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602.2
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3

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5

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rorpa.n.cKa5I r3C emerO)],HO ,QaeT npHMepHo TaKoe me IW.JiHlJ:eCTBO
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r03JlPO.
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Kern. O.n.HaKO 3a ncpHO.n. nepBOH nOCJIeBOeHHoii nHTllJIeTKH 6JIO He
TOJIbKO 3aKOH'IeHO BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe pa3pYUleHHhlX 3JIeKTpOCTaHUHM II no-
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3.TJeKTp03HeprHH, T. e. £IOllTH B )],Ba pa3a 60JlbIlle, LleM 6hI.'IO BbIpa60Ta-
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Tpo.omepn1H COCTaElIH.na 48,3 M.TJP)],. Kern. 't.
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Hail C 1928 r., £IOCJIe KOTOpOro Ha'laJIOCb ocyrn.ecTBJIeHHe nHTHJIeTHHX
IIJlaHOB.
ro.!tbl
np0l13Be.lleHo
K8m.'i . .
1928
1940
1945 1958 1965
9J1eKTp09Heprl1l1 B MJlp.
5,0
48,3
43,3 235 507
3TH UHCPPHI nOKa3bIBalOT, '11'0 B pe3YJlbTaTe OCYIl{eCTBJIeHHH mITHJleT-
HUX nJIaHOB B 1965 r. BbIpa6OTaHO 3JIeKTp03HepfHH B 101 pa3 60JlbIlle,
qeM B 1928 r.
· r03JIPO - focYAapcTDeHHaH KOMI1CCliH no 9J1eKTpu1j.>11KaUI1I1 POCCllll.
6
7

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cpaBHeHHIO C npeJJ:bIJJ.yw.HM nHTHJleTHeM.
Pa3BHTHe :mepreTHKH oco6eHHo Ba2KHO He TOJlbKO KaK caMOCTmneJlb-
I-IOH OTpaCJlH, HO H KaK OCHOBbl JJ:Jl5I pa3BHTI1H H YBeJIHLJeHHH BbmYCK3
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MaIllHHOCTpoeHHe, XHMHIleCKHe YJJ:06peHHH H np.). KpoMe TOro, pa3BI1-
THe :mepreTI1KH 06eCrre'lHBaeT pOCT H JJ:PYfHX Ba2KHeHIllHX OTpaClleI
ceiIbCKoro X03HHCTBa, TpaHcnopTa, 2KHJIHw.Horo CTpOH're.nbCTBa 11
JlerImH npOMbIIllJIeHHOCTH.
BblCOImH ypOBeHb pa3BI1THH ::mepreTHKI1 xapaKTeplI3yeT 3KOHOMH-
qeCKOe Moryw.eCTBO BceH HailleH CTpaHhI.
4ACTb I
OCHOBIJ TEllJIOTEXHIIltli
P a 3 A e Jl n e p B bJ j;i
9.ITE1\lEHTI>I TEXHIPIECIWH TEP1\IO]J;IIHA.MIfKIf
TepMO.liHHaMHKa* - HaYKa, 1I3Y'-IaIOilLaH npeBpaw.eHHH 3Hepnm B
pa3lm'lHbIX npouecc3x, COnpOB02Kj],aIOIlLHxcH Terr.'lOBbIMH 3qxpeKTaMI1.
QHa 3aHHMaeTCH rrOHCKaMH CooTHoilleHuH MC2K)'(y pa3.'lII'lHbIMH CI3oif-
CTBaMI1 BeruecTBa, He H3Y'-JaH rrpH 31'01\1 ero BHYTpeHHero CTpOeHH5I. 1\1e1'o-
JJ.bI TepMOJJ.I1HaMHK!1 OCHOB3Hbl na YHHBepCaJIbH01\1 3aKOHe npHpOJJ.b!-
3atWfie coxpafiefiLl51 fjfiep2111l. CYW.HOCTb TepMOj],I1HaMHKI1 COJJ:ep2KHTCH
B HeCKO.rIbKHX rrpeL(eJlbHO rrpOCTblX YTBep2Kj],eHHHX, Ha3bIBaeMblX 3a!W-
N{/JJ.tU lllCpJIWOWWMUKU.
B nepBOHa'la,'lbHOM BHJJ.e TepMOJJ:HHaMHKa CJI02KHJIaCb KaK Y'leHHe 06
oCHoBax'TeopHH Ten.1JOBoro j],BlIraTeJIH. B HaCTOHllI:ee BpeMH TepMoJJ:HHa-
MllKa pacno.rraraeT npeKpacHo pa3pa6oTaHHblM annapaToIyl, npHMeH5Ie-
MblM B caMbIX p33JIH'lHbIX 06JIaCTHX 3HaHHii. ¥I3yqeHUeM cnoc060B
npeBpaIlJ.eHHH Ten.rIa B MeXaHHLJecKYIO pa6oTY, T. e. pa3pa6omlwli meo-
pUll mCfl.'IOBfiep2emU'ieCKUX ycmaflo6oK, 3aflWIWemC51 meXflU'ieC1W.,<[ mcp-
AwoufiaM UKa.
TeXHH'leCKaH TepMoj],HHaMHKa KaJ{ HaYKa OKOH'laTeJlbHO C<pOPMHPO-
BaJIaCb B Kome XIX CTo.neTHH. I-laLJa.no 2Ke ee pa3BHTHH CJIe.n.yeT 01'-
BeCTH K 1\1OMeHTY H3rOTOBJIeHHH famweo fammeeM nepBoro TepMo-
fv.eTpa (1597 r.)**.
Bej],yw.ee MeCTO B C03j],aHI1H TepMoJJ:HHaMHKI1 npHHa.n..ne2KHT pa60TaM
P. MaHepa (1842 r.), LL.lLllioY.1J5r (1843-1846 rr.), 3. X. JleHua (1844 r.)
H r. fe.1bMro.nbua (1847 r.), KOTopbre pacKphr.nH CYW.HOCTb $aKOHa co-
XpaHeHI1H 3Hepnll1. C. Kaprm (1824 r.), P. K.na3uyc (1854 r.) H B. TOM-
COH (fI03JJ:Hee .n0PJJ: Ke.nbBHH) (1856 r.) C03j],a.rIH BTOpOH 3aKOH (Ha'-Ja.no)
TepMoj],HH3MHKH. B. I-lepHcT (1906 r.) C<P0PMY JIHpOBaJI TeopeMY, HMeIO-
W.YIO Ba2KHOe 3HaLJeHHe JJ:JIH TepMoJJ:HHaMHlm***.
B paCKpbITHH Mo.rIeKy.nHpHo-KHHeTHLJeCKOH TeopllH TerrJI0-\3,blx npo-
!leCCOB cyw.ecTBeHHYIO pOJIb CblrpaJIH pa60Tbl LL. BepHYJIJIH (1738 r.),
* fpe'J. therme - TenJJOTa, lliap; dynamiros - CI1JJa, CIIJJOBOll.
** B CKo6K3X YKa3aHbI tI.aTbI BbITIOJJHeHIIH OCHOBHbIX pa60T aBTopOB no
naHHOMY Bonpocy.
,.** TeopeMa HepHcTa Ha3LIBaeTCH T3Kllie TpeTbll1 3aKOHOM TepMO.llllllaMI1-
KH, p3CCMOTpCHI1e KOTOpOro B nporpm,1MY .llalIHoro Kypca He BXO.!1I1T.
9

M. J1oMoHocoBa (1758 r.), )J.. MaKCBeJIJIa (1860 r.), J1. .I30JlbIlMaHa
(1877 r.), Y. rH66ca (1880 r.), ,l],. 11. MeH.QeJIeeBa (1860 r.).
130.JIbIllOi-i BKJla.D. B HayKY 0 Ten.JIOTe BHeC.JIH Y'leHbIe HaIlleH POj],IIHbl.
9. X. J1eHIl OTKpbI.JI 3aKOH nepexo.D.a 3.JIeKTpH'leCKOH 3HeprHH B Ten.JIO-
BYIO; 11. TI. A.JIbIMOB, M. <D. OKaToB H .D.p. C03Ja.JI1l K.JI3CCI1'leCKHe TPYj],bI
no TepMO.D.HHaMHKe; A. r. CTO.JIeTOB H3Y'lH.JI H cHcTeMaTH3HpOBa.JI 3aKOHbI
KOHBeKTHBHoro H JIY'-InCToro Ten.JIoo6MeHa. M. B. KHprmqeB H A. A. ryx-
J\'laH pa3pa6OTam-! Teopmo Terr.JIOBoro Mo.n:eJmpOBamuI; K. 9. IJ,HO.JI-
KOBCKHH 3a.JI02KHJI OCHOBb! paCqeTa MHorocTyrreH'-IaTOrO paKenIOro .D.BH-
raTeJIH, no cxeJ\Ie KOToporo pa60TaIOT cOBpeMeHHbIe paKeTbl H 3anycKa-
IDTCH B KOCMOC crrYTHHKH 3eM.JIH.
!i 1. ra3
H6o.JIee Ba2KHbIMH .HB.JIHIOTCH: aTMoccpepHbIH B03.n:yX, npHpoj],HbU1 ra3,
np0L(YKTbI cropaHlfH TOnJIHBa B TOIIKax rreLJeH H B ABI1raTeJIHX BHYTpeH-
Hero CrOpaI-IH5L
Y npOw.eIfHOH MOL(e.JIbIO ra3006pa3Horo TeJIa C.JIY2KHT TaK Ha3bIBae-
MblH UOCa/lbHtdl ra3, Y KOTOpOro 06beM, 3aUHMaeMhIH ero MOlleKY.TJaMH,
MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C 06'beMOM Bcero paCCMaTpHBae!v!oro ra3a; MOJIel<Y-
JJbl ra3a paCCMaTpHBaIOTC.H KaK 6eCnOp51JlOlJHO j],BHiKYIllHeCH MaTepHa.JIb-
Hue TO'-lKH, pacnpe}J.eJIeHHhIe paBHOMepHO B 06'beMe ra3a. CH.JIaMH cuen-
JJeHHIl Me2K.D.Y MOJleKYJlaMH Hj],ea.JIbHOrO ra3a M02KHO npeHe6petrh.
H3Y'-IeHHe 3aKOHOB H.D.ea.JIbHOrO ra3a nOMoraeT orrpe.D.e.II.H'Ib rroBe.n:e-
HHe pea.JIbHOrO ra3a B pa3JJHLJHblX YC.TJOBH.HX. CTeneHb paCX02Kj],eHHH
CBOHCTB H.D.ea.JIbHOrO H pea.'!bHoro ra30B 3aBIICHT OT YC.TJOBHH, B KOTOpbIX
Haxo.D.HTCH ra3. LIeM HH2Ke .D.aB.JIeHHe H BhIllie TervmepaTypa, TeM 6JIIl)Ke
cBoHCTBa pea.JIbHoro ra3a K cBoikTBaM Hj],eaJJbHoro. Bce ra30Bbie 3a-
KOHbI Han60.JIee rrpocTo CPOPMYJIHPYIOTCH j],JI5J I1j],eaJIbHOrO ra3a.
B .D.alIbHeHweM Bce BbIBO.D.bl H paccY2K.D.eHH.H 6YJIYT OTHOCIITbCH K
11;"'(eaJJbHoMY ra3Y. OT.D.eJIbHble CJIYLJaH, OTHocHIllHecH K peaJJbHoMY ra3Y,
6YJJ.YT oroBopeHbI.
Y .D. e JJ b H hI H 0 6 'b e M. BeJIH'-IHHbI, OTlIeCeHHbIe K e;"'(IIIIHlg
MaCChI (1 K2, I MOAb), Ha3bIBaIDT YOCAbHblMU H 0603HaLJalOT CTpO'lHbIMH
6YKuaMH. HanpHMep, nOJJHbIH 06'beM 0603Ha'laIOT V. a Y/"'(eJJbHhIH - v;
nOJ1Hoe KO.TJH'leCTBO TenJJa - Q, a YL(eJIbHOe - q; nOJJHYIO pa60TY -
L, a Y.D.eJIbHyIO - 1 H T. .n:. B HeKOTopbIX C.JIY'la5IX MorYT 6bITb OTKJJOHe-
HHH OT 3TOro yCJJOBHH, Tor.n.a OHI1 6Y.D.YT oroBopeHbI oc060.
.vOC/lbHblM 06'bC.MOJ.1 v Ha3hmaIOT 06'beM, 3aI-I1IMaeMbIH eJJ.HI-mu,ei'I
MaCCbI Bew.eCTBa (ra3a). Orrpc;J,elI5IIOT ero no cpopMYJJe
V
V=- M 3 /K2,
m
rI1aBa I
PA60"lEE TEJ10 H nAPAMETPbl ErO COCTOSlHHSI. OCHOBHblE 3AKOHbi
H,Q,EAJ1bHOrO r A3A
MOJleKYJJbr .TJIo60ro Bew.eCTB3, B3aI1IvlO!leHcTBY5I L(Pyr C .D.PyroM, Ha-
XOj],51TCH B HenpepbIBHOM .D.BIl2KeHHH. KaK 1l3BeCTHO, aTOM BeIllecTBa
COCTOIiT H3 nOJJ02KHTeJJbHO 3ap.H2KeHHoro aTOMHoro 5Ij],pa II OTplIuaTe.rlb-
HO 3apH2KeHHbIX 'laCTllu,-3JJeKTpOHoB, oKpY2KaIOw.Hx .HL(po. CHJJb] B3aH-
MOj],eHCTBHH Me)KL(Y MOJJeKY.JIaMH orrpej],e.TJ.HIOTCH B3aHMO.D.eHCTBHeM HX
3ap.H.n:oB. TaK, Me.rK.D.Y 3.JIeKTpOHaMH OJ],HOH MOJJeKYJJbI H 5J.D.paJ\1H .D.PyroH
,TIeikTBYIOT CIIJJbI npHT5DKeHH.H, a Me2KL(Y 3JIeKTpOHaJ\1H o6eHx MO.TJeKY.TJ
H Me2K.D.Y HX Hj],paMH .n:eHCTBYIOT CliJIbI OTTa.JIKHBaHH5I.
ArperaTI!oe COC'IOffHHe Bew.eCTBa onpej],eJJHeT01 BeJIII'lHHOH Me2KMO-
.TJeKY.'151pUbIX CIlJI B3aIlMo.n:eHCTBH5J Ii paCCTOHUH5Uv1I1 Me)KJlY MOJJeKYJIH-
MH. B 'iEep.rr-oM H 2KHj],I\OJ\1 COCTOHHHHX MO.JI£'KY.'lbJ Bew:eCTBa uaxo.n:HTC5J
Ha cpaBHHT E'.JILEO He60.'lbIllHX paCCTO.HHIi5IX .n:pyr OT L(pyra II 06JIaj],aIOT
CTOJJb 60lJbUlOM CH.JIoii npHT5J2KeIlH.H, LJTO TeJJa COXpaH5JIDT CBOM 06'beM,
a TBep.D.Oe Te.no coxpaHfleT elue H qJOpJ\1Y. CHJIbl B3aHMOj],eiicTBHH Me2K.D.V
MO.JIeKY.JIaMH ra3a, paCCT05II-!H5I Me2KJ!.Y KOTOpbIMH 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO 60JIbille
HX pa3MepoB, HaIvlHoro IvIeHblUe CHJI, .D.eHCTBYIOIIJ.IIX l\1e2K.D.Y MOJJeKYJIa-
JliH TBep.n:oro H 2K1I.D.KOrO Tell. TI03TOMY JJI060e KO.'1f1lleCTBO ra3a, .n:a2Ke ca-
J\iOe Ma.JIOe, 3anO.TJHHeT BeCb o6'bel'vl, B KOTOpbJii ero 3aKTJIOIIaIOT, KaK 6bI
DeJam 31'01' 06'beM 1m 6b1,TI.
Cnoco6HoCTb ra3a 3arrOJIH.HTb BeCb 06'beM, B KOTOpbIH ero nOMew.aIOT,
nOj],TBep2K.D.aeT, 'lTO MO.JIeKYJJbI ra3a Haxo.D.HTcH B nOCTOHHHOM .D.BH-
2KeHHH. YCT3HOB.JIeHO, '-ITO .D.BH2KeHI1e MO.JIeKYJI ra3a 6ecnopH.QO'lHO II
XaOTH'-IHo* .
B TeXHlme HaH60JJee '-IaCTO npHMeH.HIOT ra3bI: KHC.JIOpOL( O 2 ,
a30T N 2 , BO.D.OpO.D. H2' OImCb yrJIepoJJ:a CO, yrJIeKIIC.JIory CO 2 , MeTaH
(60JIOTHbIH ra3) CH 4 , BOj],.HHOH nap H 2 0 II .D.p. 113 ra30BbIX cMeceii Ha-
me V - nOJIHbIH o6'bel'vl ra3a, M 3 ;
m - Macca ra3a, fC2.
06paTI-IOH Be.JIHQHHoi'r Yj],e.JIbllOrO 06'beMa HB.'1.HeTCIl 11/l0mHOCmb p,
paBHaH
p= K21M 3 .
V
* COCTOHHl1e HenpepbIBHoro .!1BI1}1{eHI1H MOJJeKYJJ llil1.!1KOCTell li TBep.!tbIx TeJJ
HMeeT MHoii xapaKTep.
TIJJOTHOCTb TeJJa onpej],eJJ.HeTC.H KaK Macca eL(HHHUbI 06'beMa, T. e.
KaK OTHomeHHe MaCCbI K ee 06'beMY.
T e M n e paT Y p a. BeJIII'lHHY, xapaKTepH3YIOIllyro CTerreHb H3-
rpeTocTH TMa, Ha3bIBaIOT meMl1.epamypOtl.
C TOLJKH 3peHH.H MOJIeKYJIHpHO-KHHeTJ:I'leCImH TeopHII, CTerreHb IIa-
rpeTocTH Te.TJa 3aBliCHT OT 6bICTpOTbI XaarH'leCKOrO L(BH2KeHII5I MO.tIeKy.'1
3Toro Te.'1a. DpH nOj],Bo.rre Ten.JIa K Te.ny CKOpOCTh j],BH2KeHHH MOJJe-
KYJI YBe.JIH'lHBaeTCH II HX MeXaHH'leCKa,5J "3HeprHH nepeXO)ilIT B T2rr-
.JIOBYIO. TIpH 3TOM TeJIO HarpeBaeTcH, T. e. era TeJ\1nepaTYP'j" llOBbl-
IllaeTCH. TIpH OTBo.D.e Ten.JIa .D.BH2KeHlIe MO.:re:{YJJ 3aMej],.TIHeTC.H J-I TeJIO
npH 3TOM OXJI31Kj],aeTC.H, T. e. TeMnepaTypa ero nOHmlweTCH.
10
11

l-haK, mCMnepamypy i!a3a CJ1Coyem paCCMampueamb IWK MCPy CPCO-
HCU KUHCmU'iCC1WU EJHCpcUU ca308blX MOIlCKYIl.
C .oiTOll TOqKII 3peHIIH nOHHTHO, qTO TeMnepaTypa .n.OJDKHa II3!vle-
pHTbCH B e.n.mmuax 3HeprIIll. O.n.HaKO B TeXHllKe 3TO Hey.n.06HO. TI03TO-
MY TeMnepaTYPY H3MepHIOT B rpa.n.ycax (nepeBo.n.HbIM K03cpqmUlleHTOM
HBJIHeTCH nOCTOHHHaH DOJIbUM3Ha K, O;}fC/cpaiJ).
B TepMo.n.HHaMHqeCKHX HCCJIe.n.OBaHllHX nOJIb3YlOTCH IllKaJIOll, npe.n.-
JIOllieHHOll B 1848 r. BbI.n.alOllI.HMCH aHrmrllcKllM yqeHbIM-qm3IIKoM KeJIb-
BHHOM.
HVJIeM lUKaJIhI Ke.TIbBllHa HBJIHeTCH Tel\mepaTypa, npll K OTOpOll npe-
KpallI.lOTCH XaOTH'leCKlle .n.BllllieHHH MOJIeKYJI H.n.eaJIbHOrO ra3a *. Ee
Ha3bIBalOT a6COll1OmHblM HY.I7CM. A6cOJIlOTHbIll HYJIb cooTBeTcTByeT TeM-
nepaType -273,15° no IllKaJIe IJ,eJlbcllH. TeMnepaTypa, OTCqllTbIBae-
MaH no IlIKaJle KeJIbBllHa, Bcern.a nO.IIOllillTeJlbHa. Ee Ha3bIBalOT a6-
cOlllOmHou mCMncpamypou H.lIH TeMnepaTYPoll no Ke.IIbBI1HY II 0603Ha-
qaIOT oK.
Ha npaKTllKe IllHpOKO nO.IIb3YlOTCH IllKa.IIOl{ IJ,e.IIbCHH. TeMnepaTYPY
Ha 3TOll liIKa.IIe OTcql1TbIBalOT OT TOqKll 3aMep3aHllH BO.n.bI, npllnHCbIBaH
3TOI{ TOlfKe TeMnepaTYPY, paBHylO Hy.TIlO. Tel\mepaTYPY no 3TOll IllKa.IIe
0603HalfalOT 0c. B .n.a.IIbHeHilleM 6y.n.eM 0603Ha1J:aTb 6YKBOll T a6CO.IIIOT-
HYlO Tel'vmepaTYPY, a Te:vmepaTYPY no IllKa.IIe IJ,e.IIbCllH 6YKBOll t.
Cm!3b MelliJ!.Y TeMneparypoH no a6CO.IIlOTHOll liIKaJle II TeMnepa TYPOll
no CTorpa.rxycHOll IlIKa.IIe (to C) onpe.rxeJIHeTCH no cpopMY.lIe
KpOMe TOro, .n:aBJIeHHe Ha npaKTHKe 1J:aCTO H3MepHlOT B cpH3HQe-
CKHX II TeXHH1J:eCKHX aTMoccpepax. AmMoc£jJcpHblM OasllCHUCJvl Ha3bmarOT
.n.aB.lIeHlIe, OKa3bIBaeMoe BeCOM cToJI6a B03.rxyxa Ha e.n.HHllUY n.IIo-
llI.a.n:H ero OCHOBaHHH.
c!>U3U'iCCKOLl aTMoccpepoll Ha3hIBalOT cpe.rxHee .rxaB.1IeHlle aTMoccpep-
HOro B03.n.yxa Ha ypOBI-Ie MOpH npH TeMnepaType 0° C H 0603HalfalOT
COKpallI.eHHO amM:
1 amJt= 1,01325.10 5 H/M 2 .
3T0 .rxaB.lIeHlle MOllieT 6blTb ypaBHoBeIlIeHo CTo.II6HKOM PTYTII BbICOTOll
760 MM 1I.II1l CT0JI60M BO.n:bI BhICOTOH 10 330 MM.
B TeXHHKe H TeXHH1J:eCKllX paCQeTaX nO.IIb3YlOTC.H mCXHU'iCCKOU aT-
MoccpepOH, KOTOPYlO 0603HalfalOT am:
1 am = 0,980665.10 5 H/M 2 .
TeXHIl1J:eCKa.H aTMoccpepa MOllieT 6bITb ypaBHoBeIlIeHa CTo.II611KOM
PTYTll BbICOTOH 735,5 MM Il.IIH CTo.II60M BOL(bI BbICOTOH 10 000 .'ltM:
1 MM pm. cm. = 133,322 H/M 2 ;
1 MM eoo. cm. = 9,80665 HIM 2 .
T oK = 273,15° + t dc.
p
p=-.
F
ATMoccpepHoe .n.aB.lIeHlIe, 113MepHeMoe 6apOMeTpOM, Ha3bIBalOT 6a-
pOMeTpnlfeCKllM II 0603Ha1JalOT p6ap.
MHome nponeCCbI npOTeKalOT npH .n.aB.lIeHllHX BbIIlIe aTMoccpepHoro
(.n.aBJIeHlle napa B KOTJIe, ClliaToro KOMnpeccopOM B03.n.yxa, .n.aBJIeHIIe,
C03.n.aHHoe CTO.II60l\'l lliH.n.KOCTIIII T. n.). Jl1060e 113 3'fIIX .n.aB.lIeHIIH HBJIHeT-
CH .n.onO.IIHIlTeJIbHbIM K aTMoccpepHOMY, T. e. II36bIT01JHbIM CBepx O.n.HOll
8TMoccpepbI. 1136blTOQHOe .n.aB.lIeHl1e II3MepHlOT MaHOMeTpOM II 0603Ha-
lJaIOT PH36 llJIll pMaH'
CYMM)' .n.aB.lIeHllH MaHOMeTpWleCKoro H 6apOMeTplI1JeCKoro Ha3bIBalOT
nOIlHblM, llJIII a6COll1OmHblM, .n.aB.lIeHlleM
)J a B .II e H 11 e. M.O.TIeKy.TIbI ra3a, 3aK.lIlO1J:eHHOrO B cocy.rx, naxo.n.HT-
CH B HenpepbIBHOM II XaOTll1JeCKOM .n.BllllieHllll. CTa.IIKllBa5ICb L(pyr C
L(pyroM, OHll y.n.apHlOTCH 0 CTeHKH cocy.n.a, KOTopble llcnbITbIBalOT B03-
JellCTBHe CH.II y.n.apa MO.IIeKYJI ra3a.
JJ,eHCTBlle ra3a Ha CTeHKll xapaKTepll3yeTcH .n.aB.TIeHlleM p, T. e.
CllJIOH P, L(eikTBYIOllI.ell HOpMa.IILHO K CTeHKe II OTHeceHHOll K e.n.llHHue
ee H.'IOllI.a.n.ll F,
E)lHHllu.eH ll3MepeHllH .n.aB.TIeHllH HB.TIHeTCH HblOTOH** Ha Ima.n.paT-
HhlH MeTp (H/M 2 ). 3Ta e.rxllI-Illua .n.aB.TIeHllH Hey.n.o6Ha .n..TIH npaKTH'lecKoro
llCnO.TIb30BaHHH BBH.n.y ee MaJIOCTII. TI03TOMY y.n.06Hee .n.aB.TIeHlle H3Me-
pHTb B 6apax (1 6ap = 10 5 H/JI1 2 ). TIo CBoell Be.IIIl1JIIHe 3Ta e.rxllHllua
6.!HJ3Ka K 1 am (1 6ap = 0,987 am).
Paf5e = PMaH + P6ap'
ECJIII npoueccbI npOTeKalOT npH BaKYYMe, TO a6COJIlOTHbIM (nO.IIHbIM)
.n.aB.1IeHlleM Ha3bIBaIOT pa3HOCTb 6apOMeTpll1JeCKoro .n.aB.TIeHll.H H pa3-
pellieHll.H
PaGe = P6ap - PBm,'
12
r.n.e pBaK - pa3pellieHlle, 113MepeHHoe BaI<yYMMeTpOM.
B TepMo.n.llHaMIIKe Bcer.n.a nOJIb3YlOTCH a6CO.IIlOTHbIM .n.aBJIeHlleM.
CBOHCTBO ra3a OKa3bIBaTb .n.aBJIeHlle Ha CTeHKll cocy.n.a, B KOTOpOM
OH Haxo.n.llTC5I, 51B.TI.HeTCH O.n.HHM II3 OCHOBHhIX ero CBOllCTB. I1MeHHo
STO CBoikTBO n03BO.IIIlJIO llCnOJIb30BaTb ra3 B KaLleCTBe pa60'icco mella
B npoueccax npe06pa30BaHllH 3Heprllll.
13
* B peaJJbllbIX lliC BCIl\eCTBaX tI.allie npM a6COJJIOTHOM HYJJe cyecTBYIOT He-
KOTopbIe oco6ble Bl1.llbl MOJJeKYJJ5IpllOro tI.Bll}[{eHHH.
** HblOTOII - CMJJa, KOTopaH Macce BIKe co06aeT YCKopCHHe, paB-
Hoe 1 .l;ceK2.

 2. Pa6o'lee Teno
TeXHl1qeCKa.H TepMo)J.HHaMHKa KaK HaYKa CcpOpMHpOBaJIaCb Ha oc-
HOBe I-l3yqeHlUI B3aHMHbIX npeBpaID.emIii pa60TbI H TenJIa B TenJIOBbIX
)J.BHraTe.JI.HX (napoBbIx M3UlJ1HaX, Typ6HHax H )J.BHraTeJIHX BHYTpeII-
Hero cropaHIUI).
Pa60QHH npO!Lecc TenJIOBOrO ,n:BHraTe.JIH JII06oro TI1na MOllieT 6bITb
OCYID.eOBJIeH npH HaJIWIHH HCTOQH!ma TenJIa C TeMnepaTYPOH Th Ha-
3bIBaeMoro Ha2pceamCJ/.eM, H OXJIa)J.HTe.JIH C TeMnepaTYPOH T 2 < Tt,
Ha3bIBaeMoro XOJIOOUJlbHU1WM.
OqeBH)J.HO, npH Henocpe)J.CTBeHHOM conpHKOCHOBeHHH HarpeBa-
Te.'l.H C XOJIO)J.IIJIbHHKOM TenJIO OT nepBoro nepeH)J.eT KO BTOPOMY. O)J.Ha-
KO npH 3TOM HIiKaKoi-i pa60TbI COBepIll€HO He 6Y)J.eT. JJ,JI.H nOJIyqeHI-lH
pa60TbJ B TemIOBOl\1 )J.BHraTeJIe Heo6xo)J.HMO npI1BJIeQb ellLe O)J.HO TeJIO,
KOTopoe Ha3bmaIOT pa60l.iUM mCJlOM. B )J.BuraTe.'lHX BHYTpeHHero cropa-
HHH pa60lfHM Te.'lOM HBJIHeTCH rm, a B napOBhIX Typ6mlax - BO)J..HHOi-i
nap. HarpeBaTeJIeM 6Y)J.YT npo)J.YKTbI cropaHUH TOnJIHBa, a OXJIa)J.UTe-
.'IeM (XO.'IOJLHlIhHHKOM) - aTMocq;epa, Ky.n:a BhI6paChIBaeTCIl OTpa6oTaB-
um.i:j ra3, HJIH KOH.n.eHcaTOp, npHHHMaIOID.HH oTpa6oTaBIllHH BO)J.HHOH nap.
Pa60qee Te.no, H3xo.n..Hw.eec.H B UHJIUH)J.pe H OT.n:e.JIeHHOe nopIllHeM
OT BHeIllHfH cpe.n.b!, HB.IJHeTC.H THnHtIHbIM npllMepOM mepJWOUHaMUl.iC-
C1Wl1 CllCmC.A-/bt* .
BeJIWlHHbI, xapa!nepH3YIOID.He TepMO;l.HHaMHQeCKOe COCTOHHHe CU-
CTe.MbI, H33bIBaIOT napa.A-ZCmpaMll cocmORHUR. Ba)JmeHIllHMU napaMeTpa-
MH HB.n5JIDTC5I pacCMOTpeHHbIe paHee )J.aB.TJeHHe p, Y)J.eJIbHbIi:'r 06'beM v
II TeMnepaTypa T.
ECJIH 113MeH!-ITb TepMo)J.HHaMHQeCKOe COCTOHHHe CHCTeMhI, T. e.
nC)J.BcCTH H.TJn OTH5ITb TenJIO, ClliaTb ra3 HJIH )J.aTh B03MOlliHOCTb eMY pac-
umpHTbOI, TO Bee napaMeTpbI paCCMaTpHBaeMOH CHCTeMbI U3MeHHT CHmo
BeJIWIHHY.
TIepeXO)l pa60qero Te.'la (CHCTeMW) 113 O)J.HOro COCTOHHH.H B )J.Pyroe
H23bIBaIOT m.epMOOUHa.A-/UtICCKllJ.1 npol{CCCOJvl (UJIU npocTO npOIJ.eCCOM).
TeJIa, KOTopbIe B TOH H.TJH HHO!l Mepe B3aHMO)J.eHCTBYIOT C CHCTeMOH
II 0J<.a3bIBaIOT BJIH51HHe H3 ee CBOHCTBa, Ha3bIBaIOT eHcumcu cpeoou.
K HHM MO)J{!IO OTHeCTH UHJIHH)J.P, nopIlleHb, B03)J.YX, O!<PYlliaIOIllHH
HX, H T. n.
B3aHMo)],eHCTBHe CllCTeMbI C BHeIllHeH cpe.n.OH COEepIllaeTCH Ha
KOHmpO.'lbHotl rlO8cpXHocmu, OT)J.e.JI5IIOw.ei1. CHCTeMY OT BHeIllHeH cpe)J.bI.
TaK, HanpHMep, B UHJII-m)J.pe, 3anOJIHeHHOM ra30M, KOHTpOJIbHOH no-
BepXHOCTbIO 5IBJI.HIOTC.H BHYTpeHHHe nOBepXHOCTH UHJIHH)J.pa H nOpmH.H.
JlI06all CHCTel'vIa Bcer)J.a B3aHMO)J.eHcTByeT C BHeIllHeH cpe)J.OH.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xapaKTepa pa60ThI CHCTeMbI 3TO B3aHMo,n:eHCTBHe
MO)KeT 6hlTb YCHJIeHO H.TJH OCJIa6JIeHO. TaK, npu ClliaT{:IH B03)J.yxa B KOM-
 I u u . u
npeccope B3aHMO)J.eHCTBHe CHCTeMbI C BHeIllHen cpe)J.on YCHJIHBaIOT,
OXJIalliJ!.aH CTeHKH UUJIHH)J.pa Korvmpeccopa. B napOBOH Typ6HHe OC-
JIa6JI.HIOT B3aHMO}1.eHCTBI-le CHCTeM C BHeIllHeii cpe)J.OH, npHMeHH.H Ten.no-
H30JIHpYIOID.He MaTepHaJlbJ.
11JIH H3yeHH.H COCTOHHH.H H,n:eaJIbHOrO ra3a YCJIOBHO )J.onycKaeTC5J
CYII-LeCTBOBaHHe CHCTeMhI, H)J.ea.1bHO TenJIOH30JIHpOB3I-IHOH OT BHeIlIHeH
cpe)],bI. TaKa.H CT1CTeMa a6COJIIOTHO He 06MeHHBaeTCH TenJIOM C BHeill-
HeH cpe.n.oiL TIpaKTHqeCKII nO)J.06Ha.H CHCTeMa CYW.eCTBOBaTb He MOlliCT,
nOCKOJIbKY HeT a6COJIIOTHbIX TenJIOII30.TJ.HTOpOB.
!i 3. YpaBtleHHe COCTOSlHHSI HAeanbHoro ra3a
BeJIUQHHbI, xapaKTepH3YIOw.He TepMo)J.HHaI\IHqeCKOe COCTOHHHe raJa,
OQSJlCHlte p, YOCJlbHblU o6'beM v H m.eMncpamypa T 3aBHCHT .n.pyr OT )J.pyra.
ECJIu, HanpHl\Iep, ra3 onpe)J.eJIeHHOH TeMnepaTypbI 3aHHMaeT Ka!{OH-TO
onpe)J.e.JIeHHblH 06'beM, TO OH 6y,n:eT HaXO)],HTbCH no)], HeKOTopbIM )J.aB-
JIeHHeM. I13MeHeHHe 06'beMa HJIH TeMnepaTypbI H3MeHilT )],aBJleHHe ra3a.
TaKHM 06pa30M, H3 Tpex Be.JIHqHH p, V H T )J.Be I\WrYT 6LITb 3a)J.aHbI
npOH3BOJIbHO, a TpeTb.H onpe,'J,eo'lHTCH KaK CPYHKUH5J nepBbIx )J.BYX.
3aBHCUMOCTb, cBH3blBaIOID.YIO Melli)],y C060H .n:aBJleHHe, 06'beM H Tei-l-
nepaTYPY ra3a, Ha3hIBaIOT ypasHcHuCM COCmORNU.<l )],aHHoro ra3a. EJro
ypaBHeHHe BhlpalliaeT OCHOBHoe CooTHoIlleHHe, xapaKTepH3YIOllle
Tepl'vI0.n:1maMll'IeCKHe cBoikTBa ra3a.
11m! H)],eaJIbHOrO ra3a ypaBHeHHe COCTOHHHH HMeeT npOCTOH BH.n:
pv <-
-=consL,
T
T. e. OTHomeHHe npoH3BelleHH.H aOCOJlIOTHOro )J.aBJIeHHH ra3a Ha ero
06'beM K a6COJIIOTHOH TeMnepaType OCTaeTC.H nOCTOHHHbIM. ltTJH 1 1'12
ra3a 3TY nocToHHHYIO Be.JIHQHHY Ha3hIBaIOT cQ3080t.l nocmORHHotl H
0603HaQaIOT 6YKBOH R:
E=R
T
(1-1)
HJIII
pv = RT.
(1- 2)
14
YpaBHeHHe COCT05IHHH (1-2) qaCTO Ha3bIBaIOT ypW3HeHUeM /(Jlanct'i-
pOHa, no HMeHH yqeHOrO, npe)J.JIOlliHBiliero 3TO ypaBHeHHe.
3HaH ,n:Ba napaMeTpa ra3a, no ypaBHeHHIO (1-2) MOlliHO .'lemo HaHTH
TpeTHH, TaK KaK R R8J15lemCR BCJlUl.iUHOU, nocmORHHOLl OJIR lW{)fCOOcO cQ3a.
11JIH TeMnepaTypHhlX npe)J.e.JIOB, KOTophIe 06hlQHO npHMeH.HIOT B Tex-
HHKe, ra30BbIe nOCTOHHHhIe nO)J.CqHTaHbI )J.JI.H 60JIbIllHHCTBa ra30B H
CBe)J.eHbI B Ta6JIHilbI.
<DH3UQeCKHH CMbICJI ra30BoH nocToHHHOH R.
PaccMOTpHM qHCJIHTeJIb JIeBOH QaCTU ypaBHeHl1.H (1-1):
lpv] = IHIM 2 'M 3 /KZ] = [1i'MIKZ] = [o{)fCIKZ].
15
* B .llaJJbHellrueM .!tJJH KpaTKOCTH TepMo.!tHHaMHf.JecKYIO cHcTeMY 6YJJ.eM Ha-
8b!BaTb npocTO cHcTeMoiL

TaKHM 06pa30M, npOH3seJl.eHHe Jl.aBJIeHIUI Ha YJl.CJIhHb]H 06'beM (pv)
1\102KHO paCCl\1aTpHBaTh KaK Y,T:(eJIbHYIO MeXaHHlJ.eCKYIO pa6OTY, paBHYIO
1 oJ/C, nOJIYlJ.eHHYIO B Pe3Y.T[bTaTe paclUHpeHHH 1 K2 ra3a.
ECJIH' 2Ke ra3 npoH3Bc.T[ ::JTY pa60TY npH HarpeBaHI1l1 ero Ha O,'].HH
rpaJl.Yc, TO ra30BaH nOCTOHHHaH 6YJl.eT HMeTb TaKYIO pa3MepHOCTb:
[R] = [  j = [oJ/CIKc 'cpao].
CJIeJl.OBaTeJlbHO, ca308afl nocmOflHHafl R ecmb yoeJlbHafl pa60ma
pacumpeHufl 1 K22Q3a npu HQ2peeaHllll e20 Ha 1°.
VI3BecTHo, lJ.TO rrJIOTHOCTb P HBJIHeTCH 06paTHoH BeJIH'IHHOH YJI.eJlb-
1
Hora 06'bel\-m: p = -, n03ToMY ra30BaH nocToHHHaH, BhlpaiKeHHaH
v
Lwpe3 nJIOTHOCTb, IlMeeT BHD.:
R = OJIC/Kc'cpao.
pT
Y p a B H e H H e C 0 C T 0 H H H.H JI. JI H m Ki! I' a 3 a. 11m-J
Toro lT06bI nOJIYlJ.HTb ypaBHeHHe COCTO.HHHH Jl.JI.H npOH3BOJIbHOra KOJIH-
lJ.eCTBa" nJ3a, HY2KHO YMH02KHTb 06e lJ.aCTH ypaBHeHH.H (1-2) Ha m K2:
pvm = mRT,
HO
vm=V.
n03TOMY, nO)],CTaBHB B rrOJIyqeHHOe ypaBHeHHe rrOJIHbIH 06'beM V,
sammleM' ypaBHeHHe KJIaI1eHpOHa Jl.J151 m K2 ra3a
pV = mRT.
( 1-3)
Y p a B H e H H e C 0 C T 0 H H H H JI. JI H 1 .MOJlb I' a 3 a. TpeTbH
q;opMa ypaBHeHIHI COCTOHHIIH ra3a rrHIIJeTC.H .n:JIH OJl.HOrO MOJIH, Ha-
nOMHHM, lJ.TO MOJleM, HJIlI KUJl02paMM-MOJleKYJlOU, Ha3bIBaIOT KOJIII-
lJ.eCTBO KHJIOrpaMMOB ra3a, lJ.HCJIeHHO paBHoe ero MOJIeKYJI5JpHOH Macce.
HanpHMep, «MOJIb» KHC.lJOpOJl.a co)],ep2KHT 32 Ki!, nOCKOJlbKY ero MOJIe-
KYJIHpHa.H Macea paBHa 32 e)],HHHual\i, «MOJIh» BOL(opoJl.a-2 K2 H T, )],.
no 3aKoB)i A B 0 I' a}l. p 0 e pOSHblX 060eMax pa3HblX 2a308, HQXOOfl-
U{IlXCfl npu oowmr..oeblX f11€Mnepamype U OaBJleHWl, cooepJ/Cumcfl OOltHa-
Kosoe fJUCJlO MOJleKYJl.
0603Hat1HM lJ.epe3 N - lJ.HCJIO MO.T[eKY.T[ ra3a. Tor)],a MaCCbI ra30B,
3 aHHMaIOliI.HX YKa3aHHble 06'beMbI, 6YJl.YT N /llm H N /l2m, r)],e /l1 H /l2 -;:
MOJIeKYJIHpHh:e MaCCbl B KHCJIOpOJTHhIX eJl.I1HHUaX, a m - Macca OJl.HOH
KI1CJIOpOJl.HOH eJl.HHHUhI B KHJIOrpaMMax. ..
nOCKOJIbKY 06'beMbI ra30B OL(HHaKOBbI, TO OTHOIlleI-IHe HX nJIOTHocreli
PI H P2 6YJl.eT
.E!.- = Nml1-1 _ J:!..
P2 N ml1-2 - 11-2
16
113 3aKOHa ABOraJI.pO BhITeKaeT, lJ.TO npH O,'].I1HaKOBhIX Jl.aBJIeHHH H
TeMnepaType nJIOTHOCTH pa3HbIX ra30B nporropUHOHaJIhHhI HX MOJle-
KYJIHpHhIM MaccaM
J:!- = .1:!..
P2 11-2
3aMeHHS nJIOTHOCTH ra30B HX YJl.eJIhHbIMII 06'beMaMH, nOJIYQHM
/ll Vl = /l2 V 2
HJIB
/lIVt = l2V2 = . . . = /lnVn = V!J. = const.
3Ta KOHCTFJHT3 eCTb OObeM O)],Horo MOJIH.
npH HOPl'vIa.T[bHhIX YCJIOBHflX, T. e. npH TeMfIepaType ()" C H rrpH
Jl.aBJleHHH, paBHOM 760 MJt pm. em., 1 MOJlb Jll060ro ra3a 3aHI-lMaeT
06'beM, pRBHblH 22,4 M 3 , T. e. VI' = 22,4 M 3 /MOJlb. TaK, Hanpmvlep,
nJIOTHOCTb a30Ta Pa3 = 1,25 Kcl.M 3 . YJIeJIbHbIH 06'beM a30Ta V a3 rrpH
HOpMaJIbHblX YCJIOSHHX paseH
\\.)

\S
I I
V a3 =-=- =0,8 M 3 /l\2.
Pa3 1,25
MOJleKYJIHpHE>lH nec a301a /la3 = 28.
06-beM OJl.Horo MOJIH V", = v as /l a3 = 0,8.28 = 22,4 Jt3/.MOJlb.
ECJII.J CJl.CJIaTb TaKoH paCLleT .am-J J1I060ro ra3a, TO npH HOpMaJIb-
AbIX cpH3HlJ.eCKHX YCJIOBHHX OO'beM MO.T[H JlI060ro ra3a 6YJl.eT paSCH
22,4 M 3 1 MO/lb.
YMH02KHB 06e lJ.aCTH ypaBHeHl-lH (1-2) Ha MOJIeKYJIHpHYIO Maccy fJ-,
nOJIY'lHM yparmeHHe COCTOHHHH Jl.JIH O)],Horo MOJI5I I1J1.eaJIbHOrO ra3a,
KOTopoe Ha3blBaIO'I ypa8HeHueM KJ/atlellpOHa-MeHOeJleeSa,
pVfJ- = tRT,

't-
HO
VfJ-=V!.
CJIeJl.OBaTe.JIbHO,
pV,. = /lRT.
(1-4)
Y H B B e p C a JI b H a f! r a 3 0 B a H fI 0 C T 0 H H H a H. 0603-
HaLIlfM npOI-l3Se.n:eHlIe tR 1I3 ypaBHeHHH (1-4) 4epe3 Ro H peUlll1\l 3TO
ypaBHeHlIe OTHOCIITeJlbHO /lR = Ru:
Ro= P,. ,
r.ne p = 1,01325.10 5 H/M 2 - Jl.RBJIemle rrpH HOpMaJlbHbIX YCJIOBHHX;
VI' = 22,4 IIts/MOJlb - 06HM MOJIfI;
T = 273'" K. - TeMIlepaTypa npH HOpM3JlbHbIX YCJIOBHHX.
2 3aK. 56
17
v--or'

TIo.n.CTaBHB B nOJIY1J.eHHOe ypaBHemIe COOTBeTCTBYlOIllHe 1J.liCJIOBbie
SIW4eIBIH, nOJIY1J.HM:
R _' pVp. _ 1,01325.10 5 .22,4 83140;}fC/ ( MoJlb'c p ao ) ,
o--y- 273
n.'1l-I
/lR = Ro = 8314 O;1fCI (MOJlb . cpao).
(1-5)
Be.'1H1J.HHY Ro Ha3bIBalOT YHt16epCaJlbHOLl ca3080Ll nOCm05lHHOLl lWH
2a308oLl nOCm05lHHOLl o.n.Horo MOlI5J JIlO60ro rasa. TaK, HarrpliMep, .n.lm
OKliCH yrJIepolJ.a CO C MOJIeKYJIHpHOll IImccoH /l = 12 + 16 = 28
ra30Ban nOCTOHHHaH 6y.n.eT paBHa
Rco= '8314 =296,5 o;}fCI(Kc'cpao).
28
 4. YpaoHeHHe COCTOSiHHSI peanbHoro ra3a
.MOJIeKYllb! peaJlbHOrO ra3a B OTJIli4lie 01' li1J.eaJIbHOrO HMelOT KG-
He1J.HblH 06'beM H 06JIa.n.alOT CHJJaMH B3aHMo.n.eiicTBHH. TI03TOMY 111IH
pealIbHoro ra3a ypaBHeHHe COCTOHHHH BbIrJI5J.n.HT 3I-1aLIHTeJlbHO CJIOLI<Hee.
)J,JIH nOJIY1J.eI-lHH ypaBHeHliH COCTOHHlIH peaJIbHOrO ra3a 3a OCHOBY fJce
me npliHlIMaIOT ypaBHeHHe KJIaneiipoHa.
B 1873 r. rOJIJJaHJl.CKHH cpli31I1\ Ban-.n.ep-BaaJJbC BbIBeJI ypaBHelme
COCTOHHI-I5J .n.JIH peaJIbHblX ra30B. TIOJJYLleHHoe TeOpeTli1J.eCKH ypaBHeHHe
XOpOUlO oTpamaeT cpH3lI'leCKHe oc06eHHocTH ra30B. YpaBHclme BaIl-
.n.ep-BaaJIbCa HMeeT CJ1e.n.YlOUl,HH Bli.n.:
RT a
P= b -2'
v- v
( 1-6)
me a 11 b - norrpaB04Hbie K03cpqmuHeuTbi K ypaBHenmo KJIaneHpolla.
TI u a
onpaBOLlHblH 4,TleH "2 xapaKTepl-I3ye1' cn.lbl B3al1MHOrO npHTH>Ke-
v
HHH McmeKYJI peaJIbHOra rasa. all nSMepHeTcH B ell.HlIBUaX .n.aBJIeHHH.
TIonpaB01J.HblH K03cpcpllUHem b K ypaBHeHlilO KJIaneHpOHa npe.n.CTaH-
.IJHeT C060H npe.n.eJJbHblH 06'beM, K01'OpblH 3aHHJI 6bl ras rrpH 6eCKoHe4110
60.lJblUOM cmaTHi, H HBJIHeTCH, TaKHM 06paSOM, c06cTBeHHbiM 06'beMOM
MO/lCKYJl peaJIbHOrO rasa. VI3MepHeTcH K03cpcpHUHeHT b B e.n.l!HliuaX
06'beMa.
YpaBHeHHe BaH-.n.ep-BaaJIbCa He HBJIHe1'C.H CTOJIb YJI.06HbIM JI.Jlfl
npaKTULleCKl!X paCLle1'OB, KaK ypamleHIle KJIaneiipmJa, TaK KaK KO'Jcp-
cpliUHeHT a B BbIpameHlil! .n.JI.H nonpaBKl! K JI.aBJleHHIO H nonpaBKa b
CLlBTaIOTCH nOCTOHHHblMH BeJIl!1J.HHaMl!, LlHCJIeHHbIe SHa1J.eHliH KOTOpbIX
pa3.TllI'lHbI .n.JIH paSHbJX raSOB. O.n.HaKO ypaBHeHlie BaH-JI.ep-BaaJlbCa
onllcbIBaeT COCTOHHHH rasa B UllipOKliX npeJI.e,nax TeMnepaTYP H, KaK
Y>KC ynoMHmVlOCb, n03BO.TlHeT KaLleCTBeHHO npOcJIe.n. HTb npoueCc
nepcxo.u,a ra3a B >KHJI.KOCTb.
18
4
B HaCTOHUl,ee BpeMH BbIBell.eHbI ypaBHeHH.H COCTOHHHH, OlIeHb T01J.HO
onHCbIBalOIUlie CBOHCTBa MHorHX peaJIbHbIX rasoB; 01l.HaKO BbI4liCJIeHl!.H
no 31'HM ypaBHeHHHM C1'OJIb CJIO/KHbI, 1J.TO B TeXHlI1J.eCKliX pac4eTax liX
06bI1J.HO He npHMeHHKIT.
OnbIT nOKaSblBaeT, lITO ypaBHeHHe KJIaneiipOHa MomHO npliMeHHTb
npH HCCJIe1J.OBaIII-IH HarpeTbix peaJIbHbIX ra30B C .n.ocTaT01J.Hoii .n.JIH npaK-
TIlKH T01J.HOCTblO.
!i 5. OCHoBHble 3aKOHbi H,qeanbHoro ra3a
I1s ypaBHeHHH KJIaneii:pOJa (1-1) c.ne1J.Ylo1' TPH OCHOBHbIX 3aKona,
CnpaBe.D.JIHBbIX .n.JIH H.n.eaJIbHbIX ra30B.
, 1. ECJIH u B ypaBHeHHli (1-1) nOJIO/I\H1'b T = const, TO nOJIYLlliJ\1
3aKOH .50 H JI .H-.M a p HOT l' a: npu nOCm05lHH011 meMnepamype OJl51
oamlOll MaCCbl 2a3a npoll38coeHue
a6COJl1Omfl020 oa8,l7eHU.<l Ha 06be.M p
ecmb eeJl.lfl-lUHa flOCm05lHHa5l*
pV = const. (1- 7)
TIYCTb COCTOHHlie ra3a (ToLlKa 1
Ha pHC. 1-1) onpell.e.TJ}I,_'ICH napa- .p,
MeTpaMH pI, VI> T I . 1l0nycTHM, 41'0
noJI. .n.eii:cTBlleM BHeIUHlIX CliJI ra3
npH nocToHHHOII TeMnepaType pac-
IUlIpHJICH, T. e. 06heM era YBeJIli- 1/'2 lr
lJH.'1CH 01' VI .n.o V2. TepMOJ'(lIHaMHLlec-
KH ii npouecc SaKOH1J.lilICH B T01J.Ke 2
PHC. 1-1. I130TepMa - JJHHliH noc-
H napaMCTpbJ ra3a npuHH.nH :malJe- 10 n HHOH "
T n TeMnepaTypbl
HHe P2' V2, 1.
TepM 0 1J.liHaMli1J.eCKHi'r npouecc, npOTeKalOllUfiI npH nOCTOHI-IHOii:
TeMnepaType (JIHHi-I.H 1-2), IIOCIIT Ha3BaHHe 1130mepMWteCK020**. KPH-
nYIO npou.ccca, npeJI.CTaBJIHlOUl,YlO co60il paBHOCTOpOHHlOlO rHnep60JIY
Ha3bIBalOT U30mepMOLl. aHa HBJIHeTCH lIlIHHeiI rrOCTOIlHHOH Tel\lIIepaTYPbI:
TIpl-I paCIUlipeHHH HJII-I cmaTIIlI ra::Ja no 1I30TepMe .n.aBJIeHHe ero HSMe-
HHCTCH o6paTiIO nponopUHOHaJIbHO HSMeHeHIUO 06bel\la
P1V 1 = P2V2 = const.
( 1-8)
TOttf{U fla Kpu8OtII-2 xapaKmepll3YfOm COcnWRHUC mCJla 8 Jl1060tl MO-
MCHm 8pel}:/efUl om HattaJ1Q 00 KOHt{a npol{ecca.
TpeTlilI napaMeTp TeJIa MO>KHO onpe.n.eJIH1'b liS ypaBHeHHH KJIaneii:-
pOHa.
I
I
.. 3aKOH YCTaHOBJJeH 3KcnepHMeHT3JJbHO nOf.JTH OJJ;HOBpeMeHHO He33BHCHM()
J\pyr OT JJ;pyra }J.BYMH KPvnHbIMll Yf.JeHbIMH 50llJJelll (1627-1696) H Ma p HOTTOM
(IG20-1684). . - .
** fpef.J. tcro - paBHblii, O.llHH3KOBbIll; &sPP:Ij - TenJJO.
19
2*
\

_2i
T
2
DpOu. ecc , npOTeKalOw,Hll npH nOCT05JHHOM lJaBJJenHH, na3hIBalOT 1130-
6apHblM* npOl{CCCO.M. KpllBYIO (J -2 Ha pHC. 1-2), no KOTOpOll npOTel<a-
eT npou.ecc, Ha3bIBalOT u306apou - KpHBOti nOCT05JImOrO )laB.1eHHH.
( 1-9)
DYCTb Bce COCTaSHble qaCT H ra30Boll CMecH HMelOT O)lHHaKOBble
TC1\:nepaTYPbl H O)lHHaKoBh:e nomfble 06r.CMhl. EC.1JH CqHTaTb, lITO Ka}K-
lJbIH KOMnOHeHT, BXO)l5JW,HII B COCTaB CMeClI, nOlJqHH5JeTC5J ypaBHeHHIo
COCT05JHHH lI)lea.1JbHOrO ra3a, K3K H BC5J CMeCb B nCJJOM, TO lJaBJIeHHH
O1'.IJeJIbHhIX KOMnOHeHTOB, HaXO)lHw,HXC5J B CMeCH H XHMHqecKH He pea-
rI1pY lO llI. HX Me)l<)lY C060ll, nO)lqHH5JlOTC5J 3aKOHY D. a JI b l' 0 H a
no !<OTOPOMY da8/ICHue CJvleCU c(l308 pasHO CYJv/JvIe napl{ua/lbHbIX da8/l:
HUU Omde/lbHblX KO.MnOHCHmOR
2. ECJIH B ypaBHeHHH (1-1) nOJJO)l<HTb p = const, TO nOJJyqHM 3a-
KOH r e H - JT 10 C C a K 3: npu nocmORHHOJv/ da8/leHUU 8 HeU3Jv/eHH(,U
Macce o6'OeJv/ ca3a U3JvleHRemCR npnMO npOnOpl{UOHa/lbHO U3Jv/CHeHUIO
a6cOAlOmHblX meMnepamyp
V 2
P=Pl + P2+ ...+ P n ,
(2-1 )
P
'11 --- 2
1 2
-- , j
1;; I I
I:: I
<:> I I
"->
1/ I I
c::.. I I
r.IJe pI, P2, .... pn - napu.HaJJbHbIe )laB.1eHH5J KOl\1HOHeHTOB CMeCH.
[J apl{ua/lbHbl.M Ha3bIB3lOT )laBJJeHHe KOMnOHeHTa ra30BoH CMeCH
KOTopoe OKa3bIBaJJ 6b1 31'01' KOl\1HOHeHT, eCJJH 6b1 OH O)lHH HaXO)lHJJC
BO BceM 06'LeMe, 3aHIIMaeMOM CMeCblO, II npH Tel\1Hep3Tvpe CMeCH.
3aKoH D.aJJbTOHa CnpaBe)lJJHB TOJJbKO )lJJ5J lI)leaJIbH-bIX ra30B.
IT
y- cons l/
 2. Cnoco6bl 3aAaHHJI CMeCH
CocTaB pa60QCH CMecH ra30B onpe)leJI5JeTCH KOJJHQeCTROM Ka)l<)lOH
cocTaB.15JIOLu,eH, BXO)lHllI.ei1 B CMCCb. CocTaB CMecH 06bIQHO 33)laKJT
MaCCOBb:MH HJJH 06'LeMHbIMH )lOJJ5JMH.
ECJJII CMeCb, cocToHw,a5J lI3 n KOMnoHeHToB, 33)laHa no Macce, TO
MaCCOBble )lOJJH OT)leJIbHbIX KOl\1HOHeHTOB B CMeCH 6Y)lYT p2BHbl:
PHC. 1-2. H306apa - JJB-
HBH nOCTOHHBoro .llaB-
JJeHUH
PIIC. 1-3. [.130xopa - JJll-
HUH nOCTOHHHoro 06'LeMa
3. ECJJH B ypaBHem-IH (1-1) nO.1Q)KHTb v = const, TO nOJIY4HM 3a-
KOH ill a p JJ H: npu 110cmOJLHHOJv/ oo'Oe.rvce U HCU3JvtcHHOU Jv/acce aas.1CHue
ea3a U3MeHJlemCR npRMO nponopl{UOHa/lbHO U3JvleHeHU1O a6CO/llOmHb1X
mCJvtnepamyp
_ ml .
gl--,
m
rr _ m 2 .. m n
62---,..., gn=-'
m m
(2-2)
J!!..=
P2 T 2
Dpou.ec c . npOTeKalOw,HH npH nOCT05JHHOM 06'LeMe, HOCHT Ha3B3HlIe
U30XOpHOcO** npol{Ccca. KpHBYIO fIpou.ecca (1-2 Ha pl1c. 1-3) H33bIB31OT
U30XOPOLl - KpU80tl nocmORHHOcO 06bCJvta.
( 1-10)
r)le gl, g2, gn - M3CCOBble )lomj' KOMnOlIeHTOB B ra30BOH CMt;cl1;
mJ, m2' ..., m n - MaCCbl OT)leJJhHbIX KOMTIOHeHTOB, 06pa3YIOw,I1X
CMeCb;
m - Macca BceH CMeCH.
OQeBH)lHo, 4T cYMMa Macc OT)leJIbHbIX KOMnCJ:ieHTOB ra30BOH CMeCH
paBHa Macce BceH CMeClI
rnaaa II
r A30BbiE CMECH
m] + m 2 + . . . + m" = m.
(2-3)
 1. OCHoBHble nOHJlTHJI
Pa604ee TeJIO QaCTO npe)lCTaBJJ5JeT C060H CMCCb HeCKOJJhKHX ra30B
(KoMnoHeHToB). TaK, HanpHMep, B )lBHraTeJI5JX BHYTpeHHero cropallHH
pa60QHM TeJJOM 5JBJJHlOTC5J np0)lYKTbl cropaHHH, B COCTaB KOTOpblX BXO-
)l5JT: BO)l0P0)l, KHCJJOP0)l, OKHCb yrJIep0)l3. a30T H )lpyme COCT8BJJ5J1Ow,l1e.
31'0 p8BeHcTBo H83bIBalOT ypa8HcHueM JvtaCC080cO coema8a ca30fiOtl
eJv/eeu.
113 YP8BHeHHH (2-2) H (2-3) 5JCHO, 41'0 CYMMa MaCCOBblX )lOJJeH 01'"
)leJJbHbiX KOMTIOHeHTOB ra30BOH CMeCH p8BHa e)lHHHu.e
gl + g2 + . . . + gn = 1.
(2-4)
.. fpef.J. flapoC - .D;aBJJeHlle, THJKeCTb.
** fpef.J. "X,wpa - rrpOCTpaHCTBO.
P8BeHCTBO (2-4) H83bIB3lOT ypasHeHueM omHOeUme/lbHOcO MaCCO(Joea
cocmasa eaS080U CMecu.
20
21

ECJIH CMeCb, CocTOHw.aH H3 n KOMnOHeHTOB, 3a,n:aHa no 06'beMY, TO
06'beMHble ,n:OJIH HX B CMeCH onp e,n:eJJHIOTCH paBeHCTBaMH:
VI V 2 .. V n
rl=V; r2=V'...' rn=V'
(2-5)
r,n:e Vi, V 2 , ..., V n - napu.HaJIbHhIe 06'beMhI KOMnOHeHTOB, BXO,n:HW.HX
B COCTaB CMeCH;
V - nOJIHhIH 06'beM CMeCH.
llapl{Ua/lbHblM Ha3hIBaIOT 06'beM KOMnOHeHTa, BXO,n:Hw.erO B COCTaB
CMeCH, npH TeMnepaType H ,n:aBJIeHHH CMeCH.
OqeBH,n:HO, qTO CYMMa napu.Ha.1hHhIX 06'beMOB KOMnOHeHTOB ra30BOH
CMeCH paBHa nOJIHOMY 06'beMY CMecH. YpaBHeHHe 06'beMHOrO cocraBa
CMeCH HMeeT BH,n:
V 1 +V 2 + ...Vn=V.
(2-6)
CYMMa ,p6'beMHhIX ,n:OJIeH KOMnOHeHTOB ra30BoH CMeCH paBHa e,n:HHl1ue,
T. e. ypaeHeHue omHOCUme/lbHOeO o6oe.MHoeo cocmaea 6y,n:eT
rl +r2+'" +r n = 1.
(2-7)
Me)K,n:y l\1aCCOBhIMH H 06'beMHhIMH ,n:OJIHMI1 cyw.eCTByeT CJIe,n:YIOw. aH
3aBI1CHMOCTb:
g 'R'
r'-
t- R '
(2-8)
r,n:e rl - 06'beMHaH qaCTh KOl\1nOHelna;
gi - MaCCOBaH qaCTh KOMnOHeHTa;
R i - ra30BaH nOCTOfIHHafI KOMnOHeHTa;
R - ra30BafI nOCTOHHHafI CMeCH.
 3. TepMoAHHaMHl!eCKHe CBoHcTBa CMeCH
ECJIH 3a,n:aH COCTaB CMeCI1 11 113BeCTHhI TepMo,n:m-JaMHqeCKHe cBoHCTBa
KOMnOIWHTOB ra30BoH CMeCH (Hanpl1Mep, rasoBhle nOCTOHHHhIe 11 MOJIe-
KyJIHpHhle MacchI) H 06w.ee ,n:aSJIeHHe CMeCH, TO MO)KHO onpe,n:eJIHTb
TepMo,n:HHal\U-lqeCKHe CBOHCTBa CMeCH.
PaCCMOTpHM ra30BYIO CMeCb, COCTaBJIelfHYIO 113 Tpex KOMnOHeHTOO
11 3a,n:aHHYIO no Macce. Onpe,n:eJIHM ra30BYIO nOCTOfIHHYIO CMeCH, Ka-
)KYW.YIOCfI MO.1eKYJIHpHYIO Maccy, y,n:eJIhHhIH 06'beM H nJIOTHOCTb.
HanmlJeM ,n:JIH Ka)K,n:oro KOMnOHeHTa ra30BOH CMeCH ypaBHeHI-le
K.TJaneHpOHa:
PI V = mIRIT;
P2V = m 2 R 2 T;
PsV = msRsT ,
22
r,n:e Ph P2, P3 - napIJ.HaJIbHhIe ,n:aBJIeHl1fI KOMrrOHeHTOB ra30BOH CMeCIf;
V - 06'beM cMecH;
mi, m2, m 3 - MaCChI KOMnOHeHTOB ra30BOH CMeCH;
T - a6COJIIOTHaH TeMrrepaTypa, o,n:IfHaKOBaH ,n:JIH Bcex
KOl\1nOHeHTOB.
CYMMHPYfI 3TH BhI, proKeHHfI nOJIyqHM'
(PI +P2+ Ps) V = (miR I + m 2 R2+ mSR3) T.
Ho no 3aKoHY llaJIbTOHa
PI +P2+PS=P,
Tor,n:a, 3aMeHHB CYMMY napIJ.HaJIbHhIX ,n:aBJIeHHH KOMnOHeHTOB nOm-IbIM
,n:aBJIeHHeM CMeCH, nOJIyqHM
pV = (miR I + m 2 R 2 + msRs) T.
(2-9)
113BecTHO, qTO .D:JIH ra30BOH CMecH ypaBHeHHe COCTOHHHfI HMeeT BH.D:
pV = mRT. (2-10)
Do,n:eJIHB paBeHcTBo (2-9) Ha (2-10) If HCrrOJIb3YH 3HaqeHHe R = Ro ,
p.
nOJIyqHM cpOPMY JIY ,n:JIH onpe,n:eJIeHHH cQ3oeou nOCmOJlHHOU CMecu:
R = miR I + m 2 R 2 -+ msRs
m
HJIH
I
\
R = gIRl +g2R2+gsRs= ( li.+ [f2 + ) Roo (2-11)
P'l fL2 fLs
KaI< H3BecTHO ( 3 rJI. I), 3HaqeHHe ra30BOH nOCTOHlfHoH R ,n:JIH JIIO-
60ro ra3a MO>KeT 6bITb onpe,n:eJIeHO no ero MOJIeKYJIfIpHOH Macce t.
B CMeCH Ka)K,n:bIH ras HMeeT CBOIO I\mTJeKYJIHpHYIO Maccy. DOHHTHO,
qTO CMeCb He HMeeT HCTHHHOH MOJIeKYJIHpHOH MaCChI. D09TOMY BeJII1-
qHHY !-'-. onpe,n:eJIHeMYIO H3 COOTHOllIeHHH (1-5) ,n:JIH CMeCH,
8:14
!-'-=-
R
Ha3bIBalOT Ka:J/cyw.eucJl Jvto/leKY/l5IpHOU JvtQCCOU. :::hy BeJIHqHHY MORmo pac-
cMaTpHBaTb KaK ,n:eHCTBHTeJJhHYIO MOJIeKYJIHpHYIO Maccy Bo06pa)Kae-
Mora O,n:Hopo,n:Horo ra3a, 06w.aH MaCca H ql1CJIO MOJIeKYJI KOToporo paBHhI
COOTBeTCTBeHlfO Macce I-l ql1CJIY MO.1eKYJI CMeCH. Ka)Kyw.YIOCfI MOJIeKy-
JJHpHYIO Maccy Ha3hIBaIOT TaK)Ke cpeoHeu Jvto/leKY/lflpHOU Maccou
CMecu. Ee MQ)KHO onpe,n:eJIHTb H3 cpOPMY JI (1-5) H (2-11)
8314
!-'-=
gIRl + 52R2 +gaRJ
gi +!h.. + g3
fLl P'2 fL3
23

nOCKOJIbKY ra30BaH CMeCb COCTOHT H3 ra30B, IIMelOIlI.IIX pa3JIH4Hb1e
MOJIeKYJIHpHbIe MaCCbI, MOJIeKyJIHpHYlO Maccy ra30BOH CMeCH Ha3bIBaJ{)T
lwJlCYU!eUCR.
J1iJellbHblU 060eM ea3080U CMecu M02KHO BbIBeCTH H3 ypaBHeHHH. (2-10):
uaH Macca CMeCH m = 5 + 2 + 13 = 20 Ke. MaccoBbIe JJ.OJIII KOl\1nO-
HeUTOB:
meo. 5
geo, =---;n- =20= 0,25;
pV = RT,
m
V
HO m=v,
meo 2
geo= Til =20=0,1;
n03TOMY
RT
pv=RT H V=-.
p
TaK KaK ra30BaH. nOCTOH.HHaH CMeCH pasHa
(2-12)
m N . 13 ° 65
gN.=Til=2i}= , .
R = glR 1 + g2R 2 + gsRs,
r 11 a B a III
nEPBblJ1 3AKOH TEPMO,Q,HHAMHKH
TO, nO}J.CT3BJIH.SJ 3Ha4eHHH R B ypaBHeHHe (2-12), nOJIY4HM
 1. OCHOBHble nOHJliHJI
R1T + R2T + RsT
V=gl- g2- gs-'
P P P
1
P=--v= .h+.&.+ g3
Pi P2 Ps
(2- J 4)
Dpe)K,n:e 4eM npHcTynIITb K II3Y4eHHlO 3aKOHOB Tep1ll0,n:IIHaMIIKII, He-
06XO,n:llMO n03HaKOMllTbCH C TaKHMH nOHHTHHMH, KaK HepOSH08eCHoe U
paeH08eCHoe cocmORHue cucmeJvtbl U o6pamuMocmb npol{ecca.
Co C l' 0 H H 11 e C 11 C l' e M bl. HepaRHOCeeHoe COCTOHHHe CHCTe-
MbI xapaKTepH3yeTcH pa3JIH4HbIMI1 3Ha4eHHHMH ee napaMeTpOB B Kalli-
,n:OH T04Ke CHCTeMbl.
POSH08eeHbLM C4HTalOT TaKOe COCTOHHHe CHCTeMbl, npll KOTOpOM
BO BCeX ee TOQKaX napaMeTpbl CHCTeMbl HMelOT O,n:llHaKOBOe 3Ha4eHlle
II OCTaIOTCH B nOKOe, T. e. HeH3MeHHbl BO BpeMeHll. ECJIli BCe T04Kll Cll-
CTeMbl xapaKTepl13YlOTCH O,n:llHaKOBOH TeMnepaTypOH, TO 31'0 03Ha1J:aeT,
41'0 CllCTeMa HaXO,n:IITCH B COCTOHHHH mepJvtU'leCKOeO pOSH08eeUR. ECJIH
,n:aB.TIeHHe O,n:HHaKOBO BO BCeX T04KaX CHCTeMbl, TO 31'0 03Ha1J:aeT, 41'0
CI1CTeMa HaXO,n:HTCH B COCTOHHHH MeXaHU'teeKOeO pOSH08eeUR.
Ll.onYCTllM, 41'0 B cocy,n:e C TenJIOlI30JIHpOBaHHbIMH CTeHKaMH no,n:
HeBeCOMbIM I10pIIlHeM HaXO,n:HTCH HeKOTOpOe KOJIH4eCTBO ra3a. B ll.eJIOM
CHCTeMa HaXO,n:HTCH B paBHOBeCHOM COCTOHHHH. 31'0 03Ha4aeT, 41'0 TeM-
nepaTypa ra3a no BceMY 06'beMY nOCTOHHHa II paBHa TeMnepaType OK-
pY2KalOIlI.eH cpe,n:h1. ECJIli npeHe6pe4b CHJIOH TH2KeCTII, JJ.eHCTBYIOIlI.eH Ha
ra3 B UHJIHH,n:pe, TO B paBlfOBeCHOM COCTOHHHH Macca ra3a pacnpe,n:eJIe-
H3 no BceMY 06'beMY cocy,n:a paBHOMepHO, 11, CJIelIOBaTeJIbHO, ,n:aBJIeHHe
BO BceX T04Kax 06'beMa TaK)j(e o,n:I1HaKOBO II paBHO ,n:aBJIeHlIlO OKPYlliaIO-
IlI.eH cpe,n:bI.
OnblT nOKa3bIBaeT, 41'0 CIICTeMa, BblBe,n:eHHaH 113 paBHOBeCIIH II He
no,n:BepralOIlI.aHCH 60JIbille BHeIIlHIIM B03,n:eHCTBIIHM, caMOCTOHTeJIb!IO
BepHeTCH B paBHOBeCHoe COCTOHHHe. O,n:HaKO 113 paBHOB€CHOrO COCTOH
HllH B H€paBHOBeCHoe CHCTeMa He MOllieT nepeHTII 6es BHeillHero B03
,n:eitcTBIIH.
napaMeTpbl COCTOHHHH I1Pll paBHoBeclIH He ocralOTcH nOCTOHHHblMH,
a IICnblTbIBalOT He60JIbillHe KOJIe6aHHH B6.rm31I CBOIIX paBHOBeCHbIX
(cpeJJ.HIIX) 31Ia4eHIIH. n03TOMY 0 TepMo,n:IIHaMI14eCKOM paBHOBeClIl1 M02K-
25
a
R1T R 2 T _ . RsT
-v . --V2' -=v s ,
-p- l' P P
oTKy,n:a ydellbHblU o6oeJvt e03060U CMecu 6YJI,eT paBeH
gl g2 gg
V=gl V 1+g2 V 2+gS V S=- p +- P +- p ,
1 2, S
(2-13)
rJI,e Vh [!2, V g II Ph P2, Ps - y,n:eJIbHb1C 06'beMbl II n.TIOTHOCTli KOMnOHeH-
TOB ra30BOH CMeCI1.
n 1l0mHOCmb e03080U cJvteeu HBJIHeTCH 06pan!OH Be.TIHlJI1IiOH ee y,n:e,Tlb-
Horo 06'b€Ma, T. e.
npMMep 2-1. Onpe,n:eJIIITb napUlIa.TIbHOe ,n:3BJIeHHe KMCJIopo,n:a B
B03,n:yxe, eC.JI11 nplI ,n:aB.JIeHMI1 B03,n:yxa 760 MM pm. cm. napll.HaJIbHOe
.n3B,neliHe a30Ta paBHo 598,2 ,1-tM pm. em.
Dapll.1I3JIbHOe .naBJIeHHe KHCJIOpo.na paBlIo
Po =p -P N = 760-598,2= 161,8 MJvt pm. em.
2 CM .,
npHMep 2-2. ,lJ,bIMoBbIe ra3bI IIMelOT COCT3S: CO 2 = 5 Ke; CO = 2 Ke;
N 2 = 13 KC. OnpeJJ.eJIHTb OTHOCIITC.JIbHblll MaccoBbIH COCTaB CMeCI1. 06-
24

:;. :. ". :.:. 7. ::. .:.:: '.: :........::.: 5
=
pl13YIOT HepaBeHCTBOM dv> O. ECJUI me npH H3MeHeHHH COCTOflHHfI
ra3a 06'beM ero YMeHbIlIa€TCfI, TO TaKOH npou.ecc Ha3bIBalOT cJlCamue.'d.
OH XapaKT€pH3yeTcfI HepaBeHCTBOM d v < O. I1pou.ecc paCllmpemlfI
06bllJHO Ha3bIBalOT npRMblM npol{eCCO.M, a npou.ecc cmaTHfI - 06pam-
HblM.
Ha pV-,D,HarpaMMe (pHC. 3-1) H3MeHeHHe COCTOHHHfI ra3a B KmK,D,bIH
MOMeHT BpeMeHH Bblpa3HTcH HenpepbIBHoH nOCJIe,D,OBaTeJIhHOCThlO 1'0-
lJeK a, b, C H T. ,D,., xapaKTepH3YlOIlJ,HX cpeOHlte 3HalJemlfI napaMeTpoB
p H V B cooTBeTcTBYIOIll.He MOMeHThI BpeMeHH.
npoU.ecc, nepeBo,D,HIll.HH TeJIO H3 oJ:(Imro COCTOHHIIfI B ,D,Pyroe, H3
TOlJKH 1 B TOlJKY 2, Bhlpa3HTCH HeKOTopofi KpJ1BOH 1-2 Cpe,D,HIIx 3Ha-
lJeHHi1: napaMeTpoB. TOlJKII I H 2 TOlJHO xapaKTepH3YlOT paBHoBecHoe
COCTOHHHe ra3a B HalJaJIe II KOHI.{e nponecca. BHJl KpHBOH 3aBHCHT
01' xapaKTepa npou.ecca. TaKYIO KPIIBYIO Ha3h1BaIOT KpU60il mepMo-
OUHaMutteCKoco npol{ecca.
06 P a l' HMO C l' b n po I.{ e C C a. ECJIH COCTOflHHe BHeWHeM Cpe,D,bI
H3MeHHeTCH 6eCKOHelJHO Me.llJIeHHO, TO H npou.ecc HSMeHeHHH COCTOfl-
HHH ra3a, B03HHKalOIlJ,HH no,D, BOS,D,eI1cTBIIeM Cpe,D,hI, TaKme npOTeKaeT
6eCKOHelJHO Me,D,JIeHHO. HaCTOJIbKO Me,D,JIeHHO, lJTO YlJaCTBYIOIll.He B
nponecce TeJIa B Kam,D,bIM MOMeHT BpeM€HH HaXO,D,HTCH B COCTOflHHH
paBHOBeCHfI, COOTB€TCTBYIOIll.eM HMelOllJ,HMCH B 31'01' MOMeHT BHeWHJ1M
yCJIOBHflM.
I1pOu.ecc, KOTOphlM COCTOHT H3 HenpephlBHoro pH,D,a nOCJIe,D,OBaTeJIh-
HhlX paBHOBeCHhlX COCTOfllmM, Ha3hIBalOT pa6H06eCHblM npol{eCCO.M.
B TaKOM npou.ecce B KIDK.llhIM MOMeHT BpeMeHH CHCTeMa HaXO,D,HTCfI
B paBHOBeCHH H ee COCTOflHHe TOlJHO (a He ycpe,D,HeHHO, KaK B HepaB-
HOBeCHOM) onpe,D,eJIfleTCfI napaMeTpal\lII p, v H T. npH 3TOM TOlJKH
Ha KpHBOH npou.ecca onpe,D,eJI5IlOT TOlJHOe 3HaqeHHe COOTB€TCTBYIOll\HX
napaM€TpOB.
PaBHOBeCHhle npOu.eCChI flBJIfllOTCH I1,D,eaJIhHhIMH npOu.eccaMH, no-
CKOJIhKY OHH npOTeKalOT C 6eCKOHelJHO MaJIhIMH CKOpOCTflMH H MorYT
6hlTb OCYIll.eCTBJIeHbI TOJIbKO npH 6eCKOHelJHO MaJIOM pa3HOCTH ,D,aBJIeHHM
11 TeMnepaTYP ra3a H BHeWHeM Cpe,D,hl.
Bce npOHCXO,D,mu.He B npHpO.lle TenJIOBhle npOu.eCChI B TOM HJIH HHOI1:
CTeneHH He flBJIfllOTCH paBHOBeCHblMH, TaK KaK OHH npOTeKalOT C KO-
HelJHhIMH CKOpOCTHMH H npH KOHelJHhlX pa3HOCTflX ,D,aB.1eHHM H TeMne-
paTYP, YlJaqBYlOllJ,HX B npou.ecce TeJI.
O,D,HaKO B HeKOTOphlX CJIYlJaflX CTeneHh HepaBHOBeCHOCTH 6hIBaeT
CTOJIh He3HalJHTeJIbHOM, lJTO npou.eCChI MmKHO C ,D,OCTaTOlJHOM TO'IHOCThlO
ClJHTaTb paBHOBeCHbIMH. O,D,HHM H3 YCJIOBHH paBHOBeCHOCTH flBJIfleTCH
MaJIafl, no cpOSHeHUIO co CKOpocmblO 3eYKa, CKOpOCTb npou.ecca*. TaK,
HanpHMep, CKOpOCTb JI.BH2KeHHH nopWHH B JI.BHraTeJIflX BHYTpelfHero
cropaHHH nOpfl,D,Ka 10 MiceK, a CKOpOCTh 3BYK3 B ra3e nOpH,D,Ka 100-.
1000 Jvt/ceK. I103TOMY npou.eCCbI B ,D,BHraTeJIflX BHYTpeHHero cropaHHfI
M02KHO ClJHTaTb paBHOBeCHhIMH.
P,
HO rOBopHTb TOJIhKO B TOM CJIYlJae, Kor.n.a lJHCJIO lJaCTHl paCCl\13TpHBae-
Mora ra3a OqeHh BeJIHKO. I10CKOJIhKY saKOHhI TepMO,D,HHaMHKH OTHOCflTCfI
TOJIbKO K CHCTeMaM, COCTOHIlJ,HM H3 60JIbWOrO lJHCJIa lJaCTHu., TO ,D,JIH
I1SYlJeHHH 3THX 3aKOHOB BnOJIHe CnpaBe,D,JIHBO CYIll.eCTBOBaHI1e TepMO-
AIIHaMHlJeCKOrO paBHOBeCHfI.
ECJIH pa60lJee TeJIO no,D, B03,D,eMCTBH€M BHeWHHX HJIH BHYTpeHHHX
cpaKTopOB BhIBe,D,eHO H3 paBHOBeCHH, TO Bce napaMeTpbI, xapaKTepH3YIO-
Ill.He ero COCTOHHHe, H3M€HflTCH, T. e. Ha'-lHeTCH TepMO,D,HHaMHlJecKHM
npouecc H3MeHeHHfI CO-
CTOflHHfI pa60lJero TeJIa.
B TepMO,D,HHaMHKe ,D,JIH
rpacpH'-leCKOrO H306pame-
HHfI npou.ecca nOJIh3YIOT-
CfI npHMoyroJIhHOM CHCTe-
MOM KOOp,D,HHaT. I1pouecc
H3MeHeHHH COCTOHHHfI
pa60lJero TeJIa M02K€T
6hITb HarJIH,D,HO npeA-
CTaBJIeH B BH,D,e rpacpHKa
Ha pV-,D,HarpaMMe, r,D,e
no OCH a6Cu.Hcc OTK,lIa-
P ,D,hIBalOT Y,D,eJJbHbIM 06'beM
= - v, a no OCH Op,D,mIaT -
,D,aB.1eHHe p.
I1YCTb B pa60lJeM
npocTpaHcTBe U.HJIHHApa,
cHa6meHHoro nopwHeM
(pHC. 3-1), 3aKmOlJeH 1 Kc ra3a C HalJaJIbHhlMH napaMeTpaMH Pi H Vi.
npHMeM, lJTO Ha nopweHb C BHeWHeM CTOpOHbI ,D,eMCTBY€T nOCTOflHHaH
CHJIa P 11 ra3 HaXO,D,HTCfI B COCTOHHHl:! paBHOBeCHH. rpacpHlJecKH HalJaJIb-
Hoe COCTOHHHe ra3a Ha pV-,D,HarpaMMe onpe,D,e,lIHTCH TOlJKOM 1. ,lJ,.1H
oCYIll.eCTBJIeHHH npouecca He06xo,D,HMO HapywHTb paBHoBecHe CHCTeMbI.
llonycTHM, lJTO TepMHlJ€CKHM HJIH MeXaHHlJeCKHM B03,D,eMCTBHeM
paBHoBecHe ra3a HapyweHo 11 HalJaJICH npou.ecc H3MeHeHHH ero COCTOH-
l!HfI. I1pH 3TOM B Kafl{,D,bIM MOMeHT BpeMeHH CHCTeMa Y2Ke He HaXO,D,HTCH
B paBHOBeCHOM COCTOflHHH 11 BeJIHlJHHbI ,D,aBJIeHHH p H TeMnepaTypbI T
B Ka2K,D,OM TOlJKe * CHCTeMhl 6Y,D,YT npHHHMaTb HOBbIe 3HalJeHHH.
II03TOMY COCTOHHHe CHCT€Mhl Tenepb HeJIh3H TOlJHO xapaKTepH30BaTb,
3a,D,aBaH TPH napaMeTpa p, v H T, a C.1e,D,OBaTeJIbHO, TaKOM npou.ecc
HeJIb3f1 TO'-lHO H306pa3HTb rpacpHlJeCKH. ECJIH 2Ke nOJIb30BaTbCfI ycpe.n.-
HeHHblMH no 06'beMY pa60lJero TeJIa napaM€TpaMH, TO npou.ecc H3MeHe-
HHH COCTOHHHH MmKHO npU6/lUJlCeHHO H306pa3HTb rpacpHlJeCKH.
ECJIH B KOHelJHOM paBHOBeCHOM COCTOHHHH Y,D,eJIhHbIM 06'b€M ra3a
YBeJIHlJHBaeTCH, TO TaKOM npou.ecc Ha3hIBaIOT paCUlllpeHlteJv! H xapaKTe-
P
Pz
2
li2
J
u
::'; ;:::.:: :::::.::';'::f::. :)=:J
PHC. 3-1.
TepMO.!1HHaMIIf.JeCKHH npouecc Ha pv-
JJ:HarpaMMe
.. 3JJ,ecb II JJ,3JJee no.ll mO'tKou CJJC.llyeT nOHIIMaTb 06'beM ra3a, l\iIaJJbIH no cpaB-
HeHHIO co BceM paccMaTpHBaeMbIM 06'beMOl\iI, HO cO.ll.epJKaHll jIlOCTaTOf.JHO 60JJb-
woc KOJlHf.JCCTBO MOJJeKY JJ.
26
"u CKOpOCTbIO 3BYKa Ha3bIBaeTCSI CKOpOCTb pacnpocTpaHcHIISI l\iIaJJbIX B03MY-
CHHH B cpcne, HanpHMep H3MeHeHHSI .llaBJJCHHSI, nJJOTHOCTH.
27

TepMoL(lfHal\UlKa lf3YlJaeT paBHOBeCHble (HL(eaJIbHble) npoueccbI,
n03TOMY ee lJaCTO Ha3bIBalOT pOSHOSeCHOU mep.MoiJuHaMUKOU.
PaBHOBeCHbIH npouecc, KOTOpbIH MO>KeT 6bITb OCYIlI,CCTB.'leH B 06paT-
HOM HanpaBJIeHHH lJepe3 TOT >Ke pHlJ. nOCJIeL(OBaTeJIbHbIX paBHOBeCHbIX
COCTOHHIIH npHMOrO npouecca 6e3 KaKHX-JIH60 KOHelJHbIX H3MeHeHHii
KaK B CaMOM ra3e, TaK H BO BHelllHeH cpeL(e, lIa3bIBalOT 06pamUMblhl
npOl{eCCOM. .IT.JIf! TOro lJT06bI npouecc 6bIJI 06paTHMbIM, HY)KHO lJTo6bJ
OH 6bIJI paBHOBeCHbIM.
TaK, HanpHMep, npouecc, H306pa>KeHHbIH Ha pHC. 3-1, 6YL(eT To,nbKO
TOrL(a 06paTHMbIM, KOrL(a ra3 npH C>KaTHH npOHL(eT Te >Ke COCTOHHHH,
KOTopbIe OH npOXOL(H.1 npH paClllI1peHHH. DpI1 3TOM Ha pV-L(HarpaMl\1
nJIOll(aL(b (n.1.) 1234 paBHa n.10IUa1Il1 (nJI.) 2143.
113YlJeHHe 06paTIIMbIx npoueccoB n03BO.1HeT BbISIBHTb OCHOBHhle
3aKoHoMepHocTH pea.1bHbIX npoueccoB. B03HHKalOIlI,He HeTO'IHOCTU
MO)KHO YlJeCTb cooTBeTCTBYIOIlI,HMH nonpaBollHbIMH K03qxplfUlfeHTaMH.
 2. nepBblH 3BKOH TepMo.qHHBMHKH
3aKoH coxpaHeHHSI 3Hepnm YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 41'0 3HeprHH He C03-
JJ.3eTCH, He YHHIJTO>KaeTCH H 41'0 GlIBa cpopMa 3HeprHH MO>KeT nepexo-
JIHTb B L(pyrylO; nplf 31'01\1 npeBpaIll,eHHe COBeprnaeTCH TaKHM 06pa30M,
'-ITO onpe,LleJIeHHOe KOJIHIJeCTBO OJLHOH cpOpMbI 3HeprHH nepeXOL(I1T B
paBHoe KOJIH'leCTBO JIPyroH cpOpMbI 3HeprHH. DepBbIM 3aKOH TepM01J.H-
lJaMI1KH YCTmIaBJIHBaeT KOJII14eCTBeHHYlO 3aBHCIIMoCTb Me>K)J.Y nOL(BO-
}IHMOll I{ CHC1'eMe TenJIOTOH, ee BHYTpelmeH 3HeprHeH H COBeprnaeMoii
CHCTeMOH pa6OTOI1;.
DepBbIH 3aKOH (HallaJIO) 1'CpMOlJ.HlJaMHKH CPOPMYJIHPYIOT TaK: BUI
men/iOma, notY,1eiJcHHQ51 K cucme.Me, pacxooycmC51 Ha U3MCHCHUC 6Hympefl-
fleil fJHCp2UU cUCmC);!bl U fta cosepweflue 6HeUlHeu pa60mbl, T. e.
Q=V 2 -V 1 +L, (3-1)
rL(e Q - nO]J.Be,lJ.eHHaH K CHCTeMe TenJI01'a;
V 1 - BHYTpeHHHH 3Heprl1H ClfCTeMbI B Ha'IaJIe npoilecca;
V 2 - BHYTpeHHHH 3HeprmI CHCTeMbI B KOHue npou.ecca;
L - pa6OTa, cOBepllleI-IHaH cHCTeMoM.
ECJJl-I nepBb]fI 3aKOH Bblpa3HTb B L(I1qxpcpeHUHaJIbHOH cpopMe 11 pa-
60TY, cOBeprnellHym ra301\'!, OTHeCTH K 1 K2 ra3a - dl, TO ypaBHem e
(3-1) np HMeT BilL(
dq=du+dl.
(3-2)
3L(eCb du = 112 - U1 - H3MeHeHHe BHYTpeHHeH 3HeprHlf CHC1'eMbI.
DepBbIH saKOH TepMO,LJJlHaMHKII, YCTaIJaBJIlfBaH KOJIlflJeCTBeHHYIO
3aBHCHMOCTb Me>KL(Y BHL(aMH 3HeprlIH, He YKa3bIBaeT YCJIOBHH. npI:I KO-
TOpbIX npOTeKalOT npe06pa30BaHHSI 0l1.HOrO BlfL(a 3HeprHH B L(PyroM.
B H Y T P e H H SI 51 3 H e p r H 51 r a 3 a. B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT
pa3MepOB MaTepHa.1bHbIX TeJJ, YlJaCTBYIOIlLHX B D:B!UKeHHlf, pa3JIlflJalOT
]J.Be CPOpMbI L(BH)KeHlff!: AWKpOU6UDiCeHue H MUKpOO6UJlCeHue. MaKpo.n. BH -
28
>KeHHe - 31'0 nepeMeIll,eHI1e M:1KpOlJaCTlILI., T. e. nepeMeIll,eHlIe ueJlbIX
IJaCTeH TepMOL(HHaMH4eCKOH OlCTeMbI HJIlf TeJI BHernHeH CpeL(bI B npo-
C1'paHCTBe (H@.npM"Mep, noplllHSI B UlfmlHL(pe). MHKpOL(BH>Kemle - 3TO
nepeMeIll,eHHe MIU{"p04aCTHLI. - MOJIeKYJI, aTOMOB, 3,neKTpOHOB If T. n.
3HeprHlO TaK)Ke nOlJ.pa3L(eJIHIOT ria MaKpOCKOnHlJeCKYIO II MHKpOCKonH-
lJecKYIO.
MaKpOCKonlllf.eCKYIO 3HeprHlO, T. e. KHHeTHlJeCKYIO 3HeprHIO L(BH>Ke-
HHH AWKpoclwnur-leCKX me/l H HX nOTeHLl.HaJIbHYIO 3HeprlIlO, 06ycJIon-
JIeHHYIO CHJIaMlI, L(eHcTBYIOIllH-
MH Ha 3TH TE'JIa, Ha3bIBalOT
MexaHlllf8CKoil 3HeprHeH.
K.UflctrUl'ICCKYIO 3HeprnIO
MHKpOCKorrH4eCKHX TenJIMX
L(BH)!{eI-IHH MO.1eKY.1 H nOT€H-
ulfa;.nbHYIO 3HeprHIO HX B3aH-
MOL(enCTBHH Ha3b!BalOT 6Hym- p,
pCHfleu 3HepnleH Te.1a.
B JIl060M COCTOHHHH pa6o-
'lee Te.10, H30JIHpOBaIfHOe 01'
BHelllHeIi cpeL(bI HJIlf lIaXO,LJJI-
IlI,eeCH BO B33HMOL(eikTBHlf C
HE'M, pacnOJIaraeT onpe]{eJIeH- R=pF
HbIM KO.1H4eCTBOM BHYTpeHHeM
3HeprHl-l V. DO.1HOE' H3MeHeHHe
3HeprHH TeJI3 /l,.V B rrpouecce-
BeJIHlJHHa, 3aBHCHIlI,aH TOJIbKO PHC. 3.2. Pa60Ta H306apHoro pacIIIH-
JIHlllb 01' KOHe4Horo H Ha4a.1b- pellHH ra3a
Hora COCTOHHHH pa60IJero TeJIa.
D03TOMY nO.J1HOe H3MeHE'HHC 3Hepnm TeJIa B rrpouecce orrpe,Il,eJIHeTCH
pa3HocTbiO 3Ha4eH!1M 3HeprlfH B lIa4aJIe H KOHue B3aHMOL(eHCTBHH Te,na
C BHelllHeH CpeJLOM
\
\
/l,.V = V 2 -V 1 ,
p
v

:.::..:;.i(::.."!:::.=-: :.
oX
(3-3)
rL(e V 1 H V 2 - BHYTpeHHHH ':meprnH B lralJa.ne H B KOHue npouecca.
Pa60Ta H I{OJIU4eCfBO TenTIOTbI. ECJ1I-Jra3,HaXOL(f.I-
mHikH B ilHJIHH]J.pe HOL( rroprnHeM, pacrnHpHeTCH, TO ero 06'beM YBe,nH-
'llfBaeTCH (dv> 0). DpH 31'OM ra3 nepelJ.BHraeT noprneHb, cOBelHU3SI
MexaH H4ecKYlO pa6OTY. T aEYIO pa60TY ClfHTalOT IW/lOJICUmC/lbHoii. n p H
C>KaTlfH ra3a (dv < 0) pafiOTtl npOH3BO.ITHTCH HaD: ra30M co CTOpOHbl
BHelllHeM Cpe,Il,bI. 3TY pa60TY CIJHTalOT ompuu,ame/lbHoii..
COBeprneHHYIO r330M pa60TY MORmo BbI'lHC.1HTb no 06IllHM npaBlI.JIaM
MexaHHKH, a MO)KHO TaK>Ke onpe,lJ.eJIHTb rpacpHlJeCKH, H306pa3HB ee Ha
pv- L(HarpaMMe.
PaCCMOTpHM pa60TY paCllllIpeHIIH ra3a B H306apHOM npouecce
(p = const).
DYCTb B UHJIlIH)1,pe, nOL( rroprnHeM, HaXOL(HTCH m K2 ra3a (pIIC. 3-2).
Ero COCTOHHHe onpeL(eJIHeTCH napaMeTpaMH pi, V1, T1, 'ITO Ha L(HarpaM-
29

Tenepb onpe.n.eJUlM pa6OTY, COBepllleHHYfO m K2 ra3a npH 1I30TepMI1-
'leCKOM paCIllHpeHllH (pI1c. 3-3). BeJIWlHHa pa60Tbl H30TepMHqeCKOrO
paclllHpeHHH, TaK )Ke KaK H H306apHoro, onpe.n.e.JlHeTCH nJI. 1234,
OrpaHHqeHHOH KpI1BOH npou.ecca, OCbfO a6Cu.lfCc H KpaHHHMH op.n. HlIa -
T3MH. O.n.HaKo no 3aKoHY DOHJIH-MapHoTTa H3MeHeHHe COCTOHHH51
ra3a npH H3OTepMHqeCKOM paCIllHpeHl1H conpoBom.n.aeTCfI na,n:eHHeM
.n.3BJIeHHH ra3a B U.H.1Hll.lI.pe. D03TOMY onpe.n.eJIHTb pa60TY ra3a, cOBep-
weHHYfO npH I130TepMI1qeCKOM pac-
wHpeHHH, 3lWqHTeJIbHO Tpy.n. Heil ,
'leM npH H306apHoM.
Pa306beM BeCb npou.ecc, H306pa-
meHHblH IW .n.HarpaMMe KpHBOH 1-2,
Ha 60JIbWOe IIHCJIO 6eCKOHeqHO Ma-
JIblX npOu.eccoB H onpe.n.eJIHM pa60ry
paclllHpeHHH ra3a O.ll.HOrO TaEoro
,meMeHTapHoro npou.ecca. B 6ecKo-
HeqHO l\W.10M H3MeHeHHH COCTOHHHH p
ra3a H3MeHeHHe ero napaMeTpoB
TaKme 6eCKOHeqHO MaJIO. D03TOMY
MomHO cqHTaTb, qTO B npe.n.eJJi:Jx
Kam.n.oro 3JIeMeHTapHoro npou.ecca
.n.aBJIeHHe ra3a OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHbIM.
Tor.ll.a no cpopMYJIe (3-8) 3JIeMeHTap- PI1C. 3.-3. Pa60Ta II30TCpMIItICC-
liaR pa60Ta dL paCIllI1 peHH51 ra3a Koro paClllI1peHIIH ra3a
npH I13l\1eHeHHI1 06'beMa Ha BeJII1qH-
HY 11 V = dV 6Y.ll.eT
Me COOTBeTCTByeT TOqKe 1. )JaBJIeHHe ra3a Pi ypaBHoBeilleHO BHeWHeH
CllJIOH P, npHJIOmeHHOH K WTOKY nopWHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, CHCTeM<J
Haxo.n.HTCH B paBHOBeCHH.
Do.n.Be.ll.eM K CHCTeMe TenJIO Q, KOTopoe HapYWHT paBHOBeCHoe CP-
CTOHHHe ra3a. ra3, no.n. .n.eHCTBHeM TenJIa, paCWHpHflCb, 6y.n. eT .n.aEHTb
Ha nopIIleHb C CHJIOH R, npeo.n.OJIeBaH CHJIY P, H nepe.n.mmeT ero Bnpa-
BO Ha paCCTOflHHe x, COBepIIlHB npH 3TOM pa6OTY. COCTOHHHe ra3a B
T04Ke 2 onpeJI:eJIHTCfI napaMeTpaMH PI, v 2 , T 2'
KaK H3BeCTHO H3 MexaHHKH, pa60Ta paBHa npOH3Be.n.eHHfO CHJIbl
Ha nYTb. B HailleM CJIyqae pa60Ta L, COBepweHHaH ra30M no.n. .n.eH-
CTBHeM CH.1bl R, paBHa npOH3Be.n.eHHfO ,noH CHJIbl Ha nYTb x
L=Rx. (3-4)
CH.1a R, C KOTOpOH ra3 nepe.n.BHraeT nopllleHb CJIeBa HanpaBo, pamra
npoH3Be.n.eHl-lfO .llaBJIeHHH ra3a P Ha nJIOli{a.llb nopwHfl F
R =pF, (3-5)
r.n.e p = Pi = P2 = const.
DO.n.CTaBI1B B CPOPMYJIY (3-4) 3HaqeHHe R H3 CPOPMYJIbI (3-5),
nOJIY4HM
L = pFx.
(3-6)
Ho npOl-l3Be.n.eHHe nJIOli{a.n.H F nopIIlHH Ha nYTb x npe.n.cTaBJIfleT C060l1
C6'beM u.H.1II-IH.n.pa, onHcaHHblH nOp!llHeM
Fx= V 2 - VI = I1V. (3-7)
Do.n.cTaBHB B CPOPMYJIY (3-6) 3HaqeHHe 06'beMa U.I1,IIHH.n.pa V 2- VI,
nOJIYllHM Be.1HqHHY pa6oTbl, cOBcpIIleHHoH ra30M npH ero pacwHpemm
L=P(F2- V I)=pI1V. (3-8)
1-13 CPOPMYJIbI BH.n.llO, qTO M3l\1eHeHHe 06'beMa ra3a conpOBom.n.aCTCH
pa60TOH, paBlfOH npOH3Be.n.eHHIO .n.aB.1ellHfl, no.n. KOTOpblM HaXOJLHTH
ra3, Ha M3MeHeHHe ero 06'beMa.
Tenepb no KOHeqHblM napaMeTpaM ra3a nocTpoMM rpacpHK Ha p V-.ZI.I1a-
rpaMMe, onpe.n.eJIflfOLIJ,HH 3aBMCHMOCTb Me)KJLY ero 06'beMOM B U.HJIHH.n.pe
H a6COJIIOTHblM .n.aBJIeHHeM. )JHarpaMMa .n.aeT B03MO)!(HOCTb rpacpHqeCKH
ou.eHHTb pa60TY paCIIlHpeHHfI ra3a.
OnYCTMB nepneH.lI.HKYJIflpbl H3 TOqeK 1M2 HaqaJIa H KOHu.a npouec-
ca, nOJIyqMM 3aMKHYTblH KOHTYP, 06pa30BaHHblH JIHIIHeH npou. ecca 1-2,
KpaHHHMH op.n.HHaTaMH 1 4 11 2 3 H OTpe3KoM OCB a6Cu.Hcc, paBHblM
V 2- Vi. DJIOli{a)l.b .n.HarpaMMbI, pacnOJIo)!(eHHafl B 3aMKHYToM KOlfType
1 234, Ha p V-.n.HarpaMMe onpe.n.eJIfleT pa60TY paclllHpeHHfI ra3a.
B H306apHoM npou.ecce 3Ta nJIOll1.a.n.b npe)l.CTaBJIHeT C060H npHMo-
yrOJIbllMK, Y KOToporo o.n.lla cTopoHa paBHa BeJIHqI1He Ph a .n.Pyrafl -
OTpe3KY V 2 -Vi. TaKYfO n.TJOll1.a.n.b JIerKO Bbl4HCJIHTb YMIIO)!(C!lHeM
OCHOBallHH npHMoyraJIbllI1Ka lIa ero BblCOTY, T. e.
L=P(V2- F I)'
30
dL=pdV.
p
2
J
v
Q
/J
(3-9)
Ha pV-.n.HarpaMMc 3.J1CMel-lTapHaH pa60Ta dL I1306pa3HTCH B EHIle
nJIOw.a.ll.M 6eCKOHeqHO y3KorO npHMoyrOJlbHI1Ka a682 (pHC. 3-3), Ee-
.III1'lHHa KOToporo onpe.n.C.1IIITCH npOH3Be)l.eHHeM era OCHOBaHHH dV lIa
BblCOTY p. o qeBM.lI.IIO , KpHBaH Bcero npou.ecca 1-2 npe.n.cTaBHTcfI B BHJLe
cTyneHqaTOH KpHBOll, COCTaBJIeHHOH M3 3JIeMeHTapHblx npOu.eccoB.
MomHo ce6e npe.ll.CTaBl-ITb, qTO npH 6eCKOHeqHOM YBe.1HqeHMH qHCJIa
3JleMeUTapHbIx yqaCTKOB cTyneUqaTaH I\pHBaH npeBpaTHTcfI B n.1aB-
HYfO KPHBYK) npou.ecca.
nOJIHafl pa6OT3 paclllHpeHHH m K2 ra3a B M3OTepMHqeCKOM npou.ec-
ce 1-2 onpe.n.em1TCH CYMMOH 3.1eMeHTapHblx pa6OT. 3Ta cYMMa paBH3
onpe.n.e.neHHoMY HllTerpaJIY, B3HTOMY B npe;eJlax OT HaqaJlbHOrO 06'beMa
Vi )1.0 KOHeqHOrO oO-beMa V 2,
v,
L= S pdV.
v,
(3-10)
OTHeCH pa60TY pacwHpeHHH 1\ 1 K2 M:lCCbI ra3a, n)JIyqHM
dl = pdv
31
(3-11 )
..

HJIH
tJ,
1 = r odv.
J
(3- t 2)
"1
Be.TJH4HHY 9TOH pa60TbI MOlliHO Bbl4HCJIHTb aHa.nHTH4eCKH, a MOlliHO
T310Ke onpe,D,e.nHTb H3MepeHIIeM n.now.a,D,H ,D,narpaMMbl fIJlaHIIMeTpoM*.
CpaBHHBafi paBeHcTBa (3-2) H (3-11), MmKHO nepBblH 3aKOH TepMO-
1IlIHaM11KH npe,D,CTaBHTb B TaKOM BII,D,e:
dq = du + pdv. (-! 3)
B03BpaulaHcb K cjJopMy.nnpoBKe nepBoro 3aKOHa lepMo.n.liHaMHKH,
He c.ne,D,yeT rOBop11Tb 0 Ko.n114eCTBe Ten.nOTbI, CO,D,eplliaIlleHCH B TeJJe,
a MOlliHO roBOpHTb .nlIllib 0 TOM, CKO,rIbKO Te,rIO OT,D,aCT nJIH nOJIYLlHT T{'n-
.nOTbi 8 mOM U/LU UHOM npot{ecce. B OT.nHLlHe 01' BHYTpeHHeH 9HeprHH pa-
60Ta 11 Ko.nHLleCTBO TenJIOTbl 3aBIICflT He TOJ1bIW 01' HaLla.1bHoro H KO-
HellHoro COCTOflHI1H ra3a, HO 11 01' nynl, no KOTOPOMY npOHCXOJJ.I1JIO 113-
MeHeHHe ero COCTOHHHH.
KOJIH4eCTBO Ten.10Tbl, nO.1Y4eHHoe TeJIOM, npHHflTO C4HTaTb (LOAD-
Ofd I me/Lb HblJvt , a OT.II,aHHOe Te.nOM - ompU/.fume/LbHbUt.
KOJIHlJeCTBa TenJIOTbl H pa60TbI H3MepHIOTCfI B OJlHI1X H Tex llie ejlH-
HlILLaX - B J!.n<OY.1f1X (OJIC). B TeXHI1Ke B Ka4eCTBe e.II,I1HHu,bl pa60Tbi HJIH
9Hepn1l1 npmvleIUUOT KliJIOBaTT-LlaC (KBfl1.'-/.); 1 Kem''-/. = 3600 KOJIC
 3. 3HTSI1bnHSI
PaCCMOTpl1M ypaBHeHHe (3-13) nepl3oro 331<OHa TepM0I1HH3MHKH
dq= du+ pdv.
HanlillieM 91'0 ypaBHeHHe lI.JIH npOH3BO.1bHOrO KOHe4HOrO npouecca
H3MeHeHHfI COCTOHHHfI ra3a, Onpe,D,e.15IeMOrO Y4aCTKOM ,rI!060H K!JHBOii
1-2
2
q = U2- U I + S pdv.
1
TaK I(3K
pdv= d (pv)-vdr.
TO ypaBlleHIIe (3-13) MmKHO nepem-1CaTb 1aK:
dq= du+ d (pv)-vdp,
HJII1
dq= d (u+ pv)-vdp.
B nepBOM 1J:.neHe npaBOH LlaCTI1 9Toro ypaBHeHBH no,D, SHaKOM lUf<P-
cjJepeHLll1aJIa CTOHT BeJIB4HHa U + pv. E.ha BeJIHLlHHa CKJlalI.blBaeTCfJ I1S
BHYTpeHHeii 9HeprHH ra3a U H pa60Tbl pv, KOTOpyfO ras cnoc06eH co.
RepWI1Tb nplI H3MeHeHHH CBoero 06'beMa OT 0 IlO v npB nOCTOHHHOM
* I1J1aHl1Me'fp - npl1cop .((MI l1SMCfJeHl1SI lIJ1oa.!lei1 CJlOlliUblX ll'HCYP.
32
}]aBJIeHI1H p. BeJIHLII1HY U + po HB3bIB3fOT fJHma/Lbnueu* rasa II 0603-
lJa'-lalO1 6YKBOii i!
di = du+ d (po).
(3-14)
't
j
3HT3J1bnIIH HBJlf!eTCH oJJ.Hoii HS caMhTX B8>KHbIX cPYHKUHH TeXHI14e
cI<OH TepMO,D,I1HaMHKIL
OOlI.CTaSJIHfI B ypaBHeHHe nepBoro S3KOH3 TepMO,D,IIHaMHKII BeJIH4HHY
au, H3H1JeHHYIO H3 ypaBHeHl1fl (3-14), nOJIY1J:HM CJIeIlYIOw.ee Bblpallie
fll1e J]JlH fJt.:pBoro saKOHa 'I'epMO.II,HHaMHKH:
dq= di-vdp,
(3-15)
flIt' odp - E).JJeMeHTapHaH paooTa pacllIHpeHHfI rasa 0 ytJeToM ero
B3311Mo.neHCn->IU! (! ()Kpyn\3101ueii cpelloH (0 VqeTOM nanoTbl
npOnWKI-:IFJMH-151).
llJHJ 11306apHom npollecca (vdp = 0) ypaBHeHlie (;j-15) yupouJ.a-
erc>-!
d q = di
(p=const) 0
HJJ
dq(I,=('onSt) = i 2 -i l .
OTCfOna c.nel1YPT, 41'0 K0.1JI14ecTBO Ten.nOTt-iT, KOTopoe nepe.n.aeTCf! B
npOllecc C 1I0CT05JHHhliVI 1Hm.!lelll1eM, MmKHO HaHn! KaR pa3HocTIc "H-
Ta,lIblHJH n IWHeLlHOIVi H IW4HJlbHOM COCT05-!HHHX npouecca p = t!onst.
Op!1 3TOM Yllo6HO HCnOJlb30B3Tb HMeIOIlJ,Ue€5) Ta(iJlHUbl Imll lI.HarpaMMbJ
ra30B
PplfMep 0-1. Bo CJ<O.ilbKO pas OO'beM nJH:I npH TeMnp3Type --:t()"' C
MeHbflle. 4€M npu re!\HWp;nype +20 C, eC,HH npouecQ npOTeK3e'I npH
p "'" const?
flo 38KOHY ren-.JlloccHx3
';+20 __ 27:< +20 = 293  J 16
II 1-20' 27:1- ?O 25:; "
T. e. of>"beM ra3a npl1 TeMnepaType -20"C B 1.16 pas MeHbme, IJeM npH
TeMIICpaT}'pe +20" C.
npHMep 3-2. B LlI1JIHB,D,pe noJ!. ntJpWHI:M H8XOIlHTGfI m Ka B03JJ.)'xa.
8aHHM3IOUlerO o6'beM \I. = 0,1 JvtS npH flSOblTOtJHOM Il8BJICmm
Pi = 0,5 am
K nOpIlIHK) npMJIO>KeH8 CI1JIa, CllillMalOW3fJ B08JJ.YX no Hs6blTOllHOJl0
lI.aB.neHHSJ PI = 6 am npl1 T = const.
.. KaK YJKe 6bIJlO cKasaHo j , :renJlo:ra He MOJKeT cOllepJKa:rbC}I B reJle, a MO}l(e:r.
ObITb JJHWb lIepe.lliIHa B 10M HJlH l1HOM npouecce. I1CXOJlSI II3 SToro, He CJle.llyew
Ilpl1MeHHTb YCIapeBWI1H TCpMHH «:renJWCO.llep*aHHe» BMec:ro SH:raJibIlI1SI.
33

Onpe.n.E'.IIHTh I<OHe4HblH 06'heM V 2.
110 3aKOHY 50MJUI-MapI10TTa
r naB a IV
1EnnOEMKOCTb
V 2 = VIPl = 0,1 (0,5 + 1) = 0,021 M 3 .
P2 6+1
 1. OCHOBHble nOHSITHSI
p __ V1P1
2---V;-'
LlJIH TOro 4T06b1 .n.Ba pa3JII14HhIX Beli{eCTBa C o.n.l1HaKOBOM MaCCOlr
HarpeTb .n.o O.n.I1lIaKOBhlX TeMnepaTYP, HYJKHO 3aTpaTI1Tb pa3.1114HC)e
KOJII14eCTBO TenJIa. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, Ha HarpeBalme BO.n.bl HYJKHO 3a-
TpaTI1Tb TenJIa npl1MepHO B .n.eBHTb pa3 60.1 bille, 4eM lIa HarpeBaIII1e .n.o
TOM JKe TervmepaTypbl TaKora JKe KOJII14ecTBa JKeJIe3a.
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, KaJK.n.oe TeJIO 06JIa.n.aeT CBoeM, npl1CYll1.eM TOJIbKO
9TOMY TeJIY, TenJIOeMKOCThfO.
Ten,1oe.MKoemblO lIa3bIBafOT KO/lW-leemeo men.fla e a:1ICOY/lRX, Heo6xo-
aUMoe a/lil U3JrteHeHUR meJrtnepamypbt eeUt,eemea Ha OaUH 2paoye.
,lJ.1H xapaKTepl-iCTHKH Ten,lIOeMKOCTH pa3m14Hblx Bell1.eCTB, .n.JIH B03-
MOJKHOCTI1 cpaBHeHl1fl I1X MeJK.n.y C060M 11 .n.JIH TeXHHLIeCKI1X pacIleToB
BBeJIH nOHHTl1e y.n.eJIbHOM TenJIOeMKOCTH.
Yae/lbHOLl men/lOeMKOCrnbiO Ha3bIBafOT KO/lW-leCmeo menJla 6 aJICOYJlRX,
Heo6xoOuJrtoe a,15l U3A1efteHWt meJrtnepamypbt eaUHW(bt eeu(cemsa HU oow-/,
2padye.
B 3aBHCI1MOCTI1 OT Bhl6paIfHOM e.n.l1lmlJ.hI pa3JII14alOT TenJIOeMKOCTI1:
1) y.n.eJIhHYfO MaCCOBY!O
c= fl,.Q
m fl,.T'
OTHeceHHYfO K 1 K2 MaCCbI Bern.eCTBa II 113l\1epHeMYfO B aJlc/(K2'cpa8);
2) y.n.eJIbIlYfO 06'hervlHYlo
npHMep 3-3. fa3 HaX0.n.I1TCfl B lJ.I1JII1H.n.pe no.Il, 1136hlT04HblM .n.aBJIe-
IIIleM p' = 1 am; 6apOMeTpl14eCKOe .n.aBJIeHHe paBHo 550 MM pm. em.
OpB 113OTepMI14eCKOM paclllHpeHHI1 ra3 YBeJIlf411JI cBoH 06'heM B 3 pa3a.
Onpe.n.eJIlfTb a6COJIIOTHOe .n.aBJIeHl1e p ra3a B lJ.I1JIlfH.n.pe nOCJIe ero
p aC1ll11 peHHH.
Ha4aJIhHOe a6co.1fOTHoe .n.aBJIeHl1e
P1 =  + p' = 0,75+ 1 = 1,75 am.
KOJ-le4Hoe a6COJIIOTHOe .n.aB.1eHlIe no.n.C4lfThlBaeM no 3aKoHY DOMJIfl-
1\lapHOTTa
HO no yCJIOBl1fO 3a.n.aIlI1
--
V 2 - 3 '
P2=Pl=.I,75=O,58 am.
v 2 3
C= fI,.Q
V l:1T'
OTlleCeHHYfO K 1 JrI 3 Beli{eCTBa 11 113MepfleMYfO B aJIC/(J,!3. 2pao );
3) y.n.eJJbHYfO MOJIbHYIO
CJIe.Il,OBaTeJIbHO, a6CO.1fOTHoe .Il,aBJIeHlfe B lJ.lfJIlfH.n.pe 6y.n.eT
npHMep 3-4. 1136hIT04Hoe .n.aBJIeHl1e KHCJIOpo.n.a, Haxo.n.flli{erOCH
B 6aJIJIOHe, CHH3H.10Ch co 104 .n.o 20 am. Onpe.n.eJIHTh, BO CIW.1hKO pa3
113MeHI1JIaCh nJIOTHOCTb KI1CJIOpo.n.a, eCJIlf npolJ.ecc npOTeKaJI npH
T = const,
C = J:... fl,.Q
1 m fl,.T'
oTHeceHHYfO K 1 MO/lb 11 lf3MepfleMYIO B ibJc/(JwJlb'cpad).
Bce Tplf BH.n.a TenJIOeMKOCTeM, KaK 9TO CJIe.n.yeT 1I3 onpe.n.eJIeHI1M,
CBfl3aHbl MeJK.n.y C060M CJIe.n.YIOli{eM 3aBlfClfMOCThfO:
06'heMHafl TenJIOeMKOCTh C MaccoBoM
=.E!..; = 104 + 1 5.
P2 P2 P2 20+1
npHMep 3-5. Onpe.n.eJJl1Th nJIOTHOCTb B03.n.yxa npl1 0° C II aTMOC-
cpepHoM .n.aBJIeHlfli 600 MJ'! pm. em., eCJIlf npl1 HOpMaJIhHhlX YCJIOBHflX
nJIOTHOCTb B03.n.yxa Pi = 1,293 Kc/Jrt 3 ,
C=cp;
(4-1 )
MaCCOBafl C MOJIbHOH
c"
c = --'-- ;
11-
(4-2)
MOJIbHaH C 06'heMHOH
hP2 1,293.600
P2=P-;-= 760 =I,02K2/M 3 .
34
C il = J:. C,
p
r.n.e P - n.10THOCTh Beli{eCTBa, KC/M 3 ;
11- MOJIeKYJJ5lpHaH Macca Beli{eCTBa, K2/MOJlb.
(4-3)
35

 2. TennoeMKocTb ra30B
Y ra3006pa3Hblx TeJl, B OTJIHqHe 01' TeJl )KH.lI,KHX H TBep.ll,blX, Termo-
eMKOCTb B 3Ha4l1Te.lbHoH CTeneHI1 3aBI1CI1T 01' BHeWHI1X YCJlOBI1H, npH
KOTOpblX K Te.1Y nO.ll,BO.ll,flT HJlH OTBO.ll,flT OT Hero Ten.l0.
B TenJlOTeXHHKe 60JlbWOe 3HaqelHie HMefOT npoueCCbl, COBepwafOlllHe-
Cfl npH nOCTOflHHOM 06'beMe (V = const) H npH nOCTOflHHOM .lI,aB.leHI1H
(p = const). B nepBOM cJlyqaeTen.l0eMKOCTb Ha3b1BafOT U30XOPflOU H 060-
3Ha4afOT C v , a BO BTOPOM-
oj u306apflou 11 0603Ha-
 " "" ""  ' I ' l'
:,:,"''. qafO c p '
:::':':::::=:. I1pH H30xopnoM no-
li U' :.::.::=:i.:: .lI,OrpeBe ra3a ero 06'beM
He YBeJIHqIlSaeTCH. CJle-
.lI,OBaTeJJbHO, OH He cosep-
waeT pa60Tbl npOTHB
BHeUIHHX CI1JI. I1pll 1130-
6apnOM nO.ll,OrpeBe ra3,
paCI1lHpHHCb, npOO.ll,OJle-
BaeT BHeWHlOID CHJlY, .lI,eH-
CTBYfOIl1.YIO Ha nopweHb,
T. e. cosepwaeT pa6OTY.
CJIe.ll,OBaTeJlbHO, npu
flacpeBW-lUU OOHOcO U mo-
<:0 OfCe i'a3a 00 OOUflalW-
6012 lil£.MrzepamYPbl B OOUflalWf>blX YCJlOBWlX npu u306apH.o.'d npOl{ecce
flYOfCJiO 3ampamumb menJla 60JlblUe, '/eM. npll U30XOpflOJ}(.
B 3TOM MomHO y6e.ll,HTbCH, npO.ll,eJlaB CJle.ll,YfOIl1.HH onbIT.
B03bMeM .lI,Ba llllJlIlH.lI,pa O.ll,lIHaKOBblX pa3MepOB (pl1c. 4-1). I1pI1MeM,
41'0 CTeHKH UIIJlHH.lI,pOB II HeBeCOMbIe nOpWHl1, nepeKpb!BafOIl1.He HX OT
BHeWlIeH Cpe.ll,bl, 113rOTOBJleHbl H3 a6CO.lfOTHO HeTenJlOnpOBO.ll,Horo 1\-18-
TepHa,na. Ibm IW)K.lI,Oro 1{IlJIIIH.lI,pa a6COJIIOTHO TerWOnpOBO.ll,HO.
B K3)K.lI,bIH UHJlHH.lI,p nOMeCTHM no I K<: OilBoro H TOro )Ke ra3a O.ll,I1-
HaKOBblX napaMeTpoB PI. VI, Tt.
I10pweHb nepBoro UH.1HH.lI,pa (pHC. 4-1, a) 3aKpenJleH. f1pH nO.ll,BOll.C
TenJla 06'beM ra3a 6Y.lI,CT OCTaBaTbCH nOCTOHHHbIM. I< nopWHIO BropOro
lU-!JII1H.lI,pa (pHC. 4-1, 6) npHJlmKeHa HarpY3Ka P TaKoH BeJlHqHHbr,
llTOObl npH nO.ll,BO.ll,e TenJJa ra3 pacumpH.lcH npl1 nOCTOflHHOM )XaB-
JleHHH.
TaKaH HarpY3Ka .lI,OJlmHa 6b1Tb pamIa npOH3Be.ll,eHIH0 .lI,aBJleHHH ra3a
p (BHYTPH UHJIHH.lI,pa) Ha nJlOIl1.a.ll,b nopwHH F (P = pF).
I10.ll,Be.ll,eM K LUIJlHH.lI,paM TenJlO qv H qp COOTseTCTBeHHO.
B nepBoM UHJlI1H.lI,pe (pIlC. 4-1, a) ra3 He paCWHpHeTCH II, CJle.ll,O-
BaTe.lbHO, He COBepwaeT pa60TY (npouecc 1I30XOpHbIH). B KOHll.e rrpo-
uecca napaMeTpbl ra3a 6Y.ll,YT HMeTb BeJIHqHHbI P2, Vi, T 2' Bce nO.ll,Be.ll,eH-
Hoe Ten.l0 npH H30XOpHOM rrpouecce 3aTpaqHBaeTCH Ha nOBbIweHHe TeM-
nepaTypbl H .lI,aBJleHHSI, T. e. Ha YBeJllIqeHHe BHYTpeHHeH 3HeprHH ra3a
q{i00r-s

-, p
PIIC. 4-1. OnpenCJJeHIIe TCIIJJOeMKOCTH:
a-np!! !!30XOPHOM npOL(ecce; 6-np!! 1J306apHOM
a6
qt. = l1u,
r.ll,e
l1u = U 2 -Ut.
Bo BTOpOM UIlJlHH.lI,pe (pHC. 4-1, 6) rrpll rrO)XBO.ll,e Ten.la npouecc
1l3MeHeHI1H COCTOSIHIlH ra3a 11306apHb1H. Ero KOHeqHbie rrapal\1eTpbI
HMeIOT BeJlHllHHY PI, V2, T z. f1oll.Be.ll,eIlIIOe K ra3Y Ten,no 3aTpaqllBaeTCfl
II Ha COBepweHHe BHeWHeH pa60Tbl l (nepe.ll,BHmeHHe nopWHSI Ha pac-
CTOHHHe S 2 -S I)' H Ha nOBblWeHHe BHYTpemreH 3HeprHH ra3a l1u
qp = l + I1U.
113 CKa3aHHOrO BH.lI,flO, qro qp > qv Ha Be,rIHqHHY COBepWaeMOH
ra30M pa60Tbi l, T. e.
qp-qv=l.
Ten.IIOeMKOCTb ra3a 3aBHCIlT 01' cpH311qeCKHX CROHCTB ra3a, OT YCJIO-
BIlH, B KOTOpblX npOHCXO.ll,llT npouecc, a TaKme H 01' TeMnepaTyphl (a
.lI,.151 peaJILHbIX ra30B H OT .lI,aBJIeHIl5J). I1Hor.ll,a B TenJIOTeXHH4eCKHX
paC4eTax, He Tpe6YfOIl1.HX 60JIbWOH T04HOCTH, He CqHTaIOTCSI C H3Me-
HeHlleM TerrJIOeMKOCTH 01' TeMnepaTypbI, npHHHMaH 3Ha4eHIlSI TenJIO-
eMKOCTeH O.ll,HHaKOBbIMIl BO scex IlHTepBaJIaX Tel\1nepaTypHOH IIIKaJIbI.
B 3TOM C.lyqae ee CqHTaIOT Be.1H4HHOH nOCTOHHlIOH.
ECJIH HCXO.ll,llTb H3 Toro, qTO TerrJIOeMKOCTb ra3a - BeJIHqHHa ne-
peMeHHaH, 3aBHCHIl1.aH OT TeMnepaTypbI, TO 31'0 3HaqlIT, 41'0 )XJlH Ha-
rpeBa ua Ka)K.lI,bIH rpa.ll,yc Heo6xo.ll,HMO pa3Hoe KOJIHqeCTBO TenJia.
B 3TOM CJIyqae nOJIb3YfOTCSI nOHSITIlHMIl Cpe.ll,HeH H HCTHHHOH TenJro-
eMKOCT5IMH.
C p e )X H SI 51 H H C l' H II H a SI l' e n .11 0 e M K 0 C l' H. Cpeo-
/tea yoeJlbJiOU menJlOe.MKocmblO c'n Ha3blBalOm KOJlWieCmBO menJla q, He-
06xoou.Moe OJlfl nOBblWeJiU.<l me};tnepamypbl eOUflU/1bl JvtaCCbl ca3a 8 cpeo-
fleJv! Jia 1 0 0m meM.nepamYPbl TI 00 T 2:
q
C m =
T 2 -T 1
Dpll yMeHbweHHI1 pa3HOCTIl Tel\mepaTYP T 2 - TI Cpe.ll,HflH TenJIO-
eMKOCTb ra:w nlJl-!6.rlHmaeTCSI K HCTl:IHHOH.
ECJIIl K ra3Y nO)XBe.ll,eHO 6eCKOHeqHO l\1a.l0e KO.IIHqeCTBO Ten.la dq H
TeMnepaTypa TeJ1a IIOBblCIlJIaCb Ha EeJIHqHHY dT, TO OTHOWeHHe
(4-4)
dq
c=--
dT .
(4-5)
orrpe.ll,eJISIeT UCmUJiHljlO menJlOCMKOCmb meJla.
B npaKTHqeCKHX paCqeTaX rOpa3.l1,O Y.lI,06Hee nOJIb30BaTbCH Cpe.ll,HeH
TenJIOeMKOCTbIO.
3Ha4eHHSI Cpe.ll,HHX Ten,rIOeMKOCTeH .lI,JlH pa3JIHqHblX ra30B BblqHCJIe-
HbI no cpopMYJlaM Ha OCHOBe TOqHbIX .lI,aHHblX H CBe.ll,eHbI B Ta6J1Hilbl.
37

KaK CJIe,D,yeT H3 cpOPMYJIbI (4-4), KOJIH4eCTBa TenJIa, He06xo,D,Hl\lble
1J.JIH HarpeBm-mH 1 K2 ra3a ,D,O TeMnepaTYP tt H t 2 , 6Y,D,YT
ql = co (t 1 - 0) = Coti aJICjK2,
q2 = co (t 2 -O) = c;;ot 2 aJIC/K2,
r,D,e CTlO II Cl,20 - Ta6JIH4Hble 31-Ia4eHIIH TenJIOeMKOCTH B HHTepBaJIe
TeMnepaTYP 0 - tI °C H 0 - t 2 0c.
CJIe,D,OBaTeJIbHO, KOJIH4eCTBO TenJIa, ne06XO,D,HMoe ,D,JIH HarpeBaHHH
1 K2 ra3a OT TeMnepaTypbI tt ,D,O TeMnepaTypbI t 2 , onpe,D,eJIHTCH KaK
pa3HocTb
q = q2-ql = c:o t 2 -C{,:O '1 aJICIK2. (4-6)
TenJIOeMIWCTb peaJIbHoro ra3a B03pacTaeT C nOBbIllleHHeM TeMne-
paTypbI.
 3. TennoeMKocTb ra30BoH CMecloi
B TenJIOTeXHH4eCKliX pac4eTax npHXO,D,HTCH onpe,D,eJIHTb menAoe.M-
hocmb 2 e a30Boil C.MCCU. TaK KaK TenJIO, 3aTpa4HBaeMoe Ha HarpeBaHHe 1 K2
ra30BOH CMeCH, paCXO,D,yeTcH IIa IIarpeBaHHe OT,D,eJIbHbIX KOMnoHeHToB,
HaxoHlll,HXCH B CMeH, TO TenJIOeMKOCTb CMeCH paElla CYMMe npOH3Be-
,D,eHHH TenJIOeMKOCTeH KOMnOHeHTOB, COCTaBJIHIOIIJ.HX CMeCb, Ha If X Mac-
COBble IIJIIf 06'beMHble ,D,OJIII.
ECJIH COCTaB CMeCIf 3a,D,aH no Macce ra3a, TO TenJIOeMKOCTb CMeCII
onpe,D,eJIHeTCH 1I3 paBeHCTBa
CCI\1=CI+C2g2+'" +cngn>
HJIH
n
CCI\1= Cigi'
i=1
(4-7)
r.n.e Ci - MaCCOBaH TenJIOeMKOCTb KOMnOHeHTa CMeCH;
qi - MaCCOBaH ,D,OJIH KOMnOHeHTa CMeCII.
ECJIH caCTaB CMeCH 3a,D,aH 06'beMHbIMH ,D,OJIHMH, TO 06'beMIIYIO TenJIO-
eMKOCTb CMeCIf M02KHO Bbl4HCJIIfTb no <}JOPMY JIe
n
CCI\1= Ciri'
i=1
(4-8)
r,D,e ri - 06'beMHaSl ,D,OJISI KOMnOHeHTa CMeCH.
<I:>OpMY,rIbi (4-7) If (4-8) HBJISIIOTCSI 06IIJ.HMH ,D,.rm JIlo6oro If, B 4 aCT-
HOCTH, ,D,JIH 1I30XOpHOrO If H306apHOrO npOu.eCCOB.
C JI e ,D, C T B II e n e p B 0 r 0 3 a K 0 H a. 3anHIlleM nepBblH
3aROH TepMO,D,HHaMHRIf, HCnOJIb3YH nOHHTlle 0 TenJIOeMKOCTII. PellUiE
ypaBHeHlIe (4-5) OTHOCHTeJIbHO dq, nOJIY4HM KOJIH4eCTBO TerrJIa, co06-
w.eHHoe l' K2 ra3a nplI 6ecKoHe4Ho MaJIOM 1I3MeHeHIIII ero TeMnepaTypbI
dq = cdT.
38
(4-9)
DpHpaBHSlB npaBbie 'IaCTH paBeHcTBa (3-13) H (4-9) H nOlleJIIIB no-
4JIeHHO Ha dT, nO.1Y4HM BblpmKeHHe TenJIOeMKOCTH B 06IIJ.eM BH.n.e ,D,JUI
JII060ro npou. ecca
iJu + iJv
c=- p-.
iJT iJT
(4-10)
PaCCMOTpmv! ypaBHeHHe (4-10) npH H30XOpH e OM npou. ecce : EcmI
v = const, TO dv = 0, If, CJIellOBaTeJIbHO, BTOpOII 4JH:'H npaBoH 1J:aCTH
P  = O. Tor ,D, a yp aBHeHHe ( 4-10 )
ypaBHeHIISI TaK)Ke paBeH HYJIIO: iJT
npHMeT BH,D,
( iJu ) du I
c-c - - --
- v - iJT v - dT v=const'
(4-11 )
PerrlHB ypaBHeHHe (4-11) OTHOCHTeJIbHO dll H nO,D,CTaBHB ero 3Ha4e-
HlIe B ypaBHeHHe nepBoro 3alWHa TepM01J.HHaMIIKH (3-13), nOJIY4IIM
ypaBHCHIlC f1RpB020 3afWHa mcpMoollfwMUKU aAH ;U{)6020 npOl{Ccca, Bbl-
pa:JICeHI-We 'lepC3 men.WC.MKocmb
dq = cvdT + pdv.
(4-12)
PaCCMaTpIIBaH nepBblii 3aKOH TepMoJ],I1HaMHKH B npHr\leHeHIfH K
U306apHo.Mlj (p = const) npou.eccy H,D,eaJIbHOrO ra3a, BbIBe,D,eM H3BeCT-
1I0e 113 <}JH3HKH ypaBHeHHe Maiiepa.
DpO,D,lIqxpepeHu. H pOBaB xapaKTepIfCTII'IeCKOe ypaBHeHHe pV = jRT,
nOJIY4HM
pdV+Vdp=RdT.
(4-13)
TaK KaK npou.ecc H3MeHeHHH COCTOHHHH ra3a npOTeKaeT np!1
p = const, TO dp = 0 H \'dp = 0 H ypaBHeHl1e (4-13) npl1MeT BH,D,
pdF = RdT,
HO 11306apHaH TenJIOeMKOCTb paBHa
dq \
C--
P - dT p=cons!'
oTKy,D,a
(4- t 4)
a 3Ha4elme pdV H3
dq= cpdT.
nOllcTaBHB 3HaqeHHe dq H3 <}JOPMYJIbl (4-14),
<}JOPMYJIbl (4-13) B paBeHcTBo (4-12), nOJIY4HM
cpdT = cvdT + RdT.
Pa3,D,eJIHB nOCJIe,D,Hee paBeHcTBo n04.1eHHO Ha dT, nonY4HM 3aBH-
CHMOCTb Me2K,D,y c p 11 Cv ,D,JIf! JII060ro H,D,eaJlbHOrO ra3a, H3BeCTIIYIO no.n.
Ha3BaHIIeM ypaBHeHlUI MaHepa:
c =c +R aJIC/(K2.2paa)
p v
39
(4-15)

