Information
Technology
Dinos Demetriades
Workshop
OXFORD
IT Workshop
Contents
1	The computer	2
2	The desktop	3
3	Using a word processor	4
4	Word processing: for and against	6
5	Storing data	7
6	Creating a folder	8
7	Saving files	9
8	The Internet	10
9	Research on the Internet	11
10	E-mail, telephones and the post	12
11	Mobile phones	13
12	Writing e-mails	14
13	E-mail addresses and servers	16
14	Sending files over the Internet	17
15	Viewing and downloading files	18
16	Music on the Internet	19
17	Desktop publishing (DTP)	20
18	Image editing	22
19	Reviewing websites	23
20	Designing Web pages	24
21	Multimedia	26
22	E-commerce	27
23	Chat rooms	28
24	Netiquette	29
25	Computer programming	30
26	Videoconferencing	32
27	Men, women and IT	33
28	Careers in IT	34
Glossary	35
OXJORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
The computer
Before you start
1	Match the computer parts with the words below,
floppy disk □ scanner О mouse О keyboard О
tower □ monitor О CD-rewriter D printer О
Reading
2	Read the text quickly. Match the headings (a-d)
with the paragraphs (1-4).
a Memory П c PCs and Notebooks □
b SpeedO d Hardware/Software П
1 The parts of a computer you can touch, such
as the monitor or the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) are hardware. All hardware except the
CPU and the working memory are called
peripherals. Computer programs are software.
The operating
system
(OS) is software that
controls the hardware. Most computers Щ
the MicrosoftWindows OS. MacOS and Linux
are other operating systems.
3 Look at these words from the text. Write H
(hardware), P (peripheral), S (software) or M
(measurement) next to each one.
1	CPU	И	7 mouse	
2	MacOS	s	8 modem	1
3	megabyte (MB)	Й	9 Linux	1
4	printer	E	10 scanner	1
5	RAM	□	11 gigabytes (GB)	□
6	megahertz (MHz) U		12 floppy disk	□
2 The CPU controls how fast the computer
data, or information. We measure
its speed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz
(GHz). The higher the speed of the CPU, the
faster the computer will run. You can type
letters and play computer games with a 500
MHz CPU. Watching movies on the Internet
needs a faster CPU and a modem.
Vocabulary
processes
4 Match the
highlighted
words and phrases in the
text with the definitions (1-8).
3 We measure the Random Access Memory
(RAM) of the computer in megabytes (MB).
RAM controls the
performance
of the
1	parts_________
2	pictures and images
3	a way of doing something
4	reads and uses data
5	measurements
6	use a computer program
7	keeps data in the memory
8	how well a computer does something
computer when it is working and moves data
to and from the CPU. Programs with a lot of
graphics
need a large RAM to run well. The
hard disk
stores
data and software programs.
We measure the size of the hard disk in
gigabytes (GB).
4 Computer technology changes fast, but a
desktop PC (Personal Computer) usually has a
tower, a separate monitor, a keyboard and a
mouse. The CPU, modem, CD-ROM and
floppy disk drives are usually inside the tower.
A notebook is a portable computer with all
these
Notebooks have a screen, not a monitor, and
are usually more expensive than desktops with
similar
Speaking
5 Work in pairs. Look at the chart and compare the
two computers. Use fast, slow, cheap, expensive,
big, small.
	Hi-Tech 2010	Series X Wi-Fi
Type	PC	Notebook
CPU	933 MHz	1.5GHz
RAM	256 MB	512 MB
Monitor/Screen	17 inch	15 inch
Hard disk	20 GB	40 GB
Price	€2,000	€2,999
components
inside one small unit.
specifications
Get real
Look at new computers on the Internet or in
magazines. Find one you like. Make a note of
its specifications. Bring your notes to class and
say why you like it. Build a class file of
computers with information about them.
2 Information Technology
2
The desktop
Before you start
1	What do you see first when you turn on a
computer? How do you open a program?
Reading
2	Read the text quickly and match the headings
(а-d) with the paragraphs (1-4).
a The control panel c The desktop О
b The drives EZ d Using icons □
3	Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1	The desktop appears before you boot up. T/F
2	Files are usually inside folders.	T/F
3	People usually put their favourite
programs on the desktop.	T/F
4	Use the C: drive to open floppy disks. T/F
5	You cannot change the background
picture of the desktop.	T/F
6	The Control Panel folder contains the
Date/Time icon.	T/F
м? смдоаг	мкгояЛ
__r,i	Wwd
Exphtw W Documents
И	t
Mcroscft	Reo/c*efir>
Outlook
Start | Bjjlnbox - Microsoft Outlook | ^junMed-Paint | 4‘i <*'	10:ST
Vocabulary
4 Find the words in the text that mean:
1	comes into view so you can see it (paragraph 1)
2	the picture or colour on your screen (1)
3	clicking the mouse two times quickly (2)
4	something that holds documents or files (2)
5	most important (3)
6	make something the way you want it (4)
Ц The desktop is the screen that appears after you
boot up, or turn on, your computer. It shows a
number of icons on a background picture or colour.
When you buy a new computer and boot up for the
first time, the desktop will only show a small number
of icons. In the Windows operating system, these
usually include My Computer and the Recycle Bin.
Double-clicking on an icon with the mouse opens a
computer program, a folder or a file. Folders usually
contain other files. You can move icons around the
desktop, add new ones or remove them by deleting
them. Deleted files go to the Recycle Bin. People
usually put the programs they use most often on the
desktop to find them quickly.
В When you double-click on My Computer another
screen appears. This screen shows the A: drive icon,
for floppy disks; the C: drive icon, which usually
contains all of the main programs and folders on your
computer; the D: drive icon, which is usually the CD-
ROM drive, and the Control Panel folder.
Ю When you double-click on Control Panel, another
screen appears that shows many other icons, such
as the Display icon and the Date/Time icon. Double-
clicking on Display opens a box that lets you
personalize your desktop by changing the screen
saver (the moving image that appears when no one
is using the computer) or the background picture.
5 Complete the sentences (1-7) with the words in
the box.
Display  screen saver  folders  Recycle Bin
 files  deleted  desktop
1	The icon lets you change the way
your desktop looks.
2	If you remove a file by mistake, you can find it
in the.
3	The appears when you don’t use the
mouse or keyboard.
4	I didn’t use that program very much so I
it from my desktop.
5	I have a great program on my that I
use for playing music.
6	Windows Explorer lets you move
from one folder to another.
7	contain documents or files.
Speaking
6 Choose five icons on your desktop. Say what you
use these programs for.
Cet real
Go into Control Panel on your computer and
choose two other icons that interest you.
Double-click on them and make notes on what
they do. Report back to the class.
Information Technology 3

Using a word processor
Before you start
1 Look at the notebook keyboard below. Answer the questions.
1	Which key is between G and J?
2	Which key is to the left of Y?
3	Which key lets you type in capital letters?
4	Where are the arrow keys?
5	Where is the multiplication sign?
2 Work in pairs. Choose a letter or key from the
keyboard and describe where it is. Do not say
which key you have chosen. Use next to, above,
below, between, on the right/left/top/bottom.
3 Discuss these questions.
1	How often do you type letters or documents?
2	Which word-processing program do you use?
3	Which commands do you know?
4	How many di-FFeren+ fb n+v does this
question have?
5	Find the words in 1-3 that are in bold, in italics,
underlined and highlighted.
Reading
4 Look at the table of word-processing tools and
commands and their functions. Then answer the
questions.
1 Which tool checks your spelling?
2 Which edit command removes text or images?
3 Which format command changes the letter
size?_________________
4 Which file command opens a file or document?
5 Which insert command lets you put in an
image?_________________
6 Which view command shows the document as
a printed page?______________
Close	This command closes the open file.
Copy	This editing command copies any highlighted text or images and keeps it in memory. We say anything copied is on the clipboard.
Cut	This editing command deletes any highlighted text or image.
Font	Formats, or changes, the type style and size of the characters.
Full Screen	This view command makes the open document cover all of the screen. This also hides the menu bar and the toolbar so that you cannot see them. The menu bar shows commands and tools in words; the toolbar shows them with icons.
Language	This tool opens a thesaurus to help you find synonyms and antonyms (similar and opposite words).
Open	Opens a file from one of the computer's drives.
Paragraph Formats the paragraph settings to change the way the paragraph looks.	
Paste	This editing command puts anything that is on the clipboard onto the screen.
Picture	Inserts a picture or image into your document.
Print Layout	Views the open document as it will look when it is printed.
Save	Saves the open file or document.
Save As	Saves the file to another location, with another name or in a different format.
Spelling and Grammar	This tool checks the document or any highlighted text for spelling and grammar errors.
Symbol	You can insert many special characters with this command.
Undo	This editing tool cancels the last command. It does not work with every command.
4 Information Technology
5 Write the commands and tools from the table
under the correct heading.
File	Edit	View
Speaking
8 Match the icons (a-1) with the words (1-12). Say
what the command or tool does.
Insert	Format	Tools
6 Match the first part of the sentence (1-6) with the
second part (a-f).
1	Typing letters with a word processor
2	Many companies need people
3	I can learn a lot of new words
4	People usually type business letters
5	Check your spelling and grammar
6	If you cut a sentence out by mistake,
a in the Times New Roman font.
b by using the thesaurus.
c before you print out your document.
d who can use a word processor.
e try clicking the undo button.
f is easier and quicker than writing by hand.
Vocabulary
7	Complete the sentences with words from the box.
character  clipboard  fonts  format
locations  menu bar  settings  toolbar
1	When you copy text, it stays on the
until you want to paste it.
2	Change the paragraph if you want
bigger spaces between the lines.
3	Each word on the contains a list of
commands and tools.
4	Most of the icons on the are also in
words in the menu bar.
5	You can save a file in many different
in your computer.
6	MS Word has about a hundred different
for you to choose from.
7	A word processor lets you a
paragraph as well as the font.
8	If the you want is not on the
keyboard, look in the Symbol command.
1 scissors	□	7 size	□
2 floppy disk	□	8 two documents О	
3 ABC-check	□	9 underline	□
4 italic	□	10 printer	□
5 font	□	11 clipboard	□
6 new document Q		12 bold	□
A What’s f?
В It’s a picture of two documents.
A What does it do?
В It copies text or images onto the clipboard. /It
lets you copy text or images onto the clipboard.
Writing
9	Practise your typing! Type a paragraph of any
English text that is new to you using a word-
processing program. Do the following:
•	format the verbs in bold
•	put nouns in italics
•	underline any adjectives
•	use the thesaurus to check any words you do
not know
•	change the font and the font size for each
sentence
•	use the spell check to check your work.
Then print your document.
Get real
Go to the menu bar and look at File, Edit, View,
Insert, Format and Tools. Find out the function
of two other commands or tools and use them
in your document from Exercise 9. Report back
to the class and make a class file of the new
commands and tools.
Information Technology 5
4
Word processing: for and against
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1	Do you like writing by hand? Why?/Why not?
2	Have you ever used a typewriter or word
processor? Which word processor?
3	What are the differences between handwriting,
typing and word processing?
Reading
2 Read the text and underline the advantages of
word processing in the first paragraph and the
disadvantages in the second. Write the number of
each.
Advantages О Disadvantages О
The case for and against
WORD
PROCESSING
3 Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1	You can store letters on a manual
typewriter.	T/F
2	You can change your documents easily
on a word processor.	T/F
3	Printed documents look better than
handwriting.	T/F
4	Improving your writing is more difficult
with a word processor.	T/F
5	Word processors work well with e-mail.	T/F
highlighted
Vocabulary
words and phrases in the
text with the definitions (1-6).
1	by hand, not electronic
2	the way a program organizes data
3	a program used for simple text files
4	the code that e-mail uses
5	things that a program has, or can do
6	a program used for text and graphics
manual
typewriters. Word
You have more
and
word processor
People use word processors for writing all kinds of
documents, such as letters, school papers and
reports. Word processors have many advantages
over handwriting and
processing is faster and easier than writing by
hand and you can store documents on your
computer, which you cannot usually do on a
typewriter. This makes it easier to review and
rewrite your documents,
formatting choices with a
the spelling, grammar and language tools are
useful, too. You can also print copies of your
documents, which look neater than handwritten
ones. Many language students use word
processors to improve their writing skills and
because they help them feel proud of their work.
Word processors do have disadvantages, however.
First, it is not easy to read long documents on a
computer screen. Second, sometimes the printer
does not print an exact copy of what you see on
the screen. Not all word processors can read each
other’s files, which is another disadvantage.
Finally, word processors do not always work well
with e-mail. If you paste a word-processed letter
into an e-mail it may lose a lot of its formatting.
Many people use a ”
which is similar to a word processor but has
fewer formatting
graphics. Text editors, such as Notepad, use a
simple
Standard Code for Information Interchange), as
does e-mail.
text editor
features
coding system
called
for the Internet,
and cannot use
ASCII
(American
Speaking
5 Work in groups. Which of these documents
would you write by hand and which on a word
processor? Say why.
a formal letter  an informal letter
	an invitation to a party  a birthday card
	a shopping list  an application form
	a note to your teacher/friend/father
	a school report  a 'for sale' notice
Writing
6 Write a short paragraph about some of the
advantages of writing with pen and paper. Use
the following ideas to help you. Add any other
ideas you may have.
•	pen and paper - cheap
•	you can write anywhere (don’t need electricity)
• don’t need to learn to type
•	handwritten letters - friendlier & more
personal
Get real
Take your paragraph from Exercise 6. Type it
into the word processor on the computer you
use. Change or add some formatting features,
such as the font, bold, italic or underline. Copy
and paste the formatted letter into a text editor
such as Notepad. Report back to the class on
which formatted features did not appear.
6 Information Technology
Storing data
Before you start
1 What information can you store on a computer?
Where can you store your documents or files?
Reading
2 Read the text quickly. Write the number of the
paragraph that tells you about:
a computer directories
b organizing personal files D
c where you can store data О
D Computers store letters, reports, pictures, music and
video as data. You can store data on floppy disks but
they are too small to hold most pictures or videos. You
can store these on a CD-ROM but you need a CD-
re-writer to copy the data. People often use portable
removable disks, which can store up to one gigabyte
of data and do not need any expensive hardware.
Most computer owners store their data on the hard
disk but because computers can crash, they often
use other disks to make back-up copies.
Computers store program files on the hard disk,
which is usually the C: drive in the Windows OS
(operating system) or the Macintosh Hard Disk in
Apple computers. Computers store program files in
folders and organize these folders in a directory (see
below). The plus sign (+) means that the folder
contains other folders or files. Clicking the plus sign
next to the icon opens the other folders and files in it
Clicking the minus (-) sign closes the folder.
Folders
3 Write short answers to these questions.
1 Name four ways you can store computer data,
a	c 
b 	d 
2 Name the open folder in the diagram.
3 How many folders are in My Computer in the
diagram?___________
4 What is the hard disk called in Apple Macintosh
computers?
5 Where will you find My Videos in the Windows
OS?____________
4 Match the questions (1-5) with the answers (a-e).
1	Why can’t a floppy
disk store videos?
2	What are removable
disks?
3	Where do computers
store program files?
4	Why do you need to
organize your files?
