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HeCH .u.pyr Ha.u. )J.pyroM. Do 3eMJIe XaOTl1QHO BbIOTCH nOJI3Y.
10
tI11e TpaBbI, tIYTb rrOBbIlIle Ha,L{ HHMI1 MOlIO,L{bIe ,L{epeBna Ii
KYCTapH11K11 B CBoeM HeY,L{ep)K11MOM nopbIBe BBepx OTTeCHHIOT
B CTOPOHY CB011X 60JIee CJIa6bIX COCe)1.eH, a Ha )1.Ba,lI.Il.aT11-TpH-
Il.aTHMeTpOBoA BWCOTe Ha,L{ H11M11 COMKHY H CB011 MorYtI11e
KpOHbI B3pOCJIbIe ,L{epeBbH, 06pa30BaB CnJIOIlIHYIO KPbIWY,
tIepe3 KOTOpyIO He MorYT np0611TbCH JIYtI11 COJIHIl.a 11JIH CBeTa.
Bce 9TO nepenJIeTeHO H CBH3aHO YC11KaM11 orpOMHWX
BbIOIll.HXCH paCTeH11H. J111aHbI TOJIlliJIHOH B tIeJIOBelleCKYIO
PYKY O BaTbIBaIOT CTBOJIbI )J.epeBbeB, BbIOTCH BOKpyr H11X,
nO,lI.H11MaHCb BBepx, nepe6paCbIBaIOTCH C O,lI.HOro ,lI.epeBa Ha
,lI.Pyroe, OTBeCHO naJJ.aIOT BH113, nOJI3YT no 3eMJIe H BHOBb
nO,lI.H11MaIOTCH no CTBOJIY COCe,lI.HerO ,lI.epeBa. oeCtI11CJIeHHbIe
9n11cp11TbI 11 paCTeHH5I-napa311TbI, npe)K,L{e Bcero OpX11,lI.eH, no..
CeJI11Blll11Cb Ha BeTBHX 11 CYtIbHX ,lI.epeBbeB, IIYCKaIOT CBOH
npHlVlbIe KaK CTpeJIbI, B03,L{YlllHbIe KOpH11 no HanpaBJIeH11IO
K 3eMJIe. 11 HaL( BceM 9THM OKeaHOM JI11CTbeB B03BbIlIlaIOTCH
OT ,L{eJIbHbIe llleCT11,lI.eCHTH -CeM11,L{eCHT11MeTpOBbIe ,lI.epeBbH - rH-
raHTbI, Ha,L{ BepXYWKaM11 KOTOpbIX npOHOCf{TCH WKBaJIbI If
TOpHa,L{O (cMeptIeo6pa3Hwe 6YP11) HeBepOHTHOH CHJIW. A Ha
.lI.He JIeCHOrO OKeaHa MbI He omYIll.aeM H JIertIaHlllerO ,lI.YHOBe-
H11H. Tenepb nOHHTHO, nOIIeMY MbI ceOH tIYBCTByeM TaK CTpaH-
HO. HeT OCBe)KaIOllI,ero BeTpa, H B03,L{YX, HaCbIllI,eHHbIH. BJIa-
rofI, Ka)KeTCH oco6eHHO TH)KeJIbIM H ,L{YWHbIM.
B TpOIIHIIeCKOM JIecy TeMHO ,lLa)Ke ,lI.HeM, KaKaH JKe MfJIa
napHT TaM HOtIbIO! LITO TaKoe HaCTOHIll.aH HOtIb, MO)KHO
Y3HaTb JIHIIIb 3,lLeCb, B TpOTIHtIeCKOM JIecy. Kor,lI.a He60 3aTH-
HYTO rp030BbIMH TYtIaMH Htl1H KOf,lI.a JIHBeHb, KaK o6e3YMeB-
W11H, 06pYIIIHBaerCH Ha 3eMJIIO, B ecy Me)K,lI.Y ,lI.epeBbHMH
napHT TaKaH TbMa, lITO, Ka)Ke'PCH, ee MO)KHO 6paTb H pe3aTb.
B TpOIIHtIeCKOM JIecy HeT HCHbIX 3Be3,lI.HbIX HotIeA, KaKHe 6bI-
BaIOT B TpOnHtIeCK11X CTenHX (caBaHHax). B JIecax, pacnoJIo-
)KeHHbIX .Ha B03BbIweHHbIX MecTax, nOtIBa 06bItIHO cyxa, HO
3aTO BCH H36opo)K,L{eHa MHOrOtI11CJIeHHbIMH PYIIbHMH H nOTO-
KaMH, HeCYI..U11MH CB011 MYTHble, nOllT11 tIepHbIe BO,lI.bI B HH-
311HbI. Ha,lI. KaMeHHbIM OCHOBaHHeM pacnOJIaraeTCH nO,lI.Bepr-
IIIHHCH BbIBeTpHBaH11IO MHorOMeTpOBbIH C.nOH, COCT05IlllHH
u u
OOJIbllleH tIaCTbI0 113 rJI11HbI; 9TOT CJIOH TIOKpbIT TOHKHM noq-
BeHHbIM CJIOeM. IlOBCIO.lI.Y pa36pocaHbI TPYXJI5IBbIe CTBOJIW
)J.epeBbeB, rH11IOlliaH JI11CTBa, BaJIe)KH11K. ,LLJIH TpOf1H-
qeCKOfO JIeca oco6eHHO xapaKTepHO TO, tITO paCTeHH5I B pa3-
.n11tIHbIX COCTOHHI1HX CYllleCTBYIOT ,lI.pyr B03JIe ,lI.Pyra. HeKO"
TopbIe .lI.epeBbH CTOHT COBeprneHHO fO bIe, Y LtPyr11X HeT
qacTH JUICTbeB, TpeTbH Il.BerYT, a qerBepTbIe AaJKe UJIOAO-
11
HOCHT. KaK HeT Onpe eJIeHHbIX BpeMeH rO)1.a, TaK OTCYTCTByeT
H Onp'e)1.etl'IeHHbIH nepI10,ll rO,lla, B KOTOpbIH paCTeHI1H MOrYT
pa3BI1BaTbCH. PaCT Ii UBeTeHI1e, nJIO)J.OHorneHI1e 11 OTMHpaHI1e
npOI1CXO)JJIT HenpeCTaHHO. dTO BeqHbIH npou.ecc HenpepbIB-
Horo 3apO)K,L{eHI1H 11 rrOCTOHHHoro OTMI1paHHH H 3arHHBaHHH.
B 3TOM JIecy BCer,L{a nBeTYT H 3eJIeHeIOT Te H.nH HHbIe
paCTeHHH, Kpyr.nbIH ro,L{ 3peIOT nJIO,L{bI. 11 Bce-TaKH TpOnHqe-
CKHH JIec BOBce He paM .LI..llH qeJIOBeKa. Cpe,lJ.H nbIIIIHoro 60-
raTCTBa pacTHTe.nbHoro MHpa OH CKOpO Yl'vlep 6bI C ro.no,lJ.a,
H60 ,L{HKOpacTYll1.He C'be,lJ.06Hble n.nO,lJ.bI BCTpeqaIOTCH COBceM
He lIaCTO. JIHIIIb nHrMeH, JIeCHbIe Kap.nHKH, ,lI.OCTaTOqHO He-
npHXOTJIHBbI, qTo6bI JI.OBOJIbCTBOBaTbCH 3THM MaJIbIM. OHH
HH3KOpOCJIbI H HaCTOJIbKO nyr JIHBbI, qTO MbI BPH,L{ JIH CMOmel\f
YBH.LI.eTb XOTH 6bI OJI.HOrO H3 HHX. ,LLJ1H HHX HeT HenpOXOJI.HMbIX
MeCT, C H3YMI1TeJIbHOH JIOBKOCTbIO OHH npOHHKaIOT nOBCIOJI.Y.
113-3a rrOCTOHHHoro JIa3aHbH no ,L{epeBbHM HX JIOnaTKH He-
peJI.KO HCKpHBJIeHbI; y HHX KopOTKaH IIIeH, a TYJIOBHI..Ue 06bIlIHO
HaKJIOHeHO BnepeJI.. OCTaJIbHbIe llie 06HTaTeJIH - HerpbI 113
nJIeMeH 6aHTY - BbIHY)K.lI.eHbI caMH pa3BOJI.HTb rOJI.Hble B
IIHI.I..LY paCTeHHH. I1x )KH3Hb - 3TO nOCTOHHHaH 60pb6a npoTHB
JIeCa 33 3eMJIIO. CO CBOHMH rrpHMHTHBHbIMH OpY,L{HHMH HM
OqeHb TPY.LI.HO 60pOTbCH npOTHB 6YMHOM paCTHTeJIbHOCTH, KO-
TopaH rrOqTH 3arJIywaeT HX 6aHaHOBbIe H MaHHOKOBbIe Ha-
Ca}l{,lJ.eHHH. TaK KaK B JIecy HeT TpaBbI, 3JI.eCb HeJIb3H pa3BO-
,lI.HTb KpynHbIH poraTbIH CKOT, H JIHIIIb pa3BeJI.eHHe K03, OBen,
CBHHeH H KYP II03BOJIHeT mHTeJIHM JIeca HeMHoro pa3Ho06pa-
3HTb CBoe MeHIO. JIecHbIe mHTeJIH BbIHY)KJI.eHbI OrpaHHqH"
BaTbCH IIOllTH HCKJIIOllHTeJIbHO BereTa pHaHCKOM nHIll.eH TaK}I{e
H rrOTOMY, qTO 3,lI.eCb MaJIO JI.HKHX mHBOTHbIX, Ha KOTOpblX
MomHO OXOTHTbCH.
3TO, nO)KaJIYM, HaH60.JlbwaH HeO)KHJI.aHHocTb. KaK?
Cpe.LI.H TaKoro paCTHTeJIbHOrO 60raTcTBa HeT 3Bepei1? ECTb.
O.LI.HaKO He TaK MHoro, KaK MomHO 6bIJIO npe)J.nOJIaraTb.
K TOMY )Ke 3TH )KHBOTHbIe CTOJIb rryr JIHBbI, lITO HX peJI.KO
y,lI.aeTCH YBH.LI.eTb. TOJIbKO HaceKOMbIX nOBCIOJI.Y BeJIHKOe MHO-
meCTBO: H B JIeCHOH MrJIe, H Ha OTKpbITbIX rrOJIHHaX, H JI.HeM,
H HOlIbIO. MHpHaJI.bI MOCKHTOB H )KHraJIOK JIeTaIOT BOKpyr:
B rrOqBe, Ha KYCTapHHKax H JI.epeBbHX KHwaT MypaBbH. Or-
pOMHble rreCTpbIe )KYKH 3anOJIHHIOT MOJIOJI.YIO rrOpOCJIb. 5a60-
lIeK, OKpaweHHbIX BO Bce UBeTa paJI.yrH, MeCTaMH TaK MHoro,
liTO Ka)KeTCH, 6YJI.TO B JIecy nJIaBaIOT neCTpble 06JIaKa.
60JIee CJIO}l{HOOpraHH30BaHHble }l{HBOTHble OOHTaIOT nOtITH
HCKJIlOlIHTeJIbHO B BepXHHX Hpycax .I1eca, B KpOHe epeBbeB.
12
1'11.e 60JlbWe B03,lJ.yxa H CSeTa. Bce 3TH )KHBbIe cymecTBa H
B nepBYIO Ollepe,lI.b MHOrOqHCJIeHHble nOpO,lJ.bI 06e3bHH, neCT-
pbIe nonyraH, rH6KHe JIeOnap,lI.bI HCKYCHO JIa3aIOT' no ,lI.e-
peBbHlVI H pe,lI.KO cnYCKaIOTCH Ha 3eMJIIO. Te }l{e )KHBOTHble,
KOTopble )KHBYT Ha ,lI.He 3Toro JIeCHOrO OKeaHa, ,lI.OJI)KHbI 6bITb
JIH60 CTOJIb MaJIbI H JIOBKH, qTo6bI 6ecrrpenHTCTBeHHO npo-
CKaJIb3bIBaTb CKB03b JIHCTBeHHbIe nperpa,lI.bI, JIH60 CTOJIb
orpOMHbI H MoryqM, KaK CJIOHbI, qTo6bI paCTanTbIBaTb I H CQ-
KpyrnaTb Bce, qTO rrOna,lI.aeTCH HM Ha nYTH. TpOrrMlIeCKMe
peKH HaBOJI.HeHbI KpOKO,lI.HJIaMH, HocoporaMH, rHnrronOTa-
MaMH, npe,lI.CTaBJIHIO HMH rrOCTOHHHYIO yrp03Y ,lI.JIH lIeJIOBeKa
H APyrHx )KHBOTHbIX.
O,lI.HaKO Y qeJIOBeKa B TpOnHqeCKOM JIecy, 6Y,lI.b TO KopeH-
HOM, }l{HTeJIb-Herp HJIH eBponeen, rJIaBHbIM Bpar He KpOKO,lI.HJI,
He CJIOH H He JIeonap,lI., He JIHBeHb H He Y)KaCHaH }l{apa, He ,lI.YIII-
HbIl1 3HOH H ,lLa)Ke He rOJIO,lI., a 60JIe3HH. B CblpOM JIecy HeT
COJIHeqHOrO CBeTa, y6HBaIOllI,erO B036Y,lI.MTeJIeH 60JIe3HeH.
HaCTOHllI,HM 6HqOM TponHKOB HBJIHIOTCH JIHXOpa,lI.Ka, qYMa,
aMe6HaH ,lLH3eHTepHH, COHHaH 60JIe3Hb, MaJIHpHH H MHorHe
,lLpyrHe 60JIe3HH. CTOHT JIH rrOCJIe 3Toro y,lI.HBJIHTbCH TOMY,
lITO B TporrHlleCKHX JIecax }l{HBeT cpaBHHTeJIb,HO HeMHoro JIIO-
,lI.eH. bOJIbIIIHe npOCTpaHCTBa 3aCeJIeHbI OqeHb peAKO, OCTaJIb-
HaH qaCTb TeppHTopHH Boo6I.II.e Heo6HTaeMa...
Bo a If TenJIO
JI106aH cpopMa >KH3HH CBH3aHa C cyruecTBoBaHHeM 6e.rIKa. npOTO-
nJIa3Ma HBJIHeTCH >KMBOH MaTepHeH JI}Q60fi paCTMTeJIbHOfi H }KHBOTHOH:
KJIeTKH H COCTOMT B OCHOBHOM M3 6eJIKOBbIX BeruecTB. EeJIOK IIpe3BbIlIaHHo
CJIO>KHOe coe.n.MHeHMe. EHOJIOraM, cpH3MKaM M XHMHKaM nOTpe60BaJIMCb
.n.eCHTKM JIeT, IITo6bI YCTaHOBMTb, liTO MOJIeKYJIa 6eJIKa COCTOHT M3 TbIC5IQ
aTpMOB. Ero Ba>KHe1fIllHMM COCTaBHbIMM lIaCT5IMH HBJIHIOTCH yr JIepo.n., BO-
.n.opoJJ., KMCJIOpO.n. M a30T, K KOTOpblM HHor.n.a npHcoe.n.MH5IIOTC5I cepa, cpoc-
cpop M JKeJIe30. CxeMY, no KOTOpofi H3 aTOMOB COCTaBJIHeTC5I Mo.TIeKYJIa
6e.nKa, XHMMKaM y.n.aJIOCb YCTaHoBMTb JIHillb .n.JIH npocTbIX 6eJIKOBbIX Be-
meCTB. BaJKHeH:IIIHM MCXO.n.HbIM 3JIeMeHTOM, 6e3 KOToporo He MOrJIa 6bI
pa3BMTbCH >KHBaH MaTepHH, 6eccnopHO, HBJIHeTCH yrJIepo.n.. ATOMbI yrJIe-
-po.n.a 06JIa)l.alOT CBOH:CTBOM 06pa30BbIBaTb CJIO>KHbIe coe.n.MHeHI:iH, K KOTO-
pbIM MorYT npHMbIKaTb M .n.pyrHe aTOMbI.
ACTpOHOMbI BbICIIMTaJIM, liTO HaIIIeH: 3eMJIe 4 MHJIJIHap.n.a JIeT. CBoe
cyruecTBoBaHHe OHa HaqaJIa co crYCTKa paCKaJIeHHbIX ra30B, B KOTOpOM
OT.n.eJIbHbIe aTOMbI Haxo.n.MJIMCb B COCTOHHMH nOCTOHHHoro .n.BM>KeHMH C He-
BepOHTHOH CKOpOCTblO. 3aTeM OHM 3aMe.n.JIHJIH cBoe .n.BM}KeHHe, 06pa30BaB
MOJIeKYJIbI. B COOTBeTCTBMH C MX BeCOM aTOMbI H MOJIeKYJIbI CKOHII.eHTpHpo-
BaJIHCb BOKpyr II.eHTpa 3eM.TIM, ra3006pa3Hoe COCTOHHHe BCJIe.n.CTBMe
OXJIaJK.n.eHMH CMeHHJIOCb >KH.n.KHM, M, HaKOHeu, .n.Ba MMJIJIMap.n.a JIeT TOMY
aa3aA nOBepXHOCTb 3eMJIM 3aTBep.n.eJIa. HaH60JIee T5I>KeJIble COCTaBHbIe
13
qacrH TH}KenbIe MeTaJIJlbI, onYCTHJIHCb B rJIy6HHY H OOpa30BaJIH }l{eJIe3HOe
, .. u
}1.n.pO 3eMJIH, BOKpyr KOToporo paCnOJIO}KHJIC5I npOMe}KYTOtlHbIH CJIOH H3
KHCJIOpO.LI.HbIX H cepHbIX COe.LlHHeHHH MeTaJIJIOB. CHapY}KH 06pa30BaJIC5I
nOHC JIerKHX nopo.Ll, COCT05IlllHH H3 coe.n.HHeHHH JIerKHX MeTaJIJIOB (MarHHH,
aJIIOMHHHH) C KpeMHeBOH KHCJIOTOfi.
HaH60JIee JIerKHe 3JIeMeHTbI, TaKHe, KaK yrJIepo.n., BO.n.opo.n., KHCJIO-
pO.ll., a30T, H nOHbIHe tlaCTHtlHO Haxo.n.5ITCH B ra3006pa3HOM COCT05lHHH,
pacnOJIara5ICb Ha nepHcpepHH 3eMJIH. .lI.pyraH lIaCTb nYTeM B3aHMHbIX
coe.n.HHeHHH 06pa30BaJIa BO.n.y HJIH nYTeM coe.n.HHeHHH C MeTaJIJIaMH nepe-
mJIa B OCHOB QHH5I, KHCJIOTbI H COJIH. npH.n.eT BpeM5I, Kor.n.a npou.ecc 3aTBep-
.n.eBaHH5I HacryrrHT H .lI.JI5I HHX.
nOCJIe 06pa30BaHH5I TBep.ll.OH: 3eMHoii KOpbI TeMnepaTypa onYCTHJIaCb
TaK HH3KO, liTO Bo.n.a nepeCTaJIa cpa3Y npeBpamaTbC5I B nap. TaK B03HHK
nepB06bITHbIH OKeaH, rrpOCTHpaBIllHHCH no BceH nJIaHeTe H co.n.ep}KaBIllHH
npeHMYllleCTBeHHO (rrOMHMO npOtlHX MHorHX paCTBopeHHbIX BeruecTB)
coe.n.HHeHHH a30Ta H yrJIeBo.n.opO.ll.a I.
npOXO.ll.HJIH COTHH MHJIJIHOHOB JIeT, H nOCTeneHHO B03HHKaJIH Bee 60-
JIee CJIO}KHbIe XHMHlJeCKHe coe.n.HHeHHH, TaKHe, KaK 6eJIKOBbIe BerueCTBa,
JKHpbl, yrJI, eBO.LI.bI y}Ke He paCTBOp5lBIllHeC5I B Bo.n.e, HMeBillHe CBOH 5IpKO
BbIpa}KeHHbIe cpOpMbI. 3TH BelIleCTBa npe.n.CTaBJIHJIH erue MepTBYIO MaTe-
pHIO, XOT5I OHH 6bIJIH OpraHHtleCKHMH coe.n.HHeHH5IMH, Ha rrpOT5I}KeHHH rro-
CJIe.n.YlOlllHX .n.JIHTeJIbHbIX nepHO.LI.OB BpeMeHH B HHX pa3BHJIaCb orrpe.n.eJIeH-
HaH BHYTpeHHH5I CTpYKTypa, BbI.n.eJIHBillaH HX B OC06ylO CHcreMY. 3TH
KarreJIbKH npeBpaTHJIHCb B COBepIlleHHO HOBbIe 06pa30B3HH5I, CBOHCTBaMH
KOTOpbIX .lI.O ::)Toro He 06JIa.n.aJIa HHKaK3H MaTepHH, 3TO 6bIJIa nJIa3Ma-
«nOCTOHHHO no.n.BH>KHbIH xHMHlIecKHH opraHH3M», npH06peTIllHH: cnoco6-
HOCTb paCTH, TaK KaK, B6HpaH B ce651 .n.pyrHe BeruecTBa, coe.n.HHeHHH
H 60JIee MeJIKHe KaneJIbKM, OH BKJIIOllaJI MX B CBOIO CTPYKTYPY. B HeM no-
CTOHHHO ocyruecTBJI5IJICH 06MeH BelIleCTB, nOCKOJIbKY HapHD.Y C C03.n.aHHeM
HOBoro nOCT05lHHO rrpOHcxo.n.HJIO pa3pYIlleHHe. ,L{ocTHrHYB orrpe.ll.eJIeHHblX
pa3MepoB, OH Mor pa3MHO>KaTbCH nYTeM .n.eJIeHMH. npH conpHKocHoBeHHM
c .lI.pyrHMM BelIleCTBaMH, yrpO>KalOruHMH ero ueJIOCTHOCTM, OH pearHpOBaJI
Ha pa3.l1.pa)l{eHHe. To, liTO 06.TJ a.n.aeT TpeMH OCHOBHblMH CBOHCTBaMH-
crroc06HoCTblO K o6MeHY BcruecTB, K pa3MHO>KeHHIO M pa3.n.pa}KMMOCTblO,-
HBJI5IeTCH B HailleM nOHHMaHHH }KHBOH: MaTepHeii,
COBpeMeHHa5I HaYKa yrBep>K.n.aeT, liTO CJIO>KHbIe yrJIepo.n.Hble coe.lI.H-
HeHMH HbIHe eCTeCTBeHHblM nYTeM B03HHKHYTb Y>Ke He MorYT. B03HMKHO-
BeHMe OpraHHtleCKHX BeruecTB H3 HeopraHHlIeCKMX 6blJIO B03MO}KHO JIHIllb
B YCJIOBHHX cyruecTBOBaHH5I, HMeBIIIHXCH B nepB06blTHOM OKeaHe. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe nOCJIe.n.YlOlIlero pa3BHTHH HeKOTopble nepBbIe }KMBbIe cyruecTBa
BbIpa60TaJIH B ce6e cnoc06HOCTb caMH C03.LI.aBaTb OpraHHqeCKHe BelIleCTBa
C nOMorublO nHrMeHTOB H COJIHetlHOrO CBeTa; OHM HallaJIM aCCHMHJIHpOBaTb.
3TO 03HallaJIO, liTO OHH CTaJIM >KHTb KaK paCTeHHH, .n.pyrHe JKe npo.n.OJI-
>KaJIM . nOTpe6JIHTb rOTOBbIe opraHHtJeCKHe coe.n.HHeHMH, KaK 3TO CBOHCT-
BeHHO )I{HBOTHbIM. )I(HBOTHbIH pH.n. pa3BHTHH }KMBOH MaTepHH He MO)l{eT
cyruecTBoBaTb 6e3 paCTMTeJIbHoro. XnOpOcpMJIJI 3eJIeHbIX paCTeHHH:, o6pa-
1 ABTOp H3JIaraeT Bonpoc 0 rrpOMCXOJK.n.eHMH 3eMJIH COrJIaCHO rHno-
Te3e KaHTa-JI anJIaca, rocrro.n.cTBoBaBilleH B HaYKe B XIX B. B I{OHue XIX
H B XX BB. 6bIJIO BbI.lI.BHHYTO HeCKOJIbKO .n.pyrHx rHrrOTe1. Bceo6mee BT1H-
MaHHe npHBJIeKJIH rHnore3bI O. IO. lllMH,UTa (CM. O. IO. III M H .n. T. lJe-
TbIpe JIeKUHH 0 npOHCXO)l{.LI.eHHH 3eMJIH, 1950) H B. r. eceHKoBa (CM.
B. r. <1> e C e H K 0 B, n POHCXO>K.n.eHHe M pa3BHTMe He6ecHblx TeJI no COBpe-
, MeHHblM AaHHbIM. 1953).- Pea. .
14
3YJ{)llI.Hfi yr JIeBOllbI H3 OKHCH yr JIepo.n.a H BOJI.bI 11 HCnOJlb3YlOUJ.H{1 npH 3TOM
B Kal:E.CTBe C03HlI.3IOllieH 3Heprl1H COJTHe4HbI}i CBeT, HBJI5IelC5I TeM CaMbIM
npe.lInOCbIJIKOH CYlUeCTBOBaHIUI JTI060fI cpOpi\lhI }KH3HH Ha 3eMJle. OKHCH
yr .nepo.aa Ha 3eMJIe nOBCIO)I.y 1l0CTaTOQHO; 3TOrO HeJIb35I CKa3aTb, O.n.HaKO,
npo COJTEeqHbIH CBeT H BO.n.y. HaH60JIee 6JIarOnpH5ITHbIe YCJIOBH5I .n.JHI CO-
xpaHeHIIH H pa3BHTH5I paCTHleJIbHOCTH CYlUeCTBYIOT B paHOHe 3KBa-
Topa. ITbIlliHaH paCTHTeJIbHOCTb BJIa)KHbIX TponHlIeCKHX JIeCOB He HMeeT
ce6e paBHoiL Ba}KHeHlIIHe 06JIaCTH HX pacnpocTpaHeHH5I - 3TO 6acceHHbI
AMa30HKH, KOHro, rBHHeHcKMH 6eper H MaJIaHCKHfi apXHneJIar.
I
KJIIfMaTbl Me}KAY 3KBaTOp0!\1 If nOJlIOCOM
HHr.ll.e YCJIOBHH cpe)LbI He 6.naronpHHTCTBYIOT pa3BHTHlO pa3JIHlIHbIX
cpOpM >KH3HH CTOJIb nOJIHO, KaK Ha 3KBaTope. Oc06eHHO HpKO 3TO 6po-'
CaeTC5I B rJIa3a rrpH cpaBHeHHH OT.n.eJIbHbIX KJIMMaTHqeCKMX paHOHOB MHpa
.n.pyr C .n.pyroM. BOT Y>Ke TPH .n.eC5ITHJTeTH5I KaK Bce06lUee rrpH3HaHHe 3a-
BOeBaJI3 KJIHMaTHQeCKa51 KJIaCcHcpHK3UH5I Ken eHa, o.n.Horo M3 BbI.n.alO-
mHXC5I MeTeOpOJIOrOB M KJIHMaTOJIOrOB. B cBoeM KJIaCcHcpHK3UMM OH HCXO-
llHJI H3 pacnpeD.eJIeHHH TenJIa, BJIafH H BeTpoB B TelleHMe ro.n.a. PYKOBO.n.-
CTBY5lCb 3THMH OCHOBHbIMH cpaKTopaMH, Kennen pa3JIHlIaJI npe}K.n.e Bce-
ro nHTb OCHOBHbIX rpynn KJIHMaTOB: TponH4ecKHe KJIMMaTbI, 3acYIllJIHBbIe
KJIHMaTbI, YMepeHHo TeTIJIbIe KJIHMaTbI, 60peaJIbHbIe KJIHMaTbI H XOJIo.n.-
HbIe KJIfIMaTbI. 3TM rpynnbI OH eme no.n.pa3.n.eJIHeT, B pe3YJIbTaTe qero
rrOJIyqalOTCH o.n.HHHa.n.uaTb KJIHMaTMlIeCKHX npoBHHUHH, Ba)KHeHillHe oee-
6eHHocTM KOTOpbIX OTpa>KeHbI B HH>KeCJIe.n.YlOmeM 0630pe.
TponHlIeCKMe KJIHMaT
1. BAaaICHblu KAUJ lar rpOnutteCKUX /leC08. Cpe.n.HHH ro.n.OBaH TeMTTe-
paTypa BbIIlle 24°, cpe.n.HH5I TeMnepaTypa caMoro XOJIo.n.Horo MeCHII.a He
ObIBaeT HH}Ke 18°. .lJ.Ba .n.O>K.n.JIHBbIX BpeMeHM ro.n.a C 06HJIbHbIM e}Ke.n.HeB-
HbIM BbIna.n.eHHeM OCa.lI.KOB B BH.n.e rp030BbIX .n.O}K.n.eH. 06JIaCTH pacnpocT-
paHeJIIHt - fBHHeHcKMH 6eper, 60JIbillaH lIaCTb 6acceHHa peKM KOHre,
MaJTaHCKHH apxHne.nar, AMa30HH5I.
nJIOma,Ub pacnpocTpaHeHHH: 14 MJIU. KB. KM CYlliM nJIIOC 103 MJIH. KB.
KM MOpH - 23 % 3eMHOH nOBepxHocTM,
2, K,,1UJtar caBaHH, Cpe.n.HHH TeMnepaTypa caMoro XOJIO.lI.Horo MeCHII.a
He onYCKaeTC5I HH>Ke 18°. .lJ.OJK.lI.JIHBOe BpeMH ro.n.a - JIeTO, cyxoe - 3HMa.
06JIaCTM pacnpOCTpaHeHHH - AcppHKa 10>KHee 3KBaTopa .n.o p. 3aM6e3H,
3arra.n.HbIH Ma.n.aracKap, IO>KHbIH CYllaH, lCeBepHaH ABCTpaJIHH, BHYTpeHHHH
lIaCTb HH.n.oKHTaH, .lJ.eKaHcKoe rrJIOCKOrOpbe, THXOOKeaHCKoe n06epeJKbe
MeKcHKH, ,,'!b5IHOCbI BeHecY3JIbI, ceBepo-BocTOK Bpa3HJIHM.
ITJICmallb: 16 MJIH. KB. KM CYWM nJIIOC 51 MJIH. KB. KM MOpH - 13 o
3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTM.
3 a C Y III JI M B bI e K JI H MaT bI
3. K.IlU;11ar creneu, JIeToM }KapKO, 3HMOH MecraMH XOJIOllRO, OC31IKOB
.,.
MaJIO, BbIna,U2.IOT OHH B BM. e KpaTKoBpeMeHHbIx nepnoLIHlIecKHx II 0)K.n. eM.
06JraCTH pacnpOCTpaHeHHH - !O)I{HaH AcppMKa, Ce!3epHbIH Cy.n.aH, IOfO-
3ana.n.Ha51 ApaBH5I, HpaK, 11paH, Cpe.n.HH5I A3H5I, MOHrOJIHH, IOrO-3ana.n.-
HaH ABCTpaJIHH, MeKCI1KaHCKOe nJIOCKOrOpbe, ceBepoaMepHKaHCKHe npe-
pHH.
15
nJIorua.n.L: 21 MJIH. KB, KM CYWII nJIIOC 13 MJIH. KB. KM MOpfi - 6,6%
3eMHoA nOBepxHocTH.
4. KAuMar nycTblHb. .neToM >KapKO, 3HMOH MeCTaMH XOJIO.n.HO (.n.o
-18°), CHJIbHble KOJIe6aHIHI TeMIIepaTypbI B npe.n.eJIax CYTOK, oca.n.KOB
MaJIO, BbIna.n.alOT OHH B BM.n.e JIMBHeH, KOTOpbIX MHor.n.a He 6bIBaeT He.'
CKOJIbKO JIeT. 06JIaCTb pacnpOCTpaHeHMH - nOHC nYCTbIHb ceBepHoro no-
JIYIllapMH OT ATJIaHTHtleCKOrO OKeaHa AO CeBepO-3ana.n.HOH HH.lI.MH, 3ana.ll.-
HaH A<pPMKa, BHYTpeHHHH lIaCTb ABCTpaJIHH, 3aTTa.n.Hoe n06epe}Kbe MeK-
CHKM, nYCTbIHM ApreHTMHbI 3ana.n.Hee naMnbI, BbICOKoropbH BOJIMBMH.
nJIorua.n.b: 18 MJIH. KB, KM CYIllH TTJIIOC 2 MJIH. KB. KM MOpH - 3,8°/0
3eMHOH nOBepXHOCTH.
Y M e p e H HOT e n JI bI e K JI H MaT bI
5, cV MepeHHO ren.llblU KAUMaT C cyxou 3UMOU (MYCCOHHblU KAuMaT).
Cyxoe npoXJIa.n.Hoe BpeMH ro.n.a - 3MMa, cyxoe }KapKOe BpeM}1 ro.n.a-
BeCHa, .n.YlllHoe AO>K.n.JIMBOe BpeMH ro.n.a - JIeTO. 06JIaCTM pacnpocTpaHe-
HMH - IOrO-3ana.n.Hoe n06epe>Kbe HH.n.HH, HH.n.ocTaH, 60JIbillaH lIaCTb
HH.n.oKMTaH M. KHTaH, BOCTOIlHaH ABCTpaJIM5I, IOrO-BOCTOIlHaH AcppMKa,
BOCTOIlHaH Bpa3MJIHH.
nJIorua.n.b: 11 MJIH. KB, KM CYIllH TTJIIOC 2 MJIH, KB. KM MOp 51 - 2,7 %
3eMHOH nOBepxHocTM.
6. cV MepeHHO renAblU KAUJtar C CYXllM .IleTOM (cy6rpOnUtteCKuU KAU-
JtaT). CaMbIH XOJIO.n.HbIH MeC5IU MMeeT CpeD.HIOIO TeMnepaTYPY BbIIlle 0°,
caMbIH TenJIbIH - BbIIlle 20°, JIeTO cyxoe, 3HMa .n.O>K.n.JIHBaH. 06JIaCTM pac-
npocTpaHeHHH - oKpaHHHbIe paHoHbI Cpe.n.H3eMHoro MOpH, KaJIHQJopHHH,
IOrO-3ana.n. H lOr ABCTpaJIHH, HOBaH 3eJIaH.n.H5I, IOrO-3ana.n.HaH AQJpMKa.
nJIorua.n.b: 3 MJIH, KB, KM CYIllH nJIIOC 10 MJIH. ,KB. KM MOp51 - 2,7%
3eMHOH TToBepxHocTH.
7. MOpCKOU KAU.M,ar (c paBHOJlepHblM Y8Aa HeHueM). CaMbIH TenJIbIH
MeC5IU MMeeT Cpe.n.HIOIO TeMIIepaTYPY HH>Ke 18°, caMbIH XOJIO.n.HbIH - BbIIlle
-2<', BbIna.n.eHHe oca.n.KOB B03MOJKHO B JIlO6oe BpeMH ro.n.a. 06JIaCTM pac-
npocTpaHeHHH - 3ana.n.HaH M UeHTpaJIbHaH EBpona, 3ana.n.Hoe TTo6epe}Kbe
CKaH.n.MHaBHM, OKeaHCKoe n06epe>Kbe CeBepo-BOCTOtlHOH A3MH, IOrO-BO-
CTOtlHaH ABCTpaJIHH, IOrO-BOCTOK CIlIA, CTpaHbJ JI aTTJIaTCKOH HH3MeH-
HOCTH.
nJIOmallb: 9 MJIH. KB. KM CYlllH nJIIOC 103 MJIH, KB, KM MOpH - 22 %
3eMHoH nOBepxHocTH.
