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BUDDHISTS IN NEW CHINA Edited by the Chinese Buddhist Association 1956 л ж ft ЖHi Л th Hi Ж NATIONALITIES PUBLISHING HOUSE PEKING
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The Wheel of Law rotates for ever, and the Sun of Buddhism increases its glory day by day.
^7L 1115-1234 ^), Ж© Ф й йш^фй^и, The Kwangchi Monastery, constructed during the Kin Dynasty (1115-1234), is one of the famous Buddhist temples in Peking. The premises of the Buddhist Association of China are located here. Picture shows the "sarira-pavilion" in the Kwangchi Monastery, where the holy tooth-relic of the Buddha is kept and worshipped. (&Л. 1723 4£), iW 2.7 ' A wooden statue of Sakyamuni Buddha in the main shrine-hall of the Kwang- chi Monastery. Made in 1723, it is 2.7 metres in height. 8
The holy tooth-relic in the Golden Lotus of the Seven-Jewel Golden Pagoda is one of the four left by the Buddha after his Nirvana. Left: The Seven-Jewel Golden Pagoda in the Kwangchi Monastery where the holy tooth-relic is kept. 11
(^Х 1071 ^),^Х 1900 О^‘9\ЕШЖ’’^ЙЛ|^,^Ф^ЙЖЙ0Ф/Й 1ш^ф®-л^жляш«Жо The holy tooth-relic of the Buddha was originally kept in the Pagoda of One Thousand Painted Buddhas in the western hills, Peking. This pagoda, built in 1071, was destroyed by gunfire in 1900 during the invasion of the Joint Forces of eight imperialist powers. The tooth-relic which had been kept here was unearthed from the ruins by the monks of the Lingkwang Monastery. The terrace in the picture, on which a small pavilion has been built, is the original foundation of the Pagoda of One Thousand Painted Buddhas.
A rubbing of inscriptions on a "dew basin' of the Pagoda of One Thousand Painted Buddhas. Rubbings of pagodas carved on bricks of the Pagoda of One Thousand Painted Buddhas.
,#fi5.3^K.o #ЙЙз51Йлк№КЙ^-ро A bronze statue of Buddha in a recumbent posture, in the Wofu Monastery in the western hills, Peking. 5.3 metres in length, it was cast in 1321. Behind, stand the images of Buddhas disciples. 16 17
8 4^(^7Ё1348^), Д/ёйЖЕбЖй® WKl+o The White Dagoba at the Miaoying Monastery in Peking, constructed in 1348, was designed by Anika, an architect of Nepal. 18
The Tungchiao Nunnery, a famous convent for Bhiksunis in Peking. 19
The Five-Pagoda Temple in Peking was constructed in 1403 by Pancha-Dharma, an Indian Bhiksu, after the fashion of the Buddha-gaya Temple in India. .------- (лллллддлл J* e.J; --- ;-- gT [A (n F [ft [ft (Гф ОЙ1
589—618 %.) о A pagoda in the Tienning Monastery, Peking, built in the Sui Dynasty (589- 618).
^*, и1ф^±й< *< m w, a 2£ФШ®7 4? (£Х 1579 #О,Д 120£Ro Mt. Wutai Pancasirsha in Shansi province, one of the four famous mountains revered by Buddhists in China, is the holy place of Manjusri Bodhisattva. The illustration shows the general view of the Hsientung Monastery and the Tayuan Monastery on Mt. Wutai. The white dagoba in the centre of the picture is the "sarira-stupa" in the Tayuan Monastery, built in 1579. It is 120 metres in height.
The Fukwang Monastery on Mt. Wutai, built in 857, is one of the most ancient Chinese wooden structures in existence. Here is the main shrine-hall of the Fukwang Monastery.
A statue of Sakyamuni Buddha made in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) in the main shrine-hall of the Fukwang Monastery. 25
й8Мо The Shuhsiang Monastery on Mt. Wutai was built in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1643). Picture shows the statue of Manjusri Bodhisattva riding on a lion, 8 metres high, in the main shrine-hall of this Monastery. The Great Hsientung Monastery on Mt. Wutai is reputed to have been built in the reign of Emperor Ming (58-75) of the Han Dynasty. Picture shows the "Tripitaka Pavilion" (library) in this Monastery.
ШЛ1 WUftHS Ф н Mt. Omei in Sze- chuan province, one of the four famous mountains sacred to the Buddhists in China, is the holy place of Samantab- hadra Bodhisattva. Picture shows the Golden Peak on Mt. Omei.
И4 ФЙОД 5 ^(^X980^),i!W&Ro Left: A bronze statue of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva, about 7 metres high, in the Brick Hall of the Wannien Monastery on Mt. Omei. It was cast in 980. The Wannien Monastery is one of the famous Buddhist temples on Mt. Omei. Originally known as the "Samantabhadra Monastery", it was first built in the early years of the Tang Dynasty (7th century), and re-constructed in 1602 after which it was re-named the Wannien Monastery, popularly known as the ''Beamless Temple."
Mt. Putu (Potalaka), one of the four famous mountains sacred to the Buddhists in China, is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. It is an island off the eastern shore of Chekiang province. Picture shows a general view of Mt. Putu. 33
The main shrine- hall of the Puchi Monastery on Mt. Putu. ШдайШ» A statue of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva in the main shrine-hall of the Puchi Monastery.
Н&100&Ж,?Й&Й 2500 &RO ЙДЛ^ШЙИ^ШЮДЙШ. 36
Mt. Chiuhua in Anhuei province, one of the four famous mountains sacred to the Buddhists in China, is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. It is about 100 kilometres around and 2,500 metres above sea level. Picture shows a bird's-eye view of part of the monasteries on Mt. Chiuhua. 37
The scenic Tientai Peak of Mt. Chiuhua, on which stands the Ksitigarbha Temple. Bk.