5	What happens if you
click the plus sign?
a Portable data
storage disks.
b Other folders or
files appear.
c So that you can find
them easily.
d On the hard disk.
e Because it can’t hold a
lot of data.
Vocabulary
5 Find the words in the text that mean:
1	computer information (paragraph 1)
2	when computers stop working (1)
3	a second copy of a file (1)
4	to put in neat order (2)
5	a list (2)______
3
Desktop
My Documents
З'Л Floppy (A:)
S876565F77 (C:)
Compact disc (D:)
Control Panel
My Computer
My Network Places
Recycle Bin
It is important to organize your files. Windows has a
folder called My Documents to help you do this. It
contains other folders called My Music, My eBooks,
My Videos and My Pictures. Saving files on your hard
disk without any order makes them difficult to find.
Speaking
6	Work in pairs. Look at the files below. How would
you organize them so that you can find them
easily? Add more files to the list.
music files  history essays  games
	pictures of my friends  videos
	photos of my family  my science reports
	letters to my friends  letters to my family
	my English language lessons
	desktop pictures  screen savers
Get real
Ask people in your family or your friends’
families who have their own computers how
they organize their personal files. Ask them
what categories they use and how they decide
what files go into each category. Make a class
list of the types of data they store.
Information Technology 7
6
Creating a folder
Before you start
1 Match the icons (a-i) with the words (1-9) below.
3 Match the diagrams (а-d) with the instruction
numbers from Exercise 2.
1 pointer □ 2 cursor О 3 C: drive icon О
4 folder □ 5 close О 6 drop-down menu f Z
7 minimize О 8 maximize I 1 9 restore О
Reading
2 Read the text quickly. What do you use from
Exercise 1 to make a folder?
1	To make a new folder in the Windows OS, go to the
Desktop, find the My Computer icon with the
pointer and double-click it using the left mouse
button. The My Computer window appears,
showing the different drives. Maximize the screen
if necessary.
2	Double-click the C: drive icon. The C: drive
window appears showing the folders in your C:
drive, either in a row or in a list.
3	Move the pointer to the menu bar. Click on File
and a drop-down menu appears. You can only click
the words New or Close.
4	Move the pointer to the word New. Another menu
appears with Folder at the top of the list.
5	Click on Folder. This creates a new folder that
appears at the end of the list of folders on the C:
drive. The words New Folder are highlighted. The
cursor also flashes on and off to show you where to
type.
6	Click on New Folder and type the name you want
in the box. This can be up to 250 characters long,
but you cannot use the characters ‘\ /:*?“<> Г in
your folder name.
7	Click anywhere on the window to see your new
folder name. If you do not click on the window, you
will save your new folder as New Folder, not with
the name you want.
8	Close the window.
9	Your new folder is now listed in the C: drive in
alphabetical order.
Vocabulary
4 Complete the sentences with words from
Exercise 1.
1	Double-click the to view a list of
folders and files.
2	You will find the Undo command in the Edit
	menu.
3	The shows you where to type on the
screen.
4	The mouse controls both the and
the cursor.
5	If you click, the window will cover
all of the computer screen.
6	Clicking changes the size and
location of the window.
Writing
5 Write down the instructions you need to operate
one of the following:
a mobile phone  a tape recorder  a camera 
a video recorder  a CD/cassette player
Get real
Imagine that your class is going to store all the
information from your English lessons on
computer, so that any student can use it. How
could you organize the information into
folders (e.g. grammar) and files (e.g. the
present simple)? Create a list of folders and
files, and name them all.
8 Information Technology
Saving files
Before you start
1	How is it possible to lose files on a computer?
Reading
2	Read the text quickly and match the headings
(a-e) with the paragraphs (1-5).
a Saving existing files □ c Saving new files О
b Naming files О d Defaults □
Programs that let you create files or save data
have a Save command, usually in the File
menu. When you save a new file, the Save As
dialog box appears (see below). You can let the
computer decide the location, the file name
and the format, or you can choose these
settings yourself. There are many different file
formats and they all have advantages and
disadvantages. You can save a word-
processing document as a web page, for
example, or you can save
digital
photographs
in a JPEG format, a TIFF format or many
others.
default
Q The Save As command is the
command for any new document so the Save As
dialog box appears even if you click Save. If you
do not give a new document a file name in a
word-processing program, the file name will
usually default to the first line in the document.
The default file name in graphics programs is
usually
Untitled
Ifyouworkonan
existing
file and want to save
changes, click gave, not Save As. You can use
Save As to save an existing file in a different
location, for example, in another drive or
folder (using	with a new name (using
File name) or in a different format (using
Save as type
Having different folders helps you organize
your files, but naming all the different files in
one folder is not always easy. You should give
Д files names that describe exactly what they
contain so that you can find them easily.
3	Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1	If you do not choose a location, a name,
or a format when you save a new file,
the computer will do it for you.	T/F
2	If you click Save on a new file, the Save As
dialog box appears.	T/F
3	You can save files in one format only. T/F
4	You can save existing files in more
than one place on your computer.	T/F
5	The Save command only saves existing
documents.	T/F
6	Most word-processing documents use
‘Untitled’as the default name.	T/F
7	The Save As command cannot save
existing documents.	T/F
8	Thinking of names for your files is easy. T/F
highlighted
Vocabulary
4 Complete the sentences (1-6) with the
words and phrases in the text.
1	You can make back-up copies of
files on a floppy disk by using Save As.
2	1 need a camera because I want to
save my pictures on my computer.
3	Graphics programs save files without names as
____________by default.
4	Clicking will let you go to the A:
drive, C: drive or D: drive.
5	Programs have settings for all kinds
of functions.
6	Click in the Save As dialog box to
change the file format.
Speaking
5 Work in pairs. Bring to your class six photographs
of your family, friends, city or pets that you would
like to store on your computer. Decide on file
names to give them. Use the most important part
of the photograph, but try to keep the names short.
I’d call this file ‘Dad Sleeping 50’, because I took the
picture on his 50th birthday and he’s sleeping in a
chair.
I wouldn’t call this ‘Picture 27’ because the file
name doesn’t describe the picture.
Get real
Type Photographs in your search engine. Visit at
least three websites that contain photographs or
other visual images. Look at the categories that
the sites use to group their photographs. Report
back to class to say what each category contains.
Write up the category list for your next class.
Information Technology 9
The Internet
Before you start
1	Have you ever surfed the Internet? Which
websites did you visit?
Reading
2	Read the article. Decide if the sentences are true
(T) or false (F).
1	The Internet first started in the USA.	T/F
2	The Internet and the WWW are different.	T/F
3	Berners-Lee invented the Internet.	T/F
4	One file on the WWW can have two or
more addresses.	T/F
5	There pre 40 million Internet users today.	T/F
THE INTERNET originated in the early 1970s
when the United States wanted to make sure
that people could communicate after a nuclear
war. This needed a free and independent
communication network without a centre and it
of computers that could send
each other e-mail through
network
cyberspace
random
create
transfer
rules,
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web
(WWW) when he discovered a way to jump
to different files on his computer using the
or unplanned, links between them. He
then wrote a simple coding system, called HTML
(HyperText Markup Language), to links to
files on any computer connected to the network.
This was possible because each file had an
individual address, or URL (Uniform Resource
Locator). He then used a set of
called HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), to
link Web files together across the Internet.
Berners-Lee also invented the world’s first
browser. This lets you locate and view Web pages
and also
navigate
from one link to another.
The WWW became available to everyone in 1991
and the number of Internet users grew from
600,000 to 40 million in five years. Today, that
number is much larger and there are now many
browsers that provide Web pages, information
and other services. You can also do research,
download music files, play
shop, talk in chat rooms and send and receive e-
mail on the WWW.
interactive
games,
3 Find the correct word or abbreviation in the text.
1	an address for Web pages
2	a coding system that creates links
3	this finds and shows Web pages
4	rules for transferring files
5	a group of computers joined together
Vocabulary
4 Match the groups of verbs below with their
general meaning from the box.
move  make, start  join  look at  find
1	browse, surf, view
2	download, navigate, transfer
3	connect, link
4	discover, locate
5	originate, create, invent
5 Complete the sentences (1-7) with the
highlighted
words from the text.
1	Some people spend too much time playing
games on the Internet.
2	You can sometimes have a computer
that is not connected to the Internet.
3	It is easy to around a screen with a
mouse.
4	Berners-Lee discovered how to_________links
between computers in new ways.
5	Some people surf the Internet at,
just to see what they can find.
6	People use the Internet to
information from one place to another.
7	When you surf the Internet, you are travelling
in.
Speaking
6 Work in groups. Say which of the following ideas
about the Internet are good or bad.
independent  world wide  cheap to use 
expensive to buy computers  the information
may not be true or correct  spend too much time
playing games  talking in chat rooms  make
new friends  visit many interesting websites 
wait for a long time to download Web pages
Cet real
Use a browser to surf the Internet at random.
Find five interesting websites to tell the class
about. Write down the URL of each website and
bring the list to class. Build a class file of
interesting sites so that other students can visit
them.
10 Information Technology
Research on the Internet
Before you start
1 Where is the best place to find information on
these topics?
•	European history
•	the price of mobile phones
•	your favourite pop star
2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
finding information from these sources?
books  magazines  newspapers  libraries 
encyclopaedias  friends or family  teachers 
CD-ROMs  television  radio  the Internet
Reading
3 Read the text quickly and choose the correct
answer.
1	Google is a keyword I search engine.
2	This WORD is in upper / lowercase.
3	AND / WHEN is a logical operator.
Finding information on the World Wide Web
needs an Internet search engine such as Google,
AltaVista or Excite. Search engines have a text box
where you type in a keyword or words. A search
engine is a software program that reads the
keywords in the text box and searches the Internet
for Web pages, websites and other Internet files
that use them. These documents are shown on the
computer screen in a results listing.
When carrying out searches, you should usually
be specific and brief in your choice of words. If the
keyword is too general, or includes too many
different meanings, the results listing may not be
useful. Different search engines categorize
information in different ways, which changes the
way they store and retrieve it.
Using upper case letters (capital letters) in a
keyword search will only retrieve documents that
use upper case. Typing in lower case (no capitals)
is usually better because search engines will
retrieve documents that use both upper case and
lower case letters.
You can narrow a search using logical operators
such as AND, OR and NOT. AND retrieves all the
words typed in the text box, OR retrieves either of
the words and NOT excludes words. Spelling is
important when typing in keywords, but a search
engine will not usually read punctuation,
prepositions and articles.
4	Tick (/) the good things to do to find
information on the Internet.
1	Choose keywords that are different to the
item you want.
2	Give the best keyword to describe what you
want.	О
3	Use as many general keywords as possible. О
4	Try to use a keyword that can have only
one meaning.	□
5	Type your keywords in lower case only.
6	Use logical operators to narrow your search. О
7	Use full stops and commas.
8	Do not use words like at, in, on, a/an
and the.	О
Vocabulary
5 Find the words and phrases in the text that mean:
1	clear and exact (paragraph 2) 
2	put into similar groups (2) 
3	to bring back (2) 
4	make smaller (4) 
5	mathematical words (4) 
6	does not use (4) 
6 Are the words in the groups below listed from
general to specific or specific to general? Write
G »S or S-»G.
1	telephone -> mobile phone Nokia 
2	mother -> family -» humans 
3	writing > essay -» sentence 
4	Big Ben -> London UK 
5	cars -»• vehicles -»• transport 
6	cars -> German cars -»• BMW 
Speaking
7	Talk about the keywords you should use to find
information on the following topics.
•	information on cheap hotels in the UK
•	what the weather will be like tomorrow
•	an essay on the history of the European
Economic Union
•	mobile phones that connect to the Internet
•	a nice present for your mother’s birthday.
I Get real
Carry out the searches in Exercise 7. Then:
•	note the words you used in the search
•	note the top five results for each search
•	visit each site and find out if it is useful.
Do the search using a different search engine.
Bring the list of keywords and your notes on
the search results back to class.
Information Technology II
E-mail, telephones and the post
Before you start
1	Compare how many e-mails, phone calls and
letters you make/send and receive each week.
Reading
2	Read the different opinions. Which one do you
most agree with?
Which do our readers like using most: e-mail,
telephones or the post? Here are three typical
responses from last week's survey.
For me it has to be e-mail. It's very fast,
cheap and modern-you can download
music and video, send letters and
pictures, and it's informal, which I like. I
know privacy and security can be
problems but who sends important
documents by e-mail? I get annoyed if I
get hundreds of e-mails at work and
they all expect an instant response, and
obviously I hate getting spam, or even
worse, a virus.
3	Read the quotes again. Tick (/) the features of
each type of communication.
E-mail Telephones Post
cheap	□	□	□
send pictures/images	□	□	□
instant delivery	□	□	□
instant reply	□	□	О
interactive	□	□	о
modern	□	□	□
private	□	□	□
secure	□	□	□
slow	□	□	с
send sound	□	□	□
unwanted			
communication	□	□	□
usually formal	□	□	□
Vocabulary
4	Which of the words in the box do people usually
think of as positive? Which do they think of as
negative?
bills  communication  instant  interaction
 privacy  security  spam  virus
Jarek, 65
Well, I use all three, but I prefer the
phone. It's more expensive, especially
for long-distance calls, but I like the
instant interaction and I think you can
understand more when you hear a
person's voice. I like the informality and
speed and you can also use your mobile
phone for e-mail and sending images.
With mobile phones you don't get a lot
of unwanted communication, apart from
the occasional wrong number.
Andrea, 39
I like modern things, but I still prefer the
post. I know postal delivery is slow, but
it's cheap, and you can be sure no one
will read your mail or listen to your
conversations. You can send anything
by post, which you can't do with e-mail.
Personally, I like receiving handwritten
letters - they look, feel and smell
different from e-mails. I think it's sad
that young people don't write letters
now - they're usually more formal than
e-mail and students can practise their
grammar and spelling. Now, what I don't
like is getting is bills and junk mail!
Speaking
5 Work in pairs. How do you feel about getting
these unwelcome messages? Why? Add other
types of unwanted communication to the list.
wrong number phone calls  spam  viruses
 junk mail  joke calls  bills
 calls from telephone salespeople
I don’t mind getting...
I don’t really like getting...
I really don’t like I can’t stand I (really) hate...
Writing
6 Write a paragraph describing the advantages and
disadvantages of e-mail or telephones or the
postal service.
Cet real
Work in pairs. Send each other a handwritten
letter in English through the post. Also send
each other an e-mail. (They can have the same
content.) Describe how the letter looked, how
it felt and how it smelt when you received it.
Compare the letter to the e-mail you have
received. Tell the class which you preferred and
why.
12 Information Technology
11
Mobile phones
Before you start
1 Answer the questions. Then discuss in pairs.
1	Do you use a mobile phone?
2	What do you use it for? Make a list.
3	When is it a good or bad time to make/receive mobile phone calls?
Reading
2 Label the parts of the mobile phones with the words in the box.
antenna  flip cover  display screen  faceplate  keypad 
scroll keys
4 Which mobile phone has
these features? Write Q77, SP5
or Both.
