Tags: издания для определенного назначения палеонтология эволюционный процесс динозавры эволюция доисторический мир
ISBN: 5-353-02136-3
Year: 2005
Text
.....-.
.
.
.
.....
. .
. .
. n, .
. \.,1;' h. .
· 'c\.) .
)< ....
,?J 1/' ;..
- ,
."'!k
. " . \.'
'7 ..... ,/"
\ . ,'>.
--" _..... 0\
, . 'wj. ',' ' .;
.. "0 \...; ....'S.... ..c- .' . \ "I'.r.}:',-
, :v1' . -j\':(' " i)f. ' '"
I
- <,...,
' J '
, i" / .
' Ajl
, .. .' ,j -
.- C", '\. ,
'r- '. -
, . -
, N ". \,(. --t::o ,. - .
I) P . ', ' l ' f '...
t--'
.",'
. '...":' \
;..
: ,.J.. \ ' ',
' .",.... '"
-.1
t\ " .'-,
, .' .
\ '>( ..', ",
1-
.
,-
.
,-
.
.
"l
O
CTOP
tC
M
P
--.
'"
,
'
"
-
,-
,
-
-
\
,
. ."
,.:i
j.)
(
- "'-.-\'
. POCM3H .
-.;. - ::- . -- = -=
-- ,
· t f - " r. .-- -_ . '
'
..' '
, '-\' ..." .
,"\.. . /p.-."
._
- -
- -
__ :iiilr-
"" - ,
-
-
'
.' ,
1, ._ .
-," ----:: ).
..
.
1"
y, ,
...'
"-
--..
ri,
...
Jt"
...-
'.: "t
'"
.....
. .
· l...... .
· f"\. -
.
· 1 r. .'
',
.
. "
,
...' .
\ . .;.' '. .
,';
,'
"
"'\
'(. ,
,
....
..) -' '\. ..
'",'1. . -\\ . '"': . ,
I -
}..
';,." 't--
" ,;.. '."\
V")" ' '\ . ,... '.,. "
'" '
L. . , - 1
' :"
i:/
.ft
.
:"
_ ' '
:. -
('., . 'r . ' .. - ,
. -:;
. , ,t _ \ ". " ,
, 'I- ... . .... :. _
. <\ \I "''">''','- ,
I ' I
-Jt
..
.qO
CTOP
"'lC.'#-
M
P
MOCKBO
.POCM3H.
2006
COAep>t<OHHe
.8
" .-,",,-
,- I "-
t '-.J. ,,).J', >
"-l .
- 'J
I . J -'", \
'')' J .J
'_ .J
" M11ti. 11eT HO.JOA "- MSlH, Sl THOJOA
S70_S0 0 S05_4AO
A. ' _' 6
. t 1,
)"
" <,__...!-..5
M11H 11eT HOJOA MSlH. SlCTHOJOA
360_2&b <86-2A
8 l),J' _} 2
l ,j -- \
. . i
'" .,
M11H neT HOJOA M11H, 11eT HOJOA
<15-\bCj /65-\ACj
.J1t. . { 0 { 192
f j'" , -tF-. r;)
(', .... J -t -J; F J I
I I I
MnH 11eT HOJOA MSlH. n THOJOA
2 65-3& 38-2 t
---'" :.
6
,'-J
) .I t-I.I
----/' J'
- - L/-:J>./
MnH.SlC1HOJOA
q38-40
"
'"
I
, ..
MSlH. neT HOJOA
<SO-23 0
4
-
-F
MnH. SlPTHOJOA
/45- ,0 0
8
/ , _ j I J
I J "", I
-::
MSlH, nCTHOJOA
25-'1
<J
fJ
r'" I
"
MnH. Slt'T HOJOA
411 08 - 3b O
2
A.' ......
.-n -<0 "
: "
r
MSlH, nCT HOJOA
<30-2'C;
, )_ 8
, '\) t
) ./J,1
MnH.SlcTHOJOA
100-br:,
.1A" 2.,24
,../ ''''':.... ,i:-
---I - j . J.
.
"
H040nCA
""J1 2 o
'1. neT HO}
"
3
650
MnH. neT H030A
600 0
I 570-'1
I
\ , \ ,t ;i
\ .
} I
J .i .
t
} I 4"1
.... ...........
, I
\ a.... .' ! I
" Ii}"
vr-
I
'.
.1' I' t ,
I .
1"
i .
"
11..\
I' ·
T
.......J ...... --
-...;.; ';;-0- ,
t., , .
t:. '0 ) -J'
"'.----- - r.
--...j' . ,¥'"
3 eM" - eAMHCTDeHHa. M3 M3DeCTH"'X I
nllaHeT, Ha KOTOpOVI CYll.\eCTByeT >K1-I3Hb. Ha t
3eMlle MflrK e TeMneparypbl, B ee aTMoccjJepe r
COAep>KaTCfI ra3bl BOAa, I-IAeallbHO nOAXOAflll.\ e
Allf1 >K1-I3HI-I paCTeHI-I 1-1 >K BOTHbIX.
. 3eMllfi nOCTOflHHO MeHflllaCb Ha npOTfI>KeHI-I
MHOrl-lX M 11111-10HOB lleT CBOeVi CTOpl-l , npe>Kp,e
4eM CTaTb TOVI nllaHeTO , Ha KOTOpO Mbl ceroAHfI
>K BeM.
4
.....-
:' :=t
I I I I I I I
. . . .
50 100 150 200
, ' 1
' /V
I \l ._ -
.!! I' --
'"
, / -
"
I
I=- ,"
. C MOMeHTa cBoero B03HI-1KHOBeHl-lfi
(OKOll0 4,5 Ml-llllll-1apAa lleT Ha3aA) CTpOeHl-le
1-1 aTMoccjJepa Hawe nllaHeTbl nOCTeneHHO
MeHfllll-1Cb, 1-1111-1 3BOllI041-10Hl-1pOBalll-1.
i
. 83r1lflHYB Ha Kapry Ml-1pa, Bbl MO>KeTe 3aMeTI-ITb,
4TO 04epTaHI-1f1 KOHTI-1HeHTOB cOBnaAalOT APyr
C APyroM, KaK cjJparMeHTbl M03a1-1KI-I. Y4eHbie
nOllaralOT, 4TO Bce KOHTI-1HeHTbl HeKorAa
npeACTaBllf1111-1 c060 eAI-1HOe 4ell0e, 06pa3Yfl
cynepKoHTI-IHeHT - nalleonaHrelO, KOTOpbl 3aTeM
pacnallcfI Ha HeCKOllbKO 4acTe . 4epe3 MI-111111-10Hbl
lleT KOHTI-IHeHTbl BHOBb COeAI-IHI-111I-1Cb
1-1 06pa30Ball1-1 HOBbl cynepKoHTI-IHeHT - naHrelO.
3aTeM MaTepl-lKOBble nlll-1Tbl BHOBb Ha4all1-1
paCn01l3aTbCfI, 3TO 1-1 npl-1Bell0 K nOflBlleHl-11O
cOBpeMeHHblx MaTepl-1KoB.
5
. MnH. neT HOJOA
650 600 0
570-'1
s
\
,,'" .
-
'" '
.04(. II
...: .01:
- "" -
r:-=- .
-
;-: --
'.
-\,
"'.
-
"..
\
J
..
-
=-
'\
'>1
.1..
-
- - . ..
-
. (BI-IAeTellbCTBOM CYll.\eCTBOBaHl-lfi naHrel-l
flBllf1IOTCfI I-ICKOnaeMbie OKaMeHell0CTI-I - OCTaTKI-1
ApeBHev,WI-lX paCTeHI-1 1-1 >KI-1BOTHbIX,
COXpaHI-1BWl-1eCfI B ropHblX nopOAax. OKaMeHell0CTI-I
0AHI-IX 1-1 Tex >Ke >KI-IBOTHbIX 6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl Ha
pa3HbiX KOHTI-1HeHTaX, YAalleHHblX APyr OT APyra
Ha MHOrl-1e TblCfl41-1 KI-1110MeTpOB.
6
i
. .
50
.
I
150
.
I I
200
100
. ( MOMeHTa B03HI-IKHOBeHI-1f1 }f{1-13HI-1 Ha 3eMlle -
OKOll0 3, 5 Ml-llllll-1apAa lleT Ha3aA - Bce }l{I-1Bble
OpraHI-I3Mbi nOCTOflHHO pa3BI-IBalOTCfI
1-1 1-13MeHflIOTCfI. TaKo npOI..tecc A/lI-ITellbHblx
1-13MeHeHI-1 Ha3blBalOT 3BOllIOLtl-1e .
. nepBble HeCKOllbKO Ml-llllll-1apAOB lleT 3eMllIO
HaCellf1111-1 OAHOK1leT04Hble OpraHl-13Mbl. OKOll0
Ml-llllll-1apAa lleT Ha3aA nOflBl-llll-1Cb
- MHoroK1leT04Hble BOAOPOCJII-1,
a 700 Ml-lllll1-10HOB lleT Ha3aA -
MHoroK1leT04Hble }f{I-1BOTHble. nOCJIe
3TOro 3BOllIOLtI-1f1 C03AaBalla HOBbie
1-1 HOBbie cjJOpMbl 6aKTepl-1 , rp1-160B,
paCTeHI-I 1-1 }f{I-IBOTHbIX. nOCTeneHHoe
B03HI-IKHOBeHI-1e 0AHI-1X OpraHI-I3MOB
1-1 BblMl-lpaHl-1e APyrl-lx - xapaKTepHble
oc06eHHOCTI-I 3BOllIOLtI-lI-l. B 3TO KHl-1re
orpa}f{eHbl OCHOBHble 3Tanbl pa3BI-1Tl-lfi
}f{1-I3HI-1 Ha 3eMlle 3a noclleAHl-le
600 Ml-lllll1-10HOB lleT. MHorl-le 1-13 1-1306pa}l{eHHbiX
3AeCb }f{I-1BOTHbIX }f{1-1111-1 B pa3Hbie 3nOXI-1 nepl-10Aa
1-1111-1 Ha pa3HbiX KOHTI-IHeHTax. OHI-1 c06paHbi BMeCTe,
4T06bl 6011ee nOllHO nOKa3aTb pa3H006pa31-1e }l{I-1BOro
Ml-lpa Ka>KAoro, npOAOll}f{aBwerocfI AeCflTKI-I
Ml-lllll1-10HOB lleT nepl-lOAa.
, I
I ,
I . .
1 ,' ,.. fi.
""
". I
7
800
I --
I
I
I
... .:.,
':::' ':
":"
.
f,
....
"
, .
) f"
...... ).,
..J#JI)
750
. .
700
\j .\o
..--
.::
:1"
.
... .
::--.
. . \
, . .
... ...., .' .",',"
. 1', t I ,"::
... - . 'f' , , " 'I'
' , ""'.'
-;.,;.-. " 0':' .. ,
V ... . , , f
, . , It.
..,."r,\.
"30 . 4 ,.-.
. .' :;;:".'"
, . f
,
,
--
-
-
-
-----.
----......
"
. :
650
"
.'
.' ..:,
l
"ff.',
:,t.'l
..If. .',t,'
'1:,."
. '
---
...".
...
.' :"t
600 MIlH. IleT H030A
, 450
.- ,
Ie
,.
" \ 'r.
I
'! "'-
d-,
..' "t " '. ,
'.':1 ,t f "l' '. '..
... ft" It. ·
. ." ,."....
o " ,
,
t' '1\')'
,t I ' · 'I
i q'. ,f,'
. , t . t.. .,.
I' ' J ,
.,
"
,
f'
')
". I ,..
, ,
t, t t ,
, " I ,
t '
','"
t' , ,
, . ,\
lit
"
,
,
,
,
... . \
-
..,.
,
"'" '
.......
I
't' ,\;
. t . " I
I, " .,
.,f '.", t , ,.
'I . t' I
"1 · . ' '. ,',.
, , f ' ·
''''t,'' ""
,,' flf 'f
, ,
\
, .. I " .
tJ','.', "
t',' . · . · t' .,
"t',, ' I
'.'.' .'
\ I . ,of ,
s.--'. ..
,. . f .. to
,., .
.. ,,,.
" t. ..
. t ..
.
- ..
.."-."
, //....' ,---"
', #0'"
\ t""t ,"
f.',. ·
}
\
.' ,Of
D
400
I
.
350
I
300
Iff
250
/" '-,
( -f + \""' '
, i \ ( .
" f--\ J - +-\
't' (... '- -J ...
f.,"" ' " ",' ,
· f f , "'-'- ------ - 1
" '. . . ,--., .
"""., III ' .
-...."
\.,
,,.
,
3TOT nepl-lOA BCfI cywa BXOAl-llla
B cynepKoHTI-IHeHT nalleonaHrelO. n03>Ke OH
nOAelll-1TCfI Ha orpOMHYIO rOHABaHY 1-1 HeCKOllbKO
He6011bWI-IX MaTepI-lKOB. OCHOBHafi >K1-I3Hb 6bllla
cocpeAOT04eHa B MOpfiX. Ha cywe B Te BpeMeHa
>Kl-llll-1 TOllbKO 6aKTepl-ll-l 1-1 rpI-l6b1. MO>KeT 6blTb,
Y>Ke Bbln01l311 1-1 1-13 BOAbl Ha cywy nepBble 4epBI-I
1-1 MHOroHO}l{KI-I. 8 3TOT nepl-lOA 3a HeCKOllbKO
AeCflTKOB Ml-lllll1-10HOB lleT B03HI-IKll1-1 OCHOBHble
Tl-lnbl 6ecn03BoH04HblX >KI-IBOTHbiX. MHOrl-1e 1-13 HI-IX
npl-l06pell1-1 CnOC06HOCTb CTpOI-lTb TBepAbl nOKpOB
B BI-IAe paKOBI-IHbl, Tpy6KI-I 1-1111-1 naH4l-1pfl, KOTOpbl
C03AaBall HaAe>KHYIO onopy OpraHI-I3MY >KI-IBOTHbIX
3a l-I all OT MHoro41-1ClleHHbiX BpareB.
I
f f,
, .,
,'"
,
.,
1/
MflH
.$ . neT Ha3aA I
70- 0', 450
1l r\ ...
VJ ', \. \ '
...:l ,\ ......
'1-. 'S, \. .
,. . ,. \
- ',-
, O . " -
I I I
650
600
M
, __ h On
" -'e ""CI(
I '/J $i_"'e
. - _. &
- ""' - \ \
\
. ':- ;",,', 'II( .
. _ 1
: J
>-
G
"""
--
,
. ---.,
Ma
#fe,., -
'.J
I
Ir,
I --
: _,\'\\\m I
..... '-'" -c-'" h'\ \)\ "*'"
l ...;:;. - Q"", ,' ' \
t /2 'lIO '
, KCH
ii' . :
'
r--
--=-
I I I
300
,r: ,' .
" . J ' "
I
o
I
400
I I I
350
,
"
'"
,\ '
. (
-J' '.-/\
.
. .. ,.
#. ,
t .1
I..
:"
'.
. ,
.' .
fI,\
,"" ...
__ .J
'.... ..-
',.
"
<=;'-
::r.. I
....
....
\ \
---
- -.S-
"
.. ,
,
"
r r r
250
.
,,,
..
"
'I
, .
..... Ap)(eO 010
.... -
--------
........
, \ T!
" ' t .
t ,. . , , t
4' I. ;f. f, ' ,
'" t"
, , ,
' t ',t, " ',.
, ,
'h . "
, t ,
\ " , .,
"' . '
"It,., ,
jI!II
MellKOBOAHblX 1-1 Tenllblx MOpfiX B 3TOT
nepl-loA xopowo pOCJl pl-l<Pbl 1-13 apXeOltl-laT,
ry60K, BbIAellf1IO I-IX 1-13BeCTb BOAOpOClle
iii 6aKTepl-l . . Y>Ke nOflBl-lll0Cb 6011bWOe
K0l11-14eCTBO nllaHKTOHa, CllY}l{l-IBwero nl-l e
MHOrl-lM }l{I-IBOTHbIM, KaK ApeBHI-IM, TaK
1-1 COBpeMeHHbIM.
-
/3
0,
.. A,.., - o ,
. Q
() ... ""o£,
-('j . Q
lL&e . ·
C "' · ;
I-IAeBWl-le Ha HO}l{KaX B I-Ille Ha MOpCKOM .
AHe 06011IOCbl npOnYCKalll-1 4epe3 ce6f1 BOAY,
Onpl-lllbTpOBblBafi nllaHKTOH, KaK 3TO AellalOT
1-1 MHOrl-le COBpeMeHHble }l{I-IBOTHble. . MeAY3bl TaK}I{e
nl-lTalll-1Cb nllaHKTOHOM, HO OHI-I Belll-1 nllaBalO l-I
06pa3 >K1-I3HI-I, nepeABl-lrafiCb B TOll e BOAbl no BOlle
Te4eHI-I . . Ona6l-1Hl-lfI, npOTOKapl-lC 1-1 orpOMHbl
XI-1 HI-IK aHOMall0Kapl-lC CB060AHO nllaBalll-1
B TenllblX BOAax, OXOTfiCb Ha pa3111-14Hb1X MellKI-IX
>KI-IBOTHbIX. . Hapo fI, Tpl-lll061-1T C MflrKI-IM Tell0M,
Bell npI-lAOHHbI 06pa3 }l{1-I3HI-I - OH n01l3all no AHY,
B3AbiMafi 1-111 1-1 Bbll-lCKI-IBafi nl-1 Y. . BepOflTHO, 4TO
1-13peAKa 3TOT Tpl-lll061-1T BCe-TaKI-I nOAHI-IMallCfI
B TOll Y BOAbl 1-1 nblTallCfI nllaBaTb.
I ,r .' l
65' 600
MnH neT H030A
.$ O- SO\)
-":
'-
.
......--..
,,,.
450
...,
4k
"'",
(.....
.
."""
.
.
14
.
. *
.
"""'"'
. .1
I
o
.
I
400
I I I I I I I I I I I
350 300 250
v ,
"0 H r
{.}I'\
{ , O
tf , . 4 O . I'
( --1, Oh ','..' \
'-'.\.. ' ' L .,." f i" ,
, " 7,.. .'l . .,...t
.. ' "r ,"' , .'=,., ,]
, ...... -I: ',.,.',._.,'
I.. \ _ V \\,.,.,
- I :f-."':'. .
1 9.
.' (j
' '
noO O. '; Q '-' ,::;
, ' \,. OJ)
· . c, \>,,,, , . _JOe ___ ftI*
... : \I I -- - , ,
r , \,f.i! . ,
-
r
.
.
- ,
O(\o 6H
.
.,...
. . J
<;.-
"""'-- ....;:.--:--
...";1- ..:.".
.-
\ . ' .
L ,
, ., .. I,.
\. d 'I' ,. I
.
-.
r::'
'
-... ___u-_-
.....w...
.
-4-;
-....
-o
" ....- ;.\
.
_. )I....f<t,"".:s.....;-
--....
,
- "
.- .,.,, -" - '.
.. ., -.................1
I
750
t ..
I\
--- -
I I I I I I I
700 650
,
."
.
-
", -..L.
--
-
--<- -
I
,
, ....8
,
-:a. '
(:) -
,
,. ,Li
.
'" '
)
l
I
600
I
, '-
.........
'.
.,.
.'1
I
550 t' MJ1H. J1eT H030A t'
.$OS-4 AO
I
-
-- \
,. ,
,...'\
.... ..i
-
.....-
.£.
'""',
..... ....
-
--<
-..-..
-
'<
. \ .:>-
('>'.
-.
\
» 7 '.
1
600
--r:r:-
.'
<
'\.."
I
\ \..'
I I
550
-J
MnH. nCTHOJOA
SOS-4 AQ
.
I
400
-
4
,\\
, e
..
'"'
\
,I.
I
o
.
350
300
I I
250
I I
200
"
- " '-
/ ---...
'- -
- , ., : \Jr :
.... \
\- \ j-
" ,
\
.\
3TOT nep oA MaTepl-lKI-I (eBepHoro
nOllywapl-lfl 6blll1-1 pa3AelleHbi
nOAHflBWI-IM CfI BOAaMI-I OKeaHOB. B K)}I{HOM
nOllywapl-l1-l HaXOAl-lllCfI OrpOMHbl MaTepl-lK -
rOHABaHa. npOl-l30Wll0 CaMOe Cl-lllbHOe 3aTOnlleHl-le
CYWI-I 3a BeCb nepl-loA CYLl.\eCTBOBaHl-lfi 3eMlll-1.
B pe3YllbTaTe 6011bWafi 4aCTb CYWI-I nOKpblllaCb
OrpOMHblMI-I 60110TaMI-I. Ha roll0 cywe
nOflBllf1IOTCfI nepBble paCTeHl-lfI, HO OCHOBHafi
)f{ 3Hb nO-npe}l{HeMY BCe eLl.\e 6 bill a
cocpeAOT04eHa B MOpfiX.
19
600
550
MnH. neT H030A
SOS-4 AQ
I
o
) TOT nepl-lOA - HacTofllll paCLI,BeT
Tpl-lll06I-1TOB. . Tpl-lll061-1Tbi - BblMepWl-le
411eHI-ICTOHOrl-le: 6POHbflpTelllla,apKTI-IHYPYC
, B03MO>KHO, a3a<pyc. . ECTb npeAnOll0>KeHl-lfI,
4TO a3 a <pyc 6blll XI-IIllHI-IKOM. . TellO Tp 1106 TOB
6blll0 nOKpblTO 3alll THb1M naHLI,l-IpeM. . HeKoTopble
Aa>Ke He I-IMelll-1 ma3. . Ho 3aTO Y Bcex 6b1110
no HeCKOllbKY nap KOHe4HocTe , CllY>K BWI-IX
AJIfi n01l3aHl-lfi no AHY 1-1 nllaBaH fI. . npl-l4eM
KOHe4HOCTI-I 6 bill 1-1 npl-lKpenlleHbl He TOllbKO
K ryll0BI-Il4Y, HO 1-1 K XBOCTOBOMY 1-1 roll0BHOMY
OTAellaM.
lAfIO "mo% IS\""
C.MbWlAHem%O mf %eml1e ,,"eb
\0 eM HO I
,,"HaM 3- ;" _ , MM)
"eo%eeM I<.pO 4,-70 eM.
" -z,"-z, HmlS\ -
" -<. ,
...... .., '-
- , "-
.........
.....,,)..
, l
e o4>OHr,., -
f\ \ '" O
",<Z1 ,' Ii
... ;.
.
....., .-
20
"',
o
. .
350
I I I
.. 300
I I I I I I
.. 200
250
. .:Ott>OCf}HPa
. . " "-
, ,'\:. --, ";"':'1.' _
- ' ... ....
'- (/:-.,"" < --.= -
, ' Ta,U\e,
tOt'U\,
onn
\\b\e tA "OA
P a3n"'" c\1otn" a )TOT ne n" tAO f'.
KaK nO T"Aa, B \\atenf'
0c\1°\\ t1Be
6 enne Kon"",e
" U} OtA
B 60n b
,.
')..'\
y(
3 0
bPOHb ..() . "''''
.:J .. .»»
:\
\ - . .'. -;) 0
" '\
. ,
I
\
. ... ;..' :A' \- ,:"',,
. ,,' ".;,:; '{{,' ::;; ': :":,.2 j
APKTHHy,oy("
. "I..
:... ... ..
...... .(
.' . ", .,"'. / t
.. .'
p....
2/
.. .
600 550
MnH. neT H030A
$OS-4 AO
400
AHI-IMI-I 1-13 nepBblX rOll0BOHOrl-lX
MOlllllOCKOB 6 bill 1-1 roHI-IOI. epac
1-1 3HAou,epac. . rOHl-lou,epac Bell npl-lKpenlleHHbl
06pa3 >K1-I3HI-I, a BOT 3HAou,epaCbl Y}I{e 6blll1-1
cB060AHonllaBalOlltl-lMI-I. . Lt1 Te 1-1 APyrl-le I-IMell
paKOBI-IHY, CKpblBalOlltylO 6011bWYIO 4aCTb Tella
3TI-IX orpOMHblX MOllllIOCKOB, AOCTl-lralOIltl-lx
B A11I-1HY BOCbMI-I MeTpOB.
I
I
'-
r OH"'O ep°'o.eP0(.
H )HAO
\,
, "
!.-.. .
-'
............ .
-
....-.....
'. -...
' -
' .
- .
..I'
'r \
.' ,:'
:,j,,'G9; '..' ,
'1\1 :9 -:-
" " ,
. . r>.
r ' -
,
p
.., ,
--.....-
'
....
,
-
/".
,-
,
';..' ,-',
.-- ..:1
- .....
"_1.1-.
.-- , .
I\
-"
,
.. "--.
". . .- ,{
...
. ,-t
o
,
.
I
250 ..
110 HeWHeM U (,rt!3 t!)Ke
"' ",,,.:e"" _ ""I,m"" ,me "," p"me"oe,
HI ",m'pOl" p.",.",,".." .m!"",mb
J (,eMlAfI l.\e%t!S1
, ",p"" ,I..!...J' '" 1
10... q
-e.
v
c:;O
a,) 'X.
\OS
c.)
r'
I
200
.
. .
350
300
-
>-",
\-< " ,\
.Y' ,\
\' ,.(
..
--
, , - ........
fl
( Te6eJ\b"aTb\e
3tX"1\otc\1e "Tb\ -
B"A T "J\o6"TOB'..
BeA UJ."X n "K enJ\e1\1\b\"
o6 a3 >K"31\"o 3T"tA
>K"BOT1\b\tA 1\e T nOAo 6 1\b\X
B tOB etAe1\1\OtA tA" eO
01\" 1\e noxo>K" 1\"
1\a oA1\O 31\aKOtAOe 1\a tA
>K"Boe t UJ.etTBOo
'0'
e
--.'
:.
23
H al-l6011ee ApeBHl-le 1-13 1-13BeCTHbiX
n03BOH04HbiX Y>Ke nOflB l1 Cb B 3TOT
nepl-lOA. . 3TO - Tell0AOHTbl. . Y HI-IX He 6blll0
HapY>KHOrO naHLI,l-Ipfl, a TellO nOKpblBalll-1
OTAellbHble MellKl-le 4eWY K . . BHeWHe
Tell0AOHTbi 04eHb HanOMI-IHalOT COBpeMeHHblX
pbl6.
600
.
I I
550
I,
:- .-
" .,..
t,r;. (!J' " . '._
"',
..r'" <--.......
""'- '- ".
--- <,
I, !f
I .
, I \i:.';"', ',
- "1...\'>"
---
' : ".
\'
"" ..,
--
I-L
I. .
. . .
." ,;:.
'. ..
-------
. . .
.
, lj:--.-".
OcnH( ·
("\0"" ,i; ,. -
y- , .' ,, , , I.' ffi\.\ \ .
r ...--:' "'- '
.-- '-".
' ....,.
MflH.fleTH030A
$OS-4 AO
'-I
.
,t
'--
if!-
.
t
WJf
"
...
.
- .
..' .
-
o 0 p 30&1S\& "MCb
nHe t10cmet1eHH IIKO&MH.
+I MOpCKOM :J HMSI t1MCKM){ P
M UlS\e cKOt1/le
01,pO fl
24
400
.
.
.
.
.
.'
, ..:
. qy:-
'.} :":: .":.
. 1
:-t
B 3TOT nep oA nOflBllf1IOTCfI rpanrOlll-1Tbl -
OAHa 1-13 rpynn }l{I-IBOTHbIX, npOMe>KYT04HbIX
Me>KAY 6eCn03BOH04HbIM n03BOH04HbIMI-I.
. (peAI-I rpanrOlll-1TOB BCTpe4all Cb BeAYIltl-le
npl-lKpenlleHHbli1 06pa3 >K1-I3HI-I 1-1 nllaBalOlltl-le.
, ... - ... ....
o
.
.
350
.
.
.
ot'\'t
e O
,
", ",.
",
" " ;" '.
" ...;. .'"
',.
0\' ,. .
if'
\!. .
..":!
'\ -....\\\'..
... '"".
\.:-.'\.)';'
"
\ '.
" ,
!
\ ---
11
,\\ , ' '\ t
I
300
I
200
I
250
. .
.
...,J:
';
I . ...... i
',,__ .;-:',f. ',. .:
,
" -, '
Ol) -........
"Ol1HT
: ./
-
/
\ \
--"," , ,
... .
,... '. \\\1
\"
jJ
Y . .F' i;-- ,
'. :::: --- --=:-- --::.
--G.
- - -
'-:::-- .........
- -1-'- ...,....J..
650
'--
,,,1.,
t
;.
Il
i::t
i '
..::., ........
, ),
II...,S,U .
...7"
----.. .
-c:-.
"-<
If'
..
.Wt'M""
)-..J..
....,-
""'
,"i;
.
--' .'
.
-
.... -
<&
.
1
-.:0..
.....
, ---...
\
-'-
.
:r-
<.
\
'\
-
-
'..::::-
::-r"
'-
-
,, .,.,
;,
-4 _
.
-
.....
......
,.
-
\
".
\\
,....,
""'
:;;:.. '. -
" - ---
....... -<....
- ".l. ----.,
.--- -
'>----c.. -
--.,.;:r
.-.r-
-
.n\
--- .\1
, -t
I I
450 MI1H. I1eT HO]OA
38-40fb
-
...-
,0
-
-
4P
"
----
- " 'C..
-<:.... -' --
..::0... '::z-- .....'
..,.. 4.. - .....
. - ......
-
"<.."""-
l .--.. ....
, . .-
-::t.
T
--
..
--...
_ ..:c'
,.....
-
h \
-
>--
500
.....
I
If ...
,
.
f
II
\
...
........
I
II
I
-
.-
'A..
.
.
.
...
I ";,
I' '
I '
..
450
'"
\''''
'
".,'.
1
...........
-..... ..#::. .
..... ..... t
.. ..::--....
.
MflH. fleT H030A
400
,')
"'-.
.........
...
-
-
-'-
---
" :x- '-
.....--..... '
....... ........
: - 40 -.
J
-
....
f
oJ
f.i -
,;J ,.....
"i
<....
...
"'"--, ..'
"'
.
......... '6
"1-
,'
-
--
-
1
:r-
..c
--
"'-
'"1
10
I I
350
I I I
300
I I
250
I I
200
lit.?
,
... --....
-
I
-, ---
"' -, .. .
............... ...
_:,-;
\\
t , _ \y _"'
/.. -
.
.
\.
.I....
'y,
\
r
M aTepl-IKI-I B (eBepHOM nOllywapl-l1-l
COeAI-IHl-llll-1Cb B HOBbl CBepXMaTepl-lK
IlaBpa31-11O. IO>KHoe nOllywapl-le npOAOll>Kalla
3aHI-IMaTb rl-lraHTCKafi rOHABaHa. no lll-1Hl-I1-I
COeAI-IHeHl-lfi MaTepl-lKOB 06pa30Ball1-1Cb ropHble
xpe6Tbl, OCTaTKI-I KOTOpblX COXpaHl-llll-1Cb 1-1 no ce
AeHb: YpallbCKl-le ropbl, ropbl (KaHAI-IHaBI-II-I,
Annalla4CKl-le ropbl. Mope Hacrynallo Ha cywy
1-1 3all1-1Ball0 paBHI-IHbl. K11I-1MaT CTall e e Tenllee
1-1 Mflr4e. }t{1-I3Hb no-npe}l{HeMY npOAOll>Kalla
cocpeAOT041-1BaTbCfI B MOpflX, XOTfI Ha cywe
nOflBl-llll-1Cb nepBble paCTeHl-lfi.
29
11
500
I I
450
MflH. fleTH030A
Q3S-40CZ>
fT
400
L: \\\'X 1 :
, " \" St '; ,.1 'i .
..\ .
.' \' ,,'
.r''''< ,\ \ . ........
"r
.l r..... ...
9..'....: .
- ,.. )3'... ..
.\... . . ;
" -
, .- _11..
. -
Ae O
& p eM9.
t? 311\0 'K..e &
o MHO'K..eell\ 0
&03 H "KJI JIll &11 IOW,")(
MeJlK")( t1 t10 0 Hb1)(
II\pW'O "II\O I
eii OH '
T p l-lll06l-1Tbl, 3a l-I aflCb OT XI-I HI-IKOB,
npl-l06peTall1-1 TOllCTble naH4l-1pl-l.
· TaKO naHLll-lpb 6blll y apKTI-IHypyca. i Y(
o r.
_L .
, . \
<., '\
.... YPYC
L"\ - ",",,-c,:,::}, -'. '.
'.:
., ,
,
" .
\\. .'
\ \\ :' '-
"".f
"")--
---- -<....
.. --- --- '
__ " ,-'So... " --5--...,
-
. , . ..........
-
.....
,
!
II
-.... <'\'..,' ,
lL'
7
, I
<. )
' ;--'::;':'
t
, {"-.
-.....
c..---,
,-
t
I
)Q
I I
350
. . I I f I
300 ..
250
f I I
. .
200
r an1'OnM1'b' B 31'01' ne MOA
Bb'tJlM a\01'. n1'e MrO C
p.oCt..r'" P.BY"..er\lOBOiA p.n.......
Ct..no.. \I C 6..n qytb ..e"b"'''X
\I.3.. e poB. (\lBII" ""e....CtO..or..x
OO"Bn"IO"''' rpo3....e X..I11....e
\1...0<..0\10.. 0 ..... (O.ca>'Cb
01' at(.oCt(.o nMO'"'OB, tJI,",orMtJI
""'BOfM.... O\l..XOp...n OCb 6b'Ctpo
3a b'Ba1'bCI\ B r 'i'"'1'.
)-
, '--
....."
\ '
\
e
...
,
-::r- -
.........
i
->-
-..... - ,.
;'"'..'
C
f"
.-r--
-
,,'
<': A
'\ ,-
';"\\'
ff
'-'"
,.
W--'"
-
-oi -
--=- -.
-:::
o"(.
,...';-
"'i
--
....
...
BClleg 311
HII C U( h1 :Cf11eHU51MU
)KU!(Jf11Hb/e 1j51f11 J1efGb/e
U HI{3eMHb/e - MH(JZ(JH(J)KKU
CK(JfJ1u(JH
U3! eC f11Hb/ti b/. TlefGb/1i
CK(JfJ1U(JH HII3eMHb/{j
HlltigeH ! - J1l1l1e(J (JH C _
(Jf11/1(J)KeHU51X !
--------- -
n ... ... ..... --
TepaCnl-lC - 6eC4ellIOCTHafl '.....
«pbI6a» C YAlll-1HeHHblM XBOCTOM - e e'
He I-IMella }l{eCTKoro BHyTpeHHero CKelleTa, HO Y}I{e "
6bllla nll0THO nOKpblTa 4ewye . . A 61-1pKeHl-lfI 1
npl-l06pella HaCTOfl ee pbl6be TopneAo06pa3Hoe
TellO, 3a l-I eHHOe naH41-1peM HanOA061-1e
nllaCTI-IH4aTO KOllb4yrl-l. . Y Bcex 6eC4ellIOCTHbiX
BHyrpeHHI-I CKelleT 6blll xpfl eBO , a KOCTb
06pa30BbiBalla HaPY>KHbl CKelleT
B BI-IAe naH4l-1pfl.
--
_ -- - ...c..____..-
. ____ .I f"'y..
- -<- "",,' .
_ (\1e V". " '
-J>-o iI'-
---r-
I
500
r
450
. .
...
, . 'i'\'
.
. ,'''' /
. . t)'{\'"
. . .. '(,'i-()\
\\'&111-
Tfep8b1 HII3e Nl >nO
naneO"V
.....
I "
;r
--e
'.... "\":-:"'"
_-r,
t - '. $\T
,
11_
.
.
MnH. neT H030A
Q38-40CZ>
400
.
.
-.
....
1...
...
- -
I
400
I I
350
I I I
300
I I I
250
I I
200
i
A KaHTOAbl - nepBble 4elllOCTHopOTble. .OHI-I
6blll1-1 nOKpblTbl 4eWY KaMI-I, KOTopble BMeCTe
C 3y6aMI-I jI1 nllaBHI-IKOBblMI-I Wl-lnaMI-I B OCHOBHOM
1-1 HaxOAflT B I-ICKOnaeMOM COCTOflHI-II-I. . (4I-1TaeTCfI,
4TO aKaHTOAbl MOrJll-I 6blTb npeAKaMI-I Bcex KOCTHblX
pbl6. . }t{l-Illj11 aKaHTOAbl B npeCHblX BOAax. . KaK
npaBl-lll0, I-IX pa3Mepbl He npeBblWalll-1 10 CM.
