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BBe}:IeHLoIe seCbMa HeMaJlOBa)l{HM I1CTOpl1'leCK35I CTIlTb5I. CJ1Y)f(flJ.J.ra51 BepHblM JHaKOM... CTeneHI1 6JJaroy.Ipeil<.ll.eHI15II1 6JJarocOCTOHHI15I. K<DKnoro 6JJaroycrpOeHHoro rocvn.apCTBa» I . H3blCKaHI1Sl THMOt]>eH MaJlbn1H8 6bIJ111 aKTHBHO npOllOJl- >KeHbl B 1840-1850-e rr. BOnpOCbl I1CTOpl111 OTe'/eCTBeHHOrO cy- n.OYCTPOHCTBa 11 CYllonp0l13BOLlCTBa nOJ1y.IWTI1 Torn.a no.n;p06Hoe OCBellleHl1e B MarHCTepCKI-1X JJ;I1CcepTaQI1SlX K. iJ,. KaBeJ1I-1Ha 11 11>. M. nMmpl1esa, ManlCTepCKOH 11 nOKTopCKOH nl1CcepTaUH5IX M. M. MI1XaMJ10Ba (ony6J1I1KOBClHHbIX B caMble rOllb[ 3allll-1T B mUle MOHorpac1mii), a TaICKe B Bblllep>KaBwei1 llBa 113D.aHI151 KHI1- re K. E. TpOliHHhI 1 . OllHaKO nocne BbIXO.na TpYllOB H83BaHHhlX aSTopOB TeMbl no I1CTOpl111 POCCI1i1CKOro cy.na HMonro OJGna- JlI1Cb Ha nepl1$:pl1l1 BHI1MaHI1Sl YlJeHblX (B 1.f:aCTHOCTI1, D./ISi OTe- 1.f:eCTBeHHbIX llI1CCepTaHTOB YKa3aHHble TeMbl yrpanUlI1 BCSlK)'fO aKryaJlbHOCTb no CaMb]X 1960-x rr. J). KaK 6bl TO Hili 6bUl0, B pyc- J1e npOTSIHysweHc5I C «OnblTa» T. C. ManUI1Ha HCTopl-1orpac1m- 1.f:eCKoi1 Tp3l1I1U I-1I1 K HaCTOmueMY 8peMeHI1 no.n;roTOBJleHbl y)({e I MaJ/txUH T. C. Onb[T I1CTOpl1'JecKOJO (1cCJ\ellOBaHI1H 11 Onl1CaHI1H cm- pl1HHblX cyne6HbIX MCCT PocclilikKOro rocy.napcrBa, 11 0 Ka'JCCTBC n(111 11 .nen B OHb[X. cn6.. 1803. c. I. nO'IT11 OllHOBpeMeHHO C TI1M$eM MarlbfHHb[M pmblCKaHIUI no HCTopH(1 OTe'leCTBeHHoro cy.na npe.nl1pl1HfLfI 11 3. A. fo- pIOWKHH. TaK 11 He onyfuJI1KOBaBW(1ii. o.nHaKO. HI1KdKOll paOOrb[ Ha .flY TeMY (/JoIJ/HCKUUH. H. 3ID.aplti1 fOPJOWKHH - 3a'II1H:JfC11b pycCKoii HaYKH o cy.ne II BeCTHI1K MfY. 1951. NQ 7. C. 146, 148). 1 Knee lUll K.fl. OCHoBHble Ha'Jana PYCCKOro cynoYCTpol1cTBa 11 rpIDKllaHcKoro cynonp0l13Bo.ncTBa B nep"o.n BpeMeHI1 OT YnO)l(eHI1.11 no Y'Jpe>K1leHI1H 0 ry6epHI1.11X. M.. 1844 ITO )f(e: Ko.6f!JUI/KB CofpaHl1e C01.JI1HeHI1H. Cn6.. 1900. T. I. Cm. 205-418]; Muxau/l06M M. I-1CTOpl1.11 06paJOBaHIUI 11 paJBI1TI1.11 CI1CTeMb] pyccKoro rpIDKllaHcKoro cy.nonpoI1J- BOLlCTBa no Y'lO>KeHI1.11 1649 r Cn6. 1848; OH :lIce. PyccKoe rpa>K1laH- CKoe cy.nonIXl113110LlCTBO B I1CTOpl1'JecKoM ero paJ1I11T1111 OT YJlO)l(eHI1S1 1649 r.no l13.llaHI151 CBO.lla3aKOHOB. Cn6.. 1856;P.MumpuefJ (]J. M. HCTO- pl1H cyne6Hb]X HHCTaHlI(1ii 11 rpaJK.ll<lIiCKOrO aneJ\J]j.JUI10HHOro cy.nonIXl113- 1I0.nCTBa OT Cy.ne6HI1Ka no Y'Jpe>K11eHIUI 0 ry6epHIUIX. M.. 1859; Tpo/.(u- I/O K. E. I1cTOPI1Sl cyne6Hb[X )"Jpejf(j}eHI1f1 B POCCI1I1. Cn6.. 1847 ITO )f(e. 2-e 113Ll Cn6.. 18511. JCM. Marl1CTpcKl1e H D.OKTOjJCKl1e mlCce)JTaUH(1, JaWI1IUeHHb]e Ha tOPIUlI11.JCCKHX $lKYJlbTnJ.." YHI1Be(JCI1T1:'roB POCCI1i'ICKOH I1MnepH(1 (1755- 1918). 6I1WII10rplK!JI1'J. YKa:JaTeJ\b I COCT. f. f. KpI1'leBCKHii. CmBponOJlb, 1998. 6I1W1I10rpatbH'JecKHi1: cnpaB04HI1K mlCce)JTaUHi1 Ha COIICI\.:lHl1e }'4e- HOi1 CTeneHI1 KaHlllUuna 11110KTopa KlpIUlI1'1OCKJI>: Hd}'k I COCT. B A. Pax- neBcKHii. K r. 6opI1COB. D,ywaH6e, 1965. 
10 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I MHOCl-1e neCnTKI1 pa60T, YBeH'laHHb]e 4JYHllliMeHT3JlbHbIM WeCTJ.'I- TOMHI1KOM «Cyn.e6H8.11 M8CTb II POCCHI1»]. 00-I1HOMY CJUIa.1lblBa./lOCb t13YlJeHt1e poCCHI1CKI1X cYlle6- HblX pe<t>oPM. OepBble t1CCJlellOBaHH5I, COllep)l(aBlllHe ueJIOCTHblH aHaJlH3 OTe<JeCTBeHHbIX CYlle6HblX npe06pa30BaHHH, nOHBIDIHCb TOJ1bKO II 1990-e rr. TaKORO" UeJ10CTHbl(1 aHaJlI13 - xonr 11 C He- O.nHH8KOB0i1 CTeneHblO neTalll13aUI1(1 - Cnelll1aJ1bHO npennpH- mum 11. C. CI1MKHH, H. H. EcppeMoBa. A C. K06J1HKOB, n. Co- llOMOH. C. A. n<illll1H. HaKoHeu, Y.>Ke II HblHelllHeM BeKe 6bUlO ony6JlHKOBaHO y-ie6HOe noco6He C. B. J10HCKOi:i. nOJIHOCTbJO nocmllueHHoe HeT0P«" cyne6HbIX npeo6pa30BaHHH II POCClfti l . KpoMe TOro. B Ha'laJIe XXI 13. n05lBIDIHCb nile IU1CCepTaUl10HHble pa60TbI, 8BTOpb l KOTOpblX nOnblTaJll1Cb (BnpO"leM, II paBHoH Mepe 1 Kl'motjHm 0. E., fle6erJe6 B. M. CeMUi'UH f. JO. Cy.ne6HaH BiIDCTb B POCCI1I1" I1CTOpHH: D.0KYMeHTbl. M.. 2003 T. 1-6. CI1CTe\fID'H'lecKI1H (XOTH 11 He I1C'JepnbIBatOillHj.i) nepe'JeHb JC(;lJe.llOBaHI1ti no I1CTDpHI1 OTe4eCTBeH- HOro cynoycrpoHCTBa, ony6;JI1IWBaHHbIX B Haweii CTpaHe c 1840 no 2U04 r.. CM.. HCTOpHfI OTC'IeCTBeHHb]X OprdHOB npaDocynH.II. npoKYJXITYPbI (1 npe.n- 1k1pI1TeJ1bHOro CIJeJlCTBII.II: El16nlllorpaqm4. noc06He I COCT. 11.. 0. CejXIB. HOBOCI16I1pcK. 2005. C. 11-14. CM. TalOKeo630pHb[e CTaTbHB. H Ea6eHKo 11 H. n. Cn060.1l5lHtOK. nOCBHweHHbie I1CTOpl111 lH)"JeHI1.11 UJeIreC11IeHHOro CY1JOYCTPOi1CTrnI 11 cYlionpoH:mollCTBa COOTBCTCTOCHHO B XI XV BB. 11 BO BTOpOi1 nOJlOBJIHe XVIII - nepIJoi1 nOnOBI1He XIX B. (liD6eHfwB. H. njXI- fureMb] CTaHOllJleHI1.11 11 paJBHTI1.11 aJIMI1HItcrpa11tBHo-cyne6HblX opraHoB .ilpeBHeti PyCI1 B OTe'JeCTBeHHoi1 I1CTOPI10rplK!J1111 II HCTOPI1.H cYDe6Hb!X )"Jpe>KlleHI1H POCCI1I1: C6. 06JopoB 11 peI1>ePaTOB. M., 2(X)..1.. C. 8-39; 00- 600J/HIO« 11. n. Cylle6HIDI CI1CTeMa D POCCl1ijcKOi! I1Mnepl111 BO mopoH no- JlOBHHe XVIII - nepBOi1 nOnOBI1He XIX B B OTe4eCTBeHHoi111 Japy6e)l(HOH 1IJl.  Ie'a'p-:: B njXIUL10M 11 HaCTOfiweM II Ho- BblM Ml1p. 1992. NQ I. C. 207-219; Ei/JpeIlO8OH. H Cyllc6Hb]C pe4x:!pMb[ D POCCI1(1. Tpa.IUJUHI1, HOBa.UI1I1. npo6..rJC:\Ib[ II focy.napcTBo 11 npaSO. 1996. NQ II. C. 85-91; Ko6/UK06A. C. Cy.ne6Hb]e pe<PoPMbI B POCCI1I1 113aKoH- HOlTh. 1998. N2 3. C. 49-54; Solomon P COUI1S and Their Refonn 111 Rus- sIan History II Refonnll18 Justice In R. 1864-1996' Power. Culture and The limits of legal ordcr N. Y., 1997. P. 3-20. flawuH C. A. KpaT- KHH 04epK cy.ne6Hblx peqJOpM 11 peBQJJlOUIIIW B POCCI1I1 II Ore<lecTBeHHble 3an11CKI1. 2003. N2 2. C. 161-182; J!OHCKl1!1 C. B. POCCI1HCKl1e cy.ne6Hble pe<tJopr.tbl XVIII-XX BeKOB. Y'Je6. noc06l1e. KaJlI1HI1Hrpa.u.l003. Mo)l(HO 6bUlO 6b! TaIOKC UJ"MC"fiffb KOJUlCKTI1DHYIO NOHOfJJ34JH1O 1996 r. «BnacTb 11 pe4x:!PMb!: Or caMollep)l(3BHoi1 K COBeTCKOii Poccm:!". nOMellleHHoe B 3TOM amop(1TeTHOM Tpy.ne o6<npeHl1e OTe'JeCTBeHHblX cyne6Hb[X npe06pa- 3OBaHI1f.i BlllUlTCfI. o.nHaKo. nOBepXHOCTHblM (eM B.acTb 11 pe4JopMbr: OT caMOllep)l(aBHOH K COBeTcKoi1 POCCI1I1 I nO!! pe.n. E. B. AHaHbl1'Ja. cn6.. 1996). 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 11 cosepllIeHHo Heyna"lHO) npoCJielll1Tb OT1l;eJlbHble acneKTbl OTe'Je- CTBeHHOfO cyn.e6Horo pe$opMl1poHaHI1J'1 C n.peBHei1:llII1X BpeMeH n.o H8CTOJ'llllero BpeMeHH I .  1. Cy.Qe6HaJi pe<f;lopMa: nOHfln1e. npe,QnocbIIlK.... 4eIlb npOBeeH"'JI B "leM.>Ke CMblCJ1 npOBeD;eHI151 cYlle6Hbix pect>oPM? 113-3a 'Jero B03HHKaeT He06xODl1MOCTb B I1X npoHelleHI1H? KaKOEJO Boo6lUe con.ep>KaHl1e nOH.\lnm <'l)Yk6HOR pet/Joplda..? '-IT06bl nOllcl)Inl1TbCH K OTBeTaM Ha 3TH BonpoCbl, KaK npenCTaBllSleTCH. CJle11YeT Ha"laTb C pacCMOTpeHHJ'I npo6J1eMbl ueJiH cyn.e6HblX npe06palOBaHHH. HTaK, KaKOBa ueJib npoBelleHHSI cYlle6HbiX pect>oPM? B ne- pe"ll-1CJ]eHHbIX BblllIe cneUI-1aJ]bHblX pa60Tax non.o6HblH Bonpoc 3aTparl-1BaJlC5I Jll1llIb OTlJ8CTIil. no MHeHl-11O 11. c. CI1MKI1Ha. 06- lllei1 UeJlblO CYlle6Hbix pect>oPM SlIJJISIJIOCb q:.opMl-1pOBaHl1e B H8- llIei1 CTpaHe «caMOCTOS!'J'e11bHoro npmmcyDJIS!». OTn.eJJeHl1e cyn.a OT aIlMHHHCTpamm. C TOlJKH 3peHIDI H. H. EqJpeMoBoH, CKB03- HaS! UeJIb pect>oPM 3aKJIlOlJaJIaCb B C031laHI1H «paBHOro. cnpaBen.- J1HBOro. J}'MaHHOro CYD.a»2. Ore'-leCTBeHHbIM 3aKOHOll8TeJleM ueJib cyn.e6Hoi1 pe$opMbl 6bUIa. KaK npellCTalJJlSleTCSI, BnepBb]e C$JpMYJ1l1poBaH8 B npe- aM6YJle K I1HCTPYKI1.I1I1 peKeTMei1cTepy OT 5 $=BpaJISI 1722 r. B llaHHoi1 npeaM6YJle neIp I OTMeTl1Jl, "lTO npelmpl1HSlTble 11M YCI1J1I1S1 no npeo6pa30B8HI11O cyn.OYCTpOHCTBa 11 CY1l0npoH3Hon- CTBa I1MeJll1 ueJlblO. '.JTo6bl «Ka.JUhw)' no ux de-10M eye! 6bl11 npa- 6eiJHou u 6ecnpoOo"JK:UIIJe..lHOU,)3. nOBTOpHO K OnpelleJIeHMIO ueJiH cyn.e6HOH pe<!x>pMbl oTe'-leCmeHHblH 3aKOHO.LIaTeJlb BepHYJlCH B I1MeHHOM YKaJe OT 20 HO.ll6p.ll 1864 r. 0 BseneHl-111 B n.eHCTBl-1e Cyne6Hb]X YCT aBOB. B 3TOM YKaJe roBOpI1JIOCb. B "l8CTHOCTI1, 0 I CM: flaI'lt!HK06 B. n. OcHODbl cy.noyl."1J>OJ1C1&I no cYllc6H0i1 pe4x:!p- Me B POCCHi1:CKOi1 (!)cllepaUHIII (06111CTeqJCnI'ICCKHe 11 I1CTOpHKo-npaBOBble aCneKTb]): D,HC. no KaH1I. fOpHJI. HaYK. I3oJ1rorpa.n, 1001 1M.: PfE. 1003. 3J1eKlpOHHblW pecypc 113 4K>H.nOB POCCI1HCKOH rocYJIapCTBeHHOH 6H6J1110- TeKI1J; 3olOl/llJpt'fI B. B. OpraHI1JaUl10HHo-npaBOBb[e OCHOBb[ npoBeJJ.eHI1.11 cyne6HbiX pe4x:!pM B POCCHI1: D,HC. no KaHIl. tOP111I. HaYK. M.. 2006 1M.: PrE:i, 1007. 3J1eKl]JOHHb[i1 pecypc 1134K>HD.OB POCCI1HCKOit rocy.napcTBeH- HOW 6116n(1OTeKH). f:;:'b' blC.riaLJ;iCtJB;;CeKI1}j. M.-J1.. 1945. T. I. C. 342. 
12 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ClpeMJIeH111-1 BepXOBHOH BJI3Cn1 «BOllBOpHTb B POCCHI1 cyll CKO- pblH, npaBb]l1. MWlOCUJBblif 11 paBHbli1 DJ]SI Bee).»[. CnYCT.l1 'lyrb Gonee nOJlYBeKa ueJIb O'-lepellHOI1 L)'ne6Hoi:i pe$JpMbl 6bUla 0603Ha'leHa nO-HHOMY. B nYHKTe «r)>> m>CTa- HOBJTeHHSI nOJU1T6JOpo UK PKn(6) OT llleKa6pH 1921 r. (Ka- KOBblM 6b]JlO nOJlO)({eHO H<I'laJIO no.n;rOTOBKe cYLJ:e6HOH pe$JPMbl 1922 L) 3Ha'JJ.UlOCb: «...CYllb] YCI1JUfTb>o2. HeCKQllbKO n03,lJ,Hee LleJIb YKa3aHHOH pe<t>oPMbl OKa3an8Cb pa3BepHyro nponl1C8Ha B n. 17 pe30JU0Ul111 XI Bce(X)cCI1i1cKoH KOHclJepeHUl111 PKn(6) OT 22 n.eKa6pH 1921 r. B paMKa'L IlOCntJKeHHSI Gonee o6weii UCJlH - «BOllBOpeHlliI. BO Bcex 06JlaCTHX )Ki-13HH cTporHx H8 peBOJlJOlU10HHOii 38KOH- HOCTH» - XI BCepOCCHHCKa5I KOHclJepeHuHH PKn(6) onpelle- InfJla: «CY1le6Hble YlJpe>KJleH(1S! COBeTcKoif pecny6JUlKI11l0J]}KHbl 6bITb nOllHSlTbl H3 COOTBeTCTBYJOll\YJO Bb]C01)'o)J. OCTaeTC5I 11;0- 6amHb, 'ffO B nOCTaHOBJIemU1 BePXOBHOro COBem POt>CP N2 1801-1 OT 240KTSl6p.ll 1991 r. 06 yTBep)l(1leHl111 KOHuenUl1I1 cy.ne6Hoi-i pe$JPMbl B POt>CP 0 ueJlI1 ee npoBe.neHlliI. He CKa3a- HO HI1 CJlOBa. npl1 3TOM B CT. 2 11 3 03Ha<1eHHoro nOCTIlHOBJIeHIDI nepe'lI1CJ1eHbl weCTb «rJlaBHbIX 3M8<J& 11 wecn «BillKHef1WI1X Ha- npaBJTeHI1f1» pe<txJPMbl: OT «oGecne<:leHI1SJ cyaepeHHoro npaBa PCeDCP Ocyll.{eCTBJTSlTb npaBOCYJIl1e H yrOJlOBHoe npeCJIeJJ;OBa- HHe Ha cBoef1 TepplffOpl1l1& .no «COBepllleHCTBOBaHI1S1 CIilCTeMbl rapaHTI1i1 He3aBHCI1MOCTI1 CYJJ;ei1&4. npl1Be.neHHble $JpMynHpoBKH UeJll1 cyne6Hblx pe<tx>PM npellCTaRflSJIOTc SI 3aBe.nm,tO He I1MelOlllHMI1 YHI1BepCarIbHoro xa- ] POCC(oIi1CKoe JaKOHOllaTe.'lbCTBO X-XX BB. T. 8. C. 28. AErrOpoM 3TOI1 xpeclO\I:rrn:i1HO (oIJBCCTHOi1 $pa3bI. BCpoHTHce scero, CJ1ellYeT npnJH:JTh TomawHero MI1Hl1CTpa IQCTI1UI1I1 D.. H. 3aMSlTHI1Ha. no Kpai1HeH Mepe, Bbl- CTynaH B anpeJ1e 1866 r. Ha OTkpblHII1 CaHKT - nerp6yprcKI1X cyn.e6Hoi1 naJIaTbl 11 OI..pyJI<J-IOfO cyna. D.MI1TPI1i1 3aMJrrni1H npHBeJ\ B CBoei1 pe'Jl1 QH- TwpoBaHHb]i1 $paJMel-IT 6e3 BCHKOi1 CCblJ1KH Hit ArreKcmillpa II (MI1HIIICTep- CTBO IOCmUl1I1 Ja CTO lIeT. 1801-1902: I1cTopH'JeCKI1H 04epK M. 1001. C. 1)(}-I3I). 2j]eHuH B. H nOJlHoe co6pdH(oIe C04I.JHeH(oIf! M.. 1964. T. 44. C. 567. B llaHHOM nYHKTe 6blJla n.OCJlOBHO BocnpoH3BeLleHit $opMYJll1poBKa. npe.n- JlO)l(CHHIDI TOrnaWH(1M rnaBOH COBeTCKOro npamrreJ1bCTBa B. 11. J1eHI1Hb] (TaM>Ke C 261) JKOMMYH(1CTI1'JeCKID1 napTHR CoBeTCKOro COIma B pe3OJllOuH.llx 11 pe- WeHI1S1X C"be1OOB. KOH$epeHQI1i1: 11 nJ1eH}'MOB UK. 9-e 113D.. M.. 1983. T. 1. C. 471-472. 41knoMOCTlll CHI{ PC<l>CP. 1991. NQ 44. CT. 1435. 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 13 paKTepa. B caMOM nelle, ynoMSlHyroe OTnelleHl1e cy.na OT allMI1- HI1CTpaW'II1 (paBHO KaK 11 YCl11leHl1e polll1 cyneGHblX opraHOB) MO)I(HO pacCMaTpl1BaTb KaK O.nHY H3 KJ11O'-IeBbIX 3a.na"l, HO Hii B Koei:i Mepe KaK oGrnyJO uellb pe$JpM. Uellb YCTaHOBJIeHHSI eyna «paBHoro» nOllHOCTblO OTBe'laJla B033peHliSlM OTe'leCTBeHHoro 3aKOHO.LIaTeJ1fI BTOpoi1 nOllOHI1Hb] XIX-XX HR.. HO HI1KaK He 33- KOHo.naTellSl, CK8.)I(eM. nOCllellHej:j "IeTBepTI1 XVIII BeKa. EClll1 "ITO BO Bce BpeMeHa 11 BOJiHOBaJlO 3aKOHO.LIaTellSl (no npl1polle 113Be'JHO CKJ10HHOrO K nparMaTI1Jt.ry) nplilMeHI1TeJibHO K cyn.eGHoii c<t>epe, TaK 3TO, n.YMaeTC}[, 3$PeKTI1BHOCTb npaBO- cyn.I1.1!, "IeTKOCTb H 6ecnepe60iiHocTb YHKUHOHl1pOBaHI1.1! cy- n.e6HOM CI1CTeMbl. .upyroe n.ellO. ":lTO TaKOBa.l! }$<PeKTHBHOCTb pacCMaTpHBaJl8Cb 3aKOHOll8TelleM CKB03b npl13MY O'leBHl\HbIX D.JlSl Hero npl1Hlli1nOB npaBOCYJII1SI - KOTopble OTHIO.nb He OCTa- BaJlI1Cb HeI13MeHHb]MI1 H8 npOTSI)((eH1111 BeKOI!. BOT nO'-leMY, Ha B3rJ]JUl aBTopa H8croHll.lej:j pa6OTbl. eJ/b lJUe6HblX petjJop.u - 3mo iJocl1llDlCf!HUe mOK020 yp06HR 31xjJeKmu6- Hocmu tjJyHKUOHUpo60HWI c}rle6Hoii cucmeMbI, npu KOf1lOJJOw 06e- cne'fUealDCb 6bl MGKCUMaAbHllf/ nOJ1HOmD peaAU30UU npuHuno(J np060CJ.mI11, DKmYaAbHblX iJJlR 30KoHooome 111 e coom6emcme}'faW,uu ucmopu<ieCKUU nepuoiJ. Tenepb HMeeT CMblCJT nepei1m K BOnpocy. ":lTO }l(e TaKoe Boo611.1e cyneGHa.ll pec}JOpMa. I1TaK, KaKoe onpelleJleHl1e MO)((HO D8Tb caMoMY nOH5ITI1IO «cyneGHIDI p$pMa»? KaK HH yn.I1BI1TeJibHO. B YKa3aHHbix Bblwe CneUl1aJ1bHblX pa60Tax no HCTopml cyn.eGHblx npeoGpa30BaHI1H 03Ha'leHHbli1 Bonpoc He CT8BI11lC5I KaK TaKOBoi1 He 6bUlO cifJop- MYJ1l1poBaHO OnpelleJieHI151 cyneGHoj:j pe<t>oPMbl HI1 BO BnepBb]e 1131laHHOM B 1999 r. cneUl1aJ]bHOM I1CCJle.nOBaHI1I1 B. 11. Pa.n'leHKO «Cyn.e6H851 peopMa B POCCHMCKOii 4Je.nepaUI1H», Hii B oc06oM pa3.1leJle <,CYJIe6Ha51 pe$JpMa KaK rocynapcrneHHoe 11 nOJlID1'l'le- CKoe COGbITHe» CTaTbH B. C. KOM8POBCKOro H M. 10. MI13YJ1HH8 2003.-. 1 11I1Wb B HeKoropblX pa60Tax 1960-2000-x rr. nOBeJlOCb BCTpeTHTb pa3po3HeHHbie C)I)K!leHHH. "ITO xe CJle.nyeT nOHHMaTb nOll eYJIe6HOii pe<t>oPMof1. ICM.: o B. H Cyne6l-ffiH pe$Jp'td B POCCI1I'!CKOH C1>ellep<l- UI1I1. HeKOTopble TeopeTl1'JecKHe 11 npaKTLoI'JecKHe np06J1cMbl II Pad'fell- KG B. H. Cyne6HID1 pe4x:!pMa B Poccllli1cKOii (]JenepauHH: C6. cnueii. M.. 21:105. C. 34-87. KLJlWP06CfWU B. c., Mtap.JUIi M 10. Koma 11 KaK Ja- BepWI1TCH cYlle6H!lH pt4x:!pMa? II Ore><eCTlJeHHble 3anI1CKH. 1003. NQ 2. C. 99-100. 
14 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Tal<, B. M. CeMeHoB ynoM5IHYl1 0 «peopramnamu1» OTe'le- CTBeHHO cy.n.e6Hoit CHCTeMbl. «nOJ1Y'-lHBwei1: H83BaHHe «Cy.n.e6- HaH pe$JpMa 1922 ro.1la». AMepHKaHcKHH )"-IeHhl" fl)f(. f11H3- 6yprc onpelleJII1JI 3a.na'1Y cBoero I1CCJlellOBaHHH «COBeTCKasI CYlle6H8H pe<t>opMa 1956-1958 rr.» B TOM, 'no6bl pacCMOTpeTb «opraHI13aUHOHHble (13MeHeHIm B CYlle6Hoj:j CHCTeMe CCCP» 3a COOTBeTCTBYIOWHM nep(1o.n l . CXOD.Hb]M 06proOM B. n. DQ)KbeB 11 J1. fl. nep110B OTMeTI1JIH. 'lTO CYJ];e6HIDl peifJopMa 1922 r. «6bUla ocylllecTIDIeHa n0J10)f(eHHeM 0 cynoYClpoi1cTBe POPCP, npH- IDlTbJM BUliK II HOH6pH 1922 r.». COBeplllcHHo B TOM )ICe nyxe n03LlHeC D.B<UK1lbI BbICKa3aJI- C5I 11 A. C. CMbl«aJlHH, YKa3aBWHH. '1TO nOJlO)({eHHe 0 CYllO- ycrpOHCTBe PC<J:ICP OT II HOH6pH 1922 r. «BOWJ10 B HCTOpHIO KaK cYlle6Ha.ll pe$)pMa 1921 r.» 2. B CBOJO O"lepellb. B MOHorpa- 1111 1991 r. J1.11. ne-rPYXHH aKueHTl1pOBaJI BHHMaHHe Hf! HHOM npl13HaKe cyne6HoH peifJopMbl: «Cyne6Ha5I p$pM3 - :no KO- peHHoe npeo6pa30Bam1e, 3 He 'IacTHOCTI1, nOnpaBKI1 11 .nonOJl- HeHl1.I1 K)')Ke CYllleCTBYlOllieMY 3aKOHY". n03ll.Hee. V}Ke B XXI B., J1. 11. ncrpYXIIH YKa3aJJ.. <ITO cyne6Ha.SI peifJopMa - «:no npeo6- pa30BaHl1e He TOJ1bKO cynOYCTpof1CTBa 11 cynonp0l13BOnCTBa, HO 11 npellBapl1TeJ1bHOro paCCJlellOBaHHSJ. npOK)'popCKoro HaLl30pa 11 OnepaTI1BHO-P03bICKHOf1: neSlTeJ1bHOCTJ.'I»J npHBe.neHHb]e TpaKToBKH nOHSlTIUI cyne6Hoi1 peifJopMbl (33 HCKJllOlJeHl1eM OOCJ1ellHei1) npe.nCT<lBJUlIOTCSI XOUII1 Heocno- pI1MbIMt1, HO He I1C<IepnblBaJOWI1Mt1. COBepweHHO O<IeBI11lHO, <ITO cy.ne6Ha5I pe$Jpr.rn He MO.JKeT 6blTb CBelleHa HI1 K peOpraHI1- 3aID111 cy.nOYCTp of1CTBa, HI1 K CI1CTeMHOM)l xapaKTepy 113MeHe- ] Ce.lleH06 B. M. CYll 11 npaBocy.nHeBCCCP: Y'JC6HI1K. M., 1976.C. 96; Ginst:urgs G. Soviet Court Reform. 1956-1958 II Soviet l..8w after Stalin. 1-",! ;;B..h8i1;: litj/tl'1'Je JaKOHO.lJaTeJlbCTBa 0 cynefiHoM ynpaBJIeHl111 B CCCP II COBeTCKIDI IOCTHUI1.11. 1967. N2 II. C. 14; C\fI>l- KaIUH A. C. OpraHb[ CYlle6HOfo ynpaBJICHI1H PC<DCP B nepH01l c 1912- 1929 rOllb]: ABTopetj:J. ll11C. no Kal-Ul. tOpHll HayK. CBeplUIoBCK, 1981. C. 10; OH 'rne;;JKl1.ff=='plPe4x:!PM. M. 1991 C. 41. OH JJCe. Cync6HIDI pe4x:!pMa II YrOJlOBHo-npoueccydJIbHoe npaBO POCCI1itCKOi1 (])e;repaUHI1: Y'Je6HI1K. l-e 113ll. M., 1007. C. 35. CXO.nHb]M of:pooM (XOTH 11 MeHee KaTeropH'JHo) Bh]CKaJaJICH TalCKe B. H Paa'JeHKo B ynoMHH)'ToH pa60Te 1999 r no ero MHeHl1tO. cyDe6HIDI pe4x:!pMa <'CTaBI1T Bonpoc 0 pe- 4x:!pMl1pOBaHI1I1 CMe:>KHbIX npaBOBblX ceKTopOB: npo"1'P31YPbl 14 aIlOOI<dT)'- pbl, a TalCKC CJlCllCTBH.II" (PmJotelllro B. J1. YKa3. C04. C. 81). 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 15 HI1i1, ocyWeCTBJUleMblX B XOlle ee npOBellemUI, HI1 K 3THM JIBYM npl13H8KaM BMeCTe B3}iTbIM. A BOT TO'-lKa 3peHH5I, >jTO cYJIe6- HIDI pe$)pM8 BKJlJO>j8eT npeo6pa30BaHMfl ewe M B 06J18CTM npo- KYpOpCKOro Hwnopa 11 onep8TMBHo-P03blcKHof1 JIelTeJlbHOCTM, npeJICTaBJmeTCfl" 113JU1WHe pacllmpI1TeJlbHoi1. CTJ.1paJOwef1 rp8Hb Me>K.!l.Y CYJIe6Hoi1 pe$)pMoi1 H pe$)pMoi1 npaBOOX]18HI.fTenbHOM CI1CTeMbl l . K MHeHHfl"M, BbICK33aHHbIM npe.nwecTBeHHI1KaMH. BKlUtTCfl Heo6xollHMbiM n06aBI1Tb CJlellylOWl1e co06pa)l(eHI1JL Bo-nepBblx, BHOCI1Mble B XOlle peifJopMbl I13MeHeHI151 II cynoYCTpoi1CTBO H cy- JIOnp0l13Bo.llCTBO JIOJl)I(Hbl HaxomtTb JaKpCJUleHl1e B HopMaTHB- HblX npaBOBblX 8KTaX, HCTOpH'1eCKJ.1 HMeBlllHX YPOBeHb He Hl1)1(e COBpeMeHHoro ifJellepaJIbHOrO 3aKOH8. npl1 3TOM. BO-BTOPblX. I13MeHeHIm:. BHOCI1Mble B CYJIonpOH3BOLICTBO. JIOJl>KHbl JaKpe- JUlfl"TbC5I B TOM '-IHCJle 11 KQllnifJHKallHOHHO. .lJ.pyrm.m CJlOBaMH, 1u06851 cyne6Ha51 peifJopM8 JIOIDKH8 COnpOBO>K1lliTbC5I npHH5ITHeM HOllblX npolleccyaJlbHblX KOlleKCOII (11.1111 I1CTOpl1'-1eCKI1 COOTBeT- CTBOBallllJl1X HM CII01l011 npoueCCYaJlbHOrO 3aKOHOllaTeJlbCTBa). H8KOHeu, B- TpeTbItX, OnpelleJlfl"fl, <ITO >Ke TaKOe CYJIe6H851 pe$:>pM8, Heo6xoJIHMO npHIDITb BO BHI1M8HHe H XpoHOJIOrH<ie- CKHM 8CneKT. B C8MOM lleJIe. eCJIH HOpMaTHBHoe 3aKpenJleHHe npeo6pa30BaHHM B cifJepe CYJIOyCTpOi1cTlJa H CYJIonpOH3BQ1lCTIJa pacT.IIfl1BaeTC.II H8 HeCKOJlbKO JIeC5ITI1J1eTHM. TO TaKl1e npeo6pa30- BaHHSI, nYM8eTC5I. HeB03MO)l(HO C'-IeCTb peifJopMoi1. CTaJlO 6b1TL, Heo6xOllMMO HMeTb B Bltny 3alle1l0M)'1O orpaHl1<IeHHOCTb CpOKOB npoRCllCHI151 cyne6HoH peifJopMbl. T81G'1M 06pa30M. C)'MMHpY51 BblllleCKa3aHHoe. MO)I(HO npe.n- JlO>KHTb CJTe1lYlOwee OnpelleJleHHe. CyiJe6HllfI pet/Jop.';fQ - 3mo C06OI..}'IlHOCmb e30U'ltOC6i/JOHHb/X, CUCmeVHb/X, HopMomueHO 30Kpell- fieHHb/X I/O o6w,eeocyi}opcmeeHI/OM J'fJOBI/e (6 mo,\! IJllC1e U KOiJU- f/JUKQUOHI/O) U3MeHeI/UU 6 oO.:Jllcmu cyiJoycmpoilcmeQ u cviJonfJt)- u16OiJcmeo, npeanpUl/lImb/X c 14eJ/blO OOCmUJiCeHUfi MOKCU.\ltLlbHOli 3f}xf;eKmU6I/OCmU fj;yHK14UOHUP060HUlI cyiJe6Hoii cucmeUb/ U ocy- w,ecm6 Jel/l/bIX 6 ucmOpUlJeCKU 02pOl/u<tel/l/biU nepuoiJ. OnpelleJleHHe cyne6Hoi1 peifJopMbl Bl11llffCn YMeCTHb]M .no- n01lHMTb OnpelleJleHl1eM cYlle6Hoi1 KOHrppe$:>pMbL 113 npellwe- I '-ITO)I(e.no npenr:rO)!(eHHoro 11 11. ne1]JYXllHblM OTHeceHHH K cy.ne6HOH pe4>oP\te npeo6pa30BaHI1i1 B cpe npe.nBapI1TeJ1bHoro paccne1lOOi1.Hl1.11, TO TaKOBble npeo6paJoBaHI1.11, llYMaeTCH, O'\BJfblBaIOTCSI pe4>oP1I1poBaHl1eM B 06JJacrl1cynonpoI1JBOJlCTBd. 
16 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I CTBylOllil1X 8BTOpOB DaHHOrO BOnpoCa KOCHYJI8Cb e.rU1HCTBeHHO M. B. HeMbITI1H8. no ee MHeHi'IIO, «TepMI-1H «cy.ne6HIDI. KDHTp- pe<t>opMa>' npHMeHl'IM J1Hlllh B TOM CJ1)"-1ae, eCJIl'l OH xapaKTe- pM3)'eT o6paTHoe pe<t>oPMe no CYlliHOCTHblM xapaKTept1CTIlKaM npe06pa30BaHHe»l. HeCMOTpH H8 TO. 'ITO M. B. HeMhlHIHalIarJa onpe.LleJTe"He KOHTppe$JpMb] npMMeHHTeJ1bHO JTHWh K onya- LlI-U1 c nepeCMOTpOM Cy.ne6Hb1X YCT3BOB 1864 L. ee 4IoPMYJlI1- pOBKa npellCTaBJl5leTCfI B ueJIOM BepHoH, XOTfi H He HC'lepnbl- BalOme". D.yMaeTCfI. 'lTO no.n. c)'iJe6Hoii KOHmppetJJopvoii c.JletJyem 110- 1/UMOmb c06oKynHocmb mOKUX U3MeHeHUU 6 o6.10cmu C)0oycmpou- ell/eo u cyiJonpmu6odcmea, Komopbie npueoiJRm K j1UK8UOauu C03- iJaHHblX 6 xoiJe cyiJe6Hoii pet/JrJfJ."'b[ npa606bIX uHcmumJ'III06. 6Mecmo KOmophlX J1u60 1ID06l1(e He c03iJmomcfI HOBbie UHcmum\'1I1bl. J/lfflo eOCCmaHOeJJU60lOmCfI iJopetJxJp'Jti!1/1/ble. Bo Beex OCTIlJlbHblX CJlY'-/a- fiX, KaK npe1I.CTdBJIJleTc5I, CTOHT rolJOpl'ITb 11JJl.1 0 KOppeKTl1pOBKe pe$JPMbl. 111111 0 nO.1lroTOBKe peifJopMbl HOBOI1. KaKHe >Ke c06bITH5I B I1CTOpl.J11 POCCI1I1 cJle.1lYeT TpaKTO- BaTb leaK cy.ne6Hble pe$Jpr..fbJ? He BlU\B:.UICb 31leCb B ymy6JJeH- Hoe paCCMOTpeHl.Je 03H8QeHHoro Bonpoca «no 6blJlO ClleJIaHO B paMKax I.JHO" pa6OTbI 2 ). I.JMeeT CMblCJl JlI1Wb KOHCfaTl.JpOBaTb. "lTO. I.JCXOJI.SI 113 BblWenpl1BelleHHoro onpe.neJleHIm. B I1CTOpl111 OTe'-leCTBeHHoro rocy.napcTBa I.J npaBa COCTO.IUIOCb wecmb cy.ne6- HblX peifJopM: nel"pa I, Emrepl1Hb] II (1775 rJ. AiJeKc8Hllpa II (1864 r.), 1922 r., 1956-1964 rr. J 11 1990-x - Ha'laJla 2000-x rr. KpoMe TOro, n pelICTaBJUleTCH HeCOMHeHHbIM. '1TO B I1CTOpl111 1 Hellblf1lllllf1 M B. Cyn B POCCHI1: BTOpIDI nonOBHHa XIX - Ha'laJIO XX BB. CapaTOB, 1999. C. 71. 2 Cepnfl fl. O. CKOJIbKO 6bVTO cyne6HbIX petfxJpM B HempHI1 POCCI1I1? (OnblT I1CTOpI1KO-npaBOBOro aHaJlI1Ja) II POCCI1S1 KaK UHBL1,l13aUI1S1: C6. HaY'-!HbIX CTaTei1 HOBOCH611JX:K, 2008. C. 146-170. J CneUl1aJ1bHoe pacCM<rrpeHl1e o6cTO$ITeJ]bCTBC)i1f6Holi pe4x:!PMbl 1956- 1964 IT. (noHb!He HC BbLUCJlHBwei1C.II B UfC'ieCTBeHHOH ItCTOpI-IKO-npaBOBOM H3}'Kf') eM.: CejXJ6 fl 0. 3a6bITa.II CTpaHl1ua llCTOpltl1 rocynapcma 11 npasa CCCP: Cyne6Ha.II pe4x:!pMa 1956-1964 rOlIOB II I3eCll-lI1K HOBOCl..J6I1pcKO- TO rOCYDapcT8eHHoro YHI1Bepcmern. Cep. "npaBO». 2006. T 2. Bbln. 1. C. 43-53. YMCTHO JaMCTHTb. 'ITO B Japy6e)I(HOM npaOOBClleHl111 UfnCJIbHb]e CTOpoHbJ pe4x:!PMbl 1956-1964 IT. OK."\3aJII1Cb no.np06Ho OCBeweHb[ B OCTaB- WI1XCH MaJl0l13BeCTHblMI1 B POCCI1I1 pa6araxLJ.;.K. fl1H36vprca 11 LJ.;.K. foproHa (Gor,gone G. Soviet Juri'>lS m the legIslative Arena The Refuml0f Cnmmal Procedure, 1956-1958 II Soviet Union. 3 Pittsburgh. 1976. N I. P 1-35; Ginsburgs G. Op. cit. II Soviet Law aftcr Slalin. Part I. P.77-104). 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 17 HaweiJ ClpaHbl I1MeJ1a Mecro o.lIHa HeCOCT05lBilla5lCSI cyne6Ha51 pe<1>oPMa - Ha'laJIa XX B., HOPMaTl1BHo.iJ o.CHo.BOiJ KOropOiJ nOJDKHa 6bUla CmTb Ho.Ba51 peD.8MUISI Cyne6Hblx YCTUBOB, pa3- pa60TaHHa51 KOMI1CCl1eH H. B. MypaBbeBa. 113 'Iero B03HHKaeT He06Xo.lIHMo.CTb npOBelIeHHSI cyne6- HblX pe<1>oPM? Bo.n)X'lc KaCaTeJlbHo. 06WHX npe.n;no.CblJ1o.K cYlIe6- HblX npeo6pa30BaHl1iJ o.KaJaJlC5I, KaK HH CTpaHHo.. o.6o.iJ;J,eH B npe.n;weCTBYIOll.leiJ JIHTepaIype. KaK npt'.ACT3BJ1S1eTC5I, o.CHo.BHo.iJ npe.n;nOCbUlKOH cyne6Ho.iJ peifJoPMbl cnenye-r npl13H8Tb OCo.3Ha- HHe 3aKo.Ho.n;aTeJ1eM CHl1)I(eHH.\1 no. HeKoeii KpHTH'IeCKOii crene- HH TOM caMoH 3<txt>eKTHBHOCTH 4>YHKllHOHHpOBaHIDI cYlIe6Ho.H CHCTeMbl. I1HblMH CJ1o.DaMH, HCXOIIHo.e YCJ1o.BHe OCYllieCTBJleHIDI CYlIe6Ho.H pe$JpMbl .Qo.J1}1(HO 3aK./lIO'JaTbCSI B YfTCHeHHH 3aKo.Ho.- JJ;aTeJ1eM KplGHCHo.ro COCTo.5IHHSI npaBOcynHSI. CnyqaJIl1Cb }l(e KpH3HCbl npaBo.CYJI.H5I B HaweM Ore'leCTBe. YBbl. HeOnHoKpaTHo.. «HDM cue 6e.n.MU 3030PHO. limo... U Y 6YCYPMOH cyd IIUHHm npOffedeH, a Y Hac 6epa CffHmWl, 6AOi!OIIeCmU6aJi, 0 c:yd- HaJi pocnpOffO HUKydblHe 2CXJHQR1o, - CeTOBaJI ewe B 1724 r. npe.n- npHHHMaTeJ1b 11 n)X'l}l(eKTep J1. T. nOCo.WKo.B I . «CymlJIHll.la H cy- llbH B He)'BIDKeHHH, no.llo.3penaJOTCH n M3110HMCTBe...». - nHCM B 1820 r. TYJIbCKHf1: reHepM-()'6epHaTOP A.ll. DaJlaWOB B o.T'-IeTe AiJeKC8H1qJY L «Bee cynb] y HaC B )({aJlKOM nOJ1o.)I(eHHI1», - pe- 31OMHpOBaJI B 1858 r. o.6ep-ceKpeT8pb OllHOro 113 MOCKOBCKHX nenapraMeHTo.B CeHaTa K. n. n06eno.Ho.CUeB!. «HacTmlwee nOJ1Q)KeHHe cyne6HoH 'I8CTI-1 Bo. MHo.fOM Hey- llo.BJleTBo.PHTCJ1bHO», - no.ll'leplOlBaJI B llo.KJIa1le AneKcaHllPY III MHHHCTP JOCTHW1H H. B. MypaBbeB B 1894 r. «B pa6<ne cyne6- HblX o.praHo.n ClpaHbl B HaCTo.SlWee npeMSI npo.llo.J1)({aJOT o.CTaBaTb- CSI fJly6o.Ko. YKopeHI1BWl1eC5I Hello.CTaTKH; MaCCOBble HapyweHHSI 3aKOHOB npl1 paCCMOTpeHl111 cyne6Hb]X nen, 6e30TBeTCTBeHHocTb cynef1: 3a 3TH Hapyrnemm. MHOrOlJI-1CJ1eHHble CJ1yqal1 3JlO}Ino.lpe- 6J1eHI1i1 no. nOJ1)I(HOCTI1 11 nHCJq)C.IDrr.aUHI1...» - o.TMe'laJlOCb B 3anHCKe, nOllroTo.BJleHHOH B YnpaBJIeHHH Karr.po.B UK BKn(6) B 1946 r. {Po. 60cTb cynoB. BOJ10KHTa. 6e3llYMHoe 11 6e31I.YWHoe I /locoun..06 H T KHl1ra 0 CK}'nOCTHI1 6or.rrcme. M. 1937. C 171. !UHT. no: BopoHCJKCKUe ry6epHaJqJbl 11 BHue-ry6epHaTopb[. 1710- 1917: I1CTOPHKO-6I.IOfJJd!1JH'JecKHe OLJepKH I COCT. A. H. AirnHbWHH. Bo- POHliH: ': 1 ;T. C. 132; 3tmzuHI(e6 A f. OP..W6 10. f npl1roBOpeHHble BpeMeHeM: poccHi1cKl1e 11 COBeTCKl1e npoKY- POpb]. 1937-1953. M.. 2001. C. 143. 
18 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I OTKJlOHeHIUI JKaJ106. OTHOIUeHHe K nOncylll1MOMY KaK K npecryn- HI1Ky!)} - YD.PyqeHHo KOHCTaUJpOBaJlOCb Y)f(e B 1991 r. 1 UHTl1poBaHl1e non06HhlX c)l)KD.eHld-i 1'.10)1(1-10, paJ}'Mecrcj.J, ner- KG npanQIDKIfib. OnHcamuo poccHikKHX cyne6HhIX HenOp.ll1l.KOB 6bU1blX BeKOB nOCllillileHbl MHOfl1e crpaHHUbl yJeHbIX TPYllOB. Me- M)lapOB, c$l1UHallbHblX llOK)'MeHTOR, ny6J1MUHCTW-JeCKI1X CO'fHHe- HH(1. np(1 ::ITOM HeJ1h3.11 He OTMe'TJ.ITb, 'fTO 06p(1coBaHHb]e npe.ilwe- crny101lI;l1MI-1 aBTopaMH KapTI1Hb] HenpaBOCym.U[ 1840 - 1850-x IT. MaJlO 'leM OTJlI.1'JaJOfCS! OT KapTl1H HenpaBocymm 1970 - 1980-x 1T. 1 HeMMo BHI1MaHlliI y.neJ1W111 npo6JIeMe He6naronon}"-lIDI B 06naCTH yr0J10BHOro cyn.onpomBO.ilCTBa 11 cocraBJ-lTeJll1 ynOM.IIH)'TO KOH- uenUl111 cYlle6HoH pe<!>oPMbI B PC<DCP 1991 r., nepBblH pa3lleJ1 KOTOjX)H HeCJ1Y'-laMHO 03amaRITeH -«KpH3Jl/C Kx:ll1UHH»J. Lla H crapl1HHhle noroBopKH 3aI1KCHpOBaJn1 n04TH HCKmo- "lIffeJ1bHO HeranmHoe, CKenTlf'leCKH-He1l0Bep4I1Boe OTHorneHHe H8ceneHJ.UI K OTeCTBeHHOMY cyny. «'imo Mile 3aKOHbt, KOJIU cyiJbU 3HaKO.MbI». «M3dolO, limo Y3rJOlO, o6pamUWb CyrJblO 6 C6010 601110». «(CyrJeUCKUU ICLJpJK1H, limo ymuHblu 306: U "0fJMY He pm6upaem U Cblmocmu He 3Hoem». <l3aKOH, limo KOHb: KyiJa XOl/ewf>, myiJa U noo('ponIUWb». ((B CyO HOl(1lI - e KapMaH pYKo{m. ((CyiJbe pbl6a, a npocumeJ/1O IJeWYf/». «C bI.M cyoumbCf/ - J/Y'lwe e MOpe \'1110- numbCfh). <10m eopa 6eoa, om cyiJa - cKyiJa [6e.n;HOCTb]»4. Ha no- JI06HOM $:me CTaHOBI-1TC5! nOH.IITHb]M, nO'-leMY OTe'-leCTBeHHb]M JaKOH011areJ1b C 33BltilHOM peryJ15!p(10CTblO OC03HClBaJl He06xolll1- MOCTb O'-lepellHOH cYlle6HOM pe4x>PMbl... HCJlb3H CKaJaTb, BnpO<leM, liTO PYKOBOllCTBO CTpaHbl nblTa- JlOCb H3JIe<lHTb H3Bbl npaBocymUI 01lHHMH TOJlbKO l.npenKa npH- MeHHBWHMHC5! pe4x>PMaTopCKHMI-1 MeT01J.aMH. Pa3Hoo6pa3Hble YCI-1JlI1Sl. HanpaBJ1eHHble Ha nOBblweHHe 31xPeKTHBHOCTH <!JYHK- LlMOHMpOBaHMSI CYIle6HOM CHCTeMbl, npe.nnpMHMMaJlHCb 143 1"O1l8 I flempyXUH H. Jl. npalJOCYILHe: BpeMH pe4>oP1. C. 46. !B :ITOM OTHOWelil11'1 nop.1.3IITeJ!bHO 1J3<lI'IMHoe C1IOJJ1:TIJO paJD,eJleH- Hb[X 60J1ee 'leM CTOJleTHeM 3nI130.nOB. npl1BeJleHHblX B Tpyne 11. B. fecceHa I90S r. 1111 MOHOflXI!1JItI'lI1.JL neTjJYXI1Ha 1991 r (FecCeH H B. Cyne6HIDI pe4xJpMa. cn6., 1Q{)5. C. 18-13; cp.' flempyxllH H.Jl npaBOCYll.l1e: BpeMH pe!!>opM. C. 41-41). }KoHuenul1.11 Cyne6HOO pe!!>opMb] B POCCIIIHCKOii (JJellepaUI1I1. M., 1992. C. 8-16. 41OpKlUNOC1Jfe nOCJlOBI1Ubl 11 nOfOBopKIL. C. 11. 15; C60PHMK JX!C- CI1i'"ICKJ.I>: nOCJlOIJHll 1-1 norooopoK I COCT. 11 11. 1:Lrui1OC1p01J. KweB, 1904. C.13, 84. 332, 335, 367. 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 19 B m.n;. 1I,JU' npl1Mepa MO.>KHO npl1BeCTI1 Bblllep.>KKI1 113 XpOHI1KH 60pb6bl C roiJ .>Ke BOJlOKI1TOH. 1719 ro.n;, IJ»eBpaJIL: pacnOpfl.IKeHI1C IOcTl1u-KwLIlenu1, B KO- TOpoM MeCTHblM cYIle6HblM OpraHaM npennHCbIBaJlOCb paCCMa- Tj)HBaTb IleJTa <ve3 MeHbUJeu 60JlOKumbi». 1767 roll, Mail: HMeHHoiJ YKa3 «0 CI<.-opeliweM peweHUU npucyiJcm6e1fHbl},j ,wcmaM ()e I 0 1(0- /lodHUKO\...... 1921 roll, CeHTIl6pb: nl1CbMO R 11. JleHI1Ha HapKOMY JOCTl1u(oI(oIlll1. KYPCKOM}' C "Ipe60BaH(oIeM. «'-IT06b1 KapaJIl1 BO- J10Klrry clpo)[(e». 1952 roll, ceHTIl6pb: nOCTHHOBJIeHl1e nJ1eHYM8 BepxoBHOTo cy.na CCCP «06 ycrpaHeH(oI(oI <tJaKToB BOJTOKHTbl B IlefITeJTbHOCTt1 CYIlOB»'. Bce 3m peWHTeJlbHble J1HCbM8. YKa3bl, pacnOpH)[(eHWI, no- CTaHOBJIeHHH (p8BHO KaK H MHorne .apyrne) He llaBa/lI1. o.n;HaKO, )];OJDKHoro pe3YJ1bTara. B more Ha OOBeCTKe JIH.II BHOBb OKa3blBaJTCH BOnpoc 0 Heo6xonnMOCTI1 npHHJHt15[ Mep CHCTeMHOro KTepa. Ha mpl130HTe tlliHHMa BHOBb MM'-II1Tb cYlle6H851 pe$opMa. npe!IJl8raeM8}[ BHI1M8HHlO '1HT8TeJleti MOHorpac1JHJl nocml- meHa HCTOpi1H nepBoH H3 pocCHHcKHX cyne6HbIX pe$:>PM - ocy- meCTBJleHHoH B nepBoH 'lerneprn XVIII B., no HHHUHaTHBe H nOll PYKOBOJJ;CTBOM nerpa I. AnTOP CTalUUI ueJiblO )];06i1TbCH KOMnJleKcHoro. MHoroacneKTHoro paCCMOTpeH(oISj o6cToJITeJlbCTB pe<\x>pMb]. CBoero poLJ;a «roJIOrpa4JH'IeCKoro» OCBemeHI1f1I13}"-1ae- Mom flBJleHIUI. COO6pa3HO TaKoMY 3aMbICJIY, JJ;aHHoe I1cCJ1ell.oBa- Hl1e Bb]CTpoeHO Ha CO'-leTIlHHI1. B3aI1MHOM nepeCe'leHl111 CI1HxpO- HHljeCKoro 11.nt1a"(XJHl1ljeCKOrO nOllXOllOB B Ont1CaHt1H cy.ne6Hoti peifJopMbl nCTpa I. C OIlHOH CTOpOHbl - B pyCJIe CHHxpoHHlleCKoro onl1ca- HHfI - B KHt1re npellnpt1HflTa nOnblTKa C MaKCt1MaJlbHOH nOJTHO- TOiJ YCTaHOBI1Tb '1epeLlY c06bITHM. HenocpellcTBeHHo CB.II3aHHb]X C Ha3BaHHoiJ cyne6HOM peifJopMok OT CKJlMblBaHIUI (oICXOJI.Horo 3aMbICJIa peifJopMbl )];0 J1I1KBI1lJ.aUHI1 npaBOBb]X t1HCTI1TYfOB, C03- .QaHHbIX B xOLJ;e ee npOBelleHH}I. C npyroti CTOpOHbJ - B pyCJIe I nOJ1Hoe C06paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 5. N2 3198. C. 648; 3aKot-truiaTeJ1bCTBO EKaTepI1Hbl II I nOil pe.n. 0.11. '-II1CTHKoBa 11 T. E HOBI1UKOi-i. M. 1001. T. 1. C. 901-911: fIeliuH B. H. nOJiHoe c06paHl1e CO'U1HeHI1H. M.. 1964. T. 53. C. 164; CooPHI1K nocTaHOBJICHI1HllJ1eHYWI BepxoBHOJO CYlla CCCP. 1924-1970. M., 1970. C. 10-11. YMeCTHO llofiml.hb. 'JTO, KaK 6bUlO KOH- CTIITl1posaHO BllOKJIaJJ.e YnOJiHOM04eHHoro no npaBaM 'IeJlOBeKa B POCCI1H- cKOii (JJellepaUI1I1 Ja 2005 r.. «OllHI1M 113 Cepbe3HblX HellyroB COBpe}.1eHHotl cy.ne6HOIi CI1CTeMbI JlBJ1.11eTCfI BOJlOKI1Ta C paccMOTpeHl1eM neJ1» (POCCI1H- CKaH rdXTa. 2006. 19 mOHR. C. un. 
20 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I onHcaHHSI m1aXpOHI1<1eCKOrO - npe.nJlpHH5ITa nOJlb]TKa npoCJ1e- D.I-1Tb eynilly OCYllleCTBJIeHHb]X II Kone peifJopMb] cynoycrpoit- CTBeHHblX H cynonpol13BOllCTBeHHhiX HOBOBBelleHld-i Ha nponl- )l(eHMH BTOPOH <IeTBepTI1 XVIII-XX liB  2. OTepMIIIH0J10J'VI1il AIls:! o6o:3HiNeKtR HOpMantBHblX npaBOBblx, CYAe6HblX III bHblXaKfoB nepBO 'iE!TBeprn XVIII B. 3aBepllIasi. BBeneHl1e, BWlHTC5i Heo6xo.D.HMblM KpaTKo ocraHoBHTbC5I Ha Bonpoce 06 HCn0J1b3yeMoH D.aJlee I1CTopI1KO- IOpiW.H'IeCKOH TepMHH0J10D1H. npe:>K1le Bcero. CTGHT OroBOpHTb ynOTjJe6J1eHHe TepMHHoB. KaKOBble 6y.uyr npl1MeHflTbCSI II Ha- CT05lll(e(:J pa60Te JU]JI HaHMeHOBaHI1J1 HopMaTHBHb]X npaBOBbIX. cYJle6Hbix 11 pacnopswnJellbHblX aKTOB XVIII B- B HCTopHKo-npaBOlJoi1 HaYKe Bonpoc 0 TepM(1HOJiOn.J'Ie- eKOM 0603H8'lemU1 aKTOB me'leCTBeHHOfO 3aKOH0.1l8TeJ\bCTBa XVIII B. n.OHbIHe paCCMaTp(..JBaJ]CSl rJlaBHblM o6pa30M B paMKax np06J1eMbI KIIaccHqJl.1Kamm $JpM .naHHblX aKTOB (npH 3TOM pe'lb lUJ1a HCKllto'nITIJ1bHO 0 KIIaccH<!JHUHpoBaHHH 3aKoHoB). nepBYIO TaKoBYIO KIIacCH<!JHKaUHIO ewe B 1880-e rr. npe!lJ10)f(KJ] M. <D. BJ1aIIHMHPCKHi1-Ey.naHOB. KOTOpblH BbllIeJ1KJ] TPH paJ- HOBHllHOCTH 3aKOHOB XVII I 8.: YCT3Bb]. perJIaMeHTb] H YKa3bL CXOllHYIO KIIaCCI-1<!JHK3.mnO npHleJI H B. H. J1aTKI1H B Cnem18J1b- HOM yqe6HoM noco6ml 1899 r. npl-1 3TOM. K TpeTbeH pa3HOBJ.f)I;- HOCTI1 3aKOHOB. Hap5l.ny C yK33aMI-1, R H. J1aTKHH OTHec TafOKe HHCTpyKUHH H MaHl-1cpecTbl l . OrOH1i.51 OT KIIaccH<!JHKaUHH M. <D. BJTa!lHMHPCKOfO-Ey- .naHOBa H B. H. J1aTKI-1Ha. 0. A. OMeJlb4eHKO B pa60Te 1989 r. BblCKa331l MHeHHe. 'ITO 4JoPM8MI-1 3aKOHo.n;aTeJlbHbIX 8KTOB B XVIII 8. 51BJUlJIHCb TOJIbKO MaHHcpeCTbl H I-1MeHHble YKa3b] (KO- Topble «Hepe.nKO D.OnOJlHHTeJlbHO COllep)({aJlH yCTaBb], pef1l8MeH- Tbl, yqpe}l(lleHH5I»)1. HaKoHeu, B HCCJlellOBaHH5IX nOCJIe.nHero BpeMeHH K 3aKOHOllaTeJThHblM aKTaM XVIII B. 6hUlH OTHeceHbl. Bo-nepBbIX, YK a3bl, BO-BTOPbIX, YCTaBbl (aprnJ<yllbl), B-T)JeTbHX, ] B"CI(Ju.'vupcKUu-EydUH06 M 0. Ot:i:!op I1CTopl111 pyCCKOJO npaBa. 8-e 111!L POCTOB HID. 1995. c. 174-175, flamKUlIB. H. Y'Je6HI-1K JCTqJHI1 PYCCKOro npasa nepl1o.na I1MnepHI1 (XVIII 1-1 XIX BB.). 3-e 1131l. M., 2004. C 16.14.28. !{fte.1b'IeJiFXJ o.A. Koru«)JIn:aUH.II npaBa B POCCI1I1 B nepl1ona6cOJlIOTHOR MOHapXHH (BTOpaH nOJlOBI1Ha XVIII BCKa). Y'!c6. noco6uc. M.. 1989. C. 5. 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 21 per.naMeHTbl, yqpe)KlleHI1S!, 06pa30BaHI1S!I. Me>KLIY TeM, Bce no- nblTKJ.1 KJlaccl1J.1UJ.1pOBaTb 3aKOHO.1l8TeJlbHbJe aKTb] XVIII 6., uc- XOdR U3 ux CaMOH038anuu, npenCTaBJUlIOTC51 my6oKo cnopHblMl1, nOCKOJIbKY HeT COMHel-il'lf1, "ITO TOmarnHI1f1 3aKOHo.n.aTeJlb or- HlOllb He PYKOBOllCTBOBaJlC5I KaKI1MH-J1H60 TBepllblMH npaBl1J1a- MH npH HX HaHMeHOBblBaHHH. B 3"fOi;j CB5I3H CTOI1TBcnOMHHTb, 'lTO erne R H. JIarKHH cnpa- BelumBO 3aMeTI1JI. 'lTO B XVIII B. OTe'leCTBeHHafi IOpI1.IlH'leCKafi repMI1HOJIOrl151 «He OTl1H'lMaCb oc06eHHoiJ OnpelleJleHHOCTblO 11 YCTOi'I'lHBOCTblO, nOlJeMY C TeM lUJH I1HblM HaJ.1MeHOBaHl1eM. no.ll KOTOpblM S!.R/!5I./ICfi B CBeTe .1l8HHblf1 3aKOH, He CBfI3bIBa..HOCb Bcer- IIa OllHOro onpe.neJleHHoro COllep>KaHI1S!.,}2. Lla H H. M. KOPKYHOB BnOJTHe 060CHOBaHHO BbICKa3aJTCSI B MOHorpa<tnm 1894 r.. 'lTO B POCCI1H no Ha'laJIa XIX B. He 6bU10 Bblpa6oTaHO «onpeneJleHHoiJ OTJ1H'lIffeJlbHOiJ (]>oPMb] 33KOHQ!J;aTeJ1bHb]X aKTOB»J. Ii eCJm omeceHHe K 'lI1CJlY 3aKOHOB XVIII B. aKToB, 060- 3Ha'leHHbIX B nOlUJl1HHI1Ke TepMI1HaMI1 <<Jlcm06», «peVlClMemn» Ii «Ylfpe:JlC()eHue». Blilll1TCfI B npl1HUl1ne 1l0nycnlMblM, TO cHTyaUIDI C IIOJCyMeHTaMH, oJarJ1aBJ1eHHbIMH KaK «1'KO.1», BblrJUllll1T no- HHOMY. C ollHOf1 CTOpOHbl, B OTMe'leHHbliJ nepHoll TepMHH «YKa3» B caMOM IIeJle ynoTjJe6J1S1J1cSI BreMS! OT BpeMeHH D.llSI 06ooHa'le- HI1S!. 3aKOHo.naTeJlbHbIX aKTOs. K npl1Mepy. 3aKOH OT 17 MapTa 1714 r. 0 I1CKaJlbCKOiJ CJlY)l(6e neTp I ooar.naBHJl: «YK03 0 qJUc- KaJ/OX U 0 ux cJan.;JICHOCmU u deucm6uu»4. BMecre C TeM. B nepBoti lJeTBeprl1 XVIII s. repMI1HOM «yKa3» HepellKo HaJ.1MeHOBblBaJlI1Cb TaJ0Ke HCXOllliBWHe or MO- Hapxa aKTbl paCnOp5IllHTeJTbHoro xapaKTepa. TaK. 15111OH5I 1713 r. neTp I coocmeHHoPY'IHO HanHCM «YK03 Konumony-nopym'iUKY CeHJI8uHY», B KOTOpOM llUJa pe4b 0 nOllroToBKe K noxoL\Y Kopa6- J1eiJ, 6a:mpoBaBwl1xcSI B PeBeJle. A B BblrnellrneM 113-nOll nepa uapSl «)'Kfl3e CeH am)'» OT 91leKa6pS!. 1717 r. roBOplUJOCb 0 Heo6- L Po'oWUi06 P. A. npo6nem COOTHOllieHlII.II nOH.IITI1H «nJllBO'> 11 .-.J:lKOH» p=l1e21W{t;::? 3_."j{;::H=::r'1t3a3' KOHb[ POCCl1HcKOit (1MnepHI1: npo6neMb[ nOHIilMaHI1H 11 KJIaCCII$tKaUI1I1 II HCTOpl1H rocynapcTBa III npasa. 2007. N2 8. C. 18. Kcra1'H. B npHBeJJ,eHHb]X K.I1acCI14JI1K!111I1HX 4x:!PM kU<.OIiO.naTeJ1bHbtx aKTOB XVIII B. OCTaJll1.Cb, KaK HI1 crpaHHo, HeyITOMHHYJ1>IMI1 TaKl1e yrIOTpe6J1.11BWI1eCH B 1720-e rr. 060- 3Ha'ieHIUI ]aKOHOB. KaK _doJ."lJUKXnu,.. 11 _I1WKl1IIb 1 flamKUH B. H YK!I]. C04. C. 16. ::bV:T[3:;a C.It c. 300. 
22 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I X01ll1MOCTI1 M,rrepHMbHoro 11 KaIlpQBOra 06eCne>leHI-UI «MaiJop- CKJ1X» CJlellCTBeHHblx KaHUeJUlpI1M[. npI1Me'-laTeJlbHO, 'lTO B 1720 r. neT)) I npelUlpl1HWI Clll1- HI1'1HYJO nonblTK)' KJ18CCM(]>t1UI1POBaTb aKTbl, H31taBaBWHeCH B $JpMe HMeHHbIX yJ<a30B «<yIW3b1... 3G HGWelO noiJnuCb/O"'». Ca- maCHO HMeHHOMY YKa.JY OT 29 anpeJUI 1720 r. 03H8'leHHb]e aKTbl no.nP<l31'eJI.IIJlMCb Ha ABC rpynnbl: Komopble epe'Jtl!1/1/bie» 11 «Komo- pble 6 nOCmal/OflileHUe KGK020 0e,1{]»1. C AOJleH yCJIOBHOCTI1 8KTbi nepsoi1: rpyJlnbl MO>KHO -rpaKTOBaTb, nYMaeTCSI, )«IK paCnOpJUlI1- TeJlbHble 8KTbl, a aKTbl BTopa" rpynnbl - KaK 38KOHbL OnHaKO TepM"H «YKa3» I1CnOJlb30BaJlC5I B XVIII B. He TOJ1bKO lUHII1/'.fCHOBaHHSI aKTOB. I1Memlll1X MOHaprnyJO nO.1InI1Cb. npellwe- CTBYJOWHe 8BTopbl COBepweHHO BbmYCTI1JlH 113 mw:y TO OOCrOH- TeJTbCTBO. '1TO -repMHH «yJ<a3» "MeJT B XVIII B. 3Ha'lIfl"eJlbHO 6Q11ee Wl1pOKoe 3Ha'leHl1e. KaK .IIBCTBYeT "3 apXI1BHblX HCTO'lHHKOB 11 MHoro<JI-1CJ1eHHb]X nyfuUIKaUI1i'i M8repl1arlOB MMHHl1crpan1BHoi'i H cy.ae6Hol1 npaKTI1KM. TepMI1HOM «YKa31> II .aeJlOnp0I13BOllCTlJe XVIII II. 0603Ha'laJIl1cb lloo6we oee doKj'III!HmIJI, 1ItlIIJXlfJ...JJIfJUIUI!Ul U3 6bIIlleCmORU(eeo opcouo 6.Ilacmu 6 HUJlCeCmOJlU(Uu. CoomcrcrneHHO. n nepoof1 <JemepTH XVIII B. "yJ<albl>} Mor- 1m HCXOllHTb B TOM 'lI1CJle H OT C}'Ile6Hb]X opraHOB. HanpHMep, 24 aBryCTa 1723 r. 5IpOCJlaBcKHi'i HMBOPHb]i'i C}'Il HanpaBJ.Ul no- wexoHcKoi'i npOBI1HUHaJlbHof1: KaHueJlJlp1111 YKa3 C Tpe60BaHI1- eM KOM.uump0BaTb B cyn llJIJI OTlJem HNlCMOTplUl1KOB 11 nHCUOB KpenOCTHblX neJI. A B NlpeCOBaHHOM BoeHHOi1 KOJIJlenm YI<aJe BhlwHero cYila OT 18 HHBapH 1725 r. COllep.:KaJlOCh npe.nnl1CaHI1C COO6WHTh 0 XOlle pa36HpaTeJIbCTBa IleJIa no 06BHHeHHfO CaHKT- ncrep6yprcKoro KOMeHll.8HTa 51. X. DaXMeOTona 3 rJly60KO nOKaJaTeJlhHO. 'jTO B nepBOf1: 'IeTilepTI1 XVIII B. Me>K1W opraHaMH MacrH, CJI}"JaJIOCb. pa3b]rpb]B8J]HCh 6fOPO- KpaTH'IeCKHe KOHJII1KTb]. CB.II38HHhie C BonpocOJ'o.1 0 IlonycTH- MOCTI1 HanpaM}JTb Ilpyr npyry yJ<33bl (nOCKOJlhKY npl1W1H1e K I1CnOJlHeHl1fO «yKaJal> 03Ha'laJ!0 npH3HaHHe CCJO'I1JeTl"'I"BYfOlllHM opraHoM CBoero HIVKeCTOSIlUero CTal)'ca). Cepbe3HhIH KOHJIHKT TaKOro pona I1MeJl Mecro B 1723 r., Koma MOCKOBCKaij KOHTOpa IOcTHU-KOJlJlerl1l1 nOnhlTaJTaCb OTl<a38TbCij npl1HHMaTb YKaJbl OT I nl1CbMa 11 6YMam MMnepaTopa nerpa Benl4Koro. M.. 1003. T. 13. Bb!nifaKHie T1 rc. it 3 . JpfAllA, 4J. 9S2. NQ 19, n. 17, PfBI1A, 4J. 8, on. I/S9. NQ 25, n. I. 
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24 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I I1cxo1l5l 113 Bb]llle(13J]O)f(eHHOm. aBTOp nOJJar-aeT ueneco- 06Pa3HbIM HCn0J1b30BaTb n.a.rIee B HaCT05lweil pa60Te npl1Me- HHTeJlbHO K 8KTaM XVIII B. TepMt1HOJlOflHO. MOKCUMaAbHO npu- 6AUJ/{'eHHYIO K C06peuel/l/OU. COCJTBeTC11>eHHO, nOlI TepMHHOM «JaKOH», He3GeUCUMO om CO\tOHU380HWI, 6yDYT nOllpa3}lMeBaTbC5I Te HOpMaTHBHble npaBOBble aKTbl. KOTopble OTRe<lalOT HbIHeWHe- MY nOH(1MaHI1IO 3aKOH8 (TO eCTb I1MeJH.1 BblcrnylO IOpWI.W-IecKYIO CJ.UlY. 6bUJI1 np(1HJlTb] ynpanoMo4eHHbiM opr-aHOM BJIaCTI1. cOJJ;ep- }I(3JI11 HOpMbl npaBa. 6bUll1 0651JaTeJlbHbl rom HeonpelleneHHoro Kpyra 11HU 11 paCC'lI1T8Hbl H8 HeO.DHOI<p3THoe npt1MeHeHl1e). AKTbl, t1CX01U1BUJHe OT MOHapxa lUU1 BblCllll1X opraHOB BJIa- CHI, He COllep)({aBWJ.1e HOpM npaBa (ti npH ::iTOM He JlBJlSlBllU1e- C5I cy.ae6HbIMJ.1 pellleHI1J1M(i) 6yD.YT B llaJTbHeHllleM o603Ha1.JaTbC5I TepMHHOM «)IKa3». AKTbl. I1CXOlU1BlllHe OT LleHT)XlJ]bHblX opraHOB BJIaCTJI( (B TOM 'H1CJle (1MeBlllHe HOpM8n1BHb]H xapaKTep). 6y- nyr nMee 0603Ha'J:aTbC5I TepM(1HOM «pacnOp.ll.>KeH(1e». TepMI1Hbl «np(1fOBOp» 11 «perneH(1e» 6ynyr I1CnOJlb30BaTbcn B HaCTOHrneH pa60Te TaJOKe B COBpeMeHHOM 3Ha'leWII1 - D.JUI 0603H8'leHlliI. COOTBeTCTBYIOW(1X cyne6HbIx aKTOB. D.Mee CJ1e.11YeT OroBOp(1Tb TepMHH0J10rmo. KacaJOIllYIOCfI Pa3HOBI1.llHOCTeH opraHOB npaBOCYlll1fI. D,JUI 0603Ha'leH(1fI cyne6- Horo opraH8. nOBellOMCTBeHHOCTb neJI KOTopOMY npJlMO He orpa- H(1'leH8 B 38KOHOllaTeJIbCTBe, 6yneT I1Cn0J1b30B8TbC5I BBelleHHblH KOHcunYUlleH PiP 1993 r. TepMI1H «cyn 06rneH JOP(1Cll(1K.UJ.'II1»I. 4TO KaCaeTCfI cyne6Horo opraH8, K nOllBellOMCTBeHHOCTH KOTOpOro OTHcceH8 orpaHI1'leHHaJI KaTeropl151 neJI. TO B neH- CTBYfOllleM pOCCI1HCKOM 3aKOH0.1l8TeJ1bCTBe lI.JI5I 0603H8<feHI151 T8- KOBOro opraH8 I1CnOJIbJyeTC5I TepMI1H ('CneUI1aJ1H3I1pOOaHHbl}1 cyn»2. KpOMe TOro. B COBpeMeHHOH npaBOBO}1 JII1Teparype 03Ha- 'leHHble cynbl npI1H5ITO Bapl18THBHO (1MeHOB8Tb «cneUl1aJ1bHbIMI1 cynaMI1». «cyn8 M(1 CneUI1aJ1bHOH JOpI1CJl11KUI1I1». a B I1CTOpI1KO- I O:mpeMeHHyJO 1p8KTOBK)' npl1JHaKOB cy.na 06weH IOpItclIIIKUI1t1 eM : OOP06CKuii M B. Cynbl 06weH tOpt1CllI1KUHI1 B PocCl1i1(.M)I,i fJ)e.nepauVltI. npo6JJeMb[ 11 nepcneKJI1BbI: ABTope. .nI1C. no Kal{1l. IOPI1ll. HayK. M.. 1000. C. 8-9. 2 CooTBeTCTBeHHO, TJlailI1UI10HHb]MI1 Kj)IITepI1HMI1 lLfIH OTHeCeHl1f1 cy- nOB K 'U1CJ1)' CneUI1aJI113HpoBaHHbiX .IIMJleTCfI orpaHI1'JeHl1e I1X nOLlBe.nOM- CTBeHHOCTI1 JlI160 no KPYry nl1U, nl160 no Kj)Yry .nen - '1TO B COBpeMeHHOW JlI1Tepa1)'JJe I1MeHYl"fOl TaJa<e Cy6"beKTHbIM 11 npe.nMeTHb[M Kj)I1Tepl1f1MI1 (pteHlIJ) P.. I: CneUHaJlI1311poRaHHbie CYllbl B CI1CTeMe opraHOF! CYlle6HOH BHaCTI1. reope11lKo-npaBOBoe ItCCJIellOBaHl1e' ABTopetfJ. .nI1C. no KaH.n tOpl1il HayK. M.. 2002. C. 8, 12). 
BBe}:IeHLoIe 25 npaBOBOH JlI..rreparype - ewe «OC06bIMI1 cynan1» 11J111 D.IDKe (CJle.nYJI TepMI1HOJIOrml BOBce XIX B.) ..oco6eHHblMI1 cy.naMI1». B HacTofllllei1 pa60Te D.JIfi 0603H8'lemrn cyn.a c orpaHI1'leHHoH non.BellOMCTBeHHOCTbJO n.eJl H81160Jlee UeJlecoo6pa3HblM npell- crawmeTcH t1CnOJlb30BaTb npt1HHTblH B COBpeMeHHOM 3aKOHOn.a- TeJlbCTHe TepMt1H «cneUl18JlI13t1pOBaHHb]iI CYlI». H8KoHeu, CTOI1T orOBOpt1Tb t1 TepMI1H, KaKOBb]M KOppeKT- Hee ocero 6yneT 0603Ha'l8Tb rocynapcTBeHHYIO neHTeJlbHOCTb no p}KOBonCTB)' Cyn.aMI1. Jm 0603H8'leHI1}[ TaKOBoil neJITeJlbHO- crl1 - H8 npCmDKeH1111 COBeTcKoro nepl1011a - I1CnOJlb30BaJII1Cb, KaK 113BeCTHO, HeCKOJlbKO TepMt1HOB. TepMI1H «cyn.e6Hoe ynp8B- JleHl1e» (BnepBble ynOTpe6J1eHHblH B CT. 8 OCHOB 38KOHOn.a- TeJlbCTBa COlO3a CCP 11 COlO3HbiX pecny6J1I1K 0 CYllOYCTpoHCTBe OT 29 OKTfl6pfl 1924 r.) IUl1pOKO npl1MeHJlJlCJI B 3aKOHOD.aTeJlb- CTBe CCCP 11 PODCP BO BTopoil nOJlOBI1He 1920-x - nepBoH nOJlOBI1He 19S0-x rr.. 6ynY'-l11 3aTeM BblTeCHeH TepM(1HOM «op- raHI138Ul10HHOe PYKOBOllCTBO Cyn.aMI1» (KaKoBoil. B CBOIO o'-le- penb, B 1989 I. OKa3aJICfI H8 HenpOnOmI<HTeJlbHOe BpeMSl 38Me- llleH TepMI1HOM «opr8Ht13allHOHHDe 06eCne'-leHl1e n.e5lTeJlbHOCTH cynoB»)I. Y'I(1TblBaSl. 'lTO H8 ceron.HSlIUHI1H n.eHb Bce T))t1 H8- 3BaHHbiX TepM(1H8 (KaK 11 caMO OXBaTblBaeMOe I1MI1 nOHSITHe) yrpanlJlI1 8K1)'anbHOCTb, 8BTOp H8CTO.llllleil pa60Tb] nOJIaraeT B03MO}f(HbIM JJ;anee (1CnOJlb30BaTb llJISi I1CTOpl1'1eCKOrO 0603Ha- '1eHI1J1 lleJlTeJlbHOCTI1 no rocynapcTBeHHoMY PYKOBOllCTBY cyn.a- Mt1 (He3aBHCt1MO OT nepHon.a) H8H60J1ee paHHI1H TepMHH «cyne6- Hoe ynpaBJIeHl1e». 11 nOCJ1eJJ;Hee. 0 'I.eM XOTeJlOCb 6bl CKa3aTb BO BBeJJ;eHI1I1. 4TO KaCaeTCSl BeCbMa B03MO)f{HblX HeliOCTaTKOB H8CToHllleH pa60Tbl. TO I1X 8BTOp BCeUeJ10 OTHOCI1T H8 C06cTBeHHblil C'IeT. He I1CKJ1IO- '1aeMb]e }f(e nOCTOI1HCTBa pa60Tbi aBTOp nOJ1HOCTbJO CB.II3b1B8e-r C roil npocpeccl10HaJ1bHOil (1 MopanbHoil n01l.1lep)((KOH. KOTOpylO OH nOJlYlJaJ1 B xone nOMOTOBKI1 KHl1rl1 OT CBQ(1X KOJlJ1el. COCJ1y- >KMBlleB 11 H8craBHI1KOB. B 3T0i1 CB5I3H OC06eHHYlO npI13HaTeJ1b- HOCTb 8BTOp XOTeJ1 6bl Bblpa3t1Tb D. A CaBlleHKo, A K. ABep- 'leHKO, B.D. C blCOeBY. O.A DOHCKI1X, O. E. KOlUeJIeBOH. 10 npl1MeHeHl111 repMI1HOB «Cync6Hoe }11paBJ1CHl1e» 11 «opraHI1JaUI1- OHHoe pyKOBO.nCTBO cynaMW> nOlipooHet CM.: CVWCU,1lIH A. C nOHHTHe cyneoHoro ynpaRlleHI1.11 (TeopeTH'leCKl1e 11 I1CTOpI1KO-npaBOBble acneK- Tbl) II npaBoBble l1llel1 11 rocynapcrneHHble )"Jpe>K1leHI1S1 (I1CTOpI1KO- IOjJI1llH'JeCKi1e I1CCJle.1l0BaHI1.11): Me>KBY3. c6. Ha)"JH. TPy.nOB. CBepaJIOBcK. 1980. C. 143-148. 
26 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 11 C3MOe nOCJlellHee. HeJ1b351 He npiBH3TbC.II. '1TO 113 seeM J..ICnOJlb30BaHHoi1 np" Han11C3H1111 KHl1rl1 JlHTepaTypb] HB I1HO- cTpaHHblx H3blKax aBTop caMOCTOHTeJ1bHO nepeBO.DJ1Jl elll1H- CTBeHHO aHrJlO5i3bl'JHble pa6OTbl. 03H8K0W1eHHIO >Ke C "J..I.:Ke- npHBo.LlHMbIMI.J TeKCTaMH H8 WBe.11CKOM " HeMeUKOM H3blKax aBTop 06S1JaH 11. A KaHaKHHY 11 A A rHeclO I1Th.llR/leH(1eM BceMepHoit 6JJaro.napHocHI 03Ha'JeHHb]M }muaM XOTeJlOCb 61>] 11 3aIUlJ04J.'lTb BBelleHHe. 
rnaBa 1. .nIo1TepaTypa Io1Io1CTOI.IHIo1KIo1  1. M3YlJeHMe CYAe6HO" pe4X>PMbl neypa I B XIX - HalJaJ"Ie XXI B. OCYWecTBJleHHb!e  PUCCHH B neplloH <ieTBepn1 XVIII Ka cyne6Hble npe06paJOBaHHfI Ha'IaJlH npHBJleKaTb BHHMaHI1C ytC- HblX aBTOpoo Cll.le B cepellHHC BeKa XIX-ro. I1MCHHO TorJ]a K YrJJy6nCHHOMY I13y:JCHI1IO HaJBaHHblX npeo6paJOBaHH(:1 06pan1- JlHCb npaBOBellblK.D, KaBeJIHH,K. E. TpOUJ.'lH8 H <1J. M. D,M(1- Tp(1CB. OnHpaflcb nO'-lTH HCKJUOlJHTCJ1bHO H8 M8Tep(1aJibl «nOJl- HOro c06paHHfI JaKOHOB Poccl1HcKoH HMnCpHt1 C 1649 rolLa>" HaJBaHHblC npaBOBe1lb1 n.a.rIH OTHOCIHeJlbHO nOlLpo6H)'1O - XOTfI H OT'leTJlHBO (]JparMeHTapHYIO - XapaKTept1CTHJ<y paJBHTI1f1 OTC'-ICCTBeHHoro cy.na B nCTpOBCKYIO 3noxy. np51 3TOM, CCJTH K. E. T POUHHa orpaHH'-IJ.U1CfI TOJ1bKO paCCMOTpeH(1CM TOr.naWH(1X ncpeMCH B cynoycTpof1:CTBe. TO K. D,. KaBeJ1I1H H <1J. M. D,M(1- Tp(1CB OCBenUl51 ClUe (1 HOIxU.lI1H B o6naCTI1 cynonpOH3BOllcnm l . XapaKTepHo. O.DH8KO, <iTO HI1 K..J. KaBeJ1I1H, HI1 K. E. T pOUt1- Ha, HH <1J. M. D,MHTpHCB He t1HTepnpeTHpOBaJil1 paCCMorpeHHble I1MH cYlle6Ho-npeo6paJOBaTeJlbHblC MCpbl neTpa 1 KaK cYllc6- HYIO p$pMY. I Kaee..1uH K.D.. YKa3. CO'I. C. 213-215. 391-419; OH.JICe. YcrpoMCTBO Ipd)KlIDHCKl-IX cynoB OT YJlQ;iKCHI1H uap.ll ArieKceH Ml1xai1.rJOBI1'!a 1lO nCTpa BeJ1I1KOro II JOpHllI1'JeCKl1e JanI1CKI1. 11311aBaeMbie nerpoM Pel!KI1HbIM. M.. 1842. T 2. C. 83-119; TpIJU,lIHO K. £ YKa3. C04. C 123-186. D..vumpu- e6 (/). M. YKa3. C04. C. 441-450. 483-487. 501-506, 535-580. 
28 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KpoMe TOro, IJ 1859 f. BblUlJl8 B CBeT craTb5I n. 11. I1B3.HOsa, B KOTOpoi1 BBTOp BnepBble CneUl1aJ'1bHO OCBenUl ct>YHKUI10H(1po- BaHHe B nepooM l.JeTBeprn XVIII B. npaBl-rreJlbCTBVIOrnero CeHa- 'fa, B TOM <1HCJ1e 11 cyne6H)'fO llemeJlhHOCTb :noro opraJ-18 BJ18Cm l . B 1860 - 1880-e fr. (1CTOpIDI JX}CCHf1CKOro cy.ua nepBOM <JeTnepTl.f XVIII B. OKa3aJlaCh HaH60J1ee o6CTomellbHO 3a"JPOHYT<I B pa60- TaX C. A neTpQBCKoro, M. n. P03eHrej:jMa, n. O. 606poBCKOro 11 AA rOJ1y6eBa. npaB.1la, nOll06Ho n.M. I1BaHOB)', OTMe<JeHHb]e 8BTOpbl COcpellOTOlJ1UJ11 BHI1MaHHe H8 60nee 'l8CTHbIX BOnpocax, I1CCJlenOBaB I1cropmo PacnpaBHof1 naJ13ThI np" CeHare, a TIUOKe pe<t>oPMl1poBaHl1e B neTpOBCKoe BpeMS! CJ.1CTeMhl BoeHHhlX CYIlOB. Ha nPI.JHlli'lnl1aJlbHO HOBblH YP()BeHh H3Y'leHHe cYHe6Hblx npeo6pa30BaHI.JH neTPa I BhlUlJ10 B H8<JaJle XX BeKa. 11 npoH3o- UUJO 3TO. B nepB}'lO o4epe.nb. 6JIafO*,p51 TpYJJ;aM 6YJlYll(ero aJ(3- neMHK8 M. M. DOrOCJ10BCKoro. B35IBWI1Cb (B paMKax nonrOTOB- KI1 M8mcrepcKoi1 D,I1Ccepmlll1l1) 3a BceCTOpOHHl1e H3blCKaHHfI no HCTOP"" peopraHI13aUl111 MeCTHb]X (1 pentOHaJlbHblX opraHoB BJIa- cm B xone II ry6epHCKOH pe4>oPMhl. M. M. DoroCJ10BCKHH cYMeJ1 BOCC03JlaTb }'HI.JKaJlhH)'1O - KaK no llmpare c06paHHoro MaTe- pl.JaJla, TaK H no my6HHe ero aHaJll.J3a - Kapnmy ytlpe)lQ]eHI.JH I.J (]J}'HKW10HHpOBaHI1H nepBhlx OeCTBeHHhIX cYlle6HhlX opraHOB 06wei1: IOpHC1lI1KUI111: ropo.nOBb]X, npoBHHUHaJlbHhlX H H<VI.BOpHbIX cynoR nOCB.IIweHHa5I .1TOMY CIO;.KeTy TpeTh.ll rIl8Ba - .<06J1<iCTHb]e cyneGHb]e y<lpe)l(1leHHSI» - H3JlaHHOi1: B 1902 r. nI1CCepnlUHOHHoi1 MOHOrpHH M. M. DOrOCJlOBCKoro .<06J18CTHaH pe$:lpMa nerpa BeJ1HKoro»3 6eccnopHo coxpaHWla Hay<lHYIO ueHHOCTb no HaWI1X MeH. Klx>Me TO ro, B CTaTbe 1903 r. M. M. 60roCJIOBCKHi1 npl.JBeJ1 1 H(J(JH06 n If CeHaT IlpI1 nerpe BeJlHKOM II )f(YPHaJI MI1HHCTepCTBa IOCTI1UI1I1 1859. T. I. KH. I. C. 34-70. ! flemfXJ8CKUU C. A. 0 CI:HaTe B UapcTBOBaHl1e ncrpa BI:J1I1KO- ro: I1CTOpHKO-tOpHllI14ecKoe HCCJlellOrnlHl1e. M.. 1875 C. 148-156 ITo >Ke: Onl1CaHl1e .nOK}'MeHTOB 11 6v\4ar rvtAMIO. M., 1876. KH. 31; P03eH- zeii.M M n 04epKl1 I1CTOpl111 BOeHHO-Cy.nHb]X )"Jpe>K!leHl.Jii B POCCI1I1 no KOH4I1Hb] neTpa BI:J1I1KOro Cn6.. 1878. c. 56-200; Eo6ponclCuu n. 0 80- eHHoe npHDO B POCCI1H npl1 ncrpe lkilI1KOM. Cn6.. 1886. Eb][] 1. C. 185- 105. 578-596; FOJIy6e8 A. A. PacnpaBHIDI narraTa npH CI:HaTe II Onl1CaHl1e no""VMeHfOB H 6vMar MAMIO. M.. 1888. KH. 5. Om. 2. C. 103-148 ") Eo<uao8c.KUU M M. 06.'1acTHIDI pe4x:!pMa neTpa BeJIl1Koro: npoBHHUHH 1719-27 rr. M.. 1902. C. 164-156. nepBoHa'JaJlbHO DaHHa\! MOHorpa<pIHI 6b[}Ja onyfuJl1KOrnlHfI B nep1101lH'JeCKOM I1Jlli!HI1I1 I1MnepaTDpCKoro 06llie- CTrnI MCTOpl111 11 D,peBHOCTeH POCCHi1CKI1X npl1 MOCKOBCKOM yHI1BepCI1TeTe (CM.: ljOl11lP. 1902. KH. 3. C. I-XVI. 1-208; KH. 4. C. 209-522). 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 29 I1HTepeCHeHllme CBelleHIUI KaCSTeJlbHO cyne6H0(:1 KOMnereHll1ll11 MeCTHblX OpraHOB BJl8CTI.J B 1700-1719 rr. I HetaJlOBmKHhIHBKJlan.BI13Y'1eHl.Jecyne6HOHI1CTOpl1l1l1eTpOH- CKOf1 POCCI.JI1 BHec B HaljaJIe XX B. 11 B. 11. BepeTeHHt1KoB. 060- CHOBaBWHHC5I nepBOHa'laJIhHO B I1MnepaTOjx:KoM XaPhKOBCKOM }'HI1RepCt1TeTe Y'feHI1K aKalleMHKa A. C Jlanno-,UaHI1JleOCKoro, BaCt1Jlt1(:1 BepeTeHHHKoB nOCKOHaJIbHO H3yYI1Jl Bonpoc 0 B03HI1K- HOBeHl1l1l1neJITeJIhHOCTI1 TSHHOH KaHUeJI5Ip(1(1 - OllHOrO (13 KJlJO- '-JeBblX OTeLJeCmeHHblX CneUHaJll13l1pOBaHHblX cyne6HbiX OpraHOH nepBOH TpeTI.J XVIII B. C06paHHhie n.aHHhle B. 11. BepeTeHHI1KOB OnyWJHKOBaJI B 1910 r. B Bl11le MOHOrpa<tJHI1 c;l1cropllil. TaiiHoH KaHUeJI5IPI1(1 neTpOOCKoro BpeMeHI1»l. CnyCT5I roll nOCJle BblXOlla «I1CroPHI1 Ta(:1HOH KaHueJT5IpHI.J}) ysl1L1eJT CseT J06l1J1diHblH n.IITJ.ffOMHI1K «I1cTOpHJI npaBKreJlbCTBY- JOll.lero CeHaTa 3a JUleCTI1 JleT)'. B nOllroTOHJleHHOM np*ccopoM MOCKOBCKOro }'HI1BepcJ.ffeTa, 8BTOpoM OllHOro 113 nepBblX Y'fe6- H(1KOB (1CTOpl1l1 pOCCHii.CKOro npaIk1 A. H. <1Jl1Jll1nnOBblM pa3l1eJTe o CeHaTe B nepooH lje'mepTH XVIII B. cO.nep)KMI1Cb naparpa<tJbl, nOCB5IllleHHble ynoM51HyroH Bblllle PacnpaBHoii naJlare. a TalOKe CYLle6HoH KOMneTeHl.lI1t1 Torn.allJHero CeHaTa \ Ho ::ITO Bce 6bUJI1, KOHe'-JHO, TOJTbKO WTpHXH K noprpery cyne6HoH CI1CreMhl 3nOXl1. f OpaJ,!J;O 6Q11bWe BHI1MSHHJI neTpOBCK(1M BpeMeHaM YlleJl(1- JlH .mTopbl ellle O1JHoro J0611J1eHHoro C60pHI1Ka, COCTaBJIeHHOrO Y>Ke no CJJY'f81O 50-J1eTI1}I Cyne6HbIX YCTaBOB 1864 r. OcywecT- BlIeHHhle B npaBJleHt1e neTpa I npe06pa30BaHl1fl B cynoycTpoi1- crBe t1 cynonpol13Bo.ncTBe n0J1)1'-IHJ[11 B OTMe'leHHOM C60pHI1Ke ymy6J1CHHOe, XOT5I 11 pa3HOaCneKTHoe OCBeweHHe B pa31leJIe 6. 11. ChlPOM.llTHt1KOBa «O'lepK I1CTOpl111 cyn.a B npeBHeH t1 HO- 80(:1 POCCI1I1» 11 B pa3.!leJTe 10. B. fOTbe «OTneJleHHe cyne6HoH BJIaCTH OT aIIM I1Hl1cTpaTHBHoH»4. .D.OCTO(:1HO oco6oro ynOM(1Ha- IlXRoc.106C1<.UU M M l1cCJ1ellOBaHI1H no I1CTOpl111 MeCTHoro ynpaBJIe- HI1.11 JTpI1 nerpe BeJ1I1KOM II :>KMHn. 1903. N2 9. C. 60-61. 69-70. 110- 113,IUH19. 1 Bepemt!llHUKOO B. If I1CTOpl1H TaHHOW K:JHlleJIHpHI1 nerpoBCKoro Bpe- MeHIII. X'lpbKOB., 1910. 3 C/Ju.lUnnoe A. H npaBI1TeJIbCTBytOWHH CeHaT B WlpCTBOBaHl1e neT)Xl BCJlI1KOro II I1CTOpl1.11 npaBHTeJ1bCTBYK>lliCrO CeHam 3a IIBCCTH neT 1711- 1911 n. Cn6., 1911. T. I. C. 159-167.316-331. 4 ChlpoWRmHUJ((J(I E. If. O'lepK I1CTOpHl1 cy.na B D.peBHeHI1 HOBOi1 PocCI1I1 (.no l13D.aHI1f1 CBODa JaKOHOB) II Cyne5HaH )Je(}>op\.!a I n01l pe.n H. R JJ.a- BbL'lOBa 11 H H nOJl.llHCKOro. M.. 1915. T. I. C 149-161; rombf! 10. B. Or- neJ1CHl1e cyne6HOO BlJaCTI1 OT .w.MHHHCIpalMBHOi1 II TaM >KC. C 186-195. 
30 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Hi'lfi. 'lTD, HaCK01lbKO YllaJiOCb yCTaHOBHTb. I1MeHHO 10. B. fOTbe BnepBble ynmpe611JJ B 03H8<1eHHOM pa31I.ene q.opMYlll1POBKY «cy- iJe6mlJl petJJoplJlll IIempa IkAlIJ«Nm.l. Ooenc npI.JXO.D.8 K MaCT" 60JlbWeBMKOB t1CCJle.1l0BaHlie CYlle6HbiX npe06pa30Bam'lii nepooH ..,eTlepTH XVIII B. yrpa- TWlO 8Kl}'aJlbHOCTb. I1cTOpI10rp<K]J14yeCKaH: naY3a 3aUIHYJ1aCb B JIaHHOM CJl}l"lae Ha 40 JleT 1 . OepBblM COBeTCK(1M 8BTOPOM. KO- TOPhi" BHOBb CneL013JlbHO 3a1pOHYl1 paCCMaTpl1BaeMYIO TeMY, CTan M. A 4eJIbUOe-6e6yroB. Ho TeMa OKa3aJ18Cb He npoeTO 3aTpOHyra. B ony6JU1KOBaH- HblX BnepBhle B 1957 r. xpecTOMaTH"HblX «Ol(CpK3.'\ no J.1CTO- pl1H eyna 1-1 yroJ10BHOro npouecca B pa60BJ1aneJlb ' leCKt1X, (]>eo- .u.aJlbHblX 11 6yp)f(}'a3HblX rOCYD.8pCTBax» M. A. 4eJTbUoB-Eie6yroB nOMeCTl1Jl OC06b]j:j naparpa «CYAe5HIDI pe<tx>PMa 1719 roJI.a>}3, B KOTOpOM COCJ1aJ]CJI Me.JK.!IY HHOro H Ha OTMe'leHHYIO Bb]We pa- 60ry 10. B. r on,e. TeM caMblM np0l130llUlO «CMbIKaHHe» JapO)/(- DaHill""CH COeeTCKOI1 TpM(1UJ.U1 (13y'JeHml pe<}:loPMbl C npeD.we- CTBYIOluet1. KpoMe TOro, '1eTblpbM.Sl ro..r:raM(1 paHee. B 1953 f. B Mo- CKOBCKOM YH(1Bepc(1TeTe COCTOHJl8Cb Jauurra KaHllI11J.aTCKOii D.I1C- cepTaUJ.m Y"!eH(1Ubl HCTopHKa (1 npaBOBelia r. H. AHn(1J1oroBa H.6. rOJl(1KOOOM «nOJl(1HI'IeCK(1e npOl{eCCbl np(1 neTpe I». He KaClliICb Hanp.llM}'IO TeMbl 0 Cy.ne6Hb1X npeo6paJOBaHHflx nepBoM 'IeTBepru XVIII 8., H. o. rOJmKOBa npo.nOJl)l(11JI8 (1CTOpHorpa- (]Jl1'lecKYIO n(1HmO B. 11. BepeTeHH(1KOBa, o6pamBwHch K TOM )l(e CTopoHe neTpOBCKOH cy.ne6Hoii pe$opMhl - 3apO>K1leH(1JO H pa3BHTI1JO CneUH8J[(13(1pOBaHHhlx cy.ne6HhlX opraHoB, (1MeB- W(1X B nO.LlcYllHocTI111eJIa no roCYllapCTBeHHhlM npeCTynJ1eH(1.11M. npaBlla. B OT]] I1'1(1e OT 8.11. BepeTeHH(1KOBa, H. 6. rOJlHKOBa ] Tomb(! 10. B. OrlleJIeHl1e cy.ne6How BIIaCTI1 OT aD.MI1HI1C1paTIlBHow. C. Ia BaI1aCb, ecrecrneHHO, B 113Y'-1eHI111 He TOJIbKO cy.ae6Hoi1 pc4xJpMb]. HO 11 Boo6111e B 60JIbwHHCTBe tillnpaBIICHI1i1I1CTopHKo-npaBOBb[X ItccnenoBaHI1H 0 nerpoBcKOH 3noxe. Ii. Ii. Ka4.eHrayJ. HeCOMHeHHO, HMeJI oce OCHOBaHI1H KOHCTaTl1posan B o63ope 1947 r.. '1TO «MapKCI1CTCKa.!l pm- pa60TKa Bonpoca 0 rocYDapcTBe npH nerpe I 11 I1CTopHI1 rocynapcT8eH- HblX Y'lpejf(j}CHI1J:1: e.nBa Ha'JaTIl» (/(n(fJeHmyJ E. E. 3nm.d neTpa BeJ1I1Koro B OCBeWeHHI1 COBeTCKOH I1CTOpwJeCKOO HaylOl II ncrp BeJ1I1KJ.1H. C6. CT'dTei1. M'-J1rk: M. A. Kypc yrolIOBHO-npcuecqanbHOro npasa: 04ep- KH no I1CTopl111 cYDa H yrOJlOBHOro npouecca B pa60F\JJa.aeJIb'JeCKI1X, 4>00- llaJIbHb!X 11 HblX rocYll.apcmux. 2-e HE. Cn6.. 1995. c. 701-704. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 31 3aH5IJlliCb I1CTOpl1CM He T aMHOM KaHUeJUlpl1l1, a B03HI1KWCCO 3a Tplll D.eCSlTlllJleTWI. no Hce npeo6pa>KCHCKOeo npHKa3a. nBe ncpBhlC .-naBbl D.HCCCpTaum1 H. o. rOJlI1KOBa nOCBflTl1- Jla paCCMorpeHI1JO BonpOCOB KaK 06 OpraHI13aUI1M npeo6pmKeH- CKOeo npl1Ka3a, TaK 11 0 HOpMaTMBHOM peJ}'Jll1pOBaHI1I1 eeo ne5l- TeJlbHocm. Hap5l11Y C 3TI1M, om1pa5lCb Ha 06Wl1pl1blH apXI1BHblH M8Tepl1aJl. H. 6. rOJlI1KOBa npoaHaJll1311pOBaJIa YHKLlI10Hl1pO- BaHl1e npl1Ka3a KaK opraH8 npaBOCYD.l151 B 1690 - 1700-e rr. 1 B 1957 r. M8-repllliJlb] 11I1Ccep-ramm BblllUll1 B CBeT B BI1[JC MOHO- IJX1(]JI1I1, B KOTOpOH 6w1I1 BOCnpOH3BeneHbl B TOM ljl1CJlC 11 Bhl- rneOTMelleHHble .-naBbl l . 4TO KaCaeTC5I TaHHoH KaHueJUlpl111, TO ee I1CTopl151 OKa- 3aJTaCb 3a nOCJTepeBOJ1JOUI10HHoe COpOKaJTeTHe JaTpOHYfa enHH- CTBeHHO B CTaTbC B. 11. CaMOM.nOBa 1956 r., nOCB5Ill.lCHHOM. Bnpo- '-JeM, COBCeM Y3KOMY CJO;.KeI)' - HaXOllI1BweMYC5I B np0113BQJl,CTI3e KaHUeJl5lpl111 B 1718-1720 n. KOHKpeTHOMY yroJTOBHOMY lle JTy 3. B UeJTOM )f(e ocYlUecTBJlcHHoe neTpoM I npe06pa30BaHI1C cyna no rocynapCTBeHHblM npecT)'IUlCHI151M 6bUJO paccMOTpeHO H. o. ro- JlI1KOBOi1 B nOJl}l"lI1BllJci1rnl1pOKOC npl13HaHI1C (]J)'HllaMCHTaJlbHOH CTaTbC 1964 r. «OpraHbl nOJlHTWICCKOro CblCKa 11 I1X pa3BI1n1e B XVII-XVIII BB.». J1HHI1JO no H3}1"1eHI1JO neT]JOBCKHX cneumUU1- 3I1pOBaHHbiX cynoB npo.nOJT)«HJ1 M. 11. C(13I1KOB, 3aTpOHYBumH B CTaTbe 1970 r. Bonpoe 0 nepBOH8'la11bHb]X cyne6Hb]X nOJ1HOMO- <lmlX nOJ1I1UMCHCTepcKOH K,;lHUeJl5lpI111 4 . B cepelll1HC 1960-x rr. H8<1aJ'1 yrny6JIcHHo W3)"-JaThCSI ClUe onl1H acneKI cync6Ho H PCt1>oPMhl ncrpa I - C031l8HI1CTaKOro He I1MCBWC- I rDi/UK06U H.5. nOJlIHI1'JecKHe npoueccbI B uapcTBOBaHllle nerpa I no MaTepitanaM npe06p:ueHCKoro npHKa:>a: AirropeQJ. .nI1C. ... KaHIl. I1CT. H1. rm,,3it5n'I1T11'JecKI1e npoueCCb! JTpI1 nerpe I: no MaTepl1a- ./illM npeo6pa;+;eHcKoro npl1Ka3a. M.. 1957. C 8-68. CTOI1T:J:J. 'JTO BnepBb]e Ha BOnpoce 0 cy.ne6HoH KOMneTeHUl111 npeo6pa;KeHcKoro IlpI1- KaJa OCTaHOBlu.IC.II B 11. BepeTeHHI1KOB (lJepemeIfHUK06 B. If YKa3. C04. C. 2fc;;JOO B. If. 0 nepBbIX Y3HI1K£1X neTponaBJIOBCKOH KpenOCTH II CooercKOe rocy.napcTBO 11 npaBO. 1956 NQ 10. C 119-121 4 rUlIII\flI3G H. 5. OpraHbI nOJllml'JfCKOfO CbICKa 11 I1X paEmle B XVII- XVIII BB. II A6cOJltonlJM B PoccIIH (XVII-XVIII B8.): C6. CTaTCH. M., 1964. C143-180; CU3UK06M.If. 0 CYHblX $yHKIlIIRX []QI]IIIUMeH- crepcKHX 1H B PoccHI1 B nepooii 'JeTBep11'l XVIII B. 1100000011Kacnl1- paHTCKIN pa6OT. Cl!eplLlOO."K, 1970. Bbln. II. C 87-88. 91-91. . 'ITO HI1 IIQ!lH0i1113 1OUlI1"( pa60T no 11ClqJI111 opraHOB nOJ1I1Ul111 PocCI1I1 XVIII B. M. 11. CHJI1KOB HC B(JIDp.IUJdllCR 60JJec KD.3HHOH lCWIIlIKC 
32 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ro npe)l(Jle aHMOra UeHIpaJIbHoro cyne6Horo opraHa, KaK IOcnm- KOMenm. 3aCJ\yra B OTI<pb]TI1I111 lliNaJlbHOi1 pa3pa6orKe 3'f011 TeMbl npHHa11J1e)({JfT MOCKOBCK0M)' npaBOBe1IY 11. A CTeweHKo. Pe3YJlbTa- Tbl H3blCKaHMii 11. A CTerneHKo HallliU1 oTpa)KeHHe B CTaTbe 1%6 r. 06 OCHOBaHI1I1IOcrMU-KOJlT1enm 11 B pa3.1leJIe -«KOJUIenrn JOCTHUI1H'} 60JJee n03.LlHd::j MOHOrpaI1I'" «rocy.uap::meHHbl51 crpof1: B Poccm1 B nepBOI1 'leTBepTl1 XYHI B.»I. OC"raercJ1 JI.()i5amrrb. 'IT{) 3BOJ1IOUHfi orelJecrBeHHoro npoueccyrlJlbHOro npaBa B nel}XJBCKoe BpeMfi no- JIY"!HJ18 OCBewemle B OTMe>leHHOM -.pYlIe M. A '-IeJ1bUOHa-Eie6yroBa 1957 r.. B Bblwe.n.weM B 1961 f. He6onbWOM 0630pe 0.11. '-II1CTJ'iKO- &1, a TaIOKe B KpaTKOM O'lepKe B. n. HillKHMOBa l . Me:>KllY TeM, nOMHMO Ha3BaHHbiX pa60r H. E. rOJU1KoBoi1, M. 11. CH3HKOBa. 11. A. CTeweHKo. O. 11. 1..IHCTJ'iKOna 11 B. O. Ha- >Kl1MOBa, B 1960 - 1970-e IT. B Hawei1 crpaHe He nO.llBJ.U1OCb 60- nee I1CCJle.LlOBaHHit, B KOTOPb]X paccM8TpI1BaJ]I1Cb 6bl BonpOCbl pa3BI-1TI1H me4ecrBeHHoro cynOYClpoi1CTB8 Ii cynanpQl13BOllCTBa B nepooi1 'IeTBepTl1 XV] II B. nOKaJaTeTJbHO, 'JTO cyneGHM pct}:Iop- Ma neTpa 1 OKa3aJlach HH CJIOBOM He ynoJl.ffiHyra B nOlLroTOB- nCHHoii CCKTopOM HCTOpHH rocynapCTBa, npaBa H nOJIHTH'-lecKHX Y'leHHii I1HCl1fl}Ta rocyn.apCTBa H npaBa AH CCCP «lIOJ1rocpo'l- HOH nporpaMMe KOMnJICKcHof1 HCCJlelLOBaTeJlhCKOj:j H HaY"lHO- H3,I1aTeJlhCKOf1 JIC5ITCJlhHOCTH B 06J1acTH HCTOpHH rocyJJ;apcTBa 11 npaBa. nOJIHTI1<jCCKl1'1( 11 npaBOBblX Y'lCHI1f1», peaJIl13aUH5I KOTOpof1 npelInOJIaranach B 1981-1990 rr. J nOJJ;oGHM I1CTOpI10rpl1<jc- CKa}1 CHT)'awUl nepeMCHI1JIaCh EO BTOpOH nOJIOBI1He 1980-x rr. npc)J(fle BCCro, 31lCCh He06XOlL1fMO OTMCTHTb nyGJIHKa- UHIO B 1986 r. CTaTbH npaBOBena H. H. E(j>PCMOBOii «OCHOB- Hhle 3Tanhl pa3 BHTi1f1 CYJJ;eGHoj:j CHCTCMbl B POCCHH B XVIII B.». ]CmeunIKoJLA. 06PaJOBaHIilC KOJIJIerHI1IOCTHW111 (1719-1725 IT.) II BeCTHI1K MfY. Cep. <,npaBO». 1%6. NQ 6. C. 63-69; Qne/JJI!HKoJLA., Co- t/JpooelflW K A. focYD.apcTBeHHbJi1 CT)JO B POCCI1I1 B nepBOf.i 'JeTBepTH XVII!;9'YKa3. CO']. C. 708-715; '1ucmJlK08 0. If. na- M.IITHI1KH npoueCcyaJlbHOfO npaBa BseneHl1e II naMHTHI1KI1 p}'CCKOro npaBa I no.n pe.n. K. A. OxppoHeHKo. M., 1961. Bb]n. 8. C. 567-570; Ha- J/CWlI06 B. n Tl1nbl. 4x:!PMbll1 BMb! yrOJJOBHOro npouecca. KanI1HHHrpa.a. 1977. C. 58-64. JCM.. I1cTopl1KO-npaBOBble HccnenoBaHI1H: npo6neMb] 11 nepcneKTHBb]. M., 1982. C 7-8.LL.II nOJ1HOTbl Ka))THHb! crom ll06aBI1Tb, 'JTO B n. 1.3 pa3- DeJ1a E .naHHo nporpaMMbJ 6hLIJO BHeceHO CJ1ellYtOwee HanpaBJIeHl1e I1C- CJJe.1JOBaHl1i-i: «IOpH.nI1'JeCKl1e )"JpeJK1JeHI1I! B POCCI1I1 II nepl10Il neT)JOBCKI1X pc4x:!PM» (TaM )l(C. C. 7). 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 33 B llaHHo(:J cmne H. H. E<ppeMOBa OC}!llteCTB1UJ8 - BnepBb]e no- CJle M. A '-IeJlbUOBa-l)eGyTOBa - lleJlOCTHbl11 (XOTSI. " KpaTKH(:J) HCTopHKo-npaBoBoH aHaJlH3 neTpoBCKHx npeo6pa30BaHHH B 06- JlaCTH cyn.OycTpOHCTBa. fon. cnYCTSI. 3TH)lCe npeo6pa30BaHHSI. (3a- OllHO C cyn.onpOHJBOllCTBeHHbIMH) 6blJ1H BHOBb - HO 6oJ1ee no- BepxHOCTHO - OXapaKTepHJOBaHbl HCTOpHKOM.n. H. BllOBHHOH B pa311eJ1e «npaBO H cyn:» KOJUJeKTI1BHOH MOHOrpa(tmH «OlJepKI1 PYCCKOH KYJlbrypbl XVIII BeKa»l. HaKoHeu, npoueccyllilbHb]e aCneKTb] paccMOTpeHH5I neJl no roCYlllipcTBeHHblM npecrynJle- H"SlM B KOHue XVII - nepBoM 1JeTBepTH XVIII B. 3aTpOHYJl B BeChMa COllCp)ICaTeJlhHoi-i craTbe 1989 r. H. H. nOKpoBcKHi.fl. B 1990-e rr. H3}I'IeHHe cyn.e6Hoi1 pe<t:>oPMbl neTpa I JaMeT- HO aKll1BHJHpOBaJlOCh. 11, KaK H npe)((Jle, OC06eHHoe BHHMaHHe HCCJTeOOBaTeJTH yneJTI1JTI1 B 1)' nopy TeMaM. KaCaBWI1MC5I npeo6- pa30BaHHfI cyne6Ho(:J CIilCTeMbL Hal160JJee 0606weHHo H non- P06HO 06cro5lTeJlbCTBa peopraHI13a1l1111 OTelJeCTBeHHoro cyno- ycrpoHCTBa B nepBo(:J 'IeTBepTlil XVIII B. 113J10.JKHJl8 B MOHOrpac}:>1111 1993 r. H. H. EcMJeMoB8, nOCB5ITHBwa5I 3TOi1 TeMe nm.terneHHhle B rJlaBY I  2 «Pe<poPMhl neTpa I B 06JlacTI1 Cyn.OYCTpoi-iCTBao) H  3 «C0311aHHe OC06hlX cynOB»J. I Ef/;pe'«l8ll H H. OCHOBHble 3Tanbl pa3BHTI1.11 cYnOOHQl.i CI1CTeMbl B POCCHI1 B XVIII B. II 3aKoHoMepHOCTI1 B03HI1KHOBeHI1H 11 pa3BI1T11S1 nOJ1IITHKO-tOpH.nH'IeCKHX l11leH H I1HCTIfIYTOB. M., 1986. C. 94--99; Bdo(lu- HG JL If. npaoo III cy.nll O'lepKI1 PYCCKOW KYJ1bTYpb] XVIII BeKa. M.. 1987. I"J:. 1. C 161-166. XapaKTepllo. 'JTO 11 H. BlIOlJl1Ha He CTdlJa - B n,yxe K.JJ.. KaBeJlI1Ha. K. E TPOUI<1HbI III <D. M DMI1T))l1eBa -OueHI1BaTbcyne6- HbIe npeo6pa30BaHI1H nepBOW 'JeTBepTl1 XVIII B. KaK pe4x:!pMY. l/lo1qxxJc:Kuit If. If. 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bHble I1CTO'IHI1KH nerpOBCKOro BpeMe- HI1 o..cnoae 11 neJ1e rocy.aapeBOM" II ny6J1I1UlfC1'H'IecKl1e I1I1CTOpH'JeCKHe C0411HeHI1H nepl1o.na o.naJII13Ma: C6 HaY4Hb]X Tpy.nOB. HOBOCl16l1pcK. 1989. C 77--95ITO )l(e: /1oIqJoectwilH. H. POCCIIIHCKIDI B..acrb III 06weCTBO XVII-XVIII BB. HOBOCI16I1PCK, M15. C. 414-4301. 3 EI/Jpe.M06G H. H CyllO)<:T)JOill:TBO PoeC"" B XVIII - nepBOii nOJlOIJHHe XIX B. (HCTOpHKo-npaOOBoe I1CCJle.nOBaHl1e) M.. 1993. C.17-77. HapHllYC 3TI1M. H. H. EcPpeMOBa nOllrOTOBlUla paJD.eJl 0 cyne6Hot1 CIilCTeMe B nepBOl1 'JeTBepTH XVIII B. B 113naHHot1 roDOM paHee KOJIJ1eKTI1BHot1 MOHOrpa<pHIil «Pa3BIHl1e )JyCCKOrO npaIJ8 BTOpoi1 nonOBHHb] XVII-XVIII BIJ." (PaJmmle PYCCKOfO npasa BTOpOH nOnOBI1Hb] XVII-XVIII BB. I nOli pell. E. A. CKpl1- nWleBa. M., 1992. C. 216-223). HCCKQllbKO n031lHee Ha Bonpoce 0 cy- Ile6Hoi1 pe4x:!pMe nerpa I H. H. EcPpeMOBa OCTaHOBHJ1acb B cneUHMbHOM }"Jf6HO'\IJ noc061111 1996 r. (£4pe.'II06Cl H. H CynoyClpOii.cruo POCCI1i'"ICKOH I1MnCpl111 XVIII - Ha'JaJm xx BeKa. Y'Je6. noco6lle. M., 1996. C. 17-39). 
