Author: Алексеева Г.Д.
Tags: период первой российской революции (1905-1907 гг) история россии революция история классовой борьбы
ISBN: 5-02-008515-4
Year: 1990
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1 JIeHuH B. fl. nOJIH. co6p. COli. T. 41. C. 8.
2 CM.: OllepKH HCTOpHH HCTopHlIeCKOH HaYKH 8 CCCP. M., 1963. T. 3. C. 113-126.
3 TaM me. C. 596-603.
4 C01J.HOJIOrHlIeCKaH MbICJIb 8 POCCHH: OllepKH HCTOpHH HeMapKCHCTCKOH C01J.HOJIOrHH
nOCJIe.LI.HeH TpeTH XIX-HallaJIa XX B. Jl., 1979. C. 210-258.
5 JIeHuH B. fl. nOJIH. c06p. CO . T. 22. C. 119, 120.
6 TaM me. T. I. C. 351.
7 TaM me. C. 129.
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10 CM.: TaM me. T. 37. C. 384-385.
II TaM me. T. 7. C. 59.
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B CnpaBOlJHble H3.lI.aHHH H HaYlJHYIO J]HTepaTYPY: «B Ha4aJ]e XX BeKa
npeeMHHKaMH H. CTaJ]H COl..lHaJ]HCTbl-peBOJ]IOl..lHOHepbI - 3cepbI,
O<POpMHBllHecH B napTHIO B 1902 r. B pe3Y;IbTaTe 06'be.lI.HHeHHH Ha-
pO.lI.HHlJeCKHX rpynn H KPY)KKOB» 4. n03.lI.Hee 3TJ1 onpe.lI.eJ]eHH5I 6blJIH
BocnpOH3Be.lI.eHbl B 50J]bWOH COBeTCKOH 3Hl..lHKJ]one.lI.HH, B 3KOHOMH-
lJeCKOH 3HUHKJ]one.lI.HH 5. Bo Bce 3TH H3.lI.aHHH 6bIJ]0 BKJIlOlJeHO nOJ]o-
)KeHHe 0 TOM, lJTO B 90-e rO.lI.bI HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO HClJepnaJ]o CBOIO peBO-
JIIOUHOHHOCTb H 6bIJIO H.lI.eHHO pa3rpOMJIeHO MapKCH3MOM. B TaKOH
10
n0j13lJe nOJIYl1aeTCH, lfTO nOCJIe 1895 r. B peweHHH 3a.lI.alJ 6ypmya3Ho-
j1eMoKpaTHlJeCKOrO 3Tana peBOJIIOUHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO nOTepHJIO 3Ha-
4eHHe, XOTH H OCTaBaJIOCb H.lI.eOJIOrHeH KpecTbHHcKOH .lI.eMOKpaTHH.
MomHo 6bIJIO 6bI H He 06palll.aTb BHHMaHHH Ha Bce 3TH TOHKOCTH, eCJIH
6bl 3TO He 6blJIa CnpaBOlJHaH JIHTepaTypa.
CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, .lI.JIH JIHTepaTypbI 60-X-HalJaJIa 80-x rO.lI.OB xa-
p3KTepHa flBHaH He.lI.OOl.leHKa Toro <paKTa, lJTO H B XX B. HapO.lI.HH4eCT-
BO POCCHH OCTaBaJIOCb H.lI.eOJIOrHeH KpeCTbHHCKOH .lI.eMOKpaTHH, OTpa-
maH ero 60pb6y 3a n06e.lI.Y 6ypmya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH
B yCJIOBHHX HOBoro, npOJIeTapCKoro 3Tana peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOro .lI.BH)Ke-
HHH Ii wHpoKoro pacnpocTpaHeHHH MapKcH3Ma.
B cOBeTcKoH HCTOpHlJeCKOH JIHTep3Type np06JIeMa HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa
Hero MeCTa B pa3BHTHH pYCCKoro OCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOrO .lI.BHmeHHH
3aHHJIa 33MeTHoe MeCTO yme B 20-e rO.lI.bl. fJIaBHOe BHHMaHHe Y.lI.eJIH-
JIOCb H3YlleHHIO HapO.lI.HHKOB XIX B., TOr.lI.a KaK HCTOpHH 3Toro H.lI.eHHO-
ro TelJeHHH B XX B. nOCBHl.ll.aJIHCb B OCHOBHOM CTaTbH 06ll1.enOJIHTHlJe-
CKoro xapaKTepa, nOCKOJIbKY OCTaBaJIaCb elll.e aKTyaJIbHOH 60pb6a
npOTHB nepe)KHTKOB H OCTaTKOB Ha pO.lI.HHlleCKOH H.lI.eOJIOrHH H HX
HOCHTeJIeH - 6blBWHX lJJIeHOB HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX napTHH 6.
HeCOMHeHHbIM .lI.OCTOHHCTBOM TPY.lI.OB HCTOpHKOB 20-30-x rO.lI.OB
6blJI WHpOKHH no.lI.XO.lI. K np06JIeMe, nOHHMaHHe TecHoH CBH3H HCTOpHH
HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XIX H XX B., a TaK)Ke BamHOCTH H3YlJeHHH 3Toro
H.lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHlJeCKOrO TelJeHHH C YlJeTOM Bcex 3TanOB ero pa3BH-
THH - OT B03HHKHOBeHHH .lI.0 oKOH4aTeJIbHOH rH6eJIH. 3TO npOHBHJIOCb
B pa60Tax H. JI. Melll.epHKOBa, 3. 5. feHKHHoH, B. <P. MaJIaXOBCKoro,
B. 11. HeBcKoro H .lI.p.
TaK, B pa60Te MaJIaXOBCKoro «Ha .lI.Ba <ppoHTa» 3Ta np06JIeMa
paccMaTpHBaJIaCb B nJIaHe 60pb6bl MapKcHcTOB C H.lI.eOJIOrHeH Ha-
pO.lI.HH4ecTBa. 50JIbWOe BHHMaHHe aBTop Y.lI.eJIHJI nOKa3Y TeopeTHKo-
MeTO.lI.OJIOrH4eCKoro 3HalleHHH JIeHHHCKoH KOHl.lenl.lHH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa,
CnpaBe.lI.JIHBO OTMellaH, 4TO «ycTaHOBJIeHHe B. 11. J1eHHHbIM .lI.eHCTBH-
TeJIbHOH COUHaJIbHOH CYlll.HOCTH "cTaporo pyccKoro KpecTbHHcKoro
COUHaJIH3Ma" 6bIJIO 60JIbWHM .lI.OCTH)KeHHeM B pa3BHTHH pyccKoro
MapKcH3Ma». 3aCJIyroH B. 11. J1eHHHa, OTMellaJI MaJIaXOBCKHH, 6bIJIO
H YKa3aHHe Ha .lI.BOHCTBeHHbIH xapaKTep pyccKoro KpecTbHHcTBa,
MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH Bo06ll1.e, «H.lI.eOJIOrHlleCKHM BbIpa)KeHHeM KOTOpbIX
HBHJIOCb HapO.lI.HHlIecTBo».
He06xo.lI.HMO OTMeTHTb, liTO O.lI.HHM H3 nepBbIX B COBeTCKOH JIHTe-
paType MaJIaXOBCKHH nOnblTaJICH 06'bHCHHTb pa3JIHlIHH B KpHTHKe
HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa f. B. nJIeXaHOBbIM H B. 11. J1eHHHbIM. MaJIaXOBCKHH
peWHTeJIbHO OTBepraJI B rJIH.lI. nJIeXaHOBa Ha HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO, kaK Ha
npO.lI.OJI)KeHHe CJIaBHHo<pHJIbCKHX H.lI.eH, npOTHB lIero nOCTOHHHO BbI-
cTynaJIH H caMH HapO.lI.HHKH 7.
B 3TOH )Ke pa60Te OTMellaJIaCb HaYIlHaH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb
H .lI.pyroro B3r.lIH.lI.a nJIeXaHOBa, CIIHTaBwero, liTO nOCJIe TeopeTHlIe-
CKOH 60pb6bl MapKCHCTOB C HapO.lI.HHKaMH B 80-90-e rO.lI.bI «Hap0.lI.HH-
lIeCKaH H.lI.eOJIOrHH JIHKBH.lI.HpOBaHa H He MO)KeT B03pO.lI.HTbCH». OllH6-
Ka nJIeXaHOBa B onpe.lI.eJIeHHH cY.lI.b6w HapO.lI.OBOJIblleCTBa 6wJIa 3a-
KOHOMepHOH, H60 onpe.lI.eJIHJIaCb ero nO.lI.XO.lI.OM K H3YlleHHIO H Ol.leHKe
11
H.lI.eOJIOrHlleCKHX HBJIeHHH. 3TOH TOllKe 3peHHH, nHCaJI MaJIaXOBCKHH,
npOTHBOCTOHJI JIeHHHCKHH B3rJIH.lI., KOTOpblH npOllHO YTBep.llHJICH
B MapKCHCTCKOH JIHTepaType Ha py6e>Ke 20-30-x rO.llOB. Ero CYTb
COCTOHJIa B TOM, liTO, nOTepneB nOpa>KeHHe, pa36HTaH H.lI.eHHO, Ha-
pO.LlHHlleCKaH H.lI.eOJIOrHH (BKJIlOllaH H HapO.lI.OBOJIblleCTBO) BCe >Ke «He
MOrJIa He B03pO>K.lI.aTbCH B TOM HJIH HHOM BH.lle .lI.O Tex nop, nOKa
cyw.eCTBOBaJi H .lI.06HBaJiCH peaJIH3aUHH onpe.lI.eJIeHHbIX npeTeH3HH
npe.lI.CTaBJIHeMbIH elO KJIacc». nO.Ll06HbIH B3rJIH.lI. Ha HapO.llHHlIeCTBO
n03BOJIHJI 06'bHCHHTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTb ero O>KHBJIeHHH B HallaJIe XX B.,
B YCJIOBHHX npH6JIH>KeHHH 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH peBOJIIO-
UHH. C 3THX n03HUHH aJIaXOBCKHH H PyrHe HCTopHKH-MapKCHCTM
20-30-x rO.lI.OB KpHTHKOBaJIH MeHblleBHCTCKHe B3rJIH.lI.bI Ha HapO.lI.HH-
lIeCTBO, a TaK>Ke 01lH6KH HeKOTopbIX HCTOPHKOB-MapKCHCTOB Toro
BpeMeHH. KaK CIIHTaJI MaJIaXOBCKHH, OHH HMeJIH npSlMoe OTHorneHHe
H K oueHKe Bcero HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, H K KpHTHKe 3BOJIIOUHH ero H.lI.eHHO-
TeopeTHlleCKHX OCHOB XX B. 8
Y>Ke B 20-e rO.lI.bI CJIO>KHJIaCb Tpa.LlHUHH H3YlleHHH HCTOpHH Ha-
pO.lI.HHlIeCTBa no nOJIHTHlleCKHM napTHHM. npeHMyw.ecTBeHHoe BH Ma-
HHe B 3TOH JIHTepaType Y.lI.eJIHJIOCb caMOH MHOrOIlHCJIeHHOH HapO.lI.HH-
lIeCKOH napTHH - COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepoB. J1HTepaTypa no.lI.O-
6Horo THna 3aMeTHO npe06JIa.lI.aJIa H B 60-70-e rO.lI.bI 9. B HeH
paCCMaTpHBaJiCH 60JIbllOH Kpyr np06JI M HCTopHKo-napTHHHoro xa-
paKTepa - C03.LlaHHe napTHH, ee cocTaB, nporpaMMa, npHHUHnbI H xa-
paKTep opraHH3aUHH, npaKTHllecKaH .LleHTeJIbHOCTb. !1JISI pa60T 3Toro
THna xapaKTepHo OCBemeHHe TeopeTHllecKHx OCHOB HapO.LlHHlleCKHX
napTHH, aHaJIH3 nporpaMMHbIX BonpOCOB, HanpHMep arpapHoro, KOTO-
pbIH 6bIJI r JIaBHbIM .lI.JIH Ha pO.lI.HHKOB. 3TOH np06JIeMe nOcBHI.UeHbI
MOHorpa<pHH B. H. rHHeBa H E. B. I1JIJlepHUKOH 10.
!1JIH KHHrH B. H.. rHHeBa xapaKTepeH llHpOKHH no.lI.Xo.Ll K TeMe,
CTpeMJIeHHe OCMbICJIHTb H.lleHHO-TeopeTHllecKHe OCHOBbL arpapHbIX
nporpaMM HapO.lI.HHlleCKHX napTHH, nOKa3aTb 3aKoHoMepHoCTb 6aH-
KpoTcTBa HeOHapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa. Ha 60JIbllOM <paKTHllecKoM MaTepHaJle
aBTOp CYMeJI nOKa3aTb, liTO pa3JIHlIHbIe TelleHHH HapO.LlHHlIeCTBa HMe-
JIH 06I.UHe TeopeTHlleCKHe H MeTO.lI.OJlOrHlIeCKHe OCHOBbI, H liTO pelle-
u
HHe arpapHoro Bonpoca CTpOHJIOCb Ha HapO.lI.HHlleCKOH KOHuenUHH
KanHTaJIH3Ma, Ha H.lI.eHX MeJIK06YP>Kya3Horo KpeCTbHHCKoro COUHa-
JIH3Ma. ArpapHbIe nporpaMMbI HapO.LlHHlleCKHX napTHH paCCMaTpHBa-
U U U
JIHCb B TeCHOH CBH3H C HX peaJIbHOH nOJIHTHKOH, KOTOPYIO OHH npo-
BO.lI.HJIH B 1917 r. PacKpbIBaH CJIO>KHbIH xapaKTep KJIaCCOBOH 60Pb6bI,
nOBe.lI.eHHe MeJIK06YP>Kya3HbIx, napTHH Ha 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlIe-
CKOM, a 3aTeM COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOM 3Tane peBOJIIOUHH, rHHeB nOKa3aJI
HX H3MeHY CBOHM nporpaMMaM, nepexo.lI. Ha n03HUHH 6YP>Kya3HH, liTO
H npHBeJIO HX K 6aHKpOTCTBY - K nOTepe BJIHHHHH Ha Ma.CCbI, K nOJI-
HOMY nOJIHTHlIeCKOMY nOpa>KeHHIO.
CpaBHHTeJIbHO-HCTopHlleCKHH aHaJIH3 arpapHblX nporpaMM Henpo-
JIeTapCKHX, B TOM IIHCJIe H HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX, napTHH ocyw.eCTBHJIa
E. B. I1JIJIepHuKaH. OHa nOKa3aJIa, C KaKHMH nporpaMMaMJi OHH
npHWJIH K <PeBpaJIbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, HX nOJIHTHKY B arpapHOM Bonpo-
ce Me)K.lI.Y q,eBpaJIeM-OKTH6peM 1917 r.; 6aHKpoTcTBO B XO.lI.e n06e.lI.bI
12
COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOUHH H npeBpaw.eHHe B KOHTppeBOJlIOl.lH-
OHHYIO CHJIY B rO.lI.bI rpa)K.lI.aHCKOH BOHHbI.
B 1984 r. B MocKBe no.lI. 06I.UeH pe.lI.aKLlHeH a Ka.lI.eMHKa
H. 11. MHHl.la BbIWJla KOJlJleKTHBHaH 0606111alOw.aH MOHorpa<pHH-
«HenpOJIeTapCKHe napTHH POCCHH. YpOKH HCTOpHH». B HeH Bnep-
Bwe B cOBeTcKoH HCTopHorpaq,HH npe.lI.npHHHTa nonMTKa .lI.aTb Kap-
THHY B03HHKHOBeHHH H pa3BHTI1H HenpOJIeTapCKHx napTHH C Ha-
lJaJIa XX B. .lI.0 HX rH6eJIH B 3MHrpaLlHH. Bo Bce rJlaBbI 3TOH
MOHorpa<pHH BKJIlOlIeHbI pa3.lI.eJIbI 0 HapO.lI.HHlleCKHx napTHHx H HX
jleHTeJIbHOCTH B nepHO.lI. nepBoH 6YP)Kya3Ho- .lI.eMOKpaTHtIeCKOH pe-
BOJIIOUHH, B"rO.lI.bI peaKUHH H nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbI, B 1917 r.
fJIaBHOe BHHMaHHe B 3TOM H3.lI.aHHH Y.lI.eJIHeTCH nOJIHTHlJeCKOH
j1eHTeJIbHOCTH HapO.lI.HHlleCKHx napTHH, I1X 3aKoHoMepHoMY Kpaxy
nOCJIe n06e.lI.bI npOJIeTapCKoH peBOJIIOLlHH. ABTOpbI npaBHJIbHO BbI-
jleJIHIOT B HapO.ltHHlIeCTBe .lI.Be Ba>KHeHllHe TeH.lI.eHl.I.HH - peBOJIIO,-
UHOHHYIO H JIH6epaJIbHYIO, pOJlb KOTOpWX MeHHJlaCb Ha pa3J1HIIHWX
3Tanax HCTOpHH oCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOrO .lI.BH>KeHHH B POCCHH. O.lI.HaKO
pH.lI. flOJIO>KeHHH 3Toro TPY.lI.a BbI3bIBaeT B03pa>KeHHe. HY>K.lI.aeTCH
B cepbe30M 060CHOBaHHH caM TepMHH «HeoHapo.lI.HHlIecTBo», KOTO-
pbIM B. 11. J1eHHH, KaK H3BeCTHO, HHKOr.lI.a He nOJIb30BaJICH npH-
MeHHTeJIbHO K HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBY HallaJIa XX B. BbI3bIBaeT B03pa>Ke-
HHe H onpe.lI.eJIeHHe A. ,[{. Ten HCKHM 3cepOB KaK napTHH peBO-
JIIOl.lHOHHbIX HapO.lI.HHKOB 11 OHO TaK)Ke npOTHBOpe1.JHT JIeHHHCKOH
Ou.eHKe COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOu.HOHepOB, Ha3blBaeMbIX HM «JIeBOHa-
p0.lI.HHKaMH» 12, TOr.lI.a KaK HapO.lI.HHKOB 60-70-x rO.lI.OB B. 11. J1e-
HHH BCer.lI.a CIIHTaJI peBOJIIOUHOHHbIMH HapO.lI.HHKaMH. 11 3TO He CJIY-
lIaHHO, H60 Me>K.lI.Y peBOJIIOLlHOHHbIM HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBOM XIX B. H co-
LlHaJIHCTaMH-peBOJIIOLlHOHepaMH XX B. 6bIJIH cepbe3HbIe OTJIHIIHH,
npOHBJIHBIl1HeCH H B TeopeTHllecKoH .lI.OKTpHHe, H B npaKTHllecKHx
.n.eHcTBHHX. K TOMY >Ke H YCJIOBHH HX .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH 6bIJIH pa3J1HIIHbI-
MH, liTO He06xo.n.HMO YlIHTbIBaTb npH OLleHKe 3THX HBJIeHHH.
YrJIy6JIeHHOe paCCMOTpeHHe napTHH 3cepOB KaK H.lI.eOJIOrOB
H nOJltfTHKOB KpeCTbHHCKOH .lI.eM<)KpaTHH A. ,Lt. CTenaHCKHH nOJ1.MeHH-
eT BeCbMa XJIeCTKOH H MaJIOCO.lI.ep>KaTeJlbHOH <ppa30H, OTHOCHllleHCH
K napTHH 3cepOB. OH YBH.lI.eJI B 3cepax JIHIl1b «3nHrOHCKYIO nonbITKY
B03pO.lI.HTb opraHH3aLlHOHHbIe <POpMbI "HapO.lI.HOH BOJIH" B .lI.PyrHx
HCTopHlleCKHX YCJIOBHHX». B pa3.lI.eJIaX 0 HapO.lI.HHlleCKHX napTHHX,
HanHcaHHbIX B. H. rHHeBbIM (r JI. 2-4), Y.lI.eJIeHO 60JIbWOe BHHMa HHe
aHaJIH3Y H.lI.eHHOH nJIaT<popMbI, nporpaMMHbIx .lI.OKYMeHToB 3THX nap-
THH. Ha OCHOBaHHH HX aHaJIH3a aBTop C.lI.eJIaJI y6e.lI.HTeJIbHbIH BbIBO.lI.
o TOM, liTO 3cepOBCKHH COUHaJIH3M HBHJICH «JIHIl1b nO.lI.HOBJIeHHbIM
BapHaHTOM CTapOH HapO.lI.HHlIeCKOH YTonHH, pa3HOBH.lI.HOCTblO MeJIKO-
6YP>Kya3Horo KoonepaTHBHoro COLlHaJIH3Ma, nponOBeJ1.0BaBllerOCH
B XIX-HallaJIe XX B 8 pa3HbIX CTpaHax» 13.
OCBew.aH paCKOJI na pTHH 3cepOB B rO.lI.bl nepBOH PYCCKOH peBOJIIO-
L1.HH, rHHeB nOnbITaJICH nOKa3aTb pa3JIHlIHH Me>K.lI.Y 3cepaMH, 3HecaMH,
MaKCHMaJIHCTaMH, onpe.lI.eJIHTb HX COl.lHaJIbHYIO OCHOBY, liTO HMeeT
Ba}KHOe 3Ha4eHHe .lI.JIH HCCJ]e.lI.OBaHHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XX B. Hero
COLI.HaJlbHOH 6a3bl.
1
Pacna.lI. Ha pO.lI.HH4eCKHX na PTHH B rO.lI.bl pea KUHH rHHeB CBH3blBaeT
He TOJIbKO C OTpbIBOM OT MaCCOBoro KpeCTbHHCKoro .lI.BH)KeHHH, HO
H rJIy60KHM KpH3HCOM COl.lHOJ]orHlJeCKOH KOHl.lenl.lHH HapO.lI.HHKOB
(B Ol.leHKe 06W.HHbI, TPY.lI.OBOrO X03HHCTBa, nepcneKTHB 00pb6bI 3a
peBOJ] IOUH 10) 14.
Cnel.lHanbHWH pa3.lI.eJI HapOAHHlIeCTBY nOCBHTHn O. B. BOJI06yeB
B pa60Te «11.lI.eHHo-TeopeTHlJeCKaH 60pb6a no BonpocaM HCTOpHH
peBoJ]I01.1HH 1905-1907 rr.» OH pacKpbIn OTHoweHHe pa3J]HIIHbIX
TelleHHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa K nepBoH 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH pe-
BOnlOl.lHH B POCCHH, HX Hecnoc06HoCTb OCMbIcnHTb ee 3a.lI.a4H, xa-
paKTep, .lI.BH)KYllI.He CHJ]bI Ii HTorH oopb6bl. Ho C pH.lI.OM YTBep)K.lI.eHHI1
aBTopa TPY.lI.HO COrJIaCHTbCH. TaK, OH nHweT: «HapO.lI.HHlJeCKaH H.lI.eO-
norHH B POCCHH Ha Py6e>Ke XIX-XX BB. CMOrJIa BbI)KHTb H coxpa-
HHTb KaKHe-TO n03Hl.lHH B peBoJ]IOUHOHHOM .lI.BH>KeHHH TOJ]bKO 6J]aro-
.lI.apH CBoeH nepecTpoHKe H MO.lI.epHH3aUHH». CoxpaHeHHe HapO.lI.HH4e-
CTBa Hero nonYJIHpHOCTH 06'bHCHHeTCH He «MO.lI.epHH3al..lHeH»,
a peanbHOH COUHaJ]bHOH 6a30H, KOTOpylO HapO.lI.AHHeCTBO HMeno
B POCCH B nHl..le KpeCTbHHCTBa, HHTepeCbl H H.lI.eanbl KOToporo OHO
OTpa)Kano. 06HOBneHHe He Hrpano pewalOweH ponH, H60 HOBal.lHH
6bInH He HaCTonbKO 3HaIlHTenbHbIMH, IITo6bI B KopHe H3MeHHTb H.lI.eH
HO-TeopeTHlleCKHe OCHOBbI 3Toro TelleHHH. Ero CYllI.HOCTb OCTaBaJ]aCb
Ta )Ke, lJTO H B XIX B., Ha 3TO HeO.lI.HOKpaTHO YKa3bIBan B. H. J1eHHH,
aHaJ]H3HpOBaBwHH H.lI.eHHO-TeopeTH4eCKHe OCHOBbI HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa
XX B.
Cne.lI.yeT OTMeTHTb H .lI.Pyroe 06CTOHTeJ]bCTBO, He YlJHTWBaeMoe
aBTopOM npH oCBew.eHHH np06JIeMbi. 3TO YCHJIeHHe 3J]eMeHTOB pe-
q,opMH3Ma Y 3cepOB, OTKa3 QT peBOJIIOUHH nocJ]e nOpa)KeHHH' peBOJ]10-
UHH 1905-1907 rr. 50H3Hb MaCCOBbIX BblcTynJIeHHH, CBH.lI.eTenHMH I
KOTOpblX OHH CTaJ]H, B03MO)KHOCTH pa.lI.HKanbHblx peBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIX
nepeMeH - Bee 3TO 3aCTaBJIHJIO 3cepOB nepeXO.lI.HTb Ha YMepeHHbIe
n03HLlHH, .lI.OKa3bIBaTb BCJIe.lI. 3a 3HecaMH, lJTO MHpHbIH nYTb pa3BHTHH,
pe<popMbl - caMbIH npHeMJIeMbIH H )KeJIaTeJIbHblH .lI.nH POCCHH H ee
HapO.lI.a, He cnoc06Horo HK06bI K BblCOKOH CTeneHH opraHH3aUHH.
TpY.lI.HO COrJIaCHTbCH C ynpeKoM aBTopa B a.lI.pec TeopeTHKoB
HapO.lI.HHlleCKoro .lI.BH>KeHHH B TOM, lJTO «HH O.lI.HO nOJIHTHlJeCKOe Te4e-
HHe BHYTPH HeOHapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa He MOrJIO npaBHJIbHO oueHHTb Te
HCTopHlleCKHe nepcneKTHBbI, .KOTopble OTKpbIJIa nepe.lI. POCCHeR peBO-
JIIOLlHH 1905-1907 rr. - reHepaJIbHaH peneTHLlHH KaK BTOpOH 6YR-
>Kya3HO-.lI. eMOK paTHlIecKoH peBOnlOl.lHH, TaK H BenHKoro OKTH6pH» 5.
TaKOH BWBO.lI. HapO.lI.HHKH npH BceM )KenaHHH He MOrJIH C.lI.eJIaTb AO
1917 r., H60 OH CTan B03MO>KHbIM TOJIbKO B pe3YJIbTaTe, n06eAbI OK-
TH6pH, a 8BTOp paccMaTpHBaeT JIHTepaTYPY BbIlleAwylO BCKope no-
CJIe 1905-1907 rr., T. e. .ao 1917 r. 3.lI.eCb cKopee, YMecTeH BbIBO.lI.
.lI.pyroro cO)lep.>KaHHH: 0 Hecnoc06HoCTH HapO.lI.HHKOB BepHo Ol.leIiHTb
.lI.a)Ke 6yp*ya3HO-,lI.eMOKpaTHllecKYIO peBonlOLlHIO, T. e. TY peBonlO-
IJ.HIO,3a no6eJlY KOTOpOH OHH 06'beKTHBHo 60pOJIHCb KaK MeJIKooYP)KY-
a3Hbie JI.eMOKpaTbl H COLlHanHCTbI.
Onpe.lI.eJIeHHOe 3Ha lIeHHe .lI.J]H H3Y4eHHH H36pa HHOH TeMbI HMelOT
TPY.llbl COBeTCKHX QJHJ]OCO<POB H 3KOHOMHCTOB, nOCBHweHHbIe KpHTHlJe..
14
CI<OMY a HaJIH3Y TeOpeTHlJeCKHX Ha po...1HH4eCKHX B033peHHH. Tal(, B 06-
WHpHOH KOJlJIeKTHBHoH MOHorpaQJHH 0 COIlHOJIOrl14eCKOH MblCJIH B Poc-
CHH B nocJIe.lI.He i TpCTI1 X IX-HalJaJIa XX B. 06pa lJJ.aeT Ha ce6H BI-HI-
MaHI1C CneltHaJlbHO BbllteJIeHHhl 1 pa3.lI.e.n, xapaKTcpH3YlOluHi1 OCHOB-
Hble 3Tanbl HlteHHOH BOJIIOlLHH HapO,llHHlJeCTBa 16. Ero aBTOp
VI. r. JlHOpCHIH:'BHl{ )J,aeT onpe,lle.neHl1e HapO.lI.HI14eCTSa, xapaKTepH3Y-
eT era COCTaB, COUHaJIbHYIO 6a3)'. KOHKpeTHblM MaTepHaJIOM HJI-
JIIO<;TpHpyeTC5I MblCJIb B. 11. JleHHHa, KOTOpOH HCTOpHKH He Y.lI.eJI5IIOT
BHHMaHH5I, 06 «OC060H MaHepe MbIWJIeHHH», CBoHcTBeHHoH HapO.lI.HH-
KaM 17. ABTOp BHltHT ee B YTOfIH3Me H HJIJII03H5IX, 3aMeH5IBlllHX HM
HaY4HbIH aHaJIH3 18. K HapO.lI.HH4eCKOH MaHepe MblWJIeHHH aBTOp
OTHOCHT 11 cy6'beKTHBH3M, a6CTpaKTHbIH, BHeHCTOpHlJeCKHH B3rJI5Ilt Ha
HBJIeHHH H C06bITHH, HeYMeHHe YBH.lI.eTb BHYTpeHHlO1O npOTHBOpelJH-
BOCTb COUHaJIbHOH )KH3HH. llYMaeTc5I, liTO cy6'beKTHBH3M, KOTOpbIH
B WHpOKOM CMblCJIe BKJIlOlJaeT TeopHIO H MeTO.lI. H3Y4eHH5I HBJIeHHH,
npHHa,lJ.JI )KHT K OCHOBaM HapO.lI.HHlleCKoro MHpOB033peHHH H .lI.eTep-
MHHHpOBaH COl..lHaJIbHOH npHpo.n.OH 3Toro H,lJ.eHHOrO TeqeHHH, a He
MaHepOH MbIWJIeHHH ero H.lI.eOJIOrOB. C 3THM )Ke nOHHMaHHeM CBH3aHO,
Ha Haw B3rJ1H.lI., H .n.pyroe YTBep)l(.lI.eHHe aBTopa, Bbl3blBalOllI.ee B03-
pa)KeHHe. «B COl.lHOJIOrHH HapO.lI.HH4eCTBa, - nHweT JlHopeHl.le-
BHlJ, - CYllieCTBOBaJIH pa3JII1lJHbIe Ha npa BJIeHHH, 4TO 6blJIO CBH3aHO
npe)K.lI.e Bcero C pa3JIHlIHblMH nOJIHTH4eCKHMH B3rJIH.lI.aMH HapO.lI.HH-
KOB». llaJIee aBTOp npaBHJIbHO OTMelJaeT, lJTO C MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBe-
HH5I B HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBe HMeJIHCb ltBe TeH.lI.eHl.lHH - peBOJIIOl.lHOHHaH
H JIH6epaJIbHaH 19. nOJIYlJaeTCH, lJTO 3TH .lI.Ba HanpaBJIeHHH (OHH
HMeJIH MeCTO H B TeopHH, H B nOJIHTHKe) BbI3BaHbI K )KH3HI1 pa3JIH4Hbl-
MH nOJIHTHlJeCKHMH B3rJIH.lI.aMH. ABTOp, Ha Haw B3rJIH.lI., .lI.OnYCKaeT
OWH6KY, COBepwaH 110.lI.MeHY COl.lHaJIbHOrO 06'bHCHeHHH H.lI.eOJIOrHlJe-
CKHM, 4TO, KCTaTH CKa3aTb, Hepe.lI.KO BCTpelJaeTCH B JIHTepaType 0 Ha-
pO.lI.HH4eCTBe. CYllieCTBOBaHHe pa3JIHlIHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH B HapO.lI.HH-
4eCTBe CBH3aHO npe)K.lI.e Bcero C ero COl.lHaJIbHOH npHpO.lI.OH - He-
O.lI.HOpO.lI.HOCTblO H MHOrOCJIOHHOClblO KJIaCCa MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH,
pa3JIHlIHbIe CJIOH KOTOpOH no-pa3HOMY BJIHHIOT Ha H.lI.eOJIOrOB, OTpa-
)KalOlll.HX HX HHTepeCbI H YCTpeMJIeHHH.
Pa3BHTHe HapO.lI.HH4eCKOH COl.lHOJIOrHlleCKOH MblCJIH B TeCHOH CBH-
3H C 3BOJIIOl.lHeH Bcero HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa aBTOp .lI.eJIHT Ha pH.lI. 3TanOB: 1)
C KOHl.la 60-x rO.lI.OB H .lI.0 HalJaJIa 80-x - BpeMH, KOr.lI.a «roCnO.lI.CTBYIO-
w.eH JIHHHeH pa3BHTHH B HapO.lI.HH4eCTBe 6wJIO peBOJIIOUHOHHoe Ha-
npaBJIeHHe»; 2) C CepellHHbl 80-x rO.lI.OB, KOr.lI.a «peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOe
HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBo HC4epnaJIO ce6H H onpe.lI.eJIHlOllI.ee MeCTO CTaJla 3aHH-
MaTh JIH6epaJIbHaH opHeHTal.lHH, KOTopaH .lI.0 3Toro He HrpaJIa 3a-
MeTHOH POJIH». Kor.lI.a Ha nOJIHTHlleCKOH apeHe BblcTynHJI npOJIeTapH-
aT, JlH6epaJIbHOe HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO CTaJIO Bee OTlJeTJIHBee npH06peTaTb
peaKl.lH01{H,bIe lIepTbl; 3) C KOHua 90-x rO.lI.OB «npeeMHHKaMH HapO.lI.HH-
lIeCKHX HJI.eH CTaJIH COl.lHaJIHCTbl-peBOJIIOl.lHOHepbl, O<POpMHBlllHecH
f 1902 r. B caMoCTOHTeJIbHylO napTHIO» 20. C 3THMH 3TanaMH 380JlIO-
QHH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa aBTOp CBH3WBaeT pa3BHTHe COUHO OrMqeCKOH
MbICJIH, KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH npe.lI.MeTOM ero aHaJIH3a. XOTH B ueJlOM 3Ta
nepHO.lI.H3aUHH npHHHTa B COBeTCKOH HaYKe, pa3JIHlJHbIe aBTopbI no-
15
pa3HOMY 06'bHCHHIOT HnH COBceM He 06'bHCHHIOT npHIIHHW CMeHW
O.lI.HOro 3Ta na .llpyrH M (ll.HCKYCCHH no 3TOMY Bonpocy He BXO.lI.HT B Ha-
wy 3a.llaIlY), TeM He MeHee XOTenOCb 6bI OTMeTHTb, 4TO npHMeHHTeJIb-
HO K nOCJIe.llHeMY 3Tany OHa CTpa.llaeT cepbe3HblMH H3'bHHaMH, CBtS1-
3aHHbIMH, nO-BH.lI.HMOMY, co CJIa60H pa3pa6oTKOH HCTOpHH HapO.lI.f1H-
4eCTBa XX B. npOLlecc pa3BHTHH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa B POCCHH
H306pa)KaeTCH TaK, CJIOBHO ero HeT KaK TelleHHH, a e.lI.HHCTBeHHbIH
npeeMHHK - napTHH COLlHaJIHCTOB-peBonIOLlHOHepOB. Tor.lI.a KaK B pe-
aJIbHOM HCTopHlleCKOM npOLlecce XX B. HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO 6bIJIO BeCbMa
3aMeTHbIM HBJIeHHeM H B H.lI.eHHOH H B nonHTHlleCKOH >KH3HH CTpaHbI,
r.lI.e OHO BbIcTynaJIO B BH.lle pH.lla nOJIHTHlleCKHX opraHH3aLlHH (3HeCOB,
JIeBbIX 3cepOB, 3cepOB-MaKCHManHCTOB H .lI.p.).
Onpe.lI.eJIeHHaH MO.lI.epHH3aLlHH, 06HOBn HHe HapO.lI.HHlleCKOH .lI.0-
KTpHHbI He 03HallaJIO KopeHHoro H3MeHeHHH ee OCHOB - HH COLlHaJIb-
HbIX, HH H.lI.eHHO-nOJIHTHllecKHx. A rnaBHaH TpaHc<popMaUHH HapO.lI.HH-
lIeCTBa B XX B. B CHJIY o60cTpeHHH H YCJIO)KHeHHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI
npOHBHJIaCb B HapO.lI.HHlleCKHX napTHHX, B03HHKllHX B 3TO BpeMH.
He.lI.OOLleHKa 3Toro 06CTOHTenbCTBa npHBeJIa aBTopa K TOMY, liTO
u
HapO.lI.HHlleCKaH COLlHonorHH aHaJIH3HpyeTcH -B 3TOH rJIaBe TOJIbKO Ha
MaTepHane H.lI.eOJIOrOB XIX B., a TeopeTHKH, pa60TaBllHe B XX B.,
JIHlllb ynoMHHalOTcH (B. M. lIepHoB, M. P. fOLl, Jl. 3. lliHlllKO).
TaKoH no.lI.XO.lI. npHBeJI K TOMY, liTO H B3rJIH.lI.bI 3cepa n. A. CopOKHHa
paCCMaTpHBalOTCH B pa3.lI.ene 0 Heon03HTHBH3Me, a 0 TaKHX TeopeTH-
Kax, KaK A. KOMOB, A. nellleXOHOB, B.- MHKOTHH, Bo06w.e He rOBopHT-
CH. Bcne.lI.cTBHe 3Toro HapO.lI.HHlleCKaH COLlHOJIOrHlleCKaH .lI.OKTpHHa
XX B. paCKpbITa B KHHre He nOJlHO, He nOKa3aHO ee peaJlbHOe MeCTO
B H.lI.eHHOH >KH3HH POCCHH HallaJla XX B.
PaCCMOTpeHHe CTeneHH pa3paOOTKH H.lI.eHHOH 3BOJllOLlHH HapO.lI.HH-
lIeCTBa XX B. B COBeTCKOH HCTopHorpaQ>HH yoe>K.lI.aeT Hac, Bo-nepBbIX,
B CJla60H H3YlleHHocTH 3TOH TeMbI KaK B LleJIOM, TaK H B ee Ba>KHeH-
lllHX acneKTax; BO-BTOPbIX, B oCBew.eHHH JIHlllb ee OT.lI.eJIbHbIX CTOpOH
H BonpocoB 6e3 .llOCTaT04HOH rJIy6HHbi H 060CHoBaHHoCTH; B-TpeTbHx,
B HaJIHIIHH 01lH60K H HeTOIlHOCTeH, nepepacTalOw.Hx nopoH B HCKa>Ke-
HHe HCTOpHH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa XX B. Hero peaJlbHOrO MeCTa B H.lI.eHHOH
oopb6e HaKaHYHe 1917 r.
I JleHuH B. H. nOJlH. co6p. COq. T. 7. C. 385.
2 CM.: 3HUHKJI. CJlOBapb / 6pOKraY3 H E4>POH. Cn6. t 1897 T. 40. C. 586.
3 60JlbWaH COBeTCKaH 3HUHKJIOneJ!HH. M.t 1939. T. 41. CT. HapOJ!HHqeCTBO. C. 181,
182.
4 COBeTCKaH HCTOpHqeCKaH 3HUHKJIOneJ!HH. M., 1966. T. 9. C. 922, 930.
5 CM.: 6C3. M., 1974. T. 17. C. 265; 3KOHOMHqeCKaH 3HUHKJlOneJ!HH. M.. 1979.
T. 3. C. 22-25; <l>HJlOCO<l>CKHH 3HUHKJlOneJ!H-IIeCKHH CJlOBapb. M.t 1983. C.
397.
6 CM.: JlYHa'tapCKUU A. B. 6b1BWHe JllOltH: <:)qepK HCTOpHH napTHH 3cepOB. M.t 1922;
Mew,epJl.IWB B. napTHH COUHaJlHCTOB.-peSOJIIOUHOHepoB. M.t 1922. If. 1-2; flonoB
H. H. MeJlKo6YP>Kya3Hble aHTHCOBeTCKHe napTHH. M., 1924; RpocAaBcKuu E. TpeTbH
CHJla. M't 1932; H J!p.
7 MaAaXOBCKUU BA. Ha J!Ba 4>poHTa: (K oueHKe HapOJ!OBOJlbqeCTBa). M., 1931.
C. 16-17.
8 TaM >Ke. C. lOt lit 47-49 t 50-53.
16
9 CM.: ryceB K. Kpax napTHH J1eBb[X 3CepOB. M., 1963; OH 'JICe. OapTHH 3cepoB: OT
MeJlK06ypmya3Horo peB0J1IOl1.H()HapH3Ma K KOHTppeBOJ1IOl1.HH. M., 1975; EpoljJeeB
H. p.. HapO.LI.HbIe COl1.HaJ1HCTb[ 8 nepBOH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOl1.HH. M., 1979; )/(YKOB
A. CPo H.LI.eHHO-nOJ1HTHlIeCKHH Kpax 3cepoBcKoro MaKCHMaJIH3Ma. Jl., 1979; H .LI.p.
10 CM.: rUHeB B. H. ArpapHbIH Bonpoc H MeJ1K06ypmya3Hb[e napTHH B POCCHH
B 1917 r.: K HCTOpHH 6aHKpoTcTBa HeOHapO.LI.HHlIecTBa. Jl., 1977; HllllepUIJ,KaR
E. B. ArpapHbIH Bonpoc: OpOBaJ1 arpapHblx nporpaMM H nOJ1HTHKH HenpOJIeTapCKHx
napTHH B POCCHH. ., 1981.
11 CM.: HenpOJ1eTapCKHe napTHH POCCHH: YpOKH HCTOpHH. M., 1984. C. 27-28, 73,
170 H .LI.p.
12 JleHuH B. H. nOJ1H. co6p. COli. T. 22. C. 304-305.
13 HenpOJIeTa pCKHe na pTHH POCCHH. C. 33, 71.
14 TaM me. C. 76-77, 164, 167.
15 BO/lo6yeB O. B. H.LI.eHHO-TeOpeTHQeCKaH 60pb6a no BonpocaM HCTOpHH peBOJ1IOl1.HH
1905-1907 rr. M., 1984. C. 75, 100.
16 CM.: COl1.H0J10rHQeCKaH MbICJIb 8 POCCHH: OllepKH HCTOpHH HeMapKCHCTCKOH CO-
l1.HOJIOrHH nOCJIe.LI.HeH TpeTH XIX-HaQaJ1a XX B. JI., 1979.
17 CM.: .neHUH B. H. nOJ1H. co6p. COQ. T. 2. C. 539.
18 COl1.HOJIOrHlIeCKaH MblCJ1b B POCCHH. C. 108.
19 TaM me. C. 109.
20 TaM me.
2 r. It A.rIeKceeBa
rJ1aBa HTOpaH
MAPKC 1CTCKO-fnEHHHCKA5I KOf-ILI,EfIUI15I
11APO,LtHI1YEC rBA
;::
H a Bcex 3Tanax peBOJ1IOUHO H HO H 60pbObI HLle0J10rp npOJIeTapHaT3
YJI.eJIH.7IH npHCTa.JlbHOe BHHMaHHe BonpocaM HCTOpHH, TeopHH
H npaK1HKH KJIaCCOHOH 60pb6bI. ()HH H3Y'IaJIH Bee KJIaCCbI H If X
JIOJIHTH4eCKI1e opraHH3alU1H, L eHCTBOBaBWHe HCJ peBOJ1101lHOHHOfI ape-
He, HX YlJaCTHe B Onn03Hl..lHOHHOM, OCBo60.LI.HTeJIbHOM H peBOJIlOllHOH-
HOM ,UBH:iKeHHH Hcex CTpa H, BKJIJ04a H 'Ii POCCHIO. Tn KOH nOJ1xo,Ll 6bIJl
06yc.TIOBJIeH pH.lI.OM npH4HH. CpeJU1 HHX CJleJJ.yeT Ha3BaTb nOHHMaHHe
He06xoJ1I1MOCTH KpHTH4ecKoro OCMbICJH HH51 HCTOpHlJeCKOrO onblTa
60pb6bl npOWJlbIX nOKOJIeHHH .lI.JIH Bblpa60TKH HaY4Ho OOOCHOBC:1HHOH
TeopHH, cTpaTerHH H Ta KTHKH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI npuJIeT3 pH3Ta. 3TO
n03BOJIHJIO H.lI.eOnoraM npOJIeTapHaTa 06 eKTHBHo oueHHBaTb npo-
THBHHKOB, nonYT4HKoB, COI03HHKOB, Bblpa6aTbIBaTb qeTKYJO KJIaCCO-
BYIO JIHHHIO Ha Bcex 3Tanax 60pb6bI H B pa3JIH4HblX CHTyallHHX, pe--
aJIbHO Ol..leHI1BaTb B03MO)J(HOCTb 3aKJII04eHHH COI030B, BpeMeHHblx
COrJIalUeHHH H KOMnpoMHccOB C lleJIblO 06eCnelJeHHH ycnexa B TPY.lI.-
HOH 60pb6e B YCJIOBHHX POCCHH HallaJIa XX B.
He06xo.lI.HMO YlJHTbIBaTb H TaKoe HeMaJIOBa:iKHOe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO,
KaK aKTHBHoe npoTHB060pCTBO pacnpocTpaHeHHIO H ynp04eHHIO B pa-
60lJeM .lI.BH)KeHI1I1 COllHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH H.lI.eOJIOrHH co CTOpOHbl TeopeTH-
KOB H JII1.lI.epOB 6YP:iKya3HH H MeJlKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, BKJIlOllaH H Ha-
pO.lI.HHlJeCTBO. 3TH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa Tpe60BaJIH OT H.lI.eOJI0rOB H nOJIH-
THKOB pa60lJero KJIaCCa 3<p<peKTHBHoro H nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOrO Ha-
cTynJIeHHH Ha n03Hl..lHH Bpa:iK.lI.e6HbIX Henpo.neTapCKHx H.lI.eHHbIx
H rIOJIHTHLJeCI<HX TeLleHHH, 06'bHCHeHHH HX COllHaJIbHOH CYlll.HOCTH
H OrpaHHlJeHHOCTH, ou.eHKH HX peaJIbHOH pOJIH B 60pb6e KJIaCCOB
H nepCneKTI1B pa3BHTHH. Bce 3TO 06YCJIOBHJIO npHCTaJIbHOe BHHMaHHe
H.lI.eOJIOrOB npo eTapHaTa K TaKOMY HBJIeHHIO, KaK HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO
POCCHH. OlIO HBJIHJIOCb TeopeTH4eCKOH nJIaT<popMOH H npaKTHKOH
peBOJIIOl..lHOHepOB, npHHa.lI.JIe)KaBWHX, no onpe.aeJIeHHIO B. 11. J1eHHHa,
KO BTOPOMY 3Tany pYCCKoro OCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOrO .lI.BH)KeHH'51 B POCCHH I.
OCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOe .lI.BH)KeHHe B POCCHH K, MapKC H <1>. 3HreJIbC
paCCMaTpHBaJIH KaK peaJIbHYIO CH.ny, cnoc06HYlO npOTHBOCTOHTb ca-
MO.lI.ep)KaBHIO H peaKllHH, KaK B03MO)KHOrO COlO3HHKa eBponeHCKoro
npOJIeTapHaTa B 60pb6e 3a n06e.lI.Y .lI.eMOKpaTHH H COllHaJIH3Ma.
B CTaTbe «3MHrpa HTCKaH JIHTepaTypa» (1874-1875) <1>. 3HreJIbC
nHCaJl, liTO «60JIbWe Bcero nOJIb3bI OT KPHTHKH CO CTOpOHbI 3ana.lI.a, OT
B3aHMHoro Me)K.lI.YHapO.lI.HOrO B03.lJ.eHCTBHH pa3J1HlJHblX 3ana.lI.HOeBpO-
neHcKHx .lI.BH>KeHHH Ha pyccKoe H 06paTHO, OT ocyw.ecTBJlHlOllI.erOCH,
HaKOHel.l, CJIHHHHH pyccKoro .lI.BH)KeHHfI C 06w.eeBponeHCKHM H3BJleKYT
caMH PYCCKHe» 2.
18
B nO.llXO.lI.e K. MapKCa H <1>. 3HreJIbCa K PYCCKOMY peBOJIIOL.lHOHHQ-
MY .llBH>KeHHIO OpraHHlleCKH COlleTaJIaCb aKTHBHaH nO.lI..lI.ep)KKa Bcero
HCTHHHO nepe.lI.OBorO, peBOJIIOUHOHHOrO C 6eCnOllia.lI.HOH KpHTHKOH
YTOnHlJeCKOrO, peaKUHOHHOrO H BYJIbrapHOrO, MewaBwero ynpolleHHIO
HaYlJHOH TeOpHH H Bblpa60TI<e nO.lI.JIHHHO peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOH npOrpaMMbl
60pb6bI.
K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJIbC C 60JIbWHM YBa)KeHHeM OTHOCHJIHCb
K .lleHTeJIbHOCTH H. f. 4epHblIlJeBCKOrO, BblCOKO l..leHHJIH npaB.lI.HBOe
OCBemeHHe nOpe<pOpMeHHOH pOCCHHCKOH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H. <l>JIe-
pOBCKHM (B. B. BepBH), PCBOJIIOUHOHHblH repoH3M, caMOOTBep)KeH-
HOCTb, BepHocTb peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOMY .lI.oJIry 3eMJIeBOJIbl.leB, pelllHMocTb
PYCCKHX peBOJIIOl.lHOHepOB 60pOTbCH C CaMO.lI.ep)KaBHeM .lI.O nOJIHOH
n06e.lI.bl 3.
5Y.lI.YIIH 6e33aBeTHO npe.lI.aHHblMH .lI.eJIY MHpOBOH peBOJIIOl.lHH,
K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJIbC BH.lI.eJIH B JIYlJWeti 4aCTH PYCCKHX peBOJIIOUHO-
HepOB 6eCKOpbICTHe, 6eCKOMnpOMHCCHOCTb, CaMOOTBep)KeHHOCTb.
B nHCbMe K M. K. rOp6YHOBOH <1>. 3HreJIbC fIHCaJI B 1880 r. 0 POCCHH,
KOTopaH «HaXO.lI.HTCH HaKaHYHe BceMHpHo-HcTopH4ecKoro KpH3Hca
H KOTopaH C03.lI.aJIa peBOJIIOl.lHOHHYIO napTHIO, 06JIaJlalOll!YIO HeCJIbl-
xaHHoH cnoc06HoCTblO K CaMOnO)KepTBOBaHHIO H 3HeprHeH}) 4. BMeCTe
C TeM OHH peLIIHTeJIbHO OTBepraJIH BCe nCeB.lI.OpeBOJIJOl.lHOHHOe, He-
HaY4HOe, HMeBWee MeCTO B TeOpeTHlleCKOH .lI.OKTpHHe H npaKTHlJeCKHX
.lI.eHCTBHHX KpynHeHwHX TeOpeTHKOB HapO.lI.HH4eCTBa - n. Jl. JlaBpo-
Ba, M. A. 5aKYHHHa, 11. H. TKa4eBa. OHH nOCTOHHHO KpHTHKOBaJIH
H pa306JIalJaJIH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb HX <PHJIOCOcpCKHX n03Hil.HH, 3KJIeK-
THKY, nYTaHHl.lY, nO.lI.MeHY cepbe3HoH peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOH TeopHH <ppa3ep-
CTBOM, CXOJIaCTHKOH, He HMelOw.eH HHlJerO 06ll1.ero C HaYIlHOH peBOJIIO-
l..lHOHHOH TeopHeH 5.
80 rJIaBY yrJIa OHH CTaBHJIH KpHTHlJeCKHH aHaJIH3 B3rJIH.lI.OB Ha-
pO.lI.HHKOB no TaKHM npHHl.lHnHaJIbHbIM BonpocaM, KaK pa3BHTHe KanH-
TaJIH3Ma B POCCHH, nepcneKTHBbl 3BOJIIOl.lHH PYCCKOH 06W.HHbl B npo-
l.lecce nepexo.lI.a OT KanHTaJIH3Ma K COl.lHaJIH3MY, Bonpocw TeopHH
COl.lHaJIbHOH H nOJIHTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOLlHH, HX npe.lI.nOCbIJIKH, pOJIb
KJIaCCOB H peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIX opraHH3al.lHH B 60pb6e 3a n06e.lI.Y co-
Il.HaJIHCTHllecKoH peBOJIIOl.lHH, BHeKJIaCCOBaH TeopHH rocY.lI.apCTBa, pe-
walOUlaH pOJIb npOJIeTapHaTa KaK KJIaCCa H rJIaBHOH CHJIbl B 60pb6e
npoTHB yrHeTeHHH. KpHTHlJeCKHH aHaJIH3 B033peHHH PYCCKHX HapO.lI.-
HHKOB OCHOBblBaJICH MapKcoM H 3HreJIbCOM Ha 06'beKTHBHOM
H BcecTopoHHeM nO.lI.XO.lI.e K OLleHKe Bcero cO.lI.ep)KaHHH, Bcex CTOpOH
reopeTHllecKoH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH HapO.lI.HHKOB, ee peaJIbHOH CBH3H C onpe-
.lI.eJIeHHblMH COl.lHaJIbHbIMH CHJIa MH, 60POBWHMHCH 3a oCB060)K.lI.eHHe
POCCHH OT Hra caMO.llep)KaBHH. B YCJIOBHHX OCTpOH H.lleHHOH 60pb6bI
KOHLla XIX-Ha4aJIa XX B. Ba)KHOe MeTO.lI.OJI9fH4eCKoe 3HalleHHe
HMeJIH oueHKH H.lI.eOJIOraMH npOJIeTapHaTa xapaKTepa COl.lHaJIbHO-
3KOHOMHileCKoro pa3BHTHH POCCHH B Cepe.lI.HHe XIX B.
PaccMaTpHBaH KanHTaJIH3M KaK rJIaBHYIO COUHaJIbHYIO OCHOBY
.lI.JIH nepexo.ll.a qeJIOBelleCTBa K COl.lHaJIH3MY, K. MapKc H <1>. 3HreJIbC
peWHTeJIbHO BwcTynaJiH npOTHB YTonH4ecKoro COl.lHaJIH3Ma PYCCKHX
HapO.lI.HHKOB, nblTaBWHXCH H306pa3HTb 0611iHHY B Ka4eCTBe rJIaRHOH
2*
19
COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHlJeCKOH npe.n.nOCblJlKH COUHaJlH3Ma. l1.n.eoJlorH
npOJleTapHaTa OTBepraJlH H.n.elO HapO.n.HHKOB, YTBep.>K.n.aBWHX, lJTO
HK06bl OTCTaJlOCTb POCCHH, ee arpapHblH CTpOH HBJlHIQTCH npeHMyw.e-
CTBOM POCCHH, 06YCJlOBJlHBalOw.HM ee «OC06bIH nYTb» K COl.lHaJlH3MY.
BMecTe C TeM K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJlbC He OTpHuaJlH B03MO.>KHOCTb
HCnOJlb30BaHHH 06W.HHbI H ee Tpa.n.HUHH B npouecce nepexo.n.a PoaCHH
K COl.lHaJlH3MY. O.n.HaKO 3TOT Te3HC OHH He a6COJlIOTH3HpOBaJlH, KaK
3TO .n.eJlaJl A. 11. fepueH, a BCJle.n. 3a HHM H Hapo.n.HHKH. OTJlHlJHe
TOlJKH 3peHHH K. MapKca H <1>. 3HreJlbCa B oueHKe PYCCKOH 06111HHbl
OT Ha po.n.HHlJeCKOH onpe.n.eJlHJlOCb pH.n.OM lJepT. Bo-nepBblx, OHH BH.n.e-
JlH peaJlH3aUHIO 3TOH B.03MO.>KHOCTH npH O.n.HOM H npeMeHHOM YCJlO-
BHH - B no6e.n.e peBOJlIOUHH B POCCHH H Ha 3ana.n.e, npHlJeM B no6e.n.e
npOJleTapCKOH peBOJlIOUHH. TaK, B }882 r. 3HreJlbC nHCaJl: < ECJlH
pYCCKaH peBOJlIOUHH nOCJlY.>KHT CHrHaJlOM npOJleTapCKOH peBOJlIOUHH
Ha 3ana.n.e, TaK lJTO o6e OHH .n.onOJlHHT .n.Pyr .n.pyra, TO COBpeMeHHaH
pYCCKaH 06w.HHHaH co6CTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJlIO -MO.>KeT HBHTbCH HCXO.n.-
HblM nYHKTOM KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKOrO pa3BHTHH». fepueH .>Ke H Hapo.n.HH-
KH YCMaTpHBaJlH B 06111HHe He cpe.n.CTBO nepexo.n.a K COUHaJlH3MY,
a r JlaBHYIO npe.n.nOCbIJlKY HOBoro 06llJ.eCTBeHHoro CTpOH H 06llJ.HHHbIe
HalJaJla oueHHBaJlH KaK «HCKOHHbIH COUHaJlH3M» PYCCKoro KpeCTbHH-
CTBa. PeWHTeJlbHO OTBepraH 3TH B033peHHH, <1>. 3HreJlbC y6e.n.HTeJlbj-lO
.n.OKa3bIBaJl, lJTO «HHr.n.e H HHKor.n.a arpapHblH KOMMYHH3M, coxpa-
HHBWHHCH OT po.n.OBoro CTpOH, He nopO.>K.n.aJl H3 caMoro ce6H HHlJerO
HHoro, KpOMe co6CTBeHHoro pa3J10.>KeHHH» 6. BO-BTopbIX, K. MapKc
H <1>. 3HreJlbC B OTJlHlJHe OT 60JlbWHHCTBa Hapo.n.HHKOB nOCTOHHHO
aKueHTHpOBaJlH BHHMaHHe Ha xapaKTepe 06llJ.HHbl, no.n.lJepKHBaH, lJTO
ee OCHOBOH HBJlHeTCH He 06w.eCTBeHHoe npOH3Bo.n.CTBO, a ypaBHHTeJlb-
Hoe pacnpe.n.eJleHHe 3eMJlH, ee HH.n.HBH.n.yaJlbHaH o6pa6oTKa H HCnOJlb-
30BaHHe pe3YJlbTaTOB Tpy.n.a. B POCCHH, nHCaJl <1>. 3HreJlbC B 1875 r.,
«3eMJlH nepHo.n.HlJecKH nepe.n.eJlHeTCH Me.>K.n.y OT.n.eJlbHbIMH rJlaBaMH
ceMeH, H Ka.>K.n.bIii o6pa6aTblBaeT CBOH YlJaCTOK .n.JlH ce6H. 3TO C03.n.aeT
B03MO.>KHOCTb OlJeHb 60JlbWOrO HepaBeHcTBa B 6J1a rOCOCTOHHHH OT-
.n.eJlbHbIX lJJleHOB 06llJ.HHbl, H '3TO HepaBeHcTBo .n.eHcTBHTeJlbHO cy-
llJ.eCTByer» 7. B 31:0M 6bIJI HCTOlJHHK ee pacna.n.a B YCJlOBHHX pOCTa
KanHTaJlHCTHlJeCKHX OTIIOlueHHH nocJle OTMeHbI KpenOCTHoro npaBa,
lJero He XOTeJlH BH.n.eTb Hapo.n.HHKH, OTpHuaH Ha..nHlJHe KanHTaJlH3Ma
B 3KOHOMHKe POCCHH Hero BJlHHHHe Ha pa3J10.>KeHHe 06llJ.HHHbIX OTHO-
weHHH. TllJ.aTeJlbHO H3YlJaH MaTepHaJlbI, cpaBHHBaH H conOCTaBJlHH
CBe.n.eHHH pa3J1HlJHbIX HCTOlJHHKOB,-K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJlbC nOCTOHHHO
3aHHMaJlHCb pa3pa6oTKOH 3Toro Bonpoca, oco6eHHO HHTepeCYHCb
TeMH npoueccaMH, KOTopble nOJIYlJaJlH pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B arpapHOM
CTpoe, B 06llJ.HHe.
B 1880 r. B nHCbMe K M. K. fop6YHOBOH <1>. 3HreJlbC OTMelJaJ]:
«BawH C006llJ.eHHH 0 HalJHHalOllJ.eMCH pacna.n.e 06W.HHbI H apTeJleH
no.n.TBep>K.n.aIOT CBe.n.eHHH, .n.owe.n.WHe K HaM H3 .n.pyrHx HCTOlJHHKOB» 8.
B 1889-1890 rr. <1>. 3HreJlbC C y6e.>K.n.eHHocTblO OTMelJaJ], lJTO
pYCCKaH KpeCTbHHCKaH 06w.HHa «no.n.opBaHa B KopHe», lJTO H.lI.eT
npOl.leCC «pacna.n.a», «pa3J]O)KeHHH» CTapOKOMMYHHCTHlJeCKOH KpeCTb-
H H C K 0 H 0 ow. H H bl 9.
20
K. MapKc H <1>. 3HreJlbC KaTerOpHlJeCKH B03pa>KaJlH npOTHB npH-
MeHHBWerOCH HapO HHKaMH npOTHBOnOCTaBJleHHH 3ana HOeBpOneH-
cKOMY KanHTaJlH3MY C ero aHTarOHHCTHlJeCKHMH npOTHBOpelJHHMH
POCCHH C ee cneUH<pHlJeCKHMH oc06eHHOCTHMH C 06W.HHHbIM HalJaJlOM,
«HCKOHHbIM COUHaJlH3MOM» KpeCTbHHCTBa. HeCMOTpH Ha TO lJTO B POC-
CMH 06WHHHaH c06CTBeHHOCTb Y>Ke aBHO npowJla BpeMH CBoero
aCUBeTa, nHCaJl <1>. 3HreJlbC B 1875 r., «TeM He MeHee 6eccnopHO
YUJ.eCTByeT B03MO)f{HOCTb nepeBeCTH ny 06meCTBeHHYlO <POPMY B BbI-
CWYIO, eCJlH TOJ1bKO OHa coxpaHHTCH O Tex nop, nOKa C03pelOT YCJlO-
BMH .lI.JlH 3Toro, H eCJlH OHa OKa>KeTCH cnoc06HOH K pa3BHTHIO B TOM
CMbICJle, lJTO KpeCTbHHe CTaHYT 06pa6aTbIBaTb 3eMJlIO Y>Ke He pa3-
10
.LleJlbHO, a COBMeCTHO» .
,llJ1H K. MapKca H <1>. 3HreJlbca 06w.HHa HBJlHJlaCb npe nOCbIJlKOH
M cpe CTBOM J.lJlH C03.lI.aHHH HOBoro arpapHoro CTpOH COUHaJlHCTHlJe-
CKoro THna; JlH Hapo HHKOB - H eaJlOM opraHH3aUHH 6Y YllJ.ero
COUHaJlHCTHlJeCKOrO CTpOH.
OTCTaJlOCTb COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHlJeCKHX oTHoweHHH B POCCHH, CO-
xpaHeHHe nepe>KHTKOB npowJloro, BKJllOlJaH 06llJ.HHY H apTeJlH,
K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJlbC oueHHBaJlH KaK HBJleHHe HCTOpHlJeCKOe,
H3>K-HBaeMOe B npouecce KanHTaJlHCTHlJeCKOrO pa3BHTHH. «Ope06J1a-
aHHe 3TOH <POpMbl B POCCHH, - nHCaJl <1>. 3HreJlbC B 1875 r.,-
OKa3bIBaeT, KOHelJHO, HaJlHlJHe B PYCCKOM Hapo e CHJlbHOrO CTpeMJle-
HHH K aCCOUHaUHH, HO BOBce ellJ.e He OKa3bIBaeT, lJTO 3TOT Hapo
cnoc06eH C nOMOllJ.blO 3Toro CTpeMJleHHH npHMO nepeCKOlJHTb H3
apTeJlH B COUHaJlHCTHlJeCKHH 06llJ.eCTBeHHbIH CTpOH». I1cxo H H3 3TOH
Ouel-tKH PYCCKOH 06llJ.HHbI H ee B03MO>KHOH pOJlH B 6Y YllJ.eM COUHaJlH-
CTHlJeCKOM 06llJ.eCTBe, 3HreJlbC KpHTHKOBaJl fepueHa, KOTOpblH HC-
nOJlb30BaJl 06llJ.HHY H 06w.HHHoe 3eMJlenOJlb30BaHHe KpeCTbHH JlH
Toro, lJT06bI «H306pa3HTb PYCCKHX KpeCTbHH KaK HCTHHHbIX HOCHTeJleH
COUHaJlH3Ma, npHpO>K eHHblx KOMMYHHCTOB B npOTHBOnOJlO>KHOCTb
pa60lJHM CTapelOllJ.ero, 3arHHBalOllJ.erO eBponeHCKoro 3ana a, KOTO-
pblM npHXO HTCH JlHllb HCKYCCTBeHHO BbIMYlJHBaTb H3 ce6H cOUHa-
JlH3M. OT repueHa 3TH CBe eHHH nepeWJlH K 5aKYHHHY, a OT 5aKYHH-
Ha K r-HY TKalJeBY» 11.
B XX B. 3TH H eH KpeCTbHHCKoro COUHaJlH3Ma nOJlYlJHJlH aJlbHeH-
wee pa3BHTHe B COUHOJlOrHH JlH epOB H TeopeTHKOB HapOAHHlJeCTBa,
YCMaTpHBaBWHX B KpeCTbHHCTBe rJlaBHYIO CHJlY peBOJlIOUHOHHoro
npouecca H COUHaJlHCTHlJeCKOrO CTpOHTeJlbCTBa.
DOJlbWoe BHHMaHHe y eJlHJlH K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJlbC KpHTHKe
B,3rJlH.D.OB PYCCKHX HapO HHKOB Ha npe CTOHw.ylO B POCCHH peBOJlIO-
I.tHIO H ee .lI.BH>KYlUHe CHJlbi. OTMelJaH pa3J1HlJHH B B033peHHHX 5aKYHH-
Ha, JIaBpoBa, TKalJeBa Ha peBOJlIOu,HIO, OHH 06pallJ.aJlH BHHMaHHe Ha
pH 06W.HX lJepT, B TOM lJHCJle H Ha TaKYIO, KaK a6CTpaKTHaH nOCTa-
HOBKa Bonpoca 0 COUHaJlbHOH peBOJlIOUHH, nO MeHa KJIaCCOBOro aHa-
JlH3a COOTHoweHHH 60plOllJ.HXCH CHJI paCCY>K eHHHMH 0 Hapo e Hero
«rOTOBHOCTH» K peBOJlIOUHH. TaK, oueHHBaH' cnop ,naBpOBa H TKalJeBa
o peBOJlIOUHH B POCCHH, <1>. 3HreJlbC nHCaJl 0 J1aBpoBe, lJTO B ero
paCCY>K eHHHX peBOJllOltHH CTaHOBHTCH «lJeM-TO BpO.lI.e .lI.eBbl MapHH,
TeopHH - BepOH, YlJaCTHe B .lI.BH)KeHHH - KYJIbTOM, a Bce .lI.eHCTBHe
21
pa3BOpalJHBaeTCH He Ha HaweH rpelllHOH 3eMJ]e, a B 3ao6J]alJHbIX
BblCOTax 06ll1.HX q,pa3». B 3THX n03HUHHX HapO.lI.HHKOB OTpa3HJ]OCb
CTpeMJ]eHHe «paCTBopHTb K aCCOBYIO 60pb6y npOJ]eTapHaTa npOTHB
ero yrHeTaTeJ]eH BO Bce06w.eM 6paTCKOM COlO3e lJeJIOBe4eCTBa». 3TO
npOHBHJ]OCb B nonWTKax «CBeCTH Ha HeT Bce eBponeHCKoe pa60lJee
.lI.BH)KeHHe», B npeYBeJ]HlJeHHH P0J]H KpeCTbHHCTBa Hero peBOJ]IOLtHOH-
HblX B03MO)KHOCTeH.
Pe3KO B03pa)KaH npOTHB B3rJ]H.lI.OB TKalJeBa Ha COu,HaJ]bHYIO peBO-
J]101.1HIO, 3HreJ]bC y6e.n:HTeJ]bHO .lI.OKa3bIBaJ] HeCOCTOHTeJ]bHOCTb ero
Te3Hca 0 B03MO>KHOCTH J]erKOH n06eJ1.bI peBOJ]IOUHH B POCCHH. 4eJIo-
BeK, nHcaJ] <1>. 3HreJ]bC, «cnoc06HblH YTBep)KJ}.aTb, lJTO 3TY peBOJ]IO-
UHIO J]erlJe npOBeCTH B TaKOH CTpaHe, r.lI.e XOTR HeT npOJ]eTapHaTa, HO
3aTO HeT H 6YP)l{ya3HH, .lI.OKa3b1BaeT J]HWb TO, lJTO eMY HY)KHO YlJHTbCH
ew.e a36YKe COl.lHaJ]H3Ma» 12.
KpHTHKYH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKYIO KOHl.lenu,HIO COH,HaJ]bHOH peBOJ]IOu,HH,
B lJaCTHOCTH TKalJeBa, <1>. 3HreJIbC OTMelJaJ] DTCYTCTBHe B HeH lJeTKO-
CTH B nOCTaHOBKe Ba)KHeHWHX BonpOCOB: KaKOH 6Y.lI.eT peBOJ]IOUH5J
H KaKOBbl ee B03MO)KHble pe3YJ]bTaTbl. «r -H TKalJeB, - nHcaJ] <1>. 3H-
reJ]bC, - rOBopHT, lJTO OHa 6Y.lI.eT COl.lHaJ]bHOH peBOJ]IOu,HeH. 3TO
lJHCTaH TaBTOJIOrHH. BCHKaH .lI.eHCTBHTeJ]bHaH peBOJ]I01.1HH eCTb CO-
u,HaJ]bHaH peBOJ]IOu,HH, nOCKOJ]bKY OHa npHBO.lI.HT K rOCnO.lI.CTBY HOBblH
KJ]acc H .lI.aeT eMY B03MO)KHOCTb npe06pa30BaTb 06w.eCTBO no CBoeMY
06pa3Y H 110.lI.06HIO. Ho r-H TKalJeB XOlJeT CKa3aTb, lJTO peBOJ]IOl..lHH
6Y.lI.eT ,COl.lHaJ]HCTHlJeCKOH, lJTO OHa BBe.lI.eT B POCCHH, npe>K.Lle lJeM Mbl
.lI.OCTHrHeM 3Toro Ha 3ana.lI.e, TY 06w.eCTBeHR-YIO <POp MY, K KOTOpOH
CTpeMHTCH 3ana.lI.HOeBpOneHCKHH COUHaJ]H3M... 11 3TO B03MO)KHO,
MOJ], nOTOMY, lJTO PYCCKHe HBJ]HIOTCH, TaK CKa3aTb, H36paHHblM Ha-
pO.lI. OM COl.lHaJIH3Ma, 06J]a.lI.aH apTeJIblO H 06W.HHHOH co6CTBeHHOCTblO
Ha 3eMJ]IO» 13.
TYMaHHblM H He4eTKHM, .lI.aJleKHM OT HaYlJHOrO nOHHMaHHH CYlll.HO-
CTH Cou,HaJ]bHOH peBOJ]IOUHH H ee 3a.lI.alJ B POCCHH <1>. 3HreJ]bC npo-
THBonOCTaBJ]HJ] nOC e.lI.OBaTeJ]bHYIO, HaYlJHO 060CHOBaHHYlO KOHuen-
l.lHIO COl.lHaJ]HCTHlJeCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH: «OepeoopOT, K KOTOPOMY CTpe-
MHTCH COBpeMeHHblH cou,HaJ]H3M, COCTOHT, KOpOTKO rOBopH, B no6e.lI.e
npOJ]eTapHaTa Ha.lI. 6YP)Kya3HeH H B C03.lI.aHHH HOBOH opraHH3al.lHH
06w.eCTBa nYTeM YHHlJTO>KeHHH BCHKHX KJ]aCCOBbIX pa3JIHlJHH» 14.
ECJ]H B HapO.lI.HH4eCKOH KOHuenUHH COl.lHaJIbHaH peBOJIIOu,HH BW-
paCTaJIa H3 apxaHllecKHx OpM X03HHcTBa, H3 «KOMMYHHCTHLIeCKOH
npHpO.lI.bI KpecTbHHcTBa», nYTeM opraHH3al.lHH 3arOBopa, TO B MapKCH-
CTCKOH KOHuenUHH peBOJIIOl.lHH B03MO)KHa Ha OCHOBe BbICOKOH cTyne-
HH pa3BHTHH npOH3BO.lI.HTeJ]bHWX CHJ], KOr.lI.a nOHBJlHIOTCH peaJlbHWe
YCJ]O.BHH «nO.lI.HHTb npOH3BO.lI.CTBO .lI.O TaKoro ypOBHH, IIT06bI OTMeHa
KJ]aCCOBbIX pa3J]HlJHH CTaJla .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM nporpeCCOM» 15.
AHaJIH3HPYH B3r J]H.lI.bI TKa lJeBa Ha peBOJIIOl.lHIO, 3HreJIbC OTMelJaJI
HenOHHM8HHe HapO.lI.HHKOM 3a.lI.alJ nOJIHTHlJeCKOH H 3KOHOMHileCKOH
pe BOJI 10 l.lH H .
K. MapKC H <1>. 3HreJ]bC pe3KO KpHTHKOBaJIH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHe
npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHH 0 XO.lI.e peBOJIIOUHH H q,opMax peBOJ]I01.1HOHHOH 60pb-
6bl. TKalJeB, B lJaCTHOCTH, ClJHTaJI, lJTO opraHH30BaB TpH-4eTbIpe
22
HOCCT3H HfI B pa3HbIX MeCT3X, MO}KHO 06eCneQHTb no6eD.Y peBOJ]IOUHH
B CTp3He. Ha3bIB3H nOJl.06HbIe B3r.n511].bI «CBCpXpeOH4eCKHMH npeJI.-
CTaBJIeHH5IMI1 0 XO,lJ,e peSOJ lIO l..lHH», 3HreJ]bC OTMella"l, liTO peBOJ]IOUHH
lie .D.eJIaIOTC51 no 33Ka3Y, liTO OHH He HB,lIHK)TC51 pe3YJ]bTaTOM 3arOBop3
H 4TO flO,Lto6HbIe npe,lJ,CT3BJIeHH51 0 XO,lJ,e pCBOJllOll.HH H cpopMax 60pb6bI
HBJIHIOTCH 3B3HTIOpH3MOM. B CBH3H C THM 3HreJIbC IlHC'"aJ], llTO J].J15-l
no6e.lI. bI PCBOJlIOUHH HYIKHa np04Ha 51 pCBOJIIOl..lHOHH351 opr3 HH3a UHf],
cnoC06H3H J10C.HC,LlOB3TeJlbHO 60pOTbCH 33 IlpeTBOpeHHe B )KI13Hb
n p HHUHIlOB uaY4Horo COHH3J]H3M3, OCHOB3HHaH Ha HCKpeHHeH CO-
16
JIH.D.apHOCTH ee 4JIeHOB .
,IloKa3bIBC:lH H3Y4HYIO HeCOCTOHTeJlbHOCTb HapoJJ.HH4eCKOH COIlH-
aJIbHO H .lI.OKTpHHbl, MapKC H 3HreJIbC 06palll.aJ]H BHHMaHHe H3 TaKYIO
np06J1eMY, I<al{ oueHKa I{J]aCCOBOH npHpO.l1.bl C3MO,lJ.epmaBH51, nOCKOJ]b-
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nHaJ]bHbIe pa3JIH4MH Me)K.lI.Y J]eHHHH3MOM H .lI.OMa pKCHCTCKHM YTonHlJe-
CKHM cou,HaJ]H3MOM; K. MapKc H <1>. 3HreJ]bc H306pa)KaIOTCH CTO-
pOHHHKaMH KpecTbHHcKoro cou,HaJ1H3Ma 18.
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w.eCTBOBaBwero B POCCHH B XIX-HalJaJIe XX B.
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c nepBblx WarOB CBoeM peBOJ]IOUHOHfIOH .lI.eHTCJ]bHOCTI1 - C Cepe.lI.HHbI
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HMeBWYIO CBOIO COl..lHaJ]bHYIO 6a3Y, CBOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H TeH.lI.eH-
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23
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pOHHHH BHBJIH3 JIH6epBJIbHO-Hap0,LlHHlleCKHX B033peHHH, nOKB3BB, lJTO
OHH OTpa>KBIOT KJIaCCOBOe pBCCJIOeHHe .lI.epeBHH, YCHJIeHHe pOJIH KYJIB-
KOB H 3B)KHTOIlHbIX arpapHeB, 3aHHTepeCOBBHHbIX B pB3BHTHH lJBCTHO-
c06CTBeHHHlleCKHX, T. e. KanHTBJIHCTHlJeCKHX Q>OPM X03HHCTBB.
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THB JIH6epBJIbHOrO HBpO.lI.HHlJeCTBB onpe,LleJIHJIaCb TeM, liTO peBOJIIOUH-
OHHoe ,LlBH)KeHHe POCCHH BCTynHJIO B HOBYIO, TpeTblO CTB,LlHIO PB3BH-
THH, KOTOpylO B. 11. J1eHHH OXBpBKTepH30BBJI KBK npOJIeTapcKttH
3TBn, npHlle.lI.llHH HB CMeHY pB3HOlJHHCKOMY nepHO,LlY OCBOOO,LlHTeJIb-
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HeHHe MBpKCH3Ma B POCCHH, pe3Koe 060CTpeHHe W,LleHHOH OOpbObi.
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Ha,Ll peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM, CTaJIO HrpaTb BeCbMa aKTHBHYIO pOJIb B oopboe
C MBpKCH3MOM, npOnOBe,LlYH np,Ll MaCKOH YTonHlleCKoro KpeCTbHHCKoro
COUHBJIH3MB KOHu.enUHH COBeplleHCTBOBBHHH OOlll.eCTBB nYTeM pe-
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HHCKHX X03HHCTB.
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ObIJIO ,LlaTb lIeTKo\e onpe.lI.eJIeHHe HBpO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, ero peaJIbHOH pOJIH
B OCBOOO.lI.HTeJIbHOM H peBOJIIOu.HOHHOM ,LlBH>KeHHH POCCHH, CQ>OPMYJIH-
pOBaTb OTHOUleHHe K HeMY npOJIeTapCKOH nBpTHH. 3TO CMor C.lI.eJIaTb
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UlecTBYIOWHH 3Tan pB3BHTHH HapO,LlHHlIeCTBa H HTorH OOpbObI C HHM
B 90-e rO.lI.bI.
B CTaTbe «0 HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBe», onYOJIHKOBaHHoH B «OpaB,lte» B HH-
Bape 1913 r., B. H. JIeHHH nHCaJI: «HapO,ltHHlIeCT80 eCTb H,lteOJIOrHlI
(cHcTeMa B3r JIH,LlOB) KpecTbHHcKOH ,LleMOKpaTHH B POCCHH. 003TOMY
BCHKHH C03HaTeJIbHbIH paoollHH ,LlOJI>KeH BHHMaTeJIbHO CJIe,ltHTb 3a
TeM, KaK H3MeHHeTCH 3TB H,lteOJIOrHH» 21. HBnHcaHHaH no nOBO,lty
CTaTbH A. B. n. (A. B. neUlexoHoBa) «HapO.lI.HbIH COUHaJIH3M H npo-
JIeTapHaT» (<<PyccKoe ooraTCTBO». 1912. N2 12), 3Ta pa60Ta J1eHHHa
HMeeT Ba>KHOe MeTO,ltOJIOrHlleCKoe 3HalleHHe. 3,lteCb >Ke B. H. J1eHHH
rOBopHT 0 TOM, liTO «HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO OqeHb CTapo. Ero pO,ltOHaqaJIbHH-
KaMH CqHTalOT repueHa H 4epHbIUleBcKoro. PaCu.BeToM ,lteHCTBeHHoro
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OOTaJIH Bcero u.eJIbHee B. B. (BOpOHUOB) H HHKOJIaH - OH (llaHHeJIb-
COH - r. A.) B 80-x ro,ltax npoUJJIoro BeKa. B HaqaJIe XX BeKa co-
u.HaJIHCTbI-peBOJIIOUHOHeRbl Bblpa>KaJIH HaH60JIee o<j>opMJIeHHO B3rJIH-
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CKHX YTonHH 3,ltOpOBOe H u.eHHoe H.lI.pO HCKpeHHero, peUJHTeJIbHOrO,
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24
3TY CTaTblO B. 11. J1eHHH 3aBepWaeT HHTepeCHblM a03aueM, OTHO-
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B nepBoe .lI.eCHTHJleTHe XX BeKa» 24. 113YlIeHHe TPY.lI.OB B. 11. JIeHHHa,
nOCBHweHHbIX aHaJIH3Y HapO,D.HHlJeCTBa XIX H HalJaJIa XX B., no-
K83bIBaeT, lJTO HapO,D.HHlIeCTBO paHHero H n03,D.HerO nepHO,D.OB OCTaBa-
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CBoeH COIJ.HaJlbHOH 6a3e, COCTaBY, COl.lHaJlbHO-nOJlHTHlJeCKOH ,D.OKTpHHe,
npOTHBOCTOHBwee MapKCH3MY C Cepe,D.HHbI 90-x rO,D.OB.
B pa60Tax 1902-1918 rr. B. 11. J1eHHH npeHMyw.ecTBeHHoe
BHHMaHHe Y.lI.eJlHJI aHaJlH3Y H KpHTHKe HapO,D.HHKOB HalJaJla XX B.,
OTHOCH K HHM 3cepOB, 3HeCOB, TPY,D.OBHKOB, MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, JleBblX
3cepOB. HalJHHaH co cTaTeH 1901 r. (<<PeBOJlIOUHOHHbIH aBaHTlOpH3M»
H .lI.p.) H KOHlJaH cTaTbeH «OaMHTH OpowbHHa», B. 11. -J1eHHH no-
CTOHHHO OTMellaJl Ba)KHOCTb .lI.JlH MapKcHcTOB, .lI.JlH npOJIeTapHaTa
H3YlJaTb, npaBHJlbHO oueHHBaTb H nOHHMaTb HapO,D.HHlJeCTBO Hero
3BOJllOUHIO KaK H.lI.eOJlOrHIO KpeCTbHHCKOH .lI.eMOKpaTHH 25.
B TPY.lI.aX B. 11. J1eHHHa CO,D.ep>KHTCH OTBeT H Ha .lI.PyrHe Ba>KHbIe
BonpOCbI: B lJeM npHlJHHa >KHBYlJeCTH TaKHX H,D.eHHbIX TelJeHHH, KaK
HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO, nOlJeMY, nOKa3aB CBOIO nOJlHYIO TeOpeTHlJeCKYIO Heco-
CTOHTeJlbHOCTb B XIX B. B KalJeCTBe peBOJIIOIJ.HOHHOH .lI.OKTpHHbI, OHO,
BHOBb Ha6HpaeT CHJIY, KOHCOJlH,D.HpyeTcH B BH,D.e nOJlHTHlleCKHX napTHH
H nOJlYllaeT pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B HalJaJIe XX B.?
06bIlJHO B JIHTepaType 06paw.alOT BHHMaHHe Ha BbICKa3bIBaHHe
B. 11. JIeHHHa 0 TOM, lJTO «OTCTaJlOCTb POCCHH eCTeCTBeHHO 06'bHCHHeT
60JlbllYIO npOlJHOCTb B HalleH CTpaHe pa3J1HlJHbIX OTCTaJlbIX YlIeHHH
COUHaJlH3Ma» 26. B CTaTbe «LlBe YTonHH» (1913) B. 11. JIeHHH BHOBb
B03BpamaeTcH K 3TOMY Bonpocy: «LJeM MeHblle CB060.lI.bI B cTpaHe,
lfeM cKY,D.Hee npOHBJleHHH OTKpbITOH 60pb6bI KJlaCCOB, TeM HH>Ke
ypoBeHb npOCBew.eHHH .Macc, - TeM JlerlJe B03HHKalOT 06bIKHOBeHHO
nOJlHTHlleCKHe YTonHH H TeM ,D.OJlbWe OHH .lI.ep>KaTCH» 27. B. 11. JIeHHH
CBH3bIBaeT cyw.eCTBOBaH'He HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, Bo-nepBbIX, C HaJlHlJHeM
B CTpaHe COIJ.HaJlbHOH 6a3bI B BH,D.e MeJlK06YP>Kya3HbIx CJlOeB ropO,D.a
H .lI.epeBHH, oc06eHHO KpeCTbHHCTBa; H BO-BTOpbIX, C OTCTaJlOCTblO
POCCHH, npH 3TOM He C 3KOHOMHlJeCKOH, KaK 3TO YTBep>K,D.aeT B. r. Xo-
pOC 28, a C OTCYTcTBHeM ,D.eMOKpaTHH H HH3KHM ypoBHeM npOCBelll.eHHH
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HapO,D.HHlJeCTBa B POCCHH, ero pacnpOCTpaHeHHH H >KHBYlJeCTH, HO
H .lI.JlH 06'bHCHeHHH ero Kpaxa H rH6eJlH, KOTopbIe B KOHelJHOM ClJeTe
onpe.lI.eJlHJlHCb n06e.lI.OH npOJleTapCKOH peBOJlIOl.lHH, H3MeHeOOHMH
B COIJ.HaJlbHOH CTpYKType 06meCTBa, YTBep>K.lI.eHHeM MapKCH3Ma B Ka-
lfeCTBe rOCnO.lI.CTBYIOw.eH H.lI.eOJlOrHH.
B YCJlOBHHX OCTpOH KJlaCCOBOH 60pb6bI HalJaJla XX B. nOHBHJlaCb
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BJIHHHHH MeJlK06yp>Kya3HoH H.lI.eOJlOrHH, B TOM lJHCJle H Ha pO.lI.HHlJe-
<;KOH YTonHH, npenHTCTBOBaBweH B CHJlY 3HalJHTeJIbHOrO pacnpOCTpa-
25
HeHHH H BJIHHHHH COeJI.HlleHHIO pa604erO J].BH)KCHHH C COIlHaJIH3-
MOM. HeMaJIOBa)KHOe 3Ha4eHHC HMCJIO H TO 06CTOfITeJlbCTBO, '.JTO
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3HUHIO 3a .lI.pyroH, np0,lI.OJI)KaJIH BeCTH a KTHBHoe H3C'TynJ1CHt1e Ha
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4aTYlO B 80-90-e rO,lI.bI r. B. IIJJexaHOBbIM, H. E. <t>e,lI.OCeeBbIM,
II. DJIarOeBbIM.
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pO,lI.HH4eCTBa no BceM OCHOBHblM np06JIeMaM TeopHH 06IueCTBeHHoro
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f3. 1. JleHHH nOKa3aJl aHTHHaY4HbIH xapaKTep q,HJIOCOCPUI1 C'y6'beI<-
THBlioro HJle3JIH3Ma, rIOp04HOCTb cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO,lla, C 060CHOBa-
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fl. JlaBpoB, H. 1\'\I1XaH.rl0BcKHH H HX nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIH B XX B.
Ba)KHOe MeCTO B KpHTHKe R. VI. J1eHHHa 33HHJIH np06J1eMbJ B03-
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LUHX 0611teCTseHHbIX OTHOLueHHH H q,OpM c06cTseHHOCTH, pa3BHTHff
TOBapHO-,l1.eHe)KHbIX OTHorneHHH, reHe3Hca H pa3BHTHH I<aIllfTaJI113Ma
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CTH4eCKOH 3BOJIJOUHH II ee BJIHHHHH Ha COl..lHaJIbHYIO CTPYKTYPY 06-
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TeopeTHKoB HapoJlHHlJeCTS3 -- a6cTpaKTHYlO nocTaHoBKY BonpocoB
00 06ll1.eCTBe H 3aKOHax ero pa3BHTHH, HI'HOpHpOBaHHe KOHKpeTlIbIx
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C06HOCTb BbIlteJIIfTb rJIaI3HbIe. onpeJleJIHIOWHe q,aKTopbI HCTopH4ecKo-
ro npouecca, o61->eKTHBHo oueHHTL HTorH H nepCneKTHl:3bI COUHaJlbHOrO
rIporpecca.
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MeJJK06YP)I{ya3Ho 1 CYULHOC'TH lIapollHl1tIeCKOH KOHuel1UIlH TOJIIIbl H re-
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UeHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO B JleHHHCKOH KpHTHKe. COl.lHOJ10rH4eCKOH Teo-
pHH Hap01I.HH4eCTBa 3aHHMcLIlH T3KHe BOnpOCbJ, K31< OTpIi1laHHe Ha-
pO.llllHKaMH KalIHTaJ1HCTH4eCKoro xapaKTepa pa3BHTHH POCCHH nOCJIe
pecpopMbI 1861 r., npeYBeJIH4eHHe pOJ1H 06111HHbl, H306pa)l(eHHe ec
Ba)KHeHLUHM 3JIeMeHTOM H rJlaBHbIM YCJIOBHeM COIl.Ha,,'lbHoro nporpcc-
ca H nepexo,lI.a CTpCt HbI K cOUHa.T1H]MY. B. 1-'1. J1eHHH nOI{a3aJl HaY4HYIO
HeCOCT05ITeJlbHOC'Tb HapOJI.HH4eCI<oii KOIIl.leiHlHH I<peCTbHHcTRa, OCHO-
BaHHOH Ha oTpHuaHHH ero COUH3,J1bHOrO pa3JIOlKeHI1H, 3aIIlHTY JIH6e-
26
aJIbHblMH HapO.lI.HHKaMH HHTepeCOB KYJ]alJeCTBa - «KpenKOrO X03HH-
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3aLUHIllalOllI.eH HK06bl HHTepeCbI BCeX CJ]OeB 06w.eCTBa H CnoC06Horo
06eCne4HTb ero nporpecc 3q,<peKTHBHbIMH H nOCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJ]bHO npo-
Be,LleHHbIMH peq,opMaMH.
B KHHre «4TO TaKoe ".lI.PY3bH HapO.lI.a". . .», nO.lI.BO.lI.H HTorH KPHTH-
4ecKOMY aHaJ]H3Y HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH COUHOJIOrHH, B. H. J1eHHH OTMelJaJI
HeCOMHeHHYIO nOTeplO «Kpe.lI.HTa 3TOH TeopHeH». OpH 3TOM B. 11. J1e-
HHH 06paIllaJ] BHHMaHHe Ha OTHoweHHe MapKCHCTOB K 3TOMY H.lI.eHHO-
MY TelJeHHIO: «.. .lJeM CKopee PYCCKHe COUHaJ]HCTbI nOHMYT, lJTO He
MO)l{eT 6bITb, np" HaCTOHllI.eM ypOBHe 3HaHHH, peBOJ]IOUHOHHOH Teo-
pHH BHe MapKCH3Ma, lJeM CKopee HanpaBHT OHH Bce CBOH CHJIbl Ha
npHJIOmeHHe 3TOH TeopHH K POCCHH, B TeOpeTHlJeCKOM H npaKTHlJe-
CKOM OTHorneHHHX, - TeM BepHee H 6blCTpee 6Y.lI.eT ycnex peBOJ]IOUH-
u 6 30
OHHOH pa )OTbl» .
BbIcTynaH npOTHB J]H6epaJIbHbIX HapO.lI.HHKOB, B. 11. JIeHHH 60pOJ]-
CH 3a YTBepm.lI.eHHe MapKcH3Ma B Ka4eCTBe TeopHH H npaKTHKH peBo-
J]1Ol..lHOHHOro npoJ]eTa pHa Ta, pa306J]a 4aJ] MeJ]K06ypmya3HYIO H.lI.eOJ]O-
fHIO HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOrO THna.
1900 r. 0603HalJHJ] BTOpOH nepHO.lI. 60pb6bI B. 11. J1eHHHa C Ha-
pO.lI.HHlJeCTBOM, BCTynHBwHM B HOBbIH 3Tan CBoero pa3BHTHH, 3a-
BepwHBwHHCH KpaxoM. 06palll.eHHe B. H. J1eHHHa K KpHTH4ecKoMY
aHoJ]H3Y HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbl HalJaJ]a BeKa 6bIJ]0 06ycJ]oBJ]eHo
p5J.lI.OM npH411H, B 4aCTHOCTH 3aMeTHbiM O)KHBJ]eHHeM HapO.lI.HHlJeCKoH
H.lI.eOJ]orHH, nonblTKaMH ee pecTaBpaUHH, KOTOPYIO npe.lI.npHHHJIH co-
ll.HaJ]HcTbI-peSOJIIOl..lHOHepbI, C03.lI.aBWHe B 1902 r. nOJ]HTHlJecKYIO nap-
1'HIO. Onpe.lI.eJ]5J5J TeopeTH4ecKHe HCTOKI1 HJJ.eOJ]orHH 3cepoB, B. 11. Jle-
HHH rIHcaJ] B 1905 r.: «KopeHb B033peHHH COl..lHaJ]HcToB-peBoJ]IOl..lHOHe-
pOB eCTb cTapoe pyccKoe HapO.lI. HH4 eCTBO» 31.
flpH 3TOM 3cepbl CTpeMHJ1H b He npOCTO peaHHMHpOBaTb TeopeTH-
4eCKYKJ KOHuenUHIO npC.lI.weCTBYlOllI.erO 3Tana pYCCKoro OCB060.lI.H-
TeJ]bHoro .lI.BHlKeHHH, NO H 06HOBHTb, MO.lI.epHH3HpOBaTb ee nY1'eM
nepeCMOTpa p5J.Lla nOJ]OlKeHHH H HcnOJ]b30BaHI1H OT.lI.eJ]bHbIX H.lI.eH
MapKCH3Ma, lJTO .lI.a.no B. 11. J1eHHHY OCHOBaHHe paCCMaTpHBaTb
HapO.lI.HHlleCTBO XX B. KaK lJHCTO «3K,neKTH4eCKoe Coe.lI.HHeHHe Ha-
pon.HHlJeCTBa H MapKCH3Ma npH nOMOlll.H "KPHTHKHH» 32.
C n05JBJ]eHHeM na pTHH 3cepOB, npHHa.lI.J]ema BweH K Ha pOJlHlilJe-
CKOMY H.lI.eHHOMY H nOJ]HTHlJeCKOMY Te4eHHIO, B. 11. J1eHHH BHHMaTeJIb-
HO J]e.lI.HJ] 3a TeMH npoueccaMH, KOTopble B HeH npOHCXO.lI.HJ]H, CTapa-
HCb onpe.lI.eJ]HTb 3a KOHOMepHOCTH, TeH.n.eHl..lHH H nepcneKTHBbI H,lJ.eHIIO-
Teope1'H4eCKOH H npflKTH4eCKoH .lI.eHTeJ]bHOCTH 31'011 napTHH.
Onpe.lI.eJI51H COUHHJ]bHYIO 6a3Y H COCTaB HapO.lI.HH4eCTBa XX B.,
B. 11. J1eHH H BbIHBJ]5JJ] ero l\1eJ]K06YP)i{ya3HYIO npH pO.lI.y. B CTaTbe
«MeJIK06ypmya3J1blrl Ii npOJ]eTapCKHH COl..lHaJ]H3M» (1905), BCKpbIBa5J
KJ1aCcoBYIO npHpO.lI.Y 3cepoB, OH nHCaJl, 4TO MapKcHcTbl BH.lI.5JT B co-
I HaJ1I1CTax-peBoJ]loUHoHepax H,lJ.eOJ]orOB MeJ]KOH 6yplKya3HH, KOTopbIe
npOnOBe.lI.YIOT MeJ]K06YP)l{ya3Hble HJ]J]103HH H Hapo,lJ.HHlfeCKHe q,aHTa-
27
3HH OTHOCHTeJIbHO KpeCTbHHCKOrO .lI.BH)KeHHH, «nYTaIOTCH Me)K.lI.Y CTa-
pbIMH HapO.lI.HHlleCKHMH H COBpeMeHHbIMH MapKCHCTCKHMH B033peHHH-
MH» 33.
B 900-e rO.n.bI B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO OTMelJaJI HapO.n.HHlleCKHH
u
XapaKTep B033peHHH COIJ.HaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOIJ.HOHepOB, 3HeCOB, 3CepOB-
MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, TPY.lI.OBHKOB.
B. 11. J1eHHH OTMellaJI 3aKOHOMepHOCTb HX nOHBJIeHHH B nepHO.n.
npH6JIH>KeHHH 6YP)Kya3Ho-.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH B POCCHH.
OH no.n.lIepKHBaJI, lJTO BonpeKH BceM 3aBepeHHHM B npHBep>KeHHOCTH
COIJ.HaJIH3MY HX B3rJIH.n.bI HMelOT He COIJ.HaJIHCTHlleCKHH, a peBOJIIOIJ.H-
OHHo-.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCI(HH xapaKTep, T. e. HBJIHIOTCH B033peHHHMH MeJI-
K06YP>Kya3HbIx .n.eMOKpaTOB, COIJ.HaJIHCTOB, peBOJIIOIJ.HOHepOB, co Bce-
MH npHCYlll.HMH .lI.JIH HHX lJepTaMH. B TO >Ke BpeMH B. 11. JIeHHH OTJIH-
lJaJI COUHaJIHCTOB-reBOJIIOIJ.HOHepOB OT KJIaCCHlJeCKOrO HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa
B «IIHCTOM BH.n.e» 4.
Ba>KHOe MeTo.n.OJIOrHlleCKoe 3HalleHHe HMelOT JIeHHHCKHe xapaKTe-
pHCTHKH KJIaCCOBbIX OCHOB (KpeCTbHHCTBO, MeJIKaH 6YP>Kya3HH ropo-
.n.a H .n.epeBHH) H COIJ.HaJIbHOrO COCTaBa Hapo.n.HHllecKHx napTHH--
npeHMYlll.eCTBeHHo HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, BbIcTynalOlll.aH B pOJIH H.n.eOJIOra
KpeCTbHHCKOH .n.eMoKpaTHH H BceH MeJIKOH 6YP>Kya3HH.
PaCCMaTpHBaH HapO.lI.HHlIecTBo C KJIaCCOBbIX n03HIJ.HH peBOJIIOIJ.H-
OHHoro npOJIeTapHaTa, B. 11. JIeHHH nOCTOHHHO YKa3bIBaJI Ha Ba>K-
HOCTb nOHHMaHHH pa3HHUbI Me>K.n.y Hapo.n.HHKOM HHTeJIJIHreHTOM, BbI-
cTynaBllHM B pOJIH H.n.eOJIOra KJIaCCa MeJIKOH 6YP>Kya3HH, H KpeCTb-
HHHHOM KaK COIJ.HaJIbHbIM THnoM, KaK nOCJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHbIM .n.eMOKpa-
TOM. «HHTeAAuzeHTbl-Hapo8HUKU, -- nHCaJI B. 11. JIeHHH B 1913 r.,--
TflZOTelOT K npUM,UpUTeAbHou UAU lIo6w,etteA08etteCKouH t/Jpa3e. B HUX
8cez8a ttY8CT8yeTcfl Au6epaA. TOttKa 3peHUfl KAaCC080U 60pb6bl UM,
opzaHUtteCKU tty 8a. OHU pe30Hepbl (KYPCHB MOH. -- T. A.). OHH
THHYT .lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOe KpeCTbHHCTBO Ha3a8, OT >KHBOH H Heno-
cpe.n.cTBeHHoH 60pb6bI C ero KJIaCCOBbIM BparOM K TYMaHHoH, BbI-
MYlJeHHOH, 6eCCHJIbHOH HK06bI COIJ.HaJIHCTHllecKoH <ppa3e» 35.
KpeCTbHHe-Hap0.lI.HHKH, no CJIOBBM JIeHHHa, -- 3TO «orOHb,
CTpaCTb. OHH nOJIHbI CTpeMJIeHHH K Henocpe.n.CTBeHHOMY H pellHTeJIb-
HOMY .n.eHCTBHIO. .. HO npOTHB CBoero KJIaCCOBOro Bpara OHH no.lI.-
HHMalOTCH C TaKOH npHMOTOH, HenpHMHpHMOCTblO, HeHaBHCTblO, liTO
BbI ow,yw,aeTe cepbe3HeHWYlO 06w.eCTBeHHYIO CHJIY . . .OHH . . .HCKpeH-
HHe, rOpHlJHe H CHJIbHbIe .lI.eMOKpaTbI». Tor.lI.a KaK Ha po.n.HbIe COIJ.HaJIH-
CTbI H 3cepbI -- Hapo.n.HHKH-HHTeJIJIHreHTbI «H3 PYK BOH nJIOXHe co-
IJ.H aJI HCTbI H pa3MarHHlJeHHbIe .n.eMoKpaTbI», HX r JIaBHaH lIepTa-
«MaHHJIOBlll.HHa, CJIalll.aBbIe <ppa3bI, ceHTHMeHTaJIbHaH Ha.n.KJIaCCOBaH
TOlJKa 3peHHH, nOllJIbIH "Hapo.n.HbIH" COIJ.HaJIH3M».
JIeHHH BeCbMa pe3Ko KpHTHKOBaJI BwcTynJIeHHH Hapo.n.HHllecKHx
ny6JIHUHCTOB H3 «PyccKoro 60raTCTBa». OH, B lJaCTHOCTH, nHCaJI:
«KallHIJ.a, npeno.n.HocHMaH r. A. B. n. (nellexoHoB. -- T. A.), KaK
.lI.Be KanJIH BO.n.bI, nOXO>Ka Ha 06bIlJHbIe BO Bcex eBponeHcKHx CTpaHax
B03pa>KeHHH "rYMaHHTapHbIx 6YP)Kya" npOTHB KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI
H KJIaCCOBOro COIJ.HaJIH3Ma». 3a.n.oJIro .n.o 1917 r. J1eHHH npe.n.cKa3bI-
BaJI HeH36e)KHOCTb nOpa)KeHHH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX JIH.lI.epOB KaK PYKOBO-
28
HTeJleH KpeCTbHHCKOrO .llBH}I(eHHH, HOO, no CJIOBaM B. 11. J1eHHHa,
H3 cppa3 H pe30HepCTBa HCTopHlleCKoro .lleHCTBHH BbIHTH He .MO-
eT. HMnOTeHTHOCTb TaK020 HapO.llHHlJeCTBa OKOHlIaTeJIbHaH» 36.
3TH JIeHHHCKHe oueHKH n03BOJIH T lJeTKO pa3rpaHHlJHTb Teope-
THqeCKHe nOCTpoeHHH HapO.llHHKOB OT peaJIbHWX .lleMOKpaTHlJeCKHX
rpe60BaHHH KpeCTbHH B HX 60pb6e 3a pelleHHe arpapHoro Bonpoca
H 3aBoeBaHHe nOJIHTHlJeCKHX CB060.ll. llYMaeTcH, liTO 3TH JIeHHH-
cKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH He nOTepHJIH CBoeH >KH3HeHHOCTH H B Hallie
apeMH. MHorHe BbIcTynJIeHHH H HapO.llHbIX .llenYTaTOB, H ny6J1H-
UHcrO B , H JIH.llepOB pa3J1HlJHbIX He<popMaJIbHbIX 06'be.lI.HHeHHH Ha-
nOMHHa T paCCY>K.lI.eHHH .lI.eMOKpaTOB H pa.lI.HKaJIOB HalJaJla XX B.
OHH C03BYlJHbI npOWJIOMY He TOJIbKO CBOHM CO.lI.ep>KaHHeM, HO
H He3HaHHeM >KH3HH H HHTepeCOB HapO.lI.a, ero pa3JIHlJHbIX CJIOeB.
CJIe.lI.yeT CKa3aTb, lJTO caMH HapO.lI.HHKH no-pa3HOMY onpe.lI.eJIH-
JlH CBO COIJ.HaJIbHYIO 6a3Y. O.lI.HH H3 HHX 3aHBJIHJIH, liTO OHH OTpa-
>Ka T HHTepeCbI Bcero TPY.lI.OBOrO HapO.lI.a, .lI.pyrHe - «pa60llero
KJlaCca», B KOTOpbIH OHH BKJI lIaJlH KpeCTbHHCTBO, npOJIeTapHaT
H HHTeJIJIHreHIJ.H , TpeTbH - «TPY.lI.OBOe KpeCTbHHCTBO». 4eTKoe
JleHHHCKoe,Onpe.lleJleHHe HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa KaK H.lI.eOJIOrHH KpeCTbHH-
CKOH .lI.eMOKpaTHH HMeJlO Ba}l(H'oe H TeOpeTHlJeCKOe, H npaKTHlleCKoe
3HalleHHe, H60 n03BOJlHJIO onpe.lI.eJIHTb peaJIbHYIO pOJIb 3Toro H.lI.eH-
Horo H nOJIHTHlJeCKOrO TelJeHHH H OTHOlleHHe K HeMY npOJleTapHaTa
Hero aBaHrap.lI.a - napTHH 60JIblleBHKOB. XapaKTepHbIMH lIepTa-
MH HapO.lI.HHKOB JIeHHH ClJHTaJI He.lI.OOIJ.eHKY HMH cepbe3HOH Te-
opeTHlleCKOH pa60TW, 3KJIeKTHKY, 6ecnpHHUHnHOCTb, HenOCJIe.lI.OBa-
TeJlbHOCTb, <ppa3epCTBO, MaHHJIOBw.HHY. B «nJIaHe CTaTbH npOTHB
3cepOB» (1903) B. 11. J1eHHH, xa paKTepH3YH H.lI.eHHYIO nJIaT<popMY
3cepOB, OTMelJaJI: «TeopeTHllecKaH 6eCnpHHIJ.HnHocTb: HapO.lI.HHlIe-
CKHe npe.lI.paccY.lI.KH +3a na.lI.HOeBpOneHcKaH onnopTYHHcTHllecKaH
6YP>Kya3HaH "KpHTHKa". OTCYTcTBHe credo, 3aTeMHeHHe C03HaHHH,
Hrpa B npHTKH. . .» 37
B. 11. JIeHHH He TOJIbKO <PHKCHpOBaJI 3TH lIepTW 3cepCTBa KaK
H.lI.eHHOrO TelJeHHH Hap HHlleCKoro TOJIKa, HO H 06'bHCHHJI ero npH-
lfHHbI, cpe.lI. H KOTOpbIX Ha3bIBaJI Hepa3BHTOCTb «KJIaCCOBbIX npOTH-
BopelfHH B 3noxy .lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH» 38.
B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO OTMellaJI onaCHOCTb HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH
HII.eOJIOrHH H He06xo.lI.HMOCTb HenpHMHpHMOH 60pb6bI C HeH KaK
HBJleHHeM, Bpa>K.lI.e6HbIM B033peHHHM npOJIeTapHaTa. «MeJlK06yp-
>Kya3HaH H.lI.eOJIOrHH, - nHCaJl OH B 1903 r., - pa3Bpaw.aeT KJlaC-
COBoe C03HaHHe npOJIeTapHaTa, .lI.eJIaeT ero HerO.lI.HbIM K caMOCTO-
HTeJlbHOH n03HIJ.HH no OTHoweHHIO K 6YP>Kya3HoH .lI.eMOKpaTHH» 39.
Bce TelJeHHH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, no MHeHH B. 11. J1eHHHa, HMeJlH
06IlI.He lJepTbI, THnHlJHbIe .lI.JIH H.lI.eOJIOrHH MeJIKOH 6yp>Kya3HH. TaK,
KpHTHKYH TeOpeTHlJeCKHe CTaTbH B )KypHaJIe «PyccKoe 60raTcTBo»,
B. H. JleHHH nHCaJI B 1913 r.: «TaKoro nYCToro Ha60pa CJIOB, Ta-
Koro pa3rYJIa YKJlOHlJHBOH, rOJIOH <ppa3bI, TaKOH MewaHHHbI B3rJIH-
lI.OB (3KJIeKTH3Ma) .lI.aBHeHbKO Y>Ke MbI He BCTpelJaJlH B "PYKOBO-
lI.HIlI.Hx"CTaTbHX cIIHTa w.erOCH cepbe3HbIM HapO.llHHlleCKoro )KYP-
HaJIa» 40.
29
B. H. J1eHHH 06'bHCHHJ] )KHBYlJeCTb, WHpOKOe paCnpOCTpaHeHHe
H nOnYJ]HpHOCTb HapO HHlJeCKHX B033peHHH 60J]bWOH npOlJHOCTblO
«B Hawei\ CTpaHe pa3J]HlJHbIX OTCTaJ]bIX YlJeHHH COl..lHaJ]H3Ma» 41.
J.!J]H .neHHHCKOH KOHl..lenl..lHH HapO.lI. H H4eCTBa XapaKTepeH .lI.H<pcpe-
peHl..lHpOBaHHbIH no.lI.XO.lI. K Ol.leHKe COCTaBa 3TOrO H.lI.eHHOrO HanpaAJ]e-
HHH H Be.lI.YllI.HX TeH.lI.eHl..lHH ero pa3BHTHH. B. H. J1eHHH OTMelJaJ] .lI.Ba
B3aHMOCBH33 HHbIX npOl..lecca: npO.lI.OJ])KalOllI.HHCH pacna.lI. OCHOB Ha-
pO.lI.HHlJeCKOH H.lI.eOJ]orHH H Bbl.lI.eJ]eHHe .lI.BYX ero Be.lI.YllI.HX TelJeHHH:
J]H6epaJ]bHoro HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, H.lI.yw.ero Ha c6J]H)KeHHe C J]u6epaJ]b-
HOH 6YP)Kya3HeH - Ka.lI.eTaMH, H J]eBOHapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, rJ]aBHOH TeH-
.lI.eHl..lHeH KOToporo CTaJ]O .lI.BH)KeHHe B HanpaBJ]eHHH K MapKCH3MY.
3TOT npOl..leCC 6blJl BeCbMa 60J]e3HeHHbIM, CJIO)l{HbIM, npOTHBOpelJH-
BbIM, Me.lI.J]eHHbIM, TeM He MeHee B. H. JIeHHH BH.lI.eJ] B HeM oCJ]a6J]eHHe
n03Hl..lHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbl, .lI.aJ]bHeHwee ynpOlJeHHe Map-
KCH3Ma. B nOJ]HTH4eCKOH c epe 31'0 03Ha4aJ]O 3aBoeBaHHe Henpo-
J]eTapCKHX CJ]oeB H8 CTOPOHY pa604ero KJ]acca .lI.J]H ycnelllHoro npo-
Be.lI.eHHH 6YP)Kya3HO-11.eMOKpaTH4eCKOH, a 3aTeM H COl..lHaJ]HcTH4ecKoli
peBOJIIOl..lHH. nOCTOHHHO nO.lI.lJepKHBaH HaCTOHTeJ]bHYIO Heo6xo.lI.H-
MOCTb 60pb6bl C OTCTaJ]bIMH TeopHHMH YTonH4eCKoro COl..lHaJ]H3Ma,
BKJ]104aH H HapO,lI.HH4eCTBO B. 11. JleHHH 06palll.a TIeH K ee Tpa.lI.Hl..lHHM
H HCTOKaM. B 1905 r. OH HanOMHHa TI, lJTO «BCH HCTOpHH PYCCKOH
peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHOH MbICJ]H 3a nOCJ]e,lI.HtOlO lJeTBepTb BeKa eCTb HCTOpHH
60pb6bl MapKCH3Ma C MeJ]K06ypiKya3HbIM HapO.lI.HH4eCKHM COl..lH3J]H3-
MOM» 42. llJ]H MapKCHCTOB 31'0 HanOMHHaHHe B YCJIOBHHX 1905 r. 6bIJ]O
n pH3blBOM npO.lI.oJ])I{HTb HacTynJ]eHHe Ha n03HLlHH MeJ]l<o6YP)l{ya3HoH
HJJ.eOJ]orHH, HaH60JICe OfIaCHoro npoTHBHHKa MapKcH3Ma, BblcTynaB-
wero f10.lI. J]a rOM 3a illHTbl HHTepeCOB Ha pO.lI.a B <popMe HpKOH, l..lBeTH-
CTOH COl..lHaJ]HCTH4eCKOH pa3eo orHH.
CaM B. H. JleBHH .lI.aJ] 6J]eCTHllI.He 06pa311.bI KPHTHKH HapO.lI.HHlJe-
CKHX B033peHuiL OH 1l0CTOHHHO IIOJI.lJepKHBaJl Ba.>KJ-IOCTb TeopeTH4e-
CKOrI 60pb6bl C npOTHBHHKaMH MapKCH3Ma J].vlH peBo.TIIOl..lHOHHOH nap-
THH npOJ]eTapHaTa. B «n.naH 6pOUJIOpbJ npOTHB 3eepOB» (1903)
B. H. JIeHHH BKJ]IOlJHJ] TaKYIO 3a,lI.a4Y: «Oc06eHHoe BHHMaHHe .lI.OJ])I{HO
6bITb o6paUl.eHO H3 TeopeTH4ecKHC', npHHHHnH3JIbHbIe pa3HorJ]a-
CHH» 4; . 3Ta MbIC"Tlb npOxo,lI.HT 4epe3 Bee pa60TbI B. l-'1. J1eHMHa, Ha-
n H C a H H bI e .lI. 0 1 9 1 7 r. H no C B Hill e H H bi e K p 11 T H K e Hap O.llJ I H 4 e C I< 0 rl .lI. 0-
l<1'pHHhl. rIOCJle!lOBaTe.nbHaH 60pb6a B. vI. JleHHHa H flaPTHH uo.JIbWe-
BHKOB 06eCnelJHJla pa3rpoM HapO.lI.HH4eCTBa KaK H,lI.eHHOrO H nOJ]HTI1-
4eCKoro TeLJCHI1H, Bpa >KLle6HOro M a pI<CH3MY.
KpHTH4eCKHH aHaJ1H3 H.aeHHblx OCHOB Hapo,iJ,HH4eCT13Ci XX B., Bcex
ero Te4eHHH n03BOJ]HJ] B. 11. JleHHHY paCKpbITb HayqHYJO HeCOCTOH-
TeJ]bHOCTb TeopeTH4CCKHX B033peHHH MeJIKo6YP)l{ya3HbIx LleMOKpaTOB
KaK Hl.leOJ]orOB KpeCTbHHCKoro YTonHLJeCKOrO COUHaJII1JMa. C 1ie1'KHX,
K.naCCOBbIX n03HllHH B. 11. JIeHHH onpe.D,eJIHJ] CTeneHb onaCHOCTH
MeJ]Ko6ypmya3l1oH H,lI.eOJ]orHI1, xa pa KTep H cpOpMbI ee pacnpOCTpa He-
HHH, HaMeTHJl nYTI1 H Cpc.n.CTBa 60pb6bI C HeH no Ba)l{HeHWHM H 1131160-
.nee aKTyaJIbHbIM BonpocaM 06111ecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH.
B. yi. JIeHHHa IIHTPpecoBaJ]11 npe)Y(.lI.c Bcero KPYIlIICHIlIHe Hj],eO.1l0rH
H TeopeTHKH HapOllHH4ecTBa, a He CJ]yqaHHbIe H MaJ]OBJ]I1HTe.TIbHbIC
30
j1.e51TeJ]H, BblcTynaBIIIH(' co CDOHMIi paccY)l{}1.0HHHMII Ii COMlleIlHHi\lfH Ha
crpaHHUax HapO!.LHH4CCI<OH £Je4aTH. ()H aHa.JIH3J1pOua.rI H h:PHTHI<OBaJI
BbICTynJ1eHHH T31<HX HapOJJ.HHI(OB XX B. KaJ( 1-1. 1<. lV\HxaHJ10BCKHi ,
M. P. fou, B. M. YepHoB, A. B IIeluexoHoB, H. <=. f)YC8 HOB,
fl. A. COpOJ(HH, C. C. Mac/loB, }-1. H. I)al<HTIIHKOB, H. B. C:SHTHUI<Hi1,
I-I. H. CYX8 HOB ,H JJ.p.
B. H. J1E'HHI-t Y,ll,eJIH.Tl npHCT3.!TbHoe nHHl\taHH aHaJ]H3Y MaTepHa-
J10B BeJl.YlHH x nppHO,LLHqeCI<H x Yl31U111H i1 ffCt PO[lHH KOB XX B.: «I::)yccKoe
6oraTcTBO», < BecTHHK PYCCl<OH reHOJJIOUHH», «PeBo"TTlolLHoHHaH Poc-
CHH», «P{\BOJIIOLlHOllHafJ f\ILIC.lIb», «3af3eTbl», «JHaJ\1H TpYJ-la», «Co-
BpeMeHHbIe 3anHCI<H» H lI.p.
rJIy6oI(HH H BcecTopoHrH.di 8H(J.I'IH3 TcopeTH4erKJ1X OCHOB Hapo,lI.HH-
4ecI<oi1 .l1,OI<TpH Hbl nO: BO.JIH.II B tl. .Tle 1 H HY qeTKO on pCJJ.eJI liTb OClIOB-
HbIe 3c.t)!allH Ma[JI<cHcTOB B RH1Le Te3HCOB:
«a) TeOpeTHQeCKaH 3atUHT8 H pa3BHTHe peBOJJIOIHfOHHoro Map-
J(CH3Ma.
(3) BCPlvIe p Hoe yq ac rHe H M("\/K.1YHa p011.HOH Hl el1 HOJi 60pbOf\.
1') Pa3UHTHf PyccKoro MdPKcH iMa, npH:v1eHeHlIe ero, 6opb6a C J]H-
6ep3JI bHO" H3 pO!.L1I'P-!f2CKI1 M J! a npa B.neHHf M, p8306.11 aile H He pa604C \1Y
K.n3ccy ero 6YP)Kya3HocTH 11 :\1eJIKo6YP}Kya3HOCTH» l4
PaCCMClTpHBaH H.LlCHHble OCIIOBbJ HapO,,1,HHql.)CKOfI n.OKTpHHbJ,
B. 11. JIeHHH BbIHBJIH.n TaKYlo 4epTY H,a,eoJ]oroB 3Toro HanpaBJIeHHH,
KaK He!.LOOIleHK3 Ba)KIIOCTH TcopeTHlfeCKOH pa60Tbl, 06YCJ10BJ]eHIl8H
HenOHHMaHHE'M Toro, 4TO r.,11QBHaH neJ]b nagTHH - «BGIpa6oTKa LlCJIb-
Horo peBo.J110I1HOHHOro MHpOC03epllaHHH» 5. flpH 3T0fV1 B. H. J1ef-lHH
nOCTOHHHO 06paLU3J1CH K onbITY 6)opb6bl MapKcHcTOB npOTHB HLlCOj10-
rHH J]H6cpaJ]bHoro HapO.LJ.HHlleCTRa 80-90-x rO,lJ.OB XIX B. VI B nep-
SYIO 04epeJJ.b :)TO Ka caJ]OCb Ta KH x CTOpOH B033prHH H, Ka I{ <-pHJ]ocoq)-
CKHE' H 3KOHOMH4CCKHe 83f'JIHlIb[ HapoJJ.HHf\OB, 1160 OHH He npeTCpnE'J]H
CYUJ,eCTBeIIHbIX 1f3MeHCHI'fI1 no cpaBHeHHY.' C H x n03H LlHHi\IH B X IX B.
B. VI. JleHHH YKa3bIBaJI, LITO cy6'beKTHBHbIII H,D.C(1J]H3M B cpHJ]OCO-
HH, cy6'beKTHBHbIi1 I\1CTO,U B COlLHO.T1orHH lIO-IIpe)l{HeMY OC raH8J]HCb
6a3HCOM Bcex TeopeTH4eCI<HX B033peHI1fI HapO.lI.HHKOB.
B KpHTHlIeCKOM aHa'I'IH3e HapOIllnftH.. CKOii Teopel H4eCKOH .iLOI<TPH-
Hbl B nepBYIO Ol.!epPJ!b B. f. J1CHHHa HnTepecoUQv 'H BOIIpOCbI, I1MeB-
IlIne nepBOCTE'neUH00 ? HcP1CIHIl' ,a.iI51 np:1KTHKH peBOJ]IOUI10HHOH 60pb-
6bl, ,lJ.JIfJ onpCLle,}le II H H Ha Y4 HO 060CHOBa H HO ro OTHO I1IC HH 51 II pO';IeTa PH-
aTa Hero napTHH K HenpOJleTapCKHM CJ]OHM TPY,D,HWHXCH H I1X
rtO.,lHTH4eCKHM opraHH3C:IlU1HM, JLJI pC13'bHClIeHHH MaccaM onaCHOCTH
Me.TIKo6YP>Kya HbJx H..rl.TIIQ3Hj:, B 6opb6e 33 .D.eMOKpaTHIO H COllHa.r1H3M.
JlcHHH D.3J] QCTKHC Xapal(TepHCTI11{H H8pOIUUftJeCKHM fIapTHHM.
Tal\, 3HeCOB OH Ha3bIRCJ.J1 «onnopTYHHCTaMH rOpa31l0 xY/Ke HaUll1X
Me H bl lIe B 11 KO B», «no.n Y Ka,UeT£:l 1\1 H»; «C KOJI bl<O - H H 6y Jl b fIOCJ1e!.LO Ba TCJl 1)-
HbIMH H pCLIH1TeJlbHbIMH peBOJ]IOl1HOHepaMH H pecny6.:1HKaHuaMH»
ClIHTa.n TOJlbl<O 3cepOB. BbI,lI.e.TIH.TI B. YI. JleHHH H 6ecnapTHHHYI0 «1 PY-
1.l0BYIO rpynny». PaCCMaTpHB3H Bonpoc 0 B03MO)KHOCl H 3aKJII04eHlfH
COrJIalileIIHH C HHMH B XOJlC 113UHpaTeJlbHOlf KaMn8HHH BO IrrOpyIO
rOCY1I.apCTBrHHYIO lI.Y;VI)', B. :VI. JleHliH IIHca.n: «lleHcTBIITeJlbHO OHH
COC!.LHHHMbI H ('OP.l1.HHHIO'ICH? < oe,LI.HHHMbI 6r3yc.TIOBHO, H60 MeJTKO-
6YP)f{Y8 HbIH KJIarCOBbIH oa3HC O!lHII» 4(,.