HJJH
cp--cv=R oaIC/(Kz.zpao).
(4-16)
I-b ypaBHeHlUI (4-16) BH.lI.HO. 'iTO H306apHa51 TCnJIOeMKOCTb Cp
60JJhlllC H30XOpHOM TenJJOeMKOCTH Cu. TaK KaK CTOHw:a5I B npaBOM 'iaCTH
ypaBHcHHH BeJIHqHHa R BCer.lI.a nOJJO>KHTeJJbHa.
YMHOLKHB npaBYIO 11 JJCBYIO qaCTH ypaBHCHH5I (4-16) ua lIIOJJeRymlp-
HYIO Maccy 11, nOJJyql1M 3aBHCHMOCTb MC>K.lI.Y MOJJbHblMH TCrIJJOeMKOCTHMH
I1C p -I1C v = I1R = Ro.
(4-17)
I13 paBeHCTBa (1-5) H3BeCTHO, (ITO I1R = Ro = 8314 O:JIc/(.'ftOllb'<,puiJ).
nO.lI.CTaBJJHH 5TO 3IIa'iCI-IHC lR B paBeHcTBo (4-17), nOJJY'iHl\i
I1JJH
I1C p -I1C v = 8314 O:JIC/(MOllb. zpao) ,
I1c p -I1C v = 8,3 KO:JIC/(MOllb. zpao),
(4-18)
T. e. .lI.JJH Bcex H.lI.ea.TJbHbIX ra30B pa3HocTh Me>K.uy MOJJbHblMII TenJJOeM.
KOCT?MH IIPH nOCTOHHHOM .lI.aBJJeHHH C p 11 npI! nOCT05!HHOM o6DeMe C u
BCer.lI.a O.lI.HHaKOB3 II npH6JJH3IiTeJJbHO paBIIa 8,3 KO:JIC/(MOllb . <,puo).
nOCROJJbKY lp > C v , TO OTHOllleHHe H306apHOlI TenJJOeMKOCTH
K H30xopnoll
Co
=k
c v
(4-19)
Rceua 60.TJbllle e.lI.HHI1LlbJ. BCJJH'iIJIIY k IIa3bIBaIOT fLOKa3amelleM aoua6a-
mbt (.lI.JIH H.lI.eaJIbHOrO ra3a) H IllHP()KO HCIIOJJb3YIOT B Tepl\lO.lI.IIHaMI1Ke.
]L.'!? H.lI.eaJJbHblX ra30B K05(lxl.JHLlI1eIIT h 5IBJJHCTCH BCJJWIIIHOM no-
CTOHIIHOii, 3aBHcHweH To.'IbKO OT npHpoJlbl ra3a. Ha OCHOBaHHH
o6w:ux JlaHHhlX KHHCTHqeCIWH TeopHII ra30B K03cptpHiJ.HeHT k pa-
BCH:
fa3 I k
O.!tHoaToMHblli I 1,67
.lJByxaToMHbIH : I 1,40
TpexaToMHbIll 1,33
I13 paBeHcTB (4-15) H (4-19) MO>KHO onpe.lI.eJJHTb 3HaqeHI151 Cp H C v
Qepe3 nOK33aTeJlb a.lI.IIa63ThI:
c.  k : I R., )
c=-R.
p k-1
(4-20)
40
rJ1aBa V
BTOPO!;if 3AKOH TEPMO,QHHAMHKJtl
 1. Kpyro90H npou.ecc TennOBoro ,qBHraTenSi
I13BecTHO, qTO COCTOHlme TeJla, xapaKTepH3yeMoe .lI.aBJleHHeM H
06'beMOM, Ha pV -.lI.HarpaMMe H306pa:iKaeTCH TOqKOH. I13MeHeHHe COCT05J-
HUH TeJla Ha TaRoi'! .lI.IIarpaMMe H306pa:iKaeTC5I KpU80ii rnepMofJWiaMll'te-
CMeO npou,ecca (u30TepMOH, H306apOM 11 T. .lI..). [Joclleoo8amellbfiblii PH.i)
maKUX npowxco8, BO BpeMH KOTOpblX TeJIO, HcnblTaB pH.lI. H3MCHeHHH,
B03BpawacTcH B nepBOH3qaJJbHOe CocToHHHe, Ha3bIBaIOT KPYc08btM
npot.{eccoM, I1J1H U,UK/W.H. u
B OCHOBe pa60Thl cOBpeMeHHblx TenJJOBbIX .lI.Bl1raTeJleU JJe:iK3T U.lI.eaJIh-
Hble KpyroBble nponeccbI npe06pa30BaHHH TenJJa B MexaHHIICcKYIO pa-
6OTV, T. e. uOeOllbfibte lUlKJlbl. I13yqeHHe H.lI.eaJIbHbiX LlHKJ10B He06xo;1.I1MO
.lI.mi OLleHKH cOBepmeHcma .lI.eHCTBHTeJlbHhlX TenJIOBbIX npoueccoB, npo-
HCXO.lI.HW:IIX B peaJIbHbIX .lI.BHraTeJlHx. B HJ\eaJJbHbIX LlI-IKJJaX npoLleccbI
npoTeKaiOT o6paTHMO. B HHX OTCYTCTBYIOT nOTep II , CBH33HHbIC C Ha-
JIHI.JHeM TpeHI-IH 1-1 OTCYTcTBHeM I-I.lI.eaJIbHbIX TenJJOI!30.1JHTOpOB.
npoLlecc nO.lI.BO.lI.a TenJIa B l1.lI.e3JJbHbIX LlHKJlaX pacCMarpI-IBaeTC5I
6e3 H3MeHeHIIH XHMI1I.JeCKOrO COCTaRa pa6o'iero TeJla. B peaJJbHblX LlH-
KJIaX nO.lI.EO.ll. TenJJa ocyrn.ecTRJJHeTCH B npoLlecce CrOpaHI1H romum3.
OpH 9TOM B lIBHraTeJIHX BHYTpelmero cropaHHH pa60'iHM TeJJOM 5IBJIfl-
IOTC5I np0.lI.YI{ThI cropaHII5! TOnJJI-IBa, a B napoBoH Typ6mIe -- nap BbI-
COKoro .lI.aBJIeHHH.
npOLlecc OTBO.ll.a TenJJa B IUI.CamlIbIX LlI1KJJaX paccMarpHBaerC5I KaK
OT.lI.alJa ero X0J10.lI.HJJbHHKY. B peaJIbHbIX :iKe LlHI{JJaX OTBO.n. TenJla ocy-
IHt:'CTBJJHeTC5I BbmycKoM oTpa6OTaBlllero ra3a HJJH napa.
npOLleCCbl a.lI.Ha6aTHoro* C:iKarHH H paCIllHpeHHH B H.lI.eaJIhHblX lIIlK-
JJax npOTCKaIOT 6e3 TerIJIo06MeH3 Me>K.lI.Y pa60{lIIM TeJlOM H BHelllHeM
cpe.'l.oiL
npOLleCCbl :iKe pacumpeHHH H OKaTHH B peaJIbHblX LlHKJIaX npOTeKa-
lor C TenJJoo6MeHOM 11 He MorYT nOJJHOCThIO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb a.lI.H36aT-
HbIM.
PaCCMOTpUM KpyroBOH 06paTHMbIH npoLlecc, II306pa:iKeHHhIii Ha
pHC. 5-1. nonYCTlIM, '11'0 no.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM nO.lI.Be.lI.eHHoro TenJJa QJ co-
CT05IHHe TeJJa H3MeHHJJOCb no JII1HUH AmB. npu 9TOM cOBepllleHa no-
JIO>KlITeJIbHaH pa60Ta Ll, QHCJIeHHO paBHa5I nJIOW3.lI.II A mB baA. nO.lI.
B03.lI.eHCTBHeM BHelllHHX CHJJ TeJIO II3 To'um B B03Bpaw:aeTC5I B CBoe nep-
BOHaI.JaJIbHOe COCTOHHHe (B TOQKY A) no JlHHI1H BnA. B TO'iKe A UUKJI
33MbIKaeTC5I. Ha C>KaTUe TeJIa 3aTpat!eHa OTpULlaTeJlbHaH pa60Ta L 2
13HCIllHIIX CHJI, I.JUCJIeHHO paBHaH nJIOma,1.H AnB baA. J1HHIIfl KpyroBoro
npOLlccca Ha pV-.lI.UarpaMMe npe.lI.CTaBJI5IeT C060H 3aMKHYTbIH KOHTYP
'" fpe'l. ao,o{1a-:;ocr - HenepeXOtI.l1Mb]i1:. DOJlp06HeH 6yJJ,eT 113JIOJKeHO B  5
rJI. VI.
41

AmBnA, JWOIuallb KOTOpOrO pamIa pa3HOCTH fIJIOI1(alleH A mBba H
AnBbaA.
)J.'J5J nOJIyqeHI1H nOJIe3HOH pa60Tbi HYlliHO, qTo6bI pa60Ta pacwHpe-
HI!5J 6b1JI3 6o.Jlbllle pa60TbI CllianU-I. OOJIe3HaH pa60Ta paBHa pa3HOCTU
pa60T paCWHpeH11H H ClliaTHH
L = L 1 - Lz.
OqeBHllHO, qTO qeM IH1llie pacnOJIaraeTC5J JIHHH5J ClliaTH5J BnA no
OTHOllleHHIO K JIHHHH paclllHpeHHH AmB, TeM 60JIbWe nOJIe3HaH pa-
60Ta L.
PaccMoTpeHHb!H KpyroBoH UHKJI. HanpaBJIelme KOToporo COBnallaeT
C HanpaBJ1eHHeM qaCOBOll CTpeJi, KI1 Ha3bIBalOT np.<LMbUvl. OH 5JBJlHeTCH
06W.HM llJIH Bcex TenJIOBbIX llBHra-
TeJIeH.
HanpaBJIeHHe o6pamfioco KpycO-
6020 l{UK/la (He CJIellyeT CMelllHBaTb
C 06paTHMbIM) npOTHBOnOJIOlliHO
HanpaBJIemlIO qaCOBOH CTpeJiKH. 00
06paTHbIM LlI-IKJIal\l pa6OTaIOT XOJIO-
llHJIbHbIe MawHHbI.
T e p M H 'I e C K H H K. n. 11.
Ll H K JI a. )JJIH HenpepbIBHOll pa60-
TbJ llBHraTeJI5J, npeBpaWaiOwero
li TenJJO B MeXaHl1qeCKYIO pa60TY, He-
06XOllHMO HMeTb HCTOqHHK TenJIa,
PIIC. 5-1. KpyroBoll rrpouecc H3 C006WaIOW.UH TeJIY TenJJO Qh H Xo-
pV-l1 Har paMMe JIOllHJIbHHK, nOJIyqaIOWHiI OT TeJIa
TenJIO Qz. Torlla TenJIO Q =
B MeXaHHqeCKYiO pa60TY L. OpH 9TOM
pa60TY 6bIJIa npeBpaw.eHa B03MOlliHO
p
QI-QZ 6Y.lI.eT npe06pa30BaHo
HYlliHO CTpeMHTbCH, qT06bI B
60JIbWaH qaCTb TenJIa.
00 nepBoMY saKOHY
B
Tepl\IO.lI.HHaMHKH
Ql -Q2 = flU -1- L,
HO npHparueHHe BHY1 peHHeH .:JHepmH flU B KpyroBoM nponecce paBiIO
HYJIiO, TaI{ KaI{ TeJIO BosBpaw.aeTcH B CBoe nepBOHa'laJIbHOe COCT05JHl1e.
003TOMY
Q1-Q2= L.
OmfiOLUCfiUC mCfl/la, npcepaW,CfifiOcO e pa60my L, K trlEnAY Ql, 3ampa-
I.{CHHOMY aAfl coecpUlcHwl KPYc060cO lIlK/la, fia3bl6a1Om trlRpMll'iCCKW,J.
KfJBq)(pUl-{UCfimOM nOAC3HOcO aCucm6wl 1)t, UAU trlRPMWiCCKUM K. n. d.:
11 = = Ql- Q2 (5-1)
1 Q 1 Ql'
HJIH
11t= 1- Q2 .
C2t
(5-2)
42
!
TepMHqeCKHH K. n. .lI.. LlHKJIa CJIYlliHT OLleHKOH CTenelm HCnOJlb30-
BaHHH TenJIa B KpyroBoM npouecce. 4eM 60JIbllle ero BeJIHqHHa, TeM
60JIblllaH qaCTb TenJIa, Co06w.eHHoro pa60qeMY TeJIY, npeBpaw.aeTC5J B
nOJIeSHYIO pa60TY H _ TeM COBepweHHee KpyroBoH npOLlecc.
ECJIH 6b1 6b1JIa BOSMOlliHOCTb nOJIyqHTb SaIvIKHYTbIH LlHK.'J no KpU-
BOH AmBbaA (CM. pUC. 5-1), TO npu TaKOM LlHIwe KOJIHqeCTBO TenJIa
Qz 6hIJIO 6b] paBHO HYJIIO, H TepMHqeCKHH K. n. .lI.. paBHHJIC5J 6bI e.lI.HHH-
Lle. O.lI.HaKO COBeplllHTb TaKOH LlHKJI HeB03MOlliHO, TaK KaK npOHCCC no
JIHHHH ba .lI.OJIllieH 6b1JI 6bI npOTeKaTb npu TeMnepaType, paBHOH a6-
COJIIOTHOMY HYJIIO (--273° C),
qTO npaKTHqeCKH B .lI.BHraTeJIHX
ocyw,ecTBHTb HeB03Mml<Ho* .
OqeBH.lI.HO, qTO BCer.lI.a
P
a
Ibomepl1tJl
P2
1)1 < 1.
I-1s Bcex H.lI.eaJIbHbiX I(HKJIOB
caMbIM cOBepllleHHbIM 5JBJIHeTC5J
UHKJI KapHO, npe.lI.JIOllieHHbIH
B 1824 r. <ppaHl(Y3cKHM yqeHbIM
Ca.lI.H KapHo H HasBaHHbIH ero
HMeHeM.
U H K JI K a p H O. UIlKJI
KapHo 06paTHM. OH COCTOHT PHC. 5-2. IJ.HKJI KapHo Ha pV-JJ:IIar-
113 qeTblpex npOneCCOB: .lI.BYX paMMe
HSOTepMHqeCKHX H .lI.BYX a.lI.Ha-
6aTHbIX.
0YCTb CIfCTeMa (H.lJ.eaJIbHb]H ra3) nOMeruelia B LlHJIHH.lI.P, CTeHKH H
nOpweHb KOTOpOro a6COJIIOTHO TenJIOH30JIHpOBaHbI. )JIm LlHJIHH.lI.pa B
saBHCHMOCTH OT nponecca JII160 TepMHqeCKll H30JIHpyeTC5J OT BHelllHeH
Cpe.lI.bI, JIE60 nonepeMeHHo coo6w.aerc5J C llCTO(IHHKOM TenJIa, HMeIO-
UjJ1M TeMnepaTYPY TI, TO C XOJIO.lI.HJIbHHKOM, HMeIOIl(HM TeMnepaTYPY
Tz, npWleM Tl> T 2 .
Ha pEC. 5-2 rpa<pHqeCKH H306pallieH LlHKJJ KapHo. HarraJIbHOe co-
CT05JHHe CUCTeMbI onpelleJIHeTCH TOqKOH a C napaMeTpaMH pI, VI,
T 1 . PaccMOTpHM Bce 4.t:Tblpe npoLlecca, 06pa3YIOw.He LlHKJI KapHo.
llcpebul npoujXC - u.JOmCpMUI.{CCKOe pacUlUpCHUC. )JHO LlHJIHH.D.-
pa HaXO.lJ.HTCH B TepMlI'lt:CKOM KOHTaKTe C HCTOqHHKOM TenJia. CHcTeMa
nOJIyqaeT TenJIO ql H H30TepMHqeCKH paClllHp5JeTC5J no JIHHHH ab, co-
Bepllla5J npE 3TOl\I pa60TY BCJIe.lI.CTBHe nO.lI.Be.lI.eHHoro H3BHe TenJIa. B
TOqKe b HCTOqHHK TenJIa y6HpaerC5J OT LlHJIHH.lI.pa, H CHCTeMa TepMHqe-
CKH H30JIHpyeTC5J (.lI.HO LlHJJHH.lI.pa nepeKpblBaeTCH H,leaJIbHbIM TemlOH30-
JIHPYIOWHM MaTepHa.IJOM).
Bmopoii npol-{ccc - aaua6amfioe paCULUpCHUC. fas paCllll-lpHeTCH
no JIllHHll bc 6es TenJIoo6MeHa C BHelllHell Cpe)I,OII, nopweHb Me.lI.JIeHHO
PI Pq
PJ
t:
I
I
1f1
1fq
1fJ
1f
lJ"z
* .llOC'fHJKeHlle a6COJJIOTHOro HYJISI TCMnep3Typb! HeB03MOlliHO JJ,a*e Teope-
:r1l'leCKII, KaK 3TO CJIe.!tyeT 113 TpeTbero 33KOHa TepMO.!(IIH3MII](II, KOTOpblH B .l\3H-
HOM Kypce lIe paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH.
43

nepeMemaeTCH II ra3 COBepll1aeT pa60TY 3a C'leT CBoeH BHYTpeI-!He1l3Hep-
rim. Dpli 3TOM TeMnepaTypa H .lI.aBJIeHlle naJ1afOT. ]JBmKeHl-le nopmHH
npeKpamaeTCH B TOqKe C, KOr.lI.a Te1\mepaTypa CIiCTeMbl .l(OCTlirHeT
1 eMnepaTypLI XOJI0.lI.HJIbHHKa T 2. DocJIe 3TOro LU1JIHH.lI.P npHBO.lI.HTCH B
TepMHqeCKHH KOHTaKT C XOJIO.lI.HJIbHHKOM H Ha'lHHaeTCH TpeTHH npoupcc.
Tpemwi npou,ecc - U30mEpMIl4.eaWe catCamue. DOpll1eHb B03Bp a m a -
eTCH 06paTHO B nepBOHa'laJIhHOe nOJIOJKeHHe HaCTOJIbKO Me.lI.JIeHHO, qTO
ra3 OCTaeTCH npH TeMnepaType XOJIO.lI.HJIbHMKa. DpH 3TOM H3.lI. ra30M CO-
BepmaeTCH pa60Ta BHemHIIMIi CliJIaMH. 061>eM ero YMeHbmaeTCH, TeM-
nepaTypa OCTaeTCH nOCT05!HHOH, a .lI.aBJIel-lHe B03paCTaer. B TO'lKe d
CHCTeM3 TepMH'leCKIi II30JIlipyeTCH.
CJemsepmwl npou,ecc - aiJua6amHoe CJ/Camue. CJKaTl1e ra3a BHem-
HHMH CHJIaMIi npOlIOJIJKaeTCH, HO 6e3 Tennoo6MeHa. 061>eM ero YMeHb-
ll1aeTCH, a TeMnepaTypa 11 .lI.aBneIUle nOBblmafOTC5!. Kor.l(a TeMnepaTypa
JIOCTlirHE'T TeMnepaTypbl HCTOqHIIKa TenJIa Tt, npouecc CJKaTII5I npe-
KpmnaeTC5I, H UHKJI KapHO 3aMbIKaeTC5!.
TaKIiM 06pa30M, Ha pV-JIHarpaMMe UIIKJI KapHO H306paJKae1CH
3aMKHYTOIl KpliBOH abcda. DpI-l 3TOM COBepmae-rCH paOOTa L, qIICJIeH-
HO paBHaH nJIOHLa.lI.H, OrpaHHqeHHOH 310M KpliBOH
TepMII'leCKIiH K. n. .lI.. UIIKJla KapIlo OnpeJIeiIHt::TCH no tpopMYJIe*
'YI=I-.
'11 1'1
(5-3)
H3 cpOPMY JIhl (5-3) BH.lI.HO, 'JTO:
1) mepMwlCcKwl K. n. iJ. 4UK.:Za KapHo He saellcum am ceO/leme pa-
60'ie20 mella, a onpeJIenHeTCH TOJIbKO 3HaqeHI-IHMII a6COJIlOTHblX TeMne-
paTYP T, H T 2 (meopeMa Kapflo);
2) 3Ha4.eflUe mepMU4.eCK020 K. n. iJ. 4uKIla KapHo f:JOspacmaem c
yse/ltI4.eflue.M T, U YMeHbUlefiueM T 2 ;
3) mepMll4.eCKul1 K. n. iJ. 4U1UlQ Kapfio ececiJa MeHbLUe eiJuHu4bt,
TaK KaK paBHblM e.lI.HHIIue OH MOl' 6bl 6blTb HJIH npH T 2 = 0 IIJIII npM
TI = 00, qTO COBepmeHHO He.lI.OCTII}KHMO .lI.IDKe B H)J,ea,'1bHOM IIIIKJIe.
lI.HKJI KapHo CJIYJKIlT 3TaJIOHOl\!, K KOTOPOMY He06xo.lI.IIMO cTpeMHTb-
C51 I1PH C03.lI.aHMII peaJIbHbIX Mall1IIH.
Ll.JIH nOBbIIlJeHIIH TepMHqeCKoro I\. n. .lI.. UHK.'!a KapHo 1]1 He06xo-
.l!.I-IMO no B03MOJKHOCTH YBeJIH<IHBaTb nepenall TeMnepaTYP MeJK.lI.Y MC-
TO'lHI1KOM M XOJ!O.lI.HJIhHHKOM. B peaJIbHbIX YCJIOBliHX 3TO ocymeCTBJIH-
eTCH nOBblmeHHeM TeMnepaTypbI pa60qero TeJIa B HaqaJIe npouecca M
nOHIIJKelmeM ee B KOHue, T. e. nplI MaKCIiMaJIbHOM HcnO.'!b30BaHIiH
TenJIa.
PeaJIbHhIH TenJIOBOH .lI.BlIraTeJIb TeM cOBepmeHllee, 'leM 6JIIUKe 3Ha-
qellHe ero K. n..lI.. K K. n. .lI.. UIIKJIa Kapllo, npoTeKafOmero B Tex JKe
Te:vmepaTypHblX rpaHHuax.
.. BblBOD. onYCKaeTC5!, BBIIllY ero CJJOJKHOCTH.
44
 2. CYI1.l.HOCTb BToporo 3aKOHa TepMo,qHHaMHKH
Ca.lJ.H KapHo B 1824 f., H3Y'laH pa60TY napOBOH Mall1HHbI, yCTaHo-
BHJI, 'lTO TOJIbKO npl1 113JIHql-l1I Tei\HH:'paTypHorO nepena.lJ.a TenJIO MO}Ke1'
6bITb IICnOJIb30BaHO jJ.JIH nOJ!Y'-IeHlIH MeXaHHqeCKOH pa60ThI.
TepMIIH «HCnOJlb30BaHO}) BMeC1'O «npe06pa30BaHO» He CJIyq3eH.
B neplIO.lI. }KH3I1H Kapllo nepBb1I1 3aKOH 1'epMO.lI.JIHaMlIKII eHLe He 6blJI
yCTaHOBJIeH, H tpH31IKH 10fO BpeMeHH CqI-ITaJIH, YTO nap, COBepmlIB pa-
60TY H CHH3I-1B np1 3TOM TeMnepaTYPY, COJIep}KH1' TO m:e KOJIII'leCTBO
Terma, KOTopoe 6bIJIO B HeM B HaqaJIe npouecca.
C pasBHTlieM nOHH1'HH TenJIa KaK BII.lJ.a 3H:,prHII 6bIJI YCTallOBJIeH
nepBblH 3aKOH TepMOJIHHaMI-IKII, nOKa3bIBafOIIlHI-I CB5!3b MeJKjJ.Y TenJ10M
H MeXaHH'leCKOIi pa6oTotL DepBbIH 3aKOH lIae1' B03MOJKHOCTb CY1lUTb 0
I\Jr!iOBeHHOM COCTOHHHII Tena H Bbi'lHCJI5!Tb l\1rHOSeHHble napaMeTpbI,
xapaKTepli3YfOIIllie 31'0 COCTOHIIHe. O.lI.HaKO ypaBHeHHe COCT05!HH5! H.lI.e-
i't'ILlIoro ra3a pv = RT H 3HaUHe nepBoro 3aKOlla TepMOJIIiHaMHKH He
IW3BOJIHe1' CY.lI.I-ITb 0 npareKaHI-IH npouecca H 06 OTHOWeHI1H npeBpameH-
Horn !J pa60TY TenJIa KO BceMY Y'laCTBYiOUleMY B npollecce Ten.1Y.
BTOpOH 3aKOH TepMO.lI.lIUaMI-IKII II3yqae1' YCJIOBHH, npI KOTOpbIX npo-
ECXOJIHT npeo6pa30Bamm o.lI.lloro BH.lI.a 3Hepnm B .lI.pyroII. OH YCTaHaB-
J1IfBaeT onpeJIeJIeHHble KOJ1II'-IeCTBeHHble COOTlIOllJeI!IIH jJ,J!H npoIleccoB
eClMonpOH3EOJIbHOrO pacnpoCTpaHeHI-IH TenJIa B tplUHqeCKHX TeJIax.
BTOpOH 3aKOH TepMO.lI.HHaMIiKH HMeeT Mlloro OPMYJIHpOBOK, HO
ero cymHocTb CBO.lI.IITCH K CJIe.lI.YiOmHM TpeM.
I. PIlR npeepaU(CHUR menlla e MeXafiU4.ecKYIO pa60!flY fie06xoiJwI1o
llJItemb UCf1W4.fiUK me!JJla U XO.WiJUllbHUK C meMnepamYPoli flllatCe meMne-
pamypbt ucmOllHuKa, m. e. Heo6xoiJuM meMnepamYPHb1l1 llepenaiJ.
I I. Bce f1l£n_lO, noiJeeiJeflfloe f( iJBU?amc.IlIO, flC MOJ/cem 6btmb nOli-
HocmblO npecpazqeflo e pa6omy. lJacmb am020 merUlQ nepexoiJum K BHeLU-
flUM me_aj,l, LUI1ClOt4U.H 60llee HU3KYlO me.tnepamypy.
II I. Ten.w He },toJ/cem ca.MO c06011 nepcxor)umlJ om Mefiee flazpem020
mCJla K 6cHee fla2pemOM.y 6es sampambl {ifleUlHi?tl pa6omu.
DepBhle .lI.Be tpOPMYJIIIpOBKH OTHOCHTCH K llBHraTeJIHM, B KOTOphlX
Tem!O npeBpaUlaeTcH B pa6OTY.
TaK, HanpliMep, B napOCI-IJIOBOH YCTaHoBKe rOpH'lIiM lICTO'lHIIKOM
HBu'IHfOTCH npoJlYKTbl cropaHIiH TOnJIHBa, OTJI3fOIl1.lIe TenJIO pa60qeMY
1'eJJY (BO.lI.e). DOJIyqeHHblH B napoBoM KOTJIe nap nOCTynae1' Ha pa60qHe
JJOnaTKH TYp6I1HbI. 3.lJ.eCb OH, pacmlIpHHCb, npOlI3ROlIH1' pa60TY 11
o'{JIaJK.lI.aeTCH. OTpa6OTaBll1I-1H nap HanpaBJIHeTCH B KOHIJ.eHcaTOp, r.lI.e
011 OT.lI.aeT OC1'aBllleeCH B HeM TenJIO OXJI3}K.lI.a1OmeIl BO.lI.e (XOJ10.lI.IIJIbHI1-
KY). B .lI.Bl1raTeJIHX BHYTpeHHero cropaHIiH Tenu'IO CJKlIraeMOro TonnlI
Ba c006maeTcH npO.lI.YK1'aM cropaHIiH (pa60qeMY TeJIY). OTpa60TaBll1HI1
ra3 npli 60JIee HH3KOH TeMnepaType OTBO.l(HTCH B aTMOCtpepy.
[1oCJIe.lI.HHH cpOPMYJIHpOBKa IIMeeT nenocpelICTBeHHoe OTHorneHHe K
XO.l0.lI.HJIbHhIM YCTaHoBKaM. 4T06bl HMeTb BHYTPH XOJIOjJ.IIJlbHIIKa TeM-
nepaTYPY HHJKe 1'el\mepaTypbI OKPYJKafOUleH Cpe.l(bl, Heo6xo.lI.HMO 3a-
TpaTHTb onpe.lI.eJIeHIIOe KOnU'leCTBO 3HepruH.
45

 3. nOHS1THe 06 3HTponHH ra3a
]JJHI Y.lI.06CTBa Tepl\'IO.lI.HHal\HIIleCKHX pacIleToB BBOJHITCH HOBbIH na-
paMeTp COCTOHIUIH pa6oIlero TeJIa - fJl-lmpOnufl*, KOTOpa}) BblpaiKa-
eTCH Ilepe3 .lI.pyme TepMO.lI.HHaMIIIleCKHe napaMeTpbI H BbIBO.lI.HTCH C no-
MOHLb!O nepBoro 3aKOHa TepMO.lI.HHaMHKH.
PaCCMOTplIM ypaBHeHHe nepBoro 3aKOHa TepMO.lI.IIHaMHKII (4-12)
dq = cvdT + pdv.
Pa3.lI.eJIHB 06e IlaCTH 3Toro ypaBHeHHH Ha T, nOJIyqHM
!!!L=c dT + L dv
T v T T '
(a)
a Tal( KaK 1I3 ypaBHeHH5I KJIaneHpOna pv = RT CJIe.lI.yeT, IlTO
L=
T v
TO, nO.lI.CTaBHB B paBeHCTBO (a) 3HaIleHHe i H3 paBeHCTBa (6), no.lJyqHM
(6)
!!!L=c dT +R.
T v T v
npaBaH qaCTb 3TOro ypaBHeIIHH npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H nOJIHbIH .lI.H<p-
cpepemmaJI Hel(OTOpOH <PYHKUI1H nepeMeHIlblx T H v. 0603HaIllIB 3TY
QJYHKUl1iO qepe3 s, 3alllUlleM
ds= !!:!L=c dT + R.
T v T v
(5-4)
JIpYrHMH CJIOBaMH, BeJIHIlI1Ha j eCTb nOJIHblH .lI.lIcpcpepemUIaJI ds <PYHK-
mm s, onpe.lI.eJIHel\1bIH COCTommeM ra3a (TeMnepaTYPoH H Y.lI.eJIbHbIM
o6'beMoM). 3TY BeJII1IlImy Ha3bIBaIOT BHmponllet1.
YpaBHeHHe (5-4) .lI.aeT npl1pameIme 3HTponHH npH 6ecKoHeIlHo
MaJIOM H3MeHeHHlI COCTOHHIIH ra3a. npolfInerpupoBaB 3TO ypaBHeHue,
nOJIYIlIIM H3MeHemle 3HTpoillm .lI.JI5I KOHeIlHoro H3MeHeHUH COCTOHHHH
1 Kc ra3a .
S2-S1 = c v In I..+ R In  iJJIC/(KC!.' C!.pad). (5-5)
Tl Vi
I13 ypaBHeHHH (5-5) SH.lI.HO, IlTO 3HTpOillIH HMeeT pa3MepHocTb TenJIO-
eMKOCTU. OTCYTcTBlIe npH60poB .lI.JIH 1I3MepeHl1H 3HTponlIH .lI.OJIroe Bpe-
MH 3a.lI.epiKHBaJIO ee npl1MeHeHI-Ie B pell1eHUH TeXHHIleCKHX 3a.lI.aIl. npo-
'" fpef.J. E'I II Tp0:n;11' - npeBpaeHHe.
46
CTOTa H Y.lI.06CTBO nplfMeHeHHH 3HTpOillm B KaIleCTBe napaMeTpa npH-
I3eJIH K ll1HpOKOMY HCnOJlb30BaHHiO ee B TenJIOTeXHUqecKi-IX paCqeTax.
O.lI.HHM 113 BafKHblX BonpOCOB TenJIOTeXHUl(1I 51BJI5IeTCH nO.lI.C4eT
TenJIa, nO.lI.Be.lI.eHHOrO K .lI.BlIraTeJIIO II OTBe.lI.eHHOrO OT Hero. no CTeneml
HCnOJIb30BaHUH TenJIa CY.lI.HT 0 pa60Te .lI.BuraTeJI5I I! 0 ero 3KOHOMIIIlHOCTiI.
3TOT Bonpoc JIerIW pa3pell1aeTCH rpa<pI!IleCKI!M I!306parKeImeM Tep1\10-
.lI.I!HaMI!qeCKOrO npouecca B CI!CTeMe KOOp.lI.I!IlaT, r.lI.e no OCI! a6cUHcc
OTKJIa.lI.blBaiOT 3HaqeIIl-I5I 3HTpomm,
a no OCII 0P.lI.HHaT - 3Ha 1 leImH
TeMnepaTypbl. Tal( fKe, KaK I! Ha
pV-.lI.I-larpaMMe, COCTOHHHe TeJIa B
KaiK.lI.blH MOMeHT BpeMeHU Ha TS-.lI.ua-
rpaMMe H306parKaeTcH TOIlKOH, npo-
uecc - JIUHHeH. Temlo npouecca Ha T
TS-.lI.HarpaMMe onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH nJIO-
w.a.lI.bIO no.lI. JIHHHeH npouecca.
]JeHcTBHTeJIbHO, eCJIU JIHHH5I
1-2 Ha TS-.lI.UarpaMMe (puc. 5-3)
H306pafl{aeT npOII3Bo!JbHblfl npo-
uecc, TO 3JIeMeHTapHoe KOJIllIleCTBO PHC. 5-3. npOII3BOJJbHbUJ npou:ecc
TenJIa npou,ecca dq, paBHoe T ds, Ha Ts-.rtHarpaMMe
lUICJIeHHO 6Y.lI.eT paBHO nJIow.a.lI.Ke, _
I1MeIOlI(eH BblCOTY T H OCHOB8HHe ds. Bce TenJl0 npanecca IlHCJIeHHO by-
.lI.eT paBHO nJI. 1 23 4 1 no.lI. Kpl1BOi1 npouecca, TaR KaK
T 2

1 ;')<
/ /5<5<
/' 0
'/ '/ d. 
/'
 , 
0.<
LJ ds .J S
S2
nJI. F 12341 =STds=q.
s,
ECJIH pV-JIl'JarpaMMa .lI.aeT B03MO>KHOCTb rpaqmIlecKI1 onpen,eJIlITb
BeJIHIlHHY nOJIyqeHHOH (UJIH 3aTpaqeHHOH) pa6OTbI, TO TenJIOBa51 (sH-
Tp0l1l1HHaH) TS-.lI.l1arpaM:\la n03BOJI5IeT CY.lI.I1Tb a CTeneHI-I HCnOJlb30Ba-
HH}) TemIa.
IJ, H K JI K a p H 0 HaT s - .lI. II a r paM M e. Ha pIlC. 5-4 H30-
6paiKcH UHKJI KaPHo Ha Ts- H pV-.lI.HarpaMMax. KaK H3BeCTl1O, UllKJI
KapHo caC10IlT H JLBYX H30Tepi\I H .lI.BYX a.lI.Lw68T. Ha TS-.lI. l1ar pa!\IMe
(pHC. 5-4, a) OH H306paiKaeTcH B BH.lI.e np5l1\1OyroJIbHI1l\a 1 28 4 1.
IJ,HKJI npOTeKaeT B npen,eJIax TeMnepaTYP Tt H T 2'
J1UHI1H npouecca 1-2 - H30TepMwIecKoe paCll1l1peHHe ra3a, npH
KOTOpOM eMY coo6ruaeTcH TenJIO. npouecc npoTeKaeT npH nocToHHHOH
TeMnepaType C B03paCTaHI1eM 3HTponHH.
J1HHHH 2-3 - a.lI.lfa6aTHoe paCll1l1peHl-Ie npA s = const. npouecc
npOTeKaeT 6e3 na.lI.BO.lI.a H OTBO.lI.a TenJIa C nOHIIfKeHHeM TeMnepaTypbl
.lI.O T 2 .
J1IIHlfH 3-4 - 1130TepMHIlecKoe CiKaTue ra3a C OTBO.lI.OM TenJIa H
YMeHbll1eHUeM 3HTPOII!lH.
J1I1HHH 4-1 - a.lI.Ha6aTHae CiKaTHe npl1 S = canst C nOBblll1eHHeM
TeMnep aTypbl .lI.O T i .
47

n.n. I 234 1 (PAC. 5-4, a) qAc.neHIlO paBl-la ROJHllJeCTRY femIa,
npe06pa30BaHIloro B nOJle3HYlO pa60TY lIAKJl3 KapHo, paBHY 10 UJl.
1234 I H3 pV-JJ,HarpaMMe (pAC. 5-4, 6).
0)
T
0)
If fJ, v:, 7;)
f/,
2(pz V- z T,)
T,
I
o
J(PJ lrJ lj)
)Jo
l/
p
"0
5,
b 8
PIIO. 5-4. IJ.I1KJI KapHoI
,-Ha TS-l\HarpaMMel 6-Ha pV'J!lIarpaMM
I1pHMep 5-1. B npOH3BOJlbHOM u.HKJle TeJIY co06w.eno 500 OJfC
-rcWJa 11 BPH 9TOM nOJJYlf\:'HO 780 C)]IC nOJle3HOH pa6oTbl. Onpel1eJUlTb
TepMHlfCCKl1l1 K. u. JJ,. LUIRJI3
L 780
Tit=-=- =00.312.
{-.II 250(J
C.nelloeaTeJlbHO, B nOJJe:mylO pa()ory npeBpa!lleHO 31,2°10 renna,
nOlIBt:llefIHOrO K pa60lfeMY reJIY. {)cTaJIbHOe TenJlO - 68,8% omaHO
XOJIOJJ,HJlbHHKY.
rnael.'! VI
TEPMOAHHAMl-fiJECi01J; npOECCbl H3MEHEHHSI COCTOSlHHSI
MAEAJ1bHOrO r A3A
KaK H3BenHO, npl1 113MeHeHHH COCTOHHHH ra3a MeHHIOTCH ero na-
p!iMCTpbJ B SaBI1CIIMOCTH 01' pa3JJHlfHbJX YC.nOBHH. l1afttel-lefiUe YUlOmuJ.
Sfl6ucum om fWOBooa K 2a3y Will om600a om HeeO men/la u om ftteXaHWle-
CKliX 803oeucmtJut"1 Ha ca3.
EC.nH B U11JJHHJJ,pe, OT.n.eJJeHHOM OT BHeUlHeH CpC.lI.bl nopWHeM, Ha-
rpeBaTb HJIH OXJJallil!.aTb ra3, TO B 06w.eM CJJyqae C H3MeHeHHeM TeMne-
paTypbl HSMeHHIOTCH ero n.aBJIeHHe H 06beM, TaR KaK Bce 3TH TPH na.
paMeTpa CBHsaHbl Melli.ll.Y C060H ypaBHeHHeM COCTOHHHH ra3a pv = RT.
O.ll.HaKO 6bIBaiOT TaKHe TepMO.ll.HHaMH4ecKHe I1pOu.eccbl, npH KOTOpblX
OCTaeTCH HeH3MeIIHoH O.ll.Ha H3 Tpex BeJJHlJHH, xapaKrepH3YIOw.HX CO-
CTOHHHe pa60qero TeJIa, HJIH HeKOTopblH KOMnJleKC BeJJH1IHH.
TaKHMH npoueccaMH HBJIHIOTCH: H30XOPHblU (v = const), H306ap-
UblH (p = const), H30TepMH'IeCKHH (T = const), aJ],H a6aT HblH
(S = const) H nOJIHTpOnHblH (pv n = const).
48
fi 1. H30XOpHblH npoqecc
Y p a B H e H Ii e n pOLL e C C a. npH H3MeHeHHH COCTOHHH5I ra3a
no H30xope ero 06'beM OCTaeTC5I nOCTOHHHbIM. Y paBHelme npouecca
11MeeT BH.lI.
v = canst.
Coo THO ill e H 11 e nap a MeT p 0 B. ,I:LJIH npouecca, l1pe.n.-
CTaBJIeHHOrO Ha pHC. 6-1, Han11illel\l ypaBHeHHH COCTOHHHH raja B
TOlJKaX 1 H 2:
P1V 1 = RTt.
P2 V l = RT 2 .
T a) tJ}
2 P
T 2 ------"'--
P2 ,-----iji
71 P,
---.... 1
I
0 s, {) U tT
PIlC. 6-1. 1130xopHhlll nponecc H3MCHeHHH COCTOSIHIISI ra3a:
Q-H8 TSJJ.Harpai\lMe; 6-Ha pV-,lJ,HarpaMMe
Pa3.l1.eJIHB nepBoe ypaBHeHHe Ha BTopoe, nOJJYlJHM Yllie li3BecTHbill
HaM saKOH lllapJIH
P1 T1
P2 T 2 '
T. e. npH H30XOpHOM npouecce H3MeHeHHe a6COJIIOTHblX .lI.aBJIeHHll npH-
1\10 nponopu.HOHaJIbHO HSMeHeHHIO a6COJIIOTHblX TeMnepa-ryp.
ECJJ11 OT C11CTeMbl OTBeCT11 TefWO (CM. nYHKT11pHYIO CTpeJIKY H3
pHC. 6-1), TO TeMnepaTypa H .lI.aBJIellHe rasa nOlUI35ITCH.
Ten JJ 0 n p 0 U. e C C a. BepHeMcH l{ ypaBHeH11IO (4-12) H npHMe-
HlITeJlbHO K H30XOPHOMY npou.eccy 0603HalJHM nO.ll.Bel!.eHHOe TenJIO
Qepe3 dqv:
dQv = cvdT + pdv,
(6-1a)
HO npH v - canst, av = 0 li pdv = O.
3 alI. II
49

n03TOMY paCCMaTpHBaeMOe ypaBHeHHC npHMeT BH.n.
dQv = cvdT.
npOHHTCrpHpOBaB 3TO ypaBHeHHe, nOJIyqHM
Qv = C V (T 2 - T 1 ) iJJlCIKz.
ECJIH T 2> T10 TO qv HBJIHeTCH nOJIOLKHTeJIbHOH BeJIHqllHOiL 3TO
03HaqaeT, qTO TeIIJIO K CHCTeMe nO.n.BOlLllTCH. ECJIll Me T 2< Tt, TO qv
oTpllu,aTeJIbHO, T. e. TenJIO OT CI1CTeMbl OTBO.n.llTCH.
KOJIHqeCTBO nOlLBe.n.eHHoro (HJIll OTBe.n.eHHoro) TeI1JIa rPoacj:mqecK
onpe.n.eJIHCTCH nJIOllla.n.LIO (CM. plIC. 6-1, a), OrpaIUlqeHHOI1 JII1HlIen
npou,ecca 1-2, I\paHHHMH op.n.HHaTaMII H OTpe31\0M OCII a6Cu,Hcc, paB-
HbIM S2 - SI.
M 3 M e H e H H e 3 H T P 0 n I1 11. Do <popMYJIe (5-5) ll3MeHeHI1e
9HTpOnHI1 B npou,ecce GO JIHHIIlI 1-2 (pHC. 6-1, a) 6y.n.eT paBHO
I Tz R I Vz
S,,-S l =C n-+ n-,
 v TI VI
COO THO III e H II e IT a paM e T p 0 B. Jt1JH nponecca, npOTe-
KaIOllI.ero no KpI!BOH 1-2, HanHllleM ypaBHeHI1H COCTOHHllH ra3a .n.JIH Ha-
tIaJIbHOH H KOHelIHoil TOlJeK (pIIC. 6-2): .
P1 V 1=RT h
P 1 V 2 = RT 2 .
Pa3.n.eJII1B nepBoe ypaBHeHIle Ha BTOpoe, nOJIYlIl1M 3aKOH reH-.DIOc-
caKa, onpe.n.eJIHIOllll1H IICKOlVIoe COOTHOWeHl1e napaMeTpOB
.!l=
v 2 T 2
(a)
T
72
oj
z
------1

1 q:
0)
p
p
1 ---- 2
p
,-
III . l/z if
HO TaK KaK B H30XOpHOM npouecce V2 = VI, TO R In : = O. TorJI.a
1I3MeHeHHe 9IITpOmm B H30XOpHOM npouecce 6y.n. eT
S2-S1 = C v In : iJJIC/(KZ . zpaiJ) ,
r.n.e c v - cpe.n.Hee 3HaqeHHe lI30XOpHOH TerIJIOeMKOCTlI B lUlTepBaJIe
TeMnepaTYP OT T 2 .n.0 T l .
P a 60 Tan p 0 U, e C C a. BOCnOJIb3yeMC5! OCHOBHLIM ypaBHe-
HHeM TepMOJI.HHaMHKI1 (3-13) H 0603HaqHM COOTBeTCTBeHHO dq qe-
pe3 dqv:
T,
-w
o
51 52 -SI
.52
5
o
PI1C. 6-2. 11306apHblj'[ npol.\ecc I13MeneHI1H COCTOSIHHH ra3a;
a-n8 TS-]l.HarpaMMe; 6-na pv-p,HarpaMMe
dqv = du + pdv,
HO npH v=const, dv=O H pdv=O.
CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbIlO,
ECJIII OT CIICTeMbI OTBeCTfI HeKoTopoe KOJII1'leCTBO TenJIa, TO ra3
npn lIOCT05!HHOM .n.aBJIeHHH (OT TOlJKH 2 K TOQKe 1, pllC. 6-2) no 3aKO-
HY reH-.DIOccaKa YMeHblllHT CBOll 06'beM H TeMnepaTYPY.
Ten JI 0 Tan p 0 U, e C C a. KO.']l1lJeCTBO nOlLBe.n.eHlwro TenJIa
nplI II306apHOM npou.ecce MOLKHO BbIpa3llTb Qepe3 Ten.']oeMKOCTb
dqv = du,
T. e. npH lI30XOpHOM npOII.ecce ra3 He COBeplllaeT pa60TbI (CM. pnc. 6-1,6),
a Bce no.n.Be.n.eHHoe K ClICTeMe TelIJIO 3aTpalJHBaeTCH TOJIbKO Ha YBe.']lI-
lJ.eHIle ero BIIYTpeIlHeH :mepnm.
qp = c p (T 2 - T 1 ),
p = const.
r.n.c c p - CpeJI.Hee 3Ha'JeHHe 11306apHoiI TeITJIOeMI\OCTH B I1HTepBaJIe
Tel\mepaTYP Tz II T l .
Ha Ts-.n.Harpal\lMe (pIlC. 6-2, a) KOJIJ-IlIeCTBO nOJI.BC.lI.CHHOrO (I1JIIl
oTl3 e .n.eIUIOro) Ten.']3 onpe}Le.15leTC}I nJIOJL(alI.bIO. OrpaIIHQeHHOif I\pnBOH
npouecca 1-2, KpaifHllMll opn.mraTaMli II OTpe3!\OM OCll a6CI1HCC,
paBHbIM BeJIllQI1HC S2 - S1.
MOMHo T3K)Ke nOJI.BelLeHHoe 1\0.']llIJeCTBO TellJIa BbIp3311Tb QCpe3
npupallI.eHHe 9HTaJIbnllH (3-15)
dqp=di-vdp,
51
3*
 2. 1<1306apHblH npou,ecc
Y p a B H e H H e II p 0 II. e C C a. Dpn 11306apHoM H3l\1eHeHHI1 co-
CTmlHllH ra3a .n.ill3JleHlle ero OCTaeTCH IIOCT05!HIJbIM. YpilBHeHIIe npou.ec-
ca Hl\!eeT Bllr-
50

HO P = const, CJIE'lJ.OBaTeJTbHO, dp = 0 11 COOTBeTCTBemlO vdp = O.
TaKI1M 06pa30M,
dqp = di
11,1m
qp = i 2 -i h (6-16)
T. e. KOJII1'leCTBO IIOJI.Be.lI.eHHOrO TeIIJIa paBHO IIp11pam,eHIHO 3HTaJIbnl-Jl1.
11 3 M e Hell II e 3 II l' P 0 II 11 H. ECJII1 B <popMYJIe (5-5) IlCnOJlb-
30B3Tb COOTlIomeHlIe IIapaMeTpoB H306apHoro npou.ecca (a), TO H3MeHe-
Hlle :JIITpomm npl1l\1eT BI1JI.
8 2 -81 =c v In T 2 + R In T 2 = (c v + R) In 1 2 .
T} TI I
TaK KaK no ypaBHeHHIO MaHepa (4-15) C v + R = C p , TO OKOH'la-
TeJIbHO nOJIY'l11M
82-- 8 1 = c In T 2 iJ{}lC/ (K2' 2paiJ). (6-1B)
p T1
P a 6 0 l' a II p 0 u. e C C a. Pa60Ta pacumpeHHH (11JI11 CiKaTH5I)
np11 II306apHoM npou.ecce onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH BeJ]l1'lHI-IOH nJIOwal1.H (pl1c.6-2, 6)
12 V 2 V1 H BbI'lHCJI5IeTCH no <POPMY JIe (3-8)
1= p (V2-V1)'
PaoOTY ra3a MOiKHO TaK}Ke onpe.lI.eJIHTb, nOJIb3YHCb ypaI3HeHHHMH
COCT05IHHH ra3a B Ha4aJIe 11 KOHu.e npou.ecca:
Ihv1 = RTh (a)
P2V2=RT2, (6)
HO
PI = P2 = P= const.
Bbl'lT5I liS ypmmelHHI (6) ypal3Helme (a), nOJIyqHM
P(V 2 -v l )=R (T 2 -T 1 ),
HJIH
1 = R (T 2 - T 1 ).
OOJ!OiKHB nOBbIlllemre TeMIIepaTypbl
T 2 -T I = 1 cpaiJ,
nOJIyqHM
1= R iJ;JfCIK2.
Opl1 H306apHoM IIponecce 60JIblllaH qaCTb nO.lI.Be.lI.eHHoro TenJIa
paCXOJ1yeTC5I lIa IIOBbIUleHHe BHYTpeHHeH :Hlepnm, a MeHbUla5I - Ha
cOBepllleHl1e BHeUlHeH MeXalIl1QeCKOH pa6OTbi.
Ha np3KTHKe TaKOH npou.ecc BCTpe 1 1aeTC5I B napOBblX MaWIIHax.
J!13eJI5IX H TOflKax KOT JIGB.
52
 3. COBMecTHoe pacn0l10H<eHHe H30XOP"I H H306apbl
Na T8-AHarpaMMe
PaCCMOTp11M TepMO,lJ,HHaM'I1QeCKHH IIpOllecc,
HbIX YCJIOBHHX C m Kc H.lI.eaJIbHOrO ra3a.
Ha pHC. 6-3 npe.lI.CTaBJIeHa
T8--.lI.l1arpaMMa HSOXOPHOro H U30-
6apHoro npolleccoB.
TOIlKa 1 HMeeT napaMeTpbI 81
H T 1 . OO.lI.Be.lI.eM K CHCTeMe TerIJIO
H SaKOH'lHM npouecc npH Teme-
paType T 2- OpH 3TOM 3HTpOnH5I
113MeHIITC5I .lI.JI5I IISOXOpHOro npo- 72
necca 01' S1 .lI.0 S2" a .lI.JI5I II306ap-
Horo 01' 81 .lI.0 82".
TaK KaK C p > C v , TO Hsoxopa
nOH.lI.€T KpYQe Hso6apbI. 003TOMY
I1SMelIelIHe 3HTpOUIm I1pn HSO-
6apHOM npOllecce 60JIbUle, lleM
IIPH H30XOpHOM
npOTeKaIOWHH B pas-
T.
r,
--------i'
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
5,
S2'
J2u
5
(8 2 ,,-SI)P > (82' -sdv.
PIIC. 6-3. COBMecTHoe pacrr0.10JKeHHe
1I30XOpbI H H306apbI Ha TS-.!\l1arpaMMe
 4. H30TepMHllecKHH npoqecc
Y p a B II e H I1 e n p 0 u e C C a. OpH H30TepMHQeCKOM H3MeHe.
HHII COCT05IIIIU[ ra3a ypaBlIeHHe npouecca HMeeT BH.lI.
T = const.
COO l' H 0 UI e II H € nap a MeT p 0 B. LLJI5I H3OTepMII'I€CKOrO
npou.ecca, npOT€K3IOluero no KplIBOH 1-2 (pHC. 6-4), HaIIHllleM ypaB.
HeIIIIH COCTOHHl1H ra3a llJI5I TO'H'I\ 1 11 2:
P1V 1 = RT L>
P2 V 2=RT 1 .
nO.lI.emm OJIHO na llpyroe, IIO.JJY'lUM YiKe 113BeCTHblH HaM 3aKOH BOM-
JIH-MapHOTTa
.EL V2
P2 V1
Ten JI 0 l' a n p 0 n e c C a. PaccMOTpHM ypaBHeHHe nepBoro
saKOHa TepMO.lI.llHaM11KII (4-12)
dqr = cvdT + pdv,
HO T = const, CJIe.n.OBaT€JIbHO, dT = 0 11 cvdT = O. n03Tmy
dqr = pdv. (a}
53

T. e. BCe nOJ],Be}J,eHHOe Ten.TJO flpH n::SOTepMIfqCKOM npouecce paCXOllY-
eTCH Ha COBepUleHl-Ie BHeUlHeH MeXaHl-I<IeCKOIf pa60TbI.
KOJUllleCTBO OO}J,Be}J,eI-IHoro (IfJIIf OTBeeHHoro! TeOJIa npeJ],eJUJ:.CH
nJIOILlaJ],blO (CM. pIfC. 6-4, a), orpamrlleHHoH KpHBOH npouecca 1-2, Kpau-
lUIMIf opJ],HHaTaMIf H OTpe3KoM OCH a6cUllcc, paBHbIM BeJIHllllHe S2 - S..
11 3 M e H e H 11 e 3 H T P 0 n H H. B H3OTepMUtleCKOM npouecce
1-2 H3MeHeHIfe 3HTpomm MOiKHO BblllIfCJIHTb no lpopMYJIe (5-5), eCJIH B
HeM IIOJlOiKllTb Tl = T 2:
v ( 6 )
S2- S 1=R In.2... OJICIKe.
Vi
a) p OJ
T
--. 1
T P
P2 i
/J 5, ] 52- S f $. . 0 7f, lr2 11"
82
PHC. 6-4. 113lJTepMIlf.JeCKIIH npoll.ecc 1l3MeHeHIlSI COCTOHHH!I ra3a:
a-U8 TS-Haf'paMMe; 6-Ha pV-)1.HarpaMMC
P a 6 0 'I' a 0 p 0 u e C C a. Pa60TY paculllpeHHH OpH JIi060M npo-
uecce MOiKHO nO}J,C<IHTaTb 00 <}JopMYJIe
v,
l=S pdv.
v,
DO}J,CTaBJIHH SHalleHHH P HS <}JOPMYJIbl (1-2) B nOJ],blHTerpaJIbHOe Bbl-
paiKeHHe If Y1IHTblBaH, <ITO npll H30TepMullecKoM npollecce RT MOiKHO
BblHeCTH Hs-no}J, SHaKa HHTerpaJIa, nOJIYllHM
l=RT S d; =RT(1nv 2 -1nv 1 ),
(!t
HJIH
l=RTln .
V1
(6-2)
V2 Pi - e MO " H O n p err
DOJIb3 Y HCb SaBIfCIfMOCTbiO -- = -, :1'1'0 ypaBHeHH m .",-
Vi P2
CTaBH1b B }J,pyroM BM)le
l= RT In }2,.
P2
(6-3)
M
YllIfTblBaH ypaBHeI-lHe COCTOflHHfI ra3a Pi Vi = RT = pz vz, pa-
60TY MOiKHO Bblpa3UTb eme CJIeJ],YIOILlHM 06pa30M:
I I V2 1 V2
=P1V 1 n-=pzvz n-.
Vi VI
(6-4)
1JmI TOro llT06bI nOKa3aTb npHMeHeIlHe 3HTpomm B TepMOIIHHaMH-
lfeCKMX paC<IeTax, BbIpa3HM paoO'fY If30TepMI-IlJeCKOrO pacuUlpeHH llepe3
3urpomno.
Tal{ Kal{ no paBeHcTBY (5-4) dq = Tds, TO, HHTerpHpYH ypaBHe-
HHe (a) OT Ha<IaJIbHOrO )],0 KOHelJHOrO COCTOflHHH, nOJIYllHM
52 t'2
S T ds = S pdv = 1.
oSt Vt
DOCKOJIhKY paccMaTpuBaeMbIii npouecc H30TepMHlleCKHii, TO T MOiK-
BO BblHeCTH If3-noJ], SHaKa IfHTerpaJIa
s.
1 = T S ds= T (8 2 -8 1 ),
5,
11TaK, pa60T3 npH If30TepMulleCKOM paCUmpeHI1H (rum. C>IU\THU)
paSHa npOIfSBeJ],eHlfIO TeMnepaTypbl npouecca Ha H31\1eHeIllfe 3HTpO-
II1IH .
t 5. A,qHa6aTHb'H npou.ecc
L(o CHX nop 6bIJIM paccMOTpeHbl npOUeCCbJ H3MeHeHHH COCTOHHIffl
ra3a 06f1SaTeJIbHO C nOJ],BOJI.OM K HeMV IfJIH C OTBOJ],OM 0'1' Hero TenJIa.
D pH aJ],Ha6aTHOM H3MeHeHHH COCTOflI-lHfI ra3a J],onYCKalOT, llTO K He-
MY He n01J.BOJ],flT H 0'1' Hero He OTBOJ],flTTenJIO. DpoueCCbI iKe pacumpeIUlfI
H CiKaTHfI ra3a npOTeKaKIT TOJIbKO BCJIe}J,CTBHe If3MeHeHHfI ero BHYT-
peHHeM 9HeprHH.
B peaJIbHbIJ!: yCJIOBHHX nOJIYllHTb a.ll.Ha6aTHblM npouecc HeJIbSfI, TaK
l<aK peaJIbHble npOueCCbJ He flBJIHKITCfI a6COJIiOTHO paBHoBecHbIMH, If
H.pOMe TOro, OTCYTCTBYlOT H,IleaJIbHbIe TenJIOIf30JIHTOpbI. O.ll.HaKO Bce*
6blCTpOTeKYILlI-Ie npoueCCbI MOiKHO YCJIOBHO CllHTaTb aJ],Ha6aTHbIMH, TaK
KaK 3a MaJIbIe 0'rpe3KIf BpeMeHH, B TelleHIfe KOTOpbiX npOTeKaeT npOIJ.eCC,
TenJIo06MeH MeiKJ],Y pa6011I!M TeJIOM H cpeJ],oii He3Ha l lHTeJJeH.
PeaJIbHbIMH aJ],Ha6aTHbIMH npoueccaMH MmKHO C1.JHTaTb npoueCCbl
B 6bICTpOXOJ],HbIX J],BHraTeJIHX BHYTpeHHero CrQpaHHH, HCTe<IeHHe ra-
SOB C 60JIbIllHMH CKOpOCTflMH If }J,PyrHe npOueCCbI.
Y p a B H e H Hen p 0 IJ. e C C a. TaK KaK TenJIO He nOlI.BOlJ,I1TC5J
H CHCTeMe If He OTBOJ],HTCfI OT Hee, TO dq = 0, a C.TJe.n:OBaTeJJbHO, ds =
== 1- = O. DmToMY 3HTpOIUIH CHCTeMbl ocraeTC5I nOCT05lHIIOii H ypmme-
HHe npouecca HMeer RHJ],
8 = const.
.. ECJlII I1X CKOpOCTb MeHblIle CIWpOCTH 3DYKIi (CM. CHOCHY, 011p. 30).
55

COO l' H 0 ill e H Hen a paM e l' p 0 B. l:$ OTJlwme 01' TOJIbKO
1JTO paCCMOTpeHHHX Tpex npoueCCOB B aHa6aTHOM npouecce Bee TPH
napaMeTpa, BXO5!IlUle B ypaBHeHl1e KJIaneHpOHa, nepeMeHHbI.
OYCTb B pa60lfeM npocrpaHcTBe UHJIHHpa (pI1c. 6-5) HaXOHTCH
1 K2 ra3a. ):LonYCTHM, 1JTO CTeHKH, )IHO H nopweHb UI1JII1H.lJ.pa a6COJIIOT-
HO HeTenJIOnpOBOHbl, n03ToMY TenJIo06MeH Me}KY cHcTeMoH H BHeillHeH
Cpe,ll,OH O1'CY1'c1'ByeT.
COCT05!HHe ra3a B T01JKe 1 onpeeJI5!e1'CH napaMeTpaMII Ph Vh T I .
BHeWHH5! CHJIa P, npHJIOiKeHHaH K IlITOKY nopUIHH, paBHa BHY1'-
pemreH CI1JIe R, C KOTOpOH ra3 ,lI,aBH1' Ha BHYTperUIlO1O nOBepXHOCTb nop-
 oj T 0)
P
T, ------ 1
PI t
7j _.O__P____ 2
u. n S s
R4JI '':.'.'.': £
1 .. ° 0 .......-
:).:::: >:.:.: (Jz: ·
F
atE
-E-P
77/7,
PIlC. 6-5. A.llHa6aTIIbIll rrpoll.ccc 1l3MelleHlHI COCT05IHIISI ra3a:
u-lIa pV-AuarpaMMC; 6-lIa TS-AuarpaMMC
illHH. CHc1'eMa, TaKHM 06pa30M, HaXOHTcH B paBHOBeCI1I1. OpIl YBeJII1lfe-
HI111 I1JIH YMeHbWeHI1H ClIJIbl P ra3 6yeT COOTBeTC1'BeHHO pacwIIpSlTbCH
HJ1I1 ciKHMaTbCH, H3MeHH5! npI1 3TOM CBOH napaMe1'pbl.
):LonYCTHM, IJTO CIIJIa P YMeHbllllIJIaCb. fa3 aHa6aTHo paClllHpI1JI-
CH, 061>eM ero npH 31'OM YBeJ1H1JI1JICH, aBJ1eHHe H Te1'vmepa1'ypa noml-
3HJ1I1Cb. B TOIJKe 2 COCTOHHHe ra3a onpeeJIHeTCH napaMe1'paMII P2, V2,
T 2 .
HaHeM COO1'Howelme napaMe1'poB BO BpeM5I aHa6aTHoro H3MeHe-
HHH COC1'OHHHH ra3a. ):LJ1H 31'oro HanHweM OCHOBHoe ypaBHeHHe 1'epMO-
HlJaMI1KI1, BblpmKeHHoe IIepe3 TenJ10eMKOCTb no <popMYJIe (4-12),
dq = GydT + pdv,
IIO dq == 0, CJIeJl,OBaTeJIb:'IO,
C"dT + pdv = O.
<a)
66
fIpOH<p<pepeHUI1pOBaB ypaBHerme KJIaneiipoHa (1-2), nO.rJYIJI1M
pdv + vdp = RdT.
PewHM nOJ1YIJeHHOe BblpameHHe O1'HOCHTeJIbHO dT:
dT =-_= pdv + vdp
R .
I10,ll,CTaBI1B 3HaIIeHHe dT B ypaBHerme (a), nOJ1YIII1M
 (pdv+ vdp) + pdv=O.
Pa3eJIHM IlOJ1YIJeHIIOe paBeHc1'Bo Ha  II BblHeceM 3a cK06KII pdv
( 1 + R _ ) PdV+Vdp=O.
c"
(6-5)
fIO)lCTaBHM 3HaIIeHI1e ra30BoH nocToHIIHoH R U3 paBeHcTBa (4-16)
B paBeHCTBO (6-5) H clJ.eJIaeM He06xoJl,I1Mble npeo6pa30BaHHH
c
..J!.. pdv + vdp = O.
C y
(6-6)
C yqeTOM paBeHCTBa (4-19) 6yp,eM HMeTb
kpdv + vdp = O.
Pa3,l1,eJIHB 06a CJIaraeMbrx Ha pv, nOJIYIJ!1M
k !!!!.. + !!E- = O.
v p
I1polIHTerpHpoBaB, nOJIYIIlIM ypaBHeHl1e, CB5!3blBalOIlJ.ee napaMeTpbr
ra3a npH a)J.ua6aTHoM npouecce:
pv l ' = const. (6-7)
Y paBHerme (6-7) Ha3bIBaI01' ypa81-lCI-lUeM aoua6aml-loi!o npm!ecca.
KpllI3YIO ypaBHeHll5! (CM. J1HHlIH 1-2 Ha pm:. 6-5) Ha3blBaiOT aoua6a-
moil.
):LJ15! a)J.ua6aTHoro npouecca (CM. pHC. 6-5) ypaBHe!Il1e (6-1) Mmlmo
HanHcaTb B CJIe)J.YiOlueM BI1,l1,e:
--=(-r.
(6..8)
TaK KaK H3 ypaoHeHI15! KnaneHpoHa
RT[ __ RT:!
PI = -v;- H P2 - --i:.i:,---'
57

= ( _ ) k-l . (6-9)
T 2 Vi
H, HaKOBeu, yqHTblBafi ypaBHeHHe K.naneHpOHa, no.nyql1M em.e 0)1.-
HO Bblpa}KeHlIe .lI..nH pa60Tbl I
1
1=- (PtVt-P2V2)' (6-14)
k-l
TO, nOJ].CTaBHB B paBel-ICTBO (6-8) 3Ha l IeHHH Pt H P2, nOJIyqHM
1'13 ypaBHeHI1H (6-8) U (6-9) MO}KHO rIOJIyqllTb em,e O.lI.HO BbIpa}KeI-IHe
k-I
T1 = ( 12\7, .
T 2 P2 I
(6-10)
 6. COBMecTHoe pacnOnOH<eHHe H30TepMb' H aAHa6aTb'
Ha pv. H TS-AHarpaMMax
f1YCTb B .lI.BYX UHJIHH.lI.paX O.lI.HHaKoBoro pa3Mepa HaX0.lI.UTCH no
1 Ke ra3a O.lI.ImrO COCTaBa. CHCTeMbI HaXO.lI.f1TCfI B paBHOBeCI1I1. I1x co-
CTOHHHe xapaKTepmyeTcH TOqKOii A (puc. 6-6). L(a.lI.HM B03MO}/(HOCTb
O.lI.HOH CHCTeMe pacIIlHpHTbCH no H30TepMe, a .lI.pyroii - no a.lI.Ha6aTe.
Y paBHeHHfI (6-8), (6-9) H (6- W) HBJIHIOTCH ypaBHeHI-IHMH, CBH3bI-
BaIOillJ-IMH napaMeTpbJ COCTOHHHH ra3a B a.lI.lIa6aTHOl\! npouecce.
Ten JI 0 Tan p 0 u e C C a. A.lI.Ha6aTlIblii npouecc npOTeI<aeT 6e3
nO.lI.BO.lI.3 H OTBona TenJIa, T. e IIPH dq = O.
f1pHMeHHTe,HbHo K a.lI.Ha6aTI-IoMY npoueccy ypaBHt:HI1C HepBoro 3a-
KOHa (3-13) 6Y.lI.eT I1MeTb BI-I.lI.:
du+pdv=O, }
du= -pdv.
(6-11 )
T +
{J } oj
if
? f
3
Pail
I13 ypaBHeHHH (6-11) BUJ].HO, lffO npI1 a.lI.Ha6aTHoM H3MeHeHHH co-
CTOHIIHH ra3a pa60Ta BHelllHHX CI1JI paBHa H31\1eHeHHiO BHYTpeHHeH
mepnlH ra3a. J1.PYrHMI1 CJIOBaMH, npH a.lI.Ha6aTHoM paCIIlHpeHI1I1 npo-
I13BO.lI.I1MaH ra30M pa60Ta ocyw.ecTBJIHeTCH BCJIe]J,CTBHe YMeHbweHHH
ero BHYTpeHHeH 3HeprHl1 (.lI.aBJIeHI1e 11 TeI\mepaTypa nOHI1}/(aIOTcH). I1pH
a,lJ,I1a6aTHOM c}/(anm 3aTpaqeHHaH BHellIHHH pa60Ta HJ].eT Ha YBeJIlIqe-
HlIe BHYTpeHHeH 3HeprHH ra3a (,lJ,aJi!JIeHBe I1 TeMnepaTypa nOBbIl1IaIOTcH).
p a 6 0 Tan p 0 u e C C a. fpa<pHqeCKlI BeJIlIqHHa pa60Tbl a.lI.I1a-
6aTHoro npouecca onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH nJI. 1 23 4 1 (CM. pHC. 6-5, a).
c1>OPMYJIY (4-12) npl1 dq = 0 MO}/(HO 3arIJICaTb B BH.lI.e
cvdT= -pdv.
u
s
PHC. 6-6. COBMecTHoe pacnOJJOJKeHlle H30TepMbi H a}J.Ha6aTbI:
a-Ha pV-J\HarpaMMC; 6-Ha TS-lUlarpaMMC
(6-13)
Ha pV-.lI.HarpaMMe (puc. 6-6, a) BH.lI.HO, qTO npH a.lI.Ua6aTHoM pacwH-
peHHB JIaBJIeHHe ra3a na}IaeT 6blcTpee (JIHHHH A -3), 'leM npH 1130Tep-
MH'leCKCM (JIHIIHH A-I). 3TO 06'bHCHHeTCH TeM, 'ITO a.lI.I1a6aTHbIH npo-
uecc npoTeKacT 6e3 nO.lI.BO.lI.a TenJIa, pacwHpeHHe ra3a npmICXO.lI.I1T HC-
I<JIIOqHTeJIbHO BCJIe.lI.CTBHe na.u.eHHH ero BHYTpeHHet'I "JHepnm. I1pn 3TOM
TeMnep<lTypa ra3a nOHH}/(aeTCH. DpB H30TepMlfllecIwM nponecce pac-
nmpeHHe ra3a npOI1CXO.lI.HT KaK 3a CqeT na.neml5I era BHYTpeImeH :mep-
ruH, TaK H 3a C'leT nO.lI.Be.lI.eHHoro TenJia. TeMnepaTypa ra3a (no YCJIOBHIO
H3OTepMHlJeCKoro npouecca) OCTaeTCH nocToHHHOH. A TaK KaK TeMnepa-
Typa ra3a CBH3aHa C ero naBJIeHI1eM, TO H J].aBJIeHHe ero na.lI.aeT MeHbllle,
qeM npH a.lI.Ha6aTHOM npouecce.
ECJIH OT TOIIKH A ra3 GKUMaTb, TO a.lI.HaOaTa A -4 pacno.nmKHTcH
I<pYlJe H30TepMbl A-2. 3TO OO'bHCHHeTcH TeM, lJTO OpB a.lI.Ha6aTHoM CMa-
THB TenJIO He OTBO)1HTCH H Tervmepa-rypa ra3a n013blWaeTC5I, a CJIe)J,ORa-
Tem,HO, H .naBJli:'HHC BospaCTaeT OblCTpee, qeM npH I130TepMHqeCKOM
CLKaTHI1. f10'.JTO:VIY palJ, > PIl3'
I1HTerpHpYH noc.rre.lI.Hee ypaBHeIme aT HaqaJ!bHOrO .lI.0 !<OHeqHOrO
COCT05IHI1H, nOJIyqUM
T 2 ('2
.r c v dT=c v (T 2 -T 1 ) = - 5 pdv=-1.
T, v,
TaKUl\l 06pa30M, HMeeM Bblpa}KeI'me .lI.JI5I pa60Tbl I1PlI a.lI.Ha6aTHOM
npouecce
1= U 1 -U2 = C V (T 1 - T 2 ) iJJlC/KZ.
TaK KaI< c v =RI(k-l), TO
R
1=- (P1V 1 - P2 V 2)'
k --- I
(6-12)
68
59

Ha TS-.D.HarpaMMe H30TepMa npe.D.CTaB.IJHeT C060H ropH30HTa.lJbHYIO
JUIlIHlO (pHC. 6-6, 6), nUCKOJlbKY II3OTepMH4ccKUH npollecc npOTeKaeT
npH T = const.
ECJm ra3 paCWHpHeTCH, TO II30TepMa 01' Ha4a.lJbHOH T04KII A Ha-
npaBJIeHa BnpaRo (JIliHHH A-I», T. e. npollecc npOTeKaeT C YBe.IJH4eHHeM
3HTpOIliIl1. npH H30TepMH4ecKoM C)KaTHH ra3a npollecc npOTeKaeT C
YMeHbweHHeM 3HTponHH H H30TepMa HanpaB.lJeHa 01' T04KH A B.lJeBO
(.IJHHHH A-2).
nOCKO.lJbKY a.D.Ha6aTHbJH npollecc npOTeKaeT npH dq = 0, TO H
H3MeHelIlJe 3HTponHH B 3TOM npOllecce TaK)!1e paBHO HYJIlO H
Coo l' H 0 I!l e H Hen a paM e l' p 0 B. TaK KaK ypaBHeHHe
nOJIHTpOI1bl alIaJIOrH4HO ypaBHelIIilO a.D.Ha6aTLl, TO, 3aMeHl1B COOTBeTCT-
BeHIIO nOKa3aTt.b a.D.Ha6aTbl k Ha nOKa3aTeJIb n, napaMeTpb! nOJU1Tpo-
nbJ MOLKHO CBH3aTb ypaBHeHHHMH:
s = const.
(6-15)
 = ( f; (6-17) p
Pi V 2 fi. - "'"
n-I
=() II , (6-18)
T) P1
=(r-l. ficO
(6-19)
T1 V 2
00 >n >1<.
n03TOMY Ha TS-.D.HarpaMMe (pHC. 6-6, 6) a.D.Ha6aTa H306pa)KaeTCH
np Hl\lOH , napa.IJ.lJe.lJbHOH OCH 0P.D.HHaT. npH paCllmpeHl1H ra3a a.D.Ha6a-
-ra HanpaB.lJeHa BHH3 01' Ha'!aJIbHOH T04KH A (.IJHHHH A -3) H npollecc
npOTeKaeT C nOHH)KeHHeM TeMnepaTypbl, TOr.D.a KaK npu C)KaTIHI ra3a
alI.Ha6aTa HanpaBJIeHa BBepx H npollecc npOTeKaeT C nOBblweHHeM TeM-
nepaTypbl (.'IHHHH A-4).
Ten.1J01a npo-
II e c C a. KOJUI4ecTBo Ten-
.lJa npH nOJU1TponHoM npo-
uecce onpe.D.e.IJHeTCH no
<popMy.lJe
o
>-
if
 1. nOnloITpOnHlblH npo!,\ecc
Y p a BIle H H e IT pOll e C C a. B paCCMOTpeHHblX paI-Iee TepMO-
.D.HHaMH4eCRHX npoueccax O.D.I1H H3 napaMeTpOB COCTOflHI1H ra3a BCer.D.a
OCTaBaJICH Hel13MeHHblM (p = const; v = const; T = const; S = const).
B .D.eHCTBHTCJIbHbIX )Ke npOleccax H3MeHeHI1e COCTOHHHH ra3a npOHCXO-
.D.IIT npH nepeMCHHblX ero napaMeTpax. npH 3TOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO 113Me-
H51eTCH BI1.D. Ka)K.D.oii KPHBOii, 11306pa)KalOlll.eii npouecc.
KpHBble, Onl1CbIBalOlll.He TaKl1e npoueccbI, H&3bJBaIOT nOJlUmpOnaMU,
ypaBlIeHHe ROTOpblX HMeeT BH.D.
dq=cndT.
(6-20)
PHC. 6-7. KpHBble 1I0JlHTpOllaoro npouecca
c pa3J1Hf.Jl!bIMH 3I!af.JCHHHMH nOKa3aTeJUl CTC-
neUH n
Y.D.eJIbHYIO Ten.IJOeMROCTb
c n npH no.IJI1TpOnHOM npo-
llecce MO)KHO onpe.D.e.IJHTb 113 06ll1.ero BbJpa}f{eHI1H
(4-10), I1cno.lJb3YH <POPMYJIbJ (6-16), (1-2) H (4-20),
.D..IJ5:l TenJIOeMKOCTH
n-k
c n = C v n _ I '
(6-21 )
pv n = const,
(6-16)
r.D.e n U k - nOKa3are.IJU no.IJHTpOnbl U a.D.Ha6aTbl.
p a 6 0 Tan p 0 u e C c a. BbJpafKeHUe .D..nH pa60Tbl nomnpon-
1I0ro npollecca MO}f{HO no.IJY4HTb 113 ypaBHeHHH (6-13) U (6-14), 3a11eHUB
nOKa3aTe.lJb k Ha n:
r.D.e n - nOCTOHHHaH .D..IJH .D.aHHOrO npouecca Be.IJH4UHa.
Y paBHeHHe (6-16) HOCHT Ha3BaHHe ypaefteHufl nOJlUmpOl1HOcO npo-
4 ecca .
113MeHHH 3Ha4eHHH nOI,a3aTCJIH no.IJHTpOnbl, MQ)KHO nOJIY4HTb
KpHBble, xapaRTepH3YlollLue paCCMOTpeHHble c.IJY4aH H3MeHeHHH co-
CTOHHHH ra3a.
TaK, npH n = 0 nOJIUTpOnHbllI npouecc CTaHOBHTCH H306apHb1M;
npH n -r 00 - H30XOpHbJM; npH n = 1 - H30TepMH4ecKHM, a npH
n = k-a.D.ua6aTHbIM.
EC.IJH n> k (puc. 6-7), TO npn paCWHpeHHH nOJII1TpOna nOH.D.eT
HH)Ke a.D.Ha6aTbl, YKa3blBaH, 4TO paCllll1peHHe npOTeKaeT C OTBO.D.OM
TenJIa U npOllecc y)Ke He a.D.Ha6aTI1bIiL Ec.IJH )Ke n < 1, TO no.IJHTpOna
nOH.D.eT Bbll11e H30TepMb!, a 3TO 03H;J'WeT, 4TO TenJIa CHCTeMe co06llLa-
eTCH 60JIblUe, 4eM IIPH H30TCpMHOM npOllecce, HO MeHblUe, 4eM npH
H306apnOM.
1 = (T 1 -T 2 ) OJlcIKc,
n-l
1 =  (P1V 1 - P2V2) OJlCIKc.
n-l
(6-22)
(6-23)
r 11 a B a VII
BO,qSlHOJi nAP
60
113 Rypca <pH3HRH H3BeCTHO, 41'0 Bce nelll.eCTBa, B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01'
<p H3 H'ieCKI1X YCJIOBHll (Tel\mepaTYPbl H .D.aBJIeHHH), !I10rYT lIaXO.D.H'fbCH B
'nJepJlpM, )KH,IT,ROM I1J1I1 ra3006pa3HOM COCTOHHI1HX (cpa38.X).
,.

CTpaH(tTBO Ha.n: ee nOBepXHOCThlO, Ha3blBalOT 6./7aJICHblM HaCblllieHHblJl
\
napOM. u
BJIa>'KHhJH HaChIll1.CHI!hIll nap npC.D.CTaBJI5!eT C060H CMCCb napa H MC.IJL-
lJaHllH1X ',,-aneJIh BO.D.hJ. BO.D.a B "Holl CMCCH Mo:m:eT HaX0.D.HTbCH B BHJC
11.1JH B3BeIlieHHhJX lJaCTHU (KaneJIb), HJIH CTPYllKaMH creKaTb no ero CTeH-
KaM. HaXO.D.Hll1.aHCH B paBHOBCCHH C napOM BO.D.a HBJIHeTCH npHMcpm.1
HaebLUieHHol'i JICUOlwemu. KOJ1HlJCCTBO 'laCTHIl :m:H.D.KOCTH B nape onpe.D. e -
JIHeT CTeneHb CYXOCTH H.IJH BJla:m:HOCTII napa.
EC.IJH :m:H.D.KOCTh no.n:orpeBaTb npH nOCTOHHHOM ,rr,aBJIeHHH, TO CIW-
paeTh .D.BH:m:eHIIH ee MOJIeKy.1J no BceMY 061>eMY 6Y.D.eT B03pacTaTb H
UHTeHCHBHOCTb napo06pa30BaHlJH 6Y.D.eT YBe.IJHlJHBaTbcH. OpH onpe.D. e -
.lJeHHOH TeI\mepaType, cTporo COOTBeTCTByroll1.eM .D.aB.lJeHHlO, npH Kam-
pOM npOHcxo,rr,lJT napo06pa30BaHHC, npouecc HcnapenHH nepeXO.D. HT
B npouecc KlJneHHH. u
K H n e H lJ e. l( UnCHUCJl Ha3b!BaIOT llHmCHcueHblll nepexoo OICUO-
Kocmu B nap HC mOJlbKO co ce060oHol'i nOBep.'<HOCmu. HO II 80 BeCJl 06'OeJ1C,
COnp080:JICOalOU{Ullcfl 6b!CmpblJl 06pa30BaHlleJI U pocmOM nY3blpbKoe napa.
TeI\mepaTypa H .D.aB.IJ€HlJe, npH KOTOpOM npOHxo,rr,lJT KHnCHHe,
CBH3aUhI Me:m:.D.Y c06011. Mx Ha3hIBaIOT meMnepamypOll It OaeJleHUCM Ha-
eblU{eHUfl H 0603HalJaIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO f ll H PII' lJeM IibllUe oa8/leHUC,
npu KomopoM Kunum :JICUOKOCmb, meJI eoomBememeeHHO Bblwe CC meMne-
pamypa KunCHUR.
,IT,.IJH npHMepa 3.D.€Cb npHBC.D.CHhI HeKOTOphJe TeMnepaTyphJ KHneHHH
BO.D.hI H COOTBeTCTBYIOIJ-LHe liM .D.aBJIeHIiH*
ECJIH YBe.IJHlJIITb nO.D.Bo}l Ten:la K K!InH-
w,eM :m:II.D.KOCTII, TO napo06pa30BaUlJe 6YJJ,CT
npOTeKaTb HHTeHClJBHei'L O.D.HaIW TCl\me-
paTypa BO.D.hJ II napa 6Y.D.eT Bce me OCTa-
BaTbCfI nOCTOHUHOii .D.0 Tex nop, nOKa noc-
JIe.D.H.H H KanJIH :m:lJ.D.KOCTlJ He IIcnapHTCH.
Oap, He CO}lepmaw,lJM B uCBoeM COCTaBe
lJaCTHU BO,rr,hJ, HO I1MCIOW,HIi TeMncpaTYPY
II .D.aB.lJeHHe uaCbIll1.eHlJfI, Ha3bIBaIOT (YXUM
HaeblltICHHblM napOJ!.
o a p 0 C 0 .D. e p :m: a H H e Hac hI-
ll1. e H H 0 r 0 nap a. KOJIHqCCTBO CY-
xoro napa, TaK :m:e KaK 11 KO.IJI1'leCTBO B.lJarH B npouecce na-
po06pa30BaUHfI, MOlliCT l!3MeHHTbCH OT Hy.IJH no e.n:HIIHUbI.
ECJIH B O.D.HOM KII.IJOrpaMMe napa 3aKJIlOlJaeTCfI x Ke cyxoro HaCbI-
ll1.eHHOro napa H (1 - x) Ke B.lJarH, TO Be.IJHqlJUa x Ha3b!BaeTCH napo-
eOOep:JICaHUeM HJIH CTeneHblO CYXOCTH napa, a Be.IJHqHHa (1 - x) -
BJlaeOCOOerXJ/caHueM H.IJH CTeneHblO BJIalliHOCTl! napa.
Be.IJHlJHHbI x H (1 - x) YCJIOBHO 11306pallieHbI H3 pIlC. 7-1. Oqe-
BH,rr,HO, lJTO TaKoe pa3[I,eJleHIIe napa H BO)l.bI MOllieT 6bITb npoH3Ben.eHo
Oepcxo.Tl 1I3 O.D.HOrO COCTOHHlIfI B .D.pyroe Ha3hIBaIOT rf;a30lM flpe-
BpaU{CHl!CM HJlll rf)(l306bl.M nepexodo.4/. ,
TaK, HanpHl\Iep, ncpexo.D. mIl.D.KOM 4Ja3bI B ra3006pa3HYlo/Ha3hIBaIOT
napoo6pa30BaHHeM, a nepexo.D. ra3006pa3HoM 4Ja3hI B rKIIlI.1<YIO*-KOH-
oeHca4 ucl 'i.
i 1. npol.\ecc napoo6pa30BaHHSI
M C nap e H 11 C. H enapeHUCJl Ha3hJBalOT npOL{CeC nepexooa BC-
U{eent6a U3 {)/Cud/weO B napoo6pa3Hoe cocmORHue. OpH :'JTOI'vI ;,acTb MO.lJe-
KY.1J BblJICTaeT C nOBepxHocTII lliH.D.KOCTH H 06pa3yeT Hall. Hel! nap. OpIl
I1CnapeHIIH BbI.lJeTaroll1.l1e MOJIeKYJIbJ npCO.D.OJIeBaIOT CI1.IJbI npI1TH:m:CHI1f1
oCTaBIllHXOJ Ha nOBepXHocTII Mo.lJeI<Y JI, T. e. OIIlI COBCrJIllaIOT npOTHB 3THX
CI1.1J pa6OTY, KpOMC TOro, OHH TaK)Ke COBepmaIOT pa60TY npOTliB BHeIll-
Hcro .D.aB.lJeHHH napa, 06pa30B3BllJcroC}1 IW.n: :m:H.D.KOCTbIO. BCH 3Ta
pa60Ta COBepmaeTcH l\1O.'1eKY.'1aMU 3a CqCT nx KI1HeTHqeCKOH 3HcpnIH
Tcn.IJOBOrO .D.BIDKCHHH. OLleBH.D.HO, LITO He Bce MOJIeKy.IJbI CIloc06HhI
COBcpIllaTb ::ny pa6OTY. Ee COBCpUlaIOT TO.'JhKO 1(', KOTophIe o6.lJa,rr,aroT
.D.OCTaTOlJIIO 60.lJbIllOH KIIHeTH'ICCKOH 3HeprHeM.
OpOlJ,ecc HcnapeHIIH 6e3 nO.D.BoJJ,a Tcn.lJa K LKH.'I,KOCTII conpOBOLK,rr,a-
eTCH ee OX.lJaLK.D.eHIIel'vI. 3TO 061>HCHHeTcH TeM, lJTO B :m:I1.D.KOCTH OCTa-
eTCH BCC MCHbille MO.'1eKy.IJ, 06.lJa.D.aIoll1.HX 60.lJbIllIlMII CKOpOCTHMII, BC.lJe.D.-
CTBIIe qero YMeHhillaeTcH Cpe.D.HHH CKOpOCTh .D.BH:m:eHHH OCTaBIllHXCH B
HeM MO.IJCKy.IJ, 11 TeI\meparypa lliH.D.KOCTH na,rr,aeT.
EC.IJH :m:e nOMepmI1BaTb TeI\mCpaTYPY :m:I1.D.KOCTH IlOCTOHHHOM, T. e.
HenpepblBHo nO.D.BO.D.I1Tb K HCH Ten.IJO, TO qIlC.IJO BbI.IJeTarow,lJX Mo.lJeKYJI
6Y.D. eT HenpepbIBHO HapaCTaTb. O.D.HaKO B ClJJIY XaOTIIlJHOCTII .D.BHLKeHl!H
Mo.lJeKy.1J napa O.D.HOBpeMeHHO C I1X nepCXO.D.Ol'I'I H3 :m:I1.D.KOCTH B ra30BYro
4Ja3Y npOHCXO.D.I1T 06paTHbIM npouecc - KOfloeHcau,UH, npI1 KOTOpOM
lJaCTb MOJICKy.1J napa CHOBa B03Bpalll,aeTCH B :m:1I.D.KOCTb. Ec.IJII I1cnape-
HIIe npOHcxo,rr,HT B 3aKpbITOM COCY.D.e, TO IWmlqeCTBO napa 6Y.D.eT YBe-
JIHlJlJBaTbCH .D.O Tex nop, nOKa He HacTynIlT paBHOBeCl1e, T. e. KO.IJI1-
lJeCTBO :m:i1.1J,KOCTII II napa CTaHCT nOCTOHHHbIM. 3TO 3IIa'IHT, LITO 'IHC.IJO
lJaCTl!U, nOKH)aIOIlI,!lX lliIl.D.KOCTb B C.D.HlIHUY Bpel\1eHlJ, paBHO lJIICJIY lJa-
CTHIl, B0313paw,arow,HXCH 3a 3TO llie BpeMH B :m:I1.D.KOCTb. Oap, HaXO.D.H-
ll1.l!MCH B paBHOBeCHll CO CBoeM rI<lJ.D.KOCTbIO, H33bIBaCTCH .HaebllleHHblM.
OpH paBHOBeCHH yCTanaB.1JHBaeTCH nOCTOHHHaH n.IJOTHOCTb napa, KO-
TopaH OTBe'laeT BnOJIHe onpe.D.c.lJeHHOMY .D.aB.1JeHHro. 3TO .D.aB.lJeuI1e Ha-
3hJBaroT ynpYeocmblO HaeblUl,cfiHocO napa.
YnpyrocTb HacbIll1.eHHOrO napa B03pacTaeT C nOBhJIlleHIIeM TeI\mepa-
TyphI. LJ:eM BhJIllC Tel\mepaTypa, TCM 66.TJbIllCe lJHC.IJO Mo.lJeKy.1J :m:H.D.KOCTH
ncpeXO.D.I1T E ra3006pa3HYlo 4Ja3Y H TeM BblillC nJIOTHOCTb, a c.lJe,rr,oBa-
TeJIbHO, II ynpyrocTh napa, npIl KOTOPO!I HacTynaeT paBHOBCClIe;, Oap,
HaXO.D.Hll1.I1MCH B conpHKOCHOBeHHH C :m:I1.D.KOCTbIO H HaCblll1.aroll1.Hl1 npo-
)1.aBJICIIHC
PH' um
TeMnepaTypa
KHneHIUI
tHo °C
0,01
0,05
0,10
1.00
10,00
50,00
100,00
6,698
32,b55
45, 450
99,090
179,040
262,700
309,530
* PaCCMoTpCIlHe tI.pyrnx lj.>a'!OBbIx npcBpaeIlHi'l, ((a((, Hanpl1Mep, nepexo.II
H3 TBep.IJ.oro B )!UltI.KOC' COCTOHHne, B nporpaMMY .!\aHHoro !{ypca He BXO.:J.K1'.
63
.. TenJlOTeXllljIjeCKIlU cnpanO'JHHK, T, r, foc3I1eproIl3).(c1T. 1957, CTp. 235,.
62

TOJIbKO .lI.JIH HarJIH)\HOCTH. <PaKTH1JeCKI1 >Ke BO}:I3 H nap npB ftf060M
napoco,ngp>K3mUJ HaXOlJ,5lTCH 13 nepeMewaHHOM COCTOHHI1I-I. ,
BeJIlJ'H1Ha x HBJIHeTCH O.ll.HHM 113 2JlaBHIJiX naplUternpOB BflaJICHV20
HaCbl!I{CHH020 napa, I1 ero COCTOHHI1e He MO>KtT 6bITb onpefLe.lJeHO, eCJII1
He 1I3BeCTHa CTeneHb CYXOCTH HaCblUJ.eHHoro napa.
B TeXHI11JeCKHX paC1JeTaX BeJII11JHHbI x I1 (1 - x) Bblpa>KaIOT B L!,O-
JIHX e.ll.H, HllI1.bI a HHor.ll.a - B npoueHTax. TaK, eC,IJI1 BJIa>KHbIH HaC"I-
!U.CHHbIH nap HMeeT CTeneHb CYXOCTI1 x = 0,85, TO ero B.lJarOCO.ll.Cp)KaHl1e
(1 - x) == 1 - 0,85 = 0,15, T. e.
nap COCTOHT rI3 85% cyxoro napa
H 15% BO.ll.bI.
COCTOHIIHe HaCbIIlI.eHHOrO napa
01JeHb HeycTOH1JHBO. NI.a.lJeHWee rI3-
MeHeHHe YCJIOBI-!H, 13 KOTOpbIX OH
::::---:- _ _-:. . (I-X) /(1, HaXO.ll.HTC5I, nplIBO.ll.HT JIH60 K KOH-
.lI.eHCaUHH (T. e. K YBeJIWtelUlIo KOJIH-
qeCTBa LJaCTHIJ. >KH.lI.KOCTH 3a C1JeT
YMeHbweHHH KOJIlI1JeCTBa Mo.lJeKy.1J
napa), JIH60 K napo06pa30BaHHlo
(T. e. K YBeJIH1JeHI1l0 KO.IJI-!1JeCTBa
MOJIeKy.rr napa 3a ClJeT YMeHbweHB51
KO.IJH1JeCTBa lJaCTHU >KH.lI.KOCTH).
n e per peT bI H nap. Ec.IJH K CYXOMY HacbIUJ.eHHoMY napy
nOJLBoJLI1Tb TenJIO npH nOCTOHHHOM fLaBJIeHHH, TO TeMnepaTypa ero 6y-
.l!.eT nOBblwaTbCH, 06'beM YB€.IJII1JHBaTbCH, H CYXOH HaCbI!lJ,eHHbIH nap
nepeHn;eT 13 COCTOHHHe neperpeToro.
CTeneHb neperpeBa napa !J..t onpe.ll.eJIHeTCH pa3HOCTbi0 Tel\mepaTY p
M=t-t H ,
11(1,
'Wg:G&mg
.x; /(1.
PIIC. 7-1. YCJlOBHaH cxeMa pa3.lle-
.'leHIIH BJla>KHoro HaCbleHHoro
napa Ha CYXOll HacbIIIeHHblii H
IJoJ(Y
So. i() H T. fL.); nap3MeTpbl npH rervmepwfype 1I3CbIII1CHlHl -- Oi1.I1HM UJTpl1-
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iIlJICCb 6bl OTMe1JaTb OTpe3KoM, BbJpa)KeHHblM B MeTpax.
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Me HeCYIlI.CCTSeHHO. 003TOMY paCCMOTpeHHe npou.ecca napooopa30Ba-
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.luwrpaMMe TOlJKOi1 1'. 3To 03Ha'laeT, '11'0 1 '{2 BO.lI.bI npI-! TervlI1epaType
II 11,UB,neHHl1 HaCbJlI1.eHlHJ (pi 11 t 1 ) 3aHHMaeT 13 IlH.IJI1HlLpe o6-beM v;. OpaK-
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ann?paTaX. OeperpeB napa OCYIlI.eCTBJIHeTCH 13 naponeperpeBaTe.IJHX,
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paTYPbI, T. e. Ha ncperpeB napa. ECJIH OT cyxoro HaCblUleHHoro napa
(TollKa 1") OTBOJl.HTb TenJIO npH nOCTOHIIHblX Jl.aBJlCHHI1 H TCMnepaType,
TO 1 Ki! cyxoro HaCblllI.eHlIOrO napa, 110CTeneHHO KOHJl.eHclIpYHCb no
JlHHHH 1"-1', npCBpaTHTCH B 1 Ki! BO)jb! (TOGKa 1').
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npIl Jl.aBJleHHH P2> Pi. 1'13BCCTHO, '-11'0 C nOBblweHHeM ;I.aBJIeUHH no-
BblwaeTCH 11 TeMnepaTypa KlIneHHH. BOJl.a, lIarpeB8Hcb .llO TeMnepaTypbl
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lll.aH Ha'IaJIO Kl1nCHHH BOJlbl (crv!. pHC. 7-2), paCnO,IJOllieHa npaBee TO'lKH
l' npH cooTBeTcTBYIOW.eH 0pJl.HHaTe, OTBeqaJOlll.CH Jl.3BJIeHHIO P2'
}1.JIbueHwHII nponecc IICnapeHHH BOJl.bl, npOTeKalOllI.HH no H30aape
2 ' 2 "
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HIIH PI (H306apa 1'-1"). O'leBII)jHO, qTO C nOBbIWeHI1eM Jl.aBJleHIIH
n,IJOTHOCTb cyxoro HaCbllll.eHHOro napa YBeJIH'II-maeTcH, a ero YJl.eJlb-
Hblll oabeM (oapaTIIaH IIJIOTHOCTH BeJIHqHHa) YMCHbwaCTCH. TI03TOMY
TOqKa 2" HaX0ll.HTCH JleBCe TOlIKlf 1".
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TO npOlJ,ecc Hcn8veHHH 3aKOH'-IIlTCH 6blCTpCH, '1eM npH J(aB.lJeHHH P2'
YJl.eJIbHbIH 06beM cyxoro Hi:lCbllll.eHHoro napa B TO'lKe 3" 6Y.lleT Melbwe,
qeM YJl.e,IJbHblH 06'bcl\1 cyxoro HaCblUleUHoro napa B TOqKe 2".
TaKHM 06pa:-:\oM, 113 )jHarpa!\1MbI BHJl.HO, '11'0 C nOBblWCHl1eM Jl.al3-
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T04KaMH HaqaJIa KImCHHH BOJl.bJ H nomlOro ee I1CnapeHllH, YKopa'lU-
BaIOTcH. TIpH onpeJl.e,neHHoH TervmepaType H cooTBeTcTBYlolll.eM eH Jl.aB-
JleUHI1 pa'3HOCTb 06beMoB BOJ(bl v' II napa v' CTaHeT paBHoH Hymo. TOqKII
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napa CTanOBHTCfl paBJlblMH TaK )Ke, KaK II CI aHOBHTCH paBHblMII 3Ha-
lleHHH IIX nJlOTHOCTeii.
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b30HTH nJlOTHOCTb lliHJl.KOCTH. TaKIIM 06pa30M, eelqecmeo, llaXOO.flU(eeCfl
e KpumUlfeCKOJ1 coCmOflHU/l, flfJ/lflflCb OOHOipa3Hbl.M, o6Jzaoaem C80tl(mBaMt.l
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perpCTblH nap, HMelOIIlHII Tel'vlnepaTYPY IIlf.llie KpI1TfIlleCKOH. Ero ,lJerKO
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nOBblwalOT ero J(aBJleHHe, H neperpeTblH nap, npOH}lH .llByxcpa3Hoe CO-
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ra3006pa3Hble Belll.eCTBa C KpHTHqeCKOll TCMnepaTYPOH BbllJ1e TeMnepa-
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JlOTa If JJ.p.
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67

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me I1V JIH.
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paTypbl t"p OCHOBHbIX ra30B, COCTaBJI5HO-
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HaCTOJJbIW I-!3YIleHbI, lITO, I-!3MeHHH napa-
MCTpbI BellLeCTBa, rrepCBOJ\HT .>KHJJ,KOCTb
B ra3 I-! ra3 B mHJJ,KOCTb, MHHYH JJ,ame
nepexoJJ, B JJ,Byxcp33I-IOe COCTOHHHe.
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tJIeJJ,YIOIIJ.He 3HaIJ.CHIIH**; t Kp = 374,15° C; p"p = 225,65 am; v'{P =
= 0,00326 .M 3 11(C'.
o 0 r p a H H II II bI e I{ p II B bl e. ECJIII TO'HUI HaIlaJla KHneHHH
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pHBaH A' HS';JHCTCH Jllmuez"i H!J/1Ca!)C'o napocOOCpJlCOfillJl HJIII Jlll-
f/UCU Jlcuof{ocmu fW C'paHllije l1CnapCHUJl. Eho 03naIlaeT, '11'0 npll .TlI06h!X
3ua'-!eUHHX p H v', B JII060ll 'WIlKe JIl!HHII A' lIapOCOJJ,ep)!(3HlIe x = O.
KplIBaH A" HBJIHeTC5I .I11mueii CYXCC'O fWCblllWHf-1020 napa. 91'0 - JIl1-
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x =, 1.
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rrapa. Ee CTpmlT, OTKTIB)J,hma51 3HaIleJlHF! 3IITpOn11l1 HaIlaJIa II KOHua
I{lInellHH JJ,JIH pa3.ll-JlH-IL!X "Iervmepa-ryp. OOJIY'leHHble IIrm nOCTpoeHHH
)J,lIarpaMMbI 1I0rpaH!I'IHbJe KplfBbIC A' H A" TaK )I<e, K3K H Ha pV-JJ,Ha-
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me TPH 06JIaCTII: 1) 06JlaCTb mll)J,I<OCTII; 2) 06';1 an L BJImI\HOrO HaCbIlW:'H-
Horo napa H 3) 06,TIaCTb JIt"lwrpe-roro rrapa.
TenJIOTeXTlH'leCl(l1ii cnp.ID0 1 Jllni\. fOl:3J1CIJlOH3.LliiT, 1957, CTp. 18a.
.,* TaM >1{ e, erp. 236.
68
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MomI.IO 6wIO np€ne6peIlb uO)J,orpeBoM }KIIJJ,I<OCTII 01' 0° C )J,o TeMuepaTY-
pbl KIIII€HHH, nOTOMY 'iTO YBCJIlI1leHHe ee 06'beMa B 31'01" nepHOJJ, HC'3Ha-
11I1T€JIbHO H TaKoe npH6.TlHmelUle MomHO C'IHTaTb cnpaBe)J,JJHBbI!\l. B
TS-JJ,l1arpaMMe no OCll a6cuHCC OTJIO.>KeHbi BeJIHl1HHbI 3HTpOflHH. Ha npH-
pallLeUIIt:' 3HTponHlI B nepHOJ! nOJJ,orpeBa mIL'I.KocTH 3aTpaIlI-!BaeTCH
60JIblilOe I<OJIHIleCTBo T€u.Tla, KOTOpblM rrpeH€6peIlb HeJIb3H, n03TOMY
paCCMOTpeHlIe T.'>-JJ,lIarpaMMbl Ha4HeM C
onpeJJ,e.IJeHHH KOJII1'-IeCTBa Terrna, He05-
XOJJ,HMoro JI,TIH rroJJ,orpeBa 1 KC' BOJJ,bl 01'
0° C 1-(0 TeMrrepa1'ypbI HaCblIIJ.eHHH.
Ten JI 0 l' a m II JJ, K 0 C T H. Ha
)J,lIarpaMMe (CM. puc. 7-3) HaqaJIO 1I0JJ,0-
rpeBa BO}l,bI xapaKTepff3yeTcH T04KOll a
C rrapaMeTpaMH 8 0 = 0 H to = 0° C. 3a
HaIlaJIO OTCIJeTa JJ,l1arpaMMbl 05b14HO L
T H a
npl1HHMaIOT COCTOHHl1e BOJJ,bI npH
t = 0 0 C = 273° K. OpH 3TOM YCJJOBHO
)J,onycKaeTcH, 41'0 rrpH 0° C JJ,JIH JIl060ro
JJ,aB.TleIlHH (/0 = 0, io = 0 H 8 0 = O.
CJIeLlyeT, o.'I.HaKO, OTMeTHTb, 41'0 Bbl60p
lIaIlaJIa IWOp:r.HHaT He I-!rpaeT CYllLeCT-
BeHHOll pOJIlI, TaK KaK B paC'leTax
06b1IlHO nOJIb3YIOTCH pa3HOCTHMl1 Be-
JIHIlHH i, 8 11 U n HaIlaJIO OTCIleT8,
TaI<I1M 06p1l3m.l, HCKJIIOIIaeTCH.
Oponecc 1I0}IOrpeBa mlIJJ,KOCTH npOTeKaeT npH nOCTOHHHOM JJ,3BJIe-
1IlIII rro 1I306ape ab;, KOTopaH npaKTHIleCKH CJIHBaeTCH C HHmHell no-
rpaHH4HOH I<pHBOll. Ha rrOJJ,orpeB BOJJ,bl 3aTpaIlllBaeTCH TerrJIO q, 'IHC-
JIeHHO paBHoe nJI. Oab;gO. 91"0 TenJIO Ha3bIBalOT menJlomou
JICUOKocmu.
npHMeHHTeJIbHO K Ten.TlOTe ml1JJ,KOCTH nepBblll :1aKOH TepMoJJ,IIHaI\UI-
KH MomHO Bblpa3HTb CJIeJJ,YIOIlLIIM 05pa30M:
T
e
o s' !/
B.
s
s
f
s
PHC. 7-3. ,QHarpaMMa COCTOH-
IIHH BOJ\SIHoro napa lIa TS-J\H-
arpaMMe
q = p (v' -- vol -I- (u' -u o )'
(7-1)
rJJ,e p(v' - v o ) - pa60Ta paclllHpeHHH I K2 BO)J,bl rrpH ee HarpeBaHHII OT
0° C lJ,0 TeMllepaTypbl KHneHHH;
u' - llo - lf3MeHeHHe BHYTpeHHei1 3HeprHH I KC' BOJJ,bl npH ee
J-IarpeBaHHH 01' 0° C JJ,O TelVInepaTYPbI KHrreHIIH.
OJJ,HaI<O paclllHpeHHe )KHJJ,KOCTH npH ee HarpeBaHHII OT 0° C JJ,O
TeMrrepaTyphI KHrreHIIH CTO,TIb He3HaIHTe;fjbHO, 111'0 pa60TY paClllllpeHIIH
MomBO C'IHTaTb paBHoll HyJIlO. Dpl1 3TOM paBeHcTBo (7- I) MomHO nepe-
nncaTb
q ,= u' ----u o '
..

Ho no YCJIOBI1IO BHYTpeHHSJ.f1 :HIepmH BO.ll.bl npn 0" C paBHa HYJIIO,
T. e. U o = O. D03TOMY
q=a ' .
(7-2)
r.ll.e II" n v" - BHYTpeHHSJfI 3HepnIfl " Yll.E'.lJbHblH 06beM cyxoro naCbl-
I!lCBEora nap::!;
ti ' 11 v' - I:myTpeHIlHH 3Hepn:!H i1 o6'belvl mH)J.KOCTH npH TOH me
TeMHt'paTYpf' 11 TOM :tKe J(aBJIeHHH.
1-13 nOCJle}lHerO ypaBHeHHH BH.lI.HO, 'ITO TenJIOT8 napo06pa30BaHHH
COCTOHT H3 .lI.BYX '-IacTeii. 56.lJblllaSJ 'IaCTb, paBHClSI ti" - a', 3;JTpa'-ln-
B3t'TCSJ IW YBeJII'JIIeHlJC BHYTpeUHeH oH-lepnm BOJ(bl H napa. Ee 0603ua-
'!aIOT 6YKBOH P H U83bI1:3aIOT 6Hympe1/HeCt menl/OmoCt napooopa30BW1Uft
TaKHM 06pa30M, H3 4JOPMYJIbJ (7-2) BH.lI.HO, '-ITa Bce TenJIO, 3aTpa-
'-IeHUOe Ha nO.ll.OrpeB 0'1' 0° C .D.O Tel\mepaTypbI KHneHHH (HaCbUUeUH5!),
pacxoJ(ye-rcSI Ha YBeJIHqeHHe BUYTpClmeH =mepnm BOll.bI, T. e. Ha YI>e-
J]I1'leHHe TenJIOBOrO .D.BH:tKeHHSI MOJIeKy.rI.
KOJIHlleCTBO Ten.lJa q, 3aTpaqeHHoe" Ha H306apHbIH nO]lorpeB :tKHlI-
KOCTII, MO:tKHO TaK:tKe Bblpa3HTb qepes pa3HOCTb 3HTa.lJbnHH, Hcno.lJb3YH
4JOPMYJIY (6-10)
" I
f)=U -a.
I
q=i'-i o ,
r.ll.e i' H io - 9HTa.lJbnIm BO.ll.bl npn Tel\;mepaType KHneHHSI H npH 0° C
COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
Do npHHSlToMY YCJIOBHIO (CM.  2 rJI. VI I) io = 0, n03ToMY
q=i'. (7-3)
CpaBHHBaSl4JopMy.lJhI (7-2) H (7-3), BH.D.HM, 'ITa BUYTpeumm 9HeprHH
BOJ(bl npH TeMnepaType KHneHHH paBua ee 3UTa.lJbnnn, T. e.
)JpyraSl 'laeTb, paBiIaSl p(v" - v'), 3aTpa'IHBaeTCH Ha BHelilHIOIO
paoOTY, np0l1moJ(HMYIO napoM npB ero paclllHpeHHH OT OO'beMa. v' ,10
V". 9TY 'IaCTb TenJIa 0603Ha'Ia10T OYKBOll '\!J H Ha3bIBalOT GftWlf-lell men-
/lomoii napoof5pa30CaHllJi
'\!J = p (v" -V').
TaKHM 06pa30M,
r=p+1p.
a' =i'.
(7-4)
Ten.lJo-ry napooopa30BaHHH r MO:tKHO TaK:tKe Bblpa3HTb qepe3 pa3-
HOCTb 3HTa.lJbnHll. )JJISI :Horo B 4JopMy.lJe (a) c,n:e.lJaeM neperpynrmpoB-
KY 'IJIeHOB H nOJIY'IHM
HarpeBaHHe :tKHJ(KoeTH OT 0'" C J(O TeMnepaTypbI KlmeHHH con po-
BO:tK.lI.aeTCH npHpaI1l.eHHeM 3HTponHH. DpHHHMaH 3HTponmo fKHlIKOCTH
npn 0 0 C paBHOll HYJIlO (so = 0), a Ten.TIOel\lKOCTb :tKH}IIWCTH nOCTOHHHOH
II HCnOJIb3YH p8BeHCTBO (6-1 R), l\IO:tKHO onpeJ(eJIHTb 3HTponmo BO}Ibl
npH Tel\mepaType KlmeHHH no 4JopMYJIe
T
5' = In --.!!.. .
273
T e 11 JI 0 Tan a p 0 0 0 p a 3 0 B a H II H. Doc.TIe nO}10rpeB3 BO-
.lI.bJ .D.O TeMnepaTypbJ KHneHHSI ee HY}j{]]O npeBpaTIlTb B cy xm':j HaCLlIlleH-
Hblll nap npIl nOCTOHHHblX TeMneparype II .D.aB.lJeHHH.
KOJIHqeCTBO TenJIa, 3aTpa'Ie!lHOe Ha npeBpaIlleHHe 1 K? BO}lbl, H3-
rpeToii .lI.0 Tel\WepaTypbI KHneHIlH, B 1 K? cyxoro HaCblIlleHHora napa,
Ha3bIBaJOT men.'lomo(i napoo6pa30caHufl H 0003Ha'IaJoT r.
Ha TS-.lI.IIarpaMMe (CM. pIlC. 7-3) TenJIOTa napooopa30BaHIlSJ r
H306pa:tKaeTCSI nJIOIllaJlblO npSll\myro.lJbHIlKa gb;c;fg, OlIHa CTOpOHa
KOTopora H3MepHeTcSI OTpe3KOM oeIl 0P.D.1IHaT, paBHblM TeMnepaType
HaCblIlleHHSJ T H, a BTopaH - OTpe3KOM oeH a6cllHcc, paBHblM npHpa-
I1l.eHHIO 3HTponHH SI = S" - s', T. e.
r=THs 1 .
TenJIOTa napoo6pa30BaHHSI r 33Tpa'lIlBaeTCH H8 M3MeHeHHe BHYTpeH-
Hell 3HepnrM II Ha COBepmeHHe pC100TbI. DmToMY MQ}KHO 3aIIIlcaTb
( " + " ) ( ' , )
r = U pv - a - pv ,
H.rm
r = i" - if.
(7-5)
Ten JI 0 Tan e per p e B a. TenJIo, nO.ll.Be.ll.eHHOe K CYXOMY HCI-
cbHllellHoMY napy npH nOCTOHHHOM .lI.aBJleHHH, 3aTpa'umaeTcSJ Ha nOBb!-
llleHHe era TeMnepaTypbI OT t H (TeMnepaTypbI HaCbII1l.eHHSI) 1J,0 3a.ll.aHHOii
TeMnepaTYPbI neperpeBa tn. 9TY BeJIHQHHY Ha3blBaJOT menllof/10U nepec-
peaa napa H C803HaQaIOT qn:
qn=c pm (tn-tJ,
f}le C pm - cpe.D.HSlH H300apnaSl TeilJIOeMKOCTb neperpeTOro napa.
Dpollecc neperpeBa napa npoTeKae-r no H300ape c; dt, a KO.IJII'IeCT-
BO TenJIa qm 3aTpa'IeHHoe Ha neperpeB, QHCJIeHHO paBHo n.IJOI1l.all,I1
fc; tit ef (CM. pHC. 7-3).
TenJIOTY neperpeBa napa qn, Tal{:tKe KaK II TenJIOTY no,rr,orpeBa :tKI1.l1.-
KOCTH 1J H TenJIOTY napoo6pa30BaHHH r, MO:tKHO Bblpa3HTb Qepe3 pa3-
HoeTL 3HTa.TJbnHll
qrr = i-i",
( " , ) + ( " ' )
rcc-=-u-u pv-.-v,
<a>
r,rr,e 1 H i" - 3HTaJIbnHH napa neperpeToro II cyxoro HaCbIIlleHHoro COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO.
70
71

'A" =u+ pv.
(7-6)
BOJJ,b!. HCXOJ1f1 113 1TOrO, OO'heM 1 ,1(2 CMeCM V x B TO'lKe c COCTOI-lT H3 OO'be-
Ma V"X K2 cyxoro napa H OO'beMa u'(l - x} K2 BOJJ,bI, T. e.
vx=v"x+v'(l-x). (7-8)
3Ha'leHHH YJJ,eJIbHbIX 001>e1\l0B BOJJ,bI v' II cyxoro HaCblUleHHoro napa
v" npHBeJJ,eHbI B CnpaBO'lHbIX TaOJ1HIIax.
f1pH 60J1blll01\l napocoJJ.ep>KaHHM H HeBbICoKOM JJ,aBJ1eHHH oO'heM,
33HHI\WeMhll'i >KHJJKOCThIO v' (1 -- x), O'leHb MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C 061>e-
I\1D!VJ cyxoro napa v" x. TI03TOI\1[y
05bILJHO 11M npeHe6peraIOT. JJ.J15I
OOJ1bIllHHCTBa TenJJOTeXHMLJeCKl1X P If
paC<leTOB nplIHHMalOT
Vxv" x.
nO/lflQfl men.;10ma Cyt020 HIlCbltl(CflH(120 napa 'A" CKJ1alI.bIBCleTC5I II3
renJl01b] >KHllKOCTlI q H 1'en1101'b] napooopa::>OB3HHH f:
'A" = q+r, H,TIH 'A" = q+r+ 'po
TaK KaK TenJ10Ta q H Ten.TIOTa p 3aTpa'lHBaJorC5I Ha YBeJIH'lellIle
BHYTpeHHeil 9HeprHH BO.!lbI M naPe:: a TenJWT3 'IjJ - tI3 COBepmeHlIe
BHeIJJHeH pa60TbI pv, npOIl3BOJJ,HMOH napOM flpM ero paClllHpeHHH, TO
nO.TlHa51 TenJlOTa cyxoro HaCbJw.eHHoro napa MOfKe1' ObITb faK}Ke Bblpa-
iKeHa cpOPMYJJ0l1
'A = q + r + qn-
(7-7)
TaKHM 06pa30M, YJJ,eJIbHbdi
o 61>eM BJ1a>KHOrO HcbIw.eHHoro
napa npH6"1H3I1TeJ1bHO paBeH
yJJ,eJ1bHOMY 061>eMY cyxoro HaCbI-
11I.eHllOI'O napa TOro me JJ,aB,ne-
lHIH, YMHomeHHOMY IIa CTeneHb
CYXOCTI-!.
TIJ10THOCTb DJJa>KHoro HaCbl-
11l.eIIIIoro napa onpeJJ,eJ151eTCH KaK
Be,11 JIlII1 II a , 06paTHa51 ero ylI.e.lJh-
HOMY 06beMY
p,
u
PaBeHCTBO (7-6) npeJJ,CTaBJ15IeT C060H 'laCTHbJJ'j cJ1YLJaii nepBoro 33-
KOHCl TepMOJJ,IIHaI\HJJUl.
nO/lflil>/. meflJlOma ncpe2pemoco napa 'A CKJ1aJJ,blBaeTC5l fI3 TenJJ01 hI
iKl!JUWCTII q, TenJ10TbI napo06pa30BaHH5I r H Ten.'10Tbl neperpeBa napa
I1cCJ1e.1l.0BaHiHI npou:eCCOB napu06pa30BaHII5I nOKa3a,TIH, LITO C no-
BbIUleHlIeM JI.aBJIeHHH, 8 CJJeJJ,oBaTeJIbHO, II C nOBblweHIIeM TeI\mepaTypbl
HaCbIIlI.eHlHl renJ1OT8 mIlJI.KOCTII q B03paCTaeT, a TenJlOTa napooopa:o-
BaHHfI r YMCHbwaeTCH.
113 pHC. 7-3 BHJJ,HO, 'lTO C nOBbJWeHIIeM TeMnepaTypbl (I-I JJ,aB.TleHHH)
nll. Oab;gO YBe.TlIlLJHBaeTC5I, a nJJ. gb;c;fg YMeHbWaeTC5I. B KpHTIl'H:-
CKOi'! TO'lKe OHa CTaHOBI1TCn paSHOH Hymo, T. e. CYJK3HCb, npeBpaw,a-
eTC5I B J1HHHIO (C1\!. nYHKTHp KB). nO.TIHaH }!{e TenJ10Ta cyxoro HacbIw.eH-
Horo napa 'A" C nOBbIlileHIIeM JJ,aB.lJeHHH YMeHbWaeTC5:I.
Pnc. 7-4. CooTHomeHne KOJJUf.JeCfBa
BO.!tbI H napa B 06J1aCTU HaCbIeH(jSI
1 1 pO
P =-=-=-,
x V x v"x x
i 4. OnpeAeneHHe napaMeTpOB COCTOSlHHSI BOAbl H BOASIHoro napa
B 0.11. a. YJJ,e.TlbHbIH o6'beM BOJI.bJ npn 0° C If JJI060M JJ,aB.lJeHIIIf paBeH
Vo = 0,001 "U3/ Kc .
TaK KaK nJ10THOCTb 51B"l51eTC5I BCJ1I1'lIlHOH, oopaTHoH YJJ,e.lJbHOlVlY
06'beMY, p = !, TO nJ10THOCTb BO.1l.bl npH 0° C Po = 1000 /{21"U3.
v
JJ.aB.lJeHHe HaCbJIlI.eHII5I BO.1l.bI npIl 0° C Po = 0,006228 am.
3Ha'leHIIH BHYTpeI-IHeH 3HepfllH, 3HTponIlIl II 3HTaJIbnHl1 .1I.J151 BOJJ,bI
np] 0° C JJ,J1H JJI06bIX JJ,aBJ1eHIIH, KaK Y>Ke 6bIJ10 CKa3aHO, YCJIOBHO C'lI1-
T<.IOT paBHbIMI1 Hy.TlIO (U o = 0, io = ° 11 So = 0).
TIapaMeTpbl COCT05lHII5I BOJJ,bl npH TeI\lIIepaType Kl1neHI1H (3HTaJ1bnHlO
i', 3HTponIllO s', y.ZI.eJ1bHbIH 061>eM v' 11 nJ10THOCTL p) OObI'lHO 6epYl H3
Ta6J1I1U BOJJ,HHoro napa.
BJ1a>KHbIi-'I HaCbIIlI.eHHbJH nap;, YJJ,eJ1bHbIH 061>el\1
BJ1amHOrO HaCbIlll.eHHoro napa (pIlC. 7-4) B KaKOH-TO npOMe>KYTO'lHOH
TOlIKe (HanpIfMep, E TO'lKe c) MO>KHO onpc.'J.eJ1HTb, paccymL\ClH CJ1e.1l.Ylo-
UJ.HI\1 o6pa30M. CMecb B TO'lKe C COCTOHT 113 X K2 cyxoro napa H (1 - x) Kc
72
T. e. nJJOTIIOCTb BJJa>KHOrO HaCblUJeHHOro napa npIlO,TIH3I1TeJIbHO pasHa
n.IJOTHOCTH cyxoro HacbIw.eHHoro napa, JJ,eJJeHHOH Ba CTeneHb CYXOCTII.
TIo TaKoi'! llie cxeMe onpeJI.e.TlHlOT OCTaJ1bHble napaMeTpb] BJ1amBOro
HacbIw.eHBoro napa (r x, f. x , UX, Sx H i x ).
5ICHO, 'lTO TenJ10Ta napo06pa30BaHH5I, pacxoJJ,yeMaH Ha Hcnape-
HHe x K2 >KIIJJ,KOCTH, paCCLJHTbIBaeTCH no cpopMYJ1e
r x = rx.
Ten,TIOTa B.IJ3>KHOrO HacbIw.eHHoro napa, 3aTpa'leHHaH Ha Harrf'Ba-
Hlie 1 K2 >KHJJ,KOCTH JJ,O TeMnepaTypbI KIIneHII5I II Ha HenOJIHOe e<= IIcna-
peHHe (npI-! KOTOpOM IICnap5lCTC5! x K2), paBHa
'Ax = q+ rx.
BHYTPCHIUIH 9HeprHH B.lJamHOrO HaCbllueHHoro napa onpeJJ,e.1ufeTC5I
no ero 3HTaJIhIlI111 ix 11 yJJ,e.'1bHoMY 061>eMY U x :
u:x=ix-pv x '
HJJH
ux==q+px.
11

SHTpOIIH5-J B.namunro H11CbJlueHHOro napa onpeJJ;e.IISJeTCfI no <PofJ!\ly.lJe
Ee.nI1 Ha oeH 0P.1U1H3T 3HTpOnl1i-'moH 1J.IWrpaMMbl mvrecTo Tel\mepaTypbl
OTKJIa/lblBaTb "JHTaJ/bnllll i, TO pa60Ta npll S = canst l1 IOJUJLJeCTBO
TenJIa npn p = canst 6YJI.YT H306pa:x(aTbCfI Ha 31'Oii JI.llarpaMMe OTpe3-
h3MI1 J1I1IU1H, a He nJIOlQaJI.flMH. _ C)
IlepBaH is-]],HarpaMMa ]],.TIf1 BO]],flHoro napa npH !!aBJIemUl ]],0 O am
6hlJIa npe)l.J1o)KeH3 B 1904 r. MOJIbe. nOflB.lJeHHe tS-)lHarpaMMbl 113Me
HI1JIO KopeHHblM 06pi.J30M MeTo)lI1KY TepMOJI.HHaMI1lJ.eCKI1X llcc.lJeJI.OB8HHH
1I IJ<1C'H;:TOB n3poBblX npollt'ccOB H U,HKJlOB.
f + ( " f ) f + '
Sx = S x s - S = S x --,
T H
Sf - 3HTponUH BOllbl npH TeMnepaType HaCbIIueHIH!;
,
T H - npHpallleHHe 3HTpom111 npB I1CnapeHIH! x f{? X<I1}J,I<OCTf-r.
9HTa,TIbn 1151 BJW)I{HurO r'fa-
/( CbllueHHoro napa onpellt',j} HeT-
CfI no aHaJIOrI1LJHOH <POPMY JIe
ix = i' + x (i" - if) = if + xr.
KpHBble nOCTOs'll!:
H 0 ti C Y x 0 C T If. napa-
MeTp CYXOCTlI napa x MO>KHO
JIerKO npeJI.CTaBHTll Ha p V- H
Ha TS-IU1arpaMMax.
ECJII1 na pV-lll!arpaMMe
(pHC. 7 -5) coeJI.HHHTb Memlty
Pnc. 7-5. KpnBbIe nOCTOSIHHOll CYXOCTIJ c060ii TO'H<H a, b, c, d, COOT-
BeTCTBYIOllJ.He onpelieJleHHoMY
3H8'leHlHO x (H8npHMep, x = 0,2) H npHHaJI..lJemaWHe pa3JIHlJ.HbIM
H306apaM, TO nOJIY'IHTCfI KpHBafl nOCTOflHHoro napOCOIlep>K3HHfI x =
=0,2. npOIleJIaB 91'0 nOCTpOeHIH? Il.'UI pa3JIHlJ.HbrX 3HalJ.eHHH x (x=O,4;
x = 0,6 H T. Il.), nOJIYtJHM ceMeikTBo KpHBblX naCTOHHHOH cYXOCTI-I
x = canst).
AHaJIOrHlJ.HO MO}!{HO nocTpoIlTb KpHBble CYXOCTH II Ha TS-JI.HarpaMMe.
HaJIHtJI-!e 3TH X KIJI-IBblX Ha IlI1arpaMMe n03BOJIfleT onpe)le.1H-!Tb JI..lJfI .J1l0-
601'0 COCTOflHHfI napa Bce ero OCHOBHble napaMeTpLI: )laBJIeHI1e, 06'b!:,M,
T€MnepaTYPY H CTeneHb CYXOCTH, tJTO flBJIHerCfI JI.OCTaTotJHO no.J1HOn
ero x3paKTepHcTHKOH.
113 ypaBHeHHH (7-8) MomHO onpeJI.eJIHTb CTeneHb CYXOCTII napa
(napocoJI.ep}J(aIII1e) x
rJI.e
p
c::,
11

\ \ '\ ,<",..
 \" '" 4:?d'
h b
 -
x=
1000
BPO
500 --
IfQ/J
---r-----
-I
200
gtJ
1,5
2,0
$
Pnc. 7-6. .[LuarpaMMa COCTOSIHUSI Bo,aSIHoro ..napa Ha is-AH-
arpaMMe
vx-v'
v"-v'
B Harnei-'I CTpaHe npl1HflTbI is-JI.HarpaMMbI, COCTaBJIeHHbIe BceCOI03-
HblM Ten.1J0TeXHH4ecKHM I1HCTHTYT0M, a TaKme npocp. M. n. BYKaJIOBI1-
lJ.eM. OHH nocTpoeHbl JI.JIfI JI.aBJIeHHi-'I OT 0,01 JI.O 300 am If JI.JISI TeMnepa-
TYP OT 30 JI.Q 700° C. B HaCTOHLU,ee BpeMfI 3TH JI.arpaMMbr no.lIY4i,.'lI1
rnHpor<oe npI1MeHeIWe B TefIJIOTeXHH'IeCKHX paCQe1aX napOBblX H rcBO-
BblX Typ6IIH.
Ha pHC. 7-6 CXeM3THlJ.ecKH nOK838Ha nO.IJBan is-JI.HarpaMIVla JI..J1}[
BO)lHHOrO napa.
BbIrne 6bl.I/0 YKa3aHo, '11'0 YCJIOBHO 9HTponHIO  9HTaJIbnHIO npH
TeMnepaType 273 0 K (O°'C) C'IlHaIOT paBHbIMli HyJIIO. 3TO COCTOHHHe Ha
76
9 5. i."-AarpaMMa COCTOSlHHSI BOASlHoro napa
KaK Y}Ke 6bIJIO CKa3aHO, Ha 3HTponHilHoH TS-JI.HarpaMMe KO.JJI1lJ.e-
CTBO TenJIOThl, coo6w.elmoe TeJJY I-!JIH OTHflToe 01' H!:'ro, H306p3>Kae1CfI
DJIOllJ.a1J,hIO, JIemaLU,eiej nOlI KpI-!I\Oij npouecca. n03TOMY )J.,TI5I onpeJI.e/leHHH
KO.IJHtJeCTBa nO]l.Be..'l.eHIfOro llJIH OTRe,rreHIW[O TPnJI8 Hym1O KarKJI.bIH pa3
onpeJI.eJIflTb .9TH Bf\TIHLJI1Hhr n01IC'le1'OM COOTBCTCTBYIOIlIH x nJIOIIlalleii,
111'0 OlJ.elIb OC.IJOmIHJer Ha npaKTlUW 6blCTpblH 1-1 TO'lHhU1 paCLJer.
74

is-,n:IIarpaMMe H306pmKaeTCSl HalIaJIOM KOOpIJJJHaT. Ha ,n:IIarpal\!l\fe H3-
HeCeHbI ,lJ,Be 1I0rpaHWlHble KpHBbie, CJIUBaIOIIJ,JleOJ B KpHTIJlleCKOii TOlI-
Ke K. Ha HlUKHeu. norpamllH!oi-'1 KpI1BOll OK (x = 0) OTJIOlK€Hbl 3HR-
'1eHIISl 3HTaJIbnHII i' 1-1 3HrpOnI!H S' .D.JISl pa3JIH'IHbJX COCTOSlHHU. BOJ\bl
npII TeMnepaType KIIneHHH. Ha BepXneu. nOrpaHl'IIJHOn KfH-IBoii KC
(x = 1) OTJIO)!{eHbl 3HaLJeHHH i" H:I' .D.JISl pa3JIHIIHblX COCTOHHHii cvxoro
HaCbIllJ,eHHOrO napa npH TervmepaType KlmeH1-1H. .
DOrpaHHLJHble KpI!Bble .D.eJIHT is-.D.lIarpaMMY Ha .D.Be o6.J1acfH. BWile
3TIIX KpIIBblX pacno.1JO)!{l'Ha 06JIaCTb nepcrpeToro napa, HI-DKe - 05-
JIaCTb BJIa)!{HOrO HaCblU{eHHoro napa.
CeMeHcTBo I!305ap B 06JlaCTH HaCbJIlI.eHIIH npe.D.CTaBJIHeT C050H
nYLJOK paCXO.D.HlUlIXCH npHMblx .lHIHHi-'I, Ha l lHHalOIIJ,1-1XCH B HYJIl'BOH TOIIKe
H OKaH'IIIBaIOIll.IIXCH Ha BepxHeH nOrpaHHLJllOH KIJl-IBOH. LJ:eM 50JIbWe
.D.aB.11eHIIe, Tex Bblwe JIe)!{aT H306apLI.
TaK. KaK npouecc napo06pa30BaHIIH npOTeKaeT npH nocTOHlmoH
TeMnepaType, TO B 05JIaCTII HaCbIlIJ,eHlIH H306apbl HBJISJIDTCH O.D.HOBpe-
MeHHO II I!3OTepMaMH.
B o5JIacTH neperpeTOro napa OT BepXHeu. nOrpaHHLJl-IOH KpHBOH 1:130-
6a'bl 1I lI30TepMbl paCXOJI:HTCH. vI305apbl OTKJ10HHIOTCH BJIeBO, 3 lI30-
TepMbl - BnpaBO. B 06JIaCTII H1-13KHX .D.aBJleHHH II OTHOCIITeJIbHO BbJCO-
KlIX TeMnepaTyp, rlI.e neperpeTbln lIap no CBOHM CBOu.CTBaM 6JI1I30K K
H.D.ea.lbHOMY ra3y, nocTOHHHOH TeMnepaType OTBelJaeT noc-i'oHHHaH
3HTaJIbnIIfl. 3lI.eCb H30TepMbl H.D.YT ropII30HTaJlbHO II COBna.D.aIOT C JIII-
HIIHMH i=const.
B 05JIaCTH BJIa)!{HOra HaCbJIlI.eHBorO napa pacnOJIO)!{eHbI JIIIHIIII no-
CToHHHOro napoCO.D.ep)!{aBIIH x = const (CM. nYHKTIIp), TaK )!{e I{aK
B pv- 11 TS-.D.IIarpaMMax.
DpoueCCbI paCWHpeHlIH napa B napOCHJIOBblX VCTaHOBKax 05bIIJHO
3aKaHLJI1BaIOTCH B 05.lJaCTlI IIaCbIllleHIIH napa HeB'bICOKOH B.lJa)!{HOCTII
x = 0,7-0,75). D03TOMY .D.J1H YBeJIHLJeHIIH Macmra5a pa50LJeH LJaCTH
IS-.D.IIarpaMMbI OCH Koop;umaT nepenocHT BbIIIle (CM. pIlC. 7-6, J1I1HIiH
abc). J1eBaH LJaCTb .D.HarpaMMbl, JIC}KaIuaH BHe HOBblX oceu KOOP)J.IIIIa'J,
oT5paCbIBae!CH. Do.IJYIJaCTCH .D.l1arpaMMa C «YTOnJIeHlIbll\I» HYJ1eM. TaKoH
.D.IIarpaM1\10Ii 05blLJHO no.lJb3YIOTCH B napoTyp5I11mOH TeXHlIKt:'. O.D.H3KO
nO.IJHaH JI:I1arpaMMa TaK)!{e Heo5xo,lJ,HMa )J,JUJ aHaJIH3a pa5O'I bl HeKoTopblX
arperaToB (HacocoB .D.JIH KOTJIOB BblCOKoro .D.aB.J1eHIIH, aKKYMYJIHTOpOB
napa II .D.p.).
Ha is-.D.HarpaMMe HaHeceHbl TaK)!{e fJ30XOpbl - JIHHHH nocToHHHoro
Y)J.e.lJbHOra OObeMa (Ha pHC. 7-6 He YKa3aHbl) v = const. OIIl-i II.D.YT He-
CKOJIbKO I<PyIJe H305ap. YeM 60JIbWe Y.D.eJIbIIbIU Oabe!\I, TeM npaBee
.lJe)!{I!T COOTBeTCTBYlOlliaH H30xopa.
COCTOHHHe neperpeToro napa 05b]LJHO onpeneJ1HeTCH lI.BY1\HJ napa-
MeTpaMI1: .D.aB.neHHeM p II TeMnepaTypoii t. Ha is-.D.HarpaMMe 310 COCTOH-
BHe onpe.D.t:'JIHeTCH TOLJKOi1 nepeCel/eHI151 COOTBeTCTBYIOIIUlX H306apbI II
H30TepMbl. COCTOHHHe BJIa)!{HOrO HacbHueHHoro napa MOlKel 6b1Tb
onpe.D.eJICHO TOLJKOH nepece i leHII5I m!06apbJ C JIluH!eu nOCTOHHHoro na-
pOCO.D.eplKaHHH x = const.
 6. OCHOBHble TepMoAHHaMH"IeCKHe npOL\eCCbl H3MeHeHHSI
COCTOSUiHSI BOASIHoro napa Ha {lv-AHarpaMMe
DpH paClJeTe TepMo)J.HHaMHLIecKIix npoIJ,ecCOB II3fvleneHlUl COCTOHHHH
napa T3I{ }!{e, KaE Ii npH pacileTe ra30BhIX npoueccoB, onpe1le.IJHlOT era
HaLJaJIbHble Ii l<oneLJHbJe napaMeTpbl, II3MeHeHIIe ero BHYTpeHHeH :mep-
rIlH, pa60TY H KOJIH'leCTBO TenJIOTbJ nponecca. O.D.HaKO B XO}l,e Tep!\IOJ\H-
H3MJ-11IeCKOro nponecca MO)!{eT npoH30ihH H3veHCHHe arperaTHoro co-
CT05IHIIH pa50LJero TeJ13. TaK, HanlHfMep, neperpeTblH nap npH II3!\1eHHB-
WIIXCH YCJIOBIIHX nepeXO.D.HT B )!{(f}U<OCTb lWH B COCTomm:e BJIalKHOra
HaCbIIlleHHH. D03TOMY ypaBHeHI!e (1-2) II3MeneHlIYI COCTOHHIISl pa50LJera
Te.lJa (KlJaneu.poHa) He MO)!{eT 5bITb npHMeHeHO .D.JIH napa.
Ha npaKTIIKe BMeCTO CJIO}!{HbIX ypaBHeHHH COCroHIIHH npII paCLJeTaX
nOJIb3ylOTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOIllI!MH )'!,lIarpmVIMaMII Ii Ta5.1II1UaMII. HaH50-
JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHHbHVI pa50LJHM Te.'10M HBJI}J-=TCH eooFlI-wii nap, nQ.3TOMY
OCHOBHble .D.aHHble Ta6.1Hll napa YTBep}KlI.aIOTC H3 CneIJ,HaJIbHbIX:MeM.D.Y-''-
HapO.D.HbJX KOHrpeccax I1 KOHcpepeHllIIHX. npOl\le)!{YTOIJHble .D.aHHble B
Ta5.1JI1lJ,ax 3anOJIHHlO1CH na OCHoBe pe3yJIbTaTOB, nOJIYLJeHHbix 1I3
onblTOB II ypaBIIeHIIH COCTOHHHH.
B HaweH CTpaHe no.lJb3YIOTCSl Ta5JIHIJ,aMH II .D.lIarpaMMaMII BceCOl03-
Horo TenJIOTeXHll'leCKoro HHCTTHYTa HM. <P. 3. }l3ep}KHHCKOro (BTH),
M. n. BYKa.lJoBHqa (BO.D.a II BOJl5lIIOU nap) I1 ilP.
11 3 0 X 0 P H bl H n p 0 U e C c. PaccMOTpliM H3MeHeHlIe COCTOH-
HlIH napa no 1I30xope OT TOIJKII 11< TOIJI{e 4 (pHC. 7-7, a) II OT TO'lKII 4
I{ TOLJKe 1.
TO'lKa 1 pacnoJ10)J(eIla MelKJW nOrpaHIILJHblMII KpI-IBbIMII. CJIe}lOBa-
TeJIbHO, nap BJIa)!{HbIJI HaCbJUleH I! hI i'1 , C napa!\1eTpal'vlH p, v, x. C nOJ(-
BO.D.0M K HeMY TenJIa npII nOCTomIHOM o6beMe era COCTOHHlIe H3MeH51-
eTCH. TaK, Haopl1Mep, B TOIJKE: 2 nap, oCTariaHcb B.lJa)!{HbIM HaCbIIlleH-
HbIM, CT3neT cyme, T. e. ero napocOlI.ep)KaHH€ noBblCI1TCH Tal< }Ke, KaK
nOSblCHTCH era .D.3BJIeHIIe 1-1 TelVmq\3Typa. B TOlme 3 nap CT3HeT CYXm..1
HaCbIlueHHbIM (x == 1). B TOIJKe 4 nap 5Y.D.eT neperpeTblM.
DpH II30XOpHOM OTIJO.D.C TenJIa 01' napa npouecc I!}{eT B onpaTHoM
HanpaBJIeHHH, T. e. nap II3 neperpeToro (TOLJ.Ka 4) nepexo,uHT B co-
CTOHHHe BJIa)!{HOrO HaCblIlleHHH (TOQKa 1). Ero .D.aBJIeHI!e, TeMnepaTypa
II napocO.D.ep)!{aHIIe YMeHbwaJoTCH.
H 3 0 6 a p H bI if II pOll e C C. 9TOT npou.ecc 5WI nOJ1,p05HO pac-
CMOTpeH B  2 :lTOt'! r.lJaBbl. Ha pI!c. 7-7, 6 11305palKeHo 1I3MeHCHHe co-
CTOHHHH napa no II3053pe 1-2. B TO'IKe 1 nap - B,JIa)!{HbIn HacbUn.ellHbli-'I,
ero napocoJl,ep)!{aIme onpe.D.€JIHeTCH OTHOWeHIIl'M OTpe3KoB
al
Xi=-'
ab
B TOIJKe b nap y)!{e CYXOH HacbIIlleHIIhIlI. DapoCO.D.eplKaHHe era
Xb = 1. B TOLJKe 2 nap neperpeT, CBOHCTBa ero npH6JIH}KaIOTCH K cBoikT-
BaM ra3a.
DO}IBeJIeHHOe K ra3Y TeTI.T!O (jp 33Tpa ' lIisacTcH Ha yee.IJJilleHHe BHYl'-
peHIIeH 31lepfHH II lid COBepmemlC' BHeUlIIdi MeX3HIIIJeCIWH pa50Tbl.
76
71