£_ЕИ: Фйякшвто й&тй: л ЖШ WMt ®#8 Upper right: A statue of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva in the "Hall of Ksitigarbha's Corporeal Body" on Mt. Chiuhua. Lower right: The "Hall of Ksitigarbha's Corporeal Body" on the Shenkwang Peak of Mt. Chiuhua.
A corner of the Mokao Grottoes of Tunhuang. АЖИЕЙДФ ® Ш W ^X336-1368 <5®(469ffl, Ж>2000ЙГ@:о ?,Л-
The Tunhuang Grottoes in Kansu province boast the largest collection of Buddhist art treasures in China. Statues of Buddha and mural paintings dating from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (386-1368) have been preserved here. There are 469 caves with more than 2,000 statues. Picture shows the middle section of a general view of the Mokao Grottoes of Tunhuang. 285 4 538 W Cave No. 285 of the Mokao Grottoes of Tunhuang was made in 538. In it there are many mural paintings depicting the "Jataka" stories. Picture shows a model of the cave.
"Head-Shaving", a mural painting of the Tang Dynasty (7th to 9th centuries) in Cave No. 25 at Yuling, Tunhuang. (Copy) "A Story of Vimalakirti", a mural painting in Cave No. 220 of the Mokao Grottoes of Tunhuang, depicts the story of Vimalakirti discussing the "Gate of Unigue Law" with Manjusri Bodhisattva, as related in the Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra. (Copy) 42
ЙЙЖ 79 (^7Е 7-9 Шй) Statues of Buddha and his disciples made during the Tang Dynasty (7th to 9th centuries) in Cave No. 79 at Tunhuang. Right: An image of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva made during the Tang Dynasty (7th to 9th centuries) in , Cave No. 384 at Tunhuang.
- -г ;J и - (£-Tt 386 — 534 ¥)о «#42'^0 й®®ЙеЖ£->0 "............................11 ' ' ^^46
The Yunkang Grottoes, built during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), are situated at Yunkangpao in the northwest of Tatung in Shansi province. Forty-two caves have been excavated on the precipitous cliffs. Picture shows a general view of the Yunkang Grottoes. 47
20 йФйЛВВо A huge statue of Buddha in Cave No. 20 of the Yunkang Grottoes. Statues of Buddha and Bodhi- sattvas in Cave No. 13 of the Yunkang Grottoes. 48
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>& —пиыейЖ)о & 5 i<; SSBl о 2 (£>7Е 672 — 675 4₽)о К 17 &R, *« ГтеЖйАИйг^о A huge statue of Vairocana Buddha, made during 672- 675 in the Feng- hsien Monastery of the Lungmen Grot- toes. The largest statue of the Lung- men Grottoes, it stands 17 metres high.
Statues of the Guardians beside the huge image of Vairocana Buddha in the Fenghsien Monastery. The Lungmen Grottoes at Loyang, Honan province, are among the most famous cave-temples in the world. They were built during a period of more than 600 years, dating from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the early Sung Dynasty (5th to 11th centuries). Picture shows a general view of the western side of the Lungmen Grottoes.
ъшшь М«0Ят^Х4-17Щ:^ФЖ)^ЖШп^®о жфл задт*-^тшсь The Maichishan (or Wheat Stack Hill) Grottoes in the vicinity of Tienshui county, Kansu province, were one of the ancient Buddhist centres in China. They have been explored and repaired since the Liberation. Statues and mural paintings of the Northern Wei Dynasty up to the Ming Dynasty (4th to the middle of 17th centuries) are preserved here. An important treasury of Buddhist art, they contain more than 1,000 large statues. Right: Images of Buddha carved on the precipitous cliffs of Maichishan. 52
the Maichishan known as the Pavilion') was Northern Chou (&7C 557-581 31 Ж 7^К,Й®12^К,ЖШ^Л, Ж Cave No. 4 of Grottoes (also "Seven-Buddha built in the Dynasty (557-581). It is 31 metres in length and 7 metres in breadth, with columns 12 metres high. Magnificent and imposing, it is a rare example of the cave-making art in China. X 960-1279 4£) An image of Avalokites- vara Bodhisattva made in the Sung Dynasty (960-1279) in Cave No. 165 of the Maichishan Grottoes. It is one of the most outstanding sculp- tures of that period that has come down to us.
\ Г Ji >4 ,-ЗИ к 4 •'T’.rt’ Йг лжж^-м (£х З86-907 4£) waio At Kucha, Paichen and Turfan in the Uighur Autonomous Region in Sinkiang province, there are more than ten Buddhist grottoes, built from the Northern Wei Dynasty up to the Sui and Tang dynasties (386-907). Picture shows an external view of the Hesherh "Thousand-Buddha Grottoes" at Paichen. £-_ЫЦ: Upper right: "Buddha Expounding the Law", a mural painting at the Hesherh "Thousand-Buddha Grottoes" at Paichen. Lower right: A "Jataka" story, a mural painting in the Hesherh "Thousand- Buddha Grottoes" at Paichen.
hi 8ШЙ(£Х 7—9 »В)Фй*Во The grottoes of the Pingling Monastery consist of 124 caves. These are the statues of Buddha in Cave No. 51, a shrine of the Tang Dynasty (7th to 9th centuries). Ш Й, й АтГ дашлюмей, ш шшк (£д4Ч7Ш»Ж«о w йй® «ШФ5Й^о к
The grottoes of the Pingling Monastery in the west of Yungching county in Kansu province are Buddhist cave- temples of high artistic value. Picture shows a general view of the grottoes of the Pingling Monastery. Й1ЖФ55ЙЖ 82 386— "Buddha Entering Nirvana and His Disciples"—A stone sculpture of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386- 534) in Cave No. 82 of the Pingling Monastery Grottoes.