,
\.
6 pK """"1:1
c,.
- -
--
. -""-!; -....
- , ::"->- '- --- ':'"'
-.> -
--
--.'
if
'
---- '" -.:;:
-«1 ' -
IfOHrOAb
-<:::..
---d
--.
--.X"-.'
-
--..-:-
.:;:.r-
_\
i
.
"
--.
--
I r ( TI
650 600
. I I 1 I I
550
, I I
500
J - J.
': ,
I' V I '-
I . ) I'
..
, . .,p '
.. ,
: l\\ 1 1 "'/ , ill
\1=', .
'I , J' 1r"""
! "-
i l
II
11
-
-t..., -.
-
""
r' '"',
t
\ \'
. \\ --<
... .:>-
:=r
I
';50 MJlH. JleT HO]OA
I 90 8 - b'
I J I
l J' -
1
",- -
" =-
r
...........
?o-..
, I
,
,.
.\
-
, .
4 ..
, - .
}'
" \,
" I ( , 1
>- 2:"
..:s::- ;r .>--
I 1 T"TTI
500 450
J
.
4t ·
..
,
I
350
MnH. neT H030A
\ QOB-3b Q
,
.
"
,I,.
'1
1 '1\\'pH'" ! . 1\. '1" , -
\, \- -------
...
...
" It,!
. \
ot'
\
" .
, ..
...
..k-
t . \
--...:"'""'1
. ..
." "tt ......--........
t
I
350
,.
..
I I I
300
I I
250
I
200
I
150
--
----
-------
/
"" -
" ---................
<.r:. " ,,"
_ 'j J
,
\ - ....,J.../'
\
..
\
\
\.
K)}I{HOM nOllywapl-l1-l rocnoAcTBOBalla
rpOMaAHafl rOHABaHa. He6011bWl-le
JoIaTepl-lKI-I CrallKI-IBalll-1Cb, 06pa3YfI rOpHble
OtCTeMbl, 1-1 C611I-1}1{all1-1Cb C rOHABaHO . Koe-rAe
nOflBl-llll-1Cb rpOMaAHble nYCTbIHI-I. YpOBeHb OKeaHa
nOHM}I{allCfI, BOAa Y>Ke He 3aTanll1-1Balla cywy, KaK
npe>KAe. npOAOll}1{alll-1 coxpaHflTbCfI 1-1 6011bWl-le
3a601104eHHble npocrpaHCTBa. K11I-1MaT OCTaBallCfI
TennblM, HO CTall 6011ee CYXI-IM. no 3eMlle
pacnpocrpaHfllOTCfI pa3Ho06pa3Hbie XBO I-I,
nnaYHbl 1-1 nanOpOTHI-IKl-I, HeKOTopble I-IX BI-IAbl
.....OCTMraIOT pa3MepOB AepeBbeB. B KOHLle nepl-lOAa
03HMKaIOT Llellble lleca 1-13 3T X paCTeHI-I .
37
...
r
I!
500
.
..
M11H. 11eT
q H030A
08-3&0
I
350
450
i'
,
Acre
'lJ o
('
..
, .\
, ,,' l ). 1\
Y ,'\
". \.:. "'" " \ .
",,' ')-. ' " \.j' ,<-,
J' . '-,
, ) I' ,,(?-
'- ' ,
' " . ,\
"' .
,-,,-, , ,
, \.\: '. 1.1
'): ;t.' ':. '
.. ' ': "I\
" " . ,... \
",:.\
35
enlOet 0\l01"' 601\l"on en "<3
" aete\lonen",a "O<1I' b ,iI na \\"\lb
6",n \la,p.eni!\ a e'"onb"O ,ertAe 100
l aeteil), ",,,o01 ,,,e a""'O O nna oan "
, notAOUlblO 60nbUl" naet006\1 ' b'
", p.H"' nnao ""OO. P01000 anna\l'"
",, ","001 "' n\lep. a3 a an'" p.nI' "
,60\la , nooe\l""oet" p.Ha oop.o\lo(lle"
"tAen"" 6e'no'oo 0 "' '" )\{ 'b o "
tAO rn " " 0 n\le, oil," 0 ,0ne 0" oop.e.
--
_ ' -:t.
I
350
"'S "
,
Q \,
'-
a,('
25(,.-
,
I I
200 . . 150
,
, .'
\
\-1
j
I
300
---- "- -'
.... -, '
OKeaHaX 1-1 npeCHblX BOAax
B03HI-IKaeT MHO>KeCTBO naHl..\l-IpHblX
III ellIOCTHOpOTbIX pbl6. . npl-lAOHHble 6eC4ellIOCTHbie
aprl-lpl-lacnl-lc co Cnll0WHbiM naHl..\l-IpeM 1-1 nrepacnl-lc
C naHl..\l-IpeM 1-13 HeCKOllbKI-IX nllaCTI-IH MeAJleHHO
nepeABl<1ralll-1Cb B BOAe, WeBellfi TOllCTblMI-I XBOCTaMI-I.
" 17.,.
tJ: , . '- , '- .... '"'"
--i' ,.."
",,« f " . ,. ....... 0('"
"'-.- -", c' ,,, II . '
'\- > ("
)0
, ------
-----.
-...-..-
6Q1p 0l1enH(
>-
---r
--...
- -
" '..1-:" --
_._ '-
-4
--
....
I
500
I
.
I
450
"""'.-
.,
\ ...,
:
I
I
I'
I I
--.
MnH.neTHOJOA
-g08-3b O
50
MalleHbKoro KOKocTeyca 1-1 y OrpOMHbIX,
CTpaWHbIX, AocTl-lralOllIl-lx B AJlI-IHY AeBflTI-I
MerpOB AYHKlleOCTeYCOB 1-13 3allll-lTbi OCTalll-1Cb
TOllbKO rOll0BHO 1-1 rpYAHoCillll-lTbl.
.
<
--- (.1ei
Ko O
lie 1.0Mgb1
enlAHeH
l1 ol.lglA)I(Hoe GO J b1 g/l mb l.MOI)
J ° omKIA
IA me"" 1103g oM1A O m K p b1g"SI pom,
WlA p OKO
H"3" }
------
''\--
-
.--
:J
"
- .
r
-"'- ---
-,
-:r:- -
-----
..J.
) .
I
"-, .
.
. -.
"-
=t
I
15
I
311
251
211
I
1 1
3 TI-I pbl6bl - HenpeB30 AeHHble XI-Il1!HI-IKI-I
CBoe 3nOXI-I, npeKpaCHO 1-1 6blCTpO
nnaBalOl1!l-Ie, cnoc06Hbie rAe yroAHO HaCTI-I% CBOIO
;:'06b14Y 1-1 MOl1!HbIMI-I 4ellIOCTfiMI-I nepell0MI-ITb
a>Ke 3al1!I-ITHbl naHl..\l-Ipb >KepTBbl. . 3y6b1
XMl1!HI-IKY 3aMeHflll1-1 OCTpble KOCTHble nllaCTI-IHbl.
. 06beKTaMI-I OXOTbl AYHKlleOCTeYCOB
CTaHOBl-llll-1Cb npaKTI-I4eCKI-I Bce 061-1TaTell1-1 MOpfi.
(.1 ei<"
eO
A t-',,"I'
,'It
,..
...
..
, ...,
6\
i f:';'
..'
'. .1 '
.
.....
;
.
.
-.
.
-1'
f f ","
. .
.. -1
. .
(-
\
. .
-
J
\.
,."
\
f-
-
"
. ,"-
-<:
'..-
.-L....: \
'-
, - .
-:
I
500
..
I
450
MnH neT HOJOA
\ '90S_3b a
T
350
,
... .. ..
" .. \, ' \
' 'i , ! .\\i \ " ,. :.
f,..r ;:j\\\< '- : ..,;.c ';' ": ' ,
;.
r
- '
l(ello O Meg'eH",'
11M!!ef/I oH Ol-\e .. O/IbWOZO
HUKOM \ g3MII)(O,V\
XOrr\SI e""K"Hrr\ b1:I!; :I!A ee AlAWb O : ;KI!Hrr\ gHOgb l1ere)(o UA
g l.Iotib1l-\ \ g l.Iotib1l-\ \ ",
HO I-\ SI :J g II 311zMrr\u:J C.KMb)l(eHlAe,
)(goc. ogOZO 11M H:: ec.l1eWHoe VI""gHoe
/
J
;
r pynna KOCTHblX pbl6, 1-13BeCTHbiX KaK KI-ICTenepble,
061-1Talla Ha MellKOBOAbflX OKeaHa no BceMY
Ml-lpy. . Y4eHbie npeAnOllaralOT, 4TO I-IMeHHO 3TI-I
He06bl4Hbie pbl6b1 6blll1-1 npeAKaMI-I aMQ>1-I61-1 -
>KI-IBOTHbIX, YMeIOllIl-IX AblwaTb B03AYXOM, HO
pa3MHO>KalO1lIl-lxCfI B BOAe. . !J.ellaKaHT -
eAI-IHCTBeHHbl 1-13BeCTHbl npeACTaBI-ITellb
KI-ICTenepblX pbl6. . XBOCT Y Hero TpexnonacTHbl ,
4ewYfI KpynHafi 1-1 MaCCI-IBHafi. . AJlI-IHa Tella 4yrb
6011ee nOllyropa MeTpOB. . nllaBHI-IKI-I HanOMI-IHalOT
llanbl, a Ka>KAbl llY4 Cnl-lHHOro nllaBHI-IKa nOKpblT
MalleHbKI-IMI-I Wl-lnaMI-I.
-
42
=t
I
J50
I I I I I I
300
250
I I I I
200
I I I I
150
GKeAerr\bI 3rr\IAX IAGKOl'1 l1eMbI )( IIK !I
."., He "'f'"""'" ." <" "em"'"
"' ,,""'" ..'" f".I'f'''''' 'f''''''
I, J'OAO(el1 XH
...... . II
"\
.,'
IA!I
/
I \, \
-.. ----- -,
.........
( .
,
o ]tot ne t\oA nOf'SJ\fUotCf'
D ..actO U\..e bl6b1 - ,, U\e8b1e
a.. nbl, t..a.ana ..e 60nb ",..e.-
p,o noJ1YTo a ..e, 08 ""'....0..'
'a.... e ' 1<3" n ..P,o....b'i\ ",e.. a l<3'"
.. ,o nep,08..lI"a ""ap,oten ".. .
''11\'\'\ -,. -- .
})}} '; ''0, ..
, .... ...
_......... . .."'W'
Irre'. ....
HOKQ
'I HT
'".t ,,1
._ _s.
... ..... -...
, , ........ <" _ U"lJ "
, - ;,,' :'
43
I I
500
, I
'\ *
J ..I
"
, ,.
I I " "
MnH neT HOJOA
450 :-3b' 350
tf '1 . ,
,'\\. '-
'=;;r
\. 1 O(Tero -
" t.
" " ,
vi .
J ..
..
" ,
s.. ..' )1 ..
" ,I'
.., l\
' '.
"
. .
"
....
1
, ,
"t - 1
...\.'
'I
. to'
''\\ ' . ..,
h . J t -It!
" . ::.-
. -
-
i'''
. ...--.
H , !\ r \
(I. .
_ .r
.TI-IOCTera YAI-IBI-ITellbHblM 06pa30M
C04eTaJla B ce6e 4epTbi f{I-ICTenepo pbl6bl
1-1 3eMHOBoAHOro. - 06TeKaeMafl cpopMa Tella,
pb161-1 XBOCT - 3TO pOAHI-IT I-IXTI-IOCTer C pbl6aMI-I,
HO Y 3TI-IX ApeBHe Wl-lx pOACTBeHHI-IKOB llf1ryweK
6blll1-1 n04TI-I HaCTOfllll e llanbl, C nOMOlllblO
KOTOpblX MO>KHO 6b1110 n01l3aTb no AHY, a MO>KeT
6blTb, Aa>Ke 1-1 no cywe. _ cKonaeMble OCTaTKI-I
3TI-IX nepBblx nOKOpl-lTelle cywl-I 6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl
B rpeHllaHAI-II-I, I-IX B03paCT - OKOll0 350 MllH. lleT.
44
I
150
300
. .
250
. .
200
. .
150
fif
.[ I
"f , "
;H:
I
J .. (\1ePVC
'
-
-
.\
. t
',J(I
"/ d J. (
J
..
l.I O ",, II/'Il.I
'/.. 1'1/'1l1g H l.IKOg, KOmOp 30h/'ll.lC,b MI'1b1
3 HeO b1I.\Hb1 C,KOpee ke1. 0 , 0 P gom Hb1 '/..-
Kl.\c,m e l'1epb1 e pb1 b1 b1'/.. l.\emgepOHOZl.\'/.. )l(l.I (IIM l.Itil.\") ,
l'1 e pgb1'/.. HII3 eM 1.l.\'/.. 3eMHOgO Hb1'/..
l.\'/..ml.\Oc,meZl.I l.\ p
U TO n06YAl-lll0 >KI-IBOTHbIX Bbl TI-I Ha cywy?
...,. OAHa 1-13 npeAnOllaraeMblX npl-l41-1H -
aCTOe nepeCblXaHl-le BOAOeMOB. . TaKl-le
He06bl4Hbie pbl6bl HaY41-111I-1Cb K04eBaTb 1-13
nepecoxwl-lx BOAOeMOB B BOAOeMbI, HanOllHeHHble
BOAO . . nOCTeneHHO I-IX nllaBHI-IKI-I npeBpaTl-llll-1Cb
B KOHe4HOCTI-I, a CaMI-I >KI-IBOTHble HaY41-111I-1Cb
AblwaTb B03AYXOM. . TaK OHI-I 1-1 }l{l-Illl-1 -
TO Ha cywe, TO B BOAe.
45
I I I I I I , I I I I I , I I
. .
600 550 500 450
\ '.
\ ......
(
j ,
f t I"
'-
f .
., ,If
......
\\ . , ,
': ...
'. "'
i-
I, r l . . ,
.. I' .
J
I
',,,
I.
"
(' .....:.-
'- -
"- fl
"- .
-
..
"" .
- -
-
--
-\.'
'-. -
\
'Wt:
. "'1-, . -----
, \} -
"'.1" - .<::(
,-,
"t
I ('
0 MJ1 H . J1eT H030A
60-'2&b ,
,
,
, ' , 4F
:) , I
, I
r ..
,
: -
-. . I
,
.' '",.. .'
.' - \-
" "
jJ .
-- , -
.- -
--- .... - -
- -:.=
-----
-- JI
.
-
-
...
I T ' Ij'r I J .. I
I I 1 " MIlH. IleT HOJOA " 25(
450 400. 360 '1&.
t 'u _
\ ""... ' ,
. . \' ..)
" - ; ,
... 'f \.
I . "
,'. )-
;
, I. : "
, ...
rI f,
I
r I - ..
. " " I
' '
,"
I . ... ';:0,'
" '
- '.I;,
....
{
'.\ " (,
" "
III "
"
...
, ' ,
\I
, ""
. , 'i " "
, \.r
. , '"
' L "-
. \ - "l' '
.\.
, ,I
. ,- .k
... . " f' 1J
t . r
.' . .
'J t
, I
45 t
'...
I
250
200
,, '
"
150
I
100
I
50
.
.
\.
- -J
L---
-, "-
..\ l " J ,
(
sr;) . )
Joy- \J ,) - } _
h",
"
"
\ ..
,
. 011bWYIO 4aCTb cYWI-I 06pa30BbiBall1-1 ABa
orpOMHblX MaTepl-lKa - JlaBpa31-1f1 Ha
ceBepe 1-1 rOHABaHa Ha lOre. Bo Bce JlaBpa31-11-1
YCTaHOBl-lllCfI >KapKI-I 1-1 BJ1a>KHbl KllI-1MaT.
B03HI-IK1l0 HaCTOfI ee apCTBO rl-lraHTCKI-IX
nanOpOTHI-IKOB, cpeAI-I KOTOpblX nOflBl-llll-1Cb
1-1 ApeBOBI-IAHble. B KOH e 3TOro nepl-lOAa
nOflBllf1IOTCfI 1-1 XBO Hble lleca. Macca OTMepwe
paCTI-ITellbHOCTI-I He ycneBalla pa311araTbCfI,
06pa30BbiBafi B 60110Tax TOPQ>, KOTOpbl 4epe3
Ml-lllll1-10HbilleT CTall KaMeHHblM ymeM.
49
I
I
I
v
j
I
,
eT H030A
MI1H. 11 b
360-'1&
....
LI '/ c __ ... r,
LA .."' .{I,I "
LAO,,", ",. _ -A -,-h\
r"'I 0 (" ..' r ."!t:;..,.,... ' v
e r . .' ',,,-,, ,' yo'.
{1p o -.. 'V.' _ _
'0;::- , _'
- ' :,:{ , ' , "
, '. :':' ";" Il h , "
'" I"'
.- ."
3 eMHOBO,qHb,e, Tal(He,
I(al( npOTeporHPHHYC,
npo,qon}f(anH OCBaHBaTb
CYUly, )COTR n03BOHOlfHb,e e e
B OCHOBHOM 06HTanH B BO,qe.
PacnonO}f(eHHb,e no 60l(aM
ronOBb, rna3a (,qnR nYlfUlero
0630pa) no,qTBep}f(,qaIOT
npHcnoc06neHHOCTb
npOTepOrHPHHYCa I( O)COTe
Ha CYUle.
iLl
450
L--J
-LI
400
"" "I ,,'
- R". J. '.., I _ ' .
,
' . "', " \'{ I
' ". '. hll\.,l t ., ,
\ \\, V(J!I
'. :: '\' \ ' l
. '" v.(r . I,.
'. ,: .'
,
50
I
25(
...
\ :.
I ;::
-
,;;..
1\ ., : ";'>
I \. (
j j
- 3
t' I
. ;
--"-
-
-
-
- -
,- -,
-;;:--",
... ¥'r-
--
-
.;.... .
--
--;......
I
2 0
I I
200
',\
. \ .
. .
'"
"
-'
---
'..,'"
,I .
".
-
;:-
...... /'f
.-..
-
;'..
. ."::.... ..
I I I I
150 I I I
1 00 ..
'.$b
" '
/ 4iJ!A"'a- . :
:./1'9i-I1";- :Yk ,,-. -"
, $. 'i' -' --,---:; /' = :- ",; .,{
J..r.r:!-w..t'-- r?"? - -&:,
j7'i> '.<. 0"" " I' - (>
(' .-, .," ,", ...
<>" (- ,-' ,.- ',' '
",:r J ""(
Me10 e
I
50
(/
,
\,\80,.Hbl e 3\<.,.\,\8HO OC83\'\83J1\'\
4'YA0t/l 333eJ1eHe8ill'YlO c'Yill'Y.
. ¥a3H006?a3Hble "HOfOHO","'"
"1"10 Hble o"'l"" "c"O?O"OHbI 33 ceo "o"
oec a . . I\o...o"c b " Hace"O"ble.
. \I B03111"'e ,,? ","O"Cb cT?e"03 b1 ,
B 10" ""Clle ",,,H1C,,,,e "e13 HeB ?bI,
", )\O\O'JI" "' "", oo\>"aJl" 6a60""'"
O",O)t(.KQ
. ...0 " ;. 1 1'1 --" --
" - 16 ' "
_ :',-" 1 ''', "
'\
'.t, '
...
< .--
... '
.'
' \1fJ,
"<
, .
I
I
'I
, 1\
I
I
I
c
1
I
I
450
.
I I
I
400
I
25(
MnH. neT HOJOA
360-'l&b
- ""- '\.
" I:"''' -
ry60HO -
MH"OrOH Oil
O 'rO
,':\
.
, '"
Hor e
HaceKOMble n04TI-I
B nepB03AaHHOM BI-IAe COXpaHl-llll-1Cb
AO HaWI-IX AHe . . ApeBHe WI-I
TapaKaH MallO 4eM OTl11-14aeTCfI OT COBpeMeHHblX
CBOI-IX nOTOMKOB, HaCellf1IOUJ,I-IX HaWI-I >Kl-llll-1UJ,a.
M HOroHO>KKI-I - OAHI-I1-I3 ApeBHe WI-IX
npeACTaBI-ITelle 411eHI-ICTOHOrI-lX. . 80
Blla>KHbiX llecax >Kl-llll-1 rl-lraHTCKl-le - AO ABYX
MerpoB AllI-1HO . . 6011bWI-IHCTBO 3 HI-IX nl-lTall0Cb
paCTI-ITellbHblM KOpMOM, HO 6bl111-1 1-1 XI-IUJ,HI-IKI-I.
. ry60Horafl MHoroHO>KKa - XI-IW.H K, BMecTO
nepBo napbl Hor Y Hee f1AOBI-ITble 3y61..\bl.
6ot-\AP ra
, t; :-
...,
@
"\
...'......
(( ------=
52
.
I
250
.
,
"
,
@
r
.
200
150
100 50
"
,
..........
.....,
"
"'"' - ,
,
.: ... .,..t........ _. "
'. '" , , \. »,. '" . -
;. .. . , ,.... ',
" .,' '\ \ epf\e"10'"'
"..... 1'1'n ",
..... ,
__ -- ",lie li
T ------- - b1/1\'\ (,Ge
'1 Ae f n emffH XffpffUiff nMf8RII _ Y1/Jlibl-\b1 Hez G G (, w.e
neb . x /lRt'lII)(. t'I
r enffHKUii. Hff nepeg8uz/Jmbc HII' milK"
8p5/g IIU e e &b1M &0"3Mo")I(l-H!.
e6011bwafl, Bcero 40 CM B AllI-1HY, aKYlla
6aHAPl-lra 061-1Ta11a 1-1 B npecHo , 1-1 B
cOlleHo BOAe. . OT nOA06HbiX >KI-IBOTHbIX, no
3ceM BepOfiTHOCTI-I, npOl-l30Wll1-1 cOBpeMeHHble
a K]'11 bl 1-1 CKaTbl.
Yl1epneTOH 6bl11 He6011bWI-IM, OKOll0 35 CM
B AJ1""Y, CYUjeCTBO" O? 0 KO H
::-- ij.) ; 13'"1'....
I
53
t' MllH. lleT H030A t' I
450 400 360-'l&b 251
.,
to . .
, .I
I
'...,,,,
....
I
j
I
A lll-1Ha I-IXTI-IOCTerl-l - OKOll0 Merpa.
. XTI-IOCTera - XI-II1IHI-IK, K 3TOMY
BpeMeHI-I OHa Y>Ke 063aBellacb 6011bWI-IM
K0l11-14eCTBOM OCTpblX MellKI-IX 3y60B.
. KaK 1-1 Bce
3eMHOBOAHble,
pa3MHO>KallaCb
B BOAe.
,.
'4
<'"
-
., ,.
\
I \
.. I
t
.. .
. t"
,
. O
, . . ," 1_'"
, --- uy
,QHn 06e "1e
, .:.:. - '- .. --
\,
-'.
+
\\
l
Jo'::tU ,t I I
tJF',I.t- \" I
" 'I I.. ..:-. " ' .
... "' "
i;:. h'" -{'.
", '$/ (.. \ j .
"'II _ I "£It -.
... - ( , 'I'
-:!t -
I,-' - .£
'I -
\...- .-.\
:\ - ,
" '
..»'
i
. '.
I
250
200
I I
..
150
1
.
111
I
o
\
alleHbKI-I Al-lnll0BepTe6pOH 061-1Tall
B BOAe, 6blll He 6011bwe 15 CM B A1lI-lHY, HO
y>Ke I-IMell AOBOllbHO Cl-lllbHble HOrl-l. . BepofiTHo,
OH 4aCTO BblXOAl-lll Ha cywy B nOI-lCKaX KopMa,
B03MO>KHO MellKI-IX 411eHI-ICTOHorI-lX. . KO>Ka
Al-lnll0BepTe6poHa, rollafl 1-1 CKOllb3Kafl, flBI1f111aCb
MMeHHO TeM opraHoM AbiXaHl-lfI, C nOMoUJ,blO
KOTOpOro >KI-IBOTHOe, nonaAafi Ha cywy, Momo
AblwaTb BO Blla>KHOM llecy.
I1xmuucmezl! um
cffXfl!HUIII! xtucm u x KucmeneflJ!X fJ
nJ/mufJl!lIlJ! UU nlll!tHuK 1J 'fegKut
x KffHelfH . TlI! CUll
81J!fJffll31!m ffCmJ/x UHI! OIJ! hHIJ!X
I I Itlllh h HI! ClfUlll 8 III! CfJffCffOHI!
I '{ nUUCKnx r
\ I gffUIJ!IfU.
it" )(tHO(TerQ
'"\
\\'",
.'
"fC- -
. ,
- . .
t
-....'. .
.: "
'--.";
'...
. ';t
t.
"
. '
. .
.,
55
,
- ""',
,;;:.-
J,
i
il
i
I
t' MI1H l1eT HOJOA t'
360_2&b
Beer
- 7lor
_ ' - ,C '-:---" J1OL O
'-". -
, .. " ,--
- ---- .x
- " '"''
-"'- ,'.
-c- :::: :.. _, \
,,"F' -- \:"
- ' -
eCTll0Tl-laHa - ApeBHe wafi
penTl-llll-1f1, AllI-1HO OKOll0 20 CM. ,.
. no <popMe 4epena, cTpoeHl-l1O
1-1 nOCTaHOBKe KOHe4HoCTe OHa flBllf1eTCfI ,
HacTOfI e penn111l-1e , npl-lTOM AJIfI \
pa3MHO>KeHl-lfi BeCTll0Tl-laHe He HY>KHa 6bllla
BOAHafi cpeAa, >KI-IBOTHOe OTKllaAbiBall0 fI l..\a
C nll0THO 0601104KO (CKopllyno ) Ha cywe.
A M<p1-I6aMYC - 04eHb MalleHbKafl, 8 CM
AJII-IHO , aM<p1-I61-1f1. . Xopowo
pa3BI-ITbie KOHe4HOCTI-I roBOpfiT 06
I-IX BbICOKO np1-lCnOC0611eHHocTI-I
K Ha3eMHO >K1-I3HI-I.
. I I I
'50
I . I .
400
".
,.
56
r
250
.::;--
-
\.
............
"
--
I
50
I I
I I I
I
150
I I I
I
100
50
200
\
-..... .
,
1'0ltOI'II"nlO e - "actO"'"""
t\a3etAt\af\ atAt\'"6"f\ ( o"et\b
p,n""""''' "8otT O '" ""enD naJI b "e8
Ha nan ax _ "etb,pe. rna 3a
l'aenonaraJI"eb 8 8 e l'""e" qa cT "
nn oeltO " ro n08b " ",0 n0380n"no
8",cn e ","8a 1b 1I06"' e n0 8e l'''''OcT''
SOAb'.
.,.
... .
,
.,
--.
. I .k ....,
]:)0 '
, " I{OPA f\.pc. ,
, ,
l
Jo.->
'f
\
'.
" "."'- ....:...
"' ...
,)..:
\>'
..
A rk
"6
" O
Yc
,
....
57
I
. . 350
400
450
500
"'
)-
, ,\ If
J '\
I
\' ,"I
,
.. .". ... --
. , .L.
--- - --:;-
--'
--:::... ...
:-
.. -- -- ... C"
:-.
,,
.. r:.,::", II /'_
\ Itl ,
'\ \. . -"'"
.
t ..
, 1:: l t .
'd" t ':t
. ,
:. ,
: t - - ( ,
t. , ' \
'-. ..... -.(
" '. ,.\ .' \ .
.,.-.. .....
. "'" "..t*1IIIi
'["f--
;1. l s ,
... ...
... ., I,. ._
.1 ' ,:11 -
't .
. ., t :.. .
. .",
... . '.
. '
I
" --
-
---=:-
--<
-
I
,,',
. 1.
- -
--
' \\\\
,/
'.
-
. .,l
,J..
4 '\\
..i""
-{M
1-
'=
,'.
....".
- -
,-\ t":.. > ":" --;.,
!,. :;, < q'i<., ,,:; :.;- ,A '. _
"", . ': !...
. '=:- . .' ",,'"
.\. - - :', , -" W
-::..:=.....:::.-.:-- - ; .
' '''"'-
----
t. (,, .....
"<,l'V :Z- .
--.. < '. , ,' - ::- '
r=::c....
--' '=:-" -
It:!:- _ ,-
---
I
....00 MI1H. l1eT HC3CA t'
<86-'l.A"
.
, . \. 1 1
t -'\
).. ,\. ,
. A
'\,
-Jo. Jll.- I ' II
- j, 11/
.:t ... ... " ... .
-
" . to.
---. YJ ';
\ -.. ---'"
-
-
..a:.-
---... ",,-
.;.-
----
.
---
----
:: J:' ,
' --....:' "
=:::-r--
--
- .....;:;;... \\'
6 ;>-_"
..,..... .
-
......
--. '
---
- -- ,
' 5-'"' -,
. ...
::.. -.
.;- -
..
.
"" t
.
..;;;;:-
1
\
.........
I
200
350 300 MI1H, l1eT HOJOA
86-'2A'O
....
:JI ,
,
i l
£ '.....
I ·
!
,
.,
I
,
t
j
I
-s-'\.'
., \"
i , :. . \
.. 't
...>
.... , \
, .. ><to.
..
...
, ,. '\ 't
"
". ,. "1 " \
, ..L
.
\
" " '\
-
'\ ,
. -
.::
...... ..
I. ..,." ...;,
..
;.-
" .
'--
....
,.... ",
,-
JIIi't'-.-
, -
,
-."".......
--
- -
...
-
-
-
-J.
''''"
\.
!
(' j:"
-- 'oy.
-
-
'... .
c
,--
"I 4. ._
--'_ :..u.-.,
-............. -
.."..
-
-
.
jI" iI' ...
. . <oj.., t 01""<......"" .. ..... ."
...-:: ... . . .... ....t ",-;.... ).... . -
. .... , .. ...: , ,'.'.. ' :-:- \ ,.., . :. ,... ,,
, . i1' .... -.,). I \;
. _, .",. o ' '..... 1,
..... . ,'!-......_:.'" .'\ r, f",r1.
.t\, . ,jJ i I
..... .1." -...
*'\
' .
...
'- ..' j.... .
.,
.
-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
OO 150 100 50 0
,.. .J
,. 't(!\ ...'"
, \, . \ I YJ,
-TT?- , .')
, -, .
. -'-"
/ \' J \"
( --
1\.------:- - I
' ,
\ ; :;) ,\,
, \ ""--
"
, "
'-, '--.... '
...
r OHABaHa COeAI-IHIJl1laCb C JlaBpa3I-1e , 06pa30BaB
orpoMHblC1 cBepXMaTepl-lK naHrelO. KnI-lMaT CTall
cywe. 80 BHyrpeHHI-IX 0611acTfix naHrel-l nOj!B l1 Cb
06Wl-lpHbie nYCTblHI-I. Ha cywe n04TI-I C4e3111-1
nanOpOTHI-IKI-I, nllaYHbl 1-1 XBOll\I-I. 3aTo
pacnpocTpaH l1l-1Cb 6011ee CYXOYCTO 4I-1Bble paCTeHl-lfI,
Hanpl-lMep xBoC1Hble. 8 3TOT nepl-loA 1-13-3a nepeMeHbl
KJ1 MaTa npol-lCXOAI-IT BblMl-lpaHl-le MHor x ApeBHl-lx
rpynn >KI-IBOTHbiX. 3eMHoBoAHbie nblTalll-1Cb
npHcnoco6 TbCfI K HOBblM YCll0B flM pa3HblM
nyrj!M : HeKoTopble YBell 1-14 1-1 Balll-1Cb B pa3MepaX
Mll , Ha060pOT, YMeHbWall1-1Cb, HeKOTOpble np 06pelll-1
60nee nll0THbie nOKpOBbl, noxo}l{l-Ie Ha naH4 p ,
'lT06b111Y4We COXpaHflTb 4eHHYlO Bllary B OpraHl-I3Me.
.\"
t a
6/
I
350
I I
. .
I
300
MnH.neTHOJOA
86- 2A \
I
200
--....
""
--
'<,
-
-". :- ::=_
-
--.:.:i
._. '- ":.- '.-. .n. ,,- -
. -
. ,.... - '....""' "4'--;
--'" - - ... r:fi:'C'; " ""''!J.l
_ ""93aB p___" ., , -",.t : >1{ :!
"_ , .:- . v:;'o
t: --==- '.) :.. '.. "{-'" ,, . o :;v - :,, >} -
......, \.... ...._ 01"''''''' . "'1.r,..l "" "--
...-.- ------=---- ..... Y' -"', ;..J. "" F '3'" -II &j. . oJr.." ..,. -'JI.. - -....-.
<: -:=;-. ...);) ,». . I").... ')"u) oJ.... ':)"; --:"V .'i ..... ",--: ,..
""-:_ , .... !' ....:'O -':.....::... .).... ......)'.....,.> . , ..., .... . , . ,
. o, ':' :;.. ..i' ", j.'v ., "
' J -' -:: -s- <-.,, .r "?o -. 7 .-\:.- , .,',.
-. _ ... -,, ..> \r;.. ('10 ::0;-. ;. 11 . -I.J "
, <, ....... . . .. -:I""'''' . , -J '
L.- - ...:, "'01 _ .
- .JI............
.......... ...
"
" "
. ....,....t...
------ - .
...,...
-
"
. ,
. ___ -dJ../ ...
___ .-v ..
_...;-
,,
.. ' -',;'
"" \III>r..1.,:.,f _'\
" ",
.......
-
t
T
I
,
-
- .L. '-
-- -.; 1 -....
--
,
"
OS!Bllf1IOTCfI HeOObl4Hbie )I{ BOTHble -
3BepOJy6ble penTl-llll-1l-1, TaKl-le, KaK
cKyrOJaBpbl. ""
" 4" 110 40
"'61
'I.
\
:;"', c.
.'
.,
.....
-4.., t "
. " . \\\\
. .\
, !
",. '.
,
ijf.t, ,
'l
,
).
"
\
......
- "{
.
\ -
62
IL
emF,"""e, # "".KO!.e 9, '",9oHm. ""' !."
F"m,m e """9".M'. <om. , "e ""eM
",",mHO, .m' ,Me""' oH' eA' ! "',!..< ""m'
"M"'" ,m, m,m!" "' , ,.. F,,,,,,meAbH,,m,,
t1rlAZO HOa /lS! t1lA"'RHIA '
I
'00
I
150
,", /"
,
I
100
J\.
. J;..'
.' IJ
- (
I
50
I I
,
...
... .. t
".- ..
",,: "'"
r
"
-}i ,-' "
., ,:; >¥/ :-; ">
',,» "
?
..,,- "
, '
;a'
-...,-- ...
i . .
...
. .:..-...-:--. . .-.
""',
.."';
. :
.......
;.
,-
------
;.
"
- / '
':.'(, '
<1',
"
--::f '
___ ", .,' ,,1.\ "
, ,::::'-11-8 "' S \1=-
..:." . ,. .." ----
- O ll..a .., ..e,..ei1l ,..epo, 6b1
}K\\8 01 t\b\){-){\\lU.t\\\K08 -
1I....OIIO..'bI t c06a"o, 6b1)' "o'O\l
n\lep,<t a .. n . e , II.......... 11 p,II........ eC'b
\le,"bI .. ""bI"'" a ,a"",e ",e..a,en b .. ble
, 6b1. O\lellnonarae,c., ..'0 "",..o,..oe
",e ....eno Ule\l<t...o i1l no,,\lo",
"'..e.... o o"a"" co,p,a....i1I. c"o\lee
..ce ro . .. n\lo..,OUln.. ..ne"on...alOlII..e.
.
.;1
-
r-=
r
u,"\
I'
'
I
"
"70
I
o
":1'
,..
t3 ,Y"
,t,q.
\-;t. .
, " I
.." ...-
",
"'"
:." ,/:'" .."
-pJ 1-
. '
I_r.
'So. (' ,
I ' '\ -
.. I':. -----.-
..,
J .
J, -.....
.., ... .
....'
63
200
, I I
150
, I
100
. . I
50
I I
. .
I
o
.
", .
/'
')\i
!
. -' ...;.. j(,"-
w, _YTffI''''''' - .........
..
\,.
'\J ,..
..
,-,
<,
,
->
.. '
-
' -. KCKOnc
aKonc }l{l-Ill OAHOBpeMeHHO C 3pI-lOnCOM.
. OH 6blll B Tpl-l pa3a Mellb4e, HO, CYAfI
no CTpoeH 1O KOHe4HOCTe , Bell B OCHOBHOM
!ia3eMHbl 06pa3 >K1-I3HI-I. . KaKonc - XI-IIlIHI-IK,
a OT 6011ee KpynHblx }l{I-IBOTHbIX ero 3allll-llllall
PfiA KOCTHblX nllaCTI-IH Ha cn He.