BOpeaJIbHbIe KJIHMaTbI
8. KOHTuHeHTaAbHblu K)JUMaT (c XOAOaHOU U 8.1la'JICHOU 3U,UOU). Cpe.l1-
HHe TeMnepaTypbI JIeTa OT 15° .n.o 20°, 3MMbI - HH}Ke _2°; 60JIblllMe KOJIe..
oaHMH TeMnepaTYP B TelleHMe CYTOK M ro.n.a, BbIna.n.eHMe oca.n.KOB B03-
MO}KHO B JIlO60e BpeMH ro.n.a. 06JIaCTM pacnpocTpaHeHMH - BocTollHaH M
CeBepHaH EBpona, 3ana.n.HaH M ueHTpaJIbHa51 CH6HPb, CeBepHaH AMepMKa
ceBepHee 40° napaJIJIeJIM.
flJIorua.n.b: 25 MJIH. KB. KM tYWH nJIIOC 5 MJIH. KB. KM MOpH - 6 %
3eMHOH TToBepxHocTH.
9, Pe3Ko KOHTUHeHTaAbHblU KAUMar (c 6e306AattHo(J, U 6eccHeilcHou
3UMOU). TenJIoe JIeTO (caMaH BbICOKaH cpe.n.HeMeCHIIHaH TeMnepaTypa
BbIIlle 20°), OlleHb XOJIo.n.HaH 3MMa (caMaH HH3KaH cpe.n.HeMecHIIHaH TeM-
nepaTypa OT -20° )1.0 -3(0), YMepeHHbIe Oca!I,KH. 06JIaCTH pacnpocTpa
'16
HeHHH - BOCTOQHa51 CH6Hpb (rrOJIIOC XOJIo.n.a - OHM5IKOH), MaHbtI>KypHH,
CeBepHbIH KHTai1.
nJIOllla.n.b: 7 MJIH. KB. KM CYillM nJIIOC 1 MJIH. KB. KM MOp51 - 1,5 J
3eMHOH nOBepxHocTH.
XOJIo.n.Hble KJIHMaTbI
10. J(AuMar rYTiapbt. npOXJIa.n.Hoe JIeTO, XOJIo.n.HaH 3HMa, YMepeHHbIe
OCaJI.KH, CJIOH BellHoH Mep3JIOTbI. 06JIaCTH pacnpocTpaHeHHH - CeBepHa5I
CH6lipb, WnHu6epreH, ceBepHa51 I1CJIaH.n.H5I, nJIOCKOrOpbH CKaH.n.HHaBHH,
1H6eT, paliOH ceBepoaMepHKaHcKoi'i TYH.n.pbI (Barren Grounds), apKTH-
lIeCKHe OCTpOBa, BOCTOIlHoe M 3ana.n.Hoe n06epe>Kbe rpeHJIaH.n.HH, BbICOKO-
ropHbIe pai'ioHbI nOBc-eMeCTHO.
ITJIOIIlaJ1b: 10 MJIH. K!3. KM CYlllH nJIIOC 58 MJIH. KB. KM MOpH - 13,3°/0
3eMHOH nOBepxHocTM. .
11. K.IlUMaT 8etlTiOZO Mopoaa (nycrbtTiU xOAoaa). Cpe.n.HH5I TeMnepa-
Typa caMoro TerrJIOrO MeCHu.a - HH>Ke 0°, BellHbIH MOp03, oca.n.KOB BbIna-
n.aeT 3a ro.n. HIIIITO}KHOe KOJIMlIeCTBo, CHe>KHbIi'i H JIe.ll.HHOH: nOKpoB. 06-
JIaCTH pacnpocTpaHeHH5I - BHYTpeHHHH fpeHJIaH.n.HH, apKTHlIecKHe 06-
-naCTM, aHTapKTHQeCKHM KOHTHHeHT.
nJIOma.n.b: 15 MJIH. KB. KM CYillIl nJIIOC 13 MJIH. KB. KM MOpH - 5,4°/0
3eMHoH nOBepxHocTM.
30HM paCTHTe bHOCTH
KOMTIJIeKCHoe B03.n.eHcTBHe KJIHMaTMlIeCKHX QJaKTopoB TIOBCIO.lI.Y Ha-
KJla.n.bIBaeT cBoeoopa3HbIH OTneQaTOK Ha paCTHTeJIbHOCTb. reorpaQJMlIe-
CKHe 30HbI n03ToMY B 06IUeM cooTBeTcTBYIOT KJIMM aTMlIeCKMM OOJI3CTHM
3eMJIH. Pe3KHx rpaHHu. Me>K.n.y 30HaMli 60JIbilleH lIaCTblO HeT, o.n.Ha 30Ha
,nepexo.n.HT B J1pyrylO nOCTeneHHO. BHYTPH OT.D.eJIbHbIX npHpo.n.HbIX 30H
MorYT Ha6JIIO.n.aTbC5I 3HallHTeJIbHbIe pa3JIMIIHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIe pa3HOCTbK)
BbICOT, paCnOJIO}KeHHeM C HaBeTpeHHoH HJIM nO.ll.BeTpeHHoH CTOpOHbl rop,
a TaK}Ke .n.pyrHMH cpaKTopaMH, OKa3bIBalOIUHMM BJIHHHHe Ha KJIHMaTHt.Je-
CKMe YCJIOBHH. Pa3JIHQalOT IlleCTb 30H: 30Ha JIeCOB, 30Ha caBaHH, napKOBbIX
JIaH.n.Illa<pTOB H CYXHX JIeCOB, 30Ha cTenei'i, 30Ha JKeCTKOJIHCTHbIX JIeCOB.
30Ha nYCTbIHb H, HaKOHeu., 30Ha TYH,UpbI Ii JIb.n.a.
1. 30Ha Aeco8. 30Ha JIeCOB OXBaTbIBaeT 3eMHOH Illap .n.BYMH orpOM-
'HhIMM nOHcaMH: nepBbIH - 91'0 TponHlIeCKHe JIeca, BTOpOH - JIeca ceBCp-
.HOM YMepeHHOH 30HbI. BellH03eJIeHble BJIa>KHbIe JIeca II MYCCOHHbIe JIeca
HaXOJ1HTC5I B 6acceHHe AM330HKH, KOHro, B I1H.n.HH H Ha MaJI3HCKOM apXH-
nenare. B BeiJH03eJIeHbIX BJIa>KHbIX JIecax M3-3a OTCYTCTBHH BpeMCH ro.n.a
MO)l{HO 06Hapy>KHTb Bce CTa.ll.MH BereTau.MIi B O.n.HO H TO >Ke BpeMH. MH-
pHa.n.bI paCTeHMH-napa3HTOB M 9nHcpMTOB JKMBYT Ha BeTBHX Ii CYlIbHX TpO-
'nHqeCKMX .n.epeBbeB-rHraHTOB. HeonHcyeMo BeJIHKO IIMCJIO HaceKOMbIX, 8 TO
BpeMH KaK MHp 60.nee CJIO>KHO opraHH30BaHHbIX :>KHBOTHbIX npe.lI.CTaBneH
MeHee 60raTO, He>KeJIH MO}KHO 6bIJIO 6bI 0>KH.n.3Tb. 3aTO OH nOIlTH M.n.e-
aJIbHO rrpH noc06JIeH K YCJIOBMHM cyruecTBoBaHHH B Tpy.n.Honpoxo.n.HMbIX
.n.e6pHX JIeca,
B MYCCOHHbIX JIecax 60JIbme COJIHellHOro CBeTa, OHH 60JIee pa3pe-
>KeHbI. B .n.O>K.n.JIMBOe BpeMH ro.n.a .lI.>KYHrJIH npeBpamalOTCH B CnJIOIllHYIO
CbIPYIO Herrpoxo.n.HMYIO lIaIIl06y.
K JIeCaM ceBepHOH YMepeHHOH SOHbl OTHOC}1TCH .lI.eBCTBeHHble neca
CeBepHOH AMepMKH, XBOHHbIe H CMeIllaHHble JIeca CeBepHOH EBponbI H
TaHra CHOHpH. I1x npo.n.BH:>KeHMe .n.aJIbille H3 ceBep HeB03MO>KHO M3-3"a
2 B cyMpaKe TpOnH'IeCKorO Jleca
CHe)l{HbIX 6YPb I. O.n.HaKO MecraMH CeBepH3}1 Talira BTOprae-rCH B 0(5J13CTb
BellHOH Mep3JIOTbI. )KHBOTHbIH MHp 3THX JIeCOB BBH.n.y HX 60JIbllIeH npo-
XO.ll.HMOCTH rOpa3.l1.0 60JIee 60raT. 3.n.eCb MO>KHO BCTpeTHTb MHoro Ka6aHOB,
JIOCeH, OJIeHeH, BOJIKOB, Me.ll.Be.n. eH , JIHC, cepH, 6apCYKOB, KYHMU, 6eJIOK,
pbICeH: Ii .n.pyrHx .n.HKMX 3Bepeii. B IOJKHOM nOJIYIllapHH M3-3a OTCYTCTBHSI
B COOTBeTCTBYJOIUHX IIIHpOTax .n.OCTaTOIlHO 06IllHpHbIX HH3MeHHOCTeH 3Ta
SOHa npe.n.-CT3BJIeHa CJIa60.
2. Ca8afl,llbt, napK08bte .Ila1l8UlatjJrbt u cyxue .Ileca. C aBaHHbI - nepe..
XO.ll.HaH 30Ha OT lleBCTBeHHbIX JIeCOB K CYXOH crenM. TpaBa 3.n.eCb .n.OCTH-
raeT llBYX-TpeXMeTpOBOH BbICOThI. Ha 60JIbillOM paCCTOHHHM .lI.Pyr OT n.Pyra
pa36pocaHbI OT.lI.eJIbHbIe 6ao6a6b1 Ii 30HTHQHbIe aKaUHH C paCKH.n.HCTOH
KpOHOH. PeKM OKpY>KeHbI raJIepeH:HbIMH JIeCaMH, He 60HIUHMHC5I 3aCYXH
6.naro.n.apSi 06H.'1IUO nOJJ.nOIlBeHHbIX BO.ll.. CYXHe pa3pe>KeHHbIe JIeca, c6pa..
CbIBalOmHe CBOIO JIHCTBY B 3aCYIllJIHBOe npeMH ro.n.a Ii pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIe
rJIaBHblM 06pa30M B BOCTOIlHOH AcppMKe, npOM3Bo.n.HT BnellaTneHHe JIeco..
napKOB. B IO>KHOH AMepMKe 3TOMY OTKPbITOMY JIaHD.IllacpTY COOTBeTCT"
BYIOT BeHeCY3JIbCKHe H KonYM6MHCKMe JIbHHOCbI C HX naJIbMOBOH H KaKTY"
COBOH paCTHTeJIbHOCTbIO, paHOHbI rpaH-qaKo J1anJIaTCKOH: HM3MeHHOCTH
c ee apaYKapHeBbIMH H napKOBbIMH neC3MH H3 aJIbrapp060 2. B ABCTpa-
JIHH xapaKTepHbIM npe.n.craBHTeneM paCTHTeJIbHOrO MHpa 3Toro nOHca
HBJIHeTCH orpOMHbIH 3BKaJIHnT C np5lMbIM M rJIy60KHM KopHeM.
3. CTenu. qHcTaH TpaBHHaH CTenb npHMbIKaeT K caBaHHaM M CYXMM
J1eCaM A<PPHKH, AMepMKH H ABCTpaJIMM. 3acYIllJIMBOe BpeMH rO.ll.a .n.JIHTCSI
OT IlleCTM .n.o BOCbMH MeCHueB B ro.ll.Y, o.n.HaKO ce30H .nO}K.n.eH B KopoTKoe
opeMH npeBpam.aeT BbIcyrneHHYIO cTenHYIO nycTbIHIO B paH:OH caMoH nbIlII-
HOH paCTHTeJIbHOcTH. HeY.lI.MBMTenbHo n09TOMY, liTO B IOJKHOM nOJIYIllaplUI
Ha orpOMHhIX npocrp3HCTBaX CTeneH YCHJIeHHO pa3BMBaeTCH >KHBOTHOBOJ{-
CTOO. OC06bIMH pa3HOBH.ZI.HOCTHMH CTeneH: HBJIHIOTCSI 3JIaKOBbIe M KYCTap..
HHKOBbIe CTenH B KapPY A<t>PHKH H B naTarOHHH, CKp36bI ABCTpaJIHH,
TpaBflHbIe, 3JIaKOBbIe Ii K)'crapHHKOBble CTenu ceBepHoro n05lca YMepeH"
Horo KJIMMaTa B IOro-BoCTOIlHOH EBpone, B ceBepHOH H 3ana.n.HOH A3HH.
B npepHHX CeBepHOH AMepHKH, COJIOHtJaKOBbIe CTenM TponHlIeCKOH H YMe..
1 B HaCTOHIUee BpeMH nOJIaralOT, qTO oe3neCbe nOJISIpHhIX 06JIaCTeH
OOYCJlOBJIeHO rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M MccyrnalOIUHM .z:r.eHCTBHeM BeTpOB. OCO-
GeHHO OTpHIl.aTeJIbHO OHO CKa3b1BaeTCH B nepHO.n. BereTaUHH, Kor.n.a Hcna-
peHMe snaru BeTKaMH Ii JIHCTbHMM .n.epeBbeB 6bIBaeT MHTeHCMBHhIM, a no..
cTynJIeHHe BO.ll.bI lIepe3 KOpHM H3 CJI300 nporpeThIX CJIOeB nOIlBbI He.ll.O"
CTaTOQHO.- Pea.
2 ApaYKapHSI- BbICOKHe BeQH03eJIeHble XBOMHbIe .n.epeBbH H3 ocoooro
ceMeHCTBa apaYKapHeB.bIX, pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro B CYOTponHlIeCKHX H YMe-
peHHO TenJIhIX paHOHax IO}KHoro nOJIYIllapMH (KpOMe IO}I{HOH AMepMKII
BCTpellaeTcH TaK:>Ke B ABCTpaJIHM H Ha ocrpOBax TMxoro OKeaHa). Apay-
KapMH 6pa3HJIbCK8H (Araucaria brasiliana Lamb.) 06pa3yeT Ha IIJIaTO
B IOfO-BOCTOqHOll Epa3HJIHH pe.n.KocToHHbIe CBeTJIbIe JIeca. .lI.peBecHHa ee
OlleHb ueHMTCH. CeMeHa coell06HbI. 3TOT BH.n. {KaI{ H HeKOTopbIe .n.pyrHe)
pa3BOllUTCH B KpbIMY M Ha LJepHoMopCKOM n06epe)Kbe KaBKa3a KaK .n.e..
KopaTHBHoe IlepeBO.
AJIbrapp060 - BH.lI.bI po.n.a Prosopis H3 ceMeHCTBa 6000Bblx (no.n.ce..
MeHCTBO MHM030BbIX). J1eca H3 aJIbrapp060 CBer JIbIe, npHypOQeHbI K nec..
lIaHbIM nOIlBaM. ,L{epeBb51 HeBbICOKHe C paCKH.n.HCTbIMH H30rHYTbIMH BeT"
851MB. CeMeHa C'bell.06HbI H ynoTpeOJIHIOTCH MeCTHbIMH >KHTeJIHMH B
uHmy.- Pea.
18
peHHOH 30Hbl, K8K, HanpHMep, B MeKCHKe, B CpellHeA A3HH H BOKpyr
03, 3i1pe B ABCTpaJIHH. )l(HBoTHbIe CTerreH 6bICTpOHorH - 9TO nOMoraeT
11M B nOHCKax nHillH H BO.n.bI. CKOpOCTb 6era cnacaeT >KHBOTHblX (B A£t>-
pHKe aHTHJIOn, 3e6p, JKIIpa<pOB H CTpaYCOB) OT npeCJIe.lI.OBaHHH Xl1l..UHblX
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21
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34
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37
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KpynHble ceMeHa MHorHX 3nHcpHTOB 06J1a,LlaIOT JIeTaTeJlbHbIM
u u
YCTPOHCTBOM, ,LlpyrHe )Ke, HaXO.lI.HIII.HeCH B COtJHOlf MHKOTII
nJI, O.lI.OB nO}l{HpaIOTC5I IITHII.aMH H MJIeKOnHTalOIII.HMH H, Bbl-
)I.eJIHHCb BMeCTe C HCnpa)KHeHHHIvlH, nOna,LlaIOT Ha MeCTO
CBoero npOH3paCTaHHH.
HaCTOHIII.He 3nHcpHTbI He HB.JI5IIOTCH napa3HTaMH H He 6e-
pyr Y ,Z(epeBbeB, Ha CTROJIaX, BeTB5IX H JIHCTbHX KOTOpbIX OHM
pacnOJlaralOTCH, HH opraHHLIeCKHX BeIlI.eCTB, HH BO.lI.bI. ,[(epeBO
J(JIH HHX JlHllIb HOCHTeJIb, anopa, a BOBce He X03HHH, cHa6-
}KaIOIlI.HH nHIlI.eH. ,lJ.eHcTBHTeJIbHbIMH napa3HTaMH CTaJIH JIHllIb
HeMHorHe 3nHcpHTbI. OHH npo6HBalOT BHeIlIHHM CJI0H KO)KHll.bl
JIIiCTheB MJIM KOpbI CTBOJlOB H BeTBeA H ,Ll06HpaIOTCH CBORMH
BcaCbIBaIOlI.{HMH opraHaMH ,Ll0 )KHBOH KJlerOqHOM TKaHH.
Me)K,LlY JIa351III.HMH paCTeHHHMH H HaCTOHIlI.HMH 3nHqrn-
o
TaMH Haxo,lI.HTcH rpynna pacreHHH, 3aHMMaIDIII.Hx npoMe>K)'-
TOLIHoe nOJlO)KeHHe. C 3nH<pHTaMH HX C6J1H)KaeT pacceHBaHHe
ceMHH no ,lI.epeBb5lM-OnOpaM; npHKpenJI5I5ICb K CTI30JIaM If BeT-
BHM CBOHMH II.enKHMH KOpH5IMH, OHH KaK ObI onYTblBalOT pac-
TeHHe TOHKOH 6eQeBKOM. JIHaHbI OHH HanOMHHalOT CBOHM eno-
C060M nHTaHH5I HenOCpe,LlCTBeHHO H3 nOLIBW. I1HTaHHe npo-
HCXO,LlHT tIepe3 KOpHH, BbIpaCTaIOIII.He H3 3apOJ(bIllIa, HaXO)J.H-
meroc5I r e-HH6Y,Llb BbICOKO B KpOHe ,LlepeBbeB; 3TH KOpHH,
onYCKa5lCb OTBeCHO K 3eMJIe, pa3BeTBJIHIOTCH 3,l(eCb, C03,Qa-
o
BaH HenOCpe,LlCTBeHHYIO CBH3b Me:>KJI.Y paCTeHHeM H JleCHOIi
nOqBOH.
K 3TOH rpynne OTHOCHTCH II nOJlY9nHcpHTHoe cpHrOBoe ,lI.e-
peBO, H3BeCTHoe H3 JII06oro onHcaHHH TponHKOB no Ha3Ba-
HHeM «,lI.peBO,lI.YWHTeJIH». ECJlH He 3HaTb, tITO ero ceMH BrHe3-
lI.HJIOCb B KOpy onopHoro ,lJ.epeBa, TPY,lJ.HO Boo6pa3HTb ce6e,
'ITO CTBOJI 3Toro cpHrOBoro ,n:epeBa, TeCHo npHCJIOHHBIlIHHCH
43
K CTBOJIY OnOpl-IOrO ){epeBa H 06BHBlliHH ero CBOHMH KOp-
HHMH-llI.ynaJIbll.aMH, nepBOHaqaJIbHO npe.n.CTaBJlHJI C060H O.n.HH
nHTaTeJlbHbIH KopeHb TOJlII.I.HHOH B naJleu., onYCTHBIlIHHCH 3a-
TeM BHH3, B 3eMJlIO, H YTOJlIll,HBIlIHHCH. UenKHe K{}PHH,
cpaCTaHCb ,Llpyr C ,LlpyroM, 06pa3YlOT nJIOTHYIO pernerKY,
6YKBaJIbHO Y,QYIlIaIOIlI,YIO onopHoe ,LlepeBO. OTMHpalOIII.HH
CTBOJI 3arHHBaeT, a «pellierLIaTblW KopHeBOH ll.HJlHH,Llp» ,LlpeBO-
,LlYIlIHTe 7IH, CTas ,LlOCTaTOiJHO np04Hb1M, Y)Ke 10}T.{eT ,Qep)KaTbCH
caf\J. KpOHa )Ke ,QepeBa qaCTO nO,lJ.,Llep)KHBaeTCH cIlI.e JJ.on:OJl-
HHTeJIbHO KOJlOHH006pa3HbIMH KOpHHMH.
HaCTOHIlI.He, THnHLIHble 9nHcpHTbI, conepIlIeHHO He3aBHCH-
MbIe OT JIeCHOH nOLIBbI, nOJIYLIalOT BJIary H nHTaTeJIbHble Be-
III.eCrBa fl3 B03,Llyxa - OHH HMeIOT B03,LlYlIlHbIe KOpHH, nJlOTHO
npHJIeraIOIlJ,He K Kope CTBOJIa onopHoro .LI.CpeBa HJIH )Ke CBO-
60,QHO BHCHIII.He B B03,Llyxe. l1HJI.OHe3HHCKaH 3nHcpHTHaH OPXH-
,lI.eH, HOCHIII.aH 60TaHHLIeCKoe Ha3BaHHe Grammatophyllum
speciosum, OTHOCHTCH K 4HCJlY Tex HaH60Jlee cBoeo6pa3HbIX
paCTeHHH, KOTopbIe nOpa)KalOT r JIa3 eBpOneHlI.a npeJK,lI.e Bcero
CBOHMH pa3MepaMH H nbIlliHOCTbIO. Ka)K,Qoe H3 ee 50-
60 JKeJlTO-KpacHblx COll.BeTHH 2-2,5-MeTpoBoH .lI.JIHHbI cOJJ.ep-
>KHT OT 70 ,Ll0 100 OT.lI.eJlbHbIX UBeTOB, B lI.eJIOM me HX LIHCJlO
OCTHraeT HeCKOJlbKHX TWCHLI. B Te4eHHe Bcero ro.n.a pacTe
HHe ycep.n.Ho KonHT nHTaTeJIbHbIe Be IlI.eCTBa, LIT06bI 3aTeM s
eBpa e cpa3Y neJlHKOM OT.n.aTb HX ll.BeTaM. BeHOK H3 He-
CKOJlbKHX TbICHLI pa3BeTBJIeHHbIX B BM,Lle rpe6H5I B03,QYIlIHbIX
KopHeH nO.lI.06HO TOJICTOH onYXOJlH OKpYJKaeT CTBOJI ,LlepeBa,
TOJlIlI.HHa KOToporo npl1MepHO paBHa 0,7 M. JJ.naMeTp 3TOH
onyxOJIH .n.OCTHraeT 2,3 M, To.TIIlI.HHa 0,8 M H BbICOTa CBbIllie
1 M. na.n.alOIlI.He JIHCTbH HaKa.TIbIBaIOTCH Ha oCTpbIe H TBep-
,fi.bIe BepxYlilKH KopHeH, .lI.O)K,LleBbIe )Ke nOTOKH 3arOHHIOT HX
rJly6)Ke B nepenJIeTeHHH KopHeH, nOKa TaM nOCTeneHHO He
HaKonHTCH 3HaQHTeJIbHOe KOJlHLIeCTBO neperHOH, HCnOJIb3ye-
f\iIOrO nHTaTeJIbHbIlVIH KOpH5IMH.
Bo Bce CTOpOHM CBHcalOT n06erH JlHHOH B HeCKOJIbKO
MeTpoB, yca>KeHHbIe IlIHpOKHMH JleHT006pa3HbIMH JIHCTbHMH.
11 eCJlH HaLlO BceM 3THM B03BbIllialOTCH eIII.e cou.BeTHH, TO 06-
u u U
lllHH ,LlHaMeTp TaKOH OpXH,LleH ,LlOCTHraeT nHTH C nOJIOBHHOH
leTpoB.
I-IeKoTopbIe KpynHbIe 3nncpHTHbIe nanopoTHHKH, KaK, Ha-
npHMep, rranopOTHHK «nTHqbe rHe3..Q0» (Asplenium nidus),
06bIQHO npoH3paCTaIOlll.HH BbICOKO B 3apOCJlHX BeTBeH II
CBOHM BHelUHHM BH,lI.OM onpaB,llbIBaIOInHH CBoe Ha3BaHHC,
):(OCTaIOT ce6e nHTaTeJIbHbIe BeIlI.eCTBa cOBepIlIeHHo HHbIM cno-
44
C060M. MHOr04HCJIeHHble JIHCTb51 06pa3YlOT 06WHPHYlO He-
rJIy60KYIO BbIeMKY, B KOTOpOH co6HpalOTCH KYC04KH BeTBei1,
JIHCTbH, nbIJlb, 06pa3YH neperHOI1. B C03,LlaHH0I1 TaKHM o6pa..
30M «TIOQBe» KOpHH HaXOJJ.HT CTOJlb )Ke ,QOCTaT04HO BO,LlbI H
nHTaTeJIbHbIX BemeCTB, KaK eCJlH 6bI TIaTIOpOTHHK pOC BHH3Y,
Ha 3eMJIe. JIHCTbH HaH60JIee KPYTIHbIX 3K3eMTIJlHpOB TIaTIOpOT-
HHKOB ,LlOCTHraIOT ,LlBYX MeTpOB B ,LlJIHHY, .n.HaMeTp rHC3.n.a B
ueJlOM COCTaBJIHeT OT lJ:eTWpeX ,Ll0 nHTH MeTpOB. ·
CJleJ:r.yeT ynoMHHYTb eIII.e 0 TpeTbeM cnoco6e c60pa
neperHOH, npH KOTOpOM, nO)KaJlyfi, ,LlOCTI1raeTCH HaHBbICIlIaH
CTeneHb npHcnocq6JIeHHH K 3TIHcpHTHlJ:eCKOMY 06pa3Y
JKH3HH,- 06 o6pa30BaHHH JlHCTbeB C yrJIy6J1eHHHMH. 3TH
JIHCTbH pe3KO OTJlHQalOTCH OT 06bI4HbIX 3eJleHbIX JlHCTbeB.
OHM JlO)KaTCH nOCTeneHHO TOHKHMH CJlOHMH ,Llpyr Ha ,Llpyra,
npHlJ:eM OKa3aBIlIHeCH BHYTPH BCKope Ha4HHaIOT 3arHHBaTb If
CTaHOBHTCH Cpe,LlOH ,LlJIH pa3BHTHH TIHTaTf.JlbHbIX KopHeH. na-
nopOTHHK caM C03)1.aeT ce6e TaKHM 06pa30M «6a3Y» cYIll,e-
CTBOBaHHH, npoH3pacTaH B H3BeCTHOM CMbICJle Ha CBOe1\tl c06-
CTBeHHOM y,Ll06peHHH. OKpY)KalOlUHe 3TY «6a3Y» npOpOClI1He
DHeIlIHHe JlHCTbH HMelOT oKpyr JleHHYIO TIolJ:Koo6pa3HYIO
OPMY H ,LlOCTHraIOT B ,LlHaMeTpe 30-50 CM; BCJle.n.CTBHe
CHJIbHOrO pa3BHTHH BnHTbIBalOIII.HX B.nary TKaHeIi OHH MorYT
HaKanJlHBaTb BO.n.y H 6J1aro.n.apH 3TOMY pa3BHBaTbCH H
B 60JIee CYXOl\f KJlHMaTe H Ha .llepeBb5IX C He60JIblI1HM KO-
JIHQeCTBOf\?: JIHCTbeB, r,Lle COJIHelJ:HOe o6J1YQeHHe HHTeH-
ClI BHee.
«)I(HBopO SlInHe» J(epeBbSi
T aI(Oe HBJIeHHe CYIII.eCTByeT TOJlbKO B TponHKax. BHo.TIOrH
Ha3blBaIOT ero BHBHnapHeH, HJlH )KHBOp0)K,lI.eHHeM. OlIO TIpe.n.-
CTaBJlHeT C060H O,LlHH H3 HaH60Jlee y,LlHBHTeJlbHwx cnoco60B
npHcnoco6J1eHHH pacTeHHH K YCJIOBHHM oKpY)Kalolll.cti CpC11.bI.
TIpOCTO nOpa3HTeJlbHO, CKOJIb 6ecnpe,LleJlbHO MO)l{er I3H,.ilO-
H3MeHHTbCH )l{HBaH MaTepHH B ee cnoco6I-IOCTH K pa3MHO)Ke..
HHIO H caMoYTBep)K,QeHHlo B Ka3aJIOCb 6bI COBcprneHHO
He6JIarOnpHHTHbIX .n.JlH pa3BHTHH )KH3HH YCJIOBII5IX.
Ha HH3KHX, HJlHCTbIX, 3aTOnJlHeMbIX TIpIlJlHBO J nooe-
peJKbHX B TponHKax pacnpocTpaHeH OC06bII1 THTI ,lI.epeBbeB, na-
3bIBaeMbIX MaHrpoBbIMH. CBOHMH KOpHHMH OI-Ill YXO.LI.HT B BH3-
KI1fl, lKHpHbIH HJI; BO BpeMH npHJlHBa Bo.n.a, 3aTOnJlHeT HX,
OCTaBJIHH HaJJ. BO,LlHOH nOBepXHOCTblO o.n.HY JIHllib KPOHY.
BOJIHbI npHJlHBa perYJIHpHO npOMbIBalOT KopHeBY'1O CHCTeMY'.
45
OcooeHHO CTpaHHYIO KapTHHY 3TH TpeX-CeMHMeTpOBble
.nepeBbH npe,nCTaBJIHIOT C060H ..30 BpeMH OTJIHBa. I1x KYCTH"
CTaH KpOHa C pa3paCTaIOlll.HMHCH B CTOpOHbI BeTBHMH H
CBeTJI03eJIeHbIMH JIHCTbHMH OnnpaeTCH Ha MHO)KeCTBO KOp-
HeH-nO.n.TIOpOK, paCTYllI.MX 113 KOpOTKOrO CTBOJIa BHaq3JIe B
rOpH30HTaJlbHOM nanpaBJIeHMH, a 3aTeM KPYTO na.n.alOIIlHX
BHH3. CTBOJI, KOTOpblM Y OCHOBaHHH BCKope OTMHpaeT,
nOKOHTCfI, TaKHM oopa30M, Ha 3J1aCTHQHbIX no.n.nopKax
JlHyx"-rpeXMe'lpOBOM BbICOTbl npY}I{IIH51lll.HX no,lI. ,lI.eHCTBHeM
BM H.
Ha.ll qepHO-KOpHqHeBbIM xaOCOM XO.n:YJIbHblX KopHeH pe3KO
BbI.lleJI5IeTCH Ha cpOHe HpK03eOlTJeaOH JIMCTBbl nOqTH CHe)l{HO"
6eJIaH nOJIoca IlIHpHHOH B qeTBepTb MeTpa. nOJIOca 9Ta 06..
pa3YeTCH npM BbICllIeH TOllKe npMJIHBa, Kor,lI.a HH>KHHH qaCTh
KpOHbI norpY>KaeTCH B BO.n.y If Ha HeM Oce)lalOT 6eJIOBaTbIe
OTJIO}l{eHHH COJIeH H HJIa.
BOKpyr CTBOJIOB B ,lI.HKOM 6eCnOpH.lI.Ke nepenJleJIOCb MHO"
>KecTBO KOpHeBHlU.. 113 HaCbIIlI.eHHOrO H.lI.OBHTbIMH ra33MH
HJIa no.n.HHMaIOTCH CTpaHHble OTpOCTKH, HanOMHHaIOIIJ.He BH-
Tble KOJIbua H Y3JIbI H ,LlOCTHralOIIJ.He nopoH 3HaqHTeJIbHOH
TOJlWHHbl Ii BbICOTbI. Hx e,lJ.HHCTBeHHoe Ha3HaqeHHe COCTOHT
8 TOM, tITO{)bl cHa6:>KaTb nO.lI.3eMHYlO KopHeBYIO CHCTeMY
KHCnOpO,LlOM, nOCKOJIbKY B nponHTaHHOM BO.lI.OH HJIe no..
CTOHHHO omymaeTcH 60JIee HJIH MeHee oCTpaH HeXBaTKa
KHCJIOpo,lI.a.
,[{pyrHe BH.lI.bI MaHrpoBbIx .lI.epeBbeB ObIBaJOT oKpY}KeHbI
neJIbIMH 3arpa:m:.lI.eHHHMH H3 OTBeCHO pacTYIlJ,Hx ,lI.bIXaTeJIb-
HbIX KopHeA, HanOMHHaJOIIlHX nooerH Cnap}KH H ,lJ.OCTHralO"
II{HX B BbICOTY ,lJ.eCHTKOB caHTHMeTpoB.
HaHOOJIee HHTepeCHa51 oco6eHHOCTb MaHrpoBoro ,nepeBa
COCTOHT, O)l.HaKO, B TOM, liTO OHO pa3MHO}f{aeTC5I nOCpe,LJ,CTBOM
u
npopOCIIIHX ceMHH - MaJleHbKHX 3apO.lI.b1IlleBbIX paCTeHHH.
nOBHCalOIll.HX B BH,U.e 3eneHbIX CBeqeH Ha CyqbHX .llepeBa M pac..
KaQHBaIOIUHXCH flOA ,lJ.eHCTBHeM BeTpa. Hx ):lJIHHa JlOCTHraeT
60-70 CM, HO MO>KeT ,U.OCTHraTb H O.lI.HOrO MeTpa. KHH3Y
3apOl{bIlil YTO.TJIlI.aeTCH B BM.lI.e rOJIOBKH KerJIH; BbIna.lI.aH H3
CBoeM 060JIOQKH, OH npM OTJIHBe HJIH MeJIKOBO.lI.be npOH3aeT
HJIHCTbIH rpYHT nO.lI.06HO CTpeJIe. HaqaBIIIHHCH npHJIHB Y}Ke
He MOJKeT nOBpe,U.HTb eMY, TaK KaK 3apo.n. bI III B TeqeHHe He..
CKonbKHX qaCOB ycneBaer nYCTHTb 60KOBNe KOpHH H YKpe..
llHTbCH B nOqBe.