(^X6i8-i6434p) д^ьшжйд^^ж^ж+жво The grottoes of Tachu in Szechuan province contain stone images of Buddha made from the Tang to the Ming dynasties (618-1643). The best sculptural work is on the Precious Peak and the North Hill. Picture shows sculptures carved on the eastern side of the Tafuwan Cliff on the Precious Peak. An image of the Six-Armed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva with the Magic Wheels in Cave No. 136 on the North Hill in Tachu county. 60
1368-1643 A clay image of Sakyamuni Buddha of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1643) in the main shrine-hall of the White Horse Monastery, Loyang. Й &7E58-75 *?),«« и^йжфшНо Left • The White Horse Monastery at Loyang, Honan province, the first Buddhist temple in China, was built during the years 58-75. It is said that this was the place where Kasyapa- Matanga and Dharmaraksa, the first two Indian Buddhist monks to come to China, translated Buddhist sutras into Chinese. Picture shows the main gate of the White Horse Monastery. 63
A statue of the venerable Kasyapa-Matanga in the White Horse Monastery. A statue of the venerable Dharmaraksa in the White Horse Monastery.
22 ^(^X 648 4£)o ШМИШо ««Ш > з 4К£х 652 ^), ЖИЛгЙ#ЙИЖЖ0^дао The Great Tzuen Monastery and the Tayen Pagoda at Sian in Shensi province. Built in 648, the Great Tzuen Monastery was the place where Hsuan-chuang, the Tripitaka-Master of the Tang Dynasty, translated Buddhist scriptures into Chinese after he had returned from India. The Tayen Pagoda, built in 652, was designed by the venerable Hsuan-chuang to store the Buddhist scriptures which he had brought home from India. 65
1335&, »o нетеад (и ш Hsuan-chuang, the Tripitaka- Master of the Tang Dynasty, was a great Chinese writer and translator of Buddhist scriptures. He studied Buddhism in India for more than ten years and translated 75 books of scriptures and commentaries in 1,335 volumes, making a great contribution to the inter- change of ancient culture between China and India, and specially to the introduction of Buddhist culture into China. Picture shows a woodcut of the venerable Hsuan-chuang engaged in translation, carved at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (14th century). A map showing the route by which the venerable Hsuan-chuang travelled to the west. Some of the scriptures translated by the venerable Hsuan-chuang and other works written by him. 66
—B»asMt«= &*ж£йй₽#ф. The Hsinchiao Monastery, situated about 20 kilometres to the south of Sian in Shensi province and facing Mt. Chungnan, is known for its beautiful scenery. In this Monastery are erected stupas for the remains of Hsuan-chuang, the Tripitaka-Master of the Tang Dynasty, and his two chief disciples, Yuan-che and Kuei-chi. This is the stupa containing the remains of the venerable Hsuan-chuang.
*ffi£ (^ШЙЖЖВ) л, *WMHAWf®±-, W*^3 4p(^7E40i^)A ЙФ, И1®Ж^ФФй1йЖВП^и^о The Tsaotang Monastery is situated at the foot of Mt. Kueifeng, 20 kilometres to the southwest of Sian in Shensi province. In this monastery there is a "sarira-stupa" of Kumarajiva, who was one of the three great Buddhist translators in China. He translated Buddhist scriptures into Chinese in the Tsaotang Monastery. Picture shows the "sarira-stupa" of Kumarajiva.
___л ^«жфя^^йййт в*^®^1е^,1£^1ж^ллн^о итгмФюшгЧо The Chinglung Monastery at Sian in Shensi province was a centre of Esoteric Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty. Kukai, a Japanese monk who had come to China to study Buddhism in those days, stayed in this Monastery. It was Kukai who invented "hiragana", the cursive Japanese syllabary, after the fashion of Chinese handwriting, and it was also he who introduced Esoteric Buddhism into Japan. Picture shows the main gate of the Chinglung Monastery. The Pilu Monastery is one of the famous Buddhist temples at Nanking. Picture shows the Wanfu Pavilion in the Pilu Monastery, built in 1886. 70
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ЖВДЖ &7Е479-5574£) ,^frft294« ,ig>515#o The "Thousand-Buddha Grottoes" on Mt. Chihsia, Nanking, are famous for their rock-hewn architecture. They were built between the Chi and Liang dynasties of the Southern dynasties (479-557). The Chiangtien Monastery on Mt. Chinshan at Chengkiang, Kiangsu province, is a famous centre of the Chan sect in China. Picture shows a part of its premises. 72
The Lingyen Monastery, situated on Mt. Lingyen in the southwest suburb of Soochow, Kiangsu province, is a famous centre of the Pureland sect in China. This is the main shrine-hall of the Lingyen Monastery. ЙЙ = 18 C^7C598^) Д -600 4р), з 4£(&Х 1129 Right: The Kuoching Monastery on Mt. Tientai in Chekiang province, built in 598, is the original home of the Tientai sect in China. Picture shows a pagoda built in the Kuoching Monastery during the Kai-huang period of the Sui Dynasty. Re-constructed in 1 129, it is famous for its ancient architecture. 74
Left: A statue of Sakyamuni Buddha in the Tientung Monas- tery. It was made in 1719. (£тс зоо ^)o The Tientung Monastery at Ningpo, Chekiang province, constructed in 300, is another famous centre of the Chan sect in China. Picture shows the shrine-hall of the Tientung Monastery.