:51
BHeKJ]aCCOBbI M Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKH M Ol.leHKa M TeOpeTHlleCKOH
H npaKTHlJeCKOH .lI.eHTeJ]bHOCTH pa3J]HlJHWX OpraHH3al.lHH B. H. J1e-
HHH npOTHBOnOCTaBJ]HJ] CTpOrO KJ]aCCOBbIe XapaKTepHCTHKH' H.lI.eH-
HbIX TelJeHHH H nOJ]HTHlleCKHX OpraHH3aUHH, BCKpbIBaH H HX 06'beK-
THBHYIO P0J]b B 60pb6e COl..lHaJ]bHbIX CHJ] XX B. B CTaTbe «BbI60PbI
B ,[{YMY H TaKTHKa PYCCKOH COl.lHaJ]-.lI.eMOKpaTHH» (1907) B. H. J1e-
HHH nHCaJI: «THnHlJHOe napTHHHO-nOJIHTHlleCKoe BbIpa)KeHHe Haxo-
.lI.HT 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHllecKoe peBoJ]IOUHoHHoe C03Ha HHe
KpecTbHHcTBa B napTHHx TPY.lI.OBHKOB, COl.lHaJIHCTOB-peBoJ]IOl..l.HoHe-
pOB H HapO.lI.HbIX COl.lHaJ]HCTOB». BMeCTe C TeM B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTO-
HHHO nO.lI.lIepKHBaJ] Hecnoc06HOCTb HapO.lI.HHKOB .lI.aTb «KJIaCCOBbIH
aHaJ]H3 pa3HbIX napTHH», nOHHTb «KJ]aCCOBYIO OCHOBY pOCCHHCKOH
peBOJ]I01.1HH» 47.
06W.HOCTb KJ]aCCOBoro 6a3Hca Bcex HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX napTHH, q,YH-
KUHOHHpOBaBWHX Ha nOJ]HTHlleCKOH apeHe POCCHH B HalJaJ]e XX B.,
n03BOJIHeT npHMeHHTb K HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHIO HX H.lI.eHHbIX nJ]aTq,opM MeTO.lI.
THnOJ]orHH, T. e. cpaBHeHHH H BbIHBJ]eHHH HX 06W.HX lJepT, O.lI.HOTHn-
HbIX B3rJ]H.lI.OB, .lI.eTepMHHHpOBaHHbIX HX KJ]aCCOBOH npHpO.lI.OH, He
HrHopHpYH npH 3TOM HMeBWHXCH pa3J]HIIHH B HX TeOpeTHlJeCKHX,
nporpaMMHbIX H TaKTHlleCKHX YCTaHOBKax.
113 Bcex HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX TelJeHHH H rpynnHpoBOK 60J]ee Bcero
BHHMaHHH B. 11. J1eHHH Y.lI.eJ]HJI B 1902-1917 rr. KpHTHKe 3cepoBcKHX
B033peHHH. 3TO CBH3aHO C TeM, liTO 3cepbI 6bIJ]H caMOH MHOrOlJHCJIeH-
HOH H nonYJ]HpHOH napTHeH MeJ]KOH 6YP)Kya3HH, BbIpa)KaBWeH KJ]ac-
COBble CTpeMJ]eHHH pa3J]HIIHbIX CJ]oeB KpeCTbHHCTBa, ero 3aHHT€;1peco-
BaHHOCTb B pa.lI.HKaJIbHOH 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH, arpapHOH
H nOJIHTHlJeCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH. B 3aw.HTe H pa3BHTHH TeOpeTHlJeCKHX
OCHOB HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbI 3cepbI 6bIJ]H 3HalJHTeJ]bHO aKTHBHee,
lJeM 3HeCbI H TPY.lI.OBHKH. Y HHX 6bIJIO 60J]bwe TeopeTHKOB, OHH lIalll.e
BbIcTynaJ]H B npecce KaK xpaHHTeJIH H 3aw.HTHHKH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX
Tpa.lI.HUHH. no H.lI.eHHOH 3BOJ]IOUHH 3cepOB MO)KHO 6bIJIO CY.lI.HTb 06
H3MeHeHHHX B H.lI.eOJIOrHH MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HbIx pa.lI.HKaJ]oB, .lI.eMOKpaToB
H peBoJ]IOUHoHepoB. r JIa BHYIO TeH.lI.eHUHIO B 3BOJ]IOUHH Ha pO.lI.HHKOB
B. 11. J1eHHH onpe.lI.eJIHJ] KaK .lI.BH)KeHHe OT .lI.eMOKpaTH3Ma K COUHa-
J]H3MY, OT HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa K Ma KcH3MY, BH.lI.H B 3TOM «n06e.lI.Y Map-
KCH3Ma Ha.lI. Ha p0.lI.HHlIeCTBOM» 4 .
rOBOpH 0 CBH3H HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XX B. C HapO.lI.HHlleCKOH .lI.OKTpH-
HOH XIX B., B. 11. J1eHHH OTMellaJI onpe.lI.eJ]eHHYIO npeeMCTBeHHOCTb
H 06palll.aJ] BHHMaHHe Ha Te lJepTbI H HBJ]eHHH, KOTopbIe npH06peJ]H
Ba)KHOe 3HalleHHe B HOBOH HCTopHlleCKOH 06CTaHOBKe. J1eHHH CIIHTaJ]
YlJeHHe CTaporo HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa «,lI.0 H3BeCTHOH CTeneHH ueJIbHbIM
H nOCJ]e.l1.0BaTeJIbHbIM», KOTopoe OTpHl.laJIO rOCnO.l1.CTBO KanHTaJ]H3Ma
B POCCHH, P0J]b q,a6pHIIHO-3aBO.lI.CKHX pa60lJHX KaK nepe.lI.OBbIX Oop-
UOB Bcero npOJ]eTapHaTa, 3HalleHHe nOJIHTHlleCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH H 6yp-
)Kya3HoH nOJ]HTHlleCKOH CBOOO.lI.bI; npOnOBe.lI.OBaJIO cpa3Y COUHaJ]HCTH-
lIeCKHH nepeBopOT, HCXO.lI.HW.HH H3 KpeCTbHHCKOH 06mHHbI C ee MeJI-
KHM CeJIbCKHM X03HHCTBOM. B HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBe HalJaJ]a XX B. OT 3Toro
ueJIbHOrO iflJeHHH, nHcaJ] B. 11. J1eHHH B 1905 r., «OCTaJ]HCb. . . TOJIbKO
KJ]OllbH» 4 . OH 06pawaJ] BHHMaHHe H Ha TO 06CTOHTeJ]bCTBO, lJTO
32
C OUHaJ1HCTbI-peBOJ]IOUHOHepbI «n03a6bIJ]H .lI.aJKe MHOrOe H3 YlJeHHH
50
ca MHX Ha P0.lI.HHKOB» .
B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO BeJ] nOJ]eMHKY C HapO.lI.HH4eCKHMH H,LleOJ]O-
raMH Ha Bcex 3Tanax nO,LlrOTOBKH npOJ]eTapHaTa H napTHH 60J]bweBH-
KOB K COl..lHaJ1HCTH4eCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH, BbI.LleJ]HH npH 3TOM CJ]e.lI.YIOlliHe
BonpoCbI: 1) nepcneKTHBbl pa3BHTHH KanHTaJ]H3Ma B POCCHH; 2)
reopeTHlJeCKOe O()ocHoBa HHe COl..lHaJ]H3Ma Hero npe.lI.nOCbIJ]OK B POC-
CHH; 3) aHaJ]H3 P0J]H pa3J]HlJHblX KJ]aCCOB, HX nOTeHUHaJ]bHbIX B03-
MOIKHocTeH B 60pb6e 3a .LleMOKpaTHIO H COl..lHaJ]H3M; 4) OTHoweHHe
HapO,LlHHKOB K KJ]aCCOBOH 60pb6e, ee P0J]H B )KH3HH 0611iecTBa,
B 60pb6e 3a COl..lHaJ]H3M, ee oc06eHHocTeH B POCCHH; 5) 3a.lI.a4H,
xapaKTep H .lI.BH)Kyw.He CHJ]bl peBOJ]IOl..lHH B POCCHH; 6) peweHHe
arpapHoro Bonpoca KaK He06xo.lI.HMOrO YCJ]OBHH n06e.lI.bI pa.lI.HKaJ]bHoH
.lleMOKpaTHlJeCKOH peBoJ]IOUHH; 7) P0J]b nOJ]HTHlJeCKHX napTHH B peBo-
JIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6e KJ]aCCOB; 8) nporpaMMa, CTpaTerHH H TaKTHKa
peBoJ]louHOHHOfl 60pb6bl; 9) OTHOllleHHe K MapKcH3MY H COUHaJ]-
.lleMOKpaTHH; 10) OTHoweHHe K Hapo.lI.HHlJeCTBY, K Tpa.lI.HUHHM peBo-
JIIOUHOHHoro M oCB060.lI.HTeJ]bHoro .LlBH)KeHHH XIX B.
TaKHe np06J]eMbl, KaK OTHoweHHe K MapKcH3MY Hero onnopTYHH-
CTHlJeCKOH KpHTHKe, K KanHTaJ]H3MY Hero pa3BHTHI0 B POCCHH, K «no-
p0)K.lI.aeMOMY 3THM Ka nHTaJ]H3MOM npOJIeTa pHaTY» 51, B. 11. J1eHHH
OTHOCHJ] K lJHCJ]Y OCHOBHbIX nporpaMMHbIX BonpOCOB, nO.lI.lJepKHBaH
B CTaTbe «BYJ]bra pHbIH COUHaJ]H3M H Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCTBO, BOCKpewaeMble
COl..lHaJ]HCTaMH-peBOJ]IOIJ.HOHepaMH» (1902), lJTO lJHTaTeJ]b .lI.OJ])KeH
xopoweHbKO B.lI.YMaTbCH B paCCY)K,LleHHe 3cepOB H oueHHTb HX «Teope-
TH4eCKHe nOCbIJIKH» 52. OH nOCTOHHHO nO,LllJepKHBaJ], 4TO B YCJ]OBHHX
XX B. ,LlJ]H H.lI.eOJ]orOB npOJ]eTapHaTa Ba)KHO ,LlaTb npaBHJ]bHYIO, HaYlJ-
HO 060CHOBa HHYIO oueHKY COUHaJ]HCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB, «8cex CTO-
pOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH (H BceH CYW.HOCTH) 3Toro HanpaBJ]eHHH» 53.
B. 11. J1eHHH OTMelJaJ] OTXO.lI. Ha pO.lI.HHKOB XX B. OT Tpa.lI.Hl.lHOHHbIX
B033peHHH, YCMaTpMBaH ero B <paKTe npH3HaHHH KanHTaJ]H3Ma B POC-
CHH. 3KOHOMHlJeCKHH nporpecc 3aCTaBHJ] HapO.lI.HHKOB OTKa3aTbCH OT
npe)KHHX B3rJIH.lI.OB Ha caM06bITHbIH xapaKTep pa3BHTHH POCCHH
H npH3HaTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTblO BCTynJ]eHHe CTpaHW Ha nYTb KanHTa-
JIH3Ma, .lI.OCTHrwero B HalJaJ]e XX B. onpe.lI.eJ]eHHOH CTeneHH 3peJ]OCTH
H B ropO.lI.e H B .LlepeBHe. B npOl.leCce OTXO.lI.a HX OT CTapbIX HapO.lI.HHlJe-
CKHX .n.orM B. 11. J1eHHH BH.lI.eJ] «npH3HaHHe "TBOplJeCKOH" HCTOpHlJe-
CKOH pa60TbI KanHTaJ]H3Ma, 0606ll1.eCTBJ]HIOlliero TPY.lI. H C03.LlaI0w.ero
"COUHaJ]bHYIO CHJIY", CnQC06HYIO npe06pa30BaTb 06w.eCTBO, CHJ]Y
npOJ]eTapHaTa, TaKoe npH3HaHHe eCTb pa3pWB C HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBOM
H nepexo.lI. K MapKCH3MY. B OCHOBY TeopHH COUHaJ]H3Ma KJ]a.lI.eTCH
06'beKTHBHoe pa3BHTMe 3KOHOMHKH H KJ]aCCOBoro .lI.eJ]eHHH» 54.
O.lI.HaKO 3TO npH3HaHHe He 6bIJ]0 nOCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJIbHbIM H 6e30rOBO-
pOlJHbIM, a caMa KOHUenl..lHH Ha pO.lI.HHKOB CTpa.lI.aJ]a npHMHTHBH3MOM,
O.lI.HOCTOpOHHOCTbIO, TeOpeTHlJeCKOH 6e3rpaMOTHOCTblO. «4HCTO no-
HapO.lI.HH4eCKH, - nHcaJ] B. 11. J1eHHH, - ynYCKaeTCH H3 BH.lI.Y TOT
cpaKT, lJTO KanHTaJ]HCTHlJeCKaH 3KcnJ]yaTal..lHH B POCCHH npH06peTaeT
OC06eHHO OTBpaTHTeJ]bHbIe <POpMbI BCJ]e.lI.CTBHe nepe)KHBaHHH OTHowe-
HHH!.lI.OKanHTaJ]HCTHlJeCKHX». n03TOMY, aHaJ]H3HpYH 3KOHOMHlJeCKHe
3 r .ll AJleKCeeB3
33
B033peHHH 3CepOB, B. H. J1eHHH 06palll.aJ] oc060e BHHMaHHe Ha TaKYIO
HX lJepTY, KaK «6e3rpaMOTHOCTb B 06J]aCTH 3KOHOMHlJeCKOH HaYKH
H TeOpHH pa3BHTHH KanHTaJIH3Ma».
BbI.lI.BHraH Tpe60BaHHe COl{UaAU3al{UU 3eMAU H BBe.lI.eHHH ypaBHH-
TeJ]bHOrO 3eMJ]enOJ]b30BaHHH, 3cepbI He nOHHMaJIH Toro, lJTO 3TH MepbI
HMelOT 6YP)Kya3HbIH xapaKTep, H60 HX CJ]e.lI.CTBHeM HBJIHeTCH «paClJH-
CTKa nOlJBbI .lI.J]H KanHTaJIH3Ma, YHHlJTO)KeHHe BCHKHX cpe.lI.HeBeKOBbIX
H COCJIOBHbIX ne erOpO.lI.OK Ha 3eMJIe, C03.lI.aHHe CBo608HOii apeflbl 8A.H
KanUTaAU3Ma» 5 (KYPCHB MOH. - r. A.). Bce MepbI no COl..lHaJ]H3aUHH
3eMJ]H pacueHHBaJ]HOb 3cepaMH KaK nporpaMMa 60pbOW 3a COl..lHa-
J]H3M, KaK arpapHbIe H3MeHeHHH COl..lHaJ]HCTHlJeCKOrO THna. B. H. J1e-
HHH nOKa3WBaJ], lJTO B 3THX n03HUHHX B nOJ]HOH Mepe npOHBHJ]aCb
KJ]aCCOBaH CYW.HOCTb MeJ]K06ypmya3Hblx TeopeTHKOB, Hecnoc06HbiX
OO'beKTHBHO oueHHTb CBOH TeOpeTHlJeCKHe nOCTpoeHHH, nOHHTb HX
peaJ]bHoe COUHaJIbHOe CO.lI.ep)KaHHe, nepcneKTHBbl 11 B03MO)KHbI-e HTorH
60pb6bl.
KaK npHMep HeCOCTOHTeJ]bHOCTH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX 06'bHCHeHHH Ka-
nHTaJ]HCTHlJeCKOH 3BO IDUHH B. H. J1eHHH HeO HOKpaTHO npHBO.lI.HJ]
paCCY)K.lI.eHHH 0 nOJ]O)f{HTeJ]bHbIX H OTpHuaTeJ]bHbIX CTopOHax pa3BH-
THH KanHTaJ]H3Ma, K KOTOpbIM Hepe.lI.KO npHoeraJ]H TeopeTHKH 3cepOB.
TaK, B CTaTbe «OT HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa K MapKCH3MY» B. H. J1eHHH, KPH-
THKYH 3TH H.lI.eH, nHcaJ]: «B03bMHTe rJ]aBHYID 06111eTeOpeTHlJeCKYIO
nonpaBKY: TeopHIO 6JIarOnpHH'f.HOrO H He6J]aronpHHTHoro OTHoweHHH
Me)K.lI.Y nOJIOJKHTeJ]bHbIMH H OTpHuaTeJ]bHbIMH CTopOHaMH KanHTaJ]H3-
Ma ». B. 11. JleHHH paCCMaTpHBaJ] 3TH paCCY)K.lI.eHHH KaK «BHeceHHe
B MapKCH3M CTaporo PYCCKoro cy6'beKTHBH3Ma» 56.
o nOJIOBHHlJaTOM xapaKTepe npH3HaHHH KanHTaJ]H3Ma CBH.lI. TeJ]b-
CTBOBaJIa nporpaMMa J]eBOHapO.lI.HHKOB H 3HeCOB B «PYCCKOM 60-
raTCTBe», ynoMHHYTaH B. 11. J1eHHHbIM B \ CTaTbe «HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO
H KJIaCC HaeMHbIX» (1914). Ee cO.lI.ep)KaHHe cBH eTeJ]bcTBoBaJ]q
o TOM, lJTO OHa «.lI.0 CHX nop He pewaeTCH npH3HaTb POCCHID KanHTa-
J]HCTHlJeCKOH CTpaHOH» 57.
LlJ]H 3cepOB KaK THnHlJHblX npe.lI.CTaBHTeJ]eH HapO HHlJeCTBa XX B.
6bIJ]0 xapaKTepHO «HenOHHMaHHe pea,,1Idll)IX OCHOB COBpeMeHHoro
X03HHCTBeHHoro CTpOH Hero pa3BHTHH» 58, OHH OTpHl..laJ]H 3aKOHbI
H KaTeropHH TOBapHoro npOH3BO.lI.CTBa npHMeHHTeJ]bHO K PYCCKOMY
KpeCTbHHCKOMY'X03HHCTBY.
OTCIO.lI.a npOHCTeKaJ]O HenOHHMaHHe HapO.lI.HHKaMH XX B. xapaKTe-
pa 60pb6bI C OCTaTKaMH KpenOCTHHlJeCTBa H l..lapH3MOM (3a.lI.alJH
6YP)Kya3Ho- eMOKpaTHlJeCKol1 peBOJ]IDUHH) H 60pb6bI npOTHB 6YP)KY-
a3HH - 3a COl..lHaJ]H3M (3a.lI.alJH COUHaJ]HCTHlIeCKOH peBOJ]IDUHH).
B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO 06palll.aJ] BHHMaHHe Ha nonbITKH 060CHO-
BaHHH caM06bITHOCTH POCCHH, BH.lI.H B HHX nOBTopeHHe H.lI.eH H. LlaHH-
eJ]bCOHa H B. BOpOHUOBa «co BceH ero TeopHeH 06 OC06bIX "cY1!b6ax
KanHTaJ]H3Ma B 'POCCHH"». 06'bHCHHH )KHBYlJeCTb HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX
TeopHH nO.lI.06Horo THna, B. 11. J1eHHH OTMelJaJI: «OTcTaJ]ocb POCCHH
Bo06w.e H PyccKoro 3eMJ]e.lI.eJ]HH B oc06eHHocTH BbIcTynaeT Y)Ke He
KaK OTCTaJ]OCTb KanUTaAU3Ma, a KaK caM06bITHOCTb, OnpaB.lI.bIBalO-
w.aH OTCTaJ]bIe TeopHH» 59.
34
06'bHBJ]HH ce6H COl..lHaJ]HCTaMH, HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. nblTaJ]HCb .lI.aTb
reoperHlJeCKOe 060CHOBa HHe COl.lHaJ]H3Ma, OCMbICJ]HTb nYTH, Be.lI.YlliHe
K HeMY. OHH aKTHBHO npOTHBonOCTaBJ]HJ]H CBOH YTO HlJeCKHe, BO
MHoro M peaKUHOHHwe B033peHHH Ha COl..lHaJ]H3M HaYlJHOH KOHl..lenUHH
COUH8J1H3Ma, BeJ]H 60J]bWY10 nponaraH.lI.HCTCKYIO pa60TY Cpe.lI.H
I<peCTbHHCTBa, .npOJ]eTapHaTa, HHTeJ]J]HreHl.lHH, ynopHo pacnpOCTpa-
HHJlH CBOH .lI.aJ]eKHe OT HaYKH H.lI.eH Cpe.lI.H MOJ]O.lI.e)KH. n03TOMY
B. H. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO npH3blBaJ] CBOHX e.lI.HHOMbIWJ]eHHHKOB H CO-
p8THHKOB 60pOTbCH C MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HwM nOHHMaHHeM COUHaJ]H3Ma
Ha p O.llHHKa MH, 3aTyweBbIBalOlllHMH «nponaCTb Me)K.lI.Y KanHTaJ]OM
60
H TPY.lI. OM » .
Bonpoc 0 COl..lHaJ]H3Me B. 11. J1eHHH ClJHTaJ] O.lI.HHM H3 ueHTpaJIb-
HblX B CHope MapKCHCTOB Ii H.lI.eOJ]orOB KpeCTbHHCKoro YTonH4eCKoro
COUHaJ]H3Ma. B 3a.llalJY MapKCHCTOB BXO.lI.HJ]O TaK)Ke 06'bHCHeHHe
Hecnoc06HOCTH MeJ]K06YP)Kya3Hblx .lI.eMOKpaTOB C03.lI.aTb HaYlJHO
060CHOBaHHYI0 KOHuenUHIO COl..lHaJ]H3Ma, CTOHW.YIO Ha ypOBHe )].0-
CTH)I{eHHH 06w.eCTBeHHbIX HaYK XX B., pa306J]alJeHHe nceB.lI.OCOUHaJ]H-
CTHlJeCKOH CYW.HOCTH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX KOHl..lenUHH COUHaJ]H3Ma, CJ]Y-
)l{HBWHX 060CHOBaHHeM nporpaMMbI H TaKTHKH MeJ]K06YP)Kya3Hblx
napTHH.
HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHM B033peHHHM Ha BHeKJ]aCCOBbIH «06ll1.elJeJ]OBelJe-
CKHH» xapaKTep 60pb6bI 3a COUHaJ]H3M B. 11. J1eHHH npOTHBonOCTaB-
JIHJ] HaYlJHbIH COUHaJ1H3M, B KOTOpOM «MapKC CBH3aJ] npe06pa30-
BaTeJ]bHbIe CTpeMJ]eHHH C 60pb60H onpe.lI.eJ]eHHoro KJ]acca». «BHe
KJ]aCCOBOH 60pb6bI, -- nHcaJ] B. 11. JIeHHH B 1905 r., - COUHaJ]H3M
eCTb nycTaH <ppa3a HJ]H HaHBHoe MelJTa HHe» 61. 3Toro Ba)KHeHWero
nOJIO)KeHHH Hapo.lI.HHKH TaK H He CMOrJIH nOHHTb, CBH3bIBaH 60pb6y 3a
COl..lHaJ]H3M C KpeCTbllHCTBOM Hero CTpeMJIeHHeM K peweHHIO arpapHO-
ro Bonpoca B HHTepecax MeJIKOrO c06CTBeHHHKa 62. n03TOMY
B. H. J1eHHH ClJHTaJI HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO O.lI.HHM H3 BapHaHTOB npHMH-
THBHoro, KpeCTbHHCKoro COUHaJIH3Ma, rpe60BaJ] «npoTHBonOCTaBJ]e-
HHH Ha YlJ Horo COl..lHaJ]H3Ma BYJIbra PHOMY» 63 H .lI.eJ]aJ] BbIBO.lI. 0 TOM,
4TO «HX COUHaJ]H3M BOBce He peBOJIIOUHOHeH, a HX peBOJ]IOUHOHHOCTb
He HMeeT HH4ero 06ll1.ero C COUHaJ]H3MOM» 64. BclO CHCTeMY B3rJIH.lI.OB
HapO.lI.HHKOB XX B. B. H. J1eHHH C4HTaJ] peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlJe-
CKOH no CBoeMY 06'beKTHBHOMY CO.lI.ep)KaHHIO, a He COl..lHaJ]HCTHlJeCKOH,
H60 COllHaJ]H3M B 3THX TeopHHx 6blJ] MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HbIH, BYJIbrapHblH,
KpeCTbHHCKHH, YTonHlJeCKHH, 06J]elJeHHbfH B r OMKYIO peBOJ]IOUHOH-
HYIO <ppa3Y, J]HweHHbIH HaYlJHOrO cO.lI.ep)KaHHH 5. B. 11. J1eHHH OTMe-
4aJI B 1906 r.: «. . .KpeCTbHHCTBO 06J]eKaeT CBOH cTpeMJ]eHHH B <POPMY
YTonHH, T. e. Heocyw.ecTBHMbIX nO)KeJ]aHHH, BpO.lI.e ypaBHHTeJ]bHocTH
3eMJIenoJ]b30BaHHH npH coxpaHeHHH rOCnO.lI.CTBa KanHTaJ]a» 66.
Ha 60J]bWOM HCTopH4eCKOM, TeOpeTHlJeCKOM H nOJIHTHlJeCKOM Ma-
TepHaJ]e B. H. J1eHHH nOKa3aJI peaKl..lHOHHWH xapaKTep HapO.lI.HHlJe-
CKoro COl..lHaJ]H3Ma. 3TO npOHBHJ]OCb B 06palll.eHHH H.lI.eOJIOrOB Ha-
P O .D.HH4ecTBa K npOWJ]OMY - K 0611iHHe, B HX aneJ]J]HUHH K OTCTaJ]O-
CTH H naTpHapxaJ]bHOCTH Kp CTbHHCTBa. Ha3BaB TaKHX, KaK
newexOHOB, «H.lI.eHHbIMH BbIpa3HTeJIHMH peaKl.lHOHHbIX CTOpOH
KpeCTbHHCKoro X03HHlJHKa» 67, B. 11. J1eHHH HpOHHlJeCKH 3aMe-
3*
35
lJaJ], lJTO «nOKJ]OHHHI{H J1aBpoBa H MHXaHJ]OBCKOrO .lI.OJ])f{Hbl ClJHTaTb-
CH C nCHXOJ]OrHeH 3a6HTOH MaCCbl, a He C 06'beKTHBHbIMH YCJ]OBHHMH,
npeo6pa3YIOU{UMU nCHXOJ]orHIO 60plOU{eUCfl MaCCbl» 68.
Ha OCHOBe MeJ]K06YP)f{ya3HbIx npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHH 0 COl..lHaJIH3Me Ha-
pO.lI.HHKH XX B. .lI.eJ]aJ]H BbIBO.lI.bI 0 B03MO)f{HOCTH .lI.OCTH)f{eHHH CO-
l..lHaJ]H3Ma nOCpe.lI.CTBOM KOOnepal.lHH. OHH paCCMaTpHBaJ]H Koonepa-
THBHoe .lI.BH)KeHHe, OCYllI.eCTBJIS1eMOe npH rOCnO.lI.CTBe lJaCTHOH 3eMeJ]b-
HOH c06CTBeHHOCTH, KaK nYTb K COl..lHaJ]H3MY. B. H. J1eHHH oxapaKTe-
pH30BaJI 3TH H.lI.eH KaK «HOBYIO TOlJKY 3peHHH» - «lJepe3 KOOnepal..lHIO
K COl..lHaJIH3MY» 69. 3TH B3r J]H.lI.bI B3HJ]H Ha BoopYJKeHHe PYCCKHe
HapO.lI.HHKH XX B., HCnOJIb3YH HX B 60pb6e npOTHB MapKCH3M3 H HaYlJ-
HOH KOHl.lenUHH COl.lHaJ]H3Ma.
50J]bwoe MeCTO B JIeH HCKOH KpHTHKe HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XX B. 3a-
HHJIH BonpOCbI KJ]aCCOBOH 60pb6bI, pOJIH npOJ]eTapHaTa, KpeCTbHHCTBa
H HHTeJIJIHreHUHH B rpH.lI.yw.eH peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH. KaK H3BeCTHO,
no BceM 3THM np06JIeMaM MapKCH3M .lI.aJ] r JIy60KHH HaYlJHbIH aHaJIH3 Ha
OCHOBe 0606w.eHHH onblTa peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .lI.BH)KeHHH XIX-XX BB.,
pOJIH pa3JIHlJHbIX couHaJ]bHbIX CHJ] H napTHH, B TOM lJHCJ]e H MeJIKO-
6 Y p)f{ Y a 3 H bI X .
He nOHHMaH H He npH3HaBaH MapKCH3Ma KaK HaYlJHOH TeopHH,
HapO.lI.HHKH nWT3J]HCb npOTHBonOCTaBHTb eMY CBOH BeCbMa npHMH-
THBHbIe, nYTa HbIe, 3KJIeKTHlJeCKHe B3r J]H.lI.bI, nOCTpoeHHbIe Ha MeJIKO-
6YP)KY33HbIX 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX H COl.lHOJIOrHlJeCKHX KOHuenUHHX. npH
3TOM CBOH rJ]aBHwe YCHJ]HH OHH cocpe.lI.OTOlJHJ]H He H3 pa3paOOTKe
HaYlJHOH TeopHH, 3 Ha aKTHBHOH H ynopHoH 60pb6e C MapKCH3MOM, Ha
ero onpOBep)KeHHH C n03Hl..lHH onnopTYHH3Ma H pe<popMH3Ma 70. Map-
KCHCTCKaH KOHuenUHH KJIaCCOB H KJIaCCOBOH 60pbObI, TpaKTOBKa pOJ1H
npOJ]eTapHaTa H MeJIKOH 6YP)f{ya3HH B peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX C06bITHHX
XX B., X3p3KTep3 npH6JIH)K3BWeHCH B POCCHH peBOJIIOUHH CTaJIH
rJIaBHbIMH 06'beKT3MH H3na.lI.OK TeopeTHKOB HapO.lI.HHlIeCTB3 - A. ne-
rneXOHOBa, B. MHKOTHHa, B. 4epHOBa, A. KOMOBa, n. CopOKHHa
H .lI.p. H 3TO 6bIJIO 33KOHOMepHbIM HBJ]eHHeM, H60 npOJIeTapCKaH
KOHuenUHH KJI3CCOBOH 60pb6w C ee nOCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJ]bHOCTblO, pa.lI.HKa-
J]H3MOM, HenpHMHpHMOCTblO K 6YP)f{ya3HbIM H MeJ]Ko6YP)Kya3HbIM
B033peHHHM He npOCTO He «YCTp3HBaJ]a», «pa3.lI.pa)KaJIa» H.lI.eOJ]orOB
KpeCTbHHCKOH .lI.eMOKpaTHH, a BbI3bIBaJ]a B HHX pe3KO Bpa)K.lI.e6HOe
OTHorneHHe, CTpeMJIeHHe BceMH CHJIaMH H Cpe.lI.CTBaMH npOTHBO.lI.eH-
CTBOBaTb POCTY ee nonYJ]HpHOCTH H BJ]HHHHH. 3TO 06cToHTeJ]bcTBo
H 06YCJ]OBHJIO CTOJ]b npHcTaJ]bHoe BHHM3HHe B. 11. J1eHHHa K Ha-
pO.lI.HH4eCKHM B033peHHHM, 6ecKoMnpoMHccHOCTb H nOCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJIb-
HOCTb, a nO.lI.lJac H pe3KocTb ero KpHTHKH.
B. 11. J1eHHH nO.lI.lJepKHBaJ], lJTO HapO.lI.HHKH He cnoc06HbI nOHHTb
«KJ]aCCOBOH OCHOBbI pOCCHHCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH» 71, paCCTaHOBKH COl..lH-
aJ]bHbIX CHJI, 60pb6bI napTHH, OTpa)f{aBWeH 60Pb6 KJ]accoB, COUHaJIb-
HOH OCHOBbI «onn03Hl..lHOHHOro "J]H6epaJ]H3Ma"» 2 H MHoroe .lI.Pyroe,
6e3 lJero HeB03MO)KHO ycneLLIHo 60pOTbCH, a TeM 60J]ee n06e.lI.HTb.
AHaJIH3HPYH cepHIO cT3TeH no nporpaMMHbIM BonpocaM, ony6J]H-
KOBaHHbIX B 1902 r. B opraHe COl..lHaJ]HcToB-peBOJIIOl..lHOHepOB «PeBo-
J]1Ol..lHOHHaH POCCHH», B. H. J1eHHH B pa60Te «BYJ]brapHbIH COUHa-
36
JIH3M H HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO, BOCKpeWaeMOe COIl.HaJ]HCTaMH-peBOJ]IOIl.HO-
HepaMH» nHCaJ]: «HCKaTb OCHOBHOrO OT J]HlJHTeJIbHOrO npH3HaKa
pa3JIHlJHbIX KJ]aCCOB 06ll1.eCTBa B HCTOlJHHKe .lI.OXO.lI.a - 3HalJHT Bbl-
,llBHraTb Ha nepBOe MeCTO OTHOWeHHH paCnpe.lI.eJ]eHHH, KOTOpbIe Ha
caMOM .lI.eJ]e CYTb pe3YJ]bTaT OTHoweHHH npOH3BO.lI.CTBa. OWH6KY
3TY )J.aBHO YKa3aJ] MapKC, Ha3BaBWHH He BH.lI.HW.HX ee J]1O.lI.eH BYJ]b-
ra pHbIMH COUHaJ]HCTa MH». H .lI.aJ]ee B. 11. J1eHH H 06'bHCHHJ]: «Oc-
HOBHOH npH3HaK pa3J]HlJHH Me)K.lI.Y KJ]accaMH - HX MeCTO B 06-
lUecTBeHHoM npOH3BO.lI.CTBe, a CJ]e)J.OBaTeJ]bHO, HX OTHoweHHe
K Cpe.lI.CTBaM npOH3Bo.lI.CTBa. npHcBoeHHe TOH HJ]H .lI.PyroH lJaCTH
o6lUecTBeHHbIx Cpe.lI.CTB npOH3BO.lI.CTBa H 06paw.eHHe HX Ha lJaCTHOe
X03HHCTBO, Ha X03HHCTBO .lI.JIH npo.lI.a)KH npO.lI.YKTa - BOT OCHOBHoe
OTJIHlJHe OD.Horo KJ]acca COBpeMeHHoro 06w.eCTBa (6YP)Kya3HH) OT
npOJIeTapHaTa, KOTOpbIH J]HweH Cpe.lI.CTB npOH3BO.lI.CTBa H npO.lI.aeT
CBOIO pa60lJYIO CHJ]Y» 73. OTMelJaH, lJTO OO'bHCHeHHe HaJ]HlJHH KJIaC-
COB HCTOlJHHKOM .lI.oxo.lI.a HBJ]HeTCH THnHlJHOH oWH6KOH BYJIbrapHO-
ro COl..lHaJ]H3Ma, B. 11. J1eHHH YKa3WBaJ], lJTO H3 3THX B033peHHH
BbITeKaeT HenOHHMaHHe Toro Ba)KHOrO cpaKTa, lJTO HMeHHO 3KcnJ]Y-
aTaUHH HaeMHoro TpY.lI.a HBJ]HeTCH OCHOBOH Bcero COBpeMeHHoro
KanHTaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO CTpOH, lJTO OHa BbI3bIBaeT .lI.eJIeHHe 06w.eCTBa
Ha HenpHMHpHMble KJ]aCCbI, «H TOJIbKO C TOlJKH 3peHHH aToll KJIaCCO-
BOH 00pb6bI MO)KHO nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJlbHO oueHHTb Bce OCTaJIbHbIe npo-
HBJIeHHH 3KcnJ]yaTaIl.HH, He Bna.lI.aH B pacnJ]WBlJaTOCTb H oecnpHH-
Il.HnHOCTb» 74.
OTpHuaHHe KJ]aCCOBOH 60pb6w, P0J]H npoJ]eTapHaTa B HeH 6wJIO
xa paKTepHo H .lI.J]H JIeBOHa pO.lI.HHKOB, H .lI.J]H J]H6epaJIbHbIX Ha pO.lI.HHKOB
H3 «PyccKoro 60raTcTBa». 11 XOTH KJ]aCCOBaH 60pboa XX B., B TOM
lJHCJ]e H KpeCTbHHCTBa, .lI.aBaJ]a 60raTeHwHH MaTepHaJ] H ew.e pa3
nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.aJ]a cnpaBe.lI.J]HBOCTb MapKCHCTCKoro YlJeHHH, TeM He MeHee
HapO.lI.HHKH TaK H He nOHHJ]H 3Toro KpaHHe Ba)KHOrO HBJ]eHHH, OCTaBa-
HCb Ha npe)KHHX n03HIl.HHX. npaB.lI.a, B033peHHH HapO.lI.HHKOB He OCTa-
BaJIHCb HeH3MeHHbIMH, K TOMY )Ke npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIH pa3JIHlJHbIX TelJeHHH
He O.lI.HHaKOBO oueHHBaJ]H 3HalJeHHe KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI. O.lI.HaKO Bce
OHH B TeopHH 6bIJ]H B MeHbweH CTeneHH peBOJIIOUHOHepbI, lJeM Ha
npaKTHKe. J1eBbIe rpynnHpoBKH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa 6bIJ]H CTOpoHHHKaMH
KpaHHe pa.lI.HKaJ]bHwx Mep H <POpM 60pb6w (Teppop, HeMe.lI.JIeHHOe
BOopY)KeHHOe BOCCTaHHe H T. n.). 3TOT CBoeoopa3HbIH pa3pbIB Me)K.lI.Y
TeopHeH H npaKTHKOH peBOJ]IOUHOHHOH 00pb6w HBJIHJICH THnHlJHOH
4epTOH B 3BOJ]IOIl.HH MeJ]K06YP)Kya3Horo peBoJ]IOIl.HOHH3Ma, B KOTOpOM
peaKUHoHHaH TeopHH H YJ]bTpapeBoJ]IOIl.HOHHaH <ppa3eOJ]orHH C04eTa-
JIHCb C HenOHHMaHHeM HCTHHHoro 3HalJeHHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI, C 3K-
CTpeMH3MOM H aBaHTIOpH3MOM B npaKTHlJeCKHX .lI.eHCTBHHX.
Ha 3TO HBJ]eHHe B. H. J1eHHH 06palll.aJ] BHHMa HHe B 1902 r.:
«nOJ]Y4aeTcH HanpaBJ]eHHe, OlJeHb peBoJ]IOIl.HOHHOe no ero <ppa3aM
H BOBce He peBOJ]IOUHOHHoe no ero .lI.eHCTBHTeJ]bHbIM B033peHHHM
H CBH3HM C peBOJ]IOIl.HOHHbIM KJ]aCCOM, - peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHOe no pe3KO-
CTH Hana.lI.OK Ha npaBHTeJ]bCTBO H B TO )Ke BpeMH COBepweHHO He-
cnoC06Hoe npaBHJ]bHO OIl.eHHTb 06w.ylO TaKTHK 3Toro npaBHTeJ]bcTBa
H .n.aTb npaBHJ]bHbIH OTBeT Ha 3TY TaKTHKY» 7 .
37
B. H. J1eHHH paCKpblBaJ] orpa HHlJeHHOCTb MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HoA pe-
BOJ]IOl..lHOHHOCTH H .lI.eMOKpaTH3Ma, He HMeBWHX cepbe3HOH TeOpeTHlJe-
CKOH 6a3bl, KOTopaH nO.lI.MeHHJ]aCb 06ll1.HMH <ppa3aMH. TaK, B CTaTbe
«OT HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa K MapKCH3MY» neHHH nHcaJ] 0 TeopeTH4eCKHX
B033peHHHX 3cepOB: «Bo BceM npoeKTe ynoTpe6J]HIOTCH 6e3 pa3JIH4HH
CJ]OBa: TpY.lI.HIllHeCH, 3KcnJ]yaTHpyeMble, pa60lJHH KJ]acc, TPY.lI.OBaH
Macca, K.lIacc 3KcnJ]yaTHPyeMblx, K.naCCbI 3KcnJ]yaTHpyeMbIX» 76.
nOJ]b3YHCb 3THMH nOHHTHHMH, 3cepbl, KaK H Bce HapO.lI.HHKH, He B.lI.Y-
MbIBaJ]HCb B HX CO.lI.epmaHHe, B HX K.naCCOBbIH CMbICJ], lJTO .n.eJ]aJ]o HX
TeopulO nYTaHOH, YTonHlJeCKOH, .lI.aJ]CKOH OT npaKTHKH KJ]aCCOBOH
60pb6bl.
B YCJ]OBHHX OCTpOH KJ]aCCOBOH 60pb6bI XX B. Ha pO.lI.HHKH, HBJ]HHCb
«HenOKOJ]e6HMbIMH npOTHBHHKaMH MapKCH3Ma», TeM He MeHee Bbl-
HY)K.lI.eHbl 6blJ]H C4HTaTbCH C pOCTOM pa60lJero H KpeCTbHHCKoro .lI.BH-
meHHH H C ycnexoM MapKCHCTOB, pa3BHBaBWHX TeopHIO K,,1aCCOBOH
60pb6bl npHMeHHTeJ]bHO K YCJ]OBHHM POCCHH.
B npOTHBOBec MapKCHCTCKOH TeopHH HapO.lI.HHKH BbI.lI.BHHYJ]H CBoe
06'bHCHeHHe KJ]aCCOB H HX 60pb6w. Hx nonWTKH CKOHCTpYHpOBaTb
«pa60lJHH KJ]acc» H3 HHTeJ].IIHreHl..lHH, npOJ]eTapHaTa H KpeCTbHHCTBa
B. H. fleHHH oxapaKTepH30BaJ] KaK «nOJ]Hoe OTpHuaHHe KJ]aCCOBOH
60Pb6bl» 77. 3TO HCKyccTBeHHo C03.lI.aHHOe nOHHTHe, KOTopoe oc06eHHo
ynopHo nponaraH.lI.HpoBaJ]H JIH.lI.epbl napTHH 3cepoB, BKJ]lOlJaJ]OCb
B 06w.Y10 KOHl..lenl..lHIO peBoJ]IOUHOHHOH 60pb6bI, BbI.lI.a BaJ]OCb 3a HelJTO
HOBoe H BeCbMa cYllI.eCTBeHHoe B pa3BHTHH COUHoJ]orHlJeCKOH .lI.O-
KTPHHbl HapO.lI.HHKOB. HecJ]YlJaHHO Ha 3TH nOJ]omeHHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH
COl..lHOJ]orHH B. H. J1eHHH 06paTHJ] BHHMaHHe cpa3Y me, KaK TOJ]bKO
Ha nOJ]HTHlJeCKOH apeHe POCCHH nOHBHJ]aCb napTHH COl..lHaJ]HCTOB-
peBOJ]IOUHOHepOB. MaTepHaJIbI nepBblX HOMepOB 3cepOBCKHX H3.lI.aHHH
«BeCTHHKa PYCCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH» H «PeBOJ]IOUHOHHOH POCCHH» 6bIJ]H
nO.lI.BeprHYTbI 06CTOHTeJ]bHOH KpHTHKe no BceM BamHeHWHM BonpocaM
3cepOBCKOH nporpaMMbI, BKJ]lOlJaH HX TpaKTOBKH KJ]aCCOB H KJIaCCO-
BOH 60pb6bl.
AHaJ]H3HPYH 3cepOBCKYI0 <POPMYJ]Y «HHTeJ]J]HreHUHH+npoJ]eTa-
pHaT+ KpeCTbHHCTBO» B «nJ]aHe 6pOWIOpbl npOTHB 3cepOB»,
B. H. fleHHH C npHCYllI.eH eMY rJ]y6HHoH OTMelJaJ] rJ]aBHble 4epTbi 3TOH
cxeMbI: «CMeweHHe pa3JIHlJHbiX CJlOeB. CBaJ]HTb B KY4Y H HHTeJIJ]HreHT-
CKHH COl..lHaJ]bHbIH pe<popMH3M H peBOJllOUHOHapH3M TO.I1bl<O .lI.eMOKpa-
TH4eCKHH - H npOJ]eTapCKHH COUHaJ]H3M - H Hepa3BHTbIe KpeCTbHH-
CKHe Tpe60BaHHH» 78.
B. H. J1eHHH nOKa3aJ] peaJ]bHbIe OWH6KH MeJlK06ypmya3Hblx
H.lI.eOJ]orOB, OCHOBaHHble Ha HenOHHMaHHH npHHl..lHnHaJ]bHbIX pa3JIHlJHH
Mem.lI.Y KJ]accaMH H COUHaJ]bHbIMH CJ]OHMH, xapaKTepOM CBOHCTBeHHOH
HM peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHOCTH.
B. H. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO 06palll.aJ]CH K npaKTHKe KJ]aCCOBOH 60pb-
6bI, aKl..leHTHpYH BHHMaHHe Ha TOM, lJTO HMeHHO <paKTbI «nOKa3bIBaIOT
BOOlJHIO BCIO HeJIenOCTb H BeCb Bpe)]. npe.lI.npHHHMaeMOH COUHaJ]HCTa-
MH-peBOJ]IOUHOHepaMH nonbITKH peCTaBpHpOBaTb HapO.lI.OBOJ]blJPC'TBO
CO BceMH ero TeOpeTHlJeCKHMH H TaKTHlJeCKHMH OlIJH6KaMH» 79.
B CTaTbe «HOBbie C06blTHH H CTapble BonpOCbl» (1902) B. H. JleHHH
38
KPHTHKOBaJ] CTpeMJ]eHHe 3CepOB npOTHBOnOCTaBHTb MaCrOBOMY npo-
J1eT8PCKOMY .lI.BH)f{eHHIO TeppOpHCTH4eCKHe aKTbl, nOJ]HTH4eCKHe y6HH-
CTB8, JlOKa3bIBaH, 4TO HK06bl 3TH «nOJ]HTHlJeCKHe CeHCal..lHH» cnoc06-
Hbl OKa3blBaTb Ha «MaCCbl» «arHTHpY10w.ee», «B036Y)K.lI.aI0w.ee» !I.eH-
CTBHe. nO.lI.lJepKHBaH 3Ha4eHHe MaCCOBblX peBOJ]I01.1HOHHbIX Bbl-
CTynJleHHH, HCnOJ]b3YH, B lJaCTHOCTH, <paKTbl pOCTOBCKOH CTa4KH,
npoMCXO.lI.HBWeH 6 HOH6pH 1902 r. 80 , OH rIHcaJ]: «Mbl .lI.YMaeM, 4TO
ueJlOH COTHe l..la pey6HHcTB He npOH3BeCTH HHKOr.lI.a Ta Koro B036Y)KJla-
IOLUero H BocnHTbIBalOw.ero JleHCTBHH, KaK 3TO O.lI.HO YlJaCTHe .lI.e-
CHTKC>B TbICH4 pa604ero Ha pO.lI.a B c06paHHHX, 06cY)K.lI.alOw.HX HX
H8CyilI.HbIe HHTepeCbI H CBH3b nOJIHTHKH C 3THMH HHTepecaMH, - KaK
3TO YlJaCTHe B 60pb6e, .lI.eHCTBHTeJ]bHO nOOHUMalOU{eu HOBbIe H HOBbIe
"HenOlJaTble" CJ]OH npOJ]eTapHaTa K 60J]ee c03HaTeJIbHOH )f{H3HH,
K 60Jlee WH pOKOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6e» 81.
B. 11. J1eHHH pe3KO KpHTHKOBaJI nonbITKH HapO.lI.HHKOB IlpOTHBOno-
CTaBMTb npOJIeTapHaTY KpeCTbHHCTBO, HK06bl caMOH aKTHBHofl, MHoro-
4HCJIeHHOH CHJlbI COBpeMeHHoro peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHOro npouecca.
MapKCHCTCKHM oueHKaM KpeCTbHHCTBa KaK KJ]acca MeJ]K06YP)KY-
33Horo no CBoeMY nOJ]O)f{eHHIO B KanHTaJ]HCTHlJeCKOM 06w.eCTBe, no
ypOBHIO C03HaHHH H peaJIbHOH P0J]H B peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHOH 60pb6e Ha-
pO.lI.HHKH npOTHBonOCTaBHJIH CBOH B3rJ]H.lI.bl, OTpHl.laBWHe ero MeJ]KO-
6YP)f{ya3HYIO CYW.HOCTb. OHH .lI.OKa3bIBaJIH, lJTO KpeCTbHHCTBO KaK
KJIaCC HBJ]HeTCH TPY.lI.OBbIM, 3KcnJ]yaTHpyeMbIM, lJTO ero H.lI.eaJ]-
COUHaJ]H3M, a 60pb6a OTpa)f{aeT ero YCTpeMJ]eHHe K COUHaJ]HCTHlJe-
CKOMY nepeYCTpOHCTBY 06w.eCTBa. TaK, B nporpaMMe-MHHHMYM 3cepbI
CTaBHJ]H CBoeH 3a.lI.alJeH «HcnOJ]b30BaTb B HHTepecax COUHaJ]H3Ma
Ii 60pb6bl npOTHB 6YP)Kya3Ho-c06cTBeHHHlJeCKHX Ha4aJ] KaK 06W.HH-
HbIe, TaK H Bo06w.e TPY!I.OBble B033peHHH, Tpa.lI.HUHH H <POpMbl )f{H3HH
PYCCKoro KpeCTbHHCTBa, H B oc06eHHOCTH B3rJ]H.lI. Ha 3eMJ]IO, KaK Ha
06w.ee .lI.OCTOHHHe Bcex TPYJlHW.HXCH». B. 11. J1eHHH BH.lI.eJ] B 3TOH
nporpaMMe «lJHCTO aKa.lI.eMHlJeCKOe nOBTopeHHe .lI.aBHO OTBeprHYTWX
Ii TeopHeH H )f{H3Hb10 06W.HHHbIX YTonHH».
PeBOJlIOl..lHOHHaH aKTHBHOCTb KpeCTbHHCTBa B HalJaJ]e XX B. B CO-
4eTaHHH C MHOrOlJHCJIeHHOCTblO 3Toro KJ]acca B POCCHH H BO BceM
MHpe, C ero P0J]blO C03.lI.aTeJ]H l..leHHOCTeH nopO.lI.HJ]a Y HapO.lI.HHKOB
HJIJII03HIO 0 KpeCTbHHCTBe KaK KJ]acce, cnoc06HOM HK06bI npHBeCTH
Hapo.lI. K COl.lHaJ]H3MY. Ha 060CHOBaHHe H pa3BHTHe 3Toro Te3Hca
H onpOBep)f{eHHe MapKCHCTCKOH KOHuenUHH MeJ]K06YP)f{ya3HoH npH-
PO.lI.bI KpeCTbHHCTBa Ha npaBHJ]H TeopeTHKH Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCTBa CBOH r Jla B-
HbIe YCHJ]HH 82. B CBH3H C 3THM B. H. J1eHHH 06pa w.aJ]CH K H.lI.eHM
1(. MapKca H <P. 3HreJ]bca 0 .lI.BOHCTBeHHoM xapaKTepe cOUHaJ]bHoH
CYW.HOCTH KpecTbHHcTBa - KJ]acca-c06cTBeHHHKa H KJ]acca-TpY)KeHH-
Ka, npoHBJ]HBweHcH B ero n03HUHH no OTHoweHHIO K 6YP)f{ya3IfH
H npOJ]eTapHaTY, B KJ]aCCOBbIX HHTepecax, B xapaKTepe C03HaHHH,
B napTHHX, BbIpa)f{aBWHX ero YCTpeMJ]eHHH. 3TO Tpe60BaJ]0 OT J]H.lI.epa
Ii TeopeTHKa npOJ]eTapHaTa, KaK H OT BceH napTHH 60J]bweBHKOR,
4eTKoro OTBeTa Ha BonpOCbl, lJTO TaKoe KpeCTbHHCKoe X03HHCTBO
B YCJ]OBHHX KanHTaJ]HCTH4eCKOH POCCHH XX B. H KaKOBbI Ba)f{HeHIUBe
TeH.lI.eHUHH ero pa3BHTHH, KaKHe npoueCCbI npOHCXO.lI.HT B KpeCTbHHt 1-
39
Be C ero BKJ]104eHHeM B CHCTeMY KanHTaJ]HCTH4eCKHX OTHoweHHH
B. H. J1eHHH TllI.aTeJ]bHO aHaJ]H3HpOBaJ] xapaKTep H q,OpMbl coxpa-
HHBWHXCH nepe)KHTKOB KpenOCTHH4eCTBa, HX Ka6aJ]bHblH xapaKTep,
Y.lI.e.TIHJ] 60J]bwoe BHH MaHHe H3Y4eHHIO H.lI.eOJ]orHH KpeCTbHHcKOH
.lI.eMOKpaTHH, ee peaJ]bHoro cO.lI.ep)KaHHH H 3Ha4eHHH B YCJ]OBHHX
KJ]accoBoH 60pb6bI POCCHH Ha4aJ]a XX B. TaKoH BceCTop0tlHI1H noJI.-
XO.lI. n03BOJ]HJ] .lI.aTb 060cHoBaHHbIH OTBeT Ha Bce 3TH BonpOCbI,
paCKpblTb HCTHHHYIO P0J]b KpeCTbHHCTBa B 60pb6e 3a .lI.eMOKpaTHlo
H COl..lHaJ]H3M, 06'beKTHBHo Ol..leHHTb peBoJ]IOl..lHOHHbIH nOTeHl..lHaJ] Bcex
CJ]oeB KpecTbHHcTBa B Ka4eCTBe COI03HHKa npoJ]eTapHaTa Ha pa3J]H4-
HbIX 3Tanax 60pb6bl. Bce 3TO HMeJ]O HeOl..leHHMOe 3Ha4eHHe .lI.J]H pa3BH-
THH MapKcHcTCKOH TeopHH KJ]accoBoH 60pb6bI, 060ralll.eHHOH onbITOM
POCCHH.
YeTKoe onpe.lI.eJ]eHHe MeCTa MeJ]KoH 6YP)Kya3HH B peBoJ]IOl..lHOHHOM
npol..lecce n03BOJ]HJ]0 B. 11. J1eHHHY pa3pa60TaTb nporpaMMY no
arpapHoMY Bonpocy, HaHeCTH COKpywHTeJ]bHbIH YJI.ap HapO.lI.HHlleCKHM
B033peHHHM Ha KpecTbHHcTBO.
KpHTHKYH B3rJ]H.lI.W HapO.lI.HHKOB Ha KpecTbHHcTBO, B. 11. J1eHHH
60pOJ]CH npoTHB HX nonWTOK BW.lI.aTb .lI.eMOKpaTHllecKYIO no cBoeMY
06'beKTHBOMY cO.lI.ep)l(aHHIO 60pb6y 3a COl.lHaJ]HcTHllecKYlo. «HeJ]eno
cMewHBaTb, - nHcaJ] OH B 1905 r. B CTaTbe «COl..lHaJ]H3M H KpecTbHH-
CTBO», - 3a.lI.a4H H YCJ]OBHH .lI.eMOKpaTHllecKoH H COl.lHaJ]HcTHllecKoH
peBOJ]IOl..lHH, KOTopbIe pa3HOpO.lI.HbI, nOBTopHeM, H no xapaKTepy, H no
cocTaBY YlIacTBYlOllI.HX B HHX COl.lHaJ]bHbIX CHJ]» 83.
HenOHHMaHHe HapO.lI.HHKaMH P0J]H KpeCTbHHCTBa B peBOJ]IOl..lHH
B. 11. J1eHHH 06'bHCHHJ] HX OTHoweHHeM K np06J]eMe xapaKTepa
H CYllI.HOCTH caMOH peBOJIIOl..lHH. HapO.lI.HHKH paCCMaTpHBa,TIH ee KaK
COl..lHaJ]HCTH4eCKYIO, TOr.lI.a KaK npe.lI.CTOHJ]O peWHTb CHa4aJ]a 3a.lI.allH
6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTH4eCKoro xapaKTepa, a 3aTeM nepeXO.lI.HTb K Co-
l..lHaJ]HCTHlleCKOH peBOJ] 10 IJ.H H . B nO.l1.XO.lI.e K 3TOMY Bonpocy B. 11. J1e-
HHH OTMellaJ] KopeHHYIO pa3HHl..lY BO B3rJ]H.lI.aX COIJ.HaJ]-.lI.eMOKpaTOB
H COl..lHaJ]HCTOB-peBOJ]IOl..lHOHepOB. TaK, B CTaTbe «MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HbIH
H npOJ]eTapCKHH COl..lHaJ]H3M» (1905) OH nHCaJI no 3TOMY nOBO.lI.Y:
«. . .BOT .lI.Ba npoTHBonoJ]O)KHbIX B3rJ]H,lI.a, KOTopbIe Ha.lI.O HCHO nOHHTb
BCHKOMY, )KeJ]alOllI.eMY pa306paTbcH B npHHl.lHnHaJIbHOH nponacTH
Me)l(.lI.Y COIJ.HaJ]HCTa MH -peBoJ]IOl..lHOHepa MH H COUHaJ] - ,lI.eMOKpaTa MH.
no O,lI.HOMY B3r J]H.lI.Y KpecTbHHcKoe .lI.BH)KeHHe eCTb COl..lHaJIHCTH4eCKoe,
no .lI.PyroMY - .lI.eMOKpaTHllecKH-6YP)Kya3Hoe .lI.BH)KeHHe».
B. 11. J1eHHH .lI.aBaJ] KJ]accoBYIO, HaYIlHo 060cHoBaHHYIO Ol..leHKY
n03Hl..lHH 3cepOB, liTO n03BOJ]HJ]0 06'beKTHBHO OIJ.eHHTb CYllI.HOCTb npo-
HCXO.lI.HBWHX cnopOB, HX 3Ha4eHHe B H.lI.eOJ]orH4eCKOH nO.lI.rOTOBKe
peBOJ]IOl..lHH. «MapKCHCTbI, - nHcaJ] B. 11. J1eHHH, - HMeHHO nOTOMY
H Ha3bIBalOT COl.lHaJ]HCTOB-peBOJ]IOl..lHOHepOB CTOHllI.HMH Ha TOIlKe 3pe-
HHH MeJ]KOH 6YP)Kya3HH (H.lI.eOJ]oraMH MeJ]KOH 6YP)Kya3HH), liTO OHH
He MorYT OT .lI.eJ]aTbCH OT MeJ]K06YP)Kya3Hblx HJ]J]103HH, q,aHTa3HH
HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa B Ol..leHKe KpeCTbHHCKoro .lI.BH)KeHHH» 84.
ECJ]H Y HapO.lI.HHKOB TeopeTHllecKaH pa60Ta pa3BHBaJ]aCb B OTpbl-
Be, a Hepe.lI.KO H B npOTHBopellHH C HX peBOJ]IOIJ.HOHHOH npaKTHKOH, TO
.lI.J]H 60J]bweBHKOB xapaKTepHO opraHHlleCKoe e.lI.HHCTBO TeopeTHlleCKO-
40
fa OCMblCJIeHHH pa3BHBaBWHXCH npOl..leCCOB C aKTHBHblM B03.lI.etI-
CTBMeM Ha HX XO.lI. H HTorH. Pa3JIHilaH CYTb .lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH H COl..lHa-
J1HCTH4ecKotI 60pb6bl, J1eHHH nHCaJI: «50pb6y C lJHHOBHHKOM
H nOMelllHKOM MO)KHO H .lI.OJI)KHO BeCTH BMeCTe co BceMH KpeCTb-
SIHaMH, .lI.a)l{e 3a)l{HTOllHblMH H Cpe.lI.HHMH. A 60pb6y C 6YP)Kya3HetI,
a 3HalJHT H C 3a)KHTOIlHbIMH KpeCTbHHaMH, MO)KHO BeCTH Ha.lI.e)K-
HblM 06pa30M TOJIbKO BMeCTe C CeJIbCKHM npOJIeTapHaTOM» 85.
nCeB.lI.OpeBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIM npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHHM HapO.lI.HHKOB 0 B03-
MO)l{HOCTH «cpa3Y» YHHIITO)KHTb BCHKYIO 3KCnJIyaTal..lHIO B. 11. J1e-
HHH npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJI KOHl..lenl..lHIO .lI.BYX COl..lHaJIbHbIX BOHH, lIeTKO
<pOPMYJIHPYH HX KJIaCCOBOe cO,lI.ep)KaHHe. u«He BH.lI.eTb 3THX .lI.BYX
pa3JIHlJHb1X, pa3HOpO.lI.HbIX COl..lHaJIbH IX BOHH M rYT TOJIbKO JIulO.lI.H,
COBceM He 3HaKOMble C nOJIHTHlleCKOH 3KOHOMHeH H C HCTopHeH pe-
BOJIIOl..lHH BO BceM MHpe. 3aKpblBaTb r JIa3a Ha pa3HOpO.lI.HOCTb 3THX
BOHH nOCpe.lI.CTBOM CJIOBellKa "cpa3Y" 3HallHT npHTaTb rOJIOBY no.lI.
KpblJIO H OTKa3blBaTbCH OT BCHKoro aHaJIH3a .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH».
npOTHB HapO.lI.HHlleCKOH «H.lI.eaJIH3al..lHH .lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKoro ne-
peBopOTa» B. 11. J1eHHH Bbl.lI.BHraJI lIeTKOe Tpe60BaHHe - «COe.lI.H-
HHTb IIHCTO npOJIeTapCKYIO 60pb6y C 06IlleKpeCTbHHCKOH, HO He
CMeWHBaTb HX» 86. 113 3Toro BblTeKaJI npaKTHlleCKHH BbIBO.lI. .lI.JIH
npOJIeTapHaTa Hero napTHH - «nO.lI..lI.ep)KHBaTb 06ll1.e,lI.eMOKpaTH-
4eCKYIO H 06ll1.eKpeCTbHHCKYIO 60pb6y», HO He CJIHBaHCb C HeH, He
H.lI.eaJIH3HpYH ee, «He 3a6blBaH HH Ha MHHYTY 06 opraHH3al..lHH H ro-
pO.lI.CKOrO H ceAbCKOcO npOJIeTapHaTa B cOBepweHHo caMOCTOHTeJIb-
HYIO KJIaCcoBYIO na pTHIO COIJ.HaJI - .lI.eMOKpaTHH» 87.
B TeCHOH CBH3H C B033peHHHMH HapO.lI.HHKOB Ha KpeCTbHHCTBO
paCCMaTpHBaJI B. 11. J1eHHH HX B3r JIH.lI.bl Ha 06ll1.H HY, KOol)epa l..lHIO,
apTeJIH, B KOTOpblX MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hble .lI.eMOKpaTbl YCMaTpHBaJIH
nYTb K COl..lHaJIH3MY, npe.lI.nOCblJIKH COl..lHaJIH3Ma B .lI.epeBHe. OpH
3TOM B. 11. J1eHHH oc060 OTMellaJI CXO.lI.CTBO 6YP)Kya3Ho-c06cTBeH-
HHllecKHx YCTpeMJIeHHH KpeCTbHHCTBa H TeopeTHlleCKHx B033peHHH
PYCCKHX HapO,lI.HHKOB. B CTaTbe «OT HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa K MapKcH3MY»
B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI: «I1MeHHo ,,6YP)Kya3Ho-c06cTBeHHHlleCKoe"
(H B TO )Ke BpeMH TPY.lI.OBOe) KpeCTbHHCTBO HCnOJIb30BaJIO Y)Ke
B CBOHX HHTepecax COIJ.HaJIHCTHlleCKYIO <ppa3eOJIOrHIO Ha pO,lI.HHlIe-
CKOH, .lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, KOTopaH CBOHMH apTeJIH-
MH, KOOnepaIJ.HHMH, TpaBoceHHHHMH, nJIY)KKaMH, 3eMCKHMH CKJIa-
llaMH, 6aHKaMH MHHJIa nO.lI..lI.ep)KHBaTb "TPY.lI.OBbIe Tpa.lI.HIJ.HH
H <POpMbI )KH3HH", a nO.lI..lI.ep)l(HBaJIa Ha .lI.eJIe pa3BHTHe KanHTaJIH3-
Ma BHYTPH 06IllHHbi. PYCCKaH 3KOHOMHileCKaH HCTOpHH Y)Ke .lI.OKa-
3aJIa TaKHM 06pa30M TO, liTO 3aBTpa 6Y,lI.eT ,lI.OKa3aHO PYCCKOH
nOJIHTHlleCKOH HCTopHeH» 88.
KpHTHKa B. 11. J1eHHHbIM HapO,lI.HHlleCKHX B033peHHH Ha 06ll1.HHY
ObIJIa npO.lI.OJI)I(eHHeM TOH 60pb6bI, KOTOpylO K. Ma pKC H <1>. 3HreJIbC
BeJIH B XIX B. He oTpHuaH B03MO)KHOCTH HCnOJIb30BaHHH 06IlI.HHbI
Ii ee YCToeB B KalleCTBe Cpe,lI.CTBa nepexo.lI.a K KOJIJIeKTHBHblM <popMaM
X03HHcTBa B YCJIOBHHX npOBe.lI.eHHH COUHaJIHCTHlleCKHX npe06pa30Ba-
HliH, B. 11. J1eHHH BbIcTynaJI npoTHB ee H.lI.eaJIH3aIJ.HH H a6COJIIOTH3a-
l1.HH, KaK 3TO .lI.eJIaJIH HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. H HX npe.lI.WecTBeHHHKH.
41
AHaJ]H3HPYH 3BOJ]IOl..lHIO PYCCKOH 06U{HHbI B XX B., B. H. JleHHH
nOKa3aJ], lJTO B YCJ]OBHHX 6ypHOrO pa3BHTHH KanHTaJ]HCTHlJeCKHX
OTHOWeHHH B CeJ]bCKOM X03HHCTBe 06ll1.HHa pa3pywaeTcH H n03TOM;'
ee HeJ]b3H paCCMaTpHBaTb B KalJeCTBe npe.lI.nOCbIJ]KH COUHaJ]H Ma 8 .
B. 11. J1eHHH .lI.OKa3bIBaJ], lJTO KpeCTbHHCTBO HBJ]HeTCH COlO3HHKOM
npOJ]eTapHaTa B 6YP)l{ya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOLlHH, a B CO-
UHaJ]HCTHlJeCKOM nepeBopOTe npOJIeTapHaT MO)KeT paCClJHTWBaTb Ha
nOJ]HYIO nO.lI..lI.ep)KKY TOJ]bKO CeJIbCKHX pa60lJHX H 6e.lI.HOTbI 90.
11 XOTH TeopeTHKH J]eBOHapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa (3cepbI, 3cepbI-MaKCHMa-
J]HCTbI) BbIHY)K.lI.eHbl 6bIJ]H npH3HaTb HaJ]HIIHe B .lI.epeBHe KYJ]aKa,
a B nOHHTHe «TpY.lI.OBOrO KpeCTbHHCTBa», oc06eHHO nocJ]e peBoJ]IOLlHH
1905-1907 rr., CTaJ]H BKJ]lOlIaTb Cepe.lI.HHKa H 6e.lI.HHKa, O.lI.HaKO 3TO
MaJ]O H3MeHHJ]0 HX nOHHMaHHe .lI.BH)KYllI.HX CHJI peBoJ]IOUHH. BMecTo
Toro lJT06bl cepbe3Ho 3aHHTbCH H3YlJeHHeM 3Toro Bonpoca, HapO.lI.HHKH
TpaTHJ]H CBOH yCHJ]HH Ha «onpOBep)KeHHe» Ma QKCHCTCKOH KOHuenLlHH
KpecTbHHcTBa KaK KJ]acca MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH 91. OHH CKJ]OHHbl 6blJ]H
BH.lI.eTb B HeM TOJ]bKO TpY)I{eHHKa, HrHopHpYH era .lI.BOHCTBeHHYIO
npHpO.lI.Y, ero lIaCTHOC06cTBeHHHileCKHe HHTepecw. B Hecnoc06HOCTH
pa306paTbCH B COUHaJ]bHOH CTpYKType pOCCHHCKOH .lI.epeBHH XX B.,
B KJ]aCCOBOH CYllI.HOCTH KYJ]aKa, Cepe.lI.HHKa, 6e.lI.HHKa, HX pOJIH B 60pb-
6e 3a .lI.eMOKpaTHIO H COUHaJ]H3M npOHBHJ]aCb TeOpeTHlJeCKaH orpaHH-
4eHHOCTb Ha pO.lI.HHKOB.
J1eHHHcKaH KOHLlenUHH COl..lHaJ]bHOH CTPYKTYPbl POCCHH HalJaJ]a
XX B. 6blJ]a Ba)KHa .lI.JIH nOHHMaHHH P0J]H pa3JIHlJHblX COUHaJ]bHbIX
rpynn B peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6e, xapaKTepa H .lI.BH)I(YllI.HX CHJI peBO-
JIIOLlHH B POCCHH. B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO nO.lI.lJepKHBaJI, lJTO Ha-
pO,lI.HHKH XX B. He.lI.OOueHHBaIOT Ba)KHOCTb pa3pa60TKH TeopeTHlleCKHX
np06J]eM peBOJ]IOl..lHH, He cnoc06Hbl ¥BH.lI.eTb ee peaJIbHblX KJIaCCOBblX
CHuTJ, ee 06'beKTHBHoro CO.lI.ep)KaHHH 9 . KaK HrHopHpOBaHHe KJ]aCCOBOH
TOlJKH 3peHHH, rJ]y6HHbl «KJ]aCCOBbIX npOTHBOpelJHH B POCCHH Bo06ll1.e
H B PYCCKOH .lI.epeBHe B oc06eHHOCTH» paCCMaTpHBaJ] B. 11. J1eHHH
BwcTynJ]eHHH npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIeH onn03HLlHH H OCB060.lI.HTeJ]bHoro ABH-
)KeHIIH, BKJ]lOlJaH H HapO.lI.HHKOB. B CTaTbe «CaMO.lI.ep)KaBHe H npo-
JlC T a pHaT» (1905) B. H. J1eHHH pa3'bHCHHJ]: «lla)Ke KpaHHHH J]eBaH
PYCCKOH pa.lI.HKaJ]bHOH HHTeJ]J]HreHLlHH, napTHH COUHaJ]HCTOB-peBOJ]IO-
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BcnOMHHTb ee 06blllHbIe paccY)K.lI.eHHH 0 "TPY.lI.OBOM KpecTbHHcTBe u
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pO.lI.HbIMH Tpe60BaHHHMH», J]HweHHbIMH peaJ]bHoro KJIaCCOBOro co-
.lI.ep)KaHHH, nOCTOHHHO YKa3blBaH Ha Ba)KHOCTb .lI.JIH npOJIeTapHaTa
Hero napTHH «OT.lI.eJ]aTbCH OT BCHKHX caMo06MaHOB, OT BCHKHX MHpa-
)KeH H HJIJ]103HH». B 3TOH )Ke CTaTbe B. 11. J1eHHH y6e.lI.HTeJ]bHO no-
Ka3bIBaJ], lJTO «PYCCKOMY HHTeJ]JIHreHTY, - HallHHaH OT YMepeHHeH-
wero OCB0(0)K.n.eHua H KOH4aH caMbIM KpaHHHM COUHaJIHCTOM-peBO-
J]IOUHOHepOM, - Bcer.n.a Ka)KeTCH, lJTO npH3HaTb Hawy peBOJ]IOLlHIO
6YP)Kya3HoH 3Ha4HT 06eCLlBeTHTb, npHHH3HTb, onOWJ]HTb ee» 93. He
nOHHMaH np06J]eMw COOTHoweHHH 60pb6w 3a .lI.eMOKpaTHIO npoTHB
42
K enOCTHHlJeCTBa H l..la pH3Ma H 60pb6bl 3a COl..lHaJ]H3M npOTHB 6YP)KY-
a !If, HapO.lI.HHKH XX ., 06"beKTHBHO 60pOBlllHeCfI 3a no6e.lI.Y 6YP}f{Y-
83HO-,lI.eMOKraTHlJeCKOH peBOJ]IOUHH, H306pa)KaJ]H ce6H 60puaMH 3a
COUM3JIH3M 4. B 3TOH n03HUHH CO.lI.ep)KaJ]aCb He TOJ]bKO rpy6aH Teope-
TMlIeCKaH oWH6Ka HapO.lI.HHKOB, HO H HX KJ]aCCOBaH npHpO.lI.a KaK
M.lle0J10rOB MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, nblTaBWHXCH H306pa3HTb O.lI.HH H3
3T3nOB 60pb6bl 3a KOHellHYIO ueJ]b 95. «,[{J]H npOJ]eTapHaTa, - nHcaJ]
B. H. JleHHH, - 60pb6a 3a nOJ]HTHlJeCKYIO CB060.lI.Y H .lI. eMOK paTH4e-
CKYIO pecny6J]HKY B 6YP)Kya3HoM 06ll1.eCTBe eCTb J]HWb O.lI.HH H3 He-
06XO,lI.HMbIX 3TanOB B 60pb6e 3a COUHaJ]bHYIO peBOJIIOUHIO, HHcnpo-
BepralOlll.YIO 6YP)Kya3Hble nOpH.lI.KH» 96.
KpaHHe npHMHTHBHbIM, nYTaHbIM 06'bHCHeHHHM HapO.lI.HHKOB
B. H. JleHHH, 60J]bweBHKH npOTHBonOCTaBHJIH CTpOHHoe, ueJ]bHoe,
rJIy60KO 060CHOBaHHoe YlIeHHe 0 peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH, 06 YCJ]OBHHX
ee OCYIllecTBJ]eHHH H B03MO)KHOCTH nepexo.lI.a OT 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpa-
THlJeCKOrO 3Tana K COUHaJIHCTHllecKoMY. HenoHHMaHHe HapO.lI.HHKaMH
3TMX Ba)KHbIX nOJIO)KeHHH, TOlJHee, Hecnoc06HoCTb nO.lI.HHTbCH .lI.0
ypOBHH HaY4HoH TeopHH B. 11. J1eHHH 06'bHCHHJ] OTCTaJIOCTblO 3THX
TeopeTHKoB, cBH3aHHoH C Hepa3BHTocTblO 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX oTHorneHHH,
Hepa3BHTocTblO KJ]aCCOBbIX npoTHBopellHH. 3TO nop0)K.lI.aJ]o, no MHe-
HHIO B. 11. J1eHHHa, «BocKpeweHHe B TOH 'HJ]H HHOH <popMe OTCTaJ]bIX
CPOpM COUHaJ]H3Ma, KOTOpblH HBJIHeTCH MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HbIM COUHa-
JIH3MOM, H60 H.lI.eaJIH3HpyeT npe06pa30BaHHH, He BbIXO.lI.HllI.He III pa-
MOK MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hblx OTHoweHHH» 97.
HapO.lI.HHKH Y.lI.eJ]HJ]H 60JIbWOe BHHMaHHe peweHHIO arpaplloro
Bonpoca B POCCHH, Bblpa)KaH YCTpeMJ]eHHH H HHTepeCbl KpeCTbHHCTBa.
3TO nOJIYIlHJIO OTpa)KeHHe B HX TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHe, B npona-
raH.lI.HCTCKOH H arHTaUHOHHOH J]HTepaType, B npaKTHlJeCKOH pa60Te
Cpe.lI.H KpeCTbHHCTBa 98.
AHaJ]H3HpYH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHe arpapHble nporpa MMbl, B. 11. JIeHHH
o6palll.aJ] BHHMaHHe Ha .lI.Ba B3aHMOCBH3aHHbIX .lI.pyr C .lI.pyroM npo-
uecca: Tpe60BaHHH KpeCTbHH OTHOCHTeJ]bHO peweHHH arpapHoro BO-
npoca B HX HHTepecax H .lI.eHTeJ]bHOCTb H.lI.eOJ]orOB HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa,
cpOPMYJIHpOBaBwHX HX. no 3TOMY nOBO.lI.Y B. 11. J1eHHH nHcaJ]
B 1906 r.: «.. .KpecTbHHcTBO 06J]eKaeT CBOH cTpeMJ]eHHH B <POPMY
YTonHH, T. e. HeocYlll.eCTBHMbIX nO)KeJIaHHH, BpO.lI.e ypaBHHTeJ]bHocTH
3eMJIenOJIb30BaHHH npH cox aHeHHH rOCnO.lI.CTBa KanHTaJ]a»; Tor.lI.a
KaK «rr. neweXOHOBbl H K nOOAaJICU8alOTCR K UHTepecaM X03RU-
CTBeHHOcO MYJlCUttKa, nO.lI..lI.eJIbIBaIOT COUHaJIH3M no.lI. ero HHTepeCbl».
B. 11. .TleHHH Ha3blBaJ] nO.lI.06HOrO pO.lI.a YCTpeMJ]eHHH «COUHaJIH3MOM
MeJIKOro JIaBOlJHHKa», ueJ]b KOToporo «B yro.lI.Y X03HH4HKY OTO.lI.BHHYTb
COl..lHaJIH3M B TYMaHHYIO ".lI.aJ]b", npU3HaTb CTpeMJIeHHe X03HHlJHKa
3aKpenUTb CBoe X03HHCKoe nOJ]O)KeHHe», npHCJ]y)l(HHlJeCTBOM «Y3KOH
KopWCTH MeJIKHX X03HHlJHKOB H J]aKeHCTBO nepe.lI. HX npe.lI.paccY.lI.Ka-
MH» 99*.
Ba)KHOe MeCTO B JIeHHHCKoH KpHTHKe HapOD.HHlJeCTBa XX B. 3aHH-
a JIH BonpocbI peBoJ]IOUHOHHOH TaKTHKH. B. 11. J1eHHH pacKpblBaJ]
* LY
l,aK HHKOr.LI.a aKTyaJIbHO 3BYllaT 3TH eHHHCKHe oueHKH B COBpeMeHHblX YC OBHHX,
OC06eHHO B CBeTe He.u.aBHHx BblcTyn.neH'HH HeKOTopblX HaWHX «.u.eMOKpaTOB» - Pea.
43
CBH3b TeppOpa, KOTOpbIH HapO.lI.HHKH paCCMaTpHBaJ]H B KalJeCTBe
rJ]aBHOrO Cpe.lI.CTBa 60pb6bI, C HX cy6'beKTHBHCTCKOH q,HJ]OCOQ:>Heti
«peBOJ]IOl..lHOHHOrO .lI.eHCTBHH» 100. B TaKTHKe, CTpOHBWeHCH Ha KOH-
uenUHH «repOH H TOJ]na», npOHBJIHJ]aCb MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HaH nCeB.lI.Ope-
BOJ]IOUHOHHOCTb, lJTO npe.lI.CTaBJ]HJ]O OnaCHOCTb .lI.J]H MaCCOBOrO peBO-
JIIOUHOHHOrO .lI.BH)KeHHH. B CBH3H C pOCTOM MaCCOBOrO pa60llero
.lI.BH)KeHHH (06YXOBCKaH 060pOHa, POCTOBCKaH CTalJKa, BaTYMCKaH
CTalJKa H .lI.p.), y6e.lI.HTeJIbHO nOKa3aBWerO HeCOCTOHTeJ]bHOCTb TaKTH-
KH HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJ]bHOrO TeppOpa, HapO.lI.HHKH, H npe)l(.lI.e BCerO 3CepbI,
YCHJ]HJ]H CBOH Hana.lI.KH Ha npOJ]eTapHaT. C OC06blM ynopcTBOM 3Cepbl
.lI.OKa3bIBaJIH, lJTO MaCCOBble CTallKH pa60llHX He HBJ]HIOTCH nOKa3aTe-
JIeM CTeneHH pa3BHTHH KJIaCCOBOro C03HaHHH <pa6pHIIHO-3aBO.lI.CKOrO
npOJIeTapHaTa, liTO OHH JIHWb CBH.lI.eTeJ]bCTBO «nepBoro np06Y)K.lI.eHHH
pa60lJHX», aKTbl «.lI.eTCKH-He3peJ]OH <pa3bI pa604ero .lI.BH)KeHHH», «npH-
3HaK CMYTHoro nepBOHalJaJIbHOrO 6p0)l(eHHH». 3cepbl ynpeKaJIH CO-
UHaJI-.lI.eMOKpaTOB B npeYBeJ]H4eHHH P0J]H CTalJeK H .lI.eMOHCTpaIJ.HH, He
BH.lI.H B HHX npe.lI.BeCTHHKOB peBOJ]IOIJ.HH, npOTHBonOCTaBJ]HH npoJ]e-
TapCKHM cpopMaM 60pb6bI Teppop 101. ,[{JIH HapO.lI.HHKOB B peBOJIIOIJ.H-
OHHOH 60pb6e 6blJ]H a6COJ]IOTHO paBH03HalJHbl CTY.lI.eHlleCKHe .lI.eMOH-
CTpaIJ.HH, MaCCOBoe KpeCTbHHCKoe .lI.BH)I(eHHe, «MHpHbIe CTallKH pa60-
IIHX», nepeXO.lI.Hw.He «B npHMoe CTOJIKHOBeHHe C CHJIaMH npaBHTeJ]b-
CTBa» 102.
CJ]e.lI.OBaTeJ]bHO, B HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH KOHuenIJ.HH peBOJ]IOUHH B POC-
CHH He 6blJ]0 lJeTKOrO nOHHMaHHH 3a.lI.all H xapaKTepa peBOJ]IOUHH, ee
.lI.BH)KYlll.HX CHJ], pOJIH B HeH pa3JIHlIHblX KJIaCCOB H napTHH, 60pOB-
WHXCH 3a .lI.eMOKpaTHIO H COUHaJIH3M. C<POPMYJIHpOBaHHble HMH 3a-
.lI.allH (CBep)KeHHe CaMO,lI.ep)KaBHH, perneHHe arpapHoro Bonpoca H 3a-
BoeBaHHe nonHTHlleCKHX CB060.lI.) 06'beKTHBHO OTpa)KaJ]H CO.lI.ep)KaHHe
H CYW.HOCTb 6YP)l(ya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKoro 3Tana peBOJIIOUHH. 00-
3TOMY B caMbIH pa3rap peBOJIIOUHH, B HOH6pe 1905 f., B. 11. J1eHHH
nHCaJI: «Mbl CIIHTaeM no-npe)l(HeMY B033peHHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIO-
IJ.HOHepOB He COIJ.HaJ]HCTHlleCKHMH, a peBOJIIOUHOHHO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKH-
MH. Ho .lI.JIH 60eBWX IJ.eJIeH MW 06H3aHW H.lI.TH BMeCTe npH nOJIHOH
na pTHHHOH caMOCTOHTeJ]bHOCTH. . . BblrOHHTb npe.lI.aHHblX H lJeCTHbIX
peBOJIIOUHOHepOB-.lI.eMOKpaTOB B TaKOH MOMeHT, KOr.lI.a MbI .lI.eJIaeM
HMeHHO .lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO, 6bIJIO 6bl HeJIenOCTblO H 6e3Y-
MHeM» 103. 3Ta n03HIJ.HH onpe.lI.eJIHJIa TaKTHKY 60JIbWeBHKOB no OTHO-
rneHHIO K napTHHM MeJIK06YP)Kya3HoH .lI.eMOKpaTHH. BMeCTe C TeM
B. 11. J1eHHH YKa3b1BaJ] Ha Ba)l(HOCTb npaBHJIbHOrO 06'bHCHeHHH
COOTHOlleHHH CTHXHHHoro .lI.BH)KeHHH Mace H C03HaTeJIbHOrO PYKOBO.lI.-
CTBa HX .lI.eHCTBHHMH.
B. 11. J1eHHH OTMelJaJ], liTO MaCCOBOMY CTHXHHHOMY .lI.BH)KeHHIO
He.lI.OCTaeT H.lI.eOJIOrOB. Pa31JHCHHH pOJlb C03HaTeJIbHOrO 3J]eMeHTa
B pa3BHTHH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .lI.BH)KeHHH, B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI TOr.lI.a
)Ke «"H.lI.eOJIOr" TOJIbKO TOr.lI.a H 3aCJ]y)KHBaeT Ha3BaHHH H.lI.eOJ]ora,
KOr.lI.a H.lI.eT 8nepe8u CTHXHHHOfO .lI.BH)I(eHHH, YKa3bIBaH eMY nYTb,
KOr.lI.a OH YMeeT paHblle .lI.pyrHx pa3pewaTb Bce TeopeTHlIecKHe,
nOJIHTHlJeCKHe, TaKTHlleCKHe H opraHH3al.lHOHHbIe BonpocbI, Ha KOTO-
pbIe "MaTepHaJ]bHble 3J]eMeHTbI .lI.BH)KeHHH" CTHXHHHO HaTaJ]KHBaIOT-
44
C5I». C 3TOH TOlJKH 3peHHH HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. KaK J]H.lI.epbl KpeCTb-
51HCKOrO J1BH)KeHHH He cnoc06HbI 6b J]H «no8HUMaTb CTHXHHHOCTb
)10 C03HaTeJIbHOCTH . . .CBH3aTb CTHXHHH IO 3BOJIIOUHIO C C03HaTeJIb-
HOM peBOJ]IOUHOHHOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTblO» 1 4. npH4HHOH 3Toro 6bIJIa
HX MeJIK06YP)Kya3HaH npHpO.lI. a , OrpaHHlJHBaBWaH HX B03MO)KHO-
CTM KaK B TeOpeTHlJeCKOH, TaK H B npaKTHlleCKOH .lI.eHTeJ]bHOCTH.
B. H. neHHH nOCTOHHHO BWHBJ]HJI H 06'bHCHHJ] 3TY lJepTY MeJ]KO-
6yp>Kya3Hblx .lI.eMOKpaTOB H pa.lI.HKaJIOB, OTMelJaH HX CJIa6ble CTO-
pOHbl, paCKpbIBaH HX Hecnoc06HOCTb 6blTb JIH.lI.epaMH H TeopeTH-
KaMH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .lI.BH)KeHHH XX B. B CHJIY HX K.naCCOBOH
orpa HHlIe H HOCTH.
B CBOHX TPY.lI. aX B. 11. J1eHHH nOCTOHHHO npOBO.lI.HJ] MblCJ]b 0 TOM,
LITO HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO CJ]e.lI.yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK HBJ]eHHe, xapaKTep-
Hoe He TOJ]bKO .lI.J]H POCCHH, HO H .lI.J]H .lI.PyrHx CTpaH. B. 11. J1eHHH
CBH3blBaJI 3TO C pH.lI.OM 06CTOHTeJIbCTB. Bo-nepBbIX, C MHOrOlJHCJ]eHHO-
CTblO CJ]OH MeJ]KOH 6YP)Kya3HH, KOTopaH HrpaeT a.lI.eKBaTHYIO P0J]b
B COUHaJ]bHbIX CHCTeMax pa3JIHilHOrO THna, T. e. B CTpaHax pa3BHToro
H HeJ10CTaTOIlHO 3peJ]oro (cpe.lI.Hero YPOBHH) KanHTaJ]H3Ma. 3TO no-
pOJK.lI.aJIO H COOTBeTCTBYIOW.He B033peHHH, CHCTeMY B3r J]H.lI.OB «Ha 3TO
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eCTeCTBeHHO, - nHcaJ] J1eHHH, - liTO OTCIO.lI.a C nOJ]HOH HeH36e)KHO-
CTblO BblTeKaeT WHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe H nOCTOHHHoe B03pO)K.lI.e-
HHe B ca MblX pa3Ho06pa3HbIX <popMax MeJ]K06YP)Kya3Hblx H.lI.eH H YlJe-
HH H».
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MeJ]K06YP)Kya3HaH COUHaJIbHaH npHpO.lI.a nopO)K.lI.aJI3 COOTBeTCTBYIO-
mHe eH TeOpeTHlJeCKHe .lI.OKTpHHbl: cy6'beKTHBHbIH H.lI.eaJ]H3M, BYJIbrap-
HbIH COUHaJIH3M, TeopHH TPY.lI.OBOrO X03HHCTBa, onnopTYHH3M H pe-
<POPMH3M.
B-TpeTbHX, B. 11. J1eHHH paCCMaTpHBaJ] PYCCKoe HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO
KaK HBJIeHHe He TOJIbKO pOCCHHCKoro, HO H Me)K.lI.YHapO.lI.HOrO 3Halle-
HHH. 06 3TOM B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI B 1903 r.: «CoBepweHHo eCTeCTBeH-
HO, 4TO PYCCKHH "coUHaJ]HcT-peBOJIIOUHOHep", BCeueJIO nJIeHeHHbIH
HlleHMH MeJIK06ypJKya3Horo HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, OKa3blBaeTCH "nOHeBOJIe
opaToM" eBponeHcKoro pe<popMHcTa, KOTOpbIH, KOr.lI.a XOlleT 6bITb
nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJ]bHbIM, HeH36eJKHO .lI.OroBapHBaeTcH .lI.0 npY.lI. OHH 3Ma» 105.
JIeHHH pa3BepHYJI WHpOKHH <PpOHT 60pb6bl KaK npOTHB PyccKoro
HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, TaK H npOTHB KOHuenUHH, HMeBUlHX MeCTO B .lI.pyrHx
CTpaHax. CCbIJ]aHCb Ha H3BeCTHoe nOJIO)KeHHe <P. 3HreJIbCa (<<4T6
HeBepHO B <popMaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlJeCKOM CMblCJIe MOJKeT 6blTb BepHO BO
BceMHpHO-HCTopH4eCKOM CMbICJ]e») 106, B. 11. J1eHHH B CTaTbe «,[{Be
YTonHH» nHCaJI: «fJIy60Koe nOJ]O)KeHHe 3HreJ]bca He06xo.lI.HMO no-
MHHTb npH Ol..leHKe COBpeMeHHOH Ha pO.lI.HHLfeCKOH HJ]H TPY.lI.OBHlIeCKOH
YTonHH B POCCHH (MO)KeT 6blTb. He B O.lI.HOH POCCHH, a B ueJ]OM pH.lI.e
a3HaTCKHX rocY.lI. a pCTB, nepe)KHBalOllI.HX B XX BeKe 6YP)Kya3Hble
peBOJIIOLlHH) ». Ha OCHOBe HaYlJHOH OLleHKH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa KaK H.lI.eH-
Horo H nOJ]HTH4eCKoro TelleHHH B. 11. J1eHHH .lI.e.HaJ] Ba)KHble npaKTH-
4eCKHe BbIBO.lI.bl 0 He06xo.lI.HMOCTH 6blTb nOCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJIbHbIM B 60pb6e
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45
XH Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKHX YTOnHH 3.lI.OpOBOe H ueHHOe H.lI.PO HCKpeHHerO,
peWHTeJIbHOrO, 60eBoro .lI.eMOKpaTH3Ma KpeCTbHHCKHX MaCC» i07.
B nO.lI.06HOM nO.lI.XO.lI.e K Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCTBY npOHBHJIaCb HHTepHa LlHO-
HaJIbHaH CYIllHOCTb .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTHJ napTHH 60JIbWeBHKOB, 1jI0CJIe.lI.OBa
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THlJeCKHMH, nCeB.lI.OCOUHaJ1HCTHlJeCKHMH KOHuenl..lHHMH H 06'bHCHeHHfI-
MH np06JIeM 06ll1.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH. 3TOT npHHUHn B. 11. J1eHHH,
napTHH 60JIbUleBHKOB CHCTeMaTHlleCKH H LleJIeYCTpeMJIeHHO npOBO.lI.H-
JIH Ha Bcex 3Tanax 60pbObI npOTHB MeJIK06YP)Kya3Horo BYJIbrapHOro
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B POCCHH Hero 3BOJIIOLlHH B XIX-HallaJIe XX B. y6e)K.lI.aeT B TOM, liTO
TOJIbKO C n03HLlHH npOJIeTapCKOH H.lI.eOJIOrHH MO)KHO BceCTopOHHe
HCCJIe.lI.OBaTb, npoa HaJ1H3 pOBaTb H OLleHHTb peaJIbHOe CO.lI.ep)Ka HHE'
H HCTOpHlJeCKOe MeCTO 3Toro CJIO)KHOrO H.lI.eHHOrO H nOJIHTHlleCKoro
TelleHHH, BblHBHTb ero CHJIbHble H CJIa6ble CTOpOHbI, ero peaJIbHYIO pOJIb
B oCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOM .lI.BH)KeHHH H HCTOpHlJecKYIO orpaHHlIeHHO€Tb,
06YCJIOBJIeHHYIO KJIaCCOBOH npHpO.lI.OH.
Bce CTOpOHW HapO.lI.HHlleCKOH .lI.OKTpHHW nOJIYIIHJIH 06'beKTHBHYID
oLleHKY B TPY.lI.aX K. MapKca, <1>. 3HreJIbCa H B. 11. J1eHHHa, Y.lI.eJIHB-
WHX 60JIbUlOe BHHMaHHe KpHTHKe <PHJIOCO<PCKHX, 3KOHOMHileCKHX H CO-
LlHOJIOrHlleCKHx OCHOB H.lI.eOJIorHH MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hblx pa.lI.HKaJIOB H .lI.e-
MOKpaTOB. OHH aKTHBHO <PYHKLlHOHHpOBaJIH Ha nOJIHTHlJeCKOH apeHe
POCCHH B XIX B. KaK npe cTaBHTeJIH rJIaBHOrO H.lI.eHHOrO TelleHHH
oCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOrO .lI.BH)KeHHH, a B XX B. KaK H.lI.eOJIOrH KpecTbHHcKOH
.lI.eMOKpaTHH, B KOTOpOH pOCCHHCKHH npOJIeTapHaT BH.lI.eJI CBoero co-
103HHKa B peweHHH 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI.eMOKpaTHlJeCKHX 3a.lI.alJ peBOJIIOUHH
I CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. call. T. 21. C. 259, 261.
2 MapKc K., 3Hzellbc CPo Cot{. 2-e H3.LI.. T. 18. C. 526.
3 TaM )Ke. T. 22. C,,441-442; T. 18. C. 522; T. 16. C. 427-428; T. 35. C. 147; T. 19
C. 158.
4 TaM )Ke. T. 34. C. 357.
5 CM.: TaM )Ke. T. 18. C. 518, 522, 524, 527-529 H .Qp.
6 MapKc K., 3Hzellbc CP.I COli. 2-e H3.Q. T. 22. C. 58, 444.
7 Ta M )Ke. T. 18. C. 545.
8 TaM )Ke. T. 34. C. 360.
9 TaM >Ke. T. 22. C. 41, 263-264, 444 H .LI.p.
10 TaM )Ke. T. 18. C. 545-546.
II TaM )Ke. C. 542, 543.
12 TaM )Ke. C. 524, 525, 537, 538, 540-541.
13 TaM )Ke. C. 541.
14 TaM )Ke. C. 537.
15 TaM )Ke. C. 537.
16 CM.: TaM .>Ke. T. 22. C. 457-460.
17 TaM >Ke. C. 543.
18 CM.: CYCA08a CPo M. MapKC, 3HreJlbC, JleHHH 0 Hapo.QHHlIecTBe H HHTepnpeTaLl.HH
npeeMcTBeHHocTH JIeHHHH3Ma B 6YP)Kya3HoH HCTopHorpacpHH / / KpHTHKa 6YP)Kya3-
HblX KOHuenUHH HCTOpHH H nOJlHTHKH KnCC. Jl., 1974. C. 92-122.
19 JleHuH B. H. I1MH. c06p. COli. T. I. C. 352, 351.
20 CM.: TaM >Ke. T. 21. C. 261.
46
21 TaM >Ke. T. 22. C 304.
22 TaM >Ke. C 304-305.
23 TaM >Ke. C. 121.
24 TaM >Ke.
25 TaM >Ke.
26 J/eHUH B. H. nOJIH c06p. COli T. 12. C. 40.
17 TaM >Ke. T. 22. C. 117.
28 CM.: Xopoc B. r. l1.u.eHHbIe TelleHliH HapO.LI.HHlIeCKoro Tlina B pa3BHBalOllJ.HXCH CTpa-
HaX. M., 1980. C. 20-21, 56 H .u.p.
29 J/eHUH B. H. nOJlH. c06p. COli. T. 1. C. 157
30 TaM >Ke. C. 342.
31 TaM >Ke. T. II. C. 285.
32 TaM >Ke. C. 383.
33 TaM >Ke. T. 12. C. 42-43.
34 TaM >Ke. C. 40.
35 TaM >Ke. T. 22. C. 363.
36 TaM >Ke. C. 363-365, 368.
37 TaM >Ke. T. 7. C. 389.
38 TaM >K e . T. 11. C. 416.
39 TaM >Ke. T. 7. C. 389.
40 TaM >Ke. T. 22. C. 304.
41 TaM >Ke. T. 12. C. 40.
42 TaM )Ke.
43 TaM >Ke. T. 7. C. 381.
44 TaM )Ke. C. 388.
45 TaM me. C. 312.
46 TaM )Ke. T. 14. C. 80, 81.
47 TaM )Ke. T. 15. C. 42, 49-52 Ii .u.p.
48 TaM )Ke T. 9. C. 191; T. 11 C. 285 H .LI.p.
49 TaM )Ke. T. 12. C. 40.
50 TaM )Ke. C. 45.
5\ TaM )Ke. T. 7. C. 43-44.
52 TaM )Ke. C. 44
53 TaM )Ke. C. 51.
54 TaM )Ke. T. 9. C. 192.
55 TaM me. T. 9. C. 192; T. 17. C. 268.
56 T
aM )Ke. C. 192.
57 T
aM )Ke. T. 24. C. 322; T. 8. C. 458.
58 T
aM )Ke. T. 11. C. 58.
: TaM me. T. 9. C. 192.
G TaM )Ke. T. 24. C. 61.
6 i aM me. T 12. C. 45.
63 aM )Ke. T. 14. C. 101
64 TaM )Ke. T. 7. C. 385.
65 TaM )Ke. C. 384-386; T 22. C. 304-305, 307 Ii .u.p.
CM.: JIeHuH B. H. OOJlH. c06p. COli. T. 7. C. 381-386, T. 13. C. 404; T. 15. C. 192;
66 T 22. C. 307 H .u.p.
67 TaM )Ke T. 13. C. 144.
68 TaM )Ke. C. 405.
69 TaM }f(e. C. 404.
70 TaM }f(e. T. 7. C. 381.
71 TaM }f(e. C. 381, 385, 389.
72 TaM }f(e. T. 15. C. 50.
73 TaM )Ke. T. 7 C. 384.
74 TaM )Ke. C. 44-45.
75 TaM )Ke. C. 45.
76 TaM }Ke. C. 71.
77 TaM )Ke. T. 9. C. 192.
78 TaM )Ke. T. 7. C. 383.
79 TaM )Ke. C. 383.
TaM }f(e. C. 59.
47
80 TaM me. C. 59-60, 458
81 TaM me. C 60-61.
82 CM.: '-IepHoB B. MapKC H 3HreJlbC 0 KpeCTbHHCTBe. M., 1906; OH e. MapKcH3M
H arpapHbIH Bonpoc: YlcTopHKO-KpHTHlIecKHH ollepK. Cn6., 1906. 4. I.
83 JIeHuH B. H. UOJIH. c06p COli T. 11. C 284
84 TaM )Ke. T 12. C. 41-43.
85 TaM me. C 44.
86 TaM )Ke C. 45
87 TaM )Ke. C. 47-48.
88 TaM me. T. 9 C. 194
89 CM.: TaM )Ke T. 7. C. 191.
90 CM.: TaM )Ke. T. 12. C. 44
91 CM.: '-IepHoB B. M. MapKC H arpapHbIH Bonpoc M., 1907.
92 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJlH. c06p. COli. T. 11. C. 283-285, 289-290; T. 13. C. 397,
T. 12. C. 135 H .LI.p.
93 TaM )Ke. T. 9. C. 132, 131.
94 CM.: TaM )Ke. T. II. C. 290, 417 H .ap.
95 CM.: MapKC K., 3Hzellbc cP COli. 2-e H3.a. T. 18. C. 544.
96 3
JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. co6p. COli. T. 9. C. I I.
97 TaM )Ke. T. 11. C. 284.
98 CM.: rUHe8 B. H. 50pb6a 3a KpecTbHHcTBO H KpH3HC PyccKoro HeoHapo.aHHlIecTBa,
1902-1914 rr. Jl., 1983.
99 JIeHuH B. H. OOJIH. c06p. COli. T 13. C. 144-145, 401, 403.
100 lllecraKo8 M. r. 50pb6a B. 11. JleHHHa npoTHB H.aeaJlHCTHlIecKoH COI1.HOJlOrHH
3cepoB. M., 1975. C. 17-25, 84-92 H .ap.
101 Pa601lee .LI.BH)KeHHe H HaWH faKTHlIeCKHe 3a.LI.allH / / PeBOJlIOLl.HOHHaH POCCHH. 1902.
NQ 10. C. 3-6.
102 00 nOBO.ay POCTOBCKHX C06bITHH / / PeBOJlIOLl.HOHHaH POCCHH. 1902. NQ 15. C. 1-3.
103 JIeHuH B. H. OOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 12. C. 65.
104 TaM )Ke. T. 5. C. 363.
105 TaM )Ke. T. 7. C. 212-214.
106 CM.: MapKc K., 3Hzellbc CPo COli. 2-e H3.LI.. T. 21. C. 184.
107 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 22. C. 120, 121.
rJIaBa TpeTbfl
TEOPETI1KO-METOlt0J10rH4ECKHE OCHOBbI
Cou,H0J10rH4ECKOYl KOHUEflU,HH
HAPOltHHKOB
.;.
'. .
B a)KHeHWHM BOnpOCOM OCTpOH H.lI.eHHOH 60pb6bl Me)K.lI.Y MapKCH3-
MOM H HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBOM B 06JIaCTH <PHJIOCOcpHH HCTOpHH, KaK
H B XIX B., OCTaBaJIOCb 06'bHCHeHHe CYllI.HOCTH H .lI.BH)I(YllI.HX CHJI
06111eCTBeHHOrO pa3BHTHH. H.lI.eOJIOrH PYCCKOrO Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCTBa - OT
n. J1aBpoBa H H. MHXaHJIOBCKOrO .lI.0 B. 4epHOBa, A. KOMOBa, A. ne-
IlleXOHOBa - peWaJIH ero C n03HUHH cy6'beKTHBHoro H.lI.eaJIH3Ma, PY-
KOBOJ1CTBYHCb B TeOpeTHlJeCKHX nOCTpoeHHHX OCHOB COLlHOJIOrHlleCKOH
H HCTOpHlJeCKOH KOHLlenLlHH cy6'beKTHBHbIM MeTO.lI.OM. CTOpOHHHKH
H 3alUHTHHKH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbl XX B. He BHeCJIH HHllero
npHHUHnHaJIbHO HOBoro CBOHMH <PHJIOCO<PCKHMH TpY.lI.aMH B 060CHO-
BaHHe HCTopHlleCKoro nporpecca Hero n03HaHHe no cpaBHeHHIO CO
CBOHMH npe.lI.lUeCTBeHHHKaMH B POCCHH H Ha 3ana.lI.e. 3TO OTMelJaJI
B. 11. J1eHHH B CBoeH <PYH.lI.aMeHTaJIbHOH pa60Te «MaTepHaJIH3M
H 3MnHpHOKpHTHl..lH3M». TeM He MeHee HX BeCbMa 3aMeTHaH aKTHB-
HOCTb B 06JIaCTH <PHJIOCO<PHH H COLlHOJIOrHH, CTpeMJIeHHe npOTHBono-
CTaBHTb MaTepHaJIH3MY H MOHH3MY, H oc06eHHO MapKCH3MY, cy6'beK-
THBHblH H.lI.eaJIH3M H 3KJIeKTHKY npe.lI.CTaBJIHJIH 3aMeTHoe HBJIeHHe
B H.lI.eHHOH )KH3HH Toro BpeMeHH. OHH 6blJIH nonYJIHpHbl B CHJIY MHoro-
4HCJIeHHOCTH Cpe.lI.HHX CJIOeB Cpe.lI.H 3HallHTeJIbHOrO Kpyra HHTeJIJIH-
reHLlHH, peBOJIIOLlHOHHO HaCTpoeHHOH MOJIO.lI.e)KH, lIaCTH pa60llHX I.
OpeTeH3HH JIH.lI.epOB H H.lI.eOJIOrOB Ha pO.lI.HH4eCTBa Ha «BJIa.lI.eHHe YMa-
MH», Ha PYKOBO.lI.HllI.YIO pOJIb B PYCCKOM peBOJIIOLlHOHHOM .lI.BH)KeHHH
XX B. Bbl3blBaJIH OTBeTHYIO peaKUHIO He TOJIbKO Y npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIeH
nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOrO OpTO.lI.OKCaJIbHOrO MapKCH3Ma, HO H'y «JIeraJIbHblX
MapKCHCTOB» (n. CTpYBe, H. 5ep.lI.HeBa H .lI.p.), n03.lI.Hee Y MeHbweBH-
KOB. OOJIeMHKa CTOpOHHHKOB MaTepHaJIH3Ma H MOHH3Ma C 3aw.HTHH-
KaMH H.lI.eaJIH3Ma H nJIIOpaJIH3Ma BbIJIHJIaCb B O)KeCTOlleHHbIe H.lI.eHHble
CTOJIKHOBeHHH no 60JIbWOMY Kpyry BonpOCOB, np0.lI.OJI)KaBWHeCH BCIO
nepBYIO lIeTBepTb XX B. Ha nepBblH B3r JIH.lI. MO)KeT nOKa3aTbCH, liTO
Bce 3TH cnopbI HOCHJIH a6CTpaKTHbIH, OTopBaHHblH OT )l(H3HH xapaK-
Tep, He BJIHHH Ha peweHHe nOJIHTHlleCKHX np06JIeM, Ha 60pb6y 3a
«3eMJIIO H BOJIIO». OpOTHB nO.lI.06HbIX MHeHHH HeO.lI.HOKpaTHO BblcTynaJI
B. 11. J1eHHH, YTBep)K.lI.aH MbICJIb 0 TeCHOH CBH3H <PHJIOCO<PCKHX no-
3HIJ.HH C nOJIHTHlleCKHMH. Ew.e B pa60Te «,[{Be TaKTHKH COl.lHaJI-.lI.e-
MOKpaTHH B .lI.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH» (1905), 3alll.HIllaH
H e 0 Ba)l(HOCTH nOHHMaHHH CBH3H MaTepHaJIH3Ma H HaJIeKTHKH
C 06'bHCHeHHeM npOHCXO.lI.HW. HX npOl.leCCOB H npaBHJIbHbIM <POPMYJIH-
POBaHHeM JI03YHroB 60pb6bl, OH nHCaJI: «Ycep.lI.Ho MapWHpYH, HO
nJIOXO PYKOBO.lI. H , OHH npHHH)KaIOT MaTepHaJIHCTHlJeCKOe nOHHMaHHe
HCTOpHH CBOHM HrHopHpOBaHHeM .lI.eHCTBeHHoH, PYKoBO.lI.HlUeH H Ha-
4 r A eKceeBa
49
npa BJIHIOlll.eH pOJIH, KOTOpylO MOr)'T H .lI.OJI)KHbl H rpaTb B HCTOpHH
napTHH, C03HaBWHe MaTepHaJIbHble YCJIOBHH nepeBOpOTa H CTaBWHe
BO r JIa Be nepe1I.OBbIX KJlaCCOB»2.
Ha pO.lI.HH4eCKHe KOHl..lenl..lHH XX B. OTpa)KaJIH npOWJIoe, a He
6Y.lI.YllI.ee peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOro .lI.BH)KeHHH. 3TO nOHHJIH B KOHl..le XIX B.
f. B. fIJIexaHoB, H. E. <l>e.lI.OCeeB, B. 11. J1eHHH, XOTH no-pa3HOMY
Ol..leHHBaJIH HTorH 60pb6bI C HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBOM B 90-e rO.lI.bI H nepcneK-
THBbI ero .lI.aJIbHeHWero cYllI.eCTBOBa HHH. Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKHe JIH.lI.epbl
OKa3aJIHCb Hecnoc06HbIMH nOHHTb, lJTO OCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOe H peBOJIIOl..lH-
OHHoe .lI.BH)KeHHe B POCCHH XX B. nepepOCJIO TeOpeTHlJeCKHe H COl..lHOJIO-
rHlJeCKHe KOHLlenl..lHH HapO.lI.HHKOB H OCHOBaHHbIe Ha HHX nporpaMMbI,
KOTopble OTpa)KaJIH npe.lI.WeCTBY10lll.HH 3Tan pa3BHTHH. KOHuenl..lHH,
nO.lI.06Hble HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHM, «npH CBoeM B03HHKHOBeHHH CJIY)KHBWHe
pbIlJaraMH .lI.BH)KeHHH, npeBpalllalOTCH B npenHTCTBHe, KaK TOJIbKO 3TO
.lI.BH)KeHHe nepepaCTaeT HX; TOr.lI.a OHH CTaHOBHTCH peaKl..lHOHHbIMH» 3.
KpHTHlJeCKHH aHaJIH3 HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH JIHTepaTypbI 1900--
1917 rr. n03BOJIHeT nOHHTb KaK HCTOKH TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHW
MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx .lI.eMoKpaToB H pa.lI.HKaJIOB XX B., xapaKTep HX
TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH, TaK H npHlJHHW HX H.lI.eHHOrO Kpaxa,
06YCJIOBJIeHHOrO <paKTopaMH He TOJIbKO COl..lHaJIbHOrO, HO H rHOCeOJIO-
rHlJeCKOrO xapaKTepa.
B MHOrOlJHCJIeHHbIX BbIcTynJIeHHHX JIeBbIX Ha p01I.HHKOB B. 4epHO-
Ba, A. KOMOBa, H. PycaHoBa, E. KOJIocoBa, n. CopOKHHa H JIH6e-
paJIbHbIX - A. neweXOHOBa, B. MHKOTHHa, C. IO*aKOBa H .lI.p. no
BonpocaM COl..lHOJIOrHH H HCTOpHH H3JIaraJIHCb Ba)KHeHWHe .lI.OBO.lI.bI
npe.lI.CTa BHTeJIeH 3Toro H.lI.eHHOrO TelJeHHH, KOTopbIe OHH HCnOJIb30BaJIH
1I.JIH 3alll.HTbI CBoero YlJeHHH H npOTHB060pCTBa C MapKCH3MOM. Ha
HeHaYlJHOH TeOpeTHlJeCKOH OCHOBe CTpOHJIaCb nporpaMMcf H npaKTHlle-
CKaH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX napTHH, CTpeMHBWHXCH B03rJIa-
BHTb He TOJIbKO OCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOe .lI.BH)KeHHe npOTHB CaMO.lI.ep)KaBHO-
nOMel..l..lHlJberO CTpOH, HO H peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOe .lI.BH)KeHHe Macc 3a CO-
l..lHaJIH3M. COl..lHOJIOrHlleCKaH .lI.OKTpHHa HapO.lI.HHKOB CJIY)KHJIa Teope-
THlJeCKHM 060CHOBaHHeM nporpaMM, nYTeH H Cpe.lI.CTB 60pb6bI
MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hblx CJIOeB POCCHH B CJIO)KHOH 06CTaHOBKe HalJaJIa
XX B. TeopeTHKH «n03.lI.Hero» HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa ynopHo 3al..l..lHl..l..laJIH
H.lI.eHHble YCTOH CBoero MHpOB033peHHH OT KPHTHKH, OT HacTynaBwero
Ha ero n03HUHH MapKCH3Ma.
CJIe yeT OTMeTHTb, lJTO B JIHTepaType HalJaJIa XX B. OCHOBono-
JIO)KHHKOM cy6'bPKTHBHoro MeT01I.a B Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKOH COl..lHOJIOrHH
O.lI.HH ClJHTaJIH n. J1. J1aBpoBa, .lI.pyrHe - H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro 4.
MapKCHCT C. n. PaHCKHH y6e.lI.HTeJIbHO .lI.OKa3bIBaJI, liTO «cy6'beKTHB-
HbIH MeTO.lI.» 6blJI 3aHMCTBOBaH H J1aBpoBbIM H MHXaHJIOBCKHM y OCHO-
BOnOJIO)KHHKa n03HTHBH3Ma O. KOHTa 5.
KaK y)Ke OTMelJaJIOCb, rJIaBHbIM B CBoeH TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .lI.eHTeJIb-
HOCTH B 06JIaCTH HCTOpHH H COl..lHOJIOrHH H.lI.eOJIOrH n03.lI.HerO Ha-
pO.lI.HHlJeCTBa C.lI.eJIaJIH He yrJIy6JIeHHOe H3YlJeHHe peaJIbHOH .lI.eHCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH co BceMH ee npOTHBOpelJHHMH H 3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH pa3BH-
THH, a C03.lI.aHHe BCer.lI.a 6eCnJIO.lI.HbIX «06l..l..lHX TeopHH», HCKYCCTBeH-
HblX KOHCTPYKl..lHH H cxeM C nOMOlll.blO cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a,
50
a TaKme 60pb6y npOTHB MapKCH3Ma, oc06eHHO npOTHB M3TepHaJIH-
CTH4eCKoro MOHH3Ma, HaYlJHOH TeOpHI1 n03HaHHH, MapKCHCTCKOH KOH-
uenUHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6w H ee pOJIH B HCTOpHH. npH4eM B 3TOM
nOXO.lI.e npOTHB MapKCH3Ma Bce HapO.lI.HHKH - H JIH6epaJIbHble H JIe-
Bble - CTOHJIH Ha 06lUHX n03Hl..lHHX 3a IllHTbl cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a
H HenpHHTHH .lI.HaJIeKTH4eCKoro H HCTopH4eCKoro MaTepHaJIH3Ma. [10-
3TOMY H B Ha4aJIe XX B. He nOTepHJIa CBoero 3Ha4eHHH JIeHHHCKaH
H.lleH, BblCKa3aHHaH B pa60Te «41'0 TaKoe ".lI.PY3bH HapO.lI.a" H KaK OHH
BOIOIOT npOTHB COl..lHaJI-.lI.eMOKpaToB?», 0 TOM, 41'0 .LlJIH nOHHMaHHH
H Ol..leHKH «OT'bHBJIeHHbIX BparOB COl..lHaJI-JJ.eMOKpaTHH» H:-{ «PYCCKora
60raTCTBa» CJIe1I.yeT npHCMOTpeTbCH K 3THM «1I.PY3bHM HapO.lI.a», K «HX
KpHTHKe MapKCH3Ma, K HX H.lI.eHM, K HX TaKTHKe» 6. CJIen.OBaTeJIbHO,
J1JIH B. 11. J1eHHHa H.lI.eOJIOrHH HapO.lI.HH4eCTBa, KpHTHKa JiM MapKCH3-
Ma H TaKTHKa HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa HBJIHIOTCH e.lI.HHbIM LleJIbIM.
06pa3l..l0M TaKora nO.lI.XO.lI.a K HapO.lI.HH4eCKOH 1I.OKTpHHe HBHJIHCb
TPY.lI.bl B. 11. J1eHHHa, HanHcaHHble eille B Cepe.lI.HHe 90-x rO.lI.OB. B HHX
B. 11. J1eHHH y6e.lI.HTeJIbHO nOKa3aJI Ba)l{HOCTb BblcTynJIeHHH «npOTHB
l..leJIOH CHCTeMbl B033peHHH, a He npOTHB OT.lI.eJIbHbIX npe.llCTaBHTeJIeH
ee», Me)K.lI.Y KOTOpbIMH eCTb pa3JIH4HH, H «HHOr1I.a HeMaJIble», paCKpbt1
HaY4HYIO HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb Hap01I.HHlJeCKOH q,HJIOCOq,HH HCTOpHH,
OCHOBaHHOH Ha cy6'beKTHBHOM MeTO.lI.e 7. 01I.HaKO HapO.lI.HHKH, OTBep-
raH KPHTHKY MapKCHCTOB, npO.lI.OJI)I{aJIH ynopHo OTCTaHBaTb CBOH
n03Hl..lHH.
HeCMOTpH Ha TO 41'0 Hap01I.HHKH XX B. Y.lI.eJIHJIH 3a IllHTe «cy6'beK-
THBHoro MeTO.l1.a B COt{HOJIOrHH» 60JIbWOe BHHMaHHe, TeM He MeHee
TpY.lI.Hee Bcero HM .lI.aBaJIOCb onpe.lI.eJIeHHe ero CYillHOCTH H co.n.ep)Ka-
HHH. A 06pal..l..leHHe K MHXaHJIOBCKOMY 3aBepWaJIOCb, KaK npaBHJIO,
nO.lI.06HOrO pO.lI.a 3aKJIlOlJeHHHMH: «MHXaHJIOBCKHH onepHpyeT nOHHTH-
eM cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a cnopa.lI.HlJeCKH H 6eCCHCTeMHO, a rJIaBHOe
He .lI.aeT T04Horo onpe.lI.eJIeHHH 3Toro TepMHHa, .lI.OBOJIbCTBYHCb B 60JIb-
WHHCTBe CJIYlJaeB .lI.OKa3aTeJIbCTBaMH Heo6xo.lI.HMOCTH cy6'beKTHBHoro
OTHoweHHH K .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH» 8. 06bllJHO CCbIJIaJIHCb Ha l..lHTaTY H3
HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro «4TO TaKoe nporpecc?» (1869).
Cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.lI. B COl..lHOJIOrHH, YTBep)K.lI.aJI MHXaHJIOBCKHH,
«06'beKT KOTOpOH - lJeJIOBeK - TO)K.lI.eCTBeH C cy6'beKTOM; MO)l{eT
6bITb, BCJIe.lI.CTBHe 3TOH TO)l{.lI.eCTBeHHOCTH MbICJ1Hl..l..lHH cy6'beKT TOJIbKO
B TaKOM cJIYlJae MO)KeT .lI.OHTH .lI.0 HCTHHbI, KOr.lI.a BnOJIHe COJIbeTCH
C MbICJIHMbIM 06'beKTOM H HH Ha MHHYTY He pa3JIY4HTCH C HHM,
T. e. BOH.lI.eT B ero HHTepeCbl, nepe)l{HBeT ero )KH3Hb, nepeMblCJIHT ero
MbICJIb, nepelJYBCTByeT ero lJYBCTBO, nepeCTpa.lI.aeT ero CTpa.lI.aHHe,
npOnJIalJeT ero CJIe3aMH» 9. HeTPY.lI.HO YBH.lI.eTb, lJTO nO.lI.06HOrO pO.lla
aprYMeHTbI B 3al..l..lHTY cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a B n03HaHHH COUHaJIbHblX
HBJIeHHH 6bIJIH, KaK H paHbwe, B YCJIOBHHX XX B. He TOJIbKO MaJIoy6e-
1I.HTeJIbHbIMH, HO H BeCbMa npHMelJaTeJIbHblMH, H60 TeopeTHKH Ha-
PO.lI.HHllecTBa Ha npOTH)KeHHH .lI.eCHTHJIeTHH He CMOrJIH BbI1I.BHHYTb
B 060CHOBaHHe CBOHX n03Hl..lHH HHKaKHX HOBblX H y6e.lI.HTeJIbHbIX
1I.OBO.lI.OB. nOHHMaH waTKOCTb CBOHX CY)K.lI.eHHH, KOJIOCOB CCblJIaJICH
Ha rpOMa.lI.HYIO nonYJIHpHOCTb 3TOH CTaTbH MHXaHJIOBCKoro: «MO)KHO
CKa3aTb 6e3 BCHKoro npeYBeJIHlJeHHH, lJTO CTaTbH 0 nporpecce 6blJIa
4'"
51
B CBoe BpeMH HaCTOHLUHM MaHHq,eCTOM COUHaJ]bHo-peBOJ]IOUHOHHoro
HapO.llHHlJeCTBa 1870-x rO.llOB, BO MHorHX OTHoweHHHX He YCTapeB-
WHM .lI.0 CHX nop». no YTBep)K.lleHHIO KOJ]ocoBa, CTaTbH CTaJ]a «PYKO-
BO.lI.HllI.eH COUHoJ]orHlJeCKOH profession de foi TOr.lI.aWHerO 06I1leCTBeH-
Horo .lI.BH)KeHHH» 10. BbI.lI.BHHYB 3TO nOJ]O)KeHHe, KOJ]ocoB BbIHY)K.lleH
6bIJ] corJ]aCHTbCH, liTO «B q,aKTHlIeCKOH Ol..leHKe aprYMeHTaUHH MHxaH-
J]OBCKoro Mbl BCTpelJaeMCH C TaKHMH OlJeBH.lI.HbIMH oWH6KaMH, KOTO-
pwe TPY.lI.HO H 6ecnOJ]e3HO 3aTyweBwBaTb». nO.lI.06HOrO PO.lI.a npH-
3HaHHH 6bIJ]H BeCbMa nOKa3aTeJ]bHbl .lI.J1H 3al..l..lHTHHKOB cy6'beKTHBHoro
MeTO.lI.a, BbIHY)K.lI.eHHbIX nocJ]e CMepTH MHxaHJ]OBCI<oro OTMelJaTb, lJTO
MHorHe H3 ero KpHTHKOB 6blJ]H npaBbl, BKJ]IOlJaH H 5ep.lI.HeBa.
Oc06eHHO npOTeCTOBaJIH KOJ]OCOB, 4epHOB H .lI.p. npOTHB 06BHHe-
HHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro B TOM, LITO OH «Bo06ll1.e He pa3J]H4a.J1 KaTeropHH
cy6'beKTHBHoro OTHoweHHH K .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H 06'beKTHBHoro H3Y-
lIeHHH ee». He B.lI.aBaHCb B .lI.eTaJ]H nOJ]eMHKH Me)K.lI.Y CTOpoHHHKaMH
H npoTHBHHKaMH cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a, HalJaBWeHCH erne B 70-e ro-
.lI.bl XIX B., OTMeTHM, LITO KOJ]ocOB nblTaJ]CH CBeCTH cnop K Bonpocy
o TOM, HBJ]HeTCH J1H cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.lI. JIHIUb npHeMOM n03HaHHH
HJ1H OH BKJllOlJaeT B e6H H «KaTeropHIO oueHKH». KOJ]oCOB OrpaHHlJH-
BaJ] ero J]HWb nepBblM npH3HaKOM 11, pa3pbJBaH TeM caMbIM CBH3aH-
Hble .lI.Pyr C .lI.pyroM 3J]eMeHTbl n03Ha HHH COl.lHaJ]bHbIX HBJ]eHHH-
nOJ]YlIeHHe 3HaHHH, ero onHcaHHe H Ol..leHKY. Ha3bIBaH cy6'beKTHBHbIH
MeTO.lI. HaYlJHOH TeopHeff, KOJ]oCOB npe.lI.npHHHJ] nonblTKY BbIHBHTb ero
rHoceOJ]orHlJeCKHe KOpHH H HCTOpHlJeCKOe 3HalJeHHe, 4TO npe.lI.CTaBJIH-
eT HeMaJ]OBa.tKHbIH .lI.J]H Hac HHTepec.