11 3 0 T e p M M l/ e C K H i1 n p 0 U e c c. npl1 I-I30TepMJJ11eCKOM
npOHecce H3MeHemU) COCTOHHHH napa, B OTJIWlI1e OT HJ(eaJIbHOrO ra3a
ero BHYTpeHHHH 3HepnUI Ii3MeHHeTCH. 3TO OO'bHCHHeTCH TeM, l/TO MO:
JIeKYJlbI napa oO.'1aJ(aIOT CMJlaMH npHTH:m:CHlUJ (B OTJIWlHe OT HJ(eaJIbHOrO
ra3a), Ii l/aCTb nOJ(BeJ(eHHoro K napy TenJIa paCXOJ(yeToI Ha COl3epllleHHe
paOOTbl npOTliB Ci1JI CUCnJICHHH, T. e. Ha YBeJIJJ11CHMe BHYTpeHHeii 3Hep-
rIm napa.
p
oj
/(
::-
U
p
0)
If
)0-
If
fJ
d)
A }I H a 6 a T H hI H n p 0 U e C c. PaCCMOTpHM aJ(I-1303THOe pac-
llmpeHIie napa H3 pa3JIH'IHhlX Ha4a.lIblIblX COCTOYIlmH.
1. nap neperpeT (TOl/Ka a, pHC. 7-7, c). 113 3Toro COCTOHHHH, pac-
lllHpHHCb ne 3.11.Ha6aTe ab, ('JH nepeXOJ(HT B COCTOHHHC cyxoro HaCbTIII.eH-
HOro (B TOl/Ke b x = 1). )JaBJIeHMe H Tel\mepaTypa era nOHI-I:m:aIOTCH.
npM JIaJlhHeHlIlel\1 aJ(Ma6aTHoM paclllHpemHl (JIHHlUI be) cyxoii HaCbI-
meHHblH nap YBJI3:m:HHeTcS'J. LlaRJIeHHe M TCMnepaTypa ero naJlaIOT.
2. nap BJIa:m:Hb!I1, HacbIllLeHHblH, C BblCOKHM napoco;'I.ep)[(aHHeM
(TOl/Ka 3) paclIlHpHeTcH no aJlIia6aTe 3-3'. Era J(aBJIClme, Tel\mep;nypa
H napocoJ(ep)KaHHe nOlUl:m:310TC5I. nap YBJw:m:IUleTcH, a aJ(IIa6aTa 3-3'
pacnOJIaraeTCH .lIeBee .IIHHHI-l nOCTOHHHoro napocoJ(ep:m:aHIIH (nYHKTHp
x = const).
3. nap BJIa:m:HbIH, HacblIIleHHhlll, C HI-l3KI-IM napocoJ(ep:m:atlIIeM (TOl/-
Ka 2) pacumpHeTcH. Era J(aBJleHHe 1-1 TervmepaTypa nOHI-!)KalOTCH, a
napocoJ(ep:m:3IIl-Ie nOBblwaeTCH. fIap CTaHOBHTCH cywe, a aJ(Ha6aTa
2-2' JIO:m:HTCH npaBee JIHHI-ll-l nOCTOHHHora napocoJ(epjKaHHH.
4. )KHJjKOCTb Ha rpaIIHne HaCbImeHHH (TOIJKa 1) aJ(Ha6aTHo pac-
lllMpHeTcH. )JaBJIeHMe H TeMnepaTypa naJ(310T, a napocoJ(ep:m:aIUle era
B03pacTaeT. AJ(I-1a6aTa 1-1' pacnOJIaraeTCH npaBee nOrpaHI-ll/I-IOH KPH-
BOH :m:1-lJ(KOCTI-l.
TaKI-IM 06pa30M, 1-13 CKa3aHHoro MO:m:HO CJ(eJIaTb BbIBOJ(, '-ITO nap C
HH3KI-IM napOCOlIep:m:aHMeM npH 3J(HaoanIOM pacumpeHMH BblcyuIl1BaeT-
CH, T. e. ero napocOJ(ep:m:aHHe nOBbIwaeTCH, a C BbICOKHM napoco-
J(ep:m:aHlteM YBJI3)KHHeTCH, T. e. ero napoCOJ(ep)KaHHe nOHHX(aeTCH.
Pa60Ta napa npH aJ(Ma6aTHOM paCWHpeHMI-I npOH3BOJ(MTCH 3a Cl/eT
YMeHhHleHMH BHYTpCHHeH 3HeprHH
l=UI-U 2 .
ECJIH aJ(l-Ia6aTHhJH npouecc npOTeKaeT npH He60.'lbIllI-lX JjaBJIeHI-lHX,
TO OH .1I.OBOJIbHO TOl/HO onHCbIBaeTCH ypaBHeHl1cM (6-7) p v k = const.
BeJIl1'-1HHa nOKa3aTeJIH CTeneHH k onpcJ(c.IIHCTCH HalJaJIbHbIM COCTO)!-
Hl-lel\'1 napa. fIpH Opl-leHTHp0J30'-lHbIX paCl/eTaX nOKa3aTe.rlb aJ(l-la6aTbI
J(.IIH neperpeToro napa npHHI-IMaIOT paBHbIM 1, 3, a J(JIH HaCb!IlI.eHHOrO
nOJ(C'-IHTbIBaIOT no q,opMYJIe k = 1,035 + O,lx, rJ(e x - CTeneHb
CyXOCTH napa B Ha'-laJIbHOM COCTOHHHH.
,.-
1)',
pA
v
PHC. 7-7. .lJHarpaMMbI OCHOBHbIX JCpMo.!tHHaMH'leCKHX npOll.eCCOB
BO,lUllIoro napa:
a-1I30XOPHblfi; 6-11306apHblfi; e-1I30TepMII'IeCKllfi; e- a.n;lIa6aTHblfi
fI03TOMY 3J(eCb Bbl 1 mCJ1CHHe KO.J1l-1 l IeCTBa TenJIOTbI H pa60Tbl npou:ec-
ca I;POI-l3BOJ(HTCH no q,opMYJIaM H JI.l-larpaMMaM, npe.1l.Ha3Hal/eHHbIM .1I.JIH
napa. TaK, aO(ffa MO)J(eT 6blTb onpeJleJIeHa 113 ypaBHeHI-IH, BbIpa:m:aIO-
mero nepBbIH 3aKOH Tt:pMO)I-IHal\mI<H
r 11 a B a VIII
HCTE'-IEHHE H APOCCEflHPOBAHHE r A30B H nAPOB
1= Q[--(U 2 -U 1 ).
KOJII-I'If'CTBO Ten.IIOTbl, Heo6xoJI.I-IMOe J(JIH M3OTepMH'-IeCKOrO nponec-
ca, JICrKO onpeJeJIHeTCH lIO TS-J(HarpaMMe (CM. pHC. 7-3).
Ha pV-J(l-IarpaMMe (Pl-lc. 7-7 e) rrpeJ(cTaBJICn nponecc H30TepMI-IlJe-
CKora 1-13MCHeHI-IH COCTOHHHH napa. JII-IHI-IH I-a - H30TepMa B.lIa:m:Hora
Hacblw.eHHora napa, a ,TJMHMH a-2 --- 1-13OTepMa neperpeToro napa.
78
 1. OCUOBtlble nOHSlTJUI
B rJIaBC I V 6bIJIH paccMOTpeHbI nponCCCbI, npOTeKaIOIIHlC 6e3 Mal{-
pOCKOnl-llJeCKOrO J(BH)KeHI-IH pa6olJero TeJIa. B TaKI1X nponeccax co06-
mCHHoe paOOlJeMY TeJIY TenJIO pacxoJ(yeTcH Ha H3MeHeHI-le ero BHYTPCH-
HeM 3HeprHH H Ha COBepllleHHC BHewHeH pa60TbI. T3I<He nponeccbI
n pOTeKaIOT B IlI1JII-IHJ(pax nopnmcBbIx TeHJIOBbIX J].BHraTeJIeH H nepBbIH
3aKOH TCpMOJI.HHflMI1KI1 J(JIH HI1X onpe)J.eJIficTC:H ypaBHeIllH:'M (3-13).
79

Pa601Jl1e nponeccbI B napOnbIX 11 ra30nblX TY p6Ml-Ia X , Typ6oKOM-
npeccopax, peaKTMBHbIX ,nBJiraTe.1IHX 11 1\1II0rHX ,'l.PynIx COBpeMeHHbIX
MaWI1HaX OCHonaHbI Ha IICnOJJb30BaHHl1 KMHeTH1JeCKOfI 9Heprl111 nOTOKa
I1JJl1 CTPYl1 pa6o'-Iero Te,na - ra3a l1JJl1 napa*.
KI1HeTl1'-IeCKaH 9HeprrHI nOTOKa ra3a nponopUMOnaJJbHa KBa.n.paTY
CKOpOCTl1 ero TelJelHIH, !1 COO'fDeTCTBeHHO pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb nOTOKa
6y.n.eT TeM 60.1IbUle, '-[el\! 13bJme 3Hi::!'-IeHIHl CKOPOCT}! ero TelJeHI15J. 00::)1'0-
My npH KOHC'TPYEllIJlI MHOfI1X Marmm TIm a Typ6m-r H Typ60KoMnpecco-
pOB CTpel\HITCH HCIIO.1Jb30B3Tb B03MO){\H0 60.1lee BbICOKHe CKopocnI pa-
60'-IeH CTPYH ra3a. BbIcOlO1e CKOpOCTH nOToKa, MJJM CTPYH ra3a, nOJJY-
lJaJOT, peaJJH3YH ero cnoco6HOCTb paCWHp5ITbC5J npM TelJeHHI1 no KaHaJJY.
Opouecc HCTelJeHH5J ra3a no KaHaJJY BO BHeUIHlO1O cpe.n.y C MeHbIllHM
.n.aBJJeHHeM conpoBo)j{.n.aeTcH nomr)j{eHHeM .n.aBJJeHH5J ra3a 11 YBeJJH1Je-
HHeM ero CKOpOCTH.
L(JJH nOJJY'-IeHHH HanpaBJJeHHOH CTPYH ra3a npn ero MCTelJeHHH npl1-
MeHHIOT cneIHaJJbHbIe Haca.n.KH C KaHaJJaMH nepeMeHHoro CelJeHHH. Ha-
ca.n.KH, B KOTOpbIX BHYTpeHHHH 3HeprHH ra3a npe06pa3yeTcH B KHIJeTI1-
lJ.ecKYIO ::mepn11O MaK pOCKOnHlJeCKOrO .n.BM)j{eHI15J, Ha3bIBalOT con/lwtu.
Opn .n.BII)J{emm ra3a 110 conJJY ero .n.aBJIeHHe na.n.aeT, a CKOpOCTb YBe-
JJMlJI1BaeTC51. HeKOTopbIe nponecchI HCTeLJeHIHl npoTeKaJoT C nOBbIlIleHMeM
.n.aBJJeHHH, 3a ClfeT CnH){{eHHH CIWpOCTll. JLJI5J TaImX CJIY<laeB npHMeHHIOT
Haca/1Im, I1a3LlBaeMble OW!){PY30paAlU.
OpH TeLJeIUlH no conJIY ra3 paciUllpHeTcH, H npH 9TOM o.n.IIoBpeMeH-
HO C YBeJIH'-IeHHeM CKOpOCTH yneJIII'-IHnaeTCH ero 06'LeM. 003TOMY xa-
palnep .n.BH)j{eHHH ra3a onpe,LJ,eJJHeTC5J npo.n.O.1lbHblM CelJeHHeM ConJJa.
ConJIa npl1l\!eIlHIOT lLHJJliH.n.pnlJeCKHe, cY)J{HBalOnUlecH H paclIlHpHIO-
li(lIeCH. HY.iKHO 3aME'TMTb, 4TO xap3I<Tep }1BII>KeHHH no IlI1JIHH.n.pl1'Ie-
Cl\OMY l1 CY)J{l1BaIow:eMyol COnJI31\J B OCHOBHOM OJl.HHaKoB.
 2. i"elJeHMe ril3a no conny
Pac n 0 .11 a r a eM a S1 p a 60 T a. OpH HCC.1IeJl.OBamur ra30Boro
nOTOKa 06bIlJHO npmH-IMaIOT, lJTO ero TClJeHHe YCTaHoBHBweecH n ocy-
meCTBJIHeTCH 623 TenJIo06MeHa (a.n.Ha6aTI-1O). Y cmoHoeueWUMcR Ha3bI-
BalOT TaKoi-i npol{ecc UCmCtieHl1R, npH KOTOpOM B JII060M Ce1JeHHI1 ConJIa
eee napoAtempbl i!.030 c metteHUeM epeMeHU He U3MeHRIOmCR,
OepBbIH 3aKOH TepMO}1MHatMKH /I.1IH nOTOKa ra3a, npOTeKaJow.ero
no Heno.n.BI1)J{HOMy ConJIY, onpeJl.e.1IHeTCH ypaBHeHHeM
( 2'
dq=dll+{ll+d  ),
(8-1 )
* 3JJ,CCb II .!WJJee, B rJJ. VIII, pa60'ice 1'('.110 -- ra3 J1,HH nap -- ll.'151 KpaTKoc1'II
IH.leuycTCf! ra30i\I, H, CC.;TJH He C,.TI(-1n;:lI-IU Cnl"Lld:tJJ:oHLIX 3i-n::eq a Iutii , Bee CK332HHoe
06 HCl'e'jeHIIH ra3<J B TaIwii }KC Mepc O;!I(J':WI'l:5I II K HCTe4CHHIO napa.
tiC
r.n.e dp - Ten.1IO, no.n.BeJl.eHHOe K 1 f{i!. ra3a Ha paCCMaTpHBaeMoM
YlJHC! Ke ero .n.BHJKeHHfI;
du - 113MeHeIiHe BHYTpeHHeH 3HeprHH ra3a;
dl - pa6OTa, 3aTpa1JeHHaH Ha npOTaJIKHBaHHe 1 K2 ra3a no Ka-
HaJIY (pa6OTa npOTaJIKHBaHHH);
d( C 2 ) - npIIpameHl1e KHHeTH1JecKoH 3HeprHH ra3a npH ero nepeMe-
meHHH Ha paccMaTpHBaeMoM YlJaCTKe.
3JIel\1eHTapHYIO pa60TY dl MOJKHO npe.n.cTaBHTb B BH.n.e
dl = d (pv).
nO.n.CTaBHB B ypaBHeHl1e (8-1) 3HalJeHHe pa60TbI npOTaJIKIIBaHH5I, no-
JIYLJHM;
dq = du + d (pv) + d ( 2 ) ,
H.1IH
dq = d (u + pv) + d (  ) ..
Ho
u+pv=i,
Tor)l.a
dq = di + d (  ) .
(8-2)
Opii aJl.Ma6aTH0l\1 npo:Qecce dq = 0, n09ToMY
d (  ) = - die
(8-3)
H3 paBeHCTBa (8-3) CJI, eJl.yeT lJTO npH Jl.BH)J{eHHH ra3a no I\:aHaJIY
6€3 TenJIo06MeH3 C BHemHeH CpeJl.OH npHpameHI-Ie ero KI-IHeTI-I'leCKoi-i
9HeprHH npOHCXOJl.I1T BCJIeJl.CTBHe YMeHbweHHH ero 9HTalIbmUI.
PaccMoTpHM npou.ecc HCTeLJeHHH ra3a 113 ConJIa.
Ha pHC. 8-1 npeJl.CTaBJIeH COCYJI., B KOTOpOM HaXOJl.I1TCH ra3 noJl.
Jl.aBJIeHHeM pi. B CTeI-IKe cocYJl.a HMeeTCH CYJKHBalOmeeCH ConJIO C
nJIaBHO OlJeplJeHHbIM BXOJl.OM. ConJIO C006maeTCH C npOCTpaHCTBOM, B
KOTOpOM nOMep)J{HBaeTCH Jl.aBJIeHl1e P2, npHlJeM Pi> P2'
OYCTb HeKOTOpoe KOJIHLJecTBO ra3a 3aHI1l\1aeT 06'LeM, 3aKJII04eHHbIH
Me)!{Jl.Y Ce1JeHHHl\1H CD H EF. PaccMOTpHM HCTelJeHHe 1 K2 ra3a LJepe3
conJIO H3 cocYJl.a B npocTpaHcTBo C .n.aBJIeHHeM P2' L(onycTHM, lJTO BMeCTe
C paCCl\1aTpHBaeMhIl\1 06'beM0l\1 ra3a no era o6eHM cTOpoHaM Jl.lm)J{YTC5J
Jl.Ba HeBeCOMblX nOpWH5J. OopIlleHb A C nJIOm:1J1.bIO CeLJeHH5J [i H nop-
IlleHb B C nJIOmaJl.blO '2' HCTeLJeHHe ra3a H3 conJIa 6YJl.eT npOHCXOJl.MTb
noJl. BJIHHHHeM pa3HOCTH Jl.aBJIeHHH Pi - P2' Opn 9TOM 6YJl.eT COBepwe-
Ha pa60Ta l BHeWHMX CHJI, 3aTpalJeHHaH Ha npOTaJIKHBaHHe 1 K2 H pa-
60Ta pacIllHpeHHH lP3CLU 1 KC ra3a npH ero Te4eHlIH no conJIy.
4 :aSK. 5Q
81

Pa60Ta BIJelllHHX CJ1JJ 1 MomeT 6b1Tb npe):{CTaB.'1eHa KaK pa3HocTb
nOJIe3HOH ):{JI51 HCTe'-leHHH pa60Tbi 1 1 H pa60Tbi l2 CHJI conpOTl1BJleHIIH
HCTe'leHHIO, T. e.
1 = II -12 = PI t 1 SI - P2 t 2 S2'
r):{e pdl -- Cl1JIa ):{eikTBYIOlll.a51 BHYTpl1 cocy):{a Ha nJIOlll.a):{b fl nopIllBH
A, npOTaJIKHBaIDlUaH ra3 no ConJIY;
P2t2 - ClIJIa, ):{eHcTBYIOlll.a51 C HapY)I{HOH CTOpOHbI con.'13 Ha IIJIO-
lll.a):{b t2 nopwH51 B, npen51TcTBYIOlll.aH l1CTE''-IeHHIO ra3a
113 COnJIa;
SI 11 S2 - paCCT051HHH, Ha KOTopble nepe):{BI-IHYTC51 nopuUlH A 11 B
npl1 McrelleHlIl1 113 ConJIa 1 K2 ra3a.
A
c
Pt
4- 3
I
3' ......
II- 1T2 IT
p
ITt
S/l
PIIC.
8-1. CxeMa II CTef.JeHlHI
ra3a 113 ConJJa
PIIC. 8-2. HCTe'leHHe ra3a [13
Ha pV-JJ,HarpaIMe
COIIJJa
He np0I13BE'):{eHHe tlSI paBHO y):{e.1JbHOMY OO-heMY VI I /(2 ra3a .11-0 '
ero HClelJE'l1l1H, a np0I13BE'):{eHlIe t2S2 paBHO y):{eJIbHOMY 06'beMY V2
1 Kc ra3a nOCJIe I1CTelJeHH51.
3aMeHli13 np0113Be):{eHI151 tlSI 11 hS2 cooTBeTcTBY IO lll.l1MI1 y):{eJlbHbIMl1
06'beMa!\1l1 VI 11 Vz, nOJIYlUIM
I = PI VI - P2 v 2 .
rIOJIH8SJ pa60Ta I noJ " cOBepwaeMaH npB BCTe4emll1 1 /(2 ra3a 113 COfI-
,113, CKJ13):{hlBae'!CH 113 pa60Tbi paClllHpeHlIH lpacw 11 pa60TbI BHelIlHlIX
CliJI
1 110 " = lpacHI -I- PI Vl- P2 V 2 O:JICIKC.
Pa60TY 3JI.!1303TllOrO paCIlIHpeHB51 I pacw MomBO onpe):{eJIHTb no
l'dY Jle (6-14)
cpOp-
1 . = (PI V1-P2 v 2 ) OJIC/Kc.
pacllJ k- 1
rIO):{CT::1BIIB 3Ha1J('Hl1e lp3cw B CPOPMYJIY (8-4) 11 gCI10,T1hY5I
(6-8), ClleJIaH npn 3TOM COOTBeTCTBYIO£l(l1e npeo6pa30B3Bl1H,
I - !l .1 . \
k I f}2 \--,,-
I nOJI == -k="i PI V1 II --V,II) _ .
rIOJIHYIO pa60TY f no . n Ha3bIBalOT paCnO.l1Q2aeMOU pa60TOti. OHa 3a-
Tpa 1 HmaeTCH Ha npl1paUreHHe KI1HeTl1l1eCKOH ,,)HeprHH ra3a npH ero
llBl1meIiHII no KaHaJJV.
rIo npBHHTOMY YCJ!OBHIO paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH npOitecc 06paTHM,
CJIe):{OBaTeJlbHo, nOTepH Ha TpeHlle OTCYTCTBYIOT, H MomHO C1JHTaTh, 1JTO
BC5J pacnOJ!araeMa51 pa60Ta l1CTelleHH51 npe06paSYeTC51 B KI1HeTJ1IIf'CKYIO
3HepnllO ra3a, T. e.
c-c1
lno" =
OJIC I Kc,
(8-6)
2
r):{e CJ, C2 - CI\OpOCTH BCTelleHHH ra3a nepE'):{ conJ!OM I1H3 YCTb51 ConJla.
Ha pV-):{HarpaMMe (pllC. 8-2) pacnOJIaraeMaH pa60Ta 11306pa3HTcH
nJ!. 1245, pa60T3 BHelllHI1X CHJI, cnoc06cTBYIOlll.aH I1CTe1J eH 1110 , 11 =
= PI VI - nJ!. 13' 4'5, pa60Ta CI1J! COnpOTI1BJ!eHH51 HCTelleHBIO l2 = P2 V 2-
nJ!. 22'4'4, a pa60Ta paCWl1peHH51 lpaclIJ - nJ!. 122'3'.
C I( 0 P 0 C T b 11 C T e 'I e H H 51 r a 3 a. Ha1JaJlbHa51 CKOpOCTb,
a TaKme H Ha1JaJ!bHa51 KHHeTH1JeCKaH 3Heprl151 CTPYI1 ):{O I1CTe1JeHII51 CTOJ!b
l\IaJ]bI, liTO 6e3 60JlbmOH norpeWHOCTI1 MomHO HMH npeHe6pe1Jb. Tor):{a
paBeHCTBO (8-6) npHMeT BI1):{
c 2
lnoJi = -f'
I Torlla CKOpOCTb JICTelleHI1H ra3a H3 YCTb51 conJ!a 6y):{eT paBHa
C 2 = V 2Ino" MiceK.
(8-7)
rIO):{CTaBI1B B paBeHCTBO (8-7) 3Ha 1 jeHHe I noJI H3 CPOPMYJ!bI (8-5), no-
J!Y'-II1l'v1 BbIpa)j({='HHe, onpe):{eJIHlOlUee CROpOCTb HCTe1JeHH51 ra3a lI3 YCTb51
COrIJI3 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha l 13J!bHblX H KOHellHbIX napaMeTpOB ra3a
-. / [ "-I ]
C2 = V 2  PI VI 1- ( fJ2 )----,.--
k - 1 PI '
MiceK.
(8-8)
(8-4)
CKOPOCTb HCTeqeHHH ra3a H3 YCTbH conJ!a MomHO TaKme BbIpa3HTb
lIepe3 pa3HOCTb 3HTaJlbTIHi1. JLJI51 3Toro 06paTI1MC51 K paBeHCTBY (8-3)
H, npOHHTerpllpOBaB ero, nOJ!Y1JHM
c -c
=i l -i 2 .
2
, rIpeHe6peraH CKOpOCTblO Ct, onpe):{e.'1I1M CKOpOCTb I1CTelleHl151 ra3a
,+,OPMYJIY i 113 YCTb51 COTIJ!a
TIOnY 1 lHM
82
(8-9)
C 2 = V2 (il-i2) MiceK.
(8-5)
Pa3HOCTb 3HTaJ!bnllH i l - i 2 Ha3bIBalOT men/lonepenaOOM 11 0603Ha.
lIaJOT 6YKBOH h. 06bI I IHO BeJlI1'-1I-IHY h onpe):{eJ!HIOT no is-):{ll3rpaMMe If
83
4*

H3MepsnO T B /Ci); IC//cc. nO.n:CTaBHM B paBeHCTBO (8-9) h B KaJIC//(c H TaK
KaK V 2. 1000 :::::> 44,7, TO nOJIYlJlIM
c 2 =44,7Vh MiceK.
(8-10)
C e K Y H .n: H bl H pac x o.n: r a 3 a. 3Hafl CKOpOCTb HCTelJeHI-IH
ra3a H3 COf!.'la, MO}KHO JIefKO onpe.n:eJIHTb ceKYH.n:HbIH MaCCOBblH pacxo.n:
ra3a m qepe3 Bblxo.n:Hoe OTBepCTMe ConJIa no <popMYJIe H3 Kypca CPM3HI{H
m= f2 C 2 Kc/ceK. (8-11)
V 2
BeJIMlJHHY y.n:eJIbHOrO OO'beMa V2 .n:JIfI a.n:Ha6aTIlOrO npouecca onpe-
.n:eJIfllOT 113 paBeHcTBa (6-8)
V 2 = VI ( :: )  M 3 /K2.
(8-12)
nO.n:CTaBHB B cpOPMYJIY (8-11) 3HaqeHMe CKOpOCTH C2 113 Bblpa}KeHHfI
(8-8), a 3HalJeHHe y.n:eJIbHOrO OO'beMa V2 113 paBeHcTBa (8-12) H c.n:eJIaB
He06xoIJ.I1Mble npe06pa30BaHHfI, nOJIYlJMM <POPMYJIY .n:JIfI BbllJl1CJIeHHfI ce-
KYH.n:Horo MaCCOBoro pacxo.n:a ra3a m lJepe3 Bblxo.n:Hoe oTBepCTHe conJIa
CeQeHHeM f 2
... / k [ 2 k+1 ]
m=f2 V 2 -  (  ) k _ ( ..&. ) -;z- KclceK.
k - 1 VI P1 Pi
(8-13)
no <popMYJIe (8-13) MO}KHO no.n:ClJHTaTb ceKYH.n:HbIH pacxo.n: He TOJIb-
KO Qepe3 Bblxo.n:Hoe CelJeHHe f 2, HO 11 lJepe3 JIlOOoe npOMe}KYTOlJHOe ce-
lJeHHe f. .lLJIfI ,'Horo Heooxo.n:H1VIO 3aMeHI1Tb BeJIHTlI1HbI P2, V2 H C2 Ha
COOTBeTCTBYIOlII.l1e BeJIHlJHHbI B BbIopaHHOM CelJeHHH.
K p H l' H lJ e C K 0 e .n: a B JI e H Hen p H H C l' e Q e H 11 11.
Ib <POPMYJIbI (8-13) BI1.n:HO, lJTO pacxo.n: ra3a m 3aBHCHT 01' OTHoweHHfI P2 .
P1
ECJIH npHHflTb, lJTO Pi = P2, T. e. P2 = 1, TO no <popMYJIe (8-13),
PI
KaK H CJIe.n:OBaJIO O}KH.n:aTb, pacxo.n: ra3a 6y.n:eT paBeR HYJIIO. .lLeikTBlI-
TeJIbHO, npH Pi = P2 HeT nepena.n:a .n:aBJIeHHll, H npouecc HCTelJeHI1f1
HeB03MO}KeH.
ECJIH B <POPMY.'1Y (8-13) no.n:CTaBJIflTb 3HalJeHI1f1 P2 nOCJIe.n:OBaTeJIbHO
P1
01' 1 .n:o 0, TO H3MeHeHHe pacxo.n:a ra3a H306pa311TCfI HeKOTopOll KpHBOll,
npe.n:CTaBJIeHHOll Ha pl1c. 8-3.
C IlOHH}KeHHeM .n:aBJIeHHfI P2, npH 3a.n:aHHOM H nOCTOflHHOM .n:aBJIe-
HHH Ph pacxo.n: ra3a B03paCTaCl (KpHBafl 1-2) 11 npl100peTaeT MaKCH-
MaJIbHOe 3HalJeHHe m MaKc , KOr}1a OTHOIlIeHl1e .lJ.aBJIeHHi'I !!.! CTaHOBI1TC2
PI
DJII13KI1M K 0,5, T. e. npB P2:::::::; 0,5 (TOlJKa 2 Ha pHC. 8-3).
84
npH .lJ.a.'1bHeihlleM YMeHbllleHHH OTHOlUeHHfI  no <PoPMYJIe (8-13)
PI
pacxo.lJ. .lJ.OJI}KeH 6bIJI 6bI YMeHbwaTbCfI no Kpl-IBOll 2-0, a npH P2 = °
(nOJIHbIM BaKYYM, P2 = 0) pacxo.n:.lI.OJI}KeH ObITb paBHbIM HYJIIO (Toa 0).
B .lJ.eikTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 }Ke npl1 YMeHbweHHH OTHoweHHfI P2 P acxoTT
lh A,
YBeJII1'II1BaS!Cb, J],OCTl1raeT MaKCHMYMa H OCTaeTCfI nOCTOflHHbIM, He3a-
BHCI1MO 01' YMeHbllleHHfI J],aBJIeHI1f1
cpeJ],bI, B !WTOpylO BbITeKaeT ra3.
:::ho MO}KHO 06'bflCHHTb, paCCMaT-
pl1BaS! <pH3HQeCKYIO npl1poJ],Y npo-
u.ecca HCTelJeHI1f1. B03MYlII.eHI1f1 H3
OKpYJKalOlII.eM Cpe.n:bl (H3MeHeHHe
.lJ.aBJIeHI1f1 cpeJ],bI) B BI1J],e BOJIHOBOrO
npouecca npOHHKalOT B rJIy6b ConJIa.
.lLaBJIeHl1e B YCTbe ConJIa H3MeHfleTCS!
B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C 113MeHeHI1eM J],aB-
JIeHHfI B OKPY}KalOlII.ei'I cpeJ],e. 31'0
MOJKeT npOHcxo.n:HTb .n:o Tex nep,
nOKa CKOpOCTb TelJeHI1f1 ra3a B KaHa-
JIe ConJIa OCTaeTCfI MeHbwe CKOpOCTH
pacnpOCTpaHeHHfI MaJIbIX B03MYlII.e-
HI1H (CKOpOCTI1 3BYKa).
ECJII1 CKOpOCTb I1CTelJeHHSI CTaHeT paBHOM CKOpOCTI1 3BYKa, B03MY-
lII.eHl1fl 113 OKpY}KalOruei'I cpeJ],bl He Oy.n:YT nepeJ],aBaTbCfI B rJIy6b ConJIa
11 .n:aJIbHei'Iwee YMeHblllelme J],aBJIeHHfl B cpeJ],e He npHBeJ],eT K CHHJKe-
HI1IO J],aBJIeHHSI B BbIX0.lJ.HOM CelJeHI1H conJIa.
31'0 .n:aBJIeHHe cOOTBeTCTByeT MaKCHMaJIbHOMY pacxoJ],Y ra3a lJepe3
conJIo. TaKoe .lJ.aBJIeHHe Ha3bIB3IOT KpUmUlJeCKUM H 0603HaTlalOT PKP'
OHO flBJIfleTCSI HaHMeHblllHM B03MO}KHbIM J],aBJIeHHeM B YKa3aHHOM ce-
lJeHHH H npl1MepHO paBHO 0,5 Pl' OpH 3TOM OTHoweHHe P2 = PRP TaK}Ke
PI PI
OCTaeTCfI nOCTOHHHblM. Ero Ha3bIBalOT KpUmUlJeCKUM OmHOUlelWeM aaa-
/leHUll npu UCmeIJeHl1U H 0603Ha!J.a1OT BKP' TaKHM oopa30M,
PRp _ A
- - t'HP'
P1
n03TOMY HeCMOTpfl Ha nOHH}KeHl1e J],aBJIeHI1f1 cpeJ],bI, KYJ],a BbITeKaeT
ra3, npH KpHTHlJeCKOM JIaBJIeHI1H B YCTbe conJIa CKOpOCTb H y.n:eJIbHbIll
06'beM ra3a, IJ.OCTHrHYB KpHTHlJeCKHX 3HalJeHHM, OCTalOTCfI nOCTOflHHbIMH.
BCJIeJ],cTBHe ,noro OCTaeTCfI nOCTOS!HHbIM 11 ceKYHJ],HbIll pacxoJ], ra3a.
TOlJHoe 3HalJeHHe Kpl1Tl1lJeCKOrO OTHOllleHHfI .lJ.aBJIeHI1M onpeJ],eJIfleTCfI
<POPMYJIOM
m
q
.A _PKp Pz
'KfJ-p;- Pt
PHC. 8-3. KpIIBaSI pacxo.!ta ra3a B
3aBHCIIMOCTII OT OTHoweHIISI ;naB-
JJeHHSI P21PI
k
PRp = B = (  ) k-I . (8-14)
P1 HP k + 1
Kpl1Tl1lJeCKOe OTHOllleHHe .n:aBJIeHHM eCTb BeJIHlJIfHa nocTOflHH3f1,
3aBHcHIlafl TOJILKO 01' nOKa3aTeJIfI a.lJ.If36aTbl k, T. e. 01' npIfpoJ],bI ra3a.
85

TaK, ,nJUI ,nByxaToMllblX ra30B k = 1,4 H "p = 0,528;
,nJIfl I1eperpeToro napa k =c= 1,3 H f1"p =c= 0,546;
,nJIH cyxoro HaCbllII.eHHoro napa k = 1,135 H li"p = 0,577.
LJ:HCJIeHHble 3HaqeHHH P"p = f1KP ,nJIH 60JIbllJHHCTBa r330B H napOB
Pi
Jle)KaT B ope,neJIax 0,528-:--0,577. TaKHM 06pa30M, KpHTl1qeCKOe ,naBJle-
Hl1e ra3a B YCThe COOJIa He MO)KeT 6blTb MeHbllJe OOJIOBMllbl 113'JaJlbHOrO
ero ,naBJJeHM5I, KaKHM 6bl 60JIbllJHM He 6bl.'10 3Haqem-le HalJaJIbliOrO ,naB-
JIeHMH Pi HJJH KaK 6bl MaJlO HH 6bIJlO KOHeqHOe ,naBJIeHMe P2 B I1pOCTpaH-
cTBe, Ky,na ra3 BblTeKaeT.
K p H l' M 'I e C K a H C K 0 P 0 C l' bOp H H C l' e 'I e H H H.
CKOpOCTb MCTeqeHlUJ ra3a OpH KpMTH'1eCKOM OTHOllJeHHI1 J1.aBJleHHH Ha-
3bIBaIOT Kpwnu t leCfwi1 CKopocmblO M 0603HaqmOT C Kp , OHa paEHa CKOpOCTM
pacopOCTpaHeHHH 3ByKa CSB B BblTeKaIOlllei'l cpe,ne.
BeJIMqMHY KpHTHqeCKOH CKOpOCTH MomHO oope,ne.'1HTb 110 <popMYJIe
(8-8), eCJIH OTHOllJeHHe J1.aB.1JeImH : 3aMeHI1Tb ero KpMTHllecKoll Bemi-
qHHO II PnP H3 <pop MY JIbI (8-14)
lh cnp = V 2 1/ I- 1 PJ Vl' (8-15)
113 <POPMYJIbI (8-15) BM,nHO, '11'0 BeJlMql1Ha c Kp 3aBMCMT 01' OpHpO,nbl
ra3a, T. e. 01' 00Ka3aTeJIH a,nHa6aTbI k M 01' HallaJIbHbIX oapaMeTpoB ra3a
Pi H Vi.
M a K C M M a JI b H bI H pac x 0 ,n r a 3 a. )JJIH BblqHCJJemlH
MaKCMMa.'1bHOrO pacxo,na tn MaKc OpH KpHTHlleCl<OM OTHOllJeHI1H ,naBJJeHlJi\
HY)KHO B cpopMYJIe (8-13) OTHOllJeHHe P2 3aMeHI-ITb ero KpHTI1'1ecKOH Be.
PI
JIHqI-1HOH PHP M3 q>OPMYJIbl (8-14). Doc/Ie neKOTopbIX opeoopa30Banl1H
PI
nOJIyqHM <POPMYJIY J1.JJ}l OI1p CJ1.eJJeHHH MaKCMMaJlbHoro pacxo,na ra3a
mmnc=f2 -'/2  (  ) k":'I  K21ceK. (8-16)
V 11+111+1 VI
Do,nCTaBJISlH B <POPMYJIbI (8-15) H (8-1 6) 3HaqeHHH nOKa3aTeJIH a,nHa-
6aTbl k ,nJIH pa3Hblx ra30B, nOJIyqHM:
3,neCb P Bblpa)J(eHO B NI.1t 2 ; V - B M 3 /K2 M f - B .11",
113 Bcero CKa3aHHoro 0 Kpl1THqeCKHX oapaMeTpax CJIe,nyer, '11'0 IIPH
OOHmKeHHH ,naBJJeHHH P2 HlUKe p"p CKOpOCTb B YCTbe canna OCTaeTCH
ne1\3MeHHoH. D03TOMY nepeoall n.aBJIeHMH p"p - P2 He MOmeT 6bITb
I1CnOJIb30BaH ,nJI5I YBeJIHlleHHH KI1HeTHlleCKOH 3HeprHH nOTOKa ra3a. Co-
BepllJeHHO OqeBH,nHO, '11'0 00 Bblxo,ne H3 ConJIa ra3 paClIlHpHeTCH 01'
,naBJIeHHH PKp 110 ,naBJleHI1H P2' O,nHaKO 31'0 paClIJHpeHlle lie npHBo,nMT
K YBeJII111eHHIO HCOOJIb3yeMoH KMHeTl1qeCKOll 3HeprHH CTPYM, TaK KaK
HCTelleHHe npOTeKaeT Heop-
raHH30BaHHO H ra3 oepeMe-
lIJHBaeTCH C oKpymaIOllleH
C pe,nOH.
H a pMC. 8-4 H306pa)KeHa
pV-,nMarpaMMa, r,ne I10Ka3aH
HeHCnOJIb30BaHHbIH oepena,n
,naBJIeHMH PKP - P2, 3a CqeT
KOToporo YMeHbllJaeTCH pac-
nOJIaraeMaH pa60Ta Ha BeJJH-
qMHY I1JI. 2'233' DpH I10JI-
HOM paClIJHpeHHH ra3a pac-
nOJIaraeMaH pa60Ta MOrJIa
6bl HMeTb 3HaqeHMe, llllCJleH-
HO paBHoe OJI. 1 2 3 4 .
Con JI 0 .n a B a JI H. )JJIH nOJIHOrO MCOO.'1b30BaHMH BnYTpeHHeH
3HeprMH ra3a He06xOllHMO 3a COI1JIOM OOJIyqHTb CBepX3BYKOByIO CKO-
pOCTb. O,nHaKO B cymllBaIOlllHXCH ConJIax y,neJIbHblH 061>eM ra3a V2, ,no-
CTHrHYB KpHTl1qecKOro 3HalleHHH V Kp , He MO)KeT 60JIbme YBeJIHqHBaTbCH
H3-3a cY)KHBaIOlII.erOCH npO<pHJIH con.'1a. D03TOMY CKOpOCTb HCTeqeHHH
ra3a C2 MO)J(eT 6b1Tb MeHbllJe MJII-I paBHa CKOpOCTH 3BYKa. )JJIH 1'01'0 llTO-
6bl 3a COnJIOM nOJIYllHTb CBepX3BYKOBYIO CKOpOCTb, HY)KHO HMeTb 3a
HHM J1.aBJIeHMe MeHbme KpHTHlleCKoro. ho ,nOCTHraeTCH TOJIbKO IIpHMe-
HeHHeM KOM6HHMpoBaHHoro ConJIa, Ha3bIBaeMoro conJ1OM JIasaJLR no
MMeHH YlleHoro, BoepBble opMMeHHBIIIero TaKoe COOJIO ,nJIH nOJJyqeHHH
BblCOKHX CKopocTeH ra3a.
KOM6HHMpoBaHHoe COOJIO COCTOHT H3 ,nBYX qaCTeH. DepBaH qaCTb-
cY)J{J1BaIOlII.aHcH - pa60TaeT KaK ,n03BYKoBoe ConJIO, BTopaH llaCTb-
paclImpmolllaHcH - KaK CBepX3BYKOBoe,
113 Kypca <p113HKH H3BeCTHO, '11'0 CKOpOCTb 3BYKa B ra30BOH cpe,ne C
napaMeTpaMM P M V paBHa CSB = y kpv, f) l.e k - nOKa3aTeJIb a,nHa6aTbl.
)JJIH H,neaJIbHbIX ra30B pv = RT, n03TOMY CKOpOCTb 3BYKa
Pa60Qcc TCJIO
I nOKasa' l
TCJIb a/lna Cnp' Mice"
6aTLI
I'I/Manc> "ciceK
p
Pt
2
u
Pnc. /)-4, HenCnOJJb30B3HIIblH nepen3,iJ. JJ,aB.
JJeHHSI npn HCTef.JeHIIII 'Jepe3 CY}j{IIB31OeecSI
conJIO
.lJByxaTOMHbJll ra3 . . . .
1,4 1,08V P I VI O,683f21/' P1
r VI
1,3 1, 06 V Pl VI 0,667 f2 1 /' PI
r VI
V Ip
1,15 1,03 PI VI 0,63512 )1 ..I_
v.
C 3R = Y kRT .
113 OOCJIe,nneH <POPMYJJbI BH,nHO, '11'0 CKOpOCTb 3ByKa HaXO,nMTCH B npHMOH
3aBHCMMOCTH 01' TeMoepaTypbl Cpe,nbI.
DpOTeK3H 00 COOJIY, ra3 a,nHa6aTHO paClllI1pHeTCH. Dpl1 3TOM era
J1.aBJIeHHe H TeIvIflepaTypa naJ1.3IOT, a CIWpOCTb HCTe'leHHH BoapaCTaeT.
OeperpeTbIll BOJlHl-IOll nap
CYXOH l-!acblUleHHbIll nap . . . .
86
87
/

O.ll.HaKO B nepBOH llaCTH COnJIa OHa He .lI.OCTHraeT CKOpOCTH 3BYKa B
cpe.ll.e, HeCMOTpH Ha TO IlTO CKOpOCTb 3BYKa C nOHlUKeHHeM Tel\1nepa-
TypbI Cpe.ll.bI na.ll.aeT.
B rOpJIOBHHe CBepX3BYKOBoro ConJIa, T. e. B HaHl\1eHbWeM Ce<ieHHH
ConJIa fMIIR YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH KpHTHlleCKoe .lI.aBJIeHHe PKP ra3a H KPHTl1-
lleCKaH CKOpOCTb C Rp , paBHaH CKOpOCTH 3BYKa B cpe.ll.. TIpH .lI.BH)KeHHH
no paCWHpmow.eikH <iaCTH ConJIa npOHCXO.ll.T .lI.aJIbHeHWee pacwHpeHHe
ra3a. B03pacTaeT ero CKOpOCTb H Y.lI.eJIbHbIH 001>el\1, a .lI.aBJIeHHe norHl-
)KaeTCH. TIoHH)KaeTCH H CKOpOCTb 3BYKa B cpe.ll.e. Ha BbIXO.ll.e H3 ConJIa
.lI.aBJIeHI-Ie CTBHOBHTCH
paBHbIM .lI.aBJIeHHIO cpe-
JIM, B KOTOPYIO ra3 Bbl-
TeKaeT, a CKOpOCTb HCTe-
lleHHH ra3a CTaHOBHTCH
OOJIbWe CKOpOCTH 3BYKa
B cpe.ll.e: C r > C SB '
Ha pHC. 8-5 npe.ll.-
CTaBJIeHa cxel\1a KOMOH-
I-HlpOBaHHoro conJIa H
rpaqJHK H3l\1eHeHHH .lI.aB-
JIeHHH ra3a, CKOpOCTH C r
HCTelleHHH H CKOpOCTH
3ByKa C SB B cpe.ll.e.
TIpHMeHeHHe paClllHpHIOw.erocH conJIa n03Bomwo YBeJIHIlHTb CKO-
pOCTb HCTelleHHH 3a ClleT oOJIee nOJIHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH nepena.ll. n.aB-
JIeHHH. TIpH 9TOM BeJIHIlHHa paCXO.ll.a m1aRC OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHIIOH, TaK
KaK pacxo.ll. ra3a <iepe3 conJIO onpe.ll.eJIHeTC5I I\1HHHl\1aJIbHbIM celleHHel\1
conJIa I H K p HTH<ieCKHMH napaMeTpaMH c Kp H v Kp , KOTopbIe He 3aBHCHT
MHH .
OT paCWHpHIOw.eHCH <iaCTH ConJIa.
YBeJIHIlHTb paCXo.ll. BbITeKaIOW.ero ra3a llepe3 ConJIO .naBaJIH MO)KHO,
nOBbICHB HallaJIbHOe .lI.aBJIeHI1e H YBeJIHIlHB I\1HHHl\1aJIbHOe Ce<ieHI1e fMIIR
ConJIa. MaKCHl\1aJIbHbIH paCXo.ll. ra3a m1aKC onpe.ll.eJI5IeTCH no cpopMYJIe
(8-16) .
CYJi{J1BaIOw.aHcH llaCTb conJIa .naBaJIH BbIllOJIHHeTC5I, KaK 06bIIlHoe
CY)KHBaJOw.eecH conJIo. PaClllHpHIOw.aHC5I <iaCTb BbIllOJIHHeTC5I C yrJIOM
KOH CHOCTH Y = 10 - 12°. TIpH 60JIbWHX yrJIax KOHYCHOCTH B03MO)KeH
OTPB CTPYI1 OT CTeHOK ConJIa, <iTO pe3Ko YBeJIHIlI1BaeT He06paTI1l\1bIe
nOTepI1. )JJII1Ha pacWHpHIOIIJ.eHCH <iaCTI1 conJIa S onpen.eJIHeTCH yr JIOI\1
KOHYCHOCTI1 Y H BeJII1IlI1HaMH 12 11 fMIIR'
ECJII1 .lI.OnYCTI1Tb, IlTO paCWHp5IIOW.aHcH llaCTb K0M6I1HHpOBaHHoro
conJIa BbInOJIHeHa C npHI\10JII1HeHHfuII\1H 06pa3YIOIII.I1MI1 11 C yr JIOI\1 KOHYC-
HOCTI1 y, TO .lI.JII1Ha 9TOH <iaCTH ConJIa (PI1c. 8-5) onpe.ll.eJIHTC5I no cpopl\1YJIe
d 2 - d MI1H
s= ,
-j
2tg -
2
I
I
_:::= iL--:
===r-----
I
-1
PHC. 8-5. CxeMa conJJa JIaBaJJSI H rpalj.>HK II3-
MeHeHHH CKOpOCTH HCTef.JeHHH c2 H CKOpOCTH
3BYKa CaB
d H d - TTHaMeT p bI BbIXO.ll.HOrO 11 MHHI1l\IaJIbHOrO CeqeHHH cmr.na_
r.ll.e 2 MIIII M
aa
I< 0 9 <p <p H u: H e H T C K 0 P 0 C T II. ,lJ,0 CHX nop HCTelleHHe pac-
CMaTpHBaJIOCb B npelWOJIO)KeHI1H 3.l1.Ha6anlOro paCWl1peHI1H ra3a 6e3
TpeHHH era 0 CTeHKH conJIa. B .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHblX YCJIOBI1HX npou:ecc HCTe-
qeHH5J BCer)1a npOHCXO.ll.HT C HeKOTopbIMH nOTepHMH 9Heprr-m ra3a Ha
COBepwemIe HeH36e)KHOH pa60TbI TpeHI1H. TI09TOMY .lI.ellCTBHTeJIbHa5J
CKOpOCTh HCTelleHHH Cp, Bcer.ll.a MeHbille TeopeTHlleCKOH CKOpOCTH C2, onpe-
.lI.eJJ5IelVlOH no cpopMYJIaM, npHBe.ll.eHHbIM B HaCToHw.eH rJIaBe. OTHOIIleHHe
cjJ, = cp Ha3bIBaIOT KOBcpcpUl{UeflmOM CKopocmu, KOTOpblH Bcer]!.a MeHbwe I.
C 2
TIo .lI.aHHbIM OnbITOB, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nJIaBHOCTH nepexO.ll.OB ce<ie-
HHH H Ka<ieCTBa 06pa60TKH BHYTpeHHeH nOBepxHocTH conJIa K09cpcpH-
UHeHT fp = O,93-:--0,9.
B Cpe.ll.HeM MO)KHO npHHHM3Tb cp = 0,95. 3Ha5I BeJIHIIHHY cp, MO)KHO
HeCKOJIbKO TO<iHee Onpe.ll.eJIHTb .lI.elfcTBHTeJIbHbIe CKOpOCTI1 H paCXO.ll.bI
ra3a nYTeM YMHO)KeHHH nOJIY<ieHHbIX paClleTHbIX 3Ha<ieHHII CKOpOCTH
HJIII paCXO.ll.a Ha K09qxpIIU:I1eHT cp.
 3. J,1poccenHposaHHe nOTOKa ra3a
ECJIII Ha nYTI1 .lI.BI1)KeHI1H ra3a B Tpy60npOBO.ll.e HMeIOTC5J y<iaCTKH,
Ce<ieHHe KOTOpbIX pe3Ko YMeHbweHo no cpaBHeHI1IO C Ce<ieHHeM TPYOO-
npOBO.ll.a (HenOJIHOCTbIO OTKpbITbIe KpaHbI, 3a.ll.BH)KKI1, KJIanaHbI, .lI.POC-
CeJIbHhIe waH6bl H T. n.), TO Ha BbIX0.ll.e 113 9Toro Y<iaCTKa .lI.aBJIeHHe
ra3a CTaHOBIITCH MeHbwe.
5IBJIeHI1e, 3aKJIIO<iaIOw.eeCH
B nOHI1)KeHI1H .lI.aBJIeHHH npH
npOXO.ll.e <iepes CY)Kelme TPY-
60np OBO .ll.a, Ha3bIBaeTCH apoc-
ce/lUpOeaflueM HJIH MflmueM
2a3a.
PaCCMOTpHM .lI.BI1)KeHI1e ra3a
no Tpy60npOBO.ll.Y C nonepell-
HbIM Ce<ieHHeM P. B HYTP 11
Tpy60npOBO.ll.a YCTaHOBJIeHa
.lI.HacpparMa, HMeIOw.3H CY)KeH-
Hoe OTBepCTI-Ie He60JIbWOrO pa3Mepa. TIYCTb no TPyoonpOBO.ll.Y
(pHC. 8-6) TeqeT ra3 OT Ce<ieHI1H I-I K Ce<ieHI1IO II-II <iepe3 OTBep-
CTHe B n.I1acpparMe. npou:ecc HCTe<ieHH5I a.ll.HaoaTHbIH.
B cyn<:eHHoM oTBepCTI1H .lI.HacpparMbI CKOpOCTb ra3a B03pacTaeT OT c 1
.lI.O Co, a .lI.aBJIeHHe nOHI13I1TCH, KaK B OObI<iHOM npou:ecce HCTe<ieHHH <iepe3
conJIo. B npaBoH nOJIOBI1He Tpy60npOBO.ll.a nOCJIe CYJKeHHOro OTBepCTI-m
CKOpOCTb ra3a nO<iTI1 nOJIHOCTbIO nOHH3I1TCH.lI.O CBoero nepBOHa<iaJIbHOro
3Ha<ieHHH. C<iHTaH, <iTO Pi = P 2 , 6Y.lI.eM HMeTb Ci C2. ,lJ,aBJIeHHe)Ke P2
3a .lI.HacpparMOH BOCCTaHOBHTCH TOJIbKO <iaCTI1<iHO H 6Y.lI.eT MeHbwe, <ieM
6bIJIO nepe.ll. .lI.HacpparMOH. 3TO 061>HCHHeTCH TeM, <iTO npH npOXO)K.lI.eHI1H
ra3a <iepe3 CY)KeHHOe OTBepCTHe B03HI1KaIOT nOTepI1 9HeprHH Ha BI1Xpe-
oopa30BaHI1e 11 TpeHl1e.
][
P i::07,
>S
Jf30RRIIlJR
PHC. 8-6. D:poCCeJIHpOBBHHe ra3a
89

BOCnOJIb3yeMC5J paBeHcTBoM (8-3), flpOluwerpHpoBaB ero, nOJIytlllM
c-c
=i l -i 2 .
2
flpHHHMafl .LI-JIfI CeqeHHH I-I H I I-II (pHC. 8-6) CI = C2, nOJIyqHM
i l = i 2 .
-T. e. 3HTaJIbnHfI ra3a He H3MeHfleTCfI B pe3YJIbTaTe ero .l1.pOCCeJIHpOBa-
HHfI.
flOCKOJIbKY .l1.JIfI H.LI-eaJIbHOrO ra3a 3HTa.'1bnHfI 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT
TeMnepaTypbI H He 3aBHCHT 01' .l1.aBJIeHH5I, TO npH .l1.pOCCeJIHpOnaHHH lute-
aJIbHOrO ra3a OCTaeTC5I nOCT05lHHOH TaKme H Tel\1nepaTypa.
flpH .l1.pOCCeJIHpOBaHHH peaJIbHbIX ra30B, oc06eHHO npH BbICOKHX
.LI-aBJIeHHflX, Ha6mo.LI-aeTC5I CHI-lmeHHe TeMnepaTypbI. Eho HBJIeHHe Ha3-
BaHO OpOCCe/lbJ-lblM EJcpcpeKmOJrI JI.J/COY/lJl-TOMCOHll (110 HMeHH yqe-
HbIX, OTKPbIBWHX ero).
B TeXHHKe HH3KHX TeMnepaTYP OXJIaJK.l1.eHHe, nOJIyqaeMOe I1PH .LI-pOC-
CeJII1pOBaHHH, CJIymHT OCHOBOH 60JIbWHHCTBa HH3KOTeMnepaTypHLIX
npoueCCOB, a npH cmHmeHHH ra30B HrpaeT pewaIOIII.YIO POJIb.
KpoMe Toro, I1pOUeCC .LI-pOCCemlpOBaHHH conpOBOm.LI-aeTCfI npOllec..
COM paCUlHpeHHfI napa. fl03TOMY B CneuHaJIbHbIX pe.LI-YKuHOHHO-OX.1a-
.LI-HTeJIbHbIX YCTaHOBKax, KOr.LI-a He06xo.LI-HMO YMeHbWHTb .l1.aBJIeHHe pa-
60qero TeJIa, WHpOKO npHMeH5IIOT I1pOlleCC .LI-pOCCeJIHpOBaHI-lH.
r naB a IX
I.I.HKn nAPOCHnOBOIii YCT AHOBKH
 1. CxeMa napocHnoBoH ycTaHoBK....
B HaCTOflIllee BpeMfI OCHOBHYIO qaCTb 3JIeKTp03HeprI1lI (OKOJIO 80 %)
Bblpa6aTbIBaIOT Ha napOCHJIOBblX YCTaHoBKax, pa60qHM TeJIOM KOTOpblX
HBJIfleTCfI BO.l1.HHOH nap.
n apOCU/lOBOU ycmaJ-lOB/wu Ha3bIBaIOT COBoKynHocTb YCTPOHCTB,
B KOTOpbIX npoTeKaIOT I1pOUeCCbI npe06pa30BaHHfI TenJIa, nOJIyqeHHOrO
npH cropaHHH TOnJIHBa B MeXaI-IHqeCKYIO pa60TY .l1.BHraTeJIfI.
PacCMOTpH1\1 npoUeccbI H3MeHeHHfI COCTOHHHH pa60qero TeJIa B
napOCHJIOBOH YCTaHoBKe (pHC. 9-1).
B cxeMY TaKoH YCTaHoBKH BKJIIOqeHbI TOJIbKO Te arperaTbI, B KO-
TOpbIX npoHcXo.l1.HT H3MeHeHHe COCTOHHHH pa60qero TeJIa.
Y CTaHOBKa COCTOHT H3: napoBoro KOTJIa 1 (HCTOqHHKa TenJIa),
r.LI-e BO.LI-a, HarpCBa5lCb 3a C'leT I10.LI-Be.LI-eHHoro TeI1JIa 91, H31\1eHfI u eT ar-
peraTHoe COCT05lHHe 11 npeBpalllaeTCfI B HaCbIIlleHHbIH BJIamHbIH nap;
naponeperpeBaTeJIH 2, B KOTOpOM nap nO.LI-cYUII1BaeTC5I H neperpeBaeTCfI
90
.l1.0 3a.l1.aHHOii TeMnepaTypbI; .l1.BHraTeJIfI 3, r.l1.e nap, paClIlHp5lflCb, co-
BepwaeT pa60TY; KOH.LI-eHCaTOpa* 4 (XOJIO.LI-HJIbHHKa) , B KOTOpOM nap
H3 HaCblIII.eHHoro COCTOflHHfI npeBpaIllaeTcfI B B0.l1.Y (KOH.LI-eHcaT), H Ha-
t
..
<1
5
1f000iJcHcam
PHC. 9-1. CxeMa napOCilJJOBOll YCTaHoBKH
coca 5, I10BbIWaIOIII.erO .LI-aBJIeHH€ BO.l1.bI (KOH.l1.eHCaTa) .l1.0 3a.l1.aHHOro
3HaqeHH5I 11 nO.LI-aIOIllerO ee B napoBoH KOTe.'1 .l1.JIfI CJIe.l1.YIOIII.ero ul1KJIa.
 2. HAeanbHblH 4HKn PeHK....Ha
H.l1.eaJIbHbIM UHKJIOM napOCHJIOBOH YCTaHOBKH npHH5IT UHKJI PeH-
KHHa. PaccMoTpHM TepMO.LI-HHaMHqeCKOe H3MeHeHHe COCTOflHH5I pa60-
qero TeJIa napOCHJIOBOH YCTaHoBKH no 3TOMY UHKJIY Ha pV-.LI-HarpaMMe
(pHC. 9-2). QHI(JI PeHKHHa COCTOHT 113 qeTbIpeX npOUeCCOB - .l1.BYX H30-
6apHbIX H .LI-BYX a.LI-Ha6aTHbIX.
flap H3 naponeperpeBaTeJIfI C napaMeTpaMH PI, t 1 nO.l1.aeTCfI B .LI-BH-
raTeJlb (TOqKa 1), r.LI-e pacwHpHeTcfI no a.l1.Ha6aTe 1-2 .l1.0 napaMeTpoB
P2, t 2 H COBepwaeT npH 3TOM pa60TY.
OTpa6OTaBIllHH nap C napaMeTpaMH P2, t 2 nOna.l1.aeT B KOH.LI-eHca-
TOp - X0.'10.l1.HJIbHHK (TOqKa 2), r.LI-e 01' Hero OTBO.LI-HTCfI TenJIO q2 npH
nOCTOflHHbIX .LI-aBJIeHHH P2 H COOTBeTCTBYIOIII.eH TeMnepaType (H306apa
2-3). flpH 31'01\1 nap KOH.l1.eHcHpyecfI.
KOH.l1.eHC3T C J{OHeqHbIM .l1.aBJIeHHeM P2 3a6HpaeTcfI HaCOCOM (TOqKa 3),
1I0BblWaIOIllHM .LI-aBJIeHHe .LI-O HaqaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHH PI (JIHHHfI 3-4),
H 1I0.LI-aeTCfI B KOT.'10arperaT. TeMnepaTypa BO.LI-bI Ha BXO.LI-e B KOTJIOar-
I
I
* !\.olliWHcaTop - YCTpofICTBO, B KOTOpOM nap, OTJ],aBa5! Ten.'10 OXJIi:llli,UalO-
l.IJ.eH BOJle. KOll.!tencilpyeTCSI.
91

peraT npaKTM'IeCKM paBHa TeMnepaType Ha BbIxo,ne BO,nbI M3 KOH,neHca-
Topa t 2 II 3H3 1 UneJIbHO 1-H1:tKe TeMflepaTypbl KMfleHMH, COOTBeTCTBYlOlUeH
,naBJIeHMIO BO)J.bI Pt Ha BbIxo,ne 113 Hacoca.
Bo,na npaKTJ11IeCKH HeC:tKHMaeMa, n03TOMY flpM nOBblIlleHI1H n.aBJIe-
HI1H B Hacoce 0'1' Pt ,nO P2 061>eM BO,nbI OCTaeTCH flO'lTI1 HeH3MeHHbIM. 0'1'-
clO,na aJ1.Ha6aTY C:tKaTH MO:tKHO C'IHTaTb o,nHoBpeMeHHo 11 1130XOpOH.
TaK KaK 061>eM BO.l!.bI V no cpaBHeHHIO C 061>eMOM flapa V" HH'ITO)!\HO MaJI
TO .l!.JIH flpOcrOTbI 3TOH BeJIH411HOH flpeHe6peralOT. 003TOMY .'1HHI1H C:tKa:
THH 3-4 BO.l!.bI B Hacoce CJUlBaeTCH
C OCblO Koop.l!.BHaT.
Op01l.ecc 4-1 HBJIHeTCH npo-
1I.eCCOM 06pa30BaHHH H fleperpeBa
napa npH Ha4aJIbHOM .l!.aBJIeHI-1H PI.
00JIe3HaH paooTa lnoJ" cOBep-
U1eHHaH 1 K2 flapa 3a IJ.MKJI, paB-
Ha pa3HocTH 3HTaJIbnl1H napa Ha
BXO.l!.e B .l!.BHraTeJIb it 11 Ha BbIXO.l!.e
H3 Hero i 2
lnoJI = i 1 - i 2 OJICIK;;.
4aCTb ee paCXO.l!.yeTcfl Ha no-
.l!.a'lY KOH.l!.eHCaTa HaCOCOM. O.l!.HaKO
BeJIH4HHa 3TOH pa60TbI CTOJIb MaJIa
no cpaBHeHl110 C pa6OToii, flOJIY-
4aeMoH flpH pacU1HpeHHI1 napa,
4'1'0 npaKTM4eCKIJ elO MO:tKHO npe-
He6pe4b * .
K. fl.!!. 11. 11 K JI aPe H K H H a. 00 06U1.eMY onpe.l!.eJIeHI1IO
TepMH4eCKI1H K. n..l!.. rJi JII060ro 1I.HI{J]a paBeH OTHOU1eHI1IO I1CnOJIb30BaH-
Horo TeflJIa qt - q2 K nO.l!.Be.l!.eHHoMY qt
p
P,
2
Pt
u
PHC. 9-2. l1tI.eaJJbHblll UHKJJ PeHKHHa
napOCHJJOBOll YCTaHoBKH Ha pV-;ZJ.IIar-
paMl\Ie.
rJi = _ql - q2 = lnoJI ,
ql ql
K. n. .l!.. IJ.I!KJIa PeHKHHa Oflpe.l!.eJIHeTCH BbIpmKeHHeM
lnoJI i 1 -=- i 2
rJ,=- =-.
ql i 1 - i B
r.l!.e i B - 3HTaJIbfl!IH BO.l!.bJ Ha BXO.L\e B Hacoc I! Ha BbIXO.l!.e I!3 Hero**.
Y .l!. e JI b H bJ 11 pac x O.l!. fI a p a B H.l!. e a JI b H 0 M IJ. fl K-
JI e. )1JIH '1'01'0 4T06bI nOJIY4HTb e.l!.I!HH1I.Y flOJIe3HOH pa60Tbl, HymHo 'Ie-
pe3 .l!.BHraT eJIb nponycTI!Tb onpe.l!.eJIeHHOe KOJIHTIeCTBO napa, KOTopoe
* B YCThHoBKax, HCnOJJb3YIOIIX nap BbICOKHX napal\IeTpOB pa6oToll
Hacoca npcHe6peraTb HeJJb3H. '
** B
napOCHJlOBblX YCTaHoBKax HH3Koro H cpe}J.Hero lI,aBJJeHI1H npH YBe-
JJHf.JeHHH .!taBJJeHHH BO.!tbI B Hacoce ee 9HTaJJbnHSI H3MeHHeTCSI He3Haf.JHTeJIbHO,
n09ToMY C'IHTaIOT, f.J,O 9HTaJJbnHH BO,nbl Ha BXO.!te B Hacoc 11 Ha BbIXO,!j,C 113 Hero
paBHbI MeJKlIY C060H.
(9-1 )
92
I
I
I
i'
H a3bIBalOT yiJe/lbflblM paCXOOOM napa H 0603Ha4alOT 6YKBOH do. KmI<LU-,!H
KI!JIOrpaMM flapa Bblpa6aTbIBaeT 1 = it - i 2 e.l!.HHHIJ. nOJIe3HOH pa60TbI,
r.l!.e i 1 - ero 3HTaJIbflHH Ha Bxorte B .l!.Bl1raTeJIb, a i 2 - 3HTaJIbnl1H Ha
BbIXO.l!.e. Ha O.l!.HY e.l!.I1HI!uy flOJIe3HOH pa60TbI Y.l!.eJIbHbIH paCXO.l!. napE
COCTaBHT
1
do = -:--:- . (9-2)
1 1 - 1 2
B 3aBHCI1MOCTB 0'1' e.l!.HHI1U H3MepeHHH 3HTaJIbnHH onpe,neJIHeTCH 1-1
e,nI-ll-Jl1ua M3MepeHHH y,neJIbHOrO pacxo,na napa do. ECJIH 3HTaJIbm-I1O 113-
Mep5i1OT B OJIC , IK;; TO do H3MepHeTcH B KdoJIC.
B OCHOBHOM Bce napOCHJIOBHe YCTaHoBKH npe.l!.Ha3Ha4eHH .l!.JIH BH-
pa6OTKI1 3JIeKTpl14eCKOH 3HeprHH, fl03TOMY Y.l!.eJIbHbIH pacxo.l!. napa do
H3MepHIOT B KHJIOrpaMMax Ha e.l!.HHI!1I.Y 3JIeKTpM'IeCKOH 3Hepnl-ll. ECJII-I
pa3HocTb 3HTaJIbnHH it - i 2 Bblpa3HTb B KOJIC/K;;, TO do 6Y.l!.eT Bblpa:tKeHo'
B K;;/K8m.It. Y4HTbIBaH, 4'1'0 1 K8m.It = 3600 KOJIC, cpOPMYJIY (9-2) MO)l{-
HO HanHcaTb B BI1,ne
do = ,3600. K2 / K8m . 'to
11- 1 2
4eM MeHbU1e Y.l!.eJIbHblH paCXO.l!. napa npI! TOH JKe MOU1.HOCTH, TeM Bbl'
Ille K. n. ,n. flapOCHJIOBOrO UI1KJIa.
 3. Cnoco6bl nOBblweHHSI 3KOHOM......HOCT.... napoc....noBoro qHKna
3KOHOMI!4HOCTb napOCHJIOBOrO Ll.HKJIa (BeJIH4HHa ero K. n. .l!..) B
3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT 0'1' Ha4aJIbHHX napaMeTpOB pa60'Iero
TeJIa Pt 11 it Hero KOHe'lHOrO .l!.aBJIeHHH P2' hy 3aBHCHMOCTb MO:tKHO ycra-
HOBI1Tb C nOMOlUbIO is-,nHarpaMMbI H cpOPMYJIbI, onp e .l!.eJIHIOU1.eH K. n. .l!..
H.l!.eaJIbHOrO 1I.HKJIa PeHKHHa. PaCCMOTpHM pa3JIH4HbIe cnOCOObI flOBbIIlle-
HHH 3KOHOMH4HOCTI1 napOCHJIOBOrO 1I.UKJIa.
B JI H 51 H H e H a 4 a JI b H bI X nap a MeT p 0 B nap a Pt I!
it. Ha pl1c. 9-3 nOKa3aHbI Tpl1 BapH,,HTa P?OTbI yp6HHbI C pa3JIH4HbIMM
Ha'laJIbHbIMH .l!.aBJIeHI1HMH napa PI > PI > PI flpH nOCT05lHHblX it
H P2.
C n06blU/eliUeM Halta/1bH020 Oa8JleflUR nOJleSH.aR pa60ma l{uK/la (oTpe3-
KHl' == 1'2'; l" = 1"2"; l'" = /,,'2"') 80spacmaem, T. e. l'" > l" > I'.
KOJllJl-leCm80 Jlce nooaeoeHfl02o sa l{UKJl menJla HeCKOJlbKO YMeflbwaemcR,
q;> q;'> q", flpH 3TOM H3 cpOPMYJIbI (9-1) BH.l!.HO, 'ITO mepMUlteCKUU
1(. n. O. tlUKJla 803pacmaem.
113 pHC. 9-3 BI1.l!.HO, 4'1'0 C n08bLweflueM Oa6JleflUR 8JlaJICHOCmb ompa60'
ma8we;;o napa n06bLwaemCR. TaK flpU HaTIaJIbHOM .l!.aBJIeHHI! P flap
BbJXO.l!.HT 113 Typ611HbI eU1.e B neperpeTOM COCTOHHHH (To4Ka 2'). OpB
.l!.aBJIeHI!H P' > PI CTeneHb CYXOCTH x" oTpa60TaBillero napa flOHI!:tKaeTCH
11 T04Ka 2" HaXO.l!.HTCH B OOJIaCTU BJIaJKHOrO HaCbIlUeHHoro napa BOJIH3I!
BepxHeH florpaHH1lHoH KpI!BOH. OpI! .l!.aBJIeHHH :tKe P" > P CTefleHb CY-
XOCTI1 x" oTpa6OTaBillero napa em.e OOJIbille nOHH:tKaeTCH (T04Ka 2").
93

nap BblCOKOH BJI3)J{HOCTH 6bICT 0 H3Ha
n03TOMY C nOBblWCIIHCM HatIaJIbHOO WHBaCT JIOnaTKH Typ6HHbJ.
H TeI\mepcnyPY nepcrpCBa napa. .l{aBJICHI-IH HC06XO.l{HMO nOBbllllaTb i
_. npHMCHeHI1C napa C BbICOKHMH HatIa ' I
cTaJIO E03MO)J(HbIM TOJIbKO TOr.l{a JIbHbIMII napaMCTpaMH PI H t I
I10CTb CTaJIa npOI-I3BO.l{HTb )J(apOT.l{a MCTaJIJIyprHtIeCKaH npOMbIWJICH
KHe CTanH .l{'!.IH H3rOTOBJJeHHH )1eTa- I
pJ' ;:,. p,";:,. p/ JIeH, conpHKaCaIOIIJ,HXC5I
C napOM BbICOKHX TeMne-
paTYp.
B HaCTOHIIJ,ee BpeMH
npHMeHHIOT 060py 1l0Ba-
HHe napOCHJIOBblX YCTa-
HOBOK C napaMeTpaMH
napa Pi = 130 am H
t = 565° C. Be.l{eTcF npo- \
eKTHpoBaHHe cTaHuHH C I
napaMeTpaI\IH napa Pi =
=300 am H t = 650°C.
)J.aJIbHeHWee )J(e no-
BblWellHe HatIaJIbHblX
napaMeTpoB napa 6y-
.l{eT onpe.l{eJIHTbC5I C03-
.l{aHHeM IlOBblX ne.l{opo-
rHX )J(aponpOLJHblX Ma-
TepHaJIOB, npl1MeHeHHe
KOTOpblX 6blJIO 6bI3KOHO-
B JI H 51 n H e K 0 H e tI H 0 r 0 MH tIHO II ueJIeC006pa3HO.
HI1)J(e .l{aBJIeHHe napa P2 Ha BblXO e .l{ a B JI e H H 51 nap a P2. qeM
np0113Be.l{eHHaH na p OM H B .l{ 113 Typ6l1HbI, TeM 60JIbWe pa60Ta
OfT ' blwe K. n .l{ Bcell na p u '
AHaKO KOHeLJHOe .l{aBJIeHHe na a . . OCI1JIOBOI1 YCTaHoBKI1.
caTope, onpe.l{eJIHeTCH TeMnepaiyptu2' pamme .l{aBJIeHHIO B KOH.l{eH-
Topa. qeM Hl1llie TeMnepaTypa TeM 11 6 0XJIa )J(.l{aIOIIJ,ell BO.l{bl I<OHlleHca-
oTpa60TaBwero napa B KOH.l{eHCTO OOJIbWe OHa oT6I1paeT TenJIa 01'
napa 11 OXJIa)J(.l{aIOlII.ell BO.l{bl B KOH pe. tIeBH.l{HO, tIeM HI1)J(e TeMIIepaTypa
COOTBeTCTBYIOlII.ee TeMnepaTYP .l{eHcaTope, TeM HH)J(e H .l{aBJIeHl1e P
UHK.'1a 3a CtIeT 60JIbWerO CIlH)J(::bIlII.eHHH, t 2 . Ho nOBblCHTb K. n.;:
OTCYTCTBI1H eeTecTBeHHblx OXJIa.l{H e pz _ npahTHtIeeKH HeB03MO)J(HO H3-3a
Cpe.l{HerO.l{OBoH TeMIIepaTypbl BO.l{I tr;;IIJ,I1X TeMnepaTYPY HI1)J(e
npOMe)J(YTOtIHbIll ne er .
Ka3aHo:, tITO HapH.l{y C YBeJII1LJeHHel\; Te p e B II a p a. Bbiwe 6bLlJO IIO-
CI1JIOBOI1 YCTaHoBKH npHMeHeHl1e na pMHtIeCKOrO K. n. .l{. UHKJIa napo-
eT BJIa)KHOCTb napa B KOHue pacwHP:bICOKoro .l{aBJIeHH5I YBeJIHLJHBa-
.l{OCTaTKa npHMeH5IIOT npOMe)J(YTOLJ p u 1151. )J.JIH YCTpaHeHHH 31'01'0 He-
nap nOCJle tIaCTHLJHOrO pac HblH neperpeB napa.
ne p wHpeHlIH B T yp6 u
erpeBaTeJIb, r.l{e 011 BTOpl1LJHO ne er ..He OTBOJU1TC5I B napo-
fO napa l1011H .l{O TeJ\II1epaTypbl Hee (p peBaeTC5I.l{O TeMnepmypbl CBe)J(e-
KOJIbKO HH)J(e nepBOHa'laJIblJOii. nOC0/1«:
94

S
PHC. 9-3, BJJliJ1JlHe.!t
/fa nOBbIweHlie 3K aBJJenIIH neperpeToro napa
OHOJ\lH'IHOCTli napOCliJJOBOrO
UHKJJa
3TOro nap HanpaBJI5IeTC5I B noc.'1e.IJ,Hl1e CTyneHI1 Typ6mIbl. npHMeHeHIIe
npOI\ICrKYTOlJHOrO ncperpeBa napa npHBO.l{HT K HeKoTOpOIvlY nOBbIUJeIIllIO
TepMH'-JecKoro K, n. .l{,
PereHepaTHBHbIH nO.l{orpeB nl1TaTeJIbHoti
BOll bl. KOH,lLeHCaT 01' Typ6IlH HanpaBJIHeTCH B KOTeJI H HarpeBaeTC5I
TaM TCnJIOM TOIIJlI-ma. MeiK.l{y TeM ero MO)J(HO HarpeTb H napOM, KOTOpbIH
YiKe npomCJI 4CpC:> Typ61my, COBepWHB TaM pa6OTY. )J.JI5I 3TOro CJIe.l{yeT
OT06paTb nap 113 Typ611Hbl II HanpaBI1Tb era B nO,lLOrpeBaTeJIb, KY,lLa Ha-
npaBJl51IOT II I<OHlleIIcaT 113 KOH,lLeHCaTopa. 4HC.1J0 11 MeCTO OT6opOB napa
11 COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ,ee 4HCJIO nO.l{OrpeBaTeJICH onpe.l{eJl5IIOT paCtleTOM. Ta-
KOll nOllorpeB rIlnaTeJlbHoi'I BO.l{bI Ha3bIBaIOT pe2eHepamUBHblJv!, 11 COOTBeT-
CTBYIOll\lIH UlmJl - pe2eHepamUBHblJv! /{UKJlOJv!. K. n. .l{. pereHepaTHBHoro
IlHI\JIa BblUJe, 'leM K. n. ,lL. lJ,llKJIa PeHKI1Ha, H YBeJII1LJI1BaeTCH C YBeJIH-
tIelmeM 'lHCJIa OT6opOB.
Typ6lIIIhl, pa6OT3101IJ,He B YCTaHOBKe C pereHepaTHBHbIl\l UHKJIOM.
Ha3bJBaIOT myp6wwMU C npoJv!e:l/cymOtlHblJv! om6opoJrt napa.
rl1aBa X
JEI1110cnHt<ALI,HSI H EE 3HA4EHHE
Ha TenJIOBbIX 3JIeKTpOCTaHUll5IX, BbIpa6aTbIB3IOrn. HX B I-WWell CTpa-
He 3neKTpWleCKYIO 3HeprIlIO, B TonKax napOBblX KOTJIOB C)J(HraIOT or-
pOMHoe KOJII1'-JeCTBO TonnIlBa.
no BTOPOMY 3aKony TepMO,lLHHaMI1KH, BO BC5IKOM CI1.'10BOM UHKJIe
TOJIbKO '-JaCTb TenJla, C006w.aeMan pa60tIeMY TeJIY, npeBparn.aeTCH B
nOJIe3HYIO pa6cny. Oc-raJlblIOe Tenno OTBO)!JITC5I B XOJIO,lJ.1WbHH!{ (KOH-
.l{eHCaTOp) .
KaK H3BeCTHO (CM.  3 I' JI. IX), nOIIJ1)I<eHlle KOne'IIIOro ,lLaBneHH5I
napa P2 orpaHllLJHBaCTCH TeMnepaTypoH OXJI3iK,lLaJO:n e i1 BO,lJ.bI B KOB-
.l{eHCaTope, KOTOpa5I ,lLO.1JiKIIa 6bITb Ha 5-10° HHiKe TeMnpaTypbI oTpa6o-
TaBwero napa. fl03TOMY nap 3a Typ6I1HOH MOiKeT IIMCTb Tel\lnepaTYPY
nOpH,lLKa 25-35° C npll ,lLaBJIeHHIl 0,03-0,05 6ap, B KOHlleHcaTope
oXJIaiK.l{aJOIIJ,aH DO,lLa, OT6Hpa5I Tenno Y OTpa60TaBIllero napa, HarpeBa-
eTCH .l{0 TeMnepaTYPbI 25_30° C. BO.l{a, HarpeTaH B KOH,lLeHCaTope ,lL0
CTOJIb HeBbICoKoti TeMnepaTypbl, He MO)J(eT 6bITb HcnOJIb30BaHa ,lLJI5I npo-
I13BO,lLCTBeHHbIX uenei1 H 6bITOBbIX HYiK,lL HaCeJleHI15I. n03TOMY H3 KOH-
.l{eHCaTOpa BO.l{a c6paCbIBaeTCH B IICTOtIHHK BO,lLOCHa6)J(eHlIH 11 CHell yxo-
,lLllT 55-60 % renJIa, BbI.l{e.'1HIOlII.erOC5I npli cropaHI1H TOnJIlIEa.
Typ6uHbl, pa6OTaIOIIJ,Ile no TaKoH cxeMe, Ha3bIBaIOT KOHaeHca/{uOH-
HbIMU.
PaHblile B H3UJell cTpaHe pa60Tano 60JIbWOe KOJlH4eCTBO MeJIKHX
KOTeJIbHblX yCTaHOBoK, r,lLe .l{.T15I TexHo.10rH'-JecKHX npoIleccoB np0l13-
BO,lLCTBa Bblpa6aTbJBamI nap .l{aBneHlIeM 1,5-5 6ap 11 rop5l t lYIO BO.l{Y npH
TeMnepaType 70-100" C ,lL.TI5I OTOnJIeHIIH 3.l{mmH II y,lLOBneTBOpeHH5I
HYiK,lL HaCeJIelUI5I. B TaKHX KOTeJlbHbIX TaKiKe CiKHraJIII 3Ha'1HTeJIbHOe
KOJIII4eCTBO TODJIHua.
95

, TeOpenIlIeCKl1e HCCJIeJ1.0B3HI1H 11 CHbIT nOK333JIII, lITO J1.JIH 60JIee
3KOHOMI1'IHOrO I1CnOJIb30B3HI1H TOnJII1Ba Ll:eJIeC006pa3HO COKpaTI1Tb KOJ1!I-
lIeCTBO uMeJIKI1X OT.lI.eJIbHbIX KOTeJIbHbIX, a He06xo.ll.I1MOe TenJIO B BHJ1.e
rOpHlIel1 BOJ1.bI H napa BbIpa6aTbIBaTb Ha 3JIeKTpOCTaHUlUIX.
l1.eHTpaJI1130BaHHoe TenJIOCHa6)KeHl1e Ha 6a3e KOM611HHpOBaHHOH
BbIpa60TKI1 TenJIa 11 3JIeKTpO;mepnm Ha3bIBaeTCH menllocpUKal{uet"L
CTaHLl:I1I1, Ha KOTOpbIX np0l13BO.ll.HTCH KOM6HJIHpOB3HHaH BbIpa60TK3
TenJIa 11 3JIeKTpl1lIeCKOii 3Heprl111, Ha3bIBaJOTCH men 103lleKmpOl{eH!npa (If l-
MU (TaIJ,). " ,
Ha Tau, I1CnOJIb3YlOT Typ611HbI C oT60pOM napa, 3 TaK)Ke Typ611HhI
C npOTI1BO,LI.aBJIeHl1eM. B HI1X paCWl1peHlfe napa 3aK3HlIl1BaeTCH npl1 .lI.RB-
JIeHl111 BbIwe aTMocepHoro nOpH.lI.Ka 1,2-1.5 6ap BMecTO 0,03-0,05 6ap
B KOHJ1.eHCaLl:I10HHOH Typ6l1He. npl1 3TOM TCl\1DepaTypa napa nOCTvnalO-
llI.ero B TenJ1ocp 11Ka U110HHb1H nO.ll.OrpeBaTeJIb, a CJIe.ll.OBaTeJ1bo, H {elVme-
paTypa oXJIam.ll.alOw,eii BO.ll.bI nOJIY'iaeTCH BbIwe 100° C, lITO BnOJIHe
Y.ll.OBJIeTBOpfleT nOTpe6l1TeJIfI. -
npel1YIu.eCTBO TenJIocpHKaLl:HH COCTOHT B TOM, lITO npH IWM6mm-
pOBaHHOI1 Bblpa60TKe TenJIa 11 3JIeKTp03HepfHI1 Y.lI.eJIbHbIii paCXOJ1. Ton-
JII1Ba Ha nOJIYlIeHl1e 3JIeKTpHlIeCKoii 3Heprl111 nOJIYlIaeTCfI npl1MepHO
B.lI.BOe MeHbwe, lIeM Ha COBpeMeHHbIX KOH.lI.eHCaLl:I10HHbIX CTaHLl:HflX.
B 1924 r. B JIeHI1Hrpa)l.e 6bIJIa nyw,eHa nepBaH B CoBeTcKoM COlO3e
TenJIocpHKaLl:I10HHaH yCTaHOBKa, a B KOHLl:e .lI.Ba)l.Ll:aTbIX rO)l.OB B cTpoii
HalIaJIH BCTynaTb HOBbIe TenJIocpHKaLl:HOHHbIe YCTaHOBKI1. Oc06eHHO WH-
pOKoe pa3BHTI1 TenJIocpHKaLl:HI1 H31IaJIOCb B nepl10)l. C 1931 no 1939 r.
oJIe BeJIl1KOH OTelIecTBeHHoii BoiiHbI (1941-1945) CTpOI1TeJIbCTBO
au, B CCCP npO.ll.oJI)KaeT p3BI1BaTbCfI B03paCTalOllI.I1MI1 TeMn3MH.
B H2.CToflw,ee BpeMfI COBeTCKuii ColO3 3aHI1MaeT nepBoe MeCTO no
t1l1CJIY H Mow,uonH Tau,.
96
Pa3p,eIl BTOpOti
OCHORbl TEIIJIOIIEP.E,!1,..:i 1fU
r naB a XI
OCHOBHblE BH.Q,bl TEnn006MEHA
r
Dpl1 cOnpm<OCHOBeHl1l1 .lI.BYX TeJI, HMeww,HX pa3IIbIC TE'MnepaTypbI,
TenJIO nepeXO.ll.HT OT TeJIa C 60.'1bwefl TeMnepaTYPOH K TeJIY C MeHbweii
TeMnepaTypOH. nepexo.ll. TenJI3 npO)l.OJImaeTCfI )1.0 Tex nop, nOKa TeMne-
paTypbI 06011X TeJl He CTaHYT paBHbIMH. n pou,eee nepexoaa mel1lla om
OaHOcO !nella K apycOMY Ha3bl6a10m menllon6MeHOJ.l. LIeN! 60l!blIJe pa3-
HOCTb Tel'vmepaTYP Me)!(J1.Y TeJI3MH, TeM 6bIcTpee npOI-ICXoJ1.HT TenJIo06MeH.
MeX3I1H3M nepe.ll.alIH TenJIa OT OJ1.HOrO TCJIa K .lI.PyroMY OCHOB3H Ha
TOM, lITO MOJIeKYJIbI COnpI1K3calOw,HXCfI TeJ! (HJIH pa3JIHlIHbIX lJaCTeH
O.ll.HorO Te,na) npl1 B3aHMHbIX CTOJIKHOBeHl1f1X 06MeHI1B3IOTCfI 3Hepmeii.
YaCTHHbI TeJIa, HarpeToro CHJIbHCe, TepmOT 3HeprHlO, nepe.ll.aBafl ee
lIaCTl111aM MeHee HarpeToro TeJIa.
Kor.ll.a 3HeprHl1 .lI.Bl1meHHH MOJIeKYJI 060HX TeJI CTaHOBflTCfI paBHbIMH
Mem.ll.Y c060ii, TO BbIpaBHHB3lOTCfI 11 HX TCl\mepaTypbI. 11 TenJIo06MeH
npeKpaIHaeTCfI.
H3YLJCHHe 3aJWHOB TenJIoo6MeHa He06xo.ll.HMO )l.JIfI ynpaBJIeHHH TenJ10-
BbIMH nOTOK3MI1, B03HI1KalOllI.HMH MC)K)l.Y pa3J1HlIHbIMH TeJIaMI1. B O.ll.lIHX
CJ1YlIaHX He06xo)l.I1MO nperpaJ1.I1Tb nYTb TenJ10BOMY IIaroKY HJ111 B KaKOM-
TO Mepe YMeHbWIITb TenJ1006MeH Mem.ll.Y TeJ1al\1H, B )l.pyrHx, Ha06opOT,
CJ1e)lyeT C03)1.aTb YCJIOBHH )l.J1H MaKCHMaJ1bHOM nepe.ll.alIH TenJ1a OT 0)1.-
Horo TeJ1a K .lI.pyrOMY.
TaK, Hanpl1Mep, CTeHbI JIlO60ro 3)1.aHI1f1 CTpOflT  MaTepHaJ1a. KO-
TOpbJii 3a)l.ep)KI1BaeT TenJIOBOii nOTOK, HanpaBJ1eHHblI1 0: 60JIee Hrpe-
Toii BHYTpeHHeii nOBepXHOCTI1 CTeHKH K MeHee HarpeTOH BHeWHeH no-
BepXHOCTH. CTeHbI B 3TOM CJ1YlIae flBJ1HIOTCfI TenJ10H30JIHlll1eii H YMeHb-
walOT TenJ1006MeH Mem)l.Y B03.l1.YXOM, 3an0J1HHIOllI.I1M OTanJ1I1BaCMOe
nOMeUl.eHl1e, 11 B03.l1.YXOM, H3XO)l.flIlll1MCfI cHapymH 3.l1.aHHfI. OTOIII1-
TeJ1bHbIe me pa.ll.HaTOpbJ 113rOTOBJ1f1lOT H3 MaTepl1aJIa. KOTOpbIH XO-
pOWO npOBO.ll.l1T TenJ10, .lI.J1f1 Toro lIT06bI YCHJ1HTb TeW1006MeH Mem)l.y
TenJIOHOCHTeJ1eM (ropfllIeii BO)l.oii), npoTeKalOIHI1M no KaHaJiaM BHYTPI1
PMl1aTOpa, 11 B03)1.yXOM OTanJ1HBaeMOro nOMellI.eHHfI.
TenJIo nepe)l.aeTc}J TpeMfI ClIoc06aMH: TenJ10npoBO)l.HOCTblO, KOHBel{-
Ll:Heii H H3J1Y'IeHHeM.
Tenllonp08oaHoe!nb- 3TO npOllecc nepe.ll.alIH TenJ1a OT 60J1ee Harpe-
TbIX MOJ1eKyJJ MeHee HarpeTbIM. TenJIonpoBO.ll.HOCTb 06YCJIOBJ1eHa J1.BH-
)KeHHeM MUKpOIIQCmul{ TeJIa.
K01i8eKtlUfl* - 31'0 npollecc nepeHoca 51HeprHl1 npl1 nepeMellI.elH1
06'beMOB )KI1.l1.KOCTH HJ1H ra3a ** 13 npOCTpaHCTBe 113 06J1aCTH C OJ1.HOl1
* KOHBeKItHH - JJ3THHCKoe CJlOBO, 03HaljalOee nepefloc.
** 3.!tecb II }J.3JJee (B pa3.!teJJe BTOpOl\!) no.!t CJJOBOM IKII.!tKOCTh 6YJleT nOJlpa-
3Yl\!eBaTbCH JKIIJlKafl IIJJH ra3006pa3H3H cpe.l1a, oKpYJKaIOIl\3H TBep;,oe TeJlO.
97

TeMnepaTypOM B 06JIaCTb, HMeIOIIJ,YW )],PyrYlo TellmepaTyPY. KOIlR('I\UI-IH
06YCJIOBJIeH3 .D.B!-D!{eHHeM IlIa Kp043CTlm )KH)J,hOCTIl.
H3AY'teJ-we (Alj'lllemblli menAoo611eJ-l) - 31'0 npouecc paCIIpOCTpaHe-
HHH 3Hepnm I1YTeM 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHblX BOJIH. TenJIOBOe 113JlY4eHHe npe)],-
CTaBJIHeT C060H CJIQ}fmyIO cpOPMY JlBOHHOI'O npeo6pa30BaHHH 3Hep-
rIm: H3rpeToe Te.'1O I13JIY4aeT 3HeprIlIO B BH)],e 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHblX 1(0-
JIe6aHHH, )],Pyroe TeJIO norJIOlII.aeT 3Heprmo H HarpeBaeTCH.
06bIlJHO TenJIo06MeH l\clerK)],Y TeJIaMH COBepwaeTCH BCeMI-I TpeMH
cnoc06aMH O)],HOBpeMenHO. COlJeTaHHe liX MomeT 6b1Tb caMblM pa3Ho06-
pa3HbIM. fIpli 3TOM O)],HH cnoc06 MO)KeT npe06JIaJ{aTb Ha)], )],pyrHM B 3a-
BliCHMOCTH 01' YCJlOBHH, B KOTOpblX npOI-ICXO)],liT TenJIo06MeH. TaK, Ha-
npmvlep, npli HarpeBe BO)],bI B napOBOM KOTJIe TenJIO ropWlliX ra30B,
HaXO)],HIIJ,TJXC5I B TOfme, nepeJ1.3eTCH BHeWHei.i nOBepXHOCTH CTeIlKH KOT,na
BceMli TpeMH cnoc06al\m: TenJIOnpOBO)],HOCTbIO, KOIlBel<L!.IleIJ H M3,'1YLJe-
HueM. 3aTeM TeIlJJO 01' BHeWHeH nOBepXHOCTIi KOTJIa TerIJ10npOBOLUIOCTbIO
nepe)],aeTCH ero BlrYTpeHIleM nOBepXHOCTli. 11, HaKoneu, 01' BHYTfJC'HHeH
nOBepX"HOCTIl KOTJIa TenJIO nepe)],aeTCH BOJ1.e TenJIOnpOBO)],HOCTbfO (lfac-
THlJHO) li KOHBeKUHeH.
fIpoueCCbI TenJIo06MeHa B TenJIOTeXHlilJeCKHX YCTpOHCTBax MorYT
npOTeKaTb Kal{ npH YCTaHOBllBIlleMCH (CT3uliOHapIlOM), Tal{ H npM He-
YCTaHOBI-IBWeMCH (HecTalUIOHapHOM) pe)KliMax. Clllal£1I0J-lapJ-lblM (YCTa-
HOBliBWliMCH) menAOGbtM peJICUAWM Ha3bIBaIOT pe)!(liM, fIpM KOTOpOM
TeMnepaTypa B JIf060H TOlfKe TeJI3 He 33BHCMT 01' BpeMeHH. 06b1lfHO CTa-
I1. Il OHapHOMY pe)KliMY npe)],IllecTByeT HecTal1.liOHapHblH, BO BpeMH KO-
Toporo nporpeB3eTCH Bce TeJIO.
fIP 0 l1. eCC bI, npOTeKaIOIIJ,lie B YCJIOBliHX fleetnaLi110Hapl-L020 peJICllMa
(np O l1. ecc bI HarpeBa II OXJIam)],eHliH MeTaJIJIa, paCIIpOCTpaHellJIe TeI1.'Ia
B MeTaJIJIyprlilJeCKliX nellax nepliO)],HllecKoro )],eHCTBliH, pa30rpeB H
OCTbIBaHlie nelfeH Ii 1', n.), BeCbM3 CJIO)!(IJbI, H HX paCCMOTpeHHe He BXO-
)],liT B nporpaMMY J{aHiroro Kypca. fI03TOMY 3J{eCb paCCMOTpellbl npouec-
CbI TeI1JIo06MeHa B CTauHOHapHOM TeI1JIOBOM pe)KHMe.
r 11 a B a XII
TEnnonpOBO.Q.HOCTb
S 1. OCHOBHble nOHSITHSI
fIepe]J,alla TenJla TenJIOnpOBO,lJ,HOCTbIO I1pOHCXOJ{HT 6e3 nepe)],BM-
}KeHI15:I MaCCbl TeJIa, a C nOMOlII.bIO MOJIeKYJI 60JIee HarpeToH qacnl Tena,
KOTopble CTaJ1KHBaIOTCH npH CBoeM J1.BH)KeHHH C coce)],HHMli MOJIeKYJIal\1U
'MeHee Harpe-roH lJaCTH TeJIa li nepeJ1.aIOT liM li36bITOK CBoeH KliHeTlilfe-
CKOM 3HeprHli. TaKaH nepe)],alJa TenJIa MOJIeKYJIaMH (MOJIeKYJIHpllblH
nepeHOC 3HeprliH) npOliCXOJ{liT )],0 Tex I10p, I10Ka KliHeTliLleCKaH 3HeprHH
Bcex MoneKYJl TeJI3 He CTaHeT 0)],IIH3KOBOH. K 3T0l\1Y BpeMeHIl Tel\Ule-
paTypa BO Bcex TOllKax TeJIa TO)Ke CTaHeT OJ{HHaKOBOH.
98
TaKOH cnoc06 TenJIo06MeHa npOliCXOJ!,liT B OCHOBHOM B TBep)],bIX Te-
JI3X KaK BII Y TPH OJ1.HOrO TeJIa, TaK li Me)I{)J,Y )],BYMH TeJI3MM npM HX IJ.'1OT-
TenJIOn p OBO)],HOCTb MO)!{eT OCY-
HOll! COnpHI{OCHOBeHIlH )],pyr C J1.PyroM. , 0)], aI'O ra3 H
]jIeCTBJIHTbCH TaK)Ke II llepe3 CJIoi'I )KliJ1.KOCTli liJIli ra3a. H,
;'H;KOCTb (HCKJIIOlJa5! paCn,naBJIeHHbIe MeTaJIJIbI) HBJIHIillCH OlleHb TI.'m-
XI1MH npOBOJ1.HHI<alVili TenJIa.
i
I
I
I
\'
\,
 2. nepeAa"la Tenna TennonpoBoAHOCTblO tlepe3 cTeHKY
fIJIOCKaH OJ1.HOcJIoIIHaH CTeHKa. Ha pIlC. 12-1
nOKa3aHa o)],HOCJIoihwH CTeHKa TOJIIIJ,HHOH {j H3 O)],Hopo)],Horo MaTe ) pIJIa
(113 KH nHlJa, MeTaJIJIa, )],epeBa IIJIIl li3 JII060ro Pyroro MaTepHaJIa, en-
JIO flOJ1.OJ1.IITCH K rIOBepXHocTH CTeHKli li no)], .l1.eIICTBlIeM pa3HocTH TeMne-
paTYP t l > t 2 pacnpocTpalIHeTcH ;eI1JIonpo-
BOJl!IOCTbIO K npOTI1BOnOJIOIKHOIl nOBepx-
HOC1H. 06ruee KOJIHlleCTBO TenJI3 Q, KOTO-
poe npOHJ1.eT lJepe3 rIOBepXHoCTb CTeHKI1,
paBHYIO P, 3a npOMe)KYTOK BpeMeHH T,
onpeJ{eJIHETCH ypaBHeHHeM OCHOBHoro
3aKOH3 pacnpOCTpaHeHlJH Te IlJI a nyTeM
TenJIOnpOBO)],HOCTII a
Q = FT'A tt - t 2 OJIC,
'0
'A - 1<03cpqJliUlIeHT nponopUlIo-
HaJIbHOCTli;
t 1 - t 2 - pa3HOCTb TeMnepaTYP Ha
nOBepXHOCTHX CTeHKIl, KO-
TOpYIO Ha3bIBaIOT rneJvtnepa-
mypHbW HanopOM;
(j - TOJIruHHa CTeHl<H.
Y 3BHeHI1e (12-1) BbIpamaeT .3a1WH CPljpbe.
pwlIn ypaBHeHHe (12-1) OTHOCI1TCJIblIO K03cpcpIlU H eHTa 'A, YCTa-
HOBHM ero cpIl3HllecKHH CMblCJI
Qo ] _ [ iJJIC . Ai ] = [ iJJIC ] = l em ] .
['A] = [ F'C (it _ t 2 ) - M 2 '£eK'cpaiJ £eK' ,11' cpuiJ ,u.cpaiJ
F 1 M 2 {j -- 1 M Tee"" 1 eeK
ECJIII B cpopMYJ!e (12-1) npIJIlHTb =c , - .
II t 1 - t 2 = 10, TO K03cpqJliUl1eHT 'A 6YJ{eT llHCJIeHHO paBeH 06lII. eM Y
KOJIIlllecTBY TenJIa Q, T. e.
t
(12-1 )
0'
rJ1.e
i
i
f
PIJC. 12-1. DepcJJ,iJll3 TenJJa
TenJJOnpoBoJJ,HOCTblO 'lepe3
nJJOcKYIO OJlHOCJJOllHYIO
cTellKY
'A=Q.
113 I10CJIeJ1.Hero paBeHCTBa Bli)],HO, lJTO K03cpqJliUlieHT I1p0I10pl1.liOHaJIb-
li 'A HBJIHeTCH cpH3HlJeCKHl\1 napaMeTpOM BeIIJ,eCTBa. 011 xapaKTepli-
: cnoc06HOCTb BeruecTBa I1pOBOJ{HTb TCIWO II Ha3bIBaeTC5I KOEIrjJrpUl{l1efl-
mOM menAonpoaoOHoemu.
9

CJJC)lOBaTeJIbHO, BeJIl1tIl1Ha K03cpqmLLI1eHTa TenJIOnpOBO)lHOCTI1 
Onpe)leJIHeT KOJH1tIecTBO TCnJIa, npOXO)lHllJ.Ce 3a 1 ceK lIepes I M 2 nOBepx-
HOCTI1 npI1 TOJIllJ.HHe TCJIa I M II npH pa3HOCTI1 TeMnepaTYP Ha I<paihmx
nOBcpxHOCTHX 1°.
lfeM 60JlbUle /WacpcjJul1ueNm , meM JlY'iUlUM npo60ot'll1KOM menJla
R6JlJlemCR ceU{ecmco. 31'01' K03<pcpI1LLI1CHT 3aBHCI1T 01' npHpO)lbI BCllJ.ecT-
Ba 11 01' TCMnepaTypbI, npH KOTOpOH npoHCXO)lHT TcnJIo06McH.
B 3aBI1CI1MOCTH 01' 113MeHeHI1H TeMnepaTYPbl 3HatICHHH 'A )lJIH pa3-
HblX MaTCpHaJIOB 113MeHHIOTCH no-pa3HoMY. TaK, HanpHMep, npl1 nOBbI-
llICHI1H TCMncpaTypbl BeJTHtIl1Ha 'A tIl1CTblX MeTaJIJIOB na)laCT, a 'A cnJIa-
BOB, CTpOHTeJIbHblX 11 H30JIHLLI10HHbiX MaTepl1aJIOB paCTCT. B TeXHHtIe-
CKI1X paCtIeTaX BCJIl1tIHHY K03<PCPHLLHCHTa TenJIOnpOBO)lHOCTI1 'A 06bltIHO
npI1HHMalOT nOCTOHHHOH COOTBeTCTBeHHO CpC)lHCMY 3HatICHHIO HlITep-
BaJIa TCMncpaTYp.
XOpOllIHM npOBO)lHHKOM TenJIa HBJIHlOTCH MCTaJIJIbI, nJIOXI1M-
CYXOH HCnO)lBI1)KHbIH B03)lYX. JIcrKHe nOpl1CTbIC MaTCpHaJIbl nJIOXO
npOBO)lHT TCnJIO, TaK KaK HX nopbI 3anOJIHCHbI B03)lYXOM. MaTCpl1aJIbl, 'A
KOTOpblX I1MCIOT 3HatICHHH MCHbllIC 0,2 em/Jrt'cpao, Ha3bIBalOT men.no-
U30JlJltJ,uot'LNbllrtU. BO)la 06JIa)laCT nJIOXOH TCnJIOnpOBO)lHOCTblO, O)lHaKO
K03cpcpl1LLI!CIIT TCnJIOnpOBO)lHOCTH BJIa)KHOrO MaTCpl1aJIa pe31w YBCJIHtIH-
BaCTCH no cpaBlICHI110 C TCnJIOnpOBO)lHOCTblO cro B CYXOM COCTOHHHI1.
ho 06'bHCHHCTCH TCM, tITO BO)la B 20-25 pa3 JIYtlllJC npOBO)lI1T TCnJIO,
tIeM B03)lYX. D03TOMY 3anOJIHCHHe nop TeJIa BO)lOH pe3Ko nOHI1)KaCT
ero TCnJI0l130JIHLLI10HHbie cBoHCTBa.
3HatIeHI1e K03<pcpI1LLI1eHTa TenJIOnpOBO)lHOCTH 'A )lJIH KIDK)lOro TeJTa
IIaXO)lHT 3KcncpHMeHTaJIbHO. PC3YJIbTaTbi CBOJJ.HT B Ta6JIHLLbl, KOTOpblMI1
nOJIb3YlOTCH npH paCtICTax. 3HatIeHHH  )lJIH HeKOTopblX MaTCpl1aJIOB
npl1BC)leHbl HI1)Ke*.
HanMCHOBaIU!£> M3TepnaJIa
16m/'.epaarl HallMeHOBalllIe MaTepllaJla I em/'.epaa
MeTaJI"'1bl:
cepe6po .
Me.l\b . .
CTa"1b
lJyrYH
aJ1l0MIJ!-IIJ ii
CTpOIUeJIbHhle MaTepHaJIbL
6eTOH. ......
KHPnI.jIIH an KJla.l\Ka .
UlaMOTIlbili KHpnH'J
CTeKJIO 06blKHoBeHHoe
UlTYKaTypKa
1130.rlHpYIOHe Ma TepHaJJbI:
410 ac6ecT. . . . . . . .
360 fi.TIHTa H3 rrp06KH, BOH-
17-45 JIOKa H Toplj.>a. . . . . .
45-55 OI1HJJKH . . . . . . . .
200--230.
I Pa3JIIJf.JHble TBep.!tbJe Ma-
TepHa.rIbI:
1,3 I KOTe.rIbHaH HaKHrrb
0,75 I vrOJlb. ......
I, I-I ,4, cHer CBeJKeBbIl1aBWHii
0,75' CHer ynJI0THeHHIH
0,7-0,9' W.TIaK KOTe.TIbHb1H . .
0,15-0,2
0,05-0,1
0,07
. 0,7-2,3
. 0,12--0,22
0,1
0,5
0,3
* JI n T IJ II II A. 1\1. TCOpCTI1 l JeCKHe OCHOBbl TenJIOTeXnHKH. 113./1-Bo «3Hep-
rHH». Ivl.-JI., 1964, CTp. 232.
100
I
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1
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i
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1
,
3 <P pbe (12-1) onpe)lCJI5IeT Bce KOJTl1tIeCTBO TenJIa Q, npo-
llIeJJ.;OIepe nOBepxHocTb F 3a BpeMH T. ECJJI1 KOJTl1l1eCTBO Tean
OTHeCTI1 K C)lI1HI1LLe BpeMeHI1 11 K e)lI1HI1Ue nOBepXHOCTI1, TO 6Y)l 6 3-
JIYtIelIa n06epX'LOcmHaJl WlOmfWCmb meWlOc020 nomOKa, KOTOpylO 0 0
HatIalOT 6YKB0l1 qQ A . _ [ .-m.epaiJ ] = [ .'!1!!.. ] . (12-2)
q =-=-(t 1 -t 2 )- iJ M Aj 2
F't (, M.epa .
DOBepxHocTHYIO nJTOTHOCTb TenJIOBOrO nOTOKa q cOKpallJ.eHHO Ha3b1-
BalOT nJlOmt'LOcmblO menJl06020 nomOKa HJIH yoeJlbHbtM menJl06blM nonwKOlrt.
BCJ1l1tII1HY } am/Vrt 2 . 2pao) Ha3bIBalOT t
menJlO6o(l np08oouMocmblO cmeNKU.
PaBeHcTBo (12-2) MO)J{HO nepe-
nl1CaTb B )lPyroM BI1)le
i 1 - t 2
q=-'
.. 
A
j
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r
j
(12-3)
0'
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oTHOllIeHl1e TOJIllJ.HHbl CTeHKH K
K03cpcpHLLI1eHTY TenJIOnpOBO)lHOCTH,
npe)lCTaBJI,!1CT C060H meplrtU'ieCKOe
conpOmU6Jlet'lue CmeHKU.
113 paBeHcTBa (12-3) BH)lHO, tITO
Y)leJIbHbIH TenJIOBOH nOTOK npHMo
nponopLLHOHaJIeH nepena)lY TeMne-
paTYP H 06paTH c n p :H::KH. )JCHcTBHTeJIbHO, tIeM 60JIbllIe
TepMHtIeCKoMY (,
3HaMeHaTeJIb )lP06H B ypaBHeHHH (12-3), T. e. "X, TeM MeHbllIe nJIOTHOCT:
TenJIOBOrO nOTOKa q. CJIC)lOBaTCJ1bHO, C YBCJIHtICHI1CM TOJTllJ.I1Hbl CTCH11
I1JII1 C YMeHblllCHI1CM TCnJIOnpOBO)lHOCTI1 'A YBCJIl1tIl1BaCTCH )lP06b 'i: H
HOCTb TCnJIOBOrO nOTOKa q.
YMcHbllIaCTC5I nJIOT 0 a 51 C l' C H K a B npaKTI1Ke OOJIb-
D OCKaH MHOrOCJTOHH .
JI C atIl1 TenJIa tICpe3 I1JIOCKYIO CTCHI\Y,
1lI0e 3Haqel-JI1e I1MeeT npoLLecc ncp )l aTCpHaJTa C pa3JII1tIHOH TcnJIOnpo-
COCTOHW.YIO 113 HeCI\OJTbl\l1: CJI:aJIl1tIeCl\aH CTeHKa napOBoro I\OTJIa
BO)lHOCTblO. Tal\, Hanpl1M p, 0 a C BH Y T p eHHeH Hal\HnblO,
C BHClllHCH CTOpOHbl ca)J{CI1,
nOKpblTafI 6 0 JIOHHYIO CTCHKY. CTCHl\a MCTaJIJIHtIeCKOr
npe)lCTaBJI5ICT co 011 Tpexc OBO H 1130JIHUlHI HBJTHCTCH )lBYXCJIOHIIOI1
6al\a, nOKpbITaH CJIOeM TCnJT ,
CTCHKOll 11 T. n. atIH TCnJTa TCnJIOnpOBO)lHOCTblO tIepC3
PaccMOTpHM npLLccc nCPJTOHH 10) CTCHI\Y (pl1c. 12-2). Ka)K)lbIH
nJTOcKYIO MHoroc.'lOI1HYIO (Tpe Y . y {) CBOH 1\03cpqmLLHelIT TCnJTO-
CJTOH TaKoiI CTCHI\H HMeeT CBOIO TOJTllJ.l1h ,
npoBO)lHOCTH A 11 CBOR TeMnepaTypbI Ha rpaHI1LLaX CJIOeB.
101
PIIC. 12-2. Depe.llaf.Ja Tcn.TIa TelI.TIO-
npOB01lHOCTblO f.Jepe3 IIJIOCKYIO !\IIIO.
roc.TIOllHYIO CTeHKY
\
.