1	can work anywhere
2	a diary
3	a camera
4	no cables
5	faceplates you can change
6 a one-week standby time
7 ring tones you can program
Model	Model 2
8 games you can download
3 Read the adverts to check your answers to Exercise 2. Which phone is
best for a business person and which is best for a student? Then write
the correct names by Model 1 and Model 2 above.
Vocabulary
5 Which of the words in the box
are specific to phones/IT and
which are used in general
English?
band mode  connection
	detachable  dimensions
	dual  navigation
	ring tones  text messages
	transmission  voice mail
The SMEW
Brightman QT1
The SP5 Deluxe
This new super-cool model gives
you the best in mobile phones
® multimedia messaging to send
snapshots to your friends
» downloadable games, graphics
and music
® infrared signal transmission to
your computer (no cables!)
® voice-activated dialling - just
speak to call
® programmable ring tones so
you know who is calling before
you answer
о detachable faceplate so you
can change it to match your
clothes
® antenna for clearer reception
SPECIFICATIONS
Everything you need in mobile
technology!
- multimedia messaging with
pictures and video
- make calls while browsing the
Web
- digital and analog band modes
for town and country
* voicemail to send messages to
your office
- large screen with 6 text lines
for text messages
- large key pad and scroll keys
for easy navigation
- Personal Information Manager
(PIM) for your appointment
schedule
- wireless connection to your
PC and headset
Speaking
6 Work in pairs. Text messages
or SMS (Short Message
Service) use abbreviations.
Match the text messages (1-5)
with their meanings.
1 gtg 2 brb 3 thx 4 J4F
5 I k%d meet u @ 7
I could meet you at 7.00. 
Be right back.  Thank you.
 Got to go. a Just for fun.
Writing
7 Write a paragraph about the
mobile phone you have or the
one you would like to have.
BAND MODE digits!
TALKTIME 4 hours
STANDBY 5 days
DIMENSIONS 8 x 4 x 1cm
SPECIFICATIONS
Band mode
Talk time
Standby
Dimensions
dual
5 hours
7 days
5.5 x4x 1cm
Get real
Use the Internet or
magazines to find a new,
up-to-date mobile phone.
Make a list of the features
it has and report back to
the class.
Information Technology IS
12
Writing e-mails
Before you start
1 Which of these things do you do with e-mail and
which do you do with letters? Compare your
answers with another student.
write a subject  send copies  write an address
 add attachments  sign in  sign your name
 go to your inbox  use a post box
 click on a name
2 E-mails, like letters, should have a start and an
end. Which phrases usually start a message and
which end one? Write S (start) or E (end) next to
the phrase.
1	Yours sincerely,
2	Love and kisses to all.
3	Dear Sir or Madam,
4	Thanks for your e-mail.
5	Give my regards to your family.
6	Good to hear from you.
Which are formal (Е)? Which are informal (I)?
Write F or I.
3 Write these messages in the correct order. Which
are formal and which are informal?
1	e-mail	21st	your August. I to refer dated
2	your I	e-mail thanks, yesterday, got	
3	you. can’t I		see wait to
4	seeing	look	to you. forward I
5	me a	Give	if you need ring me.
6	require	call	if assistance. Please you
Reading/Speaking
4 Work in pairs, A and B. Each of you has a box of
commands and fields and a diagram of a typical
e-mail Compose window with some of the
commands and fields missing. You also have
information about the commands and fields in
your diagram.
•	Look at your tables and diagrams before you
start the activity.
•	Take it in turns to ask and answer questions
about your missing commands and fields.
•	Write them in the spaces on your diagram.
A: Start at the top of the next column.
B; Start an page 15.
Student A
Find out where to write the command or field in
the box by asking questions like these:
Where is the Compose command? What does it do?
Where is the To: field? What do I type?
Command: Compose Sign Out Help
Send Add/Edit Attachments Contacts
Field: To: Subject:
Now use your table to answer Student B’s
questions. Give answers like these:
The Home command is the first one top left. It
takes you back to...
The Bcc: field is the third one. You type...
Command /Field	Information
Bcc: (blind carbon copy}	Type an address in this field to send a Bcc:. The person you send the e-mail to does not know who gets a Bcc:. You do not have to send a Bcc: - it is optional.
Cancel	Stops the computer sending the e-mail.
Cc: (carbon copy}	Type the address of the person you want to send a copy to. To send multiple copies, type in other e-mail addresses. Separate the addresses with a comma (,). This field is optional.
Home	Takes you back to the opening page of the e-mail program.
Inbox	Takes you to your inbox where you can see your list of messages.
Options	Gives you a number of choices about your e-mail, e.g. changing your password or stopping spam.
Save Draft	Opens your Draft folder to save an unfinished e-mail.
14 Information Technology
Student В
Student A will ask you questions about his/her
missing commands and fields. Use the table
below to give answers like these:
The Compose command is the third box. It gives
you a new screen ...
The To: field is the top field. You type...
Command /Field	Information
Add/Edit Attachments	Opens a window so you can attach files to your e-mail.
Compose	Gives you a new Compose screen.
Contacts	Gives you a list of the e-mail addresses in your e-mail program.
Help	Opens a Help screen that gives information on writing a message.
Send	Sends your e-mail message to the recipient.
Sign Out	Closes your e-mail program.
Subject:	Type the topic of the e-mail in this field. This field is usually optional so you can leave it empty.
To:	Type the address of the person you are sending the e-mail to (the recipient) in this field. If you use the Contacts list, you can just click on a name.
Now complete your diagram by asking Student A
about the missing commands and fields in your
table. Use questions like these:
Where is the Home command? What does it do?
Where is the Bcc: field? What do I type?
Command: Home Inbox Options
Save Draft Cancel
Field: Bcc: Cc:
Compose Contacts Sign Out
5 Match the questions (1-5) with the answers (a-e).
1	I want to send Katrina a copy of my e-mail to
Petr, but I don’t want Petr to know I sent her a
copy. What do I do?
2	Can I invite all of my friends to my party by
e-mail?
3	I got a message telling me the Subject Field is
empty. Do I have to type anything?
4	Petr saw me type in my password. Now I’m
worried he can read my e-mail. What can I do?
5	I’d like to send a photograph of my birthday
party to grandpa. What do I do?
a Sure. You can send multiple copies by typing all
the e-mail addresses in the Cc: field.
b Click on the Add/Edit Attachments command
and attach the file to the e-mail.
c No. That field is optional in your e-mail
program. You don’t have to complete it.
d Use Bcc:. This field means that the recipient
doesn’t know who has received a copy.
e Click on the Options command and change it
from there.
Vocabulary
6 Match the words and phrases (1-9) from the texts
with the definitions (a-i).
1	recipient	a	a copy of your e-mail
2	field	b	an unfinished document, e.g. an e-mail to send later
3	multiple	c	a secret word
4	password	d	the topic or heading of an e-mail
5	draft	e	something you can choose to do or not do
6	optional	f	the person who receives the e-mail message
7	carbon copy	g	with nothing inside
8	subject	h	a text box where you type words or data -
9 empty Writing		i	more than one
7 Go to your e-mail program and send an e-mail
about your English lessons to some of your
friends using Cc:. Think of a title or heading for
your e-mail and type it in the subject field. Send
a Bcc: to your teacher.
Get real
Go to the Options window in your e-mail
program and choose some features to change
on your e-mail. Report back to class on the
changes you made and why you made them.
Information Technology 15
13
E-mail addresses and servers
Before you start
1 Work in pairs. Write down three or four e-mail
addresses that you know. What do the different
parts of the address mean?
Reading
2 Read the text quickly. Which paragraph (1-4)
gives you the answers to the questions (a-d)?
a What do the two types of mail server do?
b What are the parts of an e-mail address?
c How many types of e-mail client are there? О
d What happens when you send an e-mail? О
Introducing e-Mil addresses and servers	HE
» | Reply Jj | & |	-3 | pAsehd^ Receive » । t/j
1 An Internet e-mail address has a user name, the at
symbol (@), and a domain name. The user name is
the name you choose. The domain has two parts
separated by a dot (.). The first part is the network
that receives the e-mail and the second is the top-
level domain (TLD), which shows the type of
organization, such as commercial (.com) or
educational (.edu). Sometimes the TLD is a country
code, such as .cz (Czech Republic).
4 Label the parts of the e-mail address.
1	2
I-----1------1 I------1-----1
Catrin al 23 @hotmail.com
ltj	*—i—1
3 4
5 Look at these phrases from paragraph 4. What do
the words in italics refer to?
1	... your SMTP server simply sends it to the
POP3 server...
a your e-mail b your domain
2	... which adds it...
a the POP3 server/ b your SMTP server/your
your e-mail	domain
3	... it sends your e-mail...
a the DNS	b your friend’s SMTP
server
4	... to its POP3 server, ...
a your SMTP server b your friend’s SMTP
server
Vocabulary
2
To use e-mail a
client
computer needs an e-mail
program to connect to a network
server
The
6 Match the
highlighted
words in the text with the
definitions (1-4).
program can be stand-alone, e.g. Outlook Express,
or Web-based, e.g. Yahoo. Stand-alone programs
let you compose e-mail offline, but with Web-based
programs you must be online.
3
E-mail uses two kinds of mail servers: an SMTP
server, which
| deals with]
outgoing e-mail and a
POP3 server, which deals with incoming e-mail.
SMTP
stands for
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol;
POP stands for Post Office Protocol.
4 If you send an e-mail to a friend in the same
domain as you, your SMTP server simply sends it
to the POP3 server in your domain, which adds it to
your friend's inbox. If your friend has a different
domain name, your SMTP server finds your friend's
SMTP server using a Domain Name Service (DNS).
When your friend's SMTP server receives the e-
mail, it sends your e-mail to its POP3 server, which
adds it to your friend's inbox.
1	means__________
2	a computer on a network
3	takes care of in some way
4	a computer that runs a network
7 Find the words in the text with the opposite
meanings to these words.
1	offline	4 receive
2	Web-based 5 different
3	incoming
Speaking
8 Work in pairs. Look at the following European
country codes. Discuss which countries they
could stand for.
.at  .be  ,bg  .de  ,dk  .es  .fr  .gr  .hu 
.it  Ju  .nl  .pt  .ro  .si  .uk
3 Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1 You cannot choose your own user name.	T/F
2 The domain name shows the network.	T/F
3 .edu and .com are TLDs.	T/F
4 A DNS sends an e-mail to a POP3 server. T/F
Cet real
Lise an Internet search engine to find a list of
Internet Country Codes. Pick any five countries
that you do not know and find out where they
are. Chose one country and find some
information about it using your search engine.
Report back to the class.
16 Information Technology
Sending files over the Internet
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Have you used e-mail? Which program have
you used?
2 Have you ever sent an attachment? What have
you sent?
Reading
2 Read this information on attaching files in two
different e-mail programs. Underline each action
the user makes to send one attachment in each
one. Write the number.
E-post Express О
Mega Mail □
3 Which information (1-6) is the same for E-post
Express and Mega Mail, and which is different?
Write S (same) or D (different).
1 You can send up to three megabytes of data. О
2 A dialog box appears, showing the
computer directory.
3 You can attach and send up to three files.
4 You have to be online to attach files.
5 Click Send when you want to send
your e-mail.
6 The program shows an icon next to the
attached file.	О
Vocabulary
4 Find the words in the text that mean:
0 E-POST EXPRESS
1 a series of steps (E-post Express)
2 take off or take away (E-post Express)
You can attach a file while you are online or offline.
Open the program and click Create a new mail
message to go to your compose window. Click on
the paperclip icon with the word Attach below it.
An Insert Attachment dialog box appears, which
shows your computer directory Click on the file you
want to send end than click the Attach button. The
file and an icon appear in the Attach field. Send
multiple files by repeating the procedure. The files
can be any size but some servers will not accept
files of more than one megabyte. To remove a file,
click on the attachment with the right mouse button
then click Remove. When you are finished, click
Send.
• MEGA MAIL
Connect to the Internet to open your program and
go to the compose screen. Click on Attach Files. A
screen opens showing three Browse buttons. You
can only send three attachments up to three
megabytes in total. Click on the first Browse button.
A Choose File dialog box appears, which shows
your computer directory. Click on the file you want
to send. The file name appears in the File name
drop-down list box. Click Open. The Choose File
dialog box disappears and the file appears in the
file field of the Attach Files screen. Click Attach
files. A screen appears telling you that the file is
being attached and then another screen appears
when the program has attached the file. To add
more files, click Attach More Files and the Attach
Files screen will reappear. When you have finished,
click Done. Your compose screen reappears, listing
the name of the attached file with an icon next to it.
Click Send.
3 something you click to start an action (E-post
Express)____________
4 goes away suddenly (Mega Mail)
5 come back into view (Mega Mail)
6 finished (Mega Mail)
5 Match the prefixes (1-4) with their meanings in
the box. Two prefixes have the same meaning.
again  not/negative  before
1 re-means 
2 pre- means 
3 dis- means 
4 un- means 
6 The words below can take the prefixes dis-,
pre-, re- or un-. Write a prefix in front of each
word. (Some can take more than one prefix.)
1	re write	6	titled
2		do	7 _		appear
3	like	8	format
4		agree view	9	finished
5		10	start
Writing
7 Write a description of another method of
sending a document or a picture to someone, e.g.
by post, by fax, by picture messaging on a mobile
phone. Use the texts in Exercise 2 to help you.
Get real
Attach three files from your computer to an e-
mail. Report back to the class on how long it
took you to attach and send the files, and
whether anything went wrong.
Information Technology 17
15
Viewing and downloading files
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and answer the questions.
1	What is an e-card? When do you think you send an e-card
to someone?
2	What can you download from the Internet? Make a list.
Reading
2 Circle the answers yes or no. Read the text to check your answers.
1	Can you send music in an e-card?	yes I no
2	Do you have to save an e-card to view it?	yes I no
3	Do you pay for freeware programs?	yes I no
4	Can you download a movie from the Internet? yes / no
Speaking
5 Work in groups. Match the
messages with the occasion
and the person.
Occasion Hallowe’en,
arranging a meeting, apology,
thanking someone, missing
someone, birthday
Person granddad, friend,
aunt, brother/sister,
neighbour, girl/boyfriend
О Guide to downloading files	0g
Viewing websites
You can view many interesting websites with your browser. Some let you
view and send e-cards for birthdays, holidays or other special occasions
using your e-mail program. An e-card can contain pictures, cartoon
animations, or play songs. You can type your own personal message on the
card, change the music, preview it, or send it as a screen saver. Most e-
cards open automatically in your e-mail, others give you a link to click. You
usually view e-cards like a standard Web page.
Downloading programs
You can download computer programs, games and utilities, such as virus
protection programs. Some of these programs are shareware, which means
you pay a fee if you keep the program, or freeware, which have no fee. To
download a program, you save it on your computer. After you click the
download button, the Save As dialog box appears. Choose the location
where you want to save the file and click Save. It can take anything from a
few seconds to a few hours for a download to complete.
Downloading e-mail attachments
You can view e-mail attachments on the Internet or you can save them onto
your computer. To open an attachment your computer needs a program that
can open it. If your computer does not have compatible software, you
cannot open the attachment. All digital files have a file extension that shows
you the file format, for example .avifor video, .doc for MS Word files and
.mpeg for music files.
