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Author: Лурье И. Ляпунова К.
Tags: история древнего востока
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8
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18
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18
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24
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qell. MaTepIIaJIOM AJIH MOTblr MOrJIO CJIymlITb, RpOMe HaMIIH, AepeBO,
a BIIOCJIeACTBlI1I - MeAl" 6polIaa H, HaHOl-leu;, meJIeao.
B «CilOpe qJlIHHROBOfi IIaJIbMLI C TaM3pI1CHOM», OAIIOllIIa l-IeMHOI'MX
AomeAmIIX AO Hac aCCMplfllCRHX 6aceH, IfJMHlIRoBaH naJIbMa XBaJIIITCH:
(<Bce, 'ITO lIMeeT aeMJIeAeJIeu;, 011 nOJIyqaeT Ma Moero pOCTRa». B 6acl-le
ABamAbI l-IaaB&l-Ia MOTbIra, HOTOpOti aeMJIeAeJIeu; «OTRpLIBaeT BeMJIIO».
BoaMomHO, qTO aAeCb IIOApaaYMeBaeTCH He TOJIbHO AepeBHl-ll-laH MOTLIra,
1-10 H npMMMTMBHbIH AepeBHHHbIfi nJIyr, coxpaHIIBillMficH eru;e B COBpe-
MeHHOM llpaHe B MeJIRHX qJeJIJIaXCHIIX XOaHHCTBax.
o TOM, qTO ApeBHellIIIlIe nJIyrn 6LIJIH AepeBHHHbIMH, rOBopMT ca-
MbIll TepMMI-I: (IAepeBO aeMJIeAeJIbu;a» (gis apin). Ho B Hpynm.rx xpaMo-
BIiIX xoaHllcTBax IIJIyrH IThIAaBaJIIICb naxapHM co CRJIap;OB no CqeTY
H no CqeTY me BoaBpam;aJIIICb HMH HaAalIpaTeJIIO CRJIaAa. BpHA JIH
TaHoii cTporlIH yqeT BeJICH IIplIMllTMBHbIM AepeBHHHbIM 0PYAHHM.
KpOMe Toro B TeRCTax III AHHaCTHH Ypa BCTpeqalOTCH l-IaMeKII Ha
BLIAaqy Ha MaCTepCRJilX HaHlIX-TO MeTaJIJIH'IeCRIIX nplIHa)J;JIemHOCTeii
IIJIyra. 9TO AaeT nOBoA npe.n;nOJIarM'b, qTO, H3 PHAY C AepeBHHHIiIMH
0pYAIIHMH, yme III TbICHqeJIeTlIe AO H. 3. aHaJIO MeTaJIJIJlqecKKH IIJIyr,
1-10 npII peAROCTH II AOpOrOillIaHe MeTaJIJIa HMeTb MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe IIJIyrn
MOrJIll TOJIbRO HpynHbIe X03HHCTBa.
XoaHllCTBeIlHbIe TeHCTbI Ha <Dapa-IDypynn-aHa, RaR 6WIO yR3aaHO
flume, ynoMIIl-laIOT (maXOTHoro OCJl3» II oo6m;31OT 0 «aeMJJeAeJIbu;aX,
ROTopble AOJImHhI 6bIJIII IIPH naXOTe nOArOIDlTb OCJIOB» (ilorOIiIIJ;HRII).
n pII Y PYRarHHe B RaqeCTBe naXOTHoro mlIBOTHoro IIplIMeIDlJlCH BOJI.
OqeBHAHO, RaRlIe-TO IIaMeneHlffi B CaMOH: TeXHlIRe IIaXOTbI IIo-rpe6oBaJI.lI
aaMeHJ:i[ OCJI3 60JIee CllJIbHbIM mHBOTHbIM. FHA IIa06pameHM, coxpa-
HHBillHXCH ua naMHTHHRax, IIoaBOJIHeT YCTaHoBHTb caMbIll xapaHTep
11.IMI'IU'IIlIH 1fJ0PMbI Imyra II TeXIDIRM IIaXOTbI. )J;BypeThe aHaeT TlBe
11"'lIMJ.I Imyra: nerRMM, XBaTaJOufHM He rny60Ro, 60pOa)];HlIJ;HM aeMnJO,
11 Tlliltem>1M, BOpOqaJOm;RH nnaCT:bI aeMnlI. I1JIyr nepBoro BII)];a, 60JIee
IlIIHBHUM, COXpaHlIJICH )];0
1I11.I) lIero BpeMeHlI. Ero
1I:100paiKeHMe IIMeeTCH Ha
1\11.11 HH)];paX-IIeqa THX (pMc.4).
: II'OT mlyr MOrJIM THHYTb
1II',rU>1; noaiKe BCTpeqaJOTCH
Ylta3aHHH, qTO ero THHynlI
11110r)];a JIJO)];M. THiKeJI:bIi'i
I1Jlyr COCTOHJi ITa corHYToro
.','IIIHlIRa, C HOTOpbIM 6bIJIH
,'oe)];MHeJffiI 2 PYIWHTKff. OT
IIa)J;Hero HOIID:a COIIIHlIHa no-
J\IoIMaJIOCb HaHJIOHHO P;bIJII.lIO, H HeMY npnHpenJIHJIn HpMO, ROTopoe Hna-
JIU Ha IIIeJO lItMnOTHblX. COIIIHUH 6bm, l5aH YRa3:bIBaJIOCb B:bIIIIe, MeTaJIJIII-
'I!'CRIIM. C PYHoHTHaMM M C RImmefl p;epeBHHHofl qaCTbJO IIJIyra npM IIO-
MOIIJ;M BepeBoH 6:bIJIa COe]:(lIHeHa Tpy6Ha, OO::HpbITaH C 06enx CTOpOH.
Hnepxy OHa MMena BOpOHHo06pmmoe paCIIIMpeHlIe (plIC. 5). B THilteJIbIfl
IIJlyr BnpHraJIII P;BYX IIJIM 60JIee BonOB. 06cnY1HIIBaJICH nJIyr TpeMH
JIIOp;bMH: OP;UH 1I3 HIIX HailpaBJIHJI mlyr, p;pyroii nOrOlIHJI lIHIBOT-
UhIX, TpeTlI"fI 3aCbIIIan aepHo B BOPOHIry, oTHyp;a 0110 no Tpy6Re (Bepo-
liTHO TpOCTRIIlWnOM) paBHOMepHO CeHJIOCb B 60P03P;Y. TaRlIM 06pa30M,
aTO THrHeJIOe opyp;lIe HBJIHJIOCb cBoe06pa3HbIM IWM6lIHnpOBaHHlUM
JlJIyroM-CeHJIROM.
.
CE!1bCKOE X03.Rl1CTBO
25
4. JIerHlIi1 mYMepcHlIi1 nnyr. l1a06paIHeHl10
Ha L\I1JIllHD,pllQeCl\ofi neQaTI1
5. IInyr c CeHJ1Hoi1
I10cne naxoTbI,MoTbIiKeHbH II IIoceBa aeMJIJO 3apaDlIlIBaJII'I 60pOlIOfi,
npep;CTaBJIHBIIIeii, nOBlIp;IIMoMY, )];OCRY C 3y6n;aMII IIJII'I ay6QaTbIM Ba-
JIOM. TeHCThI ynoMI'IHaJOT em;e RaHoe-TO 0pyp;lIe, HOCIIBIIIee lIa3BaHMe
«rpH)];HOBOii 60POHW). B03MOiKlIO, 'ITO 3TO 6bIJII'I irpoCTO rpa6JIII,
ynoTpe6JIHDIIIlIeCH He AJIH IIoneBbIX, a AJIH oropop;lIbIX pa60T.
I10MIIMO nop;rOTOBRII aeMJIII II noceBa aeM.JIep;enen; p;OJIlIteH 6bIJI
«OXpalIHTb nOCeB:bI, nJ.)OroHHTb IITIIn;, BbIllan:bIBaTb COplIHHII, p;ocTaB-
26
U'EXIlllEA l(PEBIlErO l(BYPEqI,R
JlHTb BOAY Ha nOJle II AaBaTb BCXOAHTb noceBY». B BaBIIJlOHllll, CorJIac-
HO CBIIAeTeJIbCTBY Teo<ppacTa, MOJIOAOfi xJIe6, ell\e He aaBHaaBllIMJ'I
ROJIOCa, ABamAbI cpeaaJOT, a Ha TpeTllfi BbIrOHHJOT Ha noceB OBen:; TorAa
xJIe6 BbIrOHHeT ROJIOC, B npOTIIBHOM me CJIY'Iae IIAeT B JIliCT. C Tofi 7!{e
n:eJIbJO B ACCllpHH BecuoJO, RorAa noceBbI aJIaROB Ha'lllUaJIII aeJIeHeTL,
no IIOJIHM IIpOrOUHJIli CROT. 3TO, C OAHOfi CTOpOHbI, 06eCIIe'IImaJIO 60JIee
06IIJIbHYJO maTBY, a C APyroit - AaBaJIO CROTY BoaMomUOCTb BOCIIOJIb-
BOBaTbCH IIOAHomuhIM ROpMOM.
BpeMH maTBbI (arrpeJIb - Mall) I-IOCl'IT l-IaaBaUlie «MeCHn:a, HorJ(a
cpeaaJOT H'IMeHb». Kpyul-lbIe xoaHiicTBa IIOCbIJIaJIII CBOJO pa6o'l)'JO Cl1JlY
AJIH y60pRII ypomaH, RaR c006ll\aeTCH B pHAe AeJIOBbIX AORYMeHToB
II I AHuaCTHII Y pa. H'OJIII'IeCTBO 13Toii pa60'lefi CliJIbI nlIorAa 6bIBaJIO
AOBOJIbUO BeJIIIRO, 1 UO c06CTBeUUbIX pa60'lliX PYR JIeXBaTaJIO II Ha
BpeMH maTBbI 06bI'IIIO HBJIHJIliCb «UaeMHble pa60THIIRIi» (lu-hunga),
cpeAII ROTOpbIX 6bIJIO Muoro liHOaeMn:eB, qall\e Bcero ropn:eB, llCIWB-
llIHX B 60raTofi cTpaHe IIpoIIIITaHIIH. TaRl1M nYTeM IIpOUIIHaJIII B ABY-
pe'lbe B MIIpHoe BpeMH 3JIaMIITbI, HaCCliTbJ, cy6apIIiin:bI II aMopen.
AJIH maTBbI npIIMeUHJIl'I cepubI, qaCTO YiloMluraeMbIe B TeHCTax.
Ma06pameHIIH cepnoB uaflAeHLI B KIillIe. B nOCJIeAHee BpeMH HeoAHo-
RpaTuo HaxOAIIJIli qpeaBbIqaiiuo ApeBlllle cepnbI B pacRonRax Y pa,
KlillIa, cDapa-IlIYPYilnaRa II B ApyrIIx MeCTax. KaMeHHbIe nJIaCTIIHbI
cepna DCmRIIBaJIIICb B rmIHHHYJO PYROHTb TaRIIM 06paaOM, 'lT0 uapymy
npllXOAIIJIaCb aaay6peuHaH cTopoHa IIJIaCTIIH, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO 3TIIM
cepnoM ROJIOC He cpeaaJICH, a CIwpee nepenlIJIIIBaJICH. I10ame cepilhI
CTaJrn: AeJIaTb II3 MeTaJlJIa.
CTe6eJIb aepIlOBbIX pacTelmit (HqMeHb, nmemm:a) cpeaaJICH O'leUb
BbICOIW, npll6JIII311TeJIbUO caUTllMeTpOB 15 OT ROJIOca. B aTOM B HaCTOH-
ll\ee BpeMH JIerI{O y6eAHTbCH 6JIarOAapH IIpOlI3BeAeHllHM 11306pa3IITeJIb-
I-Ioro IICRYCCTBa. B paCHOilRax ApeBHero ropOAa KIIIIIa HafIAeHbI OCTaT-
RllIIHRpYCTan:lIif, BRJIaAOR lIB RYCOqROB 6eJIofl paROBIIUbI B CTeHbI, IIBO.
6pamaBIIIllX Ha TeMHOM <pOHe cu;eHbI CeJIbCROX03HllCTBeuuoro TpYAa.
CpeAII 13TIIX ID{JIaAOR eCTb II306pameUllH muen:OB, CBHabIBaJOll\IIX B
CROll ROJIOCbH HqMeHH, cpeaaHUbIe OIIIIcaHIIbIM bIIlJe CIIoc060M.
CpeBaHHbIe ROJIOCbH nepeBOBIIJIl'I Ra TOR. Y CTpOllCTBO ero, BepOHT-
1-10, HH'leM He OTJIUqaJIOCb OT erIIneTCHoro. 06MOJIOT npOII3BOAllJICH
nYTeM BbITailTbIBaHllH CHonOB l{pyrrHblM IIJIll MeJIRIIM CHOTOM (OCJIbI,
BOJIbI). MeJIRl1e XOBHllCTBa MOrJIII 6paTb CROT AJIH MOJIOTb6u B HallMbI.
H OAeRC XaMMypanli YCTaHaBJIllBaeT TBepAYJO pacu;eHRY aa nOJIb30-
BaHl'Ie TpYAOM mnBOTHoro: aa BOJIa ynJIaqlIBaJIll 20 Ra HqMeHH (17 JI),
sa OCJIa - 10 Ra, Ba OCJIeHRa IIJIII MOJIOAOrO 6bIqRa - 1 Ra. B HelWTO-
pbIX CJIyqaHX AJIH 06MOJIOTa npIlMeHHJIaCb, BepoHTHo, MOJIOTHJIRa.
TaR, ROAeRc XaMMypann, HenocpeAcTBeHHo 5a HamvIOM mIIDOTIIbIX
AJIH 06MOJI OTa, YilOMlluaeT HaeM BOJIOB, nonoaRII II nOrOHll\llRa. BOB-
1 TaH Ha Ta6JIeTHe Ha c06paHHfi 8pMI1Tama, MHB. :M 7421, coxpamlJIaCb
HaJI;nI1Cb: «172 qeJlOBeHa (HaJIb) Ha :I. JI;eHh JIR maTBbl, 118 HliX 23 qeJIOBeHa aa-
IIRTLI 6L1HaMH, a 28 'leJIOBeH 60JIhHbI...
CElfII,CEOE X08Hl1CTBO
f1
:MOmHO, 'ITO peTh II;n;eT B;n;eCh He 0 l-Ia:U:Me TpaHCnOpTI-I:bIX cpe;n;CTB,
n 0 l-IaflMe Ha BpeMH MOJIOTID1RII, ROTOpylO He Bcer;n;a MOrJIII IIMeTh MeJI-
Rlle c06CTBeHHIIRIl.
"Y CTpOitCTBO MOJIOTllJIRll 6:bIJIO npHMepHo TaRoe me, RaR H 60pOH:bI:
mlIpoRaH ;n;OCRa ycamIlBaJIa"CL no I-lIIiImefi cTopoHe OCTp:bIMII, TBep;n;bIMii
RaIIUUIMII, ROTOp:bIe ;n;OJI1KHhI 6hIJIH pa3p:bIBaTb ROJIOC.
Ha TY1JHOit n01JBe ]J;Bype'IbH ypomaIl, cy;n;H IIO ;n;aJ-IH:bIM repO;n;oTa, 6hI-
JIII 01JeHh BhICORlI, ROTOphIfi ;n;JIH MeHee nJIO;n;Opo;n;Hoit ACCIIpllll YCTawlB-
JIIIBaeT IIX B caM-200-300. CTpa60H rOBopllT 0 TaROM me BhICOROM ypo-
mae ;n;JIH H1JMeHH (caM-300), O;n;HaIW, Y TeotPpacTa I{l'ItPp:bI iJHa'lIlTeJIb-
1-10 HHme (caM-50-100). TaRoe pacxom;n;eHl'Ie nOaBOJIHeT ;n;YMaTb,
'ITO ;n;aHHhIe repO;n;OTa HeCROJIbRO npeYBeJIH1JeHhI. Ha;n;nllcH JIyraJIb-
aH;n;hI, O)J;Horo 113 npaBl'ITeJIeii
JIarallIa, ;n;alOT I{llq>py B 22
reRTOJIIITpa Ha ra IIPH IIO-
ceBe B 42 JI, T. e. HeMHoro
60JlbllIe 50 Ha 1. Cpe)l;IUIfl
me ypomait, COrJIaCHO yRa-
BaI-lIIHM )J;penHIIx TeHCTOB,
6hIJI OROJIO 60 RYP (72 3 / 4
reRTOJIMTpa) Ha 1 6yp
{63 510.5 RB. M.)
06MOJI01JeHHOe aepHo
CMeTaJIM BMeCTe C MHHMHOit
B RY1JM l'I npOBeIIBaJIM, no;n;-
6pachIBaH ero JIOnaTROfi,
nOCJIe 1Jaro OHO elI{e IIpocelI-
BaJIOCh. n pOBeHHHoe II IIpoceHHHoe aepHO XpaHl'IJIOCb B SepI-IOBhIX 3.M6a-
pax. ]J;peBHeitrrraH q>opMa aM6apOB ManeCTHa no 1I306pameID1.1O I-Ia OTTHC-
He npOTm.maMCHofi ne1JaTl'I 1m Cya, BOC1W;n;HlI{efl H HOHD;y IV T:bICH1JeJIe-
Tl'IH)J;O 1-1.3. (pHC. 6). Ha ;n;epeBHHHoit nJIaTq>opMe, nOHOHlI{efICH Ha )J;epe-
BHHHOii: nO;n;nopRe Ha 6pYC:beB, CTOHT )J;Ba cTpoeHMH, RpyrJI:bIe B nJIaHe,
npHRp:bIThIe RyrroJIo06paaHLIMM Rp:bIrrraMM. BBepxy nO)J; Rp:blrrrefi 13TH
BepHoxpaHumnI{a IIMelOT OTBepC'rlIe, 1Jepea ROTopoe 3aC:bInalOT 3epHO
(aHaJIOrM1JHaH q>opMa 3epnOXpammHlI{a 6hIJIa II B )J;peBHeM ErnrrTe).
I{ 3TOMY OTBepCTMIO nO)J;hIMaIOTCH no npl'ICTaBHOfi JIeCTIDID;e. "Y CTpOit-
CTBO aepHOXpaH1:IJIIIlI{ Ha )J;epeBHHH:bIX nO)J;MOCTRax 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM,
'ITO TOJIh!{O TaRIIM 06pa30M B03MomHO 6hIJIO B IIpIlMMTMBH:bIX YCJIOBHHX
CTpOMTeJIbCTBa y6epe1J:b xJIe6 OT MypaB:beB II ;n;pyrHx Bpe)J;IlTeJIefi. 3nI
nO)J;nopRM IH'rpymaJIl'ICh B TOJICThIit CJwii comI, ROTopaH nORp:bIBaJIa II
CaM:blit IIOJI aM6apOB. TeRCThI ropo;n;a JIarama OTMe1JaIOT aa60TY Bcex
npaBMTeJIe:tl:, l-Ia'IImaH C "Y pHanllIe, 0 coopymeHuH aepI-lOXpaHHJ1JIlI{ )J;JIH
xpaHeHIffi 3aIIaCOB 06lI{HH:bI, )J;JIH xoaHiicTBa caMMX 3TUX npanMTeJIefi,
nOCTeneHHO B:bI;n;BMralOlI{MXCH B Ra1JeCTBe BepxyrrrRM 06lI{III-I:bI. PaCRon-
Rll Cap3eRa B TeJIJIo-JIararrre 06HapymUJIII OCTaTRII TaR oro aM6apa,
nocTpoeHHoro nplI "Y pHaHrne, HeCROJIbRO 60JIee COBeprneHHoit ROIlCT-
6. 3epHOXpaHIiJIHIIIe. Mao!5pameHHe Ha OT-
TIICH6 npOT03JIaMCHOfi D;IIJIHHJI;pHQeCHott
ne"laTD
28
rI'EXHHRA /rPEBHErO /rBYPEqI,H
PYRQUII, '1eM OIIIICaUUaH DLlille. IIpHMoyroJILI-IaH nocTpoiffia IIMeeT 10 M
60 CM B .n;JIlIHY II 7 M 30 CM D illIIPIIUY, CJIomeua II3 nJIaUOROHBeRCULIX
RlipnII'Iefi II IIOHOIITCH Ha Tpex CJIOHX RlIpnn:'1uofi HJIa.n;RII. Bce cTpoe-
IDm 6bIJIO OHpymeHo RlIpnII'II-IbIM 3aMOm,eHlIeM. CTeHbI coopymemm
IIMeJIli 60 CM TOJIIII,J1HbI. HIIRaHoro IIpn:3uaHa .n;Bepn: I-Ie 6uJIO Hafi.n;eHo.
BHYTpn: al\I6apa 6uJIO YCTpoeHo .n;Be HOMI-IaTbI, o.n;ua HBa.n;paTHaH, .n;py-
raH IIpHMoyrOJIbHaH C HIIillefi cHapymli. Mem.n;y I-IapymHofi CTeHO:H
II CnJIOillUhIMII, He IIMelOm,IIMIi .n;Bepefi HOMI-IaTaMn OCTaBaJICH Y3Hnfi
npoxo.n; B Bn:]].e IwplI):J;Opa. BOHpyr CTpoemm, cuapymll, Haii.n;eHO 6UJIO
IJOCeML Hnpnll1ffiUX ocnOBaHlifi .n;JIH .n;epeBHHHUX no.n;nopOR (lla He.n;pa),
no.n;.n;epmllnaBillnx HPUillY Ha.n; BceM coopynIeHlleM. I10JIHOe OTCYTCT-
BHe .n;Bepeit H OHOu aaCTaBJIHeT ]].YMaTh, 'ITO II D .n;aHUOM CJIY'lae MbI
IIMee .n;e.rro C aM6apOM 60JIee npOCTOit ROUCTPYHIJ;Hll, C aepI-lOXpaUII-
JIIIm,eM, aaCblIIRa B ROTopoe BeJIaCh
C nOMOm;blO npMCTaBIILIX JIeCTIDIIJ;.
B nOJIbay aT oro npe.n;IIOJImReI-lliH
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I-lIIH, HllpnH'Hloit H;rra.n;HII qJyu]].a-
MeHTa II Bcex CTeH. IJ;eJILIit ROMnJI€RC
TaHnx 3epnOXpaHllJIIIIIJ; .n;au Ha peJIL-
e£l!e BpeMeHn Cl1UaXepII6a. CYIIl,e-
CTByeT MHeIUlP, '1TO HpUilllI aTIIX
accllpniicHllX coopymelmit ue 6UJIII
Ii. HaMeHHau CTynua uynOJI006pa3HbI, a JIMeJIIi £l!OPMY
CBo.n;a, OTHpUToro cnepe)J,lL
XoaHMCTneHI;I>Ie TeHCTLI III .n;IHWCT.HH Y pa nOCTOHIIIIO ynoMHnalOT
o norpY3Re aepJ.a l-Ia cy]].a, a TaR HaR ROJIII'IeCTBO 3Toro aepna 6bInaJIO
lIuor.n;a .n;onOJIL JO BeJIn:RO, TO I-Ia.n;o nOJIaraTL, '1TO .n;o norpyaHH OHO xpa-
I-IIIJIOCL n06J1lIiJOCTII OT npllCTaHefl, a He .n;O TaBJIHJIOCh Ham.n;LIit paa
H3]].aJIeHa. O;J,IUIM na I-Iau60JIee xapaIITepubIx TeHCTOB 3Toro BpeMelllI
HBJIJIeTCJI Ta6JIeTHa, oIIy6JIliHOBaHHaJI B 1915 r. KOIlTeHo: (1480 RYP
H'IMeHH, IJ;apClIaJI Mepa: rpya cy.n;Ha, HanpaBJIHeMOro B Hnnnyp,
npoIIcxo.n;lIT na 3epuOXpaUHJIuIII,a n;apcHoro RanaJIa».
KO]].eRC XaMMypanli ynOMuHaeT '1aCTUUe 3epHoxpaHIIJUI.III,a, npIil-
HlIMaBIIlHe Ha xpa.HeHlIe xJIe6, II YCTaHaBJIHBaeT MepbI B3LICRaHliJI sa
npIICDoeIIne c.n;anIIoro B 1I1IX 3epHa. rocy.n;apcTneHIILIe aM6apLI Haxo-
.n;nJIIICh B ne.n;eIDm OC06LIX 1-Ia]].3upaTeJIeit, ROTOphIe 06H;aauLI 6UJUI
.n;aBaTh OT'IeTbI rJIanHLIM Ha.n;3I1paTeJIHM, IIpe.n;cTaBJIHBillHM CBO.n;HII 3THX
OT'IeTOB B xpaMOBbIe II IJ;apcHue RaHIJ;eJIHpIIII.
HeRoTopbIe BU.n;bI aepHa, ]].0 ynoTpe6JIeHIIH nx B num;y, IIpe.n;naplI-
TeJIhI-lO o6pa6aTbIBaJIUCh TOJI'IeUneM B H8MeHUbIx cTynRax (pIIC. 7),
]lJIH Toro '1T06bI YAaJIUTh TBep.n;ylO illeJIYXY; B 'lacTuoCTn, TaR TOJIRJIH
;)MMep.
PaaMOJI aepna IIpOHaBo.n;IIJICH .n;OBOJILUO nplIMIITIIBUhIM cnoco6OM
lIaR B MeJIRHX, TaR II B RpynHIxx X03HitcTBax. Ha BCeM IIpOTHmeHllll
IlCTOpHII p;peBnero ]J;BypeqLJI B TeXHIme pa3MOJIa aepI-la HllRaRoro
CEI1U}1l0E X08HllCTBO
9
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CEJILClCOE X03HnCTBO
43
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nOJlHOe OTpameHHe B BaROIIO)J;aTeJlbCTne XaMMypaIIu, r)J;e OTMeqaeTCH
TaRme pOJIb U nOJlOmeHHe IIacTyxa. OT)J;eJlbKbIe IIaparpa )bI RO)J;eRCa
RaCalOTCH RapbI 3a nOTpaBY IIOJleu: CIWTOM, HafrMa CROTa JlIln;aMII,
He IIMelO UMJI c06CTBeHHoro CROTa )J;JIH nOJIeBbIX paGoT, IIeHH Ba IIO-
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pImaeT CJIyqaIl 3JIOCTHOfi IIOpqIl KJIeMMa IIaCTYX3.MII II IIpO)J;aJRII ClWTa
B qYJRIIe PYRIiI, CJlyqall, BepOHTno, He pe)J;Rne B 60JlbnUIX X03HficTBax,
ITacTYx 06H3aH CJIep;I1Tb 3a npnIIJlo)J;OM, II YMeHbmeHue IIpllnJIo)J;a
rp03I1T eMY Rapofi. MaTepnaJlbHOe IIOJIOJRenlIe nacTyxa BO BpeMeHa
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npIlpoCTa, MOJlOqHbIX npo)J;YHTOB, HO , mepcTII, a TaRJRe IIO)J;CqeT
naBmero CROTa B RPYIIHbIX X03HfiCTlJax Be)J;YTCH nO)J; na)J;30poM oco-
6bIX JIlin; II IIO cTporoMY CqeTY. XaMMypanIl, IIOChIJIaH 'lIIJIOBHIIROB R
CIIHII)J;)J;IUlHaMY, cBoeMY HaMecTHImy, IIHIIIeT eMY: «Ror)J;a OHH IIpn-
6Y)J;YT R Te6e, oTnpaBbcH C HllMII II IIponepb poraTbIU: II Memmi:i: CKOT,
naXO)J;H lIfICH IIO)J; TBOIlM YilpaBJIeHI1eM».
EIIJIOM CROTOBO)J;OB HBJIHJlIICb XIUlJ,HIIHII pa3I1bIX IIOpO)J;, H3 ROTOpbIX
HaII60Jlee OilaCHbIl\l 6bIJI JleB. ITO<JTOMY )J;OBOJlbHO paHO )J;JIH na)J;30pa
3a CTa)J;aMII npllMeHHJlaCb c06aRa; 1I306paJReHIIH CTop01I\:eBbIx nacTymh-
IIX c06aH HMelOTCH Ha I{IIJIIIH)J;pax-neQaTHx.
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peqbe c03)J;aJlO OTJlIIqHbIe YCJIOBHH )J;JIH pa3Be)J;emIH )J;oMamueu: :B,O)J;H-
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T. e., OqeBn)J;HO, )J;JIH IIepCOHaJla, 3aHHToro Ha IITllqHOM ABope. ,I!;Be )J;PY-
rHe Ta6J1eTRII (J'& 7687 n 7558) YHa3bIBaIOT Ha I1CIIOJlb30BaHne )J;JIH
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cpaBHIITeJIbnO II03)J;HO; BepoHTHo, olIa JRCIIOpTlIpOBaJIaCb 113 MU)J;IUI
II llepCIIII II pa3BO)J;IIJIaCb, npeuMy ecTBeHIIO, B 60Jlee ceBepHbIX
06JIaCTHX )J,nypeqbH, B ARRaAe, a 3aTeM B ACCIIJ?HH.
44
TEXl1IIRA /tPEBHErO /tBYPE'll>H
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me IIaCTYXII BblrOWIJIII Ha II8CT6.lII.U;a, Ha 3eJIeHbIH ROpM; RpOMe Toro
nT.lIqa IIOJIyqaJIa 8epHO, rycn - 1/3 CIIJIa B )J;eHb, RypbI - 0.1 CIIJIa,
ro;n;y6n - 1/ 15 CIIJIa.
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no CBoeMY BRYCY IIJIII IIpUrOTOBJIHeT Cblpoe TeCTO, IIJIII rreqeT xJIe6».
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45
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<[TO JIbBbI B ero BpeMH pa3BeJIIilCb B TaR OM KOJInqeeTBe, qTO TPYIILI mo-
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J(aJIII HoceBU. IIo;:JTOMY 3a60Ta 06 YJIHqTOmeHIIH ;o;IIRUX rI\HEOTUbIX
flBJIHJIaCb ;o;eJJOM He TO.JIbRO HalI";O;Oro xopOllIero X03HIn-Ia, 110 I'I ;o;CJIOM
l(eHTpaJIbIIOfI BJIaCTli. 06 8TOM fiCUO ronopHT IiI Ha;o;rrlICII II Iil306pmI"e-
HIIH accuplIllcRoro BpeMeHII.
B 8rroce I'IIJIbraMellIa, OTpamaIOru;eM B accupnitcRO:M peJ(aRQIIII
YCJIOBIlH mU3HU ropa3;O;o 60JIee paHUIIX BpeMeH, OXOTUI1R rr'OaJIYCTCH
22.. ao6pameIllle OXOTIIlI'IMIX aarOHOD. OTTlICR npOTmJJIaMCROfi 1.\11-
JIlIHn;pWlOcHott I1e'IaTIl 118 Cya
JIa repOH 3JIHII;o;y, HOJIY3BepH-nOJIyqeJIOBeHa, QTO 011 MelliaeT aaHn-
MaTbCH OXOTofI: MaCbmaJI OH 3aIIa;O;IW: IiI HMLI, ROTopbIe fl BUpbIJI,
BblpBaJI OJI ceTII Mom>... llIYMepCHOe CJIOEO, 03HaqaIOIl{ee OXOTY,
BLIparrmeTCH B IIUCbMe 3uaROM oropomellJIoro IIpocTpauCTna, a u306-
pameulIe TaRUX oropomeHHbIx IIpocTpaHcTB, TaRux 3arra;o;HefI, IIJIII 3a-
rOUOB ;o;JIH aHTI!JIOrr U ra3eJIeii IilMeeTCH Ha O;o;HOM lIS npoTo;:JJIaMCIHIX
UJIUU;o;pOB ROHl(a IV 'l'bICHqeJIeTUH ;0;0 H. 8. (pnc. 22).
Ha PH;o;y C JIoBJIeii mIilBOTHbIX B 3aIIa;o;JIIiI IiI HMbI, B XO)l,Y 6bIJIa OXOTa
C rrOMoru;bIO JIYKa II CTpeJI. HaROUeqUIIRU CTpeJI U I-mMeHllbIe TonopbI,
CJIymuBIlIHe opymlIeM ;o;JIH BonHa IiI OXOTmma, JIaXO;o;H,TIII IiI B Cyaax
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TUJIIilCb e RorrbeM, npeCJIe;O;YH mUBOTlIoe IIO 60JIOTaM B JIO;D;Ke-IIJIOCRO-
;O;OJIRe. Cl(eJII>I OXOTbI JIa Ra6aHa BCTpeqaIOTCH JIa peJIbe Jax ;o;peB-
JIeiiIII:lilx RaMeHHbIX COCy;o;OB; Cl(eJIa TpaBJIII ero c06aHaMu IIMeeTCH
Ha rrpOT08JIaMCROii IIeqaTII us Cya (puc. 23). O;o;UH us TeHCTon III ;o;u-
HaCTIUI ¥pa JIa Ta6JIeTRe 7795 I'ocy;o;apCTBeJIHOrO 3pMUTarr'3 YIIOMII-
HaeT ;o;ocTaBRy Ra6aJIOB U 2 JIlIClll(.
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na JIhBa, caMoro RpynH?rO II onaCHoro XllII\HIIHa. rUJIbraMelli <WLU;e
48
TEXHllRA. /ZPEBHEI'o J(1JYPB'1.£J1
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B pOJIII 3a HTIlliRa MlIpHbIX lliBaqHhIX lIUIBOTHhlX OT HaIIa;o;aIOI.U;erO
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II BhIX0lJ:HJI Ha JIbBa IImI O;o;HH, IIJIII C TOBapH eM (pnc. 24). B nepBoM
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23. lIaoopameJIlIe OXOTLI C co6auaMJII. OTTlICH npoTo:maMcHofi
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lWJI. 3a;o;aqa OXOTIllilW aaRJIIOqaJIaCh B TOM, 06hI CYMeTh 3arnaTb
ROJI B OCHaJIeHnyIO IIaCTh JIhBa II YOHTh ero y;o;apoM Tonopa no ro-
JIOBe. XOTH IIopo;o;a JIhBOB B )J.Bypeqhe He OTJIlIqaJIaCh TaRnMII RPYII-
HhIMli pa3MepaMn, RaR aI!JpIIRaHCRaH, HO Bce ;q e P;JIH aTOM OXOThI Tpe-
60BaJIaCh JIOBKOCTh, OhICTpOTa II 60JIhIIIaH CIiJIa.
IIpH BTOpOM cIIoc06e OXOThI OXOTHIIH CTapaJICH CIIepe;O;II no-
pa3IITh 3BepH ROilheM B TOT MOMeHT, Ror;o;a OH OpaJICH 3a npIIMaHKY,
a TOBaplI OXOTHIIHa nopamaJI ero TOilOpOM.
"- I " 'p, "I!. _' I' " ,. ,"" ',.,:.- "._.T r.'Il' :. ..(, ,,' '-.1. a.
t.\ fij } ) :,c, <f' ",-': " : ,, lg, 3, ",", ,> 'J , ' 'F:
'.M;1t: !,., a ' -;;: I:' ;;jt1J ;; " )' " " I!, ""' f ',7"
'\',.1 .".,' _" :.-' '. , l' { :.,'" ,''f':11' k' :" '. " .;r:-:-
, j. it/t"J - '". r, .;. ,t', . ...,'P t'\- ;" . \' ' '< ",
. ' t' :, l': " , J "'" . i i; ", ',' JjJ '< j . ' ....:' "J,
J' .' ,p ;; P' " ,. , f \, II ; :,;(I' ,\ " .' . "I,' :'J cf:
, f.',f' IN.j . ;(;{ ->'-';. \"" "." ,,' . .,' .,...oj f1: _:! :""I..f/;'.'