405 4£),и жнжзефй^^к, ЖФ^и^зЕ^т^эд^, fw«w йр£ /едакгёйо The Asoka Monastery at Ningpo, Chekiang province, is one of China's most famous Buddhist temples. It was built in 405. Picture shows the Sarira-Hall in the Asoka Monastery, in which there is a "sarira-stupa", reputed to have been made by King Asoka for the preservation of a "sarira" of Sakyamuni Buddha. /&EJ: Right: The "sarira-stupa", said to have been made by King Asoka, in the Sarira Hall ‘ of the Asoka Monastery. 78
Ш «ХЕ 15 (^х 516 Left: A colossal stone statue of Buddha in Tafu Monastery at Hsinchang, Chekiang province, made by Seng-yu, a Master of Vinaya, in 516. (&Х326-3344Р) ЭИЭДКШь 1500 ИйВЬ The Lingying Monastery at Hangchow in Chekiang province is another of our most famous Buddhist temples. Since it was first constructed by Prajnanidana, an Indian monk, in the Hsien-Ho period (326-334) of the Tsin Dynasty, it has had a history of over 1,600 years. Picture shows the main shrine-hall of the Lingying Monastery repaired after the liberation. - & W4
ЖШ, aWWSM 2 (^х 472 4£)о The Hsuanchung Monastery at the foot of a rocky hill in Chiaochen county, Shansi province, built in 472, is a centre of the Pureland sect in China. (&7Е1П5- 1234 Right: The Kwangsheng Monastery in Chao- chen county, Shansi province, is well-known throughout the country for its collection of the Kin dynasty edition (1115-1234) of the "Tripitaka". Picture shows the pagoda built with glazed bricks in the Kwangsheng Monastery. 82
(fix 1368-1643 4£) A statue of the Thousand-Armed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva at the Tapei Hall of the Chungshan Monastery at Taiyuan, Shansi province. This image was made in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1643). Um«Xt!UJWR(fix 618-907 A huge stone statue of Buddha of the Tang Dynasty (618-907) on Mt. Tienlung in Shansi province. 85
tliUE7t7Dfc(£-7t 520 ^)o « *ЗД1М sraww2-o The pagoda of Sungyu Monastery on Mt. Sungshan in Honan province was built in 520. The most ancient pagoda inexistence in China, it has fifteen storeys each of twelve angles.
МЖ<^ШЬЖ^7С386 - 534^)5^М«1ВШо "Buddhist Pilgrims"—stone sculptures made in the Northern Wei Dynasty, in Sunghsien county, Honan province. 87
дае(^7С502-549^)ЕРЙ#ЙШШ®Л1Фй , П Ф Ьад-лШ®, 9 4₽0 * и: The Shaoling Monastery on Mt. Sungshan in Honan province is the place where the Chan sect originated in China. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties Bodhidharma, an Indian Dhyana-Master, came to China and founded the Chan sect here. He spent nine years in this Monastery, engaging in meditation with his face towards a wall. Picture shows a statue of Bodhidharma in the Shaoling Monastery. "The Forest of Pagodas" of the Shaoling Monastery is located at the southern side of the Wuyu Peak in the northwest of Tengfeng county, Honan province. The ashes of some famous monks of ancient China are kept in these stupas.
(£х 13 ntjfe) A clay statue of an Arhat made at the end of the Sung Dynasty (13th century), in the Lingyen Monastery in Changching county, Shantung province. 89
Clay statues of the "Eighteen Arhats" in the Paoen Monastery in Shouhsien county, Anhuei province. 90 91
ij (rJ4 §4 v A rubbing of the inscription in Bashpa's Mongolian over the "Cloud Terrace" at Chuyungkuan. A rubbing of the inscription in Chinese characters over the "Cloud Terrace" at Chuyungkuan. * '№йч*о A rubbing of the inscription in ancient Uighur and Hsih- sian characters over the "Cloud Terrace" at Chuyungkuan. .________________________________________ . Jfe as й ж if ft о з < « й!л й««в® в <iff 4*Ж Л*М««Л«1в* *# *£«> (£-X13454₽)OJ W WWSl ЙЖЙМТШ. The inscription of the "Sitatapat- rosnisa - dharani- sutra" on a stone wall on the "Cloud Terrace" at Chuyungkuan of the Great Wall in Hopei pro- vince, was carved in 1345, in six different lan- guages -Sanskrit, T ibetan, Bashpa's Mongolian, an- cient Uighur, Hsihsian and Chinese. Right: The Great wall in the vicinity ot Chuyungkuan.
1Й*Ж>Го Rubbings of Sanskrit and Tibetan scriptures from the stone carvings on the "Cloud Terrace" at Chuyungkuan. These are famous Buddhist relics.
A colossal image of Buddha, 24 metres high, in the Tafu Monastery at Chenteh, Hopei province. 1115-1234 4}=), К 71 ^R21^, лй+HJfo The White Dagoba in Liaoyang county, Liaoning province, was built during the Kin Dynasty (1115- 1234). Having 13 octagonal storeys, it is 71.21 metres in height. The base of the Dagoba is carved with exquisite statues of Buddha. 94
И^»Фй*»$Ко The Yufu Monastery is one of the famous Buddhist temples in Shanghai, and contains a statue of Buddha from Burma. The premises of the Buddhist Association of Shanghai are located in this Monastery. Picture shows the main shrine-hall of the Yufu Monastery. 96
A statue of the Six-Armed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva with the Magic Wheels in the "mandala0 in the Chingan Monastery, Shanghai. The Hall of the Celestial Guardians of the Chingan Monastery in Shanghai.
(^Х 960-1279 $),ШЧО$Ж£ТО£о The Takaiyuan Monastery in Chienchow, Fukien province, is a well-known ancient Buddhist temple in South China. Picture shows the Eastern and Western Pagodas of this Monastery, built in the Sung Dynasty. (960-1279) The Tapei Hall of the Nanputo Monastery at Amoy in Fukien province. 99
3^(^7C 537 ШхйЖ (&X 1086 4£),ig 90 <@ЛЯЛ>, ЖИо Left: The "Flower Pagoda" of the Luyung Monastery in Canton, Kwangtung province. A finely constructed octagonal pagoda, built in 537 and reconstructed in 1086, it is 90 metres in height. 502 1*фо ЙЖШ&Х 676-678 4£) (^7C 976 The Nanhua Monastery, originally known as the Paoling Monastery, at Kilkiang, Kwangtung province, was built in 502 by Jnana- bhaisajya, a Tripitaka-Master of India, and re-constructed in 976 when its name was changed to the present one. Hui-neng, the Sixth Patriarch of the Chan sect, expounded his teachings here in the years 676-678. Picture shows the main shrine-hall of the Nanhua Monastery.