I1cTOKH cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a KOJ]OCOB cnpaBe J]HBO YCMaTpH-
BaJ] B n03HTHBH3Me. 01I.HaKO 3aCJ]yrH MHxaHJ]oBcKoro B 06J]aCTIi Teo-
pHH HapO.lI.HHKaM XX B. BH.lI.eJ]HCb TaM, r.lI.e HX Bo06ll1.e He 6bIJ]0, H60 B
q,HJ10CO<PHH MHXaHJ10BCKHH c.lI.eJ1aJ] war Ha3a.lI. no cpaBHeHHIO C 4epHbI-
weBCKHM H .lI.pyrHMH WeCTH1I.eCHTHHKaMH. KOJ]oCOB YTBep)K.lI.aJ], 4TO
1l03HTHBH3M MHxaHJ]OBCKoro «OTHIO.lI.b He 6blJ] MaTepHaJ]H3MOM npe.lI.-
weCTBYlOweH 3noxH», lJTO, coxpaHHH «peaJ]HCTHlJeCKHe npHeMbl MbIC-
J1H», xapaKTepHbIe .lI.J]H 1860-x rO.lI.OB, «l\!\HxaHJ]OBCKHH peWHTeJ1bHO
nopBaJ], B '-IeM ero KpynHaH 3aCJ]yra B HCTOpHH Hawero 06w.eCTBeHHO-
ra caMOC03HaHHH, C rereJ]bHHCTBOM. . . H <PHJ]OCOq,CKHM MaTepHaJ]H3-
MOM "COBpeMeHHHKa"». n. JI. J1aBpoB H H. K. MHXaHJ10BCKHH,
«OTelleCTBeHHble 3anHCKH», YTBep)K.lI.aJ] aBTOp, B npOTHBOBec «Co-
BpeMeHHHKY» npHMKHYJ1H B 06J]aCTH <PHJ]OCO<PHH K TaKHM npHHUHnaM
n03HTHBH3Ma, «KOTopble OTpHl..laJ]HCb paHbwe "COBpeMeHHHKOM", HO
HblHe C1I.eJ]aJ]HCb OCHOBOH HaYlJHOH <PHJIOCOq,HH» 12. O.lI.HaKO Ha ca MOM
.lI.eJ]e B HCTOpHH PYCCKOH q,HJ10COq,CKOH MbICJIH 3TO 6blJ]0 nonHTHoe
1I.BH)KeHHe - OT CTHxHHHoro MaTepHaJ]H3Ma K cy6'beKTHBHOMY H.lI.ea-
J]H3MY, npoHBHBweecH B pacnpocTpaHeHHH TaK Ha3WBaeMoro
«cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a B COUHoJ]orHH».
BblcTynaH 3alll.HTHHKOM cy6'beKTHBHoro H.lI.eaJ]H3Ma MHxaHJ]oB-
cKoro, I(OJ]OCOB npH3HaBaJ] H nO.lI..lI.ep)KHBaJ1 ero nOJ]O)KeHHH 06 orpa-
HHlJeHHOCTH lJeJ]OBelJeCKOrO n03HaHHH, 0 HeB03MO)KHOCTH n03HaHHH
CYl..l..lHOCTH HBJ]eHHH, 06 onblTHOM npOHCXO)K.lI.eHHH Bcex 3HaHHH, 0 .lI.0-
cTynHocTH 3HaHHH ,lI.J]H qeJ]OBeKa TOJ]bKO Ha 3MnHpHlJeCKOM ypOBHe 13.
52
nO.lI.06HO MHXaHJ]OBCKOMY, C n03Hl..lHH Cy61>CKTHBHOrO HIleaJ]H3Ma
onpe eJ]HJ]H HapOIlHHKH THIla KOJ]ocoBa H YepHOBa H npeilMeT co-
l1HOJIOrHH. «npe.lI. MeT COl..lHOJ]OrHH, - nHCaJ] KOJ]ocoB, - 06weCTBeH-
BOCTb, KOOnepal..lHfI. E.lI.HHCTBeHHOH )l{e peaJ]bHOH HocHTeJ]bHHueH 06-
UlecTBeHHocTH HBJ]HeTCH lJeJ]OBelJeCKaH J]HlJHOCTb. CTaJ]o 6blTb, 3a-
.Ll aLJa COl.lHOJ]orHH H Bblpa3HTcfI B nonbITKe YCTaHoBHTb HCTopH4ecKHe
cy b6bI JIHlJHOCTH B pa3Hblx THnax KOOnepal..lHH». B .lI.PyroM MeCTe
KOJIOCOB 06'beKTOM COl..lHaJ]bHoH HaYKH Ha3bIBaJI 06ll1.eCTBeHHYl0
)KH3Hb J]IOIleH, 3aKOHbI KOOnepal..lHH, a KpHTepHeM .lI.J]H ee nocTpoeHHH
C4HTaJI «H.lI.eaJ] BcecTopoHHe pa3BHToH 4eJ]oBelJeCKOH J]HlJHOCTH. Ho
3TO T H.lI.eaJI He .lI.OcTyneH BO BceM CBoeM l..leJ]OM MbICJ]HllI.HM CHJ]aM
COBpeMeHHoro KJ]aCCOBoro 06l..l..leCTBa» 14. nO.lI.06HOe onpe.lI.eJ]eHHe
060eKTa COl..lHaJIbHOH HaYKH H rJ]aBHoro KpHTepHH ee nOCTpoeHHH -
H eaJIa - npHBO.lI.HJ]O K OTKa3Y OT H3Y4eHHH peaJIbHOH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH, ee TeOpeTHlJeCKOrO OCMbICJIeHHH, K OTpHuaHHIO 06'beKTHBHoro
xapaKTepa nOJ]YlJeHHbIX 3HaHHH 06 06wecTBe, OrpaHHlJeHHIO B03MO)l{-
HOCTH HX npaKTH4ecKoro HcnOJ]b30BaHHH C ueJ]blO ero peBoJ]loUHOHHO-
ro npe06pa30BaHHH. B caMOM nO.lI.xo.lI.e HapO.lI.HHKOB K HaYKe H ee
o6oeKTY npoHBJ]HJIOCb CTpeMJIeHHe K nO.lI.MeHe 06'beKTHBHoro HaYlJHO-
ro TeOpeTHlJeCKOrO 3HaHHH cy6'beKTHBHbIMH, HCKyccTBeHHblMH cxeMa-
MH, He HMeBWHMH HHlJerO 06wero C npoueccoM 06ll1.eCTBeHHoro pa3-
BHTHH Hero n03HaHHeM Ha OCHOBe HaYlJHOH MeTO.lI.OJ]orHH. TaKOH )Ke
xapaKTep HMeJIH Bce paCCY)K.lI.eHHH HapO.lI.HHKOB 0 MeTon.oJ]orHH H Ha-
Y4HWX MeTO.lI.aX n03HaHHH cOUHaJ]bHwx npOl..leCCOB H HBJ]eHHH.
TpY.lI.HbIM .lI.JIH TeopeTHKOB Hap01I.HHlJeCTBa OKa3aJ]OCb H onpe.lI.eJ]e-
HHe cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a, XOTH OHH nOCTOHHHO TBep.lI.HJIH, lJTO
MHxaHJ]OBCKHH .lI.eJIaJ] 3TO MHoro pa3, OCTaBHB nocJ]e ce6H pa3pa60-
TaHHYIO «TeopHIO». <PaKTHlJeCKH BCH 3Ta «TeopHH» orpaHH4HBaJ]aCb
60JIbWH M KOJ]HlJeCTBOM pa3J]HlJHblX BblCKa3blBa HHH, pa36poca HHblX no
OT1I.eJIbHbIM pa60TaM. CaM KO,lIOCOB .lI.aBaJ] TaKoe onpe.lI.eJ]eHl1e:
«Cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.lI. J]orHlJeCKH MO)l{eT 6bITb npOTHBonOCTaBJIeH
06'beKTHBHOMY MeTO,lI.Y H TOJ]bKO eMY, a He HH.lI.YKl..lHH H ,lI.e.lI.YKl..lHH, He
onbITY H Ha6J] lO.lI.eHH 10. BMeCTe C TeM npOTHBonOCTaBJ]eHHe cy6'beK-
THBHoro 06'beKTHBHOMY MeTO.lI.Y HMeeT He npHMOH, a YCJ]OBHbIH xa-
paKTep, H60 cy6'beKTHBHbIM MeTO.lI.OM OTHIO,lI.b He YCTpaHHIOTCH Tpe60-
BaHHH onHpaTbcH "Ha .lI.aHHble 06'beKTHBHoH HaYKH", OT KOTOpOH
HHKTO He MO)l{eT B CBOHX HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHHX 6e3HaKa3aHHO OTBOpalJH-
BaTbCH» 15.
B KOHelJHOM ClJeTe Bce np06J]eMW, CBH3aHHwe C 060CHOBaHHeM
H npHMeHeHHeM 3Toro MeTo.lI.a CBO.lI.HJ]HCb K npHeMaM MblwJ]eHHH,
I< OTpHuaHHIO B03MO)KHOCTH 06'beKTHBHoro n03HaHHH COUHaJ]bHblx
HBJIeHHH. KaK H BO Bcex .lI.PyrHx CJIYlJaHX B nO.lI.TBep)KeHHe BepHOCTH
3Toro MeTO.lI.a npHB01I.HJ]HCb O.lI.HH H Te )Ke CJIOBa MHXaHJIOBCKoro:
«Cy6'beKTHBHbIM MeTO.lI.OM Ha3blBaeTCH TaKoH cnoc06 Y.lI.OBJ]eTBopeHHH
n03HaBaTeJIbHOH cnoc06HOCTH, KOr.lI.a Ha6J]IO.lI.aTeJIb CTaBHT ce6H MbIC-
JIeHHO B nOJ]O)KeHHe Ha6J]10.lI.aeMoro». B nO.lI.TBep)l{eHHe HaYlJHOrO
3Ha4eHHH 3Toro MeTO.lI.a BW1I.BHraJIaCb H.lI.eH 0 «TeOJIOrHlJeCKOM xa-
PaKTepe lJeJ]OBe4ecKoH HCTOpHH, OTJ]H4HOM OT HCTOpHH npHpO.lI.bl».
nOCpe.lI.CTBOM BBe.lI.eHHH H.lI.eH ueJ]eco06pa3HOCTH H CCblJIKOH Ha CJ]OBa
53
K. MapKCa «JIIO.lI.H CaMH .lI.eJ]aIOT CBOIO HCTOpHIO» HapO,LJ.HHKH nblTa-
J]HCb YTBep.llHTb B COUHOJ]OrHH B3rJ]H.lI. Ha HCTOpHIO KaK Ha «nCHXOJ]O-
rH4eCKHH npOl..leCC HX [J]IO.lI.eH] .lI.eHTeJ]bHOCTH» 16, 6e3 YlJeTa era
06'beKTH BHoro CO.lI.ep)Ka HHH.
B HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIH3al..lHH H nCHXOJIOrH3al..lHH 3aKJIIOlJaJICH rJ]aBHbIH
nopOK HapO.lI.HH4eCKOH COUHOJ]orHH H 3aIllHillaBwerOCH TeopeTHKaMH
3Toro H.lI.eHHOrO TetleHHH cy6'beKTHBHoro MeT01l.a, OCHOBaHHoro Ha
H.lI.eaJ]H3Me. 31'0, O.lI.HaKO, He MewaJ]O CTOpOHHHKaM cy6'beKTHBHoro Me-
T01l.a .lI.OKa3bIBaTb, 41'0 «KaK COl..lHOJIOr MHxaHJ]OBCKHH .lI.aJI B CBOHX
MHOrOlJHCJIeHHblX CTaTbHX 3aKOHlJeHHblH 06pa3eLl 06'beKTHBHoro aHa-
J]H3a HBJ]eHHH 06I..l..leCTBeHHOCTH, HO OCBelll.eHHblX C TOIlKH 3peHHH BnOJ]-
He onpe.lI.eJ]eHHoro H.lI.eaJIa». 31'0 KOJIOCOB nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.aJI <paKToM YCTa-
HOBJ]eHHH MHxaHJ]oBcKHM 3aKOHOB pa3J]H4Hb1X OTHOllIeHHH Me)K.lI.Y
pa3J]HlJHb1MH <popMaMH 06ll1.e)l{HTHH, KOTopbIe OH TpaKTOBaJ] KaK CMeHY
«q,OpM KOOnepal..lHH, KOHKpeTHO BbIpa)KaBWYIOCH B pa3Ho06pa3Hblx
KOM6HHaUHHx .lI.BYX OCHOBHblX THnOB COTpY.lI.HH4eCTBa: npOCToro
H CJIO)KHOro» 17.
llpyrYlo CTOPOHY np06JIeMbl Hap01l.HHlJeCKOH COl..lHOJ]orHH KOJIOCOB,
CJ]e.lI.YH 3a MHxaHJ]OBCKHM, YCMaTpHBaJI B «aHaJ]H3e OTHoweHHH q,OpM
06LueCTBeHHOCTH K cY1I.b6aM J]H4HOCTH», B KOHl..lenl..lHH «60Pb6w 3a
HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJ]bHOCTb», B TeopHH KOJIJIeKTHBHOH nCHXOJ]orHH. OueHHBaH
3TH 3aCJIyrH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, KOJIOCOB 3aKJ]104aJI: «KaKOBbl 6bl
HH 6blJ]H HaWH npe1l.CTaBJ]eHHH 0 cy6'beKTHBH3Me H cy6'beKTHBHOM Me-
TO.lI.e MHxaHJ]OBCKoro, HO HCHO, 41'0 ero c06CTBeHHble pa60Tbl BnOJIHe
OTBe4alOT TeM Tpe60BaHHHM, KOTopbIe MbI npeJl'bHBJIHeM K HaYKe H ee
npe.lI.CTaBHTeJ]HM». BonpeKH cpaKTaM KOJIOCOB YTBep)K.lI.aJ], 41'0 MH-
xaHJ]OBCKHH 6J]arO.lI.apH HcnOJ]b30BaHHI0 cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTo.lI.a npH-
weJ] K nOJ]O)KeHHHM H BbIB01l.aM, «HMeloIUHM BbICOKHH TeopeTH4eCKHH
HHTepec H rpOMa.lI.HOe npaKTH4ecKoe 3Ha4eHHe» H . TaKoro pO.lI.a apry-
MeHTaMH HapO.lI.HHKH 060CHOBblBaJIH «npaBO Ha CYlll.eCTBOBaHHe»
cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a, a c.ne.lI.OBaTeJ]bHo, HaY4HOH ueHHocTH .lI.JIH
XX B. Bcex TPY1l.0B n. JlaBpoBa H H. MHxaHJ]OBCKoro, OCHOBaHHblX Ha
npHMeHeHHH 3Toro MeTo.lI.a K HBJ]eHHHM COl..lHaJ]bHoH )KH3HH.
01l.HaKO HapO.lI.HHKH He TOJ]bKO ynopHo 3aIllHllI.aJIH cy6'beKTHBHbIH
MeTO.lI. OT KPHTHKH, oc06eHHO MapKCHCTCKOH, OHH co CBOHCTBeHHOH HM
3HeprHeH H ynopcTBOM nponose.lI.OBaJ]H npeHMYIlleCTBa CBOHX Teope-
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6JIIO.lI.aeMoro) caMO 06'beKTHBHoe H3YlJeHHe .lI.aeT HaH60J]bWHe B CMbIC-
J]e HaYIlHOCTH pe3YJIbTaTbI». B nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.eHHe 3Toro Te3Hca .lI.aBa-
J]aCb H npaKTHlJeCKaH peKOMeH.lI.aLlHH TaKoro PO.lI.a: .lI.J]H Toro lJT06w
nOJIYIlHTb «HCTHHHO HaYlJHOe HCCJ]e.lI.OBaHHe pa604ero Bonpoca», Ha.lI.O
nOCTaBHTb ce6H B nOJIO)KeHHe pa60lJHX. «TaKoe Tpe60BaHHe rJ]y60Ko
cy6'beKTHBHO, HO OHO OTHIO.lI.b He npOTHBopellHT 06'beKTHBHOMY HCCJ]e-
.lI.OBaHHIO». 31'01' npHMep npHBO.lI.HJ]CH KOJIOCOBbIM }J.JIH Toro, lJT06bl
,lI.OKa3aTb, lJTO «cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.lI. ca M no ce6e OTHIO.lI.b eille He
npOTHBOpelJHT 06'beKTHBHOMY aHaJ]H3Y q,aKTOB», H60 «cy6'beKTHBHbIH
MeTO.lI. ynoTpe6J]HeTCH TOJ]bKO rIPH HCCJIe.lI.OBa HHH B 06J]aCTH 4eJ]OBelJe-
54
CKHX OTHOIIl HHH». OlJeBH,lI.HO, lJTO peaJIH3al..lHH nOJl06HOrO pO.lI.a
npe,llJ10)KeHHH He MO)KeT .lI.aTb HHllero CYI1leCTBeHHoro HaYKe,
H B nepBYIO OlJepe.lI. b TeopHH, nOCKOJ]bKY nOJ]YlJeHHbIe OT TaKoro
n03HaHHH Ha6J]IO.lI.eHHH HOCHT J]HWb KOHKpeTHbIH, 3MnHpHlJeCKHH,
J{ TOMY )l{e BeCbMa cy6'beKTHBHbIH xapaKTep.
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55
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56
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57
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JIHCTOB 0 TOM, lJTO Bee YCHJIHH HCTOpHKOB B n03HaHHH npOWJ]OfO
HOCHT cyry60 cy6'beKTHBHbIH xapaKTep H 3aBHCHT OT THna HJ]H .lI.y-
XOBHoro CKJ]a.lI.a «TOJ]KOBaTeJIH C06WTHH». AHaJIH3HpYH nO.lI.06HOrO
58
pO,Lla B3rJJH.lI.bI, B. H. J1eHHH OTMe4aJ]: «HeJ]enOCTb 3TOH q,HJ]OCOq,HH
COCTOHT B TOM, lJTO OHa npHBO.lI.HT K COJ]HnCH3MY, K npH3HaHHI0 C -
IllecTBYIOlllHM O.lI.HOrO TOJ]bKO q,HJ]OCOq,CTBYIOlllero HH.lI.HBH.lI.a» J.
C n03HUHH peaKl..lHOHHOro q,HJ]Ocoq, Koro H.lI.eaJ1H3Ma 06PYWHBaJ]-
C 4epHOB Ha «06'beKTHBH3M 3KOHOMH4eCKoro MaTepHaJ]H3Ma», no.lI.
J<OTOpbIM nO.lI.pa3YMeBaJ]CH MapKCH3M, MaTepHaJ]HCTHlfeCKoe 06'bHCHe-
HHe HCTOpHH, HaYlJHaH TeopHH n03HaHHH COl..lHaJ]bHbIX, B TOM 4HCJIe
H HCTopH4eCKHX HBJ]eHHH 34. KaK H .lI.PyrHe HapO.lI.HHKH, 4epHOB npHBO-
.LlH.TI MaJ]oy6e.lI. HT eJIbHble, a Hepe.lI.KO H a6CYP.llHble .llOBO.llbl npOTHB
MapKCH3Ma, YTBepm.lI. aH TaKHM nYTeM npaBO cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a
H3 6e3rpaHH4Hoe rOCnO.lI.CTBO B COl..lHOJIOrHH H HCTOpHH. TaK, 4epHOB
nHcaJI, 4TO HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHe mH3HH HapO.lI.a BH.lI.HTCH eMY KaK «pH.lI.
C06bITHH BHeWHero xapaKTepa, nO.lI.J]e.tKaWHX nCHXOJ]orH4eCKOMY
HCTOJIKOBaHHIO». 3TO .lI.aeT HK06bl B03MO)KHOCTb «BepHO npe1I.CTaBHTb
ce 6e H H.lI. H B H.lI. Y a J] b H Y 10 n C H X OJ] 0 r H 10 r .n a B H bl X .lI. e H CT BY 10 llI. H X JI H 4 H 0-
CTeH H KOJIJ]eKTHBHYIO nCHXOJ]orHIO OCHOBHblX rpynn - nOJ]HTHlJeCKHX
napTHH, COCJIOBHH, KJ]aCCOB, peJ]Hr 03HbIX ceKT, q,HJIOCOq,CKHX WKOJ],
JIHTepaTypHblX Te4eHHH H T. n.» 35 TaK, 4epHOBY npe.lI.CTaBJ]HJ]CH
npOl..leCC HCc.lIe.lI.OBaHHH npowJ]oro, B KOTOpOM rJ]aBHbiM HBJ]HeTCH He
n03HaHHe npOl..leCca HCTOpHlJeCKOrO pa3BHTHH, r.lI.e COlJeTaeTCH 06'beK-
THBHoe H cy6oeKTHBHoe, a BbIHCHeHHe Toro, «KaK .lI.eHCTBYIOl..l..lHe J]Hl..la
caMH nOHHMaJIH Te CBOH .lI.eHCTBHH, 06'beKTHBHaH cTopoHa KOTOpWX
nYTeM MeXaHHlJeCKOrO CYMMHpoBaHHH .lI.aJ]a B HTore .lI.aHHOe C06bITHe».
5e3 «COl..lHaJ]bHoH TeJ]eOJIOrHH», T. e. l..leJIeC006pa3HOCTH, YTBepm.lI.aJI
LJepHoB, «a6coJ]loTHO HeB03MomHO caMO nOHHMaHHe HCTOpHlJeCKHX
C06bITHH».
C 3THX me n03Hl..lHH 06PYWHBaJICH 4epHOB Ha MaTepHaJIHCTHlIe-
CKoe 06'bHCHeHHe nocTynKoB JIIOJle'H' HX KJ]aCCOBbIMH HHTepecaMH
H BbIHBJ]eHHe 06'beKTHBHbIX YCJ]OBHH HX peaJIH3aUHH B HCTOpHH.
YTBepm.lI.aH, liTO B03MO)KHOCTb HBJIHeTCH HK06bl «lJHCTOH KaTeropHeH
MbICJIH», 4epHOB nbITaJICH .lI.OKa3aTb, 4TO CYllI.ecTByeT HeCKOJIbKO,
pa3J]HlJHbIX H .lI.ame npOTHBonOJ]omHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeH «JIHWb 1I.JIH
HaweH rOJ]OBbI, HO BOBce He .lI.J]H peaJ]bHOH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH; H .lI.J]H
HaweH rOJIOBbl cywecTByeT TeM 60JIbWe B03MO)KHOCTeH, 4eM MeHbwe
Mbl 3HaeM CYTb npOHCXO.lI.HllI.erO nepe.lI. HaMH np0l..lecca». TaKOB 6blJI
B3rJ]H.lI. o.lI.HOrO H3 KpynHeHwHX TeopeTHKOB HapO.LlHHlIeCTBa XX B. Ha
npo6J]eMY aJ]bTepHaTHB B HCTOpHH. OHa TpaKTOBaJ]aCb 4epHOBWM
JIHUlb KaK cy6'beKTHBHbIH Bb160p, He3aBHCHMblH OT 06'beKTHBHbIX YCJ]o-
BHH pa3BHTHH, r.lI.e aJ]bTepHaTHBa He CYl..l..leCTByeT.
06'bHCHeHHe pa3J]HlJHblX C06blTHH 4epHOB C4HTaJ] peaJ]bHbIM
JIHWb C T04KH 3peHHH Toro, lJTO «eCJIH 6bI TaKHe-TO H TaKHe-TO 06-
eCTBeHHbIe rpynnbl OT.lI.aBaJ]H ce6e npaBHJIbHbIH OTlJeT B CBOHX
C06cTBeHHbIx n06ym.lI.eHHHX, npoHcTeKaBwHx H3 rJ]y60llaHwHx TaHHH-
KOB HX nCHxoq,w3H4ecKoH opraHH3aUHH, H3 ee HeOC03HaHHWX H He
cpOPMYJ]HpOBa HHbIX, HO CTHXHHHO H BJ]aCTHO 3aHBJIHI0l..l..lHX 0 ce6e
nOTpe6HOCTeH. nOCTaHOBKa 3Toro Bonpoca He06xo.lI.HMa HMeHHO .LI.JIH
Toro, lJT06bl pa306paTbCH B ceTH npHlJHH H YCJ]OBHH pa3J]HlJHblX CO-
6bITHH» 36. no MHeHHIO 4epHOBa, TaKOH no.lI.XO.lI. n03BOJ]HeT paCKpblTb
«HHTHMHeHWHe npymHHbl HCTOpHlJeCKOrO MexaHH3Ma». C 3THX no-
59
3Hl..lHH KpaHHerO cy6'beKTHBI13Ma 4epHOB ynpeKaJ] K. MapKCa B lJpe3-
MepHOM YBJ]elJeHHH rpynnoBWMI1 BOnpOCaMH H B «He.lI.OOl..leHKe .lI.eH-
TeJ]bHOCTH HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJ]bHbIX J]HlJHOCTeH», B CTpeMJ]eHHH paCTBOpHTb
«HH.lI.HBHJJ.yaJ]bHOe BO Bce06ll1.eM, cBoe06pa3HOe B 06bIlJHOM, CJ]O)KHOe
B 3J]eMeHTapHOM». BOIOH C MapKCH3MOM, OTpHl..laH ero, I.IepHoB, Kah
H .lI.pyrHe Ha pO.lI.HHKH, nOCTOHHHO HcnbITblBaJI BJ]HH HHe MaTepHaJ]HCTH-
lJeCKOH KOHl..len l..lHH, B lJeM ero HeO.lI.HOKpaTHO ynpeKaJ]H e.lI.HHOMbIW-
J]eHHHKH.
H XOTH Bce 6e3 HCKJ]lOlJeHHH pa60Tbl 4epHOBa no BonpocaM Teo-
pHH H MeTO.lI.OJ]orHH HCTOpHH npOHH3aHbl Bpa)K.lI.OH, OTKpbITblMH 11 3a-
ByaJ]HpOBaHHbIMH Bblna.lI.aMH npOTHB MapKCH3Ma H MaTepHaJ]HCTHlJe-
CKOH TeopHH, TeM He MeHee, YlJHTbIBaH nonYJ]HpHOCTb H.lI.eOJ]orOB
npOJ]eTapHaTa, OH BbIHY}l{.lI.eH 6bIJI Hepe.lI.KO H 3aHrpbIBaTb C MapKCH3-
MOM. B O.lI.HHX CJIYlJaHX 3TO npH3HaHHe 3aCJ]yr HJ]H Ba}l{HOCTH H.lI.eH
OCHOBonOJ]O}l{HHKOB HaYlJHOrO KOMMYHH3Ma; B .lI.pyrHx - 3TO rpy6ble
cpaBHeHHH ero C pa3JIHlJHbIMH TeopHHMH, B TOM lJHCJ]e C HapO.lI.HHlJe-
CTBOM, JIH60 HcnOJ]b30BaHHe aBTopHTeTa H nonYJ]HpHoCTH MapKCH3Ma
B CBOHX KOpblCTHbIX HHTepecax. HanpHMep, 4epHOB HCTOJIKOBbIBaJ1
cO.lI.ep}l{aHHe «KanHTaJ]a» K. MapKca TaK, CJ]OBHO H.lI.eH 3Toro TpY.lI.a
nO.lI.TBep}l{.lI.aIOT lJepHOBcKYIO TOlJKY 3peHHH. B .lI.pyroM cJIYlJae OH
YBepeHHO TBep.lI.HJ]: «51 ClJHTalO COl..lHaJIbHO-ncHxOJ]orHlJeCKHe HCCJIe.lI.O-
BaHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro 0 rapMOHHlJHOM pa3BHTHH J]HlJHOCTH caMblM
npHMbIM .lI.OnoJ]HeHHeM HCCJ]e.lI.OBaHHH K. MapKca» 37. npH paCCMOTpe-
HHH 3Toro Bonpoca B. 11. neHHH He pa3 OTMelJaJ] «}I{eJIaHHe no.lI.-
.lI.eJ]aTbCH no.lI. MaTepHaJ]H3M (cnel..lHaJIbHOCTb PYCCKHX MaXHCTOB)>>,
a TaK}I{e «caMoe 6eCCBH3Hoe cnYTblBaHHe npOTHBonOJ]O}l{HbIX <PHJIO-
CO<PCKHX TOlJeK 3peHHH». B pe3YJIbTaTe TaKHX Onepal..lHH C03.lI.aBaJ]aCb
«Y.lI.06HaH TeopHH, KOr.lI.a MO}l{HO OTHOCHTb K HeH H lJHCTO H.lI.eaJ]HCTH-
lJeCKHe npOH3Be.lI.eHHH H npOH3BOJ]bHO .lI.Onyw.eHHble MaTepHaJIHCTHlJe-
CKHe nOCbIJ]KH!» 38.
Bce CBOH paccY}l{.lI.eHHH 0 n03HaBaTeJ]bHOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH JIHlJHO-
CTH B 06J]acTH COl..lHOJ]orHH 4epHoB 3aBepllIaJI BbIBO.lI.OM, BeCbMa
.lI.aJIeKHM OT HaYKH H npHHl..lHnOB HaYlJHOrO n03HaHHH: «. . .TeopeTHlJe-
CKHe H.lI.eH B nOCJ]e.lI.HeM ClJeTe onHpalOTcH Ha CBH.lI.eTeJ]bCTBa BHellIHHX
lJYBCTB, npaKTHlJeCKHe }l{e - Ha rOJIOC 3J]eMeHTapHbIx 3MOl..lHH».
B CBH3H C 3THM H HaYlJHOe npe.lI.CTaBJ]eHHe xapaKTepH30BaJIOCb KaK
«l..leJIOCTHOe nCHXHlJeCKOe nepe}l{HBaHHe».
Bce paccY}l{.lI.eHHH 4epHoBa TeCHeHllIHM 06pa30M BnHCbIBaJIHCb
B COl..lHaJ]HcTHlJecKYlo .lI.OKTPHHY HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, KOTopaH HaCTOHlJHBO
no BceM Ba}l{HeHllIHM BonpocaM npoTHBocTaBJ]HJ]acb MapKcH3MY.
113J]araH CBOH H,lI.eH 06 06w.ecTBe 6Y.lI.yw.ero, OH nHcaJ]: «B npe.lI.-
CTaBJ]eHHH "BblCllIero COl..lHaJ]bHoro CTpOH" MbI TaK cTapaeMcH CKOM-
6HHHpoBaTb .lI.aHHble, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIe H3 HaCToHw.ero H npOllIJIOrO
HaweH 06w.ecTBeHHoH }l{H3HH, lJT06bI YCTpaHHTb BCHKYIO B03MO}l{-
HOCTb KOH<PJ]HKTOB H npoTHBopellHH: l..lapCTBO H.lI.eaJ]a eCTb l..lapCTBO
.lI.YllIeBHoH rapMoHHH, l..lapCTBO npHMHpeHHH H cOJ]H.lI.apHOCTH Bcex
HHTepecoB, Y.lI.OBJ]eTBopeHHH Bcex nOTpe6HocTeH... TOJ]bKO H.lI.eaJ]
.lI.OJ]}I{eH H MO)KeT 6blTb BepxoBHblM KpHTepHeM Bcex lJeJ]OBelJeCKHX
Ol..leHOK. TOJ]bKO ero BeJ]eHHH MorYT B Ka lJeCTBe BblCllIHX BeJ]eHHH
60
npOTHBOCTOHTb rOJ]ocy OT.lI.eJ]bHbIX HHCTHHKTOB, aq,q,eKTOB H paClJe-
TOB» 39. TaKHM 06pa30M, CBOH TPY.n., nocBHw.eHHblH 3aw.HTe
cy6'beKTHBHOrO MeTO.lI.a B COl..lHOJ]OrHH, 4epHOB 3aBepWaJI BbIBO.lI.OM
06 06wecTBe, KOTopoe HapO.lI.HHKaM BH.lI.eJIOCb B 6Y.lI.YllI.eM H 3a KO-
TOpoe OHH npH3bIBaJ]H 60pOTbCH B pH.lI.aX CBoero H.lI.eHHOrO H nOJ]H-
THlJeCKOrO TelJeHHH.
YTBep}l{.lI.aH BbICWHM KpHTepHeM Ol..leHKH COl..lHaJ]bHbIX HBJIeHHH
H)leaJI, HapO.lI.HHKH TeM caMblM .lI.OKa3bIBaJ]H, CKOJ]b nOCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJ]b-
Hbl OHH 6blJ]H B OTCTaHBaHHH CBOHX npHHl..lHnOB, B )KeJ]aHHH «YT-
Bep.lI.HTb CBOIO 6J]H30CTb aHaJ]orHlJHblM H.lI.eHHbIM TelJeHHHM, cY-
mecTBoBaBllIHM B TO BpeMH Ha 3ana.lI.e. «TeOpHH Ol..leHOK, - nHCaJ]
4epHOB, - Ha KOTOpylO OnHpaeTCH "cy6'beKTHBHaH WKOJIa H B CO-
UHOnOrHH, BnOJIHe napaJ]J]eJIbHa H aHaJ]OrHlJHa 3MnHpHlJeCKOH
reopHH n03HaHHH, COCTaBJIHH C HelO O.lI.HO u.eJIoe: CHCTeMY npaB.lI.bl
KaK npaB.lI.W-HCTHHW H npaB.lI.W-CnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTH». TaKOB KOHelJHWH
BbIBO.lI. Bcex paCCY}I{.lI.eHHH 4epHOBa 0 «cy6'beKTHBHOM MeTO.lI.e B CO-
UHOJIOrHH», 3aBepWHBllIHHCH H3BeCTHOH H.lI.eeH MHxaHJ]OBCKoro,
BeCbMa nonYJ]HpHOH B <pHJ]OCO<PHH HCTOpHH HapO.lI.HHKOB XX B.
Pa3BHTHe 3TOH TeopHH COBepllIaJIOCb no cBoe06pa3HOMY 3aM-
KHYTOMY Kpyry, B KOTOpOM Bce .lI.BH}I{eHHe HalJHHaJIOCb C YTBep-
}I{.lI.eHHH 0 «npaB.lI.e-HCTHHe» H «npaB.lI.e-CnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTH» KaK rJIaB-
HOH nOCbIJIKe HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHH, H 3THM )Ke 3aBepllIaJIOCb. 3.lI.eCb He
6bIJIO npO.lI.BH}I{eHHH Bnepe.lI., XOTH B XO.lI.e TeOpeTHlJeCKHX paccY)K-
lleHHH nO.lI.HHMaJIHCb BeCbMa Ba)KHbIe BonpOCbl (HanpHMep, 0 HpaB-
CTBeHHOCTH B HaYKe, 0 P0J]H COl..lHaJIbHOrO H.lI.eaJ]a H .lI.p.). O.lI.HaKO
pe3YJIbTaTbl Bcex 3THX pacCY}I{.lI.eHHH OKa3bIBaJ]HCb 6eCnJIO.lI.HbIMH
113-3a J]O}l{HOCTH l..leJIeH HCCJ]e.lI.OBaHHH H nYTeti K HCTHHe, KOTOpbIMH
WJ]H HapO.lI.HHKH.
B TeopHH n03HaHHH 4epHOB npOBO.lI.HJI H.lI.elO, HanpaBJIeHHYIO npo-
THB MapKCH3Ma, OTCTaHBalOllI.erO 6e3rpaHHlJHOCTb lJeJIOBelJeCKOrO no-
3HaHHH, YTBep}l{.lI.aH KOHu.enu.HH CKenTHl..lH3Ma H arHOCTHl..lH3Ma. OH
H3Bpalll.aJI B3rJ]H.lI.bI <1>. 3HreJIbCa, ero nOHHMaHHe «Bew.H B ce6e».
OTpHl..laH 06'beKTHBHbIH xapaKTep nOJIYlJeHHblX 3HaHHH, 4epHOB ynop-
HO .lI.OKa3bIBaJ], lJTO «Belll.b B ce6e» - 3TO He peaJ]bHOCTb, a J]HllIb
JIOrHlJeCKaH YCJ]OBHOCTb KaTeropHH C03HaHHH, lJTO, paCCMaTpHBaH 3TY
np06J]eMY, HCCJ]e.lI.OBaTeJ]b HaTaJ]KHBaeTCH Ha BonpOCbl, «He TOJ]bKO He
peweHHble, HO H Ha Hepa3pellIHMbIe» 40. B pa60Te «MaTepHaJIH3M
H 3MnHpHOKp HTH l..lH3M» B. 11. J1eHHH .lI.aJI Ol..leHKY 3THX BblcTynJ]eHHH
4epHOBa npOTHB <1>. 3HreJIbca. B. 11. J1eHHH y6e.lI.HTeJ]bHO pa3'bHCHHJI,
4TO, He nOHHMaH H H3Bpaw.aH TeopHIO n03HaHHH, «r-H 4epHOB 3a-
nYTbIBaeT MaTepHaJ]HCTHlJeCKHH B3rJ]H.lI. 3HreJ]bca Ha cyw.eCTBOBaHHe
BellleH He3aBHCHMO OT Halliero C03HaHHH». 3TO npHBO.lI.HJIO 4epHOBa,
KaK H .lI.pyrHx MaXHCTOB, K OTpHl..laHHIO TeopHH n03HaHHH, «KOTopaH
cepbe3HO H peWHTeJ]bHO 6epeT B OCHOBY Bcex CBOHX pacCY)K.lI.eHHH
npH3HaHHe BHelliHero MHpa H OTpa}l{eHHH ero B C03HaHHH J]1O.lI.eH» 41.
LLOKa3blBaH 6J]H30CTb <PHJ]OCOq,HH MHxaHJ]OBCKoro B033peHHHM
3MnHpHOKpHTHKOB Maxa H ABeHapHyca, 4epHOB nHcaJ], lJTO YlJeHHIO
ABeHa pHyca HK06bI «npHHa.lI.J]e}l{HT HeCOMHeHHoe 6Y.lI.yw.ee», a PYC-
CKHe cou.HOJ]orH n. MHpTOB H H. K. MHxaHJ]oBcKHH «c caMoro Ha-
61
lJaJIa 06HapYIKH.FlH peWHTeJIbHOe THrOTeHHe K 3TOH TOlJKe 3peHHH --
K Kpl1TH4eCKI1 060CHOBaHHOMY n03HTHBH3MY H 3MT1HPH3MY» 42.
nO.Ll06HOrO pO.lI.a BbICKa3bJBaHHH TeOpeTHKOB HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa CBH-
J].eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 0 TOM, 4TO OHH CBH3blBaJIH CBOH q,HJIOCOcpCKHe B03-
3peHHH, H rOp.LlHJIHCb 3THM, C O.LlHI1M H3 CaMblX peaKUHOHHblX Ha-
npaBJIeHHH XX B. - 3MnHpHOKpHTHUH3MOM, MaXH3MOM, ClJHTaH ero
BbICWHM .lI.OCTH)KeHHeM PYCCKOH 11 MHpOBOH HaYKH. OHH ynopHo npo-
BO.LlHJIH Bce OCHOBHble n.orMbI 3Toro TelJeHHH B CBOHX TeOpeTHlJeCKHX
H COUHOJIOrHlJeCKHX TPY.lI.ax, BblcTynaH npOTHB MaTepHaJIH3Ma, MaTe-
pHaJIHCTHlJeCKOA TeopHH n03HaHHH.
C TaKHX me n03HUHH CTOpOHHHKaMH cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO,L1.a pac-
CMaTpHBaJICH Bonpoc 0 KpHTepHHX I1CTHHbI B HaYlJHOM n03HaHHH.
ECJIH .LlJIH MapKCHCTOB rJIaBHbIM KpHTepHeM HBJIHeTCH COUHaJIbHaH
npaKTHKa B ee caMOM WHpOKOM nOHHMaHHH, TO HapO.LlHHKH BCJIe.lI. 3a
MHXaHJIOBCKHM 06'bHBJIHJIH TaKHM KpHTepl1eM «n03HaHHe HOpMaJIbHO-
ro, ueJIOCTHOro, BceCTopOHHe pa3BHToro lJeJIOBeKa, 06JIa.lI.alOillero
cOBoKynHocTblO Bcex 4epT, CBOHCTBeHHblX HH.LlHBH.lI.YYMY». 3TO nOJIO-
)KeHHe 0 KpHTepHH HCTHHbl B 06ll1.eCTBeHHoA HaYKe l\!\uxaAJIOBCKOro
KOJIOCOB .LlOnO HHeT Tpe60BaHHeM BWCOKoro HpaBCTBeHHoro ypOBHH
COUHOJIOra KaK «rapaHTHH 06'beKTHBHOCTH ero n03HaHHH». «4eM
Bblwe 3TOT ypOBeHb, - paccY)K.LlaJI KOJIOCOB, -- TeM 6JIH)Ke COl..lHOJIOr
K B03MO)KHOCTH cxsaTHTb CMbICJI HBJIeHHA 06U!eCTBeHHOH mH3HH».
CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, Ko.nocoB nOJIHOCTblO npHHHMa T] paCCY)K.lI.eHHH MH-
XaHJIOBCKOro 0 KpHTepHHX HCTHHW B HaYlJHOM n03HaHHH, CBO.LlH HX
K lJHCTO cy6'beKTHBHOMY <paKTOPY.
06paIllaHCb K Bonpocy 0 rpaHHl..l8X n03HaHHH, nO.lI.06HO MHxaM-
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.lI.Ba 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa .n.eJIalOT C03HaHHe, no MHeHHIO KOJIocoBa, «rpyn-
nOBbIM» H «cy6'beKTHBHbIM». Kor.Lla )Ke OHO npeBpaw.aeTCH B C03Ha-
HHe «pO.lI.OBoe», T. e. npH3HaeTCH «lJeJIOBeqeCKHM pO.lI.OM», TOr.lI.a
HaYKa COI.I.HOJIOrHH 06JIa.lI.aeT HCTHHOM, CTaHOBHTCH 06'beKTHBHbIM
3HaHHeM 43. B pa60Te «MaTepHaJIH3M 11 3MnHpHOKpHTHl..lH3M»
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62
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63
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64
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66
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56
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npOHBJIHJIOCb npe}l{.lI.e Bcero B CTpeMJIeHHH YTBep.lI.HTb H.llelO 0 TOM,
liTO, nOMHMO 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX nOTpe6HOCTeH, JIIO.lI.bMH PYKOBO.lI.HT lJYB-
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B CBOHX lJYSCTBax HHTepecaMH .lI.PyrHx COUHaJIbHbIX rpynn, 06w.eCTBa,
lIeJIOBelJeCTBa, HCTHHbI, CnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTH, H,lI.eHHbIMH HHTepecaMH» 57.
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68
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B 3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTI1 B pa3BHTHH H npOl..lBeTaHHH npOMblWJIeHHOCTH
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69
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3a npe.lI.eJIbI 4aCTHbIX 3a.lI.a4, BbICTaBJIeHHbIX .lI.aHHbIM .lI.BH)KeHHeM.
B nO.lI.06HWe 3nOXH pacTeT C03HaHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHOH cOJIH.lI.apHOCTH
n0.lI.4HHeHHblx rpynn». B TaKoH <popMe H306pa)KaJICH npol..lecc oCB060-
1I.HTeJIbHOrO .lI.BH)KeHHH, B pa3BHTHH KOToporo aKTHBHoe Y4acTHe npH-
HHMaJIH caMH Hapo.lI.H,HKH, flbITaBWHeCH OCMblCJIHTb ero TeopeTH4ecKH.
O.lI.HaKo Bce 3TO TeopeTH4ecKoe H3Y4eHHe CTpOHJIOCb B oTpwBe OT
peaJIbHOH HCTopH4ecKoH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, Ha n04Be Ha.lI.YMaHHblx,
HCKyccTBeHHbIx cxeM H KOHCTPYKl..lHH. 3TO oc06eHHo HarJIH.lI.HO npoH-
BHJlOCb B paccY)K.lI.eHHHX 0 pOJIH C03HaTeJIbHOCTH H CTHXHHHOCTH
B npol..lecce 3MaHCHnal..lHH. «C03HaTeJIbHbIH npol..lecc OTJIHlJaeTCH OT
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C03HaTeJIbHbIe CHJlbI, lIJIaHOMepHaH H ueJIeC006pa3HaH pa60Ta KOTO-
pbIX pa3BHl3aeT 3HeprHIO, He06xo.lI.HMYIO .lI.JIH TOrO, 4T06bl HanpaBHTb
B OnpC1I.eJIeHHYIO CTOPOHY .lI.BHm(\HHe, XapaKTepH3YJOwee .lI.aHHbIH npo
LleCc» !) . nO,lJ.06HOe peWeHHe np06JIeMbl CTHXHHHOCTH H C03HaTeJIbHO-
CTH B OCBo60.lI.HTeJIbHOM ,lI.BH/KeHHH CTpa.n.aJIO .L1.BYMH CYWCCTBeHHbIMlt
H3'bHHaMH. BO-nepBbIX, CTHXHHHOe .lI.BH)KeHHe MaCC .TIHWaJIOCb KaKHX
JIH60 3JIeMeHTOB C03HaHHH Bo06ll1.e, «C03HaTeJIbHbIH HMnYJIbC» l..leJIII-
KOM H nOJIHOCTbIO npHBHOCHJICH H3BHe; BO-BTOpbIX, BJIHfJHHIO C03Ha-
TeJIbHOrO MeHbllIHHCTBa OTBO,lJ.HJIaCb pO.TIb nOCTOfJHHO ,LleHCTBY10w.ero
HMnYJIbCa, KOTOpblH Bce BpeMfJ TOJIKaeT CTHXHHHoe ,lI.BH)KeHHe BnepeJt
He nepe.lI.aBaH MaccaM 3Toro C03HaHHfJ, He nO,lJ.HHMafJ HX ,Ll0 ypOBHH
C03HaTeJIbHWX .lI.efJTe eH.
ECJIH B MapKCHCTCKOH KOHl..lenl..lHH np06JIeMa CTHXHHHOCTH H CO-
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HOCTH H opraHH30BaHHoCTH caMHX Macc -- peaJIbHOH .LI.BH)Kyw.eH CHJIbl
peBo.nIOl..lHOHHOro npol..lecca, a 3a.lI.alJa COe.lI.HHeHHfJ pa604ero .lI.BH)Ke-
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npH,lI.aTb KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6 xapaKTep C03HaTeJIbHOrO .lI.BH)KeHHfJ B0
rJIaBe C aSaHrap.lI.OM - napTHeH KOMMYHHCTOB, TO B TeopHH HapO.lI.HH-
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OTpa)KaJIH CYTb KOHl..lenl..lHH «HHHl..lHaTHBHoro MeHbWHHCTBa» H «nac-
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OTCYTCTByeT, OTBO.lI.HT .lI.BH)KeHHe B Ha.lI.JIemaluee Pyc.TIO, eCJIH OHO yme
B03HHKJIO CTHXHHHO, pa60TalOT .LI.JIH YCHJIeHHfJ llBH)KeHHH BUIHpb
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3a.lI.a4H 3MaHCHnal..lHH H K ycnewHoM .lI.OCTH)KeHHIO ueJIH, npH HaH-
60JIblUeH 3KOHOMHHH BpeMeHH H CHJI» 9. llJIfJ lleJIeBcKoro C03HaTeJIb-
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HaJIH4HH CHJI, «c03HaTeJIbHOH HHHl..lHaTHBbI», cnoc06HbIX H K caMOCTO-
HTeJIbHOH pa60Te, H K ynpaBJICHHIO CTHXHHHbIM JIBHmeHHeM. npH 3TOM
OCHOBHbIe KalJeCTBa COl..lHaJlbHbIX «CHu1», «rpynn», «06lll.eCTBeHHblx
3JIeMeHTOB» L!eJIeBCKHH onpe.lI.eJIHJI no ypOBHIO «cnoc06HocTeH, 06JIa-
.lI.aIOWHX pa3JIHlJHOlO CTeneHblO BoCnpHHMlJHBOCTH K OCB060.lI.HTeJIbHO-
MY H.lI.eaJIY» I 0 I. T a KH M 06pa30 M, Bce YCJI0BHfJ 3Ma HCH na l..lHH COl..lHaJI b-
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cpaKTOPY - K c03HaHHIO, fJK06bI BCel..leJIO onpe.lI.eJIHlOllleMY ycnex OC-
B060.lI.HTeJIbHOrO .lI.BH)KeHHfJ. H XOTfJ OH .lI.eJIaJI pHLI. cYllI.eCTBeHHbIx
oroBopoK OTHOCHTeJIbHO «4HCJIeHHOCTH H opraHH3al..lHH» aHTarOHHCTH-
82
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6o)K,l1.eHHIO. H onHTb B nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.eHHe 3THX H.lI.eH npHBO.lI.HJIHCb
KTbI H3 HCTOpHH PHMa, apa6CKHX H HopMaHHCKHX 3aBoeBaHHH,
nOKOpeHHH HH.lI.HH aHr JIHlJa Ha MH, KOTopbIe paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb 6e3
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,llHJIHCb K CTpeMJleHHIO onpOBepraTb Y4eHHe K. MapKca 0 npOJIeTa pHa-
re Hero «BJIHHHHH Ha rpH.lI.ywee KpyweHHe KanHTaJIH3Ma» 102.
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CBelllalOlll.HM H BC.lI.YLl..lHM 3a C060H HapO,L1, HJIH «pa604HH KJIacc».
B nO.lI.06HOH nOCTaHOBKe Bonpoca npOCMaTpHBaeTCfI CTpeMJleHHe npo-
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B033peHHH 06 «HHHl..lHaTHBHOM MeHbWHHCTBe», KOTOpblM HK06bI flBJIfI-
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HbIe, cnoc06HbIe JIHWb Ha CTHXHHHbIH npOTeCT MaCCbI. n03TOMY HHTeJI-
JIHreHLl.HH H ee pOJIb B OCB060.lI.HTe.rIbHOM ,L1BH)KeHHH paccMaTpHBa.naCb
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cnop 06 HHTeJIJIHreHl..lHH H ee pO H B 06ll1.eCTBe OXBaTHJI B HalJaJle
XX B. Bce H.lI.eHHbIe HanpaBJIeHHH, cYlllecTBoBaBwHe Tor.n.a B POCCHH.
B nOJIeMHKe C MeHbweBHKaMH B. H. J1eHHH C<POPMYJIHpOBaJI CBoe
nOHHMaHHe 3Toro COl..lHa 1JbHOrO CJIOH. B 1904 r. B pa60Te «War Bne-
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CTaBHTeJIeH CB060.lI.HbIX npo<peCCHH Bo06Ille, npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIeH YM-
CTBeHHoro TPY.lI. a (brain worker, KaK rOBo HT aHrJIHlJaHe) B OTJIHQHe
OT npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIeH <pH3HlJeCKOrO Tpy.n. a » 03. CneLl.HaJIbHbIe pa60TbI
31'011 TeMe nOCBHTHJIH JIH.lI.epbI 3HeCOB H JIeBOHapO.lI.HHKO B 104.
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H H.n.eOJIOrOB na pTHH 3HeCOB C. 51. EJInaTbeBCKoro (1854-1933),
onYOJIHKOBaHHaH B caMbIH pa3rap peBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 rr. ABTOp
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EJIllaTbeBcKHH Cq,OPMYJIHpOBaJI CBoe onpe.lI.eJIeHHe. CYW.HOCTb ero
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H3Y4eHHe HapOJ1HHlJeCKHX B033peHHH no Teope1'HKO-MeTO.lI.OJIOrH-
4eCKHM BOlIpocaM y6e iK .n. a eT Hac B TOM, 41'0 HX C1'OpOHHHKH, XOTH
1'1 npeTeH)10 B aJIH Ha H.lI.eHHOe PYKOBO.n.C1'BO pOCCHHCKHM peBo.nIOl..lHOH-
HbIM )1f3H)KeHHeM, He MOrJIH npe.lI.JIOiKHTb CBOIO aJIbTepHaTHBY, KOTO-
paH 6bI Mor.Ha npOTHBOC1'OHTb MapKCH3MY H 60JIbWeBH3MY. B. 11. J1e-
HHH npC.ltCKa3bIBa.II B 1902 r. B CBH3H C nOHBJIeHHeM napTHH 3cepoB,
4TO 3TO Te4eHHe 06pelJeHO Ha nopaiKeHHe: «no HalueMY MHeHHIO,
oTcyTcTBHe TeopHH OTHHMaeT npaBo cYluecTBoBaHHH Y peBOJIIOl..lH-
OHHoro HanpaBJIeHHH H HeH30eiKHO oCYiKJ1aeT ero paHo HJIH (03)1HO Ha
nOJ1HTHlfeCKHH Kpax» 121. K 3TOMY CJIe.n.yeT .lI.06aBHTb, 4TO HaJIH4Ue
HeBepllOH TeopHH, KOTOPYIO f1bITaJIHCb C0311aTb Ha P0)1HHKH B 1905-
1914 rr., TaKiKe o6peKa.ao HX H)1eHHOe H nOJIHTHlIeCKoe Te4eHHe Ha
IIOpa)KeHIte. Hapo11HHKH nbI1'aJIHCb npHMeHHTb CBOH 1'eOpeTHlJeCKHe
YCTaHOBKH Ha npaKTHKe (TaKTHKa HH,lI.HBHl!yaJIbHOrO Teppopa, arHTa-
UHOHHaH pa60Ta CpeJl.H KpeC1'bHH H MOJIOl1.e)KH), He nOHHMaH Toro, 4TO
Bee 3TH YCHJ1HH He enoeo6HbI npHHeCTH lke.IIaeMoro yenexa H paHO IIJlH
n0311HO 3aBepllIaTCH KpaXOM, KaK 3TO H npOH30llIJIO B 1917 r. B 3TO:\1
6bIJIa TpareJlI'IH UCt-lora HanpaB.IJeHHH PYCCKOH o6wecTBcHHOii I\1bICJ1H,
MHorllr ee npellcTaBH1'eJ1H 6bIJIH lJeCTHbIMH H HCKpeHHHMH peBo.I110UHO-
HepaMH, He )I{3.IIeBWHMH CBOHX CHJI H iKli3HH B 6opb6e 3a no6e1I.Y
HJ1ea OB KpeCTbHHcKOH 11eMoKpa1'HH.
I CrvI' JleHuH B H 110JIH c06p COY T 7 C 389, T 12 C :39
'2 TaM )I, e T 1 1. C 3 1
j MapKc K , 3H2e/lbc cP COY 2-e HJJJ. T 1 C 30
4 KOAOC08 E. E. OlfepKI1 Ml1pOB03'{peHl1fI H K MI1XaHJIOBCKOro Cfl6, 1912 C.264.
5 PaHc1\,ull C" II. [/\1 cP CynepaH(KUlil COll110JJOrl1H H K J\t\I1Xai1JIOBC'Koro CIl6,
1901. C 22-28 11 .n.p
6 CM.. JIeHuH B H flOJIH C'06p COY T C 129
7 TaM me. T 2 C 528--529
8 KOAOCOB E E Y Ka3 COY C 265
9 MuxClllAo8cKllU H. K. COY Cfl6, 1896 TIC. 55--56, KOAOC08 E. E YKa3' COY
C 264 --265.
10 KOAOCOB E E YKa3 COY C 265-266
II TaM me C. 267-269, 286, 287, 289
12 KOAOCOB E E YKa3 COY C. 271
I, K M u C
OJIOCOB He pa3 UI1Tl1pOBaJI 113BeCl Hoe 1i3peyeHI1e I1XaI1JIOBCKoro:« YllI.HOCTb
BeIl eH - BeYHafI TbMa» (COY TIC 105) CM.: KOAOCOB E E YKa3 COY C 273,
275-276. 359 H .n.p
14 T
I aM me C 278, 362.
5 TaM /Ke C 270, 280.
10 TaM me C. 283, 284
17 TaM me C. 289
IH TaM me. C 289, 294
19 TaM me C 290 -292
20
21 TaM me C 297, 303 11 )J.p.
CM . MuxauAo8cKUU If K COY. TIC 12, 111-115, KOAOCOR E E YKaJ COY
22 C. 297, 298--299 11 .n.p
K0J10C08 E E. YK33 COY C. 299, 302, 366
2J TaM /Ke. C. 303
89
24 TaMlKe.C 308,310-;311.
25 l.fepHoB B Cy6'beKTHBHbH1 MeTOJJ. B COIJ.HOJlOrHH Hero cpHJlOcocpCKHe npe)]JIOCbl rl
KH / / PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO 190 I Ng 7 C. 240--241, 244, 248.
21; / C
l.f epHOB B Y Ka3. COli / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO 190 I Ng II. 136
27 J1eHHH B. H rIOJlH co6p. COY T. 18. C 175.
28 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO 1901 NQ II. C 137, 139, 142.
29 TaM lKe. C 142. HMeloTcH B BHJJ.Y Max H JJ.p.
29 JIeHuH B if nO.rIB. c06p. COY T 18 C. 98, 13, 100, 101, 104, 92
30 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO 1901 Ng II. C. 143,115.
,i I PyccKoe 60raTCTBO 190 I. Ng 10. C 155, Ng II C. 116, 119, 122--123
32 CM : MuxaUIlOBCKllU H. K. COY T. I. C 86, PyccKoe 60raTCTBO 190 I. Ng II C. 10b
JJ JleHuH B. if. nOJlH co6p COY. T. 18 C. 92
34 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO 1901 NQ II. C 156, 161, 162
35 TaM lKe Ng 12. C 127
J() TaM lKe C. 128. 130
37 TaM lKe. C. 130-132
38 JIeHufl B if. nOJlH c06p. COY. T. 18 C 47, 49, 62.
39 PYCCKoe 60ra 1'CTBO. 1901. Ng 12. C. 135, 137, 138.
40 TaM )Ke C. 138; NQ 8. C. 232-233, 235.
41 JIeHuH B. 11 I10JlH co6p. COY T 18 C 101, 21
4:l Pyccl\oe ooraTCTBO 1901. NQ 10 C 107
43 KOIlOCOB E E OYepKH MHpoB033peHHH H. K MHxaHJloBCKoro C. 311, 313, 315
. ;316, 317 -320.
41 JIeHuH B if. IIOJlH c06p COY T 18 C 24
45 lI.eJleBCKUU 10. llHaJleKTHKa H MaTeMaTHKa / / PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1902. Ng fi
C 174. .
16 K0J10COB E. E. rKa3. COY. C 322, 348-349, 353, 358
47 JleHuH B if nO ryH. coop COY T 2. C. 528-529
4H CM.: D.elleBcKull 10 [H JI. lOiJeAeacKull]. COUHaJlbHble aHTarOHH3Mbi H KJlaCCOBaH
6opb6a B IfCTOpHH Cn6., 1910. OH;m;e VlcTopHLfecKHH MaTepHaJlH3M B ero JlOrHye-
CKOH aprYMelITaUHH Cn6, 1906, OH Jlte K Bonpocy 0 B03MOIKHOCTH HCTOpHyeCKOrO
nporH03a Cn6., 1906, OH ;m;e 3KOHOMHyeCKHH MaTepHaJlH3M H HC10pHH HaYKH
Cn6 , 1907, l.fepHoB B. M. MOHHcTHlIecKaH TOYKa 3peHHH B nCHXOJlOrHH H COUHO.no-
rHH M, 1906; OH ;m;e. <t>HJIOCOcpCKHt:" H COUHOJlOrHyeCKHe 3TIOJJ.bl .M.., 1907; COpOKUH
n CHcTeMa COUHOJlOrHH. .M, 1920 T I --2; OH ;m;e. HaCeJleHHe, KJlaCC, nap-
THH / / KpecTbHHcKaH POCCHH. npara, 1923. T. 5/6; l.fepHoB B M KOI-fCTPYKTHBHblH
COUHaJlH3M npara, 1925; OH JfCe The Great Russian revolution N Y, 1936; H p
49 D.elleBcKUU 10. COUHaJlbHble aHTarOHH3Mbi. . C. 1.
50 TaM )K e . C I, 4, 8.
51 Ta M )Ke C. 11, 15-16. 19 H JJ.p.
52 TaM )Ke. C. 21, 22, 26.
53 TaM )Ke. C. 26, 28.
54 JIeHuH B. if. 'nOJlH. c06p. COY. T. 29 C 169-170
55 D.elleBcKUU 10 COUHaJIbHbIe aHTarOHH3Mbl.. C 32, 34--36, 83
56 JleHuH B if nOJlH co6p COY T. 9 C 192
57 D.ell'eBCKUU 10. COUHaJIbHble aHTarOHH3Mbi. . . C. 35. 36, 39
58 TaM )Ke. C. 41, 45.
59 TaM )Ke. C. 42-43.
60 MapKC 'K., 3H2ellbc CPo COY. 2-e H3JJ.. T 17. C. 562
61
D.elleBcKUU 10. COIJ.HaJlbHble aHTarOHH3Mbl.. C. 48.
62 TaM )Ke C. 51,53
63
TaM )Ke. C. 59, 64-66, 67-71, 76 H JJ.p.
64 Ta M )Ke. C. 78, 79, 83
65 TaM )Ke. C. 85, 88-89, 91
66 Ta MIKe. C. 91-93, 95-97 H .up.
67 TaM )Ke. C. 99-104, 105. 106.
68 TaM )Ke. C 108.
69 TaM )Ke C. 122.
70 TaM )Ke C. 122, 124
71 TaM )Ke. C. 123.
72 TaM )Ke. C. 135, 136-168.
90
13 TaM )KC C 217, 229 H .up.
14 TaM me. C. 229--231
15 neweXOHOB A flporpaMMHbIe BOnpOCbI. OCHoBHble nOJIO)KeHHH. CfI6., 1907. C 15-
16.
76 TaM me C 38, 37, 39
7i KOIlOCOB E. E YKa3. COli. C. 374, 375, 377
78 py6aHoBUtt H. A. f1. Jl. JlaBpoB KaK <pHJIOCO<p I I BeCTHHK PYCCKOH peBOJIIOUHH.
1901. NQ I. C. 68.
79 KOIlOCOB E. E YKa3. COli. C. 365.
80 lIelleBcKuu 10. COUHaJIbHbIe aHTarOHH3MbI. . . C. 322--323.
BI CM.: JIeHuH B. H. IloJIH. c06p. C04. T. 39. C. 15.
82 lIelle8cKuu 10 COUHaJIbHble aHTarOHH3MbI C. 245
83 TaM )Ke. C. 246-247
84 TaM )Ke. C. 72.
85 KOllOC08 E. E YKa3. C04. C. 337.
86 KOIlOCOB E. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH nr., 1917. C 20.
87 fleweXOHOB A. Ha ollepe.LI.HbIe TeMbi. OCHOBHbIe nOJIO)KeHHH HarneH nporpaM-
MbI I I PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO 1906 NQ I. C. 107
88 KOMOB A. if. [51. Jl. lO.LI.eJIeBcKHH]. BonpOCbI MHpoc03epuaHHH H TaKTHKH PYCCKHX
peBOJIIOUHOHepoB. JlOH.LI.OH, 1903. C. I, 3.
89 CM.: HecrpoeB rp. OCHOBHbIe nOJIO)KeHHH MaKCHMaJIH3Ma: (OTBeT «PeBOJIIOUHOHHOH
MbICJIH») I I HeCTpoeB fp. MaKCHMaJIH3M H MaKCHM8JIHCTbI nepe.LI. cY.LI.OM B. 4epHo-
Ba. napH)K, 1910. C. 89-90.
90 JleHUH B if. IlOJIH. c06p. C04 T. 9 C. 131, 132.
91 TaM )Ke. T. 11. C. 370.
92 D.elleBcKUU 10. COUHaJIbHbIe aHTarOHH3Mbi. . . C. 334--338
93 TaM )Ke. C. 335.
94 TaM )Ke. C. 336, 298, 338
95 CM.: MapKC K., 3H2ellbC CPo COli. 2-e H3.LI.. T. 4. C. 424
96 CM.: D.elleBcKuu 10. HCTopH4ecKHH MaTepHaJIH3M B ero J10rHlIeCKoH a prYMeHTa UHH.
C. 2, 8, II, 15, 24 H .LI.p , OH ;m;e. 3KoHoMHlIecKHH MaTepHaJIH3M H HCTOpHH HaYKH.
C. 14, 18, 48 H .LI.p.
97 D.elleBcKUU 10. COUHaJIbHbIe aHTarOHH3Mbi . C. 345
98 TaM )Ke. C. 364.
99 TaM )Ke. C. 264, 364-365.
100 TaM )Ke. C. 385.
101 TaM )Ke. C 365, 367
102 Ta M )Ke C. 367, 369-372, 377-378, 380 H .LI.p.
103 JIeHuH B. if. nOJ1H. c06p. C04. T. 8. C 309
104 CM.: if. Pa604ee .LI.BH)KeHHe H HHTeJIJIHreHUHH I I BecT. PYCCKOH peBOJ1IOUHH. 1902
NQ 2; TaH. 0 HapO.LI.HOH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH I I HaKaHYHe. 1906 NQ 2; newexoHoB
A B. K Bonpocy 06 HHTeJIJIHreHUHH. Cn6., 1906; nerpuw,eB A. npOTHBoTe4eHUbI
(06 HHTeJIJIHreHUHH) I I PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1907. NQ 8; OAeHuH P KpecTbHHe
H HHTeJIJIHreHUHH I I PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1907. NQ 1/2, BexH - 3Ha MeHHe BpeMeHH:
C6. CT. Cn6., 1908, H .lI.p.
105
EllnarbeBCKUU C. no nOBO.LI.Y pa3rOBopOB 0 PYCCKOrf HHTeJIJIHreHUHH I I PYCCKoe
60raTcTBo. 1905. NQ 3 C. 60.
106 n
107 eweXOHOB A K Bonpocy 06 HHTeJIJ1HreHUHH C. 59.
Eilnarbe8cKuu C. YKa3. COli. C 60, 61, BeCTHHK PYCCKOH peBOJIIOUHH 1902. NQ 2.
C. 212, 218.
108
neweXOHOB A B K Bonpocy 06 HHTeJ1JIHreHUHH. C. 66.
109 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO 1905. NQ 3 C. 76, 80- 82.
110 CM.: rOl{ M COUHaJIH3aUHH 3eMJIH. O.LI.ecca, 1906. C 4.
III
nO.LI.p06Hee 06 3TOM CM : llleruHuHa r. if. K Bonpocy 0 B3rJIH.LI.aX 3cepoB Ha pOJIb
HHTeJIJIHreHUHH B peBOJIIOUHH II HenpOJIeTapCKHe napTHH B POCCHH B 1917 r.
H B rO)].bl rpa)Kl1,aHCKOH BOHHbl: MaTepHaJ1bl KOH<p M., 1980, AlleKceeBa r. D.
KpHTHKa 3cepoBcKoH KOHuenUHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH M., 1989 C. 65--
I 67.
12 JIeHuH B. if. nOJIH c06p. C04. T. I. C. 441-443
91
113 CM.: TaM)Ke T. 7. C. 343, 345, 346, T. 6 C.389 nOJJ.po6Hee 06 3TOM CM.. llleTuHu-
Ha r. 11. B. VI. J1eHHH 0 PYCCKOH HHleJ1JIHreHUHH / / B VI J1eHHH 0 COUHaJIbHOH
CTpYKType H nOJIHTHlIeCKOM cTpoe POCCHH. M., 1970. C. 137-155.
114 JIeHuH B. 11. nOJ1H c06p C04 T 7. C 348, 349
115 CM : TaM )Ke C 382.
116 TaM )Ke. T. 9 C. 192.
117 CM . Pa604ee D.BH)KeHHe H HHTeJIJIHreHIlHfI / / BeCTHHK PYCCKOH peB0J110UHH. 1902
.N'Q 2, 1903. .N'Q 3.
118 CM: JIeHuH B 11 nOJIH. c06p. C04 T l. C. 441; T 9. C. 15, 131
119 TaM lKe. T 17 C. 142
120 CM.' neweXOHOB A. ll,eHTpaJIH3aUHfi D.OXOD.OB, ee CPOpMbI, ueJIH H nOCJIe.l1.-
CTBHfI / / PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1902. .N'Q 5; OH ;m;e. KpecTbHHcKoe MaJ103eMbe H npo-
6JIeMbi 3KoHoMHlIecKoH nOJ1HTHKH / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO 1904..N'Q 7; OH ;m;e. focy-
.LI.apCTBeHHoe TflrJIO Hero pOJIb B KpeCTbflHCKOH )KH3HH / / TaM )Ke. .N'Q 8; MRKOTUH
B XpoHHKa BHYTpeHHeH )KH3HH / / Ta M)Ke 1902 NQ 1; AHHeHcKuu H HeCKOJIbKO
uH<pP 0 rocYD.apCTBeHHoM 610D.)KeTe Ha 1900-1902 rr / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO 1902
.N'Q 2, AHHeHcKuu C HapoD. H KHHra: Vl3 JIH4HbIX Ha6J1IOD.eHHH H BnellaTJIe-
HHH / / TaM )Ke NQ 6-8; TUMofjJeeB n 4eM )KHBeT 3aBOD.CKOH pa604HH. Cn6,
1906; H JJ.p
121 JIeHuH B 11 nOJIH c06p C04 T. 6. C. 379
r JIaBa lJeTBepT3H
HAPOLlHHKI1 XX B.
H H. K. MHXAYlJIOBCKHYI
B HalJaJIe XX B. HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO B POCCHH BCTynHJIO B nOCJTe.lI.HHH
nepHOJ.I. CBOerO CYllI.eCTBOBaHHH. Ero TeopeTHKH H JIHJ.I.epbI, KaK
H pH.lI.OBble YlJaCTHHKH 3Toro J.I.BH>KeHHH, He nOJ.I.03peBaJTH, KaKoe
nOpa)KeHHe HX O)KH.lI.aeT B CBH3H C npH6JIH>KeHHeM peBOJIIOl..lHH, KOTO-
paH nO.lI.BeJ.I.eT HTor HX TeOpeTHlJeCKOH H npa KTH4eCKOH J.I.eHTeJIbHOCTH.
K 3TOMY BpeMeHH npOH30WJIa CMeHa JIHJ.I.epOB H TeopeTHKOB .n.BH>Ke-
HHH, nOHBHJIHCb HOBbIe H MeHa B Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKOH npecce. HOBbIe cpOpMbI
opraHH3al..lHH B BH.LI.e nOJIHTHlJeCKHX napTHH, Ha4aJIaCb H HOBaH nOJIO-
ca nOJIeMHKH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa C npe.n.CTaBHTeJ1HMH HHbIX HJ.I.eHHbIX
TelJeHHH. BCH 3Ta .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb paccMaTpHBaJIaCb HapO.LI.HHKaMH KaK
npO.lI.OJI>KeHHe .lI.BH>KeHHH, HalJaTOrO B XIX B.
CMepTb H.lI.eOJIOrOB HapOJ.I.HHlJeCTBa: n. Jl. J1aBpoBa (1900),
H. K. MHxa HJIOBCKOro (1904), B. B. JleceBHlJa (1905), pacnaJ.I. HX
.lI.OKTpHHbl no.lI. BJIHHHHeM COl..lHaJIbHbIX YC"TJOBHH H aKTHBHoro HacTyn-
JIeHHH MapKcH3Ma - Bce 3TO 3aCTaBHJIO JIHD.epOB HapO.LI.HHlJeCKHX
napTHH o6paTHTbcH K 3alUHTe H.lI.eHHbIX YCToeB HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, BOC-
CTaHOBJIeHHIO ero 6bIJIOH nonYJIHpHoCTH. 3THM 3aHHJIHCb JIH.lI.epbI opra-
HH30BaHHbIX B HalJaJle XX B. HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX na PTHH - 3cepoB, 3He-
COB, 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, TPY.lI.OBHKOB - B. M. 4epHOB, A. P. foLI.,
A. KOMOB ()I. Jl. IO.n.eJIeBCKHH), A. B. neweXOHOB, B. A. MHKOTHH,
E. E. KOJIOCOB, H. C. PycaHoB, B. B. JlYHKeBHlJ, r. A. HeCTpoeB H .lI.p.
B TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH 3THX Ha pO.lI.HHKOB 4eTKO npo-
CMaTpHBaeTCH CTpeMJIeHHe 3aIllHTHTb H coxpaHHTb OCHOBHble no-
cTy.naTbl HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XIX B., .lI.OnOJIHHB HX HeKOTopblMH HOBbIMH
nOJIO/KeHHHMH.
I1rHopHpYH HaJIH4He D.BYX TeHJ.I.eHUHH - .JlH6epaJIbHOH H peBOJIIO-
UHOHHOl1 (B XIX B.), Ha3BaHHOH B. 11. JleHH HblM JIeBOHa pO,llHH4e-
CTBOM 1, OHH CTpeMHJlHCb COeJ.I.HHJ1Tb BOe.lI.HHO 3TH .lI.Ba TelJeHHH H BbI-
.lI.aTb ce6H 3a nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIeH B. r. 5eJIHHCKOro, A. 11. repueHa,
H. A. 1l06pOJII06oBa, H. r. lIepHblweBcKoro, CeMHJ.I.eCHTHHKOB, 3eMJIe-
BOJIbl..leB, HapO,llOBOJTbueB, 3a npHBep)KeHueB H xpaHHTeJTeH JIyqlliHX
Tpa.lI.Hl..lHi1 Bcero HapOJ.I.HH4eCTBa 2. nO.lI.06HOe OTHoweHHe K CBoeMY
c06CTBeHHOMY H.lI.eHHOMY Ha CJIe.n.HIO n03Ro.HHJlO, Ka K H M Ka3aJIOCb,
coxpaHHTb eJ.I.HHCTBO, CnJIOTHTbCH Ha 06weH HJ.I.eHHOH oCHoBe, OXB3-
THTb CBOHM BJIHHHHeM IIlHpOKHe MaCCbI TPY.lI.HUIHXCH, npOTHBOCTOHTb
MapKcH3MY, HaHOCHBweMY Hapo.n.HH4eCTBY O.l1.HH Y.l!ap 3a LI.pyrHM.
11306pa>KaH ce6H xpaHHTeJlHMH JTYlJWHX TpaJ.I.HUHH peBOJTIOUHOHHoro
HdpO.l1.HH4eCTsa XIX S., Ha caMOM J.I.e.I1e HapO.l!HHKH XX B. 6bIJIH BCp-
HblMH npeeMHHKaMH HJ.I.eHHOrO HaCJTe.l1.HH n. Jl. ,naBpoB3 H H. K. 1\1\H-
XaHJTOBCKOro, JaIUHTHHK3MH HX Hl1eaJIHCTH4PCKI1X B033peHHH B ('0-
93
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HaY4HOrO COUHaJIH3Ma, npOTHBOnOCTaB.nHH eMY KpeCTbHHCKHH YTOnH-
4eCKHA COUHaJIH3M.
Ha3bIBaH npaBOe KpbIJIO HapOD.HHKOB npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIHMH «6JIe.lI.HO-
p030BOrO KBa3HCOLlHaJIH3Ma», B. 11. JleHHH B CTaTbe «BYJIbrapHbH1
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(.lI.a H CeHlJaC ewe YKpawae1') rOCnO.lI.CTBYlOwee B HaweM 06pa30BaH-
HOM 06weCTBe JIH6epaJIbHO-HapO.lI.HH4eCKoe HanpaBJIeHHe» 3. 3Ta JIe-
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COUHaJIHCTbl XX S., Ha3bIBaH ce6H peBOJIIOl..lHOHepaMH H .lI.eMOKpaTaMH
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CTOHJIH Ha n03Hl..lHHX J1H6epaJIbHOrO HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, OTCTaHBaH H.lI.eH
MHXaHJIOBCKoro. KpeCTbHHCKHH J.I.eMOKpaTH3M Ha pO.lI.HHKOB XX B. 6bIJI
.lI.eMOKpaTH3MOM arpapHeB-c06cTBeHHHKOB, lJTO H O1'pa3HJIOCb B HX
B033peHHHX, H.lI.eHHbIX nJIaTcpopMax, B OTHoweHHH K Ma PKCH3MY,
K KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e. JlHWb KpaHHee JIeBOe KpblJIO 31'oro H.lI.eHHOrO
TelJeHHH, MaJIOBJIHHTeJIbHOe H B HJJ.eHHOM, H B nOJIHTHlJeCKOM OTHowe-
HHH, OTpa)KaBWee HHTepeCbl Cpe.LI.HHX CJIOeB - TpY)KeHHKOB, He 3K-
CnJIyaTHpoBaBWHX lJY)I{OH TPY.lI., MO)l{HO ClJHTa1'b peBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIM
3JIeMeHTOM B Ha pO.lI.HHlJeC1'Be -- 31'0 JIeBOe KpbIJIO JIeBblX 3cepOB,
3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI, a n03.lI.Hee - Hap0.lI.HHKH-KOMMYHHCTbI H peBO-
JIIOUHOHHbIe KOMMYHHCTbl 4. npe06JIa.lI.aBWHMH H «rOCnOD.C1'BOBaBWH-
MH» B H.lI.eHHOM H nOJIHTH4eCKOM OTHoweHHH B paMKax HapOD.HHlJeCTBa
6bIJIH 3cepbI H 3HeCbl. I1x TeopeTH4eCKaH H npaKTH4eCKafi D.eHTeJIb-
HOCTb BbIpa)KaJIaCb B OTKpblTOM H aKTHBHOM HacTynJIeHHH Ha Map-
KCH3M. He06xo.lI.HMO paCKpbI1'b H.lI.eHHbIe HC1'OKH Ha pO,LI,HH4eC1'Ba XX B.,
Te KOpHH, Ha KOTOpblX OHO BbIpaCTaJIO, H TY H.lI.eOJIOrHIO, K01'opaH
ero nH1'aJIa.
B BwcTynJIeHHHX KpynHeHwHX H.LI.eOJIOrOB HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa B Ha-
lJaJIe XX B. no npHHl..lHnHaJIbHbIM BonpocaM cpHJTOCOcpHH, HCTOpHH
H COl..lHOJIOrHH lJeTKO npOflBJIHIOTCH CJIeJ.I.YIOUlHe Ba)l{HeHWHe lJep1'bl:
Bo-nepBbIX, BceMH CHJlaMH H Cpe.lI.CTBaMH 3aillHTHTb H OTC1'OHTb Teope-
THLIeCKHe n03Hl..lHH CBOHX «KJIaCCHKOB», oc06eHHO H. K. MHXaHJIOB-
CKoro H n. tn. JlaBpoBa; BO-BTOpbIX, HaHTH aprYMeHTbI B 3aWHTY
H.lI.eaJIH3Ma H cy6'beKTHBH3Ma H3 HCTOpHH MHpOBOH HaYKH; B-Tpe1'bHX,
HCnOJIb30BaTb 3ana.lI.HOeBpOneMCKHX cpHJIOCOcpOB H COI HOJIOrOB pe-
aKl..lHOHHOro HanpaBJIeHHH, B KOTOpWX PYCCKHe HapO.lI.HHKH BH.lI.eJIH
CBOHX e.lI.HHOMbIWJIeHHHKOB, npe.lI.WeCTBeHHHKOB H COlO3HHKOB B 60pb-
6e npOTHB MaTepHaJIH3Ma H D.HaJIeKTHKH; B-4eTBepTbIX, M06Hcl1H30BaTb
Bce CHJIbI H Cpe.lI.CTBa .lI.JIH 60pb6bl npOTHB MapKCH3Ma, MaTepHaJIHCTH-
lJeCKOrO 06'bHCHeHH51 HCTOpHH H Tex BbIBO.lI.OB 0 B03MO)l{HOCTH peBOJllO-
l..lHOHHOro npe06pa30Ba HHH 06weCTBa, KOTopbIe c.ne.lI.OBaJIH H3 3Toro
Y4eHHH. HaH60JIee BH.lI.HWe H.lI.eOJIOrH HapO.lI.HHlJfCTBa KOHl..la XIX--
Ha4aJIa XX B., oc06eHHO TaKHe, KaK A. 11. KOMOB ()I. Jl. lO.lI.eJIeB-
CKHH), B. M. 4epHOB, H. C. PycaHoB H .lI.p., He pa3 OTMeqaJIH cpe.lI.H
n06Y.lI.HTeJIbHbIX MOTHBOB CBOHX BbIcTyn.JleHHH pOCT nonYJIHpHOCTH
MapKCH3Ma, TeopHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bl, 4ero HapOJ1HHKH He npOCTO He
npHHHMaJIH HJIH HrHopHpOBaJIH, a CTpeMHJIHCb «YHHlJTO)l{HTb», «HH-
94
cnpOBeprHYTb», YTBep.lI. HTb B MaCCOBOM 0611leCTBeHHOM C03HaHHH CBOH
B033peHHH. TaK, 10. 1!eJIeBCKHH 3aflBJIHJI B npe.lI.HCJIOBHH K CBoeMY
TOJ1CTOMY q,OJIHaHTY, HanpaBJIeHHOMY npOTHB MapKCHcrCKOH TeopHH
KJ1aCCOBOH 60pb6bl H re pO.rIH B HCTOpHH: «f1pHW.JI0Cb fIOJJ.BeprHYTb
J10rH4eCKOH H HCTopH4eCKOH npOBepKe HeKOTopble BO 3peHHH, pacxo-
,lIJIIllHeCH C H3.naraeMOH TeopHeH (T. e. HapO.llHH4eCTBOM. -- r. J4.), --
KaK BBHJJ.Y HX IIlHpOKOH pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTH, TaK H lI.JIfi JIY4UIero
BblflCHeHHH c06CTBeHHOH T04KH 3peHHH» fi. B 3aHB.aeHHHX HapOJJ.HHKOB
no 06Horo pO.lI.a 4eTKO npOCMaTpHBaeTCH nOHHMaHHe 60 bWO no-
nYJ1HPHOCTH MapKCHCTCKoro YlJeHHH B POCCHH B Ha4a.J1e XX B., npH-
3HaHHe q,aKTa HenpHMHpHMOH 60pb6bl COUHaJI-D.eMOKpaTOB npOTHB
HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH JJ.OKTpH Hbl H BeCbMa 3Ha 4HTeJIbHbiX ycnexoB Ma PKCH-
CTOB B 3TOH 06 T1aCTH 6.
CJIe.lI.yeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO caMH HapO.lI.HHKH no-pa3HOM)' Ol..leHHBaJIH
HTorH 60pb6bI MapKCH3Ma r HapO.lI.HH4eCTBOM B 80--90-e fOJlbI. TaK,
E. Ko.nocoB He COrJIaUlaJICH C YfBaHoBbIM-Pa3VMHHKOM, C4HTaBlllHM,
01
4TO B 90-e rO.LI.bI HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBO nOTepneJIO «lJaCTH4Hoe nopameHHe OT
PYCCKHX MapKCHCTOB» 113-3a Toro, 4TO He oGpaUlaJ10 JJ.OCTaTOlfHO
BHHMaHHH Ha Bonpoc 0 Hapo.n.e KaK «COBoKynHocTH TPY.lI.HllI.HXCH
KJIaCCOB». I1Ba HOB- Pa3YMHHK, --- nHCaJI KOJIOCOB, ---- B «3TOM CJIYllae
npOCTO 3a6JIY)K!l.aeTCH» 7. I-Iapo.lI. HHKH nblTaJIHCb OCMbICJ1HTb COCTOH-
HHe BceH HJlerIHOH mH3HH CTpaHbI, npoTHB060pCTBO pa3JIHlJHbIX H.LI.eH-
HbIX TelJeHHH KOHua XIX-HalJaJIa XX B.
B. 1\1.# 4epHOB nHCaJI B 1905 r.: «f10cJIe.lI.HHi1 nepHoJ! ,LJ,eHTeJIbHOCTH
tf. K. 1Hxa HJIOBCKOro --- 90-e rO.lI.bl -- 6bIJI OTMe4eH pacUBeToM
B POCCHH MapKCH3Ma H K8K TeopeTH4ecKoro MHpoc03epuaHHH, H KaK
npaKTHlfecKol1 nporpaMMbI, no.lI. 3HaMeHeM KOTOpOH Ha4aJIHCb no-
nblTKH "cTpoeHHH" PYCCKOH COUHaJI-.lI.eMOKpaTHH. . . H. K. MHXaHJIOB-
CKOMY npHXO.lI.HJIOCb CBeCTH ClJeTbl C 3THM HanpaBJIeHHeM, TeM 60JIee
4TO caMO 3TO HanpaBJIeHHe TOpOnHJIOCb CBeCTH C4eTbI co BceMH npeJJ.-
wecTBYIOIl.lHMH H8npaB.neHHHMH. Co BceM nbIJIOM HeocpHToB npHBep-
)KeHUbI HOBoro YlJeHHfI 06'bHBHJIH HM BOHHY, BOHHY 6eCnOUla.lI.HYIO,
BOHHY Ha )KH3Hb H CMepTb» 8.
npH3HaBaH cepbe3Hoe nopameHHe, HaHeceHHoe MapKCH3MOM Ha-
p0.lI.HHQeCTBY B 90-e rO.lI.bI, ero TeopeTHKH CIIJIOTHJIHCb pa.lI.H 60pb6bl
C npo.neTapcKoH H.n.eOJIOrHeH, CJJ.eJIaB ee rJIaBHbIM HanpaBJleHHeM
CBoeH H.lI.eOJIOrHlJeCKOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH B HalJaJIe XX B. AKTHBHoe
HacTynJleHHe MapKCHCTOB Ha n03HllHH HapO.lI.HHKOB, pa306J1alJeHHe
HaYlJHOH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH HCTopH4eCKHX Ii COl..lHOJIOrHlleCKHX B03-
3peHHH H. K. A'lHxaHJIOBCKOro 3aCTaBHJIH nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIeH J1aBpo-
Ba--MHXaHJIOBCKOro He TOJIbKO BblcTynHTb B HX 3aIllHTY, HO H 3a-
HHTbCH 60JIee yr JIy6JIeHHbIM H3Y4eHHeM, H3JIOmeHHeM H nonYJIHpH3a-
UHeH B033peHHH CBOHX H.l!eHHbIX npe.lI.WeCTBeHHHKOB, KOTOpbIX, KaK
OKa3aJIOCb, J.J.ame H.LI.eOJIOrH HapOJlHH4eCTBa nJIOXO 3HaJlH H nOHHMaJIH.
5blJIO npe.lI.npHHHTO nepel13.lI.aHHe HX C04HHeHHH 9, nOHBHJIOCb 60JIb-
woe KOJIH4eCTBO CTaTeH, OlJepKOB H KHHr 0 MHxaH.TlOBCKOM. 06WH -
HaH 6HOJIHOrpaq,HH 3THX TPY.lI.OB BKJII04aeT 60.nee 600 Ha3BaHHH 0.
C H3JIOmeHHeM YlJeHHfI MHXaHJIOBCKOro H Ol..leHKOH ero pOJIU KaK
KPynHeHwero TeopeTHKa BblcTynHJIH BHJJ.Hble JJ.eHTeJIH HapoJJ.HHlJeCTBa
95
Ha4aJIa XX B.: B. M. 4epHOB, E. E. KOJIOCOB, P. B. HBaHoB-I)a3 y \]
H H K, B. B. J I Y H K e B H lJ , 1-1 . C. P Y C a HOB H .lI. p. I I
I-IHKOJIaH KOHcTaHTHHC:Hi1lJ MHXaHJIOBCKHH (1842-1904) ClJHTaJI-
CH O.lI.HOH H3 KpynHeHwHx q,Hryp B HCTOpHH 06ll1.eCTBeHHoH MblCJII1
POCCHH BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbI XIX B., npH3HaHHbIM 3HaTOKOM 06ll1.eCTBeH-
HbIX HaYK, COIlHOJlOrOM, TaJIaHTJIHBbIM ny6J1Hl.lHCTOM H JlHTepaTopOM,
OKa3blBaBWHM 3aMeTHoe BJIHflHHe Ha H.lI.eHHYIO )KH3Hb HHTeJIJlHpeHUHH
H MOJIO.lI.e)l{H 70-90-x rO.lI.OB. OH OKOHlJHJI .lI.Ba Kypca IIeTep6yprcKoro
HHcTHTYTa ropHblx HH)I{eHepOB, oTKYJJ.a 6bIJI HCKJII04eH B 1863 r. 3a
YlJaCTHe B cTY.lI.eHlJeCKH.: BOJIHeHHHX, n03TOMY B D.aJIbHeHWeM BLI-
HY)I{.lI.eH 6blJI nOnOJIHHTb CBOH 3HaHHH nYTeM caMoo6pa30BaHHH, lJTO
6bIJIO BeCbMa xapaKTepHo .lI.JIH MHorHX .lI.eHTeJIeH XIX B. CBOH Ba)l{HeH-
WHe pa60TbI OH ny6J1HKOBaJI B HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX H3.lI.aHHHX,
a C 1892 r. H .lI.O KOHl.la CBOHX D.HeH OCTaBaJICH pe.lI.aKTOpOM opraHa
JIH6epaJIbHbIX HapO.lI.HHKOB «PyccKoe 6oraTcTBo». Ero TPY.lI.bl (<<Teo-
pHH llapBI1Ha H o6wecTBeHHblH nporpecc», «LITO TaKoe nporpecc?»,
«3anHCKH npo<paHa», «50pb6a 3a HHJJ.HBH.lI.ya.lIbHOCTb», «fepoH H TO.n-
na», «<I>HJIOCOcpHH HCTOpHH JIYH 5JIaHa», «flHcbMa 0 npaB.lI.e H Ht'-
npaBD.e» H .lI.p.) nOJIb30BaJIHCb WHpOKOii H3BeCTHOCTbiO cpe.lI.H HHTeJI-
JIHreHUHH 70-90-x rO.lI.OB, nOCKOJIbKY OCBelll.a.lIH Ba)l{HeHWHe npo-
6JIeMbl Toro BpeMeHH, BOJIHOBaBWHe nepe.lI.OBblX JIlo.n.eH POCCHH. OIl
BblcTyna.TI C KpHTHKOH 3;:1 Py6e)KHbIX cpHJ10COcpOB H COIlHOJIOrOB, 3a-
IUHUlaBwHX KanHTaJIH3M (CneHcep), B 3alllHTY CBo60.lI.bI JIHlJHOCTH
H 4eJIOBelJeCKOrO .lI.OCTOHHCTBa, pa306JIa4aJI CaMO.lI.ep)l{aBHe H pa3JIH4-
H bl e CPo p M bl He p a Be H C T B a, OT C T a H B a JI H H Te pe C bl JI 10 JJ. e H T P Y Jl a H H a -
pORa. 50JIbWOH nonYJIHpHOCTblO cpe.lI.H .lI.eMOKpaTH4eCKOH HHTeJIJ1H-
reHl..lHH nOJlb30BaJIHCb era HpKHe BwcTynJ1eHHH no BonpocaM HpaB-
CTBeHHOCTH, Ba)l{HOCTH OC03HaHHH JIHlJHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH H rpa)K-
.lI.aHCKOro .lI.OJIra 3a cY.lI.b6 CTpaHW, .lI.OJIra nepe.lI. HapOD.OM, pOJ1H
COl..lHaJIHCTH4eCKoro H.lI.eaJIa H npe.lI.Ha3Ha 4eHHH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH
B 60pb6e 3a CBo60.lI.Y H .lI.eMOKpaTHIO. BbI.lI.BHHYTaH HM H.lI.eH nporpec-
ca, KOTOpylO OH TpaKTOBaJI KaK .lI.OCTH)I{eHHe «B03MO)KHO nOJIHOrO
H BceCTopOHHero pa3.lI.eJIeHHH TPY D.a Me)l{.lI.Y opra Ha MH H B03MO)l{HO
MeHbwee pa3.lI.eJIeHHe TPY.lI.a Me)K.lI.Y JIIO.lI.bMH», a TaK)Ke 3a.lI.a 4a 60pb-
6w 3a «npaB.lI.Y-HCTHHY» H «npaB.lI.y-cnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTb» 06WlJHO pac-
CMaTpHBalOTCH B COBeTCKOH JIHTepaType KaK a6CTpaKTHaH H 6ec-
nJlO.lI.HaH cxeMa 12.
OpH BceH OTopBaHHOCTH 3THX JIIO.lI.eH OT )l{H3HH B HHX HeJlb3H He
BH.lI.eTb CTpeMJleHHe TeopeTHKa OCMbICJIHTb CYWHOCTb H nYTH oCBo6o-
D.HTeJlbHOrO npouecca Ha OCHOBe YTBep)K.lI.eHHH npHopHTeTa .lI.ocTH)I{e-
HHH HaYKH, 3HaHHH B COe.lI.HHeHHH C pa3BHTHeM HpaBcTBeHHocTH
H COUHaJIbHOH CnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTH KaK Ba)KHeHWero cpaKTopa COl..lHaJIb-
Horo nporpecca H oCB06o)K.lI.eHHH JIH4HOCTH OT yrHeTeHHH H 6ecnpa-
BHH. fJIaBHaH oWH6Ka MHXaHJIOBCKOro 6bIJIa B npeYBeJIHlJeHHH pOJIU
cy6'behTHBHoro cpaKTopa H He.lI.OOl..leHKe 06'beKTHBHbIX YCJIOBHH pa3BH-
THH 06ll1.eCTBa - MaTepHaJIbHOrO npOH3BO.lI.CTBa, COUHaJIbHbIX OTHO-
weHHH, KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6w. KaK OTMelJaJl O.lI.HH H3 HCCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIeH
MHXaHJIOBCKOro 5. 11. fopeB, HapH.lI.Y C cy6'beKTHBHbIMH H YTonHlJe-
CKHMH 3JIeMeHTaMH B ero COQHHeHHHX 6bIJlO MHoro HHTepeCHbIX HD.eH,
96
rHnoTe3, B KOTOpblX «OH HepeJJ.KO C6JIH}KaJICH C MapKCHCTCKHM nOHH-
13
M8HHeM HCTOpHH» .
B Hawy 3a.lI.alJY He BXO.lI.HT D.eTaJlbHOe paCCMOTpeHHe BceH JIHTepa-
TypbI, nOCBHllleHHOH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOMY. 3THM .lI.OJI)KHbI 3aHH-
MaTbCH HCCJJe.lI.OBaTeJIH, H3Y4alOillHe }KH3Hb H .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb H.lI.eOJIOra
HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa. llJIH Hac 3Ta JlHTepaTypa npeD.CTaBJIHeT HHTepec
C TOlJKH 3peHHH Toro, HaCKOJIbKO MHXaHJIOBCKHH 6bIJI nonYJIHpeH
cpe.llH Ha pO.lI.HHKOB XX B., B Ka KOH Mepe pacnpOCTpa HHJIOCb 3TO YlJe-
HHe H KaK ero CTOpOHHHKH H npHBep)KeHl..lbI 3aIllHillaJIH H YKpenJIHJIH
y)Ke 3aMeTHO nowaTHYBWHHCH aBTopHTeT KPynHeHwero TeopeTHKa,
QTO OHH 6paJIH H3 3TOH KOHl.lenUHH. llJIH OTBeTa Ha 3TOT Bonpoc
.llOCTaTOlJHO 06paTHTbCH K nOJIeMHKe BOKpyr H.lI.eHHOrO HaC T]e.lI.HH MH-
xaHJIOBCKOro, H oc06eHHO no Bonpocy 0 cy6'beKTHBHOM MeTO.lI.e B CO-
UHOJlOrHH, OTCTaHBaHHIO H pa3BHTHIO KOToporo npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIH pac-
CMaTpHBaeMoro H.lI.eHHOrO TelJeHHH YD.eJIHJIH ocooeHHO 60JIbWOe BHH-
MaHHe.
3TO 06cHCHHPTCH B nepBYID 04epe b TeM, lJTO B OCHOBe Y4eHHH
MHxa HJIOBCKOro JIe*aJI cy6ceKTHBHbIH H.lI.eaJIH3M, n03HUHH KOToporo
co BpeMeHH nOHBJIeHHH MapKCH3Ma, .lI.HaJIeKTHlJeCKOrO H HCTOpHlJeCKO-
ro MaTepHaJIH3Ma nowaTHYJlHCb. llpyrHM 06CTOHTeJ1bCTBOM, n06Y.lI.HB-
UJHM H.lI.eOJIOrOB HapO.llHHlJeCTBa XX B. BblcTynHTb B 3alllHTY 3Toro
MeTO.lI.a, ero rJIaBHbIX TeopeTHKOB MHXaHJIOBCKoro-JlaBpoBa, 6bJJIO
CTpeMJIeHHe 06HOBHTb pH.lI. COUHOJIOrHlJeCKHX .lI.OrM HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa
C 110MOillbID MO.lI.HOH q,HJlOCO<PHU, nOJIYlJHBllIeH WHpOKoe pacnpOCTpa-
HeHHe Ha 3ana.lI.e. n03TOMY CTOJIKHOBeHHH Me}KD.Y MapKCHCTaMH H Ha-
pO.llHHKaMH no Bonpocy 06 oueHKe HaCJIe.lI.HfI MHXaHJlOBCKOro He
MOrJIH He BbIJIHTbCH B 60pb6y Me)K.lI.Y CTOpOHHHKaMH D.BYX npOTHBono-
JlO}KHbIX CPHJIOCOq,CKHX JIarepeH - Me)K.LI.Y MaTepHaJIH3MOM H cy6'beK-
THBHblM HD.eaJIH3MOM, Me)K.lI.Y .LI.HaJIeKTHlJeCKHM MeTOD.OM H cy6'beKTHB-
H M MeTO.lI.OM B HCCJIe.lI.OBaHHH np06JIeM COUHo orHH H HCTOpHH 06-
IlleCTBa. YKa3blBaH Ha Ba)KHOCTb onpOBep)KeHI-!H Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKHX
B033peHHH B CTaTbe «OT KaKoro HaCJIe.lI.CTBa MbI oTKa3bIBaeMcH?»,
B. H. JleHHH nO.lI.lJepKHBaJI He06xoJJ.HMOCTb KPHTHKH B3rJIH.lI.OB, «06-
lllHX» .lI.JIH Bcex HapO.lI.HHKOB. B HX lJHCJle OH Ha3bIBaJI «HenOHHMaHHe
COUHaJIbHOrO (HJIH HCTOpHlJeCKoro) MaTepHaJIH3Ma», OTHOCH ero
K rJIaBHblM 4epTaM «ueJIoro TelJeHHH 06IllecTBeHHoH MbICJIH, cbIrpaB-
wero KpynHYIO HCTOpHlJecKYIO POJIb» 14. 5e3 paCCMOTpeHHH BonpOCOB
<pHJIOcocpCKoro xapaKTepa HeJIb3H B nOJlHOH Mepe paCKpblTb CO.lI.ep)Ka-
HHe nOJIeMHKH, npOXO.lI.HBWeA B HalJaJIe XX B. Me)K.lI.Y MapKCHCTaMH
H HapOJJ.HHKaMH no BonpocaM COl.lHaJIH3Ma, KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI
H CTpaTerHH H TaKTHKH peBOJIIDl..lHH. O.lI.HHM H3 HanpaBJIeHHH 3TOH
60pb6bl CTa.na D.HCKYCCHH 06 H.lI.eHHOM HaCJIeD.HH TeopeTHKa HapO.lI.HH-
4eCTBa H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro, 3HalJeHHH ero YlJeHHH .lI.JIH peBOJIIOLJ.H-
OHHOH 60pb6bI Macc B XX B.
Ka K H3BeCTHO, .!J..I1H Ma pKCHCTOB OTHoweHHe K H.lI.eHHoMY HaCJIe.lI.HID
npowJIoro BCer.lI.a 6bIJIO O.lI.HHM H3 npHHUHnHaJIbHblX BonpocoB, HMeID-
UlHX He TO.l1bKO HCTopH4eCKoe, HO H npaKTHlJeCKH-nOJIHTHlJeCKOe 3Ha..
4eHHe. HapO)1,HHKH )Ke cocpe.lI.OTOlJHJIH CBOH YCHJIHH Ha .lI.OKa3aTeJIbCT-
Be Toro, 4TO Y4eHHf' A\i1x.aHJIOBCKOro HBJIHeTCH ueHHbIM, nOCKo.nbKY
7 r Jl AJleKceena
97
MO)f{eT-.lle CJ1Y)f{HTb TeOpeTH4eCKOH OCHOBOH .llJIH IIpaKTH4eCKOH 1ll'-
HTeJIbHOCTH peBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIX, H B nepBYIO 04epe.lI.b Hap0.lI.HH4eCKHX
napTHH B HX 60pb6e 3a COl..lHaJIbHOe OCB0(0)f{.lI.eHHe I . nO.lI.06HaH
nOCTaHOBKa BOnpOCa .lI.e3opHeHTHpOBaJIa peSOJIIOUHOHHble CHJIbl,
BHywaJIa HJIJII03HH H Bepy B B03MO)f{HOCTb n06e.lI.bl no.lI. 3HaMeHeM
.lI.aBHO OTBeprHYTOH )KH3HbI0 TeOpHH. JlH.lI.epbl H H.lI.eOJIOrH HapOJ].-
HH4eCTBa HalJaJIa XX B. aKTHBHO 60pOJIHCb 3a peaHHMaUHIO H CO-
xpa HeHHe 3TOH .lI.OKTpH Hbl.
Ba)f{HeHWHM HanpaBJIeHHeM 3TOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH cTa'JIa 60pb6a
3a MHXaHJIOBCKOrO, 3aWHTa ero HlleHHOrO HaCJIe.lI.HH OT KPHTHKII
MapKCHCTOB, peWHTeJIbHO BblcTynaBwHx npOTHB peaKUHOHHOH H.lI.e-
OJIOrHH H Me.}] K06YPIKya3Hblx HJIJII03HH.
OceHblo 1900 r. 06U{eCTBeHHocTb cTpaHbl, H B nepBYlo 04epellb
HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHH JIarepb, OTMelJaJIa 40-JIeTHe JIHTepaTYPHoH .lI.eH-
TeJIbHOCTH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. rIpecca HapO.lI.HH4eCKoro H JII1-
6epaJIbHOrO HanpaBJIeHHH nOCBHTHJIa 3TOMY 106HJIelO C60PHHKH,
CTaTbH, npHBeTcTBHH B a.lI.pec MHXaHJIOBCKOro, BOCTOp)KeHHblt
onHcaHHH ero 3aCJIyr nepell. PYCCKHM oCB060.lI.HTeJIbHbIM ll.BH)f{eHH-
eM. Ka K 3TO Hepe.lI.KO 6blBaeT B 106H r]eH, MHoroe Bblpa )f{aJIOCb
B Kpa HHe B03BbIweHHOH H He BCer.lI.a .lI.OCTaTOlJHO 06'beKTHBHOH
cpopMe, BeCbMa nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO npOCJIe)f{HBaJIOCb CTpeMJIeHHe
paCCMaTpHBaTb MHXaHJIOBCKOro KaK Hll.eOJIOra HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOrO
}.tBH)KeHHH, npeYBeJIHlJHBaH ero peaJIbHblH BKJIaD. B TeopHIO H npaK-
THKY 60pb6w 3a OCB0(0)f{ eHHe. Oc06eHHO THnHlJeH B 3TOM OTHO
weHHH C60PHHK «Ha CJIaBHOM nOCTY», BbIWe.lI.WHH B 1900 r. B npH-
BeTCTBeHHOM a.lI.pece, OTKpbIBaBweM 3TOT C60PHHK, q,OPMYJIHpOBa-
JIaCb OCHOBHaH H.lI.eH, KOTopaH npOHH3blBaJIa BCIO 106HJIeHHYlo
JIHTepaTYPY HapO.lI. HH 4eCKoro TOJIKa: «Ha CJIaBHOM nOCT)'
H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH OCTaeTCH 6eCCMeHHO Y)f{e .lI.eCHTKH JIeT, H;:}
KOTOpOM Y Hero 6bI0/1H BeJIHKHe npe.lI.UJeCTBeHHHKH H CJIaBHble copaTHH-
KH, Ha KOTOpOM -- MbI BceH .aYWOH BepHM B 3TO - Y Hero 6Y.lI.YT He
MeHee CHJIbHble npeeMHHKH, Ha 3TOM He TOJIbKO CJIaBHOM, HO H TPYJl-
HOM nOCTY npHXO.lI.HTCH BeCTH )f{H3Hb BO)K,LJ.H, He CTa HHO 60plOUl.erOCH
3a npaB.lI.Y-HCTHHY H npaB.lI.y-cnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTb» I . H.lI.eH 0 60pb6e «3a
npaB.lI.Y-HCTHHY H npaB y-cnpaBe.lI.JIHBOCTb» MHXaHJIOBCKOro H Bcex
npe.lI.CTa BHTe r]eH Te4eHHH, K KOTOPOMY OH npH Ha.lI..J1e)f{aJI, npOHH3b1Ba-
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HOCTH 3Toro H.lI.epa HapOD.HHlJeCTBa. B 106HJIeHHOM C60pHHKe B -
cTynHJIH n. MHJlIOKOB, B. CeMeBcKHH, H. Py6aKHH, B. JIeceBHlJ,
A. newexoHoB, B. 4epHoB, M. PacpaHJIOB (fol..l), C. lO)I{aKoB, H. AH-
HeHcKHH, B. MHKOTHH - 6Y.lI.Ylll.He H.lI.eOJIOrH H JIH.lI.epbl pa3JIHlJHblX
HapO.lI.HH4eCKHx napTHH XX B. 17
Bce aBTopbl 3Toro C60pHHKa C BocToproM nHCaJIH 0 TOM, lJTO
ue.Hble nOKOJIeHHH BocnHTblBaJIHCb Ha HD.eHX MHXaHJIOBCKOro, «H 3TH
H.lI.eH MOIKHO ClJHTaTb YCBoeHHblMH BceMH 06pa30BaHHblMH PYCCKHMH
JIIO.lI.bMH». Oll.HaKO WHpOKaH nonYJIHpHOCTb H.lI.eH MHXaHJIOBCKOro
H «MorYlJee HX BJIH5IHHe Ha caMOC03Ha HHe PYCCKoro MblCJlHlllerO
06ll1.eCTBa .lI.aJIeKO onepe.lI.HJIH c06010 nOHHMa HHe 11 YCBoeHHe HaYlJHO-
q,HJIOCOq,CKOH OCHOBbl ero H.lI.eH», KOTOpYIO BH.lI.HbIH JIH6epaJIbHblH
98
HapO.lI.HHK, COl..lHOJIOr H ny6JIHUHCT C. H. lO)I{aKoB (1849-1910)
H33bIBaJI «CoUHOJIOrH4eCKoH .lI.OKTpHHOH» 18.
lO)I{aKoB paCCMaTpHBaJI B033peHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOrO B BH.lI.e
«CTpOHHOH CHCTeMbI, JIHWb CJIY4aHHO pa30pBaHHOH Ha KJI04KH XO-
)lOM )l{ypHaJIbHOH pa60TbI». npH 3TOM lO)I{aKoB CTpeMHJICH He npo-
CTO H3JIO)l{HTb B033peHHH TeopeTHKa HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa B CHCTeMaTH-
3HpOBa HHOM BHJ.I.e, HO H YKa3aTb «Ha reHe3HC 3Toro 3a Me4aTeJIb-
Horo YlJeHHH H Ha CBH3b ero C .lI.PyrHMH, npe.lI.weCTBYIOillHMH
H COBpeMeHHblMH YlJeHHHMH».
B onpe.lI.eJIeHHH MeCTa MHXaMJIOBCKOro B HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOM
p33BHTHH H oCB060LlHTeJIbHOM .lI.BH)I{eHHH XIX B. (BceH EBponbl,
a He TOJIbKO POCCHH) IO)I{aKOB OTTaJIKHBaJICH OT Toro, 4TO O.lI.HH
MblCJIHTeJIH H TeopeTHKH BHn.eJIH HCTOlJHHK nporpecca B CKY.lI.OCTH
CpeJ.I.CTB, .lI.PyrHe - B HX H306HJIHH; O.lI.HH 0pY.lI.HeM nporpecca C4H-
TaJIH 60pb6y, .lI.PyrHe - COJIH.lI.apHOCTb. npe.lI.CTaBJIHH H.lI.eHHYIO
mH3Hb H 60pb6y B POCCHH H BceM EBpone B CTOJIb npeBpaTHOM BH-
.lI.e, IO)I{aKOB CTaBHJI MHXaHJIOBCKOro B O.lI.HH pHJ.I. C Bbl.lI.alOlllHMHCH
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)lBYX BeJIHKHX YMCTBeHHblx TelJeHHH 3nOXH 6blJIO 60JIe3Hbl0 BeKa
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KOBa, 3TY 3a.lI.alJY nOCTaBHJI nepe.lI. C060H MHXaHJIOBCKHH
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KOB «BeJIHKYIO 3aCJIyry» YlJeHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro H MeCTO ero «YlJe-
HHH cpe.lI. H pa3HOCTopOHHero YMCTBeHHoro TBOplJeCTBa 3nOXH» 19.
CaMaH 60JIbWaH 3aCJIyra MHXaHJIOBCKOro eMY BH.lI.eJIaCb B TOM,
B lJeM npOHBJIHJICH cpa KTHlJeCKH r JIa BHblH nopOK ero MeTO.lI.0,J10-
rHH - OTKa3 OT npOBe.lI.eHHH rpa HH Me)KJ.I.Y 6HOJIOrHeH H COl..lHOJIO-
rHeH. «CHHTe3 BeJIHKHX HaY4HblX 3aBoeBaHHH eCTeCTB03HaHHH
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CKaH CTopOHa COl..lHOJIOrH4eCKoro Y4eHHH MHXaMJIOBCKOro, - YTBep)K-
.lI.aJI IO)I{aKOB. - B TaKOM 06'beMe H C TaKOIO CHJIOH H .lI.0 HaCTOHlllero
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peWHJI, HO H He nOCTaBHJI 3TOH np06JIeMbl, OCHOBHOH, O.lI.HaKO, n.JIH
COBpeMeHHOH COUHOJIOrHlJeCKOH MbICJIH» 20. B nHcaHHHX IO)KaKOBa,
KaK H n.pyrHx H.lI.eOJIOrOB RH6epaJIbHOrO HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, HBHO npo-
rJIH.lI.bIBaeT CTpeMJIeHHe BKJIlOlJHTb B oueHKY «3aCJIyr» MHXaHJIOBCKOro
HelJTO He06bI4Hoe, BbI.lI.alOilleeCH, OTJIHlJHOe OT n.pyrHx TeopeTHKOB,
C03.lI.aB TeM ca MblM KYJIbT Bbl.lI.alOlllerOCH MbICJIHTeJIH, CTOHBwero
HK06bI Ha ypOBHe .lI.OCTH)KeHHH MHpOBOH COUHOJIOrHlJeCKOH MblCJIH
XIX H XX BB. CBOIO He.lI.OKa3yeMYIO B CHJIY ee OWH60lJHOCTH H.lI.eIO
lO)KaKoB OCHalll.aJI caMblMH pa3JIHlJHbIMH aprYMeHT3MH H .lI.OBO.lI.aMH.
Cpe.lI.H HHX 6blJIH H YTBep)K.lI.eHHH 0 TOM, lJTO MHXaHJIOBCKHH HBRHeTCH
HK06bI «HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHbIM npeeMHHKOM WKOJIbI 1l06poJII060Ha
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3aMeTHO oTcTynHJI OT 3aBoeBaHHH TeopeTH4eCKOH MblCJIH peBOJIIOUH-
OHHbIX .lI.eMOKpaTOB 21. A rJIaBHaH 3aCJIyra MHXaHJIOBCKOro H306pa-
>KaJIaCb B CTHJIe, BeCbMa xapaKTepHOM .lI.JIH H.lI.eOJIOrOB MeJIKOH 6YP)l{Y-
a3HH, - KaK «pa3raJ.I.Ka cTpawHoH 3ara.lI.KH»: «MHXaHJIOBCKHH ee
7*
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CKOrO MHpa, 3aBeprnaH HX BbIBO.l1.0M: «I1H.l1.HBH.l1.yaJIbHOCTb eCTb,
TaKHM 06pa30M, BeHeu OpraHH4eCKOH 3BOJIIOl.lHH, ee BblCWee H CO-
BepWeHHeHWee BbIpa)KeHHe». TaKHM cnOC060M lO)KaKoB nO.l1..l1.ep-
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BeCb npOl.leCC pa3BHTHH 4eJIOBe4eCKOrO 06ll1.eCTBa, KaK H )KHBOH
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.l1.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTH B HCTOpHH )KH3HH, rJIy60Koe OTpa)KetlHe 3TOrO
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OCTaJIbHbIe q,aKTopbI - «60pb6a 3a cyw.eCTBOBaHHe, .l1.Hq,q,epeHl.lH-
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MHXaHJIOBCKOro npHMeHHTeJIbHO K HCTOpHH H COl.lHOJIOrHH.
«B HCTOpHH 4eJIOBe4eCKOH, - nHCaJI OH, - 3Ta 60pb6a 3a coxpa-
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HHHX K cB060.lI.e, K HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH JIH4HOCTH, COJIH.lI.apHOCTH,
Me)K.l1.YHap O .l1. HOM Y MHPy, KOTopbIe npe.l1.JIaraeT 06w.eCTBOBe.lI.eHHe» 24.
Ilepe4HcJIH5I MHOr04HCJIeHHbIe pa60TbI MHXaHJIOBCKOro, lO)KaKoB
CTpeMHJICH nOKa3aTb, 4TO np06JIeMa «nO.lI.aBJIeHHH HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTH
B pa3HbIX q,opMax H npH pa3HbIX YCJIOBHHX» c.lI.eJIaJIaCb H3JII06JIeHHOlO
.lI.JIH MHxa HJIOBCKoro. ,[{OKTpHHa MHXaHJIOBCKOro, nHCaJI lO)KaKoB,
B CBoeM KOHe4HOM BbIBO.lI.e 06'bHBHJIa HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb H ee pa3BH-
THe, JIH4HOCTb H ee C4aCTbe «Bblpa)KeHHeM H BbIcwelO cTyneHblo
opraHH4eCKoro nporpecca, BbICWHM KpHTepHeM .l1.JI5I pa3JIHlIeHH5I npo-
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H yna.lI. Ka » 25.
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cMaTpHBaTb B .l1.BYX nJIaHax: nepBbIH - coxpaHeHHe HH,lIHBHllyaJIbHO-
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npOHBJIHeTCH HK06bI B «THrOCTHbIX 11 60JIe3HeHHbIX» nOTpHCeHI1HX
OHH «npHBO.lJ.HT K BblpO)K.lI.eHHIO HH.l1.HBHllOB 4epe3 nO.l1.aBJIeHI1E:' nOJl-
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06w.eCTBO Ha yna.l1.0K, Hepe.lI.KO Ha na.lI.eHHe». TaKOBbI, 3aKJII04aJI
lO)KaKOB, OCHOBOnOJIaralOIJ.J.He Ha4aJ1a COUHOJIOrH4eCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbl
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era MHeHHIO, OTeYTCTBOBaJIa JIHIllb «COLlHaJIbHaH CTaTHKa (MOpcpOJIO-
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4epe3 Bee pa60TbI HapOJl.HHKOB 0 MHXaHJIORCKOM, I3KJII04a j
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100
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a STOpbl .n.eJIaJIH He O.n.H Ha KOBble.
nJIH lO)KaKoBa COl.lHOJIOrHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro He 3HaeT ce6e paB-
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onpe.n.eJIeHHble 3aCJIyrH». no MHeHHIO lO)KaKoBa, COl.lHOJIOrH4eCKaH
)1.0KTpHHa MHXaHJIOBCKOro «HMeeT .n.eJIO n04TH HCKJII04HTeJIbHO C Teo-
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ca». Bo BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe XIX B. OHa npe.n.CTaBJIHeT C060H «caMoe
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CMOTpeTb B rJIa3a .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H ee OTHoweHHIO - npaB.n.e-
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101
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npOTHBOpelJHBOCTb, q,pa3epCTBO), HX TeOpeTH4eCKOH H npaKTH4t.
CKOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH, n03BOJIHI0w.He npOCJIe.n.HTb peaJIbHOe .lI.BH)Ke
HHe 3TOrO H.lI.eHHOrO Te4eHHH no nYTH HeH36e)KHOrO H.lI.eHHOrO Kpa-
xa, KOTOpbIH OHH He CMOrJIH npe.lI.BH.n.eTb.
O.n.HaKO HapH.n.y C OTMelJeHHbIMH BblUle MHeHHHMH HMeJIH MeCTO
H .n.PyrHe Ol..leHKH. TaK, A. H. KpacHoceJIbcKHH (1858-1915), 0.lI.111I
H3 aBTopoB .n.OBOJIbHO nonYJIHpHOH B HalJaJIe XX B. KHHrH «MHpO-
B033peHHe rYMaHHcTa Haliero BpeMeHH (OCHOBbI Y4eHHH H. K. MH
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JIOBCKOro He 6y.n.eT, Ka)KeTCH, oc06eHHOH CMeJIOCTblO- YTBep)K.n.aTb,
4TO ero MaJIO 3HalOT .lI.a)Ke MHorHe H3 Tex, Cpe.lI.H KOTOpbIX OH
B 60JIbWeH HJIH MeHbweH CTeneHH nOJIb3yeTcH ycneXOM». H .lI.aJIee
aBTOp npHBo.n.HJI BblCKa3bIBaHHe O.lI.HOro KpHTHKa: «51 Bcer.n.a IIHTa(O
CTaTbH r. MHXaHJIOBCKOro C 60JIbWHM Y.lI.OBOJIbCTBHeM... <PHJIOCO
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HO He nOHHMaIO». «MbI onacaeMCH, - nHCaJI .lI.aJIee KpacHoceJIb-
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nOHHMaHHH caMoro l..leHHoro B ero .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH». ABTOp CIIHTa.JI
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HX B3r JIH.lI.OB. 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO cnoc06CTBOBaJIO CKJIOHHOCTI1
4HTaTeJIH CTaBHTb B npOH3Be.lI.eHHHX r. IV\HxaHJIOBCKOro 04eHb
MHoro Ha C4eT TaJIaHTa nHCaTeJIH H OlleHb MaJIO Ha C4eT MHpOCO-
3epl..laHH5I MbICJIHTeJIH» 31.
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nOHHTHH. 4TO OHH He 6blJIH lJY)K.lI.bI KpynHbIx JIOrH4eCKHX npOMaXOB
H npOTHBopellHH H He BCer,lI.a 6bIJIH COrJIaCOBaHbI C Q:>aI<TaMH, - H3
3TO 4HTaTeJIH Toro BpeMeHH He 06paw.aJIH BHHMaHHH, KaK H Bo06lue
He oc06eHHO rJIy60Ko BHHKaJIH B Q:>HJIOCOQ:>CKHe Y4eHHH H .n.OBOJIbHO
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reOpeTHlleCKHX pa3MbIWJIeHHH 01' peaJIbHOH HCTOpH4eCKOM 06CTaHOB-
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ro 06w.eCTBa, He CKJIOHHbIX npe.lI.'bHBJIHTb IIpe3MepHO BbICOKHe Tpe60-
BaHHH K CBOHM H.l1.eOJIOraM H JIH.lI.epaM. 3TO B nOJIHOH Mepe OTpa3H-
JIOCb KaK B npHBe.lI.eHHbIX BbIwe BbICKa3bIBaHHHX, TaK H BO BceH Ha-
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B HalJaJIe XX B. fJlaBHblM .lI.JIH 3THX aBTopOB CTaJIO He CTpeMJIeHHe
pa306paTbC5I B B033peHH5IX MHXaHJIOBCKOro, CBe,lI.eHHe ero B3r JIH.l1.0B
K CHCTeMHOMY 3HaHHI0, a TOJIKOBaHHe OT.lI.eJIbHbIX nOJIO)KeHHH 3TOH
KOHuenLlHH «Ha CBOH CTpax H pHCK», BOCTOp)KeHHaH Ol.leHKa Bcero
YlIeHH5I B l..leJIOM Hero OT.lI.eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB C HBHbIM npe06JIa.lI.aHHeM
He06'beKTHBHoro OTHorneHHH H K JIHIlHOCTH, H K Y4eHHI0 H. K. MHxaH-
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liTO «BCIO cOBoKynHocTb HBJIeHHH )KH3HH 4eJIOBeKa MO)KHO crpynnHpo-
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IlI.eCTBeHHOCTH K JIH4HOCTH». npH 3TOM Bce CBO.lI.HJIOCb MHXaHJIOBCKHM
11 nOJIHOCTblO nO.lI..lI.ep)KHBaJIOCb KpaCHOCeJIbCKHM K q,opMYJIe «60pb6a
3a HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb». A rJIaBHYIO H.lI.elO 3TOH BeCbMa a6cTpaKTHoH
<POp MYJI bl OH YCMaTpHBaJI B «3a60Te 0 JIHIlHOM H lIeJIOBelleCKOM .lI.0-
CTOHHCTBe». CJIe.lI.yeT TaK)Ke CKa3aTb, lJTO Bce OCHOBHbIe aprYMeHTbI
B 3aW.HTY «cxeMbl» MHXaHJIOBCKOro (CJIOBa KpacHoceJIbCKoro) aBTOp
4epnaeT He CTOJIbKO H3 peaJIbHOH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, CKOJIbKO H3
xY.lI.O)KeCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbI XIX B. 33 3THM npHeMoM aprYMeHTaUHH
H 060cHoBaHHH CBOHX COl.lHOJIOrHlleCKHX nocTpoeHHH nOCTOHHHO nOJIb-
30BaJICH caM MHXaHJIOBCKHH, nO.lI.MeHHH cepbe3HbIH HaYIlHbIH aHaJIH3
npou.ecca 06mecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, npHMepaMH H3 xY.lI.O)KeCTBeHHoH
JIHTepaTypbI, OTpa)KaBWeH npeHMyw.ecTBeHHo nCHXOJIOrHIO JIHIlHOCTH
H ee rYMaHHcTHllecKoe HCTOJIKOBaHHe. 11 XOTH xY.lI.O)KeCTBeHHaH JIHTe-
paTypa, KaK H3BeCTHO, HBJI5IeTCH Ba)KHOH <POpMOH n03HaHHH peaJIb-
HOH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, O.l1.HaKO OHa He MO)KeT 6blTb OCHOBOH cepb-
e3Horo HaYlJHOrO aH8JIH3a npOOJIeM COUHaJIbHOrO pa3BHTHH, a TeM
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BaHHH o6luecTBa Ha COLlHaJIHCTHlJeCKHX npHHUHnax. np06JIeMa JIH4-
HOCTH, ee pa3BHTH5I H 60pb6bI 3a oCB0(0)K.lI.eHHe pernaJIaCb anOJIore-
TaMH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, KaK H HM caMHM, He npOCTO C a6CTpaKTHbIX,
OTopBaHHbIX OT )KH3HH n03Hl.lHH, XOT5I H 3TOT 3JIeMeHT BeCbMa pacnpo-
CTpaHeH B HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH JIHTepaType Ha4aJIa XX B., a C n03Hl.lHH
BOHHCTBYIOillero cy6'beKTHBH3Ma H HH.lI.HBH.l1.yaJIH3Ma. «YlJeHHe
o 60pb6e 3a HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb, - nHCaJI TOT )Ke KpacHoceJIb-
CKHH, - YKa3bIBaH Ha nOJIHOTY H ueJIOCTHOCTb HH.l1.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOrO cy-
UJ,eCTBOBaHHH KaK Ha KopeHHoH 3aJIOr caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH H .l1.0CTOHH-
CTBa JIHIlHOCTH, BMeCTe C TeM KaK Ha OCHOBaHHe HCTHHbI, KpaCOTbI,
CnpaBe.l1.JIHBOCTH H C4aCTb5l, TeM caMbIM C He06bIlJaHHOH HCHOCTblO
103
YKa3bIBaeT, Ha lJTO .l1.0JI)I{HbI 6bITb HanpaBJIeHbI YCHJIHH JIHIlHOCTI1
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CJIY4aHHO Y.lI.eJIHJIH oc06eHHO 60JIbWOe BHHMaHHe - 3Ta H.lI.efl CTaJIa
.lI.JIH HHX rJlaBHblM TeOpeTHlJeCKHM nOCTYJIaTOM.