46
Becb ,Q.eBCTBeHHhlH J1ec - eAHHblH opraHH3M 1
K BbICKa3bIBaHHIO IOHrXYHa, qTO Tp.onMqeCKHH J1ec He
TepnHT nYCTOTbI, Xa6epJIaH.lI.T ,n:06aBJHIeT, qTO TpeXMepHoe
npOCTpaHCTBO KameTCH He,LLOCTaTOQHblM ,lI.JIH pa31\1eIII.eHHSI
Bcero 3Toro qy.rr.OBHIIlHOro HarpOMOJK.rr.eHHH B3aHl\tHO nepe-
nJleTIllHXCH paCTeHHH. B JIHTepaType 0 TponHKax, B TOM
QHCJIe H cepbe3HOH, OqeHb qaCTO rOBopHTCH 0 60pb6e 3a npo-
CTpaHc,TBO, 3a CBeT, 3a 06HJIHe CBeTa. MbI CHalIaJIa I IIPHHH""
MaeM 3TO IIOJIO}f{eHHe TaR KaK nepBoe BneqaTJleHHe HMeHHO
TaKOBO. Ho Xa6epJIaH,[{T no.rr.qepKHBaeT, lITO TponHlIeCKHH JIee
OTJUfqaeTCH CKopee OlIeHb nOJIHbIM HCnOJIb30SaHHeM npo"
CTpaHCTBa. H 9TO nOJIHOe HCnOJIb30BaHHe npOCTpaHCTBa,
oco6eHHO HpKO npOHBJI5IIOIII.eeC5I B MHoroo6pa3HH BH.l(OB no.lJ.-
JIeCKa, JIHaH H 9nHtPHTOB, Ka>KeTCH ,lI.OCTHrHYTbIM He CTOJIbKO
3a ClIeT OJKeCTOtleHHOM 60pb6bI OTJI.eJIbHbIX HH.rr.HBH.l(YYMOB 11
BH.l(OB 33 Heo6xo,lI,HMOe >KM3HeHHoe npOCTpaHCTBO, CKOJIbKO
3a CqeT B3aHMHoro H rJIYOOKoro npOHHKHOBeHHH B ccf>epbl
pa3BHTHH ,lI,pyr .npyra. Peqb H.l(eT He CTOJIbKO 0 TO I, lITOOhl
O,lI,HO paCTeHHe "JIH pa3HOBH HOCTb OTBOeBaJIa npOCTpaHCTBO
y .rr.pyroro, CKOJIbKO 0 HaH60JIee paIl.HOHaJlbHOM HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHH COOCTBeHHoro npOCTpaHCTBa. 11 3Ta np06JIeMa KaJKeTCSI
perneHHOH B YCJIOBH5IX paCTHTeJlbHOrO MHpa TpOf1I1tIeCKOrO
neca. Ha oT,[{enbHo B3HTOM epeBe KaK e.rr.HHOM opraHH3Me
JIHCTbSI He Be.rr.YT oopb6bI 3a npOCTpaHCTBO H CBeT; HanpOTHB,
OHM TaR paCIIOJlaraIOTCH, TaK 3anOJIHHlOT HMelOIIleeCH npo..
CTpaHCTBO, qTOObI Bce JInCTbH BMeCTe nOJIYIIHJIH KaK MO}J{HO
60JIbllle CBeTa Ii KaK MomMO MeHbrne 6bIJ1H 6bI B3aHMHO
YIlJ,eMJIeHbI B qeM-JlHOO. ,l{o H3BeCTHOH CTeneHI1 TDqHO TaK}Ke
Be.nYT ce6H II oT,lI,eJlbHbIe BH.rr.bI H HHJUfBH.l(YYMbI, H3 KOTOpbIX
"
COCTaBJIeH TpOllHtJeCKMH Jlec.
BeCb Jlec npeJI.CTaBJlHeT C060H CBoero po,n:a e.n:HHbIH JIec-
HOM opraHH3M 2. TaKoM JIeCHOH opraHH3M C IIopamaIOIII.HM
MHoroo6pa3HeM <pOpM H t!JaIIT3CTHQeCKOH nbIlllHOCTblO npoHB"
JIeHHS1 >KH3HH npoII.BeTaeT JIHIIIb TaM, r,U.e HeT HpKO BbIpa:>KeH"
I AHa.norHH Me>K.n.y JIeCHblM C006ll1eCTBOM paCTeHHH " opraHH3MOM
He MOJKeT 6bITb npH3H3Ha npaBHJIbHOH. BMeCTe.c TeM HaJIHIIHe B3aHMOCBH-
sew Me:>KllY paCTeHHHMH, COCTaBJIHIOll1HMH paCTliTeJ1bHOe co06111eCTBO, H
onpeJ1eJIeHHbIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH B HX B3aHMOOTHOllIeHIUIX C OKPY:>KaIOWeii
CpeJ10H, n03BOJIHeT rOBopHTb 0 C006I..I.leCTBe KaK onpe.n.e.neHHOM e.ll.HHOM
UeJIOM.- Pea.
2 npaBHJIbHee CKa3aTb «e)lHHoe ueJIoe» (CM. npHMetlaHHe Bblwe).
Pea.
47
HbIX 3aCYIIIJlHBbIX nepHO,QOB; TaKHe YCJIOBHH CYIII.eCTBYlOT
B6JIH3H 3KBaropa. 3,Qecb Ha TeppHTopHH OT,LLeJlbHbIX MaTepH-
KOB H OCTpOBOB IIpOCTHpalOTCH orpOMHbIe CnJIOIllHbIe JIeCHble
MaCCHBbI, CMeHHIOI..UHeCH Ha ceBepe H Ha lOre ropa3,l{O 60Jlee
6e,LLHbIMH H O,LLHoo6pa3HbIMH paCTHTeJIbHbIMH JlaH,QIlla<pTaMH.
EBponeeu, }f{HBYI..UHH B TpOIIHKax, He6pelli:I-IO Ha3bIBaeT TaKOH
nec «poI..UHueiI», B EBpOIIe 06bIBareJIb I..Ue,lI,po Ha,QeJIHeT era
Ha3BaHHeM «,QeBCTBeHHoro JIeca», yqeHbIH Ha3bIBaeT ero C ne..
,lI.aHTHqHOH TOqHOCTblO «TpOIIHqeCKHH BJIa}KHbIH JIec». Co Bpe-
MeH AJIeKCaH,lI.pa rYM60JIb,QTa qaCTO ynoTpe6JIHeTCH TaK}Ke
BbIpa>KeHHe «rHJIeH» (OT rpeqeCKOrO CJIOBa hy Ie - JIec) .
TpOnHqeCKHH BJIa>KHbIH JIec OrpaHHqeH B CBoeM pacnpo-'
CTpaHeHHH He TOJIbKO B ropH30HTaJIbHOH, HO H BepTHKaJIbHOH
nJIOCKOCTH. Ha MOpCKHX n06epe>KbHX H B03JIe YCTbeB peK,
r.rr.e OCa,LLKOB 06bIqHO Bblna,lI.aeT HeCKOJIbKO MeHblIIe, qeM Ha
HeKOTopOM paCCTOHHHH OT 6epera 1, TpOnHqeCKHH BJIa>KHbIH
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48
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50
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52
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55
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75
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nHIO OT .n.pyrHx MypaBbeB-JIHCTOrpbI30B. B JIecax 6acceHHa AMa30HKH
BCTpeqaeTCH, KpoMe Toro, cBoe06pa3HaH JIIIaHa li3 ceMeHcTBa 6HrHoHHe-
BhlX, Ha3blBaeM aH «Tpy6l1aTblH nO..I13YH» 3a eBOH KperrKue yr JIOBa'IbIC
cTe6JIH, HanOMHH810111He KOJIeHa Tpy6.- Pea.
78
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pbI6a OKa3blBaeTCH paCCeHHHOH: no 60JIbllIl1M npOCTpaHCTBaM,.
a qepenaXaM e.LI.Ba y.n.aeTCH BbI6paTbCH I-Ia nOBepXHOCTb. 00-
3TOMY pbI6HaH JIOBJIH H OXOTa HH,LI.eHI.I.eB Ha qepenax B 3TY
napy pe.LI.KO 6bIBaeT ycnelliHoH H HH.LI.eHI.I.bI TepnHT 60JIbllIYlO
HY:>K,LI.Y. JIeca 3aTOnJIHeMbIX OCTpOBOB H npH6peJKHbIX yqaCT-
KOB BO BpeMH pa3.nHBa HanOMHHaIOT nJIaBaIO He Ca.LI.bI. tfa-
CKOJIbKO HenpHrJIH.LI.HbI 3TH Y3JIOBaTbIe, nOKpbITble CYXH I1JIOM
JI.epeBbH 'B cyxoe BpeMH rO.LI.a, HaCTOJIbKO nbIllIHbIH BH.LI. npHo6-
peTaIOT OHH Tenepb, KOr,lI,a HX KpOHbI, nOKpbITbIe TbICHqaMH
UBeToB, e,U.Ba BbIcTynaIOT 113 BO.LI.bI. Oc06eHHO 6JIarOnpHHTHhI
TaKHe YCJIOBHH ,lJ.JIH HH311IHX opraHH3MOB. nOCJIe cna,lJ.a BO){bI
Ha Kope JI.peBeCHbIX 06JIOMKOB nOHBJIHlOTCH neCTpble rpH6KH H
npHqY.LI.JIHBaH nJIeCeHb. 3erreHwe BO.LI.OpOCJIH, npe,lI,CTaBJIHID-
InHe, BnpOqeM, .LI.OBOJIbHO pe.n.Koe HBJIeHHe B npeCHbIX BO.LI.aX
TponHKOB, C HeBepOHTHOH 6WCTpOTOH B TeqeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX
qaCOB nOKpbIBaIOT nJIOTHbIM CJI0eM nOBepXHOCTb orpOMHbIX
03ep.
MO)KHO JIHlIIb npe,lI,TIOJIaraTb, KaKoe orpOMHoe KOJIHlJeCTBO
)KHBbIX opraHH3MOB rH6HeT npH TaKHX HaBO,lJ.HeHHHX. JIHllIb
HeMHorHe cy ecTBa Ha.LI.eJIeHbI TOHKHM HHCTHHKTOM qepHbIX
JI.ypHonaXHYIlI,HX MypaBbeB, HaCeJIHIOIlI,HX npH6peJKHbIe JIeca
no p. AMa30HKe 11 HeH3MeHHO OKa3bIBaIOIlI,HXCH BbIllie Bepx-
HeH OTMeTKH pa3JII1Ba. OrpOMHbIe KOJIOHHH HaCeKOi\tIbIX Kono-
IIlaTCH B npH6peJKHOH TpaBe, KOTOpa5I, ,lJ.aJKe 6YJI.yqH BbIpBaHa
83 nOqBbI CHJIQH: TeqeHHH, npO.LI.OJIJKaeT )KHTb, nJlbIBH no BO,lJ.e,
a npl1CTaBaH K CYllle TYT JKe nYCKaeT KOpHH. Oc06eHHO BeJIH-
KOJIeneH 6bIBaeT BH.LI. 3TH X nJIbIBYIlI,HX nyqKOB TpaBbI HoqblO,
KorJLa Ha HHX COBeplllaIOT nYTellleCTBHe CBeTSII1 HeCH JKYQKH..
BACCERH PEKH
Pa3Mepbl AMa30HKH
06 AMa30HKe nOqTH Bcer,[(a MO}KHO rOBopHTb JIl1lllb B npe...
BOCXO.LI.HOH CTeneHH. Ee 6acceHH - caMbIH 60JIb1l10H B MHpe:
CBbIllle 6 000 000 KB. KM (y I<oHro - 3 800 000 KB. KM, Y
PeHHa - 225 000 KB. KM). AMa30HKa caMaH MHorOBO.LI.HaSl
peKa B MHpe: KaJK,lI.YIO ceKYH.LI.Y np H Cpe,LI.HeM ypOBHe BO,[(bI OHa
BblHOCHT B Mope 105 000 M 3 BO)J.bI, npH BbICllleM ypoBHe-
120 000 M 3 (KoHra - 75 000 M3, PeHH - 2370 M 3 ). no cBoeii
,AJH1He (5300 KM) OHa ycrynaeT JIHlllb MHCCHCHnH C i\1HCCYPH
79
(6230 KM) H HHJIY C Karepoii (6670 KM). KOHro "MeeT B
.nJIHHY 4670 KM, PeHH - 1360 KM.
B03 e Oonro-,lle-MaHCepHqe AMa30HKa np06HBaeT no-
CJIe.n.HHH xpe6eT AH)l H ,LI.OCTHraeT lllHpHHbI 1600 M (3JIb6a y
raM6ypra B caMOM lllHpOKOM MeCTe ,llOCTHraeT 575 M), XOT5I
)1.0 YCTbH no npH AoH JIIiHHH OCTaeTCH eIII.e 3110 KM, a B JI..eHcT-
BHTeJIbHOCTH 4700 KM. fIpH BbIXO,lI.e Ha paBHHHY peKa TeqeT Ha
BbICOTe 174M Ha,ll ypoBHeM MOpH. Cpe)lHee na,lI.eHHe AMa-
30HKH .B ee ,paBHHHHoH qaCTH COCTaBJIHeT 1 M Ha 25 KM.
HecMoTpH Ha 3TO, Cpe,lJ;HHH CKOpOCTb ,lJ.BHJKeHHH BO,lJ.bI B peKe
BCJIe,lJ.CTBHe )I.aBJIeHI1H orpOMHbIX BO)!HbIX Macc COCTaB.HHeT
0,75 MIceK, TO eCTb peKa TeqeT JIHlllb B ,lJ.Ba p 3a Me,LI.JIeHHee,
qeM J(BHJKeTCH QeJ10BeK, H,lI.YIII.HH 6bICTpbIM lllarOM.
AMa3o.HKa npl1HI1MaeT 60JIee 200 peK, )lOCTOHHbIX Ha3bI-
BaTbCH npHTOKalVLE, 113 KOTOpbIX 17 HMeIOT ,LI.JIHHY, npeBbIlllaIO-
IIlYIO 1500 KM. KpynHeHI.l.\HH. npHToK cnpaBa p. MaJ(e:i1pa
HMeeT B ,LI.JlHHY 3520 KM, PHy-Herpy, KpynHeHIlIHH npHToK
CJIeBa, «JIHlllb» 2150 KM, ,lI.OCTHraH 3aTO B Cpe,lJ.HeM Ii HH)I{HeM
TeqeHHH npH pa3JIHBe 50 KM lllHpHHbI.
AMa3.oHKa CQHTaeTCH JIyqllleH cY,LI.OXO,lJ.HOH peKoH MMpa.
TIapOXO,1l.bI XOJl.HT. no HeM ,lI.0 rrO,LI.HO:>KbH AH,LI., KpynHble OKeaH-
CKHe cY,LI.a MorYT nO,lI.HHMaTbCH ,LI.O MaHayca. TaK KaK fJIy6HHa
AMa30HKH COCTaBJIHeT B Cpe,lJ.HeM OKOJIO 70 M, KOJIe.6aHHH
MeJK,LI.Y BbIClllHM H HH3111HM ypoBHeM BO,LI.bI, )lOCTHraIOIII.He
10-15 M, He OTpa}l{aIOT H Ha CY,LI.OXO,LI.CTBe. YpOBeHb BOJI.bl,
Ha4HHaH nO,LI.HHMa,TbCH B OKTH6pe H ,LI.OCTHraH BbIcrneH rpa-,
HHUbI B HIOHe - HIOJIe, BHOBb 6bICTpO 'TIa,lJ.aeT ,lI.0 H11311IerO npe-
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TOKOB, BbI3bIBaeMbIH TpOnHqeCKHMH )lOJK,LI.HMH, HacTynaeT B
pa3HbIe BpervIeH3 rO,lla (y IOJKHbIX npHTOKOB - IOJKHbIM JIeTOM:
OKTH6pb - MaR, a Y ceBepHbIX npHTOKOB - B ceBepHoe JIeTO:
MapT - aBrYCT). nO,U'beM H cna)l BO)lbI B AMa30HKe 3aBHCI1T
r JIaBHbIM 06pa30M OT nOJIHOBO,lJ.bH IOJKHbIX npHTOKOB, no-
CKOJIbKY HX 6acceHH 60JIbllle.
OT fIOHrO-,LI.e-MaHCepHqe IlIHpHHa peKH nOCTOHHHO YBeJIH-
qHBaeTCH H YJKe y HKHToca ,lJ.OCTHraeT 1800 M. HHJKe MaHa-
yca OHa He 6bIBaeT YJKe 5 KM. PeKa o6pa3yeT 6eCqHCJIeHHble
GCTpOBKH, npOTOKH H CTapHUbI; B HH30Bbe OHa B HeCKOJIbKHX
MeCTax paCllllfPHeTCH, 06pa3YH orpOMHbIe BO,LI.OeMbI, He YCTY-
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MHHaeT orpOMHYIO BOPOHKY ,LI.JIHHOH B 600 KM H lllHpHHOfl
300 KM (npHMepHo paBHO TIJIOil{a,lU1 IO>KHOH repMaHHH), yce-
HHHYIO MHOrOQHCJIeHHbIMH oCTpoBaMH pa3HoH BeJlHqHHbI.
80
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C OH B OaCCeHHe KOHro
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fJlaBHblH npHTOK, lliHpHHa KOToporo 100 KM, CHJIbHO 3aHeceH
I-IJIOM BCJIe)J.CTBHe npHJIHBOB H OTJIHBOB. TI03TOMY Kopa6JIH
06bIQHO nOJIb3YIOTCH napa, TO eCTb YCTbeM TOKaHTHHca, KOTO-
pbIH coe)J.HHeH C AMa30HKOH npOTOKOM Ta)Kanypy. Ha napa
pacnOJIO)KeH H rJIaBHbIH nopT AMa30HHH napa, HJIH 5eJIeH.
BJIHHHHe npHJIHBa H OTJIHBa OIlI,yIlI,aeTCH Y)Ke Y 06H)J.oca,
Ha pactToHHHH 1000 KM OT YCTbH. 50JIbllIYIO onaCHOCTb npeJI.-
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HHIOIlI,aHCH BBepx no TeIleHHIO H YHHqTO>KaIOIlI,aH Bce Ha CBoeM
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3aBe3eHa KOJIYM60M B 1493 f., rrOCJIe ero nepBoro rrYTeme-
CTBHH. CnycTH 25 JIeT KYKYPY3a Y)Ke 6bIJIa pacnpocTpaHeHHoH
KYJIbTYPOH B AH,lJ.aJIY3HH; 3aTeM 6blcTpee, qeM KaKaH-JIH6o
u
.lI.pyraH KYJIbTypa, OHa B TeqeHHe HeCKOJIbKI1X ,lJ.eCHTHJIeTHIi
mHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHHJIaCb no BceR IOro-BocToqHOH EBpone.
HbIHe 30Ha B03,lI,eJIbIBaHHH KYKYPY3bI npOCTHpaeTCH Me)K,lJ.Y
54° c. Ill. H 40° 10. III. 3. OTJIHqalOllI.aHCH OT ):(PyrHx 3epHOBbIX
60JIbllleH TenJIOJII06HBOCTbIO H qYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTblO K XOJIO,lJ.Y,
KYKYPY3a nOqTH He BCTpeqaeTCH 3a npe,lJ.eJIaMH 3TOM 30HW.
KYKYPY3a B nepHo,lJ. BereTaII.HH He rrepeHOCHT CHJIbHbIX H rrpo-
.nOJI)KHTeJIbHbIX 3aMop03KOB. MHHHMaJIbHaH TeMnepaTypa
BCXO)KeCTH COCTaBJIHeT 8° C. DpH YCJIOBHH ,lJ.OCTaTOqHbIX H
paBHoMepHo BbITIa,lJ.aIOlI.(HX OCa,lJ.KOB KYKYPY3a BbIHOCHT
1 KapTocpeJIb ObIJI BBe3eH B EBpony H3 qIlJIH, 80 ero nepBOHa1.JaJIb-
HOH pO.llHHOH ObIJIO BOJI'HBHHCKoe Haropbe, oacceHH 03. THTHKaI<:a. CM.
B Y K a COB' H III a p H H a. I1CTOpHH KapTocpeJIH. CeJIbX03rH3, M., 1938.-
Pea.
2 KYKYPY3a oWJIa OCHOBHOfi 3eMJIe.n.eJIbQeCKOfi KYJIbTypofi Bcex Hapo-
.nOB l.I.eHTpaJIbHOH AMepHKH, ocooeHHo Hapo.n.a MaHH. (CM. J1. H 3 r 0 .n. e
JI a H .ll a. CooomeHHe 0 .n.eJI ax B IOKaTaHe. 1\'l.-JI., 1955, CTp. 144) .-PeD.
3 npaKTHKa B03,neJIbIBaHHH KYKYPY3bI B CCCP nOKa3aJIa, qTO KYKY-
PY3Y MOJKHO KYJIbTHBHpOBaTb H B OOJIee BbICOKHX lIIHpOTax.- Pea.
100
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IIHH, KYKYPY3a He BbIHOCHT qpe3MepHOH nOCTOHHHOH: BJIa>K-
HOCTH, n03TOMY B TpOnHQeCKOM JIecy KYKYPY3a npOH3paCTaeT
JIHllIb Ha YJI:a4HO BbI6paHHbIX JIeCHbIX nopy6Kax, npeBpamen-
HbIX B nOJIH. B AcppHKe HbIHe Her I1H O)l.HOH 06JIaCTH, r)l.e 6b1
KYJIbTypa KYKYPY3bI He 6bIJIa H3BeCTHa. EIne B 1870 r. reopr
lllBaH:HcpYPT, nonaB K HeH3BeCTHbIM )1.0 Toro n TIeMeHaM 8
l\eHTpaJIbHOH: QaCTH MaTepHKa, C Y)l.HBJIeHHeM OTMeqaJI, QTO
KYKYPY3a HBJIHeTCH Y HHX IlIHpOKO H3BeCTHOH: KYJIbTYPOH.
KorJI:a HcnaHUbl npHIIIJIH B AMepHKY, MeKCHKaI-II aM H JtPY-
rHM HH)l.eHuaM, r JIaBHbIM 06pa30M B CeBepHOH AMepHKe,
6bIJIO 3HaKOi\10 KypeHHe Ta6aKa. C MOMeHTa OTKpbITHH AMe-
pHKH Ta6aK HaqaJI TpHYMcpaJIbHOe llIeCTBHe no BceMY 3e l-
HOMY IIIapy. BHaqaJIe Ta6aK TaK)Ke 6bIJI TpOnHqeCKHM Bbl-
COKoropHbIM paCTeHHeM, OTJIHqaBlllHMCH OT )l.pyrHx TpOnHlIe-
CKHX p'1lcTeHHH pa3Be JIHllib MeHbIlIeH rpe60BaTeJIbHOCrblO K
TenJIY. B 3TOM OTHOllIeHHH OH )l.aJIeKO npeBOCXO)l.Hr )l.a)Ke Kap-
TOcpeJIb; B CKaH)l.HHaBHH, HanpHMep, Ta6aK BblpalI.(HBaerCSI
3a 60 napaJIJIeJIbIO. O)l.HaKo JIYQIlIHe copTa Ta6aKa npoH3pa-
CTalOT JIHIIlb B )KapKOH 30He; KaqeCTBO Ta6aKa, KaK HHKaKoro
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nJIaHraiI.HH BO IHorHX paH:OHaX B03)1.eJIbIBaHHH 3TOH KYJIb-
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BaerCH y)Ke C HaqaJIa XVII B., 3aCTaBHJIH orcrynHTb TponH-
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KypMJIbInHKaMH B MMpe, 3a HHMH CJIe)l.YlOr aMepHKaHlJ,bI, 38-
TeM 6eJIbrHHlJ,bI H HeMlJ,bI. B 3ana)l.HYlO AcppHKY Ta6aK 6bIJI
3aBe3eH Y}Ke BO BropOH nOJIOBHHe XVI CTOJIeTHH.
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Toporo HBJIHeTCH nepy. HecMoTpH Ha 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe YCJlO-
u
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nHTaHHH HaCeJIeHHH TponHKoB. TaM }Ke, r)l.e OH BbIpaIII.H-
BaerCH B 60JIbIlIHX MacIIITa6ax, HanpHMep BO MHorHX Cy6TpO-
nHQeCKHX pafioHax AcppHKH H Ha KaHapCKHx ocrpOBax, OH
npe,lI.Ha3HaqaeTCH )l.JIH 3KcnopTa B EBpony.
KOpHenJlOAbl
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,lI.JIH 06HTaTeJIeM )l.eBCTBeHHoro JIeca, ,LlaJIeKO npe'BoCxo)l.H-
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MbIH B IO)KHOH ..t\MepHKe IOKOH (He CJIe)l.yer CMellIHBaTb C
101
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MeH, HaCeJI5IIOIII.HX TpOnHqeCKHe 06JIaCTH. MaHHOK rrpOH3pa-
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B ,UpyrHx paHOHax OH H3BeCTeH TOJIbKO 60TaHHKaM. He60JIb"
lllHe KYCTapHHKM MaHHOKa, HMeIOIII.He JIHCTBY, nOXO:iKYJO Ha
JIHCTbI KJIeIII.eBHHbI, )l.OCTHraJOT Tpex MeTpOB BbICOTbI H 06pa..
3YIOT TOJICTbIe, BbIT5IHYTbIe KopHeBbIe KJIy6HH. B nepHO)l. era
pOCTa TeMnepaTypa .He )l.OJI)KHa onYCKaTbCH HH:iKe 10° C, HaM..
60JIee 6JIarOnpH5ITHa Cpe)l.H5IH rO)l.OBaH TeMnepaTypa 20°C.
,aJIH HOpMaJIbHOrO rrpoH3pacTaHHH MaHHOK HY)K)l.aeTCH B
06HJIbHbIX H paBHoMepHo BbIna)l.aJOllI.HX OCa)l.KaX, O)l.HaKO
B CT05IqeH Bo,n;e ero KJIy6HH HaQHHaJOT 3arHHBaTb. HaH60JIee
6JIarOrrpHHTHbIe I10qBeHHbIe y T}OBHH ,n;JIH rrpoH3pacTaHHH Ma..
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5 Kr Beca H CBbIIIIe rrOJIYMCTpa B )l.JIHHY. Ero B03)1.eJIbIBaHHe
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MaTepHaJIa 6epeTCH npHMepHO nHTHa)l.II.aTHCaHTHMeTpoBbIi'I
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BalOT BMeCTe C 60TBOH, JIH60 BbIKanbIBaJOT.
B MOJIOqHOM COKe MaHHOKa, OTHOC5IllI.erOCH K ceMeHCTBY
MOJIOqaHHbIX, CO)l.ep)KHTC5I 5I)l.OBHTaH CHHHJIbHaH KHCJIOTa.
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113 OQHIII.eHHbIX OT KO:tKypbI ropbKHX KJIy6Heif CJIe)l.yeT npe)l.-
BapHTeJIbHO BbI)l.aBHTb COK, CJIa)l.KHe MO)KHO rrp5IMO yrroTpeo-
JIHTb B rrHllI.Y. DoraTbIe KpaXMaJIOM (OT 20 )1.0 4.0 %) KJIy6HH
cYlliaT H rrepeMaJIbIBaIOT B MYKY, H3 KOTOpOH o6HTareJIH )l.eB-
CTBeHHoro JIeca npHrOTOBJIHIOT KaccaBe, HeQTO Bp0)l.e' xJIe6a
MinH rrHpora. CarOBH)l.HbIH MaHHOKOBbIH KpaXM3JI no)l. Ha3Ba-
HHeM TanHOKa HbIHe B He60JIbIIIHX KOJ1H4eCTBax rrocTynaeT 11
B ToprOBWH 060POT H HCnOJIb3yeTcH ,n;JIH rrpHfOTOBJIeHHH cy-
rrOB, a TaK:iKe ne4eHHH. flopTyraJIbUbI 3aBe3JIH l\1aHHOK Ha
3ana)l.HOe rr06epe:iKbe AcpPHKH. OTCIO a OH pacrrpOCTpaHHJ1CH
102
BrJIy6b MaTepHKa, 6bICTpO 33BOeBaB npH3HaHHe HerpOB, MO-
TbDKHOMY 3eM_l1e.QecJ1HIO KOTOpbIX OH 60JIblile COOTBerCTBOBaJI,
HelKeJIH KYKYPY3a H npoco.
lJpyrHM KOpHenJIO.l1.0M, HMeIOllI.RM TaKOe }Ke 3HaqeHRe B
nH1 aHHH TY3eMueB TpOnHKOB, KaK H MaHHOK, HBJIHerCH 6aTaT,
MJIH C.nallKHH KapTOcpeJIb. Cpe!I.H 3K30TH4eCKRX paCTeHHii,
npHBe3eHHbIX KOJIYM6oM KOpO,HeBe I13a6eJIJIe, HaX01lRJIHCb H
KJIy6HR 6aTaTa, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI 6bICTpO OCBoeH B I1cnaHRH.
B OTJIRqne or MaHHOKa KYJIbrypa 6arara He OrpaHRlJRBaerCH
JIHIlIb 'BJIa)l{HbIM TponR4eCKHM nOSICOM, a paCTIpOCTpaHeHa H
B crenHbIX pafIOHax cy6TponHKOB H ,lJ.aJKe BCrpeqaeTCSI B YMe-
peHHOH: 30He. I1cn.aHUbI 3aBe3.HR 6araT Ha OCTpOBa TRxoro
OKeaHa 1 H Ha <f)HoJ1HnnliHbI, nopryraJIbUbI - B AcppHKY. HbIHe
6araT IlIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeH H B AcppRKe H A3HH. 5aTaT OT-
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6Y.lI.yqR JIHIlIeHbI onopbI, 06bIqHO nOJI3YT no 3eMJIe. BepeTeHO-
BHJJ.HbIe KJIy6HH 6araTa BeCHT B Cpe,lJ.HeM OT O.lI.HorO ,ZJ;O .lI.BYX
KHJIOrpaM MOB. B nepno1l BereTaUHH, np01l0JI)I{aIOilleHCSI OT
Tpex 110 rneCTR MeCSIueB, reMTIepaTypa He ,lJ.OJIJKHa onYCKaTbCH
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JIeca lI.aJIeKO YCTynaIOT TIO 3Ha4eHHIO MaHHoKY R 6aTaTY.
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TaKKa, TOTIRHaM6yp, 3eMJIHHOH opex, rOJIy6oH JIOTOC.
KOKoconaSl naJlbMa H ee rJlaBHblH KOHKypeHT-
MaCJIHLJHaSi naJlbMa
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neB Ke4ya. BepOHTHO. nOJIHHe311Hllbl n06bIBaJIH BO BpeM5I CBOHX nJIaBaHHii
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nOJIHHe3HH.- Pea.
103
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COCTaBJIHeT Bcero .TIHWb 30 CM, npOTHBOCTOHT HaTHCKY CHJIb-
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KaK TpOCTHHK, a ee qeTblpeXMeTpOBbIe JIHCTbH, pa3pe3aHHbIe
Ha OT,lI.eJIbHbIe ceKUHH, JIerKO rrepeHOCHT COKpYll1HTeJIbHbIe
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CTHralOIII.ee MeTpa B ,lI.JIHIIY. rIepBbIe rrJIO,lI.bI rraJIbMa npHHOCHT
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JJ.I.J.aTHJ1eTHerO B03paCTa H rrp0JJ.OJI)KaeTCH,lI.O rneCTH,lI.eCHTH JIeT.
B B03pacTe 80-100 JIeT rraJIbMa oTMHpaeT. TaK KaK BereTa-
UHOHHbIH rrepI1o,lI. ,lI.JIHTCH B TeqeHHe Bcero ro,n;a, O,lI.Ha H Ta )Ke
naJIbMa 3aQacTYIO o,lI.HoBpeMeHHo H I.J.BeTeT H nJIO.lI.OHOCHT.
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250 ,n;HeH rrOCJIe I.I.BeTeHHH, a rrOJIHOH: 3peJIOCTH - rrOCJIe
450 ,lI.HeH.
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OH COCTOHT H3 Tpex CJIOeB: H3 TOHKoro KO)KeBH,lI.HOro nOKpbI-
Toro BOCKOBbIM HaJIeTOM BHelliHero nOKpOBa, cyxoro BOJJOK-
HHCToro H TBepJJ.oro KaK KaMeHb «H,lI.pa», co,n;ep)KaIII.ero ceMH
KOKoca. KOKocoBoe ceMH COCTOHT H3 6eJIOH: MHKOTH, OKpY}KeH-
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HbIX BeIII.eCTB rrHTaTecllbHYIO MHKOTb H,n;pa. KOKocoBaH naJIb-
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nepaType He HH)Ke 22 0 C. B cJIyqae KOJIe6aHHM TeMnepaTypa
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pacTeT H nJIOXO rrJIO,lI.OHOCHT.
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COBOH rraJIbMbI. Ba paH:OHa TpOrrHqeCKHX JIeCOB npeTeH,lI.o-
BaJIH Ha rrpaBo Ha3bIBaTbCH ee pO,lI.HHOH:: !O)KHaH AMepHKa,
TOqHee rr06epe)Kbe BeHecY3JIbI, H oCTpoBa I1H,n;oHe3HH. HblHe
npeo6JIa,l\aeT MHeHHe, qro pO,lI.HHa KOKOCOBOH rraJIbMbI
104
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MeHa no THXOMY OKeaHY, OT o,n;Horo OCTpOBa K )J.pyrOMY.
C OCTpOBOB Tnxoro OKeaHa KOKOCOBaH rraJIbMa rronaJIa na
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CKoe rr06epe)Kbe.
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me H KaK oc060 lJ,eHHbIH MaTepHaJI )J.JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHSI Me6eJIH
H pe3Hblx pa60T rro )J.epeBY. CYXHMH JIHCTb5IMH KOKOCOBOH
rraJIbMbI KpOIOT KpbIlliH XH)KHH H nOJIb3YIOTCH )J.JIH H3rOTOB-
.TICHHH rrJIeTeHbIX H3)J.eJIHH (lJ,bIHOBOK, KOBpOB). Coe)J.HHeHHble
rro HeCKOJIbKY, lJ,eHTpaJIbHble CTep)KHH JIHCTa MorYT CJIY)KHTb
rpe6HeM, a CBH3aHHble rrYlIKaMH JIHCTbH - BeHHKOM. MOJIO-
Able 3apO)J.bIlllH, JIHCTOtIHble rrOQKH, a TaK)Ke BepXYIlIelIHblii
rro6er CTBOJIa yrroTpe6JIHIOTCH B rrHIII.Y rro)J. Ha3BaHHeM «naJIb-
MOBOH KarrYCTbI». KaK TOJIbKO COlJ,BeTHH )J.OCTHraIOT MeCHQ-
Horo B03paCTa H )J.JIHHbI OKOJIO 3/ 4 M, HX OTpe3aIOT HJIII Ha)J.-
pe3aIOT. DpH 3TO 1 BbITeKaeT COK, H)J.YIII.HH: Ha H3rOTOBJIeHHe
naJIbMOBOro BHHa. TIoCJIe )J.BYX-TpeXKpaTHOH )J.eCTHJIJIHlJ,HH H3
100 JIHTpOB rraJIbMOBOro BHHa MO}KHO rrOJIYlIHTb 20 JIHTpOB
appaKa, a BblrrapHBa5I rraJIbMOBbIH COK, rrOJIyqaIOT CHpon II
KOKOCOBbIH caxap. IO)KHOaMepHKaHCKHe HH)J.eHlI.bI npHrOTOB-
JIHIOT rraJIbMOBOe BHHO H3 cep)J.lJ,eBHHM OC060H pa3HOBH)J.HO-
CTH KOKOCOBOH rraJIbMbI. ,lLJIH 3Toro OHH cPy6aIOT CTBOJI
AepeBa )J.O lJ,BeTeHHH H )J.eJIaIOT B HeM yr JIy6JIeHHe HM)Ke
KpOHbl; B yrJIy6JIeHHH co6HpaeTCH BHHoo6pa3HbIH COK. Q)J.HO
l-I.epeBO )J.aeT B Cpe)J.HeM OKOJIO 13 JIHTpOB )KH)J.KOCTH.