-"'-
.-'. '
....
-""
"
-
-"
_---::-' ---"':-. . . ;- , -- -"
-= =- - "'= -
.. ;, , , ,---='
'-- ......,,- - ," .: -- , .-
- -..- '- -- "-::.. - -- -.. --::::-......-=-- --=-
' .
- . .'Z
,....
or--- "-
-
""" .:, --
--'.; -
-
-
'"
"-
-.. -
-..
ft '.-
.!. ..;.
+" _ ... _ .,F'-' :
, .
o "
- " " ... .
, .,;':,' .-.- J, . f ' .,:...:' "
"... - '" W_' , _' ............ ... _
... '-:'" ..
I I
350
,
I'
.
I ."
i
1=
I!
--.
I I
300
MnH. neT HOJOA
86-2A
I
200
) p onc, OCTaTK KOTOpOro
6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl
B (eBepHO AMep Ke, - OAI-IH
1-13 Ha 6011ee XopOWO 1-13BeCTHbiX
lla6I-1p HTOAOHTOB. . 3Ta
nOllYTopaMerpOBafi aM<t> 61-1f1
6bllla Henll0XO np cnoc0611eHa
K Ha3eMHOMY nepeAB }I{eH IO.
=:t. -;
.-:..- -
<
-
.,.
-
" \
- om 3PLW 1C ,II
ozpOMHbl M P S! 3/1Z/'1/1mbl%/lHMS!
t1 p e H/l3H/I\\/\fI(,S! flll p L4I'1HbI)( (, e('I1\%.
o%MbHO " "I
K/lKM><-m o )pHOnC
" -
L...... .
.
.
$
. - .....;...,. .
.. ... -'..; '!"\ .... ..
e. -..C ",\. -,,"
..v -- ". -IoCJ.
... "' '.
itI
j
.....
,,,"
'(1
"
". .
. - o
.. - or''-'
, ".",-.
"
. . .
--,
;:: -= : ,*,:'. . .It,_
.:a...
><
-....-
'- - '-
" "'
. .- .
,- ,
- ';"'Joo,
....
200
I I
150
I I I I I I I
100 ... 50 ·
I
o
.. '
""-.
:--=-. - .
,-J-J.-,IIt;Y: -
., -- -",... "'--=-
.....
""-
'U "_\,
..
.
" "
; "
. ..
d'3
.......- -):
.0-
.
1-
--
-
KOKonc
aKonc >Kl-lll oAHoBpeMeHHo C 3pl-lOncoM.
. OH 6blll B Tpl-l pa3a Mellb4e, HO, CYAfI
no CTpOeHl-l1O KOHe4HOCTe , Bell B OCHOBHOM
>ia3eMHbl 06pa3 >K1-I3HI-I. . KaKonc - XI-IIlIH K,
a OT 6011ee KpynHblx >K BOTHbIX ero 3allll-llllall
PfiA KOCTHblX nllaCTI-IH Ha Cnl-lHe.
.
- , -- , : '- - -?-. .
------- ...:- , - = ---:;.- -
. ---= ...: -:--, =:
".-.- - ";;' - '-.. --;:' .
- ---
- -
;
r... '-..
.....0;),
Ci
"
"'(.
3
-- :..- ,
-:-
t. . .. - -- -
,-',
- -
..,
-:
.....
.,.
:!I!,l. -
, '
; .- -
r=- _
1
11
1:
I
t-
I.
---
.
......
I
(
J.t lJo
,.O
- 'J"
, '-Ie
.,
I I
350
I I
300
MnH.neTHOJOA
86-2A
E w.e OAHa rpynna 3Bep03y6blX -
Ae HOl..\eq,allbl (<<y}l{acHorolloBble») -
6bllla npeACTaBlleHa pa3111-14Hb1MI-I
npl-l4YAll1-1BbiMI-I C03AaH S!MI-I - X W.HbIMIt1
1-1 paCTI-ITellbHOflAHbIM .
eXMeTPOBbl I-IBaHT03aBp (<<i-1BaHoB
I w.ep») - X W.Hbl Ae HOl..\eq,all.
OH 6blll C03AaH npl-lpOAO Allfl OXOTbl Ha
TaKI-IX ero COpOAI-I4e , KaK 3CTeMMeH03YXI-I.
"
-
\, ,
'
..........
.-
-
-
---
-;
-<-
.-.- ::: ---
I
20
,
I
I
,
I
I
,
\
"
':-
-
-="=J!IIo..
I
20'
I I
150
I I
100
50
I
o
e Ll 0 3 Y X _...;. ..
...... , '...<' " ,
..... 'll :- f,"'. ::.....
I!o('" "':.
e ..r tJ.. .,\"" "...",.
.... r{! 1-""'" < '" . 1 ' , ,
(,' 41 ............."' W-'( r ...... "-.o;..,'
,-,..,' f,; Ii' ,tr .\o1v. .: \""t.... .
rJ t: '=. _ " .. . 4 "\ '
I ....... ... c. .._ .. " ....... ...
I" .... -....i3'...
'''..-..' u;<i, . ,, ,;
4w.... J-."l ' ,-" "'" -.. ,
'." .c.. ""U ...< " , ' " . . '
"".. .. . ....'" '" 1 '-, PJ'
, " "" I v ...... "t
, 1011 1 ' ... I-' . t .. .
-r- .;,,'1 ."...,.. \- ..
..... '
-
.'- ".-J:o..
rlf
-
..; \.
' 'f N
.,,' 1
--
-,
,
, .
to""
"\. -
-'-:-..:. ----
--
- -
.,'
.;;:r
1- -, _
, ...
4-
....
'<..:r
;0...;-
"...
)
,
, -':"
-... .... -----" --
....
....-___-.. a
Tt. O IA"'b ",al\b
(JlJcm 1O KIJ>K 3CmeMMeH(J3 Xa MOZAIA t1p
m0 3R %pR.
MIJU1,Hb1e caOelibHb1e Klib1KIA IAI1RH
3 CTeMMeH03YX 6blll orpOMHblM,
HenOBOpOTlll-1BblM >KI-IBOTHbIM.
. HeCMOTpfl Ha CTpaWHbie 3y6acTbie
4ell1OCTI-I, 3TO 6blll0 paCHHellbHOfiAHoe
cyw.eCTBO. . KOCTHble BbipOCTbl Ha rolloBe
3CTeMMeH03yxa pa3111-14am1Cb no <popMe
1-1 pa3MepaM y CaMI..\OB 1-1 caMOK.
"
---,-
...
->
-
.....
67
1
350
I-
I t
f'"
I
.
.
l
I
300
" MJ1H. neT
H030A "
86-'2A
'(I e G
'j..G'(I yr.or. 'j.. G
O yr. (, G 'j.. (,Vi (,G'j.. "or. f\
Gyr.\,\Ge
3yr.G 'ji.1J; - '(I,,\\\I., '"
G'ji. (,yr.
.
\
01f\OCC
.,
ol<anTO ""YC" - .nT..n"'"
::J nOJ\ ,,"SUl"e Ul" ottoe
acn Oct1la"."". 6 ,ToT n. "op..
itOJ\bUl"t\ctS O at\t\")l
n .p.c;ta6"T.n." ,,0" r ynnbl
"'..6 0 ....." .....n o ...60 nbUl ".
a3". '" I<al<, ..an "". '
nOJ\'f1'0 ato\et OSb\"
,o...nro ""YC' Y ...ro 6.. na
tY"'.....al< ..o p.a .. T " I<p.a
)KesateJ\bt\b\)l 3 6os.
'
nt,
..
6t5
I
oo
--
150
. .
· · 50
100
.,$. .
'-
.$
.
OTllaCCl-lfl f1BHO BOAHOe }l{I-IBOTHOe. KaKOe-TO
BpeMfI KOTllaCCl-I1-I nblTalll-1Cb npl-lCnOC061-1TbCfI
K }l{1-I3HI-I Ha cywe, HO 3aTeM OnflTb BepHYll Cb B BOAY.
30Konrop
"'Iy
('
"'-JfL4.. \
- .,.....
...
. J
'\
,
J
. ;- '
\
"\!:" .
-.
\
.I-
-,c.
,
1
.I
'\
69
I I
350
I I
300
I
200
..
r
MnH, neT HOJOA
86-2A .
Me30306
--.r
;>
!"
.
Ie " TlumlfI1CJi1 Me3u3n8f) GIJ1u,e>KuGIfJi1
I ' U3 GlJglJ1 CKGIJ36 f g gl1UHHIJ1X
; , .... ..... __ U mlJHKUX 3 OIJG Mel1KUX f lf '1KUG.
-.....- -
---------
B npeCHOBOAHblX OTll0}l{eHl-lflX K>}I{HO
AMepl-lKI-I 1-1 K>}I{HO ACPpl-lKI-I
BCTpe4alOTCfI OCTaTKI-I He6011bwo (40 CM)
BOAHO penTl-llll-1l-1 - Me303aBpa. . JlanKI-I
y Me303aBpa 6blll1-1 He6011bWl-le, BCe BpeMfI OH
npOBOAl-lll B BOAe, nepeABl-lraflCb C nOMOl1.\blO
Alll-1HHOro XBOCTa, XOTfI AJlfI oTKllaAblBaHl-lfI
511-14 eMY npl-lXOAl-lll0Cb Bbln01l3aTb Ha cywy.
"
'
nOt'\
e1P°t"'"
" ",
, '.. . '"
" ,,1, It..
... \ ." ",)0
>- .
. ,
.. iJl .&.I
. ,l - 'f _." , \:."':;
t ', F.
.,-,'
"
"-
,
....
\...
'-
I
00
-
" ,
. ,
.. .
,
,,--- ......... . ..
't
i" ,i<
'-, <-' . , li. '
:;, ? ,
,
" r..
... , .." --
' .£i , :. "i,' ' ' I. /' .
. : ., t' . f" ,,- .! / ./ /..
, . :\\\,\., ;;", . /," Ii"",
<:" ' ", 'li"I """ . \\'
',.... '. ,r;;'" , i.t\ . T ., :", .
v - ,f ,', '.I
ii!"j \ .; .. .: . / ... b'
I . '. iI '-;.\ '
;;"t ,,
,. - ......
150
I
10'
,
,
\
,
J
I
I
\
'.
.........
' .
'"
-
r -
-
--
- "7
'. "\
50
I
o
( peAM penTMnMM
OlleHb Heo6blllHO
BblrnftAen AMMeTpOAOH -
KpynHoe TpeXMeTpOBoe
)I{MBOTHOe C Heo6blllHbiM
BblpOCTOM Ha cnMHe.
AMMeTpOAOH 6bln
XMU4HMKOM.
- : - ,$
',' ' : J ....
'. '. - .:;",..
"'-
"\)< .....
. .. \.
,j,
-=>
,
iJ', ""
...... . .... _ 71'f
71
I I I I
500
F
:;;.
I,.
-\.
'- "
--
! t
"
ro-
I':"
L 4:,
.. "
\..'
-'''.
'<
..
l -
...
I I I
450
....
/
--
--
...
I I
I I I
400
,
l
"
-...
I I
f -
'\
'.
I I I
350
.....
,
....
--
300 MI1H. I1eT H030A t'
<SO-'l3()
,)'
f
i
Ii I
'.
,
,,"'
" ((0
:(
.,'i
- ,
>, ..
-... .......,
.-, II
\'
\'
,-
C'>'
-
-
...;::;
.......
..
'
\:... It
..
. '"
"\,
,-' -
-
.....
.,
- -
I
".'
-
......."
I I I I I I
350 300
..
" MJ1H. J1eT HO]OA
SO-'230
I
200
l "
,t\I.
,
J
\,' ,
--.
(\
I
\
"'
'"'
'f)
',
'h
...,
.
"" '
,,\, '
.....
"
-
.\
-I ,
--..
-
....,
"
-.:-
..:o .00
'--=
,'
t
i R -
, -
,
-
"
';1'.
",""" :"
\\\- - '; -: ' I
.-"-
_ "T-__.. .---.
-' -
, '"
'
..c.... '
....
----
-
-
...
100 · · 50
....
'--
I
DO
150
.
"
'-'- " ,
'- -' -,;:- """...
...
,
\
o
...
, ...
..
.J
L....., I
" \ -1
I I '-',
,.(
E AI-IHb' KOHTI-IHeHT naHrefl 6bl111-13pe3aH
3all1-1BaMI-I 1-1 npOlll-1BaMI-I. B my61-1He naHrel-l
coXpaHfllll-1Cb 6011bwl-le 3Ho Hble nYCTbIHI-I, no
OKpal-lHaM paCKI-IHYlll-1Cb 06Wl-lpHbie H 3MeHHOCTI-I.
K11I-1MaT no Bce 3eMlle 6blll pOBHblM - }l{apKI-IM
CYXI-IM lleTOM 1-1 npOXJIaAHblM 3I-1MO . Cywa
Ha4alla 3aCellf1TbCfI HOBblMI-I rpynnaMI-I }l{I-IBOTHbIX.
\'
"
- \J"
I.
I
, ....
75
......
I I I I
350
I I
310
MnH.nCTHQJQA
<50-'23 0
I
1
,
I
) ynaPKepl-lfi _ -..... 'J;,
COBceM MalleHbKI-li:1, '''',
OKOll0 nOllYMeTpa AJlI-IHOi:1, XI-Il1.\HI-IK / li
C OCTpblMI-I 3y6aMI-I, nOXO}l{I-IM Ha h:i., I ,,--
3aT04eHHbie 3y6bfl nl-lllbl. . Y4eHbie .
C4I-1TaIOT, 4TO I-IMeHHO OT npeAKOB, nOA06HbiX
3ynapKepl-ll-l, MOrlll-l np01-l30 TI-I nTI-I4bl
1-1 AI-IH03aBpbl. C TO
Bpl1 .
....---_... IfO
-- ... '"
" ,'-- A , -- , ""
\ f: ', .I'
.", '> "
*' ' ->' ,
...: / - - - \
- - . ,
:.,:-1 - - ..A
,
---
I
t;
..
i1
{
'
--"" ' =:;-
I
,-
----
.
/- ;
...:..- -
-
.::: ..\
-
.:t - ________
-' ..
"
'
- .---
- >--- -,. ,--<
"" - --..-
---.....-
I
!OO
150
100
"'-
q.
t/-.e
3'/t'o , ',.
.'t'-'
.)
'
;. "\' r
. ', ,
. .-.". - . \
.. \' $ l'r
a
..,'.
. .'-
( . ;#;
fil'tI'
!
I'
..
'\.'
,
I
\
\
.
.
· 0
50
. ...., ).
."- ,,., .
. .
1\\ - Ii
...."..' - >!I
.. . '
r
. .. :.;;.": s ,<-.
I!- .. 'tJ. ..:': ..
r ___ \ "
. " . .
\,'.,
. .
\\.,'
. A\\\
_.. .,f\ j
, I
3",lI'"
:/,g,t-,,,'J, ....g,
\\e e v; ",,'i- V.
v.'f-. ....g, g,'i-.
v.1JJ....... .,oJ ....lI:/'
I.\e"'\\\ e;"
--""\j
CTaTKI-I OAHOro 1-13 caMblX nepBblX
AI-IH03aBpOB 6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl B 6pa31-1111-11-1.
}t{I-IBOTHOe Ha3Ball1-1 f1LlJ,epOM K)}I{HOro KpeCTa
(c03Be3Al-le K)}I{HOro nOllywapl-lfl 3eMlll-1) -
CTaBpI-lK03aBpOM. . CTaBpl-lK03aBp 6erall TOllbKO
Ha 3aAHI-IX Horax. BepOfiTHO, llanbl ero I-IMelll-1 no
nflTb nallbLleB. . 3TO 6blll XI-ILlJ,HI-IK C 04eHb
AllI-IHHblMI-I 4ellIOCTflMI-I, BOOPY}I{eHHblMI-I
MHO}l{eCTBOM MellKI-IX OCTpblX 3y60B. . Alll-1Ha
CTaBpl-lK03aBpa - OKOll0 ABYX MeTpOB.
77
I
350
1
. . I I
300
. . .
.
.
r .
.
.
.
.
;I .
'"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
t
MllH
. llPT
H030A
SO-23()
I
20
.
\
A/lLHHH' lMe ·
t10MOZ""" m" lAcmrO elO ·
ocm,, "mb rt1£ .
c ZfI £IA t1. O)(Om e
Ct10CO£Cm O "fllA ·
IA fI"H t1e ·
t1ere "e 3 £b1. ·
'
.. \;
':
"
"\
OL .
r 7 1f,
CtpO,f.. -
'P eH
l' aK\\CTPOt\)e
, AOcT\\ran p.n\\Kb\
S tAr 60nbUle non 08 \\Kb\
t(OTOPO np\\)lOA\\n OCb
Ka Ule\O. 1aK\\CTPOt\)e\\
6b\n Ka3 etAKb \tA
)tl\\80 TKb \tAr KO C80\O
A06b\"' OK n0 8 \\n 8 80Ae.
'I
, J
7t5
.
"'\ .
.
.
j.
")
. . .
I ·
. ' \ \,.
"' --
, ,
I
00
I
. .
100
. .
150
50 ·
o
B 3TOT nepl-loA 41-1HOAOHTbi (<<C06aK03y6bl»)
1-13MeHl-llll-1Cb, npl-lCnOCa611I-1BafiCb K }t{1-I3HI-I
Ha cywe. . Y4eHbie C4I-1TaIOT, 4TO I-IMeHHO
OT 41-1HOAOHTOB npOl-l30Wll1-1 MlleKOnI-lTalOl1\l-Ie.
. Tl-lnl-l4Hbll-1 npeACTaBI-ITellb 41-1HOAOHTOB 3TOro
BpeMeHI-I - 4I-1HOrHaT. . XI-Il1\HI-IK OKOll0 nOllYTOpa
MeTpOB AJlI-IHOI-1, nl-lTaBWI-II-1Cflll10601-1 }t{I-IBO
. A06bI4e , KOTOPYIO TOllbKO MOr nOI-1MaTb.
".01 , -t--
;'i t:t-.!JJ
Jj' '
. ..:::"......--'IC" :" :0\..., ..
.
.
.
I.,
...........
' ,0'.
\ '
.... ,..
" . ,.
" :t
.
.' {V,
" t
,
' ' , "
. .
..
4"'\,
,\,
.
"._''f.". '\..'
'.
;:l;...
-'
o
I
I
' , - ,
...... ---
1...\11"'0
, I""
\o
" "
'.
i'
........
'\
-.,. ...-
':
........ -:'-
(J &;;
I
350
I
o.
MllH. lleT H030A
SO-23()
I
200
11 ar03YXI-I - MalleHbKl-le 30-CaHTI-IMeTpOBble
npblryHbl C TOHKI-IMI-I KOHe4HOCTfiMI-I,
AJlI-IHHblM XBOCTOM 1-1 KOpOTKI-IM ryll0BI-Il1\eM.
. 6erall1-1 KaK Ha 4eTblpex, TaK 1-1 Ha ABYX Horax.
-----------
- TH)(BHHCKH ---""""__
'\' -- .
'"
. .
,..
.
i,4I..-./
,. M';
II!I'- "" -.- '. >
'III I . I ;,... .....--...._
_ IiI" ;:::0----".
.. .... ' -
, ...
.....- - -;:::;,-
,..
-=--- k- _
-
____P'"""'
\1
----
----
-------
T I-IXBI-IHCKl-lfi (AJlI-IHa 20 CM) I-IMella orpOMHble
ma3a (1-I3-3a 4ero MO}t{HO npeAnOll0}t{I-ITb,
4TO }t{I-IBOTHOe BellO H04HO 06pa3 }l{1-I3HI-I)
1-1 peAKl-le npl-lrynlleHHble 3y6bl.
K aHHeMe pl-lfi -
paCTI-ITellbHOfiAHoe
}t{I-IBOTHOe, 061-1TaBWee "":>.:" . " .
Ha cywe. 2 .....,
-.Jr,
...
.' ,
-
:._ .
--
50
'"
........
I I I
150 1 lo I I I I I I I I
o
;' I r-', no r
. '-. . 03Y
,,., ... " )(
\...._ _ , Ii'
", = ,'&.
-"
I
DO
I
o
" ...
- t! ,
L
, ..... "
KlfHHeMeii -
c g8uM 'fuu UMeA
" 5/ Mo: U (JzfO:
l1eAlOcmu , HblMU KAblKtT M MHrlO z(JJ1(J8u
., n(Jnu U 8 'I
'IZlfe(J0f efxHe -
\lot\t\e....e p....R 83.0. Mol, ·
-\ .
'" .......,-x
' .
, ,' .
. ,1 .S
J \t '
. - \ ", ,
l,}".t'- \ '
. \ .
'- - -- .
"
- ", ...
.../
......
-
""11>
,
,
.
'''\
\ .."..... iI'.J
..# "-0
'\
........ "
;\
U'
""<
': "'-:"'-
... t -
j.. '.
-':;'
...
t. .. J
t '
'"
'--T . _
--
I I I I I I I I I I
450 400 350 300
.t t ,, 1- j
f .- .f'\ \l
Ii. ' ...... \ ...,
I , ..;;7 "-
< <
l' . - .,,--
-:;:.
- -.
.. - .y'
" ,.:;
...
- .A ... .'
.....
--=;
"
"
......
..-
---.
<- :
---.......-... '
.,...... '10....
. ----- .,\...
-I..
- .........
)0
"-
:l-
:'! ........,:
" .
.......-.. -
-----
'--,
,--
-
- .
'....
.... ..._
............... -.
- 'to
- - -
--...--
.
!:::
... .
;
"
""
\
\ -
- ,
-:-- '-'. "'"
------- r \
::--- --.... ... . '-'
, -. -.
-...
--
--
"'-.......
.',.
'. ""
, .............
:.. _c....
,""'"' -:r-..
"'--"
.:.--...
'
'
"
...q.,
""
., - ...........'
'"'
:: _. _-....., ;,;;::,r ,'-
-............... -...
.---"'- -, - '--
......
-"'-
'-
-
"',
--
::.
'"
---
---
-
-
250 (' MJ1H. J1eT H030A ('
J. " <3, - 2' "\H
.t ,\
""- ... ..
- " ",\
, --.,... . "
' , "
'I.
,\
'-,
-.
'- , ....
...... ......"10.. _
,
,;
"
'-
-"'=---
. ,,<
''''-\'
1 '..
"""'
-
"
,-
....
, ,
1 \ I"-
j
\,.
11
. " \"'
-
--
- "\
--
- " ,"'"
'.....
",'
<,
....
'--":1.
,....
.
..;
"--.
''h
.., :.
, -
- .... ,
....
...
-
---.:;;.
.. ........
...
'. "\.
-:
""'--
.
-
'."
.,
.
.....
.,
" .
l - ..........
I, .
\ '"
' '.-
,
, -t:::;;,.
'"
{ ".
, ,
..,:
..
.
-...
,
I I
300
,
.'.... .'
.... .
. '" .
- - -....""'"
I i\..
I I-
,
-
. .'\.\:
. ,,\,\!:' "
.,,'.., "
.,,'.,t
"-- --
,
-
.
I
250
'-
neT H030A
J'O-'2'
I
200
L _
--- --
.. ' -- ::- X
-:, :.-:- -:
-:.
-
. ';;.,>
..;;;-
......
"
'1
,.
.
,,-
-..
...::::
--- =-'"
;.
,.
J
.. 'h
....:..
-
.. --:;
---
- --
-"..,
......
-.-
\.
.
"'-
,
t,
I IJ #" '"
1-' . ,i\;.
-- .-
--<c\. _._
, ..... ,-
-
I "
"
"J'
--
--
---
>
--
--
I
JO
150
....
..
''-.:
t.,
"J
,
100
50
o
....
f I
'/
...
'"
"
.'
"
5,
. '-.......:J.... '.. " l
\ '('}J t'
,J<;'7.s ) , )_
f
v-
------
{$
........
B CfI 3eMHafi cywa el1\e BXOAl-llla B rl-lraHTcKYIO
naHrelO. K11I-1MaT OCTaBallCfI AOBOllbHO
TenllblM. npl-lMOpCKl-le pa oHbl nOKpbl Ball 1-1 lleca,
BO BHyrpeHHI-IX 0611aCTfiX KOHTI-IHeHTa no-npe}t{HeMY
pacnOllaralll-1Cb nYCTbIHI-I. lt1MeHHo B 3TOT nepl-lOA
Ha41-1HaeTCfI 3pa AI-IH03aBpOB. B MOpfiX nOflBl-llll-1Cb
nepBble nlle31-103aBpbl, a I-IXTI-I03aBpOB Y}I{e
BOAl-lll0Cb AOBOllbHO MHOro. 3Bep03y6ble penTl-llll-1l-1
npaKTI-I4eCKI-I BblMeplll-1, nOflBl-llll-1Cb nepBble
callaMaHAPbl, 4epenaXI-I, MlleKOnl-lTalOl1\l-Ie
M BepOfiTHbl npeAOK HaCTOfll1\I-IX nT1-I4.
5'
I I
300
I 250 MllH lle
I I . T H030A I
-:- JO-2' 200
I - ....
.. \. - -"
. ;2'
'\. ... flti{. -- ,.....,. ,
"
-,/ ,
-. , 0
"
';.
"",-
'" ;:- 0
w' --==
, t:)
-J 1:)
... " I
"
' ; < -
\; :::;;r...
- \." -.......
O At\"tA" "3
\(p 1\t\e"Ul")l
)l"UJ.t\"\(06 6 ]10 1 1\ep"OA
6b\n" pa "3 )l"r Ot\"
AOC1"ran" 6- 1 tA
6 An"t\ . o\\et\b
tAt\orO\\"Cnet\t\b\ 6b\n"
\(pO\(OA"n01\OA06t\ e
p 1"OAOt\b\.
,I
-I
O
.:-O
"
, ,'"
"
'
,J...... .'
.,
.-.
'-
...
....
., '
"
\
. ,\'"
-----
\..
-
-
I
)0
150
. .
100
. .
. . .
50
o
) T03aBpbl, 3al1\l-Il1\eHHble naH41-1peM 1-1_3 KO}l{HblX
l1\I-ITKOB 1-1 Wl-lnOB, HeCMOTpfl Ha CBOI-I
YCTpaWalOl1\l-I BI-IA, 6 bill 1-1 paCTI-ITellbHOflAHblMI-I
}l{I-IBOTHbIMI-I.
-
".
- 1
:
''\:
. I.
. .
I '
"
\',{
... "
... ,I. G'
-1'-
\
, F' .
._
;"
";
r_ 1jI'
..
-'
'.
...J O-
'1 ,
()
q
--
.j'
-
-.
---=
...,
'-" uP."
,
-....
....
;-
, -.;;:;.
"T
--- -
-
I . . .
300
I
250
(' MI1H l1eT H030A ('
.2JO-'l'c:,
I
200
n llaTe03aBpbl - nepBble
pacnnellbHOflAHble AI-IH03aBpbl,
6pOAI-IBWl-le B EBpone 1-1 (eBepHO AMepl-lKe.
--:.
OHI-I3aBp - caMbl KpynHbl cpeAI-I
Bcex 1-13BeCTHbiX I-IXTI-I03aBpOB. .
. Ero AllI-IHa AOXOAl-llla AO 15 M! ·
.
. OXOTl-lllCfl 3TOT XI-I HI-IK Ha
60JlbWI-IX my6l-1Hax.
.
.
.
. ,
II
. . . .
.
.
. . .
t 1
I'
II
: I
l
......c . --
" " ';
.,.il.. ' '
':' . \ . \. \ '
. . \ -\
.P.P03a8P.'__
o"eHb I(
ABYHorHe PynHb'e
AnHHOif JCHU4HHI(H
Ol(ono 7 At.
.. \ . (
'p
--..
.
'---'
..-
,
,
1
"
"
"
I
, "
-----
55
epep03081J
10
I
150
I I
100
! t1-
50
o
- --::: .
' , _ __ ' r 't: nl1
"...... , ,"'-' " \: .. ' "
_,_ ,_ " . .,' , . k
,..,-. --..... " ,"
., ,,' . _ r '
- . .---=-," - . .'
:- - . . - .
-
: ,-
--
:>0-.
,
"
_i ' " y-
, ".. - .
nI10Te0 300Q '"
. ---.....
t .' t )(om rlepe HlAe HOZIA
',' ,." . ".m,,,«Ip,1 3.M,mHO
. :. KOp'" ,, H'" 3m' H'
,." .. Mewa/lO lAM rlepe IAZAmbC
_'.""- _ >- " HI ..mop"" H"'"
'--
- - -':"_ ' - " ----------
--------
Ot\ 300P
o\..
."r: '-\, 4.
" '
....
,l
,,,,"
: ,>
, , .
.:::
p
......
,
,
,
, WOH1A3a pa b1/1O
\ KOpom Koe me/lO
\ .. /lIAHHb1e 3KlAe flacmbl
,
--------------
--
-
59
I
300
,
II
I
?
I
II
I
1
,
-
"-
t
'f
, 90
I
I
. .
I
250
MI1H. l1eT HOJOA
.2JO-'l'c:,
I
2'0
n pOTOaBI-IC - I-IHTepeCHe wee Cy eC BO,
caMbl BepOfiTHbl 6eCKpblllbl npeAOK
COBpeMeHHblX nTl-Il..\. . KOCTI-I Y Hero 6blll1-1
0611er4eHHble, 1-1 CTpOeHl-le CKelleTa 04eHb
HanOMI-IHa1l0 nTI-I4blO KOHCTPYKI..\I-IIO. . Pa3Mepbl
ma3 1-1 M03ra Cl-lllbHO npeBblWalll-1 pa3Mepbl ma3
1-1 M03ra APyrl-lx penTl-llll-1 . . 4epe3 MHoro
Ml-lllll1-10HOB lleT 1-13 npOTOaBI-ICa BnOllHe Moma
6bl nOllY41-1TbCfI HaCTOfl afl nTl-Il..\a!
{\pOTOO e
. "'r
"
....."\ "-
,w
, "'\ "
'"
\ , '"
IL
'7:
. "
;:;.., .
1
!
I' l
I
10
I I
150
I I
100
I I I
50
...",... .
!J
-
o
Ll.JY00300p
OZffJMHlfJe Z1iI/3/i '
UftjGfJ3tiGffJ8
eGugel11elJ 6el118 tjlOl11
(J I11fJM) '1l11fJ 3feHue
gfJ/I>KHfJ OlfJ/lfJ UZfl/1116
GI/>KHtjlO ffJ/l6 8 ux >KU3HU.
'"
'." \\w " 't t , \ " t
'H I ' t.llllh
..,.. '1' II.
' <.
\,
\.
, "
\'"\
.""
t
\ ,-
,"'"
.
w 01\\"
Bt4e\\
At1 e w
aBt1 - t4b\\\ 6b\n\\
U1 tle: 6";' ::: enOOC;::tlaM".
6 ( \\n bt4 3AaB \\n\\
nf' t1 a c.ttO B
t403aBt16net4b\ A onn\O
..<no<o )l<e16b\1b ...M.
nr \\, tAO 6t4 bUl c.e
n\\ noAo
o o 91
I I I I I I I
MI1H l1eT H030A
300 250 .2JO-'l'c:, 200
\ \
I - :' 15:
\ '-
.,
I ,
!
: f
.
: 1
I
,
,
:1
It
t
J
f F
, "
\\ .
4 I.
......
"'-<:- '
\ '<'
',' ',.;.
'. -.
"
./
, \
L ,
..'.,
, '"
.'
"
'.
v-
I.
"
./.V
.I1 0Hr
_ ' __, J.tCI(BOMC
...;:;...;-.... "
... -...... "!o .... __
., ' , ',:., ,
\ ,-','
.... .....
- \'
. -'
KtOHe 0300
.
. ,
--
.
'*
.
, W apOBl-lnTepl-lKC npl-l06pell Allfl
nllaHl-lpOBaHl-lfi nepenoHKY, HaTflHyrylO
Me>KAY Tell0M, 3aAHI-IMl-lllanaMI-I 1-1 XBOCTOM.
..
92
10
I
51
I 1 I I I
100
I 1
I
o
50
B noroHe 3a MHoro41-1ClleHHblMl-llleTalO11.II-IMI-I
HaCeKOMblMI-I HeCKOllbKO MellKI-IX fll1.Iepl-ll..\
npl-l06pell1-1 pa3Hbie npI-ICnOC0611eHl-lfI, 4T06bl
nepeABl-lraTbCfI no B03AYXY. . Y KIOHe03aBpa
BblTflHYlll-1Cb HapY>KY pe6pa, COeAI-IHeHHble KO>KHO
nepenOHKO . . MaxaTb TaKI-IMI-I «KpblllbflMI-I»
KIOHe03aBp He Mor, HO nllaHl-lpOBall Ha HI-IX BeCbMa
ycneWHO.
MalleHbKO 110Hrl-lCKBaMbi
(AllI-IHH04eWY HI-IKa) Ha Cnl-lHe OTpOClll-1
AllI-IHHble nll0CKl-le 4eWYI-I, KOTOpble, BepOfiTHO,
.....
I-ICnOllb30Ball1-1Cb elO KaK napaWIOT.
. . . . . . .
. . . . ,
OpOBHnTepHI(C
.
.
.. ... .
"
,
.... :' -'j ..........
---I ""
"1 ';\.
".
"
,
\", "
\
.
.
j ."
.
... .
....
'\
.
.
.
.:j:'-
.
.
I I
300
I I
250
I
I
MI1H. l1eT H030A
.2JO-'l'c:,
I
200
P aHHl-le MlleKOnl-lTalOl1.Il-Ie 6blll1-1
MHoro41-1ClleHHbl, HO I-IMelll-1
AOBOllbHO MellKl-le pa3Mepbl
1-1 OCTaBalll-1Cb TaKI-IMI-I Ha npOTfI>KeHI-II-I
100 MllH. lleT.
MO"PZ'IH KO OH ;; c.M
.. O"KO"IIO" Z ..
3%epeK .. M 0l11.10l.\KO"IA
.. 1A3KOIA I:J
flIAHOIA} C. 'I l.\efl/oc.mSlMIA}
eH Hb1MIA
u 9f1UH MeflKUMu
c.,o,(eHHb1MU KIIMU.
U O"c.mpb1MU 3 Mo pro
__...... l1y
"': ... --- -.. :o 0
-> '
I
I
j
t!
1
fe.'
I
'j
!I
,
ttl
I -..:;
:
....,.
, W'
".... -{ _ .... 100
,., .,' ,'t
...#4
\ "',
....' ..
IA
\,
-:-
, " '.' --...1..
- - ,. '\ ... ',' '.
,- . '-
t
--. .:;.tN
---: -...:- - . .. "}. .
---..
-.......
t .
.. .
..
, .
&vt./:l
1,
I
I
,
\
\
,
,
"'.
.. .
..
" ... '..
..
,¥ -
c,. ,
..., "
.."" -...
.. .".
. ....
,
""'"
- 1
..! 1
=-""
'" t
I I I I r I r
0 150 100 50 0
; . \
tJJ # ti
t\ ,X,,-
I) ,,- ..... \. J
..t<'/.'l \ l \ ,
. IV' 1ft,. --l '-'
, \
,,: , - "
,
t
' \ ",'" IH. \ '-', ./
./c '.J _ ...7"-
......
,,
-.
!>oro
HOXel1HC
...
'r0'9
...... .."
\
,
--
,
,
llaKOAYC - nllaBalOl1.Iee 1-1 HblpfllOl1.Iee
>KI-IBOTHOe AO 3 M AllI-1HO . . nl-lTallCfI
MOpCKI-IMI-I e>KaMI-I 1-1 MOllllIOCKaMI-I.
n poraHOXelll-1C - KpynHafi Ha3eMHafi
paCTI-ITellbHOfiAHafi 4epenaxa OKOll0 MeTpa
A11I-1HO . . 3TO OAHa 1-13 caMblX paHHI-IX 1-13BeCTHbiX
4epenax, HO OHa AOBOllbHO MallO OTl11-14aeTCfI OT
COBpeMeHHblX penTl-llll-1 .
....
,: 1
')
9.5
I I .
300
I I
251
MI1H. l1eT H030A
.230-'l'c:,
MerC30CTp
°4o
I
200
II
,- ."
---...."- :: "\[' '-.
-,-, . ..'
.. ,'_ t l .
0- _ , a', . }\
.,:! -
-.. ..
...,
-. -
- '-i _---
" \.-il h ,
'V
--
x.
