5AN.TINE LAZED
© ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECEIPTS FUND DIRECTION OF PUBLICATIONS
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ISBN 960-214-261-8
BYZANTINE
GLAZED CERAMICS
The Art of Sgraffito
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PUBLICATION
General editor
EVANGELIA KYPRAIOU
Supervision of publication - Editing of texts
DIANA ZAFIROPOULOU
Translation
DAVID HARDY
Publication team
ARIADNE FIORETOU
VICKY THEOFILOPOULOU
Design
ARGYRO Y1ANNOULAK1
Computer text-processing
KATERINA VLACHOL
IO YIANNELI
SISSY KOSTARA
Colour separations
ADAM S.A.
Production
PERGAMOS S.A.
Photographs
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECEIPTS FUND PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVE
G. Fafalis cal. nos. 17, 21-23, 32-34, 41. 43, 54-57. 62-65, 67, 71-73, 75-77, 82-85, 87, 88. 90.92-97, 99. 102-105, 107-111, 134-163, 215-281, 284-307 and fig. on pp. 17 (1). 18. 22 (6). 23, 160 (3), 188, 189. 222, 243. 249, 254, 258.
E. Georgouleas cat. nos. 118-129.
I. loannidou • L. Bartzioti cat. nos. 1. 3. 27, 28, 30, 74, 130, 131, 189-213, 282, 283 and fig. on pp 17 (2), 159, 160 (4, 5), 161.
N. Kaseris cat. nos. 106, 164-188 and fig. on pp. 22 (7). 143, 144.
1. Papadakis-Ploumidis cat. nos. 89, 117, 132, 133.
V. Voutsas cal nos.2,7, 8,10,12, 13,15,16,18,19,25, 51,42,46,47,52,53,61, 66. 68.69.86. 112, 115,214.
K. Xenikakis cat. nos. 4-6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24, 26, 29, 35-40, 44. 45, 48-51, 58-60, 70, 78-81,91,98,100, 101, 113, 114, 116
S. C.HAIDEMENOS fig. on p. 9.
B. KONIORDOS fig. on pp. 118. 121.
M. SKIADARESIS fig. on pp. 21 (4). 24.
Drawings
Ph. Kondakou, G. Kourti, Ch. Mallia, V. Michailidis, G. Pardali, M. Sarikou, V, Sioura, V. Skouphie, P. Siephanaki, G- Thomaduki
GREEK MINISTRY OF CULTURE
MUSEUM OF BYZANTINE CULTURE
BYZANTINE GLAZED CERAMICS
The Art of Sgraffito
Edited bv
I) E M E IRA PAPANI KO LA- BAK IRTZ1
Archaeologist
Museum of Byzantine Culture
ATHENS 1999
PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECEIPTS FUND
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE EXHIBITION
COORDINATION
Eutychia Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou
Director of the Museum of Byzantine Culture
MUSEOLOGICAL STUDY
Demetra Papanikola-Bakirtzi
RESEARCH ASSISTANT FOR THE EXHIBITION AND CATALOGUE loannis Motsianos
MUSEOGRAPH1CAL STUDY Georgia Skordali LIGHTING loannis Eliadis TECHNICAL SUPPORT Stephanos Serdaris, loannis Lagos, Yiorgos Alexandris, Athina Vlasiadou
ARTISTIC COLLABORATION
WALL-PAINTING OF A SHIPWRECK Dimitra Kamaraki MODELS OF POTS Alexandra Theodosiou, Mary K. Seyfarth
DRAWINGS Chrysoula Mallia
FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Eleni Peristeropoulou SECRETARIAL SUPPORT Christina Goudeli
SUPERVISION OF TRANSPORTATION OF ANTIQUITIES Jenny .Albani, Georgia Papazotou RESPONSIBLE FOR STOREROOM Sotiris Papanikolaou, Dimitra Anagnostou
CONSERVATION OF EXHIBITS Theodoros Damianou, .Anastasia Dina, Danae Dragoumi. Galateia Giannouli. Poulcheria losiphidou, Nikos Nomikos, Konstantinos Sakkas, Theophano Saramandi, Panayiotis Sitnbas, Charalambos Tsaganos
PARTICl PATI NG INSTUUTIONS
Museum of Byzantine Culture
Byzantine and Christian Museum of Athens 1st Ephorale of Byzantine Antiquities 3rd F.phorate of Byzantine Antiquities 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities 5th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities 7th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities 8th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
9th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
11th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
12th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
13th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
IV Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical .Antiquities
XV' F.phorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities
American School of Classical Studies at Athens
WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE DIRECTORATE OF BYZANTINE AND POST-BYZANTINE MONUMENTS, MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT
Stages in the manufacture of a Coloured Sgraffito vase:
a)	The vase has been thrown on the wheel and its .shape stabilised.
b)	It has now been given an off-white coating of slip by pouring or dipping.
c)	The decoration has been engraved through the layer of slip and the vase has been fired.
d)	The decoraiwn has been enhanced by the addition of colour.
e)	The vase has received a coating of glaze and has been fired for the second time.
Models made by Mary K. Seyjarth, potter-artist.
Pottery, elaborate or undecorated, constitutes for archaeologists a rich source of information for production, consumption, trade and economy, as well as for the daily activities, ideology, and tastes of a civilisation. In spite of the fact that the number of ceramic studies for periods before Byzantium is considerable, the study of Byzantine pottery has been until recently in the margins of the research interests of Byzantine archaeology. In the last few years, however, Byzantine ceramic vessels found in shipwrecks, in excavations of tombs and settlements, or embedded in the walls of churches, have greatly enriched the field of research in Byzantine pottery; they have provided material for exemplary publications, and have contributed to the collection of valuable information on the role of pottery in Medieval art in general.
With the exhibition “Byzantine Glazed Ceramics. The Art of Sgraffito” of the Museum of Byzantine Culture in Thessaloniki, organised in the context of the 7th International Conference on Medieval Pottery of the Mediterranean, the achievements of Byzantine ceramic production arc presented with about three hundred representative pieces from all over Greece, dating from the 11 th century to the years after the Fall of Constantinople. This exhibition, beyond its significance for the specialists, archaeologists and art historians, presents to the general public an unknown aspect of Byzantine culture, an important tradition that shaped the techniques and aesthetic of neohcllenic ceramics.
I warmly congratulate the Ephorates of Antiquities of the Ministry of Culture, the two Byzantine Museums in Athens and Thessaloniki, and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens for their contribution to the realisation of this exhibition.
ELISSAVET PAPAZOI
Minister of Culture of the Hellenic Republic
The peoples and civilisations that lived and developed around the Mediterranean basin have stamped their presence on the historical personality of the region. The many similarities and strong differences between the physical remains of their cultures form a powerful mesh binding the Mediterranean peoples together. These considerations have led us, on the occasion of the 7th International Conference on the Medieval Pottery of the Mediterranean, to organise an exhibition at the Museum of Byzantine Culture devoted to Byzantine Glazed Ceramics, and specifically to the Art of Sgraffito, which illuminates one aspect of this great Mediterranean cultural system.
Archaeologists are naturally fully aware of the value of the evidence furnished by pottery in an excavation. The archaeological information provided by earthenware pots may be used to give precise dates to the archaeological phases of t he buildings, to identify the functions of the rooms, to date destruction levels, and so on. Pottery is not useful simply for the information it can oiler to scholars, however. Ceramic objects are endowed with the warmth and imperfection of the handmade artefact, the toil of the potter, and the intimacy of their use in everyday life, and they carry modern minimalist man back in time, away from the metaphysical struggle to achieve absolute success and absolute perfection. If pottery can touch not only the mind but also the emotions of modern man as it emerges from the earth of an excavation, its emotional charge is even greater when it is discovered heaped up at the bottom of the sea. The wrecks of ships that ploughed the seas, their holds loaded with merchandise, foodstuffs, as well as cultural values, which they transported from one country to another, arc another source of pottery finds, hidden in the waters of the Mediterranean.
The Museum of Byzantine Culture greatly appreciates the assistance and cooperation of colleagues in the various Ephorates of Antiquities, the American School of Classical Studies, and the Directorate of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments, to whom we extend our thanks. Special thanks are due to the Board of Directors of the Archaeological Receipts Fund and its President, Mr. Yiannis Savalanos, and to the Publications Direction, for publishing the scholarly catalogue that will keep the memory of the exhibition alive long after it has closed.
EUTYCHIA KOURKOUTIDOU-N1KOLA1DOU
Director of the Museurn of Byzantine Culture
AUTHORS OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES
Ai.A.	Aikaterini Avramidou	E.M.	Euterpi Marki
Ch.B.	Charalambos Bakirtzis	M.M.	Maria Michailidou
Ai.B.	Aimilia Bakourou	N.M.-A.	Niki Michalou-Alevizou
MB.	Maria Borboudaki	I.M.	loannis Motsianos
S.D.	Stavroula Dadaki	A.P.	Andromachi Papadopoulou
A.D.	Aspasia Dina	V.P.	Varvara Papadopoulou
S.D.-D.	Sofia Doukata-Demertzi	IP.	loakim Papangelos
M.F.	Maria Fava	D.P.-B.	Deinetra Papanikola-Bakirtzi
E.G.-T.	Eleni Gini-Tsophopoulou	E.P.	Eleni Papavasileiou
P.K.	Panayiotis Kanibanis	Th.P.	Theocharis Pazaras
I.O.K.	loannis Kanonidis	s.s.	Stavroula Sdrolia
E.K.	Evi Katsara	L.S.	Liana Starida
Ch.K.	Charikkia Koilakou	T.T.	Titi Tsanana
A.-M.K.	Anastasia-Maria Kyriakopoulou	K.T.	Konstantinos Tsouris
K.L.-T.	Katia Loverdou-Tsigarida	LT.	Loukia Tzara
Ei.L.	Eirini Lymberaki	IT-II.	lulia Tzonou-Herbst
DM.	Despoina Makropoulou	P.V.	Parisianthi Valakou
K.M.-S.	Krystallia Mantzana-Sapouna	N.Z.	Nikolaos Zikos
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION	15
BYZANTINE SGRAFFITO	17-24
The Age of Experimentation and Aspiration (1 Ith-middie of 13th century)	25
MEASLES WARE, cat. nos. 1-2	25-26
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE. cat. nos. 3-18	27-36
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE, cat. nos. 19-28	37-43
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE, cat. nos. 29-47	44-56
CHAMPLEVE WARE, cat. nos. 48-69	57-70
The Age of Eclecticism and Colour (13th-14th century)	71
ZEUXIPPOS WARE. cat. nos. 70-75	71 -74
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE, cat. nos. 76-95	75-85
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE, cat. nos. 96-111	86-96
The Age of Repetition and Survival (15th-17th century)	97
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE, cat. nos. 112-129	97-114
SGRAFFITO WARES FROM ITALY, cat. nos. 130-133	115-117
BYZANTINE SHIPWRECKS AND UNDERWATER EVIDENCE
FOR BYZANTINE POTTERY	118-121
The Byzantine Shipwreck at Pelagonnesos - Alonnesos, cat. nos. 134-163	122-142
Byzantine Pottery from the Kastellorizo Shipwreck, cat. nos. 164-188	143-157
WORKSHOPS OF SGRAFFITO POTTERY	158
Corinth Workshop Production, cat. nos. 189-213	159-186
Sparta Workshop Production, cat. no. 214	187
Thessaloniki Workshop Production, cat. nos. 215-258	188-221
Serres Workshop Production, cat. nos. 259-286	222-242
Pottery Workshop at Mikro Pisto in Thrace, cat. nos. 287-292	243-248
POST BYZANTINE WORKSHOPS	249
Thessaloniki Workshop Production, cat. nos. 293-295	249-253
Veria Workshop Production, cat. nos. 296-297	254-257
Trikala Workshop Production, cat. nos. 298-307	258-265
B1BUIOGRAPHY
267-270
INTRODUCTION
Byzantine pottery was until recently one of the most neglected areas of Byzantine archaeology, which had concentrated mainly on the study of monumental architecture and religious painting, ignoring the humble artefacts of everyday life.
Recent years, however, have seen the awakening of a vivid interest in the pottery of the Byzantine world. A series of specialised articles and extensive publications of the pottery material found in excavations have seen the light of day. Major exhibitions devoted to Byzantium now' include interesting examples of Byzantine pottery , to which special chapters are devoted in the accompanying catalogues. Modern archaeometric methods have, moreover, been used to solve some of the problems related to Byzantine pottery.
The 7th International Conference on Medieval Pottery of the Mediterranean will be held on October 1999 in Thessaloniki, its first meeting in an Eastern Mediterranean country', and the pottery of the Byzantine world is included in its sphere of investigation. In the context of this conference, the Museum of Byzantine Culture has organised an exhibition entitled “Byzantine Glazed Ceramics. The Art of Sgraffito”, dedicated to Byzantine pottery with sgraffito decoration. This form of decorated pottery was preeminently tableware, and its colours and grace lent their brilliance to households from the Middle Byzantine period to early modern times. The decorative motifs on these clay vessels, far removed from the strictures confining religious ait, exude a naivete and freedom, and afford valuable information on the everyday life and tastes of their period.
The exhibition includes about three hundred pots from all the parts of Greece, from the Peloponnese to Crete and Thrace. With a few' exceptions, they are excavation finds and belong to the collections of various Ephorates of Antiquities, the Museum of Byzantine Culture of Thessaloniki, and the Byzantine and Christian Museum of Athens. Also included is a number of vases from the excavations of the American School of Classical Studies at Corinth.
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The exhibition and the catalogue that accompanies it arc divided into three parts. 1'he first is devoted to the history and evolution of sgraffito decoration from the Middle Byzantine to the Post-Byzantine period. It includes representative examples of the different groups, and different forms of the technique of engraving through the slip applied to the red fabric of which the body of the Byzantine vases is made. The contribution made by Byzantine pottery to the development of this category of vase in Italy is noted by way of an epilogue.
The second part comprises finds from the wrecks of two Byzantine ships, whose cargoes consisted mainly of glazed tableware with sgraffito decoration. The first of these sank about the middle of the 12th century off Pelagonnesos in the Northern Sporades, and the second in the early 13th century off Kastellorizo in the Dodecanese. The significance of similar finds of underwater archaeology is noted and attention is drawn to the contribution made by these sealed groups to chronology, to the association of different pottery groups, and to the study of Byzantine pottery in general.
The third part contains groups of vases with shared features that may be attributed to specific production centres in Greece. There is also a significant number of finds associated with the pottery manufacturing process, such as remains of kiln equipment and deformed, burned or unfinished vases. These not only attest to the functioning of pottery workshops in the place they aic found, but also fuiuish valuable information for pottery technology.
The exhibition and the accompanying publication aspire, through the over three hundred representative vases presented and the introductory texts, to make a contribution to the study of Byzantine pottery, an important sphere of Byzantine archaeology and art.
DEM ETRA PAPAN1 KOLA- BAK IRTZ1
Archaeologist Museum of Byzantine Culture
16
BYZANTINE SGRAFFITO
The main element of a piece of pottery is its form, which is directly related to its use and function. However, the moment the creator, and also the user, are no longer content merely with the aesthetic arising out of the balance and harmony of the proportions, and demand of the functional object that it serve further aesthetic needs and, even more, that it become the bearer of more complex aesthetic perceptions, then decoration makes its appearance.
One easy, cheap form of decoration that offers boundless possibilities for expression is incising. The use of a pointed tool, a stylus, to incise the day while it is still wet, gives the earthenware pot a unique quality
Incision has been employed as a decorative technique without interruption from very early times down to the present day and is found in all civilisations and cultures throughout the length and breadth of the world. It has been used to give expression to primitive cultures as well as higher, technologically advanced civilisations, and has been applied in an endless variety of versions.
In the pottery of the Byzantine world, incision is found as a decorative means on vessels of everyday use, transportation and storage vases, such as large or small jars and lagenia, on tableware, plates, bowls, cups and goblets, and even on Grep roof cooking pots, giving each the appropriate decoration. The incision on the body may take the form of a simple line around the neck of ajar, or the more complex form of a decorative motif on the body of a lagenio, as in lagenia dating from the Middle Byzantine period adorned with elaborate incised figures of imaginary beasts (Fig. 1).
A different aesthetic effect is achieved when the incised pot is coated with a thin layer of glaze. This coating layer of glaze,
Fig. I Middle Byzantine lagenio from Thessaloniki with griffins incised on the body; unglazed. Museum of Byzantine Culture.
though primarily intended to seal the pot and make it
waterproof, also contributes much to the final decorative effect through its smooth, shiny surface, and the colour it frequently adds. In Byzantine pottery in general, lead glazes are used, which produce brightness and translucency' at low' temperatures (700-800"C), and are easily coloured by oxides of other metals, such as copper and iron.
On incised pottery w ith red fabric, the addition of glaze does not particularly enhance the engraved line. After firing and the application of the glaze, the red fabric turns a darker shade, usually brown, making the incised lines indistinct and rendering the decorative effect weak and ambiguous (Fig. 2). The decorative effect is patently more successful when the incised decoration is executed on pottery with white fabric (Fig. 3). It is generally agreed that Byzantine White Wares
Fig. 2. Glazed chafing dish from Corinth with incised decoration of wavy lines on the body. Archaeological Museum oj Ancient Connth.
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Fig. 3. Glazed incised pottery with white fabric. Museum of Byzantine Culture.
were manufactured in Constantinople itself, and Incised White Ware is dated to the period from the 7th-8th to the 11th century1. The engraving itself is often given a subsidiary role in decoration, contributing the outline of painted motifs or forming a border for the main motif. The final decorative effect, however, cannot be described as very impressive (see Fig. 1, p. 159).
In Byzantine Glazed Pottery, incised decoration finds its finest expression when applied to pottery with red fabric coated with white, off-white or pale white slip.
The slip, known in the language of the Greek
craftsman as bandana or astari, is simply diluted pure clay, with which the surface of the vase is covered, either by dipping or by pouring, as soon as it has received its final shape but while it is still wet.
The craftsman uses a stylus to engrave the desired motif through the light-coloured, or white surface. The act of engraving exposes the red surface of the clay and the engraved lines stand out against the white held formed by the slip, thereby creating the decoration (see stages of engraving technique, p. 7). This decorative technique, which is known as sgraffito or sgraffiato, from the Italian verb sgraffiare (=engrave), was the main one used in Byzantine pottery, is the one most widely found, and occurs in the greatest number of different variations or versions*. It first appears in the 11th century and survived until modern times in traditional pottery workshops.
I he final appearance of the pattern engraved through the slip, however, was determined by the glaze. Aichaeological evidence suggests that Byzantine pottery with decoration engraved through the slip was fired twice, before and after the application of the glaze. The first (biscuit.) firing transformed the clay body of the vase into pottery, and the second (glazing) firing liquefied the glaze, so that as melted it adhered in the form of a skin to the surface of the pot. During the course of its long history, Byzantine pottery sought for new means of expression, and exploited and extended the potential offered by the thickness of the engraved line. It became fascinated with the play between the dark colour of the fabric and the light colour of the slip, and surpassed itself when it reversed these factors in champleve vases by removing the ground in order to project the figures against the dark-coloured body.
llth-middle of the 13th century. The Age of Experimentation and Aspiration
DUOCHROME WARE
Some of the earliest examples of sgraffito pottery in the Byzantine world, in the late 11th century, which experimented with decoration engraved through the white slip on vases made of red fabric, are the so-called “Duochrome” vases, which are distinguished by the use of different coloured glazes on the interior and exterior. Fine-sgraffito line is used to render mainly geometric motifs such as intersecting circles, whose surfaces provide the field for fine
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sgraffito elaboration (Cat. nos. 189, 190). A thick glaze is normally applied to these vases, however, preventing the engraved decoration from being seen to best еПсс1.
MEASLES WARE
Another application of engraving through the slip can be seen in the unusual, interesting group of Measles Ware vases, which are associated with the Peloponnese and date from around the middle of the 12th century. In these, the motif is drafted in fine-sgraffito lines, but the impression is left to red or red-brown blobs set in rows or groups, which fill the figures and the various decorative patterns (Cat. nos. 1, 191-196).
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
By engraving with a fine stylus, the craftsman was able to render fine-sgraffito lacy motifs, amongst which the spiral motif was predominant. Spirals and winding shoots in incredibly complex combinations and variations were organised within medallions on the well and in bands around the walls (Cat. nos. 10, 11, 199), successfully producing elegant patterns that gave expression to the refined tastes of the Komnenian period. The use of fine sgraffito, however, was not confined to the rendering of 'an iconic motifs, but was applied with the same sensitivity to pictorial motifs with human figures, animals and birds (Cat. nos. 3-9, 12, 197, 198). In these a proclivity for detail found expression in individual elements such as dress, in the case of human figures, and plumage, and hair and hide, in birds and animals. Examples of highly meticulous, inspired fine-sgraffito decoration with animals and birds have been yielded by the Alonnesos shipwreck (Cal. nos. 134-142), which dates from the middle of the 12th century. I he fine-line sgraffito technique predominated in the decoration of Byzantine pottery from the middle of the 12th century, with symptoms of degeneration becoming apparent during the final decades of the century’. The motifs now occur in decadent, stylised form, and the engraving is diffident and rather makeshift (Cat. nos. 15-18).
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
Painted Sgraffito Ware, which might perhaps be more appropriately called Painted Fine Sgraffito Ware, comprises a group of vases whose decoration is a combination of fine-sgraffito anil painted decoration. Central medallions containing plain fine-sgraffito spiral motifs (Cat. nos. 23, 37) and well-designed birds (Cat. no. 21) are enclosed by painted bands and zones of painted spirals. In some cases, the fine-sgraffito decoration has a free character, depicting birds or even scenes w ith human figures (Cat. nos. 24, 25). I he painted area of the decoration either involves a single colour, brown or green (Cat. nos. 24-26), or a combination of the two applied alternately (Cat. nos. 21-23, 163). The brown colour is mostly of a brown-purple shade, suggesting that it derives from manganese oxide.
Fine-Sgraffito vases appear to come from more than one production centre, though a number of them, at least, were probably made by north Greek workshops.
Painted Fine-Sgraffito Ware generally dates from the middle and second half of the 12th century. Good chronological evidence is provided by a vase (Cat. no. 163) which is part of the sealed group found in the .Alonnesos shipwreck.
1NCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
About the middle and second half of the 12th century, a broader incised line made its appearance, timidly displacing the fine sgraffito one (Cut. поз. 29 33). The new technique
19
rapidly gained ground and established itself, after which it became predominant. Medallions with linear, abstract motifs, either alone or in systems, or used in combination with striped bands (Cat. nos. 200, 201) produced an austere, harmonious effect.
Craftsmen were fascinated by the exposure and display of an ever-increasing area of the bare fabric. The line became more aggressive, the motifs were developed freely and boldly, almost provocatively, on the field, creating the group known as “Free Style” vases. Warriors and hunters, who have been interpreted as heroes of the acritic songs, protecting the frontiers of the empire, are depicted holding standards and shields, huge spears, enormous swords and murderous maces (vardoukia) (Cat. nos. 34-37, 203-206). Lions with rich manes are also depicted (Cat. no. 202), aggressive felines (Cat. no. 39), and proud, strutting birds (Cat. nos. 40, 41). To render the large surfaces of these decorative motifs, the craftsmen experimented with cutting away the slipped field, so that the figures are “sketched” dark against the lightcoloured slip (Cal. nos. 36-38, 202, 206).
The vast majority of the vases that formed the cargo of the ship w recked off Kastellorizo bear incised-sgraffito decoration, with characteristic birds set amidst undulating marine “tentacles”. The place they were loaded, and therefore the place of their manufacture, is not known. The sealed group of the shipwreck, however, and particularly the associations that may be made between the different decorative groups of the pottery that formed the cargo, furnish valuable evidence that dates the fncised-Sgraffito Ware up to the late 12th-early 13th century.
CHAMPLEVE WARE
From the dark figures of Incised-Sgraffito Ware, rendered by the cut-slip technique, it was a short step to the removal of the slip over the entire field of the representation, so that the figures could be projected against it in a kind of low relief. The removal of the field is found to a limited extent from a fairly early date, already in the middle of the 12th century, the aim being to emphasise individual elements such as small medallions between the bands of intricate decoration (Cat. nos. 29-31, 143, 145-147). However, the idea of projecting the entire decorative motif in light colour against the dark-coloured fabric, and ofchanging the relationship of light and dark, a development that recalls the relationship between Black- and Red-Figure vases in Ancient Greek pottery, only emerged at the end of the 12th and during the early decades of the 13th century. The result was the striking Byzantine pottery in the charnpleve technique, an internationally accepted term that describes precisely the technique of removing (lever) the field (champ).
Charnpleve Ware, like Incised-Sgraffito vases, has a very large number of motifs involving human figures and animals. The repertoire of this group consists of scenes narrating tales of love, like that of Digenis for Maximo (Cat. no. 211), struggles to the death with wild animals and monstrous dragons (Cat. nos. 50, 209), wild fights between animals (Cat. nos. 55, 212), and a series of playful leverets and lively deer, sometimes curled up in the circle of a medallion, sometimes shown with equal conviction in an arching leap to adapt their body to the circular well (Cat. nos. 61-65, 210).
Certain differences can be detected in the treatment of the decoration - sharp or more gentle outlines, careful removal of the slip, or a more radical approach that was unconcerned to smooth off the surface of the exposed fabric after the slip had been removed.
The glaze on Middle Byzantine slip-engraved, sgraffito, vases may be light-coloured, colourless, various shades of yellow', and more rarely green.
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13th-14th century. The Age of Eclecticism and Colour
The contraction of the Byzantine empire after the Latin conquest (1204), the increasing importance of urban centres on
Fig. 4. Vase with an incised-sgraffito depiction of a falconer, from the Paphos workshop, Cyprus. 13th c. Pierides Foundation Museum, Larnaca.
the periphery, and the generally prevailing centrifugal economic forces, were probably some of the reasons for the emergence of new glazed pottery production centres during this period.
The excavated ceramic material reveals vigorous activity on the part of local, provincial workshops, with the shapes and repertoire of their output developing their own distinctive features as early as the 13th century. These workshops are even found in parts of the Byzantine world conquered by the Franks at an early date, such as Cyprus (1191) (Fig. 4)’.
A significant role in the production and economy of the local provincial workshops seems to have been played by an innovation in the way glazed vases were fired. About 1200, Byzantine workshops adopted a method of firing vases involving the use of tripod stilts.
These tripod stilts are small clay devices with three short pointed legs. They were handmade, mouldmade or wheelmade\ and were placed between the vases to separate them, their legs resting on the well of one vase and their body supporting the foot of the next. This made it possible to stack vases in columns in the kiln (Fig. 5) with no risk that they would stick together during firing, when the high temperatures reached caused the layer of glaze to liquefy and adhere to anything it touched. This ability to stack vases in columns in the kiln obviously led to an increase in the capacity of the kiln and consequently to increased production.
rhe mass production of pottery and the creation of local workshops were decisive factors in the formation of the image and character of the pottery of the last phase of the Byzantine empire, the main features of which became clearer after the middle of the 13th century.
The shape and size of Palaeologan vases differ considerably from those of the Middle Byzantine period. Palaeologan vases were smaller and deeper. The great majority are deep bowls or deep plates. These changes may possibly reflect modifications to the diet enjoyed by Byzantine society, which in turn probably reflected the Frankish conquest and the influence of western tastes, though it is also quite possible that they were related to economic circumstances.
The selection of decorative motifs, the treatment of details, and the rendering of the patterns were naturally largely influenced by the size and shape of the vases. The engraved
Fig. 5. slacked in columns with tripod stilts between ih/fm
21
Fig. 6. Glazed pottery from Thessaloniki with engraved ligatures: Aiffiijrptoc, fteoSwpoc or fieddwpm, Mix<rijX and fteoSttya. Idlh c. Museum of Byzantine Culture.
Fig. 7. Glazed vase with an engraivd ligature: MiyaijX. l-llhi. Rhodes, Palace of Ihe Grand Master.
pottery of the Palaeologan period (1261-1453) exhibits a great variety of motifs, the emphasis being on geometric or stylised floral patterns. Animals and human figures arc still found, though much less frequently than in the previous period. Monograms and ligatures are also found engraved on the well of the vases, and may be interpreted as the names of saints (Cat. nos. 88, 89) (Fig. 6, 7). These vases are probably associated with places of pilgrimage and worship at which there was a source of holy water or myrrh.
In the engraving of the decoration on Palaeologan pottery use was made of the various kinds of techniques with which Middle Byzantine workshops experimented and achieved their successes during the 12th century. The Fine-Sgraffito, Incised-Sgraffito and Champleve techniques occur in one and the same vase, employed with great ease and freedom. The engraved decoration of Palaeologan pottery may be said to exhibit an eclecticism in the engraving techniques used and also, more generally speaking, in the treatment of the various decorative patterns and individual motifs.
ZEUXIPPOS WARE
A prologue to and reflection of the several stages of the aspirations and achievements of engraved decoration during the Late Byzantine period is provided by the much debated “Zeuxippos Ware” - the name given to a family of vases with dark red,
fine, hard fabric, thin walls, meticulous decoration and shiny glaze. The ware was once thought to have been made in the area of Constantinople, though this view' has lately been abandoned5. Zeuxippos Ware dates from 1200 to the middle of the 13th century.
This category is one of the earliest to adopt the method of firing using t ripod stilts. It is notable that while in the earliest products of this group of vases there is no sign of scars left by the tripod stilts, three small marks can plainly be seen on the wells of the later vases, showing that they were separated by tripod stilts during firing. Zeuxippos pottery is also one of the first groups in which the engraved decoration begins to be enhanced by colour, in this case brownyellow- iron oxide (Cat. nos. 70-74), while the later examples of it have the yellow-orange glaze characteristic of Palaeologan vases (Cat. no. 75).
Very few examples of Zeuxippos Ware have been discovered in mainland Greece (Fig. 8), in contrast with the East Aegean, Cyprus and the coastal sites of the Middle East. The most brilliant specimens with pictorial motifs have been found in the Crimaean peninsula during the excavations at Cherson.
22
PLAIN SGRAFFITO
The engraved decoration of the vase is enhanced and given character by the distinct colour of the glaze. A characteristic hallmark of the overwhelming majority of plain glazed pottery in the Palaeologan period is a yellow glaze, derived from iron oxide and occurring in a range of tones from light yellow to an orange, almost gold shade (Cat. nos. 76-87, 90, 92). A much smaller number of pots have a green glaze, possibly derived from copper oxide.
COLOURED SGRAFFITO
At the turn of the 12th to the 13th
Fig. 8. Examples of Zeuxippos (Wore from Thessaloniki. Museum of Ry (inline Culture.
century Byzantine pottery seems to have tired of the monotony of engraving, grew bored with the dialogue between the dark engraved pattern and the light-coloured field, between light and dark, and turned to the use of colour. The engraved decoration in groups of pottery dating from the end of the 12th century, such as Incised-Sgraffito and Charnpleve Wares, began to be enhanced by colour, in shades of brown-yellow and green, applied in thick brushstrokes to the engraved pattern (Cat. nos. 68, 69).
These colours are brown-yellow iron oxide, green copper oxide, and very rarely brown-purple manganese oxide. They are either used singly, green on one vase (Cat. nos. 96-106) and brown-yellow or brown on another (Cat. no. 107), or are combined on the same vase (Cat. nos. 108-111), adding a rich colour effect through their bright tones, which lend added dimensions and possibilities to the decoration of vases of late 13th and 14th century.
15th-17th century. The Age of Repetition and Survival
The pottery of the Greek world in the early Post-Byzantine years is still largely unknow n. Falling between the inadequately known pottery of the Palaeologan period (13th-14th c.) and the traditional pottery of early modern times, it is almost as though the pottery of the first centuries after the Fall of Constantinople were non-existent. Excavators pay little attention to finds in the upper levels, which in most cases are difficult to distinguish from those of the preceding or following period.
On the basis of the few published finds, the view may be advanced with some reservation that the Post-Byzantine pottery of the 15th and 16th century in the Balkans was informed by a common language, with a limited range of shapes and decoration based on spirals and the w inding lines. The main features and lines of the engraved pattern are emphasised or picked out by brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour, alternating in dense arrangement (Cat. nos. 112-114).
The pottery of those parts of the Byzantine world under Latin domination appears to have followed a rather different course at this period. A good example here is formed by Cyprus, where the engraved pottery continued to flourish throughout the 15th century under the
23
Fig. 9. Glazed goblet with sgraffito decoration enhanced by yellow and green colour, from the Lapithos workshops, Cyprus. 15th c. Pierides Foundation Museum, Larnaca.
French Lusignan dynasty (1197-1489), with a variety of shapes and decorative motifs, including human figures, animals and birds (Fig. 9). In the 16th century, however, under Venetian rule (1489-1571) there was a decline in the quality of the local pottery, due probably to mass imports of majolica ware from Italy.
The influence of Italian vases in the Post-Byzantine pottery of Crete under the Venetians (1204-1669), mainly on the decorative motifs, is obvious and easily recognisable (Cat. no. 117). The pottery of Epiros is a special case: proximity with Italy led inevitably not only to influences, but also to direct imitation (Cat. nos. 121-129).
DEME 1 RA PAPAN1 KOLA-BAK IRTZ1
1.	J.W. Hayes, Excavations at Sara^hane in Istanbul, Princeton 1992, pp. 12-37, esp. pp. 15. 21.
2.	For the classification of Byzantine pottery on the basis of the decorative technique used, see Corinth XI.
3.	D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Меоаиоткц ароаХырёгц ксрауакц гцс Kdnpov. Ta epyaarfyna Llaipov mi Aamjpov, Thessaloniki 1996.
4.	D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, TpinoStOKOt цпрнршос rwv |h’<avnv<av koi pE tupt<avtiv<ov ayyEfcov, Aprpfc. Туирпак спрос yui rov mOqyipii M. Av&pdmco, Thessaloniki 1986, pp. 641-648.
5.	A.H.S. Megaw, Zeuxippus Ware, H.S.4 63 (1968), pp. 67-88. A.H.S. Megaw, Zeuxippus Ware Again, in Recherches sur la ceramique byzantine, pp. 259-266.
24
THE AGE OF EXPERIMENTATION AND ASPIRATION
(1 Ith-middle of 13th century)
MEASLES WARE
1	Bowl
Part of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 7, rim diam. 18.8, foot diarn. 6.7.
fine fabric fired buff at surface to pinkish core (Munsell 10YR 8/3), with rare fine white inclusions - some popped, and rare voids. Vertical ring foot, flat resting and undersurface, deep body with convex profile, upper half of which flaring slightly to tapered lip. Thick white slip on interior and over lip. Inside: two small concentric circles in centre, filled with scale, ring of dots; outer pair of circles filled with brown dots except for one segment, circumference broken by four pointed oval petals, points out,
each with double lines, filled with dots; between petals, boxed triangles, filled with scales and brown dots. Band of floral spray filled with brown dots circling upper body, row of brown dots on lip. (Hear glaze on interior and over lip; on exterior a brown stain, from glaze (?) pools of glaze on undersurface and resting surface. Corinth production.