The Lengyen Pagoda on the top of Mt. Chichu(the Kukkuta- padagiri) at Likiang, Yunnan province. Д ВДЖ ft The Yuantung Monastery in Kunming is one of the most famous temples in Yunnan province.
100В£Я,+ . ®ВЙЙЖ$(&Х7134£), Й# - W&31tt(£7C907-960*p)o The Three-Pagoda Monastery is situated at the foot of the Kuanyin Peak in the northwest of Tali, Yunnan province. The Chienhsin Pagoda in the middle, built in 713, is sixteen-storey high. 103
104 The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the residence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama.
7700 До The Daipung Monastery is one of the three big monasteries in Tibet. It boasts 7,700 lamas. iWM 3300 Ao The Gandan Monastery with 3,300 lamas is one of the three largest monasteries in Tibet. 108
The eight white dagobas in the Gumbum Monastery. •с-л ЙИГЙ-AM- ж мшмш:*лив4*.
^Ж^Ф^^ЕАЙР^о A statue of the venerable Tson-Kha-pa in the Gumbum Monastery. The Gumbum Monastery is the largest lama temple in Chinghai province. It is the birth-place of the venerable Tson-kha-pa, the founder of the Yellow Sect of Buddhism in Tibet.
tt ft зоооgtAo The Labrang Monastery is the largest monastery in Kansu province. It boasts 3,000 lamas. Right: The Ganchuer Temple in Hailar is a famous lama temple in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. 112
: Dfi® Ф Wififft ( £5t916-12014£) Left: A stone image of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of the Liao Kingdom Period (916-1201) in the Tsao Temple. x 916-1201 4Г-)й“1Й, The Tsao Temple in Paling-Tsoyi District in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region is a famous building of the Liao Kingdom Period (916-1201). There are many fine stone statues of Buddha in this temple.
916-1201 ffiW^TC 1049 %., ±£ДЙ 60 ^R, A white dagoba of the Liao Kingdom Period (916- 1201) in Paling-Yuyi District in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. 116
Theravadin Buddhism is prevalent among the Thai people in Yunnan province. This is the Menghai Monastery in the Thai Autonomous Region of Shishong Baanna in Yunnan province.
A Buddhist monastery in the Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan province. It was built some 200 years ago. In the Octagonal Pavilion in front of the Chingta Monastery in Nanchao county, the Autonomous Region of Shishong Baanna, Yunnan province, the monks recite Buddhist scriptures. 118
Part of a manuscript scripture, a commentary on the "Vinaya", written in 458 in the collection of the Peking Library. ж. ж. A Buddhist sutra written in four different languages—Tibetan, Mongolian, Manchurian and Chinese, in the Yung Ho Kung collection, Peking.
I 1Ж#4300^^о Й 0 №W«(1942 ^)®Ш«СЙтЙЙ^ЙТ7к»кйЖВД±о The Kin edition (1115-1234) of the "Tripitaka" of the Kwangsheng Monastery at Chaochen now stored in the Peking Library. In 1942 during the war of resistance to Japanese aggression, eight soldiers of the Eighth Route Army gave their lives to save this "Tripitaka" from destruction. (£x 17 itfe) A wooden block for printing the "Tripitaka", carved in the early Ching Dynasty (17th century), stored in the Peiling Monastery, Peking.
I I The Buddhist Book Store, Shanghai, publishes Buddhist books and sells everything needed by Buddhists. Picture shows its business department. 122
Modem Buddhism, a Buddhist monthly of new China, published by the Buddhist Association of China. 123
The Buddhist Association of China was founded in Peking on May 30, 1953. Picture shows the venerable Shirob-Jaltso giving a speech in the inauguration meeting 124
1955 8 я 16 050 31 0felt# ЙйФЖПо 0^WSU^*&PB^o The Second Session (Enlarged) of the Council of the Buddhist Association of China was held from August 16 to 31, 1955 in the Kwangchi Monastery, Peking. Picture shows the venerable Nenghai, the Vice-President of the Association, delivering the opening speech. 125
: ' .........' ':Г " ‘ .................— 1955 4₽ЖМВД з шяде, ^89&адш#м« fa 280 ®>Ло Нв«гЛ^«Ш1Ш*о The Lungchang Monastery on Mt. Paohua is a famous centre of the Vinaya school in China. During the leap third month of the lunar calendar in 1955, ordination ceremonies were performed in this Monastery. A number of more than 280 novices from different places of the whole country, went there to receive ordination. Picture shows the novices kneeling in the courtyard reciting the ordination vows.
‘‘8ГМММ’’ The monks of the Chihsiang Monastery on Mt. Wutai listening to a lecture on the "Pratyaksalamkaraka-sastra" given by the venerable Neng-hai, the abbot of the Monastery and Vice-President of the Buddhist Association of China.
The monks of the Chiyuan Monastery on Mt. Chiuhua returning to their living quarters after holding a religious service in the shrine-hall.
iLi Й8Ж I U i iiiffM #ЯЬ Wteo Pilgrims from various places paying a visit to Mount Chiuhua. The nuns of the Chiuhua Lotus Association on Mt. Chiuhua, reciting the name of Amita Buddha.
The Bhiksunis of the Tungchiao Nunnery in Peking, holding religious service in the shrine-hall. 131
The Bhiksunis of the Tungchiao Nunnery reciting a sutra before taking their mid-day meal. 132
The venerable Wei-fang, abbot of the Yufu Monastery, Shanghai, leading the monks in a religious service.
134
1955 ю я The venerable Yin-tze, a Master of the Huayen School, preaching on the "Chapter of Samantabhadra's Vows" of the "Avatamsaka-sutra" in a service held in Yufu Monastery, Shanghai, on October 14, 1955. 135
1955 ww, A temple fair outside Chingan Monastery, Shanghai, on Buddhas birthday 1955.