J
1
I ifll /1 , '"
f,' '/'
-;(
, ,-
. ------ -
. '.----
." -. . . . .
era30CTpOAOH -
MlleKonl-lTalOl.l.\ee 4yrb
MeHbwe MopraHYKOAOHa, HO TaKO
>Ke aKTI-IBHbl XI-II.l.\HI-IK, nI-lTaBWI-I CfI
MellKI-IMI-I Ha3eMHblMI-I
6ecn03BOH04Hb1MI-I. . Mell COBceM
Kpowe4Hbl M03r, clla60e 060HflHl-le
1-1 HeBa>KHbl CllYX.
'\
>
1-
-4.
-'
96
'"'
01
150
. .
100
.
I I
50
I
o
O pHI-IT03YX 6blll KpynHblM X l1.IHI-IKOM OKOll0
4 M AllI-1HO . . lje1ll0CTI-I ero BoopY>KeHbl
pflAaMI-I 6011bWI-IX, OCTpblX 1-1 nJlOCKI-IX 3y60B.
. OH Mor 6eraTb KaK Ha Bcex 4eTblpex, TaK 1-1
TOllbKO Ha ABYX 3aAHl-lx llanax.
"
\
)
,.
I
"'
OpHHTO,J\,',
L: '
" - ' - >. ,,,
\
-t
r
r.
\. . .....
, '-'
l'
. > :.-
.... ,\"
.'..J \
" \ ::
..." .. -..,
\.
, , , .
1 _
" "
,
I
\.-'
:i
.'...... ........
. ..... ......-
\
,,' 1
"'U'"t
, ,-"
. f":\
>....J \
f
,
.. -
. t !,
t
' ""' ' -
." f' '
',' \1
,' \; - ,
, ti<, 1
\.\\.. , . , I : , ..;;.- W
'",
.
1'.
<...
.'
\'
:-- .
. 4 1
97
I I
450
I I I
400
I I I
350
I I I
300
L'
, .,
\
\' ,,'
, "'
...
{f 1 1f ;,' ,
1 ...-
I
'\ .1 , .....
I 1 fIr
f
..
"""='
t!-
...
I"t':
,
'II
"", "
' ,--
( .-
.' .
'
'"
"
k
,
\
..
"
, ".:.
.....'
. '.....1
__ -.}It
..........
.....
.;.
-
----
.....
..
j
",
.
"
..,"" i.
"...,
210 MnH. neT HO]OA
"': < 1 5 - , be,
i
'I'
2
I:
..
,
"-
, \
"
-
I' ..\ H'
J"'"
'). . ,,1'
\. .1 , .;.'{
\, r .;..
I'
j
',\
' 6
\ .
" ,
y
.,....
,." "'\\ ...
>
It"
,
,
, ....:."
\ O
I I
300
I I
250
t' MI1H, I1CT HOJOA t'
,.215 - \ b
"
, .
I
150
.....
--
'"
.1
!
I
" '" "
,,'f;:......... ;..,
I
...
I"}.
......." .
\\
...l ,
.; \.,"\
"< \l ' p..(
-
-""';:-
;,1'
...,. -.-:...
" .. "
, r 't
f
',-
,
¥
"" 'y.
..
t
.
,
, ,
f
". -l '
, , \,
' t ' ' .f
. ....., --. ,
0, ( , ___
-1
j ,f ,,_==:
\' "-
A"
}t. ,
t1 -::.. , I
... . .
I .. \:,
. ,-'. ...:.
.. . '"
Ii 1J;. "
-.... 1
1'-1 00
I,..
I
50
I I
100
50
I
o
.
50
,
1 ..,
)... ' .1 /'(f-4 --
, ..
1,J
....
. '-'
)'./-./;' --, ,\
\) 1 .
"\
If-c-
'-
'-<.
,
-- /
,-
.'J.
7
r l-lraHTCl<afl naHrefi Ha4alla pa3Aellf1TbCfI
Ha OTAellbHble MaTepl-ll<l-I. Ol<eaH BHOBb CTall
HacrynaTb Ha cywy, nOflBl-llll-1Cb MHoro41-1ClleHHbie
1-1 06Wl-lpHbie MellKOBOAbfl 1-1 my601<I-Ie 3alll-1Bbl.
KnI-lMaT CTaHOBl-lllCfI pOBHee, Tenllee 1-1 Blla}l{Hee.
nYCTblHI-I oTcrynalll-1. OnflTb Wl-lpOKO
pacnpOCrpaHl-lllaCb nblWHafl paCTI-ITellbHOCTb,
a B }l{I-IBOTHOM Ml-lpe BOl.\apl-llll-1Cb AI-IH03aBpbl. Be3Ae
cyeTl-llll-1cb pa3Ho06pa3Hbie HaceKOMbie. B B03AYxe
3a H MI-I Ha4all OXOTI-ITbCfI nTep03aBpbl. B MOpfiX
nOflBl-lll0Cb orpOMHoe 1<011 4eCTBO pa3Ho06pa3HbiX
pbl6. 3TO 6blll OAI-IH 1-13 caMblX 611aronpl-lflTHblX no
K1l MaTI-I4eCKI-IM ycll0Bl-lfiM nepl-lOAOB AJlfl pa3BI-ITl-lfI
}l{I-IBOTHOro 1-1 paCTI-ITellbHoro Ml-lpa.
101
I
300 I
250 M11H
. 11eT
H030A I
_'5 - \ b 150
,
I '- ...
I ----
I , "'"
I
I I .
,-
I
\ "1}
\
I : . '-
, '... ...
I
, '\ r ,. ,
, '{t. ) It .-\ -.,
, ...... ' , \
,,1: '
. , ' ." .
, " .. -
".-", ).
,
..-
.."
,
..
{'\ PO,.o3Y)l
11 p'm" <" i..' "Ie"" eei'''''''''' I m' lpe""
,," "" p, ,mleH""" ,i.m....... I ""p'" ,
(jGt1"1 za!l fI Hb1 ,_6 M,
..
102
I I I I I
;0 11 50 0 50
,
,
v
\.. , ':'>
-. ,
--..
,
,
,
... ,<,-.I
...... -
n o 6eperaM llaryH 1-1 60110T 6erall1-1 XI-IIl.IHbie
npOT03YXI-II-I - npl-lMI-ITI-IBHble Ha3eMHble
KpOKOAl-lllbl.
+
POp./\ o9
' , .:.
'\.
. ,
, .
B03Ayxe y BOAoeMOB 1-1 Ha OKpal-lHaX lleCOB
HOCl-llll-1Cb AJlI-IHHOXBOCTble paM<P0PI-IHXI-I -
Hal-l6011ee paHHl-le nrep03aBpbl.
103
I
300 I "
250 MflH,
'1 f-" neT H030A " I
, 1
..; .z---- It -\b 150
r 1 ' "
'1.'
, \ '; \. . -
--
..... . \ -- ,
. - - 00
(K'{f e f\f\ 0 3
-- ....-
\11"'1 1\'tI.. I ,\\//ltr!
.. " : ,H/ntr/"" " J... "
. (, ......
.q " ." . , . 0
' - \ .,
\ " . ',"
, . .-.. II
-- ....".
i
-.:
- ....
.'
"
..::'f
:.-
'.
-. '\
"
\
,,:; ----- -
.:- , ' '- - .,-. -
, - - :;- ---=:..... .. ...:::
....-::.. -... - ;::-
, .
104 ,
---
:
r
J..
'CJ
....
.... '" -
...
..... ...
\
"t
}.. .'
...- -
,',
.'
'\' t\...
, "
"
. ,\
" <
.'
.-r
iO
. . .
100
50
I
... ....
o 50
Horl-le paCTI-ITellbHOflAHble AI-IH03aBpbl
BblHY}I{AeHbl 6blll1-1 3all.ll-lll.laTbCfI OT CBOI-IX
Xl-Ill.IHblX pOACTBeHHI-IKOB KOCTHblM naHl.\l-IpeM.
. npOCTe Wafl KOCTHafi 6pOHfI nOflBl-lllaCb
Y cKyrellll03aBpOB, 4bl-l OCTaTKI-I 6blll1-1 06HapY}I{eHbi
B (eBepHO AMepl-lKe.
_I
ot\or"e
onop'b\ If'W.eP e p,OBOnbt\O
n epBb\e 3a P ) p,OC'T"rn" 1K e'TpOBb\e
p,"t\03aBPb\ KaK ]'T" 14- O'Tt\b\)l
a3 epOB, aK")l 1K"B
Kn nt\b\)l P OC'Ta'TK" 'T n a3a B pb\
y a Bn " 6apa
6apan a3 Y \ B \\t\p,"""
06t\ap 1Ket\b t\Of'P,t\b\ ""
C'T"'Ten b
6 b\n"pa ------__
--
- t'\b'
6gpan0 306r :I'\.
........ t
'...
,;......,-
...,
, '
.. '.
I
300
I I I
250
rr pI\ c:! 111t )-
r t
" Mn H
. neT H030A
15 - \ b
I
I
I
I
1
l "'J -::
'll --
C KyteJ\J\03a8pa " p,p r"
pa(t"teJ\b O"P, b\
)\("80t b\ 6b\J\0 ot KorO
060\>0" ""C . 113 3... n . · ...
no 6..n"C' or"".....'" \>3....\>0 6
)l"U1. b\e Kap 03a8Pb\.
"
........
\
00P
O .
, ,'-
_ 'f
, \. \
,: "l'1. )
\ :',
' \
,
'j. .
,I "
'!
$'
'.
\"
, '
'< ... ';,
A ' Jjj.... ;
,.,.,.,'.
--
,y
" .
I..
, '
'I
I
),
r I'
""
. \::: \ J ".
,1-, I'. -?""
...... "
,}
"' '):\
I
>0
I I
100
50
I
o
I
50
\
\
,..
.... -
- ,
- ,
......_ rl160AYC __............-
-----------
cageplMeHHb1e apMb1
AK M zlA a9 c, IAMe9rg MazM P ll3glAglimb
X aC mll IA t1Ii11DHIAKa ) r
D e 311 aavb14elA,
10 CKa p aCmb D t1aZaH
aZpaMH
MMOHI-ITbi - MOpCKl-le MOllllIOCKI-I. . X
pa3Mepbl MOml-l 6b1Tb 04eHb MalleHbKI-IMI-I
1-1 AOBOllbHO 6011bWI-IMI-I - AO ABYX MeTpOB.
. PaKOBI-IHbl 3aKpY4eHbi B Cnl-lpallb 1-1 nOAelleHbI Ha
KaMepbl. . MeHflfI HanOllHeHl-le 3TI-IX KaMep BOAO ,
}l{I-IBOTHOe perYll1-1pOBall0 my61-1HY nOrpY}I{eHl-lfI.
. AMMOHI-ITbi Belll-l CB060AHbl , nllaBalOll.Il-I 06pa3
}l{1-I3HI-I. . nllaBalll-1 OHI-I peaKTI-IBHblM cnOC060M -
pe3KO BbiTallKI-IBafl BOAY.
107
I
300
" MJ1H. J1eT HCJCA "
15_\bc:,
X OHn p
'""""'-.L 1"""\ 0 C t e lJ
'C'
,\-' .
'
I
250
I
150
#"
. -..-. -,-
..
..
..,
.
"
"
-...-...
....
....... -
..--------
X(JH!Jf(JCl11e c _
!JfeBHeliUtuli If ..
vcel11f-
.......
.....;.....-
ceTpbl, 1<1 COBpeMeHHble TO}l{e, OTl11-14alOTCfI
OTcyrcTBl-leM 4eWY 4aToro nOKpOBa,
npl-lcyrcTBYIOLl\ero Y Bcex OCTallbHblX pbl6, OT
KOTOporo OCTaeTCfI TOllbKO nflTb PfiAOB KpynHblx
4ewyeK-nllaCTI-IHOK.
I
"-
"
W YOTepl-l - Kpowe4Hbl 3BepeK,
KaK 1-1 6011bWI-IHCTBO ApeBHe WI-IX
MlleKOnI-lTalOLl\I-IX, no BHeWHeMY 0611I-1KY
HanOMI<1HaeT COBpeMeHHYIO 3eMllepO KY.
I013
I
)0
100
50
,
\
'\
"
.
'--- ...
,-
I I I
.. 0 ....
50
11
.f-
Aane.q
k
<If_
Ji::;:' ..... -, 7
L! , ,
-- "flJiHIi' ">I t!: -' ' 'i
'
'"" '
.," - -
__ __ -%. or
....
B ell 1-1 KO 6blll0 pa3H006pa31<1e pbl6.
. npl<16pe}l{Hbie AaneAI<1YMbl, 3allll-lllleHHbie
nll0THO 4ewye , I-IMelll<1 Cl-lllbHble KOpOTKl-le
4ell1OCTI-I, KOTOpblMI-I 6blll0 04eHb YA06HO
CKycblBaTb 4aWe4KI-I KopalllloB, Wl-lpOKO
paCCelll-1BWI-IXCfI Ha MellKOBOAbflX BAOllb 6eperoB
KOHTI-IHeHTOB 1-1 OCTpOBOB.
..
UlYOTepIf
.
'0.)
,
< '.
.
'. .
.........
-
_.-./
j
109 '
'
"
. , "":"
;:.,
,-" "..,' . '
-"',. ". . .... . -.
. - ". . >. ' '. "
'. i'\ '\ '
'- ' "..' "
" "
" ,';,. ,L
d, ",-, \.' ..
o"'OV " ).': , , .l'
, , \
o , '{!X, :': i
S . .., ,\, ,r".
... '\.
q
I
300
I I
250
MIlH, IleT HCJCA
15_\bc:,
. . . . . . .
n I-Ill0$03aB; -.: ·
M OrpOMHbl XI-ILl\HI<1K
AllI-1HO OKOll0 6 M. . 3TO 6blll
AI-IH03aBp, nepeABl<1ralOLl\I-I Cfl
TOllbKO Ha 3aAHI-IX Horax,
C AOBOllbHO Alll-1HHblMI-I nepeAHI-IMI-I
llanaMI-I. . (nepeAI-I Ha rOll0Be
y Hero npOXOAI<1111-1 ABa rpe6HfI
HenoHflTHoro Ha3Ha4eHl-lfi.
.
\ ,
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
, ...
.....
,
II
r!
'j
"
:::
<
;..: :\
,..;- -. .
(
-
-
"
.. ,
....
-
-
,
. .....'"
"
..;",
.
..
.
.
, .
......
""
- 1::0
-'.,
I
150
"\.
" '
'.
,
t ,\
\
",
,\ .ol
..
......
--.
.......T
I
;0
.
100
1
,,'
,"
,.... .
:)
.....
O; i.\.
':....... -,
,-,
"t
\
... .
#
...
...
'-
50
o
50
AHMOpcp
o O
It
, ,\-
i ., (4Do
--r.
..
. \
.,
\
.\
J)
L..1 a "3 ",e"' U\ A"tA O pt\10Ao",a
D oc",OBb\Bae,.Ct\ Bb\BOA
o cnoc06"0C''' n'el'o'a61'06
nepeAB"ra,.bCt\ nO 3etA ne .
1\ o'n.. ..e 0' ne"t'j "" ....."'e...
I<1'...n 06ao nel'e no ..1<3 ...." ..e
I<l'en..naCb I< 'all...... I«)..e ..OC'O...
a ",nbl«) I< 601<3" ....n a . na n '"
oeta6an..Cb c60 601l ........... 6bl n "
et1'oe"'" ,a'" 'o ..a ...." "0","0
6b\n o on"pa,.bCt\.
II'
I
400
I I
350
-"S. ..,
I I
300
I I
250
r
-..
...
"'"
,..
,'-
w' ..)000,
.If ,(,.,
,
"
t. .t
,
\'
. 4,
-
, -
...;
,,
1
,
....r
,
\ '
I . t '\ \,
\ \' ' \
Ir..'
"
- ,
, ,
.....- ",,--
-" -<"
,
A -
. . ') ,
I . t. - ---,-. '.=-:::;:; '"
-' - ' ""'::: '- -:::.-
--t. -... - ....:;:- -- ::;.
- ,'. , ...:!"- - - ,.::-- - -:...
fo" . J:t...... --'" ..... .... "'-'
. ". -"'--- - 'J.i' - - -=-- -
_ '-r =: --'4-'>,.:;s:::- ",;:.... :..
-"'- $ '''' -.' . -,,......
>'--- '-- - .;:-- - '"'""""-- , --
&:: ,
, -_.... - -.,"
.., -... :.-
'...
.J..
."
\ "
....
\.,
\
'"',
.....
>-
1
"'::-
-
;;:..-
--.;--.
,.
" >
, \'
- oM'
\ .....
...",
p'
Ii
I!
,:
II
I .-::::;-:-
{
.1.
-
}
\
I
'\..
" .
--
,,;
\
, r
200 " MllH. lleT H030A "
'6S-1 A r,
l "
'\
f ,
-
-
--.... --..;J:.
---- ---- - :::-- -- -..
-:: -.,. -:::..... ---.. -- ---
--=:; ---== -..- . .-.....;;:;:: "-- --
- ... - -=::::: - -- --- -
-::.; ' -=- -- -- ::-
.;;:-0: t::::- -;:;:--- ,,-- -HL=
:- --:: ::.--_---- ::::;.... --=
- ___ 0'v
::........ --==-- -- -
- -. ---
-- -. -;?<
.. '
.\
_.
--.. -
.-==. -
i . -
- :.::;;-
-
":.
,---.....
-=--=::: ----
---- ----.--:..-
"""'-;: -
-_.
-=--
....,
'- ---
........-=.
..:-
l \
-
--
-
\
-
,
oj'.
.,.
-J
-
'-
.
--
.. -
"...
""
-
-
I
250
. .
I
200
MnH, neT HCJCA
/65_\Ac;,
I
100
--
.....
....
" t
,
.'
,
....'
'-
'-....--4[
\'
{
,
I.
1 t.J,
\
; .
-
- -... ....
._
.:-.
1 1
I
I
..,..... ,.. -- _.......--
( eBePHafi AMepl-IKa, EBpona 1-1 A3l-1fi BbiAelll-111I-1Cb
B CaMOCTOfiTenbHbie KOHTI-1HeHTbl. AHTapKTI-1Aa
BMeCTe C ABCTpalll-1et1 «ornnblna» OT A4>PI-1KH
1-1 to>KHOt1 AMepI-1KI-1. OT4eTnl-1BO HaMeTl-1naCb 11 I-1H 1-1f1
paCKona Me>KAY A4>PHKOt11-1 to>KHO AMepI-1Kot1.
---
114
I . . . I . . . I
DO 50 0 50 100
i - 1
JI
::t'" .
---
--
" \1
.'W''' -;.- [ "'---" '-
'
\,,), ,)
I r ' , \- ,
--
t\ , ..
{\ , ,.,
, - .r
\
-
-
'-
Y n011l0COB CTallO npoXllaAHee, B 3KBaTop anbHoM
nOflce - >Kap4e. Ho B 4elloM KJ1 MaT Ha 3eMne
OCTaBallCfI nO-npe>KHeMY TennblM Bna>KHbIM. C rop
CTeKall MO Hble peK , nepenonHfleMble 06 nbHblM
AO>KAflM . 3T nOTOKI-I HeCll ocaA04Hbie nopoAbl,
B KOTOpblX coxpaH n cb AO Haw x AHe
MHor04 cneHHble OCTaTK nor 6wl-lx >K BOTHbIX TOro
BpeMeH . Cywa 6b1lla nOKpblTa nblwHo
paCT TenbHocTblO. 6naronp flTHafi 06cTaHoBKa
B MOpfiX cnoc06CTBoBana pac4Bery aMMOHI-ITOB,
aKYll, MOpCK X fI epoB KpOKOAl-lll0B.
I
II'
I
250
I
200
MnH. nCTH030A
165_\Ac:,
I
100
3061-111l-1e Ha cywe MellKI-IX
}l{I-IBOTHbIX C03Aall0 YCll0Bl-lfi
AJlfI nOflBlleHl-lfi 6011bWOro K0l11-14eCTBa
He6011bWI-IX Xl-Il1.IHblX AI-IH03aBpOB -
aKTI-IBHblX OXOTHI-IKOB.
. ABYXMerpOBble OpHI-ITOlleCTeCbl
Bbil-lCKI-IBam1 CBOIO A06bl4Y Ha
OKpal-lHaX lleCOB 1-1 y 6eperOB peK.
?- f'J10AOK
I
I '
o (e6e HO
D I\Me "le,
1\3"" OMHb\)l
II.mn"Ke" t'Tap.a or
"''t'Y u.eJ\b\e nOP.
6 OP."J\" P.Hb\)l 3a6 O
t'T"'TeJ\bHOl' J}."nJ\Op.OK",_
Ul.e OHOr")l), 0 25 M p.J\"HO"'
"Me , OKOJ\ nHb\M"
Han taMb\M" K 6\11")ltl'
6b\J\" He M" nOl'6"
6"'TeJ\I'
n ep.t'Ta r"raH'T0 6 .
)tl" 60'TH b\)l-
1/6
I
I
I
I
I
1.---
l
10
I I
\z.
t
-
,
50
....
I I
,
,
--...
o
50
I I I I I
10'
I I
---------
r
--
C. e
S'e,
10
.......
-
...--------
, ).
."
..
I,
, ------
}
I
250
. .
I
200
" MI1H I1t'T HO]OA "
'65-,A
I I
100
g,Q.
(j '
_...0 '\.
,/ L . ,',\
(",e ,., ,"i
I,
"
I
,
IIt5
-
......
\
\. ' \\\
,
.
, '
, .
-...
'\
"
\
. i.' ."
', . \ ' , - .Y
#'
({ . tI"
......,
io (
,..
..
\:
..
....
o
I
50
I r r I
o 50
I I
100
.
.
.
C e CM03aBPbl 6b1m1 nO"lT B ABa pa3a KpynHee
A nJ10AOKOB. X A11 Ha OT MOPAbi AO
KOH"I Ka XBOCTa COCTaBJ1l1na 45 M. . OH n TaJ1 Cb
60raTo paCT TeJ1bHOCTblO BOAoeMoB '1 J1'1CTBO
AepeBbeB. . Ho HeB3 pall Ha TaK e
BHyw TenbHble pa3Mepbl, ce cM03aBpbl 3a"lacrylO
CTaHOB n Cb >KepTBaM X U4HbIX A H03aBpoB,
pa3Mepbl KOTOpblX nOCTeneHHO TO>Ke
YBeJ1 "I BaJ1 cb.
.
.
. .
.
. . . .
. .
.
\"
\
1, .'
\>},
...
-
\,
119
I I
250
. I I
200
MiH. l1eT H030A
65-,A
n ne...o..8Pbl p.oC1"r..... 8 p.JI....
'1S ... 0.... ....en.. p.JI...... 1D
UlelD .. ...ne"bll'llD ro n081l ' X80CT .....
6",n p.080nb"0 TO......;.. !I 80"'"' 0....
P.8..r. n " Cb C oo..oUlb lD oepep......
.. .."..... n. cro8 . nn e ... o .. 8P '"
cyUlecT808.n" 8 ..opn. 80"p r E8poo'"
.. (e8ep"0;, .....ep....... n........ Cb ....
..en"";' p",60;. .. ..onn IDC ........ ° qe..
"0"'''0 cyp...... 00 cTpoe.... 1D ...
..e60 nbUlO ;' ron 08 '" .. CP.8.....,enb.. O
tJ\a6b\tA 3 6atA.
--' - :-
- () ,< = -' .
O"j - c ,.....- - --.
_ .-e
..
\-
.'
,, ,-
"-
r--
.
i
.--:;;.
.
120
.........
(
. .. :
. . - - . ' .
. . .
..
I
100
,
.
.
...
e_ .
--
".
-- .
. .
.
nTepo.Qa "
I:: oraTCTBO }I{ BOTHOro M pa 1( 111J1 6
D Mope cnoc06CTBOBall0 paCL-'Bery
XT 03aBpOB nlle3 03aBpOB, a TaK}I{e aKYll.
. B B03Ayxe HaA MOpfiMI-I nYCTblHflMI-I KPY}l{ l1
CTal-l orpOMHblX nTepOAaKTl-llle , n TaBW XCfI
pb160 1-1 MellKI-IM Ha3eMHbiMI-I }I{ BOTHbIMI-I.
I A XT 03aBpbl (pbI60fllllepbl) Belll-1 BOAHbl
r I 06pa3 }l{1-I3H , OHI-I Ablwalll-1 B03AYXOM, HO
HI-IKOrAa He BbIXOAl-lll Ha cywy. . AeTeHbIW
nOflBJ1f1J1 Cb TO}l{e B BOAe.
I
o
50
o
.
:
---
"
£;, ". - - .
:1420; o -
11-14it'.p.:y 41(J;- "- ,' Q
c q-.tf q--!J 'ltt1f(J'1I1. - .A.
(J''J!'% 7JJq-(J'34&; 'f -I'1(J'clJ;. '\J
1f(J'q- bJ 17. (J'1(J'41
C.t (J'c: :1 4 1 4 -1 'f
1l;6.tJ q-
't"
.
.
--.
---
50
I
100
_.
-
-- -
-............. ..,..,
-...
.' .....- -.
'\ ""r----.
..:::... ---
----
t.
.\
"4 '-....
..
J \, .
.
\
,
'
.....'"'Ot;....
.. .
...
/2/
..
(
t , .
<C ..
, .
,j
\...
, \.
\ -.
,
t
I
250
I
200
MnH, nCTHOJOA
'65-,A
-
--,-
1 .
0 _...,......
f$ . ·
-= iO
.
.. ,","".
",..(
\i. '1l
.
.:::..
.
, r
I
I
II
\"
.:
ArmO]06P ( . ..
\..
'"
I
10
'.
. ,
4/ '
10
50 ... 0
.
o
I I
100
I
: H a Tepp TOp CeBepHO AMep K
, 6blll Ha AeHbl OTnel.jaTK CTaAa
\ 3ayponOA, 3a KOTOpblM weJ1 60J1bWO X Il.IHbl
\ A H03aBp. . M Mor 6blTb allJ103aBp, XOTlI
, ero pa3Mepbl (AO 11 M A11 HO ) YCTYnaJ1
, pa3MepaM BbI6paHHO >KepTBbl, OXOTa,
, , CYAlI no BC MY, npowJ1a ycnewHo.
'-...
......... .".---
......--------
,
\
mbl HOGUM-I
i fA!l9. 3A u
Hble Gme1,03Al1pbl:J 9. 0& &blGOKUX
fAGmUme!lbH09. U3 HeGKMbKUX p 9 & GmA HUX
« KpAweHUSP) A HA KOH",e )( 0
u npOtlHbl X n!lAG : Gb MO Hble wunbl.
0 pA3011
aCT TeJ1bHOllAHbIM A H03aBpaM np XOAI-1J10Cb
3all.l ll.IaTbCfl OT npO>KOpll BbIX copOA l.je .
-
/23
I I
250
I I
200
" MI1H. l1eT HOJOA "
'65-,A
I
100
r: paX1-103aBpbl TaK}I{e OTHOCflTCfI K rpynne
D 3aBponoA (flllIepOHOr1-1x). . AJlI-IHa Tella
6paX1-103aBpOB npeBblwalla 20 M, a Bec AOCT1-1rall
80 T. . E>paX1-103aBpbl, KaK 1-1 Bce 3aBponoAbl,
nepeMelllalll-1Cb Ha 4eTbipex
. I H Horax' 6 HO nepeAHl-le HOr1-1
.;. y H1-1X blll1-1 3aMeTHO AllI-IHHee
3aAHI-IX. . E>Ol1bWYIO 4aCTb
BpeMeHI-I 6paX1-103aBpbl
npoBoAl-llll-1 B BOAe.
i t
I
I-
--- ,
--=>- ,-
L ..'
Tluzflf3uG MUIJl1u
f r .J'{ nu-g Gug
!, 'lTCf/1Uf/1eAhHUCl17h 0. If U nueglff/ Gu-gH'f1O
I I UlCfI1lfGAeHHUle H; IfXUU3IfGf 1.fefe3
I .... , nfu-gUA>Klffl1{;: :;: fU Muz
\' .,./, ... , --
'\\ ' .,'
y"\ ' 'i #
!
J>
},
1
f
.{--
,i
---- ",'
/
. 'V O
. L{ {", L
'\'\ ' " " 70
.,,\ Q
_ ;,... - ---- 'tin
-- "' ,..,
"... ' -.' "", ".,
.-
"
/24
I
)0
50
1 I 1 I I
... I
0.. .111 1
50 ..
100
-
,
I
I
I
,
\
\
\ \
"
,
,
\
f7r
"tJ O
I-t O
O
»
n ,el'...OI\O.. ....en 1'.'''''' "I'bl nbee * ; ·
o"on o S..,"o ee c .. n ece ro n..Ulb
\0 ..... Oc..oe,, 10 p.n.... "I'b"'. co(13en.. n
e...'....yr...;. ..e,eel'.....;. a.nel!.. nel'e...e
",,, a.nbu.a ocr. e . n " Cb ""1'0'''......
.. ce0 6o l\........., c "" ao..ou>.blO .,.. ne'1l.....
u.ean..n"Cb .. c...n'" ..n"l\el'e b'"
IUllOe 6...n o..e" b ...ce.. e .......
.. ",,,,en"';" ao3"fo" ... .......n"e
",el'."Ol\o... ao..e..noCb ce eo61'....oe
1'.e..oeeUl..e.lOu>.ee ,, crl'o..creo».
/25
.......... -
I
250
I
200
MnH. np
I ' t<OjOA I
65- ,A 100
, A 3-3a nepb eB t\a t<.pb\J\bf\1t
W ,\\ 1tBOCTe ap1teon1ep\\t<.ca
AOJ\r oe 8petJIf\ C\I\\1aJ\\\
",pe...e;.Ule;. nt>'u,e;. .. npe",I<O"
Bce1t n1\\u.. "0 ]10 t\e 1at<..
p1teOn1ep\\ttC -
t\e n1\\u.ar a oA\\t\ \\3
)1 1 onep......." "'....o.a.Po..
, "t v Ji J J I . '
h ij \
,,. V' I.
t . I
I .f
: . l ."
I)
',,>
Mb )(&OGI!\",
«Kpblf,bd)), H" e p")(
u OK")( I!\ M&U "
K" Ut1l!\epUKG"
UMelOl!\GSI o&MbHO
pOGKOWHbl e t1epbSl.
'- ,
I
II
KOMnco · ..
rHOT
il
/26
....
II ·
I
)0
I
50
I
50
o
aYA nTep KC - X Il.IHb' 6eralOL4
A H03aBp K, 3a6I-1paBW CJI Ha AepeBbJl
nJ1aH pOBaBW Ha CBOIO A06bl4Y cBepxy.
. A11 Ha :noro X Il.IHI-1Ka He npeBblwana 70 CM.
. n TanCJI KaYA nTep KC Jlll.Iep aM APyro
MenKo )t( BHOCTblO.
K OMneorHaT }I{ n B OAHO BpeMJI
C apxeOnTep KcoM. . 3TO 6blJ1
Kpowe4Hbl A H03aBpI-1K pOCTOM
OKono 25 eM, 6eralOll.I Ha 3aAH x
Horax, nepeAH e KOHe4HOCT -
XBaTaTellbHble. . KOMncorHaT-
eaMbl MaJ1eHbK 3 Bcex 3BeCTHblX
A H03aBpOB.
:.
..
p
. ,.,.
t_ , ....
.,
KaYAHnTepHf(C .
111
I.
\{
127
I
250
I
200
MflH. fleTHOJOA
165_,A
I,
( KaTbJ - Te }l{e aKYllbl, TOllbKO OH MeIOT
nll0CKYlO CPOPMY Tella BeAYT
npe My eCTBeHHO np AOHHbl 06pa3 }I{ 3H
. (KaTbl n TalOTCfI B OCHOBHOM pa311 4HbIM
AOHHblMI-I 6ecn03BOH04HbIM , AJlfI
pa3AaBlll-1BaH fI KOTOpblX
np cnoc0611eHbl X nll0CK e 3y6bl.
. He6011bWO nOllyropaMeTpOBbl CKaT
cnaT06aT C OTHOC TCfI K rpynne
np M T BHbIX CKaTOB, OT KOTOpbIX, B03MO}l{HO,
npO 30Wll Bce APyr e CKaTbl.
M\'I01,ue
cnlh O OpOHb1 0 OM
KA1.\eCnI e cp e 9 ,,)( OCnle) KOnl P
CKAnlb1 uMe lOnI W O: 5190 UnlOU )l(eM3b1,
HA)(09 UnlC $I t1p
I
100
"
-
...-------
...... --
f1I/IIJ C ....
-- f1I/IIJ nOT 6 .........
o Or"" .
, C'
"
.
".14-'
...
..
I
-&
; - 1
'r e HeiAweu .
OC,IIIRIIIKM p lAc' "u .
rJ KRrR P.1
C,R"RMRH I \\II3 R )(C,IIIRHe. ".
HRiA eH 111M HUl.\eM 0 .
\\RrJR r c' VI 01.\ " "", c, OU)( ..-'\
I UI.\Relllc'71 '" f V .
He 0111" VlOIIIO MKOI1 ,
c'O reMeHH )(
(' .
B MeCTe -
C KaYA nrep KCOM _
B' K Tae 6blll Ha AeHbl CKelleTbl nr 4. . . ·
KOH<PY4 YCOPH COB. . Pa3MepOM OH
, C COPOKY. . (aM4bl CaMK I-IMelll-1 pa3111-14HOe
, OnepeH e. . (aM40B YKpaWall XOXllbl 1-1 ABa
\ A11 HHbIX nepa B XBOCTe. . KOIT CTble Kpblllbfl
, nOMOrall I-IM lla3aTb no AepeBbflM.
I · Y KOH<PY4 YCOPH COB 6blll Y}I{e HaCTOfl l-I
I K1lIOB, a He 3y6acTbie 4ell1OCTI-I, KaK
, Y apxeOnrepl-lKca.
I I
)0
.
50
o
¥.of>°'i PYC
'...
. ,
.."
1IiIIt.
50
100
.
...1
\
II
,> ,
f I
I '
, ,
J
;
\ "
Ii:
I
.
' 1 \ '
i ., .,
1\
Jr.:.,
I.
"
-
129
I ..
250
I
200
A t'
neT H030
7;"5 _ \ Ac;,
I
10C
.....
J-" .It--Jo.V-J,.. ..
.
.
o I/>r. n ... o ... p _ I).
UXTU03aBp, npel{paCHO
np..cnoc06n......,ij k .OJI"O" Y
06 P .. Y "'........ /{ak.. .c. ,
""""o...p.,. ol/>ra n ... o ... p
/.IblUJan B03/.1YXOM. Ho U3
B°/.l bl He BbIXO/.l Hn .
ll eT eHblUJU nORBnRnUCb
· .OJI., non..oer.1O roro..,. ......
I{ caMOCTORTenbHOii JKU3HU.
n"r.nCR ol/>r. n ... o ... p
Pbl60ii U MonnIOCI{aMU.
,\
,:- ....:,... - , . ',,-
."' 4-.-=::-;: _ "'" ... ..
"" .I'
,':"o: ... ".
. ....;.
\
. . . . . . . . .
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
I
00
I
50
I I
I I
1
o
101
KapamKue Mn npe6ptfmUl1UCb zea3J16plf
I ", 1, " 6 fieOal1bUAUe Mcm 1 tf x6acm CI1 >KUI1
III MM ! '. .MI III d 6 / M afZtffiaM g6U>KefiU}T 6 6age.
'//
-£t
'::::I
'
"fr 00
eO>
'>=.
:
1/
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
pOKOAl-lll006pa3Hble 6blm1 W pOKO
pacnpocrpaHeHbl B 3TOT nep OA.
. (aMble KpynHble AOCT ralll-1 5-6 M
B AJI HY. . re03aBp 6blll He6011bworo
pa3Mepa, Mell AJlI-IHHble 1-1 y3Kl-le
. 4ell1OCTI-I, KaK y cOBpeMeHHblx
. raBl-lall0BbiX KpOKOA 110B.
: Q '\'IIIAflbM03A pA
(j OKpACKA 0'1' MHO?,")/.
· e KIIK"
. 0 bb'lflA IIIAKA5I 'K- I o Hb'I)( 'K-u%OIllHb'I)(
.. co%peMeHHb'I)/. lIIeMHA5I c er)(
O . "\O " pb'lb delll flA5I CHU3 .
'"" /3/
.
I I I I I
MflH. fleTHOJOA
250 200 . 165_,A 100
---- -
.
" ,':, ' . ..
-...