Date: 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1935-0403.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 665.
I.T.-H.
25
2	Large bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 10.5, rim diam. 26.8, foot diam. 10.5.
Reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim formed by flat edge of body. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: almost entire floor occupied by feline with mane moving right, its head turned behind. Four stylised tufted plants with
long shoot placed symmetrically around animal. Motif rendered by fine-sgraffito lines and enhanced by dots of red slip, giving appearance of “measles”. Interior covered with yellow glaze.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Sparta.
Place now kept: Mystras Museum, inv. no. 238. Unpublished.
Ai.B.
26
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
3	Plate
Part of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 9.1. rim diam. 24.8, foot diam. 11.
Fine fabric fired salmon at edges (Munsell 10YR 7/4), buff core (Munsell 2.5YR 6/6) with abundant tiny red, grey, white inclusions. Sharp, flaring ring foot, flat resting surface, flat undersurface. Straight flaring body, sharply upturned and nearly vertical rim, flat lip. Off-white slip on interior and upper half of exterior. Finely incised on interior: man on horseback, turned left. Of horse neck. head, hindquarters, hind legs preserved. Short curling mane, strap under belly and over hindquarters decorated with circles and tassels, small fringed tail. Man has both arms extended. Scribbled short hair around round face, fine pointed nose, small
mouth. Wears long-sleeved tunic with spirals and scales (armour?). Above it in field angel looking down, with scribbled dress and leggings, small wings, holding cross with circles and lines. To right, large bird with scribbled feathers. Below angel second bird of which head, neck preserved, holding in beak round object with flaring straight side; below, hare to right. Constantine and the Vision of the Cross? Pale yellow glaze inside and over rim. Corinth production.
Date: c. 1st half of 12th c. (1 130-1160).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of .Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1966-0043.
Published: Ihe Horseman and the Angel, pp. 333-337. Glory of Byzantium, cat. no. 183.
I.T.-H.
27
4	Bowl
Almost half of vase missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 16.2, foot diam. 6.9.
Fine red fabric with a few inclusions. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved with fine line on interior: feline, probably lioness, moving right, developed freely in field. Neck and head raised, mouth open, hide rendered by small curvilinear engraved lines. Decoration supplemented by stylised shoots. Interior of vase and outer rim covered with yellowish glaze.
Date: second quarter of 12th c. (based on the concealment in 1147 of a hoard of coins of Manuel I Komnenos). Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine .Antiquities, inv. no. 6334.
Published: ADell 47 (1992), Chronika. pp. 74-75. pi. 29a.
Ch.K.
5	Small bowl
Pans of rim missing.
H. 5.4. rim diam. 11.5. foot. diam. 5.4.
Red fabric with very few inclusions. Low ring foot. Deep body with thin oblique walls. Rim formed by edge of body. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with thick layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on rest of exterior including base. Fine-sgraffito decoration on interior: at centre of floor, fish with scaly body and open mouth turned left and surrounded by V-patterns formed of curving lines, filling walls up to rim. Interior covered with very shiny greenish glaze.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 19-14.
Published: A Dell 41 (1986), Chronika, pp. 28-29, pl. 52y.
Ch.K.
28 -
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
6	Large bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 10.5, rim diam. 29.5, foot diam. 12.7.
Light brown fabric with a few inclusions. Ring foot. Deep body with structural imperfections and slightly concave walls. Upright rim, convex on exterior, set at angle to body. Exterior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with layer of off-white slip. Fine-sgraffito decoration on interior: at centre of floor, fish turned left, framed above
and below by stylised shoots. Body scales rendered by concentric curving sgraffito lines. Interior covered with thin, yellowish glaze. “Runs" on rim and exterior of body.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 6699.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
29
7	Plate
Small part of body and rim missing.
II. 5, rim diam. 21.3. fool diam. 11.7.
Coarse brownish fabric with inclusions. Rudimentary foot formed in thickness of body. Body with flat well and upright walls forming kind of rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip applied irregularly and flowing on to exterior of rim. Almost all of floor occupied by bird moving right , giving impression of flying. Bird’s body dotted and tail rendered by group of lines. Groups of concentric lines in form of stylised leaves placed radially around motif, which is rendered freehand with rapidly scraped lines. Interior of vase covered with yellow glaze, also applied carelessly to exterior of rim. Glaze flaked away in places.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Argos.
Place now kept: Argos Museum (storeroom), find no. AA71.
Unpublished.
E.K.
8	Incense burner (katsio)
Large part of body and clay lube of handle missing. H. 3, preserved I. 15.6, w. 12.8.
Hard red fine-grained fabric. Round disc attached to upper part by second round disc that had depression at centre in which incense was placed. Along bottom edge of fragment, clay tube lor attaching wooden handle, flaring at top, precisely beneath the round depression. Upper part of incense burner covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: bird with human head - harpy or siren - standing on branch ending in pointed leaf, with second shoot behind it. Part of guilloche preserved that surrounded depression in which incense was placed. Both sides of vessel covered with greenish glaze.
Date: 12th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum. inv. no. T 125,'BM 1676.
Published: Ili^Aivov 0v£uvnv<5v Ovptcrujpiov, pp. 127-140.
MB.
30
9	Plate fragment
Only part of well preserved.
Preserved h. 2.5.
Fine brown-red fabric. Ring foot, stepped on inside. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with very thin layer on exterior. At centre of floor, figure of a musician preserved from waist up. His head has curly hair and is turned right, while the breast is rendered almost frontally. He is wearing a garment with striped sleeves and scale decoration on the body, and is playing a stringed instrument — a kind of lute, probably the tamboura. Interior covered with shiny glaze, turned yellow-green by firing.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 5083.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
10	Plate
Almost complete. Remains of marine microorganisms on rim.
H. 4, rim diam. 23, foot diam. 13.2.
Hard reddish fabric. Rudimentary loot formed in thickness of body. Shallow body with flaring walls set at rounded angle to bottom and forming kind of rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion with spiral motifs, surrounded by a nanow band of stylised astragal. Band of degenerated running spiral around walls. Compass hole at centre of w ell. Interior of vase and outer lip of rim covered with yellowish glaze.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 2731/BM 7729.
Published: Extteoq X.-1E, p. 69 (no. 120).
E.P.
31
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
11	Large bowl
About half body and rim missing.
H. 9, rim diam. 28.4. foot diam. 13.5.
Hard reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Low ring foot. Body with flaring walls. Upright chamfered rirn, slightly convex on exterior, forming angle with body. Interior covered with white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion with cross-shaped guilloche and heartshaped leaves against background of scale pattern. Medallion encircled by band in form of running spiral composed of delicate spiral motifs. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with greenish glaze, slightly flaked.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Euboea, Aphrati.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9002.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
12
Plate
Large part of body and rim missing. H. 5, rim diam. 24.7, foot diam. 9.2.
Red fabric. Ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls, toothed edges of which form rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior, covering entire surface: bird, probably eagle, with head turned left, amongst spiral shoots. Good-quality dark green glaze.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Old Corinth.
Place now kept: Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum. inv. no. T 2460 В M 7405.
Unpublished.
E.P.
32
13
Small bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 5, rim diam. 11.5, foot diam. 5.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Conical body with flaring walls. Ritn not distinctly formed. Interior covered with layer of w hite slip. Decoration in fine sgraffito on interior: on floor, medallion containing delicate spiral motif. Interior covered w ith green glaze.
Dale: second half of 12th c.
Place found' Argos
Place now kept: Argos Museum (storeroom), find no. AA77.
Unpublished.
E.K.
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
14	Plate
Small part of rim missing.
11. 4.3-5, rim diam. 20.5, foot diam. 8.2.
Hard red fabric with inclusions. Low ring toot. Shallow body with flaring walls. Upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion containing central lozenge surrounded by four delicate spirals. On walls near rim, band of running spiral with asymmetrical chevrons in spaces. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin colourless glaze, flaked in places. Three pairs of holes, near foot and at two points of rim, for repair of vase with metal clamps.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. MON./KINA. 957. Unpublished.
A.-M.K. - L.T.
33
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
15	Large bowl
Complete. Exterior covered with marine microorganisms.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 25.8, foot diam. 10.
Hard red fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body, upper part forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, heraldic-birds with heads turned behind, placed either
side of stylised tree. Motif surrounded by two pairs of wavy lines linked by heart-shapes. Deteriorated glaze on interior.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: unknown (J.G. Zacos Donation).
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. 1 2718/BM 7712.
Published: Екдсоц X4£, p. 65 (no. 103).
E.P.
34
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
16	Large bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 9, rim diam. 28, foot diam. 12.
Hard red fabric. Ix>w ring foot. Hemispherical body, upper part forming upiight rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white glaze, through which decoration engraved: stylised bird, turned right, surrounded by regularly arranged sty
lised floral scrolls. Greenish glaze on interior, flaked away in places.
Date: late 12th-early 1 Sth c.
Place found: unknown (J.G. Zacos Donation).
Place now kept: Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum. inv. no. T 2752, BM 7756.
Published: 'Еквесгц X4E, p. 71 (no. 133). Navayio Ka-oreAAopiXov, pl. 79p.
MB.
35
FINE-SGRAFFITO WARE
17	Plate
Large part of body and rim missing.
H 3 5, rim diam 18, foot diam 6
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Low ring foot. Flat, shallow body. Horizontal rim. Interior and outer edge of rim covered with layer of off-white slip. Decoration on interior: fine-sgraffito concentric circles on floor and lines at edge and springing of rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellowish glaze. At four points of body, pairs of holes for lead clamps to reinforce walls, so that vase could be reused for solids.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Maroneia, Paliochora.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РМП 1/91.165.
Published: 11 pvSavuvfi Maptoveta, p. 363, no. 2.
S.D.-D.
18
Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 2, rim diam. 18, foot diam. 8.5.
Coarse red fabric. Knot-shaped foot. Almost flat body. Horizontal rim forming ridge at point of springing. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. On plain field at centre of floor, engraved eight-lobe rosette, petals decorated alternately with spirals and encircling shoots set in concentric, inner petals. Spaces between petals filled with chevrons. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellowish glaze.
Dale: early 13th c.
Place found: Sparta.
Place now kept: Mystras Museum, find no. A154. Unpublished.
Ai.B.
- 36
19
Large bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
II 8 5, rim diam 24. foot diam 7.5.
Fine ochre-red fabric. Ring foot. Body with flaring walls set at angle to floor and forming kind of flaring rim with flat top. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. At centre of floor, medallion with delicate spiral motif rendered in fme-sgraflito line. Concentric semicircles in green and brown colour around walls hang from perimeter of rim. Central engraved motif enhanced by same colours applied irregularly. Interior covered with thin layer of colourless glaze.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Argos.
Place now kept: Argos Museum (storeroom), find no. AA10.
Unpublished.
F К
20
Bowl
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 7.2, rim diam. 19.4, foot diam. 8.4.
Fine brown fabric with few inclusions. Low ring foot. Deep hemispherical body. Upright inturned rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip with thinner layer preserved in places on exterior. Fine-sgraffito and painted decoration on floor: band with running spirals encircling motif painted with dark brown brushstrokes in shape of strobilus, enhanced by green colour. Manganese and copper oxide used respectively for these two colours. Rim decorated with irregular brushstrokes of similar colours. Interior covered with thin colourless glaze.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens. Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 6900.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
37
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
21	Large bowl
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 9, rim diam. 26, loot diain. 9.5.
Red fabric with sparkling inclusions. Ring foot. Body with flaring walls. Tall flaring rim forming rounded angle with body. Decoration engraved through white slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion containing bird rendered in fine-sgraffito lines between two pointed leaves. Upper part of walls encircled by fine-sgraffito degenerated running spiral. Around central motif wide zone of spirals painted alternately brown
and green. Oblique brushstrokes of brown and green paint around lip. Lines of painted decoration formed by thin running colour. Compass hole at centre of well. Greenish glaze on interior.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 94.
Published: Clramique a Thessalonique. fig. 6. Kcpa-prtKci KaBqpEptvqt; \prjoqt;, fig. 13. КатаХоуос AevKOV rivpYov, cat. no. 7.
D.P.-B.
38 -
22
Small bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
11. 5, rim diam. 12, foot diam. 5.2.
Brown-pink fabric with a few limestone inclusions. Chamfered ring foot forming slight carination at point of juncture with floor. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, through which decoration executed: at centre of floor, fine-sgraffito medallion with three spirals alternating with three smaller ones. Band of tangent spirals beneath rim, also fine-sgraffito. Decoration supplemented by green painted spirals and two opposed brown spirals (copper and manganese oxide). Interior of vase and part of exterior of rim covered with greenish glaze. Local workshop.
Date: late 12th c. (evidence: coin of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180).
Place found: Pydna (Byzantine Kitros).
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 4512/21.
Unpublished.
EM.
23
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
Small bowl
Part of rim missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 13, foot diam. 6.
Brown-pink fabric with a few limestone inclusions. Ring foot forming slight carination at point of juncture with floor. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: at centre of floor, fine-sgraffito medallion with four large spirals alternating with three smaller ones. Band of tangent spirals beneath rim. Decoration supplemented by blobs of green colour on medallion and green painted spirals on body, and two opposed brown spirals (copper and manganese oxide). Green and brown painted tongues alternately on inside of rim. Interior of vase and part of exterior of rim covered with greenish glaze. Compass hole at centre of well. Local workshop.
Date: late 12th c. (evidence: coin of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180).
Place found: Pydna (Byzantine Kitros).
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4508/2.
Unpublished.
EM.
39
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
24	Plate
Approximately half of vase missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 21, foot diam. 8.5.
Fine red fabric with sparse inclusions. Low ring foot. Shallow, well-made body with flaring walls. Upright, in-turned rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with off-white slip. Rest of exterior covered with thin layer of red slip. Fine-sgraffito decoration: warrior facing right, with short curly hair, wearing sleeved garment with scales and metal breastplate. With his right hand he grasps the handle of a sword, and he
will have been holding a shield in his left. Figure encircled by serpentine dragon. Decoration supplemented by winding shoots painted in green colour. Band of same colour on inner edge of rim. Interior surface of vase and outer edge of rim covered with thin colourless glaze, flaked away in places.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens. Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 8086.
Published: ADell 50 (1995), Chronika (in press).
Ch.K.
40 -
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
25	Large bowl
Complete. Traces of marine micro-organisms on exterior.
II. 11, rim diam. 28.6, foot diam. 11.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Body with oblique walls, upper part forming vertical rim with in-turned lip. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of off-white slip. Decoration on interior confined to floor, which is occupied by bird moving right and pecking at
snake-like shoot surrounding it. Engraved decoration enhanced with brown painted degenerated palmetto motifs. Brushstrokes-blobs of same colour around rim. Interior covered with yellowish glaze.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: unknown (J.G. Zacos Donation).
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 2753/BM 7751.
Published: Еквет/ XAE, pp. 70-71 (no. 128).
E.P.
41
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
26	Plate
Large part of body and rim missing.
II. 5, rim diam. 22.8. foot diam. 10.6.
Red fabric. Low ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls. Upright rim forming angle with body. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, fme-sgraffito medallion containing three contiguous spirals and surrounded by concentric circle. Central engraved motif encircled by painted brown-purple band. Similar band around interior of rim and exterior of rim in places. Manganese oxide used for colour. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with greenish glaze.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Euboea, Aphrati.
Place now kept: Athens. Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine .Antiquities, inv. no. 7238.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
27
Plate
1 falf of vase missing.
H. 3.7, rim diam. 18.6, foot diam. 7.6.
Moderately coarse red fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/5), frequent fine black, white inclusions. Very low small foot, wide shallow body with slight convexity in centre. Low vertical rim, pointed lip. White slip over all. On interior, medallion with sgraffito double spiral motif; band of spirals between which broad band of brown painted spirals. Radiating brown painted stripes on rim. Clear glaze on interior.
Date: c. 1150-1180.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of .Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1936-0583.
Published: Connlh XI, cat. no. 1374.
I.T.-1I.
42
PAINTED SGRAFFITO WARE
28	Large bowl
Large part of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 8.2-Я.7, rim diam. 24, foot diam. 8.5-9.
Semi-fine pinkish buff fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6) with few fine white inclusions, rare sparkling ones. Flaring ring foot, flat resting surface, slightly concave undersurface. Deep echinoid body curving up and inward to tapering lip. While slip thickly applied to interior and overlapping lip, thin wash on exterior. Scratched on floor: central medallion with interlace pattern
of quatrefoil with long pointed petals, behind which linked arcs, imbricate background Circumference groove surrounding medallion, over which ring of brown dashes. On upper body to lip broad spiral band painted brow n. Clear glaze over interior and overlapping lip on exterior.
Date: 1160-1180.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, tnv. no. C-1936-0601.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1391.
l.T.-H.
-13
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
29	Large plate
Almost half of vase missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 35. foot diam. 12.1.
Red fabric with inclusions. Ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls ending in jagged lip. Interior and exterior covered with layer of off-white slip. Decoration rendered by fine-sgraffito lines on interior: at centre of floor, medallion with interlaced bands against background of scale pattern. Medallion encircled by narrow concentric zone with champleve running spiral interrupted by four .symmetrically placed me
dallions containing champleve decoration of multi-lobe leaf. Second broad zone beneath rim with “cufic” decoration, also against background of scale pattern. Interior and exterior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: second quarter of 12th c. (based on the concealment in 1147 of a hoard of coins of Manuel 1 Komnenos). Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 5128.
Published: AIMl 47 (1992), Chronika, pp. 74-75, pl. 29a.
Ch.K.
44
30
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
I-arge plate
Small parts of body missing.
H. 4.3, rim diam. 25.2, foot diam. 9.3.
Semi fine reddish fabric. Plate with slightly flaring ring foot, shallow wide flaring body, thickening as it nears slightly flattened narrow rim. Floor slightly convex in centre. Pale slip over interior through which decoration with medallions is engraved (“Medallion Style”): small central medallion with bird to right, floral spray on incised ground, surrounded by broad band
of sgraffito interlace on imbricate ground. Narrow beaded band and band of debased cufic interrupted by three small medallions repeating central theme. Second broad band of debased cufic. Colourless glaze over all.
Date: 1170-1200 (evidence: coin of Manuel I Komnenos, 1148-1180).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1937-0866.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1455.
I.T.-H.
45
INCISED-SGR AFFITO WARE
31	Bowl
Complete.
H. 7.4, rim diam. 18.5. loot diam. 8.8.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, medallion containing guilloche between palmette motifs against background of scale pattern. Medallion encircled by thin band of stylised astragal. Second band decorated with zigzag lines interrupted by foliate motifs rendered in champlev^ technique. Third band with oblique hatching near rim. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: middle of 12th c.
Place found: Pclagonnesos shipwreck.
Place now kept: Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 2346.
Published: Aipavia кап карала, p. 130 (no. 59).
E.P.
32	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing. H. 8, rim diam. 19, foot diam. 9.
Hard dark red fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with white slip, with thinner layer of slip on exterior. Decoration on interior: at centre of floor, medallion with floral motif at centre rendered in champleve technique surrounded by bands with touching lozenges on field of imbrication and rope pattern. Medallion surrounded by band hatched with dense parallel lines and band of finer hatching resembling degenerated cufic decoration. Entire vase, including interior of fool, covered with shiny olive-green glaze.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 1334.
Published: Clramique it Thessalonique, fig. 7.
D.P.-B.
46 -
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
33	Large plate
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 4.4, rim diam. 27, foot diam. 1 1.5.
Brown-red fabric. Flaring band-shaped ring foot. .Almost flat body with slightly concave walls, jagged edge of which forms rim. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion with hatched circle al centre surrounded by pseudo-cufic decoration. Medallion surrounded by band with cross-hatching interrupted at regular intervals by three small
medallions containing cross-motifs rendered in champlcvd technique. Band of degenerated running spirals around walls. Compass hole at centre of well. Entire vase, including interior of foot, covered with green glaze, flaked in places.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 557.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
47
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
34	___ __________
Parts of body and foot missing.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 25.5, foot diam. 10.3.
Brown fabric with inclusions. Ring foot with flat seating surface. Shallow body- Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of white slip, carelessly applied in latter case. Decoralion engraved on interior: at centre, full-length warrior marching right. He wears chained sleeved breastplate, protective guards for the thighs and lower belly, and knitted leggings. On his head, he wears a distinctly pointed helmet with a knoblike crest, decorated with small knobs, and has pointed shoes on his feel. In his right hand he holds a kite-shaped shield of Norman type, and in his left a horizontally held spear with flam-tnula. Around his waist hangs a quiver. Space
around figure decorated with stylised floral motifs. Spear, outline of shield, helmet, and floral motifs gouged, details of garments rendered by delicate hatching. The features of the warrior’s uniform were common in the Orient in Byzantine times. The western-type shield and shoes are in keeping with reforms introduced into the Byzantine army by Manuel I Komnenos. Compass hole at centre of well. Entire vase covered w ith bright yellow shiny glaze.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Veria, Nea Silata.
Place now kept: Ouranoupolis, shipyard of the Pros-phorion l ower, 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1074.
Published: AvaoKCnpiK^q tfpevveq <nq Brpid, p. 368, XpumavtKij Xa.\KiSiKtj, p. 4.
48
35	Plate fragment
Small part of body and foot preserved.
Max. preserved dimension 9, preserved h. 3 15
Pale-pink fabric with inclusions. Low ring foot. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: stylised human figure, with only head, shoulder and part of left arm preserved. Long hair of figure billowing behind, indicating vigorous movement left. Details on sleeve of garment gouged. Pentagram engraved on field above shoulder. Interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: late 12th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. AXil. 658.
Unpublished.
A.-M.K. - A.P.
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
36	Small bowl
Part of rim and lower part of foot missing.
Preserved h. 5.3-5.6, rim diam. 12.8, foot diam. 3.8.
Brown fabric with a few inclusions. Ring foot. Hemispherical body, jagged edge of which forms rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, w ith thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, human figure, probably huntsman, running right. He wears a narrow’, close-fitting garment rendered in cut-slip technique. His hands are left uncovered, and he holds a kind of whip. His head is covered by a conical pilos with curvilinear decoration. Figure surrounded by decorative lozenges near well. Similar, though larger, motifs alternating with “pine-cones” around rim. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with glaze turned yellow’ by firing.
Date: late 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1 st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1951.
Published: ADell 41 (1986), Chronika, pp. 28-29, pl. 52y.
Ch К
49
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
37	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 5, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 6.3.
Brown fabric with a few inclusions. Ring foot. Slightly concave body, edge of which forms rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration in cut-slip and incised-sgraffito technique: warrior moving left developed freely in field. He wears a narrow, close-fitting garment that leaves his hands and feet free. In his right hand he clumsily holds an oval shield, and in his right, a horizontal spear or flag-pole. His face is ugly and his head is covered by a fairly long, narrow pilos. Representation accompanied by degenerated stylised floral motifs. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with greenish glaze. Areas flaked away on rim and in places on body.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorale of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1975.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
38	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 4.8, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 6.5.
Brown fabric with a few inclusions. Low ring foot. Slightly concave body, edge of which forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with thick off-white slip, with thinner layer on rest of exterior, including base. Decoration engraved on interior: bird developed freely in field rendered by incised sgraffito, apart from body, which is in cut-slip technique. Main motif surrounded by freely worked band ornaments. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellowish, slightly greenish, glaze, flaked away in places.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1943.
Published: A Dell 41 (1986), Chronika, pp. 28-29, pl. 52y.
Ch.K.
50 —
\Л/Л D P
C t-
u u < a c
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c u a
C 2
39	Small bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
11. 4.5, rim diam. 12.7, foot diam. 5.3.
Fine brown fabric with sparse inclusions. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body, edge of which forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with thick layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on rest of exterior including base. Decoration engraved on interior: at cent re of floor, animal, probably dog, moving right with head turned behind. Body and hind legs rendered in cut-slip technique, and other legs and details in sgraffito. Central motif enclosed by row of medallions of equal size with dense crosshatching inside, and their perimeters defined by two concentric circles. Medallions connected in middle by groups of sgraffito lines and above and below by incised-sgraffito double semicircle ornaments. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellowish glaze, which flows down to foot.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens. Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 7973.
Published: ADell 48 (1993), Chronika. pp. 77-78, drawing 9, pl. 32y.
Ch.K.
40	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
Preserved h. 5.5, rim diam. 16.5, foot diam. 7.4.
Brown fabric with inclusions. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim formed by slightly inturned edge of body. Interior covered with off-white slip, with very fine layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird turned left rendered in cut-slip technique. Luxuriant tail, feet and beak rendered in incised sgraffito. Bird enclosed within five circles interconnected by groups of engraved lines arranged in a circle. Space between circular motifs and rim filled with degenerated curvilinear floral motifs. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with colourless glaze.
Dale: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1934.
Published: AMt 41 (1986), Chronika, pp. 28-29, pl. 52y.
Ch.K.
51
41	Plate
Part of rim and seating surface of foot missing. H. 5.2, rim diam. 20.6, foot diam. 9.
Light brown fabric with inclusions. Flaring ring foot. Shallow body with slightly curving walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of thin pink slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird moving vigorously right surrounded by four stylised floral motifs. Bird's legs
and motifs gouged, plumage rendered by delicate hatching. Head and neck rendered in cutslip technique. Bird seems to belong to Rallidae species. Interior and rim covered with light yellow shiny glaze.
Date: late 12th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Veria, Nea Silata.
Place now kept: Nea Silata, 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities (storeroom), inv. no. 1076.
Unpublished.
T.T.
52
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
42	Large bowl
Complete. Encrusted with coral fossils as result of long exposure to sea-water.
H. 9, rim diam. 28.4, foot diam. 12.7.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Deep body with Haring walls. Upright rim with out-turned lip. Layer of off-white slip on interior, through which decoration engraved: on floor, stylised bird surrounded by three wavy lines in a rotating move
ment. Interior of vase covered with yellowish glaze, deteriorated from long exposure to sea-water.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: unknown (J.G. Zacos Donation).
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 2740/BM 7739.
Published: ЕкОеац ХАЕ, p. 73 (no. 138). Navdyto Ka-areAAop(£ov, pp. 303, 3121Г., pl. 740.
MB.
53
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
43
Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 9.6, rim diam. 19, foot diam. 7.5.
Coarse brownish fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. In-turned edge of walls forming otherwise plain rim. Decoration deeply gouged through layer of white slip covering interior: four disc-motifs irregularly arranged with degenerated palmette-like patterns in middle and between them. Compass hole at centre of each disc. Interior covered with shiny yellow glaze. Glaze and slip around rim flaked.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture (Vlastos-Dragoumis Donation), inv. no. BK 4593. Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
44	Large bowl
Foot and small parts of body and rim missing. Estimated h. 10.5, rim diam. 22.
Brown, slightly yellow, fabric. Deep hemispherical body, edge of which forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on rest of surface. Decoration engraved on interior: four roughly equal circles arranged asymmetrically with cut-slip spot at centre. Lozenge motifs between circles. At centre of floor, degenerated floral motif with fout arms placed radially. Exterior of vase and outer face of rim covered with colourless glaze, turned yellowish by firing.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 7985.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
54
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
45	Large bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.5-10, rim diam. 29. foot diam. 12.5.
Red-brown fabric with a few inclusions. Ring foot. Deep, hemispherical body. In-turned rim. Exterior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on rest of surface. On well, radiate-star rnotif
freely developed with incised-sgraffito lines. Interior covered with ochre-green glaze.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 4887.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
55
INCISED-SGRAFFITO WARE
46	Large bowl
Complete. Traces of marine micro-organisms on exterior.
H. 9.5, rim diam. 26, foot diam. 11.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body, upper part forming vertical rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, decoration confined to organism with tentacles. Interior covered with layer of yellowish glaze, deteriorated from exposure to sea-water.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: unknown (J.G. Zacos Donation).
Place now kept: Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum. inv. no. T 2745/BM 7744.
Published: EbfE/nj XAE, p. 73 (no. 141). Navdyto КшлеЛ-Aopf<ov, pp. 303, 3171Г.. pl. 76e.
MB.
47	Bowl
Small part of body’ and rim missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 16.8, foot diam. 8.
Coarse hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Interior of vase and outer lip of rim covered with very thin layer of white slip. Decoration gouged on interior: star-shaped border enclosing quadruped moving right. Fur rendered by concentric curved lines, and hind part of body by concentric semicircles, resembling scales. Tail ending in spiral. Field fdled with degenerated foliate motifs. Cross-hatching in field between rim and star-shaped border. Interior covered with greenish glaze. Lip of rim encircled by band of brown colour.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: Argos.
Place now kept: .Argos Museum (storeroom), find no. AA7. Unpublished.
E.K.
56 -
48	Plate fragment
Larger part of vase missing. H. 3.5-4.
CHAMPLEVt WARE
Red fabric with inclusions. Low rudimentary foot. Flat body. Upright, high, slightly concave rim forming rounded angle with body. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration rendered in chatnplev£ technique on interior: broad band of cufic decoration around rim followed by narrower band with heartshaped ornaments, alternately upright and inverted, and third band in form of running spiral. Interior and exterior including base covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: second half of 12th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1960.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
49	Fragment of large plate
Larger part of vase missing.
Estimated rim diam. 40.
Fine red fabric with a few inclusions. Shallow body with flaring walls ending in simple rim with rounded lip. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with much thinner layer on exterior. Charnpleve decoration with sgraffito line for details: huntsman with falcon depicted frontally, wearing sleeved garment and with curly hair. On his right shoulder, falcon stooping to bite animal, probably deer, held by falconer with
both hands. Decoration supplemented by ivy leaves and foliate shoot in the field. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish shiny glaze, giving a brown colour to bare parts of vase and outer edge of rim.
Date: late 12th-eaily 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 5127.
Published: ADell 48 (1993), Chronika, pp. 77-78, pl. 326.
Ch.K.
57
CHAMPLEVt WARE
50	Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 4.5, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 9.4.
Brown fabric with abundant inclusions. Ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls, ending in chamfered rim. Interior covered with thick layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration rendered in champleve technique on interior: medallion just below' rim containing “warrior and dragon” theme. Warrior rendered in profile moving left to confront dragon-serpent, which encircles him. In his right hand he holds a round shield and attacks with the long sword he holds in his left. His headdress is notable and may suggest that the
warrior is to be identified with Digenis /Kkritas. Its subject matter thus connects it with the plate known from Corinth which has a depiction of Digenis and Maximo (see Cat. no. 211); further points of similarity are the rendering of the tight garment, the lines of the drawing, which extend outside the medallion, etc. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior and exterior, including foot, covered with shiny yellow glaze.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1935.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
58
51	Small plate
Base and part of rim missing. Preserved h. 6, rim diam. 14.
Red fabric with inclusions. Shallow body with flaring walls. Narrow horizontal rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, w ith thinner layer on exterior. Decoration rendered on interior in champlevd technique with details in sgraffito line: floor divided by two lines set at right angles into four panels, each containing human head. Figures similar in terms of general features, but small differences in drawing, particularly of nose and mouth, giving different expressions. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellow glaze. “Runs” on rest of vase.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 2008.
Published: ADell 41 (1986), Chronika, pp. 28-29, pl. 52y.
Ch.K.
52
Large bowl
CHAMPLEVe WARE
Parts of body and rim missing.
11. 11. rim diam. 26, foot diam. 12.5.
Coarse red fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Decoration rendered in champlev^ technique on interior: large animal, possibly horse, its mane rendered by hatching. Tail ending in heart-shaped tuft. Stylised tree projecting behind. At rim level, decorative motif enclosed by band of concentric circles, top three intersected at right angles by small lines forming checkerboard pattern. Interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: Sparta.
Place now kept: Mystras Museum, find no. Al55. Unpublished.
Ai.B.
59
CHAMPLEVfc ware
53	Large bowl
Parts of rim and body missing.
H. 8.5. rim diam. 22, foot diam. 9.
Coarse red fabric. Slightly flaring ring foot with flat seating surface. Conical body. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration is rendered in charnpleve technique: on floor, medallion containing lively bird with high neck and long, rich tail, end of which rendered by hatching. Small tufted tree placed hor
izontally in background. Series of decorative bands consisting of concentric circles, wavy lines, and band of concentric circles intersected by lines at right angles forming checkerboard pattern. Interior covered with bright yellow glaze.
Date: early 1 Sth c.
Place found: Sparta.
Place now kept: Mystras Museum, find no. Л69. Unpublished.
Ai.B.
60
CHAMPLEVE WARE
54	Plate
Parts of body, rim and foot missing.
H. 8.7, rim diam. 24.3, foot diam. 10.2.
Brown-red fabric. Raised conical foot with flat seating surface. Shallow body with curving walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of pinkish slip. Decoration engraved on interior: almost whole of interior occupied by sphinx turned right: Archaic-type face, spread wings rendered by hatching, scaly body,
and small ornament in shape of teardrop on back part of the body. In front of figure, lanceolate motif touching perimeter of vase and decorated with cross-hatching. Interior covered with yellowish glaze.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Veria, Nea Silata.
Place now kept: Ouranoupolis, shipyard of the Pros-phorion Tower, 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1069.
Unpublished.
T.T.
61
CHAMPLEVE WARE
55	Foot and part of well of plate
Preserved h. 15, fool diam. 12.5, max. preserved dimension 14.
Hard red fabric. Broad low ring foot. Interior covered with white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. On interior, remains of a representation of fighting animals; dotted bodies of two animals identifiable. Winding shoots and trefoil on field. Depiction rendered with abrupt outlines and attention to details. Concentric circles engraved on foot. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with good quality yellow glaze.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Larisa.
Place now kept: Larisa, 7th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities (storeroom), inv. no. 144/2/11.
Unpublished.
S.S.
56	Part of a vase-lid (?)
Preserved h. 4, foot diam. 7, max. preserved dimension 13.
Hard red fabric. Handle in form of conical foot. Body with flaring walls. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Careful decoration in champlevd technique on exterior: depiction of animals, with head of lion and body of winged horse identifiable. Wheel marks in form of concentric circles beneath slip on interior. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish glaze.
Date: late 12lh-early 13th c.
Place found: Larisa.
Place now kept: Larisa, 7th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities (storeroom), inv. no. 144/2/12.
Unpublished.
S.S.
62
CHAMPLEVE WARE
51	Bowl
Larger part of vase preserved. H. 10, h. of foot 3, foot diam. 9.
Hard red fabric. Conical foot with flat seating surface. Hemispherical body. Гор edge of body has flange suitable for lid. Upright rim, concave on exterior. Interior covered with white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration executed in champleve technique on interior: medallion at centre containing large bird, possibly a cockerel, between two stylised winding shoots.
