTpa60TKa upouecca DOl{
na3f1aHHeM «<PHHraJl» (AHr.1Hfl) - ocreK.lJOBb/BaHHe Bb/COKOaKTHBHblX OTXOn;OB rryTeM
-on;HOBpeMeHHOH Bb/napKH, npoKaJIKH 1'1 nJIaBJleHHH C cycneH3HeH, COl{epJKaweM
B 2 0 3 H Si02. AnnapaT, BbinOJIHeHHblH 1'13 TyrQllJlaBKOH Hep)KaBelOweH CTanH (26 %
Cr, 20 % Ni), npen;craBJlHCT C060H THreJIb, rl{e ocYWecrBJlHIOT Bee YKa3aHHble npo-
ueCCbI, ArruapaT nOMeweH B ne% C HHn;YKu.HOHHblM HarpeBOM, U03BOJIHIOWHM pery.
.lIHpOBaTh reMnepaTYPY B pa3J1H'IHblX qaCTHX auuapaTa. 06pawaeTcH 60JIbWOe
BHHMaHHe lIa O'lHCTKY napora30BOH .pa3b1 01' pan;HoaKTHBHbIX KOMuOHeHTOB (pyre.
HMIl) , OKCHl{OB a30TS H n;PyrHx npHMeceii. BCR cHcreMa pa60TaeT DOn; BaKYYMOM.
TIOCJIe TOro KaK anuapaT 3ano.1HHTCIl npHMepHO Ha 80 % WMXTOii, UOn;aqy HOBblX
nOpu.Hll npeKpawalOT 1'1 Ha'lHHalOT npouecc npOKaJlKH 1'1 n. aBJleHHR. DpH KOHeQHOH
TeMuepaType, n;ocrHralOweii upHMepHo 1050°C, Bce COn;ep)KHMOe auuapaTa npeBpa.
waeTCIl B On;Hopon;HYIO Maccy creKJla. Doc.1e 3aXOJIa)KHBaHRH alIrrapaTa ero H3BJIe.
KalOT 1'13 rre'lH 1'1 TpaHcrropTHpYIOT B MOfHJIbHHK. Ha ero Mecrro CTaBSIT HOBblH alIua.
paT. I1HTepCCHO, '11'0 (Im.lbTp rrepBH'IHOii O'lHCTKH rrpe,llSapHTc.lbHO YCTaHaBJlHBalOT B
aHaJIOrH'IHOM aurrapaTe, KOTOpblH rrpen;H83Ha'leH ,llJlH nOCJIc,llylOweii 3aMeHbI OTpa60-
TaBwero DpH rrocr8HoBKe HOBoro arrrra paTa Ha pa60'lee Mecro B lIe'lH KpeUJleHHe
<jJHJlbTpa pa3pyw81OT pac/JJl8BJICHHeM. 01'1 Ua,llaeT Ha n;HO HOBoro nycToro arruapaTa
1'1 B KOHQe KDUIJ.OB p83,lle.1HeT Y'laCTb HanpaB.1lleMbiX B Hero OTXOn;OB, '11'0 IIpaK-
Tlf'leCKH 061>e)1HHHeT Bce pa.n:HoaKTHBHbIe BewecrBa B creKJle, HarrpaBJifleMOM H8
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2'69
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lICCTBC nO.'IYlIaCMOrO 3a ll.HKJI CTeKJIa (B cplIHraJ1-npoll.eccc 80 Kr, B
xapBccT-npoIlcccC 500-900 Kr), reoMcTplIlI OCHOBHoro annapaTa (1l.1I-
JIHH.rr.pHlIccKaH CMKOCTb .rr.HaMeTpOM 150 MM II KOJIbll.CBOH UHJIlIH.rr.p C
HapY:lKHblM .rr.lIaMCTpOM 1200 H 1II1IpHHOH KOJIbll.CBOrO 3a30pa 175 MM),
H mWH CHCTeMC OlilICTKlI OTXO.rr.HIUlIX ra30B (lICKJIlOlICHHC na.rr.alOIIIlIX
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nHJIOTHaH YCTaHoBKa B XapY3JIJIc. B YHH.1I:CKCHJIC CTpOHTCH OnbITHO-
npOMbIIIIJ1eHHaH YCTaHoBKa, npc.rr.Ha3Ha lICHHaH .rr.mI pa60Tbi Ha pC-
aJIbHblX aKTlIBHblX OTxo.rr.ax, nYCK KOTOpOH B npOMbIIlIJIeHHYIO 3KCnJIya-
TaUHIO HaMeqeH Ha 1985-1986 rr.
IT plIMepoM BToporo HanpaBJIeHlIH ncpcpa60TKlI BblCOKoaKTlIBHblX
OTXO.rr.OB MOryT HBllTbCH HCCJIe.rr.OBaHHH B CiliA, npoBc.rr.eHHble B cpaB-
HHTCJIbHO Hc60JIbIUOM MacIIITa6c (10-20 JI/q) Ha aKTHBHOM MaTcplIa-
JIC C cpoccpaTHblMH H CHJ1lIKaTlIblMH CTCKJIaMlI. OnblTHbIC pa60Tbi npc.rr.-
YCMaTpHBalOT 1I3yqCHlIC .rr.ByxcTa.rr.HHHoro npoll.ecca, npH KOTOpOM npo-
KaJIKY H nJIaBJ1eHHe oCYIIIeCTBJIHIOT B pa3JIlIlIHblX annapaTax. Bnpo-
lIeM, lIX MO:IKHO arperlIpoBaTb B paMKax C.rr.HHOH YCTaHoBKH.
.lI.JIII CYlliKII II npOKaJIHBaHII!! IIcnbITbiBaJOTC!! TPH annapaTa - annapaT ,{!-I1TH-
lI.{ero CJIOS!, pacnbIJIHTeJlbHaS! cyIlIHJIKa H TOHKOCJIOHHbIH HCnapllTeJIb. IlJIaB.1eIlHe-
B03MOJKHO OCYll.{eCTBHTb B KCpaMHqeCKOM nJIaBHTeJIe npHMoro HarpeBa (3a CqeT
,n:JKOYJIeBa TenJla) HJIH B HenpepbIBHOM MeTa.'I.TJHqeCKOM nJIaBIITeJIe. Bbl60p onTII-
MaJIbHOrO BapllaHTa B CIIlA, nO-BII,n:IIMOMY, - ,n:eJIO 6y,n:YlI.{ero. IlpOMblIlIJIeHHaS! pea-
JIII3al.\HSI pa3pa60ToK, B03MOJKIIO, npoll30H,n:eT B cepe,n:HHe 80-x ro,n:OB.
B 3TOH CBH311 CTOIIT OTMeTIITb, qTO O,n:HO BpeMH B CIIlA B03JIara,'IHCb onpe,n:e-
JIeHHbIe Ha,n:eJK,n:bI Ha TO, qT06bI OTBepJK,n:eHlle BbiCOKopa,n:lIoaKTIIBHbIX OTXO,n:OB
3aKOHqllTb Ha CTa,n:1I1I nOJIyqeHIIH npOKaJIeHHbIX OKCII,n:OB npo,n:YKTOB ,n:eJIeHIIH C TeM,
qT06bI IIX MOJKHO 6bIJIO 3axopaHHBaTb B TaKOM BII,n:e. HMeJOTC!! ,n:aHHbIe 0 TOM, qTO
HMeHHO TaKHM nYTeM B CIIlA C npllMeHeHHeM annapaTOB KllnHlI.{erO CJlO!! B AH,n:axo-
<POJIC nepepa60TaHbI Bce HaKon,1eHHble BbiCOKoaKTIIBHbIe OTXO,n:bI. B annapaT Klln!!-
lI.{ero CJIOS! pacTBop no,n:aeTCH nHCBMaTHqeCKHMH <j:!opcYHKaMII Ha nceB,n:oOJKIIJKeHHbIH
B03,n:YXOM CJlOH nopoIlIKo06pa3Horo aJIYH,n:a npH TeMnepaType 450-500°C. MeJIKHe-
KanJiH pacTBopa BbinapllBaJOTcH II /JpoKaolIlBaJOTC!! npaKTII'IeCKII 6e3 KOHTaKTa cO'
CTeHKaMII annapaTa. IlpoKa.1l1BaHlle BblCOKoaKTHBHbIX OTXO,n:OB B an/JapaTax KII/J!!lI.{C-
ro CJ!OSl n03BOJlHCT /JOJIyqaTb OKCH,n:bl, 06"beM KOTOpbIX 3HaqHTe.1JbHO MeHblIIe HCXO,n:HO-
ro 06"beMa pacTBopa .lI.ocToIIHCTBaMII an/JapaToB KllnHIlIero C.10H HBJI!!JOTC!! Henpe-
pbIBHOCTb npouecca, B03MOJKHOCTb ero nOJIHOH aBTOMaTH3aUIIH II OTHOCIITe,1bHaH npoc-
TOTa o60py,n:oBaHII!!. COCTaB BbI.lI.eJI!!JOlI.{HXCH ra30B nOCTOHHeH BO BpeMeHH, 'IT!}
ynpOll.{aeT HX OqllCTKY B OTJllIqlle OT annapaTOB ncpllo,n:II'IeCKOrO ,n:eHCTBIIH. CJIOBOM,
3,n:eCb MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI Bce XOpOlliO H3BeCTHbie nOJIOJK.HTeJlbHbIe CTOpOHlJt
arrnapaTOB KllnHlI.{erO CJIOH. O,n:HaKO BbI!!BHJIHCb H cepbe3HbIe Tpy,n:HOCTH OCYll.{eCT-
BJleHHSI npouecca B Klln!!lI.{eM CJIoe. XapaKTcpHO, qTO pa60TaBIlIaS! B AH,n:axo-<Po.'IC
YCTaHoBKa KaJIbl.\HHal.\lIH B KHn5lll.{eM CJIoe npoIl3Bo,n:HTe,1bHocTbJO 0,8 M 3 /CYT 6bIJI3
OCTaHOBJleHa H3-33 3HaqHTeJlbHOH KOpp03HH annapaTypbI, Tpy,n:HOCTH ee ,n:e3aKTHBa-
270
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:II OKOH'IaTeJIbHorO 3aXOpOHeHIIH O'fBepJK.lI.eHHblX BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB B BH.lI.e
IIpOKa,1CHHblX OKCII.lI.OB BeCbMa COMHHTe.1bHa BCJIe.ll.crBHe HeHa.ll.e)l{HOCTfi 3TOrO MeTO.ll.a.
rOpH'fHe nOpOllIK006pa3Hble OKCH.lI.bl rrpO.ll.YKTOB .lI.eJICHijJI rrpe.ll.CTaBJIHIOT co60ii
IIbl.1HIUHH H JIerKO Bbllll.e:Ia'IHBacMbli% .lI.aJKe BO.ll.OH MaTepfla.1. XapaKTCpHO, 'ITO eCJIH
paHee CnCUHaJIHeTbi ClllA 6blJIH CTOpOHHHKaMH KaJIbUHHaUHH BbiCOKOaKTHBHblX
OTXO;J:OB 1'1 XpaHeHHS! HX B TaKOM BH.lI.e, TO TelIepb OHfI OTMe'IalOT TPY.lI.HOCTH TpaH-
.crropTHpOBKH rrpOKaJIeHHblX rrpO.ll.yKTOB 1'1 OTBO.ll.a TerrJIa 01' HfiX IIPH XpaHeHHH.
TI03TOMY B HaCTOSllll.CC BpeMS! HHKTO He paCCMaTpHBacr npOKaJIHBaHHe KaK caMOCTOS!-
TC.1bHblii 3aBepmalOllI.HH npouecc, TaK KaK npaKTH'IeCKH HeB03MOJKHO penlflTb Bonpo-
CbI 3axopOHeHHH Ka bUHHaTa 6e3 pHCKa HaHcceHHS! YllI.ep6a 6Hoc epe.
113 .lI.pymx pa3pa6aTblBaeMblx. 1'10 elll.e .lI.aJIeKHX 01' npaKTH'IeCKOrO BHe.ll.pCHHS!
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COBMeCTHO C «EBpOKCMHK:t. 06a 3TH npOll.eCca HC Bbllll.1H 3a paMKH onbiTHbiX pa60T.
OHfI OCHOBaHbl Ha BKJII01JeHHH oc aTHoro CTeKJIa B MCTaJIJIH'IeCKHe MaTpHUbi.
HeKOTopoe pa3JIH'IHe 3aK.'IIO'IaCTCS! B MeTO.ll.aX nOJIY'ICHHH opc aTHbix rpaHYJI .lI.JIH
nOCJ1e.ll.YIOllI.ero BKJIlO'IeHHH B MaTpHlI.Y 1'13 KOPP03HOHHO-CToiiKoro CBHHlI.OBOro rnJIaU3.
B cI>Pf TaK:lKe HCCJIe.rr.yIOTcH npOll.CCCbI BEP A H cI> 11 DC, npH KO-
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npOl ccca npc.rr.Ha3HatICHbI .rr.JIH ncpcpa60TKlI TOnJIHBa BbiCOKOTcMnepa-
TypHbIX pcaKTopOB C TOpHCBbIM 1l.1IKJIOM. U.CJIblO HCCJIc.rr.oBaHH8 no
BKJ1lOlICHHIO BbICOKopa.rr.lIoaKTHBHoro CTCKJIa B MCTaJIJIHqCCKlIC MaTplI-
I1.bI HBJIHeTCH npC.1I:OTBpaIIlcHHe OTpHuaTCJIbHblX nOCJIe.rr.cTBHH B03MO:IK-
Horo paCCTCKJIOBblBaHHH npo.rr.YKTa, CCJIlI OH Haxo.rr.HTCH B BH.1I:C 6JIOKOB.
B YCJIOBlIHX BbiCOKlIX TCMnepaTYP BHyTpH 6JIOKOB H no.rr. B03.11:eHCTBHH-
MH H3JIyqCHlIH CYll.(CCTBCHHO YCKOPHCTCH npouccc KplICTaJIJIH3aIJ.HH
CTCKJIa, liTO nplI .rr.mneJIbHOM xpaHCHHH 06YCJI()IBJIHBaeT onaCHOCTb
BblIIICJIaQHBaHlIH pa.1l:lIOHYKJIH.1I:OB. BKJIlOqCHHC CTCKJIa B MaTplIUbi PC3-
KO nOBbllllaCT OTBO.rr. TCnJIa OT rpaHYJI CTeKJIa H 60JIec Ha.rr.C:lKHO H30-
JIlIpyeT aKTlIBHblC BCll.(eCTBa .rr.a:IKc B CJIyqae paCCTCKJIOBblBaHHH.
B CMblCJIC npOMbllIIJICHHOrO OCBoeHHH OCTeKJIOBbiBaHlIH BbiCOKO-
aKTHBHbIX OTXO.rr.OB H3 KanHTaJIlICTHlieCKHX CTpaH HaH60JIblIIlIX PC3YJIb-
TaTOB .rr.061IJIaCb cI>paHUlIH, r.rr.c Y:lKe B 1972-1975 rr. Ha nOJIynpoMbllII-
JICHHOH YCTaHoBKc «OHBCp» (Ma PKYJIb) HCCJIC.rr.YCTCH npoll.ccc Ba pKH
CTCKOJI pa3JIHlIHOrO COCTaBa C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM MCTaJIJIlIQCCKHX THr-
JICH. OCpBOHatIaJIbHaH pa60Ta no OCTeKJIOBblBaHHIO BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX
OTX0.1l:0B, nocTynalOll.(lIX Ha yCTaHoBKY «OHBep» C nJIYToHHeBoro 3a-
Bo.rr.a B MapKYJIc H C onbiTHbiX YCTaHoBoK no pereHepall.lIH TOnJIlIBa
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c06y «cplIHraJI». 3aTcM BO cI>paHll.HH 6bIJI pa3pa60TaH HenpcpblBHblH
npoll.ccc OCTCKJIOBbiBaHlIH A VM (Atclicr dc vitrification de Marcoule),
nplItIeM cro oTpa60TKa npo1I3BO.1l:lIJIaCb TaK:lKe Ha pCaJIbHblX npoMbllII-
JICHHblX OTxo.rr.ax. .II.JIH OCYll.(CCTBJICHHH 3Toro npouccca lICnOJIb3YIOT
JI.Ba OCHOBHblX annapaTa: ncpBblH - KaJIbll.HHaTOp, npe.rr.craBJIHIOll.(lIH
C0608 060rpcBaeMYIO Bpaw:alOll.(YIOCH Tpy6y, B KOTOPYID HcnpcpblBHO
nOCTyrracT pacTBop. 3TOT pacTBop nOCTcnCHHO BbinapHBacTcH .rr.ocyxa.
npHlieM TBCp.rr.blH OCTaTOK lIaCTHqHO npOKaJIHBacTcH. BTOpOH annapaT
npc.rr.CTaBJIHCT C060H CTCKJIOBapollHYIO neqb, B KOTOPYIO oCblnaercSi
271
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TeiiHepbI (1f3 lIep:IKaBCIOIUCii CT8JIH), HanpaBJIHeMbIC ua xpaHCHHC.
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Ha Ha pHC. 16.3.
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3 - KOHTpOJlb pacxoi\a; 4 - "a.'bI1HHaTOp; 5 - CMKOCTb .!I.JlH pCI1HKJlORaHHII; 6 - KOJlOHHa OqH-
CTKH ra30B OT nhlJlH, 7 - KOHAcHcaTop, 8 - CTCKJloo6pa3YI01l\HC 1\06aBKH; 9 - Bhl6poc B aT-
MOC<jJCpy. 10 - OqHCTha ra30B, 11 - >KIf1\KIfC OTX01\LJ. 12 - IIJlaOHJlbHall nCqb, 13 - KOHTCiiHC-
phi, 14 - BHCllIlHlH 1\C3BKTHBaI1HII. 15 - n01\rOTOBKa paCTBOpOB npoAY,(TOB ;I.C.'CHHII,
16 - XpaHHJlIf1l\c OCTCKJlOBaHHhlX OTX01\OB
B JIHTepaType npHBO.rr.HTCH HeKOTopble .rr.aHHble, XapaKTepH3YIOll.(He
pa60TY YCTaHOBKH no OCTeKJIOBblBaHHIO BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO,/{OB B
MapKYJIe. TaK, paCliCTHblii pacxo,/{ paCTBopa Ha BbmapllBaHHe 40 JIjtJ.
Ha BTOpylO cTyneHb npollecca nocTynaeT 3-6 Kr/q cyxoro nopolIIKa.
B PC3YJIbTaTe BapKH nOJIYllaeTCH 12-18 Kr/q CTeKJIa. EMKOCTb KOH-
TeHHepoB npHMepHo 300 Kr CTeKJIa B Ka:IK.lIOM. cI>paHIl.Y3cKHe Cnell.Ha-
JIHCTbI nOJIaralOT, liTO npOMblm.'IeHHaH YCTaHOBKa B MapKYJIc HBJIHCT-
CH npOTOTHnOM 6Y,/{YIUHX 60JIC KpynlIbix npOMbllIIJICHHbIX YCTaHOBOK
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BaHHH B MapKYJIc MO:IKeT ClIHTaTbCH nepBOH no BpeMeIlH H no nOJIHOTe
npopa60TKH npOMbIIIIJICHHOH YCTaHOBKoii TaKoro po,/{a 3a py6e:IKOM.
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B CTpoii 60JIec KpynHoH YCTaHOBKH OCTeKJ10BblBaHHH. OHa npe.rr.Ha3Ha-
qeHa .rr.JIH OCTCKJIOBblBaJlHH BbICOKoaKTHBHbIX OTXO.rr.OB 3aBo,/{a no pe-
reHCpa1l.HH oTpa60TaBIllHX TB3J10B. Ee npoH3Bo,/{HTCJIbHOCTb 1500 Tjro.rr..
B 3TOM CJIYllae, no nOlI.ClICTaM cppaHIl.Y3cKHX CneIlHaJIHCTOB, nOHa.rr.o-
6HTCH .rr.Be HHTKH 060pYlI.OBaHHH no 50 JI/q Hcxo.rr.Horo paCTBopa.
272
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no BKJIlOlIeHHIO BbICOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO.il.OB B CTCK.10. npHHUHnHaJIbHaH
CXCMa pa3pa6oTaHHOH: B CCCP YCTaHOBKH nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 16.4.
I1CXO.il.HblH BblcoKoaKTHBHbIH pacTBop nOCJIC ynapHBaHHH B Bbrnap-
HOM annapaTc nocTynaeT 4epe3 MeM6pallJlblfl J1aCoc-J{o3aTop II mIeB-
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HHe :lKH,/{KOCTH npOH3BO.il.HTCH B03..'l.YXOM, HarpeTbIM ..'l.0 500-600°C.
KOTOpblH CJIY:lKHT H TenJIOHOCHTe.'IeM. B03,/{YIllHblH nOTOK C napoM H
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napora30BoH CMeCH OT TOHKHX TBCpJ{b1X lIaCTHIl, a3p030JIeH H ra30B
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1000-1150°C OCYlll.eCTB.1HCTCH nJIaBKa. B npOllecce nJIaBJICHHH 06-
pa3yeTC5I CTeKJIOMaCCa, BKJIlOlialOllI.aH 50 % P 2 0 5 , 20-25 % OKCH..'I.OB
llI.eJI04HbIX MCTaJIJIOB H 25-30 % OKCH.il.OB THna MeO H Me 2 03. OocJ1e
OKOH4aHHH nJIaBKH 3anOJIllellHblH THrCJIb OTnpaBJI5JIOT Ha ,/{OJIrOBpC-
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MOllI.blO HarpCBaTeJIeH, nOCJIC lIero BKJIlOlialOT 3JIeKTpHqeCKHH TOK.
I1CXO)I.HblH: paCTBOp, CMewaHHbIH C OpTOcpOCcpOpllOH KHCJ10TOH, nO)I.a-
CTCH B ne4b QCpe3 pacnOJIO:IKCHHble HaBepxy neqII Tpy611aTbie nIITaTe-
JIH. DO Mepe HanOJIHeHHH nellII H 06pa30BaHHH cpoccpaTHoro CTeKJIa,
llCIOfJHblU.
pacm60p
5
6
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PHC. 16.5. CxeM3 YCT3HOBKH OCTCK. OBblB3HHSI OTXO.llOB B 9.1eKTpone'lH:
1 - 9J1eKTpOIIeQb; 2 - 6apl5oTep-KOI!AeHCaTop. 3 II 4 - <PHJlbTpbl rpyl50il H TOHKOA OQHCTKH
5 - KOJlOHHa C IIHpOJl103HTOM, 6 - al5copl5UHoHHaH KO.10HHa
KOTOpOC nCpCTeKaeT B BblpaOOTOllHYIO 30HY, npOH3BO,!I.IITCH BbI,!I.aqa er()
lIepe3 CJIHBHOe OTBCpCTHe B npHeMHYIO eMKOCTb-KOHTeHHep OO'beMOM
200 JI.
PaClieTHaH npOH3BO)I.HTe.lbHOCTb 3JIeKTpOnellII no paCTBopy 100 JI/q.