<щ-'—....— .,? ?-	;..............?	“	" .i>i
Have a great	Careful
v/her, you blow out the cardies!
О
Hi1 Wow are. -tWmjs?
See, ум in town a.t 3.00. Be ^oodi
О Thank you for the socks.
They’ll be useful this winter.
Your loving nephew.
Scary card; eh?
Good idea for the party?
hove you 4 really want to
see. you soon! XXX
3 Match the first part of the sentence (1-6) with the second part (a-f).
* I QCA SO SCHTg tor breok-Lng
tjOur uotndOuo.	accept, muj
deepest, apologues.
Now make more messages
for different occasions and
people.
1 To view your e-card,
2 You cannot keep shareware
3 To download a computer program
4 You can view an attachment
5 You cannot view a video program
6 The Save As dialog box
a in MS Word.
b online or offline.
c lets you save an attachment
d if you don’t pay for it.
e open your e-mail program.
f you click Save As.
Vocabulary
4 Which of the words and phrases in the box are specific to IT and
which are used in general English? Use the Glossary or a dictionary
to help you.
animations  automatically  compatible  complete  download
 file extension  standard  utilities
Get real
Either review two or three
e-card websites or go to a
shop with a good selection
of cards. Which occasions
are there cards and e-cards
for? What do the cards and
e-cards offer (e.g. pictures
and sounds)? Were the
websites easy to use?
Report back to the class
and discuss what you
found.
18 Information Technology

Music on the Internet
Before you start
1	Tick (/) the kind of music you like. Make a list of
other types of music.
pop О rock О classical О jazz О
2	What is good or bad about downloading music
from the Internet? Make a list.
Reading
3	Milos (M) is a music fan. Kamila (K) works in the
music industry. They are in a chat room. Read the
dialogue and tick (/) the topics they talk about.
1	Making copies of songs from the Internet.
2	How much money the music industry loses. [
3	How Napster sent music to people.	О
4	What peer-to-peer music sharing is.
5	How to stop peer-to-peer sharing.
6	Which are the best legal music websites.
M Downloading music is great. I can get all the songs
I like, when I want to get them.
К That’s true, but if you don’t pay for it, you’re
breaking copyright law.
M Really? Why is it against the law?
К Well, getting music for free costs the music
industry billions in lost income, so we have less to
spend on new bands and singers.
M Was that the problem with Napster?
К Yes. Napster created a file-sharing system using the
MP3 audio format. People could connect to a
central location and others could then
download their files using the server. Napster
closed down in 2001 because it was breaking the
law.
MI see, but peer-to-peer music swapping is legal, isn’t
it? It's just two people sharing music - they’re not
using a central server.
К No, it’s still illegal, I’m afraid.
M Actually, peer-to-peer isn’t that great - you don’t get
much choice because it depends on who’s online at
the same time as you. Can you download music
legally?
К Yes, there are several Web-based music services
that charge a fee. It’s really worth paying. The
choice and quality of the music is better and they
offer other services such as music reviews and chat
rooms. Try one!
4 Label the diagrams central location and
peer-to-peer.
2_______________________
Match the first part of the sentence (1-6) with
second part (a-f).
1	The record industry
loses money
2	Napster used
3	You have to pay
money
4	The best music
websites
5	Peer-to-peer sharing
a to join a legal music
website.
b give a lot of music
services.
c is illegal.
d the MP3 audio
format.
e because of peer-to-
peer sharing.
Vocabulary
6	Find the words in the text that mean:
1	money people receive for work
2	related to sound
3	someone of the same type/group
4	exchanging something with someone
5	dividing something between people
6	against the law
7	money you pay for a service
Speaking
7 Work in groups. What do you think about
copyright laws and downloading music from
the Internet?
Writing
8 Write two paragraphs on downloading music for
free. The first should give the record companies’
and artists’ views and the second should give
music listeners’ views.
Cet real
Visit one or more websites offering music
downloads for a fee. Make notes on the type of
music they give you, the services they offer,
and the cost. Report back to the class, saying
which site you think is the best, and why.
Information Technology 19
17
Desktop publishing (DTP)
Before you start
1 Label the shapes and lines
with the words in the box.
Reading
3 A computer virus has damaged this text and put the paragraphs in
the wrong order! The headings (1-6) are in the correct order. Use
them to number the paragraphs.
1	DTP programs and what they do
2	Templates and Web pages
3	Making changes to text
4	DTP programs and word processors
5	Using graphics
6	Moving text and graphics on a page
circle  diagonal  hexagon
 horizontal  oval 
rectangle  square  triangle
 vertical
2 Write the words from Exercise
1 under the correct heading.
Noun
□ DTP
programs let you work with
graphics: you can draw shapes, fill
them with text or colour, insert graphics or
special characters from the program, or import
them from another program, and you can move them
all easily around the page.
While DTP programs and word-processing programs have a
lot of similar commands and tools, DTP programs have one
important advantage: what you see on the screen is exactly what you
get when you print your document.
There are many things you can do with text and graphics: you can use
an align command to put them in a straight line, horizontally or vertically,
and a rotate tool lets you turn them around. You can bring text to the front of
a shape or graphic or send it to the back so that you can't see it. You can
also wrap text around a picture or inside a shape, like in this reading.
Desktop Publishing (DTP) programs, such as Adobe PageMaker and
QuarkXPress, let you combine text and graphics in creative ways to produce
stylish greeting cards, holiday brochures, business cards, newsletters, sales
catalogues, calendars and many other documents.
□ The tools and commands in DTP programs give you a great deal of
control over text. For example, you can make word and character
changes, such as changing the space between words in a text without
changing the font size, or changing the space between characters to
make them look neater. These choices are useful when you only
have a small space to work in.
I] These programs also let you make a template of your
document so you do not have to remake the whole
document each time you want to change the text
or the pictures. Many DTP programs let you
change the file format of your design
into a Web page, too.
Adjective
4 Read the text in the correct order. Decide if the sentences are true
(T) or false (F).
Noun and adjective
1	You cannot type letters in a DTP program.	T/F
2	You can use a template to save time.	T/F
3	DTP programs print exactly what you see on the screen.	T/F
4	It is difficult to control the text in a DTP program.	T/F
5	It is impossible to change the spaces between words.	T/F
6	A rotate tool lets you turn text around.	T/F
20 Information Technology
5 Complete the chart with the correct command or
description of each action from the box.
align horizontally  increase space between
words  align vertically  bring to front 
rotate  fill  text wrap 
decrease space between characters
Vocabulary
6 Complete the puzzle with words from the text.
1	looking smart and new
2	letters and words
3	a document pattern or plan
4	join together
5	bring from another program
6	get from the program you are using
7	a drawing or plan of something new
7 Match the document types (1-7) with the
descriptions (a-g).			
1	greeting card	a	information for tourists showing hotels, resorts, etc.
2	holiday brochure	b	a table that shows days and months
3	business card	c	a small card with a person’s name and a company name
4	newsletter	d	a card for a special occasion
5	sales catalogue	e	a page on the World Wide Web
6	Web page	f	a small newspaper for a specific group of people
7	calendar	g	a book of advertisements from a commercial company
Speaking
8	Work in pairs. Describe the picture.
9	Now design your own picture with words and
text. Describe it to your partner but do not let
him/her see the picture. Your partner has to draw
the picture. You could then try designing your
picture and text in a DTP program!
Get real
Bring in some holiday brochures, newsletters,
business cards, sales catalogues or any other
printed documents. Look the design of the
documents. Discuss how you could change
and improve them using the commands and
tools of a DTP program.
Information Technology 21
18
Image editing
Before you start
1 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1	Do you like paintings, photographs or
computer art best? Why?
2	‘A picture paints a thousand words’. Do you
think this saying is true?
3	Write the best file format to use for saving the
image (not TIFF).
1 You have scanned in a photograph into your
computer.____________
2 You want to export your picture to another
document.____________
3 You want to make a cartoon for the WWW.
Reading
2 Read the text. Write the words in the box under
the correct heading.
clip art  JPEG  Web pages  TIFF  adjust 
special effects  PICT  cut  EPS 
digital cameras  paint  scanners 
create new  erase  GIF  paste
Image editing Image formatting Image sources
4 Your computer runs the MacOS.
4 Look at these questions about imaging software.
Circle yes or no.
1	Can I copy images from Web pages?	yes	I no
2	Can I put two images together?	yes	I no
3	Can I make pictures darker?	yes	I	no
4	Do JPEGs ever lose picture quality?	yes	/ no
5	Is PICT an operating system?	yes	/	no
sources
clip art
People who use DTP programs often have an
image-editing program, such as Adobe Photoshop
or CorelDRAW, on their desktop. You can get
images from many
your own new images, import_________
images from CD-ROMs, and save images or
pictures from Web pages. You can also transfer
photographs from a digital camera or use images
scanned into your computer from a scanner.
you can draw or paint
and other
highlighted
Vocabulary
5 Complete the sentences (1-6) with the
words and phrases in the text.
1	Making a picture look softer is just one of many
in Photoshop.
2	It’s usually quicker to use a image
than to draw it yourself.
3	Scanners are peripherals that you
can use with any operating system.
4	You can get images for your website from many
different.
5	The picture was too bright so I had to
the brightness.
6	You can remove that ugly building in the
picture with the tool.
All image-editing programs have similar tools and
commands. You can do much more with your
pictures and images than you can with a DTP
program. You can
and paste them onto another image,
brightness, paint patterns or lines and add all kinds
of
erase
parts of an image or cut
the
adjust
special effects
You can save an image in many different file
formats. GIF, for example, is used for animation and
is a popular choice for Web pictures, but has fewer
colours than other formats. JPEG is good for
photographs and downloads quickly from the Web,
but it can lose image data when you save it. Apple
Macintosh designed PICT for the MacOS, but TIFF
is a good
with many operating systems. If you can't use an
Speaking
6 Work in pairs. You are going to make an image to
put on your school Web page for the following
events/things. What kind of image would you
make for each one?
•	a school sports day
•	an end-of-school party
•	a school trip to the zoo
•	an advertisement for the Computer Club
•	a ‘No Smoking’ sign
•	an advertisement for the English Club
cross-platform
format that you can use
image in a DTP program because the program
doesn't let you, you can often export it in EPS
format from your imaging program, without losing
any picture quality.
Get real
Look at some of the pictures and images in
magazines and some created by computer
programs (type ‘computer generated art’ in
your search engine). Which colours go well
together? Report back to class on your
favourite images and websites.
22 Information Technology
Reviewing websites
Before you start
1 What things don’t you like or annoy you about
websites? Make a list.
Reading
2 Look at Matej’s Top 10 Web page annoyances on
his home page. Which ones are similar to the
annoyances you talked about in Exercise 1?
□ Top 10 on the Web	И g
My TOP 10 Web page annoyances
1
2
з
5
Frames
Don't you hate those silly boxes in Web pages?
Sometimes the text doesn't fit in the frame and
you have to use the horizontal scroll bar. This
makes it very hard to read.
Downloading plug-ins
The little programs that you have to download to
get an audio or video message before you can
enter the site - they make me want to go
somewhere else!
Pop-up ads
The horrible advertisements that suddenly
appear - they drive me crazy.
Bad design
Too many buttons and links on different parts of
the page are confusing.
Blinking fonts
Brightly-coloured texts are difficult to read, but
fonts that blink on and off? Ugh!
Counters
It's wonderful to know that I'm visitor number
345,345,218, but I feel terrible finding out I'm
visitor number 11. Why not put counters in a
separate link? Then, if you want to know your
number, you can just click there.
Flash
These animations are good if they download
quickly, but please make them relevant to the
website, and not just there to make the site look
pretty.
No Privacy Policy
I never give my e-mail address to a website that
does not have a privacy policy. I want to be sure
that they won't sell or send it to another site.
Silly sound files
Sound files that start with a bang, or a dog
barking make me jump! They're really annoying,
and you can't turn them off.
Why only English?
Doesn't anyone realize that we live in a
multilingual world?
3 Write the number of the annoyance that matches
each sentence.
a Websites should have rules about giving
e-mail addresses to other sites.
b Web pages should have options for
different languages.	О
c Animations should be about the same
subject as the Web page.
d Web pages should not need special
programs to run.	C
e The text should not blink on and off.
f Dividing a Web page into a lot of small
frames is bad design.	О
Vocabulary
4 Find the opposites of the adjectives (1-6) in the
text.
1	clear__________
2	very bad
3	unrelated
4	ugly__________
5	uncertain
6	monolingual
5 Complete the sentences (1-5) with the words in
the box.
confusing  else  fits  relevant  scroll bar
1	This is a well-designed Web page. Everything
well on the screen.
2	Web surfers will go somewhere if
the page doesn’t appear quickly.
3	That animation is good because it is pretty and
it is to the Web page.
4	That website is very because I
couldn’t find the Back button.
5	It’s annoying when you have to use the
horizontal to see all of the text.
Speaking
6	Work in pairs. Do you agree or disagree with
Matej’s list? Rank your top five annoyances from
the text: 1 = most annoying, 5 = least annoying.
Cet real
Work in groups. Look at some websites for
business, education, entertainment, or
information. Make notes on the differences in
design between them. Look at how they
organize navigation bars, the categories they
use, and how many pictures and animations
they use. Report back to the class and make a
class list of design features for each category.
Information Technology И
20
Designing Web pages
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and discuss the
questions.
1 Why do people have
personal websites?
2 Have you ever visited
anyone’s personal home
page? What was it like?
Reading
2 What do you know about Web
page design? Answer our
Internet Quiz then check your
answers by reading the
article.
3 Read the paragraph
Beginning HTML again.
Match the first part of the
sentence (1-6) with the
second part (a-f).
1	HTML tags tell the browser
where
2	A Web-authoring program
3	FTP is a set of transfer rules
4	Web page designers use
5	See your Web page on the
Internet
6	Tags are
a that are used to upload Web
pages to a server.
b the text, graphics and
animations go.
c by uploading it to a Web
server
d HTML tags to create Web
pages.
e a set of codes in HTML.
f writes HTML tags for you.
4 Look at the Home Page Hints
again. Write the hint numbers
in the correct column.
Do... Don’t...
Internet Quiz
0 Internet Otte
1 You don't need to learn HTML to make a Web page.
T/F
2	Making a Web page is like designing a printed page.	T/F
3	You shouldn't use a lot of different colours in your texts.	T/F
4	Having a lot of pictures and animations on Web pages is great.	T/F
5	Surfers like reading on the Net.	T/F
й.
<r
□ Uefc page design
E E

Many of our readers are setting up home in
cyberspace. Read how you can, too!
Beginning HTML
Web designers use Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) to create and
format Web pages. HTML uses a set of codes, called tags, to____
a Web document that will run in a browser. There are hundreds of tags
you can use to format text, insert graphics, animations, sound and
video. But you do not need to understand HTML to make your own
personal home page. Many word-processing, desktop publishing and
HTML tags for you. To
upload, or copy, your Web page to a Web server, use the server's File
Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Web-authoring
programswill
generate
structure
Home Page Hints
It's your 'cyberhome', but remember that websites are different from
books or magazines. Think about these suggestions to make people
want to stay.
Use a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
navigation bar
HyperliiiKs
to organise your hyperlinks to other pages,
also let visitors navigate up or down long pages.