..' ' "" ' ,.' '" ' ,... ,; ., .'.. II< . :;",./.:.... .. .. ;
2'.. OXOTa Ha JILDa C npliMamwit I1a06pamcHlie Ha L\HJIUIIJJ;p"qeCIwi!: neqanl
B aCClipliMCRoe BpeMH OXOTa Booo e, a oc06eHHO OXOTa Ha JIhBOB
cTaHoBIiTcH 113JIIOOJIeHHhIM CilOpTOM aCClIpnMCHIIX u;apeM II BeJIhM01H.
OXOTIIJIIiCh neIIIIIMII, BepxOM II B ROJIeCHIIu;e (pIIC. 25).
AmypoaHHilaJI B CBOlIX TeRCTax Heo;O;IloRpaTHo XBaJIIIJICH oTBaroit,
HOTOPYIO OIl IIpOHBJIHJI, coocTBeHHopyqIlO nopamaH 3BepeM. Cu;eHhl
ero OOphOhl co JIhBOM 6hIJlJI H306pameHhI Ha peJIheI!Jax ABopI{a. Opy.
CE!I£CROE X03HtlCTBO
49
mlIeM CJIymlIJIH ROIIbH, ROpOTRlIii Meq, JIYR II CTpeJIIJ. JIeBaH PYR8
BaBepTIJBaJIaCb B RYCOR ROmlI, OCTaBJIHH cB06o)J;HI>Il\m IIaJII>U;IJ, Oqe-
BII)J;HO, qor06IJ IIpe)J;OXpaHJITb PYRY OT TpeHlIH THmeJIOrO ROIIbH.
OilaCHOCTb TaRoii 60pb6IJ JIIIU;OM R JIJIU;Y C XIIlIJ;HlmOM )J;JIH u;apH He 6hIJIa
TaR Bemma, RaR 8TO MOrJIO 61>1 Ra3aTbCH. JII>BOB npe)J;BaplITeJIbHO JIO-
BIIJIII mlIBbeM II )J;epmaJIII B 3arOHax JIJIII B RJIeTRax. IIepe)J; TpaBJIeii
BBepeii BhIIIycRaJIII; 60JIbrrrOe IIpocTpaHcTBo, r)J;e )J;OJImHa 6bIJIa IIpO-
IICXO)J;IITb Tp:lBJIH, Ou;eIIJIHJIOCb )J;BYMH pH)J;aMII BOHIlOB; IIepBIJii pH)J;
6bIJI BoopymeH lIJ;JIT8MII II ROIIbHMH, BTOpofI - JIYRaMH H CTpeJIaMH.
TaRIIM o6pa30M, OXOTa 8Ta HOCIIJIa cRopee xapaRTep 60iiHH 3aTpaB-
JIeHHbIX H 3aIIyraHHbIx 8Bepeii. )];JIH YCTparrremill mlIBOTIlbIX IIpHMe-
_""" 7'-:- ,y... ,- , .;:-.......,.
..
>J;;
I ; j., .{ . .' '"
J 1'!-.... . ,'> '\ .
1,_ . "* .: . ", ::'"
25. OxoTa acclIplificHoro l{apH Amyp6aHlinaJIa Ha JJLBOD
HHJIaCb TpexxBoCTaH IIJIeTRa, cHa6meHHaH MeTaJIJIlIqeCRHMII HaROHeq-
HIIRaMu, ROTOpl>IMII Bca)J;IlHRII XJIeCTaJIU 3Bepeii.
OXOTa BepxoM II Ha ROJIeCHHu;e Ha peJIbeq,ax ArrrYPHaCHpilaJIa
II Arrryp6ammaJIa II306pam8JIaCb HeO)J;HoRpaTHO. PeJIbelf>bI 1'13 Rap-
xeMurrra PHCYIOT cBoe06pa3HYIO )OPMY TaRoii OXOTIlHqbeii ROJIeC-
IU!U;bI Y xeTTOB: RY30B ee C 60ROB oropomeH BhICORHMH lIJ;IITaMII,
3aRp:qIBalOlIJ;HMU OXOTHHRa )J;O rOJIOBbI.
IIpH OXOTe Ha )J;URoro 6bIRa IIJI"H Ha )J;IIROrO OCJIa, - mHBOTHhIX,
OTJIlIqaBrrrlIXCH qpeSBblq:aiiHoii 6bICTpOTOii )J;BlImeHHii, - IIplIMeIlHJIJI
JIaCCO, CBo6o)J;HYIO IIeTJIIO, ROTOpylO Ha6paCbIBaJIII Ha pora HJIU Ha rrrelO
{IIBOTHor.o II 3aTeM THnyJIII B pa3HhIe CTOpOHhI.
)];JIH JIOBJIH mlIBOTHhIX H IITHU; U B aCCHpHllCRoe BpeMH I'! D' )J;peB-
HeM IlIYMepe B XO)J;Y 6bIJIII ceni. Ha CTe:rre 8aHHaTYMa nORa3aH HHH-
;rnpcy, 601' ropo)J;a JIararrra, ROTOpbIii )J;epmHT IIoti:MaHHbIx B ceTII Bpa-
rOB, TOqHO IITIIU; B CIIJIRax. AIIIyp6aHHnaJI, OTilpaBJIHHCb Ha OXOTY,
6paJI C c060ii MYJIOB, HarpymeIlHblx ceTHMU. RaR II )J;JIH RaRUX mlI-
BOTHhIX paCCTaBJIHJIIICb ceTII, MbI 3HaeM no peJIbeq,aM. B ropHcTofl
:MeCTHOCTII 6o.JIbrrroe IIpocTpaHcTBo o6HeceHo ceTblO. BII)J;IlbI ROJIhIIIIRU,
" OqepKH !\peBHero BOOTOK8
50
TEXHHRA IfPEBHErO J{BYPE'lbH
B6uTIJe B 3eMJIIO, II BepeBlnI, IIpUTHrlmalOIIUIe CeTb R 8TnM ROJIbIIlIRaM.
B npOCTpaHCTBO, O'lTOpOllieHHOe CeTHMH, aaroWlIOT OJIeHei1 (pHC. 26
II 27).
iKIIBOTHIiIX JIOBHJIH llilIBbeM MelliAY npO'llIM II AJIH Toro, 'IT05:bI
AeplliaTb IIX B oropollieHHIiIx 3aIIOBeAHlIRax, rAe OHlI MOrJIII pa3MIlo-
lliaTbCH. HCHo, 'ITO aTH cBoe06pa3Hble (\3OOJIOrn'IeCRIIe caAb!» YTIIJIII-
TapHoro 3Ila'IemiH He IIMeJIII, a CJIYllilIJIII TOJIbRO AJIH n:a pCKOM 3a6aBbI.
XapaRTepIlO, qoro Ha PHAY c lIMiiOpTOM B am 3aIIOBeAH1IKII peA]{II
(d
OJ,
. .-A. ..,
' ,*""
""',,,;lIfJ''Ji'':?¥I<''''' " ,,J'<...:-.:",: .r . ' "7"("
>.
. i,-l'f . ..)..
" ".."..:i.'
26. Hao6pameHlle OXOTHll'lherO aarOHa Ha aCClIpllfiCHOM peJIhecpe
lliHBOTHIiIX 113 ):{Pyrnx CTpaii (HailpIIMep, 113 EnIIITa), OThle'IaeTCH IIplI
CbIJIRa Ila6IITbIX 'Iy'IeJI lliIIBOTIlIJX, II TaKlle 'IY'IeJIa Aallie Tpe60BamlCb
n:apHMII ):{JIH nORa3a IIX B CTOJIlln:e.
Ha OXOTe TaR llie, RaR II B CROTOBO):{CTBe,60JIbIIIOe 3Ila'IeIlIle IIMeJIa
c06aRa. CY):{H IIO PHAY 1I305palliemli1 pa3HbIX BpeMeH, nopOAbI c06aR
6:bIJIII 'Ipe3BbI'Iai1Ho pa3Ho06pa3HbI. Ha aJIaMCRJtX cocYAax TaR Ha-
3bIBaeMoro 1-ro CTIlJIH CY3 (IV TbICH'IeJIeTIle) BCTpe'IaeTCH 'IaCTO II306-
pallieHlIe 60p3bIX c06aR C Y3Roi1, ):{JIIlHHOM MOp):{OM II IIo):{lliapbIM TeJIOM.
Ha IIpOT08JIaMCRIlX ne'IaTHX 1I306pallieIlIJ c06aKll IIOpO bI AOrOB,.
C IIOMOrnbIO HOTOpbIX npOBOAuJIaCb TpaBJIH Benpeit H JIbBOB.
B RIIllIe 6bIJIa H3BeCTHa TaRllie nopo):{a, HaIIOMHHaIOII(aH OB'IapHY,.
C IIYIllIICTbIM XBOCTOM, 3aBepnyTbIM KOJIbn:OM. C06aRlI THIIa AorOB.
lIa IIaMHTHI'IRaX Il306pa3IITeJIbiiOrO IICRYCCTna ):{OCTaTO'IHO H3BeCTHIJ
II B 60JIee II03):{lIee BpeMH. HpRIIe, peaJIHCTII'IeCRHe 1'I306pamelIIIH
IlX HMeIOTCH lIa peJIbe<pe AllIyp6ammaJIa, r):{e IIORaaalIO, RaR c06aR
DeAYT CBOPOi1, B ollIei1mmax, BCJIe):{ 3a JIIOAbMH, HeCYII(1'IMII ceTll.
CTPOllTE.71:bHOE. jzE.710
51
.
27. lIao6pameHlle ceTefi II BepeBoH C KOJIhHMH, yno-
'1' pe6JIHBIIIl1XCH n pH OXO'1'e
repO OT rOBoplIT, ITO B nepcn CRoe BpeMH y O Horo H3 caTpailOB Ba-
mI:IOHa «nH IlticRUX C06al{ epmaJIOCb TaRoe MHomeCTBO, ITO qeTIiIpe
60JIbImn: p;epem-m paBHIIHbI, cB060 HIiIe OT pyrHx IIo;o;aTeli, 06HaaHIiI
6IiIJIlI IIOCTaBJIHTb IIpOBII3HIO JIH BTIIX c06aRl}".
rJIana II
CTPOIITE.1IbHOE ,JJ;E.1IO
I1epe HfIH A31IH no CBOUM eCTeCTBeHHbIM YCJIOBHHM He IIpe CTaB-
JIHJra arI,e OTHOCIITeJIbHOrO e HCTBa. Pa3YMeeTCH, qTO TeppllTOpUaJIh-
HIiIe H RJIlIMaTnqeCRHe oc06eHHOCTH, Ha PH Y C COQIIaJIbHIiIMH, ORa3aJIH
cy ecTBeHHoe BJIlIHHIIe Ha pa3JIUqUe apXHTeRTypHbIX tlJOPM, CBH-
8aHHbIX co CTpOIITeJIbHbIMH MaTepHaJIaMH, :HMeBIDUMnCH B OT eJIbHbIX
patioHax.
B ropHbIX pa.rrOHax IIepe Hefi A3HH MaTepHaJIOM JIH nOCTpoeR
n3 peBJIe CJIymIIJIH RaMeHb II epeBO. B I01-RHOM me ,Il,Bypeqbe H3-8a He-
OCTaTRa RaMHH II epeBa caMbIM pacnpOCTpaHeHHIiIM B CT OIlTeJIL-
CTBe MaTepHaJIOM HBJIHJIaCb aJIJIIOBHaJILHaH rJIHHa.
,Il,peBHefIIDIIM BH OM mlIJIII a JIH HlI3MeHHIiIX pafiOHOB ;z:I;BypeqbH
6bIJIO coopymeHIIe H3 TpOCTHIIROBOrO IIJIeTHH, 06MaaaHHoro rJIHHO.rr.
IIpII paCRonRax ropo a Ypa 13 CJIOHX, OTHOCHIQIIXCH R III IIHaCTIIU,
06HapymeHIiI 6bIJIII OCTaTRH nocTpoitroI, H ODJIOMRaX rJIIIHHHIiIX CTeH
ROTOpofi cOXpaHIIJIHCb 3aMeTHble CJIe;O;IiI TpOCTHIIROBOrO RapRaca.
BocnpoII3Be eHHe TaRO.rr TpOCTHIIROBOfi XIDfHIHbI npe CTaBJIHeT
CTeaTIITOBblfi cocy (pIIC. 28), npoHCXO;o;HIQH:H H3 8JIaMa (CY3IiI II).
II 0 06Hble COCY bI B HaCTOH ee BpeMH II8BeCTHIiI II HB pyrIIx MeCT-
HOCTen ceBepHofI MeCOilOTaMIIR H I01-RHOrO ;z:I;BypeqbH: H3 Mapl!, YpYRa,
Y pa. RpyrJIIiIe KllrIHIHbI 1I3 TpOCTHIIROBoro IIJIeTeHIIH co BCTaBHIiIMIl
;J:(BepHIiIMH I:I OROHHIiIMII paMaMII, HHmHlle nOJIOB:HHIiI ROTOpIiIX 3aTHrll-
Q.
.
62
TEXHIlRA J!PEBHETO J!BYPE'lhH
BaJIHCb :QbIHOBRaMII, Cym;ecTBOBaJIH Ha BCeM npOTHmeHHU UCTOplIU
nepe HeR A3IIH, COXpaHl'lBmUCb U O HaCTOHm;ero BpeMeHl'l.
Ha PH y C TaRRMII TpOCTHI'IROBbIMU X1VI\UHaMR, yme C peBHefimux
BpeMeH cym;ecTBOBaJIIl rJIHH06uTHbie CTpoeHIIH 6e3 BCHRoro RapRaca.
HeilpotlHOCTb rJIlIH06uTHbIX nOCTpoeR, pa3pymaBmnxCH npn BbICbI-
XaHl'lII rJIUHbI, l1:0BOJIbHO CROpO 3aCTaBIIJIa HaCeJIeHlIe CTpOUTb CTeHbI
U3 RUpmpIa. II pllMeHeHHe RIIpIIUqa RaR OCHOBHoro meMeHTa CTpOll-
TeJIbHOR TexmIRn MbI BCTpeqaeM B )J,Bypeqbe U3 peBJIe.
Pa60TbI no peMOHTY 1I COOpyrRemno OMOB l'I3 rJIlIHHHbIX Rl'IpnIIqeR
6bIJIIl ce30HHbIMII R npOl'I3BOAlIJIIICb, COrJI8CHO 60JIee n03 HIIM acclI-
PUflCRIIM nCTOqHIlRaM, B rRapRnfI MeCH:Q CHBaH. RJIlIHOilIlCHble TeRCTbI
Ha RaMeHHbIX nJIIITaX 113 Bop:Qa Ca.prOHa, xpaHHm;neCH B rocy ap-
28. Cocya 118 Cys, B ltJopMe lliUJllIlIIa
CTBeHHOM 8pMlITame, co epmaT YRa3aHUH, qTO B MeCH:Qe ClIBaH 6bIJIO
npnCTYlmeHO R BbI eJIRe RlIpnnqeii, a B MeCH:Qe a6, «yRpenJIHIOm;eM
(pYH aMeHTbn>, 6bIJI CoopYlweH XOJIM JIH B03BeAeHIiH BOp:QOBbIX no-
CTpoeR.
H.aH B peBHefi BaBIIJIOHIIII, TaR II B ACCHpun IIOCTpOll:Ra OMOB
npou 3BO lI,HJIaCb cne:QIIaJIlICTaMU-CTpOHTeJIHMII. :Ko eRc 3aROHOB BaBlI-
JIOHCRQro :QapH XaMMyy>ann npe YCMaTpIIBaeT onJIaTY pa60TbI CTpO-
IITeJIH ( 228) U HaHa3aHl1e B CJIyqae He 06poCOBeCTIIOrO BblIIOJIHemiH
rrocTpofmn ( 229-233). He IIMeH OrTaTOqHbIX TeOpeTIIqeCHIIX 3Ha-
HUR, peBHIIe apxuTeHTopbI MeconOTaMIIIl He npOIl3BO IIJIH mIRaRIIx'
paCqeTO B , II MbI BIl,[{IIM, qTO Bce coopymeHIiH BblIIOJIHHJIIICb C IIpeYBe-
;rUlqeHHLIM 3anaCOM npOqHOCTH.
BrrOJIHe BepOHTHO, qTO B HeROTopbIX CJIyqaHX rrpH nOCTpOll:Re IIep-
BOHaqaJIbHO H3rOTOBJIHJICH MaReT coopymeHlIH; B03M01WHO, qTO Ha
C:QeHax rrpHHomeHHH apOB He60JI1>mue RpeilocTH, YMem;arom;necH
Ha JIa,[{oHH, IIpe CTaBJIHIOT c060n TaRue MaReTbI IIocTpoeR. )J,JIH
CJIOrRHbIX nocTpoeH COCTaBJIHJIIICb nJIaHbI C YRa3aHlIe M pa3MepoB
OT eJIbHbIX qaCTeR coopymemiH.
B peBHeIIIYMepCROM ropo e J1arame (cepe HHa III TbICHqeJIeTIlH
AO H. a.) pacRorrRaMH Cap3eRa 6bIJIH OTHpbITbI Be RaMeHHbIe qaTyn,
1I306pamarom;Ile rrpaBHTeJIH JIarama rYAea B BH e apxHTeRTopa. Ha
CTPOIrTEJIhHOE lI,EJIO
53
ROJIeHHX CTaTYH nORa3aHbI naJIeTRH C JIemall{IIMlI Ha HIlX pe3IWMH
;IH HaHeCeHIIH Il306pamemIii II JIHHeiiRaMH (pIIC. 29). Ha O HO:D
1I3 IIaJIeTOR HMeeTCH IIJIaH
CJIomuoro RpeilocTHoro co-
opymeHIIH. JhIHei'lRa C p,e-
JleHIIHMlI, JIemall{aH Ha RO-
JIeHHX CTaTYH ry ea (pnc.
30), IIpe CTaBJIHeT C060lO
Mepy JJ:JIllHbI (JIOROTb), pa3-
eJIeHHYIo Ha 16 qaCTe.rr,
IIHTb 113 HIIX I1MelOT 60JIee
p06HbIe eJIeHIlH (OT nyx
O llleCTII), caMoe MeJIROe
eJIeHne IIpe CTaBJIHeT 1/96
JIORTH. B HInRHe.rr qaCTII
JIIIHe.rrRll uTO eJIe}llIe B CBOIO j
OqepeJJ:b pa3 eJIeHO Ha Be , .tf
II lIa Tpn qaCTlI, BOCIIpOII3-
BOJJ:H, TaRnM 06pa30M, 1/ 288
qaCTb JIORTH.
rIDIHHHbIe Ta6JIeTRlI C
apXHTeRTypHbIMH IIJIaHaMll,
p;OllleWIIHe OT pa3.J1UqHbIX
BpeMeH, 113BeCTHbI B He-
CROJIbRlIX SR3eMIIJIHpaX, Ha
HeROTopbIX npli qepTeme
0603HaqeHbI TaR/Re II pa3-
MepbI OT eJIbHbIX qacTefi no-
CTpoiiRII (pIlC. 31). C;Ie yeT
3aMeTIITb, qTO STlI apxn-
TeRTypHbIe IIJIaHhl mlRor a lie BblllOJIHHJIHCb B MaclllTa6e, a IIpe -
CTaB;IHJIlI C060lO JIlIlllb cXeMaTllqeCRIllr SCRII3 nJIaHa cTpoeHHH.
C peBHeI1UIIIX BpeMeH B J];Bypeqbe HaqaJI IIpnMeHHTbcH RllpIInq
li3 aJIJIlOBlIaJIbHOlr rJIlIHbI, R ROTOpOll B HeROTopbIX CJIyqaHX npnMe-
_- 1f' .....",,) , .;; }
I :- ,.r 1 r<w ,:::'! '
l. ..
; < :::
;j
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", :':T' ">
29. fIJIaH nocTpoi\:1m, pe8 hl II JIll Heihm.
11306pameHHLIe Ha cTaTYHx rY11.ea. 11 paBlI-
TeJIH JIarawa
' flTtU r- JJ W :,:- :fU TJ ,I ;
..:," . : h -' .., .' {:: . t.;:;. ,:+:::: "j :::/,' '>' ,"' .
30. JInHeitHa C neJIeHllHMU co cTaTyn rY11.ea (JIeBaH nOJlOBI1Ha)
mlIBaJIaCb py6JIeHaH COJIOMa. GaMbIe peBHlIe RlipIInqlI, BbIJIeIIJIeHHbIe
OT PYRlI, IIMeJIlr IIpO OJIrOBaTYlO 1JI0pi\IY II, IIOBlIAIiMOMY, 6bIJIIl He-
60JIblllOrO pa3Mepa.
54
TEXHIlRA l!PEBHErO l!BVPEfJ"bH
RHpIIn'UI BpeMeIDI YpHaHille (Haq. III TbICHq.;o;O H. 3.), H3rOTOBJIHB-
illneCH yme B tl>opMaX, COXpaHHIOT npO;O;OJIrOBaTbIn Bn;o; (0.20 Ha 0.30 M),
IIp1'l.qeM BepxHHH nOBepxHocTh Rllpnnqa 6bIJIa BbmYRJIOn C yrJIy6JIe-
HneM nocepe;o;nHe, 06pa30BaHHbIM HallmMOM naJIhI\a PYRH npn tl>op-
MOBRe. 3HaqOHHe 3T011: oc06eHHocTH ;o;peBHlIx RnpIIUqell: OCTaeTCH
HeIIOHHTHbIM. IIo;o;06HbIe 1Ke RUpnnqn n3BeCTHbI U 1'1.3 MHOr1'l.X ;o;pyrnx
1'0pO;o;OB IIIYMepa II ARRa;o;a.
Yme IIpn IIpeeMHImax "Y pHaHille, IIpo;o;OJIrOBaTbIe R1'I.pIIn'UI
p;eJIaIOTCH IIJIOCRIIMU C 06enx CTOpOH. II03JJ:Hee, ell.{e B IIIYMepe,
IIOHBJIHIOTCH RnpIIUqn RBa;o;-
paTHofI tl>0PMhI, CTaBmne
BeChMa xapaRTepHbIMn ;o;JIH
Bcen apxnTeRTypbI IIepe;o;-
Hell: A3un. ;o,peBlIeBaBH-
JIOHCRue RHPITII'III - 06bIq-
1I0 RBa;o;paTHon tl>OPMbI, co
cTopolIaMH 0.31-0.34 M
(BcTpeqaIOTCH OT;o;eJIhlIbIe n
60JIee RpYlIlIbIe 3R3eMIIJIH-
pbI) npH TOJIll.{nlIe B 0.08-
0.10 M. BecbMa BepoHTlIo,
qTO IIX pa3MepbI 6bIJIll CBH-
3aHbI C OClIOBHOll: Mepoll ;o;JIIl-
HbI, paBHHBillencH 0.315 M.
AJIH RJIa;O;RH ROJIOHH (JIa-
81. rmUlJIHaH Ta6JIeTHa C u306pameHlleM ram) H CBO;o;OB npuMeHH-
nJIana nocTpofhm JIUCh RUPIIHqH ClIeI\naJIbHOn
tl>OpMbI .
B accupullCRUX 1I0CTpOImax ;O;JIUHa CTOpOH RBa;o;paTHbIx RHpIIIlqel1
ROJIe6JIeTCH OT 0.32 1'0 0.38 M, IIpU TOJIll.{IIlle B 0.06-0.10 M (uHor;O;8
TOJIll.{IIlla JJ:OCTuraeT 0.15 M). RnplIn:qn:, YiloTpe6JIHBillneCH ;o;JIH coopy-
menllH IIJIaTiPopM, HMem1: CTOpOHbI ;o;JIllHOIO B 0.44 M. B Accype UbIJIIl
HafifWHbI HeooommeHHbIe RnpIIllqn qpe3BbPmfiHo pa:mo06pa3HbIx
<P0PM, mmpnMep, TIOJIYRpyrJlOII u;ru B tl>opMe OT;o;eJIhHbIX cerMeHTOB
RpYl'a, a TaI\:me RnpTIIl'HI C O)J.HOll 3aRpyrJIeHHot'I CTopoHon. 83 3THX
RnpIIUqel1:, IIOBUJUIMOMY, COCTaBJIHJIIICh pa3JIHqHbIe YRpailleHIIR IIO-
cTpoeR, ROTOpbIe DhllIOJIHHJIneh rJIa3ypoBaHHbIMu IIJIHTRaMn.
MHorne U3 RUpIInqen IIMeIOT mTaMlIbI C RJIllHOillICbIO, cO;o;epmall.{ne
l'IMH II TUTYJIaTYPY cTpOIITeJIH.
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HbIX, BbIcymeHHblx Ha COJIHI\e RlIpIIIIqen, H JIllillb ;o;JIH OT;o;eJIbHbIX
racTefi CTeHbI B Han60JIee OTBeTCTBeHHbIX MeCTax IIpHMeHHJICH 060m-
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Re p II RImapllC, OCTaBJIHBIllIleCH B ABypeqbe c ceBepO-3arra a.
Yme IlIYMepCRIle rrpaBIlTeJIll (ry ea) IIOJIyqaJIll epeBO crop
AMaHY, B ceBopHoii CIlpUII. 8TU me ropbI, COrJIaCHO RJIlmOIIIICHbIM
UCTOqHURaM, IIpOJ],OJIil\:aJIlI OCTaBaTbCH II J],JIH aCCllpllll eB MeCTOM,
OTRYJ],a OCTaBJIHJICH B ACCIIpIlIO CTpOIlTeJIbHbIll JIec. B JIeTOnllCHX
CaJIMaHaCapa III yRa3bIBaeTcH, qTO B Ba QaTb llIecToll ro ero rrpaB-
JIeHIIH, rrOCJIe rroxoJ],a B CUpllIO, Ha 06paTHoM IIYTll, BOllCRa B3011IJIll
Ha ropbI aHY, qT06bI Cpy6IITb ReJ],poBbIe epeBbH II TpaHcnopTII-
pOBaTb lIX B ACCIIpllIO.
CTpOIITeJIbHbIe HaJ(IIHCII CUHaxep1l6a co epmaT TaHme YRa3amm
Ha coopymelUIe IIepeRpbITIIll: 113 RImapllCOBbIX II ReJ],pOBbIX CTBOJIOB
rrpIlqeM B TeRCTe oc060 rrO qepRIIBaeTCH, qTO 60JIbIIIIIe l{eJ],poBbIe
CTBOJIbI 6bIJIlI J],OCTaBJIeHLI JIH rrocTpotnm co CHcmHblX rop AMaHY.
Ho He Bcer a CTpOllTeJIbHbIii JIec J],OCTaBJIHJICH B ACClIpllIO C ROpHH,
OqeHb qaCTO 6bIBaJIll llCnOJIb30BaHbI MaTepllaJIbI, rrpIlBe3eHHhIe IIa
II06em eHlThIX ropOJ],OB II RperroCTell. TaR, B JIeTOrrllCHX CaprOHa,
B OillIcalUlll pa3rpa6JIelUIH BO BpeMH ero 8-ro IIoxo a ypapTCRora
ropo a Y JIxy, paccRa3bIBaeTcH, qTO aCCIIpllllCRI'le BOllcRa, BCTYIIII
BO J],BopeQ MeCTHoro rrpaBIITeJIH, meJIe3HbIMll 0PY IIHMll pa36IIJIll t
«RaR rJIlUIHHbIll: ropllIoR», ero RpeIIRlIe RaMeHHble cTeHbI, COpBaJIIi
JIlIHHbIe RlIIIapucoBble CTBOJIbI, CJIymIIBIIIlle RpbIllIell BoPQa II,
06TecaB IlX TOilopaMII, oTrrpaBUJIlI BMeCTec pyroll 06bIqell B ACCllplllO.
Ha peJIbetl>ax J],BOPQa CaprOHa, paCRonaHHoro BOTTa B 40-x rOJJ,a:Ji'
IIpOIIIJIOrO CTOJIeTUH, IlMeIOTCH TaroKe 1I306pameHIlH rrepeB03Rll H8
cy ax 60JIbIIIOrO ROJIIlqeCTBa epeBHHHbIX 6aJIOR. RpOMe Re pOBor
1'[ RIlnapIICOBoro epeBa J],JIH nepeRpbITIlll nplIMeHHJIIICb TaRm&
CTBOJIbI IlJIaTaHa, caMIllIITa, BH3a, naJIbMbI II TaMapllCRa. CBepxy
epeBHHHhIH HaCTllJI 3aCbIIIaJICH TOJICTbIM CJIOeM 3eMJIll, ROTOpbIll,.
COrJIaCHO CBe eHllHM CTpa60Ha, J],OCTIII'aJI 2 JIORTell TOJIIQIlHbI (0.63 M).
B ABypeqbe BCTpeqaIOTCH yme C J],peBHeHlllero BpeMeHlI CBO bI.
B Qa pCRlIX rp06HIlQax Y pa, Ha PH Y C paHee II3BeCTHbIMJIl MOrl'lJIbHhIMR
.
CTPOIITEJIbHOE PEJIO
61
IWMf'paMI1, nepeRphITbIMn cXOAHm;eIIcH RBepxy RJla.IIIWii:, 06paaYIOm;eii
'I'al Ufl3LIllaeMhIli «JIOmHbIII CBOAI), npn paCROnRaX B 1927-29 1'1'.
fil.l.un OTKphITbI RaMeHHhIe Kop06oBhIe CBOAbI, nepeKphIBalOm;He npo-
]l.OJII'OnaTble RaMephI apcRHx 1'p06HII . B 1'po6HII e apH hI illy 6a .r:\
lIMeJICH CBOA, BhIJIOmeHHhIII 060mmeHHhIMll 1'JIUHHHhIMH RnpnJI'IaMM
D OAHH pHA.
ApO'lHble nepeRpbITHH oUHapymeHbI TaRme II B cTpoeHIIHx, OTHO-
CHm;HXCH K Ha'laJIY III ThICH IeJIeTIIH AO H. a. (pnc. 36), paCKOlraHHhI:xi
;/j,
."",....,
'" ''fI'., ' '.' _ ,.' ','
-"'"
,......... '"
, ;/f;t .
:,," \/'1: ": ,.",:",
, 'i! o-
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36. HO lHaTa IIIYMepclwro I\Ollla, paCIwnaHHoro B AIIIHYHaH8
3MepnRaHCKOII :mcIIeJ(ll Heii: B AllIHYHaKe II Xacpa):\mH. H'OHCTPyn: IlH
3TIIX ):\peBHllX rnYMepcRHx apoR H CBO):\OB 6bIJIa npocTa II COCTOHJIa H3
O):\Horo HJIH ABYXPHAOB lIOCTaBJIeHHbIX Ha pe6po n:npllH'leII,nepeKpbIThIX
cBepxy ropU30HTaJIbHO IlOJIOmeHHhIM CJIOeM. TaM me UMelOTCH OTBO):\-
Hble RaIfaJIbI, llepeKphITble Ha BCeM CBoeM npoTHmeHIIJI HeBblCOKHM
Iwpo6oBbIM CBO):\OM (puc. 37).
B accHpHIICROII apxHTeRType Rop060BhIe CBO):\bl BCTpe'laIOTCH ):\0-
EOJIbHO qaCTO. HaH60JIee llHTepeCHbIMU II xapaRTepHbIMH 06pa3 aMII
3Toro po):\a HBJIHIOTCH nepeKpbITllH KaHaJIII3a llOHHoII cnCTeMbI
(I accllpHIICKllX ):\Bop ax.
RaHaJI BO ABop e CaproHa Ha CBoeM npOTHmeHIIU He paa
MeHH.JI CBOIO cpOPMY H CIIoc06 RJIanKH.
O):\IlH KOHe RaHaJIa 6bIJI neperopomeH RllpnH'lHOII cTeHRoII
c ABYMH Tpy6aMH (puc. 38).
62
TEXHIlRA J/,PEBHErO lIBYPEqhH
,IJ;aJIbIIIe I\.aHaJI, paCIIIUpHHCb, rrepexo;:rIIJI B raJIJIepcro, 'IICpeRpliI-
TYro CBO;:rOM CTpeJIbqaTOII cpOPMbI.
Bce aCClIplIllCl\IIe CBO;:rbI, COrJIaCHO CTpa6oHY, BCJIe;:rCTBlIe HC-
;:rOCTaTKa ;:repeBa BbIrrOJIHHJIUCb 6e3 rrpUMeHeHIIH RpymaJIa. Cym;-
BOCTb 3TorO crroco6a 3aRJIIOqaJIaCb B TOM, ITO CBO;:r BbIIIOJIHHJICH
'!'
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f' l",. ; 'I i'" I
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37, HaHaJI BO IJ,BOPl\8 B AUIHYHaR8
OTneJIbHbIMH BepTUKaJIbHbIMII OTpe3KaMII, oiluparom:IIMUCH Ha m:eRO-
BYro CTeHY. B HaqaJIe coopymCHIIH CBo;:ra K aTOll CTeHe rrpIIKJIa-
;:rbIBaJICH CJIOII KIIprrIIqell, IIOCTaBJIeHHbIX Ha pe6po, T. e. IIIlIpORoit
CTOpOHOll K meKOBOII CTeHe, CJIymam:elI orropon-. ,IJ;JIH IIpO IHOCTII
rrOCTpon-KII RIIprrIIqII, COCTaBJIHBIIIIiIe CBO;:r, RJIaJIIICb C 60JIbIIIUM
HaRJIOHOM, rrpIIqeM ;:rJIH YMeHbIIIeHIIH paCilopa, GBO;:ry IIpII;:raBa-
aCb CTpeJIbqaTaH cpopMa. OT;:reJIbHbIC BepTlIRaJIbHble OTpe3KH RJIa;:rKH
CTPOHTEJIbHOE JJ.EJIO
6
ImH3JI3 6:bIJIII ,1Wyx TIIIIOB: O IIH rrpe CTaBJIHJI co6olO CTpeJI]:>qaTYIO
fqmy co cpe3aHHbIM BepXOM, PyroH me apRY, B ROTOpOH CXO-
lllllllllCCH B Beprrume Im:prrnqn corrpnRaCaJInCb Pyr C pyrOM JInIIII>
y".rHlMH (pnc. 39). B rrocTpoHRe <JTll Ba TllIIa RJIa RII Iepe pBaJInCb,
aTlIM OCTnraJIaCb rrepeBH3Ra IIIBOB. HnpIInqn, yrroTpe6JIHBIIIneCH
111111 coopymeHlI11 cBo a, RaR 06bIqHO B ACCl1pIIII, HMeJIII CIIen;HaJIbHYIO
IjloPMY.
B cpe HeH CBoeH raCTH RaHaJI CI1JIbHO cymaJICH, rrplIqeM HHmHHH ero
qaCTb rrpe CTaBJIHJIa rro o6l1e Y3Roro TYHHeJIH, ROTOpbIH o6pa30BaJICH
nOJIOmeHHbIMI1 rrJIaIIIMH, He-
CROJIbRO HaHCROCb R n;eHT-
PY, RHprrl1qaMH, COCTaB-
38. HJIaIJ;I-1a HaHaJIa BO IJ;BOp e
Ca proHa
39. HJIaIJ;Ha HaHaJIa BO IJ;BOp e CaproHa'
JIHlOmilMII CBoero po a «JIOmHbIH CBO I) (pHC. 40). Ha <JTOH RJIa -
ROIl HaXO HJICH ROpH Op, rrepeRpbITbIH Ropo6oBbIM CBO OM, CJIO-
:meHHbIM H3 pH OB RHpIIl1qeH, CI1JIbHO CROIIIeHHbIX B O HY CTOPOHY.