Y)I.eJIbHOC conpOTHBJICHHC CTeKJIa npH 100°C 1,3 OM. CM, HanpH:lKeHIIe
160 B, TOK 1800 A, nJIOTHOCTb TOKa 0,4 A/CM 2 (,!I.JIH Ba POqHOH: 30Hl>!)_
CHcTeMa ra3001lHCTKII BKJIlOliaeT 6ap60Tep-KOH)I.eHCaTOp, cpIIJIbTpbI
rpy60H H TOHKOH OqHCTKH, KOJIOHHbI C nHpOJII03HTOM .rr.JIH y.rr.aJIeHH&
RU04 H a6cop6UHoHHble KOJIOHHbI .rr.JIH YJIaBJ1HBaHHH OKCH.rr.OB a30Ta.
B ll.eJIHX YMeHblIIeHHH YHoca PYTeHHH COBeTCKHe yqeHble npe.rr.JIO:IKH-
JIH B paCTBop, nO)I..le:IKall.(HH: nepcpa60TKc, BBO)I.HTb TeXHHqecKYIO na-
TOKY- MeJIaccy. 3TO YMeHbillaeT YHOC 106Ru C 70-80 .rr.o 4-5 %.
YMeHbwaeTcH TaK:lKe YHOC 90S r H J37CS.
CTOHKOCTb nOJIyqeHHOH CTeKJIOMaCCbl, xapaKTepH3yeMaH CKOpOCTblO'
Bblll.(eJIallHBaHHH pa.rr.HoHYKJ1H,!I.OB 90Sr H 137CS, COCTaBJIHeT COOTBCTCT-
BCHHO 10- 6 H 7.10- 5 r/(CM 2 'CYT). KpHcTaJIJIH3a'-lHH CTeKJIa nOHH:lKa-
eTCH npH TeMnepaType Bblwe 400°C. HenpepblBlIocTb npo'-lecca It
ynpOll.(eHHaH annapaTypHaH cxeMa o6ecnellHBalOT BbiCOKYIO npoH3Bo-
)I.HTeJIbHOCTb YCTaHoBKH.
16.5. Xp8HeHMe OCTeKftOBaHHbIX BbiCOK08KTHBHblX OTXOAOB
OCTCKJ10BblBaHHe BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO.rr.OB, npaKTHqeCKH OCBoeH-
Hoe B npOMbIIIIJIeHHOM MaCIIITaoe BO cI>paH'-lIIH, CTaBHT 3a,!I.aQH pa3-
paOOTKH HaHOOJICC pall.IIOHaJIbHblX MeTo.rr.OB OOpall.(eHHH C nOJIyqeHHbI-
MII CTeKJIHHHblMH 6JIOKaMH, co.rr.ep:IKall.(HMH pa.rr.HoaKTHBHbIe Bell.(eCTBa
27&
II 3-aKJ1lOqeHHblMH B repMeTH3HpOBaHHble KOHTeH:Hepbl H3 HCp:IKaBelO-
lll.eH CT8JIH, BHYTPb KOTOpbIX 3aJIHTa CTeKJIHHHaSl Macca (300 Kr).
3a.rr.alla H30JIHll.HH OCTeKJIOBallHblX OTXO,!I.OB CBO,!I.HTCSI:
1) K BpeMeHHoMy xpaHeHHIO HX B KOHTpOJIHpyCMblX YCJIOBHSlX,
mpe..'l.nOJIaralOll.(Hx B03MO:IKHOCTb H3'bHTHH ,/{JISI nocJIeJ{YIOlll.ero OKOHqa-
1'CJ1bHOrO y,/{aJIeHIIH B rCOJIOrHlICCKHC cpOpMall.HH;
2) K oKOHlIaTeJ1blloMY, npaKTH4ccKH «BelilloMY» xpaHeHHIO BbiCOKO-
.aKTHBHblX OTXOJ{OB B reOJIOrHlIeCKHX cpOpM all.HHX 6e3 H3'bHTHH HX OT-
iy,/{a B 6y.rr.Yll.(CM.
OllCBII,/{HO, liTO Kap,/{HHa.'IbIIOe pCIIICHHe np06JIeMbi JIe:IKHT B 06JIa-
<CTH pCaJIH3all.llH BToporo acrreKTa. n03TOMY B CTpaHax, r.rr.c pa3BHBa-
€TC5I H,!I.epHblH TOnJIHBHblH ll.H KJI , B nOCJIe,/{Hee BpeMSI npOBO,!I.HTCSI HC-
<CJIC,i1. 0BaH HH, ll.eJIblO KOTOpblX HBJIHeTCH BbI60p rCOJIOrHLJeCKHX cpOpM a-
Il.HH, cnoc06HbIX 06ecrre4HTb Ha.rr.e:IKHOe xpaHeHHe BbICOKoaKTHBllbIX
'OTXO,/{OB, B qaCTHOCTH CO.il.Cp:IKall.(HX 3HallHTeJIbilble KOJIHqeCTBa TpaHC-
ypalioBblX 3JIeMeHTOB, J1a npOTH:lKeHHH MHorHX COTeH TblCHq II .rr.a:IKc
MIIJlJIHOHOB JIeT.
B HaCTOHlll.ee BpeMH 60JIblIIHHCTBO CTpaH npe,!I.nOJ1araeT xpallHTb
()TBCp:IK.il.eHHbIC OTXO,/{bI BpeMeHHO, HanpHMep B TCliCHHe 30-50 JIeT,
B KOHTpOJIHPYCMblX nOBepxHocTHbiX XpaHHJIHll.(ax C B03,!I.YIIIHbIM IIJIH
BO,!I.HHbIM OXJIa:IK,/{eHHeM C B03MO:IKHOCTblO B03BpaTa HX. Ha ,!I.CHCTBYIO-
1ll.HX YCTalloBKax BO cI>palIll.HH KOHTeH:HCpbl C OCTeKJIOBaHHbIMII OTXO-
)I.aMH HanpaBJIHIOT B CnCIlHaJIbHOe 3.rr.aHIIe-XpaHllJ1Hll.(e, r,!I.e HX nOMC-
ll.(alOT B BepTHKaJIbHble KOJIO.rr.ll.bl ,!I.HaMeTpoM 0,6 II BbICOTOH 10 M.
OXJIa:IK,/{cHHe 06eCneqHBaeTCH ll.IIPKYJIHIlHeii B03.rr.yxa (CHH3Y BBepx).
TeMnepaTypa OCTeKJIOBaHHblX OTXO,/{OB He .rr.OJ1:IKHa npcBblwaTb 600°C,
qTO .rr.onycTHMo .rr.JISI BbI6paHHblx COCTaBOB CTeKOJI. 3anpoeKTHpoBan-
Hble nepBble OTceKII Ta:KHX XpaHHJIHlll. COCTOSIT H3 220 KOJIO,!I.ll.eB H
np c .rr.Ha3HaqeHbI ,!I.JISI xpaHeHHSI pa.rr.HoaKTHBHbIX OTXO.rr.OB, KOTopbIe 6y-
YT nOJIyqeHbI Ha pa,!I.HOXHMHLJCCKOM 38Bo.rr.e B MapKYJIe BnJIOTb .rr.o
987
"PHC. 166. XpaHHJlllw:e OCTeKJIOB8HI!bIX pa)(HoaKTHBHbIX OTXO)(OB:
1 - CTanqHSI <!m.1bTpal\HH. 2 - BeHTHJISlTOPbl. 3 - J\HcTaHqHOHHo ynpaBJUleMhlA KpaR; 4-
KaHaJIhi J\JISI y.l\aJIeHHSI B03J\yxa H3 XpaHHJIHll\a; 5 - neperpyaOQHall wax1'a; 6 - TpaHcnopTep;
7 - KaHaJIbi nOJ\a'!H B03.l\yxa. 8 - )KeJIe306eToHItbli! KOJIOJ\i!l\; 9 - eMKOCTb co CTeKJlOMaCcoA
276
1985 r. llpe.rr.ycMoTpeHa B03MO:IKHOCTb H3BJICqeHHH KOHTeH:IJepOB H3
XpaHHJIHu .
B COBeTcKoM COlO3C nOJIYlIcHHbie OCTeKJIOBaHHblC MaTepHaJ1bI no-
Melll.alOT B KOIJTeHHepbI CMKOCTblO 200 J1 H HanpaBJIHIOT Ha xpaHcHHe
n BCpTHKaJIbHble 6eToHHble Tpy6bT, npo.rr.YBaeMbic ,!I.JIH OXJla:IK,:r:eHHH
B03)1.YXOM. Ha pHC. 16.6 npe.rr.cTaBJICH pa3pe3 3,!I.alIHH O)1.HOrO H3 xpa-
HHJIHllI.. lloKa3aH O,!I.HH H3 6eToHHbIx oTceKoB, BHYTPH KOToporo pac-
nOJIO:IKelIbi BepTHKaJIbHble TPy6b1 .rr.JIH nOMell.(eHHH B HHX KOHTeH:HCpOB
.c OCTeKJIOBaHHblMH OTxo.rr.aMH. Ka:IK)1.bIH OTceK paCCL[HTaH Ha 3anOJIHC-
HHe B TeL[eHHC rO)1.a.
1-13-3a OTHocHTe.'IbHO BblCOKOH T€MnepaTypbl XpaHHLU:HXCH 061>eKTOB .11JlH coopy-
)KeHHH 3.11aHHH HcnO.1b30BaHbI TOJlbKO MeTa.1.1HqeCKHe KOHCTPYKlI.HH, 3anOJlHeHHble 6e-
TOHOM. Dpe.n:eJlbHaH TCMnepaTypa 6eTOHa B mo60M cJlyqae He .llOmKHa npeBbllllarb
60°C DOCTynalOllI.HH B03.11YX (TeMncpaTypa 25°C) CHaqa.1a OMblBae-r cTpoHTe.1bllbie
KOHCTPYKl.{HH, 3aTeM (TeMncpaTypa 40°C) nocTynaeT B KOJlO.11l.{bI. DocJle npOXO)f(.11e-
HHH 'Iepe3 KO.10.11l.{bI co CKOpOCTblO 9-10 M/C B03.11YX HarpeBaeTcH .110 100°C, npH
3TOM TeMnepaTypa BcpxHeH n.1HThI .11OCTHraCT 110 °C Ha ee BHYTpeHHeH HH)f(HeH CTO-
pOHe H 45°C Ha BepxHeii B c, yqae aBapHHlloro OTKJllOqeHHH BeHTH.1HIJ;HH YC.10BHSI
6c30nacHocTH nO.11.11epTh.HBaIOTCH eCTeCTBeHHOH KOHBeKlI.HeH npH HeCKO.1bKO nOBbI-
llleHHblX TeMnepaTypHblX napaMCTpax. HarpeTl'[H B03.11YX OTBO.11HTCH B BepxHeH qac-
7H KOJlO.llll.eB, npOXO.11HT OqHCTKY H Bbl6pacblBaeTcH B Tpy6y.
'tho KacaCTCSI Bonpoca 0 )1.0JIrOBpeMelIIJOM xpaHeHHH OCTCKJIOBaH-
IIblX RblCOKoaKTIIBHbIX OTXO,!I.OB, TO B KalleCTBe nOTeHUHaJIbHO npHrO.rr.-
HbIX reOJIOfHqeCKIIX cpopMaIlHM paCCMaTpHBalOTCH COJIHHble (,!I.HanHpH-
qeCKHe CTPYKTypbI COJIII), r JIHHHCTble (oca.rr.04HbIe) H TBep)1.bIC CKaJIb-
Hble nOpO,!I.bl (pHC. 16.7).
COJ1HHble cpopMaIlHH HMelOT p51,!I. npeHMYll.(eCTB: npaKTHlICCKH a6-
-cO.lIOTIIYIO HenpOHHll.aCMOCTb )J.JIH rpY"TOBbIX BO)1., BbICOKylO nJIaCTHlI-
1I0CTb, )1.0CTaTOqHO BbiCOKYIO TCnJIOnpOBo.rr.HOCTb. BMeCTe C TeM K He-
,n:OCTaTKaM 3THX cpopMall.HM CJIe.rr.yeT OTHeCTH HX BbiCOKylO pacTBopH-
MOCTb B Bo.rr.e, a TaK:lKe 60JIbillYIO nOTeHIl.HaJIbHYIO n0J1e3HOCTb, qTO
MO:IKeT npHBecTH B ,!I.aJIbHCHllleM K Henpe)1.BH.rr.eHHoMY BTOp:IKeHHIO 6y,!I.Y-
Ill.IIX nOKOJIeHHM B MCCTa 3axopoHeHHH pa.rr.HoaKTHBHbIX OTXO)1.0B.
rJ1H1tHCTblC nopo.rr.bI 06J1a,!I.aIOT TaKHMH Ba:IKHblMII CBoHcTBaMH, KaK
BbiCOKaH COp611.HOHHaH cnoC06HOCTb, nJIaCTHliHOCTb H HH3KaSl BO.rr.O-
npOHHll.aCMocTb. .II.JIH HJIJIIOCTpaIlHH II no.rr.TBep:IK.rr.eHHH HCKJIlOlIHTeJIb-
IIOH: cnoco6HoCTH TaKHX nopo)J. Ha.rr.e:IKHO JIOKaJIH30BaTb OnaCHbTe pa-
..rr.HOHYKJIH.rr.bI B TeqeHHC reOJIOrHqeCKHX nepHo.rr.oB BpeMeHH IIIHpOKO
npHBJIeKaeTCSI H3BeCTHbfM cpeHoMcH OKJIO (ra60H, AcpPHKa), r.rr.e, KaK
3TO YCTaHOBJICHO .rr.CTaJIbHblMH reOXHMIIqeCKHMH HCCJIe,!I.OBaHHHMH, Ha
npOT5I:lKeHHH Bcero nepHO,!I.a .rr.eHcTBiIH 3TOl'0 npHpo.rr.Horo H.rr.epHoro
peaKTopa B TeliCHHe 0,5 MJIH. JIeT, a TaK:lKe nOCJIC ero 3aTyxaHIIH, C
MOMCHTa KOToporo npOIlIJIO OKOJIO 1,8 MJIp.rr.. JIeT, Bce OCHOBHblC .rr.OJI-
rO)KHBYll.(He HYKJIH.rr.bI Y,!I.ep:IKHBaJIHCb Ha MeCTe B 30He peaKI HH. .rr.o-
Ka3aHO, HanpHMCp, liTO pacna)1. npOH30lIICJI H 3aBCplIIHJICH TOliHO B
MCCTC cro 06pa30BaHHH. O.rr.HaKO YCTaHOBJIeH II cpaK'I' MaJI03cpcpeKTHB-
HOH COp61 HH )1.PyrHx HyKJIH)1.0B, HanpHMep 99Tc II 1291. He.rr.ocTaTKaMH
rJIHH HBJIHIOTCH TaK:lKC HX HH3KaH TenJIonpoBo.rr.HOCTb II TPY)1.HOCTH
277
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PHC. 167. Onbl'fHOC 3axopoHeHHe pa)}.HoaKTHBlibiX OTXO,aOB B COJlHllbiX KonHX Acre
(ct>Pf) :
1- WTOJlbHII Ha rJl)6HHe 490 M.) 2 - CHCTeMa BeHTHJlII HH; 3 - nYJlbT ynpaB.,eHHII; 4 - 3aW.HT-
Hblil KOHTeilHep; 5 - TpaHcnopTHoe Cpei\CTBo. 6 - 3arpY3Ka; 7 - TeJleBH3HOHHali KaMepa. 8-
6apa6aH C MeTaJ1J1HQCCKHMH o6pYQaMH, 9 - XpaHHJ1Hw.e. 10 - 3aIl\HTI!all CTCHK3. 11 - OKOlliKO co
CBHH OBbiM CTeKJlOM; 12 - lliTpeK Ha rJly6HHe 511 M
npoxo.rr.KH. Bo BCHKOM CJ1yqae Bonpoc 0 Ha,!I.e:IKHOCTH 3axopOHeHHH
pa.rr.HoaKTHBHblX OTXO OB B rJIHHHCTWe cpopMa HH Tpc6YCT aJIbHeH-
lIIero Tll.(aTCJIbHOrO H3yqCHHH.
Ka3aJIOCb 6b1, liTO TBep.u.ble CKaJ1bHble nopo,!I.bI no CBOeH: npHpO,!I.e
a6COJIIOTHO HcnpOHH aeMbi .rr.JISI :lKH.rr.KOCTH, B tracTHOCTH .rr.J1H BO,!I.bI.
O.rr.HaKO Ha npaKTHKe B pe3YJIbTaTe pa3JIHtrHbIX .rr.JIHTeJIbHblx, reOXH-
MHtrecKHX H MexaHHlIeCKHX B03,!I.eH:CTBHH 3TH nopo.rr.bI BCJIe,!I.CTBHe HX
qpe3Bblqa ibID HH3KOH: nJIaCTHliHOCTH, KaK npaBHJIO, nepeceKalOTcH
ceTblO Tpern:HH, KOTopwe B pH,!I.e C.lyllaeB MorYT Bbt3BaTb MHrpa HI(}
onaCHbtX pa.rr.HoHYKJIH.rr.OB B 6HOCcpCpy. JIHlllb Ha rJIy6HHe 60JIee 1000 M
B ceHcMHlIecKH YCTOHqHBbIX 30Hax TBep.rr.btC CKaJ1bHble nopo bl npe -
CTaBJIHIOT c060H: MOHOJ1HTHble CTpyKTypbI, cB060.rr.Hble OT ll.HPKYJIH-
PYIOll.(HX no.rr.3eMHbIX BO.rr., trTO .rr.aeT OCHOBaHHe paCCtrHTblBaTb Ha HHX
B KaqeCTBC B03MO:IKHOrO BapHaHTa ,!I.J151 3axopoHeHHSI B HHX BbiCOKoaK-
THBHblX OTXO.rr.OB. B HCKOTOpbIX cTpaHax (HanpHMep, B lllBell.HH) B03-
MO:IKHOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHHH CKaJIbHblX nopo,!I. 51BJIHeTc5! C.rr.HHCTBeHHbIM
BapHaHToM peaJIH3all.HH MeTo.rr.a rJIy6HHHoro 3axopoHeHHH pa,!I.HOaKTHB-
HbiX OTXO.rr.OB (pHC. 16.8).
Bo MHorHX cTpaH8x H3YQalOTCSI reOJIOrHqeCKHe H rH.rr.pOJIOrHQC-
CKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH pa3JIHQHbIX 4>OpMall.HH:, HX CPH3HQCCKHe H XH-
278
v
PHC. 16.8 CxcMa MOrHJlbHHKa ,!WH 3aXOIJQHeHHH pa,!{HoaK'fHBHbIX OTXO,!{OB B CKaJlb-
IIbIX nopo,!{ax
1 - BbIXOi\ nepCOHBJla H B'be3i\ MBIllHIl C OCTeKJIOnBHHbIMH OTXOi\BMH BbICOKOI! Yi\eJIbHol! aK-
THBHOCTH. 2 - 3.II.MHHHCTpaTHBHbIe lloMew,eHHH It npHeM OTXO.II.OB. 3 - TeXHO..1orHQeCKHC r3J1epeH;
4 - CTBOJILI T(JIH 3BxopoHeHilli OTXOJ\OB; 5 - pe3epn i\JISI i\OIlOJIHHTeJlbHbIX CTBOJlOB; 6 - nYTb i\JlII
()TBBJIB nOpOi\bI npH pBcllIHpellHH MorHJlbHHKa, 7 - OTBaJl
MHlIeCKHe CBOHCTBa, npOBO.rr.HTCH TenJIOBble paClieTbi II HCCJIC,!I:OBaHHSI.
()nbITHbie pa60TbI, lIaCTO C JICnO.'Ib30BaHHeM peaJIbHbIX OTBCp:IK,!I.CHHbIX
()TXO,/{OB.
.IJ:JIH peIIIeHHH np06JIeMbi OKOHqa'feJIbHOrO y,!{a,1eHHH OTBepJKJl.eHHbIX BbiCOKoaK-
THBHbIX OTXO,!{OB npe,!{JIaraJIOCb ,!{ocTaTOqHO MHoro aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX BapHaHTOB.
PaCCMaTpHBaeTCH B03MOJKHOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHHH reOJIOmqeCKHX !j>opMall.Hii: - ocaJl.oq-
HbIX H,1M CKa.1bHbIX nopo.lI. .lI.Ha OKeaHOB. CTOpOHHHKH TaKoro peIIIeHHH YKa3bIBalOT,
qTO 3'fOT BapHaHT no cpaBHeHHIO C KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIM 3axopOHeHHeM HMeeT no Kpaii:-
Heii: Mepe ,!{Ba npeHMy ecTBa: Y.lI.aJIeHHOCTb npe.lI.nOJIaraeMbiX MeCT H30JIHU.HH OT
c!j>epbI aKTHBHOH ,!{eHTeJIbHOCTH .'1IO.lI.eii: H 60JIbIIIylO nOTeHu.Ha,1bHYIO B03MOJKHOCTb
)(,1H pa36aBJIeHHH pa.lI.HoHyKJIH.lI.OB, KOTopbIe MoryT CJIyqaii:Ho MHrpHpOBaTb B BO.lI.Y.
HeKOTopbIe CTpaHbI paCCMaTpHBalOT CKJIa.lI.HpOBaHHe B rJIy6HHax OKeaHOB onpe.lI.e-
JIeHHbIX BH.lI.OB pa.lI.HoaKTHBHbIX OTXO,!{OB KaK O)!HH H3 TeXHHqeCKH OCY CCTBHMbIX
MeTO)!OB HX 06e3BpCJKHBaHHH. HanpHMep, B HHJl.ep.'1aH)!aX pa3pa6aTbiBaeTCH MeTO)!
3axopOHeHHH 851(r B Mope Ha rJIy6HHY 60JIee 4000 M. .IJ:JIH 9THX u.eJIeii: C03)!aIOTCII
cncu.HaJIbHbIC c!j>epHqCCKHe 6aJIJIOHbI C ABOii:HbIMH cTeHKaMH, HaJl.eJKHO 3arepMeTH3H-
pOBaHHblMH H cnoc06HblMH BbI)!epJKaTb )!aBJIeHHe CBbIllie 10 MITa.