34 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KpoMe TOro, B nOCJlellHee neCflTl1JIeme XX B. C. B. EqU1- MOBb]M 6b1JU1 npe.nnpHlliITb] Pa3b]CKaHH51 0 BHeWHeii HCTOpl1H TaiiHoii IQlHL\eJlSlpt.m neTp08cKoro BpeMeHH, M. O. AKHlllH- HhlM - 0 npoBelleHHH cyne6HblX npeo6pa30BaHHH OeTpa I B CH6HPH, MOCKOBCKHM HCTOpHKOM M. B. Ea6wI - 0 Hel13Becr- HOM paHee cyne6HOM opraHe I 72Q-x fr. BbIWHeMCYlle. K. r. ne- peJIMOBb]M - 06 Y"Ipe)f(J]eHHOii B 1724 L KOHTope po3blCKHbiX ne]] np(.1 CeH8Te[. B Te >Ke rOlIbl K I1CCJ1enOBaHI1JO OTe'-leCTBeHHbIX cynoB CneWl8JlbHoi1: IOPHCJ1HKUHH B XVIII B. o6paTl1Jlcn ne-rep- 6yprcKJ1H I1CTOpliK E. B. AHI1CI1MOB. B MOHorpat111 19991"., nocmuueHHoii HCmpH" npOTHBo.n.ei1cTBI1S1 rocynapcTlJeHHbIM npeclynJleHI1S1M B XVIII B., E. B. AHHCI1MOB yneJlHJI HeMMO BHHMaHHH KaK opraHI13aUHH Ii KOMneTeHL\HH npeo6pIDKeHcKo- fO npHKa3a 11 TaiiHoi1 KaHueJ1S1pI1H neT))OBcKoro BpeMeHH. TaK 11 npoueccyanbHoii cTopoHe I1X neSlTeJ1bHOcn1 1 . CymeCTBeHHO npo.nBHHYJ10Cb H3 npoTIl)((eHi'II1 1 990-x rr. J..I3y-Jem1e J..I paHHeii J..ICTOpJ..lJ..l IOcTJ..Iu-KoJ1JlemJ..l. B paMKax. $YH- naMeHTaJlbHoro Tpyna 0 pe$opMJ..IpoBaHHJ..I B nepBoH 'leTBepTH XVIII B. BblClllJ..lX 11 ueHTpaJIbHblX opraHoB BJIaCTH OCHOBaHI1JO 3TOH KOJlJTerHJ..I y.ae.nWl BHJ..IMaHJ..Ie E. B. AHJ..ICHMOB. A Ha ca- MOM J..ICXOlle XX B., B .aeKa6pe 1999 r. B HHCTIrryre POCCHHCKOI1 HCTOpJ..II.1 PAH COCTQHJlaCb JalUl1Ta }')Ke BCeueJTO nOCB.IIlUeHHOI1 naHHOH TeMe KaHlll1ll.aTCKOI1 nJ..lCCepTaw'IJ..I 11. M. DaJlaKl1peBOI1 «4IopMJ..IpoBaHJ..Ie IOcl11u-KOJ1JIen1J..l. '-lTO >Ke KacaeTCfI pa3BI1TJ..I5I npoueccyanbHo ro npaBa B neTpOBCKYJO 3noxy, TO 3lleCb CJTelLYeT [EIjiu,W06 C. B. Tai1HasI K,lHUeJI.IIpl1.11 B C.-neTepOypre npH nerpe I (Pa3MerneHl1e, BHyrpeHH.II.II OpraHI13aUI1.11, cl>HHaHCl1pOBaHllle) II neTep- 6yprcl<He 'JTeHI1H-95: M:rrepl1aJlb[ HaY'lH. KOH4I. cn6.. 1995. c. 55-58; AKUUiUH M. 0. no.lII1ueHCKoe rocynapcToo 11 CI1611jJCKoe o6weCTBO: 3noxa neT)Ja BeJlI1Koro. HOBOCI1611PCK, 1996. C. 98-102; Ea6u'I M B. focynap- CTBeHHble Y'lpe)l(,OeHI1.11 POCCHI1: CnpaBo4Hoe noco6l1e. M. 1999 Bbln. I C. 61-62; DHa JICe. EbllllH}Ji:j cy.a KaK Bb]Clllee }"!)Jejf(j}eHl1e neT)JOBCKoi1 3nOXI1 II nerp BeJ1I1KI1H 11 era BpeMH: MaTepHaJlb[ BCepocC HB}"!H. KOHtfJ Cn6., 1999. C. 18-11; I1epewnoo K r. Peq:,opMa opraHOB nOJ1I1TI1'JeCKoro CblCKa 1714 r. II TaM >Ke. C. 101-108. 2 AHucll.M06 E. B. lI.b]6a 11 KHyT' nOJlI1D1'JeCKI1H CblCK 11 pyCCKoe 06rne- CTBO B XVIII BeKe. M.. 1999. C. 9g-112. 147-167, 175-178. 180-185 "np. 3 AHucll.M06 E. B. focynapcmeHHbJe npeoGpaJoBaHI151 11 CaMQDep>KaBl1e nerpa BeJlI1KOro... C. 116-119: btuaKupeea Jl M. cDopMl1poBaHl1e IOcTl1u- KO.'lJlenUJ (l718-1719 n.). ABTopcQJ. DHC. on KaHll. I1CT. llliYK. M.. 1999. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 35 YKa3aTb Ha YBl1lleBU1I1e CBeT B 1997 r. H B 1999 r. npoC1paHHh]e 04epKM 0. 11. 1..{HCT}[KOBa H D.. A. POMaHOBa l . B nepooe CeMHJ1eTHe XXI B. cy.ne6HM p$pMiI neTpa I TaIOKe He OCTaJl8Ch BHe nOJl51 3peHH5I yYCHblX, 6YDY'IH 3aTpOHyra B <Jepe.L1e HCCJ1e.LlOBaHHH (B TOM <JHCJ1e .nHcCepTaUHOHHhIX). 06- 30PHb]X pa60T H cneUH<LTJbHbIX y-Je6Hblx noco6HH B HaH60Jlee oGoGlUeHHoM Bl1lle onHCblBaeMble npe06pa30BaH(1SJ nOJly-JHJ]H ocselUeHHe B p3J.neJlax «CYlle6Hble pe$)pMh] neTpa I» H «Pe- $)pMb] CYlle6Horo npouecca» BblllleynOM}[Hyroro llleCTI1TOMHIII- Ka 2003 r. ..Cy.ne6HaH M8CTb B POCCHH», 8 Tal0Ke B naparpaq,e ..Pe<PoPMbl neTpa I B 06J18Cn1 yroJ10BHOro cy.nonpOH3Bo.ncTBa» MOHorpa<]:JHH A. 11. ArieKCaHllPOBa l . nO'lTH CTOJIb >Ke oGoGlUeHHo pe$)pMY OXapaKTepH30Ba- }la B Bb]llleOTMe4eHHOM y-Je6HOM noco6H(1 C. B. J1oHcKaSJ. He- 06XOllHMO OTMeTl1Tb, Bnpo4eM, 'ITO maBa «CYlle6Ha.ll peopMa neTpa I» B 3TOM noco6HH OCTaBJ1SJeT Bne'I8TJIeHHe nOllroToB- JIeHHOH H811MeHee yn.a'IHO H3 Bcex rJIaB J . KpoMe TOro, cyn.e6- Hhle npeo6pa30BaHH5I nepBoii <JeTBepm XVIII B. 6hJJ1H elUe pa3 CneUl1aJJbHO OC BelUeHbl H. H. EcppeMoBoH B CTaTbe 2005 r. H B IYuCI11J/K06 O. 11. npolleccyaJIbHoe 3aKOHOJJ.aTe%CTIJO II 3al\OHoll<l- Te.!lbCTBO nerp<l I I nOll pell. A. A. npeo6pdAo.eHcKoro 11 T. E HOBI1UKOM. M.. 1997. C. 794-821, ltJ'If{lH0811. A Peqx:.pMI1pOIIDHl1e CYllonpoI.J.JBQ1I- crBa B POCCI1I1 B Ha'JaJle XVIII BeKa. M., 1999 (Den. B MHMOH PAH. 15.07.1999.  548581. 1 K'IIIfK/Mi O. E., Jle6eiJefl B. M.. CeIfUdlli I: 10. YKa3. C01.J. T. 2. C. 12G- 150; AWKCOIlt.1poe A. 11. YrorIOBHa.II nOJ1I11THKa 11 YfOIIOBHb[H npouecc B poc- C(1HCKOM rocynapCTBeHHocTH: I1CTOplffi. cOBpeMeHHoCTb, nepcneKTHEbI, npo6neMb]. Cn6., 2003. c. 153-172. KaK HI1 y.nI1BHTeJlbHO. 0 cy.ne6HoH pe<PoPMe nepBoH 'JeTBePTH XVIII B. HI1 CJJOBOM He ynoM.IIHyn B. H Bna- COB, aBTop I1JnaHHOi1 B 1003 r. OfuopHOH MOHOJT';lI))I111 «HCTopH.II cyne6Hoii R!1acm B POCCI1W> (eM.: &OC06 B. 11. HCTOPI1H cyne6HoH BJIaCTI'J B POCC(1I1. Ivmra I (1019-1917) M..2(03). J .IloticMlH C. B. YKa3. C04. C. 6-35. nOMI1MO 3Ha'JItTelbHbIX np06e- nOR B 113J10)l(eHI111 06cr0mer:IbCTB pe<PoPMb] 11 KpaitHe CTpaHHoro B CRoeH HenOJ1HOTe Cnl1CKa JII1Teparypbl K rnaRe, HeE03MO)l(HO He 06paTI1Tb BHI1- MaHl1e Ha HeT04Hocm B nOMeweHHOH B npl1.l10)l(eHI111 1 )"1e6Hot1 cxeMe «Cy.ne6HilH CI1CTeMa Pocc(1i1ckOii IIIMneplll11 K 1725 r.j) (TaM >Ke. C. 174). B 'JaCTHOCTH. He BHeC.II B cxeMY )"1pe>K1ICHHb]i1 S 1723 r. 11 I1MeBWI1i1 (jJopMaJlbHO-l1epapXIII'JecKoe paBeHCTBO c npaBlfTeJlbcrsytOlllHM CcHaTOM EblllJHI1i1 cyn. C. B. JIoHcKaH n04eMY-T0)'KcUal1a Ha OllHOM ypoBHe C Ce- HaTOM HIIJIHSWHi1CH no CTal)'cy UeHlJ'WlbHb]M opraHoM MacTH fJWBHb]i1 MarnCTpaT. 
36 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I MOHorpaqJl1I-1 2007 L. a TalOKe B. H. 6a6eHKo - B pa60Tax 2005 H 2007 rr. 1 Hap5lD.Y C BblllleH83BaHHblMH pa60raMH, Heo6xo.1UIMO yno- MSlHyrb. 'iTO B Ha'laJTe XXI B. OCHOBHble C06blTHSI CY.lle6HOH pe$opMbl neTpa I 6b1JU:I KpaTKo 1-:!3J10:>KeHbI B craTb5lX elalTe- pHH6yprcKoro npanoBelIl8 A. C. CMblKaJTHHa «$opMHpoBaHHe CY.lle6HOH C(1CTeMb] B nepHOD. a6CQJUOTIHMa» Ii «CY.lle6Ha.ll CH- CTeMa POCcHHcKoro rOCYDapCTBa OT I1B8Ha rp03Horo DO EKaTe- pHHbl II», B  I «I1ronoJ ncrpOBcKHX npeo5prooBaHHH B c<1Jepe MMHHHcrpamul Ii cyna» JJmBbl I MOHOrp<l<]:JHH T. 11 Ml-1ryHO- 130" 2002 L, B f}lane 8 BTopom TOMa <]:JyHD.aMeHTaJIbHoi1 MO- Horpm]:Jl1I1 6. H. MHpoHOsa «C0l1l1aJIbHa.ll HCTOplU1 Pacc""», a r810Ke B naparpa4>e «HOBbie cynhl H HX eOCTaB» MOHorpa- <]:Iii" 11 <b. nl-1CapbKOBoH 2007 f. 1 113 J<Pyra Gonee 'JaCTHbIX BO- npoeGB, CB5I3aHHbIX C npoBe.neHt1eM nerpOBCKHX cyn.e6HblX npe- 06pa30BaHMii, B HblHelliHeM BeKe npOllOJDKHJ10Cb M3y-JeHMe KaK MCTOPM" OT.neJlbHbIX pe$:lpMHpoBaHHblX cyne6HbIX opraHOB, TaK " HCTOpHH pa3BHTHJI BoeHHo-npoueCCYaJIbHOro 3aKOHo.IJ,a- TeJlbCTBa. 1113 'mCJla cy.ne6HblX opraHOB oco6oe BHHMaHHe HC- CJlellOBaTeJleii npOl101DKJV1 npMBJleKaTb BbllllHMii cy.n, KOTOpoMY OKaJaJlaCb nOCB.IIweHa ony6JlMKOBaHHaSJ B 2000 r. CTaTbSJ 8BTopa HaCTOJUuei1 pa60Tb] (nollrOTOBJIeHH<l.5I He3<1.BHCHMO OT pa3b]CKa- I E"4Jx!'H06t1 H. H. feHeJI1C cy.ne6HoH BlJaCTI1 B POCCIIII1 II focyllilpCTBO 11 npaBO. 2005.  II C. 88-94 (onl1CaHl1lO co6b1'fHH cYlle6HoH pe<fJopMbI neTpa I nOClUIllleHa OCHOBHa5I 'J8CTb naHHoH CTaTbl1; TaM >Ke. C. 89-93); DHa JIC(!. CTaHOBlleHllle 11 paJBHTlle cy.ne6Horo npasa B PoccIII1 XVIII -Ha- 'JaJla XX B. (I1CTopHKo-npaBOBOe I1CCJle.noBaHtle): MOHorp. M., 2007; 6a- 6eHlW B. H., CwfitxJJ!HI(JK If. n. HCTOPIUI cylla B POCCI1I1 (IX - Ha'JaJlO XXI B.): MOHarp. M.. 2005. C. 64-67; 6a6eHlwB. H. Cyne6HaH CI1CTeMa POCCI1I1. I1CTOpl1H 11 cOBpeMeHHOCTb. l-e 11111.. M., 2007. C. 89-95. 2 CWbJAWlUH A. C. 4'toPMl1pO!JaHl1e cyne6HoH Clf(.TeMb] B nepl10n a&o- nlOTHJMa II POCCI1HCKaJI IQCTHUHH. 1001  I C. 39-41; OH ."llCI!. Cyne6- HIDI CI1CTeMa POCCHHCKOro rocy.napcrBaOT HB3Ha fP03HOro.n0 EK3Tepl1HbI II (XV-XVIII B8.) II Bonpocb] Hcropnl1. 2U04. N2 8. C. 50-69; Mwp- H06G T. Jl npa80. MMI1HI1C"IpaUI1j.J tI C}'ll B pet]xJpMdX ENlrepl1Hb[ BeJltl- KOH. MOHorp. Cn6.. 2002. C. 11-19; MUjJOH06 E. H. COWlaJlbHIDII1CTOPI1H POCCIIIIII nCptlOlla IIIMnepHI1 (XVIII - H3'laJlO XX 8.). 3-e 111M. Cn6.. 2003. T. 1. C. 49-50. nUC0fJbK060 JI. fJJ. fOCy.napcrBeHHoe ynpaBJ1eHl1e POCCHI1 C KOHlliI XVllllO KOHlliI XVIII Bel(!]: :JOOJItOuWl 61OpoKpaTH4eCKOH CI1CTeMb]. M., 2007. C. 161-166. 
fIlaBa 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 37 HI1H M. B. Ea6111'-1)], a TalOKe npe06pIDKeHCKIIIH npl1Ka3 11 T8H- Hml KaHUeJlflpl151, H8 OClleWeHl11-J n.e5lTeJlbHOCTI1 KOTOpblX IIHOllb OCT8HOlll1JlCSI E. B. AHI1CI1MOlI l . OCHOllaTeJ1bHO npollBHHYJ1HCb II 2000-e rr. H pa3pa60T- KI1 no HCTOpHI1 IOcrnu-KOJIJ1enm II nepBOH <,eTBepTl1 XVII I B. 3.ueCb IIIMeeT CMbICJ1 OTMeTIHb. npe}l(lle Bcero. ny6JulKawHo B 2003 L - B mille y-Je6Horo noc061m - I1TorOI! Bb]WeOTMe<J:eH- HblX D.IIICcepTaUl10HHbIX 113b]CKaHI1H 11 M. EaJl8Kl1peBoH. B TOM .>Ke rD.ay }'BI1l\fJl8 CBeT KOJiJleKTI1BHml MOHorpa$1U1 «POCCI1HCIQU\ IOcnm-KOJiJlerI1H», OCHOBHYIO <J:aCTb KOropoH 8HTOpbl nOCBflH1- JlI1 oCBerueHHIO neSlTeJ1bHOCTI1 KOJUIerHl1 OnSlTb-TaKH B neTpoo- CKoe BpeMSl J . KpoMe TOro, I! l13.1laHHOii B 2002 r. MOHorpa<]mH «npoK)'lJaTYpa neTpa I» OKa3aJICfl CI1CTeMaTl1<J:eCKI1 OCl!eweH CIO.JKeT 0 <MtHKUHOHI1POBaHI1I1 B nepBoH n0J10BHHe 1720-x rr. npOl<yparypbl IOcTl1u-KoJ1J1erHI1, a B craTbe 2005 L 6blJla BHe- ceH8 flCHOCTb I! lIonpocbl 0 I!peMeHH y-Jpe)f(J]eHI151 KOJ]J]erl1l1 11 0 MeCTe ee nepBOHa<J:aJ\bHoro pa3MerueHI1}!4. B HTore 11 BHyrpeH- Wl5I OpraHH3aUH5I. H CT3TVC, 11 n0J1HOMOl(I151 IOcTI1U-KOJiJlerHl1 B nepBoM <J:eTBepTl1 XVIII II. OKaJarJl1Cb HCCJ1enOl!aHbl K H8CT05lrue- MY lIpeMeHI1 ellBa JlI1 He ocecropoHHe. nOM(1MO IOcrnU-KOJllIenlH (1 BbiwHero cyna, II nOCJlellHHe ro.nb] ltaJIbHei'iweM)' I1Jy'-1eHl11O - BnepBble nOCJle M. M. EOrocJ10B- CKom - nOllBepm(1Cb C01llliHHb]e II XOlle CYJle6HOH pe<t>oPMb] ne- I CejXJ6II. 0. 3a6b1TOe Y'lpejf(j}eHllle ne-rpa I Bb]lllHI1I1 CYll (1723- 1726 rr.) II POCCI1HCKoe CaMQilepJKaBHe 11 6tOpOlq:ml1.11' C6. craTeH. M.. 2000. C. 119-237. YMeCTHO no6aBI1Tb, 'JTO M. B. 6a6H'J nOlITopHO 113J10- )l(HJla pe3YJlbTaTb[ CBOHX pa3h]CKaHIIIH 0 BhIWHeM cy.ne B cnpaBO'IHoM cran.e 20(}) r. (Eafiu'I M B. Cy.n Ha feHepaJIbHOM 1lOOpe II focynapCTBeHHOCTb POCCHI1 (KOHeu XV B. - I)JeBPaJIb 1917 r): CnOBa)Jb-CnpaB04HI1K M. 2001. KH. 4. C. 187-190). 2 AHut:uMoe E. B. nOJ1HJ1f'1ecKHi1 jJOJbICK 11 T'aMHa5I nOJlIIIUI151 B XVIII BeKe II A\.u-w.aPMb] POCQ.JI1: nOJll1ll'1'JecKHi1 jJ03bICK B PacCHI1. XV- xx BeKa cn6.-M. 1001 c. 98-111 3 upe8a JI. M. CYlle6Ha pe4x:!Pia ne-rpa I: IOcTHU-KOJlllerH.II: Y4e6. nocool1e HOBOCIll6I1PCK. MI3; POCCI1MCKaH IOcrI1U-KOJUIerl1.11 (1718- 1786)' tlCTopI1KO-n)XIIIOlJb]e O'lepKH I nOil pe.n. B..ll Cb[Coesa. M.. 2003. C. 12-34.39-115. 117-116. 4 CejXJ6 II.0. npoKYParypa neTpa I (1722-1725 IT.): l1C1UpI-tKo-npaoo- BOM 04epl< HOBCX:116HPCK. 2002. C. 116-131. 155-159, 305-307; Ce- P08II.0., CblCoe8 B.R IOcTHU-KOJlllerml: BpeW! III MeCTO OCHOB3HWI II 3aKoH tI npaBO. 2005.  5. C. 78-79. 
38 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I -.pa I cyne6Hbie OprdHbl o6wei1 IOpI-1C1U'IKUl1ti: rojXJ.nDBble, IlpOBI1H- Ul1aJlbHble J..I HallOOpHble Cy.nbl. I1HTepecHeHllu1e .QaHHb]e 0 TeK)'wei1 nelTeJlhHOCTIi B nepBoH 'leTBepTH XVIII It CaHKT -nerep6yprcKHX HanoopHOro 11 npOBHHUHaJlhHoro cynOB npt.JBeJla B IlHccepTalliloH- HOH MOHorpa<):J1111 2004 r. O. E. KoweJleBa. B TOM >Ke 2004 r. YBI1- neJla CBeT 51 CTaTb.ll aBTopa HaCTOHwei1 pa60TbI -«+-lan.oopHble CYLlbl B cy.neGHoH CHCTeMe POCCI1I-1»I. I1cropmo COEaHHJI H HeKOTOpb]e BOnpOCb] clJYHKUHOHI1pOBaHIm pe$:>PMHP0BaHHb]X cy.neooblx opra- HOB B CI1611pH HeCKOJIbKO pa3 SHDSh OCBeTI1JI M.o. AKIHlIHH 1 . UeHHbie nOll.po6HOCTH 0 pa60Te B nepBOM n0J10BI1He 1720-x fr. T060J1bCKOrO HaIlBOpHOrO cy.na BblSlBI1JI8 eKaTepHH- 6yprcKa5ll1CCJlellOBaTeJlbHHUa E. B. l3opOD.HHa. H3JlO)({J1BWa.H pe- 3YJTbTaTbl113blCKaHHH B CTaTbJlX 2004 11 2005 rr. Hapmry C 3Ti1M, B CTaTbe 2007 L E. B. EopOD.l..fHa lillepBble OCBeTltn8 BOnpOC 0 HOpMaTHBHOM peryluipoBamU1 ne5lTeJlbHOCTH Y"Ipe>K.QeHHb]X B 1722 L cyne6Hbix KOMI1CCapOB J . BOnpOCb] 06 opmHH3amm 11 KOMJ1JIeKTOBaHHI1 Cyn.OB 06weti IOpl1C.1lHKUl111 KOHua I7IO-x- nepBoii nOJlOBHHbl 1720-x rr. H8 lOre Poccm.J OTHOCHTeJlbHO no.ap06HO 3aT poHYJl BOpOHelKCKI1ii I.JCTOpl.JK H. A. KOMOJIOB B ] KaucIe60 D. E. J1IOOl1 CaHKT-neTep5yprcKoro OC'TJX!Ba neTpOOCKOro BpeMeHI1. M.. 2004 C 46-52. 305-321; Cepoe.D.. D. HaLIJIOpHble cy.nbl B ce6HOi1 CI1CTeMe POCCIIII1 (1719-1727 rr.) II )l(yptiaJl poccHiicKOro npasa. 1004  11.CI31-138. 2,4laauUII MD., PeWJlf'l1 A. B. YnpaBJIeHl.fe CH6HpIt XVI - Ha4a- Jla XX HeKa: llilMI1HI1C1paTHBHa5I nOJlI1THKa, CT]J\'Kn1Ja III nlQD.l1 II BnaCTb B C11611pl1. XVI - H3'1aIlO XX Helm. MeJKaPXI1BHb]H cnpaBO'IHI1K. HOBOCI1- 611pcK, 2002. C 24-26; kulUUII M. D. Po...'CInicKI1H aOCOJllOTI13M 11 ynpaB- neHl1e CIl6lflJlt XVIII HeKa: OpraHI1JaUH.II 11 COCTaB rocyn.apcweHHoro anna- pa1'3. M.-HoBOCH6wpcK, 2003. C. 61-65; DH.JIC(!. 0 npoBe.neHI1I1 Cy.ne6HOH pe4x:!PMb] ne1pH BeJlI1KOfO B CH611Pl1 II fJpo6neMb[ IIC1qJHH rocynapcrIJeH- HOro ynpaBJIeli1Ul 11 MeCTHOro ynpaBJIeHI1H o..&lPI1 XVI-XXI BB.: MaTepl18- nbI WeCToH ocelX"Cc. Ha)"-lH. KOH4J. HOF!ocI16I1pCK,l006. C 116-139. J EopoouHa E. B. To6oJ1bCKHH HaJIBOpl1bIH cy.n B 20-e ro.nb] XVIII B. II AJayaJIbHble npo6neMb] OTe'leCTBeHHOH 11 3apv6eJKHoii I1CTOpHI1: C6. Ha- }"-IH. TPYIIOIJ CTylleHTOlJ, aCnl1paHTOB III MOJI01lblX }"-IeHb]X. E/QITCpl1H6ypr. 1004 C. 59-68. DHa JICe H3MeHeHI1e OCHOB cyne6Horo njJOl.I.tt\:d B nepl10n BTOpOH 06:1acTH0i1 pe4x:!PMbl neTpa BeJ1I1KOro II npo6neMbl I1CTOpHl1 Poc- CI1I1. C6. H I}>'JH. TpynOB. EKaTepl1H6ypr, 2005. BbIn. 6. C. 153-16S, DHa JICe. K Bonpocy 0 HOpMaJ1IBHOi1 pernal'>!eH1'3UI1I1 .neHTCJIbHOCTi1 cyne6HbIX KOMI1CcapoB Ha YpaJIe 11 B 3analIHoi1 CI1611Pl1 B 1721-1716 ronax II HCTO- pl1'.JeCKl1e ItcenenosaHH.II B CH6I1P!1" np06J1eMb] 11 nepcneKTHBb]: C6. MaTep. perl10HaJIbHOH Mo.One>KHOH H1'I)"[HOi1 KOH(jJepeHUHI1. HOBOCH6I1pcK, 1007. C. 44-50. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 39 MOHorp<$11111 2007 r. 1 Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaK B 1717-1718 rr. Bb]pa- 6aTbIBaJl8Cb HOBafi MOLleJlb CYLle6Horo ycrpoHCTBa Poccm"l, OCBe- TI1.II aBTOp HaCTO.l!weii pa60Tbi B craTb.l!X 2005 11 2007 rr. KpoMe roro. OH .>Ke nOCIDITI1Jl oc06ylO CTaTblO Bonpocy 0 3apO)K.JleHHH B roLlbl cYlle6HoH pe$JpMbl nerpa I cy.aeilcKoro Kopnyca Poc- C11111 2 . BoeHHo-cYLle6Hble opraHbl nepBoH LleTBepn1 XVIII B. .l!BI1lII1Cb npeLlMeTOM paccMoTpeHIIISI B CTaTbe B. C. ABlIOHKHH8 2001 L, a TalOKe B H311aHHoH B 2003 L MOHmpa(l)J11-1 H. A ne- T)'XoBa ....1CTOpHH ooeHHblX CYllOB POCCHH». npon()J])IUfB HCTO- pl1orpa<]:JHLlecKYIO JlHHHIO M. n. P03cHreiiMa H n. O. 606poB- CKOro. H. A nel)'XOB npOaHarIH311pOBaJI KaK CJlO)tG1BWYIO- CH D nerpOBCKoe BpeM.I! opraHH3aw.f1O BoeHHblX CYOOB. TaK H HopMaTIIIBHYIO OCHOsy I1X .aeJmJlbHOCTI1J. I1HTepecHYIO .aeTarIb nOJlI1H1KO-npaooBOH CTOPOHb] Tor.aaWHero pe<lx:tPMl-1pOBaHlIJI BOeHHOH IOCTI1UI-1I1 Bb]CBeTI1Jl B CTaTbe 2005 r. M. 0. AKH:WI1H, 8 npl1MeLlaTeJIbHb]H 3nl130Ll npaBOnpl-1MeHI1TeJIbHOH npaKTI1KI1 BO- eHHorocyna B I710-e n. - BCTaTbe 2002 r. - aBTop H3cTOHmeii pa60Tb1 4 . I KnOOKJ8 H.A. OpraHbl cne.LlCTJlll.II, cy.ua 11 Hwuopa II pocCI1I1cJ.JJlt npo1l11HU11111 XVIII OCKa: Ha MaTCpH:l.fllX ECJlropo.nCKOii 11 BopoHC)I(CKOi1 [}f>ep: : cD; 3:;, i;;e peopraHH3aUHH CYlroyc:rpoH- CTsa POCCI1I1 (113 HCTOplll1 cyDe6Hoti pe4x:!PMbl neTpa I) II AKl)'aJlbHble npo6J\eMbl lOpl1D.l1'JeCt-::Oli HaYKI1: Te311Cbl nOKJI. IICepocC. Ha)"lH. KOH<P. KpacHoHpcK, 2005. C. 28-34, OH JICe. nQllJUl{)llKd cy.ne6HoH PCMb] neTpa I: KOHuenUHH. 3apy6e)l(Hble 06paJub[. 3:JKOHOTBOpljeCKHH npouecc II Lex Russica. 2oo7. NQ 5. C 813-828; OH ;!lce. 3apojf(j}eHl1e cyneHcKoro Kopnyca POCCI1I1 (113 I1CTOpHl1 cy.ne6HOi1 pe4)opMbl nerpa I) II POCCI1.11 11 Ml1p. naHO))<]Ma IICmpl1'lCCKOro pa3IJHTH.II. C6. HaY-IH. CTaTi1. EK.JfCpIIIH- 6yPIj K; 2COHOllaTeJ1bHb[e aKTb] nelpa I 0 BOeHHblX cy.nax POCCI1I1: xapaKrepltcTIlKa nODcynHoCTH DeJ1 II PocQom II HOBOe Bpefl.1.II: no- 1tcJ.:: $:JPMyJlbl HaUitoHalIbHoi1 Itempl1l1: MaTep pocc. Me)l(BY3. KOH<P. M.. 2ool. C. 25-19; flem.J"XLJ8 H. A. J..1cropl1.11 BoeHHblX CYIIOB POCCI1H. M.. 2oo3. C. 49-50, 725. 4 AxllWUH M. 0. 0 Mejf(j}.YH3poilHo-npaBOBbIX acneKTax BoeHHo-cyne6- HOH pe4x:!PMbl nelpa I II 06weCTBO. rocynapcTBO, BepXOBHaH B1Ial.'Th B POCCHI1 II CPCIIHI1C BCKa 11 paHHCC HOBOC BpcMH B KOHTCKCT I1CTopHIil EBponbl 11 Amlll (X-XVIII CT.): MCjf(j})'Hap. KOHI]J.: Te3HCbl noK./l. III CO- 06lll. M.. 2005 C. 245-246; CeJX16 n. 0. J.13 HCTOpl111 BOeHHOi1IOCTHUHH ne1]JOBCKoro BpeMeHI1 npouecc H. T. p)l(eBCKOrO (1710-1714) II KpoBb. nopox. .naBpbl. EOi1Hbl POCa111 B :omoxy 6apoKI<O (1700-1761); C6. MaTep. BCCpocC. Ha)"lH. KOH<P. Cn6.. 2oo2. Bbln. 2. C. 41-43. 
40 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I B pycJle 113Y4eHIUI pe$JpMI1IXm3HHbIX CneWlliJIl13l-1pa- BaHHblX cynOB HeJ]b3Sl He ynoM5IHyrh 0 HOBeHU1I1X pa3bICK3HH- SIX D. A PellHH8 no ycraHOBJ1eHHIO rpamlU cYlle6Hoii KOMneTeH- UI1M ropH03aBoncKHx opraHoB MacTH Ypana nepBoo nOJlOBHHbI 1720-x fr. B <JacTHOCTH. n. A PellHHY YD.aJTOCh BbIflBHTb HHTe- pecHe(:1W(1e CBen:eHIUI 0 paJp<UHRweMC5I B 1723-1724 fr. I(OH- 4IJUIKTe ropH03aBonCKHX RlJacTei1 c T o60JlbCKI-1M HMBOpHblM CYAOM I . Pa3JIH4Hb]e CropOHb] npe06pa30BaHI1H B OTeLleCTBeHHOM cynonpOH3BollcTBe KOHua XVII - nepBoM 'I.eTBepn1 XVIII B. GhUUI B 2000-e rr. JaTpoHyrbl B CTaTbSlX 11 A XPYCTaJleBa Ii aB- Topa HaCTOJUueii pa60Tbl l . KpoMe TOro, }0Ke B 2008 r. BbllllJIa 113 fie'IaTH CTaTbfl aBTopa HacTmlUleH paGOTbl, nocmllueHHaH npa- 6JJeMe CIiCTeMaTH3aUHH npoueCCYaJlbHOro 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bCTBa B nepHOli npOBeD: eHI1SI cyne6Hoi1 pe()xJpMbl nerpa P. lPeJuHJ1..A.J1W'lHaH KaHUeJIHpl1j.J f'eHepaJIa ne feliHllltta: xapaKTep }f4pejf(j}eHWI. WTaT. ci}>epa KOMneTeHUl111 tI OpraHIII3l1UHH .nenonjXJH3BOll- cma II YpaJIbCKHM C60PHIIIK: I1croPllil. KynbT)'pa. PenlllrnH. EK.JICpl1lrnypr. zoo3. BbIn. 5. C. 36-63; 011 .»ce. 0 p:mJ13HtI'IeHIIIIII tOpHClltlKUI1M I]JIDK1l3H- CKHX 11 roPl1b]X BlJaCTeH B 3amlJIHblX njXJBHHUI1HX CIt6llpCKOM ry6epl1l1l.J (Ha npHMepe yronOBHb[X lIeJI 1723-1714 rr) 113ana.rrHIDI Ot6I1Pb: npo- lliJ1oe, HacTOHwee. 6ynyruee. Cypryr, 2004. C. 105-122. OIl.JlC(!. AaMI1HtI- C1paTl1BHble CIJJYt-.TVPbI 11 61OpOKJXIIWI YpaJIa B 3noxy ne1pOBCKlllx pe4x:!PM (3ana.rrHb[e ye31lbl CI1611PCKOIi ry6epl1l.Jl1 B 1711-1717 rr.). EK£lTepHH6ypr. 2007. C. 255-161. 269-170. 288-307 2Xpyc.ma.leflJI.A. TaK 6b1J1aJll1 npoueccY<L%HIDI pe<t>oPMa neTpa I? II AKl)'aJlbHble np06neMb[ cOBjJOJeHHo..JlI mala\ll1 M0J1011eIKI1 C6. CTaTeH M., 2003. BbIn. 4. C. 79-85; 011 .)Iff'. npoueCcy<LbHoe npllBO POCCI1I1 KOHua XVII - Ha'JaJla XVIII BeKOB. TYJla. 2003; OIl.)Iff' «Pocnpoc C npl1CTJJacTH- eM" KaK I1HCTH1)'T pOCCHHCKOro npouecqaJIbHoro npaBa no «1<parKoMy 11306pIDKeHI1IO npouecCUB '" cy.ne6HblX TH>Ke6» 30 MapTa 1716 r. II focynap- CTBO 11 nplllJO Ka1t1HI1IiI]Jilll, 2004. Bblfi. 3. C. 91-99; CefJOIJ n. 0. 3apo)((- neHl1e 0J"e4eCTBeHHb[X opraHOB npe.nsaptlTenbHoro CJJel\CTIIIIH tI WBe.nCKHe 06pa3Ubl (113 HcropHI1 cylIe6HOH pe4x:!PMbI neTpa I) II CpaBHI1TeJ1bHoe npaBOBelleHl1e 11 npo6JJ.eMbI COBpeMeHHOH IOj)I1CnpY.ll.eHUI1I1: MaTep Me)l(- nyHap. Ha)"J.-npllKT. KOH<P. EKlITepHH6ypr. 2006. \.I. 3. C 49--53. 011 JICe. PeBI13110HHO-pewaK>WHi1 nopmrOK B yronoBHoM npouecce PoocHIl KOHua XV - nepBOH <teI1JePTI1 XVIII B. II )KypHWI pocCI1MCKOro npaBa. 200S. 6.C.101-109 3 CeJXl6.9.. O. CHCTeManoauH.II npol.!CCC}>aJlbHoro 3aKOHOnaTeJlbCTBa B nepl1o.1l npoBe1l.eH}!}I cy.ne6HoH pet1>opMbl nelpa I II AKl)'aJlbHble npo6JJ.e- MbI pd3lJHnm n(MlJOBOH CI1CTeMb] nXYllapcma: POCCHi1CKHi1 11 Me>KllYHa- POlIHbIi1 OnblT. C6. Ha)"JH.1])Y.nOB. HOBOCIll6HPCK.l008. C. 77-91. 
fIlaBa 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 41 HaKOHeu, B H!I'Jane XXI B. nOHBI1lICH pM 11I1CCepmUJ.1OH- HblX t.JCCJlellOBaHI1t1, npel1MywecTBeHHO 111111 }f(e BCeueJlO no- CBHllleHHblX paCCMOT]JeHt.J1O o6croHTeJlbCTB CYIle6HOH pe$OpMbI OCTpa I. OcywecTMeHHbIe B KOHue XVI I - nepBoH 'leTBepTJ.I XVIII B. npeo6pa30BaHt.JJI B 06JI8CTJ.I C)'llonpot.J3BOllCTBa OKaJa- JUICb cpaBHt.JTeJlbHO nOIlP06HO OCBellleHbl B KaJ-LD;l-lllaTCKOi1 IlI1C- CepTaUJ1l.111,. A POM8HOBa «Pe$opMa rocyIlapcmeHHoro annapa- Ta POCC1I1 neTpoBcKOH 3nOXH: aHaJlI13 HOpM8Tt.JBHo-npaBoBoro o6eCne'ieHHH», 3aWHllleHHoH B Mae 2001 r. B POCCHi1CKOH aKa- lleMl111 rocynapcTBeHHoi1 CJly)((6b] npH npe3l1lleHTe POCCI1H- CKOH 4'eliepaUHI1 I . Bo BTopoi1 rnaBe Ha3BaHHOH IlI1CCepraUHI1 aBTOp paCCMOTpeJi OCHOBHble HanpaBJIeHi-rn pe$opMt.JpOnaHi-rn neTpoM I npoueCCYaJIbHOro 3aKOHOllaTeJIbCTBa. YIlenHB oco6oe BHI1MaHl1e aHaJIH3Y 3aKOH8 «0 $opMe cyna» OT 5 HO.ll6pJl 1723 L, a TalOKe I1CTOpl111 ero C01ll3HI1J1 1 . HecoMHeHHb]MI1 llOCTOHHCTB!lMH nl-1CCepTaUI-1H CJ1ellyeT npt.J3HaTb, Bo-nepBbIX, npennpl1HJlTYIO D. A POM8HOBbIM. no- nblTJ<y oxapaJCTepl130BaTb npouecCYaJIbHbl}i pa3lIeJl npoeKTa YJlO>KeHI1.11 PocmikKOro rocyn;apCTlla 1723-1726 rr.. 8 BO- BTOPb]X, lleTlUlbHoe OCBeweHHe Bonpoca 0 WBenCKOM BJlI1.11HI1I1 H8 aLlMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHYIO pe()xJpMY neTpa I. O'-leBHlIHbIM}f(e He- llO'IeTOM pa60TbI BI1l1I1TC.II HBCTBeHHO 1136b1TO'IHoe BHI1M8Hl1e. KOTopoe llHccepraHT YlleJ1HJI paccMorpeHHIO TaKI-1X npHMO He OTHOC}!IllI1XCSI. K ero TeMe BonpOCOB, KaK nOCTpOeHl1e npl1K.a3- HOM CI1CTeMbl XVI I B., reonOJlt.JTI1'ieCKOe nOJIO>KeHl1e POCCI1I1 B KOHUe XVII - H8<JarJe XVIII B. 11 nepeMeHbI, np0I130111elI- 111l-1e B JlOJ!mKeHl111 OTe'JeCTBeHHOH npam1llleH 3JII1Tbi B 1700- 171O-e rr. J B H8'HlJle XXI B. nO.llBI1JIOCb 11 nepBoe nl1ccepTaUI10HHOe I1CCJle.D,OBaHl1e, CneUlffiJlbHO nOCB}lweHHOe cyne6HblM npeo6pa- I Po.MaH06.9.. A. f'e4>opMa rOCYill!pcTIJHHOro annapdTd POCCI1I11 ne- 1])OBCKOi1 .)noxl.J: !IH<UlI11J HOpM.JfIUIHO-n(XIooBOrU 06ccnc'JeHI1H: AIrrope. 11HC. no Kal-t!!. IOPHD.. HayK. M , 20(}!; 011 .we. Peqx,pMa rocYnapcTBeHHoro !Inn!lpaTI! POCCHI1 neTpoBCKoH 3nOXI1: !IHaJlI13 HOpWITlIBHo-npaBoBoro 06e- cne'leHI1H: ,lJl1c. no KaH1L tOPHD. HayK. M., 2001 1M.: Pffi, 2oo3 3J1eKTpoH- HbIii pecypc 113 4>oHnOB POCCI1I1CKOi1 rocy.napcrBeHHOO 6H6JI110TeKH!. lCM: PtJItllHOO p. A. Peq:.opMa rocynapCTBeHHOro annapara... ,lJMC. . C. 70-111. JT!lM )((e. C. 16-38. 112-121. 
42 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 30BaHI-1S1M nerpa I. B anpeJle 2004 L B MOCKOBCKOi1 rocYllap- CTBeHHOH IOpI11lI-1LjeCKoi1 8KalleMI11-1 COCTOSlJIaCb 38uuna KaHB.l1- D.8TCKOt1 llJ1CCepTaUJ.ul 11 A XpYCTaJ1eBa «Cyne6Ho-npaBoBble pe<tJoPMbl neTpa I (KoHeu XVII - nepBa51 '1eTBepTb XVIII B.)&]. Bee BHHMaHHe aBTOp cocpellOTO'IHJI H8 paccMoTpemU1 Bonpo- ca 0 pe<tJopM(1pOSaHHI1 B OTMe'1eHHbli1 nep(1o.Ll OTe4ecrneHHoro cynonp0I13BOJJ;CTB<L Tp" fJ]aBbl JI.I1CcepT3ll11H nOCB.IIUleHbl COOT- BeTCTBeHHO 8HaJll13)' Tpex J8KOHOllaTeJ1bHbIX 8KTOB: JaKOH8 OT 21 4JeBpaJUI 1697 L 06 OTMeHe B cYllax DLlHblX CT8BOK, «KpaT- KOro 11306pa>KeHI1S1. npouecoB I1JUI cyne6HbLX TIDKe6" 11 3aKOHa «0 ()xJpMe cyn.a» OT 5 H05l6p51 1723 r. OnHaKo "Pli BCei-i neTaJlbHOCTl1 npennpHHSlToro 11. A Xpy- CTaJleBl>lM npaBoBoro 8HaJlH3a H83BaHHI>IX aKTOB era HCCJ1en.OBa- HHe J]aI1eKO He OXBaTblBaeT 3aJ1IDJeHHOH TeMbl, nOCKOJ1bKY B HeM B npl1HU(1ne OTcyrCTByeT pacCMOTpeJ-IHe n)XJ6neM cyJJ;OYCTpoHCTBa (npl1L1eM CTOJib y3KYJO -.paKTOlJKY nOH5ITI151 «CYlle6Ho-npaBOBOH pe4JOPMb]>) aBTOp Hl-1me B TeKCTe 11I1CCepraUI-1I1 He 060cHoBbIBa- er). Bbl3bIBaer HelloyMeHl1e, Llro BeChMa CJl860, cyry60 I1JUlfO- crpaTI1BHO npl1BJleK 11. A XpycTIU1eB M8Tepl1aJ1bI npaBOnpl-1MeHI1- TeJThHOH np8KH1KI1. B OTlIl1<Jl1e OT n. A POM8Hona. COBeprneHHO He 3arpOHYlI 11. A XpycTaJleB 11 Bonpoc 06 06rnl1pHOM npouec- cyaJIbHOM pa31IeJ1e npoeKTa YJlo>KeHl1Jl POCcHHcKora rOCYJJ;apCTBa 1723-1726 IT. KpoMe roro, BHe nOJiSl. BHI1M8HI151 lUICCepTIlHTa OCTIU1I-1Cb npl1HUl1nl1aJ1hHO BIDKHb]e DJ1SI paCKpbITI151 era reMbI 3aKOHhI or 17 MapTa I1OT8JJ;eKa6p5l1714 r.11 or 19JJ;eKa6p5l1718 r. 06YKpe- WIeHl111 I1HCTaHUl10HHOCTI1 B cYJJ;Onp0I13BOllCTBe, HaKa3 «M8H- 0PCKMM" CJle.1lCrBeHHb]f\.! KaHUeJI5Ipl-1S1.M or 9 .1leKa6p51 1717 r.. a TaJOKe 3aKOH or 3 Mapra 1719 r. 0 nop5l.1lKe YfBep>K1leHI151 npl1ra- BOpOB BoeHHhlX CYJJ;OB. HI1 CJIOBOM He ynoM5IHYlI 11. A XpycTa- lIeB 11 0 DaBHO YCTaHOBJIeHHOM (]>aI<Te npI1R1Te'leHI151 B XOlle Pa3- pa60TKH 3aKOHa «0 $JpMe cYJJ;a» Marepl1aJ10B npoueCCYaJlbHOro 38KOHo.n8reJTbCTBa WBeUl1J.1. HaKoHeu. I13p.ll1I.Hoi1 HenOJTHOToi1 OTJ1I-1L18eTCJI Kpyr I-1CnOJTb30B8HHOH 11. A. XpycTaneBb]M J1I-1Tepa- Typhl. cpeDJ1 KaKoBoM, B 'JacTHOCTI-1, He YKa3aHO HI1 01I.Hora He- I XPJ'tmaJOO Jl A CYlle6HO-npaBOBble pe4x:!PMb[ neTpa I (KoHeu XVII- nepBa 'JeT8ePTb XVII! n.). ABTopecjJ. nHC no Kal{1l. tOPHn. HayK. M . 1004; OH JICe. CYlle6HO-npaBOBb[e pe4x:!PMb[ nCTpa I (KoHeu XVII - neplJIDl 'JeT- 8ejJTb XVII! B.): DI1C. . KaHn. IOP!1JJ. HayK. M. 2tI04IM.: Pfl3, 2005 3neK- "lpOHHb]i1 pccypc 113 cPoHllOB POCCHi1CKOM rocYllapcrBeHHOH 6I16JJI1OTeKHI. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 43 nOCpellCTBeHHO OTHOC5lWerocfI K em TeMe 3apy6e)I(Horo IIICCJie- .nOBaHIHI I . nponUlDKaH 0630p UTeljeCTBeHHblX DJ1CCepTauuHHbIX c- CJ1C.D.OBaHHH, nOCB5IllleHHbIX cyne6HblM npe06pa30BaHHM nep- BOH ljeTBepTl1 XVIII B., HeB03MO)f{HO 060HTI1 ynoMHHaHHeM 3a- 111l1weHHYIO B 4JeBpaJIe 2006 L B CeBepo-3anauHoM aKa.D;eMHIII rocynapcTBeHHoM CJ]}0K6bl KaHJ]J111aTCK}l1O nl1ccepTaLlHIO HOBO- CI16HpCKOro I1CCJlelIosaTeJ1f1 M.D. AK.l1U1HHa «Cyne6Ha5l peifJop- MR nClp8 I». H83eaHHa}! DJ1Ccepr8WUI CTM8 ncpeoM nOnblTKOH KOMfUlCKCHOro 8HaJ1H3a peifJopMbI cynoYCTpOHCTBa  cynonpo- H3BOIICTBa POCCHH B nepBoH '1eTBepTI1 XVIII B. nOnblTK}I 31)', OlIHaKO. BPM JlI1 B03MO)f{HO npH3HaTb ycneWHOH. CocpeDOTO'-Il1B 1136bITO"lHOe BHHM8HHe H8 Bonpoce 0 pe- 4>oPMI1pOsaHHI1 BoeHHoro CYAOYCTpoMCTIa 11 BoeHHoro CYAonpo- H3BOJJ;CTBa. a T8K:)Ke Ha Bonpoce 06 opraml3aLlHH H cneLlH<]mKe AefITeJ1bHOCTI1 npe06pfl)({eHcKoro npl1Ka3a KaK opraH8 npaBo- cyAI1}!, M. O. AKH:rnl1H npOHrHOpl1pOBaJI MHOrl1e cywecTeeHHb]e aCneKTbl cyne6HoH pe<t>oPMbl. nl1Ccep-raHT HHKaK He OCBeTI1JI BOnpOCbl 0 3apmKlleHHH B HarneH CTpaHe B nepBoo. <JCTBepm XVIII B. CJleJICTBeHHoro annapaTa, 0 BOCC03JIaHI1H peBI13110HHO- pernalOlliero nopMKa nepeCMOTpa H yrsep)({JleHHfI cYlle6Hb]X perneHHH. 06 HHOCTpaHHb]X BJlHflHl1f1X H8 (]>opf\.mpOOam1e cy- Ae6HoH CHCTeMbl. 0 B03HHKHOBemm e POCCHH cyneMcKoro KOp- nyca. BHe nOJ1f1 3peHH5I M. 0. AKI1WI-1HU OCTaJII-1Cb 1-1 I-1rp8eWa51 oc06ylO poJIb B peifJopMl1pOeaHHoM cyne6HoM CHCTeMe POCC"H PeKcTMeiicrepcKaH KOHTopa CeHBTa, H npoucccYaJIbHble nOJlHO- MO<.JID! BoeHHblX 11 uepKoBHblX <]:JHCKaJlOB. I Bnpo']CM. DaJlCKO He nOJIHO )"ICJl 11. A CTdJleB nOCll'l>KCHI1H III OTe'teCTBeHHb!X npeLlweCTBeHHI1KOIJ B COCTO.IIllieM 1113 118 nOJHUI1i1 ..(;nl1- CKe I1CnOJlb30saHHoi1 nl1Teparypb] 11 l1CT04HIIIKOB» y 11. A Xpycranesa. C onHoH CTOpoHbl, npHBe.1leHO HeCKOJ1bKO )"1e6Hb!X noco611ti. a Td1vKe ny6J1l1- KaUI1H JanlllCOK I1HocrpaHueB 11 na*e D,peBHep}lCCKI1X 6eJlJ1eTPltcTlt'JecKl1x C04l1HCHI1i1 (!). a C llPYrOH - mqrrcmylOT ynm.II1H8Hl1.11 06 OTMe4eHHb]X Bb]We pa6crmx B. 11. I3epereHHI1KOsa. A H. (]Jl1JlI1nnosa. H. H. nOKpoB- CKom, C. B. 110HcKoH l1 .na;+;e 06 OC06eHHO aK1)'aJlbHb]X lUIH em TeMb] TPynax M. A. '-IeJ1bUOBa-Ee6yrosa, 0. H. '-II1CTHKOBa. B. n HIDKItMOBa, A 11 AricKCaH1ijXJBa 11 Lt. A POMaHOB<] (CM.: XpJ.'CITJllAe6 JI. A. CYlle6Ho- npalf;:[cy;; :;JflTPa I: ABTOpe4J. nl1c. no KaHJl. IOpl{1l HayJ<. Cn6. 2(J05. OH JKe. CYDe6HIDI pe4)opMa neTPa I: Ltl1c. no KaHn. IOP!1JJ.. HaYK. Cn6.. 1005 1M.: PrE;. 2006. 3jJeKlpOHHblH pecypc 113 4>oHDOB POCCl1I1CKOI1 rocy.napCTBCHHOH 6116.rJ110TCKI1I. 
44 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I He 6b1J18 nOCTaIDIeHa M. O. AKI1111HHb]M - B KOHuemy- aJlbHOM I1Jl8He - npo6J]eM8 CKllaD.blilaHWI. B POCCl1l1 CHCTeMbl cyno8 06rneH JOpHCllHKUHH. CpaBHlfreJlbHO nOllpo6Ho oxa- pm<TepmOBaB (]>YHKUHoHHpoBaHHe BoeHHblX cynoB H rlpeo6- pa)l(eHCKOro npHKa3a, llHccepTaHT He 0603H8"1ID1. O.LlH8KO, KaK TaKOR}'JO npo6J]eMY pa3BHTH.II B neTponCKoe BpeMSI CHCTeMbl cne- LU.ffi;UOHP0BaHHb]X cynOB. B J]JlccepTaUI1(1 OK33aJ1HCb COBeprneH- HO o6ofu:1eHb] BOnpOCb] 0 CYJle6Hoi1 KOMneTeHU(1H H opraHOB ropollcKora caMoynpaBJIemlSl, H opraHOB uepKOBHO(:J MaCHI, 11 pHlla «rpI)K1J.aHCKHX» KOJ1Jlen1H, H rlO1lHUMeHCTepCKOH KaH- uemlplUI. HHKaKoro BHHMaHIUI 8BTOp DHCCcpTaUl1H He yneJllU1 (KaK H.n. A. Xpycra.neB) KpynHeHllleMY KOlm(]>HKaUHOHHOMY Me- ponpHflTHIO nepnoH "IeTBepTH XVIII B. - no.nroTo8Ke npoeKTa YJTO)l(eHI1JI POCCH(1CKOro rocynapcTBa 1723-1726 fr. c ero BHY- 11111TeJ1bHbIMI1 npoueccyanbHb]M H CYJ];oycTpoi1cnreHHb]M pa3Lle- JlliMIL He1J;OCTaTO'-lHo. OtCfI33..rU1Cb npl1BJ1e'-leHbl M. O. AKHWHHb]M M8Tepl1arJbl cyne6Ho.i1 npat<TI1KI1 rpWKLJ.aHCKHX cyno.B. HeJIb351 He 06paTHTb BHHM3HHe TalOKe, 'lTO HeMarJ351 'laCTb D.HCCepTaUl'IH HRfUIeT C060" pe<t>epaTl.JBHo.e l13Jlo.)I(eHl1e TpynoB npenllIeCTBeHHI1KOB (H3 K3KOOble, np3Blla, aBTOp 'lame Bcero D.O- 6POCOBeCTHO CCblJIaeTCH). CTOm OTMeTHTb, HaKOHeu. '1TO OCHOB- Hble pe3YJ1bTaTbl D.HCCepTaUI10HHoro HCCJie;:J;OBaHH.II M. O. AKI1- WHH8 OKa3lli1HCb BeCbM8 CJ1860 npellCTaBJIeHbl B ony6JIHKOBaHHbiX pa60mx (Bce H3 KOTOPb]X, HMelOWHe npHMo.e o.THorueHHe K HCTOpl111 cyne6Ho.i1 pe$opMbl. YK.lJaHbl BbJrue). B CBOJO o.l(epenb, Hal160JIee nOJIp06HO pacCMOTpeHHbli1 M. 0. AKHWHHb]M B yno- M5IHyrbIX Mo.Ho.rpa(]>H5IX H B OllHo.i1 H3 cTaTei1 Bonpoc 0. npOBene- mm cyne6Ho.(1 pe$opMbl B CH6(1pH BOBce He HallIeJI OTlxuKeHH5I B c-rpYK1YPe D.HCCepTaUI1I1. OCTaeTC5I D.o.6aBmb. 'lTO aBTOp xa- paKTepl13yeMoii D.(1ccepmUI.J(1 ynYCTI1J1 - ll8)1(e B npoCTpaHHOM. COCT05lweM (13212 n03(1U(1i1, -«CO(1CKe (1COOJIb30BaHHbJX HCTO't- HI1KOB H J1(1Teparypb[» - COCJlaTbC5I Ha pa60Tb] M. 11. C(13HKO- Ba, B. n. H8)1(HMoBa. A. C. CMb]KaJlHH8. A. 11. AneKC8H1{jX)Ba, C. B. .no.HCKOi1. ll. A. Pen;(1Ha, E. B. EiopO.n(1Ho.i1, .n. A. XpyCTa- JIeBa. Ha KOJ1JJeKTI-1BHYIO Mo.HOrpa(]>HIO «POccHi1cKa}[ IOcTHU- KOJ1JJerl151», 3 TafuKe Ha ynoMMHaeMble HI1>Ke CTaTbJO P. YopTMa- Ha (1 MOHorpa(]>(1JO fl)K..ne D.oHHa l . B HTore no.nroTOBJIeHHOe Ha CTOJIb MHo.roo6erualO- rue C$,)PM)'JIHp OBaHH)'1O TeMy nl1CcepyaUHOHHo.e I1CCJ1ellOBa- I CM.: AKIiI/JUH M 0. Cyr:rcljHdH p$JpMa fbpa I.lI,Hc. no C. 215-231. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 45 HI1C M. O. AKI111IIIIH8 OCTaBJI5ICT BnCLl8UICHI1C nOBepxHocTHoro 11 HCCI1CTeMaTHLlecKoro IHJ10)l(emm no 60J1bWCi1 Ll8CTH DaBHO YCTaHOBJ1eHHbIX o6cTOHTeJ1bCTB pe$opMbl. B nHCCepTaUtm He COnCp)l(HTC5I HH BBe.1leHHblX B H8)"lHbIH 060pm KaKHX-JlH60 HOBblX MaTepHaJlOB, HMeJOWHX HCTopHKo-npaBOB)'1O ueHHOCTb, HH HOBaTopcKoi1 HHTepnpeTaU(1H paCCMaTpHBaCMblX c06bITHL nO.1l06HbiC A(1CCepTaUHOHHbIC H3bICKaHH5I MomH 6b] S1BHTbC5I 3aMCTHb]M BKJlMOM B HaYKY BO BpeMCH8 K. ll. KaBeJ1HH8 H 4>. M. lll\mTpHCBa, HO H(1K8K He B Ha'l8JlC XXI BeKa. 3aBepwmi 06JOp OTeLlCCTBeHHblX nHccepTauHoHHblX (1CCJIC- .noBaHH", nOCB5IWCHHblX H3)"-ICHHIO C06blnJH cy.ne6HoH pe$op- Mbl nCTpa I, Heo6xo.1ll1MO ynOWlHyrb 3allll1111eHHYJO B .neKa6pe 2008 r. B IO)I(Ho-YpaJIbCKOM rocy.napCTBeHHOM YH(1nepCHTere KaH.nl1.1laTCK}f1O JJ;(1CcepTaUl1JO E. B. OOpo.1lHHOi1 «npOOeJJ;eH(1C cYJJ;e6Hoi1 pe$opMb] B 20-x rr. XVIII B. Ha YpaJIe H B 3an<\ll- HOi1 CH6(1PH»[. H83IJaHHM nHCCCpTaUHH SIIJHJl8Cb nepBblM Onb]- TOM yrJIy6JJeHHoro H3YlJCHHn TOro. KaK cyne6Han pe$opMa nc- Tp8 I BOJUlOI.J.laJIaCb B }f(J13Hb B OTneJ1bHOM perl10HC. OrmpasiCb Ha 3H8<1HTeJ1bHbl" MaCCHB apXI1BHblX nOK)'MCHTOB (no 60J1bWeii LlaCTM BncpBblc BBeJJ;eHHbIX B Ha)"IHbIH 06opOT), E. B. ()opO.llMHa lleTaJlbHO oxapaKTepmoBaJla KaK npouecc C03.LlaH(1.11 pe$oPMH- pOBaHHb]X opraHOB npaBOcy1ll1Sl B 3ananHoi1 Ll8CT11 CH6HPCK0i1 ry6epH(1(1. TaK H npouccc MX nOCJlenYJOlllero $yHKUMOHHP0Ba- H(1S1. Hc MCHce TwaTeJ1bHO nl1CCepTaHTKa HCCJ1enOBaJla Bonpoc 06 ocywccTBJ1cm:IH B CH6HpH KOHTppe$:JPMaTOPCKHX MCpO- npHSITHii 1722 r. B 06J18CTI1 cy.noycTpoiicrna, nonpo6Ho OCBeTHB CTaTYC, nOJ1HOMO'IHSI H npaBonpHMCHJ.ffeJ1bHYIO llCSlTeJ1bHOCTb cYllc6HbiX KOM(1CCapOB 1722-1727 rr. 2 n03HnJBHOC snc4aT- JICHHC OCTaBJ1S1CT H npennpHH.IITb]i1 E. B. EiopO.1lHHOi1 8HaJ1H3 HOpM8THBH0i1 OCHOBbl $YHKU(10HHP0BaHHSI cyne6Hbix opraHOB C(16(1pl1 ncpBoi1 n0J10BI1Hbl 1720-x rr. HeJIb3}l He OTMeTI1Tb TalOKe. LITO, B OT1lHLlHC OT.n. A XpycTancBa H M. 0. AKHllIH- H8, E. B. ()opo llHHa HC'lCpnblBalOllie Y'vJa OTHOCHllIHCCH K TeMC 160podUlia E. B. npoBe.neHl1e cYlleoHof.i. pe4x:!PMbl B 20-e n. XVIII B. H8 YpaJle 11 B 3anru1HOH CI16I1PH: AirropccjJ. IIHC. ... KaM. I1CT. H8YK YCJ1H- 611HCK, 1008, OHa JICe. npCmeJIeHl1e cYlle6HOH pe4x:!PMbl B 20-e n. XVIII B. Ha YpaJIe 11 B 3al13J1HOH CH6I1pH: Dl1c. ... KaH1L I1CT. HaYK. EKaTepHH6ypr. 1008. ! 60jXJdUlia E. B. npoBe.neHl1e cYlleoHof.i. pe4x:!PMb[ B 20-e n. XVIII B. . Dl1c....C80-IOS. 
46 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HCCJ1ellOBaHHSI TpYAbl npeDllIeCTBeHHHKOB. HellO'JeroM DHCCep- 'TaUI10HHOii pa60Th] E. B. I)0P01U1HOii BWLI1TCSI pa3Be <JTO <l>par- MeHTapHOCTb OCBewem:lH n.eHTeJ1bHOCn:l T06oJ1bCKoro HMBOp- HOro cyn.a. TaKOBbl - BJ<paTue - H8 cerolIHHwHHii .aeHb lITorn ocy- weCTRJUlBllII1XCH B HaWe" CTpaHe H8 npOT.II>KeH(1H Gonee LleM no- nyropa BeKOB pa3b]CKaHH(:1 0 cyn;e6Hoii pe<tJopMe OeTpa I. LITO KaC3eTCSI 3apy6e)l(}{bIX HCCJle1l0BaHHl1 B 3TOM HanpaBJIemU-I, TO HaH60nee 3H8'mTeJ1bHb]M Cpelll1 HI1X CJlenyeT HeCOfo.1HeHHO nPH- 3HaTb 3aUH:IlueHHyJO B HOSl6pe 1979 r. H8 JOpl11U1<1eCKOM <l>aK)lJlh- TeTe CTOKfOJ1bMCKOro YHl'IBepCHTem .fiI1CCepmUl-no K. OeTepco- Ha «AuMHHMCTpanJBH8H 11 cYlle6Ha51 pe<!>opMbl OeTpa BeJlHKoro: WBe.1lCKI1e 06paJubl H npouecc I1X aaanTaUI1H», H3.LlaHHytO B TOM >Ke fOJry B B(1)le MOHorpa<!>".m[. B 'leTBepTof1: maBe 031U!'.leHHoii MOHorpa(]>J..U1 - «YnpaB- neHHe B 06J1aCH1 IOCTJlIUI1(1 H npOLleccyaJibHOe J8KOHOllareJlb- CTBO» - K neTepCOH .QeTMbHO npOCJlenHfI WBenCKoe BJU1S1Hl1e H8 pe4>oPMI1pOBam1e B nepBoH <1eTBepTi1 XVIII B. KaK OTe<1e- CTBeHHoro cyne6Horo YCTpof1cTBa, TaK " yrOJloBHoro cynonpo- "3BOllCTBa 2 . CJiellYeT nOll<lepKHyrb, <£fO no Ofu.eMY MCnOJlb30- BaHHoro M8TepM<lJIa. rJl)'6HHe " y6elUrreJTbHOCTJ.f aH8JUoa TPYll K. neTepCOHa MO)f(HO conOCTaBHTb e.aJ.fHCTBeHHO C oxapaKTe- p"30BaHHb]M Bb]We ManiCTepCKJ.fM HCCJle.aoBaHf.1eM M. M. 60- roCJIOBCKoro. B 3TOM CMb]CJie 'leTBepnUI rJl8Ba \.10HOrpalfJl1l1 K neTepCOH8 1979 r. npen.cT8BJ1S1eTC}[ BnOJIHe OpraHI1<1eCKHM M CyruCCTBCHHblM nOnOJlHCHHCM TpeTheH I"JTOObl MOHorpa$111 M. M. EioroCJlOBCKOro 1902 r. HapfUIY C "3bICKaHHSlMH K. neTepCOHa, He06xollHMO TalOKe OTMentTb Bb]We.arnYK> B 1974 r. 0630PHYlO CTaTblO aMepf.1KaHCKO- ro YlJeHOro P. YOp-rMHHa «neTp BeJlI1Kf.1ii 11 cyJJ;onpOH3BQACTEI).- H rJ1aBY «CYDbl f.1 CYDOYCTpoiicTBa» 60nee n03DHeii MOHorpa- (]>1111 ll)K. fle llOHHa «A6coJU0Ti13M 11 npamlllll1ii KJIaCC» (6 KO- TOpOt1 60nee BHHMaHI1H yJJ;eJleHO pe$:JpM"p06aH"1O npH neTpe 1 CYJJ;OYCTpOnCTB a. He.:KeJll1 cynonpoo3BoncTBa). Oc060 - XOT5I ] PeleTson C. Peter the Great's Administrative and Judicial Refonns: Swdish Antecdents and thc Procs.s of Rcception. Lund. 1979 1 Riittshisto- riskt B]bliolek. &1. 191. OrC'JCCTBeHHYtO peueH31110 Ha .flOT 1VY.n K. neTep- COHa eM.: KUU A. H. Peu. Ha KH : K. neTepcoH. AnM(1Hltcrp,;mm- Hble 11 cYDe6Hb!e pe<t>opMbl nerpa BeJll1KOrO II COBeTCKHe apXI1Bb[ 1982 NQ I.c. 81-81. lPeJerson C.Op.cit. P.305-355. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 47 III 6emo. - H8 cyn.e6Hb]X npeo.6pa30BaHlllfix nepBoi1 LleTBepTI1 XVIII B. o.CTaHo.BHIl8Cb 1II.n. Xb103. aBTop nOJlYlJlIIBwei1 1113I!eCT- HOCTb MOHorpaqJl1H "POCCIIIH B 3noxy neTpa BCJlIIIKOro», o.ny- 6J1I11KoBaHHoii B 1998 r. [ OcTaeTC5I n.o6aBHTb, <ITO 06cT05I1eJlbCTBa xapaKTeplll3yeMoi1 pe4!OpMbl o.Ka3aJJIIICb 3araaO'lHO npOlllfHoplll- pOBaHb] B WlllpOKO nplll3HaHHOM KamITaJlbHOM lIB}'XTOMHHKe He- MeuKoro HCToplllKa P. BIIIlTpar.rn. ..neTp I: ltapb III IIIMnepaTop»l. TaKOBb]M - B OCHo.BHblX LlepTdX - Ha cerOllHSl Bb]fImllHT BKJIaD., BHeceHHbli1 B l113ylJeHllle neTpoBcKoi1 cyn.e6Hoi1 pe<t>opMbl 33PY- 6e)f(Hb1MIII IIICCJle.nOBaTeJl}IMH.  2. Vl3}'LleHHOCTb cYAe6Ho pect>oPMb' neTpa I no COCTORHMto Ha 2008 ro,Q Pe3JOMHpyH Bb]WeCK33<\HHoe, CJ1ellyeT 3aKJIJ04I11Tb, LITO. no COCTO.IIHllllO H8 2008 roll, oCYll.lecTBJleHHa5I B POCCHIII B nepBoi1: LleTBepTI1 XVIII B. cyn.e6HIDI pe$opMB o.KaJaJIaCb 113YlJeH8 He- CKOJ1bKHMI1 nOKOJleHIDIMIII OTel.JeCTBeHHblX III IIIHocTpaHHblX YlJe- HblX cpaBHIIITeJlbHO nOllp06Ho. Oco6eHHble yenexH 6bUlIII .nOCTHf- H)'Tbl B pa3blCKaHI1HX KaC8TeJlbHO KaK OTIleJlbHblX C0311aHHbIX B Xo.lle pe4>opMbl cYlle6Hb]X opraHoB (BblwHero cy.aa, BoeHHblX cyn.oB. npeo6pmKeHcKoro nplllKa3a H Tai1Hoi1 KaHlteJl.llplllH), TaK III OTneJlbHblX 8KTOB npOlleccy:.-lJIbHOrO 38KOH01IaTeJlbCTB3 (33KO- H8 OT 21 q,eBpaJUI 1697 r. 06 OTMeHe B cynax 04HbiX CTaBOK, «KpaTKoro lllJOt5p;uKeHIIISI npoueCOB HJII11 cyne6Hblx nDKe6», 33- KOHa «0 $)pMe CYIl OT 5 H05I6p51 1723 r.). Halll60Jlee >Ke npo- HCHeHHOH CJ1elIYeT 6e3yCJlOBHO npH3HaTb paHHlOlO IIICTOplll1O lOcTlIIlt-KOJlJlerHIII. YlJpe>KlleHHof1 H8 CTblKe WlMIIIHI1CTp8THDHOi1: III cyne6Hoi1 pe<tJopM. Bce 3TO TaK. BMecTe C TeM, HeJlbJ.II He 06paTI1Tb BHHM8- HI1H H8 TO. OOCTOSlTeJlbCTBO, <ITO no H8CToSlwero BpeMeHIII HH D I Wa1nwR R. Peter the Great and Court Procedure II Canadian-Ame- rican Slavic Studies. 1974. Vol 8. N 2. P. 303-310; LeDonne J. Absolutism and Rulin,g Class: The Formation ofthe Russian Political Order. 1700-1825. Q\.ford, 1991 P. 182-184, 189-190, 193-196; Hughes L. Russia in the Age of Peter the Great. New Haven-London, 1998. P. 125-129. lCM. nocBHweHHytO rnaBHblM 06pa30M neTpOBCKI1M alIMI1HltcrpanlB- HbIM npeoGpaJOBaHI1HM rnaBY II «PerpopMl1poB8HI1e roc)'1l8pCTBa 11 06111e- CTIJW> BToporo TOMa HaJlJaHHOH MOHOrpa4JI1}]' f4/jttram R. Peter I. Czar und Kaiser: Zur Geschlchte Peters des Gropen m semer Zeit. GoulI1,gen. 1964. Bd. 2. S. 99-169. 
48 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I POCCHH. HI-! 38. py6e)({OM TaK H He nO.llBI1JIOCb Hi'! elU1Horo MOHO- rpaqJl1'leCKoro (1CCJ1e.1l0B3ml5l, CneUl18.llbHO nocruuueHHoro cy- ne6Hoii pe$opMe OeTpa L He CTOIiT 3a6bIB3Tb, 1.JTO BHeCllme MaKCHMaJlbHblH BKJIa1l B H3yqeHHe pe$opMbl M. M. 6oroCJIoB- CKHH H K. neTepcoH 38.T]JOHYJTI1 COOTBeTCTBYJOWl'Ie Bon}X)Cbl B paMKax J.f3bICKaHHi1 Ha J.fHb]e TeMbl. He MeHee 04eBI1.J];HO H TO, '-no ne-rpOBCKl1e C}'JleGHb]e npe- 06pa30BaHIUI Ol(a3aJIl1Cb I1CCJ1en;OB3Hb] Ha cero.1lH5I XOHI H non;- poGHO, HO D.8JleKO He paBHOMepHO PM <iCneKTOB pecpopMbl 11H60 BOBee He nOJ1YlJHJlI1 OCBeweHI1.I1, JIH60 pacCM8TpHBa.rn.Jcb H30J1HpOOaHHo, BHe CB5I3H C ee npOBCneHI1CM ('laCTb non06HblX np06eJ1oB )')Ke Ha3bIBaJIaCb DblllJe - npH xapaKTepHCTHKe ill'IC- CepTaUMOHHblX pa3blCKaHHH M. O. AKHlllI1Ha). B (13YlJeHHH OTe'leCTBeHHoro yrOJlOBHoro cynonpOl..jJ- Bo.nCTBa nepBoi1 'JeTBepnl XVIII B. npeDllIecTBYIOWHe 8BTOpbl 06011UH1 TaKHe CYlllecTBeHHb]e (npaBll8, pa3HOMBCllITa6HO BO- rulOlUeHHble HB npaKTI1Ke) HOBaUHH KaK OT1leJleHHe npenBapH- TeJlhHoro CJlenCTBHJ'I OT cyne6Horo H H3MeHeHHe nOpHllKa B03- 6}')K1leHHH yrOJlOBHOrO ne.na. HeCMOTpJ'l Ha TO, 'ITO H CTaBllIHM OCHOBHhlM opraHOM npenBapHTeJ1hHoro paCCJ1ellOBaHHH «MaH- OpCKHM» CJ1enCTBeHHh]M KaHueJ1J'1pHJ'lM. H BnepBhle nOJ1Y'u'IB- llIeH npHHU(1n(1MbHO 3Ha'IHMbie nOJIHOMOYI1JI HHHUHHpOBaTh yr0J10BHOe npeCJIenOBaHHe no «6e3maCHb]M neJIaM» (]>HCKaJIb- CKOH cJlY.>K6e 6b]JlO nOCBHllleHO HeMMO pa60T (0 KOTOpblX ellie nofureT peYb snepe.n(1). Ha3BaHHb]e opraHbl nO'ITH He a",u1l-1- 3HpOBaJlHCb C TOYKH 3peH(1J'1 HX npOl.reCcyaJIbHblX (]>YHKUHH. Henb351 He OTMeTl1Th H TOro 06CT05lTeJlbCTBa, 'Iro oc06eHHO neTaJlbHO (1CCJ1e1l.0BaHH8}1 (]>(1CKaJlbCKaH cJ1Y.>K6a POCCH(1 pac- CM8TpHBaJlaCh DOHhlHe B HCTOpHKo-npaBoBoM JlHTepaType HC- KJUOYHTeJlhHO KaK opraH HWl30pa. HO HHKoma - KaK opraH yroJloBHoro npeCJ1ellOBaHIDI. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 143-33 HeOC03HaHHOCH'1 npeD.llleCTBYIO- llIHMH aBTOpaMH raKOro acneKTa pe4>oPMbl. KaK OTJIeJleHHe npenBapHTeJlbHOrO CJle)lCTBHJ'I OT CYJIe6Horo. OKa3aJlaCb npOHr- HOpHpOBaHa elUe 01lH8 CTOpm{3 xapaKTepH3yeMb]X npeo6paJOBa- HHM - OCHOBaHHe neTpoM I CJ1enCTBeHHoro annapara POCCHH. COOTBeTCTBeHHo, 6e3 BCJ'lKOro paccMoTpeHIDI OCTaJlHCh oonpocbl o npennOChUlKaX C03D8HHH nepBhlX opraHoB npellBapHTeJlhHoro pacCJIenOBaHHH, 06 HX (]>YHKUHOHaJlhHOH CBH3aHHOCTl1 C (]>HC- KaJlbCKOH CJl)')K60H. B npenlllecTBYJOwcH Jll.ffeparype He 6hUJ 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 49 lUDKe nOCTaBJIeH Bonpoc 0 CifJoPMHPOBaBWHXCJ1 B nepBO 'leT- BepTI1 XVIII E. opraHH3aUI10HHbLX MOJleJlJ1X nocTpoeHHJ1 OTe'le- CTBeHHoro CJ1ellCTBeHHOro annapaTa. B H3yqeHHH HCTOpHH CYilonpoo3BOfiCTBa neTpoBcKoro Bpe- MeHH OGPa30BaJlHCb 14 HHble np06eJlbl. B JaCTHocTH. IlOHblHe 3})HMO arMeHTapHO HCCJlen:OBaJlOCb TOTilaWHee npoueccy- aTlbHOe 3aKOHO)laTeJlbCTOO: OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe B ::ITOM Bonpo- ce npaBoBellbl HeCKOJlbKHX nOKOJ1eHH yn.eJlI1JlH 8HaJ1H3Y TpeX 3aKOHO)laTeJ1bHb]X aKTOB - HeollHoKpaTHO ynOMJIH}'TbIX JaKO- H8 OT 21 ct>eBpaJIS! 1697 r.. «KpaTKoro H306paiKeHMS! npouecoB HJlH cy.neGHblx TIDKe6. 14 JaKOHa «0 (]>opMe cy.na» OT 5 HOS!GpJ1 1723 r.[ BMecTe C TeM, BbmaBWHM 143 HaYlJHoro oGopOTa no ce- rOllHSlWHH .neHb OCTaJJCS! BeCbMa COllep)f{aTeJlbHbl B yroJlOBHO- npolleCCYaJJbHOM OTHOllJeHHH HaKa3 «MaopCKHM» CJlellCTBeH- Hb]M K8HueJ1.11pH.IIM OT 9 n.eKa6p.ll 1717 r. He nOJlYlJl1JIH ltOJl)f{HO -.paKTOBKI1 C npolleccYaJIbHO CTO- pOHbl 14 38KOHbi 1713 f. oG oc06oM nOpHJlKe cyn.onpoH3BOllCTBa no Ile.rraM 0 npecryTUleHwlx npoTJ.m HHTepecoB CJI}l)K6bl H 0 rocy- .napcTBeHHblx npecryTUlem1Slx, 3aKOHbl 1715-1718 fr. 0 nopSl1l- Ke HHHUHHpOBaHHSI lleJi no «-rpeM nYHKTaM>}, JaKOH OT 3 MapTa 1719 r. 0 nOpJ1.llKe }'TBep)K,!leHHSJ npHroBopOB BOeHHblX CYllOB. KaHYJlH B HCTopMorpa(]>W]eCKOe JaGBeHHe 6e3ycJloBHO 3H8L1H- Mble .DJI.II HCTOpHH OTeLleCTBeHHoro npoueccyaJIbHOro npaBa 303- KOH OT 2 ct>eBpaJJ5I 1700 f. oG YKpefUJeHl1H HHCTaHUI10HHOCTI1 B cyn.onpomBOllCTBe 14 JaKOH OT 10 HOSJ6pSJ 1721 r. 0 nopJUl- Ke }'TBep)K,!leHHSJ npHTOBopOB cynoB nepBoro 3BeHa. HHKaKo- ro OCBellleHH5I B HCTopHKo-npaBoBoH JlHTep8Type He nOJlyqHJI TaKO cywecrneHHbl acneKT cYlle6HO pe<t!OpMbl OeTpa I KaK B03po)l(L{eHHe B OTeLleCTBeHHOM CYllonpOH3BOllCTBe peBH3HOHHO- pellJ810111ero nop5l.nKa nepeCMOTpa H }'TBep)l(L{eHH.II cYlle6Hb]X pellJeHH. H8KoHeu. npellllJeCTB)'lOlllHe 8BTOpbl nO'lTH 060llJ- JlH BHHMaHHeM Bonpoc 0 CHCTeM8TI13aUHH B nepBo LleTBepTH XVIII B. npoueccyaJIbHoro JaKOHO.1l8TeJlbCTBa. '-ITO KaCaeTC5I HMeJOlliHXCS! Ha cerollHH np06eJlOB B myqe- HHH HOBOBBelleHH. ocyrneCTBJleHHblX B XOlle cYlle6Ho pe<tJop- Mbl Oe-rpa I B 06JJacTH cynoYCTpOHCTBa. TO 3TH npo6eJJbl MO)f{HO pacueHHTb KaK MeHce cyrneCTBeHHble, HO BCe-TaKH HCKIDKaJO- lLlHe oGll.\YIO K aPTHHY npe06pa30BaHH. Bo-nepBblX, HeJlb351 He 10630pbl pa60T. B KOTOpblX paCCMa1]JI1BaJ1I11Cb OTMe'JeHHble 3aKOHO.1l.a- TtJIbHb!C 8KTbl, 6ynyr nplllDCllCHbl 1lilf1CC. 
50 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I OTMeTitTh, 'lTO .no CI1X nop He npeDnpHHHMaJlOCb nOnblTOK pe- KOHCTpy(1pOOaTb HCXO.1lHO CJ10)K}]BwylOCH y 3aKOHO.1laTeJlJI KOH- qenl{UIO cyne6Hoii pe4>oPMbl. HCXo.DHblii 1aMb1Ce.n ne-rpa I no nocrpoeHHIO HOBOf1 cyne6Hoii CHCTeMbl. BO-BTOPbIX, B npell- WeCTBYJOweH JlHTepal)'pe He 6bUlO ocyWeCTBJ1eHO ueJlOCTHoro aH3.rJl.1.3a npeo6pa30SaHIffi B XO.1le pe4>oPMbi C(1CTeMb] cneW.1aJlH- 3I1POS3HHb]X cyn:oE, a pH.ll no.nCHCTeM Ha3S3HHbiX CYAOB OCTaJlCSI 6e3 HanlIe.>Kawero OCBeweHI1.I1. K npHMepy. B YKa3aHHbix Bblwe 0630PHb]X pa6arn" {33 (1C- K.IlIO'leHHeM .llHccqnam:lH M. 0. AKl1l1lHHa) Hl'I CJ10Ba He 6bLllO CKaJaHO 0 TaKOM 3am:lMaBllJeM oco60e MeCTO B OTel(eCTBCHHOii cyne6HOH CHCTeMe nepooii nOJlOBHHbl 1720-x rr. cyne6HoM ap- raHe CneUHarTbHOH IOpHCllHKUHl1, KaK BbllllHHH CYll, KOTOPblii, TeM CaMb]M, «8bIJlaJI"!> H3 KOHTeKCTa cyne6Hoi1 pe4>oPMbl. .no Ha- CT05lWero BpeMeH(1 B HCTopHKo-npaBOBoi1 JUneparype Boo6111e He JaTparl1BaJIC5I BOnpOC 0 cy.ne6HOt1: .ne5lTeJIbHOCTI1 KaMep- KOMerI1H. 0 (]>yHKUHOHHpOBamm OCHoBaHHoro B 1718 r. oco- 60ro BoeHHo-cy.ne6Horo npHc}TCTBI15I. COCT05lBlllero H3 maB H aceccopOB «MaHopCKHX» CJIellCTBeHHblX KaHUeJ151pHH. B-TpeTbHX, npeDllleCTBYJOlliHe aBTopbl y.neJ1W1H He3Ha<tHTeJ1bHoe BHHMaHHe Ha':laBwet1: ocyweCTBJt5lTbC5I B 1724 r. peopraHH3aUHI1 cYlla no rocy.napcTBeHHblM npeC1)'JlJJeHI1.11M. HBKoHeu. B-"leTBepTbIX, nO<JTH He npO.llCHeHHblMH TaK H OCTIUU1Cb BOnpOCb] 0 cy.ne6- HOt1: KOMneTeHUlUI H npaBOnpHMeHHTeJIbHoi1 npaKTHKe Pa1)'WH B 1705-1708 rr., Ope06paJKeHcKoro np(1KaJa B 171O-e - nepBoi1 nOJ1OBlme 1720-x rr., npaBJ.HeJIbCTB)llOwero CeHBTa B 1718- 1724 n. OcraeTC5Il106aB(1Tb, "lTO II ocyweCTBJ1eHHblX no ceronl-UillJ- Hero IIH51 H3bICKaHH5IX He 6b!J1 3aTpOHYT H pM 60JIee 1.J8CTHblX CIO.:KeTOB no I1CTOpm1 cyne6HbIX npe06pa30BaHHH OeTpa I. Bo- nepBb!X, COBepweHHO BHe n0J151 3peHH5I npellWeCTB)lJOWHX amo- pOB oCTanacb I1HTepeCHet1:W85I TeMa 0 3apmKlleHHH B POCCHH B KOHue I7IO-x - Ha"larre 1720-x fr. cynei1cKoro Kopnyca (BKJUO- "la51 Bonpocbl 0 nOpH.1lKe Ha3Ha"leH(1.11. cra1)'ce H nO.1lcynHOCTI1 TOrnaWH(1X cynet1:). BO-BTOPb]X. B J](1TepaType nOHb]He He 6bUlO yneJleHo BHHMaHH5I Bonpocy 0 pa3I1HTHH npaDOBO" nponaraH- ltb! B neTpOBCKoe BpeM5I, 0 peanH3aUHH B 1)' nopy HOBaTOpCKJ1X 4>oPM 03HaKOMJIeHH5I HaCeJleHH5I C neiicTB)lJOwHM 3aKOHO.1laTeJlb- CTBOM. B-TpeTbHX, HHKeM He HCCJlellO!3anaCb CYllb6a B nocJle- llYJOlliHe BpeMeHa Tex CYllOYCTPOt1:CTBeHHbIX H npoueccyanbHblx 
fIlaBa 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 51 HOBOBBe1leHMH, KOTopble 6blJ1III ocyweCTBJleHb] B XOlle cy.ne6HOH pe$opMb] ne-rpa P. Tenepb crOHT BKpaTlie UCTdHUBMTbC5I Ha npo6J]eMe BJaH- MOM3oJ]HpoBaHHoro paccMmpeHHH B JTHTepmype XIX - HaI.JaJl8 XXI B. m.neJ]bHbIX aCneKTOB Onl1CblBaeMblX npe06pa30BaHI1H. 3.ueCb, B nepnylO O'-lepellb, Heo6xo.1ll1MO OTMeTHTb nOllrQTOBl<)' ynOM5IHyroro Bb]We rpaHllH03Horo npoeKTa YJ]O)l(eHH5I POCCI1H- CKOro rocy.napcTBa 1723-1726 rr.. .nBe nepBble KHMH1 Kmoporo 6bUIIII nOCBHlUeHbl Cy.noyCTpoHCTBY III cy.nonpOM3BollCTBY. 06- cr05lTeJlbCTB8 pa3pa60TKI1 HB3BBHHOro npoel<Ta Heo.nHoKpaTHo OCBelUaJll1Cb B Tpynax npaBoBe.noB H HCTOpl1KOB - OT .nOKTop- CKO" ill'ICcepraUMH B. H. flarKJ.1Ha 1887 r. .no DOKTOPCKOH DJ.1C- CepTaUJ.1H M. B. na6wi 2003 r. 2 , - HO B paMKax H3blCKaHI1H, COBepllleHHO He KaCaBW(1XC5I cy.ne6HOf1: pe$opMbl (33 (1CKJTIO'-Ie- Hl1eM ynoM5IHyroH .nlllccepraUMOHHOH pa60Tb] 11.. A. POMaHOBa). KpoMe TOro. crOMT 33MeTI1Tb, 'ITO H(1 Cy.noyCTpoHCTBeHHb]i1, Hili npoueCCYaJIbHb]f1: pa:w.eJ]b] npoeKTa YJlO)({eHi-lfi 1723-1726 rr. no HaCT05IlUero BpeMeHH HHKeM H3 I1CCJle.nOBaTeJlei.1 He 8HaJlI13HpO- BaJlI1Cb. KaK }')Ke roBOPHJ]OCb, HeMaJlO BHMM8HH5I B JTI1Teparype 6bUlO y.neJ]eHO H $IIICKaJlbCKOH CJI)0K6e (ee (1CTOp(1ei1 BJlepRb]e 33HflJ]C.II elUe B 1860-e rr. A. 11.. rpanoBcKM(1). M «Maf1:opcKHM» CJleDCTBeHHb]M KaHueJ]5IpM5IM (MX «nepBOOTKpblBaTeJ]eM» flBWICfI B 1900-e n. B. H. BepeTeHHMKOB) - HO On5lTb-TaKI1 6e3 BC5I- KoR YB5I3KJt C cyne6HblMH npe06pa30BaHMJIr.1I1 nepBOHl.JeTBepTH XVIII B. BHe KOHTeKcra cync6HoH pe$opMbl OCBcwanOCh npeD- llIeCTBYJOlUHMM 8BIDpaMI1 H $YHKUHOHMpOBaHHe PeKeTMeHcTep- CKOH KOHTopa CeHaTa. Orbe.1ll1HeHHO OT cy.ne6HOH pe$opMbl .nOHb]He J.fCCJ1e.nOBa- JlaCb TalOKe ee cy6DeKTJ.fBHIDI npe.nnoCbll1Ka: nOJIMTIIIKo-npaBOBb]e B033peHM5I 3aKOHOllaTeJI.II - neT)Ja L npJ.f BceM TOM, 'lID K DaH- HOi1 TeMe YlJeHb]e 06paUlaJlJ.fCb Heo.nHOKpaTHO (0 'IeM ewe ooi1- [EnHHCTBeHHb[M I1CKJlI04eHI1eM JJJ.eCb CJ1e.nyer npl13HaTb Y3K)11O no TeMaTI1Ke. HO. 6eJycQOBHO, Co.aep)l(£1TeJIbHYIO CTIITblO 10. R MernepHKolkl 1984 r., nocBHweHHYIO BOnpocy 06 I1CnOJlb30BaHI111 B cy.ne6Hoi1 npaKTI1Ke XIX B. JaKOHa «O$;JpMe cyna»OT 5 HO.ll6pH 1723 r. (MeUl!fJSlKOO 10. B. «Cyn no $;JpMe» B yrOJloBHoM npoueccc POCCIllI1 nepOOM1pClli XIX B. II &:CT- HI1KJleHI1HrpancKOm )'HHBepcHTeTII. 1984 NQ 23. C. 110-114). 20630p nHTeparypbl. nocBHweHHoi1 naHHoMY npoeK1)' Y.'IOIKeHI151 (a JaOnHO 11 .ne5lTeJ1bHOCTI1 YnoIKeHHoH KOMI1CCI1I1 1710-1717 rr.). 6yDeT npl1- BCnCHllaJIeC 
52 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I neT pe'Jb D.aJlee), BJU1flHl1e nOJ1HTI1KO-npaBOBb]X BJrJUUlOB nepEO- m POCCIU1CKOro HMnepaTopa H8 npOBeneHHe cy.ne6Hoi1 pe(]>OPMbl TaK H OCTILlJOCb Henp05lCHeHHbIM. HaKOHeu. HeJ1b351 He OTMe- THTb, <no B npeDllieCTSYlOllleii I1cropHKo-npaBOBoii Junepa1)'pe He CTaBWlCfi - LUDKe MHMOXOllOM - 80npoc 0 neTPe I KaK 0 cy.ae6HOM lle5lTeJle. 0 era JU1'-1HOM YlJacnnl B CYllonpOH3BO.LlCTBe. TaKOB JCPyr HaH60nee 04eBruIHbiX H8 cero.nHSl np05eJIOB H Hcrop(10rpaqJl1I.JeCK(1X HecocTbIKoB8HHocreii B (13YlJeHHH nepBOH ore'-leCTBeHHOH cyne6HoH pecpopMbl HMeHHO Bb]Weo6pHCO- BaHHbie npo6eJJhl H HeCOCTblKOBaHHOCTH H 06YCJIOBH.lU:I Heo6- XO.D.HMOCTb nO.1lroroBKH HaCTOJuueH pa60Tbl - nepBoro OnblTa ueJlOCTHoro paCCMOT])eHl1fi OCYllleCTBJleHHblX B H8rnei1 CTpaHe B nepOOH 'lemepTI1 XVIII B. npeo6pa30BaHHH B o6J1acTH cy.no- ycrpoi1:CTBa H CY1{onpmnBOllCTBa. OAH8KO npee 'leM nepexo- lll1Tb K H3JlO)l(eHIHO 8BTOpex0i1 peKoHcrpYKLtI1(1 06cTO.llTeJ1bCTB CYlle6Hoi1 pe<t!OpMbl Oe-rpa I. HMeeT CMbICJ1 KOpOTKO OCTaHO- B(1TbCSI H8 xapaKTep(1CTI1Ke rex Hcrop"".jeCKMx (1CTO'-IHHKOB. 6na- ro.n.apH KomphlM OKa3aJlOCh BOJMO)f(HhIM COcr8BHTh npellCTaMe- H(1e 0 c06hlTHSlx, CTSlHYBllJ(1XCH B Y3eJ1 pe<t!OpMhl 6e3 MaJIoro Tp(1 CTOJ1eT(1S1 Ha3a!l.. S 3. 0630p ony6mtKOBaHHbiX 101 apxlo1BHblX Io1CTO..HtlKOB no Io1CTOplo1101 cy,qe6HOti pe4JopMbl napa I OOCJ1}I)K(1BllJ(1e OCHOBOi1 llaHHoi1 pa60Th] (1CTO'-lH(1K(1 pac- na.u.aIOTCH H8 llBe rpynnb]: (1CTO'-lHHK(1 HopMaTI1BHble (npe>KJJ;e Bcero, 3aKOHb]) H HCTOlJH(1KI1 npaBonp(1MeHtlTeJlbHble (M8Tepl18- JIb] cYlle6Hoii. H aa.r.mH(1CTpaT(1BHoii. npaKT(1KH). '-1m KaCaeTCH HCTOlJHHKOB nepBOM rpynnhl, TO He06XQD.HMOCTh HX npHBJle<1e- HIDI He H}I)K1J.8eTC5I B 06ocHoBaHHH. KaK ewe B 1837 r JaMe- 'ffiTeJlhHO eMKO Bhlpa3HJ1CH M. M. CnepaHcKHH, «HCTopHSI rocy- llapCTBa 6e3 n03HaHHH 3aKOHOB He MO>KeT (1MeTb HH .IICHOCTI1, HJ.f llOCTOBepHOCTI1..."l. B D8HHOM CJlYlJae npo6J1eM8 COCTOHT pa3Be <1TO B nOHCKe H31IaHH5I, B k""OTOpOM pa3MellleHhi Te HJlH HHhle HopMaTHBHhle npaBOBhle aKTbl. HaH6oJ1ee llIHpOKO - B ony6J1HKOBaHHOM BULle - HOpM8- HIBHble HCTO'-lH(1KH nepHOlla ell(1HOllep)l(aBl1Jl OeTpa 1 npell- [Cnepcmaam M. M. O6OJpeHllle I1CTOp1-I'JOCKj.IX CBe1l.eHHH 0 Coone 3a- KOHOB II CnepaHcKHH M. M. PyKOB01lCTBO K n03H8HHIO 3aKOHOB. Cn6.. 2002. c. 165 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 53 CfaBJIeHb] B nOJiHOM C06paHHH 3aKOHOB POCCHMCKOM HMnepHH C 1649 r. (WIH nepBoM nOJlHOM c06paHIIIIII 3aKOHOB). B 3TOM xpecToMaTHt1Ho H3BeCTHOM 4O-ToMHIIIKe, nOllroTOBJleHHOM BO BTOpOM OTlleJleHHH HMnepaTOpcKot1 KaHUeJlSlpt.U1, no HHHUHa- nme III nOll PYKOBOllCfBOM M. M. CnepaHcKoro B 1826-1830 rr., aKTbl neTpoHcKOro HpeMeHH (06UlHM 1.jHCJlOM 3107) OKa3aJ1HCb cocpellOTOLJeHb] B TpeTbeM-cellhMOM TOMax l B CBOIO OLJepellb. HOpM8TI1BHbie npaBOBble aKTbl. HMeBlllHe OTHOllleHHe K cYlle6- HO(:1 pe(]>opMe, nonanH, rJlaBHb]M 06PaJOM, B nJITh](:1 H llleCTO(:1 TOMa nOJ1Horo c06paHHH. He B.118BaHCb B yrJly6JlCHHOe paccMoTpeHl1e np"HUHnOB 01- 60pa MaTepHaJla DJlSI nepBOro nOJ1HOro co6paHt'lSI (KaKOBble n011- po6HO 113J10>Kt'lJI caM M. M. CnepaHCKJ1(:12), He06XOllt'lMO. TeM He MeHee, OTMeTI1TbllBa 06cTOSlTeJlbCTBa. nepBoe H3 HIIIX 3aKJIIOLJaeT- CSI B TOM. 1.jTO B COCTaB nOJIHOrO co6paHI1SI 3aKOHOB 6bLIIH - BO- npeKI1 COBpeMeHHOMY nOHHMCUilllO ero Ha3BaHI1S1 - BKJlIOLJeHbl He TOJlbKO 3aKOHb] t'I HHb]e HOpMaTI1BHb]e npaBOBble aKTb], HO 11 MHO.JKeCTBO aKTOB, Bo06rne He COllep)l(8Bllll1X HOpM npaBa3. BnpO'[eM, OTMel[eHHOe 06cr0srrerrbCTBO. llYM8eTCSI. He TOJlbKO He YMaJlSleT, a, Hao6opOT. nOBbllllaeT HCTopI1Ko-npaBoBYJO ueHHOCTb nOJIHoro C06paHi1S1. HecJlyYa(:1HO i1MeHHO nepBoe nQJ1Hoe CO- 6paHHe 3aKOHOB CTaJlO OCHOBHblM (a nOllLJ8C III ellHHCTBeHHbIM) HCTOLJHHKOM DJI.II HeCKOJlbKHX nOKOJleHH(:1 HCCJlellO&lTeneM, 06- parnaBWHXCSI K pa3blcKaHJ.'lSIM no (1CTOPH(1 OTeLJeCTBeHHoro ro- cynapcTlJ<l 11 npaBa BTOpOi1 nOJlOBHHbl XVII - nepBoi1l.JeTBepTI1 XIXB. BTopoe 113 }'Ka1aHHblX 06crosrrerrbCTB 3aKJIlOlJaeTCSI - B npOTHnOn0J10)f{HOCTb nepnOMY - B HaJlH«HI1 OHeTJTI1HblX npo- 6eJlOB B HopMamBHOM Ma-rep(1aJ1e nepBoro nQJ1Horo C06paHI1SI (KOTOPoe. KaK cnpaBe1lllHBO OTMeTlIIJI erne B 1916 r. A. H. <})(1- I YMeCTHO ynoMHHyrb, 'ITO nOMerneHHb]e B nepBOM nOJIHOM C06paHI1I1 33KOHOB aKTb]. KacaBllJI1eCSI opraHOB BJlaCTH nepOOH 'JeTBepTH XVIII B., CI1- CTeMaTH'IeCKH Y'ITeHb] B n01l3a6blTOM Hb[He nOC06H(1 A. R 'lepHosa 1960 r. (focynapCTBeHHble )"Jpejf(j}CHI1H POCCI1I11 B XVIII BeKC (3aKOl-JlJll<ITCJlbHble MaTl1aJ1b[): CnpaBO'[H. noc0611e I COCT. A. R 'lepHOB. M., 1960). CnepaIlCl(UU M. M. YK<13. CO'[. C. 160-164. 3B I1CTopHKo-npaBoBOH nl1Tepwype illIHHYIO OCo6eHHOCTb nepBoro nOJIHoro C06paHI1.11 Hal160JJee nonpo6Ho OCBeTHJJ A. 4> We6aHoB (llle6a- HOB A. Q>. nOJlH0e c06paH(1e JdKOHOB POCCl1ikKOi1 I1Mnepl111 «(1] I1CTOpl111 CI1CTe,.JaTIHaUI1I1 3aKOH01l8TeJ1bCTlJa B POCCI1I1) II TpynbI &-eco103Horo tOPHllI1'!CCKOro 3a04HOro I.JHCTIfl'yrd. M., 1970. T. 14. C. 188-291). 