Becl> RaHaJI 6bIJI 3aRJIIO IeH B TOJImy IIJIaTcpopMbI, Ha ROTOpOH 6bIJI
IIOCTpoeH Bopen; ,IJ;yp-IDapPYRIIH.
H B caMOM BOpn;e OT eJIbHble rrOMem:eIf.IIH IIMeml CBOAbI, 06blqHO
TOJIIllIIHOIO B TPH RHprrlI ra, npII IeM BeCI> CBO , Ha nlHaH OT IIHTbI,
COCTOHJI II3 pH OB RIIprrlI IeH, COilpHRacaBIIIIIXCH pyr C PyroM
IIIHpORnMII CTopOHaMII, RaR <JTO BIIAHO U3 rrpUJIaraeMOro pnCYHRa,
II306p amalO mero RJIa RY CBo a BO BOpn;e CaprOHa (puc. 41).
,IJ;Bepu B BOpn;OB:nrX cTpoeHuHx 06bI IHO HMeJIH apOqHbIe rrepeRp:nr-
TIIH, B03BO IIBIIIIIeCH TaR me, RaR II CBOAbI, 6e3 HpymaJIa. B03MomHO,
qTO rrpu nOCTpOHR6 apHII IIepBbIH pH RHprrliqefi YHJIaAbIBaJICH Ha
aeMJIHHOfi HaCbIIIII liJIII me Ha C.TeHHe, CJIOmeHHOfi II3 CbIpn;OBoro
RHprrlIQa, pa36IIpaBIIIeHCH rrOCJIe coopymeHHH apHII. ApXHBOJIbTbI
06bI IHO TOJIbRO IIOp;QepRIIBaJIII ROHCTpYRn;IIIO ap01J,Horo IIepeRpbITUH,.
4
TEXHIIlCA p'pii:BHErO p'BYPE'lbH
XOTH B HUX BCTpeqalOTCH RUPUUqU, UOJIOmeHHbIe IIOCTeJI:bIO, qero He
.u:bIJIO B RJIap;Ke CBOP;OB U3BeCTHbIX HaM accupHIICRUX uocTpoeK. I1Horp;a
.apxUBOJI:bT YRpallIaJICH q>PU30M, COCTaBJIeHH:bIM U3 rJIa3ypoBaHHblx
Raq>eJIeiL
ApoqH:bIe ROHCTpYln uH llIlIpORO up:rI:MeHHJI11C:b aCC11pIIIICI\.l1MII
TpOnTeJIHMII. Ha OP;HOM 1I3 pem,eq>OB, UPOlIcXOp:HIn;eM,u3 HUHeBlIu,
;<IMeeTCH I<I306pameHlIe cap:a C
IWMeHHIiIM IIaBUJI:bOHOJ\1 II CTe-
JIOII C n;apcI\.1IM mJ06pameHueM.
CnpaBa OT IIaB11JIbOHa Haxo-
P:UTCH CTeHa C TpeMH CTpeJIb-
qaTbIMU apRaMII, no Bepxy I\.O-
'40 HJIam\a l\aHaJIa BO nBopu8 CaproHa 41. HJIanl\a CBOJJ,a 130 D,l3opu;e CaproHa
'Topon paCTYT p:epeBbH II C I\.OTOpOII CTeI\.aeT peI\.a, npOTeI\.arom;aH
p:aJIee no cap:y. 3p:eCb, nOllup:IIMOMY, u300pameH CBoero pop:a aI\.-
:Bep:Ylt, IIpOBOP:IIBllIUII BOP:Y p:JIH opOllIeHUH cap:a, IIpUqeM BepXHHH ero
aCTb 6IiIJIa 3aCa1KeHa p:epeB:bHMII II I\.YCTa PHlJl{OM. 8TO 1I30opameHue
ne130JIbHO HailOMUHaeT 3HaMeHIITble (<BIICHqUe cap:hIl) CeMnpaMuT(bI
(puc. 42).
"Yme C :n:peBHeIIllIlIx BpeMeH B nocTpolmax ;r:I;BypeqbH BCTpe q 3;IOTcH
.IWJIOHHIiI. B 8JI:b-06eIIp:e, OI\.OJIO "Ypa, B pa JBaJIl'IHaX xpaJ\Ia ROHn;a
IV TbICHqeJIeTUH p:o H. 3. 6IiIJIn OTKpIiITbI p;epeBHHHbIe IWJIOHHbI, CJIY-
-mnllUIlle ROHCTPYI\.TIiIBHIiIMn 3JIeMeHTaMH Bxop:a B xpaM. OHn IIpep;- ,
-CTaBJIHJIII c06010 CTllOJIIiI p;epeBa, 06UT:ble qeRaHHbIMU JIUCTaMU Mep;lI.
TaJ\1 me 6IiIJIlI HaIIp;eHbI P;Pyrne ROJIOHHbI Tome 1I3 p;epeBa, nOI\.pbITOro
6UTYMOM, B IwropbIII 6bIJIII Bnyrn.eHbI Mep:HIiIe llIneHbRII UHI\.pYCTaq11II
,J13 pa3HOn;BeTHoro I\.aMHH 11 nepJIaMYTpa. HeROTOp:ble IICCJIep;OBaTeJIII
nOJIaraJIII, qTO I\.OJIOHHbI B ;r:I;Bypeqbe nOHBIIJIIIC:b JIlnrrb B XI B. p:o H. B.,
HO OTRpbITIffi B"Y pe onpOBeprml 3TY :rJ;aTY. 113BeCTHIiIII B HaCTOHrn.ee
CTPOItTC:J1bH01!: ;:r1!:nO
C5
BpeMH apXeOJIOrn reCRIIil MaTepHaJI IIORa3hIBaeT, qTO ApemmiiIIIHe
IWJIOUHI,I lI3rOTOBJIHJIHCI, H3 AepeBa; IIPH paCROIIRaX Cap3eRa B JIa-
I'01llle 6I,IJIH o6HapymeHhI OCTaTKII CJIOmeHIII>IX 1I3 ImpIIHqa ROJIOHH,
U'J'HOCHmIIXCH, IIOBHAIIMOMY, K ;n;peBHeIIIYMepCROMY BpeMeHR. JIIIIIII,
OT ACCHpHH AO HaC ;n;OIIIJIH R3MeHHI,Ie ROJIOHIII>I, XapaI{TepllI>Ie ;n;JIH
e'rpOHTeJII,CTBa, rAe OCHOBHJ,IM MaTepHaJIOM CJIymHJI RaMeHb.
B ropHhIX MeCTHOCTHX TIepe;n;HeH A3IIH, oco6eHIIO Y xeTTOB H B
MIITaHHH, RaR IIORa3I,IBaeT H3BeCTHhIH HaM MaTepHaJI, ROJIOHHhI IIMeJIH
cy ecTBeHHoe ROHCTPYRTIIBHoe 3HaqeHlJeH IIOJIyqamI IIpH3TOM CRYJILII-
TypHOC o<!JopMJIeHHe. TaR, B TeJIJIL-XaJIJIalJJe (MHTaHHH) 6hIJIH OTKpLITI,I
,I. I' : I I,' I
, I
! ,I I,
, I '
I
1'1' 111
1 I r If ''''" II .' r . I
1 1 .1 I
'"
111 , .
., ,
'.2. H30GpameHHe aIiBeD.YHa Ha aCCnpl1fiCHOM peJIbe4>e
KpyrrHI,Ie I{aMeHHhIe CTaTYH 60meCTB, Bo;n;py:mellHI>IX Ha 1I306pameHIIIIX
rKllBOTllhIX, BLillOJIHHBIIIHe pOJIL ROJIOHH.
B CTpOHTeJILHhIX Ha;n;IIIICHX CHllaxeplI6a YIIOMHHaeTCH 1I3rOTO-
BJIeHlIe ROJIOIIII Ji13 6p01l3I,I H Re;n;pOBoro ;n;epeBa, IIOKpI,ITOrO 6pOll30iL
8TH ROJIOHHhI 6hIJIIIycTaHOBJIeHhI Ha IILe;n;eCTaJIaX B BH;n;e CRYJILIITYPHI>IX
II306pamemIH JII.BOB, qTO HaXO;n;IIT nO;n;TBepm;n;emIe B accHpniicRnx
pIIcymmx ABOp:qOB II B coxpaHIIBIIIHXCH MaTepnaJILHhIX naMHTHlmax.
TIpH paCROIIRax acCnpIIHCRlIX ;n;BOp:qOB 6hIJIII HaHAeHhI OT;n;eJILHhIe qaCTH
TaRHX 6pOH30BhIX 06HBOR ROJIOHH, a TaIDKe IIIapoo6pa3HhIe RaIIHTeJIll
H 6a3hI RaMeHHhIX ROJIOHH, ROHCTPYRTHBlIoe 311aqeHHe KOTOpLIX
eme He YCTaHOBJIeHO C IIOJIHofi OIIpe;n;eJIeIlIlOCTLIO.
AccnpHficRHe :qapII B CBOIIX TeKCTax qaCTO YIIOMHllaIOT 0 IIOCTpofi-
Rax, Ha3I,IBaeMhIX 6HT-XHJIaHR, BaHMCTBOBaHHhIX Y xeTTOB II COopY-
meHHhIX IIOHX 06pa3:qy. B 3THX nocTpofiImx, RaR BH;n;HO IIO aCCllpHii-
CRHM H306pameHHHM, ROJIOHllhI II MaCCHBHI,Ie HapHH3I,I HBJIHJIllCb
IIX xapaRTepHOH oco6eHHOCTLIO (pIIC. 43).
B Ha;n;IIHCH CaprOHa, XpaHHmeficH B rocy;n;apcTBellllOM 8pMHTame,
ynoMHIIaeTCH 0 IIOCTpOHKe 3AallIIH (<lIO o6pa3:qy xeTTCRoro ;n;BOp:qa»,
5 O"'PKII lIP.suero BOCTOK&
66
Tl'JXflHRA /ZPEBHErO JI,BYPEqb.fl
B ROTOpOM 6bIJIII YCTaHOBJIeHU AepenHHllliIe ROJIOHHbI B 12 JIOl{Teii
BI.ICOTI.I, IIoAAepamnaBIlllTe 6aJIKll BOpOT. Ea3aMH ROJIOHH, COrJIaCHO
RJIHHOIIHCHOMY TeHCTY, CJIymHJIH 6poH30BbIe CTaTYH JII.BOB, YRpaIlleH-
fibIe qeHaHHbIM PHCYHROM.
RaMeHHIJe 6a3bI ROJIOHH B BHAe I{pLIJIaTbIX 6bIHOB c qeJIOBeqeCRHMH
rOJIOBaMH 6LIJIH Hait.u;eHbI BO ABOpI.{aX HUHeBHH H RaJIaxa.
ItaR yme yHa3bIBaJIOCI. BI.IIlle, ApeBHenIllIIM THIIOM mJ;IJIOH IIO-
cTponHH 6bIJI3 IIJIeTeHaH FIB TpOCTHIIKa XH;>IUIHa, 06Ma3aHHaH CBCPXY
rmmoiL STOT IIpOCTeIIIllUM THII mlIJII.H cym:eCTBOBaJI B ABypeqI.e
na DceM IIpOTHmeHFIH IICTopnII BIIJIOTI. AO HaCTOHII(erO BpeMeHl1.
43. .\CCllplliicHaH nocTpoliHa C H0J10HlIaMll
'Ho Ha PHAY C 3TUMII TpOCTHIIIWBbIMH xlImuHaMII yme C ApeB-
eitIllHx 3IIOX CYII(eCTBOBaJIH AOMa, BbICTpoeHHbIe lIB RllpIIHqa, 0 IIJIaHe
II apX1ITeHType HOTOpI.IX MI.I MOiHCM CyMTI. IIO MaTepnaJIaM paCROIIOI{
II IIO ApemlllM H306pameHIIHM.
-H 1932-33 rr. aMep:rmaHcHoll apxeoJIOrlPIeCROM 3RCileAHI.{11elI
6bIJI pacHoIIaH yqacToH ApCBHero ropoAa ArnHYHaK (TeJIJII.-AcMap)
C XOpOillO coxpaH11BIllHMUCH RBapTaJIaM11 iHHJII.IX IIOCTpoeH, OTHO-
CHII(11XCH R cepeA1IHe III TbICHqeJIeTIIH AO H. 3. n pHBOAIIl\1 AJIH IIpU-
Mcpa OII11cauue oAuoro n3 06CJIeAOBaUHbIX AOMOB. AOM COCTOHJI 1I3
UeCHOJII.HIIX ROMHaT mHJIOrO 11 X03HnCTBeuuoro Ua3UaqeHIIH, rpyrrIIII-
pOBaBIIUIXCH BORpyr n:eIITpaJIbUOn KQMHaTI.I, HMeBrneII oqar B n:eUTpe
11 rmIUHUYIO JIemaUHY OKOJIO CTeUbI. n pHJIeraIOII1.nc ROMuaTbI HMeJI11
X03HllCTBeUHoe Ua3HaqeHHe. O;u,Ha lIB HIIX, CYAH IIO ualmeuHhIM
IJ Hell 3epnOTepKaM, TO'UIJIbHOl\IY Kal\lIIIO II X03HHCTBeHUOll IIocYAe,
('TPOl1TEllbHOE p,E,/JIJ
67
UUJIa, lJeVUHTHO, IUIa)J,OBOM ,D.JIH rrpOlll131UI. Apyrafl liOMIWTa, almW
npUJJ('ralOm;afl Ii l(eHTpaJIbHOMY DOMem;eHI'IIO, CJIyrHI'IJIa RYXHefi
II IIMCJra )J,Be XJIe6HbIe rre III cBoe06paaHOH ROHCTPYRl(1UI. Ha rml-
1I11110ii rrJIOm;a)J,Re CO CTeHROH BblCOTOIO OROJIO 30 CM DOMem;aJIHCb )J,Ba
t'ocY)J,a, B ROTOpbIX pa3Bo)J,I'IJICfl orOHb. IIocJIe TOI;o RaR CTeHHII co-
l'yHoB )J,OCTaTOqHO HaRaJIflJIHCb, 30JIa H3 HIIX Bblrpe6aJIaCb Ha IIJIO-
II \a p;RY , a Ha ropflqlIe CTeHHII HaJIcrrJIflJIHCb TOHRHe JIeIIellIRH II3
'J'CCTa. IIo)J,06HaH q>opMa rreqeH, HJIII, DepHee, ;>Il:apOBeH )J,JIfl xJIe6a
GbIJIa BCTpCqeHa II B accHpnHcHHx l(apCHHx )J,BOpl(aX yrKe cepe)J,HHbI
I TbICHqeJIeTHH )J,O H. 8.
KOl\IHaTI>l C006m;aJIHCb )J,pyr C )J,pyrOM IIocpe)J,cTBoM npoxo)J,oB,
IlMeBIIIUX apOqHbIe nepeRpblTHH II )J,ocTHraBllIlIx no BblCOTe Bcero
1.50 M, TaR qTO IIPOXO)J,IITb qepe3 HHX MOiKHO 6bIJIO TOJIbRO
l'Ol'IIYIlIllIICb.
CY)J,H IIO TOMY, qTO He BO Bcex npoxoAax 1IMemICb RaMHII C yrJIY-
UJIClm:eM, B ROTOpOM Dpam;aJIaCb OCb )J,epeBHHHOH )J,BepH, MO;>II:HO
:3aHJIlOqIITb, qTO HeROTOpbIe H3 HIIX He IIMeJII'l )J,Bepe:ti:, a aaBellIIIBaJII'ICb
rrpOCTO l(bIHOBRaMH. l'IHTepeCHo:ti: ROHCTPYRTHBHO:ti: oc06eHHOCTblO
8Toro )J,OMa 6bIJIH He60JlbllIHe ORHa RBa)J,paTHoit 1JJ0pMbl (co CTOpO-
HaMH OIWJIO 0.35 M), nOMem;eHHbIe B BepxHeii qaCTH CTeHbI. Olma
lIMeJIH )J,epeBHHHble paMbI B BH)J,e pellieTHH, HO eCTb OCHOBaHIIe IIpeP;IIO-
JIaraTb, ITO, Ha PH)J,Y C )J,epeBHHHbIMlI, yrroTpe6JIflJIHCb TaH;>I,e rJIll-
HHHbIe paMbI, 06JIOMRH ROTOpbIX 6bIJIH Ha:H)J,eHbI TaM me. OTlI HOBbIe
MaTepHaJIbI n3MeHHIOT HallIlI rrp£j;>II:HHe rrpe)J,CTaBJIeHHH 0 BnellinOCTH
MecorrOTaMCRIIX )J,OMOB, O)J,HO:ti: n3 xapaRTepHhlX qepT ll:OTOpbIX CqII-
TaJ10Cb HMeHHO OTCYTCTBHe OROH.
B HeHOTopbIX )J,OMax )J,penrm:x nOCeJ1eHn:ti: B AllInYHaHe n Ita-
cpa)J, He COXpaHIIJIHCb TaR;>I,e BaHHble II y60pHbIe, CJ10FHeHHbIe RaR H3
HHprrnqeIl, TaH H n3 RaMHe:H, OTBO)J,HbIe Tpy6bI ROTOpbIX coe)J,HHHJInCb
C 60JIbllIIIMII HaUaJ1aMlI, rrpOXo;a;Hm;nMn qepe3 rrOCeJ1eHne. OrrJiICaHHbIH
)J,OM, OTRpbI.TbIH B AllIHYHaHe, rro CBoeH ROHCTpYHl(Hn npe)J,CTaBJIHeT
ceBepHbIE: THII nOMOB ABypeqbH, xapaHTepn3yeMbI:ti: IIepeRpbITHeM
Bcex nOMem;eHHH I'I paCrr0J10MeHHeM o rara BHYTpl'I )J,OMa. ,IJ;peBHlIe
)J,OMfj. 1O;>Il:Horo ,IJ;BypeqbH IIO CBoeH ROHCTPYHl(HII HeCROJIbRO OTJIn-
qaJ1nCb OT BbIllIeorrHcaHHbIX. B )J,OMax, paCROIIaHHblX B "Ype 1'1
IIIYPYIIrraIW, OCHOBHOit qaCTblO HBJ1HJ1Cfl OTRpbITbIH BHYTpeHHuit
)J,BOpHR, 3aMeHHIOIL\IIH l(eHTpaJ1bHYIO ROMHaTY ceBepHoro nOMa. Bo-
Hpyr <JToro OTRpblToro )J,Bopa H rpyrrIIlIpYIOTCH OT)J,eJIbHble ROMHaTbI.
JI\HJIbIe rroMCm;eHIIH, TOqHO TaR me RaR n B COBpeMeHHOM l'IpaRe,
6bIJIlI oplIeHTHpOBaHbI CBoeH OTHpbITOH CTOpOHOit Ha ceBep. RpbIllia
6bIBaJ1a Bcer)J,a rrJ1ocHoii l'I IIORpbIB3JIaCb, B l{eJ1HX 3am;lITbI BHYTpeHHl'IX
qacTeii )J,OMa OT mapbI, TOJICTbIM CJIOeM 3eMJ1H. IIoJ10M CJ1YiKJiIJI3 YTpaM-
60BaHHaH 3eMJ1H, B HeRoTopbIX me CJIyqaHX OH BbIRJIa)J,LIBaJICH RHP-
rrUqeM. Bo )J,Bope, Y nBepn mUJIlIII(a, 06LIqHO HaXO)J,llJI3Cb aaRpe-
rrJIeHHaH B 3eMJIe 3epHoTepRa, TYT 1He Ha )J,Bope YCTpaHBaJICH OTTar,
BLIHeceHHblit, D OTJ1lIqne OT p,OMOB ceBepHoro Tnrra, 1'I3 BHYTpeUHIIX
5*
68
TEXHlIIiA p'PEBHErO p'BYPEqM't
nOMemeHIlii Ha ;IJ;BOp. ,IJ;oMa accHpn:HcIWI'O BpeMeHH (pIIC. 44) H3yqeHIJ
B HaCTOHmee BpeMH xyme IlIYMepcH:Hx. n pH peROHCTpYRU;liH aCCH-
prr:ticROI'O ;IJ;OMa, RpOMe MaTepIIaJIOB paCROrrOl{ (Accypa), 60JIbIlIOe
3HaqeHH8 rrpH06peTaffiQ' ;IJ;peBHH8 1I306pameHHH.
HaH60JIee IIpOCTOit ;IJ;OM liMeJI rrpO;IJ;OJII'OBaTYro cpOPMY C ;IJ;BYMH
ROpOTRHMH CTopOHaMH, qTO 6bIJIO 06YCJIOBJIeHO cHcTeMoM rreptmpbITIIH
;IJ;epeBHHHbIM HaRaTOM. BHYTpeHHee IIO!\mm;eHlIe, rroBII;IJ;HMOMY, 6bIJIO
HeCROJIbRO Hmue ypOBIUI 3eMJIII H B Hero BeJIa JIeCTHIIU;a 113 HeCROJIb-
mIX cTyrreHeiI (OROJIO 5). OIma, eCJIH OHII liMeJIHCb, rrOMem;aJIHCb
B Bepxne:H qaCTII CTeHbI, Y caMoit RpIJIllII, B ROTOpOH YCTpa11BaJIOCb
OTBepCTIIe ;IJ;JIH BbIXO;IJ;a ;IJ;bIMa, CJIY1KIIllIlIee ImOI';IJ;3 TaRme II CBeTOBOIJ
oT ym11HOH.
no peROHCTPY.RU;IIHM
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JIeH Ha]:( mHJIIJMH IIOMe-
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II HOI'a;IJ; pa3Bo]:(HJICH
ca]:(.
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r.r.. ITJIaH n:mm, paCI\OnaHHOro B Accypo ROTOpyro, B HeRoTopbIX
cJryqaHX, C u;eJIbro 3a-
mnTIJ rJIHHHHOII CTeHIJ OT pa3MbIBaHlIH, rrpIIMeIlIHBaJICH 6lITYM.
Ha O;IJ;HOM 1I3 peJIbecpoB ;IJ;BopU;a CIIHaxepH6a IIMeroTcH H306pameHHH
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06IJqHO YCMaTpnBaroT RyrrOJIbHbIe coopymeHHH. PHHI'eJIbMaH, peRoH-
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cTpoeHHii I'pacpIflecRYro rrepe]:(aqy rrepe;O:HlIx cpaCa;IJ;oB ;O:OMOB, rrepeRpbI-
TbIX RnprrIIqHIJM Rop060BIJM CBO;IJ;OM. Ho BrrOJIHe B03MomHo, qTO 8TO
6bIJIH ;IJ;PJICTBlITeJIbHO RyrrOJIbHbIe nepeRpbITIIH, BbIllOJIHeHHIJe H3 ]:(e-
peBa IIO CllCTeMe Tal{ Ha3bIBaeMoro <<3pMHHCROI'O RyrrOJIal), ]:(epeBHHHIJe
HOHCTPYR1 HH ROTOpbIX rrpOMa3bIBaJIHCb I'JIIIHOiI. B BepXHefi qaCTII
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BaBrrme OTBepCTHe ;IJ;JIH BIJXO;IJ;a ;IJ;hIMa. n03]:(HeBaBIIJIOHCRHe ]:(OMa, Ha-
IIoMHHaromlIe rro CBoeMY BR;IJ;Y ;o:peBHHe ]:(OMa romHOI'O ,IJ;Bype IbH,
6bIJIlI ;IJ;OBOJIbHO ]:(eTaJIbHO H3yqeHIJ BO BpeMH paCRorrOR BaBRJIOHa.
Hapo;IJ;hI, 3aHHMaBIlIHeCH, I'JIaBHLIM 06pa30M, CROTOOO;O:CTBOM,
06IJ IHO rrOJIb30BaJIRCb ]:(B)'MH BII]:(aMH mHJIHm;: O;IJ;HIIM nOCTOHHHIJM,
rrpe]:(CTaBJIHrom;HM c060ro lWillITaJIbHYro rrocTpoiIRY ;IJ;PYI'HM - Bpe-
MeHHIJM, B I!1I;IJ;e IIaJIaTl{H HJIH IllaTpa. B ACCHPHH, I';o:e HiIJIamHOe CRO.
CTPOIITEJIbllOE il,EJIO
69
TOBOp,CTBO (CROTOBOp,CTBO C BbIrOHOM CTap, na rOpHble lraCT6HI a)
lIMeJIO 60JIbmOe 3Ha IeHIIe, 7RHJIHII\e B BHp,e naJIaTRU 6bIJIO illHpORO
paCilpOCTpaHeHO. Ho RpOMe naJIaTOR, CJIymuDHIl1X 7 MJIbeM p,JIH naCTY-
XOB, COnpOBOmp,aBillIIX co CBOIIMH CeMMIMII CROT B rOpHLIe JIyra, B Ac-
ClIpHH qaCTO BCTpeqaJIHCb naJIaTRII, pa30nTIaeMI.re accnpnIICRIIMII BOII-
CRaMII BO BpeMH noxop,OB. Ha peJIbelJ!ax, CpCp,H Cn;CH R3 BOennbIX
noxop,OB, IIMeIOTCH 1I306pameHIIH JIarepn, npCp,CTaBJIHIOII\erO C060IO
orpap,y, BnYTpH ROTOpOII BORpyr I(apnWro maTpa pacnOJIaraJIIICb OT-
45. l1a06pameHHe aCCl'lpniicRoro BoeHHoro narepSl
p,eJIbHbIe naJIaTRH (pIIC. 45). RoncTpYRn;nJI naJIaTOR no R306pameHlIHM
cOBepmenno JIcna.
OcnoBolI naJIaTRn CJIymnJIII BOTRnYTbIe B 3eMJIIO CTOIIRII-meCTbI
B BRp,e Tpe3y6n;a nenpaBHJIbHOII 1JJ0PMbI. CpeP,1I R306pameHHII Ha 6pOH-
30BbIX peJIbecpax EaJIaWTCRHX BOpOT BpeMenlI CaJIManaCapa HI
IIMeeTCJI c eHa nepenoca BO BpeMH Mapma BOIICR 3THX qaCTelI rraJraTOR.
CTOIIRH, CJIymnBmne OCHOBOII naJIaTRH, HMeJIII Ha CBOHX ROHn;ax pa3-
IJIIJIRII, B ROTOpbIX 3aRpenJIHJIHCb ropH30UTaJIbHO IIOJIOmenHbIe ne-
peRJIa):(HHbI, o6pa3YIOII\He R3pRac naJIaTRH, nORpbIBaBmmtcH, no Bce:i):
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TEXHHRA J[l'ERlIErO llBYPE'lbfT
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npIIBJI3aHHbIX CBOIIMII ROHn:aMII H B6IIThIM B 3eMJIIO HOJIl,JIM.
Qa pCRlIfI maTep, no CBoeMY YCTpOitCTBY, npe3J;CTaBJIJIJI TY me na-
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B HaCTOJIm;ee BpeMJI lI3 apxIITeRTypHhIX naMHTHIIROB ,I!;Bype'll,JI
JIyqme Bcero 1I3BeCTIIbI ;O:BOpn:OBhIe coopY;>II:eHIIH (pIIC. 46), ROTophIe
;o:aJIH OCHOBHOll MaTepIIaJI ;O:JIJI 1I3yqeHIIJI llCTOpUII AcclIplIlI. rOpO;o:clme
nQCeJIeHIIJI ACClIpIIII II3Y IeHhI ;o:aJIeRO eIr(e He ;o:ocTaTOqHo. Tun ;n;IJOpn:a
II xpaMa Ha npOTH;>II: HIII'I IICTOpIIU ,I!;Bypeql,H He no;o:nepraJICJI cymecT-
BeHHbIM 1I3MeHeHIIHM; Hepe;O:RO aCClIplIfiCRI'le II BaBIIJIOHCRne n:apll BOC-
CTaHaBJIllBaJIH npeBHne naMJITHIIRII, OTMe raJI, ITO OHII peCTaBpnpOBaJIII
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paHIZLJI CBOll nepBOHaqaJIl,HbIll. nJIaH, r;o:e TpII ROMnJIeRCa nOlliem;eHUII
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HYHaRe, Y pe, HlInnype II HUIlIe, npUqeM TaM, TaR me RaR II B JIarame,
B 060pOHIITeJIl,HYIO CTeHY Bl\JIIoqaJII:ICl, II KpaMOBbJe nocTpoilliII.
CTPOIITElIbHOE l(E!!IO
71
;r:I;JIH npJJ:i\lCpa npUBe):\eM ):\oopeI( ROHI(a I II TbICHqeJI. ):\0 H. 3. B Arrmy-
HaKe (puc. 47), pacRonaHHI,rii B 1931 r. aMepmmHClwii Imcne)];lII(ueii.
IJ;eHTpaJIbHOii qaCTblO ):\BOpI(a 6bIJI OTRphlTbIll Ima):\paTHbIii ):\BOp, R ROTO-
POMY np:IIMI.IRamI pa3JIJiI'IHbIe nOMe eHUH. C IOro-3arra):\Hoii CTOpOHbI RO
):\BOpy npuJIeraJi ROMIIJIeRC mUJlbIX nOMe CIIJi1ll, HMI'BmlIii CBOIO I(eHT-
paJIbHyIO ROMHaTY, Ry):\a BeJiH ):\oopHoT):\eJIbilLIX, lIe CBH3aHHblX Mem):\y
C0601O, rpyrrn ROMHaT. Ha pH):Iy ClI HJlLIMrrI{oMIIaTaMHH RJIa):\OBRaMH,
llMeJICH TaRme I(eJlbIii pH):\ cJIyme6IIbIx rroMc eHlIii, BalmaH 11 y60p-
HaH. ROMIIJIeRC mHJIbIX IIOMCIL\CIIJiIll :)Toro ):\pCBHeiimero 113 n3Be-
CTHhlX H M ;IJ;BOpI(OD no CDOCMY Tlury He OTJIRQaJICH cymecT-
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BeRRO OT mlIJibIX ):\OMOB, paCRonaHln,rx TaM me B AmHYHaRe, npeBOC-
-X:O):\H JilX JIlIIIIb CBOJi1MJil pa3MepaMH Jil RaqeCTBOM nOCTpomm:. I{ ceBepo-
BOCTO'lHOH qaCTJil I(eHTpaJIbHOrO OTRphlToro ):\Bopa npUMLIRamT,
rrOBJil):\IIMOMY, napa):\RbIe 3aJIbI ):\BopI(a, CBH3aHIIbIe C xpaMOM BIIYT'
penRIIMJil npoxo):\aMI'I.
13 'Ype XpaMOBbIe nocTpofum:, cocpe):\OTO'-IeRHble B O):\HOl\1 MeCT-e,
6:bIJiU 06HeceHbI MaCCJiIBHOii, rrepeCTpoeHHoii B II03):\Hee BpeMH CTeHoit,
):\oCTJiII'alO eii 12 M TOJI JiUlli[. ::ha CTeHa COCTOHJIa Jil3 ):\BYX napaJIJIeJIb-
HhIX Rnpnn'IHhIX RJIa):\OR (Ram):\aH mnpJilHoii 60JIee 3 M). 13 RaqeCTl3e
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PYRlIH) B Xopca6a):\e, ):\eTanbHO Jil3yqeHIrn:ii: IIJIacoM (puc. 48-49).
13 ceBepo-3ana):\Hoii.qacTJiI YRpeIIJIeHHOrO ropo)];mn;a, nO'ITJil RBa):\paTHoti:
CPOpMhI, Ha BhIcTyrralO eii 3a npe):\eJIhI orpa):\bI BbICOROii nJIaTcpopMe (14M)
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CypbMbI, 1ReJIe3a. B03M01RHO, 'ITO MHorne H3 lUIX B Harne BpeMH H
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no CqeTY OT ]laMRapOB, TOprOBJ,TX areHToB xpaMOBIl ]lnop OB. MeTaJIJI
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CHile. IT plI nepe]laqe ero B MacTepcr>IIe oc06ble qHHOBHIlHIl npOBepHJIII
ero Bec. QUIl 6:bIJIH OTBeTCTBeHHbI 3a mmemIIBaHIIe, nO::JTOMY IlX IlMeH3
OTMeqaIOTCH B Ham]lOM ]lOI YMeHTe. Me]lb ]lopora, 06bIqUO BLI]laeTCH
MaJI:bIMIl IWJIllqeCTBaMlI 11 nepe]l oopa60TRoit ee npIIXO]lHTCH Oqnru;aTb.
Ha]lIIIIcb na cTaTye Yp-Day B JIarame, rJIaCHIIJ;aH 0 3aRJIa]lRe
R3HorO-TO CTpoeHIIH, ronopHT, qTO «3eMJIIO OH BeJIeJI npoceHTb, HaR
RaMHII ]lparO eHHble; RaR MeTaJIJI ]lOpOroll OH npllHa33JI O'lllCTJITb ee».
AnamI3bI Ha:ti]lenH:bIX BeIIJ;e:tI npOl'I3BO]lIlJIHCb HeO]lHORpaTHO. Bep-
TeJJO B CBoeM «BBe]leHIIIl B I YpC XIIMIlII ]lpeBHero DpeMeHH II Cpe]lIUIX
BeROB» YCTaHOBIIJI, qTO BeIIJ;1l 113 Ypa, HaXO]lIIBmHeC'fl B ero paCilopH-
melllIII, COC'IOB:T lI3 qIICTOn Me]lII. raptpHTT, ]lO eHT MeTaJIJJypniqeCROrO
«P3HYJIbTeTa B IIIetp<pIIJJb]le, nOJIY'lllJr nplI aH3JIH3e CJIe]lYIOIIJ;He pe-
ay.lIbTaTbI: 99.12% qlICTo:ti Me]lll C He3Ha'lllTeJIbHOll npnMecbIO HnHeJIH,
HO 6e3 npH3HaRoB ]lPyrllx IIpHMeCei1:: meJIe3a, cBHH a, Hmm n Map.
raH a. AHaJJH3Y 6bIJIIl nO]lBeprHYT!Jl MeTaJJJJlIqeCRlle rrpe]lMeTbI
II3 paCHOilOH TeJIJJb-AcMapa, ]laBmne HeCROJIbHO IlHble pe3YJJbTaTbI.
AJIH npIIMepa IIpHBO]lIIM aHaJJII3 Me]lHOro HIlHmaJJa n3 TeJJJIb-AcMapa.
Ero IIOHa3aTeJIlI CJJe]lYIOIIJ;IIe:
MeAl!: - 88.61%
MbIIIIhHHa - CJI8AbI
CBIIHl.\a - 0.94
HIfHHeJIR - 0.67%
oJlona -7.60%
rueJIeBa - 0.46%
MOSi>HO CqlITaTb YCTaHOBJIeHUbIM, qTO cpanrUITeJIbHO paHO HapO]l:bI
]J;BypeqbH nOJIb30BaJJIICb PY]lHOit Me]lbIO, 11 eCmlI aHaJIIl3bI ]l.aIOT YH3-
3aHIIH Ha HaJJIl'lIIe IIpUMecen, TO 8TH IIpHMeCH HBJJHIOTCH pe3YJJbTaTOM
HeCOBepmeHCTBa TeXllllqeCRlIX npo eCCOB BbIIIJJaBRII MeTaJIJI3.