If a Next Page
Keep your use of colour and buttons ___
button is a pink circle, all Next Page buttons should be the same,
and in the same place on the screen.
If you use a lot of animations, your Web page will take a long time
to download.
If you use a lot of graphics, animations and text your Web page will
be too busy.
It's difficult to read a text that's next to an animation.
Keep texts short and simple! Surfers don't like reading on a
computer screen much.
It's not easy to read multi-coloured text.
Lots of bright colours look nice at first, but often give people
headaches!
Make sure you use a spell check and use good grammar.
Try not to use too much slang. People who visit your site may not
understand.
Don't be afraid to be
is different about them and that comes from you!
consistent
original
Good websites have something that
S’
24 Information Technology
highlighted
Vocabulary
words and phrases in the
text with the definitions (1-7).
1	connections to a Web page or part of a Web
page___________
2	make or produce
3	plan or build aWebpage
4	a group of organised Web links, usually in a line
Writing
9 Look at the two home pages below. Write two
paragraphs, describing what is good and bad
about each home page.
Freddy’s home page is fun but badly designed
because it has/uses...
It is confusing because it is.. ./there are...
Jana’s home page is well designed because it has...
It is easy to navigate because it is.. ./there are...
5 does not change, always the same
6 the type of software that helps create Web
pages______________
7 new, not done before
6 Complete the sentences (1-8) with the words in
the box.
busy  consistent  generate  home pages
 structure  surfers  upload
 Web-authoring
1	That Web page is much too. I don’t
know what to look at.
2	An FTP server is a computer that lets you
_____________files to the Internet.
3	The buttons on this page are not
with the button on the last page.
4	Net never like reading a lot of text
on the screen.
5	software means you don’t have to
learn HTML to make a Web page.
6	Many students have their own on
the World Wide Web.
7	HTML creates the for Web pages to
run on a browser.
8	Web-authoring programs HTML
tags for you.
▼ Freddy's Home Page
7 Tick (Z) the sentences that use informal English.
1	Get real, people. Frames are a big no-no. □
2	Designing a Web page needs careful
planning.	□
3	I think sound files are cool.	□
4	Multi-coloured blinking fonts look terrible. □
5	That Web page is mega ugly.	□
6	The text has too many grammatical errors. □
▼ Jana's Home Page
Speaking
8 Work in groups. How would you design your
personal website? What graphics, images and
colours would you use? What would you say in
your text? How many pages would you have?
What would you call the links on your navigation
bar to show the different pages? Use the sample
pages in Exercise 9 to help you.
►
Review the texts in Unit 19 and in this unit.
Visit a website or home page of your choice.
Make notes on what is good and bad about it.
Report back to the class and make a class file
of good and badly designed sites for people to
visit.
Information Technology
21
Multimedia
Before you start
1 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1	How are books and CD-ROMs different?
2	Have you ever used CD-ROMs to help you
study? Do you prefer them to books?
Reading
2 Match the parts of the CD-ROM with the
information they provide.
a The history of multimedia	□
b Education and entertainment О
c What is multimedia?	□
d Business and industry	□
1 Multimedia is any computer application that
integrates text, graphics, animation, video,
audio or other methods of communication.
Multimedia is different from television, books
or cassettes because it lets you interact with
the application. You can click on a word to
make a picture appear, or click on a picture to
start a video.
2 Multimedia became more popular after the
mid-1990s when the price of hardware began
to fall. Then people started using it in industry,
business, education, entertainment and for
other purposes. Today, we can find multimedia
at home, in school, at work, in public places,
such as libraries, and on the Internet.
3 In business, advertisers use virtual reality in
multimedia applications to advertise their
products in three dimensions (3-D). Using
multimedia for graphs and tables is now the
best way for managers to present company
results. In industry, pilots learn to fly using
multimedia simulations of real situations, and
scientists simulate experiments with
dangerous chemicals in safety. Publishers are
also producing interactive magazines, called
e-zines, and e-books online.
4 In education, students study interactive CD-
ROMs at their own speed and explore topics
creatively by clicking on related links.
Teenagers have played computer games for
years, but many multimedia applications
combine education and entertainment and
they let them visit virtual worlds or change the
ending of films.
3 Complete the sentences with one way these
people use multimedia applications.
1 Advertisers___________________
2 Managers______________________
3 Pilots____________________
4 Scientists____________________
5 Publishers____________________
6 Students______________________
7 Teenagers_____________________
4 Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with the
second part (a-e).
1	People like using multimedia
2	Multimedia combines
3	Most educational CD-ROMs
4	Prices of multimedia hardware
5	Students like learning about new topics
a started falling around 1995.
b using interactive multimedia,
c many different ways of learning,
d integrate audio, video and text,
e because it is interactive.
Vocabulary
5 Complete the sentences (1-6) with the words in
the box.
application  integrated  related  simulation
 3-D  virtual
1	The image is in so you can look at it
from all sides.
2	All the links in this e-zine are to
football.
3	This__________makes you think you really are
flying to the moon.
4	Some shopping websites use reality
to advertise their products online.
5	The application is because it
combines many features.
6	Any program that carries out a specific task for
a user is an.
Speaking
6 Work in pairs. Describe your favourite CD-ROM
(or other method of studying). What can you
learn from it? Describe how it integrates text,
images, and other features such as animations,
video, audio and Internet links.
Get real
Find an e-zine on the WWW on a topic you are
interested in. Note how it is different to reading
a paper magazine. Report back to the class.
26 Information Technology
E-commerce
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1	Have you ever heard of e-shopping? What do
you know about it?
2	Do you know anyone who has bought anything
online? What did they buy?
3	What do you think are the advantages and
disadvantages of e-shopping? Make a list.
Reading
2 Read part of an interview about e-commerce.
Match the questions (a-e) with the correct
paragraphs (1-5).
a How does e-commerce work?	О
b What’s the future for e-commerce? О
c Do customers like shopping online? □
d What kind of business do you run? □
e What do e-tail stores need to succeed? О
£¥$€£¥$€ Business пемз and views £¥$€£¥$€BB
1 We sell mobile phones and accessories, and
we only operate online. We're a B2C business.
That means 'business to customer', so we
don't sell to other businesses - that's B2B.
We're obviously not C2C either, which is
individual people selling to each other online.
2 Yes, it's becoming very popular and successful.
It's world-wide shopping, 24 hours a day, 365
days a year. It's so convenient - people can
browse through online catalogues, compare
prices easily, and there's less paperwork, so it's
cheaper for the retailer. We can pass these
savings onto the consumer.
3 Well, the best sites, or e-tail stores, have an
electronic storefront giving categories that
are easy to understand. You can read reviews
about the products, go to chat rooms to talk
about them, and when you've made your
choice, simply click your mouse and add it to
your electronic shopping cart.
4 The retailer needs to build consumer
confidence. You need a website that is easy to
navigate and it must download quickly. You
need customer support services, things like
FAQs (frequently asked questions),
information about the order, and guarantees
about delivery. A secure server for
transactions using credit cards and a privacy
policy are also very important.
5 I think everyone will shop online soon. All e-
tail stores will use virtual reality to sell their
goods - it's going to generate billions of
euros.
3 Tick (Z) the features of the best e-tail stores.
1	have slow downloads
2	have an electronic shop window
3	have somewhere to put to your goods
4	inform the customer about the order
5	need a lot of paperwork
6	have a place for people to talk
7	give product reviews
8	use a safe Web server for payment
9	cannot say when goods will arrive
10	let people ask questions	О
Vocabulary
4 Find the words in the text that mean:
1	extra, additional products (paragraph 1)
2	work, do business (1)
3	matches someone’s needs (2)
4	someone who sells (2)
5	customer (2)
6	help (4)________
7	promises (4)
8	buying and selling (4)
5 Complete the table with the adjective or noun in
the text (and questions).
Noun	Adjective
 commercial
convenience 
success	__________
__________ confident
security_________________
_________ private
Writing
6 Work in pairs. What questions do you think an
online consumer will have? Think of five FAQs for
an online business, e.g. about the type of
business, the products offered, payment, security.
•	Write the questions.
•	Give them to another pair.
•	Imagine you run an online business and
answer the questions you receive.
•	Write the answers under the questions and give
them back to their authors.
Get real
Look in your high street and find big or small
stores that have an e-tail site. Choose one or
two and look at their websites. What kind of
services do they give their Internet customers?
Compare your findings with other students.
Which are the best e-tail stores?
Information Technology 27

Chat rooms
Before you start
1 Work in groups. Make a list of:
•	five topics you can talk about when you first
meet people
•	five topics you shouldn’t talk about when you
first meet people.
Reading
2 Read the opinions about chat rooms. Which ones
do you agree with?
JI fe got a lot of letters in
response to our article last
week on Internet chat rooms. Here
is a random selection.
Why do people like them? They're boring! It's
just a group of people talking nonsense! My son
doesn’t go out or meet real people any more!
Some make you register for a free trial
membership, so you have to send your real name
and e-mail address. You have to read the
agreement carefully - sometimes if you don't
cancel before your trial ends, they send you a bill! I
think this is unfair.
3 Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1 You can set up your own chat room. T/F
2 You must be online to go into a chat room. T/F
3 Anyone can use a video chat room. T/F
4 You can say how you feel with a symbol. T/F
5 You have to pay for some chat rooms.	T/F
 Tick (/) the things you can say in a chat room.
Put a cross (X) for the things you shouldn’t say.
1	My surname is Sukova.
2	Which school do you go to?
3	My e-mail address is SK45@yahoo.com.
4	Do you like hip hop music?	EZ
5	Is it raining where you are?
6	Have you ever been to England?
7 My telephone number? Sure, it’s 234 6358.
8 My other handle is ‘bluebird’.
9 What’s your favourite subject?
10 OK. Let’s meet at the shopping mall at 3.00. C
Vocabulary
5 Read the text and make six two-word phrases.
Then write the meanings in your language. Use
the Glossary or a dictionary to help you.
community  information  membership
 room  talk  time
You should warn parents about them. People use
nicknames - they call them 'handles' - so you don't
know who they are. Tell teenagers never to give
out personal information, especially their name,
home or school address or telephone number - and
they must never agree to meet anyone from a chat
room. It could be dangerous.
I think they're good for practising English in real
time - that’s when everyone is online and 'talking'
at the same time as you. I like expressing my
feelings with those cute emoticons, too. If you only
talk about your family, the weather, sport, school
subjects and other small talk topics, I think they
are amusing and harmless.
1	personal
2	trial___________
3	chat____________
4	small___________
5	real____________
6	online__________
Speaking
6 Work in pairs. Match the emoticons with the
meanings and descriptions in the box. Do you
know any others?
i :(
5 >:(
2 :((
e B)
з :D	4:)
7 :l	» :0
Most only have text boxes for messages, but
chat rooms that support voice and video chat are
the best, if you have the right hardware and
software that is!
shouting  I don't care!  sad  very angry
 cool sunglasses smiley  laughing
 very sad  happy
I
If people can’t find a chat room they like, they
can create one of their own. I set up my own online
community. I think this is fantastic and more people
should do the same.
Cet real
Ask the people in your family what they talk
about when they first meet somebody. Take
each topic and think of questions in English
that you can ask about them. Make a class list
of smaU talk topics and questions.
28 Information Technology
24
Netiquette
Before you start
1 Look at the definition of etiquette. What do you
think Netiquette is?
etiquette /'etiket, -kat/ n [U] formal rules of
correct and polite behaviour in society or
among members of a profession
Reading
2 Read the Web page about Netiquette and check
your answer to Exercise 1. Then write the
headings (а-d) above the correct paragraphs
3 Make questions from the text for these answers.
1		
When they meet someone for the first time.
2	_____________________________________________
To show respect.
3	_____________________________________________
Netiquette.
4	_____________________________________________
Real people.
5	_____________________________________________
It sends an e-mail address when you haven’t
asked the owner.
(1-4).
a Rules for talking online
b	Invading privacy	□
c	The Golden Rule	О
d	Culture and Netiquette	О
□ On Iine Hetique11e
1_____________________________________________________
People in the West usually shake hands when they
first meet Good friends in Middle Eastern cultures
kiss each other three times on the cheeks. The
Japanese bow their heads to show respect and the
Thais bring their hands together in front of their face.
The online community, too, has its own culture and
4 Tick (Z) the things which are good netiquette and
put a cross (X) by those that are bad netiquette.
1	correct spelling
2	using Bcc: instead of Cc:
3	sending e-mail that people do not want
4	greeting someone in an e-mail
5	making jokes about people’s culture
6	typing in capital letters
7	flaming people
Vocabulary
5 Complete the sentences (1-5) with the
highlighted
customs
Good Internet behaviour is called
Netiquette.
2______________________________________________
The Internet is an international |
communication where you can talk to people online.
Asking questions is fun but making jokes about
people from other cultures can lead to
misunderstanding and bad feelings. Sending hurtful
or insulting messages, or flames, to people is bad
behaviour. Bad language is not cool. Everyone is
happy when people are friendly.
3
J Telephones and postal services are both
of communication.
2 Different cultures usually have very different
means
3	Please don’t copy my e-mail to other people. It’s
an of my privacy.
4	Try asking interesting questions
trying to think of funny things to say.
5	People on the Internet are always complaining
about e-mail.
Netiquette includes more than good spelling and
grammar. Typing in all upper case is bad as it is the
same as SHOUTING. Not starting your sentences
with capital letters is lazy. Sending e-mails with
'Hello' and 'Thank you' is nice. The Golden Rule is
'Treat others in the same way that you like to be
treated.' Remember, real people read what you type!
Speaking
6 Work in groups. Discuss the 'rules’ of etiquette in
your country. Think about things like greeting,
saying goodbye, queueing, visiting someone’s
home.
4________________________________________________
It is also bad Netiquette to send people spam. This
kind of |1||№11НПФ1 e-mail means people have to
cancel something that they did not ask for in the first
place. When you use Cc:	Вес: you send
other people's e-mail addresses without their
permission. This is an ||j№HMj| of their privacy and
breaks the Golden Rule.
unsolicited
instead of
invasion
Writing
7 Write a paragraph describing common customs
and behaviour in your culture.
I Cet real
Find out some interesting cultural customs of
one of the following: the USA, Britain, Japan,
the Middle East, Thailand. Make notes on what
you found and report back to the class.
Information Technology 29
Computer programming
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1 Have you ever seen a chart like the one in
Exercise 2?
2 Where have you seen one?
3 What kind of information did it give you?
Reading
2 Look at the algorithmic flow chart below. Answer
the questions.
1	Which computer commands does it show?
	and__________________
2	How many decisions does the computer
make?
3	After the user clicks Save, how many times does
the user input data?
The program reads the file
name, format and location.
V
1
3 Read the text about computer programming.
Write the number of the paragraph that gives
you the information.
a a description of machine language
b the greatest problem for computer
programmers	D
c the names of three high-level computer
languages
d a description of an algorithm
e different uses of computers in our lives
□ □□
C] The diagram on the right shows part of a
simple algorithmic flow chart for the Save
command in a computer program. An
algorithm is a set of logical rules that we use
to solve a problem. Computer programmers
often use algorithms to plan their programs,
but the only language a computer
understands without translation is machine
language. This uses the binary system of 1
and 0, which matches the electrical positions
‘on’ and ‘off’. We can also show these
numbers in English by Yes/No or True/False.