17
" J}J.1 0 3QBP
','.... POCCHHCkHH
.......
...---------
O T nlle31-103aBpOB - APyr x
BOAHblX flllIepoB - nll 03aBpbl
0T1l 4all Cb 6011bWO roll0BO
1-1 KOpOTKO wee . . HaxoA l1
OCTaTK nll 03aBpoB C 6011ee 4eM
TpexMeTpoBblM 4epenoM! .
nll 03aBpbl - CTpawHble
X llIH KI-I, npeclleAOBaBWl-le
CKopee He pbl6y
KallbMapOB, a CBOI-IX
copOA 4e -
APyr x BOAHblX
fllltepOB.
.'';'
: v
' .'
"
\
/32
r
\\
,. . .
" .\' .
.".
&..
'i-. "
"
"
\
1,\'" H .'
\"
00
. ' 0'"
. v. AA\.
' }."" v
t' q
.:j
H apfiAY C OrpOMHbIM
a1l1l03aBpaM 6blll1-1
X HI-IKI-I nOMeHbWe, TaKl-le,
KaK 4 e paT03aBp, A11 HO OKOll0 6 M.
. OH Mell 6011bWYIO roll0BY,
YKpaweHHYIO MalleHbK M pOroM
1-1 npoAollbHblM rpe6HflM . . nOA TaK MI-I
rpe6HflM Mom HaxOAI-ITbCfI flAoB Tble
}l{elle3bl, nOMoraBw e y6 BaTb KpynHYIO
A06b14Y. . epaT03aBpbl 06 Talll-1 Ha
paBHI-IHaX CeBepHo AMepI-lKI-I.
I
D
50
. .
- --
..... ......
I
\'(
"
... - ...
J.
\.\
1J
\'
=
ir , '
o
50
100
'>
M nl1uIJ3«6p« - nIJI1 mIJp«MempIJ6n
ZIJJ1(J6« 1 3 5«cm« n«cmb 1 KlJplJmKIJe
m J1(J6ulM,e fA MIJIM,H U x6dcm.
"
.
'loll...
'"
-)
133
I I I I I I I
. . .
350 300 250 200 1
. -.c' t
I
I .f, 1 I l f
I . 1
,
II..
l
, 1
1 I
I
...
. -
.
I '" ...
-
\ " >-
- -:""
- -- .:
- - "' or;:
..
.
,... "'- - .,
t,
-
-
, -
1\-
\ \
..........:=.- ;. -
» '
"
"
.
-=
..)4
..
150 MIlH. lleT H030A "
/45 - '0°
..
, ""
\
"!":j
'. ,
t" \ . f
.. ,.\
,..
..'
\
",
"
I .
I
..
-
- . r
1
13
J - \
- .,..
-
-- \::- -
I I I I I I
. . . " MJ1H. J1eT H030A "
200 150 145_ '00 50
:=-. --
.c:::;;
I , -..
..;.
"" . , .....
... h . --
"
-,
....
... '\ , ..-:.;:-
.
I
--0 £-
It . ,
- --=....
-
-
I " \ .
I
-,..
-
B 3TOT nep oA rOHABaHa OKOH4aTellbHO
pacnallacb. Ho IO>KHafi AMep Ka ellte He
OTOWlla OT ACPPI-IKI-I, a OCTallbHble MaTep K
pa3Aellf111 Cb nOKa MOpCK MI-I npOll BaM . Ha Bce
3eMlle YCTaHOB l1Cfl Tenllbl K1l MaT. Bo BHYTPeHH X
0611aCTfiX MaTepl-lKOB B03H K1l 06w pHble
3aCYWll1-1Bbie Tepp TOp . B paCT TellbHOM M pe
npOAOll}1{all rocnoAcTBOBaTb XBO Hble ApeBHero
0611I-1Ka 1-1 nanopOTH K , HO Y}l{e W pOKO
1.36
I I I I I I I I I
. . . . . . . .
0 0 50 100 150
_._ - -
- -- ......c-____
....-
';r
( ,... ...
/ / . , -
,..-. \
, ') ,
:- __( I -
,.--
',, 1.
........ >-
-
"'
I ,\
, '\' \
I \
, . A
pacnpoapaHl-llll-1Cb COCHOBble. K KOHLJ.Y nep oAa no
3eMlle paccell l1 Cb LJ.BeTKOBble paCTeHl-lfI, caMble
MHoro4 clleHHble paCTeH fI COBpeMeHHOCTI-I.
A H03aBpbl npOAOll}1{all rocnoAcTBOBaTb Ha cywe,
nTepOAaKT l1 - B B03AYxe. B MOpfiX 1-1 OKeaHax
K XTI-I03aBpaM nlle3 03aBpaM A06aBl-lll Cb
M03a3aBpbl - MOpCKl-le flllIepl-lLJ.bl. no BceM
KOHT HeHTaM pacnpOCTpaH l1 Cb nTl-ILJ.bl. nOflBl-lll Cb
nepBble CYM4aTbie Bblcw e MlleKon TalOllIl-le.
/37
r:: 011bWOro pa3H006pa31-1f1 AOCTI-lr1l1-1
D OpHI-ITOnOAbl - nTl-Il..\eHOrl-le AI-IH03aBpbl.
. (peAI-I HI-IX I-IryaHI-ITOnOAbl 6blll1-1 CaMblMI-I
KpynHblMI-I. . OHI-I }l{l-Illl-1 B6111-131-1 BOAbl B A31-11-1,
EBpOne, AMepl-lKe 1-1 ABCTpalll-1l-1. BOCT04Hbl
I-IryaHoAoH AllI-IHO OKOll0 8 M 061-1Tall B
4eHTpallbHo A3 1-I, rAe 1-1 6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl ero
OCTaTKI-I. . BHyrpeHHI-I nallel..\ nepeAHe llanbl
npe06pa30BallcfI y Hero B OCTpbl Wl-ln,
KOTOpbl , B03MO}l{HO, I-ICnOllb30BallCfI
I Allfl 3all.\I-ITbi OT X 1-1 Il.\H 1-1 KOB.
'.... .... --
- .... .. 21 --
--"--.- .....
" ,; -
I I
01
- '#J -".
I"",,,
: '.
"
4?:
._....! Jt-
--- ..
.......
I I
1 0
I
50
..
'" -
\
\
I
" M/lH. /leT HO]OA "
145_ ,OQ
I
"-
"'\ '
. ""-
"
-
......
, '""
C\ -
"\ \ ,-'"
" ' ) ",' "F\.!
,. ' r.t ,;:'
, r
l ' '-..
. ---
I" __-
if
"-
, "'\\ "
. J) "
.- " , ,
ow;..... _
-
'"
...:
. ..
I I
"\-
k '-
......
I --
I
, ---
..,-
"
o
I I I I
50
r
100
. kryQIt .
- 0 404
. - "
-, , \,
,- .
- '
, .
\" , ;:;..
- :
"
,', '
,.
...
, , '"
I I I I
· · 1 50
'. . "', ":.
:=.... -.'-.
," --
. .---,..-
__---.:!;;JI-' __...,. _
..\ -=---
, \\ ,, -....
....'.;;...-.- -
. '" --=- - --:, --;;..-
- -:.£:: -:.--
l.
, -
" \, '"
'lL> ....
. "
-
' l "
....'...
'Y'O ,
t . '\
' ;, "j -j-
....... . .. , ;-
.- .
'-
' '\
'\'
'<
.....
....."
-
t '>\
, \j-:
. . --
-:-. i
.......,.....-
\.\':'"
...-......
"..... .
.r.
\
..- I
---
-.
--.... , \V I ht1
- i J...... l'
--
-
-
.-
......
,
. 'i'
- & \
--;: --
---
---
I I
201
I
150
o MnH. neT H030A 0
145- '00
I
50
60S\At\b\e
_ b\
'3a6 b\ 6t\b\e
atA nco "nonoAO 6"tan"
oKoA _ 0
K UJ."ecS\ OtA
tAb\Ka\O oetAa)l. noAct 6
nne c 60 Pi " Ot\" r
r Ct\b\)l "natA "K"
6 n e ..noKoA nct6 e t\t\
\\0 C nr po,... _
at\b\' "n 06 S\
t\e C6S\'3 UJ.,,)l K OKO: 6 to 6 etA catA"
t\actoS\ ,,- }K"n 6 tAO e, a "n"Cb
tAe'3 0 '3'l)( 06 a'30tA nb\ noS\6
t\b\tA KOA"
rna 6 "e K o n"oAa.
0S\UJ. e ne r
t\a ct KOt\ ______
Ton b ,,08 \ c-- _
. '. 'y,.... .
. 4 _ ,...,.,_
' /7., 2 "i
. "'... .-""'t:
\- ..--\....."' -": .
,
-
I
'=c i.
: - -, \
I _ ,
I ',' ', \
....... ....-
I --
I
,..
"'7T" "'Y-'" ,
. ',.
" r..
f
;fi;i' t: .
' .
"
1:' '
l:-". ,
/40
..------------
"
I
o
I I I
o
I I I I
50
I I I I
100
I I I I
150
03 0aPb \
60 1 , "
o {
--
X -----..
QA "!:..... I
...,., '-
("'0 -- I
I
o -.
' I
tT
,.-'I' ,
,
.
',
....
- -.I . ....
" r
I " !,
r,
J .t::--
- -:j"
./
-
,-=
- I
I
I
I'
-
\1.
. ...... \ ::t'
, " \
\ ;
,J 'I: : \
" .
v
,A
-r
.
...
,
04 _
- l r-'\
- , r
1\ '" " ..\.
\ 101.
I '
i
.
- t
".
n o 6eperaM
npeCHblX 03ep
}l{l-Illl-1 np06aKTpOJaBpbl -
OpHI-ITOnOAbl nOMeHbwe
I-IryaHoAOHOB,A1lI-lHO
OKOll0 4 M.
141
MJ1H. J1eT H030A
145_ '00
, -
I
200
I I
. .
I I
150
-----
. .. .
, -
.... ',,\
....,
- ..:;::::-----....
- "\
.:
/"'- : \.
-"' ' -''-.
\.
I
50
'Y:
-
" ;t
' '"
::-0
y..O,\O
I.,
'-
-IN; ,, J}'
..-----...
.".-- --....
.. -...
.....
aTa OpHI-IC 6blll "
pa3MepOM C Bop06bfl, HO I-IMell ,
3y6aTbl K1lIOB. . (KelleTI-IK 3TO nrl-l bl ,
HaWlll-1 Ha ceBepO-BOCTOKe KI-ITafi. \
KaTa opHI-lC OTHOCI-ITCfI K 3HaH I-IOpHI-ICaM -
ApeBHe WI-IM nrl-l aM, pOACTBeHHblM
apxeOnrepl-IKCY 1-1 Wl-lpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM ,
no BceMY Ml-lpy B 3TOT nepl-lOA. I
I
,
142
I
iQ
....
.
o
. .
. .
. .
50
100
150
C eBepOaMepI-IKaHCKI-I XI-ILltHbl Ae HOHI-IX,
flBllf1BWI-I CfI 611I-1}1{a WI-IM pOACTBeHHI-IKOM
apXeOmepl-lKCa, 6blll pa3MepOM C 04eHb KpynHYIO
C06aKY.
1--
o
' ,
-.-..
t .:. ,
'L .- f' '\
Nit
1
";. :.t.."
I'
" ....,
I,
/'
Tf!'f1i -
.
HIA)( AlHl
HIA)( 1.1 311 I11b
Gl11pOe HlAe t1epe II t1 p lA(,t10(,o "eHHO IA
KII3b1&IIel11 H & II He K oez' l
e HOI1IA)(II & ,,"M epe&be I .. Hb1e,
K ,,"3"111.110 t10 (,111 O'''i 1.1 111 II ,,1.1 MHOZlAe "ie
e KIIK"
t10 3eM" )
143
I I
01
I I
150
MnH. neT H030A
145- '00
I
50
( peAI-I AI-IH03aBpOB 04eHb CTpaHHO BblrllfiAell
6apI-lOHI-IKC, OCTaTKI-I KOTOpOro TO}l{e 6blll1-1
Ha AeHbl B AHrlll-ll-l. . 3TOT cpeAHI-lX pa3MepoB
(6 M A11I-1HO ) AI-IH03aBp, cKopee Bcero, }l{l-Ill B BOAe
1-1111-1 OKOll0 BOAbl 1-1 nl-lTallCfI pbI60 .
, ... ,
-
' ,
....
(.,
O
OQ
'd
I
I
;
..
"
\\
"
...,'
'. ...
..
,
..
. ... , -
: . .'
-'
\
,
'...
'. \. I
\\
\1\
\\ '
I
.... oH Vlepe 6u1,aflc,$\ Ha HU)(
e p o$\IYIHO) Ha eZO Vlepe
KOZIYIU eM
e)( flaVla)() VlH\j\MU) \.i
l.\elYl\j\p \j\flU OfIee Kp VlO)(O UflU
flaVla)( "'e \.iefllOC,1YI1A
/JflIAHHv, (MH01,O
Ha 3a HU)() :J 60 pm u\j\flO
P OKO lAflbU) ( p
"1'"." Ha K oc,lYIp\j\)( 3 UO\).
, 7 --..
I
,
)
o
... .
50
101
150
t: ..... ,
,
....
,
<.
"b
\
- ...
,'? '
\-"1
In:
=
,.
,
,
,
, .
(7
1l"'Q,
I"'''' :.
/fI"
4c .
' . ' ", ...
. ' '
I
,: ';
.
.'t
",. ,
\
r'
.
c
ft.}
......
j I
era O]08P
erall03aBp CTall nepBblM
AI-IH03aBpOM, Onl-lCaHHblM Y4eHbiMI-I
B 1824 roAY. . A Cll0BO «AI-IH03aBp»
nOflBl-lll0Cb lll-1Wb B 1842 roAY. . MHOro
oTAellbHblx KocTe Merall03aBpoB Hai-1AeHo
B AHrlll-l1-l 1-1 <PpaHI..\I-II-I. . Ho nOllHbli-1 CKelleT
oCTaeTcfI HeI-l3BeCTHbIM. . CHO, 4TO 3TO 6blll1-1
, 04eHb 6011bwl-le (A/lI-IHOi-1 AO 9 M) XI-ILltHble
AI-IH03aBpbl, KOTopble 6erall1-1 Ha ABYX MOLltHblX
3aAHI-IX llanax 1-1 I-IMelll-1 xopowo pa3BI-ITbie
nepeAHl-le llanbl.
145
I
211
I
1 .
MnH. neT H030A "
145_ ,00
I
50
, t
':J
0 0
o
'\'
I
\
_t
..., .
I
4
I
I
r l-lnCl-lll0<POAOH - He6011bWO
paCTI-ITellbHOflAHbl AI-IH03aBp.
. rl-lnCl-lllo<pOAOHbl }l{l-Illl-1 He6011bWI-IMI-I CTaAaMI-I.
. 6111-13Kl-le pOACTBeHHI-IKI-I eBpone cKoro
rl-lnCl-lllo<pOAOHa 06HapY}l{eHbi B (eBepHO
AMepl-lKe 1-1 B ABCTpalll-1l-1. . B (eBepHO AMepl-lKe
OHI-I BCTpe4all1-1Cb AO KOHl..\a nepl-lOAa.
146
I ·
o
I
o
I
50
I
100
I
. .
I
150
I ol1roe BpeMfi He 6blll0 YCTaHOBlleHO, }l{l-Illl-1
nl-l mep03aBpbl B 3ry 3noxy B A31-11-1.
. <t>06eTOp, Ha AeHHbl B 3anaAHO MOHrolll-11-1 -
OAI-IH 1-13 nepBblX 1-13BeCTHbiX mepOAaKTl-llle
B AJI-II-I. . (4I-1TaIOT, 4TO OH nl-lTallCfI pbI60 , HO,
B03MO}l{HO, OCHOBHYIO ero nl-lLltY COCTaBllf1111-1
KpynHble lleTalOLltl-le HaceKOMble.
-- A3MA'/..OM
- m e p03A6p - c, p MeA
3mo m He MbWOt,\ VI mopA Mempo6 - LI
j(rJb1 Abe6 OKMO VlM o MHO)Kec,m6oM
! - l.\e p eVl c,
A)K pHb1L1 31A o6.
oc'mpb1'/.. MeAKLI'/.. '1
t1) o 6 e "t
'<IfIIi:
.--
,...-----'
...-
\
\
147
I I I I
350 300 250 200
1 ,
"" ..
'" ... , \...
I
1 ..
I
I .
,1 ,
,
, ;J . I
f j r
' I
. , )
" t-
., ,
, ' ,
I
r
0;. -
- .- (
-
- " -II.
\ 't-
',,.{; " .
- -
.. -
....
\oJ;.
I. ;;r-
i
, L.- ---
;""'r j ,.. --:- L ":
. ... ..',....> --....
-- - , .....
... ....... '
150 "M11H. 11eT H030A "
IOO-b?
'J.
.,
v
--
,,-(0
---.
,
L
..
,
OJ
..
-
-
......
v' .
:." ' '1' 1''''."",
.........
,
-l
1J \
....
. '
....
--
.,-
...
.
,t-
'"
,
,
,
-----
-J
... ,J,>"
"'"'!
" "
4, \.
---
,
I I
200
I I
150
MI1H. l1eT H030A
100_.
I
50
".
..
,...
,
01
""
I t>
I
u
--
,
--
- 1 .
.. I'
,
I'
I-
B 3TOT nepl-loA 06pa30Ball1-1Cb ATllaHTI-I4eCKI-I
1-1 HAI-I CKI-I OKeaHbl. 3anaAHYJO CeBepHYJO
AMepl-lKY OT BOCT04HO CeBepHO AMepl-lKI-I
1-1 EBpony OT A31-11-1 OTAellf1111-1 Wl-lpOKl-le MOpCKl-le
npOlll-1Bbl. Ha BCe 3eMlle rocnOACTBOBall }l{apKI-I
/50
I . I . . I
J 0 50 100 150
.
----
/./' ,.:J -............ , ,
,- ') ,
.-; , \, },
I I "J
l I. ,
- --
. , J -
H Blla}l{HblH K1lI-lMaT. LlBeTKOBble paCTeHl-lfi
OKOH4aTellbHO 3aBOeBall1-1 cywy. XI-Ill\Hble AI-IH03aBpbl
OCl11rJll-I OrpoMHoro pa3H006pa31-1f1 Ha BCeX
arepl-lKaX. Ha cywe 061-1Tall0 MHO}l{ecrBo flll\epl-l4
Me1lKI-IX MlleKOnI-lTaJOll\I-IX. MellKl-le BOAOeMbl
-::>_e1lfllll-1 4epenaXI-I KpOKOAl-lllbl. B CaMOM KOH4e
- - -MOAa CllY41-1110Cb 3aMeTHOe nOXOll0AaHl-le,
ypoBeHb OKeaHa crall nOHI-I}I{aTbCfI. npOl-l30Wll0
_peAHoe Belll-1KOe BblMl-lpaHl-le. nOllHOCTbJO
C'le3JU1 AI-IH03aBpbl, nTepOAaKTl-llll-1, npl-lMI-ITI-IBHble
. B MOpfiX 6011bwe He CTall0 MOpCKI-IX flll\epOB,
-''1 4ellble K1laCCbl MOpCKI-IX 6ecn03BOH04Hb1X.
/5/
I
200
r ,1
I ..'
-
I
150
MI1H. l1eT HOJOA
100-b
I
50
\.
,\ ---
.....
.....
, '}OB
{y
--
()
t ---==-
1
--..
---
I., : -
.
R
-=-:. ?""'"-- ()<:- -
::--:: q
Be
.....
-
-
..
\
,
'\
.,
i :
-
:.
1' \ I
, , . . .'1.": ,.; - '-.- \.;:: ,I ;}
.1 :a'" --r .
!=-: ,_- --4f( =,.....
.. -
- :.-- -"":
=.-.....
I'
I;
"'"- -
---
-,'\ ....
....><?""
\-=
'
,t
'I "
"
' -
l, .
- .......
--
---
--
"
--
- ......-
t."tt.
-
....
.
..Ji: d
.,
, f .
. ,
'
,\ -
j
..;?-
""":
"""--
..
-
- ,..-...-
...,-
, ":>-
, ' _ ,_O ,
...-----
--
J
I I
. .
o
I
50
I I I I I
· 1 00 ·
I I
1 0
l
,
,
.\
,
,
-',
H e6011bWl-le Bell041-1panrOpbl I-IMelll-1
A11I-1HHble 4ell1OCTI-I co MHO}l{eCTBOM
OCTpblX 3y60B. . TaKl-le 4ell1OCTI-I 6blll1-1
npl-lCnOC0611eHbl XBaTaTb MellKYIO
nOABl-I}I{HYIO A06bl4Y - flll\epl-l4
1-1111-1 3BepbKOB. -'
- -- .... -- .".
-------
,-
Co '-
-- O I
."\\! 1.-
,'l>..\'
.' , 01'\
". ..,
, -Ir: ,
'f-'
a.-
. ..
---
\
"
" .. ,\.
'\
T a p 603aB P b, - CaMble
KpynHble Ha3eMHbie
XI-Ill\HI-IKI-I 3a BCIO I-ICTOpl-l1O
3eMlll-1, - CKOpee Bcero, nl-lTalll-1Cb
naAallblO, a He }l{I-IBO A06bI4e .
H a paBHI-IHaX naClll-1Cb
MeA11I-1TellbHble
KOpOTKOHOrl-le naH41-1pHbie
AI-IH03aBpbl Ca WaHI-II-I.
. OT MHoro41-1ClleHHbiX XI-Ill\HblX
AI-IH03aBpOB OHI-I 3all\l-Ill\allI-1Cb
«6pOHe » 1-13 nonepe4HbiX
KOCTHblX ll\I-ITKOB 1-1 TfI}I{ell0
«6YllaBoih> Ha A11I-1HHOM ynpyroM
XBOCTe.
,
\ '
"-
/53
I I
200
I I
150
MI1H. l1eT H030A
100-b
I
o
Ii
I'
i;
B no BpeMJI Ha TeppMTopMM COBpeMeHHOM
nYCTblHM r06M TelUlM 60nbWMe peKM
C 06WMpHblMM AenbTaMM, pacKMHynMcb KpynHble
03epa. . PocnM XBOMHble M nMCTBeHHble neca.
TaM 06MTano MHO>KeCTBO MenKMX M KpynHblx,
XMU4HbIX M pacnnenbHOJlAHblX AMH03aBpOB.
XMU4Hble AMH03aBpbl TeponOAbl 6blnM 3AeCb
caMblMM pa3Hoo6pa3HblMM B MMpe.
o .. ,o)l\e
8\\pan TO P rp nne
OTHoeS\TeS\ K
ponoAr
. ... X\\UlaHb'X Te eHeM OH\\
! "/;'- HO co 8::; 6b'M\\.
eTa"\\
'/< -ii '
1. 1 . I
... III :.:: . ' I
.
()
.' ..:_-
I 't\
:1 ':'t 00,l
i!j ")1
I /54
D
. . .
o
I
50
,R," \-
,
I I
100
,-
" "-
3e:tPE!]°1> -. \\'
:... -=- '). ':
!i. ...,
>. 1
& .
'--
"
=i
,\ '! ,1'
..... \ .. :'= ,
,\ :.
- -'-''-: )
::---- .'
,
..'
R:
_ ""'.......'fO:
-
-
.
. . ,,"
"
_'E'--
- ---'
r ;
--
,'\.
.
< -- --
........-
-
--
'\.
'-
.'"-t .
- ---=-.
-
-_. -=
__ ___.-,.J .
- -4it::....:.-' _ >---'- -
-==-
w-
OHroll bCKI-I 1-1
3aYPOll O <p
TO}l{e OTHOCI-ITCfI 1i;;
K rpynne OpHI-ITOnOA, 1-1 3TO 6blll _
OA H 1-13 CaMblX KpynHblx AI-IH03aBpOB -=-
nep OAa. . 6011bWYIO 4aCTb }l{1-I3HI-I
3aYPOllO<pbl, nO-BI-IAI-IMOMY, npOBOAl-llll-1
B BOAe. . 3aYPOll0<pbl nl-lTalll-1Cb paCTeHl-lfiMI-I.
.-
"" - '
I I
150
,
J.
,
}
"" -:
...--.
-
.
--
-.,
....
"''' ........
/55
I . .
200
. \
.
· - .. , ' :; })l - it
. "'1
, . ,. '. -,:;, >.... i\)
. - -:!: .} \''' ......-
".::'1 . ..
I
150
. 100-b
.
.
.
,il '
MnH, neT HOJOA
I
50
...
---.
.
.
.
.
. . !-\..
Q'
,- '-\" ....
-' ' ...
!i; ....,.-
- '<-......t '
.
,.
i
-"-=tt " <..4.-Q
\
.
""r)
:'.
.1Mf
.'
.
Titf'/.fA/.fH;' '
nmu A - HI!3eMHI!5I
f'I! 3 Ir1elJ(J.AA
c CfJ81J r 'YJ
r elrleHHfJZfJ
u HI! Z C${
HeZfJ nfJXfJJ/(II51.
,
'I
1.1
"
1'1
OHOHI-IKYC - AI-IH03aBp pa3MepOM
C ryCfI. HeKOTOpble nalleOHTOll0rl-l C41-1TaJOT
MOHoHI-IKyca nTl-I e , yrpaTI-IBWeH Kpblllbfl.
. Y MOHOHI-IKyca n04TI-I I-IC4e3111-1 3y6bl, a Ha 04eHb
KOpOTKI-IX nepeAHI-IX llanax OCTallCfI cpaKT 4eCKI-I
OAI-IH nalle C orpOMHblM KorreM. . 4eM OH Mor
nl-lTaTbCfI - OCTaeTCfI TOllbKO raAaTb. . MO}l{eT
6blTb, ero nepeAHl-le llanbl 6blll1-1 npl-lCnOC0611eHbl
pa3pblBaTb rHe3Aa TepMI-ITOB 1-1111-1 MypaBbeB?
1;1
/56
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0 0 50 100 150
-I
:1-
"-
....-.1."
'-
,
:i Y '
-
rq\ OHOHHl(y("
H a 3eMlle }f{e }l{l-Ill0 MHoro pa3111-14Hb1X
MellKI-IX MlleKOnl-lTaJOll.\l-Ix. . B OCHOBHOM
3TO 6blll1-1 ell.\e npl-lMI-ITI-IBHble fI eK1laAYll.\l-Ie
1-1 cYM4aTbie XI-11l.\Hbie 1-1111-1 noxo}l{l-1e Ha rpbl3YHOB
3BepbKI-I, TaKl-le, KaK 3allf1M6AalleCTec.
----...
-- c. .......
, c.: 1e 't
f'e ....
O ,
, fO ..
" '.
I
,
I l' I
,_ ».Ji..
\
\
,
"
...
. ",'-
" ,
. -, \\\,
,
/,lJ \\ '.
\" \ \ \
J /, I'
--
-......
,J
-- : \
..:
.
"{
'f
/57
I
00
I
150
" MnH. neT H030A "
100-b
I
50
B 3TO BpeMfi Ha 3eMlle 061-1Tall0 04eHb MHOro
pa3111-14Hb1X flllIepl-l4. . AapxaH3aBp
OTHOCI-ITCfI K rpynne 6011bwerolloBblX flllIepl-ll\,
OCTaTKI-I KOTOpblX 4aCTO Bcrpe4alOTCfI B MOHrolll-1l-1.
. A11I-1Ha AapxaH3aBpOB AOCTI-Iralla 50-60 CM,
3TO 6blll1-1 AOBOllbHO KpynHble flllIepI-l4bl..
(Kopee Bcero, OHI-I >Kl-llll-1 B BOAe
1-1 nl-lTalll-1Cb KaKI-IMI-I-TO MflrKI-IMI-I
paCTeHI-IfiM1-1.
O""30 P
o 'I- -:>-_
J
".
I "';\:.
, "
..
. '
.... ;,: ..
".-'
.-'. .
'
"
- '\
/515 ".
--
;0
I
o
I
.
,
50
I ,
100
f<lf'
! -....::::-
I I
150
r"\ M M
fon l ·
;
'I
.<
.\
,
,f . ':.
"\.\!' .,,,
,
.., ',.'
'-d '
. J
..- ,
\ ,'" --
'-.....\ o::-
...
. .
alllli-1MI-IM - 6e33y6bl Xl-Il1\Hbl ,[II-IH03aBp
C ,[IJH1HHbiMI-I 3a,[lH I-IM 1-1 llanaMH. .llen<o
nOCTpoeHHoe TellO 1-1 KOHe4HOCTI-I roBOpfiT
o npi-1CnOC0611eHHOCTI-I TaKI-IX AI-IH03aBpOB
I( 6b1CrpOMY 6ery Ha OTKpblTblX npocrpaHCTBax.
,QHH03aBpbl 3TO rpynnbl 6b111i-1 04eHb noxo}l{l-I
a CTpaYCOB, HO JTO TonbKO BHeWHee CXO,[lCTBO.
I
200
. .
I .
150
" MnH. neT HQ3QA "
100-b
I
50
n pOTOL.\epaTonCbI - npOCTe Wl-le 1-1 caMble
MalleHbKl-le 1-13 poraTblX AI-IH03aBpOB, A11I-1HO
1,5-2 M. . npOTOL.\epaTonc 3HAPIOca 6blll OAHI-IM
1-13 caMblX pacnpocrpaHeHHblX npOTOL.\epaToncOB
B KOH4e nepl-lOAa B MOHrolll-1l-1.
o ou.epOtOf)
q "'APJ()Co ('
"',
\
.
..
;],
. ,I
.\
- ".
t-,
'
--
'- _ ' I!
'"
_ -J
-
"mot'1c'o
o t'1pom o u,ep.
0 '" )(UlAI,HUK IfOc,m HblU
3 W,umou II' !MU p HblU "
" II mMbKO 0 e p )(U !MelO.
c'1I %.u UKpbl d!MUU c, .,
oromHUK) t'1p
/60
. .
50
I I I I I I
I I I .. 150
· 100
I
50
o
o
I
'V O"anoq''''''n O"'OC"Tcn
" nnoc"orono..,,,
,q HH0 3aSpaM - OT,qenbHOif
rpYnne cpe,qH nTHLleHOrHX
,qHH03aSpOS (OPHHTOno,q).
3TH He60nbIJJHe
pac 1JtT en '"on/j".,. /j""03a.P',
""en" "a n6y TonCT.,. "OCT".,.
Ul"Ul"". ('''TaIDT, -'0 Ta""' l
UlHUlHH Hcnonb30sanHCb
XOManOLleCPanaMH npH
cpaJf{eHHRX 3a caMOH HnH
TepPHTOPHIO. ..... "'.
'. -
"
'"
, 'rl"'" .
' .
oS'°
otl' . .,
\ :
,
'\ . :
. .
..
. .
-
-..-
..
....
'.." ---- , . . " )
. ..".
':\ \
'. ' t I
'- \ ,
j "- x
, \..:..
' ' '
. .,.....
--,
< "
"\
. '.
\: ,
I \
"6/\
I
200
I
150
" MnH. neT HQ3QA "
,
(::, \..
, .
Po".. '. -..
\ '
"'
I(c
. ' f/JOI(
"''''Hyc
100-b
, I
50
.
.
.
'I
.
.
.
. . .
. . . .
. .
.
.
.
3 aY 01104> Y3KOMOPAbl 1-13BeCTeH no HeCKOllbKI-IM
Hal-lAeHHblM CKelleTaM 1-1 MHOrl-lM OTAellbHblM
4epenaM 1-1 KOCTfiM. . 3ro 6blll1-1 rl-lraHTCKl-le BOAHble
AI-IH03aBpbl BblCOTOii AO 9-12 M.
. 0 npI-lCnOC0611eHHoCTI-I I-IX K }l{1-I3HI-I B BOAe
CBI-IAeTe1lbCTByeT crpoeHl-le nallb4eB nepeAHl-lx llan,
Me>K,D.y KOTOpbIMI-I, 04eBI-IAHO, 6bllla HaTflHyra nepenoHKa,
paCWl-lpeHHble KonblT4a 3aAHI-IX llan, BbICOKI-I
1-1 nll0CKI-I XBOCT, CllY}l{I-IBWI-I PYlleM 1-1 opraHoM
ABI-I>KeHl-lfi B BOAe, nll0CKI-I , «yrI-lHbl » K1lIOB,
cnoc06Hblii nOA61-1paTb - KaK
l1onaTo - MfirKyIO paCTI-ITellbHOCTb
(BOAOPOCllI-I).
/62
IIr-
M OPfi B 3TOT nepl-loA 6blll1-1 nepenOllHeHbl
nllaHKTOHOM 1-1 pbI60 . . KCl-lcpOKTI-IHYCbl
6blll1-1 OrpOMHbIMI-I, AO 6 M AJlI-IHOH, Xl-Il1\HblMI-I
pbl6aMI-I BHyrpeHHero MOpfi CeBepHoH AMepI-1KI-I,
no BCel-1 BI-IAI-IMOCTI-I nl-lTaBWI-IMI-ICfI CBOI-IMI-I 6011ee
MellKI1MH co6paTbflMI-I.
1-//l3:;W;Jg/jgrptJ!
' -' "lOll; 'III;, I{I-//llfe
p' .!1l{l-/g3/1!, '/rgl-/gC6J/}/
, ' ,;,o.... 'I'/I/}/I{ I{
, .
I
50
o
.
.
.
.
. .
o
O ::l<f
O
,.,°0
Ka,
.
I
50
I I
. .
I I
100
I I
. .
I I
150
"
-....
(/
\' " -- I . .-'JI
",' ( .JJ{ ,{ ':
. . , '
It,
::::
-.\\';,...
"",""
",
i\
, .
"-
.-/'
.... l
.
\-::; ,.: -
\7...
, . 1.
-\
\
I I I
200 . . I
150 MnH
. neT H I
- Q]QA
",r 100-b 50
'.
\.
, !
\ j
:-
Q . . .r-'
.'<)">: \; ':1'< . ".
.'...... )-o , . .
'..... t\1'
..........
-
O ,U'TOtA"tA - ne rK ""'
r au."03t\b\"' 6era\OUJ.""
11""0....1'. 06..1310111"" .. "ot
ne "OA B (eBe t\O" A.tAe "Ke.
01''' "e6onbUlO" poet e . ol<on o
2.5 ... 01'''..'0...... ....en p.n..""....
.. ,I< n..(t...e ,aII"..e I<O"e "oet..
" Af'"t\t\b\e ne eAt\"e nan b \.
r.e.. 6...e enlOet" 6... n " no"o"'''
t\a nT"""" Kn\OB. 1aK")(
A"t\o3aB OB t\a3 b \B a \OT
etl'. 'onoI\06""'''''' ,,0 1'01\(t80"
,0 etl'. t3"" 0"" "e ,......"....
/64
,""'\
')
".'
--
"
-"
'
50
\
\
I
I
I
o
I
50
I I
150
I I I
100
CeBepHO AMepl-lKe, B Texace, Ha AeH
CaMbl KpynHbl nrep03aBp. . OH Ha3BaH
KeLtallbKOaTlleM (Ha fl3blKe ApeBHI-IX al\TeKOB -
«nepHaTbl 3Me »). . Kel\allbKOaTllb MOr 6e3
TpYAa B3MbiBaTb B B03AYX B BOCXOAfll1\l-1X
nOTOKaX ropfl4ero B03AYXa. . C4I-1TaIOT,
4TO KeLtallbKOaTlll-1 nl-lTalll-1Cb naAallblO.
\
.\
\
Kl'JtI"be
fll3MII>< I ""
,,9. Oc;m Z
Ke ""bKOllm m fIO lA!,e
12 M} HO HOc; me"bHO
tI"o om
HeZO "ez KuM ,
HeIi",,,.M ·
'"
'.. .-
. , ...-- Jo"
001n b
O{\
eV:
,
\
.,;--
," ---
,
- ..." '.., ,
..,,
. , -
' -f....
I
200
I
150
MnH. neT HOJOA
100-b
I
50
.
H a APYroli'i CTopOHe 3eMll1-1 - B (eBepHO
AMepl-lKe - B 3TOT nepl-lOA AI-IH03aBpOB
061-1Tall0 He MeHbwe, 4eM B A31-11-1. . napa3aypOll0cp
6blll 3aMeTHO MeHbwe MOHrollbCKOro 3aypOll0cpa, ero
rolloBa HaXOAl-lllaCb Ha BblCOTe 3-4 M, KorAa
>KI-1BOTHOe CTOflll0 B nOllHbl pOCT.
-
U H0311 pO . ",1 - ..