Bonpocy «60Pb6bl 3a HH.lI.HBH.l1.yaJIbHOCTb» MHXaHJIOBCKHH, KaK
H3BeCTHO, nOCBHTHJI cepHIO CTaTeH (Ha 4HHaH C KOHLla 1875 r.), 6y.lI.Y-
4H Y>Ke BnOJIHe CJIO)KHBWHMCH COl.lHOJIOrOM H BeCbMa nonYJIHpHblM
ny6JIHLlHCTOM 35. O.l1.HaKO cepHH OKa3aJIaCb He3aKOHlJeHHO", B CHJIY
HCKYCCTBeHHOCTH H HepeaJIbHOCTH caMOH H.l1.e , no.lI. KOTOpylO no.l1.-
rOHHJIHCb <paKTbI peaJIbHOH .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 36. n03TOMY 06 YlJeHHH
HJIH TeopHH MO)KHO rOBopHTb JIHWb BeCbMa YCJIOBHO, HO nOCKOJIbKY
YTBep}K.lI.eHHe 3THX H.l1.eH 3a HflJIO .lI.OBOJIbHO 3a MeTHoe MeCTO B TBopl1e-
CTBe caMoro MHXaHJIOBCKOro H Y ero nOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJleH-Hap0.lI.HHKOB
XX B., HX HeJIb3H 060HTH MOJI4aHHeM.
KaK H MHXaHJIOBCKHH, Ha pO.l1.HHKH XX B. CBH3bIBaJIH C H.lI.eetJ
«60Pb6bI 3a HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb» 06'bflCHeHHe OCHOBHoro cO,lI.ep)KaHHH
Bcero l1CTOpH4eCKoro npoLlecca. 06 3TOM nHCaJI H KOJIOCOB, no.lI.-
4epKHBaH, IIro BbInO.JIHeHHIO 3TOH 3a.lI.a4H MHXaHJIOBCKHH npH.lI.aBaJI
orpOMHoe 3Ha lJeHHe, BH.lI.H OCHOBHoe CO.lI.ep)l{a HHe HCTopHlleCKoro npo-
rpecca, «TY HHTb, BOKpyr KOTOpOH YKJIa.lI.bIBaJIHCb B CTPOHHYiO
H l..leJIbHYIO KapTHHY Bee KOr.lI.a-JIH60 HHTep"eCOBaBllIHe ero aKTbI H CO-
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6 3a HH.l1.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb» «HeKOTopWM <PHJIOCO CKHM npHHUHnOM,
cnoc06HbIM 06HHTb B e.lI.HHOH <popMYJIe 3aKOHbl pa3BHTHH MHpa 06-
w.eCTBeHHbIX oTHoweHHH H MHpa opra HHlleCKoro» 37.
ECJ1H .l1.JIH MHXaHJIOBCKOro Hero COBpeMeHHHKOB 3TH H.lI.eH H npH-
HIl.HnbI 6blJIH B 60JIbWeH Mepe TeopeTHlleCKHM nOHCKOM OTBeTOB Ha
Ba)KHeHllHe EonpOCbI, KOTopbIe Hepe.lI.KO Ha3bIBaJIHCb «npaKTHlleCKHM
CTHMYJIOM .lI.JIH HaweH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH», TO B YCJlOBHHX XX B. OHH
npH06peJIH HHoe 3Ha4eHHe, npeBpaTHBllIHCb B Cpe.lI.CTBO 60pb6bI npo-
THB MapKCH3Ma, HaY4HOH KOHuenLlHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI. I1MeHHo
n03TOMY HapO.lI.HHKH XX B., HeCMOTpfl Ha YKa3aHHble 06CTOHTeJIbCT-
Ba - He3aBepweHHOCTb pa60TbI, HelJeTKOCTb n03HIJ.HH, a rJIaBHOe-
onpOBep)KeHHe caMOH )KH3HbIO, - npO.lI.OJI)KaJIH TBep.lI.HTb, '-ITO YlJeHHe
MHXaHJIOBCKOro 0 «60pb6e 3a HH.l1.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb» OCTaeTCH Ba)KHeH-
llIHM TeopeTH4eCKHM ,lJ.OCTH}KeHHeM HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, H.lI.eHHOH OCHOBOH
HX npaKTHlJeCKOH .lI.eflTeJIbHOCTH B XX B. n03TOMY OHH 3a1ll.Hw.aJIH
CBOIO TeopHIO OT Ha na.lI.OK 38.
Ho HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM 6bIJI B3rJIH.lI. Ha 3TY cxeMY MH-
XaHJIOBCKOro KaK Ha l.leJIbHOe 3aKOH4eHHoe YlIeHHe, HMelOw.ee rpoMa.n.-
Hoe 3HalleHHe .lI.JIH pa3BHTHfi BceH MHpOBOH COLlHOJIOrHlleCKOH MbICJIH.
CJIe.l1.yeT, O.lI.HaKO, CKa3aTb, 4TO caM MHXaHJIOBCKHH 6bIJI BeCbMa
.lI.aJIeK OT y6e}K.lI.eHHfI, liTO HM C03.lI.aHa CTpOHHafi COUHOJIOrH4eCKaH
CHCTeMa H 4TO OH .lI.aJI OTBeT Ha Bonpoc 06 OTHoweHHflX Me)K.lI.Y JIH4HO-
CTblO H 06ll.1.eCTBoM. TaK, B CTaTbe 1903 r. «HOBbIH B3rJIH.lI. Ha npo-
HCXO)K.lI.eHHe 06I.lleCTBa» qH nHCaJI: «Bonpoc 0 B3aHMHblX OTHoweHH-
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104
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6JIeMbI, eCJIH OHO KOr.lI.a-HH6Y.lI.b H 6y.n.eT .lI.aHO, BO BCHKOM CJIY4ae, ew.e
oqeHb .n.aJIeKO OT Hac» 39.
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J1aCTH nOHCKa OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc 0 B3aHMOOTHoweHHH JIHIlHOCTH
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BonpeKH 3TOMY MHeHHIO CBoero TeopeTHKa ynopHo .lI.OKa3bIBaJIH, 4TO
MHXaHJIOBCKHH 6JIeCTHw.e CnpaBHJICH C 3TOH 3a.lI.a4eH, BbI.lI.BHHYB
H.lI.elO «0 60pb6e 3a HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOcTb», 3a.HO)KHB 3THM HK06bI OCHO-
BbI HaYIlHoH COl..lHOJIOrHH XX B.
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nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIHMH, npeTBOp5lBllIHMH B )KH3Hb 3TY KOHLlenUHIO B npaK-
THKe peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bI 40.
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3a COUHaJIbHOe OCB060:>K.lI.eHHe nO,lI.Bepr JIOCb KpHTHKe CO CTOpOHbI
H.lI.eOJIOrOB caMbIX pa3JIHlIHbIX TelleHHH 06w.eCTBeHHOH MbICJIH, BKJIIO-
lIaH H caMHX Ha pO,lI.HHKOB, nbITaBWHXCH npHcnoc06HTb KOHuenl..lHIO
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npOCOB, KacaBWHXCH oueHKH MHpOB033peHHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
B XX B. 3Ta 60pb6a oco6eHHO 3aMeTHO YCHJIHJIaCb.
B 1901 r. H. A. 5ep.lI.51eB (1874-1948), O.lI.HH H3 BH.lI.HbIX npe.lI.-
cTaBHTeJIeH «JIeraJIbHOrO MapKcH3Ma», BbInycTHJI KHHry no.lI. Ha3BaHH-
eM «Cy6'beKTHBH3M H HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIH3M B 06w.eC1'BeHHOH q,HJIOCO<PHH.
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.lI.HCJIOBHeM .lI.pyroro BH.lI.HOro npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIH 31'oro 1'elleHH5I
n. 5. CTpYBe (1870-1944). 11 XOTH B 3TOH pa601'e He 6bIJIO nOJIHOrO
H nOCJIe.lI.OBa1'eJIbHOrO HaYIlHoro aHaJIH3a HJIOCO<PCKHX OCHOB Ha-
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BeCbMa ueHHbIe Ha6JIIO.lI.eHHH, OLleHKH H 3aMellaHHH, BbI3BaBWHe 6yplO
rHeBa H HerO.lI.OBaHH5I CO CTOpOHbI caMoro H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro Hero
y6e)K.lI.e H HbIX nOCJIe.lI.O Ba 1'eJIe H.
H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH pa3pa3HJICH BeCbMa XJIeCTKOH CTaTb H
B «PYCCKOM 60raTCTBe» 41. B. M. 4epHOB ony6JIHKOBaJI, nO-BH.lI.HMO-
My, nO.lI.rOTOBJIeHHYIO paHee pa60TY «Cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO,lI. B CO-
lJ.HOJIOrHH Hero q,HJIOcoq,CKHe npe.lI.nOCbIJIKH». n03.n.Hee 31'a pa60Ta
B HeCKOJIbKO nepepa60TaHHOM BH.lI.e BOllIJIa B KHHry B. M. 4epHOBa,
105
BbIwe.n.wylO B 1907 r. 42 EIO nOJIb30BaJIC5I B. 11. J1eHHH npH pa60Te HalL
TPy.n. OM «MaTepHaJIH3M H 3MnHpHOKpHTHUH3M» 43.
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Bcex OCHOBHbIX nOJIO>KeHHH 5ep.n.51eBa H CTpYBe, BbIcTynaBllHx C KPH-
THKOH q,HJIOCO<PCKOH KOHl.lenl..lHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, HO .n.onYCTHBllHX
B 3TOH nOJIeMHKe 01lIH6KH H HeTOlJHOCTH B TpaKTOBKe MaTepHaJIH3Ma,
TeopHH n03Ha HHH.
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Be H 5ep.n.HeBbIM. 06a aBTopa YTBep)K.n.aJIH, liTO K. MapKC H <1>. 3H-
reJIbC «6bIJIH B q,HJIOCOq,CKOM OTHOllIeHHH HacToHw.HMH Ma-repHaJIH-
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H .n.p.). VI XOTH H CTPYBe H 5ep.n.HeB BbIcTynaJIH HK06bI C n03HUHH
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HX Ol..leHKH CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 0 TOM, liTO He Bee B 3TOM Y4eHHH OHI1
nOHHMaJIH H npHHHMaJIH. 11 3TO 06CT05lTeJIbCTBO He MOrJIO He npOH-
BHTbCH B HX KpHTHlJeCKOM pa360pe cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTo.n.a H Y4eHHH
MHXaHJIOBCKOro, B oueHKe oT.n.eJIbHblX 1I0JIO)KeHHH MapKcH3Ma Hera
MeTO,lI.a - .n.HaJIeKTHqeCKOrO MaTepHaJIH3Ma.
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CTpYBe, - "cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTo.n." eCTh HeJIenOCTb H 4TO erne xY)Ke,
JIO}Kb, CTpeMHw.a5lC5I nOJJ.0pBaTb caMYIO B03MO)KHOCTb n03HaHHH "lJe-
JIOBellecKoro"». Cy6'beKTHBH3MY Hapo.n.HHKOB CTPYBe cnpaBe.n. JIHBO
npoTHBonOCTaBJIHJI H.n.elO 0 pacllIHpHIOW.HXCH B03MO)KHOCTHX 4eJIOBe-
lIeCKOrO n03HaHH5I 44.
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CTBHTeJIbHO HaYIlHoro, 06'beKTHBHoro n03HaHHH, KaK no.n.IIHHeHHe
cy6'beKTHBHOMY 06'beKTHBHoro, KaK C03HaTeJlbHOe no.n.4HHeHHe HaYKH
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CTpeMHTCH K .n.OCTH}KeHHIO 06lll.e06513aTeJIbHOH HCTHHbl 0 CYlll.eM H CO-
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Ha MeCTO HCTHHbI» 45.
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lJIO YTBep}K.n.aTb B HaYKe KJIaCcoBYIO TOIlKY 3peHHH - 3TO 3Ha4HT
CTaHOBHTbC5I Ha n03Hl..lHIO CTOpOHHHKOB «cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTo.n.a».
Ynpolll.a51 MapKcHcTcKoe nOHHMaHHe KJIaCCOBOro no.n.xo.n.a, CTPYBe
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liTO «KJIaCCOBa51 T04Ka 3peHHH He eCTb KpHTepHH HCTHHbI» 46.
106
CTPYBe Cnel..lHaJIbHO OTCHaBJIHBaJIC5I Ha 3TOM BOnpOCe nOTOMY, lJTO
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meCTBOM CTOHT H na.n.aeT BMeCTe C opraHH4ecKoH TeopHeH 06-
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OTHoweHHe H K Hapo.n.HH4eCKOH COl..lHOJIOrHH, H K KPHTHKE:' ee 5ep.n.He-
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8BTOp nHCaJI: «Tenepb .n.ocTaT04Ho 51CHO, 4TO n06e.n.a OCTaJIaCb He 3a
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npoxo.n.HBllIeH B 90-e f'O.n.bl, H 6e30rOBopOLIHO npH3HaBaJI, 4TO H3 3THX
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107
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108
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<popMa COLlHaJIbHbIX Tpe60BaHHH r. MHXaHJIOBCKOro COBepweHHO HC-
lIe3aeT 3a 6HOJIOrH4eCKHMH <POPMYJI8 MH». TaKOB 6blJI BbIBO.n. 5ep.n.He-
Ba 0 rJIaBHbIX lIepTaX MHpOB033peHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, BeCbMa BepHO
OTMeTHBwero Ba)KHeHWHe MOMeHTbI, 06'beKTHBHO CBH3aHHbIe C ero
COUHaJIbHOH npHpo.n.OI1. O.n.HaKO 5ep.n.HeB He YBH.n.eJI Toro, liTO MHxaH-
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eTCH BceH HCTopHeH EBponbI XIX-XX BB., B TOM lJHCJIe H POCCHH.
50JIbWYlO lIaCTb CBoeH pa60TbI 5ep.n.HeB nOCBHTHJI KpHTH4eCKOMY
anaJIH3Y «cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTo.n.a», KOTOpbIH CTOpOHHHKH MHXaHJIOB-
CKoro 06'bHBJI5IJIH «opHrHHaJIbHbIM npo.n.YKTOM PYCCKOH MbICJIH»,
C rop.n.OCTblO 3aHBJIHH 0 cymecTBoBaHHH «PYCCKOH 3THKO-COl..lHOJIOrH-
LIeCKOH llIKOJIbI». 5ep.n.HeB cnpaBe.n.JIHBO OTMelJaJI, 4TO B nOCJIe.n.HHe
ro.n.bI «cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.n.» CTaJI npe.n.MeTOM O)KHBJIeHHOH nOJIeMHKH
Me)K.n.y npe.n.CTaBHTeJIHMH CTaporo HanpaBJIeHH5I H «HOBOH cTpyeH
MbICJIH», T. e. MapKCH3MOM 55. Cpe.n.H npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH nOCJIe.n.Hero
Bep.n.HeB Ha3bIBaJI r. B. nJIeXaHOBa, ynpeKaH ero B «H3JIHWHeH OpTO-
.n.OKCaJIbHOCTH», KOTopaH 51K06bI «nOMeWaJIa 3TOMY TaJIaHTJIHBOMY
n.HCaTeJIIO OKOH1.faTeJIbHO CBeCTH TeOpeTHlJeCKHe C4eTbI C «cy6'beKTHBH-
CTaMH».
109
OTMeTHB, lJTO MHXaHJIOBCKHH HBJIHeTCH «CaMbIM TaJIaHTJIHBblM
CTOpOHHI1KOM cy6'beKTHBHOrO MeTO,lI.a» H rJIaBHbIM ero TBOPl(OM,
5ep,lI.HeB npaBHJIbHO KOHCTaTHpOBaJI, lJTO «6bIJIO 6bI COBepweHHO
HanpaCHblM TPY,lI.OM I1CKaTb Y r. MHXaHJIOBCKOro CKOJIbKO-HH6y.n.b
CTpororo onpe,lI.eJIeHHH 3Toro opHrHHaJIbHOrO MeTO,lI.a. ,[{JIH HaC OlJe-
BH,lI.HO, lJTO caMOMY r. MHXaHJIOBCKOMY xapaKTep 3Toro MeTO,lI.a
6blJI ,lI.aJIeKO He BIlOJIHe HceH: ero B3r JIH,lI.bl OlJeHb c6HBlJHBbl».
f JIaBHblH nopOK «cy6'beKTHBI13Ma» MHpOB033peHHH MHXaHJIOB-
CKoro oep,lI.HeB YCMaTpHBaJI B CTpeMJIeHHH C03,lI.aTb «CHCTeMY npaB-
,lI.bI - npaB,lI.a-HCTHHa H npaBJI.a-CnpaBe,lI.JIHBOCTb». CaM oep.n.HeB
ClJHTaJI, lJTO oWH6Ka MHXaHJIOBCKOro He B TOM, lJTO 3Ta np06JIe a
<POPMYJIHpOBaJIaCb HenpaBHJIbHO, a B TOM, lJTO 3Ta «npeKpaCHeH-
waH 3a.n.alJa» 6blJIa HenOCHJIbHa ,lI.JIH MHXaHJIOBCKoro. 3TOMY, no
MHeHHIO oep,lI.HeBa, He cnoc06CTBOBaJIa 06w.eCTBeHHaH 06CTaHOBKa
H «,lI.aBaJI ce6H lJYBCTBOBaTb He,lI.OCTaTOK <PHJIOCO<PCKOH 3PY,lI.HUHH
H <PHJIOCO<PCKOH r JIy6HHbl MbICJIH».
CaMa n03HUHH, C KOTOpOH oep,lI.HeB nbITaJICH pa306paTbCH
B <PHJIOCO<PHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, 6bIJIa BeCbMa HenOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHa.
OH ClJHTaJI, lJTO «npaBHJIbHO peWHTb 3TY BeJIHKYIO np06JIeMY MOIK-
HO TOJIbKO Ha 06w.eH nOlJBe KaHTOBCKoro <PHJIOco<pCKoro Ii Map-
KCOBCKoro COUHaJIbHOrO MOHH3Ma» 56. n03TOMY ,lI.aTb BceCTopOHHeH
KPHTHKH B033peHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro oep,lI.HeB He Mor, XOTH H BbI-
CKa3aJI pH,lI. cepbe3HWX 3aMelJaHHH B a,lI.pec H,lI.eOJIOra Hapo.n.HHlJe-
CTBa H C03,lI.aHHOrO HM «cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO,lI.a». TaK, rOBopH 06
OTHoweHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro K cy6'beKTHBHoMY H 06'beKTHBHoMY,
oep.n.HeB CnpaBe,lI.JIHBO OTMelJa , lJTO MI1XaHJIOBCKHH HHr,lI.e He ,lI.aeT
aHaJIH3a nOHHTHH cy6'beKTHBHoro H 06'beKTHBHoro, n03TOMY ero
TOlJKa 3peHHH OCTaeTCH HaHBHOH, HeKpHTHlJeCKOH; OH I1rHopHpyeT
«TY ,lI.HCUHnJIHHY MbICJIH, KOTopaH O,lI.Ha TOJIbKO H MO)KeT HCCJIe,lI.O-
BaTb 06'beKTHBH3M H cy6'beKTHBH3M B n03HaHHH... cy6'beKTHBHWH
MeTO,lI. r. MHXaHJIOBCKOro nOKOHTCH npe)K,lI.e Bcero Ha rHOCeOJIO-
rHlJeCKOH nYTaHHue, Ha rpy60M CMellleHHH JIOrHlJeCKOrO H nCHXO-
JI 0 r Ii lJ e C KO ro » .
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C TOlJKH 3peHHH <PHJIOCO<PHH KaHTa. n03TOMY H MHXaHJIOBCKOro OH
KpHTHKyeT C n03H HH npH3HaHHH OCHOBHbIM npH3HaKOM 06'beKTHBHOH
HCTHHbl ee «06lll.e06H3aTeJIbHOCTb», T. e. 06w.enpH3HaHHOCTb. OTBep-
raH H,lI.eH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, oep,lI.HeB nbITaJICH BbI,lI.BHHYTb OCHOBHbIM
KpHTepHeM HCTHHbI COUHaJIbHYIO npaKTHKY, O,lI.HaKO nOKa3aTb HaYlJ-
HYIO HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb Bcex paCCY)K.n.eHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro «0 npaB-
,lI.e-HCTHHe» He CMor. «MHXaHJIOBCKHH, - YTBep)K,lI.aJI oep,lI.HeB,-
npoweJI MHMO KpHTepHH HCTHHbI, CMewaB rHOCeOJIOrHlJeCKYIO npo-
6JIeMY, OTbIcKHBalOw.ylO JIOrHlJeCKHH KpHTepHH HCTHHbI, C np06JIeMOH
nCHXOJIOrHlJeCKOH H COUHOJIOrHlJeCKOH, OTbICKHBalOlll.eH Te YCJIOBHH
(nCHXHlJeCKHe H COUHaJIbHbIe), npH KOTOpblX HCTHHa p0)K,lI.aeTCH ,lI.JIH
lJeJIOBeKa» 57. ,[{JIH caMoro oep,lI.HeBa rJIaBHOe - JIOrHlJeCKHH KpHTe-
PHH HCTHHbi. C 3THX n03HUHH OH OTBepraJI «nCHXOJIOrHlJeCKHH cy6'beK-
THBH3M» MHXaHJIOBCKOro, ,lI.OnycKaJI pH,lI. rpy6bIx H He060cHOBaHHblx
Bwna oB npOTHB MaTepHaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO nOHHMaHHH HCTOpHH, ynpe-
110
KaH ero CTOpOHHHKOB B OTCYTCTBHH KpHTepHH HCTHHW B TeopHH no-
3HaHHH.
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CTBeHHOH oueHKe COUHaJIbHbIX HBJIeHHH, 0 «HpaBCTBeHHOM H,lI.eaJIe»,
o pOJIH JIHlJHOCTH B HCTOpHH, 06 HCTopHllecKoM nporpecce. H XOTH no
BceM 3THM BonpocaM MapKcHcTbl POCCHH f. B. nJIeXaHOB, H. E. <Pe-
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nOKa3a B TeOpeTHlJecKYIO HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb H,lI.eOJIOrOB Ha p0,lI.HHlJeCT-
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oueHKH HOCHJIH BeCbMa peaJIHCTHlJeCKHH H ,lI.OCTaTOlJHO 060cHoBaHHblH
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CKoro oep.n.HeB npoTHBonOCTaBJIHJI KJIaCCOBWH no,lI.Xo.n. K HBJIeHHHM
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ClJHTaeM TeOpeTHlJeCKOH HJIJII03HeH, <pHrOBbIM JIHCTOM, KOTOpbIM CJIHW-
KOM lJaCTO npHKpbIBaeTCH "cy6'beKTHBH3M" caMoro HH3MeHHoro CO-
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,lI.OCTH)KeHHH OCHOBaTeJIeH MaTepHaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO 06'bHCHeHHH HCTO-
pHH, YKa3aBlllHX npaBHJIbHbIH nYTb K peweHHIO Bonpoca 0 COOTHowe-
HHH cy6'beKTHBHoro H 06'beKTHBHoro B COUHOJIOrHH, B n03HaHHH
HBJIeHHH 06w.eCTBeHHOH )KH3HH. «nCHXOJIOrHH (cy6'beKTHBH3M),-
nHCaJI OH, - BCHKoro nporpeCCHBHoro 06w.eCTBeHHoro KJIaCCa co-
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HOM CMbICJIe) OTHoweHHH K HBJIeHHHM. l1,lI.eoJIoraM nporpeCCHBHoro
KJIaCCa HelJerO 60HTbCH, OHH MorYT npHMO CMOTpeTb B rJIa3a HCTHHe,
nOTOMY lJTO HX COlO3HHKOM HBJIHeTCH HCTOpHlJeCKHH npouecc». Ha
OCHOBe 3THX ,lI.OBO,lI.OB npOTHB MHXaHJIOBCKOro oep.n.HeB ,lI.eJIaJI BbIBO,lI.:
«BbICWHH npO,lI.YKT 06'beKTHBH3Ma - HaY4HbIH nporH03 6Y,lI.yw.ero,
a cy6'beKTHBH3Ma - H,lI.eaJI 6Y,lI.yw.ero». H 'XOTH Bee 3TH YTBep)K,lI.eHHH
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o npaBHJIaX MblWJIeHHH H ,lI.p.) 9, B YCJIOBHHX HallaJIa XX B. nO,lI.06Hble
BwcTynJIeHHH cnoc06CTBOBaJIH pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO KJIaCCOBOH TOlJKH
3peHHH Ha np06JIeMbI 06w.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, OCJIa6JIHH BJIHHHHe
HapO,lI.HHlJeCTBa Ha C03HaHHe pa3JIH4HWX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH.
BbIcTynJIeHHe oep,lI.HeBa npOTHB MHXaHJIOBCKOro CBH,lI.eTeJIbCTBO-
BaJIO 0 TOM, lJTO BpeMeHHblH COlO3 C JIeraJIbHblMH MapKCHCTaMH, Ha
KOTOpbIH nOlllJIa peBOJIIOUHOHHaH COUHaJI-,lI.eMOKpaTHH POCCHH, cno-
C06CTBOBaJI ,lI.OCTH)KeHHIO, KaK nHCaJI B. H. JleHHH, «nopa3HTeJIbHO
6bICTpOH n06e,lI.bI Ha,lI. Ha pO,lI.HHlJeCTBOM H rpOMa,lI.HOMY pacnpOCTpa He-
HHIO BWHpb H,lI.eH MapKCH3Ma (XOTH H B BYJIbrapH3HpOBaHHOM BH-
,lI.e)>> 60. BMeCTe C TeM JIeHHHCKHe oueHKH JIeraJIbHOrO MapKCH3Ma
Hero Ba)KHeHWHX npe,lI.CTaBHTeJIeH (HanpHMep, CTpYBe B pa60Te
«3KOHOMHlJeCKOe cO,lI.ep)KaHHe HapO,lI.HHlJeCTBa H KpHTHKa ero B KHHre
r. CTpYBe») nOMoralOT YBH,lI.eTb Te npHeMbI, C nOMow.blO KOTOpblX
JIeraJIbHble MapKcHcTbI 60pOJIHCb C HapO,lI.HHlJeCTBOM, HX OrpaHHlJeH-
111
HOCTb H HenOCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbHOCTb, CBH3aHHYlO C COUHaJIbHOH npHpO,lI.OH
3TOrO H.n.eHHOrO TelJeHHH 61.
nepBbIM Ha KHHry Bep,lI.HeBa npOpearHpOBaJI CaM MHXaHJIOBCKHH,
BbIcTynHB B )KypHaJIe «PYCCKOe 60raTCTBO» C 60JIbWOH cTaTbei1
«0 KHHre r. 5ep,lI.HeBa C npe,lI.HCJIOBHeM r-Ha CTPYBe H 0 ce6e CaMOM».
OTMeTHB, lJTO B IIOCJIeJI.Hee BpeMH ero TPY,lI.bl «6bIJIH npe.n.MeTOM
YCHJIeHHOrO BHHMaHHH KpHTHKH», MHXaHJIOBCKHH Ha3BaJI KHHry Bep-
,lI.HeBa «HaH60JIee 3HalJHTeJIbHOH no pa3Mepy H HaH60JIee HHTepeCHOH
no CO,lI.ep)KaHHIO».
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JIeHHHM 06w.eCTBeHHOH <PHJIOCO<PHH, HO npOH3Be,lI.eHHH Halllero CO-
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CKoro - 6JIeCTHlll.erO H TaJIaHTJIHBOrO ny6JIHLlHCTa, lJYTKO OTpa-
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3HaHHH, MHXaHJIOBCKHH OTMelJaJI, lJTO BepJI.HeB lJHTaJI KpHTHKyeMble
HM npOH3Be,lI.eHHH «BHHMaTeJIbHO H .n.06pOCOBeCTHO», lJTO pa360p
B3rJIH,lI.OB Oep,lI.HeB npOBO,lI.HT C n03HUHH MapKcH3Ma. 3TO 3aHBJIeHHe
MHXaHJIOBCKOro 6bIJIO .n.OBOJIbHO THnHqHbIM ,lI.JIH cnopoB no.n.06Horo
pO,lI.a.
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,lI.ep)Ka HHIO» 63.
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TeopeTHK, He HMeBWHH TBep,lI.bIX H nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHbIX y6e)K,lI.eHHH HH
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H xapaKTep OTBeTOB MHXaHJIOBCKOro Ha KPHTHKY H ynpeKH oepJI.HeBa
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THBHoro MeTO,lI.a» H Bcex Tex BonpOCOB, KOTopbIe nbITaJICH nOCTaBHTb
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112
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B COUHOJIOrHH, npe.n.JIO)KeHHOMY n. JIaBpoBbIM H H. MHXaHJIOBCKHM.
BonpeKH <paKTaM lJepHoB 3aHBJIHJI, lJTO MapKCHCTbI He .n.aJIH «cepbe3-
HOH KRHTHKH» cy6'beKTHBH3Ma, oxapaKTepH30BaB HX BwcTynJIeHHH
KaK «nOJIeMHlIeCKHe WnHJIbKH» H «6YJIaBOlJHbIe YKOJIbI». Ha3BaB BbI-
cTynJIeHHe oep,lI.HeBa nepBOH nonbITKOH KpHTHlJeCKOrO paCCMOTpeHHH
cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO,lI.a, 4epHOB ynpeKaJI ero B TOM, lJTO OH «He Bcer-
.n.a BepHO nOHHMaeT Tpe60BaHHH cy6'beKTHBOro MeTo)].a» 66. H XOTH
K KpHTHKe cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO,lI.a MapKCHCTbI He pa3 06palll.aJIHCb
ew.e B XIX B. (K. MapKc, <1>. 3HreJIbC, f. B. nJIeXaHOB, a 3aTeM
B. 11. J1eHHH B pa60Te «4TO TaKoe ",lI.PY3bH HapO,lI.a" H KaK OHH BOIOIOT
npoTHB COUHaJI-,lI.eMOKpaToB?»), TeM He MeHee 4epHOB, HrHopHpYH 3TH
BceM H3BeCTHbIe, B TOM lJHCJIe H HapO)].HHKaM, <paKTbI 67 , YTBep)K)].aJI,
liTO KHHra Bep,lI.HeBa - 3TO nepBaH nonbITKa cepbe3Horo aHaJIH3a
cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO,lI.a. CJIe.n.yeT OTMeTHTb, lITO 4epHOB ynpeKaJI
MHXaHJIOBCKOro 3a TO, lJTO TOT HH pa3Y He 06palll.aJICH K CHCTeMaTH-
3a UHH CBOHX H,lI.eH, He ,lI.aJI «<PHJIOCO<PCKO-COLlHOJIOrHlJeCKHX B033peHHH
B O.n.HOM CBH3HOM H 3aKOHlJeHHOM OlJepKe». n03TOMY caM 4epHOB
HaMepeBaJICH B 3TOH cepHH CTaTeH ,lI.aTb KpaTKHH H CHCTeMaTH3Hpo-
BaHHbIH OlJepK TOH CHCTeMbI B033peHHH, npOTHB KOTOpOH HanpaBJIeHa
KHHra Bep)].HeBa.
[JIaBHOe B TBOplJeCTBe MHXaHJIOBCKOro 4epHOB YCMaTpHBaJI B CO-
3,lI.aHHH «e.n.HHOH H ueJIOCTHOH CHCTeMbI npaB,lI.bI» THna ,lI.peBHeH peJIH-
rHH. OHa )].OJI)KHa, no CJIOB8M 4epHOBa, OTBellaTb «pa30M Ha Bee
CTPYHbl lIeJIOBelJeCKOrO cep.n.ua. .. TeOpeTHlJeCKHM H npaKTHlJeCKHM,
HaUHOHaJIbHbIM H ceMeHHbIM, 3CTeTHlJeCKHM J1 3THlJeCKHM». npH 3TOM
4epHOB C4HTaJI, lJTO B 06w.eM l1,lI.eHHOM 6ara)Ke COBpeM:eHHOrO lJeJIOBe-
Ka )].OJI)KHO 6bITb HeKoTopoe «CBHTaH CBHTbIX», K lJeMY CJIe.n.yeT OTHO-
CHTbCH C «peJIHrH03HOH npe,lI.aHHOCTblO H BOKpyr KOToporo, KaK BO-
Kpyr CBoero eCTeCTBeHHoro ueHTpa, ,lI.OJI)KHbI rpynnHpoBaTbcH B H3-
8 r 11. AJ1eKCeeBC!
113
seCTHOM paUHOHaJIbHOM nopH.n.Ke Bee ero meJJaHHH, CTpeMJIeHHH
H nOMbICJIbl» 68.
fIo.lI.06Hb1M no.n.xo.n.OM K HaYlJHOH TeopHH KaK K Bepe, CJIenOH
npe.n.aHHocTbIO «CHMBOJIY BepbI» OTJ1HlJaJIHCb Ii .n.PyrHe H,lI.eOJIOfH
HapO,lI.HHlIeCTBa XX B., .n.eMOHCTpHPYH HenOHHMaHHe BamHOCTH
nO,lI.JIHHHO HaYlJHOH TeopHH H OCHOBaHHOH Ha HeH y6em,lI.eHHOCTH
B BepHOCTH H36paHHoro nYTH H CpeJI.CTB peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bl
3a COUHaJIbHOe oCB060m,lI.eHHe TPYJI.5II.l.lHXCH. B. H. JleHHH no.n.o-
6Hoe OTHoweHHe K TeopHH ClJHTaJI O,lI.HOH H3 lJepT MeJIK06YP)Kya3-
HOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOCTH.
K TeOpeTHlJeCKHM nOCTpoeHHHM MHXaHJIOSCKOro 4epHOB, KaK
H ,lI.pyrHe Ha pO.n.HHKH XX B., OTHOCHJICH He npOCTO C 60JIbWHM no-
lJTeHHeM. B 3TOM YlJeHHI1 eMY BH,lI.eJIOCb He4TO BeJIHKOe H BbIJJ.alOlll.eeCH,
He 3HalOw.ee ce6e paBHoro, XOTH onpe.n.eJIHTb KOHKpeTHo H lJeTKO, B qeM
COCTOHT BeJIHlJHe MHXaHJIOBCKOro KaK TeopeTHKa, OH He Mor. OTBeT Ha
3TOT Bonpoc 4epHOB no.n.Mel:lHJI CJIOBaMH 0 TOM, lJTO 3TO «opHrHHaJIb-
HaH KOHuenUHH; B KOTOpOH TeopHH lJeJIOBelJeCKOrO n03HaHHH H TeopHH
60pb6bI 3a cyw.eCTBOBaHHe, 3BOJIIOUHH H no.n.60pa npHBOJI.HTCH Mem.n.y
C060H B caMYIO TeCHYIO CBH3b», lJTO MHXaHJIOBCKHH HBJIHeTCH «Teope-
THlJeCKHM 3HaMeHocueM onpe,lI.eJIeHHOrO npaKTHqeCKOrO 06w.eCTBeHHO-
ro TelJeHHH» 69. C n03HUHH 3THX KpaHHe a6CTpaKTHbIX, OTopBaHHbIX OT
)KH3HH, qHCTO YM03aKJIIOlJHTeJIbHbIX CY)KJI.eHHH 06pYWHBaJICH 4epHOB
Ha YlJeHHe K. MapKca H <1>. 3HreJIbca. [JIaBHaH OIllH6Ka MaTepH3JIH3-
Ma BH,lI.eJIaCb 4epHOBY B TOM, lJTO, «He 3aMelJaH cy6'beKTHBHoro 3JIe-
MeHTa y)Ke B caMOM qeJIOBeqeCKOM n03HaHHH, MaTepHaJIHCTbI BbI-
pblBalOT nponaCTb Me)J(.n.y TeopHeH H npaKTHKOH» 70. CJIe.n.yeT CKa3aTb,
lJTO BCIO 3al.l.lHTY cy6'beKTHBHoro H.n.eaJIH3Ma H cy6'beKTHSHoro MeTo.n.a
Ha pO,lI.HHKH XX B. CTpOHJIH Ha 06BHHeHHHX B a,lI.pec MaTepHaJIHCTHlJe-
CKOH TeopHH 71 H Ha aprYMeHTax, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIX H3 3a na .n. H oeBpo-
neHCKOH peaKUHOHHOI1 cpHJIOCO<PHH H COUHOJIOrHH. B TO )Ke BpeMH pHll
H3BeCTHbIX nOJIO)KeHHH MaTepHa,J1HCTH4eCKOH <PHJIOCO<PHH 3aHMCTBO-
BaJIHCb H 3aTeM HCTOJIKOBbIBaJIHCb B BbIrO,lI.HOM .n.JIH HHX CBeTe. TaK,
H3BeCTHbIH Te3HC K. MapKca 0 TOM, lJTO «<PHJJOCO<PbI JIHWb pa3JIHlIHbIM
06pa30M 067JflCHflAU MHp, HO ,lI.eJIO 3aKJIIOlJaeTCH B TOM, lJT06bl U3Me-
HUTb ero», tlepHoB KOMMeHTHpOBaJI B .n.yxe YlJeHHH MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
OH YTBep)K,lI.aJI, lJTO S 3TOM Te3Hce CJIe.n.yeT BH.n.eTb «06'be.n.HHeHHe
npaB,lI.bl-HCTHHbl H npaB.n.bl-cnpase.n.JIHBOCTH» 72. TaKHM 06pa30M, 4ep-
HOB Hepe.n.KO HCnOJIb30BaJI H.n.eH K. Ma pKca H <1>. 3HreJIbCa .n.JIH 3a-
ll.lHTbl H onpaB.n.aHHH MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
,[{JIH 060CHOBaHHH cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTOJI.a 4epHOB 06paw.aJICH
K KpynHeHwHM npeJI.CTaBHTeJIHM cy6'be THBHOH <PHJIOCO<PHH 3ana-
JI.a - 3. Maxy, P. ABeHapHYcy, f. 3HMMeJIIO, A. PHJIIO, E. ,[{lOpHHry
H JI.pyrHM, nOJI.06HbIM HM TeopeTHKa M. MHXaHJIOBCKHH, JI.OKa3bIBaJI OH,
«XOlJeT Toro )Ke, lJTO H ABeHapHYC. OH TaJ()Ke CTpeMliTCH COlJeTaTb
CBOHCTBeHHWH n03HTHBH3MY 3MnHpH3M C KpHTHlJeCKOH <PHJIOco<pHeH,
KaK ero Ha.n.e)KHeHWeH onopOH H <pYH,lI.aMeHTOM». 4epHOB ynopHo
3aw.Hw.aJI B3rJIH,lI.bI ,naBpOBa H MHXaHJIOBCKOro no Bonpocy 0 TOM,
IlTO «Bce HalllH 3HaHHH cy6'beKTHBHbl», «cy6'beKTHBHbI Bee HaWH
nOHHTHH, Bee HaWH HCTHHbl» 73.
114
OTMellaH CXO,lI.CTBO B3r JIHJI.OB HeMeUKOrO <PHJIOCO<pa -HJI.eaJIHCTa
r. 3HMMeJIH H MHXaHJ10BCKOrO Ha BOnpOC HCTHHHOCTH npe)].CTaBJIe-
HHH, 4epHOB C rOp,lI.OCTblO nHCaJI, lITO MHXaHJIOBCKHH Onepe.n.HJI ero Ha
20 JIeT. B ,lI.pyroM MeCTe YepHoB C BOCToprOM OTMelJaJI «pa3HTeJIbHOe
CXO.n.CTBO» CPOPMYJIHpOBOK MHXaHJIOBCKOro H 3. Maxa, nOJI.lJepKHBaH
«npHopHTeT» nepBoro no pH.n.y Ba)KHeHWHX BonpOCOB TeopHH no-
3HaHHH. B KOHelIHOM HTore YepHoB y6e.n.HTeJIbHO ,lI.OKa3WBaJI a6co-
JIIOTHOe TO)K,lI.eCTBO 3MnHpHoKpHTHUH3Ma ABeHapHyca C <PHJIOco<pHeH
MHXaHJIOBCKoro. OJI.HaKO C OC06blM ynopcTBOM lJepe3 Bee CBOH CTaTbH
3Toro UHKJIa lIepHoB npOBO,lI.HJI HJI.elO 0 TOM, lJTO Ba)KHeHWHe nOJIO)Ke-
HHH cy6'beKTHBHoro H,lI.eaJIH3Ma MHXaHJIOBCKHH 060CHOBaJI 3a.n.OJIf'0
.n.o nOHBJIeHHH 3THX H.n.eH B EBpone 74.
CJIe.n.yeT CKa3aTb, lJTO npHeMbl, HCnOJIb3yeMble YepHOBblM .n.JIH
3a IIlHTbI Ha po.n.HHlJeCKoro YlJeHHH, JI.OBOJIbHO npHMHTHBHbI: nepe.n.eprH-
BaHHe <paKTOB H H3Bpalll.eHHe MbICJIeH aBTopa, YMaJIlJHBaHHC OT.n.eJIb-
HbIX, HeBblro.n.HbIX HapO,lI.HHKaM nOJIO)KeHHH H T. n. .. rJIaBHOe - BO
lJTO 6bl TO HH CTaJIO .n.OKa3aTb Te3HC 0 TOM, lJTO Bce Y4eHHe MHXaHJIOB-
CKoro CTOHT HK06bl Ha ypOBHe eBponeHCKOH HaYKH XIX B. H no cBoeH
<pYH.n.aMeHTaJIbHOCTH, rJIy6HHe H BepHOCTH He YCTynaeT JIYlJWHM 06-
pa3uaM <PHJIOCOcpCKOH MbICJIH, BKJIlOlJaH H MapKcH3M. '[aK H.n.eOJIOrH
MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HI1 «3a ilLH w.aJI H») <PHJIOco<pCKHe OCHOBbl Ha pO.n.HHlJe-
CTBa, cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.n. B COUHOJIOrHH, po.n.OHalJaJIbHHKaMH KOTO-
poro qHH C4HTaJIH n. ,naBpOBa H H. MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
HeMaJIO pa60T 0 MHXaHJ10BCKOM nOHBHJIOCb B 1904-
'1905 rr. B CBH3H C ero KOHIIHHOH, lITO cnoc06CTBOBaJIO O)KHBJIeHHIO
Cpe,lI.H HapOJI.HHKOB, nonYJIHpH3HpOBaBlllHX YlJeHHe MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
«3HalleHHe H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro .n.JIH PYCCKOH MbICJIH, JI.JIH PYC-
CKoro C03HaHHH, - nHCaJI B 1904 r. H,lI.eOJIOr JIeBbIX 3cepoB I1BaHoB-
Pa3YMHHK, - HaCTOJIbKO BeJIHKO, lITO e.n.Ba JII1 OHO BblHCHHTCH B CKO-
pOM BpeMeHH BO Bcex CBOHX nOJI.p06HOCTHX». KaK H .n.pyrHe Hapo.n.HH-
KH XX B., I1BaHoB-Pa3YMHHK BH.n.eJI rJIaBHOe B ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH
MHXaHJIOBCKOro B TOM, lITO OH pa60TaJI «nOlJTH nOJIBeKa Ha TH)KeJIOM,
XOTH H CJlaBHOM nocTY», ropeJI «)KrYlleii HeHaBHCTblO K J1)KH, HaCHJIHIO
H 06MaHY», BepHJI «B TOp)KeCTBO H,lI.eaJIOB - npaB.n.bI-HCTHHbI H npaB-
,lI.bI -en pa Be.n.JI H BOCTH».
no MHeHHIO I1BaHoBa-Pa3YMHHKa, MHXaHJIOBCKHH KaK H,lI.eOJIOr
<POpMHpOBaJiCH no,lI. BJIHHHl1eM llleCTH,lleCHTHHKOB, H B nepBYIO OlJepeJlb
nHcapeBa 75, BbIHJI.H Ha caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIH nYTb, MHXaHJIOBCKHH CO-
3JI.aJI «ueJIbHOe H CTpOHHoe MHpOB033peHHe; OH CTaJI BO rJIaBe PYCCKOH
MbICJIH, OH cJI.eJIaJICH npH3HaHHbIM BO)K,lI.eM PYCCKOH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH
ceMH.n.eCHTbIX rO,lI.OB». TaKHM 06pa30M I1BaHoB-Pa3YMHHK BHOBb nbI-
TaJICH 060CHOBaTb OpraHHlJeCKYIO CBH3b lV\HxaHJIOBCKOro Hero Teope-
THlJeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTI1 C weCTH.n.eCHTHHKaMH, Tor.n.a KaK HMeHHO
B 06JIaCTH TeopHH MHXaHJIOBCKHH c.n.eJIaJI war Ha3aJI. no cpaBHeHHIO
C peBOJIIOUHOHHbIMH .n.eMOKpaTaMH 60-x rO,lI.OB.
fJIaBHbIM B MHpOB033peHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro P. B. HBaHOB-Pa3YM-
HHK ClJHTaJI 06'be,lI.HHeHHe 60pb6bI 3a OCB0(0)K,lI.eHHe «peaJIbHOH JIHlI-
HOCTI1 H Bcero Hapo.n.a». OTCIO.n.a HceH nepexo.n. K H3HW.HOH H CTpOHHOH
TeopHH «60Pb6bI 3a HH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJIbHOCTb». no MHeHHIO aBTopa, 3TOT
8'"
115
3aKOH «60Pb6bI 3a HH.LlHBH.n.yaJlbHOCTb» MHXaHJIOBCKHH ClJHTaJl
«TeOpHeH, 06HHMalOw.eH e.n.HHbIM npHHl..lHnOM BeCb MHp»; a 60pb6y
peaJIbHOH JIHlJHOCTH C 06ll1.eCTBOM - O.LlHHM H3 «lJaCTHbIX CJIYlJaeB
60pb6bl 3a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb». Pa3'bHCHHH 3TY BeCbMa HCKYC-
CTBeHHYIO H .n.aJIeKYIO OT peaJIbHOH )KH3HH q,OPMYJIY MHXaHJIOB-
CKoro, HBaHOB-Pa3YMHHK YCMaTpHBa.n B HeH peweHHe rJIaBHOH
np06JIeMbI - JIHlJHOCTH H 06w.eCTBa. «llaJIbHeHWee ycneluHoe pa3-
BHTHe TeopHH 60pb6w 3a HH.n.HBH.LlyaJIbHOCTb» BH,lI.e OCb HBaHOBY-
Pa3YMHHKY B cy6'beKTHBHOM MeTo.n.e B COLlHOJIOrHH, B «TeopHH
o CTeneHHX H THnax pa3BHTHH» 76. H XOT5I HBaHOB-Pa3YlVlHHK He
CTaBHJI CBoeH ueJIblO cnopHTb C KpHTHKaMH 3TOH TeopHH MHxaH-
JIOBCKOro (M. 1\1\. cD!1JIHnnOB, n. CTpYBe, H. 5ep.LlfIeB), TeM He Me-
Hee OH nblTaJICH onpOBeprHYTb H3BeCTHblH cpaKT, lJTO B 90-e rO,lI.bl
n06e.n.a B cnope OCTaJIaCb He.3a N\HxaHnoBcKHM. HBaHoB-Pa3YM-
HHK npl13HaBaJI, lJTO MHXaHJIOBCKHH OTKa3aJICH OT pH.n.a nOJIO)Ke-
HHH CBoero YlJeHHH, OT H.TIJII03HH, lJTO «POCCHH nOH.n.eT CBOlfM, OCO-
6blM 3KOHOMHlJeCKHM nYTeM», Ii J],p.
CJIe.LlyeT CKa3aTb, lJTO aBTopbl pa60T 0 MHXaHJIOBCKOM H3 Ha-
p01I.HHlJeCKOrO JIarepH Hepe.LlKO nOJIb30BaJIHCb H TaKHM npHeMOM, KaK
CCbI.J1Ka Ha BbICKa3bIBa HHH HeKOTopbIX ceMH.n.eCHTHHKOB, KOTopbIe
CKJIOHHbl 6bIJIH BH,lI.eTb B MHXaH:JIOBCKOM He npOCTO noc.TIe)].OBaTeJIH
rIHcapeBa, a npeeMHHKa ueJIoro <PHJIOco<pcKoro HanpaBJIeHHH BO
rJ1aBe C ,[{06POJII060BbIM H nHcapeBbIM. H3JIaraH MbICJIH N\HxaHJIOB-
CKoro 0 «60pb6e 3a HH.LlHBH.LlyanbHocTb» KaK rJIaBHOM co ep*aHI1H
HCTOpHlJeCKOrO nporpecca, <popMax KoonepaLlHH, KOJIOCOB, KaK H .n.py-
rHe Hapo.n.HI1KH, nbITaJICH .n.OKa3aTb, lJTO 3TH H)].eH HBJI5IIOTCH apry-
MeHTOM B nOJIb3Y MHeHHH, liTO HX aBTOp 6bIJI ,lI.OCTOHHbIM npeeMHHKOM
«BeJIHKOrO pYCCKoro YlJHTeJIH H KpHTHKa H. f. 4epHbIllleBCKoro,
B3r JIH.n.bI KOToporo OH BOCnpHHHJI H nOCJIe)].OBaTeJIbHO pa3BHJI HX
.n.aJIbwe» 77. PaCCY)K)].eHHHMH no.n.06Horo THna Hapo.n. HHKH nbITaJIHCb
npHnHcaTb MHXaHJIOBCKOMY 3aCJIyrH, KOTOpbIX y Hero He 6bIJIO. TOT
)Ke KOJIOCOB YTBep)K.n.aJI, LITO H,lI.eeH «60Pb6bI 3a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb»
H npHHUHnOM «COLlHaJIbHOH 60Pb6bI» N\HxaHJIOBCKHH O.n.HH H3 nepBbIX
YTBep)K.n.aJI B POCCHH KJIaCCOBYIO 60pb6y 78. XOTH caM MHXaHJIOBCKHH
Heo.n.HOKpaTHO BwcTynaJI npOTHBHHKOM KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6w H B Teo-
pHH, H B peaJIbHOH .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH.
CTpeMJIeHHe H306pa3HTb MHXaHJIOBCKOro 60JIee peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM,
LleM OH 6bIJI B ,lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, CTaJIO O.n.HOH H3 Ba)KHeHWHX LlepT
Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOH HCTopHorpa<pHH HalJaJIa BeKa. eJIaH 06'be)].HHHTb
Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBO XX B. no.n. 3HaMeHeM YlJeHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, H.n.eo-
JIOrH 3Toro HanpaBJIeHHH BCHlJeCKH npeYBeJIHlJHBaJIH 3HalJeHHe Teope-
THlJeCKOrO HaCJIe.n.HH MHXaHJIOBCKoro. «TeopHH N\HxaHJIOBCKOro,--
nHCaJI HBaHOB-Pa3YMHHK, - pa36pocaHa KJIOlJKaMH Ha npOTH)KeHHH
500 nelJaTHbIX JIHCTOB (TaKoe 60JIbWOe HaCJIe)].He OCTaBHJI HaM N\H-
XaHJIOBCKHH!), HO TeM He MeHee 3Ta TeopHH UeJIbHaH, 3aMelJaTeJIbHO
BbI,lI.ep)KaHH3H; 3TO Wl1pOKOe MHpOB033peHHe, LleHHOCTb KOToporo He
nO,lI.JIe)KHT COMHeHHIO». HBaHOB-Pa3YMHHK y6e)K)].aJI lJHTaTeJIH «B rap-
MOHHlJHOCTH 3Toro MHpOBoro MHpOB033peHHH... OHO CTpOHTCH Ha
,lI.Bye.LlHHOM KpHTepHH 6JIara peaJIbHOH JIHlJHOCTH H 6JIara TPY.LlHLUHXCH
116
KJIaCCOB - Bce CBH3aHO C 3THMI1 Hepa3pbIBHO-CIlJIeTaIOIllHMHCH HH-
THMH» 79.
B 1905 r. K ro.n.OBIllHHe cMepTH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro «PyccKoe
60raTCTBO» ony6JIHKOBaJIO pH,lI. CTa1'eH C Ol..leHKOH ero pOJIH l<aK MbIC-
JIHTeJIH H nOJIHTH4eCKoro J.leHTeJIH. nepBoH 6bIJIa CTaTbH BeCbMa
nonYJIHpHOrO aBTopa, BHJ.lHOrO J.leHTeJIH napTHH 3cepoB H. KY,lI.pHHa
(H. C. PycaHoB). Ha3bIBaH MHXaHJIOBCKOro «O,lI.HHM H3 BeJIl1lJaHWHX
CWHOB nope opMeHHoH POCCHH», no.n.lJepKHBaH rpoMa.n.Hwe 3BCJIyrH
HXaHJIOBCKOro BO Bcex 06JIaCTHX .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH, KY,lI.pHH OTMelJaJI,
lJTO Bce ero TPY,lI.bl CBH3aHbl O.n.HOH H,lI.eeH - «KYJIbTOM lJeJIOBelJeCKOH
JIHlJHOCTH, BceCTopOHHe pa3BHBalOweHCH BHYTPH cOJIH.n.apHoro 06-
w.eCTBa» .
CaM aBTop ClJHTaJI rJIaBHbIM B )KH3HH 061.l.leCTBa «Bblpa60TaTb
B03MO)KHO cOBepllleHHbIe OpMbI KOJIJIeKTHBHoro COI03a Me)KJ.lY lJJIeHa-
MH, a 3aTeM Y)Ke q,HJIOCO CTBoBaTb, 3aHHMaTbCH HaYKoH, npe.n.aBaTb-
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6pa)KaJICH KaK BbI.n.alOllI.HHCH TeopeTHK B 06JIaCTH COl.lHO.TIOrHH.
nOHBJIeHHe no.n.06HblX pa60T B YCJIOBHHX nepBOH 6YP)Kya3Ho-
.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH, KOTopaH 06Ha)KHJIa Bee COl.lHaJIbHble
npOTHBOpelJHH H BbIHBHJIa peaJIbHble CHJIbI Hapo.n.HbIX Mace, cnoc06-
HbIX caMOOTBep)KeHHO H peWHTeJIbHO 60pOTbCH npoTHB caMOllep)KaB-
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CKOJIbKO 0 Hecnoc06HoCTH Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B. OTBeTHTb Ha caMbIe
3JI060.n.HeBHbIe BonpocbI cOBpeMeHHocTH, OCMbICJIHTb npoHcxo.n.HBWl1e
C06bITHH, .n.aTb n03BTHBHbIe H nepcneKTHBHbIe H.n.eH MaccaM B I1X
60pb6e npoTHB caMo.n.ep)KaBHH H .n.ecnOTH3Ma.
06'beKTHBHo Bce paccY)K.n.eHI1H J1YHKeBl1lJa 0 «pOJIH cy6'beKTHBHo-
ro 3JIeMeHTa B TeOpeTHlJeCKHX nocTpoeHHHx» H cy6'beKTI1BHoM MeTOJle
B COl.lHOJIOrHH, 0 B03MO)KHOCTH npHMeHeHHH YlJeHHH ,[{apBHHa B BO-
npocax 06ll1.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, 0 3HalJeHHH TeOpHI1 «60Pb6bI 3a
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6blJIa B rOJIOBaX y Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B., KOTopble BMeCTO 06oeKTHB-
Horo aHaJIH3a peaJIbHOH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI peBOJIlOlI.HOHHOro 1905 r.
nycTHnHcb onHTb B )KOHrnHpoBaHHe Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHMH H.n.eHMH.
H XOTH J1YHKeBHlJ npH3HaBaJI, lJTO CTaTbH MHXaHJIOBCKOro 0 60pb6e
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BH,ltOB aHTarOHH3MOB MHxaHnOBCKHH ycneJI paCCMOTpeTb TOJIbKO OllHY
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pHeH 90. «YlJeHHe 0 6opb6e 3a HH.n.HBH.n.yanbHocTb, - nHcan J1YHKe-
BHlJ, - JIerJIO B OCHOBY Bcero COl..lHOJIOrHlJeCKOrO MHpoB033peHHH MH-
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121
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a3HO-.n.eMOKpaTH4eCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH 1'905 r. B POCCHH, J1YHKeBH4
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3a Hapo.n.HHlJecKYIO .n.OKTPHHY, He )KeJIaH BH.n.eTb ee HaYlJHOH Heco-
CTOHTeJIbHOCTH. rIpHMellaTeJIbHO, liTO HMeHHO Tor.n.a np06JIeMY «repo-
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npH6eraeT K aprYMeHTaM BeCbMa COMHHTeJIbHOrO CBoHcTBa, KOTopbIe
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nHCaJI KOJIOCOB, COCTOHT B .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBe «orpoMHoH HCTOpHlJeOKOH
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MHXaHJIOBCKOro npe.n.CTaBJIHIOT npH BceH CBoeH opHrHHaJIbHOCTH
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CKoro H KOJIOCOBa OCHOBaHbI Ha O.n.HOM H TOM )Ke cy6'beKTHBH3Me.
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ero TeopHIO B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBbIMH Tpe60BaHHHMH. HeCMOTpH Ha
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TeJIbHee.
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pHH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa, nOHHMaBwero Ba)KHOCTb H3YlJeHHH 60pb6bl H.n.eH
H TelJeHHH BHYTPH 3Toro 06wHpHoro HanpaBJIeHHH H cYMeBwero
B KaKoH-To Mepe no.n.HHTbCH .n.o Ol.leHKH H 0606w.eHHH BeCbMa cy-
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HbIX .n.JIH Hero n03HLI.HH. 50JIbWHHCTBO Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B. C4HTaJIO
MHXaHJIOBCKOro He npOCTO BbI.n.alOllI.HMCH TeopeTHKOM-COUHOJIOrOM, HO
Ii H.n.eOJIOrOM peBOJIIOUHOHHoro Ha po.n.HHlJeCTBa, 3aTYlleBbIBaH ero
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123
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JIeHHbIH CMbICJI. nOCJIe CMepTI1 MHXaHJIOBCKOrO B nepHO.n. peBO JIIO l..lHI1
1905-1907 rr. OCBew.eHHe ero 3aCJIyr CTaJIO He TOJIbKO B03MO)KHbIM,
HO H BeCbMa )KeJIaTeJIbHbIM. B O)KeCTOlJeHHOH 60pb6e C MapKCH MOM
3a nOCJIe.n.HHH «onJIOT» Ha po.n.HHlJeCTBa - HX H.n.eOJIOrHLIeCKHX aBTopH-
TeTOB (J1aBpoBa H MHXaHJIOBCKoro), - B 06CTaHOBKe pacna.n.a Ha-
po.n.HHlJeCKOH H.n.eOJIOrHH, YCKopeHHoro KJIaCCOBOH 60pb60H H peBOJIIO-
l.lHeH, PycaHoB OTBelJaJI Ha Bonpoc, KaK CJIe.n.yeT nOHHMaTb peBOJIIOl.lH-
OHHOCTb HX BbI.n.alOw.erOCH TeopeTHKa. Ha OCHOBaHHH JIHLIHbIX
BocnOMHHaHHH, a TaK)Ke nepenHCKH C MHXaHJIOBCKHM B 1895-
1904 rr. (coxpaHHJIOCb 60JIee nOJIycoTHH nHceM) aBTop npHxo.n.HJI
K BeCbMa HHTepecHbIM BbIBo.n.aM H OTBelJaJI HaMHoro LIeCTHee .n.pyrHx
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KOM, OT.n.aBWHM ce6H npaKTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH,
HeJIb3H, He norpewaH npOTHB HCTHHbI H npOTHB nOHHMaHHH caMoro
THna 3TOH HCKJIlOlJHTeJIbHO KpynHoH JIHlJHOCTH. MHXaHJIOBCKHH 6bIJI
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c06CTBeHHO peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .n.eHTeJIH, lJTO He MellaJIO eMY, KOHel.fHO,
"peBOJIIOLI.HOHH3HpOBaTb" C03HaHHe MbICJIHw.eH lJaCTH pyccKoro 06-
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XaHJIOBCKOMY 3aCJIyrH, KOTOpbIX Y Hero B .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HHKOf.n.8
He 6bIJIO H He MOrJIO 6bITb. O.lI.HaKO Hapo.n.HHKH YCMaTpHBaJIH HX B TOM,
lJTO «B3ftTIHJJ.bI MHXaHJIOBCKOro c.n.eJIaJIHCb C Tex nop OTnpaBHbIM
nYHKTOM Bcero nOCJIe.n.YlOlllero pa3BHTHH COlI.HaJII1CTHlJeCI(OH MbICJIH
B POCCHH» 112. K TaKHM BbIBo.n.aM npHxo.n.HJI 6Horpa<p MHXaHJIOBCKOro
KOJIOCOB, oc06eHHO ynopHo 113YlJaBWHM H nony.TfHpH3HpOBaBWHH ero
H,LleHHO-TeOpeTHlJeCKOe HaCJIe.n.He. B 3aI.UHTe H nponaraH.n.e H,lJ,eH
H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro Hapo.n.HHKH XX B. BH.n.eJIH CBOH rJIaBHbIH .n.OJIr.
TaK, BbIcTynaH npOTHB 3cepOB, 3aMeHHBWHX nOHHTHe «Hapo.n.» CJIOBa-
MH «pa604HH K.nacc», IlelueXOHOB ynpeKaJI I1X B H3MeHe MHXaHJIOB-
CKOMY. neweXOHOB nOCTOHHHO nponaraH HpOBaJI H.LI.eH MHXaHJIOB-
128
CKoro 0 TOM, lJTO rJIaBHOe cO.n.ep)KaHHe HCTOpHlJeCKOrO nporpecca -
3TO 60pb6a Me)K.n.y JIHIlHOCTblO H 06ll1.eCTBOM 3a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb,
qTO VlIeHHe MHXaHJIOBCKOrO - 3TO «BepWHHa lJeJIOBel.feCKOH MbIC-
J1H» 113.
B CTaTbe «HapO.n.HHlJeCTBO H KJIaCC HaeMHbIX pa601lHX» (1914)
B. H. J1eHHH YKa3bIBaJI Ha q,aKTbI 06palll.eHHH Hapo.n.HHKOB B CBH3H
C 10-JIeTHeM co .n.HH cMepTH «JIH6epaJIbHO-Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOrO nHCaTeJIH»
K cTapoMY cnopy: «0 3HalJeHHH MapKcHcTCKOH 60pb6bI C Hapo.n.HHKa-
MH». JIeHHH OTMelJaJI, liTO 3TOT cnop npe.n.CTaBJIHeT HHTepeC H HCTOPH-
4eCKHH, H60 pelJb WJIa 0 B03HHKHOBeHHH «MapKCH3Ma», H TeOpeTHlJe-
CKHH, TaK KaK «cnop KaCaJICH OCHOBHbIX BOnpOCOB TeOpHH MapKCH3-
Ma», H npaKTHlJeCKHH, nOCKOJIbKY HapO.n.HHKH (JIeHHH Ha3bIBaJI 3Cepa
H. 11. PaKHTHHKOBa) H3Bpaw.aJIH C06bITHH, OnHCbIBaH 80-90-e rO.n.bI.
OHH YMaJIlJHBaJIH 0 cnope MapKCHCTOB C Hapo.n.HHKaMH no Bonpocy
o pa3BHTHH KanHTaJIH3Ma B POCCHH, H306pa)KaH <paKTbI TaKHM 06pa-
30M, CJIOBHO 3Ta 60pb6a OTHOCHJIaCb JIHWb K 60-M H 70-M ro.n.aM.
«3a4eM )Ke r. PaKHTHHKOB CKpbtA OT lJHTaTeJIeH 80-bIe H 90-ble ro-
.n.bI? - cnpaWHBaJI B. 11. J1eHHH. - HeY)KeJIH TOJIbKO 3aTeM, lJT06bI
npHKpbITb OWH6KH Hapo.n.HHKOB H TeM 06JIerlJHTb HX pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
cpe.n.H pa60lJHX? npHeM 3TOT - BeCbMa nJIOXOH, H nJIOXH .n.eJIa y Toro,
KTO TaKHe npHeMbI ynoTpe6JIHeT» 114. K no.n.06Horo po.n.a npHeMaM
Hapo.n.HHKH npH6eraJIH nOCTOHHHO, H3BpaLUaH H no.n.T8COBbIBaH <paKTbI
He.n.aBHero npOWJIoro. B 106HJIeHHOH JIHTepaType 0 MHXaHJIOBCKOM
B. 11. J1eHHH YCMaTpHBaJI He npOCTO LIeCTBOBaHHe Hapo.n.HHKaMH
CBoero TeopeTHKa, a nonWTKH Hapo.n.HHKOB pacnpOCTpaHHTb H no-
nYJIHpH3HpOBaTb 3TO YlJeHHe cpe.n.H npOJIeTapHaTa H B XX B. «"JIeBo-
Hapo.n.HHlJeCKaH" nponOBe.n.b CBO.n.HTCH Ha .n.eJIe K pa3BpaLUeHHIO H .n.e-
30praHH3aLI.HH .n.BH)KeHHH KJIaCCa HaeMHbIX pa60LIHX MeJIK06YP)KY-
a3HbIMH JI03YHraMH. J1YlJwe 6bI rr. JIeBble Hapo.n.HHKH 06paTHJIHCb
K .n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH pa60Te Cpe,lI.H KpeCTbHH - .n.JIH 3Toro ro.n.HbI H He-
COl..lHaJIHCTbI» 115, - nHCaJI B. 11. J1eHHH B TOH )Ke CTaTbe.
K 1917 r. OTHOCHTCH nOCJIe.n.HHH KpynHaH pa60Ta 0 A1HXaHJIOB-
CKOM, npHHa.n.JIe)KaBWaH E. KOJIOCOBY. Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, oCTpaH KJIaCCO-
BaH 60pb6a, peBOJIIOLI.HH 1905-1907 rr., ro.n.bI peaKLI.HH H HOBbIH
peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIH no.n.'beM, HMnepHaJIHCTHllecKaH BOHHa, O)KeCTOlJeH-
Hwe H.n.eHHwe CTOJIKHOBeHHH, KpHTHKa MapKcHcTaMH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOH
.n.OKTpHHbI - Bee 3TO .n.OJI)KHO 6blu10 XOTb lJeMY-TO HaYlJHTb JIH.n.epa
H TeopeTHKa 3cepOB. O.n.HaKO 3Toro He npOH30WJIO B CHJIY COl.lHaJIbHOH
OrpaHHlJeHHOCTH H.n.eOJIOrOB Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa, HX KOHcepBaTHBHOCTH
H HHepTHOCTH. C npe)KHeH BbICOKonapHOCTblO Hapo.n.HHKH npo.n.OJI)Ka-
JIH TBep.n.HTb 0 TOM, lJTO Ha COIlHHeHHHX MHXaHJIOBCKOro BocnHTbIBa-
JIHCb OCHOBaTeJIH napTHH COl.lHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB, Ha ero
H,lI,eHX CTpOHJIaCb nporpaMMa H TaKTHKa 3TOH opraHH3aLI.HH 116. C BOC-
ToprOM Ol..leHHBaH TeOpeTHlJeCKYIO .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb MHXaHJIOBCKOro
Hero BJIHHHHe Ha Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B., KOJIOCOB nbITaJICH no.n.BeCTH
HTorH 60pb6bI Me)K.n.y MapKcH3MOM H Hapo.n.HHlIecTBoM B 90-
900-x ro.n.ax. ,[{JIH MapKCHCTOB 3TH ro.n.bI 6bIJIH BpeMeHeM peaJIbHbIX
KpynHbIx n06e.n. Ha.n. MeJIK06YP)Kya3HoH H.n.eOJIOrHeH, C ee TeOpeTHlJe-
CKOH orpaHHLIeHHOCTblO H npaKTHlleCKOH 6eCnOMOlll.HOCTblO. KOJIOCOBY
9 r D. AJ1eKCeeBa
129
3TH HTOrH 60pb6bI BH.n.eJIHCb OTIHTb-TaKH B KpHBOM 3epKaJIe: «WYM
3THX 6HTB H CnOpOB OCTaJICH .n.aJIeKO n03a.n.H. HaM Y)Ke HallHHaeT Ka-
3aTbCH cTpaHHbIM, nOlle MY 3TOT yparaH CTpaCTeH 6YlleBaJI Kor.n.a-TO
OKOJIO ,,<POPMYJIbI nporpecca" MHXaHJIOBCKOro HJIH BOKpyr KaKorO-HH-
6y.n.b "cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTo.n.a B COUHOJIOrHH" HJIH "THnOB H' CTeneHeti
pa3BHTHH"». KOJIOCOB C He.n.O)'MeHHeM cnpaWHBaJI: nOlJeMY MHxaH-
JIOBCKHH BbI3BaJI «TaKYIO Maccy HeHaBHCTH H 03JI06JIeHHH»? no MHe-
HHIO KOJIOCOBa, Bee OCTaJIOCb B npOWJIOM, a COBpeMeHHbIli lJHTaTeJIb
npHBbIKaeT CMOTpeTb Ha MHXaHJIOBCKOro, KaK Ha «HeKOTOpylO peJIHK-
BHIO CTapOH PYCCKOH JIHTepaTypbI H He CIIHTaeT Y)Ke HY)KHbIM 06pa-
w.aTbCH K H3YlleHHIO ero COIlHHeHHH». rIpo.n.eMoHCTpHpoBaB HenOH -
MaHHe CYW.HOCTH npHHUHnHaJIbHbIX TeopeTHlleCKHX cnopOB Me)K.n.y
Hapo.n.HHKaMH H MapKCHCTaMH (aBTOp Ha3bIBaJI B. 11. J1eHHHa Hera
KHHry «4TO TaKoe ".n.Rr3bH Hapo.n.a" H KaK OHH BOIOIOT npoTHB Co-
UHaJI-.n.eMOKpaTOB?») I, Hecnoc06HOCTb OC03HaTb nOpa)KeHHe HapO.ll.-
HHlJeCTBa Ii n06e.n.y MapKCH3Ma, KOJIOCOB, caM Toro He )KeJIaH, KOH-
CTaTHpOBaJI <paKT na.n.eHHH nonYJIHpHOCTH MHXaHJIOBCKoro. OHO npo-
HBHJIOCb, no MHeHHIO KOJIOCOBa, B HClIe3HOBeHHH HHTepeca K co-
IIHHeHHHM, B OTHoweHHH K 6bIBweMY «BJIaCTHTeJIIO .n.Yll» Ka K
K «peJIHKBHH CTapOH PYCCKOH JIHTepaTypbI». 11 XOTH 3TO 6bIJI
eCTeCTBeHHbIH npouecc, H3MeHHTb KOTOpbIH yme HHKTO He B CHJIaX,
TeM He MeHee OH HBHO He )'CTpaHBaJI KOJIOCoBa. n03TOMY OH BHOBb
B03Bpaw.aJIcH K TeMe 0 3HalleHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro Hero HaCJIe.n.HH .n.JIH
COBpeMeHHOCTH. O.n.Ha H3 Ollepe.n.HbIX 3a!I.all COBpeMeHHOH JIHTepaTypbI
BH.n.eJIaCb KOJIOCOBY B TOM, IIT06bI «CHOBa nepeCMOTpeTb JIHTepaTYP-
Hoe HaCJIe.n.CTBO MHXaHJIOBCKOro H onpe!I.eJIHTb, KaK OHO C03.n.aBaJIOCb,
KaKYIO pOJIb HrpaJIO B npOllJIOM, a TaKme, KaKYIO pOJIb cnoc06Ha
HrpaTb B HaCTOHIl.leM, HeCMOTpH Ha BCIO pa3HHUY Mem.n.y HaWHM
BpeMeHeM H TeM, KOTopoe BbI.n.BHraJIO JIIO.n.eH, no.n.06HblX aBTOpy
TpaKTaTa 0 nporpecce».
11 B 1917 r., KaK H npem.n.e, Hapo.n.HHKH npo.n.oJI)KaJIH YTBep)K.n.aTb
H.n.elO 0 TOM, lJTO caMbIM KpynHbIM .n.OCTH)KeHHeM B COUHOJIOrHH
H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro OCTaeTCH ero «3aMellaTeJIbHaH TeopHH ,,60pb-
6bI 3a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb", KOHueHTpHpYIOW.aH B ce6e nOIlTH BCIO
pa60TY ero MbICJIH». BclO.n.y, YTBep*.n.aJI KOJIOCOB, MHXaHJIOBCKHI1
«.n.aBaJI cBoe06pa3HbIe H ueHHbIe pa60Tbl, nopoH .n.OCTHraBWHe rpaHHu
reHHaJIbHOCTH» 118. 06'beKTHBHaH HaYIlHaH oueHKa TBoplleCTBa, MH-
XaHJIOBCKOro, BbIHCHeHHe HCTHHHoro 3HalleHHH ero .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH
B KalleCTBe JIHTepaTypHoro KpHTHKa H H.n.eOJIOra Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa
70-x--900-x ro.n.OB no.n.MeHHJIHCb B COIlHHeHHHX ero nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH
BOCTOp)KeHHbIMH B03rJIaCaMH no nOBO.n.y Tex H.n.eH H MbICJIeH, KOTopble
BpeMH 6e3)KaJIOCTHO pa3pYllaJIO. MHXaHJIOBCKHH no-npemHeMY H30-
6pa)KaJICH KOJIOCOBbIM KaK HeYCTaHHbIH 60peu 3a Hapo.n.HbIe H.n.ea-
JIbI - «npaB.n.bI-HCTHHbI H npaB.n.bI-cnpaBe.n.JIHBOCTH» 119. fOBOpH
o 80-x ro.n.ax, OH nHCaJI, liTO «no CBoeMY TaJIaHTY A1HXaHJIOBCKHH
B 3TO BpeMH, .n.a H B n03.n.HeHllIee, HBJIHeTCH .n.OCTOHHbIM conepHHKOM
fepueHa, a no rJIy6HHe MbICJIeH, no 06w.eMY 3axBaTY c03.n.aHHoH HM
COUHOJIOrHlleCKoH CHCTeMbl - .n.OCTOHHbIM npeeMHHKoM H. f. 4epHbI-
weBCKoro». KOJIOCOB pa3BHBaJI H.n.elO 0 TOM, liTO «COUHOJIOrHlleCKaH
130
MbICJIb MHXaHJIOBCKOrO .n.OCTHraeT CBOerO anOreH H OH npHXO.n.HT
K 0606ll1.eHHHM lJpe3BbIlIaHHO KpynHoro 3HalleHHH. OTHblHe MHXaH-
nOBCKHH .n.eJIaeTCH O.n.HHM H3 rJIaBHbIX npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH HaYIlHOH CO-
UHOJIOrHH B POCCHH». l1.n.eH MHXaHJIOBCKOrO KOJIOCOB Ha3BaJI BellHbl-
M H I 20.
3alll.HllI.aH H nOnYJIHpH3HPYH MHXaHJIOBCKOrO, HapO.n.HHKH ynopHo
.n.O Ka 3bIBaJIH, liTO ero «<popMYJIa nporpecca», OCHOBaHHaH Ha cy6'beK-
THBH3Me, CTaJIa «HacTOHllI.HM MaHH<peCTOM COUHaJIbHO-peBOJIIOUHOH-
Horo Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa, a caM MHXaHJIOBCKHH 6blJI TeopeTHKoM CO-
UHaJIbHO-peBOJIIOUHOHHoro HanpaBJIeHHH» 121. AKTHBHee .n.pyrHx .n.eH-
CTBOBaJIH npe.n.CTaBHTeJIH npaBoro, JIH6epaJIbHOrO KpbIJIa Hapo.n.HHlIe-
CTBa, BbI.n.aBaH H ce6H, H CBoero YIlHTeJIH MHXaHJIOBCKOro 3a
BbIpa3HTeJIeH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro TelleHHH, XOTH TaKOBbIMH OHH He 6bIJIH.
Ba)KHOe MeCTO B nOCJIe.n.HeH KHHre KOJIOCOBa 3aHHJI Bonpoc 06
OTHOlleHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro K K. MapKcy, K KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e,
a TaK)Ke cpaBHeHHe COUHOJIOrHH K. MapKca H MHXaHJIOBCKoro. O.n.Ha-
KO Bce 3TH np06JIeMbI peWaJIHCb B Hapo.n.HHlleCKOM .n.yxe. TaK, rOBopH
o BpeMeHH nepBoro 3HaKOMCTBa MHXaHJIOBCKOro C TeopHeH K. MapK-
ca Hero BJIHHHHH Ha <POpMHpOBaHHe YlJeHHH 0 60pb6e 3a HH.n.HBH.n.y-
aJIbHOCTb, KOJIOCOB OTMellaJI, liTO 3TO npOH30llJIO Tor.n.a, «Kor.n.a ero
COUHOJIOrHlJeCKHe B3rJIH.n.bI OKOHlIaTeJIbHO CJIOmHJIHCb, H MapKC Ha HX
BbIpa60TKY He OKa3aJI BJIHHHHH». 3TO 3aKJIIOlIeHHe nOHa.n.06HJIOCb
KOJIOCOBY .n.JIH Toro, IIT06bI YTBep.n.HTb CBOIO H.n.elO 0 TOM, liTO K nOHH-
MaHHIO KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI MHXaHJIOBCKHH npHlleJI caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIM
nYTeM, 6e3 BJIHHHHH MapKCH3Ma 122. LlJIH 3Toro KOJIOCOB npH6eraJI
K BeCbMa COMHHTeJIbHOMY npHeMY, YTBepm.n.aH Ha OCHOBaHHH o.n.Horo
H3 nOCJIe.n.HHX COIlHHeHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, lJTO «B ero TeopHH 60pb6bI
3a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb nOMHMO ee 06ulero co.n.ep)KaHHH, KOHueHTpHpy-
IOluero BCIO ero COUHOJIOrHIO, BJIOmeHO, B 4aCTHOCTH, npH3HaHHe B TOH
HJIH HHOH HHTepnpeTaUHH H.n.eH KJIaCCOBOH 60Pb6w».
OTBellaH MapKcHcTaM, BbIcTynaBwHM npoTHB TeopHH 60pb6bl 3a
HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb, MHXaHJIOBCKHH nHCaJI: «11 JII060nbITHO, liTO aB-
TOpbI 3TH B03JIaralOT CBOH Ha.n.em.n.bI Ha "KJIaCCOBOe C03HaHHe",
"KJIaCCOBYIO TOIlKY 3peHHH", "KJIaCCOBYIO 60pb6y". CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO,
CMOTpHT Ha KJIaCCbI KaK Ha HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOCTb; H60 lJTO TaKoe HH.n.H-
BH.n.yaJIbHOCTb, KaK He ueJIoe, BCTynalOllI.ee B OTHOlleHHH K BHellHeMY
MHPy, KaK 060c06JIeHHaH e.n.HHHua» 123. nO.n.06Horo po.n.a BbICKa3bIBa-
HHHMH aBTop CTapaJICH .n.oKa3aTb H.n.elO 0 3HallHTeJIbHOM MeCTe KJIaC-
COBOH 60pb6bI B MHpoB033peHHH C<POpMHpOBaBllerOCH MHXaHJIOBCKO-
roo lio, )KeJIaH .n.oKa3aTb TO)K.n.ecTBeHHocTb TeopHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI
C YlleHHeM MHXaHJIOBCKOro, KOJIOCOB TaK KOMMeHTHpOBaJl «KanH-
TaJI», liTO nOJIYllaJIOCb, HK06bl 3TH me H.n.eH, 6JIH3KHe MHXaHJFOBCKOMY,
K. MapKC pa3BHBaJI B CBoeM 3HaMeHHTOM Tpy.n.e. TaKHM 06pa30M
.n.OKa3b1BaJIaCb 06ll1.HOCTb 3THX .n.BYX KOHuenUHH. Y K. MapKca - 3TO
HaYIlHO 060CHOBaHHaH TeopHH, TeCHO CBH3aHHaH C peBOJIIOUHOHHOH
npaKTHKOH, y MHXaHJIOBCKOro - 3TO OTopBaHHaH OT )KH3HH cxeMa,
He HMeBllaH cepbe3Horo HaYIlHoro 060CHOBaHHH H peaJIbHOrO npaKTH-
lIeCKOrO 3HalleHHH .n.JIH 60pb6bI B XX B. «50pHCb 3a npaBa JIHIlHOCTH
H 3a npaBa Hapo a, coe.n.HHHH B CBoeH 60pb6e OTCTaHBaHHe CBoeH
9*
131
HH.n.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTH C OTCTaHBaHHeM HHTepeCOB COl..lHaJIbHbIX H KJIac-
COBbIX», - npHBO.lI.H nO.lI.06HbIe npH3bIBbl H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOrO, HC'
HMeBWHe HHllerO 06ll1.ero C YlJeHHeM 0 KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e, KOJIOCOB
H .n.pyrHe nbITaJIHCb YTBepm.lI.aTb, lJTO HeT OCHOBaHHH .lI.JIH npOTHBOnO-
CTaBJIeHHH MapKCa H MHXaHJIOBCKOrO 124. nO.n.06HOrO po.n.a apry-
MeHTbl H .n.OBO.n.bI KOJIOCOBa elll.e pa3 y6e.n.HTeJIbHO ,lI.OKa3bIBaJIH, 4TO
HapO.n.HHKaM XX B. 6bIJIO BbIrO.n.HO CneKYJIHpOBaTb Ha H.n.ee 6JIH30CTH
B033peHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOrO YlIeHHIO K. MapKCa B YCJIOBHHX peBOJIIO-
UHOHHOH cHTyaUHH 1917 r., Kor.n.a MapKcH3M nOKa3aJI CBoe peaJIbHOe
3HalleHHe KaK TeopHH H npaKTHKa 60pb6w npOJIeTapHaTa, B03rJIa-
BHBwero peBOJIIOl..lH10.
OueHHBaH 06'beKTHBHoe co.n.epmaHHe H HCTopHllecKoe 3HalleHH
YlIeHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro, B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI B 1914 r.: «3Ta TeopHH
6bIJIa TeopHeH YTonHlJeCKOrO, Melll.aHCKOro COUHaJIH3Ma, T. e. Me4,Ta-
HueM MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx HHTeJIJIHreHTOB, KOTopbIe HCKaJIH BbIxo.n.a H3
KanHTaJIH3Ma He 8 KAaCC080U 6opb6e HaeMHbIX pa60llHx C oypmya-
3HeH, a B 80338aHUflX KO "BceMY Hapo.n.y", K ,,06W.eCTBY", TO eCTb
K TOU alee 6YPaleya3UU». B. 11. J1eHHH 06BHHHJI Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B.
B TOM, liTO OHH «npHKpbIBaJIH» KopeHHYIO 01lH6KY MHXaHJIOBCKOro
H TeM caMbIM 3anYTbIBaJIH TeopHIO KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI: «Me)K.n.y TeM
TOJIbKO 3Ta TeopHH YKa3aJIa pa60lJHM BbIXO.n. H3 HX nOJIOmeHHH, YKa-
3aJIa, KaK caMH a601lHe MorYT H .n.OJI)KHbI CTpeMHTbCH K CBoeMY
oCB060m.n.eHHIO» I 5.
113JIo)KeHHe TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .n.OKTpHHbI MHXaHJIOBCKOro KOJIOCOB
3aBepllaJI BbIBO.n.OM: nOCKOJIbKY nOJIHTHlleCKHMH pe<popMa MH He-
JIb3H nOMOllb Hapo.n.y, «HaM Ha.n.o Bce Halle BHHMaHHe HanpaBHTb Ha
H3MeHeHHe MaTepHaJIbHOrO nOJIOmeHHH Hapo.n.a, Ha pe<popMbI COUH-
aJIbHble». nO.n.,lI.ep)KHBaH 3TY H.n.elO MHXaHJIOBCKOro, KOJIOCOB nbITaJI-
CH H306pa3HTb .n.eJIO TaK, CJIOBHO «nOIlTH BCH nepe OBaH pYCCKaH
HHTeJIJIHreHUHH 70-x ro.n.OB» npHHHMaJIa 3TOT JIH6epaJIbHbIH, pe<pop-
MHCTCKHH B CBoeH OCHOBe Te3HC MHXaHJIOBCKOro, lIym.n.bIH 60Pb6e 3a
npeo6pa30BaHHe 06w.eCTBa peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM nYTeM. I1MeHHo 3TOT
nYTb YCTpaHBaJI Tex Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B., KOTopbIe BepHO CJIe.n.OBaJIH 3a
MHXaHJIOBCKHM B TpaKTOBKe TeopeTHlleCKHX H npaKTHlleCKHX Bonpo-
COB COBpeMeHHOH 60pb6bl 126. B H306pa)KeHHH KOJIOCOBa H Hapo.n.HH-
lIeCTBO 70-x ro.n.OB npeBpaw.aJIOCb B 3aypH.n.Hoe JIH6epaJIbHOe .n.BH)Ke-
HHe, 60pOBlleeCH 3a COUHaJIbHbIe pe<popMbI «CBepxy».
CJIe.n.yeT CKa3aTb, lJTO H.n.eH MHXaHJIOBCKOro 0 60pb6e 3a «npaB.n.y-
HCTHHY H npaB.n.y-cnpaBe.n.JIHBOCTb» nOJIb30BaJIHCb 60JIbWOH nony-
JIHpHOCTblO cpe.n.H Hapo.n.HHKOB pa3JIHlIHbIX TelleHHH, OT KpaHHe npa-
BbIX .n.o JIeBbIX, OT 3HeCOB .n.o 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB. TaK, paCCKa3bI-
BaH B CBOHX BocnOMHHaHHHX 0 nOHCKe nYTeH 60pb6bI, MaKCHMa.nHCT
f. A. HeCTpoeB OTMelJaJI BJIHHHHe Ha <POpMHpOBaHHe ero C03HaHHH
«l1cTopHlJeCKHX nHceM» JIaBpoBa, JIYIlWHX CTaTeH MHXaHJIOBCKOro,
CTenHHKa-KpaBIIHHCKoro. «51 C JII060BblO Tenepb BcnOMHHalO
o TOM, - nHCaJI HeCTpoeB B 1910 r., - KTO .n.aJI MHe B03MO)KHOCTb
npaKTHlJeCKH nOHTH no nYTH K npaB.n.e-HcTHHe H npaB.n.e-cnpaBe.n.JIHBO-
CTH». 3TH )Ke BocnOMHHaHHH HeCTpoeBa nOKa3bIBaIOT, HaCKOJIbKO
.n.aJIeKH 6bIJIH Hapo.n.HHKH-npaKTHKH, TeppopHCTbl OT cnopOB, npOHCXO-
132
,llHBWHX B «BepXaX» HapO.n.HHlJeCTBa, OT HX «TeOpeTHlJeCKOH» pa60-
r 127
Tb .
B <peBpaJIe 1914 r. B ra3eTe «nYTb npaB.n.bI» 6bIJIa nOMelll.eHa
CTaTbH B. H. J1eHHHa «Hapo.n.HHKH 0 H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOM», B KOTO-
pOH co.n.epmaJIaCb oueHKa JIHTepaTypbl 0 MHXaHJIOBCKOM, nOHBHBweH-
CH K 10-JIeTHIO ero cMepTH. «Hey.n.HBHTeJIbHO, - nHCaJI B. 11. J1eHHH
B 3TOH CTaTbe, - lJTO JIHOepaJIbI H 6ypmya3HbIe .n.eMOKpaTbI BOC-
XBaJIHIOT MHXaHJIOBCKOro, HO HeB03MomHO OCTaBHTb 6e3 npOTeCTa
BonHIOw.ee H3Bpalll.eHHe H pa3Bpalll.eHHe npOJIeTapCKoro KJIaCCOBOro
C03HaHHH, Kor.n.a nbITalOTCH BbI.n.aTb MHXaHJIOBCKOro 3a COUHaJIHCTa
H .n.OKa3aTb npHMHpHMOCTb ero 6ypmya3HoH <PHJIOCO<PHH H COUHOJIO-
rUH C MapKCH3MOM» 128. 3THM 3aHHMaJIHCb, KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO,
aBTopbI H3 Hapo.n.HHlleCKoro JIarepH, nHcaBWHe 0 MHXaHJIOBCKOM
B 1900-1917 rr. OHH nOCTOHHHO H ynopHo npeYBeJIHIIHBaJIH 3aCJIyrH
MHXaHJIOBCKOro B HCTOpHH PYCCKOH 06lll.eCTBeHHoH MbICJIH 90-x ro.n.OB
XIX B., ero peaJIbHOe MeCTO B oCB060.n.HTeJIbHOM .n.BH)KeHHH POCCHH
B CHJIY HX KJIaCCOBOH OrpaHHlJeHHOCTH. HaYIlHYIO oueHKY 3Toro .n.eHTe-
JIH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa .n.aJI B. 11. J1eHHH. OH nHCaJI: «BeJIHKOH HCTOpHlJe-
CKOH 3aCJIyroH MHXaHJIOBCKOro B 6YP)Kya3Ho-.n.eMOKpaTHlleCKOM ,lI.BH-
meHHH B nOJIb3Y oCB060m.n.eHHH POCCHH 6bIJIO TO, liTO OH ropH40
COIlYBCTBOBaJI yrHeTeHHOMY nOJIO)KeHHIO KpeCTbHH, 3HeprHlJHO 60-
pOJICH npoTHB Bcex H BCHKHX npOHBJIeHHH KpenOCTHHlleCKoro rHeTa,
OTCTaHBaJI B JIeraJIbHOH, OTKpbITOH nellaTH - XOTH 6bI HaMeKaMH
COIlYBCTBHe H YBa)KeHHe K "no.n.nOJIblO", r.n.e .n.eHCTBOBaJIH caMbIe
nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHbIe H peWHTeJIbHbIe .n.eMOKpaTbI pa3HOIlHHUbI, H .n.a-
)Ke ca M nOMOraJI npHMO 3TOMY no.n.nOJIblO» 129. Oo.n.06Hoe OTHO we-
HHe K HCTopHllecKHM 3aCJIyraM MHXaHJIOBCKOro n03BOJIHJIO
B. 11. J1eHHHY c.n.eJIaTb BbIBO.n. 0 TOM, liTO COUHaJI-.n.eMOKpaTbI, 60JIb-
rneBHKH lIeCTBYIOT MHXaHJIOBCKOro «3a ero HCKpeHHlO1O H TaJIaHTJIH-
BYIO 60pb6y C KpenOCTHHlIeCTBOM» 130. BMecTe C TeM B. 11. J1eHHH
OTMelJaJI, liTO, 6y.n.YlJH «ropHIIHM CTOpOHHHKOM CB060.n.bI H yrHe-
TeHHbIX KpeCTbHHCKHX Macc», MHXaHJIOBCKHH «pa3.n.eJIHJI Bce c.na-
60CTH 6ypmya3Ho- .n.eMOKpaTHlleCKoro .n.BHmeHHH» H KOHKpeTHO no-
Ka3aJI, B lJeM OHH npOHBJIHJIHCb. O.n.HaKO oc06eHHO ueHHa .n.JIH Hac
CTaTbH B. 11. JIeHHHa TeM, lJTO OHa co.n.epmaJIa OTBeT Ha Bonpoc,
KaK OTHOCHTCH pYCCKHe MapKCHCTbI K Y4eHHIO MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
B 1914 r., OTMelJaH TeH.n.eHUH03Hoe OTHoweHHe B JIH6epaJIbHOH
Ii Hapo.n.HHllecKoH JIHTepaType K H.n.eHHoMY HaCJIe.n.HIO H. K. MH-
XaHJIOBCKOro, B. H. J1eHHH H3JIaraJI CBoe MHeHHe no 3TOMY no BO.n.y ,
KOTopoe B YCJIOBHHX H.n.eHHoH 60pb6bI 900-910-x ro.n.OB HMeJIO
Ba)KHOe TeOpeTHlJeCKOe, MeTo.n.OJIOrHlleCKoe H npaKTHllecKoe 3HalJe-
HHe. B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI: «He TOJIbKO B 3KOHOMHlJeCKOH 06JIaCTH,
HO H B <PHJIOCO<PHH H B COUHOJIOrHH B3r JIH.n.bI MHxa HJIOBCKOro 6bIJIH
6YP;JfCya3Ho-oeMOKpaTUtieCKUMU B3r JIH.n.aMH, npHKpbITbIMH flK06bl
"COUHaJIHCTHllecKoH" <ppa30H. TaKoBa ero ,,<popMYJIa nporpecca",
ero TeopHH ,,60pb6bI 3a HH.n.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOCTb"H np. B <PHJIOCOq,HH
MHXaHJIOBCKHH c.n.eJIaJI Ula2 Ha3ao OT 4epHbIweBcKoro, BeJIHlIaH-
IlIero npe.n.cTaBHTeJIH YTonHllecKoro COUHaJIH3Ma B POCCHH. 4epHbI-
IlIeBCKHH 6bIJI MaTepHaJIHCTOM H CMeHJICH .lI.0 KOHl.la .n.HeH CBOHX
133
(T. e. .n.0 80-x rO.lI.OB XIX BeKa) Ha.n. YCTynOlJKaMH H.n.eaJIH3My
H MHCTHKe, KOTopbIe .n.eJIaJIH Mo.n.HbIe "n03HTHBHCTbI" (KaHTHaHl.lbI,
MaXHCTbl H T. n.). A MHXaHJIOBCKHH nJIeJICH HMeHHO 3a TaKHMH
n03HTHBHCTaMH. 11 .lI.0 CHX nop cpe.n.H YlJeHHKOB MHXaHJIOBCKOro,
.n.a*e caMbIX "JIeBbIX" Hapo.n.HHKOB (BpO.n.e r. LJepHoBa), uapHT 3TH
peaKUHOHHbIe q,HJIOcoq,CKHe B3r JIH.n.bI» 131.
B Ha3BaHHOH CTaTbe B. 11. J1eHHH C<POPMYJIHpOBaJI oueHKY Teope-
THlleCKHX OCHOB Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa, B033peHHH H. f. LJepHbIlleBCKoro,
H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro Hero nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH - Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B.,
YKa3aB Ha HX peaKUHOHHblH xapaKTep H npOTHBOnOJIO)KHOCTb H.n.eOJIO-
rHH peBO,JIIOUHOHHbIX .n.eMOKpaTOB-weCTH.n.eCHTHHKOB, CTOHBllHX Ha
MaTepHaJIHCTHlleCKHX n03HUHHX. B. 11. J1eHHH no.n.BeJI HTor .n. .n.uaTH-
JIeTHeH 00pb6bl MapKCH3Ma C Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBOM no Ba)KHeHllHM npo-
6JIeMaM <PHJIOCO<PHH,\HCTOPHH, HCTopHlleCKoro nporpecca H <paKTopOB,
ero onpe.n.eJIHIOw.HX. OH YKa3aJI, liTO TeopeTHlleCKHe B033peHHH Ha-
pO.n.HHKOB XX B. no BonpocaM 06w.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH HMelOT rJIY-
60KO peaKUHOHHbIH xapaKTep, a HX OTHOlleHHe K KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e,
K COUHaJIH3MY H nYTHM 00pb6bI 3a Hero He HMelOT HH4ero 06ll1.ero
C HaYKoH, nOCKOJIbKY CTpOHTCH Ha 6a3e YTonHllecKHx npe.n.cTaBJIeHHH
JIH6epaJ1bHO-Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOrO TOJIKa 132.
I CM.: JIeHuH B. H. I10JIH. c06p. COli. T. 25. C. 155.
2 CM.: fleUleXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.Hble TeMbI: OCHOBHbIe nOJIO)KeHHH HaweH npo-
rpaMMbI / / COBpeMeHHOCTb (PYCCKoe 60raTcTBo). 1906. NQ 1. C. 102, 105 H .LI.p
3 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 7. C. 47.
4 CM.: AlleKceeBa r. p'. HeKOTopbIe BonpOCbI MeTO.LI.OJIOrHH H3YlIeHHH H.LI.eHHOH 9BO-
JIIOLI.HH H Kpaxa MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx napTHH 8 POCCHH / / HenpOJIeTapCKHe napTHH
POCCHH B rO.LI.bI 6YP)Kya3HO-.LI.eMOKpaTHlIeCKHx peBOJIIOLI.HH H B nepHO.LI. Ha3peBa-
HHH COLI.HaJIHCTHlIeCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH: MaTepHaJIbI KOHcp. M., 1982. C. 36-40.
5 p'elleBCKUU 10. If!. JI. lOiJelleBcKuuj. COLI.HaJIbHbIe aHTarOHH3MbI H KJIaCCOBaH
60pb6a B HCTOpHH. Cn6., 1910. C. l.
6 CM.: PYCCKaH MbICJIb. 1904. NQ 3. C. 133.
7 KOIlOCOB E. E. OllepKH MHpOB033peHHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. Cn6., 1912
C. 333, 335 Ii .LI.p.
8 lfepHOB B. naMHTH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. Cn6., 1905. C. 35. B nHCbMC
K H. C. PycaHoBY (13 anpeJIH 1896 r.) MHXaHJIOBCKHH npH3HaBaJI, liTO «PYCCKHH
MapKCH3M, .LI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO, dlleHb pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH» (5bIJIOe, 1907. NQ 7
C. 136).
9 MuxaUIlOBCKUU H. K. nOJIH. c06p. COli. Cn6., 1904-1913 T. 1-10; OH JlCe. no-
CJIe.LI.HHe COllHHeHHH. Cn6., 1905. T. 1-2; OH JlCe. PeBOJIIOLI.HOHHbIe CTaTbH. 5ep-
JIHH, 1906; OH JlCe. 4TO TaKoe nporpecc? nr., 1922.
10 CM.: YKa3aTeJIb JIHTepaTypbI 0 H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOM / / MHXaHJIOBCKHH
H. K. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 10. C. 1114-1143. 'I
II lfepHoB B. naMHTH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro; A. KpacHocellbcKuu. 0 HpaBcTBeHHoM
YlIeHHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. NQ 2; KOIlOCOB E. MH-
XaHJIOBCKHH H pyccKaH peBOJIIOLI.HH. 5. M., 6. r.; OH JlCe. B3rJIH.LI.bI H. K. MHxaii-
JIOBCKOro Ha rocY.LI.apCTBO / / PyccKoe 60raTcTBo. 1910. NQ I; OH :JICe. OlIepKH MHpO-
B033peHHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro; HBaHoB-Pa3YMHuK P. B. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH
(ll,eHTpaJIbHbIH nYHKT MHpoB033peHHH) / / PyccKaH MbICJIb. 1904. NQ 3; PycaHoB
H. C. MHXaHJIOBCKHH X-ro TOMa / / H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. nOJIH. c06p. C04. T. 10
12 H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. COBeTCKaH HCTopHlIeCKaH 9HLI.HKJIOne.LI.J1H. M., 1966
T. 9. C. 519-521.
13 rOpeB D. H. HHKOJIaH KOHcTaHTHHoBHlI MHXaHJIOBCKHH. M., 1931. C. 35.
14 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 2. C. 545.
134
15 neUleXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.lI.Hble TeMbI: OCHOBHble nOJIO)KeHHH HaWeH nporpaM-
MbI / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. NQ I. C. 106, 110, 126 H .lI.p.
16 Ha CJIaBHOM nOCTY: JlHT. CO., nOCBH1lI.eHHbIH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOMY. cno., 1900.
npe.lI.HCJI. C. 2.
11 B Hawy 3a.lI.allY He BXO,lJ,HT paCCMOTpeHHe HapO.lI.HH4eCKOH JIHTepaTypbI 0 MHxaH-
JIOBCKOM, BbIXO.lI.HBWeH B XIX B., XOTH OHa npo.LI.OJI)KaJIa OCTaBaTbCH <paKTopOM
OCTpOH H.lI.eHHOH OOpbObI H B XX B., nOCKOJIbKY elO nOJIb30BaJIHCb npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIH
Bcex H.lI.eHHbIX TelleHHH.
18 Ha CJIaBHOM nOCTY. C. 352.
,19 TaM )Ke. C. 353, 356, 357, 368 H .LI.p.
20 TaM )Ke. C. 357.
21 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. coop. COli. T. 2. C. 543.
22 Ha CJIaBHOM nOCTY. C. 358-361.
23 TaM )Ke. C. 360, 361. O.lI.HH H3 opraHH3aTopoB napTHH 3cepoB M. Pa<t>aHJIOB oc-
HOBHYIO H.LI.elO CO HOJIOrHlIeCKoH .LI.OKTpHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro TpaKTOBaJI KaK CHCTe-
MY, B KOTOpOH rJIaBHOe MeCTO 3aHHMaeT «nOHHTHe 0 lIeJIOBelleCKOH HH.LI.HBH.LI.yaJIbHO-
CTH, eJIOCTHOH lIeJIOBelleCKOH JIHlIHOCTH» (Tal\1 )Ke. C. 198).
24 CM.: Ha CJIaBHOM nOCTY. C. 361-362, 364. CJIe.lI.yeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO IQ)KaKOB O.LI.HH
H3 nepB x B HapO.lI.HHlIeCKoH CO HOJIOrHH B .LI.BHHYJI H.LI.elO KOHBepreH HH.
25 TaM )Ke. C. 362, 364, 365, 368.
26 TaM )Ke. C. 365-366.
27 TaM )Ke. C. 366-367.
28 CJIe.LI.yeT OTMeTHTb, liTO HCTOpHKO-CO HOJIOrHlIeCKaH KOH en HH MHXaHJIOBCKOro
ObIJIa npe.lI.MeTOM OCTpOH nOJIeMHKH He TOJIbKO Me}K.lI.Y CTOpOHHHKaMH H npOTHBHH-
KaMH HapO.lI.HHt.IeCTBa. C KOH a XIX B. B HeH aKTHBHoe YlIacTHe npHHHMaJIH npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJIH pa3JIHlIHbIX B033peHHH. CM.: PaHcKuu C. n. 1M. CPo CynepaHcKuuj.
CO HOJIOrHH H. K. MHxaH.HoBcKoro. COo., 1901. C. 220-221 H .lI.p.; Ha CJIaBHOM
nocTY. C. 353 H .lI.p.
29 lj epHOB B. <l>HJIOco<pCKHe OCHOBbI YlIeHHH H. K. MHxa HJIOBCKOro / / <l>HJIOCO<PCKHe
H CO HOJIOrHlIeCKHe 3TIO.LI.bI. M., 1907. C. 6.
30 TaM )Ke. C. 7.
31 KpaCHocellbCKUU A. H. MHpOB033peHHe rYMaHHCTa Hawero BpeMeHH: (OCHOBbI
YlIeHHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro). COo., 1900. C. 2, 3.
32 PanCKUU C. n. CO HOJIOrHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. C. 219.
33 TaM )Ke. C. 5, 57 -58, 36, 51-55, 63.
34 TaM )Ke. C. 90.
35 BUlleHCKafl 3. C. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH Hero H.LI.eHHaH pOJIb B HapO.LI.HHlIeCKOM .LI.BH-
)KeHHH 70-X-HallaJIa 80-x rO.LI.OB XX B. M., 1979. fJI. II. BpeMH H.LI.eHHOH 3peJIOCTH
Ii. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOro PycaHoB onpe.LI.eJIHeT KOH OM 60-X-HallaJIOM 70-x rO.lI.OB.
CM.: PycaHoB H. C. MHXaHJIOBCKHH X-ro TOMa / / H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. nOJIH.
C00p. COli. T. 10. CTO. VII.
36 KaK npaBHJIbHO OTMellaJI KOJIOCOB, no nepBOHallaJIbHoMY nJIaHY CTaTbH «50pboa 3a
HH.lI.HBH.LI.yaJIbHOcTb» .LI.OJI)KHa o JIa HMeTb xapaKTep « eJIbHOrO CO HOJIOrHlIeCKoro
TpaKTaTa», O.LI.HaKO TaKOBbIM OHa He CTaJIa. CM.: KOIlOCOB E. E. OllepKH MHpOB033pe-
HHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. C. 204. TeM He MeHee KOJIOCOB Ha3bIBaJI ee « eHTpaJIb-
HOH CO HOJIOrHlIeCKoH paooToH MHXaHJIOBCKoro» (TaM )Ke. C. 205).
37 TaM )Ke. C. 204.
38 TaM )Ke. C. 206, 219.
39 MuxaUIlOBCKUU H. K. nOCJIe.LI.HHe COllHHeHHH. CIlo., 1905. T. 2. C. 398.
40 KOIlOCOB E. MHXaHJIOBCKHH H PycCKaH peBOJIIO HH., C. 80-81.
41 MuxaUIlOBCKUU H. K. 0 KHHre r. 5ep.LI.HeBa C npe.LI.HCJIOBHeM r-Ha CTPYBe H 0 ceoe
caMOM / / PYCCKoe ooraTCTBO. 1901. NQ l. C. 77-97; NQ 2. C. 102-124.
42 PYCCKoe ooraTCTBO. 1901. NQ7, 8,10-12.
43 CM.: JI eHUH B. H. nOJIH. coop. COli. T. 18. C. 98, 431 H .LI.p.
44 Bep8fleB H. CYO'beKTHBH3M H HH.lI.HBH.LI.yaJIH3M B 001ll.eCTBeHHOH <PHJIOCO<PHH. COo.,
1901. npe.LI.HCJI. n. CTPYBe. C. II, VII, XIX.
45 TaM )Ke. C. XX, XXI-XXII.
46 TaM )Ke. C. XXI II, XXIV H .LI.p.
47 TaM )Ke. C. XXIV.
48 TaM }Ke. C. I.
49 TaM )Ke. C. 1--11.
50 TaM me. C. 5.
51 TaM )Ke. C. 7.
135
52 CM.: TaM )Ke. C. 8-9 H .D.P
53 TaM )Ke. C. 8-10.
54 TaM )Ke.
55 TaM )Ke. C. 14, 15.
56 TaM )Ke. C. 16, 18.
57 TaM )Ke. C. 20-28.
58 TaM )Ke. C. 30-32, 46.
59 TaM )Ke. C. 48, 49, 53. 3TH H.D.eH Bbl3BaJIH CnpaBe.LI.JIHBYIO KIHITHKY PH.LI.-a a BTOpOB,
nbITaBWIiXCH C MapKCHCTCKHX n03HUHH oueHHTb 9TY nOJIeMHKY. CM.: PaHCKUu
C. n COUHOJIOrHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. C. 170 H .D.p.
60 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. coop. COli. T. 6. C. 16.
61 CM.: TaM )Ke. T. I. C. 352-353 H .D.p. nO.D.pOOHee 00 9TOM CM. lllupuKOB JI. B. Pa30-
OJIa4eHHe B. 11. JleHHHbIM CTpYBH3Ma (1894-1901) / / B. 11. JleHHH - OCHOBaTeJlb
H BO)K.D.b KnCC. M., 1960; COUHOJIOrHlIeCKaH MblCJIb B POCCHH. Jl., 1978. C. 283-
301
62 PYCCKoe ooraTCTBO. 1901. ,N'Q I. C. 77.
63 TaM )Ke. C. 78-85.
64 TaM )Ke. C. 94, 112-113
65 TaM )Ke. C. 122.
66 lJepHoB B. CYO'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.D. B COUHOJIOrHH Hero <PHJIOco<pCKHe npe.D.nOCbIJIKH,
H. 5ep.LI.HeB. CYO'beKTHBH3M H HH.LI.HBH.D.yaJIH3M B OOllJ.eCTBeHHOH <pHJIOCO<PHH: KPHTH-
lIeCKHH 3TIO.D. 0 H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOM C npe.D.HCJIOBHeM n. CTPYBe / / PYCCKoe ooraT-
CTBO. 1901. ,N'Q 7. C. 231, 232.
67 00 9TOM CBH.D.eTeJIbCTByeT BKJIlOlIeHHe B cnHCOK H3.LI.aHHH 0 H. MHXaHJIOBCKOM TPY.D.OB
B. 11. JleHHHa H f. B. nJIeXaHoBa. CM.: MuxaulloBcKUU H. K. nOJIH. coop. C04. T. 10.
CTO. 1122, 1124, 1132-1133. 0 paooTe B. 11. JleHHHa B 9TOM YKa3aTeJIe rOBopH-
JIOCb, liTO 9TO «O.LI.Ha H3 caMbIX nepBbIX H caMbIX pe3KHX no TOHY OpOWlOp npOTHB
M-ro. ABTOp ee HbIHe O.D.HH H3 JIH.LI.epOB JIeBOrO KpbIJIa PYCCKOH COUHaJI-.D.eMOKpaTHH»
(TaM )Ke. CTO. 1122).
68 PYCCKoe ooraTCTBO. 1901. ,N'Q 7. C. 232, 233.
69 TaM )Ke. ,N'Q 8. C. 241, 255.
70 TaM }Ke. C. 221.
71 CM.: TaM )Ke. C. 222-225, 229, 233, 249: 255-257, 261 H .LI.p.
72 MapKC K., 3H2ellbc CPo COli. 2-e H3.D.. T. 3. C. 4.
73 PYCCKoe ooraTcTBo. 1901. ,N'Q 7. C. 249; ,N'Q 11. C. 118.
74 TaM )Ke. ,N'Q 1. C. 255, 256; ,N'Q 7. C. 242-243, 247-248; ,N'Q 11. C. 131, 132 H .LI.P
75 CM.: HBaHOB-Pa3YMHUK P. B. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH: (ll,eHTpaJIbHbIH nYHKT ero
MHpOB033peHHH). C. 156, 157.
76 TaM )Ke. C. 158, 160, 163.
77 KOIlOCOB E. E. OllepKH MHpOB033peHHH H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. C. 207, 224, 225
78 TaM )Ke. C. 228.
79 PYCCKaH MbICJIb. 1904. ,N'Q 3. C. 162.
80 Ky8pUH H. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH KaK nYOJIHUHCT-rpa)K.LI.aHHH / / PyccKoe ooraTCTBO
1905. ,N'Q I. C. 135, 136.
81 TaM )Ke. C. 138, 140.
82 TaM )Ke. C. 142, 143, 145.
83 TaM )Ke. C. 145, 146.
84 TaM )Ke. C. 149, 147, 150.
85 TaM )Ke. C. 148-152.
86 TaM )Ke. C. 156, 172.
87 TaM )Ke. C. 164, 165, 172, 174-178.
88 TaM )Ke. C. 177.
89 TaM )Ke. C. 14.
90 TaM )Ke. C. 18, 19, 22, 23, 39-47, 49, 52, 57.
91 TaM )Ke. C. 49-51.
92 TaM )Ke. C. 52, 57, 45.
93 PYCCKoe ooraTcTBo. 1905. ,N'Q 6. C. 45.
94 KOIlOCOB E. E. OllepKH MHpOB033peHHH H K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro. C. 325.
95 TaM )Ke. C. 326, 327.
96 TaM )Ke. C. 329-333.
97 TaM )Ke. C 334, 339.
136
98 PycaHoB H. C. «OOJIHTHKa» H. K. MMXaHJIOBCKOro / / bblJIOe 1907. ,N'Q 7/19.
C. 124-125.
99 JJ.PyroH 6Horpacp MHXaHJIOBCKOro - E. KOJIOCOB ClI, IiTaJI liTO JIMlIHOe YlIaCTHe MH-
XaHJIOBCKOro «B PYCCKOM COll.HaJI-peBOJIIOll.HOHHOM .lI.BH}KeHHH Ha4aJIOCb .lI.OBOJIbHO
n03.lI.HO» - He paHbwe BTOpOH nOJIOBHHbI 70-x rO.LI.OB, KOr.LI.a OH BblnYCTHJI «JleTYlIHH
JIHCTOK», nOCBHll.I.eHHblH .lI.eJIY B. 11. 3aCYJIHlI CM.: KOIlOCOB E H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHit
Or., 1917. C. 44.
100 TaM )Ke. C. 125.
101 E. KOJIOCOB OTMe4aJI, liTO B nepBOH nOJIOBHHe 70-x rO.lI.OB «Me)K.lI.Y MHXaHJIOBCKHM
H TaK Ha3blBaeMOH pa.lI.HKaJIbHOH HHTeJIJIHreHll.HeI1 6blJIH, HeCOMHeHHO, 60JIblllJfe
npHHll.MnHaJIbHble pa3HOrJIaCHH, nopoH npHBO.LI.HBwHe HX K B3aHMHblM He.lI.Opa3YMe-
HHHM» (KOIlOCOB E. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. C. 45, 74). O.LI.HaKO PycaHoB ClIeJI B03-
MO)KHbIM 00 9THX cpaKTax YMOJIlIaTb, XOTH OHH nOJIYlIHJIH OTpa)KeHHe B «BocnoMHHa-
HHHX lIaHKOBll.a» C. C. CHHeryoa H .lI.p. CM.: 5blJIOe. 1906. ,N'Q 9/10
102 TaM )Ke. C. 125, 126.
103 TaM )Ke. C. 126-128.
104 TaM )Ke. C. 128. PycaHoB BCKOJIb3b OTMellaJI KpaHHe Bpa)K.LI.eOHOe OTHoweHHe MH-
XaHJIOBCKOro K TKalleBY Hero B033peHHHM.
105 OCBelll.aH TeopeTHlIecKylO .LI.eHTeJIbHOCTb MHXaHJIOBCKOro B 9TH rO.LI.bl, KOJIOCOB
nHCaJI, liTO 9Ta paOOTa .LI.OCTaBJIHJIa eMY, MHXaHJIOBCKOMY, «OOJIbWOe HpaBCTBeHHoe
Y.lI.OBJIeTBopeHHe, CHJIbI ero 6bIJIH TYT ooraTO HCnOJIb30BaHbI, H OH He CTpeMHJICH HM
K lIeMY HHOMY, KaK JIHWb K .LI.aJIbHeHweMY PYKOBO.LI.CTBY H.lI.eHHbIM .LI.BH)KeHHeM C Bbl-
COTbI CBoeH )KYPHaJIbHOH TPHOYHbI» (KOIlOCOB E. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. C. 48).
106 CJIe/.l.yeT OTMeTHTb, liTO caM PycaHoB Ha3bIBaJI ceOH CTOpOHHHKOM «H.LI.eH peBOJIIOll.H-
OHHoro COll.HaJIH3Ma», He pa3 OTMellaH, liTO OHH He paCXO/.l.HJIHCb C MHXaHJIOBCKHM
BO B3r JIH.LI.aX «C COll.HaJIHCTHlIeCKOH T04KH 3peHHH». CM.: 5bIJIOe. 1907. .NQ 7/19.
C. 135.
107 TaM )Ke. C. 136.
108 00 9TOM BbICKa3bIBaHHH MHXaHJIOBCKOro B. 11. JleHHH HanOMHHaJI B CBoeH CTaTbe
1914 r. «HapO.LI.HHKH 0 H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKOM». CM.: JIeHllH B. H. nOJIH. coop. COli.
T. 24. C. 336.
109 KOIlOCOB E. MHXaHJIOBCKHH H PYCCKaH peBOJIIOll.HH. C. 75, 81--83. '
110 TaM )Ke. C. 82.
III CM.: BepoReB H. CYO'beKTHBH3M H HH.LI.HBH.LI.yaJIH3M B OOll.l.eCTBeHHoH cpHJIOCOcpHH.
C.264.
112 KOIlOCOB E. E. OllepKH MHpOB033peHHH H. K. MHXaI1JIOBCKoro. C. 363, 364.
113 neuteXOHOB A. nporpaMMHbIe BOnpOCbI. II. I1cTopHlIecKHe npe.LI.nOCbIJIKH. cno.,
1907. C. 15-17, 11.
114 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. coop. C04. T. 24. C. 320-321.
115 TaM )Ke. C. 323.
116 KOIlOCOB E. E. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. C. 5.
117 TaM )Ke. C. 5-7 H .lI.p.
118 TaM )Ke. C. 6, 7.
119 TaM }Ke. C. 8, 10, 12.
120 TaM )Ke. C. 14-16,40.
121 TaM }Ke. C. 15, 12.
122 TaM )Ke. C. 30-31.
123 E. KOJIOCOB CCbIJIaJICH Ha «nOCJIe.LI.HHe COllHHeHHH» H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKoro.
(T. 2. C. 339). CM.: KOIlOCOB E. E. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. C. 32 H .lI.p.
124 TaM )Ke. C. 28, 34-37.
125 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. coop. COli. T. 24. C. 321.
126 KOIlOCOB E. E. H. K. MHXaHJIOBCKHH. C. 42, 58.
127 HecrpoeB rp. 113 .lI.HeBHHKa MaKCHMaJIHCTa. OapH)K, 1910. C. 9, 50, 54.
128 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. coop. COli T. 24. C. 333.
129 TaM )Ke. C. 333, 334.
130 TaM )Ke. C. 336.
131 TaM )Ke. C. 334-335.
132 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. coop. C04. T. 24. C. 321.
fJIaBa nHTaH
PEBOJ1IOUI15I 1905-1907 rr.
11 HAPO,QHI14ECTBO
*
n epBaH 6YP)Kya3HO-.n. eMoK paTH;ecKaH peBo IOUHH CTaJIa cepbe3-
HbIM 3K3aMeHOM .n.JIH Bcex H.n.eHHbIX TelleHHH, nOJIHTHlleCKHX na p-
THH H rpynnHpoBOK, cyw.eCTBOBaBWHX B POCCHH B HallaJIe XX B.
OHa He TOJIbKO no.n.BeJIa HTorH npe.n.weCTBYIOlll.eH H.n.eHHO-TeopeTH-
lJeCKOH pa60Te pa3JIHlIHbIX JIH.n.epOB H H.n.eOJIOrOB, pellHTeJIbHO OTBep-
rJIa YTonHlleCKHe H.n.eH 0 B03MO)KHOCTH «.n.06poro MHpa» H CorJIawe-
HHH Me)K.n.y pa3JIHlIHbIMH COUHaJIbHbIMH CHJIa MH, 0 B03MomHOCTH
pa.n.HKaJIbHbIX pe<popM «CBepxy» BO HMH HHTepeCOB Bcero 00w.eCTB8
H «KJIaCCOBOro MHpa», OHa nOCTaBHJIa HOBbIe np06JIeMbI peBOJIIOUHOII-
HOH TeopHH H npaKTHKH, KOTopbIe Tpe60BaJIH lIeTKOrO H HCHoro OTBeTa
OT JIH.n.epOB pa3JIHlJHWX nOJIHTHlleCKHX JIarepeH. B c<pepe H.n.eOJIOrHH
H COUHaJIbHOH npaKTHKH TaKHMH BonpocaMH CTaJIH: oueHKa caMOH
peBOJIIOUHH, ee pa3BHTHH, HTorOB H npH4HH nOpa)KeHHH, pOJIb B peBO-
JIIOUHOHHOM npouecce npOJIeTapHaTa, HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, pa3JIHlIHbIX
CJIOeB KpeCTbHHCTBa, COCTOHHHe H nOBe.n.eHHe pa3JIHlIHWX nOJIHTHlJe-
CKHX napTHH, HX 60pb6bI 3a MaCCbI, ee HTorH H nepcneKTHBbI, 6y.n.yw.ee
arpapHoro CTpOH POCCHH, B03MO)KHble pe<popMbI H pa.n.HKaJIbHbIe
H3MeHeHHH, BbI60p aJIbTepHaTHBbI .n.JIH pOCCHHCKoro KpeCTbHHCTBa,
nYTeH arpapHoro pa3BHTHH CTpaHbI (pOJIb rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH nOJIHTH-
KH, 06W.HHbI, KoonepaUHH, HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOrO H KOJIJIeKTHBHoro
KpeCTbHHCKoro X03HHCTBa H .n.p.). OCTpee, lIeM npe)K.n.e, 3a3BYilaJIH
Tpe60BaHHH .n.eMOKpaTH3aUHH CTpaHbI, rocy.n.a pCTBeHHoro YCTpOHCTBa,
npaBOBoro nOJIOmeHHH JIHIlHOCTH, BonpOCbI KOHCTHTYUHH H pecnYOJIH-
KH, nepcneKTHBbI pa3BHTHH CTapbIX H C03.n.aHHH HOBbIX COUliaJIbHbIX
HHCTHTYTOB (3eMCTBO, OOlll.HHa, YlIpe.n.HTeJIbHOe c06paHHe H .n.p.). LLJIH
nOJII1THlJeCKHX na PTHH nepBOCTeneHHoe 3Ha lIeHHe npHOOpeJIH npo-
rpaMMHbIe BonpOCbI (arpapHbIH, HaUHOHaJIbHbIH, nOJIHTHlleCKHii),
nporpaMMbI MaKCHMYM H MHHHMYM, a TaK)Ke np06JIeMbI TaKTHKH
(CTaIlKH, BoopY)KeHHOe BOCCTaHHe, Teppop, ,lI.eMOHCTpaUHH, neTHUHH,
napJIaMeHTCKHe <POpMbI H .n.p.). l1.n.eHHO-TeopeTHlleCKaH nOJIeMHKa
cpe.n.H Bcex H.n.eHHbIX TelleHHH npH06peJIa oc06eHHO OCTpbIH xa paKTep
B 1905-1907 rr. Mem.n.y npe.n.cTaBHTeJIHMH Bcex HanpaBJIeHHH,
npeBpaTHBllHcb B 60pb6y MOHapxHcToB, JIHOepaJIOB, Hapo.n.HHKOB, co-
UHaJI-.n.eMoKpaToB, aHapxHcToB. CTOJIKHOBeHHH no BonpocaM 3KOHO-
MHKH H nOJIHTHKH OKa3aJIHCb TecHeHllHM 06pa30M CBH3aHHbIMH C H.n.eH-
HO-TeopeTHllecKHM npoTHB060pCTBOM pa3JIHlIHbIX H.n.eHHbIx HanpaBJIe-
HHH, lJTO CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIO 0 xapaKTepe H .n.OCTaTOIlHO BWCOKOM
ypOBHe BceH HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOH )KH3HH CTpaHbI H ee H.n.eOJIOrOB, Bbl-
pamaBllHX HHTepeCbI pa3JIHlIHbIX COUHaJIbHbIX CJIOeB. OO-BH.n.HMOMY,
138
3TO HBJIeHHe XapaKTepHO .n.JIH BCeX nO-HaCTOHll1.eMY KpynHbIx COUHaJIb-
HblX nOTpHCeHHH, BKJIlOlJaH H peBOJIIOUHH, KOTOpble 3a.n.eBalOT CaMble
tJly6HHHbIe npOueCCbl 06w.eCTBeHHOrO 6bITHH, H POCCHH B 3TOM
OTHOllleHHH He 6bIJIa HCKJIlOlIeHHeM.