О
Machine language is a low-level language
and is very difficult to write. Over the years,
computer scientists have developed many
high-level languages, such as BASIC, C++
and Java. These languages use a computer
code that is similar to English, which makes
them easier to learn. A computer program is
just a set of coded instructions. A computer
translates the code into machine language to
complete a specific task. A computer
receives input, processes data and produces
results, or output, according to the program
code.
Program reads the file
name, format and location.
------7 Input/Output
/ Enter data/display results
E We use computers in many parts of our lives,
and not just in schools or for the Internet.
There are computers in all kinds of electrical
devices, from mobile phones to washing
machines. We can find them in banks,
supermarkets and cars. When programmers
write programs, they have to plan carefully
for every possible kind of error a computer
user can input into the computer. It is
planning for the random behaviour of
humans that makes programming so much
fun.
30
Information Technology
4 Circle the answers yes or no.
1	Programmers use algorithms when writing programs.	yes/no
2	Programmers write programs using the numbers 1 and 0.	yes/no
3	Machine language is a high-level language.	yes/no
4	We only find computer programs in computers.	yes/no
5 Answer the questions.		
1	What is an algorithm?	
2	What does a binary system consist of?	
3	Why are high-level languages easy to learn?	
4	What do computers do with code?	
5	Why must programmers plan carefully?	
Vocabulary
6 Complete the sentences (1-6) with the words in
the box.
according to  behaves  devices  errors
 input  output
1	the bank machine, I have no money
in my bank account.
2	Video and digital cameras are other
that use computers.
3	is any result a computer displays on
a screen or prints from a printer.
4	A computer receives from users
when they click on a command.
5	I made too many in my test so I got
a bad grade.
6	Not everyone logically when things
go wrong with a computer.
7	Choose the correct word.
1	Most people can easily learn a language
and become programmers.
a low-level b high-level c binary
2	You can use a mouse or keyboard to data
into the computer.
a output b input c process
3	Some children very badly when they can’t
have something they want.
a process b solve c behave
4	You can draw for many simple
procedures.
a an algorithm b a code c data
5	Computers programming language into
machine language.
a use b develop c translate
6	A computer can large amounts of data at
very high speeds.
a process b result c complete
Speaking
8	Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1	What kind of errors do you make with
computers?
2	How do you behave when things go wrong with
a computer (or any machine)?
3	How do different people you know behave
when things go wrong?
Writing
9	Draw a flow chart like the one in Exercise 2.
Follow these steps:
•	Choose a simple procedure from the ones in
the box below (or a similar one of your own).
•	Break the procedure down into all the steps
that you have to follow. Think about where the
process starts and ends, and the input from you
and from the outside. When you make a
decision, think of when you say ‘yes’ and when
you say ‘no’, and what happens next.
•	Write exactly what happens at each stage.
•	Draw the flow chart, putting your text into the
different shapes in Exercise 2.
•	Show your flow chart to another student. Does
he / she agree with your steps?
making a cup of tea or coffee  making a
telephone call  sending a text message 
answering the door  playing a cassette or CD
 putting on the washing machine
Get real
Make a list of all the devices that use
computers in your home, in your school,
shops, libraries, banks and offices. During a
day, use your list to make a note of every time
you use something that contains a computer
program. Report back to the class with your
list.
Information Technology 31
26
Videoconferencing
Before you start
1 Make notes to answer the questions.
1	What is videoconferencing used for?
2	What are the advantages and disadvantages of
videoconferencing?
Reading
2 Read the text quickly and match the headings
(а-d) with the video screens (1-4).
a How videoconferencing works
b Uses of videoconferencing
c Guidelines for having a videoconference
d Problems with bandwidth	О
1 A videoconference lets people in different places
see and hear each other at the same time. People
use it for education, business and community
events. Students can learn rteut different
cultures in real time, and go on virtual field trips
without leaving home. Businesses use it for
meetings and job interviews because it saves
money and time in travelling. Libraries and town
halls can use it to bring people together for
community meetings and other special activities.
2 Videoconferencing needs a Web camera and
videoconferencing software. You can use the
Internet, a Local Area Network (LAN) or an
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) to have
a videoconference. A LAN is usually a closed
network connected by wire cables. ISDN uses
telephone lines but needs special ЕВИМ1М
instead of modems to send data.
3 Videoconferencing over the public Internet is not
always ПТ![ЯЯП because the amount of data that
you can send depends onjjgjWMigjJ Public
telephone lines have a low bandwidth and usually
give small videoЛЩцЬН poor picture quality and
slow delivery. plffrapffipl sands more information
over the Internet at faster speeds but it is
expensive.
3 Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1 Businesses use videoconferencing for
meetings.	T/F
2	The high bandwidth on the public Internet
delivers pictures faster.	T/F
3	ISDN sends data using telephone lines.	T/F
4	You should talk and move quickly in a
videoconference.	T/F
5	Grey, cream and light brown are good
colours for videoconferences.	T/F
4 Circle the method of videoconferencing which:
1	needs wire cables.
2	uses adaptors.
3	is usually a closed network.
4	does not use telephone lines.
LAN/ISDN
LAN/ISDN
LAN/ISDN
LAN/ISDN
Vocabulary
5 Complete the sentences (1-6) with the
highlighted
words in the text.
1	let you use electronic devices
anywhere in the world.
2	is expensive but it is better for
videoconferencing.
3	A low gives you poor picture quality.
4	Broadband is more than the public
Internet.
5____________With this software, you can make the video
______________larger.
6	The way you dress can the video
image people see.
Speaking
6 Work in groups. Imagine that you are going to
have a videoconference with a school from
another country.
•	Think of how to introduce yourself.
•	Make up a list of questions to ask the students
about their country.
•	Decide what to show and tell them about your
school, country, customs and culture.
•	Decide what to wear and how to move.
•	Think of how to end your videoconference.
Take turns to practise your videoconference: one
group asks questions and the group answers.
4 Videoconferencing tjcg
•	Keep your eyes on the Web cam to show you
are interested.
•	Move slowly amttaik in a strong, clear voice
because of the smalt time delay in
videoconferencing.
•	Wear dark or neutr colours as bright colours
and patterns can РУФ1 picture quality.
Cet real
Use the Internet to find advice on giving
videoconference presentations. Find out about
using visual displays, what to say when
opening and closing videoconferences and
how to deal with large numbers of people.
Report back to the class.
32 Information Technology
27
Men, women and IT
Before you start
1 Who uses computers and the Internet more, boys
or girls? Can you think of any reasons for this?
Reading
2 Read the text quickly. Write the correct heading
above each section.
Why are boys better at IT? Why is IT important?
Is the world changing? Did you know that...
О IT Today — the interactive e-zine	ЙН
1______________________________________________________________________
•	more men use IT than women?
•	only 33% of the people studying IT are girls?
•	only 4% of computer scientists are women?
This is strange because it's a fact that girls are just
as clever as boys in science and mathematics.
2_____________________________________________
The usual explanation is that boys learn basic
computer skills through video games. Girls do not
usually like these violent and aggressive games, so
boys have earlier experience with computers.
What's more, when the Internet started, men did not
encourage women to join. Many women who use
the Internet complain that men are rude and
unpleasant to them.
3_____________________________________________
•	More than 75% of future jobs will need people
with computer skills.
•	Thousands of companies use the Internet to
advertise job vacancies
• Computers are tools, not just toys, and they can
help everyone get good jobs.
You don't need to be a genius to learn computing. It
just takes practice!
3 Match the charts with the figures from the text
that they illustrate.
1 Girls and boys studying IT L2
2 New Internet users
3 Computer scientists
4 Match the first part of the sentence (1-5) with
second part (a-e).
1 If you want to learn a
computing,
2 Girls prefer playing b
3 You can find a lot c
of jobs
4 It is a fact that d
5 Computers are not e
just toys,
girls are as good as
boys at IT.
by surfing the Internet,
you must practise a lot.
but they enable you to
do many things.
interesting and
creative video games.
Vocabulary
5 Circle the word in each group that is different.
1	imaginative	creative	boring	interesting
2	help	encourage	support	stop
3	fact	opinion	belief	idea
4	typical	strange	unusual	unlike
5	aggressive	rude	unpleasant	nice
6	violent	peaceful	gentle	helpful
7	silly	genius	intelligent	clever
8	complain	promise	guarantee	agree
Speaking
6 Describe some computer games that you like.
Are they more for boys, girls or both? Say why.
4	>
Yes1 51% of new Internet users are women. More
people are using Netiquette, which encourages
women and girls to go online. More girls are
learning computing, and programmers are designing :»
imaginative and non-violent games that are fun and ~
exciting to play.	L-
Get real
Girls Find and play a video game that you
think is more for boys.
Boys Find and play a video game that you
think is more for girls.
Report back to the class, saying whether you
liked the game or not, and why.
Information Technology 33
28
Careers in IT
Before you start
1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
1	What are your plans when you finish school?
2	Do you want to use, or think you will need to
use, IT in your job?
3	Make a list of jobs which use IT.
Reading
2 Read the quotes and write the name of the
students by the jobs they want.
1	Web designer
2	Computer programmer
3	Database administrator
4	E-commerce manager
Martin
Peter
Katie
 f'm 'nt“rested in writing software.
My friends say I'm a techno-nerd
because I prefer working with
computeis ie people. Money is
important but I'd rather do a |ob i
enjoy. I warn ш wke a о^апсе-
karniec cnijrse so 1 cv study at
1-.лие.у
. I like shopping and I think the future
of business is on the Internet. I'm
good with computers but I also like
working with people. I'd like to
manage my own online company.
This will give me a lot of
responsibility. E-commerce comes
with risks, but the rewards are high
when you succeed.
Many people like Web design, but I
think data management gives more
job security. There is so much
information on the Intetrtet, ,-uMi
CufflflWieS need people who knnuv
hiswtn store, manage and retrieve
data. I v«ant to get my degree ano
work for a geot? company. 
I'm using JavaScript to make my
website more interactive. After
college. I'd like to try telecommuting.
This is working at home, using
e-mail to communicate with clients.
I want freedom, flexibility and long
holidays, which you don't get by
working in an office.
3 Write E, К, M or P. Which student:
1	wants to work at home?
2	wants a secure job?
3	does not want to study in college?
4	wants to choose when to work?
5	wants to manage people?
6	likes working with data?
7	wants to be rich and successful?
8	uses a coding system for web pages?
Vocabulary
4 Underline the ways of expressing like or want in
the quotes, then choose the correct answer.
1	telecommuting to working in an office.
a I’d rather b I prefer с I like
2	to do a distance-learning course.
a I’d prefer b I’d rather с I don’t like
3	working long hours all the time.
a I’d prefer b I don’t like c It’s good
4	to work with computers all day as I think
it would be boring.
a I’d rather not b I wouldn’t like с I don’t like
5	be a rich techno-nerd than poor and
popular.
a I’d rather b 1 prefer с I like
6	in being a secretary. I want a better job.
a I’m not interested b I’m thinking of
с I don’t like
Speaking
5 Work in groups. Rank the things you want from a
job: 1 = most important, 10 = least important.
a high salary  flexible working hours
	responsibility  interest or enjoyment
	a nice office  telecommuting
	long holidays  working with people
	security  excitement/risk
	good benefits, e.g. a company car, gym
membership
Writing
6 Write a paragraph to say what kind of job you
would like, and why.
Cet real
Choose an area of IT that you are interested in.
Find information about courses offered by
colleges and universities. Find other areas
where there are jobs in IT. Report back to the
class on what you need to start the course or to
get a good job.
34
Information Technology
Glossary
Note: Definitions taken or adapted from the
Oxford Student's Dictionary © Oxford University Press. ISBN 0 19 431517 7.
Short forms			
[C]	countable	adv	adverb
[U]	uncountable	prep	preposition
[pll	plural	sb	somebody
adj	adjective	sth	something
A
access /'akses/ verb to be able to open a
file, website, program, database, etc.
accessory/эк sesari/ noun [C] an extra
item that is added to sth and is useful
or attractive but important
according to /a'kardnj ta; before vowels
tu/ prep in a way that matches, follows
or depends on sth
adaptor /a'daspta/ noun [C] a device
for connecting pieces of electrical
equipment that were not designed to
be fitted together
adjust /a'd^Ast/ verb to change sth slightly
affect /a'fekt/ verb to make sb/sth change
in a particular way; to influence sb/sth
algorithm /'alganbam/ noun [C] a set of
steps or instructions for solving a
particular problem
align /a'lain/ verb to arrange things in a
straight line
animation /.ani meijn/ noun [C] a
moving cartoon
antenna /am'tena/ noun [C] a piece of
equipment on a mobile phone, etc. that
is used for sending and receiving
communications signals
appear /a'pia/ verb to come into view so
that you can see sb/sth
application /.«pli'keifn/ noun [C] a
program that is designed to do a
particular job
ASCII /'eeski/ abbr American Standard
Code for Information Interchange;
a code used to represent English
characters as numbers so that data can
be moved between computers that use
different programs
attachment /a'taetfmant/ noun [C] a
document or file that you send to sb
using e-mail
audio /'a.-diao/ ad] connected with the
recording of sound
automatically/,a:ta'mastikli/ adv
happening by itself, without needing a
person to operate any controls
В
background / beekgraund/ noun [C] the
picture or colour on the first screen that
appears when you turn on the
computer (= the desktop)
back-up /'Ьаеклр/ noun [U,C] a copy of
a computer file, etc. that can be used
if the original is lost or damaged
> back sth up phrasal verb to make a
copy of a computer file, program, etc.
that can be used in case the main one
fails or needs extra support
band mode /'band maud/ noun [C] a
control or setting on a mobile phone
which can be set at ‘digital’ or ‘dual’
bandwidth /'bandwidO/ noun [C,U] the
amount of data that can be sent or
received in a fixed amount of time by
a communications channel, for
example wires or radio waves. The
higher the bandwidth, the faster the
communications channel can transmit
the data.
bill /bil/ noun [C] a piece of paper that
shows you how much money you owe
sb for goods or services
binary /'bainari/ adj using only 0 and 1
as a system of numbers; the binary
system
blink /blnjk/ verb (used about a light, text
etc.) to come on and go off again
quickly
Broadband /'bra:dband/ noun [U] a
communications medium that allows
several channels of information, such
as cable TV and Internet access, to pass
through a single cable at the same time
browse /brauz/ verb to look for or look at
information on the Internet
browser /'brauza/ (also Web browser)
noun [C] a program that lets you look
at documents on the Internet
button /'bAtn/ noun [C] (on computer
screens) a small box that a user clicks,
using a mouse, to tell the computer to
do sth. A mouse also has left and right
buttons.