Buddhists going on pilgrimage to the Chingan Monastery, Shanghai, on the Buddha's birthday. 137
138 Buddhist devotees paying homage before a fade statue of the Buddha in the Yufu Monastery, Shanghai.
The bhiksunis of the Ancient Kaifu Nunnery, Changsha, encircling Buddha's image in celebra- tion of Buddha's birthday. 139
1954 9 я is н д His Holiness the Dalai Lama expounding a sutra for monks and nuns, Buddhist laymen and lay wo men in Yung Ho Kung, Peking, on September 18, 1954. Л40
1954^9 я 19 н His Holiness Panchen Ngoerhtehni preaching on a sutra in Yung Ho Kung, Peking, on September 19, 1954. Picture shows the lamas offering "Khatah" to him. * 141
йсй io я 25 й«8 W’o The 25th day of the 10th month of the Tibetan calendar is the day of departure of the venerable Tson-kha-pa^ the founder of the Yellow Sect. On this day every year the Tibetan people light up butter-lamps in commemoration of his death. Hence it is called the "Lamp Festival." Picture shows the night scene of the "Lamp Festival" in Lhasa. Ш,f 1АВй^йВЖ®ЖЙАШЮй®—flOit The "Summons Ceremony" is the grandest religious ceremony held by the lamas of Tibet every year. On this occasion the lamas of different places assemble in Lhasa to attend the lectures on Buddhism given by the Dalai Lama in the Jokhan Monastery. Picture shows the scene of the last program of the ceremony. 143
A scene of the pompous new-year "god-dancing" held in front of the Potala Palace, Lhasa. й&и: Right: A scene of "god-dancing" held in a festival during the middle of the fourth month in the Chuku Lama Temple in Tibet.
The lamas of the Gumbum Monastery in Hsiling, Chinghai province, listen to a sermon. £ ± 0® И ВД * Й Ж tF It ® № Upper right: A lama of the Gumbum Monastery distributing "Diamond Knots" to the Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhist devotees who have come to attend a service. Lower right: The young lamas of the Gumbum Monastery holding a debate on Buddhist scriptures. 146
The Sixth Incarnation of the Kamuyang Living Buddha (sitting in the centre) of the Labrang Monastery in the Southern Tibetan Autonomous Region, Kansu province. а 1952 w 6 The inauguration ceremony of the Sixth Incarnation of the Kamuyang Living Buddha, held on March 6, 1952 in the Labrang Monastery.
The lamas of Chunkoerh Monastery, Changching, Litang, in the Tibetan Autonomous Region in Szechuan province, perform the "Chiangkowa", a Buddhist drama. 149
ж тмжAo The "Peacock Dance" is one of the most beautiful Buddhist dances of the Thai people in Shishong Baanna, Yunnan province. The peacock crown of the Bodhisattva on his mask" over his face. dancer wears a golden head and a "diamond
"Festival day” in the Shelehtutsao Temple at Huho- haote in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. 152
Rite Lamas performing a "dance of the deities" in the Natahmung congrega- tion in Yikechaomeng in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. 153
ggiim • • #^gft»i955^2 я 24 нсй ^тмезчЕя н) йьжжпйл*^, №®mm®o (Ф)шш (W. ад^ат/в (±) «os* The Dalai Lama and Panchen Ngoerhtehni gave a splendid banquet in Peking on February 24, 1955. in celebration of the Tibetan New Year. Picture shows Chairman Mao Tse-tung (centre) having a chat with the Dalai Lama (right) and Panchen Ngoerhtehni (left) before the banquet. 1954 12 я, Religious representatives hold group discussions during the first plenary meeting of the Second Session of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, held in December 1954. к
1954 1 The lamas of Yung Ho Kung on their way to the polling station on January 24, 1954, when the election was held in Peking.
1'17 1954 ^9 Я 20 алк^^ж-^ШФйжажФЖлк^важйо The Dalai Lama and Panchen Ngoerhtehni casting votes for the Constitution of the People s Republic of China in the first meeting of the First Session of the National People's Congress. 157
1952 £ 9 fl 26 0, SffMSSM “®«tWWtr B9iS!№^o The monks and nuns, laymen and laywomen of the different monasteries and nunneries in Peking, holding a religious service on September 26, 1952, in the Kwang- chi Monastery in support of the Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Regions. 158
1952 10 Buddhists in Peking presenting gifts to the Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Regions, held in October 1952. 159
1955 i я 19 0, £ КМ1£ffiJKT^o Ф ШАКШ&т^йШа^Д£ WДФ $1 ЛК®W к ?п^Д^ЙФД® 2 Я 12 0&ЬЖЖ^7К^1ЙЛ^Ж,-^З^ФИЛК«ЙЙ>^ Ф1О»®й £7Ж-^Й, ?Ш#Л7а-^гЛ$йо On January 19, 1955, the Standing Committee of the World Peace Council issued an Appeal to the Peoples of the World, calling upon them to launch a signature campaign against the use of atomic weapons. The Standing Com- mittee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Committee for World Peace held a joint meeting in Peking on February 12, calling on all Chinese to respond to this appeal. The Chinese Buddhists warmly supported this call and played an active part in the signature campaign. Picture shows Buddhists in Shanghai signing against the use of atomic weapons. Right: The lamas of eight big monasteries at Huhohaote in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region signing against the use of atomic weapons. 162
In October 1954, Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India, visited China at the invitation of Premier Chou En-lai. Picture shows Prime Minister Nehru shaking hands with the venerable Shirob-Jaltso, Acting President of the Buddhist Association of China, at a farewell party given on December 26 by Peng Chen, Mayor of Peking, on the eve of Prime Minister Nehru's departure. 164
1954 10 Я 29 Д^^<£ЙХО&Й1Жо Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of the Republic of India, chatted with the venerable Ta-pei, the abbot of the Lingying Monastery at Hangchow, when he paid a visit to this Monastery on Oct. 29, 1954. 165
A statue of Dhrtarastra, one of the four Deva-guardians in the Deva-Guardian Hall of Yung Ho Kung, Peking. 166
йЖ^ШИЙА^Л^аЖЖ^п'й’Х ЗЖКХЛ-lo The Cultural Delegation of the Republic of India paid a visit to Yung Ho Kung, Peking, on June 12, 1955. Picture shows Mr. Chandra, leader of the Delegation, and Mrs. Chandra looking at the four Deva-guardians in the Deva-Guardian Hall of Yung Ho Kung.