54 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I minnOB, «B llei1crmneJlbHOCTI1 HenOJIHoe»I). J1 HenOJ1HOT8 :=na 06pa30BaJlaCb OTHlOlI.b He BCJlellCTBHe KaKoi1-To He.1lo6pocOBecr- HOCTH lUU1 HeKOMneTeHTHOCTIi cocraBHTeJIei-L ECJlI1 B lJeM He B03HHKaeT coMHeHHf1, TaK 3TO B TOM, <{TO M. M. CnepaHCKHH Hero COTPy.aHI.JKH 113 BTOPOro OTlleJleHH npo.lleJlaJIH BOHCTH- HY TrnaHH<leCKYIO pa60ry - KaK B HCTopHKo-npaHOHOM. TaK M B apxeorpal:!n..j<leCKOM HanpaE'J1eHHflx 2 . YnOMflHyrble np06eJIb] B nOJ1HOM co6paJUu1 3aKOHOB B03H"KJlH. KaK npe1lCTaRJUleTC5I, nOli BJ!I1JIHMeM cooceM (1HblX KTOpOB. Bo-nepBbIX. COCraBHTeJlI.J neplloro OOJIHorO co6pamm He MomH Bbl5lBIHb pM MaTepliarJOB HopMaTHBHoro xapmaepa (OCO- 6eHHO RIOPOH nOJlOBHHbl XVII - nepBOH nOJlOlUJHbl XVIII E.) no BnOJ1He 06'beKTHBHbIM npH'lHHaM. D.eJlo B TOM, <{TO He Bce HOpMaTHBHble npaBOBb]e 8KTbI HaJBaHHoro nepHOM OTJlO)l(H- IU1Cb B H3XO.n(1BW(1XCfI H8 OC060M apnlBHOM }"-Iere KOMnaKT- HblX n01l60pKaX I-1MeHHb]X 1-1 CeHaTCKI1X yKa30B 111m B YKa3HbiX KHl-1raX npMKa308. HeMalIo 8KT08 (JGl)Ke 1-13.D.aHHbIX n1norpac]:l- CKH) OI\3J:l/1I-1Cb «noxopOHeHhl» B mraHTCKOM MaCCI-1Be T'eK)'WeH neJ10np0I-13BOnCTBeHHOH nOK)'MeHTaUHI-1 Pa3JlWJHblX opraHOB BJlacrn, paJ06paTb KOTOPblH He60J1bWOH rpynne cOTpynHI-1KoB M. M. CnepaHCKoro fibUlO 38Be.llOMO He non CJ.1Jt)l. KpOMe TOro, HeKOTOpaSi <laCTb HOPM8TI1BHb]X I-1CTOYHI-1KOB onMCblBaeMoro nepMollli nOB'I6na II HaHeCllIl-1X KOJ1OCCaJlbHbIH YllIep6 focynap- CTBeHHblM apXI-1BaM nO)(ffipax. B MOCKOBCKOM KpeMJ1e 1737 1-1 1812 rr. BO-BTOPhIX, O'leBWlHhIMI-1 I1CTOYHI-1KaMIi npo6eJ10B B ncp- BOM nOJ1HOM C06paHI11-1 JaKOHOB JlBHJlHCh nBe xapal<TepHble lUIJI npaBOBOH CI-1CTeMhl Cpe.llHeBeKODOH POCCI-1I-1 TeHlleHUI.JI-1. C O.llHOH CTOpOHbl, M3MeHeHMJI B CMCTeMe rOcyJJ;apcTBeHHoro ynpaBJTeHMJI 1-1 B cyJJ;OYCTpOHCTBe JJ;aJleKO He Bcerna OtlxJPMJlJlJlMCh B TY nopy OCo6bIMI-I HOpMaTMBHblMI-1 npaBOBblMI-1 aKTaMM. DblBalJI-1 CJ1Y'-laM, Korna JJ;eJ10 orpaHI-14MBaJlOCh YCTHhlM pacnopmKeHl-1eM MOHap- xa. KOTopoe Ja TeM TaK M He 05J1eKaJlOCb B nl-1ChMeHHYIO c]:Iop- 1 UIIT no. llk&lfIoo A Q). YKaJ. COY. C. 191. 28 cOBpeMeHHoH 1ICropI11<O-npaBoBoi1 1II1TepaTYpe apxeorpa4JI1'JeCK)l1O CTOpCJHY nOliJOTODKH nepooro nOJIHOJO C06paHI1H JaKOHOB .nCHlfIbHO oxa- paKTepHJOBWI C. 11. CnepaHCKJ.1i1 (CnepallCKUu c. 11. Y'JeHl1e M M. Cne- paHcKoro 0 npase 11 rocynapcTBe. M..l004. C. 144-146) C1M M M. Crre- paHCKI1i1 OCTaHOBHJlCH Ha Bonpoce 0 noprulKe BblHBJleHMfI HOpM<fI1lBHbIX I1CTO'1HI1KOB 11 0 nOpRllKe nO.1lrOTOBKI1 I1X K ne4aTI1 B oTMe'JeliHofi pa60Te 1837 r. (CnepaHCICUU M M YKa3. COY. C. 162-163). 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 55 MY. C npyroi1 CropOHbl. MHOrl1e CTOpOHbl MMIIIHIIICTp<UIIIBHOi1 M cyne6HoH ne5lTeJIbHOCTJ.1 OpCaHOB M3.CTM nOJlCl1e ronhl Bo06lUe HOpMan1BHO He pemaMeHTHpOBaJll1Ch, ocyweCTBJ1ID!Cb «no cma- PUHe>" COO6pa3HO BeKaMI.J CKJ1a.IlhlBaBweMYCH «npuK03HOMY o6b1- 'WIO". D.aHHhle TeHlleHUI.JI1, BeChMa aKl)'aJlhHhle lIJIfi nOneTpOB- CKOj:j PyCI1. npocrynaJlI1 RpeMfi OT BpeMeHM 11 B KOHue XVIl-ro, 11 B nepooj:j 'leTBepTIII BeKa XVIIl-ro. OXapaKTepM30BaHHbie Bbillie npo6eJlhI 06pa30BMMCb B TOM 'mCJIe 11 B JCPyre nOMelUeHHb]X B nOJ1HOM C06paHI1I1 HOpM3TI1B- HhlX I.JCTOI.JHt1KOB no I1CTOpl111 cyne6Hot1 pe<t>oPMhl OeTpa L Ha- npl1Mep, B nOJIe 3peHI1S1 cOTpynHI.JKoB M. M. CnepaHCKoro He nonano yrBep)l()]eHHOe 8 SlHBapSi 1719 c. D.onOJ1HeHMe K JaKOHY «l1OJ1>KHOCTb CeHaTa» peD,aKUt111 1718 c. 31"0 t1CXOnHO Hant1CaH- Hoe C06cTBeHHOpy4HO neTpoM I D.onOJ1HeHt1e (B KOTOpOM ne- TaJlI13MpOBaJICSI cocmB Bb]CllIl1X nOJ1>KHOCTHhIX JII1U. H<DHaI.J3B- llIt1XCH yKa3aMt1 CeHaTa) 6bUlO BnepBb]e ony6J1t1KOBaHO JIJ.111Ib B 1945 f.1 3a npelleJIaMI1 nepBoro nOJIHOro c06paHHH 3aKOHOB OCTaJI- CH 11 3aKOH OT 29 anpeJISi 1722 C., B KOTOpOM BnepBhle nonpo6Ho pemaMeHTHpoBMach KOMneTeHUt1S1 Ope06proKeHcKoro npJ.1KaJa. Oy6J1MKaUl1Sl 3TOro BeChMa 3Ha'lJ.1MOrO lIJUI MCTopMI1 neT]JOBCKI1X CneUMaJIM3J.1p0BaHHhIX cynOB 33KOHOnaTeJIhHOro aKTa COCTO.llJI8Cb Y>Ke B COBeTCKoe BpeMSI. He nonan B OepBoe OOJIHOe c06pam1e TalOKe III 33KOH OT 15 SlHBap.ll 1724 r. 06 ynpa3nHeHJ.1J.1 T aj:jHoi1 K<1HueJISlpl1t1. OmO)I(MBWI1HCH J111111Ih B .fieJIOnp0I13BQfiCTBe caMOH TaMHoM KaHueJISlpl1t1 naHHblM 3aKOH 6hUl BBCllCH B Ha)"-lHblM 06OPOT y)Ke B. 11. BepereHHJ.1KOBbIM B HallMe XX B. 3 He 6hUlO I 3aKa-JQlIHre1IbHb]e 3KTb] ne1pa I/Cocr. H.A BocJqJeceHCKI1i1. M-R. 1945. T. I. C. 291. 3aKOHon.aTelJbHb]e aKTbI nerpa I. c. 254. J],nH nOJIHOTbl KaPTI1Hbl I1MeeT CMblCJIllOOaUI1Tb, 'iTO TeKCT 3aKOHH OT 19 anpeJIH 1711 r 6bllJ ace }l(e BOCnpol13BeneH B nepBoM nOJIHOM C06paHI1M - npaMa, no.1l BMOM peJOJItOUHI1 nerpa I OT 27 Cel/f1IJl6pR /723 i!. Ha n. I nOK.II!Um f n3BHoro MalltClJHGl (nOJIHOe COOpaHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4312. C. 122). COOT- BeTCTBeHHO. B IIICTopl1Ko-npaBOBOw nliiTeparype 3Ta pe30;'I1OUH.II Hel1JMeHHO p<lCCM3TpHIk1ll3Cb no HacTOHwero BpeMeHI1 KaK OTD.eJ1bHb[H 3KT aepxoBHoW BJl3CTI1. B neltCTBIfJ{'nbHOCTI1 pe30J11OUlllSI Ha n I Marl1cTpaTCKoro .noK.IJa- n.a I1pelI.CTi1BJ1.11eT co6oit npHCJlaHHytO 113 I1Mnep<rropcKoro Ka6HHeTa (XOT.II, pl3yMeeTCH, no Bb]C04aHwei1 BOne) Koolll1O JaKOHa OT 19 anpe.llH 1722 r. J BepemetlHUK06 B. H YKa3 C04. C. 111. liTO xapaKTepHO. nyMI1KaUHIII nOJIHoro TCKCTa 3HKOHa OT 15 .IIHBapH 1724 r. He COCTOHJJOCb III nOHb[HC. 
56 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BHeceHO B nOJ1HOe C06paHl1e 3aKOHOB HI1 elU1HOCO 8KTa. KaCaB- weroc51 BbIlllHero cyna l . C MaTept'laJlaMt1 0 BbllllHCM cyne npOIHOlllJ] B006rne .Ia- ranO<IHa5I t1Cropt1S1. HeCMOTpfl H8 TO, 'JTO nO l [TI1 BC5I .nOK)'MeH- TaUt1S1 BbllllHero CYlla norl16JTa B KPeMJIenCKOM no)({ape 29 MMI 1737 r. 1 , no HaW(1X D.HeH yueJ1eJla MHoroo6pa3Ho conep)f(aTeJlb- HIDI no6opKa 3aKOHOB 11 I1MeHHblX YKa30B 1723-1726 rr. no BonpoC8M t!JyHKUHoHHpoBaHIHI H JU1KBHD.aUl1I1 CYAa. 3m n0.1I;- 60pKa (xpaHi-IBWIDICn B XIX B. B CaHKT-nerep6yprcKoM CeH8T- CKOM apXI1Be) OCTaJl8Ch, O.D.H8KO, nOl(eMy-TO HeBocTpe6oBaHHoi:i COCTaBI-1TeJl5IMI1 nepBOro nOJlHOfO co6paHI1S1. CXOllHblM 06pa30M He HaweJl OTpIDKCHI151 B nOJlHOM co6pa- Hln1 3aKOHOB 11 BblweoTMe<JeHHbli1 HaKaJ «M8i10PCKI1M» CJle.ll- CTBeHHblM KaHUeJlJlpJ1S1M OT 9 JJ;eKa6pSl 1717 r. E.a.HHcTBeHHbIH H3BeCTHb]H Ha cerQ!J;HJI CnHCQK HaKa3a COXpaHHJlCSI B COCTaBe KOMnneKca oco60 8<DKHbIX nOKYMeHToB CJ1enCTBeHHOH K8.HUe- JHlp"11 r. 11. KoweJIeBa/M. A. MaTIOWKMH8. H8'tOID1BWI1HCSI. B XIX B. B co6paHI111 Bce TOro }f(e CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro Ce- HaTCKOro apXHBa, D.aHHblft KOMJUleKC TaIOKe He nonarl B nOJle 3peHI1H COrpYIIHt1KOB M. M. CnepaHCKoro. B t1TOre. HaKa3 OT 911eKa6p.ll 1717 r. YBlUleJI CBeT 1II1Wb B 2000 r. 3 nepBble OTelfeCTBeHHbie opraHbl npe.1I.BaplHeJIbHOro pac- CJ1e;J;OBaHt1S1. Boo6we OCTaBl1lI11 MI1HI1MaJlbHb]j:j CJJe.n; s nOJlHOM C06paHI1t1 3aKOHOB. MoryrneCTBeHlUUI. HeKorna CI1CTeM8 «M8j:jOP- CMf}.» KaHue]J}[pl1i1. OKa3arJaCb npenCTallJIeHa s nepHoM nOJlHOM co6paHI1I1 JlI1Wb nSYM51 8KTaMI1: CeHaTCKHM YKa30M OT 23 ne- Ka6pH 1717 r. 11 I1MeHHblM YKa30M CJJencTBeHHoft KaHueJlSl.p1111 11.11. D.MI1T]Jl1esa-MaMoHoBa OT 18 Sl.HBapSl. 1719 r. 4 BMecTe C ] lJ;iH nOJIHOTb! KaPTHHb] CTOI1T n06HBHTb, 'JTO B nepBOM nOJIHOM co- 6paHI1I1 aBTopy H3cTOHwei1 pa60Tb! y.naJIOCb BblHBlITb TOJIbKO JIBa - Bnpo- 'JeM, 'JI1CTO MeXaHI1'JeCKHX - ynoMI1HaHI1JJ 0 BblWHeM CYDe B npe8M6YJle HHCrpYKUl111 o6ep-BaJlbllMeHCTepy OT 3 lleKa6p>l 1723 r. 11 B I1MeHHOM YK83e OT 30 JlHBapH 1725 r. 06 3MHIJCTIm B CDH3H C KOH'JI1HOH ncrpa I (nOJ1Hoe c06eaHl1e JaKOHOB T. 7. NQ 4379, 4645 C. IR5, 412). 2Twdaeo-TolO,6uoocKUU A. A.I1CTOpI1H Pa3pHllHoro apXI1Ba (1711- 1812) II Onl1C8HI1e DOKYMeHTOB 11 6YMar f\.1AM1O M.. IRRR. KH. 5. Orll. I. en }«P03bICJGIJb HaKpeIlKO, n))aMOtO, fie3 BC.IIKHX npHKa3HblX Kj)JO'JKOB»: }'Ka3bl nerpa I, EKaTepHHbl 111 CeHaTa B 06naCTI1 cyIlO)'CTJJOik:ma III yro- nOBHOH nOJ1MTI1KI1. 1716-1726 rr I ny6Jl. D 0 CepoBa II I1CTopl14ecKHi1 apx Pa. T. 6. NQ 3138, 3284. e 529. 616-617. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 57 reM, IJ no.J1Ho.e Co.6paHl1e 3<lKo.Ho.B He 6bUUI BKJlI04eHbi HI1 .J<l- repJIBWI1i1cn B rpynax CeHaTCKo.ro neJlOnpo.H3B01l.CTBa I1MeHHofi YKa3 or 9 neKa6p51 1717 r. C npe1l.nl1CaHl1eM CeHaTY OKa3b1BaTb co.lldkTBl1e ('Mai1apcKHM» CJ1ellCTBeHHbIM KaHueJl5lpHSlM, HI.J aT- Jlo..lKHBWl.JeCSI cpellH llo.K)'MeHTo.B BblwHero CYlla 3aKo.Hbi aT 9ne- Ka6pJl 1723 r. H aT 22 JlHBapJl 1724 r. 0. JlHKIJI111aUI.JH Ha3RaHHbIX KaHUeJlSlpl1H (ny6J1HKaUHJI 3TI1X no.K)'MeHTo.B cocrowmcb TOJ1bKO B 2000-2006 rr. I). nepe'leHb T<lKOBb]X npo6eJlo.B B nepBOM nOJl- Ho.M co.6pamm Mo.)I(HO npo.naJl)l(IIITb. '-ITO }({e KaCaeTC.II 06C1OJITeJlbCTB cyne6Hati pe4>oPMbl, KO- TOpble 1113Ha'laJIbHo. He 4JI.JKCI1Po.lJaJlIIICb B KaKHX-JlI160 HopMa- H1BHbIX npaBOBblX aKTax, TO. 311eCb He06xaDJ1Ma BCno.MHI.JTb, IJ nepnylO o.'Iepellb, '1To. B 1696-1718 rr. IJ HaWe" CTpaHe orcyr- CTBo.BaJlo. CKo.JlbKo.-HlII6ynb na.nPo.6Ho.e HOpMaTI1BHo.e peryJ1l11- Po.BaHl1e cyne6HaH KaMneTeHU11111 HealiHaKpaTHO peo.praHl130- BblB<lBWI1XCH MeCTHblX III perHOHaJlbHb]X Opr3HOB 1JJ18CTH. K<lK 11 npeiKlle, HI1KaK 3aKOHO.D.aTeJlbHo. He pemaMeHTlllpOBaJIl1Cb B neTpoBCKo.e BpeM5I TalOKe MHorllle CTOpOHbl 11 cyne6Haro, I.J no- cyne6Haro npo.I.J3BOllCTBa (B rnocTIII, napw:roK Ha3Ha'leHIIISlI1 npl1MeHeHI.JSI nbITo.K). nO. BceM a'leBI1llHo.CTH, He 6bUl 3ill]>I.JKCIII- Po.BaH nlllCbMeHHo. III 111311aHHbIHIJ KOHue 1696 r. IIIMeHHo.H YKaJ 0. nepella'Je npe06p..'DKeHCKo.MY nplllKaJY I1CKJllOlfHTeJlbHOro npaBa cyna no. rocyn.apCTBeHHb]M npec1}'JUIeHIIIJlM (HeCo.MHeHHo.cTb cy- lUeCTBOBaHI1}J D.aHHOro YKa3<1 no. M8TepHaJl8M cyne6Ho.ro apXIIIB<l npl1Ka3a YCTIlHOBJ.1JI3 H. O. fOJ1I11KOIJa)l. HeJlb351 He OCno.MHI.JTb aruITb-TalOl III 0. BblWHeM cyne, He- llOJlmS! I1CTOpl.JS! Ko.To.poro TaI.JT MHo.me I.JCXo.llHo. Bo.3HI.JKWI.Je I «P03b[CKaTb HaKpcnKo. npaBllotO..... C. 205; «11 no .QCJlaM BCCM, 'JTO eCTb. CJIITb»: .Qo.KYMeHTb] 06 opraHlnaUl1111 11 lleHTeJJbHOCTH nepBblX OTe'IeCTBeHHblX opraHoB npenBapHTeJ!bHoro CJlenCTIllUI. 1713-1728 IT. I ny6..ri. D 0 CepoBa II I1CTopl1'JecKHfi apXI1B. 20116. NQ 1 C. 195,201 1 fOJUfX!6a H.5. nOJJI1TI1'JeCKl1e npoueCCbl npl1 nerpe I. c. 14. HeJ1b- 3.11 HC OTMeTJ1Tb, 'JTO nOllTocp.nHBWI1i1 OTMe4eHHYtO nlllHI1JO KOMnCTeHUl111 npe06pIDKeHcKoro nplilKma 3aKOH OT 15 CeHTH6pH 1702 r. 0 nopH.nKe Ja- .IIBJleHIII.II 0 roCy.n.apcTBeHHb[X npec1)'JllleHH.IIX }0Ke 6blJ1 $pMJIeH .QOJJ>K- HblM 06pa3oM H BnOCJJel1CTBltl1 nonan B COCTaB nepBoro nOJ1Horo co- 6paHI1.II (CM.. nOJIHOe c06paHI1e 3aKOHOB. T. 4. NQ 1918. C. 199-200). OCTacrCH ynoMHHYTb, 'JTO B peaJIbHOCTH CYllleCTBOBaHI1.II OTMe'JeHHoro I1MeHHoro YKma 1696 r. YCOMHIIIJICH M. Q AKHWIIIH. Bnp01.JeM. npHBe.neH- Hb]e 11M - B npOTI1BOBeC .n.aHHbIM H 6. fOJ1I1KOBOi1 - DOBOllbl BblrnmIJ.lT MaJlO)6e1urrenbHblMI1 (AlrUlUUH M. O. CYlle6HaH pectJopMa neTpa I: Dl1c. n C. 118-119). 
58 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npo6eJIbI TaKora palla. T aK. sep05lTHee Bcero, I1CKJlIO'-II'ITeJIbHO YCTHylO $:>pMY I1MeJl I1MeHHoi1 yK33 1723 r. 0 npe06pa30BaHI1I1 BpeMeHHoro cyn.e6HOTo npl1cyrcrnllH, C031laHHoro 1lJISi paCCMO- TpeHt1f1 elU1HHlJHOfO yr0J10BHoro neJJa (no 06Bt'IHeHHIO o6ep- npOKYJXIpa r. r. CKOpH5IKOBa-nt1CapeBa 11 ceHaTOpa n. n. Wa- (]>J.fpOBa B npxTyJlneHIffiX npOHm I1HTepeCOB CJJy}K6bl). B nOCTORHHO 4JyHKU(10H(1PYlOlUl1j:j BbIWHJ1H CYJ];. nO-BH.1U1MOMY. TOJ1bKO B YCTHOj:j clJopMe 6bU1 Bb]pIDKeH 11 COCTO.llBllIHik.ll B TOM }l(e 1723 r. YKa3 OeTpa I - HeMaJlOB<\)KHb]H rom I1CTOpl11-1 KaK cy.nOYCTpOHCTBa, TaK 11 CJle.n.CTBeHHoro annapaTa PaCCI-1M - 0 pe- OpraHH3amm CJle.n.CTBeHHOH KaHueJl5lpl111 reHepaJI-npoK)'paT)'pbI B P03bICKHYIO KOHTOPY BbllllHero cyna. 3TH 11 HeKOTopble npy- rl1e, He <X):IopMJTeHHble LlOJl>KHbIM 06PaJOM aKTbl BepXODHOH BJla- CTI1 3aBe.nOMO He MOml1 nonaCTb HB CTpaHHUbl nepBOm nOJlHO- ro co6pam1J1 3aKOHOB. Me)(([lY -reM. He npollUJo 11 nOJlYBeKa nOCJie Bb]X01l8 B CBef nepBoro nOJlHoro C06paHI15I, KaK B H8)f'-1Hbli1 OGOpOT 6blJ[ BBe- neH HOBblM - 11 BeCbMa 06UII1pHblJJ - Kpyr I1CTOlJHI1KOB, CBH- 38HHbiX C npaBI1TeJlbCTBeHHoii 1Ie5lTeJlbHOCTblO neTpa I. Pe1.Jb HJJ.eT 0 ny6J1I1KaUtHl B 1873 r. neKope CTIlBWerO xpecToManfH- HblM Il-ro TOMa C60pHI1Ka PyCCKOro I1CTOpl1'ieCKoro 06weCTBa «nI1CbMa. YKa3bl H 3aMeTKI1 neTpa h,. no.n;rOTOR/leHHoro (no HHI1Ul18nme H no.n; PYKOBO.n;CTBOM aKNJ,eMHK8 A. <1>. E)b]'JKoBa) K 200-11eTHlO co 1IH5I pQ)KlleHI151 nepBoro poCCI1i1cKoro I1Mnepa- Tapa. 01lHaKO npl1 neeH 3H8'iHTeJlbHOCTJ.1 npo.neJl8HHOH COCTaBJ.1- TeJlSlMH pa60ThI 11I1Wb cpaBHHTeJlbHO HeGOJ1bWYIO 'J8CTb nOMe- lUeHHb]X B II-M TOMe M8TepI18JlOB MO)f(HO OTHeCTI1 K HOPM8Tl1B- HblM npaBOBblM 8KTaM. I1HblMI1 CJlOBaMI1, II-M TOM C60pHI1Ka PyCCKOro I1CTOpH'lecKoro 06weCTBa MariO 'ieM 1I0nOJlHI1JI nepBoe nOJlHoe co6paHl1e 38KOHOB. npaBlla. eCJII1 ronopHTb 06 I1CTOpHI1 Cy.ne6HOif peopMbl neTpa I, TO HeJIbJ5I He OTMeTI1Tb, 'iTO HMeH- HO B II-M TOMe 6bU111 BnepBble ony6JIHKOBaHb] HMeHHble YKa3bl OT 9 SlHBap.ll 11 OT 23 <t>eBpaJISI 1723 r., KaCaBWl1eCH )"-lpe)({lleHI1S1 11 YHKUI10Hl1pOBaHI1S1 BblwHero cY1la l . BCKope nOCJIe BblXOlla II-ro TOMa C60pJ.1HKa PyCCKOro I1CTopl1'ieCKoro 06WeCTBa. B 1880-e rr. Ha'ianaCb peanH3aUHSI Cpa3y 1IB}'X rpa H.JJ;I103Hb]X 8pxeOrpaH'ieCKJ.1X npOeKTOB. neeue- ] nl1CbMa, yKa3bll1 JaMeTKlI nel]Ja I I no.1l pen. A. Q). 6bl'JKOBa II C6. PI1D. cn6.. um. T. II. C. 502-503. 506. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 59 JlO nOCIJJUUeHHb]X 1-13MHI-11O JIOKYMeHrOB neTpoBcKoro IJpeMeHI-1. 3m 6b]JII-1 3H8MeHI-1Tble «nl-1CbMa W 6yMarJ1 I-1Mnepa-ropa neTpa Be.nWKOro» 1-1 HeCKOJIbKO MeHee W3IJeCTHble ..lloKJIMbl W npl-1- roBOpbl, COCTOHBWl-1eCH IJ npalJl-1TeJIbCTBYlOllleM CeHaTe B uap- CTBOBaHl-1e neTpa BeJII-1Koro». 06a H83BaHHblX I-13JJ.8HI-1H O)f(l11181Ia HeJIerKaSi CYllb6a. KaK 1-13BeCTHO. «lloKJI3,Abl 1-1 npl-1roBopbl...», ny6m1K3ll11J1 KOTOPb]X H8'1aJIaCb B 1880 r., npeKpaTI1JII-1 I13JJ.8BaTbCH B 1901 r. Ha rneCTOM TOMe. B CBOIO O'lepellb. 11311.8HI1e ..nl-1CeM 1-1 6YM8r.n» (nepBblH TOM KOTOpblX yBl-.w.eJ1 CBeT B 1887 r.) 6blJI0 cBepHY- TO B 1918 r. H8 cellbMOM TOMe, 3aTeM B0306HORlieHO B 1946 r., He 3aBepWI1BWI-1Cb, B I-1TOre, 1-1 nOHblHe l . COOTBeTCTBeHHO, CO- CTaBI1TeJ1I-1 «llOKJIMOIJ 1-1 npl-1roBopOB...» ycneJ11-1 ony6J1I1KOBaTb MaTepl-1aJ1b] TOJIbKO 38 1711-1716 rr., COCTaBl1TeJII-1 «nI-1CeM 11 6VM8r...» - 38 1688-1713 rr. . C T04KI1 JpeHI-1f1 H8nOJlHeHHOCTH HOpMaTI-1BHb]MI1 npa- HOHb]MI-1 aKTaMJ1 ..llOKJIMbl...» 1-1 «nI-1CbMa...» CYllleCTBeHHO yCTynaJOT. KOHe'lHO. nepBoMY nOJlHOMY co6paHI-11O 3aKOHOB. 11 npl11.JI-1Ha 1lleCb He TOJIbKO B He3aKOHlJeHHOCTI-1 1-1311aHI-1i1 «D,OKJIMOB...}) 1-1 ..nI-1CeM...». npOCTO HI1 B «llOKJIMbl...», HI1 B «nI1CbMa...», C006pa3HO npl1HUl-1naM oT6opa MaTepl-1aJ18, He 6b1JlI1 - B OTJll1'1l1e OT nepBoro nOJlHoro C06paHI-1R - BKJlI04e- Hbl Te aKTb]. KOTopble He 6b]JlI111I-1'1HO H8nI-1C8Hb] (1-1J11-1 38B1-131-1- pOBaHbl) neTpoM 1111-160 He I-1CX01JJ.'lJll-1 OT npaBI-1TeJlbCTBYlOrne- ro CeHaTa. OcmeTCR .n06aBJ1Tb. 1.JTO nepBylO oco6ylO n01l6opKy HOpMaTl-1BHblX npaBOBblX 8KTOB neTpoBcKOro BpeMeHI-1 B 1910 r. B Y"1C6Hb1X ueJlHX ony6J1I-1KOBaJI M. M. ()orOCJlOBCKi-1i1 1 . TaKoB KPyr OCHODHblX 1-1311aHI-1H, COllep>KalllHX HOpMaD1DHble MaTep1-18- Jlbl 1696-1725 rr., KOTopble BblWJlH B CBeT B Harne(1 CTpaHe B XIX - Ha'laJIe XX B. B COBeTCKI1(1 nepl-1011 Hal-16oJlee 3Ha'JI-1Mb](1 BKJlM B HeJlO ny6JII1KaUI-1I-1 HOpMaTI1BHblX I-1CTO'-lHI1KOB neTpoBCKoro BpeMe- HI-1 BHec He3aCJlYJKeHHO nOma6b1Tblt1 cerOllHH JleHI-1HrpancKHH )f'-IeHbIH-nOllBH>KHHK HI-1KOJ1at1 ArieKcaHllpOBH'I Boc"--peceHcKHt1 1.D.ol>JU\llbi 11 npl1rOlJOpbl, COl"TOHlJllll'leCJlIJ npalJl1Te.rJbCTBytOl.l.IfM CeHHTe B uapcTBOBaHl'le nerpa Be.rJI1KOro I nOll peJl. H. B. Karra'JOBa III H. Q). Dy- 6poBI1Ha. cn6.. 1880-1901. T. 1-6IBbln. II; nlllCbMa I16yMarH IIIMnepaTO- pa ne-rpa Be.rJI1KOro. cn6.-nr-M., 1887-1003. T. 1-13 IBbln. 11. 1 flaMJlTHIilKH 3aKOHO.illlTe.rJbCTBa nerpa BeJll1KOro I nOll pell. M. M. 60- fOCJ10BCKOJO. M.. 1910. 
60 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I (1889-1948)1. 3auaBWI-1Cb UeJlblO nonfOTOBI4Tb MCCJlellOB3HI1e 0 lle5lTeJ1bHOCTJ.1 neTpa I KaK 3aKOHo.rurreIISI., H. A. BOCKpeceHCKI1i1 npellnpl1ID1J1 BOl-1cn:lHY THTaHt1'1.eCKJ..:IH Tpyn. no Bbl5lBJIemUO 11 nonroToBKe K ne<JaTt1 Beet! COBOK)lnHOCTI1 aBTOrpaOB nepBOro pocCHifcKOro J1MnepaTopa, HMeBWHX OTHOllleHl1e K npaBOTBOp- 'Iecrny. D,Jul 3TOro H. A. BOCKpeceHCKHif B o.DJ1HOYJCy (!) npo- CMOTpeJI COTH(1 apXHBHblX lleJ1 II Jl,eC5ITKax $JH.IJ:OB mlTl1 apXH- BOXpaHJ.'lJlI1W MOCKBbl J1 J]eHMHrpaua. cyMeB 3<:1.011HO - BO Beex CJ1)f4ID1X 06Hapy)!{eHi'!}[ 8STOrpa$::m - pacWHpOBaTb KpaHHe HeYllo6o'-lHTaeMblti nO'-lepK neTpa I. DOJIee TOro: He orpaHI1'H1BWHCb OTblCKaHl1eM no.WUJHHH- KGB orpoMHoro KOJU1<ICCTBa Bbllllellllll1X H3-nOIl nepa neTpa I JaKOHO.llaTeJlbHblX aKrOB, H. A. BOCKpeceHCKHH npOCJ1ellKIJ BO MHon1X CJlY'-la51x BeCb 3aKOHOTBop4eCKHj:j npouecc. 31"0 YllaJIOCb ooaronap51 TOMY, '1TO }"-IeHb]" cyMe]] Bb]f1BI1Tb KaK JJ;OKYMeHTbl, nOCJiY)((l1BWl1e nepBoocHOBoi1 DJl5I n01lrOTOBKI1 pSID.8 38KOHOB, TaK H npOMe.>KyTO'-IHbIe pen;aKUMH HeM8JlOrO 4HCJI8 3aKoHonpoeKTOB. Pa3pa60TaB HOBaTOpCKJ1e npHHUHnhl ny6JlHKauHH HOpMaTHB- HhlX nOK)'MeHTOB neTpoBCKot! ::mOXH (cneUHaJlhHhlt! nOKJ1a.Il 0 lLleM OH cneJIarJ H8 3ace.n8HHH Apxeorpill]>wleCKot! KOMHCCHH AH CCCP ewe B neKa6pe 1925 r.r, H. A. BocJ<peceHcKHi1 nOllroTo- BWI K nelLl8TH 4eTblpe TOMa 38KOHo.naTeJlbHbIX 14 conyrCTB)'IOIJJ;HX K HHM M8Tepl1aJlOB nOlI 061UI1M 3armBHeM «3aKOIIOl'Ji1me1bHble DKmbl flempa Be/lulWi!f». I13.D.8Te1lhCKlliI cYllh6a YHHKaJlhHOfO Tpyna H. A. BocJ<pe- ceHCKoro CJIO.:KWl8Cb, O.nHaKO, elUe 60Jlee ne4aJlhHO, HexcJIH <<l!.OKJ1MOB H npHroBopOB...» H «nHceM H 6YM8r...». HecMoTI1SI H8 TO. ILlTO «3aKoHOnaTeJlbHble 8KTbl neTpa BeJIHKOfa» 6blJlH ro- TOBbl K H3,Q8HHJO Y.>Ke H8 HcXone 1920-x rr., pearJbHO BOnpoc 06 HX ny6JlHKauHH BCTaJI - npH pewaJOwei1 no.rr.aep}((Ke H3BeCT- HOro COBeTCKoro npaBoBella Ii 11. CblPQMSlTHHKOBa - nHmb Ha HcxOlle 1930-x rr. I1MeHHo 6n8ronapSI yCI1J1HSlM O. 11. Cb]POMnT- HHKOBa, B 1940 f. I1HCTH1)'T npaBa AH CCCP npHHRJI pemeHHe I B npe.nll1eCTBYJOll1eH nl1Teparype n01l06atOllie BbICOK)'JO oueH- K)' TPynoB H. A. BOCKpeceHCKOrO lIaJIl1 JOJIbKO 6. H. CblpoM.IITHI1KOB B npl1BeJleHHb]X HIDKC pa60nlX 1940 r.. E. B. AHHCI1MOBI1 H. B. KOJJlo- BEl (Attut"U..V06 E B. f ocyn.l1pcTBeHHb]e npeo6p.rJowHl1.11m C. 7-8; /(m,w- ea H. B POCCl1HCKHH a6COJlJOTH3M 11 K)'Ile'leCTBO B XVIII BeKe (20-e - Ha- 'JaJlO 60-x ro.nOB) M. 1999. C 33-34) 1 J1erOnl1Cb JaH.IITI1H Ap1reorpa4JIt'lOCKOII KOMI1CCI1I1 Ja 1913-1915 ro.nbl. 11., 1926. Bb]n. 3]. C. 61-62 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 61 06 I13J]aHIIIJ.1 «3aKoHOllliTeJlbHbIX aKTOB...». Ii 11. Cb]POMSlTHJ.1KOB Bblcrynl1.J1 OTBeTCTBeHHblM pen;aKTOpoM 'IeThlpeXToMHJ.1Ka, a TaK- >Ke nOllroTOBI1.J1 K HeMY npocTpaHHylO BCIYnJ.1T'eJlbHYIO CTaTblO. KpoMe TOro, 6. 11. CbIPOMSlTHJ.1KOB nOMeCTI1.J1 B HOH6pbCKOM HOMepe >KypHaJla «CoBeTcKoe rOCYllapCTBO J.1 npaBO» 3a 1940 I. BeCbMa COllep>KaTeJlbHYfO (J.1 myOOKO n031HHBHYlO no TOHaJlbHO- cm) peueH3J.1fO H8 yrBep>KJleHHYIO K ne'l8TJ.1 pYKonJ.1Cb (!) nepBO- ro TOrwa Tpyna H. A. BOCKPeCeHcKoro l . 3aTeM rp}(HYJla BOMHa. H B J.1TOre nepBblM TOM «3aKOHOllli- TeJlbHblX 8KTOB...» - «AKTbl 0 BblCllIHX rocy.napCTBeHHblX YCTa- HOBJIeHIDIX» - ymilleJI CBeT (c nOllroTOBJleHHbIMJ.1 erne B 1940 r. BCl}'nHTeJlbHbIMH CTaTbHMH 6. 11. CblPOMHTHHKoBa H H. A. Boc- KPeCeHcKoro) TOJlbKO B n06ellHoM 1945 r. 2 YBbl, nepBblM J.13- .naHHbIM TOM OKa3aJJCSI H nOCJlellHHM. no He5lCHbiM Ha cerOllHSI npJ.1'1J.1HaM BblXOll 8HaJ10rW]HO yrBep>KJleHHb]X K ne'laTJ.1 I1HCTH- -ryrOM npasa B 1940 r. OCTMbHblX Tpex TOMOB (nOCB5IIUeHHbIX, COOTBeTCTBeHHO. 3aKOH0.1l8TeJlbCTBy «06 061l1eCTBeHHb]X KJiac- CdX-', 0 TOprOBJIe J.1 npOMblllUleHHOCTJ.1 J.1. H8KOHeu, BoeHHOMY J.1 BOeHHO-MOPCKOMY JaKOHOllaTeJlbCTBY) TaK J.1 He COCTOHJlCSI. HaCKOJ1bKO J.13BeCTHO, PYKOnl.JCb BTOpOro TOMa pa6o- Tbl H. A. BOCKPeCeHCKoro XpaHHTCSI HblHe B Or.neJIe PYKonI.JC- HblX $JHllOB I1HcTJ.11Yfa POCCJ.1MCKOM HCTopHJ.1 PAH. pYKonJ.1Cb TpeTbero TOM8 (COCToSllllero J.13 AB)'X 'J8CTeM) - B $JHlle 1003 POCCJ.1MCKOM HaUHOHaJlbHOH 6H6J1J.1meKI1. CBeAeHJ.1H 0 MeCTOHa- XO)KDeHJ.1J.1 pyKOnJ.1CH 'IeTBepToro TOMa BCTpeTJ.1Tb B J111TepaTYPe K H8CTOSllllCMY BpeMCHI.J HC YDaIIOCb 4TO 6bl TaM HI.J 6bUJO, nepBbli1 TOM «3aKOHo.rr.aTeJlbHblX aKTOB neTpa I» Heo6paTJ.1MO CTaJI AOCTOSiHJ.1eM 1lII.JPOKOi1 Ha- )f'-IHOH 06111eCTBeHHOCTI1. OXBaTJ.1BWJ.1M 426 HOpMaTJ.1BHbIX npa- BOBblX 8KTOB H conyrCTBYlOllIJ.1X IJ;OK)'MeHTOB 1699-1724 rr. (He C'IHTlliI 'IepHOBb[X pe.naKUJ.1j:j 3aKOHonpoeKTOB), nepBblH TOM Tpyna H. A. BOCJq)CCeHCKOro 6e3YCJlOBHO npeB30WeJl KaK no nOJ1HOre COCT8Ba. TaK J.1 oc06eHHO no TO'lHOCTI.J nepen;a'lJ.1 TeKCT8 n01ll1J.1H HHKOB COOTBeTCTBYlOllIHe 1.JaCTI.J nepBoro nOJl- I O"POV1lmllUfo.TJ6 E. H Peu Ha KH.: H. A. BOCKj)eCeHCKI1H. 3aKoHo.na- TeJ\bHb!e aKTbJ nCTpa BCJlI1KOro. TOM I (pyI<OJlIICb) II COBe"JCKOe rocynap- CTBO III npaBO. 1940. NQ II. C. 111-119. 13aKoHo.naTeJlbHb]e aKTh] nerpa I I Coer. H.A BOCKj)eCeHCKI1H. M.-J1. 1945. T. I EkT)mrrelIbHble CTdTbl1 eM.: CbIpOlff/mHUK06 E. H Or penaKTopa II TaM >Ke. C. XXXIII-XLIV; 8o<xpecelfCfo.UU H.A. Ap.\00fp8- $H'lccKoe BSeneHl1e II TaM >Ke. C. 1-15. 
62 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HOro C06paHH.II 3<lKOHOB I . OSlThI(1 H rnecToi1 pa3neJ1bl nepBoro TOMa H. A. BOCKPeCeHcKI1i1 BCeUeJ10 nOCB.IITI1J1 3aKOHQaaTeJlb- CTBY 0 cy.noyC'rpOMCTBe H CYllonp0H3B01lCTBe 1 . I1MeHHo naHHble pa3neJ1bl Tpyna H. A. BOCKPeCeHcKoro CJlellYeT npl13H8Th H81-160- nee COlleV..-KaTeJ1bHOH Ha cerOllHflUJHI1H .l1eHb ny6JTHKaUHeH HC- T04HMKOB no HCTOpHI1 cyne6Hoj:j pe<tJopMbl neTpa I. B npo.nOJ])KeHHe Tpa,lU1U(1H. 3aJ10)l(eHHoi1 M. M. Eioroc- 1l0BCKI-1M H H. A. BocKpeCeHCKI1M, BO BTOpOH nOJ1OBl-1He XX B. B Harne" CTp<'lHe Bb]Ul.flO B ClleT TpI1 c60pmlKCI. nOJIHOCTbK) (ru1l1 no 601lbweH '13CTI1) co.n.ep)f(alliHX HOpr.ffiTHBHble MaTepHaJlbl ne- TpOBCKoro BpeMeHI1. .3r0 6wlI1: BOCbMOii BbmYCK - «3aKOHO- DaTeJlbHbie 8KTbl neTpa I» - 3HaMeHHTblX (,naMffi1UJKOB pyc- CKoro npaBa» (1961 rOll), <JemepTblH TOM - «3aKOHOllaTeJ1bCTBO nepMOl1a CTaHOBJleHIHI a6cOJllOn13Ma» - neB.IIHITOMHMKa «Poc- cMikKoe 33KOHo.n3TeJ1bCTBO X-XX BB.» (1986 ro;:J;) H OmeJTbHO H3)I8.HHoe «3aKoHo;:J;areJTbCTBO neTpa I» (1997 rollY nOllrOTOHJleHHble KOMeKTl1BaMH 8HTopHTeTHbiX npaBOBe1l0B H I1CTOpHKOB, CHa6)f(eHHble pa3BepHyrblMH KOMMeHTapIDIMH H BCl)'TIHTeJ1bHbIMH CTaTb5IMH no urpaCJUlM npaBa, Ha3BaHHbie c6op- HHKH YC1Yf1atOT, O;:J;HaKO, 11 nepOOMY nOJ1HOMY co6paHHfO 3aKOHOB, H TPYDY H. A. BOC"lJC('eHCKOro no KOJTWJeCTBY onyfuIl1KOBaHHblX aKTOB. B o6weit CJTO)((HQCTH B BOCbMO(1 BblnYCK «naMSlTHHKOB...» COCTdBHTeJ1H BKJl JOLIIU1H 44 HopMaTI1BHb]X npaOOBb]X 8KTa paCCMa- ] CTOIIT JaMeI1fTb, 'JTO H.A. BOCKj)eCet-lCKI1 nOliBepr H4e- cKJ.:Ie npHeMbl COCfdBIrre.rrci1 nepooro nOJIHOro HWI 3aKOHOB OClpOrI KplfIltKe. 'ITO Bb13BaJ10 pa:mepHyrb]e OOJpIDKeHI1H co CTOpoHh] mBeTCTBeHHO- m peniIKl1Jpo1 (11 B o.nHmi mme peueHJeKm) 6. 11. CblpoMHTHIilKOlkl (/3oaqJe- ceIiCK.UU H.A. 1'JecKoe BBelleHHe C 11-17; O"{JO'WWTlflWWO E H Or pc.naKTOpa. C. XXXVII-XXXIX, 011 JK'f!. PcUCH311H... C. 123-124). B 11<1H- HOM CJ\y'me aBTop HflCTO.lllllei1 paOOrb[ He MO;KeT He npllCOelJ}IH(1TbCH K MHe- Hl1tO 6. 11. Cb]poMHTH(1KOBa.. 11 .neJIO He TOJIbKO B TOM, 'ITO, KaK cnpaBe1l- nl100 on.retJlJl 6. 11 CbIPOM.IITHHKOB, nepooe nOJ1Hoe co6paHl1e JaKOHOB «npeCJ1ellOBaJlO 'JI1CTO npaJ.;nt'JeCKHe UeJll1 nOllrOTOBKI1 1<O.1II1I!JI1KaUI111 PYC- CKOro 3<]KOHQlI4fC.IIbCTBa B BI1llC CIICJeM,ITI1'JCCKOJO Coo.na 31\KOHOB ("raM )Ke. G 123) HeJrbJH He KOHCT:mtposaTb, 'JTO nepeIkl'la TeKCTOB HopMaTHBHhIX I1CTO'IHI1KOB B nepOOM nOJ1HOM C06paHI1I1 ocyrnecrnJISlJlaCb el.lIe 11 B CTporoM COOTBf'fCI'BIII1 C npl1HUHnaMI1 ap'\OOrpa4J1111 BTOpoH 'Jerneprl1 XIX B. !31KoHo.n.ITCJIbHbIe tlKTb[ ncrpa I. c. 361-408. B OJMe'ICHHblX Pa:JD.eJlax JKNeU1eHO 39 blX aKIOB I1I1HblX nOK)'MeHroB 1713-1724 IT. }flaMHTHI1KH PYCCKOro npalkl1 nOJI pen. K. A. CO!j:JpoHeHKo. M., 1961. BbIn. 8. POCCI1HCKoe JaKOHo.naTe:lbCTOO X-XX BB. I nOLI pen. A. f MaHb- KOsa. M, 1986 T.4; 3aKoH0.naTeJ1bCTBO nel]Ja I I no.1l pe.n. A. A. npe06- p3)KCHCKOro 11 T. E. HOBI1UKOH. M.. 1997. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 63 TJmsaeMoro neplllO.!I;a, II 'JeTBepTblM TOM «POCCI1MCKOro 3aKOHODa- TeJlbCTH,L." - 20, a II «3aKOH01l.aTeJlbCTBO neTpa I» - 96. nPJ.i 3TOM, eCJII1 COCTalJIITeJJl.1 IIOCbMOro TOMa «naIlffiTHHKOB PYCCKOro npaBa>' HCnOJ1b30BaJlH II Ka'JeCTBe HCTOlJHHKa .llIl5l ny6..ru1KaW1H e.!l;HHCTBeHHO nepBoe nOJ1Hoe c06paHHe 38KOHOII, TO II <'eTBepTOM TOMe «POCCHMCKOro JaKOHOIlaTeJlbCTRa X-XX BB.» 14 B «3aKOHo.Lla- TeJ1bCTBe nClpa I» TeKCTb] HopM8nmHb]X np800BbIX 8KTOB OKaJa- lIHCb IIOCnpol13Be1leHb] npeHMYllleCTBeHHO no nepBOne'J8THblM 143- .naHHHM, a OT"lacrn 11. BOBCe no apXI1BHb]M nOlLflI1.HHI1.KaM. nOMHMO H83B8HHbiX C60pHI1.KOB. B 1963 r. BceCOlO3Hblii IOpHllH'JecKMii 3aOlJHblH I1.HCTHTyr 11.3lI.illI B y<Je6Hblx ueJ1HX He- 60J1bUJyIO nOll60pKY 38KOHo.n.aTeJ1bHbIX aKTOB 1697-1725 rr., OTHOCHWHXCH K HCTOpHH npoueCcyaJIbHOrO npaM I . OCTaeTcH JJ;06aBI1.Th, H8KOHeu. 'JTO 3H8'JI1.TeJ1bHaJI no.n60pKa HOpMaHIB- HblX npallOllb]X 8KTOB 14 YKa30B BepxoBHoi1 BJIaCTM KOHua XVI)- nepBoH 'JeTBepTH XVIII B. (06WI1M 'JHCJ10M 76) 6bUT8 H3lT8H8 B 2003 r. BO BTOpOM TOMe HeOllHOKP8THO ynOMJIHyroro rneCTI1TOM- HHKa «CYJJ;e6H8H B!laCTb B POCCHH»l. 3TMM I1.ClJepnblBaeTCH Kpyr OCHOBHblX ny6J1HKaUHH 3aKOH01l.aTeJlbHblX MaTepHaJlOB neTpoB- CKoro BpeMeHH, ocyweCT!3J1eHHbIX K HacToHlUeMY B}JeMeHH. npe>Klle 'JeM nepeXQUJfTh K 0603peHHIO BTopoi1 rpynnbl I1C- TOlJHI-1KOB no HCTOpl-111. CYJJ;e6HOH pepMbl neTpa I - M8Tepl1.aJlOB cyne6HoH 1-1 <\1lMI1.HHcrpaTI1BHOM npaKTMKH - I-1Mee-r CMb]CJ! KPClTKO MOTI1BHpoBaTh C<IMY Heo6xonuMOCTh I-1X HCn0J1b30BaHI1.51 II HacrO}[- lUeM I1.CCJlellOB.:'1HI1.I1. neJIO B TOM. 'ITO elUe co BpeMeH K. E. TPOUH- HblH <1>. M. nMHTpI1.CBa JJ;O Hawm nHeii npoTHHYJIaCb 01MelJeHHaJI Bhlrne Tj)8llHIDJ}!, no KOTOpoH HCTOpHKo-npaBOllble pa3bICKaHHJI, KacaBWHeCH XVIII B., OCHOBblBaJlHCb HCKllJO'IHTeJ1bHO H8 HopMa- TI1BHh]X npaBOBh]X aKTaX, H3B!le'-JeHHb]X H3 nepBOro nOJ1HOro CO- 6paHHH 38KOHOB. Me)\\.l],y TeM. ellle B 1903 1". M. M. EiOroc.nOBCKI1H KpI1.TI1'JHO nOllMeTWI, 'JTO «6onbWHHCTBO 113 -rex HCCJlenOBaTeJ1eH, B P}Kax KC1JOfJbI" 6bVIO fll-1Wb nOIlHoe c06paHI1.e 3aKOHOB. 11. orpaHI1.- 'J11B8IOTCSI TOJ1bKO nOCJlenOBaTeJ1bHbIM H3JlO)KeHHeM HaxO.DJIlllHXCH B HeM JaKOHOD.aTe J1bHblX aKlDB. KaK 6bl He npe1lJl0JJarn51 B03MO)/{}{OH I Marepl1aJ1b[ no HCTOptII1 npoueccyaJIbHoro npaBa POCCl1I1 KOHua XVII Ha'lolJIl XVIII BCKOB. Y'JC6. noc06Hc I Cocr. 10. n. TI1TOB. M.. 1963. B naHHOM c60pHIilKe nOMelliHO n.llTb JaKOH01laTeJ\bHb!X tlKTOB. IlpH- Be.neHHb[X no nepBOMY nOJIHOllty C06paHl1tO JaKOHOB. l KJ"t1IOf/Jwt 0 E, J/e6eiJefJ B. M. CelfwUIf r. 10 YKa3 C04. T 2. C. 151-110.488-509. 568-623. Bee .nO"}'\feHTaJlbHble \laTeP11a,bI naHHoro pa3lleJ1a BOCnpoI1JBC.neHb] no nepBOMY nOJlHOMY co6p.rnl1tO JaKOHOB 
64 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KaKYJO-JlI.160 pa3HIUlY Me}l([\Y Mb]CJ1blO 3aKOHOlJ.aT('JIJII1 ee npaKTI1- "leCKMM OCYllleCTBJleHl'leM B nei1CTBI1TeJ1bHOCTJ.1»I. BnOJlHe B nyxe npHBeneHHoro C}0K1I.eHlliI M. M. EOfUCJIOB- CKOrO 60nee nOJIYBfKa cnYCT5I BblCKa3aJ1C5I H COBeTCJa1H npaBOBefl B. n. nopTHOB. B craTbe 1964 f. B. n nopTHOB nO.Ll'lepKHYJI, "iTO «6 p5llJ;e CJI)''-laea nOJlblTKa n)XlCJle.LlHTb HCTOpHfO rocynapCTBeHHO- npaBOBb]X HHCTJ.1.-.yrOB TQJ1bKO no JaKOHO)1,aTeJ1bHb]M 3KTaM MO)l(eT npl1BeCnl K HCKa)((eHHOMY OCBeweHiHO JJ;ei1CTBHTeJ1bHoro nOJIO- }l(eHH}I... He I1CTOpHiO HOpM<iTI1BHbIX aKTOB nOmKeH cl:JHKCMpOl*lTb I1CTOpt.JK npaB.:'1, a BOccraHoBHTb KapTHH)' npollUloro, T. e. nOKa- JaTb, KaKOBa Bn.eiiCJBl.f're/lbHOCTH 6bUIa rocYlrapcTBeHHO-npaBOBasI CfJJYKJypa 06rneCTBa B onpeneJleHHblH nepHoll...»2. BItDJflUJ YMeCTHblM npHBeCTH 3.LleCb H MHeHHe H. A. 80c- ""peceHCKoro. Bo BCTymHeJlbHoi1 CTaTbe K «3aKOHO.D.aTeJlbHblM 3KTaM neTpa I» H. A. BocKpeceHcKI1i1 OTMen1Jl, '1TO «OJJ;HHM 113 OCHOBHb]X YCJiOBHi1 JU10110TBOpHOro H3Y'-leH11.I1 3nOXI1 peq:.opM ne-rpa I llOJl)!(HO 6bITb OC:B06o)!([(eHl1e HCCJ1ellOBaTeJlH OT o6aHHI151 nOJ1Hloro] co6plaHH5I1 3aKloHoB] Poc:clHMcKoHI HMnlnepHH]. ... MHHY51 ero, cJ1ellYeT 06paruaTbC5I Henoc:pellcTBeHHo K apxllB- HblM llOK}'MeHTaM. MOrylllHM npOJlHTb HOBblH CBeT Ha npoHc- XO)!([(eHHe H xapaKTep pe<tx>PMb] neTpa I»J. C nOll06Hb]MH MHeHH.IIMH npellllIeCTBeHHHKOB "I])YJI.HO He COrJl3CHTbC5I. COBeprneHHO HeocnopHMO, '-ITO npaBOBble HOPMb] (oc06eHHo Te H3 HHX, IJ KOTOpblX perJlaMeHTl1pylOTCH opraHH- 3aWI5I H cl>YHKUHOHHpOBaHHe roCy.n.apcTBeHHOro annapara) MO- ryr npeTIJOp5lTbC5I IJ )!(J13Hb n.aneKO He 6YKBaJlbHO. A pa3 TaK, TO ynopHa51 3aMKHyroCTb p5lll3 alJTopOIJ XIX - Ha11Ma XXI IJ. Ha nOJ1HOM co6paHHH 3aKOHOIJ HeH36e)!(HO o50pa'IHBaJlacb H3- ] Eozoc.W6CIi:UU M M I1CCJleJlOBaHH.II no I1CTOplII11 MeCTHoro ynpaBJIe- HH.II... C. 73 B MOHorPa4JHI1 1902 r. M. M. EiorOCJlOBCKI1H - B 6oJ1ee 06- JH()I.i 4x:!pMe - Bblpa:lllJ1Cfl 0 TOM. 'JTO Y'leHblf.i. KOTOpbIf.i B3SIJ1CH fibl aHaJlI1311pOBaTb neHTeJlbHOCTb opraHOB BJlacTI1 neTjJOBCKOrO BpeMeHI1 Ha OCHOBaHI1H OllHI1X nl1llJb .nOJDKHOCTHbIX I1HCTPYKUI1H. «OLJeHb HanOMHHJI 6b] TOro raJeTHoro penopTepa. KOTopblH, np0'I1}I a!fmwy, IIaJI OTLJeT 0 Heco- CTOHBIllI1MCH KOHuepre" (Eococ.,IOIJCKUU M M  pe4>oPMa nerpa BeJlI1KOro. C. 91). ! flopmH06 B. n. Wl1pe I1CnOJlbJOsaTb apXHBHb]e llOK)'MCHThI B IOpH- n.wttKil1( IfCCJlf.nOImUf.IIX II CoBeTCKoe rocy.napcTBO 11 npaoo. 1964. Ng 8. C. 41. BnOJlHe CX01lHble C)I)KI1eHHH eM. TalOKe B 60JJee Q"1:lIlHeit Cffin,e: flopm- ;:::H ::I/;::::H3 N:r2(?r;;.:- J BocIqJ(!C(!llCKUU H. A. Apxcorpa4JH'JeCKOC B[J.ueHl.Je. C. 22. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 65 seCTHOH OllHOCTOpOHHOCTblO I1X paGOT (XOHI 11 CM.IIfl-IeHHoi1 B OTlleJlbHb[X CJlyttaJlx my6I1HoH 8BTOpcKOro IOpl11llll'leCKOrO Mb]W- JleHI1.11). 113 TaKHX )"-IeHhlX Tpy.nOB B03MO)KH0 Y.llCHIiiTh He peaJIh- J-IYIO cy.nh6y Tex I1JlH HHhlX npaBOBhlX HHCTHlyrOB. 8 B 60JJhweH Mepe HlleaJIhHhle H8MepeHH5I 3aKOHo.naTeJl5l. ECJlH >Ke BcnOMHHTh 3aO.1lH0 H 0 pacCMOTpeHHblX Bblwe 113H8'laJIbHO B03HHKaBWI1X npoGeJ1ax B HopMaTIIIBHb]X HCTO'lHHKaX XVI-XVIII BR, TO He- 06XOllHMOCTb npHBJle4eHl1Jl M8repl1aJ10B CY11e6HOH H MMI-1HI-1- CTpaTI-1BHOH np<lKTHKH CTaHeT ewe 60JJee 04eBI11lHoi1. '-ITO KaC8eTC.II ny6J1I1KallHH TaKHX MaTepHaJlOB, ro H8H60- J1ee 3H8'lHTeJlhHhIMH 113 HHX - npHMeHHTeJ1hHO K neTpOBCKOMY BpeMeHH - CJ1e.11YeT npH3HaTh ynoM5IHYfhle <<l!.OKJIaIlhl H npHro- BOPbl, COCTOflBWHeC.II B npaIUrreJ]hcmYIOWeM CeHaTe...» H ewe GOJ1ee <!JYHJJ:aMeHTaJlbHOe «OnHcaHHe .nOKYMeHTOB H JJ;eJ1, XpaH5I- WIIIXC.II B apXHBe CB.IITeHwero npaBI1TeJ1bCTBYlOwero CHHQQa» (nepBble nflTb TOMOB KOTOpOm nOCBflWeHb] H3JlO)l(eHHIO MaTe- pHaJlOB nepooi1 'IeTHepTH XVIII B.). CTOHT I-1MeTb B BI11lY TaK- >Ke 06Wl1pHYIO ny6J1I1KaUHIO MaTepHaJlOB npeHMywecTBeHHO no HCTOpHH rpml<llaHCKOm CY110npOH3BOllcrna KOHua XVII - Ha<m- J18 XVIII B., KOTOPYfO nOllroTOBHJI B 1880-e rr. BHllHhl}1 npaBO- Bell 11 roCY11apCTBeHHh]H .nemeJ1h K. n. n06ellOHocuen. KpoMe TOro, HeJ1b3.11 050HTI1 ynOMHH8HI1eM H31l8HHble .fIPOCJI8BCKOH ry- 6epHCKOH Y'-leHOH apXHBHOH KOMHCCHeH B 1908-1909 fr. «AKTbl YfJlH'lCKOi1 npOBI-1HUHarlbHoi1 KaHUeJIflpHI-1 (1719-1726 ff.)>>, 3Ha'll1TeJlhHYlO <mcn KOTOpblX COCTIlBHJlH MaTepl1aJ1hl cy.ne6HoH npaKTI1K(1I. Oc060 CJ1e.11YeT ynOMSlHyrb OCYlUeCTBJleHHyJO M. M. Eoroc- J10BCKHM ny6J1HKauHIO.nBYX BeChMa BIDKHhlX.lI.IT.IIl1CTOpHH xapaK- repH3yeMoi1 cy.ne6Hoi1 pe<l:>oPMb[ npoeKTOB HOpMaTHBHhlX npa- BOBblX aKTOB. Pe'lb l1J];eT 0 pa3pa6oTaHHbiX B JOcmU-KOJUJerHH I1HCTpyKUHI-1 n pOBHHUHaJlbHOMY CJ1lY H I1HCTpyKUHI-1 HMBOp- 1 0ntlCaHtle 11Qt.;Yf.teHTOB III 11eJ1. xp3HHWUXC.II B apXHBe CBHTCi1rnero npaBI1TeJlbCTBytOWero CI1HO.na cn6, 1878-1897. T. 1-5; HCTopHKO- tOPl1lll1'lCCKHC 8KTbJ nepe'IDJlHOii 3nOXI1 XVII-XVIII BB. I ny6n. K. n. no- 6eLloHOCUeRa. cn6, IRR7 ITO >Ke: '-IOHllP. 1886 KH. 3. C. 1-160; KH. 4. C. 161-2941; AKTb[ YmwlCKOO npoBHHUl1arJbHOH KaHUCMpHIII (1719- 1726 rr.) I nOLl pe.n. (f) B TapaHoRCKoro. M.. 19(1;-1909. T 1-2 ITpYllb] IIpoCJJaBcKoH ry6cpHCKOH )"JeHoH ../pxil.DHOH KOMI1CCIIIIII. KH. 51. B nOCJlCJl- Hei1 ny6JJI1KaUHI1 eM , npejf(j}e ocero. pa3J1eJlb!: cOme"rc'meHHOCTb 11 OT'JeT- HOCTb 1l0Jl>KHOCTHb[X JlI1U». «06pa3UbJ. 4:10PM cy.nonpol1JDQlJ.CIDd», «AKrbl. rc;9 r5Hi.Mt nr;;3)eJl06I1THble» (TaM }l(e. 
66 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HOMY cyny, H3npaBJIeHHbiX COOTBeTCmeHHO B IHOHe H JJ;eKa6pe 1722 r. Ha YTIep)({1lem1e B npaBHTeJIbCTBYlOlU(.1j:j CeHa1. no He- HCHblM n.OHbIHe npt.J'lHHaM npoeKTbl 03Ha'leHHbIX I1HcTpyKUHH OCTaJlHCb 6e3 BCSlKOro paccMoTpeHl1S1 11 BnOCJlellCTBHH 3aTepH- JlHCb B MaccHBe ceHaTCKoro lleJ10n}X)113DOllCTBa. BblHBI1B nOll- JTI1HHHKH HaJRaHHblX npOeKTOB n c06paHIU1 MOCKOHCKoro ap- xJ.ma MHHHcTepCTBa IQCnlI.{lU1, M. M. EOrOCJIOBCK(1H H31laJI HX B npl1JlO}l(eHHI1 K llHccepmuHoHHoH MOHorpatlJI-uJ 1902 r. 1 HaKoHeu. B pH.llyony6J1I1KOIXIHHb]XI1CTOlJHHKOB, nmpe6Hbix DJ[.I1 mY4eHIHI cyn.e6HoM pe(]>opMbl neTpa I, HeJIb3S1 He OTMeTHTb «l1eemYUI,ee COCtII01lJlUe BcepOCCUUCKOi!O 2OCyiJapcm6a,> - cocraB- JleHHOe 11. K. KHpHJIOBbiM YHI1KaJlbHoe no ofueMY HH<t>oPMa- Wi" CTaTI1Cnf<JeCKoe H 3KOHOMHKo-reorpatlJl1'lecKoe Onl1CaHHe Hawei1: crpaHb] no COCTO.l1HHIO Ha 1726 1"O.lt. YYlITbIBa.ll. 'lTO C 27 HO.ll6p.ll 1721 r. no 12 OKHI6p.ll 1727 r. l1eaH KJ.1plUlOB co- CT05Ul B llOJI}I(HOCTJ.1 ceKpeTap.ll B KaHUeJlflpMI1 OpaBI1TeJ1bCTB}'IO- lllero CeHaTB. npMBelleHHble B eeo 'Ipy.ne CBelleHMSI. 0 TOm.aWHeM nocrpoeHI1t.J rocYllapCTBeHHoro annapara POCCI1t.J OTJlI1lJ81OTCfI BblCOKOii CTeneHblO .nocTOBepHocTH. OOMt.JMO HHOro, 11. K KHPHJ10B npt.JBeJ1 B H83B8HHOH pa- GaTe CI1CTeM8Tj.flJeCKl1e 118HHble K8K 06 opraHI13aUl111 CYlle6HOH CI1CTeMbl POCCI1I1. Tal' 11 0 lllTaTHOH CTpyKTyJJe opraHOB npaBo- CYJ],l1Jl. TeM CaMb]M, B «UBeTYllleM COCTOflHI1I1...» OKaJaJIl1Cb CT8- TI1CTl1lJeCKJ.1 38tlJHKCHpOB8Hb] I1TOm neTpOBCKI1X npeo6paJOfja- Ht.JH B OfirlaCTH cy.noycrpoHCTBa. He YBl11leBlllee CBeT npH }l(H3HI1 COCTaBt.JTeJ1S1 «UBcTYlllee COCTOSlHHe..." 6bUlO BnepBble H31l8HO B 1831 r., a 3aTeM B 1977 r.! 1..ITO KacaeTCSI He.1l0KYMeHTaJ1bHbIX (nonecTBOmrreJ1bHblx) I1CTOlJHMKOB. TO 113 lJHCJ18 TaKOBb]X llJIfI 113}''-IeHI1f1 06cTO.llTeJ1bCTB CYAe6HOH pecjJopMb] OeTpa 1 npellCTaBJIfleT I1HTepec. nYMaeTcfI, e1ll1HCmeHHblH - nO.IJ.3a6b]Tble ceronHSI 8BTo6HorpaifJI1'-IeCKI1e 3a- nl1CKI1 repM8Ha 6peBepH8, BI1Ue-npe3ltlleHTa IOCTI1U-KOJ1JlerI1H B 1717-1721 rr. OrMeqeHHble 38nt.JcKH (H8nI1C8HHble B n011JlI1H- Ht.JKe nO-Jl8TbIHI1) 6bUll1 t.J3ll8Hbl B 1847 r. H8 HeMeUKOM Sl3blKe non 3arJIaBHeM «Hermann's von Brevem Leben» 1«)!(J.j3Hb rep- ] Do.roc.106CKUU8 M M. 06JJacrHIDI pe4x:!pMa nClpa 1kJ1I..JKOro. npl1Jlo- )l(eHHH. C.4-J9. ! KllptL108 If. K. UBel)'lllee COCTOHHl..Je lkepocCI1WCKOro rocynapcrsa. M, 1831. KH. 1-1; OH;HC{' UBe1YLUee CO\.IOfIHl1e lkepoccl1i1cKOro rocy- napCTBa. M, 197711laJ1ee CCbLflKI1 Ha TPYli J.1 K. Kl1pl1J1osa 6yllyr I1pI1BO- IIlfTbCH no I13.ill]Hl1tO 1977 r.l. 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 fiT MaHa cjJoH EipeBepHa»]I. Oplll BceM TOM, '1TO 3anHCKI1 06pblBa- IOTC5I Ha 1718 f. III nOCB5IllleHbl, fJIaBHblM 06pa30M, I113JlO.JKeHIllIO 06CT05ITeJlbCTB 6HofpaqJlH1 r. 6peBepHa n.o npHe3118 B POC:CHIO, B HX 3aKJllO l IHTeJlbHOH '1aCTH COllep.JKHTC5I pM BeCbMa HHTepeCHblX CBen.eHJ1f1 0 C06bITH5IX Ha</aJla cyn.e6Hof1 pe$opMbl. BblweOXapKTeplll30BaHHb]e ny6J1HKaUHH n.OI<)'MeHTOB OXBa- TIIIJlH co6of1, pa3}'MeeTCJ1, J1HllIb HH'-ITO.JKHYIO '!BCTb MMIIIHIIICTpa- TIIIBHOro III cyn.e6Horo H8CJ1e1ll1J1 KOHua XVII - nepBOf1 '1eTBepTI1 XVIII B. I1MeHHo n03TOMY KPaf1He }l(eJ1aTeJJbHO 06pallIeHHe HC- CJle.nOBareml K apxHBHblM cjJoHllaM. Heony6J1HKOBaHHble MaTepHaJlbl, TaK HJlH HHa'le BbICBe'lH- BaIOWHe no.nrOTODI<)' H npoDe.neHHe CYlle6H0H pecjJoPMbI OeTpa I, OKa3aJIHCb K HaCTOHweMY BpeMeHH Coc:pellOTO<ieHbl fJIaBHblM 06- paJOM B PoccHikKOM roCYllapcTBeHHOM apxrme 1lj)eBHHX aKTOB ee - pr NI,A) H B MeHbwef1 Mepe - B POCCHf1CKOM focy- n.apCTBeHHOM IIICTOpl1'leCKOM apxJ..lBe ee - prl1A) H B POC- CI1HCKOM rocy118pCTBeHHOM BoeHHO-I1(;TOpH'IeCKOM apXI1Be (lla- nee - prBI1A). B prNI,A .nOI<)'MeHTbl, IIIMelOlllHe oTHorueHllle K pe<t>oPfC, OTJIO)KillJI1Cb, npe;:KJIe BCero. B Heo6'bHTHOM <t>owre 248 (,CeHaTHeraytlpe;:KJIeHH5I»(KOTOPblf1 H. B. KarJa'loB ewe B 1878 f. 06Pa3HO H TO'-IHO Ha3BaJI «6JIafOllaPl1b1M PYllHHKOM» llJIH }"feHO- ra!). 3.neCb, B nepB}'lO O<iepen.b. HeOOXQ!I.I1MO OTMeTlIITb 06pa3uOBO coxpaHHBwHf1cH KOMJUJeKC }-IGOHOro H npOTOKOJlbHOfO neJlon)X)- H3BOllCTIlli OpalJl1TeJlbCTBYlOwero CeHaTd 3a 1719-1725 fr. J B fu1HHOM KOMJUleKCe COllep}I(a'JC}( YHHKaJlbHble no nOJIHOTe H nOCTOBepHOCH1 CBelleHHH 0 cyn.e6HoH neHTeJlbHOCTH CeHaTa, 0 era B3al1MOlleHCTmm C I1HbIMH cyne6HblMH opraHaMH (a TaK.JKe C nP0KYPal)'pOH, $HCKaJlbCKOH CJI}')K60H H «MaHopcKHMI1» CJlell- CTBeHHblMIII Ka HUeJlSlpHHMIII), 0 Mepax no opraHHJaUl111 H KOM- I Hennann's von Brevern Leben II Archiv fur die Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands I Hrsg. F. G Bunge. Dorpa(. 1847. I3d. 5 S.125-259. ! KMa<to8 H. B. 0 CeHaTe B uapcrOOBaHl1e nerpa Be.r1I1KOro: HCJqJllKO- tOPl1ll114CCKoe I1CCJ1CIIOBaHl1e CeprcJI nCTpoBCKoro: pcueH3H.11 II Or-ICT 0 lleBHTHailuaTOM npl1C:y;+;JJ.eHI1I11 Harpaa rpaqm YIk1pOBa Cn6., 1878. c. 152. J I1MelOTcH B BHllY: 3anI1CHb]e KHl1rH ceHaTCKHX )'I«130B, pacnOpH>Ke- HI1f.i 11 npl1roBOpoB Ja 1719-1723 rr. (PfNlA, 41. 148. KH. 1883, 1884. 1886. 1887. 188911 1891), KHl1fH nQ!1llI1HHblX ceHaTCIillX yx.J3(JB 11 npHro- BopoB 3a anpeJ\b 1723-1725 n. (TaM .lKC, KH. 19)3-1921, 1923-1934, 1937. 1939-1949). KHl1rH 6enOBbIX npo1OKOllOB 3aCe1G3HI1i1 CeHaTa 3a 1721, 1723 11 1724 rr. (Ta)'! >Ke. KH. 1888, 1922 11 1935). a TalOKe KHl1rl1 nO.ll.l1l1HHblX YKa30B 11 npHrooopoB CeHaTa 3a 172411 1725 rr, np0'(OllllBWI1X no Cel<peT- HOMY .neJlonpoH3DOllCTDY (TI])'! .lKe. KH. 193611 1931;). 
68 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I nneKTOBaHHIO JlH'lHb]M COCTdBOM OpraHOB npaBOCYlll1}[, npOKY- parypbl H $1CKaJ1bCKOH CJ1}')K6b1, 0 <t>oPMl1pOBaHI1H YJlQ)KeHHoi1 KOMHCCI-U1 1720-1727 fr. B 'laCTHOCn:l, B COCTaBe 3aJ1HCHOH KHH- rn CeH3TCKI1X }'K830B H pacnopffiKeHHi1 33 1723 f. no HaC llOlllllO 113J10)f(eHHe HMeHHoro YKa3a OT 30 flHBapH 1723 f. 06 Y'lpe)l(lleHHH llO)DKHocnl reHepaJI-.q.u..JCKaJla - 'JTO 03Ha<JaJlO BOCCTaHOBJ1eH(1e BellOMCTBeHHoH caMQCTO.HTeJ]bHOCTH t):II1CKaJlbCKO(:J CJ]y.>K6bl (cro- HT 3aMeTI1Tb, '1TO Ha3BaHHb](1 }'Jan n;OHb]He He BBO)J;J1JIC.II B HaY'l- Hbli1 o60JXJT, He normB HI1 B OepBoe nOJmoe co6paHl1e 3aKOHOB, HM B «3aKOHOll3TeJ1bHble 8KTbL.» H. A. BOCKpeCeHCKOro). HCMaJIOB<DKHble DJlSI HCTOpHH cyne6HoH pe$opMbl llOI,'-YMCH- Tbi OTJlO>IGUIHCb- npaB.LI.a. coneprneHHopa3JX)3HeHHO - H BO MHO- >KeCTBe lIpyrHX e./ll1HHU xpaHeHtlfl $JHlla 248 prAlI.A.. TaK. cpe.rUf 06paJOBaBllII1X KHHry 905 $JHM 248 MaTepHalJOB no rJT3BHOMY MaUIC1JKUY Hera.u,aHHO «BCJlJ1bU1» He BKJlI04eHHb]H HI1 B KaK(1e npellweCTB}'IOlllI1e ny6J1I1KaUMM M YKa3aTeJIM 3aKOH OT 16 OKT.II6p51 1721 r., B KOTOpoM }1{,."'J3H8BJII1BMaCb nOllcyn.HOCTb rJIaBHOMY Ma- fJ.1CTpary BpeMeHHO npmKJ1BaB1ll1fX B POCCMM HHOCTpaHHbIX KOM- MepcaHTOB (<<Uti03e1tf06 1<.}."etqCUX Jlrodeu»). 3H8<1MTeJIbHblf1 MaCCMB 1l0J<yMeHTaW1H 06 yqpe)K1leHMM M nepOOH8'IMbHOM <tJYHKUHOHH- pOO8HHM «M8HOpcKHX» CJ1ellCTBeHHbIX KaHUeJI5lPMH CGXpaHWlC.II B COCTaBe KHMrI1 51 <t>oHll8 248. A BOT WMpOKO MCnOJIb30BaBWMeC.II npH nOllfOTOBKe xapaKTepmyeMof1 pe<t>opMbl MaTePHMb] 0 CYllOY- crpoHCTBe WBeW1H H8"laJI3 XVIIIIJ. Hax01l.llTC.II cerollJUl B COCTa- Be KHHm 58 TOro >Ke <t>oHD.a. Kpote TOro, B c06paHHH <t>oHlla 248 llO HaWHX llHeH yue- JleJI <tJparMeHT crHHYBwero B KpeMJIeOCKOM nO>Kape 1737 r. ap- XMBa BblwHero CYlla - n01l6opKa MaTepHaJTOB peJOH8HCHblX (no cOBpeMeHHoif TepMMHOJTOrl1H) yrOJTOBHblX llCJT, paccMorpeHHblx H83BaHHbIM cyll OM B 1723-1724 fr. I '-ITO xapaKTepHO, D.aHHble ] 3TO - npe>K.lle BCero JaKOH'JeHHble CYDe6HbiM njX)HJBOJ1CTBOM neno f. f. CKoPHHKosa-nI1Capella M n. n. Wa4JfJXJBd, ,.neno 4JHCKaJlOB» (KOMruICKC yrOJlOBHblX neJ\ 1722-1723 n. no 06BHHCHl1tO rpynnbl 1l0.'VKHOCT- HblX nl1U 4JHCKaJlbCKOi1 cnVJI<:6b1). a TalOKe lle.O no 06BI1HeHl1tO B npec1}'lllIe- HI1HX npoTHB I1HTepeCOB cny.mbl TaMO;t;l'HHOrO 6ypMI1C1]Ja <]:I. A 6onurHoro (PfNlA, 41.148, KH. 300; KH 273, KH. 274; KH 30, n. 144-100 06.). YMeCTHo llo6aBmb, 'JTOOCHOBHIDI'JaCTbM.JIqJllaJlOBCy.nc6HOrolle.JI1! f. f. CKOPHHKOsa- nl1capesa 11 n. n. I..L.Ia4Jl1pcma 6bllJa - B Bl1D.t naupo6Hom nepecKa- Ja - ony6nl1KosaHa B 1859 r. n. 11. HBaHOBb]M (lIenH06 n. If. CYllHoe .neJIO Hall neCTBI1TeJ1bHbIM TaHbIM COBeTHI1KOM 6apoHOM Watj:Jl1jX)BbIM M o6ep- npoKYpopoM CeHaTa CKOPH.IIKOBbIM-nI1CapeBbIM II }I(YPHaJI MI1HI1CTepcTBa IOCTIWI1H. 1859. T. I. KH. 3. C. 8-62). 
fIlas.a 1. IlI<1TepaT)'pa I1I11CTO'-IHI1K1>1 69 eltlllHIIIUbl xpaHeHIIISI npellCTaBJISlIOT co6oli UeJlOCTHb]e KOMJUJeK- CbllloKYMeHTOB KaK CYlle6Horo, TaK W nocyne6Horo (a 3aOllHO H CYlle6HO-HCnOJlHI1TeJlbHOfO) npOl.J3BOllCTBa no cOOTBeTCTBYfO- Il.ll'IM yroJlOBHblM neJIaM. 00 3TOH npH'lHHe MaTepHaJlbl OTMe- 1.jeHHOH nOlt6opKH neJl S1BJ1S1fOTCH ueHHblM HCTO'lHHKOM D.JISI pe- KOHCTpyKUlII1II He TOJlbKO IIICTOplll1ll BbllllHero cyna III TOrnaWHlllx opraHOB npetlBaplllTeJlbHoro pacCJ1eltOBaHIII.II, HO III D.JISI peKOH- CTpyKUlII1II MHOflllX oc06eHHoCTeH yroJlOBHOro cynOnpOlll3BOltCTBa Pm:clIIlII B nepBOH <JeTBep-r1ll XVIII B. HapHltY C <tJOHltOM «CeHaT H era }"-Ipe)l(1!eHHSI», B POC- cHilcKOM rocy.napcTBeHHoM apXHBe lIpeBHHx BKTOB M8TCpHaJlbl, HMefOlliHe OTHorneHHe K neT])OBCKHM cyne6HblM npe06pa30na- HHSlM. OTJlO>KHJlHCb B 3HB<JHTeJlbHOM KOJlH'IeCTBe TBlOKe B cjJoH- lIe 9 «Ka6HHeT neTpa I», <t>oHlle 1451 «I-1MeHHb]e YKa3bl neTpa I CeH8TY)', ctJoH.ne 282 «IOcTHU-KoJUJeflllSl», <f>ot-tlte 285 «IOCTHU- KOHTOpa» H B p5ltle <t>oHll.OB MeCTHblX opraHOB BJIaCTI1 XVIII B., HaH60JJbWHIII HHTepeC H3 KOTOpblX HeCOMHeHHO npellCTaBJIHeT c06paHHe <t>oHJJ.a 982 «5lpoCJ1aBcKHH HaIlBOpHbifi CYlI». He B.LJ.a- Ba5lCb B xap8KTepHcTHK)' K8)I(ll0ro H3 HaHMeHOB8HHbiX <t>oH1l0B, He06xonHMo OTMeTHTb, 'ITO eCJlH lIOK)'MeHTbl <tJOHltOB «Ka6HHeT OeTpa I» H «I1MeHHble YKa.Jb] OeTpa I CeH8TY)' OTHOCHTeJlb- HO UIHpOKO IIICnOJlb3QBaJlHCb }')Ke HeCKOJlbKHMIII nOKOJleHIffiMH OTe<JeCTBeHHb]X H 3apy6e.>KHbIX HCCJleltOBaTeJleH, TO M<iTepHaJlbl <t>oH1l0B, B KOTOPb]X xpaHHTC}[ ltOKYMeHTaUIIIJI cyne6HbiX opraHOB nepBOH 1.jeTBep-r1ll XVIII B., nOHb]He nOYTH He BocTpe60BaJlHcb yYeHbIMH. .llOCTIlTO'lHO CKa38Tb. 1.jTO KOJIOCCaJlbHOe c06paHllle <t>oH1l3 282 «IOCTI1U-KoJUJem5l» (24790 e1lIllHIIIU xpaHeHHJl I ) no HacT05l111erO npeMeHH HCnOJlb30BaJlH B HCTopHKo-npanOBblX H3- b]CKaHHJlX TOJlbKO.n. A CTellleHKo,.n. M. EiaJIaKHpeBa. E. B. Eio- pO.nHH8 na 8BTOp HaCT05IweH pa60Tbl. A K 60mreHllIeMY ctJOI--I1IY 285 «IOCTHU-KOHTOpa» (cOltep.>KallleMY. B <JaCTHOCTI1. HHTepec- HeHllIHe 1l0KYMeHTh] 0 tlJyHKUI10HHpOBaHIIIH B neTpOBCKoe BpeMn CaHKT-OeTep6yprcKl1x HallBOpHOro H npOBHHUHaJlbHoro cynoB) H3 <JHCJIa npellwecTBYfOwHX aBTopoB 06p8lllaJIacb ellHHCTBeH- HO O. E. KOWe JIeBa 2 . I UeHTprulbHb[H rocy.napcTBeHHbli1 "pxi-fB n.peBHI1X 8KTOB CCCP: nyre- BOlll1TtJ1b I Cocr. to. M. 3CIOIH. M. B. 686114. E. <D. )\(enoxosuesa M.. 1992. T. 2. C. 121. 2CJ1en}eT OTMenm, 'JTO HeM,moe 'Jlllc.OnOKyllleHTOB, nOnaBWI1X - y)Ke B COBeTCKI1H nepl101l- B ct>oH1lbl182 11185 PP\llA. I1CnOJlb30BaJI JTpI1 nOll- IUlUBKC nl1CCepTaUHOHHOH MOHorpulJl.:!I1 1902 r. M. M. Eoroc_OBCKI1i1. 
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rnaBa 2. Cy,qe6HaJI CMCTeMa POCCMM B npepe4>oPMeHHblM nepMoA (1696-1716 rr.) fi 1. Cy,qoYCTPOCTBO M cy,qonpOM3BOA(:TBO POCCM B XVII B. 0603peHHe H3MeHeHHf1 B OTe11eCTBeHHOM cynoyC'rpof1cTBe H cynonpoH3BOnCTBe, ocyweCTBJIeHHblX nerpoM I no Ha11Ma cy- ne6HoH peqx,PMbl, Heo6xoflHMO Ha':laTb C np05lCHeHI1J1 Bonpoca o TOM, KaK)'1O >Ke cyne6HYK> C(1CTeMY 3aKOH01l8TeJIb nOJI}"-I(1JI B }{3CJ1elU'le OT MOCKOBCKOro llapCTBa. Heo6xOlmMO - XOT.II 6bI B o6wI1x ':IepTaX - nOH5ITb. KaK 6bUl OpraH(130BaH (1 KaK <)JYHK- UHOHHpOBaJI TOT cyn, mMeH5ITb, a 3aTeM H npeo6pa30BbIBaTb KO- ropbIf1 B351J[CJI 6ynyumf1 HMneparop. 3necb, npe)({fle Bcero, HeJIb351 He KOHCmn:lpoBaTb, 11TO pa3BHH1e OTe':leCTBeHHof1 CYlle6HOH CHCTeMbl B XVII B. (13y>-1e- HO MeHee nOlIpo6HO. He)f(eJII'I ee p<l3BI'ITHe B nerpOBCK)'1O 3noxy. JJ.OCTaTO'-lHO cKa3aTb, 'lTO K HacTOfIlLleMY BpeMeHI'I He nOllroTOB- JIeHO HI'I elll'lHoj:j HI'I MOHorpa<)J(1'leCKoj:j. HH lU'IccepTaUI'IOHHOj:j pa60Tbl. KOTOpa51 nOJIHOCTbK> 6bl nOCB5IWaJlaCb cynOYCTpOj:jCTBY H cynonpoH3BOllCTBY POCCI'IH OT CMyrbl no YCTaHOBJIeHHSI elll1- HOllep)f(aBHSI neTpa I. BMeCTe C TeM, He yrny6JISlSlCb B HCTOpHO- rpa<)JHJeCKHe lle6pH. CTOHT OTMeTHTb, <ITa HCTOpHSI cyne6Hof1 CHCTeMb] XVII B. (K p<l3bICKaHHSIM no KOTOpoi1 BnepBble 06pa- 
76 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I TlliIMcby}({e He pa3 ynoMflHyrble K. fl. KaBeJU1H. K. E. Tpomnm J..I fP. M. llMHTpl'leB) TaK 11111'1 HH8'le npl'lBJIeKll8 B XX - H8'laJ1e XXI B. BHHM8HHe MHOrl'lX HCCJ\en.OBaTeJ1eH - OT H. 51. fYPJUIH- n.a H M. M. EoroCJ10BCKOrO no A. C. CMhlKaJlHH8 H fl. n. Cy- MHHa l . np(1 3TOM H3}"JeHHOCTb HCTOp(11'( POCCl-U1CKOro npaBOCYD.WI XVII B. OTJllNaeTC.II 3aMernoi1: HepaBHOI\tepHOCTblO. EioJ1ee n0Jq106- HO OKaJa/iOCb Ha ceroltHHllIH(1H JJ;eHb I'ICCJlenOBaHO 4>YHKUI10H(1- polXIH(1e BblCTynaBWI1X B"I)' nopy B K3'leCTBe cynoB nepBOro 3BeHa ry6HhIX 11 BOeBO.D.CKllX 1136 OT.fieJlbHhlX TeppHTOpl1j..j (oc06eHHo CH- IlJplJlHiJ If. H. npl11<a3 CbICKHb!X .nen II C6opHI1K CTaTeH no I1CTO- pHIil npaBa. nOCBHweHHbIH M. Q). BJlaQI1MHPCKoMy-EiynaHoBY Kl1eB, 1904. C. 87-H)9. Eomc.W6C1WiiM. M. 3eMcKoe c.i\fnp<Rl1eHl1e Ha F')CCKOM Ce- se B XVII B. M., 1911 T. 1. C. 140-159; OJlPOV1lnJJtUK06 E. 11. 04epK IICTOpllll1cyna... C. 125-149; Ep.VOIC/OO If. n. CpclIHee nOBO.fDKbe 130 mupoii: nOnOBI1He XVI-XVII BB (ynpaBJ1eHl1e Ka3aHCKI1M KpaeM). Ka3aHb, 1982 C 112-114. 130-131. PaJJJI.ffite pyCCKOro npasa B XV - nepBoi1 nOJlOBHHe XVII BI>. I nOlI pe.n. E.c. HepcecHHua. M., 19!i6. C.l05-11O. 216-111; KHR3bK06 C. E. CYlle6Hble npHKa.3b] 11 KOHUC XVI - nepooH noJIOBI1He XVII B. II I1cTOpH'lecKHe 3anI1CKH. M., 19!i7. T. 115. C. 268-285, f"OIUIW- ea H. E. OpraHlo:num nOJ1I1TI1'[eCKoro CblCKa B POCCI1I1 XVI-XVII BB. II focYllapcmeHHb[e }"Ipejf(j}eHI1H POCCl1l1 XVI-XVIII DB. M., 1991. C. 11- 36: BepwUHUII E. B. BoeooncKOe ynpaBlleHllle B CI16Hpl1 (XVII BeK). EKa- repHH6ypr. 1998. C. 104-137; £qa3be8 B. H. RimCTb III 06urecTBo Ha lOre POCCIIII1 B XVII BeKe: npoTHoo.uei1CTBl1e yronoBHoH npecl1'nHocTH. Bopo- He)l(, 1001; CVb/KWlUH A. C CYlle6HaH CI1CTeMa POCCI1HCKoro rOCYJIapCTBa... C. 54-59; H.J..VfJ3UJ': B. C nOJlIffif'lecKI1H p03blCK Ha PyCI1 F! XVII BeKe II )1(m-urapMbl POCCI1I1: nOJlIITH'l.ecKHii po3b]CK POCCIIIIII XV-xx BeKa. C. 69- 89; AKUUlUH M. 0. !3oeOO.nCKI1H cy.n B CI1611pH HaKaH)'He cYlle6HoH pe- $JpMbI neTpa I II npo6J1eMbI I1CTOpHI1 MeCTHoro ynpaBJIeHI..J.II CI1611pl1 XVI-XXI BB.. MaTep. nmoH ocepocc. Ha)"JH. KOHl». HOBOCH6Itpo.::.l003. C. 153-162. A6iJeeea 0 A. Oc06eHHOCTH RllMI1HI1CTpaTHBHo-cYlle6Hoi1 CH- CTeMb[ CH611pH B nepl10A BoeBQ1lCKo-npHK£13HOfO ynpalilleHI1H II HCTO- pHH rOC)llapcTBa 11 npaBa 1003. NQ 2. C 34---4(); C)!IIUH Jl n Cylle6HbIe opraHbl MQCJ.;oocKoro rocynapCTBa XV-XVII BeKOB (HCTOptIKo-npaBoBoe IICC1Iel1OBaHl1e) ABTopel». nl1c. ... KaHn. tOPI11l HayK. H HOBropo.n, 20:)..1. KpoMe TOro, IJeCbMi:I COllepbHble (XOTH 11 pa.ljJOllieHHb]e) Ha6nlOne- HI1.11 0 npaKTHKI: J]M)K.!J.lliCKOro CYilonpol13DOllCTBa POCCHI1 KOHU3 XVII D- CM. B He./JaBHeH CTaTI>e.n. A. TI1MOWI1HOH (TU.!,f("J/UUHO fl. A. CYlle6Hoe lleJ10 rOCTH 11.lJ, naHKj)aTl>esa 11 K(Je\.""Th1IHI1Ha TOTeMcKoro }e:w'IlJ, 6pe.lll1HI1Ha 1687 r. /I 04epKH 1):Je0illlllbH0i1 POCCI1I1. M.-Cn6..1005. Ebln 9. C. 158- 160. 166-168. 172-174. 177-193,204-213,229-232). 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI'ICT8Ma PoCCI1I'1 B IlMeHHblri1 77 IleJH¥:\ (1696-1716 rr.} 6I1pH). A IJOT cyne6Ha5l neSlTeJIbHOCTb np"JQU()B H DOSlpcKoH nYMbl OCBelUM8Cb }"-IeHblMH 3BTOpaM(1 HecpaBHeHHo MeHbwe. Hal160- nee }f(e Cepbe3HblM (1CTopHorpacln-flJecKHM npo6eJJoM B naHHOM C!ly'me Bt-WJITCSI OTcyrclBlte pa60T 0 TaKOM BIDKHef1rneM cyne6Ho- nOJU1udicKOM BenOMCTBe XVI-XVIIBB.. KaK Pa360fiHbIH npl1Ka3 l . lfTO 61,1 TaM HH 6bUlO, CJle.llYeT pe3fOMHpceaTb. 'lTO cero.LlH5I BCe- TaKI1 HMeeTCSI 003MO)l(HOCTb COCTaBJ.ITb OTHOClfTeJlbHO L\eJIOCTHoe npeLlCT'dBJIeHHe 0 TOM, 'lTO }f(e 5IBJlIDI co60H crapOMOCKOBCKHH no- pe$JpMeHHbIH cyn. KaKOBhl }f(e 6WU1 H3H601lee cyrnecTlJeHHble 'lepTbl cy- noycTpoiicTBa H cynOnpoH3BO.D.CTBa B Harnef1 CTpaHe Ha I1CXOlle XVII B.? D..n51 Ha'JaJ]8, HeJIb351 o6oitm ynoMHHaHl1eM naBHO CTaB- Wl1fi xpeCTOMaTHHHblM Te311C 0 CBOHCTBeHHOM CTapOMOCKOB- CKHM BpeMeHaM «e.Ll(1HCTBe cyna H allMHHHCTpaL\HW', TO eCTb 06 OTcyrcTBHH B nOneTpOBCKOfi POCCHH cyne6Hb]X opraHOB, CTPYK- TYpHO H YHKUHoHanbHo o60co6.IJeHHblx OT Opr3HOB ynpaBJIe- HH5I. CnpaBeJlJlI1BOCTb D.aHHOro Te311Ca HeocnopHMa. llpyroe .neJIO, 'lTO cpellHeBeKoBoe <IDtHCTBO cyn.a H MMI1- HHCTpaUI1I1» I1MeJlO erne OllH)' - HHKaK He OTMe'leHHYJO B npell- weCTBYJOrneH HCTopHKo-npaBOBOH JlHTepawpe - npI1HL\Hnl1- aJlbHO Ba}f(HYJO CTOPOHY. Ha3BaHHOe -«ellHHC'TBO» 03Ha'iaJ[O TaJOKe H .nOMHHHpOBaH(1e cneumlJ]H3HpoBaHHbiX cynoR CYAbl 06lliefi JOPHCllHKU(1H IJ Cy.ne6HOfi CHCTeMe Aope<t>oPMeHHofi POCC(1H OT- CyrCTBOB3JlH K3K TaKoBble 1 . npH 3TOM CneL\I1aJlH3I1pOBaHHble CYD.b1 He npocTO AO- MI1Hl1poBaJIH, I1X 6blJlO ellie H MHO)l(eCTBO. KaK He pa3 no.D.- Me'IaliH I1CCJle.D. OBaTeJIH, Bce TOrn.aWHHe ueHTpaJIbHble opraHbl I Y4pe)l(l1eHHblH B cepenl1He XVI B. P:n60I1HbIH np"Ka3 6b[]]. no YKa3Y OT 6 HOH6pH 1683 r.. nepel1MeHosaH B CbICKHOH. no.n TIlKOBb[M H33Ba- Hl1eM npl1K33 npocywecrnoBaJl 110 caMora ynpa3D.HeHHSI B HOH6pe 1701 r. (nOJ1Hoe c06paHHe 3aKOHOB. T. 2. NQ 1051 C. 567. T 4. NQ 1874. C 175) B npl1KaJHOM ne.rrOI1)J01131J01ICT8e KOHU8 XVII B. naHHb[i1 npl1K3J HepellKO <lJHI)'IJIIPOBaJI T3K)Ke KaK «PoJooilHtA; 'blC.  K3K HI1 CTjJ3HHO, Ha naHHoe 06CTOHTeJlbCTBO He 6blJ10 o6paweHo HI1- KaKoro BHI1MaHI1}{ DroKe B CTaTbSlX, B KOTopblX OCBeLUaJlOCb I1CTopH'JecKoe pa3BI1TI1e CI'ICTeMbI cneUl1aJll1311pOBaHHbIX cynoB IJ POCCHI1 (CM.: ArjxlHa- Cbe8 C. (/).. 30Ulje8 A. 11. 06 I1Crop1111 cneUl1aJll1JaUHH IOPI1CJlI1KUHOHHbIX opraHoB II npaBOBeD.eHl1e. 1002. NQ 2. C. 135-143, TpUWUHO H. C. K BO- npoey 0 CneUI1aJ111311poBaHHbix cynax: I1CTopH'JeCKI1i1 acneKT II BTOpb]e EcepOCCI1i1cKl1e DepJK!llJl1HCKl1e 'JTeHI1H: C6. CTdTeii. M.. 1007. C. 83- 85). 
78 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BJlliCTI1 - npl1KlUbl - 06JJaIJ.M1'I TeM(1 11111'1 MHbIM(1 cyne6Hbl- MH nOJlHOMO'l(1}IMH. llpymMH CJlOBaMW. MiK1I.bIH npman KOfO- HI'I6YD.b 33 I.JTO-HI16yn.b na cylU1JI. Cyne6HaSI KOMneTeHUIDI npl1- Ka30B 6bIBaJIa Tpex pa3HOBlillHocTei1: no Kpyry LIeJl, no Kpyry JlI'IU, H no reppl1TOpHH (CJI)"laJlOCb. nn}X)'1eM. <:lTO 3TH Pa3HOBlW.- HOCT" CORMewaJU1Cb B JCPyre Be.lleHIm OIlHom npi'lKaJa - J<aK CIQDKeM, paJp.lltlHoro). Me)l(1(y TeM. no HaH60Jlee aBTOpHTeTHblM D.aHHbIM H. <]). lleMlW.OBOH B 1682 r. npl'lJ<a30B H<lC'JI'ITblBaJIOCb 53, a B 1698 r. 1'1 rofO 60JibWe - 55 (BKJlIO'-IaM n8Tpl18pllIl'le H D.BOpUOBble)l. KpoMe TOro, cyne6HblMt1 nOJlHOMOl.Jl'ISlMI'I 06Juw.aJIa erne H PYCCKlliI uepKoBb. H nYCTI> uepKOBHaSi IOpl1Clll1KWUl B KOHue XVII B. 61>]113 He CTOJTb lllHpoKa, KaK BO BpeMeH8 Kl'leBCKOH PyCH. TeM He MeHee OHa npo.nOJl>KaJla OXBaTbIBaTb - no HeKOTopoMY KPYry lleJ1 - Bee HaCeJ1em1e CTpaHb] npaBOCJJaBHoro sepoHcno- Ben.amISl. llyxOBeHCTBO >Ke (33.011HO C KpeCTb5IHaMI'I MOHaCTb]P- CkIDo. 1'1 enapXl1aJ'1bHblX BOT'-II1H) cynHIJOCb opraHaMI'I uepKOBHOH BJIaCTH nOlJ.TI'I no BCeM neJ1aM. Ha npaKTHKe Bce 3TO o60pa ' [I'IBaJloCb nOJlHeHWeH ('CYIle6- HOM <'epecnOJ1OCI'IUeH», Koma OIlHH 1'1 TOT.>Ke <,eJ10BeK OKa3blBaJlCfI B nOJle BJal'lMOnepeCeKaBWI'IXCfI JOpI'lCIlHKUI'IH MHOrl1X BeIlOMCTB. .lln.ll TOro 'lT06b] HarJ1Jll1;Hee npencTaBI'ITb TaK)'K> CI'ITYaI..lI'IK>. MMe- er CMblCJI peKOHCTpy"poBaTb, DJl51 npl'lMepa. OTHOWeHl'le K CYIlY B H8'laJIe 1690-x IT. cpe.nHecraTI1CTI'I'leCKoro poCCI'IHCKOro ,ABO- p5lHI'IH8 - roponoBoro CblH8 6mIpcKoro N. I'ICnoMerueHHoro B CTapl'lHHOM B JIMI1MMpCKOM Ye3.1le. '1leVliOooa H. (/). D}')KHJla5[ 6JOfJOKJIDWI B POCCI1I1 XVII B. 11 ee poJIb B $JpMl1posaHI1I1 a6cOJ1JOTH]\f3.. M., 1987. C. 23. !&rrpoc 0 cpe uepKoBHoi1IOpI1CnI1KUH(1 B POCCI1I1 B XVII B. HaH- 60nee no.crpo6Ho OCBeTHJI A.IO. fapaweHKo B BeCb1a lloOpoTHOM .nI1C- CepraUI10HHOM HCC1Iel1OBaHI1I1 20:)6 r. (fOf.lOUll!HIW A./O. IOpI1C.nI1KUH.II 11 )Il."'T)JOiiCTBO llepKOIJHb]X cy.nolJ B D.OneTp0IJCKHi1 nepHon pOCCHi1CKOi1I1CTO- PH(1: Lll1c ...!<aHll IOpHD,. HayK. BOJIrorpa.n, 2006 C. 40-46, 65--fi6. 71-72, 82-85. 88-89. 114-110. 130-137. 141-143. 155-160 1M.: PrEi, 1006. 3J1eKTpoHHb]i1 pecypc 113 $JH1l0B POCCUi:jcKoit rocynapcTBeHHoit 6I1M(10- TeKvrl. 0 Uepl(OBHoi1 l-"}'D.e6Hoi1 npaKrnKe II nOCJlellHei1 'JeTBejITl1 XVI!IJ. eM. TaJOKC: /7otqJoocKuu H. H. CI16I1pcKocnCJlOOD.eCHTl1J\bHI1K<1X/1 HOBbIe M3TepHaJlb] no I1CTOpHI1 CH611p11 lJ:()COIJeTCKOm neplilOlla. HOBOCIll6HPCK. 1986 C. 146-189 KpoMe TOro. Ha :ny TeMY CM.:.R'>fU1T1{1Ue6 (/). M YNH. CO'J. C. 318-333; MmturotJ A. r. 3aKOHOllffJeJ\bCTBO (1 npaBO POCCHI1lJTOpoi1 n0J10BHHb] XVII B. Cn6., 1998. c. 165-166.20]-206. 