Q]lHaRO B ABypeqbe OqeHb paHO nepemJIlI OT IIOJIb30BaHIIH CJIY-
qallHbIMII CIIJJaBaMII H TeXHHRe BbI]leJIRH 6pOH3LI, 60JIee TIlep]loi1:,
'ileM'1J.HCTaJI Me]lb. reCRlIep, nO]lBeprwr.;:iI aHamI3Y ROJIOHHY 1I3 CY3,
PE'MEC!lA
85
;uaTupyeMYIO HOH OM II TIiICH'leJIeTlIH,. YCTaHOBIIJI, 'lTO MaTeplIa-
JIOM ee HBJIHeTCH 6pOH3a TaR oro me COCTaBa, 'lTO II «COBpeMeHHble
)J.cue,liHble 3HaRli 113 6pOIl3bV>; H COil\aJleHlllO, TO'lIIhIX )J.aHHbIX aHa-
JI1l3a l'eClmepa y Hac He llMeeTCH. Bo llCHHOM cJIY'lae, npll HI )J.U-
UaCTllll Y Va 6}JoH<!a MeTaJlJIa si parru HBJlHeTCH CTOJlb me 06bJ'lHOii,
H3H II PY)J.H3H Me)J.b MeT3JIJla urudu. Op,Ha Ta6JIeTHa 3Toro BpeMeHII
p,3eT nponopI\lllI )J.JlH npllrOTOBJleHllH CIIJl3Ba: 80.05 'laCTeii 'luCTOll'
Mep,II, 13.30 - Cm1HI.(3, 5. 84 - CypbMbI U) II 0.77 - HalwrO-TO He-
1I3BeCTHoro Bem;eCTBa. B 3CClipllllClwe BpeMR IIpll-
nJlaBOM R Me)J.R HBJlHJIIiCb IIJIII OJIOBO, IIJIn CBnHe , oGo-
3Ha'lanmneCH B accnpnllcRoM Hobme p,3me O)J.HIlM n
TeM il{e TepMIIHoM. XIIMII'leCRlIe IICCJIe)J.OBaHIIH GpOH-
30BbIX npeAl\IeTOB H3 pacRoiloH JIanHp)J.3 B HMJleBHII
nOHa3aJIH pa3JIII'lHOe cO)J.epm3Hue OJlonHHHOro npu-
nJIaB3 (0'1' 0.65% npll 89.51 % Mep,u p,o 14.10% OJlOB3
npu84. 79% Me)J.u). B HOBOnaBUJIOHCROe 'BpeMH 06bI'lUbli1:
COCT3B 6pOH3bI - 3.5 'laCTII Me)J.ll Ha 1 'l3CTb OJIona.
ITocJIe BbllIJIaBHII Me)J.b, BepoHTHo, IIo)J.Bepr3JIaCb
ROBRe, 'lT06bI IIpeBpaTnTb ee CJIllTHU D 6pyclm 11JIII
IIJIaCTHHbI, 60JIee yp,oGHble AJIH Xp3HeHl1H U p,JUl )J.3JIb-
Hellmen o6paGoTI>II. B TaKOM I'lMeUHO BI1Ae OH3 13 O'leHb
paIIHee BpeMH yme CTaJIOB11TCH e)J.uHliI\elI oUMeH3.
IT pOROBbInaTb MeAHbIe CJUITHI1 IIpUXO)J.IIJIOCb em;e n pap,u
yrrJIOTHeHllH MeTaJIJIa.
B BII)J.y p,op.orollII3HbI MeT3JIJI3 H3 Hero 06bI'lHO He
nplirOTOnJIHIOT IIpe)J.MeTOB nepBOll He06xop,IIMOCTlI, XOTH
B pa3HbIX MeCTax nplI paCKOIIHax Heop,IlOHpaTHO n3-
XOAflJUI 'laCTU Me)J.Horo opymlIH II opyP,lllI (naROlle'l-
HIIRll Korrnii, CTpeJI, TorropbI', ceHlIpbI, pbI60JIOBIlbIe
RpIO'lHII, rapnYUbI, ceprrbI, UrJIbI). TeRcTbI III )J.UH3-
CTUU ¥pa ynoMI!.IIaIOT 06 1I3rOTOBJIeHlIII raprrYHoB II
TonopoB, a TaHme 0 MeTaJIJIll'leCRIIX 'laCTHX )J.Bepei1:,
BepoHTHo, 3aCOBax. 0 TOM, 'lTO B aTO BpeMH 113 Me-
T3JIJI3 MorJIII rrpUrOTOBJIHTb JIeMeXII AJIH nJIyroB, .6bIJIO CR33aHO
B CBH3R C BOilpOCOM 0 CeJIbCHOM X03HHCTBe. qar.n:e BCero AoporOll
MeTaJIJI ynoTpe6JIHJICH ;lIJIH U3rOTOBJIeHIIH npeAl\ieTOB pemlrlI03-
Horo Ha3H3'leHllH, KOTopbIe HMeJIli BbICOltylO xY)J.omeCTBeHHYIO eH-
. HOCTb.
cI>uryPRII 60meCTB 113 Me)J.n :n 6pOH3bI OTJIIIBaJIHCb IIJIFI TeXHIIHOM
CIIJIomIIOll OTmlBIHl B CPOPMY (OGbI l l1iO FI3 neCqaHOH MaCCbI), 06pa30-
B3HHYlO IIYTeM OTTuCRa MO)J.eJIll (puc. 60), IIJIll me IIOJIOll OTJIIIBROll:
C YTepeii <p0PMbI. H3 pH)J.Y C MeTaJIJIll'leCHllMII npep,MeTaMII, 1I3rOTOB-
.'
JIeHUbIl\IIl cnoc060M OTJIIlBRII, H3M FI3BeCTHbI MeT3JIJI11QeCRIle cp11rYPbI
60JIbmUX pa3MepoB, cp360TaHubIe nYTeM Ha6uBaHlIH Me)J.HbIX JIIICTOB
Ha )J.epeBHHHoe H)J.pO. TaRoii IlMeHHO TexmiHoii BbIIIOJIHeHa BeJIlIHO-
,JIeIIH3H Me)J.HaH rep3JIb}.l,ll'leCImH rpynna, COCTOHm;aH llB )J.BYX OJIeHeit
60. llIYMep-
CHaH CTaTY-
aT Ha CIIJIOIlI-
Rofi OTJIIIBIHI
86
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H JIbBHHOrOJIOBOrO OpJIa, CJIymHBmaH YRpameHJIeM BXO)J;HbIX )J;BepeH
XpaMa B 8JIb-06eitAe, BOCXO)J;ffI.I{erO RO BpeMeIm I MHaCTlm: Ypa
(pHC. 61). TaRoti me TexmmOH CAeJIaHbI )J;Ba MeAHbIX JIbBa B Ha-
TypaJIbHYro BeJIllqlIHY no 60RaM Toro me xpaMa. ;r:I:epeDHHHoe H.f(pO
npeABapUTeJIbHO nORpbIBaJIOCb CJIOeM accpaJIbTa AJIH IIpe)J;oxpaHemm
AepeBa OT aTMoccpepHblx BJIIDIHIIM; aTa ynpyraH <illoAynma» )J;OJImHa
6bIJIa OCJIa6IITb ClIJIY YAapa MOJIOTa npll Ha6HJmmm II IIpeAoxpaIDITb
MeTaJIJIl1qeCRHII JIHCT OT IIpOpbIlIOB. MeJIRHe p;eTaJIH BbIIIOJIHHJIJICb
rpaBlIpoDROH IIOBepXIIOCTlI.
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MY H TOHROCTH OTAeJIJ(1l rOJIOBbI II l.\eJIbIe IJ!llrypbI mliBOTHbIX - 6bIROll,
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HbIMIi poraMII. 8TH npeAMeTbI CJIeAyeT OTHeCTlI K Cm.toMY HaqaJIY
III TbICHqeJIeTIIH. Bce OIlH OTJIIiTbI B pa3Hhlx 1J!0pMax, npHqeM nOCJIe
OTJIHBRH <popMa pa36HBaJIaCb AJIH Toro, qTOObI )J;OGbITJ, HApo. MOAeJIlI-
pOBRa 1J!0pMbI lIB MHrROH rJIHHbI Tpe6yeT MeHbmlIX 3aTpYAHeHHH, qeM
o6pa60TRa RaMHH, II n08ToMY BnOJIHe IIOHHTHbIM CTaHoBIITcH, nOqeMY,
na PHAY C He06bIqatiHo HeYRJIromeit RflMeHHOH CRYJIbnTypOH ::JToro
BpeMeHII, 113rOTOBJIHJIIiCb TaRlIe nOpa311TeJIbHbIe 06pa31.\bI 113AeJIIIH
H3 MeTaJIJIa, RaR YIIOMHHYTbIe 1I306pa7J\eHIDI mIIBoTHbIX. 8TIIM 113)J;e-
;mmM CTapaJIHCb rrplI)J;aTb oc06eHnyro mHBOCTb, BCTaBJIHH B rJIa3ImUbI
paROBIIHbI II RYCO'lRH TeMHOCIIHero na3ypma. B 60JIee n03AHee
BpeMH MaCTepa npH6eramI K cBoe06pa3HOMY aqxpeRTY ROM6IIHHpOBa-
HHH MeTaJIJIOB paBHoro l(BeTa: CBeTJIbIe nHTHa lIa TeJIe 6pOH30Boro
6bI'lRa, xpallHm;erOCH B JIYBpe, nepeAaHbI BRJIa1'RaMIi lIB cepe6pa
(pHC. 62).
TeXH11qeCRlIM ycoBepmeHcTBoBaJm:eM cnoco6a JIHTbH B cpopMe
HBHJIOCh II accllpHHcHoe I1peMH YClIJ.IeHHe !IJH1CTH'mOCTll lJ!0pMOIlOqnOH
PEMEC!1A
87
MaCCbI H rrepexoJI, R pa3'beMHbIM CTa6IIJIbHbtM cpOpMaM, ]J;aIOI.I{IIM B03-
MOiHHOCTb rrpOII3BOJI,HTb OJI,HOBpeMeHHO OTJIHBRY 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOrO ROJIH-
qeCTBa rrpenMeTOB. CHHaXepH6 B OJI,HOH H3 CBOlIX HanrrHCeH OTMeqaeT
BBeneHHe (lITO YRa3aHHIO 60roB>) rJIHHHHbIX cpOpM nJIH JIHTbH FI3 6pOH-
3bI. .:0:0 Hac nOlliJIH Tamm JIHTeHHhle cpOpMbI, COCTaBJIHBIIIHeCH 06bIqHO
1I3 ]J;BYX qaCTeH H H3rOTOBJIeHHhle H3 RaMHH, rJIFIHbI H MeTaJIJIa.
(pIIC. 63). BpoH30BbIe H3JI,emlH, OTJIHTbIe B rreCqaHoit cpopMe, HMeJIH
IIIepoxoBaTYIO rroBepxHoCTb II 06bI'IHO 3aqlII.I{aJIIICb H rroR.pbIDaJIHCb
pe3b60H HJIH qeRaHRoH.
H 0 Ha pHny C OTJIHBRoit 6pOH30BbIX 1I3JI,eJIHit B neCqaHbIX II.JIH
CTa6IIJIbHbIX cpopMax, CYI.I{eCTBOBaJIa TaRw.e IIIlIpORO pacrrpOCTpaHeH-
naH OTJIHBRa MeTaJIJIlIqeCRllX npeJI,MeTOB, rrpOH3BOJI,IIBIIIaHCH C YTpa-
62. BpOHaonaR ruYMepcHaR cTaTY-
3THa C I!IHHpYCTaL\Hefi cepe6poM
'
63. ACCHpHficHaR i{!opMa )!;JIR OTJIIfDHH
MeTaJIJIH'IeCl\HX naAeJIHfi
Toil MOJI,eJIII, BbIrrOJIHeHHOH H3 RaRoit-JIHGo JIerROIIJIaBROH MaCCH IIJIH
1I3 6bICTpO cropaIOru;ero BeI.I{eCTBa. CYI.I{HOCTb BToro cnoc06a aaRJIIO-
qaeTCH B TOM, qTO MOJI,eJIb 1I3 BOCRa lIJIlI JI,Pyroro nernOrrJIaBROrO Be-
IQeCTBa aacpopMOBbIBaeTCH B orHeynopHYIO Maccy, rrplIqeM OCTaBJIHeTCH
nBa OTBepCTllH, OJI,HO JI,JIH JIHTbH MeTaJIJIa, JI,pyroe JI,JIH BbIXOna B03nyxa.
IToCJIe npOCYlliRII cpopMa HarpeBaeTCH rrpII BbICOROH TeMrrepaType,
rrpHqeM MOJI,emJ IIJIH nJIaBIITCH, IIJIII cropaeT, a B HarperylO CPOPMY
BJIHBaeTCH MeTaJIJI. IT peJI,MeTbI, OTJIHTbIe TaRllM crroc060M, Y3HaTb
Qpe3BbIqaitHo JIerRO, TaR RaR BTOT crroc06 OTJIIIBRII rrepen aeT
caMbIe MeJIRHe neTaJIII, coxpaHHH BMeCTe C TeM oc06eHHOCTII cpaR-
TypbI MOneJIlI. IT peRpaCHbIMH 06pa3I{aMH, OTJIIITbIMlI BTl1M CIIOCO-
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y BaHa.
TOHRO BbIJI,eJIaHHaH 6pOH30BaH cTaTy3TKa BaRpenJIHJIaCb IIHorna
nYTeM aarrOJIHeIDUI nOJIOH 'laCTH em;e npH OTJIlIBRe. B MeTaJIJIH'leCRRX
88
ftEXBBllA /{PEBBErO /{B'YPE'I11lJI
rrpegMeTax 'laCTO Ha6JI1o aeTCJI aeMJIllCTOe JInpO, SaRJIIO'leHHoe BHy.TPll.
AHaJIllS 6pOH30BIJX npegMeTOB 1'I3 paCROnOR JIaiffipJJ,a B HI'IHeBl'I1I
rrORa3IJBaJI, 'lTO B HeROTOplJX CJIyqaJIX nOn 6pOHsoil HaXOp;llJIaCh
meJIeSHaJI OCHOBa, RaR 60JIee rpy6aJI II rrpO'lHaH.
lIs Me 1I II 6pOHSIi! npllrOTOBJIJIJIlI COCYJJ,IJ, lIHor a O'leHh 60JIhlliOM
BeJIll'Il'IHIJ, CJIymllBlliHe RYJIhTOBhIM :o;eJIJIM. CJIeJJ,yeT OTMeTHTh CBoe-
06pa3HYIO IJ!OPMY COCYn a nJIJI BOSJIlIHHllit C 'lpeSBbI'laMHO P;JII'IHHhIM
HOCllROM. 8TH cocynli! BIJROBIJBaJIllCb, BepOJITHO, TeM me cnoc060M
'lTO II B ErnrrTe, lISBeCTHhIM HaM Ha OCHOBaHlIlI pocnllceit. 8Ta 1J!0pMa,
pomneHHaJI MeTaJIJIH'leCRoit TeXHlIROM, uosme RalliJIa nOJJ,pamaHlle
B RepaMHRe, TaR RaR MeTaJIJI 6IJJI Aopor II AocTyneH naJIeRO He BceM.
Me,ll;HaJI YTBapb no OROH'laHRJI: J!1JJJ,eJIRII lIOJIHpOBaJIaCb.
XapaRTepHO, 'lTO Be ll, nOCTynaJI lIS MaCTepCRoil 06paTHO B PYRH
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nOCJIe pa60TIJ Menb. TaRoit neTaJIbHhIM II CTpornM yqeT MaTepHaJIa
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MIJ He 3HaeM, RaRuMlI npll'lHHaMl'I 061,HCHHeTCH, qTO CO BpeMeHU
RaCClITOB BaBllJIOHCRlIe :o;apll nepeCTaJIlI nOJIbSOBaTbCJI CTaplJMll Me-
CTaMl'I n06IJqn SOJIOTa II npenrrO'lJIll BlJilpallilIBaTh ero Y lJ!apaOHOB.
BepOHTHO, OCHOBHOit IIplI'lHHOM HBHJIaCb nepenmrnma nJIeMeH Ha
BOCTORe, B peSYJIbTaTe ROTOpOM caMII RaCCIITIJ O'lYTllJIlICb rocnOJJ,aMl'I
BaBlIJIOHlIlI, 'lTO CneJIaJIO neB03MOmHhIM paspa60TRY CTaplJX pyn-
HIIROB. 30JIOTO )J;OCTaBJIHJIOCb ew;e )J;O RaCCllTOB B neCRe, CYWI no
TeRCTaM BpeMeHl'I nypCIIHa, BSBelliHBaJIOCb TaR me. TUJ;aTeJIbHO, RaR
II MeAD, a aaTeM nocTynaJIO B MaCTepCRne aOJI()Tapeit.
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CBIIIIeTeJIhCTBYIOT a pXeOJIOrlI'leCRRe aaXO)J;RlI B I(a pCRllX rp06HllD;ax
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ROJIII'leCTBO IIS)J;eJlIIH He TOJIbRO H3 aOJIOTa, cepe6pa; MeJJ;H R aJIeRTpa,
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MflrRoe, ROBRoe SOJIOTO TaR me, RaR 11 cepe6po, ,ijonycRaJIO
BIJROBbIBamie lIS Hero 'lpeSBhI'laUHO TOHRU:X: nJIaCTliH. B onHoit lIB
meHCRIIX MOrHJI Ha ROCTHRe npIICJIymHIID;b! lIS CBl'lTb! :o;apllD;b! HaitJJ,eHa
6IDIa cepe6pHHafl nOBH3Ra TaRoro me Tilna, RaR II 30JIOTIJe nOBH3RII,
HaitJJ,eHHhle Ha rOJIOBaX npllHeceHHhIX B mepTBY 7J\e IIH. EOJIblliIIH-
CTBO Ber.n:eM lI3 cepe6pa ORIICJIlIJIOCb II norn6JIo, a nOBHsRa, 0 ROTOpOM
IIneT peqb, B CIIJIY HellSBeCTHhIX nplI'Il'IH OCTaJIaCb nJIOTHO CRpY'leH-
ROM B Tpy6RY B CRJIanRaX onemnlJ meHmHHhIj B TaROM !llIAe coxpa-
HI:IJIl'lCb aTU f1I6RI:Ie JIeHTbI MeTaJIJIa.
PEMECIIA
89
l\ COmaJIemHO, OTqeTlil HlIqero He rOBopHT 0 TOM, KaKOB 6bIJI Co-
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n 'IaCTHOCTII, YRamy Ha nOpaSIITeJIbHbIe HaXOp;R1I meJIeaHbIX 0PYAIIH
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92
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E ROTOpOM nOMe aJIlICh )];Ba qeJIOBeRa - BOSHIll\a II BOlIH, - IIMeJI
npHMoyrOJIbHYIO q>OPMY C BbICOROH nepe)];HeH qaCTblO, HaIIOMHHaH
ROJIeCHIID;y 8aHHaTYMa Ha «(CTeJIe ROPIlIYHOBl) US JIaraIlIa. MaccuBHbIe
HOJIeCa COCTOHJIII lIS OTp;eJIbHbIX I,YCROB )];epeBa, CRpenJIeHJlhIX Mem)];y
c06010 nJIaHRaMII.
OTCYTCTBlIe RpymIbIx CTBOJIOB )];epeBheB He )];aB8JIO BOSMomHOCTII
II3rOTOBIITb ImJIeCO lIS D;eJIOrO RycRa, ImR 3TO BCTpeqaeTCH B MeCTHO-
71. Ha06pameIDIe HOJIeCHlIL\bI Ha peJILeflJe Ifa Ypa
CTHX, 60raTblx JIeCOM. TaM i'I\:e B Ype, npH p8CRonRe n;8pCROH MOrlIJIbl
(A6apru) 6bIJIlI H8HneHbI OCTaTRU )];BYX nOBOSOR, 8 T8Rme CReJIeTbl
6 6bIHOB, sailpHlr,eHHbIx no 3 B R8mnyIO liS nOBOSOR. TYT me H8XonlI-
JIIICb CReJIeTbI BOIIHOB II CJIyr, conpoBomn8BIlIUX nOBOSRH H y6IITbIX
IIplI norpe6eHlIu D;aplID;bI. ,JJ;epeBHHHbIH OCTOB nOBOSOR OR8S8JICH
conepIlIeHHO IICTJIeDIlIIIM, HO ero CJIe)];hI B rpYHTe MOrlIJIbI 6bIJIH Ha-
CTOJIbHO OTqeTJIIIBbI, qTO no HIIM ORaS8JIOCb BOSMOmHbIM n;eJIIIROM
peRoHcTpynpoBaTh q>OPMY ROJIeCIHID;, ROTopbIe no CBoeMY BHeIlIHeMY
IJII)];Y 6bIJIII OqeHb 6JIIISRH R IIs06pa7r.eHHbIM Ha IlITaH)];apTe.
RpOMe qeTbIpeXRO.TIeCHbIX rrOBOSOR, B npeBHeHIlIeH Ype cy ecTBo-
Ft1J1II TaIOI.e )];BYXROJ1eCHbU\. H8 06JIOMRe peJ1beq>a I!IS Ypa, aHaJ10-
rHqHbIH ROTOPOMY IIOS)];Hee 6bIJI H3.H)];eH B Xaq>a,D;mH, IIs06p8meHa
IWJ1eCHlID;a C qeTbIpbMH sarrpHmeHHbIMII B Hee MYJI8MII. H a nplIJIarae-
MOM pUCYHRe 8Toro peJIbeq>a (pUC. 71) OTqeTJIIIBO BH)];H8 ROHCTPYRD;HH
nepeBHHHoro ROJIeCa, COCTOH ero UX Tpex CRpenJIeHHbIX Memp;y
c06010 RYCROB nepeBa, SaHJIIO'IeHHbIX B 060,D;. ,JJ;bIIlIJIO ROJIeCHIID;bI,
OTXOJJ:H ee OT IIepeJJ:Heu qaCTlI RysoBa, CHJIhHO BblrHYTO BBepx.
TaH me RaR II Ha qeTbIpeXROJIeCHbIX rrOBOSRax, Ha JJ;bImJIe JRpenJIeHhI
ROJIhD;a, B lWTopble npO,D;eBamICh Bosnm:. HOJIeCHlII{bI lOmHoro )J;ny-
,.
100
fl'E:XHl11tA. lfP1!JBBErO lfBYPEQI.Jl
peqbH H 8JIaMa, 1I3BeCTHLle HaM lIO rJIIUlHHhIM II MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHM
Mo):(eJIHM, ):(eJIHTCH Ha L\Ba THlIa. IIepBhIiJ H3 HUX HMeeT CH):(eHbe B BI'I,l:(e
CKaMbH, lIOMem;eHHoiJ B 3a):(HeiJ qaCTH RY30Ba, ):(pyroit me npe):(CTaB-
JIfleT ROJIeCHHl!Y C CH):(eHbeM Hano):(06He ce):(JIa. .
B JIYBPCROM MY3ee xpaHIITCH 6pOH30BaH MOL\eJ1I, ROJIeCHIn LI C qe-
JIOBeqeCRoit HrypRoit, KOTopaH nOMem;aeTCH BepXOM Ha CII):(eHbe
II onHpaeTCH Ha BhICORYIO cnlIHRy. B BhICOKOM nepe):(Re ROJIeCHIIl!hI
IIMeIOTCH OTBepCTlIH ):(JIH B03meit. CY):(H no peaHbIM u306pamemIHM
Ha l!IIJIIIH):(pHqeCKHX neqaTHX, nepe):(aIOm;IIX xapaRTepllbTe OpMLI
):(peBHeimrHx ROJIeCHIIl!, B RO;IeCHHn;bI, aailpHraJfHCb MYJIbl, 06hl'Uro
no ):(Ba nJIH me no qeTbIpe. Ha l!1I.rmHL\plIqeCRlIX neqaTHX eCTb Ha06-
pameHHH TaRHX ROJIeCHIIl!, r):(e BoaHIln;bI CTOHT BO BeCL pOCT. Tun
n:OJIeCHHn;bI C CH):(eHbeM B BH):(e ce):(JIa coxpalIHeTcfl ):(0 RaCCIITCRoro
BpeMeHII, BCTpeqaflCb H B apXalI'IeCRoit ACClIplIlI.
72. THnbl acCHpHficHHX HOJIecHH
C KaCCHTCRoro BpeMeHH Ha6JIIOL\aeTCH peaKoe lIaMeHeHrre KY30Ra,
ROTOpbliJ 06JIer'IaeTCfl no Becy H nprrHHMaeT ORpyr.JIble OpMbl. Or.L
C ROJIeCaMH, nOMelr.t;aBIIIaflCH noCepeltIIHe ):(Ha Ry:mBa, nepf'Hor.uTCfl
R aa):(HeMY ero RpaIO, qTO CTaliOBUTCH BeCbMa xapaRTepHbIM ):(JIH ar.cu-
pUiJCRIIX ROJIeCHrrr1. C CepeL\J1HbI I I I TbICH'IeJIeTHfl ):(0 H. 8. MaCCUBHoe
):(I'ICROBI1):(Hoe RO.JIeCO HCqeaaeT, 3aMeHHflCb ROJIeCOM co CTIHn;aMU.
MarOTOBJIeHUe ROJIeC npe):(CTaBJIHJIO, nOBH):(HMOMY, oc060 TpY):(HYIO
pa60TY, BbIIIOJIHflBIIIYIOCH CIIel!HaJIHCTaMH-peMeCJIeHHHKaMn. Y me
B illYMepe cpenHHH 'IaCTb ROJIeCa lIarOTOBJIHJIaCb OTL\eJIbHO H CRpeII-
JIflJIaCb OC06bIMII CRpenaMH C nepeBHHHbIM 060noM, 06HTblM UHorna
):(epeBHHHhIMH HJIII MeTaJIJIlf1IeCRUMH rB03):(HMII. B CTpeMJIeHIIH
06JIerQeHHR Beca ROJIeCa nepBblM IIIarOM 6bwa aaMeHa CnJIOlliHoit
cpe):(Heit qaCTII RpeCTOBHHOH, qTO nplIBeJIO R npHMHTUBHOMY n:OJIecy
C qeTblpbMH ClIHn;aMII. TaKne ROJIeCa BCTpeqaIOTCH Ha ):(peBHIIX Meco-
nOTaMCRHX Ha06pameHHHX nOBoaOK.
B ACClIplIH ):(0 BpeMeH CaJIMaHaCapa III (cepe):(HHa IX B. ):(0 H. 8.)
06bIqHO ynoTpe6JIHJIOCb ROJIeCO C IIIeCTbIO CIIHn;aMH, HaH 8TO MomHO
BII):(eTb XOTH 6bI Ha peJIbe aX 6pOHaOBbIX 06HBOH BaJIaBaTCHIIX
BOpOT. IIplI TIII'JIaTlIaJIacape III (cepeL\HHa VIII B. ):(0 H. 8.) ROJIeCO
C IIIeCTbIO ClIHl!aMH np01tOJImaJIO eu e cyrnecTBoBaTb, Ha PH):(Y C 06hIq-
HhIM B TO BpeMH KOJIeCOM, IIMeIOI.IJ;HM BoceMb cnHn; (pHC. 72). KOHCTPyR-
DYTIl OOOBIIlEH1lJ111 TPAHCnOp'l!
101
UH IWJICC, COCTOHIIJ;UX lIB BHYTpeHHIIX 'IacTeii II o6o a, CBHBaHHbIX
OCO(h,IMI1 eHpenaMII, OTqeTJIUBO BM Ha Ha accupMiicRUX uB06pan\eHlIHX.
8JlUMCInIe ROJIeCHM bI HaqaJIa VII B. O H. a. CYIQeCTBeHHO OTJIU-
.'13.1I11Cb OT aCClIpuiicRUX, npe CTaBJIHH, nOBU IIMOMY, paBBUTUe OTMe-
'/('lIlIoro BbIllie' TUna ROJIeCHM bI, C cu eHbeM B Bu e ce JIa. KOJIeca
a.1JUMCRUX ROJIeCHU IIMeJIII BeHa aTb cnM , RaR 8TO nepe aHO
na accnpuiiCRux 1I306pameHIIHX. BCTpeqalOTCH TaRme nOB03RU C RO-
JICCaMU, IIMeBIlIIIMM nHTHa aTb cnM : 8TH noBoaRII npe CTaBJIHIOT
c06010 ap6bI, B ROTopbIe nocpe CTBOM IIpMa BnpHraJIIICb BOJIbI. 8JIaM-
CRMe KOJIeCHUI{bI no cBoeii q,opMe 6bIJIM OqeHb 6mI3RM R 8Tl1M ap6aM.
H OJIec HIIl\a Amy p6aHI111aJ1a
Ho RpoMe ByxROJIeCHbIX IIoBoaoR, B AccuplIu U ,D:sypeqbe BCTpe-
qalOTCH 11 qeTblpeXHOJIeCHbIe, ynoTpe6JIHBllIIIeCH 06bIqHO JIH oepe-
B03RU rpyaa. Ha O,D;HOM lIa peBHux rnYMepCInU peJIbecpoB ua06pa-
iI\eHa nOB03Ha C qeTbIpbMH IICROBII HbIMU HOJIeCaMU, nepeBOaHll.\aH
RaMeHHhle rJIbI6bI. Ha peJIbeq,ax EaJIaBaTCRux BOpOT, B CQeHax BbIBoaa
aaXBaqeHIiOM 06bIqlI, UMeeTCH u306 pameHue qeTbI peXROJIeClIOM TeJIerU
ROTOPYID THHYT accupuMl;HIIC BOIIHbI. qeTbIpeXROJIeCHaH nUBoaRa
C nOCTaBJIeHHhIM Ha Hee HaRUM-TO coopymeHueM IIMeeTCH TaRme U Ha
06emwRe AlllypHaCIIpnaJIa. Ho Bce me Hau60JIee xapaHTepHbIMu
JIH Accnpuu HBJIHIOTCH ,D;syxROJIeCHble HOJIeCHIIn;bI, Ma06pa1KeHuH
ROTOpbIX n03BOJIHIOT BbIHCHUTb TaRme U cnoco6 BanpHmRII B Hee
JIorna,D;eii. B03bMeM Mil npIIMcpa ROJIeCHlIn;y BpeMeHU Awyp6aalluana
102
lrKHH'RA !!PEBBETO J(BYPE'lI,H
(VII B. O H. B.). He60JIbmOll RY30B npRMoyrOJIbHOll .pOPMbI, C RO-
POTRUMII 60ROBblMU CTOpOHaMU, nOCTaBJIeH H3 BblCORlie ROJIeCa, OCb
ROTOpblX HaXO IiTCR y 3a HerO RpaR (pIiC. 73). .KopoTRoe blmJIO,
CUJIbHO 3aru6aIO eecR nBepx II YBeHqaHHOe mTnU,D;apTOM, OTXO,D;IIT
OT HImmefi qaCTII nepe,D;Ra ROJIeCHIU{bI, COe,D;IUIHHCb C ero BepxHeiI
qaCTbIO nOCpe,D;cTBOM MeTaJIJIUqeCROiI OTTmRRII. B ROJIeCHUl{Y 3anpH-
iI,eHbI qeTblpe JIoma,D;1I (BcTpeqaIOTCR TaRme 3aIIpHmRH TpCX JIoma,D;eiI),
JIB HOTOpblX nplInpRraJIIICb I ,D;blmJIY ,D;Be RopeHHblX. ItpaHlluc JIOma,D;II
npUCTerrrBaJIIICb R ROJIbl{aM Ha nepe,D;Re ROJIeCHHl{bI OC06hIMlI peMHRMU,
BpO,D;e nOCTpOMOR, 3aRpenJIeHHblMII Y3JIOM Y XOJIRU, npU<ICM peMHI,[
3TU npOTHrlIBaJIIiCb ,D;aJIbme, rrpURperrJIRRCb R rrCaJIUHM II C,D;epiIHlB3H
nOBopOT rOJIOBbI JIomaJJ;eiI, He IIMeBmlIX C HapymHofi CTOpOHbI B03meti:
']4. Haoopa1ReHMe pacnpHraHMH HOJ1eCHUL\bI
,D;JIR yrrpaBJIeHIIfI. ACClIplIiicRlIe y,D;Ima 1I3BeCTHbI HaM rro HeCROJIbRUM
06pa3I1aM, xpaHR UMCfI B 3arra,D;HO-eBporreiIcRUX MY3eHX. MYH,D;mTYK
COP-TOIIT U3 Tpex liOJIel{, cHa6meHHbIX UHor,D;a murraMII, rrcaJIIiU y,D;JIII-
HenHoiI, neCROJIbI-W BblrHYToiI .pOPMbI, lIMe lOT ,D;Ba OTBepCTliH ,D;JIR
rrpUKpeIIJIenUR Y3,D;eqRII II ROJIbl{a ,D;JIH B03meiI.
ACClIpUllCRaR ROHCRaH yrrpmRb COCTOHJIa 113 Romanoro peMHR,
nepeXBaTblBarom:ero meIO JIoma,D;U II 06pa3YIO ero pO,D; OmellHIIRa,
II 113 IIO,D;rrpyrlI. ¥ XOJIRU npnCTHmHblX JIOma,D;ell IIMeJIaCb neTJIH
.D;JIH 3aRpenJIeHUR 60ROBoro peMHH: Coe.D;IIHeHHOro C RY30BOM ROJIeC-
HIIl{bI. Ha Cl{eHax pacrrpRraHIIH ROJIeCHUl{ 06b1qHO H3Q6pamaeTCH
pacrrYTblBaHlIe IIMeHHO :;noro Y3JIa (plIC. 74). Ha peJIbelj}ax CUHaxe-
pu6a Y3eJI pacrrYTblBaeTcR rrOCJIe OTCTerunaHIIR peMHH OT IICaJIlfII,
Ha peJIbelj}ax me Amyp6aHIWaJIa pacrrYTblBaeTcH KaROll-TO ,D;orrOJI-
HIITeJIbHblll pe eHb, CBR3aHHbIll C nocTpoMROll. TaR RaR rrplICTHmHble
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104
rt'EXHIlRA PEBHErO BYPE'lI:,.R
pyRax OT qeTbIpeX JIOma):\en BCerO JIlImb meCTb B03me:tI, aamaB
B PYRe no TplI JIeHTIiI, nponYCRaH UX Mem):\y naJIbn;aMU TaRUM o6pa-
aOM, 'IT'O 60JIbmOll naJIen; OCTaBaJICH CBo6o):\HbIM. qacTo B PYRax RY-
qepa l'I306pameH RomaHbIll RHYT, IIHor):\a C pa3):\BoeHHIiIM peMHeM.
o TeXHlIqeCRUX cpe):\CTBax, npuMeHHeMbIX npl'I nepeB03Re THmeJIIiIX
CTpOl1TeJIhHIiIX MaTeplIaJIOB, Mlil MomeM CY):\IITh no 1I306parReHIIHM
76. IIepeBoaRa n:oJIOCCaJILHoit RaMeHHoit cTaTYu
CTpOllTeJIbHIiIX pa60T Ha peJIheif>ax ):\BOpn;a CIIHaxepu6a B HUHeBIIl'I.