The members of the Cultural Delegation of the Republic of India looking at a map in the Tayen Pagoda, Sian, showing the route by which the venerable Hsuan-chuang went to India to study Buddhism. £ffl: 1955 7 Я 4 Й* Left: The members of the Cultural Delegation of the Republic of India visit the Hsinchiao Monastery in the suburbs of Sian, in which there is the stupa of the venerable Hsuan- chuang, the Tripitaka-Master of the Tang Dynasty. JI 169
1954 -^9 • /Ё^#*ЛР]ЙФЖ«^Ж^Й№#^?ЕВЙО In September 1954, a Good-Will Delegation of the India-China Friendship Association of the Republic of India visited China at the invitation of the China-India Friendship Association of China. Picture shows Mrs. Umaji Nehru, head of the Delegation, laying a wreath before the stupa of the venerable Hsuan-chuang in the Hsinchiao Monastery, Sian. The members of the Good-Will Delegation of the India-China Friendship Association of the Re- public of India visiting the Tayen Pagoda at Sian. 171
1952 юя The late venerable Yuan-ying, Chinese delegate to the Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Regions, held in Peking in October 1952, chats with the venerable Pham The Long, a delegate of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. 172
1955 8 Я 18 0 , 0 д ф ймшм^ , ф вч 1шш^ми^е^?жй>лио On August 18, 1955, Japanese Buddhists held a good-will religious service in the Aomatsu Monastery in Tokyo in memory of those Chinese who died in Japan during the time of war and in commemoration of the third anniversary of the death of the venerable Yuan-ying, formerly President of the Buddhist Association of China. Mr. Chao Pu-chu, Secretary-General of the Buddhist Association of China, was invited to participate in the ceremony. 173
7/75 1955 8 я I? в жж On August 17, 1955, Mr. Chao Pu-chu, Chinese delegate to the World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, presented an image of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva to the All-Japan Buddhist Association on behalf of the Buddhist association of China. The gift was accepted by the venerable Shiio Benkyo, Vice-President of the All-Japan Buddhist Association. 174
1955 11 Я 28 H , romwaaiet# т-жт?пй 0®Жй А W-ЙФ И ММ® ЙШ±»1Ь Й№ЬЖ*Ш^ >Sio ±®: ^#ТЖТЙИЙ»# шяЖо TH: т^ТЖЯК AW «$ Ш» Ф 1Й® о On Nov. 28,1955, Yoshii Senkako, a member of the Delegation of the Japanese National League for the Promotion of the Constitution, and Ono Koichi, general secretary of the Delegation, accompanied by Mr. Chao Pu-chu, Secretary-Gene- ral of the Buddhist Association of China, visited the Tungchiao Nunnery in Peking. The upper picture shows Yoshii Senkako paying her respects to the abbess of the Nunnery. Lower: Yoshii Senkako and Ono Koichi chatting with Mr. Chao Pu-chu and some others in the Tungchiao Nunnery.
19524£10Я, On behalf of the Chinese Buddhists the venerable Hsu-yun of the Chan sect presented a "sarira-stupa" to Bhikkhu Dhammaratna, head of the Ceylon Delegation to the Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Region, in October 1952. 176
й (т&жгл) mTitsmw^swwsOo Vasantha Kumar (fourth from right), head of the Ceylon Cultural Delegation, and the Rev. Bhikkhu Sudassi (fifth from right), member of the Delegation, having a talk with some Chinese Buddhists after visiting the Kwangchi Monastery in Peking.
1954 12 Я 2 Н , ЙД * Ш8М±?п ф и wmits^ л ю> »вда% On December 2, 1954, Premier Chou En-lai gave a magnificent banguet in honour of U Nu, Prime Minister of the Union of Burma, and Mrs. U Nu. Picture shows Prime Minister U Nu shaking hands cordially with the venerable Shirob-Jaltso, Vice-President of the Buddhist Association of China, at the banguet. 178
1954 12 Я 14 Н On Dec. 14, 1954, Prime Minister U Nu of the Union of Burma, paid a visit to the Lingying Monastery, Hangchow.
ф ва ййшж 1955 4 яажйвйИо и©лвд^®адй«1л#1ш_кдяа^^ аи (й^фзяо jnessumw^^^® The Chinese Buddhist Delegation to Burma visited Burma in April 1955 at the invitation of the Union Buddha Sasana of Burma. Picture shows the members of the Delegation with Prime Minister U Nu (Standing at the centre of the back row) and U Htoon (first from left in the back row), Chairman of the Union Buddha Sasana of Burma, at the airport, Rangoon. Right: The Chinese Buddhist Delegation to Burma Paid homage to the famous Sule Pagoda in Rangoon. 180
'I 04^ The venerable Shirob-Jaltso, head of the Chinese Buddhist Delegation to Burma, giving a speech on the occasion of presenting gifts to the Buddhists of Burma. 182
1955 4 я и в, щ©«й wmm±№®< w?жф ®твяпаа^ л^аь On April 11, 1955, the venerable Shirob-Jaltso, head of the Chinese Buddhist Delegation to Burma, presented a Buddhas sarira, a set of Chinese "Tripitaka" and a religious robe and alms-bowl to the Buddhists of Burma. Picture shows Burmese Buddhists welcoming the Chinese Buddhist Delegation to the meeting in a grand procession.