KOKOCOBbIe BOcJl0KHa 060JIOtIKH rrJIo)J.a, Ha3bIBaeMble KOH:-
pOM, c.rrY)KaT ,n;JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH OQeHb rrpOtIHbIX lJ,bIHOBOK,
rpy6blx TKaHeH, III.eTOK, KaHaTOB H BepeBoK. TBep)J.ble CKOp-
JIyrrKH opexoB c.rrY)KaT B TporrHKax cocY)J.aMH )J.JIH rrHTbH; H3
HHX H3rOTOBJIHIOT TaK)Ke JIO)KKH, Ky6KH H )J.a}Ke YKpaIlIeHH5I.
I-Ia HeKoTopbIX KOpaJIJIOBbIX oCTpoBax KOKOCOBoe MOJIOKO
HBJIHeTCH e)J.HHCTBeHHbIM H3BeCTHbIM HaTIHTKOM. MSIKOTb
105
u
KOKOCOBorO opexa HanOMHHaeT no BKYCY eCHOH opex H B
CBe}KeM BHl{e HBJIHeTCH ueHHbIM TIHTaTeJIbHbIM npOJLYKTOM.
KOKOCOBYIO MHKOTb ynoTpe6.JI5IIOT H B KOH,lJ.HTC pCKOM ,UeJIe
(KOKOCOBble XJIOllbH). JIH 3Toro CBeJKYIO MHKOTb nJ!OLI.a
MeJIKO Hape3aIOT H 6bICTpO 3aCYll1HBaIOT. Ha4HHaH C 1867 f.
OqeHb qaCTO npH6eralOT K npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHOH cywKe MHKOTH
IIJIo,Ua, ,lJ.a6bI IIpe,UoTBpaTHTb ee nop4Y npH nepeBo3Ke. f10JIY-
qCHHbIH TaKHM 06pa30M npo,UYKT nocTynacT B npo.lI.a)KY noJI.
Ha3BaHHeM KOnpbI. a.rIbHeiiIlIaH 06pa6oTKa KonpbI, co,Ucp"
}KameR .ao 70 °/0 MaCJIa, TIpOHCXO)l.HT 06bI4HO B cTpaHax-
IIoTpe6HTeJIHx. MacJIo KonpbI IIepepa6aTbIBaeTcH B MaprapHH,
CTOJIOBbIe )KHpbI (natllbMHH, KOKOCOBoe MaCJIo) HJIH npHMe-
HHeTCH npH H3rOTOB&l1eHHH MbIJIa H cTeapHHa. 11 ,Ua)Ke OT-
}KHMKH, KOKOCOBble )KMbIXH, npe)l.cTaBJIHIOT lJ,eHHbIH KOpM )I..JlH
CK OT a.
PO)l.HHOH l\1aCJIHQHOH IIaJIbMbI I 6eccnopHO HBJIS1eTCH 3 a...
na,lJ.HaH AcppHKa. flepBOHaqaJIbHO MaCJIH4HaH II3JIbMa 6bItJla
pacnpOCTpaHeHa TOJIbKO B IIpe)l.eJIax acppHKaHcKoro TponH-
qeCKOrO nOHca no KpaHM BeQH03eJIeHbIX )l.OiK)l.eBbIX JIeCOB
11 )l.eBCTBeHHbIX JIeCOB IIO 6eperaM peK. CaM )l.eBCTBeHHbIH JIec
1 aJIO IIO,lJ.XO)I.HJI ,l( H Hee. ECJIH OH a HbIHe BCTpet.JaeTCH B ueH-
Tpe ACPPHKH, oc06eHHO B 06JIaCTH I(oHfo, H pacnpOCTpaHH-
JIaCb .aa>Ke ,na.nbllie Ha BOCTOK, TO 3TO CJIe,lJ.yeT OTHeCTH 33
CqeT HenOCpe)I.CTBeHHoro HJIH KOCBeHHoro BJIH5IHHH qeJIOBeKa.
B AMepHKY OHa, BH)l.HMO, 6bIJIa 3aBe3eHa yme B HCTOpHqe-
CKoe BpeMH, B nepHO)I. TOprOBJIH pa6aMH, nOCKOJIbKY 06&11aCTb
ee pacnpOCTpaHeHHH TaM B TOqHOCTH COBTIa,lJ.aeT C TeMH paHO"
HaMH, r)l.e paHbllIe Bcero HaqaJIaCb 3KCnJIyaTalJ,HH acppHKaH-
CKHX pa60B. B nOCJIe1{Hee BpeMH ee CTaJIH KYJIbTHBHpOBaTb
Ii B I1H,QoHe3HH: Ha 5IBe, CYMaTpe, DopHeo.
Ha IIJIaHTalJ,HHX MaCJIHqHaH IIaJIbMa )l.OCTHraeT 10-15 M
BbICOTbI, 13 nenpOXO)l.HMbIX )I.)KYHr JIHX, CTpe1\1HCb K CBeTY, OHa
BLlpaCTaCT H )1.0 30 M. Cpe)l.HHH )l.Hal\leTp CTBOJIa ,ZJ;OCTHfaeT
20-30 CM, KpOHa COCTOHT IIpHMepHO H3 25 JIHCTI::eB, HMeIO..
IlUIX OT TpCX »-0 ceMH MeTpoB B )l.JIHHY Ii o O,ZJ;Horo MeTpa
I '1\POMC aippaK8ncKoH MaCJIH1.JHOH (MaCJI5IHoH) naJIbMbI (Elaeis
gllinecns i') (L) J acq.) , H3BeCTHO erne JIBa BHJIa: aMepHKaHCKa5l, pacTyrna51
B TpOl!HK8X UCHTpaJIbl-lOH H IO>KHOH AMepHKH OT KOCTa-PHKH .n.o AMa-
30HI<H (Elaeis tnelanocarpa Gaerin.), H MaIlaraCKapCKaH (Elaeis mada-
gascariensis Bee,), p0.lUIHa KOTOpOH o. MaJIaracKap. HaH60JIbWee npaKTH-
1.IeCI-:'JC 3HaqeHHe HMeCT acpplJKaHCKHH BUll, WHpOKO KYJIbTHBHpyeMbIH:
Tcncpb n IOjKJJOH AMcpHl<e, IOro-BoCTOQHOH A3HH. Ha MaJIaHCKOM apxH-
neJIare II R npyrnx patioHax TpOnH1.JeCKOH 30Hbl. B I3pa3HJIHH acppHKaHcKaH
MaCJIHIIHan nanbMa pa3MHoLKaeTcH .n.aLKe caMoceBOM.- Pea.
106
B IIIHPHHY. DJIO,[{bI C03peBalOT nOCJIe nepHOtLa JI.O>K,lI.ei1; eCJIH
B rO.lI.Y ,ZJ;Ba nepHO,tI.a JI.O)K,[{eH, JI.BaJK,[{bI rrpOHCXOJI.HT H nJlo.llO-
HOrneHHe. MaC.nH4HaH naJIbMa Ha4HHaeT nJIO,[{OHOCHTb C qeT-
13CpTOrO ro,[{a )KH3HH, ,ZJ;OCTHraH MaKCHMaJIbHOH nJIO)J.OHOCHO-
CTH K 15 ro,[{al'vl. OocJIe 70 JIeT ee n.rIO.lI.OHOCHOCTb rra,[{aeT.
4T06bI YPo)Kai1 6bIJI paBHOl\lepHbIM, Tpe6yeTcH He MeHee
1500 MM rO.lI.OBbIX oca)J.KOB H cpe,lJ.HHH rO,lI.OBa51 TeMnepaTypa
He HH>Ke 23° C. Ky.,rIbTYPHbIe noca,lJ.KH MaCJIHqHOH rraJIbMbI
CTaJIH rrpaKT11KoBaTbcH B 60JIbIIIHX MaclllTa6ax npHMepHo
JIHIlIb C '1910 r. 3Ha4HTeJIbHYIO pOJIb ,lJ.0 CHX rrop rrpO,LI.OJI)KaIOT
HrpaTb HCrrOJIb3yeMble 3KCTeHCHBHO MaCCHBbI ,lJ.HKOpacTyrueft:
MaCJIHqHOM naJIbMbI. COrrJIo,ZJ;He MaCJIHqHOH naJIbMbI cYIII.eCT-
BCHHO OTJIHqaeTCH OT COTIJIO,lJ.HH KOKOCOBOH naJIbMbI. Ha Ka}K-
)J.OH MaCJIHqHOH rraJIbMe pacnycKaeTcH e*erO HO B Cpe,lJ.HeM
OT 6 ,lJ.0 15 nyqKOB y Ka:>K,lJ.bIH: H3 KOTOpbIX lI.OCTHraeT 12-15 Kr
H CO,lJ.ep)KHT OT 800 ,no 1000 rrJIO,lJ.OB BeJIH4HHOH co CJIHBY.
DJIo,lJ. HMeeT OBaJIbHYIO cpOPMY II ,l.lOCTHraeT OT Tpex ,lJ.0
IIIeCTH caHTHMeTpoB B ,ZJ;JIHHY H OT )J.BYX ,lJ.0 lIeTblpex caHTH-
MeTpoB B IIIHPHHY. B BOJIOKHHCTOH MHKOTH TIJIO,lJ.a 3aKJIIOlIeHO
H pO, qaCTO OIlIH601IHO Ha3bIBaeMoe OpeXOl\I. OHO COCTOHT 113
TBep.lI.OH CKOpJIynbI H ceMeHH, rrocTyrraIOIll.erO B npO,lJ.a}KY rro,l{
na3BaHHeM TIaJIbMOBOro H,lJ.pa.
TaK KaK MHKOTb rrJIo,ZJ;a, 70 0 10 Beca KOTOpOH COCTaBJIHeT
naJIbMOBOe MaCJIO, JIerKO rro,ZJ;Bep)KeHa rrop4e, ee CJIe,lJ.yeT Ha
I\feCTe c60pa nJIOJI.OB OT)KHMaTb, 3KcTparHpoBaTb HJIH cerra-
pl1pOBaTb. HerpbI C ,lJ.aBHHX rrop HCnOJIb3YIOT rraJIbMOBOe
MaCJIO )J..HH rrpHrOTOBJIeHHH rrHIII.H, ,lJ.JIH HaTHpaHHH KO)KH H
BOJIOC, ,lJ.JIH oCBew.CHHH H ,lJ.JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH MbIJIa. B EBpony
MaCJIO neperrpaBJIHeTCH B 60qKaX H rrpHMeHHeTcH rJIaBHblfvl
o6pa30M npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH MbIJIa H CBelI, a B rrOCJIe,lJ.Hee
BpeMH, C H306peTeHHeM crroco6a YCTpaHeHHH HerrpHHTHoro
3anaxa H CB06o,lJ.HbIX )KHpOBbIX KHCJIOT, H ,lJ.JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH
CTOJIOBbIX )KHpOB.
.ao 50 0 10 Beca naJIbMOBOro H,lJ.pa (cocTaBJIHIOIlJ.erO Ce,lJ.b-
IYIO qaCTb Bcero nJIo,lI.a) npHxo,ZJ;HTCH Ha ,lJ.OJIIO MaCJIa, rroJIY-
Qael\10rO Ha eBporreHcKHx 3aBO,ZJ;ax. CBOHM BH.lI.OM H XHMHqe-
CKHM' COCTaBOM 3TO MaCJIO HanOl\fHHaeT KOKOCOBbIH )KHp.
rJIaBHOe rrpHMeHeHHe OHO HaXO,lJ.HT rrpH H3rOT BJIeHHH CTOJIO-
BbIX )KHpOB H MaprapHHa, a OCTaTOQHbIe BbI)KHMKH H,lJ.pa,
}KMbIXH, HCrrOJIb3YIOTCH B KaqeCTBe lJ,eHHoro KopMa ,lJ.JIH
CKOTa.
XOTH nepe,lJ. BTOpOH MHpOBOH BOH:HOH MaC HqHaH naJIbMa
rro y,lJ.CJIbHOMY Becy B MHpOBOM rrpOII3BO,lI.CTBe paCTHTeJIbHbIX
107
>KlipOB Ii MaCeJI YCTyrraJIa KOKOCOBOH (Ha HX ,lJ.OJIIO COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO rrpHKO,lJJIJIOCb npHMepHo 8 H 10°/0), O,lJ.HaKO CJIe.n:yIO-
InMe IIJicppbI ,lJ.OCTaTOqHO KpaCHOpeqHBO rOBopHT 0 rrepcneK-
THBax HCnOJIb30BaHHH MaCJIHqI-IOH rraJIbMbI. ECJIH coeBbIe
606bI )J.aIOT B Cpe,lJ.HeM C O,lJ.Horo reKTapa 255 KHJIOrpaMMoB
MaCJIa, KOKOCOBaH naJIbMa - 600 Kr, 3eMJIHHOM opex-
675 Kr, TO TIII.aTeJIbHO KYJIbTHBHpyeMaH MaCJIH4HaH rraJIbMa
,lJ.aeT ,lJ.0 3000 Kr H ,lJ.a)Ke H a rrJIOXOH rrOqBe He MeHee 1500 Kr.
TaKHM 06pa30M, MaCJIHqHaH rraJIbMa CTaJIa ,lJ.eMCTBHTeJIbHO
CHJIbHeH:llIHM KOHKypeHToM KOKOCOBOH rraJIbMbt, a 3arra,lJ.HaH
H ll,eHTpaJIbHaH AcppHKa HBJIHIOTCH O,lJ.HHM H3 Ba)KHeHIlIHX rro-
CTaBIII.HKOB paCTHTeJIbHbIX )KHpOB Ha 3eMHOM llIape. 9TO TeM
60JIee Ba)KHO B YCJIOBHHX, KOr,lJ.a )1.ecpHII.HT )KHpOB rrorrpe)K-
HeMY 3aMeTHO omYInaeTCH BO BceM MHpe.
OrpOMHYIO pOJIb B MHpOBOM rrpoH3Bo,lJ.CTBe paCTHTeJIbI-IbIX
)KHpOB HrpaeT TaK)Ke 3e1\1JIHHOH: opex, HJIH apaxHc. Era
pO,lJ.HHa - !O}KHaH AMepHKa, B AcppHKY OH rrorraJI JIHlllb B
nepHO,lJ. TOprOBJIH pa6aMH. BHaqaJIe 3eMJIHHOM opex, BIi)J.HMO,
HCrrOJIb30BaJICH B KalIeCTBe Y)J.06Horo nHIII.eBOrO rrpo,lJ.YKTa BO
BpeMH ,lJ.aJIbHHX MOpCKHX rrYTeIlIecTBHit DO,lJ.06HO CJIa,lJ.KOMY
KapTocpeJIIO (6aTaTY), MaHHoKY Ii KYKYPY3e, OH OqeHb 6bICTpO
pacrrpoCTpaHHJICH B rrpe,lJ.eJIax H 3a rrpe,lJ.erraMH TpOrrHqeCKOH
30HbI.
Bce MbI XOpOlliO 3HaeM 3eMJIHHOH opex. TaK Ha3bIBaeMble
«KHTaHCKHe opelIIKH», rrOJIb3YIOIII.HeCH B }KapeHOM BH,lJ.e CTOJIb
60JIbllIHM crrpocoM Y ,lJ.eTeH (,lJ.a H He TOJIbKO Y )(eTeM), rrpe,lJ."
CTaBJIHIOT He lITO HHoe, KaK 3eMJIHHbIe opeXH. 3eMJIHHOH:
opex - O,lJ.HOJIeTHee TpaB5IHHCTOe paCTeHHe co cTe6JIeM,
AOCTHralOIII.HM 30-50 CM B ,lJ.JIHHY. ll,BeTbI, nOHBJISlIOInHeCH
H3 rra3YX HH)KHHX JlHCTbeB, Y)Ke crrYCTH rrOJITOpa MeCHna
rrOCJIe BblceBa pacrrycKaIOTcH, 06bIqHO JIHilib C YTpa )(0 rrOJIY-
)1.HH. nOcJIe OrrJIO,lJ.OTBOpeHHH II.BeTOqHbIH cTe6eJIb 3arH6aeTcH
BHH3 H B,lJ.aBJIHBaeT MOJIO,lJ.bIe rrJIO,l(bI B 3eMJIIO Ha r JIy6HHY )1.0
9 CM, r,lJ.e OHH H BbI3peBaIOT. 3eMJIHHOH opex - paCTeHHe
CBeTO- H TerrJI.OJII06HBOe, ,lJ.OBOJIbCTBYIOlI.(eecH 500 MM rO,lJ.OBbIX
OCa,lJ.KOB. HaHJIyqlIIHM o6pa30M OH rrpOH3paCTaeT Ha CYXOH H
PbIXJIOH rrOqBe. Bo BJIa)KHOM JIecy ero rroca)J.KH CJIe.u.yeT rrpo-
H3BO)l.HTb rr03TOMY JIHilib B oco60 Y,lJ.06HbIX ,lJ.JIH 3Toro MeCTax.
C06paHI-IBle opeXH BbIB03HTCH 60JIbIIIeH qaCTbIO B CTPyqKQX.
Ha MacJI060MH5IX cTpaH-rroTpe6HTeJIeH opexH nepepa6aTbI"
BaIOT B apaXHCOBoe laCJIO H MaprapHH. )KMbIXH H)J.YT Ha
KOpM CKOTY.
108
Theobroma, SlCTBO 6oroB
lllBe,l(cKHH 60TaHHK KapJI J1HHHeM, C03 aBll1HH B XVIII B.
npHMeH5IeMYIO ,lJ.0 CHX rrop KJIaCcHcpHKaUHIO pacTeHHH H :tKH-
BOTHbIX, rrHTaJI, BH,lJ;HMO, oc06oe rrpHcTpacTHe K KaKao, )J.aB
eMY pO)J.oBoe HM5I Theobroma, tITO 03HaqaeT «5ICTBO 60roB».
B TO BpeM5I CY)K)J.eHH5I 0 KaKaO 6bIJIH oqeHb pa3HOpetIHBbI. ,[Lo
Cepe,l(HHbI XIX B. KaKao CtIHTaJIOCb pOCKOlliblO, HarrHTKOM,
yrroTpe6JI5IBIlIHMCH JIHIlIb 3a)KHTOqHbIMH CcJl05IMH HaCeJIeHHH.
PO,lJ;HHOH KaKaOBoro ,lJ.epeBa HBJIHJIHCb TpOrrHtIeCKHe JIeca
IO)KHOH AMepuKH no 6eperaM AMa30HKH H OpHHOKO. B EB-
pony 606bI 3Toro JJ,epeBa, Ha3bIBaBlllerOC5I TY3eMuaMH KaKao,
6bIJIH rrpHBe3eHbI B KaqeCTBe ,lJ.HKOBHHKH KOJIYM60M. KopTec,
3aBoeBaBIlIHH rocY)J.apcTBo alJ,TeKOB, onHCbIBaJI HaUHOHaJIb-
HbIH HanHTOK alJ,TeKOB qOKOJIaTJIb, KOTOpbIH OHH rrpHroToB-
JIHJIH H3 06)KapeHHblx H MOJIOTbIX 6060B KaKaOBoro ,lJ;epeBa.
,Lto6aBHB BaHHJIb H rrepelJ" HarrHTOK rrOMeIlIHBaJIH, rrOKa OH He
HaqHHaJI rreHHTbCH. CaMoe Y,lJ;HBHTeJIbHOe 6bIJIO TO, qTO HarrH-
TOK rrpHrOTOBJIHJ1CH H yrroTpe6JIHJICH B XOJIO)J.HOM BH,lJ.e.
TOJIbKO HcrraHUW CTaJIH BrrepBwe rrpHrOTOBnHTb KaKao B KH-
rrHIII.eH BO,lJ.e, ,lJ.06aBJIHH K HeH caxap. HeCMOTpH Ha pacrrpo-
CTpaHeHHe KaKaOBoro ,lJ.epeBa B ceBepHOH tIaCTH IO)KHOH
AMepHKH, KaKao 6bIJIO B yrroTpe6JIeHHH JIHlllb Y HeMHorHX
TaMOIlIHHX HH)J.eHCKHX rrJIeMeH. TOJIbKO eBpOrreH:lJ,bI, rr03HaB
«HaCTOHI.lJ,HH BKYC KaKao», C,lJ.eJIaJIH H3 Hero rrpe.nfv1eT MHpO"
BOH TOprOBJIH. KaKaoBoe ,lJ.epeBO - THrrHqHOe paCTeHHe BJIa)K-
Horo H TeHHCToro TpOnHqeCKOrO ,lJ.eBCTBeHHoro JIeca. ,[{JIH CBO-
ero rrpOH3paCTaHHH OHO Tpe6yeT paBHoMepHoH BbICOKOH TeM-
nepaTypbI OT 24 ):(0 28°C H BbICOKOH BJIa)KHOCTH rrOtIBbI H B03-
,lJ.yxa. B pafioHax rrpoH3paCTaHH5I KaKaOBoro ,lJ.epeBa paBHO-
MepHo Bblrra,lJ.aIOruHe OCa,lJ;KH COCTaBJIHIOT 1500-2000 MM
B ro,lJ.. TIpHMOH KopeHb, npOIfHKaIOIII.HH B nOtIBY Ha rJIy6HHY
rrpHMepHo ,lJ.0 O)J.Horo MeTpa, nJIOXO nepeHocHT HaJIHqHe
3aCTOHHOH: rpYHToBOH BO,lJ;bI. Dary6Ho OTpa)KaIOTCH Ha ,lJ.epeBe
B MOJIO,lJ.OM B03pacTe CHJIbHOe COJIHetIHOe 06JIYQeHHe H BeTep.
HaH60JIee 6JIarOnpHHTHbI ,lJ.JIH B03)J.eJIbIBaHHH KYJIbTypbI
;KaKaOBoro ,lJ.epeBa yqaCTKH, pacrrOJIO)KeHHbIe Ha YMepeHHoH
BbICOTe, He rrpeBblIlIaIOIII.eH 600 M.
B ,lJ.HKOM BH,lJ.e ,lJ.epeBO ,lJ.OCTHraeT BbICOTbI 15 M. I-Ia nJIaH-
TalJ,H5IX ero BbICOTa nO)I)I.ep)KHBaeTCH Ha ypOBHe 5-8 M rrYTeM
perYJIHpHbIX rro,lJ.pe30K, ,lJ.a6bI He 3aTpY,lJ;HHJICH c60p ypO>KaH.
,[{HaMeTp CTBOJIa pe,lJ.KO npeBbIlliaeT 20 CM. OBaJIbHble JIHCTbH
H3 KOpOTKHX cTe6JIHX ,l(OCTHraIOT B ,lJ.JIHHY OKOJIO 30 CM. MeJI-
109
KHe 6eJIble II.BeT01JKH pa3BHBalOTCH nyqKa1\1H Ha KpynHbIx BeT..
BSiX 11 Ha CTBOJIe. OHH B03HHKalOT 113 TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX cn5l-
III.HX r JIa3KOB, 06pa30BaBIIlHXCH 3a HeCKOJIbKO JIeT ,lJ.0 3Toro
B na3yxax ,lJ.aBHO onaBIIlHX JIHCTbeB. IlepHo,lJ. c03peBaHH5I
nJIO,lJ.a ,lJ.JIHTCSI OT 4 ,lJ.0 8 MeC5IueB. XOTH ,lI.epeBO UBeTeT H
nJIO,lJ.OHOCHT B TeqeHHe Bcero rO,lJ.a, pa3JIHIIaJOT ,lJ.Ba ypO>KaH B
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C BJIaraJIHI.I.I;eM, KOTopbIe nJIOTHO 06JIeralOT ,lJ.pyr ,lJ.pyra Ii
o6pa3YJOT JIO:IKHbIil CTBOJI, H3 BepxYlllKH KOToporo cnYCTH
10-14 MeCHueB nOCJIe nOHBJIeHHH nepBbIX JIHCTbeB BbIpa-
CTaeT CBI1CaIOIlI.ee KO.HOCOM COUBeTHe, npeBpamalOIIleeCH npH
'nJIO,lLOHOrneHHH B rp03,QeBI1,lLHOe COnJIO,QHe BeCOM ,QO 50 Kr.
MeHee H3BeCTeH nJIo,Q, He npH06peSIIIHH 3Ha4CHHH B 3KO-
HOMHKe HH IO}KHOaMepHKaHCKHX, HH ,QpyrHx TponH4eCKHX pat{..
OHOB, HO nOJIb3YIOIlI.HHCH HeH3MeHHblM ycnexoM Y Bcex nYTe-
lIleCTBel-IIIHKOB H3-3a CBoero npHHTHoro BKyca. 3TO TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMaH 4epHMOHH, HJIH caxapHoe H6JIOKO (Anona cherlmolla
Mill) J H3BeCTHoe B nepy no,Q HMeHeM «uapHUbI cpPYKTOB».
KOf.na 3JJ:yap.lt De-nnHr npH6bIJI B YaHYKo (nepy) B «,lL0-
JIHHY 6ecKOHe4HO}I BeCHbI», ero BOCXHmeHHIO 3THM CPPYKTOM
He ObIJIO KOHua. «J1HIIlb O,QHO ,QepeBO B 3TOH CTpaHe H300H-
JIHH BbI,lLeJIHeTCH H30aJIOBaHHbIMH TY3eMuaMH H3 oomeH
MaCCbl - 3TO 4epHMOH5I C ee SeJIHKOJIenHO naxHymHMH UBe-
TaMH. 3TOT 60lKeCTBeHHbIH CPPYKT COCTaBJIHeT npeJJ:MeT rop..
)I.OCTH HaCeJIeHHH YaHYKO, e,lJ.HHCTBeHHoro MeCTa B flepy, r,lLe
cymeCTBYIOT caMbIe 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe YCJIOBHH ,lJ.JIS1 ero npo-
H3paCTaHHH. )I(HTeJIH YaHYKO peBHHBO 6eperYT CJIaBY P0,lL-
HOH ,lJ.OJIHHbI. oeJIOCI-Ie)KHaH lKeJIeo6pa3HaH MHKOTb ntllO,lLa
COe,lLHHHeT B ce6e npHBKYC aHaHaca C caxapHOH CJIa.nOCTbID
Ii apOMaTOM 3eMJIHHHKH. OTBe.llaB Bce nJIO,lLbI, KOTOpbIMH CJIa-
BHTCH cypOBaH CeBepHaH AMepHKa, TenJIOe 4HJIH HJIH }l{ap-
K3H BecT-I1H.lI.H5I, Bce paBHO OT,QaIIlb npe,Qn04TeHHe qepH"
MOHe» .
npSlHOCTH H ..TIeKapCTBeHHble paCTeHHSI
«na,QKOCTb» JIIO.lI.eH CpeJ1.HeBeKOBbH Ha TponH4eCKHe npH-
HOCTH' BbI3bIBaeT y Hac HeJ1.oYMeHHe. BH,QHMO,' 3TO 6blJIa
CBoero PO.lI.a «00JIe3Hb BpeMeHH», ll60 HeB03MO:IKHO OO'b5IC-
8*
115
HHTb >Ka}K.ny OCTpbIX npHHOCTeH JIHIIlb OJ{HHM XapaKTepOl\1
nHIll.H, COCTOHBIIleH rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M H3 MyqHHCTOH KaIIlI1
M M5ICa. IlpaBJI.a, B TO BpeMH B EBpone erne He ObIJIO caxapa.
O,lJ.HaKO HbIHe Mbl BHOBb MaJIO ynoTpeOJI5IeM OCTpbIe npSlHO-
CTH H TeM He MeHee npOJ1.0JI)Kae t1 )KHTb - H ,lJ.ame .lI.OJIbllIe,
t.IeM B Cpe,lJ.HHe BeKa I.
3HaqeHHe TpOnHqeCKHX npHHocTeti, TaKHM 06pa30M, pe3KO
ynaJIo. Mbl He OTKa3bIBaeMCH, npaBJI.a, OT HX ynoTpeOJIeHHH,
HO H He OTJI.aeM 3a HHX nOJIOBHHbI COCTOHHHH. 113 JI.JIHHHOrO
cnHCKa np5IHOCTeH (rJIaBHbIe H3 KOTOpbIX rB03JI.HKa, BaHHJIb,
I!MOHpb, qepHbIH nepeu, KpaCHbIH CTpyqKOBbIH nepeu (HcnaH-
CKMH nepeu), KopHua, MYCKaTHbIM opex) 2 JIHIIlb BaHHJIb H
1 npHHOCTH B cpe.n.HeBeKOBOH EBpone ynoTpe6JIHJIHCb .n.JIH npe.IIOTBpa-
lIl.eHHH nOp1.JH nHllI.eBbIX npOD.YKTOB, TaK KaK He CYllleCTBOBaJIO ellle .IIPyrHx
cnoc060B KOHcepBaUHH.- Pea.
2 fB03.IIHKOH Ha3bIBalOTCH UBeTOqHble 6YTOHbI TpOnHqeCKOrO BeIlH03e-
JIeHOrO rB03.IIHqHOrO D.epeBa (He CJIe.D.yeT CMellIHBaTb C paCTeHHHMH po.n.a
Dianthus, npHHa.n.JIe>KallI.HMH K ceMeHcTBY rB03D.HIIHbIX, pHll BHllOB H MHO-
rue copTa KOTOpbIX pa3BO.D.HTCH B ca.n.ax H3-3a .n.YllIHCTbIX uBeToB). rB03-
Jl.HqHOe .n.epeBo (Eugenia caryophyllata Tnbg.) H3 ceMeHCTBa MHpTOBbIX
(Myrtaceae) IllHpOKO KYJIbTHBHpyeTcH B pa3J1HIIHbIX paHoHax TponHKoB
(0. PelOHboH, o. 3aH3H6ap, o. Ma.n.aracKap, AHTHJIbCKHe oCTpoBa, fBH3Ha
H D.p.) H3'-33 HCnOJIb3yeMbIx KaK ueHHa 51 npHHOCTb cyweHbIx HepacKpbIB-
llHIXCH UBeTOqHbIX nOlleK. H3 pa3JIHtlHbIX Q3CTeH .n.epeBa nOJIYQalOT TaIOKe
rB03.IIHIIHoe MaCJIO. npHMeHHeMoe B napcplOMepHH, Me.D.HUHHe H HCnOJIb3ye-
Moe KaK cbIpbe .n.JIH npoH3Bo.n.CTB3 BaHHJIHHa.
BaHHJIb - TaK Ha3bIBalOT CTPYllKo06pa3HbIe .IIJIHHHbIe Y3KHe nJlOD.bI
(15-20 CM .IIJIHHbI H 4-8 CM llJHpHHbl) TpOnHqeCKHX JIHaH H3 po.n.a
Vani1l3 ceMeHcTBa OpXH.n.HbIX. POD.HHa - TponHlIecKHe JIeca MeKcMKH.
Tenepb BaHHJIb (rJI3BHbIM 06pa30M Vanilla planifolia Andr.) pa3Bo.n.HTCH
Ha oCTpoBax 5!MaHKa, faMTH, PelOHboH, Ma.n.aracKap, UeHJIOH, 5!Ba, a
TaK>Ke B 3ana.n.HoH I1HllHH. nJIO.n.bI CHHMalOT He3pe.nbIMH H nOIIBepralOT
oc060ro TMna 6pO>KeI:lHlO. TOJIbKO nOCJIe 9Toro OHH npH06peTalOT TeMHO-
KOpHqHeBYIO OKpaCKY H cneUHcpHlIeCKHH apOMaT. npH BbICYIllHBaHHH nJIO-
nOB BaHHJIHH BbIKpHCTaJlJIH30BbIBaeTC5I B BH.n.e TOHKHX 6JIeCTHllI.HX Hrono-
qeK H nOKpbIBaeT HX TeMHYlO nOBepXHOCTb IlleJIKOBHCTbIM 6eJIOBaTbIM
HaJIeTOM.
HM6Hpb - MHOrOJIeTHee TpaBHHHCToe paCTeHHe BbICOTOH .n.o 1-1,5 M-
Zingiber officinale Ros. 'ceMeHCTBO HMOHpHbIX (Zingiberaceae). HM6Hpb
llIHpOKO KYJlbTMBHpyeTcH B 5!noBHH, IO}KHOM KHTae, I1H.n.HH, 3 TaK>Ke B
AcppHKe H BeCT- HH.n.HH. Ero KOpHeBHllI.e npHMeHHeTCH B KOH.n.HTepCKOH
npOMbIIllJIeHHOCTH H B KYJIHHapHH: KaK npHHOCTb ero ll06aBJIHlOT K Ba-
peHblO, nHBY (T3K Ha3bIBaeMoe HM6HpHoe nHBO). HCnOJIb3YlOT .n.JI5I npH-
l!aHHH apOMaTa JIHKepaM H T. .n..
nepeu: I) nepeu 1.JepHbIH - Piper nigrum L.- JIa3HllI.aH JIHaHa H3
ceMeHcTB3 nepe1.JHbIX (Piperaceae). IIIHpoKo KYJIbTHBHpyeTcH B HaCTOS1-
Illee BpeMH BO BJIa>KHbIX TpOnHqeCKHX paHoHax (HHlloHe3HH, UeHJIOH, <l>H-
lIHnnHHbI). I1CnOJIb3YlOTCH nJIOD.bI. CoocTBeHHo «qepHbIH nepeu» - He3pe-
JIbIe BbIcyweHHbIe nJIo.n.bI, KOTopble npH cYIllKe CMOpllI.HBalOTCH H 1.JepHeIOT.
]]6
u u
KpaCHbII1 CTpYQKOBbIH nepeu. npOHCXO.rr.5IT 113 IO}KHOaMepHK3H-
CKHX TpOnHKOB, OCTaJIbHbIe - H3 IO:>KHOH: A3HH. HbIHe B:::e
3TH npHHble paCTeHHH paCnpOCTpaHHJIHCb ,lJ.aJIeKO 3a npe,ne.nbI
HX nepBOHaqaJIbIlbIX paH:OHOB npOH3paCTaHHH no BceMY TpO-
nH4eCKOMY n05Icy. ECTeCTBeHHO, 4TO 06pa30BaJIHCb II HOBbIe
II.eHTpbI npOH3BO,lJ.CTBa npHHOCTeH.