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80 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I He I'IC'lepnblB<:UU1Cb B03MO)l(Hbie nepeMellleHI151 N no n.e6p.llM )];0- pe$JpMeHHoH cyn.e6HOH Ct1CTeMhL. 0010.11110.10 BbilUeH3JlO)l{eHHOrO, HeJ1b351 He OTMeTHTb 11 1'8- Koe - TaJOKe o6ofW.eHHoe B npellliIeCTBYJOllleH HCTOpI1KO- npaBOBOH JTHTeparype - o6clom"e.rrbCTBO. KOTopoe 3aKJUO"laJIOCb B TOM, '-lTQ B opraHI'I3al{lU1 cYJJ;a B PocnU1 KOHlla XVII B. OTCyr- CTBOBaJIO eJJ;I1HCTBO. coxpaHJUJaCb 3H3'ltlTeJlbHIDl pel"110HaJlbHa5I cneuH<f!(1Ka. Te >Ke ry6Hb]e m6bl 4JYHKUI10Hl'lpoBaJU1 OTHlOllb He nOBceMeCTHO, mHabHO He CO.ID.aBa5lCb B ye3D.8x. me He 6bLllO D.BOp5lHCKOro 3eMJleBJIarIeHH5I (TO eCTb H8 CeBepe 1'1 B Ct16HpH). np" 31'010.1, H8 CeBepe lleilcTBOBaJll'I OC06bJe BOJIOCTHble cynbl BO DIaBe C Bbl60PHblMH JeMCKHMH CYllb5lMH, KOTopble He Y9pe.lKil8- ]TI'ICb B npymx Mecr3'l(. He 6bU10 ry6HOit "3Gbl H B MocKBe. OcHOBHa.ll M8cca yro- I10BHb]X nen, B03H(1KaBWHX B CTOJIHue. nocryna/Ja Ha paCCMOTpe- HHe B 3eMCKI'IH npl1KaJ. HaKOHeu. llBop.llHe. I'IcnOMellleHHble B "laCTI1 ye3JJ;OB UeHTpaJIbHoi1: POCCl-II'I, 1'130Jll'lpOB3HHO HaXO)JJUU1Cb nOll npeMMYll.leCTBeHHoi1: IOpMCllMKLlI'Iei1: MOCKOBcKoro CYllHOro M ynoMflHyroro BnaaMM(1pCKOro CYllHOro npl'lKa30B CmyauHIO C YCTaHOMeHl'leM ellt.JHOO6pa3HH cyne6HoH opraHH3amm OC.lIO.:KH.SI.1IO (1 nocreneHHoe BBeneHl'le paJpH- nOB - npoo6pa30B HbIHelllHHX BoeHHbIX OKpyroB. neJlO B TOM, "{TO opraH BJlacm paJpHlIHOro ropona - npHKa3HaH naJIaTa «(1JlH paJpHlIHa5I l'I36a) - nOJl)'4aJI B TOM ,,{I'ICJle 1'1 npeporanmb] Bblllle- cToHlllei1: Cyne6HOi1: MHCTaHUI'IM no OTHOWeHl'l1O K Hax01l.llll.l(1M- C5I Ha TeppI'ITOp(1M pa3p5lJlli OplIMH8PHb]M BoeBOllCKI1M "BOOM. K KOHUY XVII B. pa3pMHb]e OKpyra 6bl1l1'1 C03D.aHbl, 01lHaKO, He nOBClOllY (4)oPMHpoBaHHe pa3p5lll0B nOJIHOCTblO JaBepWH.lIOCb JIHWb Ha IOro-3anaae H B CH6Hpl'll). B I'ITore OTHOCIITeJlbHO BCeOXBaTHoj:j - B reppl'lTOpllliJlbHOM OTHOWeHI'I(1 - K 1696 L flBJl}1J]8Cb cyne6Han KOMnereHUI151 TOJlbKO MeCTHblX BOeBOlI na enapXl'laJIbHbIX apxHepeeB. HraK, B 06JJacm CYOOvc-rpoHCTsa DJI5I npenneTpOBCKoro BpeMeHI'I 6bUlH CBoj:jCTBeHHbl; nepBoe, (]>YHKUHOHallbHaH 1'1 opra- HI'lJaUHOHHaH HeOTlleJIeHHOCTb opraHOB np3BOCYlll'l51 OT opraHOB ynpaBJleHI'I.II; BT opoe. OTcyrCTBI'Ie cynoB 06wej:j IOp"C1lI'IKU(11'1 ] K 1690-M rr. B CI16HPH 6bUII1 30B3Hb] T06oJJbCKI1H. TOMCIOIH. J1eHcKHi1 11 EHl1cdicl.Jti1 paJp5I11bI. Ha lOro-3analle - EieJ1roPO.llCKHi:t 11 CeBCKHi1. Cl16l1pcKHe pajPH1lbl OOll'JI1HW1I1Cb CI16WPCKOMY npl1Ka1y. tOro- JamWHb]C - P.l3pJUlHOMY. 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 81 IleJH¥:\ (1696-1716 rr.} (npl'l seCbM3 3H8'll-JTeJlbHOM KOJ1I'1'leCTBe cneWlliJll'I3l'1pOBaHHb]X cynOH) 1'1, rpeTbe, OTcyrcTlIl1e enl1HCTB8 II YCTpOHCTHe cy.ne6Hoft: CI'ICTeMbL 4TO >Ke KaCaeTC.II oco6eHHocTeH cynonpm13BOnCTBa PocC('II'I XVII B., TO 31leCb He06XQfiHMO OTMeTI1Tb: BO-nepBblX, OTcyrCTBl1e CTPoro perJ1aMeHTl1pOB<nmOrO nOpm:lKa npoxo;KIle- HI'ISI lIeJ1 no I'IHCTaHUHflM; BO-BTopbIX. 1I0MI'IHl'lpoBaHl'le 'laCT- HOro 06BI'IHeHI'I5I Ha H3'laTIbHOit CTa.II;J.1H yroJ10BHOro npOlleCC3; B-TpeTbI1X, HellOCTaTOlJHYIO CI'ICTeM3TI131'1poBaHHOCTb HOpM npo- lleCCYaJlbHOro np<1B8. .HBHO BblpWKeHHasI. II KOHue XVI I B. Hel.JeTKOCTb nopKn- Ka npoxO)KDeHl'lfi lleJI no HHCTaHlll1HM 06YCJl8MI'IBaJIaCb, KaK BWlI1TCH". llB}'MH $lKTOpaMI'I: HenpeollOJ1eHHOH I'IHepUl1ef1 CTa- pHHHOro npaBa 1.JeJ106I'1TbH 1'1 CTapO.!IaBHeit >Ke Tp3llHUHef1, no KOTOpoit JlI060it cy.ne6Hblit opraH (3a I'ICKJlI04eHl'leM f)O.llPCKOit llYMb]) Mor - no COOTBeTCTB}'I0111eMY KPYry .neJ1 - Bb]crynaTb B Ka'leCTBe cyna nepBOft: I'IHCTaHUl'I1'l KaK.fill51 )Iutreneit TOro ropo- na, me OH pacnOJ18ranCH. TaK 1'1 .fill}! npl'leJ)l(ItJ\.. B CBn31'1 C 3TI'IM I'IMeeT CMhlCJI HeCKOJIhKO no.np06Hee KOCHyrbCH Bonpoc8 0 npalle l.JeJl06HTb.sl - H31IPeBJ1e CJ1o:>trnBweMC.sI npaBe Ka)f(1loro nOll1l8H- HOro o6pawaTbCH K rocynaplO Hanp.llMYJO, MHHYH HH>KeCTOHllll1e 8lIMI'IHHCTpaTI1BHo-cy.ne6Hble opraHhl. PeaTIH3aUHfi naHHoro npaBa o6pa30BbiBaJUI. - .no nopbl .no BpeMeHI'I - BnOJIHe 3c]:>cpcKTI'IBHblit B cBoeft: rn6KocTH Mexa- HI'I3M 06paTHoft: CB5I311 Me)l(JlY Wl'lpoKI1MI'I CJlOHMH H8CeJJeHI'IH 1'1 llePXOBHOii BJ1aCTbJO. B caMOM .neJle. JlJ060e HapyweHl'le 3aKOHa 11111'1 YCTaHOBlleHHOro nop.ll.nKa, CK0J1bKO-HI'I6y.nb 'lYBCTBI'ITeJlbHO yweMJ151BWee I'IHTepeCbl nOJJ.LT,aHHbIX, Momo OT03BaTbC5I nOlla'leii 'leJJ06I'1THoft:, n06Y>K1I.aIlWeH MOH8pxa (nYCTb He BCerna 1'1 He cpa- 3Y) BblnpaBJ1HTb CI'IT)'allI1JO I . nOKa3aTeJJbHO. 'lTO ll.JUI paCCMOTPe- HI'ISI nocrynaBWI'IX K llaplO 'leJl06I'1THb]X B Haweit CTpaHe JJ;Ba)l(Jlhl }"-Ipe)l(JlaJICfI OC06b]ii 4eJlo6IffHb]ft: npl'lKaJ, <)JYHKUHOHHpOBaB- Wl'lit II 1550-e rr.. 8 JaTeM II 1616-1685 rr. nepBOe 3aKOHO.DaTeJ1hHOe orpaHH'leHHe npaBa l.JeJI06I'1TbH nOCJIeJJ;OBaJIO Jl I'IWh B Cepe.!IHHe XVII II. B CBH3H C BHeCeHl'leM I nOnpo6Hee 06 3TOM eM II n0.LJ..336bJJOii HblHe CTaTbe ).1. H 1J,I1T>lTI1Ha «POOb 'JCJ106I1TH 11 3CMCKHX co60poB II ynpaBJICH1II11 MocKoBcKOJo rocy- JIaPCTBa» (,!JmnRf1IUH H H. CmTbH no I1CTOpl1l1 pYCCKOJO npaBa. M.. 1895. C. 172-289). CM. TalOKe pa:JJJ.eJl «UaPb 1'1 'JeJl06HT4I11KW> BeCbMa co.nepJKa- TeJ1bHOit pa60Tbl C. 6. BeceJ10BCKoro 1911 r. (Bece.JOfJCfUlii C 5. npl1KaJ- HOH CT)JOH ynpaBJIeHI1.11 MOCKOBCKOro rocynapcTBa II PyCCKaH I1CTOpl1.11 B 0'JepJUX 1'1 CTdTbHX. KJ.JCB. 1912. T. 3. C. ItI9-I70). 
82 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I B CT. 20 elL 10-" YJlO)l(eHtI5l 1649 r. HOpMbl 0 3anpere 'lacT- HblM JlI'IUaM 06pal.ll8TbCSI. K uaplO, MI'IHYSI. UeHTpaJIbHble opraHbl {«8 npUKa3e He6u6 "If!lO.W»)I. Opl'l3TOM B nOCJle.n.ylOllieM 3aKOHO- n.aTeJlbCTBe XVII B. lIaHHblf.! 3anpeT 60nce He BOCnp0I13BOllHJIC5I, nOpmK.lJ.aSl. DJ1S1. TSI.>KYWHXCH XpOHI1<IeCKI1H c06J1a.JH BOBJleKaTb B nm1CK cyn.e6Hoj:j I'IcmHhl MOHapxa. HeYD.l'lBI1TeJ1bHO. 'lTQ B npe- 3M6YJle 33KOH3, I131laHHOro y.>Ke 2 4JeBPaJISI. 1700 r., YJqJy'-leHHO KOHCTanlpoBaJlOcb: «A lib/He 6b1Om 'Ie-IOU BeAUKOMY 2ocyiJap/O CQ- .uovy... He 6U6 'telan 6 npUKa3ex C}UbR.U...»l BTopa}[ BbIWeOTMe'leHHaSI TpanI'lUH5I - npaoo >KJfTeAA CTpa- HhI 06paruaTbCSI HanpSl.M)'JO B JUo6oii cYllc6HbIH opraH - BOBee He npeCeKaJlaCb B 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bCTBe XVII B. I1HblMH CJ10BaMI1, BBeW 3anpeT Ha 06paweHI1e K uaplO, MI'IHYfI npl1Ka3, Tor.aalllHI1H JaKOHoaTeJlb HI'IKaK He orpa"(1'lHJI npaBO nO.ll.UaHHb]X 06PamaTb- C.II B np(1Ka3 (lUll'! npHKa3HYIO muuny prop5l.nHOro copo.na). M(1- HYfI MeCTHoro BoeBOllY 111m ry6HOro CTaJX>CTY. no .flOM np(1'l(1He ueHTpa.n:bHble opraHb] EIJl8CT(1. SlIliUlBW(1eCH CYllaM(111(160 BTOpOro, 11(160 naACe TpeTbero 3BeHa (DJUI TeppHTOp(1M C pa3pWlHblM ne.ne- HHeM), HepenKo BblcrynaJIH H8 npaKTHKe B Ka<JeCTBe cyna nepBoM HHCTaHUI1H - npH'leM He TOJIbKO llJUI }!(JrreJJeH MOCKBbl, HO H DJIfI Bcex TeX, KIO HMe.n <l>HHaHCOBYIO I11Uf CJI)')Ke6HYIO B03MO)((- HQCTb HaxQD(JJbC5I B CTOJmLte )J.JUI Bellemm cyne6HbiX ne]]. B npellneTpoBcKoe BpeMfI COXpaH5IJJa 6e3}'CJlOBHYIO al0Y- aJIbHOCTb (1 l1lly wafl C my6oKoM npeBHOCT(1 Tel-Ul;eHUllii. nOM(1H(1- I POCGlIICKOe JaKOHOJI.!{I"eJlbCT X-XX BB. T. 3. C. 104-105. Xapmm:p- HO, 'ITO M. A. ljenbuoB-6e6yroB I1HrepnpeTl1poBaJI JanpeTHTelIbH)'lO HOpMY Ha3saHHoi1 CTaTbH KaK OTHOCHBwyJOCH I1CKIIlO'II1Tel1bHO K q:ne6HbIM neJ1a\f (Ye..lbl(08-6e6ym06 M.A. YKaJ. C04. C 675) Me>Kn)' TeM.}')Ke B Ha'J<L%HOH  CT. 20 rn. 1O-i1 rOOOpl1TCH 0 /Il.IdRx. Ka1I(pb/M... tJooerJemcR 0 nO/ra C60UX U 0 UHblX KLiKUX de1ax 6umu 'le.IfiW <'!J(j..... 113 .Hora co sccti 04e- BWlHOCTbIO ClIelI)'eT, 'ITO B CT. 20 rn. IO-H YnOJKeHl1H 1649 r. OrpaHWJlllsa- ba:b,KBel1;rH Y.lIOJKrHI1H CQl1q»K1fTC.11 KOCBCHHOC - XOTH 11 HCl\BYCMb]CJlCHHOC - nQl1- TBep)l(J1eHHe npasa «{:'I}'JIULIbL1t: Y YHb/x '1l1H06 lHXJeU.. Ha noilll'lY KQJU]eKTI1B- HOi1 '1et C }I(.,"L'Io6oi1 Ha BOeBQl1111I(J)'1"W( npe.ncr:1BHTeJleH fOC}:n.ap- CTBeHHOro annapam. .uO;I>KHOCTHblM Jll1uaM. 113BeCTHBWI1M ua)JH 0 nonbITKe nepcJJ.I'Jl1 TaKO QCJI06lfIHOH KaK 0 6YHTC. JaKOHOnaTellb Jp03H.f1 «JJreC71l{)KUM HllKLlJClHlIe..¥" (POCCI1i1CKoe JaKOHQlI.iIl"eJlbCTOO X-XX BS. T. 3. C. 89). B nl1Tt- pa1)'JJe Ha coxpat-teHl1e B YJlOJKeHlII11 «npasa HapollHOfO'IeJl06HTbH Ha npoBO- posaBwerocH aJIfI1HIL"1'paTqJd» B 06weM BMe YKaJaJl H. H. rloJ..poBcIJ1i1 ([h-:e :::;:'He4":.HC'. .' 415). 
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84 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I JII160 OprdHa MaCTIi I1JII'I nOJDKHOCTHOro Jjl-ma B TO I'ICXOllHOH T04Ke yrOJlOBHOrO cynonpmI3BQD.CTBa, KOTOpIDl ceronHJII-1MeHyeT- CH crMl.Jeii BOJ6v:>KneHHH yroJIOBHOro ne.na]. B 3TOM OTHOrneHHI1 BeCbMa npHMel[aTeJlbHa. HanpliMep, nOCB5IweHHlliI npoue.n.ype 06blcKa CT. 87 rJ1. 2H1 YJTO>KeHHH 1649 r.. B KOTOpoi1 OKaJaJlHCb. no cyweCTBY. BocnpOI13BelleHb] OCHOBHble nOJTO)l(eHHSI Bb]WeOT- Me<leHHb]X cTaTei1 nCKoBCKoit cynHoi1 I1JaMOTbl. 1,13 KOHTeKCTa npoueCCYaJIbHblX pa3lleJlOB YCTdBHOH KHl1r11 Pa360j:jHoro npH- K838 H83BaHHb]X peD.<iKUI1H, YJIO.>KeHlHl 1649 r. 11 HOB0YK<l3HbIX craTe" 1669 r. COBepweHHO Ol.JeBHnHO, IjTO I1HI1WIHpooaHt.Je yrOJloBHoro npeCJIellOBaHH5I co CTOpOHbl MeCTHblX 11 ueH1]JaJIh- HbIX 81I.MHHl1crpanmHo-cyne6Hblx opraHOB nOJl>KHO 6bUlO npOHC- Xo.LU1Th B llBYX CJI}"Ia.sJX - KOrDa B paMKax y;+:e HaxO,LU1BWerOC51 B np0l13Bo.nCTBe D.eJla co.nep)lQtBllIl'leCSI no)]; CTpIDKeH 06BHHSleMble naB1JlH nOKa3aHJ.UI 0 CO}"1aCTIU1KaX npecl)'nJlem.J.II. (oIJI(oI >Ke KOr1(a npO(olCXO)J;1[J](oI M3CCOBbie aHTI1np3B(oITeJlbCTBeHHbie BblcrYllileH(oI5I. Me)((1lY reM, (oj B YCT3BHOM KH(oIre Pa360i'\Horo npJ.'lK33a pe- n.aKUHM 1616-1617 H 1635-1648 rr., (oj B YJlO)KeH(oI(oI 1649 C, (01 B HOBO)'Ka3HbIX CTaTb5lX 1669 r. con.ep.>K£ITC5I HeMMO Ka3YCOB. no.apa3YMenalOlliHX (oI1IH npHMO ynoMHHaJOlliHX 0 npHBOlle Ta- TeM (01 pa360MHHKOB B ry6HYJO (oI36y 'i8CTHbIMH JlHuaM(oI (npe>Klle Bcero. KOHe'iHO. HCT/.laMH). B :;nOH CBH3H HeJlb351 He OTMen1Tb H BIDKHOH HOpMbl, 3aKpeJUJeHHOH B CT. 42 YCTaBHoH KH(oIfH Pa3- 60MHorO np(olKa3a pe.naKUJ.'IH 1616-1617 IT. H BOCnpOI13Be.aeHHoM 3aTeM B CT. 31 fn. 21-H YJlO>KeHt.JSl 1649 r. comacHo KOTOpoH I'ICTUY - nOll yrp030H yrOJloBHoH C8HKUHH - Bocnpell.lW10Cb 3a- KJlJOllaTb Mt.JpOBOe COm81l1eHHe C HaxOllHBWHMt.JC5J nOll CTpa)KeH 06BHHfleMbIM(oI B pa360e (c HP8BO}"IHTeJlbHOH pe3IOM(oIPYJOWej:j CCHTeHUHeH: </...He MUPUCR C pa360uHuKu»)J. BMecre C TeM, OTe<leCTBeHHblH 3aKOH01l.aTeJJb XVII B. oco- 60 npe.nycMoTpeJJ 38WI1T)' HCTUOB H np04Hx JlHU, KOTOpb]e ..00- CT3B1J5IJlH nO.1l03peB3eMoro BJJaCUIM. B CT. 8 HI. 21-" YJlO>KeHH5I (<<nepeTeKllleH» 3aTeM C HeKoTophlMH .nonOJlHeH(151MH B CT. 7 HOBoYKa3Hhlx CTaTeH 1669 r.) npennHCblBaJIOCh He npt.JHHM8Th no BHHMaH(1e nOKa3aH(151 3aaep)KaHHoro, COllep>KaBWHe 06- ] npI1MCHI1H.JlbHO K XVII-XVIII BB., KaK npeJ1CT.lBJl5leTCH. BMecTO Tep- MtlHa ..BOJ6yjf(j}eHl1e lyroJlOBHOro lleJ\ill» 6o..rJee T04HblM 6Y.DeT I1cnOJib30- BaTb TepMI1H «UHUu,uUpo8l1Huc.. 1POCCI1i1CKoe 3aKOHO.1l.8TeJ1bCTBO X-XX BB. T. 3 C. 144 3naM.IITHI1KH PYCCKOro npaBa. Bbln. 5. C. 197; POCCI1i1cKoe 3aKOHO.1l.8- RJlbCIDO X-XX BB. T. 3. C. 1-"4. 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 85 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} BI1HeHIHI npoum Tex, KIO 0CYll.leCTBI-1J1 npl-1Bo.n; em B ry6HYIO 1136yl. OCTaeTC}[ n06aBl-1Tb, '-ITO na)l(e cyne6Hble neJIa no ro- cynapcTBeHHblM npeCT)'nJleHI-1HM. npoueCCbl no 3HaMeHI-1TOMY «CJlOBY 1-11leJ1Y&. 1-1 Te nO<1TI1 Hel-13MeHHO Ha<1I-1IDlJ[I-1Cb C «113- BeTa» - nl1CbMeHHoro wm YCTHoro C0061l.leHI-1fl OnHTb-TaKH '-IaCTHOm }lI-1ua 1 . B 06ll.leM. KaK eMKO Bblpa311J1CJI C. A. nerpOB- CKI1I1, no XVII I B. B OTe'-leCTBeHHOM cynonpm13Bo.nCTBe «Bce OCHOBbJBaJlOCb Ha >Ka.J]o6ax"J. Pe310MHpyJI BblllleCKa3aHHoe. CJlellyeT KOHCTaTl'lpOlxnb, '-ITO PoccHi1:cKoe roCyn.apCTBO 11 B XVII B. npon.o1DKaJlo B 3Ha'-ll1- TeJlbHOH Mcpe caMoycrpaH5ITbCH OT t.JHt.JUHl1pOBaHI1H yrOJlOBHOro npeCJlenOBaHHH 11, TeM caMblM, OT BbI5lBJ1eHJ.UI npeCl)'l1J1eHHH. B ueJ10M >Ke, paCCMOTpeHH)'JO OC06eHHOCTb nope$opMeHHoro yroJ10BHOro npouecca MO>KHO Hal-16oJ1ee KpaTKO BbIpa.JHTb op- MYJ10f.i: «HeT'Ie.1JIJ6irr'-IHKa. neT H ncyJl]lMOlU» [«Hem 3QJ/f1Ume- ./lfl. Hem u j'20flO6HOi'XJ i.JeflQ,)]4. IpOCCI1i1cKoe 3aKOHon<rrellbCTBO X-XX BB. T. 3. C. 231; naM.IITHI1KH PYCCKOro npaBa. BMn. 7. C. 397-398. lD,aIiHblH CKJlKeT - npl1Melil1TtJ1bHO K XVI-XVII HI>. - pa3UpHyrO OCBellleH B CTaTbe A. M. K:leiiMOJ1bl «06H3aHHocTb 1l0HOCl1Tb B MoCKOB- CKOH POCCI1I1" (KJeimoIo A. M. The Duty to Denounce in MlL'iCovlte Rus- Sia (e;;1eC:01..  4i.7;JKHO corJJaClffbCSI C n. B. MaKCI1MOBbIM. 1<OTOpLIi1 - 6eJ npHBCJIeHI1H K..IKII'I{-JlI16o 1I01JO.nOB, 6e3 CCb[]]OK Ha JaKOHQJillTeJlbCTBO 11 MaTepl1aJ1b[ cyne6Holi npaKTI1KI1 - OTMe- TW!. 'JTO B XVI-XVII BB. PocCl1i1ct<oe rocynapcTBo «B nl1ue CBOI1X areHTOB  yronolll-fOe npeCJIeD.ORaHl1e, npol13R01lHT 11 JaBepwaeT Cb[CK, He- .JaBHCHMO OT >KM06b1 HJ](1 .lKeJl!lHillI norepnffiwero OT npeC1y[lj]eHillI» (MUK- CUM06 n. B. KOHuenUHH BOJ6)')KJleHI1H yroIIOBHOm npecne.noB3H(1H... D.HC. ... C. 83). OWI1604HbIM npe.nCTaBmieTC.II 11 cyJK!1fHl1e A. C. CMblKaJll1Ha 0 TOM. 'ITO C KOHWI XV B. H Hawci1 C1p.']HC «I-1HlWmrmpoM BOJfiyJK.u.cHI1H yrorJOIIHo- ro .neJIa» Ha'JaJlO BblC'I)'llaTb rocy.napcroo (CVbII<."dIUJ/ A. C Cy.ne6HIDI C(1CTeMa Pocrni1ct<oro rocynapcTsa... C. 53) CXO.1lHbIM 06pa30M 11 H. H. Ec]:JpeMOBa }1K3JaJ11. - 6e30 BCHKHX 060cHOsaHIlli1 - B cran.e 2000 r.. 'ITO, H,!'II-1HIDI C Cyne6HI1Ka 1497 r., «IIIHKRI13HUI1OHHbIH npouecc.. «BOO6y.IKrrarrOI III npl1 OT- C)'TCTIJHI1 I1CK3. no I1HI'IUI1HTtwe qJrdHOlJ cYlle6Hoi1. CJ1ellCTIJeHHOH (?) 1iIJ!I- crn.. (£4peMooa H. H CyJIOycrpoWCTBO 11 cYllOnpol13BOllC1lJO no Cy.ne6HI1K)' 1497 r. II CYlle6HI1K 1497 r. B KOHTeKCTe I1CTopl111 pocCI1HCKOrO 11 JapyGe.lK- HOJO npaBH XI-XIX DB.. C6. CTIuci1. M., 2000 C. 190). 4 B OTMe4eHHoi1 CTaTbe 1005 r. n. B. MaKcHMoB C(]xJpMyJll'lpoBaJI naH- H)'IO OCoOeHHOCTb cpe.nHeBeKOBOrO yr0J10BHOrO npollecca POCCI1I1 6o.IJee YJKO 11 MeHee onpe.neJIeHHO:« ECJ1I1.IKe I-1CTlla He 6b1J10. KaK npamUlO, He I1CKaJlI1 11 OTBeT'II1Ka» (MoK<.UJI06 n. B. Llocyne6Hoe npOI1JBOlICTBO... C. 79). 
86 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HaKOHeu, CTO(1T 3i1TpOHyrb BOOpoC 0 CI-1CTeMant3aUJIII'I B npellnerpOBcKoe BpeM}J HOpM npOUeCcyaJIbHoro npaBa. npl'l Bcex nOCTIDKeHI1J'1X B pa3B(iTHI1 OTe"leCTBeHHoro npoueccya.nbHoro (OC06eHHO .>Ke yroJloBHo-npoueccya.nbHOro) 3aKOHO.IJaTeJlbCTBa B XVII B. I. n0J10>KeHHe cera CHCTeMaTI13aUl1di CJlO./KWIOCb K I1C- XO.il,Y ReKa DaJleKO He J1y-Jwee. npo6JleMa 3aKJ1I{)'-IaJlaCb B nocTO- J1HHO HapaCTaBluei1 BO BTOpoi1 nOJlomme XVII B. HHTeHCHBHOCTI1 3aKOHO-TBOp'-leCKoro npouecca. TaK. eCJUI B 1645-1676 rr. B Poc- CI..U-t B roll B cpe.nHeM 1131lmaJlOCb 23 3aKOHo.aaTeJIbHbIX aKTa, TO B 1676-1682 rr. -}')Ke 24. a B 1682-1696 rr. - H BOBce 44'. B pe3)1J1bTaTe, YJlO)KeHHe 1649 r. CTpeMI1TeJ1bHO «06pacTa- 1101> BCSlKOro pOlla IlOnOJlHeHJ.UlMI1 t.J H3MeHeHHflMH (npH<JeM co- 06Pa:JHO TOrl18WHeH 3aKOHOTOOp'-leCKoi1 npaKTHKe, HI-1KaK He co- rJlaCOBaHHb]MH APyr c npyroM). JJ.aHHaR TeJ-UJ;eHU(1S! 3aTpanmarm B nOJ1Hoi1 Mepe H cy npoueccyaJIbHoro npaBa. nOC"TIWIHO CK33aTh.. 'ITa. cornaCHO aBTOpJ.ueTHb]M nO.!l;C1.JeTaM A. r. MaHb- KOBa, C JIHBapH 1649 no SlHBapb 1696 f. 6bIJIO npl'lHHTO 83 3a- KOHO.IJ.aTeJlbHbIX aKTa. OTHOCHlUllJ.1XCSI K cYllonp01'l3BO.!l;CTBy 3 . COBeprueHHo O'leBHllHO. 'ITO CTOJlb 06rul'lpHblH 1'1 npHTOM pa3- po3HeHHblH 3aKOHOll8TCJTbHbIH MaTepl'laJI Hy)KII8JICH B CKOpeH- rueH CI'ICTeM8TH3aUHH. He MeHee OlfeBI'I1lHO. <{TO TaKOBaH HeCHCTeM8TI'I3HpOBaH- HOCTb 3aKOH01IaTeJlbCTIJ3 He Moma He I'ICnOJlb30BaTbCH B KO- Pb]CTHbIX ueJUIX Hell06pocOBeCTHb]MH npellCT8BI1TeJl5lMI'I rocy- napCTBeHHoro annapaTa. KaK n031lHee - CKOJlb 06pa3HO, CT01Ib .... YllP)"-leHHo - KOHCTampOBaJI OCTp 1 B npeaM6YJle H3BecTHoro 3aKOHa OT 17 anpeJlJl 1722 f., «6cye 3aKOHbI nucamb, KoeiJa ux He xpaHumb, U.1U UMU uepamb, I(OJ( 6 'iapmbl. npu6upaJI Nocmb I( :u;c,:::::..: ziJe 6 NUpe mUle "em. I«JI( Y HOC tibuo, a om'lacmu ] 0 pa3BI1TI111 OTe4eCTBeHHoro npoueccyanbHoro npaBa B XVII B. eM.. npejf(j}e BCCro: 'le..lb1¥KJ-Ee6JT1I06M.A.YKa3. CO']. C. 7._ MaHb- K06 A. r. YnO)l(eHl1e 1649 ro.na - Ko.neKC cPeOD.aJlbHOrO npaBa POCCI1I11. l--e I1:1!L M., 2003. C. 311-341; OH.IICe. 3aKOHOnaTeJlbCTBO 11 npaBO Poc- CI1I'1 C 168-181, 195-197.105-106. 2 MaHbK06 A. r. 3aKOHOJ:l8TeJibCTIJO 11 npaBO POCCI1!'!... C. 13. fuj.J CpaB- HeHI1H MO)l(HO OTMfTIDb.. 'JTO .Ia UeJ\oe lleCHTl1J\eTl1C 1631-1640 IT. B Harnci1 C1JJaHe 6b1JJO npHWlTO BCero 91; 3aKOHOJJ,:ITCJIbHb]X 8KTOB, a 3a BOCb'\IILlIeTlle 1641-1648 n. - 63 (McmUWlJ A. r YJlO)l(eHl1e 1649 ro.na... C 56). } MaHbK06 A. r. 3aKOHOillITeJ\bCTIJO 11 npaBO POCCI'II1... C. 30. 43aKoHOllaTeJ1bHb[e 8KTb] nCTpa I. c. 107. 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 87 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.}  2. Kp3McHble ABIteHMA B cepe npaBocY,QA B POCCMM XVII B. 3asepwaH paCCMOTpeHHe oco6eHHocTeH AopeopMeHHo- ro cynoycrpoHCTBa H cyAonpOH3B01lCTBa. Heo6xo1ll'lMO OTMe- TI1Tb, 'ITO B POCCHI'I XVII B. B npl'lHmme OTcyTCTHClBaJIa CI'ICTeMa CneUHaJlbHOH nOllrOTOBKM B ofuJacTM IOpHcnpyneHUHH (K.:1K H BOo6rne KaKHe-Ju:l60 HOpMaTHBHO 3aKpeJUJeHHbIe KBaJIHI'IKa- uHoHHbleTpe60BaHHfI KllOJl}KHOCTHbIMJ1t.JuaM MMI'IHI'ICTpaTHBHO- CYAe6Hblx opraHon). HaI'l6oJlbWMMt.J )f(e 3HaTOKaMI'I npana n Te BpeMeHa flR/I.IIJlHCb. HeCOMHeHHO, Ab5IKH 1'1 n01lb.ll1.J:He - KaH- ueJl.llpCKHe CJly:>Kallil1e npl'lKa::IOB 1'1 BOeB01lCKHX 1'136 - -«CMeT- 1IHBbie MY)l(HKI1, xopowo YCBol'IBUII'Ie nyreM npaKTI'IKI1 TexHI'IKY neJla" (no TO'-IHOM)' BhIpa)l(eHHIO C. E. BeCeJlOBcKoro l ) - n.a erne 1.J:acTHhIM 06pa30M npellCTaR/lfilmme I'IHTepeChI CTOpOH B cyn.ax crpHn'1l'1e 1'1 ..11OOu, KOIlIO{JbIe 30 iJeAbl XOOflmi>. B 06rneM, KaK aOpI'ICTWIHO 3aMeTHJI ewe B 1899 r. r. <D. WepWeHeBH'I. B nOneT(XIBCKOH POCCI'IM «6bIJlI'I 3aKOHO- Be.nbl B J1Hue AhHKOB M no.nbH'IHX. HO He 6bUJO 06paJoBaHHb]x IOpI'lCTOB"J. BnpO'-leM, ueJleHanpaR/leHHO npaBOBe1leHMIO He YlJM- 111'1 M n01lb}!'II'IX. Co6paBW8H YHI'lKaJIbHb]e CRe1leHI'I}! 0 npc$ec- CHOHaJlhHOM 06YlJeHI'lt.J KaHUeJlHpcKOro nepCOHaJIa BO BTOpOH nOJlOBt.JHe XVII B. H. <D. lleMI'IJIOBa He BhIHBHJla HHKaJrnx yno- IlkooJ06C1WU C. E. YKaJ. CO'-l. C. 197. l'-lTO KaCaeTCH «JIlOlIeH, KOTopble ]a D.eJlbI XOD,HT», TO :ITa KopnopalllllSl LlOMopoweHHblX crapoMOCKORCKI1X npaBOReLlOB OCTaJlacb nOHblHe cooceM HeH3Y'leHHoi1. 0 C1]JHn'-lIllX XVII B. CM. eJlHHCTBeHHO CTaTbtO A. A. BBe.neH- CKOro 1921 r. (B8erJffln..-uuA.A. MOHacTblpCKI1H c1]JHn'JJ.Ii.i (113 I1CTopHIil 1IpeilHepyccKoH aD.BOKM)'pbI) II PyCCKI1H I1CTopl1<JeCKI1H >KYPHaJI. nr.. 1921 KH. 7. C. 31-60). HeJlb3H He OTMeTlflb. npaRlla, COBepweHHYtO He060- CHOsaHHOCTb TPaKTOBKI1 A. A. EBeneHcKHM I1HCTHT)'Ta C1]JHn'JI1X He TO.nbKO KaK 'i3CTHb[X npe.nCTdIJHTeJleii CTOpoH, HO 1'1 KaK «3aWI1THI1KOIJ. HI'IKaKoe nl1uo He Morno. KOHe'JHO }l(e, npHHHTb Ha ce6H 4JYHKUHtO ]aillHTHI1Ka B paMKax rocnO.1lCTBOBaBwero B OTe't«X.IDeHHOM yronoBHoM CYlionpol13BOLl- CTlJe XV-XVIII BB. po3b]CKHOro npollecca. fopa3110 6o.IJee y6eIll1TeJlbHbiM npeIICTdBlJRerCH TeJlIC A. A. BlJeIleHcKoro 0 C1]JHn'JI'IX K!lK 0 Henocpell- CTOCHHb[X npe.nweCTBeHHI'lKaX ICB no LleJIaM XVIII - nepBOM no- nOBHHb] XIX B. (TaM }l(C. C. 34, 41-42). J /ileptuette61l'1 r. cP I1CTopl1S1 KonH4JI1K!1UI1I1 rpIDK.,OaHCKOro npaBa B POCCHI1 /I Y'JeHble 3tlnI1CKJ.:I I1MnepaTDpCKoro KaJaHCKOro YHHBepCI'lTeTa. 1899. KH. 1. C. 6g 
88 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I MIUlliHI1H KaCaTeJIbHO l'13ylJCHHSI 6Yll}'llU1MH npI1Ka3Hb]MI'I XOT5I 6b] OCHOB neHCTBoBaBwero JaKOHon.aTeJlbCTBa l . OcmeTC5I .n06aBHTb, I.JTO nOlJTH MOHOnOJ1bHbIMI1 3HaTOK<l- MH IOpHcnpyneHUl111 ynoM5IHYfbIe llb5lKH 11 nOllb.sl'1l1e CTaHOBH- JlI1Cb BaBce He CJlY'Iai1HO. D.eJTO B TOM, <HO D.JUI nO./UIBJISlJOwero 6oJ1bw(1HCTBa HaCeJleH(1Sj" llonerpoRcKoi1 POCCln", JaKOHbl 6blJTI'I nonpocry He.n;ocrynHbL 3a I'ICKJU04eHI1eM YJlO)l(em.1.II 1649 L (ony6JUIKOBaHHoro. npaBJJ;a, B TOM >Ke 1649 r. llsyM5I Tl1p<UKaMI1 nOllp5l1l 1'1 CnemmJlbHO paJOCJl8HHOro no. npl1Ka3aM 11 BoeSOll- CKJ1M t136aM), HI1 OlUIH HOpMBTHBHblj..j npaBOBOj..j aKT He 113D.8- BaJlC5I B XVII B. nmorpa4JCKl1. Torn8WHS!JI np8B<maSl npona- raJ-Ill8 CB01U1J1acb K Ja'IHTblBaHI1JO Hal160Jlee B<DKHbIX 3aKOHOB H8 ropO.l1CKJ1X JUlOI.l.l8.illlX 11 Toprax - q-ro 3aBe1l0MO HCKIUO'la- ITa CK0J1bKO-HH6yn;b np04Hoe YCBoeHHe cOnep)l(aBWHXCJI B HHX HOpM JUi)Ke HenocpellCTBeHHblMI-1 CJlywaTeJ1J1MI'I J . OcHOBHO" }l(e MaCCHI! JaKOHOnaTeJlbHb]X \.1arepHMOB npOllOJDKM, teaK H I!O I!peMem PyCCKO npalillbl, 6blTOI!aTb I! nHCbMeHHOM mUle, OT- K1lMblBUICb I! nocrynHoM flHWb l!eCbM8 orpal-ll1'1eHHOMY KPYry flHU TeKyweM ne.nonpOH3BonCTBe opraHOI! R/I8CTH 4 . Bce 3TO - H He'leTKOCTb nopflllKa BOCXO)l(JleHJ.UI neJT no HHCTaHUHSIM. 11 naCCl1l!HaSI ponb rocynapCTBa I! BblSIBJTeHl111 npe- cryJUJeHHH 11 I1HI1Ul1l1pOBaHl111 yrOJTOBHoro npeCJTenOl!aHI1.11. 11 xaoc I! 3aKOHOnaTeJlbCTl!e, 11 OTCyrcTI!He CneUJ.lliJIbHOrO 06pa30- l!aHI1}! y JTHU cYllecKoro Kopnyc8, H HH3K8}! npaBollllil KYJlbrypa Hace.neHH}! - R/!ID[flO H8 xon cynonp0l13BOnCTBa, pa3YMeeTCfI, Heran1BHblM 06pa30M. KpoMe TOro, 06pHcoBaHHble HR/!eHIDI. cnoco6cmoBaJlI1 npOUI!er8HI1fO BOJ10KIHbi 11 B3HTO'IHH'leCTBa, KOTopble ewe 6 0J1ee CHH>KaJTl1 3t1xPeKTHBHOCTb YHKUHOHHPO- 1 CM.' )1e.VPiJooo H. cP npl1Ka3Hbie WKOJIbl Ha'JiL'IbHoro 06pa30BaHIUI. B MocKUe XVII B. II TOpfOBJ\}\ I..J npe.nnpI..JHI1Marem,cTBO B cpeO.na.rJbHOi1 POCCI1I1 M.. 1994. C. 152-167 !CM.: HfJUHG Jl. H YJIO>KeHl1e 1649 r. I..J ero l13.!laHI1H II EcnOMOraR'J1b- Hb[e I1CTopl1'JeCKHC nI1CUI1JlJ\I1Hb!. fl.. 191;3. T. 14. C. 160-166 }B JlI1repa1)'IX' Ha :lTO 06crmrrenbCTBO OC06eHHoe BHI1MaHI1e 06panUi H. JI. HOBoM6eprcKHH B CTIITbe 1947 r. (Hoeov6epltXuU H. H. K Bonpocy 0 BHewHef.i I1CTOpl11..J C060PHOro ynoIKeHI1H 1649 rona II HCTopl1'JecKl1e ]8- nI1Cno: 124ab' nB JaKOHOnaTenbHbIX 8KTOB (muKe "UlKHX 3Ha'JI1Mb]X, KaK HOB0yKa3Hble CTIITbH 1669 r.) no MeCTHblM MMI1HIICT)J3TI-IBI-I()-C)r.ne6HbIM opraH8M BO BTOpof.i nOJIOBI1He XVII B. He- pe.nKO B03HI1KaJlI1 npo5J1eMb! non60PKY KTe)JHbIX npl1MepoB TaKOro paM CM.. Hooav6ep.'CKIJu H. H. YKa3. C04. C. 47-49. 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 89 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} BaHHSI nope4>opMeHHoi1 cyne6Hoi1 CI1CTeMbL Ha paccMOTpeHl111 3TI1X JOB nOne"lpOBcKoti lOCTI1Ul111 I1MeeT CMblCJI OCTaHOBJ.1TbCfI HeCKOJIbKO n011p06Hee. 4TO KaCaeTCSI np06JIeMbl llU.JpOKOH n011KYnaeMOCTJ.1 rocy- .aapCTBeHHbiX CJ1YA<aWltX. TO JlI.eCb K I1CXOllY XVII B. B Haruei1 CTpaHe CJIO)l(J.fJIOCb BeCbMa cBoeo6p33Ha.ll npaSOBa.H CI1l)'aUl1.11 I . B 3nl1UeHTpe JJ;aHHoi1 cl1lyaLll'lI1 HaxO.l];l-IJIC.II «nOcyJl» (3aOJJ;HO C era pa3HOBJ1..[{HOCTSlMI1 «nOMI1HKaMH» 11 «nO'-leCTblO»). npe.n- CTaBl15U1 co60i1 n06poBoJIbHoe '-I8CTHOe B03HarpIDKlIeHI1e nom/(- HOCTHOMY JlI1UY. I1MeBWee (KaK 060CHOBaJI Kl r. A11eKceeB) I13Ha1.JaJlbHO 6e3)fCJ10BHO JleraJIbHblH xapaKTep. nocYJI Ha'-larJ I1C- n011BOJIb, HO Heo6paTI.JMO KpI.JMI1HaJll130BbIBaTbCfI B XV BeKe. npouecc TaKODO" Kpl1MI1HarJI13aUI111 3aBepruIDICH. KaK 113BeCT- HO. B CYJJ;e6HHKe 1497 L. comaCHO CT. 1.3311 38 KOTOpOro no- JlY"IeHl1e nocYJla 6e3Bapl1aHTHO Bocnpell.laJIOCb J . B XVII B. n03I1UI1H 38KOHOllaTeJ1f1 CTaJl8 MeHee 011H03H81.J- Hok C 011HO" CTOPOHbl. B YJIO)f(eHI1I1 1649 r. nocyJI KaK TaKoBoi1 He nO.D.BeprCfI 3anperneHI1JO. ComacHo HopMaM, 3aKpel1.lleHHbiM B CTaTbflX '-Jl. IO -H, 21-H 11 25-H YJlo>Kemm. HOJDKHOCTHble Jll1ua I npo5J1eMa B3HTU'JHI1'JC!.."T8<I IJ cpeLlHeBt:KoBO PlX.CI1I1 3aTParl1BailiICb MHOrl.JMM arrropa!l.m. npH'ICM KaK npaBOBC.lU[MI1. TaK 11 '1ClOpIIKaMI.J. 113 05Wl1pH0i1 'Jepe.nb! pa60T Ha ::n)' TeMY CM., B ncpsytO 04epeLlb AlltjuljJe- p06 K. H. BJHTO<[Hl1'leCTBO B HCTopHI1 pyCCKOro JaKOHou.:rrer:JbCTsa (no ne- p110.na CBo.1l0B) II IKYPHaJI rpa>KI1aHCKOro H yr0J10BHoro npaBa. 1884. 1Vi. 2. C. 1-35; lllupHe6 B. H. B3HT04HI1'JeCTBO 11 JlI1w.naTer:JbCTBO B CBH311 C 06- lliI'IM )"IeHl1eM 0 llOJDKHOCTHblX npeCl)'JlJICHI1.11X: yr0J10BHO-lOplt.lllflecKOe ItcCJleJlOBaHl1e. $I)JOCl13Rf1b, 1916. C. 71-91 [BpeMeHHI1K ileMItllOBcKoro tOpltllH'lecKoronl1ueH. KH. 115]; Torke H. J. Crime and PUnishment in the Pre-Petnne Ovd Service. The Problem orControl II Imperial Ru'Na. 1700- 1917. State Society. OPPosItion. Nothcrn lIIillOis Umvcrsity Press. 1988. P.5-21; Cedoe fl. B. nOllHOWeHI1H B MOCKOBCKHX npH!o.3Jt'l XVII m:Ka 4T:01 B; 19:Ha.12'I.I-4: t6: m IiUH B. B. (iopb6a C KoppynUl1eH B POCCI1I1 XVI-XX BB.: .n11aJ1eKTI1Ka CI1- CTCMHOro []()llXQlJ;I. M., 2003. C. 3-14. f"0106Glf()6(J E. 11. nooBble OCHO- Bbl 6opb5b1 C KoppynUHeH B POCCI1I11 B XVI-XIX BB (lIcropI1Ko-npaBoBoe ItcCJleJlo&nme): ABTOpecp. .nI1C. no KaHll. lOpl1.n. HaYK. M.. 2002. C. 13-17; K}pm.UH A. B. I1CTOPI1 npen.ynpe)l(,1leHI.J.II 11 npecetleHI1H KoppynUHI1 B CI1- CTCMe rocynapcTBcHHOH CJI)')K6b1 POCCMi1CKOI1: I1MnCpl111 II I1cropl1H ro- CYllapcT8<l11 npaBa. 1003. NQ 3. C. 9-11, flllCClfJUW6Clfl. rlJ. YKaJ. C04. C. 68-74. 2 Alt'KCI:'e6 10. f" Cyne6HI.JK I1BaHa III: T)Ja1I.HUI1.11 11 pe<t>opMa. Cn6.. 2001. C 186-190. 3PoccI1i1cKOe JaKOl-tlJJ]dfeJlbCTBOX-XX BB. T.l. C. 54. 58-59. 
90 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I nOWle>KaJI11 yrOJiOBHO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, TOJibKO eCJJl.1 npI1H5I- Tl'le nocyIt8 06YCJlOBHIIO COBepllleHl'le I-1MI1 I'IHblX npecrynHblx ne5iHHii (OT BhlHeCeHIDI Henp8BocynHoro npHfOBOpa 110 cJl)')Ke6- HOro n01LJ10ra)l. C npyroii CTOpoHbI. BO MHO.>Kecree HOptaTHB- HI>IX npaBOBblX 8KTOB BTOPOH nOJlOBHHb[ XVII B. (6Yllb TO npH- CSlfa llbRKOR 1653 r. ..unl MHoroY(1CJ]eHHble BoeROllCK(1e H8K83b]) nOcyJT 6e30roBopOYHO B036paHJlJ1CSl 1 . XapaKTepHo. QQH8KO. "lTO 3anpeT H8 nOJ1YlJeHl'le «'-JHCTbIX nDeynoR He COnpOBO)IillalICfI B )(v-XVII BEl. KaKI-1MI1-11I160 caHKUHSlMI'I. C 1670-x rr.. HapMY c nocYJIaMH, B OTel(eCTBeHHOM 38- KOH01IaTeJ1bCTBe BpeMH OT BpeMeHH H8'-JaJ] yrXHpe6JJflTbCH 11 TepMHH «63f1mKO'}\ KaK flBcTnyeT 113 KOHTeKCTa HopManlBHblX npaBOBblX 8KTOB 11 MaTepl1aJlOB cyne6Hof1 11 allMHHHCTpanmHOH npaKHIKH. B351TK8 I'ICXOJI.HO 03H8'la1l8 'J8CTHoe B03HarpIDKlIeHHe llOJDKHOCTH0M}' JIIiUY. nOJ1)f'-1eHl'le KOTOpOro 6blJ10 conp5DKeHO C BbIMOraTeJIbCTBOM. K npl'lMepy. D.OKJIMblBa.ll pe3YJlbTaTbi CJlY)I(e6- HOM npOHepKI1, D.b5lK A A Kyp6aTOB nl-1ca.n: H MapTe 1700 r. ma- Be Op)')KeHHOH narJaTbl 4'1. A r0J10BHHY, 'lTO nOllb5l'lHH THXOH EeJ151eB «c K.mm6Oii 2080pUA, 'tmo e.lRlrtJm6... HG2J10CmWO C6DeIO HUKGKUX He 6UPbi6{JjJ, tl <tmo, no iJa8Heu 06bi1c,iocmu... eMY Ooearu 6 no<tecmb, mo OH npUUV{JJio4. KaK 6bl TO HH 6bUIO. CJ10)((HBWIDIC}\ 3aKOHOn;aTeJ1bHHfI He- BHflTl111H npl'lBe J1H K TOMY. '1TO npHHflTl'le nOcyJlOB CTaJlO B XVII B. ] CM. CT. 5-9, 11, 15-16, 144, 146 11 150 fJI. IO-it. CT. 83 fJI. ll-it. CT. 7 11 17-18 rJI. 25-i1 YnO)KeHI1.II 1649 r. (POCCI1i1CKoe JaKOHOnaTt:JlbCTBO X-XX BB. T. 3. C 102-104.123-124,244,253111 256). BnIllTepaTVpe.naH- HYJO OCo6eHHOCTb YJlQ)KeHI1H OTMeTH!! ellle K. H. AHUI14ePOB (.4Hl(I«jJe- pofJ K. H YKaJ. CO'J C. 31-33). !nonHOe co6paHl1e JaKOHOB. T. I NQ 114. C. 310, 313-314; T. 2. NQ 1074. 1148, 1181 C. 616. 717. 762; T. 3. NQ 1443. 1511. 1516. 1533. C. 1}a';YCTaHOBHTb aBToPY HaCToHwei1 pa60Tbl, B JaKO- HW18Tt'JIbCTBe TepMI1H «6JHf1IJ( 6bUl BnepBble I1CnOJlb30BaH B I1MeHHOM yt<d:JC OT 18 4>cBpUI.II 1677 r. 06 opraHI13aUl11-1 lleHTenbHOCTI1 TaMO)KCH- HblX fOIIOB 11 ueJlOIk1JlbHI1KOB (nOJ1Hoe c06paHI1e 3aKOHOB. T. 2 NQ 679. C. 90-91). B neOOBOM)((e 06l1x01le Ha:lBaHHbIH repMI1H, HeCOMHeHHO, yno- T))e6J1.11J1C>1 11 paHee CM., Hanpl1Mep. KOJUIeKTI1BHyJO 'JeJl06I1THyJO )((11TeJ1eH CeMCHOBCKOI1: CJ1060.nb[ MOCKBbl OT 21 IllIOH.II 1659 r. ill! ofu.c:JD.HorO rOJlOBY (]:I. 6eccottosa (MOCKOBCKaH nenOBaH 11 6b[TOBaII nl1CbMeHHOCTb XVII BeK!l. M., 1968. C. 71). OCTaeTCH no6aBl1Tb, 'ITO B XVII 8., HapH.llY c repMI1HOM 'B3SITKa». 6b1TOB<L111 11 BeCbMa 6.rJ113KHe K HeMY no 3Ha'JeHl1tO TepmHbl "CJo:j7P 11 <'IIUJlO<a. 4PfAllA,I]:I. 160. 1700 r., NQ 3. n. I. 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 91 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} de facto l1eranbHb]M JIBJleHl'leM. HI'IKOI'IM 06PaJOM HOpM<ITI1BHO He perJJaMeHTl1pOBaHHbl nOcyl1 npOlJHO YKOpeHHJlCH KaK B ueH- TpaJIbHblX (KaK y6elU1TeJlbHO nOKa3aJIa H. cD. D.eMI'IllOBa), TaK 1'1 B MeCTHblX aIlMI'IHl'IcrpaTI'IBHo-cyne6HblX opraH8X (KaK He MeHee y6elll'lTe.llbHO nOM13aJ1H E. D.3BI'IC. n. B. Ce.l10B 1'1 r. n. EHI'IH)I. D.eJlo llOWJIO 110 Toro. 'lTO paCXO.l1b1 H8 nOLJ:K)'n 1l0JDKHOCTHbiX 11I..JU Bcex YPOBHdi CTaJlI'I OTKpblTO ttJI..JKCl'lpOB8TbCJ! B ttJI..JHRHCO- SOH 110KYMeHTaul..Jl'I. Tal<., 6 J]HBaPH 1665 r. MOHacTblpCKMft. crpJIn'JI..Jft. AHHaKYM npOKc:xpbeB BHec, KaK HM B 'leM He 6blBaJlO, B paCXO.l1HYIO KHHry 3anl'lCb 0 TOM, 'lTO nO.l1bH'leMY npl'lKa3a KOCrpOMCKOH 'leTBepnI fpl'lropl'lJO EMeJ1bHHOBY 6bUlO naHO «om O'fHbfe cm06KU om 10- nUCKU c 6e2.J1blM Kupu.J060 MOHt1Cl1Ibfpfl KpecmbflHUHO/lf C .ne8KolO OxjJoHOObW... pyfi'lb 16 W1mbiH ()a ()bJ/KY MUKume flampuKee6Y PJfj'b». BHYWI'ITeJ1bHa.ll no reM BpeMeHaM cyMMa l10CTaJlRCb 11BO- I'IM npl'lK33HblM npocm 3a llliJLIIe)l(all.lee O$opMJIeHl'le npOTOKOl1a O'-lHOI1 CTaBKI1! B 06weM, KaK ynpylJeHHO KOHCTaTMpOBaJll'lfyMeH TpOI'lUKoro TeJ1eTOBa MOHacTblpH EttJpeM B nl'lCbMe K apXMenl'l- cKony AneKcaHllPY OT 22 JlHBapH 1699 r.: «...ve3  60WfU/HUJJ He /If())I(£ffl MOCK6a iJe.ramb Hu«aKUX ikA»-'. HI'IKaK He MeHee ocrpof1 B XVII B. J!BJlSJJlaCb np06J1eMa 80- 110KI'ITb] (0 MHorOBeKOBO 60ph6e C KaKoBoH}l)Ke ynOMI'lHaJlOCb Bblwe). J.1C'IepnblBaJOwe TO'lHO CTapOMOCKOBCKYJO B0J10KHTY oxapaKTepl13oBaJI B 1915 r. H. JI. HOlloM6eprcKMi1: «OHa npe.n- CTaBlU1JI8 coGO" CJ10)I(HYlO BJl3b 3JloynoTpe6JIeHH" IlJl8CTH, 6e33a- l/J£trudo«n H (]J. CflYJKl1JIaH 6Kpotq:mII.II B POCCIIII1 C. 144-145; Da- vies B. The POIIIICS of Give and Take: Kormlerue as Service RenumerallOn and GenerdllZl::d EXdnge. 1488-1716 II Culture and Identlly m Muscovy. 1359-1584. M.. 1997. P. 49-61; Cedo6 fl. B. n01lHoweHHH BCHCTeMe Boe- BOllCKOro ynpaBlICHI1.II HOBJOlxw.a XVII B. II HOBropo.nCKI1HI1CTopl1']CCKHi1 c60pHI1K. Cn6.. 1999. c. 130-163; £HUH r. fl. I3oeBO.nCKoe KOpMJIeHI1e B POCCI1I1 R XVII BeKe (co.nep)l(aH(1e HaceJIeH(1eM ye3lla rocynapCTBeHHoro opraHa BJ1acTH) Cn6.. 1000. c. 49-90. !CrpHn'Jl1i1 XVII B. I..J ero OTHOWeHl1e K npl1KaJHoMy MI1PY II '-IOI1ilP 1884. KH. 3. C. 6. Cpo HCMaJlO'II1CJ1CHHb]C cxruKJtC 3anI1CH B pac1WllHOO KHl1re COBbeRCKoro ]eMCKOro ueJlOB<LlbH(1Ka 1674-1675 rr. (Pacxo.nHIDI KHl1fa leMcKoro ueJlOBaJlbHI1Ka COBbeRCKOi1 BOJIOCTI1 BHTCKOro ye:l!l1l 1674-1675 rr I ny6JJ A A. npe06pa)l(eHCKOfO II Ap1COOf"J)d(JJl1'JeCKI1i1 e)l(erOllHIIIK 3a 1966 rOll. M.. 1968. C. 407-424). J AKTbl XOJlMoropcKoj:j I..J YCTJOJKCml1 enapxHH I non pen 11. H. Maj:j- KOBa Cn6.. 1890 1..j. I. Crn. 1459 (f'yCCKaH I1CTopl1'JeCKaH 6Hfi.rJI'IOTeKa. T.12(. 
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rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 93 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} 1700 r. 0 BBeneH1111 BlleCTBl1e HOBOW Yl1O)l(emm l . COCTdBltre- JlI1 H33BaHHbIX 8KTOB He nO)l(a.n.eJII1 TeMHblX KpacOK, .aa6bl 06pl-1- COBaTb 6e.nCTBeHHoe n0J10)l(eHI1(: pOCCl1i1cKOt1 IOCn:IU1111 (np8Blla, npel1MywecTBeHHO B cpe rpmKJIaHcKoro cynonpoI13BOllCTBa): 3aKOH OT 21 4>eBpan5l11397 r. npoeKT MMeHHOro YKa:m OT Zl 4>eBpan51 1700 r. ... B cynex 11 B O'lHb]X CTaBK3X ... J]a Ha MOCKBe 11 B ropo- OT I1CTUOB H OTBeT'-lI1KOB 6blBaeT nex eM)', BeJUlKOM)' rocYllaptO, MHoraH HenpaB.na 11 JJyKaBCTBo. 11 CBflllleJ-IHoro 11 Ml1pCKOro 'II-1HY Hlllyr MHome IIICTlibI I1CKOB COO- 111O.n11 6b10T 'JeJIOM HenpllBllolO, HX, 3areBIDI HanpaCHO, TaK)l(e III 11 I1JIYT I1CTUbI I1CKOB CBOI1X, OTBeT'-lI1KI1 B JIpflMblX I1CKex OTBe- 3arenafl HanpacHo. a OTBeT'JI1- 'IalOT HenpaB.naMI1 >K, COCTaBHblMI1 KH B npHMblX I1CKex OTBe'ffiJOT BblMblCJ1b] CBOI1MI1 11 nyJ<ascTBoM, HenpaanolO >K. CQeTaBHblMI1 XOUI Tf:MI1 COcrdBHb[MIil JaTei1- CBOI1MI1 BbIMbICJ1bl. XOUI TeMI1 Hb]'-111 OTBeTbl npHMblx I1CKOB Ha- COCTaBHb]MI1 OTBeTb[ npHMbIX npacHo omblTb, 336b1B CTpax 60- I1CKOB HanpacHo ombiTb. A >KI1H. A I1Hb]e I1CTlibl 11 OTBeT'lI1KH, I1Hb]e I1CTUbl 11 OTBeT'IIIIKIII, 1U1.11 1U1.11 TaKHX >Ke COOIIIX KOBlIpCTB III TlIKI1X >Ke CBOI1X KOBlipCTB 11 HenpaBllb], HaHI1MalOT Ja ce6f1 Henpall.1I. HaHI1MalOT Ja ce6H B B cyllbl 11 B O'lHbm CTaBKH CBOIO CYDb! 11 B 04Hb]e CTaBlrn BCflKi1X 6paTbJO 11 6o.llpCKHX JIIO.neii Jl6eD- 'JI1HOB JlK!1leH Sl6e.nHI1KOB 11 co- HIilKOB 11 CQCTaBllil1KOB >Ke. 00- craBllil1KOB, BOpoB III llyweBpe.u,- paB 11 llYWCBPCilUOB. H 33 TCMIII li08. 11 3a Tf:MI1 I1X sopoSCKI1MI1 I1X BOpoSCKI1MI1 11 Sl6e.nHw-reCKI1- 11 ooe.nHI1'JeCKI1MI1 11 COCTIlB- MI1 11 COCTaBHblMI1 BblMblcnbl 11 HblMI1 BbiMbICJ1bl 11 JIyJ<aBCTBbI JJyKaocrna\1 B BepllleHbe Tex neJ1 B BepWeHbe neJ1 npaBblM 11 npaBb]M 11 MaJlOMO'[Hb]M JllOlieM MaJlOMOlllHb]M 111O.!leM '1IIIHI1Tllli BO onpaB.naHI1I1 'JI1HI1TCH MHorafi '-1HOraH B0J10Kl1Ta 11 HanpacHble BOJIOKHTa 11 HanpaCHble xap411, 11 xap411, 11 y6bITKI1, 11 pa30peHI1f1, 6b1TK1i. 11 pmopeHI1f1, a BI1J-1HblM, a BI1HHbIM. 'JTO nOBeJ1OCb, no 'ITO llOBeJIOCb. no ero BCllilKOro ero BeJ1I11KOro rocy.napH YK.lJ) roCYllapfi YKa3)' 11 no YnO)l(eHbtO, 11 no YJIO)l(eHbtO. 'JI1Hl1Tb YKa3, ::;b=ru:eT,O:S:&;:= [reJ1CTBa 11 npo.nOJDKe- KOM 11 BopaM nmKI1BKH. . LITO 11 roBopl1Tb, Kpt.J3I1C 6bVl O<leBl{JleH. CYlle6HaSi CI1CTeMa POCCI1I1 onpelleJ1eHHO H}I)K.!I.aJlacb B 06HoBJTeHI1I1. Me)K.!lY TeM, XOT.II «sroe)lHI1KI1» 1-1 «.!lyweBpeD.lJ.b]» OCJ10>KHJl./U1 Be.neHl1e npo- ueCCOB Bee GOJ1bille no rpIDK.!laHCKI1M lleJlaM, nepBbl mar B CTQ- POHY cYlle6HbiX npeo6paJoBaHI1 Oerp I c;:J;eJlaJ] B H8np3BJ1eHI111 yrOJIOBHOrO cyn onpOH3BO;:J;CTBa. 13aKoHonareIJbHble aKTbl neTPa I. c. 30-31, POCCI1ltcKOe JaKOHO.na- TtJIbCTBO x-xx BB. T. 3. C. 397-398 
94 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I  3. Cy,QOyCTJ>OMcmo .., cYAOnpoM3Bo,QCTBO PaccMM B 1696-1710 IT. PaT)'Wa KaK opraH npaBOCYA"' KaK }')Ke OTMe>laJIOCb BbllUe. no peKOHC1py"pOBaHHO- MY H. E. rOJUIKoooi1 I1MeHHOMY yKa3y 1696 r., "IpaHcc]:JOpMJ.'I- pOSaHHb[j:j f01l0M paHee 143 npeo6pa>KeHcKoi1 nOTelUHoi1 113Gbi npe06pa)l(eHCKJ..:IW npman JanOJl)l'-l11Jl I1CKJlJOl(I1TeJlhHOe npaBO cyn.a no rocyn.apcTBeHHblM npeCTYfUJeHHHM. OTHbIHe. He3aBI1- CMMO HI1 OT TeppHTOpl1l1. Ht1 OT CJl}')Ke6Horo IVU1 COUl1aJ1bHOro CTal)'Ca oGBI1HHeMoro. Bce yroJtoBHble lleJ1a TaKOra pOD.a (lleJIa no «CJ\OBY H AeJlY») nOlUle)I(MH HanpaBJleHi-IIO H3 cy6Hoe pac- cMolpem1e JIaHHOrO npmca3a. Tenepb B KaKOM 6b] T04Ke POCCJ.'111 HI1 HaX01UlJlCH 3351BHTeJib no «CJlOBY H neny», OH caM H Bce YKa- JaHHble HM JIHua .nOJDKHb] 6hUll1 HeMellJleHHO 6pancn non crpa- >KY 11 n.ocmBJHITbCH B MOCKEY (TOl(Hee. B nOllMOCKOBHoe CCJIO npeoGpmKeHCKOe, me llHCJlOUt1pOBarICH npI1Ka3)I. nepell CYllOM npe06pa)l(eHcKoro npHKa3a OKa3aJ1HCb paB- Hbl Bce: H >KJ.ffeJIb OxoTcKa H >KHTeJlb KHeBa. H KHJl3b H xOJlon. H HeO)(J]aJ]HOH nOllb.ll'-lHH 11 60SJp11H, 11 P.llJJ;OBOi1 CJI}0Kl1JIbli1 11 JXl3P5l.nHb]i1 BOeBO.1la. HeCJIY'-'lai1HO OCBe.1l0MJIeHHbli1 COBpeMeH- HI1K nmp}[CeHHO KOHCTaTl1pOBaJI, "'lTO B npe06p(i)KeHcKI1i1 npH- Ka3 MOrJlH «6CRK020 63Hmb K P03bJCKY, apecm08amb U P03bJCKU8amb uno P03biCKY 6epmumb (BbIHeCTH npt'lfOBOp H npl1BeCn1 ero B HCnOJlHeHl1e)>>2. B caMOM neJ1e. KaK. nOllBOIDI t1TOr paCCMOTpe- Hmo YKa3a 1696 r.. Cnpane.1l1lHBO OTMeTHJla H. 6. rOJlHKona. «TaKJIIX nOJ1HOMo'-mi1 ewe HtiKOrna He HMeJ1 Hti O.ntiH npHKa3»}. KOHe4HO. H8 npaKTJIIKe, KaK ycraHoBI1JI H. H. nOKpOB- CKI1i1, KOHUeHTpaUH}[ COOTBeTCTB)'IOWtiX neJl B npe06p<DKeHCKOM npHKaJe 3aTHHyJl acb He H8 OlltiH ro1l 4 . KOHe"'lHO, npeo6pmKeH- I nO.npo6Hee KaK 0 npoue.uype, TaK 11 0 KOHKjJeTHb]X BapHaUH.IIX 06'h11B- neHHfI «CJ10Ba 11 neJla» eM.. {OllllWfJO H Ii. n()J1I1TI1'JeCKl1e npoueCCb! npl1 nerpe I. c. 11-24, 18-31. 58-61; Am./ClLW1J6 E. B. 'ubI6a 11 KHyr. C. 156- 164. 2 K.'fJl1Ii.UH E. If fl1CTopl1H 0 uape nerpe ArieKCeeBlf1.le II ApXHB KHH- ].II 'r.-;,=K;t. ci npl1 nerpe I c. 15 4 {JOK{X)6C1WU H. H. 3aK0HOlldTCJ1bHble I1CTO'IHI1KH... C. 416. KaK npe.n- CTa8.f1JIeTCJI. I1MeHHO npoMCDJIeHl1e c pea.rul3.u1Ilei1 YKa3a 1696 r. 06yCJIODH- JlO nO.llRJIeHl1e ynoMHHaBUIl'fCICJI 3aKOHa OT 25 ceHTH6pH 1702 r., B KOIO- poM. "Ie}I{1lY I1HOro, I1CKJ1t04HTeJlbHaH nOllCYDHOCTb neJl no «C;JOBY 11 DeJ1Y BTOpl1'JHO JaKperuHl.fIaCb Ja npeo6pIDKeHCKI1M npl1Ka30M (n()J1Hoe c06pa- HI1C 38KOHOB. T. 4. NQ 1918. C. 199-2(0). 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 95 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} CKHi1 npMKa3 11 nOCJIe 1696 r. OCTllilCfI KJIaCCI1'leCKMM npl1Ka- 30M - MHOroctJyHKUHOHaJIbHblM aztMI1HI1CTpaTHBHO-cyne6HbIM OpraHOM (13 KOMneTeHUl.J1O KOroporo BX01U1Jl0 TaJOKe 11 pac- CMOrpeHl1e yroJlOBHblX 11 rpa)l(1laHCKI1X neJl. KaCaBWHXCfI crpoe- BblX BOeHHOCJI}')KaWI1X rBaplll1l1. H ynpanJIeHl1e pfillOM nBOpuo- BblX TeppHTOpl1i1. M oxpaHa npaBonopSlllKa B MOCKBe). Bce :JTO TaK HeT COMHeHI1i1. o.nHaKO. '-no n05lBJIeHHe I1MeHHOro YKa3a 1696 r. o:ma<jaJIO 3Ha<jI1TeJlbHoe npo.nBM.>KeHHe H8 nyrH c]:JoPMH- pOBaHI1S1 enMHCTBa cyne6Hoi1 CI1L,eMbl Harnei1 crpaHbL BMecre C reM. npeBpaTI1B 13 1696 r. npeo6pa:>KeHCKI1j..j npHKa3 Berne O.D.l1H CneUI1aJl113HpOBaHHblj..j cyne6Hblj..j opraH, 3aKOH01IaTeJlb TOJlbKO YCI1J1HJI CBoj..jCTBeHHYIO llopec]:JopMeHHblM BpeMeHaM «cyne6HylO 1.Jepecn0J10cl1u,y». CJlenylOrneM cyne6Ho-npe06pa.JOBaTeJlbH0I1 MepoC! ne- rpa I JlBHlIOCb I13D.aHHe Bb]WeynOMJlHyroro 3aKOH3 OT 21 eB- pan51 1697 r. 06 OTMeHe B cynax O<jHbIX CTaBOK. He pa3 oxapaK- rep1130BaHHb]M B 1I11TepaType 3aKOH OT 21 eBpaJUI 1697 r. He C03llaJ1, KaK tBBeCTHO, HOBblX c]:JopM npOllecca I (no ,noH npl1- 1.JI1He TpaKToBKa A. 11. XpYCTaneBblM Ha3BaHHOro 3aKOHa KaK «npoueccyanbHoi1 peopMbl» JlBJJ5IeTC5I MaJloy6enHTeJlbHoi1). HanpaBJleHHblH Ha nponmollei1cTBHe cyr5l>KHH'leCTI3Y. CTpeM- JleHMIO Heno6pocoBecTHbix CTOpOH 3aBOJlOKI1TI1Tb pa.J6HpaTeJlb- CTIIO lleJi 3aKOH 1697 r. YrJ1y6MJI. C OllHOH CTOpOHbl, p03bICKHoe, 8 c npyroH - 61OPOKp3TH<jeCKoe H8'l8JJO II cynonpol13110nCTBe (oc06eHHO B Ipa}Kll3HCKOM. II KOTOpOM no TOj..j nopbl erne co- XpaHJlJlHCb 3J1eMeHTbl «>K.HBOro» COCTJl3aTeJlbHoro npouecca). I1MeHHo C 13KOHa OT 21 eBpanJi 1697 r. Ha1.JarJOCb CTpeMt1- TeJlbHOe npenparneHHe OTe'leCTBeHHoro npouecca 13 «Tai1Hbli1 H nI1CbMeHHb]M»2. [B I1CTOpI1Ko-npaBOBOH J1I1Teparype 0 D.aHHOM JaKOHe eM., B nepByJO O'lepe.nb: /l,.vumpuetJ (j) M. YK.13. CO']. C. 538-539; WortmDn R Op. cit. P. 303-304; f.JucmJ/1W6 O. If. npoueccYaJlbHOe 3aKOHOllaTeJlbCTBO. C. 795- 799, PnWOflO(l.D.. A PerPoPMI1jX!BaHl1e cynonpoI13BO.1lCTBa. C. 4-5; Ky- mar}JUH O. E.. JJe6eiJee B. M., Ce.lfUZlllf r.1O. YKaJ. C04. T. 2. C. 145-146. J1QHCKGn C. B. YKaJ. C04. C. 15-27; XpycmaJe6 A. J1. Cyne6Ho-npaBOBble pe<tK>PMb[... Dl1c. ... C. 40-78. 2l3ocrJeHcKuilA.A. YKa3. co'!. C. 41. HCJ1bJH He COrJJ.IClfTbCH T'dlOKe c MHeHl1eM A A BBelleHcKoro 0 TOM. 'JTO, BCJ1e.nCTBHe IIWIHI1H JaKOHa OT 21 4>eBP3Jl}l 1697 r (a TaIOKe EOI1HCKOro apTHK)'Jla 1714 r. 11 JaKOHa ..0 cpopMe cyna» OT 5 HOH6pH 1723 r.). npol1JOUlIJO ynp331lHeHI1e I'IHCTI1.T)'I"d CTpHn'JIIIX. «13 TOM BI'!JlC KaK OH C1JO>IillJJCSI B XVII B." (TaM )l(e). 
96 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I lI.aJlbHeHWl1e J113MeHeHJ.Ul B cyn.e6Hoi1 cc]:>epe npOJ.'I30UUlI1 B Hameli C1paHe B CBn311 C npoBeneHJlleM ropon.CKoi1: pec]:lopMbl 1699 r. (I1JIH I ropO.1lCKOH pe<t>oPMbl OeTpa I). B KOlLe Ha3BaHHOH pe(]>opMbl B Hawef1 CTpaHe OKa3allaCb BblCTpoeHa HeBWIaHHa5I. npe>KJle o60co6JJeHHaH BepTI1KaJlb opraHOD ropollCKOi1 BJlaCTH. HJ.130Boe 3BeHO 3T0i1 BepTI1KaJlH o6pa3(IRaJU1 peopraHH30BaHHble B SIHBape 1699 r. opraHb] ropO.1lCKOro caMoynpaRJ1eHIHI - 3eM- CKl1e 1/136b] DO rmme C 3eMCKHMI1 6YPM(1CTpaMI1. BblCWMM 3BeHOM Bepn1KaJlH ropO.1lCKOi1 BJl8CTH CTaJI<i oypMHCTepCKlliI naJi8T<I (ne- pel1MeHOHaHHIDI B Hml6pe 1699 r. B Parywy) - He I1MeBllmii HI1 OTe<lecTBeHHbIX, Ht.J 3apy6C)f(}{bIX 8HaJ10roB UeHTpaJIbHblf1 opraH, Be.1laBwt.JH THrJlbIM ropollCKI1M (nOCaIlCKHM) HaCeJleHl1eMI. MOH1BaUHIO 3aKOHo.ua:reJUI npH npOBelleHl111 I ropOllCKOH pe(]>opMbl B03MO)((HO peKOHCTpYHPOBaTb no npeaM5YJTe K 3aKO- HY OT 30 SlHBapH 1699 r. 0 npe06pa30B3HI1I1 3eMCKI1X 1136 11 06 Y'-Ipe>K.!l;eHI1I1 E)YPMl1cTepCJwH naJIaTbL B MHHOH npeaM6YJle neIp I np5lMO o60cHOBaJl Heo6xOlll1MOCTb pectJoPMbl CTpeMJ1eHI1- eM OCBo6011I1Tb nOCaD.CKoe HaceJleHl.Je OT MIHOi!UJ(m o6ud U l/alOi', U n06opo6, U 63flm«O/J>} co CTOpOHbl BOeBOlll1 npl1Ka3Hblx 2 . B I1TOre nOCilllCKoe HaCeJleHt1e 6b1JTO nOJTHOCTblO BblBelleHO 113-nOll BJ18- CTI.J BOeBOll. nOJT)"-It1BWl.Je >Ke ROO nOJIHOTY aIlMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHO- CYlle6Hb]X nOJTHOMO'-lI1H B OTHOWeHl111 nOCilllcKI1X 06ll{11H 3eM- CKl1e 1136b! 11 PaTYwa CTaJTl1 nepBblMI1 CnemlliJll1311pOBaHHblMI1 Cyn.aMI1, B no.J]BellOMCTBeHHOCTb KOTOpblX nonano Dce nlrJToe ro- pOllCKoe HaCeJTe Hl1e POCCI1I1 (3a t1CKJTJO'-IeHt1eM Cl16l1pt1 J ). ] Dft.ll nOJIHOTb[ Ka)JTHHb[ CTOI1T 33MeTHTh, 'JTO C0311aHlile oc06oro ueH- TpaJIbHOro opraHa BJJaCrn, BelIiIBUJero ropollCKI1M HaceneHl1eM, 6b[J]0 npo- DeK.IJapl1poBaHo ewe B CT. 88 HOBoToproBOro YCTIlBa 1667 r. (eM: POCCI1H- CKoe JaKOHOJJaJCJIbCTBO X-XX BB. T. 4. C. 130). 2 nonHoe c06paHl1e 33KOHOB. T. 3. NQ 1675. C. 600. Hcy.nI1BHTeJlbHO n03TOM)', 'lT0 HeKOTOpoe BpeMH cnyCT.II - cornacHo JaKOHY OT 16 BpanH 1700 r. - BOeBOll, BMeWI1BaBllJl1XCH BDeJ1a 3eMCKI1X 1136, 6b[J]0 npe.nnl1CaHO OT.illUlaTb nOli cyn Pa1YWI1 (TaM >Ke T.4 N2 1760. C. 13). JOrMellli 6ypM1ClpCXOrU caMoynpalllICHI1H DJI.II Cl16l1pH 6b1JJa OJooo- peHa B oco60M I1MeHHOM YKaJe OT n OKT.II6pH 1699 r. (nOJlHoe c06paHI1e JaKOHOB. T. 3. NQ 1708. C. 654-655). I-hilllHl1e naHHoro YKaJa 061,HCHillIOCb TeM, 'JTO PYKOBOllCTBO CI1611pcKoro npl1KaJa - 6Y1lY'1I1. no BCeti BePO$lT- HOCTI1, 1l0m...-yn.IJCHO BoeBollaMI1 - npc.nocmBHJlO nerpy I JaBeliOMO $uJb- CI1HUHpoBaHHb[e naHHb[e 0 Man0411CJ1eHHOCTI.J nocdl1CJ<OfO HaceneHHH B ropo.nax CIt611p11 (nOllp06Hee 06 3TOM CM.: AKulUul/ M 0. fOpollCKa.!I pe- 4x:!pMa 1699 r. 11 61OpOlqJaTKJI CI1611pcKOro npHKcHa II POCCI1HCKoe rocy- napcTIIO XVII - Ha'JaJla XX BB.. 3KOHOMI1Ka, nOJlI1T1.JKa, I0'JlbTYpa: Te311cbI 110K./l. EIalTepHH6ypr. 1993. C. 3-5). 
rIlasa 2 Cy,Qe6Ha.ll CI<1CT8Ma PoCCI1I<1 B IlMeHHblri1 97 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} CYllY 3eMCKI1X 1136 11 P<ll)'llll1 TIlrIlble ropO}lG:lHe He n011- JleiKaJUi JlI-1111b no rocynapcTBeHHblM 11 uepKOBHblM npecT)'n1le- HI-1S!M. 8 TalOKe, nO-BHlUlMOMY. no DeJ18M 0 pa360sIA 1-1 YMbllll- JleHHblX y6I1HCTBaX (KaKOBble OCTaJll-1Cb B nOHcYDHOCTl1 ry6HblX 1-136)1. TaKliM 06P<l30M. KaK 11 B cmyaUJ.m C npeo6paiKeHcKHM npliKa30M. Ha.o;eJTeHl1e pe<tmpMMpOBaHHblx opraHOR ropO,LJ;CKO- ro caMoynpaBJleHMSJ 06111I-1PHb]MI-1 cYJJ;e6HbIMM nOJTHOM0411S1MM YCI-1JTI..JJIO, C 011HOH CTOPOHb]. e1ll1HCTBO OTe4eCTBeHHOH cYJJ;e6HOH CI1CIeMb], a 11pyroH - Bce TY }l(e JJ;ope(]>opMeHHYIO «CY11e6HYIO LJepecnoJ1ocI1UY». Llilllee JaCJ1y.:Kl1BaeT ynOMI1HaHI1SJ 6erJlo 3aTpOHyrblH Bblllle 3aKOH OT 2 (]>eBPaJlSJ 1700 r. He3acJ1)')KeHHO o6of.W.eHHblH BHI1Ma- Hl-1eM npe.llWeCTBYIOWliX aBTopOB l13HHbIH 3aKOH 6bUl nOCBSiweH YKpeJUTeHMIQ MHCTaHUMOHHOCTI1 B CYJlOnpOM3BollcTBe 2 . B Ue1l0M p33BMBa51 1II1HI11O YJ10}l(eHMSJ 1649 r. Ha OrpaHI14eHI1e DpeBHe- ro npaBa 'leJl06I-1Tb5I, neIp 1 ycraHOBI1JJ B .JaKOHe OT 2 (]>eBpanS! 1700 r. Beero DBa CJlYlJafl, Koma 1.J3CIHoe J]I1UO MOrIlO 06paTI1TbC}J Hanp5lMYlO K MOHapXY. B nepBOM CJlYlJ8e - BnOJ1He Bllyxe CT. 20 rIl. IO-H YJlOiKeHI1S! - n03BOJ1H!lOCb 611Tb 'leJ10M B «8eplueHblX Oe- flex HO nVeIl& (TO eCTb Jl06I1DaTI>CS! nepeCMOT})a HenpaBOCYJlHblX npHroBopOB. Bb]HeCeHHblX npI1Ka3aMI1). A BOT STOPOH clJ}'lJait 6blll K)'JI.a npMMe4aTeJJbHee. BnepBble B I1cropl1l1 OTe'lecrBeHHoro npaBa. B JaKOHe 1700 r. OKaJa/JOCb cneLll1- arJbHO JaKpeJUTeHO npaoo nO.H1iliHHoro I13Becrl1Tb Henocpe.nCIBeHHO BepXOBH)'IO BJIaCTh 0 <Jee..1UKUX <'OC)vJc/pcm6eHHblX relax.. npl1 Bee« pacfUlbIB<JaTOC11.l npHBelleHHOH c]:JopMyJ1I1pOBIrn MOiKHO C ysepeH- HOCTblO npelID01IO::+JITb, 'lTO non «BeJ1I1KHMI1 rocynapcrneHHblMI1 lleJ1aMI1» neT}) I nODPa3}'MeBaJJ B ll3HHOM CJJy'lae KaK nonyJlHp- Hble B TO BpeM S! npe.lLlJO}KeHI-151 06 }'BeJTI14eHI-1I1 rOCYllapcTBeHHblX I KaKoii-mroo pa60Tbl. CneUI13J1bHO nOCBHweHHoi1 IIICTOpl111 Pa'J)'Wl-1 11 3eMCKI1X 1136 KaK opraHoB npaBOCYDI1SI. nOHblHe He nOHBI1JIOCb KpaT- Koe OCBeWeHl1e naHHoro BOnpoca B IICTOpIIKO-nJmJOOOlt 1II1TepaType. eM.: fJ,.'lfUmpue6 0. M. YKd COL]. C. 48]-484. EijJpeV080 H. H. CYlloycI])OHCTBO POCCI1I1... C. 62-63; Komurf1uH 0 E., Jk6eike B. M., eeWuetm r. 10. YKa3. CO'I T 2. C. 140-144; .llo1I..li.lIJI C. B. YKaJ. COL]. C. 8-9; C'IIblJW.!IUH A. C. C)ille6HaH CHCTeMa POCCI1HCKOro rocYDapCTsa. . C. 59-60. !nOJlHoe C06paHHC 3aKOHOB. T.4. NQ 1748. C. 3 (6o..rJce I1cnpaBHYIO ny6JJI1KaUl1tO TeKCTd 3aKOHa CM.: D,IJopuoBb[e pa3pHllb[. M.. 1855. T.4. Crn. 1111-1113). B HCTOpIIKO-npaBOOOii nllTeparype 06 3TOM 3aKOHe 6er- JIO ynoM.IIHyna enl1HCTBeHHO T E HOBI1UKaH B pa60Te 1997 r (HoIJul4- 1(01/ T. E. npaBa 11 npel1l'l}'llleCTBa m.mepaTopa 11 'JJ1eHOB I1MnepaTOpcKOli <tJaMl1JlI1I1 II J'IKOH01U\Te.%CTBO neTpa I. c. 49). 
98 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I noxo.nOB, TaK 11 coo6rneHI1.11 06 oco6o BIDKHblX rocy.napCTBeHHblX npeCTyflJ'IeHruIX (liTO, crporo WBOpH-, Ir<ODJlJIO B npoTl1HOpe>ll1e c JU1HI1eii Ha }'KPeJUleHl1e tiHCTaHUI10HHOCTI1). 3aocpwarJc.II 3aKOH or 24>eBpaJl5l narenJ'1eCKI1M npH3blBOM <I&JUtiUmb t.}Wt1l 6 OelOX npae- iJy. {J <tewfium<tUKGM Ht1fIJXJCHO He 6umb <te.Jl()..,.. Cne.LI,YlOweii MepO" uapSJ-pec]:JopMaTopa no 113MeHeHHIO CYJJ;oycrpoi1cTBa CTaII 3aKOH OT 10 MapTa 1701 r.. no KOTOpO- MY 6ecnOBopoTHO ynpa:w.HSJJlC.II crapollaBHJ.'IH MHCTI11yr ry6HbIX CTapoCT I . OnHOBpeMeHHO 6blJl8 npe.nnpHmml nOnblTKa BHeerl1 KOJ1Jlerl1aJlhHOe ynpaMem1e CeJIhCKoi-i reppl1Topl1eii ye3Da. Co- rliacHO TOMY >Ke JaKOHY OT 10 MapTa 1702 r., H3 Mecrax BBO- DJ1J1I1Cb nOJl}KHOCTH Bbl60pHbiX D.BOp5lHaMI1 <<ToBapl1weii BoeBOll» (B KOJUf'leCTBe OT 1IB}IX 110 1.JeTblpex <JeJlOBeK). no JaMb]CJlY 38KOHOmrreJ1JI. OTHblHe BoeBon;a He Mor npH- HI1MHTb HHKaK(1X pewemlH (B TOM LjHCJ1e H CYJle6Hb]X) 6e3 co- rJl8CI1SJ CO CBOI-1MI1 «Tosapl1ll.laMI1». Ha npaKn1Ke naHHaJI 00- nblTKa, KaK y6e.aJIITeJlbHO nOKa3aJl M. M. I)OroCJlOBCKI1, He HMeJla, O.QH8KO. ycnexa l . Ye3.D TaK H OCTaJlCH de facto non BJla- CTblO e.DHHOJlH<1HOrO IJOeBOnbl, nO.D<1HHeHHOro cOOTBeTCTB}1O- weMY npHKa3Y. He06xQUJ1MO TaJOKe ynoMSJHYfb. "ITO IJ caMble neplJble rollbl XVIII B. npOItl0lW10 CBepTbllJaHHeAeHTeJ1bHOCm I)O.llpcKOi1JI,YMbL YnpIDllHSJlJwa5lCH. KaK IHlJeCTHO, nOCTeneHHO, 6e3)'Ka3Hb]M no- pan:KOM, A)M8 npOlJeJIa nOCJJellHJlle 3aCell8HJIIH IJ 1704 r. J B JllTOre BblweCToSJllleH cyne6HoH JIIHCTaHUHe no OTHOllleHHIO K npl1Ka- :JaM Tenepb OKaJaTlCH HenOCpellCTBeHHO MOHapx (OCHOlJaHHlliI IJ TOM >Ke 1704 r. BMeCTO I)OHPCKOH n.yMbl aMop<tJHaH «KOHCWlIDI. MHHHCTpOB» ompaRlleHJlleM npalJ()CYllJIIH He 3aHJIIMarraCb). I nOJlHoe C06paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 4. NQ 1900. C. 189. 2 Eoi:OCJI06CKUU M M HCCJJeDOBaHI1H no I1CTOpl111 MeCTHoro ynpaBJ1e- HI1.II...C.49-57. .Inpouecc nl1KBl1JlalIDl1 EiOHjXKOH nyMbI CI1CTeMaTI1'JeCKI1 OCBellieH B OC060M DHCCePf811110HHOM I1CClJe.u.ooaHl111 A R 3a'(8)JOBa 1999 r. Pa- Hee Ha 3TOM Bonpoce nO.1lp06Ho OCTaHaBJ1I1BaJ1I1Cb M. M EioroCJlOBCKHit 11 E. R AHI1CI1MOB (3axapo6 A. B. TpaHC(jxJpMHlillH IJb[CWI1X rocy.napCTBeH- HblX Y'!PCjf(j}t:HI1i1 POCCI1I1 KOHua XVII - Ha'Ja.rm XVIII B.. AIrrOpecjJ.llHC. . KaHll. I1CT. HaYK. ljeJIH6I1HCK, 1999; 6o.?rx:.llJ6CIUJiJ M. M. AnMI1HItCJp:lJ1fB- Hble npeo6paJoBaHIDI ne-rpa BenI1KOro B 1699-1700 n. lj I. EioHjXKaH nyMa II I1.JBeCTI1H AH CCCP. Cep. 7. 1918. NQ 4-7. C. 179-198; AHUCU- MOO E. B. fOCYllapcTBeHHb]e npe06pa30BaHI1H... C. 18-22) 
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rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblrii 107 n(1696-1716rr.)  4. CY,QOYCTPOCTBO I'! cYAonpoM3Bo,Q,CTBO POCCMI'! B 1711-1716 IT. Y'lpem,QeHl1e 4!MCKaIlbCKO" CJ1ym6bl. 3aKOHb11713-1715 IT. 06 OC060M nopH,QKe cy,qonpOM3Bo,Q,CTBa no ,qeIlaM 0 npecrynneHlo1s:1X npoTIo1B MHTepecoB Cny>K6bl OllepellHble nepeMeHbl B OTe'leCTBeHHOM cynoycTpoHCTBe nOCJIellOBaJlH B 1711 rollY. KaK H3BeCTHO, 22 <J:IespaJIs:! :nOfO fOlIa 6bUl OCHOBaH npaBHTeJlbCTBYIOWHH CeHaT. CTaBWHH - no- lIo6HO Yllpa31lHeHHoi1 3a HeKOTopoe BpeMs:! no TOro EO.llpCKoi1 JI.YMe - Bb]CllU1M opraHOM BIUlCTM CemlT nOJl}l"l11Jl B TOM 'lI-1CJle H cy.ne6Hb]e nOJIHOM04H.II I . BnepBb]e CYlIe6Ha5I KOMneTeHlllU1 Celia-fa 6bIJl8 onpe.aeJ1eH8 B CT. I 38KOH8 OT 2 M8pT8 1711 r. B Ha3BaHHoH CT8Tbe «no X8- paKTepHo, co6crseHHopY'JHO H8nHc8HHoH neTpOM I) npaBl.rreJlb- CTByIOllleMY CeHal)' npellnHCblBaJlOCb «cyd U'Helllb He..1Ul(e.lJ1epHbiU U HeTlpaeeiJHblX cyiJeu HaKa3b16amb OmHlImUeM '1ecmu U 6cecO UMe- HUll; mo.'IIC U 116eOHUKO'll1 Jro/CHbLM OOHocl1uKawj 00 l7OCiel;.'i'Tn¥'2. 1-13 npHBe;:J;eHHo(:J c]xJPM)'JUlpOBKI1 04eBltIlHO. 'lTO, no 1-13Ha'laJIbHOMY Bl11lemUO 3aKOH01l8TeJUI, CeH8l)' npe.nCTOMO SblcrynaTb, C O.nHOi1 CTOpoHbl, B K8'leCTBe ane..rUUIUMOHHOM HHCTaHUMH (npH pacCMO- TpeHHH nell, HenpaBOMepHO pellleHHblX B Hu:.KeCI'Os:Jll.lHX cynax), 8 C llPYfoi1 - B KaqeCTBe cyna nepBOM HHCTaHllI1H (npH paCCM01pe- Him lIell no 06nHHeHI1J1M «HenpanelIHblX CYlIei1» 11 «5I6ellHI1Kon»). nOJJ:06HM KOMneTeHUI-1s:! HI-1'leM npHHUWnHaJlbHO He OTJliI'laJIaCb m COOIBeTCIBYIOWCf1: 1II1HHI1 KOMneTeHUHH EO.llpcKof1: JI.YMbL Toro)((e 2 MapTa 1711 r. uapb yrnep.n11Jl HM)((e caMHM Ha- 'lepTaHHbIfi TeKCT npHCSl.ft.1:, KOTOpylO OTHb]He HaMeiK8.110 npl-1- HOCHTb npH BCTYruJeHHH B nOmKHOCTb BblCllIHM aLlMHHHCTpaTO- paM (B nepBYIO O'lepe.nb, ceH8TopaM H ry6epH8TopaM). Oco6oe BHI1MaHl1e B npHC.IIfe 6bUlO YlleJIeHO OTHOllleHl11O K npaBOCYlll1lO: «06emmocfl 03... IxpaHumbj ...npafliJy U npa6b1U C.Yd. KOK 'IIe.>Ki)v Hopoikm. maK U 6 £Jew cocyiJapcm6eHHOM»3. 10l:\30p nl1TepaTYpbl. nOC.llllleHHOH cyne6HbIM nOJIHOMO'II1HM CeHaTII B nepBOti 'JeTBepTI1 X'VIII B.. 6yDeT npHBeileH HI{)I(e. !3aKOH01l3TeJ1bHb]C aKTb[ ne1pa I. c. 199. JTaM .lKe. C. 201. B Tor.IKe lleHb. 2 MapT" 1711 r. K naHHoH npl1CHrt B YcneHcKoM co60pe KpeMJI.ll - B npllcyrcTBI1t1 ne-rpa I - 6billtl npl1BelleHbl Bce HOBOHa3Ha'JeHHble ceHaropbl 11 Ha1({}JUlBWl1eC.II B TOT "toMeHT B MOCKBe ry6epHaTOpbll1 Bl1ue-ry6epHaTopbl (.UoKJIaD.bI 11 JTpl1roBopbl.. Cn6.. 1892. T.5. KH.I.C.220). 
108 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HaKOHeu, HMeHHO 2 M3pTa 1711 r. 3aKOHOllaTeJ1b nOJ1O)l(HJ] HaYaJ10 IIWKHO 1U1HHH peopMHpoBaHH5I OTe>leCTBeHHoro yro- JIOBHOro cynonpoH3BollCTffiL Y}f(e II nOJIHOCTbJO o<tJopMJIeHHhlH TeKCT BblllleynoM5IHyroro 3aKOHa OT 2 M8pTa OeTp I C06cTBeH- HOPY'lHO n06aBHJT (]>pa3Y: «YlfuHumb rjJUCKll.1oW 60 rJ;CflKUX i)e le,(, a I(oK 6b1mb UM, npUUlIeml{l11136ec111Ue»I. TaK 6bUJa OCHOBaHa <tJHC- KaJlbCKaH: CJI}I)K6a POCC(1J11 K ceronH5IllIHeMY J];HIO (oICTOpl1Jl OTe'-leCTBeHHbIX <tJI-1CKaJlOB OK33l\JJaCb HCcnenOlXlH8 - yCWJl.1f1MH HeCKOJibKJIIX nOKOJ1eHH(1 K8K HCTOpHKOB, TaK H npaBOBenOB - enB8 JIM He CHCTeMaTH1JeCKJ.1. TparUIUHSI H3)"JeHIffi :noil c.ny.+;:6bl nponll-Iynach CD BpeMCH nQll- roTOBKH A. D.. fpa.aOBCKHM MamCTepcKOH D.HCCepTam.JH «BbICWasI WlMHHHCTj)alliUl POCCHH XVIII CT. H reHepan-npoKY)JOpbl», 3aWI1- weHHOH H8 JOpH.1U1'1eCKOM <tJaK)'JlbTeTe CaHKT-ne-rep6yprcKOro YHJ.mepCJ.ueTa ewe II 1866 r. H J1."tII.3HHOH B TOM >Ke roJIY II mw;e MOHorpa$HK 113 'lepe.nbl nOCJIenylOwl1x H3bICKaHJ.1H CJle.nye-r OT- MeTI1Tb, npe)l(.fie Bcero. CneUJlliJ]bHO nOCEfilUeHHb]e ctJI1Ck8.Jl8.M pa3- D.eJlhl B Tpyn.ax C. A. neTpOBCKoro, H. B. MYP3BbeB3, M. M. 60- roCJIOBCKOro, A. H. 4II1JIHnnOB3 H C. M. Ka33HueBa J . KpoMe TOro, HeJlh3H 060f1TH ynoMHHaHHeM BbllllelllllHe B CBeT B 1870-1990-e ff. CTaThH T. B. 6apcolla, r. H. AHJ1HJlOfO- Ea. 11. A. CTellleHKO, C. E. WeCTaKOBa H H. B. nJJaTOHoBof1, a TaJOKe xapaKTepHCTIilKY HCKaJlbCKOf1 CJlY}l(6b1 B pa60Td'\: P. BHT- TpaMa, H. 6. fOJlHKOEOM H 11 f. KHCJlflJl.1HOf1, E. B. AHHCH- MOIla, M. 11. CH3I1KOIla. 06pHCOBaHHaH HCTOpHorpaqJH<leCKafi TpMHmul 6bUJ8 ctJYHDaMeHTaJlbHo npon.OJDKeHa KaI-IlUw.aTCKOH ] 3aKOHQ1IaTeJ1bHb[e aKTbI ne-rpa I. c. 100. 2 fuH nOJ1HOTbl KapTI1Hbl ClOlIT JaMeTI1Tb. 'JTO nepBblH $HCKaJI nOH- BI1.'ICH B POCCI1I11 HC B 1711 r., a HCCKOJIbKO )X]HCC. ElllC 4 111OJ1.11 1710 r. nC1]) I pacnOpmll1JlCH Ha3Ha'JI1Tb 4MeKd.fJOM B CaHKT-nerep6ypr CTOJIbHtI- Ka H. C. nOTeMKI1Ha. nepe.n 11. c. nOTeMKHHbIM 6blJ1a nOCTaBlleHa JIa)((- HIDI Ja1l84a CJ1enlfTb. 'JTo6bl '6C1IKW. '1UH06 J1,ooU, KOI1IOfJbIR oiJpemmomcR 8 CaHKm-numep6ypxe, 60 6pe.MR 6€mpD eJdwu HeeoiO peK.OiO fia CJrXlx napyca- VIP JV=u61l](l;HI956H)' POCCI1I1 XVIII CT. 11 reHepaJI-npC)I(YPopbl Cn6.. 1866. c. 81-89, 99-100; nempoe- CK.UU CA. YKaJ C04 C. 98-156; AfJ'fXl6bl!6 H. B. npoKYPOjJCKI1H HM30p B POCCliltI OT nC1])a &JlI1KOJO.nO EK.']TePI1Hb] II II 1OpI11lI.J'ICCKH BeCTHtlK. n!88. NQ 10. C. 199-221 ITO }l(t. }.1Jpc16b(!6 H. B. npoKypOjJCKHi1 HaJDOP B em }ICI]JOliCTBe 11 neHTeJlbHOCTl1: noc0611e WI.II npoKypopcKoi1 C1I}'JK6bI. M.. 1889 T I. c. 143-2651. liococlO6CWU M M. 06..r1acTIW1 pe ne-rpa &JlI1KOro. C. 295-307; C/JwIUflllOff A. H. YKaJ. C04. C. 178-202. KaJaH- l{e6 C M I1CTOPI1H uapcKOii npOKypaT)'Pb[ cn6.. 1993. c. 12-29. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblrii 109 n(1696-1716rr.) 11I1CcepTaUlileH H. B. nJ1aJOHOBOH «rOCYllapCTBeHHOH KOHTpOJ1b (4111CKaJII'lTeT) B PoeCMM M pyccKoe 06weCTBo B nepBOH 'leTHeI'm XVIII BeKa». 3aUlHweHHoii B ceHTH6pe 2000 r. B PoeCMHCKOM rocYllapcTBeHHoM ryMaHMTapHoM YHMBepcHTeTe l . HaKoHeu, B HatIaJle XXI B. yrJly6JTeHHOe ocneweHMe nOJTy<lIDI HeMaJlOBa)f{- HblH ClQ)I(eT 0 B3aMMOOTHoweHMSIX 4JMCKaJlbCKOH CJJy}K6bt C IOcTMU-KOJTJ1en1eH 1 . KpoMe TOro, BonpOCbl MCTOpMM CJ1)0K6b] 33- TpOHYJ1M M. 0. AKl1lUMH B HeOllHOKpaTHO ynoM5lHyroHltMCCep- TdUI1M 2006 r.. 11 «J>. nlilCapbKoBa M H. A. KOM0J10B B MOHorpa- 4J11S1X 2007 r., a TaJOKe 11 B. KapHayweHKo B He60J1bwoii CTaTbe 2007 r. J nOCJTellHeH >Ke no BpeMeHH 3Ha<JHTeJlbHof1 pa6OTOH no MCTOpHM OTe'leCTBeHHbIX 4JHCKaJlOB HBIDIacb KaHllHJlaTCKa.sJ llHC- cepTaUHSI A. il £layrOBa «MHCTH1yr 4JHCKaJlOB B POCCMH B nep- 80(1 TpeTH XVIII B.», 33lUMweHHa.ll B 3npeJ1e 2007 r. B OMCKOM rocYllapCTBeHHoM neMrOrH'leCKOM YHMBepcHTeTe. BnpO'-leM, cy.D..II no aBTOpect>epary, mnB8HH8.11 11I1CcePT8UH5I npellCTaB1JSleT co6ott cKopee WHllaMeHTaJlbHblii o63op TpYllOB npellwecTBeH- HHKOB, He)f(eJi H Hay<lHoe HCCJTellOBaHHe. CTpaHHblM 06pa30M 16apc06 T. B. 0 CileTCKHX i):JHCKa.'laX 1'1 Dy\oBHblX I1HKBI1Jl1Tupax II .lKl\1Hn 1878. NQ 2. C. 307-400. AHnu.1OCOO I: H. <J>I1CKW1I'1TCT npl1 nc- 1pe I II BeCTHI1K MfY. Cep. «I1cTopIllKO-4J1.1JI0JI0rH'lecJ<.II!». 1956. NQ 2. C. 63-80; CmeweH,W JJ. A. <]JHCK<1JIbI 11 npo"1'POpbI B CI'ICTeMe rocy.nap- CTBeHHb[X opraHoB POCCHI1 nepooii 'JeTBePTH XVIII B. II BeCTHI1K MrY Cep. "npaBO». 1966. NQ 1. C. 51-58; Wit/ram R. Op. Cit. Bd.l. S. 108-111; FmuKD6U H 6.,IWcINUHCl J/. I: YKa3. C04. C. 61-64; l11ecmaK06 C E. <Dop- MilpoBaHl1e I1HCTIflYTa rpIDKJraHCKI1X i):JHCKaJlOB B POCCI1I11 B nepBOi1 rpeTH XVIII B. II Peq:,opMb] B POCCI1I1 XVI-XIX BB.: C6. HayqH. TpYllOB. M., 1991. C. 101-111; Affucu.woo E. B. focy.napcTileHHble npe06pa30BaHI1J1 C. 35-38; CUJUK06 M H. <]JHCKaJlbI H npoK}'lMfyPa II 3aKoHOlUIfC1bCTBO nerpa I. C. 115-118; nKlmotlO6Cl H B. HHLTIfJ)'T JJjIDKIJ;IHCKHX i):JHCKaJlOB B npencraBlleHH.IIX poCCI1HCKOro o6wecTBa II nOCTHHI.II I1CTOpl1tO Poccm..: K 50-JleTl1tO HayqHoro l-.1JYJkKa OTe4eCTBeHHoi1 'tcT<1J"1 Cpero-teBeKOBbH 11 HOBOro BpeMeHI1: C6. CTaTeH. M, 1997. C. 130-141; Olia JIa'. fOCYllliP- CTm:HHb[i1 KOHTpoJIb (i):JHCKaJlI1TeT) B POCCliltI B nepBOI1: 'JeTBCPTI1 XVIII B.: ABT1;:;'1at:t..;:: . ne-rpa I. C. 260-261; Ce- p06.o O. IOcTl1U-KOJ1J1efl1 11 opraHbl Ha1l3opa II POCCtlHCKIDI lOcTi1u- KQIJJICJHII. C. 91-101. 3 AxuwuH M. O. Cyne6HIDI pe$opMa neTpa I: flHC. no C. 107-114. fiu- CCJfJH'-{)(I(1 J/. C/J. YKa3. CO'J. C. 119-113, 208-211; KoV0708 H. A. OpraHbl CJ1enCTBI1S1. cyna 11 HaIl3opa. C. 76-90; MjffllJ'IUefIIo.O J/ B. HHCTHT)'T i):J11- CKaJll1TeTa B KOHTeKCTe MeXaHI13Ma BJaI1MOOTHOllleHI1H MOI-Iap'(a 11 ero no.n- llaHHb]X II HCTOPI1J1 rocYllapcrBa III npaBa. 1007. NQ 8. C. 17-18. 
