ǬȐȔȐȚȘȐȑ
DzǻǯǵǭǾǶǪ
ǭdzǰǯǨǪǭǺǨ
ȐȓȐ
ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ Ȗ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ
șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȍȑ
Salamandra P.V.V.

DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ Ǭ ǰ.
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ Ȗ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȍȑ
ǷȘȍȌȐșȓ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ — ǩ Ȕ: Salamandra
P.V.V., 2021. — 80 c. Ȑȓȓ – (Polaris ǷțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȐȒȓȦ-
ȟȍȕȐȧ ȜȈȕȚȈșȚȐȒȈ Ǫȣȗ CǹǹǽǹVIII).
©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈª ȏȈȉȣȚȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒȈ 920-ȝ ȋȋ Ǭ Dzțȏ-
ȕȍȞȖȊȈ — ȐȏȖȡȘȍȕȕȈȧ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȈȧ ȐȋȘȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈ-
ȕȐȦ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȔȖȚȐȊȣ ©ǶȋȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȋȍȓȈª
Ǫ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ǶȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȋȍȘȖȧȝ ȥȚȖȑ ȘȖȔȈȕȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȜȈȕȚȈș-
ȔȈȋȖȘȐȐ țȋȈȌȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȖ ©ȏȈȠȐȜȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍª ǵ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊ
Ȑ Ǩ ǨȝȔȈȚȖȊȈ Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȖșȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕ ȍȌȐȕșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ șȚȐȝȖȊ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ©ǴȍȌȈȓȤȖȕª ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȣ șȚȐ-
ȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑȏ ȈȓȤȔȈȕȈȝȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ
ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȖȟȍȘȒ
© Salamandra P.V.V., ȗȖȌȋ ȚȍȒșȚȈ ȗȘȐȔ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȍȕȐȍ 2021

ǭdzǰǯǨǪǭǺǨ
ǰdzǰ
ǷǶǪǭǹǺȄ Ƕ ǹǺǸǨǵǵȃǽ
ǹǶǩȃǺǰȇǽ
Ǯǰǯǵǰ ǴǶǭDZ

ǷȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȧ
ǩǶǸǰǹǨ ǹǨǬǶǪǹDzǶǫǶ
Ȑ
ǨǪǺǶǸǨ

8
ǩǶǸǰǹ ǹǨǬǶǪǹDzǶDZ
Ǫ ȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȣȊȈȦȚ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ șȈȔȖȉȣȚ-
ȕȣȍ Ț ȍ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȐȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȑ ȕȈȌțȔȈȕȕȣȍ ȐȓȐ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȊȕȣȍ Dz ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ șȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȣȍ ȘȣȞȈȘȐ ǴȖș-
ȒȊȈ ȗȖȥȏȐȧ ǼȍȚȈ ȒȖ ȊȚȖȘȣȔ — ȗȈȘȚȐȧ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȐșȚȖȊ ǷȍȚȍȘ-
ȉțȘȋ ȚȘțȌȣ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ
ǹȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȚȈȒ ȟȚȖ ȔȍȘȚȊȈȧ ȚȒȈȕȤ ȗȘȐ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȝ ȉȐȖ-
ȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȗȍȘȍȘȖȎȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ
ȖȘȋȈȕȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȒțșȖȟȍȒ ȒȈȔȕȧ ȗȖȗȈȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȎȍȔ-
ȟțȎȕțȦ ȘȈȒȖȊȐȕț ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȌȘȈȋȖȞȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȍȘȓ.
Ǫ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ǬȐȔȐȚȘȐȧ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈª ȓȐȞȈ Ȑ ȗȖȓȖȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȊȏȧȚȣ Ȑȏ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ǪȘȦșȖȊȈ ©Ƕȋȕȍȕȕȣȑ Ȉȕȋȍȓª Dz ȘȖȒȖ-
ȊȣȔ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȈȔ ȉȘȦșȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȌȖ ȖȚȕȍșȚȐ
ȊȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȍȋȖ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȝȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ Ȉ ȊȖ-ȊȚȖ-
Șȣȝ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȖȍ ȉȍȏțȟȈșȚȐȍ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ȓ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȋȍȘȖȧȔ Ǫ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ȚȍȔȈ ©ǶȋȕȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȋȍȓȈª ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕȈ
ȕȈ ȘțșșȒțȦ ȏȍȔȓȦ Ȑ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȈȧ șȊȖȍȑ ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐșȒȓȦ-
ȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȓȍȒȈȍȚșȧ ȎȐȊȖȑ ȗȓȖȚȤȦ
ǷȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȧȏȣȒ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ
ȌȖșȚȖȐȕșȚȊ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ǷȍȘȍșȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȚȖȓ-
ȒȖȊȈȚȤ șȔȣșȓ ȕȍȚ ȕȈȌȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȖȕȈ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ Ȑ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ șȈȔȈ ȏȈ șȍȉȧ

9
ǨǪǺǶǸ
Ǭȓȧ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȐȝ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕțȎ-
ȕȈ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȈ ǿȚȖȉȣ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖ ȖȞȍ-
ȕȐȚȤ șȚȐȓȤ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȚȖȑȚȐ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȕȈ ȘȈșșȚȖȧ-
ȕȐȍǭșȓȐ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȐ ȕȍ-
ȌțȘȕȖ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ș ȚȍȔȖȑ ȚȘȈȒȚțȦȡȍȑ ȈȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȑ
Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȓȈȍȊșȒȐȑ ȈȔȗȐȘ Ț ȍ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ;,; ȊȍȒȈ ȚȖ
ȊȖșȤȔȐȌȍșȧȚȣȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȗȖȟȚȐ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋȕȍ ȗȖȓȧ ȝț-
ȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȅȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȥșȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȗȈȌȒȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȉȓȐȎȍ Ȓ ȕȈȔ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȍȚ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖșȚȐ
ȒȈȒ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȕȕȧȧ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȐ ȉȍȘțȚ șȊȖȍȑ Țȍ-
ȔȖȑ ȕȈȠȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȖ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȌȍȓȖ ȕȍ ȐȌȍȚ ȌȈȓȍȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȈȎȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȉȣȚȖȊȖȑ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȐȓȐ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȟȐ ȟțȊșȚȊ ǹȚȐȓȐșȚȐ-
ȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȉȣȚȈ ȕȍȚ Ȋ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧȝ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ
ǶȚșȦȌȈ ȕȍȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȜȖȘȔȣ Ȑ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ
șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȕȖȕȈ
Ǫ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȔȖȑ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖȉȘȈȏȈȝ ȉȣ-
Țȍ ȊȍȡȈȝ Ȑ ȗȍȑȏȈȎȈȝ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ș ȚȈȒȐȔ Ȏȍ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕ-
ȕȣȔ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗȉ ȥȗȖȝȍ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȣȝ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȣȝ ȋȖ-
ȌȖȊ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ ȊȍȒȈ ǵȈȑȚȐ șȓȖȊȈ șȓȖȎȐȚȤ ȜȘȈȏț Ȗ ȒȘȈșȕȖȈȘ-
ȔȍȑșȒȖȔ ȠȓȍȔȍ Ȑ Ȗ ȔȐșȒȈȝ ȒȖȔȔțȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȖȓȖȊȣȝ șȚȖȓȤ
Ȏȍ țȘȈȊȕȖȊȍȠȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Ȗ ȓȤȊȍ ȕȈ ȈȔȗȐȘȕȣȝ ȊȖȘȖȚȈȝ
ǵȖ ȖȉȘȍșȚȐ șȚȐȓȤ șȓȖȊȍșȕȣȑ ȒȈȕȖȕ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȗȖȌȟȐ-
ȕȐȓȐșȤ ȉȣ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȠȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȥȚȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ ȖȡțȚȐȚȤ ȍȋȖ
Ȋ ȗȖȓȕȖȑ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȒȖȕȞȣ ȍȋȖ ǯȈȌȈȟȈ
ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȧ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌȖȊȈȓ ȕȐȔȈȓȖ
ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȕȕȍ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ ȚȖȚ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ
ȗȘȐȍȔ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț ȧ Ȑ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕțȚȤ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȗ ȕȈȠȐȝ
Ȍȕȧȝ Ȋ ȔȈȕȍȘȍ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȣȝ ȗȐșȈȚȍȓȍȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȌȐȊȠȍȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖ
ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȖȚ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȑ ȘȈșȚȘȍȗȈȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȥȚȐȔ șȈȔȣȔ
ȌȈȊȠȍȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȘȈșȚȘȈȚȐȚȤ șȚȐȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȗȡțȡȍ-
ȕȐȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȕȍȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȑ șȓȖȊȍșȕȖȑ ȖȉȖȓȖȟȒȍ

10
ǶȚȟȈșȚȐ ȖȚșȦȌȈ ȘȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȗȘȐȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕȐȧ
Ȋ ȕȈȠȐ ȌȕȐ ȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȜȈȉțȓȣ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȖ-
ȊȣȔ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȧȊȐȓșȧ «Ƕȋȕȍȕȕȣȑ Ȉȕȋȍȓ» ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦ-
șȖȊȈ

...ǵȖ Ȋ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȔȐȋ Ȋșȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȔȍȘȒȓȖ Ȑ ȧ ȊȌȘțȋ
țȊȐȌȍȓ șȍȉȧ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȓ șȍȉȧ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȕȈȌ ȏȍȔȓȍȑ Ȋ ȊȖȏ-
Ȍțȝȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȌȧȡȐȔ ȊȍȘȝȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȓȖ-
ȠȈȌȐ ȕȈ ȟȍȘȕȖȔ ȔȖȝȕȈȚȖȔ ȒȖȏȓȍ
ǪȈȓȍȘȐȑ ǩȘȦșȖȊ «Ƕȋȕȍȕȕȣȑ Ȉȕȋȍȓ».

14
șȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ ǵȖ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȔȖȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȍ-
ȘȊȈȚȤșȧ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȓȕȣ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȗȖȌȕȧȊȠȐȍșȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ Ȋȣ-
șȖȒȖ ȏȈȚȖȗȐȓȐ ȔȐȘȕȣȍ ȘȈȊȕȐȕȣ ǭȊȘȖȗȣ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȔ șȔȧȚȍ-
ȕȐȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ ȧ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȖȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȗȍȘȖ țȟȍȕȖȋȖ ȕȈ Ȕȍȟ
ȊȖȐȕȈ ȊȍȘȕȍȍ ȘțȎȤȍ șȖȓȌȈȚȈ Ȋ ȈȘȔȐȐ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȈ ǮȖȜȜȘȈ ǰ
ȚȈȒ ȊȖȌȣ ǴȈȘȕȣ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȐȏȋȓȈȌȐȔȖ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ
ȔȖȍȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ. DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȕȈ ȔȖȍȑ ȘȖȌȐȕȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȐ șȖȉȣ-
ȚȐȧ ȗȖȚȘȧșȠȐȍ ȍȍ ȉȣȚȐȍ Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȊȣȠȓȈ Ȑȏ șȖȦȏȈ ȌȍȘȎȈȊ
ȗȘȐȏȊȈȊ ȊȖȦȦȡȐȝ Ȓ ȔȐȘț Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǩȘȍșȚȍ — ȚȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ
țȊȐȌȍȓ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȧ Ȑ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ șȖȚȕȐ ȊȍȘșȚ ȧ ȊȐȎț
țȎȍ Ȑ ȋȖȘȣ ǻȘȈȓȈ ȒțȌȈ ȗȖ șȓȖȊț ȗȖȥȚȈ ȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȖ ȕȈȔ ȉȣȚȤ
ȔȖȎȍȚ țȑȚȐ ȕȈ ȉȘȈȚșȒȐȑ ȗȐȘ șȖȏȣȊȈȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȣ ȉȘȧȞȈȕȤȍȔ
ȊȈȘȊȈȘșȒȖȑ ȓȐȘȣ
ǰ ȚȈȒ ȧ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ ȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȕț șȒȐȚȈȓȍȞ ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț
ȕȈȏȈȌ ȍȍ ȗȖȒȐȕțȊȠȐȑ ǭȡȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȌțȠȍ ȕȍș ȧ, ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȈ-
ȟȍȘȚȈȕȕȣȑ, ȖȉȘȈȏ șȚȘȈȕ ȔȕȖȦ ȊȐȌȍȕȕȣȝ. ǭȡȍ șȚȘȍȓȤȟȈȚȣȍ
șȖȉȖȘȣ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓȐ ȚȈȔ
șȊȖȐ ȉȈȠȕȐ Ȑ șȕȍȋȈȔȐ ȉȓȐșȚȈȓȐ ȗȐȒȐ ǨȓȤȗ Ȉ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȔȖȐ țȎȍ
ȎȈȌȕȖ ȊȗȐȚȣȊȈȓȐ ȌȈȓȤ ȗȖȓȍȑ Ȑ șȐȕȍȊț ȓȍșȕțȦ. ǬȖȓȎȍȕ ȧ
șȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȟȚȖ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȈȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ ȕȈțȒȍ șȖȟȍȚȈȓȈșȤ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ
șȖ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖȔ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȉȣ ș ȕȍȑ ȕȍșȖȊȔȍșȚȕȣȔ ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍ-
ȕȍȍ ȥȚȖ ȚȈȒ — ȐșȚȖȘȐȒ țȎȐȊȈȓșȧ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȖȔ ǴȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȘȈȏ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ ȕȈȌ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȒȖȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȐȠȍȓ Ȓ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ
ȚȈ Ȏȍ ȓȦȉȖȊȤ Ȓ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȕȐȦ șțȌȍȉ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȓȦȌȍȑ ȎȍȓȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȖȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ ȊȏȖȘȖȔ ȔțȌȘȖȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȞ ȞȍȗȐ
șȖȉȣȚȐȑ — ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȐșȗȣȚȈȚȍȓȍȔ șȊȧȏȣ-
ȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ șțȌȤȉț ș șțȌȤȉȖȑ ȌȘțȋȐȝ Ȑ ȟȘȍȏ șțȌȤȉț Ȑȝ ȗȖȕȐ-
ȔȈȚȤ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ
ȇ ȕȍ ȉțȌț ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȚȤ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȕȍ ǹȒȈȎț
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȗȖȚȍȘȧ ȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȚȈȔ ȖșȚȈȊȈ-
ȓȖșȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȟȐȕȐȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȋȖȘȍȟȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȣȏȊȈȓȈ ȖȏȓȖȉȓȍȕȐȧ
ǵȈțȟȕȣȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ ȔȖȐ ȌȈȊȕȖ țȎȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȕȣ Ȑ Ȍțȝ șȒȐ-
ȚȈȓȤȟȍșȚȊȈ — ȕȍțȌȍȘȎȐȔȖ ȊȓȍȒțȡȐȑ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȍȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȒȖȘȖȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȕȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚ ǫȖȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȐ ȕȍ-
ȒȖȋȌȈ ȔȐȘȕȖ șȗȈȊȠȐȍ Ȉ ȕȣȕȍ ȏȈȓȐȚȣȍ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȗȘȖȠȓȐ ȗȍ-
ȘȍȌ ȔȖȐȔ ȊȏȖȘȖȔ ǰȝ ȎȐȚȍȓȐ ȖȌȕȐ ȖȝȊȈȟȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȘȈȝȖȔ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȍ ȗȖȘȣȊȖȔ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȈ Ȋșȍ șȔȧȚȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȓȐ ȎȐȏȕȤ
șȊȖȦ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ ȒȖȕȟȍȕȕȖȑ, ȗȖȋȘțȎȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȕȍȉȣȚȐȍ ȊȐȌȧ Ȋȗȍ-

15
ȘȍȌȐ ȓȐȠȤ ȎȈȓȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȏȧȉȈȕȐȍ ȚȖ ȉȍȏțȔșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȈȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȓȖȎȕȣȔ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈȔ ȕȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȣȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȚȤ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ,
ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȔȣȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȊșȍȔț șȖȊȍȘȠȈȦȡȍȔțșȧ ȇ Ȏȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ
ȎȐȚȤ Ȑ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȌȕȐ șȊȖȐ țȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȦ-
ȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȕȐȚȤȦ ȕȍȗȖȘȊȈȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȒȖȑ ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓ
țȓȖȊȐȚȤ ȖȚȚȍȕȒȐ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȕȍȒȐȑ șȚȐȓȤ ȌȍȓȈȦȡȐȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ
ȕȍȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȔȣȔȐ Ǭȓȧ ȥȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȖ Ȕȕȍ șȊȧȏȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ
ș ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤȦ ǷȖȟȍȔț ȌțȔȈȓ ȧ ȉȣȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȉȍȌȕȍȍ ȌȘț-
ȋȐȝ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ Ȑȕȣȍ ȊȍȒȈ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȘȈșȚȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȍȌȐȕșȚ-
Ȋȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȉȍșȞȍȕȕȣȑ ȌȈȘ — șȊȧȏȤ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ
ȖșȚȈȊȐȊ șȊȖȍ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȈ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȕȍȏȈȕȧȚȣȔ ǪȍȒȈ Ȑ ȓȦȌȐ ȗȘȖȠ-
ȓȖȋȖ ȊȖșșȚȈȊȈȓȐ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȧ Ȏȍ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȓȦȉȐȓ șȍȉȧ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȗȘȍȕȍȉȘȍȟȤ Ȑ șȊȖȐȔ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȉțȌțȡȐȔ ǹȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ șȖ-
ȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȉȖȌȘȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȧșȕȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ
ǰ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȧ țȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȎȈȓ ș ȔȍșȚȈ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ
ȊșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȓȍȚȖ 1920 ȋȖȌȈ ȏȈș-
ȚȈȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȋ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȍ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȕȖȔ ȊȍȘșȚ ȏȈ ȗȧȚȤȌȍșȧȚ
ȖȚ ǴȖșȒȊȣ Ȋ ȗȖȔȍȡȐȟȤȍȑ țșȈȌȤȉȍ ȘȈȏȉȐȘȈȦȡȐȔ șȚȈȘȐȕ-
ȕȣȑ ȈȘȝȐȊ Ȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒț ȚȈȔ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ǷȍȘȊȖȍ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȧ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȖȚȌȖȝȕțȚȤ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ
ȉȣȓȖ ȔȈȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȏȍ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ Ǵȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȖșȤ
șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ șȒȊȖȏȤ șȚȊȖȓȣ ȔȖȐȝ ȗȘȧȔȣȝ țȕȣȓȖ Ƞț-
ȔȧȡȐȝ șȖșȍȕ ȋȓȧȌȧ Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȑșȧ Ȑ
ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȓȐȒ ȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȓ ȧ ǸȖș-
șȐȍȑ ȇ ȐșȒȈȓ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȑ ȕȍ șȉȓȐȎȈȓșȧ ș ȌȘț-
ȋȐȔȐ ȖȉȐȚȈȚȍȓȧȔȐ ȌȖȔȈ ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȦȌȈ Ȑȋ-
ȘȐȊȣȔ ȓȐ șȓțȟȈȍȔ ȐȓȐ ȔțȌȘȣȔ ȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ șțȌȤȉȣ ȗȘȖ-
ȚȐȊ Ȑȝ ȊȖȓȐ Ȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧ
ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȉȣȓ ȈȋȘȖȕȖȔ ș șȍȊȍȘȈ ǸȖșșȐȐ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ Ȑ ȌȊț-
Ȕȧ ȌȍȚȤȔȐ ȌȘțȋȖȑ țȟȐȚȍȓȤ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖȉȘȍȔȍȕȍȕȕȣȑ șȍȔȍȑșȚ-
ȊȖȔ ǶȉȈ ȖȕȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȚȍȓȍȋȘȈȜȐșȚȖȔ Ȑ șȚȖȘȖȎȍȔ ȎȐȓȐ Ȋ
ȗȍȘȊȖȔ ȥȚȈȎȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ Ȋ șȚȐȓȍ ȈȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊ-
șȒȖȋȖ ȈȔȗȐȘȈ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȍșȚȕȣȔ ȊȖȓȐșȗȖȓȒȖȔȖȔ
ȗȖȌ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ șȍȓȤșȒȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȐȋȍȕȞȐȐ ȧ Ȏȍ ȊȣȉȘȈȓ șȍȉȍ
ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȕȈ ȈȕȚȘȍșȖȓȧȝ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȋȖ ȖȌȐ-
ȕȖȟȍșȚȊȈ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȗȘȍȓȤȡȍȕ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȊȐ-
ȌȖȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȊȠȐȔșȧ Ȑȏ ȖȒȖȕ ȇ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȌȈȓȤ ȐȉȖ ȌȈȓȤ ȉȖ-
ȓȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȕȕȍ Ȗ șțȌȤȉȍ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ǹȐȕȍȑ ȒȈȑȔȖȑ

16
ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔȣȝ ȓȍșȖȊ ȓȍȎȈȡȐȝ ȏȈ ȗȖȓȧȔȐ ȖȕȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȍ țȚȘȖ ȏȈ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȉȘȈȡȈȚȤ ȊȏȖȘȣ Ȋ șȊȖȑ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȈȦȡȐȑ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖȘ Ȑ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȚȤ Ȑȝ Ȓ ȕȍȉț Ȓ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȡȐȔșȧ
ȕȈȌ ȍȍ ȚțȔȈȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȏȊȍȏȌȈȔ
ǪȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȚȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȗȐ-
șȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȔȕȖȦ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȧ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȑȏ ȓȍșȈ Ȑ ȗȖȋȘț-
Ȏȍȕȕȣȑ Ȋ șȊȖȐ ȔȣșȓȐ șȍȓ ȗȖ ȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȦ ț ȖȒȕȈ ǺȈȒ șȐ-
Ȍȍȓ ȧ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȌțȔȈȧ ȕȈȌ ȚȍȔ ȟȚȖ ȗȖ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȐ
ȕȈ ȘȖȌȐȕț ȎȐȏȕȤ ȔȖȧ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȔȍȕȖȊȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔȐ ȓȐȟ-
ȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȔȐșȧ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȖșȚȈȦșȤ ȧ Ȋ ȘȖ-
ȓȐ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȍȋȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ șțȌȤȉȖȑ șțȘȖȊȖȑ
ȐȓȐ ȔȐȓȖșȚȐȊȖȑ ȕȍșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȑ ș ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȓȍȕȐȧ
ȔȖȐ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ Ȑ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȚȤ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȖșȚȈȦȚ-
șȧ ȉȍșȒȘȖȊȕȣȔȐ ȐȉȖ ȌțȠȈ ȕȍ ȗȖȚȘȧșȍȕȕȈȧ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȓȐȟ-
ȕȣȔ șȗȖșȖȉȕȈ ȓȐȠȤ ȉȣȚȤ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍȑ
ǩȣȓȖ țȎȍ ȏȈ-ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȌȘțȋ ȧșȕȖ Ȑ ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȖ țș-
ȓȣȠȈȓ ȧ ȒȈȒ Ȋ șȖșȍȌȕȍȑ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȟȍȑ-ȚȖ ȋȖȓȖș ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș ȐȔȧ
ȔȖȍ — ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ȇ ȊȏȌȘȖȋȕțȓ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȧ șȐȌȍȚȤ
ȕȍȌȊȐȎȕȖ DzȈȒ ȧ țȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȋ ȈȕȚȘȍșȖȓȧȝ șȖșȍȌȍȑ ț Ȕȍȕȧ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ țșȐȓȐȊȈȓȖ ȔȖȍ
țȌȐȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȇ șȚȈȓ ȎȌȈȚȤ ȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȐȝ ȔȐȕțȚ,
ȒȈȒ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȋȖȓȖș ș ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȧșȕȖșȚȤȦ șȕȖȊȈ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍș
ȔȖȍ ȐȔȧ
ǰȏ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧ ȎȐȓ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȊȍȘȐ Ȋ șȖșȍȌ-
ȕȦȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȖȘȘȐȌȖȘȟȐȒ
ȒțȌȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȒȖȔȕȈȚ. ǵȍ ȔȍȌȓȧ ȕȐ șȍȒțȕȌȣ
ȧ ȊșȚȈȓ Ȑ ȊȣȑȌȧ Ȋ ȒȖȘȘȐȌȖȘ ȖȚȊȖȘȐȓ șȖșȍȌȕȦȦ ȌȊȍȘȤ
ǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȖȠȍȟȕȖȑ ȒȍȘȖșȐȕȖ-
ȊȖȑ ȓȈȔȗȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȖȓț ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕțȦ ȗȖȓț-
ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕțȦ, ȗȘȐȎȈȊȠțȦșȧ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȑ Ȓ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ș ȗȘȖșȚȍȘȚȣ-
ȔȐ ȊȗȍȘȍȌ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ǸțȉȈȠȒȈ ȕȈ ȕȍȑ ȕȈȌȍȚȈȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈȏȖȘ-
ȊȈȕȈ Ȑ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȕȍȍ ȊȐȌȕȍȓȖșȤ ȕȈȋȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ȚȍȔȕȣȍ ȒȖșȣ ȗȖȓț-
ȘȈȏȊȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȓȐ ȗȖȓț Ȑ Ȋșȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐ-
ȓȈ Ȗ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ ȍȦ ȊȓȈȌȍȊȠȍȔ ǰȏțȔȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȧ Ȗș-
ȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȘȖȋȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȧ ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ
ȒȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ ȖȕȈ ȖȉȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ Ȑ țȊȐȌȍȊ Ȕȍȕȧ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ șȗȖȒȖȑ-
ȕȖ:
— ȇ ȔȖȓȐȓȈșȤ șȊȧȚȖȔț ǫȍȖȘȋȐȦ Ȑ ȊȖȚ Ȗȕ ȗȖșȓȈȓ Ȕȕȍ Țȍ-

17
ȉȧ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȊșȚȈȓȈ ȕȍ șȚȣȌȧșȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȈȋȖȚȣ ȗȖȌȖȠȓȈ ȒȖ
Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȖȉȊȐȊ ȔȖȦ ȠȍȦ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ Ȋ ȋțȉȣ
ǰ Ȋ ȥȚț ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕțȦ ȔȕȖȦ ș ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȖȦ
șȚȖȧ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ ț ȐȏȋȖȓȖȊȤȧ ȍȍ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ȧ ȖȝȊȈ-
ȟȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ șȔțȚȕȣȔ ș șȍȘȌȞȍȔ ȏȈȔȐȘȈȊȠȐȔ ȖȚ ȚȍȔ-
ȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȌȟțȊșȚȊȐȑ șȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȝ ȕȈȌȍȎȕȣȔȐ țșȓȣȠȈȓ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ
ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ ȍȍ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǰȏ ȍȍ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈ șȉȐȊȟȐȊȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȍ-
ȔȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȒȈȔȐ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈȉȣ-
ȊȈȓȈ Ȗ ȔȖȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȖȋȘțȎȍȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ
ȉȍȏ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȓȍȎȈ ș ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȕȈ șȊȖȍȑ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ
ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ ȧ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȖȟȤ ȉȖȋȈȚȣȝ ȗȖȔȍȡȐȒȖȊ ș
ȦȋȈ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȟȚȖ ȘȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȌȊȖȍ ȉȘȈȚȤȍȊ ȍȍ ȗȖȋȐȉȓȐ ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȉ ȖȕȈ ȊșȒȖȘȍ ȗȖșȓȍ șȔȍȘȚȐ Ȑȝ Ȋ DzȐȍ-
Ȋȍ țȎȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȖȔ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȉȍȓȣȔȐ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐ-
ȓȈ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ Ȑ ȉȍȏțȔȕȖ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȦȉȐȓȈ ǼȈȔȐȓȐȐ Ȓȕȧ-
ȏȧ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȈ

ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȍȘȍșȚȈȓȖ șț-
ȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ Țȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȖȎȐȓȈ ȖȕȈ
ș ȒȕȧȏȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȍȏȎȈȧ Ȑȏ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȋ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȒȕȧȏȤ șȓț-
ȎȐȓ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȉȍȓȣȝ ȊȖȑșȒȈȝ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȓȐ ȍȑ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ ǹțȌȧ
ȗȖ ȍȍ șȓȖȊȈȔ ȒȕȧȏȤ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓ ȍȑ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ ȊȏȈȐȔȕȖȑ șȚȖȓȤ
Ȏȍ ȉȍȏȏȈȊȍȚȕȖȑ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖȑ ǬȈȓȍȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌȖȊȈȓȖ șȖȉȣȚȐȍ ȕȈ
ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ Ȕȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȔȍȒȕțȓȈ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖșȓȍ
ȕȍ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȍȋȖ ȐșȚȐȕȕȣȑ șȔȣșȓ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȑ ȧ ȊȊȍȘȧȧ
ȉțȔȈȋȍ șȊȖȑ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȔȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȒȖșȕțșȤ ȍȋȖ
ș ȊȍȓȐȟȈȑȠȍȑ ȖșȚȖȘȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȉȖȧșȤ ȕȈȊȍșȚȐ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȧ ȥȚȐȝ
ȏȈȗȐșȖȒ ȍșȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȐȔ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȍȔ-ȓȐȉȖ ȗȘȖȟȐȚȈȕ-
ȕȣȔȐ
 ȕȈ ȓȖȎȕțȦ ȔȣșȓȤ ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ǭȓȐȏȈ-
ȊȍȚȣ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȈȒȈȧ-ȚȖ ȚȈȑȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȖȕȈ ȊȕȈȟȈȓȍ șȒȘȣȓȈ ȖȚ
Ȓȕȧȏȧ Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔ Ȋ ȌȕȐ Ȑȝ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓȈ
ȍȔț Ȋșȍ ǷȖ ȊșȍȔț ȊȍȘȖȧȚȐȦ ȘȈșșȒȈȏ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ȚȈȒ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ
ȗȖȘȈȏȐȓ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ȟȚȖ ȍȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȐșȤ șȖȊȍȘ-
ȠȍȕȕȖ ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȍȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȔ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȐ ȚȍȘȏȈȍ-
ȔțȦ ȘȈșȒȈȧȕȐȍȔ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȔ ȍȦ ȕȍȗȖȗȘȈȊȐȔȖȔ ȗȖșȚțȗ-
Ȓȍ ǹ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȐșȤ
ǻȎȍ ȔȐȕțȓȈ ȒȘȈȚȒȈȧ ȓȍȚȕȧȧ ȕȖȟȤ Ȑ Ȋ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȍ ȖȒȕȖ ȉȣ-
ȓȐ ȊȐȌȕȣ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȍ ȖȚ ȏȈȘȐ ȖȉȓȈȒȈ ȕȈȌ ȊȍȘȠȐȕȈȔȐ șȖșȍȕ

18
ȒȖȋȌȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ țȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍȔ
ȏȈșȕțȓȈ ȚȐȝȐȔ șȕȖȔ Ȉ ȧ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ șȐȌȍȚȤ ț ȍȍ ȐȏȋȖȓȖȊȤȧ ȋȓȧ-
Ȍȧ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȖ ȍȍ șȖȊșȍȔ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȍ ȕȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȍȍ Ȑ ȚȍȕȐ ȚȈȒ
ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȔțȟȐȊȠȍȑ ȍȍ ȉȍȏȕȈȌȍȎȕȖȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ǪșȍȋȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȟȈșȖȊ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȥȚȖ ȓȐȞȖ Ȉ țȎȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ șȊȧȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȔ ș ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȖȦ țȏȈȔȐ ȒȘȍȗȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȘȈȏȌțȔȤȧ șȖȏȘȍ-
ȓȈ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȘȍȠȐȔȖșȚȤ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȖȦ șȊȧȏȈȚȤ ș ȍȍ
șțȌȤȉȖȑ ǿȍȋȖ ȧ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȝȖȚȍȓ" ȇ ȕȍ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȕȐ ȏȈȘȖȎȌȈȦ-
ȡȍȑșȧ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȕȐ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȝȖȚȧ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȖȏȕȈȊȈȓ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ Ȑ ȚȖȑ Ȑ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ǬȈȎȍ ȕȈȊȍȘȕȖ ȌțȔȈȓ ȧ
ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓȦȉȓȦ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț ȐȉȖ ȟȈșȚȖ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ
ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȕȈș ȕȖ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȥȚȖ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǮȐȏȕȤ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ șȊȖȐ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȧ
ȊȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȕȍȒȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȕȍȊȐȌȍȕȕȣȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȏȈȓȣ ȖȉȠȐȘȕȣȍ Ȑ
ȗțșȚȣȍ ș ȏȈȔȈȕȟȐȊȣȔȐ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȈȔȐ Ȑȝ ȒȖȓȖȕȕȈȌ ǰ Ȕȕȍ
ȓȐ ȉȣȓȖ țȒȓȖȕȐȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ"
ǩȣȓȖ țȎȍ ȖȒȖȓȖ 7 ȟȈșȖȊ țȚȘȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȚȐȝȖ ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȣ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȍȡȍ șȗȈȓȈ ǵȍ ȏȈȝȖȌȧ Ȓ șȍȉȍ ȧ șȗțșȚȐȓșȧ ș
ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȣ Ȑ ȊȣȑȌȧ ȕȈ ȊȖȓȦ ȓȍșȕȖȑ ȚȘȖȗȐȕȒȖȑ ȗȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȓț-
ȋȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȓȈ țȏȒȈȧ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȈȧ ȘȍȟȒȈ ǺȈȔ ȧ ȘȈȏȌȍȓșȧ Ȑ
ȊȖȠȍȓ Ȋ ȊȖȌț ǹȚȘțȐ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȋȘȍȚȣȍ șȖȓȕȞȍȔ ȓȈșȒȈȓȐ ȔȖȍ
ȚȍȓȖ țȚȖȔȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȉȍșșȖȕȕȖȑ ȕȖȟȤȦ ǪȖȒȘțȋ ȉȣȓȖ ȚȐȝȖ ȕȍȌȈ-
ȓȍȒȖ ȊȐȌȕȍȓșȧ ȓȍș Ȑ ȓțȋȈ țȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ DzȈȏȈȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ
ȧ ȉȣȓ ȖȌȐȕ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ ȉȍȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ȗȖȌ șȐȕȍȑ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖ-
șȚȤȦ ȒțȗȖȓȈ ǺȍȓȖ ȔȖȍ șȒȘȣȚȖȍ ȊȖȌȖȦ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ țȝȖȌȐȓȖ Ȋ ȚȈȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȦ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ șȓȐȊȈȧșȤ ș ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȊȈ ȔȖȧ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȧșȤ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȌȕȖȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȤȦ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ
șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȖȚȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȓȍȋȒȖȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȖȑ ȊȖȏȌțȠȕȖȑ
șȜȍȘȍ ǰ Ȋ ȟȍȚȒȖșȚȐ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊ Ȑ ȧșȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȍȋȖ
șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȈȦȡȐȝșȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȊȧȏȈȕ-
ȕȣȝ ș ȚȍȓȖȔ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȌȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȖȋȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȔȐȘ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȚȐȠȐȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ Ȋȍ-
ȌȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȟȍȘȚȣ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ
ǪȣȑȌȧ Ȑȏ ȊȖȌȣ Ȑ ȖȌȍȊȠȐșȤ ȧ ȗȖȠȍȓ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ ȚȘȖȗȐȕȒȖȑ
ȖșȣȗȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȗȈȊȠȍȑ ȝȊȖȍȑ ǹȖșȕȣ ȠțȔȍȓȐ ȕȈȌ ȔȖȍȑ ȋȖȓȖ-
ȊȖȑ ǷȘȐȌȧ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȧ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ ȗȘȧȔȖ Ȋ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒț Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȓ-
șȧ ȏȈ ȘȈȏȉȖȘȒț ȒȕȐȋ ȇ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓ ș ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȊȕȐȔȈȚȍȓȤ-
ȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȖ ȏȈ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȖȔȈȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȍȚȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ ȒȖ-

19
ȘȐȟȕȍȊțȦ ȒȖȎț ș ȒȖȘȍȠȒȈȔȐ ȚȐșȕȍȕȣȔȐ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȔ ȧ ȟțȊ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȒȈȒ șȒȘȣȊȈȓȖșȤ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȔȐȕțȊȠțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖ
șȊȖȍ ȕȈȟȈȓȖ Ȑ ȕȍȊȐȌȐȔȖȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȀȍȓȍșȚ șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȗȍȘȍȓȐșȚȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȔȕȖȦ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚ-
ȊȖȊȈȓ ȟȘȍȌȍ ȔȐȕțȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȈ ȞȐȜȍȘȉȓȈȚȍ ȟȈșȖȊ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ
ȌȍȘȍȊȈ șȚȖȧȊȠȐȝ Ȋ țȋȓț ȗȘȖȉȍȋȈȓȈ ȔȐȕțȚȕȈȧ șȚȘȍȓȒȈ ȇ ȎȌȈȓ.
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȘȖȊȕȖ Ȋ ȌȊȍȕȈȌȞȈȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȟȈșȣ ȉȐȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ țȌȈȘ
ȌȊȍȘȤ ȖȚȊȖȘȐȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȊȖȠȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ
ǷȖȔȕȦ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȈșȤ ț ȠȒȈȜȈ Ȋ șȚȈȘȖȔ șȍȘȍȕȤ-
ȒȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȑȏ șȐȚȞȈ ș ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȑ Ƞȍȍȑ Ȑ Ȋ ȚțȜȍȓȤȒȈȝ ȕȈ șȚȖȗ-
ȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȉȓțȒȈȝ ǪȖȓȖșȣ ȍȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȑ ȋȓȈȌȒȖ ȏȈȟȍșȈ-
ȕȣ ȕȈ ȊȐșȒȐ Ȑ ș ȖșȖȉȖȑ ȧșȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ ȚȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚ-
ȓȍȓȈșȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȔ ȖȉȓȐȒȍ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ȖȌȕȈ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȗȓȍȕȧȊȠȈȧ ȘȈȕȕȧȧ ȦȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȊȐȕȕȈȧ Ȑ șȊȍ-
ȎȈȧ șȖȟȍȚȈȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ș ȟȍȘȚȈȔȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ țȎȍ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȦ-
ȡȍȑșȧ Ȓ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚȕȍȔț ȊȖȏȘȈșȚț
ǰȕȖȋȌȈ ȥȚȐ ȌȊȈ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȘȈȏ
ȍȌȐȕȧȓȐșȤ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȎȐȚȤ Ȋ ȖȚ-
ȌȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȊȖȏ-
ȓȍ șȍȉȧ ȋȐȉȒțȦ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕțȦ șȍȔȕȈȌȞȈȚȐȓȍȚȕȦȦ ȌȍȊțȠȒț Ȋ
șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȔȐȕțȚȣ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕȖ ȍȍ ȖȚȣșȒȐȊȈȧ Ȋ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȐȊȖșȤ-
ȔȐȓȍȚȕȍȑ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ǫ ȥȚȖ Ȏȍ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ
șȚȖȧȓȈ ț ȠȒȈȜȈ ȗȖȓȖȎȐȊ ȕȈ ȊȣșȚțȗ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȦ ȗȘȈȊțȦ ȘțȒț
ȖȉȈ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ
ǹȚȖȧ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȖȓȍȕȍ ȕȈȌ ȋȘțȌȖȦ șȚȈȘȣȝ ȒȕȐȋ ȧ șȔȖȚ-
Șȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ǶȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȈȧ ȕȈȘțȠȐȓȈ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȍ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ȗȖȘȈ ȖȉȍȌȈȚȤ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ DzȖȋȌȈ Ȏȍ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐ-
ȠȓȐ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ Ȑ ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȑ ȕȍȒȘȈȠȍȕ-
ȕȣȑ șȚȖȓ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȣȑ șȒȈȚȍȘȚȤȦ Ȑ ȕȈ ȕȍȔ ȌȊȍ ȥȔȈȓȐȘȖȊȈȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȗȓȖȠȒȐ Ȑ ȗȈȘț ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕȣȝ ȓȖȎȍȒ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ țȗȖȚȘȍȉȓȧȊ-
ȠȐȝșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȔȔțȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȓțȝȕȧȝ Ȑ șȚȖȓȖȊȣȝ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ țȟ-
ȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȑ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȧ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȈȋȈȧ ȗȖșȓȍ șȓȣȠȈȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȐȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓțȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȕȈȑ-
ȚȐ Ȋ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ ȝȖȘȖȠțȦ ȝȖȏȧȑȒț. ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȥȚȖȔț
ȧ ȖȚȕȍșșȧ ș ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȐȍȔ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ
ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȓȐȠȤ ȔȈșȒȈ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȒȘȣȊȈȓȖșȤ ȔȕȖȋȖȍ ȗȖȒȈ
ȍȡȍ ȔȕȖȦ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȕȕȖȍ ǹȒȈȎț ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȟȚȖ
șȒțȌȕȈȧ ȗȐȡȈ Țȍȝ Ȍȕȍȑ — ȎȐȌȒȐȑ șțȗ Ȑȏ ȜȈșȖȓȐ Ȑ ȒȈȘȚȖ-

20
ȜȍȓȤ ȗȖȌȎȈȘȍȕȕȣȑ ȕȈ ȗȖșȚȕȖȔ ȔȈșȓȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȐșȤ Ȕȕȍ șȚȖȓȤ șȣȚȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȈ ȊȒțș
ǸȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ȗ șȓțȟȐȊȠȍȔșȧ ȕȖȟȤȦ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȖȉȕȖȊȓȧȓșȧ
ȕȐ ȏȈ ȖȉȍȌȖȔ ȕȐ ȊȖ ȊȍșȤ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ. ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȒȈȒ
ȉȣ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȧ Ȏȍ șȖ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȕȍ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȒȖȕȍȟ-
ȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȕȈȊȍșȚȐ ȘȍȟȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȣ ȕȍ șȒȘȖȦ ȚȖȋȖ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ
Ǫ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȍȍ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȋȓȖȡȍȕȖ ȓȐȠȤ
ȏȈȉȖȚȈȔȐ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȔȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ țșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖȔ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȕȈ
ȕȖȊȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ǰ ȟȍȔ ȌȖȓȤȠȍ ȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ
ȌȍȕȤ ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ țȉȍȎȌȈȓșȧ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȍȍ ȕȐșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ Ȑȕ-
ȚȍȘȍșȖȊȈȓȖ ȖȕȈ ȓȦȉȐȓȈ ȔȈșȒȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȐȍ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȈ, — ȚȈȒȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȟȍȘȚ ȍȍ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ
ȇ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ȋ ȍȍ ȏȈȉȖȚȈȝ ǽȖȌȐȓ ș ȕȍȑ Ȋ șȖșȍȌ-
ȕȍȍ ș ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȣȔ șȍȓȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȊȖȓȐșȗȖȓȒȖȔȍ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȈȘȐ-
ȊȈȓ ș ȗȘȍȌșȍȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȔȍșȚȕȣȔ ȒȘȍșȚȤȧȕȐȕȖȔ șȘȍȌȕȐȝ ȓȍȚ
ȎȍșȚȒȈȧ ȘțȒȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȕȣȕȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȓȖȊȒȖ ȊȓȈȌȍȊȠȈȧ ȗȍ-
ȘȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȏȈ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȚȍȔ ȊȐȕȚȖȊȒȖȑ Ȉ ȠȍșȚȤ
ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ șȖȝȖȑ ȕȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȕȈȗȐșȈȓȈ ȘȍȏȖȓȦȞȐȦ Ȗȉ ȖȚ-
ȗțșȒȍ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȍ ȠȒȖȓȣ
2 șȚțȗȍȕȐ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȕȍ ǹțȝȖȚȐȕȖȑ șȍȔȐ ȜțȕȚȖȊ
ȔțȒȐ ȘȈȕȍȍ șȘȖȒȈ Ȋ șȟȍȚ ȗȈȑȒȈ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ ș ȗȘȍȌșȍ-
ȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȍ ȊȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȕȐȍ ȐȉȖ ȔțȎȐȞ-
ȒȈȧ ȌțȠȈ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȟȍȚȓȐȊȈȧ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ șȐȌȍȓȈ Ȋ ȍȋȖ
ȒȖȘȍȕȈșȚȖȔ Țȍȓȍ Ȑ ȖȒȓȈȌȐșȚȖȑ ȘȣȎȍȑ ȉȖȘȖȌȍ Ȉ ȏȍȓȍȕȈȧ ȋȐȔ-
ȕȈșȚȍȘȒȈ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȠȚȈȕȣ Ȑ ȖȉȔȖȚȒȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȕȕȍ
ȕȍ Ȗȉ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ Ȉ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȗ ȋȖȌȈȝ ȊȖȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ șȒȐȚȈȕȐȑ ȗȖ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȣȔ ȗȖȓȧȔ ȋȘȧȏȕȣȝ ȗȖȍȏȌȈȝ Ȑ ȕȍ-
ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȈȝ șȓȖȊȖȔ Ȗ ȊșȍȔ ȚȖȔ ȟȍȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȖȓȕȖ ȚȖ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȍ ȗȍȘȍșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȊ țșȚȘȍ-
ȔȐȊȠȍȍșȧ Ȋ ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔȖȍ ȉțȌțȡȍȍ
DzȖȕȟȐȊ ȌȍȓȈ Ȋ ȊȖȓȐșȗȖȓȒȖȔȍ Ȕȣ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȐȓȐșȤ ȖȉȘȈȚȕȖ
Ȋ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȖ ǪȍȟȍȘȖȔ Ȏȍ ȚȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ
ȉȓȐȎȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȒȖȔȐȓșȧ ș șȍȔȤȧȔȐ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȈȋȘȖȕȖȔȈ ǹ țȟȐ-
ȚȍȓȍȔ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ țȎȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȈșȤ ȕȈȒȈȕțȕȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ș ȕȐȔ Ȋ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȦȡțȦ ȖșȍȕȤ ȍȑ ȗȘȍȌ-
șȚȖȧȓȖ ȕȈȟȈȚȤ ȘȈȉȖȚț Ȋ ȠȒȖȓȍ

DzȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ Ȓ țȟȐȚȍȓȦ ȈȋȘȖȕȖȔ ș ȎȍȕȖȑ șȐȌȍȓȐ
ț ȕȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȐȓȐ ȟȈȑ ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ Ȋșȍ ȖȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ țȌȐȊȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ-
ȠȐȔ ȗȖșȍȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ Ǵȣ ș ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȖȑ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ
ȌȍȘȎȈȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȍ ǵȈ șȚȖȓȍ ȒȐȗȍȓ șȈȔȖȊȈȘ
Ȋ șțȝȈȘȕȐȞȍ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȉȍȓȣȑ ȝȓȍȉ ȍȡȍ șȚȖȓȤ ȘȍȌȒȐȑ Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȓțȟȈȑȕțȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȍȍ, șȖȍ-
ȌȐȕȧȊȠțȦ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȚȖ șȚȈȘȣȍ ȊȍȕșȒȐȍ șȚțȓȤȧ ș ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ ȠȐ-
ȜȖȕȤȍȘȖȔ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ Ȑ ȖȊȈȓȤȕȣȔ șȚȖȓȖȔ Ȋ șȚȐȓȍ ȈȔ-
ȗȐȘ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȟțȌȖȔ țȞȍȓȍȊȠȐȔȐ Ȋ țșȈȌȤȉȍ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȐȧȚ-
ȕȖ șȐȌȍȚȤ Ȑ șȓțȠȈȚȤ ȖȌȕȐȔ țȝȖȔ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ Ȉ
ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȓȍȋȒȐȑ ȠțȔ ȕȈȟȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȌȖȎȌȧ Ȑ ȚȐȒȈȕȤȍ șȚȍȕȕȣȝ
ȟȈșȖȊ ǰ Ȕȕȍ ȕȘȈȊȐȓȖșȤ ȚȖ ȒȖȟȍȊȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȊȘȍȔȍ-
ȕȐ Ȉ ȏȈ șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤȦ ȓȐȞ Ȑ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȧșȕȍȍ ȖȡțȡȈȓ ȧ
ȕȍȟȚȖ ȍȌȐȕȖȍ Ȑ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȏȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȓȖ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȑ ȕȐȚȤȦ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȚȈȔ ȏȈ ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȖȒ-
ȕȈȔȐ șȚțȒȖȔ ȌȖȎȌȧ Ȋ șȚȍȒȓȈ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȧ Ȗ șȍȉȍ
ǺȈȒ ȏȈ ȖȉȣȌȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘȈȔȐ ȗȖȓȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȌȖȊȖȓȤ-
șȚȊȈ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȐȔ Ȑ șȖȎȈȓȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȔ ȘȈșșțȎȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ
țȟȐȚȍȓȧ Ȗ ȉȓȖȒȈȌȍ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖȕȧȚȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ șȖȦȏȕȐȒȖȊ Ȗ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȕȖȑ ȚȖȘȋȖȊȓȍ Ȑ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȔ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȐ țȟȍȕȐȧ DzȈȘȓȈ
ǴȈȘȒșȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȓșȧ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ Ȍȕȧ Ȋ ȞȍȗȐ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȖȓ-
ȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȔȐ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȔȐ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șțȎȌȍȕȖ Ȕȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ șȚȈȚȤ

22
DZǹǮǰǮ II.
Ǽ ȅdzǺ ȍ DZǼǰǼǾǶǹ ǿ dzǹǶǵǮǰdzȀǼǷ ǻǮ
ǽǾǼǿdzǹǼȅǻǼǷ DzǼǾǼDZdz
ǻȎȍ ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȓȐșȤ ȌȕȐ șȍȘȍȌȐȕȣ ȈȊȋțșȚȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȝȓȈȌȕȣȍ
ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȏȈȒȘȣȊȈȓȐ ȗȖȓȧ Ȑ ȉȍȏȓȦȌȕȣȍ ȌȍȘȍȊȍȕșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖșȍȓ-
ȒȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ ȟȈșȣ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȏȈ ȏȈȝȖȌȖȔ șȖȓȕȞȈ țȊȖ-
ȌȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ș ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȖȑ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȍȦȡȐȍ ȌȈȓȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȚȈȓ ȧ
ȏȈȔȍȟȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȚȘȍȊȖȋț Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȊȣșȒȈ-
ȏȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȚȧȋȖȚȐȊȠȍȍ
ǬȖ șȍȑ ȗȖȘȣ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧ-
ȓȐșȤ ȊȓȈșȚȕȣȔ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȌȟȐȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȔȖȐȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ
ȍȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȧȔ ȗȘȈȊȌȈ ȗȖȒȈ ȕȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȊȠȐȔ Ȑȏ ȒȘțȋȈ Ȗȉȣȟ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȈȔȍȒȈȊȠȐȔ ȕȈ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȍȍ
ȍșȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ ȗȖȚȘȍȉțȍȚșȧ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ
Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȐ ȅȚȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȍ ȐȉȖ ș șȈȔȖȋȖ ȗȍȘȊȖ-
ȋȖ Ȍȕȧ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȌȈȓȈ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȗȘȍȌ-
ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȦ Ȓ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȦ ȟȍȋȖ-ȚȖ Ȉ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȘȈȏț-
ȔȍȍȚșȧ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȍșȚȤ ȓȐ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ
Țȍ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȓȈ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ Ƞȍȓ ș ȕȍȦ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȋȈȊ-
Ƞȍȑ ȏȈ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȣȔ ȔȍȎ ȖȊȐȕȖȊ Ȑ ȋțȔȍȕ Ȑ ȒȘȈșȕȣȑ ȘȖȋ ȓț-
ȕȣ ȔȍȌȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓșȧ Ȑȏ-ȏȈ ȒȘȣȠȐ șȍȕȕȐȞȣ ȧ șȒȈȏȈȓ
—dzȐȏȈȒȚȖȐȟȚȖȧ"ȏȈȟȍȔȧȚȍȉȍ"ȇȕȍȔțȎȚȊȖȑȐȕȍȓȦ-
ȉȖȊȕȐȒ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ șȖȔȕȍȊȈȦșȤ ȌȘțȋ ȓȐ ȧ ȚȊȖȑ"
— ǯȈȟȍȔ Țȍȉȍ ȕțȎȕȖ ȒȍȔ-ȚȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ
ǩțȌȤ șȈȔȐȔ șȖȉȖȑ Ǻȣ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȏȈȚȍȧȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȘȈȏȋȖȊȖȘ Ȑ
ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȊȣȧșȕȐȚȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ ȧșȕȖ Ȑ ȚȈȒ
— ǵȖ Ȕȕȍ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȟȚȖ ȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ Ȍȓȧ Țȍȉȧ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȏȕȈȟț Ȑ
ȕțȎȍȕ Țȍȉȍ
— DzȖȕȍȟȕȖ Ȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ȕțȎȕȣ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ȏȕȈȟȐȔ ǸȈȏȊȍ Țȣ ȥȚȖ ȏȈȉȣȓ"
— ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ"
— ǵȍțȎȍȓȐ Țȍȉȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȔȈȓȖ. Ǻȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȦȉȐȠȤ Ǻȣ ȉț-
ȌȍȠȤ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ ȌȖ Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ ȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌț ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ ǸȈȏȊȍ Ȋ
ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍȚ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ

23
ǵȈ ȥȚȖ ȧ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖȌȖȓ-
ȎȈȓȐ ȔȖȓȟȈ ȐȚȚȐ ȗȖ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȇ ȊșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȓșȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ ǫȌȍ ȚȖ
Ȋ ȉȓȐȎȕȍȑ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȍ ȔȍȘȞȈȓȐ ȌȊȈ ȖȋȖȕȤȒȈ Ǵȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐ-
ȓȈșȤ ȔȖȧ ȦȕȖșȚȤ DzȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȧ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȌȍȊțȠȒț ȐȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍț-
ȔȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȍȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȉȘȖȌȐȓ ș ȕȍȑ Ȋ ȗȖȓȧȝ ȗȖ ȊȍȟȍȘ-
ȕȐȔ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȔ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤ ȌȖȔȈ Ȑ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȍȦ-
ȡȍȑ ȌȈȓȐ ș ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔȣȔȐ ȖȋȖȕȤȒȈȔȐ ȔȍȘȍȡȐȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȉțȌț-
ȡȍȍ ǷȍȑȏȈȎ ȖȒȘțȎȈȊȠȐȑ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȣȕȍ ȕȈȗȖȔȕȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȘȍȎ-
ȕȍȍ DzȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȥȚȐ ȗȖȓȧ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȍ ȗȖȓȧ ȔȖȍȑ ȦȕȖșȚȐ
ǴȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȕȍșșȧ ȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ ǵȍ Ȋ ǨȕȌȘȍȍȊȒȍ ȓȐ șȊȍȚȧȚ
ȥȚȐ ȖȋȖȕȤȒȐ ȕȍ ȚțȚ ȓȐ ȏȈ ȗȖȊȖȘȖȚȖȔ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ șȚȖȐȚ ȕȈȠ șȚȈ-
Șȣȑ ȌȖȔ
ǻȊȣ ȝȖȚȧ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȕȖ Ȋ Ȗȋȕȧȝ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ
ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȟȍȘȕȣȔ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖȔ ȗȖȓȍȑ ȗȖ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȊȐȌȍȓ-
șȧ Ȕȕȍ șȔțȚȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȑ ȠȍȌȠȈȧ ȊȖȏȓȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȒȈ ȊȓȈșȚȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȊȠȈȧ ȔȖȦ ȊȖȓȦ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍ ȊȍȓȈ ȓȐ
Ȕȍȕȧ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ǰ ȧ șȒȈȏȈȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ ȊȏȧȊ ȍȍ ȘțȒȐ
— dzȐȏȈ șȓțȟȈȑ ȐȓȐ ȚȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȧ ȚȈȒ ȎȈȌȕȖ ȐșȒȈȓ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ,
ȕȈȌȍȧșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȔ șȊȧȏȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȌȐȕȖ Ȋșȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ ȔȖȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ
șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȧ ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕ șȓțȟȈȑ — Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȕȍ-
ȗȘȍȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȡȐȑșȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ — ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȐȚ
Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȚȊȖȍȔ ȓȐȞȍ Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȉȍȏȔȧȚȍȎȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍ ȧșȍȕ Ǻȣ ȓȦȉȐȠȤ
ȚȖȋȖ ȒȚȖ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȧ ȕȖșȐȚ ȐȔȧ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȔȖ-
ȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȉțȌțȚ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȔȖȍȑ ȌțȠȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȖȐȚ
ȉȣȚȤ șȓȖȔȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȕȖ ȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ ȍȍ ȕȍșȔȖȚ-
Șȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȘȈȏȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȎȌțȚ
ȇ ȕȍ ȝȖȟț țȒȓȖȕȧȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȑȌț ȟȍȘȍȏ ȊȍșȤ Ȑș-
Ȓțș ȉȍȏțȔȐȧ... Ǫ ȒȖȕȞȍ ȒȖȕȞȖȊ Ȕȕȍ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȖșȚȈȕțȚșȧ ȊȖșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȚȐȝȈȧ ȗȘȐșȚȈȕȤ
ǪȔȍșȚȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȖȉȊȐȓȈ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȔȖȦ ȠȍȦ Ȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȓȤȕțȓȈ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ ȗȖȞȍȓțȍ ȌȖȓȋȖȔ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖȔ ǰ ȥȚȖȔț Ȋȍ-
ȟȍȘț șțȎȌȍȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ șȚȈȚȤ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȓȈșȒ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ țȎȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȖȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȒȖȚȖ-
ȘȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȦȚ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖșȚȐ țȚȘȈȚȐȊȠȐȍ Ȕȧ-
ȚȍȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȊȖȓȕțȦȡțȦ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȋȖ ȊȖșȗȖȔȐȕȈ-
ȕȐȧ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȊȍȟȍȘȍ Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȧșȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȈȘȚȐ-
ȕȍ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȐșȒțșȕȣȔ ȔȈșȚȍȘȖȔ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ-ȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȗȣȓȈȦ-

ȡȍȑ șȍȗȐȍȑ Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȡȍȑ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȓȐȞ Ȑ ȌȊȐ-
ȎȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȚȖȟȕȖȑ ȔȈȕȍȘȍ ȗȐșȤȔȈ
ȅȚț ȕȖȟȤ ȒȈȒ Ȑ Țț ȗȍȘȊțȦ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖȊȍȓȐ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ țȎȍ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȘȈșȒȘȣȓȈ Țȍ ȚȈȑ-
ȕȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȏȈȊȍșȈȔȐ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ șȊȖȍȋȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȗ
ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȧ ȔȖȋ ȗȖȔȣșȓȐȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȔțȚȕȖ Ȋ ȉȓȍȌȕȣȝ
ȖȉȘȈȏȈȝ șȚȖȓȤ țȌȈȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȚ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ,
ȒȈȒ ȌȈȓȍȒȐ ȖȟȍȘȚȈȕȐȧ ȊȐȌȐȔȖȋȖ șȒȊȖȏȤ ȔȈȚȖȊȖȍ șȚȍȒȓȖ ȖȚ
ȗȘȍȌȔȍȚȈ Ȋ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȧșȕȖȔț ȏȘȍ-
ȕȐȦ ǵȐ ȘȈȏț ȕȍ ȕȈȏȊȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ ǵȐ ȘȈȏț ȌȈȎȍ
ȚȍȕȤ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ȔȍȎ ȕȈȔȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȔȐ Ȋ șȚȘȈ-
șȚȕȖȔ Ȗȉ
ȧȚȐȐ ǰ Ȋ ȚȖ Ȏȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ Ȋ ȍȍ șȍȘȌ-
Ȟȍ Ȑ Ȗ ȕȍȔ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȓȖșȒȐȑ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȔȍȌȈȓȤȖȕ ș ȐȏȖ-
ȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȠȒȍ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȔ ǷȖȉȍȌȖȕȖșȞȍȔ ȕȈȌȍȚȣȑ ȕȈ
ȍȍ Ƞȍȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ șȕȧȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȓȈșȒȈȔ ȖȚȌȈȊȈȧ
șȊȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ǵȖ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ ȍȍ ȧ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȉ Ȋ Țȍȓȍ Ȏȍ-
ȓȈȕȐȍ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȖȉȘȈȡȍȕȕȖȍ Ȑ țșȚȈ ȌȖȓȋȐȔȐ ȗȖȞȍȓțȧȔȐ șȖȍ-
ȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ ș ȔȖȐȔȐ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȓȐ Ȗȉȡȍȍ ȐȔȧ ȖȌȕȈ-
ȒȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȐ Ȗ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ș ȐșȒȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȕȍ-
ȗȖȌȓȍȎȈȡȍȑ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȦ șȒȖȓȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȖȉ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȉȣȚȐȐ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍȘȚȊȈȧ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȧ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȑ ȜȖȘ-
Ȕȣ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȔȍȌȈȓȤȖȕ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȝȘȈȕȐȓ ȐșȚȐȕț ȚȈȑȕțȦ
Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ

25
DZǹǮǰǮ III.
Ǽ ǻǼȅǶ Ƕ ǿǼǵǰdzǵDzǶȍȃ Ƕ Ǽ ǻǮȆdzǷ ǽǼdzǵDzǸdz ǰ
ǺǼǿǸǰȁ
ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȋ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȈ ȘȍȏȒȈȧ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȈ ǵȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȕȍ ȐșȟȍȏȓȈ
șȖȊșȍȔ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȈșȚțȗȐȓȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȏȊȈȚȤ ȍșȓȐ
ȕȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȚȖȑ șȟȈșȚȐȧ — ȗȖ ȔȍȕȤȠȍȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȖȊȐȕȖȑ Ǫ
ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȗ ȉțȌțȡȍȔ ȧ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȑ ȓȐȠȤ ȐȕȖȋȌȈ ȒȈȒ
ȉȣ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓșȧ ȗȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȦ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȚțȔȈȕȕȖȑ ȌȈȓȐ ȕȍ-
ȧșȕȣȑ ȖȉȓȐȒ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ǯȈ ȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȖ Ȕȕȍ,
Ȉ ș ȕȐȔ Ȑ ȊȐȌȐȔȖșȚȤ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ Ȑȏ ȚȈȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ
ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȑ ȊȓȈșȚȐȚȍȓȤȕȐȞȣ ȔȖȍȑ ȊȖȓȐ ȗȘȍȊȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȖ-
ȒȖȘȕțȦ Ȑ șȚȘȈșȚȕțȦ ȓȦȉȖȊȕȐȞț Ȑ ȧ ȍȦ ȊȓȈȌȍȓ ȉȍȏȘȈȏȌȍȓȤ-
ȕȖ ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȌȍȕȤ ȏȈ ȌȕȍȔ ǰ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ șȖȏȍȘ-
ȞȈȓ ȧ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȑ ș ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȈȓșȧ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ
ȓȐșȚȖȗȈȌ ǷȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȧșȕȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȓȍȊȣȝ ȌȈȓȍȑ
Ȑ Ȗșȍȕȕȍȑ ȚȐȝȖșȚȤȦ ȓȍșȖȊ
ǶȌȕȈȎȌȣ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ Ȋ ȗȖȏȌȕȦȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȓȍȎȈ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ ȕȈ
șȊȖȍȑ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȗȍȘȍȊ ȖȉȍȐȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȋȖȓȖȊț
Ȋ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȔȖȚ-
ȘȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȉȍșȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȖșȍȕȕȐȍ șȖȏȊȍȏȌȐȧ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȇ șȒȖȘȖ ȍȋȖ țȊȐȎț Ǻȣ Ȏȍ ȗȖȍȌȍȠȤ
Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ
ȇ ȔȖȓȟȈȓ ǻȌȈȘ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȑ ȥȓȍȒȚȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔț ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȗȘȖ-
Ƞȍȓ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȖȍ ȚȍȓȖ ǺȈȒ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȔȐȕțȚ ǰ Ȋ ȥȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ ȧșȕȖ ȟȚȖ ȘțȠȐȓȖșȤ ȏȌȈ-
ȕȐȍ ȊȣșȚȘȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȖȦ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȧ ȏȈȔȒȕțȓ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȐȓȓȦ-
ȏȐȧȝ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȔ șȕȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȐȓȐ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȈȔȐ
ǪȓȈșȚȤ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ȊșȍșȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȕȈȌ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ȒȈȏȈȓȈșȤ Ȕȕȍ
ȔȈȋȕȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȊȖȓȍȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȚȖ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚ-
ȕȖȑ ȌȈȓȐ ǵȖ șȚȘȈșȚȕȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȑ ȝȖ-
Țȧ ȉȣ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ Ȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ ȐșȟȍȘȗȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎ-
ȕȖȍ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȐȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤșȧ
șȖȘȊȈȚȤ ȖȌȍȧȓȖ ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȊȠȍȍ ȚȍȓȖ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ Ȑ ȖȚȌȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ
șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕȖȔț ȓțȕȕȖȔț șȊȍȚț ȗȈȌȈȊȠȍȔț Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ Ȑ șȊȖȐȔ ȕȍșȣ-

26
ȚȣȔ ȊȏȖȘȈȔ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓȈ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒ-
Ȏȍ ȊȣȚȧȕțȊȠȐșȤ Ȑ ȗȖȌȗȍȘȍȊ ȘțȒȈȔȐ ȋȖȓȖȊț șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȕȈȗȖȔȐ-
ȕȈȧ șȜȐȕȒșȈ ȕȈȋȈȧ ȕȍȌȊȐȎȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȈ ȕȈ șȖȏȊȍȏȌȐȧ ȒȖȓ-
ȌȖȊȈȊȠȐȍ ȕȈȌ țȕȣȓȣȔȐ ȖșȍȕȕȐȔȐ ȗȖȓȧȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȓȍșȒȈȔȐ Ȑ
ȌȍȘȍȊțȠȒȈȔȐ ǸȖșșȐȐ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȋȖȌ ȔȍȎȌțțșȖȉȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȒȖȋȌȈ
ȏȕȈȒ ȗȧȚȐȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ ȕȈ ȠȓȍȔȈȝ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȝ ȌȘȍȊȕȐȔ
ȌȖșȚȐȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȦȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȧ
Ƕ ȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ ȕȍȐȏȋȓȈȌȐȔȖ ȏȈȗȍȟȈȚȓȍȚȤ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ șȊȖȍȑ
ȥȚȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȇ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȚȍȓȖ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ȖȚȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȏȖȘȈȔ
ȔȖȐȔ ș ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȔ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍȔ Ȏȍȕȣ ȓȐȠȤ ȌȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ
șȒȘȣȊȠȍȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȌțȠț ȍȍ ȗȘȐȒȖȊȈȕȕțȦ Ȓ ȚȈȑȕȍ șȖȏȊȍȏ-
ȌȐȑ ȐȓȐ ȚȈȑȕȍ ȌȘțȋȖȋȖ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȖȑ
ǰ ȖȕȈ ȕȈȘțȠȐȊ ȕȍȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ Ȑ ȖȉȍȘȕțȊ-
ȠȐșȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ șȖ șȚȘȈșȚȤȦ ȐșȒȈȓȈ ȋțȉ ȔȖȐȝ ǺȈȒ Ȋ ȓȈșȒȈȝ ȗȘȖ-
ȊȍȓȐ Ȕȣ ȥȚț ȕȖȟȤ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȕțȦ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ șȓȈȌȒȖȋȖ șȟȈș-
ȚȤȧ Ȑ țȎȈșȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȔ ȖșȍȕȕȍȔ ȘȈșșȊȍȚȍ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ
șȖȕ ȉȍȏ șȕȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȑ șȖȔȒȕțȓ ȔȖȐ ȊȍȒȐ
***
ǵȖ șȗȈȓ ȧ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȍȡȍ ȘȈȕȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȘȈȏ-
ȉțȌȐȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ǶȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ țȎȍ ȖȌȍȚȈ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȈ ȗȖ-
ȊȐȌȐȔȖȔț șȖȉȐȘȈȚȤ Ȋ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȟȍȔȖȌȈȕ șȊȖȐ Ȑ ȔȖȐ ȊȍȡȐ
— ǪșȚȈȊȈȑ șȒȖȘȍȑ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǸȈȏȊȍ Țȣ ȏȈȉȣȓ ȟȚȖ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ
Ȕȣ ȍȌȍȔ" ǵȈȌȖ ȚȖȘȖȗȐȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȗȖȍȏȌ
ȇ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȖȌȍȓșȧ Ȑ ȕȐ Ȗ ȟȍȔ ȕȍ șȗȘȈȠȐȊȈȧ șȚȈȓ ȗȖȔȖ-
ȋȈȚȤ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȗȘȐȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȐȧȝ Ȓ ȖȚ
ȍȏȌț ǺȧȎȍ-
ȓȖȍ Ȑ ȋȕȍȚțȡȍȍ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ șȒȖȊȈȓȖ ȔȖȐ ȔȣșȓȐ ȖȌ-
ȕȈȒȖ ȏȈ ȊșȍȔ ȥȚȐȔ șȒȘȣȊȈȓȐșȤ ȚȖșȒȈ Ȑ țȎȈș ȌȖ ȗȖȘȣ ȌȖ ȊȘȍ-
ȔȍȕȐ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȐȔȣȍ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȏȔȍȐ Ȋ ȘȈșȡȍȓȐȕȈȝ ȒȈȔȍȕȐșȚȖȑ
ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ
ǪșȒȖȘȍ Ȕȣ ȊȣȠȓȐ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ Ǫ ȕȈȟȈȓȍ ȔȖȐȝ ȏȈȗȐșȖȒ ȧ țȎȍ
ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȟȚȖ țșȈȌȤȉȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȈ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȦ șȖșȕȖȊȖȋȖ
ȓȍșȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȓȍȔ ȖȚ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȘȖȡȐ ǬȖȘȖȋȈ Ȓ șȚȈȕ-
ȞȐȐ ȠȓȈ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȗȖ ȖȗțȠȒȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȓȍșȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ șȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȓȈ
Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍȔ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȈ Ȓ ȘȖȡȍ ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȈȝȖȌȐȓȈșȤ

27
șȚȈȕȞȐȧ ǬȖ ȘȖȡȐ ȧ Ƞȍȓ ȕȍ ȖȉȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȧșȤ ȕȈȏȈȌ Ȑ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ
ȏȌȍșȤ ȊșȚțȗȐȊ ȕȈ ȓȍșȕțȦ ȌȖȘȖȋț ș ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔȐ ȒȖȓȍȧȔȐ ȖȉȘȈ-
ȏȖȊȈȊȠȐȔȐșȧ ȖȚ ȖșȍȕȕȐȝ ȌȖȎȌȍȑ ȖȉȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ǫ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȖȑ
ȟȐșȚȖȚȍ ȊȖȏȌțȝȈ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȕȕȣȔ ȗȖȓȍȔ ȉȍȓȍȓ ȌȖȔ
șȊȖȐȔȐ ȒȖȓȖȕȕȈȔȐ Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȔșȧ ȖȘȕȈȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȜȘȖȕȚȖ-
ȕȈ ǺțȚ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȟțȎȖȑ ȋȖȓȖș șȒȈȏȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ ȊȖȏ-
ȊȘȈȡțșȤ Ȋ ȥȚȖȚ ȌȖȔ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍ ȖșȚȈȊȠȍȍșȧ ȗȖȏȈȌȐ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȕȖ
ȔȕȖȦ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȘȈȏ
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Ǵȣ ȊȣȠȓȐ Ȑȏ ȘȖȡȐ Ȑ ȊȏȖȘȈȔ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȓșȧ ȗȘȖ-
șȚȖȘ ȖșȍȕȕȐȝ ȗȖȓȍȑ — ȗțșȚȣȕȕȈȧ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȤ ȏȍȔȓȐ ȗȖȋȓȖ-
ȡȈȦȡȈȧ Ȑ ȚȐȝȈȧ ǵȈȓȍȊȖ ȗȘȐȦȚȐȓȈșȤ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȈȧ șȚȈȕȞȐȧ
Ȑ ȚȧȕțȓȈșȤ ȓȐȕȐȧ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ ȕȈȟȈȊȠȈȧșȧ ȋȌȍ-ȚȖ Ȋ ȕȍ-
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ ȌȈȓȐ Ȑ ȖȗȧȚȤ țȝȖȌȧȡȈȧ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ Dz șȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȗȖȌ
ȍȏ-
ȎȈȓȐ ȚȍȓȍȋȐ Ȑ ȕȈ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȍ șțȍȚȐȓȐșȤ ȓȦȌȐ ȇ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ Țț-
ȌȈ ȋȌȍ șȒȘȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȎȍȓȍȏȕȖȌȖȘȖȎȕȈȧ ȓȐȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ ȚȖȔ
ȟȚȖ ȚȈȔ ȏȈ ȖȚȌȣȝȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȗȖȓȧȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍ ȉț-
ȌȍȚ ȒȖȕȞȈ — ȕȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȏȍ Ȍȍȓȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȓȍȎȐȚ ȋȖȘȖȌ,
ȖȋȘȖȔȕȣȑ Ȑ șȔțȚȕȣȑ ș ȕȍțȓȖȊȐȔȣȔ ȓȐȒȖȔ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ țȚȘȈȚȐȊ-
ȠȐȑ ȟȍȚȒȖșȚȤ ȖșȍȌȈȦȡȐȝ ȒȘȐșȚȈȓȓȈȔȐ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȣșȓȐ-
Ȕȣȑ ȟȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȑ Ȑ ȕȍȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȑ ȞȍȓȤȕȖȔț ȊȖșȗȘȐȧ-
ȚȐȦ Ȉ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȚȒțȌȈ ȚȖ ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȐȑ ȕȈ ȏȖȊ ȓȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ
ȔȣșȓȐ ȐȓȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȋȘȈȕȤȦ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȊȖ-
ȉȖȌȕȖ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȒȈȎȌȖȔț ȌȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȊȖȖȉ-
ȘȈȎȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ șȒȘȣȚțȦ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ
Ǫ ȥȚț ȔȐȕțȚț ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȗȖȠȓȈ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ Ȑ ȧ ȖȡțȚȐȓ Ȋ
șȊȖȍȔ Țȍȓȍ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȗȖȝȖȎȍȍ ȕȈ șȓȈȉȖșȚȤ ȇ șȓȖȊȕȖ țȚȘȈȚȐȓ Ȋșȍ
ȚȖȟȒȐ ȖȗȖȘȣ Ȋșȍ ȕȐȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈȠȐ ȟțȊșȚ-
ȊȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȣ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ
ȅȚȖ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȠȈȚȈȓȈșȤ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ǰ ȖȚ Ȗșȍȕȕȍȑ ȏȍȔȓȐ Ȑ ȚȖȕȒȐȝ
ȉȣȓȐȕȖȒ ȌȖ ȉȍȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȉȓȍȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȖȋȖ ȒțȗȖȓȈ ȧ
ȖȡțȚȐȓ Țț Ȏȍ șȊȖȉȖȌț Ȑ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȐȍ ȊșȍȋȖ.
ǺțȚ ȔȖȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ țȗȈȓ ȕȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț ǵȖȋȐ ȍȍ Ȋ ȟȍȘȕȣȝ ȗȘȖ-
șȊȍȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȟțȓȒȈȝ Ȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȝ ȚțȜȓȧȝ ȗȘȐȌȈȊȓȐȊȈȓȐ

28
ȊȓȈȎȕțȦ ȏȍȔȓȦ Ȑ ȒȈȉȓțȒȐ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȐ ȟțȚȤ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȍ șȓȍȌȣ.
ǰ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȖ șȐȝ ȗȖȘ Ȋ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȕȍȐșȗȣȚȈȕȕȈȧ ȔȕȖȦ
ȎȈȎȌȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȕȐȏȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ DzțȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȠȓȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
ȗȖȓȍ" DzțȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȠȓȈ ȚȈȒ ȓȍȋȒȖ Ȑ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖ ȗȖȗȐȘȈȧ ȥȚț ȏȍȔ-
ȓȦ ȚȍȘȧȧ șȊȖȐ șȓȍȌȣ ȕȍȕțȎȕȣȍ ȍȑ Ȉ Ȕȕȍ" Ǫ ȥȚȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ
ȧ ȌȈȓ ȒȓȧȚȊț — ȒȖȔț ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ — ȕȖ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȒȓȧȚȊȈ ȘȈȉȈ ǰ
ȚȖȋȌȈ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ
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DzȈȒ Ȑ Ȋșȍ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȖȍȏȌ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȌȠȐȑ Ȓ
șȚȈȕȞȐȐ ȉȣȓ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȓȕȍȕ ȕȈȘȖȌȖȔ ǹ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔ ȚȘțȌȖȔ țȌȈ-
ȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ș ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȖȑ ȊȏȖȉȘȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȒț Ȑ țȎȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȝȖȌȈ ȗȖȍȏȌȈ ȗȘȖȑȚȐ Ȋ ȊȈȋȖȕ ǷȈșșȈȎȐȘȣ ȍȋȖ ȕȈȗȖȓȕȧȊ-
ȠȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȓȐ Ȓ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ șȓȖȧȔ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ
Ȑ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȊȈȋȖȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚȕțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț
șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȗȖȐșȒȈȝ ȝȓȍȉȈ ȕȈșțȡȕȖȋȖ ȐȉȖ
ȔȍȠȒȐ ș ȒȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȍȔ Ȋ ȘȈȊȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ ȖȉȘȍȔȍȕȧȓȐ ȒȈȒ ȗȓȍȟȐ
ȘȈȉȖȚȕȐȞ ȗȘȍȌȔȍșȚȐȑ ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȓȍȟȐ ȕȍȒȖȋȌȈ ȥȓȍȋȈȕȚȕȣȝ ȌȈȔ.
Ǫșȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔț ȊȍȘȖȧȚȐȦ ȌȈȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȍȒ-
ȘȈșȕȣȑ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓ ǫȍȘȉȍȘȚț ǬȎȖȘȌȎț ǻȥȓȓșț Ȍȓȧ ȓȐȠȕȐȝ
șȚȘȈȕȐȞ ȒȕȐȋȐ «ǸȖșșȐȧ ȊȖ Ȕȋȓȍ» — ȔȕȖȦ Ȏȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȏȈȔȍȟȍȕȖ
ȓȐȠȤ ȊșȒȖȓȤȏȤ Ȑ țșȓȣȠȈȕȖ ȒȘȈȍȔ țȝȈ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȊșȍȋȖ
ȉȣȓ ȧ ȗȘȐȋȖȌȍȕ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȌȍȕȤ Ȓ ȘȖȓȐ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȧ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȑȏ
Ȋșȍȝ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊȐȌȍȕȕȣȝ ȔȕȖȦ ȓȐȞ ȌȊȈ ȓȐȞȈ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓȐșȤ Ȕȕȍ
Ȑ ș ȚȈȒȖȑ ȧșȕȖșȚȤȦ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȌțȔȈȦ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚ Ȕȕȍ
Ȑȝ ǪȗȘȖȟȍȔ șȓțȟȐȓȖșȤ ȥȚȖ ȗȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȔț șȝȖȌșȚȊț Ȑ ȖȌȕȖ-
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚț ȌȈȊȠȐȔ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șȘȈȊȕȐȚȤ șȍ-
ȉȧ Ȑ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț ș ȥȚȐȔȐ ȕȍȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔȐ Ȕȕȍ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȔ ȟȍȓȖ-
ȊȍȒȖȔ Ȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȖȑ ǶȕȐ șȚȖȧȓȐ ț ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȖȒȕȈ ǶȕȈ Ȗȉ-
ȓȖȒȈȟȐȊȈȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȘțȒț ș ȕȍȎȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖȑ ȗȘȐȎȈȊ-
ȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȚȍșȕȐȔȈȧ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȐȔȐ ǪȍȚȍȘ ȊȘȣȊȈȊȠȐȑ-
șȧ Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ ȚȘȍȗȈȓ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȓ ȍȍ ȊȖȓȖșȣ ǭȑ ȉȣȓȖ ȓȍȚ 19, Ȑ
ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ ȖȕȈ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ șȚȈȓȈ ȍȋȖ ȎȍȕȖȑ ǶȕȐ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ
ȓȐȠȤ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȧ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȇ Ȏȍ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈȝ Ȑ
ȒȈȎȌȖȔ ȍȌȊȈ ȏȈȔȍȚȕȖȔ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȗȘȖȟȍȓ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȑ-