113 )!pymx npcAJIOJKeHHii: MOJKHO OTMeTHTb H)!elO y)!aJIeHHH OTBepJK,!{eHllbIx
BbiCOKoaKTHBHbIX OTXO)!OB B JIe)!OBbie !j>opMau.HH, HanpHMep B paii:oHe AHTapKTI'I;J.bI,
HJIH HanpaBJIeHHe KOHTeii:HepoB C pa,!{HoaKTHBHbIMH OTXO)!aMH B KOCMHqeCKOe npocT-
paHCTBO C TeM, qT06bI BbiBeCTH HX B c!j>epy npHTIIJKeHHII COJIHu.a, KOTopoe HX ;{
nor.10THT.
279
16.6. 06palL\eHMe C OTXOA8MM OT pereHepaqMM TB3nOB
peaKTopoB Ha 6WCTpblX HeiiTpoHax
B lIaCTOHllI.eC BpeMH npH3HaCTCH, liTO 6e30naCHOC Y)l.aJIeHIiC OT-
XO,!I.OB pereHepa[ HH TOnJIHBa peaKTOpOB Ha 6bICrpblX HeihpOHaX, no-
BH,!I.HMO Y, 6y,/{eT OCHOBaHO Ha IICnOJIb30BallHH MCTO,/{OB, KOTOpble
Y:lKe npHHHTbI HJIH pa3pa6aTblB31OTCH npHMCHHreJIbHO K TOn HBHOMY
ll.IIKJ1Y pCaKTOpOB Ha TenJIOBbIX HeHTpOHaX. O,/{HaKO npHMeHHTeJ1blIO
K OTxo,/{aM OT nepepa60TKH TOnJIHBa pcaKTopOB Ha 6b1cTpblX HeHT-
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294
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BHTb H3 napora30BOH cpa3b1 paCTBopeHIIH TOrrJ1HBa C nOMOlllblO norJIO-
II1CIIHH Ill.e.'IOliblO B cKpy66cpax, XCMocop6IlHCH Ha IlCOJIHTe, nponH-
TaHHOM COJ1HMH HeKOTopbIX MeTaJ1J10B, lIanpHMep AgN0 3 , npOMbIBKOH
paCTBopOM Hg (N0 3 h B cKPy66cpax HJ1H 06pa60TKOH TaK:lKC B cKPy6-
6epax KOHUCHTpHpOBaHIIOH HN0 3 .
B npaKTHlieCKHX yCJ10BHHX HOJ{ H3 OTXO.l!.Hll.(HX ra30B annapaTa .rr.JIH
paCTBopCIIHH MO:IKHO YJIaBJ1HBaTb B K0J10HHC, 3anOJIHCHHOH HaCa)l.KOH
H3 HHcpTHoro MaTepHaJIa, nponHTaHHoro AgN0 3 . CYMMapHaH pcaK-
297
JJ.ll51 npOIlCCca cpHKCau.HH HO)J.a Bblpa:IKaCTCH ypaBllcHHCM
6AgN0 3 + 31 2 + 3H 2 0 -+ 5AgI + AgI0 3 --i- 6HN0 3 .
K0J10HHa 060rpCBaCTCH )J.O TCMncpaTypbl 150-220°C. npH 3TOM
Y JIaBJIHBaCTC5I .l!.0 99,9 % HOJ{a. Y J1 aBJIHBaHHC HO;J;a OCYIIICCTBJIHIOT
TaK:lKe B cKpy66epax, opowaCMblX 5 % -HOH HN0 3 C .rr.06aBKaMH
Hg(N0 3 h (0,001 M) B KallCCTBe KaTaJIH3aTopa.
)KH,iJ.KHe nOrJIOTHTCJIH 06JIa.l!.aIOT, KaK npaRH.lo, 60JIbillCH y.l!.CJ1b-
HOH eMKOCTblO no HO)J.Y, 1J.CM TBCp.rr.bIC cop6eHTbI, XOTH H npoHrpblBalOT
nOCJ1C)J.HHM no rJ1yoHHe 04HCTKH ra30BOH cpa3bl OT HO,iJ.a. OcpcncKTHB-
HblM npc;r.cTaBJ1HCTCH CHCTeMa )J.ByxCTynclI4aToH 04HCTKH: nOrJ10IIlCHHC
:lKH)J.KHMH pcarclITaMH OCHOBIIOH lIaCTH HO)J.a H OKOHlIaTCJIbHOe rJIy60-
KOC YJIaBJIHBaHHe lIa TBCpJ{bIX COp6eJlTax.
Ha pa.l!.HOXHMHlIecKoM 3aRO,lJ,e B Y3CT-B3J1.1H (ClllA) COrJ1aCHO
npoeKTY ra3bI H3 arpcraToB pe3KH H annapaToB paCTBopcHHH Ton-
JIHBa B a30TJlOH KHCJ10Te nOCJIe npC.l!.BapHTeJIbHOH 04HCTKH OT OKCH)J.OB
a30Ta B )J.ecpJICrMaTOpc H a3p030JICH B CHCTCMC cpHJIbTpOB nponYCKa-
lOT lICpC3 cKpy66ep, r)J.c HX npOMblBalOT a30THOKHCJIbIM paCTBopOM,
cOJ{cp:IKall.(HM paCTBopHMblC COJ1H PTYTH. 3Ta onepaIllfSI n03BOJIHCT
YJIaBJIHBaTb ,iJ.0 90 % HO)J.a. OOCJIe;r.YIOllJ;CC nponycKallHe ra30B 1J.CpC3
JIOBYWKY C CHlIHKarCJIeM, nponHTaHHblM HHTpaToM ccpc6pa, 06YCJIOB-
JIHBaCT 99,5 % -J1YIO OllHCTKY ra3a OT HO)J.a. Ha 3aBOJJ:ax B AH.l!.aXO-
q)OJ1C H EapHY3JIJIC (B nOCJIe)J.HCM cJIYlIac COrJ1aCHO npocKTY) yJIaB-
JIHBaHHe HO,lJ,a H3 TeXII0J10rHlIeCKHX ra30B npc)J.ycMaTpHBaeTcH nOCJIC-
)l.OBaTeJIbHbIM nponycKaHHeM HX tJepe3 J{Ba cKPy66cpa, opowacMblx
paCTBopOM HgN0 3 B 6 M HN0 3 . B 3aK.rrlOliCHHe ra3bI nponycKalOT
lJ.epC3 IlCOJ1HT, nponIITallllblH AgN0 3 . B J1I1TCpaType YKa3b1BaCTCH, liTO
JIa Ka:IK)J.OH H3 YKa3allllbIX TpCX CTyneHcH K03cpcpHIlHCIIT 04HCTKH ra-
3a COCTaBJIHCT 102-103, liTO rapallTHpyeT 1000-KpaTIlYIO KOHCliHYIO
O'lHCTKY ra30BOH cpa3bl OT pa)J.HoaKTHBHoro HO)J.a.
B OK-PH)J.:lKC (ClllA) pa3pa60TaH MCTO)J. YJ1aBJ1HBaHHH HOJJ:a B
npOIleccc pcreilepall.HH Ton.lmB&.: C OTHOCHTeJIbHO lIe60J1bWOH Bbl)J.Cp:IK-
KOH ncpe)J. pacTBopcHHCM (100 CYT .rr.JIH TOnJ1HBa peaKTopoB Ha OblCT-
pblX HCHTpoHax). Opou.ccc nOJIYllH.rr Ha3BaHHC HO.l!.eKC-npoIlccca. Co-
rJIaCHO ny6J1HKaUHHM npH pC3KC H pacTBopcHIIH TB3JIOB B ra30BYlO
q,a3Y BbI)J.CJ1HeTCH .l!.0 98 % pa.rr.lioaKTHBHoro HO)J.a H J1HWb 2 % OCTa-
eTCH B paCTBope, nHTalOIIIeM 3KCTpaKUHOHHblH IJ;HKJ1.
OCIIOBHOH Onepall.HCH B HO)J.CKc-npOllecce HBJ1HCTCH B3aHMO,iJ.CHCT-
BHe COC.l!.HHCHHH HO)J.a C 20 M HN0 3 (R npOTHBOTOliHOM cKpy66cpc
npH 25°C), B PC3YJIbTaTC tJero HO.rr. OKHCJ1HCTCH .l!.0 TRCp.l!.OrO HI 2 0 B
IICJ1eTYlicro H MaJ10 paCTBopHMoro B a30TilOH KHCJIOTe. OcaJ{oK 3Toro
COe.l!.HIICIIHH nOCJ1C cKpy66cpa, B KOTOpOM OH 06pa30BaJ1CH, nOCTynaeT
B Ky60BblH HcnapHTCJ1b - KOHnCIlTpaTop HOJJ:a, 060rpcRacMblH napo-
BOH py6awKoH. KOHClillblH KOHllellTpaT pa,lJ,HOaKTHBlloro HO.l!.a nOJ1Y-
1.J8IOT BbrnapHBallHCM npO,lJ,YKTa ,lJ,ocyxa B OTJJ:CJ1bHOM annapaTe. OTO-
rHallHYIO a30TllYlO KHCJ10TY HanpaBJIHIOT B pCKTHcpHKaIlHoHHYIO K0J10H-
ny, H3 KOHC4110ro i1:ecpJIerMaTOpa KOTOpOH 22 M HN0 3 B03Bpall.(aCTCH
R HallaJ1bllYIO KOJIOIIHY YJ1aRJIHBaHHH HOJJ:a, a Ky60RblH OCTaTOK 06pa-
6aTblBaCTCH Mg (N0 3 h C Bbl.l!.a 4CH pa36aB.lcllllOH a30THOH KHC.'IOTbI.
298
OKOllllaTCJIbHaH OllHCTKa C6POCllbIX ra30B OT OCTaTKOB (C,ne,'J,OBbiX
KOJIHlICCTB) 1I0.rr.a OCYlIIeCTBJIHeTCSI C TIOMOIIlblO «CCPC6PSIHOro» IlCOJIH-
Ta. 06II1HH K03cpcpHll.lIeHT 04HCTKH ra30B OT Ho.n:a COCTaB.rJ5leT B HOJ{CKC
npollCCCC 10 3 -10 4 .
MCHCC oTpa60TaH TIpOll.CCC Y.l!.aJICHHH HO.l!.a, OCTaBlUcrOCH B nO;!HOH
cpa3C nOCJIe paCTBopCHliH TOnJIHBa B a30THOH KHCJIOTe. npHMeHeHlIe
COpOllHOHH X npOUCCCOB (MaKponopHCT C HOHHT HJIli aKTHBHpOBaH-
Hbll1 yrOJIb) XOTH 1I nOKa3aJIO B03MO:IKIIOCTb nOrJIOllI.ellHH 90-99 %
HO.l!.a, o.rr.HaKO CMKOCTHble xapaKTepHcTHKH HCnbITaHHbIX COp6CHT0l31
6 JIH Hcy.:r:OBJICTBOpHTCJIbHbI, a pereHCpall.HH 3aTpy.rr.HeHa.
B cI>pr B KapJIcpyc Ha OnblTHOH YCTalloBKc W AK pa3pa60TaHa
TeXIIOJIOflIH OllHCTKH ra30BOH cpa3bl OT HOJ{a C nOMOIIlblO CCpc6pHHoro>
IlCOJIHTa C K03cpcpHll.lICHTOM 10 4 .
Y JIaBJIIIBallHC pa;r.HoaKTHBHoro HOJ{a J291 1I3 BbI6poCHbIX ra30B
,1I.OJI:lKHO 6bITb MaKCHMaJIbllbIM, liTO 06YCJIOBJICHO cro 60JIbWOH: TOK-
CHliHOCTblO, cneIlHcpHKOH pacnpe.l!.C.1eHHH cra B OKpY:IKalOllI.eH cpe.rr.e H
..'l.JIHTCJIbHOCTblO ncplIo.rr.a (HeCKOJIbKO ,1I.ecHTKOB MHJIJIHOHOB JIeT) , HC-
06XO.rr.HMOro .rr.JIH cro pacna.rr.a J{O 6e30naCHoro ypOBHH. Oco60 Ba:IK-
HblM 3TO Tpe60BaHHC CTallOBHTCH ;r.JI5I KpymlOMacwTa6HblX 3aBo.rr.OB-
ncpcpa60TlIIIKOB TOnJIIIBa (1500-3000 T ypaHa B rO;J;).
18.3. Y AaneHMe M ynaBnHBaHHe paAHoaKTHBHblX
6naropoAHblX ra30B
1-13 oJIaropo.rr.HbIX ra30B - npO.l!.yKToB .rr.CJIClIHH - npH BpCMCHH BbI-
J{Cp:IKKH, npHHHToM B TIpaKTHKc pcrcHcpaUHH, B oTpa6OTaBweM Ton-
.1HBC TIpHCYTCTBYCT TOJIbKO 85Kr. B HaCTOHIIICC BpCMH lIa i1.cikTBYIO-
II1HX YCTaHoBKax no ncpcpa60TKc 06.'IYlIcHlloro Ton.1HBa 85Kr CTICll.lI-
aJIbHO He YJIaBJIHBaeTCH. OH BbI.rr.CJ1HCTCH B OCHOBHOM Ha Onepall.HHX
pe3KH H paCTBOpeHH5I TB3JIOB H, npOM.l!.H CHCTCMY 04HCTKH (rJIaBHbIM
06pa30M OT TIbIJIlI, a3p030JICH H 1I0.l!.a), BbI6paCbIBaeTCSI B aTMoccpepy
lIepe3 BblCOKYIO Tpy6y.
BMeCT C TCM C Y4eTOM HCH36e:IKHOrO B03paCTalIHSI KOJIHlIeCTBa
85Kr npH .l!.aJIbllCHmeM pa3BHTHH 51J{epIlOH 3lIcprCTHKH H CB5I3aHllbIM
C 3THM YBCJIHlICHHCM MaCWTa60B pcrCllcpaIlHH oTpa60TaBwero TOTIJIlI-
na BO MHOflIX CTpaHax pa3pa6aTbiBaJOTC5I TCXHOJIOrHlICCKHC cxeMbi H
npoeKTbI npO\fblUlJICIIHblX YCTallOBOK YJIaB.'1HBaHH5I 85Kr.
.II.JJH TaKoro YJIaBJIHBaHII5I 85Kr MO:IKIIO HcnO.lb30BaTb npOIlCCCbl
HH3KOTel\fIlCpaTYPHOH pCKTlIcpHKallHH (KOTOpbIC, KCTaTH, IlIHpOKO npH-
'I1eIlSIIOTCH B npOMbllIlJICHHOCTli J{JIH Bbl.l!.eJICIlHH 6JIaropo.rr.HbIX ra30B H3
B03.l!.yxa), IIH3KOTCMnepaTYPHOH a.'1.COp611.HlI, a TaK)[(C MCTO.l!. CCJICK-
THBIIOH a6cop6IlHH cpTopyrJICpO.l!.aMH. OPOUCCCbl HH3KOTCMTICpaTypHOH:
peKTHcpHKallHH H aJ{cop6HHH 06ecnClIHBalOT He TOJIbKO 3cpcpCKTIIBIloe
YJIaBJIlIBaHHC KpHnTOHa, HO II cro OllHCTKY OT He60JIbIllHX KOJIHlICCTB
KceHOHa. CJIC.'1.YCT 3aMCTHTb, 1[TO ra30BbJC BbIOpOCbI 3aBo.rr.OB no pcre-
HepaIlliH H.l!.epHOrO TOTIJIHBa MorYT CTaTb CblpbCBbIM HCTOllHHKOM no-
.TJYlleHHH KOlIll.eHTpaTa CTa6HJIbIlOrO KCCHOHa, npHMcpHO B 10 4 pa3 60-
JIee 60raToro KCCHOHOM, lICM B03J{YX. Ha O.rr.HOM pa.rr.HoxHMHQeCKOM
299
aaBO.rr.c, ncpcpaoaTbiBalOll.(CM 5 T/cYT H.rr.cpHoro TOnJIHBa, MO:IKHO nOJIY
'laTh .rr.o 1000 M 3 /ro.rr. .rr.oporOCTOHll.(CrO cTa6HJIbHOrO li30Tona KCCHOHa.
nOTpc6HOCTb B KOTOpOM HcnpcpblBHO B03paCTaCT. YTHJIH3all.HH CTa-
6HJIbHOrO KCCIIOHa, nOJIYlIeHHoro H3 C6POCHbiX ra30BblX nOTOKOB, MO-
:lKCT B 3HallHTCJIbHOH CTcnCHH KOMnCHCHpOBaTb 3aTpaTbi Ha C03.rr.aHHe
YCTaHOBOK no YJIaBJIHBaHHIO H pa3.rr.CJICHHIO pa.rr.HoaKTHBHblX 6JIaro-
pO.rr.HblX ra30B (PEr).
CCJICKTHBIIYIO a6cop611.HIO PEr MO:IKHO OCYll.(CCTBHTb C nOMOllI.blO
4>TopopraHHQCCKHX pacTBOpHTCJIeH, HanpliMcp cppeoHa-12 (.rr.HXJIOp.rr.H-
q>TOpMCTaHa CCbF 2 ). ra3b1, no.rr.JIC:lKaIIlHC OllHCTKC OT PEr, npoxo..
.rr.HT npc.rr.BapHTCJIbHYIO OllHCTKY OT a3p030JIeH, BJIarR H nO.l!.BCpralOTcSI
OXJIa:IKJ{eHHIO, nOCJIe qcro HX HanpaBJIHIOT B a6cop6epbl, OMbiBaeMbiC
cppeoHoM-12, nOrJIOIIlalOll.(HM 85Kr, cTa6HJIbHblC H30TonbI KpHIIToHa, a
TaK:lKC B03MO:IKHblC CJIC;r.bl KCCHOlla. 113BJIC'lCHHC 6JIaropo.rr.HblX ra30B
H3 cpa3b1 cppcoHa-12 npoH3Bo.rr.HT HarpcBaHHeM cppcoHa (.rr.o KHncHHH).
OTOrHaHHblc 6JIaropo.rr.HblC ra3b1 OllHll.(aIOT OT napoB cppcoHa II HC-
TIOJIb3yIOT B KallCCTBC TOBapHoro npo.rr.YKTa. PcrcHcpHpoBaHHblH cppc-
oH-12 B03Bpall.(aIOT B HOBblH ll.HKJI B a6cop6cpbI.
.rr.JIH aMcpHKaHcKoro pa.rr.HOXIIMHlICCKoro 3aBo.rr.a B EapHY3JIJIC pa3-
pa60TaHbI lI.BC YCTaHoBKH .rr.JIH yJIaBJIIIBaHHH PEr, OCHOBaHHblC lIa
KpHorcHHoH .rr.HCTHJIJIHIlHH H CCJICKTHBHOH aocop6IlHH. AnnapaTypa
YKa3aHllblX YCTallOBOK paCIIOJIaraCTCH no npocKTY Ha JIHHHH norJIO-
ll.(CHHH OKCHJ{OB a30Ta.
Do IICPBOMY MCTO.rr.y K03cpcpHIlHeilT OllHCTKH ra30B OT 85Kr .rr.OCTH-
raCT 104, a no BTOPOMY - HC npCBblillaCT 10 3 . HOBbiM IIcpcnCKTHBllbiM
HanpaBJICHHCM y.rr.aJICHHH H YJIaBJIHBaHHH PEr HBJIHCTCH cpHJIbTpaUHH
raaOB 'ICpC3 KpCMHHHopraHHlIccKHC MeM6paHbI, a TaK:lKe 3KcTpaKIlHH
PEr H3 ra30BOH cpa3bI KpCMHHHOpraHHqCCKHMH :lKHJ{KOCTHMH.
18.4. Y AMeHMe TPMTMJI
TpHTHH - caMblH TR:lKCJIblH H3 TpCX H30TonOB Bo.rr.opoJ{a - HMCCT
ncpHo.rr. nOJIypacna.rr.a 12,26 ro.rr.a. 3TO -H3JIYlIaTCJIb C OTHOCHTC.'IbHO
CJIa60H 3HCprHCH H3JIYQCHHH (0,0186 M3B). 06pa30BaHHe TPHTHH
(3H) B aKTHBHoH 30HC pcaKTopoB npoIIcxo.rr.HT npH 06JIYlICHHH HCHTpO-
HaMH npHMcccH, co.rr.ep:IKall.(HxCH B TenJIOHOCHTeJIC, KOHCTpyKll.HOHHblX
MaTCpHaJIaX, a TaK:lKC npH TpctHHOM .rr.C.'IeHHH caMoro H.rr.cpHoro Ton-
JlHBa. OpH .rr.CJIeHHH 235U Ha TCnJIOBbiX HCHTpOHax BbIXO.rr. TPHTIIH CO-
CTaBJIHCT 8,5.10- 5 . CJIe..'l.OBaTCJIbHO, Ha 1 MBT 3JIeKTpHlIcCKOH MOllI.-
HOCTH pcaKTopa Ha TCnJIOBbiX HeHTpoHax (H3 paclicTa 1,2.10- 2 KH/cYT)
npHxoJ{HTCH 40-55 KH/cYT 3H.
3HallHTCJIbHaSl lIaCTb 06pa30BaBwcrocH TPHTHH He .rr.OXOJ{HT 11.0 3a.
BOJ{OB pcrCHCpall.HH, H B HaCTOHll.(CC BpCMH Ha HHX HCT YCTaHOBOK .rr.JIH
CneIlHaJIbHOrO YJIaBJIHBaHHH H JIOKaJIH3aUHH TpHTHSI. O.rr.uaKO 3a.rr.alla
YMCHbweHHH BbI6poCOB TPHTHH B aTMOCcpcPY, KOTopaSI CTaHCT aKTY-
aJIbHOH IIO MCpC pa3BHTHH H.rr.CpHOH 3HcpreTHKH, 06YCJIOBJIHBaeT npo-
ae.rr.CHHC HCCJIc.rr.OBaHHH B 3TOM HanpaBJICHHH.
Do cppaHll.Y3CKHM .rr.aHHblM, C 1 T oTpaooTaBwcro TOnJIHBa Ha 3a-
BO.rr. percHcpaIlHH nocTyrracT .rr.o 700 KH TPHTHSI (no .rr.PYfHM .rr.aHHbIM -
300
llpHMepHO 250 KH/T). XapaKTepHoH oc06eHHOCTbIO TPHTHH HBJIHeTCH
ero CKJIOHHOCTb OblCTpO BCTynaTb B peaKll.HH H30TOllHoro oOMcHa C
<>OblllHblM BO.rr.OpO.rr.OM (npoTHeM) BO.rr.bI C oopa30BalIHeM TaK Ha3b1Bae-
Moli TpHTHeBoH BO.rr.bI (T 2 0, HTO) B npoll.ecce paCTBopeHHH TOnJIHBa.