ECJIH HHTepec K npHHOCT5IM 3aMeTHO ynaJI, TO OH pe3KO
B03pOC K TponH4eCKHM II.eJIe6HbIM H JIeKapCTBeHHbIM paCTe-
HHHM. .I30JIbIIlHHCTBO H3 HHX H3BeCTHbI JIHIIlb CneII.HaJIHCTaM
QJapMaKOJIOraM H l\1e.rr.HKaM H JIHIIlb HeKOTopbIe nOJIb3YIOTC5I
Bce06meH H3BeCTHOCTbIO: XHHHH, KOKaHH, Kypape H KJIeme-
BHHa. XHHHH .rr.o6bIBaeTCH H3 KOpbI XHHHoro ,lJ.epeBa. CBOHM
Ha3B3HHeM XHHHH 065I3aH KeqyaHcKOMY CJIOBY «KHHa»
(Quina), qTO 03HaQaeT «H3JIeqHBalOmaH JIHxOpaLlKY Kopa».
npHMeHeHHe XHHHOH KOpbI H3BeCTHO B IO)KHOH AMepI1Ke
C ,lJ.aBHHX nop. Ee II.eJIe6HaH CHJIa 6bIJIa «OTKpbITa», O,lJ,HaKO,
JIHIIlb B 1636 r., Kor.rr.a O.rr.HOMY CTa POMY nepyaHII.Y y,lJ.aJIOC'b
BbIJIeqHTb TaHHCTBeHHbIM ropbKHM nHTbeM 3a6oJIeBllIYlO
MaJIHpHeH rpacpHHIO 4HH40H, )J{eHY Tor,aaIIIHero BHII.e-KOpOJIH
nepy. J1HHHeH Ha3BaJI n03TOMY BCIO 3TY rpynny .rr.epeBbeB
Cinchona. TaK KaK 9TOT nopoIIIoK nOMor rpacpHHe, a 3aTeM
6bIJI ,[(ocraBJIeH He3YHTaMH B I1cnaHHIO, OH HeKoTopoe BpeMH
3peJlbIe ITJIOD.bI, nOJJ.BeprHYTbIe cpepMeHTaII.HH, BblCYIlleHHbIe H -3aTeM OQH-
llI.eHHbIe OT KO,KypbI, HMe10T JKeJITOBaTO-cepbIfl UBeT H H3BeCTHbI no.II Ha-
3BaHHeM «6eJIbIH nepeII.»;
2) nepeu OBOlll.HOH (KpacHbIH, CTPY1.JKOBbIH) - BHJJ.bI pOJJ.a Capsicum
(C. bolivianuln Haz. C. peruvianum Haz., C. pubescens R. et P, C. fru-
tescens L., C. annuum L.) - H3 ceMeHcTBa naCJIeHOBbIX. MHOrOJIe1 HHe
pacTeHHH, pa3BO.IIHMbIe HepeJJ.Ko KaK OJJ.HOJIeTHHe KYJIbTypbI. MHorHe copTa
Capsicum annuum L. B03JJ.eJIbIBa1OTCH B HHJJ.HH, BeHrpHH, EOJIrapHH,
MaJIoR A3HH H CCCP. CopTa 06bI1.JHO .IIeJIHT Ha «CJIaJJ.I{He» H «ropbKHe».
TIepBbIe ynoTpe6JIsnOT KaK OBOlllH, BTopble HMe10T OCTpO-/KrY1.JHH BKYC H
npHMeHHloTcH KaK npHnpaBa; KpoMe 3Toro, nepeu ynoTpe6JI5IeTCH B Me-
lUiUHHe.
KOpHII.a - BbIcYIlleHHaH Kopa BeTBeH BeQH03eJIeHbIX JJ.epeBbeB HeKOTO-
pbIX BHJJ.OB KopHIIHoro n.epeBa (Cinnamomum) ceMeHcTBa JlaBpOBblx
(Lauraceae). KopHua npHMeHHeTcH B nHllI.eBOH npOMbIIllJIeHHOCTH (KaK
npHHocTb), B napcpIOMepHH (HcnOJIb3yeTcH KOpHQHOe MaCJIo), KaK YJIyq-
ma1OllI.ee BKYC JIeI{apCTB H B036Y>KJ1.a1OIUee anneTHT - B MeJJ.HII.HHe.
MycKaTHbIH opex - nJIoJJ. TponHlIecKoro BellH03eJIeHOrO JJ.epeBa MY-
CKaTHHKa .lIYUlHcToro - Myristica fragrans Hautt. H3 ceMeHcTBa MycKaT-
HHKOBbIX (Myristicaccae); IllHpOKO KYJIbTHBHpyeTcH B TpOnHQeCKOH A3HH
H lO>KHoif AMepHKe. CeMeHa H npHceMHHHHK (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIR «MycKaT-
HhIH uBeT») npHMeHH10TcH B nHllI.eBOH npOMbIIllJIeHHOCTH (KaK npHHocTH)
H B Me.n.HIIHHe. 3cpHpHoe H iKHpHoe MaCJIO ceMeHH HaXO,LI.HT npHMeHeHHe
B napcp1OMepHH.- Pea.
117
IH13bIEaJIC5I «rrOpOlliKOM rpacpfII-IM» HJIH «He3YHTCKHM rroporn-
KOM». B HTaJIHH OB Ha3blBaJICH TaKMe «KapJI.liHaJIbCKHM
nOpOllIKOM», rrOTOMY qTO ero rrpHBe3 C C060H Kap.llHHaJl
XyaH )J,e JIyro. DepBoHaqaJIbHo XHHHbIe .llepeBbH np0I13pa-
CTaJII1 JIHIIIb B IO}KHOaMepHKaHCKHX AH,lI.aX, B 30He Me)K.llY
10° c. III. 11 19° 10. III. I-Ia BbICOTe OT 1800 LlO 3000 M. OHH
HY}K)1.aIOTCH B 1800-2000 MM rOJI.OBbIX OCa.l1.KOB 11 ,lI.OJI}KHbl
'6bITb Ha.lle}KHO YKPbITbI OT BeTpa. ,[lepeBbH ,lI.OCTHraIOT 20 M
B BbICOTY H HMelOT MaJleHbKHe apoMaTHbIe IJ.BeTbl 6,neAHo",
KpacHoH oKpacKH.
BCKope rrOCJIe 113JIeqeHH5I rpacpHHH HaqaJIOCb HeC"TJbIXaH-
Hoe XHIlI.HHqeCKOe I1CTpe6JIeHI1e )1.HKOpaCTYIlI.HX MaCCHBOB
9Toro epeBa. Il03TO JY B XIX B. 6bIJIH rrpe,QnpHH5ITbI rro-
nWTKH B03 eJIWBaHHH XI1HHoro JI.epeBa H B ,lI.pyrHx Tponl1.
QeCKI1X pai1oHax. 3TH norrbITKH YBeHllaJIHCb ycrreXOM. KYJIb-
rypHble noca KH XI1HHoro epeBa Ha 5IBe )J.alOT HblHe 90 0 / 0 1
MHpOBoro rrpOH3BO)1.CTBa XHHbI.
BeJIHKOJIerrHYIO KapTHHY rrpe)1.CTaBJI5IIOT nJIaHTaII.HH
KYCTOB KOKI1, OCTHralOlIl.HX BbICOTbI qeJIOBeqeCKOro pOCTa
H yceHHHbIX MeJIKHMI1 6eJIbIMI1 llBeTOqKaMH H CBeTJI03eJle-
HbIMH He}KHbIMI1 JII1CTb5lMH, 113 KOTOpbIX .lJ.06bIBaeTC5I 06e3-
OOJIHBaIOIllee Cpe)1.CTBO - KOKal1H. PO)1.HHOH 3Toro paCTeHHH
51BJI5IIOTC5I ropHbIe JIeca !O}KHOH: AMepHKH, pacrrOJIO}KeHHble
Ha BbICOTe 1000-2000 M. O HaKo 3TO pacTeHHe BCTpeqaeTCH
H Ha }KapKOR HH3MeHHOCTH npH YCJIOBHH CHJIbHOrO YBJIa}K..
HeHH5I.
HH)1.eH:IJ.bI 06bIqHO LKYIOT JII1CTb51 KOKa C Jl06aBJIeHHel\I
MeJIKOTepTOH: 113BeCTI1, qTo6bI JIerqe rrepeHocHTb T5I)KeJIbIH
TPY)1. 11 pa3HbIe HeB3rO)1.bI. ,UeHcTBHe KOKa Ha HepBHYIO
CI1CTeMY CXO)l.HO C )l.eHcTBHeM onHYMa C TOM JIHllIb pa3HHueii,
lITO OH He BbI3bIBaeT COCTOHHI1e TaKoro KpaHHero acpcpeKTa
II )1.eHcTByeT cJIa6ee, HO 3aTO .lJ.OJIbIIIe. CTpaCTHbIe «KOKepo»,
nOMellIaHHbIe Ha KOKe TaK }Ke, KaK H 3a5l.ll.JIbIe KYPHJIbIllHKH
Ha HHKOTHHe, rrb5lHI111.bI Ha aJIKOrOJIe 11 MOpcpHHHCTbI Ha MOp-
<pHH, HBJI5IiOTC5I 6e3Ha e}KHO rrponaIllHlVIH JIIO)!bMH. KOKY
B IQ}I{HOH AMepHKe }KYIOT ,lI.JI5I Toro, lJTo6bI rrpHTyrrHTb OIllY-
m.eHH5I rOJIo a, XOJIO,lI.a H YCTaJIOCTH, n03TOMY 3TOT HapKOTHK
HBJI5IeTC5I 6HQOM caMbIX Heo6ecneQeHHbIX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHH5I
06JIaCTH AH)1..
Kypape, O)1.IIH H3 CHJIbHeHIIIHX H.ILOB, KOTOpbIMH 11 HJI.e H: UbI
CMa4HBaIOT HaKOHe4HHKH CBOHX CTpeJI, B HOBeHrnee BpeM5I
CTaJI yrroTpe6JI5ITbC5I B Me,lI.HUI1He KaK cpe CTBO rrpOTIIB CTOJI6-
H5IKa H KaK HapKOTHK npH orrepaUHHX. AJIeKCaHLlp fYMOOJIb,lI.T
118
(5blJ1 nepBbIM £IeJIOBCKOM, n01I.p06HO OnHCaBIIIHM npnrOTOBJlC"
HHe 3TOrO H.LLa HH.!I.eHuaMH H pa3BeHBlllHM BCe paHee COll1-l-
HeHHbIe CKa3KH Ha 3TOT C4eT. Ero OnI1CaHHe «MaCTepa no
npHroTOB 1eHI1lO HLI.OS», BCTpe4eHHoro HM B O.lI.HOH H3 HH1I.efi-
CKHX IlepeBCHb, lI.OCTOHHO BOCXHllleHHH: «I-IaM BbInaJlO cqa..
CTbe 3aCTaTb o)].lloro CTaporo HHIleHua 3a npI1rOTOBJIeHHeM
H)].a Kypape H3 CBe)l{I1X paCTeHHH. 3TOT qeJIOBeK 6blJI XI1MH-
ROM CBoeH ,lI,epeBHI1. Mbl YBHlleJlH Y Hero 60u1blliHe, r JIH1l5l-
Hble CKOBOPO]J,bI Il.T1H BbInapHB8HI1H paCTHTeJIbHbIX COKOB II
CBepHYTbIe B BI1.lI.e BOpOHOK 6aHaHOBble JlHCTbH IlJIH npouelKH-
BaHHH >KH.l{KOCTei1, COIlep>KalllHX BOJIOKHHCToe BemeCTBO.
B XI1IKHHe, o60pyhoBaHHOH no.lI. JIa60paTopliIO, UapHJI BeJIH"
qaHllIHfl nOp5IIlOK H qHCTOTa. CaM HH)].eeu, Ha3bIBa.J1C5I B .n.e..
peBHe MaCTepOM no npHrOTOBJIeHHIO HIlOB. OH 6bIJl no Ha-
"
Type cyx M ne,LlaH fHqeH, qeM MailO OT JIHqaJIC5I OT eBponCH-
CKHX anTeKapeff. 51 3HalO, 3aHBHJI OH, 6eJIbIe BJla,LleIOT HCKYC-
CTBOM 113rOTOBJIeHHH MbIJIa H qepHOrO nopoxa, npOH3BO.lI.SI-
IIlero rnYM H pacnyrHBalOmero .lI.H4b npH BbICTpeJIe. Kypape,
HCKYCCTBO npWrOTOBJIeHHH KOToporo Y Hac nepeIlaeTCH or
OTua K CbIHY, JIYlIllle 4eM Bce, qTO BbI TaM Y ce651 3a OKeaHOl\.1
YMeeTe .l{eJIaTb. 3TO Bcero JIHllIb COK paCTeHHH, y6HBalOI.U.HH
COBeprneHHO 6eCWYMHO (HeH3BeCTHO .l{a>Ke, OTKY.lI.a pa3"
JlaeTCH BbICTpe.11)! XHMwt:[eCKaH npoue.u.ypa rrpHrOTOB.aeHHH
SI.l{a, KOTOpOH CTapbIH HH,Lleeu npHIlaBatil CTOJIb 60.nbllIoe 3Ha..
qeHHe, HaM nOK83aJlaCb OqeHb npocToi1...»
ECJIH HaH6o ee BepOHTHOH pO HHOH HCnOJIb30BaBrnerOCH
elIle B .lI.peBHOCTH KJIemeBHHHOrO KYCTa CJIe,LlyeT CqHTaTb
CeBepO-BOCTOllHYlO AcpPHKY, TO COBeprneHHO 04eBH,LlHO, qTO
HaHJIY411IHe YCJ10BHH ,LlJl51 rrpOH3paCTaHHH 9Toro paCTeHH5I
cyruecTBYlOT B TpOI1HKaX, a H8H60JIbWHe ypO>KaH OHO n.aeT
BO BJla>KHO-TenJIbIX paffOHax. Ha rpaHHuax 06JIaCTeH CBoero
pacnpOCTpaHeHH'51 KJIemeBHHa npeIlCTaBJIHeT C060H KYCTap-
HHKOBoro THna nOpOCJIb, ,LlOCTHralOmylO !I.BYX MeTpOB B Bbl-
COTY. B cy6TponHKax 3TO Y}I{e KYCTapHHK, B TponHKax !I.epeBO,
)lOCTHraIOIlI.ee 13 M B BbICOTY. Ero ceMeHa cOJ,epiKaT, nOMHMO
Mac.JIa, .lI.Ba CH.TIbHO ,LleHcTBYIOlllHX Ha 4eJIOBeKa H,Lla: pHll.HH
'M PHUHHHH. Y)Ke 0,18 r 3THX BemeCTB, ,LlJIH nOJIY4eHH5I KOTO-
pbIX .lI.OCTaTOqHO rneCTI1 KJIemeBHHHbIX ceMHH (3epeH), n.eHcr..
BYIOT CMepTeJIbHO, nap8J1H3YH ,LlbIXaTeJIbHbIH ueHTp H COCYIlO-
.llBHraTe.J1bHbIe ll.eHTpbI. DpH BHYTpHBeHHoH HH'be 'iiHH .lI.OCTa-
1'OqHO 1/100 ,LlOJIH 3TOH ,Ll03bI, 4106bI y6HTb QeJI0BeK3. B LlO"
sax, nponHcbIBaeMblx BpaqOM, KacTopoBoe MaCJIO ,AeHcTBycT
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119
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126
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128
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cpJIOTa. B 1588 r. HcnaHHH pelllHJIa, H3KOHCU, OJI.I-IHM JIbBI1-
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KapaTb AHrJIHIO 3a ee nOCHraTe.HbCTBa.
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6J10KaJI.Y C raBaHeH HbIOnopTa H ,L{IOHKepKa, nOCJIe lIero
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6e3YMHe npHHHMaTb 60H C 3THMH orpoMHbIMH ,lI.epeBHHHbIMH
lIYJI.OBHllI.aMH, Ka}l{,lI.Oe H3 KOTOpbIX npe,lI.CTaBJIHJIO KpenocTb,
a Bce BMeCTe >rp03HYIO Henpo6HBaeMYIO cTeHY. OH OT,lI.a.TI
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172
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BeTep nOKa 6bIJI ,lI.OCTaTOQHO CHJI H, CTaJIH aKTHBHee. OYCTMB
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HaKOHeu, H Ha aTaKY. I1x MaJIeHbKHe cY,lI.a 6bIJIH BClO,lI.Y M
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4aH. CHJIbHbIH BeTep TIOHBHJICH CJIHIlIKOM .n03,lI.HO: HCnaHCKHH
cpJIOT 6bIJI COBepllIeHHO paCCeHH. K TOMY )Ke BeTep ,lI.YJI C !Ora,
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o IlIOTJIaH,lI.CKHH 6eper, 4aCTb norH6JIa B OTKpbITOM Mope.
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AHr JIHHCKaH Kopo,neBa BeJIeJIa BbI6HTb naMHTHYIO Me,lI.aJIb
C Ha,lI.TIHCblO: «Flavit Delfs dissipati sunt» - «rOcnO,l{b
no.rr.YJI, H OHH 6bI.HH pacceHHbI». Y aHrJIH4aH 60JIbllIe He 6bIJlO
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6pHTaHcKoH TOprOBJIH.
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MOHOTIOJIHlO Ha TOprOBJIlO HerpaMH, BHeCH, HaKOHeu, CHCTeMY
B 3TOT HCT04HHK Ha:>KHBbI. 113 JIHBepnYJIH Kopa6JIH OTnpaB-
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pa6JIH YXOJI.HJIH B EBpony HarpY)KeHH e XJIOnKOM-cwPUOM,
3aMbIKaH 3TOT cBoeo6pa3HbIH TpeyrOJIbHHK.
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6paHJI.eH6YP>KUbI H KYPJIHHJI.UbI HalIHHalOT TaK>Ke CHapH:/KaTb
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UHrra qYJKHe cYJI.a H TpaHcnopTbI 3aXBaTbIBaJIHCb, a cpaKTO-
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EBpona oTKpwBaeT CBoe cepAQe
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KaHCKHX IlITaTOB;
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oTMeHY pa6cTBa H pa6oTOprOBJIH;
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tt no HCCJIe,llOBaHHlO eI..Ue HeH3BecTHOH lIaCTH CBeTa;
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06 OTMeHe TOprOBJIH pa6aMH;
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HY>K,QeHbI OTKa3aTbCH OT TOprOBJIH pa6aMH ceBep-
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174
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nHTCTBOBaTb )I.aJIbHeHllIeMY COKpaIII.eHHIO OCTaBllIeHCH eIII.e 8
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HCHbIM, JIOrHqHbIM H )I.aJIbHOBHJI.HbIM. TI09TOMY BCKope OblJIO
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OTMeTHTb 3aCJlyrH )I.enYTaTa HH)KHeH naJIaTbl aHrJIHHCKOro
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175
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3TOMY CTa.rIH He06xo,lJ.HMbI HaeMHble pa60tIHe.
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184
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ttaHble OTMeJ1H. B 176 KM OT MopCKoro n06epe)KbSI, He,ll.aJIeKO
OT noporoB YIeJI.naJIa, CT3HJIH YCTpOHJI nepBY!O 6a3Y, H33BaB
ee no HMeHH TaMOlllHero paHoHa «BHBH». JJ..nSI coopY)I{eHHSI
6a3b! Ha 6epery 6bIJI BbI6paH XOJIM BbICOTOH: OKOJIO 290 fvl.
1-13 npHBe3eHHbIx 1\IaTepHaJIOB 6bIJIH co6paHbI ,lI.OMa H CKJIa,a.bI,
a OT peKH K 6a3e 6bIJIa rrpo.nO}KeHa IlIHpOKaSI )J.opora ,lI.JIH
nepeB03KH TOBapOB. C TY3el'vIHbIMH BO)K)J.SIMH CT3HJIH CYMeJl
OTJlHqHO ,lI.OrOBOpHTbCSI. OH npe)J.JIOmHJI B 06MeH 3a BeCb 3a..
HSITbIM HM yqa TOK 3eMcllH pa3.J1HqHbIe TOBapbI H3 CYMMY B
32 cpYHTa CTepJIHHrOB H, KpoMe Toro, e}KeMeCHqHYIO neHCHIO B
3 cpYHTa. OTHbIHe TY3CMUhI MOrJIH pa60TaTb Ha Hero, eCJIH
06HapY}KHBaJIH >KeJIaHHe.
K 1884 r. CT3HJIH Y,ll..aJIOCb 3aKJII01.JHTb C HerpHTSIHcKHMH
BO:>K)J.SIMH Ha KOHro ,[lO 450 ,l(orOBOpoB aHaJIOrHqHOrO eO,l(ep-
JKaHHSI. HaH60JIee nepeneKTHBHbIMH OKa3aJIHeb 6a3bI:
l1eaH,l(}I{H, JIeonOJIb,l(BHJIb, KB3MOYT, DOJlo60, 3KBaTop-
BH.J1b H CTeHJIH-<PoJ1.i13. He BCerJla Bee llIJIO rJIa,l(KO. Koe-r,[le
He JIa)J.HJIOCb C opraHH3aUHeH: 113-3a He6pe)KHOrO H Hey Me-
JIoro ynpaBclleHHSI IIeKOTopbIMH 6a3aMH 3anaebI npo)J.OBOJJb
CTBHH H CHapHmeHHSI BCKope KOHqHJIHCb. B HeKOTopbIX Me-
CTax TY3eMUbI HaqaJIH OTKpbITO 6YHTOBaTb, B JlpyrMx one-
pe,l(HBlilHe CT3H.HH eBpOneHCKl1e Bep60BIII.I1KH yme ycneJIH
CBSI3aTb TY3eMHbIX BO)l{JI.eW D.OrOBopaMH.
TaK H TIH HHaqe, no OKOHqaHHH ,[leSITeJIbHOCTH CT3HJIH
«Me)K)J.YHapo)J.Hoe c6meeTBO» pacnOcl'IaraJIO Ha KOHro uenblO
CBOHX 6a3. OpaB,ll.a, qlICJIO HX 6bIJIO eIII.e HeBeJIHKO, O)J.HaKO
KOpOJIb CYMeJI C03,LlaTb 113 HHX CBOIO KOJIOHHaJIbHYIO liMITe-
pHID, rpe3HBllIYIOC5I eMY e e B Ha1.JaJIe npe npH51TlIfl.
,,,,
6ep HHCKa KOH epeHnH no KOHro
AHfJIHqaHe. CO)KaJIeB He Tenepb 0 CBoeM OTKa3e CT3HJIH,
nbITaJIHCb KaK-HH6Y,lJ.b HcnpaBHTb nOJIO>KeHHe. flpH 3TOM OHH
.lleHCTBOBaJIH He OTKpbITO, a 06XOD.HbIMH MaHeBpaMH, qepe3
nOJI.CTaBHbIX JIH , ,Qa6bI He 6bITb CKOMnpOMeTHp0BaHHbIMH
14 B C)"MpaKe TpOnUqeCI{orc JIeca 209
nepe)J. BCeM MHpOM B CJlY1Jae nOpaJKeHHH. 3Ta TaKTHK3 npH-
HeCJIa HM 60JlbllIHe ycneXH. OTKpbITO BbIcTynHTb npOTHB
6eJIbfHHCKOrO KOpOJISI H 3aHBHTb nepe,lI. BCeM MHpOM 0 CBOHX
npHTH3aHHSIX He BXO,lI.HJI B I1X HaMepeHH5I. 3a1JeM? Pa3Be
3aBHceBlllaH OT HHX 3KOHOMHLJeCKH DopryraJIHH He o6JIa.rr.aJIa
caMhIMM CTapbIMH npeTeH3HHMH Ha KOHro? Ewe C 1487 r.?
KOHe1JHO, aHf JIH1JaHe 6bIJIH rOTOBbI «cnpaBe,lI.JIHBOCTH pa,lI.H»
npH3HaTb 3TH Tpe6oBaHHH, eCJIH flopTyraJIHH B CBOIO 01Jepe,lI.b
06H}f{eTCH He BbI,lJ.BHfaTb ,lI.pyrHx TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX Tpe6oBa..
HHH H npe:>K)J.e Bcero He 6y.n.eT npeTeH,lI.OBaTb Ha IO)KIIbIH 6e-
per A pHKH. OCTaJIbHbIe )Ke BonpOCbI, KacaIOIII.HeCSI nOJIM-
IJ.HH, CY,lJ.OXO,llCTBa H Ha,lI.30pa B 6acceHHe KOHfO, MO)KHO
6bIJIO 6bl ypefYJIHpOBaTb COBMeCTHO. TaKHM 06pa30M, aHfJIH-
qaHe XOT lIH pa3.lI.apI1Tb KOe-qro H3 He npHHa,ll.JIe)KaBIIIHX 111\-1
60raTCTB H eIll.e nOJIY1JHTb 3a 3TO BbIro,QY. flopTyraJIbI1.bI C01JJIH
ce6SI 06,lI.eJIeHHbIMH H pelllHJIH Ha)KHTbCSI Ha JJ.HnJIOMaTH1Je-
CKOH TOpfOBJIe. O,lI.HaKO C6JIHil(eHHe C <t>paHUHeH He YJI.3JIOCb
H OHH BbIHY)K,lI.eHbI 6bIJIH nOCJIe ,lI.BYXJIeTHHX neperOBopOB no)1.-
nHcaTb 26 cpeBpaJI5I 1884 f. COrJIarneHHe C AHfJIHeH.
[loCJIe,lI.YIOIII.a5I ,ltHnJIOMaTH1JeCKaSI Hrpa JIeonOJlbJJ.a, He
pacnOJIaraBIIIero ,llOCTaT01JHOH CHJIOH ,lI.JISI OKa3aHHH OTKpbl-
Toro )I.aBJIeHHSI, 6bIJIa npOBe,lI.eHa C HaCTOHI..IJ.HM MaCTepCTBOM.
COfJI8CHCb OH C aHrJIO-nopTyraJIbCKHl'vf .lI.OrOBOpOM, H Bce ero
nJIaHbl PYXHYJIH 6bI. fl03TOMY npOTHB f10pryraJIHH OH HaIlIeJI
ce6e C0103HHKa B JIHUC <I>paHUHH, KOTOpOH o6eIII.aJI npeHMY-
I.UeCTBeHHoe npaBO nOKynKH BJIa.1leHHH «Me:>K.lI.YHap0,lI.HOfO
06weCTBa», a npOTHB AHrJIHH 3apY1JHJICSI C01030M C repMa-
HHeM, onacaBllleHCH OrpaHH1JeI-IHSI CBo60,lI.HOH TOprOBJIH. DJIa-
fO,lI.apn .lI.HnJIOMaTHlIeCKOMY HCKYCCTBY DHCMapKa y,QaJIOCb
HeCKOJIbKO nOTeCHHTb AHrJIHlO H O,lI.HOBpeMeHHo ,n06HTbC5I
npH3HaHHSI npeTeH3HH reprvlaHHH Ha IOrO-3ana,lI.HYIO ACPPHKY,
Toro, KaMepYH H BOCT01JHYIO ACPPHKY. TaKHM 06pa30M, ewe
.no C03bIBa B 1885 f. OepJIHHCKOH KOHcpepeHUHH Bce HaH60JIee
B3:>KHbIe BonpocbI no KOJIOHHaJIbHoMY pa3,lI.eJIY AcppHKH 6bl.JIH
Y)Ke npe,lI.BapHTeJIbHO BbI5ICHeHbl, OCTaBaJIOCb JIHlll'b nO,lI.nH:-
caTb COrJIaIIIeHHe. flopTyraJIHSI «3anJIaTHJIa 3a JI.pyrHx»,
JIeonOJIb,Q nOJlY1JHJI I(oHro, a Bee OCTaJIbHble Y1JaCTHHKH-
paHUY3bl, HeMUbI, ceBepoaMepHKaHUbI, ,lI.aT1JaHC, HTaJIbRH-
UbI, fOJIJIaH,QUbI, aBCTpHHllbI, pYCCKHe, III Be.n.bI, HcnaHUbI II
TypKH - pa,l(OBaJIHCb B031\10iKHOCTI1 «HaT5IHYTb HOC» AHfJIHH,
ocpHUHaJIbHO He BbI,lI.BHraBllleti HHKaKHX Tpe6oBaHHH.
JIeonO.rIb,lI. BbIHY}l{,lI.eH 6bIJI C)J.eJIaTb pSI,a 3aHBJIeHHH, B KO-
TOpWX OH 065I3aJIC5I YCTaHOBHTb B 6acceHHe KOHro H YCTbe
210
Kanro HeOrpaHHqeHHYIO CBo60.LI.Y TOprOBJIH. COOTBeTCTBYIO-
roaH CTaTbH nocTaHoBJIeHHH 0 KOHro r JIaCHJIa: «Ka}l{.1laH JJ.ep...
}KaBa 113 OCYllI.eCTBJISIIOllI.HX HJIH HMelOllI.HX ocy ecTBHTb
npaBa CYBepeHHTeTa B BbIllle nepe1JHCJIeHHbIX paHOHax, 06H-
3yeTcH He YCTaHaBJIHBaTb TaM MOHOnOJIHA HJIH npHBHJIerHA
KaKOrO-JIH60 po,U.a B 06JIaCTH TOprOBJIH. B OTHOllleHHH 3a-
Il1.HTbI JIH4IIOCTH II COCTOHHHH, npHo6peTeHHH H OT4Y>K,l(eHH5I
,aBH>KHMOrO H He,l(BH>KHMOrO HMYlll.eCTBa H 3aHSITHSI npo-
MbICJIOM Bce 4Y>Ke3eMUbI 6e3 pa3JIH4HSI nOJIb3YlOTCSI TeMH >Ke
npaBaMH, qTO H a60pHreHbI». 11 JI.aJIee: «Bce ,l(epJKaBbI, ocy-
llI.eCTBJISIIOlll.He npaBa eYBepeHHTeTa B ynoMSIHYTbIX paHOHax,
06SI3YIOTCH CJIeJI.HTb' 3a coxpaHeHHeM TY3eMHoro HaCeJIeHHH H
YJIyqrneHHeM ero MOpaJIbHOrO H MaTepHaJIbHOrO nOJIO>KeHHSI
H COJJ.eHCTBOBaTb IICKopeHeHHlO pa6CTBa H B oco6eHHOCTH pa-
60TOprOBJIH; OHH 6YJJ.YT 3alIl.HlIl.aTb H COJleHCTBOBaTb pa3BH-
THIO Bcex peJIHrH03HbIX, HaY4HbIX H 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHblX
yqpe>K,l(eHHH 6e3 pa3JIH4HSI HaUHOHaJIbHOCTH H KYJIbTOB, co-
3,l(aHHbIX c ueJIblO npOCBelIl.eHHH Ii npHo6lll.eHHSI K HBHJIH3a
II.HH TY3eMHoro HaCeJIeHHH».
KOpOJIb 6eJIbrHMueB JJ.OCTHr CBoeM ueJIH, OT lIero era no,n..
,naHHbIe 6bIJIH ,aaJIeKO He B BOCTopre, ClIHTaSI CBoero KoponS1
YTonHCTOM H onacaSICb 6eCnOJIe3HbIX H 06peMeHHTeJIbHblX
XJIOnOT ,l(JISI CBoeM 1aJIeHbKOH CTpaHbI. flpasJla, naJIaTa JI.e..
nYTaTOB H ceHaT B TOM >Ke roJJ.Y OJJ.06pHJIH 9TY nH4HYlO YHHIO,
HO 6e3 BCSIKoro 3HTY3Ha3Ma. H ,l(a>Ke cpHHaHCOBaSI BepXYIlIKa
BeJIa ce6SI 04eHb C,l(ep>KaHHO, a 3TO Y>Ke 6bLlIO JJ.JIH KoponH
Herrp H HTHeH.
1 HIOJISI 1886 r. npe.aCTaBHTeJIb KOpOJISI B rocy,U.apcTBe
KOHro H npeeMHRK CT3HJIH C3p p3HCHC JJ.e YHHTOH onose-
CTHJI Bcex 4JIeHOB MHCCHH H ToproB x npeJJ.cTaBHTeJIbCTB H3
KOHro, liTO OTHbIHe OHM SIBJISIlOTCSI rpam,l(aHaMH «He3aBHCH-
l\10rO rOCYJJ.apCTBa KOHro». 19 HIOJlSI B 5aHaHe COCTOSIJIaCb
TopmecTBeHHaSI uepeMoHHSI npOB03rJIarneHHSI cBo6o,l(HOro ro-
cYJJ.apcTBa. TeM caMbIM reorpacpHlIecKoe nOHSITHe KOHro
npeBpaTHJIOCb B nOJIHTH4eCKoe, a cTpaHa nOJIY1JHJIa KoponH,
KOTOpbIH, npaB.aa, 3a BCIO CBOIO }KH3Hb TaK HH pa3Y H He CTY-
nHJI Ha 3eMJIlO HOBoro rOCYJlapCTBa.
npeAnpHSlTHe HaIJHHaeT onpaBAbIBaTb ce6R
nepBOHaqaJIbHO J1eonOJIbJI. II XOTeJI K CBoeMY THTYJlY
6eJIbrHMCKoro KOpOJISI npHcoBoKynHTb H THTYJI «KOpO.1S1
l(oHro», OAHaKO, BHSIB rOJIOcy CBOHX pacey JJ.HTeJIbHbIX COBeT-
14*
211
HHKOB, OH peIIIHJI Y,lJ.OBOJIbCTBOBaTbC5I JlHlllb HaHMeHOBaHHeM
«CYBepeHa He3aBHCHMoro rOCY,lJ.apCTBa KOHro». UeHTpaJIbHOe
npaBHTeJIbCTBO HOBoro rOCY,lI.apCTBa C pe3H,lJ.eHl.I.l1eH B 5plOc-
ceJIe COCTOHJIO H3 Tpex reHepaJIbHbIX ceKpeTapeH, PYKOBOJI.HB'"
IIIHX ,lJ.enapTaMeHTaMH BHeIIIHHX CHOllleHI1H, BHYTpeHHI1X )J.eJl
H cpHHaHCOB. Ha KOHro LKe npaBHJI reHepaJI-ry6epHaTOp C
pe3H.LI.eHIlHeli B 50Me.
f1epBble paCnOp5IiKeHH5I erne BbI,lJ.ep)KHBaJIHCb B JJ.yxe 5ep-
JIHHCKHX nOCTaHOBJIeHHH 0 KOHro. IHKTO He HMeJI npaBa
nporHaTb TY3erv1ua C ero 3eMJIH. rOCY.LI.apCTBY npHHa,lJ.JIeJKaJIa
JIHIIIb TaK Ha3bIBaeMa5I CBo6o,lJ.Ha51 3eMJISI, HaXO.LI.HBIIIaHCH
MeiK,lJ.Y HerpHTSIHCKHMIi ;::LepeBH5IMH Ii HCnOJIb30BaBlllaSIC5I
JIH60 JiM caMHM, JIH60 C,l(aBaBlllaSIC5I B KOHueCCHIO npHBHJIe-
rHpOBaHHbIM cpHHaHCOBbIM KOMnaHHSIM. 3TOT nepBbIH nepHO,lJ.
9KOHOMHqeCKOrO pa3BHTHH, ,ll.JIHBIlIHHCSI )(0 KOHua 1891 r. Ha-
3bIBalOT TaK)Ke «JIH6epaJIbI-IbIM», nOTOMY qTC rocy.n.apcTBo
KOHro B 3TO BpeM5I CTpeMHcllOCb pa3BHBaTb CBo6o,ll.HYIO TOp-
rOBJIIO H qaCTHYIO HHHUHaTHBY B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C ,lJ.orOBO-
paMH. ,lJ.JISI H3yqeHHSI HeH3Be,lJ.aHHbIX ,llaJIbHHX pafioHoB CHa..
pSI)KaJIHCb 3Kcne)J.Hll.HIi. B HHX npHHHMaJII1 yqaCTHe Ii MHorIie
HeMeUKHe reorpacpbI. 113 6eJIbrHHCKHX yqeHbIX oco6eHHO
60JIbIIIHX ycnexoB .LI.06HJIC5I AJIeKCaH)(p ,lJ.eJIbKOMMIOH. DbIJIH
OCHOBaHbI HCBbIe 6a3bI: YnOTO, YMaHrH (B03JIe J1H3aJI'a),
51M6HHra (B03JIe 5YM6bI) Ii HblO-AHTBepneH Ha KOHro,
oeHa KaM6a Ha J10MaJIH Ii JIH3aM60 Ha CaHKYPY.