Outline of bird’s body rendered by dots, and details engraved. Surrounded by three concentric circles followed by band of “colonnettes”. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with good-quality yellow-green glaze.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Larisa.
Place now kept: Larisa, 7 th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities (storeroom), inv. no. 146/1/6.
Unpublished.
S.S.
63
CHAMPLEVE WARE
58	Plate
H. b.6, rim diam. 21, foot diam. 9.1.
Brown fabric. Ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls. Chamfered rim. Interior surface covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, large medallion containing feline moving right with head turned behind. Composition completed by stylised shoot in field of medallion Central medallion enclosed within four concentric circles interrupted at in
tervals by groups of lines. Interior of vase and exteiiot of tint coveted with shiny glaze, which flows down to foot. Glaze enhanced by copper oxide, giving it green-yellow colour. Compass hole at centre of well.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: road junction at Akraiphnio.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 8191.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
- 64
59	Bowl
Foot, part of body and rim missing.
Preserved h. 9.2. rim diam. 19.
Fine red fabric with inclusions. Deep hemispherical body, edge of which forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with white slip, with much thinner layer on rest of surface. Champleve decoration: al centre of floor, medallion containing bird moving right, with ivy leaf in its mouth and similar ivy leaf behind it. Medallion enclosed within band of checkerboard pattern. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with greenish glaze. Glaze on rim crackled and flaked, and few “runs” on exterior.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 4948.
Published: ADelt 47 (1992), Chronika, pp. 72-73, pl. 27y.
Ch.K.
60	Plate
CHAMPLEV6 WARE
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 5.4, rim diam. 21.7, foot diam. 8.3.
Fine brown fabric with a few inclusions. Ring foot. Shallow body with structural imperfections. Flaring walls. Flaring rim with inverted edges. Interior covered with layer of pinkish slip, and exterior covered with thinner layer. Champlevd decoration: at centre of floor, medallion enclosing hare moving right. Medallion encircled by band with checkerboard pattern. Interior of vase and outer edge of rim covered with colourless glaze, which flows down to foot. Glaze yellowish after firing, crackled in some places and flaked at rim. Compass hole at centre of well.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine .Antiquities, inv. no. 6903.
Unpublished.
Ch.K.
65
CHAMPLEVE ware
61	Bowl fragment
Base and part of body preserved.
Preserved h 6 5. foot diam 9
Coarse hard red fabric. Slightly raised, flaring ring foot with splayed seating surface. Interior covered with layer of white slip, in which decoration engraved: medallion defining well contains quadruped (probably hare) rendered in champ-leve technique, with large hind legs, small head and long ears. Medallion enclosed by band of three concentric circles, intersected at right angles by small lines, forming checkerboard pattern. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with bright yellow glaze.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: Sparta.
Place now kept: Mystras Museum, find no. A98. Unpublished.
Ai.B.
62	Bowl
Larger part of body and rim missing.
If. 11.4, rim diam. 20.3, foot diam. 10.1.
Brown fabric. Conical foot with distinctly splayed sealing surface. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion defined by triple engraved line divided into panels by vertical lines. Seated hare inside medallion. Surrounding field occupied by two floral motifs. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellowish glaze, carelessly applied in latter case.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Veria, Nea Silata.
Place notv kept: Ouranoupolis, shipyard of the Pros-phorion Tower, 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1071.
Unpublished.
T.T.
66 -
63
Bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 9.8, rim diam 19 5, foot diam 5 8
Brown fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion defined by three concentric circles creating zone divided into panels by triple vertical lines engraved at intervals. I lat e turned right at centre of medallion. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with dull light-yellow glaze.
Date: late 12th-early 1 Sth c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Veria. Nea Silata.
Place now kept: Ouranoupolis, shipyard of the Pros-phorion Tower, 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1072.
Unpublished.
T.T.
64
Large bowl
Coralloids adhering to outer surface. H. 10, rim diam. 25.3, foot diam. 10.1.
Red fabric. Raised flaring foot with splayed seating surface. Hemispherical body. Rounded edge of wall forms plain rim. Decoration executed in champleve technique through layer of white slip covering interior: medallion containing hare within two concentric circles. Compass hole at centre. Interior covered with green glaze, flaked in places.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture (Vlastos-Dragoumis Donation), inv. no. В К 4594. Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
CHAMPLEVE ware
- 67
CHAMPLEVE ware
Fool and body fragment
65	of open vase
Preserved h. 6.4, foot diam. 10, h. of foot 3.5.
Reddish, slighdy orange, fabric. Conical foot with splayed seating surface. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Decoration rendered in champleve technique on interior: at centre of floor, hare surrounded by concentric circles. Coinpass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with greenish glaze, fairly badly flaked. Colourless glaze on exterior.
Date: first half of 13th c.
Place found: Chios.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of Chios (Medjie Cami), inv. no. 2.
Published: KtpttptKci Bv^uvuvov Movoriov Xtov, p. 187, fig- 4, 2.
P.V.
66	Plate
Part of well, large part of body and rim missing. H. 4, rim diam. 20.7, foot diam. 9.5.
Red fabric. Low ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls. Rim not distinctly formed. Layer of white slip on interior, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, medallion containing hare moving left, rendered in champleve technique. Compass hole at centre of well. Yellow glaze on interior.
Date: early 13th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 1824.
Unpublished.
E.P.
68
CHAMPLEV6 WARE
67	Large plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 26, foot diam. 10.6.
Brown fabric with inclusions. Low ring foot with flat seating surface. Shallow body with flaring walls. Horizontal rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip, carelessly applied in latter case. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion containing lion turned right, bending its forelegs and
turning its head upwatds. Mane rendered by oblique hatching. Rim decorated with cross-hatching. Compass hole at centre of well. Entire vase covered with bright yellow shiny glaze.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Veria, Nea Silata.
Place now kept: Ouranoupolis. shipyard of the Pros-phorion Tower, l()th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 1073.
Published: AvaoKc«piKS<; tfpeuvet; arq Beptd, p. 368.
T.T.
69
CHAMPLEVE ware
68
Bowl
Part of rim, body and base preserved. H. 9, rim diam. 21.4.
Coarse ochre-red fabric. Flat fool. I lemispher-ical body. Vertical rim, slightly concave on exterior. Interior and exterior covered with pinkish slip. Decoration engraved on interior: three partly preserved medallions arranged around well. In each, hare rendered in champleve technique. Compass hole at centre of each medallion. Other smaller cross-hatched medallions between them, accompanied by gouged triangular motifs. Circles on imbricated field around rim. Band of brown-yellow colour around rim and same colour on rest of engraved pattern in places. Interior covered with greenish glaze.
Date: first half of 13th c.
Place found: Algos.
Place now kept: Argos (office of the 5th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities), find no. Aly.
Unpublished.
E.K.
69	Bowl
Small parts of body and rim missing. H. 11. rim diam. 20. foot diam. 11.
Coarse ochre-brown fabric with inclusions. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior covered with dun layer of white slip. Decoration rendered in champleve technique on interior: medallion encircled by thin line containing hunting scene with feline whose tail ends in heart-shape, and hare turning head towards feline. Medallion bordered by two green painted lines, one encircling middle of body and other encircling rim. Interior covered with greenish glaze, also applied irregularly to outer lip. Glaze and slip flaked auray in places.
Date: first half of 13th c.
Place found: Argos.
Place now kept: Argos Museum (storeroom), find no. AA73.
Unpublished.
E.K.
70 -
THE AGE OF ECLECTICISM AND COLOUR
(13th-14th century)
ZEUXIPPOS WARE
70	  Plate
H. 5.5, rim diam. 20.5, foot diam. 6.
Fine red fabric. Ring foot. Shallow, asymmetrically modelled body with thin flaring walls. Rim with inverted edges. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with thick layer of off-white slip. Well-smoothed exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, broad incised-sgraffito ring. Zone of alternating triangles and squares placed asymmetrically around rim with fine-sgraffito ornaments inside. Triangles and squares enhanced by brush
strokes of thick brown-yellow colour. Three gouged rings placed roughly equidistantly on exterior. Interior of vase and exterioi of rim covered with yellow ish glaze, which flows down to base.
Date: first half of 13th c.
Place found: Thebes.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 6488.
Published: ADelt 48 (1993), Chronika, pp. 79-80, drawing 18.
Ch.K.
71
ZEUXIPPOS WARE
71
Base and well of open vase
Preserved h. 2. foot diam. 5.5.
Reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Decoration engraved on layer of white slip on interior: medallion with circular motifs enclosing trefoils; pendent triangles at perimeter of medallion. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow brushstrokes. Y ellowish glaze on exterior.
Dale: first half of 13th c.
Place found: Maroneia, Paliochora.
Place now kept; Komotini, Collection of the 12th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. РМП 1/92-88. Unpublished.
S.D.-D.
72	Foot and well of open vase
Preserved h. 1.5, preserved foot diam. 5.5.
Brown-red fabric. Ring foot with seating surface destroyed. Interior covered with thick white slip. Fine-sgraffito motifs in medallion defined by gouged circles. Engraved pattern enhanced by two crossed dark brown brushstrokes. Interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: first half of 13th c.
Place found: Chios.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of Chios (Medjie Cami), inv. no. 13.
Published: Kcpapucd Bv^avttvou Mouoei'ov Xtov, p. 191, fig. 7, 13.
P.V.
72
ZEUXIPPOS WARE
73	Foot and well of open vase
74	Bowl
Preserved h. 4, foot diam. 5.5.
Fine red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with curved walls. Interior covered with white slip. Indications of decoration of slip-painted tongues on exterior. On floor, medallion with incised-sgraHito perimeter containing animal, probably goat, moving right with left foreleg raised and head turned behind. Small ears, protruding tongue, tufted tail, hide rendered by small circles. Behind animal, triangle, with arched bands in angles, attached to perimeter. Engraved pattern enhanced by wide brushstrokes of brown-yellow colour. Interior covered with yellowish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: first half of 13th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture (Ekonomopoulos Collection), inv. no. В К 4470/69. Published: Zutlop/ OticovojtonovXov. p. 12, pl. 7, 12.
D.P.-B.
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 5.4, rim diam. 19.4, rim w. 3.6, foot diam. 5.5.
Fine red-brown fabric (Munsell 5YR 5/4). Flaring ring foot, narrow round resting surface, Hat undersurface. Body straight flaring, then turns more steeply to broad out-turned rim with raised lip around inner circumference. Chalky white slip on interior, over exterior of rim. upper body, smears on lower half. Incised concentric circles in centre of floor - two, one on body at midheight, one broad one below rim, one on lip, one on either circumference of rim. On rim finely incised chevron alternating with spiral ending in flower. Smears of brown on rim ornaments. Clear glaze on interior. On exterior broad groove below lip. one at base of rim. two on body at articulation. Clear glaze on upper half of rim, drips on lower body.
Date: 1220-1250.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1960-0041.
Published: Frankish Pottery, p. 271. cat. no. 27, pl. 63. fig I-
I.T.-H.
73 -
ZEUXIPPOS WARE
75	Plate
Almost complete.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 8.
Hard red fabric with a few inclusions. Low ring foot. Body with smooth flaring walls. Edges of walls form low upright, slightly in-turned, rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: four circles around interior of rim. On floor, two pairs of concentric circles defining band decorated with groups of parallel lines and chevrons arranged radial
ly. Slip-painted “rays” on exterior from base to rim. Brown-yellow glaze on interior and exterior. Small circular holes pierced through body at later date to repair crack in vase with aid of metal clamps. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi, Mount Papikion. Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РЛ 1/92/K2I.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
74
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
76	Large plate
Small part of rim and body missing.
H. 7.4, rim diam. 25.4, foot diam. 7.2.
Brown-red fabric. Low ring foot. Body with slightly curving walls. Out-turned rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: centre of floor occupied by swirling rosette with engraved dots and spirals on petals. Walls occupied by broad circular zone decorated with plain chain-pike guil-
lochc adorned with engraved knots alternating with spiral-eyes. Exterior of rim encircled by four concentric circles. Decorative motifs projected against field of fine hatching. Interior covered with brown-yellow glaze.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Nea Potidaia.
Place now kept: Collection of the 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 379/K79.
Unpublished.
Th.P.
75
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
77	Bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 10, rim diam. 21.5, fool diam. 10.7.
Red fabric with abundant inclusions of mica. Convex ring foot. Hemispherical bodv. Upright chamfered rim forming angle with body and creating kind of flange, probably for lid. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Larger part of interior occupied by medallion: circular core with intersecting lines creating triangular panels with stylised heart-leaves, and band of linear motifs with parallel hatching resembling cufic decoration. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellow dull glaze.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Maroneia, Synaxi.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. PMS/ 90/12.
Published: Tt'vaf)/, fig. on p. 127.
Ch.B.
78
Small bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 12.9, foot diam. 5.3.
Vivid red fabric. Low ring foot. Deep body with flaring walls. Upright chamfered rim forming angle with body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of pink slip. Decoration engraved on interior: spiral al centre of well, pair of concentric circles at angle betw een rim and body. Interior and exterior of rim encircled by pair of parallel lines. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with orange glaze, deteriorated in places. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th c. (based on archaeological data).
Place found: Attica, Kalamos.
Place now kept: Athens. Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 4680.
Unpublished.
E.G.-T.
76 -
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
79	Bowl
80	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.8, rim diam. 14.9, foot diam. 5.5.
Red fabric. Low flaring ring foot. I lemispher-ical body with thin walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with off-white slip, which extends to upper part of exterior in form of tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: on floor, medallion divided into quadrants by two intersecting engraved lines. In each quadrant, engraved semicircle hanging from perimeter of medallion. Surface of semicircles filled with dense fine-sgraffito parallel hatching. Medallion encircled by band with stylised champleve leaves arranged in zigzag. Interior of rim encircled by three parallel engraved lines. Interior and upper part of exterior covered by orange glaze, flaked in places. Possible scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Euboea, Chalkida.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9006.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
Part of body, rim and foot missing. H. 6.8, rim diam. 14.3, foot diam. 5.3.
Buff, slightly pink, fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body with thin walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with white slip, which extends to upper part of exterior in form of tongues. On interior, linear decorative motif enclosed within two concentric circles: lozenge with curved sides developed symmetrically about two lines set at right angles to each other. Central panels occupied by circular motifs containing crossed bands with spirals between arms. Pendent triangular motifs containing spirals hang from perimeter of circle enclosing decoration. Three parallel engraved lines on interior, around rim. Basic lines of decoration gouged, details in fine sgraffito. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with bright orange glaze. Scars of tripod still on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Euboea, Chalkida.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9003.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
77 -
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
81	Bowl
Larger part of vase missing.
H. 7.7, rim diam. 14.5, foot diam. 5.1.
Brown-red fabric. Low flaring foot. Hemispherical body with thin walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, which extends to exterior in form of tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: around centre of floor, wide zone with trapezoidal panels decorated with crossed bands and spirals. Interior of rim encircled by three parallel lines. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with orange shiny glaze, flaked away mainly at centre of vase.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Euboea, Chalkida.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9007.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
82	Bowl
Larger part of rim and about half of body missing. H. 9.5, rim diam. 18.4, foot diam. 6.2.
Reddish fabric. Slightly raised flaring foot. Hemispherical body. Slightly out-turned rim. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior and upper part of exterior: on floor, medallion with inscribed knot in form of figure-of-eight. Both tongues of main motif enclose stylised trees. Spaces between them and perimeter of medallion occupied by running spirals. Inside of rim encircled by wavy line followed by four concentric circles. Double line encircling outside of rim with lines set at right angles to foot at intervals. Interior covered with brown-yellow glaze flaked in places. Green glaze on upper part of exterior.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Nea Potidaia.
Place now kept: Collection of the 1 Oth Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 383/K83.
Unpublished.
Th.P.
78
83	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H 7.6, rim diam. 14.2, foot diam. 5.5.
Hard dark red fabric. Low flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Decoration rendered in fine engraved lines and confined to interior: double-headed eagle placed off-centre. Body rendered by cross-hatching. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with yellow-orange glaze, distinctly crackled. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 51.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
84	Bowl
Parts of rim missing.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 14.5, foot diam. 6.2.
Fine light brown, slighdy orange, fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body with upright rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with off-white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: double line defining springing and edge of rim. On floor, feline moving right, its body rendered by dense imbrication, wearing double collar with oblique hatching. Interior of vase and part of exterior of rim covered with dull yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Heptapyrgio, Collection of the 9th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 08/98/AA18.
Unpublished.
I.O.K.
79
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
85	Bowl
Small part of rim missing.
H 8, rim diam 15. foot diam. 6.2.
Red fabric. Flaring foot. Body with flaring walls. Vertical rim. White slip on interior of vase, exterior of rim covered with tongues of slip. Concave surface of floor occupied by bird resembling ostrich, with long neck and beak, broad fan-shaped tail, and long legs in wide stride left. Luxuriant plumage emphasised by filling of dense, continuous, curved, engraved lines. Stylised floral motifs on background. Inner edge of rim encircled by two pairs of engraved lines. Interior covered with bright yellow glaze, which extends in tongues to exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4470/45 (Demetrios Ekonomopoulos Collection).
Published: EvXXoytj OtKovofionovXov, p. 13. no. 15, pl. 4.
DM.
86
Bowl
Part of rim missing.
H. 9.5, rim diam. 16, foot diam. 7.5.
Hard red fabric. Low, slightly flaring rim. Calyx-shaped body. Vertical rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns exterior with slip-painted tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: floor occupied by medallion containing bird with dotted body. Behind and in front of bird spiral motifs enclosed in triangular pockets. Medallion defined by three concentric circles. Interior of rim encircled by band with wavy line. Brown-yellow glaze on interior of vase and outer edge of rim.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Athens, Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 115/Kat. 101.
Unpublished.
MB.
80
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
87	Bowl
Small part of rim missing.
H. 10.1, rim diam. 17.5, foot diam 7 9
Fine brownish, slightly orange, fabric. Foot with slightly concave seating surface and low nipple on interior. Bell-shaped body, top of which forms upright rim, concave on interior. W hole of interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion defined by three concentric circles. Checkerboard pattern of horizontal and vertical lines with
small circles in the panels. Chain ornament at centre of body. Broad band of running spirals around rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with bright yellow shiny glaze. Traces of glaze on outside of body indicating contact with other vases during firing.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Heptapyrgio. Collection of the 9th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 08/98/AA22.
Unpublished.
M.F.
81
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
88
Small bowl
Complete.
H. 5.7, rim diam. 11, foot diam. 5.
Orange-red fabric. Foot with distinctly splayed seating surface. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Entire vase covered with white slip. Monogram engraved on well: ДНМНТРЮЕ or ПРОДРОМОЕ. Interior and exterior covered with colourless glaze, turned greenish by firing. Scars of tripod still on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4432,5.
Published: Movq B.\cad8ov, p. 285, drawing 2. pl. 9<n.
DM.
89
Open vase
Foot and part of well preserved.
Max. preserved dimension 7.8.
Coarse reddish fabric. Ring fool. Inlet ioi covered with white slip. Monogram inscribed at cent re of well. Yellowish glaze on interior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late ISth-early 14th c.
Place found: Herakleion.
Place now kept: Herakleion. 13th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 3/3/18.
Unpublished.
L.S.
82
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
90
Bowl
91
Small bowl
Rim chipped and flaked.
H. 7.3, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 5.7.
Brown fabric. Low flaring foot with up-turned seating surface. Hemispherical body. Walls leaning slightly inwards at upper part of vase, forming chamfered rim. Whole of interior and larger part of exterior covered with off-white slip. Decoration executed in charnpleve technique and sgraffito on interior: at centre of floor, disc motif enclosed by guilloche inscribed in heptagon, angles of which end in long foliate motifs and stylised floral motifs set alternately. Decoration of dots on band of guilloche and perimeter of heptagon. Interior and exterior of rim encircled by concentric circles. Interior covered with dull colourless glaze, worn and crackled in places. Lip and exterior of vase covered with green glaze.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Heptapyrgio, Collection of the 9th Ephorale of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 08/98/AA16.
Unpublished.
M.F.
Larger part of body, rim and foot missing. H. 5.8, rim diam. 10.5, foot diam. 5.1.
Red fabric. Slightly raised conical foot. Hemispherical body with thin walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion containing eight-lobed rosette rendered in charnpleve technique with dots on leaves. Medallion encircled by band with zigzag line of leaves, with gouged ribs and parallel hatching in spaces. Interior covered with greenish glaze. Green glaze on exterior. Possible scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Euboea. Chalkida.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9008.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
83
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
92	Bowl
93	Bowl
Part of rim missing.
H. 8.3, rim diam. 14.3, foot diam. 6.3.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Raised Haring foot with flat seating surface and nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Upright rim, externally concave, bevelled inwards with out-turned edges, set at angle to body. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Two concentric circles form medallion on floor, containing engraved leafy branch, with three heart-shaped leaves that have oblique hatching around edges. Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shiny yellow glaze. On outer wall of body traces of inadvertent fusion of this vase with others during firing. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4568/20.
Unpublished.
P.K.
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 8, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 6.
Fine reddish fabric. Ring foot with slightly upturned seating surface. Hemispherical body foi tiling rounded angle with rim. Upright rim, concave on exterior, with out-turned edges. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Branch with leaves rendered in carelessly engraved lines on interior. Three heartshaped leaves with oblique hatching around edge. Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with dark green glaze, flaked away in places, which flows down to foot. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 1502.
Unpublished.
P.K.
84
PLAIN SGRAFFITO WARE
94	Bowl
95	Bowl
Complete.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 15.5, foot diam. 6.3.
Fine reddish brown fabric. Flaring foot with slightly upturned seating surface. Hemispherical body ending in tongues forming rim. Interior coveted with while slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues and dots. On floor, two carelessly engraved concentric circles form medallion in which leafy branch freely engraved; it has a thick stem and four heart-shaped leaves decorated with free engraved lines around edges and small spirals at centre. Two small pendent triangular motifs with spiral inside them at perimeter of medallion Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rirn. Light green glaze on interior, greenish on exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on w ell.
Date: I-1th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4519/83.
Published: Ceramique de I'Hippodrotne de Ihessalo-nique, p. 219, fig. 28.
11. 8.6, rim diam. 13.7, foot diam. 6.5.
Hard brown-red fabric. Lowr flaring ring foot. Body with flaring walls. Upright in-turned rim set at angle to body. Interior covered with thick white slip, which also adorns exterior of rim with tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: well defined by double line and adorned by shoot with five leaves springing from ground. Outline of floral motif gouged and leaves and ground enriched by careless oblique hatching. Engraved line at edge of rim. Lip emphasised with green colour. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with slightly greenish glaze, crackled and flaked in places. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Dale: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Hcptapyrgio. Collection of the 9th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. ©8/98/AA17.
Unpublished.
l.O.K.
- 85 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
96
Small bowl 97
Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8. rim diam. 13, foot diam. 5.
Hard red fabric, grey from fil ing. Flaring foot with hollow interior and thin seating surface. Hemispherical body, deformed during manufacture. Rim bevelled inwards. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. On floor, circle containing leafy branch rendered in incised sgraffito. Five heart-shaped leaves with oblique engraved lines around edges. Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by deliberately applied splashes of green colour. Interioi and upper part of exterior covered with greenish glaze, flaked in places, which flows down to foot in places.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 855/18.
Published: J he Palaeologan Glazed Pottery, p. 195, pl. Illb.
Complete.
H. 7.4, rim diam. 14. foot diam. 4.9.
Reddish fabric. Lowr, distinctly flaring, foot. Flaring walls forming upright rim at top. Interior covered with off-white slip, which also adorns exterior of rim w ith tongues. Two concentric circles gouged on floor forming band containing gouged star-shaped motif. Fine-sgraffito triangles and spirals in supplementary panels. Rim encircled by double engraved line. Interior covered with greenish glaze. Upper part of exterior and tongues covered with green glaze, also used to emphasise lip of rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by blobs of same glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th C.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4431/2.
Published: Movq BXarci&iW. p. 269.
DM.
P.K.
86 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
98	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8, rim diam. 17.8, foot diam. 6.3.
Brown-red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, which extends to exterior in form of tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: star-shaped knot with circle gouged at centre, dotted lines on rays, and semicircles containing spirals in curls. Motif in champlevtf technique projected against hexagon from sides of which spring
spirals ending in small rosettes. Interior of rim encircled by five parallel engraved lines. Engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes оГ green colour in places. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with greenish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Euboea. Chalkida.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9004.
Unpublished.
N.M.-A.
87
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
H. 7.5, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 5.7.
Fine brown-grey fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body, top of which forms upright rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns exterior of rirn witfl longues. Decoration engraved on interior: medallion defined by double engraved line and adorned with figure-of-eight motif. Zones of dots engraved in panels created by motif. Interior of rim encircled by double engraved line. Decoration of interior and exterior enhanced by brushstrokes-splashes of green colour. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with dull colourless glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th C.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Heptapyrgio, Collection of the 9th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 08/98/AA5.
Unpublished.
I.O.K.
100	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.3, rim diam. 15.1, foot diam. 5.8.
Buff fabric. Flaring ring fool. Hemispherical body with thin walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with white slip, which extends to upper part of exterior in form of tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of well, medallion divided into five bands decorated alternately with hatching and dotted lines. Medallion encircled by band with zigzag line defining triangular panels containing spirals. Five parallel lines engraved a-round exterior of rim. Basic lines of decoration gouged, details in fine-sgraffito lines. Engraved decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of green colour in places. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with greenish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found; Euboea, Chalkida.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 9005.
Unpublished.
N..M.-A.
88
101	Bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 8.3. rim diam. 16.5. foot diam. 6.4.
Red fabric. Low ring foot. Deep body with flaring walls. Upright slightly chamfered rim forming angle with body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of off-white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: on floor, four concentric circles surrounded by three pairs of circles, also concentric, at centre of walls, beginning and edge of rim. Flowing brushstrokes of green colour arranged radially and extending from well to rim. Interior covered with greenish glaze, crackled.
Date: late 13th c.
Place found: Attica, Kalamos.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 8526.
Unpublished.
E.G.-T.
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
102 Cup
Handle and part of foot, body, and rim missing. H. 6, rim diam. 10, foot diam. 6.
Hard brown fabric with no inclusions. Bellshape with flat, untrimmed foot. Cylindrical body, top flaring and curving out to form kind of concave rim. Interior and exterior covered with thin layer of slip. Engraved decoration on interior: broad band with running spiral encircling flaring upper part of vase. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow colour. Interior and exterior covered w ith green glaze.
Date: middle of 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi. Mount Papikion.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. PA I 91 K4.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
89 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
103	Jug
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 24. rim diam. 7.5. foot diam. 9.7.
Dark red fabric, brown-red at foot Flat roughly worked foot. Globular body. Tall cylindrical neck. Two ridges at springing and towards top of neck. Out-turned slightly concave rim. Wide vertical strap handle starting towards top of neck and ending on belly of vase. Entire exterior apart from lower part of vase covered with whitish light brown slip. Decoration executed in champleve technique through slip: three pairs of engraved lines define two zones encircling upper part of body. Upper zone dec
orated with running spiral and lower with five multi-lobed rosettes inscribed in medallions defined by double circles. Decoration enhanced by generous imprecise splashes of green colour. Upper part of exterior of vase and interior of neck covered with green glaze, flaked in places, which flows down towards bottom. Traces on shoulder of inadvertent fusion with another vase during firing.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Chalikidiki, Galatista.
Place now kept: Collection of the 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 11Г 1.
Unpublished.
l.P.
90 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
104	Bowl
Foot and part of well preserved. Preserved h. 3.7, foot diam. 7.7.
Red, slightly orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot with slightly curved seating surface. Interior covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: human figure in frontal pose next to cypress tree: young dean-shaven man with short hair wearing richly decorated garment, his head framed by halo. Motif rendered by fine-sgraffito lines with limited use of gouging. Trace of green colour visible between head and tree. Interior covered with yellowish glaze. Obvious similarities with depictions of St. Demetrios in monuments of Thessaloniki allow the suggestion that the figure may be identified with the patron saint of Thessaloniki, though the depiction of the saint here is a rare example in this category of glazed bowls.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4493/1.
Published: AvaoKmprj nAcntt'at; AtoiKipqpioci, pp. 46-53.
I.O.K.
Fragment from foot 105	and well of bowl
Interior slightly worn.
Preserved h. 7.5, preserved rim diam. 19. foot diam. 8.
Reddish fabric. Flaring ring foot with flat seating surface. Flaring w alls. Interior of vase covered with white slip, on which is depicted figure wearing wide over-garment covering his arms, strange headdress, and high shoes. Facial features include eyebrows set close together, long thin nose, and small mouth. Surfaces of decorative motif filled with parallel oblique engraved lines and gouged chevrons. Fine engraved lines used for facial features, shins, and leaves of cypress at right. Gouged chevrons used to render cypress tree at left. Slip completely removed to render shoes. Remains of decorative band that originally encircled rim and interior preserved at one point of perimeter. Brushstrokes of green colour on interior. Greenish glaze on interior, remains of glaze on exterior.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4470/78 (Dernetrios F.konomopoulos Collection).
Published: £t'.Uop/ OixovoftonovXov, p. 19, no. 57, pl. 32.
DM.
91
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
106	Bowl
Part of body missing.
H 8.5, rim diam. 16, foot diam. 6.
Fine grey fabric. Slightly raised flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body with thin walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Decoration executed in very fine sgraffito lines on interior: floor occupied by bird with wings decorated with a spiral and vertical and horizontal lines. Tufted tail rendered with parallel oblique lines. Supplementary spirals and tear
drop-shaped motif engraved on field. Engraved decoration enhanced by eight fine brushstrokes of dark green colour. Interior covered with greenish colour and upper part of exterior with dark green. Probably Lemnos production.
Date: 14th-15th c.
Place found: Rhodes, Medieval Town.
Place now kept: Rhodes, Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. II\ 56.
Published: ЕмпдумЧ'»/ еутаЬиц&ц KtpapiKij art/ P6Ho, p. 68, pl. 2a-p, drawing 16. Ceramique byzantine й Thaws, pl. 9b.
M.M.
92 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
107	Large plate
Small part of rim missing.
H. 4, rim diam. 28.5, foot diam. 10.
Brown-red fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with rudimentary ring. Flat body. Vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with white slip, which extends to exterior and Hows down to foot in form of tongues. Lavish dense decoration on interior with parallel hatching on field: medallion defined by three concentric circles containing foliate motif and figure-of-eight guilloches. Medallion encircled
by wide zone with pointed leaves enclosing champlevf? dotted flammiform motifs alternating with ligui e-of-eight guilloches. Rim encircled by two wavy lines. Decoration enhanced by splashed flowing brown-yellow colour in places. Interior covered with greenish glaze. Green glaze on exterior.
Date: late 13th-14th C.
Place found: Prefecture of Kavala, Anaktoroupolis.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. KA-89/3. Unpublished.
Ch.B.
93
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
108	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.2. rim diam. 20. foot diam. 9.2.
Red fabric, blackened by over-firing. Flaring ring foot. Upright externally concave rim set at angle to body. Interior covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: central medallion with floral motif against hatched ground, and broad band with guilloche around
walls. Two parallel lines around rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by yellow-brown and green brushstrokes. Slip-painted circles on exterior. Colourless shiny glaze on interior. Serres ware.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ZX1/67.
Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 14.
D.P.-B.
94 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
109	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.2, rim diam. 19.5, foot diam. 8.5.
Red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Flat, upright rim, concave on exterior, set at angle to body. Decoration engraved through layer of while slip: at centre of floor, small medallion with winding shoot enclosed by zone of alternating triangular motifs containing coiled shoots and bands of tangent circles, arranged
radially. Pair of parallel lines around rim. Engraved decorative motif enhanced by brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour. Colourless, dull glaze on interior. Serres ware.
Date: late 18th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. XX1/55. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 20. Serres Ware, pl. la.
D.P.-B.
95
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
Foot, part of body, and rim preserved. H. 5, rim diam. 13.1, foot diam. 6.2.
Red, slightly orange, fabric. Button-shaped foot with grooved seating surface. Hemispherical body. Plain out-turned rim. Boss on floor. Entire vase covered with white slip, apart from interior of foot. Rich, dense sgraffito decoration over whole of interior of vase. On floor, three concentric circles define medallion containing engraved “Solomon's knot” with small four-lobed rosette at centre. Intermediate spaces filled with lozenges, spirals and triangles. On interior of body wall, row of tree-like motifs set in circles, and lozenges, with spirals and triangles in spaces. Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Engraved lines enhanced by brushstrokes of green and brown-yellow colour. Exterior of rim also adorned with vertical brushstrokes of green and brown-yellow colour. Entire vase covered w ith greenish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 11th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki,
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 2985.
U npublished.
Ill	Small bowl
Parts of body missing.
If. 5, rim diam. 12.5, foot diam. 6.2.
Red, slightly orange, fabric. Button-shaped foot with grooved seating surface. Low body. Upright rim forming rounded angle with body. Boss on floor. Entire vase, both interior and exterior, covered with w hite slip, apart from interior of foot. Rich, dense sgraffito decoration over whole of interior of vase. On floor, three con centric circles define medallion containing bird moving right with wings spread and band at neck. On interior of body wall, loose guilloche with network pattern at centre. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of green and brownyellow colour around engraved lines, and irregular splashes above main representation. Exterior of rim adorned with vertical brushstrokes of these colours, applied alternately. Green colour around lip. Entire surface of vase covered w ith colourless, thin slip. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 2236.
Unpublished.
P.K.
96
THE AGE OF REPETITION AND SURVIVAL
(15th-17th century)
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
112	Bowl
Complete.
H. 7.9, rim diam. 15.7, loot diam. 6.5.
Brown-red fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior and larger part of exterior covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, small spiral surrounded by three larger spirals set at regular intervals. Pair of parallel lines encircling exterior and interior of rim. Similar pair of lines encircling belly
on exterior of vase. Engraved decoration enhanced by flowing brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour. Interior and exterior covered with greenish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well. Drops of glaze on rim.
Date: probably 15th c.
Place found: unknown (Christodoulos Donation).
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 164/BM 1880.
Published: AOqvatKa epyaoifjpia, p. 61. fig. 6.
MB.
97
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
113
Bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 10.5, rim diam. 20.5, foot diam. 8.3.
Pale pink fabric with inclusions. Ring foot with up-turned seating surface. Calyx-shaped body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with thick layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: chevrons around walls. Interior of rim encircled by five parallel lines. Engraved decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of brown
yellow and green colour alternately. Interior covered with greenish shiny glaze. Green glaze on exterior overlapping lip of rim. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 15th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens. Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine .Antiquities, inv. no. MON. £K. В'- 2Д/18512. Unpublished.
A.-M.K. - Ai.A.
98
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
114	Bowl
Parts of body and rim missing.