Cpe):\u peJIbeif>oB 3Toro ):\BOpn;a UMeeTCH HeCROJIbRO 1I306paa,eHlIll
pa3rpY3Ru C nJIOTOB II nepeBo3Ru ROJIOCCaJIbHbIX RaMeHHIiIX cTaTYll,
npe):\Ha3HaqeHIIIiIX ):\JIH cTpoHI erocH ):\BOpn;a (puc. 75). CTpOUTeJIbHbIe
Ha):\IIIICIiI CliIHaxepu6a rOBopHT 0 JIOMRe RaMHH B MeCTHOCTHX EaJIaT II
TacTlIaT, r):te Ha MeCTe 61i1JIll II3rOTOBJIeHIiI ROJIOCCaJIhHbIe RaMeHHbIe
RpbIJIaTbIe 6bIRU C qeJIOBeqeCRIIMIl rOJIOBaMIl, npe):\IIa3HaqeHHbIe ):\JIH
YRpameHIIH Bxo):\a BO ):\Bopen;.
TeRcTbI YRa3t.IBaIoT, qTO MHoro mlITenell Tex cTpaH, r):\e npOl'I3BO-
):tIIJIaCb JIOMRa RaMHe:tI II II3rOTOBJIeHIIe cTaTyli, npUHIIMaJIO yqaCTl:le
B 3TOll TPY):\HO:tI pa60Te. 113 60JIbmUX CTBOJIOB ):\epeBbeB coopymaJIIfCh
DJIOTbI, cnYIIJ;eHHbIe Ha BO):\Y BO BpeMH nOJIOBO):\bH 11 Ha ROTOplilX RaMeR-
HbIe CTaTYII 6hIJIlI AOCTaBJIeHl>l B HnHeBllIO.
IIYTll COOB1l{EHll.R 11 TPAHCIIOP'J)
105
KOJIOCCaJIbHbIe CRYJIbIITypbI, He BrrOJIHe 3aROHqeHHhIe, rrOCJIe
BblrpY3RII C rrJIOTOB Ha 6eper, rrepeTaCRIIBaJIUCb Ha MaCCUBHhIX ca-
JIa3RaX, ROTophIe THHYJIO 60JIbillOe ROJIII'IeCTBO mo eH. B ,D;aHHoM
CJIyqae, CY H rro 1I306pameHIIIO, pa60Ta BhIrrOJIHHJIaCb BOIIHaMU acclI-
puttCROH apMIIII, Ha qTO YRa3hIBaeT xapaRTepHaH <popMa UX O em,D;bI.
Ha peJIbelpaX u306pameHhI TaRme Ha CMOTpll\IIRU, IIOHYRalOll\lle
OTCTalO IIX Y,D;apaMII IIaJIRU. Pa60Ta corrpOBOm aJIaCb MY3bIROM.
PH OM C Tpy6aqeM CTOHJI PYROBO,D;UTeJIb rrepeB03Ru, ROTOpbIll, RO-
MaH YH, oT6IIBaJI PYRaMII TaRT. COOTBeTCTBeHHO THmeCTII rrepeBO-
3UMoro rpY3a H caMU caHU, Ha ROTophIe rrOMell.\aJICH rpY3, OTJIHqaJIUCb
MaCCIIBHOCTblO. HumHHH qaCTb caHeH COCTOHJIa 113 rrOCTaBJIeHHbIX
Ha pe6po TOJICThIX ,D;OCOR, CRperrJIeHHhIX rrocpe cTBoM rrOrrepeqHbIX
6pYCROB. R )TOH ROHCTpYRl:(UIi CHlI3Y 6bIJIII rrpU6IIThI ,D;OCKU, CJIyaulB-
llilIe rrOJI03bHMU.
77. BC110MOraTeJIbHbIe Cper\CTBa IIIJl' l1ejJellOiJl\e d'aTYH
CaHu rrepeTaCKUBaJIUCb JIIO,D;bMI'I, ROTOpbIe THHYJIU RaI-laThI, rrpu-
BH3aHHhIe crrepe,D;ll H C3a,D;U R 6PYCIWM, ORperrJIHIOll.\UM 60.KOBhIe
qaCTH caHell. COOTBeTCTBeHHO STOMY U pa60TaBlliue JIIOJ U 6bIJIII pa3-
eJIeHbI Ha qeThIpe (IlHor a Ha TplI) rpyrrrrhI. !{OJIIlqeCTBO JIIO,D;ell,
rrpIIHUMaBlliUX yqaCTIle B pa60Te, Ha accnpUllCKUX pUCYHRax nepe-
aHO YCJIOBHO II He COOTBeTcTByeT ,D;eHCTBUTeJIbHOCTII. Ka'K,D;hIH U3
pa60TaBilllIX IIMeJI BepeBRY, rrepeTHHYTYIO qepe3 rrJIeqo, IIpUBH3aHHYIO
060lIMH KOHl:(aMU R RaHaTY II rrpe CTaBJIHBillYIO, TaRIIM 06pa30M,
CBoero po a ynpHmb. r
rro caHU IIO,D;RJIa,D;hIBaJIIlCb RaTRU, ROTophIe nOCJIe rrpOTaCRU-
BaHUH rpY3a rrO,D;6lIpaJIIICb U CHOBa nO RJIa,D;hIBaJIUCb no,D; rrOJI03bH
crreJ(uaJIbHO BhI,D;eJIeHHhIMI'I Ha STY pa60TY JIIO bMl'I. ,I(JIH IIpeo o-
JIelIIiH corrpOTUBJIeHIIH rrpu ,D;BIIj-KeHIIII YilOTpe6JIHJICH rrpOCTelllliull
phIqar, rrpe,D;CTaBJIHBllillll c06010 CTecaHHoe GpeBHO, rrOCTaBJIeHHOe
rro ROHel:( caHeH II IIMeBillee yrropoM ClIel:(lIaJIbHO H3rOTOBJIeHHhIe
RJIUHbH pa3110ro paaMepa. KaMeHHbIe CTaTYl'I, cyAH rro aCCl'Ipl'IMCKMM
106
TEXHHRA j1PEBBBTO j1BYP1P1bll
11306pameHlIHM, nepeB0311JIJ/lCb RaR nOJIOmeHHIiIMII Ha 60R, TaR J/I no-
CTaBJIeHHbIMII BepTIIRaJIbHO (pIIC. 76): BO BTOpOM CJIY1lae IIplI nepe-
BoaRe He06xo,D;IIMO 6bIJIO e e YRpenJIeHIIe caMOM CTaTYl'I, ROTopan
nOMemaJIaCb B ,D;epeBHHHYIO ROHCTPYRI{IIIO B llII,D;e HJIeTRl'I. K aTOll
ltoHCTPYRI{l'I1I ,D;JIH COXpaHeHl'IR paBHOBeCl'IR C 060l'IX IWHI{OB npIIBR3bI-
BaJIl'ICb HaHaTbI II RpOMe Toro ,D;JIR npe,D;OTBpa eHl'IR Ra1laHIIR yrroTpe6-
JIRJlIICL llITaHrlI C pa3,D;BOeHJ/leM H8 RO 8X, ROTOpbIMII CTaTYR IIO,D;-
II1apaJIaCh C {)OROB.
Ha BTllX me peJIhelfJax l'Ia06pameHO l'I BcnOMOraTeJIbHOe CHapHme-
IIlle, ynoTpe6JIHBllIeeCH npl'I nepeB03Rax THmecTeii:. B ,D;BYXROJIeCHIiIX
nOBoaRax, nepeTamHIBaeMIiIX JIIO,D;hMII, HaXO,D;RTCR RaHaTIiI, 3arraCHIiIe
6peBHa, llITaHrlI .IJ;JIR IIO,D;nOpRll, RJIllHhR .IJ;JIH pIiI1larOB l'I ,D;p. Conpo-
BmR,D;aIOIIJ;IIe IIOB03RII JIIO,D;II HeCYT TaRme l'I He06xo,D;IIMIiIH llHCTPY-
MeHTaplI.ii: ,D;.rrIUlHIiIe IIlIJIIiI C ,D;BYMH PY1lRaMII, JIOnaTbI, RllpRIl n TO-
nopIiI Hll ,D;JIIIHHIiIX PYROHTRax (pIlC. 77).
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DO;D;ULIe nYTII COOOm;(\HIIJI
KaHaJlIiI, IIpope3aBllIlle 1I1I3MeHHOCTb I01:KHOrO ,IJ;Bype1lbR, yme
C ,D;peBHellIIIlIx BpeMeH CJIyaUIJUI O,D;HHM 113 OCHOBHbIX BU,D;OB nYTeii
co06rn:eHlIH. IIIYMcpcRlIe RJIIIHOnlICHbIe Ta6JIeTHIl 1I3 apxuBoB ,D;pen-
HllX noceJIeHu:ti OTMe1laIOT 60Jlh-
llIoe 3Ha1leHlIe BTITX BO,D;HLIX
nYTeii ,D;JIHX03RHcTBeHHoll »'iM3-
HIT CTpaHhI.
Cpe,D;II ,D;ORYMeHTOB l'I3 ro-
pO,D;a YMMhI (f'nllIXY), OTHO-
CH IIXCH KO BpeMeHII III ,D;II-
HaCTIIll Y pa, BCTpe1laeTCH ,D;O
,D;eCHTII Ha3BaHIIH paaJIII1lHhIX
CY,D;OB, HailpaBJIReMhIX C rpy-
78. Ma06pamem'lO ruYMepCHQfi JIaIJ,hH 30M CeJIbCRO-X03HMCTBeHHhIX
npO,D;YRTOB B Hlinnyp II ,D;PY-
rne ropO,D;a ,IJ;Bype1lbR. B Ta6JIeTRaX YRa3hIBaJICR TaRme CpOH
(B ,D;HHX), Ha ROTOpLlfI CY,D;HO yxo.n;nJ10 B nJIaBaHIIe. ,IJ;PyrlIe
TeRCTIiI 1I3 YMMhI OTMe1laIOT norpY3HY Ropa6JIR H1lMeHeM Y npII-
CTaHn, Jt,D;e lIaXO,D;IIJInCh 3epFfOXparHlJIII a. CY,D;H 110 YRa3alIliRM
RJIIIHOIIiICIILIX TPRCTOB, a TaRa\e no ,D;peBlIeMY l'IJIJIIOCTpaTIIB-
1I0I\lY MaTepnaJIY, fuYMepCH:Ue cY,D;a 6hIJIII BeChMa pa31I0pO,D;lIhIMII
II CTpOHJIIICh II3 TpOCTIIIIRa II ,D;epeBa. I1a06pameHlIH lIa mYMepCImx
I{IIJIIIH,D;pn1leCRllX ne1laTfIX 1laCTO npe,D;CTaBJIHIOT JIa hIO C CIIJIhHO
aarHYTLIMn BBep:x IIOCOBOM II ROpMOBOfI 1laCTHMII, ll3rOTOBJIelIHYIO
U3 TpOCT.iIIIRa, Hd 1lTO YRa3LIBaIOT nOnepe1lHhle nepeBH31I, nORa3aHHLIe
Ha plICYIIRe (pIiC. 78). anI cY,D;a CJIymIIJlII RaH: ,D;JIR nepe,D;BII1:KeIIIIH no
RaHaJIaM II peRaM, TaR II ,D;JIR Ra60Taamoro nJIaBaHllH B IIepCII,D;CROM
aaJlImc. Ha 0,D;1I0I\1 ,D;peDHeM peJIb€pe 113 IIIypynnaRa 11MeeTCR: 1'180-
,
RYTll OOOB1l{ERHH I1 TPAHCnOPT
107
6pameHne ));epeBHHHOfi JIa));Ln C ));BYMR rpe6n;aMJI, ));epm3. nMn ));e-
peBHHHbIe nJII'I me TpOCTHnROBbIe BeCJIa.
B ));peBHefimlIX norpe6eHlIHX )J;BypeqLR BCTpeqalOTCH TaRme rJIII-
HHHbIe I'I MeTaJIJIlIqeClUXe MO));eJIn JIO,D;OR. TaR, l'I3 llIypynnaR8
npoUCXO,D;UT rJIUHRHaH MO,D;eJIL JIO));RI'I C CI'IJILHO 3arHYTbIMI'I HO-
cOBofi U ROpMOBOfi qaCTRMI'I, a B o,D;Hofi 1'I3 n;apCKI'IX rp06HUn; B ¥pe
6bIJIa 06HapYrI\:eHa cepe6pHHaR MO,D;eJIL JIO));KI'I, cHa6meHHoll BeCJI8MU.
B BaBIIJIOHIII'I, npl'I XaMMypamI, peqHaR HaBl'Iran;I'IR HaXO,D;IIJIaCL
no)); npaBI'ITeJILCTBeHHbIM ROHTpOJIeM. B ropO));Re Baccy, OCHOBaHHOM
XaMMypaIIII, npOBepHJIl'ICL nponycRa npOXO,D;UBmI'IX MI'IMO CY));OB,
npUqeM IIHOr));a, npu Hel'ICnpaBHocTu ));OKYMeHToB, OHI'I B03Bpa aJIUCL
06paTHo B BaBIIJIOH. B RO));eRCe- 3aKOHOB Toro BpeMeHu B OC060ll CTaTLe
( 234) YCTaHaBJII'IBaJIaCL OIIJIaTa pa60TbI CY));OCTpOnTeJIH, a TaRme
JIpe));ycMaTpUB8JII'ICL nOCJIe,D;CTBIIH He,D;06pORaqeCTBeHHo BhInOJIHeHHOll
pa60TbI ( 235).
COrJIaCHO RJII'IHonlICHbIM TeRcTaM, nocTpollRa npOI'I3BO));UJIaCL
CJIe,D;YIOIIJ;I'IM 06pa30M. IIocJIe COCTaBJIeHUH nJIaHa cY));Ha, C YRa3aHueM
pa3MepoB, npucTynaJIU R 1'I3rOTOBJIeHIIlO RUJIeBOll ero qaCTI'I, HOCUB-
mell Ha3BaHue «CrrIIHHOll xpe6eT». IIocJIe 3aRperrJIeHIIH mrraHroYToB
{«pe6ep») OCTOB 06ml'IBaJICR ));epeBOM U rrORpLIBaJICR TOJICTbIM CJIOeM
6IiTYMa. ACCUpl'Illmme 1'I306pa3l'ITeJIbHbIe n8MHTHURU, - rJI8BHbIM 06pa-
30M, peJIbeqm n;apCRUX ));BOpn;OB, - ));alOT 60JIbillofi MaTeplIaJI rro
BO));HhIM Cpe));CTBaM nepe,D;BHmeHUR, nOHa3bIBalO Hll 1II1Or));a BeCbMa
apXaUqeCRl'Ie qJ0PMbI.
B )J;Bypeqbe Hal'IOOJIee illnpOHoe paCilpOCTpaHeHue nOJIyql'IJII'I
JIerKl'Ie TpOCTHuROBbIe JIO));KU. lIa peJIbe<pax ));BOpn;8 CI'IHaxeplI6a,
cpe));1'I Cn;eH 60eB B 60JIOTaX IomHOll BaBIIJIOHIIU, l'IMeIOTCR OT1JeTJIHBbIC
1'I306pameHIIH JIO));OR 1'I3 TpOCTHIIRa, cHa6meHHhIe TaKme TpOCTHli-'
ROBhIMI'I BeCJIaMI'I B <}>opMe MeTeJIRII. IIo,D;06HhIe 1'I306pameHI'IH BCTpe-
qalOTCR OqeHb q8CTO, npl'IqeM Ha pl'ICYHHe XOpOIIIO BII,D;Ha CTpYRTypa
JIO,D;HII C rrOrrepeqHhIMI'I nepeBR3HMII, CRperrJIRBillIlMII ROPIIYC. B HeIW-
TOpLIX CJIyqaHX JIO));KY T1IHYJI rrJIhIBY Ull Brrepe,D;H qeJIOBeH HJIH 11m OHa
nepe,D;BHraJIaCb npu rrOMOIIJ;U meCTa nYTeM OTTaJIRI'IBaHHR.
¥me C ));peBHeiiillIlX BpeMeH, Ha pH,D;y C TpOCTHUROBbIMH JIO,D;RaMII,
CTpOIIJIIICb U ,D;epeBHHHhIe cy));a pa3Ho06pa3HLIX TimOB. BOJIblllaH qaCTL
IIX HBJIHJIaCb 6apRaMII, CJIYiKUBlllUMU ,D;JIH rrepeB03RH rpY3a, RaR 3TO
rrORa3hIBalOT aCCUpUllCHl'Ie u306pameHIIH. Hoc II ROpl\1a ));epeBHHHbIX
JIa));efi HMeJIU CIIJIbHhIll BhIru6 BBepx n YRpalllaJIUCb pe3HhIMu qJIIry-
paMII. HocoBaH qaCTb l'I306pamaJIa rOJIOBy JIorua));u, IWpMoBaR me
IIMeJIa qJOPMY phI6Lero XBOCTa. I1HOr,D;a HU cy));ax BCTpeqaeTCH MaqTa
C ROp3UHOll B BepxHeM qar TU, R ROTOpOll IIpImperrJIRJII'ICb HaH3ThI, OT-
XO,D;UBillIIe OT Hoca I'I ROpMbI (puc. 79). Cy));a rrepe));Bl'IraJII'ICb npn nOMOIIJ;1I
BeCeJI, I'IHOr,D;a me, oc06eHHO BBepx no TeqeHUIO, IIX THHYJIl( 6ypJIaRu.
3));eCb CJIe yeT OTMeTUTb TaRme 60eBbIe accupniiClnm Ropa6JIII,
11306pameHHhIe Ha CTeHax ));BOpu:a CUHaxepu6a, rrOCTpOeHHbIe, CY));H
no TeRCTaM, <pIIHIIRHllCRUMH MacTepaMH. KOM8H));a 3THX CY,D;OB co-
108
'l'EXHI1RA j1PEBHErO j1BYPE'II,H
CTOHJI8 [13 l'IH03eMIJ;eB, Cpe l'I ROTOpbIX H8XO l'IJIl'ICL l'IOHl'IMIJ;LI. 8Tl'I CY 8
npe CTaBJIHJIl'I C060IO r8JIepbI C OCTpbIM HOCOM, CJIymlIBIllIIM T8p8HOM.
rpe6IJ;bI paCnOJI8r8JIl'ICL BYMH BTamaMII, l'IHOr a H8 BepXHeii na-
JIy6e nOMern:aJICH n8pyc.
KpOMe epeBHHHbIX CY OB, OC06bI:H Bl'I COCT8BJIHIOT RpyrJILIe
cy a, IIpe CT8BJIHBIlllIe C060IO nJIeTeHbIe 1I3 npYTLeB ROp3IIHbI, 06IIIIITbIe
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ROmen. 06 BTIIX Cy.n;8X MbI H8XO.n;IIM.CBe eHlIH y repo oT8, ROTOpbIM,
CQIITaH I1X .n;OCToilpIIMeQaTeJIbHOCTbIO BaBIIJIOHIIII, nplIBeJI cJIe.n;YIOrn:ee
OIIIIC8HlIe: «Cy.n;a IIX, IIJIBBaIOrn:lIe no peRe B BaBIIJIOH, HlVleIOT Rpyr-
JIYIO <}JOPMY II QeJIIIROM c.n;eJIaHLJ 113 R01RII. B 3eMJIe apMHH, qTO mMBYT
BbIIlle 8CClIpIIHQeB, OBII Hape3aIOT HBbI II .n;eJI8IOT 1I3 HIIX 60R8 Cy.n;H8,
nOToM 06TRrl'IBaIOT IIX nORpOBOM l'I3 KOJR l'I JJ;eJIaIOT nOJJ;o6IIe ,D;Ha. He
113'1.'11 COOB1Il.EllR.n 11 TI'AIICnOP'P
109
pa3nBuraH CTeHOR ROpMbI U He cymrrBaH HOCa., HO npnnaBaH cynHY
RpyrJIYIO rpOPMY I.U;UTaj nOCJIe 3Toro Bce cynHo HanOJIHHIOT COJIOMOi!,
HarpymalOT II CilYCRalOT BHU3 no peRe. CynHo HanpaBJIHeTCH C no-
MOI.U;hlO nBYx pYJIei! nBYMR CTOHm;nMU JIlOnhMlIj OnliH U3 HIIX THHeT
PYJIh R ce6e, npyrOH TOJIRaeT CBOi! PYJIh OT ce6H. Cyna 3TU 6bIBalOT
II OqeHh 60JIhlliUe II nOMeHhlliej Hau60JIhlliUe 113 HIIX nonHIIMaIOT
nRTh TbICRq TaJIaHTOB rpY3a. B RamnOM cynHe nOMem;aeTCH IIO onHOMY
OCJIY, a B cynax 6<;JJIhlliorO pa3Mepa IIO HeCROJIhRO. n pIlIIIenllil'I Ha cy-
80. PaSJ1MQHble BI1IIbI accnpnfiClmx nonOH II nnOTOB.
PncYHf\lf c peJIbe.poB lIa D;BOpL\a CIIHaxepnoa
na.X B BaBIIJIOH II paclIpOnaBmn rpY3, OHa c6bIBalOT TaRme OCTOB cynHa
l'I BCIO COJIOMYj ROm" HaBhIoqlIBalOT Ha OCJIOB U OTB03HT IIX R apMH-
HaM. BBepx IIO peRe, BCJIenCTBl'Ie 6bICTporo TeqeHIIH, cyna BOBce He
MorYT IIJIbITh, n03TOMY-TO l'I neJIalOT I1X He nepeBHHHhIMl'I, a RomaHbI-
MIl).
KpyrJILte cy a, OTMeqeHHLte repo oToM, BCTpeqalOTCH Cpenl'I
1t306pameHu:ti: Ha peJIhe«IJax nBopqa Cl'IHaxepu6a, COBepllieHHO COB-
nanaR C BbIllieilplIBe eHHbIM OITUCaHueM (pnc. 80). rpY3 l'I qeTLtpe
QeJIOBeR8 C BeCJIaMH OBOJIhHO opnrlIHaJIhHOll «fJ0PMbI, HailpaBJIeHHbIe,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO OnHCaHlIIO repOnoTa, B pa3HLte CTOpOHLt, nOMerqaIOT-
110
.TBZBI11tA. llPBDBBro J(BYP1PlUJ
C1'I Ha CY He, nOBI'I,l{lIMOMY Ha61ITOM O BepXa COJIOMOM. IIo 06HDIe
JIO RlI BCTpeqaIOTC1'I rro Ha3BaHIIPM «rylfJlfJa» II B COBpeMeHHOM I1paRe,
OTJIlIqaHCb OT peBHlIX JIO OR JIlIllib TeM, qTO RpyrJIaH ROp3I'1Ha, rrpe -
CTaBJIHIorqaH l'IX OCHOBY, He 06llil'lBaeTCH RoamH, a rrlwMa3bIBaeTcH
6HTYMOM.
TaRme O COBpeMeHHOCTII OmHJI 1'1 pyroll BH,D; peBHero cpe CTBa
nepe BlImeHIIH, npe CTaBJIHIOrqHll c06010 nJIorqa,D;RY 1'13 6peBeH,
R RImy ROTOpOM npl'lBH3bIBaIOTCH 6YP,D;IORII (Ha,D;YTbIe lliRypbI 6apaHOB)
06pa3YH po IIJIOTa. IIOBlI,D;IIMOMY, ame ero COBpeMeHHoe H83BaHlIe
(lReJIeR» BOCXO,D;MT R ,D;peBHeaCClIplIllCROMY (lRaJIaRRY». B HacToHrqee
BpeMH rrOJI (lReJIeRa», R ROTOPOMY CHII3Y npl'lRperrJIHIOTC1'I 6YP IORII,
IIJIeTeTC1'I 1I3 npYTheB. KpoMe rrJIOTOB Ha 6YP IORax, B ,D;peBHeM ACCII-
pUll rrpl'lMeHHJII'ICb TaRme 60JIee rrpOCTbIe nJIOTbI, 06pa30BaHHbIe
U3 CBH3aHHbIX RaHaTaMI'I GpeBeH, BCTpeqalOII\lIeCH Ha aCClIplIllCRlIX
1I306pameHIIHX Ha PH Y C (lRaJIaRRY». COrJIaCHO CTpOIITeJIhHbIM TeR-
CTaM, Ha nJIOTaX, COCTaBJIeHHbIX 1'13 CTBOJIOB epeBbeB, 6bIJIl'I OCTaB-
neHbI 1'13 RaMeHOJIOMeH B HI'IHeBlI1O ROJIOCCaJIhHbIe HaMeHHbIe CRYJIb-
rrTypbI, l'I306paa,alOrque HpbIJIaThIX 6bIROB C qeJIOBeqeCRlIMI'I rOJIOBaMU.
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a caMbIe paHHlIe rrlICbMeHHbIe I'ICTOqHlIRI'I CO,D;epmaT rrOCTOHHHbIe
YRa3aHUH Ha rrpOUCXO I'IBllil'le B Te BpeMeHa BOllHbI. ECTeCTBeHHoe
pa3 eJIeHl'le Tpy a B IIepe HeM A3Ul'I, rrplIBe.llliee yme B IV TbICHqe-
neTl'I1'I o H. B. R llil'IpOROMY Mem y06rquHHOMY o6MeHY, 06YCJIOBIIJIO
BMeCTe C TeM U qaCTbIe BOllHbI Mem y OT eJIhHbIMI'I 06ru;ecTBeHHbIMlI
rpyrrrraMlI, rrpl'l ROTOpbIX 06MeH 3aMeHHJICH HaCI'IJIhCTBeHHbIM 3aXBa-
TOM. B rrpoqecce pa3JIOmeHI'IH pO OBOll 06rqUHbI l'I olfJopMJIeHIIH RJIaC-
COBbIX OTHOllieHlIll BOMHa IIplI06peJIa cyrqecTBeHHoe 3HaqeHlIe, HBJIHHCb
cBoe06pa3HoM 1}J0pMOH 060rarqeHI'IH.
B ,D;peBHeM illyMepe, yme Ha py6eme IV l'I III TbICHqeJIeTIIH ,D;O
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Do rJIaBe ROTOpOH CTOHJI caM BHCII «maTeCI'[)), rrpaBI'ITeJIh 06JIaCTU.
K BTOMY me BpeMeHlI CJIe yeT OTHeCTI'I l'I BbI,D;eJIeHlIe B IOmHOM .IJ;Bype-
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nOMeIQaJICH B OC060M 4>YTJIHpe Ha IIepe;O:Re nOB03RIt.
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1I0m.rIlt RJIIIHOnHCHbIe Ta6JIeTRH, onItCbIBaIOmlie H3rOTOBJIeHIIe TaHHX
WJIeMOB. Cy.o;H no TeHcTY, MeTaJIJIHqeCHaH OCHOBa IIMeJIa nO;O:HJI8)];Hy
113 mepCTH H ROtI," Bpo.o;e MHrROII manRII, npHqeM 06mItII Bec rnJIeMa
6bIJI OR '110 1 Rr. Ha 30JIOTOM mJIeMe QapH MeCRaJIaMJI;yra, HalIJI;eHHOM
B ero MOI'I1JIe, ItMeIOTCH OTBepCTHH no RpaIO, npe.o;Ha3HaqeHHble, no-
BII'(I1MOMY, .o;JIH CRpenJIeHHH MeTaJIJIHQeCROII OCHOBbI C nO;O:HJIa;O:H0t\
OT ROTOpOtt COXpaHI1JIItCb OTJI;eJIbHbIe I-tYCRI1. KJIItHonItCHhle TeRCTbI
OTMeqalOT TaHme 113rOTOBJIeHHe mepcTHHhIX oJI;em.o;, Ha ROTophle IIHOrJI;a
HamItBaJIItCb Me.o;Hhle IIJIaCTItHRH, 06paaoBhIBaBmHe 6pOHIO_
OqeHb IIHTepecHhIII MaTepItaJI no mYMepcRoMY BoeHHoMY .o;eJIY
JI;aeT HaM «CTeJIa RopmYHOB», Ha HOTOpOII Ha06pameHbI CQeHbl 60pb6hI
naTeCH8Ta JIarama c Y MMOtt aa OBJIa;o:eHIte nJIo.o;opo.o;HbIM OHpyrOM
rya.o;MHOM. 8aHHaTYM, npaBI1TeJIb JIarama, Cy.o;H no ero n06e;O:Hoti
Ha.a nMCH , HaHec meCTORoe nopameHHe npaBHTeJ!"IO "YMMbI, aaCTaBHB
el'o HaCJIe.o;HItRa II lI{HTeJIett YMMhI JI;aTb RJIHTBY HItlwr;o:a He BTopraTbCH
B 06JIaCTb JIal'ama, a TaRme nJIaTUTb JIaramy nOCTOHHHYIO .o;aHb
aepHOM. Ha O.o;HOM 113 06JIOMHOB (CCTeJIbI RopmYHOB» Ha06pameH caM
8aHHaTYM, HJI;ymllH nepe.o; COMHHYThIM CTpoeM BOHHOB, aamHmeH-
HhIM 60JIbrnl1MH RomaHbIMH, OHOBaHHhIMH Me;O:bIO mMTaMII, npll-
RphIBaBmHMH HeCHOJIbRO qeJIOBeH. BOHHbI BoopymeHhI RonbHMH II
60eBhIMIt TonoplIHaMH, HacameHHhIMII Ha JI;JIIIHHbIe pyROHTRII
(pItc. 82).
HIIme 8aflHaTYM nORa3aH Ha ROJIeCHIIQe, cOBna;o:aIOIUelI no if>opMe
C IIa06paiReHHbIMH Ha mTaH;o:apTe 1103 "Ypa. B JIeBOII PYRe OH ;o:epmllT
MaCCHBHOe Ronbe, B npaBOII - RaRoe-TO H30rHYToe cepnOBH;O:Hoe
0pY;O:lIe, MOine'r 6bITb M30rnYTbIII MeQ, BeCbMa xapaRTepHbIM ;O:JIH
BToro BpeMeHII. B OC060M if>YTJIHpe Ha nepe;D;Re HOJIeCHllUbI ItMeeTCH
aanac .o;pOTIIROB. Ha rOJIOBe 8aHHaTYMa Ha;o:eT MeTaJIJIIIQeCHHH rnJIeM
cBoe06psaHott if>OPMbI, nepe;o:aIOIUelI npliIQeCRY, COBepmeHHO Tom]J,e-
CTBeHHbIM no BHemHeMY BI1;D;Y aOJIOTOMY WJIeMY MeCR8JIaMAyra. no-
lJOEllHOE E!lO
113
aa n ROJIeCHIII{LI 3aHH3TYMa n306pa7Iteua rpYUII3 BOIIHOB 6ea II{nTOB,
BoopymeHHhIX KOIIbHMn II 60eBLIMII TOilOpIIK8MII.
Ha JIlfI{eBon CTopOHe «CTeJILI KoprnYHOB» nao6pameH 60r HUHrnp-
cy, ;n:epmaII{ulI B JIeBOll PYRe ceTb C IIo6e7ImClUlIdMH BparaMn, a B I1pa-
BOII MaccuBlryIO RaMeIlHYIO 6YJIaBY rpyrneBlIAHoH CPOfHl1hI. ItaMeHHbIe
6YJIaBbI, qpeaBLIqalIHO paaJII!IqHLIe no q,OpMaM, HBJIHJIIlCb 06LIqHLIM
0pY7ItI!IeM ApeBHenrnero illYMepa 1:1 AIma.n;3, nplIqeM HeKOTopLIe I!I3
82. 11306pa m eHIIe mYl\!epCHllX BOll HOD Ha CTeJIe 8aHHaTYMa
HI:IX, R3K, HanpUMep, 6YJIaBa I{3PH MeCI!IJIIIMa, 6LIJII:I YRp3rneHLI UC-
RYCHOII pe3b6oii, lIao6pam3IOm;en mUBOTHldX.
n pIlI paCROIlRax, B p3aJIUqHblX MeCT3X IOlImoro ,I(BypeQbH, 6bIJIO
HalI;n:eHO 6om,rnoe ROJIlIQeCTBo npeAMeTOB BoopymeHlIH, ROTopoe I!I3-
BeCTHO H3M T3Kme III IIO ApeBHHM u306pameIillHM. OCHOBHLIM opymueM
rnYMepClwro BOUHa 6bIJIO RopOTRoe ROIIbe C Me;n:HbIM I1aROHeqIrnROM
I!I Me.ruuuU TOIlOpllIR C OIlYII{eHHLIM BIrn3 JIeaBI!IeM, HacameHHhIU Ha J]:JII!IH-
HYIO L\epeBHHHYIO PYROHTRY. HpOMe Toro 06hIQHbIM BIIIIIOM Boopyme-
HUH 6LIJII!I He60JIbrnUe Me.n;HLIe KlUl1R3JILI 1:1 K8MeHHhIe 6YJI3BhI. BCTpe-
8 OqeplIR J!peDoero BOCTOlla
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B PYRaX RHH3eH.
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Me'IaeT HeIWTOpOe pa3JIII'IlIe B Boopymemm BOIU1OB IIlYMepa II AI -
Ra.n;a. Bo BpeMH He.n;aBHIIX paCKOnOR B MaplI 6bI.iIll OTHphlTbI llHKPY-
cTaqIIII, 1I306pamaIOmlIe aRKa.n;CHIIX BOIIHOB II npIIBO.n; nJIeHHhIX,
Cy.n;H no o.n;em.n;e, - rrrYMepOB. AHKa.n;CRIIe BOIIHhI u306pameHhI B
.n;JIIIHHhIX o.n;em.n;ax, 'Iepe3 JIenoe nJIe'IO Y HIIX rrepemmYTa rrrlIpOHaH
JIeHT3, YHp3rrreHH3H MeT3JIJIII'IeCRIIMII 6JIHXaMII, Ha rOJIone - cBoeo6-
pa3HOM q,OpMhI rOJIOBHOH y60p, HanOMIIHaIO J:Ill no BHeIIlHeMY BIIAY
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MHTHlmaM IOmHoro ,I(Bype'IbH. Bo BCHHOM CJIY'Iae, eCJII!I B IIlYMepe
JIYR II nCTpe'I3JICH, TO OH IIMeJI ropa3.n;o MeHbrrree 3Ha'Iemle, 'IeM n
3JIaMe I!I B ceBepHbIX ropHhlX 06JIaCTHX, r.n;e, nOBII.n;JiIMOMY, 6h1JIa nhlp3-
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meHI!It'I JIYRa IIMeeTCH Ha 06JIOMI\:e CTeJIhI, H3MgeHHoH B JIararrre, HO
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Ram.n;h1M 113 n06em.n;aeMhlX BOI!IHon IIMeeT OpYlI\I!Ie, OTJIII'IUOe OT .n;PY-
rIIX. H3 peJIbeq,e IIMeIOTCH 1I306pamemiH 6YJI3BhI, RonbH II JIYH1J..
JIYH He6oJIbrrrOrO pa3Mepa, CI!IJIbHO Bhll'IIYThlH, U HOJI'IaH C xapaHTep-
HhlM YRparrreHIIeM B Bu.n;e CBlIcaIOmet'I HIICTII nOMemaJIUCb Y BOI!IlIa
sa crrIlHOM.