имиин 1955 ^эязовиж йьйо 1а@^жжвв(*)йя^аид^|й(Ф)&жал®^йй(*)^^1й®о On Sept. 30, 1955, the Buddhist Delegation of the Union of Burma arrived in Peking at the invitation of the Buddhist Association of China. The object of the Delegation was to return the visit of the Chinese Buddhist Delegation to Burma, as well as to take the Buddha's holy tooth-relic to Burma. Picture shows Premier Chou En-lai (right) receiving U Thein Maung (centre), head of the Delegation, and U Hla Maung, the Burmese Ambassador to China (left). 184
1955 ФЮ й®п*аал^шй«*й?т^±®15о On Oct. 4, 1955, the Buddhist Delegation of the Union of Burma received Buddhas holy tooth-relic in the Kwangchi Monastery, Peking. A solemn ceremony was held on this occasion by the Buddhist Association of China. Picture shows U Thein Maung, head of the Delegation, making a speech at the ceremony. 185
Members of the Buddhist Delegation of the Union of Burma dressed as divine guardians standing beside the Seven Jewels Golden Pagoda. ЗДФЖйМВо The Cultural Delegation of the Union of Burma participated in the ceremony for receiving Buddha's holy tooth-relic and performed dances during the ceremony. 187
19554£10Я 15 0 ai^o ±и: яйкше^а®м?шв#жм^о тй:ттйвй#^^^я.о When the Buddhist Delegation of the Union of Burma returned to Rangoon with Buddha's holy tooth-relic on Oct. 15, 1955, the Government of the Union of Burma held a grand ceremony to receive the holy relic. The upper picture shows Dr. Ba U, President of the Union of Burma, and Prime Minister U Nu carrying the Holy Tooth Pagoda with the others in a procession. Lower: The citizens of Rangoon welcoming the arrival of Buddha's Tooth.
1956 2 я 1бн When Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Prime Minister of Cambodia, visited the Kwangchi Monastery in Peking on February 16, 1956, the Buddhist Association of China presented him with a set of nine Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese by Mandala and Sanghapala, two eminent Buddhist monks of Cambodia who came to China over 1,400 years ago. StaatsWiothffr 189
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Contents Foreword 3 Buddhist Monasteries in the Capital 8 The Kwangchi Monastery, the Yung Ho Kung, the Wofu Monastery, the Miao- ying Monastery, the Tungchiao Nunnery, the “Five Pagoda" Monastery and the Tienning Monastery ................................................ 8 The Four Sacred Mountains 22 Mount Wutai, Mount Omei, Mount Puto (Potalaka) and Mount Chiuhua 22 Buddhist Grottoes 40 Tunhuang, Yunhang, Lungmen, the Maichishan, the “T housand-Buddha” Grot- toes of Kucha, the Tingling Monastery and Tachu ...................... 40 Famous Buddhist Monasteries of Various Places 62 The White Horse Monastery at Loyang ...................................... 62 The Great Tsuen Monastery, the Hsinchiao Monastery, the Chinglung Monas- tery and the Tsaotang Monastery at Sian .............................. 65 The Pilu (Fairocana) Monastery and the Chihsiashan at Nanking; the Kiangtien Monastery at Chengkjang; and the Lingyen Monastery at Soochotc 71 The Knocking Monastery on Mount Tientai; the Tientung Monastery and the Ahyuwang (King Asoka) Monastery at Ningpo; the Tahju Monastery at Hsinchang and the Lingying Monastery at Hangchou/..................... 75 The Hsuanchung Monastery at Chiaochen; the Kwangsheng Monastery and the Tienlungshan at Chaochen; and the Chungshen Monastery at Taiyuan 82 The Sungyu Monastery on Mount Sungshan; the Stone Sculptures in Sung county; and the Shaoling Monastery on Mount Sungshan 86 The Lingyen Monastery at Changching ...................................... 89 The Paoen Monastery in Shou County ....................................... 90 The Inscriptions of Scriptures at Chuyunkuan and the Tahfu Monastery at Chenteh .............................................................. 92 The White Dagoba at Liaoyang ............................................ 95 The Yufu Monastery and the Chingan Monastery in Shanghai................. 96 The Great Kaiyuan Monastery at Chienchotv and the Nanputo Monastery at Amoy .................................................... 98 The Luyung Monastery at Canton and the Nanhua Monastery at Kukwig 100 The Chichushan (KukkutaPa^aS^ Lifyang, the Yuantung Monaster у at Kun- ming and the “Three Pagoda" Monastery at Tahli ...................... 102 The Potala Palace at Lhasa; the Tas hi Lumpo Monastery at Shigatse; the Dai- pung Monastery, the Sera Monastery and the Gandan Monastery at Lhasa 104 The Gumbum Monastery at Hsiling ......................................... 110
The Labrang Monastery at Hsiaho ............................................. 112 The Ganchuer Temple at Hailar and the Tsao Temple at Lingtung................ 113 A Buddhist Monastery of the Thai People in Yunnan Province .................. 117 Buddhist Scriptures and Periodicals ............................................. 120 The Buddhist Association of China 124 Religious Life of the Buddhists 126 Religious Activities of Buddhist Monies, Huns and Lay Followers of Paohuashan and other Places ........................................................ 126 His Holiness the Dalai Lama and His Holiness Panchen Ngoerhtehni Holding a Service in the Yung Ho Kung............................................ 140 Religious Activities of the Lamas in Tibet and Chinghai, Kansu and Szechuan Provinces ............................................................. 142 Religious Dance of the Thai People in Yunnan Province ..................... 150 Religious Activities of the Lamas in Inner Mongolia ......................... 152 Chairman Mao Tse-tung, His Holiness the Dalai Lama and His Holiness Panchen Ngoerhtehni Celebrating the Tibetan New Year of “Wooden Sheep”....................................................................... 154 The Political Rights of the Buddhists............................................. 155 The Buddhists Praying for World Peace 158 The Friendly Relationship of the Chinese Buddhists with Various Countries.................................................................... 164 India ........................................................................ 164 Vietnam....................................................................... 172 Japan ..................................................................... 173 Ceylon .................................................................... 176 Burma ........................................................................ 178 Cambodia ................................................................ 189