H. 9.3, rim diam. 18, foot diam. 7.6.
Pale pink fabric with inclusions. Ring foot with slightly up-turned seating surface. Calyxshaped body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: antithetical curves around walls forming asymmetrical oval motifs. Interior of rim encircled by four parallel lines. Engraved decoration enhanced with brushstrokes
of brown-yellow and green colour alternately. Interior covered with greenish shiny glaze. Green glaze on upper part of exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 15th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. MON. EK. В'- 1,2a/3273. Unpublished.
A.-M.K. - Ai.A.
99
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
115	Plate
Part of rim missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 6.
Pale red fabric. Ring foot. Flat body with flat seating surface. Vertical walls forming a rim with flat lip. Three wheelmade grooves on exterior. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with thin layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: medallion defined by double line containing sailing-boat with one mast and horizontal yards, ladder at stern, oblique lines on hull, and three free circles in field. Rim encircled by imbricated band.
Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of brownyellow and green colour. Interior covered with greenish glaze and exterior with green glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens. Byzantine and Christian Museum, inv. no. T 1823.
Published: AvaoKatpaf PcopalKtfc Ayopdt;, pp. 4-6, pl. 6. AO q vaiicd £pya<nt|pt<i, p. 62, fig. 8-9. Ai/iavia koi xapd-fha, p. 132 (no. 61).
M.B.
- 100 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
116	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.2, rim diam. 18.6, foot diam. 7.3.
Hard red fabric with inclusions. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: mounted warrior moving right brandishing sword. Scene surrounded by spirals. Rim encircled by pair of lines. Engraved
decoration generally enhanced by brown-yellow and green colour. Interior covered with greenish shiny glaze, slightly flaked. Green glaze on exterior.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Athens.
Place now kept: Athens, Collection of the 1st Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. MON. EK. A73143. Unpublished.
A.-M.K. - Ei.L.
101
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
П7 Jug
Larger part of neck and rim missing. H. 17, foot diam. 8.5.
Coarse red fabric. Low foot with splayed seating surface. Spherical body. Cylindrical neck. Strap handle from rim to belly. Larger part of exterior of body covered with white slip, which flows down to base. Decoration engraved on front of body: radiate medallion divided into three horizontal zones decorated with crosshatching and zigzag line. Main lines of engraved motif enhanced by brushstrokes of green and brown-yellow colour, applied alternately inside and around disc. Probably an attempt to render sun. Exterior of vase and interior of neck covered with colourless glaze.
Date: 16th c.
Place found: Herakleion.
Place now kept: Herakleion, Historical Museum of Crete, inv. no. All 559.
Unpublished.
L.S.
П8 	 Jug
Small part of mouth missing.
H. 1 I 5, rim diam 7. foot diam. 6.5.
Pink fabric. Flat, untrimmed foot. Hemispherical body with trefoil mouth. Vertical handle from mouth to shoulder. Exterior apart from foot covered with white slip. Broad band on body with degenerated running spiral. Double engraved line at base of neck. Engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes of green and dark yellow colour applied alternately. Vertical green brushstrokes on neck. Exterior of vase apart from foot covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. Parcgoritissa Collection 346.
Published: MrtafJv^avTtvd KEpapucd ayyefa enqv Apia, p. 105, pl. 79, phot. 60, no. 91.
V.P.
- 102 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
119	Plate
Small part of body missing.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 21, foot diam. 8.5.
Pale pink fabric. Low ring foot. Shallow body with Haring slightly curved walls. Low upright chamfered rim. Interior and exterior covered w ith layer of white slip, through w hich decoration executed: on floor, medallion defined by two engraved concentric circles and green colour containing stylised rosette enhanced by brown-yellowr brushstrokes. Interior and exterior of rim bordered by parallel engraved lines.
Engraved radiate motif around exterior of foot. Rays emphasised by green colour and spaces between filled with brown-yellow brushstrokes. Two small suspension holes in rim. Interior and exterior covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. Paregorilissa Collection 351.
Published: Mciafiv&nnva кера pi ко ayyefa <nqv Apia, p. 105, pl. 78. phot. 56, 57, no. 88.
V.P.
103
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
120	 Plate
Large part of vase missing.
H. 4.5, rim diam. 20.5, foot diam. 17.
Pink-red fabric. Flat body with upright curved walls. Rirn with chamfered edge. Entire vase covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: on floor, medallion formed by double engraved line containing stylised fish with curved body. Body of fish decorated with engraved parallel bands filled with yellow and
green colour alternately. Entire exterior covered with green colour. Entire vase apart from lower part of exterior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Rogoi.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. 674.
Published: Mcrapuiiavtivd ayyeia and то Kdcnpo twv Ptoyov, p. 41, pl. 6.
V.P.
104
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
121Bowl
Almost half vase missing.
H. 11, rim diam. 21.5, foot diam. 7.5.
Pink fabric. Ring foot. Calyx-shaped body with upright, slightly out-turned, walls leaning slightly outwards, defined by two jagged ribbons. Upright flat rim. Interior and exterior apart from foot covered with white slip. On interior, “Solomon’s knot" inscribed in lozenge, edges of which end in palmettes. Spaces in motif filled with engraved hatching. Wide band on body
defined by pairs of parallel lines decorated with pahneLLe-like ornaments. Engraved decoialion enhanced by green and brownish colour. Interior and exterior apart from foot covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Aria.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. Pat egoritissa Collection 372.
Unpublished.
V.P.
105
122
Lid of large vessel
Pan of body and rim missing.
H. 6.5. rim diam. 33, w. of rim 5, foot diam. 23.
Pink fabric. Flat body with upright walls. Broad, slightly flaring, rim. Entire vessel covered with white slip, through which decoration
engraved: on interior, medallion at centre surrounded by five more similar medallions containing rosettes. Rim bordered by double parallel engraved lines and decorated with antithetical semicircles painted green and brownyellow alternately. On exterior, bird, probably double-headed eagle, with spread wings. Rosettes
106 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
and spaces between them decorated with small dense brushstrokes of brown-yellow colour. Decoration completed by green brushstrokes applied vertically to exterior. Entire vase covered with thin layer of colourless iridescent glaze, mosdy flaked away.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina. inv. no. Parcgoritissa Collection 370.
Published: Merapu^avrivti KEpopiKO ay у eta crtqv Apia, p. 103, pl. 67, phot. 22, no. 92.
V.P.
- 107 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
123	Jug
Small pan of mouth missing.
H. 21.5, mouth diam. 7.5, foot diam. 8.5.
Pink fabric. Low foot. Hemispherical body. Tall neck tapering slightly towards top. Mouth with band rim. Vertical handle from mouth to shoulder. Entire vase apart from exterior of foot covered with white slip. Broad band on body with three engraved discs containing rosettes. Spirals in spaces. Base of neck and mouth decorated with zigzag. Three large foliate mo
tifs on neck. Semicircles linked by zigzag in spaces. Engraved decoration enhanced by blue and brown colour. Interior and exterior apart from foot covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. 317.
Published: Metapu^avriva KEpapucd ayvefa arqv Apia, p. 105, pl. 77, phot. 55, no. 56.
V.P.
108 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
124 Jug
Part of mouth and large part of foot missing.
H. 28.5, mouth diam. 11.5, foot diam. 12.
Pink fabric. Flat untrimmed foot. Oval body with trefoil mouth. Broad strap handle running vertically front mouth to shoulder. Exterior apart from foot covered with white slip. Brown-red slip on interior. Two wide vertical bands defined by double engraved lines form panel on face of vase which is decorated with bust of female figure rendered in profile wearing striking headdress and costume. Features of figure rendered in fine-sgraffito line. Broad
zone around mouth of vase with double parallel engraved lines enclosing vertical green brushstrokes. Costume, headdress and vertical bands enhanced by painted cross-hatching. Interior and exterior apart from foot covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Ana, Archaeological Collection of Pare-goritissa, inv. no. 460.
Published: Mt’rapu^avuvct Kepctpixd ayyei'a остр Apia, p. 104, pl. 72, 73, phot. 39, 40, no. 101.
V.P.
- 109 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
125	Bowl
Complete.
H. 9.5, rim diam. 17.5, foot diam. 7.5.
Pink fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with flaring walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and exterior apart from foot covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, fish w ith curved body decorated with bicolour painted cross-hatching. On exterior, band of spirals with winding
line below it. Decoration completed by brushstrokes of green and yellow colour applied to engraved parts. Entire vase apart from foot covered with colourless glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably Kith c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Arta, Archaeological Collection of Pare-goritissa, inv. no. 461.
Published: Mrtapv^cmiva ксраркй ayyefa arqv Apra, p. 103, pl. 68, phot. 24, 25, no. 26.
V.P.
- 110 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
126	Bowl
Small pan of liiu missing.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 17.5, fool diam. 7.5.
Pink fabric. Ring foot. Calyx-shaped body. Entire vase apart from foot covered with white slip. At centre, engraved fish with curved body and bicolour painted brown-yellow and green cross-hatching enclosed within circle with tangent semicircles hanging from perimeter. Zone of running spirals on bodv bordered bv double parallel lines. On upper part of exterior, zone
with engraved wavy line bordered by two relief jagged ribbons. Tangent semicircles below this zone. Decoration completed by green and brown colour. Entire vase apart from foot covered with colourless shiny glaze.
Date: Post-Bvzantinc period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Aria.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina. inv. no. Paregoritissa Collection 321.
Published: Mtna|fv£avuvd кера pi ко ayyefa <nqv Арто, p. 103. pl. 69. 88. phot. 28, 29, no. 53.
V.P.
Ill
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
127
Bowl
Several parts of body missing.
H. 11.5, rim diam. 19.5, foot diam. 8.5.
Reddish fabric. Flaring foot. Conical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Entire vase apart from foot covered with white slip. Edge of rim on both sides defined by engraved line. On floor, male figure depicted in fine-sgraffito line riding on horse moving left. Horse and harness rendered realistically. Exterior decorated with four parallel rows of arcs giving impression of
scale-pattern. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of green and vellow colour. Entire vase apart from foot covered with colourless shiny slip.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. Paregoritissa Collection 325.
Published: Merapv^avTtva KtpapiKd ayyefa orqv Apia, p. 104, pl. 73, 90. phot. 41. 42, no. 61.
V.P.
112 -
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
128	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 7.
Pink fabric. Flaring ring foot. Calyx-shaped body. Rim formed by out-turned edges of walls. Entire vase covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: on floor bird moving right with large beak and hatched body. Rim bordered on exterior by plain engraved line and green colour. Beneath lip, body of vase encircled by painted red band with jagged edges forming a kind of leafy branch.
On upper part of exterior wide zone with running spiral between two narrow parallel bands of red and green colour. Entire vase apart from foot covered with colourless glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. Parcgoritissa Collection 326.
Published: MeiapvCavttvd KepapiKa ayyei'a <nt|v Apia, p. 103, pl. 66, 91. phot. 18. 19, no. 51.
V.P.
-113-
COLOURED SGRAFFITO WARE
129	Bowl
Small part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 15, foot diam. 7.
Pink fabric. Flaring ring foot. Calyx-shaped body. Entire vase covered with white slip. On floor, head of male figure wearing tall hat with three crests rendered in profile with fine-sgraffito line. On walls, painted band with panels intersected by wavy line encircling vase. Upper part of
exterior decorated with similar zone. Entire vase apart from foot covered with colourless glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Arta.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of loannina, inv. no. Paregoritissa Collection 314.
Published: Merapu^avnvd tcepapiKd ayyeia <rup Apia, p. 104, pl. 72, 90. phot. 38. 39. no. 50.
V.P.
114 -
130
Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.6, rim diam. 15.6, foot diam. 6.4.
Very fine red micaceous fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/7), with white, brown inclusions. Flaring ring foot. Flat resting surface, rounded undersurface. Straight flaring body, tall rim flaring slightly with concave profile to round lip. White slip on interior and upper half of rim on exterior. On exterior, roulet-ting on rim. On floor squiggle, circumference groove at base of rim, second below lip. Yellow glaze over all.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1938-0063.
Published: Frankish Corinth, 1991, p. 154.
I.T.-H.
131	Small bowl
Small part of rim missing.
H. 6.9-7.2, rim diam. 6.4, foot diam. 6.2.
Fine light red-brown fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5.5/6) with possible mica, rare fine white inclusions. Bowl with flaring ring foot, bevelled edge, round resting surface, conical undersurface. Straight flaring body, tall vertical rim, with slightly flaring profile to round lip. Pale pink slip over interior and upper part of rim w ith drips dow n body on exterior. Incised spiral on floor. Circumference groove on interior at base of rim, two below lip. Green glaze, thickly applied to interior but mottled dark to light green, thinly applied to exterior, only partly to interior of foot. Glaze chipped.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c. (evidence: coin of Philip 1 of Taranto).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1934-1398.
Published: Frankish Corinth, 1991, p. 154.
l.T.-H.
SGRAFFITO WARES FROM ITALY
- 115 -
SGRAFFITO WARES FROM ITALY
132
I-arge bowl
Large part of body and rim missing. H. 8.8, rim diam. 24, foot diam. 10.
Hard red fabric. Low t ing foot. Hemispherical body, with out-turned edge forming narrow horizontal rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, hare in medallion rendered in rhamplpvp technique Medallion bordered by band of rope-pattern. Stylised engraved flow
ers alternating with semicircles around walls. Graffiti resembling monogram on interior surface of foot. Colourless glaze on interior.
Dale: 15th-16th c. (based on excavation evidence).
Place found: Herakleion.
Place now kept: Herakleion, Historical Museum of Crete, inv. no. AH 541.
Unpublished.
L.S.
116-
SGRAFFITO WARES FROM
133	Plate
Large pail of body missing.
H.	6, rim diam. 23, foot diam. 10.
Hard ted fabric. Low ring foot. Body with flaring concave walls. Narrow horizontal rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, medallion executed in charnpleve technique containing flower-vase in form of kantharos with flowers, surrounded by band of zigzag line, followed by alternating semicircles and sty
lised flowers on walls of vase. Band with zigzag line encircling rim. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of green, brown-yellow and blue colour. Entire interior surface covered with colourless glaze.
Date: 15th-16th c. (based on excavation evidence). Place found: Herakleion.
Place now kept: I lerakleion. I Iistorical Museum of Crete, inv. no. All 544.
Unpublished.
L.S.
-117-
BYZANTINE SHIPWRECKS AND UNDERWATER EVIDENCE FOR BYZANTINE POTTERY
The Byzantine empire, a world state erected on an infrastructure of Greek culture, strove during the eleven centuries of its history to maintain the domination of the seas that it inherited from the Romans, in order to exercise complete control of its lands around the Mediterranean basin.
Throughout the millennium of the empire’s history, even when the Emperor in Constantinople was not “lord of all the seas as far as the pillars of Hercules”, Byzantine ships ploughed the Propontis, the Black Sea and the Red Sea, securing the vital political and economic interests of the capital.
The Byzantines built on the age-old naval tradition they inherited and acquired formidable naval forces. The royal fleet (basilikon ploimon) and the provincial navy (lhematikon ploimon), the organisation of which was based on the administrative system of themes, such as the themes of the Kibyrrhaiotes, of Samos, of the Aegean, and of Kephallinia, played a vital role in maintaining the empire’s domination at sea.
Byzantine warships, called sandalia, dromones, chelandia and pamphyloi, using “Greek fire” or "liquid lire", withstood raids and sieges by Avars, Russians and Arabs, protecting the Queen of Cities and by extension the whole of Central Europe from all those who cast envious eyes upon it; other ships, strongyla, emporeumatika, or pragmateutika, with the aid of portolans, a kind of navigation chart such as the “Stadiodromikos” described by Konstantinos VI Porphyrogennitos in his De cerimoniis aula? byzantinae, ploughed the Mediterranean basin from the Eastern provinces, at which the great trade routes from India and China ended, to the Black Sea, calling at ports like Alexandria, Thessaloniki or Trebizond with precious cargoes of colonial and other goods, and using the Byzantine currency as the basic means
of commercial exchange.
The role of the sea in the history of the Byzantine empire was of such decisive significance that the gradual weakening of its naval supremacy, with the penetration of western rivals such as Venice or Genoa after the 4th Crusade and the capture of Constantinople in 1204, along with the growth of piracy, was a major factor contributing to the final capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453.
The sea has exercised a pronounced influence on every manifestation of Greek civilisation. This is also true of the spread of Christianity, which gave different dimensions and interpretations to symbols such as the sea, the olkas,
big. I- Middle Byzantine amphoras in the shipwreck al Peristera, Northern Sporades.
- 118
Fig. 2. Shipwrecks of the 4th-15th c. AD located on the Central and Eastern Mediterranean.
119 -
the anchor, the ship, and the fish; the torment of sailors faced with storms, sea-monsters and mermaids was allayed by prayers to the Virgin, Saint Phokas, Saint Nikon “Repent ye”, and the supreme patron saint of seamen, Saint Nikolaos, Bishop of Myra.
In the Mediterranean, the Byzantines followed the routes established before them by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Despite their technical advances in the art of navigation, the dangerous waters with their uncharted reefs, the forbidding shores, technical errors, pirates, and the panic at sudden storms, all combined to carry large numbers of Byzantine vessels to the bottom of the sea throughout the length and breadth of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Propontis.
The history of Byzantine navigation is brought to life by these shipwrecks which, as “scaled groups”, do much to supplement the scanty information provided by the written sources on the imperial military and mercantile fleets, or preserve stories that naukleroi, or pilots, did not live to recount on their return - men like Georgios Presbyteros, whose name was found scratched on a weighing-scale in the 7th-century Byzantine wreck at Yassi Ada off the coast of Turkey.
Time and their watery environment have paid scant respect to the wooden craft. Very few hulls have been preserved buried in the sand and mud, or even hidden beneath the heavy ship’s cargo; the latter, in contrast, is often preserved virtually intact, exactly as it was when the ship sank, and thus gives some indication of the shape and size of the ship in which it was transported.
I he number and positioning of the Byzantine amphoras, called koupha or magarika, which were stacked in order (kalordinos) from the stern to the prow, constitute the only secure basis for calculating the dimensions and capacity of individual wrecked ships.
Byzantine amphoras, unlike the colourful glazed plates with their engraved scenes of floral or animal decoration or their pscudo-cufic lettering, have no particular artistic pretensions. They are mass-produced vessels, somewhat similar to modern transportation containers. The inscriptions inscribed, often clumsily, on the surface of the pots, giving the contents of the amphoras, such as beans or rice, or the owner’s name, such as I.eon, Olympics, Georgios, or Anthemius, lend the finds a human dimension and transform the humble pots into significant archaeological finds.
Two of the earliest Byzantine shipwrecks have been located in the sea off Sicily. One of them, found at Marzarnemi and dating from the time of Justinian, is known as the “church wreck” because its cargo included some marble architectural members for a pulpit; the other, at Pantano Longarini and dating from the 7th century, is, like the Yassi Ada wreck, very important for the history of the evolution of shipbuilding. Both wrecks represent a phase transitional between the shell-first and the frame-first techniques.
The archive of the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities lists about twenty Byzantine wrecks. Only a few of these date from the 8th and 9th centuries, a difficult period for the Byzantine navy, when the Arab fleet made its presence strongly felt in the seas ruled by the Empire and caused the decline of some of the old, glorious ports of Asia Minor and mainland Greece.
One typical wreck of this period in the Aegean has been investigated at Bozburen on the coast of Turkey; its cargo consisted mainly of amphoras and a small number of vases of everyday use.
Most of the Byzantine shipwrecks found in Greek waters date from the 1 1th century, w hen the Empire was threatened on lwo fronts; by die Nui mans and the Crusaders, who aspired
120 -
to control of the Mediterranean, in the West, and the Seljuk l urks in the East.
A characteristic wreck of this period is the one found at Sei\e Liman in Turkey, which is also known as the “glass wreck”. This was a Byzantine merchant vessel that sank with a rich cargo of amphoras, glassware and glazed pottery with geometric and pseudo-cufic decoration.
Several Byzantine shipwrecks date from the 12th century, a feature of which was the strong naval presence in Creek seas of the northern Italian cities, with such destructive consequences for the Empire. Some date from the 13th century, when the Byzantines were losing control of the Black Sea to the Venetians and Genoese, who used Byzantine ports to explore new commercial horizons.
Glazed plates appear to have occupied a
Fig. 3. Shipwreck with Middle Byzantine amphoras. Peristem, Northern Sporades.
special place in the cargo of the ships of this period. Two of the most important 12th-early 13th century wrecks in Greece, one at Pclagonnisi in the Northern Sporades, and one at Kastellorizo, were carrying precious cargoes consisting of large numbers - over 1,500 - of glazed plates with elegant engraved decoration of fish, birds, and wild animals; these afford evidence of trade in and transportation of commissions for vases from major pottery workshops, like the one at Nikaia in Bithynia, where this art flourished.
AIKATERINI P. DELLAPORTA
Archaeologist
Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities
121
THE BYZANTINE SHIPWRECK AT PELAGONNESOS-ALONNESOS
in the summer of 1970, the General Directorate of Antiquities and Restoration undertook its first large-scale investigation of underwater antiquities. I he aim of the project was to salvage the Byzantine shipwreck off Pelagonnesos (or Pelagos) near Alonnesos in the Northern Sporades. which had been known for some time'. The venture was funded by the Psychas Foundation and was carried out in two phases during the summer of 1970. The first phase was devoted essentially to infrastructure works and the taking of samples from objects found in the hold. During the second phase, the work of locating and drawing the objects in situ continued and the larger part of them were recovered.
The cargo of the ship consisted basically of pottery, and also six large millstones. The finds covered an area in the hold measuring 50x50 m., if account is also taken of the isolated objects discovered. A total of 1,490 ceramic and other objects was counted, not including plain wares and very small fragments.
rhe vases found intact or almost intact, or of which the larger part was preserved, included the following, by vase-type:
Large bowls	412	Lagenia	9
Plates	213	Lids of wide-mouthed vases	2
Bowls	143	Pithoi (jars)	2
Amphoras	54	Rniiwe cauldron (in fragments)	1
Lamps-candlesticks (?)	5	Glass vials	2
Atnphoriskoi	7		
I he other 628 objects counted are mainly fragments of decorated plates.
I he wrecked ship was thus clearly carrying a cargo that consisted mainly of table wares, the overwhelming majority of which were glazed plates and bowls with engraved decoration.
They were made of a fine, red, slightly orange, fabric and the shapes are mainly plates with a rudimentary sealing surface, and upright walls forming a vertical rim. A distinctly smaller number of plates have a shallow body with out-turning walls, the edge of which forms the rim. A large number of the vases are large, deep bowls with a hemispherical body, the top edge of which forms an upright rim. A few are smaller bowls with a deep conical body.
The vases have white or off-white slip on the interior and exterior. Except in a few cases, the layer of slip on the exterior is thinner than on the interior.
The decoration is confined to the interior and is worked in line sgraffito. It is rendered by fine engraved lines carefully and skilfully executed. The decoration consists of animal figures developed freely on the field, or geometric motifs, mainly spirals set in medallions at the centre of the floor, and bands around the walls. In some cases the bands are interrupted by medallions containing floral shoots or champleve palmettes.
The motifs, especially the animal figures set freely in the field, are arranged with considerable imagination, confidence and freedom. For the circular motifs, use was made of compasses, as is clear from the holes left bv them.
1.	Details drawn from die article by Ch. Kritzas. To |h<nvrivdv vaixJyiov fkAayowifoov .AAowqoov, .4.4.4 IV (1971). pp. 176-182.
122 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
Date: middle of 12th century
Place found: Sea off Pelagonnesos, near Alonnesos
134	Plate
Small parts of rim missing.
II	. 4.6, rim diam. 23.5, fool diam. 13.5.
Hard red, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. High quality, meticulously executed decoration: lion with thick mane pulling down deer. Head depicted frontally with tongue extended and tail turned upwards, ending in heart shape. Body ren
dered with small circles, mane with scale pattern, fur on legs with dots. Deer’s pelt also rendered with dots. Stylised branches with “pine-cones” on field. Interior and exterior covered with shiny yellowish glaze, slightly worn.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no, N.A. 18 (1406).
Published: Naudyio neXayovvrjoou AXowqoov, p. 179, fig. 9. Byzantine and Pott-Byzantine Art, p. 234, cat. no. 276.
A.D.
123 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
135
Large bowl
Almost complete, rim chipped.
H. 8.5-8.8, rim diam. 23.5, foot diam. 9.3.
Red-brown, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Chamfered rim. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Fairly careful fine-sgraffito decoration on interior: animal, probably lioness, running right with head turned behind, holding tufted branch in mouth. Forelegs treading on similar branch.
Drawing error has given animal five legs. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish glaze, considerably blackened by long exposure to sea-water.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. Пер0. 2.
Published: Byzantine and Po.d-Byzantine Art, p. 236, cat. no. 281.
A.D.
- 124 -
136	Plate
Larger part of rim missing.
II. 4, rim diam. 21.2, foot diam. 11.5.
Red, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body with broad rudimentary ring. Body with Hat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Layer of slip completely flaked away. Fine-sgraffito decoration on interior occupying entire floor: winged griffin with body turned left and head right, surrounded by stylised floral motifs. Glaze flaked away, along with slip.
Place now kept: Nea .Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. FlrpO. 35.
Unpublished.
A.D.
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
137	Plate
Complete
H. 4.2.-4.5, rim diam. 21.8, foot diam. 9.8.
Fine well-fired red, slightly orange, fabric. Slightly flaring ring foot. Shallow' body with flaring walls, with in-turned edges creating plain rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Fairly careful decoration occupying entire interior: deer bending head down and turning behind, apparently grazing contentedly. Large heartshape leaf in field above animal. Decoration enhanced by green colour, visible on lip and floor. Interior covered with yellowish glaze, largely worn away.
Place now kept: .Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site. inv. no. N.A. 41.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine .4rt, p. 236, cat. no. 280.
A.D.
- 125 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
138	Plate
Complete.
II. 4.2. rim diam. 22.7, foot diam. 11.5.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Careful decoration occupying entire floor: bird of prey, probably hawk, with body turned right and head turned behind In its hooked claws, hare with stylised branch in mouth. Bird’s bodv rendered bv
scale-like hatching, tail by parallel engraved lines forming herring-bone pattern. Hare’s fur rendered by pairs of short engraved lines. Natural background rendered on field by large tufted stylised palm-leal and spiral shoot with in-curving leaves. Interior and exterior covered with colourless glaze, flaked in places.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site. inv. no. N.A. 14 (137).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, pp. 232-233, cat. no. 273.
A.D.
126 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
139	Plate
Complete.
H. 3.8-4, liin diam. 23, loot diam. 11.8.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric, deteriorated and blackened in places due to long exposure to sea-water. Fool formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Floor occupied by bird of prey with body turned right and head turned behind, seizing running hare in its claws. Scale pattern and
hatching on bird’s body. Tail rendered by parallel lines forming herring-bone pattern. Hare’s fur rendered by dots. Depiction surrounded by shoot with spiral off-shoots and tufted branch. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish glaze, largely flaked away.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. NA 20.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 235, cal. no. 277.
A D
127
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
140	Plate
Complete, rim chipped.
H. 4.2-4.5, rim diam. 24.5-24.7, foot diam. 14.5.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Careful fine-sgraffito decoration occupying entire floor: bird of prey moving right with head turned in opposite direction. In its claws, deer with stylised branch with spiral off-shoots in its mouth. Bird’s plumage ren
dered by dots and scales, tail by parallel hatching, deer’s hide by concentric arcs. Field around animal occupied by leafy blanches and spiral shoot with enclosing multi-lobed leaves. Interior and exterior covered with colourless glaze, largely worn away.
Place now kept: Nea .Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 15 (1415).
Published: Navayio ntAayovvijoov AAovvijoov, p. 181, fig. 10. Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 233, cat. no. 274.
A.D.
- 128 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
141	Plate
Complete, rim flaked.
H 4-4 .5, rim diam. 2Я.2, fool diam. 13.
Brown-red, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Careful decoration: on floor, stylised depiction of frontal eagle with spread wings, standing on both legs with head turned left. Bird’s body rendered by imbrication and wings by parallel lines. Tail rendered
by similar lines forming herring-bone pattern. Depiction surrounded by stylised ivy shoot from which heart-shaped leaves spring at regular intervals. Either side of eagle’s body stylised branches with spiral off-shoots. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish glaze, with black patches due to long exposure to sea-water.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 16 (1410).
Published: Byzantine and Posl-Byzantine Art, pp. 233-234, cat. no. 275.
A.D.
- 129 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
142	Large plate
Complete.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 25, foot diam. 9.5.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls, with jagged edge of walls forming rim. Interior covered with white slip, deteriorated and flaked away in several places. High quality decoration: entire interior occupied by five fishes, alternately facing in op
posite directions. Bodies rendered by parallel lines forming herring-bone pattern, concentric arcs, and scales. Interior and exterior covered with colourless glaze, worn and considerably blackened by exposure to sea-water.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 17 (1401).
Published: Navdyio ПеАауоуу^сюи AAowijoov, fig. 8.
A.D.
130 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
143	Plate
Part of body and approximately half rim missing.
H. 2.4, rim diam. 23.5, foot diam. 14.5.
Hard brown-red fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. High quality elaborate decoration: central medallion containing animal, probably lioness, moving left with head turned behind. Tail ending in leaf-shape. Animal surrounded by stylised branches and heart-shaped leaves. Scale-like hatching on field of medallion. Medallion sur
rounded by narrow band of astragal pattern interrupted by four medallions containing stylised trees rendered in charnpleve technique. Followed by wider concentric band of pseudo-cufic ornamentation, stylised trees, shoots and field hatched in scale pattern. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior and exterior covered with very shiny yellowish glaze.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. nO. NA. 33 11403).
Published: Navdyto HeAayovviJoov AXowfjoov, p. 181, fig. 7. Byzantine and Post-Byzantine .4rt, p. 236, cat. no. 279.
A.D.
131 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
144	Plate
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 4.8, estimated rim diam. c. 22, foot diam. 11.
Fine well-fired reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Careful decoration on interior: central medallion containing bird, probably peacock, walking left with head turned behind. Fanned tail developed into flammifortn motif. Bird surrounded bv two ivy leaves and /	4
stylised branch. Scale-like hatching on field. Medallion encircled by band with pseudo-cufic decoration and background of scale pattern. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered by yellowish glaze, worn by long exposure to sea-water. Indistinct traces of same glaze on exterior.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 30 (952).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, pp. 235-236, cat. no. 278.
A.D.
- 132 -
145	Plate
Complete.
H. 4. rim diam. 23.9, foot diam. 13.5.
Well-fired red, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Almost flat, slightly convex body with vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Careful decoration: at centre of floor, medallion containing intricate spiral decoration surrounded by two bands with degenerated running spiral. Inner band interrupted by four small medallions with eight-lobed rosettes rendered in champleve technique. Compass holes at centres of medallions. Yellowish glaze on interior. Exterior deteriorated.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 57 (1370).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine An, pp. 231-232, cat. no. 271.
A.D.
146
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
Small plate
Part of rim missing.
H. 7-7.9, rim diam. 11.8, foot diam. 7.7.
Brown-red, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot. Conical body with flaring walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Careful decoration: at centre of floor, medallion containing intricate spiral decoration surrounded by two bands with degenerated running spiral and zigzag lines. Inner band interrupted at tegulai inleivals by lout small medallions with eight-lobed rosettes rendered in champleve technique. Compass holes at centres of medallions. Glaze worn over large part of interior and entire exterior.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. Ilcpf). 29.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 232, cat. no. 272.
A.D.
- 133 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
147	Large bowl
Part of rim missing.
H. 8.7, rim diam. 25, foot diam. 9.8.
Reddish fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body with upper part of walls forming in-turned rim. Interior covered with white slip. Careful decoration: central medallion containing stylised tree with three pairs of leaves placed symmetrically to right and left against background of scale pattern. Perimeter of medallion defined by rope pattern, from which hang three semicircles with stylised semi-rosettes rendered in
champleve technique. In field between semicircles three medallions with stylised trees against background of scale pattern. Around walls, band of degenerated running spiral consisting of zigzag lines. Compass holes at centres of medallions and semicircles. Yellow ish glaze on interior. Exterior deteriorated.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 56 (80).
Published: Ntwdyio flrAayowrjoov AXowfjoov, p. 181, fig. 1. Byutnline and Past-Bytantine Art, p. 241. cat. no. 294.
A.D.
134
148
Large bowl
Complete, rim chipped.
H. 8-8.3, rim diam. 23. loot diam 9.5.
Reddish fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body with flat well and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Careful decoration: central medallion containing intricate spiral motif surrounded by band with running spiral. Interior covered with colourless glaze, now worn. Compass hole on well. Exterior largely deteriorated and covered with coralloids.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 1 (1366).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 240, cat. no. 290.
A.D.
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
149	Plate
Complete.
H. 3.9-4, rim diam. 23.5, foot diam. 12.5.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior coveted with layer of white slip, traces of slip on exterior. Careful decoration occupying floor: medallion consisting of circular core with charnpleve radiate rosette and wide zone of running spirals, with delicate spiral ends. Medallion bordered by rope pattern and surrounded by band of touching lozenges with small circles at the centre. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with fairly worn greenish glaze. Exterior flaked.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 21 (1404).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art. p. 238. cat. no. 286.
A.D.
135
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
150	Bowl
Complete.
H. 7-7.4. rim diam. 18.2, foot diam. 7.3.
Reddish fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip. Traces of slip on exterior. Careful decoration: centre of floor occupied by medallion consisting of circular core containing champleve rosette surrounded by band of running spirals with delicate spiral ends. Medallion bordered by rope pattern. Band with simplified running spiral on walls near rim. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered w ith fairly worn glaze. Exterior surface flaked away.
Place now kept: Nea .Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. Гкр0. 31.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, pp. 231-232, cat. no. 270.
д П
151	Plate
Complete.
H. 3.9-4.5, rim diam. 23.9, foot diam. 12.2.
Buff fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip, remains of which also visible on exterior. Careful decoration: centre of floor occupied by medallion consisting of circular core containing champleve? eight-lobed rosette surrounded by zone of pseudo-cuftc decoration against background of scale pattern. Medallion bordered by rope pattern and encircled by band with linear degenerated cufic decoration. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish glaze.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 22 (535).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 231, cat. no. 269.
A.D.
136 -
152	Plate
Complete.
H. 4.5. rim diam. 21.4, foot diam. 10.7.
Reddish fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Elaborate careful decoration: central medallion consisting of circular core with network of cruciform rosettes surrounded by zone with motifs recalling degenerated pseudo-cuftc decoration against background of scale pattern. Medallion bordered by rope pattern and encircled by band with zigzag line, with small circles either side. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with yellowish glaze, with much thinner layer on exterior.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 58 (534).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, pp. 242-243, cat. no. 297.