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BIITbCH I-Ia 3HaMeHIITot'I CTeJIe qapH Hap3MCI!II-Ia, HaM.n;eHHot'I B CY3ax, Ha
ROTOpOM 11306pameHa no6e.n;3 HapaMCIIHa Ha.n; JIYJIy6eHMH (pI!Ic. 83).
CTeJIa IIepe.n;aeT MOMeHT OROH'IaTeJIbHOrO nopameHIIH Bpara, nOBeprHY-
Toro nepe.n; 3RRa.n;CHIIM BOMCROM, BO rJIaBe ROToporo CTOHT caM Ha-
paMCIIH B rOJIOBHOM y60pe 60mecTBa - BaOCTpeHHOM MeTaJIJIH'Ie-
CHOM rrrJIeMe, YRparrreHHOM poraMH. B JIeBOM pyRe OH .n;epmll'l' .n;po-
TIIR, B IIpaBOH - 60eB0M TOIIOpIIR, CTpeJIY H CIIJIbHO BblrHYThlM JIYR.
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HhIMlI ROnbHMI!I I!I 60eBhIMlI TOnOpI!IRaMI!I. B HaCTOHmee BpeMH TPy.n;HO
Cy.n;IITb 0 .n;eitcTBI!ITeJIbHoti 'IIICJIeHHOCTII .n;peBHeHrrrero BOHClm ABype-
'IbH, TaR RaR C006maeMhle nHCbMeHHhlMII naMHTHIIRaMII CBe.n;eHIiH He
BHyrrraIOT .n;OBepUH. 3aHHaTYM YRa3h1BaeT, 'ITO IIM 6bIJIO YHII'ITomeHO
3600 npoTiIBHIIKOB, HOTophle 6h1JIII norpe6eHhI B 20 MOl'ImaX, a
V pYRarlIHa YR3 3h1naeT, 'ITO IIpa BI!ITeJIb V MMbI, BOena BrrrI!IH npOTUB
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llCTOpUqeCHIIX .n;ORYMeHTOB. Ho HecMoTpH Ha 8TO, MomHO Bce me upe.n;-
nOJIOmIITb, "lITO 'IIICJIeHHOCTb nOCTOHHHoro U BpeMeHHoro BOHCIm
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TaR HaR ToprOBJlH I!I BOllHa B TO BpeMH 6hIJIU TeCIIO Me1K]J,Y C060IO CBH
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pa3pellIaBIllaH IIHorJ::{a caMOCTOHTeJfbHhle aa}J,amlH. B caMoii accnpul!:-
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'l'eJIhUaH II 060pOTIHTeJIbHaH CUJfbI apMlIlI 6h1Jfu OqeHb neJfIlRH. Oco-
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1l\8JIIICb JJ;Ba, a unorp:8 11 TplI 1I01lJl3. ,LI,pcmwfilIIlIe II:{IilThl aToro BII}J,a,
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OTBCClIYIO STClmy, llMCUlllYIO 1I lJcpxlleii 'IaCTII naBec, OTXO}J,H l1ll IIO}J,
...
· \: .:.. . f!0 ' ;:f :r "\ . ,
!rM ; >..", t.t '_,f0 :i ': i; - . . .:. ::,. ; '
'Ie' t. 1\ ' r' . ,. , z '1:' "
\ ;,;"\" :1jtJ ) I' , Y\'):t :' f;.'. .... " f' , i
( . ';.', I." ..J)I . "'i>'\.:.!, I . :
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84. Oca;J;a HpenOCTI1 CaproHoM
npHM'bIM yrJIOM 0'1' nJIOCHOCTU II:{IITa II 3a I1 8BlIII1n 60llLlOB 0'1' nopa-
1Kelll1H cBepxy. II03iHe aTll orpoMHble llTbI, 1I3rOTOBJIHUlIIlIeCH, rJI8U-
HbIM 06pa30M, 113 TOJICThIX cTe6JIen TpOCTHIIHa, IIpUHIiM8IOT BLIruy-
TYIO cpOPMY I!l 061IIIIJ'mIOTCH nOJIOCaMll HOmI!l I!l MeTaJIJIa.
Ha CLleH8X oca}J,bI RpenOCTen B IIepBOll JII!llUII!l H8n8}J,8IOII:{UX 1130-
6pameHhl llHor}J,8 BOIIHbI, OJJ;eThle B CTIJIOIIIHYIO 6pOllIO,06p830n8HUY10
JIallillThlMII H8 o}J,emJJ;y npO}J,OJIrOB8ThlMI!l 6pOH30BhlMII IIJIaCTllJiliaMll.
B aTOM 60eBOM IWCTIOMe CB060}J,HbIMll 0'1' 6pOHU OCTaU8JIUCb JII!llIIb
JIlln: O , pyHH U HI!lmHI!le 'l8CTlI Hor. 38HOBaHHLIe B 6pOHIO BOlIIlbI T8HiRe,
H8I 11 BCH neXOTa, }J,epm8JIHCb napaMI!l, npl1'leM O}J,IiH U3 1lI1X 11MeJI
JIYH, }J,pyroii p:epmaJI B OJJ;Hon pYHe HOpOTKOe ROIIbe, 8 B }J,pyroti: -
IiT, cna6meHHLIII OCTphIMI1 BLICTynaMI!l.
Cpe}J,ll I1306p8meHHII BO JJ;BOpn:e CIIHaxepH68 B HIIHeBHII (H'YIOH}J,-
mI!lH) HMeeTCH u306p8meHHe CTpOH, r}J,e BOl1Hhl CTOHT nOII8pHO, O.IJ.IIll
U3 IIHX BoopymeH HonbeM, Me'lOM II II:{HTOM, JJ;pyroll - JlY'lIU1H, HMeIO-
I!ln HpOMe JIYHa ROpOTRl'lll Me'l. 3JJ;eCb CJIep,yeT 06P8THTb BHl'lM8HUe
Ha pa3JIll'lI!le HX O}J,emp:hI, IIO}J,'lepmmaIOII:{ee, 'lTO 8TII }J,B8 BonHa OTHO-
CHTCH H pa3JIH'lHhIM pOJJ;8M BOllCH8, npn'leM B HeHOTOpLIX CJIy'lanx
.rrY'lHHHlI H He 6hlJII!l 8CClIpHlln:8MI!l. AlIIyp68HHn8JI B CBOlIX H8p,IIUCHX
yH83LIB8eT, 'lTO 3aXU8'leHHhIX B 3JI8Me Y'lHI!lHOB, HTOHocn:eB, pe-
MeCJ1eHHlIHOB II opymcnIDlHoB OH npIi'lllc'vlI!lJI R CBoeMY BOfTeRY.
118
TEXIlllRA 1{PEBHErO !l.BYPE'lbH .
BOHH, BoopymeIiHl>Ill ROilbeM, IfM T OIJreM, Bl>H'ORne CarrOI'll, !lIH-
pOHlin rrOHC, rrepeTHrllBaIOII\llii I-mqJTaH, ua l\OTOpOM enepel111 npHRpen-
neHa nnOCHaH ]J;llCROBII]J;HaH 6JIHXa, JIYTfHllH me oJJ:eT B l\OpOTl\YIO CTe-
raHYIO l\ypTHY H IIMeeT Ha rOJIOue MHrRYIO lUaIIl\Y.
CpeJJ:H JIYROB, ROTOphIMH 6l>Im1 BOOpYii'eUl>I aeel1pnfiCRUe BOHHhI,
pa3JIUTfaIOTCH ]J;Ba BIIJJ:a: OJJ:llH - JJ:epeBHHHLlii, 60JILmOrO paaMepa,
C pauHOMepHbIM Haru60M, JJ:Pyron - MeHblllero pR3Mepa, C yrJIOBbIM
Dhlrn60M B cpeJJ:Hen 'I8CTll. nOBl1JJ:llMOMY, BTOpOll Tim JIYI\a, Yl\pamaB-
mUlICH IIHor]J;a na ROHI.:(ax paaHLIMII qJHrypRaMlI, npe]J;CTaUJIHJI C060IO
COCTaBHOII JIYR, ROTOpLIH, CYJJ:H no RnuHo06pa3HhIM TeHCTaM, H3rOTOB-
JIHJICa 1I3 ]J;epeBa, pora H MeTaJIJIa. Ha OJJ:HOM I\3MeHHOM peJIbelJle,
npOHCXO]J;Hrn;eM H3 I\YIOH]J;iiuma, lIMeeTCH 1I306pa11\eHlIe HaTHrI!IBa-
HHH nYRa I\BYMH BouHaMII, O]J;HH I!I3 ROTOphIX, ynepllIlIcb ROJIeHOM, BLI-
ru6aeT ]J;epeBHHHYIO OCHOBY, JJ:Pyroii: me HaTHruBaeT TeTI!IBY.
HaROHeqHllRH CTpeJI, HaHJJ:eHHhle IIpI!I paCIWilRax, OTJInqaIOTCH ·
HpallHIIM pa3H006pa3IIeM, IIpI1qeM Ha pH]J;Y C MeTaJIJIHqeCRI1MI!I, rJIaB-
HLIM 06pa30M, 6pOH30BhIMH HaROHeqHI!IRaMIl, BCTpeqaIOTCH T8Rme HpeM-
HeBhle. Cpe]J;I!I MeTannlI'ieCl\IIX HaI\OHeqHIIROB B OJJ:HO H TO me DpeMH
BCTpeqaIOTCH ]J;BYCTopOHHHe HaROUe'lIIIIRII C p:JIHHHbIM qepenROM,
. BCamI!IBaIOrn;IIMCH B ]J;peBRO, I!I BTYJIbqaTLIe RpyrnLIe, ]J;ByrpaHHhle
ImH me TpeXrpaHIThIe HaROHeqHHRI1.
CTpeJILI, IIHorp:a BMeCTe C JIYROM, nOMern;aJII!ICb B ROJIqaHLI, HOCHB-
mueCH 06hlqHO 3a cnlIHOII, RaR 3TO BHJJ:UO no MHOroqlICJIeHHLIM n306pa-
meUlIHM. n pu CTpenb6e 113 nYRa Ha JIeBYIO PYRY CTpenRa HaJJ:eBaJIaCb
oc06aH RomauaH rrepeBH3b, npe]J;oxpaHHBllIaH OT pauemm PYRU npu
cilycRe CTpeJIbI. RaH yme 6LIno YRa3aHO BLIllIe, O]J;HIIM !f3 OCHOBHhIX
BIl]J;OB BoopymeUI!IH aCCI!IpUIICROII apMI!IH 6LIJIO RopOTRoe Ronbe C ]J;BY-
CTOPOUHUM 6pOH30BLIM HaROueqHUROM nI1CTOBn]J;HOH IIJIII pOM6nQe-
CRon IJIOPMLI, Ha]J;eBaBIlII1MCH nocpe]J;CTBOM BTYJIRII Ha ]J;peBRO. Ha
u306pameHHHX '60H MbI Bnro,IM, 'iTO BOI!IHbI, Boopym HHhle HOIIbHMlI,
urpann aRTI!IBHYIO pOJIb, oc06eHHO npI!I aTaRe n mTypMe Rpe-
nOCTelI.
1I3 BoopymeHnH aCCI!IpnIICROII neXOTLI CJIe]J;yeT eII.:(e OTlVleTHTb 60e-
Bble TonopLI I!I MOTLII'II Ha ]J;JIIIHHLIX ]l;epeBHHHLIX PYROHTRax, I\OTOpbIe
nMenn 60nbmoe 3Haqemm npn nHmeHepHbIX pa60Tax, B qaCTHOCTn
npII npORJIa]l;Re ropHLIX n neCHLIx JJ:opor, a TamHe n IIpI!I pa30pemIn
3aXBaqeHHhIX RpenOCTelI. COrJIaCHO RJInHOIUICHLIM TeRCTaM, 3aBoeBau-
Hble RpenOCTn paapymanncb ]1;0 OCHOBaIIlIH, nplIqeM CTpOI1TenbHbIH
MaTepnan YB03UJICH B AccnplIIO.
EOJIbmyIO cnny B aCCI!IpUHCROM BOIICRe, oc06eHUO npn aTaRax
B OTRpLITOM MeCTe, npe]J;CTaBJIHJIli ROneCUI1I.:(bI, BCTpeqaBllIneCH, B BH]I;Y
I1X 3HaqlITeJIbHOH MaTepI!IanbHOH CTOllMOCTI!I, B OrpaHlIqeHHOM ROJIII-
qeCTBe. ACCI!IpIIIICRI!Ie I.:(apn YBeJIUqeHne R9JU1qeCTBa ROneCHIII.:( CqU-
TamI CBoeH 3aCJIyroH, n TI1rJIaTilanaccap I oc060 OTMeqaJI, qTO OH }J;JIH
YRpeilneHIIH CBoeH cTpaHbI Y:rv,IHomlIn, no cpaBHeHllIO C npemHUM, qU-
CJIO 60eBLIx RoneCHnI.:(. AHHanLI BoeHHbIX nOXO)]:OB YRa3LIBaIOT na TO,
BOEHHOE pEJIO
119
qTO ImTlN IUIU;I,I npIlMeUHJIHCI, rJIaBHWM 06pa30M TaM, r)];e Tpe60Ba-
JIot'I, fjr.ICTpoe H cOKpynrHTeJII,HOe Harra)];eHHe. t..hICJIO JIOnra)];ell, DIIPH-
rllllllIl1XCH B KOJIeCHHn;y, 6WJIO paaJInqHWMj B paHHCM nepHO)];e 06I,IqHW
:lalll'lDlnm )];BYX HJIH Tpex JIonra)];ell, B nOa)];HeM - )];BYX HJIH qeTI,Ipex.
;lllIlI1ann nHOr)];a nOKpWBaJIHCb 3am.HTHI,IMH rronOHaMH, H3rOTOBJIHB-
IIIL1I\1IICH, no Bcell BH)];HMOCTH, n3 BOllJIOKa HJIII KomH. no KOHCTpYK-
1 11J[ BoeHHwe KOJIeCHHn;W 6I,IJIII 6JIIIaKn K 06I,IqHI,IM. 3p;ecI, YKameM
'1'OJII,KO, qTO CHapYll 1I K KyaOBY KOJIeClllln;W IIpHKpeIIJIHJIHCI, KOJIqaHbI
co CTpeJIaMn n He60JIbnrOH ID;HT, a HHorp;a II KopoTKoe KOnI,e. B KOJIeC-
I1Hu;e nOMem.amICb )];Ba BOlma: JIyqHllK II B03HHn;a, KOTOpWH, Ha CJIY-
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qafI nernero llJIII pYKoilarnnoro 60H, DoopymaJICH ROIIbeM M m.HTOM.
D HeKoTopwX CJIyqaHX B KOJIeCHnn;e rroMem.aJIHCI, qeTWpe BOlma, )];BOe
tI3 KOTOPI,IX lIMeJIH m.HTbI, rrplIKpbIBaH IlMII CTpeJIl{a M B03HIln;y.
ACCHPHHCI{He n;apH BO BpeMH nOXO)];OB 06bIqHO nepep;BHraJIHCb
B KOJIeCHHn;e, II TOJInRO B MeCTHOCTHX IIOJIHorO 6e3)];OpOmI,H n;apI,
cnenrHBaJICH, a IWJleCHHn;a IIepeHOCHJIaCL BOHHaMII Ha PYKax.
Ha pH)];y C KOJleCHnn;aMH, yme co npeMeH AnrypH3CllpII3JIa BCTpe-
'IJleTcH KOHHI1n;a, KOTOp3H IIO cBoell opraHllaan;HH COBna)];aJIa C opra-
HH3an;HeH neXOTbI. TaK me, KaK n B rrexoTe, OCHOBHoe 60eBoe 3BeHO
KOJIeCHHn;W COCTaBJIHJIH )];Ba BCa)];HHHa, O)];HH BoopymeHHI.I:iI JIYKOM,
)];pyroH - KOilbeM M Il\I1TOM. KpOMe Toro Cpe)];H BoopYllieHIlH KOHHl'In;bI
BCTpeqaJIHCb 6YJIaBa II MeqlI. MeqH 6WJIH )];BYX OCHOBHWX THnOB:
O)];HH - npHMOll Meq, )];pyroll - BblrHYTwll, KaK aHaMeunTwll Meq
C RJIIIH006paaiIOH Ha)];IIllCblO, co)];eplliam.eH llMH A)];3)];HHP3pH.
AccnpHHCKoe JIO rrpe)];CTaBJIHJIO c06010 rrpocTo RYCOK TK3HH
HmI Komn, HaKlIHYTWlI Ha crrHHY JIonra)];H II, aaKpenJIeHHMll JIllIIIh
peMHeM, nepexBaThIBalOm.lIM nrero JIonraWI. CTpeMeHa OTCYTcTBOBaJIliI,
BCa)];HlIHll CH)];eJIll, BbICOKO nO)];HHB ROJIeun H onycTHB HOCKII BHMa.
IIHOr)];3 JIonra)];1I llMeJIliI 6POHIO 113 BOMOHa nJIll HOlliH, a3HpMBaBIIIYlO
IZO
rTEXHlI1lA :7.PEBHErO P,BYPFJrII,H
rOJIOBY, meIO II TYJIOBIIIl!6 JIOma II. B BTIIX CJIY1JaHX Ha pncYHI\6
OT1JeTJIIIBO BU HLI 3aBH3HU, CHpeIIJIHIOIl!ne OT)J,eJILHhle qaCT.ll .)TUll
6pOHU.
Cpe u BoeHHhIX CIteH, Ha aCCl'lpHIICHlIX m106pa31JTeJIbHhIX rral\1HT-
HInmx, qaCTO BCTpe1JaIOTCfl 1'1306pameHHH ocaJ].hl .ll lliTypMa Hpeno-
86. 06paaL\bI aCClIplIficmIx TapaHoB
cTelI. Ha pem,e!jJax nOHa3aHLI TaHil{e II TeXHH1JeClme npHcnoc06JIe-
HIIH, IIplIMeHflBmHecfl aCCHpl'llln;aMH IIpU oca e (pnc. 85). O HolI 113 oc-
HOBHLIX 3a a1J npu oca e 6LIJIO pa3pyrrreHIIe BOpOT H CTeH, qTO Hn-
JIHJIOCb He06xo):\MMolI no roTOBHOII mTypl\1a. AJIH STOll Item'!, nepOHTHO
yme C rJIy60lWll peBHOCTII. npHMeHHJIIICb TapaHhI, npe CTaBJIHBmlIe
C060IO 6peDHa,nepeHO-
CUMbIena PYHax.TI PUH-
n;lllI TapaHa JIeil,aJI B
ocnone accnpnf!CHIIX
ocaAHhIX npncIIoc06-
JIeHlIll, DCTpeqaeMLIX
Ha u306pa3:IITeJIbHhIX
naMHTHIlRax C IX B.
p;o H. B. (pHC. 86). Ha
peJIbe!jJax 6pOH30BLIX
06IIDOR BaJIaBaTCRIIX
BOpOT HMeIOTCH H30-
6pamemm TaRHX Ta-
paHon, IIpep;CTaDJIHIO-
Il!HX C060IO 1JeTLIpex-
ROJIeCHYIO HJIn me me.
CTHROJIeCHYIO IIon03HY
C OCTpbIM BhlcTynOl\
cnepe H, Ha ROTOpbIM HaXO I'IJIaCb 6ameHRa. 8TH ocaAHble npH..
cIIoc06JIeHlm I'I.306pameHhI B p;ellCTBHI'I. np06UBaIOIII;HMH CTeHbl Bpa..
meCRlIX RpenOCTefI. .
Ha peJIbe!jJax AmYPHaCHpilaJIa BCTpe1JaeTCfl 11306pameHHe 1I 60-
JIee cOBepmeHHOI'O Bll a coopymeHllll 3'1'01'0 THna, rp;e Ta paH YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCfl Ha nOB03He, He IIpe CTaBJIflH e Hell e IIHoro lIeJIOro. Ha BhICO-
ROll p;epeBflHHOH ROHCTpyHn;lIn, Ha n;eIIHX UJIll RaHaTax, CIIYClmB..
87. PeHoHcTPYH IIH acclIpHllcHoro TapaHa
(no Billerbeck)
BOEHHOE p,ElIO
121
mUXCH cBepxy, nO BemUBaJIOCL MaCCllBHOe 6peBHO, Ha nepe HIJ:iI HO-
HeQ KOTOpUrO 6bIJI Ha eT MeTaJIJIllqeClmiJ: Ha6aJI allJHllH, a K aa]:lHeMY
HOlIQY npUHpenJIHJICH rpya. BpeBHO, CJI)'mHBmee TapaHOIlt, npI1BO n-
JIOCb B ellCTBHe nYTeM paCHa'llrBaHIIH. n pH TaHofi HOHCTPYHQHH Ta-
paH MOl' npo611Tb He TOJILHO OCHOBaHHe HpenOCTHbIX CTeH, HO
TaHme H BepXHue IIX qaCTIi Ha BbICOTe 8-10 M.
,Il,epeBHHHbIll HapHac, B HOTOpOM nOMeIQaJICH TapaH, 06mlmaJICH
p;epeBOM llJIU me nepeHpbIBaJICH, qTO BCTpeqaJIOCb qaIl\e, nJIeTeHhIMIi1
E3 TpOCTHIIHa Il\HTaMII HJII'I me HYCHaMIi Romll, npe CTaBJIHH aaIIlIlTY
P;JIH HaX 'JUIBIIIUXCfl BnYTpM nOI HO (puc. 87 II 88). <DopMa p;epeBflH-
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88. PeHOHCTpYHL\HH aCCHpffficHoro TapaHa (no Dieulafoy)
Horo RapRaca 6bIJIa pa3Hoo6paaHa, B nepeP;Hefi qaCTU 06bIqHO YCTparr-
BaJIaCb 6aIIIHfl, B HOTOpOiJ: naxo,l];lIJIIiCb CTpemaI l'Ia JIYHa. Ha Pfl Y
C 11306pa1.ReHI'IHMI'I TapaHoB, IIMeeTCH eIl\e O,l];HO liI306paiHeHlle oca -
Hofi MaIllllHbI JIH MeTaHIiH HaMHeiJ: BpO,l];e pliMCROfi 6aJIJII'ICTbI. I{OH-
CTPYHQIIH 3Toro coopymeHIDI COBepIlleHHO He HCHa.
no CBoeMY TlIny TapaHbI paa eJIHJIllCL Ha MaCCIIBHbIe, C TyrrbIM HOH-
OM, II TapaHbI C 3aOCTpeHHbIM, HO BCTpeqaJIIiCb TaIDl\e oca Hble npll-
CIIoc06JIeHI'IH, llMeBmlIe BMeCTO MaCCITBHOrO 6peBHa CpaBHI'ITeJIbHO
TOHHoe, HO ,l];JIliIHHOe 0pY,l];lIe, HailOMllHaIOJ:Qee Honbe. BCJIe CTBlie cBoefi
60JILmofi MOIQHOCTII TapaHbI 06JIa,l];aJIll, nOBll nMOMY, HeMaJIOll pa3py-
mUTeJIbHoiJ: CllJIofi. 06bIqHO C TapaHOM 60pOJIliCb ,l];BYMH cIIoco6aMI'I:
::!amnraHlieM nepeHpbITIiH ROHCTpyRQlll'I npn nOMOIQII MeTaTeJIbHOrO
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II eiJ: , qTO napaml30BaJIO ero p;efiCTBlIe. nOCJII ,l];Hllfi CIIoc06 60pb6bI
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11('JlI'M onncaHue 1I806pameHuH Oca lJ II IllTypMa ropHoilr HpenOCTII
,II n >; 11 lIT , HaXO HII(erOCH cpep;fl peJIberpOB p;BOpn;a C.lclHaxepl163
(pl1f'. 89).
B ocap;e rrpuHIiMalOT Y1JaCTlIe ceMb TapaHon, rrO RaTblB3eMblx 1\:
('('PU3M RperrocTII, IIOBUp;HMOMY, IIO HaCTIlJIY Fl3 CTBOJIOB epeBbeD.
TapallbI 3aRJIlO1JeIThI B 6pOHlO, CRperrJIeUIIH ROTOpofI OT1JeTJJlIBO BlI}\HbI
nn pHcym e. B rrepeP;Hell: 1JaCTII coopymeI-IHH IIMeeTCH 6allIHH C OI -
nOM. H3Bepxy ee H3XOP;HTCH p;Ba 1JeJIOBeRa: O HH JIY'IHIIR, P;Pyrou
nOIlH, ep1J:{aII(lill: B PYRe ROBIii Ha P;JIllHHOfi pyRoHTRe iii IIOJIIIBaIOII(Illl:
U3 Hero ocap;HYIO MallIHHY B n;eJIHX rrpeP;oxpaHell:ftJI ee OT MeT3TeJIb-
)(01'0 orHH, ROTOplJM rrOJIb3yeTcH rrpOTIIBlIHR. 3a TapaHOM, DO ero
)I plmpbITlleM, CJIep;yIOT JIerRlIe JIY1JHIIRIl II IlITypMOBIlUlR1l co II(UTaMll,
]\lmpymeUHlJe Me1JOM II ROrrbeM. TYT me THmeJIaH rreXOTa C rpOMap;-
UbJMIl IUIITaMII, 3aRpbIBalOII(UMll ROrrell:II(HRa II CTpeJIRa 113 JIYRa. B 3ap;-
JIHX pHp;ax rrpaII(HIIRH, rrepep; ROTOplJMH HaXO HTCH RY1J1I MeTaTeJIb-
HbIX RaMHell:. n paII(a COCTOHJIa 113 H01RaHoro peMHH C rreTJIerr H3 ROlru;e,
Ryp;a BRJIa IBaJICH RaMeHRlJll: llIap.
Ha 8'J'OM u306pameIUIH HCHO BH)lHa CHCTeMa OCa)lbI: TapaHEJ pa3-
6HBalOT CTeHbI BpalI eCROll: RpeIIocnl, rro rOTOBJIHH 6pellib P;JIH lllTYP-
Ma. I1Horp;a me BMeCTO TapaHa 8TY pOJIb BbIIlOJIHHIOT BOr'lHlJ, p;eucTBYIO-
II(lle rrop; rrpnRplJTHeM 60JIbllIllX II(IITOB IIJIll 1Re 3aROBaHHlJe B 6pOHIO.
3a TapaHaMH, rrop;HX rrpllRplJTlleM, a BepoHTHo TaRme II BJIYTPH HX,
IIOMelI(aeTCH JIernaH rrexoTa, rOTOBaH R IlITypMY. HaCTYIIJIeH Ie llITYP-
MYIOII(IlX 1JaCTell: rroJ( epmHBae'J)cH THmeJIOH rrexoTofr, He rrpeRpaII(aIO-
m.ell: CTpeJIb6y IIO BpameCRofi RpeilOCTII. llIrypMYloII(ue BpblBaIOTCH
B I{peIIOCTb 1Jepe3 npOJIOMlJ B CTeHax IIJIII me rrpH IIOMOII(1I p;epeBHH-
HbIX JIeCTHnn;. JIHllIb Ha Cn;eHax oca)J,lJ M01RHO rrpOCJIeJ(HTb CTpaTerH-
1JeCROe pacrrOJIOmeHlle 1JaCTerr OTp;eJIbHlJX pOJ(OB aCClIpHfICRoro
BorrCRa; B IIOJIeBbIX 6IITBaX J(eJIO pemaJIOCb, rrOBJIJ(HMOMY, CTpeMII-
TeJIbHbIM HarropOM, B ROTOpOM BalI\HYIO pOJIb nrpaJIII ROJIeCHHn;lJ.
TIlIcbMeHHbIe HCT01JHHHH, RapTIIHHO OIInCbIBaIOII(He 8aXBaT, P33-
PYllieHIIC n pa3rpa6JIeHlIe BpameCRJIX RperrOCTefi, cOJ(epmaT He3Ha1JU-
TeJIbHlJe CBep;eHHH 0 CTpaTerllH aCCllplIfrCRoro BofrCRa. 113 Hap;rrIICell:
MlJ 3HaeM 0 CTpeMllTeJIbHlJX aTaRax OJ(HIIX JI1?rmb ROJIeCHIIQ, 0 Harrpa-
BJIeHll1l YJ(apa c rpJIaHra, HO HaM OCTalOTCH HeH3BeCTHI>IMH Hll CHCTeMa
CTpOH accnplIfrCROll: apMnlI, HH ee rrOJIeBaH CTpaTernn. B3HTile Rpe-
IIOCTII 06I>I1JHO COilpOBOmp;aJIOCb rrOJIlIlJM ee pa3pYllieHIIeM, rrpn1JeM
60JIbllIHHCTBO rrJIeHl:\lJX YBOJ(J:IJIOCb P;JIH rrOCeJIeHHH HX B J(PyroM MeCTe.
124
TEXHIlRA J1.PEBHErO J1.BYPEQbn
npU.ltOrHCe IUe
OCHOBHOit MepOH P;JIIWbI B ,1],Bype'Ibe Ha BCeM npOTHmemUI ero
IICTOIJl1.11 6b1JI JIOfWTb (arnrnatu). liMeH O]J.MHaIWHYIO 1I0MeHKJfaTYPY,
JIOHOTb HMe.TI JIoHaJIbHbIe M BpeMeHHble pa3JUl'UIH. TaH JIararnCfHIM
JIOHOTh paBHHJICH 0.485 M, B TO BpeMH RaH HIIIIIIypCHMll P;OCTIl.PtJ.JI
0.518 M. IIop;o6HaH me pa3HM a OCHOBHOii: MepbI ]J.JIMHbI Ha6JIIOP;aJIaCb
II B 3arrap;HoM .EBporre, rp;e p;JIMHa JIORTH ROJIe6aJIaCb Memgy
0.5663 M (caRcoHcRMii: JI.) M 1.18 (rrapllmClUI:ll JI.). CaMofI MemwiI
)J.p06HOii: 'IaCTbIO p;peBHeBaBllJIORCROro JIOHTH 6bIJI «naJIell» (u. anu),
COCTaBJIHIOIllllll 1/30 erO 'IaCTb. H a npUJIaraeMOIl Ta6JIII'me IIpllBO-
)J.llM OCHOBlIble mYMepCR.I1e (JIaram) Mepbl )J.JIHHbI II llX COOTneTCTBIle
MeTpI1'IeCROM CMCTeMe:
:I.) «IIaJJeu,>
2) «PYIm HaMeHmHHa»
(cmaTaR PYHa)
3) «OTHPLlTaR PYHa,>
4) «Bora,>
5) «JlOHOTL»
6) «T pOCTHHm>
7) ('Mema»
8) «IIOJJOBlIHa nepeBHu»
9) <tMeJ-HeBaH BepeBHa.>
0.0165 M
10 naJIbueB =
15 naJJhlleB =
20 naJJhlleB =
30 naJ1hljeB
6 JJOHTetJ:
12 JJOHTefi
60 JJOHTefi
= 120 JJOHTetJ:
0.1650 M
0.2475 M
0.3:.100 M
0.4 5 M
2. 970 M
5.940 M
= 29. 700 M
= 59.400 M
C III BaBIIJIOHcRoit )J.llHaCTIUl B IOmnoM ,1],Bype'Ibe 6bIJIa BBe)J.eHa
HOBaH Mcpa )J.JIIlHbl- <lJIOIWTbI) 13 45 naJIb eB, T. e. 0.75 M, 'ITO
cOOTBeTcTByeT, npMMepHo, mary.
B ACCllPUl1, IIpn cTIJOuTeJIbHbIX pa6oTax, MepoH P;JIIIHbI cJIynmJIa
TOJIIllIlHa R.I1pIIn'Ia (tibku).
OCHOBfroii ApeBIlellmeii: Mepoll nJIOm;a)J.1I 6bIJIa «rpH)J.a»'(mYMepmc
sar), paBHHRrnaHcH, npllMepHo, 35.2836 M 2 . HalI60JIee MeJllioii MepoH
nOBepxHocTH 6blJIO «3epHO»:
:I.) «3epHo»
2) «IllecTHJJ;ecHTaJI»
3) «rpHJJ;a,> (<cap;»)
4 ) «II 0 .116'>
5) <tBeSJJ;Ha»(?)
C RaccIlTClWfi anOXll (II I BaBIIJI.
«60JIblliOMY JIORTIO» nOHBJIHeTCH II
B 7938.81 M 2 .
IIJIOIlla]J,I'I nOJIell IIC'Ill JIHJIIICb IIHor)J.a no ROJIll'IeCTBY 3epHa npn
IIoceBe. TaR B ACClIpllU MbI BCTpe'IaeM Mepy «irneru}»), COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIllYIO 7340 M 2 .
MepbI eMROCTll (06'1>eMa) pa3)J.eJIHJIMCb Ha Mepbl CbIIIY'IMX 11
ml'I)J.RUX TeJI, lIMeH BMeCTe C TeM 06IllYIO Mepy «CMJI3I> (<<RaI» - 1,44 'IaCTb
Ry6u'IeCROrO JIORTH, 'ITO COCTaBJIHJIO, IIpMMepHo, 0.842 JI.
IIIYMepcRoll Mepoll cbIIIY'InX TeJI 6blJIa «rllHa» B 6.36,72 11144«cIIJIa».
,IJ;pyrofi Mepoit HBJIHJICH «aRRa)J.cKHH ryp. B 300 «CllJ!3» (252.6 JI.),
3aMeHeHHbIll B RaCCIlTCRoe BpeMH UypOM» B 180 «CIlJI3:t>.
0.196 M 1
0.588 M
35.2836 M 2 '
3528.36 M a
=' 63510.48 M B
;D;llHaCTllll), COOTBeTCTBeHHO
HOBaH Mepa nOBepXHOCT.l1
flPTIlIOJKEH11B
12$
I\pOMC Toro, O(jbPIHot'r MepOJ1" 06'LeMa 6bTJIa «CIIJIa», paBIIHBmaHcH
0.4 JI. 13 ACCUPIUI Mepa «imer>} (<llORJIama oCJIa») paBlIflJIaCb 100 «cIIJIa>},
T. P., rrplIMepHo, 40.4 JIIITpa.
E UIHHl{aMll Mep 7fm]].RllX TeJI MbI BCTpe'laeM pa3JIII'IHbJe COCYP;bI,
el\UWCTbIO B 5 «CIIJI3» (<<MaJIbTtt cocYI1»), 10 «ClIJI8» (<nigin»), 20 «ClIJIa>}
(<<oo.TIbmot'r cocY]].») B 30 1I 300 «CllJIa».
MepbI Beca IIMeJIlI B CBoett OCHOBe Bec nmeHII1IHoro BepHa
(se'u)=0.04675 rpaMMa, ROTOpbItt JIBJIHJICJI p;po6Hot'r 'IaCTbIO «CHRJIH»
(mYM. gin, akk. siqlu), COCTaBJIHBmerO «MIIHY» (mYM. mana)=-
50 rpaMM (Bec BOAbI 1/240 'IaCTIl Ry6n'leCROrO JIORTH).
G) (,3epHO»
2) «Mam"n CHHJIL&
3) (,MaJI8H MlIHa»
4) (.1l0JIOnllHa ClIHJIH»
5) ('JJ:IJof1Han MaJIaH MIIHal>
Ii) «rllHJIbl>
7) «Mil Ha,)
8) (,TaJIaHT.