A fl9. c;e)( m oHOC; :lArYlI'JU ZMO Htle 0 4eHtle
tI t1Mbl e "I I okeM 9.C;H . I'JtI
)(lIpllKmepH 114eHue 1.1)( He C; C;O tle pe30HllrYlOI
zl'Je H". .j.\1I3H MoM" tlmb zoM Moh Z"ZIIHrYl II
I 4rY10 3m o KOz II Z
C;4UrYlll lOrYI ) fl9. bI)(IIHU9., KOpMe)l(KU,
"flU «rYlr KU» t10 o o peM9.
t10Zr )I(II !111Gb
3TOT nepl-10A 3anaA (eBepHO AMepl-lKI-I
COeAI-1HflllCfI C A3l-1e 6epl-lHrl-lli'icKoli'i cywe .
. AI-IH03aBpbl MOrJll-I XOAI-ITb TYAa 1-1 CIOAa. . 3TO
nOATBep}!{JJ,aIOT HaXOAKI-I I-IX I-ICKOnaeMblX OCTaTKOB
Ha LJYKOTKe 1-1 AnficKe. . (eBepOaMepI-lKaHCKI-I
Tl-lpaHH03aBp - HeCOMHeHHbl 6111-13KI-lIi'i
pOACTBeHHI-IK Tap603aBpa 1-13 MOHrolll-1l-1.
. OHI-I pa3111-14a1OTCfI AeTallfiMI-I CTpoeHI-1f1 -
Y Tl-lpaHH03aBpa nOMeHbwe rolloBa.
1-1 nOAllI-IHHee AByxnallble
nepeAHl-le llanbl.
/66
I I I I I
0...11111
50. .. I
00
{\O\,030YP0I10CP
I
50
)
l.
I . ",,"1 11 ,\ " '- "
. ,I .
I .
.,J.
\., f
. t' ' i.
(' . .
"- '.
I I I I I
5'
"
I -
If -.i"l
"\
J)
"
'"
) ': l
Jt,
A,' \
. \ , > () q
O
I
o
.-
\
"',0;:
-.:""'
/67
I .. I
200 150
I
50
MI1H l1eT H030A
100-b
n 011aKaHTyC - naHl..\l-IpHbl
AI-IH03aBp 1-13 (eBepHO
AMepI-lKI-I. . Y Hero MalleHbKafi
Y3Kafi rOll0Ba, MaCCI-IBHOe
TfI>Kell0e TellO 1-1 KOpOTKl-le llanbl.
. nepeABl-lrallCfI nOllaKaHTyC
Ha 4eTbipex llanax. (Bepxy ero
TellO 6blll0 3all.\I-IIl.\eHO
naHl..\l-IpeM 1-1 MOIl.\HblMI-I
Wl-lnOBI-IAHblMI-I HapOCTaMI-I.
I
I
I
,
\
,
,
,-
"
KOHTYC
no
j
.,
, - ;;: ,
, u_ :INJ "
:i<. - 'r rr, £'
_- _. q--_" r£''::-Ii 4:. ...
". ' ''''' r,... r.- (!'o -
. , ,.1 ':""': ;-":: .,.,:" ' . 'r' ':;: ' ",-- .,
. ',"" - - ,--:- , I,', ." - ___ \ _ . , , ;':';;
_. . .... I ' - . _
..{ " "... -' ...;:. .
'''::" 0....', """_......' ,
0-..... '"'"
I
,
"
"
'1)' '
.'-
)/
""
--- :
/6l5
---="
I
50
.
.
I
50
. I
150
o
I
100
B 3 tot nep\\OA t<.O t<. pe u.\\\O
nn\\03aep a t-\ \\
nne," 033 ep a" e ..oPR" COcT ae .. n "
r..ra.. tCK .. e ..O,a 33e p"" p.n....a
KotOP"''' p.ocr>'r ana \4'" a pot
C ....oro ..cne........... ocTp.......
, 6a.... ..or paCKP...eatbCR o e"b
Ul\\pot<.o.
,
"
,
.",---
\
"
\
(
,..
j
""
.
...
,
r'
-"
03030B p
--
-- --
---_...----
--
,-
I
fJ.I
-, ....
.....-
/69
I
300
..
r
--..
\
_ L J
, ---
,\
'
. .
......
....
I
250
-..-
'-
I,.;;:.
I
200
\,
l'
'"-
_ .r .
".
...
"
4,::;
,-;::.....
-
-
'"
::s...
-
.....
l
- ,
.' /' 'I
,\....-. :
I
150
f
......
-
/.
...,
-s
o.
,
o
"
"
'-
"II
If _'
-<:
"":;-
..
7!
'-
..:
--.".....,
MIlH. lleT H030A
65-3&
","
.... -,"
""" ...
( .
'\
{\
\ I I
I \
"\-
- I
"-
"<II
.........
,..".. ,
.. ..... -
,
t
I I t' MI1H, l1eT HOJOA t' I
150 100 0
65-3&
""-
:. ,.
...
d
H a cywe BblMeplll-1 AI-IH03aBpbl, B OKeaHax
I-IC4e3111-1 I-IXTI-I03aBpbl 1-1 nlll-103aBpbl, B B03AYxe
6011bwe He 6blll0 mepOJaBpOB, a B MOpfiX -
aMMOHI-ITOB. Ho nOflBl-llll-1Cb APyrl-le rpynnbl
>KI-IBOTHbIX. B Ha4alle nepl-loAa MaTepl-lKI-I Y>Ke
npl-lHfllll-1 n04TI-I npl-lBbl4Hbie HaM 04epTaHl-lfi. A:31-1f1
1-1 (eBepHafi AMepl-lKa 6blll1-1 COeAI-IHeHbl Wl-lpOKI-IM
MOCTOM CYWI-I, 1-1 KOpOTKOe BpeMfi cy eCTBoBalla
cyxonyrHafi CBfl3b Me>+<A,Y (eBepHO AMepI-lKO
1-1 EBpono , a A:31-11O 1-1 EBpony pa3Aellf111 Wl-lpOKI-I
npOlll-1B. Ha HeCKOllbKO AeCflTKOB Ml-lllll1-10HOB lleT
OKa3allaCb B 1-13011f11..\1-I1-I ID>KHafi AMepl-lKa.
OKOH4aTellbHO OTAelll-111aCb ABCTpalll-1f1. Ir1HAl-lfi
«nllbllla» B 3TO BpeMfi Ha ceBep, HaxOAfiCb B l..\eHTpe
Ir1HAI-I CKOro OKeaHa. B 3KBaTOpl-lallbHOM nOflce
rocnoACTBoBall TpOnI-l4eCKI-I K1lI-lMaT, a B ceBepHblX
172
I I I I I I I
0 I 100 150 200
t . \\' \\\,
\ - .,-"""'"
.,J r- -
"':"-." -,..... '-
. r J }r" ."\.\ ---,
I J) \ "
"1. \.
J ), J ' J
\ )1 -}-
,/.
'--"c- <. "- , I
.
\
w pOTax CTallO npoXllaAHee, HO TeM He MeHee
no-npe>KHeMY Tenll0. (l-IllbHO 1-13MeHl-lllCfI
paCTI-ITellbHbl Ml-lp. BClOAY npe0611aAalll-1 I..\BeTKOBble
paCTeHl-lfi. nOflBl-llll-1Cb Be4H03elleHbie lleca 1-13 nallbM,
napl-lCOB, llaBpOBblX APyrl-lx nOA06HbiX AepeBbeB
. tcyCTapHI-IKOB. DOllbWl-le npocrpaHCTBa 6blll1-1 3aHflTbi
O()JlOTaMI-I 1-1 06Wl-lpHbiMI-I pe4HbiMI-I AOllI-1HaMI-I.
3 ceBepHblx Wl-lpOTaX pacnpocrpaHl-llll-1Cb lleca 1-13
CTonaAHblX AepeBbeB (AY6, 6yK, 6epe3a, K1leH
-p.). OrpOMHbie 1-13MeHeHl-lfi npOl-l30Wll1-1 B MOpflX.
e311 MOpCKl-le fI epbl, 1-1 Y>Ke nOflBl-llll-1Cb KI-ITbl.
o-eJ11-141-1110Cb pa3H006pa31-1e MOpCKI-IX pbl6.
173
I I
1 .
I I
111
MnH neT HOJOA
I
o
65-3&
I'
I
B 3TOT nepl-lOA Wl-lpOKO pacnpOCTpaHfllOTCfI
pa3Ho06pa3Hbie MellKl-le ApeBHl-le
MlleKOnI-lTalO l-Ie. . HeKOTopble 1-13 HI-IX BCKope
AOCTl-lrJll-I cpeAHI-IX 1-1 KpynHblx pa3MepOB.
. naHTOAOHTbl npOAI-IHOI epaCbl I-IMelll-1 6011bWl-le
K1lblKI-I 1-1 npl-lCnOC0611eHHble K pa3Mellb4eHl-lIO
pa3Ho06pa3HO nl-l 1-I KopeHHble 3y6bl.
. 3TO 6blll1-1 BCeflAHbie >KI-IBOTHble AllI-1HO
OKOll0 2 M.
{\OHTO OIt
-- OAHH04e 1"6,
<,r 'lJo.
: \ -';. =(' "
. " -
I
-'
I::::
u
. ,..
.... . .,....
( ,
, '
"
.
'I
"","
......
,
,
. .
174
\,eBe('
. ,.
":)
...\, -"
S
CT
I
o
I I I
50
100
I
. .
I I I
150
.
B lleCaX 061-1Tall0
MHOro MellKI-IX
ApeSeCHblX nTl-Il..\ -
AallbHI-IX pOACTBeHHI-IKOB
COBpeMeHHblX KYKyweK,
AflTll0B 1-1 I-IM nOA06HbIX.
TpeXMeTPOBbl
I OHroll0HI-IKC I-IMell
nOBaAKI-I HaCTofl ero
CBl-lpenoro XI-I HI-IKa,
cnoc06Horo OXOTI-ITbCfI
Ha TaKI-IX >Ke pa3MepOB
}l{I-IBOTHbIX -
ro6l-1aTepl-leB.
I----
)'
........J
I I
. .
I I
200
.::
?-
') i:- - -
;._. t ---
*-,
I ,\" <_
- -
-
-. ......
,..-- -
- - -
-- -
---
--
--
-- t-\ KC.
Otif nO "\
\\ . '"
" !>. >\, ,<H" ='
.> ' , y 1i -_ _ 9\'.',;" t.
"- 'J1]' - - \'-
; ,
"
--
--
y -
-..... : \.\ \j >c.t
'"
if
,
,--
.,.-.
---
----
fI!I
'...: -
--.. --
175
011bWOro pa3H006pa31-1f1 AOCTl-lrJll-I
D paCTI-ITellbHOflAHble KOnblTHble }l{I-IBOTHble:
6011bWI-IMI-I rpynnaMI-I OHI-I naClll-1Cb no 6eperaM
BOAoeMOB 1-1 B KYCTapHI-IKOBblX 3apOCllfiX. . 3TI-I
>KI-IBOTHble 6blll1-1 AOBOllbHO Wl-lpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHbI
B 4eHTpallbHO A31-11-1 1-1 (eBepHO AMepl-lKe, ropa3Ao ·
MeHbwe I-IX 6blll0 B EBpone. . OAI-IH 1-13 caMblX
KpynHblx - npOTI-ITaH.. HeYK1lIO}I{l-Ie 1-1
HenOBOpOTlll-1Bbie ro61-1aTepl-ll-l 4aCTO CTaHOBl-llll-1Cb
}l{epTBaMI-I KpynHblx XI-I HI-IKOB 3TOro nepl-lOAa.
(YAfI no BceMY, 3TI-I >KI-IBOTHble 6blll1-1 AOBOllbHO ·
.
Yfl3BI-IMbi npl-l HanaAeHl-I1-I 6011ee 110BKOro .
1-1 6blCTpOro MOHroll0HI-IKca. . ·
. . .!. A ..
.. - . --.. "'",
' - -::- ;'1eT"
:- ro6 O
..? -
I
150
I I
. .
II
.,
-
,
I _; '"
1 :- ;-
tt.:J -- < ---
'",-
176
I I
100
\
'MnH, neT HOJOA
I
o
65-3&
.
.
. \
---:._
----
.... _...
\--
}
--
-
-
I
0 50 . . I I ---.J
. 100 . . I I I
. n PO,. ,.Ot-\b' 150
,.200
...---- --
/
,(I, " " -=-
. 1 =-
Hbl . J \, . ...
-
o
L..J a 6eperax 03ep
n n nep8 b \e
pa8nenoA06"'b\e
nt U.b\, taK e, KaK
]orp Cb\, octatK
KotOPb\X 6b\n ",a\\Ae"'b\
8 ue"'tpanb"'O\\ A3 .
" A
f" S
' ")0
....... ;....
-
.
, ,.,V
.
.
1\
,
L , -:-=-
- - "" -=
" .
-- -
,.
-;;-
=E:
- -
-=
, "
, ....
, '-
"-"
_. -
' . =5:
:-
'-'.
;;,
"\.
), '.
. 44 .
2-
-.
-
::!'--
-.:.-
S-
177
, ',- '
"", '" ,
, ",
n --..
epBble npl-lMaTbl Ha AeHbl B (eBepHO
AMepl-lKe 1-1 B EBpOne. .3TO - He60llbWl-le
ApeBeCHble nOllyo6e3bflHbl, nl-lTaBWl-leCfI
paCTI-ITe1lbHO nl-lll.\e 1-1 MellKI-IMI-I }l{I-IBOTHbIMI-I,
noxo}l{l-I OHI-I 6blll1-1 Ha COBpeMeHHblX lleMypOB
1-1 AOllronflTOB.. OCTaTKI-I 06e3bflH006pa3Horo
}l{I-IBOTHOro - HOTapKlYCa - 6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl
Ha Teppl-lTOpl-l1-l (eBepHO AMepI-lKI-I.
I
150
. .
,
.
j><::
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
t'
,, ,.
,
,
,
1.---
,
!
I
J-J
I
17lS
I I
100
MnH neT HOJOA
I
o
H 65-3&
Oro
. 1J1r,..
o f.)- 'I
, i .- ,{
-,
<I.>
,
!: -
'-> !: ,
!:-'ac: ,
'->
:to
\ '-> I ,
I
i ,
,
,
""
,
I 1
I
'\i
.... '"
"
'"', "
",-"v v- _
- '{ '- ,
.
I
o
I
. ...
50
I I
100
-
.
I I
150
\.
\
-
:. - .....C"'>- .........-.,.
'iIJ..., - "='7/>, .....
' {' : . )""
}- '\ -. . -- A.:
T ) -
:: \ ---,
,
,
,
,
. , I "
4,' d
. -,.
" .'. -- --.
'\J ,-
POI(O,QHl1bl
'N
"-
- :... ..I;;".
-Q -c;,.Q,..::J;:''''-
h ' -' _""P.';";:-.
..L .,i:.- I"
-itl ."..-
\\
-
..::::-" -
H aCTOH14l-1e KpOKOAl-lllbl nOllHOCTblO
3aMeHl-lll1-1 CBOI-IX npl-lMI-ITI-IBHblX
Me303YXl-leBbiX pOACTBeHHI-IKOB 1-1 C Tex nop
MallO 1-13MeHl-llll-1Cb.
I I
200
--=--
.
., ,
-............=
HAOM C orpOMHblMI-I npOTI-ITaHaMI-I no 6eperaM
BOAoeMoB naClll-1Cb CTaAa MalleHbKI-IX
rl-lpaKOTepl-l - npeAKoB HOCOpOroB
H 110waAe . . YT06bl He CTaTb A06b14e XI-I14HbIX
MOHroll0HI-IKCOB, I-IM npl-lXOAl-lll0Cb CKpblBaTbCfI
B KYCTapHI-IKOBblX 3apOCllHX no 6eperaM BOAoeMOB.
f pOKOTepHH .
. " , " , /I L""'" ":,
\ J:::--.,... .:«
'- -.. -
.....::,.. .......
-
..
/
I
-..
. y
A
"
\:.
179
I I
150
I
100
MflH fleTH030A
I
o
65-3&
..------
...'" -....
... n ....
, ,(eBt.l "
'r",O '
(' "
) -
,
.-- '
--:;
\ \
""
"',
,
\
.
,
.. ........-,
"
I'--
"':--.',
'\
, "
I'
...
,....
,
,
,I, \\\
-
... --., - ". - -'
" .... .... -... ...
' . -------.....
'N
.
!.
-..
ie!
alleHbKI-I 3BepeK nCeBAI-IKTOnC (AllI-IHa
rella OKOll0 25 CM), }l{I-IBWI-I B 3TOT
nepl-loA B LleHTpallbHo A31-1'-1, C41-1TaeTCfI
B03MO}l{HbiM npeAKoM rpbl3YHOB
1-1 3a Lle06pa3Hblx. . (TpOeHl-le 3y60B
nCeBAI-IKTOnCa roBOpl-lT 0 nl-lTaHl-I1-I paCTI-ITellbHO ,
a He }l{I-IBOTHO nl-lll.\e , KaK 3TO xapaKTepHO
B Llell0M Allfl MellKI-IX ApeBH'-1X MlleKOnI-lTalOll.\I-IX.
'lSO
K KPynHb,M XI-Ill.\HI-IKaM 3TOro nepl-loAa MO}l{HO
OTHeCTI-I naXl-leH. . naXl-leHa - CTpaHHOe
CYll.\eCTBO pa3MepOM C BOllKa, C 6011bWI-IMI-I
IUlbIKaMI-I, npl-lrynlleHHblMI-I KOpeHHblMI-I 3y6aMI-I
1-1 KOpOTKI-IMI-I nflTl-lnallblMI-I KOHe4HOCTfiMI-I.
. Ho nallbLlbl Ha HI-IX 3aKaH41-1Ball1-1Cb He KOrTfiMI-I,
a KonblTLlaMI-I.
Zo&Opl.\lI1
CHI.\C 3 O& YlIIXI.\CHtsI ","KI.\C 3 tsI
GlI1pO ,,"'IIHI.\I.\ YlII lIAbj() - "10 KOClI1cLi)
)KHOM YI..'" zptsl311H"
<I &03M YlP"CYlOCO ACHtsI K : KII3ts1&IICII1
)(OPOW II ClI1pOCHI.\C CK;AC KOYltsl ll1HtslM I.\
OIJCII1DO C
HII CC P J lI111j()IA.\I.\MI.\.
MACKOYl"
I
o
50
. .
I I I I I I
100 1 50
,
'!O
..
\
.
I I
I
200
.....
'-..-
\
\ 0
q;
o
c:
/6/
I I I I I I
150 100 " MJ1H. J1eT H030A " I
n 65-3& 0
r>.
"
O,qkHo
..: 4
;oQ ,
\. ("
"'- "-
, I '
'.
,
,. .,
,
.
.....
.......
\\ U. e t\11>aJ\ b t\0\\ 1\3\\\\
B (eee1>t\O\\ I\tAe1>\\tte .,.ac.J\et\t\b\e oCta 1tt \\
t\b\ tAt\oro....
6b\J\\\ t\a\\Ae n OA\\t\OU.e1>ac. \\tAeJ\
npOl\""Ou.el"'tO ao n:"'1'" )IlI!aat.nbM'110
6 0J\bUl\\e ttnb\tt\\, c.\\ ",..tOtO "eJ\tO Ctb ,
OU),t\ \O t\\\""0
c. J\ 1> \\ tA ltb t\e 10J\b ttO
tO .acraan"et npel\nona ""III""'. ""IUIO""oCI"
"nt\OCtb, t\o ..
1>a Ct \\1eJ\bt\0 t'\ tA C. J\e ona 1>Aa.
310 ro 3e e 1>" 1>a3tA e 1>0
't
!
I
1-
...... ".;:
.....
\
'
.....
'-
A C.c.o¥- (" }
"-
-
152
I I-ICCaKYC - XI-IUJ,HI-IK, }l{I-IBWI-I
B LleHTpallbHO A31-11-1 1-1 (eBepHO AMepl-lKe.
. OH 6blll MeHbWe naXl-leHbl 1-1, B03MO}l{HO,
OXOTl-lllCfI Ha }l{I-IBYIO A06b14Y, KaK COBpeMeHHble
KOWKI-I I-Ill KYHI-ILlbl. . nallbl.\bl AI-ICCaKyca TaK}I{e
3aKaH41-1Ball1-1Cb KonblTLlaMI-I, a He KOrTfiMI-I.
n peC61-10pHI-ICbl TOrAa 6blll1-1 pacnpOCTpaHeHbl
no BceMY Ml-lpy. . }t{l-Illl-1 npeC61-10pHI-ICbl
OKOll0 BOAoeMOB 1-1 nll0CKI-IMI-I K1lIOBaMI-I C06l-1pall
c nOBepXHOCTI-I BOAbl paCT TellbHbl KOpM, KaK 3TO
AellalOT COBpeMeHHble
pe4Hbie yrKI-I. ,,'
(;,
R
O
.
fl\1e
, ; ., \
.--, A
- .
r I
1
o
,
50
I I I
100
,
I
\\
,":f
. ,/", .
.....
1 1
Ge e -
GOllell1 II 1\\.1 I
TIDed\.lOPH\.IGbI Go& p eMeHH )( ,
, ( II1 p OeH\.I r .;..
eHHOGII1\.1 G r \.I \.I \.IGOI'" -:-'
KIA 1\\.1 KOI) e '
1I10K) "I \.I nepenOHIIIIII1b1
.. 110& lI1ellO II /J1\\.IHHble
.'" ) II1K\.I:J r
-t'\K\.I KIIK ) 0 & \.I \.I \.IGOI).
Aft) IA K I\\.IK
)\:'.K\.I - KIIK "I
-
I I I
150
"
"
--.1.
I I
210
-\
1,..
163
I I
1 0
Kl1pU l1gl1H - )Ku8l1ml!l1e 65 - 3&
pR3Mepl1M C HeOtJAb/#I1ZI1 HI1Cl1pI1ZR.. \
L.A.thOAOH .'
O .,'¥ ."_ "
.
I I
100
MJ1H, J1CT HOJOA
I
o
,
.
-4. J
....... '"
J - : \
I \
1
,. ,
,. I._w
....
.
.: .
-
.--
, -
-- --
:1\
."",.
,. r.;' 1
...
,-....----
,
" t'\,.aTepHH
\
.,'ic
. '.
.
.....:.
,
. i
!III ,10, Ylmml/mefUU
,...:
\ gocmuz fl/3Mefo8
HOCOfOZl/, Hezo
'\ fl/38UliUCh Cmfl/HHltle
fOZOf!ogOOHffJe
!ffJfocmltl HR ZO/i(J8e,
..'
154
o
.
50
. .
I
100
.
I
150
.
I I
200
\, K KOH4.Y nepl-loAa cpeAI-I MlleKOnI-lTalOll.\ X Y}I{e
nOflBllf1IOTCfI AOBOllbHO KpynHble
paCTI-ITellbHOflAHble }l{I-IBOTHble. . KOpl-lq>OAOHbl
nl-lTalll-1Cb MflrKO paCTI-ITellbHOCTblO 1-1 }l{l-Illl-1
no 6eperaM 03ep 1-1 60110T.
pxeOllaM6Aa - He6011bwoe BcefiAHoe
j/{I-IBOTHOe 1-13 LleHTpallbHO A31-11-1.
. ApxeOllaM6Abi nl-lTall Cb MOllllIOCKaM , 4epBflMI-I,
HaceKOMbIMI-I, pa3111-14Hb1MI-I nll0AaMI-I. . OHI-I }l{l-Illl-1
B llecy 1-1, B03MO}l{HO, lla3all1-1
no AepeBbflM. ..........
. .
.
. .
.
. "I J;.
.
.
..
r
'(58
:
.
. O- .'
· · ?':M6AO- --; ' . ": '
.. .
I-IHTaTepl-l ....
nl-lTallCfI paCTI-ITellbHO
m1ll.\e . Hal-l6011ee MHoro41-1ClleHHbi 3TI-I }l{I-IBOTHble
6b1111-1 B (eBepHo AMepl-lKe. . OHI-I BblMeplll-1
B KOH4e nepl-lOAa, He OCTaBI-IB nOTOMKOB.
(5
{Me
e.
165
I I
150
. I I
100
MflH. fl THO]OA
I
o
65-3&
O rpOMHble npOTI-ITaHbl HecneWHO nOmOll.\alll-1
paCTI-ITellbHOCTb y 6eperoB 03ep. . OCTaTKI-I
3TOro npOTI-ITaHa 6blll1-1 Ha AeHbl B I{)}I{HO
MOHrolll-1l-1. npOTI-ITaH I-IMell OTHOCI-ITellbHO
He60llbWO «por» 1-13 pa3pOCWI-IXCfI HOCOBblX KOCTe .
. npOTI-ITaHbl 6blll1-1 OAHI-IMI-I 1-13 caMblX KpynHblx
3Bepe nepl-loAa. 3u f11
'/ nfumumIT
nfUcnucU lJeHf11 HIT f11IJU
l l1emf11 ITCmUmeIJ6HUU nu ;;mITHUIO M}lZKfJU
n:nlflJ f11X HUZlfX ttgfJ H; OJIf f11 Hlf UtUfuKUX
""- munKUM OJ IJ(J nebe G.
, '"' fJlJ(Jmucmf11M r :g UZlfm6CJl
MecmITM,
.1
I).()
OJ'
'JJ
.
't
=
=.:.--.
I ' \ c:;
(
I ,.. & ,
i!
I It IE> -
/ --
I
I
\
,
,
, ' -
IZ ' -....
o6 ---------
}'KKO
I . . I
0 50 100
.,""'"
f1//J
..:
( , ,
"11 . \.,
\-
;5/
I
150
.
I
200
.-..
,
...... '<
.d: J;
-- --
==-
r YCTb,e 1-1 Blla>KHble lleca
304eHa 6blll1-1 nOllHbl nTI-ILI.
. 3TO 6blll1-1 npl-lMI-ITI-IBHble
HaceKoMoflAHble nTl-ILlbl, noxo}l{l-Ie
Ha cOBpeMeHHblx AflT1l006pa3Hblx,
CTpI-l>Ke , K030AoeB 1-1 KYKyweK.
. npl-lM06YKKO - OAHa
1-13 TaKI-IX nTl-I4, pOACTBeHHafi
COBpeMeHHblM IO}I{HOaMe-
pl-lKaHCKI-IM nYXOBKaM,
OTHOCflll.\I-IMCfI K AflT1l006pa3Hb1M
nTI-ILlaM.
"'f
')-
-::
1/57
I I
150
Ge%erHoiA 65 - 3&
% ogOH "3 9.
3e 1,/1 ISI/I" %1SI1Yt9.H 1Yt OHe\.lHO(,IYt" e3/1" (,okeM.
"MeV"\<." Vl evellH"e j( e /I VlISI "(,\.1
I e/l " I:J 3 gH"
orM IYt 0%, -\-\ r )I(HlSle -
% %"ge /I (,1Yt
I I
100
MnH. neT HOJOA
I
o
- -< .....
.....-
.'
3earJ} .\
0,q01-1 < \
B epOfiTHblMI-I npeAKaMI-I Kl-lT006pa3HbiX
flBllf111I-1Cb pbl60flAHbie XI-I14HI-IKI-I. . CaMble
ApeBHl-le Kl-lT006pa3Hbie Ha AeHbl B naKI-ICTaHe.
. 3TO 6blll0 Y}I{e noxo}l{ee Ha Aellb<pI-IHa }l{I-IBOTHOe
C nll0CKO ropl-l30HTallbHO XBOCTOBO 110naCTblO.
H a3eMHbie nTI-I4bl HaC41-1TbiBaml MHOro
pa3HOBI-IAHOCTe . . HeKOTOpble 1-13 HI-IX
AOCTl-Iralll-1 orpOMHblX pa3MepOB, KaK ABYXMeTpOBafi
AHaTpI-lMa. . Al-laTpl-lMbl }l{l-Illl-1 B CeBepHO AMepl-lKe,
EBpone 1-1 A31-11-1. . CBOI-IM npol-ICXO}l{AeHl-leM OHI-I
CBfl3aHbi C ryce06pa3HbiMI-I nTl-I4aMI-I. . HeCMOTpfl
Ha KpynHble pa3Mepbl 1-1 6011bWO rp03Hbl K1lIOB,
no Bce BI-IAI-IMOCTI-I, 3TO 6blll1-1 AOBOllbHO Ml-lpHble
paCTI-ITellbHOflAHbie nTl-I4bl.
,
155
I
o
50
I I I
110
I
.
I I
50
I I
. .
I I
200
'_ ' o
/' ()
. ,,:;
let
\
" i 4
ce ,___ '
COBpeMeHHble -....... __
}l{Ba4Hble }l{I-IBOTHble - ... - - - - - -
napHOKonblTHble (ol1eHI-I, 6b1KI-I, aHTl-lll0nbll-l AP.)
OTHOCflTCfI K rpynne poraTblX. . ApeBHl-le HX
npeACTaBI-ITelll-1 pOroB He I-IMelll-1. .
napHOKonblTHble nOflBllf1IOTCfI 3aMeTHO nOJ}I{e
HenapHOKonblTHblX (HOCOpOrl-l, Tanl-lpbl, 110WaAI-I).
. OAHO 1-13 ApeBHeHWI-IX H3BeCTHbiX }l{Ba4HbIX -
apXeOMepl-lKC - He6011bWO 011eHeK Alll-1HOH 40-
50 CM, OCTaTKI-I KOTOpOro 6blllH Ha AeHbl B KHTae.
\.
, t
(,
QJ
<
o
...
I
.,
-
)(
c1
I
'\
\
159
I I I
150 100 MnH, neT HC3CA I
65-3& 0
"'
, ,
. \
\ \
..
(
.j \,
.....
,,------
I i!(
\.I
,
.; '. Q,
O
l e
;;
-- {
. .
-
nt\Otl OOb \1t\ o e
r 1ee - t\eO ar
enan e \\B01t\oer
1paBO At\oe Bee M
paeeen\\BU1e : :OfO oon U1ap\\ .
Ma 1e p\\tl aM
@ {'ri
, i ,)
/90
..
'>..
1 1
\
, ... .
. )
, J.
J"'>
,),
-..J'.
-
I
I
o
50
I
100
I
150
. .
I
200
\
", \
:J "-
a
'"0
("
t
'
...
-..,
1"
I
-. - ------.--
-:- ""\--1.. 'I
'
n apaMI1C HanOMI-IHall CBOI-IM 0611I-1KOM
MalleHbKYIO 6ellKY. . rpbl3YHbi - Hal-l6011ee
MHoro41-1ClleHHafi rpynna MlleKOnl-lTalOIJ..II-IX B TOT
nepl-lOA, Bnp04eM KaK 11 B COBpeMeHHOM Ml-lpe.
. 3TI-I paCTI-ITellbHOflAHbie 3BepbKI-I 061-1Tall11
1-1 Ha 3eMlle, 1-1 nOA 3eMlle , 1-1 Aa}l{e Ha AepeBbflX.
repMaHl-I11 6blll Ha AeH 30MaHI-IC C XOpOWO
COXpaHI-IBWI-IMCfI 4eWY 4aTbIM nOKpOBOM,
npaKTI14eCKI-I HeOTl1I14I-1Mbl OT COBpeMeHHblX
acppl1KaHCKI1X 1-1 a31-1aTCKI1X fllJ..lepOB-naHrollI-1HOB.
/( fblln610 OlnCr lnC ln808t/llu 3 0, 11 !}OMt/HUCt/ J1o.
, J10CKOIl6KU If bl J t/ 1It/J1b/ 1: IIHOCln61O
., J1UlnIlIlC Vb/IIU J1f.
__' "51 fJH Mlfft/8M Mu U UCJ1fJCfJOlleHbl
' -",,.. reM >K U 8fJlnH(JZfJ ObllllnefMUInt/MU.
..:70M OHHC J1MlnHblM J1 fJ J1fJKfb/lnfJ
U3 KIJ t/Htf,UfeM
i U J1HfJ(j u
'/ o,eUtlfu. 191
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
250 200 150 100
"-
\ t
1
\.
/1 , )
'\
,-
\
II-
-
,t=---
\.
i
"\ t. .
\' \-.......'"
"
....
,,",
\
..:.
1
50
..
,
--
- -
.
....
MllH. lleT H030A
38-'l
'"
...
....-r -
'\
,
.....
....
I
I I
100
I
50
MnH. neT H030A
I
o
\
\
38-'25
;
.
...
\
1
3TOT nepl-lOA A31-1f1 COeAI-IHl-lllaCb C EBponoi1,
Acppl-lKa npl-l6111-13HllaCb K EBpa31-11-1, a EBpona
CTalla npeBpa14aTbCfI 1-13 CHCTeMbl OcrpOBOB
B eAHHbli1 MaCCI-IB CYWI-I. AHTapKTI-IAa nOKpblllaCb
lleAHI-IKOM. YpOBeHb OKeaHa nOHI-I31-111CfI, a n03TOMY
nll014aAI-I KOHTI-IHeHTOB paCWl-lpHllHCb.
nepepacnpeAelleHl-le CYWI-I 1-1 MOpfi npl-lBell0
K 1-13MeHeHl-lfiM B K1lI-lMaTe. Bo BHyrpeHHI-IX pa OHax
EBpa31-11-1 OH CTall npoXllaAHee 1-1 3aCYWll1-1Bee.
Cnll0WHbie MaCCI-IBbl Blla}l{HblX lleCOB 1-1 60110T
I-IC4e3111-1. rpaHI-I4a Be4H03elleHbiX lleCOB
OTOABI-IHYllaCb K 3KBaTOPY. Ha orpOMHblX BHyrpeHHI-IX
0611aCTfiX MaTepl-lKOB pacnpocrpaHl-llll-1Cb caBaHHO-
nOA06Hbie llaHAwacpTbl. OHI-I 6blll1-1 nOKpblTbl MellKI-IMH
KYCTapHHKaMHI-I OTAellbHblMI-I AepeBbflMI-I, cnllowHoi1
1 1 -.
I
194
-
I I I I I I I I I
0 50 100 150 200
\-, . I
\, \
-
------
.. - l ' . .
.r '
\1- _. )
: ;.,f. J - " .
'1-- I ./ Jj _
...., ,
rpaBflHI-ICTblH nOKpoB B eroAHflwHeM nOHI-IMaHl-I1-I
TorAa elJ..le He'ccpopMl-lpOBallcfI. (peAI-I
HenapHoKonblTHblX 1-1 napHoKonblTHblX
MlleKOnl-lTalOIJ..II-IX B03HI-IK1lH HOBbie rpynnbl
paCTI-ITellbHOflAHbl cnoco6Hbie YCBal-lBaTb }l{eCTKl-liit
llI-1CTOBO 1-1 BeT04Hbl KOpM 1-1 6blCrpO nepeABHraTbCfI
no OTKpblTblM npocrpaHCTBaM. npl-lMI-ITI-IBHble
XHIJ..IHI-IKI-I, npl-lCnOC0611eHHble K OXOTe B llecax, CTalll-1
HC4e3aTb, a nOflBl-lllHCb HOBbie XI-IIJ..IHbie
MlleKOnl-lTalOlJ..ll-le (Kowallbl-l, c06a4bl-l, MeABe}l{bl-l),
B03HI-IK1l1-1 npaKTI-I4eCKI-I Bce COBpeMeHHble ceMe CTBa
nTH4. Ho 3TOT nepl-lOA MO}l{HO C YBepeHHOCTblO
11 Ha3BaTb 4apCTBOM 6e3porl-lX HOCOpOroB,
>+<ypaBlle06pa3HblX nTI-I4 1-1 Ha3eMHbiX 4epenax.
195
I I
100
I
50
MnH. neT H030A
I
o
38-'25
....-..- "
"
y "
One
. 1
" ..
0-
:.-,
. .
"0...
· · · · · · )!U
n epBble HOCOP:}I{:1-1 · · .". .
B03HI-1K1lH e14e B npeAbIAY14I-1 ..
nepl-1OA, HO Tenepb nOflBllf1IOTCfI 6e3porl-1e .
}l{1-1 BOTH ble, XopOWO npl-1CnOC0611eHHble K }l{1-13HI-1
Ha 06pa30BaBWI-1XCfI OTKpblTblX npocrpaHCTBax. .