BCJIe.rr.cTBHe 3Toro 3H npHCYTCTByeT npaKTHliecKH BO Bcex :lKH.rr.KHX
npo.rr.YKTax, B TOM lIHCJIC H OTxo.rr.ax TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKOro npOll.ecca. TaKoe
«pa3Ma3blBaHlie» TpliTHH no BceM CTa.l(HHM npoIJ,ecca MO:IKHO npe.rr.oT-
BpanITb yCTaHOBJIeHHeM onpe.rr.eJIeHHOH nperpa.rr.bI Ha nYTH TPHTHH Ha
KaKOH-JIHOO CTa.rr.HH TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKOH cxeMbi. OpOll.CCC BOJIOKCH.rr.all.HH
(CM. rJI. 7) H HBJIHCTCH HMeHHO TaKoH nperpa.rr.oH, n03BOJIHIOw:eH BbIBO-
JX.HTb nOliTH BeCb 3H H3 TOnJIHBa nepe.l( ero pacTBopeHHeM H B .rr.aJIb-
HeHwcM YJIaBJIHBaTb ero KOJIHlIeCTBeHHO, HCnOJIb3YH peaKll.HIO H30Ton-
Horo OOMeHa npH npOMblBKe ra3a 06blllHOH BO.rr.OH.
TpHTHH MO:IKHO YJIaBJIHBaTb B BH.l(e TpHTHeBOH BO.rr.bI BblCYIIIHBalO-
IliHM areHTOM, HanpHMep ll.eOJIHTOM. Ope.rr.JIO:IKeH H .rr.PyrOH: MeTO.rr.
YJIaB.1HBaHHH H y.rr.aJIeHHH TPHTHH H3 TeXHOJIOrHlIeCKoro I1.HKJIa. Mec-
TOM H3'bHTHH TPHTHH MO:IKeT CJIy:IKHTb opraHlilieCKaH 4>a3a nepBoro
ll.HKJIa 3KCTpaKll.HH. TpHTHH BXO.rr.HT B COCTaB KOMnJIeKCOB BO.rr.bI H
HNO a , HaCblIIIalOIIIHX opraHHlIecKYIO cpa3Y - TBcI> B pa36aBHTeJle. 00-
CKOJIbKY CBH3b TpHTliH B 3THX KOMnJIeKCaX HeBeJIHKa, npocTaR npo-
MblBKa opraHliliecKoH cpa3bI 06b1l1HOH BO.rr.OH B COOTHOlIIeHHH B: 0=
= 1 : 100 H3BJIeKaeT TpHTHH. ABTOpbl .rr.aHHoro npc.rr.JIO:IKeHHH (cppaH-
ll,y3cKHe HCCJIe.rr.oBaTeJIH) peKoMeH.rr.YIOT C rreJIblO HaKOnJIeHHH TPHTHH
orpaHHlIHBaTb BBe.rr.eHHe CBe:IKeH BO.rr.bI B rOJIOBHYIO lIaCTb TeXHOJIOrH-
"'IeCKoro npoll.ecca C TeM, lIT06bI BblBo.rr.HMoe H3 3KcTpareHTa nepBoro
ll.HKJIa KOJIHlIeCTBO TPHTHH COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO KOJIHlIecTBY, BBO.rr.HMOMY
:B roJIOBY nporrecca C TOnJIHBOM. C006II1aeTCH, liTO 3THM MeTo.rr.OM MO:IK-
HO CKOHll.eHTpHpOBaTb .rr.o 90 % TPHTHH, co.rr.ep:IKall.{erOCH B 06JIYQeH-
HOM TOnJIHBe B 06'beMe 500 JIlT, liTO .rr.JIH «CTaH;r.apTHoro» pa.rr.HOXH-
MHlIeCKoro 3aBo.rr.a COCTaBJIHeT npHMepHo 750 M 3 B ro.rr.. OpOBO.rr.HTCH
-raK:lKe liCCJIe.rr.OBaHHH TBep.rr.blx nOrJIOTHTeJIeH TpHTHH - rH.l(pH.rr.oB
MeTaJIJIOB (oc06eHHo rH.rr.pli.rr.a BaHa.rr.HH).
18.5. YAane
neTY'lNX coeAJftIeHMii PYTetfMJI
PYTeHHH B pacTBope MO:IKeT cyll{eCTBoBaTb B HeCKOJIbKHX BaJIeHT-
IIblX COCTOHHHHX, n03ToMY y.rr.aJIeHHe ero CBH3aHO C HeKoTopblMH Tpy.rr.-
1I0CTHMlf. Ha .rr.OJIIO pYTeHHH nplfxo.rr.HTCH 5-10 % OOmeH y-aKTHBHo-
eTH pacTBopa (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH peaKTopHoro npouecca H
npo.rr.OJI:lKHTeJIbHOCTH BbI.rr.ep:IKKH TOnJIHBa). 2ha .rr.OJIH B cJIYllae HenpH-
HHTHH Mep no ero y.rr.aJIeHHIO MO:IKeT 3HallHTeJIbHO B03paCTlI no xo.rr.y
.rr.aJIbHciiWHX oneparrHH TeXHOJIOmqeCKOH uenO'lKH.
Y.rr.aJIeHHe pYTeHHH OCHOBaHO Ha JIeTYlieCTH cro TeTpaKcH.rr.a RU04.
-O.rr.HaKo B 06b1'1HblX YCJIOBHHX pacTBopeHHH TOnJIHBa CKOpOCTb Bbl-
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305
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1,5 Kr Ha 1 M 2 BHYTpeHHeH nOBepxHocTH annapaToB. Hx pa.ll.HoaKTHB-
HOCTb MO)KeT 6bITb TaK)Ke OtIeHb 60JIbIIIOH (.lI.O HeCKOJIbKHX .lI.eCSITKOB
KlOpH Ha 1 Kr OCa.ll.Ka).
313
OCa.ll.KH, OTJIOMHBlIIHeCH Ha CTCIIKaX annapaTOB, lie OCTalOTCH 6e3
H3MeilCHHiL C TelJCHHeM BpeMellH, KaK npaBHJIO, lIa6.'1IO.lI.aCTCH npouecc
TaK Ha3bIBaCMoro CTapeHHH. DpH CTapeHHH crpYKTypa nepBOHalJaJIb-
HbIX OTJIOMeHHH, a HIIOr.ll.a H HX COCTas, a CJIe.ll.OBaTCJIbHO, H CBOHCTBa
CYUI.CCTBeHHO H3MeilHIOTCH BCJIeJI.CTBHe npOTeKalJHH npOI CCCOB .lI.erH.lI.pa-
TaUHH, nO,lHMepH3aUHH, H3'v!CHCHHH KpHCTa.1JIHlJCCKOH CTPYKTypbI, ne-
peXO.ll.a aMop<pHbIX COe.ll.HlleHHH B KpHCTaJIJIHlJCCKHe <P0PMbI, ynJIOTIIC-
I1HH H B3aHMHOH JI.H<P<PY3HH KOMnOHeHTOB H T. n. Bce 3TH npoueCCbI,
eCTCCTBCHHO, npOTCKalOT B lIanpaBJICHHH 06pa30BaHI1H TCpMO.ll.HHaMH-
lJeCKH 60,1ec YCTOHlJHBbIX CHCTeM.
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B XHMH4CCKOM, TaK H B McxallH4CCKOM OTHomCIIHH.
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lI.bI, pa3JIH4HbIMH pcarcHTaMH, KOTOpbIC pacTBopHlOT pa.il.HoHYKJIH1I.bI.
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.lI.OJIMHbI Y.lI.OBJICTBOpHTb onpC.lI.eJIeHllbIM Tpe6oBaHHHM, 06CCnClJHBalO-
UI.JfM lIe06xo.ll.HMYIO 3<P<PeKTHBHOCTb .lI.CCOp6UHH H pacTBopcHHH Oca.ll.-
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pacTBopHMYIO <POPMY .lI.JIH 60JICC JIerKOrO nocJIc.lI.YIOIir.ero HX pacTBo-
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314
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B OCIlOBe JT.e3aKTHBanrrH JIeMHT MHoroorrcpaUHOlllla51 CHCTeMHaH
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n orrpcJJ:c.'!CHIIOH: rrOCJICJJ:OBaTCJIbHOCTH H conpOBOM.il.aeTC5I KOHTpOJICM
3<p<peKTHBlloCTH JJ:C3aKTHBaUHH. OOCKOJIbKY nOJJ:aBJI5IIOUIa5I tIaCTb 060-
PYJJ:OBaHH5I paJJ:HoxHMHtICCKHX rrpOH3BOJJ:CTB BbInOJIII5ICTC5I H3 HepMa-
nClOu(cH: CTaJIH, OCHOOHOC BHHMaHHe YJJ:eJI5IeTC5I HMCIlIIO .lI.C3aKTHBaUlIH
pa,JlIoHYK,'!H.lI.OB C TaKHX nOBcpXHOCTeH:.
110 IiatIaJIa C06CTBCHHO .il.e3aKTHoaUHH TllI.aTeJIbIlO rrpoMbIBalOT arr-
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HO C rrO.lI.OrpeBOM OCTpbIM napOM, .lI.JI5I OtIHCTKH OT OCTaTKOB rrpoH3-
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H ;J.p. OOJIY4CllllbiC pacTBopbI I1anpaBMIIOT Ha pcrellcpauHoHHYIO YCTa-
1I0BKY JT.JI5I .lI.OH30JICtIeHmI UCHHbIX KOMnOlieIlTOB.
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ypOBH5I pa.lI.HOaKTHBIIOCTH 3TorO paCTRopa, Jl.JIHTCJIbIlOCTH pa60TbI arr-
napaTa JJ:O ero ,JC3aKTHBaIJ.HH, xapaKTcpa OCa.lI.KOB Ha CTCHKax 060-
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npH Mep Ha onbITHOM 3KCTpaKII.HOIIIIOM 3aBOiI.C B Aii:J.a xo-<POJIC (ClllA)
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napaTa pacTBopoM KMn04+NaOH, a 3aTeM pacTBopoM HN0 3 +
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315
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316
4ACTb VII
BonpOCbl KOHTPOnSi M opr AHM3A HH
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311
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21.2. KOHTponb, oCYIl\eCTBnSleMbu4 npoMblwneHHblMH npH60paMH
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318
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TO.n. H30TOrrHOrO p336aBJ1eHHSI C M aCC-CrreKTpOMeTpHqeCKHM 3aBepWC-
HHeM 8H8J1H33. B KalJeCTBe MeqCHblX aTOMOB, BBO.ll.HMbIX B rrpo6y.
HaH60JIee rrpHrO.ll.CH 233U. OTHOCHTeJ1bHO 60J1bWYIO KOHueHTpaUHIO ypa-
Ha B .rr.pyrHx TeXH0J10rHlJeCKHX rrpO.ll.YKTaX MO)KHO orrpe.ll.eJ1SITb 06 eM-
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(IV) COJ1blO Mopa B cpOCcpOpHOKHCJ10H cpe.rr.e C rrOCJle.rr.YIOr.u:HM OKHC-
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HaTpHH H THTpOBaHHeM ypaHa BaHa.ll.3TOM aMMOHHSI C nOTeHUHOMeTpH-
qeCKHM Orrpe.ll.CJ1eHHeM TOqKH 3KBHBaJ1eHTHOCTH. OnpC.lI.eJ1eHHe M3J1bIX
KOJ1HqeCTB ypaHa B C6POCHbiX paCTBopaX H paCTBOpaX C 60J1bWHM
CO.ll.ep)KaHHeM nJ1YTOHHH H HerrTYHHSI UeJ1eC006pa3HO npOBO.ll.HTb 3KC-
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nJJYTOHHH. B TB3J1aX rrJ1YTOHHH HMceT rrcpeMeHHbIH H30TorrHbIH co-
CTaB H BKJ1lOlJaeT CMCCH H30TorrOB C aTOMHOH MaCCOH 238, 239, 240.
241 H 242, BCJ1e.ll.CTBHe lJcro Y.ll.CJ1bllaH a-aKTHBHOCTb ero MO)KeT Me-
IIHTbCSI OT 1,7.10 4 .lI.O 1,7.10 5 5K/MKr. 003TOMY pa.ll.HOMCTpHlJeCKHH
MeTO.ll. MO)KHO HCn0J1b30BaTb TOJ1bKO rrpH lIaJ1HlJHH HHcpopMauHH 06
Y.ll.eJ1bIlOH aKTHBHOCTH rrJ1YToHHSI. Y.lI.CJ1bHaSI a-aKTHBIlOCTb rrJ1YToHHSI.
T. e. qHCJ10 cOBepwalOr.u:HxcH a-pacrra.rr.OB B e.ll.HHHuy BpcMeHH B C.lI.H-
HHue MaCCbl rrJ1YTOHHSI, MO)KeT 6bITb orrpe.ll.CJ1eHa rro .lI.aHHbIM Mace-
crreKTpOMCTpHQeCKOrO H a-crreKTpOMeTpHlJeCKOrO aHaJ1H3a H30TonHor
COCTaBa. AHaJ1H3 pacTBopoB, cO.ll.ep)Kar.u:Hx CBblIIIe 0,1 r/J1 rrJ1YToHHSI.
MO)KHO npOBO.ll.HTb KY.JIOOOMCTpHlJeCKHM HJ1H crreKTpocpoToMeTpHQeCKHM
MeTO.ll.aJl.IH rrOCJ1e OKHCJ1eHHH ero.rr.o rrJ1YToHHH (IV).
HenTYHHH. K HaH60J1ee QYBcTBHTeJ1bHbIM MeTO.ll.aM orrpe.rr.eJ1eHH5f
322
HemYHHH OTHOCHTCH .'IIOMHHeClI,eHTHbIH: H CneKTpOQ>OTOMeTpHqeCKHH,
OCHOBaHHbIe Ha 06pa30BaHHH OKpaIlleHHbIX COe.rr.HHeHHH HemYHH5I (IV)
c apceHa30 III HJIH apceHa30 IV. ilpH Heo6xo.rr.HMOCTH npOBO.l{HT
npe.rr.BapHTeJIbHoe BbI.rr.eJIeHHe HenTYHH5I (IV) MeTo.rr.OM 3KCTpaKlI,HoH-
1I0H xpoMaTorpaQ>HH npHeMaMH, aHaJIOrHqHbIMH npHeMaM BbI.rr.eJIeHHH
TIJIYTOHHH (IV). CpaBHHTeJIbl;lO He.rr.aBHO pa3pa6oTaH MeTO.rr. KYJIOHO-
MeTpHH C pa3BepTKoH nOTeHlI,HaJIa, n03BOJIHIOIII.HH onpe)!.eJIHTb MHKpO-
rpaMMOBble KOJIHqeCTBa HenTYHH5I B npHcYTcTBHH MHOrHX npHMeceH.
.IJ:JIH TOqHOro onpe.rr.eJIeHH5I HenTYHH5I B pacTBopax C 60JIbIllHM co.rr.ep-
JKaHHeM ero Hcno,lb3yeTcH MeTO.rr. KYJIOHOMeTpHH npH KOHTpOJIHpye-
MOM nOTeHlI,HaJIe.
21.4. KOHTponlt 3a IIHCTOTOH opraHH ecKoro pacTBopa 3KcTpareHTa
CHcTeMaTHqCCKHH KOHTpOJIb KaqeCTBa 3KcTpareHTa H pa36aBHTeJIH
npOBo.rr.HTCH B Y3JIe 060pOTHOH OpraHHqeCKOH Q>a3bI nOCJIe CO.rr.OBOH
npoMbIBKH. DOJIbIllHHCTBO aHaJIHTHqCCKHX MCTO.rr.OB npHMeHHMo .rr.JIH
<mpe.rr.eJIeIIH5I KOHlI,eHTpalI,HH npo.rr.YKTOB .rr.erpa.rr.alI,HH 9KcrpareHTa H
npo:n.YKTOB .rr.eJICHHSI B HeM. B nepBYIO OlIepe.rr.b OCYIII.eCTBJISIeTCSI KOHT-
pOJIb 3a HaKOnJIeHHeM MOHO- H .rr.H6YTHJIQ>OCQ>aTa H CKOpOCTH paCCJIaH-
BaHHSI Q>a3. ilCpHo.rr.HlIeCKH onpe.rr.CJISICTCSI HaKOnJIeHHe npo.rr.YKTOB .rr.e-
rpa.rr.aUHH pa30aBHTCJIH (HHTpocoe.rr.HHCIIHH H Kap6oHOBbIX KHCJIOT),
a TaK:iKe npo.rr.YKTOB .rr.eJIeHHSI - UHpKOHHSI, pYTeHHSI H Ho.rr.a. .lI.JIH KOHT-
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BaHHSI npHMCHHMbI MeTO.lI.bI ra30)KH.lI.KOCTHOH: xpOMaTorpaQ>HH H I1K-
cneKTpOCKonHH.
21.5. KOHyponlt MOII.\HOCTH 3Kcno3H HoHHOH A03W y-H3J1Y'leHHJI
B npO.lI.YKTax pa.lI.HOXHMHqeCKOrO npOH3BO.lI.CTBa M3.lI. y-H3JIYtJeHHH
H3MeH5IeTCH B IllHpOKHX npe.lI.eJIax. KOHTpOJIb M3.lI. no OT.lI.eJIbHbIM Y3-
.JIaM TeXHOJIOrHtJecKOH cxeMbI n03BOJIHeT oueHHTb 3Q>Q>eKTHBHoCTb
()tJHCTKH ypaHa, nJIYToHHSI H HenTYHHH no OT.rr.eJIbHbIM TeXHOJIOrHtJe-
CKHM nepe.rr.eJIaM. .lI.HcTaHUHoHHoe H3MepeHHe M3.lI. npOH3BO.lI.HTCSI no
nOTORY y-KB8HTOB OT KOHTpOJIHpyeMoH Cpe.lI.bI. ilpHMeHHeMbIe MeTO.lI.bI
pa3JIHqaIOTCSI: no pacnOJIO)KeHHIO .lI.eTeKTopa (BHYTPH HJIH c60KY an-
napaTa, Ha TeXHOJIOrHtJeCKOH JIHHHH); no cnoco6y HCKJIlOlIeHHSI BJIHH-
HHH BlIeIllHero H COp6HpOBaHHoro Q>OHa; no THny npHMeHSleMbIX .rr.e-
"TeKTopOB.
21.6. SlAepHO-cI»H3H ecKHe AHcTaH HoHHble MeTOAbi KOHTponJi
TexHonorHllecKoro npo ecca
B HaCTOHIII.ee BpeMH yCHJICHHO pa3pa6aTbIBalOTcH .lI.HCTaHlI,HOHHbIe
'MeTO.lI.bI KOHTpOJIH HCnOCpe.lI.CTBCHIIO B TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHX Y3JIaX 6e3 OT-
-6opa npo6. O.lI.HHMH H3 nepcneKTHBlIbIX .lI.HCTaHUHOHHbIX MeTO.lI.OB KOHT-
pOJIH SIBJISIIOTCH 'H.lI.epHO-Q>H3HqeCKHe.
B HaCTOH1I1ee BpeMH SI.lI.epHO-Q>H3HtJecKHe MeTO.lI.bI KOHTpOJISI npH-
'MeHSIIOT, Bo-nepBbIx, .rr.JISI onpe.lI.eJIeHHSI KOHII.eHTpaII.HH ypaHa B opra-
11* 323
HHlJeCKOH <{Ja3e Ha nepBOM 6JIOKe nepBOrO UHKJIa 3KCTpaKUHH; BO-BTO-
PblX, .l{JISI Onpe.l{eJIeHHSI B03MO)KHOrO HaKOnJIeHIUI H .l{a)Ke Bblna.l{eHJ.ISI
OC8.l{KOB H8 BTOpOM OJIOKe BOCCT8HOBHTeJIbHOH pe3KCTp8KUHH nJIYTO-
HHH H H8 8<{J<{JHHa)KHblX OnepaUHSIX nJIYTOHHSI BnJIOTb .l{0 nOJIYlJeHHSI
.l{HOKCH.l{a nJIYTOHH . KOHTpOJlb 3a nOBe.l{eHHeM nJIYTOHHSI H8 3TH X
OnepaUHSIX npe)K.l{e BCerO npe)lHa3HalJeH .l{JIH COOJlIO.l{eHHH SI.l{epllOH
Oe30n8CHOCTH.
rJlABA 22
KPHTH'IECKHE MACCbl, Sl.QEPHASI H nO>KAPHASI
&E30nACHOCTb
11.1. SlA8plfati 6e30nacHocT..
npH onpe.l{eneHHblx yCJIOBHSIX H 3HalJHTeJIbHOM CKOnJIeHHH TaKHX
.l{e.1SIllUiXCSI BelUecTB, K8K 239PU, 233U H 235U, MO)KeT H8lJ8TbCSI C8MO-
nO.l{.l{ep)KHB8IOlU8SICSI ucnH8SI peaKUHSI .l{eJIeHH5I (CUP), cOnpOBO)K-
.l{8IOlU8HC5I BbI.l{eJIeHHeM OOJlbillOrO KOJIHlJeCTB8 TenJIa H B03HHK/IOBe-
HHeM onaCHblX H3JIYlJeHHH. OpOH30H.l{eT JIH npH 3TOM B3pbIB HJIH CJIa-
oaH BcnblIllKa, 3aBHCHT OT KOHueHTpaUHH .l{emUllHXCH BelUeCTB H CKO-
pOCTH COJIH)KCHHSI OT.l{e.lb/ibIX nO.l{KpHTHlJHblX Macc, a TaK)KC OT yCJIO-
BHH HX xpaHeHHH. B YCTaHOBKax XHMHlJeCKOH ncpepaOOTKH TB3JIOB
HaXO.l{HTC5I OOJIbillOe KO.ilHlJeCTBO .l{eJIHlUHXCH BeIlleCTB, n03TOMY MO)KeT
B03HHKHYTb onaC/lOCTb .l{JIH OOC.TIY)KHBaIOlUero nCpCOHaJIa, yrp03a no-
Bpe)K.l{eHHSI .l{OpOrOCTOHlUcrO OOopY.l{OBaHHSI, a TaK)Ke pa.l{HoaKTHBHoro
3arpH3HeHHSI nOMClUeHHSI B CJIYlJae B03HHKHOBeHHH CUP.