0.046 rpa\fMa
0.146 i>
2.fi05 i>
4.208 >)
5.611 I)
fi.41G i)
505.00 i>
30300.00 i)
B 3ccIIpnfTcHoe II HOBO-BaBIIJIOHCROe BpeMH BCTpe'13IOTCH CJIe-
AYIOIUVle AP06HbIe 'IaCTIl «CllRJIH»: 2 3' 1 2' liS' 1 4' 1 6' 1 6' 1 8' 110' 1 24'
8TH MecorrOTaMCRHe MepbI Beca nOJIY'IIIJIII mllpoRoe pacnpOCTpa-
HefllIe, BbIttP;H TaIDRe 3a rpaHIIQbI nepeJJ:Heit A31I1l.
HeCMOTpH Ha pa3BIITYIO TOprOBJIIO B nepeAHett A3IIII, MepbI
Beca B OTAeJIbllbIX pat'IOlIax 6bIJIll pa3JIII'IHbIMII Il HepelJ;RO OTp;e.JJbHbIe
npaBIITCJIlr CTpeMUJIlICb IIX YHll<fJIIQnpOBaTb. TaRlIe MeponplIHTIlH
6bTJII'I npoBep;ellbI CaprOHOM, aRRap;CRIlM 1I mYMepCRllM rrpaBllTeJIeM
IIIYJIbI'n (I II )1IIH. V pa), 3TaJIOHaMil IIOCJIeJJ:Hero rrOJIb30BaJICH IIPII
YCTaHOBJIPHIUI TBepJJ:ot'r eAIlHllQbI Beca TaRme HaBYXOAOHOCOp. Pa3-
HOBeCbI IIIYJIl>I'Il YRa3bIBaIOT Ha cyru:eCTBoBaHlIe P;ByX MllH - OJJ:HOit,
npuMepHo, D 489.15 rpaMMa, APYI'oii YABoeHHoll B 978.3 rpaMMa.
Pa.moDecu U3 Y PYRa p;aJOT rroBuAuMOMY TpU pa3JIII'Im,Ie BeJIIl-
'IlIlIbJ MUHbI, E\O.ne6alJilll'feCH MeiK!{Y 491.4-511.4 rpaMMa. HauMeHb-
man MUH3, paBHHBUlaHcH Bcero 477.2 rpaMMa, p;OIlTJIa p;o Hac OT
BpeMeUH Y PYRarllHbI.
BMBJIlIorPA<I>IIR
OBIUI1E PABOTbI IIO IICTOPI1I:I HYJIbTYPbI
Me i s s n e r. Babylonien und Assyrien. HeideIber/l, 1920.
Del a po r t e. La Mesopotamie. Les civilisations babylonienne et as!!y.
rienne. Paris, 1923.
Con ten e a u. Manuel d'arehpologie orientale. I-III, Paris, 192/, 3.931-
A A aM 0 B. IiIpaH Apa6cHllfi. IIeTep6ypr, 3.912.
126
TEXHllRA nPEBHErO nBYPE'lUI
BAllmEt1nII:IE CBO,ZJ;HH TEHCTOB
G res sma n n. Altorientalische Texte zum alten Testament, Lei pzig,192..
H II H 0 JI hC H II fi. ,L(oHYMeHThl X03HficTBeHHOH OTqeTHocTII.IleTep6ypr, 1912.
Dei m e 1. Wirtschartstexte aus Fa1'a (Wissenschaftliche Veroffentli-
chung-en der deutschen Ori, entgesellschaft) Berlin, a 924.
CBO)J;HA I1JIJIIOCTI'ATI1BHOrO MATEPI1AJIA
G res sma n n, Altorientalische Bilder zum alten 'restament, Leipzig, 3.927.
I1PPl1r Al\I1H
Wi 11 co C k s. The irrigation of Mesopotamia. a917.
T h u I' e au - Dan gin. Corl'espondance de Hammourapi avec Samas-
Hasir (Revue u'Assyriologie), 3.924.
Del at t I' e. Les travaux hydrauliques en BabyIonie (Revue des ques-
tions scientifiques), a888.
K 0 Ide w e y. Das wiedererstehende Babylon. a913.
CEJIbCHOE X03Ht1:CTBO
Wit z e 1. Gisapin-«PfIug» (Keilinschriftliche Studien, Heft I), v d 918.
T h u rea u - Dan gin. Correspondance de Hammourapi avec Samas-
H sir (Revue d'Assyriologie), 1924.
S c h ei 1. De l'exploitation des dattiers dans l'ancienne BabyIonie (Re-
vue d'AssyrioIogie), 3.913.
F ran k. Das Symbol der Gottin Gestinna (Hilprechtfestschrift).
PbIBOJIOBCTBO 11 OXOTA
S c h e i 1. Sur Ie ma1'che aux poissons de Larsa (Revue d'Assyriologie),
1918.
M e i s s n e 1'. Assyrische Jagden. Der alte Orient, XIII, BhIn. 2.
CTPOUTEJIbHOE )J;EJIO
06mlle pa60TbI.
R i n gel man n M. Les constructions rurales de Ia Chaldee et de I 'Assy-
rie. Recueil de trav. relat. a la phil. et l'arch. Egypt. et Assyl'. XXIX II XXX,
3. 9U7-8.
Per rot G. et Chi pie z Ch. Histoire de I 'Art dans Antiqui fe, II,
3.884.
-IIo ApeBHei1.rnefi apxlITeHType ,ZJ;BypeqLfI.
Antiquaries Journal, VII, 1928, CTp. 415.
F ran k for t H. Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad. Oriental Insti-
tute Communicati ons, J'& 16, Chicago 1933.
.F I' a n k for t. II. Iraq Exca ations of the Oriental Institute, 3. 932-3. 933.
Oriental Institute communications J'& 17, Chicago 1934.
Be S a I' z e c E. Decouvertes en Chaldee, II, 1912.
P a I' rot A. Les (oumes de Mari (1935-3.936), Syria, XVII, 1937.
IIo apxlITeHType ACCllPll&
PIa C e .V. Ninive et l'Assyrie, II.
Bot t a et F I and in. Monuments de Ninive, I-V, 1849-1850.
And r a e W. Der Anu-Adad-Terripel in Assur, 1909.
And r e W. Die Festungswerke von Assur, 1913.
IIIITEPATYPA
12'1
Ac6IIpHficRHe CTpORTenbHbIe TeRCTK
:M e i s s n e r B. und R 0 s t P. Die Bauinschriften Sanheribs, !!93.
M e i s s n e r B. und ROB t P. Die Bauinschriften Asal'haddons, Bei-
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PEMECJIA
Con ten e a u. Tablettes de comptabilite relatives it l'industrie du
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B 0 son. Les metaux et les pierres dans les inscriptions assyro-babyIo-
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H e u z e y. Une etoffe chaldeenne (Origines orientales de I'art) , 3.891-
d915.
G e no u i I I a c. Le bIanchissage au savon a I'epoque des Rois d'Ur
(Revue d'Assyriologce), 193.0.
TPAHCIIOPT
ITYTR C006Il1eHIIR.
B i I Ie r be c k A. und J ere m i as A. Del' Untergang Nineveh's.
Beitrage zur Assyriologie. II, d898.
lIa06pameHMH cpe cTB nepep;BlImeHHR.
Antiquaries Journal, VI, 1928.
Woo II e y L. Ur und die Sintflut. Leipzig 3.930.
Raw I ins 0 n G. The five great monarchies of the ancient eastern world,
II, 1864.
Pat e I' son. Palace of Sinacherib. Hague (I'O MSD;. He YHaaaH).
L e f e bur e des N 0 e t t e s. La force mob'ice animale a travers les
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BOEHHOE ,II;EJIO
06ll1He pa60TLI.
Bon net H. Die WafIen der VOlker des AIten Orients. 1926.
MaT e p M a JI bI n 0 B 0 e H H 0 M Y A e JI Y D; P e BIle it ill e I' 0 ,II; D Y_
p e 'I 1, H.
Antiquaries Journal, VII, 928, CTp. 415.
Par rot A. Les Fouilles de Mari, Syria, XVI, 935.
DeS a r z e c E. Decouvertes en Chaldee, II, a 912.
Pa60TLI no BoeHHOMY D;eJIY ACClIpllH.
Hun g e r J. Heerwesen und Kriegfiihrung d. Assyrel'. Der alte Orient,
:XII, fiLm. 4, 1911.
Bill e I' be c k A. und J ere m i as A. Der Untergang Ninives. Bei-
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B ill e r b e c k A. und Del i t z s C h. Die Palasttore SaImanassars
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Man i t ius. Das stehende Heer d. Assyrerkonige und seine Organisa-
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D i 0 u I a f 0 y M. L'AcropoIe de Suse, II, 1890.
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world. II, 1864.
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naBlIIa.H CBbIlIIe 100 OT'leTOB 0 paCROilRax. CJIenyeT 3aTeM OTMeTllTb
Metropolitan Museum of Art (Hbro--t10pR), Benyr:u;nll: pHn JIeT CIICTe-
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11 He Tpe6oBaJIOCb, TaR RaR rJIy60RaH BCIIamRa MOrJIa 1I3BJIeQb Ha
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mell: Mepe 12 apTa6 aepHa (376.16 JI). 8m CJIe)]yeT, BepOHTHO, CqHTaTb
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HO, BO BCHROM CJIyqae, CBII]:(eTeJIbCTBO RHHrH EIiITIIH 0 TOM, qTO BTO
61i1JIa 1/5 ypomafl. HeJIb3H CqHTaTb IIpeYDeJIHqeHHbIM.
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xpaHeHIIH 3epHa nplIMeHHJIH 60JIblIIl'le rJIl'IHHH.bIe COCY}:\bI, HHor}:\a
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156
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a9. Bhl epI'llBaHl1e JIhHa BpeMeHH VI p;i1HacTlI.H
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JIeH BbIAeprnBaJICH Ha aeMJIU (pIlC. 19). 3aTeM nyqKH JIbHa co6Hpa-
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159
I'I><IJII,I\O qeJIOBeR. IIp:n 3aI{pyqllBaHlln OCTaTRll CORa BhITeRaJUI CRB03L
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JIIdiI npecc, IIOJIyqlIDmUH mnpoRoe pacilpocTpaHeHlle B HOBOM u;ap-
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190
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CJIOmHOCTb IIOCTpOeR, B03BOAliMbIX ernrrTHHaMII, HaTaJIRFIBaeT
Ha IIpe}J;IIOJIOmeUlIe, 'ITO OHH CTpOnJIllCb IIO OIIpe}J;eJIeJIHOMY IIJIaHY.
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CTOHHFIe B JIORTHX OT ypOBHH 3eMJIH, He OCTaBJIHIOT IDIRaRHX COMHeUFIIi
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Ha 3CRII3e OTMe'IeHa BbICOTa CBO)];a 'Iepe3 IIpoMemYTRlI B 1 JIOROTb.
B rrepeBo}J;e HaAIII'Icn:, IIMeIOrn;ueCR Ha 3CR.lI3e, rJIaCRT:
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qTO 60JIbillHe rJIbl6bI HaMHH IIOp;bIMaJIHCb TOJIbHO C nOMOII.(bID paMnliI,
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TaHnM HMeHHO o6paaoM CTpOHJIHCb H IIHpaMHp;IiI. BonpeHH IIpell -
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11.3.
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1 E n gel b a c h. The Aswan Obelisk with some remarks on the ancient
engineering, Kairo d922, CTp. 35 II cn.
_ 2 If. A. ill 0 JI no. TIoA'beM THiHecTet!: B cTpOHTeJIbHoit TeXHPme ApeBHero
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198
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PEMECII.A
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na 6epery KpacHoro MOPH, B 70 MHJIHX R IOry OT KocceHpa, B MeCTHO-
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lIIeTaJIJIbI
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84.2 113.5 2.3
84.0 1.3.0 3.0
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81.7 1.6.1 CJIe)J;bI 2.2
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92.2 3.9 3.9
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92.7 4.9 2.4
90.0 110.0
82.9 a6.6 0.5
85.9 1.3.8 0.3
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82.3 114.3 d.5
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meHllHM II MO.JJ;eJIHM CY.JJ;OB, OHll He MOrJIH .J];BFIraTbCH Ha napycax npo-
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.QapCTBa 6bIJIU CJIeAyrOI.QIIe: mlIpliHa = 1/4 MIIHbI, rJIy6HHa = l/S
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pHMcRoe BpeMH. Ao 'I'oro iRe JIyqIlIIIMII, HMeBIlIIIMIiCH AaJIeRO He Be3.[(e,
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HOM ,[(oporlI eCTb na rp06HUQe Ce6eRHaXTa.
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232
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OEllI.H£ PABOTbl no I1CTOPI1I1 KYJ1bTYPbI
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41
0611 He pa60Tbi no HGTOpl1l( TexnHRH
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116 OqepKII /\peBserO EoereD
242
]fCTOPHJI TEXHITf(H p'PEBHRtO FrImTA
rOpol\a
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06ll.\Me pa60Thi
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OOll.\He pa60TbI
III 0 JI n o. II prrD;HJIhHO-THaIIHan n pOMbIillJIeHHOCT1, B Apel3neM EnillTe. A PXUfJ
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Elm. I, 1930.
HEPAMI1QECHOE ITP0I13BO,1];CTBO
11> JI H T THe p. CTeHOJI1,HO-HepallfllqeCIHie MacTepcHI1e TeJ1I,-AMapm,l. Eme-
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Eel I. Ancient Egyptian ship dessign. Ancient Egypt. 1933, p. 10:J, ('ont..
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MetropoL Mus. of Art, Egypt. Expedition 1923-1924, p. 39.
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o 6ll.\ Jle pa60Thi
IT a c 1,1 n H II H. BoeRBoe l'ICI{YCCTBO peBlIerO EnillTa, CII6, 1901.
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R. C. JIJIlIYllOBA, M. 3. l\1:ATbE
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IIOJIlIBaH BO,lJ,OH. 3aTeM, ero 'laCTb, CO,lJ,eprl,a-
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Te'leT no HaHJIOHHOH ,lJ,OCRe BHII3, a 30JIOTO
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pa3, IIplI'leM CJIerRa paCTUpaJIlI Bem;eCTBO
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plICTbIMII ry6RaMlI, OIIU CHOClIJIH IIoHeMHory
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orHH, OCTaBJIHIOT OXJIa,lJ,lITbCH, II IIOCJIe Toro RaR lIX OTRpbIBaIOT, B HlIX
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B Bece; Bce OCTaJIbHbIe Bem;eCTBa lIC'le3JIII. TaRl'IM 06pa30M (ilpOlI3BO-
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8nepreTa II ero meHbI (TaR Ha3bIBaeMaH KaMeH rOH3ara), xpaHHm;aHCH
B rOCY,IJ,apCTBeHHOM 8pMUTame (puc. 46).
rOpHbIe pa3pa60TRII B IITOJIeMeeBCROM ErlIIITe 6bIJIII I(apcRoii: MOHO-
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6aTbIBaeT pIITOH, 3aRaH'llIBalOm;IIMcH rOJIOBOM ra3eJIII. CII,IJ,Hm;IIM IIoce-
peJJ;lme OT,IJ,eJIbIBaeT qeRaHROM, IIOBn]J;IIMOMY, OTJIlITyIO HII7i\HIOIO qaCTb
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II BbICTynOB Ha HX KpaHx (pIIC. 49). HapyamaH cTopoHa OpMbI
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Tepe, y ROToporr cpegHflH qaCTI. TYJIOBH a IIplI CoeAIDIemUf Orrm60qHO
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llpocymRII ee B361IB3JllI. 8TO llpOII3BO;JJ;HJI mepcT06IIT. II plIrOTOBJICHH3H
T3RIIM 06p330M mepcTh p3CQeCbIB3JI3Ch MeT3JIJIII'IeCRIIM rpe6HeM.
IIIepcTh pe;JJ;Ro ynOTpe6JIHJI3Ch B HeoRp3meHHoM BII;JJ;e, 3 B ORP3CRY
mJI3 061i1;QHO mepcTh ;JJ;0 npHllilI II JIMmh OQeHh pe;JJ;Ro rOTOB3H TR3Hh.
Crroc06bI OHp3CRII H3M II3BeCTHbI no ;JJ;BYM ;JJ;oRYMeHT3M: 3TO - JIeii-
;JJ;eHCRIIH n3rrlIpyc X II xp3HHI:QnHCH B CTOI{rOJIhMe P3pyrus Gr3ecus
Holmiensis; II TOT II ;JJ;pyroH cO;JJ;epll{3T pel(errTbI 06p360TRII II rro]J;)];eJIRlI
MeT3JIJIOB, R3MHeH II ORp3m\II TR3HeH. Pel(CllTIJ OHp3CIHI II3JI01ReHhi
<DlItTepOM B cT3The, lloCDHI:QeHHOii 3TOMY Donpocy. IIIcpcTh llpell{]J;c
Bcero ;JJ;0JI1HH3 6bITh OQlIIl(eH3 OT nOHpbIB3IOll(erO ee llnrpB, ROTOpbrii
npellHTcTByeT oRp3cRe. AJIH 3Toro peROMCH;JJ;yeTcH llpOMbw3HIIe ee
B BO;JJ;e C p3BBe;JJ;eHHoH IIBBeCThIO IIJIII llOCIJnRHlIe mepcTH npoceHHHO H
BOJIOH c nOCJIeAYIOll(HM npOMbU33HHeb:J !3 B9A 1 1\ I\OTOpOH ;D.06aBJICHhI
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HCTOPIIH TEXHHHII ErIIllTA
YHCyC II RIIMOJIlIficRaH rmma; ):(JIH 3TOfi l(eJIH ynoTpe6JIHJICH TaIDRe
MbIJIbHbIH ROpeHb, paCnYIll,eHHbIfi B ropHqefi BO):(e. AJIH npoqHOCTR
OHpaCRII IllepCTb npe):(BapliTeJIbHO llorpymaJIaCb B llpOTpaBY; 06bIqHO
nplIMeHHJUICb RBaCl(bI C RaROfi-HII6Y):(b RIICJIOTOH, HailplIMep pmJBe):(eH-
Hble B YRcyce BIIHOrpa):(HbIe BbI1HIIMHII, CO):(ep1HaIll,lIe BIIHHOImMeHHYIO
RIICJIOTY. B HeROTOpbIX pel(eilTaX YHa3bIBaeTCH ORIICb meJIe3a, pa3-
Be):(eHHaH B YRcyce, HO nplI 8TOM cnoc06e ORpaCHa TIOJIyqaeTCH TYCHJIee.
BOJIbIllIIHCTBO pel(enTOB RaCaeTCH ORpaCRII B TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIH
<mypnypHblfi» l(BeT. HaCTOHmlIfi nypnyp IIOJIyqaJICH 1I3 CORa O):(Horo
1I3 BII):(OB YJIIITOH, HaXO):(IIMbIX Ha n06epembe Cpe):(1I3eMHoro MOpH B
<DIIHIIRIIII. Y JIIITOR TOJIRJIII BMeCTe C paHOBIIHaMH, IIOJlyqeHHYIO Maccy
llOCbIIIaJIII COJIbIO H OCTaBJIHJIH Ha TplI ):(HH, IIOCJIe qero pa36aBJIHJIII
BO):(OH II npOBaplIBaJIlIj II B nOJIyqeHHOM paCTBope RpaCIIJIII mepCTb.
8TO 6bIJIa ):(oporaH HpaCRa, ROTopaH He MOrJIa ):(OJIro xpaHIITbCH
II ):(aJIeRO nepeB03lITbCH, H n08TOMY ee nbITaJIRCb 3aMeHHTb paCTII-
TeJIbHbIMII HpaCRaMII, ):(aIOIll,HMR pa3JIHqHble OTTeHHH OT RpaCHOBaToro
):(0 t1J IIOJI eTOBoro II TeMHOCIIHero. B 60JIbIlllIHCTBe pel(enTOB ):(JIH aTOll
l(eJIII YRa3blBaIOTCH ):(Ba paCTeHHH, Ha3bIBaeMble no-rpeqeCRR r.p5M
Ii a.n.r;/Joa. ITepBoe 1I3 8TIIX paCTeHlIfi peROMeH):(yeTcH RaH JIerHO
DbI):(eJIHIOmee 60JIbIIIOe ROmlqeCTBo RpaCHIll,erO DeIll,eCTBa ):(ame
llPII npOCTOM BbI):(aBJIRBaHlIlIj ):(pyrofi pel(enT peKOMeH):(yeT BapuTh
ero B Bo):(e ):(JIH llOJIyqenlIH HpaCRlIj B HeROTopbIX pel(eilTax npe):(JIa-
raeTCH npIi6aBJIHTb ne60JIbIIIOe HOJIlIqecTBo Hynopoca. BbIJIO npHHHTO
CqlITaTb, qTO llO):( na3BaHIIeM 5)(.o IIo):(pa3YMeBaeTCH O):(IIH 1I3
BRJJ;OB JIIIIllaH Rocella tinctoria DC. <DHcTep B CBoeH CTaTbe YHa-
3blBaeT, qTO CBoHcTBa, nplIIIHcbIBaeMbIe 5xr; B pel(enTax, He CO-
Bna):(aIOT CO cBoficTBaMII Ylm3aHHoro JIlIIIIaHj XOTH OH H 06JIa):(aeT
HpaCHmlIM BemeCTBOM, HO ):(JIH ero H3BJIeqeHIIH Tpe6yeTcH ):(JUITeJIbHaH
06pa60Tlm, Tor):(a HaH pel(enTbI YHa3bIBaIOT Ha 6bJ:CTpOe nOJIyqeHlle
HpaCRII.l{poMe Toro, 8TOT mUllaH ):(aeT OqeHb HeycTOHqUBYIO RpacHY,
B TO BpeMH RaH pel(enTbI rOBopHT 0 HpROCTH H npoqHOCTH IIOJIyqae-
Mofi RpaCRII. <DlIcTep YRa3blBaeT, qTO B HaCTOHmee BpeMH 60TaHllIUI
CHJIOHHbI CqlITaTb, qTO IIO):( aTIIM Ha3BaHIIeM llo):(pa3YMeBaeTCH O,lJ;Hif
1I3 BH,lJ;OB MOpCHIIX BO,lJ;opocJIefi, paCTYIll,llX B Cpe):(H3eMHOM Mope,
a IIMeHHO Rytiphloea tinctoria C. Ag. CCbIJIaaCbHa npOlI3Be,lJ;eHHbIfi
IIM OilbIT, <DHcTep rOBopHT, qTO 8T0 pacTeHHc 06JIa,lJ;aeT HPRIIM Rpa-
CHmllM BemecTBoM, OqeHb JIerHO H3BJIeRaeMMM nYTeM RllnHqeHIIHj
n08ToMY OH C'llITaeT, qTO no,lJ; Ha3BaHHeM Cf'5xo CJIe,lJ;yeT llOHlIMaTb
IIMeHHO Rytiphloea tinctoria C. Ag.
Apyroe pacTeHlIe - Anchusa tinctoriaj RopeHb ero 06JIa,lJ;aeT
RpaCHIll,IIM BemecTBoM, ROTopoe 1I3BJIeHaIOT, nOJIb3YHCb ero CBOHCT-
BOM pacilycHaTbcH B MaCJIe; ,lJ;JIH 3Toro ero TOJIRYT C opexaMH, npJII-
6aDJIHIOT BO,lJ;bI Ii RBaCl(OB. ITOJIyqeHHaH Macca MomeT HeRoTopoe
BpeMH coxpaHHTbcH. B TOM me pel(enTe RaR JIyqIllee Cpe,lJ;CTBO, pac-
nYCHaIOIll,ee RpaCHIll,ee BemeCTBO, peROMeH,lJ;yeTcH Bep6JII01HbH MOqa.
ITo ,lJ;pyroMy cIIoco6y RpaCHIll,ee BeIll,eCTBO paCTlIpaIOT B CYXOl\l BH,lJ;e
PEMECIIA
313
C CO.r:\OM II 3aTeM RIIllHTHT; peROMeH.r:\yeTcH Tamlte RIII1HqeHlIe C ROpHeM
6eJIeHhI IlJIIi IlleJIROBlIqHOrO .r:\epeBa II HeROTOpLlX .r:\pyrlIX paCTeUUM.
,II,JIH ORpaCRH IllepCTb 06bI'ill0 norpymaeTcH ua uelWTopoe DpeMH
B nOJIyqeUHbIM paCTBOp.
,II,JIH nOJIyqeHIIH CIIHero l(BeTa YilOTpe6JIHJICH CIIIIlIJIbUIIR (Isa tis
tinctoria). ,II,JIH 1I3BJIeqemm RpaCHll(ero BeIl{eCTBa IIpocyrneHHLle cTe6-
JIll 8Toro pacTeuliH 3aJIIIBaIOTCH MOqeM, 3aTeM aTa CMeCb llporpeBaeTcH
Ha COJIUl(e II RIIIIHTIITCH.
Mapeua (Rubia tinctorium II R. peregrina) .r:\aeT OqeUb npOqHYIO
II HPRYIO oRpacRY pa3Horo l(BeTa nOCJIe llpoTpaBbI RBaCl(aMH II BIlHHO-
RaMeUHOM RIICJIOTOM. B pel(eilTaX Papyrus Holmiensis oua yrroMH-
. UaeTCH .r:\Ba pa3a: ee peRoMeu.r:\yIOT .r:\JIH oHpacRII B p030BbIM l(BeT II .r:\JIH
nOJIyqeUHH iPlIOJIeTOBOro l(BeTa B COqeTaHlI1'I C CHueM RpacRoM. TaROBhI
HalI60JIee qaCTO ynoMIIHaeMbIe paCTIITeJIbHhle RpaCHII.
113 RpaCOH mlIBOTHoro npOIICXOII{.r:\eHIlH ynoMIIuaeTCH RepMec -
BII.r:\ HaceROMbIX, 6JIII3RHX H ROIlleHIIJIII, ROTOpbIM B .r:\peBUOCTII qaCTO
llYTaJIII C paCTeHlIeM, UOCIIBIllIIM TO me ua3BaHlIe. Pa3.r:\aBJIeHHhle B
BO.r:\e, 8TII naceROMbIe .r:\aIOT HPRYIO RpacnyIO RpaCRY. CYIl{eCTByeT
FIeCHOJIbRO BII.r:\OB 8Toro uaceROMoro, llplIqeM He Bce OHII .r:\aIOT RpaCRY
O.r:\IIHaROBoro RaqeCTBa, B 3aBIICHMOCTII OT HOToporo OHa l(eHIIJIaCb.
Bo06Il{e IIW 8TO O.r:\Ha 1I3 llpO'llfbIX, XOTH II .r:\oporllx RpacoR.
HeRoTophle pel(eilTbI .r:\aIOT nO.r:\p06uoe onlIC8HIIe Bcero npol(ecca
oRpacHH, HaqlIHaH C npoMbIBRII IllepcTII, .r:\PyrlIe TOJIbRO llepeqlICJIHIOT
Ha3BaHHH Bell(eCTB, He C006ll(aH, RaH C HIiMII 06pall(aTbCH.
IIocJIe oRpacRH IllepcTb, BepoHTuo, ell(e paCqeCbIBaJIaCb, a 3aTeM
ee npHJIH .r:\OBOJIbHO CJIa60M RPYTHOM.
,II,JIH 3anpaBRIl CTaHRa II IIIJIIIXTQBaHIIH OCHOBhI Tpe60naJIHCb Clle-
l(IIaJIbHhle ua, BbIRII H 8Ta pa60Ta c.r:\aBaJIaCb Cllel(H8JIIICTaM; B O.r:\UOM
1I3 CqeTOB, ROTOphlM XBOCTOB pa36IIpaeT B cBoeit pa60Te «TeRCTIIJIb-
HaH npOMblIIIJIeHUOCTb B rpeRo-pHMCROM ErlII1Te», eCTb cYMMa, ROTO-
paH, no ero MHeHIlIO, M07l{eT 6h1Tb 06'hHCHeHa HaR nJIaTa 3a 3anpaBlty
CTaHRa.
Ha .r:\ome.r:\IIIHx .r:\0 Hac TRaHHX Mbl BCTpeqaeM CJIe.r:\YIOIl{lIe llepenJIe-
TeUHH: nOJIOTHO, T. e. TaRoe nepenJIeTeHHe, llplI ROTOpOM YTOR B RalIt.r:\OM
pH.r:\y nOOqepe.r:\HO nORphlBaeT O.r:\UY HIITb OCHOBhI H npOXO.r:\HT no.r:\
.r:\pyroit; .r:\JIH Y30pqaThlX qaCTeM nplIMeUHeTCH pa3HOBII.r:\UOCTb 8Toro
nepenJIeTeHIIH - r06eJIeHHaH Texmma; llepe60p wi peMII3Rax Tome
nplI OCHOBHOit nOJIOTHHHO"H TRaHH; 3aTeM neTeJIbqaTbIe THaHH II, HaRO-
Hel(, capmeBoe llepenJIeTeHlIe. IIo.r:\p06nee 8TH nepeIIJIeTeHHH 6Y.r:\YT
pa306paHhI nplI paCCMOTpeUHII COOTBeTCTBYIOIl{IIX TRaHeit.
,II,ome.r:\llllIe .r:\0 Hac TKaHII npe.r:\CTan.ITHIOT c060it qaCTII JIbUHHhlX
oi(elIt.r:\ C BOTlmHHbIMII l(BeTHhlMH opuaMeUTaJIbHbIMIi BCTaBKaMII 1I3
mepcTII (pHC. 69).
IIJIaIl{II THaJIIiCb l(emmOM Ha CTaHl\e B BII.r:\e 60JIbIlllIX npHMoyrOJIb-
HbIX llOJIOTUIIll(; TymIRH lIte TRaJIIICb no qaCTHM (06h1qHO fi3 Tpex qa-
cTeit) C TaKIIM pa qeTOM, 'lT06b1 llOJIyqeHHbJe qaCTR llpHMO CIllIlBaJIIiCb
314
llCTOPllH TEXHllRH ETl111TA
.
6ea )];OllOJIHHTeJIbHOn RpoiiIm (pIIC. 70). 06hI'IHO TYHlIRa COCTOHJIa IIa
CJIe)];YIOIIJ;IIX 'laCTen: BepxHHH 'laCTb C PYRaBaMH II oTBepcTlIeM BopoTa
nocepe)];lme; OHa CRJIa)];bIBaJIaCb nOIIOJIaM no JIIIHIIII BopOTa II BHlIay
R Heit nplIIDIIBaJIOCb )];Ba IIpHMoyrOJIbHI,IX nOJIOTHFIIIJ;a. IDBlJ llpIIXO-
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6lJJIII CIDIITlJ, aaIDIIBaJIIiCb 60ROBI,le IDBlJ.. Ha 60JIbIDIIX CTaHRax
6lJJIO B03M01HHO H3rOTOBJIeHFIe TYHIIR II3 o)];Horo cRa. IIpH pa60Te
)];JIIIHa TYHIIRII npHXO)];JJIaCb lloilepeR CTaHRa. Ror)];a OCHOBa ItaTH-
HYTa, pa60Ta HaqIDIaJIaCb C PYRaBa, llpH'leM TRa'l aaXBaTlJBaJI,
np06paClJBaH 'leJIHOH B Cpe)];Hen 'laCTFI cTaHRa, ROJIlIqeCTBO HIITOH,
HY1HHoe no IDlIplIHe PYRaBa, a llO CTopoHaM OCTaBaJIHCb CB060)];HlJe
HIITH OCHOBlJ. ,D;on)];H )];0 IIJIeqa, OH np06paClJBaJI 'leJIHOR 'lepea BCIO
IDHPHHY CTaHRa. C Toro-MeCTa,_rAe Ha'lIIUaJIOCb OTBepCTHe AJIH BopoTa,
PEMEClIA
315
OH TRan BYMH qenHORaMH OT enbHO npaBYro H neBYro nOnOBHHM,
OCTaBnHH nOCpe IIHe menb, 06paMneHHYro RpOMROM (OTBepCTlIe JIH
BOpOTa). Ror a BOpOT 6Mn aaROHqeH, OnHTb npO OnllmnOCb TRaHbe
BO BCro llIIIPIIHY CTaHRa II, HaHOHeu:, OHO aaRaHqlIBanOCb TRaHbeM
BTopOrO PyRaBa C OCTaBneHlIeM no CTopOHaM ero CB060 HMX HIITeM
OCHOBM (pIIC. 70 A). IIocne CHHTIIH co CTaHRa 8TH BHCHmHe no CTOpO-
HaM PYRaBOB HIITII aaRperWHnlICb nYTeM CiineTeHIIH HX B mrYT B onb
RpaH (pHC. 71) Hm!: 06peaanlIcb. ,1];nH llpe Yllpell, eHIIH pa3pMBa
TRaHII no HpaHM BopoTa no 06e CTopOHbr ero llponYCRanlIcb TOnCTbIe
Py6r(bI 1I3'HecRonbKlIx HIITeM, ROTOpbIe cnycHanlIcb Ha rpy b II cnlIHY
-I£!UjlUHU C/lJUHIYU-
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H aaRaHqHBanlICh RlIcToqrmMH. TaRHM 06paaOM lIaroTOBJIflJIaCh BepX-
HHH qaCTL TYHIIRH. HlImHHH 'faCTh TRanaOi> B BH e BYX OT enhHbrx
npHMoyrOJIbHhIX RYCROB, ROTopbIe Ha CTaHRe paCIIonaranHCh TaR,
qT06M JIIIHa npHxo naCh nOlle peR CTaHRa.
::ha cxeMa TRaIIhH TYHIII'H ycnOll'HHnaCb B aamICIIMOCTH OT BenlI'IlI-
HM II RonHqeCTBa yaOpqaTMX qaCTeM, ROTOphIMH OHa YHpamanaCh II RO-
TopMe TRanlICh O llOBpeMeHHO C Hero (06paMneHlre BopOTa; RnaBM -
nonoCM, yHpamaroIr(lIe ClllIHY II rpY h; Me anhoHM Ha nneqax, nonOCbI
Ha PYRaBax, IIonOCM H Me anbOHM Ha nO OJIe). Ha 60m.nlIIHCTBe
o em BTII qaCTH BMTRaHM TaR HaaMBaeMOM r06eneHHOM TeXHIIHOM,
npH ROTOpOM U:BeTHaH HIITh yTRa, nepenneTaHCb C OCHOBOM B llonOTHe,
XO RT Baa II Bnepe TonbRO no TOMY yqaCTRY, ROTOpbIH no yaopy
onmeH 6MTh aHHoro U:B&Ta (pIIC. 74). B aaBHCIIMOCTII OT BenlI'IIIHM
II ROHTypa yaOpqaTOH qaCTH nplIMeHHnIIch paanlI'IHMe nplIeMM.