A.D.
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
153	Plate
Part of rim missing.
H. 4.4, rim diam. 22.6, foot diam. 11.2.
Reddish fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary t ing. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip. Exterior probably covered with thinner layer. Careful decoration: centre of floor occupied by medallion consisting of circular core with star-shaped rosette against background of scale pattern, surrounded by band of concentric spiral shoots with forked leaf-shaped ends. Medallion defined by pair of concentric circles. Walls encircled by band with guilloche. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with fairly worn glaze. Exterior probably covered with thinner layer.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 31 (20).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 239, cat. no. 287.
A. I).
137 -
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
154	Large bowl
Complete.
H. 9, rim diam. 24, foot diam. 9.8.
Brown-red fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body with curved walls ending in low upright rim bevelled inwards. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Remains of thinner layer on exterior. Very careful decoration: centre of floor occupied by medallion consisting of circular core with stylised pahnette against background of scale pattern surrounded by band with concentric spiral shoots with forked leafshaped ends. Medallion bordered by narrow band with astragal pattern. Band with degenerated running spiral formed of zigzag lines around walls. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with colourless fairly worn glaze, which probably also extended to exterior.
Place now kept: Nea .Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 3.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 237, cal. no. 283.
A.D.
155
Large bowl
Complete, rim chipped.
H. 8.3, rim diam. 24.5, foot diam 11.4.
Reddish fabric. Ring foot. Deep body with flaring walls ending in upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Careful decoration: large part of floor covered by medallion containing winding leafy shoot ending in pahnette, against background of scale pattern. Perimeter of medallion defined by rope pattern. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with yellowish glaze. Exterior surface deteriorated.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 2 (683).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 241. cat. no. 293.
A.D.
- 138 -
156	Large bowl
(Complete.
H. 7.3-7.9, rim diam. 24, foot diam. 10.
Fine well-fired brown-red fabric. Ring foot. Body with flaring walls ending in plain vertical rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Careful decoration: central medallion containing quatrefoil against which is projected a kind of imbricated strobilus. Imbrication also on field of medallion. Central medallion encircled by band with linear pseudo-cufic decoration. Compass hole at centre of medallion. Y ellowish worn glaze preserved on one side of interior and whole of exterior.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 4.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 237. cal. no. 282.
A.D.
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
157	Plate
Part of rim missing.
H. 4-4.5, rim diam. 23.5, foot diam. 13.2.
Red, slightly orange, fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat circular floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Careful decoration: central medallion containing radiate ornament with delicate spiral motifs in spaces between rays. Concentric band with zigzag lines interrupted at three points, followed by outer band with intersecting zigzags forming lozengeshaped panels with dots at centres. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior and exterior covered with greenish glaze.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 40 (1414).
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, p. 242, cat. no. 296.
A.D.
- 139 -
158
Large plate
Complete.
H. 4.4-5.3, rim diam. 25.7, foot diam. 11.3.
Reddish fabric. Ring foot. Shallow body with open outwardly flaring walls. Jagged edge of walls forms plain rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Exterior covered with thinner layer. Fairly careful decoration: central medallion defined by three concentric circles containing four-lobed rosette with pointed petals linked together by chevrons. Overall effect of lozenge with curved sides, on which rosette rests. Delicate spiral motif on field of medallion. Compass hole at centre of w ell. Interior covered with colourless glaze, badly worn. Exterior surface deteriorated.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 24 (1377).
Published: Bytanlint and Posl-Byumtine .4rt, pp. 239-240, cat. no. 288.
A.D.
159
Plate
Rim slightly chipped.
H. 4, rim diam. 22.5, fool diam. 14.5.
Brown-red fabric. Foot formed in thickness of body, with broad rudimentary ring. Body with flat floor and vertical walls forming upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Careful decoration: central medallion containing four-lobed rosette with pointed petals linked together by chevrons. Overall effect of lozenge with curved sides, on w’hich rosette rests. Scale pattern on field of medallion, which is bordered by rope pattern. Compass hole at centre of w ell. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish, badly worn glaze.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 37 (1014).
Published: Byzantine and Posl-Bytanltne Art, p. 240. cat. no. 289.
A.D.
- 140 -
160	Large bowl
Large part of body and rim missing. H. 8-8.5, rim diam. 24.2, foot diam. 10.3.
Red fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upper part of walls chamfered to form upright rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip, with thinner layer on exterior. Careful decoration: central medallion containing background of scale pattern against which four lanceolate leaves are placed in the form of a cross and connected by arcs from which spring four smaller leaves. Ends of four floral motifs also rest on bands curved in opposite direction. Medallion bordered by rope pattern and encircled by two concentric bands with degenerated running spiral. Interior covered with yellowish glaze. Exterior surface deteriorated.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 59.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, pp. 241-242, cat. no. 295.
A.D.
161	Plate
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
Complete.
H. 4-4.7, rim diam. 23.9-24.4, foot diam. 9.8.
Brown-red fabric. Ring foot. Body with open outwardly flaring walls. Jagged edge of walls forms rim. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip. Traces of slip on exterior. Careful decoration: central medallion defined by two concentric circles and consisting of central circular core with multi-lobed leaf against background of scale pattern, followed by zone of intersecting curved bands, also against background of scale pattern. Medallion encircled by two bands, first with stylised running spiral of zigzag lines and second, below rim, with vertical lines ending in hooks rendering degenerated pseudo-cufic ornament. Interior and exterior covered with yellowish slip, largely worn away.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. IltpO. 17.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art, pp. 237-238. cat. no. 285.
A.D.
141
ALONNESOS SHIPWRECK
162	Plate
Complete.
H.	3.7, rim diam. 19.5-19.9, foot diam. 8.9.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot. Shallow, almost flat, body with flaring walls. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration consists of central medallion defined by pair of concentric circles containing fine-sgraffito spirals. Green glaze preserved on part of interior. Compass hole at centre of well. Exterior entirely deteriorated.
Place now kept: Nea Anchialos, storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. N.A. 25 (1969).
Unpublished.
A.D.
163	Large bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 10.1, rim diam. 26, foot diam. 12.1.
Brown-red fabric. Ring foot. Body with flaring walls. Upright rim forming rounded angle with body. Interior covered with layer of off-white slip. Decoration at centre of floor: medallion containing delicate spirals encircled by band with fine-sgraffito running spiral. Blobs of green colour with brown-purple outlines between medallion and band. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with colourless glaze. Exterior deteriorated and mostly covered with coralloids.
Place now kept: Nea .Anchialos. storerooms on archaeological site, inv. no. Пер0. 9.
Published: Byzantine and Post-Byzantine .-frt, p. 230, cat. no. 264.
A.D.
142 -
BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM THE KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
In 1970, the wreck of a Byzantine ship was discovered by chance off cape Zapheirion (Pounendi) on the south-west coast of Kastellorizo. The ship was carrying a cargo of pottery, of which 130 vases were counted by various means'. In 1990, 68 plates were found in the possession of a French antiquities dealer who carried out underwater investigations off Kastellorizo, and all the indications are that these come from the cargo of the same ship. To date, there has been no systematic underwater excavation, and all the known finds have been retrieved illegally.
Kastellorizo, the ancient name ofwrhich is Megisti, lies 75 nautical miles east of Rhodes, close to the coast of Lycia in Asia Minor. The waters between the island and the mainland formed one of the most important shipping channels in the Eastern Mediterranean. The island itself is a barren rock of 8.88 sq. km. though it possesses a safe harbour that gave it a great advantage amidst the stormy seas of the region.
Kastellorizo lies on the maritime trade route from the Middle East to the Aegean, via Cyprus and Rhodes, about half wray along the sea route from Cyprus to Rhodes, which is still followed by modern ships. This position made it a natural stopping point for ships, with their technical limitations, until the recent past. Other wrecks, dating from a variety of periods, have been found along this route. They include the Hellenistic ship at Kyrenia off the north coast of Cyprus, a prehistoric ship off cape Chelidonia in Asia Minor, near Kastellorizo, another prehistoric vessel off Antiphyllo (Kaj in Turkish) directly opposite
Kastellorizo, two shipwrecks of the Hellenistic and Byzantine (11th c.) periods at Ser^e Liman opposite the island of
Symi, two more near the islet of Yassi Ada to the east of Kalym-nos, one of them dating from the 4th and one from the 7th century AD, and the Byzantine wreck off .Alonnesos, to which the Kastellorizo shipwreck is now added.
The discovery of the pottery carried by the ship that foundered off Kastellorizo is of considerable importance, both on account of the large number of plates discovered, and because the pots were loaded on the ship possibly only a few- days after their manufacture. We thus have a sealed
Fig. 1. Slip-painted vases. Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastellorizo).
find, the dating of which will be
- 143
of great assistance in establishing the chronology of Byzantine pottery.
1 he table wares contained in the cargo of the ship wrecked off Kastellorizo included large, deep bowls with a ring foot and hemispherical body, the top edge of which normally forms a low upright rim, and also shallow plates with out-turned walls. A small number of vases have the shape of a high-footed bowl with splayed sealing surface, hemispherical body Fig. 2. Vases decorated г/hlh splashed blobs of green colour. Archaeological Museum	and a rim that forms a kind
о/ Megisti (Kastellorizo).	of “flange” possibly for a lid.
The majority of the vases from the wreck have incised-sgraffito decoration with a limited repertoire of motifs: the vast majority are decorated with stylised birds, fish, shellfish or starfish, set amongst marine organisms, arranged torsionally around them. According to archaeological evidence from excavations on Rhodes and elsewhere, this category dates from the late 12th-early 13th century. A smaller number of vases have fine-sgraffito decoration, with motifs of birds set between chevrons, rendered in a manner similar to birds on late 12th-early 13th century
vases from Corinth.
A few vases, mainly shallow plates, though also hemispherical high-footed pots, have charnpleve decoration with groups of animals occupying almost the entire interior, arranged with consummate skill w ithin the circular surface of the floor. Careful study of archaeological finds of recent years suggests that vases with charnpleve decoration date from the last years of the 12th and first half of the 13th century.
In addition to engraved vases, the table wares in the cargo of the Kastellorizo wrreck included pottery with painted decoration. The vases in question arc Slip-Painted (Fig. 1) as well as vases the interior of which is decorated with splashed blobs of green colour (Fig. 2). Both varieties date, like the groups of engraved pottery mentioned above, to the late 12th-early 13th century.
The presence together of all these groups in the sealed context of a shipwreck is not only incontrovertible confirmation of the archaeological evidence indicating that they all date from the same period, but also points to the period at which the ill-starred voyage of the ship with its cargo of Byzantine pottery ended on the sea-bed off Kastellorizo.
1.	Details drawn from the article by G. Filotheou - M. Michailidou, Bv<avriv<i nivdKia ano to «popiio vavyiop^vov nAoiov Kovui ото KacnrAXdpi^o, ADell 41 (1986), Meletes, pp. 271-330.
144 -
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
Date: early 13th century Place found: Sea off Kastcllorizo
164
Large bowl
Almost complete. Small parts of rim missing. H. 8.5-Э.5, rim diam. 27, foot diam. 12.
Coarse reddish, slightly orange, fabric (Munsell 2.5R 5/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Lipright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird turned right, with long beak, long thin legs, small body and tufted tail. Around bird, four curved lines with knot at one end and point at other arranged in torsional movement. Interior covered with light-green glaze, slightly crackled.
Place now kept: .Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastcllorizo), inv. no. Пу 346.
Published: Naudyto KcicnrAAopf^ov, cat. no. 1.
M.M.
165
Large bowl
Small part of rim missing. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior.
H. 9-10, rim diam. 28, foot diam. 11.5.
Coarse light red, slightly orange, fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 6/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird turned right. Different from other birds in group: long straight beak, distinctly curved neck, and round body. Around it, five curved lines arranged in torsional movement. Glaze barely preserved.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-tellorizo), inv. no. Пу 849.
Published: Navdyio KciarrAAopiXov, cat. no. 4.
.M.M.
145 -
166
Large bowl
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
Complete.
H. 8.5-Э.5, rim diam. 26, foot diam. 11.
Coarse reddish, slightly orange, fabric (Munsell 2.5R 5/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird turned right surrounded by six curved lines arranged in torsional movement. Light green glaze, barely preserved.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-tellorizo). inv. no. Пу 353.
Published: Navdyio KaateAAopf^ov, cat. no. 8.
M.M.
167
Large bow l
Small part of rim missing.
H. 8-8.5, rim diam. 27.5, foot diam. 12.
Coarse reddish, slightly yellow, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird turned right surrounded by four curved lines arranged in torsional movement. Light green glaze.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-tellorizo), inv. no. Пу 357.
Published: Navdyio KacrtE.VAopi^ov, cat. no. 12.
M.M.
- 146 -
168	Large bowl
Complete. Rim slightly worn.
H. 8-8.5, rim diam. 26.5, foot diam. 11.5.
Coarse rough pink fabric (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, bird turned left surrounded by four curved lines arranged in torsional movement. Yellowish glaze largely preserved.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Sy mi, inv. no. 11 \ 396.
Published: Navdyto Ka<ncXAop(<oe, cat. no. 108.
M.M.
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
169	Large bowl
Large part of rim missing.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 26.5, foot diam. 11.5.
Coarse light-brown reddish fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/4). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, stylised fish with long forked tail surrounded by four curved lines arranged in torsional movement. Light green glaze, preserved only at centre of vase.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-tcllorizo), inv. no. 1375.
Published: Navdyto KatneXAopCSoo, cat. no. 20.
M.M.
- 147 -
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
170	Large bowl
Part of rim missing.
11	. 8.5-10, rim diam. 26.8, foot diam. 11.
Coarse orange, slightly yellow, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, stylised fish with long forked tail surrounded by four curved lines arranged in torsional movement. Light green glaze, preserved only at centre of vase.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastellorizo), inv. no. I I\ 376.
Published: Navdyto KaoiE.XAopi^ou, cat. no. 21.
M.M.
171
Large bow l
Part of rim missing.
H. 7.5-8.5, rim diam. 26.5, foot diam. 12.
Coarse reddish fabric (Munsell 10R 4/8). Low t ing foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, stylised star-motif with six wavy arms springing from three circles arranged in trefoil and spreading radially. Three arms originate at centres of circles, and three are simply lines inserted in spaces between them. Light green glaze preserved at centre of vase.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastellorizo). inv. no. Пу 358.
Published: Navdyto KaateAAopRov, cat. no. 23.
M.M.
148-
172	Large bowl
Complete. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior. H. 8.5-9. rim diam. 27, foot diam. 13.
Brownish, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6). Ring foot. Deep body with flaring walls. Low upright rim with rounded lip. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, stylised star-motif with six wavy lines springing from three circles arranged in trefoil and spreading radially. Three arms originate at centres of circles and three are simply lines inserted in spaces between them. Almost entire outer surface covered with spots and patches probably due to contact with iron object. Light green crackled glaze, fairly well preserved.
Place now kept; Rhodes, Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Пу 1004.
Unpublished.
M.M.
173
Large bowl
Part of rim missing.
H. 8-9, rim diam. 27, foot diam. 12.5.
Coarse reddish fabric (Munsell 10R 4/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor three tangent circles arranged in trefoil from which spring six tentacles, alternately double and single. Light green glaze, very well preserved.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-tellorizo). inv. no. Пу 365.
Published: Navdyio KamcAAopt^ov. cat. no. 30.
M.M.
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
149 -
174	Large bowl
Complete.
1-1. 8.5 9, rim diam. 28. foot diam. 13.
Coarse rough reddish fabric (Munsell 10R 4/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: stylised starfish. Light green glaze, largely flaked away. Part of interior rust-coloured, possibly due to contact with iron object.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastellorizo), inv. no. Пу 367.
Published: Navdyto KaauAAopt'tov, cat. no. 32.
M.M.
175
Large bowl
Complete.
H. 8-9. rim diam. 27, foot diam. 12.5.
Coarse reddish, slightly orange, fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/8). Low ring fool. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, circle with six radially arranged tentacles. Light green glaze on interior.
Place now kept: .Archaeological Museum of Symi, inv. no. I ly 400.
Published: Navdyto KaoieAAop(<ov, cat. no. 112.
M.M.
- 150-
176	Large bowl
Rim slightly flaked.
H 8 5-9, rim diam 27 5, foot diam 11.5.
Coarse rough brown-red fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: stylised star-motif. From circle at centre of vase spring nine short and eight long arms arranged radially. Two more arms start at centre of circle and run in opposite directions. Interior covered w ith light green glaze, flaked in places.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Symi, inv. no. Пу 424.
Published: Navdyto KaatEAAopRov, cat. no. 113.
M.M.
177
Large bowl
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
Parts of rim missing.
H. 9, rim diam. 28, foot diam. 12.5.
Coarse reddish, slightly orange, fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 4/8). Low’ ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, stylised quatrefoil motif resembling starfish from which spring four tentacles alternating with four foliate decorative motifs. Light green glaze, badly chipped.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastellorizo), inv. no. I ly 372.
Published: Navdyto KaoreAAopRou, cat. no. 37.
M.M.
151 -
178
Large bowl
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
Complete.
H. 8-8.5. rim diam. 27.5.
Coarse orange, slightly yellow, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/8). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set al angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Fine-sgraffito decoration on interior: at centre, band formed by two concentric circles drawn with aid of compass, containing degenerated running spiral. Glaze barely preserved.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-tellorizo). inv. no. Пу 380.
Published: Navdyio KaottAXopi^ov. cat. no. 45.
M.M.
179	Large bowl
Part of rim missing. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior.
H. 11.5, rim diam. 28. foot diam. 10.
Brownish, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6). Ring foot. Deep body with flaring walls. Low-upright rim w ith rounded lip. Interior of vase and upper part of exterior of rim covered with white slip. Decoration gouged through slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion divided into two parts containing parallel hatching rendering degenerated palmette. Central medal lion accompanied by six smaller medallions containing lozenges with inscribed crosses. Similar lozenge-motifs worked freely on field. Black spots and patches in places, probably due to rust.
Place now kept: Rhodes, Collection of the 1th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Пу- 1032.
Unpublished.
M.M.
- 152 -
180
Large bowl
Part of body missing. Fossilised coralloids adhering to it. H. 11.5, rim diam. 28. foot diam. 10.
Brown-red fabric (Munsell 5YR 5/6). Ring foot. Deep hemispherical body. Low upright rim with rounded lip. Decoration engraved through layer of while slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion divided into two parts with parallel hatching rendering degenerated palmette. Medallion encircled by band of checkerboard pattern. Glaze entirely flaked away.
Place now kept: Rhodes. Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Пу 1052.
Unpublished.
M.M.
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
181
Large bowl
Complete. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior. H. 8.5-9, rim diam. 26.5, foot diam. 12.
Coarse orange, slightly yellow, fabric (Munsell 5YR 7/6). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Fine-sgraffito decoration on interior: bird turned right, with hooked beak, framed by two stylised branches. Glaze barely preserved.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kastellorizo), inv. no. Пу 379.
Published: Navdyto KaottAAopi'<ov. cat. no. 44.
M.M.
- 153 -
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
182	Large bowl
Complete. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior. H. 8.5-9.5, rim diam. 27, foot diam. 11.5.
Brown-red fabric (Munsell 5YR 5/6). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration rendered in fine-sgraffito line on interior: at centre of floor, small bird turned right surrounded by eleven V-shaped forked motifs. Black spots and patches in places. Interior covered with light green glaze, crackled and flaked around rim.
Place now kept: Rhodes, Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. fly 1021.
Unpublished.
M.M.
183	Large bowl
Part of rim missing. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior.
H. 8.5-9.5, rim diam. 27.5, foot diam. 12.5.
Coarse rough brown, slightly yellow, fabric, blackened (Munsell 5YR 4/6). Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with thin white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, small bird turned right surrounded by five V-shaped forked motifs. Light green glaze, flaked in places.
Place now kept: .Archaeological Museum of Megisti (Kas-
tellorizo), inv. no. Пу 378.
Published: Naudyio KaorcAAopRov, cat. no. 42.
M.M.
— 154 -
184	Large bowl
Complete. Fossilised coralloids adhering to surface. H. 9.5, rim diam. 28.5, foot diam. 11.8.
Brownish, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6). Ring foot. Deep hemispherical body. Low upright rim with rounded lip. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre of floor, head of animal turned right surrounded by four wavy lines. Interior covered with dark green glaze, flaked in places.
Place now kept: Rhodes. Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Пу 1022.
Unpublished.
M.M.
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
185	Large bowl
Half body missing. Fossilised coralloids adhering to surface, and traces of rust.
H. 11.5, rim diam. 28, foot diam. 10.
Brownish, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/8). High bell-shaped foot with splayed seating surface. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration rendered in chaniplevc- technique, medallion covering entire floor containing group of animals. Uarge animal, possibly horse, at centre surrounded by smaller ones, amongst which hare distinguishable. Compass hole at centre of well. Glaze flaked.
Place now kept: Rhodes. Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Пу 1033.
Unpublished.
M.M.
- 155 -
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
186 Part of body and foot of large bowl
Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior.
H.	I 1.5, estimated rim diam. 28, foot diam. 10.
Light brown, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/4). High bell-shaped foot with splayed seating surface. Interior covered with layer of white slip, through which decoration rendered in champleve technique: medallion with scene of fighting animals. Compass hole at centre of well. Interior covered with very' good quality yellow glaze.
Place now kept: Rhodes, Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 11\ 1035.
Unpublished.
M.M.
187
Large bowl
Complete. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior. H. 11.5, rim diam. 28, foot diam. 10.
Brownish, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/8). High bell-shaped foot with splayed seating surface. Hemispherical body. Low upright rim with rounded lip. Interior of vase and upper part of exterior of rim covered with white slip. Decoration rendered in champleve technique on interior: at centre of floor, medallion defined by three concentric circles containing animal, probably lioness, moving right with head turned behind. Compass hole at centre of medallion. Black spots and patches in places, probably due to rust. Green glaze on interior.
Place now kept: Rhodes, Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Hy 1031.
Unpublished.
M.M.
— 156 -
188	Large bowl
Large part of body missing. Fossilised coralloids adhering to exterior and to interior in places.
H. 11.5, estimated rim diam. 28, loot diam. 10.
Brownish, slightly red, fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6). High bell-shaped foot with splayed seating surface. Hemispherical body. Low upright rim with rounded lip. Interior covered with while slip through which decoration rendered in chatnp-leve technique: at centre of floor, medallion with depiction of animal, possibly panther, moving tight with head turned behind. Medallion bordered by band of checkerboard pattern. Black spots and patches in places on exterior, probably due to contact with iron object. Interior covered with light green glaze.
Place now kept: Rhodes. Collection of the 4th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. Uy 1030.
Unpublished.
KASTELLORIZO SHIPWRECK
M M
157
WORKSHOPS OF SGRAFFITO POTTERY
The location of production centres and the establishing of the provenance of specific groups of vuscs arc amongst the main problems with which research of Byzantine pottery is concerned at present.
The primary aim of this research is to identify sites al which there were workshop facilities, and particularly kilns. I he discovery of waste material produced by their activity, such as deformed, burned or broken, unfinished pots, or items of equipment, also offers a valuable indication that a workshop functioned on the site in question.
Corinth, Thessaloniki, Serres, Mikro Pisto in Rodopi, Veria and Trikala are all sites at which there is evidence of the functioning of workshops producing engraved glazed pottery during the Byzantine and Post-Byzantine periods.
In the area of modern Greece, there is also evidence for local production of engraved pottery at Pydna (Cat. nos. 22, 23), Lemnos (Cat. no. 106), Sparta (Cat. no. 214), At ta and probably Athens1. Indications of similar pottery production within the wider Byzantine empire are to be found at Pergamon in Asia Minor, Ganos in East Thrace, Cyprus, Cherson in the Crimaea, and Varna in modern Bulgaria1 2.
DEMETRA PAPANI KOLA-BAK 1RTZI
1. E. Marki, AvaoKotptj tpyacnqpfov KEpapciKijg Kai jjvtevoqc oifiqpov crtqv ap^afa Hiifiva, Jvnyawv. Aypupvfia mov Kafh/piirj N.B. Драг&гкг/, Thessaloniki 1991, pp. 122-131. Ceranuque byzantine й Phases, pp. 87-88. Mciapv^avuva KtpapiKd ayyefa atqv Apia. AOqvaiKci Epyaaiqpia, pp. 60-64.
2. A.L. Yakobson, Keramika i keramiceskoe prmzvodstvo srednevekovoj Tavriki, Leningrad 1979, pp. 109-158. J.-M. Spieser, Die byznntinische Keranuk aus der Stadlgrabung von Pergamon, Berlin - New York 1996, pp. 45-48. S.Y. Waksman - J.-M, Spieser, Byzantine Ceramics Excavated in Pergamon: Archaeological Classification and Characterization of the Local and Imported Production by PIXE and 1NAA Elemental Analysis, Mineralogy', and Petrography, in Materials Analysis of Byzantine Pottery, pp. 120-122. P. Armstrong - N. Gunsenin, Glazed Pottery Production at Ganos, Anatolia Antiqua III, pp. 179-201. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, MemnaviKtj eq-vaXupevq керауаю] п/c Kvnpov. Та еруаопупа Ilaifov кт Aanrjflov, Thessaloniki 1996. A. Kuzev, Grancarnica za glazirana Keramika ot XVII vav Varna, Bulletin du Musde National de Varna XII (XXVII) (1976), pp. 131-136.
- 158 -
CORINTH WORKSHOP PRODUCTION'
Fig. 1. Glazed White Ware. Fainted decoration with incised outlines. Archaeological .Museum of Ancient Connth.
Only one of the previously identified four medieval kilns in the area of the Roman Forum at Corinth can be described as a pottery kiln with any degree of certainty. This is the kiln located under the Frankish church of St. John. There are, in addition, three known kiln sites outside of the Forum area as well as hundreds of sintered wasters and pre-glazed, slipped and decorated discards which attest both their output and the products of still unidentified workshops2.
Corinth’s ceramic industry evolved slowly from the 9th until the end of the 11th century. Although there was a moderately varied assemblage of table ware, very little was glazed (less than 0.5%) and the few pieces selected fui det.oiatiou wuiu gunei ally adorned with simple gouged, incised or slip-painted
designs and some were highly burnished. Glaze itself was reserved for rendering the fabric of chafing dishes and some cups and pitchers impervious.
During the last decades of the 10th century and throughout the 11th century imported Constantinopolitan While Wares met the local requirements for decorated pottery and for some specialist cooking vessels such as kettles. The white fabric of these imports brought out the best in the White Ware overglazes. Plain lead-glazed White Wares have a clean yellow colour and when copper oxide was added the surface appeared a verdant green (Fig. 1). At the upper end of the White Ware range in the 11th century was Polychrome, decorated w ith a variety of oxide glaze additives on a single vessel to produce a brilliant decoration incorporating purple, red, blue, yellow, white, black and green’.
Fig. 2. Glazed pottery expressed as a percentage by weight of all pottery in the assemblage. г 950 - r 1950
At the end of the 11th century the Corinthian industry was transformed. The shapes changed and communal vessels such as chafing dishes were quickly replaced by cups, bowls and dishes that could be used for individual servings; these forms were ultimately borrowed from the Polychrome repertoire. The white fabric of Constantinopolitan pottery' also seems to have had its appeal, for the new assemblage of glazed pottery used a white slip as a base for the glaze, probably to bring out the glaze colour to its best advantage. From this moment the proportion of glazed pottery in the Corinthian assemblage
- 159 -
began to increase, al first steadily and then rapidly through the 12th and into the 13th century (Fig. 2).
In terms of decoration Corinthian pollers experimented with incision and slip, employed on their earlier plain wares, and in doing so changed styles and ideas relatively frequently. One of the most aesthetically pleasing is early Slip-Painted, which had no overall slip background but a design of white slip applied di-
rectly to the red biscuit of the vessel (Fig. 3).
Further experimentation with slip resulted in
a dark slip applied on an overall white slip to Fjg 3 Early siip-Painted Wan (Cor,nth XI, pl. 29b). produce a Dark on Light style (Imitation Lus- Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.
tre) (Fig. 4, 5) and, later, the same elements
were combined with sgraffito to produce
Measles, a free style of decoration which embraced the entire interior surface within a single unified design (Cat. nos. 1, 191-196). The production of both of these later styles is limited to the Peloponnese. Other styles, such as green- and brown-painted, later Slip-Painted and various sgraffitos can be found throughout the Aegean littoral.
the earliest Sgraffito at Corinth probably derives from simple 11th ccuiuiy designs uu unglazed pottery. On chafing dishes the repertoire of sgraffito decoration is limited to radiating gouged lines and, at the end of the 11th century, occasionally to incised chevrons on the rim and body outside. The use of Sgraffito with a white slip was adopted at the same
Fig. 7. Unfinished, unglazed pot, with slip-painted decoration (Dark on Light - Imitation Lustre). Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.
Fig. 5. Pot with slip-painted decoration (Dark on Light -Imitation Lustre). Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.
- 160
Fig. 6. Fragment of an unfinished, unglazed pot with slip-painted decoration. Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.
Fig. 7. Fragment of a pot with slip-painted decoration Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.
time as the earliest green- and brown and Slip-Painted styles. Most designs are drafted with an unsteady and unsure hand but the use of a compass assisted some drafters to produce the better quality examples of Duochrome decoration (Cat. nos. 189, 190). In the second quarter tn mid-l?th century Sgraffito had reached it« maturity, with intricate designs drawn widi a fine tipped stylus (Cat. nos. 3, 197). As opposed to the open-field designs of Measles, Slip-Painted II (Fig. 6, 7) and later green- and brown-painted (Fig. 8), the field was separated into concentric registers. The central medallion may contain a gallinaceous fowl (Cat. no. 198) but more usually it contained an interlace or a vegetal motif; cufesque or rinceaux fill the outer registers. Towards the end of the 12th century this same basic scheme remained popular but the design was incised with
a thicker stylus. Circular medallions, often Fig 8 B(fwl Wlth and	dtcorati(m.
with an excised background, were frequent- Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth.
ly inserted into the wall registers (Medallion Sgraffito). At about the same time, Measles and its relatives were replaced by an open-field style of Sgraffito (Cat. nos. 203-206), usually with birds and vegetal motives, inscribed with either a fine-pointed or a broadtipped gouge (Free Style). The latter gouged style was sometimes incorporated with an outer register with medallions (Intermediate Style) (Cat. no. 202). Aesthetically, perhaps the most pleasing of the late 12th century Sgraffitos was the early form of Charnpleve. After drafting, an elaborate figural and vegetal interlace, the white slip background was excised leaving the pattern w'hite against a black background (Cat. nos. 207-209). In the first half of the 13th century Free Style and Champlev£ developed more rigid and stylised
161
drafting. The late 13th century styles of Sgraffito tend to be abstract and limited to concentric lines and spirals (Late Sgraffito).
The identification of Corinthian products at other centres cannot proceed on stylistic evidence alone. A thorough survey and characterization of Corinth’s clay resources is required first. Petrographic and chemical study and comparison of known Corinthian products with individual pieces elsewhere can then follow the results of this work.
There is no single medieval Corinthian ceramic fabric, but rather there are three or more Corinthian medieval fabric “families’4. One fabric “family” is made from sandy (rather than clay) marls and was used principally for transport amphoras. These marl clays are widely distributed in the region and deep deposits west of the city may well have been the source exploited by the kiln workers al Hadji Mustapha at the foot of Acrocorinth.
A second “family” is that used for a large proportion of various mid- to late 12th century sgraffitos. This ceramic is reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 6/6) to red (Munsell 2.5YR 5/8) with 1-3% white and sparkling inclusions. It has a smooth, conchoidal, slightly hackly break and occasional laminar voids and channels. Individuals may be of uniform colour or reddish yellow on the outside edge and red on the inside edge. The clay sources have not yet been positively identified but clays extracted from the terrace north of Ancient Corinth bear a reasonably close resemblance to the medieval fabrics when tired.
By far the largest “family” has a long history dating from the Neolithic period through the Tourkokrateia. In the medieval period it was used for plain, cooking and glazed pottery of all periods and decorative styles. At one extreme the family appears pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 6/6) with 5% (finer examples) to 10% (coarser examples) black, white and sparkling inclusions. It has a smooth, conchoidal break and occasional laminar voids. Individuals may be of uniform colour, or with a pink interior edge, or a pink core with a reddish yellow outer edge or edges. At the other extreme the fabric is medium hard, generally weak, red (Munsell 10R 5/4 to 2.5YR. 4/2), or red to reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4 to 5/6), with paler and greyer examples within the range especially in cases where the core fired grey and edges fired red. It contains 5%' (finer examples) to 10% (coarser examples) red, white, black and grey inclusions and has a granular, conchoidal, slightly hackly break with occasional laminar voids. A source for the specific clays employed is readily identifiable north and west of a kiln site west of the gates of Acrocorinth where extensive beds of a blond clay stretch northwards for about 50 m. and westwards for over 300 in. over a broad, gently sloping valley between Acrocorinth and Penteskouphi.
The identification of hands is a study, started by Morgan, which has not much appealed to later generations of scholars. It could however help us to understand better the relationship of painter to workshop. Similarly there is work to be done investigating the relationship of styles to shapes and shapes to fabric types; this too may help define workshop production more closely.
Only a small proportion of Corinthian production in the 9th to 11th centuries was glazed but this proportion increased rapidly from about 1090 to 1260. Of the glazed portion it is clear that the majority was intended to be decorated with some form of paint or incision but that the workshops were usually unable to decorate everything. The undecorated pieces were glazed and fired for sale anyway and a backlog of undecorated pieces was not allowed to build up. The proportion of undecorated glazed pottery in Byzantine deposits after about 1090 ranges between 10 and 34% of all glazed pottery. Two main glazing technologies can be identified. Glaze can be applied either to the unfired clay (single-fired glazes) or to the
- 162 -
	1090-1130			1130-1160			1160-1200				1200-1225			1225-1250	
Zeuxippos as Gat. no. 74														11.7	1.3
Sgraffito as Corinlh XI, pl. 45e											29.9	33.9	25.0		0.9
Champleve as Cormlh XI. fig. 142A											23.9	25.6	41.7		3.6
Champleve as Corinth XI, fig. 1441$								4.5	10.6	13.3		7.3			
1 ncised-Sgraffilt» (Free Style) as Corinth XI. pl. 51h							2.9		21.8	46.5	10.9	7.3	1.7		
Sgraffito as Сопл/Л XI, fig. 1 (>4B							6.0	27.5	1.3	13.0	0.8	4.1	8.4		
Incised-Sgraffito (Medallion) as Corinth XI. fig. 125							10.4	15.9	20.3	6.1	1.3	2.9			
Painted Sgraffito as Cat. no. 27						3.6	5.0	3.0							
Sgraffito as Connlh XI. fig 107					9.9	33.4	12.1	15.8	6.6						.