TIpOU:ecc nepeJJ.allH TenJIa TellJIOnpOBO .
(TeHKY paCCMaTplIBaeTCfl npH CTaU:HO . )J.HOCTbIO Ilepe3 MHOrOcJIoih-IYIO
HblH TenJIOBOH nOTOK q n JOXO uHapHOM pe:lliHl\ie, II03TOMY YJJ.eJIb-
BeJIH l ll1He nOCT05lHeH H' )J.1H B :l1,mll.HH lJepe3 Ka)K)J.bIB CJIOB CTeHKH, no
cex CJIOeB O)J.HHaKOB, HO Ha CBoeM nYTII
01-1 IIpeOJJ.OJIeBaeT pa3JIHlJIWe TepMHlJeCIWe COn p OTHBJI eHII 0
C e - Ka:lli)J.oro
JIOH CTeHKII. D03TOMY Ha OCHOBalIHH m A
CJIOH MO:lliHO HanHcaTb: 'j-'OPMYJIbi (12-3) )J.JIH Ka:lli:l1,oro
fo] )
q= (t1- 1 2), I
()l
_ A 2 (
q- 1 2 -1 3 ), t
()2 I
fo 3
q= (1 3 -1 4 ). 1
°3
I
113 3THX paBeHCTB MmKHO on
Ka '''iT O '- 1 CJIoe. ' pe:l1,e.r1l1Tb H3MeHeHHe Te ' Inepa
Tn...... lV " TYPbl B
I I 0] )
1- 2=q--, I
"I
12-13==q:-.  (12-4)
1 3 -1 4 =q 0 3 _. I
"3 }
CKJla)J.blBaH JIeBble H npaBbie LJac
Hb/H Tel\1TIepaTYPHbli'I Hanop COCT TI! )JaUeIICTB (I 2-4), IIOJIYlJHM nOJI-
Typbl B Ka)K)J.OM CJIoe, ' Omll.HH 113 CYMMbI H3MeHeHHH Tel\mepa-
1 1 -1 4 = q ( 1 + O 2 + 0 3 ) .
] "2 "3
r)J.e 11 - 14 - pa3HOCTb TeMnepaT . u
113 nOCJIeJJ.I'Iero COOTHOl!ll'IIlHl MmpalHIHX nBepxHocTeiI.
Horo TeIIJIOBorO fIOTOI{a I } lJ' ,_ onpe)J.eJIllIL BeJJl14HIIY YJLemo'
, I,OXOJhw.ero 4epe3 MlIOrOCJIOHnYIO C1HIKY,
q = 11 - t 4
(,1 (, O. (12-5)
)++
'1 1. 2 A3
113 ypaBHeHHH (J 2-5) CJIe)J.yeT liTO 6
JIeHHe MHOrOCJIOHHOH CTeHKI! paBfI _ a w.ee TepMII1lecKoe conpoTl1B-
Ka:lli)J.oro CJIOH. cYMMe TepMHlIecKHx COnpOTI1BJIeHHH
113 paBeHcTB (12-4) MO
t'!. II t 3. - :lliI-IO BI>IIH1CJII1TL nel13BeCTHLIe TeMnepaTypbI
Pacnpe)J.eJIeHHe Tel\mepaTypLI B .,
MY 3aKOI-IY, liTO BH)J.HO 3 )aBeI_ICTB=a,)J.M CJIoe nO)J.lIHI-IHeTCH JIHHeHHO-
CTeHim B ILeJIOM TeMnepaTIJHa (12- 1). OJUIaKO lLJIH MHOrOCJIOHl-IOH
JUUUUO (Ha pHC. 12-2 JlHIHU:I 7 KIH1 t B ) aH npe)J.CT<lBJIHeT C060H JIOMaHYIO
1 4 .
102
<POPMY JIaMH, nOJlY 1 leHHbll\U1 lJ,JIH l\1HoroCJIoihWH CTemU!, MmKHO
1I0JI b30BaTLCH II pH YCJlOBlHi xopOlliero TenJIOBOrO lWHT3KTa '.le}I<JJ.Y
CJIOHMH. Ecm.-! Me}J{lJ,Y CJIOHMI1 n051HHTCH XOTH 6bl He60JlLWoi'I B03JlYUllIbIH
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l' 2' l3 - CXO,ZJ.CTBeHHhle JIIiHeHHble pa3MephI lJ,pyr U .1,
lJ,06HOii nepBOH; OI-l ,t'HrYPbI, no-
C, - }<OHCTaHTa nO,ZJ.06HH I1JIH
rrpe06pa30BaHHH.' MHmKHTeJIb fIo,ZJ.06HOro
YMHO}!{aH CTOpOHhI (HJII-I m
BeJIHIJHHY KOHCTaHTbl C[, I<OTOlr MllieM p eHThl) OCHOBHOH <jJI-IrYPbI Ha
rr H,ZJ.aBaTI, JII06hle npOH3BOJIh-
Hble, HO O,ZJ.I1HaKOBble lJ,JIH COOT-
BeTCTBYIOUHX 3JIeMeHTOB <jJHryp
3HaIJeHI1H, MOlliHO nOJIYIJHTb rpyn-
rry nO,ZJ.06HbIX <jJHryp.
DpH TaKOM I10CTpOeHl-II-I rpyn-
I1hl <jJHryp He rrpOHCXO,ZJ.HT HCKa-
llieHl1H HX reOMeTpWfeCKOH <jJOpMhl
H Kalli,ZJ.3!I <jJHrypa OTJIHIJaeTCH
OT lJ,pyroH TOJlbKO MaCUIT360M.
P DpH . 3TOM K3)K,ZJ.O!'j- TOIJKe O IT HO '';
HC. 13-2. feOMeT T JiflJeCKH 6 '" .I-', n
no,!w HbIe 'f'H . ,rypbI Bcer,ZJ.a COOT B Dn' CTByeT
TpeyrOJJbHHKU  .
cXuucm6elUtaJl TOIJKa lJ,pyroH <jJH-
B rypbJ.
ce CKa3aHHoe OTHOCHTCH He TOJIhKO K nJIOCKHM '" '
npOCTpaHCTBeHHhIM CHCTeMaM BOJI 'e ! 'f'IU ypaM, HO H K
6hITh 3anHcaHbl H lJ,JIH fvlHom; <jJH3HecO, YCJIBHH rrOlJ,06HH MorYT
ljeCKHX npoueccoB 03Ha l ia e T n 6 npoueLCOB. DO,ZJ.o6He <jJH3H-
0lJ,0 He Bcex BeJIHIJI-IH xa p
UJ,HX paCCMaTpHBael\'lOe HBJIeHHe Dp r. 6' aKTepH3YIO-
lJ,OJI)KHbJ npOTeKaTh B reOMeTpIJe  ;;TOM 0lJ,0 Hble HBJIeHI-IH Bcerll,3
C nOMOULblO TeopIIH no 06 C1\H no,ZJ.o HblX CHCTeMax.
QHHH({JT B 6e3pa3MepHble OM::Mehble <jJH3I-1IJeCKI-Ie BeJIWHlHhl 061Je-
fIJIeJ<Cbl paccMaTpHBalOT Ka HOB bl. OJIYIJeHHble 6e3pa3MepHhle KOM-
T eo p HH 6 ble nepeMeHHbIe BeJIHIJI-IHbI.
nolJ,O I1H YCTaHaBJII1BaeT YCJIOBHH n p
fbJ JIa60paTOpHblx HCCJIe,ZJ.oBaHI-IH MOlli ,H KOTOpbIX pe3YJIbT3-
HBJIeHl1H, nO,ZJ.06HbIe paccMaTPlmaeMoM;o lcIpocpaHI-ITb Ha lJ,pyrue
lJ,06IHJ fIBJlHeTCfI BalliHbIM rrOlJ,crro beM; . M 0 pa30M, TeopHH no-
pe3YJIhT<!TOB I1CCJlelJ,OBmmH, p .IJIH TeOpeTJ1l1eCKHX 0606ureHHH
Y CJIOBHe nOlI06rfH ,ZJ.B Y X HBJI elfI ' I U ' 6
BH.n:e:' MOllieT bITb 3anHcal-IO B TaKOM
(13-4)
;
l;
cp; cp
cp; = cp; =... = c'I" (13-5)
me c'I' - KOHCTaHTa nOlloomf;
(j) -- mo6aH <jJH3wleCK351 SeJIIIllHHa
ua JJ,3HHoe HBJIel-me. ' KOTOp3H OKa3bIBaeT BJIlfHlIl1e
lOB
,
I
\
\
i'
I
j

TaK, HanpI1Mep, npl1 KOHBeKTI1BHOM TerrJIOOOMeHe K03<jJcpHUI-leHT Ten-
JIOOTlIal/I-I COnpI-lKOCHOBeHHervr a 3aBI-IClfT OT rpynrrbI tPI13WleCKI1X Be-
JII1IJHH - CKOpOCTI1 W, nJIOTHOCTI-I p, K03<pcpHlI1eHT3 KIIHervraTIIIJe-
CKOH BH3KOCTI-I v 11 T. n. D03TOMY lIB a rrpoueCC3 IWHBeKTHBHoro TerrJIO-
06MeHa 6Y,ZJ.YT nOlI06HbI, eCJII1 BO Bcex CXOlICTBeHHbIX TOlJK3X 06el1x
CI-ICTervr 9TH <jJ113HIJeCKI1e BeJIHlJI1Hbl nO,ZJ.06HbI.
0603HalJHB <jJ1l3J1lIeClme Be.'IJ1lll1Hbl O,lJ,HOll CHCTeMbl UITPllXOrvr n,
a ,ZJ.pyroH -.- ,lJ,ByMH UlTPHX3MH ("), MOR{HO Ha OCHOBaHHH paBeHcTB3
(13-5) 3anHcaTb YCJlOBne nO)J,06mI ,ZJ.JIH KOHBeKTI1BHOro TenJIoo6:\ielIa
conpHKocHoBeHneM
j;
'./'
-=r.:....
,,'
p"
-;- = c p ;
p
w"
--;- == c w ;
w
( 13-6)
)
\
r
j
j
),
DO,ZJ.CTpOlJHbIH nH,ZJ.eKC npn Kalli,ZJ.oH IWHCTaHTe nO,ZJ.o6HH onpe,ZJ.eJIHeT,
K KaKoH BeJII-IlJnHe OHa OTHOCliTCH.
ECJIH p3CCM3TpnBaeMaH BeJIl1lJHHa, HanpnMep CKOpOCTh, }IB.JIHeTCH
BeKTopOM, TO, K3K 3TO BhlTeKaeT HenOCpe,lJ,CTBeHHO H3 reOMeTpHlJeCKOrO
nOHHTHH 0 nO,ZJ.o6HH, CXO,ZJ.CTBeHHble BeKTophl ,ZJ.JIH 06mIX CpaBJ-II-I3aeMG!X
npOlJ,eCCOB ,ZJ.OJI)KHbl 6bITb OJJ.I1HaKOBO OpHeHTI-IpOBaHbl B rrpOCTpaHCTBe.
PaCCMOTpI-lM ,ZJ.Ba nO,ZJ.06HLIX npOlJ,eCca TenJIo06MeHa conpHKOCHOBe-
HHeM. KaK Yllie yrroMHHaJIOCb, TerrJIOOT,ZJ.alJa corrpHKOCHOBeHHeM BKJIlO-
lJaeT B ce6H ,ZJ.Be cpOpMbl TerrJIo06MeHa -- TenJIOnpOBO,ZJ.HOCTb H KOHBeKUHIO.
Ha YlJ3CTKe JlaMI-lHapHOro nO,ZJ.CJIOH TenJIO OT lliI-l,ZJ.KOCTH K CTeHKe nepe-
,ZJ.aeTCfl TOJIhKO TenJIOnpOBO,ZJ.HOCThIO H MOllieT 6bITb 110,ZJ.ClJHTaHO nJ <jJJp-
MYJIe <l>ypbe (12-2). ::ho llie KOJII-IlJeCTBO TenJIa, nepe,ZJ.aHHoe creI-!KC KO:I-
BeKlJ,l1eH, nO,lJ,ClJHTbIBaeTcH no cpopMYJIe HblOToHa (13-2).
DpHMeM, IJTO CHCTeMa ypaBHeHHH nepBoro npouecca TenJIo06MeH3
xapaKTepH3yeTcH 3HalJeHHHMH napaMeTpoB co 3HalJKOM IllTpI1X ('), a
BTopaH, nO,ZJ.o6IlaH eH CHcTervra ypaBHeHHH BToporo npolJ,ecca TenJIo06-
MeHa, - 3HalJKOM ,ZJ.Ba lllTpHXa ("). Tor,lJ,a COOTBeTCTBeHHO ,ZJ.JIH K3)\(-
,ZJ.oro npolJ,ecca TerrJIo06MeHa rvrOlliHO no <jJopMYJIaM (12-2) H (13-2) on-
pe,ZJ.eJII-ITb y,ZJ.eJIbHbIe TenJIOBble nOTOKH q' I-I q".
,lI,JIH nepBoro rrpou.ecca:
f
!
I
. 1 :
.'
j
1:
1.
i
.,
, A' ( ' , ) )
q = - t>K-tCT'
i'
q' = a' (t-tT)'
,lI,JIH BToporo npolJ,ecca:
(13-7)
A" " " ) )
q" = - ( t >K - t CT ,
l"
" "" "
q = a (t>K - tCT)'
( 13-8)
r,ZJ.e l' H i" -- TOJII1I-IHbI JIaMHHapHbIX nO,ZJ.CJlOeB }!<H,ZJ.KOCTI-I;
'A' u 'A" - TCfl.'lOnpOBO,ZJ.HOCTH .JIaMHH3PHbIX CJIOeB.
109

f B p3BeHcTBe (13-7) JleBble 4.3CTl1 p3BHbI MelKl(Y coaoH CTJe'lOB3TeJIb
10, p3BIIbJ II np3Bble 4.3CTH. OTKY l(3 .D,JIH nepBoro npoec'l:<; -
A'
-,=a'
l'
a' ['
-=1
A' .
(13-9)
11J111
T 04.HO TaK lKe " 1
113 yparmeHH11 ( 3-8) l(J1f1 BTOpOro npouecca:
)"
 Ii
-=a
l"
':1.." i"
--"" = 1.
(J 3-10)
HJI11
CpaBHHBaH <jJOPMYJ1bI (13-9) 11 ( 13-10 ), M O ''' HO
m nOJIY4.HTb
a'l' a" l" al .
7==T='dem*.
3TH paBeHCTB3 npeJ],CTaBJ1HIOT KOl\H1.'IeKC 6e3pa3MepHbIX
XapaKTep113YlOJlJJIX nO}],06IIe nepBOrO 11 BTOpOrO npOL(eCCOB Te'I4.H,
4.H. 3TH Be.JIf1IIHHbI J],J1H Bcex nOl(06HbIX MelKl(Y co6 " 0 T.D,a-
Xpm-IHIOT OJ],HO II TO lKe IHCJIOBOe 3Ha4.eI-/IIe. ' on npou:eCCOB CO-
KOMnJIeKCbI TaKara T11na Ha3bIB3({JT Kpumc UH.MU a
np11CBOeHbJ HMeHa ytJeHbIX, BHeCW11X 3Ha4.11Tf'N'IbH:rI BKJ1O BO.=H'
HaYK 0 TeIIJIOnepeJIa4.e 11JIH r11l(pOLUIHaMIIKe. KpI1Tep1111 0603I;aQalOT
C11MB0J1aM, COCTOHllJ.HMIJ 113 Ha4.aJIbIIbIX 6YKB <jJaMHJ1H 4.eHbIX _
Tep11H, He IMeI{)Lu.11e TaKIIX o6uenpIIH5ITbIX Ha3BaHm1 0 6  . 1 6 < , pH
BOH K. L, "Ha'la!{)'I YI-
Kp11Tep11H TenJIOOT}],aqH (13-11 ) Ha3bIB3 1O T
(Nu) Kpumcpuc.H ffycccAl:Jma
Nu=.
A
(13-11)
3TOT Kpl!Tep11H ?,apaKTelf3YeT 11HTeHC11BHOCTb npOllecca TenJ1000-
MeHa MelKl(Y mepJ],oH CTeliKOH 11 OKpYlKaJOllJ.eH ee lKHl(IWH cpel( .. 3
4.11CJIOBOe 3H3qeHHe Kp11Tep11H Nu, MO)KHO BblqHCJIIITb OCHOBH:'I!:
MYIO BeJ111qIIHY a - K03!fxPHlweHT TenJ100Tl(a'lH. l(JIH 3Toro H )KHO
peIIlHTb ypaBHeHHe (13-11) OTHOCHTeJIbHO a. y
H . Dp11 peIIleHHH 3al(aq KOHBeKT11BHOrO TenJ1006MeHa, KpoMe KplnepH5J
)' CCeJ1bT3, np11MeHH({)T ellJ.e pH}], KpHTe p 11eB nOJ1 y q eHH .
H11H rMl( P , . bIX H3 ypaBIle-
, . Ol(HHaM11K11 H TenJ10nepel(3qlI. PaCCMOTpUM na1l60JIee qaCTO
BCTpeqa({JU11eC5I 113 H11X.
Kpumcpuu PCUHOAbOCCl Re:
Re = l , (13-12)
r}],e w - CpeH5IH CKOpOCTb lK11}],KOCTH, M/CCK;
V - K03q)(lmU11eHT KHHeMaT11qeCIWH B513KO CTII 2 '
l lKHl(KOCTH, .11 ice/\' ,
- onpel(eml({)llJ.HfI pa3Mep, M.
* CJIOBO idem G3Ha'IaeT «O.llHO If TO JKe})- HJIII «TO }Ke caMOC».
110
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1
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j
J
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t
Ha3BamIe «onpeJIeJ15IlOUHH pa3Mep» BBelleHo 3l(eCb nOToMY, qTO B
pa3.TJIJlHJbL\ 33,'l3'JaX 3Haqel-IHe Kp11Tep11H Re 06YCJ10BJ1HB3eTCH p33.1IFI-
HbIMH reoMeTpH4eCh11MI1 pa3MepaMH. T3K, lIPH TeqeH1111 NWn.KOCTlI
Bl(OJ1b IIJiOCKOCJ CTeIlK11 np11 nOl(CqeTe Re onpe,'leJ1fllOUHM p33Mt'pml
CJ1Y}KIH ('<, lL.,Ji1iJ:1 l; lIPE TC'leHHE ;KHl(KOCTH no K3HaJ1Y KpyrJ10H <pop.
MbI ("rpy6e) onpelleJ1H1{)iJlHM p33MepoM HBJ15JeTCH BHYTpeHHHll l(I13Me,p
Tpy6b! d. EC,Hn nonepe'moe CeqelIHe KaHaJ13 He 11l\IeeT Kpyr.l0ll <pOPMbI,
3a onpen.eJJ motl}\rJ p33:UCp nplUHIMalOT HeKOTopLill 3KBHI33J1eHTHbIii
l(HaMCTp d 31 "" onpel(t'J1Ht:'MbIH lIO <popMYJIe
4F
d'Hm = U ' (13-13)
rl(e F - nJIOLu.3l(b nOnepeqHOrO CeqeH11H KaHa.JIa, M 2 ;
U - lIepHMcTp nOnepeqHOrO CClJeHHH K3HaJ1a, M.
KpliTepHii PeilHoJIb.D,ca Re olIpeIeJJfleT Ha1l60J1ee BalKHhIe CBOHcTBa
Teqel-IHH }K11l(KOCTH. l'h rHl(paRJIlIKH H3BeCTHO, qTO KpHTlIqeCKOe 3H3-
qel-IHe qHCJIa PeihlOJIbl(Ca l(JIH KpyrJ1blX Tpy6 paBHO
Re HP = 2320.
B c.'Iyqae KOrl(3 Re < 2320, TCLJellIle J1aMHHapHo, eCTIH )Ke Re> 2320,
TelJt'HHe Typ6YJ1eHTHo.
4eM 60J1bUJe HaLJelme Re (npH Re> Re HP )' TCM 60J1bWC Typ6y-
J1el-ITHOCTb Teqel-IHH, 4eM 60J1bWe TY, p6yneHTHoCTb Tel\1 I1l-ITCI-IC11BHee
B031II1I<arowge B lIOTOKe lIonepellHoe 6eCnOpHl(OqHOe JJ.BlDKemIe H TCM
JIyqllle nepellleUIlmaeTcH )KI1l(KOCTb npI! TeqeHHH. YCHJ1el-IHe nepeMewH-
B3H11H lKHljKOCTI1 npllBoiu1T K p33pyweIII1lO LJ3CTH nOrpaHH4.HOrO JIaMI1-
napHoro nO)1CJ105I, TomIHH3 KOToporo y6bJ[3eT no Mepe B03pacTaJ-IHH
Re, 11 COOTBeTCTBeI!l-IO YMeHbwaeTcH TepMH1lccKoe conpOTHBJ1eJ-IHe £101(-
CJIOH, 3 renJ10OT}l3'l3 B03pi1CTaeT.
l{CJvl 60/1/JIllC Re, Tel\! HhTeHCHBIIee npOHCXOl(HT TenJIo06MeH, T. e.
meM 60AblllU,MU cmaHOImmCJl 8HCl'ICHU.<l IW31[)([JUl{UCHl1la mc/woomoa'lll.
TaK K3K CKOpOCTb TeqCI-IHH )KI1JJKOCTH MOlKCT H3l\lel-IHTbCH B W11pOKHX
npCIH'JIaX, TO TaI{)Ke 3HaLJHTeJIblJO 6Yl(eT 1I3MeHHTbCH KpHTepI1H Re
11 COOTBeTCTBeJIHO B llIHpOi{I1X npeJJ.e.'Iax 6Yl(YT U3,MCI-IHmbCH 8Ha'leHU51 ex
OAH uaHuL1 U mOIl [J/Ce atCuoKocmu.
3Ha4.eHHe l(pH'repIIH Re 113MeHHeTCH T3K}Ke B npouecce C3Moro relI-
,TJ006;V1eH3, raK K3K lIO Mepe H3I\lCHell1111 Tellmep3Typbl )KHl(KOCTH !I3Me-
mJe'rCH II ee B5I3KOCTb. T3KI1M 06paoM, 113MeHeIme KpHTerH1H R, 33-
BI1CHT He 10.'1101<0 aT CIWpOCTH TeqelIHH, no H OT TeMnepaTypbI )KII}l.!\OCTH.
Bce CKa3aHHoe OO'bHCHHeT, nO'1eMY I1eJIb3}! npHI-I51Tb JlJ15I Ka}KlI:or"1
JImJIKOCTH H cr:eCTH R Yl(06HY10 l(J15I n0J1b30B3HHH T36m1UY KaKl1e-.'I!'J60
nOCTOHHHble 11 BnOJUIe onpel(eJ1eHHbIe 3HaqeHlIH KO':lCpcpHIlHeHTa TelIJ10-
OTl(3'1I1 a.
KpwncpuI[ n paH8m'zq PI':
Pr = 2. ,
a
rl(e v - K03<jxtmUHel-IT KHHei\!3TJ1LleCKOll B5I3KOCTH, .4t 2 /CCK;
a -- hc:)i.iJ 1!IUiCl!T TDIlil'!Ji1ryponpOBO;'l!IOC1H, fil2/CCK_
(13-14)
HI

K03rfJ(IJUl-{ueNmOM meMnepamyponpo800Nocmu a Ha3bIBaIOT OTllOwe.
HHe !{03cpqmUHeHTa TenJIOnpOBo,n:HOCTJ-I 'A cpe,n:bl K npOJ-l3Be.1leHI-IIO ee
TenJIOeMKOCTH c p npH nOCTOHHHOM JI.aBJIeHHH Ha llJIOTHOCTb p, T. e.
Ie. 2
a = - 1.1 / ceK.
cpP
D03TOMY KpI-ITepHH PI' l1IlOrJI.a 3anIiCblSaIOT I1 B TaKOH pa3BepHYTOM
!fJopMe:
vCpP
Pr=-.
Ie
KpIiTepml PI' COCTOIiT .JIIIlUb I13 OJI.HIiX !fJIi3Ii l leCKIiX napaMeTpOB,
IWTOpblC xapaKTepIi3YlOT OTJI.eJ1bHbIe !fJIi3I1l1eCKIiC CBOHCTBa CpeJI.bI,
n03TOMY KpI-ITepHH PI' xapaKTcpIl3yeT TOJIbKO !fJIi3HlIecKIIC CBOHCTBa
CpeJI.bl (LKIIJI.KOCTII I1J1I1 ra3a), YlIaCTBYIOm:eH B Tcn.JIo06MCHC.
LLJIH ra30B OJI.I1HaKOBOH aTOMHOCTII KpHTepHH PI' ClIIITalOT nOCTOHH-
HOM BeJIHlIIIHOH, He 3aBIICHm:eM 01' TeMncpaTypbl Ii JI.aBJ1eHHH.
LLJ1H OJI.HoaTOMHbIX ra30B PI' = 0,67, JI.ByxaToMHbIX PI' = 0,72,
TpcxaToMHblX PI' = 0,8, llCTblpcxaTOMHbIx Ii 60J1ce PI' = 1.
Kpumepuii rpaceocpa Gr_
Gr = Bg[3 M
'1 2
(13-15)
r,n:e p - K03rpq m UHCHT 061JeMHoro paClUHpCHIiH Cp C.lJ,hl , l/epao;
g - YClwpeHHc CHJIbl THLKecTII, IvtlceK 2 ;
1 - onpeJI.eJIHIOm:I1H pa3Mep, M;
At - aOCOJ1IOTHaH BeJ1IilllUIa pa3HocTH TeMnepaTYP TBep,n:oM no-
BepxHocTIi II CpeD,bI npH TenJ1006MeHe MeLKJI.Y HIiMII;
v - K03cl><fJHuHeHT KIIHeMaTIIlIecKoH BH3KOCTII, Irt 2 /ceK.
KpIiTepHM rpacrocfJa xapaKTepli3YCT nOD,'beMHYIO CIIJIY, B03HIIKalO-
w.Y({J B LKHD,KOH I1JIII ra3006pa3Hoii cpeJI.e, BCJ1ellCTBne pa3HocTeM TCMne-
paTYP H COOTBeTCTBeHIIO nJ10THOCTei1 OT)],eJ1bHhIX ee lIacTeM.
PaccMOTpeHile rpOPMYJ1bI (13-15) nOKa3bIBaeT, liTO 'leM 60J1blUe K03rp-
!fJIIuHeHT 06'beMHOrO paClUI1peHHH cpeJI.bI (:3, pa3HOCTh TeMnepaTYP lit
Me)KD,Y 3JIeMeHTaMIi nOBcpXHOCTII II Cp, eJI.bI YlIaCTBYIom:eM B TellJT006-
MeHe, H onpe)],eJImOUI1M pa3Mep l, H lIeM MeHbwe BH3KOCTb cpe)],bI, TeM
6bICTpee MOlKeT npOHCXOJI.HTb eCTecTBp.IIHoe )],BH)KeHIIe cpe)],bl npI1 Ten-
J1006MeHe, T. e. TeM HHTeHCIIEHee npmICXOJI.IiT Ii TenJ1006MeH.
CpaBHHBaH HeCKo.JIbKO pa3JIIIlIHbiX LKIIJI.IWCTeH HJIH ra30B C ue.JIblO Bbl-
60pa HaHJ1YlIlUeH CpeJI.bI )],J1H TenJ1006MeHa npH eCTecTBeHHOM ,n:BHLKe-
HIlH, MOLKHO YTBeplK)],aTb, liTO TenJ/006MeH 6y)],eT IiHTeHCIIBHee B TOll
cpe)],e, ,lJ,JIH KOTOpOH KpI-/TepIlM Gr 6Y.lJ,eT HMeTb 60J1bIllY10 BeJIHlIHHY.
KpHTepHH nOJI.06HH JI.eJ1HT Ha )],Ba BH)],a: onpeJI.eJ1HI0Ul,He II onpe)],e-
J1HCMble.
OnpeOeJl51I011{Ue Kpumepuu - 31'0 KpiiTepHI1, COCTaBJ/eHHhie H3
aeJ1I11IIiH, onpe.lJ,eJI5IIOIlI,I1X xapaKTCp npou.ecca. LLJIH npou.ecca TenJ10-
112
OTJI.allI1 TaKHMH KpIiTepHHMII HBJ151lOTC5I KpHTepIlH DpaHJI.TJ1H, PeHHOJ1b,lJ,.
ca II rpacro!fJa.
OnpeoeJl51e).1ble Kpumepuu - 31'0 KpIlTepHH, B COCTaB KTOpbIX BXO
JI.HT I1CKOMaH BeJ1I1l1I1Ha. B 3a)],allax TenJIo06M eHa HCKOMOH Be!II1l1I1HOIl
06bIliHO HBJIHeTCH a - K03cl><fJHUHeHT TenJIOOT)],allH, BXO)],Hm:HH B KPIl-
TepIlll HycCeJIbTa, II n03TOMY KpHTepIli'I N U OTHOCIITCH K onpe)],emle-
MbIM KpHTepIlHM.
O)],HaKO B 3aBHCIIMOCTII 01' YC.JIOBHH 3a)],allIl onpe)],eJIHeMble KpIlTe-
pIlIl MorYT CTaTb onpeJI.eJI, 511Om:HMII H Ha060pOT.
)J.JIH KOJIIIlIeCTBeHHoro onpe)],eJIeHI1H JIio60rc: npouecca coc:aBJIHIOT
KpumepltaJlbNbte ypam-teNU51, B KOTOpbIX KaLKbIIl onpeOeJl51e.MbLU KpIlTe-
pIlH HBJIHeTC5I !fJYHKuIleH cOBoKynHocTH Bce onpeOeJlJl1Ol4UX. KpIlTe-
pIlaJIbHoe ypaBHeHHe, OnIlCbIBalom:ee B 06m:eIl !fJ0pMe npou.ecc TenJIO.
OTJI.allIl, I1MeeT BH)],
Nu = f (Re, Gr, Pr).
(13-16)
B YCJIOBIIHX BbIHYLKJI.eHHoro Typ6YJIeHTHOro JI.BIiLKeHIiH MOLKHO npe-
He6pel/b BJIHHHHeM CBOOO)],Horo )],BIILKeHIIH. TorJI.a Ii3 ypaBH:HIIH Bbma.
)],eT KpHTepHH rpacrorpa H OHO 6y)],eT I1MeTb 60JIee npOCTOH BIIJI.
Nu = f (Re, Pr).
(13-17)
DpIl lIIICTO CB060)],HOM JI.BIIlKeHIIH Bbma)],aeT KpHTepHH PeMHo.JIb)],ca
II Tor,ZJ.a ypaBHeHIle 3anHCblBaCTCH TaK:
Nu=f(Gr, Pr).
(13-18)
J
1
I
1
I
I
\
I
i
\
I
B Tex CJIYlIaHX KOf2xa TPYJI.HO I13YlIaTb npouecc B onpe)],eJIeHHbIX KOH-
KpeTHblX YCJIOBHHX, era 3aMeHHlOT )],PYfIlM, nOJI.06HbIM eMY npoueCCOM.
DpIl 3TOM OCHOBf-lOll 3aMeHHeMblH npou.ecc Ha3bIBalOT 06pa3u.OM, a ,ZJ.PY-
rOM, eMY no)],06HblH (no)],BepraeMbIM 3KcrrepIlMeHTa.JIbHOMY HCCJIeD,OBa-
HIIIO), - MOOeJlblO.
T aKHM 06pa30M, ,MOOeJlUp08aNUelrt Ha3bIBalOT Memoo BaJitel4CNUR 06.
paBl-{a IvLOaeJlblO.
Bl1epBble TeopIlH nOJI.06I1H K II3YlleHilio TenJIOBblX npoUeccoB H8
Mo)],eJ1HX 6blJ1a npHMeHena aKa)],eMHKOM M. B, KI1pnHlIeBblM B 1923 r.
MeTa)], MO,ZJ.eJIIIpOBaHHH lllIlpOKO npIlMeHHIOT npH I13YlIeHIIII C.JIOLKHblX
!fJII3HlIecKHx HBJIeI-IHH H npH npoeKTHpoBaHIIIi CJIOLKHbIX )],oporocToHm:HX
MalUHH, annapaToB II coopYLKeHHM. C nOMOIlbIO MOLl,eJIHpOBaHH51 MOLKHO
H3YlIaTb pa60TY KaK cym:ecTBYIOm:I1X, TaK II BHOBb npoeKTHpyeMblx Ten-
.nOBbIX YCTPOllCTB.
 3. TennooTAal.la npH cBo6oAHOM ABHH<eHHH
KaK Y/Ke YKa3bIBaJIOCb ( 1 JI.aHHOM rJIaBbI), cB060)],Hoe JI.BIIlKeHIIe
LKH)],KOCTII 06YCJIOBJIeHO pa3HoCTbiO TeMnepaTYp. 31'0 03HaliaeT, liTO
CB060JI.HOe D,BIi)j{eHHe MOLKeT B031-Il1KHYTb II MOLKCT nOlUIeplKJBaTbCH
TOJIbKO npH HaJIHlIIiIl TenJIo06MeHa. DpIl 3TOM lIeM HHTeHCHBHeli renJIO-
5 3aK. 56
113
I
I
,
! '
i
,

06MeH, TeM lUITeHCI1BHee 11 )l.BlDKeHlfe Cpe)l.bl. TaKI1M 06pa30M, KOHBeK-
UlIH MOfKeT OCYllJ.eCTB.1JHTbCH TOJIbKO B R{l!}I,KOH cpe.n.e, TaK K3K KOHBeK-
THBHblH nepenoc TenJIa Hepa3pbIBHO CBH3aH C nepe.n.B!UKeHUeM caMOH
cpe.n. bI .
Dpll KOHBCKTHBHOM TenJIo06MeHe HarpeTble 4aCTHII,bl COBeplllaIOT
I;Ocxo.n.HllJ.ee )l.BIDKeHUe HaBCTpe4Y onYCKaIOllJ.HMCH cBepxy XO.1J OJI. Hbl1\!
4aCTHllaM. DpB 3Ter,! B03HBKaeT CJIOfKHOe 6ecnopH)l.0'IHOe )l.B!!}!{CIII1e, B
IWTOpOM CTaJJKlIBalOTCH BOCxo.n.HllJ.l1e H
HHCxo.n.HllJ.He nOTOKH.
DpOljecC TenJIoo6MeHa npH CB060.n.HOM
,lLBlDKeHlIlI Ha6JIlo.n.aeTCfl BO MHorllX Ten-
JIOBhlX YCTpoi'rcTBax.
Ha pHC. 13-3 npuBe.n.eHa CXel\l3 ,lLEH-
llieH!1H B03n:yxa OKO.JIO HarpeToH BepTH-
KaJIbHOH Tpy6bI. B HlDKHeH 4aCTU Tpy6bJ
TOHKHI1 CJIOM TenJIOHOCI-ITeml, Hcnocpe.n.-
CTseHHO npHJIeralOllJ.HI1 K nOBepxHocTII
Tpy6bI, nO.D,HHMaeTCH BBepx C He60JIbUlOH
CKOpOCTblO, 06pa3YH JIal\1I1Hapl-IbIH nOTOK.
3aTcM TOJIUllHa nOT()J-a nOCTeneHHO yBe-
JIlllll-IBaCTCfl 3a C4CT nporpeTblx 11 BOBJIe-
tt 4ellHbIX B ,lLBIUKelIHe 4aCTHU TenJIOHOCll-
TeJIfl. f1pIl 3TOM CKOpOCTb B03pacTaeT,
JIaMHHapHblH pCllillM ,lLI3HllieHiHI HapYlllaeT-
CH, a ,lLJIH '-IIiCTO Typ6YJIeHTI!Oro pellillMa
CKOpOCTb elll,e ue.n.OCTaT04HO BeJIliKa. Ta-
KOH pellillM Te'leHIIH Ha3LIBaIOT l1epeXOOf-lblM
(/lOfWf-IO06pa31ibIM). DepexO)IHOe ,lI.BHllieHl1e
HeycTOH411BO, OHO CMeIIHeTCH Typ6YJIeHT-
I1bIM, KOTopoe coxp3mleTcH Ha BceM npa-
THllieHlIli Tpy6bl.
B 3aBlICUMOCTlI OT 1I3l\1eHeHlIH xapaKTepa ,lI.BHllieHlIH TenJIOHOCI-:rreJIH
H3Mel-LHeTCfl 1I 3Ha4CI-IlIe K03q$lIUlIeHTa TenJIOOT.n.a411 a. Ha YlJaCTKe
Xl (JIaMHHapHoe .n.SHiKelme) K03cpqmu.lIeUT TenJl00T,lI.34H at y6LJBaeT no
BblCOTe Tpy6bI ,lI.0 3Ha4eHHH a2' Ha Y4aCTI(e X2 (JIOIWH006pa3Hoe Te-
4eHHe) a2 HeCKOJIbKO YBeJIll'-!I1BaeTCH ,lI.0 3Ha4eHI1I1 ag, coomeTCTBYIOIII,HX
Typ6YJIeHTHOMY Te1leHHIO lliH,lI.KOCTH Ha YIJaCTKe Xg. J],aJIee (Ha Y4aCT-
Ke Typ6YJIeHTHOro Te'leHHH) KO:xP<PHUHeHT ag OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHHbIM.
M. A. MI1XeeB npOaHaJIIl311pOBaJI 06111l1pHbIe 3KCnepl1MeHTaJIhHble
MaTepHaJIbl no BonpocaM TenJIo06MeH3 1I npe,lI.JIOfKlIJI pH,lI. ypaBHelIHH,
n03BOJIHIOllJ.IIX onpe.n.eJIHTh Tene'lOOT,lI.a4Y ,lI.JIH pa3JIIflIlIhlX CJIY4aeB TenJIO-
OOMeHa.
Dpe.n.JIOllieHHbIH M. A. MI1XeeBbIM MeTO,lI. onpe,lI.eJIeHlIH K03cP<PI1UHeHTa
Ten.'10OT.n.a'lH a npH CB060.n.HOM .n.Bl-IllieHHlI OCHOBaH Ha npe.n.BapHTeJIb-
HaM onpe,lLe.'1fIIHlI no era lliC <PopMY.'1e KplITepHH Nu

(;(,3


aT
PHC. 13-3. LLBII}KCJlHe B03.i\Y-
xa B,n:O,lIb BepTl1I{3JlblIOii ro-
pHLJeii Tpy6bl:
XI-30Ba JIaMHHapHoro .D.BH>Ke-
HIUI; X il -30na nepeXOJI.lloro (JIO-
KOHoo6pa3Horo) .D.BIUKeHHB; x 3 -
IlOna IHJXpenOro Typ6YJICIITHOro
.D.B1Ul{e If II SJ
VhJn:eKC m YK33hIBaeT, 'ITa clJH3IJlJeCKI1e KonCT3HTLI, BXO,lI.51llJ.He B
CO('13B KIHI1TpHCB, O'rHeCeHbJ j( TeMnepaTYpC 1m. KOTOPYIO ('II1TaIOT
Cpe.n.Hel1 apmpMeTWICCI{0I1 MeR{,lLY TeMnepaTypaMH nOBCpXHOCTH TeJIa
1-1 lliI1.n.KOH Cpe.n.bl, .
t = t n + t m
m 2
KOHCTF1HTbl C H n 33BHCHT OT I1HTepnaJIa 113 !\'JeHeHIUJ apryr-rCHT3
(Gr. P r). li3 3Ha'IeHHH ,lI.aHbl B Ta6JI. 13-1 *.
T a 6 Jl II II. a 13.1
(Gr. Pr)m
c
n
10- 3 -;..5.10 2
1,18
1/8
5.10 2 -;"2.10 7
0,54
1/4
2.10 7 -;..10 13
0,135
1/3
<I:>opMYJIa (13-19) npen:CTaSJIHeT coaoH '1aCTHYlo cf10PMY 06utero KPH-
TepHaJIhHOrO ypaBIIeHIIH (13-16). Onpe.D,eJIl1B no <PopMYJle (1i-19) 3Ha-
4eHHe Kpl1TepI1H N U H nOJLCTaBlll3 era B ypaBIIeHHe (13-11), pellleI-IHOe
OTI-IOCIITeJIbHO a, MOR<HO onpe:{e:JIlTb era l[HCJIOBOe 3H3'leHHe.
PaccMoTpW.J npl1l\!ep paC'JCTa KOHBel{TI1BHOrO TeoJIo06MeHa, npOHCKO-
,lI.HlIjerO npI1 cBo60,lI.HOM ,lI.BIUKeIII1H Cpe,lLbl, npHMeHHH ypaBHemle (13-19).
npHMCp. Onpe}l,eJIHTh nOTeplo Tuwa B OKPY)K3IO!I1.Y1O cpe,lI.y aT
HeI130JIl1p0I33IJI10rO ropH4ero BepTImaJIh!lOrO Tpy6onpoiJo.n.a ,lI.HaMeTpoM
d = 100 cABI II BUCOTOii 4 Irt. ecmI TCMn:'j.1<lTypa nOBepxHocTH Tpy6bl
In = 170 C, a Tei\mepaTypa Cpe,lI.bI, T. e. QiCpy,K31Ow.ero B03,lI.yxa,
lcp = 30 0 C.
. 1. Onpe,lI.e,'II1M paCIJeTHYIo (cpe.n.molO) Te1\IfIpaTYPY t m:
t m = 170 + 30 = 100 0 C.
2
2. B cnpaB04HblX TaOJIlIu.ax** H3H,lLeM 3Ha4CIIHH neo6xo.n.HMblX J{}1f1
paC4eTa napaMeTpoB cyxcro B03.n.yxa npM Tel\mep<:nype till = 100 0 C
11 ,lI.aBJIeHlUI p = 1 am:
a) K03cp<pIIlJ.HeHT TenJIOnpOBO,lI.IIOCTlI 'A = 0,0307 em/(J1f'cpwJ);
6) K03cp{lmuI!eHT KI1HeMaTI1'1eCKOH BIJ3KOCTI1 v = 2,39.10- 5 /;!2!CCH;
B) KpUTepllIi DpaH)HJIH Pr = 0,72.
3. Onpe)IeJIHM 3Ha'lCHHe KpHTepHH fpacrocp3 .n.JIH cyxcro B03!J.yxa
npu YKa3aHHoM ,lI.aBJIeHHI1 H pa3HocTH TeMnep31 yp b.t = 170 - 30 =
= 140 0 C.
Gr =A d3g =...!.. (0,1)3.9,81.140.10 10 =885.106
m t' '12 273 (2,39)2 ,.
NU m = c (Gr. Pr).
u.
* M If X e e B 1\1. A. OCHOBbI TenJIOnepe,n:a'lIf. N.-JI., fOC.9HeproH3,n:aT, 1947,
CTp. 84.
** T 6 "
aKlfe Ta JIHllbI MO>KHO HannI B pa3J1Iff.JHbIX CrrpaBOf.JHIfKaX, fIanpHMep
CnpaBOf.JHIIK MalIlHHOCTpOHTe.rIJ1». T. 2, CTp. 142 (MamrH3, 19,56).
(13-19)
115
6*

4. Onpe.nemiM npOli3Be.neHHe KplnepHeB Gr II PI'
(Gr.Pr)m = 8,85.10 6 .0,72 = 6,37.10 6 .
5. Do cpOPMYJIC M. A. MIIxccBa (13-19) onpe]J.CJIBM 3Ha T ICHBe Kpl1-
TCpl1H HYCCCJIbT3. 113 Ta6JI. 13-1 onpe)J,eJIIIM 3Ha4eHl1H K03cpcpHLU!l'HTOB
C II n. TaK KaK 5.10 2 < (Gr.Pr)< 2.10 7 , TO npIIHlIMaeM C = 0,54 H
n = 1/4.
DO.D.CTam-IB 'IHCJIOBble 3 Ha4eHl1H , nOJIY4HM
Nu", """ C (Gr.Pr):1 =0,54 {6,37 .10 6 )1/4 = 27,1.
6. Onpe)J,eJIIIM 3Ha4CI-IHe K03<pcpmmcHTa TenJIOOT)J,a4II am II3 <POPMY-
JIbl (13-11)
NUA m 27,1.0,0307 8 30 /( 2 0)
a =-= = em M'2 p a .
m d 0,1 '
7. DOTepH TenJIa II3 Tpy6bl B oKpYiKa10llJ.1Iii B03.D.YX COCTaBHT B-1' ceK
q=aF(t n -t e )=8,30.3,14.0,1.4(170-30)= 1446 em.
 4. TennooTABIlB npH BbIHYH<AeHHOM ABHH<eHHH
DpII BblHY:>K)J,E'HHOM .D.BIIllieHl1H HHTeHCIIBHOCTb TenJIOOT)J,a4H onpe-
)J,eJIHeTCH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M xapaKTepoM )J,BIIllieHIIH cpe)J,bl (lliII.D.KOCTII
IIJIB ra3a). Ha npaKTIIKe 'lallJ.e Bcero BCTpe4aeTCH Typ6YJIeHTHOe .aBII-
llieHIIe, npn KOTOpOM K03<pcpmmeHT TenJIOOT.D.a4B a 3Ha4IITeJIbHO 60JIbllle,
4eM npH JIaMHHapHoM.
DpII B03pacTaHIIII 4IICJIa Re, T. e. npH YBeJIB4eHlJII Typ6YJIeHTHOCTH
.D.BHllieHBH, YMeHblllaeTCH TOJIllJ.IIHa norpaHlflIHoro CJIOH, a 4eM TOHbllle
3'10'1 CJIOH, TeM MeHbllle ero TepM114eCKOe conpOTIIBJIeHIIe lITeM HHTeH-
CI-IBHee npOHCXO)J,l1T TenJIo06MeH Melli.D.Y lliJU(KOCTbIO H CTeHKOH:.
TenJIo06MeH B 60JIblllOii CTeneHl-J 3aBHCHT TaKllie af cpOpMbl nOBepx-
HOCTH, oMblBaeMoH cpe.D.OH. B CHCTel\WX, l1MeIOli(HX npocTYIO II XOpOIllO
06TeKaeMYIO CPOPMY, nOTOK cpe)J,bl HBf)J,e He OT)J,eJIHeTCH (He OTpbIBaeT-
CI) 01' OMblBaeMOH nOBepXHOCTH. TaKoe Te4eHHe Ha3blBaIOT 6c30mpbW/-lbl.11.
ECJIH llie CHCTeMa HMeeT nOBepxHocTH C pe3Ko H3MeHHIOllJ.eik51 KPH-
BH3HOH HJIH KaHaJIbl C pC3KHMH H3MCHeHHHMH ce4eHHH, KPYTblMH no-
BopOTaMH H T. n., TO B HeKOTopblX nJIOXO omeKaeMbIX MeCTax nOTOK 0'1-
pblBaeTCH OT nOBepXHOCTH. DpH 3TOM B 30I-Ie OTpbIBa !lOTOKa MelliJJ.Y
HHM H. !lOBepXHOCTbIO 06pa3YIOTCH 32CTOHHhle 06.JIaCTH (MelllKH) , B KO-
TOpblX Te4eHHe 3aMeJJ.JIeHHO II HI-ITeHCHBHOCTb Te!lJIo06M€Ha CHHllieHa.
DpH BbIHYlli)J,eHHOM JIaMHHapHOM Te4eHHII Cpe.D.bI HeKOTopoe BJIIlH-
HHe Ha nOBbllileHHe I1HTeHCHBHOCTH TenJIo06MeHa OKa3bIBaeT TaKiKe
II eCTeCTBeHHaH KOHBeKHHH, 3aBHCHI1aH KaK 0'1' pa3HOCTH TeMnepaTYP
LKII)J,KOCTH H OMbIBaeMOH elo CTeHKH, TaK H 01' pa3HOCTH TeMnepaTYP Melli-
l1.Y OT)J,eJIbHblMH 4aCTHMH 06beMa lliHl1.KOCTH.
B 06llJ.eH: <popMe YCJIOBHH TaKoro TcnJIo06MeHa onHCbIBaIOTCH, KaK
Yllie ynOMl1HaJIOCb, KpHTepHaJlbHbIM ypasHeHHeM (13-16). B 3'10 ypaB-
116
HeHHe BX01(HT KpHTepHH Pei'IHOJlb.nca (Re), onpe.neJIHIOllJ.I-IH HI-!TeHcIIB.
HOC!b BblHYllil1.eHHorO JJ.I3HllieHHH, KpHTepHH DpaH.D.TJIH (Pr), onpe)J,eJIHIO-
UlHH <pH3Hu4eCKne CBOHCTBa cpe)J,bI, 11 Kpl1TepHH fpacro<pa (Gr) , onpe-
JI.eJIHIOU(HH HI-ITeHCHBHOCTb eCTCCTBcHHoro )J,BmKeHHH.
TenJIo06MeH B Tpy6ax npH JIaMHHapHOM
T e 4 e H H H. D.JI5I paC4eTa TenJIo06MelIa npH BbIHYlli](eHHOM JIaMHHap-
HOM JJ.BHlliCHHH )j{JjJJ.KOCTH B rOpH30I-ITaJlbl-IO paCnOJlOllieHHblX Tpy6ax
npHMeHHIOT <POPMYJIY M. A. MHxeeB3, HB.JI5IIOUl,YIOCH 4aCTHbiM CJIY4ael\1
06llJ.ero KpHTepHaJIbHOrO ypaBHeHHH (13-16)
Nu=0,74(Re.Pr)i2 (Gr.Pr).l f[' (13-20)
r)J,e f[ - nonpaBKa, Y4HTbIBaIOllJ.aH OTHOllleHHe )J,JlHHbI Tpy6bl I K ee
)J,HaMeTpy d.
3Ha4eHHH f[ B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' BCJIH4HHbl  npHBeJI.eHbl B TaOJl. 13-2.
T a 6 JI H II a 13-2
i
Ii
I
1,90 I
1,0
5 I 10 I 15 I 20 I 30 I 40 I
1.44 I I, 28 I 1,18 I I, 13 I ],05 I 1.02 I
2 I
1,70 I
50 H 6oJ1ee
€[
<PopMYJIa (13-20) cnpaBe)J,JIl1Ba )J,JlH BblHYlli)J,eHHoro JlaMHHapHoro
Te4eHHH npE 3H3'leHH5IX: Re< 2300, 2-< Pr-< 12 H 6,7.10 4 < Gr <
< 3,6.1(;6.
B CJIY4ae BepTHKaJIbHOrO paCnOJIOllieHHH Tpy6 .D.JIH npH6JIHllieHHOrc
Y4eTa BJIHHHHH Ha TenJlo06MeH eCTecTBeHlfOH KOHBeKUHI1 B pac4eT BBO-
)J,HT O.D.HY 113 )J,BYX CJleJI.YIOIlLHX nonpaBOK:
a) )J,.rH1 CJlY4a51 Kor)J,a HanpaBJleHHe BbHlylli)J,eHHoro H HanpaBJIeHHe
cB060)J,Horo )J,BHllieHl1H cpe)J,bl COBna)J,alOT, 3Ha4eHHe Nu, nOJIY4eHHoe no
<jJopl\lyJle (13-20), YMeHblllalOT Ha  15%.
6) lJ.JIH CJIY4aH Kor)J,a cB060)J,Hoe )J,BHllieHHe LKB.D.KOCTH (cpe)J,bl) Ha-
npaBJleHO HaBcTpe4Y BbIHYlli)J,eHHoMY )J,BHLKeHHIO, nOJIY'lcHHoe npH pac-
'ICT€ 3Ha'leHHe Nu YBeJIH4HBalOT Ha 15%.
B cpopMYJle (13-20) npHHHMaIOT, 4'10 onpe)J,eJIHIOllJ.HM pa3MepOM HBJIH-
eTCH BlfYTpeHHllil .D.I1aMeTp Tpy6bI, a onpe.D.eJIHlOUl,eH TeMnepaTYPOH -
cpe)J,HHH TeMucpaTypa
in + f ep
t m = ,
2
r.D.e t n - TeMnepaTypa nOBepxHocTH (cTeHKH Tpy6bI);
t ep - TeMnepaTypa cpe)J,bl (lliH)J,KOCTH BJlH [(Ba).
Tei\mCpaTypa CpeJI.bl t ep onpe)J,eJlHeTCH KaK CpeJJ.lfee apH<pM€TH4e-
Clwe 3Ha4eHHH HalJaJJbHOH t 1 II KOHe'lHoH t 2 Tel\mepaTYP Cpe.D.bl
t ep = i 1  t 2 .
117

I1H)],eKC m Y npOI-I3Be)],eHI1H KpI1TepHeB B <popMy.JIe (13-20) 03Ha 1 laeT,
qTO <p113l1qeCKl1e KOHCT3HTbl, BXO)],HlllHe B COCTaB Kpl1Tepl1eB, OTHeceHbl
K cpe.n.HeH TeI\mepaType f m .
TenJIo06MeH B Tpy6ax npH Typ6YJIeHTHOM
T e 'I e H H H. I1cnOJIb3Y51 06111YIO <POPMY KpIJTepHa.'1bHOrO ypaBHeHII5I
(13-17), M. A. MHxeeB npe)],JIoLl<Il.a )],JIH paClJeTa TenJIOor)],allH B Tpy6ax
npH Typ6YJIeHTHOM pe)KHMe TeqeHHH cJIe)],Ylolllylo <POPMYJIY:
( Pr ) 0,25
Nu=0.021 ReO. 8 .PrO,43 - . 10
. Pr rr . [,
(13-21)
r)],e I - onpe)],eJJ5IlOlllIIH pa3Mep, paBeH BlfYTpeHHeMY nna-
MeTpy 'Ipy6h1;
f ep = f ep , +tep  _ onpe)],eJIHlOlllaH TeMnepaTypa cpe)],bl (3.n.ecb f ep ,-
2
TeMnepmypa cpe)],bl )],0 HaqaJIa TenJIo06MeHa, T. e. )],0
Bxo)],a ee B Tpy6y, a f ep > - TeMnepaTypa cpe)],bl noc-
JIe TenJIo06MeHa, T. e. nOCJIe Bblxo)],a ee H3 Tpy6bl);
Pr n - 3HaqeHne qIICJIa DpaH)],TJIH )],JIH cpe)],bl npH TeMnepa-
Type OMLlBaeMOH nOBepXHOCTH (reMnepaTypa CTeHKH
Tpy6hI);
lOt - nonpaBKa, yqHTblBalOlll3Sf OTHOllleHl1e )],JIHHbl Tpy6hI II,
ee ;I.l1aMeTpy d.
I
3HaqeHHH nonpaBKH ft B 3aRHCI1MOCTH OT OTHOllleHHH iT 11 'mcna Re
npl1Be)],eHbI B Ta6n. 13-3.
T a 6 JI 1111 a 13.3
'/ npn
Re .!..=I 1=2 1=5 I=IO I =151 =20 I =30 I =40 I .!..=50
d
d 11 6oJ1ce
1.10 4 1 , 6511. 50 1,34 1,23 1,17 1,13 1,07 1,03 1,0
2.1Q4 1.51 1,40 1,27 1,18 1,13 1,10 1,05 1,02 1,0
5.10 4 1,34 . 1,27 1,18 1,13 1,10 1,08 1.04 1.02 1,0
1()6 1, 28 1 1 ,22 1,15 1,10 1,08 1,06 1,03 1,02 1,0
<POPMYJIbf (13-20) H (13-21) MorYT npHMeHHTbcH H npH paC'IeTC Ten-
JIOOT)],aqH B Tpy6ax HeKpyrJIOro ceileHHH. B 3TOM cJIyqae onpe)],enHlolUHH
)],HaMeTp nO)],CqHTblBaeTCH no <popMYJIe (13-13).
<popMYJIa (13-21) cnpaBe)],JIHBa )],JI5I 104< Re< 2.10 6 11 )],JIH
0,7< Pr< 200.
CJIe)],yeT HMeTb B BH)],y, qTO nO)],C'IeT TenJ100T)],aqH no <popMYJIaM
(13-20) H (13-21) He )1aeT npaBHJIbHOrO pe3YJIbTaTa )],JI5I 06nacTH
2300< Re< 10 000. B 3THX CJIyqaHX )],.'151 paCqeTa npHxo)],HTCH nOJIb-
30BaThCH OnhJTHhIMH )],aHHhIMIl, nO.JIyqeHHhIMH )],JIH YCJIOBl1ii TenJIOOT-
)],aqH, OJIH3KHX K paC'IeTHhIM.
HS
r 11 a B a XIV
nYLfHCTblA TEnn006MEH
 1. OCHOBHble nOHSITHSI
DpIl JII06hIX TeMnepaTypax BhIlile a6CO.rJIOTHOrO HyJIH Bce Te.JIa
06na)],alOT cnoc06HOCTbIO BhI)J,eJUlTb H nOrJIOlllaTb JIyqHCTYIO 3HepmlO.
I1HTeHCI1BHOC1h H3JIyqeHHH nOBhIlilaerCH C nOBhIlueHHeM TeMnepaTyphl
H3JIY'IalOlllHX Ten.
ECJIH npH HH3KHX TeMnepaTypax (npHMepHO )],0 1000 0 C) npeo6JIa-
)],aIOlllYIO ponb MOLl\eT IlrpaTh TenJIo06MeH KOHBeKU:Heii II TenJIOnpoBo)],'
HOCThlO, TO npH BblCOKHX TeMnepaTypax OCHOBHblM BH)],OM HBJIHeTCH
.JIyqHCTbIH TenJIo06MeH.
Dpou:eCCbl nyqUCTOrO TenJIo06MeHa nOJIyqUJIU lllupOI<oe pacnpOCTpa-
HeHHe B pa3nHqHbIX 06.1J.3CTHX TeXHUKU (B TeIIJIOTeXI-IHKe, 51)],epHoii U
paKeTHoii TeXHI1Ke, MeTaJIJ1ypml1 H )],p.).
TenJIOBOe 113JIyqeHI1e npe)],CTaBnHeT c060ii npou:ecc pacnpOCTpaHe-
HUH BHYTpeHHei1 3HepnIH H3nyqaIOIUero Tena Kone6aHl-UlMfI 3neKTpo-
MarHHTHbIX BO.JIH. fhteKmpOMa2NumHblMll 80/lNa.MU Ha3bIBaIOT JJ7eKmpo-
Ma?NllmHble e08MYU{et-tWl, IlCXO)].HllI.He H3 H3.JIyqaIOlllero TeJla. 3JIeKTpO-
MarHHTHbIe BonHbl npl1 nornOllleHHIl )].pyrHMH TenaMH BHOBb npeBpa-
lllalOTCH B TennOBYIO ::meprHlO.
B036Y)].HTe.JIf!MH :weKTpOMarIIUTHbIX BOJIH HBJIHIOTC5I 3apHLI\eHHbIe
MaTepHaJIbHble lJaCTHUbl - 3JIeKTpOHbI U HOHbI, BXO)],51IUIle B COCTaB
Bew.eCTBa.
JIyqUCTaH 3HeprHH H3JIyqaeTC5I U norJIOlllaeTCH MaTepuanbHblMH Te-
JIaMH He HenpepblBHO, a OT)].e,'!bHbIMH nopU:I1HMH - KBaHTaMH CBeTa, HJIH
<pOTOHaMH. I1cnYCKaeMbIH <pOTOH npe)],CTaSJIHeT C060H qaCTHUY, BCef)J.a
)].BHLI\YIUYIOCH CO CKOpOCThlO CBeTa, 06na)].aIOIUYIO 3HeprHeii, KOJIHqe-
CTBOM )].BHLI\eHHH H MaccoH. Dona)].3HI1e <pOTOHOB B BeIUeCTBO MOLl\eT co-
npOBOLl\)],aTbcH IIpOu:eCC3Ml1 nOrJIOIUeHHH H nocJIe)].YloIUero HcnycKa-
HI15f 3HeprHH aTOMaMH II MOJIeKYJIaMH 3TOro nemCCTB3 B Bu)],e )],pyrHx
<pOTOHOB.
113BeCTlIO HecKO.llbKO BlI)].OB 3nelnpoMarHHTHoro 113,'!Y'IeHHH: I'-H3-
JIyqeHHe, peHTreHoBcKoe, ynbTpaqmoneToBoe, Bfl1lI1\;IOe (cBeToBoe),
HH<ppaKpacHoe (TenJIOBoe) H pa)],HoBonHoBoe. Bce ElI)].b! 3ncKTpoMar-
HHTHoro H3nyqeIUIH HMelOT o)],HHaKoBYIo npHpO.lJ.Y H pa3ml'IaIOTCH
TonbKO )],nHHoH BOJIHbI.
I13JIyqeHHe pa3nH'lHbIX TeJI 3aBHCHT OT npEpo)].bI TeJIa, em TeMnepa-
Typb! H COCTOHHHH nOBepxHocTH.
DOJIblIlHHCTBO TBep)],blx H Ll\H)].I\HX Ten 113JIyqalOT 3HeprHlO Beex )],nHH
BOJIH B HHTepBane OT 0)],0 00, T. e. 3TH Tena HMeIOT cnnOlllHoii cneKTp
U3nY'IeHHH. K HIlM OTHOCHTCH HenpOBO)].HHKH H nOJIynpOBO)].HHKH 3neK-
TpHqecTBa, a TaK)Ke pa3JIUqHble MeTaJInbl B OKHc.JIeHHOM COCTOHHHH.
HeI<OTopble TeJIa H3.'1yqaIOT 3HeprHlO C npepblBHCTbIM cneKTpOM, T. e.
TonbKO B onpe)].eJIeHHblX lIHTepBaJIaX )],JIHH BOJIH. K HEM OTHOCHTCH
QI1CTbIe MeTanJIbI H HeKOTopble ra3('1.
119

Pa3.nW-JHble Te.na 06.na.n.aIOT pa3HOH H3.nytJaTe.nbHOH CrrOC06HOCTblO.
H3.nytJaTe.nbHa CnOC06HOCTb E orrpe.n.e.neTC Ko.nHqeCTBOM .nytJHCTOll
=mepnm Q, !13.nYtJaeMOll npH naHHOll TeMrrep31'ype e.n.HHHuell rrOBepX'
HOCTH Te.na B e.n.HHHUY BpeMeHH .n..n BCeX .n..nHH BO.nH OT f,=0 11.0 'A = 00
E=.9.- 6mlM 2 .eeK, (14-1)
F't
r.n.e F - nJIOIlJ.a.n.b 113.nY'lalOIlJ.ei'I rroBepxHocTH;
T - BpeM H3JlY'leHHH, eeK. u
H3 Bcero Ko.nH'leCTBa .nY'lHCTOH 3HeprHH Q, norraBllleH Ha rroBepx,
HOCTb Te.na, 'laCTb ee QA nOrJIOIlJ.aeTCH Te.nOM, 'laCTb QR. oTpamaeTc OT
Hero, a 'laCTb QD nporrYCKaeTCH CKB03b TeJJO, T. e.
Q=QA+QR.+QD.
(a)
nO.n.eJIHB ooe 'laCTH paBeHCTBa (a) Ha Bce Ko.nHlJ:eCTBO .nY'lHCTOH 3Hep-
rHH Q, rrOJIY'IHM
Q + QR. + QD =1.
Q Q Q
0603HalJ:HB OTHOIueHHH, CTmIIlJ.He B .neBOll 'IaCTH paBeHcTBa (14-2).
'l.epe3 cOOTBeTcTBYIOIl{He 6YKBI)I A, R H D, rro.nY'lHM:
QA u
A = - - K0341cpHuHeHT nor JIOIlJ.eHIUI, xa paKTe{H13YlOIlJ.HH nor .noIlJ.a-
Q TeJlbHYIO cnoc06HOCTb TeJla;
QR. U
R = --- K03cpcpHUlleHT OTpameHlIH. xapmnepH3YIOllJ,HH oTpamareJlb-
Q HYIO crroc06HOCTb TeJla;
QD U
D = -- K03cp41HuHeHT rrponycK3HluI, xapaKTepH3YIOIlJ.HH rrponycKa-
Q Te.nbHYIO cnoc06HOCTb Te.na.
 'JIITbIBaH paBeHcTBo (14-2), MomHO 3aIIlrcaTb
( 14- 2)
A+R+D=l.
( 14-3)
PaBeHCTBO (14-3) Ha3bIBalOT ypastleHlle-11. menA08020 6aAaHca fJHep-
2flU 113AY'ICNWI.
EC.nH A = 1 (::no 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO R = D = 0), TO Teno nor.nOlll.aeT
Bce na.n.aIOllJ,ne Ha Hero .nY'll!. TaKoe Teno Ha3bIBalOT a5COJUOmHO 'ICP-
Hb/.M. A6cOJlIOTHO 'IepHbIx Te.n R npHpo.n.c HeT. HE'qmmaH cama Ha1160-
.lIee 6.nH3KO no CBOllM cBoikTBaM nOJlxo.n.HT K a6comoTHo IIepHoMY TC.'IY,
.n..n Hee A = 0,9-;.-0,96. EC.nH nOBepxHocTb nor.nOIlJ.aeT BCe.1JYlJ:II, KpoMe
CBeTOBbIX, TO OHa He BocnpHHIIMaeTCH 3peHHeM KaK 'lE'pHOe Te.llO. O.n.-
HaKO rro CBOHM .nyqHCTbIM cBofICTBaM OHa 6.rnI3Ka K a6CO.1JIOTHO 'lepHOMY
Te.llY, nCCKOJlbKY HMeeT BbICOKYIO rror JIOIlJ.aTe.1JbHYIO cnoc06HOCTb. T aK,
f]anpUMep, lIJJ CHera H .1Jb.n.a A = 0,95-;-0,98.
Ec.rnr R == 1 ('I'. e. A = D = 0), TO Te.1JO OTpaLKaeT BCIO .1JYtJHCTYIO
::ilHeprmo. npn 3TOM ec.nH npOlteCCbI OTpaJKeHllfI OT nOBepXHOCTII nOlI.'lH-
fIHlOTCH 3aKOUY - Y20A naiJeHW/ pasCH WAY OmOaJICeHWI. - TO nQ-
120
BepXHOCTb Te.na Ha3bIBaIOT 3epKa//bNoi1. EcnH )Ke 3HeprmI OTpaJKaeTCH
no BceM HanpaBJIE'1I115L\I, 1. e. (JTpa}hemrE' t1l14141Y3Hoe, TO nOBepXHOCTb
TeJla Ha3bmalOT anCOmO/llHO 6":.wil.
Te.1Ja. 06.na.n.aIOUlHE' cnoc06HOCTblO I1cnYCK3Tb .Qy'wcmylO :mcp2WO,
06H3aTeJJbHO 06.na.n.aIOT /W2AOUl,ame.%HOU cnoco6HoemblO.
EC.1JH D = 1 ('I'. e. A = R = 0), TO Teno nponYChaeT BCE' .nY'lH H Ha-
3blBaeTC a6CO//lOmHO np03par-IHbl.M H.nH iJuamepMU'lHbW*. Bce OltHO- II
.n.ByxaToMHhIe ra3bI MomHO C'lHTaTb .n.HaTepMI1QHbIMII TE'.naMH. B npOTII-
Bono.nomHOCTb HM TpexaTOMHble H MHoroaTOMHbIe ra3bI HB.nHIOTCH TeJla-
MH, rrOrJIOaIOIUlIMH Ii II3.nY'lalOIlJ.HMll Ten.1JOBYIO :meprl1lO.
TaK LKe KaK B nplIpo.n.e He CYllecTByeT a6COJlIOTHO 'lepHbIX Te.1J, TaK-
me He CYIlJ.eCTsyeT H a6CO.1JIOTHO 6e.nhlx II np03pa'lHbIX Te.'I. Pea.nbHhle
Te.na 06.na.n.aIOT .nHWb TOll II.nlI HHOll CTeneHblO 'lepHOTbI, 3epKaJIbHOCTH
H np03pa'lHOCTII. }1.nH Bcex pea.nbHbIX Te.1J K03cp41lIUHeHTbI A, R H D
Bcer.n.a MeHbIIJe e.n.HHIIUbI. TaKlIe TeJla Ha3bIBalOT eCpbl.Mll.
 2. OCHoBHble 3aKOHbi TennOBoro H3nY'leHHH
3 a K 0 H K H P X r 0 cp a. OmHOUleHue 1I3AY'lamc//bHOlI enoco6Hocmu
Ha2pem020 meAa K e20 n02//oU(ame//bfwu enoco6Hocmu He 3asllcllm om
npllpoiJbl meAa, a R6AHemeR oiJilHaKo60U iJAR eeex me// q;YHKltlleii meMne-
pamypbl II 'lOCnWmbl U3AY'leHUR.
E A ] = E A 2 = ... = E A O = O = C 1I3J1 , (14-4)
1 2 0 1
r.n.e C H3JI - K03cp41HUHeHT H3.nY'leHII5I, xapaKTepH3YlOUllri1 II3.1JyQaTenb-
HYIO cnoc06HOCTb Te.na.
Be.1JH'lHHa K03cp41HUHeHTa II3.nY'leHII5I C II3J1 3aBHCI1T OT BeeCTBa TeJIa,
TeMnepaTypbI H COCTOHHl15I ero I10I3epXHOCTII. 3Ha l ICHlle K03cp41IIUlleHTa
C 1I3J1 orrpe.n.e.nHIOT onbITHbIM nYTeM .n..1J Kam.n.oro Te.na H pesy.nbTaTbI
CBO.n.T B cnpaI30IlHhIe Ta6.1JIIUbi.
H3 saKOHa KHpxrocpa c.ne.n.yeT TaKLKC, QTO omHOUleHue K03qxpllltll-
f!Hma 113/lY'lCHllR ecp020 me//a C K CeO K03rfJ4JllltlleHmy n02//0UleflllR pa6HO
K03rPq;UZ{UCHmy U3//lj'leHUR a6CO//lOmHO 'lepHOcO me/1a C' npu mou JlCe
meMflepamype
c
- = Co. (14-5)
A
OTHomeHHe K03qxpHUHeHTa II3.1JY'leHHH ceporo Te.na C K K03CP41I1-
uHeHTY H3.1JY'leHIIH Co a6CO.ITlOTHO 'lepHOrO Tena nplI TOll me TeMne-
paType Ha3bIBalOT omHocumeAbfloii 113//Y'lameAbHoii cnoco6Hocmb1O llAll
cmeneHblO 'IepHOmbl me/la II 0603Ha'lalOT 6yKBofI 8
C
E=-.
Co
( 14-6)
* LLHaTepMHf.JHbIe - He BocnpHHHMaJOlIe Ten.no.
** LLaJJee Bce BeJJIlf.JHHbI, OTIIocHHecH K a6COJJIOTHO f.JepHOMY TeJlY, OT-
Mef.JaIOTCH HH.!\eKCOM «HOJJb».
121

TaR RaR Co>C, TO Bcer.n.a 10<1. JLJIH MHOrl1X TeJI CTerreHb qepHOTbl
orrpe.n.eJIeHa, H ::JTH .n.aHHhle CBeJJ.eHhI B Ta6JII1iI.hI H rrOMelll,eHhl B crre-
IJ.HaJIhHhIX CrrpaBOqHI1Kax.
CpaBHI1BaH OTHOrneHHH (14-5) H (14-6), BI1.n.I1M, qTO 3aROH Kl1px-
rocpa YCTaIIaBJII1BaeT ew.e O.n.HO BamHoe rrOJIOmeIme 0 TOM, qTO K034J-
q;ult UeHm nOi://OllJ,CHUR A U cmcnCHb 'lepHOmbl 10 tLUCJ7CHHO pa8HbL MCJIC-
oy co6ou
I-I3JIyqaTeJIbJ-IaH crroc06HOCTh MeHbrne, qel',,1 H3JIyqaTeJIbHaH crroc06HoCTb
a6cOJIIOTHO qepHhIX TeJI rrpH TOH me Tel\mepmype. Il03TOMY 3aKOH CTe-
cpaHa-BoJIhIJ.1vIaH3 .n.JIH cepbIx TeJI 6y.n.eT
E=C ( I- ) 4 6mjM2,
100
(14-10)
A=8.
(14-7)
r.n.e C - K03cpcplIIJ.HeHT H3JIyqeHIIH ceporo TE'JIa, em/(.M 2 'i:paiJ4).
no 3aKoHY Kl1pxrocpa (14-6) C = ColO. Ilpl1qeM Bcer.n.a CTerreHh
lIepHOTbI JII060ro ceporo TeJIa 10< 1. Il03T01\1Y H K03cpcpHIJ.l1eHT 113JIyqe-
HHH JII06oro ceporo TeJIa Bcer.n.a MeHhllle K03cpcpl1IJ.l1eHTa H3JIyqeHI1H
a6COJIIOTHO QepHOrO TeJIa, T. e. C< Co' O.n.HaKo .n.JIH pa3Hblx TeJI 3Haqe-
HIle K03cpcpHIJ.l1eHTa H3JIYlleHI1fI ceporo TeJIa C pa3JlI1 l IHo.
TenJI006MeH H3JIYQeHHeM OTJIHQaeTCH I1CKJIIOQIITeJIhIIm'1 CJIomHOCTbIO
11 3aBHCHT 01' 60JIhruoro 1I11CJIa cpaKTopoB. 3a.n.aQa JIY1IHcToro TerrJIo06-
1vIeHa 1vIe)l(.n.y TeJIa1vlH TeOpeTHQeCKH perueHa JIWIJh .n.JIH OT.n.E'JIhHbIX rrpo-
CTbIX c.rlYQaeB.
TaK, eCJIII B JIY 1 IIICT01vl TerrJIoo61v1eHe yqaCTBYIOT .n.Be CTeHKH, pacrro-
JIomeHHhIe rrapaJIJIeJIbHO .n.pyr .n.pyry, TO rrOJIHOe KOJIJ1lleCTBO JIYQI1CTO-
ro TerrJIa QJI' nOJIyqeHHOe rrOBepXHOCTbIO TeJIa FJ] 3a Bpe1vlH t, rro.J.-
CQI1TbIBaIOT rro cpop1vlYJIe
CTerreHh QepHOThI 10 3aBHCI1T 01' COCTOHHHH rrOBepXHOCTH Te.na, ero
Te1vlrrepaTyphI, Bew.eCTBa 1vI3Tepl1aJIa 11 pH.n.a .n.pymx cpaKTopOB.
Hl1me, B Ta6JIHIJ.e, rrplme.n.eHbI 3HaQeHI1H CTeneHIi QepHOThI rrOJIHOrO
H3JIyQeHI1H HeKOTopbIX 1vIeTaJIJIOB*.
aTepnaJ] n xapaKTep nOBepxHocTn
to, C
AJIIOMliHHll nOJJHpOBaHHbl1i . . . .
AJIIOMHHHi'I wepOXOBaTbIll . . . .
/KeJJe30 JJHTOe He06pa60TaHHoe .
CTaJJb OKHCJJeHHaSI wepOXOBaTaSI .
30JJOTO TaTCJJbIIO no.1IHpOaaHHoe
Me,Ab TaTe.1]bHO nOJJHpOBaUHaSI .
Cepe6po nOJJI1pOBaHHoe tJlICToe
225-575
26
925-1115
40-370
225-625
80
225-625
0,039-0,057
0,055
0,87 -0,95
0.94 -0,97
0,018-0,035
0,018
o , 0198-0 , 0324
Q = F 'tC [( Tl ) 4 _ ( T2 ) 4 1 OJIC,
:1 JI ' 100 \ 100
(14-11)
n pH 1\1 e q a H II c. ABe TeMlIcpaTyphI IT Be CTeneHH qepnOTbl. YKa3aHHhIe nH
HeKOTopblX MCTaJIJIOB, 03HaQaIOT, tjTO nepBaH CTeneHb qepHOTbI OTHOCliTCH K nepnoA
TeMnepaType, a BTopaH-KO BTOpoiL
r.n.c C - rrpHBe.n.eHHbIH K03cpcpl1IJ.l1eHT H3JIyqeHI1H CI1CTel\1bI TeJI, yqaCT-
BYIOW.HH B TerrJIo06l\1CHe.
npHBe.n.eHHbIH K03cpcpHUHeHT H3JIYQCHHH ]I:IO)KeT 6hlTh 1l0.n.CQHTaH rro
<p o pl\1YJIe
3 a K 0 H CT e <p a H a - B 0 Jl b IJ. 1vI aHa. 3Hepi:UR, U3/lyttaC-
MaJl a6co//lOmHo LiepHbLM me//oM, npRAw nponopljuoHa/lbHa tLemfiepm0l1
cmeneHU ei:O a6CO//lOmHol1 meMnepamypbL
Eo = CJ o T4 em!AI 2 , (14-8)
r.n.e CJ o = 5,7.10- 8 em!(M 2 . o K4) - KOHCTama H3JIyqeHHH a6COJIIOTHO
QepHOrO TeJIa.
3TOT 3aKOH 6bIJI YCTaHOBJIeH 3KcrrepH1vIeHTaJIbHO CTe<l>aH01vl H B
AaJIbHeHrne1vl BOJIbIJ.l\1aHOM 6h1JI 060cHoBaH TeOpeTHqeCKH.
06bIqHO ypaBHeHl1e (14-8) 3arrl1ChIBaIOT B JJH,/J,e
Eo = Co ( I- ) 4 em! M 2 , (14-9)
100
r.n.e Co = 5,7 8m/(.M 2 . °K4) - K03cpcpl1UHeHT H3JIYQeHHH a6COJIlCW'HO
qepHOrO TeJIa.
3aKoH CTecpaHa-BoJI bIlMaHa rrpl1l\1eHHl\1 TaKme H K cephI1vI TeJIaM.
Y cephlX TeJI, TaK me KaK Ii y qepHbIX, c06cTBeHHoe H3JIyqeHHe Ilporrop-
UHGHaJIbHO a6COJIIOTHOH Te1vlllepaType B QeTBepToH CTerreHI1. O.n.HaKo IiX
_ 1 Mil
L=
1 1 1 eml(M 2 .oK4) '
--+-+-
C 1 C 2 Co
r.n.e C 1 11 C 2 - K03qxpl1UHeHTbl H3JIYQCHHH rrepBoro 11 BTOpOro TeJI;
T 1 Ii T 2 - I1X Tel\1rrepaTypbl;
Co - K03cpcpHUI1eHT 113JIYQeHHH a6COJIIOTHO QepHOrO Te.na.
TepMHQeCKOe COrrpOTI1BJIeHl1e R JIYQI1CTOl\1Y TerrJIoo6MeHY, KaK H
paHCe, HBJUleTC5l 06panlOH BeJIHQI1HOH K03cpcpnUI1eHTY Ii3JIYQeHHH, T. e.
R'I=-=++'
. C C 1 C 2 Co
( 14-12)
(14-13)
* TenJIOTeXHH'leCKHll CllpaBOf.JHHK. M.-JI., foc:meproH3.n:aT, 1957, CTp. 309.
 3. tbnY'IeHHe ra30B H napoB
,UJIH pa3JIHQHblX ra30B H3JIYQaTe.T!bHaH H rrOrJIow.aTeJIbHaH crroc06-
trOCTb pa3JIIIlIHa. TaK, O.n.HO- H .n.ByxaTOl\1HhIe ra3b1 (BO.n.OpO.n., KHCJIOpO.n.,
a30T, reJIHH II D.p.) npaK'fH4eCKlI rrp03paQHhI .n.JIfl TerrJIOBOrO JIYQa. 3Ha-
liHTeJIbHOH 113JIY4a-reJIbHOH Ii llor.TJOw.aTeJIhHOH cnoc06HoCTbIO, l1l\1eIOUl,ei'I
122
123

npaKTWleCKoe 3Ha'-lClme, 06JIa11,aIOT TpeX- H MHOrOaTOl\lHble ra3bl (yrJIe-
KHCJIOTa CO 2 , nO.LI.5JHOH nap H 2 0, aMMl1aK NH 3 H .LI.p.).
PeJIH TBep.LI.b1e TeJIa norJ10lllaIOT H H3JIyy.aIOT :IY'HlCTYIO 3HeprHIO
TO.'!bKO nOBepXlIOCTbIO, TO ra3bI - BceM 06bCMOM H TO.fJbKO B onpe.LI.eJIeH-
HbiX HHTepBaJIaX }1Jll1H Bomi !1'A. Hx cneKTp H3JIY4ellIHI H nor JIOlil,eHllH
I1MeeT CeJIeKTlIBHbIH (H36HpaTeJIbHbIii) xapaKTep. 31'0 03Ha4aeT, 41'0
ra3h! nOrJIow.alOT H II3JIY4alOT :meprHlo TOJIbKO B onpC.LI.eJIeHHLiX no-
JIOcax, pacnOJIOmeHHbJX B pa3JIH4HbiX 4aCT5JX cneKTpa. B 60.'Iblllei1 iKe
4aCTH emKTpa ra3b; HBJHUOTCH np03pa4Hbll\1l1 .LI.JIH TenJIOBOrO H3JIY4eHHH.
C YBempJ.eHHeM TeMnepaTypbI ra3a ero H3JIY4aTCJIbHaH 11 nOrJIOlll.aTeJIb-
HaJj cnoc06HOCTlI nOBbilUaIOTCH.
r 11 a B a XV
TEnnOnEPE,QALlA H nOHSITHE 0 TEnnOOEiMEHHblX AnnAPATAX
 1. TennonepeAaLia
TenJIoo6!vlen Mem.LI.Y ropRIIeii H XO.'IOJJ.HOH Cpe.LI.OH lIepe3 pa3.LI.eJIlI-
IeJIbHYIO TBep.LI.YIO CTeHKY HBJIHeTCR O.LI.HHM H3 HaII60JIee BamHblX 11 '!a-
CTO HCnO.Hb::lyelVIblx B TeXHl-lKe npOueCCOB. HanpHMep, nOJIYIIeHHe napa
3aJlaHHbIX napalVIeTpOB B KOTJIOarperaTax OCHOBaHO Ha npouecce nepe-
.LI.aIIH TenJIa 01' O.LI.HOrO TenJIOHOCH-
TeJIH .LI.PyrOMY. B MHoroIIHCJIeHHbIX
TenJIo06MeHHbiX YCTpoi1cTBax, npII-
MeHHeMbiX B JII060ii 06JIaCTII npOMbiW-
JIeHHOCTH, OCHOBHbiM pa604HM npo-
ueCCOM HBJIHeTCH npOlJ,ecc TenJIo06-
MeHa Mem.LI.Y TenJIOHOCHTeJIHMH.
TaKoii TenJIo06!vleH Ha3bIBalOT men-
.70nepeOa'leu.
JLJIH npHMepa paCCMOTpl1M O.LI.HO-
CJIOiiHYIO (pIIC. 15-1) cTeHKY, TOJI-
ff llI.HHa KOTOpoii paBHa 6. K03cpcpH-
lIHeHT TenJIOnpOBO)l,HOCTH &Toii CTeH-
KH paBen 'A. TeMnepaTYPbI cpe,L(,
oMbIBalOw.HX CTeHKY CJIeBa fl cnpaBa,
H3BeCTHbI H paBHbI t l II t 2 . npHMeM,
41'0 t l > t 2 . Tor.n.a TeMnepaTypbI
KpaHHHX nOBepxHocreii CTeHKH 6y.n.YT COOTBeTCTBeHHO t CTI > t 02 '
Tpe6yeTcH onpe.n.e;rlIITb TenJIOBOii nOTOK q, npOXO.LI.HllI.Hii 1J.epe3 CTeHKY
01' rpelOw.eii Cpe.n.bI K HarpeBaeMoii.
TaK KaK paCCMaTpHBaeMbIii npouecc TenJIOnepe.n.a411 npOTeKaeT
npH CTaUHOHapHOM pemllMe, TO TenJIO, O1'.n.aHHoe C1'eHKe nepBblM Ten-
JIOHOCI1TeJIe:vr (ropH4HM), nepen,aeTCH 'Jepe3 Hee BTOPOMY 1'enJIOHOCHTe-
JIIO (XOJIO.n.HOMY). nOJIb3YHCh cpopMYJIaMH (13-2) II (12-2), MomHO 3a-
nHcaTb:
t
'I .... ,
"0 '. : :'"o
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'0. '0'
PHC. 15-1. TelIJJOOT.llaqa Qepe3
nJJOcKYIO CTeHKY OT rpelOell cpe.!\bI
K HarpeBaeMoll
124
q = ct 1 (t 1 - tCT,), J
'A
q = 0 (te-f, - te-f.) ,
(15-1 )
q = ct 2 (t CT . - t 2 ).
Onpe)l,eJIHM nOJIHblH TeMrrepa1'ypHbJH Hanop t l - t 2 . JI.JIH 31'OrO
113 paneHC1'lJ (15-1) onpe.n.eJll1M CHa4aJ13 '/3CTHbie Tel\mepaTypHble HanOpbI:
1
il-t cT = q - ,
, a1
o
tCT,-te-f. = q - .
A
1
lCT -t 2 = q -.
. a 2
CKJIa.LI.blBaH 3TH paReHCTBa, nO.'1YQI1M nOJIHbIH: TeMnepaTypHbIH
HanOp
i
I
I
I
J
I
I
i
J
( 1 0 1 )
tl--t2=-q -+-+- ,
a] A. a 2
orKYlI.a onpe)l,eJIHM BeJII1411HY TenJIOBOrO n01'OKa
t] - t 2
em/ .lft 2 .
(15-2)
q ==
1 (, I
-+-;-+-
al A (12
3HaMeHa1'eJIb paBeCTBa (15-2) npe.n.CTaBJI5Ie1' C060H CYMMY 1'epMH-
1J.eCKHX COnpOlllBJIeHHlI, K01.opaH COCTOII1' 113 TepMH4eCKOrO COnpO"fHB-
o
JIeHIIS1 1'enJIOnpOBO.n.HOC-aI /.. 11 )J.BY X repMlI'leCKHX COnpOTIiBJIeHlH1 Ten-
t I
JIOOT}134e - 11 -.
a] a 2
BBe)J.eM 0603Ha4eHI1e
i\.= 1 0 1 em/(M 2 .epao). (15-3)
-+-+--
a1 A a 2
113 BblpameHIIH (15-2) II (15-3) nOJIY4IIM:
q=K(t l -t 2 ). (15-4)
BCJIUIIIIHY K Ha3bIBaIOT lco.;(fxpw-(ueHmOM menAonepCOa'lu.
BeJIH4HIla, 06paTHaH K03cpcpl11lHeH1'Y TenJIOnepejIa'lII, Ha3bIBae-rC5I
nO/lHbLM mCpMU'l('CKW,f, conpomUBJWHt!eM mel1//00moa l fe
1 1 0 1
-=-+-+- (M 2 .epao)/6m.
K al A "2
(15-5)
125

 2. nOHSlTHe 0 Tennoo6MeHHbix annapaTax
OTOl-!pa51 TeTIJIO OT rop5!'IHX ra30B, H3rpeBaeTC5I, a 33TeJII OTjlaeT 3TO Ten-
.110 XO.1IOjlUOf,!V TelIJJOHOCH rCJIIO.
PereHepaTHBHhIe Ten.1I006i\<ieHIHlKU npUl\iemnOr B MeTaJIJIyprlI'-Ie-
CKIIX, CTeKJIOBapeHHblx H jlpyrHx aHaJIOrWlHhIX HM ne'lax, KY11.a He-
06XOjlHMO nOjlaBaTh nO)J.orpeThIH B03jlYX.
C M e C H 'I e JI h H hI e TenJlO06MeHHHKH 06bI'IHO npIIMeH5UOT jlJI5I
OXJIamjleHlI5I HJUI HarpeBa B011.bI B n010Ke B03)J.yxa IIJIH ra3a. TenJI006-
MeH OCYIleCTBJIHeTC51 I1PH HenOCpe)(CTBeHHOI\1 COpIIKOCHOBeHHII II
CMeunmaHlIH rop51lfero II XOJIOjlHOrO TenJIOHOCHTeJIeH.
CMeCIITeJIbHhIMI1 TenJIo06MeHHbIMH annapaTaMI1 HBJI5IIOTC5I rpajlIIp-
HH, cKpy66epbI, Jlea3pa1'OpbI H jlpyme YCTpoiicTBa.
AnnapaTbI C B II Y T P e H II H M 'I e n JI 0 B hI 11. e JI e U II e M no-
JIY'lHJII1 TaKoe Ua3BaI!He rrOTOMY, 'lTO BUYTPH caMoro arrrrapaTa rrpOTe-
KaeT I{aKOll-JIH60 TeXHOJIOm'leCKHH npouecc C BbIJleJIeHHeM TenJIa. LLJIH
Toro 'lT06bI OXJIajlHTb CTeHKH annapaTa, npHMeH51IOT TenJIOHOCIITeJIh (He
jlna, EaR 06hl I IHO, a 011.IIH), 3a6HpaIOIl1.IIll TeTIJIO OT CTeHOK II TaKHM 06pa-
30M OX.13)KjlaIOIl1.I-Iil HX.
K TaKHM annapaTaM OTHOC51TCH 5IjlepHhIe peaETopbI, 3JIeK!pm-rarpe-
BaTeJIH H Jlpyme YCTpOllCTBa, B KOTOpbIX TeXHOJIOfI-I'IeCKHH nponecc
rrpOTeKaeT C BbljleJleHIIeM TenJIa II nOBbUlleHHeM TeMnepaTypbI.
BJIH5IHUe 3arpH3HeHII5I CTeHKH Ha rrepe-
jl a 'l y 'I e n .11 a. TIonepxHOCTH TenJIo06MeHHbIX annapaTOB 06bI'lHO
3arp5l3H5IIOTCH. TaI(, HanpIIMep, BHellIHHe nOBepXHuOCTH Tpy6 napOBbIX
KOTJIOB, naponeperpeBaTe.'IeI[, BOjlOIIO)J.orpenaTe.'IeH H T. jl. nOKpUBa-
IOTC5I CJIOeM 30JIbI II camH, 06pa3YH )J.onOJIHIITJIbHYIO CTeIIKY lIa nYT
TenJIOBOrO nOTOKa. Kwlj:JcpHlmeIIT TenJIOnpOBO)J.HOCTII TaKHX OTJIOmeHHH
O'leHb MaJI H COCTaI3JI5IeT 0,1-0,2 em/M'cpaiJ.
TIpH HarpeBaIHIH BOjl]'I H napa BHY'rpellHHe rroBepxHocTH Tpy6 C
Te'IeIHIeM 13peMeHII T3K)Ke 3arpH3H5IIOTC5I COJI51, MII 13bma)J,aIOIl1.IIMII B
BH11.e HaImnH. HaKIInb 06pa3yeT jlOrrOJIHHTeJIbHYIO cTeHKY C 60JlblllHM
K03cpcpHUHeHToM TepMlJIIeCKOro conpOTHBJIeHII51 Ten.rIOnpOBOjlHOCTII.
91'0 YXYlllaeT TerrJIoo6MeH H C03aeT onaCHOCTb rrepelKora TPy6.
TenJIoo6MeHlIbll\1 8IIfIapaTOM Ha3bIBaIOT }CTpoikTno, npejlHa3Ha 1 IeH-
Hoe jlJI5I HarpeS3!IH51 HJIH -OXJI3)!()J.eHI1H Ten.'IOHOCI!TeJIH. B Ka'IeCTBe
TerrJIOHOCHTeJIH nplIMeHHIOT )!(IJ11.I<OCTb JIJIH ra3. Ten.10HoCHTeJHI 6bIBaIOT
i'fJelOlI{Ue H I-lQipeeaeJl1'J1c. Tim, HanpHMep, ropHIlHi'I ra3 B TOIJ](e KOTJla
5IBJI5IeTC51 rpeloIllIIM TenJIOHOcIITe.nel\!, a BOJla B IWTJIe - HarpeBae-
MbIM; BOjla 13 OTOnHTeJIbHOM paJlHaTOpe eCTb rpeloIllHM TenJIOHOCHTeJIb, a
B03jlYX, pa3HOcmUIJIl TenJIO no rroMeLueHHIo, - JIarpeBaehIiL
no npHHUHny 11.eHCT13H5I Trr-
JI006i\<IeHI-Ib!C annapaTbI 1\1OrYT
6bITb pa3jleJIeHbI Ha peKynepa-
TIiBHbIe, pereHepaTIIBllbIe, CMeCI!-
TeJIbHbIe H C BHYTpeHHHI\1 Ten.JI0-
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B peKynepaTHBHwx
TerrJI006MeHHbIx annapaTax TenJIO
01' rpeIOIl1.erO Ten.1IOHOCI1TeJI5I K
HarpenaeMOMY nepe11.aeTCH 'lepe3
pa3)J.eJIIITeJIbHYIO (06hI'lHO MeTaJI-
PlJc. 15-2. TenJJo06MeHHble annapaTbI JIJ1IlecKYIO) cTeHKY. K HUM OTHO-
a-npHMOTOK; 6-npoTHEoTOK C5JTC5J naporeHepaTopbI, napone-
perpeBaTeJIH, 130)J.onOjlOrpeBaTnH,
B03jlyXOnO)J.orpeBaTeJIH H pa3JIlJIIHhIe BbrnapIIble annapaThI. Pel(yne-
paTHBHhIe Ten.no061VIeHHbIe annapaTbI nOjlpa3jleJIHIOTCH JIa: rrp5lMOTO'l-
HbIe, rrpOTHBOTOIlHbIe, rrepeKpeCTIIOrO TOKa H Cl\ielllaHHOro TOKa.
13 flpRMOmQLlHOM TenJIo06MeHHOM anIIapaTe XOJI011.HWH II rop5J1IHH
TenJIOBOCHTeJJH npOTeKaIOT napaJIJIeJIbHO B OjlHOM HanpaBJIeHHH
(puc. 15-2, D).
B npomt/60ttW'iHO/YI annapaTe TenJIOHOCHTeJIII npOTeKaIOT napaJIJIeJIb-
HO, HO B rrpOTHBOnOJIOmHbIX HarrpaBJIeHHHX (pHC. 15-2, 6).
B HaCTOHIl1.ee BpeM5I peKynepaTH13HbIe arrnapaTbI HlVIelOT H31I60JIbruee
pacnpocTpaHeHHe. OHH npOCTbI rro KOHCTPYJ{IHH, KOMnaKTHbI H 06ecne-
'lH13aIOT rrOCT05JHCT130 TeMnepaTYP TenJIOHOCHTeJIeti BO 13peMeHH. B
OCHOI3HOM annapaThI BbII10JIHHIOTC5I 1I3 MeTaJIJIa. TIplJIleM jlJI5I TenJIO-
BOCIITeJIH, HMeIOIl1.erO TeMnep31'YPY 400-450° C, Tpy61'.:II I13roTOBJIHIOT 1!3
yrJIepOjlHCTOH CTaJIH; JIH TenJlOHOCHTeJIH, IIMeIOlll.erO TeMnepaTYPY
500-700° C, - H3 JIempOBaHHoH. TIpH O'leHb BblCOKHX Tel\lnepaTypax
TenJIOHOCHTeJIH rrpHMeH5lIOT jlOpOrHe MeTa"'lJIbI II CIJ.1laBbl.
B Ten.nOTeXHH'leCKOM OTHOIlleHHH arrnapaTbI C npOTHBOTOKOM BbI-
rOjlHee annapaToB C rrp51M010KOM.
B per e H e p a 'I H B H bI X TenJIo06MeHHbix annaparax OjlHa H
1a me n013epxHocTb HarpeBa (U.JIH OXJIa}K)J.eHII5I) nOO'lepejlHO OMblBaerC5I
TO rOp5l'lHM, TO XOJIOjlHbIM TenJIOHOCIITeJIe1\1 'lepe3 onpeeJIeHHbIe npo-
MemYTKII BpeMeHI1. Cnep13a rro KalIaJIaM perem'paTopa nponYCKaIOT
rOpn'llIll TenJIOHOCHTeJIb - npOjlYKTbI cropaHHH OMeHHbIX II MapTe-
HOBCKHX rre'lei1, BarpaHOK II T. . TIoBepxHOC1b HarpeBa pereHepaTopa,
+==--
0)
- -=)--
126

PaAeJ1 tpeTH
TOTIJUnW II KOTEI:bI-[bIE Y(JTAHOBIH
B Ta6JI. 16-1 npeJlCTaB/lena opHeHTHpOBO(lHaH KJraCclIfJmKallIlH Ton-
JIHBa no arperaTHoMY COCTOHHIIIO.
T a 6 JI H II. a 16-1
Ton.TIIIBO HBJIHeTCH OJlHl:IM 1I3 CJIO)KHhIX Bern;eCTB, He06xoJlHMbIX
qeJIOBeKY B nOBCeJlHeBHOii )KII3HII, B npOMhIlIIJIeHHOM npOH3BOJlCTBe II
CeJIbCKOM X03HiicTBe.
B KaqeCTBe TOnJIIIBa MoryT 6bITb lICnOJIb30BaHhI Bce 'Ie Bern;ecTBa, KO-
TOpble npii cropamm BbIJleJIHIOT 60JIb!llOe KOJIIIqeCTBO TenJIa, He C03JlalOT
BpeJlHbIX YCJIOBIIii JlJIH OKpY)KalOIl1.IIX H nplIMeHeHIIe KOTOpbIX JlJI5! nOJIY-
qeHlIfl TeIIJIa HBJIHeTCH II.eJJeco06pa3HbIM II 9KOHOMIIqeCKH BblrOJlHbIM.
MCnOJIb30BaHIIe aTOMHoii 9HeprHII BHeceT KopeHHbIe II3MeHeHIIH B
MIIPOBYIO 9HepreTHKY. OJlHaKO Ha 6JIII)]{aiilIIIIii nepHOJl BpeMeHII, JlO
IIJIIpOKOro npHMeHeHII5! HJlepHbIX peaKII.IIii, rJIaBHbIM IICTOqHIIKOM nOJIY-
qeHIIH 9HeprIIH OCTaeTCH TOIIJIHBO.
DOJIee nOJIOBIIHbI Bcex BIIJlOB TOnJmBa, Jl06blBaeMoro B CCCP, C)KII-
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KOTeJIbHaH YCTaHOBKa COCTOIIT H3 KOTeJIbHOrO arperaTa H BcnOMora-
TeJIbHbIX YCTpoiiCTB. B COCTaB KOTeJIbHOrO arperaTa BXOJlHT: TOnOqHOe
YCTpoiicTBO, rJle npOll3BOJlIITCH C)KIIraHlle TOnJIIIBa; napoBoii KOTeJI,
B KOTOpM 0pa3yeTcH nap; naponeperpeBaTeJIb JlJIH neperpeB3 napa;
9KOHOMaH3ep JlJIH nOJlOrpeBa BOJlbI, nHTalOIl1.eii napoBoii KOTeJJ; B03JlYXO-
nO,ll,OrpeBaTeJIb.D.JIH nO.D.OrpeB3 BmJlyxa, nOJlaBaeMOro B TonKY JlJI5! C)KII-
raHllH TOnJIIIBa.
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r naB a XVI
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pa3JIaraeTCH Ha Jlemy'we eei-u.ecmea H mBepawl ocmamOK - KOKC.
KOKC COCTOIIT H3 qHCTOrO yrJJepOJl3 II 30JIbI.
B 3aBIICIIMOCTH OT BIIJla nepepa6aTbIBaeMoro TOnJIIIBa KOKC nOJIY-
(laeTCH cneKulIluul, 06JIaJlaIoIl1.HlI 60JIblIIOll MeXaHllqeCKOH npoIlHocTblO.
CJl a60 cneKUlUllcR H e Buae nopoUlKa.
Y rOJIb, II3 KOToporo nOJlyqalOT CneKlIIIIllCH KOKC, Ha3bIBalOT KGK-
CYlOlll,UMCR.
K JIeTyqIIM BeU\eCTBaM TOnJIIIBa OTHOCHTCH: KIICJIOpOJl, BOJlOpOll, a30T,
BJIara TOnJIIIBa, CepHlJCTbIH ra3 II pa3JIUqHbIe ra3006pa3HbIe yrJIeBOJlO-
pOJlbI. KOJlIIqeCTBO .1J.eTyqHX B{'lil.eCTB 3aBIICIIT 01' BIIJla TOnJIIIBa l:I KO.
JIe6JIeTCH OT 2 JlO 80% Ha roproIlYIO Maccy.
BbIXOJl JIeTyqIIX BeUleCTB II cneKaeMOCTb yrJIeii npIIH5!TbI B KaqeCTBe
OCHOBHLIX nOKa3aTeJIeH npH yCTaHoB.neHHII KJIaCCa, K KOTOPOMY npHII3Jl-
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Do Ha3HaqeI1I11O TOnJIIIBO JleJIHT Ha 9HepreTIIqeCKOe H TeXHOJIOrH-
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K 9 H e pre l' H lJ e C K 0 1\1 Y TOnJII1BY MO)KHO OTHeCTH: G1impa-
l{Um, mOUl,ue Yi:JlU, cJla60CneKalOUI,ueCR Ka;,te1iHble YcJlU, 6YPble Yi:JlU,
moprj?, a TaK)Ke npoaYKmbl nepepa60mKu II 060i:aUl,eHlUl apycux monJlU8.
Bce HH3KIIe copTa TOnJII1Ba MorYT 6bITb HcnO.1J.h30BaHbl Ha TenJIOBbIX
9JIeI\ TpOCTaHIl.IIHX B HaTypaJIbHOM BI1Jle IIJII1 nOCJIe nepepa6OTKII.
K l' e x H 0 JI 0 r II q e C K 0 M Y TOnJIHBY O1HOCHT eblCOKocopmHoe
mOnJlUBO 11 KOKcYIOUI,ueCfi YcIlU. Do MecTY JI06bI(1ll II nOTpe6JIeHIIH pa3JIlI-
qalOT MeCmHOe TOnJII1BO II npUBU3Hoe.
X a p a K l' e p H C T H 1\ a Ton JI 11 B H bl X P e C Y pc 0 B CCCP.
B Ta6JI. 16-2 npHBe)l.eHbl JlaHHbIe 17-ro Me)]{JlYHapOJlHOrO KOHrpecca
(1937 r.)
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1we H i:a3006pa3Hoe, a no npOlICXO)KJleHI11O I1JIH no cnoc06y ero nO.TIY'le-
HIIH - Ha eCTeCTBeHHoe 11 IICKyccTBeHIwe.
Ecrru!Ctn8eHHblM, HJIII npupOaHbl.M, Ha3bIB8IOT TOnJIIIBO, nOJIyqeHHOe
B TaKOM BIIJle, B KaKOM OHO o6pa30B3JIOCb B npHpOJle. K HeMY OTHOC5!T:
,lJ,poBa, TOPIP, IICKonaeMbIe yr.'lII, He<pTb Ii npIIpo/HbIii ra3.
HCKyccmecHliblM H83bIB31OT TOI1JIHBO, nO.lJyqemroe B pe3YJIbTaTe ne-
pepa60TKII npIIpOJlHOrO roplOlJero xIIMHIleCKI1M, <pH3IiqeCI<UM HJII1 XH'
MHKO-cpII3J11IeCKI1M cnoc06aMH.
"' 3KoHoMall3ep (aHrJI. economizer) - YCTPOllCTBO, cJIY>Kaee ;ZJ.JISI 3KO-
HOMHH TOIIJJHBa, I1peJJ,cTaBJJSIIOee cHcTeMY TPy6, B KOTOpbIX XOJlOltHaSI BOlta ne-
pelt BnycKoM B KOTeJJ HJJH B03ltyX nepe.!t BnycKoM B TOIlKY HarpeBaeTcSI TenJJOM
bIMOBbIX ra30B, BbIXO.nSIHX H3 TOIlKH I1aj)oBoro KOTJJa. OltHaKO B KOTeJJbHOll Tex-
HHKe 3KoHoMall3epOM IIpHHSITO Ha3blBaTb YCTPOllCTBO, r.l1e 1I0.norpeBaeTcSI TOJJbKO
BOAa.
i28
129

B"1\ TOnJI"Ua
3anaCbI
BHJ{ TOn.nHB3
3anaCbr
cr + H r + or + w + sr = 100 % -- COCTaB roplO'lei:i MaCCbI; (16-3)
CO+Bo+ 0°+ N° = 100% -COCT3B Opralm'leCKOlI MaCCbI. (16-4)
r 0 p 10 'l a 51 Mac C a. B roplO'lYIO Maccy TOnJJHBa BXO.II. 51T opra-
HH'leCIme BerueCTBa: yrJIepo.II. (C), BO.II.OpO.II. (H), cepa (S) II YCJJOBHO
rrpII'lHCJJeHHbIe K rOplO'lHM :welVIeHTaM KHCJIOpO.II. (0) H a30T (N:
Cocma8 2oplO'leu MDCCbl mOflJ/ll6a R8I/HemCR e20 flOCrnOJlHHOU xapaK-
mepucmUKOll, He H3MeH51lOrueHC5:I rrpH KOJIe6am!II BJlamHOCTH H 30JIb-
HOCTH.
4eM 60JIbWe B TOrr,,'II1Be roplO'lei:i MaCCbI H MeHbwe 6aJIJIaCTa, Tel\!
BbIWe ero Ka'leCTBO.
Y2J/epOd 51BJIHeTC51 OCHOBHOH COCTaBJI51lOrueH Torrmma. B roplO'leii
Macce TBep.II.OrO TOnJJHBa CO.II.epmHTC51 OT 50 .II.O 97% yrJJepo.II. a .
DpH rrOJIHOM cropaHHII 1 Kc 'lHCTOrO yrJlepO.II.a BbI,lIeJI5:IeTC5:I 33900 KdJlC
(3,39. 10 4 KWic) TenJIa.
4el\I BbJrue CO.II.ep)!WHHe yrJlepO,a B TOnJIHBe, Tel\l HHme BbIXO.II. JIe-
TY'lHX Bew.eCTB npH ero ropel.mH. TOnJJHBO C HH3KHM BbIXO.II.O.\1 JJery'lUX
Bew.eCTB TPY.II.HO BOCrrJIaMeH51eTC51 H ropHT 6e3 rrJIaMeHH. 0
BOdopooa B rOplO'IeH Macce TOrrJIUBa CO.II.epmHTC5:I OT 1 .II.O 15 %. DpH
cropaHHH 1 K2 BO.II.OpO.II.a Bbl.lleJIHeTC51 OKOJIO 12,56.10 4 KdJIC TenJla.
1.JacTb BO.II.OP O.II. a , BX0.II.Hrua51 B COCTaB rOplO'lerO, COe.II.HHeHa C KIICJIOpO-
.II.OM TOnJIHBa H Y'laCTIIH B ropeHHH He npIIHHMaeT.
DpH ropeHHH TOnJII1Ba cepa nepeXO.II.HT B cepHHCTbIH ra3 S02'
II, COe.II.HI'IHHCb C rrapaMU BO.II.bI, o6pa3yern cepHucrnylO KUC/lOmy H 2 SO S '
)KH.II.KIIe H ra3006pa3Hble npO.II.YKTbI cropaHH51 cepbI BbI3blBalOT KOp-
p03HIO MeTaJIJIH'leCKHX 'laCTeH .II.BIIraTeJIeti BHYTpeHHero cropaHHH !l
KOTeJIbHbJX arperaTOB, OTpaBJIHlOT B03.II.YX H ry6T paCTI-ITeJIbHOCTh,
YCKOPHIOT pa3pyrueHI1e CTpmneJlbHbIX coopymemm.
Y'lHTblBa51 Bpe,1J.HbIe cBoikTBa cepbI, ee MomHO OTHeCTH u K 6aJIJIaCTY.
KUC/lOpod U a30rn yCJIOBHO OTHeceHbI K COCTaBY rOplO'leII MaCCbI. OHH
HBJIHIOTCH BHYTpeHHHM 6aJIJIaCTOM, TaK KaK CHHmalOT npou.eHTHoe CO-
.II.ep)KaHHe rOplO'leH MaCChI H OXJIam.II.alOT 30HY ropeHH51. KpoMe Toro,
npH 60JIbruOM cO.II.epmaHHII KHCJIOpO.II.a B TOrrJIHBe OH B 30He ropeHlUI
coe.II.HH51eTc51 C BO.II.OpO.II.OM H 06pa3yeT BO.II.Y.
B TOnJIHBe cO.II.epmHTCH OT 0,05 .II.O 42% KHCJIOpO.II. a H OT 0,5 .II.O
2,7% a30Ta.
KOJIH'IeCTBo 3TIeMeHTOB, BXO.!lHlltHX B OpraHH'lecKYIO 'laCTb, H HX
BeCOBoe COOTHOIlleHHe HBJIHIOTC51 cpaBHHTeJIbHO nOCTOHHHbIMH u .II.JIH
1'13m.II.0 ro BHlIa TOIIJ!IIBa H 3aBHCHT HCKJIIO'lHTeJIbHO OT YCJIOBHH ero
o6pa30BaHH51. Cpe.II.HHH XHMH'leCKllH COCTaB TOrrJIHBa npe.II.CTaBJIeH B
TaM. 16-3.
Do Mepe YBeJIH'leHII51 B03paCTa TOnJIIma ero roplO'laH Macca OCBO-
60m.II.aeTCH 01' BO.II.OpO.II.a II KIICJIOpO.II.a II 060raruaeTCH yrJIepO.II. OM .
5 a JI JI aCT. B 6aJIJIaCT BXO.II.HT BO.II.a W H MHHepaJIbHble rrpu-
MecH, nepeXO.II.51111IIe npH ropeHHH B 30JIY A:.
EaJIJIacT YlVIeHb!llaeT 06'beM nOJIe3HOH qaCTH TOrrJIHBa, BhI3bIBaeT
J1.0nOJIHliTeJIbHble paCXO.D.bI Ha TpaHcnopTHpoBaHIIe, pa3MOJI, rrorpy30'!-
1:31
ot)w.ereOJIorJj'len\HX pa3Be.II.aHIIbIX 3arraCOB TOIIJIIIIJa B CCCP. B nOC,lle-
.nYlOruIle rO,lILI 31 II 3anaCLI HaMHoro YBeJIIl'IHJUICb.
T a 6 JJ H U a 16-2
KaMeHHble II 6ypbIe
yrJlH . . . . . . . .
fOplOqHe CJJ3HUbI .
T oplj.> (B03JJ,YWIIOCY-
XOll) . . . . . . . .
1654 MJJP.!1. m
60,5 » »
Helj.>Tb ..... 6,4 MJJp.!1. m
DpHpO.!1HLIIJ ra3 . . 986,0 ,1-1 3
LLpeBeCHoe TODJJHBO 24,0 M,'P.!1. m
145,3 » »
CTPYf(Typa TOnJIHBHOro 6aJIaIICa no nHTH-
JJ e THe 1'1 y n JI a H Y P a 3 B H T Jj 51 Hap 0 .II. II 0 r 0 x 0 3 51 H-
C T HaC C C P Ha 1966-1970 rO.II.bI. PerueIIH51MH XXIII C'be3.na
KnCC (1966 r.) npe.II.yclVIoTpeHo .II.aJIbneB!llee cOBepwencTBoBarme
CTPYKTYPbI TO_nJIHBHOrO 6aJIaIIca: .II.OJI51 ra3a H IIerpTlI B o6uleM npOII3-
BO.II.CTBe K 19/0 r. B03paCTeT .II.O 60% npOTlm 52% B 1965 r. .
B 1970 r. .II. 0 6hI'lY He<rTJ1 HaMe'laeTCH .II.OBeCTI1 .II.O 345-355 MJIH rn
a ra3a -.D.O 225-240 MJIp.II.. .1ft 3. EmerO.D.I-!ble rrpnpOCTbI )1,o6bI'lH IICPT
CCCTaBHT cBIIlle 20 MJIH. rn H .II.06bI'lH ra3a - OKOJIO 20 MJIp.II.. MS.
OCHOB!;OH npHpOCT .II.06bI'1H HeqrrH npIIXO.II.HTC51 Ha OCBoeHIIbIe HC<r-
THble pal10HbI. BMeCTe C TeM Ha'lIIeTCH 9KCnJIyaTaUI1H HOBhIX EpymJhlX
paIIOHOB HecpTH H u ra3a - TIOMeHCKoro H MaHrbIlIIJIaKCKoro. Moru-
HOCTH np e .II. n pH51THH no nepepa60TKe HeqrTII YBeJIII'laTC51 rrpHMepHO B
nOJITopa pa3a.
. HapH.II.Y C HIITHCHBHbIM pa3BHTI1eM He<rTHHOH H ra30BOH npOMbIIll-
.JIeHHOCTH B HOBOH rr51THJIeTKe 6YJleT pa3BHBaTbCH TaK}Ke II yrOJIbHa51
npOMbIIllJIeIIHOCTb. .Qo6bI'la yr JI51 B03paCTeT nO'lTII Ha 100 MJIH. m H
.nocmrHeT B 1970 r. 6,65-675 MJIH. rn.
 2. CocTaB H TennOreXHHQeCUHe CBOcTBa TonnHBa
B COCTaB TOnJIIIBa BXOlI51T rOpIO'la51 Macca, BJI3ra lt7 H MHIIepaJIbHbIe
npHMecH, nepeXO.II.HW.HC npH ropeHHII B 30JIY A. CocTaB TOnJIHBa xapaK-
TepI13YeTCH IvIaccBbIM npoueIITHbIM cOlIep}j(aIIIIeM XHlVIH'leCKHX 3JleMeH-
TOB OpraHII'lecKoH MaCCbI H 6aJIJI3CTa.
Pa60'iUM cocrna80M mOflJ/U8a na3bIBalOT TOnJIHBO B TOM BH.II.e, B
KaKOM ero n0.lI:IOT B TonKY. KpOlVIe TOro, p33.1JI1'larOT cyxOll, 20plO l lllLI
H Op2aHU'IeC1\UU COCTaB MaCCbI TOnJIHBa. COCTaB Ka}K.II.0I1' MaCChI 0603IIa-
tjalOT COOTBeTCTBY10lll.HMI1 Ha.nCTpOllIIblMH HH.neKcaMH.
BblpmKa51 XHMH'lecKIII1 COCTaB TOnJII1Ba B n p oueIITax MomIIO 3a-
nHcaTb: '
CP+HL-OP+ NLf-SP+ AP+ WP = 100% -pa60'l11l1 COCTaB; (16-1)
Cc + HC + or + w + SC + A r = 100 % -- COTaB cyxoi-i MacChI; (16-2)
130

T a 6 JJ H U a 16-3
BMII TOnJIM Ba
XnMHlleCKHH CDCTaR (B M8CCOBbIX npOI..t.l'H-
Tax" roplO'leJ! Macce)
LLpo Ba
Toplj.> .
EYPbIll yrOJJb. .
KaMeHHbIll yroJlb
AHTpauHT ...
Hecpn . . . . .
c r fir I O sr
50 6 I 43 0
53-62 5,2-6,2 32-37 0,1-0,3
62-72 4,4-6,2 18-27 0,5-6,0
75-90 4,5-5,5 4-15 0,6-6,0
90-96 1,0-2,0 1-2 0,5-7,0
83-86 11-13 1-2 0,2-4,0
Ho-pa3rpY30'-lHhIe onepaUHI1, YXYJuuaeT 3aropaeMOCTh 11 3aMejlJIHe-r
rrpouecc rOpeHI1H, YBeJII1'-1I1Bae-r 06LeM npOjlYKTOB ropemlH 11 nOHI1)]{ae-r
TeMrrepaTYPY ropeHIfH.
BJIara TOnJIllBa jleJIHTCH H3 BHYTpeHHlO1O (mfpOCKOIlI1'-1eCKYIO) 11
BHeIllHlOlO. BHeIllH5U1 BJIara JIefKO YjlaJIHeTCH eCTeCTBeHHOH CYIllKOH.
rI1rpOCKOnH'-I€CKYIO MO)]{HO YjlaJIHTh TOJlhKO npI1 HarpeBe TOnJII1Ba jlO
TeMnepaTyphI HeMHoro BbIIlle 100° C ( 105°).
BJIara B TOJII1Be BpejlHa He TOJIhKO nOTOMY, '-ITO OHa YMeHbillaeT
omeM nOJIe3HOH '-IaCTI1 TOnJIHBa, HO 11 nOTOMY, '-ITO B 30He rOpeHI151 OHa
npeBpaaeTCH B nap. Ha 06pa30BaHHe rrapa Henp0I13BOmUeJJhHO 3a-
rpa'-lI1BaeTCH 3Ha'-lHTeJIbHoe KOJIII'JeCTBO TenJIa, YHOCI1MOe OTXOjlHI1MI1
ra3aMI1. BJlara cnoc06cTByeT caMOB03rOpaHI11O 11 BbIBeTpIIBaHIIIO TBep-
jloro TOnJIIIBa npI1 ero xpaHeHHH.
COjlep)]{aHI1e 30JIhI II BJIarII B TOnJII1Be 3aBI1CHT B 3Ha'-lHTeJIhHOH CTe-
neHI1 OT YCJIOBI1H jl06hI'-II1 ero H cnoc06a XpaHeHI1H.
C a MOB 0 3 r 0 p a H Hey r JI H. ECJII1 ChIpOH yrOJIb JIe)]{I1T B 3aKpu-
TOM HerrpOBeTpI1BaeMOM rrOl\Iepl.eHI1H I1JII1 Ha YJIHUe I3 60JIhIllHX 06'be-
Max, TO cepa H )]{eJJe3I1cThliI KOJI'-IejlaH B npHcYTCTBHH BJIarII OKHCJIHIOT-
CH. PeaKUHH OKI1CJIemH! npOTeKalOT C BbJjleJIeHHeM TenJIa. YrOJIb Har-
peBaeTcH II npI1 TeMrrepaType BOCnJIaMeHeHHH 3aropaeTcH.
KpoMe TOro, ChIpOH I1JII1 cBe)l(ejl06bIThIH yrOJIb COjlep)KHT ra3 MeTaH
CH 4 , KOTOpbIH B CMeCI1 C B03jlyXOM o6pa3yeT B3pblB'-IaTYIo CMeCb. OpH
BHecemm CYfKpuToro orHH B nOMemeIU1e CMeCb B3pbJBaeTCH 11 rrOjl)]{11-
raeT TOnJII1BO.
lIJIH npejlynpe)]{jleHI1H caMoB03fOpaHI1H TOnJII1Ba He06xojlI1MO '-IT06b1
yrOJIh, rrpejlHa3Ha'-leHHhIH jlJIH XpaHeHI1H, 6bIJI CYXOH. YrOJIbHhIe KJIajlbI
AOJI)]{HhI BeHTI1JII1pOBaTbcH. OepI10AJ1lIeCKH CJIeAyeT I13MepHTb TeMne-
paTYPY yrJIH.
T e rr JI 0 T a C r 0 p a II 11 51 Ton JI 11 B a. Tel1/lomoLi ccopaHUfl
mOll/llLBa (TerrJIO:BopHOH cnoc06HOCTbIO) Ha3hIBaIOT KOJIJ1lIeCTBO BhIlI.eJIl1B-
werOCH TerrJIa B KI1JIOA)]{oy.rIHX npI1 nOJIHOl\1 CrOpaHI1I1 1 K2I1JII1 1 ,M3 Torr-
JII1Ba (Qp l\iJ3IC! K2 HJIH QP KiJ3IC/ ,M3).
Pa3JII1'-1.?IOT BbICWY!0 Q 11 HH3IllYIO TerrJIOTY cropamm Q.
Bt:.;aueu trlRf1/lomou aopWiWI Ha3bIBaIOT KOJIH'-IeCTBO TerrJla, rroJIy-
ljeHHOe npH nOJIHOM cropaHI1I1 eAI1HI1UbI MaCCbI TOrrJII1Ba 6e3 yqeTa Ten-
132
!
JIa, pacxoAyeMoro Ha l!Cnapemle B.'1am. TenJIo, 3aTpa'leHH?e Ia napo-
06pa30BaHHe BJIam, IIaxoAHrucHC5! B TOnJIl!Be H o6pa3YloruCI1CH npH
ero cropaHIIH, JWMneHcHpyeTcH TenJIOM IWHjleHCaUI!I1.
fIu3weLi mefLJWrnOLI Ci!OpaH1Ul Ha3bIBaIOT KOJIHlIeCTBO TenJIa, nony-
'lemlOe OT eLlIIHIIIlU MaCCbI pa60'lero TOnJII1Ba np" YCJIOBIIlI, lJTO BCH
BJIara, KaK I1l\!elOruaflC5I B TonJ1HBe, TaK H 06pa3YIOlil.aHCH npH crop a-
HHH BOAop01J,a, He KOHJleHcHpyeTCH.
CB5I3b Me)]{jlY BLIC!lleil H HH3weH TenJIOTOH cropamlH MO)l{HO YCTa-
HOBHTb, CjleJldB TaI\Oi\ paClJeT.
npB crOpaHHI1 4 K2 BOAOpOjla Ton,llllBa 06pmyeTc5I 36 Kc DOjlb! no
peaKl',I1H
2Hz + O 2 = 2H 2 0,
4 32 36
a npH cropam1l1 1 K2 BOjlOp01J,a 06pa3yeTcH 9 K2 BOAbl. Ha HcnapeIHfe 1 KZ
BOAbI HY)KHO 3aTpaTHTb 0,240.10 4 Ki.hic TenJIa. B 1 K2 pa60'-leH l\JaCCbI
W'P
TOnJIHBa COjlep)]{HTCH erue KaKoe-TO KOJIII'-IeCTBO BO)!.b! 100 K2 B BI1Ae
rHrpOCKOnHlJCCKOH H BlIewHeiI BJlarH, CJIejlOB3TeJIbHO, npH cropaHHII
1 K2 pa601lero TonJIHBa 06pa3YeTCH 9HP + w P KC BOjlHHbIX napoB.
06ruee KOJIII'-IecTBO TeTIJla, IIllyruee lIa IlCnapC!Hle BeerI BJlafH, 6YjleT
2400 9HP -+- w P = 25,0 (9HP + W P ) KiJ3IC/ K2,
100
OTKY jla
Q=Q-25,0(9HP+ U7 P ) KiJ.1IC/K2,
( 16-5)
T. e. HH3waH TerrJIOTa crOpaHH5I paBHa BhIcweH 3a BbIlJeTOM TeTIJIOTbI
napo06pa30BaHHH.
BblCWYIO TenJIOTY cropaHHH MO)l{HO onpejleJIHTb TonbKO B ,'1a60pa-
TOpHbIX yc.rrOBI1HX C)]{HraHlleM HcnbITyeMoro TOnJIHBa B cpejle C)]{aTOrO
KI1C.TropoAa B KaJIOpHMeTpH4ecKoH 60M6e. npH :'ITOM 06pa"oBaBwHec5I
npOjlYKTbI rOpeHl!H OXJIa)]{AaIOTC5I B 60M6e, BOAHHhIe napbI KOHjleHCHpy-
IOTCH, a TerrJIO KOHAeHCaIJ.HH nepeAaCTC5J KaJlOpliMeTpy H npH nOjlC'-IeTe
BXOjlHT B BbICWYIO TenJIOTY crOpaHH5I.
HH3WYIO TenJIOTY CrOpaHI1H TBepjlOrO H 1KH1J,KOrO TOn,TJHBa onpe)I,e-
JI5lIOT II AOBOJIbHO TO'-lHO rro 3MTIHpH'Ien:ofI <popMYJIe lI.. H. MeHjle-
JIeeBa
Q=339CP+ 1030H P -109(OP-SP)-
-25,0 (9H P + \\7 P ) KiJJfC/K2.
( 16-6)
no cpopMYJIelI.. }oJ. MeHjlCJIeeBa MQ)KHO TaK)Ke nOllC'IHTaTb 11 BbICWYIO
TenJIOTY crOpaHII5J
Qu = 339C+ 1250H-109 (O--S) KiJ3ICIK2. (16-7)
Pe3YJlbTaT nOjlClJeTa TenJIOTb! cropaHHH no cpopMYJIe MeHlleJleea
6JIl13KO COBrrajlaeT C pe3YJIbTaTaMH KaJIOpHMeTpH4ecKHx orrpejleJIeHIIH.
133

B Ta6JI. 16-4 I1pIIBe.D.eHbI opIIeHTIipOBOlj]IbIe J],aHHble TeI1JIOTbI cro-
paHIl,51 HeKOTOpb!X BIi.D.OB TOI1JJllBa 13 KiJJlC/K2 .D.JIH TBep.D.OrO TOI1jIIIBa Ii B
KOO/CiM 3 .D.JIH rmOBoro.
Y C ,JI 0 B Hoe Ton JI II B O. IlpII paC'leTe pacxoJ],a TOI1JIIIBa, B OCO-
6eHHOC11l, eCJIII Y'lIITbIBaeTCH CYMMa TOrrJIIlB C pa3JIII'lHbIMH TeI1JIOTBOp-
HbIMII crroc06HOCTHMII, I10JIb3YIOTCH rrOHHTHe!ll «YCJIOBHOe TOI1JIIIBO»
J1 C/1061-lblM mOflllueoM Ha3bIBalOT TOI1JIIIBO, TerrJIOTa cropaHIIH KOTopor
paBHa 2,93.10 4 KOJIc/Ke IIJIH  3.10 4 KO,}Jc/K::.
JJ..1JH I1epec 1 leTa .r!3HHOrO TOI1JIIIBa B yC.1JOBHOe If 06paTHO rrOJIb3 101'-
CR TaK na3bIBaeMbIM KaJIOpllHHbIM 3KBHBaJIeHTOM Y
3= Qf. .
29 300
(I 6-S)
HaII60JIee neHHblMfJ tJac'tffl\UI ,ltepCBa HBJUHOTC51 H;1:PO II 3aOO.1J0l1b.
B HIlK co,ltep}KlITCH Ha1l60JIbillee KO:IlJlleCTBO yrJlepo;la.
K .D.OCTOIIHCTBaM .D.pOB MOiKHO OTBeCTII l-le{jOJlbWljlO 30/lbflOCmb, OJlUfl'
floe n/laMR U /leeKYIO (J(Xfl/laAteflHe,Mocmb BCJIe.D.CTBlle 60JIbillOrO BhIX0.D.a
JIeTY4IIX.
30JIa, OCTaBIIIaHCH I1PH I10JIHOM cropaHIIH .D.P(JB, COCTOIIT II3 cpoccpop-
HOK IICJIhIX, XJIOpIICTbIX II KpeMHIIeBOKIICJIbIX COJIeH KaJIII51, HaTpIIH,
II3BecTII II MarHe3IIII.
B HaCToHllige BpeMH .D.peBeclIHY IICrrOJIb3YlOT B Ka4eCTBe npoIITe.nb-
Horo MaTeplIaJIa II CblpbH .D.JIH XIIMII'leCKOrO I1pOII3BO.D.CTBa. B KaqeCT-
Be .D.pOB ee CfKlIralOT TOJIbKO B He60JIbllIIIX KOTe.nbHbIX, paCI10JIOmeHHbIX
.D.aJIeKO 01' fKeJIe3HO.D.opomHOro TpaHcrropTa, r.D.e KpOMe .D.pOB II .D.POBH-
HbIX OTXO.D.OB HeT .D.PyrIIX BIIJ],OB TOII.TJIIBa.
Top cpo Topcp 06pa3yeTcH II3 60JIOTHblX pacTemIi'r nOlI BO.LlOH 6e3
.D.ocryrra B03}ryxa. OH 3aJIeraeT HerJIy60Ko OT 1l0BepXHOCTH 3eMJIH n"1Jac-
TaMH 110 10M TOJIIUIIHbl.
B O.D.HHX H Tex me 3aJIefKaX MomHO BCTpenITb TOpcp C pa3JIH'lHOH
CTerreHblO pa3JIOmeHHH: 01' cBemero, cOBepweHHo Hepa3.1I0mHBlllerOCH
BOJIOKHHCToro BeIUecTBa .D.o TeMHo-6ypoi1 MaCChI rOToBoro Topcpa.
Pa3JIOmeHHe Topcpa - 31'0 I1pOUeCC ero 06yrJIepOmIIBaHHH. 4eM BbI-
we CTerreHb pa3JIOmeHH51, TeM 60JIbWe B HeM COJ],epmIITCH yrJIepO.D. a H,
CJIe.D.OBaTeJIbHO, BbIllie ero TeI1JIOTa crOpaHH51.
CTporOH 3aBIICHMOCTH Mem11Y CTeI1eHblO pa3JIOfKeHHH H B03paCTOM
Topcpa BeT. Hllor.D.a BCJIe.D.CTBIIe KaKHX-JIH60 YCJIOBHll CTapWIIH TOpcp
RBJIHeTC5! MeHee pa3JIOmHBWIIMCH, 'leM pacrrOJIOmeHHbIH Bhlwe MOJIO.D.OH
TOpcp.
110 BeJIH'lHHe TOpcpHHblX 3a.1JemeH CCCP 3aHHMaeT I1epBOe MeCTO
B Mllpe.
Topcp HBJIHeTCH MeCTHLIM TOI1JIHBOM. TpaHcnopnlpOBaTb ero Heue-
JIeC006pa3HO, TaK KaK OH CO.D.epfKIIT .D.O 50% BJIarII H J],O 11% MHHepaJIb-
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IICrrOJlb3YlOIUlie TOpcp B Ka'lecrBe TOI1JIHBa, He06xo.D.HMO CTpOHTb B6JII13H
Topcpopa3 pa6oToK.
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qylO Maccy TOrrJIHBa .D.OXOJ],HT .D.O 70%. IlOJlY4NIHoe ra30Boe TOI1JIHBO
Y.D. 06HO .D.JIH TpaHCI10pTlfpOBaHHH H cmHraHHH.
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CTBO C HCKOrraeMbIM yrJIeM. Ero Ha3bIBalOT eOpIO'lUMU C/lafll-{aMll HJIH
C/lafll{eeblM Y2/leM.
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rrJIaMeHeM. IlpH cyxoi1 rreperOHKe OHH pa3JIaralOTCH Ha KOKC, CMOJIY H
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H XHMWleCKHM CblpbeM. Bblxo.Ll JIeTY4HX Ha rOplO'lYfO Maccy .D.OXOJ],HT
.D.O 90%.
HaH60JIee KpymibIe MecTopmK.D.eHHH CJIaHUeB HaX0.Ll51TCH B KYH6bI-
135
TOnJ1HBO
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KOKC
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2,10-3,00
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3,00-3,40
2,50-3,10
2,80-3,10
4,30-4,60
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1,05-1,17
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134

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TerrJIOTa cropaHIIH.
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MaCCbI H I1HOrJla coxpaHHeT CTpOeHI1e JlpeBeCI1Hbl.
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H JlO 30% MHHepaJIbHblX npI1MeCeH Ha cyxYJO Maccy. BblXOJl JIeryqHX
lIa rOplOqylO Maccy JlOXOJlIIT JlO 45%.
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MeXaHIIqeCKH HenpOlIeH H JlaeT 60JIblIlOe KOJIHqecTBO KpOWKH. EYPbl
yrOJIb HBJIHeTCH MeCTHblM ;mepreTJ11leCKHM TOnJIIIBOM.
f JIuaBH{le MeCTOpOJleHH 6yphIX yreH - DOJlMOCOBHbIH yrOJIbHblH
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HblH 6accelIH.
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cTBYlOweH Ha HIIX CHJIbI.
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paTYPbl. 4eM mllKe TeMrrepaTypa, TeM BbIlIle BH3KOCTb. Dpii rrOBbI-
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HYB MI1HI1MaJlbHOrO 3HaqeHIIH, npaKTIIqeCKII OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHH0I1.
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JIIIBa ee He npHMeHHlOT. u
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B OCHOBHOM 113 6eH3IIHO-KepOCIIHOBblX eppaKUIIH IIJm COJleplKaT B CBoeM
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a C HOB H bI e x a p a K T e p H C T II K II :;1\ If 1{ K 0 rOT 0 rr-
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136
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ra3 BCTpeqaeTCH BO MHOrHX MeCTax 3eMHoro mapa.
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137

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nopTHpOBaTb H nOJI.aBaTb B TonKY.
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XO,lJ,HOrO CblpbH, a T8K:w;e BHe!llHUe cpaKTopbl: ,lJ,aS.TIeHI1;, TeMnepa-rypa,
cnoc06 HarpeBa, KOHCTPYKTHBHoe O<jJOpMJICHlIe YCTPOHCTB, B KOTOpbIX
TOnJIHBO nO,lJ,BepralOT nepepa60TKe H ,lJ,p.
XlIMH1JeCKaH npHpO,'l.a HCXO,lJ,HOrO TOnJIliBa HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHblM cpaK-
TOpOM, onpe,lJ,eJIHIOHM xapaK rep nOJIYll3lOIUHXCHu np0,lJ,YKTOB. uPa3JIH-
Hble BI1,1J,bl TOnJIHBa xapaKlepH3YlOTCH pa3JIH'lHOlI XHMJI'lecKOlI YCTOH-
'lHBOCTblO. u
B XHMH1JecKOM COCTaBe MOJIO.11.oro TonJIHBa (JI.peneCI1Ha II MOJIO.11.OH
6YPblH yrO.JIb) 60J1b!lle KIICJIOpO;'I:a, 'leM 13 XHMH'I:;CKOM COCTaB naporo.
D03TOMY MOJIOlI.Oe TOnJIHBO pa3JIaraeTCH 6blCTpel1 H B 60JIblIIeH CTeneHH,
'leM CTapoe.
TOnJIHBa, 60raTbIe KHCJIOpO,lJ,OM (MO,, 10 .II. ble ), 06pa3YlOT 60JIbWe ra3a
H BO,lJ,bl, lIeM TBep,lJ,OrO o6yrJIepo:w;eHHoro OCTaTKa. DpH pa3JIOeHUH
CTaporo TOnJIHBa OCHOBHa51 lIaCTb CblpbH nepeXO,lJ,HT B TBep,lJ,b1 lI Ha-
yr JIepo:w;eHHblH OCTaTOK.
TBep.11. oe TOnJIliBO nO,lJ,BepralOT nOJIYKO!{COB8HHIO, KOKCOBaHlIlO, ra-
81i<l>UK8IIHH H m,lJ,pOreHH33UI1lI, B pe3YJIbTale l!ero nOJIyqalOT y,i\:lIlI.KHe
139
 6. nepepa60TKa TeepAoro Tonmolea
HecpTb Ii npHpOjlHble ra3bl COCTaBJIHlOT OKOJIO 0,5% Bcero lVmpoBoro
3anaca I1CKOnael\IOrO TOn.TmBa. JJ.06b1LJa :w;e HX npOH3BOjllITCH B KO,TIH-
'leCTBe OKOJIO 40 % no OTHO!lleHHIO no BceMY jl06bIBaeMoMY TOnJIHBY.
Depepa6OTI{a TBep.LI.OrO TOIJJJ/ma B )JUI,IJ,KOe 11 ra3006pa3Hoe lI.ae-r B03-
MO:W;HOCTb BOCnOJIHIITb l!e.11.OCTmm ero jlOObI'-IH H3 He,lJ,p 3eMJIH.
138

If ra30Opa3"hle npo.TJ.yKThJ pacna.na B He,1JeTYIJI1JI ooyr J1epO>K€HHbJH
TBep.nbUJ onaraK.
nO.1!11WKC08w.we. C10JpheM nOJ1YKOKCOBamUI HI3J1HIOTCH KOKCYIOll\J1eC5I
yr J1I1, TOpcp H rOplOIJHe CJ1aHUhJ.
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6e3 .nocTyna B03.nyxa npH pa13HOMepHOM nporpeBt nepepaOaThJBaeMOrO
Ton.fU113a .nO TeMnepaTYPhl 500-550 0 C.
Do.n B03.neiIcTBHeM BhICOKHX TeMnepaTYP OpranHQecKaH '-IaCTh Ton-
J1HBa p.?3J1araeTCH, a npo.nYKThl pacna.na BCTynalOT Me>K.L(y coooH 13
.na.JIbHeIUIlIIe XIIMH'-IeCKHe pemmHH.
Dp, .'emepaTye OO-550° C paCI1JI. CLJphH npeKpaH,\aeTcH II B
ne'-lH u OCI i:leIC5I TBep.lblI1 oGyrJ1epOllieIUIbIH OCTaTOI{ - lWIlYKOKC, HB.JIH-
IOll\HHCH OCHOBHblM npOJI.YKTOM nOJ1yI\OKcoBamUT.
DpH nOJIYKOKcOBaHI1H yrJlei'I 11 CJ1aHUeB B1oIXOJI. no.I1YKoKca COCTaB-
JIHeT 50-70% (paCIJeT Ha cyxYIO Maccy Tonmma), npH I10J1YI\OKcoBa-
HHH Topcpa - 30-45%.
B nO,1JYKoKce OCTaeTCH tllJ,e l\1Horo JIeTYIIHx Bell\eCTB. Ero HCnOJ1b-
3YICT 13 KaQecTBe OhlToBoro 11 9HepreTH I lecKoro TOI1.fIHBa H KaK cblpLe
JI)IH ra3HcpHKmUIIJ.
D060IJHblMlI npOJI.YKTaMlI nO,'1YKOI{COBaHHH HB.JIHIOTCH cJvtO.W, i!a3
11 110GCJvto,1bHa.<l eOGa pa3IlOJlceHU51.
CMO,'1a nOJ1YKoKcoBaHI1H npeJI.CTaBJ1HeT C060H leIVIHo-6ypylO llilIJ(-
KOT1o C y.n eJ11o HhIM BeCOM OKO.JIO eJI.I1HBlJ,1oI. .nennIx 6eH3HHo13hlX cppaK-
lUiB B CMane nOJ!YKoKCOB3HJ151 MaJIO. TOJIhKO CJIaHHeBhle CM011bl COJI.ep-
>KaT JI.O 20o cppaKIlHH, Kl1n5lll\I1X JI.O 200 0 C. DpH neperoHKe OOJIO 50 %
Cl\10JIhI BblKl1naeT npJ1 Te:\mepaType 350 0 C.
BblxoJI. u CMOJIhI nO.'1YKoKcoBaHH5I JI.OXO}:(HT JI.O 30 %. OHa nocTynaeT
Ha JI.3.'ibHemuylO nepepa60TKY JI.JUT nOJIyqeHHH lliHJI.Koro IIcKyccmeHHoro
TOI1.fII1Ba 11 XJ1MHIleCKHX npOIJ:yKTOB.
BbIXOJI. CMOJIbl HaXOJI.I1TCH 13 npHMOH 33BHCI1MOCTI1 OT COJI.eplliaHll51 B
HeM BOJI.OpOJI.a.
ra3L1 nO:TIYKJ{COBaHH5I 5IB.mJIOTCH HeIIHhlM TOIIJIHBOM H ChIpLeM
JI.JIH JI.aJlhHel1Wel1 XHMJ1 I ICCKOH nepepa60TI\I1. OCHOBHble KOMnOHeHTbl
ra3a: yrJIeBOOpOllhJ H BOJI.OpOJI..
BOJI.f1 pa3JIOllieHH5I (nOJI.CMO.Tl1oHa51 BOJI.3) CO..'l.epnUlT B ce6e paCTBO-
eIILle I1IJ1tleCKHe Bt::'w.ec-ma. TaK, HanpHMep, npl1 JI.aJIbl.!e}JUJei'I
XI1MWleCKOH nepepa60TKe BOJI.LI, nO.TlY'-lemIOH npH cyxoti neperOHT{e
JIpc:;,BecHHbl 11 Topcpa, nOJIYIJ3IOT a lJ,eTOH , YKCYCHYIO KHC.TIOTY, MeTBJIO-
B10IH cnBpT, cpopMaJII1H 11 JI.pyrHe neUHhIe npo.nYKTbI.
CJIaHlJ,eBble nOJI.CMOJIbHhIC BOJI.101 COJI.eplliaT cpeHOJJ alJ,eTOH pe30p-
ll,BH B JI.p. ' ,
YrO.TIbHa51 Balla COJI.eplliHT cpeHOJIhI, aMMI131{ H Kap6OfIOB1oJe KBC-
JIOTbJ.
l(oKcor:anue. KOKCOBaHHeM Ha31oIB3IOT npOlJ,eCC nepepa60TKH TonJ1HBa
JIpII HarpeBe ero 6e3 JI.OcTyna B03JI.yxa 110 TeMnepaTypbl 1000 _ 1100 0 C.
p,eJIeBbIM npOJI.YKTOM 3TO0 npolJ,ecca 5IEJI5IeTCH /WKC, npeJI.H:i3HalJeH-
HblH ,AJIR MeTaJIJIyprH'lecKoH npOMbIUlJIeHI-IOCTH.
140
Ton rIllEO JIoCTelleHIW HarpCBaK>T 13 cneU,l-laJ1LHhIX KOJ{COBbIX neqax
B Tf'IJeHe 11-14 ,t. OpB HarpeBe TonJIHBa JI.O TervmepaTYPbI500-600 °C
13 nelfH npOTeKalOT npoll,eCCh! nO;lyKoKcoBaHHH. 06pa3yeTc5I nOJIYKol(C
II nepBHlfHhl ra3 H CMOJIa. 06pa30BaBllJHeC5I npOJI.YKTI He BhIBO,J,HT H3
30Hbl BLICOKI1X TeMnepmyp, a nOJI.BepralOT JI.aJIhHeHllJeMY HarpeBY.
DoJI. JI.ei'lcTBHeM BblCOKHX TeMnepaTYP pa3JIOllielUle TOn.'1l113a npo-
JI.OJIlliaeTCH: nO.1YIWKC npeBpam.aeTCH B KOKC, n060lfHhIe npOJI.YKTbl
KOKCOBaHHH TaKllie npeTepneBalOT JI.Ono.JIHHTe.JIbHble XHl\mlfeCKHe npe-
Bp a ll\eHH5I.
B pe3yJlbTaTe KOKCOBaHIIH nOJIYlfalOT 70-80% MeTa.JIJIyprHQeCl{Oro
KOKca a OCTaJ1bHOe - KOKCOBbIH rm, Bo.n.y H CMOlIY.
KKCOBbIH rag noc.TIe o'mCTKH OT BpeJI.HblX npl1Mecei'1 HCnOJIb3yeTc5I
B Ka'-lecTBe TOI1.'1I1Ba H.TIH n02TynaeT Ha nepepa60'fKY JI.JIH nOJlY'leHHH
H3 Hero aMMHaKa H I1pyrnx XHMJJLleCKHX npO/1YKTB. u u
CMO.ny 11 BOJI.Y KOKCOBaHHH nOJIBepralOT JI.aJlbHeHWeH XI1MJ1IleCKOH
nepepa60TKe. u
HHoma KOKCOBaHHe npOBOJJ.HT JI.JIH nOJIYlfeHH5I BblCOKOKaJIOpHHHOro
6hITOBoro ra3a. B 3TOM CJIYlfae nOJIYlIaIOT KOKC nOfIIlllieHHoro KaIJeCTBa.
ra3urjJUK(llUH. 9Tor MeTOJI. nepepa60TKH TOnJIHBa TaKllie Ha3hIBalOT
6e30CTaTO'-lHoi'1 ra3IIcpHKaUHeH, Tal{ I{aK BC5I rOplO'-IaH :\1aCca ,on.TI[113a
nOIJTH 6e3 OCTaTKa nepexo.nHT B reHepaTopHhIH ra3. OpII ra3HcpHKa u .
lJ,III1 nOJIyqalOT TaKllie He60.JIbllJOe KOJIH'-leCTBO CMOJIhl. reHepa::opHbIH
ra3 HCnOJIb3YIOT B 6hlTY H JI.JIH OTOnJIeHIIH npOMblUIJIeHHbIX neqeH; cpeJI.-
HI1H XHMl1'-1eCKI1H COCTaB ero npHBCJI.eH 13 ,aoJI. 16-5.
T a 6 JJ H II. a 16-5
CocraB ra'38, IJ{I
ra3
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H. I CH. le m Hnl fl. S I co. I N. I o.
7,0 / 1,0 I - 5,0 63,0 I I -
13,5 2,3 1 0,3 0,3 5,0 51,9 0,2
49,6! 4,7 0,9 0,3 7,5 4,8 0,2
B03JJ,YWHbIii
CMemaHllblH
BO.llHHOll . .
24,0
26,5
32
I
I
ra3i!cpI:lI\3IJ.I1H ocyw.eCTB.TI51eTCH 13 ra30reHep3Topax. B llJaxTY ra30-
reHepaTopa cBepxy 3arpYllialOT TOnJIHBO, a JI.YTbe nOJI.alOT CHII3Y.
JLYTbe npHMeHHIOT B03JI.ywHoe, napoBoe HJIH CMellJaJ-IHoe (napOB03JI.YllJ-
Hoe I1JUI napOKHCJIOpOJI.Hoe).
Opouecc ra3HcpIIKaU.HH ocyw.eCTBJIHeTC5I 3a C'leT TenJIa, 06pa3YIOw.e-
rOCH npH cropamlH yr JIepOJI.a ra3HcpHlJ,l1pyeMoro TOn,'1I1Ba.
ra3urjJWW4ll51 nOG GaelleHueJvt. B ra30reHepaTop3X, pa6OTaIOU(HX Ha
napOKHCJIOpOJI.HOM JI.YThe noJI. JI.aBJIeHHeM 20-30 am, H3 HH3KOCOpT-
Hora TOnJIHBa MOlliHO nOJIYQI1Tb CTaHJI.apTI-Ibli'I 6blTOBOH ra3 C Ten.JIOTOH
cropaJ-II1H nOCJIe OTMhIBKI1 paBHoH 1,7.10 4 - 2,1 . 10 4 KGJlCI Jvt3.
B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT BCJIHIJHHbl JI.aB,'1eHHH, KOHueI-ITpail.HH l{I1CJIopO,Aa
II paCxoJI.a napa nOJIY'laIOT ra3 Toro !1JIH HHoro caCTaBa.
141

C nOBblllIelH1eM .naBJIE'H!HI CHH)l\aeTC51 pacxo.n IUlC.nOpOJI2 Ha ra3Hqm-
K311.HIO, TaI< h3K 3IJa'-HnE'JlI,HaH [WCTI, TenJIa, Heo6xoJlHMm1 .nJJH Be.ne-
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H115!.
[a3l1tPJ1IWlJ,HH no.n .naBJleHHeM .naeT B03MOlKHOCTb BeCTlI npouecc npH
60.nee HH31UlX TCMnepaTypax (900--1000° C), '1TO npe.nynpelK.naCT ow-
.naKOBblBaHHe TOnJ/l1Ba.
r1o.JIY'laeMLJH H3 ra30reHcpaTopa ra3 OTMbIBalOT OT vr.neKHe.nOTbl
Bo.nOH 1-1 no.nalOT nOTpe6I-1Te.nlO. OTMbIBI{a nOBI,IIIlaeT Ten.noTV crOpaHH51
ra3a, HO CHHlKaeT K. n. .n. ra30reHepaTopa, TaK KaK npl-I OTMblBKe
no.n .naBJIeHlIeM o.nHOBpeMeHHO C yr.neKHc.nOTOH OTMbIBaeTC51 JIO 35% ro-
PIO'HlX IWMnOHeHlOB ra3a.
Y CTaHOBKlI ra3HqmKalJ,HH Ton.nHBa no.n .naB.JIeI-mCM pacno,narmOT
06blLJHO B6JlI-I31-1 MeeT .n06b1'IH TOI1JIHBa. O'II-ILILeHHbIii ra3 TpancnopTII-
pylOT Ha paccToHHIIH 200-300 Kht.
IIoiJ3eMHaJl 2G3UrjJUKat.IW1. B 1888 r. BeJIHImH PYCCKlIH YLJeHL!I'i
11 H. MeHeJIeeB BnepBble u BblCK33a.n MbICb 0 B03MOlKHOCTI-I ra3l-1qm-
UHpOBaTL yr.nl-l no.n 3eMJleH. 011 H B .na.nLHCHweM pa3BHBa.n :JTY MbICJIb
II 3aHHMa.JICfi pewemleM oHoro BOfmoca.
B HacTo51w.ee BpeM51 BCJIYTCH O'r1bITbI no no.n3eMHoH ra3ucpllKalJ,HI-I
yr JI5T.
9TOT npOIlCCC 3aK.nIO'IaeTC51 B XHMHKo-TepMH'leeKoH nepepa60TKe
yro.nbHbJX nJlaCTOB HenOCpeJICTBeHHO B He.npax 3eM.nH.
r1pO,lI.YKTaMII TaKoii nepepa60TKH HB.n51IOTCH: rOplO'IHH: ra3, yrOJJL-
Ha51 CMOJla 1-1 cpeIIOJJbHaH BO.T{a. JLJJ51 no.nY'leHI-IH 3T11X npO,lI.yKTOB B OObI'I-
HOM nopH,lI.Ke Hco6xO,lI.HMO npOBCCTI-I llB3 npouecea: ,lI.06bl'lY Vr.JIH II ra-
3HcpHKalJ,HIO ,lI.06blTOro Yf.1J51. J
r1peJII\IYU{eeTBa ra3JI<pHKauHH yr.n51 B HeJIpaX 3eMJIH:
1) OTna,lI.aeT TmKeJILIH TPY,lI. lJe.JIOBeKa nOlI 3eM.JIeH; 2) ra3 y,lI.06HE'e
yrJIH B 9KCnJIym311.lIlI; 3) CHHlK310TCH 3KCI1.JIyaT3lJ,HOHHhle P3CXOllbl 11
nOBbIW3eTC5l npOIl3BO,lI.HTe.nbHOCTb TpY,lI.a; 4) Bce nponcccbl MorYT 6blTL
3BTOM3TH3HpOB3HbI; 5) Hcno.nb3YIOTCH TOHKHe ClIOI1 yr.nH (OKOJlO 0,5 M),
KOTopble 06bI'IHO ClJHT8IOTC51 nenpOMblw.neHHhlMI1, TaK KaI{ 33Tp3TU
npOH3Be,lI.eHHble H3 pa3p360TKY T3KHX 3a.ne)Kelr, He 6Y,lI.YT Onp3BJWIlb;
KO.JII1'leCTBOM JI06blTOro yr.nH. MeTOJl.OM lKC nOJL3eMI-JOH r33mlmK3ul111
TaKHe ntIaCTbl C ycnexoM 3Kcn.nY3THpYIOTC51; 6) 01lHOBpe!l1eHH351 nJ31l-
CPI-IK3UHH HeIwTopblX nopoll, HMeIOIlJ,IIX B CBoeM COCT3Be Opr3HHlJeCKHe
BE'llleCTB3, LJTO YBe.nwlI1B3CT 06W.lIH BhlXO;I ra3a.
 7. npou.eccbl rcpeHHSI TcnnHBa
P e 3 J( n H H r 0 p e H 1-1 51 Ton.n H B a. fopeHHe 6bIBaeT no.JI-
Hoe II HenoJlHoe. IIO.f/HbIM H33bJB31OT ropeHHe, npH KOTOpOM roplOIUle
9.neMCHTbl Ton.JIl1B3, npopearHpOB8B C KI1C.nOpO,lI.OM no CJIe,lI.YIOll\HM peaJ{-
UI15J1\I, Crop3IOT nO.JIHOCTblO
C+0 2 =C0 2 ,
2H2+ ()2 "00 I 1 2 0.
If
B pe3y.nbTme 3THX pe3KIIHH Bbl;'{e.n51eTCH Bce Ten.no, KOTopoe MOlKeT
6hlTb nOJJYLJCHO npl-l eropaHI111 yr.nepO.lJ,<:1 1-1 BOllOpO,lI.3. B npollyKT3x me
erOpaml5l OCT31OTCH Hecnoc06Hble ropeTh Bew.ecTBa: yr.neKHc.nOT3 CO 2
11 napbI BOllbl H 2 0.
fleno.f/HblJi ropCIIl1eM H33bIB31OT ropeHIle, npH KOTOpOM B np0,lI.YI(TaX
erOp3IIHH OCTaeTCH '13CTh rOplO'lHX 3.neMenTOB H '1aCTlIIJ.bl necropeBwcro
TOfIJIHB3.
HenoJlJwe croparme npollcxO,lI.J1r no ,lI.BYl\I npWII-III3M.
Bo-nepBblx, OT MeX3HH l leCKoro He/10iKor3, KOr.lJ,3 '1aCTHUbl TOnJIHBa,
He ycneB npopean1pOB3Tb C I'HC.nOpO.lJ,OM, nOn3,lI.31OT B npO,lI.YKTb! ero-
p3HH5I (B 30JI)' H ,lI.blM).
BO-BTOPbIX, OT HenO.nHoro OKHC.nCHH51 ropIOIII1X 3.neMCHT0I3 Ton.nHB3.
npl1 3TOM 3H3'lHTe.nbHO CHH)JwelC}J TeIlJIOBbUJ,eJIeHl1e.
T3K, Hanpl-lJ\!Cp, npH IlenO./IHOM crop3mHl (ORlIc.neHl1e B CO) Ten.'1a
Bb!Jle,mlCTcn 110LJTH B 3,5 pa3a MeHbwe, '1eM npH no.nHOM cropamm
(oKI1CJlelme B CO 2 ),
r1pH HenOJIHOM OKHC.JIeHlIH roplO'IHX 3.JIeMeHTOB C npO,lI.YKT3MH ero-
p3HH51 YXOJIHT 60.nbllJOe KOJII1'leeTBO OKHCH yr .nE'pOJI3 CO, r33006p33-
1I0ro BOJlOpO,lI.3 H2' MCT3H3 CH 4 H ,lI.pyn1x yr.neBO,lI.opOllHbIX CoeJIHHeHI-IH,
cnoc06nhlX ropel b II DbIJIe.n51Tb TenJIO.
Ec.JIH 6bI 9TH Bcw.eCTB3 .lJ,OrOpCJHI B TonKe, TO 3a CLJer Bbl,lI.eJIHBWe-
rOCH Ten.nd nOBbICH.JI3Cb 6hI TeMnep3Typ3 TonO'lHoro npOCTp3nCTB3.
nJHJ Toro IIT06bI TOflJIHBO cropa.no nO.JIHOCTblO, He06xo,lI.HMO B Ton-
KY nO)JaBaTL B0311YX 13 CTporo onpeJIC,lJCHHbIX Ko.nHlJeCTBax 11 06eCne'lH-
BaTh xopomee nepe;\1eI11l1B3I1HC Tonmm3 C B03.nYXOM.
KOJIWleCTBo KlIC'.110pO.n:3, He06xo.J,HMoe ,lI..n51 ClKI1raHIH, K3lK,lI.OrO ro-
plO'lero 3.11e\\lCHTa TOn.JII1B3, onpe.lJ,e.n51IoT H3 peaKil.HH ropeHlfH.
D..hH C
12 K2 32 K2 44 K2
1 hWAb C + 1 hlOAb O 2 = 1 MOAb CO 2 ,
(16-9)
T. e. H3 ClKl1raHHe 12 Ke C ne06XO,lI.HMO 3aTp3THTb 32 Ke O 2 , 3 Ha
32
C)j{Hr3HlIe 1 Ke C -- - = 2 67 Ke 0 2 '
12 '
JLJIH H 2
2 K2 16 K2 18 K2
1 MOAb H 2 + 0,5 MOAb O 2 = 1 hWAb H 2 0,
( 16-10)
T. e. Ha C)KHraI-IHe 2 Ke H 2 HYlKHO 33TP3THTb 16 Ke O 2 . a Ha ClKHra-
IIHe 1 Ke H2- = 8 Ke O 2 ,
2
D.JIH 5
32 K2 32 K2 64 Ke
MOAb 5 + 1 MOAb O 2 = 1 MOAb 50 2 ,
'f,. . I-Ja C,lKl1r<;lHUe 1 KC S llc06xo)!.I1MO 3aTpaTHTb 1 KC O.
143
( 16-11 )