,[{JIH npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH Bcex H.n.eHHWX HanpaBJIeHHH Toro BpeMeHH
ObIJI Ba)KeH Bonpoc 0 cy.n.b6ax KpeCTbHHCKOH .n.eMOKpaTHH B POCCHH,
ee pOJIH B peBOJIIOUHOHHOM npouecce, 0 nepcneKTHBax pa3BHTHH
Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa Hero H.n.eOJIOrHH, nOCKOJIbKY 3a KpeCTbHHCKHe MaCCbI
60pOJIHCb Bce nOJIHTHlleCKHe napTHH, nOHHMaBWHe HX pOJIb B CO-
BpeMeHHOM 06w.ecTBe. He ObIJIH B 3TOM OTHOlleHHH HCKJIlOlIeHHeM
H 60JIblleBHKH, paccMaTpHBaBwHe JIeBOHapo.n.HHlIecTBo KaK He06xo-
.n.HMoro COlO3HHKa npOJIeTapHaTa B 6opb6e 3a n06e.n.y He TOJIbKO
6ypmya3Ho-.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOH, HO H COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOUHH,
Tor.n.a KaK JIH6epaJIbHOe Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBO Bce 60JIbWe npeBpalll.aJIOCb
B COlO3HHKa oypmya3HH, liTO npH3HaBaJIH .n.a)Ke Hapo.n.HHKH, n03TOMY
C HHM He06xolI.HMO 6bIJIO 60pOTbCH peWHTeJIbHbIM 06pa30M pa.n.H
ycnexa peBOJIIOUHH.
CaMH Hapo.n.HHKH C4HTaJIH, liTO B 1905-1907 rr. OHH nepemH-
BaJIH O.n.HH H3 caMbIX THmeJIbIX nepHo.n.oB, OKa3aBWHCb B COCTOHHHH
A.n.eHHoro H opraHH3aUHoHHoro pacna.n.a, KOTOpWH OHH He CMOrJIH
JIHKBH.n.HpOBaTb .n.o KOHua CBoero cyw.eCTBOBaHHH 1.
OueHKH, KOTopbIe .n.aBaJIH Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBY B. 11. J1eHHH H 60JIbWe-
BHKH B HallaJIe BeKa, B nOJIHOH Mepe no.n.TBep.n.HJIHCb B 1905-1907 rr.,
liTO ew.e pa3 CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIO 0 HaYIlHOM xapaKTepe MapKCHCTCKOH
KOHuenUHH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa, 0 B03MO)KHOCTH Ha ee OCHOBe npe.n.BH.n.eTb
H nporH03HpOBaTb nepcneKTHBbI pa3BHTHH pa3JIHlJHbIX H.n.eHHbIX Te4e-
HHH, BKJIlOlJaH H Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBO, lIero He XOTeJIH npH3HaTb H nOHHTb
TeopeTHKH KpeCTbHHCKOH .n.eMOKpaTHH.
Ka K Y)Ke OTMelJaJIOCb, no.n. BJIHHHHeM peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX C06bITHH
na pTHH 3cepOB paCnaJIaCb. 113 Hee BbI.n.eJIHJIHCb .n.Be caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe
napTHH, nOJIYIIHBllHe Ha3BaHHe 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB H Hapo.n.HblX
COUH JIHCTOB. JIH.n.epbI Kam.n.OH H3 HHX npHcTynHJIH K BblpaOOTKe
CBOHX TeOpeTHlJeCKHX n03HUHH, nporpaMM H TaKTHlJeCKHX YCTaHO-
BOK 2. 003.n.Hee JIH.n.ep na pTHH 3HeCO'B A. B. OeweXOHOB OO'bHCHHJI
3TOT paCKOJI BHYTpeHHHM KpH3HCOM napTHH 3cepOB, KOTOpbIH npOH-
BHJICH B paCXO)K.n.eHHHX no PH.n.y cnopHbIX BonpOCOB. Cpe.n.H HHX OH
Ha3bIBaJI nporpaMMHble H TaKTHlleCKHe paCXO)K.n.eHHH: 3aXBaT KpeCTb-
HHaMH nOMelll.HlJbHX 3eMeJIb, KOHcnHpaTHBHoe, HJIH JIeraJIbHOe CY-
ll.I.eCTBOBaHHe napTHH, .n.eHCTBHH 60eBHKOB, npHMeHeHHe Teppopa.
B TOM )Ke COlJHHeHHH OH OTMellaJI H TaKOH <paKT, KaK nepexo.n.
B napTHIO Ka.n.eTOB lIaCTH OTKOJIOBWHXCH 01' 3cepOB 3HeCOB, nHCaJI, liTO
MaCCOBOH napTHeH 3Hecw Tor.n.a He CTaJIH, HO MorYT npeBpaTHTbCH
B TaKOBYIO nOCJIe 1917 r. 3
B. 11. J1eHHH BHHMaTeJIbHO H3YlIaJI npoueCCbI, npOTeKaBWHe B Ha-
po.n.HHlleCKOM JIarepe, lJTO n03BOJIHJIO eMY 06'beKTHBHO oueHHBaTb
ICOlO3HHKOB H npOTHBHHKOB npOJIeTapCKoro .n.BHmeHHH. B CTaTbe
«3cepCTBYIOW.He MeHbweBHKH» (1906) B. 11. J1eHHH paccMaTpHBaJI
06pa30BaHHe Tpex napTHH KaK nOHBJIeHHe Tpex TelleHHH: JIeBOrO--
MaKCHMaJIHCTbI, UeHTpHcTcKoro - 3cepbI cTaporo THna, npaBoro-
139
TPy.n.OBwe HapO.n.HWe COl..lHa HCTW, KaK «H.n.eHHOe H nOJIHTHlJeCKOe
paCna.n.eHHe napTHH C-p». ,[{JIH B. 11. JleHHHa 3TO 6bIJIO nOKa3a
TeJIeM H.n.eHHOH 3BOJIIOl..lHH HapO.n.HHKOB, HBJIeHHeM 60JIbWOrO KJIaC-
COBOrO 3HalJeHHH. «PaCna.n.eHHe CTOpOHHHKOB "TPy.n.OBOrO HalJa
JIa", - nHCaJI OH, - nOKJIOHHHKOB J1aBpoBa H MHXaHJIOBCKOrO, HCi
TPH HanpaBJIeHHH npe.n.CTaBJIHeT H3 ce6H KpynHblH nOJIHTHlJeCKHH
<paKT B HCTOpHH pYCCKOrO MeJIK06YP)Kya3Horo pa.n.HKaJIH3Ma. Map-
KCHCTbI .n.OJI)KHbI co BCeM BHHMaHHeM OTHeCTHCb K 3TOMY <paKTY,
npOJIHBaIOlIl.eMY CBeT KOCBeHHO H Ha TO, B KaKOM nOJIHTHl.feCKOM
HanpaBJIeHHH 3peeT MbICJIb npOCbInaIOll.lerOCH PYCCKOrO KpeCTbHH-
CTBa». fOBOpH 0 nOBe.n.eHHH HapO.n.HHKOB B Ka.n.eTCKOH ,[{YMe,
B. 11. J1eHHH KOHCTaTHpOBaJI, lJTO CnOC06HOCTb «MeJIKOrO npOH3BO-
.n.HTeJIH K nOJIHTHlJeCKOH CnJIOlJeHHOCTH.. . OKa3aJIaCb HeCpaBHeHHO
MeHbWe, lJeM Y pa60lJero KJIaCCa» 4.
113YlJeHHe H.n.eHHOH 3BOJIIOUHH Ha pO.n.HHlJeCTBa B 1905-1907 H no-
CJIe.n.YIOll.lHX ro.n.ax HMeeT .n.Ba Ba)KHeHWHX acneKTa. nepBblH - 3TO
OTHoweHHe Ha pO.n.HHKOB H HX JIH.n.epoB K C06bITHHM 1905-1907 rr.,
oueHKa xapaKTepa H HTorOB nepBoH Hapo.n.HoH peBOJIIOUHH 3nOXH
HMnepHaJIH3Ma H nepcneKTHB pa3BHTHH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro npouecc3
B POCCMH. BTOpOH - BJIHHHHe peBOJIIOUHH Ha Ha po.n.HHlJecKYIO co-
UHOJIOrHlJecKYIO .n.OKTPHHY, T. e. B KaKoH Mepe 3Ta TeopHfI no.n.TBep.n.H-
JIaCb C06bITHHMH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 3nOXH, B KaKoH CTeneHH OHa 6blJI3
HMH pa3pyweHa H KaKHe nonbITKH npe.n.npHHHMaJIHCb .n.JIH ee 06HOBJIe-
HHH H peCTaBpaUHH H.n.eOJIOraMH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa. B CBH3H C 3THM
npe.n.CTaBJIHIOT HHTepec oueHKH Hapo.n.HHKaMH COCTOHHHH H nepcneK-
THB CBoeH TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH nOCJIe nOpa)KeHHH peBOJIIO-
UHH 1905- 1907 rr. OTBeTbI Ha Bce 3TH BonpOCbI .n.aeT H3YlJeHHe
BbIcTynJIeHHH BH.n.HbIX .n.eHTeJIeH Ha po.n.HHlJeCKOrO .n.BH)KeHHH no np06-
JIeMaM peBO IOUHH H ee HTorOB H oueHKH B. 11. J1eHHHa peBOJIIOUHOH-
Horo nepHo.n.a .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH JIH.n.epOB H TeopeTHKOB.
OepBaH peaKUHH Hapo.n.HHKOB Ha HalJaBWYIOCH B POCCHH peBOJIIO-
UHIO 6bIJIa BeCbMa cBoe06pa3HOH H .n.aJIeKOH OT nOHHMaHHH H rJIy60-
KOH oueHKH 6YPHO pa3BHBaBWHXCH C06bITHH. Oo-pa3HOMY OTHeCJIHCb
K peBOJIIOUHH H ee HaCYll.lHbIM np06JIeMaM npe.n.CTaBHTeJIH JIH6epaJIb-
Horo TelJeHHH H JIeBOHa pO.n.HHKH, npOHBHB B nOJIHOH Mepe CBOIO KJIaC-
COBYIO CYll.lHOCTb. PeBOJIIOUHH 6bIJIa BocnpHHHTa MHorHMH H3 Ha-
pO,lI.HHKOB KaK HCTOpHlJeCKaH aHOMaJIHH, KaK HelJTO CJIYlJaHHOe, He-
HY)KHOe, MeWaIOll.lee cnOKOHHO )KHTb H paccY)K.n.aTb 06 aHTarOHH3Max,
«coUHaJIbHOH COJIH.n.apHocTH», 0 «60pb6e 3a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOcTb> .....
Oc06eHHo xapaKTepHbI 6bIJIH no.n.06HbIe oueHKH .n.JIH npaBoro KpbIJIa
Hapo.n.HHKOB - JIH6epaJIOB, 3HeCOB, npaBoro <pJIaHra 3cepoB, BbICTY-
naBWHX Ha cTpaHHuax )KypHaJIa «PyccKoe 60raTCTBO». PeaKUHH
3Toro )KypHaJIa Ha C06bITHH 1905 r. 6bIJIa BeCbMa npoTHBOpelJHBofl.
C03.n.aBaJIOCb BnelJaTJIeHHe 06 ynopHoM He)KeJIaHHH OCBell.laTb peBo-
JIIOUHOHHYIO 60pb6y Macc. JlHWb C KOHua 1905-HalJaJIa 1906 r. CTa-
JIH nOHBJIHTbCH MaTepHaJIbI 0 npoHcxo.n.HBWHX B cTpaHe peBOJIIOUHOH-
HbIX C06bITHHX, co.n.ep)KaBWHe HeKoTopbIe <paKTbI H, KaK npaBHJIO, HX
BeCbMa cy6'beKTHBHble oueHKH. OpHMep Toro - CTaTbH JIH6epaJIbHOrO
Hapo.n.HHKa C. lO)KaKoBa «fo.n. 1905», no.n.Bo.n.HBwaH HTorH 3Toro
HCTOpHlJeCKOrO ro.n.a.
CTaTbH IO>KaKoBa HalJHHaJIaCb BeCbMa npHMelJaTeJIbHblMH .n.JIH
J1H.n.epOB 3TOrO Ha pO.n.HHlJeCKOrO TelJeHHH CJIOBaMH: «TH)KeJIbIH ro.n.
3aBepWHJICH 31 .n.eKa6pH, ro.n., nOJIHblH HeonHcyeMoro Y)Kaca, KpOBH
H CJIe3. 3aBepWHJICH 31 .n.eKa6pH Y)KaCHbIH ro.n. H nepe.n.aJI KpoBaBoe
HaCJIe.n.CTBO HOBOMY ro.n.y, HalJaJIO KOToporo TaK)Ke nOJIHO HeonHcye-
Moro Y)Kaca, KpOBH H CJIe3. . . 1905 ro.n. Ha.n.OJIrO OCTaHeTCH naMHTeH
PYCCKOMY Hapo.n.y». H .n.aJIee: «. . .3aKOHlJHJICH ro.n., B nOJIHOM CMblCJIe
CJIOBa Y)KaCHbIH, lJepe3 KpaH nepenOJIHeHHbI I n030poM, cTpa.n.aHHHMH,
rH6eJIbIO, HO BMeCTe C TeM CHHIOll.lHH HeYBH.n.aeMoH JIYlJe3apHOH CJIa-
BOlO, HeOueHHMblMH )KepTBaMH, BeJIHKHMH nO.n.BHraMH. JIYlJH 3TOH
CJIaBW npOpe3WBaIDT TYlJH 3JIO.n.eHCTBa H HaCHnHH H .n.aneKO Bnepe.n.
OCBell.laIOT HCTOpHlJeCKHe nYTH PYCCKoro Hapo.n.a» 5. B no.n.06Horo
po.n.a xapaKTepHCTHKH, BeCbMa HelJeTKHe, XOTH H MHOrOCJIOBHbIe,
BKJIlOlJaJIOCb Bce pa3Ho06pa3He C06bITHH - H peBOJIIOUHOHHaH 60pb6a
TPy.n.Hll.lHXCH Macc, HalJaBWaHCH MHpHbIM noxo.n.OM K UapIO 9 HHBapH,
H pacnpaBa BJIaCTeH C Hapo.n.HbIMH BbIcTynJIeHHHMH, H nOpa)KeHHe
POCCHH B PyccKo-HnoHcKoH BOHHe, H Hey.n.alJH uapH3Ma BO BHewHeH
nOJIHTHKe, H BHYTpeHHHH nOJIHTHKa npaBHTeJIbCTBa, COlJeTaBWaH MeJI-
KHe YCTynKH C MepaMH no coxpaHeHHIO B HeH3MeHHOM BH.n.e YCToeB
cTaporo pe)KHMa. CaMbIM ueHHbIM B 3TOH pa60Te 6bIJIO pa306JIalJeHHe
caMo.n.ep)KaBHH. OrpoMHaH op.n.a, nHCaJI lO)KaKoB, «MeJIKHX H Kpyn-
HbIX XHll.lHHKOB XBaTaJIaCb 3a nOCJIe.n.HHe HJIJII0311H .n.JIH coxpaHeHHH
cBoeH BJIaCTH H cBoeH KOpbICTH. Pa.n.H 3Toro MbI npo.n.OJI)KaJIH y6HH-
cTBeHHYIO pa30pHTeJIbHYIO BOHHY H npHWJIH K n030pHeHweMY B HaweH
HCTOpHH MHPy». <PaKTHlJeCKH Bce C06bITHH BHYTpeHHeH )KH3HH cTpaHbl
aBTop CBH3bIBaJI JIHWb C O.n.HOH np06JIeMOH - nOpa)KeHHeM uapJ13Ma
Ha ,[{aJIbHeM BocToKe.
OCBell.leHHe Bcex npoueccoB H C06bITHH, npe.n.wecTBoBaBwHx
1905 r., CBO.n.HJIOCb lO)KaKOBbIM K THnHlJHoMY .n.JIH Hapo.n.HHKa 06'bHC-
HeHHIO, oCHoBaHHoMY Ha COUHOJIOrHlJeCKOH, oTopBaHHoH OT peaJIbHOH
)KH3HH .n.oKTpHHe H MeJIK06YP)Kya3HoM naTpHoTH3Me, npoHBHBweMcH
B oueHKe «n030pHoro MHpa». «BceMHpHo-HCTOpHlJeCKaH np06JIeMa, -
YTBep)K.n.aJI CBOH H.n.eH lO)KaKoB, - npe.n.cToHBwaH ro.n. TOMY Ha3a.n.
Tor.n.a HOBO MY 1905 ro.n.y, HCHOCTbIO MaTeMaTH4ecKoH aKCHOMbI YKJIa-
.n.bIBaJIaCb B .n.BYXlJJIeHHYIO <POPMYJIY: MHp Ha ,[{aJIbHeM BocToKe H 06-
HOBJIeHHe POCCHH, nO.lIHTHlJeCKOe H COUHaJIbHoe» 6. BTopaH lJaCTb 3TOH
<POPMYJIbI co.n.ep)KaJIa CTonb Heon pe.n.eJIeHHYIO H.n.eIO, lJTO ee MO)KHO
6bIJIO TpaKTOBaTb KaK COlJYBCTBHe peBOJIIOUHOHHOMY 06HOBJIeHHIO
POCCHH, eCJIH 6bI He .n.pyrHe oueHKH aBTopa, BeCbMa lJeTKO BbIpa)KeH-
HbIe B 3TOH CTaTbe. OHH KaCaJIHCb, Bo-nepBbIX, no.n..n.ep)KKH lO)KaKo-
BblM nO.lIHTHKH MHHHCTpa BHYTpeHHHX .n.eJI CBHTOnOJIKa-MHpcKoro,
KOTopaH H306pa)KaJIaCb aBTopoM TaK, CJIOBHO npaBHTeJIbCTBO «ocy.n. H -
no cYll.leCTBYIOll.lHH pe)KHM H 3aHBHJIO 0 .n.OBepHH K 06ll.leCTBY, KOTopoe
caMO Y)Ke HalJaJIO 06'be.n.HHHTbCH B .n.BH)KeHHe 3a pe<popMbI». lO)KaKoB
YCMaTpHBaJI ero B 3eMCKOM C'be3.n.e, B 6aHKeTax, B O)KHBJIeHHH onno-
3HUHOHHOH npeCCbI H .n.PyrHx <paKTax TaKoro )Ke THna. npH no.n.06HOM
OCBelll.eHHH C06bITHH eCTeCTBeHHbIM HBJIHJICH BbIBO.n. 0 HeO)KH.n.aHHOCTH
9 HHBapH, BbI3BaHHoro HK06bI Hey.n.alJHblMH nonblTKaMH u a pH3Ma
«He3HalJHTeJIbHbIMH YCTynKaMH H 3HalJHTeJIbHbIMH, HO Heonpe.n.eJIeH-
141
HblMH 06elll.aHHHMH OCTaHOBHTb Bce pa3paCTaBweeCH .n.BH)KeHHe» 7.
B no.n.06Horo po.n.a Ol.leHKaX npe.n.peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX C06bITHH IOJKaKoBa
OTpa3HJIOCb HenOHHMaHHe Toro q,aKTa, lJTO MepbI H nOJIYMepbI npaBH-
TeJIbCTBa (YKa3 12 .n.eKa6pH 1904 r. H .n.p.) HMeJIH l.leJIblO MeJIKHMH
YCTynKaMH OCJIa6HTb onn03HUHOHHoe .n.BH)KeHHe, Tor.n.a KaK .n.JIH pac-
npaBbl C peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM Hapo.n.oM OHO OCTaBJIHJIO nYJIH H HaraHKH.
3TO H nOKa3aJIH C06bITHH 9 HHBapH 1905 r.
PH.n. n03Hl.lHH Hapo.n.HHKOB, B TOM lJHCJIe H lO)KaKoBa, HMelOT
npHHUHnHaJIbHOe 3HalJeHHe, nOCKOJIbKY OHH n03BOJIHlOT paCKpbITb
OTHoweHHe Hapo.n.HHKOB K MaCCOBOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6e. npH-
3HaBaH, lJTO 9 HHBapH nOJIO)KHJIO HalJaJIO MaccoBoMY Hapo.n.HoMY
.n.BH)KeHHIO, lO)KaKoB .n.eJIaJI BeCbMa HHTepecHbIH BbIBO.n.; «C Toro
naMHTHoro KpoBaBoro .n.HH HalJHHaeTCH napaJIJIeJIbHO C 06mecTBeH-
HbIM oCB060.n.HTeJIbHbIM .n.BH)KeHHeM Ha po.n.Hoe peBOJIIOUHOHHoe .n.BH-
)KeHHe». nepellHCJIHH Ba)KHeHWHe <paKTbI peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bI OT
HIOHbCKHX C06bITHH B O.n.ecce, B lJaCTHOCTH BOCCTaHHe Ha 6pOHeHOCu.e
«nOTeMKHH», .n.o arpapHbIx BOJIHeHHH B .n.epeBHHx oceHblO 1905 r.,
lO)KaKoB OTMelJaJI: «.. .06mecTBeHHoe oCB060.n.HTeJIbHOe .n.BH)KeHHe
CKa3aJIOCb B 3TO BpeMH pH,lJ.OM C'be3,lJ.OB H 3aMeTHbIM OTKJIOHeHHeM OT
Hapo.n.Horo ,lI.BH)KeHHH». )KeJIaH Toro HJIH HeT, lO)KaKoB npaBHJIbHO
KOHcTaTHpOBaJI <paKT oTpbIBa .n.eHTeJIeH oCB060.n.HTeJIbHOrO .n.BH)KeHHH,
K KOTOPOMY OH OTHOCHJI H Bce Hapo.n.HHlJecTBo POCCHH, OT MaCCOBoro
peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .n.BH)KeHHH pa60lJHX H KpecTbHH. 50JIbWHHCTBO JIH-
.n.epOB Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa 3aHHJIH n03Hl.lHH CTOpOHHHX Ha6JIIO.n.aTeJIeH,
<pHKcaTopoB C06bITHH, He npOHBHB HH MaJIeHWerO )KeJIaHHH BMewaTb-
CH H KaK-TO nOBJIHHTb Ha HX HCXO,lJ.. ny6JIHKaUHH B Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX
H3.n.aHHHX HOCHJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, BeCbMa .n.aJIeKHH OT )KH3HH xapaKTep,
npHBJIeKaJIHCb OT.n.eJIbHbIe <paKTbI, JIe)KaBWHe Ha nOBepXHOCTH, 6e3
KaKHX-JIH60 nonbITOK aHaJIH3a, cpaBHeHHH H oueHKH npOl.leCCOB, 0606-
meHHH onbITa H npaKTHlJeCKHX BbIBO.n.OB Ha 6y.n.yw.ee. 06 3TOM y6e.n.H-
TeJIbHO cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT Te np06JIeMbI, KOTopbIe !O)KaKOB CTaBHJI
B CBH3H co CTpeMJIeHHeM npe.n.cKa3aTb 6y.n.Yluee, XO.n. .n.aJIbHeHWHx
C06bITHH B HacTynHBllleM - 1906 r. B HX lJHCJIe 6bIJIH TaKHe: «5Y,lJ.eT
HJIH He 6y.n.eT ,[{YMa? 5y.n.eT HJIH He 6y.n.eT HOBoe H3.n.aHHe nyralJeBw.H-
HbI? By.n.YT HJIH He 6y.n.YT .n.eHbrH .n.JIH rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro X03HHcTBa?
BY,lJ.eT HJIH He 6y.n.eT BOHHa? 5y.n.eT HJIH He 6Y,lJ.eT cyw.eCTBOBaTb PYC-
CKoe uapCTBO nOCJIe Bcero, lJTO npOH30WJIO H lJTO MO)KeT np01130H-
TH?» 8 H Bce 3TH BonpOCbI 3aBeplllaJIHCb BeCbMa xapaKTepHbIM .n.JIH
Ha pO.n.HHKOB XX B. BbIBO.n.OM: «rH6eJIb HJIH cnaceHHe - TaKOBa .n.H-
JIeMMa .n.JIH POCCHH, nOCTaBJIeHHaH HbIHe pa3BHBalOmerOCH HCTopHeH
1906 ro.n.a. 4TO ee TOJIKaeT K rH6eJIH, Bce 3HaIOT, lJTO Be,lI.eT K ee cnace-
HHIO, Bce 3HaJIH Bilepa; KTO 3HaeT cero.n.HH?». 3TH H.n.eH npOHH3bIBaJIH
Bce BbIcTynJIeHHH JIH6epaJIbHbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB, nHcaBlllHX 0 C06bITHHX
1 905 r.
HH Ha O.n.HH Bonpoc, nOCTaBJIeHHbIH nepe.n. nOJIHTHlJeCKHMH napTH-
HMH H .n.eHTeJIHMH oCB060.n.HTeJIbHOrO .n.BH)KeHHH B 1905 r., Ha pO.n.HHKH
He MOrJIH .n.aTb OTBeTa, XOTH H npe.n.npHHHMaJIH caMbIe pa3JIHlJHbIe
nonbITKH. TaK, neweXOHOB, CTpeMHCb onpe.n.eJIHTb 3a.n.alJH peBOJIIO-
l.lHH, BbIcTynaJI npOTHB MapKCHCTCKOH oueHKH ee 6YP)Kya3Ho-.n.eMOK-
14 ;
paTHlJeCKOrO XapaKTepa. «HeT! - BOCKJIHuaJI OH. - PYCCKaH peBO-
JlIOl.lHH npOH.n.eT no.n. 3HaMeHeM COl..lHaJIH3Ma. ,[{JIH Hee eCTb TOJIbKO
OJlHH BbIXO.n.: BOCCTaHOBHTb npaBa lJeJIOBelJeCKOH JIHlJHOCTH H 06ecne-
qHTb HHTepeCbI TPy.n.OBOrO HapO.n.a - TaKOBa ee 3a.n.alJa» 9.
B O.n.HHX CJIYlJaHX HTOrH H ypOKH peBOJIIOUHH CpaBHHBaJIHCb C ny-
ralJeBmHHOH, C C06blTHHMH B EBpone, C <l>paHUHeH XVI I I B. H fepMa-
HHeH 1848-49 rr., B .n.pyrHx - paCCMaTpHBaJIaCb He caMa peBOJIIO-
lI.HH, a npecca, «06lll.eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe» pa3JIHlJHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH
o C06bITHHX H B03MO)KHbIX HTorax peBOJIIOl..lHH B POCCHH, B TpeTbHX -
OCBell.leHHe CBO.n.HJIOCb K npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHOH nOJIHTHKe, HanpaBJIeH-
HOH Ha nO aBJIeHHe peBOJIIOUHOHHWX BwcTynJIeHHH Macc «B ueJIHX
OKOHlIaTeJIbHOH JIHKBH.n.aUHH peBOJIIOUHH» 10.
O.n.HH H3 JIH.n.epOB 3HeCOB A. OeTpHll.leB TaK Bblpa)KaJI CBoe OTHO-
ll1eHHe K peBOJIIOUHH: «MbI BH.n.eJIH He06bIKHOBeHHbIH 06meCTBeHHbIH
no.n.'beM, Bepy B CBHTbIe H.n.eaJIbI CB060.n.bI, rOpHlJYIO Ha.n.e)K.n.y Ha
no6e.n.y. Tenepb - yna.n.oK, 6eCCHJIbHbIH CKenTHUH3M H 6e3Ha.n.e)K-
HOCTb, rpaHHlJaw.aH C OTlJaHHHeM. 3TO pa3JIHlJHe MbI He TOJIbKO BH.n.HM,
HO H lJYBCTByeM». C TaKoro )Ke po.n.a 3aKJIIOlJeHHHMH 0 peBOJIIOUHOH-
HOH 3noxe, 0 C06bITHHX 1905-1906 rr. BbIcTynaJI H OewexoHoB
B CBOHX CTaTbHX no nporpaMMHbIM BonpocaM. nO.n.06HbIe TpaKToBKH
peBOJIIOUHH CTaJIH HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIMH B pa60Tax Hapo.n.-
HHKOB-JIH6epaJIOB, r.n.e <ppa3a HBHO npe06JIa.n.aJIa Ha,lI. CMbICJIOM.
THnHlJHbIMH .n.JIH JIH6epaJIOB 6bIJIO H OTHOllleHHe K MaccoBoMY
peBOJIIOUHOHHOMY .. .n.BH)KeHHIO, COCTa BJIHBllleMY r JIa BHoe co.n.ep)Ka HHe
Bcero npouecca peBOJIIOUHH. CBH3bIBaH C BbIcTynJIeHHHMH Tpy.n.HW.HX-
CH Ba)KHeHLllHe C06bITHH Toro BpeMeHH, Hapo.n.HHKH H3 «PyccKoro
60raTcTBa» nHCaJIH 0 HHX JIH60 C 60JIbWOH c.n.ep)KaHHOCTblO, JIH60
pe3Ko OTpHl(aTeJIbHO, H306pa)KaH peBOJIIOUHIO B BH.n.e «MaCCOBoro
a<p<peKTa», «e)Ke.n.HeBHbIX pa3p03HeHHbIx H CJIYlJaHHbIX BcnblweK» II.
O.n.HH H3 opraHH3aTopoB H H.n.eOJIOrOB napTHH 3HeCOB C. 51. EJInaTbeB-
CKHH B CTaTbe, nOCBHll.leHHOH .n.BOpHHCTBY H arpapHoMY .n.BH)KeHHIO
B .n.epeBHe, CTaBHJI TaKoH Bonpoc: «flOlJeMY .n.aBHHe coce.n.CKHe OTHO-
weHHH OKOHlJHJIHCb no.n.IKoraMH H pa3pyweHHHMH yca.n.e6, rpa6e)KOM
HMyw.ecTBa H ,lI.HKHM BbIpe3bIBaHHeM CKOTa, C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbI, C Ka-
3aUKHMH HaraHKaMH, nYJIeMeTaMH H nYJIeMeTHbIMH reHepaJIaMH-
C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbI». ClJHTaH ce6H BbIpa3HTeJIHMH HHTepecoB KpecTbHH-
CTBa, HJIH «Tpy.n.oBoro Hapo.n.a», JIH6epaJIbHbIe Hapo.n.HHKH THna EJI-
naTbeBCKoro CTapaJIHCb 3aHHTb n03HUHIO nocTopoHHero, 06'beKTHBHo-
ro Ha6JIIO.n.aTeJIH C06bITHH. «MHe He XOTeJIOCb 6bITb HH a.n.BOKaTOM, HH
npOKypOPOM, - nHCaJI EJInaTbeBCKHH, -. H IKeJIaJI TOJIbKO cnOKOHHO
H 06'beKTHBHO pa306paTbCH BO BceH TOH CTpaWHO HanpH)KeHHOH
aTMoc<pepe cero.n.HHllHero ,lI.HH B .n.epeBHe». BceCTopOHHHH aHaJIH3
H 06'beKTHBHYIO oueHKY OCTpOH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI B ,lI.epeBHe, CTpeM-
JIeHHH KpeCTbHH peLllHTb arpapHWH Bonpoc aBTOpw Ha3BaHHoro Ha-
npaBJIeHHH no.n.MeHHJIH CJIOBeCHOH 3KBHJIH6pHCTHKOH, paccYIK.n.aH 06
OC060M THne KOHcepBaTH3Ma pyccKoro .n.BOpHHcTBa, 0 «lJeJIOBeKe
lJeCTH H COBeCTH», BocnOMHHaHHHMH 0 .n.BOpHHcTBe 80-x ro.n.OB, 0 ro-
t pO.n.CKOM H 3eMCKOM caMoynpaBJIeHHH, 0 nOMeIlJ.HlJbHX yca.n.b6ax KaK
KYJIbTypHbIX yrOJIKax.
143
nOCTaBHB BOnpOC 0 «XapaKTepe arpapHblX .n.BH)KeHHH» 12, EJInaTb.
eBCKHH nHCaJI 060 BceM, KpoMe COCTOHHHH 3eMeJIbHOrO Bonpoca,
KOTOpbIH 6blJI r JIaBHOH npHlJHHOH peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX BbIcTynJIeHHIf
KpecTbHH. npH 3TOM aBTop CCblJIaJICH Ha 60JIee HJIH MeHee pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHoe MHeHHe, lJTO «3TO .n.BH)KeHHe CTHXHHHOe, MaJIO OCMbICJIeH-
Hoe, B3pbIB OTlJaHHHH, C O.n.HOH CTOpOHbI, H MaJIO pe30HHoe H npo-
.n.YKTHBHoe CTpeMJIeHHe peaJIH30BaTb BeKOBelJHYIO KpeCTbHHCKYIO MelJ-
TY 0 3eMJIe - C .n.pyroH CTOpOHbi. 50JIee HJIH MeHee 06ll.lee MHeHHe,
liTO 3TO TOJIbKO arpapHbIe 6ecnopH.n.KH, lJTO no,lI. HHMH JIe)Ka , TOJIbKO
3KOHOMHlJeCKHe HHTepecw, TOJIbKO 3KOHOMHlJeCKHe 3anpocw». Hera-
THBHoe OTHOllleHHe K arpapHOMY .n.BH)KeHHIO npOHBJIHJIOCb He TOJIbKO
B no.n.06Horo po.n.a paccy*.n.eHHHX aBTopa, OHO Bblpa)KaJIOCb H B TOM,
lJTO OH OTpHuaJI B03MO)KHOCTb OCYlll.eCTBJIeHHH arpapHbIX npeo6pa30-
BaHHH peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM nYTeM. PeBOJIIOUHOHHblM cpe.n.CTBaM OH npo-
THBonOCTaBJIHJI - HHoe: «e,lI.HHCTBeHHbIH nYTb perneHHH 3Toro Bonpo-
ca - rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIH nYTb», T. e. nocpe.n.CTBOM pe<popM, ocyw.e-
CTBJIHeMbIX npaBHTeJIbCTBOM H rocno.n.CTBYIOW.HMH KJIaCCaMH. Y cnex
3Toro OH BH.n.eJI B COlJeTaHHH «CTpaCTHOCTH CTpeMJIeHHH H BOJIH»
C «no.n.'beMOM JIHlJHOCTH, C OCMbICJIeHHOCTblO ,lI.BH)KeHHH, C no.n.'beMOM
nOJIHTHlJeCKOrO caMOC03HaHHH». fJIaBHaH pOJIb B 3TOM npouecce,
eCTeCTBeHHO, aBTopOM OTBo.n.HJIaCb HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, KOTopaH .n.OJI)KHa
HanpaBHTb CBOIO ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb «Ha no.n.HHTHe nOnHTHlJeCKOrO caMO-
C03HaHHH KpeCTbHHCTBa. OCTaJIbHOe Y Hero HMeeTCH» 13.
M BMeCTe C TeM 3a BceH 3TOH neCTpOH <ppa3eOJIOrHeH CKpbIBaJIaCb
peaJIbHaH KJIaCCOBaH n03HUHH Ha PO.n.HHKOB-JIH6epaJIOB. fOBOpH 0 no-
Be.n.eHHH pa3JIHlJHbIX COU,HaJIbHbIX CHJI, OeTpHw.eB OTMelJaJI, lJTO HH-
TeJIJIHreHUHH «nepeYTOMHJIaCb», nOHeCJIa 60JIbWHe nOTepH, Tor.n.a KaK
«6pO)KeHHe B Maccax Hapo.n.a He MO)KeT YJIelJbCH, nOKa He ocyw.e-
CTBJIeHbI )KH3HeHHO He06xo.n.HMbIe .n.JIH CTpaHbI COUHaJIbHO-nOJIHTHlIe-
CKHe pe<popMbI» 14. Sepa B B03MO)KHOCTb npOBe.n.eHHH uapCKOH a.n.MH-
HHCTpaUHeH COUHaJIbHbIX pe<popM, cnoc06HbIX H3MeHHTb xo.n. 06-
ll.leCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, npH.n.aTb eMY «nOJIHTHlJeCKOe H COUHaJIbHoe»
06HOBJIeHHe - TaKOB rJIaBHbIH BbIBO.n., KOTOpbIH ,lI.eJIaJIH Hapo.n.HHKH-
JIH6epaJIbI, 0606lll.aH onbIT H HTorH 60pb6bI 1905-1907 rr. TaKoH
no,lI.xo,lI. nOJIHOCTblO oTBepraJI H.n.elO peBOJIIOUHOHHoro npe06pa30BaHHH
)KH3HH, pa.n.HKaJIbHOrO H3MeHeHHH Bcex ee OCHOB. He peBOJIIOUHH,
a pe<popMa «cBepxy» - caMbIH npHeMJIeMbIH .n.JIH JIH6epaJIOB-Hapo.n.-
HHKOB nYTb pa3BHTHH cTpaHw.
B anpeJIe 1907 r. no nOBo.n.y no.n.06Horo po.n.a paccY)K.n.eHHH JIH6e-
paJIOB B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI: «He BH,lI.aHO eme B HCTOpHH lJeJIOBelJeCTBa
TaKHX npHMepoB, lJT06bI rocno,lI.cTBYIOlll.He H yrHeTalOll.lHe KJIaCCbI
,lI.06pOBOJIbHO OTKa3aJIHCb OT CBOHX npaB Ha rocno.n.CTBO, Ha yrHeTe-
HHe, Ha TbICHlJHble .n.OXO.n.bI OT 3aKa6aJIeHHbIX KpecTbHH H pa60lJHX» 15.
3HeCbI ClJHTaJIH ce6H napTHeH Hapo.n.Horo COUHaJIH3Ma, XOTH H3 Bcex
Ha pO,lI.HHlJeCKHX opraHH3aUHH XX B. OHH CTOHJIH OT Hero .n.aJIbWe Bcex.
TeM He MeHee OHH npe.n.npHHHMaJIH nonWTKH .n.JIH ero 060CHOBaHHH,
oc06eHHO y6e)K.n.eHHO .n.OKa3bIBaH, lJTO nepexo.n. K COUHaJIH3MY B03-
MO)KeH B POCCHH MHpHbIM nYTeM, 6e3 peBOJIIOUHH, npH aKTHBHOM
co.n.eHCTBHH pe<popMaM «CBepxy». 3THMH BonpocaMH 3aHHMaJICH O,lI.HH
144
H3 H,lI.eOJIOrOB H OpraHH3aTOpOB napTHH 3HeCOB A. B. OeWeXOHOB,
qaCTO BbIcTynaBWHH: Ha CTpaHHl..laX .>KypHaJIa «PYCCKOe 60raTCTBO»,
CTaBWerO rJIaBHbIM napTHHHblM OpraHOM JIH6epaJIbHblX Hapo.n.HHKOB.
Bee >KHBOTpenew.Yll.lHe BonpocbI peBOJIIOl.lHH nOJIYlJHJIH Y Hero BeCbMa
cBoeo6pa3Hoe oCBew.eHHe. BMecTo aHaJIH3a KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI H XO-
)J.a peBOJIIOUHH, pOJIH B 3TOM npouecce HOBOH napTHH OeweXOHOB
nYCKaJICH B BeCbMa .n.aJIeKHe OT )KH3HH H ee Hacyw.HbIX 3a.n.alJ paccY)K-
,lI.eHHH. OH nHCaJI B MapTe 1906 r.: «MbI 3HaeM, KaKoe rpoMa.n. Hoe
paccToHHHe JIe)KHT Me)K.n.y .n.OJI)KHbIM H CYll.lHM, Mem.n.y H.n.eaJIOM
H .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTbIO, Me)K.n.y TeM, lJTO npeno.n.HOCHTCH B HaweH
MbICJIH, H TeM, lJTO oKpymaeT Hac B )KH3HH. HaM 3HaKOMa 3Ta rJIy60-
KaH aHTHTe3a, KOTopaH H3.n.aBHa BOJIHyeT lJeJIOBelJeCKHe cep.n.ua» 16.
BbIXO.n. H3 3Toro npOTHBOpelJHH Me)K.n.y H.n.eaJIOM H .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHO-
CTbIO, KOTOPOMY npH.n.aBaJIOCb caMo.n.OBJIelOll.lee 3HalJeHHe, neweXOHO-
BY BH.n.eJICH B «HHCTHHKTe caMocoxpaHeHHH» H B npeBocxo.n.CTBe
lJeJIOBeKa Ha.n. OKPY)KalOll.lHM MHpOM. ABTop YCMaTpHBaJI ero B cno-
C06HOCTH JIIO.n.eH K COTpy.n.HHlJeCTBY, KOTopoe, «He orpaHHLIeHO HH
BpeMeHeM, HH npOCTpaHCTBOM». B pa3rap OCTpeHweH KJIaCCOBOH
60pb6bI, Kor.n.a B xo.n.e peBOJIIOUHH .n.o npe.n.eJIa 06HamHJIHCb COUHaJIb-
HbIe aHTarOHH3MbI, OerneXOHOB BbIcTynaJI Bce C TeMH )Ke CTapbIMH,
.n.aBHO 06BeTilla BWHMH Ha po.n.HHlJeCKHMH H.n.eHMH 0 COTpY.lI.HHlJeCTBe
KaK rJIaBHOM <paKTope COUHaJIbHOrO nporpecca, 0 B3aHMOnOMOlll.H
H nO,lI..n.ep)KKe. OeweXOHOB YBepeHHO YTBepm.n.aJI, lJTO «HacTynHT
BpeMH, I<or.n.a Bee lJeJIOBelJeCTBO CnJIOTHTCH B O.n.HO Hepa3pblBHoe
ueJIoe H COCTaBHT O.n.HO 06ll.leCTBO». f JIaBHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM e.n.HHe-
HHH OeweXOHOB Ha3bIBaJI C03HaHHe. «Ha 3TO C03HaHHe H CIIHTaeT
He06xo.n.HMbIM onepeTbCH Hawa nporpaMMa, B HeM OHa H BH.n.HT
TOT MOCT, KOTOpbIH .n.OJImeH 6bITb nepeKHHYT Me>K.n.y CYW.HM H .n.OJI-
)KHbIM» 17.
PaccY)K.LI.aH 0 B3aHMo.n.eHCTBHH a6CTpaKTHoro lJeJIOBeKa C TaKHM
)Ke a6CTpaKTHbIM 06w.eCTBOM, KOTOPOMY lJeJIOBeK HK06bI npOTHBono-
CTaBJIHeT CBOIO BOJIIO, «eCJIH eCTeCTBeHHbIH XO.n. Bew.eH» Ha pywaeT ero
HHTepeCbI, OeweXOHOB nbITaJICH YTBep.n.HTb H.n.eH, BeCbMa ,lI.aJIeKHe OT
peaJIbHOH )KH3HH H HaYlJHOrO 06'bHCHeHHH npOTeKaBwHX B 06ll.leCTBe
npoueCCOB. 3TO npOHBHJIOCb H B ero MHeHHH 0 TOM, lJTO HK06bI no
OTHoweHHIO K BHewHeMY MHPy lJeJIOBeK «HBJIHeTCH npHpO)K.n.eHHbIM
H npH TOM B 60JIbWeH Mepe, lJeM KaKOe-JIH60 .n.pyroe )KHBOe cyw.eCT
BO, - peBOJIIOUHOHepOM». TaK nerneXOHOB 06'bHCHHJI HCTOKH peBOJIIO-
UHOHHOCTH Ha pO,lI.HbIX Macc, no.n.MeHHH COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlJeCKHH.
aHaJIH3 KJIaCCOBbIX aHTarOHH3MOB, xapaKTep H <POpMbI HX npo-
HBJIeHHH paCCY)K,lI.eHHHMH 0 TOM, lJTO, OTCTaHBaH CBOH HHTepeCbI,
Ka)K.n.bIH lIeJIOBeK npOTHBonOCTaBJIHeT ce6H .n.pyrHM JIIO,lI.HM. CTpeMJIe-
HHe K y.n.oBJIeTBOpeHHIO CBOHX nOTpe6HOCTeH 3a ClJeT ,lI.pyrHx npHBO-
.n.HT, no MHeHHIO aBTopa, K «HeH36e)KHOH 60pb6e JIHlJHbIX HHTepeCOB
B lJeJIOBelJeCKOM 06ll.leCTBe». B pe3YJIbTaTe 60pb6bI «JIHIIHbIX HHTepe-
COB» nOHBJIHeTCH .n.H<p<pepeHUHaUHH 06w.eCTBa, ero pacna.n. «Ha 3K-
CnJIyaTaTopOB H 3KCnJIyaTHpyeMbIx, rocno.n.CTBO HeMHOfHX, CHJIbHbIX,
Ha.n. MHO}l{eCTBOM CJIa6bIX». nOCKOJIbKY B .n.H<p<pepeHUHpoBaHHoM 06-
ll.leCTBe lIeJIOBelJeCKaH JIHlJHOCTb He MO)KeT pa3BHBaTbCH rapMOHHlJHO,
YTBep)K.n.aJI nerneXOHOB, OHa, eCTeCTBeHHO, perpeccHpyeT. B O.n.HHX
lor .n. AJ1eKCeeBa
145
CJIYlJaHX 3TO npOHCXO.n.HT OT npa3.n.HOCTH H npecbIw.eHHH, B JI.pyrHx -
OT H3HypeHHH H HCTOll.leHHH. 50pb6a HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHbIMH CHJIaMH He
MO)KeT 06eCnelJHTb n06e.n.y lJeJIOBe4eCKOH JIHIlHOCTH. rl03ToMY, pac-
cY)K.n.aJI flernexoHoB, 60pb6a 3a CYll.leCTBOBaHHe - «<paKTOp 6HOJIO-
rHlJeCKOrO nopH,lI.Ka - B COUHaJIbHOH cpe.n.e npH06peTaeT Ha nOlJBe
COTpy.n.HHlIeCTBa H 06'be.n.HHeHHH 06W.HMH HHTepecaMH rpynnoBoH
xa paKTep» 18.
HeCMOTpH Ha peBOJIIOUHOHHbIe nOTpHceHHH 1905-1907 rr., .n.o
npe.n.eJIa 06Ha)KHBWHe KJIaCCOBbIe npoTHBOpelJHH B 06ll.leCTBe, npoH-
BHBlllHeCH B 6appHKa.n.HbIx 60HX B ropo.n.ax H MaCCOBOM KpecTbHHcKOM
.n.BH)KeHHH B .n.epeBHe, 0 4eM nHCaJI H caM neulexoHoB, JIH6epa..h'bHbIe
Ha pO,lI.HHKH npo.n.oJI)KaJIH B TeopHH OTCTaHBaTb CTa PYIO COUHOJIOrHlIe-
CKYIO cxeMY «lJeJIOBeK-06ll.leCTBO», a Bce OTHoweHHH xapaKTepH30-
BaTb KaK rpynnOBYIO COJIH.n.apHOCTb Ha nOtlBe 06W.HOCTH HHTepeCOB,
HrHopHpYH peaJIbHbIe KJIaCCOBbIe OTHoweHHH H npOTHBOOOpCTBO pa3-
JIHlJHbIX COUHaJIbHbIX CHJI. 113 BeCbMa ,lI.aJIeKHX 01' HaYKH paCCY)K,lI.eHHH
OeweXOHOB .n.eJIaJI npaKTHlJeCKHH BbIBO,lI.: «l1cnOJIb30BaTb 3TY rpynno-
BYIO 60pb6y B HHTepecax CBoeH KOHelJHOH ueJIH, OCBeTHTb ee B 3THX
BH,lI.3X CBeTOM KOJIJIeKTHBHoro C03HaHHH, npH.n.aTb eH, TaKHM 06pa30M,
peBOJIIOUHOHHbIH xapaKTep, - H ClJHTaeT He06xo.n.HMbIM Hawa npo-
rpaMMa». B CBH3H C 3THMH 3a.n.alJaMH napTHH, nHca.lI nellleXOHOB,
HaMepeHa onHpaTbCH Ha Te 06ll.leCTBeHHbIe rpynnbI, HHTepeCbI KOTO-
pblX COBna.n.aIOT C HHTepecaMH lJeJIOBelJeCKOH JIHlJHOCTH, a «TaKHMH
B 06lIl.eCTBeHHOH 60pb6e HBJIHIOTCH Bce Te rpynnbl, KOTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH
yrHeTeHHbIMH H 06e3,lI.OJIeHHbIMH».
3TH BeCbMa npHMHTHBHwe paccy .n.eHHH 0 6e.n.HWX H 60raTWX
OelleXOHOB cHa6)KaJI elIl.e H ,lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH H.n.eHMH 0 KJIaCCOBOH
60pb6e, KOTopaH «3aTparHBaeT HHTepeCbI Tpy.n.a, T. e. caMbIe cy-
ll.leCTBeHHbIe HHTepeCbI JIHIlHOCTH». ,L{ame TaKoe y60roe npH3HaHHe
HaJIHlJHH B 06ll.leCTBe KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI Hap0,lI.HHKH-JIH6epaJIbI THna
OeweXOHOBa orOBapHBaJIH YCJIOBHHMH, KOTopbIe 03HalJaJIH ee nOJIHOe
OTpHuaHHe. OellleXOHOB .n.eJIaJI 3TO YTBep*.n.eHHHMH 0 HaJIHlJHH B 06-
w.eCTBe ,lI.pyrHx BH,lI.OB 60pb6bI, 06 OrpaHHlJeHHH ee paMKaMH «rpynno-
BOH 60pb6bI - 60pb6bI BHYTPH lJeJIOBelJeCKOrO 06ll.leCTBa» 19.
06'be.n.HHeHHOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6e WHpOKHX Macc Tpy.n.Hll.lHXCH
Hapo.n.HHKH npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJIH H.n.eH COBMeCTHbIX ,lI.eHCTBHH, B KOTO-
pWX BH.n.HYIO pOJIb .n.OJI)KHW cwrp8Tb H «HH.n.HBH,lI.yaJIbHWe YCHJIHH
Ka)K.n.OH JIHlJHOCTH, H 06'be,lI.HHeHHbIe CHJIbI Bcero Tpy.n.Hw.erOCH lJeJIO-
j3elJeCTBa». TaK H306pa)KaJIHCb nepcneKTHBbI 60pb6bI 3a COUHaJIH3M
H OTBepraJICH KJIaCCOBbIH xapaKTep nporpaMMbI napTHH 3HeCOB, KOTO-
pbIe ClJHTaJIH ce6H 38Ill.HTHHKaMH 06w.elJeJIOBelJeCKHX HHTepeCOB.
OceHbIO Toro me 1906 r. B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI, lJTO B3rJIH.n.aM Oewexo-
HOBa «HeJIb3H OTKa3aTb B ueJIbHOCTH, CTpoi1HOCTH, 3aKOH4eHHOCTH»,
lJTO H.n.eo.lIorH no.n.06Horo THna BbIcTynalOT TeopeTHKaMH H 3aw.HTHH-
KaMH «Tpy.n.oBoro cOl.lHaJIH3Ma», lJTO ero H.n.eOJIOrH «no8AaaICU8alOTCfl
K UH,TepeCaM X03RUCT8eH,H,020 MYalCU"lKa, no.n..n.eJIbIBaIOT COl..lHaJIH3M
no,lI. ero HHTepeCbI». nO.n.06Horo pO,lla paCCY)K.n.eHHH J1eHHH Ha3bIBaJI
«COUHaJIH3MOM MeJIKOrO JIaBOlJHHKa», a ero TeopeTHKOB - H.n.eHHbIMH
«BbIpa3HTeJIHMH peaKUHOHHbIX CTOpOH KpeCTbHHCKoro X03HHCTBa» 20.
146
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, peBOJIIOUHOHHble C06bITHH 1905-1907 rr. HH
B KoeH Mepe He nOBJIHHJIH Ha OCHOBW COl..lHOJIOrHlJeCKOH KOHuenUHH
npaBbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB. KaK H npe>K.n.e, OHH OTCTaHBaJIH H.n.eH 0 Ba)KHO-
CTH COTpy.n.HHlJeCTBa, 0 pe<popMax KaK rJIaBHOM HanpaBJIeHHH 60pb6bI
3a COI.l.HaJIH3M. COUHaJIH3M .n.JIH 3THX Ha pO.n.HHKOB, -- nHCaJJ B. 11. J1e-
HHH - 3TO «nepcneKTHBa, YXO.n.HW.aH B .n.aJIb» 21. OHH paTOBaJIH 3a
pa.n.HKaJIbHbIe H3MeHeHHH, KOTopbIe MorYT npOH30MTH BHe KJIaCCOBOH
60pb6bl, BHOCHlueH HK06bI B o6w.eCTBO aHapXHIO, pa3JIa)1., He>KeJIa-
TeJIbHbIe nOCJIe.n.CTBHH B BH.n.e peaKUHH, nOCJIe,lI.OBaBweH 3a ro.n.aMH
peBOJIIOUHOHHoro nO.LI.'beMa. KaK H .n.pyrHe Ha pO.n.HHKH, 3HeCbI He
nOHHMaJIH Toro <paKTa, lJTO CMeHHBwaH peBOJIIOl.lHIO 1905-
1907 rr. peaKUHH 6bIJla CJIe.n.CTBHeM He caMOH peBOJIIOUHH, a peaKUHOH-
HOM aHTHHa pO,lI.HOH nOJIHTHKH npaBHw.HX KJIaCCOB, pacnpa BJIHBWHXCH
C Hapo.n.OM Hero JIH.n.epaMH H3-3a 60H3HH nOTepHTb BJlaCTb H KJIaCCO-
BbIe npHBHJIerHH. ,L{JIH Hapo.n.HHKOB peBOJIIOU.HH H peaKUHH CTaJIH
HBJIeHHHMH B3aHMOCBH3aHHbIMH, a nOTOMY He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIMH, onac-
HbIMH, KOTopbIe MO)KHO HK06bl H36e)KaTb pa3YMHOH nOJIHTHKOH--
npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHblMH pe<popMaMH. TaKOB KOHelJHbIH BbIBO.n. JIH6epa-
JIOB- Ha pO.n.HHKOB, c.n.eJIa HHbIH H3 0llblT3 60pb6bl 1905--1907 rr. no-
3HUHH JIH6epaJIOB-Hapo.n.HHKOB OCTaBaJIHCb TaKHMH me, KaK H B XIX B.,
KOTopwe B. H. J1eHHH xapaKTepH30Ban KaK «nOJIHTHlJeCKOe JIaKeH-
CTBO ".n.PY3eH Ha pon.a" H I1X rOTOBHOCTb H.n.TH Ha KOMnpOMHCCbI» 22.
OTpbIB OT peaJIbHOff )KH3HH, Hecnoc06HOCTb npeo.n.OJIeTb HJIJII03HH
H «HCKaTb onopbI B .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOM, a He B meJIaTeJIbHOM pa3BHTHH
POCCHH», 6eCKOHelJHbIe pa3r JIarOJIbCTBOBaHHH 0 «H8 pO.n.HOM CTpoe»,
«0 WHpOKHX H.n.eaJIax», «06 H.n.eaJIbHOH nOCTa HOBKe BonpocoB )KH3-
HH» - TaKOBbI xapaKTepHble lJepTbI 3HeCOBCKHX TeOpeTHl.feCKHX nHca-
HHH B ro.n.bI peBOJIIOUHH 23.
HHbIe oueHKH peBOJIIOUHH .n.aBaJIH npe.n.CTaBHTeJIH JIeBOHapo.n.HI14e-
CKoro TelJeHHH. Hx OTHoweHHe K np06JIeMaM peBOJIIOUHH, ee 3a.n.a4,
xapaKTepa, 3HalleHHH, B03MO)KHbIX H peaJIbHbIX HTorOB 3aMeTHO OTJIH-
lJaJIOCb OT JIH6epaJIbHO-Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX, pe<popMHcTCKHX B033peHHH.
f JIaBHOe pacXO)K.n.eHHe 6bIJIO B TOM, lJTO H,lleOJIOrH JIeBOHa po.n.HHlJeCT-
Ba CBH3bIBaJIH C peBOJIIOUHeM Ha.l1.em.n.y Ha KopeHHbIe H3MeHeHHH BO
Bcex c<pepax )I(H3HH 06meCTBa. fl03TOMY paCKOJI, HaMeTHBlllHHCH
B JI a re p e Hap o.n. H H lJ e CT B a, OT p a )K a H co UH aJI b H bI e no 3 H UH H P a 3JI H lJ H bI X
CJIOeB, 6bIJI CBH3aH C OTHoweHHeM K HalJaBIlIeHCH peBOJIIOl..lHH, C oueH-
KOH TaKTHKH H pOJIH napTHH 3cepOB B 6YPHO pa3BHBaBWHXCH co-
6bITHHX.
OpOHBJIeHHeM paCKOJIa napTHH 3cepOB CTaJIa rpynna «MOJIO.n.bIX
COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB», C03.n.aHHaH aKTHBHbIM JIeBOHa PO.n.HH-
KOM E. YCTHHOBbIM (J103HHCKHM). B 1906 r. OHH O<POpMHJIHCb B «Co-
103 COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB MaKCHMaJIHCTOB» 2 . C ueJIblO npo-
naraH.n.bI CBOHX B3rJIH.LI.OB, OTJIHlJHbIX OT 3cepOBCKHX, OHH CTaJIH H3.n.a-
BaTb «BOJIbHbIH .n.HCKYCCHOHHbIM .1IHCTOK», co.n.ep)KaHHe KOToporo
B nOJIHOM Mepe OTpa3HJIO r.ny60KHM HJLCHHbIH paCKOJI cpe.n.H HapO.l1. HH -
KOB 3cepOBCKoro TOJIKa. AHaJIH3 ero MaTepHaJIOB n03BOJIHeT
paCKpbITb xapaKTep cnopOB Ii paCXO)K.n.eHHH B cpe.n.e Hapo.n.HH4eCKHX
H.n.eOJIOrOB B CBH3H C peBOJIIOll.HeH.
10*
147
B Mae 1905 r. BbIWeJI nepBbIH HOMep «BOJIbHOrO .n.HCKYCcHoHHoro
JIHCTKa». B pe.n.aKUHoHHOH CTaTbe .n.eJIaJIOCb BeCbMa npHMeqaTeJIbHOe
npH3HaHHe, lJTO C06blTHH 1905 r. 3aXBaTHJIH napTHIO 3cepoB Bpac-
nJIOx. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH, OTMelJaJIOCb B CTaTbe, napTHH CMOrJIa «Ha-
MeTHTb JIHWb Koe-KaKHe OCHOBHbIe CBOH perneHHH, HO He ycneJIa
OKOHlJaTeJIbHO caMOOC03HaTbCH H pa306paTbCH B l..leJIOM pH,lI.e caMblX
CJIO)KHbIX H 3anYTaHHbIX np06JIeM, BbI.n.BHraeMbIX PYCCKOH peBOJIIO-
l..lHeH». napTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB He OTBeTHJIa Ha HHX
B napTHHHOH JIHTepaType, n03TOMY CYlllecTByeT «B pH.n.3X HaweH
napTHH elll.e 60JIbWaH HeHCHOCTb, HecneTOCTb H HeCOrJIaCOBaHHOCTb».
B CTaTbe OTKpOBeHHO CTaBHJICH Bonpoc: «LITO .LI.eJIaTb, eCJIH nOCJIe.n.-
HHH [peBOJIIOUHH] 3aCTHraeT BpaCnJIOX ueJIYIO nOJIHTH4eCKYlO nap-
THI0 1 HMelOw.yIO nOKa ew.e He nporpaMMY, a JIHWb npoeKT nporpaMMbI,
H npH TOM npoeKT, BbI3bIBaIOw.HH B He.n.pax caMOH napTHH ueJIbIH pfi,Ll,
TpeHHH H pa3HOrJIaCHH?»
3.n.eCb )Ke npe,Ll,JIa raJIOCb 06CY.LI.HTb B WHpOKOH H CB060.LI.HOH
.n.HCKYCCHH nporpaMMHwe H TaKTH4eCKHe Bonpocw, OT KOTOpWX 3a-
BHCHT «BeCb TOH H xa aKTep HaweH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH B 6JIH)KaHwylO
PYCCKYIO peBOJIIOl..lHIO» 2 . B nepelJeHb 3THX BonpOCOB 6blJIH BKJIIOlJeHbl
CJIe.n.yIO lllHe:
«1) Ha we OTHoweHHe K Bonpocy 06 YlJaCTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-
peBOJIIOUHOHepoB B 6YP)Kya3HoM napJIaMeHTe. . .
2) KaKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO Mbl, c-p, c06cTBeHHo, HaMepeHbl cOBep-
waTb: 6YP)Kya3HYIO HJIH COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKYIO, 6bITb MO)KeT, elll.e Ka-
KYIO-JIH60 TpeTblO, rH6pH.n.HYIO? Ha 3TOT Bonpoc elll.e He .n.aHO HaweH
JIHTepaTYPOH BnOJIHe onpe,lI.eJIeHHOrO H HCHoro OTBeTa.
3) KaKoBo Harne OTHoweHHe K B03MO)KHOCTH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH
KOMMYHbI B ropo.n.e, Hano.n.06He napH)KCKOH 1871 r., H KaKOBa .n.o-
JI)KHa 6blTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3TOMY Hawa KOMMYHaJIbHaH nporpaMMa?
4) Bonpoc 0 HarneM YlJaCTHH BO BpeMeHHoM npaBHTeJIbCTBe.
5) Bonpoc 0 nporpaMMe-MHHHMYM H MaKCHMYM, B3HTbIH C ero
caMOH Ba)KHOH, a HMeHHO npaKTHlJeCKOH CTOpOHbl.
6) Harne OTHoweHHe K pOCCHHCKOMY JIH6epaJIH3MY, COUHaJI-.n.e-
MOKpaTH3MY H aHapxH3MY.
7) Hawe OTHoweHHe K arpapHoMY H Bo06lll.e 3KOHOMHlJeCKoMY
Tep popy H T. .n..»
3TH BonpOCbl, OTMellaJIOCb B «JIHcTKe», nOCTaBJIeHbI caMOH
)KH3HbIO, «HaCTOHIIHBO Tpe6YIOw.eH OT Hac HCHbIX H CTporo onpe.n.eJIeH-
HbIX OTBeTOB». H XOTH BCH 3cepOBCKaH JIHTepaTypa Bcer.n.a neCTpeJIa
H.n.eHMH 0 cB06o.n.e MbICJIH, TeM He MeHee lJJIeHbI rpynnbI MOJIO.n.bIX
COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB He 6e3 OCHOBaHHH BblCKa3bIBaJIH Ha-
.n.e)K.n.y Ha TO, lJTO H B3aMeH npe)KHeH lteHTpaJIH3al.lHH H.n.eHHOH )KH3HH
HacTynaeT HOBaH 6JIarOTBOpHaH nopa ee .n.eueHTpaJIH3aUHH, no.n. 06-
lll.HM, KOHellHO, KOHTpOJIeM ueHTpaJIbHbIX BbI60pHbIX YlJpe)K.n.eHHH nap-
THH». O.LI.HaKO 3TH Ha.n.e)K.n.bI H HaMepeHHH «O)KHBHTb YMCTBeHHYIO
)KH3Hb» nYTeM WHpOKOH .n.HCKYCCHH no npHHUHnHaJIbHbIM BonpocaM
peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bl He onpaB.n.aJIHCb. BbIrnJIO Bcero TPH HOMepa
«J1HcTKa», H60 BepxH napTHH 3cepoB BCTpeTHJIH ero Bpa)K.n.e6HO.
HeCMOTpH Ha Henpo.n.OJI)KHTeJIbHOCTb cyw.ecTBoBaHHH, «.I1HcToK»
148
B IlOJIHOH Mepe OTpa3HJI XapaKTep 3cepOBCKOH JJ.eMOKpaTHH. ,[{eKJIapH-
PYH npaBO Ha CB060,Ll,OMbICJIHe, lIJIeHOB napTHH 3cepOB, IlOCMeBLllHX
3aHBHTb 0 CJIa60CTH TeOpeTHlJeCKOH pa60TW no BOIlpocaM peBOJIID-
UHH, nporpaMMbI H CTpaTerHH, MaKCHMaJIHCTbl npe.n.JIaraJIH HCKJIIO-
IIHTb H3 napTHH. «J1HCTOK» CMor .n.aTb HeKOTopble OTBeTbI Ha no-
CTaBJIeHHbIe B ero nepBOM HOMepe np06JIeMbi. O.n.HHM H3 TaKHX
OTBeTOB 6bIJIa CTaTbH, no.n.nHcaHHaH J1. H Ha3BaHHaH «I3YP)Kya3HaH
HJIH COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKaH peBOJIIDUHH?» B lJHCJIe HepeUJeHHblX H HeHC-
HbIX 6bIJIH Ha3BaHbI Ba)KHeHLllHe BonpOCbI: «3a lITO Mbl 60peMCH?
OpOTHB Koro MbI 60peMCH - Tenepb, B HaCTOHll.lYIO MHHYTY? KaKoBa
HaLlla KOHuenUHH Ha.n.BHHYBweHCH Ha Hac BnJIOTHYID BeJIHKOH PYCCKOH
peBOJIIDUHH?» 26
OTBepraH COUHaJI-.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKYID (MeHbLlleBHCTCKYIO) TpaK-
TOBKY peBOJIIOUHH KaK 6YP)Kya3HoH, npe.n.OCTaBJIHIDw.eH HK06bI npo-
CTOp .n.JIH pa3BHTHH KanHTaJIH3Ma B POCCHH, MaKCHMaJIHCTbI nblTaJIHCb
C<POPMYJIHpOBaTb CBoe nOHHMaHHe 3a.n.alJ H xapaKTepa peBOJIIOl..lHH.
OHO co.n.ep)KaJIOCb B Te3Hce: «PYCCKaH peBOJIIDUHH He .n.OJI)KHa H He
MO)KeT CTaTb Y Hac opy.n.HeM HaCa)K.n.eHHH 6YP)Kya3Horo rocno.n.CTBa,
He .n.OJI)KHa H He MO)KeT 6bITb peBOJIIOUHeH 6YP)Kya3HOH. Y Hac peBO-
JIIOUHH MO)KeT 6bITb COBepweHa JIHlllb Hapo.n.HbIMH CHJIaMH, CTpeMH-
ll.lHMHCH npe)K.n.e Bcero HJIH npeHMyw.eCTBeHHO K nOJIHOMY 3KOHOMH4e-
CKOMY OCB0(0)K.n.eHHIO. HaCTOHll.laH peBOJIIDUHH HMeeT B BH.n.y He
TOJIbKO CBep)KeHHe caMo.n.ep)KaBHH. He TOJIbKO 3aBoeBaHHe TaK Ha-
3bIBaeMOH nOJIHTHlJeCKOH CB060.n.bl, HO H CBep)KeHHe 6YP)Kya3Horo
caMo.n.ep)KaBHH, 3KcnponpHaUHIO 3KcnponpHaTopOB B arpapHOH cpe.n.e
H nepe.n.a lJY 3eMJIH B KOJIJIeKTHBHoe BJIa.n.eHHe 06I1..LHH. . . Mbl 60peMCH
B O.n.HH H TOT )Ke MOMeHT H npOTHB caMo.n.ep)KaBHH H npOTHB 6YP)Kya-
3HH: MbI npe.n.npHHHMaeM BeJIHKOe .n.eJIO BeJIHKOH PYCCKOH COUHaJIH-
CTHlJeCKOH PeBOJIIOUHH».
Pa3'bHCHHH .n.aJIee 3a.n.alJH H xapaKTep HalJaBWeHCH B 1905 r. peBo-
JIIDUHH, 3TH JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH BbI.n.BHraJIH H.n.eID 3KcnpOnpHaIl.HH He
TOJIbKO 3eMJIH, HO H Bcex Opy.n.HH npOH3Bo.n.CTBa, CIIHTaH, lJTO B YCJIO-
BHHX 6YP)Kya3Horo CTpOH «CTOMHJIJIHOHHaH Macca KpeCTbHH .n.alKe
H nOCJIe COUHaJIH3aUHH OCTaHeTCH B Ka6aJIe y KanHTaJIH3Ma» 27. 3TH
BO MHorOM BepHwe Tpe60BaHHH MaKCHMaJIHCTW .n.onOJIHHJIH npOB03-
rJIaWeHHeM rJIaBHbIM cpe.n.CTBOM 60pb6bI Teppop - arpapHbIH, <pa6-
pHlJHbIH, HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHbIH, KOTOpbIH Mor BbI3BaTb TOJIbKO aHa PXHIO
H HOBbIe penpeCCHH.
KpHTHKYH 3TH pa.n.HKaJIbHWe Tpe60BaHHH JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB,
B. 11. JIeHHH nHCaJI B 1906 r.: «CTOpOHHHKH peBOJIIOUHOHHblX TeH.n.eH-
UHH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa 3aHBHJII-!: nOlJeMY Tpe60BaTb COUHaJIH3al.lHH o.n.-
HOH TOJIbKO 3eMJIH? MbI Tpe6yeM COUHaJIH3aUHH <pa6pHK H 3aBo.n.OB
TOlJHO TaK )Ke! ,L{OJIOH nporpaMMY-MHHHMYM! MbI MaKCHMaJIHCTbI!
,L{OJIOH TeopHIO TOBapHoro npoH3Bo.n.cTBa!
no CYTH .n.eJIa 3TO MaKCHMaJIHCTCKOe TelJeHHe nOlJTH CJIHBaeTCH,
KaK H CJIe.n.OBaJIO O)KH.n.aTb, C aHapXH3MOM» 28. 3Ta JIeHHHCKaH oueHKa
B nOJIHOH Mepe no.n.TBep.n.HJIaCb B 6y.n.yw.eM B HX KOHuenUHH Bce06ll1.e-
ro pa3pyweHHH, B TaKTHKe Teppopa, KOTOpbIH OHH npoBo.n.HJIH. B ue-
JIOM KOHuenu.HH 3TOH rpynnbI JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB OCTaBaJIaCb YTonHlJe-
149
CKOH, H60 OHa 6bIJIa paCCIIHTaHa Ha «COUHaJIH3M» KpeCTbHHCKHX Mace.
«Y Hac, - nHCaJIOCb B "J1HcTKe", - BOCCTaBWHH C03HaTeJIbHbIl1
KpeCTbHHHH pa3BepHeT 3HaMH COl.lHaJIHCTHlleCKOH pe BOJIIOl.lH H, a Heco-
3HaTeJIbHbIH He OKa>KeT eH HHKaKoro conpOTHBJIeHHH. BCH BOCCTaB-
waH arpapHaH PYCb nOKpoeTcH 6ecKoHeilHoH ceTblO peBOJIIOl.lHOHHO-
COUHaJIHCTHllecKHx KOMMYH, cOBepWalOl.l.lHX el.l.le 60JIee CMeJIO, lIeM 3TO
.n.eJIaJIa napH>KCKaH KOMMYHa, BeJIHKOe .n.eJIO 3KOHOMHileCKOH H nOJIH-
THlleCKOH 3MaHCHnal.lHH, nO-CBoeMY, no-.n.ypal.lKH, nO-MY>KHUKH, He
.n.O>KH.n.aHCb IIY>KOH YKa3KH H3 MOCKBbI HJIH nHTepa». 3.n.ecb )Ke BbI-
CKa3bIBaJIaCb Ha.n.e>K.n.a Ha no.n..n.ep>KKY 3Toro .n.BH)KeHHH ropo.n.cKHMH
pa604HMH. Pe3YJIbTaTOM 3Toro 6y.n.eT COlO3 pa60llero Hapo.n.a C peBo-
JIIOl.lHOHHO-COl.lHaJIHCTHllecKoH HHTeJIJIHreHl.lHeH npoTHB .n.pH6JIOH
H TPYCJIHBOH 6yp>Kya3HH. 3Ta 60pb6a, YTBep)K.n.aJIH JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH,
3aBepwHTcH npOB03rJIaWeHMeM «Bce06w.eH peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH KOMMY-
HbI, KOTopaH .n.aeT B03MO>KHOCTb npHcTynHTb K KopeHHbIM (XOTH 6bI
H nocTeneHHbIM) COl.lHaJIHCTHlleCKHM npe06pa30BaHHHM», «K 3Kcnpo-
npHal.lHH H KOMMYHaJIH3al.lHH ropo.n.cKHX <pa6pHK H 3aBo.n.OB».
Pa3BHBaH H.n.eH 0 B03MO)KHOCTH KOMMYHaJIbHOrO COl.lHaJIH3Ma
B POCCHH, JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH YTBep)K.n.aJIH: «HH C03HaHHe Hapo.n.HbIX
Macc, HH COOTHoweHHe 06mecTBeHHbIx CHJI B POCCHH B .n.eHb KOHeIlHO-
ro TOp>KeCTBa peBOJIIOl.lHH He MorYT nOCJIY)KHTb npenHTCTBHeM K no-
CTeneHHOMY HaCa>K.n.eHHIO y Hac He KanHTaJIH3Ma, He 6yp>Kya3Horo
rocno.n.cTBa, HeT, a COl.lHaJIH3Ma, Hapo.n.onpaBCTBa B HCTHHHOM, He
<paJIbCH<pHl.lHpOBaHHOM CMbICJIe 3Toro CJIOBa». ABTOpbI 3THX nOJIO>Ke-
HHH Ha3bIBaJIH CBOH B033peHHH «cnel.lH<pHlleCKOH, opHrHHaJIbHOH KOH-
uenl.lHeH 6JIH>KaHlllero nepeBopOTa» 29. A B no.n.TBep>K.n.eHHe ee BepHO-
CTH npHBo.n.HJIHCb He <paKTbI, He TeopeTHlleCKHe H JIOrHlleCKHe .n.OBO.n.bI,
OCHOBaHHbIe Ha rJIy60KoM aHaJIH3e peaJIbHOH .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, a Be-
pa. 06 3TOM CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIa BbI.n.BHHYTaH HMH aJIbTepHaTHBa:
«I1JIH MbI BepHM B COUHaJIHCTHlleCKHe, nOJIycOl.lHaJIHCTHllecKHe, 06-
I.l.lHHHo-Tpy.n.oBbIe Tpa.n.Hl.lHH, B033peHHH H CTpeMJIeHHH HaWHX Ha-
pO.n.HbIX Mace H Tor.n.a MbI .n.OJI>KHbI npH3HaTb rOTOBHOCTb K COUHaJIH-
CTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH, HJIH He BepHM H Tor.n.a. . . MbI He BepHM B ca-
MHX ce6H B caMwe oTnpaBHMe H.n.eH CBoero nOJIHTHlleCKoro
MHpOC03epl.laHHH». I1cxo.n.H H3 3THX n03Hl.lHH, JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH npe.n.-
JIaraJIH nepecMoTpeTb nporpaMMY, yrJIy6HTb H pacwHpHTb «BHeceHH-
eM B Hee nYHKTa 06 3KcnpOnpHal.lHH H KOMMYHaJIH3al.lHH ropo.n.cKOH
3eMJIH H Bcex, Haxo.n.HI.l.lHXCH Ha HeH <pa6pHK H 3aBO,lLOB». C 3THX
n03Hl.lHH JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH onpOBepraJIH H.n.eH N\apTwHoBa H .n.pyrHx
aBTopoB H3 MeHbweBHCTCKOH «I1CKPbI», oTpHuaBwHx B03MO>KHOCTb
no 6 e.n.bI COl.lHaJIHCTH4ecKoH peBOJIIOl.lHH B POCCHH 30.
CJIe.n.yeT OTMeTHTb, liTO npM Bcex paCXO>K.n.eHHHX Me)K.n.y MeHbwe-
BHKaMH H 3cepaMH, oc06eHHO no KpeCTbHHCKOMY Bonpocy, Hapo.n.HHKH
pe.n.KO BbIcTynaJIH npOTHB MeHbweBHCTCKHX B3rJIH.n.OB Ha peBOJIIOl.lHIO
B POCCHH, JIHWb caMbIe JIeBbIe H3 HHX, B TOM IIHCJIe 3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIH-
CTbI, peWHTeJIbHO OCY>K.n.aJIH MeHbweBHCTCKHe H.n.eH 0 npe>K.n..eBpe-
MeHHOCTH COl.lHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH B POCCHH. ,L{JIH 3TOH rpynnbI
3cepOB xapaKTepHO pe3KO OTpHl.laTeJIbHOe OTHoweHHe K pe<popMaM, Ha
KOTopbIe paCCIIHTbIBaJIH 3HeCbI H .n.eHTeJIH npaBoro KpbIJIa 3cepOB.
150
B O.n.HOH H3 CTaTeH «J1HcTKa» CnpaBe.n.JIHBO OTMellaJIOCb B CBH3H
C 3THM: «Hawe y6e>K.n.eHHe B TOM, liTO nOJIHTHlleCKHe pe<popMbI, KeM
6bI OHH HH 6bIJIH .n.aHbI, caMo.n.ep>KaBHeM HJIH 6yp>Kya3HeH, CMeHHB-
weH caMo.n.ep>KaBHe, He MorYT HH Ha BOJIOC H3MeHHTb nOJIO>KeHHe
Tpy.n.HmHXCH Mace B POCCHH». TOJIbKO O.n.HH nYTb OHH CIIHTaJIH peaJIb-
HbIM H Ha.n.e>KHbIM - 3TO «peBOJIIOl.lHH caMoro pa60llero Hapo.n.a,
COBepwaeMaH COlO30M ropo.n.CKOH 6e.n.HOTbI, ropo.n.CKoro npOJIeTapHa-
Ta H KpeCTbHHCTBa», T. e. «Hapo.n.HaH peBOJIIOl.lHH». B npOTHBono-
JIO>KHOCTb 3cepaM, YTBep>K.n.aBWHM, liTO rJIaBHbIH Bonpoc peBOJIIOUHH
arpapHbIH, JIH.n.epbI 3TOH rpynnbI 6bIJIH 3a «3KOHOMHlleCKoe OCB0(0)K-
.n.eHHe Hapo.n.a», liTO Hepa3pbIBHO CBH3aHO C «He06xo.n.HMOCTblO nOJIH-
THlleCKoro nepeBopOTa». 3TO 6bIJI 3HallHTeJIbHbIH war Bnepe.n. no
cpaBHeHHIO C 3HecaMH H npaBbIMH 3cepaMH, B03JIaraBWHMH Ha.n.e>K.n.bI
Ha pe<popMbI cBepxy H B 3KOHOMHKe, H B nOJIHTH4eCKOH CHCTeMe.
,L{JIH 060CHOBaHHH CBOHX B3rJIH.n.OB JIH.n.epbI rpynnbI nbITaJIHCb
HCnOJIb30BaTb onbIT npOWJIoro - peBOJIIOl.lHH Ha 3ana.n.e: 1848 r.,
OapH)KCKOH KOMMYHbi. npH 3TOM HX no.n.xo.n. K HCTopH4ecKoMY onbITY
6bIJI 60JIee peaJIHCTHIIHbIM, lIeM y 3cepoB. fJIaBHYIO onaCHOCTb OHH
BH.n.eJIH B TOM, liTO HToraMH 60pb6bI MorYT BOCnOJIb30BaTbCH BparH
Hapo.n. a 31. OpH 06pameHHH K HCTOpHH KOMMYHbI aBTOp CTaTbH CCbI-
JIaJICH Ha K. MapKca. OOCJIe no6e.n.bI BOCCTaBWHX, rOBOpHJIOCb
B CTaTbe, «Bee nOHHMaJIH, liTO Ha.n.o CTpeMHTbCH K 3KOHOMH4eCKOMY
OCB0(0)K.n.eHHIO Tpy.n.a, TaK KaK 6e3 3Toro YCJIOBHH, rOBopHT
K. MapKc, caMoe KOMMYHaJIbHOe YCTPOHCTBO HeMbICJIHMO, OHO nYCTOH
npH3paK. C oCB0(0)K.n.eHHeM TPy.n.a, rOBopHT OH, Ka)K.n.bIH lIeJIOBeK
npeBpaTHTcH B pa60llero, H npOH3Bo.n.HTeJIbHbIH TPY.n. nepecTaHeT 6bITb
npHHa.n.JIe>KHOCTblO H3BeCTHoro COCJIOBHH» 32. PeBOJIIOl.lHOHHOe TBOp-
4eCTBO napH>KCKHX pa60llHX paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb KaK «HOBoe pa60llee
06meCTBO, 06meCTBO COJIH.n.apHoro TPy.n.a Ha Bce06mylO nOJIb3Y». Bo
Bcex 3THX paCCY>K.n.eHHHX COXpaHHJIaCb eme 60JIbWaH .n.OJIH Hapo.n.HH-
lIeCKHX nepe>KHTKOB, o.n.HaKO B ueJIOM 3TO 6bIJI CMeJIbIH pa3pbIB C pe-
<POpMH3MOM, CBOHCTBeHHbIH npaBOMY KpbIJIY 3Toro H.n.eHHoro TelleHHH.
OpaBHJIbHO OTMeTHB TaKYIO OWH6KY KOMMYHbI, KaK «OTopBaHHOCTb
ropo.n.a OT .n.epeBHH», JIeBble 3cepbI .n.eJIaJIH BbIBO.n. 0 He06xo.n.HMOCTH
COlO3a npOJIeTapHaTa H 3KCnJIyaTHpyeMbIx CJIOeB KpeCTbHHCTBa
B 60pb6e 3a peBOJIIOl.lHIO. OHH CIIHTaJIH, liTO: «CeJIbCKaH HJIH .n.epeBeH-
CKaH pa60llaH 06mHHa H ropo.n.CKaH pa60llaH KOMMYHa - TaKOBO
e.n.HHCTBeHHO B03MO>KHOe H e.n.HHCTBeHHO npaBHJIbHOe npaKTHlleCKoe
peweHHe 3a.n.a4H CJIHHHHH ropo.n.CKoro H .n.epeBeHCKoro peBOJIIOl.lH-
OHHoro .n.BH)KeHHH». B no.n.rOTOBKe Ha po.n.a K peweHHIO 3TOH 3a.n.a IIH
MaKCHMaJIHCTbI YCMaTpHBaJIH rJIaBHOe - B «MOMeHT .n.HKTaTypbI pa-
60llero Ha po.n.a» npOHBHTb HaH60JIbWYIO peBOJIIOl.lHOHHYIO .n.eecno-
C06HOCTb, 4T06bI nJIo.n.bI peBOJIIOl.lHH .n.OCTaJIHCb Hapo.n.y.
OpH3HaBaH B03MO>KHOCTb n06e.n.bI COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH
B POCCHH, JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH, o.n.HaKO, He nOHHMaJIH, 4TO Ha ee nYTH eme
npe.n.CTOHT 6YP)Kya3Ho-.n.eMOKpaTHlleCKaH peBOJIIOl.lHH, YHH4TO>KeHHe
caMo.n.ep>KaBHH H nepe)KHTKOB KpenOCTHHlIeCTBa.
PaCKpbIBaH OWH60llHOCTb 3cepOBCKHX B033peHHH, B. H. J1eHHH
nHCaJI B CTaTbe «CaMo.n.ep>KaBHe H npOJIeTapHaT» (HHBapb 1905 r.),
151
lJTO .LI.JIH npOJIeTapHaTa 60pb6a 3a nOJIHTHlleCKYIO CB060.n.y H .n.eMOKpa-
THlleCKYIO pecny6JIHKY HBJIHeTCH JIHWb O.n.HHM H3 He06xo,lLHMb1X 3Ta-
nOB «B 60pb6e 3a COUHaJIbHYIO peBOJIIOl..lHIO, HHcnpoBepralOl.l.lYJO 6yp-
)Kya3HbIe nopH.n.KH». «CTporo pa3JIHlIaTb 3TanbI, pa3JIHlIHbIe no cBoeM
npHpo.n.e, Tpe3Bo HCCJIe.n.OBaTb YCJIOBHH HX npOHCXO)K.n.eHHH - BOBce
He 3HallHT OTKJIa.n.bIBaTb B .n.OJIrHH HI.l.lHK KOHe4HYJO ueJIb, BOBce He
3HallHT 3aMe.n.JIHTb 3apaHee CBOH nYTb. HanpOTHB, HMeHHO .n.JIH YCKO-
peHHH nYTH, HMeHHO .n.JIH B03MO)KHO 60JIee 6bICTporo H npOIlHoro
ocymeCTBJIeHHH KOHellHOH l.leJIH, He06xo.n.HMO nOHHMaTb OTHoweHHe
KJIaCCOB B COBpeMeHHOM 06lll.eCTBe» 33. J1eHHHcKOH KOHuenUHH 0 nepe-
paCTaHHH O.n.HOH peBOJIIOl.lHH B .n.pyrylO, 0 nepexo.n.e OT 6yp>Kya3Ho-
.n.eMOKpaTHlleCKoro 3Tana K COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOUHH npOTHBO-
nOCTaBJIHJIHCb H.n.eH 0 e.n.HHOH Hapo.n.HOH COl.lHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIO-
UHH, pewaBweH cpa3Y Bee 3a.n.aIlH.
H XOTH 3TH H.n.eH He Mor JIH pa.n.HKaJIbHO H3MeHHTb CYlll.HOCTH
3cepOBCKHX B033peHHH Ha peBOJIIOUHJO, TeM He MeHee B cnope Me)K.n.y
Ha pO.n.HHKaMH Toro BpeMeHH OHH HrpaJIH 3aMeTHYIO pOJIb, CBH.n.eTeJIb-
CTBYH 0 HaJIH4HH cyw.eCTBeHHbIX pa3HOrJIaCHH no npHHUHnHaJIbHbIM
BonpocaM B 3TOM JIarepe, 06 OTxo.n.e lJaCTH 3cepoB OT Tpa.n.Hl.lHOHHbIX
npe.n.cTaBJIeHHH. l1.n.eHHbIe paCXO)K.n.eHHH 6bIJIH nOKa3aTeJIeM CJIa60CTH
HapO HHlJeCKHX n03HUHH, rJIy60Koro KpH3Hca H.n.eOJIOrHH KpecTbHH-
CKHX COUHaJIHCTOB. CnopbI no TeopeTHllecKHM np06JIeMaM nepepacTa-
JIH B .n.HCKYCCHH no Ba>KHbIM BonpocaM nporpaMMbi. TaK, H.n.eOJIOrH
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3eMJIe, HO H KanHTaJIHCTOB B ropo.n.e. B TO BpeMH KaK cyw.eCTBYIOlll.HH
npoeKT nporpaMMbI-MHHHMYM Co.n.eP)KHT B ce6e TOJIbKO O.n.HO COUHaJIH-
CTH4eCKoe Tpe60BaHHe - Tpe60BaHHe nepexo.n.a 3eMJIH B PYKH Bcero
Hapo.n.a, Ta nporpaMMa, KOTOpylO MbI .n.OJI)KHbI C03.n.aTb ceH4ac H KOTO-
paH TOJIbKO H MO)KeT CTaTb nporpaMMOH PYCCKOH pa60lJeH peBOJIIO-
l.lHH, .n.OJI)KHa BKJII04aTb B ce6H COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKHe Tpe60BaHHH H .n.JlH
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cB060.n.e JIHIlHOCTH, Bce061.l.leM Tpy.n.e, JIeBOHapo.n.HHKH Ha3BaHHOH
rpynnbI npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJIH CBOH H.n.eH 0 KOMMYHaJIbHOM COUHaJIH3-
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«ceJIbCKOH pa604eH 06W.HHbI HJIH KOMMYHbI», KOTopoe OTO>K.n.eCTBJIH-
JIOCb HMH C BonpOCOM 0 COUHaJIH3aUHH 3eMJIH.
ECJIH 3cepbI Tpe60BaJIH npeHMymecTBeHHO COl.lHaJIH3aUHH 3eMJIH,
TO rpynna MOJIO.n.bIX COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB npe.n.JIaraJIa npo-
B03rJIaCHTb «Tpe60BaHHe ropo.n.CKOH pa60lleH KOMMYHbI, ocyw.eCTBJIHH
ero ueJIbIM pH.n.OM Mep, KOTopbIe .n.OJI>KHbI nepeBeCTH KOMMYHaJIbHOe
X03HHCTBO B ero c06CTBeHHbIe PYKH H nOCTaBHTb ero Ha TaKYIO BbICO-
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152
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pe<pOpM MaKCHMaJIHCTbI TaK)Ke nO.n.BeprJIH KpHTHKe, nOCTaBHB BOnpOC
o Ba>KHOCTH 6bITb COUHaJIHCTOM He TOJIbKO Ha CJIOBaX, B TeopHH, HO
H Ha npaKTHKe. nYTb K 3TOMY OHH BH.n.eJIH B npOBe.n.eHHH «MaKCHMaJIb-
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JIH H B >KH3HH». TaKHM 06pa30M, B cnopax no nporpaMMHbIM Bonpo-
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TeopeTH4eCKOH .n.OKTpHHbI, B paMKax KpeCTbHHCKoro COUHaJIH3Ma.
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ro «06 OTHoweHHH K aHapxH3MY» aBTop paccMaTpHBaJI aHapxH3M
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OCTOpO)KHbIMH, TaK KaK .n.e30praHH3aTopcKHe TeH.n.eHUHH aHapxHcToB
MorYT BHeCTH xaoc B .n.eJIO KopeHHoro npe06pa30BaHHH POCCHH Ha
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4TO «aHapXHCTbI CHJIbHbI JIHWb HaWHMH oWH6KaMH» 37. B YCJIOBHHX
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(0 JIH6epaJIax H aHapXHCTax) HrpaJIH onpe.n.eJIeHHYIO nOJIO>KHTeJIbHYIO
pOJIb, 06'bHCHHH lJHTaTeJIHM peaJIbHYIO onaCHOCTb 3THX HBJIeHHH B pe-
BOJIIOUHOHHOM npouecce.
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pe.n.eJIbl.lbI 6bIJIH MaKCHMaJIbHbIMH COUHaJIHCTaMH, CTpeMHBWHMHCH
K Henocpe.n.CTBeHHOMY COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOMY (a He 6YP>Kya3HO-nOJIHTH-
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nelJHTb pa3BHTHe «B .n.yxe Ha po.n.Horo 06mHHHo-<pe.n.epaJIbHOrO MHpO-
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lIeCKOH CJIa60CTH n03Hl.lHH aBTopa Hero CTOpOHHHKOB H3 B,LI,J1.
OTMellaH <paKT nOHBJIeHHH B napTHH 3cepOB .n.BYX TelJeHHH - npaBoro,
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MY), H JIeBOrO, C ero «CTpeMJIeHHeM CJIHTb nOJIHTHlleCKHH nepeBopOT
153
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MaKCHMaJIbHbIe COl.lHaJIHCTbI-peBOJIIOUHOHepbI, HBJIHeMCH YTOnHCTaMH
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MO>KHbIM npOJIHBaTb Hapo.n.HYIO KpOBb 3a O.n.HH JIHWb "npH3paK"
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Ba, )KeJIaeM CJIHTb nOJIHTHlJeCKYIO peBOJIIOl.lHIO C COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH
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H K. MapKca Ha B03MO)KHOCTb peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH HMeJIH npHH-
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m.n.aH, liTO 3TOT Bonpoc peweH nOJIO)KHTeJIbHO TpH.n.LI.aTb JIeT TOMY
Ha3a.n., XOTH 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX npe.n.nOCbIJIOK .n.JIH COUHaJIH3Ma Tor.n.a He
6bIJIO 39. B pa3,lLeJIe 3TOH )Ke CTaTbH, Ha3BaHHOM «PeBOJIIOUHOHHaH
KOMMYHa KaK HOBbIH MeTo.n. COUHaJIbHOH peBOJIIOLI.HH», Y CTHHOB BbI-
HY)K.n.eH 6bIJI c.n.eJIaTb orOBopKY, 4TO He BCH POCCHH rOTOBa «K pa.n.H-
KaJIbHOMY COUHaJIbHOMY nepeBopOTY». npOB03fJIaWeHHe KOMMYHbI
B HeKOTopbIX KpynHbIx ropo.n.ax, no MHeHHIO Y CTHHOBa, npHBe.n.eT
K «KOMMYHaJIH3aUHH (HJIH MYHHUHnaJIH3aUHH) fOpO.n.CKOH 3eMJIH,
.n.OMOB H Bcex <pa6pHK H 3aBo.n.OB». Xo.n. PYCCKOH arpapHOH peBOJIIOlI.HH
.n.OJI>KeH npHHHTb, no MHeHHIO Y CTHHOBa, TOT )Ke «peBOJIIOUHOHHO-
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caMa, Ha CBOH CTpax H pHCK, OCYll.leCTBJIHTb CBoe nOJIHTHlleCKoe H 3KO-
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Horo c06paHHH npe06pa30BaHHH POCCHH Ha COUHaJIHCTH4eCKHX Ha-
lIaJIax, MbI npOTHB 6YP>Kya3Horo ueHTpaJIHCTH4eCKOfO MeTo.n.a peBO-
JIIOUHH» .
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.n.pH6JIoro InoccH6HJIH3Ma 3cepOB, MaKCHMaJIHCTW CTpeMHJIHCb .n.OKa-
3aTb, lJTO J1aBpoB MO>KeT CJIY>KHTb 06pa3UOM BepHoro BO)K.n.H H PYKO-
Bo.n.HTeJIH: «OH 3aBemaJI HaM JIYIIWHe Tpa.n.HLI.HH HCTHHHO peBOJIIOl.lH-
OHHoro COUHaJIH3Ma, H, JIHWb CJIe.n.YH 3THM Tpa.n.HUHHM, MbI He paCTe-
pHeMCH B TOH MorYlIeH, KOJIOCCaJIbHOH 6ype, KOTopaH 6y.n.eT
154
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Ii .n.pyrHx, lJTO YlJeHHe J1aBpoBa 0 nOJIHTHlleCKOH H COUHaJIbHOH peBO-
JIIOUHH HMeeT Ba)KHOe TeOpeTHlJeCKOe H npaKTH4eCKOe 3HalleHHe .n.JIH
60pb6bI 3a COUHaJIbHOe OCB060>K.n.eHHe H B XX B. I1MH He YIIHTbIBa-
JIOCb rJIaBHOe - 06CTaHOBKa B POCCHH no cpaBHeHHIO C 70-MH ro.n.aMH
pe3KO H3MeHHJIaCb: Ha nOJIHTHlleCKOH apeHe nOHBHJICH npOJIeTapHaT
BO rJIaBe co CBoeH napTHeH, POCCHH BCTynHJIa B CTa.n.HIO HMnepHaJIH3-
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CTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, XOTH elll.e He 6bIJIH peweHbI 3a.n.a4H 6YP>Kya3-
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CKOH napTHH, HH Tpy.n.Hlll.HMCH MaccaM B CJIY4ae BbIcTynJIeHHH HX no.n.
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TeJIbCTBOBaBWHX 06 OTJIHlJHH n03HUHH 3cepoB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB OT
.n.pyrHx Ha pO.n.HHKOB.
11 XOTH «BOJIbHbIH .n.HCKYCCHOHHbIH JIHCTOK» 6bIJI BeCbMa nonYJIH-
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3cepOB OH npeKpaTHJI CBoe cymecTBoBaHHe Ha TpeTbeM HOMepe. Ero
H3.n.aTeJIH BbIWJIH H3 napTHH 3cepOB H 06pa30BaJIH caMOCTOHTeJIbHYIO
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CTBJIeHHbIM OCTaJICH H 3aMbICeJI H3.n.aTeJIeH B,l!J1 BbInycTHTb cepHIO
He60JIbWHX 6powIOp no.n. 06lll.HM. Ha3BaHHeM «5H6JIHOTeKa peBOJIIOUH-
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B :>KeHeBe B 1905 r. B HeH .n.OBOJIbHO nOJIHO oCBew.aJIHCb TaKHe Ba)K-
HbIe BonpOCbI, KaK u.eJIH peBOJIIOl.lHH, .n.BH)KymHe CHJIbI, nYTH H cpe.n.CT-
Ba 60pb6bI, pOJIb nOJIHTH4eCKHX napTHH H 3a.n.allH peBOJIIOUHOHepoB.
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YCTHHOBbIM KaK pa60llaH H KpeCTbHHCKaH, a peBOJIIOUHOHHbIH npouecc
H306pa)KaJICH B BH.n.e 60pb6bI Hapo.n.a npoTHB «BeKOBoro pa6cTBa
H yrHeTeHHH» 42. ECJIH 3HeCbI H 60JIbIlIaH lJaCTb npaBbIx 3cepoB orpa-
HH4HBaJIHCb JIHWb KOHcTaTaUHeH yrHeTeHHH H 6ecnpaBHH Hapo.n.a, TO
JIeBOe KpbIJIO 3cepOB H 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB YCMaTpHBaJIH KopeHb
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B lIaCTHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH HeMHorHX JIHU, nOMemHKOB, <p a6 pHKaHTOB
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Ba, B HX pYKax >KH3Hb H .n.OJIH Bcero Tpy.n.OBoro Hapo.n.a». TaKaH
nOCTaHOBKa Bonpoca 06 YCJIOBHHX, BbI3BaBWHX peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIH
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B CBH3H C 3THM 3a.n.alJH peBOJIIOl.lHH OCBelll.aJIHCb He B 06lll.eM nJIaHe,
KaK 3TO .n.eJIaJIH npaBbIe 3cepbI, paccY)K.n.aH 0 cB060.n.e, paBeHcTBe
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155
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XO.n. 3THX 3eMeJIb B 06w.ecTBeHHoe BJIa.n.eHHe H paCnOpH>KeHHe caMO-
ynpaBJIHIOlll.HXCH 06lll.HH H HX COlO30B Ha HailaJIaX ypaBHHTeJIbHOrO
nOJIb30BaHHH», HCKJII04eHHe BceH 3eMJIH H3 TOBapHo-.n.eHe)KHOrO 06pa-
lll.eHHH, 3anpeLLleHHe KynJIH, npo.n.a)KH, 3aJIOra H T. n. B H3JIO)KeHHYIO
nporpaMMY YCTHHOB BKJIlOlJaJI 3aXBaT H 06lll.ee nOJIb30BaHHe BceMH
CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHbIMH Opy.n.HHMH, a TaK>Ke «co.n.eHcTBHe nepexo.n.y
KpecTbHH OT e.n.HHOJIH4HOH K 06w.ecTBeHHoH 06pa60TKe 06LLlHHHbIX
3eMeJIb». npe.n.ycMaTpHBaJIHCb TaK)Ke 3aXBaT pa604HMH <pa6pHK H 3a-
BO.n.OB, nepe.n.alJa HX B paCnOpH)KeHHe «MeCTHbIX caMoynpaBJIeHHH
(ropo.n.cKHX, CeJIbCKHX, 3eMcKHx) .n.JIH nOCTeneHHoro nepeycTpoHcTBa
Bcero npOMbIWJIeHHOrO npoH3Bo.n.cTBa, nOTpe6JIeHHH H 06MeHa Ha
COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKHX HallaJIax». K IIHCJIY 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX Mep aBTop
OTHOCHJI TaK)Ke 06palll.eHHe B 06lll.eCTBeHHYIO c06cTBeHHocTb .n.eHe)K-
HbIX KanHTaJIOB, KOH<pHcKaUHIO .n.OMOB H 06eCnelJeHHe >KHJIHw.eM Bcero
HaCeJIeHHH, oTMeHY Bcex HaJIOrOB, 06H3aTeJIbHOe H paBHoe YllacTHe
Bcex rpa)K.n.aH B HeceHHH 06LLlecTBeHHbIx pacxo.n.o B 44. TaKOB 6bIJI
Kpyr 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX Mep B xo.n.e npOBe.n.eHHH KOTOpbIX, no MHeHHIO
aBTopa, peWaJIHCb Bce COUHaJIbHbIe np06JIeMbI peBOJIIOUHH. XOTH
B ueJIOM B 3TOH nporpaMMe <PHKCHpOBaJIHCb Ba)KHbIe MepbI no JIHKBH-
.n.aUHH lIaCTHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH H YTBep)K.n.eHHH 06lll.eCTBeHHbIX <POpM
BJIa.n.eHHH H nOJIb30BaHHH, H3 Hee 6bIJIO He HCHO, KaKaH >Ke <popMa
c06CTBeHHOCTH YTBep.n.HTCH B CTpaHe nOCJIe npOBe.n.eHHH 3KOHOMHlJe-
CKOH nporpaMMbI peBOJIIOUHH: rocy.n.apCTBeHHaH, 06w.eHapo.n.HaH,
rpynnoBaH HJIH COlJeTaHHe pa3JIHlJHbIX <P0pM. 3KOHOMHlJeCKHe 3a.n.allH
peBOJIIOUHH onpe,lLeJIHJIHCb YCTHHOBbIM, KaK H .n.PyrHMH JIeBOHapo.n.HH-
KaMH, TaK, CJIOBHO B 06lll.eCTBe He 6bIJIO KJIaCCOB, OCTpOH 60pb6bl
MeJK.n.y HHMH, KOTopaH xapaKTepHa .n.JIH nepexo.n.Horo nepHo.n.a, H KO-
TopaH Tpe6yeT onpe.n.eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHH .n.JIH HX oCYlll.eCTBJIeHHH. 06
3TOM cBH.n.eTeJIbCTByeT H3JIO)KeHHe aBTopoM nOJIHTHlleCKHX 3a.n.all pe-
BOJIIOUHH. OHH BH.n.eJIHCb Y CTHHOBY B TOM, lJTO ocyw.eCTBJIHeTCH «He-
Me.n.JIeHHaH opraHH3al.lHH Bcex n06e.n.OHOCHbIX peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX ropo-
.n.OB H .n.epeBeHb B caMoynpaBJIHIOLLlHeCH 06lll.HHbI H HX 3eMCKHe
COlO3W B ueJIHX KOHelJHOH 3aMeHW COBpeMeHHoro H&CHJIbCTBeHHoro
156
rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro CTpOH HCTHHHO HapO.n.HOH (.n.eMOKpaTH4eCKOH), CO-
3HO-06JIaCTHOH (q,e.n.epaTHBHOH) COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOH pecny6JIHKOH».
11 XOTH BbI.n.BHHYTbIH npHHUHn <pe.n.epaJIbHOrO YCTpOHCTBa 6bIJI BeCbMa
n03HTHBHbIM, O.n.HaKO B ueJIOM 3Ta npOrpaMMa CTpa.n.aJIa Cepbe3HbIMH
He.n.OCTaTKaMH. OHH npOHBJIHJIHCb B Tpe60BaHHH nOJIHOrO caMoynpaB-
JIeHHH BCeX 06JIaCTeH C YlJeTOM HaUHOHaJIbHbIX H HCTOpH4eCKHX OCO-
6eHHOCTeH, OpraHH3aUHH «KOMMYHaJIbHbIX C06paHHH .n.JIH .n.eJI 061.l.lHH-
HbIX» 45. nO.n.06HbIH no.n.xo.n. K peWeHHIO np06JIeMbI OpraHH3al.lHH rocy-
.n.apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTH npOTHBOnOCTaBJIHJICH MapKCHCTCKOMY Tpe60Ba-
HHIO u.eHTpaJIH30BaHHOrO rocy.n.apCTBa THlla .n.HKTaTypbI npOJIeTapHa-
Ta B nepeXO.n.HbIH nepHO.n., He06xo.n.HMOrO .n.JIH C03H.n.aHHH COUHa-
JIHCTHlleCKOrO 06w.eCTBa.
B npOCBeTHTeJIbHO-BOCnHTaTeJIbHOH 06JIaCTH aBTOp CIIHTaJI He-
06XO.n.HMbIM OpraHH3aUHIO 6eCnJIaTHOrO 06YlJeHHH B HallaJIbHOH, cpe.n.-
HeH H BbICWeH WKOJIe, 6eCnJIaTHbIX 6H6JIHOTeK, 4HTaJIeH, MY3eeB,
xy.n.O>KeCTBeHHbIX BbICTaBOK, KOHl.lepTOB, JIeKLI.HH H T. .n.. B pe3YJIbTaTe
n06e.n.bI peBOJIIOl.lHH H npOBe.n.eHHH Ha3BaHHbIX BbIWe MepOnpHHTHH
YTBep.n.HTCH, no MHeHHIO aBTopa, «uapCTBO HCTHHHOH CB060.n.bI, 6paT-
CTBa, paBeHCTBa, cnpaBe.n.JIHBOCTH». E.n.HHCTBeHHbIM YCJIOBHeM ycnexa
3TOH pa60TbI Y CTHHOB CIIHTaJI «npaBHJIbHYIO nOCTaHOBKY COUHaJIbHO-
peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOro .n.eJIa B POCCHH» 46. 3TOH KpaHHe a6CTpaKTHOH <Pop-
MYJIOH no.n.MeHHJICH BeCb CJIO>KHbIH H 60JIbWOH KOMnJIeKC BonpOCOB
o Be.n.Yl.l.leH pOJIH pa604ero KJIaCCa H PYKOBo.n.Hlll.eH pOJIH ero napTHH,
o COlO3e pa604ero KJIaCCa C HenpOJIeTapCKHMH MaccaMH TPy.n.Hlll.HXCH,
o CBH3H nOJIHTHKH H 3KOHOMHKH, 0 KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e B nepexo.n.HbIH
nepHO.n..
Bce HaMelJaBWHeCH MeponpHHTHH, HMeBWHe 06'beKTHBHo 3Halle-
HHe COUHaJIHCTHllecKHx, npe.n.noJIaraJIOCb oCYlll.eCTBHTb cpa3Y >Ke no-
CJIe n06e.n.bI peBOJIIOUHH, H3 KOTOpOH HCKJII04aJICH 6YP>Kya3Ho-.n.e-
MOKpaTHlleCKHH 3Tan. 3TO .n.eJlaJIO nporpaMMY JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB YTO-
nHlJHOH, JIHWeHHOH peaJIbHOrO YlJeTa KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI co BceMH ee
CJIO)KHOCTHMH H nOCJIe.n.cTBHHMH. TaKoH )Ke a6CTpaKTHbIH xapaKTep
HOCHJIH npe.n.JIaraBWHeCH MeponpHHTHH, He06xo.n.HMbIe .n.JIH no6e.n.bI
peBOJIIOUHH. OHH BH.n.eJIHCb aBTopy B c03.n.aHHH WHpOKOH, TeCHO cnJIO-
lJeHHOH Hapo.n.Ho-peBOJIIOUHOHHOH opraHH3aUHH KaK H3 pa60lJHX, TaK
H H3 «Tpy.n.OBbIX HeHMYlll.HX KpecTbHH». 3Ta opraHH3al.lHH .n.OJI>KHa
B03rJIaBHTb BOCCTaHHe Hapo.n.a, KOTopoe HK06bI c.n.eJIaeT B03MO)KHbIM
KopeHHOH nepeBopoT. ABTop .n.a>Ke nbITaJICH npe.n.CKa3aTb BpeMH no-
6e.n.bI peBOJIIOUHH - B TelleHHe 6JIH)KaHWHX 2-3 JIeT 47. B lJHCJIe
B03MO)KHbIX cpe.n.CTB 60pb6bI aBTOp Ha3bIBaJI CTa4KH (llaCTHbIe, Bce-
061.l.lHe, 3KOHOMHlJeCKHe), 60HKOT, arpapHbIH Teppop H .n.p. 3TOT pa3-
.n.eJI pa60TbI YCTHHOBa nOKa3bIBaeT, HaCKOJIbKO OTJIH4HbIMH 6bIJIH
B033peHHH JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB-CTOpOHHHKOB peBOJIIOUHH H peBOJIIOl..lH-
OHHbIX MeTo.n.oB 60pb6bI OT JIH6epaJIbHbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB H 3cepoB,
Ha.n.eHBwHxcH Ha B03MO)KHOCTb MHpHoro, pe<popMHCTCKoro nYTH .n.o-
CTH>KeHHH COUHaJIH3Ma, 6e3 peBOJIIOUHH H 060CTpeHHH KJIaCCOBOH
60pb6bI. B TO >Ke BpeMH 3Ta nporpaMMa peBOJIIOUHH CTpa.n.aJIa pH.n.O M
CYllI.eCTBeHHbIX He.n.OCTaTKOB, B TOM IIHCJIe «nepenpbIrHBaHHeM» 4epe3
6YP)Kya3HO-.n.eMOKpaTHlleCKHH 3Tan peBO.lIIOUHH.
157
J1eBoHapo.n.HHKH He nOHHMaJIH He06xo.n.HMOCTH H Ba>KHOCTH nepe-
xo.n.Horo nepHo.n.a, HrHopHpOBaJIH peaJIbHYIO paCCTaHOBKY KJIaCCOBbIX
CHJI H B03MO>KHOCTb HX neperpynnHpoBKH, oc06eHHOCTH KJIaCCOBOH
60pb6bI B peBOJIIOUHOHHYIO 3noxy.
PeBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 rr. BbIHBHJIa Ba>KHeHWHe 4epTbI JIeBOHa-
po.n.HHllecKHx B033peHHH, 3aMeTHO OTJIHllaBWHXCH OT n03HUHH JIH6e-
paJIbHbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB. rJIaBHOe - npH3HaHHe He06xo,ilHMOCTH peBo-
JIIOl.lHOHHOro 06HOBJIeHHH cTpaHbI KaK e.n.HHCTBeHHO B03MO>KHbIH nYTb
nporpecca POCCHH H oCB0(0)K.n.eHHH ee Hapo.n.oB. 3Ta n03HUHH 6bIJIa
TOH peaJIbHOH OCHOBOli, Ha KOTOpOH napTHH 60JIbWeBHKoB MOrJIa
CTpOHTb CBOH OTHoweHHH C JIeBOHapo.n.HHKaM'H.
nonbITKH OCBeTHTb npaKTHlJecKYIO .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb JIeBOHapo.n.HH-
KOB, H B nepBYIO olJepe.n.b MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, B 1905--1906 rr. BCTpella-
IOTCH B BocnOMHHaHHHX f. HeCTpoeBa 48. npaB.n.a, HeCTpoeB OCHOBHoe
BHHMaHHe y.n.eJIHJI TeppOpHCTHlJeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH 3cepOB JIeBOrO
TOJIKa, B KOTOpOH OH BH.n.eJI «peBOJIIOUHOHHbIH na<poc peBOJIIOUHH».
I1MeHHo repOHM-TeppopHCTaM H nOCBHTHJI CBOH BOCIIOMHHaHHH He-
CTpoeB. fJIaBHbIM B peBOJIIOUHH .n.JIH 3cepa-MaKCHMaJIHCTa 6bIJIa He
60pb6a Mace, a 0.n.HH04HbIH Teppop, T. e. cyry60 HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIHCTHlJe-
CKHe <POpMbI 60pb6bI. B 3TOH 60pb6e 3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI YCMaTpH-
BaJIH BbIcwee npOHBJIeHHe peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOCTH H CJIY)KeHHH .n.eJIY CO-
l.lHaJIH3Ma.
CJIe.n.yeT HanOMHHTb, lJTO B 1902-1911 rr. 3cepbI opraHH30BaJIj1
60JIee 200 TeppOpHCTHlJeCKHX aKTOB, npHMeHHH 60M6bI H orHeCTpeJIb-
Hoe opY)KHe. O.n.HaKO HHKaKHX peaJIbHbIX nOCJIe.n.CTBHH 3TOT «repo-
H3M» He .n.aJI, H60 B 06meCTBe He npOHcxo.n.HJIH CYllI.eCTBeHHbIe H3Me-
HeHHH, a penpeCCHH npOTHB peBOJIIOl.lHOHepOB 3aMeTHO aKTHBH3HpOBa-
JIHCb, lJTO HaHeCJIO 60JIbWOH yw.ep6 06lll.eH 60pb6e npOTHB
ca Mo.n.ep)Ka BHH.
KpaHHe He3HalJHTeJIbHOe MeCTO 3aHHMaJIO B MeMyapax MaKCHMa-
JIHCTa OCBell.leHHe 06W.HX BonpOCOB peBoJlIOUHH. Bee xapaKTepHcTHKH
peBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 rr. orpaHH4HBaJIHCb 06lll.HMH <ppa3aMH TaKO-
ro po.n.a: «PyccKaH peBOJIIOUHH nOKa3aJIa, lJTO Bonpoc 0 COUHaJIbHOH
peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH He Bonpoc .n.aJIeKOrO 6y.n.ymero, 4TO npH 6JIa-
ronpHHTHblX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX Tpy.n.OB01i Ha po.n. MO)KeT B3HTb B CBOI1
PYKH H nOJIHTHlJeCKYIO H 3KOHOMHlJeCKYIO )KH3Hb CTpaHbI» 49.
11 XOTH MaKCHMaJIHCTbI 6bIJIH y6e>K.n.eHHbIMH n060pHHKaMH peBO-
JIIOUHOHHoro nYTH, aKTHBHbIX cpe.n.CTB 60pb6bl (Bcex BH.n.OB Teppopa) ,
BKJIlOlJaH H BoopY)KeHHOe BOCCTaHHe, TeM He MeHee B TeopHH OHH
OKa3aJIHCb no pH.n.Y'BonpOCOB npaBee caMbIX npaBbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB. 31'0
npo.n.eMoHcTpHpOBaJI CHOp Me)K.n.y JIH.n.epa MH na pTHH 3cepOB H 3cepa-
MH-MaKCHMaJIHCTaMH, pa3BepHYBWHHCfI B 1910 r. no 60JIbWOMY Kpyry
BonpocoB. Cpe.n.H HHX 6blJIH H TaKHe, KaK «nCHXOJIOrHH MaKCHMa-
JIH3Ma», 0 COOTHoweHHH TeopHH H 3MOUHH, YBJIelleHHOcTH H C03H8-
TeJIbHOCTH, HX CBH3H C peaJIbHOH .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTblO, 06 aHapxH3Me
H .n.p. 50 O.n.HaKO 3a BceMH 3THMH cyry60 Hapo.n.HH4eCKHMH paccY>K.n.e-
HHHMH CTOHJI Bonpoc 0 peBOJIIOUHH H Teppope, 06 OTHOIlleHHH K H:1-
po.n.HHKaM-3KcTpeMHcTaM, no.n. .n.eHcTBHH KOTOpbIX HecTpoeB nbITaJICH
nO BeCTH «TeopeTHllecKYIO 6a3Y» .n.JIH 060CHOBaHHH «6oeBoH TaKTH-
158
KH» 51. COUHaJIH3M MaKCHMaJIHCT HeCTpOeB npH3HaBaJI KaK «3THlleCKH
,lI.OJIJKHOe», OTMelJaJI CHJIbHOe BJIHHHHe Ha HerO COUHaJI-.n.eMOKpaTH3-
Ma, a TaK)Ke J1aBpoBa H MHXaHJIOBCKoro. Bee BbIcTynJIeHHH He-
cTpoeBa 3Toro BpeMeHH cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, HaCKOJIbKO Tpy.n.HbI
6bIJIH .n.JIH MeJIK06YPJKya3HbIx peBOJIIOUHOHepOB OTBeTbI Ha BonpOCbI,
nOCTaBJIeHHbIe JKH3HblO: «0 pOJIH JIHlJHOCTH B HCTOpHH, 06 3KOHOMHKe
H nOJIHTHKe, 06 HMMaHeHTHOM 3aKOHe HCTOpHlJeCKOrO pa3BHTHH,
o 3HalleHHH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH H T. .n..». «51 6pO.n.HJI H HCKaJI», - nHCaJI
HecTpoeB, OCBemafi CBOM nYTb K MaKCHMaJIH3MY. Becb xapaKTep
cnopa Me)K.n.y 3cepaMH H MaKCHMaJIHCTaMH - y6e,lI.HTeJIbHOe no.n.TBep-
)K.n.eHHe H.n.eHHoro pacna.n.a Hapo.n.HHt.IecTBa, YCTOH KOToporo nbITa-
nHCb oxpaHHTb 3cepw THna 4epHoBa. HeCTpoeB He 6e3 OCHOBaHHH
BH.n.eJI B pe3KHX BbIcTynJIeHHHX 3cepOB npOTHB MaKCHMaJIH3Ma CTpeM-
JIeHHe OTOMCTHTb 38 yxo.n. H3 napTHH, 3aCTpaXOBaTb napTHIO OT .n.aJlb-
HeHWHX paCKOJIOB, npOH30we.n.WHX no BHHe «epeTHKOB-MaKCHMaJIH-
CTOB» H 3HeCOB. I1rHopHpYH COUHaJIbHWe npHlJHHW pacna.n.a MeJIKO-
6YP)Kya3HoH .n.eMOKpaTHH, HeCTpoeB YCMaTpHBaJI HX B CTOJIKHOBeHHH
«PYKOBO.n.HW.HX BepXOB» H «epeTHKOB-Onn03Hl.lHOHepOB», aKTHBHO Bbl-
cTynaBwHx B nepHO.n. «6YPH 11 HaTHCKa». HeCTpoeB npH3HaBaJI, liTO
oc06eHHO 060CTpHJ1HCb B CBH3H C peBOJIIOUHeH 1905-1907 rr. pa3Ho-
rJIaCHH 0 pOJIH pa60llHx Ii KpecTbHH, 06 06ll1.HHe, 0 <peJJ.epaJIH3Me
H ueHTpa.T1H3Me H .n.p., 0 nepcneKTHBax PYCCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, 0 no.n.-
rOTOBJIeHHOCTH npOJIeTapHaTa K 3axBaTY BJIaCTH, 0 COUHaJIH3aUHH
3eMJIH, 0 «nOJIHOM COUHaJIbHO-nOJIHTHlleCKOM nepeBopOTe» 52 H .n.p. OH
cnpaBe.n.JIHBO 3aKJIlOlJaJI, 4TO 3cepbI He .lI.aJIH OTBeTa HH Ha O.n.HH H3
3THX BonpOCOB. «A OHH He06xo.n.HMbi. Ha.n.o JKe 3HaTb He TOJIbKO, KaK
60pOTbCH C caMo.n.epJKaBHeM, KaK pa3pywaTb, HO H KaK C03H.n.aTb
H liTO C03H.n.aTb» 53. nO.n.06Horo po.n.a npH3HaHHH, nOHBHBWHeCH nOCJIe
peBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 rr., 6bIJIH 3aKoHoMepHbIMH. 11 XOTH TaKHe
oTKpoBeHHH 6bIJIH BeCbMa pe.n.KH B Hapo.n.HH4ecKoH JIHTepaType,
TeM He MeHee <paKT HX nOHBJIeHHH rOBOpHJI 0 Hecnoc06HOCTH Be.n.Yll.lHX
TeopeTHKOB H JIH.n.epOB HapOJJ.HHlJeCTBa XX B. 06'bHCHHTb co.n.ep)KaHHe
peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOro npouecca, ero l.leJIH H nepcneKTHBbI, 6e3 lIero 60pb-
6a 3a peBOJIIOI.I.HIO H COUHaJIH3M He MOrJIa 6bITb ueJIeHanpaBJIeHHOH
H ycneWHOH. 3TO nOHHJIH B K8KOH-TO CTeneHH JIH.n.epbI onn03HUHH
BHYTPH napTHH 3cepoB, H HX eCTecTBeHHoM peaKUHeH CTaJIO C03.n.aHHe
COlO38 MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, lJJIeHbI KOToporo CTpeMHJIHCb pa3pa60TaTb
TeopeTH4ecKHe nocTYJlaTbI MaKCHMaJIH3Ma. L(eHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO 3a-
HHJIH BonpocbI peBOJIIOl..lHH H COl.lHaJIH3Ma.
CJIe.n.yeT oTMeTHTb, lJTO .n.o 1905 r. Bce paccY)K,lI.eHHH JIeBOHa-
pOJJ.HHKOB no 3THM BonpocaM HOCHJIH a6cTpaKTHbIH, oTopBaHHbIH OT
)KH3HH xapaKTep, K TOMY )Ke OHH 6bIJIH npHnpaBJIeHbI 60JIbWOH .n.030H
BOHHCTBYlOllI.erO aHTHMapKcH3Ma. C 1905 r. nOHBJIHeTCH He TOJIbKO
COMHeHHe B TeOpeTHlJeCKOH CJIa60CTH 3cepOBCKHX n03HUHH no Bonpo-
caM peBOJIIOUHH, HO H )KeJIaHHe BbIpBaTbCH 3a paMKH a6CTpaKTHbIX
paCCY)K eHHM. HeCTpoeB «He npH3HaBan HaJIH4HOCTH npe.n.nOCWJIOK
.llJIH COUHaJIH3aUHH <pa6pHK H 3aBo.n.OB .n.a)Ke BO BpeMH peBOJIIOUHH».
J1HWb nOCJIe .n.eKa6pbCKHX C06bITBM 1905 r., «.n.OKa3aBlllHX BbICOTY
C03HaHHH Hapo.n.a H 06HapYJKHBWHX rJIy6HHY ero Tpy.n.OBOH nCHXHKH»,
159
nOCJIe BOJIHeHHH BO q,JIOTe H apMHH, nOnbITOK YlIpe)K.n.eHHH B pa3HbIX
MeCTaX CTpaHbI pecny6JIHK OH npHWeJI K BbIBO.n.y, lJTO ,lI.JIH OpraHH3a-
l.lHH TPY,lI.OBOH pecny6JIHKH }1MeIOTCH HaJIHl.lO «cy6'beKTHBHO-nCHXOJIO-
rHlJeCKHe npe.n.nOCbI.JIKH», a .n.JIH n06e.n.bl HapO,lI.a «HY)KHa JIHWb npo-
CTaH q,H3HlJeCKaH CHJIa O l)KHH, cnoc06HaH napaJIH30BaTb CHJIY npa-
BHTeJIbCTBeHHWX BOHCK» . O.n.HaKO aBTOp 3THX CTpOK 6WJI BeCbMa
.n.aJIeK OT HaYlJHOrO nOHHMaHHH CMbICJIa nepelJHCJIeHHbIX HM C06bITHH.