B 1961 r. H8 pa.l{HOXHMHlJeCKOM 3aBO.l{e B AH.l{axo-$oJIC (CIlIA)
npOH30IllJI8 aBapHH, CBH3aHHaH C B03HHKHOBeHHeM HeynpaBJISleMOH:
uenHoH peaKUHH B CJIYlJaHHO HaKOnJICHIlOH KpHTHlJeCKOH Macce .l{eJIH-
lUerocH BelUeCTBa. OpHMepHo B 9 lJ 50 MHH Obl.'IO 3apcrHcTpHpoBaHo
pe3Koe B03paCTa/iHe ypOBHH V-H3JIYlJeHHSI H Y.l{CJIbHOH aKTHBHOCTH ra-
30B B BbITH)KHOH Tpy6c. B TelJeHHC 10 MHH BeCb nepCOHaJI (251 "4CJI.)
Obi:! Y.l{8JIeH B paHoH, H8XO.l{HlUHHCSI B 150 M OT 3.l{aHHH, r.l{c MOlUHOCTb
.l{03b1 H3JIYlJeHHH HC npCBblillaJIa IMP /"4. HC.l{OnYCTHMoe KO.'1HlJeCTBO'
.l{CJIHlUHXCSI BClUeCTB 6bIJIO HaKOnJIeHO B pe3YJlbTaTe aBapHllHoro
BCnJIbIB8HHH KOHueHTpHpOB3IIHOro paCTBopa ypa/lHJIHHTpaTa 90 % -Horo
oooralUcHHSI (200 r/JI) H3 HH)KHeH rCOMCTpHlJeCKH 6c30n8cHoH ceK-
UHH HcnapHTcJUI B BepxHIOIO, f.l{e 6bIJIO B03MO)K\J0 06pa30BaHHe KPH-
THlJeCKOH M aCCbl.
B JIoc-AJIaMoccKoH HaYlJHOH JIaOOpaTopHH (CIlIA) 3apcfHcTpHpO-
BaHbI TPH CJIYlJaSl cMepTHocTH CpCJ{H 06CJIY)KHBaIOlUero nepCOHaJIa B
pe3YJIbTaTe aBapHHHoro nepc06JIYlJCHHH. B 1958 r. B uexe 3TOH JIaoo-
paTopHH, r.l{C npOH3BO.l{HJIHCb OlJHCTKa H o6oralUeHHc OTXO.l{OB, H3 oa-
Ka, cO,Zl.ep)KalUerO 150 JI BO.l{I10ro H OpraHHlJeCKOrO pa TBopoB C KOH-
ueHTpauHC H nJIYToHHSI /lCCKOJIbKO rpaMMoB Ha JIHTP, nepeKalJaJIH co-
.l{Cp)KHMOe B .l{pyroH: 6aK, B KOTOpOM Y)Ke 6b1.10 300 JI BO.l{HOOpraHHlJe-
CKOH 3MYJlbCHH, cTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHoH KaycTHlJeCKOH CO.l{OH. 3aTeM a.
324
3TY eMKOCTb 3a H H AonO HHTe bHO 49 KOH eHTpHpoBaHHoH a30T-
HOH KHC OTbi. B 6aKe IIpOH30W 0 pacc oeHHe AByx <t>a3 - BOAHOH H
OpraHH'-IeCKOH, IIpHqeM B noc eAHeH cKoH eHTpHpOBaJIOCb 3,27 Kf II y-
TOHHS!. npH BKJIIOIJCHHH MOTopa Mewa.1KH npoH30w a BCIIblWKa H
6aK CMeCTH CSI. MOTop cpa3Y )Ke OTK lOqHJIH. HaAKpHTHqeCKa51 Macca
06pa30Ba acb Bc eACTBHe Toro, qTO npH pa60Te MeWaJIKH C OH opra-
HHqeCKOro pacTBopa B oaKc nOAHSIJICSI no OKPY)KHOCTH oaKa Ha 10 MM,
qTO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO YBeJIHqeHHIO 3<t><t>eKTHBHoro paAHyca CHCTeMbI
Ha 12,7 MM. B pe3Y bTaTe nOH aBapHH OAHH onepaTOp nOJIyq}w A03Y
06 yqeHHSI 12000 03p H CKOHqaJIC5I qepe3 36 q. Y ,iLBYX onepaTopoB
HaO IOAaJIHCb THnHqHble npH3HaKH JIyqeBOH OOJIe3HH.
KpHTHqeCKOH MaCCOH Ha3b1BaeTC5I MHHHMaJIbHOC KO HqeCTBO ,iLe-
Slw.erOC5I MaTepHaJIa, npH KOTOpOM KOJIHqCCTBO oopa3YIOw.HxCSI HeiiT-
pOROB npcBblwaeT KOJIHqeCTBO paCXO,iLyeMblx HCHTpOHOB. npH 3THX
yCJIOBHSIX HaqHHaeTCSI caMonpoH3BO bRa51 cnHaSi peaK H5I.
T a 0 JI Hila 22.1. KpHTH'lecKHe napaMeTpbl u.enHoA SlAepHOA peaK1.I;HH
.D.en eeclI Macca. r ()(h,eM, II I AHaMeTp I Ton HHa I KOH!J.eHTPal\HjI,
Be eCTBO !J.HnHHApa. CM cnOH, CM I-In
23b*U 800 6,3 12,9 3,6 11,6
233U 588 3,5 10,6 1,3 10,9
239PU 509 5,0 13,9 4,9 7,8
· TIpHMepHO 90% o()ora eHHII
Cyw.eCTByeT HeCKOJIbKO cnOCOOOB OOeCneqeHH5I SI.iLepHOH Oe30naCHO-
CTH TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHX npOH3BO,iLCTB nepepaOOTKH pa,iLHOaKTHBHbIX Ma-
TepHaJIOB. npe,iLOTBpaw.eHHe enHOH 51,iLepHOH peaKUHH MO)KeT OblTb
OOeCneIJeHO, eC.'lH O,iLHH H3 napaMeTpOB, XapaKTepH3YIOw.HX CHCTeMY,
OY,iLCT HH)Ke npHBe,iLeHHbIX B Ta6 . 22.1. 113 TaOJIHUbI BH,iLRO, qTO SI,iLep-
HaSl Oe30naCHOCTb npo ecca H Ka)K,iLOrO TeXIIOJIOrHqCCKOrO annapaTa
OOeCnCqHBaeTC5I:
1) OrpaHHqeHHCM KOH eHTpa HH ,iLeJISlw.erocSI Bew.eCTBa B paCTBope.
OHa nO,iL,iLep)KHBaeTC5I B TaKHX npe.rr.e ax, npH KOTOpbIX HeB03MO)KHa
enHa51 peaK HSI;
2) OrpaHHqeRHeM MaCCbl. KO HqeCTBO ,iLeJI5Iw.eroc5I Bew.eCTBa, KO-
Topoe MO)KeT HaXO,iLHTbCSI B annapaTe, nO,iL,iLep)KHBaCTC5I HH)Ke KPHTH-
1JeCKOrO 3HaqeHHSI npH IOObiX B03MO)KHbIX YCJIOBHSlX;
3) COO IO,iLeHHeM oe30nacHocTH reoMcTpHH annapaTa. reOMeTpH-
qeCKHe pa3MepbI annapaTa TaKOBbI, qTO KpHTHqeCKHe YCJIOBHSI RHKor-
,iLa He MorYT B03HHKUYTb BCJIe,iLCTBHe BbICOKHX nOTepb HeHTpOHOB B pe-
3Y bTaTe YTeqKH HX 3a npe,iLeJIbi CHCTCMbl;
4) COOJIIO,iLeHHeM oC30nacHoro OO'bCMa. AnnapaT ,iLOJI)KeH HMeTb
TaKOH OO'beM, qTOObi B HeM Mor HaXO,iLHTbCSI paCTBOp C JIIOOOH KOH-
eHTpa HeH ,iLe Slw.erocSI Bew.eCTBa.
TaKHM 06pa30M, KpHTHqeCKOe COCT05lHHe CHCTeMbl, CO,iLep)Kaw.eH
Ae Slw.eecSI Bew.eCTBO, onpe,iLeJI5IeTCSI B OCHOBHOM TeMH )Ke <t>aKTopaMH,
KOTopble cnoc06CTBYlOT 3KOHOMHH HeHTpOHOB B ,iLaHHOH CHCTeMe.
325
3KOHOM HIO HeiiTpoHoB OnpeJI.eJIHIOT CJIe.lI.YlOume <paKTOpbI.
Jf30TonHOe ooora eHHe. ¥l30TonHoe 060raw.emle CHCTeMbI xapaK-
-repH3yeTcH CO.lI.ep:>KaHHeM 235U B ypaHe (B npOI.J.eHTax). MHHHMaJIbHaH
'KpHTHlJeCKaSl Macca 235U MeH5IeTCH OTIIOCHTe.'IbHO Ma.'IO, CCJIH H30Ton-
HbIli COCTaB KOJIc6JIeTCH B npeJI.CJIax OT nOJIlIoro 060raw.CHH5I (60JIee
90 % 235U) npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO JI.O 5 %. O.lI.HaKO B ypaHe, 060raw.cHHoM
MeHec "CM lIa 5 %, BJIHHHHe pa36aBJIeml5I HJIH 3apa:>KCHHH nOrJIOTH-
-reJISlMH HeHTpoHoB CTaHOBHTCH 3HalJHTeJIbHbIM, H C pa36aBJICHHeM
MHHHMaJIbl!a5I KpHTHlJCCKa5I Macca 235U 6bICTpO B03paCTaeT.
Macca. OTHOllIeHHe rrOBepXHOCTH K 06'beMY CHCTeMbI C JI.eJISlw.HMCH
H30TonOM TeCHO CBH3aHO C ec cnoc06HOCTblO Y.lI.ep:>KHBaTb HJIH coxpa-
H5ITb HCHTpOHbI, BbI.lI.CJIHBIlIHeCH BHYTPH lice. ¥lMeHHO BCJIe.lI.CTBHe B03-
paCTaHH5I OTHOlliellHH nOBepXHOCTH K 06'beMY llIapa C YMeHbllICHHeM
06'bCMa .lI.JIH Ka:>K.lI.OrO .lI.eJI5!w.erOCH H30Torra CYW.eCTBYCT npeJI.eJIblla5I
MHllHMaJIbHaH KpHTHlJCCKaH Macca. rOMoreHHhIH pacTBop 235U (c 060-
TarueHHeM OKOJIO 90 %), HMCIOW.HH nJIOTHOCTb no 2 3 5U Mellce 1 r/cM 3 ,
lie MO)KeT CTaTb KpHTH4eCKHM, eCJIH Macca ypaHa MeHbllIe 800 r. 3TO
)"fBep:>K.lI.cHHe npe.lI.110JIaraeT OnTHMaJIbHbIe YCJIOBHH, T. c. c<pepH4ecKHH
.cocy.n; C pacTBopoM npH HeOrpaUHlJCIIHOM OTpa:>KCHHH HeHTpoHoB BO-
OH; OJI.HaKO H3-3a pa3JIH4HH B HJI.CpHbiX CBOHCTBax HCKyccTBeliHo npo-
:H3BO.lI.HMbiC lI.eJI5IruHecH HYKJIH.n;bI 233U H 239pU HMCIOT MHIIHMaJIbHbie
KpHTHl(CCKHC MaCCbl- 3I1al(HTeJIbHO MeHbllIC 800 r.
feoMeTpHR. feoMeTpHH HJIH npocTpaHcTBeHHaH KOHqmrypaI.J.HH H30-
JIHpOBalIHoro .n;eJl5IIII.CrocS! Bew.eCTBa OKa3bIBaCT 60JIbllIoe BJIH5IIIHe Ha
3KOHOM HIO HeHTpoHoB, nOCKOJIbKY OTIIOCHTeJIbHOe 4HCJIO lIeHTpoHoB,
Tep.S!eMoe ,iLCJIHW.HMCH BCW.CCTBOM 4epe3 BUCIlIHIOIO nOBcpxHOCTb, on-
pe.lI.eJI5IeTC5I OTHOllIeHHeM 3TOH nOBepxHocTH K 06'beMY. reoMeTpHH-
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30BaHHC Hcno.n:BH:iKllbIX B03i/.YlllllblX IIP060K, pa3pH:iKeHHe .n:OJI:iKIIO cno-
06cTBoBaTb YCTpaHeHHIO 3011 B03MO:iKHOrO IIOBbllllCHHH .n:aBJIeHHH B
CHCTeMe; npo.n:o.H:iKHTeJIbHOCTb KOIITaKTa CMOJIbl C BO.n:HblM paCTBopOM
IIJIyTOIIHH C KOHlleHTpaUHeH 60JIee 1 r/JI He Bblllle 24 q; B KaqeCTBe
lIaH6o.'Iec 6c30naclloro MeTOlla YTHJIH3aUHH oTpa60TaHHoH CMOJIbl C:iKH-
raTb ee. Oepe.n: 3axopOlleHHeM CMOJIa .n:OJI:iKHa 6bITb IIo.n:rOTOBJIeHa,.
o6pa60TaHa H ncpeBe.n:cHa B 6C30naCHYlO <POp MY.
J] 08blUleflue Te,wneparYPbl 3lCcrpalCt{UOflflblX npOt{eCC08. OOBbllue-
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JIeHH ypaHa, IIJIYTOHHH, HenT)'HHH H pH.n:a OCKOJI04HblX 3JICMeHTOB.
EhHM 06CTOHTCJIbCTBOM 06blqHO nOJIb3yIOTCH .n:JIH YBeJIH4eHHH OqHCT-
KH ypalla H n.HYTOHHH npH 3KCTpaKUHH, npOBo.n:H IIpOMblBKy OpraHHqe-
CKOM <pa3bl IIPH IIOBbllllelIlJOH TeMnepaType. Pe3KCTpaKUHH ypaHa H3
opraHH4eCKOH <pa3bl IIPH 06bl4HOH TeMnepaTypc (20-30 °C) npoTe-
RaeT Hey.n:OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHo. KOHucHTpaUHH ypaHa B pe3KcTpaKTc IIPH
OTHOllleHHH 06"bCMOB BO.n:HOH H opraHH4ecKoH <pa3 1 : 1 He IIpCBbllllacT
50 r/JI. DpH CHH:iKeIlHH 06"beMa BO.n:HOH <pa3bl B opraHH4ecKoH <pa3c
3a.n:ep:iKHBaCTCH 311a4HTeJIbHOe KOJIH4CCTBO ypaHa, Bbma.n:alOIIJ.erO B
oca.n:OK npn CO.n:OBOH oqHCTKe, C03.n:aBaH yrp03y H.n:CpHOH 6e301IaCHO-
CTH Ii YBeJIH4HBaH nOTepH ypaHa. OOBbllllcHHe 06"beVia BO.n:HOH <pa3bI
npH pe3KcTpaKUHH 'IIpHBO.n:HT K YCTaHOBJIeHHIO KOHueHTpaUHH ypaHa
B pe3K'CTpaKTe Ha ypbBHe 40-50 r/JI, 4TO C03.n:aeT Hey.n:06cTBa IIpl1
I10CJIe.n:YIOll1.eH 3KcTpaKUHH ypaHa Ha BTOpOM UHKJIe. B pH.n:e TCXHOJIO-
.rHQeCRHX cxeM B ueJISIX KOIlUCHTpHpoBaHHSI ypalla IIpOBO.n:HTCSI TaK
Ha3b1BaeMaSi Me:iKUHKJIOBaSi YliapKa. OpaKTHKoH YCTaHOBJIeHO, 4TO
JiytlllIHM pe:iKHMOM pereHepaUHH ypaHa HBJISIeTCH Be.n:eHHe npou;ecca
'IIPH llOBblrtICHHOH TeMliepaType. B 3THX YCJIOBHHX KOHueHTpaUHH ypa-
Ha B pe3KcTpaKTe .n:OCTHraeT 80-90 r/JI npH nOJIHOM H3BJIeqeHHH ero
H3 opraHH4ecKoH <pa3bl. OpB 3TOM TCMnepaTypa pe3KcTpaKuHH .n:OJI:iK-
Ha Cbl'rb 3HaQHTeJIbli0 HlDKe TeMnepaTypbl BClibIlllKH 3KcTpareHTa H
pa36aBHTeJIH.
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-nepepa60TKe H.n:eOHoro TOIiJIBBa, CBSl3all1lbie C ynapKoH pa<pHHaToB H
-pegKCrpaKToB ypaHa, co.n:ep:iKaIIJ.HX TB<I>. OpoB30111e.n:lllaSi B 1975 I".
Ha 3-aBo e B CaBaHHa-PHBep (ClllA) aBapBSI npH ynapHBaHHH pac-
TBopa ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa B IIcpepa60TKe ero B TpBOKCH.n: ypaHa 6bIJIa
BbI3BaHa TepMHQeCKHM pa3JIO:iKeHHeM a.n:.n:YKTa TB<I> C HHTpaTOM ypa-
HHJIa (<<KpacHoro MaCJIa») H HMeJIa TSI:iKeJIbIC nOCJIe.n:CTBHSI. AHaJIB3
aBapMM nOKa3aJI, qTO qaCTb TB<I>, nocTynHBlliero B BbIlIapHoM anlIa-
paT C pe3KCTpaKTOM ypaHa, Bxo.n:HJIa B COCTaB a.n:.n:YKTa U0 2 (NOsh.
. (TB<I>)z H IIPH HM3KOH TeMnepaType ynapKH (129°C) He pa3JIO:iKH-
JIaCb, a BbI.n:eJIHJIaCb B TpeTblO <pa3y (<<KpaCHoe MaCJIO»). B .n:eHHTpa-
TOp 6bIJIO 3arpY:iKeHO 1175 Kr reKcarH.n:para ypaHHJI-HHTpaTa H 190 Kf
U0 2 (NOs)z.2TB<I>. TepMHqecKoe pa3JIO:iKeHHe Ha4aJIOCb npM 170.oC
334
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lll CH Y rrOTOJlKa, BOCnJlaMeHHJIHCb, 'ITO COnpOBO:>K){aJlOCb B3pbIBOM
Ii nO:>KapoM.
He Menee onaCHa ynapKa paqmHaToB H ){pyrrrx :>KH){KHX OTXO){OB,
co){epJKalll.HX nOBbIweHHoe KOJIHqeCTBO T6<1>. OCHOBHbIM YCJIOBHeM
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llI.HX T6<1>, HBJlSIeTCH npe){BapHTeJIbHaH OTMbIBKa TaKHX pacTBopoB
lIHCTbIM pa30aBHTeJIeM. O){HaKO .3TO ){OpOraH H .3KOHOMH'IeCKH He
.onpaB){aHHaH onepa'-LHH. .lI.pyrHM, HaHOOJIee npHeMJleMbIM cnOCOOOM
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KOH'-LeHTpa'-LHH T6<1> B ynapeHHOM pa<pHHaTe He ){OJl:>Kna npeBbIWaTl,
-3 %, a TeMncpaTYPY ynapKH nCOOXO){HMO OrpaHH'IHTb 130°C.
PaouoAu3 BOObl noo oeucTBueM u3AytteliUJl. Pa){HOJlH3 BO){bI no.B.
,lJ.eHCTBHeM H3J1Y'leHHH cOnpOBO:>K){aeTCH BbI){CJIeHHeM BO){OpO){a co CKO-
pOCTblO 1 CM 3 /(BT''I). fepMeTH'Ilible COCY){bI MorYT B3pbIBaTbcH npo-
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<:o){ep:>Kalll.HX 33MCTHoe KOJIH'ICCTBO nJIYTOHHH H:1IH npO){YKTOB ){CJle-
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r){e npC){ycMaTpHBaeTcH OTCOC BO){OpO){a HJlH npOAYBKa, KOH'-LeHTpa-
n:HH BO){OpO){a B BbIXO){HllI.HX ra3ax He ){OJI:>KHa npcBbIwaTb 2°/1) (no
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3KOHOMMLIECKME ACnEKTbI nEPEPA60TKM
06nYLlEHHOrO SlAEPHOrO TOnnMBA
13.1. KanMTanltHwe BnOHCeHNJI Ha CTpOHTenltCTBO
paANoxNMNlieclCMx npeAl1pNJlTNN
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MO:>KHO BbIpa3HTb B BH){e CYMMhl 3aTpaT Ha aMopTH3aUHIO H){epHOrO
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,lJ.JIH cBoeH peaJIH3a'-LHH HeMaJlbIX paCXO){OB. 3Ha'leHHe CTOHMOCTH xlI'-
MH'IeCKOH nepepaooTKH OOJIY'leHHoro H){epHOrO TOnJIHBa B .3KOHOMHKe
H){epHOH .3HepreTHKH ocooeHHo.B03pOCJIO B nOCJIe){Hee BpeMH B eSH3"
-<: YBeJIH'IeHHCM MacwTaooB H){epHOH .3HepreTHKH, OO'beMOB nepepaoa-
'TblaaeMbIX npO){YKTOB, pe3KliM nOBbIweHHeM TpeooBaHHH K .3KOJIOrH.
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335
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p aKU:HH B H.ll.epHblX peaktopax.
COOTHorneHHe 3aTpaT H pHO.O Ton HBHoro U:HK a TIPH rrpOH3BO.ll.-
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(6es 3arpaT Ha 9KcnnyaTauHIO co6cTlleHHO A3C) npH npoll3Bo.o;CTBe 3aeprHH
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TIoJlY'IellHe ypaHoBbiX 25-35 H3rOTOBJleHHe TB3JJOB 15-25
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A=HaJK II nOJlY'leHHe 5 qecKaH nepepa60TKa 06J1Y'leH-
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Pa3.u;eJleHHe 113OTonOB 25-35
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6) paCXO.ll.bI, CBH3aHHbIe C nOTepeii ypaHa H nJIYToHH5I;
7) paCxo,l(bI Ha nepepaooTKY, oOe3Bpe1KHBaHHe, oTBep:>K.lI.eHHe H
Y.lI.aJleHHe TBep.ll.bIX, :>KH.lI.KHX H ra300opa3HbIx pa.ll.HOaKTHBHbIX OTXO.ll.OB;
8) npOtIHe paCxo.ll.bI.
OCHOBHbIMH B 3THX 06LU.HX pacxo.ll.ax Ha pereHepaU:HIO SlBJISIIOTCSI
3aTpaTbI Ha pa3.l1.eJIeHHe H OtIHCTKY ypaHa H nJIYTOHHH. 3TH paCXOAbI
B nepBYIO OtIepe.ll.b 3aBHCHT OT MOLU.HOCTH (npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHOCTH) pa-
)l:HOXHMHtIeCKOrO 3aBO.ll.a no nepepa60TKe OOJIytIeHHbIX TB3JIOB H CTC-
neHH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3TOH MOLU.HOCTH (CTeneHH 3arpy3KH 3aBO.ll.a).