.rtJHT crop3HflH I K? TBf'p.IJ:Oro IIJIH }KH.IJ:Koro TOllJIHB3, B cocnm
KOToporo B M8CCOBblX npoueHTax BXOJI.HT CP +- HP +-8 P +- OP + N P ,
HY}KHO 3aTpaTHTb KOJIHqeCTBO KHCJIOpo.na, paBHoe
o = 2,67 c P + 8 HP + sP - oP Kc KHCJlOpo.l1a
T 100 Kc TOnJJHBa '
( I 6-12)
qeM Me.'Ib'le H o.nI-!Opo.nHee TOnJIHBO, TeM MeHbwHH H36blTOK B03lf.yxa
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MeJIKOpaCnbIJIeHHOM COCT05UIIUI II xopowo nepeMewaHHbIMH C B03.nY,XOM.
TBep.noe tonJIHBO qaCTO npeBpaliLaIOT B nbIJIeBH}!.Hoe COCTOHHHe II B.ny-
B<110T B TonKY B CMecII C B03.nYXOM.
C 0 C TaB n p 0 II Y K T 0 B C r 0 p a H H 5J. B COCTaB npo.nYKTOB
cropaHHH BXo.n:HT 30JIQ H ablMOBble ?a3')!. IlpI1'IeM M3cca npOIlYKTOB cro-
paHH5J If.OJI}KHa 6bITb B TO'lHOCTH paBI-Ia CYMMe Macc cro p eBwero Ton-
JIHEa H no.nBe.neI-IHOrO B0311 xa.
. 'beM .nbIMOBbIX ra30B V r CKJIa.nbIBaeTCH H3 CYXHX ra30B 06'bel\10M
V C . 1 I1 B0.n5JHbIX napOB o6-beMoM V B . n , 06pa30BaBWHXC5J npB cropamm
BOJtopO.na H IIcnapemm B.'IarH TOnJIHBa, T. e.
V r = Vc.r + VB. n M 3 .
nre OT - TeOpeTH'IeCKOe KOJIII'IeCTBO KI1CJIOPO.n3, T. e. paC'IeTIIOe
KOJIH1leCTBO, nOJIY4eHHoe no peaKUH5JM ropeHilH.
!IJIH C}KHraHHH TOnJIHB8 B TonKY nO,l,BOlf.HT He 'lHCTbIII KHCJIOp011,
a B03lf.YX, B COCTaBe KOToporo co.nep}KHTCH 23,2% KHC.,10p0.na (no Mac-
ce). TeopeTHtlecKoe KOJII1'IeCTBO B03lf.yxa m T B MaCCOBbIX e.nmlHlJ,ax, He.
06X011HMoe If.J1}I nomIOro cropaHHH TOnJIHBa, COCT3BHT
m T =  OT = 0,115 c P +- 0,343 H P +- 0,043 (Sp _OP) Kc B03.llyxa
23,2 /{c TOilJlIIBa
( 16-13)
.llJIH nepeCqeTa Ha 06neMHble e.nHHHUbl pa3}:(eJIHM nOJlY'leHHOe pa-
BeHCIBO Ha fLnOTHOCTb B03.nyxa p. IlpH HOpMaJIbHblX YCJlOBIIHX p =
= 1,293 KCjM. IloJ!cT3BHB, nOJIY'IHM
V = m T = 0.1l5C P +O,343HP+0,043(SP-OP) _
T p 1,293 -
= 0,089 cr + 0,0266 H P + 0,033 (SP _OP) M 3 jK2. (16-14)
K 0 9 rp 11 H lJ, H e H T H 3 6 bI T K a B 0 3 JI. Y x a. TeOpeTH'IecKH
Heo6xo.nmvloe KOJIWIeCTBO B03.!I.yxa nO,'l.C'lHTblBaeTCH B npe.nno.JIO}KeHHH,
'lTO, nepeMelIJHBaHHe B03)I.yxa C Ton.'IHBOM HaCTOJlbKO xopomee, 'lTO
Ka}KJl,a5J 'l3CTHUa KHCJIOpOJI.3 ycneB3eT BOHTH B coe.nHHeHHe C Ka}Klf.bIM
rOpIO'lI1M 3JleMeHTOM. OllHaKO npaKTH'IeCKH paCl!eTIJOro KOJIH'IeCTBa B03-
.nyxa He.nOCTaTO'lHO JI.JIH nOJIHOrO croparIHH TOnJIHBa. Ilpouecc ropeHHH
HeJIb3H npOBeCTH TaKHM 06pa30M, 'lT06b1 BeCb KHCJIOpO.n npopearHpOBaJI
C TonmmOM. qacTb ero He BCTynaeT B peaKILHlO ropCIUIH H B CB06o.lUIOM
BII.ne YHOCHTCH C .nbIMOBbIMH ra3aMII.
)lJI5I nomIOro crOpaHH5J TOnJIHBa He06xo.n:HMO no.naB8Tb B03lf.YX B
KOJIII'lecTBe, HeCKOJIbIW 60JIbILJeM paCqeTI-JOfO. qnCJIO, nOKa3bIBaIOLlLee,
BO CKOJIhKO pa3 .neHCTBIITeJIbHOe KOlmqeCTBO B031(yxa 60JIblIJe Teope-
TIl'leCKOro, Ha3bIBaroT Koy,pcpW{lteHmo.H l136blmKa B03ayxa II 0603HaqaIOTCG
V
CG=-.
V T
BeJIII'IIma CG 3aBHCHT OT Bll.na TOnJIHBa, YCJIOBHH, B KOTOpbIX npo-
TeKaeT npouecc, cnoc06a C}KliraHHH, KOIICTPYKiI,HH TonKH H T. .n. IlpII
paC'IeTaX BeJIH'IHHY CG no.n6Hp3IOT no COOTBeTCTBYIOIlJ,HM Ta6JIIIlJ,aM.
qeM MeHbwe K09cpcpHILHeHT H36bITKa B03.nyxa, TeM 3KOHOMH'lHee
npOTeKaer nponecc rOpeHH5J. 0.nH8KO npH CJIHlIJKOM MaJI01\1 K03qxpH-
UIIeHTe I136bJTKa B03lf.yxa rrpOHCXO.IJ:HT HenOJIHOe ropeHl-le TOTiJIIiB3, 06-
pa3yeTcfl OKliCb yrJIepOJI.a II nOHH}KaeTC5I K. n. 11. KOTeJIbHOH YCTaHoBKH.
144
BbIpa3HM COCTaB CYXHX ra30B B 06DeMHbIX e.n:HHHlJ,aX
V c . r = V e 0 2 + Veo+ V s o 2 + Vo. + V N2 M 3
( 16-15)
II B npOlJ,eHTaX
CO 2 +CO+S0 2 +0 2 +N 2 = 100%.
(16-16)
COCTaB CYXHX ra30B onpe.neJIHIOT npH60paMI1, KOTopble Ha3bIBaIOT
caa(JaHaUl3amopa,Hll. Ilpn 3TOM T xaTOMHble ra3b l (C0 2 H 80 2 ) !lQ:,.
r JIOlJlaIOTCH H_onpe.n:eJIHIOTC5J CYMMapHo n 0603I-IaqaIOTCH RO z , T. e.
R0 2 = CO 2 + S02' C YtIeTOM CKa3aHHoro, paBeHcTBa (16-15) 11 (16-16)
i\lO }KHO 3anHcaTb TaK:
V c . r =V R 0 2 +VCO +02+ N 2,
R0 2 +CO+0 2 +N 2 = 100%.
IlpH ra30BOM aHaJIH3e 06blQHO onpe}J.eJI5JIOT R0 2 , 0" II HHor.n:a CO.
(H H CH 4 onpe.n:eJIHIOT B CnelJ,IIaJIbHbIX C.'IYtIaHX.)
OpHeHTHpOBO'lHO nOJIHoTy croparm5J onpe.n:eJIHlOT no oKpacKe .nbl-
MOBblX ra30B. HenOJIHOe cropal-me .n8eT qepHbnI rycToH .nbIM. IlpII nOk
HOM CrOpaHI-IH TOnJIHBa 1-1 npn 60JIblIJOM H36bITKC B03,lT,yxa .n:blMOBble ra3bI
6eCIlBeTHbl. OHaKo .1JHlIJHHII B03.nyX, I-IarpeBaHcb B TonKe n BbIXO.nH C
npo.nYKTaMH ropeHHH, YHOCI-IT 3aTpaqeHHOe Ha ero HarpeB TenJIO.
nJIaMH npH 3TOM 6y.n:eT HpKO-6eJIbIM. IlpH 3KOHOMH'IHOM ro p eHHH nJIaM5J
.n0JI}KHO 6bITb COJIOMeHHO-}KeJITbIM a ,n: bIM CBeT - bIM. -
eM n e paT Y par 0 p e H H H Ton .II II B a. Tei\mepaTYPY,
.no KOTOPOH I-WrpeB3IOTCH npo.nyKTbI cropaHHH npH C}KHraHHH TOnJIIIB8,
Ha3bIBaIOT mCMl1cpamypoii eopCHWl II 0603HaQaIOT Tr. TaK KaK B peaJfb-
I1blX YC.1JOBHHX ropeHHe TOnJIMBa cOnpOBO}K.naeTCH nOTepHM II TeIIJIa,
TO .neHCTBHTe.JIbHa5J Tel\mepaTypa ropeHHH Bcer,n:a MeHbllie TeOpeTIIQe-
CKOrl, nOCKOJIbKY ropeHHe B H}eaJIbHbIX YC.'IOBI-IflX npOTeKaeT 6e3 Ten-
JIOBb:X nOTepb.
6 3aK. 56
145

BaPTCf! nO.ll.BP)xeHI-IhIM TenJIOJ\1 fWIJ TenJlOM yme ropHlnero TOn.IHma 11 pac-
Ka:!t'l!liOH 06MYPOBKH TonOllHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. 3aleM TOIIJII-!BO noJJ.-
C} LI'1J8aTCH, T. e. 113 Hero IlcnapHeTCH BJIara, !IOCJIe Ilero" Ha41IHaeT-
Ci B03roHKa - BbI,ll.eJIeHIJe JIeTYlIIJX BeIlWCTB 5 H KOKco06pa30BaIme.
rOpeHHe JIeTY411x SeLl{eCTB H KORea conpOBom.ll.aCTCH BbI,ll.CJIeIlI1eM
TerVIa IJ nOBblII]('}-meM JeJ\meparyphl 101I0'lHOrO npOCTpaHCTBa. Heo6-
XO.ll.IJMblH lVIH rOpeHI151 B03.l1.yX nocTynae-r !IO.ll. KOJIOCHHKOBYIO peWCTKY.
I1poTeKmJ 4epe3 ec OTBepCTIIH Ii lJepe3 1I0pHC-
-rylO WJIaI\OBYIO nO.ll.yum.y, OH lIarpCI3aeTCH.
OpIJ .lI.a.iIbHEHIlJeM n.BmKcmIIi B03Jlyx Bnpe-
II:JeT lIa CBoeM lIynl ('JIoif KOKca II TOIIJIHBi-L
IhaHMo.lJ.eHcTBYs:I C HH1\1E, OH npeBpallJ,aeTC51 B
nOTOK TonOllHLIX ra30B, cropalOW,lIX HaJl
(,Jloe1\1 TOl1JHIB8, 06pa3YH raK Ha3hmaeMoe
Ila.ll.CJIOHHOe nJIaMH. 3'10 06eCIIC 1 lIlBaeT 6hJCT-
poe BOCnJIaMenellne H YCTOHIJI-IBOe ropetme
SepXHI1X ero CJIOeB. 06pa3YlcLlUIecH npn
cropamIIi .lI.hlMOBhle ra3bl OT.lI.aJOT TelIJIO IIO-
BepxHocTHM HarpeBa KOTJIiJ II BbIXO}J,HT B
Tpy6y.
XapaKTeptIOH oc06emIocTblO CJIoenoro
npollecca C)!<IJramIH TOnJIHBa HB.JIHerCH He-
06XO.ll.HMOCTb YCTOlJIIHBOrO 3aJIeraHH5I ero
'WCTHU B c.'1oe. npn 310M lJaCTIJIlbl TOII-
JIIIB3, JIemalltHe H3 KOJIOCHIIKOBOH peweT-
!<e, II CKOpOCTb B03LIyxa, H36eraJOlI-LerO Ha
31 IJ lJaCTHUbl, .lI.OJI}j<Hhl 6bITb TaKIIMII, IJT06bl
He 6blJIO YHOC3 llaCTlIU 113 C.lJ051. OpH 60JIblUHX CKOpOCTHX .lI.BHme-
111151 D03n.yxa lIaCTHllhI TOI1JIHBa BhJJJ.YBaJ01C5I B03n.YXOI\I 113 C.'10H II, He
cropeB, YHOC5ITCH C .lI.hlMOBblMIJ ra3aMH.
npH CJIOeBOM C)KIJraHHH B TonKe BcerLIa HaXO.ll.HTCH 3Ha l IHTeJIhHhlH
3anac ropHUJ,ero TOIIJIIIBa, lITO C03.l1.aeT yc-roi:j:IJIIBOCTb ee pa60TbI H n03-
BOJIHeT npH H31\H:'HeHHII HarpY3IHI KOT.na perYJIIJpOBaTb pa60TY TonKH
CH3lJaJIa TOJIbl<O H3MeHeHHeM KOJIlI'leCTBa B03.l1.yxa, 1I0.ll.aBaeMOro B
CJIoi'I TOnJI11 Ba .
OpH '!)OK.efib/-liHl cIIoc06e cmlIraHII5I TOIIJJHBO H Hc06xon.UMb1H .lI.JIH
CTopmHfH B03.n.yx CneUHaJlbHblMI1 npl1cIIoc06.1eHHHMH 1I0)\aJOTCH B TO-
nOllHoe npCCTpaIICTBO.
<PaKeJlbHblI1 cI1oc06 CmHraHl-IH B OTJIJllme OT CJIOeBoro xapaKTepll3Y-
eTCH nenpepblBHbJM n.BmKEHHCM IJarTIJH TOnJIHBa BMeCTe C nOTOK01\1 B03-
Jlyxa H npO.ll.YKTaMH ('ropamIH (pHC. 17-2, a). 003TOMY TOIIJIHBO .lI.0J1)K-
HO 6hITb npeI3pallLE'HO B nblJJCBH.lI.Hoe COCTOHIIHe. Pa3Mep IIaCTHIl 3TOH
nblJII-! H:Mep5IeTCH MI1KpOH8MIl. B pe3yJIblaTe TaK0I1 o6pa6OTKH TOII-
JII1Ba C03.l1.aeTCH 60JlbllJ351 peanlpYlOllWH nOBepxHocTb conpHKocHoBe-
HI151 TOIJJlHSa C KHCJIOpOn.OM B03J1.yxa.
OpH tPctKe.T\bHOM C1KHraHlHI TOnJUlBa OTHOGIH'JIbH3H CKOpOCTb .lI.BH-
)!(eHI151 B03.l1.yxa (no 01 HoweHHlO 1< Ton.1IJBY) MaJIa 110 cpaBHt'HHIO co CJIoe-
B Ta6JI. 16-6 npHBe1J.CHbI 3HalJeHH5I TeOpeTIlIJeCKOH Tel'vrnep3lVpbI
ropeHIIH .lI.JI5I HeKoTopbIX BIJ.lI.OB TonJIHBa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT K03:ptpH aMeH-
T3 H36bITKa B03.l1.yxa* a.
T a 6 JJ H U a 16-5
Tf''1 °C npH
TOnJJHBO
 =1.0
,=1,3
a=I.:-J
 =2.0
AHTpaUH'f
5YPhlll yrOJJb .
Toplj.>. . . .
D.poBa
Ma3YT
CapaTOBCKHll fa3 .
1845
1')90
1)1O
1575
1740
1749
2270
187b
1700
lH55
2125
2000
1665
1425
170
1435
1580
1478
IOO
1150
lI10
II 65
1265
1167
r naB a XVII
TOnOI.fHblE YCTPOACTBA
.  1. OCHOBHblC nOHSiTHSi
Y CTpOHCTTOO, f}{e IIpOTeJ{aeT npouecc ropeHH5I TOIIJIHBa, HR3bIBafOT
mOflOllHbW ycmpollcmeOM (TonKoii). JII06YI0 IIpO,lbIWJJeHHYIO TonKV Mom-
O pacclaTpHBaTb KBK COIJeTa!IIle eOpeflO'iHOeO ycmpoucmca C mO;W4.Not1
/\QMepou. rOpeJIOIIHbie YCTpOHCTBa HenpepblBHO flO.ll.BO.ll.HT TOnJIHBO II
B03.l1.YX, He u 06 xo .ll.HMhiH .lI.JIH ropeHHH, H HHTeHCIIBHO nepeMeWHBalOT fiX.
B TOnOLJHOn KBMepe npOHCXO.ll.IJT cropaHHe C npeBpaIl{eI-IHeM XHMIILJeCKOH
3HeprIJH Ton,ll1Ba B TenJIOBYIO.
Opu KOHCTpYIJpOBaHJUI TonOK .lI.OJI}I(HbI 6bITb c06mon.eHhl cJ!enYlOlllHe
CCHOBHble YCJIOBH5I:
I. 3KOlIOMHIJHOe C)!mraHl1e Ton.1HBa, T. e. lJalI60JIee IIOJIHOe ero
cropaHlIe, IIPH MHHHl'vI3JIbHOM K03ClJtPlIlU1euTe n:(ibITKa B03.l1.yxa.
2. OpaBlfJIbHa5I OpraHll3aUHH .lI.BHmeHHH TOIIOllHblX ra'40B H B03ny-
xa B KOTJIOarperme.
3. MexaHH3aUIIH 11 aBTOMaTH3aUH5J Bcex Tpyn.oeMKIJX pa60T no 06-
CJIymHBaHHlo TonOK.
B cospeMeHHoH TOIIO'JHOH TCXHIlKe HCnOJIb3YloT B OCHOBHOM TPH cno-
c06a cmHalIlUI TOllJIIiBa - CJIOeBOH, cpaKeJlbHbIH IJ BI1XpeBOIf.
C:lOE'601l cfIoc06 - 3'1'0 OKHr3lIlle TOII.fJl1Ba CJIOeM Ha ClIeUlIa.JIbHOH
peweme, Ha3bIBaeMOH KOflOCHllK060U (pIIC. 17-l). Heo6xo.ll.HMblH JJ.JIH
Cml1raHHH TOIIJIHBa B03n.yX non.alOT IIO}J. peweTKY, KOTopaH 6bIBaeT
HenO.ll.BHmHOH H lIepe.ll.BHralOlll.elfcH. HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHI-JO Ha pe-
meTKe I B PC3YJIbTaTe crOpaUII5I TOnJIHBa 06pa3yeTcH IIOpHCT<lH no-
JJ.YlKa 2 U3 30JILI Ii WJlaKa. I-I a HeM paClIOJlaraeTc51 CJIOH ropmILero KOK-
ca 3, T. e. TOIIJIIIBa, H3 KOToporo yme ycneJll1 Bbl.ll.eJIHTbCH JIeTYIJne Be-
lll.eCTBa. Ha KOKC nO.ll.aeTCH CJIOli CBemero TOIIJII1Ba 4. 3n.ech OHO I1pcrpe-
_ * Yep II 0 B /'0,. 13. II np. On'OBbl TeOJJOTeXIHIIm H rH.!\paBJJIIKI1. !\i.-J1.,
113]\-60 «3HeprI!5D), 19G5, CTp. 208.
I
I
/ 146
147
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(JIJnvW'/f''A 5
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Pl!C. 17-1. CJJOeBOll cno-
c06 Cllil!raHH5I TOnJJIIBa
lIa KOJJOCHHKOBOll pe-
meTKe
o.

cnocoo CR<!J1'3 HIHI 06.n3)1.3eT 60.nbWeH YCTOH'lHBOCThlO, 'lel\1 <jJ3Ke.nblIb!l1,
H 1eHLWeH, 'lCM C.nOeBOH.
B 33BliCHl\10CTH OT CnOCa63 C}KHr3HHH Ton.nHBa TonKH JIe.nHTCH Ha
c.noeSLIe H KaMepHhIe. B c.noeBhJX TonK3X cropmme Ton.nHBa c.noeBoe,
a B KaMcpHblX -1JaKe.'1bHOe 11 BI1XpeBoe.
BhIM CR<H raImeM , BC.TIe)lCTBHe 'lcro OTB01l. npO.1I.YKTOB crop3HHH 11 Ten,lta
or 'l3CTHU T0I1J1HB3 ropa3.lJ.0 Me.JJ,JleHHee, LleM IIPB CJlOeBOM.
/KMlJ,Koe Ton.fU1BO nO'lTH He IlMeeT 6aJWacTa. Ero CR<HraIOT TOJlbKO
B BH)le <jJ3Ke.TIa. npB CR<Br3HIlIl ne06XO.1I.IlMO nOJlnoe paCI1bI.JIeHHe TOI1-
JlIlBa. npH nJlOXOM paCI1bIJ1eHHH B np0)lYKTax rOpeHH5I MOR<eT OKa3aTb-
CH 60.nhwoe KOJlH'leCTBO HecropeBwero 'lHCToro yr.nep0)1.a C, OKHCH
yr.nep01l.a CO H yrJlCBOJIOp01J;OB CmHm'
r a3000pa3IIOe TOI1J1HBO <jJ3KeJlOM CR<HraeTCH JIerLJe 11 JlY'lwe R<H}(KOrO
H TBep)1.0rO TOnJJHBa. Ho ero TaK R<e KaK H JJlO60e TOI1JJliBO HCOOXO)lliMO
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OcHOBHhl1\l 3JJeMeHTOM CJJOeBOH TonKB 5IBJJHeTCH KOJlOCHHKOBaH pe-
meTKa. aHa COCTOHT li3 OaJJOLJHhIX (pIlC. 17-3, a) IlJJH nJlHTO'lHbIX
(pIlC. 17-3, 6) KOJJOCHIlKOB 1:1 HBJJHeTCH onopoH )lJJH KycKoBoro TOI1.TII1Ba
BO BpeMfJ ero ropeHHH. DpocBeThI 1 MeR<1I.Y 6aJJO'lHhIMIl KOJJOCHHKaMII IlJJII
oTBepCTH5I 1 B n,IIIITOLJHhIX KOJJOCHIIKax npe)1.I-Ja3Ha'leHhI ;lI.JIH npox01l.a
B03)lyxa, He06x01l.IlMOrO .1I.JJ5I
ropeHH5I TOnJJHBa. KpoMe Toro,
'lepe3 HJ-\X npOBaJII1BaeTCH 30-
JJa H m,,13K B 30JlbHHK. CYMMY
nOnepe'lHbIX CeLJeIUIH Bcex npo-
CBeTOB HJJH OTBepCTHH KOJJOC-
HIIKOBOH peweTKH Ha3bIBaIOT
alCU6blM ce'/eNue,M, pcw.etnKll.
<l>oP!\W KOJIOCIUIKOB, HX TO.'1-
IlI.IIHa II R<HBOe Ce'leHHe peweT-
KII 3aBHCHT OT BH1I.a TOnJIIIB3
H OT neJIHLJIIHbI ero KYCKOB.
Dpl1 C>KHraJmJ-\ KpymJO-
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BbIX01l.0M JIeTY'lHX BeIlL€CTB
(.1I.pona, TOpq)) npHMeHHIOT 6a-
.nO'lHbIe KOJIOCIUlKOBbIe peweT-
KH. J1x R<IIBOe Ce'leHHe COCTaB-
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nOBepxHocTH peWeTKII. Dpl1
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MHOr030JlbHOrO TOI1JIHBa, C
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npHMep, aHTpalJ,H1), nOJIb3YIOTCH nJlHTO'lHbIMH KOJlOCHHKOBbIMII pe-
weTK3MJ1, }KHBOe Ce'leHHe KOTOpbIX COCTaBJIHeT 10--15%.
H3 pHC. 17-4 I1pe)lCTaBJIeHa npocTeHUlaH CJIOeBaH Tomm. TOI1JIJ1BO
'lepe3 3arpy30'lHYIO )1.BepKY 1 nepHo.1I.J14ecKH 3a6pacbIBaeTC5I Ha KOJlOC-
HHKOBYIO peWeTKY 2. B03)1.YX )1.JIH ropeHHH nOCTynaeT K CJIOIO TOnJIHBa
'-Jepe3 nOMYB3JIO 3 H KOJIOCHJ1KOBYIO peweTKY. DpH HarpeBaIIHH Ton-
.nHBO nO)lcywHB3eTC5I J1 H3 Hero Bbl)leJlHIOTCH JIeTY'lHe, KOTopbIe, CMe-
[IJJ1B3HCb C B03)lYXOM, cropalOT B TOnO'lHOM npoCTpaHcTBe 4.
CJIOeBbIe TonKH B 3aBHCIlMOCTH OT MeTO)1.a IIX 06CJlYR<f1BaHlI5I no1l.-
pa31IeJIHIOTC5I Ha TonKH C PY'lHbIM OOCJIY>KHBaHJ1eM, nOJIYMexaHH3Hpo-
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C 60JIbllIllM BbIX0.lJ.0M .JIeTY4I1x Bell{ecTB MOJKeT no.nBepraTbcH .lJ.OROJIbHO
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(JI.O 80% 06Iilero KOJlI1QeCTBa 30JIIoI B TOnJII1Be).
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9JIeKTpOCTaHUHH pa60TaeT Ha nIoIJIeBH.n:HOM TOnJIHBe.
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nO.IJ:cymlfBaeTcH H pa3MaJIIoIBaeTCH.
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MOBblMI1 ra3aMlI, ocelLaR Ha 1I0BepXIJOCl>1X IwrpeBa, YXY}-llllaIOT TeM ca-
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floro arperaTa ' -
. . 11 OpraHI130BBJI np0I13B01I.CTBO IWTJIOB co C60pKOll ')JIe-
jeHTOB HenocpelLcTBeHHo Ha MeCTe I1X YCTaHomm. KOTJIhI :noB CHCTeMI
113MeHeHIl5IMI1 11 nOCTeneHHbJ1\! cOBepllleHcTBoBaHHeM CT p OHJII1Ch lJe-
CKOJIbKO lLecHTKoB JIeT.
B J937 r. KOTt'JI CI1CTeMhl UIyxoBa 6blJl MOlLepHI1311pOBaH I1lDKen p -
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,pHC. 18-f). B 3TO1 KOTJIe BMeCTO npOlLOJIhHbIX 6apa6aHoB 6bJJl P CTa-
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T npKYJI5IIlI1H BOJIhl 11 napOB01I.51HOll Cl\1(CH B ropM30HTaJIbHO-BOlLO-
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nepaTYP 11 paCnJJaBJIeHHbIX WJIaKOB. Tpy6bI 3KpaHOB, BKJIIOqeHHbIe B
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9c!Jc!JeHTI1BHO BOCnpl1I1I1MaK1Il1.UMI1 Tel1JJO n.T!aMeHI1 TonKH.
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,ffmOIll.Hx TonKY, Jl..0 TeMnepaTypbI 3aCTbIRaHHH 30JJhI, qTO npeJl..oxpaHH.TIO
OT IUJiaKOpaHHH KOHBeKTHBHble nOBepxHocTH KOTJJOarperaTa.
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H5ITb B03J1.yxonOJl..OrpeBaTeJJH 11 BOJl..HHhIe 9KOHOMaH3epbJ, nOMew.aeMble
B KOHBeKTI1BHOH maXTe.
B HaCT05HlI,ee BpeMH BepTI-JKaJJbHO-BO.!l.OTpy6HhIe KOTJJhI HBJJHIOTCH
OCHOBHbIM Tl1nOM CTal(110HapHhIx KOTeJJbHblX YCTaHOBoK JIIo60H MOIll.-
HOCTI1. f1apaMeTphI KOTeJJbHbIX arperaToB, BhmycKaeMbIX B CCCP, onpe-
Jl..eJJHIOTCH rOCTOM.
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CpeJl..HeH naponpOH3BoJl..HTeJlhHOCTI1 (33,5 Kc/CCK) C Jl..aBJJeHl1eM napa
100 6ap Jj TeMnepaTypoi-i neperpeTOro napa 510° C.
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. (Jl.HaMeTp 1,5 .«) C OC06hJMH BblHOCHblMH II,HKJJOHaMI1 Jl..JIH OTlI.eJJeHHH
napa OT BOJl..bl.
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168
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PHC. 18-7. O.!tH06apa6aHHblll KOTJJOarperaT TIIna DK-19
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nOJJOllil'HHhiH B ropH30HTaJJbHOM ra30XO}IC, COeLl.HHSuolll.eM T?HKY C OH-
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4 nap HanpaB.J1f1eTCH nOTpeOIneJIIo. H3 KOJ1JJeKTOpe YClaHOBJJeHhl npc-
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169

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HarIleTaeMblll BeHTI1JIfiTOpOIvl, npoxolLHT 4epe3 B03JI.yxonO,LiOrpeB£lTeJ!h,
IlarpeBaeTcH 3a C4e'!' 1'enJIa IlblMOBbIX ra30B H HanpaBJI5!eTC5I !( TYP6y-
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KaMeph!.
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Ol\lblBaIOT Tpy6bl naponeperpeBBH'JIH, BolLHHoro 3KOHoMaI13epa H 1303JI.Y-
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C TOH TOJIbKO pa3HJilleli, 41'0 npouecc IlHPKYJIHllHH oCYUleCTBJIHeTCH npl1-
HY JU!TeJIbHO (Ul1p KY mUmOHl-lbJ'V! HaCCCOM).
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'1aC1'I1: BO,n:HHOH sKOHoMsH3ep 1, pSJI.HaUl1oHHYIO lIaCTb 2, I\OHBeKl HBHYIO
nepexolLIIYIO 30llY 'j 11 naponeperpf:'BaTeJIb 4. Bce 9TH 4aCTH CHCleMbl
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npSJMoTO'lHOrO KOTJJa
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B 30-x rOlLax Hamero CTOJICTH51 npocfJ. J1. K. PaM3HH C03lLaJI 0PH-
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H CJI.:1H B 3KCnJIyaTaumo. 9TOT
KOTeJI HMeJI naponpoH3BollH-
TeJIbHOCTh nOpHJI.Ka 55,0 f?lceK.
(200 mil{) C lLaBJIeHllel\1 napa
137 6Jp II TeMnepaTY pOH 500° C.
CxeMa np5Il\1010lHlOro KOTJIa
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npe,n:cnlBJleH3 Ha pHC. 18-10.
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'laCTI1 KOTJIOarperaTa. B HlllK-
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neHHH. Do l\lepe npOJI.BH)KeHHH
ee BBepx no Tpy6aM npoaecc na-
poo6pa30BaHI151 npo.lJ.OJIlKaeTcfl.
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nOJI01KeUHYIO B KOHseKTHBuoH maXTe. 3lLecb npoHcxolLHT Ol(H'laTeJlb.
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TervmepaTypa r330B 3lIecb HH)Ke, 4eM B TonKe K(JTJIa. D09TOMY nOHBJIeUHe
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lKeHHe CpeJI.bJ npOI1Cxo.lJ.HT TOJIhKO JIJ!lUb B BOJI.HHOM 9KouoMaH3epe H
naponeperpeBaTe.ne, TO B npHMOT04HbiX K01'JIaX npollecc napoo6pa30Ba-
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450--750" C.
170
171

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Bec no cpaBHeHHIO C 6apa6aHHbIM KOTJIOM, B03MOMHOCTb nOJIY4emm na-
pa BbICOKHX H cBepxBblcOKHX napaMeTpoB, 04eHb BhICOKYIO napOnpOII3-
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rpeBaTEJI5I C031IaeTCH HaIJ60JlbUlaH pa3HocTb TeMnepaTYP ra3a II na-
pa, a B HOlJlIC - HaIIMellbwaH. ECJIH npH 3TOM B naponeperpeBaTeJlb
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pa3lLeJiHIOT Ba palLl1aUHOHHble, KOHBCKTHBHbIe 11 CMewaHHble.
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H3JIY4eHIIeM. I(Ol-leCKmU8f-LblC naponeperpeBaTeJIH pa3MeI1l.aIOT B 30He KOB-
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KOTJIOarpeI'aTa.
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pa6OTaIOIl{IIX 3MeeBIIKOB, H3rOTOBJIeHHbIX H3 TPy6 lLHaMeTpoM 30-40 MM,
npHBapeHHbIx K KOJIJIeKl0pal\1. I1x pacnOJIaraIOT ropH30HTaJIbHO II
BepTHKaJIbHO (lJaIIJ.e BepTHKaJIbl-IO).
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BUX ra30B naponeperpeBaTeJIH nOlLpa3lLeJHllOT Ha npomU80mOIJ.f-LblC,
npJlMOmO'If-Lble II KOM6wUlpoeaw-lblc (pHC. 18-11).
B npoTHBoT04HbIX naponeperpemneJIHX (pHC. 18-11, a) nap, BCTY-
naR B nepBbIe (no xOlLY napa) BHTI\H Tpy6, Ba4HHaeT YMe neperpeBaTb-
CH. OOlLXOlLH K noc.1JeJIHHM BHTKaMH, OH npHHHMaeT n04TH KOHelJHYIO
TeMnepaTYPY neperpeBa. B 3TO BpeMH HapYMu3H nOBepxBocTb Tpy6
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TaKHM 06pa30M, nOBepxHocTb BarpeBa npoTHBoT04Horo naponepe-
rpeBaTe.1JH HCnOJIb3yeTcH C MaKCHMa,'IbUOH 9cpQ:JeKTHBHoCTblO. OlLHaKo OHH
MorYT 6WTb I1CnOJJb30BaHW )J,O TeMnepaTypbl neperpeBa napa nopHlLKa
172
//////////////// 7//./////////////
PHC. 18-11. CxeMa .llBlDKeHHSJ ra3a H napa B BepTHKaJJbHbIX
naponeperpeBaTenSJx
HeM COJIl1 6YJIYT OTl<JIa,1JbIB3TbCH B 1ex 'IaCTHX 3MeeBHKOB, KOTopb1e
060rpeB810TCH ra3aMH, HMeIOIl{HMH MaKCIIMaJlb!!YIO Tel\mepaTYPY, 4TO
IVImKeT nplIBeCTH K m'peMory Tpy6 naponeperpe3aTeJIH.
11 KOM6mmpOBmmblX napcmeperpeBaTeJ1HX (pHC. 1-11, e) ocymecT-
BJ1HIOTCfI IWMUHHalllH1, COCTOHUUle 1I3 npHMOTOKa H npOTIIB010Ka.
DpH 91'01\1 C03lLaIOTCH HaH60JIee 6JlarOnpHHTHbJe YC,JJOBHH Kal( 1IJ1fl oUec-
ne4eIUJ5J 60JJee H3lLe)[{HOH pa60TbI naponeperpeB3Tt:J1H, TaK H 1I.JIH onT/!-
MaJlbHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH TenJia ra30B. OpH 3TOM 06ecne41IBaeTCH HalI-
MeHbillaH BeJIH4HHa nOBepXHOCTH HarpeBa.
:3 K 0 II 0 M a H 3 e p bI. Ha3Ha4eHHt'Ivl 9KOHOl'vlmbepOB-BO)J,onOJ1.Orpe-
BaTeJJeH HBJIHeTCH nO)J,orpeB nHT3TE'JIbHOH BO)J,bl TellJIO"v1 OTXO)1.HIlHX H3
TonKH 1IblMOBbIX ra30B.
B KOTJIaX cpCi'JJ.Iwro II BblCOKoro JIaBJIeUI1H YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT CTaJIbHbIe
BOlLonolLorpCBa1eJUI (pHC. 18-12, a). !'Ix BblIlOJIHHIOT B BH:1e rOp1130H-
TaJIbHbIX 3MeeBlIKOB 113 Tpy6 2 ,I(HaMeTpoM 28-42 MM; B KOTJIaX HlB-
Horo lLaBJIE'mU! - 4yrYHI-fble (pHC. 18-12, 6), H3 OT)eJIbHbIX pe6-
pHCTblX Tpy6 2. OHraTe.1JbHaH BOlLa 4epe3 naTpy60K 1 nO)J,aeTCH B 91\0-
HOMaH3ep, Tpy6b] KOToporo OMblBaIOTCH ropH4HMH lLbIMOBbIMII ra3aMH.
OOlLorpeTaH BOlLa 4epe3 naTpy60I\ 3 nocTynaeT B HcnapHTeJlbHYIO 4aCTb
I\OTJIa.
BO,lI.ono,n:orpeBaTeJIII 6b1BaIOT KUI1JlUlll.e H l-le/(un51u(uc. B BeKHnHIlIHX
BOJIOnOJIOrpeBaTeJIHX BOJIa HarpeBaeTcH H3 30--50 0 HHMe TeMnepaTypbI
KHneHHH BO)J,bl B I<oTJIe. B KHnmUHX - 4aCTb BOll.bl (nOp5lJIKa 20%)
173

poo 4 R ropHOHTaJIbHOM
HanpaB.neHIlH H. OMblBaH
Hapy}!(lIble CTCHK 11 Tpy6
ceKLUhl / H / I B03lJ,YXO-
llon:orueBaTeJIf!, nOna.lLaeT
B fIepfIycKHOH Kopoa 2.
DOJI.orpeTbJll B03JlYX Ha-
n p aB,!1rI eTCH B ceR II HK) Ill, A r
OTJI.eJIefIHYIO fIeperopoJ-
KOH 3, a 3aTeM B BblXOlUIOIJ
Kop06li 11 .n.aJIee B TOfIKY.
 6. XapaKTepl1CTHKI1
KOTenbHoro arperaTa
T e fI JI 0 B 0 if 6 a-
n a H c. DocTYfIJIeHue
TeaJIa B KOTJIOarperaT
11 ero pacxo.lL .lLOJI}!(Hbl
6bITb ypaBlIOBemeHbl,
l' . e. C6aJIaHCHpOBallbI.
CocTaBHTb TefIJIOBOH 6£1-
JIaHC KOTeJIbHOrO arpera-
fa - 9TO 3Ha'IHT OTIpe.lLemITb fIOCTYfIJIeHHe 11 paCXOJI. Tel1JI3 fIO OT-
JJ.eJIbHblM CTaTbHM, HaHTU 1(. fI. JI.. KOTJIOarperaTa H OfIpe,n:CJIUTb
fIOTepu.
EellH B TOTIKY TIOCTYfIaeT TefIJ10 TOJlbKO B pe3YJIbTaTC CrOpaHI1H
TOTIJIHBa, TO paCfIOJ1araeMOe TefIJIO Q paSHO TeTIJIOTe cropaHHH TOI1JII1-
Ba Q p l' e Or = Q p KmlclKe
II' ..  P II .
O.lLHaKO KpOMe TCfIJIa 01' crOpaHI1H TOTIJIHBa B TonKY nOCTyna-
eT eUle .n.OTIOJIHI1TeJ1bHOe TaK Ba3bIBaCMOe qJU31l'IeCKOe TefIJIO. C Y'IerOM
91'01'0 TemIa BeJII1411HY paCfIOJIaraeMOro TonKOH TCnJIa QP MO}!(HO Bblpa-
P
311Tb ypaBHeHlleM fIpHxo.n. a
Q= Q+ Qr. B +Qr.T +Qn.l1.'
fJJ.e Q" - HH3111aH TefIJIOTa cropaHHH pa60Qero TOTImma;
Qr.B - cpH3WleCKoe TeTIJIO TIOJJ.orpeToro n031I.yxa, B.7JYBaCl\IOro B
TOfIKY lJ,JIH C}!(HraHHf! TOTIJIfma;
Qr.T -- cpH3114eClwe TefIJ10 fIO.lLOrpeToro TOfIJ1HEa, fIOCTYfIaIOUl('rO
B TOTIKY;
Qn./I. - cpH3H4eCKoe TefIJIO, fIOCTYfIaIOLIlee C fIapOBblM JIYTheM fIpH
CLKHrm-um Ma3VTa.
COBCpmemJO OqeBHIlHO, "41'0 He Bce TCIWO paCXO}l.yeTcH Ha oopa30Ba-
Ime napa. LJacTh ero npeJI.CTaBJIHeT c060H o6H3aTeJIbHble nOTepn ,rQHTbl-
Bas:! nOTepH TelIJIa B TonKe, ypaBHeHl-le pacxoJJ.a TenJIa MOJKHO npe;'-lCTa-
BI1Tb B TaKOM BH,ne:
fIpeBpaIlJ,aeTCH B nap. LJyrYHHble BOlIofIolIOrpeBaTeJIH BCer.lLa lIcnmoT
aeKHfIHIlJ,H!I1H. CTaJIbHble 6bIB31OT H KHTIHIlJ.l1e, II HeKHmUllHe.
,l:LJIH fIpe.lLOXpmleHHH BOllOTIOIIOrpCBaTe,lJeH OT 3aHoca 30JIOH HX
06,BalOT BO.lLHHblM napoM KOf.na.
, B 0 3 .lL Y x 0 fI 0 JI. 0 I' P e BaT e JI II. B03JI.YXOfIO)1.0rpeBaTeJII1 fIpe.lL-
Ha3HalJeHbl .lLJIH TIo,n:orpCBa B03)l:Y, x.a fIO,li.3BaeMoro B TOfIKY JI.JIH
OJ
2
Pile. 18-12. 3KOHOMalbepb!
ropemu-J TOI1JIHBa. DO.lLorpeB B03.lLyxa oCYUl,eCTBJIHeTCH TefIJIOM .lLbIMOBbIX
ra30B. B03;WXOTIO.lLOrpeBaTeJII1 6bIB31OT peKyneparnlim-lbLe H pe2eHe-
parnU8Hbie (CM.  2 I'll. 15). I1x H3rOTOBJIHIOT II3 CTaJIU HJIH H3 4yryna c
fIoBepxHocTblO HarpeBa, oopa30BaHI-IOli rnpy6a,fll (Tpy64aTble) l1JIH IlfUlC-
mliHOlflU (fIJ!acTHH'IaTble). CaMblMlI p.aCfIpocTpaHenHblMH S03.lLYXOfIO-
JI.OrpeBaTeJIHMII 5IBJIHIOTCH CTaJIbHblC Tpy6'wTbJe peKynepaTHBHble C
.lLHaMCTpoM Tpy6 25--50 JIM!.
Ha p11e. 18-13 fIOKa3aH rpy64aTblH B031IyxofIOJI.OrpeBaTeJlh. ,l:LbIMO-
I3ble ra3hl fIpOXO.lLflT BHYTpl1 BepUlKaJ1bHO YCTaHOBJleHHblx Tpy6 1 B03-
.lI.YX()fIo.lLOrpeBaTeJISI cBepxy BHH:-3. B03JI:YX noc-rynaeT BO BXOllBOH KO-
5
2
2
o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o 0 0 0 0 0 0
00000000
o 0 0 0 0 0 0
00000000
0000000
O_QOO
Pile. 18-13. Tpy6f.JaTbIH TpeXX0110BOII peKyrre-
paTIIBHbIii B03.llyxorro)J.orpeBa reJJb
174
Q == Ql +- Q2 + ()" +- Q4 1- Q5'
175
(a.)

rIte Q - npaxoJl Terma B Tom<y;
Q1 - TerIJlO, 3aTpa4CHHoe Wi OOpa30BaIme napa;
Q2 - nOTepH TenJIa C YXO,llJIIlI.HMH ra3aMH;
Q3 - nOTepH TenJIa 0'1' XI1MIJ4ecI<OH HenOJIHOTbI CrOpaHl1fl;
Q4 - nOTepH TenJI8 0'1' MeXaHI14eCKOH HenOJIHOTbI cropalUlH;
Q5 - nOTepH TenJIa 'lepe3 H30JIHlJ.111O.
KaK 6bIJIO Y}KC CKa3aHO, npl1xolL TenJIa B TonKY 11 ero pacxolL lL0J]}K-
HbI 6b1Tb C6aJIaHCHpOBaHbI, T. e.
OlLHaKO HI13KIlH 1<03<P1mllHf'HT If :J6hITK3 B03lLyxa npIlBOlJ,HT K nOTep e
TenJIa 0'1' xl1i\Ul4ecKoH HenOJIHOTbI cropaHHH Q3'
J],JJH HaIf60JIee 3KOHOMH4Horo OKH:raHlUI TOnJJlIBa npll 1I;OCTaT04HO
nOJJHOM ero CrOpmIHI1 peKoMeHIJ:ylOTcH CJIe.n.YlOlllIle BeJII1411HbI K03:PcP II-
UHeHTa 1l36bITKa B03.'lYxa.
TOnJIHBO
I K03<jJ<tJljl(HCHTI I
11301:.ITKB B03- 1
Ayxa a "
Ton.HHBO
I K03<jJ<jJHl(H"HT
H36b1TKa 803-
Jlyxa "
Q=Q.
(6)
CpaBI!HBaH paBeHCTBa (a) 11 (6), MOJKHO H3nncaTb ypaBHeJH:Ie Ten-
J10Boro 6aJIaHC8
ra30Boe
YrOJIbHaH nblJJb 11 Ma-
3YT . . . . . . . . . .
1,05-1,15
1,15-1,25
CJJOeBOe CJKIIraHIIe pa3-
IIblX yrJJeH ......
1,25-1,35
Q = Ql + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5'
'l'jK. a = q1 % = 100% -(q2+q3 + q4 + q5)%'
(B)
IlOTepH TenJIa qs 0'1' XI1MHtIeCKOH HenOJIHOTbI cropaHlIH npOI1CXO-
1I;I1T 0'1' 061llero He,n:OCTaTKa B03.lI.yxa B TonKe HJIIf 0'1' MeCTHoro He,n:OCTaT-
Ka B03lLyxa BCJIelLCTBl1e nJIOXoro nepeMellll1BaHI1H TOnJIJIBa C B03,n:YXOM.
IloTepH TenJIa q4 OT MeXaHl-I'lecKoH HenOJJHOTbI CrOpaHI1H 3aBIICI1T OT
KOJII14ecTBa HecrOpeBWI1X 4aCTUU TOnJIHB3, BbIOpOWeHHbIX 113 KOTJIOarpe-
raTa C 30JIOM If WJI3KOM, B pe3YJIbTaTe npOBaJIa 4epes OTBepCTI1H KOJIOC-
HI1KOBbIX peWeTOK If C lLbIMOBbIMIf ra3aMI1.
CYMMapuaH BeJIU'lHUa nOTepb q3 + q4 npli CJKnraHI1U meplLoro
TOnJIHS8 B KaMepUOM TanKe COCTaBJIHCT 1-7%. IlpH CJKHraJII1H Ma.
3YTa Ii ra3a nOTepH OT XI1MI14ecKoro HelJ.OJKOra coctaBJIHeT COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO 1-1,5 % 11 0,5-3 % npli OTCYTCTBI1If MeXaHI1'leCKOrO HelLOJKora.
B CJIOeBbIX llie TonKax nOTepl1 0'1' XI1MI1'lecKOH 11 MeXaHI1'IecKoH HenOJI-
HOTb! CrOpaHI1H COCTaBJIHlOT 6-14 % .
IloTepu Tel1.'Ja q5 'lepe3 H30JIHllrlIO npol1CXOlLHT 3a C'leT KOHBeKUli11
H H3JJY'IeHlHI TenJJa 4epC3 CTeHKI1 TonKlI H 3aBHCHT OT TenJJOBOM lI30-
JIHUI1H CTeHOK. 9TH nOTepl1 TaK>Ke He3Ha'lIfTe,lJbHbI H lLJIH COBpeMeHHblX
Kpymlblx KOTeJlbHbIX arperaToB onpe,n:eJIHlOTCH BeJJH'IHHOlI nopHlLKa
0,5-1,3%.lI.JJH MeJlKHX KOTJIOB 3TH nOTepH lLOXO,n:HT lLO 3,5% li Bblwe.
VI C n 0 JJ b 3 0 B a U Hoe Ten JJ o. YpaBUeHl1e TeUJIOBoro 6aJJaI!-
ca MOJKeT 6b!Tb BblpallieIlO B nponeHTax OT HH31lJeil TenJJOTbl cropaHl:1H
pa60'lero TOnJII1Ba Q:
qI +q2+q3+ q4+q5 = 100%,
rlLe
ql = 100 -; q2 = 100  I:I T. lL.
Q Q
CTeneHb IfcnOJIb30SaHHH TenJIa, nOJJYlleHHoro B TOlIKe npH crop8mm
TOnJII:IBa, onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH K. H. lI.. KOTeJlbHOrO 8rperanJ
COBpeMeHHble KOTeJIbHble arperaTbl pa60TalOT C 1ka = 85-;-94%
(6e3 Y'leTa 3al'paT ::JHepnm Ha COOCTBeHHble HY}KlLbI).
VI" ypaBHeHHH (B) BH.lI.HO, 'lTO C YMeHbUJeHl1eM nOTcpb TenJIa YBe-
JII141iBaeTCH K. n. lL. KOTe.JlbHoro arper8T8.
I1 0 'I' e p liTe n JI a. nOTepH TenJla C yXOlLHIH1\UI ra3aMI1 q2 m.lJ1H-
eTCH caMoH 60JIbUJoH nOTepeH 11 3aBI1CIfT rJI8BHbIM 06p830M 01' Tel\lIIe-
paTypbI YXOlLHUl,lIX ra30B 11 0'1' K03:pqJHlilIeHTa I:I36hlTK8 B03lLyxa. LIeM
BLlme TeMnep8Typa YXOlLHLU,I1X lLblMOBbIX ra3013, TeM oOJ1blUe nOTCp!1
TcnJIa. B HaCTOHIee BpeMH npl:! npoeKTHpOBaHI1H KOTeJIbHblX YCT?HO-
BOK paC'leTJIYlO BeJII1'lI1HY TeMnepaTYP yxoJmu.l:!x lLbIMOBblX ra30B npll-
HIlMa/OT paBHoM 120-170° C. B I3blcoKonpOH3BOlLI:ITeJIblibIX arpcra-
Tax nOTepH TenJIa C yxolLmUHl\m ra3aMH q2 COCT8BJUleT 3-7%. B KOTJIaX,
He cr-Ia6llieHHbIX BOlLO- H B03lLyxonOlLorpeB8TeJ!HMI:!, q2 lLOXO.lI.HT lLO
20-30% .
IlOTepH TenJIa C YXOlLHIUHMH ra3aI\'IlI lIaXO.lI.HTC5! B npm,mil 3aBI1CI:Il\'1OC-
'1'11 0'1' K03q)(jJH[lf:!eHTa 1I36hlTKa B03lwxa :x. l{eM 60.TJbIIIC nocTyn:1.CT 1303-
lLYX8 B TonKY, TPM 60,!lbIlJe 061)e1 y XOlLHIJl,HX ra30B liTeM 6o.T!hUle TellJ1a
OHI1 YHOCHT 113 IQUI<II.
r naB a XIX
JlCnOMOr A TEnbHblE YCTPOJIICTBA
t 1. TJlro,qYTbeSble YCTpoCTBa
K lLYTbeBblM YCTpOHCTBaM OTHOCHT Bce BlilLbI BeHTHJIHTOpOB, npHMe-
HHeMble ]l.TIH no,n:a'lIJ B03lLyX8 11 ra3a B TonKY, I< CliCTeMe nbIJIenpl1rOTOB-
JIeHI1H 11 K lLPYfHM Y'laCTKaM KOTJIOarperaTa.
K THrOBbJM YCTpoikTB8M OTHOC5IT C8MH ra30xo,n:hl KOTJIOarperaTOB
C pery JlI:IpYlOlI1MH 38lLBmKKaMI1, lLbIMOBYIO Tpy6y, C03,n:alOllI.YIo. eCTeCT-
BellHYlO THry, 11 BeHTI1JIHTOpLI (JJ.hIMOCOChl), C03]lalOllllIe HCKYCCTBemlYIO
THry.
176
7 3aR. 56
177

.-..'f ;,,';'--v. "
EneCTBeHHaH Tflra OCilOBaHa Ha nplIH!ume pa3HOCTerr nJIOTHOCTE'H
rOp5J 1 lHX lLbIMOBhlX ra30B, Il3XOlL51Il(I1XCH B Tpy6e, H xOJlo:umro aTMOC-
.cpepHoro B03lLyxa. KOre.!1bHYIO YCTaHOBKY MO.lJ<HO paCCMaTpUBaTb KaK
C006lllaJOU(IIi-iCH COCYl{, O)],HO }<OJle-
lIO KOToporo 3anOJlHeHO ropmlIIM
 ra30M, a )lpyroe - XOJlOl{HhIM
B03ltYXOM (pH(. 19-1). rOpflIlIIe
ra3hl, IIMeH ME'HbllIYIO nJlOTHOCT!>,
nO.lLIIliI\HlIOTC5J BBepx 1:1 RhIXOlJ,HT
11'3 Tpy6b1, a XOJIO,n:Hbli-i HapY}J<-
Hblll B03l{YX C oO.'1bllIell nJlOTIIOCTblO
BT5IrUBaeTCfI B TonKY H 3anOJIlUIeT
oCB06o.'lHBllIeecH npoCTpaHcTBo. Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, C03lLaeTCH HenpepblB-
Hoe JJ.BIDKeI-lI1e B03,n:yxa, nOCTynalO-
 mero B TonKY H BbIXOlLHllI.ero H3 nee.
B COBpeMeHHhlX CpelLHliX H OCo-
6emw B KpynHhlx KOTeJlbHblX YCTa-
HOBKax 3Ha 1 IHTeJIbHO BhlpOCJIa CYM-
MapH3H nOBepXIIOCTb HarpeBa. J{bI-
:\lOBbIe ra3b!, nepeMeIIJ.3HCb no ra30-
BOMY TpaKTY KOTJlOarperaTa, BCTpe-
11310T Ha CBoeM nYTH 60JIbIIlI:le rI:l,n:-
paBJlI:I1J.eCIme COnpOTJlBJleHHfI, KO-
TOphle He MorYT 6blTb npeOlLOJIeHhl
eCTeCTBeHIIOll THrOll. B 9TI:IX CJIY1/aHX
I1e06XOlLI:IMO C03lLaBaTb .l!.onOJIHH-
TeJIhHYIO HCKYCCTBeHHYIO THry. ne-
pe.'1 lLb/1\I0BOll TPy60H YCTaI-JaBJlI:ISaIOT IJ.bIMOCOC, KOTOphIll BhICaChIBaeT
3 KOTJlOarpf'raTa ropH1J.He ra3bl I:I npHHYlLHTeJlbHO nporOHHeT HX 1J.epe3
l{bII\IOBYIO Tpy6y B 3TMoccpepy.

 cn ______
II
Ir
II
"

Pile. 19-1. CxeIVI8 llellcTBHH eCTe-
cTBeHllOll THrII:
p u . n -J1anJJeHlIe cToJJ6a HapY>KHOrO B03-
J1yxa HII>Ke ypOBIIS! YCTb>! Tpy6b1; P n -
J1a BJJeH He B03J1yxa J10 YPOBIIS! YCTbS!
TPy6bI; P r . r -J1aBJJeHHe cToJJ6a ropS!QHX
ra3QB
 2. WnaKO- H 30nOYAanS1IOHe YCTpOHCTBa
B C.1JOeBhIX TonKax 70-80% 30Jlbl, 06pa30BaBlllellCH nOCJIe crop a-
HBH TOnJIlIBa, OCTaeTCH BHYTpl1 TonKH Ha pellIeTKe H B llIJlaKOBOM 6VH-
Kepe, a 20-30% YHOCBTC5I B aTMoc<pepy C l{hI:'vIOBbIMH ra3aMB. B "i<a-
MepHblX TonKax, Ha060pOT, 60JlblllaH 1J.aCTb 30JIhl, lLO 90%, YHOCHTCH C
){bIMOBhlMH ra3aMH Qepe3 Tpy6y B aTl\lOCCpcPY. OCTa.JIbHaH 1J.aCTb 30Jlbl
npeBpmLlaeTcH B I1lJlaJ< H nalLaeT B 6YHKepa, paCnOJIO.lKeHHble nOil TOII-
KOM. 30,l1a H lllJlaK CliCTeMaTHQecKH Yl{3JIHIOTCH 113 KOTeJlbHOll.
Ha He60JlhUlHX KOTeJIbHblX YCTaHOBKax, r.n:e BhIXOJJ: 30J1bI H llIJ1aKa
He npeBblllIaeT 0,75 KclceK (2,5 mitt), 30JIY 1J.aULe Bcem YlLaJlHIOT Baro-
HeTKaMJJ. Ha CpelLHHX YCTaHoBKax C ELIXOlLOM 30JIhI l{O 5,5 Kclce'c
(20 mitt) npHJ\femnOT 30JI0y.1.aJIeHlie C HCnOJlb30BaHI-IeM MexaHII4ecKoro
H nHeBl\IaTHIleCKoro TpaHcnolna. Ha KpynHblx YCTaHOBKax 30JIoyn,aJIe-
"me npoli3BolLHT nHeBMOfHlLpaBJlH1J.eCKJlM H rl1lLpaUJlHIleCKJlM cnoco6aMH.
t78
 3. 3()ncynaBn"BalO..e YCTPOHCTBCI
BOJIee CJIOlKHO YlLaJleHl1t 30Jlbl, BhI6pacblBaeMoi'! C lLblMOBblMH I 33a-
Mil B aTMoccpepy. O'leHb TOHKafJ JleTY1J.3H 30JI3 3acopHeT OKPYlKaIOllI.YIO
MeCTHOCTb, BpelLHO lLei'ICTBYfl Ha lKHBble OpraHI13MbI H paCTeHHH. no
C3HJlTapHblM HopMaM cpelLHeCYT04Ha5J KOHUe1iTpaILmJ 30Jlhl B 30He .llbI-
xaHIiH .llOnYCI<aeTCH He CBblUIe 0,15 McIM 3 . KpoMe Toro, 30Jla,06J1alLa5J
a6pa311BHblMH CBollCTBaMI1. 6bICTpO H3HallIHBaeT lLbIMOCOCbl. n03TOMY
t BblXOtJ ,({3D
8xotJ
W.JO
2
1
tI) BblXOD e0306
Ij
,
A-A
2
PIIC. 19-2. CxeMbl HHepI!ilOHHbIX 30JJOYJJOBlI-
TeJIell
npH dKHraHHI1TBeplLoro TOnJIHBa Ha BceM npOTHlKeHHH ra30npOBoa
KOTJIOarperaTa oOH3aTeJlbHO YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT 30JIoYJIaBJlI1BaIOLQHe YCT-
poi-icTBa.
no caHHTapHblM I-fOpMaM npoeKTHpOBaHI1H npOMblIllJleHHblX npe.llnpHH-
THH H 9JIeKlpOCTaHUHll ]J,hIMOBbIC Tpy6bl lLOJllKHbI 6b1Tb lLOCTaT01J.HO Bhl-
COKI1Mf!o' 3T0 He06xo.llHMO A.1H Toro, 1J.T06bl 30Jla, He 3alJ.eplKaHHaH SOJlO-
YJlaBJlHBaIOllI.HM YCTPOllCTROM, nOltHHJlaCb C IlblMOBblMH ra3aMH B Bepx-
HHe ('JlOM aTMoccpephl, rlLe CKOpOCTb .llBHlKeHH5I B03lLyxa 60JIbme, 1J.eM B
Hl1lKHHX. Ha 60JJblllOll BhICOTe 30Jla pa3BeHBaeTcH, nepeMf'IllHhaeTcH C
60JIbllIliM KOJIH1J.ecTBOM B03lLyxa H B03BpamaeTcH B HHlKHl1e CJJ6M aT-
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179
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Mer.u:eHbI BnycKHoH 4 I1 BbmycKHoH 3 KnanaHbl H CBella llnH 3aLKHraHHH
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B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tuna J(BuraTe,,1H. B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHOe J(BHLKe-
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pa3yeTcH BO Bpar.u:aTeJIbHOe llBHLKeHHe KO,,1eHllaToro Bana 5.
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189

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paCCT05IHHe ero OT OCI-J BaJIa - MaKCHMaJIbHoe. H UJlCHfl5l .Mepm(jUfl
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npH KaropOM paCCTOHHIfe ero OT OCH BaJIa - MHHHMaJIbHoe. LlJIH 11.BH-
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nO.TJOmeHHH noplllHH COOTBeTCTBelfHO Ha3blBaIOT: /le80l1 .Mepm{JO'i mOIl-
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(f1M1').
f1YTb, COBepllleHHblii noplilHeM OT 011.-
Hoii MepTBoii T04KI1 K 11.pyroii, Ha3bIBaIOT
XOaOM nOpUlH5l If 0603Ha4alO1' 6YKBOii S.
f1epe M erueHHe nopIllHH H3 OJJ.HOro Kpaii-
Hero nOJIOR<eHHH B JJ.pyroe Ha3b1BaIOT
mUKnLOM.
06'beM, onHCblBaeMblii nopIllHeM 33
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l{U/lllHopa II 0603Ha4arOT 6YKBOii V h .
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BM1', Ha3bIBaIOT 06'beMo.M KaMepbl ceopa-
HU5l HJIH Ka.Mepbl cJICamU5l H 0603Ha4alOT
6YKBOii V c '
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BHYTpeHHero cropaHRH OO'beMOM OOHoeo ltU/lUHOpa
Va = V h + V c '
OTHOIlleHHe nOJIHoro 06'beMa K 06'beMY KaMeph( CrOpaHHH Ha3hIBaIOT
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OKHraHHIO TOnJIIIBa npH MHHHMaJIhHOM H36hlTKe B03JJ.yxa.
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l\lelllaHO C B03JJ.YXOM, TeM nOJIHee npOIlCXO.n;HT croparme npH MeHbIlleM
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60JIhIllee KOJIH4eCTBO TOnJIHBa, 4TO nOBblCHT MOIll.HOCTh .n;BHraTeJlfl.
CMeCh B03.n;yxa C TOllJIHBOM, npHrOTOBJIeHHYIO JJ.JIH CLKHraHHfI ee
B JJ.BHraTeJIe, Ha3hIBaIOT pa60'ieii C,MCCblO.
CYIll.ecrnYeT JJ.Ba cnoco6a cMeceo6pa30BaHHH: BHeUJHee H BHYTpeH-
Hee.
B aeUeameJl5lX C 8l-telliHUM cMeceo6pa308L1J-IllC.M npHrOTOBJleHHe CBC}Kell
CMeCH npOH3BOJJ.HTCH B CMeCHTeJIe. rOTOBa}l.ll.JIH rOpeHHfI CMeCb no.n;aCTCH
190
B llHJIIlHJlp. 3a>KHraHHe C!\teCH B UHJIHH.n;pe IIpOH3BO.n;HTCH npHHy.n;HTeJIb-
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Kap61OpaTOpHble .n;BIIraTeJIH pa60TalOT Ha JIerK01\1 >KH.n;OM TOIIJIHBe.
Pa60llaH c!\teCh npHrOTOBJIHeTCH B CneUHaJIbHOM YCTpOHCTBe - Kap-
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BaHHH Tonmma cTPyeii B03.n;yxa, npareKalOIUeH C 60JIbIllOii CKOpOCTblO.
Ha pHC. 20-2 npellCT3B.TJeHa 9Jle1\1eHTapHaH cxeMa Kap61OpaTOpHoro
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no KOTOPOMY TOnJIHBO nocTynaeT B KaMepy.
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xa nal13eT, a CKOpOCTb B03pacTaeT. f1pH 9TOM C03.n;aL'TCH pa3pemeHHe,
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CTlIllbI. l' OnJIHBO B cMeCHTeJIbHOii KaMepe 7 Hcna p}leTCH, CMeIllHBaeTCH
C B03.n;YXOM, o6pa3YH roplO4YlO CMeCh, KOTopaH nocTynaeT B UHJIHJJ.P
.n;BHrareJIH 4epe3 BnycKHoii KJlanaH. !<OJIH4ecrBo u CMeCH, nOJJ.aBaeMOH B
LlHJIHH.n;p, perYJIHpyeTcH .n;pocCeJlbHOH 3aCJIOHK?,H, a KOJm4eTBo B03.n;y-
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3aCJIOHKaMH 3. OpH BH>KeHHH IIOpUJHH 9 BHH3 B llHJIHH)IP 8 lIepe3
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HTCH B aTMocepy.
B 08Wame/le C 8HympeHHuM cMeceo6pa308a1iueM TOnJIHBO H B03YX
B pa601IHH UHJIHH)IP nO)IaIOTCH pa3eJIbHO. BHYTPH llHm1Hpa OHH CMC-
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H BHraTeJIH HH3Koro C>K:3THH  npHHY)llITeJIbHbIM 3a>KHr3HHeM.
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pOH Y KpbIillKH 5 UHJIHH)Ipa C>KHMaeT B03)IYX 11.0 BblCOKoro )IaBJIeHHH Ii
BbICOI{OH -reMnepaTypbI, npH KOTOpbIX BBeeHHoe B UHJIHH)IP TOnJIHBO
MO>KeT caMOBOCnJIaMeHHTbCH.
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BaeTCH MeJIKO paCnhJJIeHHOe >KH)lKoe TOIIJIHBO. OHO nepeMeillHBaeTcH C
paCKaJIeHHbIM B03YXOM, HaXOHllI.HMCH B KaMepe C>KaTHH, H BOcnJIaMe-
HHeTCH.
B UHJIHHJIP 4 )IBHra1eJIH HU3KOcO C:JICa1nWl (pHC. 20-5), TaK >Ke KaK Ii
B UHJIHHp )IBHraTeJIH BbICOKoro C>KaTHH, noaeTCH lIHCThIH BOJ)IYX H3
192
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npH (<OTOpOM BBellE'HHOe B llHJIIIHJIp TOnJlHBO He 1\10>Ke1 BOCnJIaME'HI11bCSl.
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nepe)I nycKoM BHrafeJlH pa30rpeBalOT
naHJIbHOH JIaMnOH )IO TeMnepaTypbI 500-
550@ C. Bo BpeMH pa60ThI 11.BHraTeJlH
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CH B 9THX >Ke npeeJIax. B6JIH3H BMT
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6YIOT TOHKoro paCnhIJIHBaHHH 10nJllma, 3aIOpHo0 .!!BEraTeJJH
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paHHH )IeJlHT Ha Ba OCHOBHhlX KJIaCca: lIeTblpexTaKTHHe, B KOTOphlX pa-
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co06LllaeTcH C aT!\fOccpepoH. TaK KaK )J,aBJ1eHHe BHYTPH llHJ1HH)J,pa BhIIlJe
aTMoclfJepHoro, TO OCHOBHaH !vIacca OTpa60TaBlllero ra3a 'lepe3 OTKphlThIll
KJ1anaH BbI6paCbIBaeTCH H3 llI-lJ1HH)J,pa B aTMoclfJepy, T. e. npOHCXOHT
BbIXJ10n. TIpu )J,BHmeHHI-I nOpIlJHH OT HMT O BMT OCTaBWHeCH npo-
)J,YKThI cropaHHH BhlTaJ1KHBalOTCH I-I3 llUJ1HH)J,pa B aT!vIoccpepy. TIoCJ1e
3Toro onHTb Ha'-JHHaeTCH BcaChlBaHHe I-I llHKJI nOBTopHeTCH.
Jl B Y X T a K T H bI e  B H I' aTe J1 H. PaCC!vIOTpHM pa60'-JI-IH llHKJI
ByxTaKTHoro )J,BHraTeJ1H C BHeWHH!vI C!vIeCe06pa30BaHue!vl* (pHC. 20-7).
;:I,onYC'fHM, '-JTO B n0J10meHHH I TOJ1bKO '-JTO npOH30IlJJ10 BOCIIJ1aMeHeHHe
pa60'leii CMeCI-I.
* Ha pHC. 20-7 cxeMa cMece06pa30BaHHH H npOJlYBO'lHOrO Hacoca He no-
Ka3aHa.
194
J
2
1
6
J-
,'1. I
\ - -1-
\ I / \
......+/ ......
1
Jl
IY
Puc. 20-7. CxeMa pa60TbI .!tByxTaKTHoro .!tBII-
raTeJJH
195

II ,n:BYXTaKTHL!X ,n:BHraTeJlei-i, MO>KHO OTMeTHTL CJIellYlOIIJ:He npe-
HMyIIJ:eCTBa lllJYXTaKTHLIX ,n:BHraTCJIeH.
1. 0 pH O,n:HHaKOBbIX lIHCJIaX 060pOTOB BaJIa H paBHblX pa3Mepax
LLHJIHH,n:pOB ,n:BYXTaKTHblH llBHraTeJIb pa3BHBaeT B 1,5-1,7 pa3a 60JIb-
IllYlO MOIIJ:HOCTb. 3TO 06'bHCHHeTcH TeM, lITO pa60lIHH LlHKJI B ,n:BYXTaKT-
HOM ,n:BHraTeJIe conepillaeTCH 3a O,n:HH 060POT BaJIa, a B lIelblpeXTaKT-
HOM - 3a ,n:na. OpH T3Kl1X YCJIOBHHX CJIe,n:OB3JIO 6bl O>K!111aTb, lITO llBYX-
TaKTHblH ,n:BIlraTeJIb ,n:OJI>KeH pa3BHBaTb B ,n:Ba pa3a OOJlbillYlO MOIIJ:HOCTb.
O,n:HaKO 3a ClIeT H3JIHlIHH npo,n:YBOlIHbIX H BbIXJIOnHblX OKOH B LLHJIHH,n:pe
,n:ByXT3KTHOro ,n:BHrareJIH Tep}leTC}l lIaCTb paoolIero xOlla rroplllHH. KpoMe
Toro, lIaCTb MCIIJ:HOI..'1H, Bblpao8TbIBaervioH llBHrmeJIeM, 3aTpalIHBaeTcH
Ha pa60TY npollYBolIHoro Hacoca. 00310MY cpaKTHlIecKH MOIIJ:HOCTb
,n:ByxTaKTHoro llBHraTeJIH, rrpH rrpolIHx paBHblx YCJ10BHHX, He MO>KeT
6bITb B llBa pa3a 60JILI1Ie lIeTblpexTaKTHoro.
2. LlByxTaKTHbIH llBHraTeJIb OOJIallaeT 60JIbUJeH paBHOMepHOCTblO
xo,n:a, 'leM yeTLlpeXTaI{THblii, TaK KaK Y Hero pa60lIIlH XOJI. COBepillaeTC5I
3a K8>K.n;blii 060POT BaJIa, a B lIerblpexTaKTHoM - 3a ILBa ooopOTa.
3. KOHCTpYKLLHH ,n:ByxTaKTHoro .n;BI1raTeJHJ 3Ha(lHTeJIbHO nporue,
lIeM 'lelblpexTaKTHoro, B CBH3H C OTCYTcTBHeM BnycKHblX H BbmycKHLlX
KJIarraHOB, a TaK>KC pacnpe,n:eJIHTeJIbHOrO MexaHH3Ma llJIH HX 3aKpbIBa-
HHH H oTKpblBalIHH.
K He.n;OCTaTKaM ,n:ByxTaKTHbIx ,n:BHraTeJIeH OTHOCHT:
1. OOBbIIlleHHbIH y.n;eJIbHbIH pacxo,n: TOrrJIHBa. 310 06'bHCHHCTCH
TeM, lITO np H rrpOJIYBKe LLHJIHHJIpa qaCTb CMeCH, a BMeCTe C Hei-i II lIaCTb
TOnJIHBa Tep}leTcH.
2. OrpaHHlIeHHYlO 6bICTpOXO.n;HOCTb. C rrOBbIIlleHHeM lIHCJIa ooopo-
TOB pa60Ta .n;ByxTaKTHoro .n;BHraTeJIH yxy,n:rnaeTcH. 310 06'bHCHHeTCH
TeM, lITO OlIrrCTKa IllfJIHH.n;pa OT rrpOLLYKTOB ropeHHH H 3anOJIHeHHe
ero CBe>KeH CMeCblO npOHcxo.n;HT B TelIeHHe JIHillb 1/3 060pOTa BaJIa. B
lIeTblpexTaKTHblx >Ke .n;BHraTeJIHX 9TH rrpoueCCbI (BcaCbIBaHHe H BbITaJI-
KHBaHHe) OCYIIJ:eCTBJIHlOTCH 3a OJIHH OOOpOT BaJIa. 003TOMY B .n;BYXTaKT-
HbIX .n;BHraTeJI}lX npH OOJIbUJOM lIHCJIC 060pOTOB He ycneBaeT npOH30HTH
xopornaH OlIHCTKa H HarrOJIHeHHe LLHJIHH.n;pa. BCJIeJICTBHe 9Toro MOlll.-
HOCTb .n;BHraTeJIH na.n;aeT.
lIBYXTaKTHbIe iJeU?amcJlu 60JlbUIOli .MOU{HOCmll (,n:H3eJIH) lIaCTO
rrpHMeHHlOT Ha TpaHcrropTe .n;JIH MOpCKHX Cy.n;OB, TenJIOB030B H no.n;BO.n;:
HbIX JIO,n:OK. 00 cpaBHeHHlO C lIeTblpeXTaKTHbIMH OHH HMelOT MeHbIllHH
Bec H ra6apHTbI, lITO ocooeHHO Ba>KHO .n;JIH TpaHcrropTHbIX .n;BHraTeJIeH.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCJIOBHH Ha TpaHcnopTe HaXOllHT npHMeHeHHe
TaK>Ke H lICTbIpeXTaKTHbIe .n;H3eJIH.
KapOlOpaTopHble H ra30BbIe JIBHraTeJIH C BHernHHM cMece06pa30Ba-
HHeM .n;eJIalOT, KaK npaBHJIO, If.CmblpCxmaKmHblMU llJIH 3KOHOMHH Ton-
JIHBa.
Bce aBH31llfOHHble .n;BHraTeJIH rrOlITH Bcer.n;a 'iemblpeXmaKmHbte,
TaK KaK npH OOJIbIlJOM IlHCJIe 060pOTOB OHH KOMnaKTHee H JIerIle
.n;BYXTaKTHbIX.
196
t 4. ....AeanbHble 4HKnbi ABHraTeneH BHYTpeHHero cropaHHSI
KaK H3BeCTHO, H,n:eaJIbHbIM LLHKJIOM CHJIOBOH YCTaHoBKH HBJIHeTCH
LLHKJI KapHo, COCTaBJIeHHbIH H3 06paTHMblx TepMo.n;HHaMHlIecKHx npo-
lleCCOB.
MO>KHO npellcTaBHTb ,n:BHraTeJ1b, B KOTOpOM npoLLecc npe06pa30Ba-
HHH TenJIa B pa60TY npoTeKaeT 06paTHMo, 6e3 nOTepb. TaKoH ,n:BH-
raTMb Ha3bIBalOT uiJcaAbJ-lbl.H.
ClIHTalOT, lITO B LlHJIHHJIpe H.n;eaJIbHOrO .n;BHraTe.mJ HenpepblBHO
Haxo.n;HTCH pa60lIee TeJIO, I{ KOTOPOMY no.n;Bo,n:HTCH TenJIO H3BHe 6e3
H3MeHeHHH ero XliMHlIeCKoro COCTaBa, II nOCJIe COBeprneHHH HM pa60TbI
OT Hero OTBO.n;HTCH TenJ10 B XOJIO.n;HJIbHHK.
B H,n:eaJIbHbIX LLHKJ1aX TerrJ10eMKOCTH pa60'lero TMa npHHHMalOT
He 3aBHCHIIJ:HMH OT TeMrrepaTypbI, IlTO, KaK H3BecTHO, He COOTBeTCT-
ByeT .n;eHCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH. OpI1HHMalOT TaK>Ke, IlTO rrpOLLeCCbI C>KaTHH H
paCIllHpeHHH npOHcxo.n;HT oe3 TenJ1000MeHa Me>K,n:y paOO'lHM TeJIOM H
BHeIllHeH cpe,n:OH (a,n:Ha6aTHo).
I1JIeaJIbHble llHKJIbI paCCMaTpHBalOT ,n:JI}1 oueHKH COBeprneHCTBa
TerrJ10BbIX rrpOlleCCOB, npOHcxo.n;HllI.HX B LLHJ1HH,n:pe .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHoro
.n;BHraTeJIH. 113YIleHHe H,n:eaJIbHbIX LLHKJIOB .n;aeT HCHoe npe,n:CTaB.TJ:eHHe
o nYTHX ,n:aJ1bHeHillero YJIYlIrneIIHH paUOTbI llBHraTeJ1eH H nOBbIrneHHH
3KOHOMH'IHOCTH npoueCCOB 11 pe06pa30BaHI151 TenJla B pa60TY.
3aTpy,n:HeHHH npaKTHlIecKoro npHMeHeHHH LlHKJIa KapHO npHBeJIH
K I13bICKaHHlO HOBbIX KOM6HHaLLUU: npoueCCOB, n03B0J1HlOIILHX nOJ1YlIHTb
H,n:eaJ1bHbIe llHKJ1bI, OOJ1allalOIIJ:He BbICOKOH 3KOHOMI1IlHOCTblO npH MaK-
CHMaJIbHOH pa60Te.
B HaCTOHlQee BpeMH ,n:JIH ,n:BHraTeJIeH BHYTpeHHero cropaHHH npH-
MeHHlOT TPH LLHKJ1a, OTJ1H'IHbIe OT UI1KJ1a KapHO: LLHKJI C no,n:Bo,n:OM Ten-
JIa npH v = const; llHKJI C no.n;Bo,n:OM TenJ1a npH p = const H LLHKJI
CO CMeIllaHHbIM nOJIBo,n:OM TenJ1a npH v = const H npH p = const.
TepMHlIecKHH K. n. 11. 3THX UHKJ10B MeHbrne TepMHlIecKoro K. n. 11.
UHKJIa KapHo.
lJ,I1K.TJ: C nOJIBo,n:OM TenJ1a npH v=const.
PaccMoTpHM H,n:eaJIbHbIH UHKJ1 IlBHraTeJIH, pa60TalOlQerO C no,n:BO-
197
t 3. 06nacTH npHMeHeHHSI AByxTaKTHblx H '1eTblpexTaKTHblx
ABHraTeneH
D.eucamcAU Hc6oAbUlOU J.wlWlOcmu C BHYTpeHHHM cMece06pa30Ba-
HlIeM 'laIIJ:e Bcero BbInOJIHHlOT ,n:ByxTaKTHbIMH, rlle HeKoTopbIH nepepac-
xo,n: TOnJ1HBa KorvmeHcHpyeTcH HX npoCTOToH H Ha,n:e>KHOCTblO. K HHM
OTHOCHTCH: MaJIOMOlQHbIe MOTOLLHKJIeTHbIe H no.n;BeCHbIe J10.n;OIlHbIe, a
TaK>Ke ,n:BHraTeJIH KHHonepe,n:BH>KeK H .n;Pyrne MeJ1KHe Kap61OpaTopHbIe
JI,BHraTe.TJH. )J,JIH TaKHX ,n:BHraTeJ1eH rJlaBHbIM fIBJIHeTCH He HX 3KOHOMHIl-
HOCTb, a npOCIOTa KOHCTPYKUHH, y,n:eIlleBJ1eHHe CTOHMOCTH H YMeHbrne-
HHe Beca.

110M TenJIa npI-l V = const, llI-larpaMMa KOToporo I-I306paIKeHa Ha
pi-ic. 20-8.
HaI.JaJIbHOe COCTOHHI-Ie ra3a cooTBeTCTByeT TOI.JKe 1. OpI-l ClKaTI-II-I
ra3a no a.llHa6aTe 1-2 ero 06'beM YMeHbIlJaeTCH, a .llaBJIeHHe H TeMnepaTY-
pa nOBbIUJ31OTCH. B TOI.JKe 2 K ra3Y nOllDO.llHT Ten.TJO ql no H30xope 2-3,
B pe3YJIbTaTe I.Jero npI-l nOCTOHHHOM OO'bCMC pC3KO 1l0BblUJalOTCH .llaBJIC-
HI-Ie H TeMnepaTypa. fa3, pacllmpHHcb no a.llHa63Te 3-4, cOBepwacT
pa6OTY, a 3aTeM no 1130xope 4-1 OT ra3a OTBO.llHT TCnJIO qz.
OocTpoeHHaH no KOHeI.JHbIM napaMeTpaM ra3a .llHarpaMMa, onpe.lle-
JIHlOllJ:aH 3aBllCliMOCTb MelK.llY ero 06'bCMOM B lLlIJ1HH.llpe H a6COJIlOTHbIM
I llaB.TJeHHeM, .llaeT B03MO)KHOCTb O11.e-
P J I HI-ITb pa60TY nOpIlJHeBoro .llBHraTe,nH.
Op011.ecc 1-2-3-4 06pa3yeT 3aMK-
HYTbIH KOIITYP .llI-larpaMMbI, nJlo-
I1J;a.llb KOTOpOH onpC.lleJl}leT BeJIHI.JH-
HY nOJlC3HOH pa60TbI, nOJIYI.JeHllOH
3a O.llHH IJJ-IKJI pa60TbI H.lleaJIbHOrO
.llBHraTeJIH.
fJ 2 TepMHI.JeCKI-IH K. n .ll. cHoro
11.I-IKJIa onpe.lleJUIlOT no cpopMYJIe
1
1']t= I-Ii=!'
EO
Te 3-4 H cOBepIllaeT pa6OTY. 11, I1aKOlIeU, no IBoxope 4-1 npOHCXOJI.Ht
OTBO.ll TenJIa qz XO.'IO.llHJIbHI-IKY. Tep:\UI4eCKIIH K. n. .ll. 11.11KJIa onpe.lle-
JIHlOT no cpopMYJIe
1 pk - 1
1']t = E k - I . k (p _ 1)
r.lle E =...:'!. -CTeneHb ClKaTI-IH;
V2
V s 0
.p = - -CTeneHb U30 apHoro (npe.llBapHTeJIbHoro) paClliHpeHI-IH;
V2
k- nOKa3aTeJIb a.llHa6aTbI.
(20-3)
fj. =0
P
P
fJ2
t;
PJ P2
ifa
(20-2)
f/.
1
lJ2
if
PIIC. 20-8. LlIIarpall\1a I1JleaJlbHOrO
UIIKJJa .!1BIIraTeJJH, pa6oTalOero
C 1I0JlBO.!tOM TenJJa npII v = const
1/2
if
v
f.lle E = -cTeneHb ClKaTIUl;
V c
k- nOKa3aTe..'lb a.llI-laOaTbI.
ECJIH HCKJIlOI.JHTb H3 paccMOTpeHHH BJIHHHHe nOKa3aTeJIH CTeneHH k,
H3MeHHlOI1J;erOCH B cpaBHHTeJ1bHO Y3KHX npe.lleJIaX, TO TepMHI.JeCKHH
K. n. .ll. 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT CTeneHI-I ClKanfH E. C YBeJIHI.JeHI-IeM CTeneHH
ClKaTHH YBeJIHI.JHBalOTCSI H TepMll'ieCKI-IH K. n. .ll. UHKJIa, I-I nOJIe3HaH
pa60Ta, pa3BliBaeMaSI .llBHraTCJIeM, a TaK>I{e CHH)KalOTC}l KOHeI.JHbIe .llaB-
JIeHI-Ie H Te!vlI1epaTypa OTpa6OTaBUJI1X ra30B. CJIe.llOBaTeJIbHO, yMeHb-
waeTCH HeHCnOJIb30B3HHoe TenJIO qz, OT.llaHHoe XOJIO.llHJIbHHKY.
B pe3Y.TJbTaTe COBepweHHOfO KpyroBoro UHKJIa .llBIfraTeJIb npOH3BO-
.llHT paoOTY, KOTOPYlO JIerKO onpe.lleJII-ITb no pV-.llHarpaMMe. OOJIHaSI
pa60Ta lnoJI'!> COBepweHHaH 3a 11.11KJI, I.JHCJIeHHO paBHa nJI. 1'432'. Pa-
60Ta, 3aTpaI.JeHHaSI .llBHraTeJIeM Ha C)KaTHe lOK ra3a no JIHHHH 1-2, I.JHC-
.'IeHHO paBHa IlJI. 1'122'. 00JIe3HaSI paoOTa lnoJ,e3 npe.llCTaBJISIeT C060H
pa3HocTb lnoJIH H ICM:
VJ
v;
PHC. 20-9. )Jl1arpaMMa lI.lleaJlbHorO
UI1KJJa l\BHraTeJlH, pa60TalOero C
nO.!1BOtI.OM TenJla npl1 p = const
PIIC. 20-10. LlIIarpaMMa fJ.l\eaJJbHOro
ItHKJJa .!1BfJraTeJJH, pa60TalOero no
cMewaHHoMY UI1KJlY npII v = const
II npl1 p = const
InOJIe3H = lno.'1H- 1 cm = nJ1. 1234.
ll. H K .II C n 0 .ll B 0 .ll 0 M Ten .II a n p H P = const.
l1.lleaJIbHbIH LLHKJI .llBHraTeJIH, pa60TalOI1J;erO npI-l p = const, COCTOHT
H3 .llBYX a.llHaOaT (pIfC. 20-9), O.llHOH 11300apbI H O.llHOH H30XOpbI.
fa3 OT TOI.JKH 1 K TOI.JKe 2 CIKI-IMaeTCH no a.llHa6aTe C nOBbiliJeHI-IeM
,n:aBJIeHI-IH H TeMnepaTYPbI. OO,n:BO.ll Ten.'Ia ql npoHcxo,n:I-IT no H306ape
2-3 C nOBblllleHHeM TeMnepaTypbl. 33TCM ra3 paCUmp}leTCSI no a,n:I-Ia6a-
ECJIH HCKJIlOI.JHTb H3 paccMoTpeHHSI BJII-ISIHHe nOKa3aTeJISI a.llI-la6a-
TbI k no paHee YKa3aHHbIM npHI.JI-IHaM, TO H3 cpOPMYJIbI (20-3) BI-I,n:HO,
I.JTO C YBeJIHI.JeHHeM E TepMHI.JeCKI-IH K. n. ,n:. LLHKJIa 11t YBeJIHI.JHBaeTCSI,
a C YBeJIHI.JeHHeM p - YMeHbIlIaeTcSI.
ll.HKJI co CMewaHHbIM no,n:Bo,n:OM TenJIa npH
v = const II p = const. LlJIH nOBbIUleHHSI 3KOHOMI-II.JHOCTH ,n:BHraTeJIH
6bIJI BBe,n:eH UHKJI co CMeIlJaHHbIM no,n:Bo,n:OM TenJIa. OH fIBJISIeTCH 00-
06I1J;eHHeM ,n:ByX paHee paccMOTpeHHbIx LLI-IKJIOB (UI-IKJIbI npH v = const
I-I p = const).
Ha pHC. 20-10 npe,n:cTaBJIeHa ,n:HarpaMMa TaKoro LLHKJIa. fa3
OT TOI.JKI-I 1 ,n:o TOI.JKI-I 2 CIKHMaeTC}l no a,n:Ha6aTe C nOBbIWeHI-IeM ,n:aBJIe-
HI-IH I-I Te!vlIlcpaTypbI. 00 JII-IHHH 2-3 nO.llBo,n:HTCSI I.JaCTb TenJIa q; npH no-
CTOSIHHOM 06'beMe. 00 .'IHHHH 3-4 no,n:Bo,n:HTC}l OCTaJIbHaSI I.JaCTb TenJIa
q; npH nOCTmlHHOM ,n:aBJIeHI-IH. 00 JIHHHH 4-5 ra3 a,n:Ha6aTHo pacwI-lpSI-
eTCH, a no H30xope 5-1 TenJIO qz OTBO,n:HTCSI B XOJIO,n:!1JIbHHK.
XapaKTepHCTI-IKOH UI-IKJIa co CMeIlIaHHbIM rro,n:Bo,n:OM TeIIJla SIBJISIIOTCH
CJIe,n:YlOI1J;He BeJIHI.JI-IHbI:
HJ8
199

 . 1
e = - -. CT€n€I1h C)KaTI15t;
t'2
r = :: -CTeneHh H306apHoro paCWJ1peHHH; } (20-4)
A =...&. -CTeneHh YBeJIlitIeHHH aBJIeHHH Ha YtIaCTKe nOk I
P2 BO,I:La Ten.'1a. I
TepMHtIeCKIIH K. n. . lUiKJIa onpeeJImOT no <PopMYJIe
_ I _ pk._1
11, - Ek-I' (A- 1) -I- kA (p _ 1) . (20-5)
KaK BH,l:LHO H3 iPOpMyJibI (20-5), TepMHtIeCKHii: K. n. ,I:L. ILHKJIa '1t
YBeJIHtIIIBaeTCH C nOBbIweHHeM e Ii A H YMeHhwaeTcH C nOBhIweHHeM p.
Cpa B H e H H e T p e x pac C MOT P e H H bI X IL H K JI 0 B.
PaCCMOTpeHHhIe paHee ,l:LBa ILHKJIa HBJIHIOTCH tIaCTHbIMH CJIYtIaHMH ILHK-
JIa co CMewaHHhIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa. TaK, HanpHMep, npH p = 1 06ne-
MhI V2 H V 4 no paBeHcTBaM (20-4) paBHhI Me)K,l:LY C060H, c.1J:e,I:LOBaTeJIhHO,
ILHKJI co CMewaHHbIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa npeBparu.aeTcH B ILHKJI C II30XOp-
H hIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa. DpH A = I, KOr,I:La ,l:LaBJIeHHe P2 = P 3, UHKJI
HBJIHeTCH H306apHhIM.
CpaBHeHHe H,l:LeaJIhHbIX ILHKJIOB, ocyru.ecTBJIHeMbiX npH pa3HhIX cno-
co6ax nO,I:LBO,I:La TenJIa, nOKa3hIBaeT, qTO:
I) npll O,I:LIIHaKOBbIX CTeneHHX C)KaTHH TepMHtIeCKHH K. n. ,I:L. UHK-
JIa C H30XOpHhIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa 60JIhWe, qeM TepMHtIeCKIiH K. n. .
ILHKJIa C H306apHbIM nOBO,I:LoM TenJIa;
2) npII O,I:LHHaKOBbIX HaH60JIhWHX .naBJIeHHHX TepMHtIeCKHH K. n. .n:.
ILHKJIa C H306apHbIM nO,I:LBO.lJ.oM TenJIa 60JIhWe, tIeM K. n. ,I:L. UHIwa C
H30XOpHbIM nOBO,I:LOM TenJIa;
3) npH O,I:LIiHaKOBhIX HaH60JIhWHX TeMnepaTypax K. n. ,I:L. UHKJIa C
H306apHbIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa 60JIbWe, tIeM K. n. .n:. ILHKJIa C H30XOpHbIM
nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa.
IJ;HKJI co CMeUlaHHhIM nO,I:LBo.n:OM TenJIa 3aHHMaeT npOMe)KYTOtIHOe
nOJIO)KeHHe M€}K.ZJ:Y paccMoTpeHHbIMH ,l:LBYMH ILHK.naMH.
TIpIi OnTHMaJIhHOH CTen€mi C)KaTHH B CMewaHHOM IIHKJIe MOJKHO
nOJIYtIHTh K. n. ,I:L. BbIille, tIeM B ILHKJIe C II306apHbIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa,
3a CtIeT HeKoToporo nOBbIweHIIH MaKCHMaJIhHOrO ,l:LaBJIeHHH.
i 5. Ll.HKnbl AeHCTBlotTenbHblx ABHraTeneH
PeaJIhHhIe ,l:LBHraTeJIH BHYTpeHHero cropaHHfI He MorYT pa60TaTb no
lI.n:eaJIhHOMY KPyroBOMY UHKJIY, TaK KaK npOIICXO,I:LHru.He B HHX npo-
ILeCChI COBepWaIOTCH peaJIhHhIMH ra3aMH. TIpoILecchI B peaJIhHbIX ,l:LBH-
raTeJIHX He06paTHMhI Ii pa30MKHYTbI; XHMHtIeCKHH COCTaB pa60qero
TeJIa (CMech B03,I:Lyxa C TOnJIHBOM) H3MeHHeTCH TOJIhKO B O,I:LHOM HanpaBJIe-
HHH - rOpIOqaH CMeCh nepeXO,I:LIiT B npOYKThI cropaHHH. 06paTHoro
npouecca - npeBparu.eHHH npOYKTOB cropaHHH B CMeCh TOnJIHBa c
20:)
I
r
i
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,
B03,I:LYXOM -B ILHJIHH,l:Lpe ,l:LBHraTeJIH npoH30ii:TH He MOJKeT. DpO,I:LYKTH
cropaHHH, paCUlHpHBUlHCh H COBepwHB pa60TY, BhI6paChIBaIOTCH B aT-
MociPepy, a Ha HX MeCTO nocTynaeT HOBaH nopILHH pa60tIeii: CMecH. Ta-
KHM 06pa30M, 3,I:LeCh KpyroBoH ILHKJI npephIBaeTcH.
B ,l:LeHcTBHTeJIbHhIX npoILeccax TenJIOeMKOCTH ra30B npHHIiMaIOTCf/
saBHCHru.HMIi OT TeMnepaTyphI H n03ToMY B Ka)K,l:LhIH MOMeHT npoILecca
HMeIOT pa3JIliqHbIe 3HaqeHHH. B .n:eHcTBHTeJIhHbIX ,l:LBHraTeJIHX pa60QHe
npoILeccbI cOnpOBO)K,l:LaIOTCH rH,l:LpO,I:LHHaMHtIeCKHMH H MeXaHHtIeCKHMH
nOTepHMH.
Bo BpeMH pa60TbI peaJIhHOrO ,l:LBHraTeJIH K HeMY nO,I:LKJIIOtIaIOT cne-
ILIIaJIhHhIii: npH60p-uHottKamop, KOTOphIH BbIQepQHBaeT HH,l:LHKaTopHYIO
,l:LHarpaMMY, xapaKTepH3yIoru.YIO pa60TY ,l:LBHraTeJIfi. Do HH,l:LHKaTopHoH
,l:LHarpaMMe onpe,I:LeJIfIIOT BeJIIitIHHY nOJIe3HOH pa6OTbI, cOBepweHHoit
npO,I:LYKTaMH cropaHHfI B ILH.IIHH.n:pe ,l:LBHraTeJIH, a TaK)Ke BeJIHtIHHY 01'-
pHILaTeJIhHoii: pa60TbI, 3aTpaQeHHoii: Ha npOO,I:LOJIeHHe MexaHWleCKHX co-
npOTHBJIeHHH.
KpoMe TOro, no 04.epTaHHIO HH,l:LHKaTopHoH ,l:LHarpaMMbI MOlliHO CY-
,l:LHTb 0 TOM, C KaKHMH OTKJIOHeHHHMH npOTeKaeT pa60tIHH npOILecc B
ILHJIHH,l:Lpe ,l:LBHraTeJIH, KOTopbIe 6e3 ,l:LHarpaMMbI tIaCTO HeJIh3H YCTaHO-
BHTh II YCTpaHHTh.
PaCCMaTpUBafi pa60TY peaJIhHhlX ,l:LBIiraTeJIeH, npaBUJIhHee 6Y,I:LeT
rOBopHTh He 0 ILHKJIaX C pa3JIU4.HhIM nO,I:LBO,I:LOM TenJIa, a 0 ,l:LBHraTeJIHX
C pa3JIH4.Hoii: 6bICTpOTOii: cropaHHH TOnJIHBa. I1x MO)KHO pa3,I:LeJIHTh Ha
TPH rpynnhl: ,l:LBHraTeJIH 6hICTporo cropaHHfI npH v = const, .n:BHraTeJIH
nOCTeneHHoro cropaHHfI npH p = const H ,l:LBHraTeJIH CMewaHHoro
cropaHHfI npH v = const H p=const.
LL B H raT e JI H 6 bI C T P 0 roc r 0 p a H H H n p II v=const.
K ,l:LBIiraTeJIHM, pa60TaIoru.HM npH v = const, OTHOCHTCfI Bce ,l:LBHraTeJIH
C npHHy.n:IITeJIhHhIM 3aRmraIUIeM - ra30BbIe, KapoIopaTopHbIe H KaJIOpH-
3aTOpHhIe.
PaccMoTpHM HH,l:LHKaTOpHYIO ,l:LHarpaMMY pa60Tbi peaJIbHoro 4.eTbIpex-
TaKTHoro .n:BHraTeJIH, pa60TaIOUero npH v = const. LLHarpaMMa pa-
60Thl :noro .n:BHraTeJIH nOKa3alIa Ha pHC. 20-11. OHa H306pa)KeHa
CnJIOUlHbIMII JlHHHfIMH H BnHcaH3 B TeOpeTHLJecKYIO ,/J,HarpaMMY, 0603-
HatIeHHyIo nYHKTHpOM. 113 ,l:LHarpaMMhI BH,/J,HO, qTO nJIOIII.a,I:Lh ,l:Leii:qBH-
TeJIhHOH ,l:LHarpaMMbI HeCKOJlhKO MeHhwe nJIOIII.a,/J,H TeOpeTI1qeCKOH, H,
CJIe,/J,OBaTeJlhHO, HeCKOJIhKO MeHhweH nOJIyqaeTCH MOru.HOCTh, pa3BH-
BaeMaH peaJIhHbIM ,l:LBHraTeJIeM.
Dpouecc BnYCKa pa60qeH CMeCH B UHJlHH,l:Lp npOIICXO,I:LHT nOCJIe
BhITaJIKIiBaHHfI H3 Hero nopwHeM oTpa60TaBwero ra3a. DpH BbITaJIKHBa-
HHH ra3 HcnhIThIBaeT conpOTHB.lIeHHe B BbmYCKHhIX KJlanaHaX H TPY-
60npOBo.n:ax. Il03TOMY B KaMepe ClliaTHH nepe,I:L BnYCKOM pa60qeii: CMecH
OCTaeTCfI 4.aCTb oTpa6oTaBwero ra3a C .n:aBJIeHHeM, HeCKO.lIbKO BhIwe aT-
MoccpepHoro (TOtIKa 1 Ha pHC. 20-11, a).
B nepuoo enycKa npH ,l:LBH)KeHHH nopwHH OT BMT K HMT (JIHHHH
1-2) .n:aBJIeHHe B UHJIHH,/J,pe nOHH)KaeTCfI, C03jJ,aeTCH pa3pe)KeHIIe, H B
lUiJIHH,l:Lp 3acaCbIBaeTCH pa604.aH Cf\'l€Cb. Bo BnycKHblX KJIanaHaX H
201

TpyoonpOBO.Ile TaK iKe, KaK H B BbmYCKHbIX, C03.IlaIOTCfl rH.IlpaBJII1'le-
CRHe COnpOTHBJIeHHfl (3aBHXpeHH€ !lOTOKa, Y.IlapbI, TpeHHe 0 CTeHKH H
T. n.) H n03TOMY npOlleCC BnYCKa no JIHHHH 1-2 npoTeKaeT H 3aKaH'lH-
BaeTCfl npH .IlaBJIeHHH, HeCKOJIbKO HlUKe aTMoccpepHoro (TO'lKa 2).
OTKpbITHe BnycKHoro KJIaIIaHa OOblllHO npOH3BO.IlHTCfl C onepe}Ke-
HHeM, T. e. .Il0 npHXO,Aa nopwHfl B BMT. 3TO JI,eJIaeTCfl .IlJIfl npo,n:YBI<II
KaMepbI C}KaTHfl H .IlJIfl JIY'lwero HanOJIHeHHfl llHJIHH.Ilpa. 3aKpbITHe
BnycKHOro KJIanaHa npOHCKO.IlliT C 3ana3.IlbIBaHlieM, T. e. nOCJIe npli-
XO,Aa nopwHfl B HMT. 3TO ,AeJIaeTCfl TaK}Ke .IlJIfl YJIY'lWeHHfl HanOJIHe-
HHfl rLHJIHHJI,pa.
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Pile. 20-11. I1H.llIIKaTOpHaH .llllarpaMMa pa60TbI peaJJbHOrO .llBllraTCJJH 6bIcTporo
cropaHIIH npH v = const:
a-nOJIIJ3H pa6oTa; 6-)J;eficTBHTeJIbHaH I1H,nHKaTOpIJajj pa6oTa; a-HaCOCHaH pa60T3
O,AHaKO B KapOIopaTopHblX li ra30BblX .IlBHraTeJIflX TaKoe nepeKpbI-
Tlie KJIanaHOB CJIe,AyeT npOBO,AHTb OCTOpmKHo, TaK KaK npli Oe.IlHbIX*
Cl\1eCflX npouecc rOpeHHfl 3aMe.IlJI5leTCfl HaCTOJIbKO, 'lTO OCTaIoLQHecfl B
OTXO,AflLQliX ra3ax Ollam lIJIaMeHli 1\10rYT npoHliKHYTb BO BnYCKHOH
TPyoonpOBO.Il, 'lTO npHBe,AeT K B3PbIBY rOpIO'leH CMeCH.
n pOL(Ccc CJlcamufl (JIHHHfl 2-3) Ha'lHHaeTCfl nOCJIe BnycKa paOO'leH
CMeCH. )1eHcTBliTeJIbHbIH npOIecc C)j{aTHfl npOTeKaeT C TenJIOOOMeIloM
H n03ToMY JIHHHfl 2-3 flBJIfleTCfl nOJIlITpOnOH, a He a.II.HaOaTOH, KaK B
H.IleaJIbHOM IlHKJIe.
PaOO'lYIO CMeCb, COCTOflllLYIO H3 B03.Ilyxa H TOnJIHBa, B llliJIliH.Ilpe
.IlBliraTeJIfl MO)j{HO C)j{lil\1aTb JIHWb ,n:o .IlaBJIeHliH, IIOBbIllIaIOLQHX TeMne-
paTYPY CMeCli ,AO Tel\1nepaTypbl HlDKe TeMnepaTypbl BOCnJIaMeHeHlifl. B
lIpOTHBHOM CJIY'lae CMeCb carvoBOCnJIaMeHfleTCfl.IlO npliXO,Aa 110pllJHH B
BMT. IlpeJKJLeBpeMeHHafl BcnhlWKa CHli}KaeT MOLQHOCTh ,ABliraTeJI5I,
li3HallJliBaeT ero li .Il3JKe MO}KeT npHBeCTH K nOJIOMKe.
YBeJIli'leHlie CTeneIIli C)j{aTli51 npliBO,AUT TaK)j{e K .Il€TOHallliH**.
* 5e.!1HbIMH CMeCHMH lIa3bIBalOT cMecll, Y KOTOpbIX K031j.>Ij.>HUHeHT H36bITKa
B03;ZJ.yxa f.Jpe3MepHo BeJJHK.
** )JeToHaUHell Ha3bIBalOT TaiWH CJJYf.Jall ropeHHH ra30Boll cMecH, KOr.lla OHa
BOCnJJaMeHHeTCH O.llHOBpeMCHHO B pa3JJII'lHbIX TOf.JKaX Bcero 06'beM'a. CropaHHe
IIpll06pCTaeT xapaKTep B3pbIBa, f.JTO npHBO.llHT K CHHJKeHHIO MOHOCTH .llBHraTe-
.1I5I, ero neperpeBy II rrepepacxo.llY TOIIJJHBa.
Q2
B03HliKHOBelme JI.eToIIaUHH 3aBHcHt OT copTa cropaeMoro B UJlJIHHJ1.pe
TonJlliBa. rI03TOMY KaiKJI,Oe TOnJIliBO .IlOnYCKaeT npe,AeJIhHYIO CTeneHb
C}KaTlifl, npH KOTOpOH eLQe He B03HHKaeT ,n:eTOHalJ.liH.
Hli}Ke npliBe.IleHhI npe.IleJIbHbIe 3Ha'leHli51 CTeneHli CiKaTlifl B ,ABlira-
TeJI5IX C BHellJHUM CMeceoopa30BaHlieM B 3aBliCHMOCTli OT npliMeHfleMoro
TOnJIliBa.
,lJ,BllraTeJIH
II
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5eH311HOBble aBHaL\HOHllbie 7,0-8,5
ra30BbIe ....... 7,0-9,5
,lJ,BBraTeJIB
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5eH3llHoBble aLTOM06llJJb-
HbIC ...........
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n pol{Ccc cC!opaHufl (JIliHlifl 3-4) B peaJIbHOM UHKJIe npOlicxO,AliT C
OTKJIOHeHlieM OT li,AeaJIhHoro. B ,AeHCTBliTeJIhHOM ,ABliraTeJIe nO,ABO,A
TenJIa li3BHe 3aMeH5IeTC5I CrOpaHl-IeM TOnJIliBa, KOTopoe npoTeKaeT BO
BpeMeHli li, CJIe,AOBaTeJIbHO, C HeKoTopblM li3MeHeHlieM OO'beMa KaMepbI
crOpaHH5I ,ABliraTeJI5I. Il03ToMY nO.Ila'lY liCKpbI npOH3BO.Il5lT C onepe}Ke-
HHeM, T. e. ,AO npHxO,Aa nOpWH5I B BMT. 3TO n03BOJI5IeT nOJIy'lliTb MaK-
CliMaJIhHOe ,n:aBJIeHlie Ha nopweHh cpa3Y)j{e 3a BMT H TeM caMhlM npH-
OJIli3liTh npouecc crOpaHli51 K H30XOpH0I\1Y.
n pou,ecc paaulipeHufl (JIliHlifl 4-5) flB.nfl€TCfl, KaK H3BeCTHO, paOO'lHM
XO,n:OM nOpWH5I, BO BpeMfl KOTOpOro ,ABliraTeJIb cOBepIlIaeT pao()TY. Ilpli
9TOM ,AaBJIeHHe H TeMnepaTypa npO,AYKTOB cropaHHfl na.IlaIOT, a oO'bel\1
YBeJIWIHBaeTcfl.
n pou,ecc 6blX/lOna oTpaooTaBwero ra3a npoli3Bo,AliTCfl TaK}Ke C
onepe}KeHlieM. Il09ToMY JIHHHfl 5-6 He SlBJIfleTCfl H30XOpOH. OTKphlTHe
BhmYCKHbIX KJIanaHOB C onepe}KeHHeM n03BOJIfleT OCHOBHOH Macce
OTpaoOTaBwero ra3a BblHTH li3 rLHJIliH,Apa ,AO npHXO,Aa nopWHfl B HMT.
IlocJIe BbIXJIOna ,AaBJIeHlie B ll.liJIliH,Ape OCTa€TCfl HeCKOJIhKO BbIwe aT-
MoccpepHoro. ECJIli ObI ,AaBJIeHlie ra3a B ll.liJIliH.Ilpe OCTaBaJIOCh HaMHoro
BblllJe aTI\10ccpepHoro, TO npn oopaTHOM ,ABli)j{eHlili nopwml (npH BbI-
TaJIKHBaHHli OCTaTO'lHOrO ra3a) 3Ha'lliTeJIbHO B03pOCJIO ObI conpOTliBJIe-
HHe. Ilpli 9TOM 'laCTh paOOTbI, nOJIY'leHHOH ,ABHraTeJIeM, npliUlJIOCb ObI
3aTpaTliTb Ha npeO.IlOJIeHlie 9TOro conpOTliBJIeHlifl.
O,AH'aKO nO,AOlipaTh onepe)j{eHHe BbmYCKa HY)j{HO TaKliM 00pa30M,
'lTOObl He COKpaTliTh HaMHoro paOO'lliH XO,A nopWHfl, H 9TliM He
CHH3liTb nOJIe3HYIO paoOTY, npOli3BO,AliMYIO .IlBliraTeJIeM npli pac-
WlipeHliH.
n pOL(Ccc 6blma/lK1l6aHUfl (JIliHHfl 6-1) npoH3Bo,AliTCfl npH ,AaBJIeHliH,
HeMHoro BbIwe aTMoccpepHoro. )1JIfl JIY'lWeH O'lHCTKli UHJIliH,Apa OT OCTa-
TO'lHbIX ra30B 3aKpbITlie BbmycKHoro KJIanaHa npoli3BO,AliTCfl C HeKO-
TOpbIM 3ana3,AblBaHlieM.
IloJIHafl paooTa ln01IB' cOBepweHHafl 'leTbIpeXTaKTHbIM ,ABHraTeJIel\1
3a ll.HKJI, onpe,AeJIfleTC5I nJI. liH.Illil<aTOpHoH .IlliarpaMMbl 1264321.
203

aHa npeJJ,CTaBJIfieT C060H CYMMY n:BYX f1JIOIQaJJ,eH: nOJImKHTeJIbHOH
I1JI. 23462 (pHC. 20-11, 6), cooTBeTcTBYlOllJ,eH I10JIe3HOH (n:eHcTBHTeoTJb-
HOH IIHn:IIKaTopH,?H) pa60Te n:BIIraTeJIfi 3a TaKTbl C)KaTIIfI II paClllHpeHI1H,
H OTpl1IaTeJIbHOH nJI. 1261 (pIIC. 20.11, 6), COOTBeTCTBYlOllLeH HaCOCHOH
pa60Te. .
HacoCHou Ha3bIBalOT pa60TY, 3aTpalJeHHylo !fa oCYllLecTB.leHHe XOJJ.OB
BnycKa H BbII1ycKa. Ehy pa60TY TaK}Ke Ha3bIBalOT HaCOCHbLJ>iU nOmepJVdU,
TaK KaK BnycK II BbmycK HBJIHIOTCH BcnOMOraTeJIbHblMH npoQeccaMH.
HacocHble nOTepII 06bIlJHO OTHOCHT
K MeXaHHqeCKHM nOTepHM ,ABllraTeJIH.
D. B II raT e JI H n 0 C Ten e H H o-
roc r 0 p a H H 51 n p II P = const.
Bce pa60qHe npoQeccbl B ,ABHraTeJIH x,
pa60TaIOllJ,HX npH p = const, npoTeKalOT
TaK )Ke, KaK H B JJ.BHraTeJIHX, pa6OTalOllJ,Hx
npH v = const. TOJIbKO npH Me,AJIeHHOM
cropaHHH TOnJIHBa lJ.HJIHHn:p 3anOJIHHeTCH
V He pa60qeH cMecblO, a qHCTblM B03,AYXOM
H3 aTMociPepbI (pIlC. 20-12, JIHHIlH 1-2).
B UIlJIHHJJ.pe B03JJ.YX C}KHMaeTCH nopm-
HeM no JIHHHH 2-3 ,AO ,AaBJIeHIIH, npII KO-
TOpbIX ero TervmepaTypa B KOHQe C}KaTHH
MO)KeT 06eCneLJHTb HaJ(e)KHOe caMOBOC-
nJIaMeHeHHe BBe,AeHHoro B QHJIHHn:p )KH,A-
Koro TOnJIIIBa. TOnJIHBO, nOna,AaH B C)Ka-
TbIH paCKaJIeHHblH B03,AYX, BOCnJIaMeHHeTCH H cropaeT (JIHHHH 3-4)
C BbIJJ.eJIeHHeM Tena. 31'0 TenJIO 3aTpaLJHBaeTCH He TOJIbKO Ha YBe-
JIHlJeHHe BHYTpeHHeII 9HeprHH, HO II Ha COBeplIleHHe BHernHeH Mexa-
HHqeCKOH pa60Tbl.
TOnJIHBO B QHJIHH,Ap ,ABIlraTeJIH nO,AaeTCH He Bce cpa3Y, a nOCTe-
neHHO. 4aCTb TOnJIHBa BnpblCKHBaeTCH B lJ.HJIHHn:p ,AO npHXO,Aa noplIlHH
B BMT. aT HalJaJIa BnpblCKHBaHHH ,AO BOCnJIaMeHeHHH TOnJIHBa npo-
HCXO,AHT HeKOTopaH 3aJJ.ep}KKa, BO BpeMH KOTOpOH TOnJIHBO B U,HJIHHJJ.pe
XopOWO nepeMeWHBaeTCH C B03,AYXOM. B6JIH3H BMT TOnJIIIBO BOCnJIaMe-
HfieTCH H ropHT. D.aBJIeHHe B lJ.HJIHHJJ.pe nOBblm3eTCH. B U,HJIHH,Ap npo-
JJ.OJI)KaIOT BnpblCKHBaTb TOnJIHBO, qaCTHIl.hI KOToporo cropalOT cpa3Y
)Ke nOCJIe BbIXO,Aa HX H3 iPOPCYHKH. I10CJIe npeKpallJ,eHHH nOJJ.alJH Ton-
JIHBa cropaHHe 3aKaH t IHBaeTCH B TOqKe 4 H HalJHHaeTCH npolJ.ecc paclUH-
peHHH. TaKHe n:BHraTeJIH HOCHT Ha3BaHHe JJ.BIIraTeJIeH nocmCflCliflOC'O
ceopaHlm.
Bbl60p CTeneHH C)KaTHH B 9THX JJ.BHraTeJIHX onpeJJ.eJIHeTCH TeMne-
paTypoH caMOBOCnJIaMeHeHHH TOnJIHBa. O,AHaKo npH BbICOKHX CTene-
HHX cmaTHH B U,HJIIIHJJ.pe n:BHraTeJIH B03HHKalOT BblCOKHe .n:aBJIeHIIH,
B pe3yJIbTaTe KOTOpbIX YBeJIHlJHBaIOTcH YCHJIHH, ,AeHcTBYIOllJ,He Ha TPy-
IIlHeCH lJaCTH. I1pH 9TOM pe3KO B03paCTaeT pa6OTa, 38TpalJHSaeMaH Ha
npeo.n:OJIeHHe BpeJIHblX COnpOTHBJIeHHH. TaKHM 06pa30M, I10BbIWeHIIe
cTeneHH cmaTHH Bblrne YCTaHOBJIeHHblX I1pe.n:eJIOB npHBOJJ.I-I'T I{ CHII1he-
p
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PI1C. 20-12. l1.ellcTBHTeJJbHa5J
HH.!t I1KaT opHaH ,!\H<Jrp<JMMa
.llBI1raTeJlH nOCTelIeHHoro
cropaHHH npH p = const
204
HlUO K. n. JJ,. JJ.BluareJIfI. COBpeMeHHble }J,BHraTeJIII n()CTCWlIllOrO cro-
paHHH pa6oTalOT co CTeneHblO cm3THH e, paBHoH 01' 13 rro 16,8*.
B J!.BHraTeJIHX nOCTeneHHoro cropaHHH rrJIH paCnblJIPIUl5J TOI1JIHSa,
norraBaeMoro B QHJIHHllp, HCnOJIb3YIOT B03JJ.yX, OKaTblH B KOMnpecco-
pe ,AO JJ.aBJIeHlIH, B 1,5-2 pa3a npeBblWalOllJ,ero ,AaB,neHHe C}KaTIIH B
lJ.HJIHH.n:pe. TaKHe JJ.BHraTenH Ha3bIBaIOT TaKme KO/itnpeCC(JpHbIMU 06U-
eamCllflMIl.
HaH60JIee oTBeTcTBeHHoH, ,AopOroH H p
rpoM03JJ.KOH lJaCTblO KOMnpeccopHbIX ,ARH-
raTeJIeH HBJIHeTCH KOMnpeccop. B HaCTOH-
llJ,ee BpeMH 9TH l1BHraTeJIH 3aMeHeHbl 6ec-
I<OMnpeccopHblMH ,ABHraTenHMH co CMe-
maHHblM cropaHHeM TOnJIHBa.
D. B H raT e JI H C 0 C M e rn a H-
H bl M C r 0 p a H HeM. D.BHraTenH C
BHYTpeHHHM cMece06pa30BaHHeM, pa60-
TaIOIIlHe no U,HKJIY CMernaHHoro cropaHHH
TOnJIHBa (CHaqaJIa npH v = const, 3aTeM
npH p = const), HOCHT Ha3BaHHe 6CCKOM-
npCCCOpHbtX o6ucamellCU.
OHH OTJIHlJalOTCH OT KOMnpeccopHbIX
cnoc050M paCnblJIeHHH TOnJIHBa. B 6ec-
KOMnpeccopHOM ,ABHraTeJIe TOnJIlIBO cmH-
MaeTCH HaCOCOM ,AO .n.aBJIeHHH 100-400 am
H npOTaJIK HBaeTCH B QHJIHHJJ.P lJepe3 MeJI-
KHe oTBepcTHH B paCnbIJIHTeJIe iPopcYHIm. TaKoe paCnblJIeHHe TOn-
JIHBa Ha3bIB31OT MeXaH!l'iCcKIlM B OTJIlFlHe OT 6030YUtHOco.
B HaCT05JIllee p.peJVl5I 60,nbLUHHCTBO ,ABHr3TeJIeH C BHYTpeHHHM CMe-
ce05pa30B3ImeM pa6cTaeT no cMemaHHoMY QHKJIY.
Ha pIlc. 20-13 H306pa}KeH3 HH}J.HK3TOpH3H JJ.HarpaMr\'la .u,BHraTeJIH
co CMernaHHbIM cropaHHcM.
I1o,AalJa TOnJIlIB3 B KaMepy cropaHHH npoH3Bo.u,HTCH TaKHM 06pa30M,
LJT06bI O,AHa 'IaCTb ero CrOpaJIH npH nOCTOHHHOM 06'beMe no JIHHHI1 3-4,
a ,ApyraH qaCTb - npH nOCTOHHHOM .u,aBJIeHHH no JIHHHH 4-5.
I
r----
Vh
I
"'I
v
PHC. 20-13. l1.eiicTBwre:I!,[[:JH
HllAHKaTOplla5J .llHarpaMMa
.llBHraTeJJH, pa60TalOero no
cMemaHHoMY uI1KJJY
I'
"
i
1
I
i 6. MoaqtOCrb W 1<. n. A. AB....rareneM
C p e ,A H e e H H JI H KaT 0 p Hoe JJ. a B JI e H H e. PaCCMOTpHM
HHJJ.HKaTopHYIO ,AHarpaMMY. H306pameHHYlO uHa pHC. 20-14. I1JI. JJ.Ha:
rpaMMbl 1234 lJHCJIeHHO paBHa HHl1.HKaTOpHOl-I pa60Te ii' cOBepweHHoH
ra30M B lJ.HJIHHJIpe 3a OJIHH pa60l!HH 1JJIKJI.
KaK BH.n:HO H3 ,AUarpaMMbI, ,AaBJIeHHe B llHJIllH,Ape MeHHeTCH B Kam
JIh!H MOMeHT BpeMeHH no KpHBOH 3-4 XOJIa paClllHpeHHH.
.. TenJIOTeXHHf.JeCKHii CnpaBOf.JHI1K. T. I. M.-JI., foc.:meproI13JlaT, 1957,
CTp. 702.
105

ECJJH n.n. 1234 HH!JHI\3TCPIJOII HarpaMMbl npeJJCT1BHTb B BHe paB-
HOlJeJJllKOrO ell npfll\ioyro.nbIlHK3 aced C' OCHOE3nueM, paBHbIM !J,JJHHe
}{HarpaMMbI S, TO BhlCOTa "Horo npfll\'\OyrOJlbHHK3 B COOTBeTCTBYIOllJ,eM
I\WCIIlTa6e npecnlBHT Be.nH£IHHY cpelH:;ro HHHKaTopHoro aB.neHHH PI"
TaKHM 06pa30M, epeOHllM UHOUKamopHb/M OaellehUeM Pi Ha3bIBalOT
HeKOTopoe YCJJCBHOe nOCTOHIIHoe aBJIeHHe npon.YKTOB cropamIH, JJ:eii:-
CTBYIOIlLee Ha nopmeHb B Te'leHHe xona paCIIJHpeHHH, BO BpeMH KOToporo
COBepwaeTC'H pa6OTa, paBHaH HHnH-
KaTopHoii: pa60Te L i .
VlHIIKaTOpHaH pa60Ta 1. 1 , BbI-
paIKelIHa5I lJt'pe3 cpeHee HHHKa.
TOp HOt aBJleHHe, MOIKeT 6bITb no-
ClJHTaHa no OPMYJIe
Li=pYh'
p
J
HO V h = FS, me F - nJIOllJ,a.n:b
nopwHfI; S - XO.n: nopwHfI.
Do BeJIWnme cpeHero HHHKa-
TopHoro .n:aBJIeHHH Cy.n:HT 0 CTeneHH
9qxpeKTHBHOCfl1 pa6olJero npou.ecca,
T. e. 0 pa3BHBaeMoii: .n:BHraTeJIeM
HHHKaTopHoii: pa6OTe.
4eM Bblwe BeJIHql1Ha Pi' TeM 60JIbWe HHHKaTopHaH pa60Ta /':'1 H
BbIwe CTeneHb HCnOJIb30BaHHH pa60'lero 06'bt:Ma V h llHJIHHpa.
BeJIHqHHa cpeHero HHHKaTopHoro .n:aBJIeHHfI 3aBHCHT OT npHMeHHe-
Moro u.HKJIa, OT K03cpqmu.HeHTa H36bITKa B03yxa, CTcneHH OKaTI1H i1 .n:p.
HHIKe npHBe.n:eHbI 3HaqeHI1fI cpe.n:Hero HH.n:HKaTopHoro .n:aBJI€HHH*
JIH HeKoTopbIX THnOB .n:BHraTeJIeH.
I...
V h = FS
-1
v
PHC. 20-14. feOMCTpHf.JeCKOe npe.ll-
CTaBJJeHHe cpeJJ,Hero HH.llHKaTOpHo-
ro JJ,aB.reHHH
.J].BllraTeJUI
PI' 111M'
.J].BllraTe.nH
Pi' HIM'
KaJJOpH3aTOpHbIe 24,5-44,1 I CTauHoHapHbIe KOM-
fa30BbIe 39,2-68,6 npeccopHble H 6ecKoM-
5eH3HHoBbIe aBTOMO- npeccopHbIe (THXOXO.ll-
6HJJbHbIe 58,8-98,0 II HbIe). . . . . . . . . . 58,8-71,6
KaK BH.n:HO H3 npHBeeHHbIX .n:aHHblX. HaH60JIbWee cpeHee HHHKa-
TopHoe .n:aBJIeHHe OCTHraeTCH B aBHallHOHHbIX 6eH3HHOBbIX .n:BI1-
raTCJ1HX. 3TO 06'bHCHHeTCH B03MOIKHOCTbIO OCYllJ,eCTBJIeHHfI pa60qero
npou.ecca C MHHHMaJIbHbIM K03cpHnHeHTOM H36bITKa B03}J.Yxa (ex. =
= O,R5 - 0,95). .D.BHraTeJIH C caMOBOCnJIaMeHeHHeM pa60TaloT OpH
60Jlee BblCOKOM K03qmllHeHTe H36blTKa B031yxa (ex. = 2,0-2,2). Do-
9TOMY CTeneHb HCnOJIb30BaHHH pa6olJero 06'beMa UHJIHWI:pa B .n:BHra-
TeJIHX C caMOBOCnJIaMeHeHHeM HHIKe, qeM B Kap6IOpaTopHbIX.
* TellJIOTeXHHlJeCKIIH CnpaBOIJHHK, T. 1. M.-J1., foc:meproH3J.\aT, 1957,
CTp. 697.
206

I
M 0 llJ, HOC T H  B H raT e JI H. H HOUKamopHOU MOU{HOemblO N;
H a3bIBaIOT ceKYH}J.HYIO pa6OTY, pa3BHBaeMYIO r330M BHYTPH UHJIHHpa
3a O.n:HH nOJIHhIii: UHKJI, COBepweHHbIii: .n:BHraTeJIeM.
.D.JIH qeTbIpeXTaKTHoro BHraTeJIH, Y KOToporo BaJI COBepwaeT
n 06/Mllfl, qHCJIO llHKJIOB B MI1HYTY paBHO  , a JIfI .n:BYXTaKTHoro BH-
raTeJIH - n. 4HCJIO UHKJIOB B MHHYTY JIH .n:BHraTeJIH C JII06bIM qHCJIOM
2n
TaKTOB MOlliHO 0603HalJHTb BbIpallieHHeM , re T - qHCJIO TaKTOB.
Tor.u,a MOliI.HOCTb, pa3BHBaeMaH B Kalli.n:oM U.HJIHH.n:pe BlIraTemI, MO-
}!{eT 6LITb nOCqHTaHa no opMYJle
N't = Pi V l1 2n
6. 10 4 -r
Ken-!,
(20-6)
r.n:e Pi V h - HHJI.HKaTOpHaH pa60Ta JI.BHraTeJIH, OliC.
K03qxpHUHeHT 6.10 4 B 3HaMeH3TeJIe npe.u,CTaB.11HeT co6oii: nepeBOJ1.
qHCJIa 060pOTOB B MHHYTY Ha lJHCJIO 060POTOI3 B CeKYH.n:y (1 Atllfl = 60 ceK)
H nepeBO.n: MOllJ,HOCTH, BbIpallieHHoii: B em, Ha Kem (1 Kem = 1000 em).
I10cJIe COKpaIl{eHHH nOJIyqlIM
N'/ = Pi V h n Kem.
3. 10 4 -r
(20-7)
I1H.n:HKaropHaH MOllJ,HOCTb MH0rOllHJIHH.n:poBoro .n:BHraTeJIH npocTOro
.n:eliCTBHH paBHa
N. =- piV"nz
· 3 . 10 4 -r
Kem,
(20-8)
me 'l - qHCJIO UHJIlIHpOB BI1raTeJIH.
4acTb HH,llHKaTopHoii: MOllJ,HOCTH saTpaqHBaeTCfI Ha opeoOJIeHHe
TpeHHfI, B03HHKaIOllJ,ero MeIK.n:y nopwHeM H CTeHKarvm UHJIHHpa, B
KopeHHbIx II waTYHHbIX no.n:WHOHI1KaX, B MexaHH3Max pacnpe.n:eJIeHIIH,
B TOnJIHBHblX, MaCJIHHblX, BO.n:fIHblX II npo.n:YBOlJHbIX Hacocax H T. n.
I103TOMY nOJIe3HaH MOllJ,HOCTb, nOJIyqeHHaH Ha BaJIY .n:BHraTf'JIH,
Ha3bIBaeMaH aq)(!JCKmueHoLl AWU{HOCmblO N[, MeHbwe HH.n:HKaTOpHCii: H3
BeJIH'lHHY MOW,HOCTH N Tp ' 3aTpa'leHHOli Ha npeo.n:OJIeHHe TJX'HHH
N[ =Ni-N Tp '
(20-9)
K 0 3  cp H II H e H T bJ n 0 JI e 3 II 0 r 0 .n: e ii: C T B H H .n: B H-
raT e11 H. .D.o CIIX nop paCCMOTpeHHbIe paCO£IHe npoueCCbI oueHHBaJIHCb
BeJIHlJHHoii: HX TepMHqeCKoro K. n. .n:. '1'],. OHaKO JIfI npaKTHqecKoii:
oueHKH .n:BHraTeJIH HYlliHO 3HaT!' HH.n:HKalOpHbJii: H 3qxpeKTIIBIIbJH K. n..
HHouKamopHI:>1l1 K. n. O. 'l']j OlleHHBaeT CTeneHb HCnOJIb30BaHHH Ten-
JIa TOnJIHBa B UHJIHH}I.Pe .u,BHr3TeJIfI. OH npelKTaBJIHeT C060H OTHomeHne
207