Bce 9TO CTOHJ10 MHoro ,lJ.eHer. rOCY,lJ.apCTaeHHbIH 61OJI.:>KeT
npeJJ.YCMaTpHBaJI B 1886 r. JIHIlIb O)J.HH paCXO,lJ.bI Ha CYMl\fY
OKOJIO 2 MJIH. cppaHKoB Ii HHKaKHX .n.OXO)(OB, TaK KaK rocy-
.napCTBO I\oHro 06SI3aJIO b OTKa3aTbCH OT BB03HbIX nOlllJIHH
KaK HCTOqHI1Ka ,lJ.OXO,lI.a. nOKa ,ll.eCpHl.I.HT nOKpbIBaJIC5I H3 JIHq-
HbIX Cpe,ll.CTB KOpOJJH, O)J.HaKO Yllie B cJIe,lJ.YIOlIl.eM ro.n.y JIeo..
nOJIb)( BbIHY)K)(eH 6bIJI 3aHHTbC5I nOHCKaMH 3aHMOJI.aBueB.
TIpeJJ.cTaBHTeJIH KpynHoro KanHTaJIa nOnpe)l{HeMY OTpHl.I.a.
TeJIbHO OTHOCI1.TIHCb K npe,ll.npl15ITHIO, pacueHHBaH ero KaK
aBaHTlOpy. flOTepneJI HeYLtaLJY Ii BbIHrpbIlllHbIH 3aeM B
150 MHJIJII10HOB, BbInYIIleHHbIH: B 1887 r. I<ynlOpaMH no
20 cppaHKoB C ueJIblO npHBJIeQeHH5I ,lJ.eHer MeJIKHX BKJIaLtqli-
KOB. I(pe.1lHTa 5lBHO HeXBaTaJIO. MOJIo.1loe «QaCTHoe» rocY.1lap-
CTBO HcnbITbIBaJIO cepbe3HbIe 3aTpY,lJ.IIeHHSI, 11 JIeonOJIb,l( CbIJI
BbIHY)K.1leH Bcepbe3 3aHHTbCSI ero ,ll.eJJaMH.
B KaQeCTBe BWBeCKH BHOBb JIOBKO HCnOJIb3yeTcH JI03YHr
60pb6bI c pa6CTBOM. Ha COCTOHBllleHCSI B 1889-1890 rr. -B
EplOcceJle KOHcpepeHll.IiU npoTHB pa6cTBa KOpOJIb 3aSIBMJ1, QTO
212
cpe.rr.I1 ero HOBbIX nOMaHHbIX, K CO)KaJIeHMIO, elll.e OqeHb
MHoro OXOTHHKOB 3a pa6aMH. f1paB.rr.a, OH Y>Ke HeMaJIO c,Qe-
JIaJI .rr.JI5I HCKopeHeHH5I pa6CTBa, HO Bce 3TO Tpe6yeT MHoro
.n.eHer. Ero ,QeSITeJIbHOCTb 6bIJIa 6bI ycnelllHee H 6JIarOTBOp-
Hee, eCJII1 6bI eMY pa3pelllHJIH He06xo.rr.HMbIe ,lI.eHe)KHbIe cpe,n...
CTBa H3bICKHBaTb B caMOM rOCYLlapCTBe KOHro. f1ocTaHOBJIe-
HHSI no KOHro 3anpelll.aIOT, K CO)l{aJIeHHIO, B3HMaHHe HaJIO-
rOB, C60POB H nOlll.nHH, cJ1Hllla5I rOCY,lI.apCTBO CTOJIb Ba)KHbIX
HCTOqHHKOB ,lI.oxo.rr.a.
K TaKoro po.rr.a aprYMeHTaM, cneKYJIHpOBaBlllHM Ha ,qYB-
CTBax rYMaHH3Ma, KOneqI-IO, He Mor.nM He npHCJIYIIIaTbcSI:
20 HlOHSI 1890 r. JIeonOJIbLl nOJIyqH.H OT KOHcpepeHUHH pa3"
peIIIeHHe Ha B3HMaHHe ,lI.eCHTHnpoueHTHoH BB03HOH rrOlllJIHHbI
H Ha nOBbIllleHHe BbIB03HOH nOlllJIHHbI Ha CJIOHOBYlO KOCTb H
KayqYK. TeM caMbIM rocy.rr.apCTBO KOHro nOJIyqH.nO TBep,QYlo
cpHHaHcoBYlO 6a3Y, a 6e.nbrHHCKoe rocY,QapcTBo npe,QocTa-
BH.nO KOpOJIIO 6ecnpoueHTHbIH 3aeM B 25 MJIH. cppaHKoB,
npaB,Qa, C oroBopKoH 0 npaBe aHHeKcMpoBaTb rOCY,QapCTBO
KOHro Qepe3 10 C nOJIOBHHOH .neT. 3TH cpe,QCTBa 6eccnopHO
03.rr.OpOBHJlH ObI rOCY,QapCTBO KOHro, eC,TIH 6bI He peIIIHMOCTb
'neOnOJIb.rr.a C03,QaTb orpOMHYIO ueHTpa.nbHoacppHK8HCKYIO
HMnepHIO, npOCTHpaIomylOcSI Bl1JIOTb ;::LO HHJIa H ,l{a.neKO B
npe,lI.eJIbl Cy.rr.aHa. TaM >Ke 060CHOBaJIHCb apa6bl, He )Ke.naB-
WHe, eCTeCTBeHHO, YCTynaTb CBOH ToprOBbIe n03Hul1H. PaHO
HJIH rr03,lI.HO .rr.e.no ;::LOJI>KHO 6bIJIO .lI.OHTH 11.0 OTKpbITbIX CTOJIK-
HOBeHHH C HHMH.
21 ceHTSI6p5I 1891 r. JIeonOJIb,lI. H3,QaJI TaHHbIH ;::LeKpeT,
no KOTOPOMY Bce .rr.OXO.rr.bI OT Ka3eHHbIX cB060,QHbIX 3eMeJIb
nocTyna.,1H B pacnOp5I')KeHHe rocy.rr.apcTBa. TY3eMuaM 6bI.nO
3anpelIl.eHo npo.rr.aBaTb C.nOHOBYlO KOCTb Ii KayqYK areHTaM
ToproBo-npoMbIIII.neHHbIx KOMnaHHH. 3TO 03HaqaJIO YCTaHOB-
JIeHHe rocY,QapcTBeHHoH MOHonOcllHH, 3anpemeHI-IoH 5ep.nHH"
CKHMH rrOCTaHOB.neHH5IMH. 4acTHbIe KOMnaHHH 3aSIBHJIH 3Hep..
rHqHbIH npoTecT., J1eonOJIb,I{ 6bIJI BbIHY)K.rr.eH nOHTH Ha
YCTynKH: 6w.n0 npH3HaHo HCKJIlOqHTe bHoe npaBO rocY.lI.ap-
CTBa Ha .lI.06bIqy KayqYKa B paHoHe BepKHero KOHro, 10)1{..
Hee CT3HJIHBHJISI, Bce OCTaJIbHbI paiioHbI ,[LO 1901 r. OCTaBa-
JIHCb OTKpbITbIMH .rr.JISI qaCTHOH TOprOBJIH.
Ha 3TOM 3aKOHQH.nCSI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH JIH6epaJIbHbIH ne-
PHO,Q, H C 1892 r. HaQaJIC5I «cpHcKaJIbHbIH», ,l{JISI KOToporo
xapaKTepHa Oe3YLlep}KHaSI 3KCnJIyaTaUHSI npHpO,lI.HbIX
60raTcTB H TY3eMHoro HaCeJIeHI1SI B rrOJIb3Y Ka3HbI. 3TOT
nepHO,ll npoAo.II}KaJICH .lI.O oceHH 1908 r. KOpOJIb BCTynHJI ua
213
onaCHblH . nYTb, rrpHBe,IJ.IlIHH K npeCJIOBYTOH «CHCTeMe JIeo-
n OJI b,lI. a » .
Me)l{,lI.Y TeM apa6bI nOlJYBCTBOBaJIH ce6H ymeMJIeHHbIMH
B cBoeii ccpepe ){ei1cTBHH. KaK pa3 B Tex paHOH3X, KOTopbIe
3aXBaTHJI KOpOJIb JIeonOJIb,IJ. (paiiOHbl IO)I{Hee ApYBHfvIH II
I30CTOQHee JIoMaMH), BaXO,lI.HJICSI p5I,a Ba)KHbIX ToprOBbIX
nYHKTOB, nOCTaBJIHBlllHX apa6aM pa60B H CJIOHOBYIO KOCTb.
51cHo 6bIJIO:, liTO BCTpeBO)l{eHHbIe apaObl .LL06pOBOJlbHO HH 3a
tITO He YCTynHT. DOna,lI.aBIlIHXCH B HX PYKH 6eJIbIX OHH HeMH..
JIOCep,lJ.HO y6HBaJIH. TaK B03HHKJIa ,lI.JIHTeJIbHaH, TO 3aTyxas..
lIIaSl, TO BHOBb BcnbIXHBa"BlraH, BOMHa, B KOTOpOH o6e CTO"
pOHbI npOHBHJlH MHoro iKeCTOKOCTH. OHa 3aKOHlJHJ13Cb OKOI-I-
llaTeJIbHblM H3rHaHHeM apa60B H3 rocy,aapcTBa KOHro, nocJle
Toro KaK B MapTe 1894 r. 6blJ1H 3aXBaQeHbI ,lJ.Ba rJIaBHbIX
onopHblX nYHKTa apa60B - I-IbaHrBe II Ka301-Iro. rIpHMepHo
B 1896 r. «CHCTeMa JIeonOJIb,lJ.a» .LLaJIa nepBbIe pe3y.nbTaTbI:
JI.06bIlJa CJlOHOBOH KOCTH II KaYlJYKa CHJIbHO BbIpOCJla. B ne..
pHO,a BOHH C apa6aMH 06Ill.aH CYMMa ,lI.OXO.LLOB OT Ka3eHHbIX
3eMCJIb, ,lJ.aHH H HaTypaJIbHbIX nOBHHHOCTCH TY3eMHoro Hace-
JIeHHH ynaJIa ,lJ.0 237 000 6eJIbrHHCKHX cppaHKoB. O.rU-IaKo y)Ke
B 1895 r. CYMMa ,lJ.OXO,lJ.OB BHOBb ,lJ.OCTHf JI a 1,2 MJIH. cppaHKoB.
BnOCJIe,l{CTBHH ,lI.OXO,lI.bl pOC.JIH OlJeHb 6bICTpO: B 1897 r. OHH
COCTaBJIHJIH 3,5 MJIH., B 1898 r.- 6,7 MJIH., B 1899 'r.-
10,2 MJlH., B 1900 r.- 10,5 MJIH. HaKoHeU-To KOpOJIb nOqYB-
CTBOBaJI ce6H B cBoeH CTRXHH. 11 Bce )l{e, nO,lJ.06HO CKa30 t i..
HOMY KOpbIcToJlr06uy, npO,lJ.aBJ1leMycH 113-3a aJIQHO( TH ,lI,b5l..
BO.llY 11 O)l{H,lI.alOlIleMY Tenepb co cTpaxoM qaca CBoeM cMepTH,
KOpOJlb He lJYBCTBOBa.lI ce6H cnOKOHHO: npH6J1H}KaJICH .u.eHb
06elllaHHOH HM YCTynKII KOHro 6eJIbrHHCKOMY rOCY!J.apCTBY.
O,lJ.HaKO JIeonOJIb,lJ. I I. He Obl.H 6bl KOpOJIeM, eCJIH 6bl OH Bce-
ueJIO ynO,lI.06HJICH MaJIeHbKOMY lJeJIOBeKY lt3 CKa3KH, OKa3aB-
lIIeMYC5I He B COCTOHHHH 06MaHYTb CBoero BCeCHJIbHOrO napT"
Hepa. KOpOJIb ynoTpe6HJI Bce CBoe BJlHHHHe, QT06bl OTO,lI.BII-
I- YTb KaK MO)l{HO ,lJ.aJlbllIe lJepHblM ,lJ.eHb paCnJlaTbI, H 17 HIOJI5I
1901 f. 6eJIbrHMCKaH na.naTa peIIlHJla .Ha HeOnpe,lJ.eJIeHHOe,
BpeMSI OTCpOlJHTb aHHeKCHfO KOHro.
llJIH J1eonOJIb,lI.a 3TO 6bIJIO KpynHeHJ1lHM ycnexoM B ero
KyneQeCKOH Kapbepe, nOTOMY lITO B nepHO,ll C 1901 r. no
1906 r. Cpe,lJ.HerO,lJ.OBOH ){OXOJl. OT «ero» rocY,lJ.apcTBa B03pOC
,l{O 16,4 MJIH. cppaHKoB.
KOpOJIb YMep 1 C ,lJ.eKa6pH 1909 r. B B03pacTe 84 JIeT, ro,L(
cnycT5I nOCJIe Toro l<aK no...1. .aaB.ner-IHeM MMpOBOH 06rn.eCTBeH-
HOCTH OH YCTynHJI I\oHro 6eJIbrHHCKOMY rocy,U,apCTBY. CBOMM
214
TpeM .LL04ep5IM OT 6paKa C MapHeH-reHp}I(: TTOii, «5pa6aHT-
CKOi1 P030H», OB OCTaBHJI 15 MHJIJIHOHOB cppaHKoB, YHaCJIe..
JI.0SaHIIbIX 11M OT OTll.a.: 5apOHeCCe LKe .lI.e BoraH, B ,lJ.eBHlIe..
CTBe ,Lle.naKpya, C KOTOpOH OH BCTynHJI B MopraHaTHlleCKHR
6paK 1 He3a.lI.OJIrO .lI.0 CMepTH, H ee .l1.BYM CbIHOBbHl\1 OH 3aBe..
Ill.aJI 130 MHJIJIHOHOB, «3apa60TaHHblx» HM Ha rocYJI-apCTBC
KOHro.
Y>KaCbl KOHro
5eJIbrHHCKHe ra3eTbI H .u.enYTaTbI 6eJIbrHHCKoro napJIa.
MeHTa Ha3bIBaJIH qepHOKO)l{HX TY3eMueB rOCY,AapCTBa KOHro
«ocB060)l{,AeHHbIMH» oCB060}l{,aeHHbIMH OT EapBapcKHx
HpasoB, BbI3BOJIeHHbIMH H3 MpaQHOrO H3bIlIeCTBa. TaK no
KpaHHeH Mepe rOBOpHJIH B EBpone 0 rocYJI-apcTBe KOHro.
B Acppl1Ke me rOBOpHJIH HHbH,I H3bIKOM - H3bIKOM ,lJ.eKpe"
TOB H npHKa30B. B «nopH,lJ.Ke B03MeIII.eHaH 3a OKa3aHHbIe
6JIarO,AeHHHH» HerpbI C KOHro 6bIJIH 06JIO)l{eHbI BbICOKHM
J1eHemHbIM HaJIOrOM, KOTOpbIH OHH .lI.OJI)KHbI 6bIJIH oTpa6aTbI"
BaTb, H60 oTKy,aa HerpaM B3HTb ,lJ.eHbrH! HopMa 6bIJIa YCTa..
HOBJIeHa B 40 pa6011Hx qaCOB B He,lJ.eJI10, O,lJ.HaKO OHa KOJIe6a..
JIaCb no pa3JII1l1HbIM paHOHaM. DOKa3aTeJIeM BbIpa60TKH
CJIYJKHJIa B nepBYIO Ollepe,lJ.b c,lJ.alla KaYlIYKa H KOnaJIa. ECJIH
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JKeCTOKHMH MepaMH npHHY)I{,lJ.aJIH pa60TaTb 60JIee HHTeH-
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6HpaTb 113 HerpHTSIHCKHX ,lJ.epeBeHb JKeHIII.HH, ,lJ.eTeii H CTa..
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nOKa YCTaHOBJIeHHaH HopMa He 6Y,lJ.eT BbInOJIHeHa Ha 100 0 / 0 _
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KaK MOJKHO CKopee OCBOOO,lJ.HTb 3aJIO)KHHKOB.
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maSI «KaYQYKOBaH» BOHHa. Ha,lJ.CMOTpmHKH 3a HerpaMH B .ne..
peBHHX 6bIJIH BoopYJKeHbI nJIeTKaMH H3 CJIOHOBOH KO)l{H C
OCTpbIMH KpaHMH H BHHTOBKaMH. MHTeJKHbIX HerpOB JIH60
H36HBaJIH ,AO nOJIYCMepTH, JII160 JIHillaJIH npaBOH PYKH, a CJIY"
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1 B <l>eon:3JIbHOM npaBe - Hep3BHOpO.llHblH 6paK; BnOCJIe.n.CTBHH-
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>KeHlltHHbI He uapCKoro, He KOpOJIeBCKOro pon:a; Mopr3HaTH1.JeCKHH 6paK
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KCne,lJ.Hll.HH, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpbIX ll.eJIbIe ,lLepeBHH HCqe3a.nH
C JIHll.a 3el\1J1H, a )KeHllI,HHbI H ,lJ.eTH OKa3bIBaJIHCb B Hacnex
coopY)KeHHbIX TK>pbMax.
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IY)K,lLeH 6bIJI oTpa6aTbIBaTb «HaJIOr». 1l.nH 06pa60TKH co6..
CTBeHHbIX nOJIeH: H .n.0l\1alI1HHX ,lLeJI eMY OCTaBaJlOCb Bcero
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6bIJI ll.eJI H HeBpe HM. KOMnaHHH 6bI.HH HeMH.HoCep.lI.HbI. BcnbI"
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>KeCTOKOCTbIO H BeJIH K ellI,e 60JIee )KeCTOKOMY 06pallI,eHHI0.
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HerpOB KOHro YTpaTHJI MY)KeCTBO H CHJIY ,lJ..nH conpOTHBJIeHHH.
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6eCKOHeqHbIX nOHCKax H c60pe KayqYKa. .naTeKc ,lL06bIBaJICSI
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CKHM cnoc060M, KaK H3 6pa3HJIbCKOH reBeH Ha OYTYMaHO.
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raTCTBax JIeca. BbIKaqHBaH KayqYK H3 Ka)l{,lJ.oro pacTeHHH 11.0
nOCJIe,lJ.HeH KanJIH, OHH BbIHY)K eHbI 6bIJIH Bce r JIy6)Ke npo..
HHKaTb B JIecHYIO lJalIlY, Ha oKypHBaHHe H CYIIleHHe KayqYKO-
Boro COKa He XBaTaJIO BpeMeHH. OHH HaMa3bIBa.rIH JIaTeKC
CJIOH 3a CJIOeM Ha CBoe rOJIoe TeJ10. .naTeKC 06pa30BbIBaJi
KaK 6bI HCKYCCTBeHHYlO Komy, KOTOpyIO C60PlIlHKH C.llHpaJIH
c ce6H, KOr,lLa OHa ,lI,OCTaTOQHO n01I.CbIXaJIa. CKaTaHHbIH: B
KOMKH, JIaTeKC C06HpaJICH B KOP3-HHbI H B KOJIHQeCTBe no
4-5 CPYHTOB C,lI.aBalilCH Ha cMoTplIlHKY. HHOr1I.a B EBpony
npOHHKaJIH cTpaHHbIe CJIYXH 0 )KeCTOKOCTHX Ii 3BepcTBax,
o 3aXBaqeHHbIX cpopTax.. B KOTOpbIX HerpbI y6HBaJIH Bcex, KTO
nona,lJ.aJICH HM no,a. PYKY, 06 oTPy6.TIeHHbIX npaBblx pYKax...
BpeMH OT BpeMeHH nOHBJIH.HHCb 06BHHHTeJIbHble pa306J13Qe..
HHH KpoBaBoro peJKHMa... B 6eJIbfHMCKHH: napJIaMeHT BHOCH"
JIHCb 3anpocbI.
I rJIaBHblM 06pa30M BH.n.bI .n.peBOBHD.HbIX JIHaH H3 pona JIaH.n.OJIb<pHSI,
ceMeHCTBa KYTPOBbIX (Apocynaceae). paCTYlllHe B TponH4eCKHX JIecax BO-
CT04HOH Aq>pHKH H 6acceHHa KOHro. HaHJIYlJlllerO KatteCTB3 KaYlJYK no-
JIYlJcHOT 113 Landolphia Rummifera Lam, KpoMe Toro HCnOJIb3YlOTCH
L. Heudelotii A. D. C., L. Klrkii Dyer., L. owariensis Beauv" L. como-
rensis Berzth. et Hook, H .n.p, HeKoTopbIe BaD.bl JIaHD.OJIb<pi-Ul HMelOT npH-
HTHO naxHY1l.(l1e Il.BeTKH 11 C'be.n.o6HbIe nJIOAbI.- Pea.
210
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HOBHHKOB H3 ynpaBJIeHHH KOHro B TOM, liTO «l.lHBHJIM3all.HH H
nOp5I.lI.OK MaJIO-nOMaJ1Y BHe1I.pHlOTCH B paifOH KOHro», ,lI.O nopbl
.lI.O BpeMeHH eIlJ.e OKa3bIBaJIH ,lJ.eHCTBHe. Cpe,lJ.H npOlJHX Kapa-
Te.JIbHbIX Mep 3BepCTBO C oTpy6aHHeM npaBofI PYKH caMO no
ce6e HallaJIOCb «,lJ.OBO bHO 6e306H1I.HO». Kor,lJ.a eBponeifcKHe
nOJIHll.eHCKHe qaCTH OKa3aJIHCb Y)Ke He B COCTOHHHH OJ1.HH no-
,naBJIHTb conpOTHBJIeHHe HerpOB, ynpaBJIeHHe HaH5J.TIO qep-
HOKOR<I1X nOJIHUeHCKHX, pa3,lJ.aB HM PY)KbH H naTpOHbI. )IJISI
KOHTpOJIH 3a paCXOJ1.0BaHHeM .llparOll.eI-IHbIX naTpOHOB B ,lJ.OKa-
3aTeJIbCTBO «3cpcpeKTMBHOCTH» Ka)l{.lI.Oro npOH3Be.lI.eHHOrO BbI-
CTpeJIa Tpe6oBaJIOCb npHHeCTH oTpy6.neHHYIO npaBYIO PYKY
y6HTOH JKepTBbI. STOT 06bIlJaH BCKope npeBpaTI1JICSI B caMO"
CTOHTeJIbHOe KapaTeJIbHOe cpe,lJ.CTBO.
I-IallMHaH C 1900 r. B eBponeHcKHx ra3eTax CTaJIH pery-
JIHpHO nOHBJIHTbCH CTaTbH 6bIBlIlMX CJIY:>KaIll.HX KOJIOHHaJIbHbIX
KOMnaHHH, ny6JIHlIHO npH3HaBaBlIlHxcH B cOBeplIleHHH no
npHKa3Y CBOHX Halla.J1bHHKOB y)KaCHbIX npecTynJIeHHH npoTHB
HerpoB. PaccKa3bIBaJIOCb, HanpHMep, 0 TOM, KaK Bce iKHTeJIII
O.LLHOH HerpHTHHCKoii .LLepeBHH 11 Cpe,lJ.H HHX 22 >KeHlIlHHbl II
)J.Boe ,lJ.eTeH 6bIJIH y6HTbI KapaTeJIbHbIM OTpHJ1.0M; KaK D.Be iKeH"
1I1.HHbI, nbITaBlilHeCH cnaCTHCb 6ercTBoM Ha JIOJ1.Ke, 6bIJIH YTon-
JIeHbI; KaK IIlecTepbIx )l{eHIlJ.HH 3aKOBaJIH B KaH,lJ.aJIbI H YMO"
pHJIH rOJIO,lJ.OM; KaK lIleCTH,lJ.eCHTH HerpaM 6bIJIH oTpy6.J1eHbl
npaBbIe PYKH; KaK meHlUHHbI H eTH 6bIJIH n01I.BeprHYTbI pac-
llHTHIO; KaK B 01I.HOH ,lI.epeBH MHorHe MY}KlIHHbI 6bIJIH qeT-
BepToBaHbI, a HX oTpy6111eHHbIe qaCTH Te.na HaCa)l{eHbI AJIH
YCTpall1eHHSI Ha lJaCTOKOJI, oKpYX{aBlIlHH ,lJ.epeBHIO...
OJ1.HaKO n01I.HHMaBlllHecSI BCJIe,iJ. 3a 3IHM BOJIHbl o6IIle-
CTseHHoro B03MYlIleHHH BCKope 3aTHXaJIH 6JIarO,lI.apH «HC-
npaBHoH» pa60Te CJIYIK6bI MHcpopMall.HH H npOnaraH,lI.bI rocy-
tlapcTBa KOHro. Kor.a.a pa300JIaQHTe.TIbHbIe npoueccbI CTaHO"
BMJIHCb HeH36e)KHbIMH, npOH3BO.lI.MJICH pH.l1. apeCTOB 1I.JIH OT"
B01I.a rJIa3, nOCJIe qero B neqaTH nOHBJIHJIHCb C006ll1.eHH5I
ynpaBJIeHHH TeppHTopHeH I(oHro npHMepHo TaKoro cO,Qepma-
HHH: «flocJIe Toro KaK MbI C Y1I.HB.neHHeM npOQHTaJIH coo61I1e-
. HHH 6eJIbrMHCKoH npeCCbI, HaM HHQerO He OCTaeTCH, KpOMe
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JIHlIlb He.l1.aBHO BepHYBlIlHXCH H3 HHcneKUHOHHbIX noe3LlOK no
3THM 06JIaCTHM H HaWeJ1.WHX Bce TaM B HaH.nYQlIleM nopHJJ.Ke.
TY3eMll.bI npOH3BeJIH Ha HHX BneqaTJIeHHe JIIOlleH, HMeIOlli.HX
BeJIHKOJIenHOe ynpaSJIeHHe H YMeIO HX .n.eHHTb YCH.l1HH no
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211
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neiiCKYIO COBeCTb. K TO MY iKe 6bIJIH Ii HHbIe 3a60TbI, nOMHMO
3TOH JlaJIeKOH AcpPHKH...
11 JIHlIlb B AHrJIHH K KOJIOHHaJIbHbIM ,lJ.e.naM npOHB.rIHJIM
BCer,lI.a Cal\10e «qYTKoe» BHHMaHHe. T aM He JIlO6HJIH 6ecnOKOH-
Hble Ii MHTe)KHbIC KOJIOHHH, oc06eHHO, eCJIH 0 HHX HaqHHaJIa
TaK rpOMKO rOBopHTb MHpOBaH 06w.eCTBeHHOCTb. BeJlb BHH-
MaHHe 06III.eCTBeHHOCTH JIerKO MOJKeT oopaTHTbCH Ii B .n.pyrylO
CTOPOHY.
OOJl06HO TOMY, KaK BO BpeMeHa 60pb6bI 3a OCBO-
60:>K,lJ.eHUe HerpOB CpeJI.H aHr JIHqaH ObIJIH cpHJIaHTpOnbI, Bbl-
cTynaBlilHe B 3aIlJ.HTY pa60B, raK H CeMqaC B AHrJIHH HalileJICH
HeKHH MOPeJIb, 60pOBIlIHHCH, no ero CJIOBaM, npOTHB BCHKOH
HeCnpaBe,lJ.JIHBOCTH, r,Ae 6bI OHa HH 6bIJIa, H BbIcTynHBIIlHH
B 3aI1l.HTY yrHeTeHHbIX HerpOB KOHro.
MOpeJIb pO,lJ.HJICH B 1873 r. B DapH)Ke, B 1901 r. OH OCTa..
BHJI CBoe CKpOMHoe MeCTO KOHTopCKoro CJIY)KaI1l.ero .nHBep..
nYJIbCKOrO napOXO,lJ.CTBa H nOCeJIHJICH B CeJIbCKOH MeCTHOCTH
B IO)I{HOH AHr.lIHH. OTCIO.lI.a OH 6eCCTpalliHO nOBeJI CBOIO ,lJ.e..
CHTHJleTHlO1O 6eCnpl1MepHYIO 60pb6y npOTHB .neonOJIbJla II
Ii ero «npOKeJ1HTOH CIiCTeMbI». Mope..TIb iKHJI 3aMKHYTO H yeJlH-
HeHHo, liTO ,lJ.aJIo ero npOTHBHHKaM nOBO,A Ha3bIBaTb ero «3a-
ra,QOqHOH JIHqHOCTblO» H «MpaQHbIM, 3aTaHBlIlHMCH B TeHM
qeJIOBeKOM». CHallaJIa 60pb6a 6bIJIa B BbIcllIeH CTeneHH He-
paBHoM. He 06JIa,lJ.aH COCTOHHHeM, MOpeJIb 6bIJI BbIHY)I{,QeH
>KHTb He60JIbIIIHMH rOHopapaMH 3a CBOH ra3eTHbIe CTaTbH.
1< TOMY me OH 6bIJI cOBepIIleHHo HeH3BecreH H JIHlllb C TPY-
AOM Mor 3aBH3aTb CB5I3H C BJIHHTeJIbHbIMH JIIO)1.bMH. .neo-
no.Hb,L{ II, 6eccoBecTHbIH, H30llJ.peHHbIH B ,L{HnJIOMaTHQeCKHX
BbIBepTax MYJIbTHMHJIJIHOHep, ,Aep)l{aJI B CBOHX PYKax npo..
.n.a>KHYIO npeccy If OnJIallHBaJI IJ.eJIYIO apMHIO OT'bHBJIeHHbIX
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meCTBO, KOToporo He 6bIJIO y ero BJIHHTeJIbHOro npOTHBHHKa:
HeonpOBep/KHMbIe cpaKTbI.
ECTeCTBeHHO, liTO MOJIO,lJ.OH KO.rIOHHH CHaqaJIa npHXO,lJ.HTCH
60JIbIIle BB03HTb, HemeJ1H BblB03HTb. B rOCY,lJ.apCTBe KOHro
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nepl10,A c 1899 r. no 1902 r. BbIB03 H3 KOHro, COCTaBHBIIlHH
06myIO CYMMY B 7 360 130 CPYHTOB CTepJIHHrOB, ,H3 KOTOpbIX
60JIee 6 M.nH. npHXOJlHJIOCb Ha KaYlIYK, 6bIJI «onJIalleH» B80-
30M Ha CYMMY Bcero JIHIIlb 893 317 CPYHTOB. 3THM conOCTaB"
JIeHHeM MOpeJIb ,nOKa3bIBaJI, «Bo-nepBbIX, liTO TY3eMueB no.l1.-
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218
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250
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lIIalOT OrOJIeHHYlO 3eMJIlO MHOrHX nHTaTeJIbHbIX Be eCTB, Bbl-
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251
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nopoTHHKOB, npHBJIeKalOI.l.(He BHHMaHHe H35II.ILeCTBOM CBOHX
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255
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17 B cyMpaKe -rpoDH'IecKOro neca 257
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6bIJIa l1.eHTpOM conpOTHBJIeHHH fOJIJIaH,lI.CKOMY KOJIOHHaJIb-
'HOMY rOcnOJI.CTBY. OOCJIe,lI.HHH KpynHaH «aTbeHCKaH BOHHa»,
Ha4aBlllaHCH B 1873 f. H ocpHl1.HaJIbHO 3aKOH4HBIllaHCH nopa-
:>KeHHeM cYJITaHa B 1903 f., npaKTH4eCKH npO,lI.OJI}KaJIaCb Ii
)J;aJIee. BHYTpeHHHe paHOHbI 3TOH 06JIaCTH, KaK HHKaKHe
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pax MaJIaHCKOro apXHne.nara rOJIJIaH!I.lI.aM, HeCMOTpH Ha Bce
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HHaH KJIaCCH HKaUHH HapOIIOB aJIaHCKOro apXHneJIara, 'Pa3JIH aH TPII
OCHOBHbIX aHTpOnOJIOrH eCKHX «nJIaCTa», BbID,eJ1HIOT KaK HaH60J1ee n03II-
HHti nJIaCT npejCTaBHTeJIeH IOmHoa3HaTCKOH paCbI, K KOTOpOH OTHCCHTCH
MaJI a flUbI, SlB aHUbI, 30HIIUbI. DOJIee pa HHH H, npeIIweCTBYlOlllH H nJI aCT OT-
HOCHTCH K TOH me IOmHoa3HaTCKOH pace, HO B nOIIaBJIHlOllleH Macce K 60-
. JIee HH3KOpOCJIo MY THny: K He MY OTHOCHTCH H yrao, TaraJIbI. IIaHKH. Eille
'60JIee paHHHH nJIaCT COCTaBJIHIOT BOJIHHCTOBOJIOCbIe TeMHOKO)KHe 3HTpono-
norH4eCKHe THnbI BeD..llOHIIHOH pacbI - T03JIa H JIOHHaHrH UeJ1e6eca,
otraHr6aTHHbI BOCTOQHr.H CYMf1TPbI. HeKOTopbIe nJIeMeHa Doprreo ({,M.
51. 51. P 0 r H H C K H H, M. r. JI e B H H. OCHOBbi aHTpOnOJIOrHH, M., 1955,
tTp. 370).- Pea.
258
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maJIH KHH3bH H3,lI.aJIeKa. nOCJIe.l1YIOIlI.ee pa3BHTHe C06bITHH: H
,nJIHBIIIHeCH ,lI.eCHTHJIeTHHMH BOHHbI npOTHB HH03eMHbIX 3a-
BOeBaTeJIeH He TOJIbKO pa3BeHJIH 3TOT 6bIJIOH opeOJI, HO H
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npH TH}KeJIbIX paHeHHHx. Do JIeCHbIM JI.e6pHM pa36pocaHbI
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1868 r. no 1920 r. C 99 .n.o ] 4, a 3KcnopT B CBH3H c H306pe-
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Bcero HapOJJ.a pOCJIa KaK JIaBHHa. rOJlJIaHJJ.nbI, nOqYHBlIIHe
eepbe3IIOCTb yrpO>KaB1lIei1 MM onaCHOCTH, npOBeJIH pHA Kpyn-
HbIX BoeHHbIX MeponpHHTHH C UeJIblO CJIOMHTb HapO)I.HYIO BOJIIO.
B coxpaHeHHH 60raTOR CbIpbeM HH)1.0He3MH B ccpepe
eBoeH HMnepHaJlHCTHtIeCKoti" 9KCnJIyaTau.HH 6bIJIH npe}K)I.e
Bcero 3aHHTepeCOBaHbI aMepHKaHIl.bI, BJ10:>KHBIliHe B X03HH:-
eTSO I1H.LI.OHe3HH 60JIblllHe KanHTaJ1bI. OHH «nOCOBeTOSaJIH»
rOJIJIaH.LI.uaM npe.LI.OCTaBHTb HH,lJ.OHe3Hib..LaM XOT5.I 6w, BH,LLH-
MOCTb He3aBHCH 10CTH. TaK 27 .LI.eKa6pH 1949 r. B03HHKJIa
cpe.LI.epaJIbHaH «Pecny6JIHKa Coe,lJ.HHeHHbIx lllT8ToB I1HJJ.oHe-
3HH». I10JIO>KeHHe HH.LI.OHe3HHcKoro HapO.LI.a, 0,AH8KO, MaJID
M3MeHHJIOCb OT 9Toro, TaR KaK COrJ1alIIeHHe npe.LI.YCMaTpHBaJIO
no cyrneCTBY coxpaHeHHe npe>KHerO K0J10HHaJIbHOrO pe>KHMa.