Measles as Cat. no. 196			2.6	10.8	28.0	26.7	4.4	9.3	7.0						
Duochrome as Cat. no. ню	20.9	17.2	7.3	12.5	5.8										
Fig. 9. Chronological table showing percentage of Sgraffito H found al Corinlh (references to vases in the present catalogue and in Corinlh XI).
fired ceramic body (biscuit-fired glazes)'. The former method requires careful selection of glaze recipe to ensure that the glaze adheres properly; during firing the clay hotly loses water and shrinks 10% or more in volume and can leave the glaze proud of the surface and prone to peeling. The method described by Heraclius6, apparently used by Corinthian potters from the 9th to 11th centuries, may be a single-firing technique. Biscuit firing, however, involves only small changes in the volume ol the ceramic body during heating and cooling. Numerous examples of decorated and fired but unglazed sherds at Corinth attest that biscuit firing was established by the end of the 11th century.
The output of individual workshops and decorators can be crudely estimated by assuming a kiln charge of 1,000 mixed pots made up of plain pitchers, stewpots and glazed bowls with a weight ratio of 8:2:1 (approximate figures derived from assemblages). About 220 pots of the charge will consist of glazed bowls. If this represents a weekly firing regimen and 10 to 35% of the bowls were undecorated then the output of the decorator was about 28 to 40 bowls per day.
163 -
Corinthian pottery styles developed rapidly through the 12th and early 13th century. This stylistic development permits us to arrange the wares, using stratigraphical sequences and sedation techniques, through time and, using associated coins, to attach quite limited chronological spans to each decorative type (Fig. 9). With such fine tuning of Byzantine pottery chronology at Corinth, we are equipped as never before to discuss medieval workshops.
GUY DR. SANDERS
Director of Corinth Excavations
American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1.	G.D.R. Sanders. Byzantine Glazed Pottery at Corinth to c. 1125 (PhD thesis), Birmingham 1995. G.D.R. Sanders, New Relative and Absolute Chronologies for 9th to 13th Century Glazed Wares at Corinth: Methodology and Social Conclusions, in Byzanz ah Roaun. 7.u Methoden und Inhalten der historischen Geographic des bstlichen MUlelmeerraumes im Mitlelaller (forthcoming).
2.	Corinth XI, pp. 7-25. Sanders, Byzantine Glazed Pottery, op.cit. G.D.R. Sanders, Byzantine Polychrome Pottery, in J. Herrin, M. Mullet, C. Otten-Froux (eds.), Studies tn Honour of A.H.S. Megaw, BSA Suppl. (in press).
3.	Sanders. Byzantine Polychrome Pottery, op.cit.
4.	Sanders, Byzantine Glazed Pottery, op.cil.
5.	A. MacDonald, An Attempt to Make a Replica 14th Century Lincoln Ware Jug, Medieval Ceramics 12 (1988), p. 26.
6.	E.M. Jope, Ceramics: Medieval, in Singer el al., .4 History of Technology. II, Oxford 1956, pp. 284-310.
- 164
189	Large bowl
CORINTH
Part of body, rim and foot missing.
H. 10.6, rim diam. 82*38, foot diam. 10.
Moderately fine fabric with frequent fine black inclusions, fired light grey to grey-brown at edges (Munsell near 10YR 7/2). Flaring ring foot, lower half of which trimmed back at angle, uneven resting surface, slightly rounded undersurface. Deep echinoid body, groove offsetting narrow vertical rim with projecting lip or interior, offset by groove from top of rim. Bowl warped(?). Pale slip on interior and overlapping rim. Sgraffito decoration on interior with pattern of interlocking circles: two concentric circles on floor, cut by at least three circles around body; within parts cut by other circles rows of short dashes; in centre long stem with hatching, tips of two petals; parts of three circles around body: filled with quatrefoil pattern, each leaf of which having three concentric loops, with scallops as filler between petals. Upper half of body plain. Pale olive-greenish glaze over all, going to brown on rim; brown on entire exterior.
Date: 1090-1120.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1960-0050 A, B.
Unpublished.
I.T.-H.
190	Bowl
Part of lower body and foot.
Max. preserved, dim. 20.8, foot diam. 8.5.
Moderately fine pinkish-bull fabric (Munsell, surface: 7.5YR (5/5; core: near 10YR 7/3). Thick low vertical ring foot, broad rather deep body. Slip on interior and upper part of exterior. Fine incised on interior, all over pattern of large interlocking circles; central circle and alternate surrounding ones contain four radiating
pointed ovals, the others an adoption of “Tree of Life”. Interlocking spaces detailed to represent fish. By “Tree-of-Life” Master. Brown glaze on interior, green on exterior.
Date: 1090-1120.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1987-0017.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1052.
I.T.-H.
— 165 —
CORINTH
191	Bowl
Small part of lip missing.
H. 7.6, rim diam. 20.2. foot diam. 6.5.
Fine red fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6) with few line red. black, white and sparkling inclusions. Flaring ring foot, flat resting surface and undersurface, deep convex body flaring slightly to rounded lip. Hole through foot for suspension. White slip on interior and overlapping lip. Decoration on interior now obscured but groups
of brown slip-painted dots alternating (?) with groups of wavy lines extending from floor to lip. Interior heavily encrusted. No final glaze. Unfinished.
Date: 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of .Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-l 936-0487.
Published: Corinth XI. cat. no. 666. B.S.4 78 (1983). p. 289, A 10.
I.T.-H.
166 -
CORINTH
192	Bowl
Part of lower body and foot. Preserved h. 3.3, foot diam 9.
Semi-fine buff fabric (Munsell, core pinker than 10YR 7/4; surface near 7.5YR 6/4) with frequent fine voids, few fine black inclusions. Vertical ring foot, flat resting surface, flat undersurface. Start of convex flaring body. White slip on interior with measles decoration: part of a large fish to right, filling floor: edge of head and part of centre of body preserved with two small pointed dorsal fins. Body covered with small acres, each with a brown slip-painted dot in centre. Final glaze missing. Unfinished.
Date:c. 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1935-0387.
Unpublished.
I.T.-II.
193 	 Bowl
Fragment of body.
Preserved h. 5.8, w. 5.4.
Porous tan fabric, fired to pale grey at core (Munsell redder than 10YR 7/5), with rare fine white, black inclusions. Bowl with open convex profile. Thick white slip on interior with measles decoration: belly and right leg of bird to left; belly covered with incised scales, with brown dot in each; brown dots running down leg. No final glaze. Unfinished, possibly a waster from St. John’s kiln.
Date: c. 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of .Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1935-0351.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 693.
I.T.-H.
167
CORINTH
194	Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 5.1, rim diam. 23.6. foot diam. 7.9.
Moderately fine fabric fired buff to pale grey at core (Munsell 10YR 8/3), with rare small to medium lime inclusions. Vertical ring foot, rounded resting surface, flat undersurface. Straight flaring body rising to upturned round lip, sharply offset on interior. Pale slip on interior and lower upper half of exterior. On interior: medallions, with incised outline, filled with rows of brown dots, arranged as follows: one in centre of floor, four on body at four cardinal points. Groups of brown bars on rim. Clear glaze over interior and overlapping rim.
Date:c. 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1929-0010.
Published: Excavations in the Theatre, p. 524. Corinth XI, ou. no. 050.
1 T.-H.
195
Small plate
Half of vase missing.
H. 3.1, rim diam. 14.1, foot diam. 6.4.
Moderately fine light red fabric (Munsell 5VR 6/6), numerous red inclusions. Low vertical ring foot, flat resting and undersurface. Nearly horizontal body turning up vertically to slightly inturned tapered rim. White slip over all. On interior: centaur in measles galloping to left, carrying pointed oval shield in right hand, club or sword in left. Floral spray in field. Glaze over all, yellow on interior, green on exterior which has dribbled into interior.
Date: c. 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1934-1455.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 651.
I.T.-H.
- 168 -
CORINTH
196	Bowl
Small chip in exterior of lip.
H. 7.1-7.7, rim diam. 20.6, foot diam. 6.64.
Fine tan fabric (Munsell c. 10YR 7/7.4 and redder) with tiny black, sparkling inclusions Low, slightly Haring ring foot, interior continuing without break into rounded undersurface. Deep body, convex at base, then rising with straight flaring profile to oblique round lip. Pale slip over interior and overlapping lip. Incised on floor, without frame, large ostrich to right with long pointed beak, circle with dash for eye, fringe along outline, dashes alternating with rows of dots on body, long tail with faintly dotted feathers, long dotted legs. Riding on back is
harpy, head nearly to lip. Faces right, head turned back, short curly locks, eye a bottleshaped oudine with central dot, snub nose. Scaly body, dotted feathers and long legs with daw feet. In field to right large fish, upside down, head up, scaly body, fringed gills, large dot with circle for eye. Row of dots on lip. Pale yellow glaze over interior, thin olive-green glaze, imperfectly preserved, over all exterior.
Date: c. 1140-1170.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of .Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1931-005.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 668 (as C-1931-3158). Glory ofHyzjint/nni. pp. 267-268, fig. 189.
I.T.-ll.
169
CORINTH
197	Large bowl
Complete.
H. 8-8.4, rim diam. 27.2, foot diam. 8.5.
Fine pale brown fabric (Munsell 10YR 7/4) with moderate amount of fine black, fewer white, inclusions, some sparkling inclusions, rare voids. Low vertical ring foot pierced with single hole for suspension, flat resting and undersurfaces. Nearly hemispherical convex body with continuous convex curve, turning up vertically to outturned rim, turning down slightly to round lip. Possible paring marks on exterior of body surrounding foot. A few turning grooves visible on body. White slip, flaking in places, on interior and overlapping rim and upper body below rim. Incised through this, on interior: eagle, covering bowl with head, feet just below' rim, in profile to left. Left wing extended straight out to side, right wing partially folded. Solid eye
surrounded by open circle, closed beak; double outline on neck, chest, single line of scales dow n either side of neck. Four rows of scribbled scales on chest, more on belly. Two tear-drops with filling on neck, breast. Feathers of wings, tail rendered by straight lines, feather and scribbles for right coverts, double cross-lines on left w ing. Filler: floral spray with attached wing above it. Wing, floral spray below belly. Final glaze not applied. Unfinished.
Date: 1120-1160.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1936-0489.
Published: Excavations at Corinth 1935-1936, p. 475, fig. 13. Corinth XI, cat. no. 1028. Glory of Byzantium, cat. no. 184.
I.T. M.
- 170 -
CORINTH
198	Large plate
H. 8.1, max. rim diam. 33, foot diam. 12.6.
Fine reddish fabric. Flaring ring foot with thick resting surface. Shallow, straight flaring body, round to flattened oblique lip. White slip on interior. Sgraffito decoration on interior: central medallion of formalized bird to right. Hooked beak, dashes on neck, belly to tail. Scribbled covert feathers, parallel lines for flight feathers. In field running spiral palmettes. On upper
body, broad bend of running slip palmettes between double framing lines. Pale greenish-yellow glaze on interior and overlapping lip.
Date: c. 1160-1180.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1930-0017.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 965 (as C-1930-0016).
I.T.-H.
171 -
CORINTH
199	Plate
Part of body, rim and foot missing.
H. 3.8 rim diam. 24.2 foot diam. 12.2.
Medium fine red fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6). Fine base ring, slightly concave undersurface. Body nearly horizontal. Vertical rim with fine lip. White slip over all. On interior: large central medallion with four radiating split palmettes of intricate spiral design. Narrow hatched border.
Broad band of debased cufic below rim. Clear glaze over all.
Date: c. 1160-1180.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1934-0250.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1137.
I.T.-H.
172 -
CORINTH
200	Bowl
Large part of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 9.5, max. diam. 21.7, foot diam. 10.
Moderately fine fabric fired reddish tan to tan with scattered fine white, black inclusions (Munsell 5YR 5/6). Bowl with wide-flaring foot, flat resting and undersurface, short stem, echinoid body with incurving round lip. Pale slip on interior and over lip. On floor, medallion with rectilinear incised split-palmette, two circumference lines. On mid body, band of fretted radiating incised bars. Unglazed.
Date: 1170-1200.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1938-0479.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1477.
1 T.-H.
173 -
201	Cover
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.7, max. diam. 19, handle diam. 8.8.
Fine reddish-brown fabric with a few sparkling inclusions and voids. Lid with convex top, flattening on top, and turning in slightly to plain lip. On top, handle with thick stein with ridge around centre, broad flat top, concave on upper surface. White slip on exterior. On top of handle central medallion with curvilinear split palmette on incised ground, surrounded by broad band of radiating bars, alternately plain and fretted,
narrow’ bead band. On body proper narrow’ band of incised chevrons above broad un-fianied row of small medallions, each with incised palmette and linked by twisted incised lines. Light yellow’ glaze over all, becoming red-brown on interior. Glaze and slip much worn.
Date: c. 1170-1200.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1935-0551.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1488.
I.T.-H.
174
CORINTH
202	Plate
Part of body and i im missing.
H. 4.1, rim diam. 22.2, foot diam. 13.3.
Fine reddish fabric. Broad rudimentary foot, nearly horizontal body, thick vertical upturned rim, blunt lip. Floor convex in centre. Incised decoration on interior: almost all of floor taken up by lion standing to right, head turned back and hindquarters missing. Head, neck reserved with scales. Body, legs incised. Protruding tongue. Floral spikes, alternately incised and sgraffito,
in field. Band of decadent cufic on incised ground at edge of floor, interrupted by three small medallions with rectilinear slot-palmettes. Slip and light green glaze over all, thinly applied to exterior.
Date: 1180-1210 (evidence: coins of Manuel 1 Kornne-nos, 1143-1180).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1937-1539.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1491.
l.T.-H.
- 175 -
CORINTH
203	 Plate
Part of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 3.5, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 12.8.
Fine light red fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/6) with rare small white and fine black inclusions. Narrow base ring, flat undersurface. Horizontal body turning up vertically to tall rim with slightly convex profile, round lip. Centre of floor convex. White slip over all. On interior: standing warrior, lacing right with body frontal, right hand grasping sword out to proper right, left hand holding small shield to side. Wears round cap w ith incised vertical stripes, long curly hair, pointed chin. Wears coat of mail with flaring skirt, surfaces of w hich cross-hatched, leggings. To right of figurehead and part of body of erect snaky monster, tail of which curves around sword. Floral spike in field behind right shoulder. Clear glaze on interior and exterior of rim, very thinly applied to rest of exterior.
Date: c. 1170-1200 (evidence: coms of Manuel I Komnenos. 1143-1180).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1937-0852A, B.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1502.
I.T.-H.
204	Large plate
Part of body, rim and foot missing.
H. 7.8, rim diam. 37-38, fool diam. 12.8.
Semi-fine fabric fired pinkish-buff at outer surface (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), grey-buff' core (Munsell 10YR 6/3), with frequent fine to coarse voids, fewer fine white inclusions. Heavy vertical ring foot, narrow rounded resting surface, flat undersurface. Body flaring with nearly straight profile to upturned flattened lip. Paring marks on body exterior. White slip on interior and overlapping lip. Incised decoration covering interior: front half of centaur facing right with right hand raised and holding swrord over head. Left hand holds long oval shield. Centaur has shoulder-length curling hair and large incised eye. Bust and arms cross-hatched, body and legs covered with large deep dots. Shield cross-hatched with two deep grooves down centre. Between legs and shield head of serpent-dragon, tail curling above sword, head outlined, neck cross-hatched. Floral spike between legs and above right arm. Clear glaze over all.
Date: late 12th-early 13th c.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. n<>. C-1991-11066.
Published: Vases from a Byzantine Dump at Corinth, p. 76. fig. 2. Corinth XI, cat. no. 1539.
I.T.-H.
- 176 -
CORINTH
CORINTH
205	Large bowl
Part of body and rim mixsing.
H. 8.3. rim diam. 27. foot diam. 10.9.
Semi-fine red fabric (Munsell 5YR 5/6) with frequent white inclusions, some voids. Flaring ring foot, rounded to fiat resting surface, rounded undersurface. Shallow echinoid body turning up to vertical round lip. White slip over all with incised decoration on interior: warrior directed right, wearing tall pointed and cross-hatched cap, straight hair, pointed beard (?). Oval-shaped
body coming to point at base without legs. Right hand down holding spear, left holding hatched oval shield. In field to right below spear rows of loops, row of chevrons below* body. Clear glaze over interior and over lip on exterior.
Date:r. 1170-1200.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. CP 938.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1595.
l.T.-H.
178
CORINTH
206	Large plate
Parc of body and rim missing.
H 4 6, rim diam 26 5, foot diam 10 1.
Moderately fine red fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4) with frequent coarse red, white inclusions. Vertical ring foot, rounded resting surface, flat undersurface with string marks. Shallow, wide-flaring body, curving up slightly to upturned triangular lip. White slip on interior. Warrior fills plate, advancing right, head to front, wearing pointed cap, with long curly hair ending in tail. Circle for face, incised body, wears striped sleeved gar
ment, pleated skirt, horizontally striped leggings. Sheadied sword at waist. Carries battle-axe upright in right hand, oval shield in left. In field, crossed diamond, small floral sprays. Yellow glaze over all, becoming brown on exterior.
Date: 1180-1210 (evidence: coins of Manuel 1 Komnenos, 1143-1180).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1937-1449.
Published: Corinth XI, cal. no. 1531. Excavations at Corinth. Autumn 1937, pp. 368-370, fig. 10 (left).
I.T.-H.
179
CORINTH
207
Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.1. rim diam. 14.2, foot diam. 8.1.
Moderately line red fabric (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4) with few white inclusions, some popped. Widely flaring, hollow stem loot, hemispherical body, plain rounded lip. White slip on interior and overlapping lip. Incised on floor: small central medallion with six-petal rosette composed of a
spiraling tendril with outlines raised. Medallion surrounded by narrow band of beading. Light green glaze over all.
Date: c. 1170-1200.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: .Archaeological Museum of .Ancient Corinth. inv no. C-1934-0062.
Published: Vases from a Byzantine Dump at Corinth, p. 78. fig. 3a. Corinth XI, cat. no. 1479.
l.T.-H.
- 180
CORINTH
208	 Plate
H. 4, rim diam. 22.9, foot diam. 12.4.
Fine tan to light red fabric (M unsell 5YR 7/6 to slightly greyer than 7.5YR 7/4), with moderate admixture of line red, brown inclusions, fewer coarser popped white inclusions. Low base ring, flat undersurface with slight central depression. Nearly horizontal body, sharply upturned vertical rim with convex profile, tapered lip. Body pared. Pale pink slip over all. Champlevd on interior: medallion covering floor, with deer standing right, head turned back, nose scratched by raised hind leg. Fars upright, eye partly scraped with wavy browline. Double bands and wavy line on neck, fringe of hair down hark Field filled with animals and filling ornament: above
back, left to right, bird right, hare, bird, hare; birds have horizontal feathers on wings and tails, circle for eye. Filling ornaments: sprays and palmettos. Outer border of short vertical lines between double lines. Rim plain. Yellow glaze, thickly applied on interior, thinly over all exterior. there green. Chips in glaze both on floor and around rim, inside and out.
Date: c. 1180-1200.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. С-1929-003.
Published: The Roman Market at Corinth, pp. 442-444, fig. 6B. Corinth XI, cat. no. 1666. Glory of Byzantium, cat. no. 190.
I.T. H.
181
CORINTH
209	Small plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H.	5.1, rim diam. 14.5, foot diam. 9.3.
Semi-fine red fabric fired buff to tan on surface (Munsell 10YR 7/3), with frequent small white, black inclusions, voids. Heavy vertical ring foot, flat resting and undersurface. Shallow wide-flaring body with slight convex profile, round lip. White slip thickly applied on interior and overlapping lip, thinly applied to exterior. Champ-leve decoration on interior: warrior, directed right, missing head, most of torso, left arm. lower left leg. Wears doublet, hose and skirt,
holding battle-axe in right hand. Trace of long pointed shield filled with scale pattern to proper left. Serpent-dragon with spotted head, long coils wrapping around circumference of plate. Floral sprays in field. In outer border, thin plain band, two beaded bands. Clear glaze over interior and overlapping lip.
Date: c. 1180-1200.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1934-0092.
Published: Corinth XI, cal. no. 1681.
I.T.-H.
182
CORINTH
210	Plate
Pail of foul, body and rim missing.
H. 4. rim diam. 21.5-22, f<x>t diam. 12.2.
Semi-fine pinkish buff fabric (Munsell yellower than 7.5YR 7/5) with fine to coarse voids, rare fine white inclusions. Shallow t ing fool, inner edge of which blends into slightly concave undersurface. Body nearly horizontal, vertical rim with slight convex profile, round lip. White slip over all. On interior champlevd decoration on floor: central medallion with deer facing right,
head turned back to left, floral sprays in field. Medallion surrounded by ring of deer, facing right with heads turned back, floral sprays and spikes in field. Clear glaze over interior and over upper half of rim w ith drips over body.
Date: 1200-1230.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. C-1934-0732.
Published: Corinth XI, cat. no. 1664.
l.T.-H.
183
CORINTH
211	Large plate
Part of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 4.5, rim diam. 25.3, fool diam. 11.1.
Dark red-brown fabric (Munsell slightly yellower than 2.5YR 5/6) with tiny white, red-brown inclusions scattered coarse white inclusions, voids Vertical ring foot, unevenly trimmed, flat resting surface, flat recessed undersurface. Shallow convex body rising to Haring squared lip. White slip thickly applied over interior and lip, thinly washed on exterior. Champleve medallion covers most of floor: man, possibly Digenis Akritas, sits on folding stool, lacing right, holding woman on lap with right hand. Has long curling locks, large round eyes with arc above and below, line on forehead, hook for nose, tiny mouth. Arm
and legs bare, feet extend beyond medallion to outer border, as do stool legs. Woman directed left, faces front, wears Stephane. Garment plain to hips, peated skirt. Her left hand turned up by breast in field, running hare, triangular ornaments. Single framing band. Light yellow glaze overall, making ground red. Compass point in centre of floor.
Date: c. 1200-1230.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. inv. no. 01934-0054.
Published: Vases from a Byzantine Dump at Corinth, p. 76. fig. 1. Corinth XI. cat. no. 1685. Glory of Byzantium, cat. no. 192.
l.T.-H.
- 184
CORINTH
212	Large plate
Part of body and half of rim missing.
H. 9.6, rim diam. 25.9, fool diam. 10.7.
Moderately fine red fabric (Munsell 2.SYR 5/6) with rare line white inclusions, frequent medium-sized voids. Vertical ring foot, flat resting surface, slightly recessed undersurface. Shallow wide-flaring body with slight convex profile, squared lip. slightly inward thickened to create a raised lip. Pale slip thickly applied to interior and overlapping lip. applied thinly to rest of exterior. On interior large medallion, with decoration in champlev£ technique: large lion or lioness without mane, to right, head pulled back
against chest, with large round eye, curving eyebrow, spiral nostril and three lines on top of head, thick tail curved above back. Standing on deer crouched to right, with long neck and head turned back. Small fieri al spray by deer’s nose. Clear glaze over all, fired to yellowish on interior. Stacking scar near foot.
Date: 1200-1230 (evidence: coins of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180).
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1937-1585.
Published: Excavations at Corinth, Autumn 1937, pp. 368-370. Corinth XI, cal. no. 1705.
I.T.-H.
185 -
CORINTH
213	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 12.2. rim diam. 21.5, foot diam. 9.2.
Moderately fine light brown fabric (Munsell 7.5YR 6/4) with frequent fine to small lime inclusions, some sparkling inclusions. Flaring stem foot, deep echinoid body, turning in sharply with narrow shoulder to vertical rim with convex profile, both inside and out, and round lip. Pale slip on interior and over rim. Coarsely incised decoration on interior: eight radiating cypress trees, extending from small central square
to base of rim. Between trunks of trees diamonds filled with cross. Between tips of trees boxed triangles pendant from rim, centres of which cross-hatched. Band of cross-hatching on interior of rim. Brushstrokes of yellow-brown on interior, over which grey-green glaze.
Date: c. 1230-1260.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. CP 1523.
Published: Corinlh XI. cat. no. 1658.
I.T.-H.
186
SPARTA WORKSHOP PRODUCTION
214
Open vase (bowl)
Only part of body and rim preserved.
Preserved h. 7, estimated rim diam. 22.
Coarse red fabric with inclusions. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Remains of decoration executed in fine sgraffito and gouged lines on interior: head and neck of bird and small cypress distinguishable. Motif surrounded by two concentric circles. Circle around lip of rim accompanied by wavy line. Unfinished vase, never given final coating layer of glaze or second firing. It affords evidence for the existence of a workshop in the Sparta area.
Date: late 12th c.
Place found: Sparta.
Place now kept: Mystras Museum, inv. no. 258.
Published: Byzantine Pottery' from Sparta, p. 26, pl. XV.
Ai.B.
- 187 -
THESSALONIKI WORKSHOP PRODUCTION
Excavations conducted over the years in the city of Thessaloniki have yielded a wealth of glazed pottery, the classification of which has supplied us with a vast number of vases dating from the Post-Byzantine period. Study of these vases has demonstrated that the majority of them exhibit shared, repeated features that may reasonably be associated with local workshops and local production.
This observation is confirmed by the discovery of pots in w hich the process of manufacture was never completed, but which were rejected as wasters by the pottery workshops and never became objects of trade (Fig. 1). The place in which they were found is presumably the place in which they were made.
One fragment of a vase bearing a depiction of a bird lacks the final coating layer of glaze (Cat. no. 215), and was therefore probably destroyed before it received this coaling and before the final firing. This circumstance confirms the attribution to a local Thessaloniki workshop of a large number of vases decorated with this characteristic representation of a bird'. The bird is normally depicted between two pointed plants, and is usually rendered by a combination of engraving and the cut-slip technique, involving the removal of the slip on the bird's body in order to create the field on which the wing is worked.
The depiction of the bird is subject to minor variation, mainly in the decoration of the wing and the form of rhe plants flanking it, which, as we have seen, are normally pointed and sometimes show n as trefoils or winding shoots (Cat. nos. 218, 221, 222). Around the body of the small jug Cat. no. 220 is a row of birds, show n in different stances and flanked by pointed plants.
According to early assessments, vases with the characteristic representation of a bird described here in detail are to be found at various sites in northern Greece and also at Constantinople, Varna in Bulgaria, and even in distant Venice2. Confirmation of these identifications by fabric analysis' and further study will make it possible to compile a distribution
Fig. I. Wasters and aids to firing from a Thessaloniki pottery workshop.
map of this group of vases from Thessaloniki.
Unfinished and defective pots confirm the attribution to the workshops of Thessaloniki of another group of vases, also with depictions of birds, in this case with a characteristic body in the shape of a snail (Cat. nos. 225, 226).
Fragments of unfinished pots without glaze point to another group of vases, the decorative motifs of which consist of plain or composite rosettes, guilloches and knots, with individual areas hatched with dense parallel lines4 (Fig. 1. Cat. no. 232). The main lines of these motifs are rendered by incised sgraffito, and the hatched areas by fine sgraffito (Cat. nos. 232-242).
The fragment Cat. no. 250 is broken as a result of over-firing, and part of the tripod legs arc still stuck in its well. It should therefore be considered
Fig. 2. Pots from Thessaloniki workshops with slip-painteil tongues on the exterior. Museum of Byzantine Culture.
a defective reject and attributed to a local workshop. The broad leaves with gouged ribs that form part of its decoration are a feature of a significant number of vases (Cat. nos. 251-254) found amongst the finds from excavations in Thessaloniki.
.Another group of vases, decorated with checkerboard pattern with spirals in the square panels (Cat. nos. 245-249), may also certainly be regarded as a product of Thessaloniki, thanks to the existence of a number of fragments of such vases that are unfinished rejects with no glaze.
The Thessaloniki vases have a hard red or reddish fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/4 and 5YR 6/6) with several white inclusions, sparkling elements and a few voids. The predominant shape is the hemispherical bowl, both small and medium size, and there is a significant number of plates with flaring walls and a narrow horizontal rim. The interior is covered with white slip, which also adorns the exterior with tongues (Fig. 2).
In terms of the glaze, the vast majority of the vases from the Thessaloniki workshops are restricted to the monochrome of the engraved decoration, in which the colour effect is dominated by the colour of the glaze, normally in tones of gold-yellow and yellow-orange. These vases are Plain Sgraffito.
A distinctly smaller number of vases are Colour Sgraffito. 1 he engraved pattern on the Thessaloniki vases is frequently enhanced by brushstrokes of green colour; the use of brown-yellow is not certainly confirmed.
According to the archaeological evidence available at present, the production of glazed pottery in the Thessaloniki workshops presented here may be dated to the second half of the 13th and the 14th century.
DEMETRA PAPANIKOL.VBAKIR I Z.l
I.	Epyacnqpio <Tiq WeoohXostxq.
2.	The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery.
3.	S. Wisseman - E. De Sena - Sh. l-andsbergei - R. Vlangan - S. Altaner - D. Moore, Compositional Analyses of Ceramics from Serres and Thessaloniki, in Materials Analysis of Byzantine Pottery, pp. 157-169.
4.	I he Palaeologan Glazed Pottery, p. 203, pl. V, VI.
189 -
THESSALONIK
215
Foot and well of open vase
Preserved h. 4.2, foot diam. 5.
Red fabric. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior and exterior: bird moving right pecking at pointed tree, with similar tree behind it. Bird’s body rendered in cut slip technique, details of wings and trees in fine sgraffito lines. Vertical engraved lines on exterior. Final coating layer of glaze missing. Unfinished vase, not continued beyond biscuit firing.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Cul-ture, inv. no. BK 909/71.
Published: Epyaorqpto cnq OeaoaAovtKq, pl. 1. Sevres Ware, pl. Illa.
D.P.-B.
190
THESSALONIK
216	Bowl
Pan of foot, body and rim missing.
H. 7.3, rim diam. 15.5, foot diam. 6.3.
Fine red. slightly orange, fabric. Tall, slightly flaring, foot with fine, rounded seating surface and nipple at centre. Hemispherical body ending in plain, slightly out-turned rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Very meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champleve technique: on floor, bird turned left pecking at stylised tree or leaf. Subject completed by triangle with curved sides enclosed within running spiral. Three parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of
rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shiny yellow thin glaze. Drops of glaze and slip on interior of foot. Exterior has traces of inadvertent fusion of this vase with one placed next to it during firing. On floor some imperfections rectified with slip underneath glaze, which covers small area of engraved pattern. Scars left by tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. .Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 1071/1.
Published: The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery, p. 202. pl. IVa. Epyacntjpto otq Wfooo.\ov(ki], p. 380, pl. 1.
1..M.
- 191
THESSALONIK
217	Bowl
Small part of rim missing.
H. 7.3, rim diam. 13.2. fool diam. 4.7.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot with thin rounded seating surface. Hemispherical body. Plain, not distinctively formed rim with in-turned edges. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Meticulous‘decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and charnpleve technique: on floor, bird turned left pecking at stylised tree or leaf. Decoration completed by triangle with curved sides enclosed within spiral. Three parallel
horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Interior covered with shiny yellow glaze. Rim and upper part of body exterior covered with green glaze. Drops of glaze on rim. Exterior has traces of inadvertent fusion of this vase with one placed next to it during firing.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 4519/28.
Published: Clramique de FHippodrome de Thessalo-nique. p. 214. fig. 4.
I.M.
192
THESSALONIK
218	Bowl
Part of foot ring and rim missing.
H. 8.3, rim diam. 14.3, foot diam. 5.7.
Fine red. slightly orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot with rounded seating surface and small nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Upper part of body bevels outwards, forming rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champlevd technique: on floor, bird turned right pecking at stylised leaf or tree. Above bird, circle containing trefoil ornament and two lozenges with oblique hatching. Four parallel horizontal lines
encircling rim and interior surface, with two on exterior. Decoration on exterior completed by lines at right angles to foot. Slip covered with shiny yellow glaze. Exterior has traces of inadvertent fusion of this vase with one placed next to it during firing. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 4519/192.
Published: Ceramique de 1’Hippodrome de Thessalo-nique, p. 214, fig. 2.
l.M.
- 193
THESSALONIK
219	Bowl
Small part of rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 13.5. foot diam. 4.9.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Blackened in places din ing firing. Flaring ring foot with thin rounded seating surface. Hemispherical body ending in plain, slightly out-turned rim. Rim deformed in two places where signs can be detected on exterior of inadvertent fusion of this vase with one placed next to it during firing. Interior covered with white slip, which adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Same slip on interior of foot. Meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and charnpleve technique: on floor, bird turned right pecking
at st ylised tree or leaf. Second leaf or tree above bird’s tail. Four parallel lines encircling face and outside of rim. Decoration enhanced by drops of bright green colour. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shiny greenish glaze, which flows down to foot. On floor some imperfections rectified with slip reapplied after first firing and covering part of decoration. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 1501.
Unpublished.
I.M.
194 -
220	Juglet
THESSALONIK
Neck and handle missing.
Preserved h. 10.5, foot diam. 7.5.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Flat, untrim-med foot. Biconical shape, shoulders forming rounded angle with body. Upper part of body and foot covered with off-white, thick slip. Very-dense decoration rendered with narrow and wide engraved lines and champleve technique: row of five birds and two pointed trees. Spirals and curling lines complete decoration, which is enhanced by brushstrokes of green and brownyellow colour. Upper part of body and foot covered with greenish shiny glaze.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 1053.
Published: The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery, p. 202, pl. IVb.
I.M.
221	Plate
Part of body and larger part of rim missing. H. 5.9, foot diam. 6.8.
Reddish brown fabric. Slightly flaring ring foot with flat seating surface and nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Horizontal rim. White slip on interior and on exterior of rim. Meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champlevd technique: on floor, medallion with bird turned left pecking at stylised tree or leaf. Second tree or leaf in space above bird’s body. Pair of parallel lines defining springing of rim. Lines at right angles to these adorning interior of rim. Shiny light-yellow glaze on interior of bowl and exterior of rim.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 4519/211.
Published: Ce'ramique de I’Hippodrome de Thessalo-nique, p. 214, fig. 6.
I.M.
195 -
THESSALONIK
222 	Bowl
Larger part of body missing.
H 8 6, rim diam 18.4, foot diam. 6.2.
Brown fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns exterior of rim with tongues. Engraved decoration on interior: live concentric circles around rim, and bird moving left on floor. Bird’s neck, head, and tip of tail missing. Body and legs rendered in champlevl technique. On wing, two chevrons creating three panels filled with horizontal
hatching. Tail feathers indicated by oblique lines on back part of body. In front of bird, stylised tree, trunk of which decorated by allet-nate oblique hatching and circles. Branches spring to side of trunk in form of running spirals. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with brown-yellow glaze.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Nea Potidaia.
Place now kept: Collection of the 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 301/K1.
Unpublished.
Th.P.