TenJIa, npeapalllt::HJlOrO B I1HJUH<arOpHYIO pa60TY, KO BCeMY 38Tpa t jen-
HOMY TCnJIY IOIJJIIIB3
11i =
N i
(20-10)
B. Q
rne N i - HlWl1I<l:JroPfUHl MOutHOC I b I!.BIIraTeMI, Kern;
B - CpeHI1B paCXOll TOIIJ1I1P3, K2/ceK 11.'111 (,u 8 'eeK);
Q - HI13WBfI 1erIJJ01BOpHOCTb pBOOlJero TOIIJ1HDa, Km/dKf I1JIH
(KOJlij M B).
BblCOKoe 3H8lJemle Yli fJBJIfJeTCH nOlUJ38TeJIeM BbICOKoro Ka4CCTBa
pa60lJero npouecca B []11J]I1Hpe nBl1raTeJ1H. .
3rJ.rfJef\TnUeHhlU K. n. a. OUt'HHRaeT CTeneHb IlCnOJJb30B8HH5I Ten.la,
npeB/)8welIHOro B 3ct$t:KCJ-tBIIYIO pa601Y, 1\0 I3ceMY 33Tpa4eHHOMY Ten-
JIY TOnJIHB8
_. N e
'l'Je---,
BQ
rlI.e N e _. 9qxpeKTI1EHaH MOIUHOCTb.
3qxpeKTHBHbIH H I1HI1KaTOpHbIH K. n. 11. cBH3aHbl Me}KlI.y C060H
COOTHOWeIll1eM
(20-11)
'l'Je = 'l'Ji 1 1M'
r.u,efJM - MeX3IHl'IeCKl1ii K. n. 11.., Y'IIITbIBBIOLUl1ll' MeXaHl1lJeCIme no-
TepM. O onpe11.eJIHeTC5I O'fHOWeHl1eM 3cpqJeKTI1BHOlI MOLUHOCTI1 K lIH1I.B-
KaTOpHOH
N e
'l'J M =fi"'
I
(20-12)
HI1}Ke n p HBeneHhl 3Ba4eHI1H* '1
i'
'le 11 fJM.
JJ.El1rareJU1 'I, '1 M 'Ie
KaJlOpH3aTOpHbJe . . 0,20-0,30 0,75-0.80 0,16-0,20
ABToTpaKTopHbIe Kap61OpaTOpHbJe . 0,22-0,28 0,80-0,90 0,18-0.24
CTaUHoHapHble 6eCKOMnp€CCOpHble
THXOXO.llHble . . . . . . . . 0,38-0,52 0,78-0,83 0,30-0,30
5blCTpoxo.!tHwe Kap6IOpaTopH 0,35-0,43 0,75-0,84 0,30-0,42
C n 0 C 0 6 bI n 0 B bI W e H H 51 M 0 III II 0 C T Ii H K. n. 1(.
ll. B H r aTe .il H. npl1 KOIlCTpYl1pOBaHI1J1 Bl1raTe.1JH BHYTpeHHero cro-
paHI1H Heo6xoI1I',10 CTpeMHTbC5I K Yl3eJJ\J4eHHIO ero MOIllH, OCTI1 CHIHKe-
HllIO yeJIbHOrO Beca 11 YMt'lIbIUeHI1IO ra6apl1TOB.
113 <POPMYJIbI (20-8) BI1)IHO, 41'0 nOBbJWeHHe MOLUHOCTI1 3aBI1Cl1T 0'1'
YB€.1JH4eHH H cpeHero I1HllHI\BTOpHOro aBJIeHWI PI' 06'beM8 V h , lJl1CJIa
.. TenJlOTeXHIIf.JeCKHH cnpalJo'JHHK, T. 1. M. - Jl., foc.:meproH3JlaT 1957,
CTp. 697.
208
n.H,TTI1HJTpOB Z H 1JIfCJIa 0(50POTOB n If 01' YMcHbWeHH5I '-II1C'.JIa TaKTOB T. (np"
lIepeX()e C (!eThIpeXTaKTHoro Bl1raTeJ151 Ha .n:ByxTaKTHLII1).
Cpe)HeC HHIfKaTopHoe .n:aBJIeHHC MO)KHO nOBbICHTb, YJIYlJWI1B Ka-
qeCTBO cMecco6pa30BaHII5I, YBeJII11JIfB I1HlJ,I1KaTOpHbIH K. n. JL., ;'!3BJIeHl1e
BWJTyxa Ha rmycKe 11 p. CaMbIM 3<p<peKTI1BHbIM cnoco6oM nOBbIIlJeHIf51 P,
5TBJ151CTC5I cnoco6 yBeJIIf4eHIf51 .n:an.nCHI151 B03)J.yxa Ha BnycKc. 31'01'
cnocoo HOC lIT Ha3BaHl1e Haaayea aRl.1?atllC,1}l II 33KJIIO'IaeTC5I B CJ1eyIO-
lI1.eJlL B03nyx HJ111 pa60'la51 CMeCb nepe)l nocTynJ1eIlHeM B HI1JIHHllp J1BI1-
raTeJI5J npeBapIfTeJIblIO C:JKI1MaeTCH B HarneTaTeJIe. npl1 31'01\1 YBt'JIH-
IH!BaeTCH I1JIOTIIOCTb 11 COOTBeTCTBCHHO Macca B03yxa HJII1 pa60'leif
CMCCli. I,m K8K B L1.n,TTJ1lmpe OKmKeTCH 60.lbwee KOJII1'leCTBO B03.lI.yxa,
10 npH TOM }KC J<03(jJimlLl1elITe 1136bITKa B03JJ.yxa MO)KUO C}KelJb 66JIbWee
hOJIWICC"iBO Ton.mma. npli 3TOM YBeJII11JI1TC5I cpelI.Hee I1HI1KaTOpUoe
JJ.BB.neHuc, a CJIeOBaTeJIbHO, If MOLUHOCTb JJ.Bl1raTeJI5I.
B CTaIi.HOHapHblx BlIraTeJI5IX Ha)UlYB npl1MeH5lI0T nep110)ll1lJCCKH -
)lJI5I <PopCl1pOB3HI151 npl1 nlIKOBbIX HarpY3Kax. HaJJ.YB TaK}Ke nplIMe-
H5IIOT B CYOBbIX JJ.Bl1raTeJIHX, TeOJIOB03HbIX 11 aBl1all110HHbIX.
4TC6hI YBeJIWUITb otTheM IlI1JIIfHpa V h' J]/Hl nOBblWeHI1H MOLUHOCTI1
)lBl1nrremJ YBe.luILIlIBaIOT )lHaMeTp IlIfJIIfHpa D 11 XO)l nOpWH5I S.
l!ncJIo 060pOTOB Bl1raTeJI5I n HeJIb351 J13l\1emITb np0I13BOJIbHO.
Ono onpf'JJ.e.ruJeTcH Ha3Ha 1 IeHI1eM )lBnraTeJ!5I. 31'0 06'b5lCH5IeTC5I TeM, 'ITO
C YBeJ1!I'lCHl-leM L!HCJIa 060pOTOB YBeJII14I1BaeTC5I 113HOC JJ.BI1 raTeJI 51,
a c.1Je.n:OBWreJ1bHO, COKpaIIlaeTCH CpOK era CJJy}\{6bI. n03TOMY YBeJIHtIH-
BaTh MonUJOCTb BHr3TeJI5I YBeJ1H'IeHl1eM 'lUCJ1a 060pOTOB MO}KHO JII1I!1b
P. TOM CJIyqae, Kora YCJIOBI151 9KCIIJIyaTaIlHI1 Tpe6YIOT C03aHI1H JIer-
Koro, KOMnaKTHoro JIBHraTeJIH.
B HaCT05lIJl.ee BpeM5I Kap6IopaTopHHe JJ.BHraTeJ111 pa60TaIOT C
n = 3000--4000 o6IMWI. LI.aJIbHeHWee YBeJIHlJeHl1e '-lHCJ1a 060pOTOB
npI1BOI1T K 6hICTPOMY J13HOCY )lBl1raTCJ1eH*. B )lBIfraTeJI5IX C caMOBOC-
nJ1aMeHeHl1eM l'v!aKCI1MaJIbHOe QI1CJIO 060pOTOB OCTl1raeT 2000-
2500 o61AtUH.
YMeHbIlleHHe lJl1CJIa TaKTOB )lBl1raTeJ151 T C 'IeTbIpeX )l0 )lBYX YBeJII1-
QIWaeT MOlilHOCTb Ha 65-75% npl1 TOM :JKe 'II1CJIe 060pOTOB.
t 7. TennoBoH 6anaHc ABHraTenJi
B If){eaTTbIJOM BHraTe,TTe TenJIOBOH 6aJIaHC npelCTaBJ15!eT C060H npo-
CTYIO cxeMY. 113 BceH pacnOJIaraeMOH TenJIOTbl OHa ee lJaCTb HD.CT Ha
COIiepmeIIHe nOJIe3HOH pa60TbI, a BTOp351 OTBO)],111C51 B XO.IJO)lWIbHI1K, B
COOTECTCTEI1I1 CO BTOphlM 3aE.OHOM TepMO}JI.marvnnOi.
B peaJIbHOM ,1I,BUraTCJIe pacnOJIaraer\'Ioe TemlO paCXOllYeTC5I He
TOJIbE.O IIa conepmcnIle I10.1Je3Hoj:'I pa60TbI 1I H3 nOTcpm TenJIa C YXO.ll:51-
Ul.HM oTpa6o-raBWHM ra30M, HO II Ha JJ.pyrHc nOTeI'm, KOTopble Hcnpe-
pblBBO npm!CXOJlHT B npouecce pa60Tbl llBIIraTCJI5J. Terr,10BOH 6aJ1aHC,
* Cnel\HlIJJbHbIC rOHO'IHble MalllHHbI C ;ZJ.BHraTeJleM, pa60TalOHM npH
8000 06/MUfl, HMelOT BeCbM3 1IH1J1b1H CPOI( CJJY>K6hl.
S 3aK. 56
209

COCTaBJfE'HHbIH jlJl51 1 1<2 }KHl1lWrO HJIH J1)I51 1 At'J ra3006pa3HOrO TOnmma,
MQ}KeT 6b1Tb npeJJ:CTaBJleH B TaKOM BHl1.e:
Q = Q[ + Qox.ll + Qm3 + QOCT KiJJIC I K2 (Ka:JIC' At 3 ),
r.u,e Qf, - HH3lilaH TenJlOTa cropaHlUl pa6oLJero Tonmma;
Q[ - TenJlOTa, 9KBHBaJIeHTHaH 3cpcpeKTI1BI-IOH pa60Te ,lLBHraTeJIH;
QOXJI - Ten.TlO, YHOCHMoe C BOJJ:OH I1JIH B03JJ:Y XOM, OXJla}KJJ:aIOlIlI1M
JJ:BHraTeJlh 130 BpeMH ero pi:160Thl;
Qra3 - TenJlO, YHOCHl\tOe oTpa6oTaBlill1M ra30M;
QOCT - OCTaTOlJHbJC nOTepl1 TenJla, KYJJ:a BXOJJ.HT n01epIi 01' HenOJl-
HOThl CrOpaHI1H lJepes 1130JJflIU-lIO Ii JIpyme TPYJI,J-IO YLJHTbl-
BaeMble nOTepl1.
fenJl0130H 6aJlaHC JlBl1raTeJlH Bhlpa}KaJOT T3K}Ke B npOitCI-ITax.
ECJlI1 0603Ha lJl1Tb:
!!..L . 100 = q 1 % ;
Qf,
QOXJI .100 = q OL
OXJI 10 II T. ,IT",
Qf,
TOr ;:La
ql+qOXJJ+q"aa+qocT= 100%.
Pacnpe;:LeJlellHe TenJlOTbl Melli.AY OTJJ:€JlhIIbIMI1 COCTaBJIHlOll(I1MI1 Ten-
JlOBOrO 6aJJ3HCa pa3J1HLJIJO ;:LJlH pa3J1IIlJHhlX ;:LBHraTeJleii 11 3aBI1CI1T 01'
KOHCTPYKTI1BHblX 11 9KCnJlyaTau.110HHbJX cpaKTopOB. OTLLeJlbHbIe lJ.JJeHhl
ypal3HeHI1H TenJlOBOrO 6aJlaHCa I1MelOT npl1MepHO T3I\I1e 3HalJeHI1R:
ql=40-I8%; qOXJI=35-I5%; qra3=50-25%; qOCT=5-I2%.
113 npl1Be.neHl-lhlX UHcpp BI1;:LHO, '11'0 3Ha'mTeJlbHaH lJaCTh TenJl3
(JIO 70 %) TepfJeTCfJ C OTpa60TaBWI1M ra30M 11 C BO;:Loii (u.TlI1 B03;:LYXOM),
oXJlaX{;:LBlOIl.{eii ;:LBl1r3TeJlh. ECJlu 13 K3KOi'I-TO Mepe HCI10Jlh30BaTb 91'0
TenJlO, TO 3KOHOMUlJHOCTh ;:LfmraTeJlH 6YJJ.eT 3HalJUTeJJbHO VBeJ1HLJeH3.
B CTaUI10H3pHhlX CIIJJOBblX YCTaBOBKax C JlBHraTeJlHMH BHYTpeH-
Hero CrOpaHl-l5J, TaK }Ke KaK H 13 napOCIiJlOEbiX YCTaHOBKax, UCnOJlb3VfOT
TenJlO OXJla}J{JJ:aIOIl.{elJ: BO}J,hI Ii oTpa6OTaBwero ra33 JJ:Jl5J ropnlJero BOLLO-
cHa6}KeHHH.
 8. Knacc....q>HKa"'HSI AB....rareneH
.lI.BHr3TeJII-J EHYTpeHHero cropaHl1fJ KJlaccHcpl1Ul1pYIOTCH no MIJOmM
np!3HaKaM. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, no cnoc06y OCYll(l'CTBJlCHI1H IJ,HKJ;a JJ,BHra-
TeJIH pa3JJ,e,TleHbJ Ha ;:LByxTaKTHble 11 LJ€TblpeXTaKTHble (CM.  2 ,noii r.TJa-
BhJ); no CTeneHH C}KaTllfJ - Ha JJ,Bl1raTeJlI1 BblCOKoro C}KaTHH H HH3Koro'
no BH;:Ly C}KUraeMoro TOnJll1Ba -- Ha JJ,BHraTeJlH ra3006pa3Horo II :tKHlI.:
Koro TOnJlI-fBa; no cnoc06y cMece06p330BanH51 - H3 }J,BuraTeJlH C BHem-
H1-IM o.Jeceo6ra30BaIIl-JeM II BIIY'rpemHlIVI.
PaCCl\IOTIHiI\1 IICCKOJlbKO nOlI.pOOHee KJlaccucpuKaIlIIJO JJ,BHraTe.'Ieii,
210
Do Ha3Ha'IeHl-110 JJ:BIiraTeJlH pa3;:LeJleHbl na cmaWUmapf-lble 11 nepe-
a(J[I-JICHble.
eTa 11 H 0 I.J a p H bl e JJ: 13 11 r are JI H.. PacnpOCTpaHt?HHe ;:LEH-
raTeJIeii BHYTpeHIIero Crop3HHH ;:LJI}I CTaUHOH3pHbiX YCvl0BHii orpaHII-
lJeHO OTCYTCTBHeM Ha MeCTax H TpynHocThfO JJ:OCT3BKH EeChMa u.eHHoro
}j{J-jlKOro 11 rmo06pa3Horo Ton.nHBa. I103TOMY 13 naCTOHIl(Ce BlJl:'M5I I1X
He HCI10Jlb3YIOT H3 KpynHblx ':IJleKTpOCTaIllll151x. OHH HdlilJIH npm\'!eHe-
H11e lIa He60JlbUIIIX 3JlehTpOCT3HlII1fJX 13 paHOH3X, 60raTblX ra30BbiM Ton-
JIHB0\1, II H3 necpTepa3pa601Kax. KpoMe Toro, OHH pa60TaIOT Ha Me-
TaJlJlyprHlJeCKHX H !W!\COBbIX 3aBOJJ:ax, rJJ.e B KaLJenBC 10nJlIlB3 HCnOJlb-
3yeTC51 JJ,O!\1eHHbIH H reIH;paTopHblii ra3.
MOIl.{HOCTb cYU(eCTBYIOlIJ,HX CTalJ,HOHapHbIX n.Bl1raTeJlell COCTaBJlHeT
OT 20 JJ,O 3500 Knill, HO HMeIOTC5J OTJJ,eJlbHble arperaTbl MOIl.{HOCThlO
110 20 000 Mm. MeJlKHe 11 Cpe}J,Hl1e CT3UHOHapHble ;:LBl1raTeJlIl npHMe-
HfJIOT 13 KaqeCTBe pe3epBHhJX YCTaHOBOK H3 cpa6pHKax H 3aBO;:LaX, a TaK-
}Ke Ha MeJIKI1X CeJIbCKOX03HikTBeHHhIX CI1J10BbJX OCBeTHTe.JJbHbIX CTaH-
Ul1fJX.
I1 e p e JJ: B H }K H bl e ;:L 13 H raT e JI H. B rpynny nep e lI. Bl1 }KHhlX
BXO;:LHT JJ:BIIr3TeJlII JIJlH :tKeJIe3HOJIOpO:tKHOrO Tp3HcnopTa, CY;:LOBhJe, aBTO-
Tp3KTopHhle 11 aBHalJ,110IlHhle.
Ha }KeJIe3HOJlOp0}KHOM TpaHcnopre npHMeHfJlOT rJlaBHhJM 06pa30M
JJ,BIIraTeJ1I1 C caMoBocn.TlaMt::HeHl1eM II - KaK n011c06HhJe Ha MeJlKI1X
MOToB03ax - Kap6JOpaTopHble. MOlIJ,HOCTb TenJlOB03HbIX JJ,BHr3TeJlt"ii B
HaCTOfJll(f'e BpeMfJ JJ:OCTIIraeT 2000 Kem.
H3 cynax HCnOJlh3YJOT lI.Bl1raTeJIH BHYTpeHHero CrOp3l-IHH 13 OCIIOBHOM
C caMOBOCnJl3MeneHHeM. Ha MeJlKHX CY.lLOBhIX YCT3HoBKax nOJlb3YJOTCfJ
Kap610paTopHblMB JJ,BHraTeJlHMII.
B l<aLJeCTBe aBTOTpaKTopIlblX ;:LRHraTeJleii npIIMeHmoT Kap6JOp3TOp-
IIble IleTbipexTaKTHbIe, 6bICTpOxo;:LHble JlerKl1e ;:LBIIraTe.nH C caMOBDC-
nJlaMeHeHIIeM H ra30renepaTopHhie J]BHraTeJlH, pa60T3lOlIJ,He H3 ra30BOM
TOIlJlI1Be, nOJlYlJeHIIDM B reHepaTope, H3XO;:LHIl.{eMCfJ H3 MaWI1He B6J1H311
;:LBHraTeJIH.
rIpeHMYlllE'CTBOM ra30reHepaTopHbIX JIBIIraTeJIeii HBJlfJerCfJ B03MO}K-
HOCTb I1CnOJlb30BaHHH JIIo60ro HH3KOcopTHoro TBepJIOrO TCnJlIlBa. R
reHepaTop 3arpY}KalOT yroJlh,n.pOB3 11 JII06ble OTXOJJ:bI TOnJII1Ba.
TIp11 C)!\BraHHI1 TOnJlIIBa C HeLLOCTaTKOM B03JJ,YX3 13 reHepaTope npoHc-
XOlI.HT HenO./IJloe cropAHBe 11 06pa3yeTCfJ reHepaTOpHbJH ra3, KOTOpblH
II fJBJlfJeTCfJ Ton.nIIBOM JJ:Bl1raTCJl5J. f330reHep3TopHbie ;:LBllraTeJlH HC-
nOJlI:,3YlOT 13 paiioHax, OTJJ,aJleIIHbJX 01' CKJIa;:LOB npHB03IIoro ThHJJ,Koro
'ronJillBa. Hanpl1Mep, Ha JleCOp33pa6oTKax, 13 CeJlbCKOM cTpOIlTeJlhCTBe,
Ha reoJlOrOpa3BeJJ,OlJHblX pa60Tax 11 T. n.
ABToTpaKTOpHblel1.Bl1raTeJIH I1l\1eJOT MOIl.{HOCTh 01' 15 JJ:O 100 KBm
U '-IHCJIO 060pOTOB 1000-3000 061 AWH.
B aBHallUH B OCHOBHOM npHMeH5IJlll LJeTbIpeXTaKTHhle 6eH311Ho-
Bble D.BHraTeJlH. OJJ:HaKo sa nOCJleJJ:Hee BpeMfJ ra30ryp611I-IHhle JJ:BHraTe-
JIll nOLJTl1 nOJlHOCThlO BblTeCHHJlH nopuIHeBoH ;:LBHraTeJIl;> BHYTpeHHero
cropaHliH.
211
8*

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cropaHHSI
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HH3Mb!. B 3aBlICliMOCTli OT Ha3HaqeHlIH liX nO,l1,pa3JI,eJlmOT IIa: Kopnyc
Jj,BlIraTemI, pa60QllH MexaHli3M, clIcTeMY nOJj,3'IH TOnJlHBa, Cl-!CT(l\IY
perYJll-!por:samm, CHCTCMY OX}!alKJj,eHlI5l,
cHcTeMY Cl\.Ja3KU, cHCTeMY cWilmr3HlIH.
PaccM01 pI1M HeKOTophle 113 rHlX.
K 0 p n Y C l B li raT e JI f]. Kup-
nvc ItBllraTeJl5J COCTOIlT H uenOJj,BHlKHLJX
QaCTeH, BOCnpHlIlIl\IalOUJ,IlX ,l1,ei'IcTBYIOllJ,Ile
B II,BllraTeJ1e Cl1.:Ibl. K HcrrOlI.BHiKHblM lJac-
THM OTUOCHTCH: iPYH,l1,aMeUTU3H pal\ta (B
CT3UliOHapHOM .n:BliraTe,lIe) liJlll 6J10K-Kap-
'Iep (B nepe,l1,BmKilOM), CTalUmbI, 6,TWK
IJ,liJlliH,l1,pOB C rliJIh33Mll Ii KpblwKaMIl,
KopeHHble nO,l1,WlinHliKI1 11 Jj,pyme ,l1,eTa,Tlli.
P a 60 tI H if Me x a H H 3 M. )J,eTaJlll
pa60lJero MeXaHJl3Ma BocnpllHHMaIOT II
nepelI. alOT yCIlJIll5J, B03HHKaIOlIJ,m: B ,l1,Blira-
TeJIe. K OCHOBHbIM ,l1,€TaJlHM pa6ol/cro
MexaHli3Ma OTHOCHTCH: nopwHli C nopw-
HeBbIMli naJlhIJ,aMIi II nopwlleBbIMIi KOJl},-
uaMli, waTYHbl, KOJICHlJaThlH BaJl, Max.?BI1K.
Ilopmcub, maTYH li KOJleHlJaThIH BiM
COCT3BJIHlOT Kpu8oUlufiflo-UlamYflflblll MeXll-
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lJ.mUKel-IHe nopwIlH BO Bpall3TeJlbHOe ,l1,BU-
)KCI-IHC BaJla.
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l e JI e H H H. B '-!eTblpexTaKTlIoM ,l1,BHraTC-
JlC nO,l1,alJa pa60lJcii CMeCH (llJlli B031Lyxa) H
BbmycK npo,l1,YKTOB cropaHllH OCYll1.eCTBJlH-
eTCH ra30pacnpC,l1,eJIliTeJlbUbIM MexaHll3MOM
(pllC. 20-15). Ero pacnpC,l1,eJIUTeJIbHblH KYJIa'IKOBbIH BaJl 9 coelUHeH
npM nOMOlIJ,1l 3y6tIaTOH nepe!lalJH C KOJIeULIaTbIM Ba.lIOM 8 .n: B 11raTeJlH. Ilp
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ry 311 KOpOMbICJlO 4 B031LeHCTByeT Ha KJIanaH, l-!MCIOlIJ,llliuLUTOK 6 H rOJlOB-
KY 7, Ii OH oTKpbIBaeTcH. 3aKpbIBacTcH KJIanaH no,l1, lI.:licTBlleM npy:»<-
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lJdToro. 31'0 ,l1,OCTHraercH cOOTBerCTI:iylolll.UM l1o.u.60POM 3y6 ' IaTOIl
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'-!HHbl BHeillHeii IwrpY:)j{ll. IlpH YBeJllI'leHIlIl HarpY3KH B IJ,HJlllH.zp BEO-
J],H CH COOTBeTCTJ3fUHO 66.'!bwec KOJlHtIeCTBO TOllJlIlBa, li,1Jli pa60lJeii
CMeCil, n Hao6opOT -. npn YMeHbweHHll HarpY3Kli B IJ,liJlIlH.lIp nO,l1,aeTCH
MeHbIIIe TOIIJIIIBi'i.
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raTeJleM, Hero BtleLUHeH HarpY3KOH.
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Ilblii, KalJeCTBeHHblH Il CMeWmmbJH.
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(CooTIIoweHHe TOnJIHBa C B03,l1,YX0:\1), a ClJeJJ.OBaTeJlbHO, li K03<pqm-
nlleHT 1I36biTKa B03lI.yxa He U3MeHHlOTCH. Ilp3KTH'IeCKIl KOJllllJeCTBeH-
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CO CHlDKCHHeM - MeHbUle.
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pOJ1JI.'C cropmme TOnJlliBa npH Becx HarpY3Kax, TaK KaK K03q)-
iPlllmeHT U36b11Ka B03,l1,yxa OCTaeTCH nOCTOHHUhlM. 9TOT cnoco6
perYJIHpOBaHHH npHMeHHIOT B Kap61OpaTopHbIX li pelKe B ra30BbiX
lI.BllraTeJlHX.
KalJ.eCtneeflfiblll cnoco6 pecyllllpoeaflUH. B ,l1,BUraTCJlHX C BHeWHIlM
cMccc06pa30B&HUCM 06hi l IHO He npliMCHHlOT, a E ,l1,BHraTeJIHX C Cf1MO-
Bocn.naMeneHllCM npliMeHHlOT umpOKO. B TliX BllraTeJlHX B IJ,HJllilJ.llp
nO,l1,aeTCH nOCTOm1HOe KO,T!l[IIeCTBO lJHCTOrO B03,l1,yxa II B 3D.BIiCHMOCTH
OT li3!\1CIIeUlI51 narpY3KH MCHHeTCH TOJlhKO I<OJllI'leCTBO nO,l1,aBaCMDrO
TonmlB3 B UHJIIlH11.p.
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60JlbWHX lIarpY3Kax npoH3Bo.llHT Ka'IeCTSeUHoe perYJllIpOBaHlIe, a npll
M3JJblX - KO.'llIlJeCTBeI-lHOC. CMcm3HHoe pery.TJllpOBanIie wllpmw npu-
Mt:'HHlOT B ra30BhlX .l\BUraTeJlHX,
C II C T e 1\1 a 0 x JI a :JK lL e H Ii H.' PCl60lJHe npOllCCCbI B ,l1,BHraTeJIHX
BI-JYTpeIlHcro CIopaHHH nraTeEaIO'!' npll neCbMa BbICOKHX TeMnepaTypax
(1800-- 2000° C). Il03ToMY J],JIH npc.noxpaUemI5J 01' neperpeBa lI.CT3J1en,
HaX01J.HllJ.liXCH B 30He 3TH X Tc'\mepaTYP (CTeUlm, I(PbIIUKIl, rO.lIOBKH IJ,li-
JlHH,l1,pOB, a TaK)Ke nOpmHl-! li noplllHCBble WTOEH), Hc06XO,l1,liMO UX liH-
TeHCIlBHO OXJla:JK,l1,aTb.
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BOJHHOC.
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raTCJlHX.
213

r naB a XXI
nAPOBblE TYP6111Hbi
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TIapoBaH Typ6HHa HBJHJeTCH ,ABHraTeJIeM, B KOTOpOM npeo6pa30na-
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.1) npe06pa30BaHHc nOTeHIHaJIbHoti 3Hepnm napa B ImHCTHqecKYIO H
2) npe06pa30naHHe nOJIytIeUIIOH KH- .
HenItlecKoH 9HeprHH B MexaHHtIe- ZO
CKYIO pa60TY Typ6HHbI. TIpoTOqHaH
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OCHOBHhlX qaCTclI: nepBaH tIaCTb-
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BTopaH - ,AliCK 8, HaCa}KeHHbIH Ha
BaJI Typ6HHbI 4. I10 OKPY}KHCCTH
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KH 2, KOTOpblE' 06pa3YIOT KaHaJlbl.
DepBbIH nponecc npOTeKaeT B .1
COnJIOBOM annapaTc, KYl1. a nocTynaeT lJ.
nap BbICoKoro JjaBJleHHH. B ConJIax 1
nap paClilHpHeTCH, ero JIaBJIeHHe
na)1.aeT H COOTBeTCTBeHHO YBCJIHqH-
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Ha pa60'lHe JJOnaTKH O.llIlO.llHCKO-
BOll Typ6HHbI
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JIOnaTKaMH. r,Ae KHHeTliQeCKa51 91leprJIH napa npe06pa3yeTcH B MexaHH-
qecKYIo paoOTY BpaLQeHHH lUlCKa 11 cmmaHHoro C HHM BaJIa Typ6HHbI.
Ha puc. 21-1 COnJIOBoi'! annapaT 1 nOKa3aH B BH,Ae On:HOro conJIa.
B Typ6I1HaX Cpe,AHeH H 60JIbWOl! MOUHOCTH COnJIOBOH annapaT npen:-
214
CTaBJIHeT c060ii COtl/loeyto pewemKY, COCTOHllI.YIO H3 Henon:BH}KHbIX JIO-
naTOK 4 (pHC. 21-2), Ka}K}l.aH napa KOropblX 06pa3Ye'I COIIJIOBOH Ka-
HaJI 1. Ha pHC. 21-2 nOKa3aHa TaK)l<,.C pemeTKE1 pa60 t Hix JIOnaTOK 2,
r,Ae Ka}K,AaH HX napa 06pa3yeT Me}K,AY c060ii KpliBOJIIlHeHHbIH
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604HE' JIonaTKH, COCTaBJIHeT CTyneHb Typ6HHbI. Typ6HHY, COCTOHllI.YIO
H3 O,AHOH cTyneHH, IW3blBaIOT oOHocmYfleHliamou. O,AHOcTyneHtIaTbIe
Typ6l!Hbl £1a60TalOT C 60JlblilHM tIHCJIOM 060pOTOB (20000-;-.50000 06/ MUH).
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rpaHcnopTHbIX YCTanOBI{ax.
B KatJeCTBe l1.BIIraTe,TT5I, npeo6pr13yroLQero 3Ileprmo napa B MeXaHli-
QecKYIO pa6oTY, npIlMem1l0T Typ6uHhI, COCTOHLQHe H3 HeCKOJIbKHX
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MHoroCTyneHlIaThre napoBLIe Typ6HHbl 06JIa,AaIOT cyw,ecTBeHHo 60JIh-
WHMli MOW,HOCTHMH 50, 100, 200 ThIC. Kem npH 3000 06/ MUH. B HaCTOH-
!liee BpeMH C03n:aHbI Typ6liHhI MOLQHOCThlO 300, 500 TbIC. Kem II npoeK-
TliPYIOTCH MOIlHOCThlO 800 TbIC. Kem H 1 MJIH. Kem.
COBpeMeHHaH Typ6HHa - 3T0 CJIO}KHbIH BhTCOK03KOHOMlitIHbIH 6bI-
CTpOXO,AHblH JT.BHraTeJ1b.
B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH MHorocTyneHtJaTaH napoBafI Typ6liHa HBJIfIeTCH
OCHOBHbIM ,ABHraTeJIeM Ha Bcex TenJIOBhIX 3,neKTpII4ecKHx CTaHlIIlHX.
i 2. Pa6o.......H npol\,ecc B napoBoH Typ6HHe
B cTyneHH TYPOHHLI nap npOXO}I,HT no CHCTeMe Hen0l1.Bl1}KHbTX li
Bpal1aIOUlixcH KaHaJIOB. TI03TOMY B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH,Aa ,ABH}KeHHH
pa3JIHtIaIOT Tpli CKOpOCTH napa:
C -- a6COJIIOTHaH CKOpOCTh ,ABH}KenliH napa;
U - CKOpOCTb nepeHoCHoro lIB li)KeHHH , paBHaH OKPY}KHOH CKO-
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HOCliTeJIhHO JT.BH}KYW.eHCfI JIOnaTKli.
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JIOM, nepeJT. pa604HMH JIOnaTKmm H 3a pa604liMH JIOnaTKaMH) OTMe-
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r,n:e C F - TeOpeTH'leCKaH Choponb Ha BbIxolle H3 ConJIa.
215

ECJIH nplIHHTb,
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TlIHHaH CKOpOCTb C1 MeHbllle TeOpe'fHqeCKOH. K03(p:j:mIUIeHT, yqllTbIBaIO-
nIHH nOTepIO CKOpOCTlI, Ha3bIBaJOT IWBrpqJUU/LCHmOJvI (,J«Jpocm!l II 0603-
HaIIaJOT 6YKBOH (j).
B COBpeM€HHbIX Typ61IHax 3HaqeHIIH K09<ptPl1IU!eHTa C!<OpOCTJJ cp
COCTaBJIHIOT 0,93-;.-0,98. LLeHCTBIiTeJIbHYIO CKOpOCTb HCTeqeHHH MOMBO
onpeJJ,eJIIiTb
C I = CPCIT .
nap H3 conJIa C JJ,aB.1J:eHHeM Pi nonaJJ,aeT B KaHaJIbI pellleTKH pa60'Hix
JIOnaTOK. B 3aBHCIiMOCTH 01' B03,11eHCTI3HH napa Ha paOOqIie JIOnaTKIi
pa3J1HIIaIOT TYPOIiHbI aKmU81iOcO 1I peaKmu8fLOco JJ,eHcTBHH.
A K l' Ii B H a 51 T Y P 6 H H a. B I<3HaJIaX pemelKIJ pa60'IHX ,TIO-
naTOK aKTHBHoii Typ6HHbI npoHcxoJJ,HT nOBopoT CTPYH napa. }/[3Mene-
HHe KOJIH'IeCTBa JJ,BIiMCHHH nOTOKa napa npeo6pa3yeTcfI B aKTIiBHYIO
CIIJIY, n:eHcTBYIIl{YIO Ha pa6o'me JIO'laTKH Ii Bpaw.aIOIIJ.YIO )J,HCK II BaJI
Typ6IiHbI. Typ6HHY, B pa60'IHX KaHaJIaX KOTOpOH n:efIcTByer aKTHBHaH
CHJIa, Ha3bIBaIOT aKmuBHoil myp6w-IOll. LLaBJIE'llHe napa 13 KaHaJIaX pa-
60'IHX JIOnaTOK aRTHBHOH Typ6HHbT He H3MeHHeTCH H OCTaeTCH paBHblM
JIaBJIeHHlO napa Ha BbJXO)Ie Ii3 ConJIa, T. e. Pi = P2 (CM. pIlC. 21-2,
cBepxy).
TIOCKOJIbKY YCltJIHe Ha BaJI Typ611HbJ nepen:aeTC5! TOJII,KO npIi nOBO-
pOTe CTPYIi napa, pa60'IaH JJOnaTKa JJ,OJIlliHa HMeTb CIi.TIbHO H30rHYThlH
CHMMeTpli'lHblll aKTIiBHbIH npOtPIiJIb. TIap H3 ConJIa HanpaBJI5!eTCH Kaca-
TeJIhHO K BXOJJ,HOH KpoMKe H30rHYTOH JIOnaTR&.
Be.TIH'umy H HanpaBJIeHlIe CKopoCTeH napa nepe)J pa60'JHM KO.'Ie-
COM H sa JIHl\1 l'vIOlliHO onpe.n:eJIHTb, nOCTpOHB BX01I.lIhIe n BhIxon:Uhle Tpe-
yroJIbHHKH CKopOCTen (CM. puc. 21-2). B qaCTHOCTIi, BClnop OTHOCH-
TeJIbHOH cI<opocnr onpeJJ,eJIHeTC5! reOMeTpI1'IeCROH pa::mocTLIO
WI =cl-u.
HanpaBJIeHIie OTHOCHTeJIbHOH CKOpOCTH napa Wl COCTaBJI5JeT C
nJIOCKOCTbIO JJ,IiCKa Typ6HIIbI yroJI l' KOTOpbIH H33hIBaIOT Yc/lOM 8xoiJa.
HanpaBJIelIHe BeKTopa C1 onpeJJ,eJIHeTCH yrJIOM al lV!e.iK,n.y OCLIO COIl-
JIa Ii nJIOCKOCTbIO .n,nCKa.
TeOpeTHqecKaH OTHOCHTeJIhHa5:1 Clwponh na BbIxon:e H3 pa60 l 1ero
I\O.TJC'C'(J onpeJl.eJIHeTC}] TaK llie, KaR 11 lJa pbIXOJJ,e H:5 con.'Ia
WT - W
- i l - i2T = h'21 O:JIC / K2.
2
lUG
B }{eikTBHTeJIbHOCTH, BCJJe.nCTBHe nOTeDL B .10naTOqnOM KaHaJIe, )l,0-
CTuraeMaH npH DhIXOJ(e OTHOCfITeJlbII3H CIWpOCTh napa MeHbllle, 'IeM
W2T' a i 2 BbIllW, 'I eM t l1 (CM. pHC. 21-2, cBepxy).
3TH IIOTeplJ yqUThIBaJOTCH
K0(1)(plll{UetimO/rl CKopocmu \jJ
pa6mC20 KO/lCCa, fIpH 9'101\1
W 2 = JW2T .
OTI-IOCHTeJIhHaH CKOpOCTh
W2 BbIXOAa napa HanpaBJIena
no RaCmeJlbIlOll 1-( BbfXO)HOii
"
1-1
/,1\
Po Ail'
I I II \
I II \
1/ II r-- C z
Co _.J Pt Pz =-PI
I I'
I
PHC. 21-3. CxeMa Oi\HOJJ,HC-
KOllOH aKTHBHoii Typ6I1I!LI
1
y,
2
PIIC. 21-4. Cxe!vIa peaKTIIBHoro .llell.
CTBHH napa na JJOHaTKH Typ6HHbI
KpOfv1I-\: JIOnaTKII no]]: yrJIOM 2 K nJIOCROCTIi JJ,HcKa. YroJI B2, HC13bI
Bael\1bIlT yc/iOAl 8bl'(ooa, 06hIIIHO npHHHMaIOT paBHbIM yrJIY B 1 .
Ha puc. 21-3 H306pa./KeHa cxeMa aKTHBHOIl OJJ,HOILIiCKOBOi! Typ6IiHb:
H rpa<pHK !!3MeHelU!5J Ch.OpOCTJ1 H .n:aBJlelUIH napa. TIap nocTynaeT B
con,TIO 4 C Jt3B.lIeIlUCM Po H co. .vb conJIa nap C napar\IcTpaMH P1 H Cl
IIOna)l,aeT B l\aHaJlhl paooqIlx JIOnaTOK 3, I')l,C .n:aB,TIerme napa OCTaeTCH
I10CTOHHHbIM (rJt =c (12), a CKOpOCTL naJJ,aeT 01' Cl !LO C2' T. e. KI1HeTI1'ie-
CKa5I 3lTeprn}j napa npeo6p1:!3yeTcH B !\IeXaHH'leCKYIO pa60TY BpaW.(-'HHH
JUICK3 2 11 CBH3aHIIoro C HIIM Ba,TIa 1 Typ6111IL1.
Pea K l' H B II" (1 H T Y P 6 II II a. Ha pHC. 21-4 npeJJ,cTaB.'IeHa
cxe"I3 peaKTHBHOH c-ryueIJII lyp6HHbI. COnJIOBOH annapaT Typ6mIbI
217

npe,1I,CTaBJIfleT C060ll CYLKHBaIOLQIIeCfl KaHaJIbI 2, 06pa30BaHH hIe KaLK}IOH
£lapOH HenOJUn-ILKHblX JIOnaTOK 1. B conJl0BOM annapaTe np0l1CXO)l!H
,wcmWiHoe pacwHpenlIe napa 01' Ha'laJIbHOrO ll.aBJIeHI1H Po ]1.0 KaKoro-To
npoMeLKYTOI-IHOrO 1I.aBJIeHlIfl 1 1 1 (Po > PI)' TIpli 3TOM B CYX{lIBaJOLQlIXCH
conJIax TOJIhKO qaCTb BHYTpeHHeH 3Hepnm npe06pa3yeTcH B KIiHeTII'le-
CKYlO. TIpOqJl1JIh JIOnaTOK pa60 I !ero KOJIeCa peaKTJtf\IJOP CTvneHH OTJlII-
IiaeTCH OT npoqmJIH JIOnaTOl< aI<TlIBII0I1 cTyneHII. nOnaTKI-1 .S' peaKTlIBHC'M
CTyneHII MeBee li30mY1'hi II 06pa3YIOT CY:H<HBaIOIUI-1E:Cn KaHaJIh14. BCJIeJ1.-
i CTBl1e 'noro nap, BCTynafl B HI-1X C a6co-
Po JIlOTHOtI CKOpOCThlO Cl If OTHOCI-1TeJIhHOii
WI' npOjJ.OJILKaeT paClUl1pflThCfl. TIpH 3TOM
p, ero 1I.aBJIeHlIe na1l.aeT 01' PI 11.0 P2, 1-1
BCJIe]1.CTBlie 3Toro B03paCTaeT OTHOCIITeJIh-
Hafl CKOpOCTb napa 01' 3Ha'leHliH WIn:O
W 2 (CM. jJ.l-1arpaMMY Ha pliC. 21-4, cBepxy).
Y CliJI I1fl , Bpall!,alOlI1.He ]1.HCK H BaJI
Typ611HbI, 06YCJIOBJleHhI peaKTI1BHblM 1I.et!-
CTBHeM ]1.BHLKYLQerOCH KaHaJIa pa60'll1x JIO-
naTOK, B KOTOpOM npoHcX01l.l1T Jl.aJIhHeHWee
pacIlmpeHHe napa OT ]1.aBJIeHHfl Pt 11.0 P2'
IlaJeHHe JaBJIeHHfl conpoBoLK.n.aeTcH yCKo-
peHHeM napa no O1'HomeHHIO K pa60'lHM
JIOnaTKaM. Ilpl-1 3TOM B03HHKaeT CI1JIa
OTTaJIKHBaHI1H - peaKTHBHaH CI1JIa. PeaKTHBHaH CHJIa HanpaB.lIeHa
npoTl1B CKOpOCTI1 BbITeKalOLQeH CTPYI1.
PaCCMOTpl1M npouecc B peaK1HBHoll Typ6liHe Ha is-1I.l1arpaMMe
(pIlC. 21-5). TIYCTh nap paCIIllIpHeTCfl no a1l.l1a6aTe 0-2 01' ,'J.aBJIeHliH Po
11.0 Jl.aBJIeHIUI P2' licnOJIb3Yfl n:PI1 3TOM BeCh TeIIJIOnepena]l. ho = io - i 2 .
4aCTb TenJIOnepena1l.a, 3aTpa'leHHYlO Ha pacilinpeHue napa B conJIax 01'
.n:3BJIeHlIH Po ]1.0 Ph 0603Ha 1 1IiM IIepe3 hiT' a I3TOpyIO 'laCTh, 3aTpaIIeH-
HYIO Ha paClUlipeHHe napa Ha pa6o'll1x JIOnaTKax 01' lJ,3BJIt'Hl1fl Pi 11.0
P2 -- 'Iepe3 h?T' Or;t'BH]1.HO, 'lTO hiT + h 2T = ho.
CJIejJ.yeT 3aMeTTb, 'l1'O Ha pa60qeiJ: JIOnaTKe peaKTI1BHOH Typ6HHbI,
KpOMe peaKTI1BHOH pa60TLI, IIMeeT MeCTO TaKLKe H aKTHBHaH pa60Ta,
BhI3BaHHafl nOBopOTOM CTPYIi napa.
XapaKTepliCTHKOH peaKTliBHOH CTyneHH HRJIHeTCH CTeneHh peaKII.l1lI,
KOTOpa5I onpeJI.eJIfleTCH KaK OTHOIlIeHHe TenJIOneppna,'I.a, epa6aThmaCMoro
Ha JIOnaTKax pa60'lcro KOJIeca, 1\ TeriJ10nepena}1.Y BceM CTyneHII
(CM. pl1c. 21-5)
io
i. ho
i 2
S
PHC. 21-5. is-,D,lIarpaMMa
peaKTHBHoM Typ6HllbI
h 2T h 2T
p=__=_. (21-1)
hl'f -I- h 2T ho
Ha npaKTIIKe aKTHBHbIMH CQI1T31OT Typ6IlHbI C Ue60JIbiliOH (p =
= 0,1-;.-0,111) CTeneHbIO peaI{U lili .
TaK KaK nap pacilillpfleTcH Ha pa60'lI1x JIOnaTKax, TO B03HI1KaeT
pa1HoeTb Me)KJI.Y ,1IaB.'IeHliflMIi napa 11.0 pa6o'lei.J: JIOnaTKI1 H nOCJIe Hte.
TIpli 9TOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO B03HHKaeT pa3HOCTb ]1.aBJIeIIHfI TaKLKe C 06e-
218
HX CTOpOH 1I.HCKa TypfiHHhl. Bc.rTf>J{CTBne ,noro npH paOOTe TaKHX TYP-
6MB BcerjJ.a CYIIl.eCTBy{-T 3HaIJI1TeJ1bHOe ]1.06aB0 1 1H0e vcwme Ha BCID 60-
KODYIO nOBepXJlOCTb Typ6I-H-IHOrO ]1.liCKa. 31'0 YClimie cTpeMliTcH C]1.BII-
HYTb jJ.I1CKlI Typ6HHbl BMeCTe C BaJIOM BJI.OJIh ero OCI1 B Hanp3BJIeHlili
BX01l.a napa Ha JIOnaTKH. TaKue Typ6I1Hb' 'laCTO Ha3hlBaIOT myp6t-lHaMU
1136blmO'iH020 Oa8IleHUH.. .
p a 6 0 l' a 11 0 l' H C C It l' e JI b H hI H K. n. JI.. 0 JI. H 0 ti
C l' Y n e H I1 l' Y P 6 11 H bI. TIpn BbIXOjJ.e 113 ConJIa nap C a6COJIlOTHOH
CKOpOCTbIO Cl nocTynaeT B KaHaJIbI pa60'lIiX JIOnaTOK. TIOCKOJIhKY pa-
60UaH JIOnaTKa 1130rHYTa, TO CTPYH napa, nOCTynafl Ha Hee, 1I3Mt'HHeT
CBoe HanpaBJIeHlie. TIpli &TOM C03,'I.aeTCH OKpYLKHoe YCIiJIUt', npaLQalO-
ul.t'e 'uJICK Typ6lIHhI.
PaCCMOTpliM Re.TlI1'lHHY OKpYLKHoro YCHJII1H Ha pa60'lHX JIOnaTKax
Typ6liHhI. 0603H3'lHM MaccoBbiH ceKYHJI.HhIH pacxo}l napa B OjJ.HOH CTY-
neHH 'lepe3 m 2/ceK. Tor.n.a KOJII1'leCTBO ,U,BllLKeHHH, KOTOphIM 06JIa1l.3CT
nap, BX01l.HUl.HI1 II K3HaJIbI pa6o'll1x JIonaTOK 3a 1 ceK, 6YJI.eT paDHO mCl,
a KOTOpbIM ot)JIa}1.aeT nap, BbIXO}1.HIllHH 1I3 JIOnaTOK, - mC9.
TaK K3K HMnyJIbC CHJIbI P 3a 1 ceK paBeH cpe,1I,HeH BeJIII1IHHe Cal\lOH
CI1JIhl, TO ]l.JIH paCCMaTpliBaeMoro C.T1YII3fl 3aKOH li3MeHeHl1H KO,flH'leCTBa
1I.BHLKeHl1fl MOLKHO Bblpa3lITh B I\I111.e BeKTopHoro ypaBHeHlIfl
P=m(CI-C 2 )'
(21 -2)
Onpe}:{t',I]H!\1 OKpYLKHoe YCI1JIlie P, C0311.aHHOe 1 K2 napa, nocrynliBlUl1M
3a 1 ceK Ha pa60lJlIC JIOn3TKH. .D.JIfl ,noro 1I3 TpeyrOJ1bHI-IKOB cKopoCTeH
(CM. plie. 21-2) Hal!]lel\1 CYMMY npOeKII.IIH CKopocTeH c i H C2 Ha HanpaBJIe-
HHe JI.BIILKeHIIH ,1]0naTOK (coBna]1.aIOll!,ee C HanpaBJIeHI1t'M OKPYLKHOH CKO-
pOCTH u). Tor1l.a
P = 01 cos a l +02 cos a 2 H.
(21-3)
Pa6OTa, npoH3Be1l.eHHafJ 1 K2 napa 3a 1 ceK H3 pa60 I IeH JIOnaTKe,
Bpall!,alOLQei.J:cfl C OKPYLKHOH CKOpOCThIO U, onpe]1.eJIliTCfl paBeHcTBoM
l=Pu OJIC. (21-4)
uTI01l.CTaBIiB B nOJIYIJ€HHYIO u<POPMYJIY 3Ha'lt'Hlie P li3 <PoPMYJIhI (21-3),
H311]1.eM 3HaIJeHv.e ceKYH,1J.HOI1 pa60TbI
1 = U (c 1 cos a l + C 2 COS ( 2 ). (21-5)
CeKYHJI.Ha5! pa60Ta napa MOLKeT OhJTh TaKLKe BbIpaLKeHa IIepe3 OTHO-
Cl1TeJ1HIbW CKOpOCTI1 CTPYI1 napa. )J,JIH 3TOro CJIe1l.VeT BOCnOJIb30-
BaThCr! COOTHomeHHHMH, Bb!TeK3IOI.u,l1cvm li3 TpeyrOJIhHlfKOB CKopocTeH
(CM. pl1c. 21-2),
CI cosal = W 1 cas P1 + U,
C 2 cos a 2 = W 2 COS 2 -ll.
(21-6)
(21-7)
21

nOltCTREHR D paBeHcTBo (2] -5) nOJJY'icHHhIe sna'IeIIIHI 113 panencTB
(2]-6) II (2]-7), 6y.n.el\1 lIMeTb
1 = U (WI COS 1 + W 2 COS 2)'
(21-8)
Eha )Ke CCKYH}lHafl pa60Ta napa lIa JlOnaTKax cTyneIUI !\1mKeT GbJTb
TaK)Ke npe1\C1'3BJJeHa B BI1)J,e pa'3HOCTI1 KlmeTWIeCKHX 3I1epI'HH
cI c
l=--- OJICIKc
2 2 '
(21-9)
CI
I'.n.e --KI1HeTHLfeCKafI 9HeprHH, KOTOpOH 06JIa.n.aeT e.lJ.HHHua Mac-
2 CbI napa npH Bxo.n.e Ha pa60LfHe JIonaT!<H;
c 2
2 ..
2-HeHCnOJIb30BaHHa5J B .lJ.aHHOH cTyneHH KHHeTHLfeCKa51 :JHep-
I'HH o1'pa6OTaBlueI'O napa npH BbIXO.lJ.e C pa60LfeH JIonar-
KH, Ha3bIBaeMaH 6blXOOHOU nomepeii.
B .n.eHCTBHTCJIbHOH 1'yp6HHe He Bce 1'enJIO, nocTymmillee n3 pa60 f me
JIOnaTKH, npe06pa3yeTcH B pa6CTY. 4aCTh em Hen::sre>KIlO T'2p5JC'IC51
Ha TpeHHe napa 0 CTE'IIKH COIIJ'! H JJOnaTOK, 3aBHXpeHHf! H nOTcpH C
BbIXO.n.HO H CKOpOCTblO C2' CTenem, COBepmeHcma pa6ollero npOIlE'cca B
.n.eHCTBHTE'JIbHOH Typ6HI-Ie xapaKTepI!3YCTCH OTHOCJJTt'JIbHbJM K. n. !i.,
KOTOpbIIJ onpC}leJJHt'TCfI OTHomeHHeM CeKYHJLHOH pa60TbJ t, npOH3BeJle!::l-
HOll 1 Kc napa, K pacnOJIaraeMoMY Ten.TJOnepenaJl.y ho
l
'rIo = - .
ho
(2]-10)
OllCBH1\HO, 'I(>!\1 oO"'Tbme OfHOCI1TeJIbHblll K. n. .lJ.. 'rio' TeM cOBepmeH-
Hee pa60TR TYPOHHH.
3Ha'leHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHOI'O K. II. /1.. 110 .n.JIH aKTIIBHOTI cTyncHH anpe-
]teJIfIeTCfI <POPMYJIOll Eamm, J<OTopaH npHBeJl.e!::l<1 6C3 BbIBO.D.a *
'rIo = 2q>2 (1 + 1jJ) ( COS al -  )  .
C1 C1
(2J-ll)
DQCl\OJlbKY J<03<pcpmmeIITbl C!<OpOCTH (P !1 1jJ, a TaJOKC yrQJJ BXOJla at
.n.JIH .D.aHHOll 1'YPOHJlbl J1MeI01' nOCTOHHHoe 3Ha'leHHe**, TO H3 <PoPMYJJbl
(21-11) CJJe.lJ.yeT, '11'0 OTHOCHTCJIbHbIII K. n. l!:. 5JBJIflCTCH <PYI-Jl{IHeH TOJIbEO
OTHomeHHH OJ<PY)KHOll CI<OpOC1'H U K aOCOJlIOTIJOll Ct, T. e.
I u )
'rIo=f .
* BbIBO.lllj.>OPMYJJbl CM. B Yf.Je6H1IKc H. B. I1Ho3cIueBa «Kypc TellJJODblX .!lBII-
raTcJJeii». 1\1., 06opoHrH3, I 954,  79.
** 3.!tecb He paCCMaTpHBaCTC5I 113l\ICneHHe lWoJ<l)(!JIII!IICHTa <j; H yrJla ab IIPH
H3MeHeHHH peiiUIMoB pa60Tbl Typ6IIHbI.
220
B H)]:e3JIbHOM CJlyqaC, KOI'Jl.a (p = 'IjJ = 1 'B aJ<TJ!BEOIT Typf,HHe npH
ex, = 0, H npH YCJIOBHH, 'ITO BeCb pRCnOJIaraCMblH TenJlOnepena,7J. 110
IIj)cBpam,aeTC5I B pa60TY, T. e. 'rIo = 1, OTHOIHE'HHe
U
C1
2
B 3TOM CJIY'laf.' OKpy>KH?5J CKOpOCTb JIOna10K paOCIJero KOJlt'ca paB-
IJa TJOJIOBI1He 3UCOJ11OTHOH CIWpOCTH C1 Bxo.n.a napa B E.aHaJIbI pa60IJHX
JI, (maTOI< T. e. II =-=. O,S Cl.
rpaclJIH< 3aBHCHMOCTH J{. n. .n..
01'  .lJ.Jl51 31'01'0 c./IV'Ia51 npejJ,.
C1 "
CTaB./IeH Ha pm:. 21-6 nYHE-
THPHO}I JJHHueti.
B .lJ.eIICTBHTe.lJbHCCTH 3a-
B lICIIMOCTh K. n. ,'f,. 01' Y!'JIa
al IIMeeT 3I<cTpel\18JIbHUIT
xapaI<Tep II ne,TlWHIna K. n.l!:.
)OCTHI'3eT MaKCHrYMa npH
maLjeHmiX BXOllHoro VfJI3
B npeJl.c.H<Jx 12--lf)°. Cn.nom-
HblMH JIHIHUiMH H3 pIlC. 21-6
nOEa3aIla 3aBHCHMOCTb rio
u
01' -- .HJIH
c 1
vrJIOH 0.1
 =" 0,9.
113 !'Jy!(jiIIKOB CJle.!I.YeT, 'ITO B peaJIbHOM CJIYIJae BeJ'THIJHHa K. n. ]t.
HMCeT I\laJ(ClJIVIYM npH  = 0,4-;.-0,5.91'0 03HaQaeT, '11'0 JlJIfl nOJIY'IeHHH
BhICOEliX 3HaqeHJl}I 'rIo Heo6xo.lJ.HMO HMeTb 60JJbillHe OKpY)KHble CI<OpOCTH
ll. TaK, nanpIll\1Cp, eC./III Cl = 1200 .'"dceK, TO OKpY>KHaH CJ<opOC1'b 0'10-
naTOJ, [[ = 500 .'"dCCK, 'ITO cooTBeTcTByer BeCbMa BbICOKOMY 'lHCJIY
060POTOB BaJI3 B l\1HIIy-ry.
ECJ1II npnIISlTb, 'HO .lJ.I-IaMeTp no JIOnaTKaM paBeH 1 .111, TO LfHCJlO 060-
1'01'0£\ BaJIa B l\umYTY TaKofi Typ6HHbI npH U = 500 At/ceK COCTaBHT
'1]0
7,0
0,9
0.8
0.7
(},E
0.5
nl'
,;,
[l,J
0.2 ,
0.1
o
Tpex 3IIa'IeHHll
npn (ji = 0,95 H
PHC.
21-6. 3aBHcHMoCTb "'loOT OTHOlIleHHR
u
C1 .!(JlH pa3HbiX yrJloB (Xl
60u 60 . 500
n=-= =955006/MUH.
nD 3,14 . 1
TaKoe IJIKJJO 060pOTOB He"'Tb351 HCnOJlh30SaTb jJ,Jl5J Henocpe.n.C1'BeH-
Horo coellHHeHHH EaJJa Typ6HHbJ C BaJl0M reHepaTopa ;MeKTpHIJeCK01J
3HeprIIH, 'lIICJ10 O(;0pOTOB KOToporo OOI.lIJHO He npeBhlUlaeT 3000 o6/Aum.
D03TOMY B03JlHEJla Heo6xojJ,HMOCTb B nOHIUK('HHU 'IHC./Ia O(;0pOTOB mwa
TYPOIII-!, T. e. nf'06XOJl!ll\IOCTb C03}J.3HHH Typ6uH, pa6OTafOlIJ.Hx npH 60-
.rlee HlI3Imx Ol<j'V}]{!IbiX CI<OpOCTHX. TaKHe Typ6mlhl 6bWH C03JJ.aHbI IIa
OCHOBe npHMCm'JI\1H CTynenei1 CKOpOCTH H cTynenei'! ,lJ:aBJlenH5J,
21

 3. Typ6HHbi co cTyneHSlMI1 CKOpOCTI1 11 A8BneHHSI
110 Tex nop nOKa KOTeJIbHbIe arperaTbI rrpoH3Bo)],HJIH nap HenblCOKITX
napaMe-rpoB, BeCb TenJIOBOH nepena}]. I1cnOJIb30BaJICfI B O)],HocTyncwra-
TOH Typ6HHe.
C yc05epilIeHrTBoBaHHeM KOTeJIbHblX arperaToB nOBbICHJIUCb napa.
MCTpU napa. nOBbJilIeHHe )],aBJICHHfJ U Tel\mepaTYPhI napa npHBCJJO K
nOBhIIlIeHHlO ero 3HTaJIbnUH II COOTBeTCTBeHHO K YBeJIHLJCHlUO a6COJIlOT-
IIOH C1<OpOCTH C1, a CJIe)!OBaTeJIhHO, H K eIILe 60JIbIlIeMY nOBhIliJeHHlO
OKPYiKHOH CI<:OpOCTU II pa60 t HIx JIOnaTOK U )],HCIWB Typ611H.
O)],HaKo no YC"'TOBH5IM npOLJHOCTH MaTepHa.1Ja OIZPY:>KHa5J CKOpOCTL U
He IJ,OJDKU3 npeBhlilIaTb 300---400 AtlCCK, TaK KaK TIpJl 60JIbilIHX CKOpOC-
TflX B03HJ!J<<J!OUJ.He lleHTp06elKI'IbIe CHJIbJ BbI3bmalOT LIpe31\'JepHO 60Jlb-
ume H onaCHhle H3npHIKeHlfH B JIOnaTKax II )],HCKax Typ6HHbl.
CHI-I3HTb oKpy>ImyIO (,KOpOCTb y)],aJJCCb JIflIIlb C DBe)],eHHeM IVlH0ro-
CTyneHIIaTbIX Typ61IH, B KOTOpblX BeCb nepena)], TenJJa HcnO"'Tb3yeTC'fl
He Cpa3)!, a no LJaCTHM, T. e. HeCKOJIblUlMH CTynCHHMH. PacnpeJleneHHe
Dcero Ten.TlOnepCna!l.(I Ha HeCKOJ1bKO CTym'IIeH Typ6HIIb! n03BOJIIIJIO nOJJY-
LJHTL YI\lepeHHLle CKOpOCTH napa Ha ,,10naTKax Typf,IUlbI II J!,06IITbCfI
TahIlM 06pa Q oI\1 YMeHhIlJf'HIIH OTHOIlIeHIIH CKopOCTeH.
T y P 6 11 H!;I C 0 C T Y n e II 51 M If C K 0 P 0 C T II. B IICI'I3Jlb-
HLIl' ocpHon pa3BlJ1l1H napoBbIx Typ6l1H CHlBUTb LJHCJJO OfjCPOTOB !--Ia-
60l]cro 1IIICKa Y)l3JJO<.'b, npHMCHHB CTyneml CKOpOCTH. B TaKOH Typ6!1He
npeoIJpa30BaI-me IUIHeTHLJeCKOH 3HepflH1 napa B MCXaHJilJecKYlO pa60TY
p.powmom1TcH B )],BYX I1JIH Tpex pH)J.ax pa604Hx J10naTOK, T. e. ('TY-
nCJ!5IMH.
Ha pHC. 2] -7 npHBE')],eHa cxeMa aKTI1BHOH Typ6HHbI C ,lJ,BYMH cTyne-
H>JMH CKOpOCTII. nap, npoxoJ1H 4epe3 O)J.I1H pHIl. correJI 7, paCnOJIO}KL'II-
HbIX nepe)], HeCKOJlbKHI\'1I1 pHD.3I\1H pa60LJHX JIOnaTOK, 3aKpCnJ1ellIlbiX Ha
D.J,-!CKC 2, I1aCaIKCH1!OM Ha BaJI 1, pacUJHp5H:'TCH 0'1' HaLJ8JJhHOrO J18BJ1eIII151
)],0 KOHC4Horo. npH 3TOM D6coJIlOTHaH CKOpOCTh H03paCTaeT OT lIalJ£\JIb-
HOrr Co (ncpe COnJ1aMI1) )],0 KOHelIHoH C1 (3a COnJ1aMII}.
nap co CKO!)QCTblO C1 nocTynaeT Ha rrepBYlo cTyneHb C1-\OpOCTH, T. e.
B KaHaJJbI nepBoro p5lJl,a paf10LJHX J10naTOK 6, r)],e TOJIblW LJaCTb era Im-
HeTUlJeCKOii 3HCprllI1 npco6pa3ye-rcH B MexaHwlt'CKYlO paoOTY. 3i1TCM
co CKOpOCThIO C2 < C1 nap nocTynae-r B KaHaJ1l,l HanpaBJIHIO!l1.IlX J1ona-
TOK 5, HenOJ1BHIKHO ylzpenJIeHHbJX B Kopnyce :J Typ6uHbI. OHH npe,Z:\Ha3'
I1aLJeHbl mOl/bKO aI/51 113J<lCHeHUR Hatlpa61lCHUR cmpyu napJ. 3n.ecb
nap TepHeT He3Ha l IHTeJIbHYlO 4aCTb CKOpOCTH BCJ1eJ1CTl3He TpemHJ 0
HanpaB.TJHlOIILHe J10naTKH H nocTynaeT Ha lJTOPYIO cTyncHh CKOpOCTIJ,
T. e. Ha BTOpOM pH)], pa604UX J10rr3TOK 4. Ha BTOpOH cTyneHJ1
CKOpOCTH eIll.e HeKoTopaH l!aCTb KUHeTH4ecKoH 3Hcpnm nepexo)],l!T B
pa60TY.
Typ6HH3 co cTyneIIHI\1H Cl{opOCTH 6bIJIa npeJ1J101KCH3 KOHCTPYKTO-
pOM l.Japm,qOI\1 KCpTIICOI\! n BnepBbIe nOCTpOCHa B 1900 ['. n03TOMY }lI1CK
co nynf'HH!\1lI CIWpOCTH 'laCTO JIa3bWalOT Typ6HHOH, IIJ1H KOJleCml,
Kepnica.
222
Ha npmnHKe HC npnMemuOT Typ61'IHhI C lIl1CJ10M cTync,Iei1 KOpOC1'H
60JIbIlIe lpex, nOCKO:lbKY C B03paCnnll1e!\1 lJHCJ1a CTyneHen YBeJIH4HBa-
eTCfI COOTBeTCTBeHHO I\OJIHlJeCTEO HanpaBJIHlOIllIlX II pa60lJlIx JIOrraTOK,
lITO B CBOlO Ollepe)],b YBeJIHlJHBaeT rrOTepH U 3lIaLJHTeJIbHO CHI!lKaeT 1(, c. )1.
Typ6l1Hbl. u
Ha pl1C. :!1-8 nOKa3aHb! KpHBbIe lI3MeHeHIlH K. n. )],. aKTHBHOH TYP-
6HHbI C O)],IlOJ1 1. IJ,BYMH 2 H TpeMH S cTyneHH!\U1 CKOpOCTH. I13u paCC1\'I0T:
peHHH IVwKcHMyMa Kalli,lJ,On KpllBOH
HarJIH)],HO BlI,lJ,HO, 4TO B O)],HOCTyneH-
IlaToH ryp6HHC HaHBblrO.1.HCHllIeC
3Ha4eHHe!:!.. = 0,5. C VBeJ1lJ1!CHHCM
C1 -
I
I
1
l ' t
/ jf;nj:
1  no 1-1
6 5 LJ
PHC. 21-7. CxeMa aKTHBHoH
Typ6HHbI C l(BYMH cTyrreHHMlI
CKOpOCTlI
4
, -
If 1\'
/ \
-
" I \
I I \2 \
L \ \
7 I J \
I \ \
I \ ' \
7 \ \
\
tp
0,5
Q,5
WI
o.u
0,2 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 Illl 0,5 IJ,Q 1J,7 48.M.
C,
PlIC. 21-8. 3aBlIcHMoCTb "loOT
u
OTHoweHHH - .!1J1H aKTHBHbIX
Cl
'l'yp6l1H co cTyneHHMlI CKOpOCTI-1
rrpll al = 17"
cTyneHelr CIWpOCTH MaKCHMYM CMellJ.aCTCH BJJCBO no OCl! a6CllUCC H
HaHBbIrO)!HeHlUee 3HaLJeHHe  CHlIlKaeTCH. TaK, D.,1IH )],ByxcTyneHLJaTOH
TYPOUHbi  = 0,25, T. e. B)],Boe MeHbllle, LIeM l1.JIH O)],HoCTynCHLJaTOiL
Cl
11ml TpexcTVneHLIaToH Tvp6HHbl!:. = 0,16, T. e. BTpoe MeHbllle, LJel\!
- - C 1
)],J1H O)],HOCTvnCnqaToH.
31'0 nOKa3LlBaeT, LITO Typ6HHbI C HeCKOJIbKHMH CTyneHHMH CKO-
pOCTIr l!MeIOT 1II13KHii IZ. n.)],. n03TOMY OIUl He HallIJIH llIHpOKoro
rrpITMeHeHIlH B npOMbIilIJIeHHOCTH. l<lx npHMeHHlOT J1HIIlb B KalleCTBe
nepHOM C'rynCi/H KOM6HHHpOBaHHbiX Typ6HH, a TaKlKe .lJ.J1fJ rrpHBO.lJ. a
pa2JIHlIHbIX BClWMOraTeJ1b!IbIX HacOCOB H B0311YXOJ].YBOK.
223

T Y P {'5 H H bI C 0 (' l' Y IT e H H IVI H II a B JI e H H H. B 9Tl1X
Typ6I-IHaX OJIHH p51JI COHJI H OJIMH pHJI pa60'mx JIOnaTOK, B 'KOTOPUX nap
paClUHpfIeTCH OHH pa3 01' JIaBJIeHIJH Po JIO KOHet!HOrO JIaBJIemUI P2,
COCTaBJIHIOT OJ(HY cTyneHb JIaB.lIE'HIJH. EC.'IH no XO)Iy napa paC110JImhHTb
nOC}le)I,OBaTe.'IbHO HeCKOJIbKO TaKHX cTyneHel1 ,lJ,aBJWHH5I, TO nap GYJ\E'T
paClimpfITbCH 01' Po.ao P2 He cpa3Y, a CTyneH5IMI1. TaIUfI\I 06pa30M, TYP-
. C 6Imy co cTyncHHMH N1B.TJe
n , .
/'0 I p f! /1 HIJH l\iQ}[(IIO paccMaTpHBaTb
' i ;' f/i 1: 1 1 \ KaK HeCKOJILKO nOCJIeJ(OB:J-
I II'.
C I, II1/c I II__ P TeJILHO paCnOJlmKeHI-Ih!X no
0__.) '! II 2 1j 2 Xo.a y na p a o.aHocr y neH'13-
I 10 I , . 'I I
III " . TbIX TY, p6HlI JIIiCKI1 KOTG-
pLIX HaXOJIHTC5I Ha 06w.eM
BaJIV.
f-Ia pHC. 21-9 npe.acTaB-
JICHa cxeMa mnHBHOH TYP-
6HHbI C TpeM5I CTynewmHI
)I,aBJIeHHH. Kopnyc Typ6H-
lib! pa3,lJ,eJIeH neperopOJI-
KaMH - ,lJ,HacpparMaMH 8 Ha
TPH KaMepu. B Ka)K.aylO Jrn-
arppanvIY BCTpoeHbI ConJW,
Qepe3 KOTopbIe nap nepexo-
,lJ,HT HS O,lJ,HOJI KaMepbl n
)J.pyrYIO c nOHIJ)KeHHeM ,lJ,an-
JIeHHH.
nap HS KOJIbleBo/1 Ka-
Mepbl 1 nocTynaeT B conJIO 2
nepBoM CTyneml. 3an>M noc-
JIeJ(OBaTeJIbHO nepeXO,lJ,IJT I1a
pcmeTKY pa60 1 lHx JIOnaTOI{
3, B COnJIOBYlO pemeTKY 4,
Ha pemeTKY pa604Mx JIona-
TOK 5, ,lJ,aJlee B COnJIOBYlO
pelI1cmy 6 H Hfl pemeTKY
pa604Hx JIOnaTOK 7. OTpa-
60TaBIllHii nap C ,lJ,aBJICHHeM {J2 OTBOItHTC5I B KOH.n;eHcaTOp 4epe3
naTpynoK 9. 13 a!ZTHBHOH Typ6IJHe Ha pa604Hx JIOnaTKax .lIaBJIeHIJe
OCTaeTCfI IlOCTOHHUbJ!\I. A6coJIIOTUa51 CKOpOCTb napa B conJIax B03-
paCTaeT C nOlIli)KeHHeM .aaBJ1eUHH, a ua pa60'll1X JIOnaTI<ax naj(aeT,
npe06pa3YHcb B MexaHH4ecKYlO pa60TY (CI\1. rpaqmK BBepxy ua
puC'. 21-9),
rIo Mepe paclUHpeHH5I napa ero o6-beM YBem14, HBaeTC}I n03'i'oMY
BECOTY COWl H pa604HX JIOnaTOK TaK)Ke YBeJ!H'!HBalOT B l-IanpaB.'1emUi
OT nepBoiI cTyneHH K nOC,'1e.aHeiL
Typ61IHbl CO cTyneHHMll .n,aBJIeHll51 HMelOT .aOCTaT04HO BbICOKI1H
K. n. .n;. J1x lI1HpOIW npUMeHfIlOT B Ka1leCTBe OCHOBHoro .n,BnraTeJIH napo-
PilC. 21-9. CXCi\!iI ilICTHBiiCH Typ6HHLI C
TpeMH cTyneH:Ii\111 }J,aBJJeH!HJ
224
CHJIOf3bIX YCTanOBOK, CTyneHH .n;aBJIeHHH npHl\leUHlCYI' KaK B aKTHBHLrX,
'/al\ H B peaKI'l!BHb!X Typ6HHax.
K 0 M 6 IJ H II P 0 B a H H hJ e T Y P 6 H H b/. KOM6HUHpOBaHHhIe
TYPOHHh! 6hIBaiOT aKTHBHbIl\IH H aKTHBHo-peaKTHBHhlMI1. B HHX HcnOJlb-
SYlO'lCn nOJIOLKHTe.TJLHbJe CTOpOHbJ cTyneHeti J(aBJIeHHfI II CIWpOCTH.
DpHMeHHlOT l1X B TaKOH KOM6HHaUIill, KOTopaH nOBHlI1aeT 3KOIIOM1l4HOCTb
11 ua,Z:\e,I\HOC1b Typ6m'IhI, a TaIOKC CIUl)KaeT ee CTOIIMOCTb.
T:m, nanpl1l\1ep, b IICKOTOphlX KOM6HHHpOBaHHblX Typ6HHax BHa1Ia-
.'Ie CTaBHT KOJIeCO KepTHca, a J(ClJIulIle pacnOJIaralOT cTyneHlI )J.aBJIeHtIH.
I.JHCJIO cTyneneii .aaBJleHHfI nprr TaKoiI KOM6rrHaUHH Yl\1eUbmaeTCH, CJIe-
,Z:\OB3TeJIbHO, Typ6nHa CTal:!OBHTC}{ KOMnaKTHeii, 60JIee .JIemeBoi-i H Ha-
je)KHoiL HeIWTOpbJe )J{e KOM6HIHIpOBaHl:!bIe Typ6HHbJ BbIIIOJIUHIQT
TOJIbKO 113 aKTH!3HbIX H peaKTIIBHblX cTyneHet'I JI,aBJIeHHH, 6e3 ,Z:\HCI<a
KepTllca. B TaKrlX Typ6HHax B OOJIaCTH BhICOKHX .n;aB.'1eHIiH CTaBHT
aKTHBHbIe cTyneHH, a B 06JIaCTH I1113KUX J(aB.neHHJI - peaK'IHBHbIe.
I
\
I
\
\
I
i
I
i
 4. MOU\HOC'I'b M 1<. n. A. napoBoH ryp6HHbl
nOT e p H B l' Y P 6 II H e. B napoBoi.j Typ6IIHe, KpOMe paCCMOT-
peHHbIx nOTepb c BbJXC.1J.HOH CKOpOCTblO OTpa6oTaBlUero napa, eCTb no-
TepM, KOTopble YMeHbmalOT nOJIe3HYlO pa60'ry. 3TH rrOTepH J{eJI5I1 H8
BHYTpeHHHe IJ Ha BHelI1HHe.
BHympn1Hlle nomepu B03Hl1K8IOT B npoT04Hoi-i 4aCTH Typ6HHbl Ii
CHIJ)KalOT llcno.lIb3yeMb.M TenJIOnepenaJ{. K HHM OTHOCHT:
l} fIOTepH KIiHeTl1'leCKOii 3HeprllH B ConJIax H Ha pa60LJIlX JIOnaT-
Kax Typ611Hbl, Bb13B3HHble TpCHlleM 0 CTeHKIi, 3aBHxpCHlIe CTPYH napa
lJ YJ(3p. OJUWKO B aKTHBHbIX Typ6mlaJ\.9la 3HeprHfI npeBpaw.aCTCSJ B
TefIJIO II B KOllHe npouecca HeChOJIbKO nOBh1IllaeT 3HTaJIbnHlO napa;
2} nOTepIO Ha YTe1my napa 'lepe3 BHYTpellHlle sa30pbI MelKJ(Y pa-
60'lHMH JJOnaTKaMH It KopnYCOM Typ6HIIbl, Me)K.n;y ,lJ,Hacppaf!\lOH li BaJIOM-
B aKTHBHbIX Typ6IIHax CO cTyncmiMH n.aBJIeHH5I 11 4epe3 pa.n;HaJlbHbIe 3a-
30pbI - B peaKTMBHblX Typ6I1IWX;
3} rrOTepIJ BCJleJ{CTBHe DJIa)KHOCTH napa, B03HHIzalOIIIHe B nOCJIe.n;HIIX
c-ryneHHx KOH}!CHCaUHOHHbIX Typ611H. I.IaCTHIJ,bl BJIarll HMelOT 60JIbmylO
nJIOTIIOCTb, 4el\1 4aCTHIJ,bl cyxoro napa. Hx OTl:!OCHTeJIbHaH CKOpOCTb
HanpaBJIeHa He no Kac<lTeJIbHoII K BXO.n;HOH KpOMKC JIOna'fOK, a HmKe.
Y,Z:\apmIcb 0 CTeHKII JIOnaTOK, 4aCTHUbJ )KHJ(KOCTH tbpM03fIT Bp a w.eHIle
pOTopa H CHll)KalCYl' pa6OTY, nO,1JY4eHHYlO JIOnaTKaMH.
I( tJHeUlHuM l1omt:fJJlAt omHOmm:
1) nOTepH OT YTC4KH napa 4epe3 KOHIJ,eBble 3a30pbI Me)KJy KopnycOl\1
TYPOIIIIbI IJ BblXOllfllIHMli 113 Hero KOHuaMIl pa604ero BaJI3. ITOCKOJIbIZY
Kopnyc Heno.aB, H)J(C>I1 a BaJI Bpaw.aeTCH, TO Me)K,lJ,y Ba.'101\1 Ii KopnYCOM
npC>.llYCMOTpeH ne1\OTOpblii sa30p, 4epe3 KOTOphIH BbITCKaeT He3Ha4IJ-
Te.'IbHaf! 4anb napa. 3TH nOTepIJ, O'IeBH,lJ,HO, Be BJIH5IlOT Ha 3HTaJIbnIJIO
napa, a JIHlUb HeCKOJIhIW YBeJIH4l1BaroT ero 06W.HH pacxo.n;;
2) MeXaHl1'leCKHe nOTepH, KG'TOpbIe COCTmfT B3 3aTpaT 3HeprllH Ha
npL'o.n.OJIeHHe TpemU{ B OnOpHbJX II ynopHblx nO)J.lI1HIIInmax Typ6I1li;,I,
225

a onopHbIX nO]!,ilIHfIlIIlKIlX reHepm'opa (lUTH ]!,pyrofI MaUlHHbI, coemIHeH-
Hd'] C BaJlOl\! Typ611l-IbI), Ha npHBD)J, Cl!CTeMbl perYJIHpOBaHHH l1 T. fI.
Mow. II 0 C l' b l' Y P 6 H II hI. B fIapOBbIX Typ6HHax pa3JIl1'laIDT
BHYTpeHHIOIO (l1HJlHKaTopHYIO) I\lOIll!--IOCTb Ni, pa3BHBaeMYIO JIOnaT-
KaJVIH Typ6HHbl, H 3eP<peKTHBHYK> N e , CHHMaeMYIO C BaJIa Typ6I-IfIbi.
ECJII-I BHYTpeHHIOK> MOlll.HOCTb cpaBHHTb C MOlll.HOCTblO No, pa3BH-
Bt'Jel\IOH ImeaJIhI-IOH Typ6HHOH, pa6OTaK>lll.eH 6e3 nOTepb, TO Bcer]!,a
N i < No Ha B2JIIfI-IHHY BHYTpeHHIIX nOTepb.
B TO me Bpel\IH 9qxpeKTHBHaH MOlll.HOCTb Bcema MeIIbilIe BHYTpeH'
Hen Ha BeJII-IqHHY MOlll.HOCTH N M' 3aTpaqemfOn Ha MeXaHHqeCI<I-:le nOTepH
Ne=Ni-N M .
K03cpcpnUHeHTbI nOJIe3HOrO ]!,e:HCTBIHI Typ6HHbI.
BJIypeIlIJH:H OTHOCHTeJIbHbIH K. n. )1,. Y 1 JHThIBaeT BIIYTpeHHHe nOTE'pH
Typ6HHbI H onpe,Z:\eJIHL-'TCH OTHOilIeHHeM
'IlOi = :: . (21-] 2)
OfHOCHTeJIbHbIH 31j.JcpeKTHBHb!:H K. n. ]!,. 'Iloe yqHTb!BaeT MeXaHHqeCKne
nOTepH H onpe]!,eJIHeTCH OTHOlIleHMeM
N e
'IlOe = -. (21-13)
No
06a 3TH K03qxpHIJ,HeHTa Ha3bIB3K>T OTHOCHTeJIbHbIMH, nOTOMV liTO
HX BeJ1J1lIHHa onpe]!,CJI5IeTCH no OTHOlIleHHIO I{ B]!,e3"'TbHOMY ]!,BHraTe.nK>.
YqHTblBa5l, 111'0 H]!,eaJIbHblI1 ,lJ,BHraTejlb no BTOPOMY 3aKOHY Te£1I\lO-
,Z:\HHaMHKH I1MeeT TepMJ11!eCKH:H K. n. JI,. 'fIt < ], TO a6COJII01HblI1 Ie n. )],.
pea.nbHoii l\iaIlIHIIbI 6Y,lJ,eT MeHbllle OTHoCHTe"TbHoro,
'Ila6c = 'Ilt'llOTH'
OT6paCbIBa51 IlH,lJ,eKC «aECOJIIOTHbIih>, nOJI)TllIIM 3HaqeHHH K. n. )1,.
lJ,J1H peaJIbHbIX ]!,BHraTe.neH
'Ili = 'IlOi'llt; 'Ile = 'Iloe 'Ilt.
(2]-14)
K. n. )],. onpe)],eJIHIOT CTeneHb COBepmeHcTBa )],BIIraTeJI5I, )],alOT B03-
MomHOCTb cpaBHHBaTb pa3JIHqHbIe !-(BHraTE'JIH Mem,l!y C060H H COBep-
meHCTBOBaTb HX.
Pac x 0 )l II a p a B l' Y P 6 H H e. 3I<OHOlV1HqHOCTb napoBoH
Typ6IH'IbI xapaKTepl13yeTC5I, C O,Z:\HOH CTOpOHbI, ee K. fI. )1,., a C .II,pyroH-
paCXO,l(OM napa Ha e,lJ,HHHny 3JIeInpo:mepnIl1 (yJ1,eJIbHbIM pacxo)1,OM na-
pa). LLJHI onpE')leJIeHHH y)],eJIhHOrO pacxo,lIa n0J1h3YlOTCH 3"'TeKTpW-Ie-
CKOH HOIIlHOCTblO N ", CHHl\laeMOH C 3amIIMOR reHcpaTopa.
Y..'(e,T)hHbIll paCXOJI napa, OTHeceHIIbIH 1\ e)],HHHlle EbIpa6aTbIBael\lOH
3J1eKTpWIECKOH MOIIJ,HOCTH (CM. rJI. IX), paBeH
d 3600 f
'8 = ----:---:-- Kc, Ketn . tl,
/0-/2
226
HJIH
D D
d a =.-=- KcIKaJ/C,
N'C) No'oB
(21-15)
r)],e D - CfKYHnHhIH fJacxon napa B K2/cCK.
I
I
I
,
 S. nOHSITHe 0 perynHpoBBHHH MOIqHOCTH Typ6HHbi
ECJIIJ BaJI Typ6HHhI Coe,lJ,lIHeH C BaJIOM reHepaTopa, TO MeXaHHqeCKaH
pa60Ta Bpaw:eHHH BaJIa Typ6HIlbI npeBpalll.aeTCH B reHepm'ope B 3JIeK-
TpI1qCCKYlO 3HeprHlO. floc.ne)],HHH 01' renepaTopa nepenaeTC5I B CeTb no-
Tpe6HTCJ11O. ECJ1IJ me Ba.]] TYPOl1HbI COe,lJ,HHen C BaJIOl\I KaKOH-JIH60 pa-
60lIen MailIl-IHbl (Hacoca, rpe6IIoro BHHTa, B03)1,YXO)],YBHoro YCTpO:HC'TB3
II T. ,lI.), TO 3Ta MaIIJHHa nenocpe,lICTBeHHO nOTpe6JI5IeT MeXaHHQeCKYK>
pa60TY, npOH3BO,lJ,HMYIO Typ6HI--IOH.
H3l\"eneHHe HarpY3KH Hll 3aJKHMaX reHepaTopa HJIH n31eHeHHe Ha-
rp'f3KH MailIHHbI, COeJIHHCHHO:H C BaJIOM Typ6HHbI, BhI3bIBaeT COOT£eTCT-
nYIDrrxee H3MeHeliHe QHCJ1a 060pOTOB BaJIa Typ6HHbi. ECJIH HarpY3Ka
nallaeT, TO IIHCJIO 060pOTOB Typ6I1Hbl B03paCTaeT, H Hao60pOT - npH
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COBPpiueHHO 04eBHJ1,HO, QTO npH HOpMaJIbHbIX YCJ10RHHX Typ6HHa
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3TOJ"I ueJIH napOBafI Typ6HHa, KaK J11060H TenJIOBOM )],BHraTeJIb, 060py-
JlyeTcH CHCTeMOH perYJIIlpO!3aHI1H, KOTopaH 1131\1eH5IeT )],aBJIeHne napa
HJIH ero paCXon COOTBerCTBeHHO H3MeHeHHIO HarpY3KH Aa Ba.ny.
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HapymeHHe paBHOBeCH5J Me)Kny lJarpY3KOH 11 MOlll.HOCTblO H }]alOlll.ero
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n PU IW4e{.tnecHHOAt PC2Y/IUpOBaHUU napopacnpe,lJ,eJIHTeJIbHbIM yCT-
pOtlcTBOI\I CJIymlIT ,lJ,pOCCeJIbHhIH KJIanaH, IIepe3 KOTOpbIll: npOXOlJ.HT n?p,
nOCTynalOiUHH B COTIJIa Typ6HHbl. OrKpbITHe KJ1anaHa peryJIHpyeTcH
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MOCTH 01' H3MeHeHH5I HarpY3I<H Ha BaJIY. .LI.J1H ocymeCTBJIeHHfl KOJIH-
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KOJ1WIeCTBCIiIiYJO nO!t3 1 1Y nap:) B Typ6IIHY nYTeM BIWlOlJe!JHH HJIH BbI-
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227

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Do Ha3IIa4eHIHO Typ6HHbI .n:eJUTT JIa: 4HCTO KOH.n:encaUHOIIHble; C
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napa.
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B XI. B TaKHX TypnBH3x nap pacllmp5IeTCJI .n:O Olf('nb Hli3IUlX JlaWIC-
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CBJJOB0I1 YCTaHORl<H BeCbMa MdJ1. n,mKe npB BhICOKnx napaMeTpax napa
on e,Z:\Ba .n:ocmraeT 35-38%. 3TO 06'b5TCH5IeTC5I 60JTbIIlOn no-repel'! TCnJ1a,
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me napa H COOTBeTCTBp.HHO )'MeHhIIIaeTCH BbIpa6oTI{a ,,:Uj('f{TpIllleCIW!1
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11 T. .n:.), TO oT6HpaeTC5T J\leI!bllle napa II COOTBeTCTPEHHO Bblpa6:JTbI-
BaeTCH VOJTbUle 9JIeKTpW!eCKOii 9HeprHH. OT6npaeMaH qacTb napa !IJJ>1
BbIpa60TKU TenJIa HMeeT .n:aBJ1{'Ime BbJme aTMocq)epHoro.
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llJIH nOJlOrpeBa BO.n:U, npeJlHa3WJIJeHIlOii K8K .n:J1H npOl:l3Bo.n:cTBeHHb!X
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BpaI.I(ae1CH o6paT!!O 13 napoB0I1 KOT{'JJ. KOH.n:eHc81J.HoHHble Typ6uHbl C
npoMeLKYTolllIblM OT60pOM napa 1\iorYT pa60TaTb 11 KaT< '1RCTO I{\)!I-
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3a6up2mIll.l:Ie 1I3 C60pIUIKa KOHJWIIcaT J1 n0.Ll8l0lune ero B clIcTeMY pe-
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HO npOXOJJ,HT CneItIIa.'1bHYIO KaMepy, yn:JeKaeT 3a co(;oi'l B03}J,yX, H3XOt\Hl.QlIiiol B
J!,:.n, C03JJ,aBaH B K2Mcpe pa3pCllieHIIC. KOH;L\CHcaTOp COCt\IIIICII C Kalllcpoii Tpy60'
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8
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B HCI1 B03,Z:\VX. 3'1'0 He n03BOJT5TeT C03lLaTb rJ1y60Koro pa3peLKeHl:IH B
KOHJIeHCaTOpc, KpOMe TOro, KOH.n:eHcaT ne MOLKeT 6blTb nCnOJlb30BaH 13
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BOIlbl B napOCl:IJIOBYIO YCTaHOBKY. 4epC3 naTpy60K 4 OTCaCLIBalOTC5I
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,mepfHlO.
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22

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Ha pHC. 22-1 npIiBe)],eHa npHHlJ.HnHaJIbHaH CXelVIa ra30Typ6HH!JOH
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MaeT ero H HameTaeT B KaMepy cropaHHfI KC. Ty)],a )Ke HaCOCOM H
no)],aeTC5I lliH}I,IWe I-UIH ra30or.pa3Hoe TOnJIHBO. OrH cropaHIUf BW'OKO-
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2000"C.
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TOBJIHlOT ra30BYlO Typnl-IHY, .L\OnYCKalOT TeMnepaTYPhl 700--900° C.
)J,JIH Taro qT06hI nOHH3HTb TeMnepaTYPY npO)],YKTOB crOpaHH5I C
2000 11.0 700--900°C, HX pa30aBJI51lOT OOJIbUlHM KOJIHqeCTBOM OTHOCI1-
Te.1JbHO XOJIO)],Horo B03J1,yxa. 06bl l IHO K09c}q>Hun:eHT H36bITKa B03.L\Y xa
Jl,JI5J aBHaUIIOHHblX YCTaHoBoK COCTaBJIleT a = 4- 5, a Jl,JIH cTaUHoHap-
HbIX ex = 6--10.
ECJIH OKHraTb TOnJIHBO npH T1iKOM OOJIhilIOM K03<P<PIIIJ.HeHTe M3-
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IIeHHH 110JIHOrO H npaBIIJIbHOro C)KIIraHHH TOnJIIIBa BeCb B03JJ.YX, TI(,n.a-
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OOJIbilIOrO KOJIWleCTBa Tel1JIa.
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a.L\HaCaTHoe paCilIl1peI-me pa6oQero Te.'la (npOJIYKTOB cropaHIfH), JIH-
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pa60TaBIIlHx ra30B).
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1
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an.ua6aTbI.
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cI10C06aMII peceflepaLiutt menJ1a oTpa6OTaBlIlHx raOB. .LI.JIH npHMeHeHH
pereHepa1II1I1 npHXOllIlTC5I ueCKOJIbI<O YCJIOlliUflTb cxeI\1Y ra30Typ6HuHOH
YCTaHOBKl1, BKJIlDlJaH B uee peceflepamop.
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pa 11 np e llH33HaqeHHhlr! ]l.JIH non.aqIl B KaMepy cropaHHH, a Me)K)IY TPYO-
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231

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ra30Typ6HHHble ycr3HOBKI1 nOJIyqHJIH Han6o.'lbIllee npJIMeIIeI-lHe 8
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qeCTBe ,n:BHraTeJ1ell J{JIH npHBo)],a B03)],YXO)],YBHbiX YCTaHoBoK, lleHTpH-
<pyr, ueHTp06e>KHblx KOMnpeccopoB 11 T. 11. fa30'ryp6HHHble YCTaHOBKH
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OXJ18>K)leHHH TeJ1. OHM HaX0.1J.5IT umpOKoe npHlVleHeHne BO MHorMX
06JIaCTHX HapOJJ,Horo X03HikTBa (B nJIllI.eBoij J-I XHlVlHqecI\oii npOMhHn-
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X0J10)],H.'IbHHl<ax H T. )],.).
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YCTanOBKOH. LlJIH ll()JIyqeHHH XOJIo)],a B YCTaHOBKe 33TpaqltBaerCH pa-
601a, npH 9TOM TCnJ10 nepeJlat.'TCH 01' XOJIOJJ,Horo HCTOqHHKa K rOpHqeMY.
TaKoH IlepeHOC TenJ1a OCYllI.eCTBJIHeTCH C nOMOllI.bIO pa6oqero TeJIa, KO-
Topoe B XOJIO)],IIJIbHOfl YCTaHOBKe COBepUlaeT 06paTHbli\ KpyroBoH
npouecc. l1JleaJIbHbrl\l rJ,HKJ10M XOJIO)],HJJbHbIX YCT3HOB01< HBJIp.eTCJ1 06-
paTHblH rJ,HKJ1 Kapllo.
DOJIyqemlc HII3KIIX TeMnepaTYP oCYU{CCTBJI}(eTCH pa3JIWIIIhIMH MC-
To)],aMM. B qaCTHOCTH, HCn0J1b3yercH ceollcmeo JICUaKOCmU OX/ltlmCaambU/
npu apocce.IJUPOeWLUll C BhICOKoro J(aBJIeHIIH )],0 HH3Koro II nOrJIOlW1Tb
TenJJO npII Hcnap'HHH. YCTauoBKH, pa60TaJolll.IIe Ha 3TOM npHHUHIlC,
li33blBalOl flupOi>l,'Mll hor-.iIIpeCCHOIlHbiiom YCT3HOBKaMII.
2
B KalleCTPe p3f'io 1 rero Te.ITa B T8KHX XOJIO;:r:HJIbHbIX YCTaHoBKax
npm\!leH5IIOT JIerhOEI1J15JIllHe )KHJJ,KOCTH: aMAUlllK, rppeoH, Y2/leKllu/omy,
cepflucmwl ati!UapUa H )],p. I1x Ha3bIBaIOT xO/WaU/lbflbIMU a2el-/maAtu
IIJIH cOI<pallI.eHHO xllai)a2eHfnaAw. .
XJI3)],areHTbl )],OJ1)KHbr 06JIa)],3Tb cnoc06HoCTbIO npl1 IICnapemH1 110-
rJIOI11,3Th 6omoUloe KOJIHqeCTBO TenJ1a, HMeTb MaJIble y)],eJ1bHble 06'beMb1
TraDOD; OHB He n.omKHbr pa3J1araTbCH H peanlpOBaTb C MeT3JIJIOl\I X0J10-
J111.nbHOii YCTaI!OBKM, a TalOKe JI.OJi)KHb1 6b1Tb 6e3Bpe;:r:HbI npH I1CnOJIb30-
BaHIHI I1X B nHIlleBblX X0J10;:r:UJIbHbIX MaIlIIIHax.
Han60JIce pacnpOCTpaHeHHblMM XOJIOJJ,IIJIbHblMU areH13MH HB.1JHIOTCH
aMMM3K H <ppeOHbr*. <f>peoHbl 06JIaJJ,aI01 OlJeHb Ba)KHbIMM 9KCnJJyaTaJUI-
OHHbIMH npeH!VIYlneCTBaMI1 nepe;:r: aMMl1aKOM. OJI.H<3KO aMMl1aK JIMeeT
60"'TbIlIYIO TenJIOTY napo06pa30BaHHfI, qeM <ppeOHbl. 3T0 3HaqHT, qTO
OJI.I1H I<HJIOrpaMM 8MMHaKa cnOC06E'H oT06paTb 60JIbille TenJ1a Q2, qeM
OJJ,HH KHJIOrpaMM <!JpeOHa. OJI.HaKO aMMHaK H.iJ.OBHT H ero YTEqI<a onac-
H3 I1JJH OKpY)KalOIlJ.I1X. D03TOMY B Ka)KJJ,OM OT)],eJIbHOM CJ1yqae BbI6M-
pmOT COOTBeTCTBYlOllUIM YCJIOmHO XOJIOJI.HJIbHblM areHT, yqHTbmaH ero
CBDMCTBa.
B VCT!-JHOBKaX JI.pyroro THfIa IICnOJIb3yeTC5'l 8JI}If\6aTHOt> pacnmpe-
Hl1e Ka1<oro-ml60 ra3a, HanpIIlVlep B03JI.yxa, npH 9TOM TeMnepaTypa ra3a
nOHII}j(aeTC5J M OB MO)KCT CJIY>KIITb IICTOIJHHKOM )],J1H J10JIYQeHl1H XOJroJ].a.
TaKl1e YCTaHOBKlI, B KOTOpblX He npOHCXOJ]HT H3MeneHI1n arperanloro
COCT05II1M5I pa60qero TeJ1a, Ha3bTEaIOT eaS08blAtu.
H B napoBoH II B ra30HoH YCT3HoBKax nOBbllIleHIIe JJ,aBJICHlIH pauo-
11ero TeJIa oCYIlleCTBJISJeTC5! B KOMIIpeccope, n03ToMY OHI{ HMerOT 06mee
Ha3BaHHe -- KO!r!npea.;voflflbte.
B HeKoTopblX XOJIO)],HJ1bHb1X YCTanoBKax pOJIb KOMnpeccopa BLI-
nO.HHHeT oc060e XHMHqeCKOe BellI.eCTBO a6cop6eHT. TaKHe ycr3Homm
Ha3bIB3IOT a6cop6L1uOH11blJrIU* * .
PaccMOTpHM pa60TY KOMnpeccIlOHHb1X 11 a6cop6n,IIoHHbIX XOJIO-
)],I1JIbHb1X yCTaHoBoK.
 2. npHHI.\Hn pa60Tbl KOMnpeccHoHHOH YCTaHoBKH
Ha pnc. 23- I npe)],cTaBJIeHa cxeMa XOJIO)],IIJIhHOH I<OMnp i 2CCI10HHOH
ycnmOBKJI. B XOJIOJJ,HJIbHOH KaMepe 5 C nOMOIIJ.bIO XJIa)],areHT3 nOIJ.JJ,e?-
>KMBaeTCfI YCTaHOBJIeHHaH TeMnepaTypa. D,JIn Toro qTo6bI XJlaJI.areJ-lT
Mor oTc6paTb TefIJIO 0'1' XOJ!O)],I1JIbHOH KaMepbl, T. e. OXJIaJJ:UTb ee, He-
06XOJI.HMO, qT06bl ero TelVlIIepaTypa 6blJIa HH)Ke TeMnepaTYPh! oX.na>K)],ae-
MOM KaMepbl. TeMnepaTYPY XJIa,n,areIlTa CIIH)KaIOT, nponycKan ero qepe3
JI.poCCeJ1bHbIH KJIanaH 3.
.. <1>peollhI - SlTO XHMHf.JeCKHe coeJ\HHeHHH, nOJJY<IaIOlIeCH npH 3aMeeHHH
B MeTaHC aTOMOB BOJ(opo;n,a aTOMaMH xJlopa H.1.H <yTopa.
"'* A6cop6uHH (JJaTHIICKoe CJIOBO absorptlO) -. IIOfJJOIlJ,eHlIe, BcaCbIB3IIHe
BeI.Q€CTBa BceM 06'heMOM norJJoalOero TeJla - a6cop6eHTB.
233

Upn npOCCCJ'llpOR<lHHB XJlanarf'HT nepeXO.lJ.HT B COCTmnme BJla:X<Horo
H3CblliLeHHoro napa 11 B TaKOM COCT05JHHH nOCTynaeT B Tpy6KH Hcna-
pHTeJl5J 4 xOJlO)lnJlbHoi-i KaMeph!.
HaXO,ILHCb B Tepl\U1IJeCKOM KOHTaKTe C OXJlalli}1aeMhiMH TeJlaMH xo-
Jl01LHJlbHOH Kal\lepbl, XJl3}J.an:'HT, oT6I1paH 01 HHX TenJlO, IIcnapHeTC5J 11,
oXJla)'I{)JaH T3KIIM 06pa30M Kmvlepy, YJ(aJlHeTC5J rI3 Hee B BH.lJ.e nOllTII
cyxoro napa.
O}1HaKo B KaMepy Bee BpeMH npOHHKaeT TenJlO. 9TO npOHCXOlIHT
B TO BpeMH, KOr}1a l<aMepa OTI<phIBaeTCH .lJ.JlH 3arpY3KH H BbIrpY3KH
npe.lJ.MeTOB, npe.lJ.Ha3HaIJeHHb!X .lJ.JUI OXJ]3)I{-
.lJ.eHHH. TenJIo TaKllie nOCTynaeT B KaMepy
C 3arpY)KaeMbIMII B Hee npe.lJ.MeTaMH,
IIMelOIILHMH TeMnepaTYPY BbJllle TeMnepa-
TYPbJ KaMepb!. 11, naKO!IeU, 1enJlO nona-
.lJ.aeT B KaMepy H3-3a HeCOBepmeI-IHOll H30-
JlHliHH ee OT BHeUlHeH Cpe.lJ.hJ. U03TOMY,
}1J1H Toro lJTOObI B XOJlO}1HJJbHOH KaMepe
nO.lJ.1I,ep)KI1BaTb TeMnepaTYPY nOCT05IHHoi-i,
HY)KHO HenpepbJBHO OTBO.lJ.IITb Bce noCTY-
nalOIILee B Hee TenJIO.
.LI.J1H Toro Iffonbi I1CnOJlb30BaHHblH
XJlanareHT MOlliHO 6blJIO Ohl onHTb lJan-
paBHTb B XOJIO.lJ.HJIbIlYIO KaMepy nml ee
OXJIalli)LeHIIH, ero HYlliHO nOnrOTOBHTb 11
npHBf'CTH B COCTOHHHe BJIalliHOrO I1aCbI-
IILeHHoro napa. D,JIH 3Toro BbilUe}1nmi'J H3
I1CnapHTeJIH XJIa}1areHT HanpaBJIHlOT R
KOMnpeccop I, KOTOpblH ClliHMaeT ero no
COCTOHHHfI neperpeToro napa.
DeperpeTblH B 1<Ol\mpeCCope nap HanpaBJIHeTC5I B KOIl}1eHca10p 2,
r}1f' OH OXJIa)KnaeTC5J, 3aTeM KOHneHCI-lpYeTCfI H B COCTOHHI1H BJIalliHOro
HaCblliLeHHoro napa onHTb nOCTynaeT B .lJ.pOCCeJIbHbIi'r KJJanaH H IUlKJI
nOBTOpHeTCH.
PaCCMOTpI1M paOOIJIIH liHK.'] KOMnpeccHoHHOH XOJIOnHJIbHOJ1 YCTaHOH-
KH Ha pv- II Ts-nIIarpaMMax (pHC. 23-2).
DpHMeM, lITO B XOJIOnHJIhHOH KaMepe C 3aKJIlOIIeHHbiMII H Hell npeJL-
MeTaMH YCTaHOBJIeHa neKCYfOpaH TeMnepaTypa, Hl\:eJOmaH 3n31lCHHe
HJi)Ke 0° C, KOTOpylO HY)KHO nO.lJ..neplliIIB8Tb nOCTOHHHoii.
Ha'IHCM paCCMOTpel-U1e IUH<JIa C nOnrOTOBKH paOO'lero TeJla (H3-
npHMep, aMMHaKa), npe.nHa3HaIJeHHOro JJ.JIH OXJIalli)leHHH XOJIO)lI-lJlbHuii
KaMepbl. DpHMeM, lITO lliHJJ.KIIH aMMHaK B TOlJKe 1 (pHC. 23-2, a H 6) HJ\!eeT
napaMeTpbl TI' Pi II CTeneHb CYXOCTII x = O. TeMnepaTYPY aMMHaK3
CHH)!{aIOT C T i }IO T 2, nponYCKaH ero 'Jepe3 .lJ.pOcce.TJbHblll KJIanaH. Dpn
npOCCe,IIHpOBaHHII aMMHaK nepeXOnUT B COCT05JHUe BJIalliHOrO HaCbIIILCH-
HOro napa, CO CTeneHblD CYXOCTH nOp5lJl,Ka x = 0, I. .LI.aBJIeHHe ero npH
;:JTOM nO!UUKaeTCjJ OT h 11.0 P2 II eOOTBeTCTBeHHO na.lJ.aeT TeMnepmypa
or TI no T 2 .
PHC. 23-1. CxeMa XOJJO-
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DocJIe JlpoCCeJlbHOrO KJIanaHa aMMl1aK nocTynaeT B IJCnapHTeJIb xo-
J10}1HJIbHOll KaMepbl, f}1€ OH npH P2 = canst II T 2 = cnst nOJly"aeT
01 JWC TenJIO q2' Dpon.ece OTBOna TenJIa H3 XOJIO.nHJIbHOI1 KaMepLI npo-
H:'l\aeT no JIHHIJI1 2-3 C YBeJIHIJeHHeM 3HTponHH S H 06'beMa v (aMMHaK,
OTnHpaH Tel1JIO OT XOJIO.lJ.HJIbHOH KaMepbl, HcnapHeTcfI H paClUlIp5JeTC5I).
Dponecc OXJIa}K)],eJlHH KaMcpbl np0}10JIlliaeTCH n.o Tex nop, [JO!<a BCf!
llil!.lJ.KOCTb npaKTlIIJeCKII He npeBpaTIITCfl B nap (Tolma 3). B 3TOM COCT051-
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PHC. 23-2. IJ.HKJI XO.'10.l\HJlbHOH YCTaHOBKH:
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HIIH CTeneHb CVXOCTH napa x =1. Dap HMeeT TY llie BeJIHlJHHY 9HTpO-
nltH, 41'0 H cyxoii HacbIIILeHHblH nap npl! oOJIee BbICOKOll Tel\mepaType TI'
OCKH,ll.a5i xOJIO}1nJIbHYIO KaMepy, J{a)K.lJ.bIH KlIJlOrpaMM aMMHaKa YI-IO-
CI-IT C c060H TCnJIO Q2, IJHCJIeHHO paBHoe nJI. 2a632 (CI\I. pl!c. 23-2, 6).
113 HcnapHTeJIH aMMIIaJ< HanpaBJIHeTCH B KOI\mpeccop. r.ne OKHMaCTCH
nplI S = canst (a.lJ.Ha6aTHO) }10 COCTOHHI-IH neperpeToro napa C .lJ.aBJIe-
!HleM PI H TeMnepaTypOH BblUle TeMnepaTypbl TI (TollKa 4). Ha :lliaTHc
1 K2 napa 3c)TpaIJIIBaeTCH paooTa IE' paBHafi pa3HcC'H 9HTaJIbnI1H napa
nOCJIe KOMnpeccopa i4 H .no Hero i 3, T. e. IE = i4 - t 3' Ha pV-}1I1arpaM-
Me 9Ta pa60Ta H3MepHeTCfI fiJI. 12341, a Ha TS-.lJ.IIarpaMMe paoOTa KOM-
npeccopa IE COOTBeTcTByeT nn. 14'4301.
DeperpeTblH B KOMnpeccope nap C napaMeTpaMII TOIJKII 4 HanpaBJIHeT-
CH B I<OH.lJ.eHcaTop. TaM OH cnepBa oXJIa*JJ.aeTcH pH p = const (JIH-
Hml 4-4') .no TeMnepaTypbI HaCblIILeHHH TI (TO'!Ka 4 ), a 3aTeM KOHJH'B-
CI1PYeTCH (JlHHHH 4'-1) npn nOCTOHHHblX TeMnepaType II .naB.1IHHH.
BblJJ,eJIflIOlueecH npl1 3TOM TenJIO Ql = Q2 -I- III oToHpaeTcH cpenon, ox-
235

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OKPY)KaIOUlHH B03J!YX l1J11I BOj!y, .11f1ielOIlI.HX Tel\mepaTYPY 15-20 u C.
113 KOH,lJ,eHcaTopa a:\'IMHaK CHOBa HanpaBJIHeTCH B j],poCCeJIbHbIH
KJIanaH H IJ,HKJI nOBTopmTC51.
S 3. np1HI.\"n pa60Tbi a6cop61.\HOHHOH YCTaHoBKH
A6cop6U H oHHaH YCTaHOBKa TaR llie, KaK H KOMnpeccHoHHaH, H1\leeT
B CBoeM.COCTaBe KOHj],eHcaTOp, JWOCCeJIbHhlH BCHTHJIb H XOJIOj],I1JIbHVIO
KaMepy C HcnapHTeJreM. BMeCTO KOMnpeccopa B YCTaHOBKY BKJIlOlle;Ibi
TPH arperaTa (pHC. 23-3), a6cop6ep 1, Hacoc 2 H KHnHTHJIbHHK 8.
U,HKJI a6cop61J,HHHOif YCTaHoBKH npoTeKaeT no CJIej],YIOw.eH cxeMe.
OTpa6OTamuHI'i B HcnapHTeJle cyxot'I HacbIUJ,eHllbIl1: nap HanpaJ3JI51eTCH
113 Hero B pe3epByap-a6cop6ep 1,
3anOJIHeHllbIH Beu.{ecTBoM-a6cop-
6eHToM, cnoc06HbiM nOrJIoruaTb
(paCTBopHu) napbl aMMHaKa. Ca-
MUM j],ellleBbI1\l fj Y10f5HblM a6cop-
6eHToM HBJIHeTC5I BOJ!a, o6pa3yro-
UJ,aH C aMMlIaI{OM BO]J.oaMMHa<JHbn'i
pac'rBOp.
OpOl(ecc pacTBopelfHH aMl\1Ha-
Ka B BOj],e conpOBOiI(flae1TYI
Bh1I{eJIeHHeM TenJIa. floBhlUleHHe
TeIVmepa1YPbI pacTBopa MOfKeT
Bbl3BaTb o6paTHoe ]J.eHcnme --
HCDapefme 3MMH3Ka. n03TOMY
a6cop6 i lJI51 napa BO]J.OH ,lJ,oJI>KlIa
PHC. 23-3. CxcMa Y:lJIa a6COpOl\I10H- npOTel\aTb C OTBO,lJ,OM TenJI3 113
HOM XOJIO,:(HJIbIWii YCHIHOIJlUI a6cop6epa.
flOJIyqellHblH B a6cop6epe 1<011-
l(eHTpIIpOBaHHbIH paC-fEOp aMMIIa-
Ka nO]J.ae-rCH HaCOCOM 2 B KUnHTlIJIbHIIK 8, rj],e OH nO,lJ,OrpeBacTcH TenJIOl\!,
nO]J.Be1J.eHHhIM II3BHe. TIOCKOJIbKY Tel\mepaTypa KIIneHIIH aMMIIaJ<a HH-
)lie TeMnepaTYPhi KI-meHIIfl BO)],bl, TO OH BbmapIIBaeTC5I nepBb!M. flaphl
aMMIIaKa HanpaBJI51IOTC51 B KOH,lJ,eHCaTOp, a 3aTeM qepf'3 ]J.pOCCeJIb-
EhIH BeHTllJIb B HcnapHTeJIb XOJIO]J.IIJILHOH KaMepbI. OCTaBUIlIRcn B KH-
IUITIIJILHHKe CJIa6b1H BOj],I1o--aMMHaqHbJH paCTBOp <Jepe3 BenTlinL 4
B03BpaIlJ,ae-rCH B a6cop6ep.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, B a6cop6uIIOHHOH YC'faHoBKe npOl{ecc Cf\:Jl IIH
napa B I<OMnpeccope 3aMeHeH TpeMH npolJ,eccaMII: 1) a6cop6t(twCi napa
BO]J.oH B a6cop6epe, 2) CJlCamue.M nOlly"eHfL02o pacmeopa HaCOCOM
II 3) Nai!pCBOM pacmeopa B KHnHTIIJIbHlII<C ]J.JIH nOJIyqeHHH napa
aMMHaKa.
X 0 JI 0 Jl, JI JI h II hI i1 K 0 3 <p <p H U 11 e H T. XOJ1O]J.HJIhHa51 Ma-
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1I.BHraTeJIeM II pa60TaeT no 06paTHOMY I{HKJIY (He CJIeLIyeT CMeUHIBaTb
236
C 06paTIIMbIM mmJIOM). no BTOPOMY 3aKony TCpMOJllmaMI1I<JI npOllecc
nepeJl,a4H TeIlJla OT xo.nO,lJ,Horo K lIarpel0MY TeJlY B03MmKeH :ro.rrLKO
I1rH 3aTpan:' Ml'XaHHIIeCEOH pa60ThI. 3Ta pa6OT3 B KonpeCCHOHHOH XOJJl)-
:IHJIbHOH MaIllHHe 3aTpal1IIUaelCH B KOIVmpeccope npH ClliaTlIlI napOB
alVlMWlKa. B a6cop6111IOHHOi'r MalIlHHe 3aTpiPlHBaeTC51 TenJIO Ha HC-
napCI-me aMMl1aKa P KIHIHTIIJIbHHKe H He3HaqIITeJIhHOe KOJIUqeCTBO Me-
Xi:HIHqeCl-\CfJ 311t-prIm, lloTpe6JJHeMOii HaCOCOM BO BpeMf! nOJJ.3'-II1 pac-
TBopa 111 a6cop6f'pa B IH!I1HTHJIhHHK.
CpaBIH1naH IlPSIMOHI! o6paTHbIH IUIKJIbl, conOCTaBIIM HX I<C:3<pq;IIuneH-
TbI, onpe,nCJHHow,He COOTIIOUleHIIC MClli]J.Y Ten.oM II pa60Ton. KaK 113-
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ql - q2
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TeM COBepmeHHee np51MOH um<JI.
COBepweHC1BO 06panroro um<JIa onpe,lJ,eJUIeTC5I XOJIOj],HJIbHblM 1<0-
9<pqml!.IIeHTOM. v
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ltueNm 8 npej],CT3BJlHeT C060H OTHomeHIIe K9JIIIqecTBa OTBe,lJ,eHHorO
TenJIa q2 01' oXJ13)I<,lJ,aeMblx TeJI K 3aTpaQeHHOH B I<OMnpeccope pa60Te
8=
q2
ql ,- q2
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cOBepurelIllee UfIKJI. 0
B a6cop6l!.1I0HHOH XOnO)lIIJIhHOH ycraHoBKe XOJIO,Z:\IIJIbHbIH K03CP<P H -
UHeHT onpej],eJI5JeTCH OTHornCHHCM KO.'1IIQeCTBa TeIIJIa Q2, OTBeJJ.eHHoro
II3 XOJIO,lJ,HJIbHOH K3Mephl, K TerIJIY q1, 3aTpaqeHHOMY Ha HcnapeHIIe
aMMIIaKa B I<Hnp.THJIbHHKe,
E=!l!..
ql
1'v1exaHHqeCK3H 3HepniH, 3aTpaQeHHa51 HaCOCOM Ha rroj],a<JY paCTBopa
B KIInHTliJIbIlHI<, CTOJlb Mwa, LITO elo 06U 1 1HO npeHe6peraIOT.
237

r naB a XXIV
KOMnPECCOPbl
 1. OCHOBHble nOHJlTHJI
KOMnpeccopaMU Ha3bIBaJOT MailIHHbI, npe)],Ha3Ha4eHHble )],JIH cma-
THH H HarHeTaHHH ra3a. Hx npHMeHmOT B pa3JIWIHbIX OTpaCJIHX Ha-
pO)],Horo X03HikTBa, HCnOJIb3YIOllI.HX OKaTble ra3bI. Kmmpeccop HB-
JIHeTCH O)],HHM H3 OCHOBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB ra30Typ6HHHbIX )],BHraTeJIeH,
XOJIO)],HJIbHbIX YCTaHOBOK H T. n.
flo npHI-IUHny )],eHCTBHfJ KOMfIpeccopbl pa3)],eJIHlOT Ba 06'beMlIbIe 11
JIOnaT04Hble.
B 06beMHblX KOMnpeccopax nOBblillCHHe )],aBJIeHHH ra3a npOHCXO)],HT
B pe3YJlbTaTe fIPHHY)],HTeJIbBOrO YMeBblIleHIIH ero 06'beMa npH )],BlIme-
HIIH nopIllHH HJlH )],pyrlIx BpallI.aI-OUJ,IIXCH )],eTaJleH.
K 06'beMHbIM OTHOC5IT noplIlBeBble, pOTall,lIOHHble II BIIHTOBble KOM-
npeccopbI.
B /LOnamO'iHblX KOMnpeccopax )],aBJleHlIe ra3a YBeJlH4lIBaeTcH 01'
)],eikTBH5I HBepIJ,HoHBbIX CIIJI, B03HIIKalOllI.IIX rrpH BpallI.eHHH KOJleCa
KOMnpeccopa. VIBa4e IIX Ha3bIBalOT myp6oKOAtnpeCcopaMu H pa3)],eJI5IlOT
Ha IJ,eHTp06emHble II oceBble.
flopumeBble I<OJVmpeccopbI HcnOJlb3YlOT )],JlH C)KaTIIH ra3a )],0 60Jlb-
1I1lIX )],aBJleHIIH (5, 10, 50, 100, 200 am II BbIilIe), npH cpaBHHTeJlbHO
HeBbICOKHX npOH3BO)],IITeJlbHOCTHX.
Typ60KoMnpeccopbI, HarrpOTHB, npe)],Ha3Ba l IeHbI )],JlH no)],alUi 60Jlb-
IllIlX IWJlWleCTB ra3a fIpH OTHOCIITeJIbHO neBblCOKHX )],aBJleHHHX (nopH)],-
Ka 1,5-15 am).
 2. nOpwHeBble KOMnpeccopbl
Ha pHC. 24--1 H306pafKeHa cxeMa O)],HOIJ,HJlHH)],POBOro nopmHeBoro
KOMnpeccopa IlpOCTOro )],eHcTBHH. OH COCTOHT H3 IJ,IIJlIIH)],pa 1 II rrepe-
)],BHrarOUl,erOCH B HeM 1l0pilIHH 2. flopilIeBb coe)],HBeH IllaTynOM 3 C KO-
JleBlWTblM BaJlOM 5 KOMnpeccopa IIepe3 KplIBoilIHn 4 II cOBepmaeT B03-
Bpanlo-noCTyrraTeJlbllOe )],BHmeBHe.
OpH )],BI-LiKeHHH fIOplIlWI CJleBa HanpaBo B IJ,IIJlHB)],pe KOMrrpeccopa
(03)],aeTCH pa3pe)Kemle. flo)], )],eHcTBHeM )],aBJleBHH oKpYfKar-ollI.eH cpe)],bl
oTKpbIBaeTcH BcaCbIBalOllI.HH I<Jlanan 7 II lI,HJlHH)],p 3anOJlHHeTCH ra30M,
nO)],JlemallI.HM C)/<a1'HlO.
flpH )],BIDKeHHH nopilIHH cnpaBa HaJleBO BcaCbIBalOllI.Hi'r KJlafIaH 3a-
I<pblBaeTCH H noplIleHb OKHMaeT Haxo)],5JUJ,HikH B lI,HJlHH)],pe ra3. B6m1-
3H flMT, KOr)].a BHY1'PH IJ,IIJIHH)],pa 6Y)],eT )],aBJleHHe HeCKOJlbI<O BbIilIe )1aB-
JIeHlIH B ra30c60pHlI!<e, OTKpOeTC5I HarHeTaTeJIbHblH KJlanaH 6, coe)],H-
HHlOllI.IIH pa60'1ee rrpocTpaHcTBo IJ,IIJlHH)],pa C ra30c60pHHKOM. CmaTblH
ra3 03 UH.1HH)],pa BLlTaJIKHBaeTCH H HarHeraeTCH B ra30c60pHHK, H3
I\C1'OpOro fIoc-ryrraeT n01'pe6HTeJlIO.
238
T aKoH I<OMnpeccop Ha3bIBalOT KOMllpeccopoM npocToro )],eHcTBIUJ,
TaK KaK OH CfKHMaeT ra3 O)],HOH CTOpOHOH rropilIHH. Pa604HH npoll,ecc
TaKoro KOMnpeccopa COBepilIaeTCH 3a )],Ba xo)],a nopilIHH, 111'0 COO1'-
BeTcTByeT O)],HOMY 060POTY BaJla.
Ha pHC. 24-2 rrOKa3aHa cxeMa O)],HOll,IIJIHH)],pOBoro KOllmpeccopa
)],BOHHoro )],eHcTBII5I. B TaKOM KOMnpeccope CfKaTlIe ra3a oCYllI.eCTBJlHeT-
CH )],BYMH cTOpOHaMI1 nopilIHH rrplI I<a}K)],OM ero xo)],e. fl03TOMY npoH3-
BO)],HTeJIbHOCTb TaKora I<OlVmpeccopa YBeJIII'1HBaeTCH rrO'1TII B )],Ba pa3a
no cpaBHeHHlo C KOMnpeccopoM rrpocTOro )],eHCTBH5I npH O)],IIHaKOBOM
)],HaMeTpe H xo)],e noplIlHH. u
VI )], e a JI b H bI H K 0 M n p e C cop. flpOCJIe)],HM 3a pa6oTo
H)],eaJlbHOrO KOMrrpeccopa C nOMOlIJ.bIO p V-)],HarpaMMbI, rrpe)],cTaBJIeHHOH
(JXIlOJKOoIOIi/On guilo
5
q.
PI-IC. 24-1. CxeMa OJ(HOIl.I-IJJI-IniI.poBoro
KOMnpeccopa npocToro ;ZJ.ellcTBIIH
PHC. 24-2. Cxel\I8 OJJ:HOItHJJI-IH.llpOBOrO
KOMnpeccopa J(Boiinoro .llellCTBI-IH
Ha pHC. 24-3. HarroMBHM, '11'0 )],JIH H)],eaJIbHOH MaIllHHbI rrpHHHTbI CJIe-
)],YlOllI. He YCJlOBHH: OTCYTCTBII TerrJlo06MeHa, M,;;xaHH4ecKHx H rH)],paB-
JIH4eCKHX rrOTepb; C)KHMaeMblH ra3 - H)],eaJlbHbIH; nopmeHb H)],eaJIbHOrO
KOMrrpeccopa B I<paI1HeM JleBOM rrOJlOfKeHHH rrO.1I,XO)],HT BnJlOTHYlO K
KpbllIlKe UHJlHH)],pa, He 06pa3YH MepTBoro npOCTpaCTBa. B peaJlbHOM
I<OMnpeccope Me}K)],Y nopilIHeM, 3aHIIMalOllI.HM KpaHHee nOJIOmeHe, 11
KpbIIIlI<OH lI,I1J1HH)],pa Bcer)],a oCTaeTC5I HeK01'opbIH 06'beM, K01'OpbIH Ha-
3bIBalOT AWpm6bl.M npocmpaHcm60At.
B H)],eaJIbHOM I{OMrrpeCcope rrpI1 )],BI1fKeHIIH rropilIHH CJleBa HanpaBO
(JIl-1HI1H 4-1) IIepe3 BcaCbIBalOIlI.I1H I<JTarraH B pa604Ylo rrOJICTb IJ,I1JIHH)],-
pa nOCTynaeT ra3 no)], HalIaJIbHbIM )],aBJIeHlIeM pi. B I<paHHeM rrpaBOM
nOJ10lKeimI1 nopIIIlIH ra3 3aHMeT 06'beM, paBHbIl1 Vi. 3aTeM nopUleHb,
npO)],BHraHCb cnpaBa Ha.lJeBO, CfKHMaeT ra3 )],0 )],aBJleHHH P2 I1 06'bcl\1a V 2
(.r!I1HI15I 1-2). flp0)],oJJ)KaH npo)],BlIraTbcH BJIeBo... nopUleHb BblTaJIKHBaeT
cmaTbIH ra3 (JlHHHH 2-3) 4epe3 HafHeTaTeJIbHbIH KJIanaH B ra30c60pHIIK.
JlIIHI1H 3-4 cooTBeTCTByeT MrHoBeHHoMY rra)],eHI1I-o )],aBJleHI1H npH Ha-
4aJle )],BI1fKeHHH nopmHH 1I3 JleBOro rrOJIOfKeHIIH B npaBoe.
DOJlHaH pa60Ta LK' KOTOPYIO nOTpe6JIHeT KOMrrpeccop npI1 OKaTI1H
M K2 ra3a, npe)],cTaBJl5IeT C060H aJlre6paI1'1ecKYlO CYMMY pa60T, 3aTpa-
4eHHblX Ha BcaChIBaHHe ra3a B UHJIHH)],P - bEe, CmaTlIe ero B IJ,IIJIHH)],pe-
Le>K 11 HarHCTaHI1e ra3a B ra30c60pHHK H3 nI1J1I1H)],pa - L'Iar
Lj{ = L Bar + Lem - Lnc.
239

Pa60Ta L Ec BhJ'HnaeTCH H3 nOJU-JOH pa60TbJ, nOTpe6JIHeMOH ROMnpCC-
COpOM, nOTOMY 'JTO OHa COBepmaeTCH 3a C'IeT BcaCbIBaHHH B03.n:yXB I1IJH
3anOJIlIeHHH U.HJIlIH.n:pa ra30M.
Ha pV-.n:HarpaMMe (CM. pHC. 24-3) nOJIHaH pa60Ta ROMnpeccopa
H306pa3HTcH nJI. 12301'; pa60Ta BcaChIBamlH L Hc - nJI. 411'0 = PI VI;
\I,
pa6ara CMaTHH L OK - nJI. 122'1' = S pdV; pa6ara HarneTallllH
\I,
L Har - nJI. 0322' = pzV z .
p!
J
---
I
I,.
01
I
I
----
!
"'-
v
PI1C. 24-3. pV-.!tH<1]'paU.Ia .L\JlH
lI.!teaJlbHOrO KOMnpeccopa
PI1C. 24-4. P360TCi OK3T1IH
ra3a ua pV-.!tlIarpaMMe
TaKHM 06pa30M, nOJIHYJO pa6OTY, nOTpe6JIfieMYI0 KOl'vmpeCCOpOM
npH CMaTHH lvI IC2 ra3a, MOMHO npC,lLCTaBHT1, U BlI.n:e
\I,
LI! = P2 V 2+.f pdV -P1V 1 .
\I,
(24- I)
ECJIH yqCCTh TenJIo06MeH Mem.n:y cmHMaeMbIM ra30M H cTeHK3MI1
JUlJIHH.n:pa, npH6JIHmaH TeM CaMhJM npou.ecc CMaTlUI B IWMJIpeCCOpe
K peaJIhHOMY, TO xapaKTep npou.ecca CLKaTHH BO MHorOM onp e .n:e.JI51eT-
c}l YCJIOBHHMn TenJIo06MeI-la.
KaK BH.n:HO H3 .n:HarpaMMbI, npe.n:CTaBJICI-IHOH Ha pHC. 24-4, npn
CM3THH 1 K2 ra3a 6e3 OTBO;l,a Tcn.rIa 01' CTeI-IOK u.HJIHn.n:pa KOMnpeccopa
npou.ecc npoTeKaeT a.n:Ha6aTI-10 (KpHBaH 1-2). Opn HHTeI-ICHBHOM OTBO-
,ne TenJIa 01' CTeHOK IUIJII1H.n:pa npOl.Lecc npOTeKaeT H30Tepl'v!I1'leCKH
(KpuBafi 1-2").
I-IeTpy.n:no 3aMeTHT1" '11'0 U3 .n:Byx paccMaTIHmaeMbrx npOleCCOB
HaHOOJIee 3KOnOMlI'lHbIM f1BJ1HeTC51 H30TepMHqeClmH, TaI{ KaK npH II30-
TepMlI'lCCKOM CMaTHII pa60Ta, nOTpe6JIfieMaH KOMnpcccopOM, MeU1,lIle,
'leM npH a.n:na6aTHOM CMaTHH Ha BeJII1'!Huy, qHCJIellHO paBuyro nJI.
122' 1. O.n:HaKo B peaJl1,HoM KOl'vrnpeCcope ocyw:ecTBIIT1, H30TepMHqeCKOe
C)l(aTIIe He y.n:aeTCfI, Tal( KaK OXJIam.n:alOHI,aH IUIJIHn}Lp BO}J;a nc MmKeT
OTBCCTI1 Bce Tenno, Bhl.n:eJIHlOw.cecH npI! C/K3TIIIr n03!Lyxa.
240
r'
nOSJTOMY B peaJI1,HblX YCJIOBIUTX npou.ecc CMaTHH npOTeKaCT no no-
JU-ITpor:e (KpHBaH 1-2'), nOKa3aTeJlb n KOTOpOH HMeeT npoMeiKYTO'lHOe
3na'leJII1C Mem.n:y nOKa3aTC.JleM 1I30TCpM1,l, paBHhlM elUUII1u.e, H nOKa-
33TeJIeM a,lLHa6aT1,1 k = 1,4 (.n:JI51 .D.ByxaToMHbIX ra30B), T. e. 1 < n < 1,4.
[JPH 3TOM pa60Ta, 3aTpa'leUHa51 Ha cmaTHe ra3a no nOJ1HTpone 1-2
ol1p e .n:eJIHeMaH nJI. 12'301, COOTBCTC1'BCHHO 6y.n:eT Hl'vH:T1, npOMcrKYTO'l:
Hoe 3Ha 1 leHue.
B 3aBHCI1MOC1'H 01' XapaK1'epa npou.ecca, npOTeKalOLQcrO B u.HJum.n:pe
I{OMnpeCcopa nplJ cmaTHH 1 Ki' ra3a, nO.1JnaH y.n:en1,Ha51 pa60Ta KOMnpec-
copa [I! 6y.n:CT HMeTh pa3JIH'lHOe 3na'IeHlIe.
n pu 1130mepMlltfCCKOAl Ilpo/.{CCCC fJ2V2 = PI VI. J1cnOo1Jh3YH cpOPMY.%1
(6-4) H (24-1), nOJ1Y'lHM 3Ha'lenUe 1'2 -
l3 = [cm = PIV I In  OJic/Ke.
PI
Tl pu a01106amfiOM npOl{eCCe P2V2 =1= Pi VI lI3 cpOPMYJI
p:::oOTa OKBTHH 6y.n:eT
1
[cm = it _ 1 (P2 V 2 - PI VI)'
nOL\CTaB.1JHH 3Ha'leHHe Icm B cpOPMY.1JY (24-1) H c.n:CJIaB HeKOTOpblG
npeo6pa30BaHlJ51, 110.1JY'IIIM
(24- 2)
(6-7) H (6-14)
ll1.=PIVI r .( .J2 ) "---;,I -l J OJiC/Ke. ( 243
k - 1 l Pj, - )
Tlpu tOJ7UmpOf1fiOM cmaTHH cpOpMY.1Ja .n:JIH y.n:CJIbHOi-i pa60Tbl aHa-
JIOrH'lna qJOpMY.1Je .n:JI5I pa60ThI IIPH a.n:Ha6anlOM cma1'HH. OHa MOmCT
6hl1'1, nOJIY'leHa H3 ypaBIIeHIIH (24-3) npH 3aMeHe 110Ka3RTeJIH k Ha
nOKa3aTeJI1, n.
Pea JI 1, H 1,1 H K 0 M n p e C cop. Opou.eccbJ B peaJI1,HOM I{Q;'\f-
npeccope npoTeKalOT C MexaHWleCKHMI-i H rH.n:paBJIH'lCCI{IIMH nOTepHMH
3a CliCT BHYTpeUIIero Tcnnoo6MeHa.
Ha HH.n:lJKaTopnoiI lIHarpRMMe pea.1JbHoro KOI\mpeCcopa (pHC. 24-5)
BH.n:I10, </TO Ha.1JlI'lUe A-1CptllG020 npocmpwicmea V o Vl\iCH1,LUaeT nO.1Je3Hb1H
pa6o'lHlI 061>eM urwurr.n:pa V/z.n:o .n:eucTBHTc.1JbHOrO 06'beMa BcaC1,IBaHHH
VA = V/z - V OCT ' r.n:c V OCT - 06'beM, .n:o KOToporo paCIIlHpHeTCH
ra3 no J1HHHH 3'-4, 3anO.1JH51BIIlHH 06'bCM V O MepTBoro npocTpaHcTBa.
PaccMoTpHM HH.n:HKaTopnylO .n:narpaMMY pCaJI1,llOro KOl'vmpeCcopa
(CM. pAC. 24-5). ECJIH .n:aEJIemre B ra30c60pHHI(C pamlo Pz, TO B u.n-
JIriH.n:pe ra3 cmHMaIOT (.1JlJHlI5I 1-2') .n:o .n:aB.1JCHHH pz+ I1pz. f1o.n: .n:eHCTBH-
eM pa3HOC1'n .n:aBJIeHlJH ,lI..pz arKp1,IBaeTCH HarHeTaTen1,HhlH KJIanaH
J1 npH .n:aJIhHeiilIleM .n:B!1rKCHHlJ nOplIlHH CnpaBa HaJICBO ra3 BblTaJIKH:
BaeTCH B ra30c60pHHK (JIHHHH 2'-3'). OpH .n:BHmCHHH noplIlHH CJIena
HanpaBO cmaTblH ra3, 3HHMalOW:lJH 06'beM MepTBoro npOCTpaHCTBa V 0'
paCIIlHpHe1'CH (JIHHlJH 3 -4) .n:o 06'beMa V OCT ' KaK TOJIbKO .n:aBJleHHe B
UHJIHH.n:pe CTaHeT HeCKOJIhKO HI1IKe .n:aBJIeHHH B ra30c60pnHKe, HarHeT8-
It 3aK. 56
241

TeJ1bHbIli KJ1anaH 3aKpbIBaeTCH, a ra3 npOlLomKaeT paCIlmpHTbCH lLO
)J.aBJ1eHHH, HeCKOJ1bKO HHLKe aTMoccpepHoro (TOlJKa 4'). nOlL lLeikTBHeM
pa3HocTH lLaBJ1eHHH !1pi (aTMoc<jJepHoro H lLaBJ1eHHH B U.HJ1HHlLpe) 01'-
KpbIBaeTcH Bcacb1BalOllJ,HII KJ1anaH H HalJHHaeTCH npOlecc BcaCbIBaHI1H
(J1HHHH 4'-1'). Pa6OTa, nOTpe6J1HeMaH peaJ1bHbIM KOMnpeccopoM,
lJHCJIeHHO paBHa nJ1. ]'2'3'4']' (CM. pHC. 24-5).
KaK YLKe 6bIJ10 CKa3aHO (CM. TeKCT H pHC. 24-4), lLJIH Toro lJT06bI
CHH3HTb nOTpe6J1HeMYlO pa60TY KOMnpeccopa, ero lJ.HJ1HHlLP HHTeHCHB-
HO OXJ1aLKlLaeTCH BOlLOH. KpoMe Toro, OXJ1aLKlLeI-IHe IU1J1HHlLpa He06xo-
lLHMO TaKLKe lLJ1H nOHlHKeHHH Tel'vmepaTypbI OKHMael'vlOrO ra3a, lJT06bI
npelLynpelLHTb caMOBOCnJ1aMeHeHHe paCnbIJ1eHHOrO H CMelllaHHoro C
B03lLYXOM CMa30 1 IHoro MaCJ1a.
pj 3'
3
iP]
fJp,
Vh V
f; I
<='77.1
Pnc. 24-5. PeaJlbHaSl HH.llHKaTOpHaH
tI.narpaMMa KOMnpeccopa
Pile. 24-6. Cxelvla TpexcTyneHf.JaTOrO
Km.mpeccopa
TIpH BbICOKHX lLaBJIeHHHX CLKaTHH 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHo BbiCOKHX TeM-
nepaTypax MeJ1KHe paCnbIJIeHHble '1aCTHIl.bI CMa30 1 IHorO MaCJ1a, CMeUlH-
B::iHCb C paCKaJ1eHHblM CLKaTblM B03lLYXOM, MOrYT 06pa30BaTb B3pbIBO-
onacHYlO CMecb, CaMOBOCnJ1aMeHeHHe KOTOpOH npHBOlLHT K B3PbIBY
H THLKeJIOH aBapHH.
3TO OlLHa 113 npJ1lIHH, no KCYfopOII B olLHocTynel'I'iaTOI\1 KOl'v1npeCcope
HeJIb3H OKHl'vlaTb B03lLYX lLO H36bITO'iHbIX lLaBJleHHH Bblwe 6-7 am.
TeMnepaTypa caMOBOCnJ1aMeHeHI151 KOMnpeccopHoro MaCJIa npHMep-
HO pam-;a 240 0 C. npH OKaTHH ra3a lLO 1136bITO'iHOrO lLaBJIeHHH 6-7 am
ero TeMnepaTypa B KOlme CLKaTHH ellJ,e lIe lLOCTHraeT TelVmepaTYPbI ca-
MOBOcnJIaMeHeHHH KOMnpeccopHoro MaCJ1a.
)JpyrHM He MeHee BaLKHbIM cpaKTopOM, OrpaHlllJHBalOllJ,HM nOBbIweHHe
.LI:aBJIeHHH B olLHOCTyneHlJaTOM KOMHpeccope, HBJ1HeTCH YMeHbweHHe
npOH3BOlLHTeJIbHOCTH C pOCTOM lLaBJIeHHH HarHeTaHI1H. 3TO 06'bHCHHeTCH
B03paCTaHHel'vI BJIHHHHH BeJIH'iHHbI MepTBoro npOCTpaHCTBa Ha npouecc
CLKaTHH B KOMnpeccope. fa3, 3aHHMaIOllJ,HH 06'beM MepTBoro npOCTpaHCT-
BC1 H o;{aTbIM lLO BblCOI\Oro KOHe'iHoro lLaBJleHH5I, npl1 06paTHOM xOAe
242
nopllIHH paCIlIHpHeTCH lLo .n:aBJIe!-IHH BcaCbIBaHHH H 3anOJIHHeTOCTa-
TOlJHbIi-i 06'beM V OCT ' 3aHHMalOllJ,HH TeM 60JIbWYlO lLOJIlO pa60lJeH n0J10CTl-1
UHJIHHlLpa, 'ieM BbIllle KOHelJHOe lLaBJIeHHe.
TIpH onpelLeJIeHI-IOH BeJ1H'iHHe lLaBJIeHHH HafHeTaHHH ra3 H3 MepT-
Boro 06'beMa 3anOJIHHeT Becb onHcaHHbIH 06'beM, H npoH3BOlLHTeJIbHOCTb
KOMnpeccopa npH 3TOM 6YlLeT paBHa HYJIlO, TaK KaK V h = V OCT '
3TH npH'iHHbI npHBOlLHT K TOMY, liTO lLJIH CLKaTHH B03lLyxa lLO 60-
JJee BbICQKHX lLaBJIeHHH npHMeHHlOT Mfio2ocmyncfi t iatnblC KiJMllpCCCOpbl.
Ha pHC. 24-6 npel\- -
CTaBJIeHa cxeMa TpexcTy-
neHqaTOrO KOMnpeccopa,
3 H3 pHC. 24-7 P V -lLHar-
paMMa ero npou.ecca. B
nepBoH cTyneHH (u'h
pl1c. 24-6) B03lLYX C:II{f!-
MaeTCH lLO HeKoTopora
npoMe:IKYTO'iHoro lLaBJie-
HHH pz no ITO.1JHTpOne
]-2 (pHC. 24-7) H noCTY-
naeT B XOJIOlLHJIbHHK Xi
(pHC. 24-6), me OXJIa:IK-
lLaeTCH npl1 nOCTOHHHOM
laBJIeHHH (JIHHHfJ 2-2' ,
pac. 24-7) lLO Tel'vme-
paTYPbI t h T. e. lLO
nepBOHalJaJIbHOH TeM-
nepaTypbI, KOTOpylO OH HMeJI .lIO BCaCblRaHHH B UHJIHHlLP nepBoM CTY-
neHH. 3aTeM OXJIarKlLeHHbJI-i B03lLYX nOlLaeTC5I BO BTOpylO cTyneHb u'z,
r.LI:e CrKI1MaeTC5I no nOJIHTpOne 2'-3 lLO lLaBJIeHHH p 3' TIpH 3TOM
Tel\mepaTypa B03lLyxa t z B KOime era CLKaTHH BO STOpOH cTyneII/1
T<HOKe He lLOJI:lKHa npeBbIUlaTb 3Ha'ieHHH, 6JIH3KHX Tel'vmepaType caMO-
EOCnJIaMeHeHH5I CMa3KH. [IoCJIe CLKaTI151 B03.LI:YX C TeMnepa1"ypOM t z no-
cTynaeT B XOJIOlLHJ1blH1E X 2 , rlLe CHOBa OXJIa)K,lIaeTC5I (JIHHHH 3-3') lO
TeMnepaTypbI t\. B TpeTbei1 CTyneHI1 U3 B03.lIYX C:lKHMaeTCH no nOJII'-
Tpone 3'-4' lLO KOHelJHOfO lLaBJIeHlI5I. 3aTeM nocTynaeT B XOJlOJJ.HJIbHHI<
X 3 H H3 Hero K nOTpe6HTemo.
TaKHM 06pa30M, B KaLKlLOii nOCJlelLYlOllJ,ei-i CTyneHH MHorocTyneHQa-
TOro KOl'vmpeCcopa B03lLYX B UH.'IHHlLpe nepelL ero C:lKaTHeM HMeeT nep-
BOHaqaJ1bHYlO Tel'vmepaTYPY tit a nOCJle C:lKaTHH Tel'vmepaTYPY t 2 , He npe-
BbIliialOllJ,YlO TeMnepaTYPY caMOBOCnJIaMeHeHH5I KOMnpeccopHoro l'vIaCJIa.
MHorocTyneH'iaTOe C>KaTHe n03BOJI51eT C:lKHMaTb B03lLVX lLO BblCOEHX
lLaBJ1eHHH npH 3a)IaHHOM (lLOnYCTHMOM) Tel'vmepaTYPHOM peLKIiMe pa-
60TbI. TIpl1 3TOM YMeHbliiaeTCH OTpHUaTeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe MepTBoro npo-
CTp3HCTBa Ha pa60TY KOl'vInpeCcopa H yMeHbliiaeTCH pa6OTa, 3aTpa'iHBae-
M8H H C:lKaI1e, B3lLyxa, Ha BeJlHlJHHY, COOTBeTCTBYlOllJ,YlO 3allITpHXO-
B3HHOH nJI. 22 33 452, TaK KaK npH olLHocTyneH'iaTOM CLKaTl1H no.rIll-
orpona ]-2 npolLo.1J:lKa.1JaCh 6bI lLO TO'iKH 5 no JIIIHHH]-2-5 (CM. pl1c. 24-7).
pA
1
v
PHC. 24-7. Pa60Ta TpexCTyneII<laToro I(oMIIpec-
copa lIa pV-JJ,HarpaMl\Ie
243
9"
'.