110 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I OTKa3aBllUlCb OT np(1BJ1e>lem.U! MHoro'-lJ.1CJ1eHHb]X apXHBHblX (1C- TOlJHHKOB no 1136paHHOH TeMe. A. ll. nayroB OrpaHH'II1.J1C5I 113- JIO)l(eHHeM D.aBHO }')Ke BBCneHHblX B HayqHblii aGopOT CBelleHHH no HCTOpt.JH OTe'lecrBeHHoH HCKaJIbCKOi:i CJly)K6bl l . OOllo6Hoe DJ1CCepTaUHOHHOe HCCJlellOBaHHe npellCTaBJUlerC5I waroM H33M no cpaRHeHmo He TOJlbKO C HblweHa3HaHHblM(1 pa6OTaM(1 XX B. (oc06eHHo C JlJ1CcepTaUl1ei1 H. B. nJ13rOHoBOf1:), HO H no cpaB- HCHl-nO c xapaKTepHCTI1Koi1 poccMikKHX $HCKlliIOB B MHorOlcp3T- HO OTMe'leHHOM Tpy.ne C. A neTpOBcKoro 1875 r. XapaJ(TepHO, lITO np" Beex nOCTHrHyrblX 3a nOJITOpa BeKa ycnexax B H3yqeHHH ore'leCTBeHHblX t.JCKa.nOB nOHblHe MaJlO- npOHCHeHHblM OCTa.rJCs:! Bonpoc {) HenocpellCTBeHHOH npellbiCTO- pHH I1X C0311aHHH. B UeJlOM npHH5ITO C t Il1TaTb, ':ITQ B .aaHHOM cJ]Y'Jae o6paJuaM(1 1lIU1 3aKOHo.nareJUI nOC.fIY)KJ.UU1 (1CKaJlbCKHe CJ1}0K6b] WBeUI1H H OpyCCJ.1H. OJJ;H3KO KaKHX-JII160 M8Tepl1aJlOB o nO)J;f"OTOBKe OeTpOM I Y'Jpe)l(l];eHl1fl <fJHCKMOB B H3y'JHbli'i 060- POT )J;OHbIHe He BBO)J;11J10Cb!. LITO 6b] TaM HI-1 6blJIO, no 8lnopH- TeTHOMY 3aMeI.J8HHlO P. BtfTT)X\M8, «HeCMOTpH H8 HHOCTpaHHoe HaI1MeHOBaHHe. HCKMb[ npHo6pe.rIl-1 IB PaccHHI HHoe 3H81.Je- HHe, He>Ke.rIl-1 B CTapoeBponei'icKoM MHpe»3. Co CTOpOHbl OpraH113aUHoHHoi'i I-1CKMb[ 06pa30Ba.rIl-1 c06oi'i 1]JexypoBHesylO BepTJllKaJlb fJlaBa HOB006p33oBaHHoi'i CJ1}0K6b] - o6ep4HCKaJI - nO)J;I.JHHRJlCfI Hanp.llMYIO OpaBI-1TeJlb- CTB}'lOllleMY Ce HaT). B 60J1ee 3H81.J1-1TeJlbHb]X roponax (B nepBYIO ]CM.: nO}'I'1IOfIA.p'.I1HCTHT)'T 4JI1CKaJIOR B PacCl111 B nepBOH TpeTH XVIJ B::'It:e;t1YC\::' . C A. nt"TpOBCKO- ro, vrnep.nHJlacb OWtl60'IHIDI TO'[Ka 3peHI1H, 'ITO CBeD.eHI1H 0 3apy6e>KHblx lCKaI1bCKI1X CJ1yA-fa'\ uaplO B 1711 r. npe.noCTaBI{J[ CTOJ1b 113BeCTHbIH BnQCJIe;&.-rnHI1 feHpl1X I!JHK (llellpollCl\llUCA. YKa3. C04. C. 100; Mypa- 6befl H. B. npoKypopcKJ.:Ii1 HM30p... c. 146,  C M YKa3. C04. C. 12). B lleiic'muTenbHOCTI1 f. I!JHK BC1)InWl B KOHTaKT C npenCTaBHTe- JJHMI1 pocCI1HCKOro npaJJll1eJIbCTsa He paHee 1714 r (nonpo6Hee 063mM 6yner CKaJaHO na.ee). l.ITO >Ke KacaeTC.II 113}"1eHI1H oonpoca, KaKl1e I1MeHHO Japy6e)!(Hble 06paJUbl 6bUill I1CnOJiWONlHb[ npH }"1pc>KD.eHI1I11 4JHCKaJIbCKOi1 CJlyJK6b1 POCCI1I1. TO T.:\M)IJbIM tI.JbICJQlHIDI,.I npenmcruyeT TO ooc:rOlrTe1Jb- CTBO, '1TO B OTe'leCTBeHHoi1I11CTopHOrpmIJHtI nOHblHe OC'f3IO"It:.II COBepWeH- HO HeocBeweHHblMI1 BOnpocbl 0 rOC}>lapCTBeHHOM ycrpoIiCTse npYCCHl1, l{aHI1I1, WReUl1I1. CaKCOHI1I1 XVII-:x.'\I1II BB. - Ha 'lT0 ewe II pa60Te 1997 r. cnpaBe.W1I11BO 06pan1J1 BHI1MaHl1e 0. A. OMeJlb4eHKO (Owelb'leH- KO O. A B'IdCTb 11 3aKoH B POCCI1I1 XVIII BeKa: IfCCJJl'lIOBdHl'!H tI 04epKI1. M., 2004. C. 486). J Wi/tram R. Op. cit. Ed. 1. S. 108. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblri1 111 n(1696-1716rr.) 04epe1l.b, ry6epHCKMX) pa3MeWMJ1Cb npoBI1HUJ.18Jl-J1CKaJ1bl. B OCTaJ1bHb]X - n01l.'-lJ1HeHHb]e HM rop01l.0Bb]e HCKaJlbl. OC06bIM J1MeHHbIM )'K<l30M OT 16 SlHBapSl 1712 r. YCTaHaBJIJ1BaJIaCb nOJl- HaS! He3aBHCHMOCTb HCKaJlOB OT MeCTHblX allMHHHCTpaTl'IBHO- CYLle6Hblx opraHoB I . n04TH OllHORpeMeHHO C J1CKaJlbCKOH CJ1}0K60H npJ1 Ce- HaTe, J1MeHHbIM YKa30M OT 31 J11OJ151 1711 r., 6bUUl. Y4pe>KJ],eHa H BoeHHO-J1CKaJlbCKa.ll cJ1}0K6a 2 . C MOMeHTa B03HHKHOBeHI1JI 03Ha'-leHHllil cJ1Y.>K6a BOlillia B CTpyKrypy KpHrcKoMHCCapHa- TII - ueHTpa.rlbHoro opraHa, Be.rraBUIerocHa6)({eHHeM H HHaHcH- poBaHHeM apMHH. npH 3TOM, B OTJ1H'lHe OT rpa>KJ],aHCKHX KOJ1Jler, BOeHHbie HCKaJlbl nepBOHa<.JaJlbHO nOJ1)1'IHJ[H LlBYA'YPOBHeB)'lO opraHH3aUHIO: 06ep-4:!HCKaJI (no1l4HHSlBWHHCSI HenocpellCTBeH- HO reHepaJI-KpJ1rCKOMJ1CCapy) - nOJ1KOBble HCKaJlb]3. 3)1;eCb oo.mrrcSI YMeCTHblM CKa3aTb HeCKOJlbKO CJlOB 0 npo- eKTe pa3BHTI1S1 HCKaJ1bCKOH CJlY.>K6b1 POCCMJ1, nOllrOTOBJIeHHOM r. rlOMceHoM. BblIlYCKHHK Y'rpexrcKoH aK.ll1eMHH, nOKTop npalk1, COCTOS!BUlHH c 1702 r. Ha PYCCKOH CJl)0K6e, reHpHX rlOHceH (Hein- rich Fridrich von Hil}s.<ien) npellCTIlBHJI ncrpy I B oKTS!6pe 1713 r. 06wHpHble npellJlO)({eHHSI, KacaBlllHeC5I KaK neTaJlbHOH pemaMeH- TaUHH npaB H 06513aHHOCTeH LlOJT)KHOCTHbIX J1HU HCKaJlbCKOH CJ1}01<6bI, TaK H ee opraml3aUH"- HecMoTpSl H8 TO, '-lTO npoeKT r. fJoHceHa 6WJ onyrumKoBaH M. A. nOJlHeBKTOBblM no HeMeu- KOSl3bl'lHOMY opMrl1Ha.ny erne B 1915 1'.4. B HCTOpJ1KO-npaBOBOH J111Tepa1!'pe Ha3BaHHblH npoeKT nOHblHe He pocCMaTpHBaJlCS!. He BIJ.aBaSlCb B neTWlbHylO xapah.repHCTHK)' npocKTa, He06- xom.JMO OTMemTb npellJlO)({eHHSI r. rlOfkeHa KaCaTeJ1bHO npouec- cyaJ1bHblX nOJ1HOMO'IHH OTe'lecTBeHHbiX J1CKaJ10B. Bo-nepBblx, corJ1acHO n. 3 npoeKTa Ha MCKaJ10B npOeKTl1poBaJ1OCb B03JlO)({I1Tb H<\lI.30P 3a 3lIKO HHOCTbIO BbIHOCJ1Mb]X cyllaMJ1 perneHJ1H «<lImo6t.1... 13aKOHonaTeIJbHble 3KTbI ne-rpa I. c. 328 nOKaJaTelIbHO, 'JTO B COO1- BeTCTBl111 C D.aHHbIM yKa30M 113-nOLl tOpHClIl1KU1111 ry6epHaTopoB BblBOllH- nHCb J];l..!CJ: npI1HllIJIC>KaBWHC I]JI1CKMHM-noMclliH!Q]M nepeBHI1. :.Hb6.I[ 11 5:TOHWeMY Bpe- MeHI1 113)'4eHbI HecpaBHeHHo X)')Ke. He)Kenlil rpIDI(.IIaHCKl1e Ha BOnpoce 0 BoeHHo-l]J&tcKaJlbCKOH CJ1)')K6e ne1pOBCKOJO BpcMCHIil CnCUl1aJ1bHO - XOT.II 11 He oco6eHHO nonp06Ho - OCTaHOBi'IJICH cnHHCTBeHHO M. n. P03eHrdiM B ynoMHHyroH MOHorpa<fJ1111 1878 r. (Po.Jmzf'UM M. n. YKa3. C04. C. 109- 110.176-178). 4npoeKT 6ap flOltceHa 06 Y'!pe)l(D,eHUI1 B POCCI1I1 ItJI1CKaJI-KOJIJ1erHl1 (1713) I nyfuJ. M. A. nOJlI1CBKTOBa II 1..jOHllP. 1915. KH. 2 C. 1--46. 
112 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KOK 6 j!ZO"OOllblX. maK U 6 2paJlCiJaHcKux iJeAax peWeHUfl ffbIHOCWlUCb HenpeiknRmo, cmpoiYJ 6 coomeemcmeuu C 3aKOHQv.). BO-flTOpbIX, no n. 6 npoeKTa. 4JHCKaJlbl llOJDKHbl 6bll'U1 06ocHOBblBaTb B cyllC Bbillst.JHyrble 11M" OOOHHeHH5I. B-TpeTbI1X, comaCHO n. 4 npoeKTa r. fJoHCeHa ctJl1CKaJlOB npelV1ara.rrOCb Hau.eJ1lITb npaBOM BblcrynaTb B cy.ne B KaeCTBe npe.nCTaBl.rreJleil «6006, cupom u npo'fUX 6eOHbJX .qKJi)eu, paello KOK U 6 0e1ax epK6eu U COClWtnalejj&l. B Ka'-JeCTBe 3aKJIJO'u.rreJIbHoro pa3l1eJ18 feHpHX r IOHceH BK.fUO- 'lWl B xapaKrepl13yeMb]H npoeKT COCTOHBWt.JH 1-13 14 nYHKTOB npoeKT I1HL-rpyJilltiH BOeHHblM $HCI<a.IlaM 1 . npoueccyanbHble nOJIHOMC)<Ul5I BOeHHbIX }l1CKaJJ.OB OKa3blBaJlHCb, no MbICJJI..J r. fJoHceHa, HeCKOJIh- KO timpe, He)f(eJ1H '1eM y rpillKlJaHCKlIX. CamacHo n. II npoeKTa I1HCTpyKUHH BlXHHblX ctJl1CKaJlOB npe.IlnOJ1ararrOCb llOnOJIHIITeJlbHO HMeJlHTb YHKLl(1di Ha1l30pa 3a np(1BelleH(1eM B HcnOJ1HeHHe np(1- roBOpC)B, a comaCHO n. 12 - @HKLlI1ei1 HaD.30pa 3a 33KOHHOCTblO COllep)l<f\HH5I noli. cnuKei1 apecrOBaHHbIX. LITO KaCaeTC.II opnliuo.a- UI1I1 q:w:KaJlbCKO(1 CJly)f(fibl, TO B Ka'leCTBe ee pyKOBOJlHlUero opra- Ha r. notlceH npelLOO)tJ11I Y'-!pen.(1Tb oc06YJO CP(1CKaJI-KOJUIenUO BO rJ1aBe C reHepaJI-$HCKaJIOM, CTpYKTYPY KaKOBOtt OH OJ1liCan caMblM non.JX>6HbIM 06pa30M J . BnpO'leM, HaCKOJlbKO MO)f(]-[O mweTb. npH- MOro BOeHCTBI1SJ Ha pa3HKI1'Je OTe'leCTBeHHOrO 3aKOHQlI.aTe1IbCTBa o (1CKaJIaX npoeKT reHp(1Xa rKJikeHa He OKa3aJl. B 17to-e rr. HOpM<iTI1BHYIO OCHOB}' YHKW10HHpoBaHHSJ rpa)l(ll8HCKOH (1CKMbCKOH CJi}0K6bl COCTaBI1JIH, npe)((1le Bcero, JaKOHbl OT 5 MapTa 1711 r. HOT 17 MapTa 1714 r. <'YK03 0 r!JU- CKalax U 0 ux iJOAJICHOCmu u rJeucm6UU&, a BOeHHO-HCKaJIbCKoi:i CJJy)K6bI - CT. 12-15 (1 23 PerJlaMeHTa Kp(1fCKOMHCCapHaTa OT to .aeKa6pH 1711 r., .uonOJIHeHHe .aaHHoro PemaMeHTa 1712 r., a TIHOKe m. 42 BOHHCKOro YCTaBa OT 30 MapTa 1716 r. 4 ComacHo .:e:;. :.JeH3... c. 23, 24-25 3TaM>Ke.C.32-36. 4J'IKOHollaTJ1bHb[ aKTb! nCTpa I. c. 203, 333-335; nOJlHoe co6p;.]Hl1e JaKOHOB. T 4. NQ 1456. C. 76&-768; nl1CbMa 11 6)'MarHm T II. Bbln. 1 C. 330; 3aKOHo.n:rrenbCTBO fleTpa I. C. 186-187 He06'1.01UIMO :klMeTlITb, 'JTO OpraHI13amIH 11 KOMneTeHUI1.11 rpaJKIJ.aHCKO 11 BoeHHOi1 $HCKaJlbCKI1X CJly;till OKd3aJlIICb 3.l1q)C[]}]CHb] B 3.lICOHOllaTJ1bCTBC OnIllCb]BOCMOro BpeMCHI1 ellsa JlI1 He C MaKCHMaJlbHOH nOJ\HUIOii - no cpaBHeH(1)Q C ycrpoiiL"lBOM 11 nonHOM04HHMI1111HbiX opraHOB R1TacTH. B 3T0i1 CBH311 coaeprneHHO HeHCHO. 'JTO naJ10 OCHOBaHI1.11 11. R KapHayweHKo yraep)K1lilTb, 'JTO «OOH3aHHOCTH $HCKaJlOB He 6bUll1 'JeTKO onpeneneHbl B JaKOHOlJaTeJ1bCTBC" (/iL!pffaJU4If- KoJ/.B. YKaJ. cO't. C. 17). 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblri1 113 n(1696-1716rr.) o:m81.J:eHHbIM 3aKOHOMTeJ1bHbIM aKTIlM KOMne-reHLlI151 4J(1CKaJlOB 3aKJUOlJanaCb, B nepB}'lO OlJepe.nb, B BWIBJIemm Juo60ro Hapyrne- HID! 3aKOHa - «8C51KUX npeCmYfUel/UU )"Ka"Jl1..W». Co06pa3HO Tpe- 60BaHHHM MOMeHTa. oc06oe BHHMaHHe 4JHCKaJlbCKJ1M OpraHaM HawIe)l(aJlO YlleJ1HTb o6Hap}')KeHHlO npeC1)'llJ1eHHH, no COBpe- MeHHOH KIlaCCH)J.fKaLlHH, nponm HHTepeCOR CJl}0K6bl H nponm npaBOCYJI.I.UJ (nOJl)"-leHHe B351TKH I , Ka3HOKpaIlCTBO, 3JloynOl]Je- 6neHHe llOJl)l(HOCTHblMH nOliHOMOlJ(1HMH, Bb]HeCeH(1e 3aBellOMO HenpaBOcyllHoro npHroBopa) BClO c06paHHYIO HH$>pMaUHIO HCKaJlbl 06513blBaJlHCb H8npaBJI5ITb Ha paCCMOTpeHHe TOro cYlle6Horo opraHa, B nOll- BenOMCTBeHHOCTH KOTOporO HaXOllJ.UlOCb 06J1J.f11aeMOe JIHUO. npHMe<IaTeJ1bHO. 1.J:TO B Ka1.J:eCTBe CpOKa llaBHOCTH no npeCTYruJe- H(1S1M, Bbl5lBJTHeMblX (1CKaJlaMH, - no CT. to 3aKOHa OT 17 Map- Ta 1714 r. - YCTIlHaRJ1(1BaJlCSI 1700 ro.n. TeM C8MbIM. KaK y)l(e HeollHoKp8THO OTMe'lliJlOCb B HCTOpHKo-npaBoBoH JIHTeparype, HCKaJlbCKa}J CJlY.>K6a CTaJJa nepBblM B HaweH CTpaHe opraHoM HaD.3Opa 3a C06J11011eHHeM 3aKOHHOCTII. Me)({l{)' TeM, HaPHny C 4JYHKl1Hdi HM30pa. 3aKOHOllaTeJlb npHDaJ1 HCKaJlbCKOH CJ1}I)K6e ewe TpH He MeHee Ba.>KHbIX JIHHHH KOMnereHW1H. Bo-nepBblX. .llJlH YCTaHORJ1eHHH c06bITHH npe- crynHoro neSlHHJI HCKaJlb] nOJl)"-lH.Jm - no 3aKOHY OT 5 Map- Ta 1711 r. - HHKorna npe)((1le He 3aKpeJUl5lBWeeCH HOpMaTI1BHO npaBO OCYll.leCTRJ1}1Tb, B COBpeMeHHOM nOHHM8HHH. onep8ruBHO- p03blCKHylO lleSlTe.JIbHOCTb «<maul/o IwdCMampU8amb»)1. Bo- BTOpblX, B CT. 4 3aKOHa OT 17 MapTa 1714 r. H R CT. 2 rJ1. 42-« I He MCK!ltO']eHO. 'ITO oc06oe ynoMIIIH3Hllle 0 lIDHHOM COCTaBe npeCl)'- []J1eHI1H B CT. 2 3<1KOHa OT 17 M3prn 1714 L (<<6CRKue 631ImK/Ji» .IIBI1lIOCb OT- roJ10CKOM n. II npoeKTa f. ftOf.iceHa, no KOTopoMY $HCKaJlaM CneUl1aJ1bHO npeJ13raJ1OCb CJ1ellHTb, 'lT06bl <>trpeCtrlJ.71HIlKli He omn}'CICtlJ/UCb Ha CB06txJy 3a deHtKlI» (3aKOHQ!1aTeJlbHb[e 3KTb] nelpa I. c. 333; cp.: npoeKT Gap. fJOH- ce'Be1?Bl1e npI1Be.LleHHOH 4x:!PMYnl1poBKI1 3aKOHo.lIaTeJ1.11, C. A. ne- 1]JOBCKJdi 11 H. B. MypaBbc:B nOC'!UTdlJlII I}JI1CKllIIbCKYtO CJlY;wy OprdHOM 1ff'<!..Il1lH()'!() (Tai-iHOro) Ha.I13opa. DaHHIDI TO'JKa 3peHU.II fibUla 3aTeM COBep- weHHO v6eIUfTelbHO ocnopeHa A. H. C1JHJll1nnOBbIM B ynOM.IIJ-q'TL"1ii pa6crre 1911 r. (nertlfJOflCl'uu C A. Y'GD. C04. C. 157; MJ'fJllf!befJ H. B. npol0'pop- CKHi1 Ha1I3Op... C. 288. unn06 A. H. YKa3. CO'J. C. 191-192). B co- BpeMeHHoi1 OCKJPIIKO-nlHBOooH J1IfTcparype lIDBHO OTBeprHyrytO T04KY 3peHI1.11 0 $HCKaJJaX KaK 0 npe.ncTIJ8J.rreJl.llx TIJHHOro Ha.rI30pa HeO}J{I{1IiIHHO BOCnp0l13BeJ111 - Bnpo4eM. fie3 BCHKOro 06ocHOBaHI1.11 - M. 0 AKI1111I1H 11 11. R KapHayweHKo (AKUUiUH M 0 CYlle6HaH peMa ne-rpa I: !btc. . C. 107; KapllGllUJeHKO J/. B. YK.I3. CO'J. C. 17). 
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rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblri1 119 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} pellb, 3a B3HTO'-IHM'IeCTBO, Ka.JHOKpaIlCTBO M 3JJoyno-rpe6J1eHMe nOJDKHOCTHblMM nOJ1HOMO'-lmlMM B ()JOpMe HeyKa3HbIX c6opcm)[. TaK, 3aKOH OT 24 neKa6pH 1714 r. HBHJlCH Hal160J1ee >KeCTKHM HopManlBHo-npaBoBblM aKTOM, HanpaBJIeHHblM npOTl1B B3HTOlJ- HM'IeCTBa, M3.LlaHHbIM B POCCMM 3a XV-XIX BB. CaMM >Ke Bbl- WeH83BaHHble npecryrureHMH OKa3aJIMCb - comaCHO 3aKOHaM OT 24anpeJiH 1713 r. MOT 25 aBT}'CTa 1713 r. - OTHeCeHbl no cyweCTBY K KaTeropMM rocynapcTBeHHb]x}. nepexollH K 0630py M3MeHeHMM B cynoyC"rpoMCTBe, B nep- BYIO O'lepellb CJ1ellyeT OTMeTMTb, 'ITO B 1712 r. uapb BOCC03D.arT PacnpaBHYIO namny, KuropaH BOI1lJ18 Tenepb B CTpyKl)'py npa- BI1TeJ1bCTBYlOlllero CeHaTa. 3anOJIY'IMB (KaK M ee npellweCTBeH- HMua XVII B.) elll1HCTBeHHYJO cWHKUl110 - OrnpaBJIeHMe npaBO- I nOJ1Hoe c06paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 1673. 2709, 2871. C. 17. 51-53, 135-136. lHal16o.riee no.np06H\Je paccMOJpet[He JaKOHa OT 14 neKa6pH 1714 r. B I1CTlfI7O;:::;;; U a'e;: HOB 1713 r. YK33aJ1 eJ1HHCTBeHHO E. R AHI1CI1MOB (AHucuVOll E. B.l:(b[6a M KHyr. C. 18-19). OcraeTCH no!'iaBl1Tb. '1TO BnOCJleJJ.CTBI1I1 xapmrrepH3Vl'IIIID] JIMHI1H yr0J10BHOrO JaKOHQU<ITt'JIbCTBa HalWla JaKpenJleHl1e 6 CT. 11 JaKOHa al1.o'UKHOCTb CcHaTa" PCill]KllHIII 1718 r.. B KoropoH npcCTyIlJlCHIliI npo- THD I1HTCpeCOD CJIY)K6b] 6bLlIM npHMO COOfHeCeHb] C MJMeHoi1. 1)000ee TOro. B 1718 r. 3<lKOH01laTeJ1b C'leJ1 <I1fX!3IJi!1Iue J .nOJ1JKHOCTI-1bIMM Jll1uaMM D.IDKe GoJlee 06!UeCT8eHHO onaCHblM. He)l(eJll1 npenaTeJlbCTBO KaK OTie- THJl neT]J I B Co6cTBeHHOPy<JHO HamlcaHHOM npoeKTe Ha3BaHHoH craTbH. «ycnbllUtlljJ U3.1felI,V, eCJIK ocmepe}j(emu,a, a celO Ida1J1CHOCmHOlO npecnnTLIe- HUflJ Huxmo ec/wpe He t1()fO(J(IChI6yem, HO vaW-f/O'IIlUY eee pa3Dp1lml¥1....... Ha- KOHeu, B xo.ne pa60Tbi HarI npoeKTOM Y1ImKeHI1H POCCI1HCKOro rocynapcTlkl 1723-1726 rr neT]J I nO.llroTOBI1J111 60KTH6pe 1723 r. nepella. 6 YnO)l(eH- HYJO KOMHCCMJO I1MCDlllYtO HOPM3UIBHoe JHa'lCHI1C «3KcrwUKllI4U/(Ji> ITOJlKO- BaHMel 0 rocynapcrBeHHbIX npecrynJIeHI.JHX. B ....3M;IlJIMKaUI1I1... JaKOH01la- TeJlb BKllJ0411J1 B '1I1CJ10 rocYllapCTBeHHb[X npeC'I)'[1JJeHI1 Bee npeC'I)'nHb]e ne>lHI1.11 npOTI16 MHrepet:OB CJ1}I)K6b1 (np01l16 iJapcmeeHHbIJ( npa6 U C80eU aoll). KpoMe TOro, B «3KCIlJIMKaUHW> I1Mnep<rrop paJBI1J1 Bblwe- npHDCDcHHbli1 TCJHC 06 oco6oi1 06wcCTBCHHoH onocHocrn npocTyllJJ!:HMi1 npoTHB I1HTepeCOB CJly.>K6b1, YKa3aB. 'JTO OT «IIJH!3JH!HUR iJo./JKH()(mu... .MO- :Nrem 6Mmb i'OI.Jt'JapcmeJ, Hi! trIO'IUIO tiftkrntJro. HO U Io"Ollf'OlllOf' tII1iJeRuI!.. (3aKo- HOnaTeJ1bHble aKTbI nerpa I c. 131-131. 187-188) HeKoTopoe BpeM.II cny- CTH «3KCIlJIMKaUHH" 6bUla o$opMJIeHa B BWle oco60ro JaKObHOro aKTa, 06Hapo.nOBaHHoro 5 <tteDpWl.ll 1724 r. (nOJlHoe c06paHMe JaKOHOB. T.7 NQ 4460. C. 25(}---251). LITO KacaeTCH npoeKTII YJlO)l(eHM.II, TO BblllJe- OTMe4eHHb]e ycTdliOBJIeHMH 3aKOH01l8TeJ1S1 nony<JI1J111 B HeM OTpaA(t"Hl1e B CT. 15. 26 11 43 rn. 4-H KH. I (PfNI,A, 4J. 342. KH 33. 'J. I, n. 61---{j2. 68 06.-70 InpHJIO)KCHI1C YD. 
120 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I cylll1J1. nanaTI! 6b1J13 npl13BaHa OlT5IHyrb B CBOe npol13BOllCTBO 11 o6ecne<iI-1Tb CKopeiulIee pa3peweHHe OCHOBHO" MaCCbl HOCXo- DJ1BWI1X B CeHaT cyne6HblX llel1. OcyweCTBJ.1Tb «6e3BOJlOKHTI-loe» pa36HpaTeJlbCTBO TaKOBblX lIen npaBHTeJ1bcrnYJOlllHH CeHaT He HMeJl B03MOIKHOCTH no 06beKUIBHi>IM npWIHH8M - JaHt1M8HCb B npHoprneTHOM nopMKe Honpocam ynpaBJTeHH.II (oco6eHHO <l>H- HaHCOBoro). COCTO.llJ!a PacnpaBH851 nanan 113 n;BYX ceH8TopOB Ii "leTblpex OC06blX «pacnpaBHblX cYJJ;ej:j" (n03LlHee HX "mCnD 6bUlQ YBeJIl1'leHO.no JUITI1). Kpyr BelleHI1.I1 «HOBOH» PacnpaBHoH nMaTbl .neTaJ1bHO pe- rJlaMeHTHp(IBaJ1C.sI B ceHaTCKOM YKa3e OT 4 CeHT5I6p51 1713 r.' ComacHo H83BaHHOMY YKa3}' KOMneTeHUI1J1 nanaTbI (nO<fH1 3ep- KaJ1bHO 0TPa3HBWM cy.ue6Hble n0J1HOM09I1Ji CeHaTa) onpeneJUI- JIaCb JJ;B05lKO. C O)lHoif CTOpoHbl. PacnpaBH8R namna BblcrynaJIa B Ka<ieCTBe aneJLl1JU.lHOHHOH (1HCTaHQIU1 no OTHorneHMIO K ry- 6epHCKI1M KaHueJUlplUlM M I1MeIJrnl1M cy.ne6Hb]e YHKUMM ueH- TpaJlbHblM opraHaM BJlaCTI1, C .npyroi1: - ocyrneCTBJlWla <lfJ03lJICKU u npom'lee ynpae.,leHue no ckJHOUieHUHM fjJUCML1CKll.!tP. Bonpoc 0 TOM. KaKl1e I1MeHHO I1Hl1mUlpC)iJaHHble I1CKaJlb- CKOH CJlyJI{6oH yrOJloBHble .neJla paCCMa1])HBaJlHCb naJIaToi1, OKa3aJ1C5I COBeprneHHO o60i1L1eH IJ npe.nweCTsytOll1ei1: HCTopHKO- npalJolJoi1: JIHTeparype. I1CXOll51 M3 6YKBb] YKa33 OT 4 CeHT.II6pSl. MO)[(HO nOH5ITb, 1.JTO npennOJIanUlOCb cy.ne6Hoe pmHpaTeJlbCTBO naJIaToiJ Dcem o6DeMa nOllo6HbiX lleJi. OllH3KO, HaCKOJlbKO MO)[(- HO BHlleTb no apXI1BHblM MaTepl1aJ1aM, H3 npaKTI1Ke B Pacnpas- H}'tO na.runy nocrynaJIl1 1])H KaTerOpHI1 neJl, HHI1UI1HpooaHHblX I1CKaJlbCKOft CJI)I)[(60ii. Bo-nepBblx. IJ naJIal)' - no npellCTaBJleHl110 o6ep- MCKaJla - BOCXOllWll1ll0HOrneHHJI MeCTHblX ttJHCKaJlOB. KOTopble 6bUlM WlH npOl1fHopMpOBaHbl ry6epHaTopaMM, WlM }l(e KaCaJlHCb HX caMI1X (IJOJMO)[(HOCTb HanpaBJIeHH5I TaKOlJblX lloHorneHMi1: IJ CeHaT CneUl1aJ1bHO oroBapl1lJaJIaCb B CT. 8 3aKOH3 OT 17 MapTa 1714 r.). BO-BTOPb]X. B PacnpaBHYIO naJIa1Y npHHHMaJlMCb llO- HOWeHHJI KaK caMoro 06ep-MCKaJla, TdK M ero «TOBapMlLleiJ». H3KOHeu, B-1])eTbI1X - .nOHorneHHJI MOCKOBCKHX ttJl1CKaJlOIJ 11 npOBHHUl1aJ1- HCKaJlOB. ] nonHQe co6Jxrnl1e JaKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 2710. C. 53-54. 6oJJ.ee IIIcnpaB- HYIO nyMI1Kalll1tO TKCTa yKaJa eM: .[lOKJ1Mbl 11 npHrOBOpbL Cn6.. 1888. T. 3. KH. 1. C. 704-705. 0630p nl1TpaTYPbl 0 PacnpaBHoi1 naJIHTe npl1 QHaTC: npHBc:.n.eH Bb[We. 
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122 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I JaKOHe aT 23 OKTJlGpJl 1713 r.. C 011HO" CTOpOHbl, 6bUia BHeCeHa ropa3.Do Gonce 'leTKa51 ()JopMYJ](1pOBKa KaCaTeJIbHO npaBa H8 06- paweHHe TaKora pOlla, a c npyroH - pe'lh lill1a 06 HHOM Kl'yre npecrynJleHt1i1 (6 3aKOHe 1700 r., CTOlH HanOMHHTb, roBOpWlOCb o npaee H3BewaTb rocy.napJi 06 oco60 BIDKHblX rocy.napCTBeHHhlX npecrynJleH(1.11x). Me>K.nY reM. JTHHI1JI 3aKOH8 aT 2 c}:IeBpaJISi 1700 r. 06 YBe- llOMJlemm BepxoBHoj:j MaCTI1 0 rocy.napCTBeHHh]X npecrynneHH- fiX TaJOKe HaUlJl8 npo.nOJ])f(eHHe B 3aKOHOllareJIbCTBe 1713 rolla. B 3aKOHe, 113.DaHHOM 23n.eKa6pJl 1713 r., n01l.llaHHblM 1l03B01lSl- IlOCb C006111aTb J1H'lHO uapJO 0 TaKI1X «TpMHUHOHHhL". rocy.nap- CTBeHHblX npecrynJleHMJiX, KaK YMblCeJI Ha «i'OCyOOpcKoe 300PO- 6ber>, oCKop6J1eHHe «6t1COKaWOHOpweii I/ecmu», 6YHT H H3MeHa l . B AaHHOM cJlY'Jae MO}l(HO KOHcraTl1pOBaTb CHHXpOHHOCTb B pa3- 6(1TI1I1 TeHlleHUHif B yrOJloBHOM H B yr0J10BHo-npoueccyaJIbHOM 3aKOH01l8TeJIbCTBe: BblWeOTMe'leHHOe OTHeCeHl1e npecryJlJle- HI1M npoTl1B I1HTepeCoB CJIy.>K6bl K KaTeropl111 rocy.napCTBeHHblX npol130UlflO n<NTH O.nHoBpeMeHHo C yCTaHOBJIeHl1eM e.DJ1Horo oco60ro nopHllKa cy.nonpol13Bo.acTBa no BceM .neJIaM no.a06Horo po.na. CrpeMJIeHl1e neTpa 1 OpraHI130BaTb BCeCOCJIOBHOe npom- Bo.ae51CTBl1e .nOJI)((HOCTH051 npecrynHOCTI1 nOJIyql1JIO AaJlbHe51rnee BOJUlorneHl1e B 3aKOHe OT 25 JlHBapJl 1715 r. 1 I1MeHHo B -"TOM 3a- KOHe OK33W1I1Cb C<t>oPMYJll1posaHbl 3HaMeHI1Tbie «Tpl1 nYHKTa», co.aep)({3BWl1e COCTaBbl oco60 TJDKKI1X npecrYflJleHHii. 0 no.aro- TOBKe I1JII1 ooBeprneHl111 KOropblX TOJIbKO 11 nonYCKalJOCb 113Be- lllaTh HanpRM)'JO MOHapxa. B nepBblX nBYX nYHKTax - nO'lTH B nOJIHOM COOTBeTCTBl111 C 3aKOHOM OT 23 net<a6pR 1713 r. - <l>11- rypl1poBaJll1 «TpaDJ1UI10HHble» rOCYA3pCTBeHHb1e npecryJUleHI1J1; nOCRraTeJIbCTBO HB )((113Hb CBMOllep)((l.{3, 113MeHa 11 6YHT. B Tpe- TheM nYHKTe pe'lb UJ..Illi 0 Ka3HOKpanCTBe. I1H051 oco6b]51 nOp51.a0K cynonpol13Bo.acTBa 6bIJI npellycMo- TpeH BTOM )((e 1715 r. no '1acTH nen 0 B3HTO'IHI1'1eCTBe (KaKoBoe I nOJllioe C06pi:lHlle JdMJI-IOB. T. 5. NQ 1756. C. 76. n01l]X!6Hee 0 113HHOM JaKOHe CM.: /loiqxxJcKuil H. H. 3aKOHon;rreJIbHb]e IIICTO'D-fIlKH... C. 419-420. 23aKoHo..rr.areJ1bHb]e I.IKTb! nerpa I. c. 364. B nl1TepaJype H33BaH- Hb!H ]aKOH CneUHaJlbHO pacCM0'J'jJer:II1 E. B. AHI1CI1MOB, H. .H. nOKpOB- CKI1i1l1lliK..ne DOHH (AHl./CU.1f06 £ B Dbl6a 11 KHYT. C. 19-20. nO/(p06- CKUU H H. 3aKoHOIlaTeJ1bHble I1CT04HI1KI1 . C. 420--422; LeDonne J. Gp. cit. P.l06-207). 
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128 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ne6Hb]e nOJiHOMO<mfl, npJ.1'1eM 06ep-KOMeH.1lliHTCIQUI KaHUeJ1S1- pH5I CTaJ18 BblcrynaTb no OTHOrneHl-11O K ye1D.HOH KOMeHn8HTCKOil KaHueJUlpliH B Kal.JeCTBe cyn.a BTOpOro 3BeHa l . BTOpoe 113MeHel-ille B MecrnOM cynoYCTpof1cTBe nOCJlellOBa- no B CB5I3H C Y'-Ipe)l(JleHHeM, no HMeHHOMY YKa3}' OT 28 SlHBapSl 17151"., ewe OllHOii HOEOH arI.M(1H(1CTpamSHO-TeppJ.1TOpHaJlbHOH enI1HHL(b] - 110JU1 - so mase c J]apaTOM. KOTOpIDI 3aMeHJ.1JIa K3K npeBHHe ye3.1lbi. TaK Ii «HOBOMaHepHb]e» npoBHHUHH (a Il8J-UJ;- paTCKHe KaHue.nlipHH 3<1MeHl1JU1 c06oH, COOmeTCTBeHHO. npe)l(- HHe KOMeHJJ.aHTCKHe H o6ep-KoMeHllaHTCKMe KaHUeJHlpI1H)l. KaK YCTIlHOBI1JI On5lTb-TaKH M. M. EOroC1IOBCKHH, HapMY C aIlMH- HHCTpaTHBHblMH YHKUHJlMH, npocyweCTBOnaBlllHe c 1715 no 1719 roll JlaHllpaTCKHe KaHueJTJlpHH 06JJauanH ewe H ()JyHKUI1J1- MH CYAe6HbIM(13. J..1CXO)UI IG cBen:eHHH. np(1Bo.nHMhIX M. M. 60- rOCJIOBCKI1M, MO)l(HO 38KJU04IITb. 'ITQ J1aHllpaTCK(1e KaHuemlpl111 f!RJlIDII1Cb cynoM nepBoro 3BeHa, npI16J1I1.>KMCb no 06'beMY cyne6- HblX nOJlHOMo<mi1: (non06Ho CBOI1M npelll1leCTBeHHI1KaM - KO- Mel-W.8HTCKHM KaHUeJ151pl1S1M) K cyn:y 06meii JOpi1CllHKUHI1. CTOHT OroBOpI1Tb. npaBlla, 'lTO 113 nOllcynHocTH Ral-illpaTCKi1X KaHUeJlSI- pl1H (B OTJlWme OT KOMeI-W.8HTCKI1X) C caMoro Ha'IMa, comacHo i1MeHHOMY YKaJY OT 28 SlHBapSl 1715 r., 6blJIO 113'bJ1TO noca.aCKoe HaCeJ1eHl1e 4 . KpoMe TOro, nOCTOHHO ynOMI1HaHI151, 'lTO B 1713 r. 3aKO- HOnaTeJ1b HeCKOJlbKO nOBblCI1JI craryc JlaHllpl1XrepoB. ComaCHO CT. 3 I1MeHHOfO YKa38 OT 24 anpeJ1S1 1713 r. naHD.PI-1Xrephl Bb[- BOllWlI1Ch 113-nOll JOpl1C1li1KUi111 J}l6epHaTOpoB 11 ncpcxolllU1I.J B no.acynHocTh HenocpeJlCTBeHHo CeHaTa. npi1 BceM ::ITOM, i1C- XOllS1 I.J3 6YKDhl TOH )l(e CT. 3 YKaJ8, RaHLIPi1XTephl nO-npe>KHeMY nOll'lMHWlMCh J}l6epHaTOpaM B a.L1MI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOM OTHOllleHI1I1. HeJ1b351 He OTMeTIlTh, HaKOHeu. 'lTO, Hap5l11Y C BBe;J;em1eM B 1713 r. oxapa KTepl130BaHHoro Bb]lIle oco6oro nopHllKa cyno- I UU M M. HCCJJe1lOBaHI1.11 no 11C1'OpI111 MeCTHoro ynpaW1e- HI1.II... C 69-70. 1 nonHoc co6pdHl1e JaKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 2879. C 140. Bnl1TeparypeonaH!!- pmCKHX KaHueJ1.11pI1HX Hal160nee noopo6Ho CM.. Eoi!oc,I06CKUU M M. Hc- CJle1IOBaHlII.II no I1cropHI1 MeCTHoro ynpaW1eHIII.II. . C q5-122; K'inrom R. Gp. fJ3ii.-2Sl1cCJJe.uoBaHI1.11 no I1CTOpI1t1 MecTHOro ynpaW1e- Htl5I C. 105, 110-113 4no nHoc C06paHtle 3aKOHOB. T. 5. N 1879. C. 14u. )3'IKOH01UlTI:J1bHb[1: aKTb] nnpa I. C 106. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblrii 129 neJH¥:\ (1696-1716 rr.} np0I13IJ011CTBa no lleJiaM 0 rocYllapCTIeHHblx npecryTUleHI151X 11 npecryn.n:eHl1nX npOTtlB I1HTepecOIJ CJly)({6bl. neT]) I npellnpl1HM B nepBoH nOJlOBHHe I71O-x rr. TalOKe 11 npOTI1BOnOJlO)({Hble no HanpaBlleHHocTH YCI1J1I.J5I no YKpeJllleH1.J1O I.JHCTaHUl10HHOCTtI B CYllonpOH3BQIlCTBe. 17 Mapw 1714 r. 6bU11.J311aH 33KOH. comacHo KOTOPOMY n011a'la 'IeJ106IITHblX - npH OTKaJe B npaBOCY1ll1l1 I1J1I.J )((e npl1 IJb]HeceHI1I1 HenpaBOCYllHoro npl1rOBOpa - Moma ocy- ll.leCTBJl5ITbCfI )((HTeJi.llM(1 CTp<lHbl TOJlbKO nOCJle110BaTeJlbHO, CTpO- ro B COOTBeTCTBl111 C Tor.nawHeHl1epapxl1eH cYlle6HblX opraHOB I . B I.JTOre B 3aKOHe OT 17 Mapra 1714 r. OKa3a.rtaCb 3a<tJl.JKCl.JpOBaHa 'IeulpeX3BeHHafi cYlle6Ha51 CI.JCTeMa: KO1CH1laHTCKa51 KaHUCJl5I- pHfI - [)'6epHcKafi KaHUeJlflpl1f1 - 1 !paBI1RllbCTBYJQWI.Jt1 Ce- HaT - CaMO.llep>Keu. Il oKaJaTeJlbHO. 'ITO D .naHHOII KOHCTPYKUHI.J BOBce He @ IH}'pl1pOBaJJl.1 UeHTpaJIbHble opraHb] BIlacm: B 1714 r. 3aKOHOD.aTeJlb }')Ke He paccMaTpl1BaJI (1X B Ka'leCTBe UeJlOCTHOro 3BeHa cYlle6HoH CI1CTeMbI 1 . nOKa3aTeJlbHO. 'lTO B n011nl1C<tHHOM neTpOM 1 TOro )((e 17 MapTa 1714 I. I.JHOM JaKOH01l8TeJlbHOM aKTe - HeO.llHoKpaT- HO ynowlHyroM ('YKaJe 0 ()JI.JCKaJlaX I.J 0 I.JX IlOJl>KHOCTH I.J IleH- CTBHI.J» - cxmlmHI.JHCTaHUHOHHblH nOp5l110K YCTaHaBJII.JBaJlC5I I.J DJ1JJ roal1MO.lleticTBI1SJ c CYIlaMI1 ()JI1CKaJlbCKI1X opraHOB. ComaCHO CT. 8 «YKl\3am» ropOllOBb]M ()JI1CKaJlaM npellnl1CblBaJ10Cb n011a- BaTbllOHOWeHI1JJ B KOMeH!l.aHfCKl1e 11 o6ep-KOMeH!l.<lHTCKl1e KaH- UeJlflpl11-1, npOBI1HUI1aJI-()JI1CKaJlaM - B ry6epHCKI-1e KaHUeJUlpI1H. a 06ep-<tJI1CKaJlY - B npaBHTe1lbCTBYlOWI1H CeHaT 11.1111 )((e uaplO. 06parnel-ille ()JI1CKaJIa B KaKOH-J11160 BbIWeCT05lWH}1 cYlle6HblH opraH KaTerOpl.J'1eCKH BocnpernaJIOCb\ Me>KllY TeM. Ha I.JCXO.lle 1714 r. neT]) 1 erne paJ BepI1YJ1CfI K n(XI6J1eMe YKpeJUleHI1f1 (1HCTaHUI-10HHocm B CYJIonpOI13BOIlCTBe. 8 IleKa6p.ll 1714 r. 6bUJ H311aH 3aKOH. B KOTOpOM BHOBb 3anpe- rnaJIOCb np5lMOe 06p<ll1J;eHI-1e KaK K MOHapXY. TaK 11 B npaBI-1- 13aKOHon<rrelJbHb]e aKTb! nerpa I. c. 361-362. B nepooM nOJIHOM coGpaHl111 JaKOHOB llaHHblH JaKOHOD.aTeJ1bHbIi1 aKT OWI1604HO naTl1poBaH 21 v'lJiRIll (nOl1Hoe c06paHl1e 3<lKOH08. T. 5. NQ 2787 C 90). 1 B pacCMa1'PIBaeMOM JaKOHe He 6bLIJI1 ynoMHHyrbl 11 06ep- KOMeHlIDHTCKHC KaHUCJI.IIpHI1 - Hit 'JTO OOpanJJl BHIIIMaHl1e eme M. M. 00- rOCJlODCKI1i1 (Eazoc.I06CIi:UU M M I1CCJlCllOBaHI1.11 no I1CTOpHI1 MCCTHOro ynpaliJleHI1H... C. 70) nO-BI1llI1MOMY.:lTO 06bHCHHeTCH "feM. '1TO B03rnaB- JIHBWl1eC.II 06ep-KOMeH.1JaHTdMI1 npoBI1HUl111 .IIBJIJ.UII1Cb Torna, KaK)')Ke roBO- pl1J10Cb, 4JaKYnbTaTHBHOH a1lMI1H'ICT)J<ffiIBHO-Teppnupl1aJ[bHOi.j elll1HI1Ueit 33aKOHOJJmCJIbHb]C i1KTb[ nCTpa I. c. 334. 
130 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I TeJlbCTBYlOlUl1i1 CeH8T. XapmcrepHO, '1TO B ffii3BaHHOM 33KOHe nOnOJlHI1TeJIbHO npom1Cblf!aJ]OCb TaKoe OCHOMHHe n.ruI nepeHOCa ncna B BblllleCTOHJ11YIO IIHCT.lHUHIO. KaK JarnnlBaHHe cyne6Horo pm6HpaTeJ1bCTBa Ha cpOK 60Jlce no.nyrona (<<Kocda 8 n(W()()a lie 6eplUllm»). He MeHee npHMe<JaTeJ1bHO. 'fI'() B JaKOHe OT 8 lleKa- 6PH 1714 r. - B OTJ1W-II1e OT JaKOHa OT 17 Maprd 1714 r. - cpeD.l1 nOJDKHOCTHblX m1ll, 06na.aaBW(1X CYAe6Hb]M(1 nQJ1HOM04HHM(1, OKa- 3aJlI1Cb ynoMflHyrbl o6ep-KOMeHltaHTbl. a TaJOKe J13HllPI4Xrepb]l. g 5. npe06pa30BaHI1J! B BoeHHOM CYAOYCTpoMCTBe ... cYAOnpm13Bo,QCTBe Pacc".... B 1691716 rr. Kpl1rCpeXTbl III aYAI1TOpcKaSl CJ1}1>K6a 3aBeprna.ll o603peHHe (13MeHeH(111 B 06naCTI1 cynoycTpoJ.t- CTBa H cynonpOI13Bo.nCTBa, OcynJ.ecTRIIeHHblx B HaweH cTpaHe B KOHue 1690-x - nepEO" nOJlOB(1He I7IO-x rr., OCTaeTC5I KpaTKo OCTaHOBI1TbC}I Ha npeo6pa30saHIHlx B c<t:>epe BoeHHOH lOCTHUHI1. KaK 113BeCTHO, B OTMel.JeHHblM nepHOll. neT}) I y.neJHIJI Bonpo- caM nepeycTpoHcrna Ii 60eBOro npl1MeHeHI151 Boop)')KeHHblx ClUJ npl10pl1TeTHoe BHI1M8Hl1e. COOTBeTCTBeHHO. npellnpl1HSITOe Ha CTb]Ke XVII 11 XVIII BB. pe$opMl1pOBaHHe POCCI1HCKOH apMl111 He Momo He conpoBO)l(JlaTbC5I 3Ha'lI1TeJ1bHbIMI1 nepeMeHaMI1 B BoeHHOM cynoycrpoHcTBe H cynonpOI13BQllCTBe. PaCC'llfJaHHble Ha nOMeCTHO-nanYmylO OpraHl13amnO BOHCK apXaH'leCKl1e CYllbl nOJ1KOBbIX BOeBOll (3aOllHO C COlleJ)}K3lili.1eH BoeHHo-yr0J10BHble HOpMbl cellbMot1 mOOOH YJlO)l(eHI151 1649 r.) 6bUlI1. KOHC'lHO }f(e, HeCOBMeCH1Mbl C HOBOH peryJlflpHoii apMl1eH. Y)f(e B 1700-e fr. B POCCI1I1 nrnml1J1I1Cb 11 npHHUlmHaJTbHO HOBbie opraHb] BoeHHOfO npaBOcyrorn - Kpl1fCpeXTbI, 11 3aKOHO- naTeJIbHb]e aKTb]. B KOTOPb]X neTaJTbHO pefJlaMeHTJllpOBaJTOCb BO- eHHoe cynonpOI13BQllCTBO. B nepBOM neC5ITlUJeTl1l1 XVIII B. HOp- MaTI1BHYIO OCHOBy ()JYHKUI10HI1POBaHI151 Jq)l1rcpeXTOB 06pa30BaJll1 «Y1O)I(FHUe U//U npaeo nOBl!iJeHUII eeHepatlbHblX. cpeOHlJX U HUJWUX 'l.UHOfJ» 1702 f. (lUJl1 YJ10)f(eHl1e 6. n. WepeMeTeBa) H KpaTKI1H aprnKyn 1706 r. (lUJl1 KpaTKHH apTI1KYJ1 All MeHwHKOBa)2. 1 nonHoe c06paHlile 3aKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 2805. C. 134. !Itc1ltKY Ha3I1aHHbIX 3a1\IJHQ1J,dJeJbHbIX aKfOB B npmype eM.: 1'O:JeH.?£1I.'" M n. YK£13. CO'I. C. 66-81; EmI /Jam6 n n. I30HHCKlfli ycraB rle1pa BeJJI1Korol1 nerp BeJJI1KHft c. 184-190; I\jma/-wffO.E.. fle6eiJe8 B.M. Ce- uklPif.lO. YKa3.cO'J. T.l C.536-541, /1em}:roeH.A. YKa3.C04 C.44-51; .4KUUtUH M 0. Cyne6Hrn  nC1pa I: Lll1c. no C. 27-28. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblrii 131 neJH¥:\ (1696-1716 rr.} J..131l8HHble KaK BpeMeHHble aKTbl MCKJlI04IffeJ1bHO JI.Jlfl JIeCTsy- lO111e apMMH, COCTIlBJleHHble Ha OCHOBe 3anan.HOeBpOneCKI-1X HCTOI.JHI-1KOB YJ10}f(eHHe H KpaTKI-1t1 apTl1K)'J1 06"be.1lMHHJlI-1 B CBO- eM COCTaBe KaK nOJlO.::KeHHH, JaKpenJleHHhle B HaCTOHwee BpeMH B 06weBoI1HCKHX YCTaBax (BHyrpeHHeH CJI}l)K6hl. D.HCUHJU1I-1- HapHOM. rapHM30HHO M KapaYJ1bHO CJI}0K6h]). TaK 11 BoeHHO- yroJ10BHb]e 1-1 BOeHHo-npoueccyanbHble HOpMbl C MOMeHTa nmlRJleHHH p<JCC11HCK(1e KpHrcpeXThl npellCTaB- J1JUlM c060 KOJ1Jlerl1aJ1bHble L-yne6Hb]e npHcyrcTBi-IJI. BpeMeH- HO q,opMHpOBaBllmeCfI KOMaJ-llUipOM BOHHCKOfi l.JaCTI-1 113 I.JI-1CJ1a CTpoeBblX BoeHHOCJ1)')KaI./ll'lX JI.JlH paccMoTpeHHH yrOJlOBHhlX JIe1l no 06BI-1HeHHflM BOeHHOCJI}l}K811U1X TOM }f(e <18CTI1. no CTPYKTYpe IqmrcpexT COCTOfIJI 113 Op.LUlHapHhIX cyneH (aceccopOB) 1-1 npe.1lce- JIaTeJ1f1 (npeJyca 1-111H npe3I1L1eHTa). Y'II.fTblBafi 3aBellOMYlO 101'1-1- JIl1'1ecKYIO Heno.nrOTORlleHHOCTb CTpoeBblX BoeHHOCJ1}')K8WHX, npH Jq)HrcpeXTe BB01U1JlaCh nOJ1}f(HOCTb aynl1Topa. oco60ro J1HUa, CneUHaJ1H3HpOBaBllIerocH Ha nO.1lroToHKe JIeJIa K cyne6HOMY pa3- 6HpaTeJlbCTBY H Ha npaBOBOM KOHCYJ1bTHpOB3HI-1H <meHOB cyna. no cyrnecrny paCCMaTpHBaeMOro JIeJIa K3)((LlbIH H3 cyneH l-13J1aran MHeHl1e (<<ceHmeHquJO») C npelllTO)KeHl-1eM 0 Mepe H3- KaJaHI-1'l nO.D.CYJIMMOMY. BhlHeceHHbli1 Jq)l-1rCpeXTOM npl-1roBop HanpaRllflJTC.II B 06H3aTeJTbHOM nopl1.1lKe Ha YfBep>KLleHl-1e KOMaH- JIl1py '1aCTI1 I11IH HHOMY BblllleCTOI1ll.leMY BOI-1HCKOMY H8'1aJ1bHMKY (eCJ11-1 KOMaHlll1p '18CTI1 flRIIllilCfI npe3yCOM). HmGlKoi1 aneJUlfI- 11111-1 Ha npHroBopbl Jq)HrcpeXTOB He npellYCMaTpI-1BaJlOCh. K KaKoi1 pa3HOBI1.D.HOCTH cyne6HbiX opraHoB MO)f(HO OTHe- CTH nO.llBHBllIMeCfI B Hallle ClpaHe B 170Q-e rr. KpHrcpeXTbl? KaK 1-:13BeCTHO. COBpeMeHHb]e HoeHHble Cy.D.b] P<!> paCCM8TpHHa- JOTCH 4>ellepaJIbHblM 38KOHO.D.8TeJleM KaK cynhl 06weH JOpI-1C.llI-1K- UI1I-1. OJIHaKO, npHHHM3f1 BO BHI-1MaHHe. '1TO, KaK flBCTByeT 1-13 MaTepl-1aJ10B CYJIe6HOH npaKTI1KI-1 1-1 CnelleHI1H. npl-1BOlll-1MhlX n J1I1Teparype. POCCI-1CKl1e BoeHHhle cynbl pa361-1panl-1 B XVIII B. HCKlJIQ4HTeJTbHO yrOJTOBHh]e neJJa. 3TM opraHh] npaBOCYJIMfI c1le- JI,yeT OTHeCT(1 K '1HCJTY CneUl-1arJH3I1pOBaHHh]X CYJIOB I I B COBpeMeHHOH I'JCTOpIIKo-npaBOOOii JIltTepal)'pe BOeHHble CYllbl XVIII B. K CneUHlllJMJl1poBaHHb[M cynaM OTHec - npallil3, 6eJ BCflKHX no- .IICHeHI1i1 - A. C. CMb]KaJlI1H (CVbiKaJlUH A. C. Cyne6HIDI CI1.CTeMa POCCHi1- CKOro rocy.napcrsa... C. 63). 1jTO KaCaerCH cOBpeMeHHblx BOeHHb[X cy.nOB, TO I1X K 'J11CJ1Y cneul1aJ1MJl1poBaHHblX cynoB OTHec Ll f ABep4eHKo B OT1e- tteHHOM nl1CCepTaUl10HHOM ItcCQe.nOBaHI1I1 1001 r. (A&-prI{lIlinD.. r. Y"a3. C04. C. 19). 
132 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KpHrepeXTb] 6blB<LIIH D.BYX 1J11ll0B: nOJlKOBOM 11 reHepanbHb]M. feHepanbHOMY BOeHHOMY cyn.y nOlUle)({aJll1, BO-nepBbIX, n.e.rrn no 06BHHemuo craplllHx 11 BblCWHX ()(lmuepOB. a BO-BTOphIX, lleJIa o npecryJUleHHHX ueJlblX BOI1HCKI1X <,acTeit npellCellaTeJlbCTBO B reHepaJIbHOM Kj)l1rCpeXTe HenpeMeHHO npmmllJle>KaJlO reHepany HJlH <!>eJlb.LI.MapwaJlY. B KpaTKOM apTHK)'Jle 1706 f. ynOMHHaJU1Cb ewe 11 Tal< Ha3blBaeMble --cKopopeWUmeJIbHble cyiJt,tr. KOTopble Y4pe;+;,It3JU1Cb B CJ1Y4ae B03HHKHOBeHl1fl B BoikKax M8CCOBbiX 6ecnopHllKoB 11 KOTopble OcyllleCTBJUUlH OTnpaBJIeHile npaBOCY- .rnUI YCKopeHHO 11 no ynpomeHHoH npoue.nypel. Ha HOBblH ypOReHh HopM3n1BHoe peryJlHpOBaHHe BOeHHOro cynoycrpoHCTBa 11 cyn.onp0113BOlICTBa BblUll10 B Hae 171O-x rr. 31"0 61>1110 CBH3aHO C nmlBJ1eHHeM ('J(pamKoco 1l306paJICeHU1I npo- 1(eCOR W1U ct.d>6HbIX mfl.}l{ef). - nepBoro OTe'JeCTBeHHoro BOeHHO- npouecCYMbHoro Ko.neKca (XOHI 11 COCTIlBlleHHOro, KaK }'f)e.n(1- TeJIbHO nOK,UaJl K. nerepcoH. C Wl1pOKJ1M I1cn0J1b30BaHl1eM HOpM WBellCKOro YcraBa BOHHCKOro cy.aonpOl-l3BOllCTBa 1683 r. 1 ). B «KpaTKOM I1J06proKeHHI1 npouecoB...» 0Ka3aJ111Cb ropa3.D.0 60J1ee .aeTaJlbHO, He}l(eJll1 B YnO;KeHI1H 1702 r. 11 B KpaTKoM apTHK)'J1e 1706 r. pemaMeHmpooaHbl 1-1 oonpoCbl OpraHl-I3aUI11-1 Kpl1rcpex- TaB (nOJIKOBOro 11 reHepaJIbHoro), 11 BOJ11XICb] npoueCCYaJlbHOro nOJlO)l(eHI151 ay.aI1Topa, no.nCYll.l1Moro 11 CBruIeTeJlei1. 11 Bon)XICbI nQlJ;roToBKI1 11 npOBelleHI1.11 cYlle6Horo pa:IDl-lpareJlbCTBa. 11 Bonpo- Cbl nOCTaHOBJIeHI151 H BCTYfUJeHI1f1 B CI1JlY npl1roBopa. nOCKOJ1bKY «KpaTKoe l1306p(t)/(eHl1e npoueCOB...» - C co- llep;+;:aTeJlbHOH CropOHbl - y:>Ke HeOllHOKpaTHO paCCMaTpl1BaJ10Cb B OTe l leCTBeHHoi1 11 3apy6e>KHoi1 I1CTopI1KO-npaOOBOH mrrepaTY- peJ, B paMKaX HaCT05lWeH pa60Tbl OCTaeTC5I KOCHyrbC5I J1I1Wb OT- lleJIbHblX He.aOC TaT04HO np05lCHeHHbiX MOMeHTOB, CB5I3aHHb]X C I BeCbMa I1HTepeCHYtO CBOllK)' 113Il11e'leHHb]X 113 ony6nI1KOBaHHblx IIIC- T04HMKOB DaHHblX 0 npaBonpl1MeHI1TeJ1bHoit npaKTHKe Kpl1JCpeUOlJ B KOH- ue 1700-x - Ha'ta.rle 171O-x rr. eM.. AKUUIUH M. O. Cy.ne6HaH pe4x:!pMa ne- a l-' Z'ri:,: 3i339. y.c.;;nw C;t.: :Op6oreC.M: C]1. P. 336-342. HjJpe.uooa H. H. Cy.T1O\'CIJXMcJB PoccI1I1... C. 74-76, &a- coo B.I1.. FOH'Iap06 H. C/>. YKEl3. co'!. C 50-53; 'Iuctrui1w6 0. 11. Ilpoueccy- :::rT2.<=C =-; =!::: fl:y . JlPJuna..JeO J/ A Cyne6I-!o-npaooFlble pe4xJpMbl... Dl1c. .. C. 79-157; AKU- UlUH M. 0. Cync6HID1 pc4Jopm nC1])a I: Lll1c. ... C. 31-32, 57-t'i1. 73-83. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHblrii 133 neJH¥:\ (1696-1716 rr.} ero npOI1CXO>K!lemleM 11 np....MeHeHHeM Ha npaKTI1Ke. Bo-nepBb]X, CTOHT OTMeTl-1Tb HeTO'-lHOCTb 06wenpHlulTOH nOHb]He n.aTl-1poBKJ1 «KpaTKoro H306pa:>KeHH5I npouecoB...» 17/52000/11. .3Ty naTl-1pOB- K)' npe1lJlO)I(}IJ] erne B 1880-e IT. n. O. 606poBCKHH, HCXOllHBlllHH H3 TOro, 'iTO nepBoe ne'-laTHoe H31l8HHe (,KpaTKoro H306pa:>KeHH5I npouecoB...» 6bUJO OCY1l1ecmneHO (H COell(1HeHHH C BOHHCKHM ap- mK)'JlOM) B CaHKT-neTep6ypre B anpeJle 1715 r. 1 Bn.dkTB(1TeJlb- HOCTI1. KaK nOKa3aJl11 COC,dB....TeJ1H OCTIIBlllerocfI BHe nOJl51 3peHHfI npaBOBellOB YI-IJJ.8MeHTMbHoro 8K,UleMI1<1eCKoro KaTanOra (,01111- caHHe lun;nlliii rpaiKlIaHcKoii ne'1aTH. 1708 - 5IHBapb 1725 r.», nepIKJe nmorpa$;Koe H3l18HHC <,KpaTKoro I1HM5I npoue- COB...» ynl1lleJlO CBeT B CaHKT-neTep6ypre B HlOJIe 1712 rona (113- n.aHHe >Ke 1715 r. 5IBJlWTOCb B peanbHOCT(1 BTOpblMP BO-BTOpbIX. 6JIaro.napfi M31laHl1fO 1712 r.. B03MO)l(HO co BeeH onpe,!J;eJ1eHHOCTblO yCTaHOB....Tb HMfI COCTamITeJIfi «KpaTKoro H30- 6pa:>KeHJ.1.11 npouecoB...»_ B Ka<leCTBe TaKoEOro}lli Tl11)'JIbHOM JIHCTe I1Jn.:lHI1511712 r. 0603H8<1eH <,3picrCl>piHpix KpoMbnei"u" - 3pHCT C!>pI11lPHX KpoMneiiH (Ernst Friedrich Kromrein), COCTOHBlllHii B 1)' nopy o6ep-ayn.HTOpOM B )XICCJ.1HCKOH apM....H (<lTO xapaKTep- HO, EO Beex nOCJ1 ellYfOWHX H3l18HHHX ero HMfI He ynoMHHaeTcfI)3. 1 6o({XI6C.l(uiI n. 0 BoeHHbie 33KOHbi nerpa BeJlI1Koro II PYKonl10lX III nepBOne4MTHbiX IIIJJlliHI1.11X. Cn6.. ISH7. c. 52. 10nlilCaHI1C mlUIHIllj.:j Jp3)I(!IaHCKOii ne'lam. 170H - .IIHBapb 1725 r. I Coer. T A. EiblKOsal1 MM. fypellH4. M.-JL, 1955.C. 130-131, 175-176. YMeCTHo .no6aBIfTh. 'ITO B nCpOOM nOliHOM co6paHl111 3aKDHOEI «KpaTKoe 1I306paA<c- Hille npouecoB...." OKaJ.VlOCb nOMeweHO BOsce noo 1716 fQl10M - B KaqeCTBe =;arlJor=Iogo;; reM, 'ITO, no scei1 sepoHTHOCTII. COC"JaBI11eJIII ncpBOro nOliHOJO co6raHll.II PH='::::t= 77:911(O:":lrr;:ea.C B oKmfpe HHH3-T:nb=[= CKOH rocynapcTBeHHoi1 6H6JJl'IOTeKe cnlllCOK KooeKca) J][]epBbIl" onpeLleJIeHHO yKaJaJ1 JJ..A. POMaHOB IJ pa60re 1999 r .[1.0 TOro Ha 3. !\poMneHHa KaK Ha C0CrdlJl1TeM «Kparxoro I1306paJKeHWI npouecolJ..... - B Ka'JelTIJe npe.nno- nO>KeHII.II - )'Ka3b1BaJ1I11 n 0 Eio6POSCKI1H. K nerepcoH H 0 11. 1.JI1CTHKOB. GXHaBWHCb Ha 1]JY.n n Q. Eio6poOCKOro, 0 COCTaBlleHl111 «l<pImcoro l1J06pa- .lKeHWI qxureCOlJ.. .. 3. KpoMnei1HoM K.lIK 0 J1QI<dJaHHOM I]MKre }rOO\IHHyn H M.o. AKl1WI1H (6OOfxHK:Kuil n. 0. I30eHHble 3<lKOHb[ neTpa I3eJ1I1K0ro... C. 52; Itter.l" C Gp. ell. P 337; l.JUCIIiJIJW8 0. 11. npouecCyaJlbHoe JaKOHQl1a- TeJJbl.TOO. C. 799; AKUUIU/l M. 0. C)Ile6HaH pe4x:!PMa nerpa I: J].Hc. no C. 31; lblOH08 0.. A. Peq,opMHpooaHltC CYlionpol1JOOJ]CJBd B PoccI1l1... C. 8). 
134 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Ko BCeMY np04eMY 6eJiOBlUI pyKOnHCb «KpaTKom ltl06pIDKeHI1S1 npoUeCOB...», 3HaJlOrl1'lHO CO.1lep)(ffi1illU1 ynoMHHaHHe 06 3. KpoM- neHHe, mnmKJ.1JIaCb He rne-HH6YD.b, a B JlH'lHOH 6116JUlOTeKe ne- Tpa I (CBelleHI151 0 cocraBe KOTOpoH OIanaJIl1Cb TaiCKe He Y'1TeHbl B npellllleCTBYfOWeHI1CTopI1KO-npaOOBOH JUITepal)'pe)l. Tenepb CTQ(1T 3arpoHyrb nOlfTH He oceweHHb!j:j B JlI1Te- paTYpe Bonpoc 0 npaKTI14eCKOM nplilMeHeHI1(1 HOpM «KpaTKoro I-1306pa)f(eHHJI npolleCOB...». llnJl Ha'laJI8 He06xOllHMO nOBTO- pl1Tb, <jTO B poCCI1HCKI1X BOeHHb]X CYlliIX XVIII B. - B OT1I11- "me or lllBe.nCKHX - H"KOrna He paCCM8rpHBaJII1Cb rp8)KIlaHCKHe I1CKI1 (KaKOffiUI B03MO;KHOCTb npen:yCMaTpl1BaJlaCb B CT. I 11 2 rJI. 2-H 11 B rmmax 3-H 11 4-H <18Crn I «KpaTKoro 11306pmKCHHSI npouecoB...I». B CB5I311 C 3THM MepTBoH 6YKBOH OCTaJlHCb H no- JlO)f(eHI1JI rJlaBh] 5 «KpaTKoro 11306pa)f(eHI1.11 npoueCOB...». B KQ- TOPOi1 pemaMeHn1poBaJlOCb }"-I8CTlile B BoeHHOM cYAonpoI13BO.1l- CTBe «UOOOKamOB U nO,QI/OMO'Il/blX [npe.JJ;CTaBl1TeJJeu CTOpOH]»2. B OTe'-leCTHeHHOM BOeHHOM cynonpol13HQD.CT1Je XVIII B. HI-I- Koma He npI1MeHSIJIC5I. 1-1 aneJIMlUHOHHblH nOp5l.1l0K nepeCMorpa CY.JJ;e6HhIX peWeHl1H (KaKOBOH np5l.MO npe.JJ;YCMa1]JI1BarIC5I. B cr. 5 H 6 m. I -H 1-1 B m. 2-H <faCTI-! 3 «J(pmKoro H306pillKeHI-I5I. npJuecon...»). COOTReTCTBeHHO. BOnpeK(1 n0J10)f(eH(151.M cr. 5 m. I-u 'iacm 3 «KpaTKoro 11306pIDKeHHJI npoueCOB...», B POCC(111 He cyIUeC1roB3.- 110 HIilKaKOU - H(1 OpraHI13aLlI10HHOU, H(1 (1HcraHUI10HHOU - CO- no.a'-lI1HeHHOCTI1 Me)f(]ly nOJIKOBblMH (1 reHepaJIbHb]MI1 Kpl1J"CpeX- TaMH. B neUCnnneJ1bHOCTH ::no 6b1JII-I COBepWeHHO 06oc06J1eH- Hhle npy.- OT npyra opraHbl BoeHHom npaBOCynHJI, I-IMeBWl1e 11I-1Wb pa3JlH'IHbIH $:JpMaJlbHo-HepapXI-I'ieCKJ1H CTa1}'C. KpoMe TOro, n «KpaTKoM H306pa:.KeHHH npouecon...» ocraJIC5I. He3aKpeJUJeHHbiM de facto CJ1O>HIBWI1UC5I K TOMY Bpe- MeHH B pOCCIilUCKOU apMl111 nopJillOK. no KOTOpoMY CMepTHblu nplilroBOp. BbIHeCeHHb]U BOeHHb]M Cy.aOM oq)Huepy, nocrynM Ha yrBep)f(]leHl1e He TOJIbKO BblwecrO}lWeMY BOHHCKOMY Ha'-lMbHI1- KY. HO H HenocpellCTBeHHo MOHapxy. TaKoBoi1 nopHllOK nOJ1Y'-!HJ] $)pMaJlbHOe yr Bep)f(]leHHe n03llHee. )l)Ke no 3aKOHY OT 3 MapTa ] 6116JJI10TeKa neT)Ja I; YNl3dTelb-cnpaB04HI1K I COCT. E. H Ei06POf!3. 11., 1978. C. 32. npoBC.nCHHoe COCTIlBJ{f]].IIMIil «OmIC.lHI1H lIIJD.aHIlli1 rpa;K- llaHcKOii ne'laTH..." CJ1114eHl1e llaHHoH pyKOn(1CH C ntIlOJpdI]x;KHM lIIJD.a- H(1eM «KpaTKOro (1:J06paA;eHI1.11 npouecoB..... 1715 r. Bbl.llBI1JIO IIIX BJaHMO- l{1IeHTI1'1HOCTb (Onl1CaHl1e I13ll8HI1i1 rpaAJIaHCKOI1 nflmlL C. 175-176) l3aKOHO.1laTeJJbCTBO neT)Ja I. c. 827. 829-830. JTaM JKe. C. 839-840. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHbll1 135 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} 1719 r. 1 HH CJlOBOM OKa3aJlHCb He ynOM5IHyrb] B «I(paTKOM H30- 6pIDKeHI1(1 npoueCOB...» H BoeHHble I1CKaJlbl. XapaKTepHO, '1TO BBe.n.eHHe CHCTeMb] KpHrcpeXTOB He np(1- BeJ10 K yrpaTe cy.ne6HblX nOJ1HOMOlJH(1 ueHT'paJIbHbIM(1 opraH8- MH BoeHHoro ynpaMeHH5I. Ha npcrrmKeHHI1 1696-1716 rr. cy- .ne6Hble HKU(1(1 COXpaWIJlH H Pa3p5l11Hb]fi npHKa3 (BITJ1OTb .n.o ynpa3.n.HeHH5I B 1711 r.), H BoeHHlliI KaHUeJ151pH5I, H Op(1Ka3 ap- Tl1J]J]epHH, H AnMHpaJlTei1cKHi1 npHKa3, H pH.n. HHblX npHKa30B H KaHUe1l5lpHi1. OpH 3TOM Bee 3TH opraHbl OCTaBaJI(..ICb BHe BC5IKoii CB5I3H C KpHrcpexT8MH (KaK C nOJ1KOBbIMH, TaK H C reHepaJIb- HbIMH). TeM caMblM. Ha npOT}I}I(eHHH OnHCblBaeMOro nepHOlla HOB05lMeHHaJI CI1CTeMa KpHrcpexroB OCTaBaJlaCb. no cyurecmy. .neueHT'paJI(130BaHHOH. BCeueJ10 3aMKHyrofi B OpraHH3aUHOHHOM 11 cy.n.e6HOM OTHOWeHHI1 Ha CTpoenoe KOMaHllOHaHlile. OCTacrc.II .n.06aBI1Tb, '1TO OKOH'-IaTeJ1bHoe 3aKpeJ1JleHI1e HO- naJI OpraHl13aUI151 OTe'leCTReHHoro BoeHHOro cy.na HaWJla B Bo- I1HCKOM YCTane OT 30 MapTa 1716 r. Bo BCeUeJ10 nocn.llWeHHOH BOeHHOMY cy.n.oYCTpOfiCTBy 11 cy.nonpol13BOllCTB)I fJI. 50 Ha3BaHHO- ro YCTaBa no.Ll.)X!6Ho nponHCblBaJlCH COCTaB reHepaJIbHoro (1 nOJl- KOBOro KpHrcpeXToB (KaKOBb]e ewe I1MeHOBaJ1!1Cb B Ha3BaHHOfi fJlaBe COOTBeTCTBeHHO «6b1WIiIlM» 11 «1IUJlCHIUf» cy.naMI1). a TaK)I(e npOnHCblBaJlI1Cb HeKOTOpble npoue.n.ypbl cy.n.e6Horo CJ1e.n.CTBH5I H nOCTaHOMeHH5I CMepTHoro npHroBOpa 1 . OpI1Me'laTeJ1bHo. '1TO B CT. 1 fJI. 50-H BOI1HCKOro YCTaBa BnepBble npe.nYCMaTpHBaJlOCb ycrpoDCTBO TaKOro HUJlCliei!O cyaa». KOTopblD MO)l(}{O C'-IeCTb npo- o6pa30M COBpeMeHHoro rapmnoHHoro BOeHHOro cy.na (<<IiUJlCIiUU cya. KomopoiL. 8 Kpenocmu y i!}'6epHamopa W1U Ko.Meliaalima"Y. 3cIBepwaH paccMmpeHHe nepeMeH B ooeHHo-cy.n.e6HOfi c<t>e- pe 3a 1696-1716 fT., I1MeeT CMblCJI ynoMJIHyrb 0 3apOlIl1BWeOCJJ Torlla «(1 MaJlOl13}"-1eHHOfi nOHblHe) aY.D.HTopcKoH CJIY..K6e poc- CHikKOH apMHH 4 . CJ1yA<fia 3Ta TeM 60J1ee npHMe'-laTeJ1bHa. 'ITO ee I nOJ1Hoe co6paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T 5. N 3316. C. 670. 13aKOHon.attllbtTIJO nerva I. c. 195-197. TaM >Ke. C. 195 :'fi..k:HMcO"CY nerpa I: D,vrc no C. 62-70. 06Ul11H 0630p p.DIJIlTWll"JIY"AW B XVIII B. CM. B if)Jlb;an2001-m; Ay.nurop__KaH CJl}')K6a Pocu-TiiCKOJO rocYilllpCTB!I II 3m.oHHOClb.. 1001. NQ 9. C. 50-5--1-). He 6vD.V'JIII. no ocdi BepC»ITHOCTII. O3HaIo.OMIleHa C HaJBaHHblMH p1tiarID.IH npen.uiciBeHHI1KOB, C. B JIOHCKa.1I 0I'\fEIlUIa B }"Ie6HOM noco6IlH :(H=:K B:y=:.MH 
136 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npellCTaBJ.UeJ1l1, no BepHOMY 3aMe'lliHI1IO M. n. P03eHreiJM3, «BO- flIlOTJ1JlH B ce6e IOpl1.1ll1<1eCKH(:J 3JleMeHT HOBora BoeHHoro cy.na,.,I. B cm',10M D.eJle, camaCHO CT. 7 rn. I-j,j «KpaTKoro H306pa:>KeHM5I npouecoB...», I1MeHHO K aymrrol:6M 6bUlH npell'bHBJIeHbl nepBhle B I1CTOpHI1 OTe<JeCTBeHHoro rocy.napCTBa 11 npaBa KBaJlH(]>I1KaUt1- OHHb]e Tpe60eaHI1SJ 0 3HaHHI1 .neikTB}'K)Wero 3aKOHO.llaTeJ1bCTBa. KaK pe31OMI1pYfOllle npoBo3maWanQCb B Ha3BaHHOH craTbe. «I/o()- Je)ICUm OHblM {ayiJumopa.";tj iJo6pblM 6blmb ropucma.m 1 . <!I<lKTI1<JecKoe CTaHOBJleHl1e aYluITopCKOM CJiY)l(6bl npoH3o- lllJ10 B HarneH apMHI1, nO-BI{IU1MOMY. K KOHUY 1700-x rr. CcaMoro HaljaJIa CJ1\')f.."6a CKJ1MhlBaJIaCb leaK TpeX3BeHHa5l: nOJIKOBOH aYllH- TOp - o6ep-aym1Top 6pHranbi HJlI1 Kopnyca - reHepan-ayllHTOp apMHI1. no urraTaM OT 19 ()x:Bparm 1711 f.. B CYXOnyrHblX 80"- CKaX nOJIaraJIOCb HMeTb Tpex reHepan-ay)U..fTOpOB, TpeX reHepan- aymnopoB-I1diTeHaHTOB (3aMeCnlTeJ1ei1 reHepan-ayAl.1Topa), 1206ep-<iYllJ.1TOPOB 11 87 nOJIKOBblX aYAl1TopoB J . B OKOH'laTeJib- HOM Bl11le B neTpoBcKoe BpeMJI npaBa, o6H3aHHoCTH H npouec- cyanbHoe nOJIO}f(eHHe feHepan- H feHepan-aynHTOpa-JIeHTeHaHTa 6bUlH nponHc8Hbl B OC06blX 24 H 25 fJI8BaX BOHHCKOro YCTaBa OT 30 M8pTa 1716 f. 4  6. CMCTeMant3aLIMJI npOLjeccy8J1bHOrO 3aKOHO.AaTeIlbCTBa POCCMM B 1696-1716 IT. 3aKJU04HB Ha 3TOM 0630p I13MeHeHHH B cynoycrpoK.:me H cy- nonpmnBQllcTBe POCCHH. OCyurCCTRlJCHHblX 38 MeHHoe .D.BaIJ.UaTIUIerne 1696-1716 fr., He06xollilMo Jo..P81KO OCTaHOBHTbC5I H8 BOnpocax KaK 0 Jl]X'lI.IlJJItH51TbIX B Te fOllbl nOnbITKaX Cl1creMml138- lll1l1 npoueCcyaJIbHoro 38KOH0Ll3TeJIbCTBa (38 HCKJ1J04eHHeM BOeHHO- n)Xl..leCcyaJIbHOro - pacCMcnpeHHOro Bblwe), TaK H 0 pa3BHTHH CI1CfeMbl npaBOBOH nponal:-tJ-UlbI. '-1m KaCaeTCJ1 npo6JJeMbl K01U/[(PI1- KalU1H OTe'lecrneHHoro .JaKOHOD.aTeJlbCTBa B Ha'laJIe XVIII B., TO K ee H3)"1eHHJO BnepBble OOpanIJlCSl. B 1830-e fr.M. M. CnejDHCKI1H, 8 'leTBeprb BeKa CnyCT5I - 60JIee yrnyfirIeHHo -)1. B. nOJIeHOB S . ] ftJ3eItleiLw M n. YKa3. C04. C. 168. l3aKOHQillITJ1bCTBO ne1pa I. c. 825. JitJ:JeHceiLwMfl. YKa3.co4.C.170. 43aKOHQillITeJ1bHb[e aKTbI ne-rpa I. c. 176. SCnepaHC.KUU M M YKaJ. C04. C 116-128; floleflOfJD. B. f1anaTd 06 YnoIKeHI1I1I1J111 nepBaH 3aKOHOD.aTeJlbHIDI KOMI1CCI1.11 1700 roLla. Cn6.. 1865 IMmpllarJb[ rom I1CTOpHI1 pyCCKOro 3UKOHlJJJafCJibCTBa. Bbln. II. 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHbll1 137 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} Bene.!( 3a ll. B. nOJleHOBb]M KOnMtP(1KaUMOHHble MeponplulTMJ! 1700-x - nepBoil nOJlOBI1Hbl 171O-x rr. I1cCJlenoHMB. H. J1aTKI1H B paMKaX nonroToBKM nOKTopcKOil llMccepmUM(1 «3aKOHOllaTeJlb- Hble KOMt1CCI1t1 B POCC(1t1 B XVIII CT./>, 3aUlHweHHoii H8 IOpW:J:H'le- CKOM $lKYJlbTeTe CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro YHt1BepcmeTa B 1887 r. (1 l1J[I;aHHOi1 B TOM >Ke rony B Bl1..Qe MOHOrpa(}ml1. B naJlbHeH- llIeM TeMY 06 OTeyeCTBeHHb]X KOnl1tPI1Kall(10HHb]X MepOnp(1.11HIJIX 1700-x - nepBOH nOJlOBI1Hbl 171O-x fr. Cnelll1IDlbHO 3aTpOHYJlI1 M. M. EOroCJlOBCK(1il B LTdThJIX 1927-1928 rr. (1 M. B. Ea6wJ B nHCCepTalU10HHOii MOHorpa<lmt1 2003 r. I nepmul B neTpoBcKoe BpeW! nOnblTKa Bce06weii KOllt1- tPt1KaUt1t1 OTelleCTBeHHoro 3aKOH0.1l8TeJlbCTBa COCTOM8Cb B ca- MOM HallaJIe XVIII B. I1MeHHblM YKa30M OT 18 tPeBpaJIJ! 1700 I. 6bUIa OCHOBaHa naJIaTa 06 Y110)l(eHml no.n PYKOBOTBOM 6051- pl1H8 11. E. TpoeKYPoB8. 3aKOHOllaTeJlb nOCTaBHJI nepe.Q na- JlaTOH lIeTKO OnpelleJIeHHYIO 3MallY: nOnfOTOBHTb 06HOBJIeH- HYIO - C Y'-IeTOM 3aKOHOnareJIbHb]X HOBaUMil BTOPO" nOJlOBI1Hbl XVII B. - pellaKUl110 Y110)l(eHM5I 1649 r. COlleVA\aBlllMii Hat160JlbllIee KOJ1t1l1eCTBO npoueccyanbHblX HOpM npoeKT fJ1aBbl IO-il HOBoro YJlO)l(eHMfI 06cy>Kl1aJ1c5I CHaJaJ]8 Ha 34 3aCenaHI1f1X naJIaTbl, C 24 anpe.n.ll no 12 aBJ}'CTa 1700 r., 8 nOTOM ewe H8 CeM(1 3aCenaHI1.11X. C 6 HIOJl.ll no 13 8BJ}'CTa 1702 r. XapaKTepHO. liTO naJI8Ta npeHMYll.leCTBeHHO CIilCTeMaTM3Hposa- 11a HMellllIHHC5I II ee pacnOp}l)l(eHl111 M8TepHaJI, nO'-lTI1 He BbIllB(1- ra51 co6CTBeHHbiX 3aKOHOnaTeJlbHbiX npe.u.nOJlO)l(eHHH. OnHHM t13 HeMHOfHX npMMepoB 38KOHOllaTeJlbHOii MHI1UH8THBbl nanaTbl 06 YJlO)l(eHMM J!BWlOCb npe1U10)l(eHMe 0 nepeBone OCHOBHOii lIacTH COCT05lBllIt1X B BellOMcrne uepKBM 11MU, He HMeBllIMX lIYXOBHoro 3BaHH5I, H3-no.Q IOP(1C.QI1KUI1I1 uepKOBHb]X cynOB B nO.QcyllHOCTb rocynapcTBeHHblx cyne6HbiX OpraHOB. no He5lCHbiM H8 cerollH5I npHlIlilHaM pa60Ta naJIaTbl 6bUJa Hemf(I1118HHO cBepHyra B H05l6pe 1703 r. COOTBeTCTBeHHo, n04- Tt1 3aBepllIeHHblj..j npoeKT HOBOro Y110)l(eHM5I (COCT05IBWt1ii, KaK IJJamKuH B. H 3aKOHOill!TeJlbHb[e KOMI1CCHIII B PoccIII1 B XVIII CT.: I1CTopHKO-JOpl{1ll1'JecKoe IlCClellOflaHl1e Cn6.. 1887. 4 I C. 1-22. 60- ZOCI06CfWU M M Il:l.II:rra 06 YJlQ;iKCHI1I1 1700-1703 n. 4. I II I1JBeCTH.II AH CCCP. Cep. 6. NQ 15-17. C. 1347-1374, OII.JKY!. n'llJaUl 06 YJlO.:KeHMH 1700-1703 IT. 4. 2 II I1]BeCTIlH AH CCCP. Cep. 7. 1928. NQ 2. C. 81-110; 6a6u'1 M B. fOCY.napcTBeHHble y:Jpe>KlleHI1H XVIII BeKa. C. 3(}--32. 119 I1llp. !nOJlHoe c06paHl1e JaKOHOB. T. 4. NQ 1776. C. 14. 60JJee I1CnpaBH)'1O ny6J1I1KdU1t1OTCKCTa VKtJaCM..  pIJpMbI. T. 4. Cm. 1119-1121. 
138 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I " YJlO)f(eHHe 1649 r., 113 25 rJlaB) He nOJlY'-l11Jl Bb1CO'-l8MllIero yrBep)((D.eHIHI. CJ1e.D.bl 6e.nOBOH pyKOnl1CI1 3aKOHonpoeKTa 3aTe- p5lJlHCb B 1722 r., B H3CTOHlllee BpeW! ee MeCT0H8"(O}KIleHl1e He- H3BeCTHO. BTopaH 33 Onl1CblBaeMblH nepl1011 nOnblTKa KO.D.H$I1KaUHI1 oeCTBeHHoro JaKOHO.D.aTenbCTBa (1MeJ1a MeCTO Olll1HHaIluaTb neT cnyCT.II nocne JaKpblnl.ll nMaTb] 06 YJlO:>KeHHR 3 HIOHSI 1714 r. nOOBWlC.II ceH3TCKI1H YKa3, cormCHO KOTOPOMY CeHaTOpy B.A An}UI1HY nopY'-IarIOCb B03maBl-1Th oco6}'JO KHHUeJmpHIO no COCTaBJIemllO I1C'-IepnbIB<uolllei-i CBO.DKM 3aKOHQQare..rlbHblX aKTOB H YK<D0B, tn.lI.aHHhlX K TOMY BpeMeHI1 B.D.OnOJIHeHHe H BO t13MeHeHHe YJ10)({eHI1f1 1649 r. OllHaKo, KaK (8 onponep)f(eHHe TO'IKI1 3peHHfI B. H. llaTKI1Ha) BJaHMOHe3aBI1CI1MO ycraHOBJ.UlI1 A. C. 3aMypyeB H M. B. OO6}.14. KO.D.114mKaUI10HHIDI KaHUeJlJlpl1Jl B. A. AnYXTIlHa B neHCTBJ.ITeJlbHOCTIil TIlK H He Ha<laJIa q..yHKLlI10HI1POBaTb]. B I1TO- re «nOCJlellHI1M CJiOBOM» 3aKOHO.DZrelm no paCCMafpmJaeMoMY BO- npocy CTafI 3aKOH OT 20 MM 1714 r., B kOTOJXIM BpeMeHHo -.QO mB.aHIffi HOBOro YnO)((eHt1S1- nOB.TBep)K,OaJlOCh .QeiicTBe YJlo}!(e- HIUI 1649 r. npt1 :ITOM 3aKOHO.LIaTe.llhHhle aKTbl BTopoii nOJlOBt1- Hhl XVII- Ha1JaJla XVIII B. «W06OJ1w3HblecmambU u cenopoml/ble YK03b1»). npomoope'Jt1BWJ1e HOpMaM YJlO)l(eHt1S1 1649 r., cy.uaM npe.D.nI1Cb]BaJ!OCb He npl1HI1M8Tb BO BHI1M8Hl1e 1 . Ocr..-teTCS!, H8KOHeLl. CKa3aTh HeCKOJ1bKO CJ10B 0 CJ10}!(I1B- rueiJcS! B nepBOiJ nOJIOBJ1He 171O-x rr. HOB<ITOpCKOiJ TeHlleHUI1J1 B c<f>epe npaBoBoiJ nponaraHllbL 3m TeHlleHUSI 3aKJIJO'JaJIaCh B pa3BepThlBaHt1t1 Jlt1Ht1t1 Ha Tnorpa$:Koe J131IaHt1e Bcex Hat16o- Jlee 3Ha1Jt1MhlX HopMaTHBHhlX npaBOBblX aKTOB t1 pacnopS!}!(eHHH. Ha $)pMWlhHOM YPOBHe llaHHasI JlJ1HHS! Hallilla 3aKpenJ1eHJ1e B HMeHHOM YKa3e 01 16 MapTa 1714 I. 06 06S!3aTeJlbHOM Tl1no- rpa$:KoM ony6nHKoBaH(1H HMeHHblX J1 CeHaTCKI1X YKa30B «0 Bcex 2Ocydapcm8eHHbIX i?eHepa.f/HblX de.f/ID/>J. I 3GMypye6 A C. CywecrnoBaJla1l11 3aKOHo.aaTeJlbHIDI KOMI1CCf'I.II 1714 ro- lla? II Te]I1Cb] noKJIarIOB H1I)"JHOi1 KOH<PepeHUHH npenOllaBaTeJleH HOBro- po.nCKOro rocy.napCTBeHHOro ne.aarom'[eCKoro I1HCJ1f")yr.1. HOBropOJl. 1991. 4. I. C. 114-117; Ea6u'I M. B. focynapcmcHHbre )"lpcjf(j}CHI1H XVIII BCK.'I. C. 119.114-115. 23aKoHOnaTeJ1bHbte aKTbl ne-rpa I. C 40-41 B ny6J1I1KaUI1.11X B nepBOM nOJlHOM co6paHI1I1 3aKOHOB 11 B «3aKOHOQaTeJIbCTBe ne-rpa I.. naHHb[H 3a- KOH OWH601.JHO naTl1posaH /5 UIOHR 1714 r. (nOJ1Hoe c06paHI1e 3<lKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 1828 C. 116. 3aKoHo.aaTeJlbCTBO ne-rpa I. c. 749). J nOJlHoe c06paHf'le 33KOHOB. T. 5. NQ 2785. C. 88-89 
rIlasa2 Cy,Qe6Ha.llCI<1CTeMaPoCCI1I<1BIlMeHHbll1 139 n8JH¥:l (1696-1716 rr.} Pe8JI113aLlIUI OTMe'leHHOH JlI1HI1I1 OKa38J18Cb HanpJIM)'1O CB5I3aH8 C Y'-'pe)K1l.emleM B 1711 r. CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoM HI- norpatPt1l1, H8 llOJIIO KOTOpoit 11 BhJn8JI8 OCHOBHaJI H8rpY3Ka no Tt1JXUK11poBaHt11O 0$HUt18J1hHhIX aKTOB. nepBOHa<l8JlhHO rnno- rpill]>J.UI COCT05IJIa B BelleHt1t1 CaHKT-nerep6yprcKoH ry6epHCKOH KaHueJI.IIpt1t1. 8 C <tJeBPaJT5I 1712 r. - Op}'xeHHoH KaHUeJ[.IIpHt1. OCHOBaTeJIeM 11 nepBblM PYKOBo.nt1TeJleM CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoH nmorpatP(111 CTaJI M. n. ABpaMoB, B llOMe KOTOporo OHa H pac- nOJIanUlliCb C MOMeHTa C03Jl8HH}I nO 1714 r. 1 nepBOH KHMroH. (1:w.aHHO nmorpill]>Hej..j, - 'lTO r.rryOOKo CHMBOJIHljHO - SlBWIOCh COCTaBJleHHoe 3. KpoMneHHoM «l<paTKoe nJ06pa)KeHHe npoueCOB WIH cyne6Hhix TSDKe6». B ueJ10M .>Ke, no nOllC'-IeTaM SBTopa HaCT05lweH pa6oThl, npoH3DelleHHhiM no yno- MJlH)'TOMY «On(1caHI1IO 113118HI1H r()IDKl18HCKOH ne'laTIil. 1708 ---ijH- Bapb 1725 r.», 38 1714-1715 rr. C8HKT-nerep6yprcKoH TliinOrpa- tPHeH 6bUlO Ony6nHKOBaHO 56 HOpM<iTI1BHbIX npaBOBblx 3KTOB, 8 TIllOKe HMeHHblX 11 CeHaTCKl1X yKa30B pacnOp}llll1TeJIbHOrO xapaK- Tepa (6e3 yYeTa nepet1:w.aHI1j..j)1. Toma, B 'l8CTHOCTH. 6bUlH H8ne- 'laTaHbl paccMoTpeHHhle Bblllle JaKOH OT 17 MapTa 1714 r. «YKa3 o tPHCKaJlaX H 0 HX nOJl)l(HOCrn H lleikTBHH»3, 3aKOH OT 17 MapTa 1714 r. 06 YKpenJ1eHI1H HHCTaHUHOHHOCTH B cyL\OnpoI13BOllCTBe, 3aKOH OT 20 Ma5I 1714 r. 0 nOllTBep)l(1l;eHI1H JJ;eHCTBH5I YJlO)l(eHJ.UI 1649 r., 3aKOH OT II (1IOH5I 1715 r. 060co6oM nOpJUIKe CYllonpo- H3BOllCTBa no nen8M 0 B3}1T04H(1'leCTBe KOMa]-UUlpoBaHHbIX nOJOK- HOCTHW. J1t1u. T peMSl H3D.8HH}IMH Bblwen B re rollhl t1 BOI1HCI<J.IH: I nOn.p06HOCTl1 0 nepBbIX ro.1lax lle.llTeJ1bHOCTH CaHKT-neTep5yprcKoi1 THnorplK!J11111 CM., npCjf(j}C BCero, B BeCbMa COllCpJKaTeJlbHOM 1l0Howe- HI1I1 M. n. ABpaMoBa CI1HO.ny OT anpeJ1S1 1726 r.: PfHA, 4J 796. on. I. N 402, n 67-69 06. B JII1Teparype paHH1010 I1CTopHtO TI1norpa4J1111 Hal1- 60nee neTaJlbHO OCBeTI1lI A B. faBpl1ll0B (l"aepwoeA. B.OlepK I1CTO- pHI1 c.-nerep6yprcKoH CHH01laJIbHOH Tl1nOrpa4JHI1. cns., 191 L Bbln. I. C. 3-7.19-30 11 Dp) lKaK HI1 YllI1BHTeJlbHO, B .nOCTaT04HO 06Wl1pH0t1 nI1TepaT)'JJe. no- CBHWCHHOt1 KaK pa.:lBHTI1IO KHl1rone'JilTdHI1H B POCCI1I1 nepBoi1 'JemeprH XVIII B., TaK H KHHrol1:l11aTelJbCKOi1 nOJJI1TI1Ke ne-rpa I, CTOJIb B:DKHaH nl1- HI1.11 no 11:1IlaHI1tO expHUI1<L%HbIX aKTOB CneUHaJlbHO He aHaJlHJHpoBaJJaCb. 3 nOKaJaTelJbHO, 'JTO «YKa3 0 4JI1CKaJlax...<> 6bUl Hane'JaTIlH He TOJ1bKO C1HKT-nC1CJ)6)'(JfCKOH THnofJXl4mei1 (THp3)KOM 459 3KJeMIDlHpoB), HO 11 MOCKOBCKOH - IlpI-NeN T1fPIDKO\t 2400 (!) £]eMnJHIpoB (OnI1CaHHe H3l18- HI1H rpIDK.!laHCKOH ne<lam... C. 148. 151). no.n06Hb!w oOheM TH))<"UKHpoBaHIII.II 6bUl. HecoMHeHHO, CBHJaH C oco6cJ&.i pe3OJ11OLlHeH ne-rpa I. I-IaJ'1()JI(eHHOt1 Ha 6eJ1000H Cnl1COK llaHHoro JaKOHa' «Ceu j7\O.11f011e'«l1'1JO U ROC.IGfflb no zy- 6ePIIUJW 60 6Ce.?OQ (3aKOHOlIdfCJlbHbIC MKThI ne1JXll. c. 335). 
140 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 3pTI1KYJl - nepBblH OTe4eCTBeHHblH BoeHHo-yronoBHblH KQlJ.eKC (BneKa6pe 1714 c. B anpe..n:e Ii Hon6pe 1715 r.)I. ECJ\H BcnOMHHTb, 'ITO 3a BeCI> XVII BeK B Hawe" CTpa- He rnnorpa4x;KH 6bUl 113.D.8H (xonl H IIBYM5I TI1JXUK3MH) OllHH- e.lU'lHCTBeHHbljj CBeTCKl111 3aKoHOllaTeJ1bHblH aKT - YJ10IKeHHe 1649 f.. TO KOHTpaCT 6YlleT 04eBH.1leH. OCTaeTC5I llo6aBHTb. "lTD, Ha'uma51 C I7IO-x rr.. ne<J8THble 3K3emJ].IIpbl 3aKOHOB H YKa30B pacnpoCTpaH5IJlI1Cb TpeM.II nYTJIMI1: Bo-nepBblx. LleH- -rpaJUl30S8HHO paCCbUlaJUICb no rocyn.apCTBeHHbiM OpraH3M 11 Y'-Ipe)l(lleHI1HM, BO-BTOpbIX, IIblBeUUmaJmCb B MOCKBe 11 CaHKT- neTep6ypre BJUO.nHbIX MeCTaX. B-TpCTbI1X, nepenaBaJll1Cb B CBO- 6011HYJO npon,a)j(Y. 3TO o6ecne<nmaJIo, KOHe'IHO, ropa31l0 6oJ1ee Wt1poKoe OCBellOMlleHt1e HaCeJleHI1H 0 COllep>KaHI1I1 OItJI1Ul18JIb- HblX 8KTOB. He)({eJlI1 TPMI1l{110HHOe Ja'U1TblBaHlile HX Ha JlJlOll(a- J151X 11 Toprax. g 7. BbIBO,Qbl nO.DBOlUl HTOr BblllleCKaJaHHoMY, CJ1elIYeT KDHCTaTl1poBan. 'ITD K Ko.HUY XVII B.. Ko. BpeMeHH YCTaHOBJIeHJ.UI ellI1HOllep>Ka- BH neTpa I. cy.ue6HIDI CHCTeMa HaweH CTpaHbl OTJlH'iaJl8Cb CJ1ellYIOWI1MI1 maBHeHW(1MI1 oCD6eHHOCTIlM(1. B 06J1acm CYJJ;o.- YCTpo.HCTBa: OTcyrCTBHeM opraHOB npaBOCYJJ;(1.11, OpraHI13al.{110H- HO H q..yHKU(10H8J1bHO OTlleJIeHHblX OT opraHOB ynpaBJJeHH, OT- cyrCTBlileM CYllOB 06111eH JOP(1Cll(1KU(1I1. OTcyrcTBlileM ell(1HCTBa CYAe6HOH CHCTeMb] B 06J13Cm CYJJ;o.npomBOJ],CTE3: AOM(1H(1po- B3HHeM 'laCTHOro (1CKa K3K OCHOB3HJ.UI DJUI I1HI1Ul1l1poB3HH5I yroJ10HHOro npeCJ1ellOH3H(1}I. He'leTKI1M nopRDKOM npoxo.>K1leHH5I JJ;eJ1 no. HHCTaHUHM, HeCHCTeMaTl13l1poBaHHo.CTblO HDPM npo- ueccyaJlbHo.ro np3Ba. npH 3TOM np3BDBa nponaraHll8 CBOlll1- J18Cb K YCTHOMY omaweHHfO O<!JI1UH8J1bHbIX aKTDB, <{TO. 06YCJ1aB- J1I1BaJtO BeCbMa HmK(1H ypoBeHb 03HaKo.MJleHH5I H3CeJ1eHH C neHcTBYlOll.lI1M 3aKDHQ1laTeJlbCTBOM. Bce 3To. B cOBoKynHocTH npl1BeJlO Ure<leCTBeHHYIO CYAe6- HYfO cHcTeMY B COCTOJIHHe I<pH311ca. Hey.nOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOCTb n0J10)j(eHH B c()x:pe np3BocYlll1 CTaJt8 OlJeBI11lH8 neTpY 1 B nepBble )ICe rollbl caMOCT05lTeJIbHOro npaMeHI151. OllHaKO no- CJ1ellOBaBwee B aBfYCJe 1700 r. BCl}'JUleHHe POCCHH B BeJU1K)'1O ] OnlilcaHl1e 1131laHI1 rpIDKLl,aHCKOfi ne4am . C. 165-166. 175-17(). 181-182. 
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142 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BO-BTOPb]X, B 1713 r. nOCJlenoKUJO BBelleHI1C oc06oro nopM- Ka cynonpomoonCTBa no .neJIaM 0 npeCTyJ1JIeHIHIX npoTIilB I1HTe- peCOB C.I1)0K6bl, KOTopblt1 3aKJIlOlJaJlCH BO BnepBble 3aKpeJUleHHOM npaBe n01l.llaHHbIX 113BelUaTb 0 coomeTCTBYJOIlleM npec1)'JUIeHHI1 HenocpellCTBeHHO BepXOBHYIO BJlaCTb. Torm )({e aHaJlOrH<lHb[jj nop.ll.!lOK cyIIOnpm13BOllCTBa (Kap1lI1HaJlbHO HapywaRUJI1(1 ern HHCTaHLlI10HHOCTb) 6bUl npe.nYCMOTpeH 11 no jJ;eJ18M 0 rocynap- crBeHHblX npecl)'JUIeml.llx. Hap5l.ny C 3TI1M, neTp I npe.u.npHH.IUI H npoTIilBOn0J10)((}{ble no H<tnpaHlJeHHOCTI1 Mepbl no YKPermeH1110 I1HCTaHUHOHHOCTH B cynonpml3BOllCTBe, ...pyrlHeUrueii m KOTO- pblX flBlUJOCb t13JlaHlie 3aKOH8 OT 17 MapTa 1714 r., B KOTOpOM OKa3aJ1OCb 3&1>HKCI1DaHO <leTbIpeX3BeHHoe nocrpoeHJ1e cyne6- HOi1 CHCTeMbl. npl1 seeM TOM, '1TO npe,QnpI1H5ITble B 1700-1703 fr. 11 B 1714 r. nonblTK(1 o6ll.lei1 KQD;J1tPI1ICaUI1I1 QTe<leCTBeHHOro 3aKOHO- nare.nbCTBa nOTepneJilil Hey.na'lY. Ha'l8JlO 171O-x rr. 6bUlO 03H8- MeHOB3HO n05lBJ1eHl1eM COCTaBlleHHoro 3. KpoMne(1HOM «KpaT- KOro m06pa:>KeHIHI npouecoB WIll cyn.e6HblX 'TSIACe6. - nepBOro OTelJecrneHHoro BoeHHo-npoueccYaJIbHoro KOlleKca. KpoMe TOro, B nepBOH nOJlOBt1He 171O-x rr. B CTpaHe Ha HOBblH YPOBeHb Ha- "iaJla BblXOllHTb OpraHI13aUI1JI npaBOBOU nponaraHllbl. 6bJJ1 BBellCH nop.llllOK 06K3aTeJlbHOro nmorpa4x;Koro ony6nI1KOBaHI151 Ba)I(- HeHllU1X HOpMaTI1BHblX npaBOBblX aKTOB t1 npaBI1TeJ1bCTBeHHbIX pacnOp5l)l(eHI1i1. CYMMI1PY51 BblllieCKa3aHHoe. MO)KHO 3aK)UOlJI1Tb. '1TO K cepe.nI1He 171O-x rr. B cyn.e6HOH CIilCTeMe POCCI1I1 CJlO)K1UI3Cb D.Boi1CTIeHHa5l, Tl1nl1'1HO nepexOllHM CliryaUI1JL C 011H0i1 CTO- poHbl, 6b1JlI1 C03.naHbl 11 Ha'laJll1 ycnewHo t:MtHKUI10Hl1poBaTh OnlipaBWl1ec51 Ha COBpeMeHHYIO HOpMaTHBHylO OCHOBy TaKl1e peqJMl1poBaHHble opraHbl npaBoeymJfl 11 yroJlOBHOro npeCJ1e- D.OBaHI1, KaK Kpt1rCpeXTbll1 I1CKaJlbCKa5I cJ1}')K6a. npoH30UlllO 3apO)KJleHl1e 11 opraHOB npeliBapl1TeJlbHoro pacCJ1ellOBaHI1JI. C D.pyrou CTOpoHbl, Ha3BaHHbie opraHbl 0Ka3aJ111Cb COCTbl- KOB3Hb] C OCTaBwej:ic B OCHOBe apxal14Hoi1 CIilCTeMOH He OT- D.eJ1eHHbIX OT opraHOB ynpaBJlemlfi 06werpIDK.IT.aHCKI1X eyn.OB, npon.0mK3.BWI1X onHpaTbC.II B cBoeiJ n.emeJIbHOCTIi Ha ycmpeJ10e B npoueCCYaJlbHOM OTHOllIeHt1t1 Y]Jo)KeHl1e 1649 J. non.o6Haf1 cliryaul.J Hy.:+:.1laJIaCb B cKopeHllIeM npeOllOJleHI1t1. Ha nOBeCTKe D.H Bee C 60JJbllIeH OcrPOTOi1 npoCl)'nan Bonpoc 0 nOJIHOMaC- wTa6H0(1 Cyn.e6H0i1 pe<tJopMe. 
rnaBa 3. nop,roTOBKa cY,Qe6Ho pe4>opMbl neTpa I Cero1lH5I BPM 1111 B03MO>KHO C TO'-IHOCTblO OnpeLl.eJU1Tb TOT MOMeHT, Koma uapb (1 BeJlI1K(1M KHJI3b ne-rp AneKceeBI1'1 np(1- )-[}IJI perneHl1e ocyrnecTBHTb CHCTeMHble npeo6pa30BaHJ.UI B c(]>e- pe npaBOcyllH5I. nO Kpaf1Hejj Mepe, 3TO npol130llliIO He paHee 1714 r. - nOlI BJlJ.UlHHeM. npe)l()le Bcero, 6J1aronpH5ITHbIX nepe- MeH B BOeHHo-llHTU10MaTH'IeCKof1 Cl-fryaWfH l . I1MeHHo K TOMY BpeMeHI1, C OLl.HOM CTOpoHbl, CTaJIa olfemuIHoi1 Heo6paniMocTb nepeJ10Ma B Boi1He co WBeU(1ei1 (nocne 38H5ITI151 POCCI1i1CK(1MI1 BOi1CKaMIil B XOne KaMnaH1111 1713 r. IO)I(HOM <b(1HJ151HJJ;1111 11 no- 6ellb] npH raHryre B HJOJle 1714 r.). a C n.pyroi1 - CTariO o'-le- BMHbIM, '1TO yn.anOCb MaKCHMaJlbHO CM5IrlfI1Tb nOCJIellCTBlliI. Ka- TaCTpo4JwlecKH HeYlla'1HOrO npyrcKoro nOXOlla 1711 r. (nOCJle 3aKllIO'leHHfll3 HJOJle 1713 r. Anpl1aHOnOJlbCKOrO r.mpa C TYPul1- e(1). KpoMe TOro, KaK}')Ke rOBOpHJlOCb. I1MeHHO B 1713-1714 rr.. 6J1aro.nap51 (1H(]>CT!MaUI1(1, nOJl)"-leHHoi1 OT (]>HCKarlbCKOM CJI)0K- 6bl, neTpy I CTarll1 Olfem'J1IHbl KaK B ueJ10M yn<l;J;OK 3aKOHHOCT(1 B CTpaHe, TaK 11 He3(]>iPeKTHBHOCTb (]>YHKUI10H(1poBaHH5I cYlle6HoM CHCTeMbl B '1acTHocnL B I1TOre B cepellHHe I71O-x rr., Hapm:IY C BOeHHhlMH H BHern- HenOJ1IITH'IeCKH MH lle.naMH, KOTOpblMH neTp I npl10plITeTHO 38- [nOl<d3neJIbHO, 'JToeme B 3BI)'CTe 1712 r. - Bcyry60nosepKrtJlbHOM nl1CbMe uap"ue EKaTepHHe .AJ1eKceeBHe - nerp I ceTOBaJI. 'JTO e.3e.W mR- ;w:eHO Jl<.Umb. u501l lefJUIeIO llefJOii PYKOUj He JIWO elOikmb. a e aiJHou npa60ii PYKe npt.lHy;wiJeH iJep:HwfTlh UIIICk'J' U nepa» (nI1CbMa 11 6y\farl1... M.. 1977. T. 12. 8Mn. 2. C. 36). 