I1H.LI.oHe3HHcKHH HapoJJ. npO.LI.oJI:>KaJI 60pb6y, H eMY Y.LI.aJIOCb
)(06HTbCH TOp:>KeCTI3eHHOrO npOB03rJIallleHHH 16 aBrycTa
1950 r. B ,l:tiKaKapTe, 6bIBllleH 5aTaBHI1, e,LLHHOH pecny6JIHKH
I1H.LI.oHe3HH. 3THM 6bIJ10 ,lJ.OCTHfHYTO MHoroe, OjIHaKO MHoro
eIne OCTaBaJIOCb C)1.eJI8Tb 1.
cHEAOCTAlOlQEE 3REHO» (<<MISSING LINK») OCTPOBA SlBA
nOAo6HO HrOJlKe B CTore ceHa
,ao cepeJJ.HHbI npOlliJIOfO BeKa JIIO.LI.H ObIJIH y6eJK,lJ.eHbI B
nOCTOHHCTBe BH,LLOB. 3TO 03UaQaJ10, lITO Bce }l{HBOe - KaK
paCTeHHH, TaK H :>KHBOTHbIe (0 qeJIOBeKe Bo06me He rOBopH-
JIOCb) - COXpaHHJIOCb )1.0 HalllHX ,LLHeH B TOR cpopMe, B KaKoH
OHO cym.ecTBOBaJ10 C He3anaM5ITHbIX BpeMeH H 6bIJIO «C03)1.8HO
"PH COTBopeHHH MHpa». JIHHHeIO (1707-1778 rr.) npHHa,l{-
JIe}KHT H3peqeHHe: «BM)1.0B CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO HX 6bIJIO CQ-
3,AaHO B HaqaJIe 6eCKOHetIHbIM cym.ecTBOM».
O,LlHH H3 KpynHeRlllHx 300J10rOB, cppa H UY3 )K0P}I{ KIOBbe
(1769-1832 fro), Ha npOTH:>KeHHH BceR CBoeR >KH3HH pa3-
,l(eJIHJI 9TO nOJIO:>KeHHe, XOTH OH H CQHTaJ1C5.I O)1.HHM H3 Kpyn-
HeHlllHX naJ1eOHT0J10rOB CBoero BpeMeHH. OH np H .llep}KHBaJ1CH
CTpaHHOH TeopHH, no KOTOpOH Bce :>KHBbIe CYllI.eCTBa 3eMJlH
BpeM5I OT BpeMeHR rH6HYT B orpOMHbIX KaT3CTpO£p3X, 8 3a-
TeM K8JKJJ.bIH pa3 BHOBb COTBOpHIOTCH.
1 B 1956 r. rOJIJIaHJl.CKO-HHJl.OHe3MHcKHH COlO3 OblJl OKOHQaTeJIbHO
pacToprHYT H MOJIO.n.oe rocYAapcTBo .n.OOHJIOCb nOJIHOH nOnHTHqeCKOH He-
saBHCHMOCTH.- Pea.
271
OpaB,LLa, HeKOTOpbIe HCHbIe YMbI, HHTepeCOBaBIllHeCH
eCTeCTB03HaHHeM, TaKHe, KaK, HarrpHMep, JIeoHap,L{O JJ.a
BHHlIH (1452-1519 rr.), cppaHUY3cKHH eCTeCTBOHcnbITaTeJIb
.naMapK (1744-1829 rr.) H feTe Y)Ke .n.aBHo yra,LLbIBaJIH
HCTHHHoe nOJIO}J{eHHe BerneH. O,LlHaKO JIHllib aHrJIHHCKOMY
eCTeCTBOHcnbITaTeJIIO 11 6HOJIOry 4apJIb3Y ,lI.apBHHY (1809-
1882 rr.) y.n.aJ10Cb C03,lLaTb yqeHHe 0 npOHCXO)K.n.eHHH BH.n.OB,
CTaBillee OCHOBOH HOBoro MHpoB033peHHH KaK ,LLJIH Cnell.HaJIH-
CTOB, TaK H HeCrrell.HaJIHCTOB. B 1859 r. nOHBHJICH KanHTaJIb-
HbU1 TPY.n. ,QapBHHa «DpOHCXO:>K.n.eHHe BH,L(OB». 3Ta pa60T-a
npHHa.n.JIe)KHT K lIHCJIY Tex HeMHorHX KHHr, KOTopbIe HB-
JIHIOTCH ,L(eHcTBHTeJIbHbIMH BexaMH B HCTOpHH pa3BHTHH
QeJ10BetIeCKOH MbICJIH. To, liTO 3aHBJ1HJ1 ,lI.apBHH B CBoeH
KHHre, 6bIJ10 HeCJIbIXaHHO HOBbIM: Bce paCT11TeJIbHbIe H :>KH-
BOTHble opraHH3MbI npOHCXO,L(5IT OT HeMHorHX npacpopM H,
MOIKeT 6bITb, O.n.HOH e.n.H HCTBeHHOH!
O.n.HaKO qeJIOBeKa ,lI.apBHH erne He 3aTparHBaJI. 3Ta 3a-
CJIyra npHHa.n.J1e:>KHT B nepBYIO Ollepe.n.b 3pHCTY reKKeJ1lO H3
HeHbI, KOTOpbIH B CBoeM KHHre «l1cTopHH COTBopeHHH npH-
PO.n.bI» pacnpOCTpaHH.n H.n.eIO pa3BHTHH H Ha lIeJ10BeKa. B TO
me BpeMH BbIcTynHJI CO CBoeH CMeJIOH TeopHeH npOHCXO)K,lI.e-
HHH lIeJIOBelleCKoro po.n.a H aHr JIHHCKHH eCTeCTBOHcnbITa-
TeJIb reKCJIH, ony6JIHKOSaSlllHH KHHry «DOJIOIKeHHe 'lIeJIOBeKa
B PH.n.y OpraHHtIeCKHX cyrn eCTB ». CaM ,lI.apBHH J1Hlllb cnYCTH
12 JIeT, B 1871 r:-;' ony6JIHKOBaJI Ha TY :>Ke TeMY KHHry nOA
Ha3BaHHeM «TIpoHCXo}J{.n.eHHe QeJIOBeKa H nOJIOBOM oT60p»
(<<The descent of man»).
BbI.n.aIOII(HHCH 300JIOr 3pHCT reKKeJIb 6bIJI BOCTOp:>KeH"
HbIM rrOKJIOHHHKOM 3BOJIlOl.I.HOHHOH TeopHH. P a3ropeBlllaHcH
no ero HHHl.I.HaTHBe nOJIeMHKa 3aXBaTHJIa He TOJIbKO Cnel(Ha-
JIHCTOB, HO H lllHpOllaHlllHe KpyrH ny6JIHKH Bo06me. Ero npo-
THBHHKH lIaCTO jlfHOpHpOBaJIH cyrneCTBo 9BOJIIOnHOHHoro
YlIeHHH H Tpe60BaJIH OtIeBHJJ.HbIX JJ.oKa3aTeJIbCTB. r.n.e Ta
«cBepx06e3bHHa» HJIH TOT «nOJIyqeJIOBeK», KOTopbIe npe.n.CTaB-
JlHIOT npOMe)KYTOllHoe 3BeHO Me)K,Lly :>KHBOTHbIM H lIMO-
BeKOM, cnpalllHBaJI OHH. OCTaTKH CKeJIeTa, CJIYllaHHO 06Ha-
pY)KeHHbIe B 1856 r. B HeaH.n.epTaJIe 6JIH3 ,lI.lOcCeJ1b.n.opcpa,
HHKoro He y6e.n.HJIH. TaK, HanpHMep, ynopHbIH npOTHBHHK
,lI.apBHHOBCKOH TeopHH BHpXOB 3aHBHJI, liTO lIeJIOBeK, OT KO-
Toporo OCTaJI'C5I 9TOT CKeJIeT, B .n.eTCKOM B03paCTe nepeHec
paXHT, B 3peJIOM - eMY np06HJIH lIepen, a B CTapOCTH DB
CTpa.n.aJI 1l0,lI.arpOH. 4TO me KacaeTCH nocTynaTeJIbHOrO pa3-
BHTHH lIeJIOBeI<:a, TO ero nonpOCTY He CYIl(eCTByeT! CTano 6bITb,
272
HY)KHO 6bIJIO HaHTH KOCTH «06e3bHHOlleJIOBeKa», TaK KaK B
)KHBbIX OH Y)Ke 60JIbIIle HHr,L(e He BCTpellaJJCH. 3TO 3aCTaBHJIO
6w 3aMOJIllaTb npOTHBHHKOB ,L(apBHHOBCKoro YlleHHH.
,l!.OJIIKHbI me 6bIJIH HeKOr,LLa )KHTb npOMe:>KYTOllHbIe l'vIe:>K,L(Y
QeJIOBeK006pa3HbIMH 06e3bHHaMH H JIIO,L(bMH CYLUeCTBa, no
qbeMY BH,L(Y HeJIb3H 6bIJlO onpe,L(eJIHTb, OTHOCHTCH .lIH OHH eI1l.e
K 06e3bHHaM HJIH Y)Ke K JIlOJ(HM. ,L{JIH 3pHcra reKKeJIH 3TO
6bIJIO fIenpeJIOmHbIM H OqeBH,L(HbIM cpaKTOM. I1 3TO He)J.OCTalO-
llI.ee nbKa 3seHO, 113BeCTHoe B TeopHH npOHCXO)K,L(eHHH BH,L(OB
nOLt Ha3BaHHeM missing link, C.lIe,L(OBa.lIO HCKaTb Ha MaJIaM-
CKOM apXHneJIare,. Ha CYMaTpe, 5IBe... TO.lIbKO Ha pO,L(HHe
rH660Ha, nO.lIaraJI 3pHCT reKKeJIb,. MorYT 6bITb 06HaPY)KeHbl
C.lIe,L(bI npe,L(KOB .lIlO,L(ei1:, HBJIHlOLUHXCH o,L(HoBpeMeHHo nOTOM-
KaMH rH660Ha. HCXO,L(H H3 npH3HaHHbIx HbIHe HeBepHbIl\1H
npe,L(nOCbIJrOK, reKKeJIb CllHTaJI rH660Ha oc06eHHo 6JIH3KHM
pO,L(CTBeHHHKoM qeJIOBeKa. TaK 3pHCT reKKeJIb BOCC03,LLa.lI B
CBoeM Boo6pa)KeHHH «06e3bHHOlleJlOBeKa», npe>K,L(e qervl 6bIJIH
06HapymeHbI ero CJIe,L(bI.
HCKaTb 9TH CJIe,L(W OKa3aJIOCb ,L(eJIOM ,L(a.lIeKO He JIerKHM,
eCJIH YlleCTb, 1.ITO CYMaTpa nJIOrna,L(bIO 467 TbIC. KB. KM 11
5IBa - 131 TbIC. KB. KM COCTaBJIHJIH TeppHTopHIO, paBHYlo
<I>paHl.I.HH H DeJIbrHH BMeCTe B3HTbIM. H Ha 9TOM orpoMHoii
n.lIOrna)J.H r,L(e-HH6Y,L(b B 3eM.lIe Ha rJly6HHe O)J.HorO-,L(BYX, 3
MO>KeT 6bITb H Tpex, H ,QeCHTH MeTpos, B03MO)KHO, HaXO,L(HTCH
OCT3TKH ,L(aBHO Y)Ke BbIMepIIlero 06e3bHHOqeJIOBeKa, CYLUe-
CTBOBaHHe KOToporo B npOlllJIOM nOKa qTO TOJIbKO npe)J.-
no.lI ar aJIOCb.
TpHHHJlbCKaSl lIepenHaSi KpbIllIKa
MHorHe CKenTHqeCKH nOCMellBaJ1HCb, CqHTaH Bce 3TO
nJIOXO 060CHOBaHHOM rHnOTe30H, BbI,L(YMKaMH.
O,L(HaKO rO.lIJIaH,L(CKHM yqeHbIM EBreHHM ,QI06ya, qHTaB-
llIHM .lIeKl.I.llH no aHaTOMHH B AMCTep,L(aMCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe,
npH,LLep>KHBauTJCH ,L{pyroro MHeHHH. OH 6bI.lI HaCTO.lIbKO y6e)K-
,lI.eH B CnpaBe,L(JIHBOCTH H,L(eM reKKe.lIH, lITO peIIlH.lICH Ha nOHCKH
«HrO.lIKH B CTore ceHa». ,l!.I06ya OCTaBH.II YHHBepCHTeT H no-
cTynH.lI B KaqeCTSe BoeHHoro Bpaqa B rOJIJIaH,L(CKHe KOJIO-
HHaJIbHbIe BOMCKa. HallaB CBOH nOH-CKH Ha CYMaTpe, OH B
TeqeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX .lIeT nepepbIJI LLeJIbIe ropbI 3eMJIH H HH-
qero He Hallle.lI. Ha,LL ,l!.106ya Bce CMeHJIHCb, HO OH He CMY-
ma.lICH. EC.lIH HHqerO HeT Ha CYMaTpe, TO, 6bITb MO>KeT
Y)J.aCTC5.I 06HapY:>KHTb Koe-lITO Ha 5IBe, nOJIaraJI OH.
273
JIlOoya HeBepOHTHO nOBe3JIO: B 1891 r. p3CKOllKH .n.eHcT-
BHTeJIbHO YBeHtIaJIMCb ycnexoM. Ilocpe,lI.MHe OCTpOB3 5IBa, B
H3JIYtIHHe peKH COJIO, HeMHoro nOBbIllle He60JIbillOH ,lI.epe-
BeHbKH TPHHHJIb, B llI.e6He 06pbIBHCToro 6epera ,[{106ya y,n.a-
JIOCb 06HapY:>KHTb (cpe,lI.H MHOfOtIHCJIeHHbIX KOCTeR ,lI.peBHe-
J1.HJIIOBHaJIbHbIX }I{HBOTHbIX) tIepenHYIO KPbIlllKY, 60JIblllYIO
6e,lI.peHHYIO KOCTb H ABa KopeHHbIX 3y6a, pacnOJIO}l{eHHble no-
6JIH30CTH .Qpyr OT ,npyra. B pe3YJIbTaTe MHOrOJIeTHHX H MHO-
rOKpaTHbIX HCCJle.LLOBaHHH 06HapY>KeHHbIH Pithecanthropus
erectus, K3K Y}Ke JlaBHO ero oKpeCTHJI feKKe.llb, 6bIJI npH3HaH
)J.aBHO HCKOMbIM missing link - He,L(OCraIDll.I.HM 3seHOM Teo-
pHH npOHCXO:>K,lI.eHHH BH,lI.OB. G,lI.HaKO nHTeKaHTpon He 3aHH-
MaeT npOMemYTOtIHOrO nOJIO}l{eHHH Me)l{,LlY COBpeMeHHbIMH
06e3bHH3MH H COBpeMeHHbIMH JHOAbMH. OH He npOHcxo,nHT H
OT r11660Ha, H60 3HalJUTeJlbHO npeBOCXO,lI.HT fH660Ha pOCTOM,
HMeeT 60JIee npHMHTHBHbIe 3y6bI H BepTHKaJIbHOe nO.J10}l{eHHe
Kopnyca, KOTopoe HeB03MO}KHO Y 1l0TOMKa HbIHelIIHHX
06e3bHH H3-3a Toro, qTO HX KOJIeHH npHcnoco6.lIeHbI JJ.JISl JIa-
S3HHH. IlHTeKaHTpon nO,LlTBep,lI.HJI TO npe,llnOJIOJKeHHe, qTO
Y JHO,LleH H 06e3b5IH 06llI.He npe,llKH, TO eCTb B pOACTBeHHOM
OTHOIlleHHH OHM CBSl3aHbJ Me:>K Y COGOH He KaK «OTUb! H
)J.eTH», a CKopee KaKo nOTOMCTBO 6p3TbeB, KaK «,L(BOlOpOAHble
6P3TbH».
B nOCJIeJ{YlO He rO,L(bI H3 5IBe npO,lI.0JI}K3JIHCb HHTeHCHBHbIe
nOHCKH, 8 pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpbIX 6blJIM 6e3pe3YJIbTaTHO nepe-
pbITbI rbIC5.ltIH Ry6oMeTpOB 3eMJIH. 3Ta Hey,natIa nOHHTHa, H60
nHTeKaHTponbI 6bIJIH He CTOJIb Y:>K M;HOrOqHCJIeHHbI, 3 pOJJ.OBbIe
norpe6eHH5I B TY nopy erne He 6bIJIH npHH5ITbI. O,lI.HaKO HallaB-
lIlHeCH paCKonKH BbI3BaJIH Bce06I1l.HH MHTepec K HCCJIe,LLOBa-
HHIO, B KOTOpOM B paBHOH CTeneHH npHH5IJlH yqaCTHe cneUHa.
JIHCTbI no ,AOHCTOpHtIeCKHM H ApeBHHM BpeMeHaM, reOJIOrH II
6HOJIOrH. lJepe3 MaJIaHCKHH 3pXHneJIar C a3HaTCKoro MaTe-
pHK3 B ABCrpaJIHIO 11 H3 OCTpOBa THxoro OKeaHa npOIliJIH pa3-
JIHqHbIe HapOJlbI, 9TOT paRoH HCnbITaJI BJIH5IHHe pa3JIHtIHbIX
KYJIbTYP, H n09TOMY OR npe,ncraBJIHJl BeJIHKOJIenHeHlllHH 06'b-
u
eKT ,nJIH HCCJIe,lJ.OBaHHH.
HeKOTopbIM MaJIaHu.aM C nbIJIKOH <p3HTa3HeH y,lI.aJIOCb
,n3:>Ke H3BJIeqb ,L{JIH ce65I HeKOTOpyIO BblfO,lI,Y H3 3TOB: HaYQHO-
HCCJIe,lI.OBaTeJIbCKOH JIHXOpa,L(KH. OHM H3fOTOBJI5IJIH HCKYCHbIe
nO)lLleJIKH H npOJJ.aBaJlH HX .n106HTeJ1HM H KOJIJIeKu.HOHepaM.
T 3K, HanpHMep, nonaJI BnpocaK O)I.HH HCCJIeJJ.OBaTeJIb, npH-
H5.lBWHH rOJIOBKY npe,lI.ncnelleBoro CYCTaBa BbIMeprnero CJIOHa
88 qepenHYIO KPbIlliKY BHOBb OTKpblToro 06e3b5lHOqeJ10BeKa.
274
,lI,pyroro HCCJIe,llOBaTeJIH OOM8HYJIH, MaJIaHCKHe OXOTHHKlf t
KOTOpbIe y6HJIH MOJlO,llYIO 06e3bHHY, OTpe3aJIll eti XBOCT, Bbl-
6pHJIH lllKYPY, CTOtIHcHH KJIbIKH Ii BbI.n.aJIH ee 3a pe6eHKa nHTe-
KaHTpona.
HeKOTopbIM onpaSJJ.aHHeM .n.JIH 9Toro JIerKOBepHoro yqe'"
Horo CJIY>KHT TO OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO, qTO Ka>K.n.bIH MaJI aeu. H no
HbIHe y6eiK.lI.eH B cyrnecTBoBaHHH 06e3bHHOJllO.lI.eH B HaH60JIee
rYCTbIX H Henpoxo.n.HMbIX pafIOHax ,LleBCTBeHHoro JIeca Cy-
MaTpbI,H DopHeo. OpaB,lI.a, YBH.n.eTb 3Toro «He.n.oqeJIOBeKa», HJIH
«opaHr neH.n.eKa», erne HHKOMY He y.n.aBa 10Cb, HO «CJIe,L(bI» ero
Ha MHrKOM rpYHTe BCTpeqaJIHCb Heo.n.HOKpaTHO. ,L{a H nOqeMY
ObI eMY He 6bITb B 1I.e6pHX IaJIa ICKOH: pllM6bI, Ky.n.a 3atIacTYIO
eme He cTynaJIa Hora qeJIOBeKa? Pa3Be HeJIb3H npe.n.nOJIO-
}I{HTb, qTO 3TO cymecTBo, 6e3pa3JIHtIHO 6JIH:>Ke JIH OHO K qMO-
aeKY HJIII K >KHBOTHOMY, npOCTO erne He y.rr.aJIOCb 06HaPY>KIITb
I>JlarOnpHSlTCTBOBaJlH JIM YCJIOBHSI cym.eCTBOBaHHSI B
TpOnHqeC OM )(eBCTBeHHOM Jlecy B03HHKHOBeHHIO
qeJlOBeqeCKOrO pOAa?
nOCJIe Toro KaK orBe-r Ha Bonpoc 0 npOH:CXO>K.n.eHIII1 qeJIO-
BeqeCKOrO po,na, nYTeM JIll COTBopeHHH HJIM nYTeM 3BOJII011.HH,
nOJIYQHJI CBoe perneHHe HJIH no KpaHHeH Mepe OTBeT Ha Hero
6bIJI Y}Ke npe,LlpemeH, B03HHK BTOpOH .Bonpoc: B KaKHX H leHHO
patioHax qeJIOBeK CTaJI c06CTBeHHO qeJIOBeKOM? C OTKJIOHe-
HHeM BepCHH 0 COTBopeHHH qeJIOBeKa 60rOM OTna.n.aJI, eCTeCT"
BeHHo, II MHcp 06 3.n.eMcKoM ca.n.e.
Y CJIOBHH cyrnecTBOBaHH5I B TpOnHqeCKOM ,L(eBCTBeHHOM
JH CY npe,LLCTaBJIHIOTCH HaHOOJIee 6JIarOnpHHTHbIMH ,n:JIiI
>KH3HH. I109TOMY BnOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO npe,lIJIOJIO>KeHHe, 4TO
Ta 1 HaXOJJ.HTCH H KOJIbI6eJIb qeJIOBeIIeCKoro po.n.a. HaHoo.nee
oJIarOnpHHTHbl YCJlOBH5I cym€CTBOBaHllH B TpOnHtIeCKOM
J1ecy )J.JIH 60JIbIIIHHCTBa pacreHllH, MeHee 6JIarOnpH5ITHbi OHH
)I..HH MHorHX :>KHBOTHbIX, oco6eHHo BbIcoKoopraHH30BaHHblx.
A KaKOBbI OHH ,nJIH qeJIOBeKa?
H3 Bcex :>KHBbIX CYllI.eCTB, o611TaIOlUHx B rpOnHQeCKOM
JIecy, qeJIOBeK HaH60Jlee pa3BHToe H BbICOKoopraHH30BaHHoe,
HO HMeHHO OH nona,lI.aeT B HaHMeHee 6JIarOnpHHTHbIe YCJIOBHH
.nHllleHHoro CBeTa II CBe:>KerO B03.lI.yxa HH}J{Hero Hpyca JIeca.
ECJIH He CtIllTaTb HeCKOJlbKHX pa3HOBu.n.HOCTeH TOJICTOKOlKHX
>KHBOTHbIX, 06HTalOrnHX npeHMymecTBeHHO B OKpaHHHbIX 30-
Hax, II peqHbIX >KHBOTHbIx-aMcpH6HH, qeJIOBeK OKa3bIBaeTCH
e){MHCTBeHHbIM KpynHbIM IKHBbI1\1 cymecTBoM, 06peqeHHbIM Ha
275
npe6bIBaHHe B YC.lIOBH5IX HH)KHerO 51pyca JIeca. Bce )KHBble cy-
llI.eCTBa CTpeM5ITC5I OTTY,lI.a BBepX, K CBeTY H CBemeMY B03,lI.YXY.
KaKoH me CMbICJI npH 9THX 06CT05lTeJIbCTBaX OTKa3bIBaTbC5I
OT mH3HH Ha ,lI.epeBb5lX H MeH5ITb 6JIarOnpH5ITHbIe YCJIOBH5I cy-
III.eCTBOBaHH5I B BepXHHX 51pycax Ha MpaK HH)KHerO 51Pyca?
OTKa3 OT JIa3aIOIlI.erO o6pa3a mH3HH 03HaqaJI 6bI B YCJIOBH5IX
TpOnHqeCKOrO JIeca HenOH5ITHbIH perpecc B 'npouecce npHcno.
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MaJIHpHHHOro cp'e,LlCTBa CTOJIbKO oJlara, KaK, 6bITb MOJKeT, 1111
301
O)J.HO ,npyroe JIeKapCTBO, TO OH, no CYTII ,lJ.eJIa, HBJIHeTCH Bcero
JlHIIIb naJIJIHaTHBOM, HO He pa,lJ.HKaJlbHbIM HCIl.eJlHIOII.I.HM cpe,Z:l-
CTBOM (XHHHH OeCCHJIeH npOTHB raMeT, nOJIOBbIX KJleTOK
M8JIHpHHHOro napa3HTa, H He B COCTOHHHH YMeHbllIHTb pac-
npOCTpaHeHHe HaH60JIee onaCHOH cpOpMbI MaJIHpHH - TponM
lJeCKOM JlHXopa,lI.KH)..
COHHaS! 60JIe3Hb, 6Hq A4JPHKH
COHHaH OOJle3Hb H3BeCTHa B AcppHKe C He3anaMHTHbIX
BpeMeH. YCIIJIeHHe CBH3eH B nOCJIe,l1.HHe CTOJIeTHH H oc06eHHO
B HOBoe BpeMH npHBeJlO K TOMY, tITO OHa pacnpOCTpaHHJIaCb
no BceMY MaTepHKY. HeB03MOJKHO npe,l1.CTaBHTb ce6e onYCTO-
meHHH, BbI3bIBaeMbIe 3TOH 3nH,lJ.eMHeH.
OrpOMHbIe paliOHbI ynO,lJ.06J1HIOTCH npH6e)KHIll.aM CMepTM
TaM, r,lJ.e npOIlIJla COHHaH 60JIe3Hb. TOT, KTO BHOBb noce-
JIHeTCH B 3THX MecTax, paHo HJIM n03,lJ.HO HeH36eJKHO CTaHO-
BHTCH }KepTBOM 3TOH 3nH,lJ.eMHH. Bo MHorHX paMoHax AcppHKH
COHHaH 60Jle3Hb YHeCJla ,l1.0 )1.BYX TpeTeif HaCeJIeHHH.
B036Y,Z:lHTeJIHMH acppHKaHCKoH COHHOH 60Jle3HM, OTKpbI
TbIMH B 1901 r. ,[(YTTOHOM, HBJlHIOTCH TpHnaHocoMbI, onacHeii-
IIIHe KpoBorrapa3HTbI, ,lJ.OCTHraIOIll.He B )J.JlHHY 0,020-0,030 MM.
TaK }l{e KaK B036Y,l1.HTeJIH M8J1HpHM, B036Y,lJ.HTeJlH COHHOH
60Jle3HH nepe,Z:laIOTCH npH nOMOIll.H nepeHOCtIHKa, KOTOpbIM ,lJ.JlH
3THX napa3HTOB HBJlHeTCH Myxa Il.e-Il.e (Glossina palpalis).
HaM60JIee 6J1arOnpHHTHbIMH )1.JlH pa3BHTHH 3TOH MYXH HBJlH-
IOTCH BJIa}l{Hble H TeHHCTble 6epera peR H 03ep, 3apOCllIHe
TpOCTHHKOM Ii KYCTapHHKOM. ,LLJlH ycnelliHoM 60pb6bI C COH-
HOM 60Jle3HbIO He06xo,Z:lHMO npeJK,lJ.e Bcero YHHtITOJKHTb MeCTa
BbInJIO,lJ.a H 06HTaHHH GI. palpaIis. IlpenapaTbI, npHMeHHe...
MbIe B HaCTOHllI.ee BpeMH, 3cpcpeKTHBHbI JlHllib B HatIaJlbHOH
<pa3e HHcpeKIl.HM, KOTopaH xa paKTepH3yeTcH JlHXOpa,l1.KOH He-
npaBHJlbHOrO TIIna H rOJlOBHOH 60JlbIO. CaM04YBCTBHe 60Jlb-
Horo B Ha4aJle 3a6oJleBaHHH Y,lJ.OBJleTBOpHTeJlbHO, HeCMOTpH
H8 TO qTO B ero KpOBH IiMeeTCH 60JIbllIOe KOJlHtIeCTBO napa3H-
TOB. BBe,l1.eHHe B 3TOH CTa,lJ.HH 60Jle3HH repMaHHHa .(npena-
paT 5aY3p 205) 06yenOBJlHBaeT B 3,lJ.OpOBJleHHe, napa3HTw
.ObICTpO HCtIe3alOT H3 KpOBH. B CJleJI.YIO eH, BTOpOM CTa,lJ.HH
60Jle3HH Ha6J1IO,l1.aeTCH YBeJIHtIeHHe JlHMcpaTH4ecKHx }KeJle3,
oco6eHHo 3aTbIJlOtIHbIX. Ilo 3TOMY npH3HaKY nopTyraJlbCKIIe
pa60ToproBIl.bI YMeJIH pacn03HaBaTb 3TO 3a60JleBaHIIe.
B TpeTbeH CTa,lJ.lIH 3a60JleBaHHH TpHnaHocoMbI npoHHKalOT B
u.eHTpaJlbHYIO HepBHYIO CHCTeMY. B pe3YJlbTaTe BO MHorMX
302
cnYlJaHX HacTynaeT nCMXHlJeCKOe pacctpoHCTBO, npOHBnHID-
meeCH Y OjJ.HHX B BHJle MeJIaHXOJIHH, y llpyrHx B BHjJ.e
6YHHOrO nOMemaTeJIbCTBa. OlJeHb lJaCTO nCHXHtIeCKOe pac-
CTpOHC-TBO COnpOBOm,lJ.aeTCH CHJIbHOH nOTepeH naMHTM. DocTe-
neHHO, HHOr,lJ.a CnYCTH JIHlllb rO,lJ.-,lJ.Ba nocJle nepBbIX npMCTY-
nOB JIHXOpa,lJ.KH, y 60JIbHOrO nOHBJlHeTCH HenpeO,lJ.OJIHMaSl
COHJIHBOCTb. COH CTaHOBHTCH BCe KpenlJe, nepeXO,lJ.H, B KOHu.e
KOHI1.0B, B rJly60Koe 6eCnaMHTCTBO. bOJIbHOH JIe)l{HT CpBep-
meHHO 6e3YtIaCTHbIH KO BCeMY, BCe 60JIee XY,lJ.eH H CTaHOBHCb
nOXO)KHM Ha CKeJleT. ,L{JIH nOCJleD.HeH CTa,lJ.MM COHHOH 60Jle3HH
XapaKTepHO XpOHHQeCKOe BOCnaJIeHHe M03rOBWX OOOJlOlJeK H
M03ra, HeMHHyeMo Be.rr.ymee K CMepTM.
B IO}I{HOH AMepHKe CYlIl.eCTByeT aHaJIOrHQHOe 3aOOJIeBa-
HHe, Ha3bIBaeMoe 60JIe3HbIO 4araca, hepeHOCtIHKOM KOTOpOH
HBJIHIOTCH HeKOTopbIe BH,llbI KJIOnOB. 3a6oJIeBaHHe, KOTOPOMY
o 06eHHO nOJI.BepJKeHbI JI.eTM, npOTeKaeT nOlJTM TaK }Ke, K8K H
COHHaH OOJIe3Hb: 06mee onyxaHMe JIMMcpaTMlJeCKMX }KeJIe3,
OTelJHOCTb, BOCnaJleHHe M03rOBbIX 060JIOlJeK, nOMYTHeHMe pac-
CYJI.Ka, CMepTb. 113JIelJMTb 60Jle3Hb 4araca ,lJ.0 CMX nop He
Y,llaBaJIOCb, npaB,lJ.a, K CtIaCTbIO, OHa Ha6JIlO,11.aeTCH He OqeHb
tIaCTO.
bOJlbmOe CXO,lJ.CTBO- C TpHnaHOCOMaMM 60JIe3HM 4araca
HMeIOT B036Y,llMTeJlH Tpex JI.pyrHx 60Jle3HeM, npOMe}KYTOQHbIX
X03HeB KOTOpbIX YCTaHOBHTb nOKa He y,ll3JIOCb: qepHOH 00-
Jle3HH (KaJ1aa3ap, HJlM TpOnMqecKoe YBe TIHqeHHe CeJle3eHKH),
neHJI.HHCKOI1 H3BbI (BOCTOlJHaH MLTIH 6ar,lJ.aJI.CKaH H3Ba, npOTe-
KaIOllI.aH COBeprneHHO 6e306M HO) Ii IO)KHOaMepMKaHCKoii
H3BbI CJlM3MCTOH OOOJlOtIKH. '
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KpOMe Toro, 3,lJ.eCb CJIe.rr.yeT ynoMHHYTb II .n:pyrMe OOJle3HII:
aMe6HYIO J(H3eHTepHIO, cOnpOBO)KJI.aIOll{YIOCH a6Cl.(eCCOM
nelJeHH; >KeJlTYlO JlHXopa,lJ.KY, pa3pa}KalOlIl.YIOCH B 'BM,ne
u u
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pa»'OtIHbIH KOMap; B03BpaTHYIO JIMXOpa,lJ.KY, Ha3bIBaeMYIO
u
TY3eMU8MIi C ,lJ.aBHHX nop TaK}I{e II KJlemeBOH JlHXOpaJI.KOM,
nOTOMY liTO oH nepe.rr.aeTCH lJepe3 YKYC KJIema; QJpaM6e3HIO
(Ha3BaHHe KOTOpOH 03HalJaeT «MaJlHHOBaH ocna»), pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHYIO rJlaBHbIM 06pa30M Ha LLeHJIOHe II OCTpOBax
MaJIaHCKOro apXHIIeJIara; JlHXOpa.rr.KY ,l{eHre.
303
OCTpOBa npOKaJKelftfLIX
TaKHe OCTpOBa BCTpetIalOTCH nOBCIO,lJ.Y B TpOnHqeCKHX
paMOHaX. )].JIH 06HTaTeJIeH 3THX OCTpOBOB HeT YJKe B03BpaTa
K «npeJKHeH:» JKH3HH Cpe,lJ.H JlIO,lJ.eH. OHH 06petIeHbI Ha BetIHOe
np03H6aHHe B H30JlHI1.HH, nOTOMY qTO BCe 60HTCH HX H He
XOTHT HMeTb C HHMH HHKaKIIX ,lJ.eJI. OHH nepe6HBalOTCH Te I,
liTO npO,lJ.aIOT nOCTeneHHO CBOM JKaJlKHH: cKap6, a 3aTeM HaqH-
HalOT HHllI.eHCTBOBaTb II BopoBaTb. )].epeBeHCKHe JKHTeJIH
OKOHQaTeJlbHO He H3rOHHIOT HX JIHllIb H3 CTpaxa nepe,lJ. 3J1bIMH
CHJlaMH. B 6e30naCHOCTH 3TH HeCtIaCTHbIe tIYBCTBYIOT ce6H
JIHllIb Ha OCTpOBe.