Ha\UlJeHbWaH 33TpaTa paOOTbl IIOJIYlJaJIaCb Obl npI1 oCYULeCTBJle HHH I130-
TepMI1lJeCKOrO CMaTHH no nYHKTllpHOH JIIlHI1I1 1-2'-3'-4' .
YBeJIWIeHI1e LlHCJIa cTynenei1 CMaTHH 3Ha L IllTeJlbHO npHOJIHMae-r
npouecc CMaTHH K 1130TepMHlJeCKoMY. Ho HapH.n:y C 3TI1M KOHCTPYKUIl51
KOl'vmpeCcopa YCJIOmHHeTcH, B03pacTaJoT MeXaH!1lieCKHe II rlI.n:paBJIH4e-
CKHe nOTepH, CHHmaeTC51 MexaHwlecKI1H H 06WJli'I IL 11. .n:. KOMnpC'ccopa.
lv1 0 lil HOC T b I1 IL n. .n:. K 0 M n p e C Cop a. :3:JxPeKTlIB-
HOCTb pa60TbI .n:eHCTBI1TeJIbHOrO KOMnpeccopa HapH.n:y C K. n. .n:. oue-
HImaeTCH K03CJXrmltHeHTOM no.n:a ' 1I1.
K03qxpHUHeHTOM I1o.n:alJI1 'A Ha3bIBaIOT OTHoweHHe .n:eikTBI!TeJIbHO
no.n:aHHoro OO'be!\1a ra3a, npHBe}l,eHI-IOro K YCJIOBlIHM BCaCbiEaHI1H,
K 06"bt'MY, om:CaI-IHOMY nopUiHeM,
'A= 1/;1 .
I/I!
(24-4 )
Kocpl1ImeHT no.n:alJH Y4HTbIBaeT BJIH51HHe MepTBoro npOCTpaHCTBa
'AD' rH.n:paBJIH'leCKI1X nOTepb 'A v ' BHYTpeHHero TenJIo06MeHa 'AT I1 nOTepb
OT HenJIOTHOCTH 'All..
'A = ')'O'AV'AT'AIIJI"
(24-4a)
BeJIl1lJI1Ha 'A onpe.n:emleTcH B OCHOBIIOM 06'beMHblM K03<jxj:>HuIleHToM
'A o , KOTOpbli'I npe.n:cTaBJIHeT c060H OTHowelme cpaKTHlJeCIWrO 06'beMa
BcaCbIBamUI V K 06'beMY, onHcbIBaeMoMY nopilIHeM V h'
'A o = : = I - a l( ;: ) :, - 1 ] ,
(24-5)
r.n:e pz - .n:aBJIeHHe HarHeTaHHH;
Pi - .n:aBJleHHe BcaCbIBaHI1H;
k - nOKa3aTeJIb a.n:I1a6aTbI;
a - OTHOCHTeJIbHa5I BeJIlILIHHa MepTBoro npOCTpaHCTBa
a = _ Y 0 . 100 % .
V h
[H.n:paBJIHlJeCKI1e nOTepI1 BO BcaCblBafOIlI,eM KJIanaHe npI1Bo.n:HT K TO-
MY, LITO .n:eHCTBI1TeJIMIaH IIo.n:alJa KOMnpeccopa, OTHeceHHaH K YCJlO-
BHHM BcaCbIBaHHH, CTaHOBHTCH elIJ,e MeHbwe H .n:aBJIeHI1e 3a KJIanaHOM
CIIHmaeTCH. )JpOCCeJIHpOBaHI1e ra3a Ha DcaCblBaHI1H Tpe6yeT .n:onOJIHH-
TeJIbHOH pa6OTbI. flOTepl1 IIPH .n:poCCeJI!!pOBallHH YlJHTblBalOT K03qxpU-
IJ.I1eHTOM 'Av.
TIpH BCaCbJBaHHII ra3, nocTynafOWJli'r B UIIJIHHlIp, CMeWHBaeTCH C 60-
JIee rOpHLJIIM ra30M, paCUlIlpIIBWHMCH 113 MepTBOrO npOCTpaHCTBa. Kpo-
Me TOro, HOBble nopUHH ra3a HarpeBalOTC5I rOpHlJHMH CTeHKaMH UI1JIHH-
.lipa. flOBBIwelIHe TeMnepaTYPbl ra3a B UHJIHH.n:pe TaKme npHBo.n:HT K
YMeHbweHHfO npOH3Bo.n:UTeJIbHOCTI1 KOMnpeccopa, lJTO YlJI1TbIBaeTCH
K034;qJHIl.HeIITOJ\! 'AT'
244
B lIeHCTBHTeJIhHOM KOMnpeccope B03MmKHbJ YTelJKH ra3a lJep€3
CaJlbHHKH, p€3b60Bble U cpJIaHueBbie coe.n:HHeHHH. LIeM c.rrmKHee KO'I-
CTPKUI1 MaruHHbl, TeM 60J]brne BJIJUJfOT HenJIOTHOCTH fia no.n:alJY KOf-
npC,.cofJa, u, cne.n:oBareJIbHO, l!I1me 3H3LJeHHe K03Q:JCPUUHCHTa A IIw
O.n:HaKo nmepII 01' npOCCeJIHpOBaHHF, TenJloo6l'v!emJ H HenJTOTHOCTeH
b COBOKY"HOCTH CHU)¥!lfOT K03qxpI1UHeHT no.n:alJIf IIa 5-10%. n03TOMY
npu npe:IDapUTCJIbHOH OlteHKe pa6o l lero npouecca .n:ecTEHTeJIJ-.lIOro
KOMnpeccopa MomHO nO.1lb30BBTbC.H 06'bCMHhiM J{03cpcpuuHeHToM /,
Sn'neHb _ cCBcprneHcTP3 a6oTbl KOMnpeccopa oueHHBaeTcR' cpaBI;:
HI1;M a(),f!2!' nOTpe6JIHeMOH .n:eaJIbHbIM KOMnpeCCO!)OM, C llH)l.HK8TOP-
HO}! pa6CTOH ii' nOTpe6m::eMOH pe.'IhHbIM KOMIIpeCCOpol'vl.
Pat'5oTa J1lJ{'ClJIbHOrO KOMnpeccopa, T. e. TeOpCTHlJeCKa5J pa60Ta npu
I1gcepMJ1lJeCKOM J1 aJJHaIJClTHoM cman!I1, onpe.n:eJIHeTCH no cpOpMy.)HJM
(..4 ..,) H (24-3). HHlIHJWTOPH35J pa6o-r:J li 60JlhUle TeODeTULJeCJWh Ha
E{'JIHlJIUlY nOTepb, K010PYIO H YlJUTbIB;:J.er I1lUlHKaTOpHbH K. n.J1,. 'l'ji'
l1aomepMwiecKUl'J K. n. a. 'I'j3 oueHHBaeT pa601Y KOMnpeccoDd C
xJIa"m.ueHeM H npe.n:eJI5Jt'TCH oTHOrneHl1eM. pa6CT:'I H30TepMH'reCKOro
Lma1I15J "H3 K paroTe CmaTI1H 'i no HH.n:l1K3TOpHOli lIuarpaMMe, r. e.
'I'j3 = lJI3 (24-6)
Ii
An' . ;oj aA
uonamHblll 1(. n. u. 11i oueHHBaeT pB60TY KOMnpeccopa 6e3
OXJla1J.tHlHI  onpe..'If'JlHeTCH OTHOweHHCM pa60Tbi a)l.ua6aTHoro CM8-
1H5J laA !< oar)OTe c)K[JTH5J ii no IJH}UIK;JTCPHOH lIHarpaMl\1e
'I'jA = laiJ.
t Ii.
(24-7)
I13OTCpMHlJtX'KHP: H a)lI1a6aTHbJH v.. n. ,l(. xapaKTepI13YfOT ereneHb
npH6JII1meHHH p<'.RJIbHOro KOMnpeccopa K I1.co:eaJIhHOMY U n03TOMY UX
OTHOCHI K pa3p H .n:y 6H!JmpCHHUX omllCCume/I/:iHbIX K. n. a.
flOTepH na TpeHue B MeX3HJ13l'vl8X KOMnpeccopa YlJUTbIBafOTCH Me-
X'lHII L IecKHM K n. lJ..
u MexQHwleCiW!1 /{ n. a. 'l'jM onpelte,iIHeTcH OTHOlllemlE'l'vl UHlII1Karop-
HOI-! pa601bl 1; I\ pa60Te 'e Ha BIJIY KOMlTpeCCOpa
_ I;
'l'jM - t;; . (24-8)
. nO/lHI'I (&r!.)(!JeKmU(iHblLl) K. n. (). '1'1& YlJH1hlBaer KaK BHYTpeInJIle,
TaK H MeX3HHLJecKHe nOTepn, n onpell.eJmeTCH npOH3Be,LI,eHHeM UH)J.HKa-
TopHoro K. 11. .n:. 'I'j; Ha MeXaHUlJeCKUH 'l'jM'
TaT{, nO/lHbltl usomepMwl£cKwl K n. a. paBCH
'I'j=3 = 'I'j3'1'jM'
flO/lHbIU aoua6arriHblu K. n. a.
(24-9)
'I'jA = 'l'jiA1]M'
(24-10}
245

CpeJume 3H3 l reHHfI K. n. JI.. nOplIlHE'BhIX KCMnpeCCOpOB T<o.'1ef).'1IOT-
C51 B C.1Je;J,YIOlli,HX npe.'Ie<1aX*: 'l'JM = 0,85-:--0,90; 11=3 = 0,65-;-.0,75;
''1: 11 = 0,75-:--0,85.
!1lf()YK,:mwpH!I10 MOll!HOCmb, T. e. MOIll,HOCT!J, CTHeceHHYIO K O,lLHOMY
UHJIIU-I,1J.py KOMnpeccopa npacToro )IE'llCTBHH, onpe,lLeJIHIOT ITO q,opMy.n e
Sn
N.= p ,P Kcm,
Z '60.1000
(24-11)
rne Pi -- cpe)lHee HHI1.HIGnOpHOe JI.<1B.JIeHHe B UlJJIHH,lLOe KOMnpeccopa,
HIM;
P -- n.1JOlI{3,lLb nOplml5!, )1,;2;
S - XC,lL nopllIHH, M.
H H()wwmO/HiYlO .MOll1,Hocmb KOMl1pcccopa iJcoii!-ioeo dCllCm'31lfl onpe-
)J.e.muOT no rpopl'vlYJIe
Sn' Sn
N i = p;F 60. 1000 + Pi (P -- f) 60. 1000 Kcm,
(24-12)
r!1,e f - nJIOlI{all,b noplliHcBoro llITOKa, )1,;2;
Pi If P; - CpeJl,Hee lIHJ(IfK<!TOpHOe JI.aE.,'leHHe B OJI.HOl' H )lpyroll
nOJIOCTHX UHJUIHJI.pa, HI )1,;2, COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
3d)(t}CKm!teHYIO MOll{f10Cmb, 33Tp3'lHB8eMYlO Ha B3JIY KOMnrWCcopa,
onperr.eJU!1OT no cpopMYJIe
N = N i .
a
'M
(24-13)
 3. POTau,HOHHble KOMnpeCCOpbl
3TH FOMnpeCCOpbl, raK .lKe KaK 11 nOpUlHeBhle, p3.60TaIOT ITO npHH-
mmy YMeHbllIeHHH OG'bel\W pa60qeg nOJIOCTII. nO KonCTPYKTHBHhlM npn-
3WiK8M pOTalTHOHHbIe KOi\mpeCCOphI nOJI.pa3JI.eJJ5HOTCH Ha: TI.TlaCTI1H'laTbIe;
C KaTHll{I!MCH p [)TOp 01\1; EOJI.OKOJIbueBbfe; ,lLBYXPOTopIIble. Ha pHC. 24-8
npe,lLcTaBJI€Ha cxeMa IIJIa':TIIH'laToro pOTaUHouHoro KOMnpeccopa. B
Kopnyce 5 3KcUeHTpH'lHO pCIIOJIo}KeH pOTOp 1, B na3ax Komporo Ha-
XO,.'J.HTCq JlerKO CKOJIL3Hlli,ne B paJI.H<1JIbHOM HarrpaBJIE'HI1U nJIaCTIUJhl 2,
pa3JJ.eJIS-!1Olll.Ue cepnoBH,lLHOe npocTpaHcTBo Me){{,'{y pOTOpOM H KopnycoM
n3 HeCKOJIbKO 'lac, eiL BCdCb!B3IOlll.HH mJTpy60K 7 pa;:noJIo me!l B TOM
MCCTe, I'j{e ll.JlaCTHHbi nOj{ n:eIICTBHeM uel-ITpo6elKHOH CnJIhl na'II1H<UOT Bh;-
)lBIIraTbCH H3 na30B pOTopa TaK, '11'0 MelK,1.r.y )lBYMH nJlaCTIlHaMH OCBO-
60m)J.aeTCfI C6'beM )IJIH nOCTynJleIUIH 1'a33. 06'beM nOCTf'neHHfJ YBe-
JIV!'lMBaCTCH no Mep2 nOBopOT3 pOTopa ,1:1.0 BepXHero nOJ]O}KeHI151 JIG-
naTKII.
* C Tap K C. 5. OCHOBbI rH.llpaBJlIIKH, naCOCbI H B03.L\YXOJJ,YBHbIe MaWI1IlbI.
MCTaJJJJyprH3JJ,aT, 1961, CTp. 322.
246
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
llpH JI.aJJhHeUWeM nOROpOn' pC'TOpa nJIaCTHHbl Ha'lHnaIOT BJTBHraTb-
€9. B lla3hf 11 06'beM 8 Me.IKJIY llJ!aCTI1H3I\1H YMeUbUlaeTCH. ,Z:{aBJleHI1e ra;!8,
SanOJIHHlOlIle1'O oOrbeM 8. COO1BeTCTHCHHO IIOBblwaeTCH. B KOHue 110BO-
para pG1Gpa 06'beM < COeJI.HHHeTCH c nOJIOCTblO HHfHE:T?TeJIbHoro na-
TjJy6Ka 6, oTKYAa cmaTEIH ras no Tpy6onpOFO.l!Y nocTynan B ra30c6op-
HJH< II K nmpe6I1TeJIIO.
IlpH CJIeJIYIClllt'M nOBopoTe p0Tcpa npouecc nOBTopHeTCSJ.
Bo BpeMH pa6cTbI KOMnpececpa CTeHKH era Kopnyea p"a30rpcBalOTcfI.
B'J 1136e}K8Hne nE'perpeB8 Kopnyca
er') CTeHKU OXJI2}K)laIOTCH BO,lLOft 4.
POTaUHoHHhle IWMnpeccopbi
HMeIOT CJIE'JI.YlOIIUIe npeHMYUleC'TBa
no cp;'!BHelHIIO C nopllIHt'BblMI1
KGMnpeCCOpaMlJ:
1) MeHbIlIl1e ra6l1PHTbI H Bee. 6
POTBUI10HHbIH KOMnpeccop aBEI1-
MaeT ITJIOll{anb B 5-0 pa3 MeHb-
myIO, tleM ITOpllIHeBOH TOll me npo-
II3BO.lU!TE'JIbBOCTH;
2) 60Jlee ypaBHmkweBHyro
pa6OTY, Tal( KaK OTCYTCTByeT
RpHBOllIHmIo-wa'rYHUblil MeXl!-
HII31\1, npn pa6artt KOToporo B03- PIlC. 24-8. CxeMa pOTal\HOHHOro KOM.
npeccopa
HI1KalOT 3HaIJHTeJ1bHble I1IrpllHCn-
Hble CHnbi;
3) 60JJhmee 'lM('JIO OOOpOTOB, L\OnYCKalOllee HenCCpelIc.TBeHHblll IIPH-
BOJI. 01' t>bICOKOCKOpOCTHbIX E)JJCKTpCJI.BHrdTeJIefr;
4) npOGfOTY KOH\$TpYKIlMI1, Mem,rnee lJueJIO JI.eTaJIell H MeHbllIYIO
CTOIIMOCTh.
O,nHaKo v na mlOHHbJe KOMnpeccopbl, no cpaBHeHlIlo C nopmueBhlMH,
HMelOT H cYlIlecTReHHble HeJI.0CT3TKI1:
1) MeHblliHI1 K. n. .n.;
2) 60JIee CJIOlKHYIO TeXHonorHIO U3fOTOBJIeHHH B CBH3H C nOBbIllieu-
H0I1 T04HOCTblO .lI.eT3JJell;
3) HeDbICOKHe Konetll/blC .n:3B.1JeHHfI;
4) MeHbLUHC CpOKII Me}KpCMOHTHOH 5t<:cnJIYaT3UIIII.
J
7
 4. Typ6oKoMnpeccopbl
KOHCTPYKUI1H Typ6oKOl\mpeCCOpoE aHaJIOrWma KOHCTPYKl1.IIH TYP-
6HH. nponecc ClKaTHH raaa npOIICXOJI.HT nOCJJeJI.OBaTeJIbHO B MelKJIO'
n8TClJHhlX KaHaJJaX KOJIeCa KOMnpeccopa II ,'{aJ!ee H HenOJI.BHlKHb!X Ka-
HaJiaX (,I!.JJ$j:?yqopax). KHHenftJecKaH :JHepnlH, nCJ/YlJeHWm ra30lVI H<J
:I.onaTKax pauo'lero KOJleca, FCJIt'JI.CTBne TOpM0}KeH!IH B HenOJI.RU}KHhIX
Kamwax npeo6pasyeTcSJ B nOTeHl{HaJIbHYIO sHepn1IO C:>fCaTOrO ra3a.
nOJI.06HO oceEon ryp6llHe B oceBOM TYP60KoMrrpeccope HanpaBJIE'-
Hue ):.I:JII:>KeHHH ra3a COBnaJaeT C OCb!O MawHHLI.
247

J3 ueH1 p06elKHOM KOMnpeCCOpe ras B pa60(J:eM KOJ1eCe JJ:BHlKeTC!-1
nenneHJJJ1KVJIBpHO oen MBllIl1HbI 01' u.eHTpa I{ nepmpepIlH Ii Bcnb!" bIB8eT
np'fj 31'0;\,1 B03D:efIcTBI1e ll.eHTpo6e)KBblX CI1,il. B pe3YJ1blaT€ 3Tor0 CTeneEh
nOBblllIeHI15I JJ:::JBJIeHI1iJ, pa3Bl-lBaeMaH cTyneHb!O U€HTpc6elKHoro !<OM-
npeccopa, BbHlIe, IJ:E:1VI OCf'Boro.
OpH YBeJIlIIleHHH eKopOCTH BpaULeHHH KOJIeCa Typ6oKoMnpeccopa
[JaCTeT ero CTenCHb C)KaTIUL
2

Puc. 24-9. DpO.llOJlbHbIll pa3pe3 .!tByxCTyneHLJaToll Typ6o-
ra3o.ztYBKH
OJ1.HaKO BCJII1'-1I1Ha OKPYR{HOH Cl<OpOCTH pa6o'lerc KOJIeCa orpaHH-
Ileua nOO'lHOCTbIO MaTpnaJIa KOJ1L'C'J KOl'vmpeCcopa 11 C00TBeTC:BeHHO
orpaHIl;;CHO nOBhlIUE'HHC' CTeneUIl C)KaTHfI, C03JJ:aBael\OH OJJ:H0l1 C1)'-
neHbJO. 1103TOMY JIJI51 c03.r..aHl15I 60JJce BhICOl{I1X JJ:aBJIf.'HHI1 ra3a npHMellH-
IOT MHorocryneH I 18TOe C)Ki::THe. u
B MHOfocTYneHlJaTbIX KOI\mpeCCopax '-IHCJJO CTyr.:eHCI1 J1 COCTBeTCT-
BPHH,) lJI1CJ10 pa60 I IJfx KOJlec onpcJJ:e.!IfICTCH Sa;rI.aHHbIM JJ:aBJIeHHeM
ra3a. 4eM BbIllIe ,i'I,aBJieHHe, no KOToporo JJ:O.1J)KeH 6bITb DRaT ra3, 'reM
COOTReTCTBeHHO 60JILllIe 'H1CJ10 cTyneHei\ II p360IJ:HX KmIec Ha B3JIY
I<OMnpeccopa.
TaK KaK Typ6oKOMnpe(:cophI ClKHl'vIaIOT raa JJ:O cpaBHI1TeJIbHO BblCO-
Y.UX )],Ri.1Jer!l1H:, TC BO BpeM51 pa60TbI Typ6oKoMnpeccopa TeMnepaTypa
248
CfKI1MaeMOro r338 nOBbIlU3eTOI H Bbl.r..eJIHeTC51 f'OJILlliOe K0J!wreCT'3,) Terr-
JIa. )JJIH npeJJ:ynpe)KJJ:eHl15J [lpe'3MepHOro HarpepC'J ra3a H neperpeBa KOp-
nycR II paCOIJ:I1X KO,TI€C ryp6CKOJ\mpeccop3 rrpH'.leH5IlOT EO,'J,flH')e OX.'1a)f{-
.'J,eHlH: CTeHOI\ Kopnyca 11 npoMelKYTOlJHb!e XOJlOrHJIbHI1KH Me)K}J,Y CTY-
nemrl\1H. B npOMe)KYTO'-lHbIX XO!1011l1JlbHIIKax clKaTblH ra3 JiOnomaI-
TeJIbHO OXJI1)i"TJ,3eTCH npH nepexoJJ:c H3 ommi\: clyneHI1 Typ6oKorvmpec-
copa B llpyryIO.
00 BeJ1H'lHHe C03J1.8.BaeMOro ,lJaBJlemu-! TYPOOMaIiII1Hbi p83,1J.em!lOT
Ha JJ:UE: rpynnhl;
1) lCoMnpeccophl - MamBlih!, npe.lU-I;:!8H:,qpHIIhIe llJ151 CTeneHI-:! C)!{()-
THH BblllI 1,1, He38BHCHMO ::rr HaJIH4I1f! HJII1 OTCYTCTBHH np01\10KY roU
Horo OXJICl)!<1J.enHP;
2) MmmWbl. CO'3.'J,alOUUle CTeT!€HII O!{3TH51 HmKe 1,1.
3u! M3IIIHHbI Bb;JJ:e.TIHIOT p. CneUH8JlhHYlO rpynny ({BeHTHl!fiTOpUY',
T<11{ Ke1K llJUJ 3THX JWBneHHif ra":! MDLKeT 6bTTb npHH5IT HeC)KHc;eMbll\i.
vh'IOr.ll.3 B JI!.nepc.1Type Typ6oKoMnpeccopbI 6e3 OXJI"i}i{](CHH}l, C03,T{aJO-
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H B TO'lKe 1, ne>K8llieH H3 nOBepxHcc1'H, .D.eHcTByeT aTMocrpepHoe .D.aBJle-
iHHe, paI3HOe Po.
OnpeJJ.E'J1HM IIO.lIHOe (aOCOJIlOTHoe) JJ.aB.neHHE' P2' .D.eHcTBYIOru:ee B
TOIlKe 2 BHYTPH >KHJ]1<OCTB. OI!eBH]IHO, B ,nOM TOqKe lliH.D.KOCTb HcnhITbI-
BaeT RTMcc<t.epHoe n.aBJ!eHHe Po (.D.eikmYlOIliee o.D.HoBpeMenHo II B Tl)lJ-
Ke 1) H, KpoMe Toro, ,naB.1ICI-me, 0}<83bIB,H:'MOe BeCOM cToJ16a :H<I1.D.KOC1'JI,
pacn0J10>KE'HHOrO HalI: nE'u.
OOJIHOe, HJIH a6C0J1lOTHOe, JJ.aBJJeHlle P2 paBHo
PlIC. 26-1. K OlIpC,l\CJ1CHHIO f'l1t\pOCTaTHlJeCKOrO JJ,3B-
JlelIlI51
PaCCl\IOTpH: cHny b..P, JI.eI'kTBYlOIU,YlO H8 nonepXI-lOc'rh MaJIOH Imoc-
KOM nJTOI1.La,!J.KH b..f, BbIJJ.eJ1eHI-IOH BHYTpl1 nOKoHueikH mJI.D.KOCTH, H no-
Ka>Ke,I, 'ITO 3Ta CI1JIa Bcer,n:a IIanpaBJ1eHa TOPbKO no HOpMaJ1H K GJiOill,a,!J.-
KE' (pHC. 26-1, a).
}1ei'cTElITe.7IbHO, ec.'lH .D.OnYCTIITh, lJTO paccwnpIlBael\1a5'! cl1.na H;'i-
npaBJ1eHa He no HOpMaJ1Jf, a no.D. HeKOTopblM yrJIOM K nJIOIll.a,nKE', TO
TO!',1a E'e MO>KHO 6bIJIO 6hi pa3JIO>KHTb Ht:I Hopl\m.nbHYlo AP n II KaCWrE'JTI-
HYIO b..P t COCT8BJ1f!lOIlI.He. TaK K3K B IIoKoHmei'lcH >KH.D.KOCTH HeT Cl1JT
P2 = Po+pp, (h 1 -h 2 ),
(26-2)
rJle P - nJIOTHOCTb >KH,llKOCTH, KciM 3 ;
p, _ YCI<opeHHe CnJIhl THmeCTli 3 TOqKE' H3MepeI1HS::, .«/CCK 2 ;
hi II h 2 - BblCOTLI, OTC'lH1'3HHhie BPenx 01' OllROll H T0I1 >Ke YCJ10B-
HOM ropH30HTaJlbHOII nJIOCKOCTH (B .n.aHHOM CJ1YlJae - OT
Ha COCY.D. a ), M.
254
255

B 06mE'M C.lv lJ ::je ypaBHcHHe (26-2) JOH(t;r 6hiTb 3anHumo
p = Po + pp,h, (26-3)
r;J. lz -- BbICOTa cToJJ6a )KH}IKCCTII Ha.n. P3CC1\'!3TPHBaCl\1oi-i TO'/Koit.
p - 36co/HOTI-IOe TJ3BJlelIHC I:J JIIDOOiJ TCNEe ropH30nnLTJbHOM rIJIOC-
KOCH!, npoxo.'{5IU{eI"I 'lepe3 paCCM3TfH1BaeMYIO TOLJI\Y .lliH}II<f\':TI1.
3,0 p1BeIICTBO Ha3b,D2eTCH ()(,H,[JIjHlJIM ypCZ8 l fef-'Uell! 2ui)pocmamW{1l.
H3 "!Toro yparmem15J c,!IeJIyeT, LJTO B 0,1)101\: H '1'0'\1 .llie 06ueMe fIOKOH-
eikH O.L1. I1O pO).LHOH )!W.n.KOCTH Bce 'i3CTHUJ>l, pilCnOnOThE'HIlbIe B OIJ,HOt, H
'1'0'1 i-h:e fOpIf30HT3.!IbHO!I fTJlOf'KOCTII,
HMeKH On:H,) II TO }Ke fHn.P()CTnlI'-Iec/(oe
I\3BJIeHHe.
[lCR('PXlfOr:Tb, rce T("IKH I< OTOp Oi1
!-ICTlblTbie3l0T OJIHHaKOEOP naH.'1El-Jl1p,
lJeHhiBalOT nOLepXHOCTbIO D3!3HOro
;J.aBJWIH1H. f/!:! ypa'EHIPHH5J (?6-3) Bl1J1HO,
'no Bi',.'llJlJHH2 rnJIpOCTBTH4eCKOT'O JJa-
.1eHI1H O1J,HOpOJJlfOH nOKO>JllLt:HCH )/\JIJJ,-
KOCTH B KwKD.Oi', T04Ke 3aBHCJ1T TOJIhhO
GT Bb!C r ,1 bl CTOJI601 IKh;J.KOCTH Hall l'elL
f10S>TOMji fiCHe>, 'ITO nOFep J( HO(,T; 'I'm
paPHOI'O .n.aBJlem-UJ B nOKofl [[lPI'tCH
)KIIJ]KO(,TH flB.'JHlOTCH fOpH30HT3J1bHbIe
nJIOCI'CCTH.
DYCTh H::! nmepXHOCTb }KI1,ZIKOCTH (j)]-fc. '26-2), KpoMe aTMCJc0..3em!Oro
.n:aB.JIemUJ Po, 11.encTByeT .l1.0nOJlHHTeJlbHOe .n.aBJleIlHe p' OT nrHlJO>Kdl-
HblX BHE'HIHHX ClUJ. 0611lee .n.aBJICHIre n3 cBo60.n.HYIO rIOBepXHocTb .lliH,lI-
KOCTH 6y.n.eT paBHo CYMMe l{3.BJlelH1H Po + p'. Do ypaBHeHI110 (26-2)
nO.JIHOe n:aPJlem-1e B TOqKe 2 C yqeTOM Ll0I10JIHl-'TeJIbBOfO JIaB.JIemUJ 0'
6YJJ.eT
m O'
J 1'1
;, i! e
, i--,.----,- I
} ;{ A
I "'I i ¥-,"_I -. /,
,-<::: I . I _-t -- -c: - - j I /
l---L---!r  -_ L -_  f:{
--._-- --- - -
PHC. 26-2.
OCHOBHoro
K onpeJJ,eJJeHHlO
ypaBHeuCH rIIJJ,po-
CTiJTHKIJ
p; = Po+ p' + rip, (h 1 -h 2 ).
(26-4)
.l1.oEa.lliE'M, 4'1'0 B .JI1060H T04Ke paCCMaTpHBaeMOfO 061>e1'.(;1 JJ.3BJIeHHe
B03paCTeT Ha TY .llie Be.JIHqHHY, Ha KaKYIO YBeJmqIIJJOCb ;J.3BJIeIUle na
nORepXHOCTb }KH1UWCTH. BbIqIITaH ypaBHeHI1e ('?6-?) H3 (26-4), nO.JIY4HM
, ,
P2--P2=P.
(26-5)
YpaBHeHIIC (26-5) nOKa3bmaeT, LITO n.aBJIeHIIe Ha nOBepXHOCTH .lliJ1JJ.-
I<OI'TH YBeJUI4II.JIOCb na TY llie Bf'.JIHqHHY, H3 KaKYIO mIO B03pOCJ10 B
npOT-f'mO.lbHO B3HTOH TO'lKe 2, a C.JIe.n.oB3TeJ1bHO, H B .JI1060H .lI.PVfOH
. TOqKe :,)Toro .llie 061>eMa .lliII.lI.KOCTH.
Eho cBoikTBO lliH.lI.KOCTII OTpa.lliaeT CYlllHOCTb 3aKOHa llaCKWlq,
KOTOpbIH <POPMYJIHPYeTCH TaK: rmetw-{£e dae, 'lefl ue, npfl/lOJlCPHfine K /110-
6011 mO'iKe nOKoflUJ,ellcfl OICudl\()cmll, t:epedo£mcfl 6e3 U3.4WfiCHllfl 60 Bee
mo'tKU OICUd,wcmll.
256
R TPXHlme 33KOH f1E'pe/13411 JIaEJleIH1H npH nOMOillH }KI1J{KDCTH HC.
nOJIb3yeTOJ R nmpaB,TIHGl'CKHX MaUIlm::iX, O.ll.HOi-i U3 KOTOpbIX HBJmeT,51
fH;J.paBJ1HqeU{JII! npecc, no.1YIJI1Bumi'I CI"MOe WT!pnme pcnpOCTpaHeHl1e.
 3. r.:xeMa pa60Tbi rlilAPc!BnMlfeCKoro npecca
B COBpe!\IeHHbJX fnn.paB.JIH4eCKRx npeccax pa:'1D1'm;{IOTCfJ O'leHh 50.Tlb-
llIHe YCIIJIHH (Ji.O If. GOO m). Hx liCnO,Tlb'3YIOT B npcH(;Ccax KORKH, npec-
conamlH, HCnb!T3HH5J !\taTepHa. 1 IOfi H T. 11.
()co!)eHHocTbIO nIllpaD,TlIf11ecI<Ofo npecca HRJIH("ICIi B03l\!OlliHOC'Tb
nOJlyqeHI1H 6o.7JbIIll!x YChJJViH npll 3;npe!Te Cp8BH!lTeJ1bHO HeOOJJb<
Ulaf'! \1CXOD.WJH nInhJ.
OCHf\T1HbIMIi .'fa
3JIMeH r;;\111 fIPJlmo-rCH:
f>l3.JIhlii UI1JHJH.lJ.P '2
nOpIIlHeIlI, BbII10T1HCIi-
Hbln B BHlie f!O[HIIH::,IIU-
fO Hacoca rJbiCOKOfO
l13B.neHH fI, 60.JIbW< :,
HIIJH!IJ.lJ.P c ntJpnllk'M 
(COOCTBCHHO npt:<..:c), I
Tpy6onpoBoJ{, COelJlI-
HHIOUlIiH Me.lli;'IY ('0-
60H IU1JIIIHJ{P',I, 11 io.W-
XaHH3!VI, nereJ{alOIIU1J.'!
YCII.JIl1e Ha !\1,JJIbll:
nopIlIeHb.
Ha fH1C. 2fJ-3 npHBeJ,tH3 exeMa rH.IJ.pqS.JIHqecI\Oro npecca. Ha C'IO-
Jk 7 npecca H3XCJ{IJTC51 npeccyeMhiH MaTepH3JI 6, Orp&HH4eHPbIH (Tn
BbiCOTe ynop0!\1 8. LJ.!1JJHH.lJ.P I npecca, IlHJUnmp lj Hacoea B rpy60npo-
BOJT 8 3anOJJHE'HbJ )KTUlKCCTblO. K nOpllJHIO Hacoca 4, HMeIOIUE'MY fmo-
ma.'lL f, npII.JIO.fKeH3 Clwa PI, lIO;!. JI.e i kTBHE"1 HOTOpOH all nepenRHfae'IY'H
cBepxy BHH3 H OK-33b/paeT lIaBJIE'HHt' H!:! nosepxHocTb .fK11J{KOCTI1, Haxo
.lI.HW.YIOCH non HEM. BeJJH4HHa ,Horo LlaRJI<:HUH
I \
I
1P1
8 t
\ £'::0...;:;;;
:;;{-%'<@?/._ o ?1JJ;; I  .IJ.
' '>.- 177. 1 17 'r -    d
Iii! "
;, I J J r-:---:H'
11!:J J-5
PnL 26-3. CxeMa
rlilJ,paBJlB'JeCKOrO npecca
p=P11f .
rIo 3aKoHV DaCKaJlff naB.JIe!me nepe.n.aeTCfI Ha noprneHb npecca 2,
C03naBa51 no.rre3HYIo CH"lY P'l.' npoH3Bo.n:HYiO npeccomlHHe,
P 2 =pF,
r.n:e F - nJJOllla;J.b Bopnum npecca.
OTciOp,a
P2
P=p'
257

Bhlpa3IlB nJIomalLIl nopmHei\: 'lepe3 IlX lLHaMeTphi H clLeJIaB HeKOTO-
phIe npe06pa30BaHIlH, nOJIY'lIlM
P D2
=-, (26-6)
PI d 2
rlLe d - lLI1aMe1:p M3JIOrO noplllHH, aD -lLHaMeTp 60JIblllOro noplllHH.
113 <POPMY JIbI (26-6) BIllLHO, 'ITO OTHOllleHHe YCIlJIIlH Ha 60.1JblllOM
H MaJIOM noplllHHx nponopUIlOHaJIbHbI K6aapamy OTHOllleHIlH lLIlaMeTpoB
noplllHeH. TaK, HanpHMep, eCJIIl lLHaMeTp 60JIblllOrO noplllHH B lLeCHTb
pa3 60JIbllle lLIlaMeTpa MaJIOrO, TO nOJIe3HOe YCHJIIle Ha 60JIblllOM noprn-
He 6YlLeT B CTO pa3 60JIbllle, 'IeM npIlJIO)KeHl-IOe K Ma.1JOMY.
 4. H3MepeHMe AaoneHHSI
MeTOlL bI H3MepeHHH lLaB.1JeHIlH CTOJIb )Ke pa3I-I006pa3HbI, KaK 11 KOH-
erpYKuIlH npH60poB, npelLHa3Ha'IeHHbIX lLJIH :noro.
DpIl60pbI lLJIH Il3MepeHHH lLaBJIem!H HOCHT 06mee Ha3BaHIle MaHO-
MeTpOB*. OlLHaKo no Ha3Ha'IeHl1l0 HX nOlLpa3lLemHoT Ha 6ap oMe rpbI,
npelLHa3Ha'leHHbIe lLJIH H3MepeHlIH aTMoapepHoro
lLaBJIeHHH, BaKYYMMeTpbI, Il3MepSHOIll.Ile pa3pe-
)KeHi-fe ra3a OTHOCIlTeJIbHO aTMoc<pepHoro lLaB-
JIeHI1H, 11 MaHOMeTpbI, Il3MepHlOIlI.I1e lLaBJIeHIlH,
 2 BblIlle aTMOc<pepHoro.
Do npI1lIU.I-my lLeikTBIlH MaHoMeTpbI lLeJI5!T
Ha )KHlLKOCTHbIe H npY}KI1HHbIe.
)K IllL K 0 C T H bI e M a H 0 MeT p bI. )KHlL-
KOCTHOH MaHOMeTp npelLCTaBJIHeT C060H U-06-
17 pa3HYlO TPy6KY, 'laCTH'IHO 3anOJIHeHHYlO BOlLOH
HJIIl PTYTbIO. OlLHO KOJIeHO TPy6KH npHcoelL l1HH -
lOT K HCnbITHIBaeMOMY 06'beMY, a BTopoe- JIIl60
OCTaeTCH OTKpblTbIM H co06Il1.aeTC5! C aTMOC<pe-
poil, JIIl60 113 Hero OTKa'lI1BalOT B03lLYX lLO
BbICOKoro BaKYYMa H 3anaIlBaIOT.
B MaHoMe'l'paX C 3anaHHHbIM KOJIeHOM pa3-
HOCTb ypOBHeH PTYTH B 060IlX KOJIeHaX Heno-
cpelLCTBeHHO lLaeT a6co.1JlOTHOe lLaBJIeHIle B MIlJI-
JIIlMeTpax pTYTHoro cToJI6a.
HanOMHHM, 'lTO lLaBJIeHHe B 1 am SiKBIlBaJIeHTHO lLaBJIeHHIO, KOTopoe
OKa3bIBaeT CTOJI6 BOlLbI BbICOTOH 10 Jolt I1JIH PTYTH 735 AiM Ha CBoe OCHO-
BaHlIe.
CaMbIM npOCTHIM )KlIlLKOCTHbIM npH60pOM HBJIHeTCH nbe30MeTp. OH
COCTOHT 113 CTeKJI5!HHOH Tpy6KI1 1 He60JIbIlIOrO nIlarvreTpa, HO He MeHee
5 JoltM (pHC. 26-4). BepxHIlH ee KOHeu OTKpbIT H c006Il1.aeTCH C aTl\1Oc<pe-
pOH, HH)KHHH coelLHHeH C pe3epByapoM 3, B KOTOpOM HaXOlLHTCH )KIll\-
Pom,.,
1
9
o
PIIC. 26-4. Dbe30MeTp
C BepTHKaJlbHOll Tpy6-
KOll
* MaHoMeTp (rpef.J. manos - pe;ZJ.KHi'!, HelIJlOT!lbill + metreo - MeplO) -
IJpHOOp .!J.JlH II3MepeHl-IH .l\aBJlCHIIH B03JJ,yxa, IIapa, ra3a, lliH.l\KOCTH.
258
KOCTb nOlL lLaBJIeHlIeM BbIIlIe aTMOc<pepHoro p. DOlL lLei'rcTBHeM :noro lLaB-
JIeHIlH )KHlLKOCTb H3 pe3epByapa nOlLHliMaeTCH no rIbe30lVIeTpWIe-
CKOH TPy6Ke BBepx Ha HeKOTopYIO BbICOTY h, Ha3bIBaeMYIO nbe30J;W-
mpWieCKOU 6blcomou. nbe30MeTpH'leCKaH BbICOTa xapaKTepl-l3yer H36b!-
TO'lHOe lLaBJIeHHe p B COCYlLe 11 CJIY)KHT MepOH Ji.'IH onpelLeJIeHHH ero
BeJIH'lIlHbl
p = pgh.
A6coJIlOTHOe .B,aBJIeHl1e Ha ypOBHe HYJIH lllKa.1JbI 2 nbE'30l'vleTpa onpe-
lL e JI5:leTCH OCHOBHbIM ypaBHeHHeM nIlLpOCTaTHKIl
PaGe = Po+pgh.
ATMOc<pepHoe lLaBJIeHlIe Po onpelLeJIHIOT
no 6apoMeTpy, nJIOTHOCTb )KHlLKOCTH
p - no Ta6JIHUaM, a BeJIH'lHHY h OTC'l}j-
TbIBalOT no IlIKaJIe nbe30MeTpa.
Dbe30MeTp HBJI5!eTC5! OLJeHb TO'IHblM
npH60poM. OlLHaKo ero npIlMeIHllOT
lLJIH Il3MepeHI1H lLaBJIel-IHn He Bblwe
0,5 am. 113MepeHIle 60JIbIlIIlX lLaBJIeHIlH
Tpe6YeT npHMeHeHHH OLJeHb BbICOKHX
nbe30MeTpIlLJecKHx Tpy6oK, 'ITO c03lLaeT
onpelLeJIeHHble HeYlL 0 6cTBa.
)JJIH H3MepeHl1H 60JIee BLICOKHX
u PIIC. 26-5. CxeMa PTYTHO-f.Ja-
lLaBJIeHHIl npHMeHHlOT pmymfible JdafiO- llle'IHoro ManOMeTpa
.Mempbl. DOCKOJILKY nJIOTHOCTh PTYTI1
B 13,6 pa3a 60JIhIlIe nJIOTHOCTIl BO-
lLbl, Tpy6KI1 B PTYTHbIX MaHOMeTpax cOOTBeTc::'B.eHHo urvrOYT 6hITh
KopOLJe. T aKHM o6pa30M, npmv!eHeHHe )KlI;J.KOCTH C OO.'IbWeH nJ!OTHOCTb
n03BOJIHeT H3MepHTh 60JIee BblCOKlIe lLaBJIeHHH Tpy6KaMH MeHhIlIeH
BbiCOTb!.
Ha pHC. 26-5 nOKa3aHa cxeM3 oTKpbITOro pTYTIm-LJaIlIeLJOrO Ma-
HOMeTpa, KOTOpbIii COCTOHT 113 LJalllKH 1 C PTYTbIO, CTeI{JIHHHOH Tpy6KH
3 H IlIKaJIbI 4. A6CO.JIIOTHOe lLaBJIeHHe Ha ypOBIIe Hy.1JH lLIKaJlbJ onpelLeJIH-
eTCH OCHOBHbIM ypaBHeHHeM rlllLPOCTaTHKI1:
Pn6e = Po + PP'f gh,
Va
 n l ,
oJ .......1 It
f,C''/
i! ' I
I '".
Ilt- n
mIL
....:t'O
Rj hi
I ,'" U
o "[-
E !
CJ
2
.I
\
r t l , }-C' . \
h ",,.c::::-;:P' I
o  _.--o":
rlLe gpT - n.1JOTHOCTb pTyTI1;
g - YCKopeHlIe CBo60lLHOro na).LeHIlfI B nYHKTe H3MepeHJ-l5l.
A6cO.JIlOTHOe lLaBJIeHHe B ueHTpe pe3epByapa 2 BblLJHCJIHeTCH C no-
npaBKoH K nOKa3aHIlHM MaHoMeTpa
Pa6e = PO+PPTgh-pgh o ,
me p - nJIOTHOCTh )Kl1lLKOCTH B cocY lLe 2;
h - BbICOTa CTo.1J6a SiTOH me )KlIlLKOCTlI.
.zfJIH 1I3MepeHH5! pa3HocTH lLaBJIeHlIH b..p B lLBYX TO'lKaX OlLHoro
Tpy6onp oBo lL a lIJIH lL.1JH H3MepeHH5I pa3HocTH lLaBJleHlIlI B lLBYX pe3ep-
Byapax npl1MeHHlOT TaK Ha3hIBaeMbIe aUcpcpepefi/{llflAbfibte MafioJodempb!.
259

CxeMa npHCOeJ],HHeHHH TaKOrO MaHOMeTpa nOKa3aHa H3 pUC. 26-6.
ECJIH }KHJ],KOCTb B r:e3epByapax HMeeT OJ],HHaKOBbIH YJ],eJIbHbIH Bee,
TO pa3HOCTb J],aB.l!eHUli B J],BYX TOIJKaX 1 H 2, paCnOJImKeHHbIx Ha OJ],HOH
BbICOTe, onpeJ],eJIHe1'CH no <popMy.l!e
 5. Aam'eHe mAocTI4 11i.'!1 CT(;tmy
2
.
fl .I! 0 C K a}1 C l' e H K a. I1pa paelJ.eTax nJIOTIUI, eTeH BO;J;oxpa-
IUlJlliill. H Kpym-IbIX pe3epnyapoB Heo6xoJ],IiMO 3HaTb CYMMapHoe J],aB-
lJ eHHe )KHlI.KOCTli Ha OrpaHI1QHB3IOIUHe ee nOBepXHOCTH. 3Ha51 3aKOH pac-
npe.D:e.l!eHHH rHJ],pOCTaTIiIJecKoro J],aBJleHHH B }KIiJ],KOCTIi, MO}!{HO HaHTI-I
CVMMapHoe J],aB.'1elme Ha CTeHKH Ii J],HO pe3epByapa.
" I-Ia pHC. 26-8 Ii306pmKeH 3anOJIHeHHblH 1i\HJ],KOC1'bIO pe3epByap C
nJIl)CEH,::H C1'eHKaMli. )KHJ],KOCTb OKa3bIBaeT J],aB.l!eHHe Ha ero J],HO H
CTCHK'L OnpeJ],eJIHM HanpaBJICHIi€ H BeJIHIJliHY paBHoJ],eikTBYIOIILeH CIi.IIbI
R <JB.l!eHIiH, OKa3bIBaCMoro
}KHlJ.KOCTbIO H3 OJUIY liS CTe-
HOI{ aoue!, a TarOKe Hal!J],eM
1'OlJKY npIiJIO}!{CHIiH 31'OH paB-
HO;J;eikTBYIOIIJ.eH .
I1VCTb CTeRKa a66e! m\leeT II
ClVIO<IeHHYIO nOBepxHocTb F, a
lLelup TH}KeeTIi 3TOH nOBepx-
HOCTli HaXOJ],IiTeH Ha paecToH-
HHlI hU,.T 01' eB060J],IIoro ypOBHH.
CH.l!bI rHJ],pocTaTIiIJeeKoro Pnc. 26-8. ,.QaBJIeHI1e lliI1.!tKOCT!i Ha
J],aB.l!eHIiH Ha Bce 3JIeMeHTbI nJJOcKYIO CTCHKY
CTeHKIi HopMaJlbHbI K ee n.noc-
Koe1'Ii H, CJJe,L\OBaT€.l!bHO, na-
pa./!.I!eJIbHbI MOKJ],Y C'060H. O'-!eB, IiJ],HO IJTO H HanpaBJIeHIie paBHo.n.eH-
CTBYIOIlJ.eH eH.1! J],aB.I!€HliH R TaK}Ke HopMa.l!bHO K n.I!OCKOCTH CTeHKH.
B€.I!IiIJIiHa CHJIbi J],aB.'1eHHH R onpeJ],eJIHeTCH KaK paBHOJ],eHC1'BYIO-
ILl,3H CHC1'CMbI napa.'W€.l!bHbIX CIW, HanpaB.l!em-Iblx B OJ],HY CTOPOHY.
KaK H3BeeTHO, Be.I!HIJHHa rHJ],poeTaTHIJeeKoro J],aB.l!eHHH nponoplLHO-
HaJlbHa BbICOTe cTo,n6a }KHJ],KOCTH, paCnOJImKeHHOro HaJ1 paccMaTpHBae-
MOH TOIJIWii. CIWbI rI1J1pOeTaTWIeCKoro JJ,aBJIeHHH Ha nJIOCKYIO CTeHKY
npeJ],cTaB.I!HI01' C060H CHCTeI\IY napaJI.l!eJJbHbIX CIl./!, paBHoMepHO B03-
paCTalOill.HX C YBCJIWICHIleM BbICOTbI cTo.1!6a );{HJ],KOC1'H OT Hy.I!H Ha JIH-
HIiI1 a6 (CM. pHC. 26-8) J],O MaECIIMaJIbHOrO J],aBJIeHIlH PMaKC Ha .I!I1HHH 6e
If
/1p = hg (PPT-P),
rJ],e PPT H P - n.I!01'HOCTb PTYTlI n li3MepHervroH }!{liJ],KOCTH;
h - pa3HocTb BbICOT P1'YTH, B03HHKnWH noJ], J],eHCTBl1e:\!
pa3Hoc1'Ii J],aB.l!eHIlH.
)KHJ],KocTHble MaHoMeTpbI Hcno.I!b3YIOT B .l!a60paTopHoH npaKTI-me
H H3MepmoT liMH cpanHHTe.l!bHO HeBbICOIme J],aB.l!eHIiH. OHIi npOCTbl,
YJ],06HbI li J],aIOT TOIJHbIe nOKa3aHHH.
g/;
tJ
z
PIIC. 26-6. CxeMa .lUlcpcpepeHIIH-
aJJbHOrO pTYTIlOrO MaHoMerpa
PI1C, 26-7. CxcMa npYlliI1IIHOrO
MaHoMeTpa
TaM, rJ],e Heo6xoJ],HlVIO H3MepH1'b 60JIbWHe J],3B.l!eHHH, npHMeHHIOT
npY}!{IiHHbIe MaHOMe1'pbI.
n p Y }!{ li H H bI e M a H 0 MeT p bi. Ha pHC. 26-7 npIiBeJ],eHa
cxeMa npYX\HHHOrO MaHoMeTpa. OCHOBHOH IJaC1'bIO MaHoMeTpa HB.I!H-
eTCH nOJIaH MeTaJI.I!J1TleCKaH Tpy6Ka 1. OJ],HH ee KOHelL 3anaHH H coeJ],Ii-
HeH C MexaHH3MOM 2, Ha KOTOpOM YKp<:,n.l!eHa C1'peJIKa, CKo.l!b3HIlJ.an
no Kpyr.I!OMY ul1<pep6.l!a1'Y. }JPyroH KOHelL TPy6KH c006IlJ.ae1'CH C lIcc.l!e-
J],yeMhIM 06"beMOM nocpeJ],cTBoM HIinne.I!H 8. LJepe3 31'01' KOHeu B Tpy6KY
nocTynaeT }KHJ],KOCTb, J],aB.l!eHHe KOTOpOH HY}!{HO H3MCpHTb. noJ], J],eHCT-
BHeM JWB.l!eHl1H nOCTYUHBweH }!{HJ],KOCTI1 Tpy6Ka CTpeMHTCH Bbmp5J-
MHTbCH. nOCKO.l!bKy ee 3ana.HHHbIH KOHeu CBH3aH C MexaHH3MOM, npH-
EOJ],HIlJ.IlM B J],llli}!{eHIie CTpeJIKy, TO OHa, O1'KJIOHHHCb, nOKa3bIBaeT Be-
JIIiIJliHY J],aB.I!Ci'HHH }!{HJ],KOCTII. I,LH<pep6JIaT 06bIIJHO rpaJ],Yl1pyeTcH He-
nocpeJ],C1'BeHHO B eJ],IiHHuax J],aBJIeHHH. I1Hor.n,a ManOMeTpbI 060PYJ],YIOT
3amICbIBalOIlJ.IiM MexaHli3MOM.
PM,me = pgh + Po,
rJ],e h - BbICOTa }!{HjI,KOCTIi D cocYJ],e.
I136bITOIJHOe J],aBJleHIie B ueHTpe THJKeCTI1 nJIOill.aJ],1I paBHO
I '] - 'i g h -1 - r
u..T-i- II.T ,10 t
fJ],e hU.,T - paCCTomme ueHTpa TmXeCTlI n.I!OIlJ.aJ],Ii F OT CBo60l\HOii
nOBepXHOCTIl.
Tenepb 3anIillieM J],aB.l!eHIie Ha 3.l!eMeHTapHYIO n.I!OIlJ.aJ],KY dF
P=Pu,. T+pgZ,
26\
260

rJJ,e z - OpJ],l1HaTa TIJIOw:aJJ,Kll dF, OTCIJllTbIBaeMaH OT lLeHTpa TH}j{eCTll
CTeHKll. Dpll 3TOM eCJIll dF paCnOJIO}j{eHa Hll}j{e lLeHTpa Tn-
}j{eCTll, TO z>O, eCJIll }j{e dF pacnOJIO}j{eHa BbIwe lLeHTpa
TH}j{eCTll, TO z<O.
DOJIHaH CllJIa JJ,aB.lIeHllH R 6YJJ,eT paBHa CYMMe Bcex CllJI JJ,aB.lIeHHH, T. e.
HllH dR, JJ,ericTBYIOW:llX Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOW:lle nJIow:aJJ,Kll dF. Do pllC.
26-9 IIMeeM
dRx= cos rxdR,
fJJ,e rx - yroJI Me}j{JJ,Y OCblO x H HopMa.lIblO K nJIow.aJJ,1l dF.
TaK KaK dR = pdF, TO
dRx = cosrxpdF = p (cos rxdF) = pdF YZ'
3)IeCb dF Z 9JIeMeHT nJIOC-
u y
KOIi nosepXHOCTll F YZ' nepneH-
JJ,11KYJIHJJHOH K OCM x. )leH-
CTBIITeJlbHO, npoll3Be)Iemle
cos rxdF paBHO n.IIOlLl,aJJ,H npo-
eKlLllH nJIOw.a.n.KH dF Ha nJIOC-
KOCTb F 11 , TaKllM 06 p a30M,
yz
npeJJ,CTaBJIHeT 9JIeMeHT dF yz
nOBepXHOCTll F )'z'
CYM!v1HPYH Bce CHJIbl dR x '
nOJIY'IIiM
Rx= S dRx= S pdFyz.
DpH 3TOM B noc.lIeJJ,HeM
HHTerpaJIe HlITerpllpOBaHHe
npOBOJI.HTCH no BceH npoeKUIiH
F YZ paccMaTplIBaeMoH KpllBO-
JIIIHeHHoH CTeHKll. D09TOMY
lH-ITerpaJI S pdF)'x paBeH CyM-
MapHOH CH.lIe )I aB.lIeH 11 51 Ha
nJIOCKYIO nOBepXHOCTb F Yz' PIIC. 26-9. )JaBJJeHHe lliHtI.KOCTH Ha KPH-
KOTOpYIO Ha Hee OKa3bIBaJI 6bl BOJIllHellHYlo cTeHKY
TOT }j{e CTO.1I6 }j{1lJJ,KOCTH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, COCTaB.IIHIOw:aH no OCII x Cll.lIbl JJ,aB.lIeHIIH Ha KPIl-
BOJlIIHeHHYJO cTeHKy paBlw CllJle JJ,aBJIeBllH Toro }j{ecToJI6a }j{1lJJ,KOCTH Jla
npoeKlLHJO 9TOH CTeHKH Ha nJl, OCKOCTb HopMa.lIbHYJO K OCll X.
)l.IIH CII./Ibi JJ,aBJIeHHH Ha n.lIoeKYJO CTeI-IKY 6blJJa nOJIYIJeHa cpopMYJla
(26-8), KOTopaH JJ,.IIH JJ,aHHoro CJlYIJaH IIMeeT BllJJ,
Rx = z. TpgF YZ' (26-9)
me Z.T - paccToHHlle lLeHTpa TH}j{eCTH npoeKlLllll F yz OT cB060JJ,HOH
nOBepxHocTII }j{1I11KOCTll.
BepTHKaJIbHaH COCTaBJIHIOUlaH Rz no.IIHoH CI1.TIbl JJ,aBJIeHIIH R €CTb
paBHolleHcTBYIOw:aH ClW THrKeCTll, JJ,eHcTBYJOW:llX Ha u Bce 9JIeMeH1JI
06"beMa }Kll.l1.KOCTH, naXOJJ,HW:lleCH HaJJ, paCCMaTpllBaeMOll KpllBOJIllHell-
HOH CTeHKorL n03TOMY BeJIIIIJllHa Rz paBHa Becy }lmJJ,KOCTll B 06"beMe V,
pacno.IIO}j{eHHOM HaJJ, CTeHKOH,
R= 5 pdF= S(Pu..T+pgz)dF=pu..T SdF+pgSzdF.
(26-7)
DepBbIB Hmerpa.1I paBeH pu..TF, a BTOp0H H3-3a HeIJeTHOCTlI nOn,bIB-
TerpaJIbHOH cpYHKlLllli - Hy.IIJO.
TaKIiM oopa30M, nOJIHaH CIiJIa JJ,aBJIeHllH R }j{HJJ,KOCTII Ha fIJlOCKYJO
CTeHKY paBHa npOll3BeJJ,eHllJO n.lIow.aJJ,1l CMOIJeHHor:r nOBepXHOCTll eTeH-
Kll Ha rllJJ,pOCTaTllIJeCKOe JJ,aB.lIeHlle B ee lLeHTpe TH}j{eCTII
R = Pu.. TF ll.lIll R = (h I \. Tpg + Po) F.
(26-8)
<PopMYJIa (26-8), BbIBeJJ,eHHaH JJ,.IIH IJaCTHOro c.IIYIJaH BepTllKa.lIbHoH
npHMoyro.lIbHoH n.IIOCKOH CTeHKll, OKa3bIBaeTCH cnpaBeJJ,JIllBOH 11 JJ,JIH
60JIee 06nr.ero CJIYIJaH HaKJIOHHOH nJIOCIWH CTeHKII C npOll3BOJIbHbIMll
OIJepTaHllHlVIll.
TOIJKY npll.lIo}j{eHllH paBHO.l1.eHcTBYJOw:eH CllJI JJ,an.lIeHIIH H33blBaJOT
/{eHmpOM da6lleHwl. lLeHTp JJ,aB.lIeHIIH 06hl'iHO JIeLKllT IHI}j{e ueIJTpa TH-
}j{eCTII nJIow:aJJ,1l CTeHKll. Dpll ropll30HTa.lIbHoH CTeHKe (JJ,HO pe3epByapa)
OHII COBnaJJ,aIOT. lLemp JJ,aBJIeHllH npHMoyroJIbHOH CTeHKII (CM. pllC. 26-8)
HaXOJJ,HTCH Ha paccToHHllII hl3 OT OCHOBaBII5I.
K p II B 0 .II 11 H e H H a 51 C T e H K a. PaccMOTpHM Tenepb 3aJJ,aIJY
06 onpeJJ,e.lIeHllll no.IIHoH CllJIbl JJ,aB.lIeHIIH IIa lLll.lIllHJJ,pllIJeCKYIO cTeHKy.
HanOMHllM, IJTO B c.IIYIJae nJIOCKOH CTeHKll Bce Cll.lIbl )IaBJIeHIIH Ha pa3-
.lIllIJHble 3JIelVIeHTbi ee nOBepXHOCTII 6bI.lIll napa.IIJIeJIbHbl II Bonpee 0
HanpaBJIemfH llX paBHOJJ,eHCTBYIOIlJ.eH pewa.IIC51 OIJ.eHb npoC'ro. B CJIY-
'1ae KpllBo.lIllHeHHOH CTeHIG1 CHJIbI rllJJ,pOCTaTll'leCKOro JJ,aBJIeHIIH, JJ,eH-
CTBYIOW:lle Ha pa3.IIIIIJHbre 9.lIeMeHTbI ee nOBepXHOCTll, llMeJOT pa3Hbie
Hanpas.lIeHIIH. D09TOMY HeB03MO}j{HO 3apaHee YKa3aTb HanpaBJIeHlle
lIX paBHOJJ,eHC'fBYIOw:eii R , T. e. no.IIHOH Cll.lIbl JJ,aB.lIeHllH Ha KPllBYIO
CTeHKV.
BI6epeM CllCTeMY KoopJJ,IlHaT (pllC. 26-9) TaKIiM o6pa30M, IJTo6bI
OCb z 6bI.lIa HanpaB.lIeHa BepTIIKa.lIbHo, a OCb y 6bIJIa napa.II.lIeJIbHa o6pa-
3YIOIlJ.IIM lLll.lIllHJJ,pll4ecKoH nOBepxHocTll CTeHKll.
TaK KaK Cll.lIbI llaB.lIeHIIH JJ,eiicTBYIOT no I-IOpMa.lIll K CTeHKe, a OCb y
napa.IIJIe.lIbHa CTeHKe, TO COCTaB.IIHIOIlJ.aH Ry CllJIbI R paBa Hy.1II0. Ta-
KllM 06pa30M, JJ,.IIH onpeJJ,e.lIeHIIH no.IIHOH Cll.lIbI JJ,aB.lIeHllH R JJ,OCTaT04HO
HaHTll ee npoeKlLllll Rx II Rz Ha OCll x 11 Z II CJIOLKIITb nOJIYIJeHHbIe CO-
CTaB.IIHJOnr.He no npaBll.IIY napa.II.lIeJIOrpaMMa.
BbIIJIIC.lIllM COCTaB.IIHIOnr.yJO Rx Cll.lIbI R. Be.IIIIIJllHY Rx MO}j{HO no-
JIY4llTb, CYMMIIPYH Bce COCT3B.IIHlonr.lle dRx 3JIeMeHTapHbIX Cll.1I JJ,aBJIe-
262
z
Rz= pgV.
263
(26-10)

Ha pIiC. 26-9 91'01' 06"beM OrpaHIi'leH nOBepXHOCTblO paCCMaTpIiBae-
MOM I.LIiJJIiHJJ,pIi'leCKOM cTeHKIi, cBo60.n:I-lOM nOBepxHocTb!O H\HJJ,IWCTIi, a
TaK}j{e BepTIiKaJJbHbIMIi nJIOCKOCTHMIi I Ii I I, OTCeKalOIl.(IiMIi 01' CTeHKH
pacCMaTpIiBaeMbIH Y'laCTOK nOBepxHOCTIi.
TaKIiM 06pa30M, HaHJJ,eHbl COCTaBJIHIOill.Iie Rx Ii Rz nOJIHOM CIi.lIbl
JJ,aB.lIeHIiH If, KOTOPYIO rpa<pIi'lecKIi 1VI0}j{HO nOJlY'lIiTb, CK.lIa.n:blEaH 9TH
COCTaB.IIHIOULHe. AHaJIIiTIi'leCKIi BeJIIi1lIiHy CIiJIbI R Haxo.n:HT no H3BeCl-
HOM <popMYJIe fIH<paropa
R=V R;+R;. (26-Il)
nOJJYI.LIi.III1H.n:pa Ha TY }Ke n.IIOCKOCTb xOy. nIIOIl.(aJJ,b 9TOM npOeKI.LIiH paB-
Ha DL. TorJJ,a
Pz=pDL.
3aMeTHM, 'lTO CYMMapHaH CH.lIa P z CTpeMIiTCH pa30pBaTb I.LHJIIiH.n:p
no .n:IiaMeTpa.lIbHOMY Ce'leHHlO, JIe}j{aIl.(eMY B nJIOCKOCTIi yOx, IiJI Ii , 'lTO
TO }j{e caMoe, OTopBaTb BepXI-IIiH no.IIYI.LIiJmH'p 01' HH}j{Hero (Ha PHCY-
Ke HH}KHIiM rIO.lIym!J1IiH.n:p He nOKa3aH). TaKOIi pa3pbIB MarKeT npOIi30Ii-
HanpaB.'IeHIie CI!JIbI R MO}j{HO orrpe/Ie.IIIiTb, 33}{an3H yro.1I fp MeMJJ,y
OCblO x H CIi.IIOM l{ B COOTBCTCTB!HI C pllC. 26-9 HMeeM
tgrp= Rz: Rx.
c.lIeJJ,YeT OTMeTlITb, 'lTO TO'lKY npIiJIO}j{eHIiH paBHo.n:eHCTBYIOIQeH R
9.lIeMeHTapHbIlVIIi npIieMaMH MOH(HO HaUTH TOJ1bKO B HeKOTopbIX 'lac"!'-
HbIX C.IIV'laHX.
C T e H K Ii I.L Ii JI I! H .n: p Ii 'l e C K Ii X C 0 C Y .n: 0 B H T P Y O.
TOHKOCTeHHbIe I.LH.IIHlmpH'leCKI1e COCy.n:bl, HcnbITbIB3JOUUle .n:an.lIelme
2KHJJ,KOCTIi BHYTPIi cocy.n: a , IllIipOKO pacnpOCTpaneHbI B Texmme. K HI1\1
OTHOCHTCH Tpy6b1, KOT.lIbl, Kopnyca annapaTOB H T. n. OCHOBHOH 3 a .n:iJ-
'leM IIX paC'leTa HB.IIHeTCH OnpelIeJIelUie TOJIill,HHbI CTeHRI-!, npH KOTOpoil
o6eCne'lliBaeTCH npO'lHOCTb cocy.n:a.
PaCCMOTpHM .n:eMCTBlle CIl.1I .n:aBJIeHHH Ha BnYTpeHHIOIO nOBepXHOCTb
II.1l. IIIiH .n:pa. Ha pIiC. 26-10 nOKa33Ha nOJIOBIlHa I.LHJIHH.n:pa, EUYTpeH-
HIiM .n:IiaMeTp KOTOporo 0603Ha'lIiM 'Iepe3 D, JJ,JIIiHY I.LH.IIIiH.n:pa 'lepe3 L,
H To.IIIl.(Iiny CTeHKH 'Iepe3 6.
Bbl,rreJIHM Ha BHYTpeHHeM nOBepXHOCTl! I.LH.IIIlHJJ,pa 9JIeMeHTapHyro
f!.IIOIl.(a.n:KY abed C nJIOIl.(a.n:blO dF. fIYCTb HopMa.lIb nn K 9TOM n. IIO ill.a.n:Kf"
npoxo.n:fJIl.(aH 'Iepe3 ee cepeJJ,HHY (1lepe3 ee I.LeHTp TH}!{CCTU), COCTaBJIHCT
yroJI ex C n.IIOCKOCTblO yOz CHCTeMhl KoopJJ,IiHaT xyz.
fIo HOpMaJIIi nn Ha 9.IICMeHTapHYIO n.IIOIl.(a.n:KY dF .n:eMcTByeT 9JIeMeH-
TapHaH CI!JIa .n:aB.lIeHIiH }j{1lJJ,KOCTI1 dP n' npIi'leM dP n = pdF.
CnpoeKTHPyeM CIiJJY dP n Ha BepTIiKa.lIbHYIO nJIOCKOCTb yOz 11 0603-
Ha'IHM ee npOeKII.HIO dP z
dP z = dP n cos ex = pdF cos a.
Onpe.n:eJIHM P z KaK CYMMY npOeKI.LIiM Bcex 3JIeMeHTapHbIx CIlJI .n:aB-
JIelHHI Ha n.IIOCKOCTb yOz, npeHe6peraH HepaBHoMepHocTblO pacnpe.n:e.'Ie-
HUH .n:aBJICHIlH no nOBepXHOCTI1 I.LIiJII1H.n:pa (no BbiCOTe Z),
Pz= S pcosadF=p S cosadF.
3aMeTlIlvI, 'ITO dF cas a, paBHas:r nJIOIl.(a.n;Ke a' b' c' d', eCTb npOeKI.LHH
s.lIeMeHTapHoM n.IIOU{a.n:Klf abed Ha roplI30JITa.lIbHYIO nJIOCKOCTb xOy.
fIo.3ToMY JdFcos a HB.IIHeTCH npOeKI.LIieM BceM 6oKoBoM nOBepXHOCTIi
264
t z
'O: :-...:-...
£-.w=--r- ,
i:C
.----
Pill:. 26-10. J],aBJ1CHl1e }f{\j.!1KOCTI1 Ha tTCHKII Tpy6
I'll no .n:BYM nJIOIl.(a.n:KaM JJ,HaMeTpaJIblloro Ce'IeHIiH I.LIi.'IIiH.n:pa. fIJIIUa.n:b
Ka}K.n:OH Ii3 9THX n.IIOIl.(a.n:oK 6y.n:eT paBlla npOH3Be.n:eHIiIO TOJIill.IiHbl
CTeHKIi 6 Ha .n:JIImy o6pa3YIOill.eH I.LIiJIIlH.n:pa L.
Hanp}l}j{CI!IiH paCTHJKCHHH Ha 9THX nJIOill.a.n:Kax COCTaBHT
Pz pDL pD
a--=-=-
- 2L? 2LO 20
fIo YCJIOBHHM npO'lHOCTH HanpH}j{eHHH paCTH}KeHIiH He .n:OJI2KHbl
npeBbIwaTb .n:onYCKaeMbiX Hanps:r}j{eHHH [a]p Ii.IIH
a = p < [a]p' (26-12)
20
fIo 9TOii <popMy.lIe MO}j{HO onpe.n:eJ1HTb <paKTIl'leCKlle HanpH2KeHHH
pacTH}j{eHIlH a B CTeHKe cocy.n:a Ii, cpaBHHBaH IiX C 1I0nycKaeMbIMH
I a] n p oBepHTb npO'IHOCTb CTeHOK I.L11.IIIiH.n:pH'IeCKIiX COCYJJ,OB. Tpy6
. p'
H np.
265

B JHJn:e CJIYIWeB 6bIBaeT Heo6xO,lIJlMO onpen:eJIl1Tb TOJIlL{l1HY CTeHKH {)
/I.JIH Ul1.TIl1H/l.pl1'leCKOro cocY/l.a lum Tpy6bl npl1 3an:aHHOM ee /I. l1 3MCTpe
D, /I.aB.TIeHI1l1 p 11 /I.0nYCKaeMOM HanpfDKeHl111 [a J p . .L!..TIH 3TOro cpOPMY JIY
(26-12) pewalOT OTHOCIlTe.TIbHO {) 11 3anIlCbIBalOT B BH/l.e
{».
2 [a J p
(26-13)
PaCCMOTpIlM TaKllie H3npHllieHIlH, B03HIlKalOW:l1e B CTeHK3X UIlJIl1H-
/I.pl1'leCKOro cocY/l.a Il.TII1 TPy6bJ noli. B03/1.eikTBHeM oceBoro YCI1.TII1H P y'
HanpaBJIeHHOrO B/l.OJIb OCIl Ul1JIHH/l.pa y. OccBoe YCl1.TIIle P v B 9TOM c.TIY-
'lae onpe/l.eJII1TCH KaK npoIl3Ben:eHHe n:aBJIeHI1H p BHYT!'m cocY/l.a Ha
n.TIorua)1b npOeKUlIl1 ero KpblWKIl lIJIl1 /I.HIlw.a Ha nJIOCKOCTb, HOpMaJIb-
HYIO K OCIl cocY,lI.a,
1tD2
Py=p-.
4
rIonepe'lHOe Ce'leHl1e Ul1JIl1Hn:pI1'leCKOrO cocyn:a. .TIeR<aw:ee B nJJOCKOC-
Tl1, HOpMaJlbHOH KOCH UHJJHH,lI.pa. HMCeT cpOPMY KOJI, blJ.a flJlow:aJlb KO-
.Toporo F' COCTaBl1T
F' = JIDfJ.
non: n:ei-icTBl1eM oceBOH CIl.TIbJ P y pa3pbIB UIWIlH,lI.pa MmKCT npml30il-
Tl1 no yKa3aHHOMY KO.TIbueBOMY nOnepe'lHOMY CC'leHl11O P'. Y CJIOBIle
npO'lHOCTIl cocY,lI.a no Ko.TIbUeBOMY nOnepe'lHOMY Ce'leHI110 3anHIUeM
B B}1n:e YCJIOBHH, 'lTO cpaKTl1'leCKl1e HanpS1llieHHH paCTmKeHIlH B 3TOM
Ce'leHHl1 TaKllie He npeBbIwalOT ,lI.onYCKaeMoro [a J p , T. e.
, Pv
0'=-=
F'
1tD2
p-
4
pD
= 4a < [alp.
(26-14)
1tDo
<PopMYJla (26-12) n03BOJIHeT onpe/l.eJIHTb cpaKTIlIICCKl1e pacHlrll-
BalOW:Ile H3npfDKCHl1H a, B03HI1KalOru;l1e B CTeHKe cocY,lI.a B Ce'ICHl1I!,
n.TIOCKOCTb KOToporo COBna/l.aeT C o6pa3YIOw:cH L{H.TIIIH,lI.pa (T. e. no era
,lI.IlaMeTpaJJbHoMY, npon:o.TIbHOMY Ce'leHHIO), a <pOpMy.TI3 (26-14) - onpe-
,lI.eJIHTb <paKTH'lCCKl1e paCTS1rl1BalOW:Ile HanpHllieHHS1 a', B03Hl1KalOW:lle
B nOnCpe'lHOM, T. e. HopMa.TIbHOM K OCIl Ul1.TIl1Hn:pa. KOJIbueBOM Ce'leIUHl.
CpaBHeHIle <POPMYJJ (26-12) l1 (26-14) nOKa3bIBaeT, 'lTO paCT5lrHBato-
W:Ile HanpmKeHHH a B npO,lI.o.TIbHOM Ce'leHIlH L{l1.TIHHlIpa B n:Ba pa3a npe-
. BblwalOT HanpfDKeHI1H a', B03Hl1KalOW:l1e B nOnepe'lHOM Ko.TIbueBOM ce-
'leHlIl1. TaKIlM o6pa30M, 60JJee onaCHblM HB.TIHeTCH pa3pbIB UIl. TIIlH n:pl1'le-
CKOro cocY/l.a no o6pa3Ylow:eH H paC'leT npO'lHOCTH no HanpS1R{eHlIH:\1
paCTH)1{eHI1H a. Il onpelleJICHHe TO.TIW:IlHbl CTeHKl1 HY,KHO BeCTH no <pop-
My.TIaM (26-12) H (26-13).
266
r
r 11 a B a XXVII
rHAI?O,AHHAMHKA
 1. OCHOBHble nOHSITHSI
B rH,lI.pon:IlHaI'vlI1Ke paCCMaTpIlBalOT 3aKOHbl JJ:Bl1LKeHl1S1 )1{l1,lI.KOCTl1 B
TPy6ax, KaHa.TIaX l1 nopIlCTbIX TeJlaX, a TaKllie BonpocbI o6TeKaHIlH TBep-
,lI.bIX Te.TI )1{Iln:KOCTblO.
.L!.Bl1LKeHIle )1{l1,lI.KOCTl1 cyw:ccTBeHHo OTJIl1'laeTCS1 OT /l.BlI,KeHl1S1 TBep-
/l.oro TeJla. KaK l13BeCTHO 113 MeXaHIlKl1, n:Bl1LKeHl1e TBep/l.OrO TeJJa MOlli-
HO npen:CTaBIlTb B BIl/l.e CYMMbI ,lI.BYX /l.Bl1)1{eI-!l1H: nocTynaTeJlbHOrO l1
Bpaw:aTeJlbHoro. npIl 3TOM paCCTOS1HIle Mellin:y n:ByMH JII06b1Ml1 ero
TO'lKaMIl OCTaeTCS1 HeIl3MeHHblM. B OTJlIl'll1e OT TBep,lI.OrO TeJla paCCTOS1-
HIIH Melli,lI.Y 'laCTHuaMH )1{l1n:KOCTIl He coxpaHS1IOTCH B npouecce ,lI.Bl1LKe-
HIlH. nepeMew:eHHe ,lI.OCTaTO'lHO Ma.TIOrO 06"beMa )1{l1n:KOCTl1 MOLKHO npcn:-
CTaBl1Tb B BIl/l.e CYMMbI Tpex ,lI.Bl1)1{eHl1H: nocTynaTe.TIbHOrO l1 BpaIIl,a-
TeJIbHOrO Bcero 06"beMa B UeJlOM, a TaK,Ke nepeMew:eHIlS1 pa3J1Il'lHb!X 'lac-
THU 06"beMa OTHOCl1TeJlbHO ,lI.Pyr /l.Pyra.
VITaK, OT.TIIl'lHTeJlbHOH II caMoil Cyw.CCTBeHHoil 'lepTOH )1{l1n:KOCTH
HBJJHeTCH cnoco6HoCTb nepeMew:eHl1S1 ee 'laCTI1U OTHOCIlTeJIbHO /l.Pyr
n:pyra.
ECJJH BbI,lI.e.TIeHHblH 06"beM ,KH,lI.KOCTM naCTOJJbKO Ma.TI, 'lTO MO)1{HO
npeHe6pe I lb l13MeHeHl1eM ero <pOPMbl, TO ero Ha3bIBalOT JICUdTWU 'lacmu-
[{CU. KpMBaH, KOTOPYIO OnMCb!BaeT )1{Hn:KaH 'laCTl1ua npM CBOCM n:Bl1)1{e-
HIll1, Ha3bIBaeTCH mpaeKmopueii JICUdKOii 'laCmU4bl.
.L!.Bl1)1{eHIle )1{l1/1.KOCTl1 MO)1{HO onHcaTb, npOCJIe,lI.MB 3a n:BIl,KeHl1eM
Ka)1{,lI.OH 'laCTIlUbl; O,lI.HaKO 06b14HO 3TOT cnoco6 He npl1MeHHIOT. ECJJM B
Ka)1{n:bIH MOMeHT BpeMeHl1 l13BeCTeH BeKTOp CKOpOCTll lliIl,lI.KIlX Im-
CTHU B Kalli,D,OH TO'lKe ,lI.BH)1{yru;erocH o6"bel'vJa )1{l1lIKOCTl1, TO rOBopS1T,
'1TO 3an:aHO fWlle CKOpOC111EU JlCudKocmu. ECJIl1 3HaTb pacnpen:eJleHIle
(T. e. nOJle) CKopOCTeil nOTOKa l1 3aBHCl1MOCTb ::IToro pacnpen:e.TIeHl1H
OT BpeMeHIl, TO n:Bl1)1{eHHe R(l1n:KOCTIl 6Y,lI.eT nOJlHOCTblO onpe.u.eJleHO.
HanpaBJleIIl1e CKopOCTeH B nOTOKe xapaKTepIl3yeTcH TaK Ha3bIBae-
MbIMl! .TII1HlIHMlI TOKa.
JIuHlleL1 mOKa Ha3bIBalOT KPllBYlO, KacaTeJIbHaH K KOTOpOH B KaLK/l.OH
TO'lKe lUvlceT HanpaBJleHIle CKOpOCTl1 ,KIl,lI.KOCTIl B 3TOH TO'lKe.
ECJJH npl1 n:Bl1llieHHIl LIUIn:KOCTl1 nOJle CKopOCTeH He 113MeHHeTCH C
Te'leHHeM BpeMeHIl, TO TaKoe ,lI.Bl1LKeHIle Ha3bIBalOT ycmaHo8118LUUMCfl l1J1l1
cmaUUOHapHblM.
13 YCTaHOBl1BWeMCH ,lI.Bl1LKeHIlH KaLKn:aH 'laCTl1Ua B KaKOH-.TIl160 TO'l-
Ke npOCTpaHCTBa l1MeeT TY )1{e CKOpOCTb, KaKYIO l1Me.TIIl B 3TOH TO'lKe
Bce npen:bl.l!.YW:l1e 'laCTHUbI Il 6Y,lI.YT IlMeTb Bce nOCJIen:YIOW:l1e.
ECJlII nOJle CKopOCTeH )1{Il/l.KOCTH MeHS1eTCH co BpeMeHeM, TO ,lI.Bl1)1{e-
HHe Ua3b1BaIOT HeycmaHo8U8LUeMCfl l1.TIIl Hecma4uOHapHblM. Jll1Hl1M TOKa
npl1 3TOM He COBna,lI.aIOT C TpaeKTopHHMIl )1{Il,lI.KI1X '1aCTl1U. .L!.eHcTBIlTeJlb-
HO KacaTe.TIbHbIe K .TIIlHl1l1 TOKa n:alOT HanpaBJleHlIe CKOpOCTH Pa3IlWiHblX
'iactflUlf, H3XO/l.HIli,l1XCH B ,lI.aHHbIH MOMeHT B pa3J1l1'lHbIX TO'lKaX, HanpH-
267

cpepeHUlla.TIbHOe (He ycpe,lI.HeHHoe) OTmcarme ,lI.BHeHl1H. TaKHMH Be-
.TII1'IHHaMIi HBJIHIOTCH CKopocmb H 8/leMCNmapHblU pacxoi} [J/CUaKOCmU
B CTpyi'IKe.
TaK KaK )KHEOe CeqeHHe CTPYHKH BeCbMa MaJIO, CKOpOCTH )KH,lI.KOCT
B pa3.TIHq HblX TO'-JI{3X CeqeHIiH MO)KBO CqIiTa::b paBHblMI1 MeJK,lI.y c06011
11 Ha3 bIB3Tb cKopocmblo [J/CUaKOCmU 6 cmpyuKe v.
3/lCJHeHmapHblM paCXOaOM Ha3bIB3IOT KOJIHqecTBO )K11KOCTH, npOTe-
J\aIOueH qepe3 CeqemIe CTPYHKH B e,lI.HHIilLY BpeMeHIi. Ero H3MepHIOT
KaK B 06"beMHbIX, TaK 11 MaCCOBbIX
e.n.HHIill.ax. 11
Ec.TIIi 0603Haql1Tb 3.TIeMeHTapHbIH
06"beMHbIH pacxo.n. qepe3 q, a Mac- 11
COBbIH qepe3 m, TO 3aBHCIiMOCTb
Me}!{,lI.y HHMI1 Bblpa3IiTCH paBeHCTBOM
m = qp, (27-1)
Mep B TOQKaX I Ii 2 (pHC. 27-1). KacaTe.TIbHbIIVIH }!{e K TpaewfOprm }KH.l{-
KOll QaCTHI1.hJ HBJIHIOTCH CKOpOCTH OdHOU II moil :lICe lfaCTnlll{bl, HO B pa3-
.TIHQHbIe MOMeHTbI BpeMeHH. Ha pHC. 27-1 9TOMY COOTBCTCTBYIOT .n.Ba
nO.TIO}f(CHIiH O.n.HOH qaCTHlLbI CHa4aJIa B TOLJKe 1, a 3aTeM B T04Ke 2. ECJIH
pacnpe,lI.e.'JeHIie CKopocTeii B nOTOKe MeWJeTCH co BpeMeHel\I, TO 3a Bpe-
1\151, nOKa o.n.Ha qaCTIill.a .n.oii)I,eT 01' TOqKH 1 .n.o TOqKIi 2, CKOpOCTb
B TO'IKe 2 l\lQ}KeT H3MeHHTbCH.
I
I
 I -e:.--
--"""""'1 I 2,/<
--
:"l: )JP-) 1r 
---
.-/ ; "',
I
PI1C. 27-1. JIHIlHH TOKa
r)1,e p - n.TIOTHOCTb }!01.n.KOCTH B ceLJe-
HHH 3JIeMeITapHOii CTpYHKH.
PaCCIVIOTpH1\1 ,lI.BII}KeI-me HeC}!(II:
l\weMolf }fm.n.KocrH B 3JIel\leHTapHoH
CTpyiiKe. rIOCI\O.1bKY QaCTIiI1.bI }KIi,lI.-
KOCTIi He nOKH,TJ,aIOT cTpyiiKY Ii }!{H.n.- PIIC. 27-3. Tpy6Ka TOKa
KOCTb HCCLKH;\laeMa, TO 3JJeMeHTaplible
06"bCMHbIC paCXOjI,bI B JI!06bIX .n.BYX
CeqCHHHX cTpyiiKH, HanpHMep B ceQeHIiHX !-1 Ii 2-2 Ha pIiC. 27-3,
,lI,O.TI}!{HbI 6bITb paBHbI Me}K,lI.y C060H B KaLK.n.bIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH, T. e.
ql = qz. (27 -2)
C .l{Pyroii CTOpOHbI, 3.TIelVIeHTapHbIll 06"beMHbli-i pacxo.n. q }KIi,lI,KOCTH
B CC4eHlIH nJJOIlI,a)1,bI0 t paBeH
q = tv M 3 / eeK. (27 -3)
J],eDcTBIiTeJIbIIO, 33 1 eeK LlaCTHll.bI }KH,lI,KOCTH npoxo.n.HT nYTb, 'IIiC:
.TIeHIIO paBHbIH v; CJJeJJ,OBaTeJIbHO, vt eCTb 06"beM lLHJIHH.n.pa BhICOTOH
v H OCIIOBaImCM t, H IiMemIO 31'01' 06"beM npOXO}"(IiT 3a 1 ceK LJepe3 ce-
'IeHHe CTpyiiKIi.
113 cpOPMYJI (27-2) H
0.1
. '=--'::-- 0 i-==  . ::.
t- - u - -
I ':;=: 
--::--=- -T -=-: :
t.-=-.:'::.-=-=-'::.
r- -- - -( ,,
!- - - _ I ':;-'i,.
L----J '
I '-- ..::.::.-:.-=--=.::.
I---  i ':- =-=
 - --::to -=---=--
-- --
-- ---
- - -'--
1- _ ___
PIIC. 27-2. Te 1 IeHl!C JKH;tKOCTII
113 rrpHBeLIeHllOrD paccyrK.n.eHH51 CJH'}\yeT, QTO c yemaNoBURllle.MCfl
nomOKe /ll!HIIU mOKll coenaamom e mpaCKtnOpWi/1W :J/CllaKUX tlaetnUt!. DpIi-
MepOM yC'raHOBI1BWerCCH .n.BIiLKeHlUI MOH{eT CJIynHlTb rrpoI1.ecc HCTe'leHHH
}!{H,lI.KOCTH H3 OTBepCTIifJ B CTeHKe cocy.n.a (pIC. 27-2,a) npIi YCJIOBHIi,
'ITO ypOBeHb }KIi,lI.KOCTIi B cocy.n.e Bce BpeM:1 OCTaeTCH HeIi3MeHHbIM.
Dpl1IVlepOM HeYCTaHOBJ-tBIUCrOC5I .n.BH}!{CnHH HBJIHeTC5I TOT }!{C flpO-
ll.eCC HCTe'iCHHH }!{Ii,lI.I{QCTH lJ3 OTBt:'pCTHH B CTeIIKe cocy.n.a (pIiC. 27-2, 6),
eCJlH npH 3TOM ypoBeHb }!{HD:KOC:TH B cocy.rre Ii3MeHHeTCH C TCLIeHueM
BpeMeHIi.
 2. 3r.eMeNTapHiul cvPYH(a
DpOBe.lLeM JJHHHIO TOK3 IJ.epe3 KmK.lLYIO TO'HI:y MaJlOrO 3aMKHvroro
KOHTypa c, BbJ,lI.e.!IeHHoro B }!{H.n.KOCTH (P}IC. 27-3). DOJJYLJeHHYIO PY6-
'IaTYIO nOBepxHocTb Ha3bIBaIOT mpy6Kou mOKa.
DOCKc;,JlbKY KaCaTeJIbHble K JIHHHHM TOKa .n.aIOT HanpaB.TIeHHH
CKOpOCTeI-! LJaCTHll., TO 'IaCTHl!bI HHKor.n.a He nOKHHYT Tpy6KIi TOKa,
B KOropbIX OHI-! Ilaxo.n.HTCH. )KH.lLEOCTb, 3anOJIH9.IOUaH Tpy6KY TOKa,
o6pa3yeT fh1e.MeHmapHylO empYUKY, I1pH CTaUHoHapHorv'I Te'lcmm cpop1\1a
3JIeMeHTapHbIX CTpyeK lIe MeH51 eTCH , nOCKo.TIbKY He MeIlfJeTCH cpopMa
JIIiHHH TOh3.
D.TIOUJ:a.l!b CeQeHIiH 3JJe1\1eHTapHOM cTpyiiKH, HOpMaJlbHaH HanpaBJJe-
lJIiIO .TIHHHH TOKa, Ha3bIBaIOT :lICUliUM CCtleNUC/vl H.TIH npocTO CeL{eNue},
cmpYUKll H 0603HaLJaIOT f.
Pa3JII'IIIHbJC BeJIH'I:IHbl, xapaKTcpH3YIOUJ:HC Te4eIlIie 9J1eMeHTapHb1X
CTpyeK, HBJI5HOTCH Ben,,\w .92X<HhJl\W, nOCKo.TIbKY OHH .n.aroT TO'IHoe .n.I-!<p-
268
(27-3) MOLKHO nOJIYlJHTb paBeHcTBo
Vdl = V2t2'
(27 -4) HOCHT na3BaHHe ypacHeHwl Hepa3-
Yp3BHeHIie (27-2) HJlH
pblBHocmu.
 3. nOTOI<
(27 -4)
B 3a.n.aljaX rH.D.paBJlHKH 06bI'iHO paccMaTpHBaIOT OrpaHHLJeHHbIe n-
TOKIi. fpaHHI1.aMIi nOTOKOB npH 3TOM C.TIY}!{3T TBep.n.b1e CTeHKH Tpy6,
K3Ha.TIOB, OTKpbITaH IIonepxIlocTb }!{H.n.KOCTH, a TaK}!{e nOBepXHOCTI1
06TeKaeMbIX nOTOJ\OM TeJI (pIiC. 27-4).
269

nOTOK MmKHO paCCM3'rpHBaTb KaK nYlJ:OK :;).IJeMeHTapHbIX cTpyeK.
rI09TOMY 11 J],JIH Bcero nOTOKa BBO,lJ.HTCH nOHHTHH, aHa.TIOrl1IlHbIe TeM,
KOTopbIe 6bJ.TIH BBeJ],eHbI J],.TI5.j 3.TIeMeHTapHbIX cTpyeK. rIpH 9TOM BeJJH-
'lHHbI, aHa.TIOrH'lHble paCCMOTpeHHbIM, 0603Ha'lHM TeMH }j{e 6YKBaMH,
IIO 3ar.TIaBHblMH.
TaK, OfCU8blM Cetl.eHueM F nomOKa Ha3bIBalOT nJIOll{3J],b Ce'leHHH, HOp-
M3.TIbHOrO K 06UJ:eMY HanpaBJIeHHIO J],BH}j{eHHH }KHJ],KOCTH.
)I(HBoe Ce'leHHe nOTOKa F paBHO CYMMe }j{HBbIX Ce'leHHH COCTaBJIHIO-
IlJ.HX ero 3JIeMeI-ITapHbIX cTpyeK,
F=f.
m -
iJ --.--
- ---
- - ---
-- - --
------
- - - ---
- - ---
- - -'---
\ ,-=. - -= --=---= -:::
- - ---
- - ---
-----
- - - --
- ---
- ---
PEe. 27-4. fpaHEUbI rrOTOKa
PaCXOaOM nonwKa (06'beMHbIM Q WIll MaCCOBbIM M) Ha3bIBalOT 06'beM
I-I./IH Maccy }j{HJ],KOCTH, npOTeKalOUJ:eH 'lepe3 }j{HBoe ce'lelme nOTOKa B
eJ],HHHlLY BpeMeHH. AHa.TIOm'lHO <popMYJIe (27-1) HMeeM
M =Qp K2!ceK.
(27-5)
CJIeJ],yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO B <PopMYJle (27-1) p ecTb «MecTHoe» (B Ma-
JIOM Ce'leHlIH) 3Ha'leHHe nJJOTHOCTH. B <popMYJIe }j{e (27-5) p eCTb cpea-
1-l51.fl n/lOtnHoctnb B «60JJblllOM» Ce'leHHH nOTOKa. Pa3JJH'lHe B nJIOTHOCTH
no Ce'leHHIO nOTOKa MO}j{eT 6bITb Bbl3BaHO pa3HbIMI1 npnlJ:HH3MH, II3-
npilMep pa3JIH'lHbIMH TeMnepaTypHblMH YCJIOBHHMH B Ka}!{J],oH TO'lKe
nOTOKa (Te'leHHe }f(l1J],Koro MeTaJIJIa, J],BH}j{eIme }j{HJ],KOCTH B Ten.TIo06MeH-
m1Kax H T. n.).
):L.TIH TOro 'lTo6b1 onpeJ],eJIHTb Q - 06'beMHbIH pacxoJ], nOTOKa, He06-
XOJ],I1MO BBeCTH nOHHTHe cpeoHeii CKOPOCtnU nomOKa. IlOTOK, npoTeKaro-
ULIIH no Pyc.TIY, Orp3HH'leHHoMY CTeHKaMH, B pa3HbIx TO'lKaX nonepe4-
1101'0 Ce'leHHH IIMeeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO pa3Hble CKOpOCTH. lJacTHlLbI }j{HJ],-
KOCTH, conpHKacaroUJ:H€CH co CTeHKaMH Tpy6bI (pyc.TIa, K3HaJIa), rrpH-
JIHnalOT K CTeHKaM H OCTalOTCH HenOJ],BH}j{HbIMH. CKOpOCTb 3THX lJ:ac-
THlL paBHa Hy.TIIO. CTPYHKH, npoTeKaroUJ:He B HenocpeJ],cTBeHHoH 6JIH30CTH
K npHJIHnWHlVI lJ:aCTHlLaM, BCJIeJ],CTBHe BHYTpeHHero TpeHIcJH B .lli:HJ],KOCTH
TOpM03HTCH H YMeHbwalOT CBOro CKOpOCTb. 110 Mepe yJ],aJIeHHH cTpyeK
}j{HJ],KOCTH OT CTeHOK HX CKOpOCTb B03pacTaeT H Ha OCH nOTOKa, T. e.
B lLeHTpe Tpy6bI (pYCJIa, KaHaJI3), npHHHMaeT MaKCHMa.TIbHOe SHalJ:eHHe.
3TY CKOpOCTb Ha3b!BalOT ocC(]oii CKOpOCtnblO.
270
CKOpOCTb 3JJeMeHTapHblx cTpyeK nOTOKa, npoTeKalOUJ:Hx Me}j{}.{¥.
CTeHKaMH H OCblO, H3MeHHeTCH B npeJ],eJIax OT HYJIH 110 MaKCHMaJIbHOI1
oceBoH CKOpOCTH.
LL.TIH ynpOllLeHHH BBOJ],HT cpeoHlolo cKopocmb nOTOKa v, 3 KOTOpylO
npHHHMalOT cpeJ],Hee apH<pMeTH'leCKOe 3HalJ:eHHe CKopOCTel1 9.TIei\IeH-
TapHbIx CTpyeK, 06p33YIOUJ:HX nOTOK.
3HaH <paKTH'leCKHH pacxoJ], }j{HJ],KOCTH H nJIOUJ:a,lJ.b nOnepelJ:HOrO ce-
'leHHH nOTOKa, MO}j{HO HaHTH cpeJ],Hroro CKOpOCTb
Q
v=p'
OTKYJ],a 06'beMHblH pacxoJ], nOTOKa 6YJ],eT paBeH
(27-6)
Q=vF.
(27 - 7)
CJIeJ],veT 'leTKO YHCHHTb, 'lTO B paBeHcTBe (27-6) v eCTh cpeJ],I1HH
CKOPOCT nOTOKa, B TO BpeMH KaK..B paBecTBe (27-3) v eCTh TO'lHaSl
(HCTHHHaH) CKOpOCTh 3JlelVIeHTapHoH CTPYI1KH. ..
TaK }j{e KaK H J],.TIH CTpyi'IKH, J],JIH nOTOKa HeOKHMaeMOH }j{HJ],KOCTH
cnpaBeJ],JIHBO ypaBHeHHe Hepa3phIBHoCTH. IlpH JII060M TelJ:eHHH JII06hle
J],Ba 06'beMa }j{HJ],KOCTH, npoTeKalOUJ:I1e B O,lJ.HH H TOT }Ke MOMeHT Bpel\IeHH
'lepe3 npOH3BOJIhHhle CelJ:eHHH 1-1H 2-2 nOTOKa (CM. pHC. 27-3), p3BHhI
Me}j{J],y C060H
vIF! =V2 F 2=Q M 3 !celc.
(27 -8)
EC.TIH }j{e Te'leHHe }j{HJ],KOCTH CTalLHOHapHO, TO J],JIH JII06oro MOMeHTa
BpeMeHH
vF = const.
(27-9)
Vl3 paBcHcTBa (27-8) c.TIeJ],yeT, lJ:TO CKOpOCTb 06paTHo nponoplL Ilo -
HaJJhHa )KHBOMY CelJeHHIO nOTOKa;
Vl_
- Fl .
(27 -10)
3'1'0 HBJIeHHe XOpOlilO lJ.TIJIIOCTpHpyeTcH npHMepolVI YBeJIH'leHHH CKO-
pOCTH Te4eHHH peK B lVIecTax HX CY}j{eHHH.
OJ],HOH H3 BeJIWIHH, X3p3KTepI-I3YIOill. HX reoMeTpHIO nOTOK3, HE-
JIHeTCH TaK Ha3hIBaeMhIH CMO'leHHhIH nepilMeTp. ..
Clrto4BHHblM nepuMempoM A Ha3bIBalOT J],JIHHY TOH qaCTI-I rpaHHlLbI }j{1I-
Boro ce'leIUlH no KOTOpOH nOTOK conpHKacaeTcH C OrpaHHlJ:HBalOill. HMI1
ero cTeHKaMH: Ha pl1c. 27-5 CMO'leHHhIH nepHMeTp BhJJ],eJIeH }j{HpHhIMH
JIHHHHMH.
ECJIH reoMeTpHlJ:eCKHH nepHMeTp TOro }Ke CeqeHlJH 0603Ha'llJTb 'le-
pe3 a, TO BcerJ],a 6YJ],eT
A<:a.
271

Ha pHC. 27-5, a CMOLJeHHbIH nepHMeTp COBnallaeT C reOMeTpllLJeCKHM,
TaK KaK W.HllKOCTb co Bcex CTOpOH Orp3HH'leHa TBeplIbIMI1 CTeHKaMIi.
Ha pHC. 27-5, 6 CMOLJellHbIH rrepHMeTp MeHbwe reOMeTpHLJeCKoro
Ha ,lJ.JIHHy JIHHllll OTKpbITOH nOBepxHocTIi W.HllI{OCTH. EC.IIH reOMeTpHlJe-
CKHH nepHMeTp Ha 9TOM w.e pHcYHKe paBeH 2h + 2b, TO CMOLJeHHblH
nepIiMeTp paBeH 2h + b.
OTHoweHHe nJIOllla,lJ.H w.lmoro ceLJemUI F K CMOLJeHHOMY nepIiMeTpy
A H33bIBalOT cu()pa6IlWiCCKUM pa()uycoM ce4CHWI
0)
tJ)
F
R=-M.
A
 -.:..... - = He CJIe,lJ.yeT CMeWHBaTb rH,lJ.-
IJ paBJIHLJeCKHH pa,lJ.IiYc C reOMeT-
pHLJeCKHM. DOHHTIie rIIllpaBJIIi-
[fecKoro pallHyca HMeeT CMbICJI
llJIH JHo60ro nOToKa, orpalfll-
LJeHHOrO CTeHKaMI1. reoMeTpH-
LJecKI1H w.e pa,lJ.HYc nOTOKa cy-
lllecTByeT TOJIbKO npH TeLJeHHH
W.H,lJ.KOCTH no KpyrJIOH Tpy6e.
OllHaKo ,lJ.aw.e B 9TOM cJIYLJae reOMeTpHLJeCKIiH pallHYC He COBna,lJ.aeT C
!To ° d
rH,lJ.paBm1LJeCKHM. r--'.eHCTBHTCJIbHO, reOMeTpHLJeCKIIH pa,lJ.IiYC r ="9' a
------ - --=-- Ii
-- --
b
b
Pnc. 27-5. CMOf.JeHHbIll nepnMcTp
rIi,lJ.paBJIHLJCCKIiH
"d 2 d
R=-=--=!=r.
4"d 4
]J,JIH KaHa.TIa npHMoyrOJ1bHOrO CCLJeHHH (CM. pIiC. 27-5) I'Ii,lJ.paBJIH-
'lecKIiH pallHYc
R= bh Ii R=
2 (b + h) b + 2h
(,lJ.JIH CJIYLJaeB a H 6 COOTBeTCTBeHHo).
 4. ADa peH<HMa TeLleHHSI mAKOCVH
B KOHue XI X B. aHI'.TIHHCKHH <pH3IiK OC60pH PeHno.TIbllC npH no-
MOIll.Ii MeT01]3 oKpaweBHb1x CTPYH YCTaHOBHJI, 'ITO cYIlI.eCTByeT llBa
pCw.IiMa Te'leHHH W.HLIKOCTU: llaMUHapHbla H myp6y.1eHmHbla.
Ha pHC. 27-6, a npHBe,lJ.eHa npHHuHnu:aJILLdH cxeMa OTIbiTa PeH-
HO.'Jb,lJ.ca. PesepByap 2 sanO.TIlleH W.U,lJ.I\OCThIO, ypoBeHb KOTOpOH no,lJ.-
'Jlep,KHBaeTcH nOCTOflHHb1M. K pe3epByapy npIiCOe,lJ.IiHeHa CTeKJIHHHaH
Tpy6Ka 3, cHa6w.eHHaH KpaHoM 4, pery.TIHpYIOIll.HM CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BHLKeHIiH
13 HeH W.H,lJ.I\OCTIi. 1l.TIH TOro 'IT06bl Ha6.TIIO,lJ.aTb xapaKTep nOTOKa B Tpy6-
Ke 3, B Hee 110 Tpy6Ke 1 BBOJ{fIT nO,lJ.Kpawc1IHYIO W.H,lJ.KOCTb C TeMH w.e
4JH3IiLJeCKIlMH CBOHCTBaMH, 'ITa 11 B cocYJ{e.
272
D p Ii He60JlbWIiX CKOpOCTHX nOTOKa B Tpye 3 nO}lKpaweHHH.
Cb C OCHOBHOH MaCCOil W.Ii,lJ.KOCT.1,
CTpYHKa JIBI1LKeTCH, He ClVleWBaH ° ' ( C 27-6 6) IlpH 3TOM
B BIi,lJ.e OTLJeTJIl1BO Bb1paw.eHHoH TOH1{OH HHTH pH. ,.
HOTOK YCTOHLJIiBO J{BIiLKeTCH B
Tpy6Ke napaJIJIeJIbHb!MH HeCMe- oj
LlIHBalOl1J:llMI1CH CTpYI1KaMIi I1JII1
CJIOHMIi. TaI\Oe ,lJ.BIiw.eHl1e Ha-
S bIB alOT llaMUHapHblM, HJIH
('JlOUCmbIM. 3 IJ
C VBe.rIl1'leHIieM CKOpOCTH
nOTOKa" BbIwe onpe,lJ.e.nelmoro
SHaqeHHfI Te'leHl1e W.1i,lJ.KOCTH B
Tpy6e CKaLJK006pa3HO MeHHeT
CBOH xapaKTep. !lpl1 3T  o) /
OKpaweHHafl CTpYIIKa TepH
<PoPMY npHMOH HIiTH, npHHH-
MaeT BOJUIOo6pa3Hble OLJepTa-
!IIi51 11, HaKOHeu, nOJIHOCTblO
pa3MbIBaeTCH. ):LBHLKeHue CTa-
HOBI1TC}1 6eCnOpfl,lJ.OLJHbIM Ii
nOTOK Bce BpeMH nepeMewIi-
BaeTCH (pIiC. 27-6, B). TaKoe
Tt'LJeHIie Ha3bIBarOT myp6y- ;_.:;;tJjt{i'l:? u
JleHmHbIM.
PeHHOJIb,lJ.C YCl'aHOBI1JI, LJ1'O
peLKIIl\1 ,lJ.BIlLKeHIifl LKI1,lJ.KOCTH Pile. 27-6. OnbIT PellHOJJbACa
3aBHCHT 01' 6e3pasMepHoro LJHC-
JIa, C OCTaB.TIeHHOI'O Ii3 OCHOB- P .  a
C) 3BaHO 4LLCJlOM eUHOllbvC
HbIX napal\1eTpOB nOTOKa. JTO LJHCJIO Ha u
II ,lJ.JIfI KpYI'JIblX Tpy6 onpe,lJ.emIeTCH ;jJOPMYJIOI1
Re = vdp , (27-11)
p.
v - Cpe,lJ.HHH CKOpOCTb nOTOKa,
d - ,lJ.11at\leTp Tpy6bl, }H;
p - nJIOTHOCTb W.Ii,'J,KOCTII;
!-t - ,lJ.IiHar\'II1LJeCKaH Bfl3IWCTb.
ECJIII BBeCTI1 KHHeMaTHLJecKylO
(27 - I 1) npllMeT BH,lJ.
/It I cel,;
fLIe
BHSKOCTb '\I = ,
TO <popMy.TIa
vd
Re=-.

(27-12)
Tpy 6bJ d LJe I )e3 rIiJI.paB.TIIiLJecKIiH pa.n.IiYC R
Bblpa3HB ,lJ.HaMeTp
(d = 4R), no.TIYLJl1M
Re = 4vR .
'I
(27-13)
10 3aK. 56
273

110 <popMYJIe (27-13) MOLKHO Bbl l lI1C.TIHTb lIHC.TIO PeHHo.TIb11Ca 11.TIH no-
TOKa JIlo60ro ce'-IemU!.
CYll{eCTByeT HeKoTopoe 31Ia'-IeHHe '-IHCJIa PeHHOJIb11Ca Re, KOTopoe
Ha3bIBalOT KpUmUttecKUM H 0603Ha'-IaIOT Re KP '
KpHTIf'-IeCKOe 3Ha'-IeHIfe lIHCJIa PeHHo.TIb11Ca Re Kp HBJIH€TCH 3KcnepH-
MeHTa.TIbHO onpe11eJIHeMoi-i KOHcTaHToH, 3aBlicmneH OT Ce'-IeHIfH If
H llJIHHbl TPy6bl, OT lliepoxoBaTocTIf ee nOBepxHocTH H T. n. TaK, Ha-
npHMep, llJlH 11.TIHHHbIX KpyrJIblX Tpy6 HOpMaJlbHoi-i lliepoxoBaTOCTH
Re KP = 2320.
Y CTaHOB.TIeHO, lITO npH Re < Re"p Te'-IeHHe Bcerna JlaMHHapHO, a
npH Re> Re"p - Typ6YJIeHTHO.
CJle11yeT OTMeTHTb, '-ITO nepeXOll OT Ol1HOro perKHMa Te'-IeHliH K
lJ:pyrOMY npOHCXOllHT B O'-IeHb y3KOM llliana30He H3MeHeHHH '-IHC.TIa Re.
Eho n03BOJlH€T roBOpIfTb 0 CKQliKOo6pa3flOM 113MeHeHlil1 perKliMa.
IlpH Typ6YJIeHTHOM peR<HMe Te'-IeHHH C '-IliCJlOM Re, O'-IeHb 6J1H3KI1M
K Re"p (B 11.TIHHHOM ryp60np OBO lle), B03MOR<HO 3aTyxaHHe Typ6YJleHT-
1I0Cnl If nepeXOll K JIaMI-lHapHOMY Te'-IeHHlO 6e3 CHHR<eHI1H '-Il1c.TIa Re.
Ol1HaKO npl1 '-IIfCJlaX Pei-iHOJlb11Ca Re, 3Ha'-IliTe.TIbHO 60JIblliHX Re"p,
HacTynaeT TaK Ha3bIBaeMaH pa3BliTaH Typ6YJleHTHOCTb, C KOTOpOH 06b]'-I-
H 0 npHX011HTCH I1MeTb lle.TIO Ha npaKTHKe.
113 <POPMYJlbl (27-12) BH11HO, '-ITO '-IHCJIO Pei-iHo.TIh11Ca 3aBHCliT He
d
TOJlhKO OT CKOpOCTH, HO li OT OTHOllieHHH -. TaK, npl1 paBHblX CKOpOCTHX
'I
ryp6YJleHTHOCTh Ha'-IHerCH CKopee B Ma.TIOBH3Koi-i R<HllKOCTI1, TeKY1nei-i
B llllipOKOi-i Tpy6e.
Pa3BHTlilO Typ6YJleHTHocTH cnoc06cTByeT H"3J1H'-IHe pa3J1H'-IHbIX npe.
nHTCTBHi-i nOTOKY (K.TIanaHOB, KpaHOB, nepeX011HbIX KaMep 11 T. n.).
 5. 3HeprHH nOTOKa H vpaBHeHHe 6epHynnH
3 H e p r II H 3 JI e M e H Tap II 0 i-i C T P Y i-i K H. PaCCMOTpliM
Y'-IaCTOK 3J1eMeHTapHOH CTpyi-iKI1 HeC)f<IIMaeMoi-i H11CaJlbHOH (HeBH3Koi-i)
rKH11KOCTH Me)f{,ll.y nJIOCKHMli, HOpM3.TIbHhIMli KOCH CTPYHKaMH Ce'-IeHI1-
HMli 1-1 H 2-2 (pliC. 27-7).
rI.TIOIlJ.31Ih nOnepe'-IHOrO Ce'-IeHliH CTPYHKH, CKOpOCTb H llaBJlelIHe
0603Ha'-IliM: B Ce'-IeHHli 1-1 '-Iepe3 fh Vt, pi, a B Ce'-IeHHH 2-2 - 12' V2'
pz. IlYCTb Zi 11 Z2 COOTBCTCTBYIOIlJ.He BblCOThI, T. e. paccTOHHHH OT
ropH30HTa.TIhHOH nJlOCKOCTH 0-0 llO ueHTpOB THR<eCTH 06'beMOB 1-1' If 2-2'.
PaCCMOTpl1M cTaUHoHapHoe Te'-IeHHe CTPYHKH 3a HeKoTopbIH MaJlblH
npOMeR<YToK BpeMeHH 111:, B Te'-IeHHe KOToporo 06'beM 3J1eMeHTapHoH
c-rpYHKli nepeMecTHTcH 1I3 nOJlOR<eHHH 1-2 B nOJIOR<eHHe l' -2'. HaHlleM
If3MeHeHlie 3HeprHli CTPYHKH npH ee nepeMeIlJ.eHHH.
113 Kypca TeOpeTH'-IecKoH MexaHHKH H3BeCTHO, '-ITO npHpaIlJ.eHlfe I(H-
HeTH'-IeCKOH 3HeprHH llBH:R<yIlJ.erocH TeJla paBHO CYMMe pa60T Beex 11ei1-
CTBYIOll{IfX Ha Hero CIfJI, T. e.
2
/1=""PI1l
2 "'" ,
274
rlle m - Macca TeJIa;
v - ero CKOpOCTh; u
'2.P111 - CVMMa pa6OT, npOIf3Be11eHHhIX CIfJlaMIf, lleHCTBYIOIlJ.HMIf Ha
TeJIO Ha 3JIeMeHTapHoM nyTIf 111.
3JIeMeHTapHblH nYTh 111 06bl'-IHO paccMaTpHBalOT KaK npoeKUIfIO 3J1e-
MeHTapHoro nepeMeIlJ.eHHH TOlIKIl npIfJlOR<eHHH CIfJIhI P Ha ee HanpaBJIe-
H u
B paccMaTpHBaeMoM cJlY'-Iae 3a MaJlOe BpeMH 111: .lli:IfllKOCTb B cTpYHKe
nepeMecTHTcH H3 nOJIOR<eHHH 1-2 B nOJlO.lli:eHIfe l' -2'. IlpH 3TOM ee'-Ie-
lIHe 1-1 nepeMecTIfTcH Ha Ma-
JlYIO llJIliHY
111 1 = v l l1't, (27 -14)
a Ce'-IeHHe 2-2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO
Ha
111 2 = V2 11 't. (27 -15)
IlpH TaKOM nepeMeIlJ.eHliH
3HepflfH CTpYHKIf H3MeHliTCH.
Ol1HaKo npH CTaUHOI-l8pHOM
Te'-IeHHH 3HepflfH TOH '-IaeTH
R<H ll KOCTH KOTopaH 3anOJlHHeT
, , l '
06"beM Me)f{,ll.Y Ce'-IeHHHMH 1-
If 2-2, OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHoH. PHC. 27-7. 3JJeMeHTapHa!! cTpyllKa. K
rIpH 3TOM Bce H3MeHeHlie BbIBOAY ypaBHeHHH 5epHYJJJJH
3HeprHH 3JIeM eHTa R<H11KOCTH
6YlleT TaKliM R<e, KaK eCJIH 6bI , , 6h1
JIeBblH CJIOH, 3aKJIIO'-IeHHhIH MeR<llY ee'-IeHIfHMIf 1-1 If 1 -1 2 aHH;' -2'
MecTO npaBoro CJIOH, 3aK.TIIO'-IeHHOrO MeR<llY Ce'-IeHHHMIf - H .
I1MeH B BHllY Ma.TIOCTb Y'-IaCTKOB 111 i H 111 2 , MO.lli:HO C'-IHTaTb COOT:
BeTCTBYIOIlJ.lie HM 06"belVIbll1Qi li I1Q2 UH.TIHHllPH'-IeeKIfMIf, KOTopble paBHhl.
I1Ql =fl 111 1 =f 1 Vl l1 1:;
I1Q2 = f 2 111 2 = f 2 V 2 11 't.
1
z,
2 2
Y'-IHTbIBaH, '-ITO R<H11KOCTb HeeR<HMaeMa, YCJlOBHe Hepa3pbIBHOCTlI
MOR<HO HanlicaTh B BHlle
fl V I = f2 V 2'
lvlacca .lli:1I11KOCTH I1m 1 B 06"beMe I1Ql paBHa
I1ml = pl1Ql'
eprH O £ 21 OTHOCIfTeJIhHO nJlOCKOCTII 0-0 6YlleT
ee nOTeHUHaJlhHaH 3H n
£21 = I1mlgz1 = pf 1 v 1 11'tgZl'
275
(27-16)
10*

3 ee Kimen-l4eCK3H 3Hepnm
Eu, = + I1mI v7 = -L f,l'H;Vr.
 2 .
(27- I 7)
COKpamaH oGe 4aCTI-'[ nOJIY4eHHoro Bblpa)KeHl-IH H3 11 't' H pa3.n;eJIHB
HX Ha g H Ha m = pfv, nOCJIe cooTBeTcTBYlOmHX npeo6pa30BarmH
nOJIY4HM
Ez, = rf2V211.gz2;
(27 -18)
2 2
VI PI V 2 P2
-+ZI+--=-+Z2+-' (27-23)
2g pg 2g pg
YpaBHeHHe (27-23) BblBe.n;eHO .n;JISJ npoH3Bo.lIbHblX ce4emiH crpYHKH
1-1 H 2-2, n03ToMY OHO CnpaBe.n;JIl-IBO .n;JIH .1I1060ro Ce4eHHH CTPYHKH
H era MO)KHO 3anHcaTb B BH.n;e
P v 2
z+-+- =const. (27-24)
pg 2g
YpaBHeHHH (27-23) H (27-24) H33bIBalOTCH ypa6HeHueM EepHY/l/lU
LLJIH 3JIeMeHTaplmH CTPYHKH H,lI.ea.lIbHoH )KH.n;KOCTH. Bce TPH 4.lIeH3
ypaBHeHHH HMelOT .IIHHeHHYIO pa3MepHocTb. BeJIH4HHa Z, HBJIHHCb reo-
leTpH4eCKoH BblCOTOH, H3MelmeTcH B MeTp3x. IlpoBepHB pa3MepHocTb
OCTaJIbHHX .n;BYX 4JIeHOB ypaBHeHHH, nQIIY4HM:
AH3JIOrH4HO onpe.n;eJIHM nOTeHI-LHa.lIbHVIO H KHHeTH4ecKyIO 3Hep-
rHIO .n;JIH MaCCbI )KHlIKOCTH 11m2 B 06"beMe" /1Q2
E -- f A "' V 3
'" - 2 Lh 2'
2
(27 -19)
1'13 <POPMYJI (27-16)-(27-19) BH.n;HO, 4TO nOJ1H351 3Hepnm npOH3BOJIb-
Horo Y4acTK3 CTPYHKH 06"bel\!OM fvl1. 6y.n;eT
E=E,,+Ez= l1.fv (+ v 2 + pg z).
I13MeHeHHe KHHeTH4eCKOH H nOTCHI1.Ha.lIbHoH 3HeprHH lI.TI51 BceH
3JIeMeHTapHoH CTPYHKH MO)KHO 3anHcaTb B EHLLe
[ P ] [ fl' M 3 . ceK 2 ] [ KZ . M . M 3 . CeK 2 ] _ [ .
- = = - M],
pg .M 2 . KZ . .M ceK 2 . M 2 . KZ . M
I1E = (E",-£,.,) + (Ez,-E z ,). (27-20)
Ilo.n;CTaB.IIHH B ypaBHeHHc (27-20) 3Ha4eHH51 H3 paBeHcTB (27-16)-
(27-19), nOJIY4HM
I1E =+(t2V- fIVD 11.+ pg (f2V2Z2- tlvIzd /1..
(27-21)
[  1 = r .M2 . ceK 2 ] = [M].
2g . cel\2. At
p v 2
TpeX4JIeH z+-+- Ha3blBalOT nO/lHbIM HanopOM II 0603Ha-
pg 2g
4310T H. Tor.n;a yp3BHeHHe (27-24) MO)KHO nepenHc3Tb
P v 2
H=z+-+-,
pg 2g
IlpH nepeMeIlJ.eHHH ce4eHHH 1-1 B ]'-1' H ce4eHH51 2-2 B 2'-2' pa60Ta
/1L CH.II .n;3BJIeHH51 Pi = Piti H P 2 = PZf2' npH.lImKeHHHX K crpyiiKe,
C Y4eToM (27-14) II (27-15) COCTaBHT
I1L = PlfIVl!1.-P2f 2v211..
(27-22)
r.n;e z-reoMeTpH4ecKHH Hanop;
L _ nbe30MeTpH4ecKHii Hanop;
pg
v 2 u
--CKOpOCTHOH Hanop.
2g
11 P H M e H e H Hey p 3 B H e H H 51 E e p H Y JI JI H. B onpe.n;e-
JIeHHH .n;aB.lIeHHH Tpex paccMoTpeHHblx HanopoB 3a.1I0)KeH npHHll.Hn .n;eii-
CTBHH npH60poB, H3MepHIOIlI.HX pacxo.n; H CKOpOCTb )KH.n;KOCTH.
IlpocTeHwHM npH60poM LLJIH H3MepeHHH CKOpOCTH B omKpblmoM no.
TOKe CJIY*HT mpy6Ka flumo (pHC. 27-8). OHa npe.n;CTaBJIHeT C060H H30r-
HYTYIO creKJIHHHYIO Tpy6KY HOOOJIbWOrO .n;HaMeTpa, yCTaHOB.lIeImylO
B nOTOKe OTKpbITbIM KOHI1.0M HaBcTpe4Y Te4eHHIO. IlpH 3TOM }KHlIKOCTb
B Tpy6Ke no.n;HHMaeTCH Ha BbICOTY h, paBHylO CKOpOCTHOMY Hanopy
v 2
h-
- 2g .
277
110 3aKoHY coxpaHeHHH 3HeprHH H3MeHeHHe 3HeprHH 3JIeMeHTapHOH
CTPYllKH .n;OJI)KHO 6blTb paSHO pa60Te CHJI .n;aB.lIeHHH, npHJIO)KeHHbIX K
crpYHKe,
/1E = 11L.
Ilo.n;cTaBHB B no.IIY4eHHoe paBeHcTBo 3H34eHllH H3MeHeHHH 3J.[eprHH
crPYHKI-I H3 p3BeHcTB3 (27-21) I-I 3Ha4eHI-IH cOBeprneIIHoH p360Tbl !1L
li3 p3BeHcTB3 (27-22), nOJIY4HM
1- (f2v-tIvn 11.+pg (f2 V 2 Z 2- f l V1Z 1 ) Lh =
= PI! v 1 !1.-pi2 V 2 11 ..
276
11 3aIL 56

OTKYlJ:a
v= V 2gh .
<PaKTl1'leCKIf HaJIH'Il1e Tpy6KIJ B nOTOKe HeCKO.TIbKO 113MeHIfT 06w:ee
pacnpeJl,e.TIelme llaBJIeHlUl, If n03TOMY Cl<OpOCTb onpelleJUlIOT no <PopMY.Jle
v= cp Y 2gh ,
rlle (p - nOnpaBO'IHblH K03cpqmuueHT, KOTOpblH
TaJIbHO )J,JIH Ka}!{llOH Tpy6KH DIfTO.
(27-25)
HaXOllHT 3KcnepIfMeH-
-.
tJh
--
:. '" 1 -
_:-:. I
:- II
_-. .c::
--
f-'-  - :::::-
\ - - ----  ::- ;-: =-;:..::.....--
---- - - - ---
- -'-- - _-:. --
 - -- - - - ---
- - - --
-_ - lJ--_ _ --= :..
=-=.6  __
PIIC. 27-8. Tpy6Ka nIITO
6>
PIIC. 27-9. Tpy6Ka DpaUtI.TJH!
BO.TIeeCJIO}!{HbiM npII60pOM HBJIHeTCH pa6OTalOw:a51 nOTOMY }!{e npuH-
uIfny mpy6Ka llpw-tiJm/lfl (pHC. 27-9), npeJl,Ha3Ha t leHHaH JI,.TIH II3MepeHIfH
CKOpOCTl-1 }!{IIJI,KOCTIf B 3aKpblmblx Tpy60npoBo.D.3x. Tpy6Ka DpaHllT.TIH
COCTaBJIeHa 113 Tpy6Kll DIITO If 06bi'lHOH nbe30MeTplfI-IeCKOH Tpy6KH.
P v 2
T py6Ka nliTO nOKa3bIBaeT nOJIHblH Hanop - + -, 3 nbe30-
pg 2g
P v 2
MeTpH'IeCKaH Tpy6Ka-l-IanOp -. PaaHOCTb 3TIIX HanopOB - paB-
pg 2g
Ha pa3HOCTli I1h ypoBHeH B 06ellX Tpy6K3X. TaKliM 06pa30M,
v= V 2gl1h .
,lJ,JIH Toro tlT06bl Y'-leCTb BJIIIHHIfe BH3KOCTII II BHeceHHoe Tpy6KOH
113MeHeHlle B pacnpeJl,eJIeHlle CKopOCTeH II Jl,aB.TIeHllH B nOTOKe, BBOllHT
nOnpaBO'-lHblH K03cpcpllUHeHT cp
V = (p V 2gl1h . (27-26)
K03cpcpliUlleHT cp 06bl'-lHO QTI1l30K K elllllmue II onpeJeJI51eTCH 9KcnepIf-
MeHTaJIbHO.
PacxoJl, }!{HJ{KOCTll If3Mep51IOT mpy6'iatnblM 6OaOMePOM BeHmypu.
(pllC. 27-10). CocTaBllM ypaBHeHHe EepHYJIllH Jl,JI51 Ce'-leIU1H ]-] Ii 2-2 H,
npeo6pa3Y51, nOJIY'-lHM
PI -- P2 v vi
=:::::---,
gp 2g 2g
278
HO
Pl - P2
pg
I I 2 2 )
1=2;- (V 2 -V I .
b
113 ypaBHeHIIH Hepa3pbIBHoCTIi (27-8) IiMeeM
Q Q
V 1 = F II V2 = F; .
DOllCTaBllB 3H3'-1eHII51 VI II V2 B cpop-
MY.'JY (27-27) II pewllB nOJIY'-leHHoe
ypaBHeHHe OTHOCIlTeJIbHO Q, HaI111eM
=h,
n03TOMY
(27 -27)
h

r 2gh ,r-
Q=F2'_ ' --=0 J' h,
V ( F2 ) 2
1- --
Fl
(27)-28)
PIIC. 27-10. BOAoMep BeuTYPu
r.n.e 0 = F 2 ( - 2g - nOCT051HH351 BeJIU'-IHH3, KOTOpVlO 06101'-1-
I _ (  ) 2 110 onpeJl,eJlHlOT npll rpaJl,ypOBaHHH
Fl npH60pa.
I
I
i
I
I
!
 6. ABH)f(eHMe )f(HAKOCTH no Tpy6aM
Y p a B H e H II e E e p H Y JI JI H .lI: JI 51 nOT 0 K ape a JI 10-
H 0 H }!{ II .lI: K 0 C T H. B npe.ll:b111yw:eM naparpacpe 6bIJIO BbIBelleHO
ypaBHeHlle EepHYJIJIli .lI:.TI51 CTaUliOHapHoro Te'IeHII51 cmpyilKu Uaea/lbHOii
OICUaKOCmU. Ha npaKTIIKe }!{e npHXO.ll:IfTC51 HMeTb .lI:eJIO C nomOKOM pea/lb-
Hoil {J/CUaKOCmU. BblHCHIlM, KaKHe H3MeHeHH51 Heo6xo.ll:IIMO BHeCTll B
ypaBHeHIfe EepHYJI.TIIf, '-IT06bI OHO CTaJIO npHMeHllMO .D.JI51 nOTOKa peaJIb-
HOH }!{H.lI:KOCTH.
DepBoe H3MeHeHHe COCTOIfT B TOM, '-ITO npH BbIBO.ll:e ypaBHeHll51 Eep-
HYJI.TIll (27-24) llJI51 CTPYHKIf llllea.TIbHOH }!{ll,lI.KOCTH CKOpOCTll V BO Bcex
TO'-lK3X nOnepe'-lHOrO Ce'-leHll51 CTPYHKll npHHIfMa.TIll O.ll:IlHaKOBbIMH.
D v 2 ..
03TOMY '-IJIell ypaBHeHHH 2g BblparKaJI .l1.ellCTBI1TeJIbHYIO Ylle.TIbHYIO
KllHeTIf'-lecKylO 3IIeprIfIO CTPYHKII.
B nOTOKe peaJIbHOH }!{H.lI:KOCTll CKOpOCTll B pa3Hblx TO'-lKaX nonepe'-l-
Horo Ce'-leHllH pa3JIll'-lHbI, II B paC'-IeT BBO.ll:51T cpellHlOlO CKOpOCTb. DOll-
C'-IIfTaHHOe no cpellHeH CKOpOCTll 3Ha'-leHlle Y.ll:eJIbHOH KliHeTll'-lecKoH
3Hepfllll nOTOKa OKa3bIBaeTC51 HecKOJIbKO MeHbwe ee .lI:eHCTBllTeJIbHOH
BeJIll'-lUHbI. Il03ToMY B ypaBHeHHe EepHy.TIJIll .lI:JI5I nOTOKa peaJIbHOH
}!{Il.ll:KOCTli BBO.ll:51T nOnpaBO'-lHbIH K03cpcpHUHeHT ex> 1.
BTopoe If3MeHeHlle CB5I3aHO C TeM, 'ITO npH llBH}!{eHHH pea.TIMIOH
)l{If.ll:KOCTll qaCTb 3HeprHH pacxo.n:yeTC5I Ha npeOllOJIeHHe pa3JII1'IHbIX
279
11*