C
carbon copy/,ku.'ban 'kopi/ noun [C]
(abbr cc) a copy of a letter, an e-mail,
etc. that is sent to sb else as well as the
person it is addressed to
categorize /'katagaraiz/ verb to divide
people or things into groups
CD-rewriter /si: ,di: ri: raita/ noun [C]
(abbr CD-RW) a device that can be
attached to a computer and that can
read and write to writable disks
CD-ROM /.sir di: rom/ abbr compact
disc read-only memory; a CD, for use
on a computer, which has data
recorded on it. The data cannot be
changed or removed, unlike CD-RW
disks, on which data can be changed.
character /'karakta/ noun [C] a single
letter, number or space that is typed in
a computer document
chat room /' tjaet rum/ noun [C] a virtual
room on the Internet where people can
communicate with each other
click /khk/ verb click (sth/ on sth) to
press one of the buttons on a mouse to
start an action on screen: to click (on) a
button/а hyperlink
client /'klaiant/ noun [С] 1 a computer
that is linked to a server and so can
connect to a network to ask for files
such as e-mail messages, Web pages
and programs, and can also access
stored data 2 a person who uses the
services or advice of a professional
person or an organization
clip art /'klip u:t/ noun [U] electronic
images which you can download from
the Internet or copy from CD-ROMs
clipboard /'klipba:d/ noun [C] a file or
memory area where computer data is
kept for a short time while the user cuts
or copies sth from an open document
code /kaud/ noun [U] a set of written
computer instructions
coding system /'kaudirj sistam/ noun [C]
a way of representing data
combine /kam'bain/ verb to join or mix
two or more things together
command /ka'mamd/ noun [C] an
instruction that tells a computer what
to do
commerce /'komais/ noun [C] the
business of buying and selling things
communication /ka.mjumr'keijn/ noun
[U] the act of sharing or exchanging
information, ideas or feelings
compatible /kam'patabl/ adj able to be
used together
component/kam'paunant/ noun [C] one
of several parts of which a machine,
etc. is made
compose /kam'pauz/ verb to produce a
piece of writing, etc.
computer programmer /kam,pju:ta
'praugrama/ noun [C] a person whose
job is to write programs for a computer
confident /'konfidant/ adj feeling or
showing that you are sure about your
own abilities, opinions, etc.
confusing /kan'fju:zirj/ adj difficult to
understand; not clear
connection /ka'nekjn/ noun [C,U] a
point, especially in an electrical system,
where two parts connect; the state of
being connected together
consistent /kan'sistant/ adj not changing;
always having the same opinions,
standards, etc.
consumer /кэп sju:ma/ noun [C] a person
who buys things or uses services
convenient /kan'virniant/ adj suitable or
practical for a particular purpose; not
causing difficulty
copyright law /'kopirait la:/ noun [C,U] a
law which gives sb the legal right to
print, copy, etc. a piece of original work
counter /'kaunta/ noun [C] an electronic
device or computer program for
counting sth
CPU/ ,si: pi: ju:/ abbrcentral
processing unit; the part of a
computer that controls all the other
parts of the system, such as memory,
speed and power supply
crash /к raj/ verb (used about a computer)
to suddenly stop working
cross-platform /,kros platform/ adj
(used about programs or hardware)
that can be used in different operating
systems
cursor /'kaisa/ noun [C] the small
flashing mark on a computer screen
that shows where the next character (=
letter or number) on the screen will be
displayed
custom /'kAstam/ noun [C,U] a way of
behaving which a particular group or
society has had for a long time
cut /kxt/ verb to remove sth or part of sth
on a computer screen
Information Technology 35
cyberspace /'saibaspeis/ noun [U] the
virtual place where electronic
messages, pictures, etc. exist while they
are being sent between computers
D
data /'da:ta/ noun [U] information that is
stored by a computer
database /'deitabeis/ noun [C] a
collection of data organized in a way
that allows you to access, retrieve and
use it
database administrator /'deitabeis
ad.ministreita/ noun [C] a person whose
job is to design and manage a database
deal with sth phrasal verb to carry out a
task or take care of sth
decrease /di'kriis/ verb to make sth
smaller or less
default /di'fodt; ’dii/ noun [U, C] what
usually happens or appears on a
computer screen if you do not make
any other choice or change: You can
change the default settings > default
verb
delete /di'liit/ verb to remove sth that has
been stored on a computer
design /di'zain/ noun [C,U] (the process
or skill of making) a drawing or plan
that shows how sth new will be made,
how it will work, etc.
desktop /'desktop/ noun [C] the first
screen that appears when you turn on
your computer and which displays
icons that represent files, folders,
documents, etc.
desktop publishing /.desktop 'рлЫфг)/
(abbr DTP /.di: ti: 'pi:/) noun [U] using
a personal computer to produce
books, magazines, etc.
detachable /di'teetjabl/ adj that can be
taken off
develop /di'velap/ verb to make sth grow
slowly, increase or change into sth else
device /di'vais/ noun [C] a tool or a piece
of equipment made for a particular
purpose
dialog box /'daialog boks/ noun [C] a box
that appears on a computer screen
asking you to choose what you want to
do next by typing or clicking buttons
digital /'didsitl/ adj using an electronic
system that uses the numbers 1 and 0
to store data: a digital camera
dimension /di'menfn/ noun [C] a
measurement in space, for example the
height, width or length of sth
directory/da'rektari/ noun [C] a list of
the files or programs stored on a
computer’s hard drive
Display/di'spier/ noun [sing] a particular
feature of Windows® that lets you
change the way your computer screen
looks by choosing your own
background, screen saver, etc.
display screen/di'spier skri:n/ noun [C]
the window where words, pictures, etc.
are shown on a mobile phone
distance learning/.distans 'hinnj/ noun
[U] the act of studying a subject or
preparing for an exam from your home,
away from a school or university
DNS/.di: en 'es/ abbr Domain Name
Service; an Internet service that reads
an e-mail address and translates it into
a number (the IP address) that
matches the e-mail address
domain name /da'mem nerm/ noun [C]
an IP (= Internet Protocol) address,
written using text. It must have at least
two parts, for example ‘hotmail.com’.
double-click /.dAbl 'klik/ verb (double-
click sth/on sth) to press one of the
buttons on a mouse twice quickly in
order to start an action on screen:
double-click (on) a button/hyperlink
download/.daon'laod/ verb to copy data,
such as a file, Web page or computer
program from the Internet onto your
computer
draft /druift/ noun [C] a piece of writing,
etc. which will probably be changed
and improved before the final version
drive /draiv/ noun [C] the part of the
computer that reads and stores
information on disks
drop-down menu/.drop daon 'menju:/
noun [C] a list of possible choices that
appears on a computer screen when
you click on a title at the top
dual /'djnial/ adj having or using two
parts or aspects
I E
e-commerce /'iikomais/ noun [U] the
buying and selling of goods and
services on the Internet
edit /'edit/ verb to prepare a piece of text
to be published, making sure that it is
correct, the right length, etc.
else /els/ adv (used after words formed
with any-, no-, some-, and after
question words) another, different
person, thing or place
e-mail (also email) /'iimeil/ noun [C,U]
1 [U] a way of sending electronic
messages or data from one computer to
another 2 [C,U] a message or messages
sent by e-mail > e-mail verb
emoticon /I'mautikon/ noun [C] a group
of keyboard symbols that represent the
expression on sb’s face, used in e-mail,
etc. to show the feelings of the person
sending the message, for example:-)
represents a smiling face
empty /'empti/ adj with nothing inside
EPS/.i: pi: 'es/ abbr Encapsulated Post
Script; EPS is part of the Adobe®
Systems file format that you can use
with most desktop publishing and
image editing programs
erase /i'reiz/ verb to remove all or part of
an image in an image editing
program
exclude /ik’skluid/ verb to leave out or
not include sb/sth in sth
existing /ig 'zistiq/ adj that is already
there or being used; present
export /ik’spo:t/ verb to format data so
that it can be used by another
application
e-zine /'i: zi:n/ noun [C] an interactive
magazine on the Internet
F
faceplate /'feispleit/ noun [C] the front
part of a mobile phone
FAQ/,ef ei 'kju:/ abbr (used in writing)
frequently asked question(s)
feature /'fiitfa/ noun [C] something
important, interesting or typical of a
place or thing
fee Ifi-J noun [C] the money you pay for a
service or for professional advice
field /fuld/ noun [C] a text box where you
type in words or data
file /fail/ noun [C] a collection of
information, such as a Word document
or a picture, which is stored in a
computer, under a particular name
file extension /'fail ik.stenfn/ noun [C]
the last part of a file name, which
shows you the format of the file, for
example .avi for video, .doc for MS
Word files, etc.
fit /fit/ verb to be the right size or shape
for sb/sth
flame /Heim/ noun [C] (slang) a hurtful or
insulting message that is sent to sb on
the Internet > flame verb
Flash™ /Паф noun [U] an interactive
animation technology developed by
Macromedia Inc
flip cover/'flip клуэ/ noun [C] a cover for
a mobile phone that you can open or
close by turning it over
floppy disk/.flop! 'disk/ noun [C] aflat
disk inside a plastic cover, that is used
to store information (data) in a form
that a computer can read, and that can
be removed from the computer
folder /'faolda/ noun [C] a place where a
number of computer files or
documents can be stored together
font /font/ noun [C] the particular style of
a set of letters that are used in printing,
etc., such as Times New Roman
format/'format/ verb to change or
arrange text in a particular way on a
page or screen
frame /freim/ noun [С] 1 (in
videoconferencing) a single image in a
video clip 2 (in HTML) a box which
divides a browser into different
sections. Each frame is a different Web
page. 3 (in DTP applications) a box
containing text or pictures
freeware /'friiwea/ noun [U] software
which you can download free from the
Internet, without having to pay for it
FTP/.ef ti: 'pi:/ abbr File Transfer
Protocol; a set of rules that lets you
move files from one place to another
over a network. An FTP server is the
computer that uploads and downloads
files.
function /'fMjkfn/ noun [C] the purpose
or special activity of sth/sb
G
generate /'dsenareit/ verb to create or
produce sth
GIF /gif/ abbr Graphics Interchange
Format; a file format that is good for
pictures or images that only use a few
colours
36 Information Technology
gigabyte/'gigabait/ noun [C] (a№rGB| a
unit of measurement used to measure
the size of the hard disk. 1 gigabyte =
1,024 megabytes.
gigahertz /'gigahaits/ noun [C] (abbr
GHz) a unit for measuring the speed of
a CPU. One GHz represents one billion
cycles per second.
graphics /'grafiks/ noun [pl] pictures or
images that are used especially in the
design of magazines, Web pages, etc.
guarantee /.garan'ti:/ noun [C] a firm
promise that sth will be done or that
sth will happen
hard disk/,hu:d 'disk/ noun [C] a disk
inside a computer that stores all the
data and programs in the computer
hardware /’haidwea/ noun [U] the
machinery and electronic parts of a
computer system that you can touch,
such as the keyboard, the CPU, etc.
high level language / hat levl 'lanjgvvidj/
noun [C| a programming language
which is closer to human language than
low-level computer languages, such as
machine language
highlight /'hailait/ verb to mark part of a
text with a special coloured pen, or to
mark an area on a computer screen to
emphasize it or make it easier to see
home page /'haum peidj/ noun [C] the
first of a number of pages of
information on the Internet that
belongs to a person or an organization.
A home page contains connections
(links) to other pages of information.
HTML /,eitj ti: em 'el/ abbr Hyper Text
Mark up Language; a system (a Web
authoring language) used to create
documents for the World Wide Web
HTTP/.eitJ ti: ti: 'pi:/ abbr Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol; the protocol (=
rules) used to send and receive data on
the World Wide Web
hyperlink/'haipalirjk/ noun [C] a
connection to a Web page or part of a
Web page
I
icon /'aiknn/ noun [C] a small symbol on
a computer screen which represents a
program, or a file
illegal /i'li:gl/ adj against the law
image /'imidj/ noun [C] a copy or picture
of sth seen on a computer
import /пп'рэП/ verb to use data
produced by another application
income /'inkam/ noun [C,U] the money
that you receive regularly as payment
for your work
incoming/'mkAmit;/ adj arriving
somewhere, or being received
increase /m'kri:s/ verb to make sth bigger
or greater
information technology /.infa'meijn
tek nnbdji/ (abbrIT /,ai 'ti:/) noun [U]
the study or use of electronic
equipment, especially computers, for
collecting, storing and sending out
information
input /'mpot/ noun [U] the act of putting
information into a computer
insert /in s3:t/ verb to put sth into sth or
between two things
instant /'instant/ adj happening
immediately
instead of /in 'sted av/ adv, prep in the
place of sb/sth
integrate /'intigreit/ verb to join things
together so that they become one thing
or work together
interact /.intar'askt/ verb (used about a
computer system and its user) to
communicate directly with each other
> interaction /.intar'akjn/ noun [U,C[
interactive /.mtar'asktiv/ adj involving
direct communication between a
computer and the person using it
Internet /'inlonet/ noun [sing] (the
Internet) a worldwide network that
connects millions of computers
Internet Protocol Address /.mtanet
'prautakol adres/ (also IP address)
noun [C] a number used to identify a
computer or device on a network
invasion /m'vei^n/ noun [C] the action of
entering a place where you are not
wanted and disturbing sb: Such actions
are an invasion of privacy.
ISDN/.ai es ,di: 'en/ abbr Integrated
Services Digital Network; an
international communications
standard for sending data over digital
telephone lines
J
JavaScript /'djmvasknpt/ noun [U] a
simple programming language that
allows Web authors to design
interactive Web pages
JPEG /'dseipeg/ abbr Joint Photographic
Expert Group; a file type for storing
photographs and images
junk mail /'d^Aijk meil/ noun [U]
advertisements, etc. sent by post to
people who have not asked for them
К
keyboard /’ki:bo:d/ noun [C] the set of
buttons (keys) that you press to
operate a computer
keypad /'ki:paed/ noun [C] a very small
keyboard or set of buttons used for
operating a small electronic device
such as a mobile phone
keyword / ki:w3:d/ noun [C] a word or
phrase that you type in when using a
search engine to look for information
on the Internet
IK.
LAN /1геп/ abbr local area network; a
network of computers within a single
building or group of nearby buildings
link /lirjk/ verb to make a connection
between two or more people or things
locate /lau'keit/ verb to find the exact
position of sb/sth
location /lau'keijn/ noun [C] a place
where sth happens or exists
logical operator/,lod3ikl opareita/ noun
[C] a word (such as and, or, not) that is
used in programming languages, when
using search engines, etc. to give a
computer more exact instructions
about what it should look for or do
M
machine language/ma'JTm laqgwid^/
noun [C] a low-level computer
language that is only made up of Is and
Os. It is the only language that a
computer understands.
mall server /'meil s3:va/ noun [C] a
computer and/or software that runs an
e-mail system
main /mein/ adj most important
manual /'meenjual/ adj done or
controlled by hand rather than
automatically
maximize /'ma-ksimaiz/ verb to make one
window on a computer screen bigger in
size, so that it covers the whole screen
means /mi:nz/ noun [C] a method of
doing sth
megabyte /'megabait/ noun [C] (abbr
MB) a unit for measuring computer
memory. 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 bytes.