- 196 -
THESSALONIK
223	Small bowl
Part of body and larger pari of rim missing.
II. 7.5, rim diam. 11.7, fool diam. 5.2.
Brown fabric. Raised foot with splayed foot and scaling surface. Hemispherical body. Rim not distinctly formed. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior and exterior down to foot: four parallel lines encircling inside of rim. At centre of floor, bird moving right pecking at stylised tree or leaf. Two similar tufted trees or leaves rendered behind and in front of bird. Bird’s body rendered in champlev^
technique, details of wings, spirals, and parallel lines engraved. In field engraved lozenges with circle at centre. Three parallel lines encircling outside of rim. Body of vase adorned with lines at right angles to foot I nterior covered with brown-yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Nea Potidaia.
Place now kept: Collection of the 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 381/K31.
Unpublished.
Th.P.
197 -
THESSALONIK
Body and foot fragment 224	of open vase
Preserved h. 1.7, foot diam. 6, h. of foot 1.
Red-brown fabric. Low flaring foot. Interior covered with white slip. Engraved decoration. Larger part preserved of body and legs of bird moving right. Bird's body rendered in cut slip technique, details of wing and legs engraved. Between legs engraved quadrilateral ornament with dots in four corners. Interior covered with
greenish glaze now flaking. Colourless glaze and blobs of green colour on exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: I Sth-14th c.
Place found: Chios.
Place now kept: Byzantine Museum of Chios (Medjie Canii), no. T3.
Unpublished.
P.V.
198 -
THESSALONIK
225	Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 22, w. of rim 0.9, foot diam. 8.5.
Fine reddish fabric. Ring foot. Body with flaring walls, edges forming horizontal, slightly concave rim. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip: central medallion defined by two concentric circles and divided into four panels by two lines intersecting at right angles. Each quadrant contains bird moving left. Flach bird has long neck and tail with horizontal hatching, and body rendered by spiral line followed by
winding line, creating kind of screw pattern. Behind each bird, a tufted tree. Engraved pattern enhanced by splashed brushstrokes of olivegreen colour. Band of same colour around horizontal rim. Interior and rim covered with greenish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 1505.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
199 -
THESSALONIK
226	Bowl
Parts of rim missing.
H. 7.5. rim diam. 14.3, foot diam. 5.2.
Reddish, slightly brown, fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with pinkish slip, which also adorns exterior of rim with tongues. Decoration executed in gouged and fine sgraffito lines on interior: on well, bird turned left with spread wings. Body rendered by spiral line followed by winding line forming kind ot screw pattern. Upper part of interior walls encircled by six parallel gouged lines. Decoration and rim enhanced by brushstrokes of green colour. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with green-yellow glaze. Scars of t ripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 4493/20.
Unpublished.
I.O.K.
Fragment from well and foot
227
of open vase
Preserved h. 2.5, max. preserved dimension 7, foot diam. 4.7.
Fine brown-red fabric. Low Haring foot. White slip on interior. Remains of engraved and charnpleve decoration: rosette-like motif with spirals on leaves, probably inscribed within medallion. Final coating layer of glaze missing. Unfinished vase, not continued beyond biscuit firing. Glaze observable on part of exterior is probably fortuitous, due to glaze running from vase placed next to it in kiln.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 197.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
- 200 -
228	Small bowl
Small part of body and rim missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 10.4, foot diam. 3.8.
Reddish brown fabric. Ring foot with thin rounded seating surface and small nipple on inside. Body with flaring walls. Upright rim set at rounded angle with body. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champleve technique: on floor, rosette-shaped ornament in medallion. Single line encircling inside of rim, and pair of parallel horizontal lines encircling exterior. Yellow glaze on interior and green glaze on upper part of exterior.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 4519/23.
Unpublished.
I.M.
229	Bowl
THESSALONIKI
Small part of body missing.
H. 8.8, rim diam. 14.3, foot diam. 6.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot, slightly deformed in two places. Body with flaring walls. Upright rim set at angle to body. Interior covered with white slip, which adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champleve technique: on floor, rosette-shaped ornament in medallion. Pair of parallel lines encircling inside of rim. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of bright green colour on lip and well. Colourless glaze on interior. Green glaze on upper part of exterior. Drops of glaze on lip. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 2250.
Unpublished.
I.M.
- 201
THESSALONIK
230	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
11. 8.5. rim diam. 15.5. foot diam. 6.5.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Flaring foot with rounded seating surface and nipple on inside. Bell-shaped, with deep body and flaring rim. concave on interior. Interior covered with white slip, which adorns tippet part of exterior with tongues. Decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champleve technique: on floor, rosette-shaped ornament in medallion. Band of chevrons encircling outside of rim. Dec 
oration enhanced by brushstrokes of brilliant green colour on well and inside and outside of rim. Yellow-green glaze on interior of vase and exterior of rim. Exterior lias traces of inadvertent fusion with vase placed next to it during firing.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 2125.
U npublished.
IN.
202 -
231	Bowl
THESSALONIK
Part of rim missing.
H . 7, rim diam 14 5, foot diam. 5.6.
Reddish dark brown fabric with signs of over-firing. Ring foot with thin rounded seating surface and nipple on inside. Hemispherical body. Plain rim, not distinctly formed, with in-turned edges. Interior covered with white slip, which adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Meticulous decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and charnpleve technique: on floor, rosette-shaped ornament in medallion. Pair of parallel lines encircling inside of rim. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of bright green paint on rim and well. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered w ith greenish glaze, w hich flow s down to foot. Signs on exterior of inadvertent fusion of this vase with one placed next to it during firing. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Dale: lute 13 th 1 1th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 4487.
Unpublished.
I.M.
232	Well and foot of open vase
Preserved h. 4, max. preserved dimension 12, foot diam. 6.5.
Red fabric. Low ring foot. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior: part of multi-lobed rosette preserved, with dense parallel fine sgraffito lines between petals. Final coating layer of slip missing. Unfinished vase, not continued beyond biscuit firing.
Date: late 1 Sth-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 2789.
Published: Serves Ware, pl. IVa.
D.P.-B.
- 203 -
THESSALONIK
233	Plate
Part of foot, body and rim preserved.
H. 6.5, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 7.
Red, slightly orange, fabric with few inclusions. Flaring ring foot with slightly flattened seating surface. Low body, with oblique walls. Narrow, horizontal rim. Interior of vase and upper exterior edge of rim covered with white slip. Entire interior of body covered w ith a kind of multi-lobed rosette with dense oblique hatching. Central motif encircled bv band with lines set at
right angles. Two parallel horizontal engraved lines encircling upper part of rim. Slip on interior of vase and exterior edge of rim covered with shiny brown-yellow glaze, flaked in places.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 862/111.
Unpublished.
P.K.
204 -
о
234	 Bowl
Foot, part of body and rim preserved.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 14.5, foot diam 6.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Flaring foot with rounded seating surface. Hemispherical body. Upright rim. Interior decorated with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Entire interior of vase covered with multi-lobed rosette with dense oblique hatching. Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with yellow, very shiny glaze. Drops of glaze on rim. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 854/26.
Published: The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery, p. 203, pl. Vd.
P.K.
235	Bowl
About two thirds of rim missing.
H. 10.5, rim diam. 17.4, foot diam. 6.3.
Reddish fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim. Interior covered with off-white slip, which also adorns exterior with tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: double engraved bands radiate from centre of floor to perimeter, with succession of scale motifs between them, alternately hatched and plain. Overall decoration forms a kind of toseiie. Three concentric engraved circles encircling inside of rim. Band of green colour around lip. Interior covered with greenish glaze, flaked in places.
Date: 14th C.
Place found: Chalkidiki, Nea Potidaia.
Place now kept: Collection of the 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 381/K81.
Unpublished.
Th.P.
- 205 -
THESSALONIK
236
Small bowl
Complete.
H. 5.6, rim diam. 10.2. foot diam. 3.8.
Reddish fabric, grey in places from firing, with inclusions. Ring foot with hollow thin seating surface and concave interior surface. Body with flaring walls. Upright, slightly in-turned, rim set at rounded angle with body. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip, which flows down to base. Slip has run on body of vase. On floor, double medallion containing a
kind of multi-lobed rosette with dense oblique hatching. Two pairs of parallel horizontal lines encircling inside and outside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shiny brown-yellow glaze, which flows down to foot in places.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 810.
Unpublished.
P.K.
- 206
THESSALONIK
231	Small bowl
Small parts of rim missing.
11. 7.3, rim diam. IS, foot diam. 4.5.
Hard brown, slightly orange, fabric with good quantity of inclusions of limestone and finegrained mica. Low flaring ring foot with flat seating surface. Hemispherical body. Walls undulating slightiv inwards. Slightly bevelled rim, not distinctly formed. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered w ith layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: at centre of well, medallion enclosing eight-lobed ro
sette within eight-point ornament. Rosette and field of medallion enhanced with hatching. Interior of rim encircled by three and exterior by two engraved lines. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with yellow to olive-green glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on w ell.
Dale: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 4489/1.
Unpublished.
EM.
- 207 -
THESSALONIKI
238	Bowl
Complete.
H. 7.6, rim diam. 13.9, foot diam. 5.5.
Brown fabric. Flaring foot. I lemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: on well, medallion with inscribed rosette against background of parallel hatching. Main lines of motif gouged, hatching executed in fine sgraffito lines. Interior of rim encircled by pairs of parallel lines. Intel ioi and tongues of slip on exterior covered with bright yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. n<>. BK 4434/3.
Published: Movq BXcrtdtxov, p. 280.
DM.
239	Bowl
Small parts of rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 14.7, foot diam. 5.2.
Reddish fabric. Flaring ring foot. Flaring walls. Vertical slightly in-turned rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Gouged and fine sgraffito decoration on interior: circle defining well divided into four parts by two lines intersecting at right angles. At points of contact of lines with perimeter of circle, and at their intersection, pouches defined by curved lines filled with dense parallel finely engraved hatching.
Interior of rim encircled by three parallel lines. Green colour on rim. Interior of vase covered with colourless glaze. Engraved pattern enhanced by green glaze, which also covers upper part of exterior and flows down to foot. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: second half of 14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now' kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4470/121 (Demetrios Ekonomopoulos Collection).
Published; EvXXoyrj OiKOVo/uinovXov, p. 18, no. 50. pl. 28.
DM.
- 208
209
THESSALONIKI
THESSALONIK
240	Bowl
Complete.
H. 7.2, rim diam. 15.3, foot diam. 5.8.
Fine red, slightly orange, fairly pure fabric. Flaring foot with splashed seating surface. Hemispherical body. Upright rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with while slip. On floor, two concentric circles define medallion containing engraved quatrefoil rosette. Parts of circles containing oblique hatching at points of contact with perimeter of medallion, and also at points of intersection of leaves. Three parallel lines encircling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with good-quality yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4519/2.
Published: Ceramique de I’Hippodrome de Thessalo-nique, p. 219. fig. 33.
P.K.
241	Small bowl
Complete. Rim slightly chipped.
11. 5.5, rim diam. 9.7, foot diam. 4.
Fine pure red, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot, with thin rounded seating surface and small nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Decoration worked in narrow-and w ide engraved lines: on floor, simple medallion divided into quadrants by two intersecting engraved lines. In each quadrant, engraved semicircle filled with dense oblique hatching, which touches perimeter of medallion. Gouged line encircling inside of rim. and two fine engraved lines encircling outside. Interior and upper pan of exterior covered with shiny yellow glaze, flaked in places. Drops of glaze on rim. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: lithe.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now- kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 4519/112.
Unpublished.
P.K.
- 210 -
THESSALONIK
242	Bowl
Complete. Slightly chipped rim.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 14.6, foot diam. 6.4.
Red, slightly orange, fabric with inclusions. Flaring ring foot with boss at centre. Hemispherical body. Plain, in-turned rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. On floor, two carelessly engraved concentric circles define medallion containing engraved four-lobed rosette. Intermediate spaces occupied by geometric motifs with dense oblique hatching
and free spirals. Three parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Lip covered with dai к green colour. Colour has run down to floor on inside. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with greenish glaze.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 4519/104.
Unpublished.
P.K.
- 211 -
THESSALONIK
243	Bowl
Pan of body and rim missing.
H. 8.3, rim diam. 15.5, foot diam. 6.
Brown fabric with inclusions. Flaring ring foot with slightly upturned seating surface and small nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Plain inturned rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues and flows down to foot. On floor, medallion defined by two concentric circles, containing engraved four-lobed rosette. Ribs of
leaves rendered by winding line. Intermediate spaces occupied by geometric motifs with dense oblique hatching and free spirals. Three horizontal engraved lines encircling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 855/33.
Unpublished.
P.K.
- 212 -
244
THESSALONIK
Bowl
Small parts of rim missing.
II. 8, rim diam. 15.7, foul diam. 8.2.
Fine red, slightly orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot with slightly upturned seating surface and small nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Plain in-turned rim. Interior decorated with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. On floor, medallion defined by two concentric circles containing lozenge ornament with inward-curving sides. Geometric decoration supplemented by small spirals both inside
lozenge and contained within triangles set in gaps. Two parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with good-quality yellow-brown glaze, which flows down to foot in places. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4471/78.
Published: Sotiriou. pl. 1 ()()<, p. 243.
P.K.
- 213 -
THESSALONIK
245	Bowl
Part of rim missing.
H. 7.3, rim diam. 14.4, foot diam. 5.2.
Brown fabric. Distinctly flaring foot, distorted during firing. Hemispherical body. Whole of interior covered with white slip, which also adorns exterior of rim with tongues. Circle defining well contains intersecting lines forming linear motif resembling checkerboard pattern with spirals engraved in panels. Interior of rim encircled by three parallel gouged lines. Interior and tongues
of glaze on upper part of exterior covered with bright yellow glaze. Seals of tripod still on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4470/120 (Demetrios Ekonomopoulos Collection).
Published: EvXXoytj OtKOvoftonotlXov, p. 16, no. 35, pl. 19.
DM.
- 214
246	Bowl
Part of body and rim and half foot missing.
H. 10.5, rim diam. 19.5, foot diam. 7.7.
Reddish brown fabric. Ring foot with broad rounded seating surface and nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Plain rim, not distinctly formed, with out-turned edges. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. On floor, circle containing checkerboard pattern with spirals at the centre of panels. Three parallel lines en-ciicling inside of rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with brown-yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 7.
Unpublished.
l.M.
247
Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 14.2. foot diam. 6.7.
Brown, slightly orange fabric. Raised flaring foot with splashed seating sui face. Hemispherical body. Plain in-turned rim. Entire interior covered with white slip, which spills over to exterior in tongues. Splashes of green colour on rim and floor. On floor, circle containing checkerboard pattern, its square panels defined by bands and having spirals at centre. Six parallel horizontal lines encircling lip and wall of vase on inside. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shinv vellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. В К 1129.
Published: The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery, p. 195. pl. III.
I.M.
- 215 -
THESSALONIK
248	Bowl
Small parts of body and rim missing.
II. 7.4. rim diam. 14.6. fool diam. 5.8.
Red. slightly orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot with rounded seating surface and small nipple at centre. Hemispherical body. Plain rim, not distinctly formed, with out-turned edges. Entire interior covered with white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines: on floor, circle containing checkerboard pattern with spirals at centre of panels. Pair of parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Decoration enhanced by splashes of green colour on floor and rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with greenish glaze, which flows down to foot. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 4470/119 (Demetrios Ekonomopoulos Collection).
Unpublished.
I.M.
249	Small bowl
Flaked at rim and foot.
H. 7, rim diam. 12.5, foot diam. 4.8.
Brown, slightly orange, fabric. Raised flaring foot. Hemispherical body. Entire vase apart from foot covered with white slip. Decoration with narrow and w ide engraved lines: on floor, circle containing checkerboard pattern with spirals at centre of panels. On interior wall of vase, zigzag line with angles covered with spirals. Three parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim, and two more on outside. Lines at right angles to foot on exterior. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of green colour on rim. Entire surface apart from foot covered with yellow-green glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept; Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 1684.
Unpublished.
I.M.
- 216 -
о
250	Foot and well of bowl
Preserved h. 4. foot diam. 5.8.
Hard fabric blackened by over-firing. Flaring ring foot. Remains of engraved decoration preserved on layer of white slip on interior: centre of well encircled by wreath in form of band of broad leaves with gouged ribs. Engraved pattern enhanced by dark green colour. Greenish glaze on interior. On well, traces of tripod stilt which created depression and crack in wall of vase. Probably defective unsaleable vase, rejected after second firing.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 10 172.
Unpublished.
D.P.-M.
251
Small bowTl
Small part of foot missing.
H. 6.3, rim diam. 11.5, foot diam. 5.3.
Hard reddish fabric. Flaring foot with splayed seating surface. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherw ise plain rim. Entire vase covered with thick white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre, ring of concentric circles. Four broad leaves with gouged ribs around walls. Green-yellow glaze on interior. Green glaze on exterior overlapping lip on inside. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 4519/108.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
- 217 -
о
252	Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
11. 5.8. rim diam. 21. fool diam. 5.6.
Hard brown fabric. Body with slightly curved walls. Narrow out-turned rim sloping strongly downwards. Interior, and exterior from just above foot, covered with white slip. Engraved and charnpleve decoration on interior: on well, rosette, with dotted lines forming ribs of petals.
Zone of wide leaves with gouged ribs around walls. Interior covered with greenish glaze. Rim and exterior covered with olive-green glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13lh-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture. inv. no. BK 2847.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
- 218
253	Small bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.5, rim diam. 11, foot diam. 3.8.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Flat foot. Bell-shaped body. Slightly in-turned rim. Exterior of foot encircled by two deep grooves left by throwing on the wheel. Entire vase apart from foot covered with white slip. Engraved decoration covering whole of interior: wide band around walls defined by two pairs of engraved lines containing broad leaves. Pairs of leaves separated by gouged bands. Cross shaped knot on well. Vertical lines on exterior, creating row' of leaves in champlevd technique placed radially around foot. Interior covered with olive-green glaze. Exterior covered with green glaze.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4497/15.
Unpublished.
DM.
THESSALONIK
254	Bowl
Complete.
H. 6.8, rim diam. 12.2, foot diam. 4.5.
Hard reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Slightly Hat ing foot with Hat seating surface. Hemispherical body. Interior and exterior, apart from lower part and foot, covered with off-white slip. Engraved decoration covering entire surface: on well, medallion defined by double engraved line containing rosette rendered in champleve technique and by sgraffito lines. Around wrall up to rim, zone with broad radially arranged leaves with gouged central ribs. Interior covered with greenish glaze and exterior with green glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: second half of 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 11318.
Published: Movq B\cnu6wv, p. 282, pl. 8e.
DM.
- 219 -
THESSALONIK
255	Bowl
Small part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 15 5, font diam 6.
Red, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot with thin rounded seating surface. Hemispherical body. Plain rim, not distinctly formed, with in-turned edges. Interior covered with thick white slip, which also adorns upper part of exterior with tongues. Decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines and champleve technique: on floor, spiral motif. Parallel lines and wavy line around the walls. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shiny greenish glaze, which flows down to foot.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 4519/50.
Unpublished.
I.M.
256
Bowl
Complete.
H. 9, rim diam. 16, foot diam. 6.5.
Red, slighdy orange, fabric. Flaring ring foot with roughly formed rounded seating surface and nipple at centre. Bell-shaped, with hemispherical body and Haring rim, concave on interior. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Decoration with narrow and wide engraved lines: on floor, pair of concentric circles forming band adorned with wavy line and encircling spiral motif. Three parallel horizontal lines on surface below rim. Band defined by pair of parallel lines and filled with wavy line encircling inside of rim. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of green colour on well and lip. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with shiny greenish glaze, which flows down to foot. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 4471/8.
Unpublished.
I.M.
- 220
257	Bowl
Complete.
II. 7.3, rim diam. 13.8, foot diam. 5.9.
Brownish glaze. Flaring ring foot with nipple at centre. Deep body with flaring walls. Upright slightly in-turned rim, forming angle with body. Interior covered with white slip, which also forms careless tongue ornament on exterior. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of well, spiral line executed on wheel, giving impression of concentric circles. Interior of rim encircled by pair of parallel lines. Decoration on w ell enhanced by brushstrokes of green colour, also applied in three groups to interior of rim. Exterior of rim encircled by broad green brushstroke. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with bright light green glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Plar** now I-opt- Thessaloniki, Museum ofByxunline Culture, inv. no. BK 4567/14.
Unpublished.
I.O.K.
258	Bowl
Complete.
H.	7.7, rim diam. 14, foot diam. 5.5.
Brown fabric. Flaring ring foot with thin flat seating surface and small nipple on inside. I lemi-spherical body forming rounded angle with chamfered, upright rim, concave on exterior. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Two pairs of concentric circles on floor. Three parallel horizontal lines encircling inside of rim. Carination of bow l emphasised by engraved line on interior, and second such line around lip. Interior and upper part of rim covered with shiny yellowr glaze, which flows down to foot. Exterior has traces of inadvertent fusion of this vase with one placed next to it during firing.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: unknown.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 85/2.
Unpublished.
l.M.
THESSALONIK
- 221
SERRES WORKSHOP PRODUCTION
The discovery of a large number of vases sharing common features with regaid to their fabric, shape and decoration invariably constitutes strong evidence that they were all produced in one place, presumably the place they were found.
One such case involves the vases with coloured engraved decoration, more specifically those with brown-yellow and green colour, which form the overwhelming majority of the ceramic material yielded by earlier digging activity and modern archaeological excavations in the town of Seri es. This suggests that these vases are the product of local pottery workshops'.
This view is supported by the discovery of unfinished pots without any glaze, which did not reach the stage of application of the final coating layer of glaze (Fig. 1, Cat. nos. 259, 266, 267, 271, 273, 277), and also the existence of defective vases broken by over-firing, which did receive this coat of glaze but failed to survive the final firing (Cat. no. 274).
They have a reddish, light buff red (Munsell 7.5YR 6/4), fairly coarse, hard fabric with mica inclusions. Most of them are open vases, shallow plates with a narrow horizontal rim (Cat. nos. 261, 268, 269) or howls with a hemispherical body and a rim set at an angle to the body and bevelled slightly inwards (Cat. nos. 108, 109, 270, 274, 276, 281, 284). Another shape found is the bowl with Haring walls, the top edge of which forms an obtuse angle and creates an out-turning rim (Cat. nos. 260, 262, 263, 279). There are also some relatively small hemispherical bowls (Cat. nos. 267, 283, 285). Wc may also note a few closed vases such as Cat. no. 278, Which has a wide mouth, strap handle, and spout.
I he interior of the open vases is covered with white slip, which in a few cases also extends to the exterior (Cat. no. 285). The exterior of the closed vases is also covered with white slip. This forms a suitable surface for the engraved decoration. The breadth of the engraved line varies: incised sgraffito is used for the main lines of t he decorative motif, and fine sgraffito for t he details and hatching. Use is also made of the champleve technique for individual areas.
There is a wide variety of decorative motifs, with birds, animals, a range of floral and vegetal motifs, anti a great number of geometric motifs in different versions and combinations. One characteristic motif consists of a kind of bird w ith high, robust legs, hooked claws, and power-
Fig. I. Wasters and aids to firing from a Serres pottery workshop.
ful wings (Cal. no. 261). Ils body is adorned with groups of parallel lines with differing orientations, and its long, upward-curving, twisted tail is similarly decorated, A plate found in an excavation of recent years in Serres has a rare, charming depiction of a donkey (Cat. no. 263). In the majority of vases, the decoration is dense with enclosing shoots, trefoils and guil-loches. It is often organised around a central medallion containing a torsional shoot or trefoil rendered in champleve.
I he engraved decoration of the vases produced by the Serres workshops is accompanied bv vivid yellow, brown-yellow and green colour. Applied alternately in splashed brushstrokes, these produce a distinctly colourful effect. In the case of vases Cat. nos. 260, 276 (Fig. 1), the engraved decoration is enhanced by brown-yellow and green glaze colours but there is no final coating layer of glaze. 1 his raises the question whether they should perhaps be regarded as wasters, rejected at an intermediate bring stage before the
Fig. 2. Suggested reconstruction of a kiln showing clay rods.
application of the glaze. In this case Serres ware would have been subjected to three firings. The exterior of the vases is often decorated with blobs and circles executed in white slip.
The exterior of the closed vases is covered with a thin, colourless glaze; in the case of the open
vases, this is confined, with a few exceptions, to the interior.
The wells of the Serres vases do not bear the familiar scars left by the tripod stilts as they are removed after firing. They were therefore not fired in piles separated by tripods. I he discovery of clay rods 3.5 cm. in diameter (Fig. 1) furnishes the answer to the question of how t he vases were stacked in the furnaces of the Serres workshops. These rods were inserted close together in holes in the walls of the furnace, forming a kind of shelf on w hich the vases were placed for firing (Fig. 2). This kind of stacking, which is known from Islamic workshops, is found here for the first time within the Byzantine empire’. S-shaped clay objects of smaller diameter (Fig. 1) were set between glazed vases placed next to each other in the furnace, or used to prevent the vases from adhering to the shelves.
I he cataloguing and description of the characteristic features of the Serres vases has made it possible to trace the extent of their dissemination. Vases of this type have been found mainly in the Strymon valley, in excavations at Meleniko in modern Bulgaria, Philippi (Cat. no. 284), Maroneia (Cat. no. 285) and Mosynopolis in Thrace, in the area of modern Skopje, at Prilep, at Corinlh (Cat. nos. 282, 283), and al Chalkidiki (Cat. no. 286). A plate that may be attributed to the Serres workshops is incorporated in the masonry of a church at Molyvdoskcpasto, Epiros, and a fragment of a vase found in the Laguna in Venice is probably also a Serres product. The largest number of vases that may be considered Serres ware, however, has been found in Thessaloniki'.
Analysis of die fabric of Seri es vases by the A. 1 .A.M. programme of the University of Illinois in the USA has established the composition of the clay', and this w ill further assist in determining the dissemination of the vases, w hich according to archaeological data could be dated to late 13th-early 14th century.
DEME I RA PAPAM KOIA-BAKIRTZI
1.	Ceramic Art from Serres.
2.	R. Naumann. Brennofcn fur Glasurkeramik, 1st Mill 21 (1971), p. 175, pl. 56, 1 and fig. 7,8. Invert el /* hrun: de Kairouan a Avignon, Cihamiques du Xe an Xl'e siecle, Marseilles 1995, pp. 19-40, fig. 13.
3.	Ceramic Art from Serres. pp. 32-33. Serres Ware. pp. 141-143.
4.	S. Wisseman - E. De Sena - Sh. Landsberger - R. Mangan - S. Altaner - D. Moore. Compositional .Analyses of Ceramics from Serres and Thessaloniki, in Materials Analysis oj Byzantine Pottery, pp. 157-169.
223 -
SERRES
259	Foot and centre of plate
Entire rim missing.
Preserved h. 3, fool diam. 8.5.
Reddish fabric. Flaring ring foot. Interior and part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: around rim, winding shoot with palmettes frames bird depicted full length occupying entire surface of floor. Bird moves right with head turned behind, pecking at leaf that is part of floral decoration. Of head, only hooked beak preserved. Wing, in shape of a droplet, has pointed end and extends to left, slightly raised. Large tail spreads downwards. Long legs. Right leg extends backwards, forming angle. End of it not preserved. Left leg ends in three claws. Plumage consists of alternate vertical and horizontal hatching. No traces of colour, and coating layer of glaze missing. Unfinished vase. Biscuit-fired waster.
Dale: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Sevres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££7/97/2. Unpublished.
S.D.
Fragment from rim 260	and body of bowl
Preserved h. 5.7.
Red fabric. Oblique walls, and out-turned rim set at an obtuse angle to body. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior: part of a bird preserved, twisted tail of which can be identified. Engraved pattern enhanced by glazed brown-yellow and green colour. Fragment lacks final layer of glaze. Probably from a vase that was never completed.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serves.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££1/74. Published: Ceramic Art from Sems, cat. no. 2. Sen es Ware, cat. no. 4.
D.P.-B.
- 224
SERRES
261	Plate
Part of rim missing.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 20, foot diam. 8.8.
Red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Shallow body. I lor-izontal rim. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior: on floor, bird with long twisted tail moving towards outside. It has a powerful body, a large wing, and strong legs with talons. It is pecking at a pointed leaf in front of it, and there is another, similar leaf behind it. Plumage rendered by groups of parallel lines set in different directions. Around rim,
band of parallel curves interrupted at regular intervals by small circles. Engraved pattern enhanced by yellow and green brushstrokes. Colourless glaze on interior. Layer of slip and glaze flaked away in places.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. XX1/51. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 1. Serres Ware, pl. la.
n P -R
- 225 -
SERRES
262
Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.7, rim diam. 24, foot diam. 9.7.
Reddish brown fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with oblique walls. Out-turned flaring rim set at angle to body. White slip on interior of vase and exterior of rim. Engraved pattern on floor. Bird with long neck and powerful body, turned left. Tendril with encircling palmettes on ground. Zig
zag band around rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow and green brushstrokes. Colourless glaze on interior. Interior largely flaked away.
Date: late 13(h-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££1/53. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 3.
S.D.
- 226
SERRES
263	Plate
Part of body and half rim missing.
II. 5.7, rim diam. 23.7, foot diam. 10.6.
Pinkish brown fabric. Flaring ring foot. Shallow body oblique walls. Out-turned rim with rounded edge set at angle to body. Entire interior covered with white slip, with thin layer around exterior of rim. Entire interior occupied by animal, probably ass. Head and front part of body and hind right leg preserved. .Animal shown in lively movement to left. Small head shown in profile and small upright cars. Hind right leg kicking
backwards. Body rendered by curved outlines. Fur rendered by small scales. .Around animal, zigzag line on one side of which is a winding shoot , with palmette-type motifs rendered in champlev£ technique on the other. Rim encircled by zigzag emphasised by brown-yellow' colour. Interior covered with yellow glaze, largely flaked away.
Date: 13th-14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. LE7/ П4/92.
Unpublished.
S.D.
- 227 -
SERRES
264	Bowl
Part of body and entire rim missing. Preserved h. 8.8, rim diam. 8.
Red fabric blackened by firing. Flaring ring foot. Indications of upright rim. White slip on interior, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration rendered in champlev£ technique and by engraved lines: on floor, medallion enclosing bird moving left and turning head behind. Tufted branch following curve formed by bird’s body as it turns backwards. Around medallion, zigzag line forming zone of triangular panels with trefoils set against hatched background. Main lines of engraved pattern picked out by brown-yellow and green brushstrokes. Interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££1/69. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 5.
D.P.-B.
265
Fragment from body of open vase
Max. preserved dimension 11.5.
Red fabric. Part of engraved pattern preserved on layer of w hite slip on interior: medallion enclosing bird turning head behind and holding leaf in beak. Engiaved pattern enhanced by splashes of brown-yellow and green colour. Exterior decorated with slip-painted intersecting circles. Colourless glaze on interior, with thinner layer on exterior.
Date: late 1 Slh-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££1/72. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres. cat. no. 6.
D.P.-B.
- 228 -
266
Fragment from centre and foot of open vase
Preserved h. 5.5.
Red fabric, blackened at core of walls. Flaring ring foot. White slip on interior, with thinner coating of slip on exterior. Decoration rendered on interior in charnpleve technique and by engraved lines: central medallion enclosing indeterminate motif, and itself enclosed by zone of tangent discs on hatched ground. Colour and coating layer of glaze missing. Fragment of a vase that was tor some reason never finished. Biscuit-fired waster.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. 1X5/2.
Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 9.
D.P.-B.
SERRES
267	Small bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 12, foot diam. 5.5.
Brownish red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Ritn not distinctly formed. White slip on interior. Medallion with inscribed star, rendered in charnpleve technique at centre of floor. Pair of parallel lines encircling edge of rim. Colour and coating layer of glaze missing. Unfinished biscuit-fired waster.
Date: late ISth-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. 2X5/1.
Published: Ceramic Ari from Serres, cat. no. 10.
D.P.-B.
SERRES
268	Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 5.5, rim diam. 24.5, foot diam. 9.
Hard red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Shallow body with oblique walls. Narrow horizontal rim. White slip on interior, with thinner layer on exterior. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion enclosing pentagon containing star-shaped motif rendered in champleve technique, which is also used for the rosettes surrounding it. Ground of medallion around pentagon hatched with dense parallel lines. Semicircles around walls hang from
edge of body and enclose encircling shoots set against hatched ground. Around rim, panels filled with network pattern. Engraved pattern enhanced by yellow-brown and green brushstrokes applied alternately. Interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. XXI/50. Published: Ceramic Art from Serra, cat. no. 7. Serres Ware, cat. no. 7.
D.P.-B.
- 230
SERRES
269	Large plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.7, rim diam. 25.3, foot diam. 8.8.
Red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Shallow body, narrow horizontal rim. White slip on interior, with thinner layer on exterior. Dense engraved pattern on interior: central medallion with inscribed pentagon enclosing star with small rosettes between points. Medallion enclosed within wide zone oi circles containing palmettes and shoots
with encircling leaves. Decorative motifs projected against hatched background. Crosshatching on rim in places. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow and green brushstrokes. Colourless glaze on interior.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. 1'okos Mansion, inv. no. EE1/54. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 8.
n P-B
231 -
SERRES
270	Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.8, rim diam. 19.5, foot diam. 8.8.
Red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim, concave on exterior, set at angle to body. Interior covered with white slip, through which decoration engraved: at centre, small medallion containing pahnette rendered in charnpleve technique, surrounded by band with shoot with encircling leaves. Pair of parallel lines around rim. Brushstrokes of brow n-yellow and green colour. Slip-painted circles on exterior. Colourless glaze on interior.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Senes.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. EE1/66.
Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 11.
D.P.-B.
271
Body fragment from open vase
Max. preserved dimension 7.2.
Red fabric. Remains of decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: part of guilloche enclosing small tiefoils. No sign of colour or glaze. Unfinished vase destroyed after biscuit firing.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion inv. no. SL10-84/123.
Published: LtixniKq avaoKCiqnj aru; Xeppeq, pi. 12:123. Serres Ware, cal. no. 2.
K.T.
- 232 -
272
SERRES
Foot and body of open vase
Preserved h. 6. fool diam. 9.
Red fabric. Flaring ring foot with boss. Hemispherical body. Decoration engraved through white slip on interior: small medallion on floor enclosed within wide band with guilloche. Engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes of bright yellow-brown and green colour. Colourless glaze on interior.
Dale: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££1/79. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 15.
D.P.-B.
273
Foot and centre of open vase
Preserved h. 4, foot diam. 7.3.
Red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: spiral at centre of floor enclosed within a series of wheelmade concentric circles. Colour and coating layer of glaze missing. Vase never completed. Biscuit-fired waster.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££1/77. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 17.
D.P.-B.