144 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HI1MMCfI co BpeMeHI-1 BCTyJUJemm POCCI-U1 B BeJlHKYJO CerepHYIO BOHHY. OH H8'l8J1 Bee 60nbwe 06pal.ll3TbCn K np06JleMaM BHY- TpeHHeii nOJUlTI1KH H rocynapcTBeHHoro crpOJ.tTeJ1bCTBa. OcBe- nOMJleHHblH 6paYHWBeHr-JUOHe6yprcKHf1 pe3HJleHT npH pOCCHf1- CKOM llOOpe <D. Be6ep LlOKJ1aLlblBaJI B anpeJ1e 1714 r.. "ITO PYCCKHH uapb nrXmOLU.JT «60.-1bUJYIO 'fOCmb 6peMeHU 6 oiJUHO<fffI1I6e, U3Y'Ul.fI U 06aY.Mbl6{15/ 6Ce60311fQ,)J(1fble IKNe3Hbie YlfpeJKdeHllfl6 ceoeu cmpaHe»]. T aKHM 06pa:mM, pewem1e 0 nrX)8e)J;eHH(1 cyne6Hbix npe06pa3o- BaHI-1M CJlO)l(l1J!OCb Y nerpa I. lJepo5lTHee Bcero. B 1714 f. Tenepb, npe)((lle lJeM nepexo.m1Tb K paccMorpeHl11O Mep no Henocpell- CTBeHHOH nOllroro8Ke cyne6HoH pe4>oPMbl, t1MeeT CMblCJI KpaTKO OCTaHOBHTbCfI Ha Bonpoce 0 nOJlI1THKO-npaBOBbIX 8033peHIDIx 3(l- KOHO.LI.aTeJIH, I1HI1UHI1poOO8wero nrXnieneHl1e pel!:>oPMbl. S 1. nOmtntKO-npaBoBble B31'"I1bl neTpa I. KoH4em.jllls:l Polizeistaat OOJlHTHKO-npaBOBble B3fJ1Mbi OeTpa I onnOllh He J'lMJUOT- CJ'I Ha cerollHJ'I terra incognita DJUI cOBpeMeHHhlx I1CCJlellOBaTeJleH. Ha n)X)TH}I(eHI1I1 nOCJ1ellHero CTOJleTl-1H 3Ta CTopoHa lIYXOBHOro o6JJI1Ka nepBoro POcCHHcKoro HMnepaTopa HeOllHOKpaTHO OCBe- WallaCb B I1CTOpH'leCKOH 11 B I1CTOpI1KO-npaBoBoH JlI1TepaType2. lLrUI Ha'lafl8 311eCb He06xOlll1MO OTMeTI1Tb, '-ITO, 6Yl(yY11 no Ha- TYPe pa3HOCTopOHHe JU0603H8TeJ1hHbIM ". KaK Bblp(\)l(alOTCH ne- naron.}, 06)"-18e MhIM. nepBhlH pOCCHHCKMH I1MnepaTOp He nl1TIU1 g: O;n:::C M M OOOacTHIDI  nerpa BeJll.JKoro. e. 3-4, 11-13, 16-17; CbI[Xlll1lmtfUK06 E 11 «PeryJlj.Jp- Hoe>'> rOCYllaTRO nerpa nepROro 11 era 11llOOI1OI1I.II. M.-J1.. 1943. '-I. I. e. 150-154. fiaaleH100 H. 11. nClJIl (K IIJ}"IeHl1tO COI.HlillbHO-nOJlI1TH'JOCI,J1"( B3rJ1JInOB) II POCCII.II B nepl1o.n pe$opM nerpa I. M. 1973. e. 60-71; 3aii- 'ieHKoA. E. B3fJ1Hllb] ne1pa I Ha BlJaCTb 11 3:)t..""OH II I1cropHKo-npaBOBb]e I1CCJlellOBaHI1H. e. 103-109: -4Huaa06 E. B. BpeMH neT]XIBCKI1X pe$opM. 11., 1989. C. 40-42.137-139; OH:JICe. focYJrarneHHb]e npeo6pmosaHl1H... e. 99-107; TOVCUH06 B.A. I1cropHH PYCCKOW [JOJIIIITH'leCKOW 11 npaBOBoi1 Mb!CJlI1. X-XVIII BeK<I. M . 2003 C 168-174. OcT3eTCH llo6aBl1Th, 'lT0 nep- 1k1.!l'l<lCThyJ<a33HHOi1 MOHQrp;$1111 Ei.I1. CbI(XX'MITI-Il1KOBa 1943 r. npt'J1CTIIB- n.lleT Co6oH paJBepHyTblH I1CTOPl1orpaI1'JeCKl1ti 0630P. a BOT BTopaH 'J<lCTh nOCBHlllaJI<lCb «yrny6,eHHoMY IlCClJe.nosaHI1IO 3aKOHODaTeJIbCTBa nerpa I B acneKTe reopeTIl'JOCM1X ycrdHOIJOK, f"J01J()}treHHb]X B OCHOBY pe$opMbl>'> (Cbi- po'llflmllU1W6 E. 11 «Peryn.llpHoe>,> rocyllapcrBO neTpa I... c. 3). OllHaKo 3TII BTOpaH 'JaCTh l]JYJra Ei. 11. ChlpoMIITHI1KOBa rdK 11 HC Bh[lllfIa B CBCT 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 145 CKJlOHHOCHI K OTBJle'leHHoMY 3HtlHlUO. no CKIlaIlY }'M8 ne-rp I 6b1J1 nOCJlellOBaTeJlbHb]M nparM8TI1KOM. KOTOPb]M, no BepHOMY 3aMelJ8HHIO X. 6arrepa. «oueHHBaJI TeopHH no CreneHI'i l'iX npH- rOllHOCTH K neJIy»l. PyKOBOllCTBYHCb nOll06HbiM ynu1I1rapHCTCKI1M nOllXOllOM. ne-rp I HcnOllBOJIb YCBOWI Hb]pa60TaHHYIO npeHl'ltyWeCTHeHHO repMaHCKI1MH npaBOBe.naMH XVII B. KOHuemlHIO «nOJiHueikKO- ro» roCYll3pCTBa (Polizeistaat), HCXOllHOj:j OCHOBOj:j KOTO)XIj:j no- CJlY)({l1JIa TeOpl11 eCTecmeHHoro npaBa (pa3pa60TaHHllil B Tpynax, npe)Klle BCero. f. fpoul1f1 H T. f066c8P. UeJIb «nOJIHueiicKO- ro» - 111111, no pOCCHilcKoH TepMHHOJIOrHH nepBoH lJeTBepnl XVIII B., <peZJVlpIIOlO. - rocynapCTBa K./IlOllaJIaCb B TOM, l.JTo6bl 06ecnelJHTb nOlUl8HHbIM 1l0CfH>KeHHe «06wero 6J1ara») (<;a1us publica). B CBOIO O'fepe.nb. 1.JTo6bl CTaTb «peryJI.IIpHbIM». cnOC06Hb]M npHBeCTH HaCeJIeHl1e K HCKOMOMY Bceo6weMY 6J1a- rolleHCTBI1JO, roCy1l3pcTBO caMO 1l0JI>KHO 6bUlO 06pecn1 CT)XIro onpe.aeJIeHHoe YCTpOj:jCTBO. TeOpeTI1'leCKOii OCHOBOii DJUI nOCTpoeHHfI MexaHH3Ma «no- JlHueilcKoro» rocY1l3pCTBa HBl1JIaCb KOHuenmUI KaMepaJIH3Ma. pewalOlllMj:j BK./I all B Bblpa60TKY KOTOPOf1 BHec HeMeUKHH IOpHCT I EaZi!f!JJ X P$pMb] ne1p3 BeJJI1KOrD B PocCI1I1 II Uapb ne1p III KOb Kap.ll:D.BafllJWlneIDlllllxHapQlI.b[/nep.collllK:lJCM)fO.M.,I999 C.138 Cpo CXQ!lHb]eMHeHI1H H.I1. naBJIeHKOI1 E. R AHIICI1MOBa(/"lafuew.:o H. H ne1p I. C.5ik==:=H=::Pcrsa(paB_ HO KaK 11 nOnbITKH ee peaJIl1JaUHH B npmcnnce rocy.napcrBeHHOm C1pCmTenb- CTsa B 3anallHOH EBpone 11 POCCI1I1) Hall60rree pa3BePHYTO OCBeTWI M. PaeH (Paf'fl M. PeryflHpHoe nOJlI1ueHcKoe rocynapcroo tI nOHHTHe MOliepHtlJMa B EBpone XVII-XVIII BeKOB: nOnblTKa CpaBHlfreJlbHoro J1Q/IXUlId K npo6Jle- Me II AMeplIKaHCKlliI pyCI1CTHKa. BeXl1l1CTOp1roJ]:w)Jlm nOCJle.1lHI1X neT. 111'11- nqmqJCKI1i1 nepI1011. AHTO!lOrH.II I r1cp. C tlHfJI. Crnapa, 100(). C. 48-79). CM. TdlOKe IDlCcepnWUOHHCJe J.IOCJ1e1I:()Bal1e 3 E. Kyp3eHI1Ha. CneUHaJ1bHO nocIDIweHHoe paoc\tlJJ])eHl1tO nOliIITHKo-npaBOBbIX B3rJ\.llJ10B C. ny$eHllOp- $I. BHecwero JH!i<IHTe.IlbHb]i1 BKJlM B pa.iBIfJhe KOHUenWJII «IlOJII1Uei1cKoro rocynapcrsa,,' K....'JBC-HUII 3. E. nOJlIffHKO-npaBOBOe )"JeHl1e CaMt03J1.11 nytfJeH- 1l0:,\ fuP::n :.nY «oolllero 6nara" nerp I Bb[CKa3aJlCH B pe<ll1. nocBHweHHoi1 TIlKOAlY 3HaMeHaTeJ1b- HOMY C06bITl1tO, KaK JaKJIt04eHI1e HI1WTallTCKOro Ml1pa. B 3TOi1 1<paTh000j pe'JI1, n)JOl-l3HeceHHOH 22 OKTH6pH 1711 r. B CT0J1114HOM TPOHUKOM co6ope. nepBblH pocCl1flCMfi1 tlMnepaTop Mf'KllY I1HOro non'JepKHyJl. 'JTO ,HOiJre- :l/l:um R1{'Jrlurm(a 0 1IQ,IJe U IIpU6unure 06U{eM, mom '1elO row."Tfet/ 6yikm lia- pod» (3aKOHonure.rIbHb]e tlKTb[ nCTpa I. c. 156). 
146 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I XVII B. B. CeKeHJlOpq:. (Veit Ludwig van SeckendorlJ)[. rlpMH- wmb] KaMepaJll13M8 3aKflIO'-IMMCb, BO-nepBblX, B KOJIJIerwaJIbHOM xapaKTepe PYKOBo.D.CTBa opraHaMH BJIaCTi-'I. BO-BTOphIX, B no- CJlellOBaTeJlbHO oTpaCJleBOM xapaKTepe KOMneTeHUI1t1 ueHlpaJIb- HbIX opraHOB, B-T]JeTbl1X. B .aeTaJlbHOH pemaMeHTaU1111 nJX4>ec- C(10HaJlbH0i1 lleRTeJlbHOCTH rocy.napCTBeHHbIX CJJ)')KaWHX Bcex YPoBHek Oco60e MecTO B KMlepaJIHCTCKI1 ycrpoeHHOM «OOJUI- ueHcKoM» rocyllapCTBe npHHaIlJ]e.IKaJlO 06J1anaBweMY HeorpaHH- 'lCHHO" BJIaCTblO npaBl-1TeJIJo!. HeCJ1YlJai1Ho n03ToMY, '1TO B nep- BOM lJeTBepTH XVI 1111. OTelJeCTBeHHblH 3aKOHO.D.aTeJIb BnepBble COPMYJlH)XIBa.n - B TOJIKOBaHl-U1 K CT. 20 Apn.JKYJ1a BOI.JHCKOro 1714 r.11 KCT. 2 KH. 5-H MOj)CKoro}CTaB.11720 f. - onpelleJ1eHt1e a6cOJTf0111CTCKO-MOHapXH<JeCKOH $JpMbl npaBJ1eHHH (<<...em eeAU- wcmflO ecmb CQlfQfl,lQcmHbiU J,IOHapx, KomopblU HUKO\tY I/Q C6eme 0 CBOUX oc lax on'I6i'my (Jamb He i.kJJ/:HCeH...» )3. KOHl.lenmUI «JlOJumej:jCKoro» rocY.AapCTBa He OTJlH'lanaCb CJ10)({HOCTblO. [lpe.nnOJlliraJlOCb, 'ITO D.OCTl1rHyTb «o6lllero 6JIara» B03MO)({H0 B TOM ellHHCTBeHHOM CJI}"Jae. Koma «nOJ1l.1Uei.1cKoe» rOCYllapcTBO, C OllHof1 CTOpoHbl. BceCTOJXIHHe pemaMeJ-mtpyeT >KH3Hb nO.D1l8HHbIX nocpellcmOM t131l8HHH «npamU1bHbIX» 3aKO- HOB t1 pacnopH>KeHHi1. 8 C llPyroi1 - 06eCne'-lt1T t1X HeYKocHH- TeJ1bHoe HCnOJ1HeHHe. l1.1{earIbHb]H nopJl1IOK. KOTOPOMY npellcTO- IDIO yTBeplU1TbC.II npl-1 BOJUlOweHHH KOHlleml!-m HH npaKTHKe, Hal16oJ1ee SlpKO onHca M. M. OOroCJiOBCKHi1: «[lO.D1laHHblj:j He TOJ1bKO 6bl1l 06maH HeCTH YCTaHOBJIeHHYIO YKBJaMH CJlY>K6y rocyn.apcTBY, OH n.OJ1)KeH 6bVl .>KJ.1Tb He HHa'le KaK B )I(}lJJHllle, nOCTpoeHHOM no YKa3HOM)' 'lepTe>K)l. HOCHTb yKa3HOe nJlliTbe H 06YBb. npellaBaTbCH YKa3HblM YBeCeJIeHHHM. YKa3HblM nopHllKOM 1-1 B YKa3Hb]X Me CTax Jle'lHTbC5I. B YKa.JHb]X rpo6ax XopoHI-1TbC.II H I nO.npo6Hee 0 KOHuenffi'ltl KaMepanl1JMa eM: PeTerson C Gp. cit. P 5-10, 114-115. AHifepc 3. HCTOPI1.11 eBponei1cKoro npaBa I nep. co WBe.nCKoro. M.. 1996 C. 239-141; AmlCU!408 E. B. focYl{aJJCTBeHHble npe- HIII.II.. C. 104-105: Paffl M. YKa3. CO'J. C. 60-62 !B HOBeHweH I1CTOpI1Ko-npaBoBoH ntlTepal)pe n0JIp06Hee 06 3TOM eM.: HOfluqKW! T E npalkl tI npeHMYlllecTsa tlMnepaTOpa... C. 47-49; KoiJaff C. B. POCCI1HCKafi BepXOBHafi B..lacTb. CTaHOBJ1eHl1e a6cOJlIOTHJMa B npaB!leHl1e nerpa I II IOpHc. IOpwJ.H'JccKHe tlCCJJeJlOBaHIliI. AnbMaHRX npa:lb:{76?.mMeTiUl 3. AImepc, B l"OCJ1BeTCTBYlOwei1 pocCl1HCKOf.i 4xJpMYJll1poBKe 6bU10 .nOC_OBHO BOCnpoH3- BeLleHO onpe.neJ1eHl1e aOCOJIIOT113Ma 113 LleKJ18paUI1I1 0 CYBepeHIfff'Je WBell- CKI1X cocnooof1 1693 r. (A1mepc 3. YKa3. C04. C. 155). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 147 YKa3HbiM 06pa30M l1e)l(aTb H8 KJIa1l6I-1we, npeJIBapl'ITeJIbHO 041-1- CTHB .aymy nOKaflHl-1eM B }'K83Hb]e CPOKI1»I. J.1MeHHo npOHI-1Kll1I-1Cb KOHuenUHett «nOJIl,meHCKO.-o» w- cy.aapcrna. OeTp 1 YBe)XIBaJI BO BCeCHJ1He HaIlJIe.:Kawe I1cnOJI- HHeMora «np8BHl1bHoro» 38KOHa. TeM C8MbIM, uapb-pe<1>oPM8Top CTaJI - nepRblM 113 OTe'-leCTReHHbIX npam1TeJlei1 - C03HaTeJlb- HblM n060pHHKOM If.!J;el1 38KOHHOCTI1 2 . Y)({e npl1 COCTaRIJeHHI1 B 1718 r. n)XIeKT3. 3aKOHa <<J]OA.JlCHOCmb CeHama» OeTp I C06CTBeH- HOPY'-lHO Bnl1CaJI CY)f(lleHl1e 0 TOM, 4TO «xaK .AWJKem 2ocyiJap- cm80 ynopafJJeHO 6b1mb, aaa yxa3bl aeUCm8UmeJIHbI He 6 11 '-JTO OT HeHCnOJlHeHIDI 38KOHOB «maiKO o6UI,GJ/ ,JOlu6e'b CAeflo- 60mb 6J'ckm»3. Ewe 60JIee <JeTK)'1O $)pMYJ1H)XIBKY 0 He06xoIlH- MOCTI1 co6mo.aeHI1f1 38KOHOB I1MnepaTOp BHec B npoeKT 3aKOHa OT 17 anpeJiSl 1722 r.: «HUl.Jmo mOK KO J'flJX161eHUIO 2ocy(Jopcmea HYJiCHO ecmb KOK Kpi!flKoe xpaHeHue nparP 2paJ/CiJaHcKux, nOHe.JlCe 6cye 3aKOHbI nucamb, K02iJa UX He xpaHumb...p4. Crper-,uICb yrBeplll-1Tb pe)l(J.fM 3aKOHHOCTI1, nepHb]M pOC- CHiiCKJ..:IM HMnep8TOp nomeJl H8 He HMeBWYIO npe)l(!le 8HaJIOroB Mepy: OH 06513aJ1 c.ny-A\alIDIX Bcex opraHOB RlJaCTH 3HaTb .aett- CTBYlOwee 38KOH0ll8TeJlbCTBO. B CneUHaJIbHO H3.aaHHOM H8 3TOT C4eT 3aKOHe OT 22 SlHBap51 1724 r. YKa3blBaJ]OCb, 4TO npellCTa- B(1TeJlflM rOcyllapCTBeHHoro 8nnapara HallJIe)l(l1T «6eiJamb 6ce ycmi18b1 2ocyaoJXm8eHHbl5I U 6aJ/CHocmb UX, RKO nep80e U 2JlQ8HOe deAo.... DoJIee TOro: TeKCT 3TO.-o 3aKOHa (BMeCTe C teKCTIIMI1 ynOM}IHyroro <1}'Tb Bbillie 3aKOH8 01 17 anpeJUI 1722 r. 11 JaKO- lID OT 21 HHBap51 1724 r. 0 co6Juo.aeHI1H firIarollHHIDI B cy.aax) OeTp 1 paCnOp5l11HJICH H8ne l [aTaTb H8 OC06bIX J1I1CTaX H HaKJIeHTb H8 rpexrpaHHY IO npl13MY (<<3effluiOi», KOTOPYIO nOJlaraJIOCb Bbl- [EococI06CKUU M. M. 06JIaCTHIDI  ne1]XllkrIl1KOro. c. 11-)] 1B n1OIUeH JlI1Tep,fJ)rpe H8 3TO 06cTOHTeJIbCTBO HaH60- 1Iee onpeneJ1eHHO YKa3aJI P. YopTMaH (Y<YJI1IMOH P. B.r1acTHreJll1 11 Cy.nl1l1. pa3B1mte npaooBOro C03HaHI1.11 B I1MneparopcKo POCCI1I1 I nep. C aHrn. M.. 2001.. C. 54). 113 'JIIICJliI OTC'ICCTBeHHblX ilBTOpoB JJ1CCb MOJKHO BcnOM- HI1Tb 3. H. EiepewlTca, KOTOPb]H erne B )J<16oTe 1897 r. o6pa3Ho BbICKa:JaJICJI. 'fTO ne1p I «JToce.IIJI IB POCCI1I1)lt1leJO JaKOHHocm» (Eepeoonc 3. H. He- CKOJIbKO CJ10B 0 «KOJIJ1erl1J1x» nerpa IkrII1KOro II Bpe}.ieHHI1KJ],eMIt1l0BCKO- ro tOl;:;:=;::::e':bi. 8nOe C)')K1leHHe BO- lliJIO. B I1TOre, B CT. 12 JaKOHa ..L\.omKHOCTb CeHaTII» OT HeKa6pH 1718 r. (TaM>Ke (' 290). 3aKoHruroelJbHble aKTbl ne-rpa I. c. 105. TtlM >KC. C. 263-264. 
148 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I CTaBJl5lTh B CJ1y>Ke6HbIX nOMelllemmX H8 CTOJI8X nepell PYKOB01UI- lllHMH nOJD({HOCTHbIMH 1lI1UaM(1[. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, CJlellY51 KOHuenmU1 «nOJll1uem:Koro» .-0- cyn.apcnm, nepBblf1 POCCHf1CKHH HMneparop npmlBI1JI ce651 H KaK BeCbMa aKTHBHblf1 JaKOHOlIaTeJlb. .uOCTaTO'IHO BCnOMHHTb. 'ITO eCJl" 33 47-J1eTHe. c <l:>enpaMI 1649 r. no <l:>enpaJlb 1696 L. n Ha- meli ClpaHe 6bV10 ooHapo.noBaHo 1458 3aKOHOB 11 YKa30B (npH- "leM In-lllIb 746 1-13 HI1X I1CXOllirno OT sepXOBHOi1 BJlaCTl1). TO 3a 6-11erne 1713-1718 rr. TOlIbKO BepxoBHoi1 BJl8CTblO 6bl110 11:ID.8HO 3877 3aKOHOB H YKa30B 1 . 3aKOHOTBOp'-leCKot1 pa60Te rlerp I BO- oGllie YlleJHUI 3H81.JI1TeJlbHOe BHHMalU1e, oco6eHHO B nOCJIellHHe neC5ITh ]JeT npaBJleHJ.UI. DJTarollap51 OTMe'leHHOMY TPYD.Y H. A. BOC""]JeCeHcKoro. H8 CerO)lHSI H3BeCTHO. HanpHMep. 'lTO 3aKOH «I!.OJDKHOCTb CeHaTa» HMel111IeCTb nOJJ;roTOBJIeHHb]X C Y'-IaCTl-1eM uap51 pe.u.aKUHi1, a re- HepaJIbHblH pemaMeHT - 11 BaBee 12 J . no 8BTopi-lTeTHoMY cY)I()]e- HI1IO 6. M. Cbl)XIMJITHHKOBa, rlerpy I «npmffilLlIeiKMH KaK HHH- Ulmnma H HanpaBJHllOlllee PYKOBOllCTBO BceM 3aKOHOllaTeJlhHOH pa60TOH. TaK H C8M8 lleTaJlhH8H pa3pa60TKa H penaKTH)XIBaHHe OTlleJIhHhlX 3aKOHOll8TeJlhHhlX 8KTOB. npH'leM B ll]XIuecce 3TOH pa60Thl He TOJlhKO BhIlleruutHCh H q.OPMYJ1H]X)BaJlHCh OTlleJlhHhle npaBOBble nOHSlTHSI. HO H BbIpa6aTbIBaJl8Cb HOBM IOpH.JJ;H4eCKa.ll TepMHHOJIOrHSI. Sl3h]K npaBa»4. BMecre C TeM. HeJlb3H He OTMeTI1Tb. 4TO Hili B KOHUenUI1H KaMepa..n.H3Ma, HI.J B KOHuenUm! «nommeMcKoro» rocynapCTBa He YlleJlIDlOCh CneUHaJlhHoro BHI.JMaHIDI. cYlle6HOH cHcrcMe, B 3TI1X KOHuenUHSlX - n.m+::e MHMOXOllOM - He craBHJJC5I Bonpoc H 0 pa3- ]Om:lCaHI1C tl311aHl1ii rpiI)KIW.HCKOIi nC'laJll... C. 3HO. 431-431. CTOI1T BCnOMHtlTb, 'JTO 1])3DI1UH.II BblCTdBlIeHI1H «:Je]JUaJJd& COxpllHWIaCb B OTt4e- CTBeHHOM 6JqXJKp3l1t'JOCKOM o6Hxone 110 Ha4aJ1a XX (!) BeKa. n01Ip06Hee o «3epuane" eM B ocofioI.i CTaTbe R EaTnepa «K 4>opMI1POBaHI1tO )JOCCldi- CKOro npaBollOro C03HaHI1S1: 3epuanO» (Butler W E. On the FonnatlOn of a Rus,<;ian Le,gal Consciousness. Thc Zcrtsalo II Butler W. E. Russia and the L1W of NatIOns in Historical Per;pectlve: coUected essays. London- Idy1lwlld. 2009. P 91-101). 2AffUCUM09 E. B. focy.naPCTBeHHble npeo6paJoBaHIUI C. lRO; MOffb- K06 A. t: 3aKOH01IaJJlbCTBO tI npaBO POCCI1I11... C. 16. }3'IKOHOllHTI:J1bHb[1: ilKTb[ nerpa I. c. 1M-195. 411-511. 113 'JtlCJ1a npe.IUIR'CTB)-'I'1llUIX aBTOpoB JaKOHOTBOp'leCK)'IO lIeHTeJJbHOCTh nerpa I HaH- 60JJee nOllp06Ho OCBeTI1J1 E R AHI1CI1MOB (AItIICIl.If06 E. B. focYllarX:TBeH- Hble npe06pa30BaHtI.II... C. 177-181) .CbfJOllJlmHUK06 5.11. PeUI:H311.11 . C. 125. 
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158 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I nOJ]HOMOlJl1). IJ ..acne I1MenCJ1 ellle 01111H acneKT: OTKpbUJOCb, "lTO KaMeprep COCTOJUl B HenolloGalOwe 6JU13OCTHb]X OTHOllleHiHIX C cynpyroi-i HMnepaTopa EKaTepl1Hoi-i AneKceeBHOW. B 3TI1X YCJ10- BI1JlX, I1Me51 nOJlH)'1O B03MO.:KHOCTb OCYIU1Tb B. MOHca elU1HO- 1II1'1HO HJ111 BOBee paCnpam'ITbCH C HI1M BO BHeCYlle6HOM nopffil- Ke, neT]) I npellJlO'leJl co6mocTI1 Bce npOUe.1lYPbl oplU1HapHoro CYJJ;eGHoro npOM3Bo.nCTBa. B I-Hore nOCJ1e npellBapmeJIbHOro CJ1e.nCTB(1J! (ocyweCTBJleHHoro B BeCbMa C:>KaTble CpOKI1 I1Mnepa- TOpCKI-1M Ka6I1HeTOM) lleJiO B. MOHca 6bUlO H3npaBJIeHO B BhI- WHI1" cyn., KOTOpblj..j BblHec eM}! 14 H05l6p51 1723 r. CMepTHblH npHfoBOp, He38Me.DJ[I1TeJ1bHO yrBep)({fleHHblH MOHapxoM l . OCmeTC5I Il06aBI1Tb, <no npH BblHeCem!i1 11 ymep)({fleHI1I1 npl1rOBOpOB - B Ka"lecTiJe llOnOJlHHTeJlbHOH CaHKUl111 - neT]) I perylUlJIHO npaKn1KOBaJI TaKYIO ClmeoGp83HYIO Mepy, KaK 33- npe-r norpeGaTb Te1l3 JlMU, KaJHeHHblX 33 roCYAapCTBeHHb]e npe- CT)'nneHI-1f1 1-1 3a npeCT)'nneHI-1f1 npOTl1B MHTepeCOB C1Iy)K(jbL TaK, npMfOOOpl1B 24 c}:>eBp<UUI 1712 r. K cMepTHOI1 Ka3HI1 1-130611M'IeH- HOro BO B3f1TO'lHI1<JeCTBe KOMemaHTa r. Jlyxa CPo A B01lKOBa, uapb CneUl-1aJ1bHO npe.nnl1CaJI <lmpyn e80 8 3eMJIlO He xopOHumb (HO 'lm06 JleJKXL1 n08epx 3e,11.1U, 6UiJuM 6ceM),}J. He 6bl1l11 npellaHbl 3eMJIe 1-1 TeJia KaJHeHHblX no De1lY uape- BI-1'13 AneKceJl neTpOBI-1'13 - B '13CTHOCTM. rnecrepblx JlMU. 06e3- rJl3BJ1eHHbiX B CaHKT-neTep6ypre 8 neKa6pR 1718 r. 4 06111e- (138eCTHO. '1TO 6bLJ10 OCTaBJIeHO H3. BI1CeJII-1Ue Teno Ka3HeHHoro ] I1cropH.II BJ.1HMOOTHOllleHI1H B. MOHca 11 EKaTepI1Hb[ A.J!eKceeBHb[. a TaJOKe BHelllHl1e 06crmrreQbCTBa pa306J1a'JeHI1.11 11 OC}')K1I.eHI1H KaMepre- pa neTaJlbHO OCBellieHbl M. H CeMeBCKI1M (Ce'df'llCl<.-uil M. H. UapHua Ka- repHHa A.J!cKceeBHa. AliHa 11 BI1JJJII1M MOHC. 1692-1724. 2-e 11311. Cn6., 1884. c. 106-129. 170-226). C IIICTOpHKo-npaBOBOH CTOjJOHb] npouecc HM BI1J]I1MOM MOHCOM M. 11. CeMeBCKHH. npaBll3, He aHaJlI1Jl1jJOBaJI. IpfNJ.A, 4>. 6. NQ 157. KH. I, JI. 578-579. npecryrrHb[eneHHI1H B. MOH- ca 6blJll1 KBam.«)mUl-ipoBaHbI CYllOM no CT. 2 fJI 50-H feHepaJIbHOrO perna- MeHTa 1710 r. M no CT I JaKOHa OT 25 OKTH6pH 1723 r. 06 YCl1J1eHl111 OT- BeTCTBeHHOCTH Ja npeC1)'I11leHI1H njJOTl1B I1HTepeCOB clI)')K6b[. Jnl1CbMa 11 6YMam M., 1975. T. 12. Bb]n I C. 89. CTOHT 3aMe- THTb, 'JTO neT)J I OTHlOllb He .IIBI1J1CH HOFlaTOpoM B npl1MeHeHI1M nOll06HOH CaHKUl111 CneUl1aJ1bHoe pacCMorpeHl1e CIlO.lMtBWeHCH B XVII B. (11 npo- T}JHyBwei1cH 'Jepe3 BeCb XVIII B.) OTe4eCTBeHHOH Tj)aD.I1UI1I1 t1ill-yJIbTaTHB- HOJO Henorpe6eHI1.11 Tell Ka.3HeHHbIX CM. B MOHOIJD4Jltl1 E. B. AliHCI1MOBa 1999 r. (A#/I./CII.!IfC6 E. B. 'ubI6a 11 KH}fT. C. 584-588). 4.}CmpJl.106 H. r. YKd cO'{. T. 6. C. 617. 
rIlaBa 3. rQ::\rollEK8 CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 159 16 M8PTa 1721 r. M. n. rarapI1Ha[. He 6b]JlO norpe6eHo 11 Teno 06e3ffI8f1J1eHHoro 15 HOJI6pH 1724 r. B. MOHca!. TSiroTeHl1e nepBoro POCCI1j..jCKOro I1MnepaTOpa K no.no6- HOti $)pMe llOnOJlHt1TenbHOfO YfOJlOBHOro HaKa3aHt1S1 npl1BeJlO K YHI1KaJIbHOMY CJ1YlJ8fO, KOflla, nOJlY"II1B CBelleHI1S1, nOllTBep- 11I1HWl1e 3n1130.Llbl KaJHOKPallCTBa YMepwero K TOMY HpeMeHI1 B XO.Lle npe.nBapl1TeJlbHOfO CJ1ellCTBI1S1 llb5lKa n. K. CK)'pI1XI1Ha, ne-rp 1 BblHec eMY nocMepTHblH (!) npt1roBop. 15 anpeJ1S1 1724 r. I1MnepaTOp yK83aJJ 113BJ1e'lb TeJ10 n. K. CKypl1XIo1Ha 113 MOfl1Jlbl 11 nOBeCt1Tb ero «110 :JICeJIe3IIoU 'tene 30 MOCK60fO peKOfO 110 /)0- .lOttle... 30 mo, 'imo OH, nOKpbJ6QJ/ U om6b16GR C60ei!0 60jJ06cm60, 60 6ceM 30nllptLlCJ/ U... n06UIIHOU He npUlleC1>3. B TaKOM KOHTeK- cre He npt1XO.Llt1TbCSI Ylll1BJ1SITbCSI OCTopmKHOCTl1, npo5lBJIeHHoti B 1721 r. fJl8BOH OllHOH 1013 «M8HOPCKI1X» CJlen;CTBeHHbIX KaHue- JlSlpl1H M. A MaTfOWKI1Hb]M. Y3HaB 0 nOCJ1ellOB8Bwei1 29 I1fOHSI 1721 r. CMepTI1 nOllCJ1ellCTBeHHoro - 6bIBllIero apxaHreJ1oropo.n- CKOfO Bl1ue-ry6epH8Topa A A Kyp6aTOBa, M. A MaTlOWKI1H He peWI1J1C5I HaTb pmpellleHt1e H8 ero 3axopOHeHl1e. 8 Janpocl1Jl oco6oe YKaJaHl1e neTpa I Ha 3TOT c'Ie'f'l. HaKoHeu. HeJlb351 He OTMeTI1Tb. '1TO nepl3bri1 POCCI1j..jCKI1i1 I1MnepaTap HepellKO npaKTHKOBaJI 11 nOMI1J10BaHlo1e - cnYCT5I KaKoe-TO BpeMSI - OC}0K1leHHblx C em YlJacnleM JlIo1U. npl1 3TOM ne-rp I HI1KOrna He OTMeH5IJI npe)f(Hl1e npl1roBOpbl nOJlHOCTblO. Ocy}f{JleHHble OCB060}f{JlaJJIo1Cb B TaKI1X CJlYlJa5!X JlIo1Wb OT '18CTI1 1-183Ha'leHHoro t1M 1-18K833HI151. 125 HmropH 1721 r. ne1p I .non(}J[HI1}JbHO pacnopHllHJ\CH nepeBeCIIITb TeJlO M. n. farapl1Ha Ha oco60 mrOTOBJleHHYro uenb (PfADA 41. 1451. KH. 1e2.;,u M. H. Uapl1lkl KaTepHHa AricKceeBHa . C. 224. 3PfAllA,4J.148. KH. 703.11.134. 4PfNlA, 41. 9. OTIl. 1, KH. 56. n. 219. XapaKTePHO. 'JTO K TOMY Bpele- HI1 6b!J\O JaBepweHO pacCJIellOBaHl1e TOJlbKO 11113 17 3nmOllOB, no KOTO- pblM OOOI1H5IJ1C5I A. A. Kvp6aToo. 11 caM OH Ha'\QDIWCSl He non C"l]JIDKeH. a non nOllnl1CKOIi 0 HeBb]e:yJ,e (TaM >Ke. JI. 231-231 06.; 41. 148, KH. 118, JI. 106) CXO.1lHbli1 CJ1)14ai1I1MeJI MeCTO 11 B CBSl311 C IlOC.I1enosaB1.1Jei111 neKa6pH 1724 r. KOH'JI1HOH rtTMaHa 11eB06epe)!(HOH YK)XII1Hbl n.11. nOJly60nca. Ha- xo.nI1BWerOC.ll noo Cy.nOM CeHaTa 11 BblwHero cy.na 11 collep)!Q\BlllcTOCH no.n ClpIDKdi. BblWHI1H cyn HanpaBIIIJI Toma neTpy I oco6oe .1l0HOllJeHI1e C Ja- npocoM 0 BO}M())J(H()CT1i norpe6eHI1H n. n. nOJly6OTKa - 'JTO 11 6blllO caHK- Ul10HI1po&lHO (c OroOOpKOH «fiee /,/,e{Je..HJHeu..) t!l>leHHbIM}'Kd1ON. OT ntKd6p1J 1724 r. (TaM >Ke. KH. 1935. JI. 241 06.; on. 110. NQ 160, n. 60). 
160 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I K IlpI-1Mepy. ynoM5IHYfblH nmpmU1 nop)"JMK H. T. P)({eBCKMH, OC}0KDeHHb]H B 1714 r. 3a H3JITOlJHI1'leCTBO, 6blJl OCoo6o>K.!1fH m CChlllKH - B paMKaX aMHMCTIIUlIOHHOH KaMnaHHH no CJIY'-laJO no- 6e.1lbl PoeCH" B BeJlHKOH CeBepHoH BOHHe - no HMeHHOMY YKa3Y OT 26 flHnapij 1722 r. 1 ()cy)((LleHHbIH D 1718 f. 3a nOC06Illi<lecTBO uapeRI1'-IY ArreKcelO nelpORW-J} B. B. LlOJ1fopyKOB nOJJy'JJ.U1 OCBO- 6o.)l(n;eHJ1e M3 CCbU\K(1 no YKIDY nelp3 I ar 7 Mall 1724 L. M3J¥1HHO- MY no HHOMY nOBQ!ly: B CB5I3H C KOpOl-GllUleH EKarep&.tHbl ArreKce- eBHb[. fOpa3ll0 MeHbwe nOBeJ1OCb O)l(l.tJl3Tb I"OCy.napeOOH MlUlOCTI1 OC}0KDeHHhIM Ha npouecce n. n. Wa$MpC)Ba t.J f. f. CKOpHflKOsa- nt1capeBa ceHaTOpaM n. M. fOJU'lUbIHY 11 f.. LlOJ1rop)'KOBY. npHrooopeHHble 13 (]>espaJUI 1723 r. 3anoc06Hl1'lecTBO n. n. Wa- 11JX!BY K JlHWeHHIO "{I-1H08 H WT]Ja<t>Y B 1550 py6Jrefi K<OKIlbIH. .n. M. fOJU1UbIH (1 r. cD. LlOJlropyKOB 6b1JU1 BOCCTaHORJTeHbl Mfo,me- pampOM B 'U1Hax (1 D.OJDKHOCT5IX y)((e J9fjJe6paJIR 1723 r. J Pe3IOMI1PY5I BbIWeCKa3aHHoe. 1o.1O)l(HO KOHcTan1pOBalb, 'ITO neTp I npOJIBJ1J1 ce651 KaK seCbM8 8KTI1BHbIH cyneGHb]H .neHTeJlb, XOTH M OllHOCTopoHHe oocpenOTOl.JeHHhlH Ha YlJacTHH B yrOJloB- HOM cynonpoo3BO.nCTBe. 3.nech B ueHTpe BHHMaHHS! nepBoro POCcHHcKoro HMnepaTopa Hel13MeHHO HaXO.1lIDIHCh .ae.na no ro- cy.aapcTBeHHhiM npecT)'lUIeHHHM H no npeC1ynJleHHHM npOTl1B I1HTepeCOB CJI)')K6bL npl1 paccMOTpeHl111 yroJlOBHhlX lleJi nerp I Bb]CT)'naJI B caMblX pa3Hoo6pa3Hhix npoueccy3JJbHblX pOJl5lX - OT I1HI1Ul1a- Topa yrOJloBHoro npeCJIe.1l0BaHH5I no cynhl1, BhlHOCI1Bwero IDIH yrBep)Kmmwcro npHroBop. YTBep)f()l8S! npHroBophl. neTp I npen- nO'II1TaJI B 6oJJhwei-i Mepe JlH6ep3JJhHhli1 nOllXOll, He )')KeCTO'la5l, a, HanpoTl1B. HepenKO CMHPI851 H83Ha<'eHHhle HH>KeCT05lllIJ1M cy.aOM HaKa3aHI1.11. T aKI1M 06Pa30M. CJ1ellYeT 3aKJIfOlfHTh. lfTO K npoBe.neHI1JO nepBoi1 OTelfeCTBeHHoi1 Cy.ae6H0i1 peopMbl npH- cT)'naJI He TOJIb KO I1MeBWI1i1 ymy6J1eHHoe npe.nCTaBJIeHl1e 0 00- I PfALI.A, 41. 248, KH. 1881;, n. 177 06. BepHYBllJl1Cb 113 CI16H- PH. H T PIKeOCKHH cyMeJl (HanOMHHB 0 CBOI1X 60eBbIX 3acJ1yrax) .n06I1Tb- CH nOJlHof1 ped6I1J1HTaUI1I1. KaKOsaH nOCJl€:llOBaJJa.. no I1MeHHOM)' YKa3)' OT II r.Eao:A1;:'';I1' r\:e CeHaTa. T. I. C. 129. He- KOTOpoe BjX:MH cnycTH. 23 neK<\6p)lI724 r. mmepaTOp BOCCTaHOBHJ\ 6b1B- llJero reHepaJI-nei1TeHaHTa B B. D.OJlropylillBa B 'lIme nOJ1KOBHI1Ka (TaM >Ke. C. 137) JpfNlA, 41. 14h, KH. 1912. JI 77 06.. KH. JOO, JI. 331-33206. 15 JlH- BapH 1724 J neT)J I TaJvKe OCBo60LlI1J1 060l1x ceHaTopoB OT YlllJaTbl He BHCCCHHOH K TOMY BpCMeHI1 CYMMb] WTpa$J (TdM >KC. n. 345). 
rIlaBa 3. rQ::\rollEK8 CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 161 BpeMeHHOM OTe<JeCTBeHHOM 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bCTlJe M 0 HOlJel1WMX .3apy6e)I(Hb]X nOJ1MTMKO-npalJOlJb]X KOHuenumlX aKTMBHb]11 .3aKO- Hon.aTeJlb, HO M He MeHee aKTMIJHblii cyneGHblj..j neHTeJlb, MHoro- KpaTi-io conpl1KacalJwl1iicSI C npaKTI1KOH yroJ101JHOrO cynonpo- H3BOllCTBa. !j 3. nOMCK MHOCTpaHHblX 06pa34oB AJ1fi CY,Ae6HOVI peopMbl. reHpMx cnMK M ern MMCCMfI Kro Mor II cepem1He 171O-x rr. BblcTynHTb COBeTHHKOM I1JII1 }l(e OCHOBHblM nOMornHt.JKOM neTpa I B neJ1e npeOOpil3OBa- H51S1 cynoYCTpoj..jCTBa 51 cynonpoH3BonCTBa? KTO 113 TOrnaWHero OKIJ}1KeH51S! oopS! Bo06rne 06J1auaJ1 CHCTeM8TH<JeCKHMI1 fl03Ha- HHSlMM IJ JOpMcnpyneHllm? liTO KacaeTCS! JOpJ.11{M'IeCKM 06pa30- BaHHblX JIMU, TO TIlKOBb]X B 6J1M>KaHWeM m,.-pYA<eHMI1 neTpa I no- npocT)' HMKorna He 6blJ10. Hal16cmee }({e WMpOKI1MM n03HaHI1}1MI1 B 06J18CTM rocy..oap- CTBOIJelleHI1S1113 <Jt.JCJ18 «nTeHUOB fHe311a neTpOBa» 06J1anaJ] ent.J- CKon 4Ieo$aH npOKOnOBI1<J. KaK vf:emrrel1bHO nOK83arJ r. ryp- BI1'I, 4IeOQ>aH SlBJlSlJICH npHBep)l{eHUeM Teopl1H ecrecroeHHoro npalJa, 3HaTOKOM TPYnOIJ r. rpom1S1. T. ro66ca 11 C. nYH1l0p- al. 06WeI13BeCTHO TalOKe, <JTO I1MeHHO tDeo$aH npOKonOBM<J cblrparJ Klll04esylO pOJ1b B H;:J;e0J10rM<JecKoM 06oCHOBaHI1I1 KaK pOCCI1HCKOm 8 6C0J1IOTM3M8. TaK 11 caMI1X nerpoBCKI1X pe4x:lPM l . I FYP6U'I F. «npaW13 BOllI'! MOHapwei1" @eo$lHa npOKOnOBI14a 11 ee 3aJTaJIHoeBlxmeHCKHe I1CTO'JHI1KH. IOpheB, 1915. C. 29-111. CTOIIT ]3- MeTHTb, '1TO B oco6oi1 CTan,e 1981 r.. xapaKTepHO 03arnaBlleHHoi1 «nl1- CaJI JlI1 B CID>IOM .neJle f1Jeo$lH npoKOJTOBH'J «npaM,Y BOJ1I1 MOHapweH"?". 1J.;K. Kp3t..pa4rr YCOMHH.1CH, 'ITO <DcOQx]H 6b1J1 e.nI1HCTBCHHb[M dBIOpOM .noro nOlJl1THKO-npaooBOro "lpaKTaT8 (Qacrqfi J. D]d Fcofan Procopovich Really Write Pravda Voll Monarshel? II Slavic Review. 1981. Vol 40 NQ 2. P. 173-193) Ho DIDKe eCJJl1 npl1H.IITb BO BHI1MaHl1e n0311Ul11O D$. Kp3- Kj)a4rra. -no HMK8K He onposepraer TOro $lKTa, 'JTO f1Jeo4JaH npoKOllOBI1'J ofuJaruUl r.1y6oKitMI1 nOJtlliHl1.11MIII B COBpcMfHHOH eMY 3aJlW1HOCBponei1- CKOH €f1\1JlOCOI}:!I111 npalkl. 106 3TOM eM., npejf(j}e seem. B CTaTbHX A. Ei. npOCIilHOH 1968 r. 11 B ynOM.IIHyrblX MOHo!J'04>lm" P. BKJTIJ<IMa, E. B AHI1CI1MOsa M RA. TOM- CIIIHOB.1 (Witfram R. Op. cit. Bd.1. S. 119-120, flpocuHaA. E. AnOllorH.II a6cOJlKmuMd B }"leHI1I1 4'leo4JaHa npoKonoBH'Ja 0 rocynapcTBC 11 npaBC II BeCTHI1K MfY. Cep. "npaBO». 1969. NQ 1 C. 51-59; OHa:Nee. TeopeTl14e- CKoe o6oCHOBaHl1e 4' npOKOnOBI1'1eM pe<t>opM nerpa I I I TaM >Ke. NQ 6. C. 6J-71; AHucu..11f)1f E. B. focynapCTBeHHble npeo6pa:JooaHI1.11... C.170- 1:15. ToocU1KJ6 B.A. YKll CO'J. C. 176-185). 
162 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Ho c:t>eOrpaHY npOKOnOBM<lY He C}0K1leHO 6blJ10 Jl}X)HBI1Tb ce6}1 HH II no.nfOTOBKe, HI-! II ocyweCTMeHl111 cyneGHb[X npeo6- pa30BaHI1 1717-1723 fr. C onHoj..j CTOpOHbl, XOT.II 3H3KOMCTBO neTpa I c C1>eorpaHoM COCT05lJlOCb erne II 1711 r. (npOKOnOBI1<1 ycne.n lIa)f(e nOY'IaCTBOBaTb II 3JlOnOJ1Y"IHOM npyrcKoM noxo.Lle). HO II OKpy"A<:eHl1e uapsl OH BOWe.n He paHee 1718 r.. y)((e JlOCJIe nepee3,1la (13 KI1eBa B CaHKT-nerep6ypr[. C JJ;PYroi1 CTOPOHbl. c:t>eorpaHa npOKOnOB(1'13 - pa3HOCTOpOHHero (1HTeJUleKTYaJIa 11 qropeTl1K3» no CKJ1Nly yMa - COBeprneHHO He I1HrepeCOEIaJlI1 BonpoCbl H(1 cyn.oyc-rpoi1cTBa, HI1 cynonpOH3BOllCTBa. KaK mBHO YCTaHOBJIeHO, H3 CTIlHOBJ1eHHe 3aMblCJIOB ne- Tpa I 0 npooelleHHH roCYllapcrneHHblX npe06pa'.mn3HI1H no- BJUUlJTO era 06111eHHe co 3HaMeHHTbiM (»11J10CO<!>oM ron1>pl1.!lOM BHJlMeJ1bMOM Jlei16HI1UeM. Ha npOT.II>KeH(111 1697-1716 rr. nep- IIbl" pOCCMHCKl111 (1MnepaTOp n5m, pro Jlwmo BClJJe'-JaJlCJ1 c clm- J1OCO<!>oM, a TIlJOKe CDCT05Ul C HMM B nepem1cKe 1 . He I1MeH cne- UJllaJ[bHb]X nOJlI1TI1KO-npaBoBblx TpynoB, r. J1eM6HI1U BblCTym1JJ TeM He MeHee c npHMe'laTeJlbHblM npoeKTOM peopraHH3aUHH ueHTpaJIbHblX opraHOB BJJacm B POCCHH. B 1711 r. WIOCO<tJ Ha- npaBI1Jl neTPY I MeMOpl1aJI, B KOTOpOM npelUlo}l(l1J! Y"QJelll1Tb B H8wef1: CTpaHe neR.IITb KOJ1J1erl1f1: - B TOM 'H1CJ1e OTBe48BW)'1O 3a npaBOCYAMe IOcTI1U-KOJIJ1erl1lQ «<Ju.<;tice-Collegium»)3. OJI.H8KO nOCJlenOBaBW8H B 1716 r. KOH'lI1Ha r. J1ef1:6HMua (HOMMHaJlbHO 'lI1CJlI1BllleroC5I, KCTaTl1. C H05l6p51 l7ll L Ha pyCCKOi1: cJly)((6e C 'lHHOM Taf1:Hom COBeTHI1Ka) npeceKJ18 em B03MO}l(Hoe )"l8CTl1e B nOllroTOBKe nepBoH OTC<JeCTBCHHOH Cyn.C6HOH PC<t>oPMbl. B HTore Bcem. OCHOBHblM KOHCYJlbTaHTOM neTpa I no cy- ne6Hoi1: pe(}JopMe CTaJlllPyroi1: BblXOlleu H3-3a py6e>Ka. 3TO 6bLJ1 reHpl1X <l>I1K (Heinrich Fick), KOTOpbli1: I1MeHOBaJI ce6H BnOCJIen- CTBMI1 B POCCI1 I1 AH)ijJeeM AHllpeeBl1yeM OH <l>HKOM. Ha pac- ] '1UCR'/fl6U't M.A. $eo4JaH njXIKOnOBI14 11 ero BpeMH. cn6.. 1868. c. 15-17.27.43-46. 111CTOPHH BJal1MOOfHOWCHl111 nC1])a I c f. Jldl6HI1UCM nCTdJlbHO 1113- }"JeHa HeCKQlJbKI1MI1 nOKQlJeHI1HMI1 ure<J.ecrneHHb[X 11 Japy6e>KHb[X I1CCJle- noBaTeneH. lli 'I.I1CJJa Hal160J1ee 3Ha'lI1TeJ1bHb]X pa60T no 3T0i1 TeMe eM.: fepbf! B. H. OrHoWeHI1.11 Jlefi6HI1ua K POCCMI1 11 ne1])Y EeJIMKOMY: no He- I1:ID.3HHb[M 6yr.w.rdM Jlci16Hl1ua B faHHOBepcKOH 6116n11OfeKe. Cn6.. 1871; 'l)v.uopetJ B. H. f.-B. J1ei16HI1U 11 PYCCK!I.II Kynbl)'pa: I13I1CTopl111 Me>KllYHa- IXJ1lHbIX Ha)"-IHbIX 11 K)'nb"J)1JHb[X CIDl3efi. M., 1968; Pr>tschaUf!l' P. The Phi- k:.N>pher and Ihe Refonncr Tsar Peter, G W. Leibmz and the College Sys- tem/I Canadlan-Amencan Slavic Studies. 1979. Vo1. 13. N 4. P.473-487. n0npJ6Hce OlIDHHOM IIp(X:KTC CM.: ItIsduJer P Gp. clI. P. 478- 473, 486. 
rIlaBa 3. rQ::\rollEK8 CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 163 CMOTpeHMI1 06CT05lTeJlbCTB em 6110rpa4J1111 Bl1!ll1TCfI YMeCTHblM OCTaHOBI1TbCfI. HeCKOJlbKO no.np06Hee[. Po.nl1l1wl1i1cfl II faM6ypre II 1679 r. feHpl1x 4tl1K He nUJI)"-lwl. HaCKOJ1bKO MO)I{HO Cy.nI1Tb, HI1KaKOm CI1CTe1aTWleCKom 061'830- BaHHfI. no CJlOBaM caMora f. 411110, OH «flpo6eJ IOIiOCnib C nepOM 6 PJ"Ka'C&l. TO eCTb TpYlll1JlCR R KaKo(:1-TO KaHUeJI.IIpMI1. B 1700 r., nOCJIe Ha'J:aJla BeJlI1KOI1 CeBepl1011 BO(:1Hb]. f eHpl1X 4tl1K BCrynl1Jl n06pOBOJlbLleM B wBe.ncKYIO apMMKJ (1 6blJl 3a'J:I1CJ1eH B JI.I1CJ10UI1- pOBaHHbl(:1 B J111€t>J15IHllMM neXOTHb111 nOOK Mcimyc<I HMpOT<I. BoeHHafl Kapbepa r. 4tl1Ka CKJla1l.bIBaJIaCh BnOJIHe ycnelliHo. )l)Ke 'lepe3 Tp(1 ro.na OH CTaJI KBaPTHpMCiicTepoM nOJ1Ka. Omm- KO B Mae 1710 r.. no HeflCHhlM np(1<IHH8M. feHpHX 4tl1K BblWeJl B OTCTaBKY 11 HanpaBI1JlCSI 06paTHO B fepM8HI1IO. XapaKTepHO, 'J:TO npM OTCTaBKe B'lepalllHM(:1 nOJIKOBO(:1 KBapTl1pMel1CTep cy- MeJl nOJ1)"-1I1Tb 6J1arOnpWHHble peKOMeHllaItM(1 OT TaK(1X BI1IlHb]X llIBe;:J;CKI1X neSlTeJ1el1. KaK KaHlIJIep ApBI1Il fOpH M KOPQJJeBa (!) YJlhp(1Ka-3J1eOHopa. Ho. HecMoTpfl Ha CTQJJh BeCOMhle peKoMeHlIaUI1I1, CJly:>K- 6a f. 4tl1Ka B fepMaHl111 He 3aJ1a11.l1JI8Ch. HeCKOJlhKO JleT OH npo- pa60TaJI B CKPOMHO(:1 DOJl)I{HOCTH 6yproMI1CTpa B He6oJ1hlliOM ropo.ne EKepH4Jopll (Eckernforde) B fOJllllTI1HI1I1. KaK n03;:J;Hee nORCHJU] feHpMX 4t(1K. OH «o6pemaICR 6 a!PU,OKOfIOII f&fJl¥NO OJ1- lllmUI/CKOCO] Cl/y.JlC6e KllMUCapOM, nomnpae lR.l 6 opoiJe 3KeJKjJepiJe IOCmUKue, 3KOHOMU'/eCKUR U 'JOJ1UeiiCKUR cJeJ/O...f>J. B BpaJIe 1714 r. feHpl1x tDi1KJll1lliI1JlCSI nOJl)I{HocTI16yp- rOMl1cTpa 11 OCTaJICSI fie3 cpellCT13 K cyIUecTBOBaHI1IO. B nOBcp- llleHl1e Bcero, B HOSl6pe 1714 r. OH 6hlJl 8peCTOBaH DaTCIG'IMI1 BJIaCTRM(1 (no nono3peHI11O B lllnl10Ha:+:e B nOJ1hJy WBeum1) M npooeJ1 BoceMh He..o;eJ1b nOli apecToM B KpenOCTM PeHllc6ypr. B KOHue KOHUOII. 6bIBWI111 KBapTMpMel1CTep M 6yprOMMCTP pe- WIDI nlXUICUl>KHTI. Kapbepy B POCCMI1. I Heop.nI1HapHb[H (11 MeCTIlMH nOHb]He "J)'MaHHb[H) .>KH3HeHHblfi nyrb reHJ!1fX3. (JJHK<1 He01lHOKj)aTHO OCBeW<1l1CH B Jlwrep:nype. Ha :!TOT C'leT CM.. B nepayJO O'lepe.nb, 4JYH.l:!.rnlielITaJlbHYJO CTIlTbtO A. Ue.aep6epra 1930 r. 11 p<'I:1oen B MOHOrpa<fJ1111 K. nerepcoHa (CederlJ£lgA. R. Hemrich Eck Ein Beitra,g zur Ru'iSl.'iChen Geschichte des XVIII. JahrhUilderts II Acta et Com- mentaliones UniversitaS Tartuensis. Tartu-Dorpat. 1930. Bd. 17. S. 1-103; Peterson COp. cit. P.70-79). 1 UHT. no: Cec!erbetT: A. R. Op. C][. S. 8 3CM. I<paTKI1H JlOCIlYJl<.HOH CIlI1COK f. (JJHKa 1719 r.: PfNlA, $. 1411. KH. 654.n. 93. 
164 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I C KeM I1MeHHO 113 pocCJ.1iJCKI-1X npellCI"dBlrre.n.eiJ 11 B KaKOH MOMeHT BCT)'nWI B KOHTaKT reHpHX <tII1K, Ha cero.1lmllllHM".n.eHb HeI13BeCTHO. C yocpeHHOCTbIO MO)I(HO JlI.1111b yrBep)l()laTb, 'lTO 3TO np0I130UlJ10 He paHee 1714 r., Ii 'ITO - H8 npaBl1TeJlbCTBeHHOM yjX)BHe - K neperooopaM cr. <DHKOM 6bVT npwlacreH BIUlHbljJ cnOl{RH>KHHK nerpa I reHepaJI-<l:>e;1l:,!lUeHXMeikTep.R B. OPKJC. no Kp3HHeM Mepe, He KTO l-.JHoi1, K3K $I. B. EplOC, HanpaBWI 3 neKa5p.ll 1714 r. Ka6HHeT-ceKpemplO A. B. MaKaJxmy nl1CbMO c npocwoH nono.iKlffb uaplO 0 HeOOXOlJJ1MOCm OKaJaTh COllei1CTBl1e Bbe31l.y B POCCt11O ('lepe3 PHI)' I1JU1 PeBeJlb) «UJiOEWI{V FeHpUXY (/)uk)...I. l{To6bl TaM HM 6bUlO, B 1715 r. r. <DHKnoHBWIcH B CaHKT- nerep6ypre. me 6bUl BCK0pe npenCTaMeH neTPY I. 3aKOH'1H- JlOCb lleJTO TeM, 'ITO B KOHue 1715 r. feHpHx <DI1K 3aK./lIO'-IWi C PYCCKHM LtapeM KOHlpaKT 0 12-JTeTHeii cnyM6e. nOCJIe 3TO- ro f. (})HKY AOBeJIOCb B3JHbCH 33 I1CnOJIHeHHe seCbM3 HenpoCTO- ro nOpy'Jem1S1 neTpa I. B .n.eKa6pe 1715 f. feHpHx K ompamUlC}! B CTOKroJlbM n;UI c60pa I1H$)pMalll1H KaK 0 rocyn.apCTBeHHoM ycrpoi-icTBe WBeUl111, TaK 11 0 ee 3aKOHO.LIaTeJlbCTBe. He pa3 OCBeIUaBWlliI- CH B JTI1Tepal)'pe MI1CCI1 r <DHKa (He cooceM TOllHO Ha3BaHHaH P. BI1TIpaMOM «CBoero )X).!la n)X)MblUUleHHblM 11111110HaACeM»1) 33- seplllHJIaCb ycnexOM. npoBeJUI B WBemm n04TI1 BeCb 1716 ro.n 11 BOCnOJlb30BaBlllI1Cb nOMep)l(KOH «rOJ1llITI1HCKOH napnm» B lllBeD;- CKOM npaBHTeJ1bCTse. reHpHx <Di1K CYMe]] 33nOJiY4I1Tb 11 BbIBe3T11 B Paccmo orpoMHoe KOJll1l1eCTBO KOm:lj..j WBellCKHX HOpMaTI1BHblX npaBOBhlX aKrOB, I131J.aHHhlX B XVI - Ha'laJIe XVIII B. Oco6eHHO MHOro - CBblwe 500 - r. <DHK n.06bUl HOp- MaTIlBHblX npaBOBblX aKTOB aKrOB, KaCaBWHXCH yroJ10BHOro 11 13aKOHQillITeJ1bHb[e iiKTbl ne1pa I. c. 42. Ha OCHOsaHl111 3TOro nl1Cb- Ma fl. R EplOCa K nerepcoH BblCKa3aJ1 COMHeHl1e B nOCTosepHOCTI1 clle- lleHI1i1 0 npeOblNlH1111 f. <DHM II naTCKoH TtOpbMe B KOHue 1714 r. (Peter- son C Op. dr. P. 73). Me)KJ),Y TeM. KaK npe.nCTdB!lHftCH. cj:JaKT HanpaB!leHI1H OTMe'leHHoro nltCbrlffi HI1KaK He npoTl1BOpe'llIT IklHHb[M 0 JaKJIJ01.jeHI1I1 feHpl1xa <DHKa B Kj)enOCTI1 PeHllc6ypr. npl1 60J1ee BHI1M,rrelJbHOM npo4Te- H(111 cosepweHHo OLJeHI1D.HO, 'JTO B nl1CbMe SI B EplOCa A. B MaKap:my OT 3 lleKa6pH 1714 r. pe<lb l1.lleT BOoce He 0 HeMe11JleHHOM. a Bnl1Wb 0 npedno- '/lM1t!VO'll npHe:w.e f <DHKa B POCCl1tO. :t':. b:H MIIICCI1I1 f. cDHK£1 1716 reM.: CeclerOOy, A. R Op. Clt S. 13-11. Peterson C Op Clt. P. 73-75, AHU- CU,1I06 E. B. focynapCTBeHHble npeo6pa3oBaHI1.11... C. 110-115; Eal2ep X YKa3. C04. C. 141-143. 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 165 CJXUK,lIaHCKOW npaBa, cyn.onJXI"3BOllCTBa. HCnOJlHeHlUl cyne6- HblX peWeHI1H 11 opraHH3aUHI1 cy.na B WBemm]. K npHMepy, feHpl1X cDl1K n.OCTaBI-1J1 B Hawy cTpaHY KOnl111 3aKOHOB «0 qep- K06HbIX HGK03GHUfIX>' 1586 r., (,0 nopn()Ke pe6U3UU e ()e1GX npoeo- cyiJll1l& 1662 c., HHCT]JYKUI1H «0 nopfioKe paClle<tOmbleOHUfi nuceM e HoiJeopHblX c)'QOtl'- 1688 c.. 3aKOHa 0 npeJlOOOlle.llHI1H C BllOBOH 6paTa 1700 r., «(/JoPMbl KAflmebl nepeo aiJeoKamo""" 1709 r. 1 He- CJlY'JaHHO, BClpel11BWI1Cb C f. cDl1KOM B AMCTep.lI.3Me. neTp 1 3aKJUOlJl1Jl C HI1M 27 JIHBapM 1717 r. HOBblH 12-J1eTHI1H KOHT]JaKT, B KOTOJXlM npOI13BeJI 6bIBwew WBe.nCKoro KBapTl1pMeHCTepa B «Oeucmeume..lHble Ka"eppambli> (KaMep-COBeTHtHrn) C BHYWI1Te1lb- HblM >KaJlOBaHbeM B 800 lepBOHHbIX B roll J . MaTepHaJlbl, npHBe3eHHble feHpl1XOM cDHKoM, B caMOM JJ;eJle 0Ka3aJ111Cb L(aplO OyeHb KCTaTI-1. 3To 6b1J1o CB.H3aHO C TeM. YTO. KaK y6eD.HTeJlbHO nOKa3aJlI1 K. neTepCOH 11 E. B. AHI1CH- MOB. B cepeD.J.'lHe I7IO-x n. neTp 1 pellll1Jl npeo6pa30BbIBaTb OTe- yeCTBeHHblH rocy.napcTBeHHblH annapaT He «C Hyml", a I1CnOJlb- 30BaTb DJm 3TOH ueJlI1 roroBble I1HOCTpaHHble 06pmUb1 4 . MHblMI1 CJlOBaMl1, B re rollbl 6yn.ylllHH I1Mneparop B3ill1C.sJ ueJleHanpaB- JleHHO onpeneJ1.sJTb TY CT]JaHY. rocynapCTBeHHoe YCTpoHCTBO 11 3aKOH01l8TeJ1bCfBO KOTOpoi1 B Hal160JlbllleH Mepe cc:xJrBeTCTBOBa- JlH 6bl l1lleaJIY «nOJIHueHcKOro» cOCYJJ;apCTBa. B nOHCKaX BOJUlOlUeHHOCO Ha npaKTHKe l1lleaJIa Polizeistaat 6YJJ;YlUI1H I1MnepaTop 113y'Hm nOJlY'JeHHble B 1714 c. OT r. flOH- ceHa CBeJJ;eHIDI 06 ycrpoHCTBe repMaHCKlL'l rocynapcTB (npe)l(lle BCero, npyccl1l1). HaXO.!UIcb B 1716 r. B KoncHrareHe, nCTp 1 3HaKOMI1JlCH C pa6oTOH DaTCKHX KOJUJerl1H 11 D.IDKe J1H<IHO (1) nepenl1CblBaJI I1X pemaMeHTbl s . KpoMe TOro, B TOM >Ke 1716 r. nOCOJi B!laHI1H B. 11. .llOJICOpyKOB npHCJ1aJ1 LtaplO. no eco npOCb- 6e, nO;:J;50PKY .naTCKHX KO;:J;eKCOB 11 HHblX 3aKOH0D.8TeJlbHb]X aK- I Cederberg A. R Op. ell. S. 16. nepe4eHb HaJsaHHblX MaTepl1aJ10B npl1- BelleH B OCo6oM paJ.!le1!e - «IAKTbl. oTHoclJll1HecS!lllo lOCTI1Ul111 11 I1C- nOJlHCHI1H npl1roBOpoB» - nplll..O}KCHI1H I K CTaTbC A. lle.nep6cpra (lb]d. BeiI.S.3J-55)  =:X4J'6KPiI' 'Jt 1i7 S il 3 . 35. 43. 54. 4 Peterson C. Op. Clt. P. 6.5-70. 415-416; MUCUMOB E. B. focy.napcrBeH- Hble_npeo6pwoBdHI1Hm C. 107-108. 116.  W1ttram R Op. cil. Ed. 2. S. 113-114. KCTaTH. 113Ha'laJIbHO nelp I 01ll11604HO nO:JaraJl. 'JTO naTCK3H CI1CTeMa KOnnerl1H .IIBl1J1aCb npoo6paJOM AIlS! }')Ke 113BeCTHOH eMy IllBenc,,"Oii (8 llekc'mmelbHOCTI1 CI1l)'aUI1.11 6bLfla 06paTHoi1) (Peterson C. Op. dt. P. 68-69). 
166 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I TOB «<.llamL(Klk?O KOpoJ/e6Cm6a JlO:HCf!1/Ufi. npaBQ u apmu«YJ/b/»). B 6b[THOCTb B 1717 r. B napH)I(e neTp I I1HTepeCOBaJ1c}J. KaK YHKUHOHt1pyeT HeJaIlOJIro no TOro peopraHH30BaHHaH ueH- TpaJIbHaH MMHHHcTpam1S1 <fipaHUHI1 (la Polysynodie)[. npHBJTeKaJ10 BHHMaHHe 6YD.Ywero HMnepaTopa 11 Wnell- CKoe KoponeRcTBcY. I1H()JopMaw1lo 06 opraH(13am1H ynpaBJTeHH.II H cyna, paBHo KaK H 0 3aKOHoaTeJ]bCTBe :HOi1 cTpaHbl [{apb liMe]] B03MO.>KHOCTb nOJlY'U1Tb 113 MHOB'IX I1CTOlJHI1KOB. 1J.n51 H8'larIa MO)I(HO BCnOMH(1Tb, LITO B Wnew1I1 nOJIfOe BpeM}j Ha'{()JJJ.UU1Cb B I1I1eHY TaJrne I1I1lI.Hble cnOllBIDKHHKH neTpa I, KaK A A Heiur.e (BepHYBwHitcH B POCCI-UO B 1710 r.) 11 R cD. D.OJlfOpyKOB (Bep- HYBWHHCfI B 1711 r.). B Ka1.JeCTBe 3H8TOKa WBe.!lCKMX WlMI1HI1CTPaTHBHblX nopJ.LI- KGB LlaplO 6bUl B HIOHe 1717 f. cneUHaJlbHO npeDCTaBJTeH 6aJXIH AH8HI1aC J1KJ6epac (Anamas Christian Pon van Luberas), B I1lOJ1e TOro .>Ke COlla npl1HSlTblH Ha PyCCKYIO CJIY}l(6yJ. Hap5l.ny C 3TI1M, neTp II..J3Y'JaJI (CYDJI no BCeMY, caMOCTOSlTeJlbHo) I1YlaHl-1)'1O H8 HeMeUKOM Sl3hlKe B 1707 r. B PereHc6ypre YI-W.8MeHTaJlhHYJO n.syxroMH)'JO pa6crry «J1cmopuKo-nOJlUmU'ieCKOe u rjJu'ieCKOe onucaHue KOp{ueecmea Weel(uli 6 ee cmopdU Ii HbilieumeM .?Ocy- iJapCm6eHHOM ycmpoilCmee»4. Ho Hal160JIee nOlllXl6Hhle CBe.lleHI1S1 o rocYJJ;apCTBeHHOM MeXaHI13Me 11 0 3aKOHOllaTeJIhCTBe WBeUl111 LlaplO npe.nocrd BJ.U1. KOHe'lHO }l(e. reHpl1X (})HK. ] 3aIWHO.1liiTeJ1bHble aKTb! ne-rpa I. c. 53; Eal2ep X YKa3. CO'J. C. 143. B I1CTopI1Ko-npaBoBOH nM1"Cparype Ha BOnpoce 06 03HaKOMJIeHI1(1 ne1JJa I C rocy.napcrBeHHbiM ycrpC)liCTBOM 3apy6e)l(HblX CTp<lH Hiil160J1ee n01lp06Ho OCTIlHOBI1JICH D. A. POMaHOB (PoIldHOl/ /l A. Pe<jJopJa rocy.napcTBeHHoro ana POCCI1I1 Dl1c. C. 51-54). .113 'l!1cna npc.nWCCTB}'tOllll.JX arrropoB HaH6o.rree UCJlOCTHO aCnCKTbl I1HTepeca ncrpa I K WOCUI1I1 pacCMOTpeJI nmeparypoBen D. M lllapbln- KI1H B CTaTbe 11 OOHOrp;3.4JHI1 1980 r (JJJapbUlKUH/l. M. WBe.nCKIDI TeMa B PYCCIWIt nl1TepaT)'JJe neTpoBCKOI-i nopbl II PyccKaH I<)'nbTYpii XVIII BeKa 11 JananHoeBjJOneiicKl1e JlI1TeJmYPb1' Co. CTIlTeH. 11.. 1980. C. 15-18; OH:Nee. CKaH!lI1HaDCKa.II J](1TCJXITY(Ja B PocCl'lI1.11.. 1980. C. 41-46). } P/er.son COp. cit. P. 81--81; MUCliV06 E. B. focYllapcTBeHHb!e npe- ::eT CjmH. Hlstonsh-Polltlsh- und Geo,graphlsche Bes- chibung des Kiilligrclchs Schwcden Nach dcm altcn urn:) Jctzi,gcn Slaat eillgenchtet und in zwei 111elle verfasset. Regensburg, 1707. KHI1H] Ha- XOllIJJJaCh B nOllp)"lHoi1 6116J1110TeKe ne-rpa I .no I1tOJI.II 1718 r (rype- 6U'I M. M KHl1ra C 1.-ynep3KCIJ116pI1COM ne-rpa BeJ1I1KOro II C6OPHI1K CTa- TeH 11 MaTepI1a.oB EiI16JJ110TeKI1 Al<a.n.eMl111 HayK CCCP no KHl1roBe.neHl1tO (I< 4OO-nCTl1tO PycclWro KHl1ronc4aTaHI1.11). 11.. 1965. C. 321-325). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 167 KaK ItlBeCTHO. B I1TOre B Ka'leCTBe 06pa3ua lUm nJX)EJe.aeHltll anMI1HJIICTpaTI1BHO 11 cyne6HoH pe<t:JoPM B POCCJ1I.1 nerp I 113- 6pan I1MeHHO WBellCKoe KOpOJleBCTBO. nOKa3aTeJlbHO, 'lTO )l)Ke B co6crBeHHOpytIHO Hanl1caHHOH B MapTe 1716 r. npeaM6YJle K BoI1HCKOMY }'CTII.BY neTP I OT03Ba.11CH 0 WBell8X KaK 0 «C//06HOM U pezy.'IJ1fJHOW HopoiJe»l. no BceMY 3TOM}' W8ellCKoe BJTI1SIHl1e Ha ocy- ll.leCTBJ1eHHoe B KOHlle I7IO-x - Ha'laJIe 172Q-x rr. nepeyCT]XJiJ- crBO OTe'leCTBeHHoro rocynapcTBeHHoro annapaTa OKa3aJ1OCb BeCbMa 3Ha'JlfTeJlbHblM ('ITO BnOCJle.aCTBJII(.1 He Momo He npl1BJle'lb BHJllMaHlliI I1CCJl ellOBaTeJleiP). 11 COBepllleHHO a:reCIBeHHO, 'lTO [3aKOH()J]JfellbHb]e aKTb[ neTpa I. c. 51. lKpynHei1wl1M BKJ1MOM B 113Y'1eHl1e TeMbl 0 WBellCKOM BIlI1.11HI1I1 Ha ro- CY.fu1jJCTBeHHb[e npeo6p;noBalUI.II B POCCIIIIII nepooi1 'leTBePTH XVIII B. He.%3H :B3a:;n=eWe%ur[H== Llet:C I1X allanTJ.UHI1". Jall.U-uueHHYIO B 1979 r. 11 1131l8HHYlO B TOl >Ke rony B BMe MHOroKJXITHO ynOM.\lHyroW NOHorJYiI1Ml1. B HallJeH CIpaHe paccwnpH- BaeMYJOTefI.fY BnepBble JaTPOHYJ1 B 1850-e rr. npaBOBe.n <D. M D,MI11]JHeB. aJa- TeM-HeCKOJIbKon01I]J06Hee- A.D,. fpa!lOOCKluil13. H. 6epeHJITC. BXXs. Teia 0 WBellCKOM BJ1I1.11HI1I1 prJpaGaTblBallaCb B POCCHI1 I1CKJlt0411TeJIbHO I1CTOpHK.1MI1. Hal160ree []JJOliOTBOpHO - f.A. HeKjJOCOllblM 11 E. B. AHIIICI1- MOBbIM. B Ha'Jane XXI B. 3TY TeMy. I<8K Y>Ke roOOpJ.L'IOCb, Kj)aTKO OCBeTI1!1 TI:=;plPY'44.4)ley  c. 92-93. 96: /5epeHtJrrr 3. H. HeCKOJIbKO CJlOB 0 «XOIUIerHHX"... C. 6. 8. He- I<.paa16 f.A. Y4peJKlleHI1e KOJlIlefi1H 11 WBencKoe JaKOl-lOll.iITelJbCTooII 06we- CT1!O 11 rocynapcmo B cPeoD.aJlbHOW POCCHl1. CG. cr.rreit.. M. 1975. C. 334- ;;HHuS:;;:I1ni.e 1}prBIrn7::i wq,:uii c. M 06 I1CIlOJlb30BaHl111 OnbITa WBeUI1I1 npl1 IIp)IIe.UeHl111 a!lMI1HI1- C1]J311IBHblX t B POCCHI1 B nepBOit 'ICTIJePTH XVIII BeKa II I3onpocbl Itc"Iq)III1. 1977. NQ 2. C. 67-75; AHuc.UII06 E. B. «WBe.!lCKaH Mone:tb» C pyc- CKOW : pe$JpM;J BIlaCTHI1 ynpaBllCHI1H npl1 nC1J)C BeJ1I1KOM II 3Re3ila. 1995. N2 I. C. 133-150; PaIflU/OO/l.A Pe$q:I12I rocynap..."TIIeHHOro annapara POCCHIII... D,l1c. ... C. 48--51. 5.5-59. AJffiC(:'e6(I E. B. J.1cnOJlb30Bl]- ;Ooo6l'f1ar;.: H:;e, n= KI1 MHOJKeCTIJy naRHO ycraHOaJIeHHblX 4>aKTOR 0 npe06rJaZ1a1-1l1l1 WBellCKOro BIl(olHHI1H Ha npoBe.neHl1e nCTpOBCKHX aalItHllcrparI1BHoi1 11 cy.ne6HO pe- 4:10PM. M 0. AKHWI1H CO BCeii K.£re"'JHOCTblO IJb/CM3J..IICR B DJ.lccqJGI- UI10HHOM ItCClJenoBal1l1111006 r., 'JTO npl1 pe4x:!PMl1posaHIII(oI 0Te4ecraeHHOro cynO}ClJci'1CJBa 11 cy.nonpol1JOOnCTsa ncrp I «opIIeJ-illlpoBaJlCH Ha JaKOHOD..'l- TeJIbCTOO WBeUl1I11.llaHIIII1. 4>paHUI1I1. CaKCOHI1I1I1 JIpyIlIX (?) esponeHCKI1X CIpaH" (AKuruun M 0 Cyne6HIDI  ne1p3 I' !b1C. C. -t). \.ITO 1<8- caeTC.IIlf3bICK3HHH 06 (oICnOJlb30saHI1I1 HOpM WBeJlCKOro npaBa npl1 KOIlII.pI- KaUHI1 0Te4(:CTBeHHOro 3J.MI1IQl1aTeJlbCTBa B ncpOOH 'JeTBePTH XVIII B.. TO TaKOBble 6y.nyr oxapak"R'plt30saHhl HH>Ke 
168 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I B nOno6Hb]X 06cro.llTem,cTBaX OCHOBHbJM KOHcyJ1bT3HTOM 6yn.y- mero I1MnepaTopa B lleJIe nOllfOTOBKI1 11 aD.MI1Hl1crpaTI1BHoii. 11 cYlle6Hoii pe4xJpM (KaKOBble nerp I. crOHT nOBTOpI1Tb, Cyfu,eK- THBHO He paJrpaHl1'1HBaJI) CTarJ HOBOHBJ1eHHblf1 KaMep-<:OBeTHI1K feHpHX <DI1K I . KOHJ<ypeHUl1iO r. cDI1J<y B 3TOM ne.ne nbITa.rJCH CO- CTaB(1Tb - BnpO"leM. 6e3YCJleWHO - eLlHHCTBeHHO A. fl106epac J . Ha Bonpocax opraHH33L{1111 wBeJJ;CKoro CYAa feHpHX (J>(1K Hal160nee nonpo6HO OCTaHOBI1JIC5I B lLBYX 3am1cKax, no.n;fOToB- IleHHb[X B 1718 r. 3To GLum: COCT05lBwee 11319 nYHKToB «Kpam- Koe onucaHue cl£0. i!y6epHUU U 8 HUX 06pemalOUI,UXCR 'IUHO(/», B KOTOpOM CO.1lep.:KaJIaCb pa3BepHyrMI xapmcrepl1CTHKa nOJlHO- MOlll1" nOJl)f(HOCTHbIX JlHU MeCTHblX MMI1Hl1crpaTHBHblX Ii cy- lle6HblX opraHOB WBem111\ a TIUOKe «&:elloiJiJoHHeimlUe 3OMe'fQ- HUH 06 ycmpoeHUU umeikKux eepXHUX U IIUJ/CHUX 3eMCKUX  (0 nOCJlellHeii 3anl1CKe pe'Jb nofuIeT Hl-DKe). YMeCTHO OTMeTl'ITb, 'ffO r. cDI1K (parJHo KaK AH3HI1ac JlIo- 6epac 11 .npyrl1e 3apy6e.JKHb]e COBeTHI1KI1 neTpa I) 113'b}ICHWlCS'I 11 nHCM I1CKJllOlJt1TeJlbHO nO-HeMeUKH. BCJIe.ncTBHe :HOro B Tor- DarnHI1H OTe<JeCTseHHbIH 61OpOJcpaTHlJeCIG'IH 06t1XOll nJXIHI1K- JIO 3Ha<II1TeJIbHoe KOJ1t1<leCTBO HeMeUKoH MMI1HI1CT]JaTJ.1BHOH 11 lOpIUlH'-IeCKOH TepMI1HOJlOnm 4 . HMeHHo HeMeUKHe TepMI1Hbl I1cnOJIb30BaJ1I1Cb r. cDI1KOM «co TOBapl-Jli\l1>) )J.JUI 0603Ha'leHI1S1 I-J WBellCKI1X cYJJ;e6Hb1X OpraHOB. {-IT0 >Ke npellCTaBJISlJIO co60H cyn.e6Hoe YCT]JOHCTBO WHeJICKOro KopOJJeBCTBa no COCTOHHl1lO H3 171O--e rr.? ] 0 poJ111 f. (]Jl1Illi B nOl!JUfOBI(t: aJIMI1HHCTpaTHBHOW pe<tx>PMbl eM: HeKpaCOfJ r A. )'t{pf)!{1leHl1e KOJUJerl1i1 .. C. 340-341; Peterson C. Op. Clt P.81--83, Af/I./CILIWO E. B. focynapcrBeHHble npeo6paJosaHI1S1 m C. 115- 117; Km.108O H. B. YKa3. CO'l. 78-79. 2 Hn.:pllWII r. A. Y4pejf(j}el-Jl1e KOJUJerItH... C 342-343: Pt!ter.iOII C. Op. dt. P. 83-84. Y'l3C11re A. Jho6epaca B nOl!JUfOBKe aJIMI1HltcrpaTltBHOW ;e ?:9rp 3.°:J.tH !X. TnC r:;nc ycT])OllCfBC KOJUJemi1 B POCCHI1. Cn6.. 1891). JpfALlA, I}:>. 24g, KH. 58. JI. 1-16 (pyc. nepeBOll). J{eT<L'IbHoe pacc1O- TpeHl1e ..){paTKOro OnIilCaHI1H...>} B nl1Tepa1)'pe CM Peter.vn C. Op en P.248-151. 4 no .npo6Hee 063TOM CM.: CVUp1KJ8 H. A. YKa3. C04. C. 4-6. npHMe4a- TeJlbHO, 'ITO 26 HOHGpH 1718 r nerp I Co6crBeHHOp)"IHO Hanl1CaJI nepeBO.n Ha PYCCKHW .IIJbIK pml3 HaI1MeHOBaHI1t1 1l0JlJKHOC'l}jblX mw. .IIBJI.IIBWI1XCH KaJlb"O C HeMeUKoro Jl3b]Ka, B 'JacTHOCTH «a"Jop..WHrrrlfJUXH1ep - 8fJ«UIfeii :Je.1fCKI'JU CyaWl. ...npor/xJC - cmopocma TTIlQfJt'..VIIOii, /laHmbpWW/{p -.Je1lClWU QrlMo- (3aKOHOJJ,:ITCJJbHb]e aKTb[ ncrpa I. c. 63). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 169  4. Cy.Qe6Hafi C"CTeMa WBeLl"M - o6pa3eLl AIlfi cYAe6Ho pe4!opMbl neTpa I K OJU1CbIBaeMOMY BpeMeml B WBeUl111 4JYHKUI10HI1P0Ba- 113 cyne6H8f1 CI1CTeM3, CepnUeBI1HY KOTOpOi1 COCTalJJlWl3 'leTb]- peX3seHHaSl. CI1CTeMa cynOB 06weH IOpI1CnI1KUI1I1]. npl1 3TOM, B OTJII1<Jl1e OT nope4:>oPMeHHoH POCCI1i1, naHHble lllBenClOIe cynbl 6bUll1 (B nepBblX Tpex 3BeHbRX) OmeJIeHbl OT opraHOB ynpalJJle- Hi1fl. .uOCTOHHO ynoMI1HaHi1fl. <ITO BO 4JparMeHTapHOii xapaKfe- pl1CTHKe llIsencKoH cyne6HoH CI1CTeMbl, nOMeweHHOH B nOKJIaue IOcn1U-KOJlJlerl1l1 OT Ma.ll 1718 f.. 6bUlO naHO eMKoe H TO'lHoe onpeneJleHl1e cyna 06wei1 IOpI1CD!1KU!1H: 3T0 cyn. B KOTOJXlM «6e3 ffCJ/K020 U3l>5lmWl ffce Oe.!la ynptlfLlRIO/Rt{G. KomopbIf! do IOCmu- t{UU HaiJJIe:HCaml. nepBoe (OcHoBHoe) 3BeHO cynoB 06wei-1 IOpl1CnHKUMI1 06- pa30BbIBaJII.J iJucmpuKmHble cyiJw (no-llJBenCIOI haradstratt, no TepMHHOJlOrHI.J r. cDHKa - «YHTeprepHxTbl»). COCTOflBWl1e H3 D.I1CTpHKTHOro cynbH (no-wsenCKI1 I1MeHOBaBwerocfI haTad- sh6vding. 8 Ha HeMeLtKI1i1 MaHep «JI8H)ijJHXTepOM») 11 Tpex-rmTI1 3aCenaTeJiei1 H3 KpeCTb.llH (namnden 111111 «HeM6neHOB»). KaK oco60 nOS'lCHI111 r. cDl1K B «KpaTKoM OnHCaHI1I1....», B HeM6ne- Hbl «ffw6upalOmCR UC KpecmbflH nlOrJu y,WHblR u cocmORHUH o06pam, maKJlCe U nOJICumO<tHbl5l...». IOpl1cnl1KUI1H nl'lCTpI1KTHblX cynOB paCnpOCTj)aH5UlaCb - nO'lTH no BceMY KPYry yrOJlODHblX 11 rpa)f{- naHCKHX lIeJ1 - H8 Bce H8CeJIeHI1e lIHCTpHKTa, nJXI>KI.JB8BWee B CeJlbCKOH MeCTHOCTH. 8 T8K)f{e B He60J1bWI1X foponax, He I1MeB- WHX MafI1CTpaTOB. CynoM BTOpOro 3BeH8 B WBeUl111 Ha'larJa XVIII B. HBJUI- JlI1Cb npo6uHt{UQ/lbHble cyaw llagmansriitt I1JlH «06epJl8HllrepHX- Tbl»). B cocraB naHHblX cynoB BXOnl1Jl11 npOBI.JHUl1aJIbHblH cynMI (lagmal1l1Jll1 «o6ep-JI8HllPI1XTep») [.1 <leTblpe-llIeCTb 3aCellaTeJleii, D Ka'leCTBe KOTOpblX BblC1)'naJIl1 D.I1CTpHKfHble cynbH. no OTHO- WeHl110 K nHCT pI1KTHOM)' cyny lagmanstratt BblC1)'naJI B Ka'leCTBe 10 cynO}'CTPOffCTBe WBeUI1I1 Ha'JaJla XVIII B. CM.: Petmon P Op. cit. P. 1\3:bcl;;;il t 368. JpfAl1A I}:>. 248. KH. 58. n 9. B 1l0KJIaJJ.e 0 HIt30BblX 3BeHbHX cyne6HoH CI1CTeMbl WBeUHI1. JaCJIywaHHOM Ha 3aCeJ1aH(1111 CemrTa 4 .neKa6p.ll1718 r.. KacaTeJJbHO namnden 6bLIIO nOHCHeHO. 'JTO Ka.+.llbIi1 <'i'e{XlIIt{lef!iJulf... IDI1C- TPI1KTHblH Cy.nbH] «u..lfel?m HeIWI1IOfJW< npa8aM UCf..}'ClfblX tqJeCmMlfcKux MY- .JIfUK06 6 G«ClJfXlX» (3aKOHOJ:JafC/IbHb]e aKTb[ ncrpa I. c. 371). 
170 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 3neJ1JUIUHoHHOi'i I1HCTdHUI1I1. KpOMe Toro, JlJXIBI1HUI-1anbHbIH cy.n Mor .aei1.CTBOBaTb 11 B Ka'leCTBe cy.na nepBOI1 I1HCTaHUH" - B CJ1y<me nepeHoca oco60 CJlO)l(HOro neJla 143 DHCTpHKTHOro cyna (KaK OTMe<[arJ r. <Dt1K, 4'ie20 KOinopmi J/GHI11pILunep e ducmpuK- me ceoe'tt OICOH"iamb He .MO)J('ern, Olloe npoucxooum npeiJ 06ep- J/tlHmpllV1lepa»I). CynoM TpeTbero 3BeHa B TOUJ;aWHei1 WBemU1 JlRJ1J!JU1Cb ane.JUJJ/l{1I0HHble cyiJbI (hovraU HIlI1 «rocprepHxTb]»). E)YllY'U1 maB- HblM 06p<l30M aneJlJiJlU1-10HHOH I1HCT<lHUHei1 nO OTHornemno K npOBI1HUt1aJ1bHbIM Cy.naM H ManlCTpaTaM. aneJIJHlUHOHHble cynbl Bblcrynarll1 11 B pOJlI1 cyna nepBot1 HHCTIlHUHH - npH paccMo- TpeHt111 oco60 Ba)f(HbIX lleJI no 06BHHeHI1J1M HBOp5lH, a TaJOKe nen o npeCTyJUleHI1JiX npOTHB I1HTepeCOB CJ1}?K6bJ. npl1 3TOM, B OT- JTI1'lHe OT lU1CTpHKTHbIX (oj JlJXIBHHLtI1aJ1bHb]X cynoB, pa3MellleHHe KOTOPb]X COQTHOCJ.1JIOCb C arIMHHHCTpaTI1BHo-TeppHTOpl1allbHbIM neJ1eHl1eM WBencKoro KOp.:JJ1eBCTBa, aneJUuu.t110HHbJe Cyn:b] I1Me- JlI1 Meerl1oHanbHYIO DI1CJlOKaUI1IO, 6yn:Y411 ueHTpaMI1 cBoero palla cyne6Hbix oKpyroB. K 1700 r. B WBem1l1 cYllleCTBOBaJIO 'leTblpe aneJUUlUl10HHbiX cyna: B CTOKfOJ1bMe (OCHOBaHHbIH nep- BbIM, ewe B 1614 r., WBellCKI1H aneJ1J1f1UI10HHbIH CYll - Svea howatt), B J/feH'lenI1Hre, B A60 (Hb]HeWHeM TypK)') 11 BD.epme (HbJHeWHeM Tapry). non06Ho HIHKeCTO.IIIl.ll1M cyn:e6Hb]M opraHaM. aneJUUlUI1- OHHble L1'n:bl I1MeJJl1 KOJLl1ernanbHOe YCTPOMCTBO. l)oJlee TOro: no OpraHI13aUI10HHoi1 CTpYKT)'pe aneJl.lUIUHOHHbJe cynbl n04TI1 He OTJ1I1'lanI1Cb or ueHTpa.nbHblX opraHOB ynpaMeHl1.I1 - KOJIJ1emit B cyneHcKHH COCTaB aneJLl1HUl10HHOro cyna BXo.Ullill1 npe3l11leHT, Bl1ue-npe3lUleHT 11 aceccopbl (B COCTaB Svea hovratt - ewe 11 cOBeTHHKH). no CBelleHI151M. co6paHHb]M r. <Di1KOM, UITar aneJT- J151UHOHHoro cyna B CTOKroJlbMe BKJlI04aJ1 B Ha'Jane XVIII B. npe3H1leHra. BHue-npe3H1leHTa, 'leTbJpeX COBeTHI1KOB 11 13 acec- COpoB (a TalOKe (]>I1CKaJIa, BHue-(]>I1CKaJIa. 12 KaHuemlpcI<JIX 11 llleCTb TeXHI1'leCKI1X CJI}0KaJ1.U.1x)!. He06xoIDIMO OTMeTHTb, 'lTO WBencKHH aneJLII5IUI10HHbIH cyn I1MeJT CTal)'C primus inter pares Cpelll1 OCTaJIbHblX aneJTJ1H- UHOHHblX cynoB. B <DopMe npaRlleHI1SJ 1634 r. aneJlJTHUHOHHb]j:j cyn: B CTOKrOJ1bMe 6bUI ynOMHHyr B p.ll.QY KOJLl1enlM 11 Ha Hero 6bUI B03J10)((eH HaIt30p 33 ell11HOo6p83HbJM npHMeHeHl1eM 33-  : %: i: : :: 7' 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 171 KOHomrre.n.bCTBa (B nepBYIO O'-lepeDb, nJXIUeccyanbHOW) BCeMI1 cyne6HblMI-1 OpraHaMI1 WBe.JlCKoro KOpOJleBCTBa. ComaCHO CT. 5 C!>opMbl npaBJIeHI1H, npe3HneHT Svea hovriitt o6.nanan npeJXIra- Hmott <'KoHcyAbmupoeamb, npeOc1ll00lRmb Inepeo Kopof/l'uj u nod- iJepJICueamb» Bce npo<me CYlIbl KOpOJTeBcrna l . BMecTe C TeM, He- CMOTpH Ha OC06b]H cnrryc. aneJTJ1S1UI-1OHHb]H cyll B CTOKroJ1bMe OTHIO.nb He o6JU1llan YHKUI-1.11MI-1 ueHTpanbHoro opraHa cYJJ;e6HO- ro ynpaBJIeHI151 (noll06HbIH opraH BJlacTI-1 B WBeUl11-1 OTcyrCTBO- B3.JJ KaK TaKOBOH) HaKoHeu, cynoM 'leTBepTOro (Bblcrnero) 3BeHa B WBeUHI1 I7IO-x rr. HBJUUlaCb KopOJle6CKl1J/ cyiJe6Hlm peeU3W/ (Justitie- revisionen)2. COOTBeTCTBeHHO. B Ha3BaHHYIO I1HCTaHUI-1IO B anell- JlSlUI-1OHHOM nop5lDKe nocrynaJlH D.eJTa H3 aneJTJ1HUI10HHbIX cy- JJ;OB 1 . EYlly'm ClpYKTYpHb]M nQApaJD.eJleHl-1eM focYllapcTBeHHoro Cooern. KOpOJTeBCKa51 CYJJ;e6Ha51 peBI13I-1.11 paccM8'TJ)I-1BaJla lIel1a nO.Jl npellcellliTeJ1bCTBOM HenocpellCTBeHHO MOH8pxa. He06xOllI-1MO OTMeTI-1Tb, '-ITO cynhl 06lUeH IOpi1CllI1KUHI-1 B WBeUHH 6bL1l1-1 He3aBI-1CHMhl OT Opr8HOB ynpaBJIeHH5I OTHlOllb He HOMHHaJ1bHO. B 3TOii CB5I311 my60Ko npI-1Me'laTeJlbHa51 I-1HTJ}Hra pa3blrpaJlaCb B Ha<JaJTe 171O-x rr. C .n1-1JTHH1lCKI1M aneJTJlSlUHOH- HblM CyooM. OKaJ8BWI1MC5I K TOMY BpeMeHI1 H8 TeppHTOpl-1H Pac- CI1H. KOrJrn JXlCCI1HCKHe ry6epHCKI1e 3llMHHHCTpaTopbl B351J]11Cb, no CTaJXIMOCKOBCKOMY 06b]KHOBeHI1IO. BMeWI-1BaThCSI B CYJJ;e6Hb]e ne.na. TO BCTpeTJ1J]1-1 COnpOTI-1BJleHl1e npl1BblKWI1X K WBellCKMM nOplllKaM cyneii ane..rUUlU110HHOro cyna. nolUJlo no TOro. 'lTO plDKCKl-1tt ry6epHaTOp n. A rOJlHUhlH D.a.:+::e nO.:+::aJTOBanC5I H8 He- npHBbl<JHO He3aBI-1CHMblX cyneii nelpY I. nOJl)l'lHB nl-1CbMeHHble paTh5lCHeHI-1H OT BHue-npe3HneHTa CYDa f 6penepHa 06 «oco6w; npaeox... cJm.o. uapb YKa3aJT ry6epHaTopy BnpeDb npl1HHMaTb so BHI1M8HI1e MeC THb]e "IpNl.l1Lt11I-14. [UHT no: Peterson C. Op cil P.310. ! DaHHYtO cy.ne6HYIO I1HCTaHIDItO HeMeuKoH3bl'IHble KOHCynbTaHTb] ne- lpa I o6ooHa'IWlI1 HaH60JJce p.']3HOPC'II1BO. f. <l>I1K B ynoMflHyrblX «}kcno.n- llHHHdiwHX 3aMC'laHI1f1X..." HaI1MeHOI3<UJ ec: «Justm-&l'I'QOfIt> ICYlle6HIDI pOOI1JHHj, a A. Jho6epac B 3anl'ICKe 0 rocYllHpcrBeHHOM )O])Oi1CJ13e WBe- 00111 - «Hohe Gericht des /(ijniges oder die REvisiun» IBblCOKHW cy.n KOpoJl.llWlI'I Peg ( 5e :e:;\saB HeMeUKHH -repMIIIH «revNon,,) OWH60'IHO }'K<133J1. '1TO neJIa nOCTyIJaJll1 B npol13BQ1lCTBO KOpo.lleSCKOH cy.ne6Hoit peBH311111 B KaCC<iUHOHHOM nopHllKe (Eoroc.J{)(JCKUU M. M. 06naenutH pc4x:!PMit nCTpa )kJ1I11KorO. C. 166). 4 Hcnnann's von Brcvcm Leben. S. 246. 
172 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I K 'UICJlY Cnemla-.113I1p0BaHHbJX cynoB II WBellCKOM KO- polIeBCTBe H8'laJl8 XVIII B. OTHOCI1JlI1Cb, npe)K1le IIcero, M8f11- CTpaTCKI1e cynbl, pa3611paBUJI1e lleJI8 ropO)f(8H. a TaJOKe ooeHHble 11 BoeHHO-MopCKHe cynhl, pa3611paBllU1e neJI8 CTpoeBblX BOeH- HOCJI)')KaWHX. KJXlMe TOro, cneW\aJTI13HJX!BaHHbIMH CYl18MI1 II Tor.uaWHe(:i WnemH1 SlBJUUTI1Cb Ko\.1Mepu- (oj KaMep-KOJ1J1enm (Komme['Skollegium H Kammarkollegium). KOMMepU-KOJUJenm paCCM8YpI-IBan80THOCHTeJibHO WI1JX1KHM Kpyf rpIDK..!J;aHCKI1X nen, KaC<lBlllIIXC}( cynoxo.nCTBa, TOproBb]X 11 npOMblllUJeHHblX npell- npmlTl1i-i, paBHO leaK Ii !lena no 06BHHeHHSlM .fiOJDKHOCTHbIX 1II1U TaMO)l(eHHblX opraHOB II npecryTUJeHI1S1X nJXIHm HHTepeCOB CJ1y;+::6bl, a KaMep-KOJUlerH5I - ne.rm no aHarJom<IHblM 06BI1He- H"SiM 1I0JDKHOCTHbiX JU1U opraHoB (]>I1HaHcoBoro ynpaBJ1eHHfI. CI1CTeMa M8n1CTpa-rCKI1X cynoB COCTOHJIa H3 llBYX 3BeHbeB; .lfQ.lba CYOO6 (kamnerst..att) 11 aJpOiJcKux cyiJ()8 (rltdstuvu..att). npl1 3TOM CTpYKTYPHO Wpon;CKl1e cyn;bl BXOlll11111 B COCTaB Ma- rl1CTpaTOB - opraHOB ropon;cKoro caMoynpaBJIeHml. XapaKrep- HO, 011HaKO, 'lTO aneJlll.llWIOHHOii I1HCTaHUl1ell DJI.II Man.JCTpa- TOB flBJHLlICfI. KaK y.+::e ynOMI1HarJOCb. cyn;e6Hblii opraH 06weii fOpI.JCn;I.JKUI.JI.J - aneJ1J1f1UI10HHbIH cyn. COCTO.llBWl1e aHallorl.J</- HO 113 nBYX 3BeHbeB BoeHHble 11 BoeHHO-MopcKl1e cynbl I1MeJ111 B Ka'leCTBe BblWeCTO.llWI1X cyne6Hb]X I1HCTaHUI1H COOTBeTCTBeHHO BoeHHYfO 11 AnMl1p<UlTeHCKYIO KOJ1J1ernl1 (legium 11 Adnu- raJitetskoliegium). npI1Me'l8TeJlbHO. LITO B nOllcynHOcnl BoeHHoH KOJ1Jlerl.J11 HaXQDJ.IJU1Cb T810Ke crimina laesae majestatis (neJ1a no rocynapcTBeHHblM npecryl1JleHmlM) 11 ne.na 0 nOKYllJeHl.JfIX H8 .>KJ13Hb BblCllJl1X o<tJlmepoB. OiellYeT I1MeTb B BIUlY, "iTO 3Ha<IHTeJ1bHYIO cneum!JI1KY B XVII - Ha'laJle XVIII B. I1MeJ18 OpraHl13aUl1Jl cyna B nBYX npl1- 6arJTI1HCKI1X npoBI1HUl1.11X WBeUl.Jl1 - J111t!J.nflHJJ;1111 11 3CTJ1f1H- nl1l1[. - nOJiHOCTbfO 3aBOeBaHHb]X K H8'laJ1y 1710-x rr. pyCCKM- MI1 BOHCK8MI1. H83BaHHbie npOBI.JHUI1I1I13.1l8BH8 ne.nI1J1I1Cb He H8 D.I1CTpI1KTbl. a Ha ye3ll.bL 11 XOT.II B 1690 r. B J111(]>J1f1HIlI.JI1 BCe- TaKM 6bLlII1 y<ipe >K1leHbI nBa nI.JcTpI1KTa 13cTOHCKI1H 11 J1aTblllJ- ]0 Cy.noycT)JOHCTBe JII14llJlHllHI1 '" 3cTJIHHllI1I1 XVII-XVIII BB. CM.: Elopo6 /0. A. Bonpocbl I1CTOpl1111 rocynapcrrn] 11 npaBa 3CTOHCKOH CCP 110 OKTJl6pbCKOH peBOJItOUHI1. Tap-ry. 1971!- Bb]n 4. C. 47-50. 56-61. KaA- HblHb B. E. OJepKHI1CTOpl111 rocy.napcTBa 11 npaBa J1aTBHIII B XI-XIX BeKaX: 3noxa <Poonanl13Ma 11 DOMOHOnOJ1lfCllI'JeCKoro Kanl1TaJllfJMa. Pl1ra. 1980 C. 77-80; J1CTOPH.II TaJlJll1Ha (no 60-x ro.nOB XIX BeKa) I COCT P nyn_aT. TWIJII1H, 1983. C. 207-209. 191;-299. 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 173 CKHM), ye3JlHoe neneHHe COXpaHIUlOCb B HenpHKocHoBeHHoCTH. no BceMY 3TOMY, W B flHt!wIHD.HI1, 11 B 3CTJI}IHlll1H OTcyrCTBOBa- JlI1 llHCTpI1KTHble CYllbl. BMecTo llHCTpI1KTHblX cyllOB B npi16a.rrn1f1cKl1X nJXIBi1HUHflX WBeUl1l1 B Ka':leCTBe cYlla nepBOro 3BeHa - Ha ypoBHe Tex ca- MblX ye3110B - YHKUHOHI1POBaJll1 OTlleJleHHb]e OT aLlMHHI1CTpa- THBHblX opraHoB 3eMCKHe CYllbl IUlH J1aHOlejJIL'01IbI (Landgericht). C03JlaHHble llIBen3MH B 1630-e n.. SlBJlflBWHeCSI no ofueMY nOJl- HOMOlJHH Cyn.aMI1 06lllei1 IOpI1C1l11KUl111 IlaHllrepl1XTbl COCTOHJII1 113 npence.naTeJlfl (n8HllPHXTepa) 11 m6HpaBWHXC}1 MeCTHblM llBO- p5lHCTBOM llBYX 3acellaTeJlei1 (aceccqX)B). OTCyrcTBHe B JIaHllre- Pi1XTax 3acell8TeJlei1 113 <mCJla J...']JeCTbSIH (nollo6HblX WBe.1lCKHM namnden) 06"bflCH5I"JlOCb TeM, "ITO B TorllaWHeH npH6aJ1THKe - B npOTHBonOJlO)f(HOCTb WBeUHH - COXpaH.IIJlOCb KpenOCTHoe npa- BO. K Ha'laJlY XVIII B. B 3cTIlSIH.1lI1I111eHCTBOB3JlI1 Tpl1 JIaHllre- pHXTa: B lI.epme, B nepHOBe (HbIHeWHeM n5l"pHY) 11 H3 OCTpOse 3.JeJ1b (HblHe CaapeMaa). He 6b1J1H y<ipe)K1leHbl B npH6a.rrmHcKHx npoBHHUHflX WBe- UHH H nJXIBHHUHaJIbHble CYllbl. BMecTo TaKOBblX llIBe.1lCKHe BJla- CTH OTKpbLJ1H B 1647 r. B PeBeJle (HblHewHeM TaJlJlI1He) BepXHI1i1 3eMCKHH CYll - o6ep./laHdzepuxm (Oberlandgericht), B KOTOpblH BX01UlJIH 12 1136HpaBllIHxcfI llBOpflHCTBOM JIaHllpaTOB. B OTJ1H- "Ii1e OT npOBHHUI1aJlbHblX CYllOB B KOHT11HeHTaJlbHoi1 WBeW1H, PeBeJlbCKHH o6epJlaHllrepl1XT BblC1)'naJI B 60JlbWeH Mepe B Ka- '-JeCTBe cyna nepBoro 3BeHa, HHKaK He 6YJIY'-lI1 I1HCTaHUI10HHO CB5I33H HH C JIaHllrepHXTaMH. HH C MarHCTparOM PeBeJUl I . EnHHcTBeHHblM cerMeHTOM WBe.1lCKoi1 MO.1leJlH CYllO- YCTPOHCTBa B npH6aJ1THKe K Ha«aJlY XVIII B. flBJlflJlC5I MeCTHblH aneJlJlJlUl10HHb](1 CYll IUlI1 zo(jJzepuxm (Hofgericht. B 6YKBaJlbHOM nepeBolle H3 PYCCKHH Jl3b]K «Ha080pHblU cy(»). OCHOBaHHb](1. no KoponeBCKOMY YKa3y, B ceHTfl6pe 1630 r. fll1$mHllCKHM rocp- repl1XT pacnOJlara.n:cn nepBOHNa.n:bHO B llepme, 8 B 1702 I. 6blJl 113-38 HaC1)'l1JleHHfI PYCCKHX BOi1CK 3BaK)'l1JX1BaH B Pm)'. CYlleHcKHi1 urraT H33B3.HHOrO rocprepHXTa BKJ1IO'JaJI npe3WleH- Ta, BHue-npe3H1leHTa 11 12 aceccopOB. npl1 .flOM, B OTJ1H"Il1e OT OCTaJIbHblX aneJlJlflUHOHHblX CYllOB WnellcKoro KOpOJleBCTBa. [lk:>rou.H m Bb[llJeCKa3aHHOro. Tpy.nHO COrnaCI1TbCH C )'IBfpJl(!leHI1- eM B. E. KanHbIHH. 'JTO «1IIBel1ClJfe JaBoeBaTe.n11 C01ll.aJl11 B J1114v1S1H1lHI1 CI1CTeMY cYlle6Hb]X OpHtHOB llJBellcKoro 06proU!l» (KallfblHb B. E. YK!I]. C04. C. 77). 