B JIHTepaType npHBO.ll.HTCH HHTepeCHaH ou:eHKa Y.ll.eJIbHbIX KanHTa-
OBJIO:>KeHHH H .3KCnJIyaTaU:HOHHbIX 3aTpaT XHMHtIeCKOH nepepaOOTKH
6JIyqeHHoro H.lI.epHOrO TOnJIHBa B aaBHCHMOCTH OT npOH3BO.ll.HTeJIbHO-
T a 6 JI H 1.1; a 23.3. 3aBHCHMOCTb KanHTaJIOBJlO:lteHH!i H IIKcn.llyaTal\HoHHwX paC:XO,l,OB
oQ1' IIpOIBBO,II.HTeJJbHOCTH P8AHOXHMH'IecKOro SaBO,ll.a
npoR3BOAHTeJlbHOCTh .3KCDnya- npOH3BOAHTeJIbllOCTb .3KCnJIya-
saBOA8 KanllTaJIO- s oAa 1(81111T8no-
BJlO>KeHHH. Tal.\HOHHIoIe 8JIO)KeHHJI. T81tHOIIHI>Ie
I Aonn IKr aaTPaTIoI . I Aonn .Ira- Sa'l'p8T111.
TOnJIHSa AOJIJI . IKr 1'ODnHBa AOJIn ./Kr
'r/cyr T/roA TODnHBa T/cyr 'r/roA 1'OnnHBa
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:338
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BH,n:HO, liTO C TOllKH 3pCHHH 3aTpaT HaH60JIce BblrO,n:HbI CTpOllTeJIbCTBO
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TOnJIHBa (no ypaHY) B ro,n:. TaKoe npe;I.npHHTHC ,n:OJI)KHO 6b1Tb pac-
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O,n:HaKO npeHMyIll.eCTBa 60JlbIllHX 3aBo,n:OB, BbIpa)KaIOIlI.HeCH B HH3-
KHX y,n:eJlbHblX pacxo,n:ax, MorYT pe3KO YMeHbIllHTbCH, eCJIH HX MOIll.-
HOCTb HCnOJIb3yeTcH He nOJIHOCTbIO. HanpHMep, pacxo,n:bI npe,n:npHH-
THH C 60JIbIllOH npOH3Bo,n:CTBeHHOH MOIll.HOCTbIO, HO C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM
CC Ha 40 %, TaKHe )Ke, KaK H pacxo,n:bI 3aBo,n:a C MOllI,HOCTbIO B 2 pa3a
MCilbIlleH, HO C 100 %-I1b1M ee HCnOJIb30BaHHeM.
Ba)KllbIMH cpaKTopaMH B .3KOHOMHKe 3aBo,n:OB no nepcpa60TKc 06-
JIylleHHblx TB3JIOH HBJIHIOTCH: npo,n:OJI)KHTCJIbHOCTb xpaHeHHH (BbI,n:ep:>K-
KH) TOnJIHBa nepe,n: pa,n:HoxHMHlICCKOH ncpepa60TKoH, ,n:JIHTeJIbHOCTb
npouecca nepepa60TKH TOnJIHBa, HCnOJIb30BaHHe BblcoKonpoH3Bo,n:H-
TeJIbHOrO o60py,n:oBaHHH (HanpHMcp, npHMelIeHHe 60JIec cOBepIlleHHo-
ro 3KcTpaKUHoHHoro 060py,n:oBaIIHH), COKpaIll.CHHe lIHCJIa cTa;J:HH npo-
uccca H HX ynpOllI,eHHe, HCnOJIb30BaHHC pH,n:a ueHHblX COCTaBJIHIOllI,HX
T a IS JI H U a 23.4. 3aTpaTbi Ha YAaJJeHHe OTXOAOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT npOIl3BOAHTeJlbHOCTII npeAnpHIITHH
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np01!3BOAHTeJlb- I MJlH I TbiC. ;I.oJlJl'/(T.rOI\)
HoCTb 3aaoAa,
T/rol\ MJlH 1\0JlJl 1\0JlJl I(T rOI\) MOIl! 1\0JlJl.
150 300 2,0 7,75 300
300 370 1,2 10,5 200
750 500 0,7 16.0 100
1500 700 0,45 24,5 70
3000 1000 0,34 40,2 52
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npHMC'IaHHe
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I Kr ypaHa. P;OJIJI.
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10 .lI.OJlJl./Kf
B TOM qHCJle JlOKaJIH3aIJ;HSI OTXO.ll.OB
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OtxOlJ.,bI B03BpalIJ;aJOTCSI 3aKa3'1HKY
C JlOKaJl!i3aIJ;HeH OTXOlJ.,OB
MOIIJ;HOCTb 33BOl!,a 860 TjrOl!,
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33
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237Np, TpaHCnJIYTOHHeBbIX .3JIeMeHTOB, HCKOTOpbIX npO.ll.YKTOB .lI.eJIeHH5I
H .lI.p.). OC06yIO pOJIb HrpaIOT pa3pa60TKa H Blle.ll.peHHe 60JIee COBep-
IIIeHHbIX H .lI.CIlleBbIX arperaTOB .lI.JI5I MCXaHHtICCKOH pa3.l1.eJIKH TenJIO-
BbI.lI.eJIHIOIllHX C60POK H TB.3JIOB.
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.JIHTepaTypHbIM .lI.aHHbIM, COCTaBJI5IeT npHMepHo 300 TbIC. .lI.OJIJI. Ha 1 T
.ncpepa6aTbIBaeMoro ypaHa H MO)!{CT KOJIe6aTbC5I B .lI.OBOJIbHO IllHpO-
KHX npe.ll.eJIax (Ta6JI. 23.4). 3aTpaTbI Ha Y.lI.aJIeHHe OTXO.ll.OB cocraB-
JIHIOT cYIIJ.eCTBeHHblH BKJIa.ll. B o6IllHe paCXO.ll.bI, .lI.OCTHra51 50 % H .lI.a)!{e
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COBpeMCHHa51 XHMH'ICCKaH TeXIIOJIOrH5I nepepa60TKH 06JIYtIeHHbIX
'MaTepHaJIOB B COCTOHIHIH 06eCnetIHTb ,lJ.OCTaTOtIHO nOJIHOe H3BJIetIeilHe
lIO'ITH Bcex u.eHHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB oTpa60TaBIIIHx TB.3JIOB. K TaKHM
ueHHbIM COCTaBJIHIOIIJ.HM OTIIOCSITCH B nepByIO otIepc.!I.b HeBblropeBIllHH
235U H BHOBb o6pa30BaBIllHHcH nJIYToHHH, npe.ll.CTaBJIeHHbIH H30Tona-
MH 238PU, 239PU, 240pU, 241PU, 242PU. BOJIbllIYIO ueHHOCTb npe.ll.CTaBJIH-
JOT 237Np, 241Arn, 242Crn H .lI.PyrHe npO.ll.YKTbI ,lJ.eJIeHH5I. HanpHMep, npH
r JIy6HHe BbIropaHHSI 33000 MBT. cYT/T TB.3JIbI BO.ll.O-BO.ll.51HOrO .3Hepre-
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13 Macce ypaHa 0,9 % 235U H 9,7 r nJIYTOHHSI Ha 1 Kr ypaHa, npH'IeM
cO.!l.ep:>KaHHe ,lJ.eJI5IIIJ.HXC5I H30TonOB nJIYToHHSI ,lJ.OCTHraeT 70 %. Perc-
l:Iepau.HH 235U H ,lJ.eJIHIIJ.HXC5I H30TonOB nJIYToHHSI n03BOJIHeT cYIIJ.eCT-
BeHHO YMeHbllIHTb nOTpe6HocTb B npHpO,lJ.HOM ypaHe, ero 060raIIJ.eHHH
H C03,lJ.aTb COJIH.lI.HbIH pecypc nJIYToHHSI ,lJ.JISI H3rOTOBJIeHHH TB3JIOB pe-
.aKTOpOB Ha 6b1CTpbIX HeHTpoHax. OOJIytIaeMbIe HYKJIH,lJ.bI 237Np, 241Arn,
242Arn, 244Crn, 06JIa,lJ.aH onpe,lJ.eJIeHHOH KOMMeptIeCKOH CTOHMOCTbIO, MO-
.rYT cYIIJ.eCTBeHHo BJIHHTb Ha CHH:>KeHHe ce6ecToHMoCTH .3JIeKTpO.3Hep-
fHH A3C.
C nOJIHbIM OCHOBaHHeM CtIHTaIOT, tITO B 6JIH:>KaHIllee BpeMSi CJIe.ll.Y-
'CT O)!{H,lJ.aTb nOBbIIlleHHSi cnpoca Ha HyKJIH.lI.bI, Hcno.'lb3yeMble B KatIe.
TBe HCTOtIHHKOB TenJIa ,lJ.JIH npOH3BO,lJ.CTBa .3HeprHH. HHTepeCHO cono-
TaBHTb ce6eCTOHMOCTb (.lI.OJIJI./r) BbI.lI.eJIeHHH HYKJIH.lI.OB 237Np, 241Arn,
243Arn, 244Crn C HX u.eHaMH (,lJ.OJIJI./r) (.n:aHHbIe YnpaBJIeHHSI no aTOM-
l:IbIM H KOCMHtICCKHM HCCJIe.n:OBaHHHM ClllA). 3TH .n:aHHbIe npHBe,lJ.eHbI
HHlKe:
237Np . . . . . . . . .
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2UCm...
27
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100
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BCCbMa .3cpcpeKTHBIIO C .3KOHOMHtIeCKOH TOtIKH 3peHH51 H3BJIetIeHHe
11 .n:PyrHx ueHHbIX HYKJIH.n:OB - npo.n:YKTOB .lI.eJICHHH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, KOMnJICKCHOe HCnOJIb30BaHHe Bcex nOJIe3HblX KOM-
nOHCHTOB 06JIYtIeHHbIX TB.3JIOB, a TaKlKe Cneu.HaJIbHOe nOJIytIeHHe He-
KOTOpbIX u.eHHbIX npo.n:yKTOB nYTeM 06JIytIeHHH COOTBeTcTByIOll..tHX MH-
.llIeHeH B .lI.eikTBYIOIIJ.HX 3HepreTHtIeCKHX peaKTopax SiBJISieTCSi Cpe,lJ.CT-
340
BOM nOBbIIlleHHH 3KOHOMHqHOCTH nepepa60rKH 06JIyqeHHOrO H.lI.epHOrO
TOnJIHBa H BCerO TOnJIHBHOrO II,HKJIa B lI,eJIOM.
B CBH3H C B03MO}j(HOCTblO H3BJleqeHHH 06pa30BaBillerOCH nJIYTOHHSI
npH pereHepall,HH TOnJlHBa CJle yeT nO.ll.qepKHYTb oc06yIO nepCneKTHB-
HOCTb B 3KOHOMHqeCKOM OTHOIlleHHH A3C C peaKTOpaMH Ha 6bICTpbIX
neHTpOHaX, TaK KaK OHH n03BO,lHIOT peIllHTb rJlaBHblH BOnpoC H.lI.epHOH
3HCpreTHKH - HaH60JIee pall,HOHaJlbHOe HCnOJIb30BaHHe ypaHa H nJ1y-
roHHH KaK H.lI.epHOrO TOnJlHBa. PeaKTOpbI Ha 6bICTpbIX HeHTpoHax 06-
.lIa.ll.alOT HaHJIyqIllHMH B03MO}j(1I0CTHMH pacIllHpeHHoro BocnpoH3Bok
CTBa Si.ll.epHOrO TOnJIHBa C BbICOKHM K03cpcpHlI,HeHTOM BocnpOH3BO.ll.CTBa.
BpeMH Y.lI.BOeHHH KOJIHqeCTBa H.lI.epllOrO TOnJIHBa B peaKTope Ha 6b1CT-
pbIX HeHTpoHax COCTaBJlHCT MeHee 10 JleT, qTO H HBJlHeTCH rJlaBHbIM
npeHMYIIJ.eCTBOM, KOTopoe n03BOJIHCT peIllHTb Bonpoc HaH60JIee 3cp-
<peKTHBHoro HCnOJIb30BaHHH TOnJIHBa. 003TOMY cTpOHTeJlbCTBO A3C
C peaKTopaMH Ha 6bICTpbIX HeHTpoliax - reHepaJlbHaH JIHHHH .lI.aJlbHen-
mero pa3BHTHH aTOMHOH 3HepreTHKH B HaIlleH cTpaHe.
13.4. 3KOHOMH'IeCKHit CMWcn pereHepaqHH OTpa60TaBwero
TonllHBa
B pH.lI.e cTpaH npOBC.lI.eHO conOCTaBJIeHHe 3aTpaT Ha pa3BHTHe H.lI.ep-
Hon 3HepreTHKH C 3aTpaTa:vtH Ha nepepa60TK)" oTpa60TaBillero TOnJIH-
Ba (3aKpbITbIH II,HKJI) H 6e3 nepepa60TKH (OTKpbITblH II,HKJI) , KOr.ll.a
npH OTCYTCTBHH pereHepall,HH oTpa60TaBIllee TOnJIHBO xpaHHT B Teqe-
IIHe onpe.ll.CJIeHHOrO BpCMeHH, a 3aTeM Y.ll.aJIHIOT H3 6Hoc4>epbI KaK BbI-
COKoaKTHBHbIe OTXO.ll.bI.
ConOCTaBJIeHHe 3aTpaT Ha pereHepall,HIO oTpa60TaBIllHX TB3JIOB C
3aTparaMH Ha H3BJIeqeHHe MaTepHaJlOB, B nepBylO Oqepe.ll.b 235U, .lI.e-
.lIHIIJ.HXCH H30TonOB nJIYTOHHSI, HenTYHHH, pH.lI.a TpaHCnJIyToHHeBbIX 3JIe-
MCHTOB H npO.ll.YKTOB .lI.eJleHHH, nOKa3aJIO, qTO 3TH 3aTpaTbI 6J1H3KH HJIH
KOJle6.1IIOTCH B He3HaQHTeJlbHbIX npe.ll.eJIax B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOH'bIOHK-
Typbl lI,eH Ha ypaH H nJIYTOHHH. HanpHMep, no HeKOTopbIM .lI.aHHbIM,
CTOHMOCTb H3BJIeQeHHblX SI.lI.epHbIX MaTepHaJIOB npeBbIIllaeT 3aTpaTbI
Ha HX pereHepall,HIO Y}j(e npH lI,eHe 3aKHCb-OKHCH ypaHa 56 .lI.OJIJI./Kr,
CTOHMOCTb 3aTpaT Ha npeBpaIII.eHHe ee B reKcacpropH.lI. ypaHa
3 .lI.OJIJI./Kr, CTOHMOCTb 060raIIJ.eHHH UF 6 72 .lI.OJIJI./Kr H npH YBeJIHQe-
HHH paCXO.ll.oB Ha H3rOTOBJIeHHe nJIyroHHiko.ll.ep}j(aIIJ.ero TOnJIHBa-
CBbIIlle 4 .lI.OJlJI. Ha 1 Kf .lI.eJlSlIIJ.HXCH H30TonOB nJIYToHHSI. B HaCTOSIIIJ.ee
BpeMSI 3TH lI,eHbI 6JIH3KH K CYIII.eCTBylOIII.HM Ha Me}j(.lI.YHapO.ll.HOM PbIH-
Ke. CHIDKeHHe 3THX CTOHMOCTHbIX nOKa3aTeJIeH B nepcneKTHBe MaJIO-
BepOHTHO, KaK H 3anpeIII.eHHe HCnOJIb30BaHHSI nJIYTOHHSi B Si.ll.epHblX
peaKTopax, QTO MOrJIO 6bI CHH3HTb CTOHMOCTb H3BJIeQeHHblX MaTepHa-
.lIOB npHMepHO B.lI.Boe. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3aKJIIOQHTeJIbHbIe CTa.ll.HH SI.lI.ep-
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THqeCKH SlBJISIIOTCH 6e3y6b1TOQHblMH B 3KOHOMHQeCKOM OTHOIlleHHH.
COrJIaCHO paCqeTaM 3aTpaTbI Ha Y.ll.aJIeHHe oTpa60TaBIllero Ton-
JlHBa B Henepepa60TaHHOM BH.lI.C H 3aTpaTbI Ha OTBep}j(.lI.eHHe OTXO.ll.OB
OT pcreHepall,HH .lI.aHHorO TOnJIHBa 6Y.ll.YT O.ll.HHaKOBbt B CJIyqae, eCJlH
YQHTbIBaTb 3aTpaTbI, CBH3aHHbIe C TenJIOBbI.lI.eJIeHHeM TOnJIHBa. ECJlH,
O.ll.HaKO, 3aTpaTbI Ha Y.ll.aJIeHHe BbICOKoaKTHBHbIX OTXO.ll.OB COOTHeCTH
341
C IIX 06'beMOM, TO OKa:IKeTC5I, 'ITO 3aTpaTbI Ha y.u.aJIellIIe Hencpcpa60-
TaHHOrO TOnJIIIBa B 5 pa3 npeBMC5IT 3aTpaTM Ha y.u.aJIeHIIe OTBep:IK-
.u.CHHbIX OTXO.u.OB OT pereHepall.IIII. YBCJIJf'IeHIIC 3aTpaT B TOnJIIIBIIOM
lI.IIK.'1e 6e3 pereHepall.IIII TOnJIIIBa BH.u.HO II3 C.'1C.u.YlOI11.IIX .u.allHblX
(.u.OJIJI./Kr) :
XpaHeHHe B TeqCHHC 3 JleT. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TpancnopTllpoBKa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3aTpaTbJ Ha y.ltaJlellHe c yqCTOM TOJIbKO TCnJlOBbl1I.eJlCHH!I .
HToro
20-30
10-20
20-50
50-100
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Bcero .
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130-300
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O.u.HaKO II3 npHBc.u.cHHMX .u.allllbIx BII.u.HO, 'ITO 3KOHOMII'ICCKYlO lI.eJIe-
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nJIYToHIIH, nOJIY'IaT .u.aJIbHeHillee pa3BIITIIe II 5!.u.cpHa5! 3HeprII5! 6y.u.CT
IIrpaTb Bce B03paCTalOI11.YlO pOJIb B 06I11.eM 3HeprCTII'IeCKOM 6aJIaHCe
MllorIIX CTpaH MIIpa.
B «OCHOBHMX HanpaBJIellII5IX 3KOHOMII'IeCKOrO II COll.IIaJIbHoro pa3-
BIITII5I eeep na 1981-1985 ro.u.bI II Ha nepIIo.u. .u.o 1990 ro.u.a», YT-
BCP:IK.u.CHHMX XXVI C'be3.u.OM Knee, npe.u.YCMOTpeHO .u.aJIbHeHillee 3Ha-
'IIITeJIbHOe pa3BIITIIe 51.u.epHOH 3HepreTIIKII B HaillCH CTpaHe, onepe:IKalO-
I11.ee TeMnbI pa3BIITII5I Tpa.u.IIlI,IIOIIHOH 3HepreTIIKII. By.u.YT paCIllIIpeHbI
CYI11.eCTBYlOI11.IIe II nOCTpoeHM IIOBbIe KpynHble A3C C YCTaHoBKoH pe-
aKTopOB e.u.IIHII'IHOH MOI11.HOCTII 1-1,5 MBT. B o.u.IIHHa.u.lI.aTOH n5!TII-
JIeTKe Ha A3C npe.J.ycMaTpIIBaeTC5! BBeCTII 24-25 MJIH. KBT HOBbIX"
342
MO HOCTeH C .LI.OBe.LI.eHMeM e:IKerO.LI.HOrO BBO.LI.a .LI.O 7 MJIH. KBT, a B CJIe-
..n:YlO eH nSlTHJIeTKe TeMn npHpocTa .LI.OJI:lKeH 6b1Tb .LI.OBC.LI.CII .LI.O 10 MJIH.
KBT. Ha .a:aHHOM 3Tane nJIaHHpyeTcH C03.LI.aHMe KpynllbIx A3C MOll!.-
HOCTblO 4-7 MJIH. KBT Ka:IK.LI.aH C MOll!.HblMM peaKTopaMH Ha T,enJIOBblX
HeiiTpoHax. Dpe.LI.ycMoTpeHhI paCIIIH})e'Hi4e KYPCKOH H -4epH06b1JIbCKOH
A3C, cTpOHTeJIbCTBO HOBhIX - CMOJIeHCKOH, I1rHaJIMHcKoH, lO:lKHo-YK-
paHHcKoH, 3anOpO:IKCKOH, POCTOBCKOH, BaJiaKOBCKoH, XMeJIbIlHu,KOH,
POBeHcKoH H .LI.pymx A3C. CoopY:IKeHHe aTOMHbIX TenJI03JIeKTpou,eHT-
paJIeH, Bblpa6aTblBalO Hx KaK 3JICKTpHqecKYlO, TaK H TenJIOBYlO 3Hep-
rHlO, nJIaHHpycTCSI HaqaTb B6JIH3H O.LI.eCCbI, XapbKoBa, MHlIcKa IT BOJI-
rorpa.LI.a. CTpOHTCJIM Y:IKe npHcTynMJIM K C03.LI.aHHlO aTOMHhIX CTaHu,MH
TCnJIOCHa6:IKeHHH, BbIpa6aTbIBalOll!.HX TOJIbKO TenJIOBYlO 3HepmlO, B ro-
pO.LI.ax rOpbKOM H BopoHe:IKe.
B CBH3M C 3THM 60JIee OCTpO CTaB5ITCH 3a.LI.aQM pa3BMTHH M ycoBep-
lUCHCTBOBaHH5I Bcero H.LI.epHOrO TOnJiMBHOrO u,HKJIa 3HcpreTHKH, B tIaCT-
HOCTH cy ecTBeHHoro CIIH:lKeHHH CTOITMOCTH nepepa60TKH H.LI.epHOro
'TOnJIHBa, pa3pa60TKH M YCOBCPIllCHcTBoBa HH5I XHMHKO-TeXHOJIOrHQe-
CKHX MeTO.LI.OB, KOTophIe n03BO.'151T MaKCHMaJIbHO COKpaTHTb rJly60KYlO
npe.LI.BapHTeJIbHYIO Bbl.LI.ep:IKKY oTpa60TaBIllHX TB3JIOB, YCKOPlfJb 060pa-
'lHBaeMOCTb TOnJIHBa, a CJIe.LI.OBaTeJlbHO:>' nOBbICHTb 3KOHOMHtIHOCTb pa-
.60TbI H.n.epHhIX YCTaHOBOK H Bcero TOnJIHBHOrO u,MKJIa, tITO oc06eHHO
Ba:IKHO .n.JISI peaKTopOB Ha 6b1CTpbIX HeHTpOHax C paCIllHpeHHbIM BO-
cnpOH3BO.LI.CTBOM TOnJIHBa.