Ho npH3HaHHe B03MO)KHOCTH peBOJIIOl.lHH H YBepeHHOCTb B ee ycnexe
B He.n.aJIeKOM 6y.n.yw.eM 3aMeTHO OTJIHlJaJIH n03Hl.lHIO MaKCHMaJIHCTOB
OT 3HeCOB H 60JIbWHHCTBa 3cepOB, BeCbMa CKenTHlJeCKH OTHOCHBWHX-
CH K nepcneKTHBaM peBOJIIOLUiOHHbIX q,OpM 60pb6bl nOCJIe C06bITHH
1905-1907 rr. Ha3bIBaH ce6H «MaKCHMaJIHCTHlJeCKHM TelJeHHeM
B YlJeHHH COl.lHaJIbHO-peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH WKOJIbI HaYlJHOrO COl.lHaJIH3-
Ma» 55, MaKCHMaJIHCTbl TeM caMbIM no.n.TBep)K.n.aJIH CBOH OTXO.n. OT
Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa B ero 60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHoH <popMe B BH.n.e 3ce-
pOBW.HHbI H 3HecoBw.HHbi. 3TO npOHBHJIOCb B nepBYIO olJepe.n.b B TpaK-
TOBKax np06JIeMbI peBOJIIOl.lHH, KOTopaH paccMaTpHBaJIaCb HMH KaK
HenpeMeHHoe YCJIOBHe .n.OCTH)KeHHH COl.lHaJIH3Ma. OHH He 6bIJIH no-
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHbI B 06'bHCHeHHH OCHOB H YCJIOBHH n06e.n.bI peBOJIIOl.lHH,
XOTH CTpeMHJIHCb no.n. BJIHHHHeM MapKCH3Ma OCBeTHTb np06JIeMY
06'beKTHBHbIX H cy6'beKTHBHbIX npe.n.nOCbIJIOK. TaK, HeCTpoeB K lJHCJIY
06'beKTHBHbIX npe.n.nOCbIJIOK OTHOCHJI: COCTOHHHe npOMbIWJIeHHOCTH
H CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHoro npOH3Bo.n.CTBa, CTeneHb pa3BHTHH KanHTa-
JIH3Ma, KOHl.leHTpal.lHIO KanHTaJIOB, BHeWHHe H BHYTpeHHHe pbIHKH,
TeXHHKY npOH3Bo.n.CTBa H T. .n..; K lJHCJIY cy6'beKTHBHbIX - Ha po.n.Hoe
npaBO, Hapo.n.HYIO nCHXHKY H B033peHHH, peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOCTb Hapo.n.a
Hero COUHaJIHCTHlJHOCTb, era COJIH.n.apHOCTb H HHTeJIJIHreHTHOCTb,
cnoc06HOCTb K TPY.n.y H Be.n.eHHIO npOH3Bo.n.CTBa H T. ,lI.. OpaB.n.a..B. 3TOM
nepellHe 6blJIH 3JIeMeHTbI, He HMeBWHe npHMoro OTHoweHHH K peBOJIIO-
l.lHH (BHeWHHe pbIHKH, Hapo.n.Hoe npaBO H .n.p.), TeM He MeHee caMa
nOCTaHOBKa 3TOH np06JIeMbI 3aMeTHO OTJIHlJaJIaCb OT Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX
B033peHHH, OrpaHHlJHBaBWHX Bce npe.n.nOCblJIKH peBOJIIOl.lHH ypOBHeM
C03 H a H H 51 H 0 6w. H H H bI M H Tpa.n.H UH 51 M H K peCT bH H CT Ba .
Ha npHMepe MaKCHMaJIH3Ma MO)KHO npOCJIe.n.HTb rJIy60KHH pacnaJI
H.n.eOJIOrHH Ha po.n.HHlJeCTBa nOCJIe peBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 rr. O.n.HHM
H3 ero npOHBJIeHHH CTaJIa TeopeTHLIecKaH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb MaKCHMaJIH-
CTOB, KOTOpbIM Ka3aJIOCb, lJTO HX nYTb .n.OCTH)KeHHH COl.lHaJIH3Ma
nocpe.n.CTBOM Ha pO.n.HOH peBOJIIOl.lHH HBJIHeTCH 60JIee npaBH.lIbHblM
H Ha.n.e)KHbIM. O.n.HaKO Bce HX npe.n.CTaBJIeHHH, H npe)K.n.e Bcero Teope-
THlJeCKHe, CTpOHJIHCb Bce Ha TOH )Ke H.n.eHHOH OCHOBe - Hapo.n.HHlJeCT-
Be co BceMH ero oWH6KaMH H CJIa6bIMH CTopOHaMH.
MaKCHMaJIHCTbI ClJHTaJIH, LITO 6YP)Kya3HaH .n.eMOKpaTHH «He 06-
JIerlJaeT COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKHH nepeBopoT, a JIHWb ero 3aTpy.n.HHeT». 3TH
H.n.eH no OTHoweHHIO K KOHKpeTHbIM YCJIOBHHM POCCHH 6bIJIH HeBepHbI-
MH, TeM He MeHee B aprYMeHTal.lHH Te3Hca MaKCHMaJIHCTbI BbICKa3aJIH
pH.n. BeCbMa HHTepeCHbIX CY}K.n.eHHH 0 6YP)Kya3HoH .n.eMOKpaTHH B pa3-
BHTbIX KanHTaJIHCTHlJeCKHX CTpaHax - AHr JIHH, IllBeHl.lapHH, <PpaH-
l.lHH, fepMaHHH, AMepHKe H .n.p. ECJIH MHorHe Hapo.n.HHKH, oc06eHHO
3cepOBCKHe TeopeTHKH, H.n.eaJIH3HpOBaJIH ycnexH 6YP)Kya3HoH .n.eMOK-
160
paTHH B CTpaHaX EBpOnbI H B CIlIA, TO MaKCHMaJIHCTbI .n.OKa3bIBaJIH,
liTO «KJIaCC KanHTaJIHCTOB BCe 60JIee OpraHH3yeTcH .n.JIH 3aw.HTbI
CBOHX HHTepeCOB H TeM CHJIbHee OH OpraHH30BaH, lIeM pa3BHTee nOJIH-
THlleCKHe q,OpMbI .n.eMOKpaTHH» 56. 113 3TOrO nOJIO)KeHHH .n.eJIaeTCH
HeBepHWH BWBO.n. 0 TOM, liTO pa3BHTHe .n.eMOKpaTHH OTO.n.BHraeT CO-
UHaJIH3M. TaK, KpaHHHH 3KCTpeMH3M H JIeBalleCTBO npHBO.n.HJIH HX
K n03Hl.lHH, 6JIH3KOH K npaBbIM, OTBepraBWHM 3HalJeHHe 60pb6bI 3a
,LleMOKpaTHIO H nOJIHTHlleCKHe CB060.n.bI. MaKCHMaJIHCTbI BbI.n.BHraIOT
Te3HC 0 n06e,Lle B peBOJIIOUHH BCerO Ha po.n.a, He BbI.n.eJIHH PYKOBO.n.H-
meH pOJIH KJIaCCa - rereMOHa - npOJIeTa pHaTa. «006e.n.a Ha po.n.a Ha.n.
BeKOBbIMH ero BparaMH eCTb - npH YCJIOBHH HaJIHIlHOCTH peBOJIIOl.lH-
OHHOH BOJIH - Bonpoc <pH3HlIeCKOH CHJIbI HJIH, TOllHee, ero TeXHHlJe-
CKOH no.n.rOTOBJIeHHOCTH». TaK M 06pa30M, YCJIOBHH n06e.n.bI peBOJIIO-
UHH CBO.n.HJIHCb H orpaHHIIHBaJIHCb BonpOCOM OBJIa,LleHHH «TeXHHKOH
60pb6bI, YJIH4HOH 60Pb6bI». ,[{a)Ke COUHaJIHCTH4eCKoe C03HaHHe
06'bHBJIHJIOCb He3HallHTeJIbHbIM <paKTopOM B pelleHHH np06JIeMbI no-
6e.n.bI peBOJIIOUHH, Ha nepBbIH nJIaH BbI.n.BHraJIaCb «peBOJIIOUHOHHaH
BOJIH», onHpalOw.aHCH Ha «TPy.n.OBYIO nCHXHKY». OpH BceH HeCOCTOH-
TeJIbHOCTH no.n.06Horo po.n.a pacCY)K.n.eHHH MaKCHMaJIHCTbI 6bIJIH y6e)K-
.n.eHHbIMH CTOpOHHHKaMH Toro, liTO COUHaJIHCTHlleCKHH nepeBopOT MO-
:>KeT 6bITb ocyw.eCTBJIeH HCKJIlOlIHTeJIbHO nYTeM COUHaJIbHOH peBOJIIO-
UHH, K KOTOpOH Be.n.eT BOCCTaHHe Hapo.n.a, PYKOBo.n.HMoro ero
opraHH30BaHHOH lIaCTblO 57. BbI.n.BHraH Ha nepBbIH nJIaH TaKOH <paK-
TOp, KaK «peBOJIIOUHOHHaH BOJIH», MaKCHMaJIHCTbI CIIHTaJIH B03MO)K-
HbIM ee C03.n.aHHe «nYTeM CJIOBa H .n.eHCTBHH», BKJIlOlIaH H pa3'bHCHe-
HHH MaccaM He06xo.n.HMOCTb 60pb6bI 3a 3eMJIIO H BOJIIO. 11 caMo.n.ep-
:>KaBHe H .n.eMOKpaTHH, nHCaJI HeCTpoeB, «o.n.HHaKOBO Hecnoc06HbI Ha
pa.n.HKaJIbHble npe06pa30BaHHH, eCJIH 3a HHMH He CTOHT opraHH30BaH-
HOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH CHJIbI Hapo.n.a, .n.06HBalOw.erOCH CHJIOH 3THX npe-
06pa30BaHHH».
B OTJIHIlHe OT 3HeCOB H 3cepOB npaBoro <pJIaHra MaKCHMaJIHCTW
pa3BHBaJIH H.n.eH 0 KJIaCCOBOM xapaKTepe caMo.n.ep)KaBHH H 6YP)Kya3-
HOH .n.eMOKpaTHH. Cepbe3Hble paCXO)K.n.eHHH HMeJIHCb H no TaKHM
BonpocaM, KaK COUHaJIH3aUHH <pa6pHIlHOH npOMbIllJIeHHOCTH H CeJIb-
CKOX03HHCTBeHHoro npOH3Bo.n.CTBa, B03MO)KHOCTb onpe.n.eJIeHHH «MO-
MeHTa BceHapo.n.Horo BOCCTaHHH», 06'beKTHBHbIe H cy6'beKTHBHbIe
npe.n.nOCbIJI KH 3KO HO M HlleCKO ro OCB060:>K.n.e HHH TPy.n.H W.H XCH, 3a.n.a IIH
C03HaTeJIbHbIX peBOJIIOUHOHepOB, «HHHl.lHaTHBHoro MeHbllHHCTBa»,
a TaK)Ke no BonpocaM 0 «Tpy.n.OBOH pecny6JIHKe», «nJIaHe 6y.n.yw.ero
YCTpOHCTBa», npHHUHnax pacnpe.n.eJIeHHH H .n.p.58
MaKCHMaJIHCTbI B CHJIY CBOHX B03MO)KHOCTeH CTpeMHJIHCb .n.aTb Ha
HHX OTBeTbI, BbIcTynaH npOTHB YMepeHHOCTH H OCTOpO)KHOCTH 3cepOB
H 3HeCOB.
B CTaTbe B. 11. J1eHHHa «PeBOJIIOl.lHOHHble .n.HH» (HHBapb 1905 r.)
OTMellaJIOCb, liTO B xo.n.e peBOJIIOl.lHH MaCCbI Y4aTCH Ha npaKTHKe,
«npOBepHH ce6H H TeopHH Bcex CBOHX H.n.eOJIOrOB» 59. TaKOH npOBepKe
no.n.BeprJIHCb H TeopHH Hapo.n.HHKOB, H.n.eOJIOrOB KpeCTbHHCKOH .n.e-
MOKpaTHH. PeBOJIIOl.lHH 1905-1907 rr. co BceH OlJeBH.n.HOCTblO no-
Ka3aJIa, lJTO C Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX n03Hl.lHH HeJIb3H 06'bHCHHTb co.n.ep)Ka-
11 r 11. AJJeKCeeOa
161
HHe pa3BHBaBlllHXCH B CTpaHe peBOJIIOIJ.HOHHbIX C06bITHH. BeCbMa
CHMnTOMaTHlJHblMH 6bIJIO nOHBJIeHHe B HapO.n.HHlJeCKHX H3J1.aHHHX 3a-
HBJIeHHH 06 OCTpOM pa30lJapOBaHHH B peBOJIIOIJ.HH, a nopoH 0 Bpa)K-
.n.e6HoM OTHOllleHHH K npO)KHToMY nepHo.n.y aKTHBHoH 60pb6bl. Pa3.n.a-
IOTCH rOJIOca, nHCaJIa 3cepoBcKaH ra3eTa «PeBOJIIOIJ.HOHHaH MbICJIb»,
liTO «peBOJIIOIJ.HOHHOe .n.BH)KeHHe 6bIJIO rpy60H 01lIH6KOH, liTO HY)KHbI
HHbIe - MHpHbIe, JIeraJIbHbIe - nYTH .n.JIH npOBe.n.eHHH nOJIHTHlleCKHX
pe<POPM». H.n.eH 0 MHpHOM nYTH nepeXOJl.a OT KanHTaJIH3Ma K CO-
Ll.HaJlH3MY Bce lIallJ.e nOHBJIHJIHCb B BblcTynJIeHHHX 3cepOBCKHX Teope-
THKOB, oc06eHHO npaBoro KpbIJIa 60. 3TO 6bIJI OTKa3 OT peBOJ1IOIJ.HH,
o KOTOpOH TaK MHoro nHCaJIH 3cepbI B HaqaJIe BeKa. flpHlJHHY no.n.o-
6HbIX HBJIeHHH B. H. JleHHH 06'bHCHHJI OTCYTcTBHeM npOqHbIX Teope-
THlleCKHX y6e}KJl.eHHH, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha nOHHMaHHH KJIaCCOBbIX OTHO-
llIeHHH B cOBpeMeHHoM 06mecTBe: «TOJlbKO pa30llapoBaHHH H llIaTa-
HHH H3 CTOpOHbI B CTOPOHY }KJl.YT Tex, KTO lIypaeTcH HK06bl
O.n.HOCTopoHHeH KJIaCCOBOH TOlJKH 3peHHH, KTO XOlleT 6bITb COLlHaJIH-
CTOM H B TO )Ke BpeMH 60HTCH npHMO Ha3BaTb npeJl.CTOHlI1.YIO HaM
B POCCHH, HallaBWYIOCH Y Hac B POCCHH peBOJIIOLl.HIO - 6YP)Kya3HoH
peBOJIIOlJ.HeH» 61. PeBOJIIOLlHH. 1905-1907 rr. 3aCTaBHJla H.n.eOJIOrOB
3cepOB nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc 0 He06xo.n.HMOCTH pa3pa60TKH «<pHJlOCO<pHH
pe BOJIIOLl.HH », o.n.HaKO caM noJl.xoJl. K 3TOMY OCTaBaJICH npe)KHHM,
nOCKOJIbKY OH CTpOHJICH Ha 3aBeJl.OMO JIO)KHbIX OCHOBax. H B TO )Ke
BpeMH B 3cepOBCKHX paCCY)KJl.eHHHX 0 peBOJlIOLlHH nOHBHJIOCb KOe-qTO
HOBoe, HBHO noJl. BJIHHHHeM MapKCHCTCKOH KOHLl.enlJ.HH peBOJlIOLlHH.
Ba}KHeHWHe 3aJl.aqH OCMbICJIeHHH peBOJIIOLl.HH 3cepbI CTaJlH YCMaT-
pHBaTb B 06'bHCHeHHH npHlIHH, «C03.n.aBllIHX peBOJIlOlI.HOHHOe Jl.BH)Ke-
HHe», 06meCTBeHHbIe KJIaCCbI, KOTopble BeJIH 60pb6y CO CTapbIM pe)KH-
MOM, B onpe.n.eJIeHHH «C B03MO)KHOH HCHOCTblO 6JIH3KHX H Jl.aJIeKHX
Ll.eJleH peBOJIIOLlHH». OOJl.06HaH nOCTaHOBKa npHHLl.HnHaJIbHO Ba)KHbIX
BonpOCOB CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIa 0 TOM, liTO Y 3cepOB He 6bIJIO cepbe3HOH
TeopeTHlleCKOH nJIaT<popMbI HaKaHYHe peBOJIIOlJ.HH. OHH He CMOrJIH ee
C03.n.aTb H nOCJIe 1905-1907 rr.
OpHMellaTeJlbHO, lJTO, H3YlJaH HTorH peBOJIIOLl.HH 1905-1907 rr.,
ee Hey.n.aIlH, KOTopbIe 3cepbI 06'bHCHHJIH «01lIH6KaMH nporpaMMbI
H TaKTHKH PYCCKHX peBOJlIOUHOHepoB», OHH nbITaJIHCb nOCTaBHTb
Bonpoc 0 nepeoueHKe BceH CBoeH TeopHH. «KoHelJHO BeCb 3TOT "ne-
pecMoTp", - nHCaJI B. 11. JleHHH, - Bce 3Ta "KpHTHllecKaH TBoplle-
CKaH pa60Ta", 06ew.aHHaH HOBOH ra3eTOH (pelJb HJl.eT 0 "PeBOJIIOUH-
OHHOH MbICJIH". - r. A.), eCTb IIHCTeHllIaH <ppa3a. Ha .n.eJIe HH 0 Ka-
KOM nepeCMOTpe TeopHH HeT H He MO)KeT 6bITb pellH, H60 HeT Y HOBOH
ra3eTbI HHKaKoro TeopeTHlIeCKoro MHpOC03epLl.aHHH, a eCTb TOJIbKO
nepeneB Ha TbICHIlY JIa.n.oB npH3bIBOB K Teppopy, .n.a HeYKJlIO)Kee,
HeYMeJIOe, HaHBHoe npHcnoc06JIeHHe K 3TOMY HK06bI HOBOMY, a Ha
.n.eJIe CTapoMY H OlJeHb CTapoMY npHeMY B3rJIH.n.oB Ha peBOJIIOIJ.H10, H3
MaCCOBoe .n.BH)KeHHe, Ha3HalleHHe napTHH Bo06me H T. JI.. Oopa3H-
TeJIbHOe y(0)KeCTBO TaKoro "TeopeTHlleCKoro" 6ara)Ka 6beT B rJIa33
npH conOCTaBJIeHHH C BeJIepellHBbIMH 06emaHHHMH nepeCMoTpa, KPH-
THKH, TBOplJeCTBa» 62. BCJIeJl.CTBHe pa30lJapOBaHHH, OTMelJaJI B. H. Jle-
HHH, BbIHeceHHoro H3 peBOJIIOLlHH 1905 r. MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIMH
162
)I.eMOKpaTaMH, YCHJIHJIHCb HX H.n.eHHbIH pa36po.n. H WaTaHHH, lJeT-
KO BbIHBHJICH OTKa3 OT peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH MaCCOBOH 60pb6bI, OT pe-
BOJIIOUHOHHbIX Tpa)I.HUHH. TaK, B 3CepOBCKOH .n.OKTpHHe OC06eHHO
nO)I.lIepKHBaJIOCb 3HalleHHe nOJIHTHlIeCKOrO TeppOpa, l.lapey6HHcT-
Ba, KOTOpbIe npOTHBOnOCTaBJIHJIHCb BOOpY)KeHHOMY BOCCTaHHIO KaK
6e3HaJl.e)KHOMY Cpe.n.CTBY 60pb6bI 63 . Oc060e BHHMaHHe B. 11. J1e-
HHH 06paTHJI Ha yCHJIeHHe 3JIeMeHTOB peaKUHOHHOCTH B TeOpeTH-
lIeCKOH Jl.OKTpHHe HapOJl.HHKOB, BKJIlOlJaH 3CepOB H 3HeCOB. OHO npo-
HBHJIOCb B paCCY)K.n.eHHHX HeKOTOpbIX 3CepOB 0 TOM, lJTO peBOJIIO-
lI.HH He HY)KJl.aeTCH B cf>HJIOCOcf>HH, B npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHHH HaYIlHOH
TeopHH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .n.eHCTBHH, «Henocpe.n.CTBeHHoro peBOJIIO-
lI.HOHHOro IIYBCTBa».
OTpHuaH Ba)KHOCTb HaYlJHOH TeopHH .n.JIH peBOJlIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bI
Macc 3a .lI.eMOKpaTHIO H COIJ.HaJIH3M, H.lI.eOJIOrH 3cepOB YTBep)K.n.aJIH,-
lJTO COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKHe H.lI.eaJIbI He HY)K.lI.aIOTCH Jl.JIH CBoero 060CHOBa-
HHH B «cnel.lHaJIbHOH cf>HJIOCOcf>CKOH CHCTeMe», lJTO «He cf>HJIOCOcf>CKHMH
nOCTpoeHHHMH MO)KHO .n.OKa3bIBaTb, lJTO B POCCHH Tenepb npe}K.n.e
Bcero HY)KHO 6HTbCH HaCMepTb C ca MO.lI.ep)Ka BHeM, pa3HTb POMaHO-
BbIX caMbIM IIYBCTBeHHbIM .n.JIH HHX 06pa30M. ,L{oKa3bIBaeT no.n.06HbIe
BemH He cf>HJIOCOQ>HH, a HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHbIe lJYBCTBa H OlJeHb npOCTbIe
C006pa)KeHHH, .lI.OcTynHbIe Ka)K.lI.OMY, .lI.a)Ke He H3YlJaBweMY KaHTa,
rereJIH H ABeHapHyca» 64. B. H. J1eHHH, BbICMeHBaH npeB03HeceHHe
3cepaMH «Henocpe.n.CTBeHHoro IIYBCTBa, KOTopoe OXBaTbIBaeT peBOJIIO-
IJ.HOHepa», OTMelJaJI, lJTO 3cepbI He nOHHMalOT Ba)KHOCTH TeOpeTHlJe-
CKHX BonpOCOB .lI.JIH BbIpa60TKH KOHIJ.enIJ.HH peBOJIIOl.lHH, ee CTpaTerHH
H TaKTHKH.
KOpHH H.n.eHHoro pacna.n.a HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH TeopHH B. 11. J1eHHH
BH.lI.eJI B HeYCTOHIIHBOCTH y6e)K.lI.eHHH, pa30llapOBaHHOCTH B Hapo.n.HOH
peBOJIIOIJ.HH, B HenOHHMaHHH peBOJIIOIJ.HOHHOro TBoplleCTBa Macc,
B «HHTeJIJIHreHTCKOH B3BHHlJeHHOCTH», B HeYMeHHH «npHMeHHTb OC-
HOBHbIe npHHUHnbI TeopHH H TaKTHKH K H3MeHHBllHMCH 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBaM». Bce 3TO onpe.n.eJIHJIOCb, no.n.lJepKHBaJI B. 11. J1eHHH, «KJIaCCO-
BOH oc06eHHOCTblO MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH» 65.
HaYIIHbIH aHaJIH3 npoueCCOB, npOHcxo.n.HBWHX B TeopeTHlleCKHX
H nOJIHTHlIeCKHX OCHOBax HapO.lI.HHlleCKoro MHpOB033peHHH no.n. BJIHH-
HHeM peBOJIIOIJ.HH 1905 r., n03BOJIHJI B. 11. J1eHHHY c.n.eJIaTb BbIBO.n.
o TOM, liTO HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHH COIJ.HaJIH3M B POCCHH YMHpaeT, lJTO «ero
BO}K.lI.H IIYBCTBYIOT CMYTHO CBOH "Kpax", KaK Ha pO.lI.HHKOB, 3a nepBYIO
)Ke KaMnaHHIO Hapo.n.HOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH».
HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHM B033peHHHM Ha peBOJIIOIJ.HIO B POCCHH, ee HTorH
H nepcneKTHBbI B. 11. J1eHHH npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJI no.n.JIHHHO HaYlJHbIH
no.lI.XO.lI. K oueHKe C06bITHH 1905-1907 rr., e.n.HHCTBeHHO npaBHJIbHbIH
H nepcneKTHBHbIH nYTb, n03BOJIHBWHH peaJIbHO onpe.lI.eJIHTb OCHOBHbIe
HanpaBJIeHHH .lI.aJIbHeHWeH 60pb6bI. «A eCJIH 6bI 3TH JIIO.n.H IJ.eHHJIH
MapKCH3M, - nHCaJI OH 06 3cepax H MeHbweBHKax, - KaK e.n.HHCTBeH-
HYIO peBOJIIOUHOHHYIO TeopHIO XX BeKa, eCJIH 6bI OHH nOYlJHJIHCb
HCTOpHH PyccKoro peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .lI.BH)KeHHH, TO OHH YBH.lI.eJIH 6bI
pa3JIHilHe Me)K.lI. cf>pa30H H pa3BHTHeM .n.eHCTB!fTeJIbHO peBOJIIOl.lHOH-
HbIX JI03YHrOB» 6.
II *
163
OT 3CepOBCKHX B033peHHH, OTMelJaJI B. 11. J1eHHH, HHlJerO He
OCTaJIOCb nOCJIe nepBOH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH. «OnbIT 1905 ro.n.a HMeH-
HO nOToMY HMeeT rpoMa.n.HYIO Ba)KHOCTb, 4TO OH 3aCTa8UA npoBepHTb
TeopHH Hapo.n.HHKOB 88u;)JCeHueM Macc. 11 3Ta npoBepKa cpa3Y BbI-
3BaJIa pacna,U. Hapo.n.HH4ecTBa, Kpax HX TeopHH» 67. B. 11. J1eHHH
,U.eJIaJI BbIBO.n. 0 TOM, lJTO «crHHJI HapO,U.HH4eCKHH COUHaJIH3M BnJIOTb
.n.o caMoro JIeBoro». I1MeHHo peBOJIIOl.lHH 1905 r. nOK33aJIa, KaK OTMe-
lIaJI B. 11. J1eHHH B CTaTbe «4TO .n.eJIaeTCH B Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBe H lJTO
.n.eJIaeTCH B .n.epeBHe?» (1913), lJTO HapO,U.HHKH He cnoc06HbI «Bbl-
CTaBHTb npOTHB MapKCH3Ma XOTH lIero-JIH60 nOXO)Kero Ha l.leJIbHYIO,
npHMYIO, HCHYIO COl.lHaJIbHYIO TeopHIO» 68.
l1.n.eoJIorH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa cocpe,U.oTOIlHJIH OCHOBHwe CHJIW He Ha
pa3pa60TKe TeopeTH4eCKHX np06JIeM peBOJIIOl.lHH H OCMbICJIeHHH 3a.n.a4
. .n.aJIbHeHWeH 60pb6bI, a Ha nonbITKax 060CHOBaTb CBOH H.n.eH 0 He-
BepHOCTH MapKCHCTCKOH Ol.leHKH peBOJIIOl.lHH 1905-1907 rr., KaK
6YP)Kya3HoH. TaK, OCHOBHbIM aprYMeHToM B nOJIb3Y 3Toro YTBep)K.n.e-
HHH 6bIJIH MaCCOBbIe BbIcTynJIeHHH pa60lJHX H KpecTbHH, a TaK)Ke
«Hecnoc06HoCTb PYCCKOH 6YP)Kya3HH 6bITb .n.BH)KYW.eH CHJIOH peBOJIIO-
l.lHH», KaK 3TO 6bIJIO B npOlllJIbIX 6YP)Kya3HO-.n.eMoKpaTHllecKHx peBo-
JIIOl.lHHX Ha 3ana.n.e, B CHJIY ee KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHoro xapaKTepa. KaK
H npe)K.n.e, CBOH oueHKH PYCCKOH 6YP)Kya3HH Hapo.n.HHKH CTpOHJIH Ha
H.n.eHX 06 «HcKyccTBeHHocTH» H «XHJIOCTH» pyccKoro KanHTaJIH3Ma,
ero CJIa60CTH H He.n.opa3BHTocTH, Ha YTBep)K.n.eHHH, lJTO OH He HBJIHeT-
CH 3aMeTHbIM cpaKTopOM 3KOHOMHlJeCKOH )KH3HH POCCHH 69. CJIa6bIH
PYCCKHH KanHTaJIH3M, pacCY)K,U.aJIH 3cepbI, «He BCTynHJI B pe3KHH
aHTarOHH3M C COBpeMeHHbIMH 06w.eCTBeHHbIMH OTHoweHHHMH B POC-
CHH», n03TOMY OH «He Mor BbI3BaTb 6YP)Kya3HoH peBOJIIOUHH» 70.
AKTHBHee CTaJIH Hana.n.KH HapO,U.HHKOB Ha MapKCH3M. TaK, 3cepbl
BbIcTynaJIH npOTHB B3rJIH.n.OB COl.lHaJI-,U.eMOKpaTOB Ha peBOJIIOUHIO, He
nOHHMaH npHHUHnHaJIbHOH pa3HHUbI B oueHKe .n.BH)KYW.HX CHJI peBO-
JIIOl.lHH Me)K.n.y B. 11. J1eHHHbIM H MeHbweBHKaMH, CIIHTaBwHMH rere-
MOHOM 6YP)Kya3HoH peBOJIIOUHH He npOJIeTapHaT, a 6YP)Kya3HIO 71.
B OTJIHIlHe OT JIeHHHCKOH nOCTaHOBKH Bonpoca 0 3a.n.a4ax 6YP)KY-
a3HO-.n.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH - CBep)KeHHH caMo,U.ep)KaBHH
H JIHKBH,U.aUHH nepe)KHTKOB <peo.n.aJIH3Ma - 3cepOBCKaH KOHl.lenUHH
6bIJIa JIHWeHa KOHKpeTHoro HCTopHLIeCKoro co,U.ep)KaHHH. «B PYCCKOH
peBOJIIOl.lHH, - nHCaJIH OHH, - nOJIHTHlleCKHH H COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMH-
lIeCKHH 3JIeMeHT TeCHO nepenJIeTaJIHCb», KaK 3TO 6bIJIO BO <PpaHUHH
B 1789 r. 3TH cpaBHeHHH CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 0 HenOHHMaHHH 3cepa-
MH HOBOH HCTopHlleCKOH 06CTaHOBKH, CJIO)KHBWeHCH B MHpe H B Poc-
CHH B HalJaJIe XX B., xapaKTepa pOCCHHCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, COOTHowe-
HHH KJIaCCOBbIX CHJI H HX paCCTaHOBKH. OHH, KaK H npe)K.n.e, nbITaJIHCb
peaJIH30BaTb CBOIO KOHl.lenUHIO «pa604ero KJIaCca» (npOJIeTapHaT,
KpeCTbHHCTBO, HHTeJIJIHreHl.lHH) npH paCCMOTpeHHH Bonpoca O,U.BH)KY-
W.HX CHJIaX H YllaCTHHKax peBOJIIOl.lHH, OTO)K.n.eCTBJIHH 3TH pa3JIHlIHbIe
nOHHTHH. B 3cepOBCKOH cxeMe npOJIeTapHaT HrpaJI pOJIb 3aCTpeJIbW.H-
Ka, HHTeJIJIHreHl.lHH B03rJIaBJIHJIa peBOJIIOl.lHIO, a ee rJIaBHOH .n.BH)KY-
w.eH CHJIOH HBJIHJIOCb KpeCTbHHCTBO, npH.n.aBaBwee peBOJIIOl.lHH HCTHH-
HO Tpy.n.OBOH H Hapo.n.HbIH xapaKTep. IllHpOKoe MaCCOBoe .n.BH)KeHHe
164
pa3JIH4HbIX CJIOeB .n.epeBHH, Tpe60BaBWHX JIHKBH.n.al..lHH nOMelll.HlJberO
3eMJIeBJIa.n.eHHH H Ha.n.eJIeHHH KpeCTbHH 3eMJIeH, 3CepbI paCCMaTpHBa-
JIH KaK e.n.HHCTBeHHOe r JIaBHOe 3BeHO BCerO peBOJIIOUHOHHOrO npOl.leCCa,
lJTO npHBO.n.HJIO HX K He.n.OOueHKe pOJIH npOJIeTapHaTa B C06WTHHX
1905-1907 rr. 50pb6a npOJIeTapHaTa B 3TOH peBOJIIOl.lHH paccMaTpH-
BaJIaCb JIHWb KaK .n.BH}KeHHe 3a YJIYlJWeHHe 3KOHOMHlJeCKOrO H nOJIH-
THlJeCKOrO nOJIO)KeHHH, KOTopoe K TOMY )Ke CBH3bIBaJIOCb C peweHHeM
arpapHoro Bonpoca B nOJIb3Y KpecTbHH. 3cepw Hepe.n.Ko ynpeKaJIH
60JIbWeBHKoB B He.n.OOl.leHKe Ba)KHOCTH KpecTbHHcKOH 60pb6bI, B He-
cnoc06HoCTH pewaTb arpapHbIH Bonpoc, Tor.u.a KaK caMH nOJIHOCTblO
OTKa3bIBaJIHCb CBH3aTb Boe.n.HHO 60pb6y npOJIeTapHaTa H KpecTbHHcT-
Ba B peweHHH 3a.n.all 6YP)Kya3HO-.n.eMoKpaTHllecKoH peBOJIIOl..lHH, He
nOHHMaH Ba)KHOCTH 3Toro COlO3a .n.JIH ycnexa peBOJIIOl..lHH.
MaCCOBoe KpeCTbHHCKoe H pa60llee .n.BH)KeHHe 1905-1907 rr. OHH
paccMaTpHBaJIH rJIaBHblM 06pa30M KaK CTHxHHHoe, aHapXHlJeCKOe,
pa3pywHTeJIbHOe, pellHTeJIbHO oCY)K.n.aJIH 3aXBaT KpecTbHHaMH no-
Mew.H4bHX 3eMeJIb, HX CTpeMJIeHHe pewHTb arpapHbIH Bonpoc, He
.n.O)KH.n.aHCb YKa3aHHH «CBepxy» 72.
fOBOpH 0 rJIaBHbIX paCXO}K.n.eHHHX Me)K.n.y MapKCHCTaMH H npe.n.-
CTaBHTeJIHMH KpeCTbHHCKoro YTonHlleCKoro COUHaJIH3Ma, B. 11. J1eHHH
OTMe4aJI HenOHHMaHHe 3cepaMH «8 e U C T 8 UTe A b HOc 0 xapaKTe-
pa npOHcxo.n.Hw.eH peBOJIIOl.lHH, HenOHHMaHHe 8eUCT8UTeAbHOcO co-
8ep;)JCaHUR KpeCTbHHCKoro .n.BH)KeHHH» 73. OHH He CMOrJIH YBH.n.eTb
pa3JIH4HH Me)K.n.y KpeCTbHHCKHM H pa604HM .n.BH)KeHHeM, paCCMaTpH-
BaJIH HX KaK paBHoueHHbIe, XOTH BbIcTynJIeHHH npOJIeTapHaTa no
pa3Maxy, CTeneHH opraHH30BaHHOCTH H C03HaTeJIbHOCTH HaMHoro
npeBocxo.n.HJIH 60pb6y KpeCTbHH B .n.epeBHe. fJIaBHWH BWBO.n. 3cepOB
CBO.n.HJICH K TOMY, lJTO peBOJIIOl..lHH nOTepneJIa nOpa)KeHHe H3-3a CJIa-
60H C03HaTeJIbHOCTH H opraHH30BaHHOCTH Macc, KOTopwe 3aBHCHT
HCKJII04HTeJIbHO OT .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH,
B03rJIaBJIHIOmeH 3TO .n.BH)KeHHe. TaKHM 06pa30M, 3cepOBCKaH KOH-
uenl.lHH peBOJIIOl.lHH CTpOHJIaCb Ha npe)KHHX nOCbIJIKaX OTHOCHTeJIbHO
xapaKTepa H co.n.ep)KaHHH peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOro npouecca, C03HaTeJIb-
HbIM 3JIeMeHTOM KOToporo HBJIHeTCH JIHWb HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, a MaCCbI,
TOJIna CJIe.n.YIOT no YKa3aHHOMY nYTH, BoopY)KeHHbIe JIHWb BepOH (6e3
nOHHMaHHH) B npaBHJIbHOCTb npe.n.JIaraeMOro BbI60pa 74. XOTH 3cepbI
MHoro nHCaJIH 0 Ba)KHOCTH C03HaHHH B 60pb6e 3a 06HOBJIeHHe 06-
ll{eCTBa, o.n.HaKO OHH HBHO He.n.ooueHHBaJIH ero pOJIb B pa3BHTHH
MaCCOBoro .n.BH)KeHHH, B peBOJIIOUHOHHOM BocnHTaHHH C03HaTeJIbHOrO
OTHOlleHHH Tpy.n.HW.HXCH K YllacTHIO B peBOJIIOUHOHHOM npol.lecce.
KaK H3BeCTHO, HaY4HaH KOHl.lenl.lHH peBOJIIOUHH 1905-
1907 rr. 6bIJIa C03.n.aHa B. 11. J1eHHHbIM H 60JIbWeBHKaMH B xo.n.e ee
cBepweHHH H no.n.Be.n.eHHH HTorOB peBOJIIOlJ.HH nOCJIe ee nOpa}KeHHH.
OHa 6wJIa 3aKpenJIeHa H pa3BHTa B peweHHHx napTHHHwX C'be3.n.OB
H KOH<pepeHl.lHH, npoxo.u.HBlllHX B 1905-1907 rr. 75 50JIbWeBHCTCKaH
KOHuenl.lHH peBOJIIOl.lHH co.n.ep)KaJIa lJeTKHe Ol.leHKH 3a.u.all, xapaKTepa,
.n.BH)KYW.HX CHJI, pOJIH npOJIeTapHaTa KaK KJIaCCa rereMOHa H KpeCTb-
HHCTBa KaK ero COI03HHKa. COUHaJI-.n.eMOKpaTbI, nHCaJI B. 11. J1eHHH
B 1905 r., «rOBopHT, liTO OHH 60plOTCH BMeCTe CO BceM KpeCTbHHCTBOM
165
npOTHB nOMelll.HKOB H lJHHOBHHKOB, a KpOMe Toro, OHH, ropo.n.CKHC
npOJIeTapHH BMeCTe C CeJIbCKHMH npOJIeTapHHMH, 60plOTCH npOTHB
KanHTaJIH3Ma. 50pb6a 3a 3eMJIlO H 3a BOJIIO eCTb .n.eMOKpaTHlIeCK3H
60pb6a. 50pb6a 3a YHHlJTO)KeHHe rocno.n.CTBa KanHTaJIa eCTb CO-
l..lHaJIHCTHlJeCKaH 60pb6a» 76.
ECJIH .n.JIH MapKcHcTOB onbIT 60pb6bI 1905-1907 rr. ew.e pa3
no.n.TBep.n.HJI npaBHJIbHOCTb HX HaYlJHOH TeopHH, npe)K.n.e Bcero KOH-
l.lenl..lHH peBOJIIOl..lHH, cnoc06CTBOBaJI ee .n.aJIbHeHweMY 060raw.eHHIO
H pa3BHTHIO, TO B HHOM IlOJIO)KeHHH OKa3aJIHCb 3cepbI C HX nowaTHYB-
WHMHCH TeOpeTHlJeCKHMH cxeMaMH.
XOTH peBOJIIOlJ.HH 1905-1907 rr. He nOBJIHHJIa Ha H3MeHeHHe
KOHl..lenl.lHH 3cepOB, o.n.HaKO OHa He npOWJIa 6eCCJIe,U.HO. no.n. BJIHHHHeM
peBOJIIOl..lHH H nOCJIe.n.oBaBwHx 3a HeH C06bITHH B napTHH 3cepoB
pa3BepHYJIaCb nOJIeMHKa no BaJKHeHWHM BonpocaM TeopHH: 06W.HH3
H ee pOJIb B peweHHH arpapHoro Bonpoca, Ol.leHKa TaKTHKH HH.n.HBH.n.y-
aJIbHOrO Teppopa B CBH3H C MaCCOBbIM peBOJIIOUHOHHblM .n.BH)KeHHeM
H TeMH cpopMaMH 60pb6bI, KOTopbIe CTaJIH npe06JIa.n.alOw.HMH B 1905-
1907 rr., pOJIb peBOJIIOUHH B 60pb6e 3a .n.eMoKpaTHIO H COl.lHaJIH3M.
B OTHoweHHH 3cepoB K peBOJIIOl.lHH, K MaccoBoMY ,U.BH)KeHHIO,
B CTpeMJIeHHH paccMaTpHBaTb peBOJIIOl.lHIO KaK aKT 3BOJIIOl.lHH B nOJI-
HOH Mepe npOHBHJIaCb pe<popMHcTcKaH TeH.n.eHl..lHH B HX n03Hl..lHH,
npo.n.HKTosaHHaH cTpaxoM nepe.n. Hapo.n.oM H MaccoBoH peBOJIIOl.lHOH-
HOH 60pb60H. 3TO npOHBHJIOCb B no.n..n.epJKKe Te3Hca peHeraTa 5epH-
wTeHHa «LLBH)KeHHe Bce - ueJIb HHlJTO».
ECJIH r JIy60KaH y6e)K,lI.eHHOCTb B HeH36e)KHOM TOp)KeCTBe .n.eMO-
KpaTHH H COl..lHaJIH3Ma Y MapKcHcTOB CTpOHJIaCb Ha HaY4HoM aHaJIH3e
3aKOHOB 06w.ecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH H KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI, TO 3cepOB-
CKHe nporH03bI OCHOBbIBaJIHCb Ha Ha.n.e)K.n.e, Bepe B TOp)KeCTBO a6-
CTpaKTHoro COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO H.n.eaJIa, Ha YTonHlleCKHX npe.n.CTaBJIe-
HHHX 0 peBOJIIOUHH, pOJIH B HeH KpeCTbHHCTBa H HHTeJIJIHreHUHH
B KalJeCTBe pewalOI.I.I.HX CHJI B 6Y,lI.YI.I.I.eM.
B npHMOH CBH3H C 3cepOBCKOH COUHOJIOrH4eCKOH KOHl.lenUHeH,
C Ol..leHKaMH peBOJIIOl.lHH H MaCCOBoro .n.BH)KeHHH Haxo.n.HJIHCb HX
TaKTH4eCKHe npHHUHnbI 60pb6bl 77. Cy6oeKTHBH3M B TeopHH onpe.n.e-
JIHJI 3cepOBCKHH aBaHTIOpH3M B nOJIHTHKe, HX nOHHMaHHe MeTO,U.OB
H cpe.n.CTB 60pb6bl 3a peBOJIIOUHIO H COUHaJIH3M.
EI..lJ.e B CTaTbe «PeBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIH aBaHTlOpH3M» B. 11. J1eHHH
OTMelJaJI, lJTO 3cepbI He nOHHMalOT 3HalJeHHH MaCCOBoro .n.BH)KeHHH
KaK OCHOBbI OCYI..lJ.eCTBJIeHHH peBOJIIOUHH, n03TOMY OHH 3aw.Hw.aIOT
Teppop, «HenpHro.n.HOCTb KOToporo TaK HCHO .n.OKa3aHa onbITOM PYC-
CKoro peBOJIIOIl.HOHHOro .n.BH)KeHHH». C4HTaH Teppop He TOJIbKO 6ec-
nepcneKTHBHbIM H 6eCCMbICJIeHHbIM, HO H onaCHbIM MeTo.n.OM 60Pb6bI,
YBO.n.HllI.HM OT peweHHH .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHO peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIX 3a.n.alJ pa60-
TW C MaccaMH, B. 11. J1eHHH npH3WBaJI K HenpHMHpHMOH 60pb6e
npoTHB «TeopHH noe.n.HHKa H e.n. HH0 60pCTBa» 78.
LLJIH no.n.KpenJIeHHH CBoeH 3aMeTHO nowaTHYBweHCH ,U.OKTpHHbI
3cepOBCKHe TeopeTHKH BHOBb 06paTHJIHCb K HaCJIe.n.HIO CBOHX H.n.eHHbIX
npe.n.weCTBeHHHKOB - J1aBpoBa H MHXaHJIOBCKoro. npHlJeM H3 HX
KOHuenl..lHH 6paJIHCb Te nOJIO)KeHHH, KOTopble COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH 3ce-
166
pOBCKHM YCTaHOBKaM, OTBelJaJIH HaCTpOeHHHM H nOHCKaM 3CepOBCKHX
H,lI.eOJIOrOB nOCJIe peBOJIIOIl.HH 1905-1907 rr. 79 TaK, E. KOJIOCOB nOCJIe
1905-1907 rr. Heo.n.HoKpaTHo uHTHpOBaJI H3BeCTHoe H3pelJeHHe MH-
xaHJIOBCKoro: «51 He TaK 60lOCb pea Kl..lHH, KaK peBOJIIOUHH» 80. 3Ta
<popMYJIa HX KPynHeHwero H.n.eOJIOra OTpa)KaJIa OTHoweHHe H npaBoro
Te4eHHH 3cepOB K peBOJIIOl..lHH, ee npH3HaHHe B TeopHH H OTKa3 OT ee
ocyw.eCTBJIeHHH Ha npaKTHKe. B nOJIHOH Mepe 3TO npOHBHJIOCb
B 1917 r. y npaBbIx 3cepoB. I1H.u.HBH.u.yaJIbHbIH, nOJIHTHlJeCKHH Teppop
paccMaTpHBaJlCH 3cepaMH KaK cpaKTop, CTHMYJIHPYIOW.HH pOCT KJIaC-
COBOH 60Pb6bI, KaK cpe.n.CTBO YCKopeHHH nOJIHTHlleCKoro nepeBopOTa.
PeBOJIIOUHOHHoe TBOplJeCTBO Macc B 1905-1907 rr. 06HapY)KHJIO
nepe.n. BceMH nOJIHTHlleCKHMH napTHHMH, BKJIlOlJaH H 3cepoB, rpOMa.n.-
Hoe pa3Ho06pa3He <POpM 60pb6bI - OT WHpOKHX .u.eMOHCTpal..lHH H MH-
THHrOB .n.o Bce06ll1.eH CTalJKH H BoopY)KeHHOrO BOCCTaHHH.
HHor.n.a 3BY4aJIH H.n.eH 0 TOM, lJTO peBOJIIOUHH nOTepneJIa fIOpa)Ke-
HHe H3-3a OWH60K nOJIHTH4eCKHX napTHH B TaKTHKe, o.n.HaKO H nOCJIe
nOpa)KeHHH peBOJIIOUHH Bce 3cepOBCKHe pacCY)K.n.eHHH no BonpocaM
TaKTHKH H <POpM 60pb6bI cocpe.n.OTOLIHJIHCb BOKpyr np06JIeMbl HH.n.HBH-
.u.yaJIbHOrO Teppopa 81. O.n.HHOKO 3BYlJaJIH npH3blBbI nepeCMOTpeTb
TaKTHKY Teppopa H 3aMeHHTb ee no.n.rOTOBKOH K BoopY)KeHHOMY BOC-
CTaHHIO 82. I1Hor.u.a B 060CHOBaHHe Ba)KHOCTH H u. e JIeC006pa3HocTH
no.n.rOTOBKH «BceHapo.u.Horo BoopY)KeHHOrO BOCCTaHHH» npHBo.n.HJIOCb
60JIbWOe KOJIHlJeCTBO pa3JIHLIHbIX .n.OBO.n.OB, Hepe.n.Ko 3BYlJaJIa H MbIC.nb,
LITO C nOMow.blO HH.n.HBH.u.yaJIbHOrO Teppopa HK06bI MO)KHO Bbl3BaTb
«BceHa po.n.Hoe BoopY)KeHHOe BOCCTaHHe» 8 . OO.n.06HbIe pacCY)K.n. eHHH
3cepOB 0 Teppope J1eHHH paCCMaTpHBaJI KaK «KpaHHHM, lJHCTO CJIOBeC-
HbIH Ii 6eCCMbICJIeHHbIH, peBOJIIOUHOHapH3M 3cepOB» 84. OHH IlbITaJIHCb
.n.OKa3aTb, 4TO Teppop - B036y.n.HTeJIb peBOJIIOl..lHH, CBH3aH C Macco-
BbIM .n.BH)KeHHeM, 4TO «Teppop eCTb 60pb6a C 0pY)KHeM B PYKax
OTKpbITaH rpa)K.n.aHcKaH BOHHa» 85. ,[{a)Ke Te HeMHorHe 3cepbI, KOTO-
pbIe YBH.n.eJIH B BoopY)KeHHOM BOCCTaHHH npOJIeTapHaTa HelJTO HOBoe
H nepcneKTHBHoe B peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOH 60pb6e Macc, He CMOrJIH .n.aTb eMY
npaBHJIbHYIO oueHKY, CBH3aTb C 06I..lJ.eH np06JIeMOM QJOPM H cpe.n.cTB
peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH 60pb6bl.
Bce pa3roBopbI 3cepoB 0 nepeCMoTpe nporpaMMHbIx H TaKTH4e-
CKHX YCTaHoBoK CBeJIHCb K HeKoTopoMY 06HOBJIeHHIO CTapwx cxeM,
K He3Ha4HTeJIbHblM .n.onOJIHeHHHM, HH B KoeH. Mepe He H3MeHHBWHM
CYW.HOCTH 3cepOBCKOH KOHuenl.lHH peBOJIIOl..lHH, HX nOHHMaHHH nYTett
Ii Cpe.n.CTB 60pb6bI 3a Hee.
CTOJIb )Ke OCTpaH H.n.eHHaH 60pb6a pa3BepHYJIaCb BOKpyr 06Ill.HHbl
H ee pOJIH B peweHHH arpapHoro Bonpoca. Pa3BaJI 06I..lJ.HHbI 3aCTaBH.n
TeopeTHKOB napTHH 3cepOB, paCCMaTpHBaBWHX ee KaK o.n.HY H3 QJOPM,
C nOMow.blO KOTOpOH KpeCTbHHCTBO CMO)KeT ne eHTH K COl..lHaJIH3MY,
K KOJIJIeKTHBHbIM <popMaM Be.n.eHHH X03HHCTBa 6, BHOBb 06paTHTbCH
K Bonpocl 0 ee MeCTe B TeOpeTHlJeCKHX H nporpaMMHbIX nOCTpoeHHHX
napTHH 8 . 3cepOBCKHH )KypHaJI «COUHaJIHCT-peBOJIIOl..lHOHep» nHCaJI
" 0 peaKUHH 3cepOB Ha pa3JIO)KeHHe 06W.HHbI: «11.n.eHHbIH CTo.n6HHK,
COCTOHHHe paCTepHHHOCTH H He.n.oYMeHHH OCeHHJIO MHorHX H3 Tex, KTO
ew.e TaK He.n.aBHO He Be.n.aJI HH KOJIe6aHHH, HH COMHeHHH». Y HeKOTO-
167
pWX lJJIeHOB napTHH «noKoJIe6aJIaCb Bepa B CaMWe OCHOBW HaweA
arpapHOH npOrpaMMbI». H. PaKHTHHKOB, lIaCTO BbIcTynaBI.I1HH B Te
ro.n.bI no Bonpocy 06 06w.HHe, y6e)K.n.eHHo .n.OKa3bIBaJI, lJTO «B CBoeM
nepeCMOTpe Hal.I1HX TeOpeTHlJeCKHX riOJIO)KeHHH H HaweH nporpaMMbI
MbI ,U.OJI)KHbI HCXO.n.HTb H3 npe.n.nOJIO)KeHHH nOJIHOrO KpyweHHH 06W.HH-
Horo 3eMJIeBJIa.n.eHHH H TOp)KeCTBa lIaCTHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH» 88.
OOCKOJIbKY no,U.06Horo po.n.a 3aHBJIeHHH He 6WJIH e.n.HHHIIHWMH,
a npe.n.JIaraBWHeCH peweHHH 6bIJIH CBH3aHbI C nepeCMOTpOM OCHOB
3cepOBCKoro MHpOB033peHHH H nporpaMMHbIX Tpe60BaHHH, TO 3TO
,U.aeT HaM OCHOBaHHe c.n.eJIaTb BbIBO.n., liTO 06lll.HHa B 3cepOBCKOH
arpapHOH KOHuenUHH HrpaJIa 60JIee 3HallHTeJIbHYIO pOJIb, He)KeJIH eH
OTBO.n.HT HeKOTopbIe COBeTCKHe HCCJIe.n.OBaTeJIH 89. B 1908 r. B. 11. J1e-
HHH YKa3bIBaJI, liTO «Hapo.n.HHlleCKoe HanpaBJIeHHe HaweH 06lll.eCTBeH-
HOH MbICJIH CBH3bIBaeT OCHOBHbIe nYHKTbI CBoero MHpOC03epuaHHH
C HaUHOHaJIbHbIMH oc06eHHOCTHMH 3Toro "ypaBHHTeJIbHOrO YlJpe)K.n.e-
HHH"» 90. OpH 3TOM B. 11. J1eHHH OTMeLIaJI 60pb6y ,U.BYX OCHOBHbIX
HanpaBJIeHHH no 3TOMY Bonpocy - HapO,U.HHlleCKoro H MapKCHCTCKO-
ro, OTJIHlIaBllHXCH npHHUHnHaJIbHO npOTHBOnOJIO)KHbIMH no.n.xo.n.aMH
K 06w.HHe. ECJIH MapKCHCTbI, OTMellaJI B. 11. J1eHHH, paCCMaTpHBalOT
06W.HHY C TOIlKH 3peHHH COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlleCKHX OTHoweHHH, TO'
HapO,U.HHKH rJIaBHOe BH.n.HT B H3YlleHHH arpHKYJIbTYPbI H 6bITa.
B. 11. J1eHHH nHCaJI, LITO «no.n.06HbIH npHeM rJIy60Ko HenpaBHJIeH» 91.
OpH3HaBaH <paKT pa3JIO)KeHHH 06W.HHbI, 3cepbI ,U.eJIaJIH BeCbMa
onTHMHCTHlleCKHH, HO JIHWeHHbIH peaJIbHOrO OCHOBaHHH BbIBO,U.: «06-
mHHa He CTaTHlleCKaH, a .n.HHaMHlleCKaH - HBJIHeTCH O,U.HOH H3 B03-
MO)KHbIX ,lI.paroueHHbIX TOlleK onopbI arpapHOH nOJIHTHKH B C-pOM
[COUHaJI-peBOJIIOlJ.HOHHOM] .n.yxe». BonpeKH HCTopHlleCKHM <paKTaM
OHH npo,U.OJI)KaJIH .n.OKa3bIBaTb, liTO C03HaHHe cnpaBe,U.JIHBOCTH MO)KeT
npHOCTaHOBHTb npouecc pa3JIO)KeHHH 06lll.HHbI, liTO pOJIb «npaBO-
C03HaHHH 06W.HHHOH MaCCbI» TaK BeJIHKa, liTO OHO MO)KeT H3MeHHTb
npouecc B 06paTHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. OpaBHTeJIbCTBO, paccY)K.n.aJIH
3cepbI, pa3pYllaeT 06lll.HHY, HO OHO He cnoc06Ho pa3pYllHTb nCHXOJIO-
rHIO KpeCTbHHCTBa. 06lll.HHHaH nCHXOJIOrHH KpeCTbHHCTBa, 3aHBJIHJIH
TeopeTHKH napTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOlJ.HOHepoB, HBJIHeTCH OCHOBOH
.n.JIH ,U.BH)KeHHH no nYTH K COUHaJIH3MY 92. Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH ,U.eJIaJI-
CH BbIBO,lI., liTO He CJIe.n.yeT BbIlIepKHBaTb 06W.HHY H3 3cepOBCKOH npo-
rpaMMbI 93. TaKHM 06pa30M, 06ll{HHa B KOHuenUHH 3cepOB npo,U.OJI)Ka-
JIa HrpaTb Ba)KHYIO pOJIb. C ee nOMow.blO OHH nbITaJIHCb ,U.OKa3aTb,
LITO 06lll.HHa, KaK H KoonepaUHH, ,U.eJIaeT B03MO)KHbIM npOBe.n.eHHe
COUHaJIH3aUHH 3eMJIH B paMKax Hapo.n.HO-Tpy.n.OBoro, a <paKTHlleCKH -
6YP)Kya3Horo CTpOH. 3cepbI ynoBaJIH Ha aBTOMaTHlleCKoe nepepaCTa-
HH KanHTaJIH3Ma B COl.lHaJIH3M nOCJIe CBep)KeHHH caMo.n.ep)KaBHH
H n06e,U.bI COUHaJIHCTHlleCKoro C03HaHHH B Maccax. I1MeHHo n03TOMY
3cepbI TaK pbHHO 3alll.Hw.aJIH 06lll.HHY, He )KeJIaH BH.n.eTb ee peaKUHOH-
HYIO pOJIb, Ha KOTOPYIO HeO,U.HOKraTHO YKa3bIBaJIH MapKCHCTbI, KPHTH-
KYH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHe B033peHHH 4. 3cepbI CTaJIH ew.e 60JIbWe nHcaTb
o nCHXOJIOrHH KpeCTbHHcTBa, 0 Tpa.n.Hl.lHOHHOM 06W.HHHOM ,U.yxe,
o CnJIOlleHHOCTH H KOJIJIeKTHBH3Me KpeCTbHH, npoTHBonOCTaBJIHH HX
npOJIeTa pHaTY.
168
KpHTHKYH B3rJIH.n.bI HapO.n.HHKOB Ha 06W.HHY H TeH,U.eHUHH ee
pa3BHTHH, B. 11. J1eHHH nO.n.lJepKHBaJI, liTO HeJIb3H pellaTb BOnpOC
o ee cy.n.b6e, OTBJIeKaHCb OT CYW.HOCTH COl.lHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHLIeCKHX
OTHOWeHHH BHYTPH 06W.HHbI: «3TH B3aHMOOTHoweHHH nOKa3bIBalOT
HarJIH.n.Ho MeJIK06YP)Kya3HYIO npHpO,U.Y KpeCTbHHCKOrO X03HHCTBa
B .n.aHHOH HCTOpHlleCKOH 06CTaHOBKe» 95. HapO,U.HHKH OTKa3bIBa-
JIHCb OT Cepbe3HOrO COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlJeCKOrO aHaJIH3a npouec-
COB, npOTeKaBWHX B 06w.HHe B HallaJIe XX B., KaK 3TO ,U.eJIaJIH Map-
KCHCTW. Ha OCHOBe CBOHX YTOnHlleCKHX B033peHHH OHH paCCMaTpH-
BaJIH 06W.HHY KaK 3apO.n.bIll COUHaJIH3Ma B paMKaX ,U.OpeBO-
JIIOUHOHHOrO CTpOH H He MOrJIH YBH,U.eTb rJIaBHOH TeH.n.eHUHH
pa3BHTHH 06ll{HHbI, KOTOpylO B. 11. J1eHHH oxapaKTepH30BaJI
B 1908 r.: «HecMoTpH Ha BCIO ypaBHHTeJIbHOCTb Ha.n.eJIbHOH 3eMJIH,
HecMoTpH Ha nepe,U.eJIbI H T. n., OKa3bIBaeTCH, liTO HanpaBJIeHHe
,U.eHCTBHTeJIbHOrO X03HHCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH KpeCTbHH-06ll1.HHHH-
KOB COCTOHT HMeHHO B 06pa30BaHHH CeJIbCKOH 6YP)Kya3HH H B BW-
TeCHeHHH MaCCbI 6e,U.HeHWHX X03HHCTB B pH.n.bI npOJIeTapHaTa»,
B «orpa6JIeHHH 06W.HHbI 60raTeHMH» H «YKpenJIeHHH lIaCTHOH 3e-
MeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH y 3a)KHTOLIHOro KpeCTbHHCTBa» 96. CJIe,U.o-
BaTeJIbHO, B ro.n.bI peaKl.lHH 3cepOBCKHe B033peHHH H nporpaMMHbIe
YCTaHOBKH no Bonpocy 06 06lll.HHe H ee pOJIH nO,U.BeprJIHCb cepb-
e3HoH KpHTHKe. O,U.HaKo H,U.eOJIOrH napTHH 3cepOB He CMOrJIH
c,U.eJIaTb cepbe3HbIX BbIBO,U.OB H, BonpeKH HCTopHlleCKHM <paKTaM,
BnJIOTb,U.O 1917 r. npo.n.OJI)KaJIH ,U.OKa3bIBaTb, liTO 06lll.HHa H ee Tpa.n.H-
UHH - 3a pO,U.bIll COUHaJIH3Ma 97.
OTBepraH MapKCHCTCKYIO KOHuenUHIO KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6w H peBO-
JIIOUHH, 3cepbI BbIHY)K.n.eHbI 6bIJIH npH3HaTb ee 60JIbllYlO nonYJIHp-
HOCTb. B 1906 r. JIH,U.ep 3cepoB B. 4epHoB nHCaJI: «npeHMYlll.eCTBOM
COUHaJI-.n.eMoKpaToB 6wJIa ropa3,U.0 60JIbWaH IIHCJIeHHOCTb HX npo-
naraH,U.HCTOB H arHTaTopoB, 3aBHCHlll.aH OT Toro, liTO no,U. HCKJIIOIIH-
TeJIbHbIM BJIHHHHeM COUHaJI-,U.eMOKpaTHlleCKHX H,U.eH ycneJIO BocnH-
TaTbCH, CO BpeMeHH na,U.eHHH Hapo.n.HOH BOJIH ,U.O BbIcTynJIeHHH
c-p napTHH, Y)Ke He O.n.HO peBOJIIOUHOHHoe nOKOJIeHHe». OpHIIHHY
3Toro HBJIeHHH 4epHOB YCMaTpHBaJI B xopoweH opraHH3aUHH, B npe-
eMCTBeHHOCTH CBH3eH H pa60TbI no BocnHTaHHIO Macc, B CHCTeMe
«3aMKHYTbIX no,U.nOJIbHbIX» KPY)KKOB, «3a60TJIHBO 06eperaeMbIX OT
npOHHKHOBeHHH BJIHHHHH c-peB., HX JIHTepaTypbI, HX H.n.eH». B 3THX
oueHKax YLIHTWBaJIaCb JIHllb O,U.Ha CTopOHa ,U.eHTeJIbHOCTH COUHaJI-
,U.eMOKpaTHH no BocnHTaHHIO Macc - HX 3<pq,eKTHBHaH opraHH3aUHH,
Tor.n.a KaK caMoe rJIaBHOe - co,U.ep)KaHHe nponaraH.n.bI, OCHOBaHHoe
Ha HaYlJHOM nOHHMaHHH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro npOl.leCca, 3cepaMH HrHopH-
pOBaJIOCb. J11060nbITHO npH3HaHHe 4epHOBa B TOM, LITO COUHaJIHCTbI-
peBOJIIOUHOHepbI 6bICTpO CKJIOHHJIH Ha CBOIO CTOPOHY «cepylO Maccy
(oc06eHHO H3 lJHCJIa He nOTepHBWHX CBH3H C .n.epeBHeH) H MOJIo.n.e)Kb;
3aTO c-.n. HMeJIH Ha CBoeH CTopOHe CTapbIX, H3BeCTHbIX Ha 3aBo.n.e,
BH.n.HbIX H BJIHHTeJIbHbIX pa60lJHX, y6e)K.n.eHHH KOTOpbIX ycneJIH npo-
LJHO CJIO)KHTbCH no,U. MOHOnOJIbHbIM BJIHHHHeM npe)KHerO HCKJIlOlJH-
TeJIbHOrO rOcnO.llCTBa C-.n.CKHX KPY)KKOB» 98. 3TOT peaJIHCTHlJeCKHH
BbIBO.n. JIH.n.ep 3cepOB c.n.eJIaJI TO)Ke no.n. BJIHHHHeM OCMbICJIeHHH HTorOB
169
peBOJIIOl..lHH, XapaKTepa L{eHTeJIbHOCTH peBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIX napTHH, HX
nOnYJIHpHOCTH Cpe.n.H pa3JIHlJHWX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH.
OO.n. BJIHHHHeM peBOJIIOl..lHH 1905-1907 rr. 3aMeTHO YCHJIHJIOCb
BHHMaHHe 3cepoB K np06JIeMe opraHH3aUHH BJIaCTM. rocy.n.apCTBO
H a6COJIIOTH3M paccMaTpHBaJlHCb 3cepaMH K3K pe3YJIbTaT 60pb6bl
C BHellHHMH Bpar3MH (a He KaK HHCTHTYTbl KJIaCCOBOro rocno.n.CTBa),
KaK BbIpa}KeHHe OTCT8JIOCTH CTpaHbl, oeCKYJIbTYPbH, OTCYTCTBHH
«rpa>K.n.aHCKOH C03HaTeJlbHOCTH», KOTopble OOYCJJOBHJJH HK06bI CJIaOoe
pa3BHTHe B PYCCKOH HoCTOpHH «llHPOKHX MaCCOBblX J.lBH>KeHHH». PeBO-
JIIOlI.HfI 1905-1907 rr. 060HBJlHJIaCb pe3YJIbTaTOM cBoe06pa3Horo
HCTopHlIeCKoro pa3BMTHH POCCHH. Ee OCHOBHbIe 3a.lI.allH BH,aeJIHCb
3cepaM B «TpeooBaHHH nOJIHTHt.JecKoH CBOOOL{bI, HaUHOHaJlbHOrO
caMoOnreAeJIeHHH H KopeHHoro COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlleCKoro nepeBo-
pOTa» 9 . OHM nbITaJIHCb ,aaTb OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, nOCTaBJJeHHbIH peBO-
JIIOUHeH, KaKHe H3MeHeHHH npOH30H.n.YT nOCJIe no6eL{bl HapOL{HOH
peBOJIIOUHH. OHM npH3HaBaJJH, liTO 3a CBep)KeHHeM CaMOL{ep)KaBHH
HacTynHT KopeHHoe H3MeHeHHe B CYIll.HOCTH H <popMe rOCYJI.apCTBeHHO-
fO YCTpOHCTBa. IlpH 3TOM CJIe.nyeT 3aMeTHTb, liTO 3cepbI paCCMaTpHBa-
JIH caMo.n.ep>KaBHe Ii MOHapXHIO KaK HaL{KJlaCCOBble HBJIeHHH, a X03HH-
CTBeHHbIe H oomeCTBeHHbIe nOpHJI.KH - KaK pe3YJIbTaT .lI.eHCTBHH Bbl-
pa60TaHHbIX oOw.eCTBOM 3aKOHOB. 3cepbI He nOHHMaJIH H He XOTeJIH
npH3HaTb Toro npOCTOfO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, ,aOKa3aHHoro BceH HCTO-
pHeH lJeJIOBelleCTBa, liTO oow.eCTBeHHbIe H rOCYJI.apCTBeHHble nOpH.lI.KH
HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBOH cyw.eCTBYIOw.eH CHCTeMbi 3aKOHO.ll.aTeJIbCTBa, a He
Ha060pOT.
B 3cepOBCKOH cou,HOJIOrHlleCKOH KOHu,enu,HH He ObIJIO MeCTa HaYlJ-
HWM npe.n.CTaBJIeHHHM 0 rOCY.lI.apCTBe Hero pOJIH B HCTOpHH. ECJIH
B MapKcHcTCKOH KOHuenUHH npOHCXO)K.n.eHHe H CYW.HOCTb rocy.n.apCTBa
06'bHCHHJIHCb Ha HlJHeM aHTarOHHCTH4eCKHX KJIaCCOB, TO B 3cepOB-
CKOH TeopHH rOCYL{apCTBO paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb KaK Ha.ll.KJIaCCOBaH CHJIa.
OpaBOBoe Ii KOHCTHTYUHOHHoe rocy.n.apCTBO, KOTopoe, no HX MHeHHIO,
.n.OJI>KHO YTBepJJ.HTbCH nOCJIe CBep>KeHHH caMO.ll.ep)KaBHH, 6y.n.eT 06lll.e-
Hapo.n.HbIM rocy.n.apCTBOM. HaYKa YTBep>K.n.aeT, nHCaJI O.n.HH H3 Teope-
THKOB napTHH 3cepoB B. B. J1YHKeBHlJ, liTO «roCY.lI.apCTBO - 3TO BeCb
Hapo.n.. A nOToM BepXOBHaH BJIaCTb B rOCYL{apCTBe eCTb L{OCTOHHHe
Bcero HapOL{a» I 0. Op06JIeMa rOCY.lI.apCTBa H HapOL{OBJIaCTHH pac-
CMaTpHBaJIaCb 3cepaMH HL{eaJIHCTHlJeCKH, a6cTpaKTHo, BHe BpeMeHH
H npOCTpaHCTBa, Ha OCHOBe OTpHuaHHH KJIaCCOBOH npHpo.n.bI rocy.n.ap-
CTBa KaK 06lll.eCTBeHHoro HHCTHTYTa. YTonHlJeCKHH xapaKTep 3TOH
TeopHH npOHBJIHJICH B TOM, lJTO B HeH He YllHTbIBaJICH xapaKTep
npe.n.CTOHBlleH B POCCHH peBOJIIOUHH, KOHKpeTHaH paCCTaHOBKa
KJIaCCOBbIX CHJI B CTpaHe, HeB03MO>KHOCTb JIHKBH.n.au,HH KJIaCCOB cpa3Y
>Ke nOCJIe peBOJIIOUHH, KaKOH 6bI OHa HH 6bIJIa.
nOCJIe CBep)KeHHH caMo.n.ep)KaBHH, YTBep>K.n.aJIH 3cepbI, HalJHeTCH
pa3BHTHe 6eCKJIaCCOBOro 06LLI.eCTBa, KOTopoe 6y.n.eT pa3BHBaTbCH no
nYTH Hapo.n.OBJIaCTHH. BecbMa THnHlJHbIMH .n.JIH 3cepOBCKOH KOHl.lenUI1H
6bIJIH H caMH .n.OBO.n.bI, KOTopbIe OHH npHBOL{HJIH B nO.lI.TBep>K.n.eHHe
CBOHX n03HUHH H KOTopble pa306JIalJaJIH HX MeJIK06yp>Kya3HYIO npH-
po.n.y. ¥I.n.eaJIOM TaKHX rocy.n.apCTB OHH ClJHTaJIH AHrJIHIO H lllBeHl.la-
170
pHIO. CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, rocy.n.a pCTBa 6ypmya3HO-.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOrO
THna, r.n.e BJIaCTb npHHa.n.JIe)KaJIa 6YP)Kya3HH, paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb
HMH KaK 06pa3el..l HapO.n.OBJIaCTHH, KaK rOCnO.n.CTBO BCerO HapO-
.n.a 101. npHMep HapO.n.OnpaBCTBa B POCCHH 3Cepbl BH.lIe.nH B I-IoBro-
P0,lI.CKOH pecny6JIHKe XV B. TaKHM 06pa30M, B peWeHHH np06JIeM I
6y.n.Ylll.erO rocy.n.apCTBeHHOrO YCTpOHCTBa 3CepbI BbIcTynaJIH Ka,
THnHlJHWe COUHaJIHCT -YTOnHCT peaKUHOHHOrO TOJIKa, OHH CBH3W
BaJIH H.n.eaJI Hapo.n.OBJIaCTHH He c COl..lHaJIbH M nporpeCCOM H K ar
COBOH 60pb60H Tpy.n.Hlll.HXCH Macc, Ka K 3TO .n.eJIaJIH Ma pKCHC': bI,
a C OTmHBWHMH <popMaMH npaBJIeHHH H BJIaCTH.
Bblpa3HTeJIeM HapO.lIOBJIaCTHH .n.OJImHO 6blJIO CTaTb, no MHeHHIO
3cepOB, YlJpe.n.HTeJIbHOe c06paHHe. OHO 3aHHMaJIO oc06eHHO 60JIb-
llloe MeCTO B 3cepOBCKOH KOHuenUHH, B Tpy.n.ax H3BeCTHblX 3cepOB-
CKHX .n.eHTeJIeH H TeopeTHKOB (M. BHlllHHKa, B. 4epHOBa, n. Co-
pOKHHa, B. J1YHKeBHlJa, H. CBHTHl..lKOrO, H. ABKceHTbeBa H .lIp.).
He nOHHMaH KJIaCCOBOH CYlll.HOCTH rocy.n.apcTBa, 3cepbl paccMaTpH-
BaJIH YlJpe.n.HTeJIbHOe c06paHHe KaK H.n.eaJIbHYIO <POPMY npaBJIeHHH
.n.JIH POCCHH, BblpacTaBwylO «H3 He.n.p PYCCKOH HCTOpHH», C C03blBa
KOToporo .n.OJI)KHO HalJaTbCH HK06bI «06HOBJIeHHe» CTpaHbi. Oco-
6eHHO 60JIblllOe BHHMaHHe 3cepbl y.n.eJIHJIH Bonpocy BbI60pOB. OHH
H306pamaJIHCb KaK aKT, npoHcxo.n.Hlll.HH B 6eCKJIaCCOBOM 06weCT-
Be, r.n.e Bee HaCeJIeHHe YlJaCTByeT B paBHOM, npHMOM rOJIOCOBaHHH,
KOTopoe n03BOJIHT 06eCnelJHTb BOJIIO Hapo.n.a. npHMelJaTeJIbHO, liTO
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BaJIH 3cepbl .n.aJIbHeHlllee pa3BHTHe COl..lHaJIbHOH peBOJIIOl..lHH, KOTO-
paH H .n.OJImHa, no HX MHeHHIO, npHBeCTH HK06bl K COl..lHaJIH3MY.
npH 3TOM 3cepbI CBO.n.HJIH OCHOBHbIe MepbI K BbIpa60TKe 3aKOHOB,
06eCnelJHBalOlll.HX CB060.n.y JIHIlHOCTH, pa3BHTHe .n.eMOKpaTHH, nepe-
JlalJY 3eMJIH KpeCTbHHaM, 3aKOHo.n.aTeJIbHYIO 3alll.HTY pa60llHX OT
npOH3BOJIa <pa6pHKaHTOB H 3aBo.n.IIHKOB, poeT HaUHOHaJIbHOrO 6JIa-
rOCOCTOHHHH, HaBe.n.eHHe nopH.n.Ka B rocy.n.apCTBeHHOM X03HHCTBe,
BBe.n.eHHe 6eCnJIaTHOrO 06YLIeHHH, pe<popMbI cy.n.a H MeCTHoro ca-
MoynpaBJIeHHH 102. B npOBe.n.eHHH 3THX MeponpHHTHH 3cepbI YCMaT-
pHBaJIH nepeCTpOHKY rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro 3.n.aHHH cBepxy ,lJ.OHH3Y.
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pe.n.aTb BJIaCTb focy.n.apcTBeHHoH .n.YMe, MHHHCTpaM, HOBOMY cy.n.y.
TaKoBa, no MHeHHIO 3cepoB, nOJIHTH4eCKaH nporpaMMa peBOJIIOUHH.
OHa .n.OJImHa 6bIJIa npoBo.n.HTbCH YlIpe.n.HTeJIbHbIM c06pa HHeM, JleH-
CTBOBaBlllHM BHe peaJIbHbIX HCTopHlleCKHX YCJIOBHH, 6e3 YlleTa
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6YP)Kya3HO-.n.eMoKpaTHllecKHM no CBoeH CYlll.HOCTH, C 3JIeMeHTaMH
YTonH3Ma. B HeH HrHopHpOBaJIOCb rJIaBHOe B COu,HaJIHCTH4ecKoH
peBOJIIOl..lHH - JIHKBH.n.al..lHH lIaCTHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Cpe.n.CTBa npo-
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H rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro CTpOH npH nepexo.n.e OT KanHTaJIH3Ma K COl..lHa-
JIH3MY. HMeHHo B 3TOH nporpaMMe COl..lHaJIbHOH peBOJIIOl..lHH C Hal1-
60JIbWeH nOJIHOTOH npOHBHJIaCb CYWHOCTb Hapo.n.HHKOB KaK MeJIKO-
6YP)Kya3Hblx .n.eMOKpaTOB H COUHaJIHCTOB, KOTopble BHJleJIH CBOH
H.n.eaJI B .n.eMOKpaTHH 6YP)Kya3Horo THna, a Bbl.n.aBaJIH ero 3a co-
171
UHaJIH3M, npHKpbIBaHCb CJIOBaMH 0 Bce061.l.leM paBeHCTBe, HapO.n.OBJIa-
CTHH, .n.eMOKpaTHH, 3aMeHe KJIaCCOBOrO «06I.l.lelleJIOBelleCKHM».
J1eHHH HenpHMHpHMO 60pOJICH C nCeB.n.OCOl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH .n.OK-
TpHHOH HapO.n.HHKOB, C WaTaHHHMH MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hblx .n.eMOKpaTOB
Mem.n.y npOJIeTapHaTOM H 6YP)Kya3HeH. He06xo.n.HMOCTb YCHJIeHHH
3TOH 60pb6bl B rO.n.bI peBOJIIOUHOHHOrO nO.n.'beMa onpe.n.eJIHJIaCb ITeM,
liTO B TeOpeTHlJeCKHX H nporpaMMHblX B3rJIH.n.ax 3cepOB npOH30111JIO
3HalJHTeJIbHOe OCJIa6JIeHHe MeJIK06ypmya3Horo pa.n.HKaJIH3Ma H pe-
BOJIIOl..lHOHHOCTH H 6blJI c.n.eJIaH 60JIbIllOH lllar B CTOPOHY 6YP)Kya3Horo
pe<popMH3Ma H 3BOJIIOUHOHH3Ma.
06'bHCHeHHe CYI.l.lHOCTH HCTopHlleCKoro npOl..leCca OCHOBbIBaJIOCb
3cepaMH Ha nOJIHOM OTpHuaHHH 06'beKiHBHoro xapaKTepa pa3BHTHH
06ll1.eCTBa Hero 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH, Ha a6COJIIOTH3aUHH pOJIH cy6'beK-
THBHoro <paKTopa. I1CTOpHKO-COUHOJIOrHlleCKaH KOHuenl..lHH 3cepOB
OKa3aJIaCb JIHllleHHOH HaYlJHOH rJIy6HHbl H 060CHOBaHHOCTH, KpaHHe
O.n.HOCTopOHHeH H npHMHTHBHOH. 3a OCHOBY 06lll.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH
6paJIHCb BHeU1HHe, nOBepXHOCTHwe HBJIeHHH, a He ero BHYTpeHHHe
npOl..leCCbI H HX H3MeHeHHH, CBH3aHHbIe C MaTepHaJIbHbIM npOH3BO.n.-
CTBOM, COUHaJIbHbIMH H 06ll1.eCTBeHHblMH OTHoweHHHMH, C 60pb60H
KJIaCCOB. I1MeHHo n03TOMY Ha pO.n.HHKH Hepe.n.KO OTom.n.eCTBJIHJIH 60pb-
6y COUHaJIHCTOB H peBOJIIOUHOHepOB XX B. - 3nOXH npOJIeTapCKHX
peBOJIIOl..lHH - C BbIcTynJIeHHHMH pa60B no.n. 3HaMeHeM CnapTaKa,
YllaCTHHKOB )KaKepHH H KpeCTbHHCKHX BOHH, HK06HHueB H MOHTaHb-
HpOB, lIapTHCTOB, KOMMYHapOB. OHH He CMOrJIH YBH.n.eTb HHKaKHX
n p H H UH n H a JI bH bI X OT JI H lJ H H B M a ceo B bI X pe BOJI 10 UH 0 H H bI X .n.B H)K e H H H X
npowJIoro H COBpeMeHHOCTH. 11 3TO BeCbMa npHMelJaTeJIbHaH lIepTa
Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOH HCTopHlleCKOH KOHuenUHH, JIHWeHHOH B CYI.l.lHOCTH,
KaK 3TO HH napa.n.OKCaJIbHO, 3JIeMeHTapHoro HCTopH3Ma. 3TO He Mewa-
JIO 4epHOBY npeTeHUH03HO 3aHBJIHTb OT HMeHH napTHH COl..lHaJIH-
cToB-peBOJIIOUHOHepoB: «Haw H.n.eaJI - pe3YJIbTaT HaweH I1CTOpH-
lIeCKOH .n.aJIbH030pKOCTH». OnHpaHcb Ha YlJeHHe MHXaHJIOBCKOro
o BbI.n.alOw.eHcH pOJIH KpHTHllecKH MbICJIHllI.eH JIl1lJHOCTH, B 06cTaHoBKe
OCTpOH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bl Hapo.n.HHKH nbITaJIHCb .n.OKa3aTb Ha.n.KJIaC-
COBWH H BHeKJIaCCOBWH xapaKTep CBoero YlJeHHH, npe.n.cTaBJIHH 3TY
lIepTY KaK .n.OCTOHHCTBO CBoeH .n.OKTpHHbl 103.
CTpeMJIeHHe BbI.n.aTb CBoe YlJeHHe 3a Ha.n.KJIaCCOBOe, a CBOIO na p-
THIO, OTpa)Ka BlllYIO HHTepeCbI MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, 3a 06w.eHaUHO-
HaJIbHYIO 6bIJIO THnHIIHbIM npOHBJIeHHeM «Melll.aHCKOro COl..lHaJIH3Ma»
H «6ecnapTHHHOH peBOJIIOUHOHHOCTH». napTHH 3cepOB nOKa3aJIa
CBOIO Hecnoc06HOCTb npOBo.n.HTb Ba)KHeHlllHH npHHUHn KJIaCCOBOro
no.n.xo.n.a - napTHHHOCTb 104. 5YP)Kya3HbIM H MeJIK06ypmya3HbIM npo-
nose.n.HM Ha.n.KJIaCCOBOCTH H 6ecnapTHHHOCTH B. 11. J1eHHH npOTHBO-
nOCTaBJIHJI nOCJIe,li.OBaTeJIbHOe npose.n.eHHe npHHUHna KOMMYHHCTHlJe-
CKOH napTHHHOCTH, nOCTOHHHO YKa3bIBaH, lJTO OH «eCTb O.n.HO H3 YCJIO-
BHH, .n.eJIalOlll.HX KJIaCCOBYIO 60pb6y C03HaTeJIbHOH, HCHOH, onpe.n.eJIeH-
HOM H npHHUHnHaJIbHOH».
TaKI1M 06pa30M, peBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 rr. nOJIOmHJIa HalJaJIO
rJIy60KoMY KPH3HCY HapOL{HHlJeCTBa, BbIcTynaBlllero B BH.n.e TeopHH
H npaKTHKH MeJIKOH 6ypmya3HH, 60poBweHcH 3a CBOH KJIaCCOBbIe
172
MHTepeCM. 3TOT KpH3HC OXBaTHJI Bce CTOpOHbl Hapo.n.HH4eCTBa: ero
opraHH3al..lHOHHbIe OCHOBbl H npHHu.Hnbl (OHH BbIJIHJIHCb B cnop Me)K.n.y
JleBbIMH H npaBblMH no BonpocaM opraHH3aUHH napTHH) H B paCKOJI
napTHH 3cepOB Ha TPH caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe opraHH3aUHH. npOHBJIeHHeM
rJIYQOKOrO H.n.eHHoro KpH3Hca CTaJIH 06cym.n.eHHH BonpOCOB TeopHH:
06lll. HbI, HH.n.HBH.n.yaJIbHOrO Teppopa, pOJIH KpeCTbHHCTBa H npOJIeTa-
I
pHaT , xapaKTepa MaCCOBoro .n.BHmeHHH, pOJIH napTHH H «HHHl..lHa-
THBHoro MeHbWHHCTBa». 3TH 06cym.n.eHHH CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 0 TOM,
lJTO peLIb WJIa He 0 pa.n.HKaJIbHOM nepeCMOTpe Hapo.n.HHlleCKOH .n.o-
KTpHH , a 06 ee 06HOBJIeHHH H pecTaBpaUHH C l..leJIblO coxpaHeHHH
npe)KHHX n03HUHH H «Be.n.Yl.l.leH» pOJIH B oCB060.n.HTeJIbHOM .n.BH)KeHHH
POCCHH. H XOTH YllacTHHKH 3THX cnopoB no-pa3HoMY ou.eHHBaJIH
COCTOHHHe H.n.eHHo-TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH JIH.n.epOB .n.BHmeHHH,
TeM He MeHee Bee OHH npH3HaBaJIH CJIa60CTb TeOpeTHlJeCKOH pa60Tbl,
ee OTCTaBaHHe OT npaKTHKH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bl, He06xo.n.HMOCTb
aKTHBH3aUHH. O.n.HaKO npaBHJIbHbIX BbIBO.n.OB Ha OCHOBe yrJIy6JIeHHO-
ro aHaJIH3a KpH3HCHOH cHTyaUHH .TIH.n.epbI Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa c.n.eJIaTb He
CMOrJIH, LITO npOHBHJIOCb B Hecnoc06HOCTH HaMeTHTb .n.a)Ke nYTH
Bwxo.n.a H3 KpH3Hca.
I CM.: flewexoHoB A. B. nOlleMY MbI TOr.LI.a YWJIH? (K Bonpocy 0 nOJIHTHlIeCKHX rpyn-
nHpoBKax B HapO.LI.HHlIecTBe). nr., 1918. C. 2-4.
2 nO.LI.p06Hee 06 9THX napTHHx, HX nporpaMMax H TaKTHKe CM.: )/(YKOB A. CP. l1.LI.eHHO-
nOJIHTHlIeCKHH Kpax 9cepoBcKoro MaKCHMaJIH3Ma. Jl., 1979; EpoljJeeB H. 11.. Ha-
pO.LI.Hble COLJ.HaJIHCTbl B nepBoH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOLJ.HH. M., 1979; rUHeB B. H. 50pb6a
3a KpecTbHHcTBO H KpH3HC pyccKoro HeOHapO.LI.HHlIecTBa. 1902--1914. Jl., 1983.
3 fleUJ,eXOHOB A. B. OOlleMY MbI TOr.LI.a YWJIH? C. 2, 5, 8, 9, 14 H .LI.p.
4 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 13. C. 396--397.
5 IOJICaKoB C. fo.LI. 1905 / / COBpeMeHHocTb (PyccKoe 60raTcTBo). 1906. NQ 1. C. 60, 61.
6 TaM )Ke. C. 63, 61.
7 TaM )Ke. C. 64.
8 TaM )Ke. C. 65-67.
9 TaM )Ke. C. 67, 77.
10 COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. NQ 6. C. 165; CM.: KYOPUH H. YpOKH HCTOpHH: (l1cTopHlIecKHe
aHaJIOrH H KOHTpacTbI) / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1907 NQ 12. C. 35-41, 77, 79; MflKO-
rUH B. Ha6poCKH cOBpeMeHHocTH / / PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1907. NQ 12. C. 92.
11 CM.: flerpuU{eB A. YcnoKoeHHe / / TaM )Ke. C. 76, 77 H .LI.p.
12 EllnarbeBCKUU C. JJ.BOpHHCTBO H arpapHbIe 6eCnOpH.LI.KH / / COBpeMcHHocTb. 1906.
NQ 1. C. 84-87, 90-91, 96-98, 99, 101 H .LI.p.
13 TaM )Ke. C. 97, 99-102.
14 PYCCKoe 60raTcTBo. 1907. NQ 12 C. 77.
15 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 15. C. 137.
16 fleweXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.HbIe TeMbI: OCHOBHble nOJIO)KeHHH HaweH nporpaM-
MbI / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. NQ 1. C 117.
17 TaM )Ke. C. 118-120.
18 TaM )Ke. C. 121-123.
19 TaM )Ke. C. 123.
20 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 13. C. 401, 403, 405.
21 TaM )Ke. C. 398.
22 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. I. C. 239.
23 TaM )Ke. C. 307.
24 nO.LI.p06Hee 06 HCTOpHH C03.LI.aHHH 9TOH napTHH, ee nporpaMMe H TaKTHKe CM.: )/(Y-
KOB A. CP. l1.LI.eHHO-nOJIHTHlIeCKHH Kpax 9cepoBcKoro MaKCHMaJIH3Ma. C. 13-21.
25 BOJIbHblH .LI.HCKYCCHOHHbIH JIHCTOK. )l(eHeBa, 1905. NQ 1. C. 1, 2.
26 TaM )Ke. C. 2, 3.
27 TaM )Ke. C. 3.
173
28 JleHuH B. H. nOJlH. COOp. COli. T. 13. C. 398.
29 BOJlbHblH .LI.HCKYCCHOHHbIH JlHCTOK. 1905. N2 I. C. 4.
30 TaM }Ke. C. 4.
31 TaM }Ke. N2 2. C. 6-7.
32 TaM }Ke. C. 7.
33 JleHuH B. H. nOJIH. COop. COli. T. 9. C. 131.
34 lll. KaK OblTb HaM C HaUleH nporpaMMOH-MHHHMYM? / / BOJlbHblH .LI.HCKYCCHOHHbIH
JlHCTOK. 1905. N2 l. C. 5.
35 TaM }Ke. C. 6.
36 CM.: PeBOJIlOllHOHHaH POCCHH. 1905. N2 40. C. 46.
37 BOJlbHbIH .LI.HCKYCCHOHHbIH JlHCTOK. 1905. N2 2. C. 5, 7-10.
38 Y crUHOB E. neTp Jla BpOB 0 B03MO}KHOCTH COllHaJlHCTHlIeCKOH peBOJllOllHH 8 POC-
CHH / / BOJlbHblH .LI.HCKYCCHOHHbIH JIHCTOK. 1905. N2 3. C. I, 2.
39 TaM }Ke. C. 2-4.
40 TaM }Ke. C. 3, 4.
41 CM.: CnupUOOBU'l A. H. napTHH COllHaJlHCTOB-peBOJIlOllHOHepOB H ee npe.LI.WeCTBeH-
HHKH. M., 1918. C. 310.
42 YcrUHOB E. [E. Y. Jlo3uHCKUii] . KaKoBa .LI.OJl}KHa OblTb nporpaMMa PYCCKOH peBOJlIO-
llHH? >KeHeBa, 1905. C. 3.
43 TaM }Ke. C. 4-6.
44 TaM }Ke. C. 7, 8.
45 TaM }Ke. C. 8, 9.
46 TaM }Ke. C. 15.
1 7 TaM }Ke. C. 10, 12.
48 HecrpoeB rp. 113 .LI.HeBHHKa MaKCHMaJIHCTa. napH)K, 1910. C. 35-51 H .LI.p.
49 TaM }Ke. C. 53-54.
50 LJepHoB B. K xapaKTepHCTHKe MaKCHMaJIH3Ma / / COllHaJlHCT-peBOJllOllHoHep. 1910;
HecrpoeB rp. MaKCHMaJlHCTbI H MaKCHMaJIH3M nepe.LI. cY.LI.oM BHKTopa 4epHoBa.
napH}K, 1910.
51 HecrpoeB rp OCHoBHbIe nOJlO}KeHHH MaKCHMaJlH3Ma: (OTBeT «PeBOJIlOllHOHHOH
MbICJlH»). napH}K, 1910. C. 3, 6,7,8-9,19,21-27 H.LI.P
52 TaM }Ke. C. 9, 12, 13-14.
53 TaM }Ke. C. 16.
54 TaM }Ke. C. 18. HecTpoeB nHCaJl, liTO «npe.LI.nOCbIJlKH nepeBopOTa HaJlHllO H peBOJlIO-
llHH - e.LI.HHCTBeHHbIH cpaKTOp, MorYllI.HH peaJIH30BaTb 9TH npe.LI.nOCbIJIKH B TPY.LI.OBYIO
pecnYOJlHKY» (TaM }Ke).
55 TaM }Ke. C. 90.
56 TaM }Ke. C. 75, 76, 79.
57 TaM }Ke. C. 76-79.
58 TaM }Ke C. 77, 80-83, 88 H .LI.P
59 JIeHuH B. H. nOJlH. COop. COli. T. 9. C. 208.
60 CM.: PeBOJllOllHOHHaH MbICJlb. 1908. N2 1. C. I; EB2eHbeB [E. CralluHcKuii]. 1J.BH}KY-
ll.I.He CHJlbl PYCCKOH peBoJIlOllHH / / COllHaJlHCT-peBOJllOllHOHep 1912. N2 4. C. 130-
131.
61 JIeHuH B. 11. nOJlH. COop. COli. T. 9 C 131-132.
62 TaM )Ke. T 17. C. 10.
63 CM.: TaM }Ke. C. 140-142; BOIlUH A. [H JI. lOoelleBcKuii]. Bonpocbl peBOJIIO-
UHH / / PeBOJIIOUHOHHaH MblCJIb 1908 .N2 1. C. 4-6 H .n.p
64
CUBepcKuii [B. K. A2acfJoHoB]. <l>HJIOCOcpHH H Teppop / / PeBOJlIOUHOHHaH MbICJIb.
1908. N2 2. C. 2.
65 JleHuH B 11. fIOJlH. coop. COLI T. 17. C. 141-143
66 TaM )Ke. C. 145, 143.
67 TaM }Ke. T 22 C. 306, 364-365, 369.
68 TaM )KC. T. 17. C. 366.
69
CM.: Bax A. CaMO.LI.ep)KaBHe H peBOJIIOUHH / / Hapo.LI.Hoe .n.eJlo. 1909. Co. I. C. 32,
COUHaJlHCT-peBOJlIOUHoHep. 1912 .N2 4. C. 141-142, 153
70 COllHaJlHCT- peBOJlJOUHollep. 1912. N2 4. C. 160.
71 CM.: JIeHuH B. H nOJlH. coop. COLI T. 31. C. 108
72 C
OUHaJlHCT-peBOJllOl HOHep 1912 .N2 4. C. 160, 169, 171-172, 174 H .n.p.
73 JIeHuH B. H. nOJlH coop. C04 T. 12 C. 409
174
74 CM.: COllHaJIHCT-peBOJIlOllHoHep. 1912. N2 4. C. 160, 174; Ha pO.LI.HOe .LI.eJlo. 1909.
C6. I. C. 32-34, 36 H .LI.p.
75 Kncc B pe3 0JIlO llHHX. M., 1970. T. l. C. 115-116, 151-157,208,212-223 H .LI.p.
76 CM.: J1eHuH B. H. nOJlH. COOp. COli. T. 12. c. 97.
77 COlJ.HaJIHCT- peBOJIlOllHOHep. 1911. N2 3. C. 238.
78 JleHuH B. H. nOJIH. COOp. COtJ. T. 6. C. 380-381, 386.
79 CN.: KOllOC08 E. MHXaMJIOBCKHH H PYCCKaH peBOJIlOllHH / / COllHaJIHCT-peBOJIlOllHO-
Hep. 1910. N2 1; 1911. N 3; B. A. O. JI. JlaBpoB: (K 10-JIeTHIO cMepTH) / / 3HaMH
TPY.D.a. 1910. N 26.
80 COnHaJIHCT-peBOJIIOIJ.HOHep. 1910. N2 I. C. 81.
81 TaM 1Ke. N2 2. C. 8, 15, 17; .N'2 I. C. 50.
82 OBUtt C. K Bonpocy - liTO .LI.eJIaTb? / / 3HaMH TPY.D.a. 1912. N2 39. C. 15-16.
83 CM.: COllHaJIHCT-peBoJIlOllHoHep. 1910. N2 2. C. 204; 36, 37,45; 3HaMH TPY.LI.a. 1912.
N2 39. C. 16.
84 J1eHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 17. C. 351.
85 3HaMH TpY.LI.a. 1912. N2 40. C. 13; N2 39. C. 7.
86 rUHe8 B. H. ArpapHbIH Bonpoc H MeJIKooYP>Kya3Hble napTHH 8 POCCHH B 1917 r. JI.,
1977. C. 45-47.
87 COllHaJI HCT-peBOJI I011HoHep. 1910. N2 I. C. 131, 135.
88 KpaUHUU (H. PaKurHUK08]. COlJ.HaJlH3aIJ.HH 3eMJIH KaK TaKTHlIeCKaH npooJIe-
Ma 1/ COIJ.HaJIHCT-peBOJIlOllHoHep. 1911. .N'2 3. C. 162; 1910. N2 I. C. 138.
89 rUHe8 B. H. ArpapHbIH Bonpoc H MeJIK06YP>Kya3HbIe napTHH. . . C. 46.
90 JIeHuH B. 11. nOJIH. c06p. COtJ. T. 17. C. 81.
91 TaM >Ke.
92 CM.: D. /0. Pa3pYUIaeTCH JIH 06ll1.HHa? / / 3HaMH TPY.LI.a. 1911. N2 35. C. 3, 4, 6;
COIJ.HaJIHCT-peBOJIlOllHoHep. 1911. N2 3. C. 171,190-191; BOpOH08 D. [D. H. JIe6e-
de8]. R Bonpocy 06 OCHOBax pa60lleii nporpaMMbI / / COllHaJIHCT-peBOJIlOllHoHep.
1910. N2 2. C. 127-128.
93 3HaMH TPY.D. a . 1911. .N'2 35. C. 6.
94 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COtJ. T. 17. C. 118.
95 TaM >Ke. C. 65.
96 TaM >Ke. C. 119, 126, 128.
97 'lepHo8 B. 3eMJIH H npaBO. nr., 1917. C. 182 H .D.p.
98 lfepH08 B. npOUIJIOe H HaCTOHlli.ee. Cn6., 1906. C. 15-17.
99 COllHaJlHCT- peBOJIIOIJ.HOHep. 1912. .N'2 4. C. 160.
100 P'UKUU [B. B. JI YHKe8ut(,] . OT CaMO.D.ep>KaBHH K Hapo.LI.OBJIaCTHIO / / Ha pO.D.Hoe .LI.eJIo.
1911. RH. 4. C. 131-132, 135.
101 TaM >Ke. C. 148-149, 155.
102 P'UKUU. YtJpe.D.HTeJIbHOe coopaHHe / / HapO.D.HOe )J.eJIo. 1909. RH. l. C. 145-147,
149-156.
103 lfepH08 B. COllHaJlHCTHlIecKHe 9TIO.D.bI. M., 1908. C. 18, 23.
104 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 12. C. 133, 135, 138.
rJIaBa WeCTaH
HEKOTOPbIE BOOPOCbI I1CTOPI1I1
05mECTBEHHOrO PA3BI1TI15I POCCI1I1
B TPY,LLAX HAPO,LLHHKOB
*
n pO<peCCHOHaJIbHaH HapO.n.HHlIeCKaH HCTOpHOrpa<pHH .n.OCTa OIlHO
06'beKTHBHO OCBelll.eHa B HCCJIe.n.OBaHHHX COBeTCKHX HCTOpHKOB.
BbISIBJleH Kpyr H3YllaBWHXCH np06JIeM, KpynHeHwHe npe.n.CTaBH-
TeJIH H HX pa60TbI (B. ¥I. CeMeBcKHH B. 51. 50rYllapcKHH, B. E. lJewH-
XHH, P. B. I1BaHoB-Pa3YMHHK H .n.p.), .n.aHa 060cHoBaHHaH oueHKa I1X
HCTopHllecKHx B3rJIH.n.OB, npOaHaJIH3HpOBaHbI no.n.xo.n.bI H KGHuenUHH,
pacKpbITO MeCTO H 3HalleHHe 3Toro HanpaBJleHHH B 06w.eM npouecce
pa3BHTHH HCTopHllecKoH MbICJIH B POCCHH B XIX-XX BB., nOKa3aHO
3HalleHHe 60pb6bI B. ¥I. J1eHHHa npoTHB Hapo.n.HHllecKHx B033peHHH
no BonpocaM TeopHH H MeTo.n.OJlOrHH H3YlIeHHH HCTopHllecKoro npo-
uecca, pa3BHTHH KanHTaJIH3Ma, 3BOJIIOUHH COUHaJIbHOH CTPYKTYPbI,
oCB060.n.HTeJlbHOrO .n.BHmeHHH H .n.p. I
3a.n.alla 3TOH rJIaBbI - nOKa3aTb OTHoweHHe K HCTOpHH 06-
w.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH POCCHH BH.n.HbIX .n.eHTeJleH Ha po.n.HHllecKoro
.n.BH)KeHHH XX B., BbISICHHTb ueJIH HX 06palll.eHHH K HCTOpHH, nOCTaB-
JIeHHbIe HMH np06JIeMbI H C<POPMYJIHpOBaHHbIe HMH )Ke BbIBO.n.bI, YCTa-
HOBHTb HX CBSI3b C TeopeTHlleCKHMH H COUHOJIOrHlleCKHMH KOHUenu.HH-
MH H TeMH H3MeHeHHHMH, KOTopbIe Ha6JIIO.n.aJlHCb B Hapo.n.HHlIeCK()M
YlleHHH B 900-e ro.n.bI. OTBeT Ha 3TH BonpOCbI nOTpe60BaJI 06palll.eHHSI
K HCTopHlleCKOMY HaCJIe.n.HIO Hapo.n.HHKOB, K paCCMOTpeHHIO MeTo.n.OJlO-
rHlleCKHX n03HUHH, HX OTHoweHHH K H3YlIeHHIO HCTOpHH, a TaK)Ke
oCBew.eHHH HMH KOHKpeTHO-HCTopHlleCKHX np06JIeM pa3BHTHH KanHTa-
JIH3Ma B POCCHH, 3BOJllOUHH rocy.n.apCTBa, pa3BHTHSI oCB060.n.HTeJlbHO-
ro .n.BHmeHHSI, K KOTOPOMY npHHa.n.Jle)KaJlH H ca MH Ha pO.n.HHKH XX B.
BbI.n.eJIHH 3TH acneKTbI HCTopHlleCKHX Tpy.n.OB Hapo.n.HHKOB, npH-
WJIOCb OTKa3aTbCH OT .n.pyrHx, MeHee TeCHO CBH3aHHbIX C HX <PHJlOCO<P-
CKHMH H COUHOJIOrHlleCKHMH B033peHHHMH (H3YlIeHHe arpapHoro
CTpOH POCCHH, KpeCTbSIHCKoro X03HHCTBa, KoonepaUHH), TeM 60JIee
liTO no 3THM ClOmeTaM CYlll.eCTBYIOT HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH B. H. rHHeBa H .n.p.
HapH.n.y C OCBelll.eHHeM KOHKpeTHbIX HCTopHlleCKHX np06J1eM Ha-
pO.n.HHKH XX B. npe.n.npHHHMalOT nonbITKH MeTo.n.OJIOrHlleCKoro OCMbIC-
JIeHHH HCTOpHH. Hapo.n.HHKH BKJIlOllaJIH B 3TO nOHHTHe 06'bHCHeHHe
BonpOCOB: liTO TaKoe HCTOpHH, KaKOB 06'beKT 3TOH HaYKH, ee TeopeTH-
lIeCKHe npHHUHnbI H MeTo.n.OJIOrHlleCKHe npHeMbI, B03MO)KHOCTb nOJIY-
lJeHHH 06'beKTHBHbIX 3HaHHH 0 6JIH3KOM H .n.aJIeKOM npOlllJIOM, KpHTe-
pHH HX .n.OCTOBepHOCTH H HaYIlHOH ueHHOCTH. 11 XOTH CneUHaJIbHWX
Tpy.n.OB, nOCBHlll.eHHbIX MeTo.n.OJIOrHlJeCKHM BonpocaM, 6bIJIO HeMHoro,
TeM He MeHee OHH .n.alOT .n.OCTaTOIlHO nOJIHOe npe.n.cTaBJIeHHe 06 OTHO-
weHHH H.n.eOJIOrOB Hapo.n.HHlJecTBa K HCTOpHH, HCTopHllecKoMY no-
3HaHHIO. ABTopaMH 3THX TPy.n.OB 6WJIH B OCHOBHOM opraHH3aTopw
176
H lJJIeHbI napTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB: J1. 3. WHWKO,
A. KOMOB, B. M. lIepHoB H ,n:p. 2
KOpeHHbIe BOnpOCbI TeOpHH H MeTO,n:OJIOrHH HCTOpHH aBTOpbI 3TOrO
HanpaBJIeHHH peWaJIH C n03HUHH cy6'beKTHBHOrO H.n.ea H3Ma, PYKO-
BO.n.CTBYHCb CTpeMJIeHHeM OnpOBeprHYTb MaTepHaJIHCTHlleCKYIO TeO-
pHIO H .n.HaJIeKTHlleCKHH MeTO.n.. ,[{ame CaMa nOCTaHOBKa BOnpOCa
o r aBHOM B HCTOpHH H B CBH3H C 3THM 0 CaMOH BamHOH 3a.n.alle
HCCJIe.n.OBaTe eH HCTOpHlleCKOrO npouecca CTaBHJIaCb HapO,n:HHKaMH
B npHCYlll.eH HM MaHepe MbIW eHHH. TaK, J1. 3. WHWKO q,OPMYJIHpO-
BaJI ero B BH.n.e Bonpoca «0 KOHellHOH npHIIHHe, 06 OCHOBHOM nepBo-
HalJaJIbHOM HCTOIlHHKe 06lll.eCTBeHHoH 3BOJIIOUHH», 06 «OTbICKaHHH
e.n.HHoro Bce06'beM IOlll.erO npHHUHna Bcero HCTopHllecKoro pa3-
BHTHH» 3, OTllero 3aBHCHT «HenpepbIBHaH CMeHa 06lll.eCTBeHHbIX
<POPM» 4.
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H H OCHOBHoro .n.BHraTe SJ «HCTOpHH», onpoBepraH MOHH3M H B nepBYIO
ollepe.n.b HCTopHlleCKHH MaTepHaJIH3M, lllHwKo nOKa3aJI, liTO r aBHoro
B MapKCHCTCKOM YlleHHH 06 06mecTBe OH, KaK H .n.PyrHe Hapo.n.HHKH, He
nOHH . OpHnHCWBaH MOHH3MY MapKCHCTCKOH KOHuenUHH CBe.n.eHHe
Bcero HCTopHlleCKoro npouecca JIHWb K TaKOMY <paKTOPY, KaK pa3BH-
THe npOH3Bo.n.HTeJIbHbIX CH , Hapo.n.HHKH 60pOJIHCb He C MapKCH3MOM,
a CO cxeMOH, HMH caMHMH BbI.n.YMaHHOH, He HMelOlll.eH HHllero 06lll.ero
C MaTepHa HCTHlleCKHM 06'bHCHeHHeM HCTOpHH. OOHHTHe «npOH3Bo.n.H-
Te bHbIe CHJIbI» WHllKO 06'bHCHH TaK, C OBHO MapKCH3M BH.n.HT B HHX
B O.n.HHX C YlIaHX «HCKYCCTBeHHbIe opraHbI lIeJIOBeKa», B .n.PyrHx -
reorpa<pHlleCKYIO cpe.n.y HJIH «cpe.n.CTBa H cnoc06bI npOH3Bo.n.CTBa
Bo06lll.e». ¥l3BeCTHO, liTO HH TO, HH .n.pyroe He COOTBeTcTByeT MapKCH-
CTCKOMY nOHHMaHHIO npOH3Bo.n.HTe bHbIX CH , KOTopbIe Hapo,n:HHKH
nOCTOSIHHO ynpOlll.aJIH H H3Bpaw.a H.
11 XOTH Ha CTpaHHu.ax Hapo.n.HHlleCKHX H3.n.aHHH HHor.n.a Me bKa H
BbICKa3bIBaHHH 0 npH3HaHHH 3ac yr MapKCH3Ma B H3YlIeHHH 3KOHOMH-
lIeCKHX HB eHHH, o.n.HaKO nOIlTH Bcer.n.a OHH conpOBom.n.a HCb YTBep-
*.n.eHHHMH H orOBopKaMH 0 rHnOTeTHlleCKOM 3HalleHHH YlleHHH 06
06lll.eCTBe, C03.n.aHHoro H.n.eo oraMH npo eTapHaTa. ,[{JISI .n.OKa3aTeJIb-
CTBa 3TOH MWCJIH Hapo.n.HHKH npH6era H K pa3 HIIHwM cpe.n.cTBaM,
HHllero 06lll.ero C HaYKOH He HMelOlll.HM. OHH B H3Bpalll.eHHOM BH.n.e
H3 ara H HCTopHlleCKYIO KOHu.enUHIO K. MapKca H <1>. 3HreJIbCa,
cneKY HpOBaJIH Ha HX BWCKa3WBaHHHX 0 TOM, liTO pSI.n. BonpOCOB
elll.e HY)K.n.aeTCH B H3YlIeHHH, ynpeKa H B a6CTpaKTHOM "no.n.xo.n.e
K pelleHHIO Ba)KHbIX BonpOCOB, npHnHCbIBaJIH H.n.eH, KOTOpbIX TeopeTH-
KH HaYlJHOrO KOMMYHH3Ma HHKor.n.a He pa3.n.eJIHJIH (Ha npHMep, 0 «6ec-
nJIo.n.HOM xapaKTepe KJIaCCOBOH 60Pb6bI» 5.
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HCTOpHH WHWKO npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJI MapKCH3MY YlIeHHe .n.PyrHx Teo-
peTHKOB, B TOM IIHCJIe H H. f. lIepHbIweBCKoro. «liTO KacaeTCH POC-
CHH, - nHCaJI WHWKO, - TO ee ny6JIHUHcTaM H YlIeHbIM, PYKOBO.n. HB -
llHM YMCTBeHHbIM pa3BHTHeM Hawero 06lll.eCTBa, HeJIb3H OTKa3aTb
B 3TOM CJIYlIae B caMOCTOHTeJIbHOH pOJIH; rJIy60KHH aHaJIH3 nOJIHTHlJe-
CKOH HCTOpHH 3ana.n.HOH EBponbI H 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX HBJIeHHH lIepHbI-
12 r .lJ. AJleKCeeBa
177
weBCKoro HerO nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIeH .n.aJI npOlJHWe OCHOBW PyccKoA 06-
l.l.leCTBeHHoH MbICJIH H C03.l1.aJI CBOIO WKOJIY B POCCHH». nYTeM TaKoro
po.n.a npHMepoB aBTOp nWTaJICH 060cHoBaTb MWC b 00 OTCYTCTBHH
KaKHX-JIH60 npHopHTeToB B pa3pa60TKe np06 eM 06I.IJ.eCTBeHHoH Hay-
KH y MapKcHcTOB. C 3TOH )Ke ue blO HcnO b30Ba aCb cou.HOJIOrHlIe-
CKafi TeopHfI M. M. KOBaJIeBCKOro 6.
KaK Y)Ke rOBOpHJIOCb, MaTepHaJlHCTHlleCKOMY MOHH3MY B 06'bHCHe-
HUH HCTOpHH H.n.eOJIOfHH Hapo.n.HH4eCTBa npOTHBonOCTaBRHJlH HAeH-
HbIH nJIlOpaJIH3M. Oporpecc B pa3BHTHH OOlll.eCTBa OO'bHCHSlJlCH COBO-
KynHocTblO pa3J1HlJHbIX <paKTopOB, KOTopbIe B OO blllHHCTBe CBoeM
HMeJlH H.n.eOJIOrHlleCKHH xapaKTep. B HX lJHCJle Ha3bIBaJlHCb peJlHrH03-
HbIe BepOBa HHH, «YMCTBeHHbIH nporpecc», «lIeJIOBelleCKHH pa3YM»,
«<PHJIOco<pCKoe .n.BH)KeHHe», «06I.IJ.eCTBeHHaH MbIC b», «COUHaJIbHbIe
3MOUHH» H «OOl.l.leCTBeHHbIe IIYBCTBa» 7, «3MOUHOHaJlbHbIe 06III.eCTBeH-
HbIe CHJlbI». nO.ll.06HbIMH npHeMaMH MapKCHCTCKOMY 06'J)HCHeHHIO
HCTOpHH npOTHBonOCTaSJIHJlCH ueJIbIH Ha60p «.n.OBO.n.OB», HMeBlllHX
06lll.HH xapaKTep, - Bee OHH CBH3aHbI BoeAHHO C <j:>HJlOco<pHeH
cy6'beKTHBHoro H.n.eaJlH3Ma, nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHbIMH 3aI.IJ.HTHHKaMH KOTO-
pOH nOCTOHHHO BwcTynaJIH Hapo.n.HHKH.
JIH YTBepm.n.eHHH CBOHX BeCbMa .n.aJIeKHX OT HaYKH H eH Ha-
pO.n.HHKH npH6eraJIH Hepe.n.KO K YTOHlIeHHblM <popMaM OOpbObl H nOJIe-
MHKH. HanpHMep, CBOIO CTaTblO 0 HaYIlHOM nOHHMaHHH HCTOpHH,
nOCTpoeHHYIO Ha H3BpameHHH H nOJIHOM OTpHuaHHH MaTepHaJlH3Ma,
lllHWKO 3aSeplllaJI .n.eMarorHlleCKHMH 3aHBJIeHHHMH: «Mbl He OTpHU.a-
eM TaK>Ke 60pb6bI 3KOHOMHileCKHX HHTepeCOB KaK MorYllero <j:>aKTopa
HCTOpHH; HO MbI He BH.n.HM B03MO)KHOCTH OOHHTb 3TOH $OPMYJJOH
Bcero co.n.ep)KaHHH, a rJIaBHOe, caMoro MexaHH3Ma HCTopHlleCKoro
npouecca» .
TaKOH )Ke xapaKTep HMeJIH nonbITKH HapoAHHlleCKHx aBTopOB
pa306paTbCH B Bonpoce 0 3aKOHOMepHOCTHX HCTopHlleCKoro pa3BHTHH
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MepHOCTb BH.n.eJIaCb B «H3seCTHOH npaBHJIbHOCTH 3Toro ABH}KeHHH,
no.n.IIHHeHHH ero H3BeCTHOMY OOlll.eMY 3aKOHY, C03.n.aHHOMY pa3YMOM
lIeJIOBeKa». Hapo.n.HHKH YCMaTpHBaJIH B H.n.ee 3aKOHOMepHOCTH TaKoro
po.n.a nOBTopHeMOCTb HBJIeHHH, KOTopaH <paKTHlleCKH HCKJIlOllaeT ABH-
meHHe 9. 3TH MbICJIH Hepe.n.KO HJlJIIOCTpHpOBaJIHCb JIH60 CTaTHCTHlIe-
CKHMH .n.aHHbIMH, JIH60 npHMepaMH H3 npHpo.n.bI. O.n.HaKO HH Te, HH
.n.PyrHe <paKTbI He HMeJIH CHJIbI HaYIIHbIX aprYMeHTOB npH OO'bHCHeHHH
MeTo.n.OJIOrHlleCKHX OCHOB n03HaHHH 3aKOHOB HCTOpHH. ,l{a)Ke caMO
nOHHTHe pa3BHTHH B HCTOpHH Hepe.n.KO 6paJIOCb nOA COMHeHHe. YTBep-
)K.n.aJIOCb, liTO 3TO JIHWb «MeTa<popa, OCHOBaHHaH Ha HeKOTopbIX
CXO.n.HbIX lIepTaX Mem.n.y HBJleHHHMH .n.BH)KeHHH H pa3BHTHH».
B KOHellHOM ClleTe Bee paccym.n.eHHH lllHllKO B 06JIaCTH TeopHH
HCTopHllecKoro npouecca HClIepnbIBaJIHCb BeCbMa npHMHTHBHbIM
06'bHCHeHHeM, xapaKTepHbIM .n.JlH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOrO MHpoB033peHHH.
OOHHMaHHe CJIO)KHOrO H npoTHBopellHBoro HCTopHllecKoro npouecca
lllHwKo CBO.n.HJI K Bonpocy: «KaKHM nYTeM H B KaKOM HanpaBJIeHHH
npoHcxo.n.HJIH H3MeHeHHH B caMOM lIeJIOBeKe H B ero OOI.IJ.eCTBeHHoH
mH3HH?» 10 BbI.n.BHraH 3TY npOOJIeMY B KalleCTBe rJIaBHOH .lI.JIH HCTOPH-
178
lJeCKOH HaYKH, WHWKO nOJIHOCTblO OTBepraJI COUHaJIbHbIH aCneKT
HCTOpHH, YTBep)K.n.aH, lJTO «eCJIH 6bI Mem.n.y 06lll.eCTBOM H JIH4HOCTblO
CYllleCTBOBaJIa TaKaH )Ke nOJIHaH H Hepa3pbIBHaH CBH3b, TO B TaKOM
CJIYlJae H3MeHeHHSI B 06ll1.eCTBe 06HHMaJIH 6bl c06010 Bee H3MeHeHHH,
npOHCXO.ll.HlllHe B ero lJJIeHaX 11, a npouecc HCTOpHH Mor 6bI 6bITb
OTOm.ll.eCTBJIeH C pa3BHTHeM 06lll.eCTBa. Ho npH .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOM no-
JIO)KeHHH BellleH TaKoe OTom.n.eCTBJIeHHe HeB03MomHO» 12.
npH nO.ll.06HOM nO.ll.xo.n.e 06I.l.leCTBO, JIHIlHOCTb H HCTOpHH paCCM3T-
pHBaJIHCb B OTpbIBe .lI.pyr OT .n.pyra, Tor.n.a KaK B peaJIbHOM 06I.l.leCTBeH-
HOM npouecce HCTOpHH CKJIa.n.bIBaeTCSI H3 pa3BHTHH 061.l.leCTBa H JIHII-
HOCTH, KaKHe 6bI H3Bpalll.eHHbIe <POpMbI HX OTHoweHHH H 3Ta 3BOJIIO-
l.lHH HH npH06peTaJIH. B paCCY)K.n.eHHHX Hapo.n.HHKOB OTCYTCTBOBaJIH
BamHeHWHe 3JIeMeHTbI HaYIlHoro no.n.xo.n.a K HCTOpHH: HCTOpH3M, CO-
UHaJIbHafi onpe.n.eJIeHHOCTb pa3JIHlIHbIX 061.l.leCTBeHHbIX CTPYKTYP, H3-
MeHlIHBbIH xapaKTep OTHoweHHH Mem.n.y JIHIlHOCTblO H 06ll1.eCTBOM.
npOB03rJIalleHHbIe Hapo.n.HHKaMH npHHUHnbI H3YlIeHHH HCTOpHH
HCKJIlOlJaJIH yrJIy6JIeHHOe HaYlJHOe OCMblCJIeHHe 60JIbWHX H CJIO)KHbIX
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no.n.MeHHH HaYlJHOe n03HaHHe COUHOJIOrHlleCKOH 3KBHJIH6pHCTHKOH,
B KOTOpOH ueHTpaJIbHOe MeCTO 3aHHMaJIa np06JIeMa «JIHlJHOCTb H 06-
lll.eCTBO». Ho HX TeopeTHKo-MeTo.n.OJIOrHlleCKHe n03HUHH 3aMeTHO pac-
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npouecca, .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH COUHaJIbHbIX rpynn H opraHH3aLlHH, OT.n.eJIb-
HbIX JIHlJHOCTeH. 3TOT pa3pbIB Mem.n.y TeopHeH, MeTo.n.OJIOrHeH H KOH-
KpeTHbIM co.n.epmaHHeM HCTopHllecKoro HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH 6bIJI BeCbMa
xap3KTepHbIM HBJIeHHeM .n.JIH BceH Hapo.n.HHllecKoH HCTopHorpa<pHH H3-
lJaJIa XX B., npOHBJIHHCb B caMbIX pa3J1HIIHbIX cpopMax.
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no KOTOPOMY MapKCHCTbI BeJIH HenpHMHpHMYIO 60pb6y npOTHB H3p O .n.-
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pa3BHTHH B POCCHH. B pa60Tax «no nOBo.n.y TaK Ha3bIBaeMoro Bonpoca
o pbIHKax», «lITO TaKoe ".n.PY3bH Hapo.n.a" H K3K OHH BOIOIOT npOTHB
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CKoro pOMaHTH3Ma», «Pa3BHTHe KanHT3JIH3Ma B POCCHI1»
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KOHl..lenUHH KanHTaJIH3Ma Bo06we H nYTeH ero p33BHTHH B POCCI1H
B lIaCTHOCTH. Ha rpOMa.n.HOM q,aKTHlJeCKOM MaTepH3JIe B. H. J1eHHH
y6e.n.HTeJIbHO nOKa3aJI, lJTO p33BHTHe K3nHTaJII13M3 B POCCI1H, K3K
H BO BceM MHpe, HBJIHeTCH HCTopHlleCKH HeH36emHblM H 33KOHOMep-
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a ero oc06eHHOCTH B POCCHH onpe.n.eJIHJIHCb He ero CYllI.HOCTblO HJII1
«Hal..lHOHaJIbHbIM THnOM», KaK YTBep)K.n.3JIH MeJIKo6YP)Kya3Hble Teope-
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nocTynaTeJIbHOe .n.BH)KeHHe. I1MeHHo n03TOMY, nOCTOHHHO OTMe4aJI
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12
179
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nHTaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO pa3BHTHH CTpaHbI Ha Py6e)Ke XIX-XX BB.,
pacKpbITb OCHOBHbIe TeH.LI.eHUHH 3BOJIIOUHH KJIaCCOB, 6YPHbIH pOCT
npOJIeTapHaTa, 06'beKTHBHO oueHHTb ero npOTHBHHKOB H COI03HH-
KOB no peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6e 3a .LI.eMOKpaTHIO H COUHaJIH3M. OT-
CTaHBaH HaYlJHOe 06'bHCHeHHe KopeHHbIX 3KOHOMHlJeCKHX npouec-
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THH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI, napTHH 60JIblleBHKOB BO rJIaBe C B. 11. J1e-
HHHbIM BeJIa HenpHMHpHMYIO 60pb6y C MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIMH Te-
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JIO H Bce H.n.eHHoe TelleHHe 3TOH 3nOXH». OO,lI.06HOrO po.n.a xapaKTepH-
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JIH6epaJIbI He cnoc06HbI 6bIJIH 06'beKTHBHO oueHHTb HH 6YP)Kya3HbIH
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OCTaTKOB KpenOCTHHt:eCTBa, HH HX peaJIbHble nOCJIe.n.CTBHSI .n.JIH pa3BH-
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KOTopble BH,lI.eJIHCb HM B TOM, liTO «eCTeCTBeHHbIM nOCJIe.n.CTBHeM
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Bcex OTHoweHHH H Bcex XO.n.HIIHX B033peHHH H nOJIO)KeHHH npHHHToro
Ko.n.eKca 06lll.eCTBeHHOH MOpaJIH». rJIaBHbIe C,lI.BHrH B 06w.eCTBeHHOH
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6Y)K,lI.eHHH «.n.YXOBHOH >KH3HH», «06meCTBeHHOH COBeCTH» 72.