1 byte = 1 single typed letter, number or
space (character).
megahertz / 'megahsits/ noun [C] (pl
megahertz) (abbr MHz) a unit for
measuring the speed of a CPU. One
MHz represents one million cycles per
second.
menu bar /'menju: ba:/ noun [C] a row of
words or commands (File, Edit, etc.)
that are shown at the top of a computer
screen
minimize /'mirnmaiz/ verb to make a
window on a computer into an icon
mobile phone /.maubail faun/ (also
’mobile) noun [C] a small telephone
without any wires that works by radio
and that you can carry around with you
modem /'maudem/ noun [C] a device
that connects a computer to the
Internet. It changes computer data
into sound which can be sent over
telephone lines.
monitor /'mnnita/ noun [C] a separate
part of a PC with a large screen that
shows information from the computer
mouse /maos/ noun [C] a’small device
that you move across a surface with
your hand to control the movement of
the cursor
multilingual /.mAlti'liqgwal/ adj for or
including people of many different
languages and races
multimedia/,mAlti‘mi:dia/ adj using
sound, pictures and video in addition
to text on a screen
multiple /'mAltipl/ adj involving more
than one person or thing; having many
parts
N
narrow /'narau/ verb to make sth smaller
or less wide
Information Technology 37
navigate /'nasvigeit/ verb to use a map,
etc. to move around a place or find
your way somewhere
navigation/.neevi geijn/noun [U] the
ability to find your way easily around
somewhere / something
navigation bar / nasvi'geifn ba:/ noun [C]
the list of words or images at the top,
bottom or side of a home page that
shows you where to find everything on
a website
network /'netwaik/ noun [C] a number of
computers and other devices that are
connected together so that equipment
and information can be shared
notebook /'naotbuk/ noun [C] (also
laptop /'laptop/) a small personal
computer that you can carry
О
offline /, of lam/ adj, adv not connected
to the Internet
online /.on'lam/ adj, adv connected to
the Internet
online community/on,lain ka'mjumati/
noun [C] a group of people who all
have sth in common and who meet and
communicate regularly on the Internet
operate /'opareit/ verb to manage or use
sth; to do business
optional /'opfanl/ adj that you can
choose to do or not do
organize /'o:ganaiz/ verb to put sth in
order; to tidy sth
original /a'ndsanl/ adj new and
interesting; different from its type
originate /э ridjmeit/ verb to happen or
appear for the first time in a particular
place or situation
outgoing /'aotgaoir;/ adj going away
from a particular place, or being sent
output /'autpot/ noun [U,C] the
information that a computer produces
P
paint /peint/ verb to electronically fill
an area with colour using an image
editing tool
password /'pa:sw3:d/ noun [C] a secret
word or series of numbers that you type
into a text box in order to use a
program or a computer
paste /peist/ verb to copy or move text
or graphics into a document from
somewhere else
PC/.pi: 'si:/ abbr personal computer;
the general term used for a computer,
which usually consists of a monitor, a
tower, a keyboard and a mouse
peer-to-peer /,рю ta 'pia/ adj from one
individual computer user to another,
without using a central server
performance/pa'fo:mans/ noun [U] how
well or badly a computer, machine, etc.
works or does sth
peripheral /pa'nfaral/ noun [C] any piece
of hardware (= machinery, etc. that
forms part of or connects to a
computer) apart from the CPU and the
working memory (RAM)
personal information /,рз:зап1
.infa'meijn/ noun [U] details about
yourself; where you live, your phone
number, etc.
personalize /'pr-csonolaiz/ verb to design
or change sth so that it is suitable for
the needs of one particular person
PICT abbr a file format for graphics,
designed for Apple Macintosh
computers
plug-in /'р1лдт/ noun [C] a program, a
file or hardware component that adds
a specific feature to a computer system
pointer /'points/ noun [C] a small arrow
on a computer screen that you move by
moving the mouse
pop-up ad /,рор лр 'eed/ noun [C] an
advertisement that suddenly appears
when you are surfing the Internet
printer /'prints/ noun [C] a machine that
is connected to a computer and that
prints on paper
privacy/'privssi/ noun [U] the state of
not being seen or disturbed by other
people
privacy policy/'privssi pnlssi/ noun [C] a
plan of action agreed by a company,
which promises that any personal
information you give to that company
will not be passed on to anyone else
procedure /prs'siidss/ noun [C, U] a way
of doing sth
process /'prsoses/ verb (used about a
computer) to read data and use it to
perform a series of tasks (operations)
program /'ргэодггет/ verb to give a set of
instructions to a computer to make it
perform a particular task
protocol /'prsutaknl/ noun [C] a system
of rules for transmitting data between
two devices, for example Post Office
Protocol
R
RAM /ram/ abbr random access
memory; computer memory in which
data can be changed or removed and
then looked at in any order. When you
switch the computer off, you lose all
the data in the RAM.
random /'raendsm/ adj done, chosen, etc.
without sb thinking or deciding in
advance what is going to happen
real time/,ri:sl 1 taim/ noun [U] the fact
that there is only a very short time
between a computer system receiving
information and dealing with it, so that
things almost happen live
recipient/n'sipisnt/ noun [C] a person
who receives sth
Recycle Bin/,ri:'saikl bin/ noun [sing]
the folder in MicrosoftWindows®
where files or programs that have been
deleted or removed are stored
register /'redgists/ verb to put your name
on an official list to ask for or join sth
related /ri'leitid/ adj connected with
sb/sth
relevant /'relevant/ adj connected with
what is happening or being talked
about
reliable /n'laiabl/ adj that you can trust
removable disk /ri,mu:vabl 'disk/ noun
[C] a disk that stores data and that can
be taken out of the computer and
carried about with you
restore /ri'sto:/ verb to put sth back into
the position or condition it was in
before
retailer /'ri:teila/ noun [C] a person or
company who sells goods to the public
retrieve /n'trirv/ verb (used about a
computer) to find information that has
been stored
ring tone/'пр tson/ noun [C] the sound
or music that you program your mobile
phone to play in order to tell you that
sb is phoning you
rotate /rso’teit/ verb to make sth turn in a
circle around a central point
run /глп/ verb to use a computer program
S
save /seiv/ verb to make a computer store
and keep data
Save as type noun [U] the instruction or
command that tells a computer how (=
in what file format) you want it to
store a particular file
Save in noun [U] the instruction or
command that tells a computer where
(= on which drive, in which folder, etc.)
you want it to store or keep a file
scanner /'sksena/ noun [C] a piece of
computer hardware that can read
images on paper and change the
information into data that a computer
can use
screen saver /'skrim 'serve/ noun [C] a
program that runs a moving image on a
computer screen when the keyboard
and the mouse are not being used
scroll bar /'skrsul ba:/ noun [C] a tool on
a computer screen that you use to
move the text up and down or left and
right
scroll key /'skraol ki:/ noun [C] one of
the buttons (keys) on a mobile phone
which you press in order to move up or
down inside the display screen
search /s3:tj7 verb to examine sth
carefully because you are looking for
sth > search noun [C]
search engine /'ss:tj endsin/ noun [C] a
program (such as Google™ or Alta
Vista™) that lets you search the World
Wide Web for information
secure /si'kjos/ adj safe, well protected or
locked
security/si'kjusrsti/ noun [U] the state of
being safe and protected from danger,
thieves,' etc.
server /'s3:vs/ noun [C] a central
computer that lets people access
information on a network and that
stores data and programs centrally.
There are many types of servers, such
as POP3 servers, network servers and
Web servers.
setting /'setir;/ noun [C] one of the
positions of the controls of a computer
that control the way sth looks or works
and that can be changed by the user:
paragraph settings
38 Information Technology
share /Jea/ verb to divide sth between two
or more people
shareware /’Jeawea/ noun [U] software
which you can download from the
Internet without having to pay for it
until you have tried it for a time and
decided that you want to continue to
use it
shortcut /'JoitkAt/ noun an icon that
opens a program. A shortcut key is a
keyboard operation that starts a
command (for example pressing Cntl
and S together to save a document).
An underscore (e.g. Save) shows a
shortcut key in the menu bar. Shortcuts
vary between computers and programs.
simulation /.srmju'leijn/ noun [C,U] the
creating of certain conditions that exist
in real life using computers, etc.,
usually for study or training purposes
small talk/'smo:l to:k/ noun [U] polite
conversation, for example at a social
event, about unimportant things
SMS /,es em 'es/ abbr Short Message
Service (or Simple Message Service);
a service for sending text messages on
mobile phones
software /'snftwea/ noun [U] the
programs used by a computer
source /sa:s/ noun [C] a place, person or
thing where sth comes or starts from or
where you can get sth
spam /speem/ noun [U] advertising
materia], etc. that is sent by e-mail to
people who have not asked for it
special effects /,spefl r'fekts/ noun [pl]
effects that can be created by computer
graphics
specific /spa'sifik/ adj clear and exact
specification /.spcsifi'keijn/ noun [C] a
detailed description of how sth is, or
should be, designed or made
stand for sth phrasal verb to be an
abbreviation or symbol of sth
stand-alone /'stand alaon/ adj able to be
operated on its own without being
connected to a larger system
standard /'standad adj normal or
average
store /stai/ verb to keep information or
data in a computer’s memory
structure /'strAktJa/ verb to plan or build
sth in an organized way
stylish /' sta 11r [7 adj fashionable and
attractive
subject /'sAbd3ikt/ noun [C] the topic or
heading of an e-mail; the person or
thing that is being talked about
support /sa'pait/ noun [C] help and
encouragement that you give to a
person or thing
surf /s3:f/ verb to look for or look at
information on the Internet
swap /swop/ verb to give sth to sb else in
exchange for sth
system /'sistom/ noun [C] a particular
way of doing sth
T
techno-nerd /'teknaonsid/ noun [C] a
person who spends all his/her time on
the Internet or working with new
technology
template I templeit/ noun [C] a plan of
sth that is used as a model for
producing other similar examples
text box /'tekst bnks/ noun [C] a box that
appears on a computer screen where a
user can type in text or information
text editor /'tekst edits/ noun [C] a
program, such as Notepad, that allows
you to write and edit text files
text message /'tekst mesidj/ noun |C] a
written message that is sent from one
mobile phone to another
text wrap /'tekst rasp/ noun [U] the act or
process of arranging words around a
picture or inside a shape in DTP
programs
thesaurus /Oi'sairas/ noun [C] a book that
is like a dictionary, but in which words
are arranged in groups that have
similar meanings
3-D /,0ri: 'dir/ adj having length, width
and height
TIFF /tif/ abbr Tagged Image File
Format; a file format for storing
photographs and images
tool /turl/ noun [C] a thing that helps you
to do your job or to achieve sth
toolbar /'tuilba:/ noun [C] a row of
symbols (icons), usually below the
menu bar, that represent the different
commands or tools that a user needs to
use a program
tower /Таиэ/ noun [C] a metal box that
contains the CPU, hard disk drive and
power supply for a PC
transaction /tran'zaskfn/ noun [C] a
piece of business that is done between
people
transfer /trams'(и:/ verb to move sth from
one place to another
translate /trans'leit/ verb to change sth
written from one language into another
transmission /trans'mijn/ noun [U] the
action of sending sth out from one
person, machine or thing to another
trial membership /.traial 'membajip/
noun [C] the state of being a member
of a group, club, organization, etc. for a
short period of time as a test, so that
you can decide if you would like to
continue permanently
U
underscore /.Anda’ska:/ verb to underline
sth > underscore noun [C]
unsolicited /.Aiisa'lisitid/ adj not asked
for
untitled /.An'taitld/ adj having no title or
name. A graphics program will usually
store a file as ‘untitled’ if no other name
is given.
upload /.Ap'laod/ verb to copy a
computer file from one computer
system to another, usually on the
Internet
URL/Ju: a:r el/rtb/ir Uniform/Universal
Resource Locator; the address of a
World Wide Web page. URLs connect
files across the Web.
utility /jur'tilati/ noun [C] a program or
part of a program that does a particular
task or service
V
videoconferencing/’vidiaokonfaransir)/
noun [U] a system that allows people in
different parts of the world to have a
meeting by watching and listening to
each other using video screens
view /vju:/ verb to look at or be able to
see sth
virtual /’v3:tjual/ adj made to appear to
exist
virtual reality /.vartjual ri'alati/ noun [U]
images created by a computer that
appear to surround the person looking
at them and seem almost real
virus /'vairas/ noun [C] a computer
program that attaches itself to another
program in order to destroy files or
damage the hard disk of the computer
voicemail /'vaismeil/ noun [U] an
electronic system which can store
telephone messages, so that sb can
listen to them later
w
Web camera/'web кжтэгэ/) (also
Webcam; webcam /'webkam/) noun
[C] a video camera connected to a
computer that is connected to the
Internet, so that its images can be seen
by Internet users
Web design /'web dizain/ noun [U] the
job or activity of drawing or planning
Web pages
Web page /'web peid^/ noun [C] a
collection of text, pictures, sound etc.
that you see in a window on your
screen when you visit a website. A
website consists of several Web pages.
Web-authoring /'web o:0arirj/ noun [U]
the process of creating Web pages by
writing HTML code (= an authoring
language)
Web-based /'web beist/ adj connected to,
or made available via, the Internet and
the World Wide Web
website /'websait/ noun [C] a place
connected to the Internet, where a
company, an organization, etc. puts
information that can be found on the
World Wide Web
Wi-Fi /'wai fai/ noun |U) Wireless
Fidelity; a wireless technology for
computers
wire cable /.waia 'keibl/ noun [C] a type
of cable used to connect computers
word processor /'w3:d .praosesa/ noun
[C] a program or computer that lets
you carry out word-processing
functions
(the) World Wide Web /,w3:ld waid 'web/
(also the Web) noun [sing] (abbr
WWW/,dAblju: dAbljui 'dAblju:/)a
worldwide collection of electronic
documents formatted in HTML
Information Technology 39
OXFORD
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First published 2003
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Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility for the content
is BN-13: 978 о 19 438826 9
isBN-io: 0194388263
Printed in China
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors and publishers are very grateful to the teachers who read and
piloted material and gave invaluable feedback.
Geert Claeys, Pavla Cipova, Blanka Klimova, Hana Sedlakova, Alena Steklova
We would like to thank thefollowingfor their kind permission to reproduce photographs
and other copyright material:
Photodisc Royalty Free pp 10,12 (Andrea), 19,25 (boy, Xmas trees, cat), 33, 34
(Elissa, Katie)
Corbis Royalty Free pp 12 (Lida, Jarek), 25 (girl), 34 (Martin, Petr)
Illustrations by:
Jeremy Banx p 31
Peter Harper pp 2,4,13
All other technical illustrations by Keith Shaw
Original references for the illustrations on pages 13,16,19,21,25.30 and 33
were provided by the author.
Help! I don't know how
to wrap text.
What is the difference
between GIFs, JPEGs
and TIFFs?
What is the
Golden Rule of
Netiquette?
Why do I need a 'handle'
to join an online community?
What is
'peer to peer'
software?
Does it matter what you wear
for a videoconference meeting?
What you need is a
Workshop!
The Workshop series gives lower-intermediate students a practical foundation
for the English they need in the real world.
You can use the 25-30 self-contained lessons in the classroom or at home.
They include the authentic texts, skills practice, functional language, and
vocabulary needed for all the important topics on a vocational school syllabus.
Titles in the series include:
Business and Commerce Workshop
Engineering Workshop
Information Technology Workshop
Tourism and Catering Workshop
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD ENGLISH
ISBN 0-19-438826-3
www.oup.com/elt
780194
388269