ȕȣ Ȑȝ ȕȖȟȍȑ ǹȓȍȏȣ ȊȣșȚțȗȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȔȖȐ Ȑ ȚȖșȒȈ șȕȖȊȈ
șȎȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȇ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț — ȕȖ ȕȈ ȓȐȞȍ ȍȍ
ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȗȘȖȟȍșȚȤ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ
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ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȕȣ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȐ Ȑ ȗȖȍȏȌ ȕȈȠ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ț ȗȍȘ-
ȘȖȕȈ ǵȈș ȗȖȋȓȖȚȐȓȐ ȋțȓȒȐȍ ȏȈȓȣ ȕȍȌȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȋȘȖȔȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȏȌȈȕȐȧ Ǵȣ ȗȘȖȠȓȐ ȗȖȌ ȕȈȊȐșȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȈȘȒȈȔȐ ȗȖȒȘȣȚȐȑ,
ȔȐȔȖ ȊȍȓȐȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȍȕ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȐȓȐșȤ ȖȘȕȈȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȉȈȘȖȟȕȣȝ ȞȊȍȚȖȊ ȚȖ-
ȋȌȈ Ȏȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȐșȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȏȈȔȣșȓȖȔ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚȖȘȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȐȊ-
ȠȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȕȕțȦ ȊȍȒȈȔȐ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȦ.
ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȝȈȓȐ Ȕȣ ȋȖȘȖȌȖȔ Ȋ șȚȈȘȍȕȤȒȖȑ ȗȘȖȓȍȚȒȍ ș
șȐȕȐȔ șțȒȕȖȔ ș ȌȍȚșȒȐȝ ȓȍȚ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȖȑ Ȕȕȍ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȟȤȍȑ ȗȘȖ-
ȓȍȚȒȍ ǫȖȘȖȌ ȉȣȓ șȚȘȈȕȍȕ dzȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȓȍșȒȈ ȔȈȋȈȏȐȕȖȊ ȒȘȐ-
ȒȓȐȊȖȑ Ȑ ȕȈȋȓȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȊȣȊȍșȖȒ ș ȊȣȉȐȚȣȔȐ ȖȒȖȕȕȣȔȐ șȚȍȒ-
ȓȈȔȐ ȏȈȉȐȚȣȔȐ ȌȖșȒȈȔȐ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ șȚȍȒȓȈȔȐ ȊȐȚȘȐȕ ȗȘȖ-
ȉȐȚȣȔȐ ȗțȓȧȔȐ Ȑ șȒȘȍȗȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȏȈȔȈȏȒȖȑ Ȑ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ
ȌȍȘȍȊȧȕȕȣȔȐ ȒȘțȎȖȟȒȈȔȐ ș ȌȣȔȖȔ Ȑȏ Ȏȍȓȍȏȕȣȝ ȚȘțȉ Ȋȣ-
șȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȝ Ȋ ȖȒȕȈ Ȑ ȟȍȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȧȚȕȈȔȐ ȒȖȗȖȚȐ ȕȈ șȚȍȕȈȝ
ǰ șȘȍȌȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȚȐȝ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȐȑ ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȒȈȒ Ȋșȍ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȏȖ-
ȓȖȚȖȑ Ȉȕȋȍȓ ȚȘțȉȐȓ Ȋ ȏȖȓȖȚțȦ ȚȘțȉț ȕȈ DzȘȈșȕȣȝ ǪȖȘȖȚȈȝ Ȑ
ȕȈ ǴȧșȕȐȞȒȖȑ ȓȍȊ șȖ ȡȐȚȖȔ șȐȌȍȓ ț ȔȕȖȋȖȥȚȈȎȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
Ȉ ȕȈȌ ȒȘțȋȖȔ dzțȉȧȕșȒȖȑ ȗȓȖȡȈȌȐ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȗȖȌȕȐȔȈȓșȧ ǫȍȘ-
Ȕȍș ȕȈ ȌȖȔȍ ș ȟȈșȈȔȐ Ȑ ȕȈȋȐȍ ȗȖȓț-ȖȚȘȖȒȐ ȗȖȓț-ȦȕȖȠȐ ȌȍȘ-
ȎȈȓȐ ȟȈȠț ȜȖȕȚȈȕȈ Ǵȣ ȗȘȖȍȝȈȓȐ ȞȍȕȚȘ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȧ ȊȌȖȝ-
ȕțȓ ȏȈȗȈȝ șȚȈȘȐȕȣ ȕȈ ǵȐȒȐȚșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȋȘțșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȐȠȐȕț ȖșȍȕȐ
Ȋ ȉȍȏȓȦȌȕȣȝ DzȐșȓȖȊșȒȐȝ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈȝ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȏȈȗțȚȈȕȕȣȝ
ȍȡȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȝ ȟȈșȚȐȞț ȎȐȏȕȐ ȚȘȐȌȞȈȚȣȝ Ȑ șȖȘȖȒȖȊȣȝ
ȋȖȌȖȊ ǺțȚ ȐȏȊȖȏȟȐȒ ȕȈȠ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ț șȚȈȘȖȋȖ ȌȊțȝȥȚȈȎȕȖ-
ȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ

30
DZǹǮǰǮ IV.
ǸǮǸ ȍ dzǹǶǵǮǰdzȀǮ Ƕ ǻǶǻǮ ǽǾǼǴǶǹǶ ǼǿdzǻȊ ǰ
DzǼǺdz ǻǮ ǯǼǹȊȆǼǷ ǸǶǿǹǼǰǸdz
DzȊȈȘȚȐȘȈ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ Ȕȣ ȊȖȠȓȐ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȒȊȈȘ-
ȚȐȘȣ ȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌ țȎȍ ȕȈȟȈȓșȧ ȕȈȗȓȣȊ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ,
ȘȈȏ
ȍȝȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȍ ȒȖ-
ȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȘȈȏȘțȠȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ Ȑ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȠȐȝșȧ țȟȘȍȎ-
ȌȍȕȐȑ Ȋ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȍȘȍ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȓȖ ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘȕȖȑ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕ-
ȕȖșȚȐ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘ DzȚȖ-ȚȖ ȠȓȍȗȈȧ ȚțȜȓȧȔȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȓ ȕȈȔ ȌȊȍȘȤ
Ȋ ȚȍȔȕțȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȎțȦ Ȑ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ țȎȍ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȈȧ
ș ȘȈșȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȗȘȖȊȍȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȒȖȘȘȐȌȖȘȖȔ ȌȖ
șȈȔȖȑ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑ ȌȊȍȘȐ Ǵȣ ȊȖȠȓȐ Ǫ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ
ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȖȑ ȔȍȉȍȓȤȦ ȗȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȕȍ-
ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȌȐȊȈȕȟȐȒȍ ș ȊȣȋȕțȚȖȑ șȗȐȕȒȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ
ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȗȖȌȖȉȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȒȘȍșȍȓ ȗȖȌȎȈȊ ȕȖȋȐ Ȑ șȒȓȖȕȐȊȠȐșȤ
ȕȈȌ ȒȕȐȋȖȑ șȐȌȍȓȈ ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȓȍȚ -ȚȐ ș ȋțșȚȣȔȐ ȊȖȓȕȐșȚȣ-
ȔȐ ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ȞȊȍȚȈ ȒȈȠȚȈȕȖȊ ȕȍȗȘȐȟȍșȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȉ ȓȐȠȤ șȏȈ-
ȌȐ ȗȍȘȍȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȟȍȘȕȖȑ ȓȍȕȚȖȑ ǵȈ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȑ șȓȖȎȍȕ-
ȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȒȐȘȗȐȟȍȑ ȗȍȟȒȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȐȓșȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȍȌ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚȍ ȉȣȓ șȓȣȠȍȕ ȏȈȗȈȝ ȗȖȌȎȈȘȐȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȒȈȘȚȖȜȍȓȧ ǬȍȊț-
ȠȒȈ ȖȉȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȊȠȐșȤ ș ȌȐȊȈȕȈ ȊȖșȒȓȐȒ-
ȕțȓȈ
— dzȐȏȈ
— Ǻȣ ȕȍ ȎȌȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ǵȐȕȈ — șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈ-
ȊȍȚȈ ȇ ȕȍ ȏȈȌȍȘȎȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȍȝȈȓȈ ȗȖ ȚȊȖȍȔț ȗȐșȤȔț
ǷȖșȓȍ ȥȚȖȋȖ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȓȈșȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ
— ȅȚȖ ǵȐȕȈ ȌȊȖȦȘȖȌȕȈȧ șȍșȚȘȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ ȔțȎȈ ȔȖȍȋȖ ǶȕȈ
ȐȏȊȍșȚȐȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȗ ȗȘȐȍȏȌȍ ȍȋȖ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț
ǵȐȕȈ Ȏȍ ȊȖȗȘȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȑ șȔțȡȍȕȕȖ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȈ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ
ǰ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȧ ȕȈ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȕȣȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș șȍȘȣȝ ȋȓȈȏ ǵȐȕȣ
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ
— Ǩ ȥȚȖ ȚȖȎȍ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ Ǻȣ Ȏȍ ȔȖȎȍȠȤ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȍș-
ȓȐ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȍȔ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟȍȔ ǷȖ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȉșȚȖȧ-
ȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈȔ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ Ȗȕ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȓ
ȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚȖ ǺȈȒ ȉȣȓȖ ȕțȎȕȖ Ǻȣ ȕȍ țȌȐȊȓȧȑșȧ

31
ǹ ȔȐȓȖȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȚȓȐȊȖșȚȤȦ ǵȐȕȈ ȗȘȍȌȓȖȎȐȓȈ ȕȈȔ ȗȖȓȤ-
ȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȍȍ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȖȑ ȒȈȒ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ Ȑ ȗȖȒȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ
țȔȣȊȈȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȗȘȐȟȍșȣȊȈȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȚȈȘȣȔ ȖȊȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȏȍȘȒȈ-
ȓȖȔ șȚȖȓ țȎȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȒȘȣȚ ǵȐȕȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȒȖȘȖ ȊȍȘ-
ȕȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ ȊȣȠȓȈ ǪȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȊȠȐșȤ ȍȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍȔ
ȧ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț Ȗ ǵȐȕȍ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȏȕȈȓȈ
ǵȐȕț ȍȡȍ Ȋ DzȐȍȊȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȕȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȈ ș ȗȖȓȋȖȌȈ
ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȗȍȘȍȍȝȈȓȈ ș ȦȋȈ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȑ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ Ȋ ȖȌ-
ȕȖȑ ȚȍȈȚȘȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚțȌȐȐ
Ǵȣ șȐȌȍȓȐ ȘȧȌȖȔ ȕȈ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȐȏȖȋȕțȚȖȔ ȌȐȊȈȕȟȐȒȍ șȖȘȖ-
ȒȖȊȣȝ ȋȖȌȖȊ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȐȌȍȓȈ ǵȐȕȈ.
ǹȔțȚȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ ȔȖȍȑ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ ǪȏȖȘ ȔȖȑ
ȗȖȓțȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȉȍȋȈȓ ȗȖ ȊȍȡȈȔ șȚȖȧȊȠȐȔ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȕȍ-
ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ Ȕȕȍ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓșȧ ȕȈ șȚȈȘȣȝ
ȠȐȘȔȈȝ ȏȈȚȧȕțȚȣȝ ȊȣȞȊȍȚȠȐȔȐ ȋȖȉȍȓȍȕȈȔȐ ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ Ȑȏ
ȕȐȝ ȘȣȞȈȘȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȧȓ ȔȖȓȖȌȖȑ șțȗȘțȋȍ ȌȐȈȌȍȔț Ȉ ȖȕȈ ȖȌȍ-
ȚȈȧ Ȋ ȉȍȓȖȍ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ș ȋȖȓțȉȣȔ ȒȖȘșȈȎȍȔ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȏȍȘ-
ȒȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȌȘțȋȖȔ — ȌȍȊțȠȒȈ ȉȖșȈȧ ȕȐȏȒȖ șȒȓȖȕȐȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ
ȏȍȔȓȍ ȒȖȘȔȐȓȈ ȋȖȓțȉȍȑ ȕȈ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ — ȗȖȓțȕȈȋȈȧ ǽȓȖȧ ȗȖȌ-
șȚȈȊȓȧȓȈ șȊȖȐ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȍ ȋțȉȣ ȗȖȞȍȓțȧȔ ǬȈȜȕȐșȈ ȕȈ ȓȖȎȍ ȗȖ-
ȒȘȣȚȖȔ ȏȊȍȘȐȕȣȔȐ ȠȒțȘȈȔȐ ǪȌȘțȋ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
— Ǻȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌțȔȈȍȠȤ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȋȌȍ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ Ȋ
ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ ȅȚȖȋȖ ȕȍ ȕțȎȕȖ Ǵȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȎȐȚȤ ȊȔȍșȚȍ ȌȖ
Țȍȝ ȗȖȘ ȗȖȒȈ ȧ ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȟț ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ
ǹȒȖȘȖ ȊȍȘȕțȓȈșȤ ǵȐȕȈ ǬȍȕȤ ȥȚȖȚ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖȊȍȓȐ ȊȚȘȖȍȔ
ǵȈșȚțȗȐȓ ȊȍȟȍȘ Ȑ șȍȘȣȔ ȘȈșșȍȧȕȕȣȔ șȊȍȚȖȔ șțȔȍȘȍȒ ȔȍȌ-
ȓȍȕȕȖ ȗȍȘȍȠȍȌȠȐȝ Ȋ ȚȤȔț șȒȘȣȓ ȏȈ ȖȒȕȈȔȐ ȚȐȝȐȑ țȋȖȓȖȒ
ȋȖȘȖȌȈ Ȑ ȚȖȟȕȖ ȏȈȔȒȕțȓ ȕȈȠȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕ ȒȘțȋ ǿȈșȚȖ
ȋȓȈȏȈ ǵȐȕȣ ȗȖȌȖȓȋț ș ȘȖȉȒȐȔ ȓȦȉȖȗȣȚșȚȊȖȔ ȖșȚȈȕȈȊȓȐȊȈ-
ȓȐșȤ ȕȈ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ țȏȣ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȑ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ șȓȖȊȕȖ șȖȍȌȐȕȧȓȐ ȕȈș.
ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȧ Ȑ ǵȐȕȈ ȖȉȈ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓȐ ȌȘțȋ
Ȋ ȌȘțȋȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȓȐ Ȑ ȉȍșȗȖȔȖȡȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȠț
ȗȍȘȍȌ ȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȏȧȊ ȕȈș ȏȈ ȘțȒȐ ȗȖȊȍȓȈ ȒȈȒ ȌȍȚȍȑ ȕȐ
șȓȖȊȈ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȊ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȒțȌȈ Ȑ ȏȈȟȍȔ ȊȍȌȍȚ
ǩȣȓȖ ȌȈȓȍȒȖ ȏȈ ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤ ȒȖȋȌȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȊșȚȈȊ ș ȒȘȍș-
ȓȈșȒȈȏȈȓȈ «țȎȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȗȖȏȌȕȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȘȈ ȓȐ ȕȈȔ ȊșȍȔ ȐȚȚȐ
șȗȈȚȤ» ǰ ȗȖ ȍȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȦ ȖȕȈ ȓȍȋȓȈ ȕȍ ș ǵȐȕȖȑ Ȉ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ
ȏȈ ȠȐȘȔȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȚȐ ȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȘȍȊȈ ș ȖȊȈȓȤ-

32
ȕȣȔ țȋȓțȉȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ șȗȐȕȒȍ Ȑ ș ȟȍȚȣȘȤȔȧ șȚȘȖȑȕȣȔȐ ȒȖ-
ȘȐȕȜșȒȐȔȐ ȒȖȓȖȕȒȈȔȐ ȗȖ țȋȓȈȔ ǰ Ȋ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȐȐ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ
ȕȖȟȐ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ șȒȘȣȊȠȍȑ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖȉȘȈȏȣ ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȍȋȖ Ȍȕȧ
Ȑ ȕȍȧșȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȍ ȖȟȍȘȚȈȕȐȧ Ȍȕȧ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȚ-
ȌȈȓșȧ ȧ ȕȖȟȐ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȎȍȓȈȧ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȑ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȍȟȕȖ
ȒȈșȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈȋȖȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǵȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȧ ȋțȉȣ șȊȖȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤ ș ȋțȉȈȔȐ
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȈ ȖȚșȚȘȈȕȐȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȍȌȊȈ ȊȕȧȚȕȣȔ ȠȖ-
ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȍșȓȈ
— ǺȍȗȍȘȤ țȎȍ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ țȎȍ Țȣ ȕȍ ȔțȎ
ȔȖȑ Ǻȣ ȔȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ
***
ǵȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȧ ȘȈȕȖ țȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ ȇ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȖȚ-
ȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȔȍșȚȈ Ȋ ǫȓȈȊȕȖȔ ǻȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȐ ǴțȏȍȧȔȐ
șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔ ș ȘȈȏȉȖȘȒȖȑ ȈȘȝȐȊȈ Ȋ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȍ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǭȓȐȏȈ-
ȊȍȚȈ ȗȖ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȐ ȗȐșȤȔȈ ǵȐȕȣ țȎȍ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȏȈȊȍȌțȦȡȍȔț
ȠȒȖȓȖȑ ȟȚȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȖȉșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȏȈșȚȈȊ-
ȓȧȦȚ ȍȍ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ șȓțȎȉț ȀȒȖȓȤȕȣȍ ȏȈȕȧȚȐȧ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȧȝ Ȋ
ȚȖȚ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȣȑ ȋȖȌ ȕȍ ȖȒȖȕȟȐȊȠȍȑșȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȋȖȓȖȌȈ ȍȡȍ
ȕȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȓȐșȤ Ȉ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȍȍ țȘȖȒȐ ȗȖ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȔț ȧȏȣȒț
șȖȋȓȈșȐȓȈșȤ ȊȍșȚȐ ȎȍȕȈ ȚȖȋȖ țȟȐȚȍȓȧ ț ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ Ȋ
ȌȖȎȌȓȐȊȣȑ ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȌȍȕȤ ȧ Ȑ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȗȐȓȐ ȟȈȑ
Ǫșȍ ȥȚȖ ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȖȏȈȉȖȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȗ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȝ șȘȍȌ-
șȚȊȈȝ Ȓ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȦ ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȗȘȖȌȈȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȝșȧ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȖȓȖȚȣȝ Ȋȍȡȍȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ Ȟȍȕȕȣȝ
Ȑ Ȋ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȌȍȕȤ ț ǹțȝȈȘȍȊȖȑ ȉȈȠȕȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ ȏȈ ȕȐȝ ȖȚ șȒțȗ-
ȡȐȒȈ 200.000 Șțȉȓȍȑ ǹțȔȔȈ ȥȚȈ ȌȈȊȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ
Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒț ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ȑ șȈ-
ȔȖȔț ȗȘȖȎȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȉȍȏ șȓțȎȉȣ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȏȈȒȖȕȟȐȊ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȐ ȌȍȓȈ ȧ Ȓ ȊȍȟȍȘț ȊȍȘȕțȓșȧ Ȋ ȒȖȔ-
ȕȈȚț ȕȈ DzȐșȓȖȊȒț ȚȖ ȏȈșȚȈȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚț Ȑ ǵȐȕț ȌȖȔȈ ǷȘȍȌ-
ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȐ ȕȍ ȖȗȘȈȊȌȈȓȐșȤ — ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȝȖȌȐȓȈ Ȓ
ȒȕȧȏȦ Ȑ ȊȍșȤ ȌȍȕȤ ȗȘȖȉȣȓȈ ȌȖȔȈ ȅȚȖȚ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȗȘȖȠȍȓ,
ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȏȈȌțȔȟȐȊȈȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȖȉȣȒ-

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ȕȖȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ Ȑ ȗȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ șȚȈȘȈȧșȤ
ȟȚȖ ȚȖ șȒȘȣȚȤ ȖȚ ȔȖȐȝ ȊȏȖȘȖȊ ȓȍȋȒȖȑ ȗȖșȚțȗȤȦ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȓȈ
șȚȘȖȑȕȈȧ ǵȐȕȈ
Ǫ ȗȖșȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ ȌȕȐ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓȈșȤ ȌȖȔȈ
Ȉ ȊȍȟȍȘȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ Ȕȣ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ
ǵȐȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȕȧȚȈ Ȋ șȚțȌȐȐ
ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ țȠȓȈ ȘȈȕȖ țȚȘȖȔ ȕȐ șȓȖȊȈ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȊ
ȕȈȔ ȒțȌȈ Ȑ ȕȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȓȐ ȖȕȈ ȐȌȍȚ DzȖȋȌȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȏȈȚȊȖȘȐȓȈșȤ
ȏȈ ȕȍȑ — ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȍ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ ȔȕȖȦ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȓȖ ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȗȘȖ-
ȉȣȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȔȐȕțȚ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȍ Ȑ țȑȚȐ ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȟȚȖ-
ȉȣ ȖșȚȈȚȤșȧ ȖȌȕȖȔț șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȋȖȘȍȔ ȕȖ șȐȓȣ Ȕȍȕȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐ-
ȓȐ ȧ șȍȓ ȕȈ ȌȐȊȈȕ Ȑ ȏȈȉȣȊ Ȋșȍ ȖȒȘțȎȈȦȡȍȍ ȗȘȐȎȈȓșȧ ȋȖ-
ȓȖȊȖȑ Ȓ ȗȖȌțȠȒȍ ȇ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȓ Ȋșȍ Ǵȕȍ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȈȌȍȧȚȤ-
șȧ ǩȍȏțȔȕȣȑ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȎȐȓ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ" ȇ ȗȖȌțȔȈȓ Ȗ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑ-
șȚȊȍ șȕȖȊȈ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȊșȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȐȚȚȐ ȕȖ ȖȞȍȗȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȌȈȓȖ
Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ ȉȍȏȊȖȓȤȕȣȑ ȧ ȖșȚȈȊȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȍ ȇ ȗȖȌȕȧȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț
Ȑ țȊȐȌȍȓ ǵȐȕț ȆȕȈȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȈȧ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ șȖșȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȐ
ȉȖȓȤȠȐȔȐ șȍȘȣȔȐ ȋȓȈȏȈȔȐ ȖȕȈ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȈ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȇ ȗȘȖȚȧȕțȓ Ȓ ȕȍȑ ȘțȒȐ Ȑ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— ǵȐȕȈ ȗȖȔȖȋȐȚȍ Ȕȕȍ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȌȖȠȓȈ Ȑ ȖȗțșȚȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ — șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǵȐȕȈ. Ǫȣ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ
ȉȘȈȚȈ ȔȖȍȋȖ ǴȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ Ȕȕȍ șȒȖȘȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȚșȧ țȚȍȠȈȚȤ ǭȓȐ-
ȏȈȊȍȚț ǴȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ ȕȍȗȘȍȒȓȖȕȍȕ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȍȕȧȍȚ șȊȖȐȝ ȘȍȠȍ-
ȕȐȑ ǰ Ȋșȍ ț ǪȈș ȗȖȑȌȍȚ ȗȖ-șȚȈȘȖȔț
ǶȉȘȈȏ șȓȈȉȖȑ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȣ ȔȍȓȤȒȕțȓ ȗȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ ȇ ȝȖȚȍȓ
ȉȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȈȓȖ ȐȔȍȓ ȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ" ȇ
ȊȓȈȌȍȓ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȔȕȖȋȐȔ ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȧ ȕȍ ȊȓȈȌȍȓ ȍȍ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ
ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȖȚȊȍȘȎȍȕȐȍ ǴȣșȓȤ ȟȚȖ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȖȚȕȣ-
ȕȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚȤ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȈ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ-
ȊȣȕȖșȐȔȖȑ ǶȕȈ șȎȐȋȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȇ ȋȖȚȖȊ ȉȣȓ ȒȘȐȟȈȚȤ ǹȓȖȊ-
ȕȖ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȕȈșȐȓȤșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȖȚȚȖȘȋȈȓ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȚȍȓȈ
ǴȖȐ ȘțȒȐ șȎȐȔȈȓȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȍ ȘțȒȐ ȌȍȊțȠȒȐ ǴȖȐ ȊȖȓȖ-
șȣ șȔȍȠȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ș ȍȍ ȍȡȍ ȕȍȗȘȐȟȍșȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȓȖșȈȔȐ ǪȌȘțȋ
Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȏ ȍȍ ȏȈȒȈȗȈȓȐ șȓȍȏȣ Ȑ ȋȖȘȧȟȐȍ ȗȈȌȈȓȐ ȕȈ ȔȖȐ ȘțȒȐ
ǶȕȈ ȚȐȝȖ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ:
— ǯȈȟȍȔ ȖȕȈ ǪȈȔ" ǯȈȟȍȔ"

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ȇ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ǵȐȕȍ ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȖșȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȍ ȍȍ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȚȘȖȕțȓȖ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȈȒ ȖȌȐȕȖȒ «ǭȡȍ ȌțȔȈȓ ȧ
ȕȍ Ȋșȍ ȒȖȕȟȍȕȖ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȊȍȘȕțȚȤșȧ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ,
Ȑ, ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȍȑ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕțȎȕȈ ȔȖȧ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȉ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ
ȒȈȒ ȏȕȈȚȤ țșȗȖȒȖȍȕȕȖȍ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȍȍ ȕȍ ȕȈȑȌȍȚ ȓȐ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȍ ȚȖ-
ȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȚȡȍȚȕȖ ȐșȒȈȓȖ Ȋ ȊȖȏȓȦȉȓȍȕȕȖȔ"» ǺȈȒ Ȋ ȔȖȓȟȈȕȐȐ
ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǵȐȕȈ ȗȖȗȘȍȎȕȍȔț ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȝ șȚȖȧȓȈ ȊȖȏ-
ȓȍ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȑ Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȘȈȏ
 ȍȌȐȕȐȓȐ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȘțȒ ǭȡȍ ȕȐȒȖȔț ȌȖ
șȍȑ ȗȖȘȣ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȧ Ȗ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ȉ ȔȍȎ ȚȍȔ șȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȘȈ-
ȌȈȕȐȑ Ȋȣȕȍș ȖȌȐȕ ǩȖȓȍȍ Ȋ ȖȌȐȕȖȟȍșȚȊȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȧ ȕȍșȚȐ ȉȘȍ-
Ȕȧ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȝ Ȑ ȉȖȓȤȕȣȝ ȔȖȐȝ ȟțȊșȚȊ ȇ ȐșȒȈȓ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ț Ȍȍ-
ȊțȠȒȐ ȉȍșșȐȓȤȕȣȑ ȘȈȏȋȈȌȈȚȤ ȚȖ ȚȈȑȕȖȍ ȟȚȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȓȖ ǭȓȐ-
ȏȈȊȍȚȖȑ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȟȍȋȖ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȧ ȌȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ
ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ ȒȈȒȖȍ-ȓȐȉȖ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȕȖ ȔȖȋ ȓȐȠȤ ȗȖȋțȉȐȚȤ
șȍȉȧ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȔ ȗȖȘȣȊȖȔ șȓȍȗȖȋȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȌȐȕ ȓȖȎȕȣȑ
ȠȈȋ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȈȌȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȗȘȖȗȈșȚȤ
ǰ ȧ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓ ǵȐȕȍ Ȋșȍ
ȅȚȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȔȕȖȋȖ țșȗȖȒȖȐȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ǵȐȕȈ Ȏȍ ȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȈșȤ șȐȓȤȕȖ ȊȏȊȖȓȕȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȔȖȐȔ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȖȔ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȉȓȍȌȕȍ-
ȓȈ Ȑ ȒȘȍȗȒȖ șȎȈȊ ȔȖȐ ȘțȒȐ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ ȧ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȓȦȉȓȦ dzȐȏț Ȑ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ
ȕȍ ȓȦȉȐȓȈ ȍȍ ȕȍ șȚȈȓȈ ȉȣ ȗȐșȈȚȤ ȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ Ȋ ǴȖșȒ-
Ȋȍ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ-ȚȈȒȐ Ȑ Ȋȣ Ȑ ȉȘȈȚ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȣ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȍȍ ȍșȓȐ ȉȣ ȍȍ
ȕȍ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȓȐ ǻ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊȖȓȐ ȟȍȔ ț ȊȈș Ȉ ȗȖȚȖȔț Ȋȣ
ȒȘȍȗȟȍ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș dzȐȏȖȑ ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȋȣ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȍ Țț
ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍșȤ ȇ ȗȖȟȚȐ țȊȍȘȍȕȈ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ
ǺțȚ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȌȕȧȓȈ ȕȈ Ȕȍȕȧ șȊȖȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ ȋȓȈ-
ȏȈ Ȑ țșȗȖȒȈȐȊȈȧ Ȕȍȕȧ șȈȔȈ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȐșȒȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ
ȉȣȓȖ ț ȕȍȑ Ȋ ȌțȠȍ Ȋ Țț ȔȐȕțȚț ȇ Ȏȍ șȗȘȖșȐȓ ȍȍ ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ
țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȧ ȍȍ ȚȘȍȊȖȋț:
— ǷȖȟȍȔț Ȏȍ ǪȈȠ ȉȘȈȚ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ dzȐȏț"
Ǵȕȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȟȚȖ șȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȚȤ ȕȈ
ȔȖȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș ȕȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȗȖȊȐȕțȧșȤ ȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ șȟȐȚȈȓȈ șȊȖȐȔ
ȌȖȓȋȖȔ ȕȍ șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ:
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ Ǫȣ șȈȔȐ ȘȈșșȒȈȏȈȓȐ Ȕȕȍ Ȗ ǪȈ-
Ƞȍȑ ȊșȚȘȍȟȍ ș dzȐȏȖȑ. — Ǫȣ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȟȚȖ-ȚȖ Ȋ ȍȍ ȗȘȖ-
ȠȓȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȖȚȚȖȓȒȕțȓȖ ȉȘȈȚȈ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȗȕ ȥȚȖ țȏȕȈȓ ǺȖȟȕȖȋȖ ȧ
ȚȖȎȍ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ ǩȘȈȚ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ Ȗȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ

35
Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȖȚ ȉȓȐȏȖșȚȐ ș dzȐȏȖȑ ȌȍȓȈȓȈșȤ ȌțȠȈ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȔȕȖȑ
Ƕȕ Ȏȍ ȝȖȚȍȓ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȊȍȚȈ Ǫȣ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ȒȚȖ ȔȖȑ ȉȘȈȚ"
— ǼȈȔȐȓȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȦ dzȐȏȈ ȕȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
— ǵȖ Ǫȣ ȍȋȖ ȏȕȈȍȚȍ ǪȖȚ Ȗȕ
ǵȐȕȈ ȊșȚȈȓȈ ȗȖȌȖȠȓȈ Ȓ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔț șȚȖȓȐȒț Ȑ ȊȣȕțȊ
Ȑȏ ȧȡȐȒȈ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ ȗȖȌȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
ȇ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȏȕȈȓ ȥȚȖ ȓȐȞȖ — ȥȚț șȚȘȈȕȕțȦ ȋȖȓȖȊț ȟȘȍȏȔȍȘ-
ȕȖ ȊȣȚȧȕțȚțȦ ȥȚȐ șȖȡțȘȍȕȕȣȍ țȏȒȐȍ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț ȋȓȧȌȧȡȐȍ
ȋȓȈȏȈ ȥȚț ȠȍȦ Ȋ ȊȣșȖȒȖȔ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȒȍ ȇ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓ Ȓȕȧȏȧ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ ȚȈȒȐȔ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȍȋȖ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȓȍȚ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ
Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȧȔțȦ ȔțȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȜȐȋțȘț ȊȍșȤ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ
ȉȍȏșȚȘȈșȚȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȍȋȖ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤ ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȑ ȖȌȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ
ȐȕȚȖȕȈȞȐȑ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȏȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ — ȖȚ ȋȓȈȏ ȌȖ
ȔȈȕȍȘȣ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȚȤ ȘțȒȐ ȥȚț ȕȍȖȉȣȒȕȖȊȍȕȕțȦ ȊȕȍȠȕȖșȚȤ
ȏȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȔȖȋȓȈ șȒȘȣȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȓȍȌȧȕȈȧ Ȑ ȗȓȈȔȍȕȕȈȧ
ȌțȠȈ
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȐșȤ ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȐ ȒȖȕȒȊȐșȚȈȌȖȘȣ Ȑ ȒȘȍș-
ȚȖȕȖșȞȣ ȘȈșȗȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȍ ȏȖȓȖȚȖ ȗȍșȒȖȊ ǹȐȘȐȐ ȗțșȚȣȕȕȖșȚȤ
ȔȖȘȍȑ ȌȐȒȖșȚȤ țȚȍșȖȊ ȏȊȍȏȌȣ Ȑ ȗȈȓȤȔȣ ȚȐȠȐȕȈ ȏȈȉȘȖȠȍȕ-
ȕȣȝ ȌȖȔȖȊ — ȚȍȔȕȈȧ șȚȈȘȐȕȈ ȊȓȈȌȍȦȡȈȧ șȍȘȌȞȍȔ Ȑ ȟȍȑ ȚȖ
Ȍțȝ — ȚȖ Ȋ ȖȉȘȈȏȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȉȣȚȕȖȋȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ ȚȖ ȔȖȓȧȡȍȋȖșȧ
ȈȘȈȉȈ ȚȖ ȉȍșșȚȘȈȠȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȘȍȗȓȈȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȚȖ ȚȖȋȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ
ȊșȚțȗȐȊȠȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȖȓȋȖȎȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȉȖȑ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȈȦȡȐȑ șȍȌȣȍ Ȑ
ȋȘȖȏȕȣȍ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȧ
ǺȈȒ ȊȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȥȚȖȚ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȣȑ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȑ ȒȕȧȏȤ ȔȖȑ
șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒ — ȗȖȥȚ dzȍȖȕȐȌ ǸțȕȖȊ ȟȤȐ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȐ șȚȐȝȖȊ ȗȍȘȍ-
ȗȓȍȚȍȕȣȍ Ȋ șȍȘȍȉȘȧȕțȦ ȗȈȘȟț ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ șȚȖȧȓȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȓȒȈȝ
ȔȖȍȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȐ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȍȘȍȓȐșȚȣȊȈȓ ȧ Ȋ ȚȐ-
ȠȐȕȍ ȗȘȖȊȐȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȖȊ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ șȐȌȧ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ț
ȘȈșȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ ȖȒȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ ȋȖșȚȐȕȕȐȞȣ ș ȊȐȌȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȓȖ-
ȡȈȌȤ
ǪȖȚ ȒȚȖ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ ȔȖȑ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒ
ǻȎȍ ȌȍȕȤ șȚȈȓ șȒȓȖȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȊȍȟȍȘț ǵȐȕȈ țȠȓȈ ȇ ȖșȚȈȓ-
șȧ ȖȌȐȕ ǪȕȖȊȤ șȚȈȓȈ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȚȤ ȔȖȧ ȚȘȍȊȖȋȈ DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȏȊȖ-
ȕȖȒ ȘȈȏȌȈȊȈȊȠȐȑșȧ Ȋ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȍ ȗȖȚȘȧșȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȔȖȍ șțȡȍșȚȊȖ
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȕȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȈȓȈșȤ ǵȈȒȖȕȍȞ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȕȐȓ ȖȟȍȕȤ
ȚȐȝȖ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȏȊȖȕȐȓȈ ȖȕȈ ǹȖȉȘȈȊ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȐ șȐȓȣ ȧ
ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕțȦ ȗȘȐȝȖȎțȦ Ȑ ȖȚȗȍȘ ȌȊȍȘȤ ǺȖ ȉȣȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈ-

ȊȍȚȈ ǶȕȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȧ Ȏȍ șȓȍȌȖȔ ȏȈ ȕȍȑ ȚȘȍȗȍȡț-
ȡȐȑ ȖȚ ȔȣșȓȐ ȟȚȖ șȍȑȟȈș țȊȐȎț ȓȐȞȖ ȍȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȚț șȊȖȑ ȗȘȐ-
ȋȖȊȖȘ ǪȖȑȌȧ Ȋ ȒȖȔȕȈȚț ȖȕȈ șȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȌȐȊȈȕ ȇ Ȋȏȋȓȧȕțȓ ȕȈ
ȕȍȍ — Ȑ Ȋ ȖȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ țȏȕȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȇ șȔȖȚȘȍȓ ȕȈ ȕȍȍ ȕȍș-
ȒȖȓȤȒȖ șȍȒțȕȌ Ȑ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȏȈȗȖȔȕȐȓ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ Ƕ ȧ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȐ-
Ȍȍȓ ȖȉȘȈȏȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȈȌȈȕȐȧ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȖȚȊȍȘȕțȓ-
șȧ Ȑ ȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȖȒȕț. ǿȍȘȍȏ ȔȐȕțȚț ȖȕȈ ȗȖȏȊȈȓȈ
Ȕȍȕȧ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ — șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ — ȧ ȉțȌț ȚȊȖȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ
ȕȖ ȗȘȐ ȖȌȕȖȔ țșȓȖȊȐȐ
ȇ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȕȍȑ Ȑ Ȋȏȧȓ ȍȍ ȘțȒț ǸȈȌȖșȚȤ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ
ȔȕȖȦ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȕȈȧ ȉȓȐȏȒȖȍ ȉȍȏțȔȐȍ șȟȈșȚȤȧ ȖȝȊȈȚȐȓȐ Ȕȍȕȧ
șȌȈȊȐȓȐ ȋȘțȌȤ ȔȖȦ Ȑ ȧ țȎȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ ȔȐȕțȚȈ ȉțȌț-
ȡȍȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȚ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȎȌȈȕȕȖȍ șȟȈșȚȤȍ șȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȍȋȖ
ȕȍȐȏȔȍȘȐȔȣȔ — ȚȍȗȍȘȤ Ȏȍ ȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊșȚțȗȈȦ ȒȈȒ ȗȐȓȐȋ-
ȘȐȔȔ, ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȐȑ ȗțșȚȣȕȐ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȉȓȈȋȖșȓȖȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȏȍȔ-
ȓȐ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȋȖȓȖșȖȔ ȗȖȘȈȏȐȊȠȐȔ Ȕȍȕȧ șȊȖȐȔ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚ-
ȊȐȍȔ ȒȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ ȍȍ țȎȍ ȗȖȋȓȖȚȐȓȖ ȕȍțȔȖȓȐȔȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ,
ȊȕȖȊȤ ȗȖȊȚȖȘȐȓȈ:
— ȇ ȉțȌț ȚȊȖȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȐ țșȓȖȊȐȐ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ
țȉȤȍȠȤ ȍȋȖ ȅȚȖ ȕȍ Ȗȕ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȋȖ ȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȐșȒȈȓȈ
Ȗȕ ȓȎȍȞ Ȑ ȖȉȔȈȕȡȐȒ DzȈȒ Ȗȕ ȖșȒȖȘȉȓȧȓ Ȕȍȕȧ Ƕȕ șȒȈȏȈȓ
ȟȚȖ ȧ ȗȖȋțȉȐȓȈ ȍȋȖ — Ȉ ȧ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍȋȖ șȚȈȓȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ ǭȔț ȧ ȖȚȌȈȓȈ
Ȋșȍ ǪȍșȤ ȔȐȘ Ǫșȍ DzȖȋȌȈ ȧ șȗȈȓȈ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ — ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȈ ȉȣȓȈ
ȕȈ ȔȖȍȑ ȗȖȌțȠȒȍ ȍȋȖ ȘțȒȐ șȎȐȔȈȓȐ ȔȖȦ ȋȘțȌȤ Ƕȕ ȓȐȠȤ
ȗȘȐȕȧȓ ȚȊȖȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ Ǻȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓ Ȗȕ ǪșȍȋȌȈ Ȑ ȊșȦ-
Ȍț ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȋȖ Ǻȣ ȉȣȓ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ șȗțȚȕȐȒ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȕȤ
ǵȖ Ȋ Țȍȉȍ ȧ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍ ȖȉȔȈȕțȓȈșȤ ȇ ȏȕȈȦ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȏȈȟȍȔ Țȣ
ȉȣȓ ȕțȎȍȕ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȖȚȌȈȔ Țȍȉȍ — ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȖȔț — Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȌȖȓ-
Ȏȍȕ ȉȣȓ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȗȕ Ǫșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ Ǻȣ șȓȣȠȐȠȤ — Țȣ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȠȤ
ȖȉȔȈȕțȚ ǻȉȍȑ ȍȋȖ

37
DZǹǮǰǮ V.
ǸǮǸ ȍ ǾdzȆǶǹ ǽǼDZȁǯǶȀȊ Ǹǻȍǵȍ DZdzǼǾDZǶȍ Ƕ ǸǮǸ
ǾǮǿǿȀǮǹǿȍ ǿ dzǹǶǵǮǰdzȀǼǷ Ǯ ȀǮǸǴdz Ǽ
ǽǼǿǹdzDzȁȌȇǶȃ ǿǼǯȉȀǶȍȃ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȖȗȐȠț ȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȧ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖ Ȑ ȉȣ-
șȚȘȖ ȘȈȏȊȧȏȈȊȠȐȍ ȚȖȚ ȚțȋȖ ȏȈȚȧȕțȚȣȑ țȏȍȓ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ
ȗȘȐȊȍȓ Ȕȍȕȧ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȋȖ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȚȍȓȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȕȈȌȍȧȊȠȍȋȖșȧ
ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȉȣșȚȘȖȉȍȋțȡțȦ ȊȖȓȕț șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȚȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȖȔȣȊȈȦȡțȦ șȚțȗȕȐ ȕȈȠȐȝ ȕȖȋ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖȌȣ ȖȚȖ-
ȠȍȌȠȐȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ țȎȍ țșȗȖȒȖȍȕȕȣȍ Ȑ șȖȉȘȈȊȠȐȍșȧ Ȋ ȊȖȌȖȍȔȣ
ȇ ȐȏȉȘȈȓ șȚȘȈșȚȤ Țț șȚȘȈșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȒȖȋȌȈ-ȚȖ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧ ș dzȐ-
ȏȖȑ ȗȖ ȕȖȟȕȖȔț ȗȘȖșȍȓȒț ȕȈȏȊȈȓ ȧ șȓțȟȈȍȔ Ȋ ȕȍȗȘȍȓȖȎȕȖ-
șȚȐ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȡȐȔșȧ ȓȦȉȖȊȤȦ ȇ ȔȣșȓȐȓ — ȟȍȘȍȏ ȓȐȟ-
ȕȖȍ ȒȘȖȊȤȦ ȏȈȒȐȗȈȦȡȍȍ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȐȚȤșȧ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐȘ-
ȕȣȔ ǵȖ ȕȍȗȘȍȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȖȉȔȈȕȟȐȊȣȔ Ȑ ȉȓțȎȌȈȦ-
ȡȐȑ Ȍțȝ ȈȊȈȕȚȦȘȐșȚȈ ȖȉȓȐȒȖȔ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȓ ȖȉȘȈȏ Ȉ ȊȔȍșȚȖ ȖȚ-
ȒȘȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȌȈȓ Ȕȕȍ ȗȓȍȕ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ǰ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ
ȘȈȏ ȘȖȎȌȈȍȔșȧ Ȕȣ Ȋ ȥȚȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ ȖȚȟȈȧȕȐȍ ȒȈȎțȡȍȍșȧ
ȉȍȏȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȔ țȚȐȝȈȍȚ ȖȚȝȖȌȐȚ ȘȧȌ ȓȍȚ ȐȓȐ Ȍȕȍȑ ȗȘȖȠȍȌ-
ȠȐȝ ȗȖȌ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ țȚȘȈ ȔȍȘȒ-
ȕțȚ ȍȋȖ șȖȏȊȍȏȌȐȧ ǰ Ȕȣ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȔ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȌȍȕȤ Ȑ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȍȚ-
șȧ ȉȖȓȤ Ȑ țșȗȖȒȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȈȔȧȚȤ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȕȍ-
ȒȐȑ ȖȟȐȡȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȚȖȕȒȐȑ ȖȚȗȍȟȈȚȖȒ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ țȕȖșȐȔ Ȕȣ ș
șȖȉȖȑ ȖȚȗȘȈȊȓȧȧșȤ ȌȈȓȍ ȗȖ ȌȖȓȋȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȍ ȍȡȍ
ȓȍȎȈȡȍȑ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ
ǰ ȧ ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ ȟȚȖ «șȓțȟȈȑ ȔȖȑ» șȚȘȈșȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȓȍȕȐȊ-
ȠȈȧ ȗȍȘȍȋȖȘȍȊȠȈȧ Ȑ ȗȘȍȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȐȝȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȤȦ ȌȈșȚ
Ȕȕȍ ȕȣȕȍ ȚȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȌȈȓȈ ȘȈȕȍ ǭȡȍ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȧ ȏȈȏȊțȟȐȚ Ȋ ȓȈȌ
șȖ șȚȘțȕȈȔȐ ȔȐȘȈ ǭȡȍ țȊȐȎț ȗȘȖșȚțȗȈȦȡȐȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ ȊșȍȔȐȘ-
ȕȖȋȖ Ȋ ȊȖȏȌțȝȍ șȚȖȓȤ Ȏȍ ȧșȕȖȔ ȒȈȒ Ȗșȍȕȕȧȧ ȧșȕȖșȚȤ ȊȍȒȖȊ
țȎȍ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȝ
ǰ ȚȈȒ ȊȖȚ ȒȈȒ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȓȖ ȥȚȖ
ǷȖșȓȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȝ Ȑ ȕȍȏȕȈȟȈȡȐȝ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȍȕȐȑ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓ ȐșȗȖȓ-
ȕȐȚȤ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ǵȖ ȌțȥȓȤ Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧ ȝȖȚȍȓ
ȗȘȐȉȍȋȕțȚȤ ȉȣȓȈ ȍȦ ȖȚȒȓȖȕȍȕȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ

38
ȝȖȟȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȖȋȖ ȍȦ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȈ
ȊȖȓȦ șȓțȟȈȧ ǶȕȈ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȧ șȖȖȉȡȐȓ ȊȖ ǪșȍȘȖș-
șȐȑșȒțȦ ǿȘȍȏȊȣȟȈȑȕțȦ DzȖȔȐșșȐȦ Ȗ ȚȖȔ ȟȚȖ ȉȣȊȠȐȑ ȒȕȧȏȤ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǸȈȔȍȕșȒȐȑ ȒȘțȗȕȣȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤ ȒȖȕȚȘȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȑ
ȖȜȐȞȍȘ ȈȘȔȐȐ ǬȍȕȐȒȐȕȈ ȗȘȖȎȐȊȈȍȚ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȖȌ
ȟțȎȖȑ ȜȈȔȐȓȐȍȑ Ȋ ǴȖșȒȊȍ ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ țȎȍ ȉȍȏ ȒȖȓȍȉȈȕȐȑ Ȑș-
ȗȖȓȕȐȓ ȚȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȎȍȓȈȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ Ȏȍ ȊȏȧȓȈ ȉțȔȈȋț Ȑ
ȒțȌȈ-ȚȖ șȗȘȧȚȈȓȈ ȍȍ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȊȍȡȈȝ
ȇ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȕȍȑ Ȑ ȖȗțșȚȐȓșȧ ț ȍȍ ȕȖȋ DzȈȒ ȉȣ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ
ȋȓțȝȐȍ șȚȍȕȣ ȏȈȔȒȕțȓȐ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȔȐȘȈ Ȉ ȕȐȏȒȐȑ Ȑ
ȚȧȎȍȓȣȑ șȊȖȌ — ȏȊȍȏȌȕȖȍ ȕȍȉȖ ǪȖȓȧ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȕȈ
șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȉ ȧ ȔȖȋ ȓȐ ȧ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȍȍ —ȘȈȉ,
ȚȘțȌȧȡȐȑșȧ ȖȚ ȊȖșȝȖȌȈ Ȑ ȌȖ ȏȈȒȈȚȈ Ȍȕȧ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȧ ȗȘȐȎȈȓ ȋȖȓȖȊț Ȓ ȍȍ ȒȖȓȍȕȧȔ Ȑ ȏȈȒȘȣȊ ȋȓȈȏȈ șȓȖȊ-
ȕȖ ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȓșȧ Ȋ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȐȍ ȕȖȟȐ ȕȈȗȖȔȐȕȈȦȡȍȍ ȊȍȟȕȖȍ ȉȍȏ-
ȔȖȓȊȐȍ Ǩ ȍȍ ȋțȉȣ țȎȍ ȐșȒȈȓȐ ȔȖȐ
— ǴȐȓȣȑ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȑ ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒ ȕȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ǷȖ-
ȒȖȘȕȍȍ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ Ȑ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȐ Ȏȍȕȣ ȕȐ ȕȍ-
ȊȍșȚȣ ȕȐ ȗȘȖȌȈȎȕȖȑ ȎȍȕȡȐȕȣ ȅȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȔȖȍ
ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ǹ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ șȚȈȓȈ țȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȑȏ ȌȖȔȈ ȕȈ Ȟȍ-
ȓȣȍ ȌȕȐ — ȕȖ ȒțȌȈ ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ
Ǫ șȚȘȈȕȕȖȔ ȚȖȔȓȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȖȎȐȌȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȍȓȧ Ȕȍȕȧ
ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȓ ȧ ȗȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ș ǵȐȕȖȑ ǷȖ
ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍȊȣȕȖșȐȔȣȔ ȔțȟȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȧ ȌțȔȈȓ ȒȈȒ
ȔȖȋț ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȊȌȊȖȍȔ ș ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ șȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ Ȋ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȣȍ
ȋȓȈȏȈ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȕȍȍ ȊșȦ ȓȈșȒț țȚȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȕȍȎȕȖȋȖ
ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ — ȧ țȉȐȑȞȈ ȍȍ ȉȘȈȚȈ
ǵȖ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȟțȊșȚȊȖ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ
șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȔȖȍ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȌȖȔȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȖȊȓȈȌȍ-
ȊȈȓȖ ȔȕȖȦ ȓȐȠȤ ȕȈ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǴȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȏȈȚȐȝȈȓȈ ȡȍ-
ȔȧȡȈȧ ȉȖȓȤ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȏȈȉȣȊȈȓ ȧ Ȋșȍ ȔȕȖȦ șȌȍȓȈȕȕȖȍ șȓȖȊȕȖ
ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ț Ȕȍȕȧ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȘȖȎȐȚȣȍ ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȌȕȐ ȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȐșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȘȍȒȖȑ Ȑ șȚȖȓȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȚȍȒțȡȍȑ ȟȚȖ ȏȈ
ȏȣȉȒȖȑ ȘȧȉȤȦ ȗȖȊȍȘȝȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȧ ȗȍȡȈȕȖȋȖ ȌȕȈ ȍȍ
țșȍȧȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȈȔȕȧȔȐ ǹȚȘȈȕȕȣȍ șȔțȚȕȣȍ ȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȕȐ — ȉȍȏ
ȗȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ ȉȍȏ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ șȍȉȍ ȌȖȊȓȍȦȡȐȍ ȒȈȒ șȕȖȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ

39
ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȖ ȓȍȋȒȐȍ ȗȘȍȘȣȊȈȍȔȣȍ ȓȐȠȤ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖȑ ȗȈȔȧȚȤȦ,
șȓȖȊȕȖ șȚțȟȈȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȕȈȋȓțȝȖ ȏȈȗȍȘȚȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
ǰ ȊȖȚ ȧ țȎȍ țȚȘȈȚȐȓ Ȑȝ șȟȍȚ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȌȕȈȎȌȣ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ
ȊȖȏȊȘȈȚȐȊȠȐșȤ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȌȖȔȖȑ ȗȖȏȊȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ ȏȈ ȠȐȘȔȣ Ȑ
ȠȖȗȖȚȖȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ǵȐȕȈ Ȋ ȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȉȣȓȈ ȌȖȔȈ Ȉ ȏȈȚȍȔ Ȋșȍ
ȋȘȖȔȟȍ Ȑ ȋȘȖȔȟȍ Ȕȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȖȑ ȗȘȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ ǹȍȑȟȈș ȧ ȗȖșȓȈȓȈ ȗȐșȤ-
ȔȖ ǵȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȖȋȐȉȕțȚȤ ȇ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȓȦȉȓȦ ȍȋȖ Ǻȣ
ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȍȋȖ șȗȈșȚȐ ǵȖ ȟȚȖȉ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ȍȔț ȕțȎȕȣ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȉț-
ȔȈȋȐ ȖȚȌȈȑ ȍȔț șȊȖȐ — ȗțșȚȤ Ȗȕ ȉȍȎȐȚ ȗȖȌ ȚȊȖȐȔ ȐȔȍȕȍȔ
Ƕ ȧ ȗȘȖȠț Țȍȉȧ ǪȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȔȈȓȖ
ǶȕȈ țȗȈȓȈ ȗȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍȕȐ Ȟȍȓțȧ ȔȖȐ ȘțȒȐ
— ȇ ȊȍȘȦ ȚȈȑȕȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȖȚșȚțȗ-
ȓȍȕȐȧ ȉȍȓȣȝ Ȗȕ ȖșȚȈȓșȧ Ȋ ǸȖșșȐȐ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȓ Ȕȍȕȧ ȝȖȚȧ Ȕȣ țȎȍ ȘȈșșȚȈȓȐșȤ Ƕȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ ȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ Țț
ȏȍȔȓȦ ȋȌȍ ȉȣȓȈ ȧ Ƕ ȧ ȉȍȏțȔȕȈȧ ȕȐȏȒȈȧ
ǸȣȌȈȧ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȈȓȈ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȚȤ ȔȖȐ ȘțȒȐ
— ȇ ȉțȌț șȕȖȊȈ ȉțȌț ȍȋȖ ǺȈȒ ȉțȌȍȚ ȉțȌȍȚ
— dzȐȏȈ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ ȕȍ Țȍȉȍ ȗȘȖșȐȚȤ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȗȉ ȥȚȖȔ ǪȖȏȤȔȐ
Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ Țȣ ȎȍȓȈȍȠȤ ȅȚȖ ȓțȟȠȍȍ Ȑȏ ȊșȍȋȖ ȟȚȖ ȔȖȋȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ
ǺțȚ ȧ ȖȚȌȈȓ ȍȑ șȊȖȐ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ
ǶȕȈ Ȏȍ ȗȘȐȎȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȓ ȔȖȍȑ ȋȘțȌȐ ȍȌȊȈ șȓȣȠȕȖ șȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȈ «ȗȘȖșȚȐ».
ǻȎȍ ȋțȉȣ ȍȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȐȓȐșȤ ȖȚ ȔȖȐȝ Ȉ ȘțȒȐ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓȐ ȔȖȐ
ȕȖ ȕȍ țșȗȍȓ ȍȡȍ ȧ țȚȘȈȚȐȚȤ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȒȖșȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȒȖ-
ȚȖȘȣȍ ȎȐȓȐ șȊȖȐ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȍ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȗȖȌȖȉ-
ȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȗȖȓȖȊȐȕț ȐȓȓȦȏȐȐ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȖ Ȑș-
ȟȍȏȈȦȡȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȏȘȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȑ ȖȉȘȈȏ țȝȖȌȧȡȍȋȖ Ȋ ȌȈȓȤ — ȒȖȋ-
ȌȈ ȉȍȏțȔȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȉȓȍșȕțȊȠȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȔȖȓȕȐȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ șȖȉȘȈ-
ȓȈ ȖșȚȈȊȐȊȠȐȍ Ȕȍȕȧ șȐȓȣ ȇ șȒȈȏȈȓ
— dzȐȏȈ ȕȍ Țȣ ȗȘȖșȐȠȤ Ȕȍȕȧ Ȉ ȧ ȗȘȖȠț ț Țȍȉȧ ȗȖșȓȍȌ-
ȕȍȑ ȔȐȓȖșȚȐ ȇ ȘȍȠȐȓ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ǸȍȠȍȕȐȍ ȔȖȍ ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȖ ȇ
ȝȖȟț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȧ ȓȐȠȍȕȕȣȑ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȉȣȚȐȧ țȔȍȘȍȚȤ ȗȘȐ-
ȕȧȊ ȗțșȚȤ ȓȐȠȤ ȊȐȌȐȔȖ ȍȋȖ ȐȔȧ șȔȍȘȚȤȦ ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ șȈȔ
ȍȋȖ ȖȉȘȍȒ ȇ ȝȖȟț ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȍȋȖ ȚȍȕȤȦ Ǵȕȍ ȕțȎȕȣ ȍȋȖ
ȉțȔȈȋȐ ǹ ȔȖȐȔȐ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȔț ȗȖȌȓȐȕȕȈȧ ȔȖȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ
ȚȖ ȟȚȖ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȓȖ ȍȍ ȊșȦ ȊȍȌȤ ȧ ȚȍȘȧȦ Țȍȉȧ ȕȈȊȍȒȐ DzȈȒ