11 XOTH Hapo.n.HHKH XX B. 06'bHBJIHJIH ce6H nOCJIe,LlOBaTeJIHMH
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BpeMH AHHeHCKHH He npoweJI MHMO T8KHX lIepT weCTH.n.eCHTHHKOB,
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MOKpaTH3Ma 4epHbIweBCKoro Hero n03HUHH. B033peHHHM 4epHbI-
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pe ero 06w.ecTBeHHoro MHpoB033peHHH JIe)KaJIH HHTepecbI Hapo-
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196
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3KCnJIyaTaLI.HH H 6ecnpaBHH 74.
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HCTopHKa Hapo.n.HHllecKoro HanpaBJIeHHH B. . 50rYlIapcKoro «AK-
THBHoe Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBO ceMH.n.eCHTbIX ro.n.OB» (1912).
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ro HBJIeHHH 76.
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197
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C KOTOpbIMH HallaJIH CBOH noxo.n. Hapo.n.HHKH 1874 r., H.n.eHM caMoro
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50rYllapCKHH npHMeHHJI npH 3TOM TaKHe npHeMbI HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH,
KOTopbIe 3HallHTeJIbHO orpaHHLIHBaJIH B03MO)KHOCTb .n.OCTH)KeHHH
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pbI, KOTopbIe 50rYlIapCKHH HrHopHpOBaJI npH onHcaHHH H.n.eHHbIX
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peBOJIIOLI.HH H aHapXHH. 3TO COlleTaHHe, YTBep)K,lI.aJI 50rYlIapCKHM,
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198
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BHHO<PHJIOB npHWJIH K HapO,lJ.HHKaM lJepe3 fepLI.eHa, ,[{06POJI1060Ba
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JIHIOT H.n.eHHOe cO.n.ep>KaHHe H TaKTHlJeCKYIO npOr{1aMMY HapO,lI.HH-
lIeCTBa, «BWBO.n.H HapO.n.HHlJeCKHe H,lI.eH H3 CKOMnpOMeTHpOBaHHOrO
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LI.OB, nbITaHCb OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc 06 HCTOKax H KOpHHX ,lJ.BH>KeHHH
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KOTopaH ero nopo.n.HJIa H nHTaJIa Ha npOTH>KeHHH Bcero nepHo.n.a
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KOHLI.enLI.HH 50rYllapcKoro BopoHLI.oB npe.n.JIaraJI CBOIO H,lJ.elO 0 TOM,
liTO COLI.HaJIbHbIe n03HLI.HH, Bepa Hapo.n.HHKOB B Hapo.n. «06'bHCHH-
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HOH 3a,lI.aIlH: nOJIHTHlleCKoro 06'be.n.HHeHHH HHTeJIJIHreHLI.HH H Hapo-
,[la» 82. TaKoe BeCbMa HelleTKoe peweHHe .n.HCKYTHpOBaBweHcH npo-
6JIeMbI HHlJerO He .n.aBaJIO ,lJ.JIH 06'bHCHeHHH COLI.HaJIbHbIX H H,lI.eHHbIX
HCTOKOB Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa 70-x rOllOB, .n.eMOHCTPHPYH OrpaHHlJeH-
HOCTb BOpOHLI.OBa KaK HCTopHKa H COUHOJIOra. B3aMeH o.n.Horo He-
BepHoro 06'bHCHeHHH npe.n.JIaraJIOCb .n.pyroe - TaKoe )Ke HeCOCTO-
HTeJIbHOe H npHMHTHBHoe, KaK H ocnapHBaeMoe MHeHHe. XOTH TOlJ-
KH 3peHHH BHellHe BblrJIH.n.eJIH pa3JIHIIHbIMH, O,lJ.HaKO pa3BHBaJIHCb
Ha O.n.HHX H Tex )Ke n03HLI.HHX.
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C 10-JIeTHeM cMepTH J1aBpoBa.
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BeHHO npH3HaBaJICH, liTO 0 MHpOB033peHHH J1aBpoBa «MHoro rOBopHT,
C KOTOpbIM .n.a)Ke nOJIeMH3HPYIOT, HO KOToporo nYTeM He 3HaIOT» 83.
npHBO,lJ.H <paKTbI H3 )KH3HH H ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH J1aBpoBa, PycaHoB nbI-
TaJICH nOKa3aTb H <POpMHpOBaHHe ero MHpOB033peHHH KaK COLI.HOJIOra
H peBOJIIOLI.HOHepa.
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«He WJIH .n.aJIbllle H.n.eaJIOB YMepeHHbIX JIH6epaJIOB 3ana,lJ.a». rOBOpH
o BJIHHHHH <PYPbe H CeH-CHMOHa Ha J1aBpoBa, aBTOp nHCaJl, lJTO
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OH «H.lI.eT C peaKLI.HOHepaMH B 06JIaCTH MeTa<pH3HKH npOTHB MaTe-
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B <paKTe nepexo.lI.a J1aBpoBa Ha n03HLI.HH KOHTHaHcTBa, n03HTHBH3Ma,
nOJIYlJHBlllerO B Te rO.lI.bI lliHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe B POCCHH, B H.lI.eO-
JIOrHH 6YP)Kya3HH H MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hblx .lI.eMOKpaToB H pa.lI.HKaJIOB.
B nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.eHHe 3TOH H.lI.eH aBTop npHBO.lI.HJI CTaTbH 1868-1870 rr.,
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200
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THna PycaHoBa 3alllHw.aJIH «cy6'beKTHBHbIH MeTO.lI.» Hero npaBO Ha
cyw.eCTBOBaHHe. J1aBpoB, CIIHTaJI aBTOp, «npHBO.lI.HT CBOHX lJHTaTeJIeH
K HeOTpa3HMOMY y6e.>K.lI.eHHIO, lJTO H B COl..lHOJIOrHH, H B HCTOpHH BbI-
cwee nOHHMaHHe H3YlJaeMbIX HBJIeHHH .lI.OJI)KHO BbI3bIBaTb <paTaJIbHO
npHMeHeHHe cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTO.lI.a» 93. ABTOp nOJIHOCTblO pa3.lI.eJIHJI
B3rJIH.lI. J1aBpoBa H Ha HCTOpHIO. I1cTopHH, nHCaJI OH, HBJIHeTCH .lI.JIH
J1aBpoBa HaYKoH, B KOTOpOH pe4b «H.lI.eT 06 H3YlleHHH HenoBTopHIO-
W.HXCH HBJIeHHH, Bblpa)KalOw.Hx pOCT KpHTHlleCKH MbICJIHW.HX JIHIIHO,.
CTeH H CTOJIKHOBeHHH HX C 06w.eCTBeHHbIMH <popMaMH». ,[{JIH 3TOH
.11HlJHOCTH KapTHHa 06w.eCTBa «.lI.OJI)KHa YKJIa,lI.bIBaTbCH B 06lll.YIO q,op-
MYJIY, KOTopaH Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHeT KaK TeOpeTHlJeCKHM, TaK H )KH3HeHHbIM
3a.lI.allaM pa3BHToro lJeJIOBeKa». Bce pacCY)K.lI.eHHH KY.lI.pHHa 6bIJIH
HanpaBJIeHbI B 3aw.HTY MeJIK06YP)Kya3Horo 3THlJeCKOrO COUHaJIH3Ma,
Toro «lllHpOKoro nporpeCCHBHoro MHpOB033peHHH», K KOTOPOMY npH-
Ha.lI.JIe)KaJI «J1aBpoB-COUHaJIHCT», HBJIHHCb «rapMOHHlJeCKHM .lI.onOJI-
HeHHeM H pa3BHTHeM J1aBpoBa - .lI.eMOKpaTa H nporpeCCHCTa» 94.
203
50JIbWOe BHHMaHHe Y.lI.e H H HapO.lI.HHKH HCTOpHH PYCCKOH CO-
UHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH MbICJIH. 4acTo no 3THM BonpocaM BblcTynaJI
H. C. PycaHOB. OH 06palll.aJICH He TOJIbKO K HCTOpHH pYCCKoro CO-
UHaJIH3Ma, HO H CTapaJICH CBH3aTb ero C 3a.lI.alJaMH COBpeMeHHOH
60pb6bI. npHlJeM OCTPOTY 60pb6bI Me)K.lI.Y npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIHMH pa3JIHlJ-
HblX H.lI.eHHbIX HanpaBJIeHHH PycaHoB YCMaTpHBaJI He B npOTHB060pCT-
Be KJIaCCOB, a B cneUH<pHKe pOCCHHCKHX YCJIOBHH, r.lI.e «6JIH3KOe TOp-
)KeCTBO COUHaJIH3Ma» CBH3aHO C 60pb60H npOTHB uapCKoro .lI.eCnOTH3-
Ma, co CBep)KeHHeM caMO.lI.ep)KaBHH. PycaHoB paTOBaJI 3a 06'be.lI.HHe-
HHe H COBMeCTH e .lI.eHCTBHH pa3JIHlJHWX TelJeHHH COUHaJI-.lI.eMOKpa-
THH 95.
rJIaBHbIM B ero oCBew.eHHH CTaJIa 60pb6a HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa C Map-
KCH3MOM no Bonpocy 0 COOTHoweHHH CTHXHHHOCTH H c03HaTeJIbHOCTH,
pOJIH HHTeJIJIHreHUHH, 0 COe.lI.HHeHHH COUHaJIH3Ma C MaCCOBbIM .lI.BH e-
HHeM. PycaHoB nbITaJICH .lI.OKa3aTb, liTO no. 3THM BonpocaM HeT cy-
w.eCTBeHHOH pa3HHUbI Me)K.lI.Y MapKCHCTaMH H HapO.lI.OBOJIbuaMH. Bce
CBOH H.lI.eH 0 COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOM C03HaHHH, 0 n06e.lI.e COUHaJIHCTHlIe-
CKoro H.lI.eaJIa HapO.lI.HHK PycaHoB CTpOHJI Ha OCHOBe onpe.lI.eJIeHHH
C03HaHHH KaK CaMO.lI.OBJIelOw.ero, He3aBHCHMoro OT COUHaJIbHbIX OTHO-
weHHH HBJIeHHH, lJTO npHHUHnHaJIbHO OTJIHlIaJIO HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO OT
MapKCH3Ma.
O.lI.HaKO pacCY)K.lI.eHHH 0 HH3KOH CTeneHH C03HaHHH pa60Qero KJIaC-
ca, 0 nepeBopoTe, cOBepllIaeMoM «C03HaTeJIbHbIM H opraHH30BaHHbIM
MeHbIlIHHCTBOM» 96, 0 «no.J1YC03HaTeJIbHOM» OTHOllIeHHH K nepeBopOTY
pa3JIHlJHbIX CJIOeB pa60lJero KJIaCCa, 0 pOJIH COUHaJIHCTHlIecKoH nap-
THH, onepHpYIOw.eH MaccaMH KaK «MaTepHaJIOM» - Bce 3TH H.lI.eH
BbI.lI.aBaJIH PycaHoBa KaK THnHIlHoro MeJIKOOYP)Kya3Horo .lI.eMOKpaTa,
He nOHHMaBwero Ba)KHeHWHX BonpOCOB peBOJIIOUHH XX B. - ee Ha-
pO.lI.HOro xapaKTepa. C 3THX n03Hl.lHH PycaHoB, KaK H .lI.pyrHe Ha-
pO.lI.HHKH, 06pYWHBaJICH Ha MapKCH3M, ynpeKaH ero B He.lI.OOueHKe
«HpaBCTBeHHoro npHHUHna» H «06w.eCTBeHHoro a<p<peKTa», B KOTO-
pOM, no CJIOBaM PycaHoBa, «BbIpa)KaIOTCH 6ecc03HaTeJibHble, HO Bce-
Moryw.He CTpeMJIeHHH Macc K BbIClliHM <popMaM lIeJIOBelleCKOH CO-
JIH.lI.apHOCTH». C ueJIblO nO.lI.KpenJIeHHH CBOHX n03HUHH PycaHoB 06pa-
lll.aJICH K HCTOpHH 3ana.lI.HOeBpOneHCKoro COUHaJIH3Ma, CCblJIaHCb Ha
.lI.eHTeJIbHOCTh CeH-CHMOHa, <l>YPbe, OY3Ha H .lI.p.
B KOHellHOM ClJeTe BeCb 3KCKYpC B HCTOpHIO eBponeHCKoro CO-
UHaJIH3Ma nOHa.lI.06HJICH PycaHOBY -JIHWb .lI.JIH Toro, lJT06bI YTBep.lI.HTb
H.lI.elO 0 Ha.lI.KJIaCCOBOM xapaKTepe napTHH «HapO.lI.HaH BOJIH», B KOTO-
pOH HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. YCMaTpHBaJIH ee npeHMyw.eCTBO. «HapO.lI.HaH
BOJIH», nHCaJI PycaHoB, «6Y.lI.YlJH napTHeH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHO-
HepOB, He 60HJIaCb, O.lI.HaKO, YKa3bIBaTb, lJTO B nOJIHTHlJeCKOM CMbICJIe
OHa ocyw.eCTBJIHeT CTpeMJIeHHH Bcero BeJIHKOrO pYCCKoro HapO.lI.a,
Bcex yrHeTeHHbIX KJIaCCOB, CJIOeB, rpynn, HaUHH, H lJTO 3.lI.eCb OHa
HBJIHeTCH 06w.eHaUHOHaJIbHOH napTHeH, a nOTOMY 06paw.aeTCH 3a
nOMow.blO KO BceM 3JIeMeHTaM, CTpa.lI.alOw.HM OT COBpeMeHHoro rHe-
Ta» 97. nO.lI.06HbIH B3rJIH.lI. Ha «HapO.lI.HYIO BOJIIO» 6blJI THnHlleH .lI. H
HapO.lI.HHKOB XX B., CIIHTaBlliHX ce6H ee nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIHMH, He )KeJIaB-
204
lllHX BH.lI.eTb ee HCTOpHlJeCKYIO orpaHHLIeHHOCTb, He CYMeBIllHX 06'beK-
THBHO oueHHTb COl..lHaJIbHYIO npHpO.lI.Y 3TOH opraHH3aUHH.
06palll.aHCb K HCTOpHlJeCKOMY npOlllJIOMY, HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. HCKa-
JIH B HeM He OTBeTW Ha *rYlJHe Bonpocw COBpeMeHHOH KnaCCOBOH
60pb6bl, a nO.lI.TBep*.lI.eHHe CBOHX HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX .lI.OrM, onpaB.lI.aHHe
TaKHX HAeH H nOJIO)KeHHH, KOTopbIe *H3Hb nOCTOHHHO pa36HBaJIa,
.lI.OKa3bIBaH HX TeopeTHlleCKYIO H npaKTHlleCKYIO HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb.
113YlIeHHe HMH HCTopHlleCKoro npOlllJIOrO Hero OCBemeHHe B JIH-
TepaType CTaJIO epe.lI.CTBOM OOOCHOBaHHH H nO.lI.TBep)K.lI.eHHH HapO.lI. HH -
qeeKOH TeOpeTHqeCKOH H nOJIHTHLIeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbI. Hepe.lI.Ko Ha pO,lI.HH-
KH npH6eraJIH K HCTOpHH npH pa3paooTKe napTHHHbIX nporpaMM, .lI.JIH
OnpaB,lI.aHHH TaKTHKH HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHOrO Teppopa. TaKoH no.lI.XO.lI.
K npOIllJIOMY TaHJI B ce6e pH.lI. cepbe3HbIx npoclleToB, H60 HCKJIK)lIaJI
yr JIy6JIeHHOe, 06'beKTHBHoe H3YlJeHHe npOllle.lI.lllHX e06bITHH, n03HaHHe
onbITa npe.lI.llleCTBYIOw.eH 60pb6bI Hero paUHOHaJIbHOe HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHe. B HCTOpHH HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. BH.lI.eJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, TO, liTO HM
XOTeJIOCb BH.lI.eTb, HCnOJIb3YH <paKTbl H BbIBO.lI.bl .lI.JIH CBOHX ueJIeH. Ha
OCHOBe HCTopHlleCKHX <paKTOB H HX KpaHHe TeH.lI.eHUH03HOH HHTepnpe-
TaIl.HH HapO.lI.HHKH nbITaJIHCb OO'bHCHHTb npOHCXO.lI.HW.He BOKpyr CO-
6bITHH, HaHTH HX KOpHH B npOIlIJIOM. 3TOT «nOHCK», KaK npaBHJIO,
ocyw.eCTBJIHJICH Ha 6a3e TeopHH H MeTO.lI.OJIOrHH, KOTopaH HCKJIlOllaJIa
06'beKTHBHoe n03HaHHe, MellIaJIa pellleHHIO Tex np06JIeM, KOTopbIe
BbI.lI.BHraJIa 3noxa, nOTpe6HOCTH peBOJIIOUHOHHoro 06HOBJIeHHH 06lll.e-
CTBa. O.lI.HaKO HapO.lI.HHKH CO eBOHCTBeHHbIM HM <paHaTH3MOM npO.lI.OJI-
*aJIH OTCTaHBaTb CBOH npe)KHHe n03HUHH, .lI.OKa3bIBaH, liTO HMeHHO
HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBO 60JIee Bcero OTBellaeT nOTpe6HocTHM eOBpeMeHHoH
peBOJIIOUHOHHOH: 60pbObi. 06palll.eHHe K npOIlIJIOMY nOKa3bIBaJIO nOJI-
HYIO Hecnoe06HocTb TeopeTHKoB H JIH.lI.epOB HapO.lI.HHlIecTBa, 3aHH-
MaBIlIHXCH HCTopHeH, 06'beKTHBHo oueHHTb HaKOnJIeHHbIH onbIT, B3HTb
H3 Hero .lI.eHCTBHTeJIbHO Il.eHHoe H HY*Hoe .lI.JIH 60pb6bI B HOBbIX HCTO-
pHlleCKHX YCJIOBHHX. 11 XOTH HapO.lI.HHKH XX B. 6bIJIH BeCbMa Heno-
CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHbI B eBoeH H.lI.eHHO-TeopeTHlleCKOH pa60Te, Hepe,lI.KO Me-
HHJIH B3r JIH.lI.bI, nepeXO,lI.HJIH C O.lI.HHX n03HUHH Ha .lI.pyrHe (HanpHMep,
B. M. 4epHOB), TeM He MeHee B 3aw.HTe H OTCTaHBaHHH rJIaBHbIX
H OCHOBHbIX nOCTYJIaTOB HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa OHH npOHBJIHJIH HeBepOHTHoe
nOCTOHHCTBO H KOHcepBaTH3M. Oco6eHHO 3aMeTHO 9TO CKa3WBaJIOCb
B HX OTHOllleHHH K HCTopHlleCKOMY npOIlIJIOMY POCCHH. B HeM OHH
u
HCKaJIH H HaXO.lI.HJIH TOJIbKO nO.lI.TBep*.lI.eHHH CBOHX B033peHHH, CBoero
OTHOllIeHHH K 3a.lI.aLIaM H npHHUHnaM peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bI B XX B.
3TO npOCJIeJKHBaeTCH Ha Bcex np06JIeMaX HCTOpHH, K KOTOpbIM 06pa-
llI.aJIHCb HapO.lI.HHKH.
O.lI.HaKO, HecMoTpH Ha BeCbMa pa3HocTopOHHIOIO pa60TY B 06JIaCTH
HCTOpHH POCCHH, HapO.lI.HHKH He CMOrJIH ycnewHo pelllHTb KpynHbIe
np06JIeMbI, oc06eHHO BOJIHOBaBllIHe HX B H3YlJaeMblH nepHO.lI.. II.aJKe
HCTOpHH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa oCBew.aJIaCb HMH KpaHHe HenOCJIe.lI.OBaTe.nb-
HO, TeH.lI.eHl.lH03HO, C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM JIHlllb Tex MaTepHaJIOB H q,aK-
TOB, KOTopbIe 6bIJIH BbIrO.lI.HbI, T. e. «YKJIa.lI.bIBaJIHCb» B HX cxeMbI
H paCCY)K.lI.eHHH, He HapYlllaH e.lI.HHCTBa H nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOCTH BceH
cOBoKynHocTH HX TeOpeTHlJeCKHX B033peHHH.
05
1 CM.: OtlepKH HCTOpHH HCTOpHlIeCKOH HaYKH B CCCP. M., 1963. T. 3; llaMyraAu
A. H. 50pb6a Te4eHHH B PYCCKOH HCTopHorpa<pHH BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe XIX B. Jl.,
1977; BaHoallKoBcKaR M. r. I1cTopHfI H3YlIeHHfI PyccKoro peBOJIIOu,HoHHoro .LI.BH)Ke-
HHH Cepe.LI.HHbI XIX B., 1890-1917. M., 1982; H.LI.P
2 CM.: ll. E. [JI. 3. lllutuKo]. 3a.LI.allH nOHHMaHHfI HCTOpHIi / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO.
1898. T. 10; OH e. K Bonpocy 0 nOHHMaHHH HCTOpHH / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1899.
T. 2, 3, 6, 7; EaruH ll. [JI. 3. III UtuKO] . 4eJIOBeK H 6ll1.eCTBeHHafi cpe.LI.a / / PyccKoe
60raTCTBO. 1900. T. I; OH e. K Bonpocy 0 HaYllHOM nOHHMaHHH HCTDpHH; 0 3a-
KOHoMepHocTH H cy6ceKTHBHoM 9JIeMeHTe B HCTOpHH; 3aKoH pa3BHTHH npOH3BO.LI.H-
TeJIbHbIX CHJI / / no BonpocaM HCTOpHH H cou,HOJIOrHH. M., 1909; p'elleBcKuu 10. [H.
JI. lOoelleBcKuu]. K Bonpocy 0 B03MO>KHOCTH HCTopHlIeCKoro nporH03a. cn6., 1906;
OH e. Cou,HaJIbHbIe aHTarOHH3MbI H KJIaCCOBafi 60pb6a B HCTOpHH. cn6., 1910,
l.fepHoB B. K TeopHH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI. M., 1906; OH e. K Bonpocy 0 KanHTaJIH3-
Me H KpeCTbHHCTBe. H.-HoBrOpO.LI., 1905; OH e. <l>HJIOcocpcKHe H cou,HOJIOrHlIeCKHe
9TIO.LI.bI. M., 1907; H .LI.p.
3 lllutuKO JI. no BonpocaM HCTOpHH H cou,HOJIOrHH. M., 1909. C. 3. JJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb
Jl. 3. IllHWKO KaK HCTopHKa peBOJIIOu,HOHHoro .LI.BH>KeHHfI .LI.OCTaTOllHO nOJIHO OCBellI.e-
Ha B MOHorpacpHH M. f. BaH.LI.aJIKOBCKOH (<<l1cTopHH 113YlleHHH pYCCKoro peBOJIIOu,H-
OHHoro .LI.BH>KeHHfI Cepe.LI.HHbI XIX B: .. .». C. 75-79). 3.LI.eCb paccMaTpHBalOTcH
JIHWb ero MeTO.LI.OJIOrHlIeCKHe pa60TbI B TOH cTeneHH, B KaKoH 9Toro Tpe6yeT paCKpbI-
THe TeMbI.
4 TaM >Ke. C. 6.
5 CM.: III utuKO JI. 3aKoH pa3BHTHH npOH3BO.LI.HTeJIbHbIX CHJI / / PyccKoe 6oraTcTBo.
1898. T. 10. C. 47-50,52,61, 74-75
6 TaM >Ke. C. 61, 77-86.
7 TaM )Ke. C. 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 30.
8 TaM )Ke. C. 27, 46.
9 III UtuKO JI. 0 3aKOHOMepHOCTH H cy6ceKTHBHOM 9JIeMeHTe B HCTOpHH / / no Bonpo-
caM HCTOpHH H Cou,HOJIOrHH. M., 1909. C. 110.
10 TaM )Ke. C. 112-114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 134 H .LI.p.
II ABTOp HMeeT 8 BH.LI.Y H3MeHeHHH 8 opraHax H opraHH3Me )KHBOTHoro.
12 TaM >Ke. C. 134.
13 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 9. C. 192.
14 CM.: TaM )Ke. C. 191; BecTHHK PYCCKOH peBOJIIOu,HH. 1901. NQ I. C. 2.
15 CM.: l.f epHOB B. K Bonpocy 0 «nOJIO>KHTeJIbHbIX» H «oTpHu,aTeJIbHbIx» cTopoHax
'KanHTaJIH3Ma / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1901. N2 4. C. 222-254; BecTHHK PYCCKOH
peBOJIIOu,HH. 190 I. N2 1. C. 68.
16 l.f epHOB B. Cou,HaJIHCTHlIeCKHe 9TIO.LI.bI. M., 1908. C. 51-53, 54, 79 H .LI.p.
17 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 26. C. 227.
18 CM.: KopOlleHKO B. 0 CJIO)KHOCTHX >KH3HH / / PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1899. N2 12
C.345.
19 lletueXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.HbIe TeMbI: I1CTopHlIeCKHe npe.LI.nOCbIJIKH K HaweH nJIaTcpop-
Me / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. N2 6. C. 160, 161.
20 TaM >Ke. C. 161, 162, 164.
21 TaM )Ke. C. 164, 165.
22 .
C .. JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 17. C. 154-157.
23 fletuexoHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.Hble TeMbI: OCHOBHbIe nOJIO)KeHHH HarneH nporpaM-
MbI / / COBpeMeHHOCTb (PYCCKoe 60raTcTBo). 1906. ,N'2 I. C. 104.
J4 CM.: EpocpeeB H. p'. HapO.LI.HbIe cou,HaJIHCTbI nepBoH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH. M., 1979.
C. 10-17 H .LI.p.
25 CM.: JIeltUH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 15.....C. 155-157.
26 TaM >Ke. C. 155.
;7 CM.: BecTHHK PYCCKOH peBOJIIOu,HH. 190 I. N2 I. C. 2-3; 252-254; 1902. ,N'2 2
, C. 226 H .LI.p.
.,.28 CM.: l.fepHoB B. COlJ.HaJIHCTHlIeCKHe 9TIO.LI.bI. C. 58-60, 76-80, PyccKoe 60raTCTBO
190 I. ,N'2 4. C. 224.
29 CM.: PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1901. ,N'2 4. C. 224, 231, 246.
30 CM.: nporpaMMa napTHH Cou,HaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOu,HOHepOB / / nporpaMMa PYCCKHX
nOJIHTHlIeCKHX napTHH nepe.LI. YlIpe.LI.HTeJIbHbIM c06paHHeM. M., 1917. C. 8.
31 KOMOB A. r5l. Jl. lO.LI.eJIeBcKHH] . K Bonpocy 0 TeopeTHlIeCKHx OCHOBax cou,HaJIHCTH4e-
eKoH nporpaMMbI. Cfl6., 1907. C. 17.
206
32 CM.: PYCCKOe 60raTCTBO. 190 I. .N'2 4. C. 222, 225, 231.
33 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 9. C. 192.
34 5bIXOBCKHH H. 51. PYCCKafi 06UJ.HHa H 3eMeJIbHaH pecpopMa. M., 1917. C. 15.
35 CM.: BecTHHK PYCCKOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH. 1901. .N'2 I. C. 3; PeBOJIIOIJ.HOHHaH POCCHH. 1904.
I HHB.
36 CM.: I1cTopHH PYCCKOH 9KOHOMHlIeCKOH MbICJIH. M., 1966. T. 3, 1I. I. C. 389, 394.
37 l.f epHOB B. COIJ.HaJIHCTHlIeCKHe 9TIO.LI.bI. C. 65-66.
38 'COlJ.HaJIHCTbI-peBOJIIOlJ.HOHepbI H KOOnepalJ. HH / / COIJ.HaJIHCT-peBOJIIOlJ.HOHep. 1912.
N2 4. C. 258-263.
39 JIeHuH B. H. flOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 6. C. 397-398.
40 TaM )Ke. T. 24. C. 60.
41 TaM )Ke. T. 9. C. 192.
42 n O .LI.p06Hee 06 9TOM CM.: Ka.MYutKUHa M. B.. KynpuflHoB n. M. KpHTHKa 9KOHOMH4e-
CKHX TeopHH MeJIKOH 6ypmya3HH POCCHIi B 9noxy HMnepHaJIH3Ma. M., 1966, c. 24-
26.
43 COlJ.HaJI-.LI.eMOKpaTbI H COlJ.HaJIHCTbI-peBOJIIOlJ.HOHepbI / / PeBOJIIOlJ.HOHHafi POCCHH.
1903. .N'2 16. C. 4.
44 rUHeB B. H. ArpapHbIH Bonpoc H MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hble na pTHH 8 POCCHH B 1917 r Jl.,
1977. C. 24, 25.
.45 KpynoB H. [A. H. noranoB]. no nOBoAY OJl.HOH 6pOllIIOpbI / / BecTHHK PYCCKOH
peBOJIIOlJ.HH. 1903. N2 3. C. 286.
46 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 22. C. 366.
47 CM.: TaM me. T. 7. C. 381; T. 9. C. 191 HAp.
48 MflKorUH B. l1.LI.eH 3eMCKoro c060pa B PYCCKOM npOWJIOM H HaCTOHUJ.eM. Cn6., 1905.
C. 65-67, 69, 72-79, 88 H .LI.p.
49 TaM )Ke. C. 88.
50 n euteXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.Hbte TeMbI / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. .N'Q I. C. Ill, 112.
51 neuteXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.Hble TeMbI / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. N2 6. C. 139, 140, 147.
52 TaM me.
53 TaM me.
54 neuteXOHoB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.HbIe TeMbl / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. .N'2 1. C. 102.
55 TaM me.
56 MflKorUH B. A. Ha 3ape PYCCKOH 06llI.eCTBeHHOCTH / / 113 HCTOpHH pYCCKoro 06UJ.eCT-
Ba: OllepKH H 9TIO.LI.bI. Cn6., 1902. C. 184 186, 197-199 H .LI.p.
57 TaM )Ke. C. 193-194, 196-200 H .LI.p.
58 TaM me. C. 202-205.
59 TaM )Ke. C. 209-213, 215, 216.
60 TaM me. C. 217, 248.
61 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1906. .N'2 I. C. 102, 103.
62 neuteXOHOB A. Ha Ollepe.LI.Hble TeMbI / / COBpeMeHHocTb. 1906. .N'2 6. C. 138.
63 0 pOJIH A. 11. feplJ.eHa B HCTOpHH PyccKoro peBOJIIOlJ.HoHHoro .LI.BH)KeHHH CM.: BaH-
oallKoBcKafl M. r. HCTOpHH H3Y4eHHH PyccKoro peBOJIIOlJ.HOHHOro .LI.BH)KeHHH cepe.LI. H -
HbI XIX B., 1890-1917.
64 CM.: PycaHoB H. C. naMSITH n. H. OrapeBa. OrapeB KaK nOJIHTHlIeCKHH .LI.eSITeJIb
H ny6JIHlJ.HCT / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1913. NQ 11; JIYHKeBu£l B. H. n. OrapeB - .LI.pyr
TpY.LI.oBorO HapO.LI.a. 1813-1877-1913// CeBepHaH MbICJIb. 1913. N23.
65 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1913. N2 II. C. 384.
66 TaM me. C. 386, 387.
67 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1912. .N'2 6. C. 153.
68 AHHeHCKUU H. COpOK JIeT Ha3a.LI. / / Ha CJIaBHOM nOCTY (1860-1900). nr., (190 I) .
C.432.
69 TaM )Ke. C. 432, 433, 437.
70 TaM me. C. 433, 438, 440, 441, 443.
71 TaM me. C. 443, 446.
72 JlHWb O.LI.HO He60JIbWOe 3aMellaHHe .LI.eJIaJI aBTOp no 9TOMY nOBO.LI.Y, rOBopH 0 TOM, liTO
«nepeXO.LI. OT nepB06bITHoro HaTypaJIbHOrO X03f1HCTBa KpenOCTHOH 9nOXH K X03HHCTBY
.LI.eHemHOMY, CO BceMH ero HeH36emHblMH nOCJIe.LI.CTBHHMH» BbI.LI.BHHYJI rJIy60KHe
npOTHBopellHfI. CM.: TaM )Ke. C. 450, 447 H .LI.p.
73 TaM me. C. 449.
74 TaM )Ke. C. 450, 449.
207
75 B. B. [B. fl. BOpOH OB]. «KOpHU» HapO.LI.HHlIeCTBa CeMH.LI.eCHTbIX rO.LI.OB II BeCTHHK
EBpOnbI. 1913. KH. 4. C. 148.
76 TaM )Ke. C. 148, 149.
77 CM.: DozyttapCKuu B. H. AKTHBHoe HapO.LI.HHlIeCTBo CeMH.LI.eCHTbIX rO.LI.OB. M., 1912.
C. 197; BecTHHK EBpOnbI. 1913. KH. 4. C. 149.
78 BeCTHHK EBpOnbI. 1913. KH. 4. C. 151-152.
79 CM.: DozyttapCKuu B. H. AKTHBHoe HapO.LI.HHlIeCTBo CeMH.LI.eCflTbIX rOAOB. C. 5.
80 BeCTHHK EBpOnbI. 1913. KH. 4. C. 153-155.
81 CM.: BozyttapCKuu B. H. AKTHBHoe Hapo.LI.HHlIeCTBo CeMH.LI.eCHTbIx rO.LI.OB. C. 24, 49;
BecTHHK EBpOnbI. 1913. KH. 4. C. 155, 159-160.
82 BeCTHHK EBpOnbI. 1913. KH. 4. C. 158-163, 172.
83 KYOPUH H. E. [H. C. PycaHoB]. JlaBpoB, lIeJIOBeK H MbICJIHTeJIb II PyccKoe 60raTCT-
80. 1910. N2 2. C. 220, 221.
84 TaM )Ke. C. 224, 226, 242, 244-245.
85 TaM me. C. 227, 239-241.
86 TaM me. C. 229-231.
87 TaM me. C. 231-233 H .LI.p.
88 TaM me. C. 234.
89 TaM me. C. 234.
90 CM., HanpHMep: flllUMaK E. r. PeBOJIIOLl.HOHHbIH npoLl.eCC H peBOJIIOLl.HOHHoe C03Ha-
HHe. M., 1983.
91 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 41. C. 7-8.
92 TaM )Ke. C. 247-251.
93 PYCCKoe 60raTCTBO. 1910. N2 2. C. 2b2, 253.
94 TaM )Ke. C. 254-255.
95 PycaHoB H. C. 3BOJIIOlI.HH PYCCKOH COLl.HaJIHCTHlIecKoH MbICJIH. Cn6., 1902. C. 1-4.
96 CM.: TaM me. C. 8-11, 23-24, 28, 36 H .LI.p.
97 TaM )Ke. C. 12-13, 14-17, 28--29, 31 H .LI.p.
f JIaBa Ce.lI.bMaH
OKT5IBPb VI nOJ1HbIYI VI,aEYIHbIYI KP AX
HAPO,aHVI4ECTBA
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fl pOJIeTapCKaH peBOJI UHH B POCCHH CTaJIa C¥POBbIM 3K3aMe-
HOM .lI.JIH Bcex H.lI.eHHO-fIOJIHTHlJeCKHX TelleHHH, nOJIHTHlJeCKHX
napTHH H opraHH3aUHH, .lI.JIH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH HX JIH.lI.epOB H Te-
opeTHKOB, a B KOHelJHOM ClJeTe H KJIaCCOB, CYW.eCTBOBaBlliHX B POC-
CHH HaKaHYHe H B 1917 r. O.lI.HHM H3 TaKHX Te4eHHH 6bIJIO HapO.lI.HH-
lJeCTBO, BCTpeTHBlllee peBOJIIOUHIO .lI.aJIbHeHlllHM opraHH3aIl.HOHHbIM
paCna.lI.OM, npoHBHBlllHMCH B pa3BaJIe napTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBo-
JIIOIl.HOHepOB, B 06pa30BaHHH HOBOH napTHH - JIeBbIX 3cepoB . Ho
H B paMKax BHOBb B03HHKlllHX opraHH3aUHH H rpynnHpoBoK no-
HBHJIHCb pa3Hor JIaCHH H npoTHBopellHH, Bblpa)KaBWHeCH B cnopax,
.lI.HCKYCCHHX, a B 60JIbWeH Mepe B npoTHB060pcTBe, HOCHBweM
BeCbMa 060cTpeHHbIH xapaKTep 2.
BMeCTe C TeM 3TOT pacna.lI. COnpOBO.IK.lI.aJICH npH3bIBaMH HapO,LL-
HHKOB K 06'be.lI.HHeHHIO, pacCY)K.lI.eHHHMH 0 Ba)KHOCTH CnJIOlJeHHH,
opraHH3aUHH COBMeCTHbIX ,lJ.eHCTBHH ,lI.JIH «3alll.HTbl» HHTepeCOB Ha-
PO.lI. a .
KaK H3BeCTHO, peBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIe C06blTHH 1917 r. npHBeJIH B .lJ.BH-
)KeHHe rpOMa,lI.HbIe MaCCbI TPY,lI.HW.HXCH, Bce KJIaCCbI H COIl.HaJIbHbIe
CJIOH, 3aMeTHO aKTHBH3HpOBaJIaCb ,lJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb nOJIHTHlleCKHX nap-
THH H opraHH3aUHH. 4eTKo onpe.lI.eJIHJIaCb paccTaHoBKa KJIaCCOBWX
CHJI no 06e CTOpOHbI 6appHKa.lI. - npOJIeTapHaTa H 6yp.IKya3HH. Co-
UHaJIbHOe nOJIO)KeHHe MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, KOJIe6aHHH ee pa3JIHlJHbIX
CJIOeB B YCJIOBHHX OCTpOH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI Me)K.lI.Y peBOJIIOIl.HOHHbIM
npOJIeTapHaToM H 6YP)Kya3Ho-MOHapXHlJeCKHM JIarepeM 3aKoHoMepHo
HaXO.lI.HJIH OTpa)KeHHe B nOJIHTHlJeCKHX n03Hl..lHHX H npaKTHlJeCKOH
.lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX napTHH, HX q,YHKUHoHepoB, TeopeTH-
KOB, JIH,lJ.epoB. K CO)KaJIeHHIO, 3Ta np06JIeMa - B3aHMO,lJ.eHCTBHH
KJIaCCa-napTHH-Macc B nepHO.lI. OCTpbIX peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX KpH3HCOB,
B TOM IIHCJIe H B 1917 r., - OCTaeTCH MeHee Bcero H3Y4eHHoH B Map-
KCHCTCKOH HCTopHorpaq,HH OKTH6pH, oc06eHHo npHMeHHTeJIbHO
K MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIM CJIOHM. A Me)K,lI.Y TeM 3Ta np06JIeMa HMeeT
Ba)KHOe TeOpeTHlJeCKOe H npaKTHlJeCKOe 3HalJeHHe .lI.JIH CTpaH, r.lI.e
Cpe,lI.HHe CJIOH npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOT peaJIbHYIO KJIaCCOBYIO CHJIY H cnoco6HbI
3aMeTHO BJIHHTb Ha XO,lJ. H pe3YJIbTaTbI peBOJIIOUHOHHOH 60pb6bI.
I1cTopHH POCCHH B 3TOM OTHoweHHH .lI.aeT 60JIbWOH MaTepHaJI ,lI.JIH
TeOpeTHlJeCKOrO OCMbICJIeHHH np06JIeMbI, 0606w.eHHH HCTOpHlJeCKOrO
onblTa Bcex peBOJIIOUHH npOlllJIOrO, H oc06eHHo 1905-1907 rr.,
1917 r., KOTopbIe nOKa3aJIH nOTeHIl.HaJIbHbIe B03MO)KHOCTH Bcex KJIaC-
COB 06w.eCTBa, BbIHBHB 06'beKTHBHoe 3HalleHHe .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH pa3JIHlJ-
HbIX napTHH, BKJIlOlJaH H MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIe.
1/ 2 14 r Ll AJleKCeena
209
KaK 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO B npe.lI.bI.lI.YllI.HX rJIaBaX, K peBOJIIOl..lHH
1917 r. HapO.lI.HHKH npHWJIH C TeopHeH, KOTopaH He nOMOraJIa, a Me-
waJIa HM nOHHTb H 06'bHCHHTb CMbICJI, xapaKTep H 3HalJeHHe <DeBpaJIH
H OKTH6pH, HBHBWHXCH 3aKOHOMepHbIM HTorOM pa3BHTHH KJIaCCOBOH
60pb6bI, 3aBepWHBweHCH CHalJaJIa n06e.lI.OH Ha.lI. l..lapH3MOM, a 3aTeM
JIHKBH.lI.al..lHeH BJIaCTH 6YP)Kya3HH. ,[{a)Ke <DeBpaJIbCKYIO peBOJIIOl..lHIO
1917 r., KOTopaH 6bIJIa HM 6JIH3Ka no cBoeH 6YP)Kya3HO-.lI. eM O K paTHlJe-
CKOH CYllI.HOCTH, Ha pO.lI.HHKH He cnoc06HbI 6bIJIH Ol..leHHTb npaBHJIbHO.
<DaKTHlJeCKH Kpax HX TeopHH H nOJIHTHKH HalJaJICH C <DeBpaJIH. Teope-
THlJeCKaH .lI.OKTpHHa HapO.lI.HHKOB OKa3aJIaCb 6eCCHJIbHa B 06'bHCHeHHH
npOHCXO.lI.HBWHX C06bITHH, B nOJIHTHKe HalJaJIaCb nOJIOca KOJIe6aHHH,
COMHeHHH, a 3aTeM COrJIaWaTeJIbCTBa C 6YP)Kya3HeH. OHO HMeJIO
pewalOllI.ee 3HalJeHHe .lI.JIH 6Y.lI.YllI.ero HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa) JIH.lI.epOB npaBO-
ro TelJeHHH, H60 npHBeJIO HX K npe.lI.aTeJIbCTBY peBOJIIOUHH H HapO.lI. a .
B 3THX YCJIOBHHX HapO.lI.HHlJeCKaH H.lI.eOJIOrHH BCTynaJIa B nOJIOcy
nOJIHeHWero pacna.lI.a.
nepe.lI. TeopeTHKaMH npaBoro KpbIJIa HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa BCTaBaJIH .lI.Be
HeCOBMeCTHMbIe 3a.lI.alJH: OnpaB.lI.aTb H3MeHY peBOJIIOl..lHH H .lI.OKa3aTb,
lJTO OHH BepHbI eH, CJIY)KaT HapO.lI.Y, 60plOTCH 3a ero HHTepeCbI. Ha
.lI.eJIe OHH nepeCTaBaJIH 6bITb «HapO.lI.HHKaMH», a Ha CJIOBaX OHH BbI-
HY)K.lI. eHbI 6bIJIH OCTaBaTbCH TaKOBbIMH, H60 y HapO.lI.HH4eCTBa 6bIJI
60JIbWOH HCTOpHlJeCKHH aBTopHTeT, OT KOToporo HeJIb3H 6bIJIO OTKa-
3bIBaTbCH, KOTOpbIH, KaK Ka3aJIOCb JIH.lI.epaM H TeopeTHKaM, elll.e
MO)KHO 6wJIO HcnO b30BaTb B nOJIHTHlJeCKOH H H.lI.eHHOH 60pb6e co
CBOHMH npoTHBHHKaMH - 60JIbWeBHKaMH. Ha 3TOT nYTb H BCTaJIH
KpynHeHwHe .lI.eHTeJIH HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHX napTHH, 3HeCOB H npaBbIx 3ce-
POB: A. <1>. KepeHCKHH:, B. M. 4epHoB, H. ,[{. ABKceHTbeB, A. B. Oe-
weXOHOB, B. A. MHKOTHH H .lI.p.
CJIe.lI.yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TaKoH <paKT, lJTO HH O.lI.HH H3
BH.lI.HbIX .lI.eHTeJIeH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XX B. He npHHHJI 6e30rOBOpOlJHO,
6e3 KOJIe6aHHH OKTH6pbCKYlO peBOJIIOl..lHIO, He BCTaJI Ha ee 3alll.HTY.
Bce 6e3 HCKJIlOlJeHHH KpynHeHwHe .lI.eHTeJIH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, ero Teo-
peTHKH OKa3aJIHCb B JIarepe npoTHBHHKOB peBOJIIOl..lHH, B 6eJI0H 3MHf-
pal..lHH. JlHWb <PYHKl..lHOHepbI H BeCbMa HeBJIHHTeJIbHbIe <pHrYPbI THna
5ypeBoro, CeMeHoBa, CBHTHl..lKOrO nOCJIe .lI.OJIrHX pa3.lI.YMHH nepeWJIH
OT Bpa)K.lI.e6HOCTH K nO.lUI.ep)KKe COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH, XOTH H .lI.eJIaJIH
3TO C 60JIbWHMH orOBOpKaMI1, KOJIe6aHHHMH, COMHeHHHMH.
OKTH6pbcKaH peBOJIIOl..lHH B nOJIHOH Mepe BbIHBHJIa HeCOCTOHTeJIb-
HOCTb HapO.lI.HHlJeCKoH TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbl, YTonHlJeCKHH xapaK-
Tep H npHMHTHBH3M nporpaMM Bcex napTHH, aBaHTIOpH3M TaKTHKH,
HenOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOCTb npaKTHlJeCKOH eHTeJIbHOCTH. Kpax HapO.lI.HH-
lJeCKHX napTHH, HX JIH.lI.epOB H TeopeTHKoB CTaJI BceOXBaTbIBalOllI.HM
T. e. H.lI.eHHO-TeOpeTHlJeCKHM, nOJIHTHlJeCKHM H opraHH3al..lHOHHbIM.
OKTH6pbcKaH peBOJIIOl..lHH He TOJIbKO nO BeJIa HTor 60JIbWOMY
nepHO.lI.Y 06ll1.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, HO H nOCTaBHJIa nepe.lI. peBOJIIOl..lH-
OHepaMH H HX H.lI.eOJIOraMH HOBbIe 3a alJH, OT peweHHH KOTOpbIX
3a BHCeJI XO.lI. .lI.aJI bHeHWHX Co6bITH H. O.lI.Ha KO H.lI.eOJIO rH Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCTBa
He BH eJIH H He XOTeJIH BH.lI.eTb 3THX np06JIeM, COCpe.lI.OT04HB CBOM
YCHJIHH Ha 60pb6e C MapKCH3MOM, 60JIbWeBHKaMH, JleHHHbIM. B 06-
210
JIaCTH COl..lHOJIOrHH TaKOH peaKl..lHeH Ha peBOJIIOl..lHIO H MapKCH3M
CTaJIa «CHCTeMa COl..lHOJIOrHH», Ha.lI. KOTOpOH O.lI.HH H3 H.lI.eOJIOrOB
npaBbIX 3CepOB nHTHpHM COpOKHH pa60TaJI B rO.lI.bI peBOJIIOl..lHH,
ony6JIHKOBaB ee B 1920 r. 3
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llI.eCTBa, KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e KaK Ba)KHeHweMY q,aKToPY COl..lHaJIb-
Horo pa3BHTHH n. COpOKHH npoTHBonOCTaBHJI «cHcTeMY COl..lHOJIO-
rHH», KOTOpylO OH onpe.lI.eJIHJI KaK «HaYKY 0 nOBe.lI.eHHH B3aHMO-
.lI.eHcTBYlOllI.HX JIIO.lI.eH Hero pe3YJIbTaTax». TaKaH nOCTaHOBKa
Bonpoca HCKJIlOlJaJIa no.lI.xo.lI. K HBJIeHHHM 06ll1.eCTBeHHOH )KH3HH
C KJIaCCOBOH TOlJKH 3peHHH. EMY npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJICH HHOH THn
COl..lHOJIOrHlJeCKOrO MbIWJIeHHH, OCHOBaHHbIH Ha HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOM no-
HHMaHHH pOJIH JIHlJHOCTH KaK nepBeHwero H Ba)KHeHWero q,aKTopa
nporpecca. npH 3TOM lJeJIOBeK paCCMaTpHBaJICH BHe COl..lHaJIbHOH
Cpe.lI.bI, KaK HBJIeHHe a6CTpaKTHoe H He3aBHCHMoe, BCTynalOllI.ee BO
B3aHMO.lI.eHCTBHe JIH60 C TaKHMH )Ke JIIO.lI.bMH, KaK OH caM, JIH60
C rpynnaMH JIHl..l. OpH TaKOM nO.lI.XO.lI.e YlJHTbIBaJIHCb JIHWb q,op-
MaJIbHbIe CBH3H, KOTopbIe HOCHT, KaK npaBHJIO, CJIYlJaHHbIH, Bpe-
MeHHbIH xapaKTep, HCKJIlOlJaJIOCb yrJIy6JIeHHOe COl..lHaJIbHOe 06'bHC-
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.lI.eJIeHHe, KOTopoe COpOKHH .lI.aBaJI nOBe.lI.eHHIO «B3aHMO.lI.eHCTBY-
IOllI.HX» JIIO.lI.eH. OH nHCaJI: «Kor.lI.a H3MeHeHHe nCHXHlJeCKHX
nepe)KHBaHHH HJIH BHeWHHX aKTOB O.lI.HOrO HH.lI.HBH.lI.a BbI3bIBaeTCH
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1/,114*
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Horo BonpOCOB. npH BceH CJIO>KHOCTH H3YlIeHHH 3Toro acneKTa Hero
Ba)KHOCTH He CJIe.lI.yeT HrHopHpOBaTb H .lI.Pyroe BeCbMa CYLLleCTBeHHoe
06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, BJIHHBWee Ha nOBe.lI.eHHe H.lI.eOJIOrOB H JIH.lI.epOB Ha-
pO.lI.HHlJeCTBa. 3noxa peBOJIIOUHH xapaKTepH30BaJIaCb OTXO.lI.OM Macc
OT COrJIaWaTeJIeH, nO.lI..lI.ep)KHBaBWHX BpeMeHHoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO.
Ha pO.lI. pa30lla pOBaJICH B ero nOJIHTHKe npO.lI.OJI)KeHHH BOHHbI, OTKJIa-
.lI.bIBaHHH Ha HeOnpe.lI.eJIeHHOe 6Y.lI.YllI.ee peweHHH Bonpoca 0 3eMJIe 5.
C nOTepeH CBoero BJIHHHHH COrJIaWaTeJIH B JIHue 3cepOB H 3HeCOB
TepHJIH COl..lHaJIbHYIO onopy B KpeCTbHHCTBe, a B CBH3H C 3THM HX
.lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb - H H.lI.eOJIOrHlJeCKaH H nOJIHTHlleCKaH - npH06peTaJIa
HHOH xapaKTep. OHa OTpa)KaJIa Y)Ke He HHTepeCbI KpeCTbHHCTBa Hero
co UH aJI b H bIe YCTpe MJI e H H H, a OT Howe H He K pe BOJI 10 l..lH 0 H H bI M COO bIT H -
HM B CTpaHe HHTeJIJIHreHTCKHX rpynn BCHlJeCKOrO TOJIKa 6, no-pa3HOMY
BCTpeTHBWHX npOJIeTapCKYIO peBOJIIOl..lHIO H CBH3bIBaBWHX Ha.lI.e)K.lI.bI
Ha oY.lI.YLLlee C pa3JIHlJHbIMH COl..lHaJIbHbIMH CHJIaMH - O.lI.HH C peBOJIIO-
l.lHOHHbIMH, .lI.PyrHe C peaKUHOHHbIMH, TpeTbH - KOJIe6aBWHeCH, XOTH
Ha CJIOBaX Bce H306pa)KaJIH CBOH n03Hl..lHH KaK CTpeMJIeHHe OTpa)KaTb
HHTepeCbI Ha pO.lI.a, KpeCTbHHCTBa, «TPY.lI.OBO H .lI.eMOKpaTHH» 7. n03TO-
MY nepexo.lI. lJaCTH HapO.lI.HHKOB Ha n03Hl.lHH KOHTppeBOJIIOl..lHOHHOro
JIarepH 03HalJaJI HX nOJIHbIH pa3pbIB C .lI.BH)KeHHeM, K KOTOPOMY OHH
ceOH npHlJHCJIHJIH. TaKoB ObIJI 3aKOHOMepHbIH HTor pa3BHTHH npaBoro,
JIH6epaJIbHOrO KpbIJIa HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, JIH.lI.epOB, H.lI.eOJIOrOB H q,YHKl..lH-
OHepOB, ywe.lI.WHX B JIarepb peaKUHH.
113MeHa KpeCTbHHCTBY npHBeJIa He TOJIbKO K OTPbIBY HapO.lI.HHlIe-
CKHX napTHH (3cepOB H 3HeCOB) OT Macc, HO H K .lI.PyrOMY BeCbMa
Ba)KHOMY HTory. OpOH30WeJI OTpbIB BO)K.lI.eH H JIH.lI.epOB QT caMHX
napTHH, KOTopbIe OHH B03rJIaBJIHJIH, liTO npOHBHJIOCb B peweHHHX
PYKOBO.lI.HLLlHX opraHOB HapO.lI.HHlleCKHX napTHH H B OTKa3e B no.lI.-
.lI.ep)KKe 3TOH JIHHHH ee pH.lI.OBbIMH IIJIeHaMH. Pa3pbIB C .lI.eMOKpaTHeH
3aMeTHO OTpa3HJICH B TeopeTHlleCKOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH, B HapO.lI.HHlleCKOH
JIHTepaType no nOJIHTHlJeCKHM BonpocaM, H B nepBYIO Ollepe.lI.b no
npOOJIeMaM OKTH6pH H nOJIHTHKH COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH. 113.lI.aHHH, BbI-
we.lI.WHe nOCJIe nOOe.lI.bI npOJIeTapHaTa B oKTHope 1917 r., CTaJIH
B 3Ha IIHTeJIbHOH CTeneHH OTpa)KaTb HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHbIe n03Hl..lHH 4epHo-
Ba, KepeHcKoro, ABKceHTbeBa, newexoHoBa, HX peaKUHIO Ha C06bITHH
B POCCHH C n03HUHH 06aHKpoTHBwerocH HapO.lI.HHlIecTBa. 06 3TOM
HeO.lI.HOKpaTHo 3aHBJIHJIH IIJIeHbI napTHH, oCY)K.lI.aBWHe B TOH HJIH HHOH
Mepe HX H3MeHY peBOJIIOUHH H Ha pO.lI.y, nepexo.lI. Ha CTOPOHY oYP)Kya-
3HH 8. Il03TOMY OOHJIHe «TOlleK 3peHHH» Ha OKTHOPbCKYIO peBOJIIOl.lHIO
H nepcneKTHBbI pa3BHTHH POCCHH nOCJIe 1917 r., pa3JIHlIHbIe oueHKH
O.lI.HHX H Tex )Ke COObITHH OTpa)KaJIH He TOJIbKO H He CTOJIbKO KJIaCCO-
BbIe n03HUHH Tex HJIH HHbIX CJIOeB KpeCTbHHCTBa, KOTopoe TOr.lI.a H He
3HaJIO 00 3TOH .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH, CKOJIbKO HaCTpoeHHH MeJIKOOYP)Kya3HoH
212
HHTeJIJIHreHl..lHH, 3aw.HllI.aBWeH Y)Ke CBOH HHTepeCbI; ee npe.lI.CTaBH-
TeJlH CTpa.lI.aJIH K TOMY )Ke HenOMepHbIM CaMOMHeHHeM, )Ka)K.lI.OH
BJIaCTH, aM6Hl.lHHMH nOJIHTHlJeCKHX oaHKpOTOB, a HeKOTopbIe npe-
BpaTHJIHCb H3 nOJIHTHKOB B nOJIHTHKaHOB H 3JIOnbIXaTeJIeH. 3TO Ba)K-
Hoe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO He Bcer.lI.a B .lI.OCTaTOlJHOH Mepe npHHHMaeTCH
B paClJeT npH Ol..leHKe n03HUHH BO)K.lI.eH Ha pO.lI.HHlJeCKHX na PTHH,
OT.lI.eJIbHWX JIH.lI.epOB H H.lI.eOJIOrOB MeJIKOOYP)Kya3Horo HanpaBJIeHHH
B YCJIOBHHX npOJIeTapCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH. Oc06eHHO CHJIbHO 3TO npOHBH-
JIOCb B HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH JIHTepaType 06 OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH
npaBoro HanpaBJIeHHH.
KaK Y)Ke OTMelJaJIOCb, Te H3 HapO.lI.HHKOB, KOTopbIe B q,eBpaJIe-
oKTHope CBH3aJIH CBOIO cY.lI.b6y C 6YP)Kya3HeH, 3aHHB COrJIaWaTeJIb-
CKHe n03Hl..lHH, nepeWJIH B KOHl..le 1917 r. B JIarepb npoTHBHHKOB OK-
TH6pH, nopBaB C HapO.lI.OM Hero HHTepecaMH. 3TO ObIJIH B OCHOBHOM
JIH.lI.epbI 3HecoB, 3cepoB, TPY.lI.OBHKOB, npaBoro KpbIJIa JIeBbIX 3cepoB.
«MeJIK06YP)Kya3Ho- .lI.eMoKpaTHlJeCKHe npe.lI.paccY.lI.KH H HJIJII03HH
(HaClJeT "paBeHcTBa" KJIaCCOB, HaClleT "nOCJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHOH" HJIH
"IIHCTOH" .lI.eMOKpaTHH, HaClleT peweHHH BeJIHKHX HCTopHllecKHx BO-
npocoB rOJIOCOBaHHHMH H T. n.), - nHCaJI B. 11. JleHHH, - OHH CTa-
BHT Ha MeCTO KAacco8ou 60pb6bl. He XOTHT nOHHTb, liTO 3aBoeBaBWHH
rOCY.lI.apCTBeHHYIO BJIaCTb npOJIeTapHaT He npeKpalll.aeT 3THM CBOIO
KJIaCCOBYIO 00pb6y, a npO.lI.OJI)KaeT ee B HHOH q,opMe, HHbIMH Cpe.lI.-
CTBaMH» 9. Te .lI.eHTeJIH HapO.lI.HHlIeCTBa, KOTopbIe nOpBaJIH C CorJIawa-
TeJIbCTBOM, OCY.lI.HB ero KaK H3MeHY peBOJIIOl..lHH, 3aHHJIH n03HUHH
nO.lI..lI.ep)KKH nOOe.lI.HBWerO npOJIeTa pHaTa, BCTaJIH Ha nYTb COTPY .lI.HH-
lJeCTBa C COBeTCKOH BJIaCTblO. 3TOT nYTb ObIJI e.lI.HHCTBeHHOH peaJIbHOH
B03MO)KHOCTblO .lI.JIH MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx .lI.eMOKpaTOB H pa.lI.HKaJIOB
nOCBHTHTb ce6H HapO.lI.Y, ero 60Pb6e 3a COUHaJIbHOe paCKpenOlll.eHHe.
Ha 3TOT nYTb BCTaJIH OCTaTKH napTHH 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, JIeBOe
KpbIJIO JIeBbIX 3cepOB, H3 KOToporo BbIWJIH .lI.Be napTHH - HapO.lI.HHKH-
KOMMYHHCTbI H napTHH peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOro KOMMYHH3Ma. 11 XOTH peBO-
JIIOUHH B oKTH6pe 1917 r. 3aCTaBHJIa HapO.lI.HHlleCKHe napTHH H HX
JIH.lI.epOB 3aHHTb 60JIee HJIH MeHee lJeTKHe n03Hl..lHH, onpe.lI.eJIHTb OTHO-
weHHe K JIareplO peBOJIIOUHH H peaKUHH, B nOBe.lI.eHHH MeJIKOH oYP)KY-
a3HH nOCTOHHHO npOHBJIHJIHCb KOJIe6aHHH. OHH nOJIYlJHJIH OTpa)KeHHe
B nOHBJIeHHH H .lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH rpynnbI «Hapo.lI.», lIaCTH JIeBbIX 3ce-
pOB 10. TeM He MeHee rJIaBHOe 6bIJIO B TOM, lJTO OKTHopbCKaH peBOJIIO-
UHH HCKJIlOllaJIa «TpeTHH nYTb», 3a KOTOpbIH paTOBaJIH JIH.lI.epbI na p-
THH 3cepOB II.
CJIO)KHbIH npOl..leCC pacna.lI.a MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, npOTHBOpelJHBOe
nOBe.lI.eHHe ee CJIOeB, rpynn, napTHH, JIH.lI.epOB nOJIYIIHJI OOJIee HJIH
MeHee a.lI.eKBaTHoe OTpa)KeHHe B HX OTHoweHHH K n06e.lI.e npOJIeTapHa-
Ta, K napTHH 60JIbWeBHKOB. n03TOMY HapO.lI.HHlleCKaH JIHTepaTypa,
nocBHw.eHHaH OKTH6plO H CBH3aHHbIM C HHM np06JIeMaM, HOCHJIa
KpaHHe CJIO)KHbIH xapaKTep. B HeH CKa3bIBaJIHCb npOTHBOpelJHBbIe
n03Hl.lHH pa3JIHlIHbIX COUHaJIbHbIX CJIOeB MeJIKOH OYP)Kya3HH, CTaBwHX
no BOJIe CJIYllaH YllaCTHHKaMH C06bITHH 1917 r., KOTOpbIX OHH He
CMor JIH HH npe.lI.BH.lI.eTb, HH nOHHTb, HH 06'bHCHHTb, XOTH nbITaJIHCb 3TO
.lI.eJIaTb.
213
,[{JIH HCTOpHKOB, H3YlJalOllI.HX H.lI.eOJIOrHIO HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa XX B.,
3Ta JIHTepaTypa HHTepeCHa TeM, lJTO OHa OTpa)KaeT He TOJIbKO npOl..lecc
rJIy60Koro KpH3Hca, OXBaTHBwero 3TO TelJeHHe elll.e B 1905-1907 rr.,
HO Hero nOJIHbIH H.lI.eHHbIH Kpax, npOHBHBWHHCH B pa3BaJIe TeopeTH-
lJeCKHX OCHOB HapO.lI.HHlJeCKOH .lI.OKTpHHbi. 3TO npe>K.lI.e Bcero BbIHBH-
JIOCb B oueHKax HapO.lI.HHKaMH C06bITHH 1917 r., xapaKTepa H HTorOB
KJIaCCOBOH 00pb6w, B onpe.lI.eJIeHHH nepcneKTHB pa3BHTHH cTpaHw.
C T P eM H C b JI H K B H.lI.H po BaT bOp r a H H 3 a l..l H 0 H H bI H P a 3 B aJI H a pO.lI. H H lJ eCT B a,
oc06eHHO nOJIHTHlJeCKHX napTHH, JIH.lI.epbI .lI.BH)KeHHH CTaJIH C OOJIbWHM
ynopcTBOM npH3WBaTb K OO'be.lI.HHeHHIO. 3TH npH3WBW pa3.lI.aBaJIHCb
KaK cnpaBa, TaK H CJIeBa. O.lI.HaKO CMbICJI HX ObIJI pa3JIHlJeH: O.lI.HH
CTpeMHJIHCb YKpenHTb HapO.lI.HHlJeCKHH JIarepb, .lI.pyrHe npeCJIe.lI.OBaJIH
ueJIH 60pb6bI npOTHB peBOJIIOl.lHH, TpeTbH HaCTaHBaJIH Ha nO.lI..lI.ep)KKe
COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH .lI.JIH YCKopeHHoro n.BH)KeHHH Bnepe.lI. - K COl..lHa-
JIH3MY. TaK, co CTpaHHl..l opraHa COlO3a COl..lHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOl..lHOHe-
pOB MaKCHMaJIHCTOB «MaKCHMaJIHCT» 3TH npH3blBbI 3BYilaJIH nOCTOHH-
HO. B anpeJIe 1918 r. Ha CTpaHHl..laX 3Toro H3.lI.aHHH BbIcTynaJI A. 3a-
JIeTHbIH, npH3bIBaH K 06'be.lI.HHeHHIO CHJI, paTOBaJI 3a «wHpoKoe
CnJIOlJeHHe Bcex TPY.lI.Hll HXCH H 3KCnJIyaTHpyeMblx B e.lI.HHbIH COlO3
COUHaJIbHOH peBOJIIOl..lHH B ueJIHX c034aHHH HOBoro CTpOH Ha lJHCTO
TPY.lI.OBbIX HalJaJIax» 12. 3TOT npH3bIB 6bIJI 06p a w. eH K JIeBbIM 3cepaM,
B KOTOpbIX MaKCHMaJIHCTbI BH.lI.eJIH CBOHX B03MO)KHbIX COI03HHKOB.
,[{OKa3bIBaH, lJTO BepXH JIeBbIX 3cepOB HCKa)KaIOT CYlll.HOCTb MaKCHMa-
JIH3Ma, lJT06bI 3aKpbITb .lI.opory .lI.JIH 06'be.lI.HHeHHH, 3aJIeTHbIH BH.lI.eJI
B03MO)KHOCTb 06'be.lI.HHeHHH Ha OCHOBe npH3HaHHH TPY.lI.OBOH pecny6-
JIHKH, COl..lHaJIH3aUHH 4>a6pHK H 3aBO.lI.OB, HeMe.lI.JIeHHOrO 06'be.lI.HHeHHH
Bcex COUHaJIbHO-peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX CHJI no.lI. 4>JIarOM «npOBe.lI.eHHH
B )KH3Hb CTpOH TPY.lI.OBOH: pecny6JIHKH» 13.
KaK Y)Ke OTMelJaJIOCb, npe.lI.CTaBHTeJIH CYlll.eCTBOBaBWHX
B 1917 r. TelJeHHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa no-pa3HoMY OTHeCJIHCb K OKTH6pb-
CKOH peBOJIIOUHH. ,[{Hana30H KOJIe6aHHH Ol..leHOK JIH.lI.epoB HapO.lI.HHlJe-
CTBa 6bIJI BeCbMa WHpOK - OT BOCTOp)KeHHbIX .lI.Hq,HpaMooB peBOJIIO-
UHH H HapO.lI.Y .lI.0 OTpHl..laHHH ee HCTOpHlJeCKOrO 3Ha4eHHH, HCKa)KeHHH
ee CYlll.HOCTH B COlJeTaHHH C Bpa)K.lI.e6HbIMH BbIna.lI.aMH npoTHB npo-
JIeTapHaTa H COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH. O.lI.l4aKo Bce TelJeHHH HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa
6bIJIH 06'be.lI.HHeHbI 06Il..lH MH lIepTaMH, Cpe.lI.H KOTOpbIX CJIe.lI.yeT OTMe-
THTb Ba)KHeHWHe, HMeBWHe npHHUHnHaJIbHOe 3HalJeHHe. Bo-nepBbIx,
3TO HenOHHMaHHe HapO.lI.HHKaMH COl..lHaJIbHbIX oTHoweHHH B OOlll.eCTBe,
COCTaBa H paccTaHoBKH KJIaCCOBblX CHJI Ha nOJIHTHlJeCKOH apeHe,
peaJIbHbIX ueJIeH 60pbObI YlJaCTHHKoB oCB060.lI.HTeJIbHOrO H peBOJIIOl..lH-
OHHoro .lI.BH)KeHHH, Hecnoc06HoCTb 06'bHCHHTb xapaKTep <DeBpaJIbCKOH
H OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH; BO-BTOPbIX, 06pa30BaHHe HOBbIX H.lI.eH-
HblX TelJeHHH, YCHJIeHHe npoTHBOpelJHH Me)K.lI.Y HHMH, 06HJIHe pa3Ho-
06pa3HbIx cY)K,lI.eHHH H MHeHHH, KOTopbIe K TOMY )Ke Hepe.lI.KO H3MeHH-
JIHCb B paMKax O.lI.HOrO H Toro )Ke TelJeHHH, npeTepneBaH KopeHHYIO
TpaHcq,opMal..lHIO 6e3 KaKHX-JIH60 cYllI.eCTBeHHbIx TeOpeTHlJeCKHX
060CHOBaHHH. OHH OTpa)KaJIH, C O.lI.HOH CTOpOHbI, yrJIy6JIeHHe Teope-
THlJeCKOrO KpH3Hca HapO.lI.HHlJeCTBa, a C .lI.PyroH - ero pa3HOpO.lI.HYIO
OCHOBY, pa3JIHlJHbIe HHTepecbI COl.lHaJIbHbIX CJIOeB, HX OTHoweHHe
214
K OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH H nepCneKTHBaM pa3BHTHH CTpaHbl, K pe-
weHHIO arpapHOrO, npO.n.OBOJIbCTBeHHOrO BOnpOCOB, K np06JIeMaM
BOHHbI H MHpa, CB060.n.bl nelJaTH, .n.eMOKpaTHH, MeCTHOrO caMoynpaB-
)JIeHHH H .n.p.
C n06e.n.OH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH 06Ha PY)KHJIaCb Hecnoc06
HOCTb JIH.n.epOB H H.n.eOJIOrOB BCeX TelJeHHH Ha pO.n.HHlJeCTBa, l1Ce>
nOJIHTHlJeCKHX napTHH lJeTKO Cq,OPMYJIHpOBaTb OCHOBHWe npHHUHn
no.n.xo.n.a K OueHKe npOHCXO.n.HBWHX nepeMeH, pa306paTbCH B 6bICTr J
H3MeHHBWHXCH COObITHHX, .n.aTb a.n.eKBaTHYIO HX 3HalJeHHIO OUeHKY,
onpe.n.eJIHTb XapaKTep H3MeHeHHH H HX TeH.n.eHl..lHH nOCJIe OKTH6pH
1917 r. C YlJeTOM HOBoro COOTHoweHHH B paccTaHoBKe KJIaCCOBbIX CHJI,
HX 60pboe 3a BJIaCTb. ECJIH 60JIbWeBHKH BO rJIaBe C B. H. J1eHHHbIM
npo.n.oJI)KHJIH yrJIy6JIeHHYIO TeOpeTHlJecKYIO pa3pa60TKY BonpocoB
KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI H CMor JIH C 3THX n03Hl..lHH peaJIHCTHlJeCKH Ol..leHI1Tb
CHTyal..lHIO H npoTHBoOOpCTBO pa3JIHlJHbIX KJIaCCOB, TO HapO.n.HHKH
npo.n.OJI)KaJIH OTCTaHBaTb CBOH npe)KHHe B3r JIH.n.bI, paCCY)K.n.aH 0 Ha-
pO.n.OBJIaCTHH, .n.eMOKpaTHH, BCeOOIl..leM H36HpaTeJIbHOM npaBe, Y4pe-
.n.HTeJIbHOM coopaHHH, 3aIl..lHTe HHTepeCOB Bcero Hapo.n.a H T. .n.. npOH-
30WJIO .n.aJIbHeHWee yrJIy6JIeHHe pa3pbIBa Me)K.n.y TeOpeTHlJeCKOfI JJ.O-
KTpHHOH Hapo.n.HHKOB H .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTblO peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOH 3nOXH,
Me)K.n.y nporpaMMHWMH Tpe60BaHHHMH H peaJIbHOH nOJIHTHKOH Ha-
po.n.HHlJeCKHX napTHH, KOTOPYIO B. H. JIeHHH oxapaKTepH30BaJI, KaK
«nOJIHbIH Kpax H.n.eH KOaJIHl..lHH» 14. HanOMHHM, lJTO B. H. JIeHHH
npe.n.BH.n.eJI no.n.06HbIH HCXO.n. 3BOJIIOl..lHH Ha po.n.H.H4eCKHX na pTHH,
B lJaCTHOCTH 3cepOB, elll.e 3a.n.OJIrO .n.o peBOJIIOl..lHH 1917 r. B oKTH6pe
1917 r. 3TOT nporH03 B. H. JIeHHHa B nOJIHOH Mepe no.n.TBep.n.HJICH, lJTO
elll.e pa3 nOKa3aJIO B03MO)KHOCTb C n03HUHH TBOplJeCKOrO MapKCH3Ma
nporH03HpOBaTb CJIO)KHbIe npOl..leCCbI 06Il..leCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH,
BKJIlOlJaH HTorH 3BOJIIOl..lHH pa3JIHlJHbIX nOJIHTHlleCKHX napTHH Ha OCHO-
Be aHaJIH3a HX TeOp'eTHlJeCKOH nJIaTq,opMbI, nporpaMMbI, TaKTHKH
OOpbOW, KOHKpeTHWX npaKTHlJeCKHX .n.eHCTBHH.
B. 11. JIeHHH nOCTOHHHO rOBOpHJI 0 Ba)l{HOCTH pa306JIalJeHHH
H3MbIWJIeHHH Ka.n.eTOB, 3cepOB H MeHbweBHKOB, BbIcTynaBwHx e.n.H-
HbIM q,pOHTOM npOTHB OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH C Hana.n.KaMH Ha
COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb, .n.HKTaTYPY npOJIeTapHaTa, napTHIO 60JIbWeBHKOB
H ee nOJIHTHKY. «Ha3bIBaH ce6H COl..lHaJIHCTaMH, - nHCaJI B. 11. J1eHHH
B 1919 r., - MeHbweBHKH H 3cepbI Ha .n.eJIC - noco6HuKU 6eAblx,
noc06HHKH nOMelll.HKOB H KanHTaJIHCTOB. 3TO ,lLOKa3aJIH Ha ,lLeJIe He
OT.n.eJIbHble TOJIbKO q,aKTbI, a ,lLBe BeJIHKHe 3nOXH B HCTOpHH PYCCKOH
peBOJIIOl..lHH: 1) KepeHIl..lHHa H 2) KOJIlJaKOBllI.HHa. 06a pa3a MeHbwe-
BHKH H 3cepbI, Ha CJIOBaX 6YJJ.Y4H «COl..lHaJIHCTaMH» .H «,lLeMOKpaTaMH»,
Ha .n.eJIe CbIrpaJIH pOJI b noco6HuKOB 6eAo28apiJeUU{UHbl» 15.
OTMelJaH KOJIe6aHHH MeJIKo6YP)Kya3HoH .n.eMOKpaTHH, B. 11. J1e-
HHH nHCaJI, lJTO C03HaTeJIbHbIe pa60lJHe H KpeCTbHHe POCCHH «noHHJIH,
lJTO MeHbweBHKH H 3cepbI CYTb noco6HHKH 6eJIOrBap.n.eHueB, OJJ.HI1 -
C03HaTeJIbHbIe H 3JIOCTHble, .n.pyrHe - no Hepa3YMHI0 H no ynopCTBY
B CTapbIX oWH6Kax, HO Bce - noco6HHKH 6eJIOrBap.n.eHl..leB» 16.
Pa306JIalJeHHIO Bpa)K.n.e6HbIX HHTepnpeTal.lHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBO-
JIIOUHH H ee HCTOpHlJeCKOrO 3Ha lJeHHH B. 11. J1eHHH nOCBHTHJI He-
215
CKOJIbKO CTaTeH: «npOJIeTapCKaH peBOJIIOUHH H peHeraT KaYTCKHH»,
«BbI60PbI B YlJpe.n.HTeJIbHOe C06paHHe H .n.HKTaTypa npOJIeTapHaTa»,
«Bce Ha 60PbOY C ,L{eHHKHHbIM!», «0 .n.HKTaType npOJIeTapHaTa»,
«B JIaKeHCKOH», «0 HaWeH peBOJIIOUHH» H .n.p. OHH CTaJIH Ba)KHbIM
q,aKTOM H.n.eHHOH )KH3HH TOrO BpeMeHH, Cpe.n.CTBOM pa3'bHCHeHHH
WHpOKHM MaCCaM Tpy.n.HllI.HXCH nO.n.JIHHHOH pOJIH MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx
.n.eMOKpaTOB H COl..lHaJIHCTOB B peBOJIIOUHOHHbIX C06bITHHX. CJIe-
.n.yeT CKa3aTb, lJTO 060CTpeHHe H.n.eHHOrO npOTHB060pCTBa Me)K.n.y
MapKCHCTaMH H HapO.n.HHKaMH, 60JIbWeBHKaMH H 3CepaMH nOCJIe
1917 r. npOHcxo.n.HJIO He H3-3a )KeJIaHHH OOJIbWeBHKOB pacnpaBHTbCH
co CBOHMH nOJIHTHlJeCKHMH KOHKypeHTaMH, KaK 3TO Hepe.n.KO H30-
6pa)KaeTCH B 3apy6e)KHOH JIHTepaType, a 1<13-3a aKTHBHoro YlJaCTHH
Hapo.n.HHKOB, oc06eHHO npaBbIX 3HeCOB H lJaCTH JIeBbIX 3cepOB,
B 60pb6e npOTHB COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH Ha CTopOHe CHJI KOHTppeBOJIIO-
l..lHH. Ha 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO nOCTOHHHO YKa3bIBaJI B. 11. JleHHH,
B03rJIaBJIHBWHH 60pb6y COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH npOTHB CHJI peaKUHH
H HHTepBeHl..lHH. TaK, B nHCbMe UK PKn (6) «Bce Ha 60pb6y C ,[{eHH-
KH H bI M ! » (1 91 9) B. H. 11 e H H H n H ca JI : «A H r JI H H C KH e H q, P a H uy 3C KH e
HMnepHaJIHCTbI npOBaJIHJIHCb, HaKOHel..l, H co CBOHM nJIaHOM 3aXBaTa
neTporpa.n.a nocpe.n.CTBOM KOHTppeBOJIIOl..lHOHHOro 3arOBopa, B KOTO-
pOM YllaCTBOBaJIH pYCCKHe MOHapXHCTbI, Ka.n.eTbI, MeHbweBHKH H 3ce-
pbI, He HCKJIlOlJaH H JIeBbIX 3cepOB». 3a OTKpbITOH KOHTppeBOJIIOUHeH,
peaKl..lHOHepaMH H Ka.n.eTaMH, CBH3aHHbIMH C HMnepHaJIHCTaMH AHTaH-
TbI, «nJIeTYTCH, KaK Bcer.n.a, KOJIe6JIIOw.HeCH, 6ecxapaKTepHbIe, CJIOBa-
MH npHK?bIBalOllI.l1e CBOH .n.eJIa MeHbweBHKH, npaBbIe 3cepbI H JIeBbIe
3cepbI» 1 .
B. H. JleHI1H BHHMaTeJIbHO CJIe.n.HJI 3a npOl..leCCaMH, npOHCXO-
.n.HBWHMH B Ha po.n.HHlJeCKOM .JIarepe, lJTO n03BOJIHJIO eMY 06'beKTHBHO
H peaJIHCTHlJeCKH Ol..leHHBaTb HX n03Hl..lHH, pa3JIHlJHbIe nOBopOTbI, B03-
MO)KHbIe aKLlHH npOTHB COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH. Ta'K, B 1919 r. OH OTMe-
lJaJI: «. . .B .n.aHHbIH MOMeHT MeJIK06YP)Kya3HaH .n.eMoKpaTHH C 3cepa-
MH H MeHbweBHKaMH BO rJIaBe, oecxapaKTepHaH H KOJIe6JIlOllI.aHCH,
KaK Bcer.n.a, .n.eP)KHT HOC no BeTpy H KOJIe6JIeTCH B CTOPOHY nooe.n.HTe-
JIH ,L{eHHKHHa. Oc06eHHO 3TO BepHO no OTHoweHHIO K «nOJIHTHlleCKHM
BO)K.n.HM» JIeBbIX 3cepOB, MeHbweBHKOB (Bpo.n.e MapTOBa H KO), npa-
BbIX 3cepOB (Bpo.n.e 4epHOBa H KO) H Bo06Il..le HX "JIHTepaTypHbIX
rpynn", lJJIeHbI KOTOpbIX, nOMHMO Bcero npOlJero, cyry60 06H)KeHbI HX
nOJIHbIM nOJIHTHlleCKHM KpaXOM H n03TOMY HMelOT e.n.Ba JIH HCKopeHH-
Moe "BJIelJeHHe" K aBaHTlOpaM npOTU8 COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH» 18. H3YlJe-
HHe JIeHHHCKHX Tpy.n.OB B conOCTaBJIeHHH C BbIcTynJIeHHHMH Hapo.n.HH-
KOB no BonpocaM OKTH6pH, C YlJeTOM OCTpOH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI
1917 -1920 rr. n03BOJIHeT nOHHTb pe3KocTb JIeHHHCKHX CY)K.n.eHHH
H oueHOK Hapo.n.HHlJecKoH JIHTepaTypbI, C KOTOpOH OH nOCTOHHHO
3HaKOMHJICH, nOCKOJIbKY OHa n03BOJIHJIa BH.n.eTb HaCTpoeHHH H no-
3Hl..lHH MeJIK06YP)Kya3HoH .n.eMOKpaTHH.
nepelJHCJIHH aBTopOB Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX H3.n.aHHH - MHKOTHHa, ne-
weXOHOBa, 5YHaKOBa, BHwHHKa H .n.p., B. 11. JleHHH .n.aBaJI HM CJIe.n.y-
IOllI.YIO OLleHKY: «06pa30BaHHbIe HHTeJIJIHreHTbI, MHHllI.He H Ha3bIBaIO-
llI.He ce6H COUHaJIHCTaMH, HaCKB03b nponHTaHHbIe 6YP)Kya3HbIMH
216
npe,lI.paccy.n.KaMH H JIaKeHCTBYlOmHe nepe.n. OYP)Kya3HeH, - TaKOBa,
B CymHoCTH, BCH 3Ta nHCaTeJIbCK8H KOMnaHHH. OTTeHKOB Cpe.n.H 3TOH
nYOJIHKH OlleHb MHOrO, HO OHH HHKaKOrO Cepbe3HOrO 3HalleHHH,
C nOJIHTHlleCKOH TOIlKH 3peHHH, He HMeIOT, H60 CBO.n.HTCH K TOMY,
HaCKOJIbKO JIHI.I.eMepHO HJIH HCKpeHHe, rpyoo HJIH TOHKO, aJIHnOBaTO
HJIH HCKYCHO HCnOJIHHIOT OHH CBOH JIaKeHCKHe 00H3aHHOCTH no OTHO-
IlleHHIO K 6YP)Kya3HH» 19. B. 11. JIeHHH oueHHBaJI 3TH nHcaHHH KaK
peHeraTCTBO nOJIHTHlleCKHX ,lI.eHTeJIeH, «KOTopble BCIO )KH3Hb pacnHHa-
JIHCb B BepHOCTH peBOJIIOI.I.HH, IIT06bI OKa3aTbCH B JIarepe OYP)Kya3HH
npOTHB npOJIeTapHaTa, Kor.n.a peBOJIIOUHH npHIllJIa» 20.
B npOl.leCce 00pb6bI C 3cepOBCKHMH H MeHbweBHCTCKHMH KOH-
I.I.enl.lHHMH peBOJIIOI.I.HH B. 11. J1eHHH pa3BHBaJI .n.aJIbWe MapKCHCTCKoe
YlleHHe 0 KJIaCCOBOH oopboe B HOBbIX COUHaJIbHbIX YCJIOBHHX, nOCJIe
B3HTHH BJIaCTH npOJIeTapHaTOM. 3Ta JIeHHHCKaH KOHI.I.enUHH OKTHOPH,
OCHOBaHHaH Ha rJIy60KoM 3HaHHH XO,ll.a C06WTHH, OCMWCJIeHHH no-
Be.n.eHHH KJIaCCOB H na PTHH, Be.n.Ylll.HX nOJIHTHlleCKHX ,lI.eHTeJIeH, CTaJIa
H.n.eHHO-TeopeTHlleCKHM <PYH.n.aMeHTOM, KOTOpbIH Mor 06ecnellHTb CO-
3.n.aHHe HaYIlHOH HCTopHorpa<pHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH.
CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, OCTpaH H,lI.eHHaH 60pb6a Me)K.n.y MapKCHCTaMH
H Hapo.n.HHKaMH, HMeBwaH MeCTO B HallaJIe XX B., npO,ll.OJI)KaJIaCb
H nOCJIe n06e.n.bI npOJIeTapCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH. 11 XOTH B 3THX CTOJIKHOBe-
HHHX ,lI.BYX KOHI.I.enl.lHH COUHaJIH3Ma H peBOJIIOUHH OCTaBaJIaCb npe)KHHH
OCHOBa, ee xapaKTep CYlll.eCTBeHHbIM 00pa30M H3MeHHJICH. OKTH6pb-
CKaH peBOJIIOUHH no.n.TBep,ll.HJIa npaBOTY OCHOBHbIX H,lI.eH MapKCH3Ma.
OHa elll.e pa3, KaK H peBOJIIOUHH 1905-1907 fr. H <PeBpaJIbCKaH
1917 r., nOKa3aJIa npeHMYLLlecTBo TeopHH, PYKOBO.n.CTBYHCb KOTOpOH
napTHH BO rJIaBe C B. 11. J1eHHHbIM B03fJIaBHJIa peBOJIIOI.I.HIO H no-
6e.n.HJIa. 3TO npH3HaJIH H caMH Hapo.n.HHKH. CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, BeCb XO.n.
peBOJIIOl.lHH B 1917 f., ee n06e.n.a H nepBbIe COI.I.HaJIbHbIe H nOJIHTHlleCKHe
pe3YJIbTaTbI CTaJIH no.n.TBep)K.n.eHHeM BepHOCTH MapKCHCTCKOH KOHuen-
UHH 06LLleCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, ee rpOMa.n.HbIX nOTeHUHaJIbHbIX 'B03-
MO)KHOCTeH npH YCJIOBHH cepbe3Horo OTHOIlleHHH K HeH KaK K HaYKe.
B HHOM nOJIO)KeHHH OKa3aJIHCb Hapo.n.HHKH, CTOHBwHe Ha npHH-
UHnHaJIbHO HHWX TeopeTHlleCKHX n03HUHHX. OKTH6pbCKaH peBOJIIO-
I.I.HH onpOBepr JIa Bee Hapo.n.HHlleCKHe .n.orMbI, HJIJII03HH HX nOJIHTHlIe-
CKHX JIH.n.epOB OTHOCHTeJIbHO peBOJIIOI.I.HH H COUHaJIH3Ma, MHHYH KJIaC-
COBYIO 60pb6y. OKTHopbCKaH peBOJIIOUHH OTBeTHJIa Ha MHorHe
BonpOCbI, BOJIHOBaBWHe H MapKCHCTOB, H Hapo.n.HHKOB .n.o
1917 r. OOJIHTHlleCKoe 6aHKpoTcTBO, .n.aJIbHeHWHH opraHH3aUHoHHbIH
pa3BaJI CTaJIH 3aKoHoMepHbIM pe3YJIbTaTOM 3BOJIIOUHH COI.I.HaJIbHO-
nOJIHTHlleCKHX H H.n.eHHo-TeopeTHllecKHx n03HUHH Hapo.n.HHKOB B YCJIO-
BHHX OTKpbITOH 60pbObI KJIaCCOB. OOJIHTHlleCKoe nOpa)KeHHe Hapo.n.-
HHKOB BbIpa)KaJIOCb B nOTepe BJIHHHHH Ha IllHpoKHe COUHaJIbHbIe CJIOH,
B HX OTxo.n.e OT napTHH, B nOJIHTHKe KOTOpbIX MaCCbI pa30llapOBaJIHcb.
O.n.HaKo ca MbIH COKPywHTeJIbHbIH y.n.a p OKTH6pbcKaH peBOJIIOl..lHH
HaHeCJIa Hapo.n.HHllecKHM B033peHHHM Ha COl..lHaJIH3M, KJIaCcoBYIO
60PbOY, pOJIb Hapo.n.HbIX Mace B peBOJIIOI.I.HH, KOHuenl.lHIO napTHH H ee
YllaCTHe B peBOJIIOUHOHHOH oopboe. I1MeHHo 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO
npH.n.aBaJIO BceM BbIcTynJIeHHHM HapO,lI.HHKOB npOTHB MapKCH3Ma,
15 r D. AJleKCeeSa
217
60JIbIlleBHKOB H B. 11. J1eHHHa OC06bIH XapaKTep. 3TO 6bIJIH Hana.n.KH
H.n.eHHbIX H nOJIHTHlJeCKHX 6aHKpOTOB, He cnoc06HbIX Tpe3BO Ol.leHHTb
CBoe nOJIO)KeHHe, nepeCMOTpeTb npe)KHHe B3r JIH.n.bI H TeopHH, c.n.eJIaTb
peaJIHCTHlJeCKHe BbIBO.n.bI H3 ypOKOB HCTOpHH Ha 6y.n.YllI.ee. 11 XOTH
Y pa3JIHlJHbIX rpynn H TeopeTHKOB Ha po.n.HHlJeCTBa nOHBJIHJIHCb nopoH
COMHeHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO npaBHJIbHOCTH n03HUHH, OHH CTpeMHJIHCb HX
npeo.n.oJIeTb .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBaMH Bce Tex )Ke nOJIO)KeHHH, KJIHTBaMH
BepHocTH npe)KHeH .n.oKTpHHe, YBepeHHHMH B ee Henpexo.n.HI.I..leM 3HalJe-
HHH .n.JIH 6y .n.Ylll.e ro 21 .
C n03Hl.lHH H.n.eHHO-nOJIHTHlJeCKHX 6aHKpOTOB, He cnOCOOHbIX
06'bHCHHTb n06e.n.y COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH, npH-
cTynHJIH MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIe H.n.eOJIOrH H HCTOpHKH K onHcaHHIO co-
o bIT H H 1 91 7 r.
CTpeMHcb BbIpaooTaTb CBoe nOHHMaHHe H OO'bHCHeHHe OKTHOpb-
CKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH H HalJaJIbHOrO 3Tana COl..lHaJIHCTHlJeCKHX npe06pa30-
BaHHH, .n.OKa3aTb CBOIO npaBoTY, 3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI nOCTOHHHO
oOpaI.I..laJIHCb K aBTopHTeTaM npowJIoro, nbITaHCb HaHTH B HX YlJeHHH
onopy, TeopeTHllecKYIO 6a3Y .n.JIH CBOHX oueHOK COObITHH, BbI.n.BH-
raBWHXCH HMH JI03YHroB H .n.eH. TaK, BTopoe BcepoccHHcKoe co-
BeLLlaHHe COlO3a COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOl.lHOHepOB MaKCHMaJIHCTOB npH-
HHJIO B033BaHHe «K Tpy.n.HW.HMCH Bcero MHpa». B HeM rOBOpHJIOCb:
«3TH JI03YHrH, BbIpa60TaHHbIe MaKCHMaJIHCTaMH, JIIO.n.bMH He TeopHH,
a peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOH npaKTHKH, Ha OCHOBe YlleHHH BO)K.n.eH peBOJIIOUHOH-
HOH MbICJIH B POCCHH - 4epHbIweBCKoro, JlaBpoBa H MHXaHJIOBCKO-
ro, KOTOpbIM peaJIHCTHlleCKHH MeTO.n. HCCJIe.n.OBaHHH, JIIOOOBb K TPY.n.O-
BOMY Hapo.n.y H orpOMHbIH TaJIaHT .n.aJIH B03MO)KHOCTb HaMeTHTb
)KH3HeHHbIe l.leJIH peBOJIIOl..lHOHHOro .n.BH)KeHHH H cnoc06 HCKaHHH
nYTeH K COUHaJIH3MY, - 3TH JI03YHrH OKa3aJIHCb HaCTOJIbKO .n.eHCTBeH-
HbIMH, lJTO napTHH, He npHHHBIllHe HX (MHHHMaJIHCTbI) (HMeIOTCH
B BH.n.y 3HeCbI H npaBbIe 3CepbI. - F. A.), ObIJIH oTopoIlleHbI 3a py6e)K
HaweH peBOJIIOl..lHH, a napTHH, KOTopbIe CTpeMHJIHCb y.n.ep)KaTb BJIaCTb,
6bIJIH BbI HY)K.n.e HbI npHHHTb HX .n.a)Ke BonpeKH CBoeMY MHpoB033pe-
HHIO». C 3THX n03HUHH OHH ynpeKaJIH Tex 3cepOB H Hapo.n.HHKOB,
KOTopbIe, H3MeHHB Hapo.n.y, YWJIH B JIarepb KOHTppeBOJIIOUHH, npe.n.aB
Hapo.n.HHlJeCKYIO .n.OKTPHHY. npOTHBHHKH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH
(3HecbI H npaBbIe 3cepbI), HanpOTHB, 06'bHCHHJIH COrJIaWeHHe C Co-
BeTCKOH BJIaCTblO lJaCTH JIeBWX 3cepOB H MaKCHMaJIHCTOB H3MeHOH
Hapo.n.HHlJecTBY, nepexo.n.oM Ha n03Hl..lHH 60JIbWeBHKOB 22. 11 npH 3TOM
Te H .n.pyrHe YTBep)K.n.aJIH CBOH H.n.eH, PYKOBO.n.CTBYHCb Hapo.n.HHlleCKH-
MH .n.orMaMH 0 COl.lHaJIH3Me, Hapo.n.HOH peBOJIIOUHH, Tpy.n.OBOM Hapo.n.e
H T. n.
l1.n.eHHbIH nJIlOpaJIH3M, CBOHCTBeHHbIH Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBY H .n.o 1917 r.,
nOCJIe OKTHOpbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH nOJIYlJHJI elll.e 60JIbWHH pa3Max,
.n.ocTHrHYB CBoero anoreH. nO-pa3HoMY oueHHBaJIH OKTHOPbCKYIO
peBOJIIOl..lHIO H ee Ba)KHeHWHe npOOJIeMbI He TOJIbKO npe.n.CTaBHTeJIH
pa3JIHlJHbIX TelJeHHH, napTHH, HO H OT.n.eJIbHbIe .n.eHTeJIH Hapo.n.HHlJeCT-
Ba, Hepe.n.KO BbI.n.aBaH CBOH JIHIIHbIe B3rJIH.n.bI 3a nJIaTq,opMY CBoeH
napTHH, rpynnbI H, KOHelJHO, Bcero Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa 23. BonpeKH q,aK-
TaM ynopHo YTBep)K.n.aJIHCb H.n.eH 0 TOM, lJTO COObITHH 1917 r. no-
218
Ka3aJIH npaBOTY HapO.n.HHlJeCKHX JIH.n.epOB, HX npe.n.CKa3aHHH, lJTO
HapO,ll.HHlJeCTBO ycnewHo YTBep)K.n.aeTCH B C03HaHHH MaCC, lJTO eMY
npHHa.n.JIe)KHT 6y.n.YllI.ee. nO.n.06HbIe Ol..leHKH, He COOTBeTCTBOBaBWHe
peaJIbHOMY nOJIO)KeHHIO .n.eJI, TaK)Ke CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 06 H.n.eHHoM
Kpaxe Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa, a JIH.n.epw H TeopeTHKH 3Toro TeLIeHHH H30-
6pa>KaJIH peBOJIIOUHOHHbIe 3aBoeBaHHH 1917 r. KaK CBoe TOp>KeCTBo.
KaK H npe)K.n.e, HJIJII030pHOe H )KeJIaeMOe BbI.n.aBaJIOCb 3a peaJIbHOe,
a nOpa)KeHHe {?aCl..leHHBaJIOCb KaK TPHYMq" KaK BeJIHKaH n06e.n.a
Ha po.n.HHlJeCTBa 24.
H3YlJeHHe B3rnH.n.OB KpynHeHwHX Hapo.n.HHKOB Ha HCTOpHlJeCKHe
C06bITHH 1917 r. H nOCJIe.n.OBaBWHe 3a HHMH B cTpaHe H3MeHeHHH
.n.alOT HaM Bce OCHOBaHHH BbI.n.eJIHTb .n.Ba Ba)KHeHWHX TelJeHHH B Ha-
po.n.HHlJeCKOH H.n.eOJIOrHH 3Toro nepHo.n.a - KOHTppeBOJIIOl..lHOHHOe
(6bIBwee nH6epaJIbHoe), npe.n.CTaBJIeHHOe JIH.n.epaMH H TeopeTHKaMH
3HeCOB H 3cepOB, HeOOJIbWOH lJaCTblO JIeBbIX 3cepOB. OHH H306pa)KaJIH
ce6H nO-npe)KHeMY BO)K.n.HMH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX napTHH, XOTH TaKOBbIMH
Y)Ke He HBJIHJIHCb, a napTHH nepepo.n.HJIHCb B MaJIO opraHH30BaHHble
06pa30BaHHH. TaK, JIH.n.ep 3HeCOB A. neweXOHOB, onHCbIBaH CBOIO
)KH3Hb B ro.n.bI peBOJIIOl..lHH, 3aMelJaJI, lJTO Bce BOKpyr Hero npeBpaTH-
JIHCb B 6ecnapTHHHbIX, a OH npo.n.oJI)KaJI nHcaTb, lJTO HBJIHeTCH IIJIeHOM
UK napTHH 3HeCOB 25. ,[{JIH MHorHX Hapo.n.HHKOB npHHa.n.JIe)KHOCTb
K napTHH, PYKOBO.n.HI.I..lHM opraHaM CTaJIa q,HKl..lHeH. MHorHe Hapo.n.HH-
KH He MOrJIH 06'beKTHBHO Ol..leHHTb peaJIbHOe nOJIO)KeHHe Ha nOJIHTHlJe-
CKOH apeHe, CBOIO .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHYIO pOJIb B 60pboe .n.BYX JIarepeH -
peBOJIIOl..lHH H KOHTppeBOJIIOl..lHH. l(eHTeJIbHOCTb Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX JIH.n.e-
pOB B YCJIOBHHX npOJIeTapCKOH peBOJIIOUHH He MOrJIa 6bITb caMOCTOH-
TeJIbHOH. OHH MOrJIH JIHWb YCHJIHBaTb HJIH OCJIa6JIHTb 60pOBWHeCH
JIarepH, OTHIO.n.b He onpe.n.eJIHH OCHOBHbIX TeH.n.eHl.lHH KJIaCCOBOH OOpb-
6bI. B ceHTH6pe 1917 r. B. 11. JIeHHH nHCaJI, lJTO «BO rJIaBY yrJIa nOJIH-
THlJeCKOrO aHaJIH3a Ha.n.o nOCTaBHTb Bonpoc 0 KAaccax: 0 peBOJIIOl..lHH
KaKoro KJIaCCa H.n.eT pelJb? A KOHTppeBOJIIOUHH KaKoro KJIaCca?» 26.
JIH.n.epbI MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH OKa3aJIHCb He B COCTOHHHH nOHHTb xa-
paKTep KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI B 1917 H nOCJIe.n.YIOLLlHe ro.n.bI rpa)K.n.aH-
CKOH BOHHbI, H306pa)KaH ceOH CTOpoHHHKaMH «TpeTbero nYTH», He
npOJIeTapCKoro H He OYP)Kya3Horo, a Hapo.n.HO-Tpy.n.OBoro, MHpHoro 27.
JIeHHH BH.n.eJI «cneUHq,HlIeCKYIO Y30CTb HJIH Cnel..lHq,HlJeCKYIO TynocTb
MeJIKOOYP)Kya3Horo .n.eMOKpaTa, KOTOpbIH He MO)KeT BbIpBaTbCH H3
CBoeH 3KOHOMHlJeCKOH, nOJIHTHlleCKOH H H.n.eHHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
OYP)Kya3HH. . .» 28. HMeHHO B TaKOM nOJIO)KeHHH OKa3aJIHCb JIH.n.epbI
H TeopeTHKH JIH6epaJIbHOrO KpbIJIa Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa, CBH3aBWHe
C 1917 r. CBOIO cy.n.b6y C oYP)Kya3HeH.
B 1920 r. B pelJH Ha 3ace.n.aHHH MOCKoBcKoro COBeTa B. 11. JIeHHH
rOBOpHJI, lJTO BMeCTO «CTaporo .n.eJIeHHH pa60lJero .n.BH)KeHHH B03-
HHKJIH HOBbIe, BO rJIaBY yrJIa CTaJIO OTHoweHHe K COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH,
K .n.HKTaType npOJIeTapHaTa» 29. OTHoweHHe K npOJIeTapCKOH peBOJIIO-
UHH, K COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH C OKTH6pH 1917 r. CTaHOBHTCH rJIaBHbIM
KpHTepHeM Ol.leHKH nOBe.n.eHHH Bcex nOnHTHlJeCKHX .n.eHTeJIeH oe3
HCKJIlOlIeHHH, B TOM lJHCJIe H Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX. KaK npaBHJIO, npH-
3HaHHe OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH Hapo.n.HOH, nOJIO)KHBWeH HalJaJIO
15*
219
pa.lI.HKaJIbHbIM peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM npe06pa30BaHHHM, npHBO.lI.HJIO Ha-
pO.lI.HHKOB B JIarepb peBOJIIOUHH, Bpa)K.lI.e6HOe OTHOIlleHHe - B JIarepb
peaKUHH H KOHTppeBOJIIOl.lHH. 06HJIHe OTTeHKOB H HlOaHCOB Cpe.lI. H
HapO.lI.HHKOB napTHH 60JIbIlleBHKOB BCer.lI.a YlJHTWBaJIa H YMeJIO HC-
nOJIb30BaJIa B 60pb6e npOTHB KOHTppeBOJIIOl.lHH, B TOM lJHCJIe H H.n.eO-
JIOrHlJeCKOH. J1arepb CTOpOHHHKOB COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH TO)Ke He 6bIJI
O.lI.HOpO.n.HbIM, H60 OH COCTOHJI H3 HeHTpaJIbHO, JIOHJIbHO H Onn03Hl.lHOH-
HO HaCTpoeHHbIX, nO.lI..n.ep)KHBaBIllHX He Bce MeponpHHTHH COBeTCKOH
BJIaCTH H npH3HaBaBIllHX JIHIllb OT .n.eJIbHbIe peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIe npe06pa-
30BaHHH. Cpe.n.H 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB BeCbMa pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIM
THnOM 6bIJIH .lI.eHTeJIH, npH3HaBIllHe OKTH6pb, HO ClJHTaBWHe nOJIHTHKY
COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH B PKn (6) He.n.OCTaTOlJHO peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH,
T. e. OHH CTaJIH Onn03Hl.lHOHepaMH JIeBOrO TOJIKa.
COlO3 COl.lHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOl.lHOHepOB MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, BbICTY-
naBIllHH B 1917-1918 rr. no.n. JI03YHroM «BcH BJIaCTb, 3eMJIH, <pa6pH-
KH, 3aBo.n.bI - TPy.n.HW.HMCH! ,[{a 3.lI.paBcTByeT TPY.lI.OBaH pecny6JIH-
Ka!», ony6JIHKOBaJI .n.OBOJIbHO 3HalJHTeJIbHOe KOJIHlJeCTBO JIHTepaTypbI
C H3JIO)KeHHeM cBoeH n03Hl.lHH.
3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI, aKTHBHO YlJaCTBOBaBIllHe B OKTH6pbCKOH
peBOJIIOl.lHH 30, 06'bHBJIHJIH ce6H nepe.n.OBbIM OTpH.n.OM peBOJIIOl.lHOHHO-
ro .lI.BH)KeHHH, rJIaIllaTaHMH TPy.n.OBO H peBOJIIOl.lHH 31 PaCCMaTpHBaH
OKTH6pb KaK TPy.n.OBYIO peBOJIIOUHIO, MaKCHMaJIHCTbI cnpaBe.n.JIHBO
Ha3bIBaJIH ce6H peBOJIIOl.lHOHepaMH, 3BaBIllHMH MaCCbI H JI03YHraMH,
H .n.eHCTBHHMH «Ha 60pb6y C l.lapH3MOM BO HMH Tpy.n.OBOH peBOJIIOl.lHH,
3BaJIH 6HTb cpa3Y no 06eHM rOJIOBaM XHW.HOH nTHl.lbI - .n.ByrJIaBOrO
opJIa - no uapH3MY H no KanHTaJIH3MY». CTOJIb 06w.He paCCY)K.n.eHHH
o xapaKTepe 60pb6bI B 1917 r. MaKCHMaJIHCTbI HanOJIHHJIH caMbIM
pa3JIHlJHbIM co.n.ep)KaHHeM. O.n.HaKo Bce OHH 6bIJIH YBepeHbI B TOM, lJTO
HX H.n.eH HBJIHIOTCH «BJIaCTHTeJIHMH .n.YM» «MorYlJHM .n.BHraTeJIeM or-
pOMHbIX COl.lHaJIbHbIX CHJI», CBepIllaBIllHX Tpy.n.OBYIO peBOJIIOl.lHIO. «Te-
nepb no.n. HaIllHMH JI03YHraMH, - nHCaJI CBeTJIOB, - TBOpHTCH PYC-
CKaH peBOJIIOl.lHH, Tenepb HaH60JIee Moryw.eCTBeHHbIe H3 COl.lH3JIHCTH-
lJeCKHX napTHH H.n.YT no nYTH, npe.n.HalJepTaHHOMY HaMH ew.e B 3noxy
nepBOH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH». 11 .n.8JIee: «no.n. HaIllHMH JI03YHraMH
nOIllJIH COBeTbI pa60lJHX, COJI.n.aTCKHX H KpeCTbHHCKHX .n.enYTaTOB,
nOllJIa napTHH 60JIbIlleBHKOB H JIeBbIX COl.lHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOl.lHOHepOB,
nOIlleJI BeCb Tpy.n.OBOH Hapo.n.». O.n.HaKO 3TO COBepIlleHHO He COOTBeT-
CTBOBaJIO .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. 50JIee Toro, peBOJIIOl.lHH nOKa3aJIa nOJI-
HYIO HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb H.n.eH 3cepOB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, BeCbMa .n.aJIe-
KHX OT HaYIlHOH TeopHH peBOJIIOl.lHH. A B oCBew.eHHH MaKCHMaJIHCTOB
HMeHHO HX H.n.eH H 06eCnelJHJIH n06e.n.y Hapo.n.a B OKTH6pe. TaKHM
06pa30M, 3a npH3HaHHeM peBOJIIOl.lHH CTOHJIa COBeplleHHO onpe.n.eJIeH-
HaH KOHl.lenl.lHH, BeCbMa .n.aJIeKaH OT peaJIbHOH .n.eHcTBHTeJIbHOcTH.
TaKoH )Ke xapaKTep HMeJIO oCBew.eHHe MaKCHMaJIHCTaMH H .n.pyrHx
np06JIeM peBOJIIOl.lHH. TaK, npH3HaBaH OOJIbIlleBHKOB CHJIbHOH H BJIHH-
TeJIbHOH napTHeH, MaKCHMaJIHCTbI YTBep)K.n.aJIH, liTO OHH pa3.n.eJIHJIH
JI03YHrH 60JIblleBHKOB. O.n.HaKO caMH BbI.n.BHraJIH COBepIlleHHO HHbIe
JI03YHrH THna «CB060.n.HbIH TPY.n.!», YTBep)K.n.aH, liTO 3TO Tpe60Ba-
HHe - rJIaBHaH l.leJIb CTHXHHHoro .n.BH)KeHHH Tpy.n.OBbIX Macc. 11 XOTH
220
3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI 6bIJIH aKTHBHbIMH YlJaCTHHKaMH H CBH.n.eTeJIHMH
C06bITHH 1917 r., nOHHTb KJIaCCOBbIe OCHOBbI OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIO-
l.lHH, ee npOJIeTapCKHH xapaKTep OHH TaK H He CMOrJIH. «CaMo.n.ep)KaB-
HO-KanHTaJIHCTHlJeCKHH CTpOH» PYXHYJI, B HX nOHHMaHHH, no.n. y.n.apOM
«.n.PY)KHOrO HaTHCKa nOlJTH HeopraHH30BaHHoro Tpy.n.OBoro Hapo.n.a».
CTHXHHHoe .n.BH)KeHHe TPy.n.OBOro Hapo.n.a - TaKOBO rJIaBHOe co.n.ep-
)KaHHe OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH B H306pa)KeHHH MaKCHMaJIHCTOB.
B .n.pyrHx CTaTbHX aBTopbI 3Toro HanpaBJIeHHH YTBep)K.n.aJIH, lJTO
B peBOJIIOl.lHH pa60lJHH KJIaCC Be.n.eT 3a C060H Tpy.n.OBoe KpeCTbHHCTBO.
3TO npOTHBOpelJHBOe oCBew.eHHe .n.BH)KYW.HX CHJI H pOJIH npOJIeTapHa-
Ta 6bIJIO xapaKTepHO .n.JIH Bcex YTBep)K.n.eHHH H.n.eOJIOrOB MaKCHMaJIH3-
Ma, He nOHHMaBllHX xapaKTepa OKTH6pH.
npH BceH KJIaCCOBOH OrpaHHlJeHHOCTH MaKCHMaJIHCTbI npaBHJIbHO
oueHHBaJIH COrJIallaTeJIbCKYIO nOJIHTHKY 3cepOB H MeHblleBHKOB. AB-
KceHTbeBbl, ,[{aHbl, rOl.lbI, 4epHOBbI, nHCaJI M. CeJIHBaHOB, CBoeH
COrJIaWaTeJIbCKOH nOJIHTHKOH npe.n.aJIH peBOJIIOl.lHIO; OHH 6paTaJIHCb
C 6YP)Kya3HeH, 3aw.Hw.aH Mew.aHCKHH H.n.eaJI «6YP)Kya3Ho-napJIaMeHT-
CKOH pecny6JIHKH», a He Tpy.n.OBYIO COBeTCKYIO pecny6JIHKY 32.
11 XOTH COBeTbI MaKCHMaJIHCTbI ClJHTaJIH opraHaMH BJIaCTH TPY.n.O-
Boro Hapo.n.a, o.n.HaKO KJIaCCOBOro xapaKTepa 3THX opraHOB OHH He
nOHHMaJIH, H He npH3HaBaJIH. BJIacTb B COBeTCKOH pecny6JIHKe - He
opy.n.He KJIaCCOBOro rocno.n.CTBa, - 3TO «Tpy.n.OBoe HOBoe rocy.n.a p-
CTBO». COBeTbI, rOBOpHJIOCb B O.n.HOH H3 CTaTeH, «HBJIHIOTCH npOBo.n.HH-
KaMH BJIaCTH Tpy.n.a, MeHbweBHKH H npaBbIe COl.lHaJIHCTbl-peBOJIIOUHO-
HepbI no.n. JI03YHrOM YlJpe.n.HTeJIbHOrO C06paHHH npOBo.n.HT BJIaCTb
Ka nHTaJIa».
C 60JIbllHM peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIM 3HTY3Ha3MOM H y6e)K.n.eHHOCTblO
MaKCHMaJIHCTbI YTBep)K.n.aJIH H.n.eH 0 TOM, lJTO «COl.lHaJIH3M B .n.aHHbIH
MOMeHT eCTb HeH36e)KHbIH H e.n.HHCTBeHHbIH cnaCHTeJIbHbIH llar».
npOB03rJIaWaH COl.lHaJIH3M rJIaBHOH l.leJIblO 60pb6bI H C03H.n.aHHH,
MaKCHMaJIHCTW TpaKTOBaJIH ero CO CBOHX Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX n03Hl.lHH.
OH paCCMaTpHBaJICH KaK «Tpy.n.OBaH pecny6JIHKa», «60pb6a 3a HH.n.H-
BH.n.yaJIbHOCTb», «pa3BHTHe TBOplJeCKHX CHJI JIHlJHOCTH». B CBH3H
C 3THM paCCMaTpHBaJI3Cb pOJIb COBeTOB, KOTopbIe HY)KHbI Tpy.n.HW.HMCH
.n.JIH «ocyw.eCTBJIeHHH CBOHX lJHCTO Tpy.n.OBbIX l.leJIeH, .n.JI'H nOJIHOrO
YHHlJTO)KeHHH Bcex YCToeB 6YP)Kya3Horo CTpOH H .n.JIH Bo.n.BopeHHH Ha
3eMJIe l.lapCTBa Tpy.n.a». rJIaBHWH npH3HaK COl.lHaJIH3Ma O.n.HOMY H3
JIH.n.epOB MaKCHMaJIH3Ma A. 3aJIeTHOMY BH.n.eJICH B «HaJIa)KeHHOCTH
06w.eCTBeHHO-nJIaHOMepHoro X03HHCTBa». no CJIOBaM H. OOJIHHCKOro,
«COl.lHaJIH3M npe.n.nOJIaraeT e.n.HHoe 06w.eCTBeHHoe X03HHCTBO, Be.n.y-
w.eeCH COrJIaCHO onpe.n.eJIeHHOMY nJIaHY» 33. nYTb K TaKOMY OOW.eCTBY
3aJIeTHbIH YCMaTpHBaJI B ocyw.eCTBJIeHHH TaKHX Mep, KaK «KOH<pHCKa-
l.lHH H 0606w.eCTBJIeHHe Bcero .n.OCTOHHHH 3KCnJIyaTaTopOB Tpy.n.OBoro
Ha po.n.a (COl.lHaJIH3aUHH <pa6pHK H 3aBo.n.OB), BBe.n.eHHe Bce06111eH
Tpy.n.OBOH nOBHHHOCTH, YHHlJTO)KeHHe KJIaCCOB H, CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, Te-
nepewHeH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI H OYP)Kya3HH». B nepelJHe 3THX Me-
ponpHHTHH peaJIbHOe H B03MO)KHOe COlJeTaJIOCb C YTonHeH - nO}f(eJla-
HHeM YHHlJTO)KeHHH KJIaCCOB H KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI cpa3Y /.Ke nOCJ1e
n06e.n.bI peBOJIIOl.lHH. Tor.n.a KaK .n.JIH MapKCHCTOB 3Ta 3a,lJ.aQa MO)KeT
221
6blTb peWeHa TOJIbKO B XO.lI.e COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO CTpOHTeJIbCTBa,
nOCTeneHHOrO H3MeHeHHH KJIaCCOB, OXBaTbIBalOlll.erO BeCb nepeXO.n.HblH
nepHO.n., KOTOpblH B KOHl.lenl.lHH MaKCHMaJIHCTOB OTCYTCTBOBaJI. no HX
MHeHHIO, COl..lHaJIHCTH4eCKoe 6eCKJIaCCOBOe 06w.eCTBO YTBep)K.n.aJIOCb
cpa3Y )Ke nOCJIe peBOJIIOUHH B pe3YJIbTaTe pa.n.HKaJIbHbIX MeponpHH-
THH, r JIaBHblM B KOTOpbIX 6blJIa COl.lHaJIH3al.lHH.
B nporpaMMe MaKCHMaJIHCTOB Be.n.YW.HM THnOM c06CTBeHHOCTH
CTaHOBHJIaCb He rocy.n.apCTBeHHaH, YTBep)K.n.aBIllaHCH B npOl..leCce Ha-
l.lHOHaJIH3al.lHH q,a6pHK H 3aBo.n.OB, a rpynnoBaH - KOJIJIeKTHBHaH,
Kor.n.a c06CTBeHHHKaMH cpe.n.CTB npOH3Bo.n.CTBa CTaHOBHJIHCb TPY.n.O-
Bble KOJIJIeKTHBbi. 3TH H.n.eH 6bIJIH BeCbMa nonYJIHpHbI Y pH.n.a MeJIKO-
6YP)Kya3Hblx COUHaJIHCTOB 3ana,lI.a, Y Hapo.n.HHKOB XX B., YCMaTpH-
BaBWHX B Mepax no COl.lHaJIH3al.lHH nYTb, KOTOpblH cnoc06eH YTBe -
.n.HTb KOMMYHHCTHlleCKHH CTpOH 6e3 KJIaCCOB H KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bl 4.
3TO 6bIJIa YTonHH, OCHOBaHHaH Ha HJIJII03HHX 0 B03MO)KHOCTH .n.o-
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)Ke nOCJIe peBOJIIOl.lHH. AHaJIH3HPYH np06JIeMY COOTHoweHHH 3KOHOMH-
KH H nOJIHTHKH B 3noxy .n.HKTaTYpw npOJIeTapHaTa, B. 11. J1eHHH
OTMe4aJI, lJTO no.n.06HbIe B3rJIH.n.bI xapaKTepHbl .n.JIH H.n.eOJIOrOB 3Toro
HanpaBJIeHHH. «MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIM ,lI.eMOKpaTaM CBOHCTBeHHO OTBpa-
llI.eBHe K KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e, MelJTaHHH 0 TOM, lJT06bl 060HTHCb 6e3
Hee, CTpeMJIeHHe CrJIa.n.HTb H npHMHpHTb, npHTynHTb OCTpble yrJIbi.
n03TOMY TaKHe .n.eMOKpaTbI JIH60 OTMaXHBalOTCH OT BCHKoro npH-
3HaHHH u.eJIOH HCTopHlleCKOH nOJIOCbI nepexo.n.a OT KanHTaJIH3Ma
K KOMMYHH3MY, JIH60 CBoeH 3a.n.alleH ClJHTalOT BbI.n.YMKY nJIaHOB npH-
MHpeHHH 06eHX 60plOW.HXCH CHJI BMeCTO Toro, lJT06bI PYKOBO.n.HTb
60pb60H O.n.HOH H3 3THX CHJI» 35.
CO CBOHX pa.n.HKaJIbHbIX n03Hl.lHH MaKCHMaJIHCTbl 06BHHHJIH 60JIb-
weBHKOB B HenOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTH, B OTKa3e OT peWHTeJIbHbIX Mep,
B COrJIaWeHHH C 6YP)Kya3HeH. B lJHCJIe .n.OBO.n.OB npOTHB 60JIbIlleBHKOB
6blJI H pa60LIHH KOHTpOJIb, KOTOpblH paCCMaTpHBaJICH KaK nOJIYMepa,
HH4ero He .n.alOlll.aH Hapo.n.y; OHH BbIcTynaJIH npOTHB HCnOJIb30BaHHH
6YP)Kya3HbIx Cnel.lHaJIHCTOB, 06BHHHJIH B OTKa3e OT Hal.lHOHaJIH3al.lHH
cpe.n.HHX H MeJIKHX npe.n.npHHTHH 36 H .n.p. BCH 3Ta n03HUHH, Ha nepBbIH
B3r JIfI.n. BeCbMa pa.n.HKaJIbHaH, B .n.eHCTBHTeJIbl-!oCTH 6bIJIa MeJIKOCo6-
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Horo 3KCTpeMH3Ma H COUHaJIbHOH .n.eMarorHH. Y JIbTpapeBOJIIOUHOHHbIe
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pa3HOrJIaCHH, K npeBpalll.eHHIO MaKCHMaJIHCTOB B Onn03Hl.lHOHHYIO
rpynny JIeBaUKOro TOJIKa.
B. 11. J1eHHH He pa3 OTMelJaJI B Te ro.n.bl, LITO KPHTHKYIOw.He nOJIH-
THKY 60JIbWeBHKOB, ynpeKalOllI.He ero B YTonH3Me H aBaHTIOpH3Me caMH
HaBH3bIBalOT «3a.n.alJY YTonHlleCKYIO, lJT06bI opraHH3al.lHOHHble Bonpo-
Cbl HOBoro COUHaJIHCTH4eCKoro CTpOH H 60pb6bI CO CTapbIMH npHBbI-
LIKaMH, KOTopbIe HeJIb3H YHHlJTO)KHTb HHKaKOH OTMeHOH YlJpe)K.n.eHHH,
lJT06bl 3TH BonpOCbI 6blJIH peIlleHbI - B 06CTaHOBKe, Kor.n.a y Hac
CBH3aHbl PYKH rpa)K.n.aHCKOH BOHHOH - B CpOK, B KaKOH OHH HHKaKH-
MH 3eMHbIMH CHJIaMH peweHbl 6bITb He MorYT» 37.
222
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1918 r.).'
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pOJIH JIHlJHOCTH. «Hawa OCHOBHaH nOJIHTHlJeCKaH 3a.n.alJa, - rOBOpHJI
OH, - npH3HaTb TPy.n.OBYIO JIHlJHOCTb l.leHTpOM H 60pOTbCH npOTHB
Bcex nOCHraTeJIbCTB Ha Hee, npoTHB BCHKoro HaCHJIHH H oCKop6JIeHHH
ee, npoTHB BCHKoro rHeTa H HeHY)KHOrO pa3.n.pa)KeHHH ee, .n.a6bI He
OTTaJIKHBaTb OT peBOJIIOl.lHH» 38. PHBKHHY B03pa)KaJl 3aK, .n.OKa3bl-
BaBllHH, lJTO BbI.n.BH)KeHHe H.n.eH 3aw.HTbl Tpy.n.OBOH JIHlJHOCTH HBJIHeT-
CH HCKa)KeHHeM H npHHH)KeHHeM MaKCHMaJIH3Ma. 3TO 06blBaTeJIbCKaH
H.n.eH, rOBOpHJI 3aK, OHa COOTBeTcTByeT «TOMY npHMHTHBHOMY H HH.lI.H-
BH.n.yaJIHCTHlleCKOMY nOHHMaHHIO COl.lHaJIH3Ma, Kor.n.a nOCJIe.lI.HHH pac-
CMaTpHBaeTCH KaK OTpHl.laHHe KanHTaJIHCTHlJeCKOH 3KCnJIy aTa l..lHH,
KaK B03.n.aHHHe Ka)K.n.OMY pa60THHKY nOJIHOrO npo.n.YKTa ero TpY.lI.a,
KaK CHCTeMa TPy.n.OBbIX aCCOl.lHal.lHH, Ka)K.n.aH X03HHCTBeHHo-a BTO-
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.n.OBoro KpeCTbHHCTBa, HO OHa HeCOBMeCTHMa C npHHUHnaMH peBOJIIO-
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a He 3a npe.n.paccy.n.KH HJIH lJaCTHbIH 3rOH3M Tpy.n.OBbIX JIHlJHOCTeH».
A r JIaBHbIM B MaKCHMaJIH3Me eMY npe.n.CTaBJlHJIaCb 60pb6a 3a «HHTe-
peCbI nOJIHOH, Heype3aHHoH COl.lHaJIbHOH peBOJIIOl.lHH, nOHHMaeMoH, KO-
HeIlHO, B MHpOBOM MaCIllTa6e». BbIcTynaH npOTHB pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX
Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX H.n.eH 0 npaBax H HHTepecax Tpy.n.OBOH JIHlJHOCTH, 3aK
TeM He MeHee He CMor BblpBaTbCH 3a npe.n.eJIbI MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx B03-
3peHHH Toro )Ke MaKCHMaJIHCTCKOro TOJIKa. TaK, 3a.n.alJH «COUHaJIbHO-
3KOHOMHileCKoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa, KaK H 60JIbIllHHCTBO 3cepOB-MaKCHMa-
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pa60Te, - rOBOpHJI OH, - Mbl .n.OJ1)KHbI .n.aTb MaKCHMYM npH6J1H)KeHHH
K KOMMYHHCTHlJeCKOMY COl.lHaJIH3MY».