174 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I lh-t$J1J1HllCKI1H n:t4JrepI'lXT 6bUl cynoM He Tpen,eco, a lU1Wb BTO- pora 3BeH3 - anCJIJUlUI10HHOH 11 peBI13HOHHO-pelluuolliei1: HH- CT8HUl'let1 DJl5I. n8HnrepMXTOB 11 Man:lCTpaTOB (KpOMe PrnKCKOro, PeBeJlbCKOrO H HapBCKoro). CneUl.faJTH3HpoBaHHbleCYllbl B npI'l6aJTTHikt<....nx npoBl.fHUI1J1X lliBemm 61>1n" K 1700-M fr. npellCTaBJTeHI>I. fJT8BHhiM 06paJOM. Mafl1cTpaTaM(1 (B HeCKOJlbK(1X 3CTJTSlH.QCKHX ropo.nax B Ka'-JeCTBe CYAOB W151 roP0)(illH BMecTO M8rHcTpaTOB ttJYHKUHOHHpoBaJIH opraHH30BaHHb]e ewe B XVI B. TaK H83blBaeMb]e f/JoxmeucKue Cydbl). B TaKI.JX Gonce KpynHbLX Topon.3.X. KaK PeBeJ1b 1'1 HapBa, MafHcTpaTCKHM cynoM nepBom 3BeH8 SlBJ1S1J1MCh HIDIGU1e ropo- DOBbIe CYlll>I ('1eM-TO CXOllHble co l1IBenCKI1Mt1 kamnerstratt). a B Ka1.JeCTBe CYD.a BToporo 3BeHa BblCTynaJU1 co6crneHHO ManlcTpa- Tbl. BeCbMa xapaKrepHO, '1TO ane.nJTSlL((10HHOH (1HCTaHU(1ej:i lUI.II PJ.DKcKoro H PeBeJlbCKOrO Marl1cTpaToB 6blJ1 He Jl(141J1.IIHJJ;CKJ.di roc]:Jrep(1XT. a aneJ1JUluHOHHb[j:j cyn B CToKroJ1bMe (Bb]llIeynoMH- HYfb](1 Svea hovriil:t), a.rum HapBcKoro MarHCTpaTa - aneJlJUlUI1- OHHblH cyn B A60. HapSllLY C Man:!cTp3TCKJ..:IMH cyn3MM, B PeBeJle neikTBOBaJlM TaKl1e CneUl1aJTH3MpOBaHHble cyne6Hbie opraHbI, KaK MOPCKOj:j (1 tlJpa'ITOBbIH cyn, a TaJOKe TOproBblH cyn - 6em- mzepliXI1I (Wettgericht). 3aBepllIa.ll 0630P cynoycrpolkTBa JlJ.Kj:lJ1.11HJJ;H(1 H 3CTJ]HH- nl1H, HMeeT CMbICJ1 OTMeTHTb, 'lTO co CneUl1ttJHKoj:j OpraHH33UHH cyna B 3TI1X npoBHHU(1HX CO'-leTaJlCH H napl11KymlpH3M MecTHoro npaBa l . ileJ10 B TOM, 'lTO no caMOro MOMeHTa npMcoelIMHeHH}1 K Paccm:! HCMeUKOH3bl'lHOe npH6illIT(1I1cKOe nBOpHHCTBO H 6fOp- repCTBO ynOpHO (t1 n.aneKO He 6e3ycnellIHO) conpoTHBJlSIJIOCb pe- uenUt1H llIBellcKoro npaBa, TBeplIO OpHeHT(1pyHCb Ha CKJIa.IlbIBaB- weeCH C XIV B. (H ueJ1OCTHO He KOlIl1ttJHUHpoBaHHoe K XVIII B.) MecTHoe ropOlI cKoe H 3eMcKoe npaBO. 60J1ee TOro, nIDKe B )(3- ] 0 napTI1Ky..mpI13le npH6aJmti1cKOro npaBa B XVII-XVIII BB. CM: JJeec.tIt'IIm JI. R. 06 OC06cHHOCTHX nptlMeHeHlII.II WBe.nCKOro npana B npH- 6armiKe B XVI-XVIII BB. II npo6..rJCMbl tlCTopl1t1 rocy.napcrBa tI npa- Ba 3cTOHCKOH CCP (M:rrepl1aJ1b[ pecnyfuJ. Ha}'4H KOHi):J.) Tap"!)'. 1968. C. 3-5; K{UHblHb B. E. YKa3. CO'I. C. 80-85; £!OjXH! 10. A. HCTOpl1'JeCKl1e apr)'J<teHTbl KOHuenlll111 npaBaBOro IlJ1tOpaJIl13Ma (I<mepJ.la!1bII1CTOpl1l1 npa- Ba 3cTOHHI1 B XIII-XIX BB.) II Y'JeHb[e 3anI1CKH TaprycKoro YHtlOCpCI1Te- Td'1 \bH'i-e21 ;meCb .IIBWlaCb Hapsa. npl1HSlBlilaH eme B 1585 r. IlJOCllCKoe ropo.nCKoe npaBa (SladoJag) (Elo- po(j 10. A. fOPO.nCKoe npaBO ropo.na Hapabl II Y4eHbIe 3anI1CKI1 TapT)CKO- ro YHtlBepCl1Tl:Ta Tapry, 1975. Bb]n. 370. C. 78). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 175 4eCTBe cy6cl1lll1apHOro npaBa npH6aJ1TI1ikKa.ll npaB.IIwa.ll 3JJHTII npl13HaBaJla He WBellCKOe 3aKOHon.areIIbCTBO. a npI1MeH.IIBUJeeC» B repMaHCKI1X rocynapcTBax Usus modernus pandectum, peuen- THpoBaHHoe pt1MCKoe npaBO. OCTaeTC.II n06amfTb, 4TO cyweCTBeHHOH OC06eHHOCTbJO cy- neikKoro Kopnyca WBeUHI1 Ha4aJ1a XVIII B. SlBJlSlJlC.II ero BbICO- KI1H o6p330BaTeJlbHblit YPOBeHb (:JTO KaCaJlOCb B nOJlHo11 Mepe H npH6aJ1TI111cKt1X npoBJ.1HUt1(1). npo4>ecCt10HaJlbHoit nonroToB- J1eHHOCTH UmenCKI1X cynejf CnOC06CTBOBaJlO TO 06CTOJlTeJlbCTBO, 4TO no COCTOJIHIUO H3 1700 I. B KopoJleBCTBe HaC'-It1TbIBaJIOCb 1.JeTblpe YHt1BepCI1TeTa, Bce t13 KOTOpbIX t1Me.r"" fOpl1JlHlJeCKJ..1e $1- K)lJ1bTeTbl. K TOMY BpeMeHt1 B WBeUt1t1 pa60TaJlt1: OCHOBaHHblH ewe B 1477 r., 3aKPbITbIH B H81.JaJle XVI B. t1 BHOBb OTKPb1TbIH B 1593 r. YHt1BepCt1TeT B YncaJle. OCHOBaHHb]jf B 1640 r. YHHBep- CI1TeT B A6o. OCHOBaHHb]it B 1668 r. YHt1BepCHTeT B JlYHlle t1. HaKOHeU, OCHOBaHHb]jf B 1632 r., 3aKpbITblit B 1665 r. t1 BHOBb OTKPblTb[jf B 1690 r. YHI1BepCJ.1TeT B D,epme (Academia Gustavo- Carolina)l. HeynHBHTe1lbHo n03ToMY, 4TO, no BnOJIHe penpe3eHrn- H16HbIM DaHHblM A. Tept1Hra. B KOHue XVII R Bee aceccopbl aneJlJlSlW10HHOro cY.I1a B D,epnTe I1MeJlt1 Bblcwee IOpJ1llt14ecKoe o6p33oBaHt1e. MaJlO Toro: B TO BpeMSI .I1t1nJlOMHpOBaHHb]Mt1 JOpt1- crar.m B Jlt1c1}J].IIHlICKOM ro4Jrept1XTe 6bUJH He TOJlbKO C}lllbl1, HO H ctJJ.1CKaflb]. H nlDKe 4acTb cmpwl1x KaHUeJl5lpCKJ..1X CJiy)«awl1X (HO- rnpt1YCOB, aK'l)'apl1)'COB t1 ceKpempeilF. BnpO'-leM. lJTO roBOpt1Tb o nepcOHaJle aneJUHIUHoHHOro Cy.I13. KOnIa t13 123 mm, COCTO.llB- Wt1X B 1630-1710 rr. 'V1eHaMt1 PH)«CKOro MarHCTparn, 544eJ10- I HCTOpl1H TaprycKoro YHtlBepcl1TeTa 1632-1982 I no.n pe.n. K. CHH- ntlBaCKa. TaVItlH. 1982. C. 18.28.33 1 Tering A. Ober (lie Juris!enausbilding rler Mlt,gbeder (les Holgerichts in Darpa! (Tal1u) 1630-1710 II Y'JeHble Janl1CKI1 Taprycruro YHI1BepCl1TeTa. Tap"!)', 1989 BbIn. 868. S. 30. 49-50. npl1Me4aTeJlbHO, 'JTO 113 'JI1CJla nl1U. 3aHtlMaBWI1X cync6HbIC nOffiKHOC11I B J1t1qmHH1ICKOM n:xtJrcPH':u: B 16]0- 1700 rr.. 20 'JeJlOBeK nlXHllJlI1 06)"1eHllle B YHI1BepCI1TeTe B YncaJle, 15 - B J1efuIeHe, 10 - B KeHlllrc6epre. CTOJIbKO >Ke - B l1eHe 11 B XeJlbMWTenTe. lJ,eBTb 6YDYLill1X cynei1 f<$repI1XTa (1)"1I1J1I1Cb B yHHBepcmere B POCToKe. ceMepo - BDcpnTe. llieCTepO - BO <J>paHK<tJypTe-Ha-Ollcp tI BA.r1bTllOP4Je. n.llTepO - 8 J1ei1nUHre. 'JCTBejX) - 8 A60 (lb]d. S. 34). LlOCTOi1HO ynoMtlHa- HI1H TIJlOKe. '1TO B 4.eBpa.e 1693 r. p)'KOOOIICTBO DepmcKoro YHI1BepctlTe- Ta BblCTynl1J10 C I1HI1Ul1aTI1BO (Bnpo'JeM. 6e3pe3YJIbTaTHO) OpraHI130BaTb npaKTHKY cryneHTOB lOpIlD.Il'Jecmro 4:JaKYJIbTeTa KaK pa3 B J11141.IIH1lCKOM rc$rcplllXTc (I1CropHH TaprycKOro YHtlOCpCt!Tl:Ta. C. 38-39). 
176 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BeKa (44ar,) HMeJiH YHHBepCI-JTeTCKOe 06pa30B3HHe (B TOM 'UICJ1e J..I IOpWlI1'leCKoe). A, CKa)l(eM. B MarncTpare HapBbl B 1703 r. (nepen C3MblM B3HTIleM PYCCKHMH BOt1cKaMH) H3 10 paTM3HOB <1eTBepo HMHJlHCb IIHJUlOMHpOBaHHblMH IOpHCTIlMH - BblnyCK- HHKaU1 YHHBepCWreTOB YnCaJlbl, A6o, HeHb! H J1ef1nwua l . HTaK. peJIOMHpYI1 BbIWeCKa3aHHOe, CJ1ellYeT KOHCTan1po- BaTh, 4TO Ha Jl)X)HDKemU1 1715-1717 rr. neTp I lleJleHanpaB- I1eHHO onpeJJ;emmc.ll C Bbl6opOM TOH eBponeikKoit CTpaHbl, rocy.naPL,BeHHOe YCTpoj:jCTBO H 33KOHOll,lTeJlbCTBO KOTO}XJi1 B HaH60JIbwei1 CTeneHH COOTlleTCTOOBaJU1 6bl l1neaJIY «nOJIHueH- CKoro» rocYllapCTBa. TaKaH CTpaHa llOJl.:KHa 6bUJa B n.aJlbHeHWeM nOCJI}')KHTb OCpaJUOM DJm npoBellemrn 3a.nyMaHHbIX uapeM CH- CTeMHblX rocy.aapCTBeHHblX npe06pa30BaHHf1 B HarneH CTpaHe. B (1Tore. BOJUJoweHHeM PoIizei<aaat neTp I nOC'lJ.1TaJI WBencKoe KOlx)JJeBCTBO. MaKcHMYM HHttJOpM8UHH 06 opraHH3auHH rocynapc-meH- HOro annapara H 0 JaKOHOnaTeJ1bCTBe WBem1H 6ynyweMY HM- neparopy npellOCTaBHJ1 - nOCJ1e ycnewHoH pa3BellbiBaTeJlbHOH n0e311KH B CTOKfOJ1bM B 1716 r. - feHpHx CfiHK no 3T0f1 npH- 'mHe HMeHHO f. CfiHK, ypo.>KeHeu faM6ypra C He COBceM HCHOH 6Horpal!meH, B 36 )JeT o<lmUHallbHO noc-rynHBwHH Ha PYCCKYIO CJI}0K6y, CTaJI OCHOBHblM KOHcyITbTaHTOM neTpa I npH no.n.rOTOB- Ke aIIMHHHCTpaTHBHOH H CYlle6HOH pe$)pM.  5. KOHLLenLLMfI Cy,qe6HOVI pecJKIPMbl neTpa I: onblT peKoHCTpyK4111111 I)blJl3 ITH Y neTpa I KaKaSl.-J1H60 KOHUenUI151 cyne6Hbix npe- 06paJOBaHHH - KpoMe 06l1lei1 YCTaHOBKH MaKCHMarIbHO )"-IeCTb onbIT WBencKoro cynoycrpoHCfBa H cynonpOH3BOlICTBa? Pa3Y- MeeTCH, B YCJ10Bl-1HX BToporo neC5ITHneTHH XVIII B. 0 Bblpa6oT- Ke paJBepHyroH nporpaMMbl CYlle6HoH pe4>oPMb] (BPOlle 60nee n031lHHX «OCHOBHbIX nOJlO>KeHHH npeolSpaJOBaHHSI. cyne6HoH 'laCTI1 B POCCHH» 1862 r. H KOHuenUHH CYlle6HoH pe4>oPMb] B PCCfiCP 1991 r. ) He MOrITO 6blTb H pe'!H. BMeCTe c reM, npH- ] Tepull.? A. O. 0 JOpHJlH'leCKOM 06pa3OB<lHIUI 'VICHOB ropo.nCKI1X Marn- crpaTOB 3eT.lIHHllHH III J1HqmHHllI.JH B XVII - Ha4aJ\e XVIII BB. (11':;30-1710) II Y1.JeHb[e 3anI1CKI1 TapryCKOro }fHI1Bepmrern. Tapry, 1989. BbITI. 868. C. 10. 10.22 XaPaKTejJHO, 'JTO B 1681 r. PeBeJ1bCKHi1 Mal1lC1]J<Cf nblTd.I1CH (XOTH. B KTore. H 6eJycnewHo) npl1BJ1e'Jb K COl]JYllHI'!'IeC11Jy B Ka'teCTBe tOPHCKOH- CYJ1bT'd 3H..I\ICHI.JTOrO rocy.napcmooena C. nY\1JcHlloJ$a (11!M .lKC. C. 7). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 177 cryna.ll K nposellemuo pec]:JOpMbl, 3aKOHOllaTeJlb B JUlue neTpa I He Mor He I1MeTb 60Jlee KOHtq)eTI-lb]X I1CXOllHblX npe1l.CTaMeHI1i1 o TOM, KaKllOJl)I(H8 6bITb BblCTpoeH8 cnoco6HaH Hnea.nbHO <!JYHK- UI10HI1poBaTb HaUHOHaJlbHaH CYlle6H8H CI1CTeMa. KaK npellCTaBJUleTCSI, elll1HCTBeHHblH 1l0WellWI1H llO Hac CJlell 113H8'laJIbHoro 3aMb]CJl8 uapH no pe<t>oPMI1PORaHl1fO OTe'le- crBeHHorocyna OKa3aJJC5I 3ane'l8TJleH B npenBapl1TeJlbHOH pocnl1- CM KOJlJ]en"'H I1I1X llITaTOB 1717 r. 3ToTMHOroo6pa3HO npHMe>-J8- TeJlbHblH 1l0KYMeHT, co6c'rneHHOPYlJHO Hanl1C8HHblH neTpoM I B nepl101l. Me)l(Ily oKHI6peM 11 Ha'laJIOM neKa6p}\ 1717 f.. 6bl1l BBeneH B H8)"-1HbltJ 060POT 11 ony6J1I1KoBaH H. A BocKpeceH- CKI1M. Olll-J.aKO He pa3 npl1MeKaBllIl1i1 BHI1MaHl1e I1CCJlenOBaTe- J1ef1 1l0"1'MeHT 8HaJIl13l1pona.nCH B npellllIeCTBYlOwef1 JTI1Tepm)'pe I1CKIlf0411TeJlbHO B CBH311 C HOMeHKIlarypof1 nepe'-JI1CJleHHbIX B HeM KOJlJlerHf1 I . Me)({]ly reM. B npellBapl1TeJlbHoi1 pOCnl1CI1 KOJlJlefl1f1 1717 r. 3aI1KCl1poBaJJOCb TalOKe YHI1KaJ1bHoe. He nOBTopHBweeCH 60Jlee n05lCHeHI1e, 'lTO >Ke neTp I HaMepeBaJICH nepe.naTb B BelleHl1e npoeKHlpyeMoi1 lOcTI1U-KOJlJ]erHI1. no 3TOM)' nOOOllY B llOK)'- MeHTe 3H8'II1JIOCb; «...lOcmUl{-Ka1ei!UYM - 6CRAoU cy() 60 mca iJe.2. J1MeHHo B npl1BelleHHOH <!JpaJe. D,YM8eTCSI. 11 OTpaJJ.UI- CH I1CXOllHb]f1 3aMb]CeJl JaKOHo.naTeJl51 no peopraHl13aUHI1 OTe'le- crBeHHoro CYlla. 3aMb]CeJl 3TOT 3alUlf04aJlCH. teaK MO)l(HO BJ.W.eTb. B C03ll.8HI111 CTpora UeHTpaJII130BaHHOH CI1CTeMbl cyne6HbIX opraHOB, BCeUeJlO 3aMKHyrOi1 - 11 B cync6HoM, 11 B aIlMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOM OTHOllIe- HI1I1 - H8 IOcnm-KoJlJ]erl1fO. I3YDY'1H BOnJlorueHa H8 npaKTI1Ke, nOllo6H8f1 CI1CTeM8 OTJ1I1'-JaJTaCb 6bl, Bo-nepBblx, OpraHI138UI1- OHHb]M e.nI1HCTBOM ('-JTO, B CBOfO O"lepellb. cnoco6CTBOna.n0 6bl ycraHOBJIeHHIO CllHHOO6pa3l1J1 B npl1MeHeHHH npoueCcyaJIbHoro 3aKOH01l.aTeJlbCTBa), a BO-BTOPb]X. BellOMCTBeHHof1 06oc06JleH- HOCTblO ('JTO cnOC06cTBOBaJ10 6bl crPYKrypHOMY OTlleJleHHfO op- raHOB npaoocynHH OT opraHOB ynpaMeHI1H). COBepllIeHHO Ol(e- BMHO, '1TO peaJIl13aUI1H TaKOra 3aMbICJJa neTpa 1 JlBI1Jl8Cb 6bI Ba)KHbiM llIaroM Ha nym YKpeJUJeHHSI He3aBHCI1MOCTH cyna 11, reM CaMbIM, Ha nym <!JOPMHPOBaHHSI B HaweH CTpaHe Benm cy- lle6Hof1 BJl8CTH . [HeKjJGCOfI f. A. Y'JjJeJK.lIeHl1e KOJlI1erHi1... C. 340; Peterson C Op. C]t. P. 84--85; AHUCIL'lf06 £. B. focynapcmeHHb]e npeo6p.\:JooaHl1.II... C. 117-118. ! 3aKOHOJJm"CJIbHb]e tlKTb[ nCTpa I. c. 218. 
178 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HaKOHeu. HeJIb3H nOBTOpHO He ynOM5IHYTb, KaKI1M.>Ke o6pa- 30M nepBbli1 pOCCHHCKI1HI1MnepaTOp OC03HaBaJI UeJ1b cyn.e6Hoi1 pe$oPMbL Ceoe nOHHMaHMe UeJ1H pec]:JOpMbl neTp I H3J10)l(I1J1, npaB1J.a. He B 1717 f., a n031lHee - II ynoMHHaBllleHCH npeaM6y- Jle K I1HCTpyI<..WIH peKeTMef1crepy OT 5 4JeBpaJUI 1722 f. B 3TOM HOK)'MeHTe 3aKOHon.aTenb OTMeTI1J1, '1TO ocywecTBJleHHble K TOMY BpeMeml H3MeHeHl1Jl Bo6JIaCTJlI cYJJ;oycrpoHcma H CYJJ;onpOl-\3BO.n;- CTBa 6bU1H npen.np(1HJlTbl DJl5I Toro. '.JT06bl K3)(([lOMY Itl nO.D.1laH- HblX «no de1lLW e20 cyi} 6bUIIpllt1eiJnoii U 6ecnpoiJo,.JICUI11e.uwiio>l. g 6. XPOHoIlofMt.jecKHe rpaHI1bl cy,c.e6Hoa;1 pe4>opMbl neTpa I Tenepb Heo6xo)]J..jMO KOCHyrbCl1 Bonpoca 0 XpoHOJlOnl'le- CKHX paMKax cYJJ;e6Hoj:j pe<lJoPMb] neTpa L npH seeM TOM. 4TO 03Ha'leHHb]j:j BOnpoc llOHb[He Cnemta.JlbHO He paCCM3Tp(1BaJlC5I HHKeM H3 npe.DlJ1eCTBylOlllMX aETOpOI!, II HCTOp(1KO-npaHOHOH JlHTepaTYpe Bee }/(e CJ\mKJ1.1J1.1Cb .nile TO'lKI.J 3pemul KaCaTeJlbHO BpeMeHt1 npoBelleHt1H xapaKTept13yeMoH cyne6HOH pe$opMbl. ComacHo nepBOH TOlIKe 3peHI1H, cYlle6Hble npeo6pa30DaHt1S1 ocy- weCTBJ]JU]t1Cb 6eCb nepl1011 elll1HOllep)f(aBI1S1 neTpa I, TO eCTb Ha nponDKeHHH KOHua XVII - nepoo" 'leTBepTl1 XVIII H. llaHHa.ll TO<JKa 3peHI1H Hallum OTp3)l(eHHe B I1CCJlellOBaHHJlX H. H. Ecppe- MOSO", A 11. AJIeKcaHllpoBa. O. E. Kyra<1mH8, B. M. 11e6ellesa 11 r. 10. CeMl1rHHa. 11. A. XpycTaJleBa. ComacHo BTopoH TOlJKe 3pCHI1H, cyne6HlliI pe$opMa neTpa 1 6bUJa npoBelleHa B KOHue 171O-x rr. B CHOIO O'lepellb, B PYCJle :no" TO'IKH 3peHt1S1 6bUJO BbIllBt1HyrO HOCKOl1bKO DaTHJXlnOK. no MHe- HHIO M. A. l:IeJTbUosa-Eie6yrosa. BocnpoH3BelleHHoMY 3aTeM B pa- 60Tax 11. C C(1MK(1Ha, C A. nawHHa. R H. Ea6eHKo, neTpOBCKa5I 13aKOHOillITeJ1bHb[e aKTb1 neTpa I. c. 341. B 1113l1aHHOM Ha OCHO- se I1HcrpYKlll111 peKeTMeticrepy ceHaTCKOM yJ<a3e OT 23 I!>eBpaIlSl 1721 r. .,0 i'etlefXLle-peKemveiit:mepe» npHBelleHHoe cyjf(j}eHHe JaKOHOl1<fJeJIl1 fibUlO ct1>oPMynl1poBaHO 6oJ1ee paJBepHyrO:" .D.a6b1 U[JICiJoItfY {lIoikkufflOVY} no ux deAaM 60 6ceM cyd 6bL.J  U 6e'JtJpodcM;}/(.'IJ//f(!.JHOU, U iJeqa 6 peuKUU... npa80 U 6 YKaJHoe 6peMf1, U IIenfX16bIMU 6 C}d2Nu U 6OIOKUII117MII HUK(R() He )'lllf'CflM1l" (3aKOHOllaTe!lbCTBO neTpa I. c. 86). 2EtJpeIlOfltlH. H. feHe3HC cyne6Hoi1 BlJaCTH B POCctll1. C. 89; AJeK- CGffiJP06 A. 11. YNJ.1 C04 C. 153-154. A)ff 0 E.. flefieiJefj B. M. Ce- WUcUH r 10. Y"a3. C04. T. 2. C. 110; XpJ'Cmale6 fl. A. Cy.ne6Ho-npaBoBble pc4x:!PMb] nCT))<] 1...: ABTOpe$. ... C. 5. 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 179 cyne6HIDl pe4>oPM8 COCTOWIlICb B 1719 r. 1 no MHeHlllO H. E. ro- J1HKOBOi1 H 11 r. KHCJHlfI1HOi1. cy.ne6H851 pe4>oPM8 HMeJIa Mecro B 1719-1720 fr.. a no MHeHHIO M.o. AKHrnHHa - B 1718 f. 2 nepB<UI TOlIKa 3peHHH BblfJl5l.1lI1T oc06eHHo cnopHo. H ne.no 3l1eCb He TOJTbKO B TOM, ':ITO pacTHH)'BrneeCSI nOllTH Ha 29 neT e.nH- Ho.nep)l(aB(1e neTpa I - ::ITO nep(10n. D.JmTeJTbHOCTb KOTOporo He COOTBeTCTsyeT xpOHOJIOfl1':1eCKOMY KpHTepHIO (13 npe1ll10)l(eHHoro OnpeneJTeH(1.11 cyne6HOH pe$opMbl. neJlO ell.le H B TOM, ':ITO, KaK 6wIO nOKa3aHO Bb]We. Ha npOTH>KeHHH 1696-1716 fr. H3MeHe- HIDI leaK B o6J1acTH cy.noycrpoilcTBa, TaK (1 B 06J1BCTH cy.nonpoH3- BOnCTBa ocyweCTBJl5IJI(1Cb 6eccHCTeMHO H 6e3 B3aHMHOH YBH3KH. BTOpaH TO'lKa 3peHH5I npellCTaBJ1HerC5I TaJVKe He 6eccnop- HOH. He.ilOCTaTO':lHaH OCHOBaTeJlbHOCTb 3TOH TO'-lKI1 3peH(1S1 CBH- 3aHa C TeM. 'ITO npH nampoBKe neTpOBCKoi1 cyne6HOH peopMbl nepHO.ilOM 1718-1720 rr. aBTOpbl npHHHMa.;m BO BH(1MaHHe I!(1Wb npoBelleHHble Toma npeo6pa.JoBaHH5I B 06J1aCTI1 CYllOYC1poi1cTBa, 3aKJllO'-IBBWHeCH B nocrpoeH(1H C(1CTeMbl OTlleJleHHblX or opfaHoB ynpaBJ1eHIDI cyllOB 06weil IOpHC.ilHKUH(1. O.ilHaKO npH Beeil 3Ha- <1HMOCTH OTMe<1eHHbIX npe06pmoBaH(1H I1MH OTHlQlI.b He OXBaTbl- BaeTCH conep>KaHHe cyne6HoH pe$opMbl neTpa I - .na)l(e B 06- I!3CTI.f OpraH(13aUH(1 cy.na. llocraTO':lHO BCnOMHl1Tb. '-ITO, nOMHMO OCHOBaHI1JI CHCTeMbl cynOB 06wei1 IOpHCllHKLlIm. H3 npoTIDKe- H(1(1 1718-1722 fr. 6Wl0 TalOKe Y4pe>KlleHO HJlH npe06pa3oBaHo HeCKOJ1bKO nOllCHCTeM CneUHilJTH3HpOBaHHblX Cy.nOB (B nepBytO 04epe.nb. no.nCHCTeMb] MafI1CTpaTCK(1X H uepKOBHblX cy.noB). KpoMe Taro. B 1717-1721 fr psiJJ, 3H3'mreJlbHbIX H3Me- HeH(1H 6b]JI npoH3BelleH B c1lepe YfOJloBHoro npouecc8. B Ha- 3BaHHb]e fO.ilbl cocrOMHCb KaK Bbl4JleHeHHe CrallHI1 npen- BapHTeJ1bHoro pacCJ1e.nOBaHHH, TaK H lllHpoKoe BHe.ilpeHHe peBH3HoHHO-pernalOll.lero nopMKa yrnep)l(JleHHSI H nepecMoTpa cy.ne6Hblx pern eHHH (3TH H3MeHeHHSI. leaK }')Ke ynoMHHaJTOCb. ['le.lbl¥J8-Ee6ymoo M. A. YK!l3. C04. C. 701: CUVICUH fl. C YKa3. C04. C. 210; flawuH CA. YKaJ. CO'I. C. 161; Ea6eHKOB. H. Cy.ne6HIDI CI1CTe- M3 POCCI1I1. C. 89. }:lnSl nonHOTbJ ItCTOplIOrpa4Kt'JecKOH KapTI1Hb] yMeCTHO .no6aBIffb, 'JTO 1719 roll B J..a'JecTBe naTbl Hal160J1ee 3Ha'JI1MbIX cy.ne6Hblx npe06pa30BaHI1H neTpa I BnepBb]e npelUlO)l(11)I Ii. H Cb]poMSlTHI1KOB (C!>/- fX)'tfRmtlUK06 E 11. 04epK I1CTopHH cyn3 C. 154) O.1lHaKO Ii. 11 CbIPO- MHTHI1KOB He pacCf>HUpHBaJI npeo6pa3oWHI15I. 1719 r. B Ka'JeL"TBe Cyne6HOO pe4x:!PMb] 1 FD.iIUK06G H. E., Kuc.IRCUHG fl. r. YKa3. COL]. C. 68: AiauuuH M. 0. Cy- lle6HIDI pe4x:!pMa nClpa I. D,I1C no C. 170. 
180 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I OKaJaJU1Cb COBepWeHHO o60fuleHbl npeD.llIeCTBYiOlll(1M(1 <tBTO- paMH npH 8HaJIH3e o6crosneJIbCTB pec]:JOpMbl). TCM C8MbIM, na- THpoBKH cyne6HoH ped>opMbl nerpa I H 1718 r., H 1719 r., H 1719-1720 rr. He Mmyr 6blTb npHHSlTbl. KaKHe >Ke xpoHOJlOm<JeCKI1e rpaHJ.1Ubl neT]JOBCKOii CYlle6- HOM pe4K>PMbl npe.!lCTaBJlJlfOTCs:I HaH60Jlee o60cHoBaHHbIM(1? D,y- MaeTC.II, 4TO OTC'leT cyne6HOH pe4K>PMbl neTpa I CJlenYeT BeCT" C 1717 L B YK33aHHoM rollY. BO-nepBblx, COCT05lJlOCb Y4pe>KJJ;eHJ.1e IOcrnU-KOJIJlerI1H (KOTOpoi1 npellcTowlO BCKope B03mHBHTb CH- CTeMY cynoB o6rnei1 fOpHC1U1KUt1H), a BO-BTOpbIX, npol130ll.LllO OCHOBaHHe Ci1CTeMhl «MaHopcKHx» KaHUeJUlpt1H ('-JTO cnoco6- CTBOBaJlO ynoMHHYfOMY Bb[lIJleHeHHIO CTMHH npellBapHTeJlbHoro paCCJle.LlOBaHHSI B yrOJloBHoM npouecce). r0110M >Ke JaBeprneHHSI xapaKTepH3yeMoH cyne6Hofr pe(}Jop- Mb] MO)l(HO npH3HaTb 1723 r., Koma 6bUJ 'lli Bb]llIHHH cyJJ;. nOJl)"-lHBWH de jure l{1]eHTI1'-lHbl cnnyc C npamneJ1bCTB}'IOUlI1M CaiaTOM BblllIHHH cyn ellBa He CTarJ cynoM Bblcwero 3BeH8 B pe- c]:topMHpoBaHHOH cyne6HoH CHCTeMe POCCHH (nollp06Hee 06 3TOM pellb nof\lJ.cr Hl{)({e). TaKHM 06pa30M. BpeMeHeM npOBelleHIDI cy- lle6HoH ped>oPMbl neTPa 1 CJTe.11YeT npH3HaTb 1717-1723 IT. S 7. Bblpa60TKa HOBOM MIla.l cy,qe6HOI'"O YCTPOMCTBa. nroToBKa 3aKOHa OT 19 ,qeKa6pH 1718 r. 06 YKpenIleHa.lM MHCTaHLlMOHHOCTa.'I B cy,qonpoa.l3Bo,QCTBe B COOTBeTCTBI1H C Bb]llIe06pHCOBaHHOH KOHUenUl1e cyn.e6- HOi1 pe<t:>oPMb] Ha'larJbHblM waroM Cyn.e6HOro pe<t:>oPMHpoHaHIDI SlBI1J\OCb OCHOBaHHe lOcrHU-KOJUIerI1H. 3m OCHOBaHHe llOClIe.no- BaJIO (OllHoBpeMeHHo C y4pC}l(1leHHeM erne BOChMH KOJUlen1H) co- rmCHO HMeHHOMYYKa3Y OT 1511eKa6pH 1717 r. [ 11 Y}I(e OlJeHbCKOpo ] 3aKOHQillITI'J1bHb[e i!KTbl ne1pa I. c. 220; 3aKOI-IOJ1Il"I"eJlbCTBO nerpa I. c. 97. B nllTqJaJypC MO)K}{O BCTpeTHTb I1HYIO - OllJI1604HYlO - nalY C01lla- HI1f1lOcTl1u-KOJIJIervrH. 9MWlI7/8i'. (C06eTCK8H HCTOpl1'JeCKaH :JHlll1K.10- ne.1ll1f1 M.. 1976. T. 16 C. 831. E.tjJpe1lf)flQ H. H. Cy.noycTlX)ltCToo POCCMI1... C. 44. Dlla J/Cf!. feHeJHC cyne6Hoi1 BJI!lCTH B POCC(o!lll. C 91). nOHBJleHl1e .nai .oaTb! MO)KHO CBfl3aTb C TeM 06CTOfITbCTBOM, 'JTO nepBb]tj nOKYMeHT. Henocpe.ucrneHHO KaCallWI1HCfI 1OcT1111-KOJ1J1ervrl1. KOTOpblH OKa3aJJCJJ no- MellleH B nepooM nOJIHOM C06paHI1I1 3aKOHOB - .nOK.IJaIl IOcTHU-KOJUlerl1l1 c pe3OJ1JOUI1JJH nerpa I -.1IaTl1posaH KaK pm 9 MIDI 1718 r. (nOJ1Hoe co- 6paHI1e JaKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 3202. C. 568-569). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 181 l1MeHHO KkJl1U-KOJl.l1enm CY)l(1leHO 6WlO B3HTbCR 3a HCnOJ1HeHHe CfIO)f(Hei1rneM 3aD.a4H no nepeycrpoiiCTBY cy.ae6HOH CHCTeMbl Poc- CI-1I-1. KOMY xe nepcmillJlhHO 6bUlO cy.>KLJ.eHO HenocpellCTBeHHo OT- Be'F<lTh Ja nOMOTOBK)I H npOBeneHHe cyne6HhiX npeo6pa30BaHHH? npeJl11leHTOB H BHue-npe3HlleHToB KOJlJlerHH neTp I Ha- 3Ha4WT TeM >Ke YKa30M OT 15 neKa6pJl 1717 r. npH Bhl60pe nep- BblX JlHU HOBb]X opraHOB BJ1aCTH Llapb npHMeHHJI CJle)lylOWHH KaJJ;POBb]H npHHLlHn: npe3HlleHT - pyCCKI1H aJlMHHHCTpaTOp. BI1Ue-npe:U1.lleHl - HHoCTpaHHb]H CneUI18JIHCT (HCKJlIO'-IeHHe 31leCh 6hUlO ClleJiaHO 11HWh DJUI KOJU1entH HHocTpaHHhlX .neJl)I. Coo6pa3Ho OTMe'1eHHoMY npHHUl1JlY. npe:n1.lleHTOM IOcnlU- KOJlJlerHH CTaJI 52-JleTHHH rpa4J Al-LllpeH ApTaMOHOBH'1 MaTBeeB, BI-1Ue-npe3H1leHTOM - 55-neTHHH repMaH ()penepH (Hermann von Brevern). Cb]H 3HaMeHHTOro 60RpHHa A C. MarBeeBa (c KOTOpblM eMY llOBeJlOCb npoBeCTI1 rneCTb 11eT B cCbUlKe). ellBa He nom6- rnHH BO BpeMJI crpeJleUKoro BOCCTaHHSI 1682 f.. C IOHOCTH 11H4HO H3BeCTHhlH neTpY I. A A. MaTBeeB HMeJI K MOMeHTY onpeneJle- HHJi B IOcnlU-KoJU1erHIO 3Ha'1HfeJlhHhIH onhlT rocyn.apCTBeHHoH CJly".A\6hl. K TOMY BpeMeHH fJJill1> Al-LllpeH APTaMOHOBJ.fl1 ycneJl no- 6hlBaTb Ha llOJl>KHOCT5IX llBHHCKOro BoeBOllbl (B 1692-1694 rr.). nOCJIa B rOJIJlal-LllHH (B 1699-1712 rl.). nOC11a B ABCTpHH (B 1712-1715 rd. npe3HlleHTa MOpcKOH aKaIleMHH (c 31 .IIHBa- L npHMe4aTeJlbHO, 'JTOllOi!JKHOCTbJO Bl1ue-npl:"Jl1!leHTd 0Ka3dJJ0I «060i1- neH» feHpHX <DHK, CTaBllll1H JII1111b OPlll1HapHblM COBeTHI1KOM KaMep- KOJIJierHH. He MeHe npHMe4aTCJlbliO, 'JTO BI1Ue-npe3l1!leHTOM KaMep- KOJU1erHH (TO eCTb Henocpeno..-rneHHbIM Ha'JaJlbHHKOM f. <DHKa) ne-rp I HaJHa'll1J\ 1511eKa6pH 1717 r. MarHyca HHpoT!I (Magnus Wilhelm von Nle- roth). B nOJlK)' nOll KOMaHLlOBaHl1eM KOJOjJO£O. CTOI1T HanOMHI1Tb, feHpHx <DI1K CJ1)')K1t/1 B WBe.1lCKOH apMI1I1. npl1'-ll1Ha, no KOTopoi1 ne-rp I He Ha3Ha- 'iHJl f <DHK!I H8 6o.rJec BblCOKYIO 1l0J])KHOCTb, HeHCffiI tI nOHb[He. 13 ilaHHOM cnY'lae HeJ1b3H He pa3D.eJ1I1Tb He.1l0YMeHI1H A. Ue.nep6epra, oT'-lero "raOIi cnoc06Hb]H 'JI1HOBHI1K KaK <DHK He nOJ1Y'1l1J1lnpl1 )"Jpejf(j}eHtll1 KOJ1J1erHH) BJ1I1HTeJ1bHoro nOCTa» (Cederberg A. R. Op. C]l. S. 66). fu.ll nonHOTbl KapTH- HbI CTOI1T ll06aBHTb, 'JTO uapb Bce >Ke He OCTaBIt/1 6e3 HarpIDKIleHI1H BeCbMa aKTI1BHoe YlacTHe feHpl1Xa <DHKa B .nene nonrmoKl1 Cy.ne6H0i1111 aLlMI1- Hl1CTpaTI1BHoi1 pet):JOPM. I1MeHHbIM }IKIDO\t OT 24 neKa6pH 1720 r. KaMep- COBeTHIIIK)' 6bllJO nO)((aJlOBaHO KJJynHoe IIIMeHl1e 06epnarreH (Oberpahlen) B LlepnrcKoM ye3D.e (Ibid. S. 69-70). HOBeUJyIO CBOllK)' llaHHblX 0 llarrbHe- wei1 cy.nb6e f. CDI1Ka, nepe)((HBwero BnOCJIe.nCTBI1I1 JreCsrrnJIen-JlOtO CCb[}]K)' B JlK)'THtO H CKOH'laBweroc.II B 1750 r., eM.: Cepoo fl.. 0. AuMI1HIIC1]XIUI1S1 neTpa I. 2-e tlM. M.. 1008. C. 78-79. 
182 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I pH 1716 r.)I. A A MaTBeen OTJII14arJCSI WHpoKOi1 o6pa30BaHHo- CTbID. MMeJI Jl8TI1HCKI1M. nOJlbCKI1M 11 4!paHuY3cKI1M Sl3bIKaMH, HcnblTblBaJI HecoMHeHHblH I1HTepee K JOpl1cnpyneHUt-m l . BMe- CTe C TeM, XOT5I HOB05lBJIeHHblH npe311JleHT lOcrnu-KoJUJenm Ii HMeJl npellCTaBJIeHJ.1e 06 opraHt13aWlH roCy.uaPCTBeHHOro anna- paTa paLla enpondicKwx cTpaH (oco6eHHo rOJUJaH.LIJ1H Ii <DpaH- I..U4""), B rOCYAapCTBeHHOM YCTpOHCTBe WBe)lCKoro KOIX)}leBCTBa OH Op(1eHTHpoBaJIC5I cJlaGo. I1HO" )f(!13HeHHbIH H KapbepHblft. JlYTh K 1717 L nporneJ1 r. IJpeBepH3. EynyuU1H Blme-npe3l1JleHT IOCnm-KOJ1J1enn1 pO- mUlCH 20 HIOJl5I 1663 r. B PHre B ceMbe 3tl>K.IiTo'moro 610prepa l10raHHa 6peBepa. no OKOH'laHHH B 1683 r. PJ.DKCKOf1 n1MH3- 31111 repMaH EpeHep nOCTYnHJ1 B YHI1BepCHTeT B AnbTllo}:$e 611113 HlOpH6epra. npofu151 B 1683-1686 rr. nOJlHb[j:j IC}IpC o6Y4eHH.II B Ha3B3HHOM YHHBepc(1Tere Ii ycnewHO 3aWl-1Hm llHccep-raUHIO no pHTopHKe, r. Epesep HeKOTopoe BpeM5I nocewan 3aHJlTI151 B }'H1.-\BepcHTere l1eHbl. a 3aTeM D.Ha fO.na H3}1'-1aJ1 IOp(1CnpyneHUI1IO B YHHBepC(1TeTe JleiinUl.Jfa. nOCJ1e 3TOro Ha npcrrH&eHm1 ljeTblpeX JleT fepMaH npe- Bep COBepWaJI 06pa30BaTeJ1bHble nOe3.ilKH B npary. BeHY. Pe- reHc6ypf. MIOHxeH. 3aJ1bU6YPf. T(1POJlb. (}>eppapy. <!JJlOpeH- LlHIO. PHM. TYPHH. napH)/(. feHT. AHTBepneH. faary H Jldi.D.eH. 1 HOBeHWYtO CBODI<)' DaHHblX 0 6110rpaI]JI111 A. A. MaTBeeBa eM.: Ce- po6 n. 0. AuMl1HHCIJXlUIt.ll nCTpa I. c. 56-57. YMCCTHO 33Me11fTb, 'JTO 1l0JUKHOCTb npc3HllCHTa MopcKOi1 alQUleMMM A. A. MameeB coxpaH.IIJI 11 noclle Ha3Ha'JeHM.II B IOcmU-KO'l1Il'rl1tO - ».0 3 SlHBapH 1719 r. no.apo6- Hee 0 pyKOBOIlCTBe A. A. MJrseeBbiM MOpCKOli a!caJIeMl1eH eM. B oco6ofi CTan.e 11. M 6anaKl1peooi1 (DaIOKUpe6G fl. M A. A. MaTBeeB BO maBe MOpcKOH alCa!lCMMIil (1716-1718 ro.nb[) II BOCHHOC I1pOUUlOC rocynapcTI!U PoccMikKOJO: yrpa'JcHHoe tI COX(BHeHHOC: M:neptHUlb] Bcepocc. H!I)'4HO- npaVB:6o;ee6AA\r:-tMeJ1acb He06bl'JHO 06Wl1pHIDI lUl.II C!lHOBHtlKa nClJ)OBCKoro BpcMeHtI nOll6opKa KHl1f npaBOBoro Co.ncp- >KaHI1H. 3Ta nOll60pKa BK.lJt04W1!1. B <rncTHOCTH. CO'IMHCHM.II f. fpowm 11 C. nYHilop4Ja, KQJJ.eKC JOcrI1HHaHa. «flpa60 (/ll!l/l1fJOOlKH! pu-\!.c/(()(">. «Pe- 'z'IaKt!lltnbl /(O{JO-letl KUX» (.n..vnrlO6 c. fl KHl1ra B POCCI1H B nepBoH 'JeT8ePTH X\'I11 8eKa.11.. 1973. C. 225) 3tfuM6oJJ.ee nerd.IJbHoe I1JJ\O)l(CHHe 06crmrreJ\bCTB 6HOrpa$HH fepM..u-rn 6pesepHa CM. B QCTaJIIlJl'MCSI MaJl0I13seCTHb!M B POCCI1I1 I-JJ}aMeHTaJlbHOM reHeaJIOrH4eCKOM MCCJlel1OlklHl111 0 po.ne 6peBepHOB, nolll'OTOlilleHHOM B XIX B feoproM 6peBepHOM. a Tdl0Ke B ynoM5IH}'TbIX Bblwe 3anHCKaX fep- MaHa 6peBepHa (Brellem G. Zur (ie..chlchte del' Famlhe von Bl'evem. Berlin, 1878. Bd. I. S. 23-5S, Hermann's von Brcvcm Leben. S. 225-259). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 183 5 OKUI6p}l 1694 L lllBellCK(1M KOIX)}lb Kap.ll XI B03BeJ1 repM3H8 6peBepa B nBOpS'lHcKoe nOCTOHHCTBO, napoBaB npH 3TOM (]>a- MHJlHIO 6peBepH. rocynapcTBeHHlliI cJ1y.+::6a repMaHa 6peBepH8 Ha<ffiJlaCb B 1693 r., Koma OH nOCT)TIHJI Ha nOJl.:KHOCTb cyDbH B PJ.DKCKHH JlaHllrep(1XT. B 1704 r., no KopoJleBCKOMY yJ<a3Y, r. 6peBepH 6b]JI H83Ha'leH aceccopoM B JlH(]>J1.11HllCKHH aneJIJlS!- 11110HHbIM CYA (nepen(1CJ10LlHpoBaHHbIH K 3TOMY 6peMeHH. CTOHT noBTOpHTb, H3 J].eprrra B PHry). B 1708 L repM8H 6peBepH HeKOTopoe BpeMS! HCnOJ1H5IJI 06S13aHHOCTH JIH$1S'1HllCKOro ry6epH8Topa. a B 1709 L IIblexaJI BMeCTe C CeMbeH H3 PJ.1rJ.t II JlI06eK. nocJle B03BparneHHS'I B 1711 r. B Pm}' (y.+::e 3aHS'll}'1O PYCCKHM(1 BoikKaMH) r. 6peBepH 3aHHJI B aneJlJlS!WlOHHOM cy.ae .aomKHOCTb B(1Lle-npe3l1LleHTa. KTO HMeHHO nopeKOMeHllOBaJI r. 6peBepHa ncrpy IlIJI.II H83Ha'leHI1JI B IOcTJ.1u-KoJlJlen1lo. II T04HOCTI1 OCT8eTC5I He5lCHbIM: no KpaH- HeM Mepe, l1H'lHO uapb C repM8HOM 6pesepHoM no 1717 L He BCTpe'l8JlCn. He HCKJlI04eHO. 'lTO npoTeKuHlO BJ.1Ue-npe3llileHTy aneJIJISlUl10HHOro cyna COCTaIlHJl 3HaBwHH ero pH)f(cKl1ii ry6ep- HaTop n.A. rOJIHUbIH I . 4TO 6bl TaM Ht16bUlO, t1MeHHO 6blBwe- MY DHnJlOMal}' A. A. MaTBeeBY (1 6bIBweMY wBellcKoMY cy.abe r. 6peBepHy.aOBeJ10Cb B 1718 r. B351TbC5I 3a nOCTPOeHHe HOBOro POCC(1MCKOro cy.aa 2 . nepBb]H cepbe3HblH nOllCTyn K peOpraHH33U(1H OTe4eCTBeH- HOro CYllOYCTPOHCTBa IOCTHLl-K0J111erl1n npellnpHHIDI3 B H3'lane MIDI 1718 L Torna A. A. MaTBeeB HanpaBI1JI neTpy I nonroTOB- JIeHHbli1 npt1 8KTHIIHOM Y48CTHH r. 6pcllcpHa 3 ..D.OC100 0 Ko.ue- i!UU IOCmuu,uu». KOTOpbli1 COCTOM t13 nsrr(1 nyHKTOB, COllep)KaB- Wt1X BonpOCbl (1 npocb6bl K uaplO no pa3JlH'IHblM HanpaBJIeH(151M .ae.llTeJlbHOCTI1 KOJlJlerl1H. no BepHOMY Ha6J1I011eHHIO K. neTep- I nOlljJ06HOCm 0 BJaHMOCJ'O{CHlJf'HI1HX r. E'ipeaepHa c n. A. fQJIlllllb]- HbIM eM: Hermann's von Brevem Leben S.246-247. ! <])aKIJ1'1eCKOC BCl)'[]J1eHI1C f. E'ipeBepHa BDOIJ;KHOCTb BHlle-npe:mlleHra COCTOHJlOCb He paHCC nOCJleDHMX <rnCeJ\ anpcml 1718 r., nOCKOJlbKY OH npl1- 6blJl B CaHKT-neTep6ypr nl1Wb 14 anpeJIH (Hermann's von Brevern Leben. S. 249). OcraeTCH ynolllSlHyrb, 'ITO, HecMoTpH Ha BbICOKOCJ6pTIoB1.HHOCTb. fepMaH E'ipeaepH TaK 11 He OMMen rol"CKI1M .113bIKOM. 0 'JeM OTl<poaeHHO ynowlHYJJ B CBOHX 3anl1cKaX (Ibid. S. 247). B peJYJJbTaTe. KaK YllPY'leH- HO KOHCTaTHpoBaJlOCb B 1l0HOWeHI1H K>crnll-KCIIlfIerl1t1 CeHal)' OT 13 MIDI 1719 r., «(ju/(e-npe:1UOeton IT: Epe8epHj u npom'lWl Uf/{XmptllIHbIJIlJ!/eHbI{npu- C)f1llmt!Wl Koue<:uuj:J(j If£'8f'iJetmeu PJ'CI<O;;O RWlUl6eC nepefJOi})' CKOpO 8GJI{'- ItbiXJ=::n": r:r4948. KH. 511.JI.1I3). 
184 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I COHa, 1-13 «1l0KJIM8...» 04emULHO. 4TO Ha MOMeHT em COCT8B- JleHIHI. A A MaTBeeB ewe He I'IMeJl «JICHOro nOHI'IM<1HI-1S1. HM 0 IOpI-.JC1U1KUtm cBoeH KOJUlenm, HH 06 ee Mecre B [pe4>oPMMpye- MOM] cyne6HOM cHcTeMe»l. KaK6bI TO HH 6bUlO. OeTp I He OCTa- BI1J1 6e3 BHHMaHlU1 06paweHHe npe3111leHTa IOcTHU-KOJUJefHH. Y>Ke 9 MIDI 1718 r. uapb c06cmeHHopy<-1HO HaJlO>KW! pe30nlOU(11'1 H8 Bee nYHKTbJ «1loK.JIMa 0 KOJ1J!eml'l fQCTI1UHH» 2. Oco6oe 3Ha4eHl'le .II.1UI naJIbHeihuero xo)];a cyne6HoH pe4>oP- Mb] "Mena Bb]CO'-/aHWIDI pe3OJU0Ul1JI H8 fl. I nOlUmlla A A MaT- BeeM. B 3TOH HaH601lee npOCTpaHHoH 1-'13 pe30JUOUHH OT 9 MaS!. 1718 r. neTp I OnpelleJUIJI: «...flavecmHoMY npuKo3y 6b1mb oco- 6AU80 (OAR YMHOJKeHW1 0e1), OOl/aKO JIC nOG ynfX/6JJelme..., JOcmul{- KO/le2UU. A cnopHble ae.na OAR peweHWI npUHocumb 6 /Ocmul{- Ka1ezUlO. (viJau 6blmb no i:'O}JOiJalf, a Z/I06HbiM 6 KOJlCiJoU zy6ep- HUU no Oal/OMY, a Malble noo OHbIM. a 2/1a8Hbie zy6ep[H]CKue noo JOcmUl4.-KCLlei!UU».J. B npl..me.rreHHoi1 pe30JllOUI11'1 JaKOHO.D.aTeJlb, Bo-nepBbIX, nO.nTBepllHJI peKOHCTpYl'lpOB3HHbli1 Bblllle I'ICXOllHblM 3aMbICeJl H3 C031l8HMe B POCCMM CTporo UeHTpaJIM30B3HHOH cyne6HoH CI'ICTe- Mbl BO maDe C IOCnm-KOJlJlenlei1. a BO-BTOPbIX. BnepBble KOH- KpeTI'I311pOBaJI CDoe Bl1lleHl'le YCTpoi1CTBa HI'I30Bb]X 3DeHbeB 3T0i1 CI'ICTeMbL PeaJJl.13}'JI I'ICXO.rrHblj:j 33Mblcell pectmPMbl, 6YlWWI'lj:j I'IM- nepaTOp orooopl'lJl no.rr'-U1Hem1e IOcTI111-KOJlJlerl1l'1 CTapl'lHHoro nOMecrHoro npl'lK33a - cnem1aJll'l3l1pOBfIHHoro cYlle6Horo op- .-aHa, paCCMaTpMBaBlllero nella no nBopHCKO"'IY 3eMJIeManeHI'lJO (xonl M npl'l COXpaHCHl'I1'I ero CTpyKT)'pHOM 060co6neHHOCTI1). LITO KaCaeTCJI: 6ynyweH opraHl133UMI'I HI'I30BblX 3BeHbeB cy- ne6Hoi1 CI'ICTeMbl, TO M3 BbICO'-laj:jlllej:j pe30J1JOlll1l'1 Ha nepBbli1 nYHKT llOKJ1ana A A MaTBeeBa Bblpl'lCOBb]BaJJaCb cJlel(yIOIl.la.ll KOHcrpyKUI'l5l: nepBoe 3BeHO - ropO,.!J;OBble C}'llb], BTOpoe 3Be- HO - ry6epHCKl1e CYllbl, TpeTbe 3BeHO - IOcTl1u-KoJ]J]erl1. Ko BceMY npo'-leMY (H3 1.J:TO y)f(e yKa3bIBaJIOCb B Jll'ITeparype), no- n06Ha KOHCTpYKUI151 COOTHOCl'lJlacb - nycTb 1'1 B 06UH:lX 1.J:ep- TaX - co lIlBe.rrC KI-1M l'I1leaJIOM: ropolloBble cynbl -lll'lcrpl'lKTHble = : BeCbMaCOllep.lK:lTelJbHoro.nOKYMeHTd 6bLfla ClCyIUlXJBJJf:Ha. CTOHT nOBTOplITb, B nCpBOM nOJiHOM C06paHI1I1 JaKOHOB. a IlOBTOpHIDI (no apXI1BHOVY nOlUlI'IHHI'II<)') - H. A. BOCKpeCeHCKHM (nOJ1- Hoe co6paHI1e 3aKOHOB T 5. NQ 3102. C. 568-569; 3aKOHOl1aTt"JIbHbie aKTbl ne1K0::J;e aKTb] nfiPa I. c. 368. 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 185 CYllbl, ry6epHCKlile cynbl - npOBI1HUI1MbHble CYllbi. KkulU- KOJIJIeflHI - 8neJ1JI5IUHOHHble cynb[]. npH 3TOM npe.nweCTBYfOlllHe 8BTOpbl He ofpanulI1 BHMM<J- HH5I H8 TO 06cT05ITeJ1bCTBo. 11TO B pe30J1fOUH5IX OT 9 M851 1718 r. neTp 1 HH CJ10BOM He ynOM5IHYJ1 0 np8BHTeJ1bCTB}'IOWeM Ce- HaTe. H lleJ10 3,!leCb 6blno He TOJ1bKO B TOM, 'lTO A. A. MameeB He nOCTaBI1J1 B MaMCKOM 1l0KJ1aue BonpOC8 K8C8TeJ1bHO cYlle6HO- l1epapXH'leCKHX B3aHMOOTHOllleHI1M IOcTI1U-KOJ]JlerHI1 11 CeHaTa. He Bbl3bIBaer COf\.1HeHI1M, 'lTO B r.rne 1718 r. 3aKOHQJJ.aTeJ1b ellle He onpeneJ1HJlC5I. COXpaHJlTbJlM Boo6we 3a npaBHTeJ1bCTBYIOIJlI.'IM CeH8TOM cy)];e6Hble 4JYHKmm. To. 11TO neTp I HcnblTblBaJI 3H8'mTeJ1bHble K0J1e6aHHSI H8 3TOT C'-JeT. 0geBHlIHO H3 COCTaBJIeHHOH 110 lleKa6p51 1718 r. nep- 80M pellaKUl111 3aK0H8 «!J.OJ1>KHOCTb CeHaTa». B :noM pellaK!..l1111 HI1 CJlOBa He CKa3aHO 0 lle5lTeJlbHOCTlil CeHaTa KaK opraHa npaBO- CYllH5I 1 . BMeCTe C TeM. CTOJIb)({e O'-leBHlIHO, 'lTO B Mae 1718 r. JaKOH01l3TeJJb H nOMblCJIl1Tb He Mor, '-ITo6bl JlHlllHTb cYlle6HOH Rfl8CTH MOH8pxa. Ha OCHOBaHHH BblllleH3JlO)l(eHHoro npenCTaBJI5leTC5I, 11TO npaKTl1'lecKoe BOnJlOweHHe npHl3eneHHof1 Bblllle pe3OJ11OUHH OT 9 Ma5I 1718 r. MorJ10 6bl npHneCTM K C03ll3HHfO B POCCHH CTpoHHOH 11 BHyrpeHHe UeJ10CTHOH '-JeTb]peX3BeHHoH CHCTe- Mbl CY)];OB o6weH IOpI1CnMKUHH: JUIXIDOBOM cyn - J)'6epHCKI1M CYll - KkTI1U-KOJ]Jlerl1S1 - C<lMOlleJ»Keu . K poMe TOro. Hap5l- 11.Y C ynOMJIHyrb1M B pe301I1OUMH OT '} MaH 1718 r. nOMeCTHblM npMKa30M, K IOcTMu-KoJ1JIerHH KaK K aneJ]Jl5lUHOHHOH HJlH KaK K peBH3HoHHo-pernalOweH HHCTaHUHH MOrJ1H 6bl B nepcneKTH- Be - c006paJHO llYXY HCXO.1lHOro 3aMblCJI8 neT}Ja I - OKaJaTbC5I npHCTb]KOBaHb] H npYrI1e cneLll18JlH3HpOBaHHble CYlIbJ: OT npe- 06pa)l(eHCKOro npl1K338 )];0 KpHrcpexrOB. B 3TOM cJI)"ffie H81l1a CTpaffii nOJi)"-lHJIa 6b] nepelloB}'lO (1lIDKe no CT}JOrl1M esponei1:- CKHM MepKaM) CYlle6HYlO CHCTeMY, cnOC06HylO co BpeMeHeM nepepacTIl B .>KJ.l3Hecnoco6HYfO BeTBb cy)];e6HOM MacrH. OnHaKo npHBeneHHa.sI PeJOJ1lOUIDI OT 9 Ma.sI 1718 r. JlBHJ1acb OTHfO.llb He nOCJ1ellHHM CJlOOOM 3aKOHODaTeJ1Sl. no nceH Bepo.srr- HOCTH, neT]) 1 HCnbITaJI onaCeHHe, '-JTO llaJIbHeHWee p83RHme ero JaMblCJI8 nO(t.aeT BpaJpe3 co CTpaTerl1'-JeCKOH J1HHl1eH Ha M8KCI1- 1/ioa;cl()(CI<.UU M M 06JJacTHIDI pe4x:!pMa nerpa BeJ1I1KOro. C. 167; Peterson C. Gp. C]l P.312-313. !CM.: J:JKOHOlIDTI:J1bHb[e aKTb] ncrpa I. c. 184-185. 
186 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I M<LllbHoe I'ICn0J1b30BaHl1e lllBe11CKoro OnbiTii. A pa3 TaK, TO He06xo- flI.1MO 6bUlO npoo01DKJ.fTh pa6my no an.anraUI1I1 111Be.ncKo MO.JleJll1 cy.noycrpotlcTBa K OTe'lecmeHHblM YCJlOBI.JJlM. no BCef\.iY 3TOM}', oceHblO 1718 r. nmlBlUIHCb DBa npoeKTIl peopraHH3aUHH OTel[e- CTBeHHOH cYlle6HOH CHCTeMbl. 3ro 6bU1H npoeKTbJ npe3M1leHTa IOcn1U-KOJTJlerl1l1 A. A. MaTBeeBa 11 KaMep-COBeTHIilKa reHpHxa <})I1Ka. npoeKT r. <bHKa 6bUi ncmrarOBJIeH no npoCb6e BJ.1Ue- npe3l1!leHTd KkTI1U-KOJU1en1l1 r. EpeBepm, npoeKT A. A. MaT- BeeBa - BO I'ICnOJlHeHHe paCnOpH)I(eHHH CeHaTa OT 3 H05l.6pH 1718 r., B KOTOpOM npennHChlBaJlOCb ('0 'iUHOX 3eMCKUX cyoeii, zae CKa1KO OHbl.M 6b1mb Hod..1eJfCUm. 63f/mb 6e()eHue om npeJUiJeHma /Ocmu-Ko./II1eZuu»]. npoeKT reHpHxa <bHKa 6bUl H3JlO)({eH B yKa- JaHHb]X Bb]llle (,BCenOMaHHdillll1X 3aMe4aHlrnX 06 YCTpoeH(11'1 lllBe;:J;CKI1X BepXHI1X 11 HI1>KHI1X JeMCI«(1X cy.nOB» OT 3 OKT.II6pH 1718 L, npoeKT A. A MaTiJeesa - B em JJ;OHOllleHI1I1 CeHal)' OT 15 HOj.J6pH 1718 r. 06a 3THX npoeKTa OTJlO}f(}\JlHCb K H3CTOJ:lweMY BpeMeHH B y;+::e ynoMHHaBweiicH KHHre 58 4JOJ-UIa (,CeHaT» PoccHiicKOro rocynapCTI3eHHOrO apXHBa DpenHHX aKTon 2 . I3YllY<1H nnelleHbl B HaY'fHbIH 060POT H nnepBb]e npOaHaJlH3HpOBaHbl M. M. l3oroc- JlOBCKIilM. JJ;aHHb]e npOeKTb] BJlOCJ1eACTBHI1 pacCMaT))I1BaJlI1Cb T,UOKe K. ne-repcoHoM,l1. M. l3aJ13KMpeOOH, a T3K)({e aBTOpOM HaCTOJI.lI..leH pa6OTbl J . npoeKT A A MaTBeeBa 113.ll3Jl H. A Boc- ] 3aKoHo.naTeJ1bHb[e aKTb] nerpa I. c. 61. 2PfAUA, 41. 148, KH. 58. .1. 34-35 (npoeKT f. 4II1Ka), n. 314-314 06. (npoeKT A. A. MaTBeesa). «Bcen01J.llaHHeHWHe JaMetmHHH..." Hanl1CaHbl nO-HeMeUKH 11 npe.nCTIJBJI.IIJOT co6oi1 aBTorpa4J feHpl1xa 4II1Ka. Opl1f11HaJI OJarnalVleH: «Unknhunig..te A/ltlI{rlwllgf.n iiber die Eintheilung der tdrwedfidl- en Ober- und Unter-Gemhte». COBpeMeHHblH nepeF!o.1l «BcenOLl!l.3HHeHWl1x JaMe4aHl1it.." Ha PYCCKHi'I .ll3blK Bbl.llBI1Tb Ha cero.1lHH He y.naJIOCb. J lXRoclO6CKUU M. M 06JJacTHaH peqx,pta nerpa BeilI1KOro. C 161- 172, Peler'oon COp. ell P. 319-324; 6o o 1011.1.IpuIOJI. M Cyne6HaH peqx,p- Ma nerpa I c. 119-121; Cep06P.. O. nOLlroTOBKa cy.ne6Holi pe4x:!PMbl nerpa I. c. 821-813. CneL\)'eT OTMeTl1Tb, 'JTO B JunepaT)'pe. Ha'JI1HaH C ynOMj.JHyroro TPYIW M. M. 6orocJ1oUCKoro, yrBeplUL'Iacb HeT04HaH illIT3 H,IIlI1CaHI1.11 «BcenolUl3HHei1uJI.:!x J3Me4tlHI1i1..." - 3 tJeKa6pfl 1718 r. MC)I(- DY TeM. B npocralllJeHHOM PYKOH f. Q)I1Ka B HIDKHeM JleBOM ymy n. 35 KH. 58 BpeMeHI1 COCT,UjJleHI1 Ha3BaHHOrO nOKYMeHTIJ - B Ka'JeCTBe YKa- 3aHI'IH MeC}llli! - COBepllJeHHO OT'-Iernl'IBO 'II1TaeTCH pl1MCNUI uH4Jpa «X". HO HI1KaK He «XII". 
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rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 193 HOWeHl11O K ropo.nOBOMY cyny. TeM caMblM. ry6epHCKl1e cynbl npeBpaTI1JU1Cb 1'13 cyna BTOpora 3BeHa (B KaKOBOM CTaTyce OHM 4JMrypHPOBaJlM B neKa6pbCKOM nOKJIMe A. A. MaTBeeBa) B cyn TpeTbera 3BeHa. B CBOIO O'1epe.nb, IOcTMU-KOJV1erHSI (MMeHOBaB- waHCH nO-npe)({HeMY «BbIWHMM HallBOpHblM cynoM'}) CTaJIa B TpeTheH pelUIKUI'II'I cynoM 'leTBepToro JHeHa. Me)((1()'TeM, Ha nOJT.IIX Bce TO" >Ke Tpen.eH penaKU111'1 npoeK- Ta 3<'1KOHa OT 19 neKa6p51 1718 r. n05lBHJIaCb BeCbM8 I1HTepeCHaJ1 ceKPeT.'lpcKllil nOMem: "lla'iOJlCUmb. e 6blmb iVlD8HbIM cydall»l. B 3TOH naKOHl'IllHOH nOMeTe oTpa3HJTOCb Ha'1aJ1bHOe pa3MblllUle- Hl'le JaKOHOllaTCJUI 06 OpraHI'lJawm KaKOra-TO HOBora - cpell- Hero no HepapXH'1eCKOMY n0J10)({eHI'lIO - JBeHa cy.ne6Hoii Ct1CTe- Mbl. npt1 3TOM Dt1CJ10KaUt1S1 COCTaBJTSlBWHX ::ITO 3BeHO cyDOB He nOJJ>KHa 6bUla COBnMaTb C aLlMI1HHClpaTI1BHO-TeppI1TOpl1aJlbHbIM neJTeHl1eM CTp3HbL OKOH'JaTeJ1bHO ll8.HHbJH 3<'1Mb]CeJ1 uapH CJlO)l(I1J]CSl B xone paJpa60TKI1 npellnOCJlenHeiJ, nJIToi1 penaKlil1I1 J.."lKOHOnpoeKTa. B 3TOH penaKUt1M nelp I co6cTBeHHop)l'-IHO BbmpaBI1JI BTOpoH nyHKT neKa6pbcKoro nOKJ1aua A. A. MaTBeeBa. Tenepb 3aK./lIO'm- TeJlbHOe npelln0J10)l(eHt1e naHHoro nyHKTa CTaJlO 'lHTaTbCH TaK: «...A Haa HUMU 6ceMU {ZOpoiJ08bJMU U np08UHliUa1bHbIMU CJoOaMuJ 6 3HamHbIX Zy6epHUfiX Ylfpe:>lCaeH 6yaem 6blUlUWU HaiJeopHOii (}YJ,,2. 113 npl1BeneHHoro npelln0J10)l(eHHSI co BCe" OT'JeTllI1BOCTblO BblpHCOBaJlOCb HOBoe 3BeHO OTe'JeCTBeHHoi1 cYlle6HO" CI1CTeMb]: Me)l(lJeft10H8JlbHble HMBopHble cynbl (no MHepUt1M nponamKaB- lime HMCHOBaTbCH «BblllllllHMt1»). I1HbIMt1 CJ10BaMt1, BHeCeHt1e B JaKOHOnpOeKT npOUt1U1pOBaHHOro npelln0J10)l(eHt1J1 03HaqanO. 1.jTO 3aKOHOnaTeJlb npHllIeJ1 K pellleHHIO - nOlI O'lenHllHblM BJ1t1- SlHI1eM r. cDMKa (a. 6bffb MO>KeT, TaK)I(e r. 6peBepHa 11 A. J1106e- paca) - 0 nepeHeCeHHI1 Ha OTe'leCTBeHHYIO n01.jBY KOHCTPYKl..t1111 llIBenCKI1X aneJIJlSlW10HHbiX cynoB. HapJUlY c 3THM. npH non- fOTOBKe nSlTO" pe.naKUHI1 nelp I BHOBb CHeJI B e.!lI1Hoe JBeHO ropOD.OBble 11 npOBHHUt1aJ1bHble cynbl, a JaO.!lHO YCTpaHI1JI TaKoe paHee npoeKTHpOBaBllIeeCH 3BeHO cyne6HoH CMCTeMbl. KaK He OTneJIeHHblH OT opraHa ynpaBJIeHI1S1 ry6epHCKM" cyn. '-ITO KacaeTCH IOcTHU-KOJIJTenJI'I (paJlleJI 0 KOTOpOH He Me- HRJlC.II co BTOP OH pe.naKUHH), TO B nSITOH pe.naKUI1H OHa npe- 13aKoHonareIJbHble aKTbl nerpa I. c. 374 2TaM )1(1:. C. 375. CrJOBa «6 31/Wf/I/biX Z}t3epHwv:: JJ<lpeJlCrJeH 6yiJem» Bnl1- CaHb] nerpoM I. 
194 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BpaUIJIaCb B aneJIJUIl.l110HHYiO I1HCTaHUHIO no OTHOrneHI-UO K HallBOpHblM Cy.naM. a TalOKe EHOBb 06peJ18 CTm)'c cyna 'IpeTbero 3Bem. OOCKOJ1bKY B XOlle pa3pa6oTKH rnecTOj..j pen.aKUHI1 pa3neJ1 JaKOHonpoeKTa, Kac8Bwt1ilcH opraHH3aWJH cyna. He nOllBeprC5I 60Jlee 113MeHeHt1SJM, I1MeHHO cy.noycrPOHCTBeHHble npelln0J10- }l(eHI1.11 mrroi1 penaKUI1M oGpen" cWlY 3aKOH8. B "Tore, comaCHO JaKOHY OT 19 JJ;eKa6pJl 1718 r. CYJJ;OM nepBOro (OCHOBHOro) 3BeHa CTaJIl1 ropo.nOBble 11 npOBHHl.lI1aJlbHb]e cyllbl (KOTopble npl1 no));- roTOBKe wecToi1 pe!lliKUI1I1 33KoHonpoeKT<i OeTp I o603Ha'-jl1J] e1l,l1HblM TepMt1HOM <'HWICHue cydu..). CynoM BToporo 3BeH8 CTaJU1 HallBOpHble cynbl. cynoM Tpe- Them 3BeHa. KaK y;+:e fibUlO CKa3aHO, - IOcTHU-KOJUlenUi. HeJlb- 351 He OTMeTHTb, "ITO KaK 0 ropOllOBblX 11 np0DJ.fHUHaJTbHbl)". TaK (1 0 HallBopHblX CYJIaX B CT. 2 3aKOHa rOBopWlOCb B 6YAYllIeM BpeMeH(1, (1X OCHOBaHMe B lIeKa6pe 1718 r. TOJ1bKO npellnOJ1ara- flOCh. B KfI'-JeCTBe 3neJ1J151U(10HHoi1I-1HCTaHllim no OTHOWeHl-11O K IOcrnu-KOMerl1l-1 B 3aKOHe OT 19 .aeKa6pH 1718 r. onpe1leJ1}JJ1c5I npamrrellbCTBYlOllmi1 CeHaT. npl-1 :nOM, KflK }0Ke OTMe<ffiJ1OCh Bblwe, comaCHO CT. 4 xapmcrepl-13}'eMoro 3aKOHa, .ae.rm MomH nOC1)'naTb B cy.ae6Hoe npOr13B01lCTBO CeHaTa flt1Wb C caHKllHH MOHapxa ('-jTO napaJIJleJ1bHO 3aKpeJll151J10cb. CTOHT nOBTOpHTb, B CT. 4 JaKOHa «lloJ])KHOCTh CeHaTa» B pen.aKUHH OT .aeKa6p51 1718 r.). A BOT cy.ae6Hble peweHH5I, BblHeceHHble npaBHTeJ1bCTBytO- WI-1M CeHaTOM. nepeCMOTpy }0Ke He nOlUle)f(aJ]H HM B KaKOM no- pH.QKe. ComaCHO CT. 5 3aKOHa OT 19.aeKa6p.ll 1718 r. npl1HOCMTb 'leJ106HTHble Ha peWeHI-1Jl CeHaTa Bocnpell.laJlOCb noli. yrpo30i1 cMepTHOI-1 Kfl3HM I . TeM caMblM, no CMbICJ1Y Ha3BaHHOH CTaTbH, npaBHTeJ1bCTB)'IOLUHi1 CeHaT npeBpaWaJ1C.II B CYll 6b1CWeZO 3Be- HR. npl11l3H11e CeHaTY nOJIHoMo'-mi1 Bblcwei1 cyne6Hoi1 HH- CTaHUI-1M He 03H8'-JaJlO, O.1lH3KO, J1l-1l11eHH}J TaKOBb]X nOJlHOMOlJHi1 MOHapxa. CTOMT OroBOpHTb, npaB.1la, 'lTO C03113.HHe KflKoii-J1I160 C-rpYK1Ypbl, KOTOpa51 06De1lHH5IJIa 6bl MOHapxa 11 CeHaT B .QeJle ompaBJ1eHHSJ n paBocy.QH5I (Hanoll06He lIIBelicKoi1 KopoJleBcKoi1 I Cnen,yeT OTMeT1fTh.. 'JTO 3anpeT Ha nona'J)' aneJlJ1J1Ul10HHblX JKaJl06 Ha peweHI1H CeHaTa He 03Ha'JaJl alX:OsllOTHOro 3anpeTa Ha o6palUeHl1e no.1l- naHHblX K MOHapxy. KaK}')Ke roBopWlOCb paHee. comacHo CT. 7 3aKOHa OT 19 lleKa6pH 1718 r.. nO-npeJKHeM)' .nonYCI<aJlOCb npHMoe 113ReIUeHI1e caMO- llCPJKWI 0 rocy.napcTBeHHb]X npecryllJlCHlII.IIX (no nepBb[M .nBYM «n:yHt..T.JM" JaKOHa OT 25 .IIHB<]p.ll 1715 r.). 
rIlaBa 3.  CY,Qe6HO pe4xJPMbl nerpa I 195 cyne6HoH peBI131-m 11JJl.1 Bb]CllIeH cyne6HOH peBI13HH 113 npoeKITI r. (])JI(Ka) B 3aKOHe OT 19 neKa6p51 1718 f. He npe.aycM8TpHBa- J1OCb. DOJlee TOro: no 6YKBe 3aKOHa OT 19neKa6pH 1718 r. caMO- nep)({eu nillKe HeCKOJlbKO o6oco6J1HJlc5I OT CeH8rn B cvne6HoM OTHoweHHH. no CT. 6 pacCMaTpHnaeMoro 3aKOHa (B KOTOpoif. KCTaTI1, 3aKOHOD.aTeJlb nO<JTH nOCJlOBHO BOCnp0I13BeJ1 npOUHTHpoBaHHoe Bblwe npe.D.JIO)({eHHe 1-13 n. 6 neKa6pbcKom nOKJIana A. A. MaT- BeeBa l ). npaBI1TeJlbCTBYIOWI1H CeH3T Mor B CJiYlJae 3aTpynHe- HHSI B pa36HpaTeJlbCTBe cyne6Horo ne.na 06pawaTbC5I K MOHapxy (BbIHOCHBweMY B :nOM CJiYlJ8e pellleHHe ellHHOJlH<JHO). TeM He MeHee, He Bbl3bIBaeT COMHeHHii. 'HO. no 3aKOHY OT 19neKa6pH 1718 f.. caMOllep)({eu BCe-TaKI1 He 06pa30BbIBaJI C060H OTlleJ1b- Hoe 3BeHO CYlle6HOH CHCTeMbL HCXODJI H3 CMbICJ1a CT. 4 H CT. 6 33K0H3. MOH3pX 3aHHMaJI no OTHoweHHIO K CeHaTY K3K op- raHY npaBocynl1S1 nOJ!Q)KeHHe CKOpee npellce.nareJ1S1 cyne6Horo IlpHcyrCTBH}J. HO HHKaK He BblllieCTosnueH HHCTaHUHI-I.llpyrHMM CJ10B3MH, B 3aKOHe OT 19 neKa6pH 1718 f. 3aKOHOllaTeJlb paCCMa- TpHBaJI npaBHTeJlbCTB}'lOllil1H CeHaT H caMOllep)({ll8 B Ka'leCTBe eduHo2o 3BeHa cyne6HoH CHCTeMbl. T3KHM 06pa3oM. B 3aKOHe OT 1911eKa6p51 1718 f. OKa3aJ13Cb 3aI1KCMpOBaH8 'leTblpeX3BeHHa5I cyne6Ha51 CHCTeM8: HM)({HHi1 CYll (rnpolloBOit/npoBI1HUMaJlbHbIH) - HarIBOpHblH crn  KOJUJerM5I - IIJXtBHTeJlbCTByJOlliHI-I ceHaT/caMOllep.>Keu . b:n M BCnOMHHTb, 'lTO nBa HH30BbiX 3BeH3 :nOM CHCTeMbl ellie TOJIh- KO npe.aCTOHJlO comaBaTb, MO)({}{O co BCeii onpeneJleHHOCTblO ymep>K1laTb. 'lTO B 3aKOHe OT 19 neKa6pH 1718 r. 3ane'JaTJleJlC5I OKOH'IaTeJIbHbli1 IaMblCeJl neT]Ja I no peopraHH3aUI1H OTe'le- CTBeHHoro cY1{a. HH3'le rOBop5l. B paCCMOTpeHHOM 38KOHe 6bUJa H."lJ1O.>KeHa nporpaMMa pe1ll31Olltem :;nan3 cyne6Hoi1 pe<tXJPMbl B 06J1aCTI1 cynoY CTpoHCTBa. [3aKOHOD.aTeJlbHb]e 3KTbi neTpa I. c. 379; cp.: TaM >Ke. C. 373. 1 He;lbJH lie OqJaTI1Tb BHI1MaHl1e tta HeT04HOCTb B I'IHTepnpeTaUHI1 CY.IlO\l.-rpoicTBeHHbIX nOJlO>KeHI1i1 JaKOHa OT 19 neN16p.ll 1718 r., .nony- llieHHyJO K. neTepcoHoM. WBeJlCKHW npaBOBe.n oIlJl160'IHO C'leJl (BOnpeKH CMblCJIY CT. 2 :J:lKOH1.) OTHOCHlllHMCfI K pa:JHbIM 3BeHhIIM cyne6How CIilCTeMbI ropo.noBble 11 npoBI1HUHaJJbHbie CYDbI. BcJ1enCTBl1e :noro K neTepcoH npl1- weJ1 K HeBepHoMY Rbi BOllY 06yraep)IQeHI1I1 B JaKOHe OT 19 neKaf\p.lll718 r. nRmUJ(JeHHOU cyne6Ho CIICTelllbI (Petersvn C. Op. cit. P. 326). OcracTC.II llOOaRI1Tb, 'JTO 3aKOH OT 19 neKa6pH 1718 r. 6bUl HeJa\ten.III1TeJ1bHO l13.1laH B TOM >Ke 1718 r mnorpa<tx:KI1, npH'JeM nBV\tJIl'MpIDl{3MI1 rlOilpHil (Onl1ca- Hl1e l13llaHI1 J]JrdAI.IJOIHCKOi1 ne-.aTH... C. l'Ui). 
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fIl8Ba 4. OCHOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 213 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. JUf'll1e OT KOJ1J1emi1. B rc$repl1xrax OTCyrCTBOBMH COBeTHHKI1). KaHUeJI5Ipl1lO COCTaBJUiJU1 KonHHCTb]. no.nKaHUeJI5IpI1CTbl, KaHUe- lliIpl1CTbl H HOTapl1Yc, KOropblX B03rJ1aBJHUI .nb5lK I1JII1 }l(e ceKpe- T3Pb. HaKoHeu, «HH}I(}{He CJI}I}KIITeJTH» 6bUlH npellCT8BJleHbl TeMH }l(e CTopo»:ID.IH, paCCbUlbWHKaMH H 3aJUle'IHbIMH MaCrepaMH. KpynHeiiwHM no 'mcneHHOCTI1 KaHueJl.llpCKoro 11 TeXHH'le- CKoro nepCOHMa cpe.!l.l1 ore<jeCTBeHHbIX HMBOpHblX CYJJ;OB .llRII.IIJI- C5I MOCKOBCKI1i1. no COCTO.llHI1IO Ha 51HBapb 1722 r. B MOCKOB- CKOM rorepl1xre Tpynl1Jll1Cb ceMepo eynei1 (BI1Ue-npe3I11leHT 11 llIeCTb aceccopoB), 28 K8Hue1l5lpcKJ..:Ix CJly:>K8lllm (n.Ba ceKpeTap.ll, JJ;Ba .nMIKa, HOTapHYC. nJlTb KaHUeJISlpHCTOB, BOceMb nOllKaHue- J1S1pHCTOB. II KOnI1I1CToB) 11 llIeCTepo CTopo)f(eii (no KYPbepaM 11 3aJUle'lHb1M MaCTepaM CBelleHI1S1 OTcyrcTB}ItOT). no naHHblM }l(e Ha 1726 r.. B MOCKOBCKOM HaasOpHOM eyne pa6OTaJII1 weCTepo cynei1: (npe3HlleHT 11 n.llTb aceccopOB), 27 KaHueJUlpCK(1X CJ1Y- }l(aW(1x. Tpoe cTopo)f(ei1:. 12 paCCblJ1bWI1KOB 111lBOe 3aJUle<jHblX M8CTepOB[ . B npo'll1x rorepIXTa" llITaTbl 6bUlH cKpoMHee: 4-6 cy- JJ;ef1 H 14-16 KaHueJl5lpcKI1X «CJIy)KI£reJ1eii». Hanp(1Mep, B Bo- pOHe)f(CKOM HaLlBOpHOM cYJJ;e B $enpaJle 1723 r. COCTO.llJlH 'leTBe- po cYJJ;eH 11 14 KaHUeJIJlpCK(1X CJ1}')KaWl1x. LJeTblpe rOlla cnYCTJI. B 1726 r. B BOpOHe)l(CKOM rorepHxre 'lHCJlI1JIOCb }')Ke llIeCTb cynei1: (npe3HlleHT, B(1ue-npe3HlleHT 11 'leTBepO aceccopoB). no- npe)l(HeMY 14 KaHUemlpcKJ..:IX CJI}')KaIl.lI1X 11 nnoe CTopo>Kei1:. A BOT n H81160Jlee ynaJIeHHOM OT CTOJ1I1U EHI1CeHCKOM HaJIBOpHOM cy.ne n 1726 r. TpymlJlHCb llIecrepo CYJJ;ef1, 14 KaHueJl5lpcKHx CJ1y.:Ka- Il.lHX (n.Boe ceKpempeH, 'leTBepO KaHueJlHpHCTOB 11 BoceMb KO- nl1l1CTon) H nnoe CTOpO}l(ef1 2 . Oco6oe YCTpOi1:CTBO I1MeJI P(1}1(CKI1i1: rc$repHxT, n KOTOpOM 6bUl B HenpHKocHoneHHOCT(1 coxpaHeH urraT. YCTaHOBJIeHHbli1: ell.le WBellaM(1 B 1630 r. nOllo6H3.11 cneUI1(]mK3 opraH(13aUI1I1 cyna B p(1re 6b1JIa - B o6weM BHl1e - nO.nTBep}l()1eHa B .>KarJ0- BaHHOH rpaMOTe ropony PHre OT 30 ceHTH6pJl 1710 r. B .naHHoH rp8More OroBa pl1BaJlOCb. 'ITa pIDKCKHe >KHTeJlH COxpaHRIJI1 «ece I PfADA, 41. 286. KH. 1. n. 125-116 06.; /Uq;wloe H K. YKa3. C04. C. II]. lprAllA,4J.285.on.I.KH.5951,NQ IOl.JI.l06.-3;/wpluOfl H. K. YKa]. C04 C. 183. Il6. CBeD.eHI1H 0 llITaTax CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro. KaJaHCKOro, KjJl:KOro, HI1JKeroponcKoro, C\foneHCKOro. T060J1bCKOro l1.Rpoc.naBCKoro HaLlBOpHblX Cy.nOB - no C()('T().IIHl1tO Ha 1716 r.; eM.: TaM )l(e. C. 41, 101. 155-156.173,206.214.260. 
214 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I UX npll6UlUU [npufJUJlf'2UUJ zpaiJcKue. npa60, cmamymbl, Cyi)bL. KOK OHU omdpe6qe OHbie u om ax;yiJclpeii do zocyOapeu do ceco 'iUC- /10 nOf/y'fWlU U Wlft?1U"I. BnOCJlellCTBHt1 oc06oCTb plUKcKoro cynoycrpoikTBa Ha- UlJ1a DOnOJlHHTeJlbHOe 3aJ<penJleHHe B CT. 21 ceHaTCKoro YKa3a OT 15 mOHS! 1722 r., H3llaHHoro B OTBeT H8 o6paweHHe lIenyra- '-U"'" >K1.ueJleiJ P"UH H nOHb]He He OCBeli\anwerOC51 II HCTOpHKO- npaBOBGM JlI..JTeparype 2 . B I-1TOre. B 1726 r., KaK H B XVII 8., B PIt>KCKOM HaJ1BOpHOM eyne COCTOHJUI 13 cynei1 (npe3J.U\eHT, BI1Ue- npe:u11leHT H II aceccopoB). o6ep-<fJHcKaJI, l.JeTBepo KaHue.rulp- CIVIX CJ1y.:KalllHX 11 weCTb TeXHHl.JeCKHX cOTpynHHKoB ('leTsepo <<CIIYJlCume.;reii npu Jt"JCeiJaHuu.} H llBOe «i!orjRepu.,:mcKllX c..1JV&)3. POCCHi1CKoe BJ1I1JiHHe np05iBJIJlJlOCb JlHlllb B TOM, <ITO npe3HlleH- TOM Ha3BaHHOro cYJU H8 npOHDKeHI.fI.1 1715-1729 fr. HaJH8'laJI- C5I pJ.DKCKI1i1 reHepaJI-ry6eplUlTOp. LITO KaC8erC5I npOBHHWiMbHb]X CYAOB, TO, nOl106Ho. KkrnU-KOMerl1J.f 1-1 ro$repI1XT8M. o.HI1 COCTOSInI1 1-13 KOMern- arIbHo.ro cyn.e6Ho.ro npl1cyrCTBWI, KaHueJl5lpcKJ..1X 1-1 TeXHW.leCKJ..1X CJ1)'JK3lID1X. rJI8Ba npoBI1HUHallbHo.ro cyn.a Ho.CHJI Ho.BOBBelleHHblH <II-1H o.6ep-JI8HllP}lArepa ('lTo., HeCo.MHeHHo.. HBJUlJIo.Cb o.T3BYKo.M paccMOlpeHHo.ro Bblwe npo.eKTa A. A. M8TBeeBa o.T 15 Hoo6p51 1718 r.). no.ll H8'laJIo.M o.6ep-JIaH;:qmxrepa o.6blKHo.BeHHo. pa6o- TaJUI 3-4 cynei1-aceccopoB 1-1 18-20 KaHUeJI.IIPCKHX CJlY.AillIl.lI1X. TaK, B .HpOCJl3BCKo.M npoBI-1HUI-1a.JIbHo.M cyn.e B anpeJIe 1722 r. Tpyn.I1.I1I-1Cb o6ep-JIaH;:qJIL'ITep, 'leTBepo aceCCo.PoB. 21 KaHUeJl}[p- CKHH CJly.:KaWHH 1-1 n.Boe CTOtx>.:.KCit J.1 TOJ1bKO B KpynHcHlllcM MOCKo.BCKOM npo.BI1HUl1arIbHo.M cyn.e B HHBape To.ro)({e 1722 r. 'lI-1CJlI-1J1HCb 'leTBepO CYlleH (o.6ep-JIaHllPI-1XTep 11 TpI-1 aceccopa) 11 39 KaHueJTHpCKJ.fX CJT)l)KaWI1X (He C'lHTaH HeoKllauHbIX)4. CBen;eHI1i1 0. I.lfJaTaX ropo.no.BblX cyno.B Bbl5lBHTb K HaCTOH- weMY BpeMeHI1 He Yn.arJo.Cb. HaCKOJIbKO Mo..>KHo. no.HHTb no. KOC- BeHHblM n.aHHbIM, TaKo.Bb[e WTaTbl 6blJll-1 HeBeJ1I-1KI1: npl-1 ropo1l0- BOM cyn.he COCTOMI1 2-3 MJIa.lUlJl-1X KaHueJlSlpcKI.JX CJIIl.lI.JX H 1-2 TeXHI-1<1eCKI1X Co.TPYllHHKa. HI-1 n.bHKOB, H" ceKPeTapei1. HI-1 HOTapl-1YCo.B B ro Po.llo.BblX cyn.ax He npellYCM8TpI-1BaJ1OCb. ] 3aKOHOllaTJ1bCTBO nCTpa I. c. 506. = Ti. :: \\HI1.11 0 urrarax 1630 r. CM.: KiM- fib/fib B. E. YKa3 C04. C. 78. 4PfNJ.A, 4J. 286. KH. 2. JI. 229-2]0; 41. 285. on. I. KH. 5947. NQ 104. JI. 6-6 06. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 215 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. OCTaeTCfI n06amlTb. 'lTO, KaK MO)l(HO Bl11leTb 113 <iPXI1BHb]X MaTepI1aJlOB. WraTb] pyKOBODl.neJ]e «npl1cyrCTBI1» pe<}:>oPMI-1- poBaHHbJX opraHOB npaBocynHfI YKOMfUleKTOBblBa.nI1Cb B nep- BOti '1eTBepn1 XVIII B. He nOJIHOCTbJO. CKIDKeM, BeCb nepl10n cyweCTBOBaHI151 6e3 npe311LleHTOB npopa6OTaJTI1 SlpOCJlaBCKHH 11 CaHKT-nerep6yprcKI-1H (!) HannopHble cynb!. B MOCKOBCKOM )((e rorepl1XTe npe:3I'1)J;eHT BnepBble nOflBWlCJI 11I1Wb B I1IOHe 1725 L. Ha llIecro roll nOCJle OCHOBaHI1J1 CYAa. Bcero JlB3 rolla (1722-1724 rr.) OTpCl6oT'<lIJ BI-1Ue-npe:uw:eHT B Ka3C1HcKoM HM- BOpHOM cy.ne. lJ,a 11 caMa IOcTl1U-KOJ1J1enHI - nOCJle nOCJIe.no- BaBweti 3 HIOJI5I 1721 r. KOH'1HHbl r. EpeBepHa l - OCTImaJIaCb 6e3 BJ.me-npe3I11leHTa no 1726 r. lla.nee CTOHT 3aT})OHYfb Bonpoc 06 06'beMe JOpl1CD.l1Klll10HHblX nOJIHOM0411H pe<}:>opMI1POBaHHblX opraHOB npaBocynl1Sl. lJ.;JJI Ha- '-JaJla I1MeeT CMblCJI OrOBopliiTb. '-JTO OTe1..JecTl1eHHbIH 3aKOHQQaTeJlb nepBO 'leTBepn1 XVIII B.. B OT111'14He OT COBpeMeHHoro, He pa3- neAA1I - Ha TeopeTlt'leCKOM ypOHHe - cynbl 06wel-1 1'1 Cnelli1arJb- HOti IOpI.JC.nHKUI.JI1. BMecre C reM, no.n06Hoe ne.nCHHe y.>Ke Ha'l.l1- HaJlO MillIo-noMWIY OC03HaBaTbCH - eCJII1 11 He CaMJ.:IM nerpOM I. TO PYKOBOlll1TeJIHMI1 IOcnm-KoJUJeml'l. BeCbMa nOKa3aTeJlbHbIH B 3TOM OTHOWeHl'I11 parMeHT 6bUl BHeceH B OXapaKTepl130BaHHblH Bbille «lJ,OKJI<J.[J; 0 KOJIJIen.m IQCnlUI1I1» OT MIDI 1718 L CTOI1T nOBTOpI1Tb, 'lTO B HCI'lliJIbHOM pa3.DeJle nOKJIaJJ.a, no- CBHweHHOM llIBellCKI1M ClneJUJ5I1l110HHbiM cynClM. 6bUlO. nO cyllle- CTBY. .naHO onpe.rreJIeHl1e cy.na 06meH JOpI-1C.nI1KUHH: 3TO TaKofi cy.n, B KOTopoM «6e3 8CRK020 U3bHmUR 8ce Oe,qa omnpa8.1RlOmCR, I(Otn0phle DO IOcmuquu HoiJAeJICOllroJ.. ECJIH Y'-JeCTb, JTO .nOKJIM no.nnl1can A A. MaTBeeB, a pa31leJI 0 llIBeliCKOM cy.nOYCTPOH- CTBe roTOBI1JI r. EpeBepH 3 , TO MO)l(HO KOHCTaTl1pOB3'Tb, 'lTO l11leJl o cy.nax 06meH IOpI.JC.n(1Klli111 y.>Ke BblKpl1CTaJUJI130BbIBaJTaCb HCI pOCCI-1HCKOH nO'-lBe. B OKOH'lareJIbHOM mille KOMneTeHlll1J1 Kkrnu-KOJUJerl1l1 6bUia onpelleJIeHa 3aKOHo.naTeJIeM B npl1HUl1nl1aJlbHO Ba)I(HOM .wJSI pa3BI1TH5I BCei-i OTe'JeCTBeHHoii KOJUJe)((CKOH C(1CTeMbl yno- MI1HaBWeMCH 3aKOHe OT 12 .neKa6pfI 1718 r., OCHOBHOH pa3.ll.eJI Koroporo I1MeJI OTBe'laBWee co.nep)((aHI1JO 3arJIaBJ.fe: «0 OOAJKHO- [13m!em G Op. dr. S. 52. TeJ10 f. EipeBepHa 6blJ1o nepeBeJeHO B PHI)', me Top)l(eCTBeHHO 3aXopoHeHo 23 4;JeBpmul 1723 r. B 4JaMlUlbHoi1 rpo6HI1Ue B co60pe CB. neTPa (Ibid.). ! 3aKOHon;m::nbHb]e flKTb[ nCTpa I. c. 368. -' Hcrmann's von BI'C\Im Lelx:n. S. 149. 
216 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I emu KOuaeii, IJmo 6 KomopoU J'IlfX161R11Jb 1/oJ,1e:JK'Um». B H33BaH- HOM 3aKOHe Kpyr Be.D.eHIHI IOcn1U-KOJlJleOfl1 pem3MeHTl-1poBaJI- C5I CKOJlh eMKo, CTOJIh H t1ClIepnblffiUOllle: «CydHbIR U p03blCKHbiR iJeAD. B lllOU JKe K()iUe2UU U nuuecHoii npllKl13»I. Kmo'leooe ycraHoBJIeHHe npm3e.LleHHOrO $pafMeHTa - 3aKpe- nJleHl1e B BelleH"" KOJlJlenn1 6('j¥JHblX U jXfJbICIIlIblX iJeA» - 03Ha'ill- JIO, 'ITO pacCMOTpeHJ.UQ IOCTIlU-KQJ1,'1erl1H n0lll1e)IQUJl.1 6e3 J.f31>JITHSI RCeyroJIOBHb]e «]J03bICKI/bl€») (1 rpIDK1laHCKl-1e «<qrlHble» )neJIa. npl1 3TOM HeJ1b3S1 He 06paTlHb BHI1MaHHe H8 3Ha'll1TeJlbHoe CXOllCTBO npI1Be.neHHoro4JparMeHTa I1MeHHoroYKa3aOT 12.neKa6pSl1718 r. c pacCMOTpeHHOH Bblwe 4>oPMY1111poBKOH neTpa I 113 npellBapt1- TeJIbHOH pocnHCH KOJlJ1emH 1717 r.: «JOcmu-KO'l&UYM - eCflKou cyiJ 60 6bCex Oe'leW. TeM caMblM, CJlellYeT KOHCTaTHpoBaTb. 1.jTO B .neKa6pe 1718 r. 3aKOHOJI.aTel]b (B C()('1JEt'1'CTEHH co CBOHM J.fC- XOJl,HblM 33Mb]CJ!OM) H<\,I:I;eJ]HJ] IOcTI1U-KOJlJlermO nOJIHOMOYHSlMJ.f cyna 06111ei1 topHCllI1KW1H. Hap5l.D.Y C 3TI1M, BCT. 3 33K0H8 OT 19 neKa6p.l1 1718 r. 6blllO nOn'l.epKH}TO. 'l.TO IOcnm-KOJ1J1erH.I1 Y'-lpe)K.D.eHa .ocofh,U60 mO/lb- 1(0 tUR pampaebJ [omnpoe.,reHuR npaoocyi)uRJ,,2. KpoMe TOro, CTOHT BcnOMHHTb. <ITO, no CT. 3 H83BaHHOrO 3aKOHa. IOcTI1U-KOJ1J1enUI 3aHIDIa B pe$JPMHPOBaHHOH cyne6HoH CHCTeMe POCCHH nOJ1O- >KeHHe cyna Tpen,ero 3BeHa TeM caMblM, He Bb]3blBaeT CO1He- H51H, '1.1'0 IOcTIm-KoJ1J1erHSI B03HI1KJ1a HMeHHO KaK opraH npaBO- cynl1S1. no BceMY 3TOMY HaJ.'lMeHOB3HI1e non06Horo cyne6Horo opraHa «KOJlIlerHeti" - KaKOBblM 06meeBponeiicKJ.'I npHH.I1TblM TepM51HOM 0603Ha'l.aJl51cb Torn.a ueHTpaJIbHble opraHbl BJIaCTH C 51CKJllOlJ51TeJlbHO (11)151 npeHMYlliecTBeHHo) aiJMuHucmpamU81/OU KOMneTeHUHei1 - CJ1ellYeT np513HaTb HeTO'lHbIM. HeynHBI1TeJ1bHO, 'l.TO 3Ta TepMHH0J10r51'1.eCKa5I Hecoo6pa3- HOCTb (OCTIlBWaJlCSI, npaB.D.a, He3aMelJeHHoi1 nCTOpl1KaMH H npa- BOBellliMH XIX - Ha'lalUi XXI 8.) Bb[3BlliIa BO.3pIDKeHH.I1 Y reHpl1.'1(3 <tII1Ka. KOTOPb[i1 nOnE>lTaJlcn n06I1TbDI nepeJ.'lMeHOBaHHfl IOcnm- KOJLIlerHH. B 3anl1CKe OT 9 HOH6p.l1 1723 r. r. <tIHK npe1lJlo>KJ.U1 Ha3BaTb IOcTHU-KOJUIerHIO dOc:mul{-poowueu.., CnpaBe1lJlHBO OT- MenlB, 'ITO ./10 o6bJKIfO(jet/uIO 8cex /WpoiJo6 om zocyiJapcm8eHHOU 1(00000Je/U ane411IRU10 Y'IUHUmb He 1jf(}")J(1f('J»\ BnpOlJeM, nO'l.aCTH HaHMeHOBaHHSI KOJUlefHH COOH pC30Hbl MOfJIl1 6bITb 51 Y neTpa I- ] 3aKoo0.1I.aRl1bCTBO nerpa I c. 98. 23aKoHOlWTtJ1bHb[t aKTb] nerpa I. c. 378. JpfNJ.A, 41.148. KH. 58. JI. 51 06. (COBp. nepeB01l). 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 217 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. Bo-nepBblx, He06xoLUIMO nOBTopHTb. '-HO HOMHHaJibHO CTOKfOJIbMCKI1H 8neJlJUIUHOHHbli1 cyn (Svea hovriitt) TatoKe BXO- nl1J[ B 'lHCJlO KOJUlemM ('lTO 6bLllO 3aKpenJleHO elUe fPopMoH npaBJIeHHH 1634 r.)I. 0 'leM. KOHe'lHO )ICe, 6bLllO H3BeCTHO poc- cHilcKoMY uapfO. BO-BTopb[)', He06XOLUtMO OTMeTHTb, 'lTO - B 3H8'lHTeJlbHOe oTcryTUJeHHe OT WRe.D;CKHX (H Boo6we eBponei1- CKHX) 06paJuoB - nel]) 1 C'leJI Heo6xo.D;HMblM BBeCTH B POCCHH HHCfHTyr eyne6Horo ynpaBJIeHHSI, 'lTO npe.nnOJIarano C03JlaHHe B TOM 'lHCJle H UeH1]JaJlbHoro opraHa eyne6Horo ynpaBJIeHH}[. 3rI1M-TO opraHOM H CTaJIa IOcTHU-KOJIJIerH}[2 - XOTH HarreJle- HHe ee KaKHMH-J1H60 aIlMHHHCl])aTHBHhIMH nOJIHOMO<UlHMH H8- npHMYfO He oroBapHBaJIOCh HH B o.UHOM 3<1KOHO.1l8TeJlhHOM mcre nepBoi1 <JeTnepnf XVIII B.' LJ..n.ll Ha'lafm CTOHT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO B onHCblBaeMblH nepHO.D; IOcTHU-KOJlJlerHSI 3aHHMallaCb K<J.[IJJOBbIM o6ecne'!.eHHeM cyne6- HhlX opraHOB 06wei1 IOpl1C1lI1KUI1H. I1MeHHo IOcTHU-KOJUlerHJI npelICT3BJ1fLT]8 B npaBl1TeJlbCTBYlOllUfM CeH8T KaH1ll11wrypb] DJm Ha3Ha'!.eHI1JI Ha CJ1e.aYlOlliHe cYlIe6Hhle lIOJDKHOCTH: aceccopOB H COBeTHHKOB B co6CTBeHHoe npHcyTCTBlle, aceccopoB HaIlBOpHhlX eynoB, 06ep-J18HllPt1XTepoB H aceccopoB npOlmHUt1arJhHhlX cy- lIOn. Ha.JHa':leHHe ropollOBhlX eynei1 IOcnJU-KOJlJlerHSI npoH3BO- nHJTa caMOCTQjHeJlbHO (3<1 HCKJ1f04eHHeM CH6HpH). COOTBeTCTBeHHO, no npe.ncraRlleHJ.f1O IOcTHU-KOJIJIerI1H ocyweCTRIl5UIOC b H YBOJlbHeHJ.fe cynei1 HMBOpHblX J.f npoBHHUH- [Peterson C. Op. cit. P.31O. 1 CBe.neHHH 06 arI\iI1HHcrpaTHBHoi1 1K'srreJJhH()CTII KkmU-KOIlJ]erHH nepBOH '1e1'Bl'pT11 XVIII B. BJilITepmype eM.: 60.?0c,/06CKUU M M 06;'1aCTHIDI pe$opMa neTPa Be;mroro. C. 182-183; '1e.Jbli06-&6J'11l06 M A. YKa3. C04. C. 702. CmeuIfflKO JI. A. 06pa30BaHHe Ko'L'lCrI1HIOCnuU1l1... C. 6S, 001aKU- peea JI. M CYlle6HaH pe4x:!pMa ncrpa I. C. 151-160; Poccl1i1CKaH IOcrHU- KOJUlefHH. C. 33; Eq;pewoea H. H. feHeJHC cy.ne6Hoi1 RJlaCTl1... C. 91, 93; .AKuunut M O. Cy.ne6HaH pe4>oPMa neTPa I: llHC ... C. 187-188. JD;1.II nOJlHOTbl KaprHHbI CTOI1T 3aMeTi1Tb, 'JTO B oJll1cblBaeMbli1 ne- PHo.n OprdHI1JaUI10HHo-p}'KODOD.SJ1llI1e 4JYHKUHIII IOCnm-KOIlJ]erI1H npe.n- nOJJafaJI 4JparMeHTapHO JaKpelU1Tb Be1l0MCTBeHHb]H HOpMOTBopeU B CT. 2 ynoMHHyroro npoeKT3 HHCllJ}'KUHH HarIBOpHOMY cy.ny OT .neKa6pH 1722 r. B Ha3BaHHytO CTaTblO 6blJ10 BHeceHO npl'WJQJKeHl1e. B KOTOpOM - XOTH 11 B HeCKonbKO PacruJb]B'JaTOii I]>opMe - fOBOpWlOCb 0 nOll'lI1HCHI1H IOcrHU- KOJIefHH KaK opraHY ynpaBJIeHI1.11 H3llBOPHb]X cynoB (<<OHOU IHa060pHwul l}-Dwo!.l!l!m ceoe nptl61l'11Ul' nod i!..1UeHbIM cvompl'Hue.\1 U Had3upaHueM f"ocy- OOfXmeeHHQU IOc:mulj-/C(ut!mu U 6ce<:iJa no y'W3aM mou KO.1emu uc..nol- Ifumb OO,/.JlCl!H'» (l.>ozoc..'I(J6Cf;UU M M. 06JlacTHaH pe4JoPMa neTPa BeJlHKO- roo npllllruKCHI1.11. c. 6). 