IIplI O HOM CIIJIOIllHOe TRaHbe llonOTHa OBo nOCb o RpaH yqaCT-
Ra, npe HaaHaqeHHoro nH y30pa; Ha ::!TOM yqaCTRe no rOTOBJIHnaCb
OCHOBa, a8 e HHHU:Y 6panlicb 2-3 HHTH OCHOBM II llpo6IIpaJIHCb YTROM
II TaHOM paCl!pe eneHlm:. MHor a BO Ha6emaHHe pacxomAeHHH HHTeiI
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B HeRoTopbIX CJlyqaHX OCHOBa ORaabIBaJlaCb CJllIIIIl\:OM qaCTofl, Tor;JJ:a
qaCTb HIITen ee nponycRaJlaCb II BHCeJla cBo60,D,HO Ha 060poTIIOit
CTopOHe. IIocJle Toro RaR OCHOB3 nO;JJ:rOTOBJlena, HaqIIHaJlaCb pa60Ta
BeTHbIMII YTRaMII Ha yaOpqaTOM yqaCTI\e II omIOBpeMeHHO npOlIO;I-
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taJlOCb TRaHbe OCHOBHon TRaHII, YTOR ROTOpOH ;JJ:OXO,D,IIJl ;JJ:O KpaH
yaopa II llOBOpaqlIBaJl 06paTHO. ECJlU I{OHTYP yaopa 6bIJl aaHpyrJleH,
CQ ;JJ:JIHemre 8TIIX ;JJ:BYX qaCTen npOIICXO;JJ:IIJlO llOCTenellHO. ECJIII me
TRaJlaCb nOJIOca IIJlII npHMoyrOJlbHIIR, TO Me,R;JJ:y qaCTHMII MOrJIa no-
JlyqaTbCH llpopexa. B HeROTopbIX CJlyqaHX TaR II 6blBaJlO, II 8Ta llpO-
pexa aamlIBIlJlaCb aaTeM Ha rOTOBOH TRaHII; B ;JJ:pyrIIx CJlyqaHX nplI-
HllMaJlIICb MepbI em;e BO BpeMH TRaHbH: TaR, IItIOr;JJ:a RpaHHHH HIITb
OCHOBbI aaXBaTbIBaJlaCb llOOqepe,!J,HO TO 'TeM, TO ,!J,pyrllM YTIWM, llpIl-
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Ha HeRoTopbIX TRaHHX YTOR OCHOBHOM TRaHII TOJIbI{O B OT.r:\eJIbHbIX
MeCTaX 3aXBaTbIBaJI Rpamnoro HHTb OCHOBbI Y30pqaTOro yqacTRa
(pIIC. 72).
;r:t;pyroM llplIeM nplIMeHHJICH qa e npI:J pa36poCaHIIIJX no nOJIOTHY
OT.r:\eJIbHbIX He60JIbIIIlfX opHaMeHTaJIbHbIX MOTHBax. 3aRJIIOqaJICH
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no 2-3, RaR aTO 6bIJIO YRasaHO BbIIIIe, H Haq:rmaJIOCb TRaHbe Y30pa.
OH TRaJICH .r:\0 Tex nop, nORa He 6bIJIa 3anOJIHeHa Ta qaCTb, 1I3 ROTOpOM
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JIeJIbHOe TRaHbe y30pa II OCHOBHOM TRaUII, nplIqeM YTOR OCHOBHOH
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( r ocyo. 9 p.MUmMfC)
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MaeTCH Mem.D;y pH.D;aMII pa6oqero YTRa, rrepellJleTaIO erOCH C OCHOBOM
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npO]1;epnmaJICH B OTBepCTHe, npope3aHHoe B I BepXHeM CJIoe RomH,
II TaM 3aRpenJIHJICH.
j.D;pyroH BH.IJ; 06YBII - TytfJJIH - nOJIyqHJ.I 60JIhillOe pacrrpocTpa-
HeHHe B BH3aHTIIHcRoe BpeMH (pIIC. 92). lIaroToBJIHJIHCh OHH Ha
ROJIO]1;Kax (ROJIO;ItRH ]1;JiH 06YBII 6MJ!H Haii]1;eHbI B AXMHMe). IIo]1;oillBa .
U'y<p em . ]1;eJIaJIaCb 113 Tpex CJIOeB: BepXHII:H CJIOH - H3 MHrRoii R01KIZl.
a32
HCTOPHH TEXHIIKH ErlInTA
mnl\HI:III- 1:13 TonCTOll, a Mem,L\y HI:Il\,l1:l rrpORna,L\bIBaJIaCb TRaHb mm
llarrlIpyc.
CIIIHBaJII:ICb Ty.pJII:I 1:13HYTpl:l CRpbITbIM mBOM. IIo,L\omBa llplIIillI-
BaJIaCb C BbIIIymRoll,T. e. Mem,L\y BepxoM 1:1 llO,L\omBOll npORJIa,L\bIBaJICJI
RaHTIIR 1:13 R01l\1:I 1:1 Dce BMeCTe llpomHBaJIOCb H3HYTpH. R 60JIee rpy-
60ll 06YBH rrO.D.OIIIBa npl:lmHBaJIaCb TOHIlliMH peMemRaMH.
BOJIblIIHHCTBO Ty.peJIb YRpameHO 30JIOTOll pOCIII:ICbIO I:IJIH llpOpeB-
HbIMH p03eTRaMM H3 l1030JIO'leHHOll Roml:l (pHC. 93). RaRHe Cpe,L\CTBa
llpHMeHHJII:ICb ,L\JIJI l1030JIOTbI ROIf,H, MbI TO'lHO He 3HaeM, HO cpe}:\H
peI(eIITOB JIell,L\eHCROro llalll:lpyca X eCTb crroco6bI H3rOTOBJIeHI:IJI
r,'
....
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9". HOlliaHblfi nOHC (rocya. 8pMuma;}IC)
BOJIOTOII RpaCRH ,L\JIJI llHCbMa Ha nanl:lpyce, nepraMeHTe H ,L\pyr
MaTepl:laJIax; B03MomHO, 'lTO B TaROM me pO,L\e 6bIJIH H RpaCRH ,L\JIJI
l1030JIOTbI ROml:l. B O.L\HOM H3 peI(eilTOB peROMeH,L\yeTcJI JIHCTOBOe
30JIOTO, paCTepToe C paCTI:ITeJIbHbIM RJIeeM; B .L\PyroM, 6e3 rrplIMeHeHIDI
30JIOTa, - meJITbIll MbImbHR, 'lHCTOTeJI, meJI'lb 'lepellaXH 1:1 ma.ppaH.
ROIf>3HbIe nOJlca (pl:lc. 94) llpe,L\C'l'aBJIHIOT C060ll ,L\OBOJIbHO mHpo-
Rue peMHII, 3aRpyrJIeHHbIe Ha EOHI(aX, C neTJIHMI:I nJII:I 3aBH3RaMH,
CBI:ITbIMIII H3 TOHRHX peMemROB; n1:II(eBaH llOBepXHOCTb 1:IX YRpallieHa.
llYHCOHOM, T. e. m1:IJIOM C .pl:lrypHbIM OCTp1:IeM, yKOJIbI ROToporo pac-
IIOJIaraIOTCH TaR, 'lTo6bI llOJIY'l1:IJICH opHaMeHT. .
113 Rom1:I BbI,L\eJIbIBaJI1:ICb TaRme peMH1:I ,L\JIH YllpHmll 1:1: ,L\PYI'IIX
6bITOBbIX I(eJIell. BCH BTa pa60Ta llpOH3BO.D.HJIaCb TeMII Ifm ROmeBHI:I-
RaM1:I. BOJIbmeIO 'laCTbIO, OH1:I pa60TaJII:I RaR HaeMHbIe pa6o'IlIe;
RpynHbIe me llOMeCTbH 1:IMeJII:I RomeBHHROB cpe,L\1:I CB01:IX pa6oqn:x
J1I apeH,L\aTOpoB.
PEMEOIIA.
333
B llTOJIeMeeBCKOe flpeMH yrro-
MRHaIOTCH qapcRHe KOfKeBeHHhIe
MaCTepCmm; B03MomHO cym:eCTBO-
Bamle TaRHX MaCTepCRHX, pa60-
TaBillHX Ha BOllCRO II: B pIIMCKOe
BpeMH.
COl03hI KomeBHllliOB 113BeCTHhI
TOJIbRO ,'B BH3aHTHllCKOe BpeMH.
epaMnqeCKOe npOn3BOAcTBO
Crrpoc Ha RepaMJI1IeClme 113):(e-
JII:UI 6hIJI 60JIbillOll, R TOMY me
r,JIIIHa qaCTO 3aMeHHJIa ):(pyrHe
MaTepHaJIhI, HarrpliMep ):(epe-
BO. l\epaMHqeCROe rrpOH3BO):(CTBO
6uJIO paCilpOCTpaHeHO no Bcell
CTpaHe.
rJIlUfa ]J;JIH COCy):(OB, B 3aBH-
CIIMOCTH OT CDoero Ha3HaqeHHH,
npOMbIBaJIaCb H OqHIT{aJIaCb 60JIee
IIJIH MeHee Tm:aTeJIbHO. COCY]J;U
.pOpMOB3JIHCb Ha rowmpHOM Kpy-
re. EJIIOMHep CqlITaeT, qTO yme
B ::JJIJIIDIIICTlIqeCKOe BpeMH rOH-
qapHUII Rpyr IIMeJI llpHCllUCO-
6JIeHlIe, C rrOMOII(bIO ROToporo
ero MomHO 6hIJIO Bpam:aTb HO-
rOll, II rOHqap Mor pa60TaTb
o6elIMII pyRaMIi. BpalI.{aH Rpyr,
OH BJ(aBJIIIBaJI cepeJWHY ROMa
rJIlUIhI, 113 ROToporo .pOpMO-
BaJICH COCY]J;, II BbITHrIlBaJI
BBepx CTeHRII. rOTOBhIe cocy- , :
W>l llPOCYillHBaJIIiCh II CTaBII-
JIIICb B neqb Ha o6mHr. Co-
CY.JU>l, npe;IWa3HaqellHhIe WIH
xpaHeHIIH lImWWCTell, BHyTPIl
nOKphIBaJIHCb llpOBapeHHOll
CMOJIOH.
IIeqb ):(JIH 06mHra Repa-
MII"feCRIIX IH!;L\eJIIIll rrpe):(CTaB-
JIHJIa C06011 RpyrJIOe coopy-
1I,eHIIe B ):(Ba ::JTama (pHc.95):
HlImHHH qaCTb - ]J;JIH TOilRII, . >,'
BepxHHH - wm pa3Mem:emlH
r" ::
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634
JICTOPHH TEXHHRH ErHIl7!A
npe)];MeTOB, nO]]:JIemaII(HX 06mIlry. B no)];y BepXHero nOMeII(emUl
C)];eJIaHM 6MJIJ7I OTBepCTlIH )];JIH npOHIIRHOBeHl'IH mapa HaBepx. IIocJIe
06mIlra COCY)];U OCTaBJIHJIIICh HR HeROTopoe BpeMH B nellH :0 OCTU.
BaJIH llOCTeneHHO: pe3RIIH nepeXO)]; R XOJIOAHOH TeMnepaType MOP
BMBBaTb paCTpeCRHBaHile cocy)];a.
EOJIbIIIIIe cocy.w;r ]]:JIH xpaHeHIIH BepHa He rrO)];BepraJIIlCb 06mnry
(pilC. 96 H 97). OHB ]]:eJIaJIHCb npHMO B TOM llOMeII(eHHH, B ROTOpOM
OHH )];OJImHM 6UJIH OCTaBaTbCH. IIpH aTOM nOJI nOCbIIIaJICH 30JIOH,
1J.T06M Macca, HB ROTOpOH JIeII1IJIH, He npHJIHilaJIa R HeMYj Ha CJJoit
80JIM RJIaJIOCb AnO B BH)];e 60JIbiliOH JIerrerriRH, no CTopOHaM ero tPop-
MOBaJIHCb HeBMCORile CTeHKI/(. IIocJIe Toro, RaR BTa llaCTb rrpOCMxa-
_ JI3, HapaII(lIBaJICH BTOpoit
. +""'. HpyC CTeHKI/(j TaR, HPYO
" :J:i. 3a HpyCOM BMCOT3 )];OBO-
. : ,; )];lmaCb )];0 2 M.
I Bce 13TH llaCTH OCTaBa-
','1' '::';"':;'''\.'''' nHCb C'beMHMMil. HaBepxy
cocy)]; cym3JICH H BaRaH'U'I-
-. ..' BaJICD Y3RHM rOpJIbIIIIROM.
TaKl/(e cocy.w;r H ]]:0 CHX nop
YilOTpe6JIHIOTCH B ErHnTe
C ]]:JIH XpaHeHl'IH BepHa. IIp:a
'i paCROilRax B MOHaCTblpe
EililtPaHIIH 6bIJJH 06Hapy-
"".' '" meHbI TaRHe cocy.w;r.
OT)];eJIbHYIO OTpaCJIb pe-
MeCJIa npe)];CTaBJIHJIO llpO-
HBBO)];CTBO rJIHHHHbIX CBe-
IrHJIbHHROB (pHC. 98), aMnYJI H tPHrYPOR. OHH H3rOTOBJIHJIHCb B
I'Ji'IllCOBbIX tPopMax (pHC. 99), ROTopbIe CHI'IM3JIHCb CMO)];eJIH TeM me
clloc060M, RaR tPOpMM )];JIH BOCROBblX tPHrYPOR npH OT.JrnBRe MeTaJI-
JIli'IlIeCRIIX npe)];MeToB. Ha BHYTpeHHIOIO rroBepxHocTb 'taROH tPop-
MbI HaHOCHJICH TOHRHH CJIOH XOpOiliO llpOMbITOH H npoMeIII3HHoH
rJJHHbI TaR, llT06bI HM 6bIJIH BailOJIHeHbI Bce yrJIy6JIeHHH «I'opMhIj )];eJIa-
nOCb 13TO )];epeBHHHOH JIOllaTOllROH HJIII npOCTO PYROH. Kor)];a nepBbIH
CJIOH HeCROJIbRO llpOCMXaJI, Ha Hero HapaII(HBaJIH BTOpOH H T. )];., llORa
He llOJIYllaJJaCb HymHaH TOJIII(HHa. Kor)];a 06e nOJIOBHHRH BbICbL-..:aJIII
HaCTOJIbRO, llTO Morm'l 6MTb BbIH)'ThI lIB tP0pMbI 6e3 nOBpe7n)];eHHH, :ox
BbIHHMaJIH, CJIerrJIHJIH RpaHMil )];pyr C ]]:pyroM, BapaBHIIBaJIH IIIOB H
CTaBHJIH ]]:JIH OROHllaTeJIbHOH npOCYiliRH. ,IJ;JIH aMllYJJ TaRI'IM Clloc060M
HBrOTOBJIHJIOCb TYJIOB e, a 3aTeM )];O)];eJIbIBaJIIICb rOpJIbIIIIRO H py'lRH
(pHC. 100).
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B )];peBHeM ErmrTe.
rJIaBHaH Maoea
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pa60TaIOII(1'IMH B co6CTBeHHbIX MacTepClUIXj
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.336
IICTOPHJI TEXIIIlHll ErIIIlTA
IIHOr,L\a OHII pa60TaJIII B Ra'IeCTBe naeMHbIX pa60'IIIX B llOMeCThflX.
rOH'IapliI ClleI(lIaJIl:I3l:1pOBaJIIICh Ha llpOI:l3BO,L\CTBe Ollpe,L\eJIeHHIiIX
COpTOB TOBapa: O,L\HI:I BIiI,L\eJIbIBaJIH 60JIhllIl:le rpy6ble COCY.L\hI, ,L\PY-
rl:le - TOHlUIe cocY.L\hI MenhllIero pa3Mepa, naKOHel1, OC06yIO Cllel1l:1-
8JIhHOCTh llpeiWTaBJIHJIO llpOI:l3BO,L\CTBO rJIJiIHflHIiIX .pl:lrypOK.
, -,I '.
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d01-102. COCYI\bI HaTaHHOrO CTeHJIa c Hapa eHHeM BHIiSY
(rocyiJ. ap.MUma )
CTCKOHLlloe rrpOH3EO CTnO
CTeRJIO 6bIJIO O'IeHh ,L\aBHO :n:meCTIfO enillTflHaM 1:1 1lII:IpOKO IIMR
nCilOJIh30BaJIOCh ,L\JIfl pa3JIIf'IHLIX 1I3,L\emlH. Crroco61iI BapRII 1:1 O'II:ICT-
KII CTeH:JIflHHOH MaCCIiI, OKpaCKU ee B pa3JIH'IHliIe I(BeTa 6liIJII:I pa3pa-
60TaHIiI B O-rpe'IeCRI:IH rrepHO,L\.
AJIfl ,L\pemreerl:llleTCROrO CTeRJIa xapaKTepHO, 1JTO OHO o6pa6aTIiI-
BaJIOCh, KaK llaCTa, RaK MaTepHaJI, ROTOpliIH .popMyeTcfl OT PYRII
B MHrKOM, TflryqeM, a He B ml:l ROM COCTOflHUH. B aTOM OTHOllIeHI:IH
llTOJIeMeeBCRUII nepno,L\ He rrpl:lHOCIIT HH'Iero HOBoro. COCY):\IiI .pop-
l\'lYIOTCfl llYTeM naRaThIBaHIIH Ha l1nJIHH plI'IeCRUH CTeprReHh MHrROH,
eII.{e He BIIOJIHe 3aCTliIBllIeH CTeRJIHHHOM MaCCIiI (pl:lc. 101 II 102);
HapY7ImaH lloBepxHocTh 3arJIamUBaeTCH llYTeM. RaTaIlHH Ha ImMeHIlO:H
PEMECJ1A
387
)];OCRe. BUyTpeHlIfIH nOJIOCTb cocy)];a rrOJIyqaeTCH I(HJIllli)];plIqeCROll
1j>0PMbI, CJIOll CTeRJIa OqeHb TOJICT. I1Hor)];a, )];JIH nplI)];amUl 60JIbllIell
YCTOllqI'IBOCTH, B HHmHell qaCTH cocy)];a )];eJIaeTCH paCllIHpeHHe H YTOJI-
eHlIe llyTeM Hapam:I'IBaHHH HeCROJIblUIX CJIOen CTemra. ,l];JIH 8TOm
rOTOBhIll cocy)]; norpymaeTcH HeCROJIbHO pa3 B paCllJIaBJIeUHOe CTeRJIO,
II nplICTaBillaH R ero CTeHRaM CTeRJIHHHaH Macca, OXJIam)];aHCb,
3aCThIBaeT; 8TOT npHeM nOBTopHeTCH )];0 nOJIyqeHHH meJIaeMofl TOJI-
IIHhI CTeHOR. rOpJIhIlliRO 1j>0pMyeTcH B nOCJIe)];HIOIO Oqepe)];b: cocy)];
aaXBaTbI-BaeTCH 3a )];HO IqIillI(aMH, rOpJIhIillRO paaorpeBaeTCH ua orHe,
RpaH ero OTrH6aIOTCH H HapaII(HBaIOTCH.
CTeRJIO 8Toro llepHO)];a IIMeJIO 3eJIeHOBaTnr:ii MyTHhIll OTTeHOR.
(D0pMoBaHHe COCy)];OB OT PYRH npHMeHHJIOCb H noalI e, HeCMOTpH Ha
TO, qTO Clloc06 BhI)];YBaHlIH cocy)];on H3 mH)];ROil MaCChI yme CTaJI
ffaBeCTeH. CY)];H no apxeOJIorIif'IeCRHM paCRonHaM, )];yToe CTeRJIO
llOHBHJIOCb B ErHIITe B HaqaJIe plIMCRoro nepHO)];a. I{H3a CqmaeT,
QTO cnoc06 BhI)];YBaHHH COCY)];OB 113 CTeRJIa HaqaJI llplIMeHHTbCH n ErlIrr-
Te n llepHO)]; Mem)];y 20 r. )];0 H. a. 11 20 r. H. a.
Clloc06 8TOT B OCHOBHOM COCTOIIT B cJIe)];yIOm:eM: rrpoBapeHHaH
II OqH eHHaH CTeRJIHHliaH Macca paCnJIaBJIHeTCH )];0 mll)];Roro COCTOH-
HlIH :R THrJIe. 3aTeM He60JIbllIOe ROJIH'IeCTBO 8TOll MaCChI Ha6HpaeTCH
B Tpy6RY 113 TpOCTHlIRa C MeTaJIJIlIqeCHUM HJIH rJIllliHHbIM HaROHeq-
:HIIROM nYTeM BTHrHBaH1IH qepea Hee B03)];yxa; aaTeM nYTeM D)];YBaHHH
B03)];yxa B Tpy6RY BhI)];yBaeTcH cocy)]; B BII)];e CTeRJIHHHOro ny3hIPH.
Tpy6Ra DepTHTCH, qT06hI He )];aTb 8TOMY llY3hIPIO OTBHCHYTb B CTOPOHY;
)];HO )];eJIaeTCH llYTeM n)];aBJI1maHIIH; aaTeM cocy)]; 3aXBaThIBaeTCH aa
)];IIO, rOpJIhIillRO ero OTphIBaeTCH OT Tpy6RlI II 3aRaHqllBaeTCH. MaCTep
pa60TaeT HellOCpe)];CTBeHHo B03JIe neqH, no BpeMH pa60ThI HeCROJIbRO
pa3 nO)];OrpeBaH cocy)];. rOToBhIe cocY)];bI CTaBHTCH B neqb )];JIH aaRaJI-
RH, T. e. )];JIH Me)];JIeHHOrO OXJIam)];eHIDI BMeCTe C neqbIO.
HaM HeH3BecTHo, RaRoe 6hIJIO YCTPOllC'I'BO CTeRJIOBapeHHhIx ne-
qell B EI'HIITe B aTOT llepIIO)];. B HeRoTophIX MeCTax plIMCROll IIMrrepHH,
HallpHMep B "Y aitrrb)];epCllYJIe, 6hIJIH Hall)];eHhI OCTaTRII CIICTeMhI neqell,
HO B03MomHO, 'lT0 ROHCTpyRI(IIH plIMCRIIX lleqeil He COBna)];aJIa C ROH-
CTpYRI(IIeil neqell erHrreTCRIIX. II pOI(eCC BhI)];eJIRH CTeRJIHHHbIX CO-
Cy)];OB COCTOHJI 113 HeCROJIbRIIX OrrepaI(IIll, Tpe60BaBlIIIIX HaJIIif'IHH
HeCROJIbRHX lleqell; B O)];Hoit 061ImraJIaCb Ij>pHTTa, )];pyraH 6hIJIa c06-
CTBelfHO pa60qeit neqbIO, TpeTbH CJI)'iRHJI8 WIfl oXJIam)];eHHH CO-
Cy)];OB. '
C llOHBJIeHHeM )];YThIX TOHROCTeHHhIX cocy)];on CTaJI oc06eHHo aa-
MeTeu MYTHhIil aeJIeHOBaTbIll IIJIII cHHeBaThIil I(BeT CTeRJIa, nOJIyqaB-
llIHllCH H3-3a HaJIlllilIH ORlICH meJIe3a B neCRe, ROTOphIM nOJIb30Ba.
JIIICb CTeRJIOnaphI. )J;JIH nOJIyqeHI'IH np03paqHoro CTeHJIa CTaJIH YllO-
Tpe6JIHTb neCOR, co)];epma IIll MaJIO meJIeaa, I'IJIII rrpH6aBJIHTb neCOR,
cO)];epma lIll llepeRIICb MapraHI(a. Pe3YJIbTaT aHaJIHaa, npllBO)];HMblil
1{0TeBbeJIb-j-!\HpO)];e no IICCJIe)];OBaHIiIO IIap0)];II, )];aeT CJIe)];YIOIJJ;lIll
cocTan:
22 O'lepRH I\peSHero EOCTOR;l
338
ItctOPlIH TEXIllIRI1 ErlIn'l'A
C 0 C TaB C T e H JI a n 0 HOT e B h e JI 1,-
JKlIpoAe
HpeMHeHIICJIaR COJI1, . . .
Ornwb meJIesa II Imacl\bl .
I1sDecTh . . . . .
MarHeSI1R . . . .
OHIiCh MapraHl\a. . .
ID;e.rroqL . . . . . .
8TO cTeroro YIIOTpe6JIHJIOCb ]1;JIH I:H!rOTOBJIeIUm 6h1TOBblX COCY,L\OB.
CJIaBY Erl:lllTa COCTaBJIHJIU llpe]1;MeThI 1:13 TOHRoro l1BeTHoro 1:1 llPO-
Bpa'IHoro CTeRJIa, 1:13rOTOBJIHBmerOCH B AJIeRCaH,L\pI:IU. XY,L\OmeCTBeH-
Hoe CTeRJIO II llO cOCTaBy 6h1JIO MHoro llpOqHee; RaR 3TO llORa3h1-
BaIOT paCROrrRl:I, OHO rOpa3,L\0 MeHb-
me llO]1;BepmeHO I:Ippl:l3aQJ:m 1:1 pa3-
JIOmeHI:lIO.
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He 6bITI, H3BeCTHO B ErUIITe, H300HJIYIOm;eM CLIpI,eM AJIH IIpOH3BO;n;-
CTBa CTeRJIa.
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344
HCTOPIIH TEXHlIIiII ErnllTA
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pa6JIHX C 20 pHJ1;aMlI rpe6QOB, 0 2 Ropa6JIHX C 30 pHJ1;aMII, 0 4 C 13
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6IilJI, no BlIJ1;llMOMY , nocTpoeH npll 11ToJIeMee <DUJIOilaTOpe (221-204)
11, IIO CBI'IJ1;eTeJIbCTBY AtPlilIefl II IIJIYTapxa, lIMeJI 40 pflJ1;OB BeCeJI.
I1JIIIHIDI TaRme rOBoplIT 0 TOM, 'ITO <DHJIaJ1;eJIb<}J II <DIIJIOnaTOp CTpOH.TIH
cYJ1;a C 30 11 40 pHJ1;aMlI rpe6QOB. AocToBepnOCTb 3TlIX CBeJ1;eHIIII IIOJ1;-
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cTpOIITeJIH 30- 11 20-pHJ1;HhlX Ropa6JIeM. lIo paccRa3Y KaJIJIlIRCella,
npHBeJ1;eHHoro A<}JIIHeeM, nlraHTCRnM: Ropa6JIb, nocTpoeHHIilM <DlIJIO-
naTopoM, 6IilJI «J1;JIIiHOIO 280 q>YTOB, 1II1IpIUIOM OT 60pTa R 60PTY 38,
a BIilIIIIIHOM J1;0 BIilIIIRlI Ha HOCY 48 q>YTOB, OT BIilMneJIa Ha RopMe J1;0
nOJ1;BOJ1;HOll 'IaCTII - 53 <}JYTa. Kopa6JIb IIMeJI 'leTIilpe PYJIH B 30 q>y_
TOB RamJ1;h1M, a caMhle 60JIblIIHe BeCJIa BepxHero Hpyca - B 38 q>YTOB;
BeCJIa 3TH, 6JIaroJ1;a pH HaJI1ITOMY B IIX PYROHTRH CBHHI{y, 6h1JIll OCO-
6eHHO THmeJlhI B TOil 'IaCTH, ROTopafl HaXO}WTCH BHYTPII Ropa6JIH,
HO 3aTO O'IeHb JIerRll J1;JIH J1;eMCTBIIH Ha YRJIIO'IllHaX». 3TII Ropa6JIH
BpHJ1; JIll llMeJIll RaROe-JIII60 rrpaRTlI'IeCROe 3Ha'ieHlIe, J1;JIH 8Toro OHn
6bIJIlI CJIlIIIJROM rpOM03J1;RII II HerrOBOpOTJIIIBhI; BepOHTHee Bcero 3TO
6hIJIn Topn>eCTBeHHhle, napaJ:UIhle I{apcmm JIaJ1;blI. Bo06me MHOrOpHJ1;-
Hble cYJ1;a nOCTeneHIIO BhllIIJIII n3 YiloTpe6JIeHlIfl, II n03J1;Hee OCHOBHoe
H):\pO Boelumro q>JIOTa OIIHTb COCTaUJIHJIlI TplIpeMbI.
rpY30Bhle 6apmII Tpe60BaJIlICb pa3mI'IHOro Tlma - pe'IHIile II MOp-
mum. ,Il,JIfl nepeB03RII no HnJIY orpoMHbIX cTpOIITeJIbHhlX rpY30B
nplIMeHHJIIiCb oc06Iile npO'IHhle 6apmlI; TaRaH 6apnm 6h1JIa nocTpoeHa
J].JIH nepcB03RlI 06emWRa B'AJIeRCaHJ1;pIIIO npn IIToJIeMee <DIIJIaJ1;eJIb-
IIYTII COOBmEHIIH II TPAHCIIOPT
345
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TaRoro me RaMHH, 1I3 KaRoro 6l>IJI C}:\E'JIaH 06eJIHCK, HO BeCHBIIIIIe
- so-'",?p
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60 -M), -IIIHpIIIIa HeMHoro 60JIbille 30 JIORTell (OROJIO 15 M), rJIy6IIHa
nO'lTII paBUHJlaCb IIIlIplIHe 29 JIORTeii: (OKOJIO 15 M). rpY30no}:\'beMHOCTb
8Toro cY}:\lra pamIHJIaCb npn6JIII3IITeJIbHO -3000-3500 T.
CO Bpe-MOUU npCBpalI.{eHlIH ErIInTa B npOBIIHQIIIO, CHa'laJIa PUM-
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346
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CTaJI oco6o CYlI.{eCTBeHHl>IM B BII Heo6xo:QllMOCTII emerOnHLIX OT-
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B BII3aHTliIO 6l>IJIa He l\IeHee CJIomHOll 3ana'lell, 'leM CBoeBpeMeHHl>Ill
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n1I3eMHOM Mope. AJIeRCaHnpIIllCHaH raBaHb 6l>IJIa COOTBeTcTByIOlI.{lIM
Q6paaOM o6opynoBaJIaj npH Bxop;e B nee 6l>IJI nOCTpoeH Ha QCTpoBe <Dopoo
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347
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nepBOHaqaJIbHO OH 6LIJI 3a)];YMaII TOJIbRO )];JIH )];HeBHOII ClIrHaJIII3al\lIlI,
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HOqaM.
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B KonToc.
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348
HCTOPllH TEXHHRH ETlllITA
¥ a 1'!-PlIraJIe 1'! OXO IIJIa O 6epera RpaCHOrO MOpH, IIOCJIe tIerO IllJIa,
B OCHOBHOM, B OJIb 6epera MOpH, 3aXO H BO BCe rJIaBHbIe nOpTbI.
A pHaH, COe IIHHH 3TOit OpOrOll AHTHHOIO c BepelnmOH, HMeJI B B1'! y
HailpaBHTb BCIO BOCTOtIHYIO TOprOBJIIO 'Iepe3 HOBbIll ropo .
AoporH npe CTaBJIHJIH C060IO RapaBaHHbIe TpOnbI, HO ROe-r e
OHII 6bIJIH CIIeQlIaJIbHO BbIMOl eHbI. TaR, opora, Be y aH IIO CRJIOHY
A m e6eJIb-AYRRaH B nOp1J1IpOBbIe RaMeHOJIOMHH, 6bIJIa BbIMo eHa
6YTOM H IIo IIepTa MHOrO'IIICJIeHHbIMl'I nO IIopRaMH (o6 1IM npoTH-
meHHeM B 1400 M, nO 'beM Ha 600 M). Aopora A pHaHa lIMeJIa B llilI-
PIIHY 12-20 M II 6bIJIa OTMe'IeHa npHMepHO 'Iepe3 Ram.rwe 20 M no
o6eIIM cTopoHaM 3IIaRaMII. IIo BceM oporaM 'Iepe3 1I3BeCTHble IIHTep-
BaJIbI 6bIJIH paCIIOJIOmeHbI cTaH IIII, npe CTaBJIHIOlI(lIe C060IO 06hI'IIIO
IIpHMoyrOJIbIIIIR, o6HeceIIHbIll CTeHaMII C 4 6alliIIHMl'I no yrJI8M.
BHyrp1'! HaXO 1'!JIIICb ffilImIl a JIH rapHII30Ha II nplIe3ffiIIX, ROJIO eQ
II MeCTO JIH CHOTa (pIIC. 118). IJ:acTo IIOMIIMO ROJIO a 6bIJIa e e n
lIcTepHa JIH HaROnJIeHIIH BO.rw. MHor a TYT me HaXO IIJICH II xpaM.
OCHOBIIbIM cpe cTBOM nepe BllffieHnH 6I:JJI BI>IO'IHbIll CROT. IIOMIIMO
OCJIOB, B npoTIIBOnOJI07KHOCTb ;rqJeBHeMY ErIInTY, O'IeHb 'IaCTO IIpn-
MeIIHJIIICb Bep6JIIO bI, 1'1 TeRCTI:J rOBopHT HaM RaR 0 norOIIm:IIRax
Bep6JIIO OB, TaR II 0 CIIeQnaJIhHI:JX nOMem:eHIIHX JIH Bep6JIIO OB npII
ImpaBaHcapaHX (HaIIpllMep B cDIIJI3).
EI1EnI10fPAcI>I1S1
06maR CnpaBOtIUaR JIIiTepaTypa
Rei 1. Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Gewerbes im hellenistischen Aegyptcn.
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B I ii m n e r. TechnoIogie und Terminologie. Leipzig, 1875-1884.
Pet r i e. Tools and weapons. London, 193. 7.
Gay e t. L'art copte. Paris, 1902.
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tIO'l'OPHJ1 TEXHHRH FitHn1'A
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IIYTM COOEIIJ;EHMH M TPAHCrrOPT
OCHoBHbIe pa60TLI
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,IJ;oporli
M u I' I' a y G. \V. The ROlPan Roads and stations in the eastern desert
of Egypt, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, v. XI, p. 3.38.
Bce ]];aTbI ]];0 It. a.
OHOJIO 3200
XPOHO.JIOrIl.H BAjlmEnIIlIlX COELlTlIn
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D;llHacniH Ypa; ropon.a-rocy pcTBa B )J;Blpe'lLe, ne-
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B03BhlweHlle AHH31<a. CaproH II ero npeeMHIIRIi.
rYl\ea B JIarawe. HallIeCTBl1e rYTeeB II paaopeHlIe
AHRa a.
I II l\IIHaCTllH Y pa II HOBoe BOBDLllIJeHlIe lliYMepa. Y pHaM-
MY, lliYJIhrII (,D,YHrll) II IJ,p.
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BTopH\eHlIe xeTToB, r1l6eJIL JJ;IIHaCTlll1 XaMMypanl1.
DTopH\eHlle HaCCllTOD.
OHOJIO 2750
OHOJIO 2570
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- 2067-2025
OHOJJO 1870
OHOJIO 1800
. ...-
1440-1400
a280-1180
d176
rl152 1124
3.117-1102
729-727
OHO.11O 710
689
679
668-648
625-605
604-561
555-539
538
HOHe XV B.
X I I I B.
CepeI\I1Ha XII B.
XI B.
885-860
860-825
812-783
745-727
722-705
705-681
681-668
671
668-626
612
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2780-2720
2720-2560
256{)-2470
2470-2270
OHO.11O 2250
2200-2100
POHon.orHJ1 BA,ltHEl1mlI:X CD13MTHit
351
l\aI\aIlIMaH- B JIJJHJIb I, EypnaoYPHarn II. Mx nepenl1cHa
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JUUlll1naH 11 Ap.)
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BaBllJIOHa; 113rHaHHe HaCCHTOB.
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I\'1apn;YHHaI\MHaXI1', 6opb6a ero c AccHpMefl H nopameHl1e
ero Tnr.11aTnaJIaCCapOM I.
THr.11aTna.rraccap IV 11 CaJ1MaHaCCap V. IIpI1COeI\I1HeHl1e Ba-
BI1J10Ha H ACCI1 pMH.
BoccTaHl1e Mepon.ax-Eana aHa npOTIIB ACCl1pl1H H HarHa-
liMe ero Ca proHoM II.
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