40
ȉțȌȚȖ ȌȊȖȐȔ ȕȈȔ ȌȈȕȈ ȖȌȕȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ƕȕ ȉȍȘȍȚ ȍȍ Ȉ ȧ ȉȍȘț ȍȋȖ
șȔȍȘȚȤ
ȇ ȏȕȈȓ Ȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȊșȦ ȚȘțȌȕȖșȚȤ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȕȈȔȍ-
ȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖșȚȐ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȚșȧ ȔȖȑ
ȖȉȔȈȕ ǵȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȧ ȖșȚȈȕțșȤ șȖțȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȔ ȗȖȉȍȋȈ Ȓȕȧȏȧ ǪȖ
ȊșȧȒȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȧ ȕȍ ȉțȌț țȔȍȕȤȠȈȚȤ șȊȖȍȑ ȊȐȕȣ Ȉ țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊ
ȍȍ șȔȖȋț ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȍȋȖ ȝȖȚȍȓ — ȊȣșȠȍȑ ȔȍȘȣ ȕȈȒȈ-
ȏȈȕȐȧ ǰ ȍȡȍ ȖȌȕȐȔ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȖȔ ȐșȒțȠȈȓȖ Ȕȍȕȧ ȔȖȍ ȘȍȠȍ-
ȕȐȍ ȇ ȗȖȑȌț ș ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȖȑ ȌȖ ȍȋȖ ȒȊȈȘȚȐȘȣ ȇ ȗȘȖȊȍȌț ș ȕȍȑ
ȗȖȓ-ȟȈșȈ ȉȣȚȤ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ Ǵȣ ȗȘȖȑȌȍȔ ȏȈȗțȚȈȕȕȣȔȐ
ȔȖșȒȖȊșȒȐȔȐ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈȔȐ Ȋ ȝȖȓȖȌȕțȦ ȖșȍȕȕȦȦ ȕȖȟȤ ȘțȒȈ
Ȗȉ ȘțȒț ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȊȍȟȍȘ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊșȒȐȔȐ ȗȘȖ-
șȍȓȒȈȔȐ ȒȈȒ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ ȊȍȒȈ ȝȖȌȐȓȐ Ȋșȍ Țȍ ȒȚȖ ȓȦȉȐȓ ȌȍȊțȠȍȒ
ȐȓȐ ȎȍȕȡȐȕ ȘȈȊȕȣȑ ȐȔ Ȋ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȔ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȕȐȐ ȚȖȑ ȔȐȕț-
ȚȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȈȕȈ Ȕȕȍ Ȋ țȌȍȓ ǰ ȕȍ ȖȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȓȐ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ șȌȍ-
ȓȈȚȤ ȍȍ ȘȈȊȕȖȑ ȊȍȒȈȔ"
DzȖȋȌȈ Ȕȣ ȊȣȠȓȐ Ȑȏ ȏȈ ȠȐȘȔ ȧ țȊȐȌȍȓ ǵȐȕț ǶȕȈ șȚȖȧ-
ȓȈ ȗȘȐșȓȖȕȐȊȠȐșȤ șȗȐȕȖȑ Ȓ șȚȖȓț ȌȍȘȎȈșȤ ȏȈ ȒȘȈȑ ȍȋȖ șȊȖȐ-
ȔȐ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȐȔȐ ȘțȒȈȔȐ dzȐȞȖ ȍȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȉȓȍȌȕȖ Ȉ șȚȘȖȑ-
ȕȈȧ ȦȕȈȧ ȜȐȋțȘȈ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȖȌȐȕȖȒȖȔ Ȑ ȉȍȏȔȖȓȊȕȖȔ șȚȘȈȌȈ-
ȕȐȐ ȕȍȖȉȣȟȈȑȕȖ ȚȘȖȋȈȚȍȓȤȕȈ ǹȓȖȊȕȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȉȣȚȈ Ȑ Ȕȣ
ȗȘȖȠȓȐ ȔȐȔȖ ȕȍȍ ȏȈȚȈȐȊȠȍȑ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ ȔȐȓȖȔ ȖȉȓȐȒȍ ȖșȓȍȗȐ--
ȚȍȓȤȕțȦ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈșȕțȦ ȒȘȈșȖȚț ȟțȊșȚȊ
ǶȕȈ ȗȖȌȖȠȓȈ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȊȏȧȊ ȏȈ ȘțȒȐ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— ȇ șȓȣȠȈȓȈ Ȋșȍ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǵȐȒȖȓȈȍȊȐȟ Ǫȣ ȍȡȍ ȗȘȐȌȍ-
Țȍ" — ȇ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȟȚȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȟȈș ȊȍȘȕțșȤ — Ȑ Ȕȣ ȊȣȠȓȐ
ǪȍȟȍȘ ȉȣȓ ȝȖȓȖȌȕȣȑ ȕȖ ȧșȕȣȑ ǵȍȉȖ șȊȍȘȒȈȓȖ ȌȘȖȎȈ-
ȡȐȔ șȍȘȍȉȘȖȔ ȖșȍȕȕȐȝ ȏȊȍȏȌ ǵȈȠȐ ȠȈȋȐ ȖȚȟȍȚȓȐȊȖ ȏȈȏȊț-
ȟȈȓȐ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ ȗȍȘȍțȓȒȈ ǪȖȏȌțȝ ȖșȊȍȎȐȓ ȔȖȑ ȗȣȓȈȦȡȐȑ
ȓȖȉ ȇ ȗȖȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȓ șȍȉȧ țșȗȖȒȖȍȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȉȖȌȘȣȔ
Ǵȣ ȠȓȐ
ȇ ȌțȔȈȓ ȍȡȍ ȌȖȓȖȋ ȗțȚȤ ȥȚȖȑ șȚȈȘȖȑ ǴȖșȒȊȖȑ ȘȖȌȕȖȑ ș
ȌȍȚșȚȊȈ ǯȕȈȓ ȓȐ ȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȐȓ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ Țȍ ȌȈȊȕȐȍ ȋȖȌȣ
ȟȚȖ ȊȖȚ ȚȈȒ ȗȖȑȌț Ȑ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȑ ȘȈȏ — ș ȕȍȑ ȚȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍ-
ȊȍȌȖȔȖȑ"
Ǻȣ șȚȈȘȣȑ ȖșȖȉȕȧȟȖȒ ș ȗȘȍȓȍșȚȕȣȔȐ ȋȖȘȍȓȤȍȜȈȔȐ ȋȘȍȟȍ-
șȒȐȝ ȎȍȕșȒȐȝ ȋȖȓȖȊȖȒ ȗȘȖȡȈȑ

41
ǶȉȘȈȚȕȖ ȧ ȘȍȠȐȓ țȎȍ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȌȘțȋȐȔ ȗțȚȍȔ
ȇ ȌȈȊȕȖ ȕȍ ȐșȗȣȚȣȊȈȓ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȧ ǸȈȏȊȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȧ ȉȣȚȤ
ȉȍȏȒȖȕȍȟȕȖ șȟȈșȚȓȐȊȣȔ" ǿȍȋȖ ȍȡȍ ȕȍ ȌȖșȚȈȍȚ Ȕȕȍ" dzȐȏȈ șȖ
ȔȕȖȑ ǪȖȚ ȏȊțȟȈȚ ȕȈȠȐ ȠȈȋȐ — ȧ ȌȍȘȎț ȍȍ ȏȈ ȘțȒț
ǬȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ șȗȖȒȖȑșȚȊȐȍ ȔȖȍ ȗȍȘȍȌȈȓȖșȤ ȍȑ ȖȕȈ șȒȈ-
ȏȈȓȈ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ȔȐȓȣȑ ȗȖȔȕȐȠȤ ǨȘșȍȕȤȍȊȖ ȕȈȠț ȗȍȘȊțȦ
ȊșȚȘȍȟț Ȑ țȚȘȖ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȗȖȏȊȈȓȈ Țȍȉȧ ȖȉȍȌȈȚȤ" Ǻȣ țȌȐȊȐȓșȧ
ȌȈ" ǷȖȔȕȐȠȤ ȒȈȒ ȧ ȊȖȠȓȈ Ȑ șȚȈȓȈ ț ȠȒȈȜȈ"
ǶȕȈ ȗȘȐȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȈșȤ ȗȖȚȧȕțȓȈșȤ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȑ ȗȖȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ
Ȕȍȕȧ
— ǪȖȚ ȚȈȒ ȧ Țȍȉȧ ȞȍȓȖȊȈȓȈ ȕȈ Țȍȝ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȝ ǪȖȚ ȚȈȒ
Ǵȣ ȗȖȠȓȐ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ
— ǬȍȊȖȟȒȖȑ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ șȚȘȈȕȕȈȧ ǸȈșșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Țȍȉȍ" ǵȍȚ ȓțȟ-
Ƞȍ ȧ ȘȈșșȒȈȎț Ȗ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȏȌȕȍȔ ǺȈȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȚȍȗȐ —
ȚȈȔ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ǺȈȒȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȍșȚȤ ȧ șȚȈȓȈ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȐ-
ȍȝȈȓȈ Ȋ ǷȍȚȍȘȉțȘȋ țȟȐȚȤșȧ ȇ ȗȖȗȈȓȈ Ȋ șȘȍȌț ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ
ȝțȌȖȎȕȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȔȖȓȖȌȣȝ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȖȊ ǺȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȏȈȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȓȦ-
ȉȐȚȤ ȇ șȚȈȓȈ ȐșȒȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ ǰ ȚȖȋȌȈ ȗȘȖȠȓȈ ȟȍȘȍȏ Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ — ȒȈ-
Ȝȍ ȔȈȕșȈȘȌȣ ȕȖȟȕȣȍ ȟȈȑȕȣȍ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȗȍȒȚȣ ȔȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ
ȒȘțȎȒȐ Ȑ ȖȘȋȐȐ ȧ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȈȚțȘȡȐȞȍȑ Ȑ ȌȍȊțȠȒȖȑ Ȋ ȒȈȜȍ
ǺȖȋȌȈ ȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȠȓȈ ȍȋȖ
ǶȕȈ ȏȈȔȖȓȟȈȓȈ Ȑ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȕȣ ȠȓȐ ȔȖȓȟȈ ǷȖ-
ȚȖȔ dzȐȏȈ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ Ȕȕȍ
— ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ Țȣ ȊȐȌȐȠȤ ȟȚȖ ǵȐȕȈ ȓȦȉȐȚ Țȍȉȧ ǷțșȚȤ ȖȕȈ
ȉțȌȍȚ ȚȊȖȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ǶȕȈ ȉțȌȍȚ Țȍȉȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ǷȖȒȖȘ-
ȕȖȑ
— ȅȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ dzȐȏȈ ȖȚȊȍȚȐȓ ȧ
ǺțȚ Ȕȣ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȐșȤ ț ȊȖȘȖȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ.
— ǪȖȚ ȏȌȍșȤ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ dzȐȏȈ Ǵȣ ȗȘȐȠȓȐ ȇ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ
ȌȈșȚ Țȍȉȍ ȉțȔȈȋȐ ǪȐȌȐȠȤ ȍȋȖ ȖȒȕȖ Ȋ ȚȘȍȚȤȍȔ ȥȚȈȎȍ, — ȟȍȚ-
ȊȍȘȚȖȍ șȗȘȈȊȈ ȇ ȉȘȖȠț Ȑȝ Ȋ ȖȒȕȖ
Ǵȣ șȔȖȚȘȍȓȐ Ȋ ȋȓȈȏȈ ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț
— ǵȈȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȊșȦ ȊȍȟȕȖșȚȤ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ
— ǬȈ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȓȈ ȖȕȈ ǬȈ
ǶȕȈ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ țȎȍ țȑȚȐ ȕȖ ȊȌȘțȋ șȓȖȊȕȖ Ȋ ȗȖȘȣȊȍ ȗȘȍȎ-
ȕȍȑ șȚȘȈșȚȐ ȉȘȖșȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȔȖȐ Ȗȉ
ȧȚȐȧ

42
— ǷȖȔȕȐ ȟȚȖ ȚȊȖȍ ȐȔȧ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȉțȌțȚ ȗȘȖȐȏȕȖșȐȚȤ ȔȖȐ
ȋțȉȣ
ȅȚȖ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ șȓȖȊȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȒȈȏȈȓȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ
ǶȕȈ șȒȘȣȓȈșȤ Ȑ ȌȘȍȉȍȏȎȈ șȚțȒȕțȓȈ ȏȈ ȕȍȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȈȧ șȚȍȒȓȧȕ-
ȕȈȧ ȌȊȍȘȤ ȌȖȔȈ ȇ ȗȖȌȖȠȍȓ Ȓ ȟȍȚȊȍȘȚȖȔț ȖȒȕț șȗȘȈȊȈ Ȑ șȍȓ
ȕȈ ȚțȔȉț ț ȚȘȖȚȚțȈȘȈ DzȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ țȚȘȈȚȐȓ ȧ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȐ ȟțȊșȚȊȈ
Ȑ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȌȖȉȍȕ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒț ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȚȖ ȓȐȠȐȊȠȍȔțșȧ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ
ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȔ ȗȖȓțșȖȏȕȈȕȐȐ ȖȚȕȍșȍȕȕȖȔț Ȋ ȒȈȔȍȕȕȣȑ șȒȓȍȗ.
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȒȈȒ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȗȖȚțȝȈȦȡȍȍ șȐȕȍȊȈȚȖȍ ȗȓȈȔȧ ȓȈȔ-
ȗȣ ȚȍȗȓȐȓȈșȤ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ Ȋ ȖȒȕȍ ȔȍȓȤȒȕțȊ-
ȠȐȑ ȖȉȓȐȒ ȐȓȐ ȘțȒț ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ ǹȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ
— ȧ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȓ ȒȈȒ ȊȌȘțȋ șȊȍȘȚȖȒ țȗȈȓ Ȓ ȔȖȐȔ ȕȖȋȈȔ ȇ ȉȘȖ-
șȐȓșȧ Ȑ șȝȊȈȚȐȓ ȍȋȖ — Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȖȐ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȣ ȇ ȌȐȒȖ
ȊșȒȘȐȒȕțȓ ǹȓȖȊȕȖ ȟțȎȈȧ Ȕȕȍ șȐȓȈ ȉȍȏțȔȕȈȧ Ȑ ȚȍȔȕȈȧ Ȋșȍ-
ȓȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ Ȕȍȕȧ ȇ ȉȘȖșȐȓșȧ ȉȍȎȈȚȤ ǹȔȍȘȚȤ ȖȚȊȍȘȋȈȓȈ Ȕȍȕȧ
DzȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ Ȋșȍ ȒȘțȋȖȔ ȘțȠȐȓȖșȤ ǹȚȍȕȣ ȌȖȔȖȊ ȚȖ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȧ-
ȓȐșȤ ȚȖ șȌȊȐȋȈȓȐșȤ Ȑ șȌȊȈȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈȝ ȒțȉȐ-
șȚȖȊ ȘȈȏȘțȠȐȊȠȐȝ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔȍȘȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
șȖȊȔȍȡȍȕȐȍȔ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ Țȍȓ Ȑ ȖȉȕȈȎȐȊȠȐȝ ȍȍ șȒȘȣȚȣȑ ȋȍȖ-
ȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȒȍȓȍȚ ȇ ȉȍȎȈȓ Ȋșȍ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ Ȑ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ Ȉ ȌȖȓ-
ȋȐȑ ȖȌȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȣȑ ȊȖȑ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȓ Ȑȏ ȔȖȍȋȖ ȋȖȘȓȈ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ Ȋ
ȉȣȓȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȓțȟȈȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȔȕȖȋȖȓȦȌȕȖȔ
șȖȉȘȈȕȐȐ ȖȊȓȈȌȍȊȈȓȖ ȔȕȖȑ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȤșȧ
Ȑ ȊșȚȈȊ ȗȖșȘȍȌȐ ȚȖȓȗȣ ȌȐȒȖ ȏȈȒȘȐȟȈȚȤ — Ȑ ȒȘȐȒȖȔ ȥȚȐȔ Ȋ
ȖȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȖȘȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ șȊȧȏȐ ș ȓȦȌȤȔȐ ȕȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȣ-
ȔȐ Ȑ ȏȌȖȘȖȊȣȔȐ ȗȖȋȘțȏȐȊ șȍȉȧ Ȋ ȝȈȖș ȉȍȏțȔȐȧ ǰ ȊȖȚ șȓȖȊ-
ȕȖ ȚȖ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȧȍȔȖȍ ȎȍȓȈȕȐȍ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȐȓȖșȤ șȈȔȖ
șȖȉȖȑ Ȑ ȌȐȒȐȑ ȉȍȏțȔȕȣȑ ȏȊȍȘȤ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ șȗȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓ
șȊȖȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț ȕȈ Țȍȝ ȒȈȔȕȧȝ ȘȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ ȋȌȍ ș ȌȍȚșȒȐȝ
ȓȍȚ ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȓȈ ȔȖȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȘȈȊȕȣȝ șȖ ȊșȍȔȐ ǰ Ȋșȍ
Ȏȍ ȒȚȖ-ȚȖ ȔȖȋțȟȍȑ ȘțȒȖȑ ȖșȚȈȕȖȊȐȓ ȊȏȉȍșȐȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ
ȏȊȍȘȧ — Ȑ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋșȧ ȧșȕȖșȚȤ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȒȖ Ȕȕȍ ȊȍȘȕț-
ȓȈșȤ ǶȕȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȔȍșȚȖ ȘȈșȗȈȌȈȊȠȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȒțșȒȐ ȔȐȘ Ȑ
Ȋ șȚȘȈȠȕȖȑ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ țȊȐȌȍȓ ȧ ȊȖȒȘțȋ șȍȉȧ ȕȍ ȕȈȒȓȖȕȍȕȕȣȍ
Ȑ șȌȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ șȚȍȕȣ Ȑ ȖșȊȖȉȖȎȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȘȈȏ
ȧȚȐȍȔ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ ȉȍ-
ȏțȔȕȣȑ ȔȐȘ ȋȍȖȔȍȚȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒȖȊ — Ȉ șȚȍȕȣ ȌȖȔȖȊ
ȋȌȍ ȌȓȐȓȈșȤ ȔȖȐȔ ȉȍȏțȔȐȍȔ ȗȘȍȘȊȈȕȕȈȧ ȎȐȏȕȤ ȊȍȒȖȊ Ȋ ȒȘȈȚ-
ȒȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ

ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȧ ȉȣȓ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȗȖȒȖȍȕ ȒȖȋȌȈ ȌȖȠȍȓ ȌȖ ȒȖȔȕȈȚȣ
ǵȐȕȣ ȕȖ ȚȐȝȈȧ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȖȒȈȧ ȗȍȟȈȓȤ ȊȓȈȌȍȓȈ ȔȕȖȦ Ȑ ȒȈȏȈ-
ȓȖșȤ Ȕȕȍ ȟȚȖ ȌȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ Ȍȕȍȑ ȖȕȈ țȎȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȒȐȕȍȚ Ȕȍȕȧ ȕȈȑ-
Ȍȧ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ Ȋȍȟȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȦȚ
ǰ ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐȕȍ ȉȍșșȖȕȕȣȝ ȟȈșȖȊ ȚȖȑ ȕȖȟȐ ǵȐȕȈ Ȕȕȍ
șȒȈȏȈȓȈ
— Ǻȣ ȝȖȟȍȠȤ ȧ ȉțȌț ȚȊȖȍȑ ȎȍȕȖȑ ȍșȓȐ Țȣ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȗȖȓȦ-
ȉȐȠȤ Ȕȍȕȧ ȧ ȌȈȔ Țȍȉȍ ȊșȦ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ șȒȘȣȚȈ
ȟȚȖȉȣ Ȋșȧ ȊȍȟȕȖ ȗȘȐȕȈȌȓȍȎȈȚȤ Țȍȉȍ
ǺȖȋȌȈ Ȕȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓȐșȤ șȓȖȊȈ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ Ȑ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ ȚȐ-
ȝȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȘȖȠȓȖ ȗȍȘȍȌȖ ȔȕȖȦ ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ ȧ țȊȐ-
Ȍȍȓ ǵȐȕț ȕȈȋȖȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȖȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȕȍȊȍȌȖȔȣȝ ȓȈșȒ
ǵȖ șȓȖȊȕȖ ȒȈȟȕțȓșȧ Ȑ ȗȖȚȖȔ ȘȈșȗȓȣȓșȧ ȥȚȖȚ ȖȉȘȈȏ
— ȇ ȕȍ ȔȖȋț ȗȘȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȧ șȒȈȏȈȓ ȧ
***
ǵȈ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ țȚȘȖ ȧ ȖșȚȈȊȐȓ ǴȖșȒȊț Ȑ ȌțȔȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȕȍ
ȊȍȘȕțșȤ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȕȐȒȖȋȌȈ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȖȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȦ ȔȖȐ ȏȈȗȐșȒȐ ȗȘȖȎȐȊ țȎȍ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤ-
ȒȖ ȓȍȚ Ȋ ȔȈȓȍȕȤȒȖȔ Ȑ ȋȓțȝȖȔ ȋȖȘȖȌȒȍ ȕȈ șȍȊȍȘȖ-ȊȖșȚȖȒȍ ǹȐ-
ȉȐȘȐ ȇ Ȋșȍ ȍȡȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȈȦ ȔȖȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ DzȈȒ ȉțȌȚȖ
ȕȍȌȈȊȕȖ ȖȗȘȈȊȐȓșȧ ȗȖșȓȍ ȉȖȓȍȏȕȐ — ȕȖȊȣȝ șȐȓ ȊȖ Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȚ
ǵȖ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ ȟȚȖ ȧ ȊȣȠȍȓ Ȑȏ ȚȍȔȕȖȋȖ ȒȘțȋȈ ȔȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǵȍ
ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȍȋȖ ȓȍȎȈȓ ȔȖȑ ȗțȚȤ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔȐȘȕȖȔț — Ȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȥȗȖȝȐ
ȔȕȖȑ ȕȍ ȉȣȓ țșȓȣȠȈȕ
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ǭșȓȐ ȉ ȖȕȈ ȎȐȓȈ Ȋ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȊȍȒȈ ȖȕȈ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ
ȖȌȍȘȎȐȔȖȑ ȗȈȌțȟȍȑ ȒȖȓȌțȕȤȍȑ ȍȍ șȎȐȋȈȓȐ ȉȣ ȕȈ ȒȖșȚȘȈȝ
ȔțȟȐȓȐ ȕȈ ȒȖȓȍșȈȝ ȗȈȓȈȟȐ ȐȕȒȊȐȏȐȞȐȐ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ ȘȈȊȕȖ ȖȕȈ
ȉȣȓȈ ȉȣ ȚȈ Ȏȍ ǶȕȈ ȝȖȚȍȓȈ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȟȐșȚȖȑ Ȑ șȊȍȚȓȖȑ ȕȖ Ȋșȍ-
ȋȌȈ Ȓ ȓȦȉȊȐ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȠȐȊȈȓșȧ ȊȒțș ȉȍȓȓȈȌȖȕȕȣ Ȑ ȗȈșȓȍȕȈ
ǺȍȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȎȐȊț ȖȌȐȕ ȇ șȗȖȒȖȍȕ ȇ ȕȈȌȍȦșȤ ǫȖȘȖȌȖȒ ȚȐȝȐȑ
Ȑ șȖȕȕȣȑ ǩȓȐȏȒȖ ȚȈȑȋȈ
ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ dzȤȊȖȊ

ǽǼǵDzǻdzǷȆǮȍ ǽǾǶǽǶǿǸǮ ǮǰȀǼǾǮ.
ȅȚț ȗȘȐȗȐșȒț ȧ ȌȍȓȈȦ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȚȘȐ ȋȖȌȈ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ ȒȈȒ ȏȈ-
ȒȖȕȟȐȓ șȊȖȍ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ǷȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȧ ȘȍȌȒȖ ȌțȔȈȓ
Ȗ ȗȘȖȠȍȌȠȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȔȖȍȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ǹ ȒȈȎȌȣȔ ȌȕȍȔ ȖȕȐ
ȖȚȝȖȌȧȚ Ȋșȍ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȘȈȒȈȔ
ȇ ȎȐȊț Ȋ ȚȖȔ Ȏȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ǫȖȌ ȚȖȔț ȕȈȏȈȌ ȧ ȎȍȕȐȓșȧ ǯȈ
ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȘȖȎȐȓ ȧ ȖȚȖȠȍȓ ȖȚ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ
ȋȖȘȖȌȖȊ ȐșȒțșșȚȊ Ȑ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȣ Ǫ ȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȚȘȖȍ-ȟȍȚȊȍ-
ȘȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȓȦȌȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȖȊșȍȔ ȕȍȚ ȒȕȐȋ Ǵȍȕȧ ȖȒ-
ȘțȎȈȦȚ ȊȍȡȐ ȗȘȖșȚȣȍ ȓȦȌȐ ȕȍșȓȖȎȕȣȍ ǰȕȖȋȌȈ șȓțȟȈȍȚ-
șȧ țȝȖȎț ȧ ȏȈ ȋȖȘȖȌ ȋȘțȌȤ ȔȖȧ ȊȌȣȝȈȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȑ ȊȖȏȌțȝ Ȍȍȉ-
Șȍȑ ǹȐȉȐȘȐ — ȚȣșȧȟȐ ȊȍȘșȚ ȓȍȎȈȡȐȍ ȊȗȍȘȍȌȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȚ Ȕȍ-
ȕȧ ȖȚ ȔȍșȚ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȎȐȓ ȧ ȘȈȕȍȍ ȕȖ ȓȦȌȐ Ȑ ȊȍȡȐ Țȍȝ ȔȍșȚ
ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȍȎȕȍȋȖ ȉȓȐȏȒȐ ȔȖȍȔț șȍȘȌȞț
ǵȈ Ȍȕȧȝ ȏȕȈȒȖȔȣȑ ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ȗȘȐȕȍș Ȕȕȍ ȕȍȉȖȓȤȠțȦ ȒȕȐȎ-
Ȓț — ȥȚȖ ȉȣȓȈ ȉȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȧ ǸȈȔȍȕșȒȖȋȖ dzȍȖȕȐ-
ȌȈ ǸțȕȖȊȈ