COnpOTJJBJI€I-IHf1 )lBJJ/KeI-JJJIO /KII)lKOCTII. n03TOMY B ypaBH€HI-Ie Eep-
HYJIJIlI BBO)llITCH nOnpaB01.JHhlH 1.JJIeH h n , YtJ:lIThlBaIOllJ.lIH nOTeI'" Hanopa
Ha HeKOTOpOM YtJ:acTKe 1-2.
C Y'leTOM 3THX nonpaBOK ypaBHeHlIe BepHy.lI.rm )l.IIH nOTOKa peaJIh-
HOll /KII)lKOCTlI nplIHHMaeT BH)l
2 2
VI Pj V 2 P2 .
a 1 -+-+Zl =a 2 -+-+z2+hn'
2g pg 2g pg
(27-29)
nonpaBOtJ:HhIH K03<pqJHUH€HT a onpe)leJlHIOT OnhlTHbiM nYTeM. ILJIH
JJaMHHapHoro pe/KHMa Te'leHHH /KH)lKOCTII B Kpyr.lIoH Tpy6e a = 2,
a )l.IIH Typ6y.lIeHTHoro pe)!{J1Ma a = 1,04-;-1,13.
B rH)lpaBJlHKe pa3J1H'lalOT )lBa BH)la nOTepb: /lUHet'lHble Ilomepu h II
l10mepu Ha MecmHble conpOmUB/leHUR h[J.' nO.IIHaH nOTepH Hanopa paBHa
hn=h+hl' .
31/1 H e H H hI e nOT e I' II H a n 0 I' a. .nHHeHHhie nOTepII Ha-
nopa npe)lCTaB.IIHIOT C060H nOTepH Ha npeo)lo.lIeI-IHe BHYTpeHHero Tpe-
HHH l\le)!<)ly pa3.1I1I'lHbIMH CJlOHMH /KlI)lKOCTII, )lBlI/KYIlJ.IIMlICH OTHOCII-
TeJlhHO )lpyr )lpyra. f103TOMY BeJlH'lHHa BHYTpeHHero TpeHlIH CYllJ.eCT-
B€HHO 3aBIIClIT OT pacnpe)l€JIeHlfH CKopOCTelf B nOTOKe, a c.lIe)lOBaTe.lIhHO,
H OT pe/KHMa Te'leHHH /KH)lKOCTII.
HaH)leM CHa'la.lIa nOTepIO Hanopa h nplI CTaUIIOHapHOM T€'leHHII
JIaMlIHapHoro nOTOKa no Kpyr.IIOH Tpy6e. BhI)le.IIHM MhIC.lIeHHO B /KH)l-
KOCTH COOCHhlIf C Tpy60H IUl.IIHH)lP )lJlHHOH l H pa)llIYCOM y. C BH€lllHeH
CTOpOHhl Ha nOBepXHOCTh UHJTHHJJ.pa JJ.€HCTByeT KaCaTeJThHOe HanpH/Ke-
HHe BH3Koro TpeHl1H, KOTopoe no <popMYJle (25-6) paBHo
dv
't=fl-.
dy
CJI€)lOBaT€.lIhHO, H3 B(,IO nOBepxHocTb UH.IIHHJJ.pa F = 2:rr.yl n:eii:CTByeT
CHJla
dv
P = 2:rr.ylfl- .
dy
(27-30)
f10CKOJIhKY Te'leHlIe CTaUIIOHapIW, TO 3Ta CH.lIa ypaBHOBeLUl:IBaeTCH pa3-
HOCThIO ClI.1I JJ.aB.lIeHIIH Pi:rr.y2 H P2:rLy2 Ha Topuax UII.IIIIHJJ.pa. TaKlIM 06-
pa30M
2:rr.ylfl  + (PI - P2) :rr.y2 = O.
dy
OTI<y JJ.a
dv= _ PI - P2 ydy.
2:J[
280
)J.IIH TOro 'lT06hI 06eCne'llITh paBeHcTBo v = 0 npII y = r, rJJ.e r - pa-
JJ.HYC Tpy6hl, nOCJI€JJ.Hce ypaBHeHH€ CJleJJ.Y€T npOlUlTerpHpOBaTh no
dv OT 0 JJ.0 v, a no dy OT r JJ.0 y
y
v (y) = Pl - P.L S ydy = PI - P2 _ (r 2 _y2).
211.[ 4:1.1
r
(27-31)
I1TaK, npH .lIaMHHapHoM Te'leHIIH BH3KOH /KHJJ.KOCTlI no Kpyr.IIOMY
Tpy60npOBOJJ.Y pacnpeJJ.eJIeHlIe CKopocTeii: B nOTOKe [KaK 3TO c.lIeJJ.yeT
1I3 cpOpMYJIhI (27-31)] HMeeT napa60-
JlIItJ:ecKlIH xapaKTep (plIC. 27-11).
I1HTerplIpY5J cpOpMy.IIY (27-31)
no nonepetJ:HoMY cetJ:eHlIIO nOTOKa,
no.lIytJ:lIM cpOpMy.IIY nya3eH.IIH JJ.JIH
onpeJJ.e.lIeHlIH ceKYHJJ.Horo pacxoJJ.a Q
/KIIJJ.KOCTH
lj,'1ol<
,
\
2
t
Q.= ; . PI  P2 r 4 . (27-32)
I1cno.lIh3YH paBeHCTBa (27-32) 1I
(27 -7), MO/KHO onpeJJ.e.IIHTh Cp€JJ.HIOIO
CKOpOCTh v cp nOTOKa, C KOTOpOH
06bI'lHO nplIxoJJ.lITCH HMeTb JJ.eJlo BO
Bcex rH)lpaB.lIlI'leCKlIX paC1.JeTax. 06hl'lHO
II cpeJJ.HIOIO CKOpOCTh 0603Ha1.JaIOT tJ:epe3
PliC. 27-11. Pacrrpe}J.eJleHlIe CKO-
pocTell B KpyrJloll Tpy6e:
l-npH Jl8MHH8pHOM TeqellHH; 2-npH
Typ6YJleHTHOM TeqeHHH
IIHJJ.eKC «cp» oT6paChIBaIOT
v
v =  Q = . Pl - P2 r2.
1tr 2 8 11.1
C nOMOllJ.hIO noc.lIeJJ.HeH cpOpMy.lIhI HaHJJ.eM nepena.n: .n:aBJleHIIH Pi - P2
II onp€)J,eJllIM Be.IIH'llIHY JlIIHeHHOH nOTeI'" h:
h,= PI-P2 - v.
pg pgr 2
(27-33)
113 no.lIytJ:eHHOH cpOpMy.lIhl BII.n:HO, 'lTO nplI .lIaMIIHapHOM YCTaHOBlIB-
llleMCH TetJ:eHHH BeJIlI'lIIHa h nponop4UOHa.llbHa CKOpOCTH nOTOKa.
EC.IIH BMeCTo pa.n:lIyca Tpy6bI r HcnO.lIh30BaTh ee JJ.lIaMeTp d = 2r II
tJ:lICJIO PeHHOJlhJJ.ca Re = PVd, TO cpOpMy.IIY (27-33) MO/KHO nplIBecTlI
l"
K Bll.n:y
64 1 v 2
h=-.-.-.
Re d 2g
281
(27-34)

YpaBHeHHe (27-34) MOfKeT 6bITb HcnOJIb30BaHO npH JIl06bIX pe)!{lIMaX
TelJ.emUl )KIIJJ.IWCTI1 11 33ilI1CblBalOT ero 13 BI1JJ.e rpOpJvlY/lbl J1.apcu-Bclk-
6axa
. I v 2
h, = A-.-,
d 2g
(27 -35)
[jJ,e A - K03<!xPHUHeHT TpeHRH, HBJ15llOlliHikH cpYHKUHeH lJ.HCJIa PeH-
HOJIbJJ.ca.
\
I\,
 , I
. 
 oI!IIffJJ uw .'W
"' 2
 " «3' 
(Ig?
I '1-   J 
111 "( «
I
.. A
\  p... 5,_
..
\ ii. h" _'i". .  ..
R' Y>t' . .
-- -
tg(WA)
D
49
(l,8
(l,7
0,5
q5
fJ,4
(1.3
(1,2 2 .6 2,8 J,D 2 Q M 1,/1  2 4,{I If;b' 1/,/1 J;1J.f2 4{1 5;5 5;8 0,0
19 Re
PliC. 27-12. fpaqJHK HliKyp a tI. 3e
npH JIaMHHapHoM TelJ.eHHH, T. e. npll napa60JII1lJ.eCKOM pacnpeJJ.eJIe-
HUll CKopOCTeH, BeJIlIlJ.lIHa A onpeJJ.eJI5IeTCH cpOpMY,IIOH nya3eH,II5I
A=.
Re
PacnpeJJ.e,lIeHlIe CKopoCTeH 13 nOTOKe C pa3BI1TOH ryp6Y,lIeHTHOCTblO
He HMeeT napa60,III1lJ.eCKOrO xapaKTepa (CM. pHC. 27-11), n03ToMY
K03<!xPHUHeHT TpeHI1H A =f=  H era 3aBHCHMocrb 01' lJ.HC,lIa PCHHOJJbJJ.ca
onpeJJ.e,IIHlOTCH CTeneHblO mepoxOBaTOCTI1 Tpy6.
9Ty 3aBI1CHMOCTb 13 1932 r. 3KcnepHMeHTaJJbHO I1CC,lIeJJ.OBaJI HHKY-
paJJ.3e Ha Tpy6ax C HCKyccTBeHHoH paBHoMepHoH mepoxoBaTOcTblO.
Pe3Y,lIbTaTbl ero I1CC,lIeJJ,oBaHHH npeJJ.CTaB,lIeHbI Ha pilC. 27-12, rJJ.e no
OCH opJJ.I1HaT OTJIo*eH 19 (lOOA) , a no OCH a6cUHcc - 19 Re. Ha PH-
cYHKe npeJJ.cTaB,lIeHbl llJeCTb KpHBblX, nO,IIYlJ.eHHbIX JJ.,IIH Tpy6 C pa3JJHQ-
HOM OTHOCHTeJIbHOH luepoxoBaTOCTblO, KOTopaH xapaKTepl13yeTcH
282
6 u u k
e3pa3MepHon BeJIJ1lIHIl0I1 8 = -,
r
TOCTH, a r - pa)J,uyc TPy6bl.
B IIlDKeCJJeJJ,YlOlu,eH Ta6JIHUe
KPUBO!"!
rJJ.e k - cpemIHH pa3Mep mepOXOBa-
npUBejJ,eHbl 3HalJ.eHIIH E JJ.,II5I Ka*JJ.OH
:\'9 KpUHOn
N2 KpJ-moH
1
2
3
0,066
0,0328
0,0166
4
5
6
0,00793
0.00397
0.00197
AHaJIH3HpYH KpuBble HIIKypaJJ.3e, MmI<HO npniiTH K BbIBOJJ.Y, lJ.TO
rpacpHK pacna)J,aeTCH Ha nHTb 30H.
flep6aJi SOfta (Re< 2300,lJ.eMY COOTBeTCTBYeT 19 Re < 3,36) -
06;7QCmb /laMUI-tapfiocO mel.JefiUfl. Kpl1Bble JJ.JJH Tpy6 pa3HOH mepoxo-
u U I u 64
BaTOCTH 13 3TOH 30He COBnaJJ.alOT C npHMOI1 ,Ha KOTOpOH '" = Re .
BmOpaflSOfia (2300 <Re< 4000) - 06/laCmb nepexooa U3/laMUfiap-
HOeO peOlCUMa 6 myp6Y/lefimfiblU.
Tpembfl SOfia (4000< Re< 80 'I.) - TaK Ha3bIBaeMaH 06J/£lCmb
«C!/laOKUX» mpy6, B KOTOpOH A 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO 01' lJ.HCJJa PeHHo.lIbJJ.ca Re
11 He 3aBHCIIT OT mepOXOBaTOCTH. 3TO npOHCXOJJ.HT nOTOMY, lJ.TO npu JJ.BI1-
*eHI1H *1IJJ.KOCTI1 C lJ.HC.IIOM PeHHOJIbJJ.ca 13 npeJJ.eJJax TpeTbeH 30HbI,
mepOXOBaTOCTb Tpy6bI OKa3bIBaeTCH norpy*eHHOH 13 JJaMI1HapHbIH no-
rpaHHlJ.HbIH CJJOH H n03TOMY, KaK U B nepBOH 30He, He OKa3bIBaeT B.III151-
HHH Ha BeJIHlJ.IIHY K03<!xPIIUHeHTa TpeHU5I A. KaK 31'0 BHJJ.HO 113 rpa-
cpl1Ka HHKypaJJ.3e, pa3.IIHlJ.HbIe Kpl1BbIe Ha HeKOTopOM yQaCTKe (13 npe-
JJ.eJIax TpeTbeH 30HbI) yKJJaJJ.bIBalOTCH Ha OJJ.HY np5lMYlO (np5lMa51 II).
lfem6Cpma5l SOfia (80 1/.< Re < 1000 'Ie) - 06/laCmb mepoxo-
6amblX mpy6, 13 HeH A 3aBHCI1T KaK 01' 8, TaK H OT Re.
[J flmafl SOfia (Re> 1000 'I.) - K6aOpamUI.JHafl 06/laCmb, 13 KOTOpOH A
y*e npaKTHlIeCKH He 3aI311CHT 01' QHc.lIa PeHHOJIbJJ.ca U HBJJ5IeTCH cpYHK-
UHeH TO.lIbKO OTHOCI1Te.lIbHOH mepOXOBaTOCTH 8.
e nOMolliblO rpacpl1Ka HI1I{ypaJJ.3e JIerKO no.lIYQI1Tb 3HalJ.eHI151 K03cp-
cpHUHeHTOB rpeHHH A JJ..II5I Tpy6 pa3JIHlJ.HOH mepoxoBarOCTI1. B nepBoH
30He, KaK y*e OTMelJ.aJIOCb, BeJII1QHHa K03<!xPI1IlI1eHTa TpeHI1H onpeJJ.eJI5I-
eTCH cpOPMYJIOH nya3eHJI5I A =  . )JJJ5I paclJ.eTa A 13 JJ.PYfl1x 30Hax
YJJ.06HO no.lIb30BaTbC5I CJIeJJ.YlOUJ,HMH cpopMy.lIaMH:
BO BTOpOH 30He (no HCCJIeJJ.OBaHH5IM H. B. <PpeHKe.II5I)
A= 2,7 (27-36)
Re O ,53
B TpeTbeH, lJ.eTBepToll 11 nHTOH 30Hax
 = -21g [ + (  ) O'9 ] .
-VA . 7,4 Re
283
(27-37)

LlJI5I 06.lIaCTIi «rJIa.n.KIIX» Tpy6 B paBeHcTBe (27-37) nepBbIM c.lIarae-
MbIM B KBa.n.paTHbIX cK06Kax MO)KHO npeHe6peqb, a .n..II5I KBa.n.paTHqHOH
30HbI MO)KHO npeHe6pe% BTOpbIM CJIaraeMbIM.
M e C T H bI e nOT e p H H an 0 p a. MeCTHbIMH conpOTHBJIeHU5IMIi
Ha3bIBalOT pa3.m1qHbIe npenmCTBII5I B Tpy60npOBo.n.ax - BeHTH.IIII, KO-
JIeHa, KpaHbI, .n.mPCPY30PbI II T. n.
opli npOTeKaHlI1i )K1I.n.KOCTIi qepe3 MeCTHbIe COnpOTIIBJIeHl1H B03HII-
KalOT 06JIaCTli BlixpeBoro Heynop5l.n.OqeHHOrO .n.BII)KeHIIH. Ha pliC. 27-13
!:iTIi 06JIaCTli npe.n.CTaBJI5IlOTC5I OT.n.e.lIeHHhIMIi OT OCHOBHOro nOTOKa no
0/
r;
FJ
0)
I
---

c
f
f
PlIC. i/1-13. MeCTHhle conpOTHBJJeHHH:
Q-pIlCWHpeHHe TpyObl; 6-KOJle!JO
BepXHOCT5IMIi pa3.n.eJIa a6c H def. DOTepli Hanopa Ha MecTHbIe conpOTIIB-
JIeHl:IH 06yc.IIOBJIeHbI 60JIbLUl:IMH 3aTpaTaMH 9HeprHlI Ha BHYTpeHHee
TpeHlIe B no.n.06HhIX 06JIaCTHx. LlJI5I caMhIX pa3Ho06pa3Hblx MeCTHhIX
conpOTHBJIeHHH 3aBliCliMOCTb 9TlIX nOTepb OT CKOpOCTIi MO)KHO CqlITaTb
KBa.n.paTlI'-J.HOH II 3anHcaTb B BH.n.e
&2
hv. =  2g ,
(27-38)
r.n.e v - Cpe.n.HH5I CKOpOCTb nOTOKa nOC/le MeCTHoro conpoTHB.lIeHH5I;
 - K03cpcpHulIeHT MecTHoro conpOTHB.lIeHIIH.
opH BHe3amrOM paCLUlIpeHHII nOTOKa OT CeqeHIIH F i K F 2 K09cp-
cplII-llIeHT  MO)KHO paCCqlITbIBaTb II npH 9TOM OH OKa3bIBaeTC5I paBHbIM
( F2 ) 2
= p;-1 .
B .n.Hcp<PY30pe- KOHlIqecKOM paCLUlIpeHHII Tpy6bI OT CeqeHIIH F i K F 2-
K03cp<pHUlIeHT MeCTHOrO conpOTHB.lIeHH5I BbIQHCJI5IeTCR no cpopMYJIe
=k( ;: -lr,
284
r.n.e k - 3KcneplIMeHTa.nbHhIH K03cp<PHUHeHT. Ero 3aBliCliMOCTb OT yr.lIa
pacTBopa KOHyca* 26 npIIBe.n.eHa B C.lIe.n.YlOIlI.eH Ta6.nHue:
YroJl 2 eo I K03(rHQHm 'I YI'OJI 2 0° K03H"HeHT
" I k
i,
5 0,13 70 1,13
15 0,26 90 1,07
30 0,71 120 1,05
50 1,03 160 1,02
Ll.IIH 3aKpyr JIeHIIH Tpy60npOBo.n.a C yr .nOM nOBOpOTa qJ0 K03qxlmulIeHT
 MO)KHO onpe.n.e.IIIITb no cpopMy.lIe BeHc6axa
=[0,131 +0,163 (-7 r' 5 ] ;;0 '
r.n.e d - .n.HaMeTp Tpy6bI;
r - pa.n.IIYc cKpyr JIeHIIH.
Pa3.IIIIqHble 3anopHhIe YCTpoHcTBa II TpOHHHKII TaK)Ke npe.n.CTaB.IIHlOT
MeCTHhIe conpoTIIB.neHII5I. BeJIlIqHHbI K09cpCPlIUHeHToB MeCTHoro con po-
THB.lIeHII5I .n..IIH HIiX MO)KHO HaHTH B rH.n.paBJIlIqeCKIiX CnpaBOqHIIKax.
flI.n.paBJIUqeCKHH paCqeT npocToro BO.n.
n p 0 B 0 .n. a. opOCTbIM BQ.n.onpOBo.n.OM Ha3bIBalOT Tpy60npOBO.n., He
HMelOIUIiH TOqeK pa3BeTBJIeHHH Ha BceM ero npOTH)KeIIHII OT TOqKH 3a-
60pa A .n.o TOqKH nOTpe6.lIeHlI5I B (pHC. 27-14). opH pacqeTe Bo.n.onpo-
Bo.n.a B03HlIKalOT TPH OCHOBHble 3a.n.aqlI:
1) onpe.n.eJIeHlIe nepena.n.a (noTeplI) Hanopa, He06xo.n.IIMoro .n..II5I
nponycKa 3a.n.aHHoro pacxo.n.a )K1I.n.KOCTH;
2) onpe.n.e.neHl:Ie pacxo.n.a )K1I.n.KOCTH npH 3a.n.aHHOM nepena.n.e Ha-
nopa;
3) onpe.n.e.neHHe He06xo.n.IIMoro CeqeHlI5I Tpy60np oBo .n. a .
PaccMoTpliM Tpy60npoBo.n. (pHC. 27-14), COCTOHIlI.HH 1I3 n yqaCTKOB
Tpy6 C Ko3<!JcpHUHeHTaMIi TpeHIIH AI, 11,2, ..., An, .n.JIHHaMH It, 1 2 , ..., In
H .n.HaMeTpaMH d h d 2 , ..., d w DYCTb, KpOMe TOro, B Tpy60npOBO.n.e pac-
nO.IIO)KeHO m MecTHbIX COnpOTHB.neHHH C }W3cp<PlIIllIeHTaMl:I t, 2' ...,
m'
ECJIh no paccMaTpHBaeMoMY Tpy60npoBo.n.y no.n.HHMalOT BO.n.y Ha
BHCary Z, TO npH CTaUHOHapHOM TeqeHl:IlI nalIHa51 TIOTepH Hanopa B
COOTBeTCTBl:IH C cpopMYJIaMIi (27-29), (27-35) II (27-38) 6y.n.eT
tJ.H ,= PA - PB
pg
n l. v? m
z+Ai+
 d. 2g 
i=I' K=l
v 2
K -'5- .
2g
(27-39)
<PopMYJIa (27-39) cnpaBe.n.JIHBa npli YCJIOBIIII, lffO pe3epByaphI .n.o-
CTaTOqHO 60JIbLUlie (no cpaBHeHlIlO C Tpy6aMH) H n09ToMY MO)KHO CqII-
* e - yro.'1 Me)Kl\Y OCblO H o6pa3YIOell KOHyca.
285

TaTb )KIIJl.KOCTb B HIiX nOK05JIIJ.eHC5J H npeHe6pelJb HalJaJlbHbIM II KOHeq.
HbiM )!.HlIaMlIlJCCKIIMH HanOpaMH. ECJIH B cpopMYJIe (27-39) z< 0, TO
31'0 03Ha ' JaeT, lITO TOllKa nOTpe6.nemUI lIaX0Jl.HTC5J HII)Ke TOqKII 3a60pa.
Bblpa3HB C nOMOIIJ.blO ypaBHeHIIH Hepa3pbIBHOCTli v i F 1 = v 2 F 2 =
vnF n BCe CKOpOCTIi Vi Qepe3 OjJ,HY, HanplIl\lep Vi, nOJIYlJl1M
PA-Pn =Z+ Vi f l . (  ) 2-+-
pg 2g .-I d i F.
.i=I '
-+- I K ( :: r] .
f1.H =
-- - -8 -=-
SIl
z
=5r:'::
Sf
df,A.f.l,
Puc. 27-14. CxeMa npocToro BO.!tonpOBOtI.a
Ec.nl:l Bblpa)KeI-IlIe B KBaJl.paTHblx cK06KaX 0603HalJIITb lJe p e3 ?' TO
':,CHCT,
tJ.H = PA -PB
pg
2
-1- VI
Z I CIICT - .
2g
(27 -40)
TaK KaK Q = v I F!, TO (POPMYJIY (27-40) MO)KHO nepem-ICaTb B BHLle
P A -- P B Q2
l'1H=--=Z-I- --
pg . CIlCT '2gFj: .
(27 -4 I)
Peml1B CPOPMYJIY (27-41) OTHOCHTeJIbHO Q, HaHJl.eM
F
Q=  V 2 g(tJ.li-z) .
';CCIJCT
(27 -42)
<DOPMYJIbi (27-41) l:l (27-42) pem310T nepBYIo l:l BTOPYfO 113 nOCTaBJIeH-
HbIX BbIllie 3aJl.a l I.
286
PerneHHe TpeTbeH 3aJl.a ' IlI CBOJl.I:ITCH K onpeJl.eJIeHHIO Jl.HaMeTpa TPY-
60npOBOJl.a IIPII 3a}J,aJUIOM paCXOJl.C )!{HLlIWCTH. Oo)!.aqy 3aJl.aHHOrO KO.Tm-
lJeCTBa )KHJl.KOCTI1 MOlliHO oCYUJ,eCTBI:ITb 'Iepe3 Tpy60npOBOJl.bI pa3JI1:l4HbIX
Jl.l-IaMeTpOB. 4eM MeHbllil1M 6YJl.eT Jl.lIaMeTp Tpy60npOBOJl.a, TeM MeHbme
nOTpe6ye-rCH MeTa.n.na na ero H3roTOBJIeHHe 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO CHI13HTCH
CTOI1MOCTb. OJl.HaKO npli 3aJl.aHHOM paCXOJl.e )K11J1.KOCTII C YMeHbmeHlIeM
Jl.l1aMeTpa Tpy60npOBo)!.a YBeJIlIqHBaeTC5J H CKOpOCTb ee TeqeHHH, a
CJIeJJ.OBaTeJIbHO, YBeJIl1ql1BalOTCH 11 nOTepli Hanopa, TaK KaK no cpopMy.ne
(27-40) nOTepl:l Hanopa nponOpIJ.I:IOHaJIbHbI KBaJl.paTY CKOpOCTl:l TeqeHIIH
)KI:IJl.KOCTI1.
113 CKa3annoro CJIeJIyeT, '11'0 JI..n5J npOKaql:lBaHII5J )KIIJl.KOCTIi no
60.nee Jl.emeBOMY Tpy60npOBOJl.Y (MeHblliero Jl.lIaMeTpa) nOTpe6YIOTC5J 60-
.nee Jl.opome HaCOCbI, pa3BI:IBalOIII.lIe 60.nee BbICOKoe Jl.aBJIeHl:le II nOTpe6.nH-
1OIII.l:le 60JIbme 3HeprHl:l. TaKI:IM 06pa30M, BIIJl.HO, '11'0 3KOHOMI15J Ha CTOII-
MOCTII Tpy60npOBOJl.a OJl.HOBpeMeHHo nplIBOJl.l:IT K YJJ.0p0)KaHIiIO CTOII-
MOCTI! H3cocnoH YCTaHoBKII II nOBblUleHlI1O 3KCnJIyaTaIJ.IIOHHbIX pacxo-
Jl.OB. 003TOMY 3aJl.aqa 0 BbI60pe JJ.HaMeTpa Tpy6onpoBOJl.a Tpe6yeT Jl.ml
CBoero pemenIl5J He TOJIbKO TeXHlIIleCKHX, HO 11 3KoHOMHqeCKliX pacqe-
TOB.
OqeBI1J1.HO, CYIIJ.eCTByeT KaKOH-TO Jl.lIaMeTp Tpy60npOBOJl.a, npH KOTO-
pOl\! CYl\!Ma 3aTpaT cpeJl.CTB Ha nepeKaqHBaHlie )K1-IJl.KOCTII, aMOpTH3aIJ.HIO
Tpy60npOBOJl.a I-I ero peMOHT 6YJl.YT MI-IHI:IMaJIbHbIMH. 91'01' Jl.lIal\!eTp
I-I 6YJl.eT OIITIIMaJIbHbIM Jl.l:laMeTpOM Tpy60npoBOJl.a.
Pa3JIJIIIHble HCCJIeJl.OBaHHH nOKa3aJIlI, '11'0 onTHMaJIbHbIH Jl.HaMeTp
Tpy60npOBOJl.a cooTBeTcTByeT onpeJl.eJIeHHOi1 CKOpOCTIi TelJeHIIH )KIIJl.KO-
CTH, nopHJl.Ka v= 1 MiceK. I1cnoJIb3YH CPOPMYJIY (27-7) H BbIpa3lIB B HeH
n.nOIIJ.aJl.b F lJepe3 jJ,HaMeTp d, MO}KHO HaIll-IcaTb
'/td 2
Q=vF=v-,
. 4
OTKY Jl.a
f-
l . 4Q
d== l --,
'/tV
(27-43)
rJl.e d - BHYTpeHHl1fI Jl.l1aMeTp Tpy60npOBOJl.a, M;
Q - pacxo)!. )KI1J1.I<OCTII, J.t!ceK;
V - CKOpOCTb )K11J1.KOCTI1, MiceK.
3aJl.aBaHCb HeCKOJIbKHMl:l 3HaqeHHHMH CKOpOCTl:l V, onpeJl.eJIHIOT
no cpopMy.ne (27-43) paCqeTHOe 3HalJeHlIe cooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ.I1X Jl.l:laMeTpOB
Tpy60npoBOJl.a. 113yqaH H cpaBHIIBaH Bce 3KOHOMlIlJeCKlie nOKa3aTeJIli
nOJIYQeHHbIX BapHaHToB Tpy60npoBOJl.OB pa3HbIx Jl.lIaMeTpOB, npl1HII-
MalOT TOT 113 HI:IX, npli KOTOpOM no.nyqalOTCH MIIHIIMaJIbHbIe 3aTpaTbJ
cpeJl.crn Ha CTpOI1TeJIbCTBO Tpy60npOBOJl.a H HaCOCHbIX CTaHIJ.IIH, a TaK-
)Ke MHHIIMaJIbHbIH pacxoJl. 3HepmH Ha nepeKaql1BaHlie lliHJl.KOCTI1.
287

 7. rHApaBnH...ecKH YA8P
ruiJpa6/lWiCCKUM yiJapoM Ha3bIBalOT KOMnJJeKC 51 BJJeHlIi-i , npoHcxo-
.n.mlIIX B )KH.n.KOCTII nplI pe3KoM 1I3MeHeHlIlI CKOpOCTII ee Te'leHIIH. npH
nOM B )K1I.n.KOCTII B03HHKaeT 3aTyxalOllJ.:Ii-i Ko.lIe6aTeJIbHbli-i npouecc
qepe.n.OBaHlI5I pe3Koro nOBbIllleHIIH II nOHH)KeHIIH .n.aBJIeHII5I.
Ope.n.CTaBIIM ce6e, qTO no Tpy60npOBO.n.y TeqeT nOTOK CO CKOpOCTblO V.
EC.1I1I pe3KO nperpa.n.IITb nYTb 3aCJIOHKOH, KpaHOM 1I.1I1I JI106bIM 3a-
nopHbIM nplIcnoc06JIeHlIeM, TO )K1I.n.KOCTb He cpa3Y OCTaHOBHTC5I no
BceMY Tpy60npOBO.n.Y. CHaqa.lIa OCTaHOB5ITC5I nepe.n.HlIe C.IIOII )KH.n.KOCTII,
Haxo.n.51llJ.lIeC5I Henocpe.n.CTBeHHO y caMOH 3aC.IIOHKII. CJIe.n.YlOIlJ.lIe C.IIOII,
He HMe51 B03MO)KHOCTII npo.n.OJI)KaTb .n.BII)KeHl:Ie, 6Y.n.YT .n.aBHTb Ha nepe.n.-
Hl:Ie CJIOII, C)Kl:IMaTb HX II TO)Ke OCTaHaBJIl:IBaTbC5I. B CJI05lX, C.lIe.n.YlOIlJ.l:IX
.n.pyr 3a .n.pyroM, 06pa3yeTc5I 06.lIaCTb nOBblIlleHHoro .n.aB.lIeHH5I, KOTO-
pa51 B BH.n.e y.n.apHOH BO.IIHbI OTpa3lITC5I OT 3a.n.BII)KKII CO CKOpOCTblO C
B HanpaBJIeHl:IlI, 06paTHOM .n.BII)KeHl:IlO )K1I.n.KOCTII.
Y.n.apHaH Bo.IIHa, .n.OCTHrHYB Haqa.lIbHoro CeqeHIIH Tpy6bI, MO)KeT (B
onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX YC.IIOBH5IX) HaqaTb 06paTHoe .n.BH)KeHlIe K 3a.n.BII)KKe
C TOH )Ke CKOpOCTblO, HO Y)Ke C nOHII)KeHHbIM .n.aBJIeHI-IeM. ILOCTlIfHYB
ce 1 IeHlIH 3a.n.BII)KKII, y.n.apHaH BOJIHa C MeHbililIM .n.aBJIeHlIeM On5lTb Bep-
HeTC5I K HaqaJIbHOMY CeqeHlIlO Tpy60npOBo.n.a. TaKHM 06pa30M, npH
flI.n.paB.lIl:IqeCKOM y.n.ape B )KH.n.KOCTH B03HHKaeT qepe.n.YlOIlJ.I1HCH npouecc
pe3Koro nOBblIlleHlI5I H nOHH)KeH1:I5I .n.aBJIeHlUI, KOTOpbIH 6.lIaro.n.ap51
B5I3KOCTI1 )K1I.n.KOCTH 6bICTpO 3aTyxaeT.
BeJIlIql:IHY CKa'lKa .n.aBJIeHII5I I1p npl:I nOJIHOH OCTaHOBKe )KH.n.KOCTH
B MeCTe B03HlIKHOBeHl:IH flI.n.paBJIHqecKoro y.n.apa onpe.n.e.IIHlOT no cpop-
MYJIe, BblBe.n.eHHOH PYCCKl:IM yqeHbIM H. E. )KYKOBCKHM:
I1p = pvc, (27-44)
r.n.e p - nJJOTHOCTb )K1I.n.KOCTII;
v - CKOpOCTb )K1I.n.KOCTII .n.o YCTaHoBKII;
C - CKOpOCTb pacnpocTpaHeHH5I y.n.apHOH BO.IIHbI, KOTOpa51 06blqHO
6JIlI3Ka K CKOpOCTH pacnpocTpaHeHlI5I 3BYKa B .n.aHHoH )KH.n.-
KOCTII.
B npe.n.bI.n.YIlJ.IIX naparpacpax nplI paccMOTpeHlIl:I )KH.n.KOCTH C'lHTa.IIII,
qTO OHa HeC.llil:IMaeMa. O.n.HaKO cnoc06HOCTb )KH.n.KOCTII C)KHM3TbC5I (XOTH
6bI OqeHb He3HaqIITe.lIbHO) YMeHbiliaeT B HeCKO.lIbKO pa3 CHJIY flI.n.paB-
JIHlleCKOro y.n.apa. KpOMe Toro, HeKOTOpa51 .n.ecpopMaUH5I Tpy6bI nplI
flI.n.paB.IIHlleCKOM y.n.ape TaK)Ke CHH)KaeT ero CII.IIY. Ho HeCMOTpH Ha 3TO,
CKaqOK .n.aBJIeHIIH nplI flI.n.paB.IIII'lecKOM y.n.ape .n.OCTHraeT 3Ha'leHUH
.n.eCHTKOB II .n.a)Ke COTeH aTMoccpep.
003TOMY .n..IIH npe.n.OTBpallJ.eHIIH H.1I1I .n..II5I oc.lIa6.lIeHIIH flI1I.paBJII1lle-
CKOro y.n.apa YCTaHaBJIIIBalOT 3anopHble YCTpoi-icTBa TaKora Tuna, KOTO-
pble He cpa3Y, a nOCTeneHHO nperpa)K.n.alOT nYTb .n.BII)KYIlJ.eMYC5I no-
TOKY. I1Hor.n.a YCTaHaB.IIIIBalOT nepe.n. 3a.n.BH)KKaMII B03.n.YLUHble KOJI-
naKH H.1I1I npY)KIIHHble KOMneHcaTopbI, BocnplIHIIMalOIlJ.lIe Ha ce651 no-
BbIllieHI-IOe .n.aB.lIeHHe II JIOKaJIH3YlOIlJ.lIe pacnpOCTpaHeHlIe m.n.paBJIH-
'leCKOrO y.n.apa.
288
fi 8. JoicTe...eHHe )l(HAKOCTH lIepe3 OTBepCTHS'I H H8C8AKH
i1 C Tell e H H e )K H .n. K 0 C T II H 3 0 T B e p C T II H. Pac-
CMOTplIM l:ICTeqeHHe H.n.ea.lIbHOH )KH)lKOCTII 'lepe3 OTBepCTHe B 1I.He co-
cy.n. a (pIIC. 27-15, a). Ey.n.eM CqlITaTb, qTO BC5I )KH)l.KOCTb B cocy.n.e npe.n.:
CTaB.IIHeT c060ii e.n.HHYlO TPy6KY TOKa, HaqHHalOIlJ.YlOc5I Ha cB060.n.HOH
nOBepXHOCTI-I )K1I.n.KOCTH H 3aKaHIlIIBalOIlJ.YlOc5I B BbIxo.n.nOM OTBepCTHH
n.IIOIlJ.a.n.blO fOe npHMeM, IlTO cocy.n. OTKpbIT II IICTelleHHe npOIIC X0 1I.IIT B
8TMoccpepv. Tor.n.a )laBJIeHlIe Ha CB060.n.HOH nOBepXHOCTH }KH1I.KOCTII H
,uaBJIeHlIe- B cpe1I.e, Ky.n.a BbITeKaeT )KH.n.KOCTb, paBHbI aTMoccpepHOMY
oj
f
H

1
H
f
PHC. 27-15. I1cTef.JeHl-Ie llil-ItI.IWCTII f.Jepe3 oTBepCTI-IH
.n.aBJIeHlIlO Po. COCTaBIIM ypaBHeHHe EepHy.IIJIH .n..IIH 1I.BYX CeqeHHH Tpy6-
KII ToKa (cB060.n.HOH nOBepXHOCTH 1-1 II BbIxo.n.Horo OTBepCTlI5I 2-2) II,
npeHe6peraH CKOpOCTblO )K1I.n.KOCTH Ha CB060.n.HOH nOBepXHOCTII, nOJIyqlIM
v 2
H+=+,
pg pg 2g
me H - reoMeTpwlecKIIH Hanop B ueHTpe oTBepCTII5I;
V o - CKOpOCTb TelJeHHH )KH.n.KOCTH B BbIXO.n.HOM oTBepcTIIH.
113 :O>Toro vpaBneHIIH BbITeKaeT 3HaMeHIITa51 cpopMy.lIa TOppWleJI.IIII,
Ha3BaHHaH lIl\1eHeM HTaJIb5lHCKOrO cpH3lIKa (1608-1647), onpe.n.eJI5IlO-
IlJ.a51 CKOpOCTb HCTeQeHlI5I )KH.n.KOCTl:I,
V o = V 2gH .
Pacxo.n. BbITeKafOIlJ.eH )KH.n.KOCTII onpe.n.eJIIITC5I CJJe.n.YlOIlJ.HM 06pa30M:
Qo=vofo=fo V 2gH .
(27-45)
EC.IIH npoHcxo.n.IIT HCTelleHHe )K1I.n.KOCTII llepe3 OTBepCTHe B 60KOBOH
CTeHKe cocy.n.a (pIIC. 27-15, 6), KOTopoe CTOJIb MaJIO, IlTO .n.aBJIeHHe no
ero celleHIIIO MO)KHO CIlHTaTb nOCT05lHHbIM, TO npOBe.n.eHHoe BblLUe pac-
CY)K.lJ.eHI1e OCTaeTC5I cnpaBe.n..IIIIBbiM II .n.JI5I :OHoro cJIYlla5l.
289

)JJJH paCIIeTa CKOpOCTli II pacxoJl,a peaJJbHOH )KIIJI.KOCTII Heo6xoJJ.HMO
YIIeCTb JI.Ba CJJeJI.YIOIIUiX q13KTopa: 1) EblXOJI.Hoe OTBepcTIIe HBJ!HeTCH
MeCTHblM conpOTIIBJleImeM JI.J!H BbITeKaIOw.eH CTPYI-I; 2) )KI-IBOe CeIIeIII1e
f BblTeKalOllI.eH CTpyl-l HeCKOJ!bKO MeHbIlle nJ!ow.aJI.I-I to OTBepCTIHl B
CTeHKe, nOToMY IITO qaCTlHLbJ )KI1JI.KOCTII npH BXOJI.e B OTBepCTHe He MorYT
pe3KO 113MeHI1Tb HanpaBJ!eIII1e CBoero JI.BH)KemUl.
BJ!I1HHl1e nepBoro cpaKTopa YlIl1TblBaeTCH K03<pqJi1u.IIeHTOl\1 CKOpOCTII
1jJ<1
v = 'I)) V 2g H = 'I))V o . (27 -46)
ILJ!H BOJI.bl B CpeJI.H€M 1jJ = 0,97.
-- ------ - =-=- -- - - =
- - - - - - - - ---
----.-.------
12
I
0)
 }
, I
I
c:.' ....... 0 o.oo(JoO oo ...----__--1-_
. ;-===J-=
,,-;::__ -1=-__:::------+-
"" ---I-
) fll
1111r/l\
12
I
PHC. 27- I 6. OCHoBHble THnbI HaCa.llKOB;
a If 6-BHeIllHHH II BHYTpeHHHH ItHJIIHlllPHIJeCRHe
H8ca.n;KH; '! H z- CXO,ll;Hu..\.u:f:icH H paCXO,ll;H1ltHHCH
Haca.n.KH; iJ-H3Ca}lOK KpHBOJIHHCHHOro OtIepTaHHH.
IJMelOJl(Hii q,OPMY C:>K8TOM CTPYIJ
PHC. 27-17. HOTOK B UHJlHH.!t-
pH'JeCKOM Haca}J.Ke
BTOpOH <paKTOp yql1THBaeTCH K03<P<PIIu.IIeHTOM C)KaTIIH a, npl-llIeM
f = at o.
ILJIH BOJI.bl MOlliHO CIIIITaTb B cpeJl,HeM a = 0,67.
VI3 q)OPMYJI (27-46) U (27-47) c.lIeJI.YeT
Q = a1f 0 t 2gH = a1jJQo = Qo,
(27-47)
(27 -48)
r.n.e  =a 'IjJ - K03cpclJnlXHeH'J' p:cxo.u:a.
11 C Tell e H 11 e )K 1-1 .II. K 0 C T II II e p e 3 Hac a .II. K 11. Ha
npaKTIIKe qac-ro 6bIBaeT Heo6xoJl,I1MO YBeJ!J1lIl1Tb K03<P<PIIUl-leHT paCXOJI.a,
JI.06IITbCH ,coxpaH;HIIH q)OPMbl CTPYI-I (rHJI.POMOIIHTOP, 6paH.lI.cnOHT)
II . T. n. .-JJ.J!H 3TOlI u.eJ!II B TeXHI-IKe npIIMeHHIOT pa3.lIlJIlHble HaCaJI.I<II.
OCHOBHble TIInbl IIK CXeMaTl1lJeCKH npeJI.CTaBJ!eHbl Ha pIIC. 27-16. npH
TelJeHlIH )KIIIlKOCTH K KOHU.Y HaCaJI.Ka nOTOK nO.IIHOCTblO 3aHI1MaeT ero
CeIIeHl1e (pHC. 27-17, Ce 1 ieI-II1e 2-2) n II03TOMY K03<P<pHlUIeHT C)KaTHH
a = 1. KpoMe TOro, npH BXOJI.e B HacaJ.(OK 06pa3yeTcH 3aCTOHHaH 301m
(pHC. 27-17, CeqeHIIe 1-1): JI.HaMeTp cTPyi'um YMeHbUlaeTcH, H C03-
JI.aeTCH 06J1aCTh nOHII)KeHHOrO JI.aBJleHHH, nOJI.CaCblBalOw.aH )KH)(KOCTb
B HacaJI.OK, BCJ!e)J.CTBHe IIero BospacneT K03(lxjm!.lHeHT pacxoJI.a =.
290
OTMeTIIM, IITO HaJ!HlJHe 3aCToHHoH 30Hbl npHBO.lI.HT I{ JI.onOmuneJ!bHblM
nOTepHM Ha TpeIme B >KHJI.KOCTH, f103TOMY K03<ptPl1IweHT CKOpOCTlI 'IjJ HI!
B 1{3!U!X HacaJI.KaX He npeBblUlaeT 3HaIIeHHH 0,97 JI.JIH CJIYlJaH IICTeIIe-
HHH H3 oTBepcTHH B TOHKoIi CTeHKe.
K03cpcpHUHeHT pacxoJJ.3  = 1jJ JI.JlH npHBeJI.eHHblX Ha pIIC. 27-16
Tiinos Haca)lOK HMeeT cJleJI.YlouJ,IIe 3HaIIeI-IHH:
I Hn Im{ 31tK3
Tnn HaCa,LtR3
p.
!'
BHeLllHuii IUJJ1HHt\pUlJeCKU!I . \ 0,82 \ ' Pacxotl51LlJ.HHCH KOHHlJeCKHH
BUYTpeIfHIIi\ IIHJlHHt\pH1IeCKI!!I 0,71 C HaKJlOIIOM o6pa3YloIlIHX KOCH
CXO/:IflIItHHCH I\OHUlJeCKHH C I 1 50 . . , . . . .
HaKJJOHOM 06pa3YiOHX KOCH 5" 0,92 KOHIIJlaJlbHbIH (B 4J O pMe
CJK3TOll CTPYH) .
0,57
0,97
rJ1aBa XXVIII
HACOCbl
 1. OCt!OBHble nOHSITHSI
HacocaMll lIa3bIBalOT l\IaIllHHbl, npeJI.Ha3HalJeHHble JI.JIH nOJI."beMa H
nepeMeuJ,eHH51 )KIIJl,KOCTeH: BO.11.bl, He<pTH, 6eH311Ha, KepOCIIHa, MaceJ! II JI.p.
npH nepeKalJKe >KI1JI.KOCTell, oOJI3JI.aIOIIlIIX 60J!bIllOtl BH3KOCTbfO (Ha-
nplIMep, Ma3YT), IIX npeJI.BapHTeJlbHO nOJI.OrpeBalOT JI.J!H YMeHbIlleHHH
BH3KOCTl1.
HaH60J!ee pacnpOCTpaHeHHblMII TlinaMH HaCOCOB HBJlHIOTCH nopume-
Bble H WllmP06eJfCllbte. KpoMe 3THX JI.BYX TiinOB, npHMeHHlOT TaK)Ke
HaCOCbl cmpYUllbte, npone/l/lepllble, 6UNfrW6ble, weCfrlepeNt.tamble, Kpbl/lbt.ta-
mble II JI.p.
 2. ....eHTpo6eH<Hble H8COCbI
Ha pIIC. 28-1 npHBeJI.eHa cxeMa u.eHTp06e)KHoro Hacoca, pacno.lIo-
)KeHHOrO Ha paCCTOHHHII Z1 BblIIle ypOBHH }KHJI.KOCTII, KOTopaH HaXOJI.IITCH
B npHel\lHOM pe3epByape. /KI1JI.KOCTb H3 npHeMHoro pe3epByapa qepe3
cpl1J!hTp .5 H nplIeMHbIll KJ!anaH 4 no BcaCbIBalOw.eMY Tpy60npOBOJI.Y 3
nOJI.HHMaeTCH J{ u.eHTpaJ!bHoH lJaCTH 6bICTpOBpalll.3IOIIlerOCH pa6olJero
KO.lIeCa 1 C J!onaTKaMH. 3anOJIHHH npocTpaHcTBo Me)KJI.Y J!onaTKaMII,
>KIIJI.KOCTb Bpaw.aeTcH BMeCTe C KOJleCOM II noJI. JI.ellCTBIIeM ueHTpo6e)K-
HOll CII.lIbl OT6pacbIBaeTcH K nepII<pepHH Ko.lIeca, 3anoJIHHeT HenOJI.BH)K-
UYIO cnlIpa.lIbuyfO KaMepy 2 Kopnyca Hacoca, oTKYJI.a II nOCTynaeT no
HarHeTaTeJ!bHoMY Tpy6onpOBoJI.Y 6 Ha BblCOTY Z2'
no Mepe nepeMew.eHHH )KIIJI.KOCTII OT u.eHTpa pa60IIero Ko.lIeCa K ero
nepIIcpepHH B u.eHTpaJ!hHoH IIaCTH KOJ!eca C03JI.aeTCH pape)KeHIIe. TaK
KaK Ha nOBepxHoCTH iI<HJI.KOCTH B HHiKHeM pe3epByape JI.elIcTByeT aTMOC-
<pep Hoe JI.aBJ!eHHe Po, TO noJI. JI.eHCTBlleM pa3HOCTII aTMoccpepHoro JI.aBJle-
291

fUH! 11 f10HII>KeHHOrO ,lJ,8J'!JJeHIIH B UeHTp06e)!{HOM KOJIece llill.D.KOCTb
nO,lJ,HIIMaeTCH Ha BbICOTY Zh no BcaCbIBalOIll.eMY TPy60npOBO,lJ,Y B HaCOC
1I 3anO.IIHHeT ueHTpa.nbHYIO lIaCTb Ko.neca Hacoca, oT6paCbIBaeTCH K
nepll<fJepliH KOJleca II T. .D..
Kat< BII,lJ,HO 1I3 pliC. 28-1, npH pacno.nollieHIIIi Hacoca Bblwe ypOB-
MH nplleMHoro pe3epByapa, Kopnyc Hacoca, pa60llee KOJJeCO H lIaCTb
BcacbIBalOIll.ei1 TPy6bI MoryT OKa3aTbCH He 3anO.IIHeHHbIMIi nepeKaliliBae-
MOH llill,lJ,KOCTblO. Ec.nll B TaKOM nO.IIOllieHIIIi BK.lIlOlilITb Hacoc, TO 1I3-3a
He3HalilITeJJbHOH n.nOTHOCTIi
B03,lJ,yxa (no cpaBHeHlIlO C
n.IIOTHOCTblO llill,lJ,KOCTII) B03HII-
KalOUJ,ee pa3pellieHlIe oKallieTCH
He,lJ,OCTaTOllHbIM II lliH,lJ,KOCTb
He CMOllieT 3aeaCbIBaTbCH B
Tpy60npOBO,lJ, H Hacoc, a c.lIe-
JJ.OBaTeJIbHO, Hacoc He CMOllieT
nepeKaliliBaTb lliH,lJ,KOCTb. 003-
TOMY KJIanaH 4, YCTCJHoB.lIeHHbIH
B HHlliHeH 'laCTIi BcaCblBalOIll.e-
ro Tpy60npoBo,lJ,a, npll OCTa-
HOBKe Hacoca aBTOMaTl1l1eCKIi
3aKpbIBaeTcH H Ha Hero ,lJ,aBIiT
CTOJI6 llill,lJ,KOCTI1, HaXO,lJ,HIll.eH-
CH B Kopnyce Hacoca H TPy-
60npOBOlle. TaKHM 06pa30M,
nOC.lIe OCTaHOBKI1 Hacoca llil1,lJ,-
KOCTb 113 Kopnyca Hacoca II
PliC. 28-1. CxeMa neHTp06eJKHOrO Hacoca BcaCbIBalOIll.eH Tpy6bI He BbITe-
KaeT 06paTHO B nplleMHbIH pe-
3epByap. npl1 c.lIe,lJ,YlOIll.eM 3anYCKe Hacoca ero KO.lIeCO OKa3bIBaeTCH
3a.IIIITbIM llil1,lJ,KOCTblO, 111'0 II He06xo,lJ,IIMO ,lJ,.IIH nOJIYlleHIIH pa3pellie-
HIiH BO BcaCbIBalOIll.eM Tpy60npOBO,lJ,e. EC.1I11 Kopnyc Hacoca He 3anO.II-
HeH, TO nepeJJ. nYCKOM ero 3anoJIHHIOT llil1,lJ,KOCTblO lIepe3 cneUlIa.lIbHOe
OTBepC'TlIe, He nOKa3aHHoe Ha pl1c. 28-1.
B Tex c.nYllaHx KOr,lJ,a ueHTp06e:rKHbIH Hacoc YCTaHaBJII1BalOT Hlillie
npHeMHoro pe3epByapa, TO noc.lIe OTKpbITI1H 3aJJ.BlIlliKI1 Ha BcaCbIBalO-
IlleM Tpy60npOBO,lJ,e Hacoc 3a.m:IBaeTCH lliH.D.KOCTblO. TaKoH «3aTon.lIeH-
HbIH» Hacoc Bcer,lJ,a rOTOB K nycKY.
H a n 0 p Hac 0 C a. 4T06bI nepeKallaTb llil1,lJ,KOCTb 1I3 Hl1lliHerO
pe3epByapa (CM. pHC. 28-1), ,lJ,BHraTe.nb ,lJ,OJIllieH C006Ill.HTb Hacocy He-
06XO.D.HMYIO 3Heprll1O. Y,lJ,eJIbHafI 3Hepnm, KOTOpyIO nOJlYliaeT 01' llBH-
raTemI 1 Kc llill,lJ,KOCTlI, npoIlle,lJ,wlIH lIepe3 Hacoc, Ha3bIBaeTCH flanopOM
flacoca 1I 0603HaliaeTcH H.
Hanop Hacoca H paBeH CYMMe HanopOB, He06xo,lJ,HMbIX .D.JIH:
nO,lJ,"beMa llilIjJ,KOCTlI Ha reOJJ.e3WleCKYlO BbICOTY z, npeOJJ,OJIeHHH pa3HOCTH
.D.aB.neHHH B pe3epByapax PI - Po, npe01l.0JIenHH rlIlI.paB_1HlIecKHX CO-
npOTIIB.lleHi1H h conp BO BcaCbIBalOIll.eM H HarHeTaTeJIbHOM Tpy60npOBO,lJ,aX,
2
p,
Z2
I.
Z,
Po
292
C006Ill.eHIIH CKOpOCTIi lliHlU<OCTIi BO BcaCblBalOmeM H HarHeTaTeJlbHOM
Tpy60npOBO,lJ,ax.
OpeHe6praH nOTepeH Hanopa Ha C006Ill.eHHe CKOpOCTH lliHllI<OCTH,
6e3 6,?.nbLUOH norpeLUHOCTIi nOJIIIbIH Hanop Hacoca OnpelleJTIITCH <fJop-
MYJIOH
H=z+ Pl-PO +h (28-1)
pg conp'
X a p a K l' e p II C l' II K a Hac 0 C a. OCHOBHblMII napaMeTpaMII,
xapaKTepIl3YIOIll.I1MII pa60TY Hacoca, HBJIHlOTCH: npOH3BOllHTeJIbHOCTb
(no,lJ,alla) Q, Hanop H, MOIll.HOCTb N, K. n. D.. 11 H lIHC.nO 060POlOB B MH-
HYTY n Ko.lIeea Hacoca.
npOH3BOllIlTe.lIbHOCTb Haeoca, Hanop II nOTpe6JIHeMaH HaCOCOM MOIll.-
HOCTb H3MeHHTCH OpH 1I3MeHeHlIli CKOpOCTH BpaIll.eHIIH Ko.'1eca. TaK, Ha-
npHMep, eC.1I1I YBeJIHlIHTb (lHe.no 060pOTOB I<o.neea B MHHYTY 01' n 1 .D.O
rl2, TO nponopUHOHa.lIbHO B03paCTeT H npOH3BO,lJ,HTeJIbHOCTb Hacoca Q2
no cpaBHeHHlO C npOH3BO,lJ,HTe.nbHOCTblO QI
=
Ql nl
(28-2)
COOTBeTCTBYlOllJ,He Hanopbl lliH,lJ,KOCTIi H 2 H HI 6YllYT nponopup.o-
Ha.lIbHbI OTHomeHHlO KBa.D.paTOB lIHCeJJ 060pOTOB n II n
H 2 n
-=-
2
HI n,
(28-3)
OOCKOJIbKY MOIll.HOCTb N, nOTpe6JIf1eMaH HacocoM, nponopUIiOHaJIbHa
npOl-l3Be,lJ,eHHlO Q Ha H, TO MOIll.HoeTH N 2 H N h I1oTpe6JIHeMble HaCOCOM
npIl pa3HblX 1I1IC.lIaX 060pOTOB KOJIeCa B MlmYTY, 6YJJ,YT nponopUIiOHaJIb-
Hbl OTHoweHlIlO Ky60B lIIICeJI 060pOTOB B MHHYTY
N 2 n
-=- (28-4)
N 1 nf
Ha pIlC. 28-2 npIlBe,lJ,eHbI KpuBble 1I3MeHeHHH Hanopa H, MOIll.HOCTH
N H K. n. 11.. 11 B 3Bl1eUMOCTu OT nOllalill Haeoca Q npu nOCTOHHHOM lIUC-
Jle 060POTOB n. 3TU KpllBblC Ha3blBalOT xapaKmepUCmuKou flacoca.
PaCCMOTpeI-llle xapaKTepuCTuKIi ueHTp06elliHoro Hacoca nOKa3bIBaeT
111'0 Hanop H, pa3BlIBaeMblH HaCOCOM npl1 nocToHHHOH CKOpOCTI1 BpaU{e:
HI1H BaJIa 11 KO_1eca Hacoca, He OCTaeTCH nOCT05JHHbIM, a 1I3MeHHeTCH B
3aBHCHMOCTI1 OT nOD.allll Hacoca, T. e. B 3aBI1ClIMOCTH OT Ko.IIHlIeCTBa
lliU11.KOCTI1 Q, nepeKallHBaeMOH HaCOCOM 3a 1 ceK.
TaK, HanpuMep, ,lJ,.IIH Hacoca, xapaKTepl1CTIiKa KOToporo npIlBeD.(,Jla
Ba pl1c. 28-2, Hall60JIbLUliH Hanop H M8KC eooTBeTCTByeT pacxo,lJ,y lliHll-
KOeTI! Q = 30 fllceK. npl1 11.aJJbHeHmeM YBeJIl1l1eH1111 pacxo,lJ,a Q Hanop
H, pi:i3BlmaeMblH HaCOCOM, nOCTeneHHO YMeHbwaeTCH.
293

Ec.rm Ha HarHeTaTeJIbHOM Tpy60npOBOJ{e nO.IIHOCTblO 3 aKpblTb 3a-
J{BlUKKY, nOJ{a'!a )Kl:IJ{KOCTl:I u,eHTp06e)!{HbIM HaCOCOM nO.IIHOCTblO npeKpa-
IlI.aeTCfI, T. e. Q = O. Ilpl:I 3TOM, KaK nOKa3bIBalOT Kpl-lBbJe xapmnepl-l-
CTI-IKI-I, He3HalJIlTeJIbHO nOHI-I31-1TCfI 1-1 HanOp HaCOCa H.
BMeCTe C 1-13MeHeHl-leM nOJ{alJl-I HaCOca, T. e. C 1-13MeHeHl-leM ero npOl-l3-
BOJ{I-ITeJIbHOCTI-I 1-1 COOTBeTCTBYlOUJ,I-IM 1-13MeHeHl-leM Hanopa, 1-13MeHfleTCfI
MOIll.HOCTb N, nOTpe6JIfleMafl HaCOCOM, a TaK)Ke 1-1 K. n. J{., l{aK nOKa3a-
HO Ha xapaKTepl:ICTI-IKe
pl-lc. 28-2.
MI-IHI-IMa.lIbHafl MOIll.-
HOCTb, nOTpe6.lIfleMafl Ha-
COCOM npl-l nO.IIHOCTblO
3aKpblTOH 3aJ{BI-I)KKe Ha
HarHeTaTeJIbHOM Tpy60-
npOBOJ{e, COOTBeTCTBYeT
TaK Ha3bIBaeMOMY XOJIOC-
TOMY XOJ{Y Hacoca, T. e.
pa60Te HaCOca npl-l
Q = O. Ilpl-l Q=O K. n. J{.
'11 = 0, TaK KaK no.lIe3HOH
pa60Tbl no nepeMeIll.eHl-110
ml-lll.KOCTI-I Hacoc He CO-
BepmaeT, a 3aTpalJl-IBae-
Mafl MOIIJ.HOCTb XOJIOCTOrO xOJ{a u,e.IIHlWM paCXOJ{yeTcfI .III-Imb Ha
npeOJ{OJIeHl-le MeXaHl-IlJeCKI-IX nOTepb 01' Bcex BI-IJ{OB TpeHl:IfI B Hacoce
(TpeHHe B nOJ{IlIl-InHI-IKaX 1-1 yn.IIOTHeHl-lflX BaJIa, Tpelll1e ml-lJ{KOCTH,
3anOJIHfllOIlI.eH Kopnyc Hacoca 0 .1I0naTKI-I Ko.IICCa, 1:I T. n.).
113 paCCMOTpeHl-lfI xapaKTepl-lCTI-IKI-I Hacoca (CM. pl-lc. 28-2) BI-IJ{HO,
'11'0 Hal-l60JIee BblCOKI-IH K. n. J{. nopflJ{Ka 79-80% J{OCTl-lraeTCfI J{.lIfI J{aH-
HOro Hacoca npl:I BnOJIHe onpeJ{eJIeHHOM pacxoJ{e ml:I)].KOCTI-I Q =
= 60--=- 70 fllccK, a J{aJIbHeHWee YMeHbWeHl:Ie I-IJII-I YBeJIl:IlJefll1e pacxoJ{a
npl-lBOjJ,l:IT K nOHI-I)KeHl-110 K. n. J{. Hacoca.
Eho nOKa3bIBaeT, '11'0, no.lIb3YflCb xapaKTepl-lCTl:IKOH Hacoca, MomHO
YCTaHoBI-ITb (1-1.111-1 BbJ6paTb) Te pe)KI-IMbl, npl:I KOTOpblX Hacoc pa60TaeT
npl-l Hal-l60JlhmIlX 3HalJeHl-lflX K. n. J{., T. e. HaIl60.lIee 3KOHOMIllJHO IlC-
nOJlb30BaTh 3HepmlO, nOTpe6.lIfleMYlO HaCOCOM. Ilo pacxoJ{Y )KIlJ{KOCTH
Il 3HalleHHflM K. n. J{. MO)KHO TaK)Ke CYJ{I-ITh 0 u,eJIeco06pa3HOCTI-II-ICnOJIh-
30BaHHfI Hacoca B 3aJ{aHHb1X YCJIOBlIflX. .
I1Mefl B BIIJ{Y 3aBliCliMOCTli (28-2), (28-3) II (28-4) II 3Hafl xapaK-
TepliCTI-IKY Hacoca npl-l KaKOM-TO onpeJ{eJIeHHOM lJlICJIe 060pOTOB nt,
BcerJ{a MO)KHO nocTpoliTh xapaKTeplICTl:IKY ero npli J{pyroM lJl:Ic.lIe 060-
pOTOB n2'
N,/(Dm
40
H,N
40
30 1],% 30
B. 20
20 50 10
10 400
20
o 0
o 10 2U Jf} 4(} 50 50 70 80 90 lflO
a, II/CCI(
XapaKTepHcTHKa I1eHrpo6eJKHOrO
Hacoea
Puc. 28-2.
 3. nOpwHeBble HaCOCbl
OCHOBHblMIi lJaCTflMIi nopwHeBoro Hacoca (pIiC. 28-3) flB.lIfllOTCfI:
l{UflUflOp C nopumeM U/IU n/lYflJICepOM, Kflanaflflafl Kopo6Ka, 6CaCb18alO- 1 1
u{ue U flamemame/lbflblC Kflanaflbl U mpy6onpo800bl.
I
!
I
I
294
Pa60lJlIH opraH Hacoca - nopweHh 2, coeJ{I-IHeHHblll rnTOlWM 3 C
Kpl-lBOWl-lnHhlM MexaHlI3MOM, cOBepmaeT BHYTpl-l U,I-IJII-IHJ{pa 1 B03BpaTHo-
nOCTynaTeJIhHOe J{Bl:ImeHlIe. Ll.lIfI Toro lJT06bl Me)KJ{y nopwHeM II U,1I-
JIIIHJ{pOM He npOIICXOJ{l:IJIa YTelJKa )K1-IJ{KOCTIl, Ha 60KOBOll nOBepXHOCTIi
nopWHfI YCTaHaB.IIIIBalOT MeTaJI.lIlIlJeCKlie 1I.1I1I pe31:IHOBbJe ynJIOTHIlTeJIb-
ble Ko.lIbu,a, n.IIOTHO nplIJIeralOIlI.l-le K BHYTpeHHeI'i CTeHKe U,I-IJIl:IHJ{pa.
J aCC':OflHl-le S 'u Ha KOTopoe neper,eIll.aeTCfI nopmeHb BHYTpl:I u'I-IJIHHJJ,pa 01'
OJ{HOIi MepTBOIi TOlJKI-I J{O J{PyrOI-l, Ha3bIBalOT OflUflOU xooa nOplllfl-7. LlBa
xOJ{a nopIlIHH (BcaCbIBalOIlJ,l-Ill II
HarHeTaTeJIbHblll), COBepIlIaeMble j,
npl:I OJ{HOM o60pOTe Ba.lIa KpIIBO- "
ummlOro MeXaHI-I3Ma, Ha3bIBalOT '
OOf/UM O(jOtlf/bl.M XOOOM nOplllf/fl.  II
B KJIanaHHOH Kop06Ke pa3- =r=
MeUJ,eHbl KJIanaHbl - BCaChIBaIO-
IlI.l-Ill 6 II HarHeTaTeJIbHblll 8.
IlpocTpaHcTBo Mem,lJ,y nopwHcM II
KJIanaHaMI-I Ha3bIBalOT pa6o'let1
KaMepot1 f/QCoca. BcacbIBalOuJ,a5I
Tpy6a 5 lIepe3 BCaCbIBaIoIll.l-Ill KJIa-
naH 6 coeJ{IIHflCT pa60lJYlO KaMepy
C npl-leMHblM (HlImHI-IM) pe3epBya-
pOM 4, a HarHeTaTeJIbHafl Tpy6a 9 PHe. 28-3. CxeMa I10pWHeBoro Hacoca
lIepe3 HarHeTaTeJIbHblM KJIanaH 8-
C HarHeTaTeJIbHblM (BepXHI-IM) pe-
3epByapoM, 1I3 KOToporo mlIJ{KOCTb nocTynaeT K MeCTV nOTpe6JIeHI-IfI
I-!acoc, y KToporo noprneHb BbITaJIKHBaeT ml-lJ{Kocrh TOJIbKO 0J{Hoi1
CBoeli TOpU,OBOI-I lJaCTblO, Ha3bIBalOT f/aCOCOM npocmoco oeUCmr-J1lH. ECJI!!
U,1-I.IIIIHJ{P Hacoca I-IMeeT J{Be pa60lJl-le KaMepbl, pacnOJIO)KeHHble no 06elIM
cTopoHaM nopwHfI, 1-1 noprneHb nOOlJepeJ{Ho BbITaJIKI-IBaeT ml-ljJ,J{OCTb 1-13
HIIX, TO TaKOll Hacoc Ha3bIBafOT f/aCOCOM 060tlf/OcO oet'icm81l5l.
PaCCMOTpIlM npl:IHUl-ln pa60Tbl nopWHeBoro Hacoca npoe-fOro J{ellCT-
BIlfl (CM. pliC. 28-3). LlonycTIIM, '11'0 nopweHb Hacoca nepeJl,BHraeTCfI
BnpaBo, cOBepmafl XOJ{ BcaCbIBaHlf5I. IlpH 3TOM 06"beM pa60'JeI'i r{aMepbI
YBeJIl-IlJlIBaeTCfI, a J{aBJIeHl-le B HeM YMeHbUJaeTCfI H CTaHOBIfTCH HII)Ke
aTMoccpepHoro, T. e. B KaMepe C03J{aeTcfl pa3pe)KeHlIe. CBo60J{Hafl no-
BepxHocTh ml-lJ{KoCTH B Hl-lmHeM pe3epByape (6acceHHe, 1-13 KOToporo Ha-
COC 3a6!fpaeT )K1IJ{KOCTb) HaXOJ{l:ITCfI nOJ{ aTMoccpepHblM J{aBJIeHlleM Po.
I !0J{ J{eIlCTBlieM pa3HocTli Me)!{J{y J{aBJIeHl-leM aTMoccpepbl H nOHl-lmeHHblM
J{aBJIeHlIeM PEC B pa60lJeM KaMepe UHJII-IHJ{pa C03J{aeTC5I pa3perKeIlIlc
H mlIJ{KOCTb 1I3 pe3epByapa YCTpeM.1I5IeTCfI no BcaCbIBalOIlI.eI'i TPy6e B
Itl-lJIIIHJ{p l:I, OTKpbIB BcaCbIBalOIlJ,l-Ill KJIanaH, 3anOJIHfleT npocTpaHcTBo
pa60lJel-l KaMepbl Hacoca. KorJ{a nopmeHb 3allMeT KpallHee npaBoe
nOJIO)KeHHe, mHJ{KOCTb 3anOJIHlIT pa60lJYlO KaMepy II BcacblBalOUlIlM J{JI3-
naH 3aKpoeTC5I.
Ilpl-l 06paTHoM J{BH>KeHI-IIi nopmHfI cnpaBa HaJIeBO (HarHeTaTe.lIbHbIH
xo.n:) nopmeHb ,lJ,aBHT Ha )KllJ{KOCTb, 3anOJIHI-IBmylO nOJIOCTb U,I-IJII-IH,lJ,pa II
.J
j'
----
295

pa6c'lY!o KaMepy, H BbITaJIKHBaeT ee '1epe3 HarHeTaTeJIbHbIii IOIaoaH
Jj HameTaTeJIbHYIO Tpy6y.
B Hacocax BbICOKHX JI.aB.TIeHHH pOJIb OOPWHH BbJnO.mUIeT OJIYHlliep -
l!,.rH1IlHbIH Lllt.TIHHJI.pII'IeCl<HH CTaKaH I (pHC. 28-4).
Ha pIIC. 28-5 npe11.CTaB.TICHa cxeMa sepTIIKa.TIbHOrO nOpllJHeBOrO
lIaCOCa JI.BoHHoro JJ.eHCTl:HlH. rIo 06eIIM CTopuHaM LlIIJIIIHJI.pa 1aKoro Ha-
coca HaXO}lJITCH flEe caMOcTOHTe.TJbHbIe pa604IIe KaMepbl C COOTBeTCTBYIO-
IlI.B;I1 BCaChIBaIO!IJ.I1M!1 2 Ii 5 Ii lWrHeTaTeJlhHbIMlt 3 H 4 KJlanaHaMI1. OpB
JI.BH.iKemm: OOPWHH I cEepxy £JHH3 B BepxHeH KaMepe npoHCXoJI.IIT Bca-
(I
5
2
1
PliC. 28-4. Cxc.ta nJJYlJ}l{epHoro aaco-
ca npoc1oro nencTBHH
PliC. 28-5. CXeMa BepTHKaJJbHOrO
nopwHeBoro OtI.HOUHJlI1H.!1pOBOrO Ha-
coca .llBOHHOro nellcTBliH
CbIBaHI1e )KI1JI.KOCTH 4cpe3 KJIanaH 5. OJI.H013pCMeHHo BTopaH C'ropoHa
OOpLlIHH BbITeCHfleT )KI1lI.KOCTb 113 HIIlliHeH l{aMephl 4epe3 K.lIaOaH 3. KorlI.a
nopweHb JI.BHllieTCH CHI13Y SBepx, 13 HWKHeH KaMepe npOIICXO.lI.IIT Bca-
ChlBaHl1e, a B BepxHcH - HameTaHI1e.
MHorOUI1J1HHjJ,poBbIe HaCOCbI npe.lI.CTaB.THlIOT C060H COe.lI.IIHCIII1C 13
OJI.HOM aYperaTe HeCKo.nbKI1X HaCOCOB oJI.I1HapHOro II.nI1 JI.BOHHOro JI.eHCT-
131151. 01111 npHBO}lHTCSl 13 JI.BI1llieHIIe 0'1' OJI.HOro 06Il1.cro Ba.Tla II OJI.HOrO
.lI.BIIraTe.nH. Ha pIle. 28-6 npHBeJI.eHa cxeMa JI.BYXUI1.TII1HJI.pOBOro IUIYH-
)KepHOrO Haeoca. O.nYHlliepbI I 11 2 CBH3aHhl Me}J{JI.Y C060H THr0l1 3.
B 0 3 .II. Y LU H bI e K 0 .11 0 a I\ 11. OopmeHh Hacoca JI.BII)KeTCH R03-
BpaTIIo-oocrynaTeJlhHo. rI03TOMY ero CKopoeTh He paBHOMepHa, a
I13MCHHeTC}1 OT HYJIH B MCp'lBbJX nOJIO)KCHIIHX .11.0 MaKCIIMYMa B epe.lI.Hl1X.
BeaeblBaIlHe 11 HarHeTaHl1e .ii<IIJI.IWCTH, oc06eHHO B OJI.HOUI1JII1HJI.POBhIX
Hacocax npocToro lleHCTBJ1}i. npOI1CXOJI.I1T TaK)Ke HepaBHOMepHO. B
nepI1oJI., KorJI.a nopweHh YCIW!JHeT CBoe JI.BI1)KeHl1e, MO)KeT npOII30HTH
OTphIB lliI1JI.KOCTI1 OT nopWHH 130 BcaChIBaIOIlI.eM Tpy60npOBOJI.e, a 3TO
COnpOBO)K.lI.aeTCH c.neJI.YIOw.I1MI1 BpellHbIMII HB.neHI1HMH.
Bo-oepshlx, I\orJJ.a nopweHh 3aMeJI..III1T lI.Bll}l{eHHe I1.Tm H3MeHIIT Ha-
npaB.lIeHIIe CBoero llBI1)KeHI1H Ha 06paTHoe, llil1}J,KOCTb, npoJJ.OJIlliaH no
IIHepUIIH oOJI.HI1MaThCH, CTo.JIKHeTCH C 110pwHeM, B pe3y.nhTaTe '1ero
296
OpOH30HJI.eT rIllI,paBJIl1'1eCKl1ii Y.lI.ap, KOTOpbIii C03JI.aeT 60.lIhLUYIO nepe-
rpY3KY MexaHII3MOB Hacoca H MO)KeT opHBecTH ero K nO.IIOMKe.
BO-BTOPbIX, npI1 OTphlBe )KH)J,KOCTI1 OT OOpllIHH Hacoc MO)KeT 00-
TepHTh cnoc06HoCTh BcacwBaHIIH, 3anOJlHeHI1e ero UIIJlI1Hpa npeKpa-
THTCH II nO.lI.aqa )KI1JJ.KOCTI1 OpI10CTaHOBI1TcH.
.LJ.JIH BhIpaBHIIBaHI1H oy.lIhCalJ,I1H CKOpOCTH II JI.aB.lIeHIIH )KIIJI.KOCTII,
a TaK)Ke .lI.JIH no.lIyqeHHH 60.lIee n.lIaBHOrO II paBHoMepHoro ee Te4eHIIH BO
BcaChIBaIOIlI.eM I1 HameTaTeJIhHOM Tpy60npOBOJI.aX HaCOCbI cH(6)KaIOT
OC06bIMII YCTpOMCTBaMII, TaK Ha3hIBaeMbIMI1 603aYUl1lblMU KO/lnaKaMU.
lt r :J
*i-+
PHC. 28-6. CxeMa rop1l30HTaJJbHOrO nJJymKepHoro
Hacoca C .!tBYMH nJJYHJKepaMli
I
I
\
Ha pIIC. 28-7 npe.lI.CTaB.neHa cxeMa o.IIYH)KepHOrO Hacoca 0POCTO-
ro .lI.eHCTBI1H, cH(6)KeHHOrO B03JI.YWHhIMII KO.lInaKaMl:I Ha BcaCbIBalOllJ,eM
11 HarHeTaTe.lIhHOM TPy60npOBoJI.ax. BepxHHH qaCTh BHYTpeHHeH no-
JIOCTI1 B03.lI.YLUHhIX I\O.IIOaKOB 3anO.IIHeHa B031I.YXOM, a Hl:I)KHHH - oepe-
KaqHBaeMOH llil:IJI.KOCThlO.
KorJI.a nJIYH)Kep 2 lI.BII)KeTCH C MaKCIIMaJIbHOH CKOpOCThIO II OOJI.aqa
lliHJI.KOCTII npeBhIIllaeT Cpe.lI.HIOIO 00.lI.aqy, I136hITOK )KI1.lI.KOCTII noc1)'oaeT
B HarHeTaTeJIhHbIii Ko.nnaK 3. YpoBeHh )KI1JI.KOCTII B KO.lInaKe OpII 3TOM
nOBhIlliaeTCH II )Kl:IJI.IWCTb ClliI1MaeT B03.lI.YX, HaXO.lI.Hw.IIiicH H3.lI. Heii.
Kor.lI.a llie OO.lI.aqa )KIIJI.KOCTI1 YMeHhLUaeTcH (npII OOHIIllieHI1II CKOpOCTI1
nJIYH)Kepa) I1.IIII npeKpaw.aeTcH COBceM (opl1 BcaCbIBalOIlI.eM xOlI.e), )KH)J,-
KOCTh noJI. .lI.aB.lIeHI1eM paCllII1pHIOllJ,erOCH B KO.IIOaKe B03JI.yxa OpOJI.o.lI-
}j{aeT ooc1)'oaTh B HarHeTaTeJIhHWii Tpy60npoBOJI..
TaKI1M 06pa30M, 0011. .lI.eHCTBIIeM Ko.lIe6JIIOIlI.erOCH B He60.TIhLUI1X
npeJI.eJIax JI.aBJIeHIIH B KO.lInaKe )KIIJI.KOCTh B HarHeTaTeJIhHOM Tpy60npo-
BOJI.e JI.BI1)KeTCH 60.lIee paBHoMcpHO, OOqTI1 C nocToHHHOH CpeJI.HeH CKO-
pOCThlO. TOqHO TaK llie Bc.neJI.CTBI1e KOJIeOaHI1H JI.aBJIeHI1H B03.lI.yxa B
12 3aK. 56
297

HlDKHeM B03)1.YIUl-IOM KOJInaKe 1 BhlpaBHIIBaIOTcH KOJIe6aHliH CKOpOCTR
)l.Bl:DKeHIIH )K1I)l.KOCTH npli BcaChIBaHHH, 'leM 06eCne'lHBaeTCH 60JIee paB-
HOMepHoe H n"laI3HOe ee Te'leHlIe no BCaChIBaIollLeMY TpaKTY.
n p 0 H 3 B C )I. H T e JI h HOC T h Hac 0 C a. Jl pOU38oiJUT/le/lb.
IlOCmb1O, IIJIll nOJ1,a'leM nopUlHeBoro Ilaeoca, Ha3hIBalOT KO/lUlfeCmBO 3ICU-
f{()Cmll, noiJaBaeMoe HacoeOM 3a oiJUH iJBOUHOU xoo nOpWHH. B eiJuHU!{Y
BpeMCHli.
Cpe)l.H101O npOH3BO)l.lITeJIhHOCTh (nO)l.a'lY) Hacoca 0603Ha'laIOT 6YK-
BOH Q 11 BhIpa}l{alOT B 06'beMHhIX e)l.lIHlIuax, OTHeceHHhIX K ceKYH)l.e HJIH
'lacy (/l/eeK; M 2 /eeK; M 3 /'-I.). u
npOH3BO)l.lITeJIhHOCTh noplUHeBoro Hacoca npOCToro )l.eHCTBHH onpe-
)l.eJIHIOT no cpopMy.lIe
Fnll
Q= a - M 3 /eeK,
60
(28-5)
f}1,e F - nJIOllLa)l.h Ce'leHHH noplUHH, M 2 ;
1 - XO)l. noplUHH, M;
n - 'lI-lCJIO )l.BOHHhIX XO)l.OB nopIllHH IIJIH 'lHC.IIO 060pOTOB Ba"1a B
l'vIl1HYTY, 06/ MUH;
i - 'lHCJIO UII.IIHH)l.POB;
a - K03qxpliulIeHT nO)l.a'lH.
K03cpqmulIeHT nO)l.a'lH Y'lHThIBaeT YTe'lKY )K1I)l.KOCTH 1I3 Hacoca 'lepe3
KJIanaHhI H )l.Pyme HenJIOTHOCTlI, a TaK)Ke npliToK B03)1.yxa B KaMepy c
nepeKa'lHBael'vIOH )KH)l.KOCThlO, CHH)KalOllLeH ee HanOJIHeHlIe. 06hI'lHO
a = 0,85-0,95. MCHhlUHe 3Ha'leHlIH a npHHIIMalOTCH )1."151 6hICTpOXO)l..
HhIX HaCOCOB.
B Hacocax )l.BOHHOro )l.eMCTBHH pa60'lHM 06'beM TOM nO.IIOCTH UH-
JIHH)l.pa, B KOTOpOH HaXO)l.HTCH llITOK (BepXHHH KaMepa Ha pHC. 28-5),
YMeHhllIaeTcH Ha BeJIlI'lliHY 06'beMa, 3aHHMaeMoro lUTOKOM. npOII3BO,ilH-
TeJIhHOCTh TaKoro Hacoca onpe)l.eJIHIOT no cpopMYJIe
Q (2F- f) lni 3 /
=a MeeK,
60
r)l.e f - nJIOllLa)l.b Ce'leHIIH llITOKa. [OCTa.lIhHhIe 0603Ha t leHlIH BeJIlI'lHH
TaKHe )Ke, KaK B cpopMYJIe (28-5).]
EC.1I1I cpaBHHBaTh )l.Ba Hacoca, IIMeIOllLlIe O)l.HHaKOBhle n.IIOlQa)l.1I ce-
'leHHH noplUHeH II O)l.HHaKOBhIe XO)l.hI noplUHeH, TO HX ceKYH)l.HaH nO)l.a-
'la )K1I)l.KOCTH 6Y)l.eT 3aBHCeTh OT CKopOCTeH )l.BII)KeHHH HX nopllIHeiL "lleM
6hICTpee )l.BII)KeTCH nopllIeHh, TeM 60JIhUle )K1IJJ.KOCTH uBCaCbIBaeTCH B
lI,IIJIIIH)l.P Hacoca II nO)l.aeTCH H3 Hero B HarHeTaTeJIhHbIH pe3epByap 3a
e)l.HHHUY BpeMeHI1.
O)l.HaKO C YBeJIH'leHlIeM CKOpOCTIi nopUlIlH YMeHhUlaeTCH BpeMH 3a-
nO.IIHeHHH LJ,IIJIHH)l.pa )KH)l.KOCThlO H COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOHII)KaeTCH sna-
'leHHe Ko3!iJcpHUHeUTa nO)l.a'lH a. npOH3BO)l.IITe.lIhHOCTh Hacoca C YMeIIb-
UleHHeM K03cpcpHUIU:HTa nO)l.a'lH TaK}Ke YMeHhIllaeTCH. n03TOMY CKOpOCTb
BpallL eHIiH BaJla nopIllHeBbIX HaCOCOB OrpaHH'leHa H 06hI'lHO He npeBhI-
maeT 250-300 06/ MliH.
(28-6)
298
B hI COT a B C a C hI B a H H H. PaCCMOTpliM npouecc BcaChIBaHIiH
)KH)l.KOCTH nopUlHeBhIM HaCOCOM npOCToro )l.eMCTBHH 6e3 KO.lInaKa
(pIiC. 28-8). Ha CB0(0)l.HYIO nOBepxHocTh )KH.lI.KOCTH B HH)KHeM pe3ep-
Byape .lI.eHcTByeT aTMoccpepHoe )l.aB.lIeHlIe Po' ,IL.IIH Toro 'lTo6bI )KH)l.KOCTh
lI3 npHeMHoro pe3epByapa nO)l.HHJIaCh no BcachIBalOllLeH Tpy6e Ha
BbICOTY Zec H 3ano.lIHH.lIa pa60'lYIO KaMepy Hacoca, Heo6xo)l.HMO C03)1.aTh
B HeH pa3pe)KeHlIe. Pa3pe)KeHlIe B KaMepe C03,naeTCH nopUlHeM npH
ero )l.BH)KeHHH CJIeBa HanpaBo
(xo)l. BcacbIBaHHH).
BCJIe)l.CTBHe 06pa30BaBlueHcH
pa3HOCTH )l.aBJleHHM po-pec (r)l.e
ZQc
1
PHC. 28-7. CxeMa nJlYIIJKep-
HOro Hacoca npoCToro nell-
CTBHH, cHa6>KeHHOrO B03-
J\YIIIHbIMH KOJJnaKaMH
PHC. 28-8. CxeMa nopw-
HeBoro Hacoea:
M-ManoMeTp; B-eaKYYMMeTp
Pec - OCTaTO'lHOe a6COJIIOTHOe )l.aB.lIeHHe B pa60'leH KaMepe HacoCa)
C03)1.aeTCH Hanop P -;gpnc , Bhlpa)KeHHhIH B MeTpaX cToJI6a )KH)l.KOCTH.
"llacTb SToro Hanopa 3aTpa'lliBaeTCH Ha nO)l.'beM )KH)l.KOCTH BO BcaCbIBalO-
lQeM TpaKTe Ha BhlCOTy Z"c' OCTa.lIbHaH )Ke 'laCTh Hanopa paCXO)l.yeT-
CSJ H8 npe)l.OJIeHHe Bcex conpOTl:IBJIeHIIH, BCTpe'lalOllLlIXCH Ha nynI
BcaChIBaeMOIi )KH)l.KOCTIi.
HanlilUeM OCHOBHoe ypaBHeHHe npouecca BcaChlBaUHH B noplUHe-
BblX Hacocax H paCCMOTpliM HeH36e)KHhle nOTepH Hanopa npH Bca-
ChIB3HHH
Po-Pec -Z + v 2 + h + h .
pg - nc 2g conp ItJ! + hnH' (28- 7)
(II
r)l.e  - Hanop, paCXO)l.yeMhIH Ha C006lQeHlIe )KH)l.KOCTII, )l.BH)KYllLeii-
CH 3a noplUHeM, CKOpOCTH v, paBHOM CKOpOCTH )l.BH)KeHIIH
nopllIHH;
h conp - Hanop, TepHeMhIH Ha npeO)l.OJIeHlIe Bcex conpOTIIBJIeHHM
BO BcaChIBalOlQeM Tpy60npOBO)l.e (B CYMMY conpOTIIBJIeHIIM
299
12*

BXO)l.51T OT)l.eJIbHbIe MeCTHbIe COnpOTHBJIeHl15l H COnpOTHB-
JIeHlI51 TpeHlIlO);
hRJ! - HanOp, paCXO)l.yeMbIH Ha npeO)l.OJIeHlIe COnpOTHBJIeHlI5I OT-
KpbIBaH1I1O BCaCbIBalOIlI.erO KJIanaHa;
h llH - HanOp, paCXO)l.yeMbIH Ha npeO)l.OJIeHHe HHepLllI1I )l.BII2KYIll.e-
roc5I cToJI6a 2K1I)l.KOCTH )l.JIIIHOH lBe, paBHOH BbICOTe
BcaCbIBaHH5I ZBe'
I1HepLlIIOHHbIH Hanop h llH BbIpa2KaeTC5I CJIe)l.ylOIlI.eH cpOPMYJIOH. npH-
Be)l.eHHOH oe3 BbIBO)l.a*,
h = IBc j
I-IH g F BC '
(28-8)
r)l.e F - nJIOIll.a)l.b CelleHlI5I nopIlIHH;
F BC - celleHlIe BcaCbIBalOIlI.eH Tpy6bI;
j - YCKopeHHe nOpIlIH5I;
g - YCKopeHHe CHJIbI T5I2KecTH.
B HallaJIbHbIH MOMeHT )l.BH2KeHII5I nOpIlIH5I, KOr)l.a v = ° H h can = 0,
C03)1.aeTC5I HaHOOJIbIlIee pa3pe2KeHHe B LlHJIHH)l.pe. B 3TO BpeM5I BMII-
LIlIHa HHepLlHOHHoro Hanopa npHHHMaeT MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HalleHlIe
hMaKe = IBc  w2r ( 1 + .!- ) , (28-9)
liB g F Bc S
r)l.e r - pa)l.HYC KpIIBOIlIHna;
S - )l.JIIIHa IlIaTYHa;
(J) - yrJIOBa51 CKOpOCTb BpaIll.eHH5I BaJIa.
MaKCIIMaJIbHO )l.onYCKaeMa51 BbICOTa BcaCbIBaHH5I 2KH)l.KOCTII B Ha-
1I3JIbHbIH MOMeHT )l.BII2KeHIIH nOpIlIH5I onpe)l.eJIHeTC5I BbIpa2KeHHeM
Z = PO-PBC lBC w2r ( 1 + ) -hHJI' (28-10)
BC pg g F BC S
113 cpOPMYJIbI (28-10) BII)l.HO, liTO BbIcO'Ta BcaCbIBaHIIH 6bICTpO YMeHb-
IlIaeTCH C yBeJIHlIeHlIeM yrJIOBOH CKOpOCTH, a CJIe)l.OSaTeJIbHO, II C yBe-
JIlIlIeHlIeM lIHCJIa OOOpOTOB BaJIa Hacoca.
M 0 Ill. HOC T b H K. n. )I.. Hac 0 C a. DOJI€3H3H p300Ta L.
cOBepIlI3eM351 H3COCOM npH nO)l.alle V M 3 2KH)l.KOCTII Ha BbICOTY H, paBHa
L= VpgH = [ M3. Ki3' M'M ] = [Ii' M]= [8a1C]. (28-11)
M 3 . ceK 2
CJIe)l.OBaTeJIbHO, nOJIe3HaH MOIll.HOCTb HaCOC3 paBHa
N -QHpg- [ M 3 'M.[(2',\! ] = [  ] =[em], (28-12)
nOJI - - ceK. M 3 . ceK 2 ceK
r)l.e Q - c eKYH)l.HbIH pacxo)l. 2K1I)l.KOCTH, M 3 /CCK.
* E JJ H H B. 11. H np. HaCOCbI H KOMIIpeccopbI. M., [ocToIITeXII3.!1aT,
1960, CTP. 34.
300
O)l.HaKO nOJIe3HaH pa60Ta Hacoca conpOB02K)l.aeTCH )l.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIMII
nOTepHMH 3HeprIIlI, saTpallHB3el\IOH: 1) Ha npeO)l.OJIeHlIe rII)l.p3BJIlIlIe-
CI{Oro cOnpOTHBJIeHHH B C3MOM Hacoce, liTO YllHTbIBaeTCH rlI)l.paBJIlIlIe-
CI{lfM K. n. )I.. fJrll)J;p; 2) Ha YTeliKY lIaCTH 2K1I)l.KOCTH 1I3 pa601leH KaMephI,
liTO YlIHTbIBaeTCH OO"beMHbIM K. n. )I.. fJaG; 3) Ha npeO)l.OJIeHlIe TpeHIIH B
MexaHH3Max Hacoca, liTO YlIHTbIBaeTC5I MexaHlIlieCKHM K. n.)I.. fJMex.
DOJIHbIH K. n. )I.. H3COCa fJ paBeH npOH3Be)l.eHlIIO ynoMHHYTbIX
TpeX K. n. )I.., T. e.
fJ = fJrI-I)J;P fJo6 fJMeX"
06blllHO nOJIHbIH K. n. )I.. HaCOCa fJ = 0,6-;-.0,85. MeHbIlIHe 3HalleHlIH fJ
OTHOCHTCH I{ HacocaM MaJIOH MOIll.HOCTH (nplIMepHO )1.0 5 Kem), a 60JIb-
IlIHe - K HacocaM 60JIbIlIlIX MOIll.HOCTeH.
MOIll.HOCTb, nOTpe6JIHeMaH H3COCOM, paBHa
N _ N noJI _ QpgH
Hac -  - "J 1000 Kem.
(28-13'
J
/'{
 4. CpaBHeH"e pa60Tbi L\eHTpo6eH<HbIX " nopWHeBblX HaCOCOB
OCHOBHoe pa3JIlI1ilIe Me2K)l.Y nopIlIHeBbIM H LleHTpo6e2KHbIM H3COC3MH
S3IWlOliaeTCH B CJIe)l.YIOIlI.eM. TIplI H3MeHeHHlI Hanopa B H3rHeT3TeJIbHO!\1
TPy60npOBO)l.e KOJIHlIecTBO 2KH)l.KOCTII, nO)l.aBaeMOH nopIlIHeBbIM HaCO-
COM, He H3MeHHeTCH. COBceM HHalie npOIICXO)l.HT pa60Ta LleHTpOOe2KHbIX
HaCOCOB, Y KOTOpbIX KOJIHlIecTBO nO)l.aBaeMOii 2KH)l.KOCTlI !vI02KeT 6bITb
pa3JIHlIHHM npH 1I3MeHeHlIH Hanopa B HarHeT3TeJIbHOM Tpy6onpOBO)l.e
(CM. pHC. 28-2).
ECJIII YCTaHoBIITb 33)1.BH2KKY Ha HarHeTaTeJIbHOM TpyoonpOBO)l.e
LleHTp06e2KHOrO Hacoca II perYJIHpOBaTb elO KOJIlIlIeCTBO 2K1I)l.KOCTII,
nO)l.aBaeMOe HaCOCOM, TO, KaK BII)l.HO H3 pHC. 28-2, no Mepe 33KpbIBa-
HHH 3a)l.BII2KKII nO)l.alla 2KH)l.KOCTH 6Y)l.eT YMeHbIlIaTbcH H npH nOJIHOCTblO
3aKpbIToH 3a)l.BII2KKe npeKpaTIITcH COBceM. Hanop nplI 3TOM 0Y)l.eT
OCTaB3TbCH 6JIlI3KlIM K HalI60JIbIlIeMY Hanopy HaCOC3, 3 MOIll.HOCTb Ha-
coca YMeHbIlIIITCH C YMeHbIlIeHlIeM KOJIlIlIeCTBa 2K1I)l.KOCTH, nO)l.aB3eMoII
HaCOCOM.
ECJIII 2Ke 3a)l.BII2KKY YCTaHoBIITb Ha H3meTaTeJIbHOM Tpy6onpOBO)l.e
nopIlIHeBoro Hacoca H nonbITaTbCH perYJIHpOB3Tb KOJIHlIeCTBO H3meTae-
MOH 2K1I)l.KOCTH, TO, nOCKOJIbKY nO)l.alla nopIlIHeBoro Hacoca He 3aBlIClIT
OT )l.3BJIeHIIH B HarHeTaTeJIbHOM TpyoonpOBO)l.e, KOJIlIlIeCTBO 2KH)l.KOCTH,
nO)l.aBaeMOH HaCOCOM, OCT3HeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM, HecMOTpH Ha YMeHb-
meHlIe celleHIIH H3rHeTaTeJIbHOrO Tpy6onpOBO)l.a 3a)l.BII2KKOII. O)l.HaKO
no Mepe YMeHbIlIeHIIH npOXO)l.HOrO celleHIIH Tpy60npOBO)l.a CKOpOCTb
2KI1)1.KOCTII OY)l.eT B03paCTaTb II )l.aBJIeHHe nepe)l. 3a)l.BII2KKOH COOT-
BeTCTBeHl-IO IIOBbIIlI3TbCH. ECJIH 33.l1.BII2KKY 3aKpbITb nOJIHOCTblO, TO
)l.aBJIeHHe M02KeT CTaTb HeorpaHHlIeHHO 60JIbIlIHM. DpH 3TOM np01I30H-
)l.eT JIlI60 nOJIol\ma Hacoca IIJIII pa3pbIB Tpy60npOBO)l.a, JIH60 OCTaHOB-
I{3 )l.BHraTeJIH 113-33 neperpY3KH.
301

113 CKa3aHHOrO CJIe)l.yeT, '-11'0 ueHTp06eIKHbIe HaCOCbI MOrYT npM-
MeHHTbCH B YCJIOBHHX, IIPH KOTOpbIX KOJIWlecTBO nepeKa'lHBaeMOH IKH)I.-
KOCTH ll3MeHHeTCH B lllllpOKllX npe)l.eJIax. DOpllIHeBbIe HaCOCbI ueJIe-
C006pa3HO npHMeHSITb )l.JISI nepeKa'-lHBaHHH IKH)l.KOCTI1 nplI nOCTOSIHHOH
nO)l.a'-le 11 nO)l. BbICOKHM li.aBJIeHHeM.
lJ,eHTp06eIKHbIe HaCOCbI OTJIH'laIOTCSI 60JIbIlIeH npOCTOTOH KOHCTPYK-
UIIII, MeHbIlIIIMI1 BeCOM, ra6apHTaMlI 11 CTOHMOCTblO, '-IeM nOpIlIHeBbIe,
npl1 Tex IKe 3Ha'-leHllHX npOH3BO)l.lITeJIbHOCTlI II )l.aBJIeBIIH.
DO)l.3'-1a IKH)l.KOCTH ueBTp06eIKHbIMll HacocaMII npOIICXO)l.llT paB-
HOMepHo 6e3 nYJIbCaUHH )l.aBJIeHIISI.
' 5. PerynHpoBaHHe no.qa'lH Hacoca
CYIll.ecTBYeT HeCKOJIbKO cxeM perYJIHpOBaHIIH nOll:a'-l1I Hacoca.
Per Y JI II P 0 B a H II e )I. p 0 C C e JI H P 0 B a H HeM. DO)l.a'lY
ueHTp06eIKHbIx HaCOCOB perYJII-IpylOT BeHTIIJIeM, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM Ha
HanIeTaTeJIbHOM TPy60npOBO)l.e. BeHTHJIb n03BOJIHeT H3MeHHTb nponYCK-
Hoe Ce'leHlIe HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO Tpy60npOBOll:a. DpH 31'01'.1 COOTBeTCTBeHHO
YBeJIH'lHB3eTCSI HJIH YMeHbIlIaeTCSI KOJIII'leCTBO nO)l.aBaeMOH 2KlIlI:KOCTII Q.
B onHcaHlI1I pHC. 28-2 H B  2 )l.aHHoH rJIaBbI 6bIJIO YKa3aHo, '-11'0 M3Me-
HeHlIe Ce'leHHH Tpy60npOBOll:a H3MeHHeT pacxo)l. Q H COOTBeTCTBeHHO
perYJIlIpYeT Hanop H. TaKoe perYJIlIpOBaHlIe npoCTO II JIemo oCYIll.ecT-
BJIfleTCH II n03TOMY nOJIY'-IIIJIO IlIlIpoKoe npHMeHeHHe. O)l.HaKO TaKoe
pery JIHpOB3HHe HeCKOJIbKO CHII2KaeT K. n. )I.. Hacoca.
Per Y JI 11 P 0 B a H Hen e pen Y C K 0 M. Dpll TaKOM cno-
c06e perYJIUpOB3HlIH yCTaHaBJIIIBalOT nepenYCKBOH (06BOll:HOH) TPy60-
npOBOll: H3 HanIeTaTeJIbHorO BO BcaCbIBaJOIll.HH. Kor)l.a HY2KHO YMeHb-
IlIHTb nO)l.a'-ly, TO '-IaCTb 2KH)l.KOCTll H3 HarHeTaTeJIbHOrO Tpy60npOBO)l.a
no 06BOll:HOMY nepenYCKaeTCSI (OTBO)l.HTCfI) BO BcaCblBalOIll.HH TPy60npo-
BOll:. 3TOT cfIoc06 perYJIHpOBaHHSI TaK2Ke CHH2KaeT K. n. )I.. Hacoca.
 6. Hacocbl .qpyrHx T"nOB
KpOMe paccMoTpeBHbjX B  3 H 4 TIInOB HaCOCOB, cyu.{ecTBYIOT eme
II )l.pyrne THfibI HaCOCOB. PaCCl\IOTpHM HeKOTopbIe H3 HUX.
III e C T e pen qaT bI e II a C 0 C bI. Ha rHC. 28-9, a npe)1CTaB-
JIeHa cxeMa IlIeCTepeHqaToro H3coca. B Kopnyce 1 Hacoca paCnOJImKena
napa Henpepb!BHO BpaIll.alOIll.HxCfI IlIecTepen 2 H 8, HaXO}HIlIUfXCH B
3aUenJIeUlIH. Pa601a Hacoca OCHOBaHa Ha cJIell:YlOmeM. DpH BpaIll.ellHH
IlIeCTepeH Ka2K)l.b!H 3y6 O)l.HOH IlIecTepHH, BbIXO]J,H H3 3aUenJIellllH,
ocB0602K)l.aeT COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.HH 06"beM BO Bna]J,HHe )l.PyrOII IlIecTepHH.
00)1. )l.eikTBHeM aTMoc<pepnoro ]J,aBJIeHHfI B npHeMHOM pe3epByape 2KHJ1-
KOCTb 3aCaCbIB3eTCH B OCB060)l.HBIlIlIHCfI OO"beM. DpM ]J,aJIbHeHIlIeM Bpa-
Ill.eHI1II IlIeCTepeH (CM. CTpe'IKIf Ha pUc. 28-9, a) 2KH]J,KOCTb, HaXO)l.HlI{aSICH
MeJK]J,y 3y6bHMlI, BMecTe C HlIMII nepeMeII.{aeTCH ll3 06JIaCTll EcaCbIBaHllH 4
B 06JIaCTb HarHeTaHHfI .5.
302
B J\IOMeBT, KOr)l.3 sy6b5! IlIecTepeH CHOEa BXOJJ:flT B sauenJIeHUe, 2KII)I.-
!tOCT!'" 3anOJIHHBIlI3H Bn3J1.HHb! Me2K!I.Y SYGbHMII 06enx IlIccTepeH, Bb!-
}J.8BJilIBaeTCH 11 nocTyn3eT B HarHeTaTeJIbHbIH naTpy60K 6.
lUeCTepeH'-IaTbIe BacaCbI MorYT pa60TaTb (' 60JIbJIll1M '-IHCJIOM 06opo-
'fOB ()l.0 3000 Of)/MIlH), n03ToMY OBn MoryT 6bITb HenOCpe)l.CTBeHBo coe-
,nuueHbI C B3JIOM 6bICTpOXOll.BOrO )l.BHraTe.'IH. OHH npocTbI no KOHCTPYK-
aJ
J
PIIC. 28-9. CxeMbI HeKoTopblX HaCOCOB
wm, Ha)l.e2KHbI B 9KCnJIyaTaIUm, OTJIlf'laIOTCfI He60JIbIlIIIMH ra6apHTaMll
JI HII3KOi'I CTOHMOCThlO H. IlIlIpOKO npHMeHHIOTCfI H3 npaKTHKe.
B H n l' 0 B hI e HaC 0 C bl. 3TH naCOCbl pa60nlIOT no TOMY 2Ke
I1pHHI{I-!ny, (ITO H IlIeCTepeH(13TbIe. )KH}lKOCTb H3 OOJIaCTH BcaCbIBaHHfI
nocrynaeT R npOMe*YTKH MeIK.lI.Y BHTKaMII Hape3KH BHHTOB H nepeno-
CHTCS! no HanpaBJIeHmO OCII np3Ill.€HHfI BHHTOB n 06JI8CTb n3rHeTanllfi.
DO.ll.aqa BHHTOBoro Hacoca OTJII-I'JaeTCH p3BHOMepHOCTblO. BJI naco-
ca HenOCpe}lCTBeHHO cOe}llIHfle1CfI C BaJIOM )l.BHraTeJIH.
K p bI JI b 'l a T bI e Hac 0 r. bI. H3 plIC. 28-9, 6 npe.ncTaBJleHa
cxeMa pY'lHOrO KpbIJIbqaTOrO Hacoca, KOTOpbIM no cYIll.CCTBy HBJIfleTC.fI
ynpOIll.eHBOH pa3HOBH)l.HOCTbJO nOpllJHeI30rO Hacoca }lBOHHOro lI.eikTBHH.
KPbIJIO J, pacnOJI02KeHHOe n K02KY xe 3 H cHa6*eHHoe )1BYMH HarneTa-
303

TeJIbHbIMIl KJIanaH8MH, BbITIOJIHHeT <PYHKLUlH nOpIllHH. KPblJIO BPY'lHVTO
npIlBO,ll.liTCH B KOJIroaTeJIbf!Oe ,lI.BH}KeHIle PYKOllTIWH 2. Do.n KPbW'OM
YCTCJHOBJIeHa HenO}1:BIDKHaH neperopO,ll.Ka 4 C JIBYMH BcaCblBalOIll,HMH
KJIanaHaMH.
DpH JIBJDKeHIlII KpbIJIa BnpaBo C JIeBon ero CTOpOHbJ C03}1:aeTCH pa3-
pe}l(eI-me. )K1!,lI.KOCTb H3 rrpHeMHoro pe3epByapa nOll )Jeik1BHel\l pa3110-
CTH ,lI.aBJIeHHH 3araCbIBaeTCH 'lepe3 JIeBbJH BCaCblEalOll.llIn KJIamm Ii 33-
nOJIHHeT OCBOOOJ],HBlllllnCH o6-beM pa60'leif KaMepbI. O,ll.HOW' eMeHHO
KpbIJIO C}I(HMaeT }l(H,lI.KOCTb, HaxoJJ:HIlI,YIOCH B npaBoH I10JIOBUHe paOc'leH
KaMepI, H nOBbJIll2.eT <:,e JaBJIeHHC. Do,ll. J1eHCTml{:1VJ :)Toro }1:aBJIt'IIIUI
npaBbIH HarHeTaTeJIbHbIH KJIanaH OTKfJblBaeTcH H }KH,lI.KOCTb BbITaJIKI1-
BaeTCH B HarneTaTeJIbHbIH naTPy601c
T aKBM 06pi130M, KOr,ll.a B JIeBOn nOJIOBI1He pa60'lei\ KaMepbl npOI:!Cxo-
,lI.IlT BcaCbmaHHe, B np3Bon B 91'0 RpeMH npOIiCXO,UIlT uarHeTaHHe.
KpJIbLJaTble HaCOCbI pa6OTalOT npH O'ltHb HH31UJX ,UaBJIeHlHIX, no-
pH,lI.Ka -3 am. Hx npHMeHHIOT ,lI.JIH nepeKa'-lIiBaHHll BPY'IHYIO }l(IiDKOCTIl
H3 60I.JeK, ,lI.H nTKaI.JIiBaHIiH BO,ll.bI JI3 KopnycOB cYJIo!J II T. ,lI..
C l' P y J1 H bl e Hac 0 C 101 (9}KCI\TOpbJ). CTPynHbIe IweOChI npOCTbl
no KOHCTPYKLUllI 1-1 H3JJ:e}l(Hhl B 9KCTlJIyaTalUfI-I. I1x oco6eHHOCTbIO HBJIH-
eTCH nO.TlHoe OTCYTCTBHe JJ:BH)/(Yl1IiXCI JJ:eTa.neiL
Pa60Ta CTpyi-iHoro Hacoca OCHOBA.Ha Ha l1CnOJIh30BmlIHI KHHeTH'le-
CKOll "JHeprHH pa6meu OlcuoKocmu, K01opaH, CMeILJI1Ba51Cb C )jiH}lKOCTblO
v v ,
nepel{a'llmaeMOH HacocoM, nepelIaeT eH lfaCTh cBoen KHHeTlfIlecKon 3Hep-
mil, H 06pa30BaBIIIaHcH CMerb HarHeTaeTC5I B ceTb.
Ha pHC. 28-9, 6 npeJJ:CTaBJIeHa cxeMa CTPYHHOro uacoca. K eonJIV I
nO.QBO,ll.HTCH pa60'-wH }l(M}lKOCTb, IiMelOll13H Hanop, HCCJ\OJIbKO 60JIbulUii
Hanopa, C03}1:aBaeMOro HaCOC01l1. DPOXOJJ:H no cY)/(ImalOlleMYC5I ConJIY,
pa60'laH }K1IlJ.KOCTh, TepmI 'laCTb JIaBJIeHHH, YBeJlli411EaeT CBOIO CKO-
pOCTb. Ha BbJX0l1.e H3 CODJJa BOKpyr CTPYH pa604eii )/(l1l1.KOC111 C03JJ:a-
€-TC5I pa3pe)!\HHe, nepeKa'lHBaeMall )/(II,lI.IWCTb no Tpy60npOBO,ll.Y 'Iepe3
BcaCbiBalOIlI,HII naTpy60K 4v 33caCblBaeTC}1 B cMeCHTeJIbHYlo KaMepy 2
H CMellIllBaeTCH c pa60lJeH )/(H,lI.KOCTblO.
DOJIY'leIlHa5I TaJmM o6pa30M CJ'vIeCb HanpaBJIHeTCH B l1.HC!)<PY30P 3,
rl1.e OHa TepHeT CKOpOCTh, lIaBJICHHe ee nOBbiUJaeTCH H l1.3JIee )/(H,lI.KOCTb
BbIXOJJ:HT B HiJnreT3TeJIbHbJJ1 Tpy60npoBolI.
Pa6oI.Jeii H nepeKa'lI1BaeMoiJ )!(J1JJ:KOCThlO MorYT 61011'1, KaK }KH}!.KOCTb,
TaJ{ H ra3 (JIlf60 nap) B pa3JIH'lHbIX KOM6I-1H3IUlHX.
CTpyihlbIe HaCaCb! IlMeJOT HHSKIlH K. n. fl. Vlx npl1MeHHIOT TaM,
f}le Bc.nel1.CTBIle 6hlCTporo H3Hoca neBhlrOlll-JO npHMeUfTTb Dpyrne l1.0pO-
rOCTOHIlI,He HaCOChI. TaK, HanpJ-1lVJep, nrH rllnpO1eXaHH3aJLHH CTpon-
TeJIbHhlX Ii ropHblX panOT, npH OTKalJKe 3arpf13HeHHOII neCKOM BOl1.bJ 113
3aTOJIeHHhlX nOMemeHHn H ,lI.p. DpHMeHHIOT TaK)/(e pa3HOBHJIHOCTb
CTPYHHbIX HaCOCOB -- 3eMJIecoCb!.
n p 0 n e JI JI e p H LI e Hac 0 C hI. Pa604lie KOJIeca nponeJIJJep-
HbJX HaCOCOB CCT05IT 113 HeCKOJIhKI-IX BHHTOBbJX JIonacTeii, HMCICW.MX
<pop MY JIOnaCTeli nponeJI.TJepa, OTI{y,ll.a OHM M no.1YI.JHJIH CBoe n33B3Hl1e.
I1x T3K)/(e Ha3bIBaJOT oce6btMlI HacocaMH, nOToMY '11'0 l1.BII2KCHII8
304
>KHJIKOCTH B HHX npOHCXORHT BIl0JIb OCM ppaUleHHp. KOJIeCa neg H31VfeHe.
HHH HanpaEJIeHIiH.
nponeJIJIepHbJe HaCOCbl npllMeH5I1OT J{JIH nepeKa'lIlBaHHH 6oJII:WHX
KOJIn'leCTB }l(IlJIKOGTH Upll HeOOJIblllIlX Hanopax.
 7. 06U!,ee nOHSITHe 0 BeHTHnSiTopax
BeHTHJIHTOpaMH Ha3bIBalOT MaIlIIfHbl, npeJ{Ha3H8'leHHble llJIH no-
lIa'lli raga npn cpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIbIX Haoopax, nOpH,lI.Ka 20-
1500 MM '300. em.
Do npHHlllIny lleiicTBHH aeHTHJlHTOpbl lI.eJIHT Ba UCHTpo6e2KHbIe (.f
oceBble.
ll,eHmpo6eJ/{ftbte 6eftmU/lflmOpbl npIlMeHHIOT nJISI nOIla'lH ra3a npl!
OTHOCIUeJJbHO 60JIhLIJHX Hanopax, a oce8bte - npll MaJIb!X Hanopax, HO
Opl! 60JlhLIJHX nOl1.a48X.
tJ)
PUc. 28-10. CxeMbl aeHTUJlSlTOpOB
B 3aBHCliMOCTH OT 13 eJI II 'lUHbJ HanOpa BeHTHJI5JTOpbJ nOJlpB3JJ:eJ1SHOT
Ha Tpl1 rpynobl:
1) HIl3Koro JIaBJIeHHH, C03JIalOlllue Hanop l1.0 100 .MM eoa. em.;
2) Cpel1.HerO JJ:aBJIeHI1H C HanopoM 100-300 M.M 800. em.;
3) BblCOKoro JIaSJIeHI-lSI G HanOpOIVJ 300-1500 MM fJOa. em.
Eho nOl1.pa3}1:eJleHlIe HBJJHeTCH YCJIOBHbIM, nOCKOJIbKY B aaBHCHMOCTH
OT 'lHCJIa OOOpOTOB pa60'lero KOJIeCa Ol1.HH H TOT me BeHTIiJIHlOp MO>KeT
OTHOCIITbCH K O,ll.HOH 113 nl3Yx coceHHX rpynn.
Ha pHC. 28-10 nOK a3aHbI CXeMbJ ueHTp06e)/(HOrO (a) II oceBoro (6)
BeHTIiJI5ITOpCB. OCHOfmon 'laCTbIO lleHTpo6e)/(Horo BeHTHJIHTOpa
(CM. pIlC. 28-10, a) HBJIHCTCH KOJIeCO G pa60'lHMH JIOnaTKaMII, nCMeLLleH-
Hoe B CnHpaJIbHbIH KO)/(yX.
U,eHTpo6e}l(Hb:e BeH1IlJIHTOphl pa60TaKJT Ha TOM me npllHUHne, 41'0
H uenrp06e}l(HbJe HaGOCbl. DpH spaUJ.emll1 pa60'lero KOJIeea BOBlIYX IiJIH
rS3, HaXOllflLLlIlnCH B p:a60QeM npoc1paHcTBe BeHTHJIHTopa, BpaIll,BelC5I
BMeeTe C KOJIecOM (.f nol1. B0311eiicTBHeM ueHTp06e)i\Hcii CHJIbI OT6paCbJ-
BaeTCH I< nepHcpepl1H KOJIeca. Con]lJI G JIOnaTOJ< KOJIeCa, ra3 nocTynaer
B CnnpaJIbH)' 10 KClMCpy II 11:ii Hee - B H8rneTa1'eJIbHbIB Tpy60npoBo,ll. -
305

KorJ],a ra3 CXOJ],HT C JIOnaTOK KOJIeCa, B ueHTpaJIbHOH qaCTH KO-
Tleca oopa3yeTcH pa3pe*eHue U HOBaH nopuUH ra3a noJ], J],eHCTBueM
aTMoccpepHOro .lI.aBJIeHlIH nepeMeaeTCH qepe3 BCaCbIB3!oru.ee OTBep-
CTue B Kopnyce BeHTUJIHTOpa U nocTynaeT B U,eHTpaJIbHYIO qaCTb
KOJIeCa C JIOnaTKaJ\1H. 3aTeM ra3 nonaJ],aeT Ha JIOnaTKU KOJIeCa, 3a-
KpYlIUBaeTCH U npouecc npoJ],OJI*aeTCH.
OceBOH BeHTUJIHTOP npeJ],CTaBJIHeT COOOH oceBoe JIOnaToqHOe RO-
lIeco, pacnOJIo*eHHoe B UUJIUHJ],pUqeCIWM Ko*yxe (puc. 28-10, 6).
fa3, nocTynalOMH BO BXOJ],Hoe oTBepcTue BeHTHJIHTOpa, noJ], B03J],eH-
CTBMeM JIOnaTOK BpaalOerocH KOJIeCa nepeMeru.aeTcH B oceBOM
HarrpaBJIeHMH K BbmyclmoMY oTBepCTHlo.
B Tex CJIyqaHX KorJ],a OJ],HH BeHTHJIHTOp He ooeCneqUBaeT Heoo-
XOJ],HMYIO rroJ],aqy ra3a npu 3aJ],aHHOM Hanope, BKJIIOqalOT napa/l-
/le/lbHO J],Ba MJIM HeCKOJIbKO BeHTIfJIHTOpOB. ECJIH *e HY*HO YBeJIIf-
IJIfTb Harrop npH 3aJ],aHHOM paCXO.lI.e, TO BeHTUJIHTOpbl BKJIlOqalOT
nOCJIeJi.OBaTeJIbHO.
JlI.1TEP A TYP A
1. 6 a i'r 6 a K 0 B O. B. H 3 e e r 0 Ij.> Ij.> e p O. 11. fH.!tpaBJJHKa II lIaCOCbI.
M.-JI., rOc3He p rolf3Aa A T, 0 1957 f ' P e B II f.J M. 11. H .lip. 06I1taH TeIIJiOTeXHIIKa.
2 6 a C K a K 0 B . ., Y
M n foe3HeprOIl3.llaT, 1963.
'-3 'B e i'r H H K A. 11. TeXHHf.JeCKaH TepMOtI.HHaMIIKa II OCHOBbI TelIJJOlIepe-
naf.JII.' 113.ll-BO «MeJJ'RfprH:'JJ 5 II A. ,lJ. MawHHoBeAeHIIe. MaIIlrIl3, 1954.
.    b H HB 11:, c' JJ .ll a T 0 B K. H., Co K 0 JJ 0 B C K H i'r C. M. Haco-
. OMlI p eccopbl fOCToilTexII3.llaT, 1960. M JI
CbI H K  . A A TeO p eTIIf.JeCKlfe OeHOBbI TeIIJJOTeXIIHKH. .-.,
6. E P M 0 JJ a e B . .
foc3HeprO Il3 tI. aT , 1957. 0 B A C Y K 0 M e JJ A. C. TelIJJo-
7 11 C a f.J e H K 0 B. D., C II II 0 B a . .,
lIepe.llf.Ja. 113.ll-BO «3He p r K lfH», 19 K 65. 0 H Ii A K MOJJCKyJJHpHaH Ij.>II3HKa. M.,
8. K II K 0 H H 11. . H II K .,
<1>113MaTr1I3, 1963. M -JI foc3HeproIl3.llaT 1963.
9 K II H a H ,lJ }K. TepMOtI.HHaMHKa. . ., ' T '
. K D K TeO p eTIIf.JeCKHe OCHOBbl TeIIJJOTeXHIIKH. paHcil.eJI.
to. 0 H a K 0 B . .
nOpH3.llaT, 1957. A x If e 3 e p A. 11., JI H Ij.> III HIt E. M. Kypc 06-
u 11. 3K II eIH'a "MOJJeKYJJHPHaH Ij.>H3lfKa. 113Jl-BO «HaYKa», 1965.
elf Ij.>H. A M TeO p eTHf.JeCKHe OCHOBbl TeIlJJOTeXHHKII. 113./l-Bo
12. JI If T B H H . .
«3Heprlf'a 94 0 B H f.J E. 3. fH.llpaBJJHKa. <1> H3MaTrIl3, 1961.
t C M 11 P HOB B. n. KOTeJJbHble YCTaHOBKII. M.-JI., fOC3HeprOIl3.llaT,
1959 i5 . C Tap K C. 6. OCHOBbl rH.llpaBJJHKIf, Haeoebl II B03.llYXO.llYBHble MaWHllbI.
MeTaJJJJyprIl3.llaT, 1961. H 3 fHJJ,paBJJlfKa. M.-JI., f0C3HeprolI3.llaT, 1956.
16. <1> x P  II K e JJ C b '" . Mex ' aIlHa M -JI 113Jl-BO TexHIIKo-TeOpeTIIf.JeCKoi\
17. a If K H H . OJ. ...,
JIIITepaTypbI. 1940. A 10 6 e C C P e 6 P e H H H K 0 H. K. OCHOBbl TeIIJlO-
18 4 e pliO B . ., 65
. HKII 113.ll-BO «3HeprlfH», 19 .
;reXHHKH H rIIJJ,pa BJJ . . 6 11 1 -fl fOe3lIe p roH3 i-\aT 1956.
19. III JI H X II H D. H. DapoBble TYP IIHbl. 1. ., ,

ornABnEHHE
DpetI.HCJJOBHe
BBe.lleHHe . .
q aCT b I. OCHOBbl TenJIOTeXlIl1KH
P a 3 J\ e JI II e p B bI ll. 8JIeMeHTbi TeXIII1'1eCKOH TepMO.!\HHaMIIKH
r JJ a B a I. Pa6of.Jee TeJJO H lIapaMeTpbl ero COCTOHIIIIH. OCHoBHble
3aKOHbI H.lleaJlbHOrO ra3a
 1. fa3 . . . . . . . . . .
 2. Pa60f.Jee 1eJJO . . . . . . . . . .
 3. YpaBHeHIIe COCTOHHIIH H.lleaJlbHOrO ra3a
 4. YpaBHeHIIe COCTOHHIIH peaJlbHOrO ra3a
 5. OCHoBHble 3aKOHbl H.lleaJJbHOrO ra3a . .
f JI a B a II. fa30Bble CMeCH . .
 1. OCHoBHble 1I0HHTHH . . .
 2. Cnoco6bl aa.llaHIIH CMeCH . .
 3. TepMo.!tHHaMIIf.JeCKIIe CBollcTBa CMeCII
f JJ a B a Ill. DepBblll 3aKOH TepMOJlllHaMI1KII
 1. OCHoBHble 1I0HHTIIH .
 2. DepBblll 3aKOH TepMo.llIIH21\IHKII
 3. 3HTaJIbllHH . . .
f JJ a B a IV. TenJJOeMKOCn
 1. OCHoBHbIe 1I0H5ITIIH
 2. TenJJOCMKOCTb ra30B .
 3. TellJlOeMKOCTb ra30Eoll CMeCH
f JI a B a V. BTOpOll 3aKOH TepMO.llIIH2MHKII
 1. KpyroBoll npOIteCC TellJlOBOrO JJ,BIIraTeJJ5I .
 2. CYlitHOCTb BToporo aaKOHa TepMO.llHHaMIIKII
 3. DOHHTHe 06 3HTponIIII ra3a . . . . . . .
f JI a B a VI. TepMO.llIIHaMI1f.JeCKIIe IIpoueccbI 113MeHeHI1H COCTOHHHH
IItI.eaJJbHOrO ra3a . .
 I. 1130XOpHblll IIpouecc . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2. 11306apHbill IIpouecc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 3. COBMecTHoe pacnOJJOJKeHHe H30XOpbI 11 II306apbI lIa TS-}J.Ha-
rpaMMe . . . .
 4. 1130TepMHIJeCKHll npoI<ecc .
308
Cmp.
3
5
9
9
10
10
14
15
18
19
20
20
21
22
25
25
28
32
35
35
36
38
41
41
45
46
48
49
50
53
53
 5.
 6.
 7.
A,n,Ha6aTHbJll IIpouecc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COBMecTHoe paCIIOJJOJKeHHe H30TepMbI II aJJ,Ha6aTbI
Ts. AHarpaMMax
DOJJHTpOnHbIll npoItecc
Ha PU- H
fJIaBa VII BO.llHHOll lIap .....
 1. DpoIteoc napo06pa30BaHIIH . .. ......
 2. DpoItecc lIapo06pa30BaHIIH, Ha pU-.llIIarpaMMe
 3. npoItecc lIap006pa30BaHHH Ha TS-.llHarpaMMe . . . . . .
 4. 0 pe.lleJJeHHe lIapaMeTpoB COCTOHHHH BO.llbI H BO.llHHOrO lIapa
 5. is-.llHarpaMMa COCTOHHHH BO.ll5lHOrO lIapa . . . . . .
 6. OCHOBHbJe TepMO.llHHaMIIf.JeCKIIe npOI<eCCbI H3MeHeHHH co-
CTOHHHH BO.llHHOrO napa Ha pV-J!llarpaMMe. . . . . . . .
f JJ a B a VIII. I1cTef.JeHHe H )J,poCCeJJHpOBaHIIe ra30B II lIapOB
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH . . . . . .
 2. Tef.JeHHe ra3a 110 conJJY
 3. ,lJpoCCeJJHpOBaHHe 1I0TOKa ra3a
f JJ a B a IX. IJ.HKJJ lIapOCHJJOBOll YCTaHoBKH
 1. CxeMa lIapOCHJJGBOH YCTaHoBKH . .
 2. l1.lleaJJbHblll ItIIKJI PeHKIIHa . . . .
 3. Clloco6bI 1I0BblweHHH 3KOHOMIIf.JHOCTH napOCHJJOBOrO ItHKJJa
f JI a B a X. TellJJoIj.>lIKaItHH H ee 3Haf.JeHHe ..........
P a 3 .ll e JJ B TOp 0 H. OCHOBbi TenJIOnepe,ll,a'lH
f JJ a B a XI. OCHOBHbIe BII.llbl TelIJJ006MeHa
r JI a B a XII. TenJJOlIpOBO.llHOCTb . . . . .
 1. OCHoBHbIe 1I0HHTHH. .., . . . .
 2. Depe.!taf.Ja TenJJa TellJJOnpOBO.llHOCTblO f.Jepe3 cTeHKY
f JJ a B a XIII. KOHBeKTHBHblll TellJJ006MeH
 1. OCHoBHbIe nOIlHTHH . . . . . . . . .
 2. 06I1tHe nOHHTHH 0 TeopIIH IIO.l\06IIH .
 3. TelIJJOoT.llaf.Ja npH cB060}J.HOM .llBlIllieHIIII
 4. TelIJJOoT.llaf.Ja npH BbIHYJKJleHHoM .llBIIJKeHIIII
r JI a B a XI V. JIYf.JHCTblll TelIJl006MeH . . . . .
 1. OCHOBHbJe IIOH5ITIIH . . . . . . . . . . .
 2. OCHoBHble 3aKOHbI TenJJOBOrO H3JJY'JeHIIH
 3. 113JIYf.JeHlle raSOB H napoB . . . . . .
r JJ a B a XV. TeIlJJOlIepe.l\af.Ja H IIOHHTHe 0 TelIJJOo6MeHHblx alIllapa-
Tax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 1. TellJJollepe.llaf.Ja . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2. DOHHTHe 0 TenJJoo6MeHHbix alIllapaTax . .
pi a a tI. e JI T peT H ll. TOIIJII1BHble H KOTeJIbllble YCTaHOBKI1
f JJ a B a X VI. TOIIJIHBO H IIpOIteCCbI ropeHIIH . . . . .
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 2. CocTaB H TeIIJJOTeXHHf.JeCKHe CBoHcTBa TOIIJJIIBa
 3. TBep.l\Oe TOIIJlHBO . . . . . . . . . .
309
55
59
60
61
62
64
68
72
74
77
79
79
80
89
90
90
91
93
95
97
98
98
99
105
105
107
113
1I6
119
119
121
123
124
124
126

128
130
134

 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
)f(H.llKoe TOnJlHBO . . . . . .
fa3006pa3Hoe TOnJJHBO . . . . .
TIepepa60TKa TBepJJ,oro TOnJJHBa
DpOll.eCCbI ropeHHH TOfiJJHBa .
[ JI a B a X VII. TOnOIJHble YCTpoHcTBa . .
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH . . .
 2. CJJOeBble TOIIKH. . . . . .
 3. KaMepHbIe TOnKH . . . . .
 4. OCHoBHbIe xapaKTepHcTHKH TonOK
r JI a B a X VIII. OCHoBHble THnbl napoBblx KOTJJOB
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH . .
 2. fa3OTPy6Hbie KOTJlbI .
 3. BO.llOTPy6Hbie KOTJlbI .
 4. DpHMOTOf.JHbIe KOTJJbI . . . . .
 5. BcnoMOraTeJJbHbIe nOBepxHocTH HarpeBa
 6. XapaKTepHcTHKH KOTeJJbHOrO arperara . .
[JI a B a XIX. BcnoMOraTeJlbHbIe YCTpoHcTBa . .
 1. THrO.llyneBble YCTpoHcTBa . . .
 2. IlIJlaKo- H 30JJoY.llaJJHIOHe YCTpollcTBa .
 3. 30JloYJJaBJJHBalOlitHe YCTpoiIcTBa. . . . .
 4. KapKac H 06MYPoBKa KOTJJOarperaTa .. .
 5. fapHllTypa H apMaTypa KOTJlOarperaTa .
 6. DHTaTeJJbHaH BOJJ,a .!tJJH napoBoro KOTJJa
 7. Cnoco6bl Of.JHCTKH napa . . . . . . . .
 8. ABToM3TH3all.HH pa60Tbl KOTJJOarperaTa
136
137
138
142
146
146
149
152
161
162
162
163
165
170
172
175
177
177
178
179
181
181
182
184
185
YCTa-
Pas n e JJ f.J e T B e p T bI ll. TenJIOBble ,lI,B 1'1 raTeJIl'I , XOJlO,ll,I'IJ1bHble
HOBKI'I, KOMnpeccopbl
[ JI a B a XX. DopwHeBble JJ,BHraTeJIH BHYTpeHHero cropaHI'IH . .
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH 1'1 onpe}J.eJJeHHH . . . . . . . . . . .
 2. Pa60f.JHe npOll.eCCbl B JlBHraTeJlHX BHYTpeHHero cropaHHH
 3. 06JJaCTH npHMeHeHHH .!tByxTaKTHbIx H f.JeTblpexTaKTllblx
JlBHraTeJJeH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 4. l1JJ,eaJJbHbIe II.HKJlbl .llBHraTeJJell BHYTpeHHero CrOpaHI'IH
 5. IJ,HKJJbI .!tellcTBHTeJJbHbIX .!tBHraTeJJell . . . . . . . . .
 6. MOHOCTb H K. n. JJ,. JJ,BHraTeJJell . .
 7. TenJlOBOll 6aJJaHC .!tBl'lraTeJIH . . .
 8. KJJaCCl'lIj.>HKaIl.I'IH ..!tBHraTeJlell . . . . . . . . .
 9. OCHoBHble Y3JJbl H MexaHH3MbI }J.BHraTeJlell B'IYTpeHHero
CrOpaHI'IH . . .
f JJ a B a XXI. TIapoBble Typ6HHbI
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH ........
 2. Pa60f.JHH npoll.ecc B napoBoll Typ61'1He
 3. Typ6HHbI co CTyneHHMH CKOpOCTH H JJ,aBJIeHHH
 4. MOHOCTb H K. n. .!t. napoBoll Typ6HHbI . . .
 5. DOHHTHe 0 perYJlflpoBaHHI'I MOHOCTH :ryp6HlIbl
 6. KJJaCcHIj.>HKauHH napoBblx Typ6HH. . . . . . .
 7. KOHJleHcaJ.\HoIIHbIe YCTpollcTBa . . . . . . . .
310
189
189
193
196
197
200
205
209
210
212
214
214
215
222
225 It
227
228
228
f JI a B a XXII. fa30Typ6HHllble YCTaHoBKH . . . . . . . . . .
 1. Pa60f.JHll npouecc ra3OTyp6HHHoH YCTaHoBKH . . .. .
 2. DpeHMyecTBa H 06JJaCTH npHMeHeHHH ra30Typ6H1JHblX
YCTaHoBoK . . . . . . . . . . .
[ naB a X X II I. XOJJO.!tHJlbHble YCTaHOBKH
 1. OCIIOBHble nOIlHTI'IH . . . . . . . u
 2. DpHHII.Hn pa60TbI KOMnpeccHoHHOH YCTaHoBKH
 3. DpHHII.Hn pa60Tbi a6cop6uHoHlwi'I YCTaHoBKH
[naBa XXIV. KOMnpeccopbI . .
 1. OCHoBHble nOHHTHH . . . .
 2. DopWHeBble KOMnpeccopbl .
 3. POTauHoHHble KOMnpeccopbl . .
 4. Typ60KoMnpeccopbl . .
q aCT b II. 3JIeMeHTbl r11,l1,paBJIHKI'I H HaCOCbl
P a 3 ill e JI n H T bl ll. fH,lI,pOCTaTI'IKa, rH.!tpO,ll,HHaMI'IKa H HaCOCbl
[ naB a XX V. OCHOBHble nOHHTHH . . . . . .
 1. KpaTKaH cnpaBKa 06 HCTOpHH pa3BHTHH rnJ\paBJJHKH
 2. OCHoBHbIe Ij.>H3Hf.JeCKHe CBOHCTBa JKHJlKOcrH. . . . .
r naB a XX VI. fHJlPOCTaTHKa . . . . .
 1. fH.!tpocTaTHf.JeCKOC JlaBJJeHHe . . . . . . . . .
 2. OCHoBHoe ypaBHeHHe rHAPOCTaTHKH. 3aKoH DaCKaJJH
 3. CxeMa pa60Tbi rHJlpaBJJHf.JeCKOrO npecca .
 4. 113MepeHHe JlaBJleHHH . . . . .
 5. ,lJaBJleHHe }KHJlKOCTH Ha CTeHI<y .
fnana XXVII. [H)J,pOJlHHaMHKa...
 1. OCHOBHble nOHHTHH . . . . . . .
 2. 3JJeMeHTapHaH cTpyllKa. . . .
 3. DOTOK . . . . . . . . . . . .
 4. ,lJBa peJKHMa Tef.JeHHH lliHAKOCTH . . . .
 5. 3HeprHH nOTOKa H ypaBHeHHe 5epHYo'lJJH
 6. ,lJBHJKeHHe JKHJJ,KOCTH no TPy6aM . . . .
 7. fHJJ,paBJJHf.JeCKHll yti.ap . . . . . . . .
 8. I1cTef.JeHHe JKHti.KOCTH f.Jepe3 oTBepcTHH H lIacaJJ,KH
f naB a XXVIII. HaCOCbl . . . .
 1. OCIIOBHble nOIlHTHH . . . .
 2. IJ.eHTpo6eJKHble HaCOCbl . . .
 3. DopwHeBble HaCOCbI . . . . . . .
 4. CpaBHcHIIe pa60TbI IteHTpo6eJKHbIX
. 5. PerYJJHpOBaHIIe nO;ZJ.af.JH Hacoca. .
 6. Hacocbl .llpyrl'lx THnOB . . . . . .
 7. 06uiee nOHHTIIe 0 BeHTHJJHTOpaX
llHTepaTypa . . . . . . .. .......
II nopIIIHeBblx lIaCOCOB
311
229
230
232
232
232
233
236
238
. 238
.3;38
. 246
. 247
250
250
251
254
254
. 255
257
258
261
. . 267
267
268
269
272
274
279
288
289
. 291
291
291
294
301
302
302
305
307
. . t .


OJIbra BaCI'IJlbeBHa 'lepHSIK
«OCHOBbl TEn.HOTEXHHKH 11 rI1J1.PAB.HHKH»
Hay'!HbIH peJlaKTOp H. B. KaJlUflUfl
PeJJ,aKTOp H3.!IaTeJIbCTBa M. T. CaMCOfloea
DepenJIeT XYJJ,OJKHHKa A. H. WaeapiJa
XYJJ,OJKeCTBeH HbIH peJJ,aKTop T. A. J1.ypacoeG
TexHH'!ecKHu peJJ,aKTop H. A. 6umlOKoea
KoppeKTop A. H. rypeea
1-07189. C)J.aHo BHa60p 9/1 1969r. DOJln. K ne'!aTH25/VII 1969r.
<1>opMaT 60X 9 0 1 /16' 06'beM 19,5 ne'!. JI. Yf.J.-H3JJ, JI. 17,54.
113)J.. NQ OT32/55. THpaJK 35000 ,K3. IJ.eHa 65 Kon.
TeMaTHf.JeCKHH nJIaH H3)J.aTeJJbCTBa. «BbIcwaH WKOJla» (BY3bl H
TexHHKyMbl) Ha 1969 r. D03HlI.HSI NQ 264
MocKBa, K-51, HerJJHHHaSi YJJ., )J.. 29/14,
113)J.aTeJIbcTBO «BblcwaSi WKOJJa»
MOCKoBcKaH THnorpalj.>HSI NQ 4 fJJaBnOJlHrpa!jJnpoMa
KOMHTeTa no nef.JaTH npH COBeTe MHHHCTpOB CCCP
5. DepeHCJJaBCKaH, 46. 3aKa3 56
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