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3KOHOMHlJeCKYlO nOJIHTHKY, BHeWHe.n.HnJIOMaTHlJeCKHe aKUHH (3aKJIIO-
lJeHHe 5peCTCKoro MHpa), JIH.n.epbI MaKCHMaJIHCTOB He pa3 BbIcTynaJIH
C npH3bIBaMH K 60pb6e C 60JIbIlleBHKaMH, XOTH H .n.OKa3bIBaJIH, lJTO Tep-
pop H Ca60Ta)K B npe.n.eJIax COBeTcKoH POCCHH He.n.onycTHMbI, 4TO
rJIaBHbIH Bpar peBOJIIOl.lHH - MHpOBOH HMnepHaJIH3M. Cq,OPMYJIHpO-
BaHHble Ha KOH<pepeHl.lHH l.leJIH COlO3a 3cepoB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB B «Oc-
HOBHbIX nOJIO)KeHHHX MaKCHMaJIH3Ma» cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 0 TOM, lJTO
3TO TelJeHHe Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa Haxo.n.HJIOCb TO)Ke B rJIy60KoM KpH3Hce,
BWXO.n. H3 KOToporo ero JIH.n.epaM BH.n.eJICH B pa3pa60TKe B3rJIH.n.OB
MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, B pa3BHTHH caMo.n.eHTeJIbHOCTH Tpy.n.OBbIX Macc H aK-
THBHOCTH «peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOro MeHbllHHCTBa», B HaJIa)KHBaHHH OTHowe-
223
HHH C 60JIblleBHKaMH, «Ha HallaJIaX B3aHMHOrO .n.OBepHH, YBa)KeHHH
H paBeHCTBa» H .n.p.39 nO,lI.06HaH MellaHHHa, 3a<pHKCHpOBaHHaH B BH.n.e
pe30JIIOl.lHH 4-H BcepoccHHcKoH KOHq,epeHl.lHH, COnpOBO)K.n.aJIaCb BeCb-
Ma ueHHbIMH .n.JIH HaC npH3HaHHHMH, KOTopbIe np03BYllaJIH B .n.OKJIa.n.e
5ep.n.a. OllHOOIlHO .n.YMaTb, rOBOpHJI OH Ha KOH<pepeHl.lHH, «oy.n.TO
B HallHX pH.n.ax HMeeTCH o.n.Ha JIHWb Hapo.n.HHlJeCKaH HJIH KaKaH-
TO cneUH<pHlleCKH 3cepOBCKaH H.n.eOJIOrHH. Y Hac eCTb H MapCKHCTCKHe
3JIeMeHTbi. . . eCTb JIIO.n.H, COBeplleHHO IIY)K.n.bIe H Tpa<papeTOB Map-
KCH3Ma, H H.n.eOJIOrHH KaKoro 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa».
Oo.n.06Horo po.n.a oueHKH COCTOHHHH H.n.eHHbIX OCHOB MaKCHMaJIH3-
Ma y6e.n.HTeJIbHO .n.eMOHCTpHpOBaJIH pacna.n. Hapo.n.HHlleCKOH .n.OKTPH-
HbI, XOTH eme H npo.n.OJI)KaJIH 3BYlIaTb YBepeHHH B TOM, liTO OHH HBJIH-
IOTCH «e.n.HHCTBeHHbIMH HaCTOHI..I.I.HMH JIeBbIMH Ha po.n.HHKaMH» 40. 5y.n.y-
IIH He B COCTOHHHH nOHHTb npOHcxo.n.HBllHe B Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBe npOl.leCCbI
H.n.eHHoro pacna.n.a, MaKCHMaJIHCTbI nbITaJIHCb YTellaTb ce6H BeCbMa
COMHHTeJIbHbIMH .n.OBo.n.aMH, 06Ha)KaBllHMH HX TeopeTHlleCKoe 6ec-
nJIo.n.He. «Tenepb B H.n.eOJIOrHH Bce nepenYTaJIOCb, - rOBOpHJI 5ep.n., -
H 60JIblleBHKH - He MapKCHCTbI, H MaKCHMaJIHCTbI - He Hapo.n.HHKH».
H.n.eOJIOrHlleCKaH KOH<PpOHTal.lHH npH3HaBaJIaCb 6eCnJIo.n.HOH, Bpe.n.HOH
H HeB03MO)KHOH. 113 3Toro .n.eJIaJICH H BbIBO.n., xa paKTepHbIH .n.JIH Ha-
po.n.HHlleCKHX .n.eHTeJIeH JIeBOrO TOJIKa nOCJIeOKTH6pbCKoro nepHo.n.a:
«He C03.n.aBaTb H.n.eOJIOrHlleCKHe <PpOHTbI - MapKcHcTOB H Hapo.n.-
HHKOB - 3TO aHaxpoHH3M H 6eJIH6ep.n.a. ,[{eJIo ceHllac He .n.o TaKHX
nYCTHKOB, KaK OO'be.n.HHeHHe HJIH npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHHe H.n.eOJIOrHH,
a TeM 60JIee H.n.eOJIOrHH YCTapeJIbIX. Ha COBeTCKOH pa60Te MbI .n.OJI)KHbI
H.n.TH PYKa 06 PYKY co BceMH peBOJIIOl.lHOHHO-coBeTcKHMH opraHH-
3aUHHMH». Oo.n.06Horo po.n.a npH3bIBaMH Hapo.n.HHKH CTapaJIHCb
CKpWTb rJIy60KHH Kpax cBoeH .n.OKTpHHW, HenOHHMaHHe Ba)KHOCTH
TeopeTHllecKoH pa60TbI. 11M 6bIJIO BbIro.n.HO CBaJIHTb B o.n.HY KYIlY
MapKCH3M, npeBpaTHBllHHCH B rocy.n.apCTBeHHYIO H.n.eOJIOrHIO rocno.n.-
CTBYIOI..I.I.ero KJIaCCa - npOJIeTapHaTa, H YCTapeBllee H 06aHKpOTHB-
lleeCH Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBO, OKa3aBlleeCH B COCTOHHHH nOJIHOrO Kpaxa,
06'bHBHB H TO H .n.Pyroe YCTa peBllHM. 06'beKTHBHO, no.n.06HbIe BbI-
cTynJIeHHH JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB OCTaBaJIHCb O.n.HOH H3 <POpM 60pb6bI
C HaYIIHbIM KOMMYHH3MOM, YTBep)K.n.aBllHMCH B CTpaHe B KalleCT-
Be rocy.n.apCTBeHHOH H.n.eOJIOrHH.
OpOBe.n.eHHbIH aHaJIH3 yoe)K.n.aeT Hac B TOM, liTO CTOHBllHe Ha
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ll.HOHHOro KOMMYHH3Ma B 06JIaCTH H.n.eOJIOrHH, nO-npe)KHeMY npH-
.n.ep)KHBaJIHCb Hapo.n.HHlleCKHX .n.orM, XOTH HHor.n.a H 3aHBJIHJIH 00
YCTa peJIOCTH Ha po.n.HHlIeCTBa, He06xo.n.H MOCTH nepeCMOTpa n pe)KHHX
B3r JIH.n.OB. Ho 3TH n03HUHH 6bIJIH MeHee onaCHbI B3r JIH,lI.OB npaBbIX.
B 06CTaHOBKe OCTpOH 60pb6bI C KOHTppeBOJIIOl.lHeH JIeBOHapo.n.HHlJe-
CKHe BblcTynJIeHHH 0 Ba)KHOCTH CnJIOlleHHH Macc .n.JIH OTnopa peaKUHH
H 3aw.HTbI peBOJIIOl.lHH, pa306JIalleHHH npaBbIX 3cepOB H MeHbIlle-
BHKOB, BCT3BllHX Ha nYTb COTpy.n.HHlIeCTBa C peaKl.lHeH, 0 KOHTppe-
BOJIIOUHOHHOH CYW.HOCTH JI03YHra YlIpe.n.HTeJIbHOrO c06paHHH, 0 He-
06XO.n.HMOCTH opraHH3al.lHH OTnopa HHOCTpaHHOH HHTepBeH-
224
l.lHH 41 - BCe 3TH H.n.eH nOMOraJIH nOHHTb MaCCaM, OC06eHHO
MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIM CJIOHM, CJIO)KHOCTb 06CTaHOBKH H HaCTOHTeJIb-
HYIO He06xo.n.HMOCTb CnJIOlleHHH CHJI .n.JIH 3alll.HTbI peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIX
3aBOeBaHHH. rOBOpH 06 H.n.eHHo-TeOpeTHlJeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH JIH-
.n.epoB COlO3a 3cepoB-MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, CJIe.n.yeT nO.n.lIepKHYTb, liTO,
He COrJIaIllaHCb, B03pa)KaH H npOTeCTYH npOTHB nOJIHTHKH PKn (6)
B c<pepe COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMHlleCKHX oTHolleHHH, oTBepraH MapKcH-
CTCKYIO KOHuenl.lHIO .n.HKTaTypbI npOJIeTapHaTa, PYKoBo.n.Hlll.eH pOJIH
pa60lJero KJIaCCa, 3cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI He MOrJIH npOTHBonOCTa-
BHTb HHllero 3<p<peKTHBHoro H cymecTBeHHoro HH B TeopHH, HH
B nOJIHTHKe .n.JIH npo.n.BH)KeHHH no nYTH K COUHaJIH3MY. Bce HX Ha-
na.n.KH Ha nOJIHTHKY COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH H 60JIblleBHKOB HOCHJIH
KpaHHe npOTHBopeIlHBbIH, He060CHOBaHHbIH xapaKTep. 4YBCTBYH
u
HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb Hapo.n.HHlleCKOH TeopHH, O.n.HH nWTaJIHCb JIHKBH-
.n.HpOBaTb 3TOT He.n.OCTaTOK, .n.pyrHe npH3HaBaJIH, liTO Hapo.n.HHlJe-
CTBO YCTapeJIO H OT Hero CJIe.n.yeT OTKa3aTbCH, TpeTbH - npH3bI-
BaJIH K 06'be.n.HHeHHIO C JIeBbIMH 3cepaMH H Hapo.n.HHKaMH-KOMMYHH-
CTaMH Ha npe)KHeH H.n.eHHOH nJIaT<popMe. 11 XOTH HeKOTopbIe MaK-
CHMaJIHCTW CKJIOHHW 6WJIH npH3HaBaTb BJIHHHHe MapKCH3Ma Ha HX
H.n.eOJIOrOB, o.n.HaKO .n.aJIbIlle 3Toro OHH nOHTH He CMOrJIH, TaK KaK B l.le-
JIOM OCTaBaJIHCb B nJIeHY HapO HHlleCKHX B033peHHH.
C HHbIX n03HUHH no.n.OllJIH K Oll.eHKe OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH
JIH.n.epbI H TeopeTHKH napTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepOB. I1x BbI-
cTynJIeHHH CTaJIH cpe.n.CTBOM CBe.n.eHHH ClleTOB C 60JIbWeBHKaMH H no-
6e.n.HBllHM npOJIeTapHaTOM, CJIY)KHJIH onpaB.n.aHHIO nOJIHTHKH, KOTO-
PYIO CTaJia npOBo.n.HTb napTHH 3cepOB C oceHH 1917 r., no.n..n.ep)KHBaH
CHJIbI peaKUHH.
,[{eHTeJIbHOCTb napTHH npaBbIx 3cepoB KaK BbIpa3HTeJIbHHUbI HHTe-
pecoB TOH lIaCTH MeJIKOH 6YP)Kya3HH, KOTopaH Bpa)K.n.e6Ho BCTpeTHJIa
COl.lHaJIHCTHllecKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO, n03BOJIHeT nOHHTb KJIaCcoBYIO cyw.-
HOCTb H nOJIHTHllecKYIO HanpaBJIeHHOCTb HX BwcTynJIeHHH no Bonpo-
caM npOJIeTapCKoH peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH, 06'beKTHBHYIO pOJIb
B O)KeCTOlleHHoH H.n.eOJIOrHlleCKoH 60pb6e nOCJIepeBOJIIOUHOHHbIX JIeT.
B. 11. JleHHH nOCTOHHHO npH3bIBaJI K pa306JIalleHHIO MeHbIlleBHKOB
H 3cepoB, .n.eHcTBoBaBwHx e.n.HHbIM <PpOHTOM C nOMew.HKaMH H KanH-
TaJIHCTaMH, C Me)K.n.YHapo.n.HoH peaKl.lHeH npoTHB COBeTcKoH
BJIaCTH 42.
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CKoro TOJIKa cocpe.n.oTOIlHJIH CBOH rJIaBHbIe YCHJIHH Ha onHcaHHH
<paKToB H HBJIeHHH, KOTopbIe, no HX MHeHHIO, CMOrJIH 6bI onpaB.n. aTb
H pea6HJIHTHpOBaTb .n.eHcTBHH napTHH COUHaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOUHOHepoB
B rJIa3aX IllHpOKHX Macc Tpy.n.HW.HXCH H H.n.eHHbIx e.n.HHOMbIllJIeHHH-
KOB. 113Bpaw.eHHe HCTHHHOH KapTHHbI peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIX C06bITHH
1917 r. H oc06eHHO OKTH6pH CTaJIH r JIaBHOH lJepTOH 3cepoBcKoH
JIHTepaTypbl.
06palll.aHCb K HCTOpHH <PeBpaJIH H OKTH6pH, 3cepoBcKHe H.n.eOJIO-
rH He pa3 3aHBJIHJIH 0 TOM, lJTO rJIaBHOe B HX JIHTepaTYPHOH .n.eHTeJIb-
HOCTH - 3TO npHBJIelJeHHe Macc Ha CBOIO CTOPOHY, y6e)K.n.eHHe HX
B He06xo.n.HMOCTH 60pb6bI npOTHB COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH C l.leJIblO B03Bpa-
225
lll.eHHH <l>eBpaJIH. nOCJIe paCKOJIa napTHH COLl.HaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOl.lHO-
HepOB HaH60JIee KpynHbIe TeOpeTHKH, HCTOpHKH, ny6JIHl.lHCTbI CBH3aJIH
CBOIO .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb C npaBbIMH 3CepaMH. B. 4epHOB, M. BHIllHHK,
B. J1YHKeBHII, H. PycaHoB, M. reH.n.eJIbMaH, ,Lt. P03eH6JIIOM,
11. PaKHTHHKOB H .n.p. CTaJIH aBTOpaMH COIlHHeHHH 0 peBOJIIOUHHX
1917 r.
B 06lll.eM nOTOKe MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx H3.n.aHHH 3cepoBcKaH JIHTepa-
Typa no pa3JIHlIHbIM BonpocaM OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJ1IOUHH 6bIJIa oco-
oeHHO 3aMeTHa. 3TOH JIHTepaTYPoH nOCTOHHHO HHTepeCOBaJICH
B. 11. J1eHHH, H3YlleHHe KOTOpOH OH CIIHTaJi O,l1.HHM H3 Heooxo.n.HMbIX
YCJIOBHH ycnellHoH 60pb6bI npoTHB H.n.eHHbIx npoTHBHHKOB.
06palll.eHHe 3cepoB B 1917 r. K npOllJIbIM 3TanaM 60pb6bl, K JIO-
3YHry «3eMJIH H BOJIH», K peBOJIIOUHOHHbIM Tpa.n.HUHHM A. rep-
ueHa H H. 4epHbIlleBCKoro 43 ObIJIO npH3HaKOM TeopeTHlleCKOH cJIa60-
CTH H oeCnOMOlll.HOCTH, Hecnoc06HOCTH pa306paTbCH B 3aKOHOMepHO-
CTHX H Be.n.YW.HX TeH.n.eHl.lHHX KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI XX B. npHIIHHbI
peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH 3cepbI YCMaTpHBaJIH JIHUlb B TH)KeJIOM nOJIO)Ke-
HHH Ha po.n.a, B ero He.n.OBOJIbCTBe BOHHOH, B He.n.OCTaTKe npo.n.OBOJIb-
CTBHH, B pa3pyxe 44. BHellHHe <POpMbI npOHBJIeHHH KpH3Hca COUHaJIb-
HOft CHCTeMbI, a TaK)Ke <paKTopbI, YCKopHBllHe npH6JIH)KeHHe peBOJIIO-
l.lHH (BOHHY), OHH paCCMaTpHBaJIH KaK BHYTpeHHHe npY)KHHbI
peBOJIlOl.I.HH, 6e3 pa3rpaHHlIeHHH, KaK yme OTMellaJIOCb paHee, npe.n.-
nOCbIJIOK H YCJIOBHH COBepIlleHHH oYP)Kya3HO-.n.eMOKpaTHlleCKOH H CQ-
UHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOUHH. OTpHuaH npe.n.nOCbIJIKH H 3aKOHOMep-
HOCTb peBOJIIOUHH 3cepbI orpaHHIIHBaJIHCb JIHllb H3JIO)KeHHeM xo.n.a
C06bITHH, npe.n.IllecTBoBaBllHx 1917 r. 45 B 3TOM 6bIJI r JIaBHbIH nopOK
HX KOHl.lenUHH H MeTo.n.OJIOrHH. CBOH OCHOBHbIe YCHJIHH, KaK H MeHb-
lleBHKH, 3cepw cocpe.n.OTOIlHJIH Ha .n.OKa3aTeJIbCTBe OTCYTCTBHH
B CTpaHe YCJIOBHH .n.JIH COUHaJIH3Ma, .n.JIH COUHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIO-
l.lHH. 006e.n.y COl.lHaJIH3Ma OHH CBH3bIBaJIH He C 3KOHOMHileCKHM ero
060CHOBaHHeM, He C npOJIeTapCKHM, a C KpeCTbHHCKHM .n.BH)KeHHeM.
Ha 3TOH OCHOBe CTpOHJIaCb HX KOHuenUHH OTCTaJIOCTH POCCHH, B OC-
HOBe KOTOpOH 6bIJIH He nepe.n.OBbIe q,OpMbI X03HHCTBa (npOMbIIllJIeH-
HOCTb), a OTCTaJIbIe - arpapHbIH CTpOH. 3TO n03BOJIHJIO 3cepaM
c.n.eJIaTb BbIBO.n. 0 TOM, liTO B POCCHH HK06bI OTCYTCTBOBaJiH H 06'beK-
THBHbIe H cy6'beKTHBHbIe npe.n.nOCbIJIKH .n.JIH COUHaJIH3Ma H n06e.n.bI
COl.lHaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOUHH.
M. 51. reH.n.eJIbMaH (51K06HH), O.n.HH H3 BH.n.HbIX TeopeTHKOB H IIJIeH
U.K napTHH npaBbIX 3cepOB, YTBep)K.n.aJI B 1918 r., liTO B POCCHH .n.JIH
COl.lHaJIH3Ma He C03peJIH «06'beKTHBHwe H nCHXOJIOrHlleCKHe npe.n.no-
CbIJIKH», OTCYTCTByeT npOMbIllJIeHHOCTb, MaJIOlJHCJIeH C03HaTeJIbHbIH
H .n.HCl.lHnJIHHHpOBaHHbIH pa60llHH KJIaCC 46. B. 11. JleHHH, CIIHTaH
no.n.06HbIe B3r JIH.n.bI 3a6JIY)K.n.eHHeM Ha po.n.HHlleCKHX TeopeTHKOB, B pa-
60Te «BbI60PbI B YlJpe.n.HTeJIbHOe c06paHHe H .n.HKTaTypa npOJIeTapHa-
Ta» nHCaJI: «CHJIa npOJIeTapHaTa B JII060H KanHTaJIHCTHlJeCKOH CTpa-
He HecpaBHeHHO 60JIblle, lIeM .n.OJIH npOJIeTapHaTa B 06w.eH CYMMe
HaCeJIeHHH. 3TO - nOTOMY, liTO npOJIeTapHaT 3KOHOMHlJeCKH rocno.n.-
cTByeT Ha.n. ueHTpOM H HepBOM BceH X03HHCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbl KanHTa-
JIH3Ma, a TaK)Ke nOTOMY, liTO npOJIeTapHaT, 3KOHOMHlJeCKH H nOJIHTH-
226
lJeCKH, BbIpa)KaeT .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHbIe HHTepeCbI rpOMa.n.HOrO 60JIbWHHCT-
Ba TPy.n.HW.HXCH npH KanHTaJIH3Me»47. nOCJIe n06e.n.bI peBOJIIOUHH 3Ta
CHJIa npOJIeTapHaTa HaMHOrO B03paCTaeT, lJTO n03BOJIHeT eMY npu-
BJIelJb Ha CBOIO CTOPOHY MHOrOlJHCJIeHHbIX COlO3HHKOB H3 HenpOJIeTap-
CKHX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH. 3Toro He MOrJIH nOHHTb H.n.eOJIOrH Hapo.n.HHt."e-
CTBa, nOCTOHHHO BbI.n.BHraBWHe npOTHB MapKCHCTOB O.n.HH H TOT )f<
.n.OBO.n. 0 MaJIOIlHCJIeHHOCTH pa60lJero KJIaCCa H Hecnoc06HOCTH er
B03rJIaBHTb Tpy.n.Hw.HeCH MaCCbI B 60pb6e 3a .n.eMOKpaTHIO H COU,Hr-
JIH3M.
,[{JIH 3cepOB COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKaH peBOJIIOl.lHH 6bIJIa BonpOCOM He
COBpeMeHHOCTH, a .n.aJIeKOrO H Heonpe.n.eJIeHHoro 6y.n.YllI.ero. K Bonpo-
cy 0 COl.lHaJIH3'Me, nHCaJI B. 11. J1eHHH B 1917 r., 3cepbI H MeHbllJeBHKH
no.n.xo.n.HT CXOJIaCTHlleCKH. OHH npe.n.cTaBJIHIOT «COUHaJIH3M lJeM-TO
.n.aJIeKHM, HeH3BeCTHbIM, TeMHblM 6y.n.Ylll.HM» 48.
Co l.lHaJIHCTbI -peBOJIIOl.lHOHepbI CTa paJIHCb YTBep.n.HTb H.n.elO 0 He-
CBoeBpeMeHHOCTH COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, ee HCTopHlleCKOH
Heno.n.rOTOBJIeHHOCTH, OTCYTCTBHH IllHpOKOH COl.lHaJIbHOH OCHOBbI
y .n.HKTaTYPbI npOJIeTapHaTa, HeCOUHaJIHCTHlJeCKOM xapaKTepe Mepon-
PHHTHH COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH. 31'0 .n.aBaJIO B03MO)KHOCTb, KaK HM Ka3a-
JIOCb, y6e.n.HTb MaCCbl B 06pelJeHHOCTH peBOJIIOl.lHH H ee HeH36e)KHOH
rH6eJIH 49. 3cepbI CTa paJIHCb BHYWHTb Ha po.n.y H.n.eH 6ecnepcneKTHBHO-
CTH H onaCHOCTH 60pb6bI 3a COUHaJIH3M B POCCHH, HeH36e)KHOCTH
nOpa)KeHHH peBOJIIOl.lHH H 6eCCMbICJIeHHOCTH no.n..n.ep)KKH na pTHH
60JI bIlle BH KO B.
3cepbI CTpeMHJIHCb .n.OKa3aTb, lJTO COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKaH peBOJIIOl.lHH
He HY)KHa, lJTO KanHTaJIH3M MO)KeT nepepaCTH B COUHaJIH3M HK06bl
aBTOMaTHlleCKH. 3TH H.n.eH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIe H3 peq,opMHCTCKOH 3a-
na.n.HoeBponeHCKOH JIHTepaTYpw, oc06eHHO YCHJIeHHO nponOBe.n.OBa-
JIHCb HMH B pa60Tax 06 OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH 50. 3cepbI CTaJIH
ynopHo nponaraH.n.HpOBaTb B3rJIH.n.bI 0 B03MO)KHOCTH nepexo.n.a 01'
KanHTaJIH3Ma K COl.lHaJIH3MY nYTeM «eCTeCTBeHHoro BpaCTaHHH
nepBoro B nOCJIe.n.HHH, nYTeM aBTOMaTHlJeCKOrO Kpaxa KanHTa-
JIH3Ma» 51.
rJIaBHWe YCHJIHH OHH HanpaBHJIH Ha 060CHOBaHHe OTCYTCTBHH
cy6'beKTHBHbIX npe.n.nOCbIJIOK peBOJIIOUHH, KYJIbTYPHOH OTCTaJIOCTH
HapO.lI.a, HH3KOM ypOBHe C03HaHHH pa60llero KJIaCca. 3TH paccY)K.n.e-
HHH OHH .n.onOJIHHJIH CBOHMH YTonHlleCKHMH .n.OBo.n.aMH 0 B03MO)K-
HOCTH no.n.roToBKH JIHIlHOCTH K COUHaJIH3MY, 0 BocnHTaHHH COl.lHaJIH-
CTHlleCKHX KalJeCTB B YCJIOBHHX KanHTaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO CTpOH. HOBbIH
CTpOH, nHCaJI 4epHOB, HY)K.n.aeTCH B HOBOM lJeJIOBeKe, B COUHaJIH-
CTHlleCKOH KYJIbType, KOTopaH MO)KeT pa3BHBaTbCH B paMKax KanHTa-
JIH3Ma, lJTO 06ecnellHT HK06bI «JIerKOe, 6e360JIe3HeHHoe H ycneIllHoe
P0)K.n.eHHe» HOBoro 06w.eCTBa 52. npH OCBew.eHHH C06blTHH <peBpa-
JIH-OKTH6pH 1917 r. 3cepbI He XOTeJIH BH.n.eTb 6YPHO pa3BHBaBwerocH
peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOro npouecca, OXBaTHBllero BCIO cTpaHY, pOCTa peBO-
JIIOUHOHHOH aKTHBHOCTH IllHpOKHX Hapo.n.HbIX Macc, rereMOHOM KOTO-
pwx CTaJI pOCCHHCKHH npOJIeTapHaT BO rJIaBe C napTHeH 60JIbIlle-
BHKOB. Becb CJIO)KHbIH npouecc pa3BHTHH peBOJIIOUHH, nepexo.n.a 01'
6YP)Kya3HO-.n.eMOKpaTHlJeCKOrO 3Tana K COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKoMY OHH CBO-
227
.lI.HJIH K TaKHM CIO)KeTaM, KaK «pa3rYJI aHapXHH, KpH3HC BJIaCTH,
ca MOOpraHH3al..lHH .n.eMOKpaTHH», «OIllH6KH» H npOC4eTbI BpeMeHHO-
ro npaBHTeJIbCTBa. 3TH oWH6KH, no MHeHHIO npaB03cepOBCKHX aBTO-
pOB, HBHJIHCb npHlJHHOH rH6eJIH Cl>eBpaJIH H npHBeJIH K n06e.n.e 60JIbWe-
BHKOB B oKTH6pe 1917 r., KOTopaH BocnpHHHMaJIaCb KaK 3aroBop,
BepxYIllelJHbIH nepeBopoT, aBa HTlOpa. B HOH6pe 1918 r. B oCBew.e-
HHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH rJIaBHOH Y 3cepoB CTaJIa H.n.eH 0 TOM,
lITO OHa He HBJIHeTCH peBOJIIOUHeH, lJTO 3TO y.n.alJHblH 3arOBOp 60JIb-
weBHKOB, KOTopbIe HK06bI BOCnOJIb30BaJIHCb 6JIarOnpHHTHO CJIO)KHB-
WHMHCH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaMH H BepOJIOMHO 3aXBaTHJIH BJIaCTb, Hapy-
WHB Bce 3aKOHbI .n.eMOKpaTHH 53. YTBep.lK.n.eHHH 0 3arOBOplll.HlJeCKOM xa-
paKTepe OKTH6pH CTaJIH l.leHTpaJIbHOH H.n.eeH BceH 3cepOBCKOH KOH-
uenl.lHH, B KOTOpOH He 6bIJIO MeCTa TaKHM Ba)KHbIM BonpocaM, KaK
.n.BH)Kyw.He CHJIbl peBOJIIOl..lHH, 3aMeHa .n.HKTaTypbl 6YP)Kya3HH .n.HKTa-
TYPOH npOJIeTapHaTa, q,OpMHpOBaHHe BJIaCTH COBeTOB B ueHTpe H Ha
MeCTax. Bce CBO.n.HJIOCb K 3cepoBcKHM paccY)K.n.eHHHM 0 HeCOUHaJIH-
CTHlJeCKOM, HenpOJIeTapCKoM, a CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, HeHapo.n.HoM xapaKTe-
pe OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH. l1.n.eH 0 HeCOl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOM xapaKTepe
peBOJIIOUHH no.n.KpenJIHJIHCb aprYMeHTaMH H3 Hapo.n.HHllecKoH COl.lHO-
JIOrHH: 0 nCHXOJIOrHlJeCKHX OCHOBax peBOJIIOl.lHH, COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKOM
H.n.eaJIe, nOHBJIeHHH HOBOH JIHlJHOCTH, - KOTopble HK06bI He06xo.n.H-
MbI .n.JIH n06e.n.bI peBOJIIOUHH H npO,lI.BH)KeHHH no COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKoMY
nYTH 54. nO.n.06HbIe .n.OBO.n.bI OTpa)KaJIH CYllI.eCTBO COUHOJIOrHlleCKHX
B033peHHH 3cepOB, 3THlJeCKHH xapaKTep COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH .n.OKTpHHbl
Ha pO.n.HHKOB, npo.n.OJI)KaBWHX OTCTaHBaTb CBOH npe)KHHe n03H-
UHH.
B. 11. J1eHHH OTpHuaJI no.n.06Hoe OTHoweHHe K OKTH6pbCKOH peBO-
JlIOl.lHH: «.. .C/JaKTbl MUPOBOU UCTOpUU nOKa3aAU, liTO npeBpaU(eHue
HaUleu, PYCCKOU, peBOAIOl{UU B COl{uaAUCTUlieCKYIO 6blAO He aBaHTIO-
pOU, a Heo6xoOUMOCTblO, u60 UH020 Bbl60pa He OKa3aAOCb» 55 (KYPCHB
MOH. - F. A.).
06'beKTHBHwH aHaJIH3 HCTOpHlJeCKHX C06WTHH 1917 r. npaBwe
3cepbI nOCTOHHHO no.n.MeHHJIH TeH.n.eHUH03HbIMH xapaKTepHcTHKaMH,
pacKaHHHHMH B oWH6Kax H npOClJeTaX, ceTOBaHHHMH Ha He6JIarOnpH-
HTHbIe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, ynpeKaMH, nocTofIHHOH KJIeBeTOH B a.n.pec
60JIbWeBHKoB, OlJepHHTeJIbCTBOM, TpeTHpoBaHHeM, T. e. npHeMaMH,
npHcyw.HMH nOJIHTHlleCKHM 6aHKpOTaM, He cnoc06HbIM K peaJIHCTH4e-
CKHM Ol.leHKaM CBoero nOpa)KeHHH. ECTeCTBeHHO, lJTO TaKOH no.n.-
xo.n. He Mor npHBeCTH K HaYlJHOH KOHl.lenl.lHH peBOJIIOUHH, n03TOMY
Bce BbIBO.n.bI H Ol.leHKH HOCHJIH CJIYlJaHHbIH, npHMHTHBHbIH, Hey6e-
.n.HTeJIbHbIH xa paKTep, lJTO Heo.n.HOKpaTHO OTMellaJIOCb JIeBbIMH 3ce-
paMH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, aKTHBHaH KOHTppeBOJIIOl.lHOHHaH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb
npaBblX 3cepOB npOTHB COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH COlleTaJIaCb C CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOW.HM OCBelll.eHHeM HCTOpHH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH,
CO CTpeMJIeHHeM .n.OKa3aTb IllHpOKHM MaccaM HaCeJIeHHH HeH36e)K-
HOCTb Kpaxa 60JIbIlleBHKOB B CHJIY Y30CTH HX COl.lHaJIbHOH 6a3bl,
YTonHIlHOCTH COl.lHaJIbHOH nporpaMMbI, C03.n.aHHOH HK06bI Ha OCHOBe
«HepeaJIbHO Ol.leHHBaeMOH .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH» 56. 113 HeraTHBHbIX
228
Ol.leHOK napTHH 60JIbIlleBHKOB, Y30CTH HX COUHaJIbHOH 6a3bI .n.eJIaJICH
BbIBO.n. 0 HK06bI CKOpOM na.n.eHHH COBeTCKOH BJIaCTH, 06 06pelJeHHOCTH
peBOJIIOl.lHH Ha rH6eJIb H3-3a ee HecBoeBpeMeHHocTH.
Pa60TaMH 06 OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH 3cepbI nbITaJIHCb YTBep-
.n.HTb H.n.eH 06 onaCHOCTH peBOJIIOUHH, KOTopafI HK06bl 060cTpHeT
KJIaCCOBbIe npoTHBOpelJHH, Tor.n.a KaK cTpaHe HY)KeH KJIaCCOBblH MHp,
KOTOpbIH MorYT .n.aTb COl.lHaJIHCTbI H .n.eMoKpaTbI THna 3cepoB, npH
YCJIOBHH na.n.eHHH COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH. TaKoBa CYTb Bcex 3cepoBcKHX
nHcaHHH 06 OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH, COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH, .n.HKTaType
npOJIeTapHaTa. OHH onpaB.n.bIBaJIH H OTpa)KaJIH HX nOJIHTHlJeCKHe
n03HUHH, HX 60pb6y npoTHB COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH.
OTHoweHHe K OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH JIeBbIX 3cepoB 3aMeTHO
OTJIHlJaJIOCb OT B3rJIH.n.OB H 3HeCOB, H npaBbIx 3cepoB. l1.n.ee «Kpaxa
<l>eBpaJIH» B oKTH6pe JIeBbIe 3cepbI npoTHBonOCTaBHJIH CBOH TpaKToB-
KH, KOTopbIe He OTJIHlJaJIHCb HH 60JIbIllOH rJIy6HHoH OCMbICJIeHHH C06bl-
THH, HH e.n.HHCTBOM B3rJIH.n.OB Ha OKTH6pb. C Bpa)K.n.e6HOCTblO OTHO-
CHJICH K OKTH6plO P. B. I1BaHoB-Pa3YMHHK 57. ,[{PyrHe .n.eHTeJIH 3TOH
napTHH CTapaJIHCb CBH3aTb <l>eBpaJIb H OKTH6pb B e.n.HHoe ueJIoe, He
BH.n.H cyw.eCTBeHHbIX pa3JIHIIHH. 50JIbWHHCTBO JIeBbIX 3cepOB oueHHBa-
JIO OKTH6pb 1917 r. KaK Hapo.n.HYIO, .n.eMoKpaTHlJecKYIO, TPy.n.OBYIO,
COUHaJIbHYIO peBOJIIOl.lHIO B POCCHH 58. O.n.HaKO B 3TH nOHHTHH OHH
BKJIa.n.bIBaJIH BeCbMa Heonpe.n,eJIeHHOe co.n.ep)KaHHe. I1CTOKH OKTH6pH
HM BH.n.eJIHCb He BO BHYTpeHHHX COUHaJIbHO-3KOHOMH4eCKHX npouec-
cax, KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6e B POCCHH HaKaHYHe 1917 r., a B HeCOCTOHTeJIb-
HOCTH BpeMeHHoro npaBHTeJIbCTBa, ero He)KeJIaHHH y.n.oBJIeTBopHTb
HHTepecbI Hapo.n.HbIX Macc, B OTKa3e .n.aTb Hapo.n.y MHp H 3eMJIIO. ,[{JIH
KOHuenUHH JIeBbIX 3cepoB xapaKTepHbl HenOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTb H npo-
THBOpelJHBOCTb, H XOTH B HeH co.n.ep)KaJIHCb HeKoTopbIe BepHbIe B3rJIH-
.n.bl Ha COUHaJIHCTHlJecKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO H ee pOJIb B HCTOpHH, OCHOBbI-
BaJIHCb OHH Ha H po.n.HHlJeCKHX npe.n.cTaBJIeHHHX 0 COl.lHaJIbHOM npo-
rpecce, COUHaJIH3Me H peBOJIIOUHH.
TaK, COUHaJlHCTHllecKHH xapaKTep OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH JIe-
BbIe 3cepbl YCMaTpHBaJIH B B03MO)KHOCTH npoBe.n.eHHH COUHaJIH3aUHH
3eMJIH H pa3BHTHH no COl.lHaJlHCTHlJeCKoMY nYTH. Ee .n.BH)KYW.HMH
CHJIaMH 60JIbWHHCTBO JIeBblX 3cepoB CIIHTaJIO TpY,lI.OBOe KpecTbHHcTBO
H npOJleTa pHaT: «Pa60IlHH KJIaCC H Tpy.n.oBoe KpecTbHHcTBO, cnaHH-
Hble 06W.HMH 3a.n.a lJa MH, HBJIHIOTCH B .n.aHHbIH MOMeHT e.n.HHcTBeHHoH
peaJIbHOH CHJIOH, KOTOpOH .n.OJI)KHO npHHa.n.JIe)KaTb nOJIHTHlJeCKOe roc-
nO,lJ.CTBO, a CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, H BJIaCTb B cTpaHe». Pa3.n.eJIHH 3TH BepHbIe
B3rJlH.n.bI, 3cep KaMKoB CTapaJICH .n.OKa3aTb, lJTO HHKor.n.a B HCTOpHH
He 6bIJIO TaKoro KJIaCCa, KOTOpbIH 6bI Mor OTpa)KaTb HHTepeCbI .n.PyrHx
KJIaCCOB. TaKHM npHeMOM OH XOTeJI onpOBeprHYTb MapKCHCTCKoe
nOHHMaHHe Be.n.YllI.eH pOJIH npOJIeTapHaTa. KaMKoB TlOHHMaJI, lJTO
«npouecc PYCCKOH peBOJIIOl.lHH COBepIlleHHO HCHO onpe.n.eJIHJICH KaK
npouecc COl.lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOrO nepeYCTpOHCTBa 06ll1.eCTBa. rocy.n.ap-
CTBeHHaH BJIaCTb n03TOMY, eCTeCTBeHHO, MO)KeT 6bITb TOJIbKO B PYKax
yrHeTeHHbIX KJIaCCOB - npOJIeTapHaTa H Tpy.n.OBoro KpeCTbHHCTBa».
COBeTbI pa601lHX, KpeCTbHHCKHX, Ka3alJbHX H COJI.n.aTCKHX .n.enYTaTOB
JleBbIe 3cepbI paCCMaTpHBaJIH KaK HCTHHHO Hapo.n.HYIO B.JlaCTb. O.lI.HaKO
229
Bee .n.aJIbHeHWee pa3BHTHe CTpaHbI no COI.l.HaJIHCTHlJeCKOMY nYTH 3ce-
pbI BH.n.eJ1H B YCHJIeHHH pOJIH TPy.n.OBoro KpeCTbHHCTBa, B nepeMeIl.I.e-
HHH, KaK OHH YTBep)K.n.aJIH, COUHaJIbHOH 6a3bI peBOJIIOUHH B .n.epeBHIO 59.
nO.n.06HbIe pacCY)K.n.eHHH 6bIJIH JIOrH4eCKHM HTorOM H.n.eHHoro pa3BH-
THH Hapo.n.HHKOB, YTBep)K.n.aBWHX CBOH HeBepHbIe H.n.eH, OCHOBaHHbIe
Ha Bepe B cnoc06HOCTb KpeCTbHHCTBa npHBeCTH MaCCbI K COUHaJIH3MY.
3TO npO BHJIOCb H B TpaKTOBKax np06JIeM .n.HKTaTypbI npOJIeTapHaTa,
KOTOpylO 60JIbWHHCTBO JIeBWX 3cepOB paCCMaTpHBaJIO KaK HBJIeHHe
OTpHuaTeJIbHOe, He)KeJIaTeJIbHOe H HeHY)KHOe .n.JIH .n.aJIbHeHWero pa3-
BHTHH peBOJIIOUHH B POCCHH. HeCKOJIbKO n03.n.Hee JIeBbIe COI.l.HaJIHCTbI-
peBOJIIOI.l.HOHepbI CTaJIH YTBep)K.n.aTb, 4TO nOCJIe OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIO-
UHH YCTaHOBHJIaCb «.n.HKTaTypa TPy.n.OBOro Hapo.n.a», «.n.HKTaTypa TPY-
.n.HIl.I.HXCH», ,lJ.eMOKpaTH3M KOTOpOH OHH YCMaTpHBaJIH B C04e-
TaHHH nOJIHOTbI BJIaCTH COBeTOB C ee .n.eI.l.eHTpaJIH3aI.l.HeH Ha MeCTax.
HenOHHMaHHe pOJIH npOJIeTapHaTa B COUHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOUHH
npHBo.n.HJIO JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB K MWCJIH, liTO YCTaHOBJIeHHe .n.HKTaTY-
pbI n OJIeTapHaTa rp03HT «CY)KeHHeM COUHaJIbHOH 6a3bI peBOJIIO-
UHH» 0. 3TOT Te3HC 6bIJI npOHBJIeHHeM nOBepXHOCTHoro nOHHMaHHH
np06JIeMbI COlO3a pa60llero KJIaCCa H KpeCTbHHCTBa, He06xo.n.HMoro
.n.JIH pa3BHTHH COI.l.HaJIHCTHlleCKOH peBOJIIOUHH 61, H B TO )Ke BpeMH
JIeBWe 3cepw Hepe.n.KO nHCaJIH 06 3TOM COlO3e Ha cTpaHHuax CBOHX
H3.n.aHHH H .n.a)Ke BbIcTynaJIH npoTHB KaYTcKoro, .n.OKa3bIBaBwero
HeB03MO)KHOCTb COlO3a pa60llero KJIaCCa H KpeCTbHHCTBa 62,
11306pa)KaH ce6H napTHeH, 60pOBweHCH BMeCTe C 60JIbWeBHKaMH
3a COUHaJIH3:vI, 3cepbI He MOrJIH nOHHTb rJIaBHoro: nporpaMMbI H ny-
TeH 60pb6w. HeCJIYlIaHHO OHH BwcTynaJIH npOTHB HaUHOHaJIH3aI.l.HH
6aHKOB H npOMbIWJIeHHOCTH, KOTOpylO B. 11. J1eHHH CIIHTaJI rJIaBHOH
B IIHCJIe Mep COUHaJIHCTH4eCKoro xapaKTepa 63. 3cepOBCKaH JIHTepaTY-
pa 06 OKTH6pe CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIa 06 OTCYTCTBHH Y HHX lIeTKOrO
npe.n.cTaBJIeHHH 0 xapaKTepe .n.BH)KeHHH cTpaHw K.cOI.l.HaJIH3MY no-
CJIe cBepweHHH COI.l.HaJIHCTH4ecKoH peBOJIIOUHH 64.
He Bee MeponpHHTHH peBOJIIOUHOHHOH BJIaCTH npHHHMaJIHCb
H 0.n.06pHJIHCb MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIMH .n.eMOKpaTaMH. OHH OTpHI.l.aTeJIbHO
OTHeCJIHCb K 3aKpblTHIO KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHOH npeCCbI, npOBe.n.eHHIO
Mep no 60pb6e C KOHTppeBOJIIOUHeH H .n.p.65
TaK )Ke npOTHBopellHBO OTHOCHJIHCb JIeBbIe 3cepbI K Bpa)K.n.e6HbIM
CHJIaM, 60POBWHMCH C peBOJIIOI.l.HeH, He nOHHMaH B nOJIHOH Mepe
onaCHOCTH BbIcTynJIeHHH KOHTppeBOJIIOUHH, CTpeMHBweHCH CBeprHYTb
COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb H BepHYTb CTapbIe nopH.n. KH 66.
O.n.HaKO npH Bcex paCXO)K.n.eHHHX Me)K.n.y npa BbIMH H JIeBbIMH
3cepaMH y HHX COXpaHHJIaCb 06Il.I.aH H.n.eHHO-TeopeTHlleCKaH nJIaT-
<popMa, Bpa)K.n.e6HOCTb no OTHoweHHIO K MapKcH3MY. 06 3TOM eIl.I.e
B 1905 r. nHCaJI B. 11. J1eHHH: «CTapHHHoe Hapo.n.HH4ecTBo, no.n.-
HOBJIeHHOe MO.n.HbIM eBponeHcKHM onnopTYHH3MOM... COCTaBJIHeT
BeCb opHrHHaJIbHbIH H.n.eHHbIH 6ara)K TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX COUHaJIHCTOB-
peBOJIIOI.l.HOHepOB» 67. TaK, C pe3KHMH BbIna.n.a MH B a.n.pec Ma pKCH3Ma
BbIcTynaJI n. npOWbHH, 3aHBJIHBWHH, liTO )KH3Hb HK06bI onpOBeprJIa
3TO YlIeHHe, a 60JIbWeBHKH eMY H3MeHHJIH, npH3HaB pOJIb «Tpy.n.OBoro
KpeCTbHHCTBa» 68. npaB.n. a , cpe.n. H JIeBbIX 3cepOB 6bIJIH H TaKHe, KTO
230
3aHHMaJI B 3TOM BOnpOCe HeHTpaJIbHbIe n03HUHH, a n03.n.Hee npH3HaJIH
COBeTCKYIO BVIaCTb H .n.HKTaTYPY npOJIeTapHaTa, OCTaBaHCb npOTHBHH-
KaMH MapKCH'3Ma.
He nblTaHCb BHHKHYTb B JIeHHHcKYIO TeopHIO HMnepHaJIH3Ma H co-
IJ.HaJIHCTHllecKoH peBOJIIOUHH, JIeBbIe 3cepbI rpy60 <PaJIbCH<PHUHpOBaJIH
ee, npHnHCbIBaJIH J1eHHHY TO, liTO OH HHKor.n.a He pa3.n.eJIHJI H He OT-
CTaHBaJI. TaK, TpYTOBCKHH 06BHHHJI B. 11. J1eHHHa B nponaraH.n.e
«cy6'beKTHBHoro MeTo.n.a B COI.l.HOJIOrHH», ynpeKaJI B OTpHuaHHH COIO-
3a pa60llero KJIaCCa H KpeCTbHHCTBa, B HelleTKOCTH n03HUHH, B 6JIaH-
KH3Me H MaKCHMaJIH3Me 69. .
J1eBbIe 3cepbI 60pOJIHCb 3a YTBep)K.n.eHHe CBOHX H.n.eHHbIX n03HI.l.HH,
onHpaHCb Ha Ha po.n.HHlleCKYIO YTonHIO H Bepy B ee OCYIl.I.eCTBJIe-
HHe.
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peTHKOB napTHH '3HeCOB Ha OKTH6pbCKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO H CBH3aHHble
C HeH C06bITHH. KaK H 3cepbI, 3HeCbI BCTpeTHJIH peBOJIIOI.l.HIO Bpa)K.n.e6-
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3KOHOMHileCKoe H .n.YXOBHoe paCKpenOIl.I.eHHe. B OTJIHIlHe OT 3cepOB
OHH 6bIJIH MeHee aKTHBHbI, MeHbwe nHCaJIH, HO CBOHMH BbIcTynJIe-
HHHMH 06 OKTH6pe 3HeCbI nO.llllep)KHBaJIH H.n.eHHo CHJIbI peaKI.l.HH
H KOHTppeBOJIIOUHH.
006e.n.y OKTHOpbCKOH peBOJIIOIJ.HH newexoHoB BoCnpHHHJI KaK
xaoc, pa3pyxy, rH6eJIb rocy.n.apCTBeHHOCTH 70. 06paIl.I.aHCb K npo-
llJIOMY, K C06bITHHM 1906-1907 r., OewexoHoB B cBoeH CTaTbe
«OolleMY MbI Tor.n.a YWJIH? (K Bonpocy 0 nOJIHTHlleCKHX rpynnH-
pOBKax B Ha po.n.HHlIecTBe) » CTpeMHJICH OTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc 0 cy.n.b6ax
Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa. PaCKOJI Hapo.n.HHlIecTBa, BbIpa3HBwHHCH B OTxo.n.e OT
napTHH 3cepoB, 3HeCOB H MaKCHMaJIHCTOB, a 3aTeM JIeBbIX 3cepOB,
06'bHCHHeTcH MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIM xa paKTepOM Bcero Ha po.n.HHllecKoro
HanpaBJIeHHH, TeM He MeHee .n.JIH 60JIbWHHCTBa Hapo.n.HHKOB, TOIl-
Hee ero JIH.n.epOB, OH OCTaBaJICH HeHCHbIM. A Me)K.n.y TeM MHorHe H3
HHX CBH3bIBaJIH paCKOJI C nOpa)KeHHeM Hapo.n.HHlleCKHX napTHH
B 1917 r., C nOTepeH BJIaCTH, KOTOBYIO OHH HMeJIH HaKaHYHe OKTH6pH
B COBeTax H BpeMeHHoM npaBHTeJIbCTBe. npHMellaTeJIbHa H caMa
nOCTaHOBKa np06JIeM newexoHoBbIM, KOTOpblH HallHHaJI CBOIO CTaTblO
C 3aHBJIeHHH 0 TOM, liTO npHIIHHa paCKOJIa, «pa3.n.p06HBwero CHJIbI
Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa» Ha HeCKOJIbKO nOJIHTHlleCKHX napTHH, .n.o CHX nop
MHorHM He HCHa. OTMeTHB, liTO 3TOT npOI.l.eCC npo.n.OJI)KaeTCH
H B 1917 r., 0 lIeM cBH.n.eTeJIbCTBYIOT «nOJIHTHlleCKHe neperpynnH-
POBKH» 71, neweXOHOB nbITaJICH 06'bHCHHTb pa3pbIB rpynnbI «PYCCKO-
ro 60raTCTBa» C COUHaJIHCTaMH-peBOJIIOUHOHepaMH B 1906 r. MeJIKO-
6YP)Kya3HoH npHpo.n.bI Hapo.n.HHKOB newexoHoB H .n.pyrHe He XOTeJIH
HH BH.n.eTb, HH npH3HaBaTb, orpaHHIIHBaHCb B3aHMHbIMH 06BHHeHHH-
MH, npeTeH3HHMH H ynpeKaMH. 3Ta cHTyaUHH, xapaKTepHaH .n.JIH
I
Hapo.n.HHlleCKoro .n.BH)KeHHH B ueJIOM, npOHBJIHJIaCb. ij B pa3JIHlIHH
B3rJIH.n.OB Ha Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBO Hero 6y.n.YIl.I.ee. TaK, npH4HHY yna.n. Ka
Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa, neweXOHOB YCMaTpHBaJI He B npHpo.n.e 3Toro Ha-
npaBJIeHHH, npOHBHBwerOCH oc06eHHO HpKO B 1917 r., a B nOJIHTHKe
60JIbWeBHKoB. «O.n.Ha H3 Ba)KHeHWHX 3a.n.all, KaKHe CTaBHJIO ce6e
231
I
HapO.n.HHlIeCTBO, BCer.n.a COCTOHJIa B TOM, IIT06bI COJIH3HTb/HHTeJIJIHreH-
UHIO C HapO.n.HbIMH MaCCaMH, YMeHbWHTb npOnaCTb rYie)K.n.y HHMH,
KaKaH BbIpbITa 6bIJIa HCTOpHeH. 11 B 3TOM OTHOWeHHH IHapO.n.HHlleCT-
BO, HeCOMHeHHO c.n.eJIaJIO .n.OCTaTOIlHO MHOrO, - BO BCHKOM CJIYlIae
B 3HallHTeJIbHOH lIaCTH HHTeJIJIHreHIJ.HH )KeJIaHHe CJIHTbCH C HapO-
,LI.OM, OT.n.aTb BCe CBOH CHJIbI Ha CJIY)KeHHe eMY 6bIJIO HM BOCnHTaHO».
O.n.HaKO 3TH YTBep)K.n.eHHH 0 )KeJIaHHH CJIY)KHTb Hapo.n.y He COOTBeT-
CTBOBaJIH .n.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, H60 caMaH HHTeJIJIHreHTHaH lIaCTb Ha-
po.n.HHlIeCTBa - JIH.n.epbI H TeopeTHKH Ha po.n.HHlleCKHX na pTHH, 60JIbUle
Bcero KpHllaBWHe 0 JII06BH K Hapo.n.y H BepHOCTH CBoeMY .n.OJIry, H
npe,LI.aJIH ero, BCTaB Ha CTOPOHY npOTHBHHKOB OKTH6pbCKOH peBO-
JIIOUHH.
BMeCTO Toro IIT06bI 06'beKTHBHO npOaHaJIH3HpOBaTb CBOH n03HUHH
H c.n.eJIaTb npaBHJIbHbIe BbIBO.n.bI, Hapo.n.HHKH THna OelleXOHOBa OOBH-
HHJIH 60JIblleBHKOB B Hecnoco6HOCTH npHBJIellb Ha CBOIO CTOPOHY
paOOTHHKOB, «HY)KHbIX TPy.n.OBOMY Hapo.n.y». OnpaB.n.bIBaH H3MeHY
peBOJIIOIJ.HH, OHH H306pa)KaJIH .n.eJIO TaK, CJIOBHO no BOJIe 60JIbWeBHKOB
lIaCTb Hapo.n.HHKOB «nOMHMO CBoero )KeJIaHHH OKa3aJIaCb no .n.pyrylO
CTOPOHY nponaCTH». TaK-GH )Ke He06'beKTHBHbIH xapaKTep HOCHJIH
06'bHCHeHHH B03MO)KHbIX nepcneKTHB napTHH 3HeCOB. BonpeKH pe-
aJIbHbIM <paKTaM, .n.eMOHCTpHpOBaBWHM nOJIHbIH pa3BaJI Hapo.n.HHQeCT-
Ba, OeweXOHOB npo.n.OJI)KaJI TBep.n.HTb, liTO coopaHHbIe napTHeH «HH-
TeJIJIHreHTHbIe CHJIbI CbIrpalOT elll.e CBOIO pOJIb npH opraHH3aIJ.HOHHOH
pa60Te B Maccax» 72.
I1cTopHH He no.n.TBep.n.HJIa 3Toro nporH03a OelleXOHOBa, H60
OKTHopbCKaH peBOJIIOIJ.HH no.n.BeJIa lIepTY no.n. BceH HX .n.eHTeJIb-
HOCTblO.
PaHee y)Ke OTMellaJIOCb, liTO B CBOHX TeopeTHlleCKHX H nporpaM-
MHbIX paOOTax JIH.n.epbI 3HeCOB BeCbMa pe.n.KO ynoMHHaJIH CJIOBO «pe-
BOJIIOUHH», HOO 6bIJIH ee y6e)K.n.eHHbIMH npOTHBHHKaMH, OTCTaHBaH
H 3alll.Hlll.aH «MHpHbIH» nYTb npe06pa30BaHHH 06lll.eCTBa, T. e. pe<pop-
MbI cBepxy. O.n.HaKO <1>eBpaJIbCKaH, a 3aTeM OKTH6pbCKaH peBOJIIOIJ.HH
3aCTaBHJIH 3TY lIaCTb HapO,lI.HHKOB 3a.n.YMaTbCH Ha.n. BonpOCOM 0 TOM,
liTO TaKoe peBOJIIOUHH, B lIeM ee npHIIHHbI, r.n.e ee KOpHH 7 . 3HeCbI OKa-
3aJIHCb COBepweHHO He no.n.rOTOBJIeHHbIMH K nOHHMaHHIO ee xo.n.a
H xapaKTepa, OYPHO pa3BHBaBWHXCH C06bITHH, TeM He MeHee HX
BwcTynJIeHHH BeCbMa HHTepeCHW H .n.JIH 06'bHCHeHHH 3BOJIIOUHH Ha-
po.n.HHlIeCTBa,H .n.JIH nOHHMaHHH B3rJIH.n.OB YllaCTHHKOB H CBH.n.eTeJIeH
HCTopHlleCKHX nepeMeH, nbITaBllHXCH He TOJIbKO OC03HaTb HX CMbICJI,
HO H 06'bHCHHTb IIHTaTeJIHM «PYCCKoro 60raTCTBa» CBoe OTHoweHHe
K npOHcxo.n.HBWHM nOTpHceHHHM.
,L{JIH A. OeTpHlll.eBa, opraHH3aTopa H IIJIeHa UK napTHH 3HeCOB,
peBOJIIOUHH Bo06Il.I.e - HBJIeHHe He)KeJIaTeJIbHOe, TH)KeJIOe H B TO )Ke
BpeMH npH H3BeCTHbIX YCJIOBHHX HeH36e)KHoe. O.n.HaKO C HeH npH-
XO.n.HTCH CIIHTaTbCH, Ha.n. HeH CJIe.n.yeT pa3MbIWJIHTb. B cepHH OllepKOB
o C06bITHHX 1917 r., ony6JIHKOBaHHbIx B «PYCCKOM 60raTcTBe», OeT-
pHlll.eB 3TO H .n.eJIaJI B CBoHcTBeHHoH eMY )KYPHaJIHCTCKOH MaHepe. OH
nHCaJI: «3a.n.oJIro .n.o peBOJIIOIJ.HH B.n.YMIIHBbIe JIIO.n.H, O)KH.n.aH ee, Ha.n.e-
HCb Ha Hee, H .n.a)Ke pa60TaH Ha.n. TeM, IIT06bI OHa npHWJIa B03MO)KHO
232
CKopee, He CKpbIBaJIH, O.lI.HaKO, liTO OlleHb pa.n.bI 6bIJIH 6bI H36e)KaTb
ee, eCJIH 6bI, 3TO 6bIJIO B03MO)KHO. 5bIBalOT HCTopHlleCKHe YCJIOBHH,
npH KOTOpbIX peBOJIIOl.lHH HeH30e)KHa KaK e.n.HHCTBeHHbIH cnaCHTeJIb-
HbIH BbIXO.n.. Ho OHa Bce-TaKH 60JIe3Hb H npHTOM OlleHb TH)KeJIaH».
K IIHCJIY 3THX «J;l.lI.YMIIHBbIX JIIO.n.eH» OTHOCHJIHCb H caMH 3HeCbI, .n.JIH
KOTOpbIX peBOJIIOll.HH Bcer.n.a 6bIJIa He)KeJIaTeJIbHbIM HBJIeHHeM, «TH)Ke-
JIOH 60JIe3HblO».
B OTJIHIlHe OT H.lI.eOJIOrOB .lI.pyrHx TelleHHH Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa 3Hecw
nbITaJIHCb paccY)K.n.aTb 06 06'beKTHBHbIX OCHOBax peBOJIIOll.HH, ee
npoTHBopellHHx, 06 OTHOllIeHHH K peBOJIIOUHH Hapo.n.a, ocooeHHo «HH-
30B». OeTpHlll.eB 06BHHHJI HX B HeBe)KeCTBe, B «TeMHOTe YMOB», B He-
cnoc06HoCTH pa306paTbcH B cBepllIHBllIHXCH C06bITHHX, pa3YMHo BJIH-
HTb Ha HHX, a TeM 60JIee B3HTb BJIaCTb B CBOH PYKH, H60 «cepbI, Herpa-
MOTHbI, HeKYJIbTypHbI». YnpeKaH HH3bI B COUHaJIbHOH HeCOCTOHTeJIbHO-
CTH H orpaHHlIeHHocTH, OeTpHlll.eB .n.eMarorHlleCKH paccY)K.n.aJI:
«Y Hac eCTb B HH3ax JIIO.n.H, KOTOpbIM Xo.n. peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIX C06bI-
THH Ka)KeTCH npOCTOH CMeHOH JIHll., - 6bIJI HHKOJIaH, nOTOM CTaJIH
PO.n.3HHKO, nOTOM JIbBOB, nOTOM KepeHCKHH» 74. 11 XOTH peBOJIIOUHOH-
Hoe TBoplleCTBO Macc .n.a)Ke B H306pa)KeHHH 3HeCOB 6bIJIO B 1917 r. ca-
MbIM y6e.n.HTeJIbHbIM .n.OBO.n.OM B nOJIb3Y HX nOHHMaHHH KJIaCCOBOH
CYlll.HOCTH pa3BHBaBllIHxcH COObITHH, Hecnoc06HOCTH BpeMeHHoro npa-
BHTeJIbCTBa Y.lI.OBJIeTBopHTb TpeooBaHHH Hapo.n.a, OeTpHlll.eB, KaK
H .n.PyrHe 3HeCbI H 3cepbI, CTapaJICH y6e.n.HTb IIHTaTeJIH B TOM, liTO
«.n.aJIeKO CTOHT HeBe)KeCTBeHHbIH YM OT C06bITHH», «nJIOXO OH BH.n.HT
HX», «HeCOBepweHHbI ero opraHbI BocnpHHTHH» H T. n. OH onpaB.n.bI-
BaJI .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb BpeMeHHoro npaBHTeJIbCTBa H TpeTHpOBaJI Maccw,
HanpaCHO )K.n.aBllHe OT Hero pellIHTeJIbHbIX Mep. CTapaHCb 06'bHC-
HHTb CJIO)KHBllIYIOCH B cTpaHe CHTyall.HIO, OH nHCaJI, «liTO Hapo.n.,
lle.n.llHH B peBOJIIOll.HIO H npHHHBllHH ee, Me)K.n.y npOIlHM, BO HMH H.n.eH
"HapO.lI.HOrO npaBJIeHHH", OKa3aJICH B onn03HUHH K peBOJIIOUHOHHOH
BJIaCTH, KOTopaH no He06xo.n.HMOCTH coxpaHHeT a6COJIIOTHCTCKHH,
caMo.n.ep)KaBHbIH xapaKTep». B pacCY)K.n.eHHHX OeTpHw.eBa BonpeKH
<paKTaM BpeMeHHoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO H306pa)KaJIOCb peBOJIIOll.HOHHOH
BJIaCTblO, a Hapo.n., CBepWHBllIHH peBOJIIOll.HIO B <peBpaJIe 1917 r. H ca-
MOOTBep)KeHHO 60pOBllHHCH 3a ee .n.aJIbHeHWee pa3BHTHe, KaK onno-
3Hll.HH «peBOJIIOUHH» KepeHcKoro, T. e. CHJIa HepeBOJIIOll.HOHHaH. rJIaB-
HbIM HTorOM COObITHH 1905-1907 rr. 6bIJIa, no MHeHHIO OeTpHw.eBa,
MbICJIb 0 «Hapo.n.HoM npaBJIeHHH», C KOTOpOH MaCCbI npHWJIH K 1917 r.,
nOJIYIIHBllIaH HK06bI CBoe peaJIbHOe BOnJIOlll.eHHe BO BpeMeHHoM npa-
BHTeJIbCTBe. 11 XOTH 3HeCbI nOCTOHHHO BbI.n.aBaJIH ce6H 3a Hapo.n. HbIX
pa.n.eTeJIeH, 60PUOB 3a Bce06lll.ee ClIaCTbe, o.n.HaKO 3TO He MeWaJIO HM
ynpeKaTb COBeTbI, .n.eHCTBOBaBllIHe npH BpeMeHHOM npaBHTeJIbCTBe,
B TOM, liTO «3TH opraHH3aUHH nOJIYIlHJIH 3HaIlHTeJIbHOe, .lI.a)Ke lJepec-
IIYP 3HallHTeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe Ha .n.eJIa», a MaCCbI - B TOM, liTO OHH He
cnoc06HbI, He YMelOT ynpaBJIHTb CTpaHOH 75. TaK JIH.lI.ep 3HeCOB, H3-
BeCTHbIH .n.eHTeJIb Ha po.n.HHlleCKoro .n.BH)KeHHH XX B. oueHHBaJI peBO-
JIIOUHOHHoe TBoplleCTBO Mace, BbIpa)KaJI CBoe B CYllI.HOCTH Bpa)K.n. e 6-
Hoe OTHOllIeHHe K <1>eBpaJIbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH H ee rJIaBHOMY repolO -
Ha po.n.y.
16 r .lI. AJ1e Kcee sa
233
Co CBOHCTBeHHOH 3HeCaM Ha6JIIO.n.aTeJIbHOCTblO neTPJiIl.I.eB OTMe-
4aJI q,aKT OTpbIBa npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH «peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOH .n. MOKpaTHH»,
T. e. MeJIK06YP)Kya3HbIx .n.eHTeJIeH, OT HapO.lI.a, OTCYTCTBHe «TBep-
.n.OH OnOpbI B HeM». OeTpHIl.I.eB ynpeKaJI HX B Hecnoc06HOCTH peaJIbHO
oueHHTb XO.n. C06bITHH, HK06bI c.n.ep)KHBaeMbIX KYJIbTYPHOH OTCTaJIO-
CTblO CTpaHbi. OH OCY)K.n.aJI .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb 3cepOB H MeHblleBHKOB,
YlIaCTBOBaBWHX B opraHax BJIaCTH, He 3a HX HepelllHTeJIbHOCTb H CO-
rJIaWaTeJIbCTBO C 6YP)Kya3HeH, a 33 IIpe3MepHbIe Ha.n.e)K.n.bI Ha B03-
MO)KHOCTb YCTaHOBJIeHHH .n.eMOKpaTHH. «11 3TH .lI.eHTeJIH, - nHCaJI
neTpHw.eB 06 3cepax H .lI.pyrHx JIeBOHapO.lI.HHKax, - nOHHMaH, liTO Ha-
po.n. He rOTOB H He CKJIOHeH H.n.TH 3a HHMH, OTHOCHTCSI K HeMY nO.lI.03pH-
TeJIbHO, npe.n.nOJIaralOT B HeM KOHTppeBOJIIOUHOHHYIO onaCHOCTb».
ECTecTBeHHo, B03HHKJIO CTpeMJIeHHe K .lI.HKTaType, K «opraHH3aUHH
peBOJIIOUHOHHOH .n.eMOKpaTHH», K HeorpaHHlIeHHOH a6COJIIOTHOH
BJIaCTH aKTHBHoro peBOJIIOIJ.HOHHOro MeHbWHHCTBa, IIT06bI POCCHIO,
HBHO He no.n.rOTOBJIeHHYIO K «uapCTBY COUHaJIH3Ma», HaCHJIbCTBeHHO,
3a YWH BTaIl.I.HTb, eC:TIH He B 3TO IJ.apCTBO, TO XOTb B npe.n..n.BepHe K He-
MY». CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, .n.a)Ke nOJIOBHHllaTbIe HepelllHTeJIbHble .n.eHCT-
BHH 3cepOB nOCJIe <1>eBpaJIbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH oCY)K.n.aJIHCb 3HecaMH KaK
HeHY)KHbIe, IIpe3MepHbIe, onaCHbIe .n.JIH CTpaHbI H «HopMaJIbHOrO xo.n.a
Be Il.I.eH» 76.
AJIbTepHaTHBa CJIO)KHBweMYCH oopa3Y npaBJIeHHH B 1917 r.,
T. e. .n.BoeBJIaCTHIO, npH KOTOpOM COBeTbI nOCTOSlHHO C.lI.aBaJIH CBOH
n03HUHH, ooecnellHBaH TeM caMbIM YCTaHOBJIeHHe .n.HKTaTypbI 6YP)KY-
a3HH, OeTpHw.eBY BH.n.eJIaCb B TOM, IIT06bI BOKpyr npaBHTeJIbCT-
Ba CnJIOTHJIOCb «JIHWb oopa30BaHHoe H rocy.n.apCTBeHHO HaCTpoeH-
Hoe MeHbWHHCTBO HaIJ.HH». ,[{JIH TaKOH rpOMa.n.HOH CTpaHbI, KaK POC-
CHH, «3Ta .n.eMOKpaTHlleCKaH no y6e)K.n.eHHSlM, peaJIHCTHlleCKH H rocy-
.n.apCTBeHHO MbICJIHIl.I.aH lIaCTb 06pa30BaHHoro MeHbWHHCTBa OlleHb He
BeJIHKa H He OlleHb CHJIbHa». Ero n03HUHH <paKTHlleCKH HHlleM He
OTJIHllaJIaCb OT Ka.n.eTCKOH. 3TO ObIJIO TO caMoe «MeHbWHHCTBO Ha-
UHH», KOTopoe npe.n.CTaBJIHJIH paHee rocno.n.CTBOBaBWHe KJIaCCbI,
H BJIaCTb KOTOpbIX nOJIHOCTblO HCKJIlOllaJIa YllaCTHe Hapo.n.a B ynpaBJIe-
HHH CTpaHOH. TaK «HHHUHaTHBHoe MeHbWHHCTBO» npeBpaTHJIOCb
B «oopa30BaHHoe» rocno.n.CTBYIOw.ee MeHbWHHCTBO, .n.JIH KOToporo
Hapo.n. CTaJI He06Y3.n.aHHOH CTHXHeH, TOJInOH, pa3pywalOIl.I.eH Bee Ha
CBoeM nYTH K «Hapo.n.OBJIaCTHIO».
TaKOB JIOrHlleCKHH HTor paCCY)K.n.eHHH 3Heca OeTpHIl.I.eBa, npo.n.e-
MOHCTpHpOBaBwero CBoe pe3KO OTpHIJ.aTeJIbHOe OTHoweHHe K <1>eB-
paJIbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH, KOTopaH no CBoeMY co.n.ep)KaHHIO 60JIee Bcero
COOTBeTCTBOBaJIa KJIaCCOBOH npHpo.n.e 3HeCOB KaK MeJIKooYP)Kya3HbIx
.n.eMOKpaTOB. O.n.HaKO .n.JIH HHX H 3Ta peBOJIIOIJ.HH OKa3aJIaCb CJIHWKOM
«peBOJIIOUHOHHOH», npHBe.n.weH 06Il.I.eCTBO K «6ec<popMeHHOMY H xao-
THlleCKOMY», K «6eCCBH3HOMY H paCCbInaHHOMY» COCTOHHHIO, K pa3-
rYJIY CTHXHH, K «COUHaJIbHOMY nO)Kapy», KOTOpbIH, no MHeHHIO OeTpH-
Il.I.eBa, HHKOMY He HY)KeH H onaceH 77. MaCCbI BbIWJIH H3 nOBHHO-
BeHHH H KpHlIaT: «,[{OJIOH npaBHTeJIbCTBO, .n.OJIOH COBeTbI, .n.OJIOH Ka-
KHX-TO 6YP)KyeB». Oc06eHHO B03MYW.aJIO OeTpHIl.I.eBa TaKoe Ha-
CTpoeHHe Mace, KOTopoe «lIpe3BbIlJaHHO 6JIarOnpHHTHO .n.JIH 60JIbWe-
234
BHCTCKHX OpaTOpOB». C OC060H .n.OCa.n.OH H pa3.n.pa)KeHHeM OH KOH-
CTaTHpOBaJI TO, liTO «Ha 3TOM nOnpHIl.I.e 60JIbWeBHCTCKHe OpaTOpbI
nOlJTH He HMelOT conepHHKOB». OTMellaH BeCbMa Ba)KHbIe .n.JIH no-
HHMaHHH peBOJIIOI.l.HH B POCCHH <paKTbI, H oc06eHHO ee BceHapo.n.-
HbIH xapaKTep, pOJIb 60JIbWeBHKOB, B03rJIaBHBWHX 60pb6y, 3aBep-
WHBWYIOCH n06e.n.OH npOJIeTapHaTa B oKTH6pe 1917 r., neTpHllI.eB
H .n.pyrHe Hapo.n.HHKH 3Toro TelleHHH He CMOrJIH 06'bHCHHTb peaJIb-
HbIH Xo.n. C06bITHH, nOpa)KeHHe MeJIK06YP)Kya3Hblx .n.eMOKpaTOB.
neTpHIl.I.eBY peBOJIIOIJ.HH BH.n.eJIaCb JIHWb KaK «)Ka)K.n.a Hapo.n.Horo
npaBJIeHHH», coe.n.HHeHHaH C «TeMHOTOIO» Macc, npeBpaw.eHHe POC-
CHH B «MY)KHUKYIO CTpaHY» 78.
l{a)Ke <PeBpaJIbCKaH peBOJIIOUHH npH BceM ee OrpaHHlJeHHOCTH
H HepeweHHOCTH Ba)KHeHWHX 3a.n.all, «6eCKpOBHOCTH» He YCTpaH-
BaJIa 6bIBWHX JIH6epaJIbHbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB, HcnyraBwHxCH pa3Maxa
peBOJIIOUHOHHoro .n.BH)KeHHH, peWHTeJIbHOCTH Hapo.n.HbIX Macc B 1917 r.
OpaBoMY KpbIJIY Hapo.n.HHlIecTBa HMnoHHpOBaJI JIHWb MHPHbIH, cno-
KOHHbIH nYTb pa3BHTHH, KOTOpbIM, no HX MHeHHIO, Mor npHBecTH
K HY)KHbIM cTpaHe H3MeHeHHHM. 06pa3uoM .n.JIH no.n.pa)KaHHH OHH
CIIHTaJIH eBponeHcKHe CTpaHbI. 113BecTHbIH B. B. (B. n. BOpOHl..lOB)
nHCaJI no 3TOMY nOBO.n.y: «rocy.n.apCTBeHHwe npe06pa30BaHHH B eB-
poneHcKHx cTpaHax yrJIYOJIHJIHCb nOCTeneHHO, Hapo.n.HbIe npaBa
H cB060.n.bI paClliHpHJIHCb nOCTeneHHO, no Mepe Toro, KaK TPy.n.H-
Il.I.HeCH KJIaCCbI HaYIlHJIHCb JIYllwe nOHHMaTb 06w.ecTBeHHbIe OTHO-
weHHH, JIYlllle opraHH30BbIBaJIHCb, CTaJIH nOCbIJIaTb B napJIa-
MeHT y)Ke HaCTOHIl.I.HX CBOHX npe.n.cTaBHTeJIeii; a 3TH npe.n.CTaBH-
TeJIH 6bIJIH y)Ke HaCTOJIbKO 06pa30BaHHbI, lJTO MOrJIH He TOJIbKO
3aHBJIHTb 0 HY)K.n.ax Hapo.n.a, HO H YlJaCTBOBaTb B COCTaBJIeHHH 3a-
KOHOB». l1.n.eaJI .n.JIH Ha pO.n.HHKOB THna BOpOHUOBa - npe06pa30Ba-
HHe caMo.n.ep)KaBHOrO rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro CTpOH «He MaJIOCBe.n.Ylll.H-
MH B rocy.n.apCTBeHHbIX .n.eJIax Tpy.n.Hlll.HMHCH MaccaMH, a npOCBe-
w.eHHOH 6YP)Kya3HeH». OOCTeneHHbIe pe<popMbI, npOBe.n.eHHbIe 6yp-
)Kya3HeH, - TaKOB H.n.eaJI JIH6epaJIbHbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB, nOJIHOCTblO
COBna.n.aBWHH C Ka.n.eTCKHMH B033peHHHMH Ha pa3BHTHe POCCHH
H ee 6y.n.YIl.I.ee. 11 XOTH Bee 3TH pa3MbIWJIeHHH 3HeCOB npHKpbIBa-
JIHCb rpOMKHMH CJIOBaMH 0 TOM, liTO «peBOJIIOUHOHHbIe napTHH Ha
nepBoe MeCTO BbI.n.BHraJIH HHTepeCbI Tpy.n.HIl.I.erOCH Ha po.n.a H Tpe60-
BaJIH .n.JIH Hapo.n.a 3eMJIH H BOJIH», TeM He MeHee aHTH.n.eMOKpaTH4e-
CKaH, aHTHHapo.n.HaH CYIl.I.HOCTb Bcex 3THX BbIcTynJIeHHH 06HapY)KH-
JIaCb B 1917 r. B nOJIHOH Mepe. TaKoBa 6bIJIa H.n.eMHaH 3BOJIIOl.lHH
npaBoro KpbIJIa Hapo.n.HHlIecTBa, .n.OBe.n.eHHaH .n.o 3Toro peaJIbHOrO
HTora JIOrHKOH KJIaCCOBOH 60pb6bI, 3aBepwHBweHcH <PeBpaJIbCKOH,
a 3aTeM OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHeH. «11 BOT PYCCKHH Hapo.n. OlJYTHJICH
B.n.pyr 6e3 BCHKOH BJIaCTH, nOJIY4HJI nOJIHYIO CB060.n.y, H eMY - He-
Be)KeCTBeHHOMY H HeopraHH30BaHHOMY - npe.n.CTaJIa BeJIHKaH 3a.n.alJa
BbInOJIHHTb B 6JIH)KaHWee BpeMH TaKoe npe06pa30BaHHe rocy.n.ap-
CTBeHHoro 6bITa, KaKoe B .n.pyrHx rocy.n.apCTBax BbInOJIHHJIOCb B TelJe-
HHe MHorHX .n.eCHTHJIeTHH H BbInOJIHHJIOCb OHO TaM He O.n.HHM TOJIbKO
npOCTblM Ha pO.n.OM, a no.n. PYKOBO.n.CTBOM npOCBelll.eHHOH 6YP)Kya-
3HH» 79, - nHCaJI BopOHl..lOB.
16*
235
PeBOJIIOUHOHHbIe C06bITHH 1917 r. B nOJIHOH Mepe paCKpbIJIH cYIl.I.-
HOCTb npaBoro KpWJIa Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa, npe.n.cTaBHTeJIH KOToporo BW-
cTynHJIH B JIarepe npoTHBHHKOB peBOJIIOUHH. npOH30WJIO HMeHHO TO,
o 4eM nHCaJIH MapKCHCTbI elll.e B 80-90-e ro.n.bI XIX B.: JIH6epaJIbHbIe
Ha pO.n.HHKH 3aw.Hw.aJIH HHTepeCbI He Hapo.n.a, a c06CTBeHHHKOB, Bpa)K-
.n.e6HbIX B CHJIY CBoeH KJIaCCOBOH npHpo.n.bI peBOJIIOl.lHOHHOMY OCBO-
(0)K.n.eHHIO Mace. B YCJIOBHHX KJIaCCOBbIX 6HTB 1917 r. OHH OTKpbI-
TO BCTaJIH Ha CTOPOHY peaKUHH. HeraTHBHaH Ol..leHKa <PeBpaJIbCKOH
peBOJIIOl.lHH nepepOCJIa 3aTeM BO Bpa)K.n.e6Hoe OTHoweHHe K n06e.n.e
npOJIeTapHaTa B OKTH6pe 1917 r. ECJIH CBep)KeHHe caMo.n.ep)KaBHH
pacueHHBaJIOCb 3HecaMH KaK pacna.n. rocy.n.apCTBa 80, TO JIHKBH.n.aUHH
BJIaCTH 6YP)Kya3HH KaK KOHeu H Hey.n.a4a peBOJIIOUHH, ee nOJIHOe no-
pa)KeHHe. OKTH6pb - 3TO 3ary6JIeHHbIH <PeBpaJIb. npHIIHHbI TaKoro
pa3BHTHH C06bITHH MHKOTHHY BH.n.eJIHCb B YTOMJIeHHH Hapo.n.a Tpex-
JIeTHeH BOHHOH, HH3KOM KYJIbTypHOM ypOBHe Bcex CJIOeB HaCeJIe-
HHH, B Hecnoc06HOCTH .n.BoeBJIaCTHH OKa3aTb nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOe BJIHHHHe
Ha Xo.n. peBOJIIOUHH, npOTHBOCTOHHHH COBeTOB H BpeMeHHoro npaBH-
TeJIbCTBa. DOJIbWeBHKH BocnpHHHMaJIHCb KaK opraHH3aTopbI y.n.aIlHO-
ro BoeHHoro 3arOBopa, a HOBaH BJIaCTb - KaK .n.HKTaTypa COBeTOB,
KaK «MY)KHUKaH .n.HKTaTypa». Oooe.n.a 60JIbWeBHKOB 06'bHCHHJIaCb HX
YMeJIbIMH .n.eHCTBHHMH H OlliH6KaMH .n.PyrHx na PTHH, OKa3aBWHXCH He
B COCTOHHHH HM npOTHBOCTOHTb, 3aBoeBaTb .n.OBepHe H nonYJIHpHOCTb
Mace. [JIaBHOH lIepTOH OKTH6pbCKOH peBOJIIOUHH MHKOTHH CIIHTaJI
npe06JIa.n.aHHe «MeCTHbIX, KJIaCCOBbIX .H JIHIIHbIX HHTepeCOB Ha.n. HHTe-
pecaMH 06ll1.erocy.n.apCTBeHHbIMH H 06w.eHapo.n.HbIMH». OH ynpeKaJI
60JIbWeBHKOB B nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTH OCYlll.eCTBJIeHHH HX 3aMbICJIOB
H npHMOJIHHeHHOCTH, B 3aw.HTe KJIaCCOBbIX, a He 06W.HX HHTepeCOB,
B co.n.eHCTBHH pa3BHTHIO ueHTp06e)KHbIX, a He ueHTpOCTpeMHTeJIbHbIX
CHJI, B Hecnoc06HOCTH pa60llero KJIaCCa K «caMoorpaHHlIeHHIO» H «ca-
MOnO)KepTBOBaHHIO» BO HMH «06Il.I.eHapo.n.Horo 6JIara».
COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBOHM Hapo.n.HHlleCKHM npe.n.CTaBJIeHHHM OH BH-
.n.eJI BbIXO.n. H3 C03.n.aBwerOCH nOJIO)KeHHH Ha nYTH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH
«BO BceH ee 4HCTOTe H HenpHKOCHOBeHHOCTH H.n.eH 06Il.I.eHapo.n.Horo
6JIara, H.n.eH 06ll1.eHapo.n.HOH BOJIH, H.n.eH Hapo.n.OBJIaCTHH». MHKOTHH
npH3bIBaJI PYCCKYIO HHTeJIJIHreHUHIO He YHH4TO)KaTb nJIo.n.bI «BeKOBoro
rocy.n.apCTBeHHoro CTpOHTeJIbCTBa». 3HeCbI OCY)K.n.aJIH COrJIaWeHHe
JIeBbIX 3cepOB C 60JIbWeBHKaMH H C03.n.aHHe KOaJIHUHOHHoro npaBH-
TeJIbCTBa, KOTOPOMY npOTHBonOCTaBJIHJIaCb H.n.eH YlIpe.n.HTeJIbHOrO
c06paHHH KaK opraH no.n.JIHHHOrO Hapo.n.OBJIaCTHH 81. OeTpHw.eB npH-
3HaBa.a, liTO .n.eHTeJIbHOCTb COBeTOB KaK opraHOB BJIaCTH pa3BHBaJIaCb
no 60JIbWeBHCTCKOH JIHHHH. «3TO 6bIJIa JIHHHH J1eHHHa». C HenpH-
H3HblO OTMellaJIOCb 60JIbWOe BJIHHHHe 60JIbWeBHKOB Ha MaCCbI. Ho-
BbIH nepHO.n. B B03MO)KHOM pa3BHTHH peBOJIIOUHH OeTpHw.eB YCMaT-
pHBaJI B nOHCKe nYTH «B CTOPOHY Hapo.n.OBJIaCTHH», KOTopoe HK06w
H36aBHT CTpaHY OT xaoca H .n.HKTaTYpw. npH 3TOM UHTHpOBaJIHCb
H3BeCTHbIe CJIOBa KepeHCKoro 0 TOM, 4TO B 1917 r. POCCHH npeBpaTH-
JIaCb B cTpaHY «B36YHToBaBwHxcH pa60B» 82.
H3 Bcero CKa3aHHoro BH.n.HO, liTO B KOHuenUHH 3HeCOB nepenJIeTa-
JIHCb H C04eTaJIHCb oueHKH C06blTHH 1917 r., CBoHcTBeHHbIe, C O,lI.HOH
236
CTOpOHbI, npaBbIM 3cepaM, a C .n.pyroH - Ka.n.eTaM, liTO elll.e pa3 no.n.-
TBep)K.n.aJIO JIeHHHCKHe BbICKa3bIBaHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6JIH30CTH 3Toro
Te4eHHH Hapo.n.HH4eCTBa JIH6epaJIbHOH 6YP)Kya3HH.
AHaJIH3 B3rJIH.n.OB npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH pa3JIHlJHbIX nOJIHTHlJeCKHX nap-
THH Ha OKTH6pbCKYIO peBOJIIOUHIO y6e)K.n.aeT Hac B HX 60JIbWOM pa3HO-
06pa3HH npH 06ll1.HOCTH HCXO.n.HbIX TeopeTH4eCKHX n03Hl..lHH, CBOH-
CTBeHHWX Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBY. O.n.HaKO 3TH MHpOB033peH4eCKHe OCHOBW
6bIJII1 OKOHlJaTeJIbHO pa3pyweHbI peBOJIIOUHOHHbIMH nOTpHceHHHMH
1917 r., liTO npH3HaJIH caMH Hapo.n.HHKH. TaK, O.n.HH H3 BH.n.HbIX .n.eHTe-
JIeH JIeBbIX 3cepOB r. 11. 3aKC, BbIcTynaBwHH OT HMeHH napTHH Ha-
PO.n.HHKOB-KOMMYHHCTOB, nHCaJI, liTO OKTH6pb y6e.n.HTeJIbHO nOKa3aJI
HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb 3cepOBCKHX B033peHHH, HX onaCHOCTb .n.JIH peBO-
JIIOI..I.HH, npH3bIBaJI K OTKa3Y OT H.n.eH COUHaJIH3aUHH. OT Hapo.n.HH-
lIeCTBa 6bIJIOrO, «60eBoro, peBOJIIOUHOHHoro, CTaBHBwero ce6e Kpyn-
HbIe HCTOpHlJeCKHe 3a.n.a 4H. . . He OCTaJIOCb H CJIe.n.a» 83. H XOTH He Bee
Hapo.n.HHKH 6bIJIH CTOJIb KaTeropHIIHbI, TeM He MeHee no.n.06HbIe q,aKTbI
CBH.n.eTeJIbCTBOBaJIH 0 MHorOM: 3TO 6WJIO OC03HaHHe HCTopH4eCKoro
nOpa)KeHHH Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBa, HacTynHBwero nOCJIe .n.OJIrHX nOHCKOB,
KOJIe6aHHH H pa304apOBaHHH, nOCJIe rpOMa.n.HbIX oWH60K H )KepTB,
3aBepWHBWHXCH KpaXOM. 3TO 6bIJIa 60JIbWaH Tpare.n.HH MHorHX H3
BI1.n.HbIX .n.eHTeJIeH H HapOJI.HHlJeCTBa, OKa3aBWHXCH 6aHKpOTaMH B CH-
JIY HenOHHMaHHH npOHcxo.n.HBWHX B CTpaHe C06bITHH, Hecnoc06HOCTH
CTaTb Bblpa311TeJIHMH HHTepeCOB KpeCTbHHCTBa B YCJIOBHHX .n.HKTaTypbI
npOJIeTapHaTa H BJIHTbCH B HOBbIe COI..I.HaJIbHbIe CTPYKTypbI. KpecTbHH-
CTBO nOTepHJIO H.n.eOJIOrOB, MHorHe H3 Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHX .n.eHTeJIeH nepe-
CTaJIH HrpaTb pOJIb nOJIHTH4eCKHX JIH.n.epOB, a HeKOTopble OKa3aJIHCb
B 3MHrpaUHH, He )KeJIaH COTpy.n.HHlIaTb C COBeTCKOH BJIaCTblO. no-
pa)KeHHe H Kpax Hapo.n.HH4eCTBa CBH3aHbI H C .n.pyroH Ba)KHOH npo-
6JIeMOH - C nepcneKTHBOH YTBep)K.n.eHHH B CTpaHe o.n.HonapTHHHOH
CHCTeMbI, H60, nOTepneB nOpa)KeHHe H npH3HaB COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb 3a-
w.HTHHl.leH HHTepeCOB Hapo.n.a, JIeBbIe Hapo.n.HHKH - lJJIeHbI napTHH
JIeBbIX 3cepOB, Hapo.n.HHKH-KOMMYHHCTbI H peBOJIIOl..lHOHHbIe KOMMYHH-
CTbI .n.06pOBOJIbHO, no c06CTBeHHOMY )KeJIaHHIO, 6e3 KaKOrO-JIH60
,LlaBJIeHHH BOWJIH B COCTaB PKn (6).
CJIe.n.oBaTeJIbHO, «nOJIHbIH H.n.eHHbIH Kpax» (CJIOBa B. 11. J1eHHHa)
Ha po.n.HHlJecTBa B POCCHH HacTynHJI B 1917 r. H 6bIJI CBH3a H C n06e.n.oH
npOJIeTapCKoH peBOJIIOUHH. OH npOHBHJICH B 06pa30BaHHH pa3JIH4HblX
T04eK 3peHHH Ha C06bITHH 1917 r. H nepcneKTHBbI pa3BHTHH cTpaHbl
no COI..I.HaJIHCTHllecKoMY nYTH; B npoTHB060pcTBe JIH.n.epoB H TeopeTH-
KOB pa3JIH4HbIX Hapo.n.HHllecKHx TelleHHH, B H.n.eHHoH KOH<PpoHTal.lHH,
OTpa)KaBWeH He npOCTO pa3JIH4HbIe n03Hl.lHH, KaK 3TO 6bIJIO paHbwe,
a OCTPYIO H.n.eHHYIO 60pb6y no BonpocaM peBOJIIOUHH H COl.lHaJIH3Ma;
B C6JIH)KeHHH n03HUHH JIeBbIX Hapo.n.HHKOB C 60JIbWeBHKaMH, liTO
HBHJIOCb OCHOBOH .n.JIH 3aKJIIOlJeHHH COrJIaWeHHH, a 3aTeM HX .n.06po-
BOJIbHOrO BCTynJIeHHH B napTHIO 60JIbWeBHKOB; B npH3HaHHH caMH-
MH Hapo.n.HHKaMH OWH60lJHOCTH HX TeopeTH4eCKOH .n.OKTpHHbI, napTHH-
HOH nporpaMMbI H TaKTHKH, HX nOJIHTHKH B 1917 r., a 3aTeM B nepHo.n.
rpa)K.n.aHcKoH BOHHbI H HHTepBeHUHH; COKpaIl.I.eHHe MacwTa60B BJIHH-
HHH Hapo.n.HH4ecKoH H.n.eOJIOrHH cpe.n.H pa3JIH4HWX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH,
237
WHpOKoe paCnpOCTpaHeHHe MapKCH3Ma HerO YTBep)K.n.eHHe B KalleCT-
Be e.n.HHCTBeHHOH TeopeTHlleCKOH .n.OKTpHHbI; OTKa3 JIH.n.epOB H Teope-
THKOB Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa OT .n.aJIbHeHWeH pa3paOOTKH TeopeTH4eCKOH
nJIaTQ:>opMbI KpeCTbHHCKOH .n.eMOKpaTHH. nOHHTb H npHHHTb Map-
KCH3M (K lJeMY Heo.n.HOKpaTHO npH3WBaJI B. 11. J1eHHH) OHHIHe 3a-
XOTeJIH, a C03.n.aTb CBOIO, HOBYIO TeopHIO He CMOrJIH. DOJIblleBHKH )Ke
B JIHue Hapo.n.HHKOB nOTepHJIH .n.OCTaTOlJHO «3JIbIX» onnOHeHTOB H npo-
THBHHKOB, liTO BnOCJIe.n.CTBHH OTpa3HJIOCb Ha pa3BHTHH MapKCH3Ma
B POCCHH. TaKOB ObIJI peaJIbHbIH HTor H.n.eHHOH 3BOJIIOUHH H Kpaxa
Hapo.n.HHlJeCKOH .n.OKTpHHbI, cyw.eCTBOBaBweH B POCCHH OOJIee nOJIYBeKa
B BH.n.e TeopeTHlleCKOH OCHOBbI H.n.eOJIOrHH KpeCTbHHCKOH .n.eMOKpaTHH.
I CM.: ryceB K. B. Kpax napTHH JIeBbIX 9cepoB. M., 1963. C. 80-90
2 CM.: HenpOJIeTapCKHe napTHH POCCHH: YpOK HCTOpHH. M., 1984 C. 253-260, 294-
305, 307-309.
3 COpOKUH n. A. CHCTeMa COLI.HOJIOrHH. nr., 1920. T. I. COLI.HaJIbHaH aHaJIHTHKa, 4. I:
YlIeHHe 0 cTpoeHHH npocTeHwero (pO.LI.OBoro) COLI.HaJIbHOrO HBJIeHHH; T. II: Co-
LI.HaJIbHaH aHaJIHTHKa, 1I. II: YlIeHHe 0 cTpoeHHH CJIO)KHbIX COLI.HaJIbHbIX arperaTOB.
B 1923 r. 9Ta pa60Ta BbIWJIa B npare B COKpalll.eHHOM BH.LI.e.
4 TaM )Ke. T. I. C. 44.
5 nO.n.p06Hee 06 9TOM CM.: CnupuHa M. B. Kpax MeJIK06YP)Kya3HoH KOHLI.enLI.HH co-
LI.HaJIH3Ma 9cepoB. M, 1987. C. 59-89.
6 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 39. C. 139,416; T. 40. C. 13.
7 TaM )Ke. C. 446.
8 CM.: 5ypeBou K. / K. C. ConllflKoB j. Pacna.LI.. 1918-1922 rr M., 1923. C. 81-86.
9 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 40. C. 18.
10 nO.LI.p06Hee CM.: AlleKceeBa r. p'. KpHTHKa 9cepoBcKoH KOHLI.enLI.HH OKTH6pbCKOH
peBOJIIOLI.HH. M., 1989. C. 138-146, 179-190.
II CM.: lJepHoB B. M. BOHHa H «TpeTbH CHJIa». nr., 1917. C. 15-17, 39-40.
12 3allerHbtU A. / r. CPo YcruHoBj. 06 06'be.LI.HHeHHH MaKCHMaJIHCTOB H JIeBbIX 9ce-
pOB / / MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1918. N2 24.
13 TaM )Ke. C. 28.
14 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 39. C. 87.
15 TaM )Ke. C. 156.
16 TaM )Ke. C. 157.
17 TaM )Ke. C. 44.
18 TaM )Ke. C. 59-60.
19 TaM )Ke. C. 139.
20 TaM )Ke. C. 144.
21 CM.: 3eH3UHOB B. M. JJ.HKTaTypa HJIH HapO.LI.OBJIaCTHe / / HapO.LI.OBJIaCTHe. 1918. N22
C. 21; JIYHKeBUtf, B. Ha CBoeM nocTY / / JJ.eJIo. 1919. ,N'2 I. C. I; COBpeMeHHbIH MO-
MeHT B OLI.eHKe napTHH COLI.HaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOLI.HOHepoB. napH)K, 1919. C. 22.
22 MaKCHMaJIHCT. 1921. N220; 1918. N27; BOJIH HapO.LI.a. 1918. 15 MaH.
23 CM.: BblcTynJIeHHe 5a6YWKH (E K. 5peWKOBCKOH) Ha IV C'be3.LI.e napTHH 9cepoB
(29 HOH6pH 1917 r.) / / .lleJIo HapO.LI.a. 1918. I .LI.eK.
24 BOJIH HapO.LI.a. 1918. 15 MaH.
25 CM.: netuexOHOB A. B. nOlle MY H He 9MHrpHpOBaJI. 5epJIHH, 1923. C. 21.
26 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 34. C. 83-84.
27 lJepHoB B. BOHHa H «TpeTbH CHJIa». C. 4, 30 H .LI.p.
28 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 34. C. 82.
29 TaM )Ke. T. 40. C. 207.
30 CM. 06 9TOM B KH.: )/(YKOB A. CPo l1.LI.eHHO-nOJIHTHlIeCKHH Kpax 9cepoBcKoro MaKCHMa-
JIH3Ma. Jl., 1979. C. 46-63.
31 CBerllOB CPo 3a.LI.allH MaKCHMaJIHCTOB H TeKYUJ.HH MOMeHT / / MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1918
N2 I.
32 TaM me; CBeriloB cP, n06e.n.a TpY.LI.a / / TaM )Ke. N2 2; N2 II; 8.
238
33
nOIlRHCKUU H. A. OpraHH3aLI.HH BJIaCTH I I MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1918. NQ 20-24; NQ 31.
34 MaKCHMaJIHCT. 1918. NQ 31, 32.
35 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 39. C. 272.
36 CM.: MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1918. NQ 3; 18; 26.
37 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 39. C. 122.
38 MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1919. NQ 8/9. C. 15.
C TaKHMH )Ke HJI.eHMH PHBKHH BbIcTynHJI 8 CTaTbe «nYTb K HJI.eaJIY (OcB060)KJI.eHHe
JIHlIHOCTH)>>. CM.: MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1919. NQ 14/15. C. 3-12, 16.
39 TaM )Ke. C. 4, 7, 12, 16-19,21.
40 MaKCHMaJIHCT. 1919. NQ 8/9. C. 21, 22.
41 CM.: KOllbCKUU H. K neperOBopaM C napTHeH COLI.HaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOLI.HOHe-
pOB I I MaKCHMaJIHcT. 1919. NQ 8/9. C. 23; 5. a. K Bonpocy 06'b8JI.HHeHHH peBOJIIOLI.H-
oHHo-Hapo.nHHlIecKHx CHJI I I TaM )Ke. NQ 13. C. 3, 4; HecrpoeB r. focYJI.apCTBO
H nepeXOJI.HbIH nepHOJI. I I TaM )Ke. 1920. NQ 14/15. C. 13-14 H JI.p.
42 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 45. C. 145; T. 39. C. 169.
43 CM.: PaKurHUKOB H. MapKC H PyccKaH peBOJIIOLI.HH: (K 100-JIeTHIO CO JI.HH pO)KJI.e-
HHH) II.lleJIo HapOJI.a. 1918.4 MaH.
44 HBaHOB-Pa3YMHUK P. B. foJI. PYCCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH. nr., 1918. C. 18 113 HeJI.aBHero
npOWJIoro. nr., 1918. C. 174.
45 CM.: rU3erru A. 50pb6a CO CTap1WJM npaBHTeJIbCTBOM H nepeBopoT 27 cf>eBpaJIH
1917 r. JleKLI.HH I, 2. C. 23-25 H JI.p.
46 CM.: foJI. PYCCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH. C6. CTaTeH. nr., 1918.
47 JIeHuH B. H. OOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 40. C. 23.
48 TaM )Ke. T. 34. C. 193.
49 P03eH61l1OM p.. C. COLI.HaJIbHO-nCHXOJIOrHlIeCKHe OCHOBbI 60JIbWeBH3Ma I I 50JIbWe-
BHKH Y BJIaCTH. nr., 1918. C. 6-9.
50 CM.: Ha nepeBaJIe I I fPHJI.YllI.HH .neHb. 1919. NQ I. C. 1-2; JIYHKeBUtf, B. 0 HaWHX
JI.HHX I I MbICJIb. M., 1918. NQ I. C. 173 H .np.
51 BOJIbWeBHKH Y BJIaCTH. M., 1919. C. 275, 276.
52 MbICJIb. 1918. NQ I. C. 215-217.
53 113 HeJI.aBHerO npOWJIoro. C. 179.
54 MbICJIb. 1918. NQ l. C. 217-218 H JI.p.
55 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 37. C. 191.
56 CM.: COLI.HaJIHCT-peBOJIIOLI.HOHep. 1918. KH. I. C. 8; rOJI. PYCCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH.
C. 206; H JI.p.
57 HBaHOB-Pa3YMHUK P. B. foJI. PYCCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH. C. 79.
58 CM.: KapellUH B. nepcneKTHBbI peBOJIIOLI.HH I I 3HaMH TpYJI.a. 1918. I HHB.; Tpy-
rOBCKUU B. Oc06eHHocTH PYCCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH I I TaM )Ke. 28 ceHT.; npOTOKOJIbI
nepBoro C'be3JI.a napTHH JIeBbIX COLI.HaJIHCTOB-peBOJIIOLI.HOHepOB (HHTepHaLI.HOHa-
JIHCTOB). M., 1918. C. 35-36.
59 CM.: KaMKoB 5. JJ.Be TaKTHKH. M., 1918. C. 18, 20, 24; KapelluH B. 50pb6a C rOJIOJI.OM.
M., 1917. C. 30; 3HaMH 60pb6bI. 1918.7,24 HIOHH; 3HaMH TpYJI.a. 1918.9 MaH.
60 3HaMH TpYJI.a. 1918. II HHB., 19 anp., 27 HIOHH; 3HaMH 60pb6bI. 1918. 24 HIOHH.
61 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 37. C. 315.
62 3HaMH TpYJI.a. 1917. 24 ceHT.
63 CM.: JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 38. C. 100, 122, 185 H JI.p.
64 TaM )Ke. T. 34. C. 193.
65 CM.: TaM )Ke. T. 35. C. 51-52; T. 36. C. 198; HBaHoB-Pa3YMHuK P. B. foJI. PYCCKOH
peBOJIIOLI.HH. C. 87; OH 'JICe. CBoe JIHLI.O. nr., 1922. C. 19-20. .
66 CM.: KaMKoB 5. /5. p'. Kau,j. .llBe TaKTHKH. C. 8; McrucllaBcKuu B He BOMHa, HO
BOCCTaHHe. nr., 1917. C. 19, 50pb6a COLI.HaJIbHbIX CHJI II 3HaMH TpYJI.a. 1918.
27 HHB.
67 JIeHuH B. H. nOJIH. c06p. COli. T. 12. C. 40.
68 npOtubRH n. POCCHHCKaH peBOJIIOLI.HH H KapJI MapKC / I 3HaMH 60pb6bI. 1918.
8 MaH.
69 CM.: TpyroBcKuu B. nepeXOJI.HbIH nepHOJI. Me)K.ny KanHTaJIH3MOM H COLI.HaJIH3MOM.
M., 1918. C. 8, II, 12, 14,19-21,23-25,30 H JI.p.
70 CM.: netueXOHOB A. B. nOlleMY H He 9MHrpHpOBaJI. C. 21-28, 61
71 netueXOHOB A. nOlleMY MbI TOrJI.a YWJIH? (K Bonpocy 0 nOJIHTHlIeCKHX rpynnHpoBKax
B HapOJI.HHlIeCTBe) II PYCCKoe 60raTcTBo. 1917. NQ 11/12. C. 327.
239
72 TaM )Ke. C. 335, 336.
73 CM.: llerpuw,eB A. XpOHHKa BHYTpeHHeH )KH3HH / / PYCCKoe 6oraTcTBo. 1917.
N2 8-10; MRKorUH H A. BeJ1HKHH nepeBopoT H 3a.LI.allH MOMeHTa. M., 1917; H .LI.p.
74 llerpuw,eB A. XpoHHKa BHYTpeHHeH )KH3HH. C. 301-303, 315, 317 H .LI.p.
75 PYCCKoe 6oraTcTBo. 1918. NQ 8-10. C. 302-304, 309.
76 TaM )Ke. 1917. NQ 8-10. C. 304.
77 TaM )Ke. C. 299-306, 305-309, 311, 313.
78 TaM )Ke. C. 305-306.
79 BOpOHl{OB B. PYCCKaH peBOJIIOLl.HH H TPY.LI.OBOH HapO.LI.. nr., 1918. C. 8, 9.
80 lleUlexoHoB A. B. nOlleMY H He 9MHrpHpOBaJI. C. 51.
81 CM.: MRKorUH B. A. rO.LI.OBllI.HHa / / PYCCKoe 6oraTcTBo. 1918. NQ 1-3. C. 284-287,
289,291; PyccKpe 6oraTcTBo. 1917. N2 11/12. C.276.
82 llerpuw,eB A. 3aBeprneHHe nepBoro nepHO.LI.a / / PyccKoe 60raTCTBO. 1917. NQ 6/1.
C. 274, 276-278.
83 3HaMH TPY.LI. OBOH KOMMYHbI. 1918. 6 HOH6.
3AKJII04EHHE
T A 3YlIeHHe H,lI.eHHO-TeopeTHlleCKHX OCHOB HapO,lI.HHlIeCTBa nOCJIe,lI.-
Y 1 Hero 3Tana ero pa3BHTHH n03BOJIHeT OTBeTHTb Ha pH,lI. Ba)KHbIX
BonpOCOB, CBH3aHHbIX C OCMbICJIeHHeM CYlll.HOCTH MeJIKOH oyp-
)Kya3HH KaK KJIaCCa, ero pOJIH B peBOJIIOUHOHHOM npouecce XX B.,
xapaKTepa H <POpM <PYHKUHOHHpOBaHHH H,lI.eOJIOrHH, HMelOlll.eH BeCbMa
llHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe H BJIHHHHe. B POCCHH Ha pO,lI.HHlIeCTBO
CTaJIO H,lI.eOJIOrHeH KpeCTbHHCKOH ,lI.eMOKpaTHH, aKTHBHO 60pOBlleHCH
npOTHB nOMelll.HlIberO 3eMJIeBJIa,lI.eHHH, 3a JIHKBH,lI.aUHIO OCTaTKOB <peo-
.l1.aJIH3Ma, 3a 3eMJIIO H BOJIIO. O,lI.HaKO HapO,lI.HHKH Hepe,lI.KO H300pa)Ka-
JIM CBOIO ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTb KaK OOPbOY 3a HHTepeCbI Bcero HapO,lI.a, liTO
OTpa)KaJIOCb H Ha CO,lI.ep)KaHHH HX BblcTynJIeHHH no BonpocaM 00-
ru.eCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH.
BCH HCTOpHH PYCCKoro HapO,lI.HHlIeCTBa XX B. yoe)K,lI.aeT B TOM, liTO
TeopeTHKH H JIH,lI.epbI 3Toro MaCCOBoro OOlll.eCTBeHHoro ,lI.BH)KeHHH, KaK
ObI BbICOKO OHH HH oueHHBaJIH CBOH 3aCJIyrH, KaKHMH ObI <paHTa3HHMH
OHH HH nHTaJIHCb, ObIJIH He cnOCOOHbI pa300paTbCH B XO,lI.e COObITHH,
npe,lI.BH,lI.eTb pe3YJIbTaTW CBoeH ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH, OO'beKTHBHO onpe,lI.e-
JIHTb CBoe MeCTO H pOJIb B COUHaJIbHbIX npoueccax, HTorH H B03MO)K-
HbIe nOCJIe,lI.CTBHH COUHaJIbHOH OOpbObi. Y cnex H nonYJIHpHOCTb OKa3a-
JIHCb HJIJII03HeH H XHMepOH, B KOTOpylO ,lI.eHTeJIH 3Toro ,lI.BH)KeHHH
BepHJIH KaK B HelJl0 HeH3MeHHoe H BellHoe. O,lI.HaKO no Mepe pa3BHTHH
peBOJIIOUHOHHoro npouecca )KH3Hb CTaBHJIa nepe,lI. HapO,lI.HHKaMH Bce
HOBbIe H HOBbIe npOOJIeMbI, TpeOOBaJIa HX Oe30TJIaraTeJIbHOrO pelle-
HHH, a OHH npO,lI.OJI)KaJIH MaHHnYJIHpOBaTb ,lI.aBHO YCTapeBllHMH Ha-
pO,lI.HHlleCKHMH ,lI.OrMaMH, KOTopbIe He OTpa)KaJIH CYlll.HOCTH npOHCXO-
,lI.HBllHX COObITHH. 11 ,lI.a)Ke KpeCTbHHCTP\T KOTOPOMY OHH CJIY)KHJIH
H B peBOJIIOUHOHHbIe B03MO)KHOCTH Kt > viJoro oe3rpaHHilHO BepHJIH,
HapO,lI.HHKH He CMOrJIH nOMOllb B oopboe 3a 3eMJIIO, a lIaCTb HX (3HeCbI
H 3cepbI) npe,lI.aJIH ero B 1917 r., BCTaB Ha 3alll.HTY HHTepecoB 3eMeJIb-
HbIX coocTBeHHHKoB, OTCTaHBaH «3aKoHHbIH» nYTb pelleHHH arpapHo-
ro Bonpoca. OcooeHHo 3aMeTHO pacna,lI. H,lI.eOJIOrHH H Ylll.epOHOCTb HX
nOJIHTHKH oOHapY)KHJIHCb B nepHO,lI. H nOCJIe peBOJIIOUHH 1905-
1907 rr., KOr,lI.a KpH3HcHble HBJIeHHH npOHBJIHJIHCb B H,lI.eHHbIX cnopax,
paCXO)K,lI.eHHHx H ,lI.a)Ke B COMHeHHHX OT,lI.eJIbHbIX JIeBOHapO,lI.HHKOB
B npaBHJIbHOCTH H30paHHoro nYTH H B03MO)KHOCTH ,lI.OCTH)KeHHH ycne-
XOB nocpe,lI.CTBoM Tpa,lI.HUHOHHbIX <POpM OOpbObI - nponaraH,lI.bI H.n.eH
HapO,lI.HHlJeCTBa H TaKTHKH HH,lI.HBH,lI.yaJIbHOrO Teppopa. OoocTpeHHe
KJIaCCOBOH OOpbObI H peBOJIIOUHOHHaH cHTyaUHH, a 3aTeM <l>eBpaJIb-
CKaH peBOJIIOUHH 1917 r. ooeCnellHJIH npHxO,lI. K BJIaCTH MeJIKooYP)KY-
a3HbIX pa,lI.HKaJIOB H ,lI.eMOKpaToB, o.n.HaKO <l>eBpaJIb H npe,lI.onpe,lI.eJIHJI
241
HX nOJIHOe OaHKpOTCTBO. COrJIaWeHHe HapO.n.HHlJeCKHX napTHH (3He-
COB H 3CepOB) C OYP)Kya3HeH, OTKa3 OT CBOHX npOrpaMM, nO.n..n.ep)KKa
nOJIHTHKH rOCnO.n.CTBOBaBWHX KJIaCCOB, HeCnOCOOHOCTb nOHHTb pa3BH-
BaBWHHCH peBOJIIOLI.HOHHbIH npOLI.eCC, peWHTb arpapHblH BOnpOC,
Bpa)K.n.eOHOe OTHOWeHHe K npOJIeTapHaTY HerO oopboe - Bce 3TO
npHBeJIO Hapo.n.HHlJeCTBO Ha rpaHb «nOJIHOrO H.n.eHHoro Kpaxa», KOTO-
PbU1 pa3pa3HJICH oceHblO 1917 r. B YCJIOBHHX nooe.n.bl OKTHOpbCKOH
peBOJIIOLI.HH. OKTHOpb, KOTOpblH rJIaBHble JIH.n.epbl H H.n.eOJIOrH Ha-
po.n.HHlJeCTBa He nOHHJIH, OCy.n.HJIH H BCTpeTHJIH Bpa)K.n.eOHO, paCJ<OJIOJI
3TO H.n.eHHoe H nOJIHTHlJeCKOe TelleHHe Ha .n.Be Bpa)K.n.eOHble CHJIbl -
o.n.Ha lIaCTb,Hapo.n.HHKOB YWJIa B JIarepb KOHTppeBOJIIOLI.HH H peaKLI.HH,
.n.PyraH - BCTaJIa Ha CTOPOHY peBOJIIOLI.HH, no.n..n.ep)KHBaH ee B LI.eJIOM,
HO He BO BceM. B 3TOH CBH3H BCTaeT Bonpoc, OblJIa JIH aJIbTepHaTHBa
Y JIH.n.epOB 3Toro TelJeHHH, ObIJI JIH HHOH nYTb no cpaBHeHHIO C TeM,
KOTOpblH H30paJIO OOJIbWHHCTBO JIH.n.epOB Hapo.n.HHKOB? BMecTo 3a-
lll.HTbI HHTepeCOB Hapo.n.a, COrJIaWeHHH C OOJIbWeBHKaMH OHH H30paJIH
COTpy.n.HHlIeCTBO C 0YP)Kya3HeH, H3MeHY KpeCTbHHCTBY. nepexo.n. OT
COrJIaWaTeJIbCTBa K KOHTppeBOJIIOLI.HH npaBoro KpbIJIa Hapo.n.HHlIeCTBa
CTaJI JIOrHlleCKHM 3aBepweHHeM H.n.eHHO-nOJIHTHlleCKOH 3BOJIIOLI.HH, on!
pe.n.eJIHBWeHCH COLI.HaJIbHOH npHpo.n.OH 3a)KHTOIlHbIX arpapHeB H KYJIa-
KOB, Bpa)K.n.eOHO BCTpeTHBWHX peBOJIIOLI.HIO, ee pa.n.HKaJIbHble Mepbl
B peweHHH arpapHoro H npo.n.OBOJIbCTBeHHoro Bonpoca B POCCHH.
B HHOM nOJIO)KeHHH OKa3aJIHCb JIeBOHa po.n.HHlJeCKHe .n.eHT€JIH,
nOBe.n.eHHe KOTOpbIX ObIJIO ocooeHHO npOTHBopeIlHBbIM, CJIO)KHbIM H He-
nOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHbIM. Hapo.n.HHKH, npH3HaBWHe COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb,
OTJIHllaJIHCb .n.Pyr OT .n.Pyra CYlll.eCTBeHHbIMH lIepTa MH. Cpe,l1,H HHX
OblJIH TaKHe, KOTopbIe npHHHMaJIH JIHWb cpaKT peBOJIIOLI.HH, HO OCY)K-
.n.aJIH .n.HKTaTYPY npOJIeTapHaTa BO rJIaBe C OOJIbWeBHKaMH, .n.PyrHe
CTaJIH BpeMeHHWMH nonYTIIHKaMH. 3TH n03HLI.HH OTJIHlJaJIHCb OOJIb-
WHM pa3Hooopa3HeM OTTeHKOB H HeYCTOHIIHBOCTblO. HanpHMep, JIe-
BbIe 3cepbI CHailaJIa no.n..n.ep)KHBaJIH peBOJIIOLI.HIO, a 3aTeM no.n.HHJIH
MHTe)K B HIOJIe 1918 r. 3HallHTeJIbHaH rpynna JIeBOHapo.n.HHKOB BCTa-
JIa Ha n03HLI.HH npH3HaHHH COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH H .n.HKTaTypbI npo-
JIeTapHaTa, o.n.HaKO C oroBopKaMH, OTCTaHBaH H.n.eH 0 Heooxo.n.HMOCTH
3aMeHW ee .n.HKTaTYPoH npOJIeTapHaTa H KpecTbHHcTBa HJIH .n.HKTaTY-
pOH Hapo.n.a. ;>cepbI-MaKCHMaJIHCTbI CIIHTaJIH, liTO nOJIHTHKa COBeT-
CKOH BJIaCTH Ite.n.OCTaTOlJHO peBOJIIOLI.HOHHa H 3TO rp03HT rHOeJIblO
peBOJIIOLI.HH. TaKHM 00pa30M, npHxo.n.HTCH KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, liTO Bce
oe3 HCKJIlOlJeHHH Hapo.n.HHlJeCKHe rpynnHpoBKH OT KpaHHe npaBbIX .n.o
JIeBbIX He CMOrJIH nOHHTb CMbICJIa H 3HalleHHH OKTHOpbCKOH peBOJIIO-
LI.HH, MapKCHCTCKOH KOHLI.enLI.HH 00 HCTopHlleCKOH 3aKOHOMepHOCTH
H Heooxo.n.HMOCTH .n.HKTaTypbI npOJIeTapHaTa - Ba)KHeHWero YCJIOBHH
H Cpe.n.CTBa npo.n.BH)KeHHH no nYTH K COLI.HaJIH3MY. B OTpHLI.aTeJIbHOM
OTHoweHHH K .n.HKTaType npOJIeTapHaTa, B npHMHTHBHOM nOHHMaHHH
3TOH CJIO)KHOH npOOJIeMbI, KaK H B YTonHlJeCKHX B033peHHHX Ha CO-
LI.HaJIH3M H nYTH ero .n.OCTH)KeHHH, npOHBHJ1aCb COLI.HaJIbHaH npHpo.n.a
3Toro H.n.eHHoro H nOJIHTHlleCKoro TelleHHH, ero KJIaCCOBaH orpaHH-
lIeHHOCTb. ,[{a)Ke Te H3 Hapo.n.HHKOB, KOTopble OTJIHlJaJIHCb «rJIYOOKOH
npe.n.aHHOCTblO peBOJIIOLI.HH H COl.lHaJIH3MY», KaK n. n. npOWbHH
242
( 1883-1918), lJJIeH UK na pTHH JIeBblX 3cepOB, Ha pO.n.HbIH KOMHcca p
nOlJT H TeJIerpaq,oB, 4JIeH BUJIK 2-ro C03b1Ba, npeBpaTHJIHCb B npo-
THBHHKOB CO.BeTCKOH BJIaCTH I OTMelJaH KJIaCCOBYIO npHpO.n.y .n.eHTe-
JIeH THna npOWbHHa, B. H. JIeHHH OO'bHCHHJI 3BOJIIOl..lHIO K Bpa)K.n.eO-
HOCTH B ero H.n.eHHbIX B033peHHHX TeM, lJTO «pa3HOrJIaCHH B OOlll.HX
OCHOBax MHpOC03epl..laHHH C HeH30e)KHOCTblO npOHBHJIH ce6H npH
Tpy.n.HOM nOBopOTe HCTOpHH». «Cy6'beKTHBH3M Hapo.n.HHKOB, - OTMe-
lJaJI B. H. JIeHHH, - npHBeJI K pOKOBOH oWH6Ke .n.a)Ke JIYlJWHX H3
HHX. . . TOJIbKO B OOCTaHOBKe ropHLIHX peBOJIIOLI.HOHHbIX OHTB oWH6Ka
60JIee )KeCTOKO OTOMCTHJIa 3a ce6H H TOJIKHYJIa npOWbHHa Ha nYTb
BOOPY)KeHHOH 00pb6bl C COBeTCKOH BJIaCTblO» 2. npe.n.CTaBHTeJIeH
JIeBOHa po.n.HHlJeCKHX na PTHH B. 11. J1eHHH Ha3blBaJI «HaHOOJIee pa.n. H -
KaJIbHbIMH, HaH60JIee peBOJIIOl.lHOHHbIMH, HaHOOJIee OJIH3KHMH K npo-
JIeTapHaTY H3 OYP)Kya3Ho-.n.eMOKpaTHLIeCKHX H.n.eOJIOrOB KpeCTbHH-
CTBa» 3. O.n.HaKO .n.aJIeKO He Bce Hapo.n.HHKH 3aHHJIH TaKHe n03Hl..lHH,
HOO 60JIbWHHCTBO HaHOOJIee KpynHbIx .n.eHTeJIeH, JIH.n.epOB H H.n.eOJIOrOB
3Toro TelJeHHH npOHBJIHJIH pe3KO Bpa)K.n.eOHoe OTHoweHHe K OKTH6plO.
3Ta nOJIHTHlleCKaH nOJIHpHOCTb, OTpa)KaBWaH He TOJIbKO Heo.n.HO-
pO.n.HOCTb KJIaCCa KpeCTbHHCTBa, HO H xapaKTep OTHoweHHH Me)K.n.y
ero pa3JIHlJHbIMH COl.lHaJIbHbIMH CJIOHMH, a CJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHO, npOTHBO-
nOJIO)KHOCTb HX KJIaCCOBbIX YCTpeMJIeHHH B YCJIOBHHX npOJIeTapCKOH
peBOJIIOLI.HH, OTpa)KaJIaCb H B TeopeTHLIeCKHX B033peHHHX, B OO'bHCHe-
HHHX CMblCJIa H 3HalJeHHH COOblTHH 1917 r.
npH BceM pa3Ho06pa3HH no.n.xo.n.OB Hapo.n.HHKOB, 06HJIHH B3rJIH-
.n.OB, npe,lI.JIaraBWHxcH peweHHH, OTTeHKOB H HlOaHCOB B OCBelll.eHHH
C06bITHH COl..lHaJIHCTHlJeCKOH peBOJIIOLI.HH, BHYTpeHHeH H BHewHeH
nOJIHTHKH COBeTcKoH R aCTH npoHcxo.n.HBwHe B cTpaHe H3MeHeHHH
OHH paccMaTpHBaJIH C n03HLI.HH Hapo.n.HH4ecKoH COLI.HaJIbHOH .n.OKTPH-
Hbi. OHa onpe.n.eJIHJIa npoTHBopellHBocTb, HenOCJIe.n.OBaTeJIbHOCTb,
cYM6YPHOCTb, oeCnOMOlll.HOCTb B3rJIH.n.OB .n.a)Ke caMbIX JIeBblX Hapo.n.-
HHKOB, nblTaBWHXCH pa300paTbcH B npoHcxo.n.HBWHX COObITHHX C no-
3HU.HH .n.06pO)KeJIaTeJIbHOrO OTHoweHHH K COBeTcKoH BJIaCTH H npH-
3HaHHH OKTHOpbCKOH peBOJIIOl..lHH, nporpaMMbl OOHOBJIeHHH cTpaHbI,
npe,lI.JIO)KeHHOH OOJIbWeBHKaMH.
HeKoTopwe COBeTCKHe HCCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIH (B lIaCTHOCTH, B. Xopoc)
CKJIOHHbI CLIHTaTb, liTO «Ha pO.n.HHKH 900- x ro.n.OB (r JIaBHbIM 00pa30M
3cepw) aKTHBHO COnepHHlJaJIH C peBOJIIOLI.HOHHOH COl..lHaJI-.n.eMOKpa-
THeH 3a BJIHHHHe Ha paoolJee .n.BH)KeHHe, nponOBe.n.OBaJIH c06CTBeHHoe
HCTOJIKOBaHHe MapKCH3Ma» 4. O.n.HaKO no.n.OOHble YTBep)K.n.eHHH HCKa-
)KalOT peaJIbHYIO KapTHHY Toro BpeMeHH. Hapo.n.HHKH, BH.n.H pOCT
nonYJIHpHOCTH 60JIbWeBHKOB, pacnpOCTpaHeHHe MapKCH3Ma, q,aKTH-
lJeCKH OKa3aJIHCb OT OOpbObI 3a BJIHHHHe Ha npOJIeTapHaT. DOJIee Toro,
OHH ynopHo .n.OKa3bIBaJIH, lJTO MapKCHCTbl OTpa)KalOT HHTepeCbl npo-
JIeTapHaTa, a Hapo.n.HHKH - KpeCTbHHCTBa, CTpeMHCb npe.n.OTBpaTHTb
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244
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6 CM.: 3eBeileB A. H. H3 HCTOpHH YTBep)K.LI.eHHH e.LI.HHOBJIaCTHH CTaJIHHa. M., 1989.
7 CM.: COrJIaCHe (OpraH JIHTOBCKoro .LI.BH)KeHHH 3a nepecTpoHKY). 1990. 12-18 cpeBp.;
CeJIbCKaH )KH3Hb. 1990. 25 HHB.
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