ǰȏ ȕȍȍ ȧ țȏȕȈȓ ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȉȣȓ ȘȈșșȚȘȍȓȧȕ ȖșȍȕȤȦ 1920 ȋ ȒȈȒ
ȚȈȑȕȣȑ ȈȋȍȕȚ ǪȘȈȕȋȍȓȧ ǩȐȖȋȘȈȜ țȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ ȍȡȍ Ȗ ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȖȑ
ȓȦȉȊȐ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȓ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ ǹțȝȖȚȐȕȖȑ ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ Ȋ ȕȖȟȤ ȗȘȍȌȠȍ-
șȚȊȖȊȈȊȠțȦ ȈȘȍșȚț ǸȈȔȍȕșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȟȐȓȈ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȈȔȖțȉȐȑșȚ-
ȊȖȔ ȉȘȖșȐȊȠȐșȤ ș ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȣ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȥȚȈȎȕȖȋȖ ȌȖȔȈ
ǵȈ ȍȍ Ƞȍȍ ȉȣȓ ȕȈȌȍȚ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȔȍȌȈȓȤȖȕ ș ȍȋȖ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȖȔ
ǰ ȚȈȒ Ȗȕ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȚȊȍȘȋ dzȐȏț ȅȚȖȋȖ ȧ ȕȍ ȌțȔȈȓ ǪȖșȗȖ-
ȔȐȕȈȕȐȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ ȖȎȐȓȐ ȕȖ ȌțȠȈ ȔȖȧ ȖșȚȈȓȈșȤ șȗȖȒȖȑȕȖȑ
ǬȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȉȣȓȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȔ ȐșȗȣȚȈȕȐȍȔ ȟțȊșȚȊ Ǻȍ-
ȗȍȘȤ ȧ ȏȕȈȦ — ȚȍȔȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȠȓȖȍ Țȣ țȚȘȈȚȐȓȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ șȊȖȦ
ȊȓȈșȚȤ...
ǫ dz
DzȖȕȍȞ

ǹǺǰǽǶǺǪǶǸǭǵǰȇ

ǺdzDzǮǹȊǼǻ
ǿȠȖȣȖ
ǿ ȝȞȓȒȖȟș Ƕ ǾȡȘȎȐȖȦțȖȘȜȐȎ
(1924)

51
ǬȘțȋ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ — ȏȍȔȓȧȒ ȔȖȑ ș ǪȖȓȋȐ
ǹȚȐȝȖȊ ȚȍȚȘȈȌȒȈ Ǫ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȗțȚȤ
Ǫ ȗțȚȤ șȒȖȘȉȕȖ-ȧșȕȣȑ Ȋ ȒȘȈȚȒȖ-ȌȖȓȋȐȑ
DzțȌȈ" ǬȖȑȌȍȠȤ ȒțȌȈ-ȕȐȉțȌȤ
ǹȚȐȝȐ — ȒȈȒ ȚȍȕȤ ȒȖȓȖȕȕ ȈȔȗȐȘȕȣȝ
dzȦȉȖȊȤ Ȑ ȘȈȌȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȚȖșȒȈ
ǰ șȊȍȚȓȣȑ ǷțȠȒȐȕ Ȋ ȧȔȉȈȝ ȔȐȘȕȣȝ
ǰ Ȋ ȘȐȜȔȈȝ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ ȘțȒȈ
ǵȍ ǷțȠȒȐȕ ȗȣȠȕȖȑ ȏȓȖȑ șȚȖȓȐȞȣ
ǻșȈȌȤȉȈ ǩȣȓȤ Ȑ ȕȍȉȣȓȐȞȣ
ǰ ȕȧȕȧ ȊȧȎȍȚ șȊȖȑ ȟțȓȖȒ
ǰ ȒȖȚ țȘȟȐȚ ȌȘȍȔȖȚȕȖ șȚȘȖȋ
ǼȈȘȜȖȘ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȣ ȚȘțȉȒȐ ȒȕȐȋȐ
Ǩ Ȋ ȗȈȔȧȚȐ ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȔȐȋȐ
ǵț ȟȚȖ Ȏ ǩȍȏ ǷțȠȒȐȕȈ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȠȈ ȦȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȠȈ șȓȈȊȈ
Ǫ ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȑ ȗȈȕȚȍȖȕ șȚȍȏȧ
ǫȌȍ ȕȣȕȍ ȋȘȖȔȖȒ ȉȖȑ ȒȘȖȊȈȊȣȑ
Ǩ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ Ȧȕȣȑ ȌȘțȋ"
ǪȖȚ ș ȒȘțȋȓȖȋȖ ȌȊȖȘȈ Ȋ ȌȍȘȍȊȕȦ
ǷȖȟțȧȚȤ ȕȍ ȘȈȉȖȊ ȕȍ șȓțȋ
ǵȖ ȐȏȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȋȖȓȖș ȌȘȍȊȕȐȑ
ǫȌȍ Ȋșȍ șȊȖȉȖȌȈ ȒȘȈșȖȚȈ
ȇȘȐȓȣ ȊȖȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȟȚȈ
ǫȌȍ ȗȍșȍȕ ȘȐȚȔ ȕȍ ȒȕȐȎȕȖ-ȉȈȘșȒȐȑ
ǵȈȘȖȌȈ ȒȈȎȍȚ ȓȐȒ ȉțȕȚȈȘșȒȐȑ
ǵț ȟȚȖ Ȏȍ DzȕȐȎȒȈ ȝȖȘȖȠȈ
ǹȟȈșȚȓȐȊȖ ȘțșșȒȈȧ ȌțȠȈ
ǿȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ Ǫ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ ȧ ȊȍȘȦ
Ƕȕ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚ Ȑ ȋȘȈȔȖȚȍȑ
Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ ǸțșȤ Ȑ ǿțȌȤ Ȑ ǴȍȘȦ
ǰ șȚȐȝ ȘȖȔȈȕșȒȐȑ Ȋșȍȝ șȚȈȚȍȑ
Ƕȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȒȕȐȎȕȣȍ ȚțȔȈȕȣ
DzȈȒ Ȑ ȚțȔȈȕ ȘȖȌȕȣȝ ȉȖȓȖȚ
ǵȈȗȐȠȍȚ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȘȖȔȈȕȣ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȔȕȖȎȒȖ ȗȖȌȘȈșȚȍȚ

52
ǰȏ Ȋșȍȝ ȕȈțȒ Ȗȕ ȏȕȈȍȚ ȉȖȓȍ
ǵȈțȒț ȟȚȐȚȤ ȔȍȟȚț Ȗ ȊȖȓȍ
dzȦȉȐȚȤ ȓȍșȈ ȓțȋȈ ȗȖȓȧ
Ǫșȍ ȚȖ ȟȍȔ ȌȍȘȎȐȚșȧ ȏȍȔȓȧ
Ƕȕ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚ ȒȕȐȎȒȖȑ ȔȈȓȖȑ
ǵȖ ȚȖ ȟȐȚȈȚȍȓȤ ȞȊȍȚȐȒ Ȉȓȣȑ
ǰȊȈȕ ǸțȒȈȊȐȠȕȐȒȖȊ

ȁǿǮDzȊǯǮ

54
ǬȍȘȍȊȕȐ ȏȐȔȕȐȍ Ȑ ȘȖȡȐ —
ȇșȕȍȍ ȗȖșȚȐȋȈȦ ȔȐȋ
ȇȏȣȒ ȏȐȔȣ ȊȍȘȕȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȡȍ
ǿȍȔ ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȓȍȗȍȚȕȣȑ ȧȏȣȒ
ǺȈȒ ȔȈȓȖ șȓȖȊ — Ȑ șȓȖȊ ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ
ǷțșȚȤ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ șȕȍȋȈ ȖȌȕȐ
DzȈȒȈȧ ȚȈȑȕȈȧ țșȓȈȌȈ —
ǯȈȉȣȚȤ ȗȍȘȍȎȐȚȣȍ ȌȕȐ
ǪȖȚ ȍȌț ǷȍȋȈȧ țșȚȈȓȈ
ǪȖȏȕȐȞȣ ȗȖȕțȒȈȍȚ ȒȘȐȒ
ǬȖȝȈ ǴȍȌȊȍȎȤȍ ȖȌȍȧȓȖ
Ǫ șȕȍȋț ȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȊȖȘȖȚȕȐȒ
Ǩ ȌȖȔȈ — șȓȈȌȒȖȍ ȕȍȏȕȈȕȤȍ
dzȦȌșȒȐȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȑ ǴȐȘȕȣȑ ȓȈȌ
dzȐȠȤ ȏȐȔȕȐȝ ȔȍșȧȞȍȊ ȕȈȏȊȈȕȤȧ
ǺȈȒ ȔȕȖȋȖ șȍȘȌȞț ȋȖȊȖȘȧȚ
Ǫ ȖȒȕȍ ȏȈȒȈȚ ȕȈȌ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑ ȘȖȡȍȑ
ǹȚȐȝȖȊ ȗȐșȈȕȤȍ ȟȚȍȕȤȍ ȒȕȐȋ
ȇȏȣȒ ȏȐȔȣ ȊȍȘȕȍȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȡȍ
ǿȍȔ ȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȓȍȗȍȚȕȣȑ ȧȏȣȒ

55
ǹǺǸǶǼǨǴǰ ǶǵǭǫǰǵǨ.
ǼȘȈȋȔȍȕȚ I.
ǴȐȕțȚȣ ȏȐȔȕȐȍ ȕȖȟȕȣȍ
ǬȍȕȤ țȉȍȓȍȕȕȣȑ șȍȌȐȕȖȑ
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȟȈșȣ ȊȍȟȍȘȍȊȣȍ
ǴȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȍ ș ȚȖȉȖȑ
ǹ ȉȖȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȖșȒȖȑ ȐȓȤ ȋȘțșȚȤȦ ȕȍȎȕȖȑ
ǺȈȒ șȚȘȈȕȕȖ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ țȚȘȖȔ șȕȍȎȕȣȔ
Ǫ ȌȊȈȌȞȈȚȣȝ ȟȐșȓȈȝ Ȋ ȖȒȚȧȉȘȍ
ǬȍȘȍȊȤȧ ȊȐȌȧ Ȋ șȍȘȍȉȘȍ
ǻȕȣȓȖ șȓȣȠȈ ȏȊȖȕ ȗȍȟȈȓȤȕȣȑ —
DzȈȒ ȊȖșȍȔȤ ȋȓțȝȖ ȕȈȌȖ ȔȕȖȑ
ǿȈșȣ ȗȘȖȉȐȓȐ ȏȈ șȚȍȕȖȑ
ǷȘȖșȕțȊȠȐșȤ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ Ȋ ȕȈȠȍȑ șȗȈȓȤȕȖȑ,
ǻȊȐȌȧ Ȋ ȖȒȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ șȕȍȋ
ǶȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȤȧ șȓȈȌȒȐȝ ȕȍȋ
ǷȐȚȤ ȒȖȜȍ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȋ șȚȖȓȖȊȖȑ
ǹȔȖȚȘȍȚȤ ȕȈ ȉȈȉțȠȒȐȕ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚ
ǵȈ ȚȍȔȕȣȑ ȉȈȘȝȈȚ ȕȈ ȓȐȓȖȊȣȑ
ǰ ȏȖȓȖȚȖȑ ȍȍ ȓȖȘȕȍȚ
ǹȓȍȌȐȚȤ țȏȖȘ Ȑȏ ȓȐșȚȤȍȊ ȒȓȍȕȈ
ǰ ȌȈȓȤȕȐȑ ȕȍȉȈ șȒȓȖȕ ȏȍȓȍȕȣȑ
ǰ ȏȈȗȖȏȌȈȓȣȑ ȓȐșȚȖȗȈȌ
ǬȈ Ȑȏȉ ȌȈȓȍȒȐȝ ȋȘțșȚȕȣȑ ȘȧȌ
ǰȓȤ ȏȊȧȒȕțȊ șȊȧȏȒȖȦ ș ȒȓȦȟȈȔȐ
ǸȈșȒȘȣȚȤ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȖȍ ȉȦȘȖ
ǫȌȍ ȐȕȒȘțșȚȈȞȐȑ șȍȘȍȉȘȖ
ǰ ȖȔȖȟȍȕȕȖȍ șȓȍȏȈȔȐ
ǷȐșȤȔȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ǶȕȖ
ǵȈ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȕȍ ȗȖȋȘȍȉȍȕȖ

56
ǹǺǸǶǼǨǴǰ ǶǵǭǫǰǵǨ.
ǼȘȈȋȔȍȕȚ II.
ǻȎȍȓȤ ȉȣȓȖȍ ȕȍ ȊȍȘȕȍȚșȧ —
ǶȟȈȘȖȊȈȕȤȍ ȏȐȔȕȐȝ ȕȍȋ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ ȖȌȕȈ ȗȘȖșȕȍȚșȧ
Ǫ ȌȈȓȍȒȖȑ șȗȈȓȤȕȍ Ȋ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ șȕȍȋ;
ǹ ȗȖșȚȍȓȐ țȚȘȖȔ ȘȈȕȖ ȊșȚȈȕȍȚ
ǰ ȗȖȌȖȑȌȍȚ Ȓ ȖȒȕț Ȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȕȍȚ
DzȈȒ ȉȈȓȦșȚȘȈȌȈ ȏȈ ȖȒȕȖȔ
ǷȖȒȘȣȓȈșȤ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ șȍȘȍȉȘȖȔ
ǵȈ ȊȍȚȓȣ șȚȈȘȣȍ șȍȌȣȍ
ǹȒȓȖȕȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȕȈȌ ȗȘțȌȖȔ
ǻȎ ȏȈȔȖȘȖȎȍȕȕȣȔ ȓȍȌȒȖȔ
ǰ ȕȈ șȒȊȖȘȍȠȕȐȞȣ ȗțșȚȣȍ
ǵȈ ȌȊȍȘȤ șȈȘȈȧ ȒȖȕțȘț
ǰ Ȋșȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȍȓȖ ȗȖțȚȘț
ǻșȚȈȊȓȍȕ ȒȘțȋȓȣȑ șȚȖȓ ȜȈȘȜȖȘȖȔ
ǿțȚȤ șȊȍȚȐȚ ȏȍȘȒȈȓȖ Ȋ țȋȓț
ǰ ȊȣȠȐȚȣȑ ȒȖȊȍȘ țȏȖȘȖȔ
ǩȍȎȐȚ ȌȖȘȖȎȒȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȖȓț
ǰȏ ȌȊȍȘȐ ȊȐȌȍȕ șȚțȓ Ȋ ȌȐȊȈȕȕȖȑ
ǷȖȘȚȘȍȚ ȗȘȈȉȈȉțȠȒȐȕ Ȑ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȑ
ǵȈ ȕȖȎȒȈȝ ȊȣȋȕțȚȣȝ ȥȒȘȈȕ
ǹ ȞȊȍȚȈȔȐ ȊȣȞȊȍȚȠȐȑ ȌȐȊȈȕ
ǵȖ ȊȖȚ ȟȈșȖȊ șȚȈȘȐȕȕȣȝ ȏȊțȟȕȖ
ǸȈȏȕȖșȐȚșȧ ȗȖ ȌȖȔț ȉȖȑ —
ǶȕȈ ȗȖ ȓȍșȚȕȐȞȍ ȗțșȚȖȑ
ǰȏ ȈȕȚȘȍșȖȓȍȑ șȝȖȌȐȚ ǹȒțȟȕȖ
ǷȘȖȝȖȌȐȚ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǹȕȖȊȈ ȌȍȕȤ
ǪȍȟȍȘȕȧȧ șȔȍȕȧȍȚ ȚȍȕȤ

57
ǰǴǭǵǨ
Ǭȕȍȑ ȈȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȣ
DzȖȕȤ ǼȈȓȤȒȖȕȍȚȈ Ȑ ȓțȕȈ.
ǯȈȉȣȚȣ ȕȍȊșȒȐȍ ȚțȔȈȕȣ —
ǴȖȑ țȔ ȗȓȍȕȧȦȚ ȐȔȍȕȈ
ǨȓȐȕȈ ǵȍȎȕȖȍ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȤȍ
Ǫ țșȈȌȤȉȍ ȘțșșȒȖȑ ȗȘȍȎȕȐȝ Ȍȕȍȑ
Ǫ ȉȍșȍȌȒȍ ȕȈȌ ȘȍȒȖȑ șȊȐȌȈȕȤȍ
ǻ șȍȘȍȉȘȐșȚȣȝ ȚȖȗȖȓȍȑ
ǨȘȒȈȌȐȑ ǫțȓȒȐȑ ȏȊȖȕ Ȓ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȍ
ǵȍșțȚșȧ șȈȕȐ ǷȖȊȈȘșȒȖȑ
ǴȖȘȖȏȍȞ ȓȍȋȖȕȤȒȐȑ ȊȍȟȍȘȕȐȑ
ǩȍȋ ȒȖȕșȒȐȑ ȕȈȌ ǴȖșȒȊȖȑ-ȘȍȒȖȑ
ǰ ș ȖȗȖȏȌȈȕȐȍȔ Ȓ ȒțȏȐȕȍ
ǷȘȐȍȏȌ ȗȖȥȚȈ Ȑ ȗȈșȤȧȕș
ǯȈ ȟȈȍȔ ȚȍȚțȠȒȐ ǷȖȓȐȕȣ
Ǫ ȋȖșȚȐȕȖȑ ȊȍȟȍȘȖȔ ȘȖȔȈȕș
Ǫ ȍȋȖ țșȈȌȤȉȍ — ȓȍȕȤ Ȑ ȚȍȕȐ
ǪȍȑȔȈȘșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȥȚȈ ȉȦșȚ
ǵȈ ȗȐșȤȔȍȕȕȖȔ șȚȖȓȍ ǹȐȘȍȕȐ
ǶȒȕȖ ȞȈȘȈȗȈȦȡȐȑ ȒțșȚ
ǷȖȥȚ ȏȌȍșȤ ȟȈșȚȖ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȍȚ
ǷȖȌȘțȋȐ ȔȐȓȖȍ ȓȐȞȖ
ǯȌȍșȤ Ȋ șȖȘȖȒ ȓȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȈȍȚ
ǭȋȖ ȔȈșȖȕșȒȖȍ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ
ǪȖȚ ǼȍȌȖȘ ǬȍȌȖȊȣ ȐȔȍȕȤȧ
ǩȓȈȋȖȊȖȓȧȚ ȍȋȖ șțȌȤȉȍ

58
ǬȊȈ ȚȖȕȒȖȕȖȋȐȍ Ȗȓȍȕȧ
ǰ ȘȖȋ ȕȈ ȒȕȧȎȍșȒȖȔ ȋȍȘȉȍ
DzȈȊȈȓȍȘȋȈȘȌ ǷȖȚȖȔ ȗȖșȓȈȕȕȐȒ
ǼȐȓȖșȖȜ Ȑ șȓȈȊȧȕȖȜȐȓ
dzȦȉȐȓ ȉȖȘȏȣȝ ș ȒȖȊȘȈȔȐ șȈȕȐ
ǰ ȓȈȊȘȣ ȘțșșȒȐȍ ȓȦȉȐȓ
ǺȈȔ Ȋ ǹȗȈșșȒȖȔ ȋȌȍ ȏȊȍȕȧȚ șȚȘȍȒȖȏȣ
ǬȍȘȎȈȊȐȕșȒȐȍ ȌȕȐ ȚȍȒțȚ
ǴȍȓȈȕȝȖȓȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȘȖȏȣ
ǫȘȈȜȐȕȐ dzȐȌȐȐ ȞȊȍȚțȚ
ǷȖȌ șȚȈȘȖșȚȤ ȚȈȔ ȏȈȉȣȊ ȕȍȊȏȋȖȌȣ
dzȦȉȊȐ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȤȧ șȍȘȌȞȈ șȚțȒ
ǹȍȌȣȍ ȊȖȓȖșȣ Ȑ ȋȖȌȣ —
ǾȍȓțȍȚ ȗȈȓȤȞȣ ȚȖȕȒȐȝ ȘțȒ
ǪȖȚ ȌȊȍ șȍșȚȘȣ ǭȒȈȚȍȘȐȕȈ
ǷȍȚȘȖȊȕȈ — ȔȈȚȤ — țȎȍ șȚȈȘȈ
ǶȌȕț șȍșȚȘț ȏȖȊțȚ ǰȘȐȕȈ
ǵȈȚȈȠȈ — ȔȓȈȌȠȈȧ șȍșȚȘȈ
dzȦȉȐȓȈ șȚȈȘȠȈȧ Ȉȓȓȍȍȑ
Dz ȏȈȒȈȚț Ȋ ȗȖȓȍ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ
ǰ ȐȚȈȓȤȧȕșȒțȦ ȒȈȔȍȦ
ǵȖșȐȓȈ ȟȈșȚȖ ȕȈ ȋȘțȌȐ
ǵȈȚȈȠȈ ȉȍȋȈȓȈ ș ȒțȗȈȕȤȧ
ǰȦȓȤșȒȐȔ țȚȘȖȔ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐȕț.
ǯȐȔț ȓȦȉȐȓȈ Ȑ ȒȈȚȈȕȤȍ
ǹ ȊȣșȖȒȐȝ ȋȖȘ DzȖȕȤȒȐ dzțȕț
Ƕ ȗȖȞȍȓțȐ Ȋ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȑ
Ǫ ȒȘȍȡȍȕȤȍ Ȑ ȔȖȘȖȏȣ Țȍ
Ǫ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȔ ȊȖȏȒȍ Ȋ țȋȓț ȋȖșȚȐȕȖȑ
ǵȈ ȈȕȚȘȍșȖȓȧȝ Ȋ ȚȍȔȕȖȚȍ

59
Ǭȕȍȑ ȈȓȍȒșȈȕȌȘȖȊșȒȐȝ ȘȖȔȈȕȣ
DzȖȕȤ ǼȈȓȤȒȖȕȍȚȈ Ȑ ȓțȕȈ
ǯȈȉȣȚȣ ȕȍȊșȒȐȍ ȚțȔȈȕȣ —
ǴȖȑ țȔ ȗȓȍȕȧȦȚ ȐȔȍȕȈ

60
ǷǭǸǪȃDZ ǯǰǴǵǰDZ ǷǻǺȄ.
ǯȐȔȈ ȒȈȒ Țȣ ǨȓȐȕȣ ȐȔȧ
ǵȍȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȍȘȌȞț ȌȖȘȖȋȈ
dzȦȉțȦșȤ ȘȖȡȈȔȐ șȍȌȣȔȐ
ǶȊȈȓ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȖȊ ȇȔȉ ǹȕȍȋȈ
Ǫȣ șȚȈȘȖȔȖȌȕȣȍ ȗȖȥȚȣ
ǭȡȍ ȗȘȍȓȤȡȈȦȡȐȍ țȔ
ǰ Ȋ ȉȍȓȖȔ ȏȈȓȍ ȏȊȖȕ ȉȘȍȋȍȚȈ
ǵȈ ȈȕȚȘȍșȖȓȧȝ șȔȍȝ Ȑ ȠțȔ
ǹȕȍȋȈ ȚȈȒ ȘȖȊȕȣ Ȑ ȉȓȐșȚȈȦȚ
Ǩ ȘțȒȐ ȗȘȧȟțȚșȧ Ȋ ȔȍȝȈ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȚ ȊȍȚȘȈ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȦȚ
ǴȍȌȊȍȎȤȧ ȗȖȓȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȌȖȝȈ

61
ǵȍ ȎȌțȚ ȋȖȌȈ — Ȑ ȚȍȕȤ ȏȈȉȊȍȕȤȧ
ǻȎȍ ȗȖȒȘȣȓȈ ȚȍȕȤ ȔȖȋȐȓ
ǵȖ Ȋșȍ Ȏȍ ȕȍȎȕȖȍ șȔȐȘȍȕȤȍ
Ǫ șȊȖȍȔ ȧ șȍȘȌȞȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓ
ǹȘȍȌȤ Ȧȕȣȝ Ȍȕȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȤȍ
ǬȈȕȖ Ȕȕȍ ȉȣȓȖ ș ȊȣșȖȚȣ
ǺȊȖȑ șȓȣȠȈȚȤ ȋȖȓȖș Ȑ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȍ
dzȐȠȤ șȖȏȍȘȞȈȚȤ ȚȊȖȐ ȟȍȘȚȣ
ǰ ȊȖȚ Ȋ ȚȐȠȐ țȍȌȐȕȍȕȤȧ
ǶȗȧȚȤ ȗȘȖȝȖȌȧȚ ȌȕȐ ȔȖȐ —
ǰ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȚȘȍȗȍȚ ȊȌȖȝȕȖȊȍȕȤȧ
DzȈȒ ȓȈșȒȐ ȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȚȊȖȐ
ǰ șȕȖȊȈ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȍ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȤȍ
ȇ ȊȐȎț ȗȘȍȎȕȐȍ ȟȍȘȚȣ
ǴȐȋ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȑ ǹȚȘȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȐȌȍȕȤȍ
dzȐȒ ȐșȒțȗȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȘȈșȖȚȣ

DzdzǾdzǰǻȍ

63
ǬȍȘȍȊȕȧ Ȓ ȘȍȟȒȍ șȒȓȖȕ ȖȚȓȖȋȐȑ
ǹȕȍȋȈ șȕȍȋȈ Ȗ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐ —
ǶȚ ȘȖȏȖȊȍȦȡȍȑ ȌȖȘȖȋȐ
ǬȖ ȘȖȏȖȊȣȝ ȒȘȈȍȊ ȏȈȘȐ
ǯȌȍșȤ șȊȖȑ ȧȏȣȒ șȊȖȐ ȏȌȍșȤ ȘȍȟȐ
DzȈȑȔȈ ȗȓȈȚȒȈ ȔȖȘȡȐȕȣ ȓȐȞ
ǷȖȌ ȒȖȘȖȔȣșȓȖȔ ȉȈȉȤȐ ȗȓȍȟȐ
ǰ ȘȍȏȒȐȑ ȋȖȊȖȘ ȔȖȓȖȌȐȞ
ǰ țȚȘȖȔ ȊȣȕțȚȣȍ ȝȓȍȉȣ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȕȈ ȖȒȕȈȝ șȊȍȚ ȏȈȘȐ
ǰ ȌȣȔ șȍȌȖȑ Ȋ șȍȌȖȍ ȕȍȉȖ
ǹȕȍȋȈ șȕȍȋȈ Ȗ ȗȖșȔȖȚȘȐ

64
ǺȘȖȗȐȕȒȈ ȊȓȍȊȖ ȐȏȖȋȕțȓȈșȤ —
ǻȎȍ ȟȍȘȍȔțȝȈ ȞȊȍȓȈ
ǷȖȌ ȒȖȘȖȔȣșȓȖȔ ȗȖȒȈȟȕțȓȈșȤ —
ǷȓȍșȕțȓȐ ȊȍȌȘȈ — Ȑ ȗȖȠȓȈ
ǹ ȊȣșȖȒȖ ȗȖȌȕȧȚȣȔ ȗȖȌȖȓȖȔ
ǿțȚȤ-ȟțȚȤ ȏȈȔȖȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȘȖșȖȑ
ǷȖȠȓȈ ȚȘȈȊȖȑ ȗȈȝțȟȍȑ ǬȖȓȖȔ
dzȍȎȈȓȈ ȚȘȖȗȒȈ ȗȖȓȖșȖȑ
ǫȌȍ ȞȊȍȚ ȟȍȘȍȔțȝȈ ȘȖȕȧȓȈ
ǪȈȓȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȉȖȒ ȋȖȘȖȌȤȉȈ
Ǩ ȏȈ ȗȘȐȋȖȘȒȖȔ ȊȣȘȖșȚȈȓȈ
ǶșȚȘȖȒȖȕȍȟȕȈȧ ȐȏȉȈ
ǷȖșȚȈȊȐȊ ȊȍȌȘȈ ȊȣȚȐȘȈȓȈ
ǹȓȍȋȒȈ ȊșȗȖȚȍȊȠȍȍ ȓȐȞȖ
DzȖȋȌȈ ȟȍȘȍȔțȝȈ ȉȘȖșȈȓȈ
ǾȊȍȚ șȍȘȍȉȘȐșȚȣȑ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȓȤȞȖ

65
dzȍș ȗȖȓȧ ȏȈȔȒȕțȓ Ȋ ȒȖȓȤȞȖ
Ǩȝ ȕȍȌȍȓȦ ȊȍȌȘȖ
DzȈȒ ȊșȝȖȌȐȓȈ ȕȈ ȒȘȣȓȤȞȖ
ǸȈșȗȓȍșȒȈȓȈ ȊȍȌȘȈ
ǹȚȣȌ ȌȍȊȐȟȐȑ ȗȖȌ ȗȓȈȚȒȖȔ
ǷȘȧȟȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȈȘȖȔ
ǻȏȒȖȑ ȚȘȖȗȒȖȑ ȉȖșȐȒȖȔ
ǪȖȚ ȐȌȍȚ Ȓ ȈȔȉȈȘȈȔ
ǯȊȍȏȌȣ ǩȈȕȐ DzȖșȖȋȖȘ
ǺȘȖȗȒȖȑ ȗțȚȤ ȒȖȘȖȟȍ
ǩȈȘșȒȐȑ ȚȧȕȍȚșȧ ȏȈȉȖȘ
ǵȍ ȐȚȚȐ ȕȍȚ ȔȖȟȐ
ǷȖșȔȖȚȘȍȓȈ ȕȈ ȊȖșȚȖȒ —
ǯȈ șȍȓȖȔ ȈȓȍȍȚ
Ǩȝ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȕȍȌȖȓȖȋ șȘȖȒ
ǷȖȉȍȎȈȚȤ șȒȖȘȍȍ

66
DzȈȒ ȘțȉȐȓȈ ȧ ȒȈȗțșȚț
ǵȈ ǷȖȒȘȖȊ-ȌȍȕȤ
DzȈȒ ȖȋțȘȟȐȒȐ șȖȓȐȓȈ
Dz ǷȖȒȘȖȊț-ȌȕȦ
ǷȘȐȝȖȌȐȓ ȘȧȌȐȚȤșȧ ȗȈȘȍȕȤ
ǵȈ ǷȖȒȘȖȊ-ȌȍȕȤ
ǵȈȘȧȌȐȓȈșȤ ȧ Ȓ ȖȉȍȌȕȍ
Dz ǷȖȒȘȖȊț-ȌȕȦ
ǷȐȘȖȋȐ ȗȍȒȓȈ ȧ ș ȓțȒȖȔ
ǵȈ ǷȖȒȘȖȊ -ȌȍȕȤ
ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȔ șȓȍȏȣ ȗȘȖȓȐȊȈȓȈ
ǵȈ ǵȐȒȖȓț-ǪȍȠȕȍȋȖ

ǻ ȕȈș ȔȈȓȤȊȣ ȘȈșȞȊȍȓȐ
ȈȓȣȔȐ ȠȍȓȒȈȔȐ
ǰ șȒȊȖȘȍȠȕȐȞȣ ș ȋȖȘȣ
ȊȐȌȕȣ ȏȈ ȗȓȍȚȕȧȔȐ
ǻ ȕȈș șȍȕȖ ȕȈ ȓțȋȈȝ
ȌȈ ȊȖȏȈ ȌȈ șȒȘȐȗȣ
ǬȈ ȓȧȋțȠȒȐ ȕȈ ȗȘțȌț
ȕȈ ȗȖȋȖșȚȍ ȓȐȗȣ
ǵȈȠȐ ȒȘȣȠȐ ȊȣșȖȒȐ
ȒȘȣȠȐ ș ȟȍȘȌȈȒȈȔȐ
ǻ ȕȈș ȔȈȓȤȊȣ ȘȈșȞȊȍȓȐ
ȈȓȣȔȐ ȠȍȓȒȈȔȐ

ǿȀǶȃǼȀǰǼǾdzǻǶȍ
Ƕǵ ǮǹȊǺǮǻǮȃǼǰ
Ƕ ǿǯǼǾǻǶǸǼǰ

69
Ƕǹǭǵǵȇȇ Ƿǭǹǵȇ
ǰȏ Ƿ ǪȍȘȓȥȕȈ
ǬȖȓȋȐȝ ȔȖȓȍȕȐȑ
ǹȒȘȐȗȒȐ Ȗșȍȕȕȍȑ
ǯȖȊ ȖȌȕȖȏȊțȟȕȣȑ
ǹȍȘȌȞȍ ȊȖȓȕȍȕȤȍȔ
ǸȈȕȐȚ Ȋ ȚȖȔȓȍȕȤȐ
ǶșȍȕȐ șȒțȟȕȖȑ
Ǫ ȗȖȓȕȖȟȤ ȉȣȓȖȋȖ
ǹȓțȠȈȧ ȏȖȊȣ
ǹȓȍȏȣ ȧ ȚȘȈȟț
ǷȘȖȠȓȖȋȖ ȚȍȕȐ
dzȐȒȐ ȊȐȌȍȕȤȧ
ǿțȦ Ȑ ȗȓȈȟț«
DzȈȒ ȖȉȓȍȚȍȊȠȐȑ
dzȐșȚ ȗȖȎȍȓȚȍȊȠȐȑ
ǪȐȝȘȍȔ ȧ șȝȊȈȟȍȕ
ǵȖȟȤȦ ȕȈ ȊȖȓȍ
ǺȈȔ ȋȌȍ ȕȈȌ ȗȖȓȍȔ
ǵȍȉȖ Ȋșȍ ȗȓȈȟȍȚ

70
DzǰǴǴǭǸǰȇ
ǸȈȏȊȍ ȔȍȘȚȊȣȝ ȓȦȉȐȚȤ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ"
Dz ȒȐȔȔȍȘȐȑșȒȐȔ ȐȌț ȉȍȘȍȋȈȔ
ȇ Țȍȉȍ ȌȖȘȖȋȈȧ ȖȚȌȈȔ
ȅȚȖ șȍȘȌȞȍ ȟȚȖ ȉȤȍȚșȧ ȚȘȍȊȖȎȕȖ
Ǻȣ ȗȖȒȖȐȠȤșȧ Ȋ ȋȘȖȉȍ șȊȖȍȔ
ǹȍȘȍȉȘȐșȚȖȑ ȗȈȘȟȍȦ ȖȌȍȚȈ
ȅȚȖ ȏȕȖȑȕȖȍ ȎȍȓȚȖȍ ȓȍȚȖ
ǬȖȋȖȘȈȍȚ ȏȈ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȖȒȕȖȔ
Ƕ Țȍȉȧ ȓȐ ȏȍȔȓȍ ȧ ȗȘȍȌȈȔ
Ǻȣ ȒȈȒ ȊȖșȒ Ȋ ȊȍȟȍȘȍȦȡȍȔ ȝȘȈȔȍ
ȅȚȖȚ ȊȍȟȍȘ ȘȣȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȌ ȕȈȔȐ
Dz ȒȐȔȔȍȘȐȑșȒȐȔ ȐȌț ȉȍȘȍȋȈȔ
ǴȖșȒȊȈ  ȖȒȚȧȉȘȧ  ȋ

71
ǵȇǹ
Ǻȣ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ Ȉ ȕȍ ȘȈȕȍ
Ǻȣ ȕȍ Ȋ ȘțșșȒȐȝ șȖȉȖȘȈȝ ȕȍ ȕȈ ȊȣȘȍȏȈȝ ȋȍȔȔ —
ȇ ȝȖȟț Țȍȉȧ ȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȕȍ Ȋ ȗȍȗȓțȔȍ Ȑ ȕȍ Ȋ șȈȘȈȜȈȕȍ
Ǩ Ȋ ȚȘȈȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ Ȑ Ȋ Ƞȓȧȗȍ ȒȈȒ ȠȓȍȔ
Ǻȣ șȖ ȔȕȖȑ Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ — Ȋ ȕȐȝ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȉȓȐȎȍ
ǷȈȘȐȎȈȕȐȕȈ șȍȘȌȞț ȚȈȐȚȧȕȐȕ Ȑ șȈȘȚ —
Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȓȈȚȤȍ ȥȗȖȝȐ ǺȈȑȋȐ Ȑ ǷȈȘȐȎȈ
DzȈȉȈȘȥ Ȑ Ȗȓȍȕȍȑ Ȑ ȦȘȚ Ȑ ȔȈȕșȈȘȌ
ǺȊȖȐ ȒȖșȣ — țȏȖȘ ȕȈ ȔȖȍȔ ȐȏȋȖȓȖȊȤȐ
ǯȖȓȖȚȈȧ ȒȈȒ ȉȘȖȕȏȈ Ȋ ȖșȍȕȕȐȑ ȏȈȒȈȚ
Ǻȣ Ȋșȍ ȚȈ Ȏȍ Ȋșȍ ȚȈ Ȏȍ ȟȚȖ Ȑ Ȋ ǹȘȍȌȕȍȊȍȒȖȊȤȍ
Ǫ ȥȚț ȗȖȏȌȕȦȦ ȖșȍȕȤ Ȋ ȍȍ ȓȐșȚȖȗȈȌ
Ǻȣ Ȋșȍ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȌȘȖȎȐȠȤ ȗȍȘȊȖȏȌȈȕȕȖȦ ȓȖȏȖȑ
ǰ ȚȊȖȑ ȠȖȗȖȚ ȉȍȏțȔȍȕ ȊȏȖȘ Ȑ ȕȍȎȍȕ Ȑ ȕȍȔ
Ǫ ȌȕȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍșȓȣȝȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȏȣ
ǸȧȌ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȈȍȚ ǸȍȕȤȍ
1926.

ȆǸǯǻǼ
ǬȘțȋ ȔȖȑ ȓȦȉȐȔȈȧ ȔȖȧ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈ —
țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȖȗȧȚȤ ȗȖȓțȌȍȕȕȣȑ ȉȍȘȍȋ
ǷțȠȒȐȕ
ǫȌȍ șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȒȘȍȗȖșȚȤ șȖ șȒȈȓȣ
ǯȈȉȣȚȣ șȕȣ ȚțȔȈȕȖȊ ȕȍȊșȒȐȝ—
ǰ ȔȖȘȧ ǿȍȘȕȖȋȖ ȊȈȓȣ
DzȖșȕțȓȐșȤ ȕȖȋ șȍșȚȍȘ ǸȈȍȊșȒȐȝ
ǯȌȍșȤ ȌȘȍȔȓȍȚ ȗțȠȒȐȕșȒȐȑ ȆȘȏțȜ
ǹțȌȤȉȖȦ ǫȍȕțȐ ȖȚȔȍȟȍȕ
ǰ ȏȌȍșȤ Ȋ ȐȏȋȕȈȕȤȐ ȖȚȌȖȝȕțȊ
DzȈȒ ©ȓȈȞȞȈȘȖȕȐª Ȗȕ ȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕ
Ƕȕ ȊȍȘȐȓ ȉȣȓ ȕȈ șȍȑ ȏȍȔȓȍ
Ǫ ȟȍșȚȤ ǬȍȊȣ ȝȘȈȔ Ȋ Ȑȕȣȍ ȋȖȌȣ
ǰ ȊȐȌȍȓ ȌȍȊț ȕȈ șȒȈȓȍ
ǹȈȔȖȑ ȗȘȍȒȘȈșȕȍȍ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ
©ǷȖȓțȌȍȕȕȣȑ țȊȐȌȍȚȤ ȉȘȍȋ
dzȦȉȐȔȈȧ ȕȈȌȍȎȌȈª — Ȓ Ȧȋț
dzȍȚȧ ȔȍȟȚȖȑ șȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȕȍȋ
ǵȍ ȗȖȚȖȔț ȓȤ ȗȐșȈȓ Ȗȕ ȌȘțȋț"

73
Ǽȏ ȎȐȠȜȞȓ
ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǬȐȔȐȚȘȐȑ
 ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ /19.  ǵ
ǵȖȊȋȖȘȖȌ –   ǴȖșȒȊȈ"
 — ȗȖȥȚ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȒ ǸȖȌȐȓșȧ Ȋ șȍȔȤȍ
ȏȍȔșȒȖȋȖ ȊȘȈȟȈ ǶȒȖȕȟȐȓ ȗȘȈȊȖȊȖȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȜȈȒțȓȤȚȍȚȈ Ȗȉȡȍ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ǴȖșȒȖȊșȒȖȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘșȐȚȍȚȈ 

ǬȍȉȦȚȐȘȖȊȈȓ Ȋ ©ǵȐȎȍȋȖȘȖȌșȒȖȔ ȈȓȤȔȈȕȈȝȍª 
 ǩȣȓ ȝȖ-
ȘȖȠȖ ȏȕȈȒȖȔ ș ȕȐȎȍȋȖȘȖȌȞȈȔȐ ǰ ǸțȒȈȊȐȠȕȐȒȖȊȣȔ ǩ ǹȈȌȖȊ-
șȒȐȔ Ǫ ǵ ǵȖȊȋȖȘȖȌȍ ȗȖșȍȡȈȓ dzȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȘț-
ȎȖȒ șȚțȌȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ șȚțȌȐȦ ǩ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ 1 Ȋ ȘȧȌȍ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȊ ȐȔȍ-
ȕțȍȚșȧ ©ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔ ȊȖșȗȐȚȈȕȕȐȒȖȔª Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ©ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ
³ȗȘȧȔȣȔ´ țȟȍȕȐȒȖȔª ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ 2, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȍȋȖ ©ȝȖȌȈȚȈȍȔ ȗȖ ȓȐȚȍ-
ȘȈȚțȘȕȣȔ ȌȍȓȈȔª 3. ǰ Ȋ șȈȔȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȊȠȐȍșȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ
1 ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞɨɜ ɘ Ⱥ ɋɭɞɶɛɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ ȿɪɦɨɥɚɟɜɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɤɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɰɚ ɋɟɪ-
ɝɟɹ ȿɫɟɧɢɧɚ  http://osrussia.ru/content/sudba-ivana-ermolaeva (cashed).
2 ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞɨɜ ɘ Ⱥ ɬɚɦ ɠɟ Ɇɨɥɨɞɹɤɨɜ ȼ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ Ⱦɦɢɬ-
ɪɢɹ Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ  Ɇɨɥɨɞɹɤɨɜ ȼ ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɷɬɵ Ʉɧ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɋɉɛ
 ɋ 
3 ɋɚɞɨɜɫɤɨɣ Ȼ Ɇɨɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɭɡɨɪɵ ɋɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ Ɇ 
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞ
 ɋɦ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɡɞ ɲɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɷɦɭ ɋɚɞɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ©ɇɷ-
ɬɢª ɝɞɟ Ⱦ Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ©Ɇɢɬɹ Ȼɥɢɡɧɟɰɨɜ ɩɨɷɬ  ȼ ɚɬɥɚɫ
ɢ ɛɚɪɯɚɬ ɪɚɡɨɞɟɬª

74
DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ șȊȐȌȍȚȍȓȤșȚȊțȦȚ Ȗ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȔ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȐ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘ-
ȕȣȝ țșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒ ǩ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ — ȖȚ ©ȘȍȚȘȖȋȘȈȌȕȣȝª șȚȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȑ ȌȖ
ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȥȗȈȚȈȎȕȣȝ ȔȐșȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȑ
Ǫ  ȋ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ ȊȣȗțșȚȐȓ Ȋ ȐȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ ǪǹǶǷǶ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ
ȕȍȗȘȐȚȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ ©ǴȍȌȈȓȤȖȕª șȊȖȦ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ
ȗȖȥȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȒȕȐȋț ǷțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓșȧ ȚȈȒȎȍ Ȋ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈȝ ©ǷȓȍȚȍȕȤª
(1921), ©ǵȖȊȣȍ șȚȐȝȐª 7) ǪȐȌȐȔȖ ȗȘȐȔȣȒȈȓ Ȓ ȘȈșȗȓȣȊȟȈȚȖȔț

75
ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖȔț ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȦ ȕȍȖȒȓȈșșȐȒȖȊ ©dzȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȖșȖȉȕȧȒª
ȊȖ ȊȚȖȘȖȔ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ 
 ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ
©ȆȘȏțȜª
ǩȖȋȍȔȕȈȧ ȗȖȥȚȍșșȈ ǵ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ȊșȗȖȔȐȕȈȓȈ Ȋ ȔȍȔțȈȘȈȝ ©ȘȖȏȖ-
ȊȖ-țȓȣȉȟȈȚȖȋȖ ș ȗȘȖșȚȣȔȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȔȐ ȟȍȘȚȈȔȐ ȓȐȞȈ ȗȖȥȚȈ ǬȔȐȚ-
ȘȐȧ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟȈ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ <…> ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȐȟ ȔȧȋȒȐȑ ȌȖ
șȓȈȡȈȊȖșȚȐ ȉȘȍȌȐȓ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȚȖ ȔȐȘȖȊȣȔ șȓȈȊȧȕșȒȐȔ șȖȉȖȘȖȔ ǶȉȢȍȌ-
ȒȐ șȓȈȊȧȕȖȜȐȓȤșȚȊȈ ȈȕȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ǪȧȟȍșȓȈȊȈ ǰȊȈȕȖȊȈ ȗȈȕșȓȈȊȐȏȔ
ȗȍȘȍȔȍȠȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȋȖȓȖȊȍ Ȋ ȚȈȒțȦ ȒȈȠț ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȕȍ ȔȖȋ șȊȧȏȕȖ ȕȐ-
ȒȖȔț ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȟȍȋȖ ȝȖȟȍȚ ǰȊȈȕ ǹȍȘȋȍȍȊȐȟ [ǸțȒȈȊȐȠȕȐȒȖȊ],
ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȉȘȣȑ ȗȖ ȕȈȚțȘȍ ȎȈȓȍȓ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ Ȑ șȚȈȘȈȓșȧ ȗȘȖȌȊȐȋȈȚȤ
ȍȋȖ șȚȐȝȐª 4. CȚȐȝȐ ȥȚȐ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȈȧ ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȗȖșȊȧȡȍȕȕȖȍ ȍȑ
șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȍ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ©Ǻȣ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ șȍȑȟȈșª ȗȘȧȔȖ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ
«ȗȓȖȝȐȔȐª 5.
Ǫ  ȋ ș ȗȘȍȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍȔ ǩ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣȠȓȈ Ȋ șȊȍȚ ȍȌȐȕ-
șȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȏȈȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȒȕȐȋȈ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ
Ȗ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȍȑª DzȈȒ ȖȚȒȘȖȊȍȕȕȖ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȊȈȓșȧ
ȈȊȚȖȘ ȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȖȗȣȚ ©ȗȍȘȍȕȍșȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȕȈȠȐ ȌȕȐ ȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȜȈȉțȓȣ ȌȘț-
ȋȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȈȒȖȊȣȔ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȧȊȐȓșȧ ³Ƕȋȕȍȕȕȣȑ
Ȉȕȋȍȓ´ ǪȈȓȍȘȐȧ ǩȘȦșȖȊȈª ǷȖȌȖȉȕȖ ȘȖȔȈȕț ǩȘȦșȖȊȈ ©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍ-
ȚȈª — ȗȘȖȏȈ ©ș ȒȓȦȟȖȔª ǸȖȓȤ ȉȘȦșȖȊșȒȖȋȖ ȋȘȈȜȈ ǫȍȕȘȐȝȈ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ Ȋ
ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȒȕȧȏȤ-ȉȍȓȖȋȊȈȘȌȍȍȞ ǫȍȖȘȋȐȑ ǸȈȔȍȕșȒȐȑ Ȗȕ Ȏȍ ȗȖȥȚ dzȍȖ-
ȕȐȌ ǸțȕȖȊ Ȋ ȟȤȍȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȍ țȋȈȌȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȏȘȈȟȕȖ Ȑ ȗȈȕȍȋȐȘȐȟȍșȒȐ
ȖȗȐșȈȕȕȣȑ ǵ ǫțȔȐȓȍȊ ȕȍșȖȔȕȍȕȕȖ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȖȍ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȚȘȍȉȖ-
ȊȈȓȖ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȑ șȔȍȓȖșȚȐ). Ǫșȍ șȍȔȤ ȒȕȐȋ Ǭ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ȖȏȕȈȟȍȕ-
ȕȣȍ ȕȈ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȑ șȚȘȈȕȐȞȍ ©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣª ȒȈȒ ©ȋȖȚȖȊȧȡȐȍșȧ Ȓ
ȗȍȟȈȚȐª — ȌȊȈ ȘȖȔȈȕȈ ȟȍȚȣȘȍ șȉȖȘȕȐȒȈ șȚȐȝȖȚȊȖȘȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȥȔȈ
— ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ ȕȍȐȏȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȍșȓȐ Ȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȣ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ȊȐ-
ȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȕȍ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ.
DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ ȌȖȓȋȖ ȗȘȍȉȣȊȈȓ Ȋ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȊȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȒȈ
Ȋ  ȋ Ȗ ©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍª ȕȍ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȓ ǵ ǩȖȋȖȔȖȓȖȊ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖ
țșȔȖȚȘȍȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȒȕȐȋȍ ©ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕțȦ ȐȋȘț ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȕȕțȦ Ȑ ȗȘȍ-
4 ɋɟɪɩɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɇ ə Ɏɥɢɪɬ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ Ɇɟɦɭɚɪɵ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɬɤɢ ɞɜɭɯ
ɷɩɨɯ
 Ɇ  ɋ -247.
5 ɗɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ©Ɍɜɨɢ ɤɨɫɵ — ɭɡɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɨɟɦ
ɢɡɝɨɥɨɜɶɢª ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɤɥɸ-
ɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɋɟɪɩɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɢɜɲɟɣ ɢ ɇ Ƚɭɦɢɥɟɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟ-
ɦɚɥɨ ȼ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ Ⱦ Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ ©ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɚª ɢɦɹ ɋɟɪɩɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɇɢɧɚ
 ɧɨɫɢɬ
ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɶ

Ⱦɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ Ⱦ Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɤɡ
ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ©ȿɥɢɡɚɜɟɬɚª

ȌȐșȓȖȊȐȍȔ ǩȖȘȐșȈ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖª — Ȑ țȊȐȌȍȊȠȐȑ Ȋ ȚȐȚțȓȤȕȖȑ ȋȍ-
ȘȖȐȕȍ-ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȍ Ǩ ǨȝȔȈȚȖȊț ©ǹȦȎȍȚ ³ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȣ´ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ
șȖȊȗȈȌȈȍȚ ș ȉȘȦșȖȊșȒȐȔ ȕȖ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȚȖ ȟȚȖ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȧ ȓȍȋȒȖ țȏȕȈȍȚșȧ
ȗȖ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȦ …> ǶȉȓȐȒ ȋȍȘȖȐȕȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȍȌțȋȈȌȈȚȤ Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ
ȏȈȋȈȌȖȟȕȖȋȖ șȖȗȍȘȕȐȒȈ ȗȖȊȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȧȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖȌ
ȒȖȕȍȞ ȗȖȊȍșȚȐ ȕȈ ȗȖȘȚȘȍȚȍ» 6.
ȀȍșȚȤ ȓȍȚ șȗțșȚȧ ©ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈª ȉȣȓȈ ȘȍȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȈ Ȋ ȎțȘȕȈ-
ȓȍ ©dzȍȗȚȈª 1995, ȹ 
 Ȉ Ȋ  ȋ ȉȣȓȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȧȚȖ ©ȉȐȉȓȐȖ-
ȜȐȓȤșȒȖȍª ȐȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȧ Ǭ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȈ ȊȣȠȍȌȠȍȍ Ȋ ȒȖȓȐȟȍ-
șȚȊȍ șȟȐȚȈȕȕȣȝ ȥȒȏȍȔȗȓȧȘȖȊ 7.
6 Ȼɨɝɨɦɨɥɨɜ ɇ ©Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɹ ɜɢɠɭ ɨɛɥɢɤ ȼɚɲ ɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ  ª  Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ  ʋ 
7 Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ Ⱦ Ɉɜɚɥ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɚ ɋɬɢɯɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɚ ɋɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥ ɩɨɞɝ ɬɟɤ-
ɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦ ȼ ɗ Ɇɨɥɨɞɹɤɨɜɚ Ɋɭɞɧɹ-ɋɦɨɥɟɧɫɤ Ɇɧɟɦɨɡɢɧɚ  ɋɟ-
ɪɟɛɪɹɧɵɣ ɩɟɩɟɥ


78
ǷǸǰǴǭǿǨǵǰȇ
DzȕȐȋȈ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋșȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ǭ Dzțȏ-
ȕȍȞȖȊȈ Ǫșȍ ȚȍȒșȚȣ ȗȍȟȈȚȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖ țȒȈȏȈȕȕȣȔ ȕȐȎȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȐȏȌȈ-
ȕȐȧȔ ș șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȈȊȚȖȘșȒȖȑ ȖȘȜȖȋȘȈȜȐȐ Ȑ ȗțȕȒȚțȈȞȐȐ ǰș-
ȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȟȈȚȒȐ
ǰȏȌȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ Salamandra P.V.V. șȍȘȌȍȟȕȖ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȐȚ Ǫ Ǫ
ǵȍȝȖȚȐȕȈ Ȑ Ǩ Ǩ ǹȚȍȗȈȕȖȊȈ ȏȈ ȗȖȔȖȡȤ Ȋ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȍ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ
ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ Ȗ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ șȖȉȣȚȐȧȝ
ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȍȑ
DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ ǬȐȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǭȓȐȏȈȊȍȚȈ ȐȓȐ ǷȖȊȍșȚȤ Ȗ șȚȘȈȕȕȣȝ șȖ-
ȉȣȚȐȧȝ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȔȖȍȑ ǷȘȍȌȐșȓ ǩ ǹȈȌȖȊșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȈ Ǵ Ǫșȍ-
ȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȑ șȖȦȏ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ  ǺȐȘȈȎ  ȥȒȏ ȊȒȓ  ȐȔȍȕȕȣȝ
Ȑ  Ȋ ȗȍȘȍȗȓȍȚȈȝ
ǴȍȌȈȓȤȖȕ
DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊ ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ ǴȍȌȈȓȤȖȕ ǹȚȐȝȐ ǹ ȗȘȍȌȐșȓ ǰȊȈȕȈ Ǹț-
ȒȈȊȐȠȕȐȒȖȊȈ Ƕȉȓ ȘȈȉ ǵ ǴȍȌȖȊȡȐȒȖȊȈ Ǵ ǰȏȌ ǪșȍȘȖșșȐȑ-
șȒȖȋȖ șȖȦȏȈ ȗȖȥȚȖȊ  ǺȐȘȈȎ  ȥȒȏ
Ƕșȍȕȕȧȧ ȗȍșȕȧ Ȑȏ Ƿ ǪȍȘȓȥȕȈ
ǵȐȎȍȋȖȘȖȌșȒȐȑ ȈȓȤȔȈȕȈȝ ǵ ǵȖȊȋȖȘȖȌ Ǻ-ȊȖ ȕȐȎȍȋȖȘȖȌ-
șȒȐȝ ȓȐȚȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ  ǯȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǬȔ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊȢª
DzȐȔȔȍȘȐȧ
ǷȓȍȚȍȕȤ dzȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȖ-ȝțȌȖȎȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȑ >șȉȖȘȕȐȒ@ Ƿȋ 
ǯȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊª

©Ǻȣ șȖ ȔȕȖȦ șȍȑȟȈș Ȋ ȥȚȐ ȌȕȐ Ȉ ȕȍ ȘȈȕȍ...»
ǵȖȊȣȍ șȚȐȝȐ ǹȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ Ǵ ǪșȍȘȖșșȐȑșȒȐȑ șȖȦȏ ȗȖȥ-
ȚȖȊ  ǷȖșȊȧȡȍȕȖ ǵ ȇ ǹȍȘȗȐȕșȒȖȑ ǯȈ ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǬȔȐȚȘȐȑ
DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊª
ȆȘȏțȜ
dzȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ȖșȖȉȕȧȒ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ șȉȖȘȕȐȒ ǹȚȐȝȐ Ǵ ǰȏȌ DzȖȓ-
ȓȍȒȚȐȊȈ ǷȖȥȚȖȊ Ȑ DzȘȐȚȐȒȖȊ ©dzȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȕȣȑ ǶșȖȉȕȧȒª  ǯȈ
ȗȖȌȗȐșȤȦ ©ǬȐȔȐȚȘȐȑ DzțȏȕȍȞȖȊª