A3HaTCKI-1 alllla4eponc HanOMI-1Hall He4TO CpeAHee
Me}l{AY HOCOpOroM 1-1 110waAblO. . BblCOKoe Y3Koe
Tyll0BI-114e 1-1 YAllI-1HeHHble rpexnallble KOHe4HOCTH
roBOpfiT 0 TOM, 4TO }l{I-1BOTHOe 6blll0 XopOWO
npI-1CnOC0611eHO K 6ery. . 3y6bl ero
npeAHa3Ha4all1-1Cb A/lfl nJ.-naHI-1f1
llI-1CTBO KYCTapHI-1KOB.
,
.
.
1'-
.
'j
.
J\o4> OMepHK(bl :-
'!>
...
...,
..
r'
\
...,. ,
,.
'
-' \
-
I
o
50
I I I
100
I I I I I
150
I I
200
B AOllb 6eperoB 03ep 1-1 60110T B ryCTOH
paCTI-1TellbHOCTI-1 CKpblBalll-1Cb OT XH14HI-1KOB
MalleHbKl-1e 110qmoMepl-1KCbl - AallbHl-1e
pOACTBeHHI-1KI-1 011eHeH.
B AMepHKe, A31-11-1 1-1 EBpOne }l{1-1111-1
pa3H006pa3Hbie }l{ypaBllenoA06Hble nTI-14bl -
6aTOpHI-1Cbl, I-1AI-10pHI-1Cbl, 30rpYCbl 1-1 3prl-111bOpHI-1Cbl.
.
>KYPOBnenOAo6Hb,e
nTHl.\bl
.
:.
:a=-
-,-
'\-'.:::-
\
.-.- ---
.
--:
:;;. ,1>
----
Of!:
'"
-,
. .
""-!li"i:'
""., ,
- ::> \ '1
. '
..,..... "-:ij!
, <
-'
"
,
,,,
.L.>-
\
, <.
I l
,JIJ
"'
/'
,
"- .
,.r.".
,
I I I I
100 50 MnH neT HOJOA 0
38-'1
\ ,
I -1
.".
. 1\ .
,
Kp OAOHtbl -
to '''t,
I. '- l
I
- ..,.
4
,
A alleKl-1e npeAKI-1 6ereMOTOB -
CBI-1HOnOA06Hbie aHTpaKOTep1-11-1 B 6011bWOM
K0l11-14eCTBe 061-1Tall1-1 no 6eperaM MHoro41-1ClleHHbiX
03ep 1-1 60110T. . B 3TOT nepl-1oA nOflBllf1IOTCfI
HaCTOfl l-1e Opllbl - XI-1 Hble nTI-14bl C MO HbIM
K1lIOBOM 1-1 KOrTI-1CTbIMI-111anaMI-1, xopowo
npI-1CnOC0611eHHbIMI-1 Allf1 3aXBaTa }l{epTBbl C 3eMlll-1.
.
'I
1913
I
o
I
50
I I
. .
I I
100
I I
. .
I I
150
I I
. .
I
200
't
,,\
o r-
4
HIT ITHl11fITk(Jl11ef/.{rj, 110 Bcerj
!/.{!f/.{MOCI11/.{ I OX0I11/.{IJ/.{C6
l/.{eHf!!J(JHhl - x/.{Uf,H/.{k/.{ cfe!fHelo
fIT3 M efIT C olf(JMH(Jrj l(JM!(Jrj
/.{ O(J1J6U{/.{M/.{ 3 OITM/.{,
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... "'1
AHTPOI{O'tep.,.,
'"
.-
=
-:>-
\
- ,
' :t
-'
-
, ...
..
"'>...
..........
.......
,
..
I
I I
I I MnH. neT HOJOA I
100 50 0
38-'25
e3pOrl-1 Hocopor - I-1HAPI-1KOTepl-1 AOCTl-1r
D rl-1raHTCKI-1X pa3MepOB. . 3TO 6blll0 caMoe
KpynHoe Ha3eMHoe MlleKOnl-1TalO ee B I-1CTOpl-11-1
3eMlll-1. . Ero pOCT Mor AOXOAI-1Tb AO 5 M 1-1 Bblwe,
a BeCI-111 3TOT rl-1raHT 6011ee 20 T.
. HAPI-1KOTepl-1l-1 >K1-1111-1 B LleHTpallbHo
A31-11-1. . nl-1Talll-1Cb I-1HAPI-1KOTepl-11-1
llI-1CTBO 1-1 BeTKaMI-1 KYCTapHI-1KoB
1-1 AepeBbeB. .:
t
I
p...
'-.
", A OTet>
f- -
\ '. - """'""'-
,
\l . '"
-' Ok.
,. "'- '"
"'
",'
"' .....-
- -....
50
I I
100
I
150
I
200
He83.f' ., '''''A' 8.f"'."'''''..e f""'e,.
./fgf.'''''ef.. '.A. guK'A,., "'.f..",. ""g,..;",..
en"'e"" "'ffgHIJ nregc""8."", '''''.3 '."1..,,8
""" nef.ug, "'" n<38M."" ce'e n",,,,,,.,,,,,,
., ""Me .e8efU "'., "A'",.. '"14,,,,.,.,.
&-
'"
..
'I
11
..
. ...
4, 4epOn(
"
----
F
--I
I I
100
I
50
t' MI1H. neT H030A t'
I
o
38-'25
\
:-
,\
-----
..
...
t --' :'. r
\
:- .......
,\
'
\
...,
,
I
I
,
1
-' ' i.
,t[!J.
-:..
.",,--
:-::'0- ,:::
"",
6
onOrepHH
, -\
CTaTKI-1 3M60110Tepl-1f1 6 bill 1-1 Ha AeHbl
B MOHrolll-1l-1. .3TO KpynHoe }l{I-1BOTHOe
I-1Mell0 pOCT 60!lee 2 M 1-1 Bec - 6011ee TOHHbl.
. Y 3M60110Tepl-1f1 6 bill 1-1 04eHb He06bl4Hbie
orpOMHble HOCOBble 110naTo06pa3Hbie BblpOCTbl.
. Ha3Ha4eHI-1e I-1X He 04eHb nOHflTHO, CKopee
Bcero, OHI-1 MOr/l1-1 CllY}l{l-1Tb TYpHl-1pHblM opY}l{l-1eM
caM40B 1-1111-1 roll0COBblMI-1 pe30HaTOpaMI-1,
YCI-111I-1BalOllII-1MI-1 peB 3TI-1X 3Bepe .
202
(.b'-
\\OtAe \\ onet\b\(\\
net\b\(\\e
tAa t\a
on\\fO"e Ot\\\
at\t\efO 0\\ 1\3\\\\. t\b'Y.
u.et\1 anbt\ (Tb'Y. n \\6 e
\\n\\ 6 \\n\\ 6 ne . n\\\((.06
3a 0(.nS'y. (Tb tA\\OtAey
"\\\tnet\t\O 1t\0 6en\\\(a tAu
6e 0 nO)10 "
6b,na t\e \\ 1\3\\\\'
anbt\O tS'
6 u.et\1 t\ tQ\\1a e1 ,.IS' )1\\Y.
nef\\O et\r>
)10 1 y n O\\tY.O
u,et\1 OtA
\\6 01 t\b'Y.,
"J __ -- - - .... ....
') , --.". f:\ /'\ ---, ;
#'<>\ .,. rAY J , ,
' \.
$ . "8"-
-I::( "' . ..,\
ff
\J
It
::::
q, ""
"='1
'l: x 3;;;
'l: I
:3
""- x :s:- I
::s
-.) "" OC> ,
'-" cop
x v
:s; :s- :s
:s \
vo
;? \
oP ,
50
\
"'
I I I
100
I
1 .
I I
200
"
,
... \ I
\\ \ ,
'¥ "::\ . I l
... -. . ,\ \
,, , 1 "" ',. roll:
S
o
"
\ ('t)
1"'0
.X'
1
I I
100
I
50
" MnH. neT HOJOA "
38-'25
I
II
I
I
I
,I
I
I
I
o
n o Blla}l{HblM llecaM 1-1 60110TaM 6pOAI-1111-1 ·
6e3porl-1e 60110THble HOCOpOrl-1 aMI-1HOAOHTbl.
. AMI-1HOAOHT KaAYpKoAoH }l{1-111 no 6eperaM 03ep
1-1 peK CHa4alla TOllbKO B LleHTpallbHo A31-11-1,
a nOJ}I{e nOCTeneHHO paCCelll-111CfI AO EBponbl.
A lll-1Ha rl-1raHTCKO CBI-1Hbl-1 3HTellOAOHa ·
AOCTl-1ralla 2 M, ero rolloBa 6bllla YKpaweHa ·
KOCTHblMI-1 BblpOCTaMI-1. . 3HTelloAoHbi ·
.
Wl-1pOKO pacnpocrpaHI-111I-1Cb no BceMY .
Ml-1py. . 3 A31-11-1 npOHI-1K1l1-1 B .
.
(eBepHYIO AMepl-1KY 1-1 EBpony. .
.
. . .
. . . . . . . .
oX' - "'; .
r-0 "-" \ '
",,1e. ,- - , \\ <.
--
' .;.
, p
.' .
I'
I:
'\
..
'.- .
, ,
::-..;
,'-'i;.
"'>-,
.,.
, (..,
'"
'> ,. ,. t.
',\ '-. ,
"
. ....
.
". \'",
.
"\....
.:
_ ' :'It
'').\
,....>1.:
?
I
\
,
I I
50
.
)
-
...,;\.
...
-
.::
'I
-"".-'\
.
.
Iro
" k
JO
o
>0
'X.
I I I
100
I I I
150
I I
200
3 prl-111b3MI-1Cbl - caMble KpynHble Ha3eMHbie
4epenaXI-1 nepl-1OAa - 06 1-1 Tall 1-1 B
LleHTpallbHO A31-11-1. . OHI-1 6blll1-1 n04TI-1 TaKl-1e }l{e
6011bWl-1e, KaK COBpeMeHHble CllOHOBble 4epenaXI-1,
COXpaHI-1BWl-1eCfI HblHe Koe-rAe Ha OKeaHI-14eCKI-1X
OCTpOBax.
....
I
I
\ .;.\..
-tV"" \
\
,
1
.... ,
--..
""
..........
oIQ) ...
"'t" .-' -
"--..
3 ....--
pr"'J}b.3 -..,
' ! -h . -T('
0'
.-
........."
'>
'
,.
",
. -
"
=
Sl
' :' --:-
1'- . ....-
, -
-
---
. "' ..
I. '-l
i\
.... ..
."\
:'" - ........
I I I I I I
50
100
I
(' \ i
II i "
1\)1
\',
I ;.
I (1.'1 \
! \\,; .
j-r
i (: t'
'1'. \ '\'"
\(L . \(
\}
it 1
'"
"J
"'""""
---
-
.
-.$- - ,
--. '
. '.......
, ,
\
eT HOJOA
MI1H.11
38-'15
\\
'!I , ,' \
t. .
\. '.
, , 'f.
I
o
-=..
KfJzgl/ OfJf/fCC K/fX
nugHUMI/IJI/C6
HI/ 3l/gH/fe HfJZ/f,
gfJl11 ZU81/ C6 gfJ
IJUCI11GfJ! gefe86eG,
,
, fJHI/ «8fJ!fl/ c l11l/lJI/»
gfJ .5 M.
'.
,
,." . \
.....
"
d'
o
'"0
S
n
n
50
I I I
100
I I I
150
I I
200
X all 1-1 KOTepl-l 1-1 - caMble He06bl4Hbie
HenapHOKOnblTHble. . IloWaAI-IHafi rolloBa,
MOL4Hble KOpOTKl-le 3aAHl-le 1-1 Alll-1HHble nepeAHl-le
HOrl-l, KonblTa, npe06pa30BaHHbie B KOrTl-I,
HeBepOfiTHO A11I-IHHbl fl3blK, C nOMOL4blO KOTOpOro
}l{I-IBOTHOe AOTflrl-lBall0Cb AO BbICOKO llI-1CTBbl, HapfiAY
C KpynHblMI-I pa3MepaMI-I C03AaBall1-1 0611I-1K HeKoero
llecHoro 4YAOBI-IL4a. . 60pl-lCCflKl-lfi - OAI-IH 1-13 caMblX
KpynHblx 1-13BeCTHbiX Xall1-1KOTepl-leB.
noS'6\\n\\t b
B 3101 ne \\OA e n1\\U,b\ e
te06 a3t\b\ t\ofO 06n\\\(a.
B etJIet\ t
AOBonbt\O to "10 u,\\ft\on1e 0; 6b\1b
(,,\\1ae1C ' Ka3ax CT at\e, tJI e".
v net\t\b\\\ B t\b\X ne6eA
t\a\\f" tOB etJIet\
n eA\(OtJI
'.- ,
.'
s-/
, ,. . .
.(.U\\\'\
i,.t'\\' \"" ,.'
.' 1\'t \\"' I 1a:...
."""'\:\.
'I»,
.I'
0,> l
"epyC
,.,
"
"' ,
"I.
.,.: ,
.'
207
I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I . I
250. . . 200 . . 150 . . 100
...
.
, 1>
I .. )
'.' ......
,
I , I.
. I,
. . -J
'. -
\.. I
... ,
I 1 i,\
.
"
I
t
, .1\
\ "\
,
-....
- .
1:.,. t ...
. . .
.... .
I-
I I I
50 M1lH. 1leT H030A
25-'1
..
;
I
oj
!: ...
' r
"'. \
:.
'.
.. 1 .. '
y
-
.....
\-,.
.-
.....
I I I I I I
1'0 . " MllH. lleT H030A "
0
25-'1
,
'\
,
"'
\, ,
,\
"
, ,
..::: x""
't
(
L.
: \ \ ..\\i ., \\\\. \\ l \
_" \. 'on " I . I
" ,\' . .. , I
".. ,\ \" .\:,,'
, \ L:\ 'i\' ';' '., I I " ,, , I
1 f \f" 1 ' i, V " , ' I , . , !'
i ' "", Ii"\ \\1\ ,, .\\ 1'1' Il;' 4;\ TW I
'. t \ I I\: I\ I !II \ \ :'.'I;' I \ ",\ ;',1' l}:.r, H J IJ , ' I , '
I'll' " II t \' IJ rl' \ J "J j l "" ,t t
,t. I , '. , . II ,f, I
50
.
I
100
I
200
I
150
.
v :... .F . . . ); ,
I r \t
.. I J---+-
'I:) -)
-
- - -----..-.
Ha4alle nepl-loAa AqJpl-lKa CllerKa HaABI-IHYllaCb
Ha EBpony C IOra 1-1 Ha4all1-1 B3AbiMaTbCfI
Anbnbl, KapnaTbl 1-1 KaBKa3CKl-le ropbl. VlHAl-lfi
COeAI-IHl-lllaCb C A3I-1e , 1-1 B 3TOM MeCTe Ha4all1-1 paCTI-I
rl-lMallal-l. (eBepHafi 1-1 IO>KHafi AMepl-lKa npOAOll>Kalll-1
ABl-lraTbCfI Ha 3anap" 1-1 no I-IX TI-IXOOKeaHCKOMY KpalO
nOflBl-llll-1Cb KOPAl-lllbepbl 1-1 AHAbl. no BceM 3TI-IM
0611aCTfiM rpOMblXalll-1 3eMlleTpflCeHl-lfI, AblMl-llll-1
BYllKaHbl, 1-1311I-1Ball1-1Cb MOIl.\Hble nOTOKl-lllaBbl.
06Wl-lpHbie paBHI-IHbl nOKpbllll-1Cb TpaBaMI-I, AaBWI-IMI-I
6011bwoe K0l11-14eCTBO nl-lll.\l-1 AJlfl paCTI-ITellbHOflAHblX
}l{I-IBOTHbIX. nOflBl-llll-1Cb 1-1 HOBbie X 1-1 Il.\H I-IKI-I - KOWKI-I,
c06aKI-I, MeABeAI-I.
2/1
I
100
I
50
" MllH. lleT HOJOA "
I
o
, ' 'Z
25-'1
\'.
\'
. t,
I ',' II
,.
\ " I
I '
- ,.
..... ,'. ,
'1 l'
i .
-- (f-T
.'
ri
Y('
.,
",
\
'-I,
I ,-' .
, , -..
""
,,'
...
,
'>.:
\,
I
H a 03epax 1-1 peKax >Kl-llll-1 MHoro41-1ClleHHbie
BOAHble nrl-l bl; yrKI-I 1-1 rycl-I 3Toro nepl-lOAa
6blll1-1 ropa3AO pa3Ho06pa3Hee
COBpeMeHHbIX.
.1
- ......
. -
- I A.....
- '"-:--' -
- - - -" r>-
' "'.',., ' ' -.:.
-- ---- .:. .-..... ...... - .
;/" - --- '---. - . - .- -, .,. - --
. ;::,-,
I =- . _--40(,,- '-- _
__" ,;.",.,c -..
-.i;- _
._. -,
-....,
-
YTKH --
2/2
;
.
I
o
I
50
jI
I I I
100 150
p on"t
,., '. +,L
":i- . -,
f ,\,",
'-.:.
...
I I
200
4:
. ,
,('
" ',,,,.ft-:'
...: J
:- .;;< '
/ ",
\ ,
. \ .-
. '.
",' ,
. .
\i'" 'I,:
, .
, - L4 11(1 epe&b M)
f 1111b1 3111L4)( O e3 : :::)":"K 31110 e",,101I1
P p "('K" L46" Gb H" HHbl e o e3b HbI.
L4 (,O&peMe
B 3TOT nepl-lOA nO-HaCTOfI eMY
CqJOpMl-lpOBalll-1Cb 4ell0BeK006pa3Hbie
06e3bflHbl. . nepBble 1-13 HI-IX - API-lOnl-lTeKI-I -
}l{l-Illl-1 nOHa4allY I-ICK1l104I-1TellbHO Ha AepeBbflX.
. nOTOM OHI-I CnYCTl-llll-1Cb Ha 3eMll1O Ha TpaBflHI-ICTble
paBHI-IHbl, rAe CTalll-1 nepeABl-lraTbCfI B OCHOBHOM Ha
3aAHI-IX Horax, npl-l06pell1-1 BepTI-IKallbHYIO CTO KY
1-1 B KOH4e KOH40B Aalll-1 npflMblX npeAKOB 4ell0BeKa.
. nl-lTalll-1Cb API-lOnl-lTeKI-I pa3111-14Hb1MI-I nll0AaMI-I.
OCTaTKI-I 3TI-IX }l{I-IBOTHbIX HaXOAl-llll-1 1-1 B EBpOne,
1-1 B A31-11-1, 1-1 B AqJpl-lKe. . Ha AeHHble B pa3HbiX
MeCTaX Apl-lOnl-lTeKI-I OTl11-14alOTCfI pa3MepaMI-I:
OAHI-I 1-13 HI-IX pOCTOM C WI-IMnaH3e, APyrl-le 3aMeTHO
KpynHee - C ropl-lllllY.
2/3
I I
100
I I
50
I'.
I _. "-
'"-J,
. f
\ (( ,1\\
" .
.,. I. 'to
J ..
I ' . .
-
.. .
.: ."
f\epYHHYM
MnH
. neT H030A
25-'1
TPOr;
:\ 011
_ ( 'f
I' I
\(.. ;'
I
o
I
I
\
"
V
/ \. '
B "O Bpe". no. B ... OCb o e"b ....oro
a..... on . (pell" ...." 6...... "p n....e
......n on ..., .a"..e, """ tp.rollep Cbl' ..
p.3n,, "ble ..e."..e, ....0 o.n.. .IO ..ecR 0'
cOBpe..e.....>t. lIa tp.Bo.lI. b '" ","BO ."'''
oJlO..... Cb ca6.e 6...e ...rp'" - ..""".poll....
o eB..II.0,np..e.....0"oTblca6ne 60B
6b'.. IIP r.e, e" cOBpe..e....." ". .."OB
214 C 06b\"Hb\tA" 3 6atA".
I
o
.
I
50
I I I I I
. . .
00
I
50
I
200
eKOTopble BblMepWl-1e >KI-1BOTHble I-1Melll-1 4epTbi
CTpOeHI-1f1 HeCKOllbKI-1X pa3111-14Hb1X }l{I-1BOTHbIX
Cpa3Y. . CKOnaeMafi KYHI-14a nepYHI-1YM 6bllla
noxo}l{a Ha KYHI-1LI.Y 1-1 MeABeAfi OAHOBpeMeHHO.
. Pa3MepOM nepYHI-1YM 6blll C He60llbworo MeABeAfI,
B TO BpeMfi KaK ero COBpeMeHHble nOTOMKI-1 ropa3Ao
Mellb4e. . nepYHI-1YM 6blll XI-1 HI-1KOM, HO OXOTI-111CfI
OH I-1CK1l104I-1TellbHO Ha MellKI-1X >KI-1BOTHbIX: rpbI3YHOB,
nTl-14, llfiryweK. 6
pl'l3Mepn
MI'I){I'I"pn - (cpe1 : )KeH Cpl'l6HlAmeflbHn
p _ ublfl r flblKI'IMIA.
CI'I fle3 bI" m: 1A KIAH)Kl'lfln61A HblMIA K J . ,.....
He (!fIbtMlA \.
/..."
.....:..
\
\.'r>:
" '-' "
'..
t . \
.....
'II' .,
\\
..
' ..
. '(' )\ O
o
" <>
4
I .. I
100 50
I,
" MllH. lleT HOJOA "
I ·
o
25-'1
\ 't.
\ 0
\ :
" e
" r\.Jf
...,' <>"'<
>.
..
I
I
II
'I
-...
I .... ...
I ...
,--
fJll
"7
,"
s'\
'-(-
I
."
'"
"
.\
,
", , ).
. -Z'
110 -
- · n -. ..... e n 040
pe}l{Ae 4eM B03HI-1KJI .. 'Jy
.
Cll0Hbl, npl-1pOAa Ha
npOTfI}I{eHl-11-1 n04TI-1 20 MllH. lleT · .
3KCnepl-1MeHTI-1pOBalla Ha MaCTOAOHTax, KOTopble .
MOrlll-1 nl-1TaTbCfI TOllbKO C04HOlit paCTI-1TellbHocTblO. .
. nllaTI-16ell0AOH - pOACTBeHHI-1K Cll0HOB
1-1 MacToAoHTOB. . B nepeBoAe C rpe4ecKoro
nllaTI-16ell0AOH 03Ha4aeT «nllocKoKonbe3y6».
.
.
.
2/6
.
.
.
I
50
I I I
100
, I I
150
I I
200
apxapOAOHbl - CaMble 6011bWl-le XI-Ill.\Hbie
aKYllbl B OKeaHaX TOro BpeMeHI-I. . A11I-1Ha I-IX
6bllla He MeHbwe 20 M, a B pacKpblrylO naCTb Mor 6bl
BbexaTb JlerKOBO aBTOM061-111b.
>K 1-1 paqJ bl B 3TOT nepl-loA 6blll1-1 HeCpaBHI-IMO
pa3Ho06pa3Hee, 4eM HblHe. . (I-IBaTepl-l
pa3MepoM 6blll C 110CfI 1-1 HeCKOllbKO nOXOAl-lll Ha Hero
no BHeWHeMY BI-IAY. . nl-lTallCfI MflrKO
paCTI-ITellbHO nl-lll.\e . . (I-IBaTepl-l - caMbl
He06b14Hbl }l{l-IpaqJ Bcex BpeMeH, 6pOAI-IBWI-I
B A31-11-1 Tpl-l Ml-lllll1-10Ha lleT Ha3aA.
c
J
ro
-C
S
Sc
fin MIICCU!H(JM
fIlCI1(JMv--" lfefel1e
"",lAUCh Ill,
f(Jz(J!.- l1e e :J e I1l1ftJ
HeO(JAhUf f Hue -
ue J HIII1/J 8.
!l1e/Je' r /I 'lJeHHtJe
r ) 311jHue
M(Jl-ttHtJe I -
) uem!UcmtJ
e.
'\
=-
.,,"'\. .
", '.
'\.\
,
\ r-
"':- ..
217
I
100
I
50
MIlH. lleT HO]OA
I
o
25-'1
...
H a OTKpblTblX paBHI-IHaX IO>KHo AMepl-lKI-I
>Kl-llll-1 TpaBOflAHbie MlleKOnl-lTalOLql-le, HO
XI-ILqHblX 3Bepe 3AeCb n04TI-I He 6blll0. . POllb
Ha3eMHbiX XI-ILqHI-IKOB TaM CTalll-1 BbinOllHflTb nTI-I4bl
ceMe CTBa <popopaKOCOBbIX. . Scero
CYLqeCTBOBall0 6011ee AeCflTKa pOAOB 3TI-IX
KpynHblx 6eralOLql-lX nnll-t, YTpaTI-I BW 1-1 X ,.
cnoc06HOCTb K nOllery. __,'
I ...
- -......
---------
1epH$l
" "\.-
,
, ""t(.i'
"
'TC
-\
--<.
( ,
1\,/
\...
2/13
f'gcm g/l(J 'II .
R ZgM8 r rp kgCR npe4lUf./r .-. .
R C gZpgMHMM X -.'
OMAR pl/3Me/lgM C "1fI1HMM kAIOK ;rr
r MU{I/g/.{H IO.
A HXI-ITepl-I1-I - He6011bWl-le
110WaAe06pa3Hbie - OCTaBalll-1Cb lleCHbiMI-I
>KI-IBOTHbIMI-I 1-1 OAHI-IMI-I 1-13 nepBblX CpeAI-I
110WaAe06pa3HbiX npOHI-IKlll-1 1-13 CeBepHO
AMepl-lKI-I B A31-11O, AOCTl-lrHYB nOTOM EBpOnbl.
I
50
I I I
100
"
,
-, "-
IY"
.,
,
I
"
..
....
l
e
o
"'0
o
'-0
III
, 0
f (' \ '\'
\\\ Ii
t ... 1'__
'..;..
I I I
150
I I
200
t
\:
"
"-
)' b
.
.' ,
t
, \
>-
n . _
_ .-sr-
219
, I I
\ MJ1H. J1eT HO]OA
10\! 50 0
\ 25-'1
TlI1f/1lfAC
$/ I/fzeHf/1I/
Kf nH(Jtl !(J5/J/l1eii I1c He (Jl1eH6
I1I1UfIf e ' 3I1ZAl/f/1/J/Clf ff
'A11/(QM.
--
R'
ApreHT06 (.
CKonaeMbl apreHTaBI-IC - caMafi 6011bwafl
1-1 TfI>KellafilleTalO afl nTI-I4a 3a BCIO I-ICTOpl-l1O
3eMlll-1.. ApreHTaBI-IC BeCl-lll OKOll0 70 Kr, a pa3Max
ero KpblllbeB npeBblwall 7 M. . KaKI-IM 06pa30M OH
OXOTl-lllCfI, Y4eHblM AO KOH4a He flCHO, BeAb 4aCTO
B311eTaTb 1-1 nl-lKl-lpOBaTb Ha >KepTBY C TaKO Maccoi.1
Tella AOBOllbHO yroMI-ITellbHO. . Cy eCTByeT
npeAnOll0>KeHl-le, 4TO apreHTaBI-IC BblClle>KI-IBall
CKOnlleHl-lfi 3BepbKOB 1-1 06pYWI-IBallCfI Ha HI-IX Bce
TfI>KeCTblO cBoero MO HOro Tella, npOCTO-HanpocTO
npl-lAaBlll-1Bafi A06bl4Y K 3eMlle.
220
I I I
150 ·
ITu empUeHUIO Kuemeii U MOl
I1mu nSempl1/iUYlUmeKU MeAU t"u, HUZ MU>KHU Y1pegYlU/iU>KUmb
AI,mflA,.,m", 5.., "5 .,mf' "9 um . , 9"" 5'Zlm;
e UAbWUZU pueml1 - I 2 I .
n See t 1 - 1-' M 1
ux eUeml1l}MIA UKU/iU 22
KZ.
Of'°nHT€1(
A8(,1 .' I
. . .{'!\
, . ')
I\. BCTpanonMTeKM - '
I-'Ha3eMHbie 'IenOBeKoo6pa3 Hble
o6e3bftHbi _ nOftBMnMCb OKono nftTM
MMnnMOHOB neT Ha3aA B A$pMKe.
OHM C'IMTaIO TCft
HenocpeACTBeHHblMM npeAKaM M
'IenO BeKa . CTpoeHMe
n03BOHO'lHMKa aBCTpanonMTeKa
M COBpeMeHHoro 'IenOBeKa -
CXO)t(e. Anft Ao6blBaHMft
nMUl.M {KOpHeM, nnoAOB, ,-
opeXOB M )t(MBOTHbIX)
aBCTpanonMTeKM MornM
Mcnonb30BaTb KaMHM M nanKM.
B03MO)t(Ho,n03AHMe
aBCTpanonMTeKM,OKono
nonyropa MMnnMOHOB neT
Ha3aA, Ha'ianM M3rOTaBnMBaTb
npOCTeMWMe OPYAMft.
. I
50
I I I
00
.r-
I
00
'J'
I
o
,
\
\
I
,
I
no 6eperaM peK 1-1 03ep B LleHTpallbHO A31-11-1. ,
. n03>Ke OHI-I npOHI-IK1l1-1 B A4IPI-IKY 1-1 EBpony. ,
. nl-lTalll-1Cb Xl-lll0Tepl-ll-l npI-l6pe>KHO .,'
paCTI-ITellbHOCTblO. . nacm1Cb, .,
BepmnHee Bcero, CTaAaMI-I. -,"
.,-'
- ......
-------
Ylv.w,v. %p-
1I %"'Yf\P- v.C,b
lIo c,m%p- -, 111130%"""
A"'). :I e3V,P- YI eo \
%el1 \-Iv.
\ e l1 v.'). ,
V."om \ V.e v.%\-IV.. \ .
% l-\e o"blM .I '-,
q;Q
'"
o
j
)(
I
100
I I
. .
I
50
MnH. neT HOJOA
25-'1
e3pOrl-l Hocopor Xl-lll0Tepl-l -
D npl-l3eMI-ICTOe >KI-IBOTHOe BbICOTO OKOll0
MeTpa, A11I-1HO 2,5-3 M, C AOBOllbHO MaCCI-IBHO
roll0BO . .3TI-I KOpoTKOHOrl-le HOCOpOrl-l 061-1Tall1-1
"'
",--
J
f.
"u <?
',S .,;
-v:.
.
.'
" -
-
...
,.,"
,--
-:2T
...... ......
222
-. :::"-....--
"
>J
v j
oJ ,'.
,"
" .
-
0:\0#....
-)..:J
.
V' '"
'"
\
;-0 .
"'0
o
-0
n
I I I
50
-......
I
100
I I I I I
150 200
. .
\,
)
I
..
J
...,
""
aBH Hbl A31-11-1, BepOfiTHO, 6 bill 1-1
4eHTpOM B03HI-IKHOBeHl-lfi
1-1 paCCelleHl-lfi aHTl-lll0n. . OTCIOAa
OHI-I pacnpoapaHl-llll-1Cb no Bce
EBpone. . He6011bwafl aHTl-lll0na
napaTparo4epyc 06 Talla
y ceBepHoro n06epe>Kbfl
Ma KoncKoro MOpfl, COeAI-IHflBwero
C" TOrAa Kacnl-l co (peAI-I3eMHOMopbeM.
223
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
250. .. 200 .. 150 .. 100 ·
--
..
'0.
.J
"1
,
, ,
"
y
,. .rF
).-4
J
. ,
-i. .'
50 , Ha\.4aI1C ,
"""It. n ti0 30 P-
1.
...r
, t
.
-
,
,
J .
\
)f
\
- \
. .......W'
\
---
, -
I I I I
" HO"4011( "
100 50 2 . t 0
""11 ,
6 neT tiO J1r 1
., .I' -I . r" I , I
. >
}). \
.
., I
I I. . , ,
i , ''\
\. . .... \
\.
1'. I.
f.. 1l
i I,
,
I J
aTepl-lKI-I npl-106pell1-1 cOBpeMeHHble
o4epTaHl-lfi. 06pa30BallcfI cBepXKOHTI-IHeHT
EBpa31-1f1. IO>KHafi AMepl-lKa COeAI-IHl-lllaCb
C CeBepHoi.1. IleA nOKpblll cnll0WHbiM I-ITOM BClO
AHTapKTI-IAY. B CeBepHoM nOllywapl-l1-l Ha4all1-1Cb
lleAHI-IKOBble 3nOXI-I. Bcero 6blll0 4eTbipe OCHOBHblX
KpynHblx ol1eAeHeHl-lfi 3a nOClleAHI-li-1 Ml-lllll1-10H lleT.
KnI-lMaT CTall B 4elloM 6011ee npoXllaAHblM.
TpOnl-l4eCKl-le lleca oTCTynl-llll-1 AalleKo K lOry.
06Wl-lpHbie o611aCTI-I B CeBepHoM nOllywap 1-I .
nOKpbllll-1Cb xBoi.1HbIMl-llleCaMI-I. B 3nOXI-I ol1eAeHeHI-li.1
226
-- --.J
I I I I I I I I
0 50 100 150 200
, , \
i' J
.., \
.
i
;'
.J
r
"t- I
}r
-
'-----
--
:::-
.
\
--
.J ;,;:-..... ____
''\,
- ..1)-
, "",,.. .
I '-I :: \'e
--r-,-' -----;- -
J, ' ) ,\.'
--L_ -T
.r
'1.
ypOBeHb OKeaHa nOHl-I}I{allCfI 1-1 B03HI-IKall1-1
cyXonyrHble CBfl31-1 Me>+<AY EBpOnO 1-1 A<PPI-lKO ,
A3l-1e 1-1 CeBepHO AMepI-lKO , a K lOry OT
lleAHI-IKOBOro LqI-lTa <pOpMl-lpOBallCfI Wl-lpOKI-I nOflc
XOll0AHbiX 1-1 CYXI-IX crene . 3TI-I crenl-l 6 bill 1-1
3acelleHbi MHoro41-1CJIeHHbiMI-I >KI-IBOTHbIMI-I:
61-130HaMI-I, OB4e6bIKaMI-I, ceBepHblMI-I 011eHflMI-I,
aHTl-lll0naMI-I, 110WaAfiMI-I, cypKaMI-I, 6ellbiMI-I
KyponaTKaMI-I 1-1, KOHe4HO, MaMOHTaMI-I. B 3TOT
nepl-lOA <pOpMl-lpOBallCfI COBpeMeHHbI 4ell0BeK.
227
I
100
I
50
" H0'40nCR '\"
"" 2 oP-
'J'1J.t. neT H0 3
I
o
OTfi Klll-1MaT 1-1 CTaHOBl-lllCfI npOXJIaAHee, HO
CHera 3I-1MO BbtnaAall0 He MHOro. . CYXO
TpaBbl, KOTOpO nl-lTalll-1Cb 3I-1MO AI-IKl-le 110waAI-I,
BcerAa 6b1110 AOCTaT04HO, n03TOMY 41-1ClleHHOCTb
}l{I-IBOTHbIX He YMeHbwallaCb. . AI-IKl-le 110waAI-I
naClll-1Cb BMeCTe C MaMOHTaMI-I, Alll-1HHOpOrl-lMI-I
61-130HaMI-I, ca raKaMI-I - nl-l 1-I XBaTall0 BceM.
"J(He 110U10A
,
t..'
. .
..,,-
. .. »-:-.
\."- f!-...'S
..
.. ....
I". ..'
:
'11
....
/:::
;j.
. .. '\:\.
. ..\
, \.-.
t
,
#
}-
"
t\,
x
110XO)KW HII co8peMeH HblX MOXHllm X
AWKwe MIMII!JW &b1/1W - OH " 110K p b1811"WCb z cmow
OK - 3wMOW '"
K mcKWX MIMII!J 11M WX om MOp0308.
lMepCmblO) 3mo CI111C
22t5
I I I
150
o BeeM CeBepHOM EBpa3...... 6btn
paenpOCTpaHeH wepCT...CTblM HOeOpor.
Cen... n ... eb HOeOpor... OKOnO peK ... 03ep. TaM,
B ryCTOM paCT...TenbHOCT'" 3a60no"eH HblX MeCT,
OH'" nerKo HaxoA...n... ee6e KOpM. n...Tan... eb
B oeHOBHOM TpaBOM ... n06eraM'" AepeBbeB
... KyCTapH"'KOB. Bee Teno Hoeopora 6btnO
nOKPblTO eBeTno- 6 ypoM wepCTbtO. OHa
eoCTO na "'3 ryCTorO Tennoro nOAwepCTKa
... AJ1...HHbIX Bono e , KOTOpble eB...ean'" no 60KaM
... Ha wee m"'BOTHoro 06pa30BblBan... rp"'BY.
no epaBHeH"'tO e MaMOHTOM Hoeopor 6btn
HeBbleOK-160- 170 eM, HO ...Men Maee... BHoe
Teno AJ1...HOM eBblwe 3 M ... Bee...n OKono 3 T.