- 233 -
SERRES
274	Bowl
About one third preserved.
H. 8, estimated rim diam. 18, estimated foot diam. 7.7.
Red fabric blackened by over-firing. Flaring ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim, concave on outside. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: small spiral at centre of floor surrounded by zone of intersecting circles. Parallel lines around rim. Engraved motif enhanced by brown-yellow and green brushstrokes. Colourless glaze on interior. Vase deformed as a result of over-firing and “exploded” by grain of limestone the fabric. Probably a defective reject, or glaze-fired waster.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. XX. 1/82. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 16. Serres Ware, cat. no. 5.
D.P.-B.
275	Part of open vase
Preserved h. 5.2, foot diam. 8.
Dark red fabric. Flaring ring foot with boss on inside. Body with flat floor and indications of upright walls. Decoration rendered in champ-leve technique through layer of white slip covering interior: at centre of floor, medallion with winding shoot, around which are petal-like leaves, giving overall effect of rosette. Engraved motifs enhanced by brushstrokes of bright brown yellow’ and green colour. Slip painted dots on exterior surface. Colourless glaze on interior and exterior.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now' kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. £L1/8O. Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 19. Serres Ware, cat. no. 9.
D.P.-B.
- 234 -
276
Bowl
Part of body and large part of rim missing. H. 8, rim diam. 14.5, foot diam. 6.
Reddish brown fabric, blackened on exterior in places from firing. Flaring ring foot. Deep body with oblique walls. Upright rim set at angle to body, slightly concave on exterior and with rounded edge. Interior of vase and exterior edge of rim covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved at centre of floor: medallion defined by two concentric circles enclosing stylised tree. Pair of parallel lines encircling rim. Around central medallion, zone with three bands set radially, enclosing chain-like guilloche and alternating with three triangles containing encircling shoots with trefoils. Decoration enhanced by glazed colour, yellow alternating with green. Final coating layer of glaze missing. Presumably unfinished vase.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. ££7A17/1. Unpublished.
S.D.
277
Handle fragment from closed vase
Max. preserved dimension 7.2.
Red fabric. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip: part of band of running spiral preserved with oblique hatching on field. No traces of colour or final coating layer of glaze. Unfinished vase destroyed after biscuit firing.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion inv. no. LL10-84/122.
Published: ЕшотиО) avctOKatpfj ertu; Xlppeq, pl. 12:122. Serres Ware, cat. no. 1.
K.T.
SERRES
- 235 -
SERRES
278 Jug
Parts of body, rim and spout and entire lip missing. H. 18.8, max. body diam. 18.8, foot diam. 9.
Hard reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Almost spherical body. Upright rim bevelled outwards. Strap handle from rim to belly. Up-turned spout on shoulder. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on exterior: zone defined by pair of horizontal lines at beginning of rim and roughly middle of body. Vertical bands with running spiral cither side of spout, followed by plain bands and bands tilled with imbrication.
Running spiral on handle. Version of guilloche on spout. Engraved decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour in places. Exterior and upper part of interior covered with colourless glaze.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Serres.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. XE10-84/112.
Published: L<,xniKij avaoKmpij OTiq Irppt’t;, pl. 11:112, Serres Ware, cat. no. 10.
K.T.
- 236 -
279
SERRES
Plate
Larger part of rim missing.
H. 8.3, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 9.
Dark red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with oblique walls. Out-turned flaring rim set at obtuse angle to body. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: floor occupied by bird pecking at shoot, with floral motifs on ground. Zigzag band around rim, and remains
of brushstrokes of yellow-brown and green colour on engraved pattern. Slip and glaze on interior largely flaked away.
Date: late 13th-earlv 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 863/65.
Published: Serres Ware, cat. no. 17.
D.P.-B.
- 237 -
SERRES
280	Bowl
Large part of body and rim missing.
Preserved h. 7, foot diam. 8.3.
Brownish red fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Indications of upright rim, concave on exterior. Decoration engraved through layer of w hite slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion containing bird moving right, enclosed within band with guilloche. Engraved motif enhanced by brushstrokes of bright brown-yellow and green colour. Slip-painted circles around exterior. Yellowish, shiny glaze on interior.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now' kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 863/64
Published: Ceramiqus a Thessalonique, fig. 5.
D.P.-B.
281
Small bowl
I .arge part of body and rim missing. H. 6, rim diam. 12.5, fool diam. 5.2.
Red well-fired fabric. Flaring ring foot with boss. Body with oblique walls. Upright slightly concave rim set at angle to body. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: at centre of floor, small medallion enclosing leaf-like motif and encircled by zone of alternating triangular motifs and bands with horizontal hatching. Pair of parallel lines around rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes of bright brown-yellow and green colour. Colourless glaze on interior.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 10/47.
Published: Serres Ware, cat. no. 18.
D.P.-B.
- 238 -
SERRES
282	 Bowl
Foot and part of lower wall.
H. preserved 3.9, foot diam. 7.2.
Very hard reddish yellow fabric (Munsell 5YR 7/6) with rare white, red and black grits, tiny shell and gold mica inclusions. Ring foot, flattened resting surface, flaring convex body. White slip on interior; incised with stylised floral motif in central medallion and six radiating indeterminate motifs joining medallion. Added strong yellow glaze around edge of medallion and over alternate, radiating motifs. Added green glaze in centre and on remaining wall motifs. Accidental dribbles of green glaze on exterior. Clear colourless glaze over slip.
Date: 1270-1300 (late 13th c. context).
Place found; Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1986-0061.
Published: Assemblage of Frankish Pottery, pl. 177, no. 11. Frankish Corinth, 1994, p. 19. Ceramic Art from Serres, p. 33. note 18.
I.T.-H.
283	Bowl
Part of body, rim and foot missing.
H. 8.7, rim diam. 18-19, foot diam. 8.
Moderately fine fabric with brown exterior to grey interior (Munsell 5YR 6/5), moderate amount of mica, few white inclusions, voids. Flaring ring foot, bevelled resting surface, echinoid body turning up to slightly inturned tapered lip. On interior white slip, overlapping exterior of lip. On floor, medallion surrounded by two grooves, in which incised triangular motif with filling lines. Extending from medallion to groove below lip, schematic braid with circles, alternating with floral spray ending in curled leaf. Yellow stripes on medallion frame, spray and drips on lip; green on braid. Clear glaze over interior and lip.
Date: 1270-1300.
Place found: Corinth.
Place now kept: Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth, inv. no. C-1960-0307A, В, C.
Published: Frankish Pottery, p. 256, no. 20, pl. 63. Frankish Corinth, 1994, p. 19, note 21. Ceramic Art from Serres, p. 33, note 18.
I.T.-H.
- 239
SERRES
284	Bowl
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 18.8, foot diam. 7.5.
Red fabric, blackened on exterior by firing. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Upright rim, concave on exterior. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip on interior: at centre of floor, medallion containing floral motif, accompanied by four other medallions containing winding shoots. Connected with each other by angled
bands decorated with spirals. Engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour. Slip-painted circles around outside of belly.
Date: late 13th-early 14th c.
Place found: Philippi.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. КФ 16/90/10.
Published: Ceramic Art from Serres, cat. no. 22. Serres Ware, cat. no. 20.
D.P.-B.
- 240 -
SERRES
285	Bowl
Two small pails of liin and body missing.
H. 5.3, rim diam. 14.6, foot diam. 5.7.
Pure red fabric. Ring foot with boss. Hemispherical body. Body walls end in rim not distinctly formed. Walls slightly squashed as result of clumsy handling before firing. Interior and exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: medallion at centre of floor with winding shoot set against hatched ground, accompanied by four
medallions around walls. Two parallel lines encircling inside edge of rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow colour. Interior of vase and exterior edge of rim covered w ith colourless glaze.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Maroneia, Paliochora.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РМП1/ 91.144.
Published: Ceramic Ari from Serres, cat. no. 23. IkiXqo-X<*>pa Moptaveiac, p. 504, drawing 2, fig. 11.
S.D.-D.
241
SERRES
286	Bowl
Rim and pans of body and fool missing.
Preserved h. 8.7, foot diam. 8.6.
Brown fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with upright walls forming angle with well. Flaring out-turned rim. Interior covered with white slip, which also forms two zones of slip-painted intersecting circles around exterior of vase. Decoration engraved on interior: at centre of floor, medallion defined by two concentric circles containing bird turned right with short hooked beak, short
body and legs, horizontal wing in shape of diuplel, and bioad tail. Field decoialed with two small floral motifs. Zone at rim decorated with tangent semicircles. Interior and exterior covered with light yellow' shiny glaze.
Date: late 13th-14th c.
Place found: Toroni.
Place now kept: Ouranoupolis, shipyard of the Pros-phorion tower, 10th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. 8846.
Published: XpumavtKij XaXiaStKti, p. 2.
T.T.
- 242
POTTERY WORKSHOP AT MIKRO PISTO IN THRACE
1'he list of Byzantine pottery workshops known to date was increased by the discovery in 1998 of a Byzantine glazed pottery workshop in Thrace, near the settlement of Mikro Pisto, Rodopi, which has extended our knowledge of the production centres and techniques of Byzantine glazed pottery'.
A large number of both incomplete and completed pots was found here, enabling us to compile a list of the vases produced in the workshop (Fig. 1). The interior of these vases is covered by an impressive variety of engraved decorative motifs.
The pottery may be divided on the basis of its decoration into monochrome Plain Glazed vases, Plain Sgraffito vases with slip-painted decoration, vases in which use was made of at least two colours, applied in splashed brushstrokes and vases with engraved decoration, which form the majority. The most characteristic decorative pattern of the Thracian workshop is the engraved figure-of-eight guilloche-knot, used either as the main or a supplementary motif. Study of the excavated material has revealed all the stages of manufacture of the vases, from the modelling of the shape on the potter’s wheel to the final firing.
hg. 1. И 'asters and aids to firing from the pottery workshop al Mikro Pisto, Thrace.
- 243 -
On the basis of the excavation data and a number of coins
Fig. 2. Wheelmade tripod stilts (a-c) and cones (d-e) used in firing glazed pots.
- Latin imitatives, small module the Byzantine glazed pottery workshop in Thrace may be dated to the 13th century. It stood on the Via Egnatia, which undoubtedly made it easier to distribute and trade the ceramic products. The most important find on the site of the workshop was the large number of wheelmade tripod stilts (Fig. 2a-c) used in firing the vases; this is the most valuable group so far discovered for the study of this particular category of tripod devices, w’hich are also known from other pottery centres (Varna, Veliko, Tirnovo, and Gratini)I. 2. Their shape is that of the foot of a small bowl, and they may be divided into groups on the basis of size (small or large) and other individual features. It has been established that the small wheelmade tripod stilts placed between the vases did not rest on the seating surface of the foot of the vase, but on the hollow under-surface and sat solidly within the circle defined by the rings (Fig. 3). This system had one advantage over the handmade or mouldmade tripod stilts, which rested on the ring of the foot: it allowed greater stability in piling the vases vertically. Moreover, since they are taller than the other categories of tripod stilts, there was greater separation between the vases during firing, and consequently they did not adhere together. They had one serious disadvantage, however: they left large, distinct imprints on the bottom of the vases. Not infrequently, they stuck to the well of the base and proved impossible to detach, increasing the number of rejected pots. In the case of taller vases, such as cups, where a single tripod stilt was insufficient to secure the required safe margin of separation, two stilts were used together. A number of objects in the shape of a truncated cone three times the size of the tripod stilts (Fig. 2d-e) have been associated with the firing of vases. These served as tripod stilts during die firing of large vases, though the possibility may not be ruled out that they were used as guides during the piling of the vases vertically, in which case they would have been placed directly on the grille of the potter} kiln (Fig. 3) and the vases piled up on top of them.
Fig. 3. The stacking of pots in a kiln using wheelmade tripod stilts and cones.
NIKOLAOS ZIKOS Archaeologist 12th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities
I. N. Zikos, LoxrtiKq avooKuipiKq e'pevva ото MiKpo Пюто Pofionqt;, AErgoMak 12 (1998) (forthcoming).
2. D. Papanikola-Balrirtzi, TpinoStoux	rai pciopvT/jv i < v<5v oyyctkav, Afujivc.	lofics
pa wv rath/yi/nj M. Avilpdvtxo, Thessaloniki 1986, pp. 645-647.
- 244 -
MIKRO PISTO - THRACE
287	 Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 10, rim diam. 18.5, foot diam. 7.
Brown fabric with inclusions. Flaring ring foot with up-turned seating surface. Body with curved walls. Upright chamfered rim, with out-turned lip. forming rounded angle with body. Decoration engraved through layer of w hite slip covering interior and exterior: around interior walls two pairs of concentric circles define band with
running wavy lines. Band with wavy line a-round outside of rim. Unfinished vase, destroyed at first, biscuit firing. Colours and coating layer of glaze missing.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi. Mikro Pisto.
Place notv kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РПЕ1/ 98/K21/2.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
- 245 -
MIKRO PISTO - THRACE
288	Bowl
289	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
11. 7.5, rim diam. 15, foot diam. 6.5.
Hard red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with oblique walls. Oblique in-turned rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: on floor, medallion with inscribed S-shaped band. At either side of ends of band, circular and triangular panels, field of which filled with smaller-scale linear S-motifs. Bowl destroyed by very high temperature during first firing, which caused body and rim walls to distort and foot to crack. Colour and glaze missing. Wheel-made tripod stilt on rim probably not connected with way in which vase fired. Shape of vase deformed due to over-firing. Unfinished.
Date: 13th C.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi, Mikro Pisto.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РПИ/ 98/K7.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
Part of foot and body and entire rim missing. Preserved h. 6, foot diam. 5.5.
Hard red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Body with oblique walls. Indications of upright rim. Interior and part of exterior covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: at centre of floor, small circle with three pointed-lanceolate leaves around it, between which are three figure-of-eight guillochcs. Entire decoration enclosed within double circle defining surface of well, and projected against background of oblique hatching and imbrication. Engraved motif enhanced by brushstrokes of brown-yellow colour. Yellowr glaze on interior, remains of green glaze on exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi, Mikro Pisto.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РПХ1/ 98/K11-K21/3.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
246
290	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H Я 5, rim diam 15, foot diam 6
Red fabric with a few inclusions. Ring foot, slightly flaring. Bell-shaped, with hemispherical body. Upright rim, concave on interior. Interior and upper part of exterior around rim covered with layer of white slip. At centre of floor, engraved star motif with triangular points serving as field for spiral motif. Engraved band with poorly executed tangent circles encircling inside of rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes of brow n-yellow colour. Interior covered with yellow ish glaze. Upper part of exterior covered with green glaze that flows into interior. Unfinished defective vase, destroyed (broken) during second, glaze firing, as clear from thick layer of glaze that penetrated crack line and covered surface of broken wall.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi, Mikro Pieto.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. PI 1211/ 98/K21/1.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
291
Bowl
MIKRO PISTO - THRACE
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.5, rim diam. 15, foot diam. 6.
Hard red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Deep body with curved walls. Upright chamfered rim with out-turned edges. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior and larger part of exterior: two pairs of concentric circles define band decorated with alternate oblique hatching and imbrication. On outer face of rim, band with groups of oblique parallel lines set at regular intervals. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow colour in places. Whole of interior covered with yellow glaze. Outside of rim covered with green glaze.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi, Mikro Pisto.
Place now kept: Kavala, Tokos Mansion, inv. no. P11S1/ 98 К11/2.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
- 247 -
MIKRO PISTO - THRACE
292	Large plate
Part of body and foot missing.
H. 6, rim diam. 29.5, foot diam. 6.5.
1 lard red fabric. Flaring ring foot. Shallow body with curved walls. Horizontal rim. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip on interior: at centre of floor, two small concentric circles, around which three S-bands set in triangular panels occupying interior walls. Imbrication and oblique hatching in places. Rim
encircled by band with wavy line. Main points of engraved pattern emphasised by brownyellow brushstrokes. Outer edge and whole of interior of rim covered w ith dark green glaze. Distinct scars left by wheelmade tripod stilt at centre of w ell.
Date: 13th c.
Place found: Prefecture of Rodopi, Mikro Pisto.
Place now kept: Kavala. Tokos Mansion, inv. no. РПЕ1/ 98 KI 1/1.
Unpublished.
N.Z.
- 248 -
Post-Byzantine Workshops
THESSALONIKI WORKSHOP PRODUCTION
The rescue excavations of Post-Byzantine levels in the city of Thessaloniki that have been taking place for many years have led to the assembly of a large quantity of pottery. The study and classification of this material has identified a number of vases in which the manufacturing process was never completed, and which were rejected by the pottery workshops (Fig. 1). These finds are evidence that Thessaloniki continued to be a production centre for glazed pottery during the Post-Byzantine period, more specifically in the 15th and 16th century.
The majority of these unfinished pots come from rescue excavations in the area of the Rotunda, near the east wall of the city, and are accompanied by significant numbers of firing tripod stilts. This area was probably a potters’ quarter that supplied the Thessaloniki market during the early Post-Byzantine period.
Sgraffito glazed vases that can be associated with the unfinished examples and thus attributed to the local output of Thessaloniki have red, reddish fabric (Munsell 5YR 6/4 and 5YR 5/6) and occur in a limited variety of shapes: they consist of hemispherical bowls and plates with a horizontal rim, as well as a smaller quantity of jugs with a spherical or flask-shaped body. The interior and exterior of the vases are covered with white slip, through which the decoration is engraved: a winding line embraces the body of the closed vases or encircles that of the open ones (Cal. nos. 293, 294). A similar line is used to form circles that create a kind of rosette motif (Cat. no. 295). In most cases, the decoration also extends to the exterior, with the same motifs and patterns. Brown-yellow and green colour, applied alternately, pick out the main lines of the engraved pattern. The interior and exterior are normally covered with thin glaze that sets off the decoration.
DEMETRA PAPANIKOLA-BAKIRTZ1
Fig. 1. Wasters and aids to firing from a Thessaloniki Post-Byzantine pottery workshop.
THESSALONIK
293
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 7.5, rim diam. 29.5, foot diam. 10.
Hard brown-red fabric. Ring foot. Shallow body with slightly concave walls. Broad horizontal rim forming ridge at point of junction with body. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering interior: on floor, trefoil with double outline; between its leaves, rosettes created by winding lines. Zigzag line around rim.
Decoration enhanced by flowing brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour. Colourless glaze on interior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, late 15th-16th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 591.
Unpublished.
D.P.-B.
250
THESSALONIK
294	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 8.8, rim diam. 16.8, foot diam. 7.4.
Reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot with broad rounded seating surface and nipple at centre. Graffito in form of an / on inside of foot. Hemispherical body. Slightly out-turned rim, not distinctly formed. Interior and larger part of exterior covered with thick white slip. On interior, well occupied by medallion defined by pair of concentric circles executed on wheel; within medallion, rosette-like motif consisting of small badly drawn spiral at centre with winding line around it. Spiral at centre of well. Exterior encircled by pairs of straight lines alternating with pairs of winding lines. Decoration enhanced by green and yellow-brown colour. Lines of colour How towards rim forming radial decoration around central medallion. Greenish glaze on interior and upper part of exterior, flowing down to foot. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 15th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. BK 1500.
Unpublished.
I.M.
295	Small bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 4.7, rim diam. 10.8, foot diam. 5.2.
Fine hard brown, slightly orange, fabric. Ring foot with flat seating surface. Hemispherical body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Decoration engraved through layer of white slip covering entire vase: centre of well defined by small spiral. Winding lines on walls forming rosette-like motifs. Two oval tongues suspended from pair of lines encircling rim. Five large spirals on exterior with pairs of smaller spirals between them. Rim encircled by pair of parallel lines. Main lines of engraved pattern enhanced by brushstrokes of green and brown-yellow colour. Colourless glaze on interior and exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 15th c.
Place found: Thessaloniki.
Place now kept: Thessaloniki. Museum of Byzantine Culture, inv. no. В К 362.
Unpublished.
I.M.
- 251
THESSALONIKI
252
253
THESSALONIKI
VERIA WORKSHOP PRODUCTION
Rescue excavations conducted by the 11th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities in the area around the church of Ayios Patapios at Veria have uncovered an Early Christian basilica dating from the 5th century. Decomposed remains that probably belong to a pottery kiln were found in the fill to the north of the basilica. Unfortunately, investigation of this structure could not be completed, because it is adjacent to privately owned built property. From inside and all around the structure were collected a large number of tripod stilts and heaps of deformed, charred pots which had adhered to each other. A large proportion of these bore engraved decoration but lacked the final coating layer of glaze, suggesting that they were unfinished items rejected by the pottery workshop, the process of manufacture being halted after the first, biscuit firing (Fig. 1). A number of conical clay objects found were part of the equipment of the kiln, used in piling the glazed pots inside the furnace. The use of similar devices is discussed in detail in the introduction on the Late Byzantine workshop at Mikro Pisto, Rodopi (see pp. 243-244). The finds from the Ayios Patapios excavation have not yet been systematically studied and only a few general observations can therefore be made. The fabric is fairly fine, rather hard, brown-red (Munsell 7.5YR 6/6 and 7.5YR 4/6) with a few sparkling inclusions.
Fig. 1. Wasters and aids to firing of a Veria Post-Byzantine pottery workshop.
=- 254 -
With regard to the shapes, most of the fragments large enough to permit identification belong to hemispherical bowls, both large and small, with a low ring foot. There are also some closed vases in the shape of a jug with a vertical handle. The shape of the small phiale-shaped bowl is also found amongst what may be considered local products of the Veria workshop (Cat. no. 296). The articulated parts of the vases are often defined by a jagged relief ribbon. Both the interior and exterior are covered with white slip. The decorative motifs used include winding lines embracing the body of the vase or used to create circles that form a kind of rosette (Cat. no. 296). Checkerboard pattern with spirals at the centre of the square panels is also found.
A bowl discovered during excavations at the church of the Kyriotissa, which may be associated with the workshop discussed here, has more elaborate decoration with a series of charming birds around the walls (Cat. no. 297). Bright brown-yellow and green colour applied alternately is used to enhance the decoration, emphasising the main points of the engraved pattern. Both the interior and the exterior of the vases are covered with thin, colourless glaze. In the light of the scant archaeological data, only a provisional dating in the 15th-16th century' is possible at present. We may note that an inscription on u bronze paten dated 1712, published by Th. Papazotos, states that the church of the Panayia Kyriotissa, in the same general area as Ayios Patapios, was in the “Potter’s Quarter”1. This probably reflects continuity in the operation of pottery workshops in this area.
GEORGIA PAPAZOTOU
Archaeologist
Museum of Byzantine Culture
1. th. Papazotos, H tiepoia кт ot vaoi iqs, Athens 1994. p. 138.
- 255
VERIA
296	Small bowl
Small part of rim missing.
H. 4, rim diam. 10.9, foot diam. 5.2.
Brown-red fabric. Phiale-shaped. Concave foot and convex well. Hemispherical body. Entire vase covered wit h layer of off-white slip. Decoration engraved through slip: round boss on well enclosed and emphasised by engraved circle recalling boss on similar metal vases. Interior and exterior of side walls decorated with three circular medallions, winding line of which continues to form rosettes with spirals at centre.
Rim encircled by two parallel lines. Rosettes emphasised by flowing brushstrokes of brown colour. Centres of rosettes and perimeter of medallion emphasised by light-green brushstrokes. Entire vase covered with colourless glaze. On exterior traces of contact with other vases during firing. Scars of tripod stilt on side walls.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, late 15th-16th c.
Place found: Veria.
Place now kept: Veria, Collection of the 11th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities, inv. no. KI 17.
Unpublished.
K.L.-T.
297	Bowl
Small parts of body and rim missing.
H. 8.3, rim diam. 16, foot diam. 6.
Brown-pink fabric. Ring foot. Hemispherical body. Entire vase apart from fool covered with layer of white slip. Decoration engraved through slip: on well, medallion consisting of two concentric circles containing rosette formed of winding line, which continues to form in centre of rosette spiral like irregular concentric circles. Walls decorated by four birds with spread wings, turned left. One stands on circular base with four irregular gouged spots. On exterior,
band of contiguous lozenges enclosing spiral motif. Interior and exterior of rim encircled by three parallel lines. Flowing brushstrokes of brown-yellow and green colour on interior. On exterior, outlines of lozenges emphasised by green brushstrokes and spiral motif by brownyellow. Interior and exterior covered with colourless glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, late 15th-16th c.
Place found: Veria.
Place now kept: Veria, Collection of the 11th Ephorate of Byzantine .Antiquities, inv. no. K132.
Unpublished
K.L.-T.
- 256
VERIA
- 257
TRIKALA WORKSHOP PRODUCTION
In 1961. during an excavation at the site of the Trikki Asklepieion at Trikala, Demetrios Theocharis made the “highly interesting discovery, in the upper part of the deposits, of the main section of a pottery kiln made of unbaked bricks”'. The finds associated with it, a large number of tripod stilts and heaps of fragments of unfinished deformed pots, leave no doubt that there was a production centre of glazed pottery at Trikala in the Post-Byzantine period (Fig. 1). After provisional study of the material, a number of preliminary observations may be made regarding its main features.
The fabric of which the pots are made is fairly fine, red, slightly orange (Munsell 7.5YR 7/3 and 7.5YR 6/6), and of average hardness. The vast majority of the vase shapes are plates with a shallow* body, curving walls and a horizontal rim, bowls with a hemispherical or calyxshaped body, w ith the top edge of the walls forming an otherwise plain rim. There are also some closed vases in the shape of the flask-shaped jug, which have a low, swelling neck, spherical body with the two sides flattened, and two strap handles from the neck to the belly (Cat. nos. 306, 307). It may be noted that the vases produced by the Trikala workshop have a characteristically strong ring fool.
The reddish body of the vases is covered with off-white slip which, in the case of the open vases, covers the interior and the upper part of the exterior. The decoration, which is not
Pig. I. Wasters anti aids to firing from a Trikala Post-Byzantine /lottery workshop.
- 258 -
particularly carefully executed, is rendered on the light-coloured surface created by the slip. Zigzag lines encircle the body of the vases in bands, and winding lines create rosette-type motifs. Motifs of this kind are repeated around the walls of the vases, giving the impression of lloral decoration (Cat. nos. 303-306).
The engraved decoration is enhanced by splashed brushstrokes of green and brown colour, the latter in shades of brown-yellow or brown-purple. The composition and source of the brown colour requires further examination: in some cases the yellowish tone suggests iron oxide, while in others the pin pie irripi ession points to manganese. The glaze covering the decorated surfaces is colourless, fairly thick, has a rather matt appearance, and does not set off the colours. The exterior of open vases in the shape of a bowl is sometimes covered with green glaze.
In the absence of either excavation evidence or published comparative material, it is difficult to date this pottery. A general date in the 16th-17th century seems probable.
1. Details taken from the excavation report of D. Theocharis’s find, ADelt 20 (1965), Chronika, pp. 315-316.
259
TRIKALA
298
Plate
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.5-7.5, rim diam. 23.8, foot diam. 8.
Fine bull, slightly orange fabric. Low ring foot. Shallow body with curving walls. Horizontal rim with rounded lip. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white lip. Decoration engraved on interior: large four-lobed rosette with spirals between petals. Band with winding line
around rim. Engraved pattern enhanced by brown-yellow and green colour. Colourless glaze on interior. Green glaze on exterior. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. К18.
U npublished.
K.M.-S.
- 260
TQIk A I
299	Bowl
Part of body and rim missing.
H. 9.4, rim diam. 19.5, foot diam. 7.7.
Fine reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Calyx-shaped body with walls at angle to bottom and to low upright rim. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: circles defining well and heart-shaped motifs around walls form all over rosette-like motif. Spirals and winding lines between petals. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of brown and green colour. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with brown-yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K63.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
300
Small bowl
Small part of body and rim missing.
H. 5, rim diam. 10.6, foot diam. 5.2.
Fine reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rounded edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: four-lobed rosette-like motif with spirals between petals. Engraved decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of brown and dark green colour, also used to paint careless spirals on exterior. Interior and exterior covered with greenish glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K7.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
261
TRIKALA
301
Bowl
Large part of body and rim missing. H. 7.2, rim diam. 15, foot diam. 6.
Fine reddish, slightly orange, fabric. Low ring foot. Calyx-shaped body with flaring walls at angle to bottom. Low upright rim forming angle with body. Interior covered with white slip, which also adorns exterior with tongues. Decoration engraved on interior: two irregular concentric circles defining well and heart-shape motifs around walls create all over rosette-like motif. Spirals between petals. Interior and exterior enhanced by brown and green colour applied alternately and covered with greenish glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: T rikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K38.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
302
Small bowl
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 4.4, rim diam. 9.5, foot diam. 5.2.
Hard dark red fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rounded edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and exterior covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior; rosette at centre of well and pair of parallel lines encircling rim. Interior and exterior covered with brown-yellow glaze turned greenish in places due to over-firing.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K5.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
- 262 -
TRIKALA
303	Large bowl
Small part of body and rim missing.
H I 1.9, rim diam. 22.5, foot diam. 9.
Fine reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Calyx-shaped body. Edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: wide zone of tangent medallions with inscribed rosettes. Engraved pattern enhanced by splashed
brushstrokes of brown and dark green colour. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with greenish glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: 1 rikala .Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K54.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
263 -
TRIKALA
304
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 6.9, rim diam. 19.3, foot diam. 6.5.
Plate
Hard reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Shallow body with flaring walls. Low upright rim forming angle with body. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with white slip. Traces of engraved decoration on interior: medallions with inscribed rosettes. Band of running S-pattern around rim. Main lines of engraved pattern enhanced by irregularly applied brushstrokes of dark brown and green colour. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with greenish glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K50.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S,
305
Large bowl
Large part of body and rim missing.
H. 11.1, rim diam. 22, foot diam. 9.5.
Fine reddish fabric. Low ring foot. Hemispherical body. Rounded edge of walls forms otherwise plain rim. Interior and upper part of exterior covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on interior: wide zone of tangent medallions a-round walls with inscribed rosettes. Decoration enhanced by brushstrokes of brown and dark green colour. Interior of vase and exterior of rim covered with brown-yellow glaze. Scars of tripod stilt on well.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K55.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
- 264
TRIKALA
306	Jug
Part of rim missing.
H. 23.8, estimated rim diam. 5, foot diam. 10.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Flask-shaped body. Low cylindrical neck. Band shaped rim with rounded edge. Strap handles starting below rim and ending on belly. Exterior of rim and upper interior of neck covered with white slip. Decoration engraved on exterior: rosette inscribed in circle on each flat face of flask-body. Engraved pattern enhanced with brown and green colour. Exterior of vase and interior of rim covered w ith brow n-yellow glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeological Collection, inv. no. K71.
Unpublished.
К M. S.
307
Jug
Small pails of body and rim missing.
H. 26.8, estimated rim diam. 7, foot diam. 7.
Hard red fabric. Low ring foot. Flask-shaped body. Low cylindrical neck. Band shaped rim, slightly concave with rounded edge. Strap handles starling below rim and ending on belly. Exterior surface, rim. and interior of neck covered with white slip. Decoration engraved oti exterior: three horizontal zones with wavy, winding lines and a zigzag. Engraved pattern enhanced by splashed brushstrokes of brown and dark green colour. Exterior of vase and interior of rim covered with greenish glaze.
Date: Post-Byzantine period, probably 16th c.
Place found: Trikala.
Place now kept: Trikala Archaeologic al Collection, inv. no. K72.
Unpublished.
K.M.-S.
- 265
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABBREVIATIONS
44 4	.4 the ns A n nah of A rc horology
A Dell	АрхтоХоуткСп' AcXtiov
AEphem	Apx<noXoytKij Eqt/ptpic
AErgoMak	To аруаюХоупсб ёруо art/ MawSovia кт &pdxq
AJA	American Journal of Archaeology
BC.II	Bulletin de carrespondance hellenique
BSA The Annual of the British School at Athens
CA	Cahiers arche'ologtques
EEBE	Enm/pic Eratpeiac Bvtavnvtiv EnovSwv
HnetpXpov HneiputtKd Xpovtxd
IslMiti	Istanbuler Mitteilungen
RDAC	Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
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ADrlt 50 (1993) - Ch. Koilakou, ADrli 50 (1995) (in press).
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267 -
.Assemblage of Frankish Pottery = G.D.R Sanders, .An •Assemblage of Frankish Pottery at Corinth. Hesperia 56 (1987). pp. 159-195.
Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art = Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art. .Athens Cultural Capital of Fnrope 1985. Athens 1986.
Byzantine Pottery from Sparta = R.M. Dawkins-J.P. Droop. Byzantine Pollen from Sparta, BSA 17 (1910-11), pp. 23-28, pl. XV-XV1II.
Ceramic Art front Serres = D. Papanikola-Bakirtzis - E. Dauterman Maguire - H. Maguire, Ceramif Ait front Byzantine Serres, L'rbana - Chicago 1992.
Cdramique a Thessalonique = Ch. Bakirtzis - D. Papanikola-Bakirtzis. De la clramiquc byzantine en gla-<;ure a Thessalonique, Byzaiitinobulgarica VII (1981), pp. 421-436.
Ceramique byzantine it Thasos = V. Francois, hi ceram ique byzantine a Thasos, Etudes Thasiennes XVI, Alhenes -Paris 1995.
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Corinth XI = C.H. Morgan. Corinth XI. The Byzantine Pottery, Cambridge. Massachusetts 1942.
Excavations at Corinth. 1935-1936 = C.H. Morgan, II, Excavations at Corinth, 1935-1936, AJA 40 (1936). pp. 466-484. fig. 1-25.
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Excavations in the Theatre = T. Leslie Shear. Excavations in the Theatre District and Tombs of Corinth in 1929, AJA 33 (1929). pp. 515-546, fig. 1-25.
Frankish Corinth. 1991 = C.K. Williams. II - O.H. Zer-vos, Frankish Corinth: 1991, Hesperia 61 (1992). pp. 133-191, pl. 33-45.
Frankish Corinth. 1994 = C.K. Williams, II - O.H. Zer-vos, Frankish Corinth: 1994, Hesperia 64 (1995), pp. 1-60, pl. 1-15.
Frankish Pottery' = T.S. MacKay. More Byzantine and Frankish Pottery from Corinth. Hesperia 36 (1967), pp. 249-320.
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La ceramica nel nunido bizant ino = hi ceramica nel mondo bizanlino tin XI e XV secolo e i stioi mpporli con I’ltalia (cd. S. Gelichi), Firenze 1993.
Materials Analysis oj Byzantine Pottery = Materials Analysis of Byzantine Pottery (cd. H. Maguire). Washington. DC 1997.
Recherthes stir la ceramique byzantine = Reeherches sur la ceramique byzantine. BC.H Suppl. XVIII (eds. V. De-roche - J.M. Spieser), Athfcnes 1989.
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