OCHOBHoii 3a.LI.atIeii B 06JIaCTH pereHCpau,HH oTpa60TaBIllcro Ton-
JIHBa B HaCTOSl ee BpeMSI HBJIHCTCH .LI.aJIbHeHIllee nOBblIlleHHe 3KOHO-
MHtIHOCTH H 3Q>Q>eKTHBHOCTH TeXHOJIOrMQeCKHX CXCM .n.eHCTBYlO HX,
CTpOHll!.MXCH H npoeKTHpyeMblx YCTaHOBOK. HaYQHO-HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbCKHe
pa3pa60TKH .LI.OJI:lKHbI 6blTb HanpaBJIeHbI Ha YBeJIHtIeHMe Ot{HCTKH u,eH-
HblX npo.n.YKTOB .n.eJIeHHSI, Bbl60p OnTHMaJIbHOrO COOTHOIlleHMH 3KCTpaK-
U,MOHHbIX H COp6II.HOHHblX Onepau,HH B npou'ecce pereHepau,MH TOnJIHBa,
onpe.LI.eJIeHHe pecypCOB B03MO:IKHOH 3KCnJIyaTau,MH 3KcTpaKu,HOHHblX M
'COp6U.MOHHblX CHCTeM 6e3 HX 3aMeHbI HJIH pereHepau,HH, a TaK:lKe YBe-
JIHtIeHMe OQMCTKM nJIYTOHHH M HenTYHH5I Ha KOHetIHbIX aQ>Q>HHa:IKHbIX
OnepaII.HHX M HCnOJIb30BaHHe nO>Kapo-, B3pbIBO- H SI.n.epHD-6e30naCHbIX
CHCTeM.
KOMnJIeKC npOBe.n.eHHbIX HCCJIe.LI.OBaTeJIbCKHX pa60T no C03.n.aHHlO
BO.LI.HOH H HeBo.n.HOH TeXHOJIOrHH pereHepau,HH 06JIYtIeHHOrO TOnJiMBa
peaKTopOB Ha 6hlCTpbIX HcihpOHax, a TaK:lKe on biT C03.n.aHMH H HC-
nOJIb30BaHMSI cxeM pereHepaII.HM TOnJIHBa peaKTopOB Ha 6b1CTpblX HeHT-
pOHax SlBJISllOTCH OCHOBOH .n.JIH peIlleHHSI 3a.LI.aq no pereHepau,HH Ton-
JIHBa, KOTopbIe 6Y.LI.YT B03HHKaTb no Mepe .LI.aJIbHeHIllero pa3BMTMH
lI.LI.epHOH 3HepreTMKH CCCP.
O.LI.HOBpeMeHHO Bce 60JIee OCT po CTaBHTCH BonpOCbI YCOBepIlleH-
CTBOBaHHH TeXHOJIOrHH H3BJIeqeHMH M3 06JIYQeHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB II.eH-
HblX TpancypaHoBblx 3JIeMeHTOB H npO.LI.YKTOB .n.eJIeHMH, qTO HMeeT
OOJIbIllOe 1'exHMqeCKOe M 3KOHOMHQeCKOe 3HaQeHHe. 3TO YKa3b1BaeT Ha
HCKJIIOQHTeJIbHYlO Ba:IKHOCTb H aKTyaJIbHOCTb peIlleHHSI 3a.LI.aQ, CTOH-
IU,MX nepe.n. XHMMQeCKOH TeXHOJIOrMeH 06JIYQeHHOrO H.LI.epHOro TOnJIHBa.
343
BonpOCbI AnSI nOBTOPEHHJI
K rJl8Be I
1. PO.lb COBeTCKHX yqCHbiX B pcrneHHH aToMHoH npoo,lcMbI.
2. PO,lb KTICC H COBeTcKoro npaBHTc,lbcTBa B oprallH3aIJ;HH HCOO.1b30BaHH!I aTOM-
HOH 3HCprHH.
3. 5bepHble Ton.'1HBHble IJ;HK,lb1 aToMHoH 3HcpreTHKH.
K rJlaBe 2
1. 5bcpHafl 3HeprcTHKa Ha cOBpeMeHHoM 3Tane H nepcncKTHBbI ee pa3BIITHH.
2. 5lJJ.epHa!l 3HepreTHKa CCCP H cTpaH C3B.
3. COCTO!lHHe nepepa60TKH oo.lY1JeHHOrO TOnJlHBa 3a py6eJKOM H B eccp.
K fJlaBe 3
1. COCTOflHH!I OKHCJJeHH!I HOJ!OB 3KTHHOH.lI.OB B BO,ilHblX pacTlJopax.
2. <l>aKTopbl, B.1HHIOIIJ;He Ha ChOpOCTb OKHCJlHTC.lbHO-BOCCTaIlOBHTe,lbllbl.t peahU:HH C
yqaCTHeM HOHOB aKTHIIOH,n:OB_
3 BoccTaHoBHTe,lH H OKHC,lHTe,'111 nOHOB nJlYTOHHH, npHMCHHeMbie I! TCXHO,10rHH.
4. fH;J.poJlHTHqeCKOe nOBe,!leHHe HOHOB aKTHHOH.lI.OB B pa3.'1H1JHblX COCTOHHHHX OKIIC-
JleHIi!l.
5 TIpHBe,a!lTc npHMepbl KoMn.'1eKCHblX cOe.ll.HHeHHH aKTHHOH.lI.OB, HMelOm:IIX npaKTHqe-
CKoe 3HaqeHHe npH nepepa60TKc 06J1yqeHHOrO Ton,lHBa.
K rJlaBe 4
1. THnbl cOBpcMeHHblx !I.lI.epHblX pcaKTopoB, HX Ha311aqCHHe H OT.'1H'IHTeJlbHble oco-
6eHHocTH.
2. XapaKTepHcTHKa r.laBHblX BH.lI.OB H.lI.epHoro TOnJlHBa.
3. I<oHCTPYKIJ;HOHHa!l xapaKTepHcTHKa TBC peaKTopoB BB3P II P6MI<.
K rJlaBe 5
1. 5bepHble peaKIJ;HH, npOTeKalOlIJ;He B npoIJ;ecce 06J1Y'leHHH H.lI.epHOrO TOnJlHBa.
2 Pa.ZlHoxHMHqCCKaH XapaKTepHCTHKa o6J1yqCHHOrO ,aHOKCII.lI.a ypalla.
3. 1130TonHhlii COCTaB nJlYToHII!I, 06pa3YlOlIJ;eroc!I B peaKTopax pa3.'1H'IHOrO THna.
4. qeM onpe,aeJiHeTC!I .ltJlHTCJlbHOCTb BbI.ltepJKKH oo.'1yqeHHoro fl.ltepHoro TOnJlHBa ne-
pe,a ero pereHepaIJ;HeH.
K rJlaBe 6
1. l1>aKtopbl, 06YCJloBJlHBalOm:He TpeoyeMyro CTeneHb O'lHCTKH pereHepHpoBaHHblx
ypaHa, nJIyToHHH H HenrYHH!I OT pa.ll.HOHYKJlH,aOB.
2. Oc06eHHocTH TpaHCnOpTHpOBKH OOJJY1JeHHblX TBe. TpeooBaHHH K TpaHcnopTHblM
YCTpoAcTBaM.
344
3. Cnoc06b1 BCKpblTH!I TBC H TB3J10B.
4. UeJiH IIpe.ll.BapHTeJlbHOrO OKHCJlCHHfl !I.lI.epHOrO TOII.'1liBa lIepe.ll. ero paCTBopeHHeM.
K rJlaBe 7
1. 3aKoHoMepHocTH pacTBOpeHH!I MCTa:JJlHqCCKOrO ypalla Hero .lI.HOKCH;I.a B a30THOH
KIIC.10TC.
2. AnnapaTYPHoe ocpopMJleHHC IIpou.ecca pacTBOpeHH!I TB3.10B Ha OCHOBe U0 2
3. XapaKTepHcTHKa ra3000pa311b1X npO,1,YKTOB, BbI.lI.CJlHIOW:HXCfl IIPH pacTBopeHHH 00-
.1yqeHHOrO !I.lI.CpHoro TOII,lHBa.
4. HCTOqHHKH 06pa30BaHHH TBep.ZlblX B3BCCCH H MeTOAbi HX Y.ll.a.1eHH!I li3 pacTBopoB
lIepeA 3KCTpaKIJ;HeH.
K rJlaBe 8
1. JJ.OCToliHcTBa H He.ll.OCTaTKH 3KCTpaKu.HoHHOH TeXHO.l0rHH perellCpaIJ;HH 06,1yqeH-
1I0ro H;I.epHOrO Ton.1HBa C npHMCHeHlleM T611>.
2. OCOOeIlHOCTH COBMeCTHoro nOBe.ll.eHH!I U, Pu, Np II a30THoii KIIC.10Tbl IIPH KC-
TpaKl(HH.
3. XapaKTepHcTHKa OKHC.1HTeJlbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTe,lbHblX IIpOl(CCCOB, Hcno,lh3YCMblX
npli 3c<cTpaKu.lloHHOM pa3.l1.e.leHHH U, Pu, Np
4. TIYTH 1I0BbilIleHII!I K03cpcpHu.HeHToB OqliCTKH IJ;e.1CBblX IIp01l.YKTOB OT HaH60.1ee xo-
pOIlJO 3KcTparHpyeMbix T6<1> IIpO.ll.YKTOB AeJlCHHH.
5 JJ.OC'FOHHCTBa H HC.lI.OCTaTKli OCHOBHblX 3KcTpaKu.HoIIHblX allnapaToB: cMecHTc,leii-
OTCTOHHHKOB, IIY.'1bCaUHOHllbIX KO,10HH H IJ;eHTp06eJKHbIX 3KcTpaKTopoB.
6. CpaBHliTe.'1bHa!l oueHKa pa3.'1HqlibIX MeTO.ll.OB acpcpHHaJKa 1I.'1YTOHHH.
7. OC06CHHOCTH 3KCTpaKIJ;HOIIHOii IIcpepaooTKH !l1I.eplloro Ton.1HBa pcaKTopoB Ha Obl-
CTpbIX HeiiTpoHax.
8. TIoc'le.ltcTBHH BJlli!lHH!I pa.ll.HoaKTHBHoro H3J1yqCHHfl Ha pacTBopbl T611> B pa36a-
BHTene H IIp06J1eMe pereHcpau.HH OOopoTHoro 3KcTparcHT3
K rJIaBe 9
1. OCHoBHble MeTO.ll.bI lIepepa60TKH a30THOKHC,lbIX pacTBopoB pereHepHpoBaHHoro
ypaHa AO .lI.HOKCH.lI.a.
2. KaKHM Tpe60BaIlH!lM .lI.OJlJKeH Y.ll.oB.'1eTBopHTb .lI.HOKCH1I. ypaHa, HCII0.1b3YCMblH B
KaqeCTBC !I.lI.epHOrO TOnJlHBa?
3. I<aKHM 00pa30M H3rOTOBJI!lIOT CMelIlaHHoe ypaH-IIJ1YTOHHeBoe TOII.1HBO?
K rJlaBe 10
1. MeTo.ll.bI OCalK.lI.eHH!I IIJ1YTOHli!l H3 BO.ll.HblX paCTBopOB
2. I<aKHc COe.ll.HHeHH!I nJlYTOHH!I HCnOJlb3YIOT .lI..1!1 no.1)''IeIlH!I AHOKCH1I.a, npHMeHHe-
MOro B KaqeCTBe !I.lI.epHoro TOnJlHBa?
3. TIOJIyqeHHe AHOKCH.lI.a HeIlTYHli!l.
K rJlaBe 11
I. TIpHHu.Hnbl pa3AeJlellH!I ypaHa H nJlYToHH!I npH ra30cpTopHAHOM MCTOAe nepepa-
OOTKH oonyqeHHOrO !I.ltepHOrO TOIIJlHBa.
2. TIoBe.ll.eHHe rJlaBHeHIIIHx IIPOAYKTOB AeJleHHfl IIpll cpTopHpoBaHHH.
3. TIoTeHIJ;HaJlbHble AOCTOHHCTBa HeBOAHblX MeTO.ll.OB pereHepaIJ;HH fl1l.epHoro TOnJlKBa.
K rJlaBe 12
I. 51AepHbIc peaKIJ;HH, npoTeKalOW:He npH 06J1yqeHHH HenTYHHH-237 HeHTpoHaMH.
2. Cnoc06bl pa3.l1.eJleHH!I HenTYHH!I-237 H IIJ1YTOHli!l-238.
345
3. 3aKoHoMepHocTH 3KCTpaKIJ;HH IIHTpaToB n.'1YTOHH!I H HenTYHH!I TperHqHblMH allH-
HaMH.
4. TIoJlyqeHHC n.lyroHH!I-238 A.'1R Me1l.HIJ.HHCKHX IJ;eJleH.
K rJlaBe ]3
1. OT KaKIlX cpaKTopoB 3aBHCHT HaKon.1eHHe H30TonOB aMepHIJ;H!I H KlOpH!I B OOJlY-
qeHHOM !lJJ;epHOM TOrrJlHBC?
2. BblJleJlCHlle aMepHIJ;H!I H KlOpHR H3 BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO,'{OI! paJlHoxHMH'IeCKHX
n pOH3BOJlCTB.
3. OqHCTKa aMepHIJ;H!I H KlOpH!I OT P33.
4. TIpHHIJ;Hnbl pa311.CJleHHSI aMepHIJ.HH H KlOpHR.
K rJlaBe ]4
1. C KaKoH IJ;eJlblO H3BJleKalOT 90S r H3 OTXO.ll.OB pa.ll.HOXHMH'IeCKHX npoH3BoACTB?
2. I<aKoii MeTO.ll. BbI;I.CJleHH!I 90S r H3 BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB HB,lHeTC!I, Ha Bam
B3r.'1!1Jl, HaHOO,'1ee 3cpcpeKTHBHblM?
3. I<aK ocyw:eCTBJI!leTC!I oTAe,leHHe 144CC OT ApyrHx ,1aHTaHOII.ll.OB?
4. HCTOqHHKH H MeTO.ll.bI BbI.lI.eJleHHR 137CS.
K rUBe ]5
1. OcooeHHOCTH OTX01l.0B paAHOXHMHqeCKOrO npOH3Bo.ll.CTBa.
2. HCTOqHHKH oopa30BaHH!I pa.ll.HoaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB H HX KJlaCcHcpHKaIJ;H!I.
3. TIpHHIJ;Hnbl COBeTCKoro 3aKOHO.ll.aTeJlbCTBa, perJlaMeHTHpYIOW:He 06palIJ;eHHe C pa-
1I.HoaKTHBHblMH OTXOJlaMH.
K rJlaBe ]6
1. Oc06eHHocTH oopaw:eHH!I C BblCOKoaKTHBHblMH IKH.lI.KHMH OTXO.ll.aMH.
2. Mepbl no o6ecneqeHHIO 6C30rraCilOCTH npH xpaHeHHH BbiCOKoaKTHBHblX pacTBopoB
B eMKOCTRX.
3. MeToAbi rrepcBo.ll.a JKHJJ.KHX BblCOKoaKTHBHblX OTXOAOB B TBep.ll.oe COCTO!lHHC.
JJ.a,lbHeHllIaH cY.ll.b6a OTBepJK.lI.eHllblX OTXO.ll.OB.
4. TIpHBe.ll.lITe npHMepbl H3 npaKTHKH OCTeK,10BblBaHH!I OTXOAOB B 3apy6eJKHblX
cTpaHax H B CCCP.
K rJlaBe ]7
1. XapaKTepHcTHKa OTXOJlOB cpc.lI.lIcro H HH3KOro ypOBH!I aKTHBHOCTH, oopa3YIOIIJ;Hx-
C!I npH pereHepaIJ.HH 06.1Y'leHHoro !I.lI.epHoro TOrrJlHBa.
2. MeTo.ll.bI rrepepa60TKH H OTBepJK.lI.CHII!I JKH.lI.KHX pa.ll.HoaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB Cpe.ll.Hero>
H HH3Koro ypOBH!I aKTHBHOCTH.
3. YCJlOBH!I B03MOJKHOCTH copoca JKH.lI.KHX OTXO.ll.OB B OTKpblTbie BO;J:oeMbi.
K rJlaBe ]8
1. CocTaB ra300opa3Hblx OTXO.ll.OB H MeTO;:J.bl HX oOC3BpeJKHBaHH!I.
2. TIp06J1eMa TPHTH!I H nYTH ee pelllCHH!I
3. MeTO.ll.bI YJlaBJlHBaHH!I coe.ll.HHeHHH paJlHOHo.ll.a H pa.ll.HopYTeHHH.
4. TIYTH OOpbObi C pa.ll.HoaKTHBHblMH a3p030JlHMH H rrbl,lblO.
K rUBe ]9
1. HOMeHKJlaTypa H CBOHCTBa TBep.ll.blX paAHoaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB.
2. MeTO.ll.bl 06palIJ;eHHR C TBepAblMH paJlHOaKTHBHblMH OTXO.ll.aMH.
3. TIpaBHJla 3axopOHeHH!I TBep.ll.blX pa.ll.HOaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB.
346
1( r JlaBe 20
1. CocTaB H CBoHcTBa TBCp.ll.blX OTJlOJKeHHH Ha rroBepxHocTli arrrrapaToB rrpH rrepe-
pa60TKe pa.ll.HoaKTHBHblX pacTBopoB.
2. <I>H3HKo-XHMHqeCKHC 060CHOl!aHHH rrpOll:cccOB .lI.e3aKTHBal(HH arrrrapaTypbl
3. TIpaKTHKa .lI.C3aKTIIBau.HH oVoPY.lI.OBaHH!I H rrpliMCH!lCMble TeXI!HqeCKHC Cpc.lI.CTBa,
HHTeHcHcpHIJ;liPYIOIUHe rrpouccc.
K rJlaBe 21
1. OcooeHHocTH KOIlTpO. !I pa.ll.HOXHMHqeCKOrO rrpOH3BO.ltCTBa.
2. 3a.n.a'lH, MeTO.ll.bI H TeXHH'IeCKHC Cpe.ll.CTBa KOIlTpO.'1!1 TeXHOJlOrHqeCKOrO rrpouecca.
.3 AHa.(!HTHqeCKHii KOHTPO,lb npOMeJKYTOqllbiX li KOlleqHblX np01l.YKTOB npOH3Bo.Zl-
CTBa.
K r JlaBe 22
1. TIpHHUHnbI oveCrrCqeHH!I !l1I.epHoii ve30rracHocTH rrpH OOpalIJ;eHHK C .lI.e.'1HIIJ;HMHC!I
Bem:eCTBaMH.
2. OCHoBHble cpaKTopbl, BJlH!llOlIJ;lie Ha B0311HKHOBCHIIC IJ;enHoii HJJ.epHoH pCaKIJ;HH.
3 OoCCrrCqeHHe B3pblBO- li nOJKap06e30rracHocTH rrpH rrcpepavoTKc oo.lyqeHHOrO
!I.lI.epHoro TOrrJlHBa.
K r JlaBe 23
1. 3KOHOMH'IeCKlie 060C1I01!aHH!I IJ;eJleCOOOpa3HocTH rrepepaooTKH 06J1yqeHHOrO H.lI.ep-
Horo TOnJlHBa.
2. CTPYKTypa 3KOHOMHKH H.ltepHOro TOnJlHBHOrO IJ;HK,la.
:3. TIYTH CH!liKeHHH 3aTpaT B !I.lI.epHoM TOrrJlHBHOM IJ;HKJle.
nPEAMETHblH YKA3AT-E1lb
A30THCTaK KIICJlOTa 40, 44, 49, 141,
143, 145-149
A30THa!l KHCJlOTa 40, 44, 57, 135-137
AKTHBHOCTb, 113MeHCHHe IIPH BbI.lI.epJKKe
89,90
AKTHHOH bI, aKTHHOH.lI.HblC 3 eMeHTbI
29-59
AKTHHoH Ha!l (aKTHHH.lI.HaSl) TeOpH!I
30,32
AJlKHJlaMHHbI 125, 181-183, 232-235
A. IOMHHHii 75, 78
AMCpHIJ;HH 29, 35, 38, 46, 48, 50, 59,
239-244
A\\eoHUHii-241 84, 197, 198. 237, 244,
340
AMepHIJ;Hii-243 237-239, 340
AHHOHHTbI 179
AHHOHHblH 06MeH 179- 1 80, 244
AnnapaTbl:
BbmapHble 243, 244
.lI.. !I 6HTYMHpOl!aHHSJ 286. 287
.lI..'1!1 OCTeKJlOBblBaHH!I 273-275
1I. SJ pacTBopeHHSJ TB3 OB 114
.lI. !I xpaHeHH!I OTXO.ll.OI! 266
KHIISJIUero C.l0!l 199, 201
3KcTpaKuHoHHble 170-174
ATmma!l oOM6a, aTOM Hoe opYJKHe 9,
20
- npoMblw,leHHocTb 10, 11, 28
-- (!I epHa!l) 3HeprHSJ 10
-- -- - OC!IOBbI JlpOH3B0J1CTBa 59-
61
- 3.1eKTpOCTaHIJ;H!I (A3C) 9, 17, 18,
63, 65. 343
- - TIepBaH B MHpe 9, 16, 28, 61,
343
ATOMHblii Jle.ll.OKO,l 10
- - «JIeHHH:' 10, 65, 70, 76
- -- «JI. BpCJKHeB:' (<<ApKTHKa:.)