I
50
I I I
100
-'
\
\
E \
-:.ro
0-0
C
.
. 'V O ('
. .I
. '
.
I
200
Hl ij
'\ 'il '.'
L1n,,-
, .
'"'t,"' --
"
--
. - - ....:..
\. "';1
l' '"
'-. .
. -
'-
. '
'" ., -
" "'\
J
\ '
....
I I
100
I
50
" HO On(Q "
"" 2 oPO
'J)..,. neT .-.0)
I
o
Horo41.1ClleHHble KonblTHble CllY}l{l-Illl-1
nl-l e XI-I HI-1KaM - ne epHblM llbBaM.
. ne epHble llbBbl - caMble KpynHble 1-1 caMble
CBl-lpenble XI-I HI-IKI-I Tore BpeMeHI-I. BHeWHe
noxo}l{l-I Ha llbBOB COBpeMeHHbIX, HO 4yrb KpynHee.
. 061-1Tall 1-1 llbBbl B CeBepHO EBpone 1-1 CeBepHO
AMepl-lKe. . OXOTI-ITbCfI npeAn041-1Tall1-1 Ha CTaAHblX
}l{I-IBOTHbIX - AI-IKI-IX 110waAe , 61-130HOB, 011eHe .
. MO}l{HO npeAnOll0}l{I-ITb, 4TO ne epHble llbBbl, KaK
1-1 COBpeMeHHble, OXOTl-llll-ICb rpynno .
)/(UIIU l7e efHbTe II
H"3GnHue hGbT, HeCl!1fJ.
/,{ G l7/7e l1 Z If IJ ' He G l7eU;elJ"x mf51 Hn cG(Jfj
r J' v r 651X 17 r' ,,, H" IJ P
, 'feg17(JI1UffJ" r "TJHUH"X
C k CffJ 51 CffJel7U
f"'\ e ll I e P H "fH/,{k(JGbTMu 3"/7 U lIec(JCffJel7U
\' b 'e r (JCII51Mu.
J16&
6,
\.'- ..
--.L. '
230
....
I"
.,
I'
I
... .,
1
.
.
,
)
,l
11
\.
---
I . I I I I I I I I I I I I
. . . . . . . .
0 50 100 150 200
f\
..,.P .
.'
'. '...."
,
, "',
'. ,
- \
- -
........ -.
. .
, . .I ;--.,; i:... . \<
,. W .
-
- - -
.11 -
e6eAH-Kl1HKYHb'
--..
,
1I.\.\.,1I. .' '
- -\. . .' '.. .
-, , ."" -
.....
a 6011oTax, rAe 6blll0 1-13061-111l-1e nl-l l-I, }l{l-Illl-1
cepble }l{ypaBlll-1 1-1 lle6eAI-I-KllI-1KYHbl.
_; .(' n Tl-Il.tbl 3TOro
...... nepl-loAa n04TI-I
He OTlll-l4all1-1Cb OT
." COBpeMeHHbIX. .
ro Ile6eAI-I-KllI-1KYHbl _
.. 04eHb KpynHble
'< 6ell0CHe}l{Hbie nTl-Il.tbl.
1J KOpMflTCfllle6eAI-I Ha
C BOAe, HO He HblpfilOT,
a TOllbKO norpY}l{alOT
B BOP;Y roll0BY 1-1 welO.
.t'
23/
1/,f
-
I I
100
I
o
" Ha an(Q "
"" 2 oPO
'J)I-f. /leT HO
I I I
.
I Byrop6bl Bep611IOA 6 bill 06b14Hb1M
}!<l-1BOTHbIM B IO}I{HOI-I 30He XOll0AHbiX
CTene EBpa31-11-1. . Ho nOTOM, BepofiTHo, 4ellOBeK
BblTeCHl-lll ero B AI-IKl-le Heo61-1TaeMbie yrollKI-I
eHTpallbHo A31-11-1, rAe B nycTblHe ro61-1 OH
COXpaHl-lllCfI 1-1 no ce AeHb.
,..-
1...
/J
-- - "'-
I :...
.--.
'"
,
{I
.
\ !
',I
:
II
I'
I
I
\ '.
I
.,.
..
232
. ...
.
,. !
'-- .. \
... -
I. .'
..
.
I , )
., ..
'," -
. I '"
:F \D cr
; Q. 2
e
f
'
, -
I 5 1 0 I I I I I I I I
100 I I
1 0
o seeM tO t\OM non oee
CTen eM Espa3\\\\ o6\\Tan
P.8 """"" a...atC K "" Cf\I c.
6n\\3 K \\M pOACTset\t\\\K
eospetAet\t\oro at\)p\\Kat\eKoro w
ClP ca. tGObKO 60ne e KIIY"""'"
l\ s 3a6aMKanbe CTpa eb\
06.. tan " ellle \0 fbl<. net ..a33ll'
(tP c....orn" ta" .....tb ton bKO
8 cn08...1< .....oe..e"'..b'1< ..n..
npa....... ecK " 6ec c .. e ","bDl ......
I I I I
200
.
.r .
L
I
" w I
fl ..:t
,
Jr.- .' I
I ,. , \\ '. ..
? ,l . p
\
\; ' \
.'
.:L9.
,-
""s II \
S .
,\'l
'-,\"
'- -
'.....
"--
233
I
100
.
. I
50
" HCI.fCnCQ "
t\1 2 oP-
J'f#-t. nef .-.0 3
I
o
.
.
;J
""""..
.
--:>
.i..'
..
....
.,Q
.
aJ ·
q, .
r-t
"/ .f ·
. ,'>,
'" .
. n e,-"e ·
. .
. .
......... )L.
,'-
I
,r-
.......
.
.
. .
.
I
I
I
II
It
n e epHble MeABeAI-I }l{l-Illl-1 B EBpone,
1-13BeCTHbi OHI-I 1-1 B (eBepHO Aq,pI-lKe.
. Oco6eHHO MHoro41-1C1leHHbl ne epHble MeABeAI-I
6blll1-1 B ropHblX pa OHax - Ha Ypalle, B KapnaTax,
Ha KaBKa3e. . B03MO}l{HO, OHI-I Ae CTBI-ITellbHO
I-ICnOllb30Ball1-1 ne epbl A11fl OTAblxa, rAe B OCHOBHOM
1-1 HaXOAfiT I-IX I-ICKOnaeMbie OCTaTKI-I. . HeCMOTpfl Ha _
CBO CBl-lpenbl BHeWHI-I BI-IA, ne epHble MeABeAI-I
nl-lTalll-1Cb paCTI-ITellbHO nl-l e , 0 4eM
CBI-1AeTellbCTByeT CTpOeHl-le I-IX 3y6oB.
234
3 11aCMOTepl-I 6blll CaMblM KpynHblM 1-13 BCeX
HOCOpOroB 3a nOClleAHl-le 20 MllH. lleT. OH
}l{l-Ill B IO>KHbIX CTenfiX 1-1 nl-lTallCfI TpaBflHI-ICTO
paCTI-ITellbHOCTblO. . 04eBI-IAHO, Ha rolloBe
311aCMOTepl-lfi pa3BI-IBallCfI OAI-IH orpoMHbl por,
nOA KOTOpblM Ha 116y pacnOllarallocb 06Wl-lpHOe
B3A,yToe OCHOBaHl-le. . CaM por He I-ICClleAOBaH,
TaK KaK 6blll He KOCTHbl , a BOll0CflHO , KaK y Bcex
HOCOpOroB, He coxpaHfllO I-I CfI B CKonaeMOM
COCTOflHI-II-I.
___ '.3 .rt. \: ; >Iv
. C- O"\ I
)-- «'t ( I
} '-;0 'tf
)
..
.
.
.
.
..
\
t L I
. I
50
. .
i\ '1. -,'
1
i' \
",
< I
"" "
f-
."\0' . '
\1
I
100
I I I
150
I I
200
.
'I
.
\
fi ., r
i.
,
.'
. "
--;-. ....
-:.L..,
--
I
110
I
50
"
H040ncSl
"-1 2 o?-
171-#. neT ...03
"
I
o
. ...:..: ", T eTepeBI-IHble nTI-I4bl
pacnpocrpaHl-llll-1Cb
," B XBO HbIX llecax EBpa31-11-1.
o . PO,QI-IHO myxape ,
IJ p01 TeTepeBOB 1-1 pfl641-1KOB 6 111-1 ropHble
pal-lOHbl YMepeHHblX Wl-lpOT, rAe Ha onpeAelleHHblX
BblCOTax AaBHO npe0611aAalla XBO Hafi paCTI-ITellbHOCTb.
. npOTomyxapb 6blll Ha AeH B KapnaTax.
H a lOre EBponbl, B Acppl-lKe 1-1 A31-11-1 nOflBl-lllCfI
IO}I{Hbl CllOH. . OH 6b111 «AeAYWKO »
MaMOHTa: caMbl 6011bWO 1-13 Cll0HOB -
TporoHTepl-leBbl Cll0H, OT KOTOpOro, KaK C4I-1TaIOT,
npOl-l30Wll1-1 \ rr
M Tbl. " ',',' 1 t
, .
J
.,
"'....\.
.3
t..
""
-
l
b1A O&MbHO
-IO)KHb1 U eMH 0 " l.MO&O"
e M3K
K p lAt1 Hb1M1 "' t1lAtt"'Ae
"' IA t,\&H MIA I
t,\ t1p Mb1M meAbHoemblO.
eOL1HOU p"em lA
236
'I
".. '-\
I 5 1 0 I I I I I I I
100
I I I I I I I
150
200
(\\><:TOA H
..
.
.
,., \.
o
:I
<>0<
.,
»
'\ . .
at-AbU-A ttP nHb\t-A '-
a6C1panMMcttMt-A t-A"'aTb\t-A
cTan paC1MTenbHOAAHb\M
AMnpOTOAOHo OH AOcT Mr
pa3..e pOB nocopora. Ero no
npeo6pa30 BanCII B no6<>n""""
x060 TOtto 6epXH M e pe3U. b \
6enM"'MnMCbo Ecn M 6b\
AMnpOTOAOH npoAon)t(.Ctn
\AecT606aTb Aan bUle , TO,
B03" 0 ""'0. qepe3 nec""nb no
t-AMnnMOH06 neT 603HMtt 6b\
..qarb'" enon. 1\00l<on o
10 ....c. net na,"", p.nnpoTOlIOn
.....ep. ""I< n p. r..e I< nn..e
a6C,.panMMcttMe t-A"aTb\eo
I -
I
I -
237
I
100
. . . I
50
"
"
I
.
HO"'OI1(
2 oPO
"*1. neT o'}
( a611e3 Y 6ble KOWKI-I 6blll1-1 Hal-l6011ee
. pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi B (eBepHO AMepl-lKe.
. (aMbiM 1-13BeCTHbiM flBllf1eTCfI CMl-lll0AOH -
pa3MepOM C aq,pl-lKaHcKoro llbBa, ca6ellbHbie KllblKI-I
KOTOpOro AOCTl-Iralll-1 18 CM B AllI-1HY.
. (Ml-lll0AOH BblMep OKOll0 11 TblC. lleT Ha3aA.
o
V
, t ,
"-'" _ t
. \ '.
, .. ..",. I
.
.
.
.
.;
'(
HOrl-le rpynnbl >KI-IBOTHbIX
Ha pa3Hbix KOHTI-IHeHTaX
AOCTl-Iralll-1 orpoMHblX pa3MepoB.
. rll1-1nTOAOHTbl - rl-lraHTCKl-le
aMepl-lKaHCKl-le 6poHeHoc4bl - AO 4 M B AllI-1HY,
npl-l BblCOTe naH41-1pfl AO 1,5 M. . Oco6eHHo
pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi rJll-lnTOAOHTbl 6blll1-1 B IO>KHo
AMepl-lKe. . no naHaMCKOMY nepewe KY
>KI-IBOTHble npOHI-IKlll-1 B (eBepHYIO AMepI-lKY.
23t3
. I
50
.. I I
100
I I
150
I I
200
J % -\C))KHOtA AMep«Ke ZA«nmU l1 lfHm p
ev\\\j ) :J b1 Db1M
.: ) (,e e (,0 MH01,IAMIA gp Z«M« >K.U8UmHbTMII ef/lt(
ec .
. .. ....
.
(\"10.AO T
. .
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
: J..
.. '-
..1. ((.
.
.
.
..
, ','
.
'Vi.
.
.
. II .
. ,,", I'
oc. e " ",
e -: :=.:: _-1
o .... . ... "
((j .t'\ /;:.
" 1--1"" - ... ""'t@ ",
-r '¥,. \..... . ''::
:, .\, .> ','" .... ,"
11.... ., \- ."
{\L - -,", - ....
: . t .:."\a:-
.... ' i . 'wU & .
iI,
"
)j"
'"
I '
I
.
,
-
If
'I ..
... ....
# - ".a.
I
100
,.
. .
"
.'\
..
I
50
.9:«
'-
I
o
H040n(
2 "10P-
"".neT,",O
'-
} ',4
t
.....,
\
--
-,
"'I.
"
'1
*'J-
15fJ3 MfJ )/(HfJ} ctfJlO f fJI1 6
t UC'1e3 H fJteHuU
M//MfJH/tffJt CMZf//I1U
I1lOgu K//MeHHfJZfJ tek//
}
gl15/ kfJ/tffJfMX MI/MfJH/tfM .
t .""III'fMX f'.'.Nx CAt""'.. .
fJCHfJtHMM UC/tffJ'1HUkfJM M5/cl/
}
UtefC/tfu U C/tfffJ U /tfeI16HfJZfJ
MI//tfef U //111/ gl15/ )/(UI1UU4.
.
"
,
I I '
100
I I I
150
I
200
Q
O#t,. \
"'"----------
------
.' M/lM(ji'!mb1
A Mbwe %cez(j J'JeM ce epe
i'!11 \<.p/lUn
(,(j){p/li'! "U(,b (ji'!1A b1Mep"lA (jK (j
CIA lAplA, Z e i'!/l3/1 . t\(j e\A.\e
" mb1(" "em 9 t1(j(,f,e9i'!lAe
4 mb1(,. "em i'!/l3/1 lA\A.\e(,m (j /I"1A
MIIM(ji'!m b1 (,'1
K/l p "IAK(j b1e t7 p /li'!ze" .
H/I (j(,mp(j e
. . . . . . . .
. . .
.
aMOHTbl - 04eHb KpynHble
>KI-IBOTHble, nOKpblTble
. A11I-1HHO KOpI-l4HeBO-pbl>KeBaTO wepCTblO C rYCTblM
BblOll.\l-IMCfI nOAwepCTKoM. . TaKafi wepCTb
Belll-1KOllenHO coxpaHfllla TenllO B CYPOBble 31-1Mbl.
. Ho CHera BbtnaAall0 MallO, n03TOMY MaMOHTbl
MOrlll-l npOKOpMI-ITbCfI Ha npOTfI>KeHI-II-I AOllro 31-1Mbl
CYXO TpaBO 1-1 BeT04HbiM KOpMOM. . Blla}l{Hbl
Klll-1MaT 1-1 I-IC4e3HOBeHl-le XOll0AHbiX CTene BClleA
3a nOClleAHI-IM 011eAeHeHl-leM CTalll-1 OCHOBHO
np1-l41-1HO BblMl-lpaHl-lfi MaMOHTOB.
"'"
.
'.
.
241
I
100
I
50
" H0"40I1CR "
2
J}L. .... o '}oP-
..,. neT ""'
I
o
.
Jl OIOAI-I KaMeHHoro BeKa B EBpone 1-1 (eBepHO
A31-1 He 6bl111-1 BereTapl-laH4aMI-I. . BCfI I-IX
KY11blYpa 6bl11a HanpaB11eHa Ha Ao6blBaHl-le
1-1 pa3Ae11blBaHl-le Mflca AI-IKI-IX }l{I-IBOTHbIX. . 06
3TOM roBOpfiT MHoro41-1C11eHHble 1-1 pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie
KaMeHHbie HaKOHe4HI-IKI-I CTpe11, APOTI-IKOB,
KaMeHHbie Tonopbl, KaMeHHbie
HO}l{ , py61-111a 1-1 cKpe6KI-I.
.
l.
..
..
-
1: ---=-
-
."
.....
.....
r42
.11111111111111'1
50 · .. 200
r--------..
.
I
I
I
I
I
I
J
I
I
I
I
I
I
-------_..
J
.
'.
o(o
+> y\
,, e +-0
(j 0 e
I
c
I I
100
I
50
...... H0"40nCSl ......
'" 2 o
JJI-f. neT ..03
aCTOAOHTbl 061-1Ta111-1 B EBpone, A3i'11-1,
Aq,pl-lKe 1-1 CeBepHO AMepl-lKe. A011bwe
Bcero OHI-I npO}l{l-I111-1 B AMepl-lKe. . n03AHI-I
aMepI-lKaHCKI-I MaCTOAOHT AocTl-lr pa3MepOB
C110Ha i'1 6bl11 Aa}l{e BHeWHe Ha Hero 04eHb
noxo}l{. . OH I-IC4e3 OK0110 10 TblC. 11eT
Ha3aA, ycneB BCTpeTI-ITbCfI C MaMOHTOM
1-1 4e110BeKOM.
......
----
nOt-\1'
(. 0,....
O_
...
. ..
.,'
.-.
I
o
\
\
I
,
,.
....,
"" ..........
=:
· 5 1 0 · · · · 1!0 '
.1'..11
150 200
-........:--
}.
\\.
,
'-
t
'
--...
"
_v-
,,--
\
BonK
" "5:.\
B EBpa31-1i'1 Boo6 e n04TI-I He 6bl110 XI-I HI-IKOB
1-13 ceMe CTBa co6aK. . B011KI-I CTa111-1
eCTeCTBeHHblMI-I nacryxaMI-I, OXOTI-IBWI-IMI-ICfI
6011bWI-IMI-I CTafiMI-I. . B HI-IX B03HI-IK11a HaAo6HOCTb
AJlfI perY11l-1pOBaHl-lfi 4I-1C11eHHOCTI-I 6011bWI-IX CTaA
KonbiTHblX, MHOrl-le 1-13 KOTOpblX 6blCTpO 6era11l-1.
r:: e11ble KyponaTKI-I CBOI-IM B03HI-IKHOBeHl-leM
D 06f13aHbl TaK}I{e 11eAHI-IKOBO 3noxe.
. BepOfiTHO, OHI-I 3aCe11f1111-1 X0110AHble ryHAPoBbie
CTenl-l. . B OTAe11bHbIX MeCTax KyponaTKI-I
COCTaB11f1IOT OCHOBHYIO Maccy 0 n a T I(
I-ICKOnaeMblX OCTaTKOB ..L . .. J,f
'-...., nTl-I . e r l'vt .
----...... ---- '\ .' v. ""- :- "' '..;.,_ .
'. _. - , .. - --, ";-0:- '.
t?- -"'-?":''('--'"'' \.. -"'--=:--:"'1:.
e, :. \. ........ .-..#
,t...... _ -. . W . IL-.. _
. _ --.;" . Or
-- -;:, -.:. ::
.' """, c
Iii!
..
\
, \ I
-->
...
I .
100 I
50 ......
HO"'OI1C
!i J}1-1 2 ...... I
:-- 0
neT OJOp..
-
--.
a t4\aAarac a{)e
J MJ\M 3n MO {)KMCb\o
"){ M3BeCT K O Kec OJ\b O
-/ BMAO B . KO OAMK M3 KM){
' 6b\J\ cat.\O" {)'JnKO"
n'1'Mu,e" 3a BC\O MCTO{)M\O
.' 3et.\J\M, n{)eBb\Ulaf\
3 t.\ B Bb\CO'T'J° \{a
I nonaJ\M ]nMO{)KMCb\ Ka
tJ\aAarac a{) M 0'1' oro
" . ., OKM n{)OM3 0Ul J\M,
" oC'1'ae'1'Cf\ KeM3BeC'1'Kb\t.\o
t -
,\; ,
,
t.
. . II
I-
-' I' '" JI),
r
.
\.
I .' \- \ O
( \" .' '" '/.J
,. \' " '"
"
=-
'- ., ' C-
O>
""\J - "-
. -
246 \0\' . ..............
'\
.
. I I I I I I I I I I
50 .. 100 .. 1 50
I
. .
I I
200
r: o11bWepOrl-l 011eHb 6bl11 OAHI-IM 1-13 CaMblX
D KpynHblx 011eHeo6pa3HbIX. . no pa3MepaM
pOroB eMY Boo6l1\e He 6bl110 paBHbiX. . OH }l{1-I11 no
Bce EBpone 1-1 Ha lOre (1-I61-1pl-I B A011I-1HaX peK
1-1 B CTenfiX. -
_,\eporHH one,.,
\,Y b
o
lC
.!
'\.\
;.;. .
-
. -
-'. ' .
. Y."; : : : : -- -0- : ...i
_ ,, l'"" ..
.'\'
\\\\.
IIr'
) .
4
r /
,
I
!!II
'f
t
?
\.
....
247
I I
6 0
I I
I I
600
M/lH. /leT HOJOA
I I
o
570-'1
CaMble,
(aMble, .c.,
(aMble. . .
OCHT03COp -
TpeXMerpOBafi ca611e3y6afl
XI-Ill\Hafi penTl-I11I-1f1, >KI-IBWafi
6011ee 250 M11H. 11eT Ha3aA.
\
\
,,'
.......
.
,
(
\
\
1-
t).
.-'0
o
-0'
,,,,.
'\ S'
"
. '"
TCHHCTpo<peH - :::.:
caMoe A/lI-IHHOWeee >KI-IBOTHoe. ( . ' "'--..
C \\\.
TCOpHK03COp - "
OAI-IH 1-13 caMblX ApeBHI-IX AI-IH03aBpOB.
YTCTCY3COP - caMbli1
ApeBHI-I I-IXTI-I03aBp.
'\
-
WOHH3COp - caMbli1 KpynHbli11-13
1-13BeCTHbiX I-IXTI-I03aBpOB. A11I-1Ha ero AOXOAI-I11a
AO 15 M.
2413
I I I I I I I I I I I I
50 100 150
. I I
200
n pOrCHOXel1HC - OAHa 1-13
CaMblX ApeBHI-IX lIepenax.
n pOTOCOHC - CaMbl BepOfiTHbl
npeAOK COBpeMeHHblX nTl-I4, HO 11eTaTb OH He Mor.
".
WY003COP - caMbli1 ApeBHI-I
6e33y6bl AI-IH03aBp.
6pCXH03COp - caMbl 6011bWO
1-13 flll\epOHOrl-lX AI-IH03aBpOB. A11I-1Ha ero Te11a
npeBblwa11a 20 M.
KOMnCOrHCT - caMbl Ma11eHbKI-I
AI-IH03aBp. 3TOT KpowellHbl AI-IH03aBp 6bl11
pOCTOM Bcero 25 CM, a OXOTI-I11CfI OH Ha ell\e 6011ee
Me11KI-IX C03AaHI-li1.
ApxeonTepHKC - caMafi
ApeBHfIfi nTl-I4a, 1-1111-1 onepeHHbl AI-IH03aBp.
.
nl1H03COD _
pOCCHHCKHH - caMbl rpo3Hbl
XI-Ill\HI-IK MOpfi C n011YTOpaMeTpoBo ro110BO ,
}f{I-IBWI-I 6011ee 150 M11H. 11eT Ha3aA.
.
II
249
I I
650
I I
600
MnH. neT HOJOA
I I I
o
570-1).
3eor110AOH - caMbl 6011bWO
1-13 nepBblX KI-lTOB, AOCTl-lraBWI-I 20 M B AllI-IHY.
n peC6HOpHHCbl - caMble
pacnpocTpaHeHHble B Ml-lpe nTl-I4bl, >KI-IBWl-le 6011ee
38 M11H. 11eT Ha3aA.
3cyponoceHAOH - caMbl
BbICOKI-I AI-IH03aBp, KOTOpbl KOrAa-111-160 6pOAI-I11 no
3eM11e. Ero pOCT 6b111 OK0110 19 M, a BeCI-I11 OH 60 T.
OH >K1-I11 OK0110 110 M11H. 11eT Ha3aA.
YTKOHOCblH rCAP03COp-
AI-IH03aBp C caMblM 6011bWI-IM K011l-1l1eCTBOM 3y6oB.
HecMoTpfl Ha TO liTO 6bl11 TpaBoflAHblM, OH I-IMe11
AO 960 caM03aTalll-lBalOll\I-IXCfI 3y6oB.
ApreHTCOHC - caMafi KpynHafi
11eTalOll\afl AOI-ICTOpl-llleCKafi nTl-I4a.
MeraopCMOHH - cTpeKo3a,
>KI-IBWafi 6011ee 280 M11H. 11eT Ha3aA, 6bl11a caMblM
KpynHblM AOI-ICTOpl-llleCKI-IM HaceKOMbIM. Pa3Max ee
Kpbl11beB AOCTl-lra11 70 CM.
250
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I r
50 100 15' 200
(aMble AJlHHHble
6HBHH 6bl111-1 y I-ICKOnaeMoro C110Ha,
KOTOpbl }l{1-I11 Ha Teppl-lTOpl-l1-l cOBpeMeHHo
repMaHl-I1-I OK0110 2 M11H. 11eT Ha3aA. A11I-1Ha 6I-1BHe
B3poc110ro caM4a AOCTl-lra11a 5 M.
CaMblH T )t(enPIH
HCKonaeMblH tJHBeHb,
BeCOM 150 Kr, A11I-1HO 3,58 M, npl-lHaA11e}l{I-IT
Hel-l3BecTHoMY BI-IAY MaMOHTOB.
rHraHTCKHH _
,gOHCTOpH\.feCKHH
011 e H b, 1-1111-1 I-Ip11aHACKI-I 110Cb, }f{I-IBWI-I
10 TblC. 11eT Ha3aA, I-IMe11 rl-lraHTCKl-le pora.
PaCCTOflHl-le Me>KAY pOraMI-I Momo COCTaB11f1Tb 4,3 M.
",'
<.;
9.
o
.J
\J
C;
Q.
r::
"-
,
"
-\-'
'- 2 ,\
.:t. ...:......,- .:-..... . "
."!1 -, , " \-
\ 1 1 ."'. : ._ :.: \
· i. ")
L - I
.t
t
I..
25/
YK030Tellb
ABcrpaJlOmneK 221
A3a4>Yc 21
A3 aTcK crpayc 233
AKaHToAa 33
AJlna eponc 196, 201
AJlJl03aBp 122
AMMOH T 106
AM4> 6aMYc 57
AHoManoKap c 14
AHrpaKoTep 199
AHx Tep H 218
ApaHAacn c 24
ApreHTaB c 220
Apr p acn c 39
APKT HYPYC 21, 30
ApXeOJlaM6Aa 185
ApxeoMep Kc 189
ApxeOnTep KC 126
Apxeo aTa 13
ACTepOJlen c 38
6aHAP ra 52
Eiapana3aBp 105
Eiap oH KC 144
Eiennepo4>oHT Aa 20
EienaH KyponaTKa 245
Ei pKeH H 33
Eionbwepor oneHb 247
252
EiOp CCHK H 206
Eorp onen c 39
Epax o3aBp 124
EpoHeHoce 239
EpoHbHpTeJlJla 21
BeJlo panTOp 152
BeCTnoT aHa 56
B BaKc H 12
BonK 245
raJlJl M M 159
renaJleTeC 190
reo3aBp 131
r 6oAYc 107
r nc Jlo4>oAoH 146
r paKoTep 179
rJl nTOAOHT 239
r06 aTep 176
rOH o epac 22
rpanTOn T 25
ry6oHoraH MHoroHO>KKa 52
ryp n H H 156
rYCb 156, 212
AaneA YM 109
,QapxaH3aBp 158
.L\B H H 63
.L\Byrop6b1i1 Bep6moA 232
.L\ei1HoH x 143
.L\ei1ljJoH 30
.L\ aTp Ma 189
.L\ K e nowaA 228
.L\ noljJo3aBp 110
.L\ MeTpOAOH 71
.L\ MopljJoAoH 111
.L\ nnoBepTe6poH 54
.L\ nnoAoK 116
.L\ npoToAoH 237
.L\ nTepyc 45
.L\ ccaKYc 182
.L\ HoAOHT 62
.L\p on TeK 213
.L\yHKJ1eOcTeyc 41
3anHM6AaneCTec 157
3ayponoIjJ 155, 163
3eBrnoAoH 188
HBaHT03aBp 66
I-IryaHoAoH 138
HAP KoTep i1 200
XT o3aBp 121
XT ocTera 44. 55
KaAYpKOAOH 205
KaKonc 65
KaHHeMei1p H 81
Kapaypyc 129
KapHo3aBp 106
KapxapoAoH 216
KaTai1opH c 142
KayA nTep KC 127
Ke anbKoamb 165
KnaAocenHx H 43
KOKocTeyc 40
KOMncorHaT 126
KOHIjJY YCOPH C 129
Kop ljJoAoH 184
KOTnacc H 68
KpeoAoHT 198
KpoKoA n 179
KC IjJOKT HYC 162
KTeHaKaHT 43
KIOHeo3aBp 92
nar03Yx 81
Jle6eAb-KJ1 KYH 231
11oHr cKBaMa 92
JloljJ oMep Kc 196
11oljJocn pa 21
MaKKeH3 H 12
MaMoHT 241
MacTOAoHT 244
Maxai1poA 215
Mera30CTpoAoH 96
Merano3aBp 145
t
253
MeA)'Ja 14
Me303aBp 70
MeTaHeBpa 51
M 'IOMep KC 203
MHoroHO>KKa 51
M03a3aBp 169
MOHronoH Kc 175
MOHOH KYC 157
MopraHYKoAoH 94
MopcK e nepbfl 12
Hapoi1f1 15
HOTapKryc 178
06omoc 15
OB panrop 154
Ona6 H fI 15
Open 199
OpH T03YX 97
OpH TOnecTec 117
OpH TOM M 164
04lTanbMo3aBp 131
naneo4loHYc 32
naHTOAoHT npoA HoLiepac
174
napa3aypono4l167
napaM c 191
naparparoLiepyc 223
nax eHa 181
254
nepYH YM 214
ne14epHbli1 neB 230
ne14epHbli1 MeABeAb 234
nnaKo,!\yc 95
nnaTeo3aBp 89
nnaT 6enoAoH 216
nne3 o3aBp 120
nn o3aBp pocc i1cK i1132
nonaKaHryc 168
npec6 opH C 183
np Mo6YKKO 187
np06aKTp03aBp 141
nporaHoxen c 95
npOA HoLiepac 182
npoTepor p HYc 50
npOT TaH 177,186
npoTOaB c 90
npoTOrnyxapb 236
npOT03YX fI 102
npOTOKap c 15
npOTOLIepaTOnc 3HAPlOca 160
nceBA KTOnc 180
nTepaHoAoH 125
nTepacn c 32, 39
nTep roryc 31
nTepoAaKT nb 121
PaM4Iop Hx 103
Pay 3yxa 87
Pyr OAOH 86
Ca
llJaH
UI 153 Xepepo3aBp 88
Ce
cMo3aBp 118 XIoInoTeplol
222
Cepbl
>KypaBnb 231 XOMano
e4>an 161
CIoIBaTeplol
217 XOHAPocTeyc 108
CKyrenno3aBp 104
CKyro3aBp 62 ltenaKaHT 42
CMIoInoAoH 238 l.\epaTo3aBp 133
CnaTo6aTIoIc 128 l.\IoIrHonrepyc 207
CTaBplolKo3aBp 76 l.\IoIHorHaT 79
CTe6enb'laTbl
WapoBIoInreplolKc 93
3CxIoIHoc4>eplolT 23 WepCTIoIcTbI
Hocopor 229
CTero3aBp 123 WOHIoI3aBp 89
CTIoInoHYPYc 30 WYBOJaBp 91
WyoTeplol
109
TaHIoIcTpo4>e
78
TapaKaH 53 3nacMoTeplol
235
Tap603aBp 152 3M6onoTeplolH 202
TenoAoHT 25 3HAo
epac 22
TIoIpaHHo3aBp 167 3HTenoAoH 204
TIoIXBIoIHCKIoIH 80 30rpyc 177
Tparo
epyc 214 30KanroplolHYc 69
TYJlepneToH 53 30MaHIoIc 191
3nlolopHIoIc 246
YlolHTaTeplol
184 3prlolnb3MIoIc 205
ypoKoPAIoInlQc 57 3plolonc 64
YTKa 212 3CTeMMeHo3Yx 67
cJIo6eTop 147 3To3aBp 86
lIIopopaKoc 219 3ynapKeplolH 77
.
XaMnco3aBp 140 IO>KHblH CIIOH 236
255
)].;151 MJIA.D.ll1HO WKOJIbHOro B03PACTA
KypO'tKUH E62eHuu HUKoJwe6u'I
)J.HH03aBpbl H lIOHCTopll'lecKHit MHp
XyOO.JlCHUKU: A. H. CU'1Kapb. H. B. MamlOlUeHKo
.lbBaHHcp B. H. OKJIGOHUK06a
PC..'laKTOp-COCTaBI1TCJlb A. B. HO/lmyxoecKaJ/
XYllO)KeCTBCHHblH pellaKTOp C. B. JJe6eoe6a
KoppeKTop JJ. A. JJa3apeea
IhiJoHue nOOi!OmOe:1eHO 6 KO,lfnblOmepHO,1f ll,eHmpe
UjlJame.lbCmea «POCM3H».
nO.anilCallO IIlIe'laTh 07.12.05. <Dop\laT 70x90 1/ 12 ,
EYMara ocllceTH.IH. ne'laTb OI!>CCT. rapllilrypa «Europe».
YC1. n
'1. 1.9.36. TllpaJK 10 ()()() 3K3. 3aKa3 Nu 1864.
3AO .POCM3H-nPECC..
nO'lTOllb!R aLlpCC: 125124. MocKll3. a/II 62. TeJI.: (095) 933-71-30.
IOpHllH'leCKIIH a.apec: 129301. MocKBa. Y'. 60pllca ra.1YWKI1Ha. JI. 23. CTp. I.
Howu "-lUeHmbl u onm08b1e nOKynome'IU ."Vlym O{/JopMumb JUKaJ,
nu.,.)"/umb OllepeJICOIO
1O UHrPoPMOU.UIO 0 ""OHOX (Ib1XOOO u3doHUR
U nepCneKmU(lHbIX npoeKmox (I HHmepHeme no oopecy: "",w.rosman.ru
OTilEJ1 OnTOBblX npo.J.NK:
Bce ropoila POCCIlIl. CH r: (095) 933-70-73:
MocKBa II MOCKOIICKIDI o6J1a<.Tb: (095) 933-70-75.
O1ne'laTaHO II nOJlHOM COOTllCTCTIIIIII C Ka'lCCTBO\l
IlpeliOCTan.
eHHb1X Jlllan03I1TIlBOB B OAO «TYJlbCKa>! rnnorpa4I1fA«.
300600. r. TYJla. np. J1cHIlHa. 109.
ISBN 5-353-02136-3
YLIK 087.5:56
66K 28.1
K93
@ 3AO ..POCM3H-nPECC», 2005
.
,
A
H03ABPbl
H AOHCTOpH\.4eCKHH MHp
.J
B 3TO
KHI-Ire OTpa}l{eHbl OCHOBHble 3Tanbl
pa3BI-ITl-lfi }l{1II3HI-I Ha 3eM11e 3a nOC11eAHl-le
600 MI-I11111-10HOB 11eT. MHOrl-le 1-13 1-1306pa}l{eHHbiX
3AeCb }l{I-IBOTHbIX }l{1-I111-1 B pa3Hbie 3nOXI-I
111111-1 Ha pa3HbiX KOHTI-IHeHTaX. OHI-I C06paHbi
BMeCTe, 4T06bl 6011ee n011HO nOKa3aTb
pa3HOo6pa31-1e }l{I-IBOTHOro Ml-lpa Ka}l{Aoro,
npOA011}1{aBwerocfI AeCflTKI-I
MI-I11111-10HOB 11eT nepl-lOAa.
I I I I I I
500 450
MSlH. l1e1 HOJO.Q
- .
.
.
.,
-
-.:
-----
-.
, ...
\- - \:\\"I\'.
\ . ;
p.
-
,').
I I
400
I I
I I I
350
"
-........
ISBN 5-353-02136-3
111111 1
}i
r
.. to'
. fff.' f
.
i! 9 785353 021360
;
--- :..-
-._-
-f.-
_....---