BHellIH'e JKH3Hb npOTeKaeT Ha TaKOM OCTpOBe TaK JKe, KaK
H BO BHelliHeM MHpe. npOKaJKeHHbIe BbI6HpalOT ,lJ.epeBeHCKoro
CTapOCTY, MorYT H ,lJ.aJKe ,lJ.OJI>KHbI pa60TaTb, TaK KaK OCTpOB
BOBce He 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHOe 3aBe,lJ.eHHe; OHH MorYT 3aKJlIO-
1:I8Tb MeJK,lJ.Y C060H 6paKH, .rr.aJKe eCJIH Y HHX H OCTaJIHCb )KeHa
HJIH MYJK B «)1.PyrOM» MHpe. CJIOBOM, OHH Be,lJ.YT XOTH H H30-
JIHpOBaHHYIO, HO nOqTH nOJIHOueHHYIO JKH3Hb. Bo BHelliHeM >Ke
MHpe KaJK,lJ.bIH HCTIbITbIBaeT CTpax nepe,lJ. HHMH, H60 HX 60-
JIe3Hb, O,lJ.HO Ha3BaHHe KOTOpOH - npoKa3a, JIenpa - BbI3bI-
BaeT YJKac, HeH3JIetIHMa H ,lJ.0 CHX nop.
l.JeJlOBeK MOJKeT 3a60JIeTb npOKa30H: H He nO,lJ.03peBaTb
06 3TOM, eCJlM OH )1.JlHTeJlbHOe BpeMH 06llI.aJlCH C npOKaJKeH-
HbIM, TaKJKe He nO,lJ.03peBaBIlIHM, qTO OH 60JleH. CaMoe CTparn-
Hoe B 3TOH YJKaCHOH 60JIe3HH COCTOHT B TOM, tITO ee HHKy6a-
IJ.HOHHbIH, CKpbITbIH nepHO,lJ. pa3BHTHH ,lJ.JlHTCH 06bIqHO MHorHe
rO,lJ.bI (3, 5, 10, 15, a O,lJ.Ha)K,lJ.bI 6bIJI OTMeqeH CJIYtIaH: B
19 JleT), npeJK,lJ.e tIeM 60Jle3Hb «06HapYJKHBaeT» ce6H BHeIliHe.
BHatIaJIe Ha KOJKe JIHua, npeHMYIIlecTBeHHo OKOJlO Hoca, nOHB"
JlHIOTCH KpaCHOBaTbIe nHTHa H onYXOJlH, KOTopbIe tIaCTO 3Y,lJ.HT.
Pa3paCTaHCb, 3TH onYXOJlH pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH nOCTeneHHO no
BceMY JlHUY, yrnaM, TYJIOBH Y II KOHetIHOCTHM. BOJlOCbI BbIna-
.u.aIOT, KO>Ka TBep)1.eeT H npHHHMaeT rOJly6oBaTo-KpaCHbIH
OTTeHOK. bOJIbrnHe H BHatIaJIe TBep,lI.bIe onYXOJIH (TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMoe «JlbBHHOe JlHIl.O») nOCTeneHHO pa3MHrtIaIOTCH H npe-
BpallI.aIOTCH B YJKaCHbIe H3BbI, pa3'be)I.aIOII1.He COCe,lJ.HHe MHr-
KHe qaCTH TeJIa. Pa3JIOJKeHHe MO/KeT THHYTbCH CBbIllie 10 JIeT,
3aKaHtIHBaHCb, B KOHue KOHUOB, cMepTblO. B HatIaJlbHOH: CTa-
)I.HH npoKa3a, BH,lJ.HMO, HHOr)1.a MOJKeT 6bITb H3J1eqHMa; B OT-
)I.eJIbHbIX, npaB,lJ.a, OtIeHb pe,lJ.KHX CJlYtIaHX OTMetIaJIOCb
npHoCTaHOBJIeHHe rrpouecca )1.aJKe Torj(a, Kor)1.a 60Jle3Plb
sarnJla )1.0BOJlbHO )1.aJleKO.
304
HapH,lJ.Y C rrpOKa30H:, XapaKTepH3Y IO m e H:CH rrOpaJKeHHeM
KO)KH, HMeeTCH HepBHaH rrpOKa3a. ,L{epraIOIll.aH H KOJlIOI.I.I.aH
60JIb B KOHeqHOCTHX, rOJIOBHbIe 60JlH, TaKHe OIll.YI1 eHHH,
KaK 6Y,lJ.TO OTrra,lJ.aIOT rraJIbIl.bI PYK II Hor, rr03BOJIHIOT
60JIbHOMY npe,lJ.BH,lJ.eTb OJKH,lJ.aIOIIlYIO ero ropbKYIO yqaCTb.
MYCKYJIbI PYK Ii Hor aTpocpHPYIOTCH. HarrpH)KeHHbIe BHaqaJIe
,lJ.O rrpe.rr.eJIa HepBbI rrOCTeneHHO TepHIOT tIYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb.
IlopaJKaeMbIe raHrpeHOH: KOHetIHOCTH rrOCTerreHHO OTMHpalOT
H BbIrra,lJ.alOT H3 CYCTaBOB. I1Hor r '"(a 60JIbHbIe JIHllIalOTCH Hoca,
rJIa3, PYK H Hor, npeBpaI.I.I.aHCb B 06e306paJKeHHbIe 06py6KH,
COCTOHI.IJ.He H3 rOJlOBbI H TYJlOBH a. 3TO YJKaCHOe 3a6oJIeBa-
HHe MOJKeT THHYTbCH 20 JIeT. l1uor,lJ.a 60JlbHOH: 3a60JIeBaeT
cpa3Y 06eHMH cpoprvlaMH rrpOKa3bI. B Cpe,lJ.HHe BeKa npoKa3a
(3aHeceHHaH, BH,lJ.HMO, KpeCTOHOCIl.aMH) 6bIJla IlIHpOKO pac-
rrpocTpaHeHa H B EBporre. OT Hee 3aI.I.I.HllI.aJIHCb 01.JeHb cypo-
BbIMH MepaMH: 3a60JIeBlliHX, CtIHTaBIlIHXCH rpaJK,lJ.aHCKH
.YMepIlIHMH JlIO,lJ.bMH, nOMeI.I.I.aJlH B ,11.0Ma rrpOKa)KeHHbIX H H30-
JlHpOBaJlH HX TaKHM 06pa30M OT BCHKoro 06I.I.I.eHHH C JKHBbIM¥t
JlIO,lJ.bMH. YqHTbIBaH ypoBeHb TOr,lJ.allIHero Bpaqe6HOrO HCKYC-
CT!3a, MOiKHO rrpe,lJ.nOJIOJKHTb, tITO 3a rrpOKa3Y B TO BpeMH
npHHHMaJIH B pH,lJ.e C;JlYtIaeB npOHBJleHHH Ty6epKYJle3a H CHCPH-
JIHca. BaIl.HJlJla rrpOKa3bI OTKpbITa B 1880 r. raHceHoM II
HeH:CepOM, O,lJ.HaKO TpOrrHtIeCKaH Me,lJ.HIl.HHa,lJ.O CHX rrop He
pacrrOJIaraeT 3cpcpeKTHBHbIM ,lJ.JIH ee JIeqeHHH Cpe,lJ.CTBOM.
CaMbIe MeJIKHe cymecTBa - caMbIe onaCHbIe BparH
I13 Bcex JKHBbIX cymecTB, KaKHe MbI 3HaeM, 3TO caMbIe
MeJlKHe (He CtIHTaH BHPYCbI, 0 rrpHpO,lJ.e KOTOpbIX HaM HeH3Be-
CTHO HHtIero ,lJ.OCTOBepHoro). MHorHe H3 HHX He ,lJ.OCTHraIOT H
TbICHtIHOH ,lJ.OJlH MHJIJIHMeTpa, BeCHT O,lJ.HY TpHJIJIHOHHYIO ,lJ.OJlIO
rpaMMa H COCTOHT Bcero JlHllIb H3 O,lJ.HOH KJIeTKH. IlpH ,lJ.OCTa-
TOqHOM rrHTaHHH H orrpe,lJ.eJIeHHOH TeMrrepaType OHH pa3MHO-
}KaIOTCH ,lJ.eJleHHeM, npOHCXO,lJ.HI.I.I.HM npH 6JIarOnpHHTHbIX YCJlO"
BHflX C HeBepOHTHOH 6bICTpOTOH. TaKoe JKHBOe cymecTBo, ,lJ.0-
CTHralO ee Bcero JIHllib O,lJ.HY TbICHtIHYIO ,lJ.OJIIO MHJlJIHMeTpa
,B ,lJ.JIHHY, lliHPHHY H BbICOTY H eJKetIaCHO ,lJ.eJlHmeeCH rrOnOJIaM,
06pa30BaJIO 6bI B TeqeHHe llieCTH ,lJ.HeH (rrpH yCJIOBHH ,lJ.OCTa-
TOqHOrO nHTaHHH) Maccy, rrpeBOCXO,lJ.HI.I.I.YIO rro BeJIHqHHe 3eM-
HOH llIap. IlpH He6JIarOrrpHHTHbIX YCJIOBHHX JKH3HH HeKOTopbIe
H3 HHX rrpeBpamaIOTCH B crropbI, KOTopbIe, BbICbIxaH, MorYT
coxpaHHTb CBOIO JKH3HeCrroco6HOCTb B TeqeHHe MHorHX
MecHI1.eB. BeTep rrepeHOCHT HX Hepe.rr.KO Ha paccTOHHHH
305
B TblCHtJM KHJIOMeTpOB. B KaqeCTBe He3pHMOM: nbIJIH HX
MO>KHO 06HapY>KHTb BCIOJ1.Y: B B03.rr.yxe, Ha JII060M npeJ1.MeTe.
3TH caMble MaJIeHbKHe >KHBble Cyr.u.eCTBa Ha3bIBalOTCH 6aKTe-
pMHMH, HJIH 6au.HJIJIaMH (eCJIH CTpOrO pa3J1HqaTb, 6aKTepHH B
BHJ1.e IlIapHKOB Ha3bIBalOT KOKKaMH, B BHJ1.e KOpOTKHX naJIO-
tIeK - 6aKTepH5IMH, B BHJ1.e J1.JIHHHbIX naJIOqeK - 6au.HJIJIaMH,
BHHT006pa3HOH: cpOpMbI - CnHpHJIJIaMH, a B BHJ1.e 3anHTbIX -
BH6pHOHaMH). HeKOTopbIe pa3HOBHJ1.HOCTH 6aKTepHH t npOHH-
Ka51 B Te.JIO qe.JIOBeKa H )KH OTHbIX If qpe3BbIqaH:HO 6bICTpO
pa3MHO>Ka5lCb, OTpaBJI5IIOT C praHH3M CHJIbHbIMH 51J1.aMH, Bbl-
.3bIBaIOllI.HMH T5I>KeJIbIe 3a60.neBaHH5I, a qaCTO H CMepTb. 9TH
B036YJ1.HTe.JIH 60ne3HeH 51BJI5IIOTC5I HHorJ1.a npHqHHOH 9nHJ1.e-
MHqeCKOrO pacnpocTpaHeHH5I TaKHX 60JIe3HeH, KaK ,AHcpTe-
pHT, THCP, xOJIepa, qYMa, cH6HpCKa51 513Ba.
HJlapHSI-HHTqaTKa, 6HJlbrapl..\HSI H aHKHJIOCTOMa'
nOtITH BO Bcex TpOnHqeCKHX pai1oHax, oc06eHHo B 3ana -
. HOH H BOCTOqHOH AcppHKe, OtIeHb qaCTO BCTpeqaIOTC5I JIIO,l{H C
. Y>KaCHO pacnYXIlII1MH PYKaMH H HoraMH. HeYJ1.HBHTe.JIbHO no.
3TOMY, qTO 9TY 60JIe3Hb Ha3bIBalOT CJIOHOBOH 60JIe3HblO, JI'H
.9JIecp a HTH a3H co M.
3TH onYXOJIH BbI3bIBaIOTC5I HHTeBHJ1.HbIMH qepB5IMH cpHJIa-
PH5IMH. TIo 06pa3Y }l{H3HH 9TH qepBH 51B.n5lIOTC5I napa3HTaMH.
JIHql1HKH, e)J.Ba J1.0CTHralOllI.He TpeTH MHJIJIHMeTpa B .l{JIHHY,
MorYT MHJIJIHOHaMH rrapa3HTHpOBaTb B qeJIOBeqeCKOH KpOBI1,
.He BbI3bIBaH HH MaJIeHllIHX 60.ne3HeHHbIX HBJIeHHH.
'B TeqeHHe J1.HH OHH HaXO,llHTC5I B KpOBeHOCHbIX cocYJ1.ax
BHYTpeHHHX opraHOB, HOtIblO me B nepHcpepHqeCKOH: KpOBI1.
KorJ(a aKTHBHbIe B HOqHble qaCbI CYTOK KOMapbI COCYT KpO b
t.IeJIOBeKa, .nHtIHHKH nona.rr.alOT B opraHH3M HaceKOMbIX.
DpH nOBTopHOM YKyce KOMapa 9TH qepBH BHOBb rrorr3,lI.alOT
B KpOBb qe.JIOBeKa. ,lLBe TpeTH «3apameHHbIX» 06bIQHO He
HMelOT HHKaKHX }l{aJI06 If JIHillb Y OCTaJIbHbIX rr05lBJI5IIOTC5I
onYXOJIH.
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rrpOHCXOJ(HT Bocna.neHHe JIHMcpaTHQeCKHX COCYJ(OB, conpo-
BO)KJ1.alOllI.eeC5I .nHxopaJ(OtIHbIMIf 51BJIeHHHMH, If Ha6.nIOJ1.aIOTC5I
BHeIlIHHe npH3HaKH CJIOHOBOH 6o.ne3HH. TaK KaK conpOTHB-
JI5IeMOCTb opraHH3Ma Ha 9THX yqaCTKaX TeJIa CHJIbHO CBB-
:>KeHa, 3J(eCb OqeHb qaCTO n05lBJI5IIOTC5I rHOHHbIe HapbIBbI. HO>K
xHpypra MOJKeT, npaB.rr.a, YJ(a TIHTb 9TH onYXOJIH, OJ{HaKO J(eA-
CTBeHHoro Cpe,ACTBa rrpOTHB cJIoHoaoH 60JIe3HH e e He HaM-
.n.eHO.
306
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OO.nCBaHH5I, 6HJIbrapil.H03a (lllHCT030M03a), paCnpOCTpaHHB-
IlIerOC5I OTTYJ(a no UeHTpa.nbHOM AcppHKe, a 3aTeM B BecT-
HH.lI.HIO H no IO)KHOM AMepHKe. CBo6oJI.HO n.naBaIO He B BO,lI,e
XBOCTaTble .nHlIHHKH lIepBH 6H'JIbrapu.HH npoHHKalOT B KO}l{Y,
npHBoJ(51 K 06pa30BaHHlO MYlIHTe.nbHOM KpanHBHHI.I.bI. CaMKa
qepBH.oTK.naJ(bIBaeT B opraHbI qe.rrOBeKa 60.nbilioe KOJIHqecTBO
SIHil.. B npou.ecce 3a6oJIeBaHH5I nOHBJIHlOTC5I TH)Ke.nble pac-
CTpOHCTBa MOqenOJIOBOH CHCTeMbI.
* *
*
AHKH.nOCTOMa OqeHb pacnpocTpaHeHa B TponHKax H cy6-
TponHKax. B HeKoTopbIX paHOHax 3anaJ(HoM ACPPHKH,
UeHTpa.nbHOH AMepHKH H BecT-¥IHJ(HH H Ha MaJIaHCKHX
oCTpoBax HeT nOllTH HH oJ(Horo KopeHHoro >KHTe.nH, KOTOpbIM
B TOM HJIH HHOM CTeneHH He CTpaJ(aJI 6bi OT aHKHJIOCTOMHJ(03a.
¥I3 HHqeK, .lI.OCTHraIO HX 0,06 MM H nonaJ(aIO HX HapY)KY
BMeCTe C lIe.rrOBeqeCKHMH HCnpa)KHeHHHMH, BbI.nynJIHIOTCH JIH-
qHHKH, coxpaHHIO He CBOIO )KH3HeCnoc06HoCTb BO B.na)KHOH
3eMJIe, 60.noTax H JIY>KHI.I.aX npH TeMnepaType OKOJIO 20° C B
TeqeHHe MHorHX MeC5IIl.eB. f1pOHHKHYB qepe3 KO)Ky (06bI4HO
60Cl?IX JIIOJ(eii) BHYTPb qe.rrOBeqeCKOro opraHH3Ma, JIHlIHHKH
MHrpHpYIOT no 60JIbIIlOMY H Ma.noMY Kpyry KpoBo06paru.eHHH
H B KOHeqHOM HTore nonaJ(aIOT B KHIIleqHHK, r J(e "H3 HHX BbI-
pacTalOT qepBH pa3MepaMI1 J(O OJ(Horo caHTHMeTpa. fO.nOBHbIM
KOHil.OM 3TH llepBH npHcaCbIBaIOTC5I K CJIH3HCTOM 060JIOqKC
KHIIleqHHKa 11 BeJ(YT napa3HTHlIeCKHM 06pa3 >KH3HH. f .naBHoe
cpeJ(cTBo 60pb6bI C 3THM 3a6o.neBaHHeM - rHrHeHHlleCKHe
MepOnpH5ITH5I; 06H3aTe.JIbHbIM HBJI5IeTCH HOIIleHHe 06YBH,
qTo6bI H36e)KaTb 3apa)KeHHH.
EepH-6epn
B TeqeHHe J(o.nroro BpeMeHH 3Ta 60 e3Hb OCTaBa.naCb 3a-
raJ(KoH J(.n51 Bpaqew. accoBaH 3a60.neBaeMocTb YKa3WBaJI
KaK 6Y,lJ.TO 6bI Ha ee 3apa3Hbui xapaKTep. OJ(HaKo Bce no-
IIbITKH 06HapY>KHTb npeJ(TIo.naraeMoro B036Y,lJ.HTe.rrH KOII4a-
JlHCb 06bIqHO 6e3pe3y.nbTaTHo. TIpHMoe )Ke 3apa>KeHHe OT
qeJIOBeKa K qeJIOBeKY 06HapY)KHTb TaK)Ke He yJ(aBaJIOCb.
Ii TeM He MeHee 60.ne3Hb np0J(OJI)KaJIa CBHpenCTBOBaTb, YHOCH
307
Bce HOBbIe H HOBbIe TbIC5IllH JIIOJ1.eii, YMHpaBIIlHX nOCJIe MYllU-
TeJIbHbIX CTpaJ1.aHHH.
OOqTH BCerJ1.a 6epM-6epM nOJ1.KpaJ1.bIBaeTC5I He3aMeTHO.
BHallaJIe KO)Ka Ha rOJIeHH Tep5IeT llYBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb, nOCJIe
qero HacTynaeT napaJIHll MYCKYJIOB Hor, a B T5I>KeJIbIX
CJIYlla5lX M PYK; MYCKYJIaTypa HKP aTpocpHPyeTC5I, n05lBJI5I-
IOTC5I 3aTpYJ1.HeHH5I B CepJ1.eqHOH J1.e5lTe.JIbHOCTM H 06 a51
BOJ1.5IHKa. CepJ1.u.e 60JIbHOrO, npHKoBaHHoro K nOCTe.JIH,
BCKope He BbIJ1.ep)KHBaeT. TIOllTH nOJIOBMHa Bcex 3a60JIeBIlIHX
YMHpaeT.
HbIHe npHpOJ1.a 6epH-GepM pa3raJ1.aHa. Ee npHllHHOH 51B-
JI5IeTC5I OTCYTCTBHe B nH e >KH3HeHHO Ba)KHOrO Be eCTBa,
aHTHHeBpOTHlleCKoro BHTaMHHa, npeJ1.ynpe)KJ1.alO ero Bocna-
JIeHHe HepBOB. 3TO Be eCTBO COJ1.ep)KHTC5I B 3apOJ1.bIIIle 3epHO-
BbIX KYJIbTYP, B J1.pOJK}I{ax, B ceMeHax CTpyqKOBbIX KYJIbTYP,
BO Bcex copTax KanYCTbI, B CBe)KeM M5ICe (oc06eHHO B nelleHM
If cepJ1.I.I.e), B 6aHaHax, opexax, 5IHu.ax, MOJIOKe, BO MHorHX
JJ.PyrHx np0J1.YKTax, B TOM qHCJIe - qTO c06CTBeHHO nOMOrJIO
peIIlHTb BCIO np06JIeMY - M B cepe6pHCTOH IlIeJIyxe pHCOBoro
3epHa. AHTHHeBpOTMlleCKHH BHTaMHH pa3pYIIlaeTC5I npM
CJIMlliKOM ,lJ.OJIrOM KHn5l11eHHH eJ1.bI H npH KOHcepBHpOBaHHH
npOJ1.YKTOB 06bILIHbIMH cnoc06aMH. 9Toro BHTaMHHa HeT H B
pHce, BbIIlIeJIyweHHoM MaIlIHHHbIM cnoc060M, H B nIlIeHHu.e
MeJIKOrO nOMOJIa, TaK KaK 3apOJ1.bIIII nIlIeHHqHOrO 3epHa B
3TOM CJIyqae nepeXOJ1.HT B oTpy6H (p)KaHOH 3apOJ1.bIW BCerJ1.3
oCTaeTC5I B MYKe).
C nepeXO)J.OM OT PYllHbIX cnoc060B BbIIlleJIYIIIHBaHH5I pHca
K MaWHHHbIM 6epM-6epM HeH36e}J{HO J1.0JI)KHa 6bIJIa n05IBMTbC5I
B Tex paHOHax BOCTOllHOH H IOro-BocT04HOM A3MH, r)(e pHC
COCTaBJI5IeT npe06JIa)J.alOllI.YIO, eCJIM He e)J.HHCTBeHHYIO TIHllI.Y.
3a60JIeBaHH5I 6epH-6epH HeH36e>KHbI H TaM, r)(e Olll.Y-
maeTC5I HeXBaTKa BbIWenepeqHCJIeHHbIX npO)J.YKTOB H npeJK)J.e
Bcero CBe)KerO M5ICa. 3TO OTHOCMTC5I, B nepBYIO OqepeJ1.b,
K rJIy6HHHbIM paMOHaM orpOMHOH 30HbI )J.eBCTBeHHbIX JIeCOB
no I-(oHro H AMa30HKe. 5bITb MO)KeT, 9TO, H 51BHJIOCb O)(HOH H3
Ba)KHeHIlIMX npH4HH JIIO)J.oe,lJ.CTBa.
TaKoBbI HeKoTopbIe HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHble 60-
JIe3HH, nO)J.cTeperalO He qe.JIOBeKa B TpOTIHlleCKOM JIecy.
OfJlABJlEHHE
CTp.
OT H3.n.aTeJIbCTBa . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
TI pe.n.HCJIOBHe .. ............. 5
KJlHMaTH1JeCKHe OOJIaCTH H 30HbI pacTHTe.nbI- OCTH 3eMJIH. 9
TIepBoe BneqaTJIeHHe . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
Bo.n.a H TenJIO . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 13
KJIHMaTbI MeJK.n.y 9KBaTopoM H nOJIIOCOM . " 15
30HbI paCTHTeJIbHOCTH . . . . .. ... 17
Oca.n.KH .......... 19
Bon.a - JIec - }KH3Hb ...... ... 22
B TpOnH1Je KOM .n.eBCTBeHHOM JIecy . . . . . . . 25
nepB06bITHbIfI JIec - nepBooblTHbIH MHp . . . .. 25
To JKe, HO He TO JKe caMoe. ...... 26
B pHTMe ro.n.a . . . . . .. ..... 27
XopoillHe cpOTOCHHMKH YIIalOTcH pe.n.Ko . . . 29
B OpaHJKepeHHOH aTMocct>epe . .. .... 30
B TelleHHe CYTOK . . . .. ...... 31
Ha HBe ..... . . . .. .... 33
«OCTOB» .n.eBCTBeHHoro JIeca . .. .. 36
JI HCTbH H UBeTbI, ceMeH a H nJIOIIbI . . . . . .. 39
JIHaHbI a oopboe 3a .00HJIHe CBeTa .. ... 41
3nHcpHTbI a 60pboe 3a npocTpaHcTBo . . . . " 42
«)KHBOpo.n.Hllule» JIepeBb5I . . . . .. ... 45
Becb .n.eBcTBeHHbIH JIec - e.n.HHbIH opraHH3M. . .. 47
«...)KHBOTHbIX nOIlTH He BHIIHO!» . . .. " 49
CJIOBHO a IllanKe-HeBH.n.HMKe 52
JIa3aHbe - 06e3b5IHb5I CTHXHH. . . . . . . .. 53
OCHoBa nHTaHHH . . . . . . . . . . . 55
HeMHoro 300reorpacpHH . . . . . . . . . .. 56
AMa30HCKaH HH3MeHHOCTb . . . , . . . 58
3JIb.n.opa.n.o - cTpaHa 30JIOT3 . . . . 58
FBponeHcKMH BaJIIOTHbIH Kpax. . . . . 58
JIereHn.a 0 n030JIOlleHHOM qeJIOaeKe . . . 60
floxo.n. K peKe Hano . . . .. ... 61
MHTem . . . . . . . . . 63
OpeJIbHHa OTKpbIBaeT BeJIHKYIO PeKY ; ; .. ;
8,nyap.n. nennHr B }Q}KHOaMepHKaHCKOM .n.eBCTBeHHOM
JI eey ................
CMepTeJIbHbIH YKYC 3MeH... .. ......
3a 6JIY D.HJICH... . . . . . . . .
5Irya p, rp03a HH.lleHUeB . . . . . . .
H a /\1 a p a H bO He. ... ....
Ha 03epe Tecpe (3ra) . . . . .
BacceHH peKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P 3Mepbl AM a30HKH . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ha3saHHe peKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Terra incognita - HeBeIIOMafi 3eMJIH. ...
reorpacpHQeCKaH np06JIeMa p. KaCHKbHpe . . . .
3a Ka>K,UbIM JIHCTKOM - HaceKOMoe, 3a Ka>K.n.bIM UBeT-
KOM - MypaBeH .......'.....
KpaH opXH.neH H KOJIH6pn . . . . . . . . . .
06 M e H «.n. a paM H» . . . . . . . . . . . .
npH COIIeHCTBHH qeJIOBeKa H 6e3 ero yqaCTHH .
TpH BeJIHKHX no.n.apK3 '. . . . . . . . . . .
KOpHenJIOD.bI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KOKOCOBaH naJIbMa H ee rJIaBHbIH KOHKYpeHT - Mac-
JI H q H a 51 n aJI b M a. .........
Theobroma, HCTBO 6orOB . . . . . . . .
«HeT rop51 TaM, r.n.e TbI...» . . . . . .
AHaHaCbl H 6aHaHbI . . . . . . . . . . . .
npHHOCTH H JIeKapCTBeHHbIe paCTeHHH . . . . . .
TpOnHqeCKHH caxap . . . . . . . . . . . .
KpOB3BbIli KayqYK .........
P a H II bH BOJI 3 . . . . . . . . .
f OJIO.n.OM H nJIeTKOH... . . . . . . .
f eBeH (Hevea brasi Iiensis) . . .
KayqYK 33BoeBbIBaeT MHp . .' . . . . . . . .
-KaytJYKona51 JII1XOpa.n.Ka . . . . .
JIOpbITtJHKH H BOpbl . . . . . .
AHr JI HH nO>KHHaeT n."OIIbI . . .
B IIeJIO BCTynalOT XHMHKH . .
CTO JIeT HCCJIeIIOBaHHH KayqYKa .
PO>KIIeHHe CHHTeTHqeCKOrO KayqYKa
YTpaqeHHbIe n03HUHH? . . . . . . . . . . . .
P a 3 II eJI M H P a . . .. ..........
I1H.ne HUbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
«TpOfaTeJIbHbIH npHMep MaTepHHCKOH JIIOOBH» . . ..
I1H.n.eHcKHe nepB06bITHbIe nJIeMeH3 . . . .
Y 60TOKY D.OB ..............
'MeTHcaUHH . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.EaceeHH KOHfO . . . . . . . . . .
JIpeBHee KOpOJIeBCTBO KOHfo . . . . . . . . . .
r eHpHx MopenJI aBaTeJlb . . . . . . . . .
OTKpbITHe YCTb51 KOHro . '.' . . . . . . . .
DepsaH HenpHflTHOCTb H JI.OOpo.n.YIllHe MaHHKoHro .
fpaHHUbi rocYIIapcTBa . . . . . . . . . . .
JIereH.ll3pHhlH nOXOJl. H3 33naJI. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
Crp.
66
68
68
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H3HHra-a-HKYBY, )KyaH I . . . . . . . . . .
H3HHra M6eM6a, AcpcpOHCO I, BbIHYJK.lleH 33BoeBbIBaTb
ce6e TpOH ...... ....
HH nOJIb3bI, HH oJIara . . . . . .. ..
«tIepHoe nepeCeJIeHHe Hapo.n.oB» . . . . . . . .
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rJIaBHbIH 6apbIIllHHK . . .. ......
EBpona oTKpbIBaeT CBoe cep.n.ue . . .. .,
rpa>KIlaHCKaH BOHHa B ClllA . ......
06paTHoe nepeCeJIeHHe . . . . . . . . . . .
CTpaHa H JIIO.n.H . . . . . . . . . . . .
«tIepHbIH» MaTepHK o' . .. ......
np06JIeMa KOHro . . . . . . . . .
BeJIHKaH peKa ... . . . . . . . . .
30Ha TpOnH1.IeCKOrO .n.eBCTBeHHoro JIeca . . .
Hac eJI e H He. . . . . . . . " '"
)KWBOTHbIH MHp ....... . .
«5a pa6aHb, Ka K rOBopHmb» . . . . . . . . .
8TO TOJKe AcppHKa ............
EOJIbillOe Ta11HcTBo npYTa .... ...
Pa306JIa1JeHHe 06mecTBa JIeOnap.n.oB . . . .
rocy.n.apcTBO KOHro . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HH1.IbH cTpaHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EepJIHHCKaH KOHcpepeHUHH no KOHfO . . . . . .
npe.n.npHHTHe Ha1.lHHaeT OnpaB.llbIBaTb ce6H . . . .
Y>K a CbI K 0 H ro . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KOJIOHHaJIbHbIH nepHo.n.: EeJIbrHH:CKOe KOHro . . .
KapJIHKOBbIH Hapo.n. nHrMeH . . . . . .
CTpaHHaH BeCTb ......... . . . .
JJIO.n.H pOCTOM C l1-JIeTHHx .n.eTeH: . . . . . . .
C06HpaTeJIbCTBO H OXOTa . . . .
npOCTOTa 11 ueJIeC006pa3HOCTb npn cTpOHTeJIbCTBe
>KHJIHIIJ. ....... ......
JIYK H CTpeJIbI . . . . . . . . . .
Hx 06mecTBeHHoe YCTPOHCTBO . ......
rpaHHUbI 3eMHoro H nOTYCTopoHHero MHpOB . . . .
,lI.ocyr nHrMeeB . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ee3 .n.eBCTBeHHoro JIeca He 6bIJIO 6bI nHrMee:3 . . .
BOHHa H MHp C COce!l.HHMH HerpaMH . . . . . .
MaJIaHCKHH apXHneJIar .. . . . . . . . .
npOCTpaHCTBO H3 BO.n.bI H cymH . . . .. "
CaMbIH KpynHbIH apXHneJIar 3eMJIH. . . . . . .
Y CTOH1JHBaH noro.n.a . . . . . . . .
M aJI a H C K a 51 pH M 6 a ....... . . . . .
PeKBH3HT .n.eBCTBeHHoro TpOnH1JeCKOrO JIeca . . . .
Y3HHKH IleBCTBeHHoro JIeca ..... .,
Xaoc pa3HOnJIeMeHbH . . . . . . . . . . .
EeTeJIb >KYIOT Bce . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TpOnH1.IeCKHe cpPYKTbI n:ypbHH H MaHrOCTaH . . . .
B ccpepe eBponeHcKHX HHTepecoB . . . .
Cnop MeJK.n.y I1cnaHHeH H nopTyraJlHeii .
. .
Crp.
160
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263
B Hrpy BCTynalOT rOJIJIaH,lUJ;bI . .
«CHCTeMa KYJIbTYP» H MOHOKYJIbTypbI .
I1H.n.oHe3HH - HH.D.OHe3HfiuaM! . ......
«He.n.OCTalOmee 3BeHO» (<<missing link») OCTpOBa SIBa
nO.n.06HO HrOJIKe B CTore ceHa . . . . .
TpHHHJIbCKaH qepenHaH' KpbIlliKa . . . . .
EJIarOnpHHTCTBOBaJIH JIH YCJIOBHH cYIUeCTBOBaHHH B
TpOnHqeCKOM .n.eBCTBeHHOM JIecy B03HHKHOBeHHIO
qeJIOBeqeCKOrO po.n.a? .,. .....
<l>aKTopbI, TOpM03HIIJ.He pa3BHTHe KYJIbTYPbI .
Y KOJIbI6eJIH qeJIOBeqeCKOrO pon.a
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MHKJIyxo-MaKJIaH .
TIepBoe C6JIHJKeHHe
TIocemeHHe .n.epeBH . . .
OTnJIbITHe KopBeTa ..... . . .
,lI.HJIeMMa: 6paTb HJIH He 6paTb 'peBOJIbBep? .
CnycTH 15 MeCHueB npHilleJI Kopa6JIb .
CJIOBO npe.n.ocTaBJIHeTCH Bpa1.lY ... . . . . .
TpOnH1.IeCKaH Me.n.HUHHa H TpOnH1.IeCKaH rHrHeH3 .
MaJI5IpHH, nepeMe>KalOmaHCH JIHXopa)l.Ka .
COHHaH 60JIe3Hb, 6H1.I AcppHKH ...
OCTposa npOKaJKeHHblX . . . . . .. ..
CaMbIe MeJIKHe cymecTBa - caMbIe onaCHbIe sparR .
<l>HJIapHH-HHTQaTKa, 6HJIbrapUHH H aHKHJIOCTOMa .
EepH-6epH .,. '.'
, rep6epr Byrl{e
B CYMPAKE TPOnI1t.IECKOrO JIECA
Pe.n.aKTOp H. H. l[U 08
06JIOJKKa H THTYJI xy.n.OJKHHKa C. H. Cepzeeea
Xy.n.O>KeCTBeHHbIH pe.n.aKTOp B. B. I4YKUlla
TeXHH1.IeCKHH pe.naKTOp C. M. KOUle.lle8a
Pe.n.aKTOp KapT r. H. Ma.llbtte8CKUU
KoppeKTOp n. H. l[u8UKUlla
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JIHCTOB 17.21. THpa>K 50000. 3aKa3 N!! 1546.
QeHa 5 py6. 15 Kon.. nepenJIeT 1 py6. 50 Kon.
reorpa<tJrH3. MocKBa. B-71, B. KaJIY>KCKaH, 15.
3-H THnorpa<tJHH «KpacHblii npoJIerapHA}I>
r JIaBnOJIHrpa<tJnpoMa MHHHcTepcTBa KYJlbTypbI CCCP.
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265
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