63, 65, 66, 70, 76
- -- «CH6Hpb:' 63, 70, 76
AcpcpHHaJK .lI.e.l!1IDHXC!I Bew:eCTB 178
-- HCIITYHH!I 231--233
-- II YTOHH!I 179-184
A3p030Jlli 303
BacceHHbI AJI!I xpaHeHH!I TB3J10B 96
Be30nacHocTb !I.lI.epHa!l 324-332
BepHJlJlHH 77
348
BepKJlHH 29, 30
BHTYMHpoBaHlle (OTXO.lJ,OB) 284--286
Ba. eHTHbie COCTO!lHH!I
aKTHHOH.lI.OI! 34--37
B3Becli MeJKcpa3Hble 168, 169, 171
B3pblBo0e30llacHocTb 332, 333
BO.'10KcH1I.aUH!I 154, 189
BocCTaHOBJleHHe n.'IYToHH!I 142-147
BbI.lI.epJKKa (TB3.'10B) 90, 91
Bblca,lHBaTeJlb 134, 175
ra30Boe paclIyxaHHe (CBcp.1HHr) 70
fa30cpTopH.lI.Hblii MeTO.ll. 217-228
cpH3I1KO-xHMH t lecKHe 060CHOBaHHSI'
217-219
pereHepaIJ;HH TB3 OB 222
fCKcacpTopH.lI. n,lYToHH!I 219, 221, 228-
- ypaHa 198, 206, 219, 221, 225,
228, 341
fH.lI.pa3HH 45, 49, 142, 143, 145, 165
fH1I.pOKCHJlaMHH 45, 142
fHApOJlH3 (aKTHHOH.lI.OB) 51-54
f.'Iy6Hlla BblropaHH!I 84
.Il.e3aKTHBauHSJ (oOoPY.ll.OBaHIISJ) 312-
316
JJ.eHHTpaIJ;H!I 198-200, 215
JJ.e.leHHc !I.lI.cp 59
JJ.H6YTH,'1cpoccpaT 128, 132, 167, 168.
323
JJ.H-2-3TH.'IreKcH.lcpoccpopHa!l KHCJlOTa
125, 240-244, 246, 297
JJ.CCOp6IJ;H!I pa.ll.HoaKTHBHbIX 3arpH3He-
HHii 314, 315
JJ.HCllpOIlOpI(HOHHpOBaHHc 39-50
1l0AeKaH 129
JJ.03b1 06J1yqCIIH!I 167
)l(c.le30(I1) 142, 143
3al<OH paCllpe.ll.CJleHliSJ 121, 122
30.1b-reJib IIpou.ecc 205, 206
"011. (pa.ZlHoHYKJlHAbI) 89, 152, 155.
156, 163, 188, 189, 194, 297, 299
HOHHblH 06MeH 179, 181, 231-235.
290, 292
KaJlH\lJopHHii 29, 30, 33
KaTHoHHTbl 243
I<oMnJleKC006pa30BaliHe (aKTHHoR OB)
54-59
KOHTeiiHepbl TpaHcnopTHbie 95-98
I<OJlJlOH,!I.bl 211
I<OHTpOJIb TeXHOJlOrnqeCKOrO npoIJ;ecca
317
aHaJlHTHIJeCKHe MeTO.ll.bI 319-321
3aj{aqH 317
npOMbllUJleHHblMH npHoopaMH 318-
319
pacxo.ll.bI 319
YPOBIUI 319
I<pHnToH 85, 150, 151, 299-300
KpHtH'IeCKa!l Macca 325
I<ceHoH 150, 151, 299-300
K03<PCPHIJ;HeHT:
OIJHCTKH 124, 156, 158, 162, 165
pa3JJ;eJleHH!I 174, 170
pacnpeJl.eJleHHH 121, 124, 170, 175,
177, 182,232
naHTaHOH.lI.bI 29-31, 33
JIOypeuCHH 29, 30
MaruHH, MarHOKC 75
MeJK.lI.YHap0.ll.HaH KOMHCCliH 110 pa,aHa-
IJ;HOHHOii 3aW:HTe (MKP3) 252-254
MeJK.lI.yHapO.ll.HOe areHTCTBO 110 aTOM-
HOH 3HeprHH (MAfAT3) 17
MeH eJleBHii 29, 30, 33
MHKpOTB3J1b1 205, 206
MOH06YTHJlcpoccpaT 129, 132
MOlltHOCTb 31<cn0311IJ.HOHHOH .lI.03b1 323
HaTpHH (KaK TeIlJlOHOCHTeJlb) 64
HeHTpoHbI'
TenJlOBbie 59, 63
oblcTpble 59, 63
HellTYliHH 15, 28, 29, 32, 197, 234, 322
HeIlTYliHH-237 84, 147-150, 215, 216,
231-233, 340
HemYHHii-239 60
OOOJlOqKH 3J1eKTpOHHble (cTpoeHHe) 29
- TB3.10B 75
- - MaTcpHa,1 75-78
- - OOpallteHHe C OTXOj{aMII 310-
312
06paJIICHHe C OTXO.ll.a'l1H 280, 306
030H 45
OKpacKa HOHOB aKTHHOH.lI.OR 36
OKCHj{bI 195, 199-203, 206, 214-216
OCBeTJleHHe pacTBopoR 117-121
OTJlOJKeHHe OCa.ll.KOB 313
naJlJla.ll.liH 168
TIepHO.ll.HqeCKa!l CliCTeMa 3J1eMeHTOB 29,
33
TIHpOrH,'I.pOJlH3 207
TIJlYTOHHH 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 28, 29,
73, 322, 340, 341
TIJlYTOHHii-236 195-197, 234, 236
TIJlytOHHii-238 228, 230, 231, 234-237,
239
TI.'1YTOHHii-239 60, 82, 83, 85, 86, 237,
340
TI.'IYTOHHii-240 83, 340
TI.1YToHHH-241 83, 84, 244, 340
n.1YTOHHH-242 83, 340
- rH poKcH 214-215
- .lI.HOKCH.lI. 214--215
- MeranJlHttecKHH 71
- OKCaJiaT 208-209
- nepOKCH.lI. 211-212
- nOJlHMepH3aIJ;H!I 207-208
- pe3KCTpaKIJ;HH 164, 165, 185
- cpTOpH.lI.bl 212-213
TI.'1YTOHH!I OKCH.lI.bI 74, 112
TIoTCHIJ.HaJlbl OKKCJlHTeJlbHO-BOCCTaHO-
BHTeJlbHblC 37-51
TIoIKapoue30llacHoCTb 231, 232
TIpO.ll.YKTbI .lI.e.leHH!I 85, 86
ra3006pa3Hblc 107, 115-116
BblXOJl. 88
xapaKTepHcTHKa 87
TIP0600T60p 320
OpoMeTHH-14729
TIpoTaKTHHHii 151, 295, 298, 299
TIpoTaKTHHHii-233 60, 176, 177, 196
11b1J1b paJl.HOaKTHBHa!l 305
- - YJlaB,'1HBaHHe 305, 306
Pa.ll.lIOaKTHRHble OTXO.ll.bI 10, 11, 251-
312
3aKOHo,aaTeJlbCTBO 252--254
HCTOqllHKH 254-255
K.larcHcpHKallHH 256-258
HaKOIIJleHHe 255-258
npHHIJ.Hnbl OUpallteHHH 251-258
cxeMW nepcpa60TKII 259-260
RblCOKoaKTHBHblC 260-280
- OTBepJK.lI.eHHe 267-279
- YllapHBanHe 261-264
- xapaKTepHcTHKa 260-261
- xpaHcHHe 265-267, 275-279
ra3006pa3Hble 294-295
- K.1accHcpHKau.HH 295
- YJl.aJleHHe 297--299
- xapaKTepHcTHKa 294-295
HH3Koro YPOBH!I aKTHBHOCTH 289-294
- MeTO.ll.bI nepcpa60TKH 289-294
- xapaKTepHcTHKa 289
cpeJJ.llero ypOBH!I aKTHBHOCTH 280-289-
- UHTYMHpoBaHHe 284--286
- MeTOj{bI nepcpa60TKH 281-289
- OTBepJK eHHe 284-288
- Y.lI.aJleHHe B JKH1I.KOM BH.lI.e 288-289
- xapaKTepHcTHKa 280
- IJ;eMeHTHpoBaHHe 288
TBep.ll.we 307
349
-- 3axopoHeHHe 309-310
-- MeTaJIJI'lfqeCKlie OOOJlOqKH TB3.'10B
310-312
- rrpeccoBaHHe 308
- CJKllraHHe 308
- xapaKTcpllcTHKa 307
Pa.ll.IIOJlll3 pa36aBHTeJl!l 130- 133
- TBI1> 128, 132, 192, 193
Pa.ll.HOXHMli'leCKa!l npoMblllIneHHocTb 15,
18, 19
Pa36aBHTe,lb 124, 129-132
PacTBopeHHe TB3J10B 107-115
PacpHHaT 124
PcaKTop !lACpliblH 12, 13, 15, 61, 70,
71
BblcoKoTeMnepaTYPHblH 66
Ha 6b1CTpblX HeHTpoHax 14, 27, 63,
64, 88, 344
Ha Terr.lOBbiX HeiiTpoHax 20, 88
BB3P 20, 28, 62, 76
PBMI< 28, 62
.lI..1H Ten,10CHaOJKeHHH H TenJlocpHKa-
IJ;HH 68
PeaKI HH !I.lI.epHblc 81-85
PeaKII.HH .lI.eJleHHH !I.lI.ep ypaHa 59
PeJJ.Ko3eMeJlbHble 3.1eMeliTbJ (P33) 29,
30
PecpJlaKCnpOnecc 231-233
Pe3KcTpaKuHH 164-166, 185, 232
POHraJlliT 46
PYTeHHii 158, 159, 301, 302
- Y1l.aJleHHe 301, 302
COOpKH TerrJlOBbI.ZleJl!llOlltHe (TBC) 69,
79, 99, 104
COJlbBaT 127, 135, 138, 148, 191
Crr,laBbJ ypaHa (pacTBopcHHC):
C aJiIOMHHHeM 110
C MOJlH6.l1.eHOM 110
C UHpKoHHeM III
CTa.lb HepJKaBelOlltaH 77
CT8HQHH TenJlOCHa6JKeHH!I aTOMHble
(ACT) 68
CTaHII.HH 04liCTKH (N\ocKoBCKa!l) 290--
292
CTPOHQliii-90 151, 245, 247
CYJlbcpaMaT JKeJlC3a 142
T errJlOBbl.ll.eJl!lIOm:He 3,leMCHTbl (TB3J1b1)
11, 18, 28, 69
K.laccHcpHKau.HH 69
KOHCTPYKIJ;liOHlla!l xapaKTepHcTHKa 78
peaKTopa BH-600 80, 81
- SB3P 79
- PBMI< 79
TerrJlOHOCHTeJlb rc.llieBblH 67
TOnJlHBO !I.lI.epHOC 10, 18
06J1Y1JCHHOe (oTpaooTaBrnee) 14, 15,
19, 20, 21-26, 341
- Bbl.ll.epJKKa (BpeMH) 90, 91
-- xapaKTCpHCTI!Ka 85
'350
-- TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHe 94-98
-- xpaHeHHe 342
- BO.ll.Hble MeTO.ll.bI nepepa60TKH 91
- HeBO.ll.HbJe MeT01l.bI nepepa60TKH
215-226
- pereHepHpoBaHHoe 195
- CMernaHHoe ypaH-rrJlYToHHeBoe
203-205
TOpHH 28, 29, 30, 32, 67, 73, 176
TOpHH-228 176, 177, 196
TOpHH-232 60, 82
TOpHK-233 60, 82
TpancnopTHpoBKa TB3J!OB 94-98
TpaHcypaHoBbie 9J1eMeHTbI 29, 69
TpHOYTHJlcpoccpaT 125--129, 132--140,
164-193
TpHTHeBa!l B01l.a 106, 107
TpHTHH 106, 107, 153-155
- Y.lI.aJleHHe 106, 107, 300, 301
YnleBO.ll.OpO.ll.bI 129-133
.lI.aJlCHHe 060JlOqeK TB3J10B 98--105
- - - MeXaHH1JCCKHC MeTO.ll.bl 98-
101
- rrlipOMeTaJlJJyprHqeCKHe MeTOAbl
105
- pe3Ka COOpOK 99-100
- TCOVlIl1JeCKOC on.laBJleHHC 222
- XHMHqeCKHe MeT01l.bJ 101-106
- 3J1eKTpOXHMHqeCKHe MeTO.ll.bl 105
YpaH 8. 28, 29, 32, 73
Ypall-232 83, 176-177, 195, 198
YpaH-233 60, 67, 85, 86, 176-177
YpaH-234 177, 196
YpalI-235 12, 13, 15, 60, 82, 83, 85, 86,
325-326, 340, 341
paH-236 83
YpaH-238 60
- MeTaJlJlHQeCKHH 20, 70, 75, 78
- - pacTBopeHHe 108, 109
- 'IeTblpeXBa,'1eHTHblH 45, 143-145
YpaHa .ltHOKCH.lI. 65, 70, 71, 72, 200--
203, 206, 207
- Kap6H.Zlbl 73
- HHTPH.lI.bI 74
- CHJlHQlI.lI.bI 74
YpaHaTbl 201-203, 206
YpaHHJJ.bI 33
cl>epMHH 29, 30, 33
<l>CpTHJlbHblC BelltCCTBa 60, 73
11>1I,1bTP rraTpoHHblH 118, 119
I1>TOpll.ll.bI npo.ltYKTOB .lI.eJleHH!I 219
- cpIl3HKO-XHMH'leCKHe cBoAcTBa
219-222
<l>TopllpoBaHlie 223-226
- TB3J10B peaKTopoB Ha OblCTpblX
HeHTpoHax 223
Ue3HH-137 151, 245, 249
l.I.epHii-l44 245, 248
UeHTpHcpyra JJ;JI!I OCBeTJlCHHH pacTBo-
pOB 119
UeliTpHcpyrHpoBaHHe 119- 1 20
UHKJI 3KCTpaKIJ;HOHHblii 160-165
- !lJJ;epHblii TOnJlHBHblH 10-14, 15,
342, 343
UHpKaJloii 76
IIHpKoHHii If ero CnJIaBbl 76-77, 103
l.I.HpKOHllii-95 157
3HliIUTeHHHii 29, 30, 33
3Kcn.1JyaTaIJ;H!I paJJ;HoxHMHqeCKHX npo-
H3BO.ll.CTB 338, 339
3KCTpareHT 124-126
3KCTpaKT 124. 163, 164
3KcTpaKTopbl 171-174
3KCTpaKIJ;H!I aMHHaMH 181-183, 235.
236
- TBI1> 121, 122, ]24
- - a30THOH KHCJlOTbi 135-137
- HenTYHH!I 147-150
- nJlVTOHH!I 138-142, 163-165.
183-i85, 190-192
- npOJJ;YKTOB JJ;eJleHli!l 156- 1 59
- TOpH!I 177, 178
- ypaHa 133, 134, 136, 137
3JIeKTpOIJ;eliTpa.lli 3TOMHble (AT3U)
68
3HepreTHKa 15
- }JJJ;epHa!l 15-18, 62, 342, 343.
PEKOMEHAYEMASI nHTEPATYPA
MaTepHaJlbl XXVI C'bC3.l1.a I<TICC M.: TIO.'1I1TH3JJ.aT. 1981
ATOM Hall HaYKa li TCXHHKa B CCCP. M.: ATOMH3.l1.aT, 1977.
AToMHall npOMblIUJleHHOCTb 3apyoeJKHblX cTpaHjTIO.ll. pe.Zl A K I<pyrJloBa H
10. B. CMHpHoBa. M.: AToMH3JJ;aT, 1980.
BOpHH n. n., KapeJlHH A. H. TepMO.ll.lIHaMIIKa OKHCJlIITe,lbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJlb-
HbiX npOIJ;eCCOB B TeXHOJlOrHli aKTHHOli.ZlOB. M.: AToMH3t(aT, 1977.
BA BeHKo B. M. COBpCMe Ha!l pa.ll.HOXHMH!I. M.: AToMH3.l!aT, 1969.
HCCJleAOBaHHII B OOJlaCTH nepepa60TKli o6.'1yqeHHOrO TOnJlHsa. MaTepHa,lbl
III cliMn03HYMa C3B. MapHaHcKe JIa3He, 4exoc,10BaKH!I, 24-26 MapTa 1974.
T. 1-3. TIpara; 1975.
HCCJleAOBaHHII B 06J1aCTH nepepaooTKH 06,1yqeHHOrO TOn,lIIB3'. MaTepHaJlhl IV
cHMn03HYMa C3B. I<apJlOBbl Baphl. 4eXOCJJOBaKHSI, 28 MapTa - 1 anpeJl!l 1977.
T. 1-3. TIpara, 1977.
KOJITYHOB B. C. KUHeTHKa peaKuHH aKTHHOHJIOS. M : ATOMII3.ZlaT, 1974.
nepepa6oTJ<a !I.lI.epHOro roplO'Iero/TIoA peJJ;. C. CTo.'1epa H P. PH'Iap.lI.Ca: TIep. c
aHrJl. M.: AToMH3AaT, 1964.
nOAroToBKa 06J1yqeHHOrO SlAepHoro Ton.1HBa K XHMliqCCKOii nepepa60TKer
IA. T. AreeHKoB, 3. A. HeHapoKoMoB, B. 11>. Case.lbeB, A. B. 5IcTpe60B. - M.: 3Hep-
roaTOMH3AaT, 1982.
nJlYTOHHii. C:JpaBOQHHK. TIo.ll. pe . O. BHKa: TIep. C aHr,1. T. 1 H 2. M.: AToM-
H3.l!aT, 1971.
PaIJ,HOXHMH'IeCKall nepepa60TKa H.lI.epHOrO TOnJlHBa A3C/B. 11. 3eM,l!1HyxHH.
E. I1 I1JJbeHKO, A H. I<oH.lI.paTbCB HAp. - M.: 3HcproaTOMli3.l1.3T, 1983.
CHHeB H. M., BaTypoB B. B. OCHOBbi TeXHOJlOrHH H 3KOHOMHKH Sl1I.epHoro TOnJlH-
Ba. M.: ATOMH3.l1.aT, 1980.
WBelJ,OB B. n., CeAoB B. M., Pbl6aJlb'leHKO H. n., BJiaCOB H. H. 5IAepHaSl
TeXHOJlOrH!I. M.: ATOMH3.l1.aT, 1979.
351
ornABnEHHE
flpe.ll.HcJlOBHe 3
4 aCT b I. BBOIJ,HaII . 5
f Jlasa I. 06W:He CBe,1:eHRSI 5
fJlaBa 2. Pa3sHTHe H
epHoH 3HepreTRKH H pa.ll.ROXHMHqeCKOrO npOH3BO.ll.-
CTBa H.lI.epHO-3HCpreTRqeCKOrO Ton,1HBHoro IJ;HK:Ja IS
fJlaBa 3. XHMHQeCKHe H cpH3HKO-XHMHQeCKHe CBoHcTBa aKTHHOH.lI.OB 29
f JlaBa 4. XapaKTepHcTHKa SI.lI.cpHOro Ton,1HBa 59
L1aBa 5. 06J1YQCHHOC SI.lI.CpHOe TOnJlHBO 81
t.J aCT b II. BOIJ,Hble MeTOlJ,bI nepepa60TKH HlJ,epHoro TOnJlHBa . . 91
f.1aBa 6. llo.ll.rOTOBHTCJlbHble npOIJ;eCCbl ncpepa60TKH 06:JYQeHHOrO H.lI.ep-
Horo TOnJlHBa . . . . . . . 91
f.1asa 7. PacTBopeHHe Ten.10Bbl.ll.eJlKIOW:HX 3,1CMeUTOB . . 107
f.1asa 8. 3KCTpaKIJ;HOHHble MeTO.ll.bl nepepa60TKH 06.'IYQeHHOrO H.lI.epHorO
TonJlHBa 121
'4 aCT b III. nOJlYQeHHe OKCH)].OB H3 pereHepHpOBaHHoro lI)].epHoro TOnJlHBa 195
f.1asa 9. llpOH3BO.ll.CTBO OKCH;I.OB ypaHa . . . . . 195
fJlasa 10. llpOH3S0.ll.CTSO 1I.HOKCH.lI.OB nJlYToHHH H HenTYHHH . 207
'4 aCT b IV. HeBo)].Hble MeTO)].bI nepepa60TKH o6J1yqeHHoro H)].epHoro TOnJlHBa 216
LUBa 11. fa30cpTopH.lI.HblH cnoc06 pereHepall.HH oTpa60TaBIUero H;I.epHorO
TOnJlHBa 2]6
q aCT b V. H3BJleQeHHe H3 npO)].YKTOB pa)].HOXHMH'IeCKHX npOH3BO)].CTB TpaHC-
ypaHoBbiX 3J1eMeHTOB H npOIJ,YKTOB )].eJleHHH 228
fJIasa 12. llOJlY'IeHHe 238pU . . . 228
fJlasa 13. Bbl1I.e.1eHHe aMCpHIJ;HH H KlOpHH 237
r.1asa 14. Ihs,1e'leHHe np01l.YKTOB J,e.1eHHH H3 pa.ll.HOaKTHBHblX OTX01l.0B 245
q aCT b VI. Pa)].HoaKTHBHble OTXO)].h1 . . . . . . . . . . . 251
f.1asa 15. 06W:He npHHIJ;Hnbl 06paw:eHHH C pa1l.HoaKTHBHblMH OTXO.ll.aMR 251
f,1asa 16. llepepa60TKa IKRiJ;KRX TeXHO.10rR'ICCKRX OTXO.ll.OB BbiCOKoro
ypOSHH aKTRBHOCTH . . . . . . . .. . 260
f,1asa 17. ilepepa60TKa IKH1I.KliX OTXO,l{OB Cpe1l.HerO II Hli3Koro ypOSHH
aKTHBHOCTH . . . . . . . . . . .. 280
fJlaBa 18. 06e3BpeIKHBaHHe ra3006pa311b1X pa.ll.HoaKTHBHblX OTXO.ll.OB . 294
f.1aBa 19. 06e3BpeIKHsaHHe R 3axopoHeHHe TBep.ll.blX pa.ll.HOaKTHBHblX OT-
XOJI.OB . . 307
f.'IaBa 20. JJ.e3aKTHBaIJ;HH 060pY.ll.OBaHHH paD.HOXHMHQeCKOrO npoH3BolJ,-
CTBa . 312
q aCT b VII. BonpocbI KOHTpOJIH H opraHH3au.HH nepepa60TKH o6J1YQeHHOrO
IIlJ,epHOro TOnJlHBa . . . . . . . . . 317
f.'1aBa 21. I(oHTPOJIb pa.ll.HOXHMH'IeCKOrO npOH3Bo.ll.cTBa . . .. 317
r JlaBa 22. I(pHTHQeCKHe MaCChi, H.lI.epHaH H nOlKapHaH 6e30nacHocTb 324
f.1aBa 23. 3KOHOMH'IeCKHC acneKTbI nepepa60TKH 06J1YQeHHOrO H.lI.epHorO
TOnJlHBa 335
3aK.'1IOQeHHe . 342
BonpocbI .lI.,1H nOBTOpellHH 344
npeJJ.MeTHblH YKa3aTeJlb . 348
PeKOMeHlJ,yeMaH ,1HTepaTypa 351