218 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I MbHb]X cynOB. fOlXtliOBblX cynei1 OTCTpaHRJl3 OT llOJDKHOCTI1 11 YBOJIbHAAa CaM3 IOcmU-KOJlJlefJ.ffl.. HanpHMep. paCnOpI.)Kem1eM OT 8 HHBapH 1722 r., IOcnm-KOJlllefl1H OTCTpaHl1Jl8 OT .nOJDK- Hocm MypoMcKoro Cyn.bJO C. BJlMbIKHHa, B CMJI1 C HeHa!IJle- >KaWHM BblnOJlHeHl1eM KOTOpblM CJI}')Ke6HbIX o6H3aHHocTeH 61>LJI CQRepWeH no6er rpynnbl co.aep>KaRWHXC.II JlOll CTp3)f(eH B ropo- JIOBOM CY)J;e oco60 on3CHb]X npecrynHJ.fKOB I . KpOMe Tom, IOcnU.l-KOJ]J]enrn ofuJaD.aJl8 npaBOM HaJl3- raTb H3 CYllei1 HH)I(eCT05llUI1X cynOB lU1CW'lnJlJ.fHapHble 631>[- CKaHHH. B TOM 'u.JCJle B opMe .neHe>KHbIX llITpaOB. TaK. Ja HapyrneHHe nopHllKa lleJIOnpOH3BOllCrna IOcnm-KOJlJlerHH OWTpill}JOBaJla B 1723 r. Ha BHYlllHTeJlI>HYfO CYMMY B 300 py- 6nCH CYlle6Hoe npHcyrcTBHe MOCKoBcKoro HarlBOpHOro cy.ua, a B 1724 r. - Ha CYMMY B 100 py611ef1 cyne6Hoe npHcyrCTBHe K333HCKOro rotlJrepHxTa 1 . Ho pa3perneHHeM Ka;lJJ0Bb]X Bonpo- COB opr3HI-133l{HOHHO-PYKOB01UlWa51 pOJIb IOcHIU-KoJlJlerl1J.f He orpaHJ.f'lJ.fBaJl8Cb. OpH BceM TOM, 'lTO, H8CKOJlbKO H3BeCTHO, IOcTHU- KOJUlenl51 (B OTJlH'lHe OT MJ.fHJ.fCTepcTBajHapKOMaTa JOCTHUHH XIX-XX BB.) He npoBOllHJ18 B neT)JOBCKOe BpeM5I peUJ.f3HH cy- .uOB, OHa peryJlJlpHO nOJly-Jan8 OT rowrepHXTOB P83HOo6pa3HYIO OT'JeTHOCTb, H8'lJ.1HaJI co CBelleHJ.fH 0 HaJIl1'lHOHlleHe)l(HOH Ka3He 11 JJ;0 CBelleHJ.1H 0 KOJIJ.f'leCTBe JlJ.fU, HaxOllI1BWJ.fXC5I nOlI CTpa)l(eH. OOPMOK npe.nOCTIlBJIeHJ.f51 OT'leTHOCTI1 (KaKOBOH J.fCXOllHO pe- rJl8MeHTl1poBaJIC5I pa3po3HeHHO I1JltaHHblMI1 H He BWIBJIeHHblMI1 JJ;OHbIHe BCllOMCTBeHHblMIil aKTaM(1) npelln0Jl8raJIOCb 3aKpenJ.fTb B I1HCTPYKUI1H HallBOpHblM CYJJ;aM. npoeKT KOTOpOH 6bVI. CTOHT HanOMHHTb. p83pa6oTaH B IOcTJ1U-KOJ1J1erl1J.f 11 Hanp8BJ1eH Ha yrBep)l(,!leHJ.1e B CeH8T BJJ;eKa6pe 1722 r. B CT. 27 J.f 28 Ha.JBaHHO- ro npoeKTII npell.1laraJIOCb, 'lTo6bl OT'JeTbl 0 nOCl)'ruJeHJ.fJ.1 lleHe)l(- HblX cpe.nCTB HMBopHbie cyllb] HanpaBJUIJIJ.f B IOcnJU-KOJ1J1erl1lO nOMeCH'lHO, 8 OT'JeTbl 0 Bb]HeCeHHbIX J.f yrnep)l(,!leHHblX npJ.ffO- BOpa"<. B KOTOpblX Ha3Ha'l8JlHCb CMepTH851 Ka3Hb IlJII1 CCbVIKa Ha KaTopry. - no TpeT5IM ro.n.a 3 . OOMI1MO HCT]JeGoBaHI151 OT"lernOCrn, IOcTHU-KOJ1J1em51 113- .uanaJla 06weo6513aTeJ1bHble ll..IUI Hl1}1(eCTOSlWI1X CYJJ;OB pacnop5l- }l(eHJ.f51 aIlMJ.fHJ.1 CTpaTHBHOro xapaKTepa. TaK, pacnop5l>KeHl1eM 8 0,:;.' 5p::;'ha BeJlI1KOro. C. 181. 3TaM )I(. npIJI())I(CHIilSI. c. 17-19. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 219 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. IOcrnU-KoJUlerl1l1 OT 14 3BJ)'CTa 1719 r., HMBOpHblM 14 «HI1)((- HHM» cynaM 6bV10 3anpeWeHO pac.xon.OBan co6l1paBlIIHec5I HMI1 nOllUlHHHbie CYMMhl 6e3 COrJJaC0I38HI151 C KOJlf\erHett. A pacno- p])KeHHeM OT 12 51Hl3ap51 1722 r. 1Oc1l1U-KOJ1J1erHSI npen.JlHCaJla «noalfuHeHHbIM qila'll" YCKOpJ.fTb p336HpaTeJ1hCTBO Tex D.eJ1. no KO- TOpblM CO,LJ;ep}f(aJlHCb no,LJ; CTpIDKdi nO,LJ;CYllHMble 14 D.OHOCHTeJ1I1 I . BeCbMa JlOKa33TeJ1bHO. '-no, KorD.a B 1723 r npO.llBl1JIaCb TeHlteHI.{I1JI HrHOpHpoBaHH5I roifJrepl1XTaMH paCnOpsi)((eHHM IOCTIJU-KOJiJIerHH (a 38011HO TeHlleHUI151 HeBblruJaTbll1X cyllMIMH HaJlO)/(eHHhlX KOJlf\eme llJTpa(])()I3). 3TO nOCJ1}')KHJ1o OCHOBaHH- eM D.Jl51 06paweHI1JI npoK)'paTyphl IOcTHU-KOJ1J1erHI.J B reHepaJl- npoKYPal)'PY CeHaTa. B SlHB8pe 1724 r. reHepaJl-npoKYPal)'pa npeD.CTaBHJla CeHal)' 1l0K.lla.!l. 0 H8l1BOpHhlX cYD.ax, «U3 KOf1IOfJb1X no lJ,/1I0i?Wrl nOCIIQllllblJrl om /lOcmu-/K(Hezuu YK030M lie ucnOJ/- IIH10m.__ u 60 6ceM IIU1/5lma om IIUX /lIa060pHblX q'iJ06/oCJIywa- 1/UJ/». B OTEeT, yK330M OT 17 SlHBap51 1724 r.. CeHaT npe.nnH- caJI IOcTHU-KOJ1J1efHI.J «lIeoc1a61/oJ. B3blCKHBaTb HaJlO)((eHHb]e Ha cYD.et1 HMOOpHhlX CYD.OB llITpa4JhI 2 . OCTaeTCSI D.o6aBHTh. 'ITO IOcTHU-KOJlf\efi151 onpeneJ1HJ1a MeCTa D.HCJlOKaUlU1 ropoD.OBbiX H, no Bcd.j nep05lTHOCTH. npOBHHUl.JaJlbHhlX Cyn.OB. a TaJOKe D.06H- BaJlach - npl1 Heo6xo,LJ;HMOCTH - OTBona D.JlSl HI1X nOMeweHI.JM (0 'IeM ewe nofu(eT pe'lb HI1>Ke). YMeCTHO TalOKe ynOM5IHyrb, 'ITO B 1723 r. B annapaTe IOCrnU-KOJiJIerHI.J n05lBHJlOCb I.J CTPYKTypHoe nOllPa31leJleHl1e, Ha KOTOpoe 6b1JlH B03l10)KeHhl n011rOTOBKa H peaJII13aUH}! Mepo- npl1S1THt1 KOJlf\Cfi1H B 06J1aCTH cYD.e6Horo ynpaBJ1eHH5I. TaKOBblM nOnpa31leJleHHeM - comacHo )')Ke ynoMI1HaBweMYCSI pacnop5l- )l{eHl.JfO IOcruu-KOJlJlenm OT 13 ceHHl6p51 1723 r. 0 p33D.eJleHI.JH annapaTa KOJlJlerl1H Ha TpH «npaBJ1eHHSI» - CTaJI npHKa3HOH CTOJI BToporo npaBJIeHHSI. B Kpyr BeJJ;eHI.JSI npl.JK33Horo CTOJ1a BOWJlI.J, B 'laClliocnl. BonpoCbl K<J.[IJJOBOro 06eCne'leHI1S1 HI-1>Ke- CT05l111HX cyD.OB «<cnucOic 6cex lIao60pHblX u 1/u:JICHUX C)!dOB cyObJlM U celCpemap5lM»)3. HCXOM 1.J3 Bb!WeI.J3Jlo.:+::eHHoro. CJ1ellYeT co Bcd.j onpe- D.eJleHHOCThIO KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, <ITO IOcTHU-KOJlJlerH5I ocy- weCTBJlSlJ/a B nepBoH 'leTBepTH XVIII B. <WHKUHfO cyn.e6Horo I PrNJ.A, <fl. 282, on. I, NQ 11595, JI. 1906.; DaJIaKupeeG JI. M. Cyne6- HaHManeTPalC.258. JW: *: ::: :.JJ21t3775 06. 
220 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ynpaBJIeHI.fS1 - npH'leM DJl5I pa3perneHHfI 3aa3'!. KaK KOHlpOJlbHO- Onepan1BHb]X. TaK J.f OpraHI-13alli10HHO-X0351ticTseHHbIX. 011H3KO npHo6peTeHHe IOcnm-KOJUlen.Jd:i 4>YHKIU1H cYlle6Horo ynpaB- JIeHH.sI OTHK>llb He 03Ha<ffi.110 ee TpaHa]>opMam....1 B KJl8CCH'lecK)'JO KOMen-flO, B npeHM}'WeCTBeHHO aIlMt1HI1CTPaTHBHbIH opraH. KaK npellCTaRiTSleTC5I, IOcnJU-KOJTJlenm JlBJlSUTaCb Bce-TaKH cy.ne6- HblM opraHOM. npOCTO 3anOJl)"-lHBllUfM - B Ka'leCTBe iJonOdI/U- meJ/bHOu. <l>YHKLlJ.f11 - nOJIHOMO'lH5I no ynpaBJIeHIHO HI-UKecr05!- WI1MI1 OpraHaMJ.f npaSOCYllHn]. I1MeHHo no::nOMY H3J.fMeHOB<lHJ.fe neTpOM I cylla Tpen,ero 3BeH3 «KOJLIlemeH» CJle.nyeT npH3HaTh TepMHHOJIOn:l'lCCKOH HCTO'lHOCTblO. BnOJIHe, BnpO<leM, 06"b5lCHH- MOM HanpmKeHHOH OOCTaHOBKOH MaCWm6Hblx rocYllapCTBeHHblx npeo6paJoBaHHH. lho 6bl TaM HJ.f 6b]JlO, CYJJ;e6HblJ.f opraH, HMeHOBaBIIUfHC5I «lOcn1Ll-KOJUJerl1eH», aKK)'MYJUfpoBaJI B cBoeM KOMJleTeHLlMJ.f cy- ne6Hb]e JlOJlHOMO'-l11.l1 pHlla nopecpopMeHHb]X a;IMHHHCTpan1BHO- cyne6HbiX opraHoH. Ewe A A MaTBeeB OTMe'lM B nOK1lMe, HaJlpaMeHHoM neTpy I B KOHue 1721 r., 'lTO «nQflo:HCeHOHa KoA- Ae2WO IOCmuf.{UU npeJICHUX ceMb npUl,xl308, mo ecmb flQUecHOU, cya- Hble 6ce, CblCKHOU, 3eua..-ou...»2. B caMOM nelle, na)!(e npH 6ernoM B3rJ1H1le Ha cynoYCTpof1CTBO POCC",H XVII - H8'iM8 XVIII B. O'-leBHllHO, '1TO IOcTI1U-KOllllenul 3aMeHI1JI8 c060H Ce.Mh cywe- CTBOBaBWI1X K 1696 r. JlpHKa30B (BJ1MI1MHpCK(1j:j CYllHbIH,lI.BOp- UOBblH cynHblH, 3eMCKI1H. MOCKOBCKI1H cynHb]H, nar]:mapllmH cynHhlt1, nOMeCTHb]H 11 ChICKHOt1 - 6blHilll1t1 Pa36ojfHblt1). a TaJOKe He ynoMHHyryfO B nOKJlane A A MaTBeeBa 4JYHKUI10HI1- poBaBrnylO C 1713 r. PacnpaBHyJO nMal}' CeHaTa. ] YMCCTHO 1lO5.uJmb.. 'ITO nOllo5HIDI MOllCJ1b cyne6Horo ynpaBJIcHI1H OK oa.rmCb noBrOpHO 3JlI130saH!I B HallJei1 CTp!lHe B 1]JeTbei1 'JeTBepm XX B. B BeCbMa CXODHOH C IOcTHU-KOJUlerl1eH ponl1 cyna TpeTbero JBeHa, 06peMeHeHHoro npH 3TOM nOJ1HOM0411S1MI1 no cy.ne6HOMY ynpaBJ1eHI4JO, Bbl- CT)'naJI BepXOBHbIH cy.n PC$CP B 1%3-1970 rr. - B nepl10Ll npeJ..pIlUe- HI1.11 ne.ll1"fJlbHOCTI.J MIIIHI1CTcpcrBa tOCTl1U11I1 PC$CP (no.llp06Hee 05 JfOM eM: KUJt1KOO A. If. I-h IIICTopl111 neHTeJJbHOCTH I3epwBHOro cy.na PODCP no ocyweCTBlleHllltO cyne5Horo ynpaBlleHI1H II (1CTOPI1KO-tOpI11lH4eCKl1e HCClel1OII8Hl1.11 npaBOBblX I1HCTHT)'TOB 11 roCYll8pcTBeHHbiX )"Jpejf(j}eHI1i1 CCC:b::;'ICCP31B'Jr85O::BO B06- UleM BI11I.e He pa3 YK£13b]BaJ!OCb BJlI1Tepa1)'JJe (Cmt!lJH!HIW Jl. A. 06pa30lklHl1e KOJl:ierI1I1IOCTHUI1I1...C. 65; Petemm COp. Clt P 307,AI/I./CuM()8 E. B. fo- cynapcTBeHHble npe06pa30BaHWI... C. 117, 6a"w..upe8a Jl. M Cy.ne6HaH pe- I]>opM!I ncrp!l I c. 382) 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 221 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. 113 nepe<lI'lCJ1eHHb]X npHKa30B lliITb OKa3ll1ll'lCb ynpa.mHeHbl B 1698-1709 rr. (CbICKHOH, I\1OCKOBCMUI, BJ1aDJ1MHpcKlUI, Oarpl1- apllm 1'1 DBOPUOBbIIt eynHble). Onl1H - peopraHH30BaH B 1719 f. (3eMCKJ.1H npHKa3 - B MOCKOBCKJ.1H npoBI1HUl1aJ]bHblH eyn). 00- MeCTHblH npl1Ka3 B 1718 r. BOWeJ1 B cocraB IOcTI1U-KOJlJ1erl1l1 B Ka1.J:eCTRe OTneJ1bHoro CTpyKTYPHOro nOllPa3lI.eJleHH5I - B01"'-l11H- HOit KaHueJUlpm1 (nepeI'lMeHOBaHH011 3aTeM B B01"'-lI1HH)'K> KOHTO- py). PacnpaBHa5I nMara CeHaTa, KaK }0Ke ynoMHHMOCb, 6bU1a B 1719 r. npe06pa301xulli B CaHKT-Oerep6yprCKI1M HaD.BOpMbIM cyn. OOKa3aTeJlbHO. I.JTO caMa IOcnm-KOJ1Jlen:lSl oc06eHHo peB- Ht1BO OTHeCJIaCb K YHacJ1enOBaHHhIM OT CblCKHOro (Pa36oHHoro) npl1Ki.na nOJIHOMO'II'I5IM MOHOnOJlbHoro paCCMOTpeHt1Sl neJl no TaKI1M npeCTynJleHHSlM, KaK YMhlWJleHHOe y6l'1ikmo. pro6ml 11 rpa6e>K (TaTb6a). TaKOBb]e co6cTBeHHbie nOJIHOM04HJI KOJlJlerMJI C04JIa He06xOJJ;HMb]M nonTBep.nI'lTb B Cnelli'!aJ1bHOM pacnop5l>Ke- HHI'IOT IS SlHBap51 1719 r., B KOTOpOM oroBapl'lBaJIOCb. 'ITO "'-KpO- Me UII03eM06, IIUKOKUM fItOORM U3MlmbLtt U3 CyOO mou KOJ/euu lie 6b1mb... 6 deJJax y6u6cm8eHl/bIX, pa360UHbIX u mamUllblX, KpoMe roma oc06 orjJUepcKux U co.liJomCKllX, U1U Komopble oco60 eeiJoMbi 6 KaHe mpuu flpeofipuJlCeHCKOeO u AiJMupOJ/meitcmea»l. B OTJ1H1.J:l'le OT IOcTt1U-KOJlJlerHH, Kpyr BeneHI1SI KOTOpOH onpeneJlSIJI 3aKOHo.naTeJlb, KOMneTeHUHSI H<l.U,BOpHblX 1'1 «HI'I)/(- HI'IX» cynOB peryJ1l'1poBaJIaCb B neTPOBCKoe BpeMJI BenOMCTBeH- HhlMI'I aKTIlMI'I. OepBblM 1'13 nOn06Hb]X aKIOB JlBI1JIC5I Bb[llIeHa3- BaHHhlH nmOBOI1 Ha...-u ropOllOBblM cynb}IM 1719 r. COrJIaCHO HaKa3Y, K BeneHHIO ropolloBOro cyna 6hU1t1 OTHeceHhl «qdHblJl U po3biCKHbIR U CblCKl/biR U npOm'iUR 3eMCKUR iJeJJa, npullaiJ_1eJ/CaUJl iJo rocyiJapcmeeHHou K&I.JeZUU IOCmul{uu,>2. TaKt1M 06paJoM. no Wl'lpOTe 3aKpenJleHHbiX B HaKa3e nOJIHOM041'1H roponoBoH eyll TalOKe cneltyer OTHeCTJII K CYllaM 06weM IOpl'lCltl1KUHI'I. MeHee nOltp06Ho OKa.JaJlaCb B nepBoM 1.J:eTBepTl'I XVIII B. HOpMaTI1BHO 3aKpen.n:eH8 KOMneTeHUI1JI HallBOpHblX eynOB. J1I'1Wb B pacnOp5l>KeHt1H IOcTHU-KOJlJlernH OT IS I11OJl5I 1719 r. 060p- raHt13aUt1H pa60TbI pe<tJopMl'lpoBaHHblx opraHoB npaBocynl1Sl Me)f(lly I1HOrO oronapl1Ba110Ch. ITO fOpl'lCnl1KUI151 ro<tJrepl'IXTOB pacnpoC"rpaHWJaCh Ha «6CflKue c.t1(mbie U p03b1CKHble U npo'iue npu- HaO:le:HcoU411e iJo /(o,ueeuu IOcmulJ,UU OeJI(J»J CXOD;Hb]M 06pa30M B I UI1T. no: Cmelueww JI. A O6paJooaHl1e KOJU1er1111 IOCTI1UI1H C. 66. ;, :6HaB'l';'403. c. 712. 
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226 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Cyne6Ho-HcnOJlHI..rreJIbCKa5I. neJUeJlbHOCTh peOpMl1pOBaH- HblX OpraHOB npaBOcymlJl JaKJUO'-!aJlaCb B Opraml3aUi1l'l npHBe- neHI-UI B t1CnOJlHeHHe KaK C06cTBeHHbIX npHroBOpoB 11 peweHt1ii, TaK H ymep>KlleHHblX nplifOBOpoB HmKeCTOlUI1X cyne6HblX I1H- CTaHUt1it K npHMepy, II MapTa 1725 f. JlPOCJ18BCKHH HallBOp- HblH cy.a. ymepDI1B npHroBOp, BbIHeceHHblH Cy.ae6HbIM opraHOM KI1HeWMb] no neJIY 0 DBOiiHOM y6i'likTBe, npe.U,JlI1CaJI npOlU- Been'! CMepTHYIO Ka3Hb JJ;BOI1X OCY)(([leHHbIX no MeCTY COBeprne- Him npeCl)'JlJIeHlm - B KI1HeWMe, a TpeTbero Ocy}l(!leHHoro - B JlpOCJlaBJIe l . full npliroBopeHHblii 3U[BJI}/j} nepe,Q Ka3HblO 0 .>Ke- JIaHrU1 naTI> HOBbie nOKaJaHHH, eyn Mor npellnJ.JCaTb OTJiO}f(}jTb «3KCeKYUI1JO'}. HOTaplUlJlbHble opraHbl (COCTOflBWHe c 1701 r. B BelleHl111 OCOGOfO np(1KaJa KpenOCTHblX 11eJl) 6blJll1 nepe.naHbI B Be)J;eHHe IQcnm-KOJlJlenm I1MeHHblM YKa30M OT 16 eBpaJISi 1719 r. Bo HCnOJlHeHl1eAaHHOro YKa3a, pacnOpIDKemlJ]MH IOcTl1u-KoJUlel"I1H OT 2 H4 MapTa 1719 r., B CaHKT-neTep6ypre npH KOJVIeOm 6blfla C03.D8Ha KpenocTHM KOHTOpa, CTIlBW3J1 PYKOBOllHIJ.ll.1M opmHOM poccHi1cKom HOT3pHarn l .llef1cTBoB3BlUHe Ha MecTax B pOlm CO- B}JeMeHHbIX HOTapHYCOB «nucbI KpellocmHbIX de,. JlH60 BOllJJTI1 B COCTaB KpenOCTHblX KOHTOp. y-Jpe>Kl1eHHbIX npH Har:\BOPHbIX CYAax, JlI160 nepellum B no.n'lHHeHl1e «HI1)((HHM» cylUlM. npHMe4aTeJlbHO, 'lTO Opl"aHI13alll10HHoe np"KperuJeHl1e HOTap(1aJlbHblX opraHOB K Cyn.aM pa3JI114Hb]X ypOlmei1 npe.Q- nOJIamJlOCh B 06weM Bl1lLe 3aKpenl1Th B CT. 33 I"JI. 2-H KH. 1 npoeKTa YJlO}f(eHHJI POCCI1HCKOm mCYAapcrna 1723-1726 rr. (<<6Ce oeAo Kpef1()(mHbJX KOHmop, 2iJe nUUlymo Kpef/OCmU, eeiJomb U OHbIM wiJep:JlCOHUe ILwemb 8 Ko.tle2UU IOcmuuu U 8 noiJlfuHeH- HblX (})-'. KpoMe Tom. npl1KpenJleHl1e HOTapl1aJlbHb]X op- mHOB K HMBOpHblM H npOBI1Hl.lI1aJlbHblM cynaM npe1I.JlamJlOCb pemaMeHTl1pOBaTb B CT. 36 npoeKTa HHCTPYKUI1I1 HaLlBOpHOMY cyAy OT neKa6p51 1722 r. 11 B CT. 16 npoeKTa HHCTPY1'-UH(1 npo- BHHUMaJlhHOMY cyny OT 111OW! 1722 r. 4 B I1TOl"e. no. BBTOpl1TeT- HblM D8HHbIM H . K. Kl1pHJlOB3. B 1726 r. Kpeno.CTHble KOHTOpbl H 9;.=} 'Jl M C03ll3HHe KpenOCTHoH KOHTopbl npHIOCTI111-K0J1JJerHI1 (1719 r.) II POCCHHCKoe caMOnep;;G3BHe 11 6tOp)lq:m"H.II C. 201-118. u41: 'X:.. 'c 4JopMa ne1pa BenI1KOro. npl1Jlo- >KeHI1H. Cll. 37. 
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228 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HI1f! HB .nOT C'leT llOBeJ10Cb BCTpeTl1Tb Jll1l1Ib K:'ICareJJ.bHO oKpyra CaHia-rle-rep6yprCKoro Ha.1limpHOrO cyna. B KOropblH Bin) r. BXOD.IUU1 .fiBa npOBHHUHarJbHhlX eyna (CaHKT-rleTep6yprcKHHI1 HOBropollcKI1f1) 11 14 ropollOBblX cynos l . '-ITO KacaeTCfi <]JYHKUiU1 CYlle6Horo ynpaBJIeHUI, TO 3.LleCh CJ1e.1lYeT, npe}l(!{e Rcero, OTMemTh, 'iTO B nOll411HeHHe Hxl>rep(1X- TaM JlOJlaJIH BXQJIJiBW(1e B (1X OKpyfa roponOBble 11 npOm1HUl-I3J1b- Hhle CYllbL XapaKTepHO, 'iTO HaneneHl1e HarIBOpHblX CYllOB clJYHK- uHei'i cyn.e6Horo ynpaBJIeHI151 HI1KaK He 6bUIO ()«IK 11 B CJly'-l8e c IOcrnU-KOJ1JlerHeii) 38Kpel1JleHO Ha 3aKOHOnaTeJ1bHOM ypOBHe. BenOMCTseHHble >Ke 8KThl H8 3TOT C'leT 6hUUI BnepBble t13.LlaHhl, HaCKOJ1bKO YII.8JIOCh YCTaHOBI1Tb, TOJlbKO B 1721 r. ComaCHO pac- nOpfl>KeHt1f1M IOcHJu-KOJ1J1enm OT 15 11 31 MaR 1721 r. (no.11- TBep)l(,!J;eHHb]M 3aTeM pacnop5DKeHHeM OT 24 anpeJUI 1722 r.), npOBl1HU(1aJ]bHbIM 11 ropollOBb]M CYAaM H<UI.Jle)((aJIO BblnOJ1HflTb Bce YKaJaH(1J1 rorepJ.1XTOB, a TaJOKe o6pawancJ1 K HI1M 3a pa3- peweHl1eM JU06b]X BOnpOCOB. HeCKOJlbKO p3Hee, pacnOpJDKeHI1- eM IOCmU-KOJlIlenm OT eBpaJIJl 1721 r., HaIlBOpHblM cy.naM 6bUlO npen.oCTaBJIeHO npaBo H8K./1aD.bIB8Tb H8 cyneii HIDKeCI'OSl- UlJ.1X cy.non nJ.1cUl1nJTI1HapHble B3bICKaHI1J1 (n TOM <II1CJTe 11 n $:>p- Me neHe)f(HblX mfpa$:>B) 6e3 comaCOBaHI1J1 C K)cr(1U-KOJ1JTerl1eH «<lie onUCbi6{lf1Cb 6 TocyOapcmeellllYIO IOCmUI.{-KQuezUIO»)l. o TOM, 4TO CYJIe6Ho-ynpaBJIeH4eCKl1e nOJTHOM0411J1 ro- repl1XTOB J1BJ1W1I1Cb OTHlOllb He CI1MBOJiW-IeCKI1MI1, B03MO)((HO }6eIDtTbCJI H8 npl1Mepe KOHqmI1KTa, pa:uopeBwerOC}1 Me)f(11y Mo- CKOBCKI1M HaD.BOpHbIM 11 MOCKOBCKJ1M npOBI1HUl1aJTbHblM cyna- MI1. 06pa30naBWl1iicH, CTOJ.1T HanOMHI1Tb, nyreM peOpraHI138Ul111 CTapl1HHOrO 3eMcKoro npl1Ka3a, a nOTOMY npHBblKWHH K caMO- CTOJ1TeJTbHOCTI1 11 pacnOJTaraBWI1H KOMneTeHTHblM cyneHcKI1M 11 KaHueJTJlpCKI1M nepCOHaJlOM MOCKOBCK(1H npOBI1HUl1aJ1bHb[H cyn cpa3y 3aHJlJl He3aBl1cI1MYIO n0311UI11O B OTHOWeHl111 MOCKOBCKO- ro ro1>repl1XTa. HeollHoKpaTHo (11 He6e3ycnewHo) BCTynafi C HI1M B cnopbl no npoueccYaJlbHblM oonpocaM (B 48CTHOCH'I, no no- BOllY nOllBen.OMCTBeHHOCTH KOHKpeTHblX neJI). ECTeCTBeHHO, no Mepe 06peTeHI1J1 HaD.BOpHbIM cy.nOM nOJ1HOMO'II1H no cyn.e6HOMY ynpaBJIeHI1JO MOCKOBCKltH npOBHHUHaJlbHb]H cyn OKa3b]BaJlCH ] fopo.noBwe Cy.nb! BL&6opra., Ikm..JKHX J1YK. Toponua. nopxom. Cmpow J1aoorl1. CTapOii PyCbl. nCKOBa. fnosa, H36opcKa. On04KH, OcTpoaa, Kpac- HOro 11 0J10HlUi (PfAllA. 4J. 185. on. I, KH. 5943, NQ 117. JI. 5-5 06.). lpfNlA, 4J. 285. on. I. KH. 5943. NQ 74. n. I; NQ 126, n. I-I 06. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BLoITlile CHCTeMbl CYPPB 229 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. so Bce 60Jlee YH3BI1MOM nOJlO)((eHI1R B more, CYllbl1 npOBI1HUI1- aJlbHOro cyna npomYJlH 11 H3BeCTlUII1 IOCTHU-KOJLIlenuo - no- HOlUeHl1eM OT 28 4>eBpaJul Inl r. - 0 CBOI1X onaceHI1HX. 'ITO cynbl1 ro1>repHXTa (,6yClym HOM Mcmumb 6CRKUMU C60UMU npOUCKU, iJa6w Hac 6 npa60e Haweu 6 'ieM n08peoumb U o6ecUlecmumb 6e3- 6peMfiHHO, Ha 'imo IOHul YJlCe U X6al1lma...»I. HaCKOJlbKO 3llMI1Hl1crpaTI1BHIDI n01l411HeHHOCTb «HH)((HHX» cynOB H311BOpHbIM ycneJUl B H84aJ1e I 720-x rr. YTBep.lIl1TbC5I H8 npaKTI1Ke, MO)((HO Bl1IleTb 11 H8 I1HOM npl1Mepe. nepBb]M co- 06111eHl1eM, KOTOpoe BJIaCTI1 n0J1}"-111J111 0 MaclllTa6HOii aHTI1- npaBI1TeJ1bCTBCHHOii aKUl111 - np0l130111ellllleM 27 MIDI 1722 r. B CI1611pCKOM ropolle Tape MaCCOBOM OTKa3e )((IHeJlef1 npl1CSlraTb HOBOMY (6e3bIM5IHHOMY) HaCJlellHI1K)' npeCTOJIa - crano KpaTKoe llOHeceHl1e «<omnucKo»). nHHO nOCJlaHHoe 29 MIDI 1722 r. np- CKHM ropOllOBblM CYllbeH 11. BepewafJ.1HbIM. H llOHeceHHe 3TO CYllb51 11YKb5lH Bepelllaom H8npaBI1JI He B CH611pCK)'IO ry6ePH- CKYIO KaHUeJ1Jlpl1lO 11 He B npeo6pa>KeHCKl111 npl1K83. a CTporo «no KOMaHlLe» - B T06oJ1bCKI1j..j Ha!lBOpHblj..j CYll. He06xOllt1MO .n06aBI1Th, 'ITO 4>YHKUt11O cYlle6Horo ynpaB- JleHt1S1 ro4>repHXTbI ocyrneCTBJUIJlt1 HellOJlro, Jlt1lUb no cepelU1Hbl 1722 r., no JlI1KBt1llaUt1H «HI1)((HI1X» cynOB, nOJlHOMOlfl1S1 KOTO- pblX nepeuulI1 K ry6epHCKHM H npOBI1Hl.{I1aJlbHblM KaHUeJlSlpH- SlM. H XOHI, KaK CJleltYeT OTMeTI1Tb, 386erIDI Bnepell. npoBHHUH- aJ1bHble 11 ry6epHCKl1e KaHueJJJ]pl1H coxpaHIUJH nOlt'lHHeHHOCTb HMBOpHblM cynaM no BceM BonpocaM, CB5I3aHHbIM C OTnpaBJIe- Ht1eM npaBocynl151 (npl14eM TaKOBYIO I1X nO.D.4t1HeHHOCTb npClt- nOJlaraJlOCb 38KpenHTb B CT. 1 npoeKTa HHCTpYKUI1t1 HMBOpHblM CYllaM OT lleKa6pH 1722 r. 11 B CT. 2, 10 11 13 npOeKTa HHCTPYK- UI1H npOBI1HUHaJlbHOMY cYllY OT I1IOHSI 1722 r. 3 ), BeCTI1 pe4b 0 cYlle6HoM ynpaBJIeHHH 311eCb }0Ke He npHXOllHTCSI. nOCKQJJbKY nO KOMneTeHUl1H ry6epHcKHe 11 npOBI1HUHaJ1bHble KaHUeJl5lpl111 6b1JlI1 He TOJ1bKO opraH8MH npaBOCyD.HfI. HO 11 - B nepBylO Olfe- peltb - OpraHaMI1 06111ero ynpaBJleHI151. B03Bparna5lCb K paCCMOTpeHl11O C06b1THj..j cyne6Horo CTpot1- TeJlbCTBa 1719- 1720 rr., CJlellyeT J<paTKO OCTaHOBI1TbC5I H8 Bonpo- b 2i7.ncB;r:e'' ;lroBCKIDI nOBeCTb 0 Tap- CKI1xc06b11W1X 1722 r. II I'yKonl1CHIDI TPru:JI1UH.II XVI-XIX BB. Ha BOCTOKe POCCI1I1. HOBOCI16H)XK. 1983 C. 58. 3 fu'OC.I06CKUU M. M. 06.rmCTHIDI pc4>oPMa ne1])3 BenI1KOro. npHJlO- )«CHI1H. c. 5, 30. 34, 36. 
230 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ce 0 TOM. KaK B neHCrBl-neJlbHOCTH np0I1CX01U1JU1 CBepTblBaHl1e cyne6HoH ne5lTeJ1bHOCTI-1 MeCTHb]X OpraHOB o6wero ynpaBJleHiHI 1-1 nepen.a'la COOTBeTCTBYlOWt1X nOJIHOMOl(t1H peq:.opMl1pOSaHHbIM OpraHaM npaBOcym1Sl. 113 apXHBHblX M8repl1aJlOB H TpynoB npe.n- WeCTBeHHI1KOB O"leBHJJ.HO, 'lIO npouecc TaKOBOH nepella"lH ,Ua- JTeKO He Bcern.8 npOHCXOllWl 6ecnpemrrCTseHHO. np(1BblKWl1e K "CCTap'" CJ!O>HlBweMYCJJ e)lJ1HOBJIaCnUQ pefHOHaJlbHble 11 MeCT- Hble aItMI1HI1Clp8ropbl HepenKO npOTI1BWlI1Cb - B C8Mb]X pa3- Hoo6pa3Hb]X q:.opM<tX - ymep.JK1leHlUO H8 nOllBe.nOMCrBeHHbiX reppliTOpIDIX HHKaK He nOllll.I1HeHHbIX HM HOBOSl.BJ1eHHhlX cyneiL BoeBOllbI 11 KOMHccapbl He nepen.aBaJU1 cynbHM neRa, OTKa3b[- SaJlHCb OT BCHKOro B3aHMOlleilcTBHSI C H"MH, npOl101DKaJlI1 (60- npeKH oxapaKTepH30BaHHbiM Bblwe nOJlO>KeHHSlM HHCTPYKUI1H 1719 L) 3aHI1MaTbCfI ompaBJTeHHeM npaBocyn(1S1. TaK, BoeBona BeJlI1KOJIyuKOH npOBI1HU(111 He npellOCTaIlHJI DJUI npl1CJ1aHHOrO rOpollOBoro cynbJ.1 HJ.1KaKoro CJlY.>Ke6HOrO nO- MellleH(1JI. caM pa:ml1paJI cyne6Hbie neJIa, npw-JeM 4eJlo611T'-JI1KOII, KOTopble lice .>Ke 06palllWU1Ch K cynbe. lIoellOlla "ycmpaUfu6aJ/i>. CXOllH8H ctnyaUJ.1H t1MeJl8 MeCTO 11 II Ym(14e, me npOIlJ.1HUH- arIbHblH lIoellOlla He nepellaJI npl16bll3weMY II 4JenpaJIe 1720 r. ropollOIlOMY cym,e HI111eJI. Ht1 KOJIOllHt1KOII, a DJIH pa3MellleHlliI. cyn.a OTlleJI t1:my. y KOTOpOH "U Kp06JlU pG.l8lL1WlUCb, U me'1b om iJoJICOll 6e.1UKOll, U 6 OKOUJKax OKOH'1UH HettI"'. He MeHee THroCT- HID! cmyauml CJTO)f{HJlaCb C OTBOllOM nOMellleHHH DJUI cyna (1 II HOBropOlle. TaM BoellOl1a - npH4eM}0Ke nOCJ1e IIMernaTeJlbCTBa IUf'lHO A. A. MaTBeeBa - npeJI.]10.>K11J! cyny p83MecmTbCH II He- CKOJIbKI1X MaJ1eHbIGlX KOMHaTKax, pacnOJlO)f{eHHblX Han MeCT- HblM Ka6aKoM I . A KOMeHllaHT OJlOHUa reHepaJI-MaHop B. H. feHHI1H (1 BO- lice OTKa3aJICH npJ.1HHTb onpelleJleHHOrO TYn.a cynblQ M. H. )f(eJl- TYX(1Ha. B anpecollaHHoM IOcrI1U-KoJUJerl1l1 llOHOrneH(1(1 OT 18311rycTa 1721 r. B. H. feHH(1H npflMOJlI1HeHHO npeJI.]10)l(HJ], 'lT06bl H83H34311WHj..jCfi H8 OJlOHeu cyllbfi HaxO.DHJlCfi «nO() MoelO KO.M(lHrJOIO U 6e3 Moe20 66etb.vo HUW20 He iJelal»l. B nOllo6HOH 06cTaHOIIKe He npl1XOllt1TCfi YllHBJlfiTbCH, <ITO H83H8'leHHbIH II 1721 r. roPOllOll blM CYllbeii: II Xnb]HOII H.D.. TeJlenHell 336J18rO- I Eoroc.J06CKUU M M 06naCTHIDI pc$JpMo.J nCTpa Iknl1Koro. C. 233- 234. npl1Mepbl IlpOTHBQllej.jcmH.II MeCTHL]X aJIMI1HIIIClpaTOpoB HOOO!iiBI-Ja- 'JeHHbIM CYllbJIM B 1719 r. eM TaK)!(e: 5a.lOl(Up€fJOJ/ M. Cyne5HIDI pe4JopM3 nClfa I. c. 153-256. PfNlA, 4J. 21;5. on. I. KH. 5945. N2222. n. 1. 
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232 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npl1HI1MaJb .neJ18, CaM(1 BcrynaJiH B KOH4mI1KTb] C BoeBollaMI1 11 ry6epH8ropaMI1, a TO 11 BOnce He Sl.BJlSIJII1Cb K Mecry CJl}I)K6b1. H3BeCTHO, Hanpl.JMep, 'lTD OnpelleJIeHHblj..j 3 I1IOJHI 1719 r. ropoIIOBbiM cynbeH B Ee>KeUiodi Bepx B. H. TapaKaHoB, nOJlY- '111B HaKa3, TaK 11 He npl1CTym1JT K HCnOJIHemllO 06H3aHHOCTeH. B pe3YJTbTaTe '-Jero IOcTl1u-KoJ1J1enul OKa3aJ1aCb Bb]H}0K.!leHa Ha.JHa- 'IlITh TYlW HOBOro cy.nblO. B 1720 r. QT np(1eMa y BoeB01lb] CYAeG- HblX .DeJI 11 KOJIQ1lHI1KOB BCfl4eCKI1 YKJIOH5IJICfI ropo.noBo(::i cyllb51 B Toponue. OnpelleJ1eHHblH cYllbei1 B Apx,lHreJ1bCK H. A. XPI1- nyHoB cpa3Y no npl16blTHI1 BCrynl1Jl B KOH$1t1KT C Bl1Ue- ry6epH8ropOM n. E. J1011bDKeHCKJ.:IM I . KaK 6bl TO HM fibUlO, HeCMOT])H H8 Bce B03HHKaBWI1e 3aTPYII- HeHHH, pe$:JpMHpOBaHHaH CYlle6HaH CI1CTeMa POCCI1I1 3apa6oT8- JT8. B «HOBOMaHepHb]e» CYllbl nOHIHYJTHCb 4eJlo6HT'-II1KH. B HHX nOBeJU1 CXBa'leHHb]X TaTeH 11 nywery6ueB. nOHeCJlI1 AOHorneHHfI I1CKaJlbL llocr8TO'-lHO CKa3aTb. 'lTO. no Heony6JII1KOBaHHbIM naHHblM 0. E. KOWeJIeBOH. B 1723 r. B C8HKT-nerep6yprcKI1H HMBOpHblj..j cy.n O.1lHI1X TOJIbKO I1CKOBhlX l.JeJ106l1THblX nOCTynl1- JlO: B HHBape 100, B (]>eBpane 76, B M8pTe 114. B CBOIO O'1epellb, Ja nepl10.1l C to HHBapH no 21 ceHTH6pfl 1720 r. TOT .>Ke CaHKT- nerep6yprCKI1H rorepHxr BblHec 98 npl1rOBOpOB 11 peweHI1H, 8 TaK)I(e I13,!I,(lJI 427 nOCTaHORJIeHI1H, pacnOpIDKeHI1H H np11Ka30B cYAe6HO-CJ1ell:CTl3eHHOrO, cYAe6Ho-HCn0J1HHTeJIbCKoro. OpraHI1- JaUJIIOHHOro 11 X03f1HCTBeHHOrO COllep)l(aHI1f1!. <1>Hrypa 06oco6JleHHoro 01 BOeBO.1lbl C8MOCTOJlTe1lbHOro Cy.nbJII H8'1M8 MaJlo-noMa.rJY CTaHOBHTbCfI npl1Bbll.JHoi.1 KaK DJl5I. KpeCTbHH 11 nOCaIlCKHX, TaK 11 DJlSI '1I1HOBHI1KOB. fJly60KO no- Ka3aTeJTbHO, 'lTO B 1l0HoweHI111 OT 27 Ma})Ta 1721 r. TaM60BCKI1H npoBHHuHa.rJ-I1CKaJT M. A. Ll.aHlUToB C'leJT He06xo.nHMb1M OTMe- THTb KaK HeraTHBHoe 5I.RJleHHe, 'lTO OTAeJIbHb]e rOpO.1l0Bb]e CYAbl1 npOBI1HUHI1 «c I1Of!6OiJa.wu U 3 cJPY.?UMU KaMOHOUpbl U'Ifi>1Otn maKOU COlO3, RKo6b1 noooaHlwu e6ep,3. HHblMH CJ10BaMI1, }0Ke B 1721 r. PYKoBo.nl1TeJ1b Teppl1Topl1a.rJbHoro opraHa I1CKaJlbCKOi1 CJ1}I)K6bl BOCnpHHI1MaJI KaK Henpl1eMJleMYIO (XOT5I. 11 He npOTHB03aKOH- HyJO) CI1l)'aUHIO, Korna cy.nbH OTKa3hlDaJlI1Cb BeCTH ce6H He3a- BI1CI1MO no OTH oweHHIO K npellCTanI1TeJ1J1M WlMI1HI1CTpaUHI1. I AKTb] YfJlI14CK0i1 npoBHHUl1aJ]bHOI1 KaHueJlHptll1. T. I. C. 14. bO;>OC- II06CKUU M M 06rJ.tcnmH PI:4x:!PMa nCTpa BenI1KOro. C. 131. upe- 60 J/ M CYlle6HaH ru1xf1Ma nerpa I c. 256. rpJ,{'if'ist \?NQ 96, . 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BLoITlile CHCTeMbl CYPPB 233 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. I-haK. pe31OMHpY51 Bb]WeH3JJO)((eHHoe, CJ1eltYeT KOHCTaTI1- pOBaTb, 4TO Ha npOTS'DKeHi'm 1718-1720 rr. B Hallie" CTpaHe 6bUUI C03lI.3Hbl TPH 3BeHa Cyn.OB o6llleH IOpHclU1Kmm: IOcnm- KOJIJIem5l, HallBOpHble H «HH}I(HHe,} CYllbl (ropOltOBble H npoBHH- Ul1aJ1bHble). npH 3TOM IOcTHU-KOJUJerH5I, HallBOpHble H «HH)/{- HHe» Cy.nb] JlBHJlHCb ewe H nepBblMH OTelfeCTReHHblMH opraH8MH npaBocYllH5I, CTPYKl)'PHO 11 <lJYHKUI10HaJlbHO OTn.eJ1eHHbIMH OT opraHoB ynpaBJIeHHfL !i 3. KoHTppe4JopMaTopcKe MepOnpMRTHJl1722-1727 rr. B o6IlacT CYAOYCTpoa;1cTBa. CYAe6Hbie KOMMccapbl 3aeepwa51 pacCMOTpeHHe CIO)/{eTa 0 npe)({,!le HeBl1llaHHbIX B POCel'm cyn.ax 061l1ei1 IOpHCllHKUHH. Heo6xo.!I.l1MO KOCHyrbC5I TalOKe 06cTO.llTeJ1bCTB HX J1HKBH1JaUl1"- ,[leJ1o B TOM. '-HO OCHOB- H3.5I 4aCTb C0311aHHbIX B 1717-1719 rr. pe1lopMHposaHHb]X opra- HOB npaBOcyllHfl npocywecTBoBMa MeHee lleCHT11JleTHfL BH84aJJe ynpa3DHeHHIO nOllBeprJlHCb «HH}f(}{He" CYDbl l . ComaCHO npOTOKOJlbHOii 38nHCH, Ha npoXOlltfBWeM C yqa- CTHeM ne-rpa I 3acell8HHH npaBHTeJ1bCTBYIOWero CeHam to JlH- sapf! 1722 r. ceH8TOp H npe311.lteHT Au.MHpMTeikKoii KOJUJerHH cD. M. AnpaKcHH. Bb]CKa3aBlliI1Cb 0 TOM. '-jTO rOpOltOBb]M H npo- BI1HUl1aJJbHblM cyn.aM «8 npaBJ/eHUU oco6o 6blmb HenpWlU'J.HO», npe1l,JlO)l(11Jl nOll'-jI1HI1Tb llaHHble cyllbl BOeBOllaM, OT 4ero. «no eeo MHeHUIO. 6ydem nym'le>,. nOCKOJIbK)' non.H5iTblii Bonpoc 6b[J], no Bceii Ol(eBI1.ltHOCTII, }0Ke 3apaHee COrJIaCOBaH C HMncparopoM, BbICO'18iiwHX B03pa)/{eHHii He nOCJ1en.oBaJlo. KaK 6b[J]0 3aHK- Cl1pOnaHO B npoTOKOJTe 3acen.aHH5i, «no mallY npei1w.>KeHUIO, ezo 6eJ/U'leCmeo J'K03a.1 me HWI('HUJI crilu... nO'1UHUmb 2. OllH8KO H3LI8HI1e YKa3a 06. ynp83.QHeHI1I1 He38BI1CI1MbiX OT MeCTHOH MMHHHCTp8U1111 «HI1)((HI1X" cy.nOB HeCKOJ1bKO 3anlHY- JlOCb. CeHaTopbl. BOBpeM.II BCnOMHI1B 0 pOCCI1HCKHX npoc-rpaH- CTBax. 03a60T11JlHCb npo6J1eMoii OmpaBJIeHHH npaBocYDHH B OT1l8.IleHHblX MeCTHOCTSL'L H 12 <lJeBparm 1722 r. pacnOpRllI1J1HCb yrO'IHHTb. «6 KGKOM pa3cmOflHUU Komopoii zopoiJ uYeem /6bJmb] om npo8uHUa.1 HOi?O zopoiJa".3. B HTore. ceH8TCKI111 yK83 0 flHKBH- I B Jll1repaJype 06cTmlTeJlbCTlJa nl1KBW1dU111'! «HIDKHI1X» C\lDOU H,1I/I60- nee nonpo6Ho OCBCTH!! M. M. 6orocnoBCKI1i1 (Do.:ocIOOf'fUJU l M OfumcT- HaH r.;IfJorMa nerpa BenI1Koro C. 235-136). J*::: ::: :iji.06. 
234 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I n.alll1H ropO.nOBbIX 11 npOBHHUllliJIbHb]X CYJJ;OB COcrOHIlCfI JlI'IWb 12 MapTa 1722 r. KaK eMKO 4JopMYJmpoHarlOCb H nepBblx LTpoKax YhdJa, «eo 6cex poiJe.x lydbR.W, onpecJelf'tltlwl om J(JcmU-1<.VJt'1e2UU, He 6blmb». nOJlHOMOqt1 ynpa3.!1HHBWHXCH cy.aOB - B pe3KOe OT- CT)'TIJTeH(1e OT ewe He.llaBHO CTOJTb aKl)'aJ]bHbIX U1Be.llCKI'IX 06pa3- LlOE - B03BpaWa.J]I1Cb MeCTHb]M opraH8M o6wem ynpaR/lem1JL llrUl nOMOW(1 .>Ke BoeB01J.aM B OTnpaBJIemU-I npaBOcymrn B ruTaT npOBl1HUl-1aJ1bHOM KaHUeJl5lpl1l1. COrIl8CHO YKa3y OT 12 MapTa 1722 r., BBO.DI1JUlCb nOJDKHocm DBYX aceccopOB no cy.ne6HblM neJ18M. B ropon.ax, yn.a..neHHbIx OT npOBHHUHaJIbHoro ueHTpa H8 paCcTOfiHl1e 6oJ1ee 200 BepeT, Y'lpe>K1l8JlHCb 8HaJ10rl1'1HO nOll'1H- HeHHble BOeBOll8M «MeHwue HUJlCHUe C}'iJu. B COCTaBe oc060ro aceccopa 11 JUJYX-Tpex KaHLleJl.llpCKI1X CJJy}KalilI1X. B KOMneTeH- luno T3KHX «MeHlUI1X» cynOB BOWJ10 paCCMOTpem-le nen C I1CKOM no 20 py6J1eM]. J1HHI1f1 H3 JII1KBI11J.aUHIO pe<t:Jopr.mpoBaHHb]X cynOB nepBO- ro 3BeHa nOJIY'IHJIa OKOH'laTeJ1bHOe 3aKpeJUleHHe B 3aKOHe OT 4 anpeJI51 1722 r. B TOT neHb neTp I, 6YD.Y'1t1 B CeHaTe. nOllrnep- nl1J1 B03BparueHHe cyne6HblX nOJIHOMO'IHH npOBHHllHW1bHbIMH H J}l6epHcKHM KaHueJ1J1pJ.UlM (3a HCKmO<JeHHeM Tex. KOTopble pacnOJ1ar3JIHCb B ropO.n8X, rne 6bUIH H<UJ;BopHble cynb]). KpoMe TOro, no 38KOHY OT 4 anpeJl51 1722 r., Dim «cyne6Hblx» aceccopa npe.nycMarpHB3JlHcb B 111TaTax TOJlbKO ry6epHCKI1X 11 npOBHHUI1- aJlbHb]X KaHlleJ]}lpt1H, pa3MewaBlUIL'f.CH B «3HamHblX i!O{JlJdax., B OCTW1bHbIX )Ke KaHlleJl5lpH5IX 'lHCJlO TaKHX aceccopoB cOKpawa- JIOCb no onHoro. HapRLIY C 3THM, 3aKOHOllaTeJ1b HaI1MeHOBaJ1 nOn'lHHeH- Horo BoeBOlle aceccopa «MeHlUero» cyna «ct:iJe6Hb/..M Kavucca- pOM», a TalOKe YBeJlI1'l11Jl ofueM ero nOJ1HOMO<JHH: K IOpHCnHK- UI1I1 KOMI1Ccapa 6bU1I1 OTHeCeHb] lle.na C HCKOM no 50 py6Jlefi. B 3aKlllOlJHTeJlbHOH 'lliCTI1 3aKOH3 OT 4 anpeJl51 1722 f. oco60 npennt1CbIBaJlOCb ynpa3nHHTb npOBt1Hllt1aJ1bHble cynbl B 'reX ro- ponax, me llHCJlOUHpOBaJ1HCb roqJrepHxTbl] (<JTO 03Ha<JaJlO 3a- Kpblrne CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro. MOCKOBCKOro, BOpOHe>KCKoro, Ka3aHcKoro. HI1>KerOponcKoro. CMOJleHcKoro 11 JlpoCJlaBCKoro npOBHHllHaJlbHblX cynoB). Ha 3TOM HCTOpl1J1 CTPYKTYpHO ome- JIeHHblX OT opra HOB ynpaBJIeHI1J1 «HH)((HI1X» cynoB 3aKOH'l11Jl3Cb.  ::[rit.' 385. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 235 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. I1cxoll,H 1-13 C1:>opMYlmpOOaHHoro IIblllie onpe.neneHI-151 cyne6HoM KOHTppe<t:>oPMbl. OxapaKTepl-130llaHHble Mepb] CIle.ayeT npM3HaTb KOI-ITppe<t:>oPM8TopCKHMH (nOCKOJlbKY II OTHOllIeHMM HH301l0rO 3BeH8 cy.ne6HOH CHCTeMbl 6bUla ocyrnecTBJleHa pecrallpaUH5I - C He3Ha'mTeJ1bHbIMI-1 M3MeHeHJ.UlMI-1 - 1l0pe<t:>oPMeHHOrO cy.ne6HO- ro YCTpOMCTHa). npH'lMHbJ. no6y.nMBWl-1e neTpa I K ynHeHMIO ropo.no- BblX 1-1 npOOI-1HUl-1aJIbHblX cynoll, He BnOJlHe S!CHbl H nOHblHe. Ko BCeMY npO'-leMY. BOnpOC 06 3TOM DIDKe He CTaBl-1JlCH B npe.nwe- CTBYlOweH McropMKo-npallOIlOH IUlTeparype. 4TO MMeHHO Morno no.aBeCTI-1 3aKOHO.IJ.aTeJ1S! K MHeHHIO 0 Heo6xOllMMOCTH I1MKBHllI-1- pOllaTb C03.DaHHble C TaKI-1MI-1 TPYlIaMI-1 «HtmHHe» cynbl? npe)({,!le IIcero. He06xonl-1MO OTMeTHTb. <lTO, HaCKOJ1bKO MO>KHO IIJ.W;eTb no apxHBHblM MaTepMaJIaM. II onHCblBaeMoe Bpe- MS! HM B IOcTI1U-KOIIJIefl-1lO. HM B CeHaT, HM B HMneparopCKHM Ka6MHer He nOCTynaJIO HMKaKMX 0606lill1lOlllI1X HecaTI1BHb]X CBe.aeHMH 0 pa60Te ropO.nOBbIX 1-1 npOIlI-1HUI-1MbHb]X CYllOB. He nOJlY'la.rm ueHTpaJIbHble " BblCllIHe opraHbl R118CTH H MaCCOBblX >KaJl06 Ha ne5lTeJIbHOCTb '<HtmHl1X» cynOB. HaKoHeu, K HaCT05I- rneMY BpeMeHH He Y1l31l0Cb BblHBHTb .naHHbIX H 0 KaJ<HX-I1H60 HMeBUJI-1X OC06blH o6rnecTBeHHblH pe30HaHC yrOJloBHblX ne.rrnx, 4JHl}'pm-rraMI-1 KOTOpblX OKa3aJ11-1Cb 6bl ropo.nollble H npOIlI-1HUI-1- aJJbHble cynbH T aK 1.JTO np51MbIX. KOHKpeTHblX n080lIOII K ynpa3,!lHeHI-1IO «HI1>KHI1X» Cy.nOB Y 1aKoHonarenfi B 1722 r. 6bITb He Momo. Hao6op()T: KaK }'>Ke 6bUlO nOKa3aHO IIbllUe. II 1721 r. pe<t:>op- M"pOBaHH85I cyne6H85I CHCTeM3 POCCI-1I-1 3apa6OTana II nOJIHOM ofueMe. ropo.nOllb]e 1-1 npOIlI1HUI-1MbHb]e cy.n.bl 3aHW1" npO'-lHoe MeCTO B pernOHMbHOM 3BeHe rocynapcTBeHHOrO annapaTa. Bbl- XOllI-1T. npelInOCbUlKl-13aKpbITlliI «H">KHI-1XI> cy.noIlJle)({aJI" II HHOM JUlOCKOCTH. Bepo5lTHee IIcero. OCMb]CJ1S1f1 Ha'illJlbHb]e I-1Torl1 npOllelleHI1SI II ry6epHCKOM pe<t:>oPMb]. nerp I MCnblTaJI onaCeHI-1f1. 'lTO npe- 06pa30BaHHHa5I Ha lUBeltCKHM MaHep CI-1CTeMa MeCTHb]X opraHOB o6lllero ynpaBIleHl1}[ OK33a.rJaCb CJ1I-1WKOM OCJJa6J1eHHOH. lJ,n}{ YCl1J1eHHH >Ke 3TOH CI-1CTeMbl HMnepaTOp He \'BIUleJI npyroro nyrH. KpOMe KaK lIepl-l}'TbCSI K TpallHUHOHHblM DJlH HalUeH CTpaHbl Ha- 'IarJaM ellHHOBJ1acfl-1f1 II MeCTHOM ynpaBJ1eHHI-1. I1HblMI-1 CJ10IlaMI-1, neTp I pewl-1J1 IIOCCTIlHOBHTb .nopect!OpMeHHYIO MOneJ1b «eltHHOrO X0351MHa» II pernOHe, npJ.W;all ry6epHaTOPY 1-1 npOIlMHUMaJlbHOMY 
236 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BoeBone B JJ;OnOJIHeHHe K MMHHHCTpaTI1BHb]M nOJIHOMO'-lHJlM, ewe H BClO nOJlHOTy nOJ1HOMO'-IMH cyne6HblX. B TaKOB}110 KOH- CTpYKUHIO MeCTHOH MaCTH He:mBHCt1MbIH cynMI He BnHChlBarJC5I HI1 B KaKOM BapHaHTe. npHMe<I8TeJlbHO, 'ITO B nOJlb3}' yrBep)f(lleHJ.UI «e.llHHO- ro X0351I1H8» B perl10He (XOT.II 11 np(1MeHI1TeJ1bHO KOHKpeTHO K CI15(1pl1) BblcrymUi B Ha'laJle 1720-x rr. He KaKOj:j-HJII6YJJ;b M- MI1HI1CTpaTOp CTapOMOCKOBCKOi1 3aKaJIKI1. a ypo)({eHeu ropOlI,a 311reH cpellHerepM8HCKora rpa4>cTBa Haccay 6bIBWI-1H roJUlliHJl- CKHIl ct>ei-iepBepKep BHJIHM reHH"H (Georg Wilhelm de Hennin], nocrynHBwHH H8 PYCCK)'IO CJ1y;K6y 22 JIeT OT pOllyl. I1MeHHo reHepan-MaHop 8.11. reHH"H BblCKa3aJI - B m1CbMe Ka6I1HeT- ceKpeTapfO A. B. MaKapoBY OT I ct>eBpaJUI 1724 r. - MblCJlb 0 Heo6xoJI.l'lMOCTH cocpe.noTOlfeHI1JI seeM nOJTHOTb] Rl18CH1 B pe- rI10He B OllHI1X PYKax: « 'Imo6... 6WA 6bf oiJUH z.n06HeuUluii KllMaH- iJup, KomopoU 6bi Bcex CU6UPCKUX KaMGl/dUP08, liaiJoopHoU cyo u Ka.uepupa MOt! 6bi 6eoamb u wmpar/JoBamb, a He maK leaK menepb, "lmo fJCRIiOii OOnUJOU...") B nOJlHoii Mepe CTOJlh eMKO C<t>oPMYJUI- pOBaHHa BI1JIHMOM reHHt1HhIM H1le 0 "fJIaBHeiiweM KaM8HllH- pe» BOnJlOn1Jlach B >KH3Hh}')Ke nOCJle KOH'IHHhl neT})a I. B CB3H C H3118HHeM 3aKOHa OT 24 ct>eBpaJUI 1727 f. 0 peopfaHH3aUHH MeCTHOfO ynpaBJIeHHfl J . B03Bpalll8f1Cb K C06bITHfiM 1722 r., CJle.l(yeT OTMeTI1Tb. 'lTO BCKOpe nOCJIe H3.aaHHfI 3aKOH3 OT 4 anpeJU1 1722 f. H<NaJlOCh KaK c]:>OpMHpOBaHt1e Kopnyca «cyne6Hhlx» aceccopoB H cyne6Hhlx KOMHccapoB. TaK H 06pa30BaHHe DJlfi nOCJlenHt1X cBoero pOlla c..yiJeoob/X )"IOCmKo8. Hanpt1Mep. ceHaTCKHM YKaJOM OT 24 HlOJIfi 1722 f., Ha TeppHTOpHt1 MOCKOBCKOH npOBHHUHt1 6hlJlO C03.1laHO nfiTb cyne6HbiX Y'IaCTKOB: B KOJlOMHe. CepnYXOBe, 6opoBcKe, ] Ha116oJ1eenOCTOBepHbIeCBe.1leHH.IIopaHHer-.lIlepHO.1le>Kl13HI1 B. III. feH- HMHa CM. B craTb<: HCMCUKOJO KpaCBClia A. J1tOJaI 1972 r. (Liick A. Gcorg Wilhelm Hennin. Eln S]egencr als OIEamsator der sibmsc11cn Elsenmdustnc zur Zeit Peter; des Groflen II Siegerland. Sie,gen, 1971. Bd. 49. S. 9-11) 2PfAUA, 4J 9.0Tll 1. KH 66. n. 677 (ny6J1I1K3uI1I0 naHHoro nl1CbMa eM reHHUH B. YpanbCKaH nepelll1CKa C neTpO\f I 11 C EKaTepl1HOH I I ny6J1. M.o. AKHwHHa. EK.lTCpl1lIDypr. 1995. C. 196-198). nOK OiITeJlbHO. <eT0 cnYCTH 'Jyrb 60J1ee nOJ1YBCKa 3aKOHOD.8TeJlb npHMo Bb]paJI1J1C.II - B CT. 85 3aKOHa OT 7 HOH6pH 1775 r.. - 'ITO f]JaBa ry6epHCKOH aJIMtlHI1CTpaUl111 'ecmb lIKOX03J/UIi C60eU i!}'iJepJtuu. (3aKOH011aTt'JIbCTBO EKaTepHHbl II. T I C. 393) }nOJlHCIe c06paHlile 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 5017. C. 746-748 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 237 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. MO.>Kal1CKe M DMMTPOse]. XapaKTepHo. 'lTO, B OTIlI1'lMe OT npe)/(- Hero nopSUlKa. Koma fOpO.D.OBble cynbM H83Ha'l3.JlMCb IOcTI1U- KOJUlemeii, «cyne6Hble» aceccopbl M cyne6Hbie KOMI1CCapbl onpelleJHIJlI1Cb Ha nOJDKHOCTb OpaBl1TeJlbCTBYfOWMM CeHaTOM (KaKOBOM nopsur.OK 6bUl JaKjJenJleH, CTOI1T nOBTOpI1Tb, B CT. 5 3aKOH8 «D.OJl>KHOCTb CeH8Ta» B pellaKUI1M OT 27 8npeJ1Jj 1722 r.). OepBa5I 60J1bWa.H rpynna aceccopoB - 79 'leJ10BeK - n0J1)f'-111118 Ha3H8'leHl1e 20 I1fOJ1.H 1722 r. DBa nHfI cnYCT5I, 22 MIOJI5I. CeH8T H<i3Ha'll1J1 erne 'leTblpex «cYlle6Hblx» aceccopoo M BOCbMepb]X <.--y- ne6Hbix KOMI1CCapoB 1 . nOJal3aTeJlbHO. liTO He OCTaJlCfI 6e3 BHMMaHlliI Bonpoc 0 TpynoYCTpoikTBe BlIepaWHI1X roPOllOBblX cyneii !30JlbWt1HCTBO t13 Ht1X 6blJm onpe1leJleHbl «CYlle6HbIMI1» aceCCOpaMt1 111111 cy- lle6HblMM KOMt1CcapaMI1 B re )l(e MeCTa. me OHt1 pa6OTaJlI1 npe- )l(J]e (reM 6oJ1ce, 'lTO ell.le B ynoMflHyroM ceHaTCKOM YKa3e OT 12 M8pTa 1722 f. Ha 3TH nomKHOCTI1 npe.nmlCblBaJlOCb Ha3Ha- 'laTh JUm, «K mo.MY oe,1Y 3a06b1'iHbIX>,). Koe-KTO 113 fOpO.D.OBblX cYlleii noweJ] t1 H8 nOBblllJeHt1e. TaK, 6bIBWI1ii cynbSl. IOpbeB3- OOJlbCKOro A. .H. J1bBOB 6bVl 20 Ma.H 1722 r. onpe1leJleH acec- COpOM IOcHlU-KOJlJIeft1l1. a 6blBllJt1i1 apXaHfeJ1oropollCKi1i1 CYllb.H 11. A. Xpt1nYHoB nOJ1)f'-1I1J1 17 Ma5I 1723 r. Ha3Ha'leHl1e ce- KjJeTapeM B Pem13HoH-KOHTOPY CeHaTa J . He 3a6blJuJ M npo 06ep-JIaHllpMXTepOR 113 MX 'lMCJ18 Tpoe- 11. O. Tonl11lbCKHi1, 11. n. CBeWHI1KOB M r. A. WaHlJ10B - CTa- J111 aceccopaMI1 HMBOpHblX cynoR A BOT fJIaBY ynpa31lHeHHOfO CaHKT -ncTep6YPfcKOro npOBi1HUl1aJlbHOro cyna 41. C. Mm-iyKO- Ba neTp 1 onpe.neJlI1Jl 29 anpeJl51 1722 r. t1CnOJlHflfOll.ll1M 06.H3aH- HOCTH npe311ileHTa BOT'II1HHOi1 KOJlJlefl1i1 4 . '-ITO KacacrcfI cynoYCTpOMCTBeHHoi1 cHryaUMI1, B03HI1KllJeM B Hawei1 ClpaHe B 1722 r., TO 31leCb He06xollMMO OTMeTHTb, 'lTO BHOBb nOJ1yYHBWl1e cyne6Hb]e tPYHKUMM MeCTHble opfaHbl 06rne- fO ynpaBJleHI151 YHaCJIenOBaJm OT ropO.D.OBbIX M npOBHHUl1aJlbHb]X cynOB He TOJlbKO I1X nOJIHOMO'-lI151, HO 11 nOJlO)«eHl1e B cyne6Hoii [PfALIA, 4J. 148. KH. 1889. n. 458 Cyne6Hbiit )"JaCTOK B LlMI1TpoBe OXBaTI1.IJ. HapilllY c £lIIITpoBCKI1M )'t'JlIOM. T.:UvKe KriHHCKI1i111 BonOKCUk1M- CKHi1 yC3J1b]. }"IDCTOK B MOJKai1t'Ke - TdIOIIe 3OCHI1JTlpoJJ:CJ(I.li1 11 PyJCKHi1 ye3D.b]. )f'laCTOK B 00p0BCKl' - Bepei1t'KHii 11 MaJlOflpocnaBellKl1H ye3D.bl. !prALIA, 4J. 148, KH. 1889. JI. 324-329. 457 06.--458- PfALIA, 4J. 148. KH. 1889. R. 103; KH 1914. JI. 10406. 4 Pf ALIA, 4J. 1451. KH. 13. JI. 362. 
238 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I CMCTeMe, ". -reM CaMbIM, BellOMCTBeHHYJO nOll'lHHeHHOCTb. I1Hbl- MI1 CJlOBaMH. KaK JIBCTByeT 1-13 apXI1EHb]X M8Tepl1aJlOB 11 tPYHna- MeHTaJlbHOH ny6J1HKaWIH ..Ah.TbI Yrm1'lCKOH npOBI1HUHarJbHOH KaHueJUlpHH». c 1722 f. ry6epHcKHe H npOBHHUHaJlbHble KaHue- IDIpHH Ha'I8JIH <1JYHKUt10HHpoBaTb. Bo-nepBbIX, B Ka'iecme cy.aOB o6wdi IOp(1CL{I'IKUI'II'I, BO-BTOPbIX. B Ka'leCTBe cyn:a nepBom 3Re- H8, B cH.Ily 'lero OHM npeBpanUU-ICb B H(1)Ke(.1()SllLlYlO I'IHCTaHUHIO no OTHowemno K H<\AB0PHb]M CYJIaM 11 IOcTI1U-KOJIJIenm. Hanpl1Mep. 3 oKTn6pn 1723 r. flpOCJ18BCKHi1 ro<lJrepHxT, KaK Ht1 B 1jeM HI1 6blBaJIO. npellm1CaJI ApxaHfenoropollcKoii ry- 6epHCKOii KaHueJlSlpHI1 nepe.aaTb HeJlO no 06BHHeHHJO nOllbHlje- ro D.. MaKapoBa B npeC"ryfUlemUix npoum I1HTepecoB CJI)I)K6bI B npoH3BollCTBO EieJToJepcKoii npOBHHUt1aJ1bHOH KaHUeJlSlpJ.U1, a 12 Hoo6p.ll TOro >Ke ro.na - nOTpe5oB<lJI OT noruexoHcKoit npo- BI-1HUHaJlbHOi1 KaHueJlflpJ.U1 YCKOpl1Tb pa36HpaTeJ1bCTBO neJ1a 0 XI1ll.lemm npOBI13.HIa l . npM 3TOM HaIlBOpHble cynbl CHOCI1JJl.1Cb C ry6epHCKMMH H npOBHHUMaJlbHblMM )GmueJ]}lpHJIMH MCKJlIO- 'lHTeJ1bHO <<JlKa3aMU», KaKOBblMl1, CIOHT nOBTOpI1Tb. B 6fOpoKpa- TI1'leCKOM 06Hxolle XVIII B. 0603Ha'laJIHCb nOKYMeHTbl, HanpaB- JUiBWHeC B HI1:iKecToowHe opraHbl BJIaCTH. HeyIlHBHTeJ1bHO, 'lTO, BbICT)'TIaH B Ka'leCTBe opraHOB npaBocynMSJ. ry6epHCKtle H npOBHHUHaJlbHble KaHLleJlpMM CTMH. Ha'lHHaH C I n2 r., He- petl,KO MMeHOBaIbC B 04JHUHaJlbHOM neJ10npmnooncme -«npo- BUI/L(UaJ/l/biMU c"dallfu». B CBSJ3H. C H3JlOiKeHHbIM, nOCJIe 1722 r. cm:pamlJlHCb H oKpyra HaIlBOpHblX cynoB. npan.n.a, B CBH3H C J1HKBH1l8Wtei:i -«HWKHHX» cynOB cyne6Hble oKpyra CTaJlH o6pa30BblBaTb UeJll1KOM Te npOBI1HLlHH, BoeBOllCKHe KaHUeJmpl1H KOTOpblX KaK opraHbl npaBOcynM OKa3aJlHCb HH>KeCTOHWHMM no OTHOWeHMIO K COOT- BeTCTBYlOlUeMY repHUY. Hanpl1Mep, B 1723 r. B OKpyr flpoc- IlaBCKOrO HaIlBOpHOro cyna BXOnl1JlH ApxaHreJlOrOpOnCKa5I, oeJlo- 3epcK.lJJ. BOJ1oroncK.lJJ. ra.n.HuKan. KI1HeWeMCKa5I, KOCTpoMCKa5I, nOwexoHcKaH, YrJ1H'lCKa5I H YCTJOiKCKaH npOBHHUHl1 l . '-ITO xapm<TepHO, oTMe<leHHblH nopHlloK roal1MOOTHOweHHH ry6ePHCKHX H npOBI1HUl1aJ1bHblX KaHUeJ1pHH C ro$repHXTaMI1 H IOcTI1U-KOJ1J1er HeH CJ10iKHJlCH no YMOJl'illHmo 3aKOHo.Ll.aTeJl, He I PfAM, 4J. 982. KH. 19, JI. 64. 91 06 CXOIIHb]e npl'lMepb[ CM.. TaM )1(1:, JI. 1, 5 06.. 1111 np.; AKTb[ Yml14c!o.OU npoBHHUHWlbHOii. K3HUeJUlpl1l1. T. I. C. 3?t. j;n:tO KHl1ry IlC1(Q!lJlweii KOppecnOH!leHUHI1 JlpOCJlaBcKOro n:$rqJl-lUd 1723 r.: PfAM. 4J. 982, KH. 19. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 239 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. 6YlIY'U1 pefJ1aMeHTl1pOBaH HM B ellMHOM HOpM8TI1BHOM npaBO- BOM aKTe 1722-1725 fr. EnMHCTBeHHO nonblTKOH TaKOBO pe- maMeHTaUMH SlBHJlCH ynot.UlHyrblii Bblllle npoeKT I1HCTpYKUHI1 npoBHHUHaJlbHOMY cyny OT HIOHH 1722 r., B CT. 2. 10 M 13 KOTO- poro 6blJ1H BHeceHbl (]>opMYlmpOBKH 0 nO.1l'IHHeHHH npOBMHUM- aJlbHOH KaHueJ1Hpl'll1 B cy.ne6HOM OTHOUleHI'IH IOcrMU-KOJIJ1enm 1'1 HalIBOpHOMY cynyl. CTOMT T3.JOKe OTMeTHTb. 'JTO, KaK y6e.lll'lTeJ1bHO nOKa3aJ1 erne M. M. EOrOCJlOBCKMH, Y"Ipe)({JleHHble B 1722 r. CYlIe6Hb]e KOMHccapbl Bbllll1lH B npaBonpHMeHHTeJ1bHot1 npaKTHKe naneKO :ill npe.neJ1bl MCKOB lIO 50 py6J1ei-i. YCTaHOBJIeHHblX B HMeHHOM YKa3e OT 4 anpeJ1H 1722 r. B lIeHCTBI1TeJ1bHOCTI1 CYlIe6Hbie KO- MHccapbl paCCMaTpHBaJlH KYlIa 6oJ1ee WHPOKl1H J<pYf .neJ1, BIUIOTb lIO YMbllllJleHHb]X y6I'1HCTB 1 . CoumeTCTBeHHO. BblHeceHHble cy- lIe6HblMM KOMI'ICcapaMM npMroBOpbl. B KOTOpblX Ha3Ha'laJIaCb cMepTHa51 K3.JHb I'IlIM CCbUlKa Ha KaTOpry. nocl)'naJIl1 (KaK B He- D.aBHeM npOlllJIOM TaKHe )f(e npMroBopbl rOp0,D.OBb[X 11 npoBJ.1H- UHaJlbHblX cynoB) Ha yrBep>KneHHe B HaaBopHble cynbl. OCTaeTCSI no6aBMTb, '-ITO lIOHblHe B MCTopMKo-npaBoBOH l1M- Tepmype He paccMaTpHBarraCb neCbM8 npHMe<J8Tel1bHaSi nOnblTKa nO.LlBeCTI1 I'ITOf pe():lopMMpOBaHI1J1 neTpOM I HI130BblX 3BeHbeB CHCTeMb] CY.LlOB 06ll.leH IOpMC.LlI1KUI1I1. LlaHHa5I nonblTKa I'IMeJla MeCTO npM COCTaRJleHl111 npoeKTa YJ10)f(eHI'I5I POCCI1HCKOro ro- cY.Llapcna 1723-1726 fT. B rJJ. 2-10 KH. I npoeKT8 6b1JI8 BHece- }ill CTaTb51 51 «KoKUH u.vewm nOO'fU1/eH1/W/ o'()u 6b1mb JOcmu- KO/LleCIJU. zi)e ooHocumb U 6umb 'feJOM 1/adrieJK:uml>. yrBep)l(flCHHaH Yl1Q)KeHHoH KOMHCCHeH 70KTH6p51 1723 r. ComaCHO 3TOH CTaTbe B Ja11.JeCTBe CYlIa nepBoro 3BeHa B POCCMM npellnOJJafaJIl'ICb: pacnOJlO)l(eHHblH B aaMI'IHl'lcTpaTHB- HOM QeHTpe npOBHHQMM «np06U1/ua.n1/oiJ C). a TafOKe pa3- MeweHHbli1 B y.narreHHoi1 'l8CTI1 npOBHHUMM M COCT05lBlllM 113 e.1lI1HOJ1I1'-1HOrO cynbH «1/UJlCHeU 3ewawu UJ/U J'e301Ioii cp. K no.1l- BellOMCTBeHHOCTM ye311Horo cyn.a npellnOJIararrOCb OTHeCTH neJl8 C MCKOM no 50 py6J1ei-i. 8 K nOllBe.1l0MCTBeHHOCTH npOBHHUHaJlb- HOro cyn.a - Bce rpa)({JlaHCKHe H yroJloBHble lleJla (3a I1CKJlIO'Ie- HHeM lleJl cneUl'l81lbHoi1 nOllCYllHOCTH 11 lleJl, I1HI1UI1HpOBaHHblX tPMCKaJTbCKOi1 CJ]}I)K6oi1). B Ka'leCTBe CYlla BTOpOro 3BeHa B CT. 51 [/5oa;c,/06CI<.UU M M. 06naCTHIDI pe4x:!PMa neT)Ja EeJlI1KOro. npl1.l10- )KeHI1H. C. 30, 34. 36. lTaM )Ke. C. 242-243 
240 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I rJI. 2-H KH. I npoeKTa YIlO)((eHl1Sl c]:Il1rypMpOBM HMBOpHblH eYA]. KaK }')Ke rOBOpl-1l1OCb. npoeKT YJlO)l(emUl 1723-1726 rr. TaK H He nOJ1Y'[t1J1 YTBep)KD.emrn. cyne6Hble opraHhl. Hal1MeHOBaHHble «Ye3llHbIMH cynaMH», nmlBl1J1HCb B Hawef1 CTpaHe TOJ1bKO B XOlle cyne6HOH pe$JPMbI 1775 f.. a BOT rowrepHXTbl OCTaJlHCb - .ao nopbl 110 BpeMeHH - HeT]JOHyrbIMM. HmcaK He 6yJI,y'-IM JaTpOHyrb] B xo.ne KOHTppepMaTopCKHX Meponpl151TI1H 1722 r., H<ULBOpHble cynbl npoll0J1>K11JI11 tPYHKUI-10- HHpOOaTb M nOCJie KOH'lHHbl ne-rpa I. B npe)l(HeM pe)l(HMe npo- Xo.m1JlH 38ce.n.aHIHI cyne6HbIX npHcyrcrnHH, KaK HI1 B lJeM He 6bl- BaJlO, npoxollWlH HOBhle Ha3HaljeHHH B HX COCTaB. CKIDKeM, 3a JlHBapb-CeHT5I6pb 1725 f. .Hp0CJl8BCKHH rowrepl1XT BblHec M 113- naJI 629 npl1ronopOB. peweHHH. nOCTaHOBJ1eHHH H npI1Ka30 (3a aHaJlOrl1'lHb]H nepl-1o.n 1723 r. CaHKT-ncrep6yprcKI1i1 HMBOpHblH cyn Bb]HeC H "MaJ], CTO(1T nOBTopHTb, 525 TaKOBblX 8KTOB). '-ITo no cy..oeHCKI-1X H83H<i'leHMi1. TO, H8npMMep, B YKa3e OT 17 MJOWI. 1725 r. EtcaTepMH8 I. oTMeTMB. 'lTO MOCKOBCKMi1 ro- repHxT HaXODJITCH B 4:.H cocmofiHuu». BnepBble onpen.eJUlJI8 1)'IIa npe3H1leHTa - OnblTHoro MMMHMcrpaTOpa reHepaJI-M8iiopa B. H. 30TOBa.lOoKTH6pHTOrO>Ke 1725 r.CeH8THa3Ha'IJ.UlHOBOro BMue-npe3lUleHTa B SlpocJJaBCKI1i1 HaIlBOpHblH cy.n: Bblwen.wero 6 OTCTa6K)' no B03pacry A. M. Wej:(n.HKOBa CMemlJl n0J1K06HI1K <1>.11. BeJlbHMMHOB-3epHoB 3 . A no ceH8TCKOMY YKa3Y OT 21 $=6- paJIH 1727 r. nOJ1yYl1JI HOOOro npe3H1leHTa 11 To6oJ1bCKI1i1 rore- pHXT (3T)' .nOJ1>KHOCTb 3aHSlJI ry6epHaTop M. B. ilOJIroPYKoB)4. OnHaKO BCKope CIfI)8llitH nepeMeHl1JIacb. KaK t13SeCTHO, 6 1726-1727 rr. nOCJle.1l0BaJlapemmrn MHon1xnpe06pa3oBaHt1H ne- T])a I. B paMKaX 3T0i1 peBt13t1116bLTJ. D 'ffiCTHOCTI1. B3HT KYPC Ha CBO- ero pon.a «MMMHt1CTpan1BH.YJO 3KOHOMt1JO». BceMepHoe - CTpYK- "l}'PHoe M 'lI1CJ1e HHoe - COKpaweHt1e rocynapCTBeHHOro annapaTa ' PfADA, cPo 341. KH JJ. 'J. I, n. 1606.-17 Inpn.fJruKeHl1e vI. Ca- maCHO npOTOKO.Y Jace.naHHH YnO)l(eHHoi1 KOMHCCI1I1 OT 7 OKTHGpH 1723 r.. B pa3JXl6OTKe ill]HHOH CTaUH np"HWU1 }"lliCme: ceHaTop n. A. TOJI- CTOM. COBeTHI1K CHHona apXI1MlIH.f1PI1T f.mpl1l1J1 16Y-A<ltHCKHfil, J"CHCpaJI- peKeTMeHCTep B. K. flaBJIOB. COBeTHI1K IOcmU-KOJIJ1erHl1 C. BOJIb<tJ. COBeTHI1K KaMep-KOJIJIerl1l1 (f) B. HaYMoBI1 aceccop IOcmu-KO;merl1l1 3. JWoMn !C\i.: Pf 5. Jpfl1A, KH 19, n. 88; PfAIlA, 4J. 248, KH. 1947,11.34. KpoMe TOro, 5 r. CeHaT onpenenl1Jl B JlpoCJ1aBCKI1i1 ro4Jre- PI1XT HOBOro ce (TaM >Ke. n. 170). 4no nHoe c06paHl1e .laKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 5015. C. 743. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 241 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. (oco6eHHo Ha ypoBHe pemoHMbHoro 3BeHa)l. no Mepe npeTBO- peHH}! B )f(J.13Hb naHHoro ...-ypca HacTIUI 'l€pe.n H HaJlBOpHblX cynoB. B more, $)pMMbHM J1HKBl1llaJ_UHI. OTe'leCTBeHHbJX rc$repl1XTOB npOH30lllila <Jyrb 6oJ1ee BOCbMH neT CnyCT5I nOCJ1e HX OCHOBaHI15I. comaCHO CT. 5 ynoMHHaBweroc 3aKOH8 OT 24 «tJeBPaJUI 1727 r. o peOpraHH3aU(1H MeCTHoro ynpaBJTeH(1S[. Cy.ne6Hb]e nOJlHOM0411J!. H<\1I.BOPHbIX CYJIOB 6bUlH B03BpaweHbi opraH8M 06wero ynpaBJ1e- H(151 - ry6epHCKHM H I1pOBHHUl18J]bHblM KaHUeJ1f1pH5IM 1 . npouecc qmKTH'leCKOrO ynpa311HeHH5I HMOOPHb]X CYJIOB He 3aTHHYJ1C5I. TaK. nOCJIellHee 3ace.naH(1e CaHKT-nerep6yprCKOro ro$repl.DITa COCTOfIJIOCb 12 MaH 1727 r. Erne paHbwe cBepHyn pOOO1Y $lPOCJ18BCKHH HM.BOpHblH cyn. Ha 3acen.aHHH 28 anpe- J1 1727 r. B(1ue-npe3HlleHT <1>. 11. BeJlbHMHHOB-3epHoB. OrJIaCHB CeH8TCKI1H YK33 0 CBoeM Ha.JH8'leHHH BOeBo.noH .HPOCJ18SCKOM npoBHHUHH. 06D5IBHII 0 3aKpbITI1H CYJIa. B KHHry BXOllJUlleH KOppeCnOl-lJIeHUI1(1 ro$repHXTII 6b]J18 BHeceH3 tPHHMbH8H 3a- n(1Cb: «...113a me.tt YKa30M c mom '1UC1a B RfXlCJa8CK.OU HarJBopHoU cyrJ 6Oe3rJy U 3GCerJaHU5/ He U!lteem3. Ha 3TOM 3aKOl-NlUJ8Cb HCTOPJ.UI C0311aHHOH no wBellCKoMY 06pa3UY nepnOH OTe<JeCTBeHHOH CHCTeMbl CYllOB o6wei-i IOpHC- nHKUHI1. CTPYKTYPHO H tPYHKUHOHMbHO OTneJ1eHHbIX OT op- raHOB ynpaRJ1eHHH 4 . EnHHcTBeHHb]M OCKOJ1KQM 3TOH CHCTeMbl nOCJ1e 1727 r. OCT8Jl8Cb IOcTl1u-KOJUJerHfI. npocywecTBOBaB- I no.up06Hee 06 :lTOM CM.: AHum.uoe E. B. focynapcTBeHHb!e npe- 06pa30BaHI1H... C. 231-2]7; flurnpbKO(J(l JI. Q:J. YKa3. co'!. C. 250-254. Kaca51Cb Macurra60B cOKpailleHH.II, .nOCTaT04HO CKaJaTb, 'ITO, no naH- HbIM C. M. TPOHUKOro, Ja 1726-1717 rr. TOJ1bKO B MeCTHblX opraHaX BIIa- em 6bL0 ynpa3D.HeHO 27 DOJlAoJiOCTeH, 3a4JHKCl1posaHHb]X B paJneJ1e ro- cynapCTBCHHoH Jpd)K.!IOIHCKOii. CJIVmbl Ta6CJ1H 0 paHr.LX pc.naKUHI1 1723 r. (TpoUIjKUU C. M PyCCKHi1 a6COJ1iorI13M 11 nBOp.llHCTBO B XVIII Boo $.JPMI1- polklHl1e 6tOpOKpaTI1I1. M.. 1974. C. 121). In()J1Hoe co6paHl1e JaKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 5017. C. 748. Me)!(1lY npo411M, B nOHCHHTCJIbHOii qaCTH Ha:IDaHHOH CTaTbl1 - BIJOJIHe B nyxc BblwepaccMo- 1]JCHHbIX npclI.IJruKCHHH 13.11. fCHHHHa 1724 r. - roBOpl1JlOCb 0 TOM. 'JTO JaKOH01I:ITeJ1b nOCTaBfL'J Jaaa'JY, 'lT06bl «6Mf.CJIICj pa3HbIX ,,:tlfl/4C111PUU U l}rleU JH(Uli mlJ'LVO WHY K(1fII#!-UiPUKJ» (111M )l(e). 8\8.oxapaKTCPI.J30BaHHOe vnpaw-teHMe B 1727 r. HaJIBOpHblX cynoB HHKaK He Jal]XJHyno PmKcKOro ro<f1repl1XTI1. 3TOT pellHKT WBeJlCKOH cyne6HoH CI1CTeMb] 6J1aron0Jl)"1HO npocvIlJXTBOBaJI Ha OTe'JecTBeHHOit n04Be.n0 11189 r...no pacnpocrpaHeHI1S1 Ha npl16alTl1i1cKl1e I)'6epHl111 B nOJ1HOM 06'beMe neHCTBI1.11 Cylle6Hbix YCTaBOB 1864 r. (Uo- p06 10. A. Bonpocb[ I1CTopl.JH rOCY.illipcTBa 11 npana... 8Mn. 4. C. 54). 
242 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I waR 110 MIOJ]Sl 1786 L OCTaeTCJ1 KOHCTaTl1pOOaTb, 'HO npl1 seeM KpaTKOBpeMeHHocTH cYllleCTBOBaHiHI «HIDKHI1X» 11 HallBOpHbLX Cy.nOB nepBoH Tpen1 XVIII B. OHM 3aHSIJII1 oco6oe MecTO B HCTO- PH" poCCHHCKoro cyna. KaK erne B 1915 f. cnpaBe.DJlI1BO 3a- Men1Jl 10. B. fone, «BHI1MaTeJlbHoe OTHOWeHl1e K Bonpocy 06 oCBo60>K.!leHHH PYCCKOro cy.na OT BeKoBoro CJ1HflHIUI era C opra- HaMI1 ynpaRJ1eHiUl M HaCTOM'lHBoe CTapaHl1e OCYJ1-lecrBMTb TaKoe oCBo60)(([leHHe Ha neJJe COCTIlBJUIJOT caMble HHTepecHble 'lepTbl cyne6Hoi1 pe():lopMbl ne-rpa [1],,1. g 4. npaBIllTenbCTBYIOLllI.1M CeHaT KaK opraH npaBOCYAIIIR B 1717-1725 rr. PeKeTMeMCTepcKafi KOHTopa Me>K.llY TeM. xapaKrepl1CTHKa CI1CTeMbJ OTe'leCTBeHHbIX cy- nOB o6llid'i JOpHCJI.l1KUl11-1 1717-1725 IT. 6yneT 3aBe;J;OMO Henon- HOM, eClll1 He KOCHyrbC.II Bonpoca 0 BeH'ffiBWeM 31)' CHCTeMY npamoellbCTBYlOweM CeHaTe. KaK Y)I(e OTMe'laJIOCb BbllUe. B Om1CblBaeMOe BpeM.II nOJIHOMOlJt1H CeHaTa KaK cyna 'jeTBepTOro (Bblcrnero) 3BeHa 6bUlt1 3aKpeJUleHbl B CT. 4 3aKOHa OT 19 ne- Ka6pH 1718 r. 06 YKpeJUleHt1t1 t1HCTaHllt10HHOCTH B cynonp0t13- BO.llCTBe H B CT. 4 3aKOHa -«D.OJDKHOCTb CeHaTa» (B penaKUHSJX OT neK(6»>l1718 L H oT27 anpeJ]fI 1722 r.). CTOHTel.l.le BcnOMHHTb, 'jTO, no CT. 5 33KOHa OT 19 neK(6»>l1718 L, npHHOCHTb JKaJ106b1 Ha npHroBopbl H perneHHfI CeH8T8 Bocnpel.l.lanOCb nOlI yrp030i1 cMepmoi1 Ka3Ht1!. D.onOJlHt1TeJlbHO K 3TOMY. 7 MapTa 1721 r. neTp I H31lan ynoMHHaBllIt1iicH Bblrne 3aKOH. no KOTOPOMY Ha cyne6Hoe pac- CMOTpeHHe CeHaTa nOJDKHbl 6bUlH B 06H3aTeJlbHOM nopHnKe nOCTynaTb neJla 0 Ka3HOKpanCTBe (0 «noxuw,eliuu K031ib/ WIU HOpOOm>lX iJeHei!»), paCCJlCllOBaHHble LleHTpanbHblMH opraHa- MH RJl<iCTH. BblHeCeHHb]e no TaKHM neJl<iM npHroBopbl CeH8- TY HaDJIe)lffiJlO H8npaRJl.l1Tb Ha yTBep)f(1l.eHHe uap.l1 J . H8KoHeu, HMeeT CMblCJI nOBTOpHTb. 'jTO, B COOTBeTCTBt1H co CT. 4 3aKOHa .D.OJDKHOCTb CeHaTa>, B penaKllHH 1718 r.. neJla MomH nocT)'- naTb Ha aneJlJlSJUHOHHoe paccMOT))eHHe CeHaTa TOJlbKO C caHK- w-m MOHapxa. ] Tomb(! 10. B. OrlleJIeHI1e cYlle6Hoh BJlaCTI1 OT R!lMHHI1C1parnBHOH. C. 189-190. 13aKOliOlWTtJ1bHb[t HKTb] ne1pa I. c. 189. 195-196. 378-379. JpfAllA,4J. 1451. KH. B.JI. 49InpHJIO>KCHl1e IV, NQ 2). 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 243 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. KpoMe Taro. B CT. 4 3<1KOHa «,UOJI>KHOCTb CeffiiTa» B pe.aaK- Um-I OT 27 anpeJl.l1 1722 f. 6b1Jlo BHeceHO nOnOJlHeHl-1e. comacHo KOropoM)' npellYCMaTpl-1BanOCb 06H3aTeJlbHoe Y'[8CTl-1e B npoue- n.ype aneJUJHUl-10HHOro nepeHoca neJ1 peKeTMeiiCTepa (reHepaJI- peKeTMeHCTepa)1 - rJJaBbl PeKeTMeHCTepCKOH KOHTOpbl CeHarn. Y'lpe}l(L{eHHa.ll 12 HHBapH 1722 r. B Ka'leCTBe CTpyKl)'pHoro nOll- p8JL\eJleHI-1H npaBI-1TeJlbCTBYlOwero CeHaTa PeKeTMeHCTepclQUI KOHfDpa OTBe>laJI8 3a npHeM >KaJIo6 H8 ueHTparibHb]e opraHbl BlJaCTI1 (KoJUJenm H K<lHueJUlpI-1H). B TOM 'lHCJ1e >KaJJo6 H8 He- npaBocymle 1 . HOpMaTHBHYJO OCHOBY ne}jTeJlbHOCTH KOHTOpbl B nepBoH 'lernepTH XVIII B. COCTaBHJlH *J1l1cmpyKu,uR WlU lIaK03 peKelILueiicmepy» OT 5 (]>eBpanH 1722 r., a TalOKe .uonOJlHeHI1H K I1HCTPYKUHI-1, yrBep.IK.JJ.eHHble I-1MnepaTopOM 17 1-1 19 anpeJiH 1722 r.] 13aKOHonmeJIbHb]e 8KTb[ neTpa I. e. 195. If)lIaf01IapH HJb]CK8HI1SIM HeCKOJ1bKHX nOKOJIeHI1H HCTOpl1KOB H npaBo- BellOB, CTal)'C, KOMneTeHUH.II H lleHTellbHOCTb PeKeTMeWCTepcKoW KOHTO- Pb[ B nepooi1 'JeTBepm XVIII B. OKa3a.lJI1Cb OCBellleHb[ HH cerollHHwHHi1 IleHb Cp8BHI1TeJ1bHO nOllp06Ho. CneUI1aJ1bHOe BHI1MaHl1e DaHHOH KOHTO- pe CeHaTa yneJ1I1J111 C. A. neTpoBCKI1H. A. H en[{!lHnnOB, M. 11. C11311- KOB, E. B AHI1CI1MOB, 11 en. nl1CapbKOlkl KpyI1Hei1wHM >Ke Ilccrrenooa- HI1eM 06 I1CTOpHI1 :mpojf(j}eHIII.II 11 nepBOHa'laJ1bHoro I}JYHKUHOHI1pOB8HIII.II PeKeTMeiicTepcilli KOHTOpbl nOHb]He OCTacrCH HTaJlbHM cm- Tb>I M C. nOMepaHueBa 1916 r. (/7empo6cI<UU C. A. YKa3. C04. C. 185- 201. (]Jociunl106 A. H YKa3. C04 e. 126-149; CUJW\06 M. #. Y4peJK1leHH.II npH CeHiiTe II 3aKoII01JHfl"JlbCTlJO f1e1pa I. C. 80-82; .4lIucUJlOtJ E. B. fo- cy.napCT8eHHble npe06paJOsaHI1H e. 262-165; llumpu.OfJO JI. r]J YKaJ C04. C. 153-157; flm«po M C. feHepa.II-peKeTMei1CTep 11 ero KOHTOpa B uapcTBosaHHe nerp8 BeJll1KOro II PyCCKHH apXHB. 1916. KH. I Bbln. 1-3. e. 278-325; Bb!n. 4. C. 476-495; KH. 2, Bb!n. 5-6. C 198-253). nepBb[M reHepaJI-peKeTMei1CTepoM flcrp I onpclleJIIDI 18 .IIHBapH 1712 f. 3aCJlyJKeHHoro I}JpoHTOIJHKa nOJlKOIJHI'IKH B. K naWlolJa. np06bllJWero Ha 3T0i1 .nOJ1>KHOCTI1 no 94JeJlpall.ll 1725 I ]3aKOH0D.3TeJ1bHb]e 8KTbl nerp8 I. c. 341-347. KpoMe TOro. lUJH OJTO- BellleHI1H HaCelleHI1H CeHaT I1:lIl3JI 2] (jJeBpaJI.ll 1722 r. nO'ITH 1l0CJl0B- HO nOBTOpHBWI1i1 I1HUPYKUl1tO ynoM.IIHyrb]i1 Bblwe YKa3 «0 zeHefXLle- pet>em1leUc. KOTOPb]i1 6b!J1 17 (jJeBpalIH 1722 r ony6mu..ooaH THnorpacJx;KI1 (OnI1C8HHe I13ll8HI1H rpa:.I(1W.HCKmi ne4aTH... e. 373. no- CllCDHlOtO no BpeMeHH nyfuJl1KdWltO}'KdJd CM.: 3aKOHOlld1eJlbCTBO nupa I. e. 86-88). npI1Me4aTeJ1bHO, 'JTO, HaJHa'JI1B rJldBOH PeKeTMeitLlepCKQI.j KOHTOPb! K3.!IIX>BOrO BOeHHOCJ1yJK8wero R K. flaBJ1osa. ne-rp I BHec 6bUlO B CT. 7 npoeKTa I1HcrpYKUl111 OT 5 (jJeBpallH 1722 f n0J10JKeHl1e 06 OTBeT- CTBeHHOCTH peKeTMeWcrepa no AprHK)fJlY BOI1HCKOVV 1714 r., HO 3aTeM Bb]- epKHyn ynoMI1HaHI1C 06 ,jTOM (3'11WH0.a.aTJ1bHb[e aKTb] nerpa I. c. 345). 
244 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I YMeCTHO BCnOMHI1Tb, 4TO I1MeHHO B npeaM6yne HHC1pYK- UJ.11i peKeTMeCTepy OT 5 q.eBpaJHI 1722 r. nerp I C<t>oPMYlIl1- poBaJI y.>Ke npl1Bo.m'IBWeeCH Bblllle CBoe nOHMMaHl1e uelm cy- ne6HoH pe<1:>oPMbl. a 3aOllHO nO.1lBeJi ee npoMe}\o/I'O'lHble IHorM. B npeaM6YJTe 3aKOHo.mrreJlb YD.PY'leHHO KOHCTampOBalT, <lTD. He- CMOT]J.II H3 Bee npennpHH.IITble HM YCIVlI1S1 no npeo6paJOBaHHIO CYJJ;OycTlX)iiCTBa Ii C}'nonpoI13Bo.nCTBa, HMeBllll1e UeJlblO, '-JT06bl «Xll.JICOoMY no ux iJe.n.l1M 60 6IT1I cyd 6bUl nptl6i!iJHoii u 6ecnpoikJ.l- :HCumeJIlwii», «o'dbu '«!wOUm'iUKOM 6 de.nax I;/UHRm 1/e.ttlL1ble 60110- «umbl, II dpJ-?U..W dena eepUlam HenptlfJf!dliO. maKOJIC U 'Ie'wOUfrlliUKU MUMO onpeiJe.JeHI/b/X Uti c)odoe u CeHamy, npooep3ocmwo CaDelO, I1pOllIeHUU C60U npUHOCf/m u no(JalOm e/2oJ 6/e.1U'leCmeyJ CaMOMY. He iJ{JfI HUZOe nOICOI(»>I. Heo6xo.DJIMO nO)l4epKHyrb. 'lTD. B OTJTl1'me OT PacnpaB- HO(1 naJI8Tbi 1712-1719 rr.. PeKeTMei'icTepCKa51 KOHTopa HH B KoeH Mepe He 38HHMaII8Cb OmpaBJIeHl1eM npallocynl1S1, 8 ocy- wecTlu"]}Ula 1II1Wb .nocy.ne6Hoe paCCMOTpeHl1e JKaJlo6. nocTy- naBWI1X II npaBlITeJlhCTllYIOWI1t1 CeH8T. npM 3TOM, comaCHO CT. 1 HHCTpYKUI1I1 peKeTMet1cTepy OT 5 q.ellpaJISi 1722 r., eCJ1H }I(aJIo6a npHHOCHJl8Ch H8 IIOJlOKHTY II paCCMOTpeHHI1 neJl8, TO reHepaJI-peKeTMeHCTep .nOJl)({eH 6blJl - nepell TeM, KaK no- KJTaIJ;blBaTb 0 >KaJlo6e B CeHaTe, - caM .IIRJ]SlTbCSI B COOTBeT- CTBYlOlllYJO KOJlJlen11O 1-1J111 KaHueJlSlp1-11O 11 Tpe60BaTb, 'Ho6bl neJlo pa3peUIIU1I1 «6 YKQ3Hble CpOKU lieotn.ueHHO» (1.J:TO 03H81.J:aJlO nplW.8Hl1e PeKeTMeiicTepcKoi:i KOHTope erne M 311eMeHTOB HM- 30pHOM €]>YHKUHI1). B CBOIO O'lepem., comacHO CT. 3 HHcrPYKUMI1 reHepaJI- peKeTMeikTepy IanpeWaJIOCh npHHHM8Tb }I(aJIo6bl, He pac- CMOTpeHHb]e npe)l(ll;e B ueHTpaJIbHblX opraHax (B TOM 411CJ1e II IOcn1U-KOJlJlerl1l-1). B :;nOM OTHorueHl111 C03JIaHI1e PeKeTMej:j- crepcKoj:j KOHTOPb] CJ1ellyeT npl-13H8Tb Mepoj:j no llaJIbHej:jrueMY YKpeJlJleHl110 I1HCTaHUl10HHOCTI1 II cynonpoI1311011cTBe. CaMY npouellYPY nocrynJleHI1S1 lleJi B aneJIJISlUl10HHoe npoI-13Bo.nCTBO CeHaTa 4epe3 P eKeTMej:jcrepcKYIO KOHTOpy 3aKOHOllaTeJlb pema- ] 3aKoHO.1l<lTeJ1bHble aKTbl neTPa I c. 341 nm:a.JaTeJlbHO, 'JTO B npe- 3M6YJle «BCCH tpWlHO nyfuJl1KosaHHOJ"O'" ceHaTCKoro YKa3a «0 rtHCpaJIe- peKCTMei1cTepe» OT 13 t]JeBpaJIH 1712 r. npl1Be.neHHblH 4JparMeHT 6bUl 113- JlO)l(eH BCOKpallleHI1H: «OdHGKOJIC. 'tIHOi!IJ(' VUVO onper)i!li!fIHblX UM cydoo U CeHamJ' npOOepJOllTlUfO C6oefO eeJOe iJoI;;ymro n, U npomeliUU C60U npuflOC1/m eo 6eJ11lWCrTI6}' ca.WOMy. lie oaJ/ IIU20e nOIo.(Jlo. (3aKOHOD.aTeJ1bCTBO neTPa I. c. 86). 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 245 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. MeHTl1poBaJJ B ynoMSlHyroi1 CT. 4 3aKOHa «llOJl)KHOCTb CeH8Ta» B pe.naKUHH OT 27 anpeJlJI 1722 f. ComaCHO CT. 4 neJlO Momo mx..I)'IIHTb H CeHaT TOJIhKO nu- CJ1e HaJlo.:+::eHHSI MMnepaTopoM YfBepIDrre.JlhHOH pe30J11OUHM Ha noKJJa.!1 peKeTMeHcrepa. npaBna, B TOM >Ke CT. 4 HMeJ18Ch orOBOp- Ka. no KOTOPOH peKeTMei1cTep nOJ1.Y'fHJ1 npaBO nOKITMblBaTb neJIa B CeHaTe 11 6e3 Bblco4alllei1 pe30J1IOLlI1I1 - B CJlY''lae JJ.IIHTeJlbHOro mcyrCTBHSI MOHapXa B CTOJ1Hue. OCTaeTCSI n06aBI1Tb, <JTO HHKa- KI1X orpaHlNeHHi1 no xapaKTepy nocTyn8BwHx Ha paCCMoTpeHHe OpamfreJIbCTBYJOwero CeHaTa cyne6HbIX neJ1 B Jill(OHOnaTeJ1hCTBe neTpOBcKoro BpeMeHM, fee'TCSI, He npenYCMaTpMBarJOCh. KaK >Ke B peaJIbHOCH'1 CKlTMblBaJIaCb cYlle6HaSI npaKTHKa Bblcwero opraHa BJ1aCni PacCMH B 1718-1724 rr.? B HCTOpHKO- npaBoBoH J1HTepal)'pe lle5lTeJ1bHOCTb CeHaTa KaK opraHa npaBO- CYJI.I151 B nepBoi1 <JeTBepTH XVIII B. xonl 11 OCBeWaJIaCb. HO no- IICpXHOCTHO H 4JparMeHTapHo l . nepexolUl K 60Jlee yrJ1y6JJeHHoMY paccMoTpeHHIO nOCTaBJ1eHHoro Bonpoca. He06xoIDfMO OTMeTI1Tb, npe>Kne Bcero, nBa 06wt1X MOMeHTa. Bo-nepBhlX, B 1718-1724 rr. neTp I He C031larJ B npaBH- TeJlbCTBytOllieM CeHaTe HHKaKoro 06oc06J1eHHoro npHcyrcTBI1S1, KOTopoe 3aHHMaJlOCh 6hl mnpaBJIeHl1eM npaBocynMSJ Ha nocTO- SlHHOH OCHOIIC - Hano.noooe cyweCTBOBaBllIeH B C1]JYKl)'pe ro- CYAapCTBeHHOro COBeTa WBeUHH oxapaKTepl130BaHHoi1 Bblllle Justitierevisionen I1JlH roH >Ke PacnpaBHoi1 naJJ8TbL HHblMH CJlO- BaMH. B onMcblBaeMhlM nepHon CeHaT oCYllieCTHJ1JJJ1 cyne6HYlO nemeJ1hHOCTb MCKlTlOlJHTCJ1hHO B COCTaBe 06llicro c06paHM5I. OpaBlla. B 1724 r. neTp I 3anyMaJJ 6hUlO nepenaTb B npaBllTeJTh- CTBYlOllil1H CeHaT pa36HpaTeJlbCTBO neJl no racynapCTBeHHhlM npeCl)'nJleHImM, JJ.llSI <Jero npe,ayCMOTpeJi opraHl13aUHIO npH CeH8Te oco60i1 P03bICKH0i1 KOHTOphL OAHaKO 3TO HaMepeHHe HMnepaTOpa TaK 11 OCTaJlOCb HepeaJIH.JOBaHHb]M (nonpo6Hee 06 3TOM pe<Jb noiirr eT HH.:+::e). [H6GH06 n. H. CeHaT npH nape BeJUlKOM. c. 43-44; nemfJ06- <."'KUU C. A. YKa:J. CO'I. C. 245-260, C/Ju.QUnn06 A. H. YK<13. CO'[. C. 326-331; f.JelU{V(1-6e6ymoo M A. YKa3. C04. C. 692-696; AKUUillH M O. Cyne6- HIDI pe$opMa neTpa I: DHC. no C. 175-177. CTom 3<lMeTIlTb, 'ITO BO- npoc 0 cyne6HoH neHTeJIbHOCTH CeHara B nepnoi1 '1eTlJepTH XVIII n Orn3W1CSl cOBepllleHHo 060fuJeH C. A. OpJlOBOt1 B CneUI1MbHo!1 CT8Tbe 1000 r. (eM.. cplO6Cl C. A. CeHaT KaK BbICWI1i1 HWI30(JH0-KOHTpOnbHb]i1 11 cYlle6HO-WIMI1HI1CJp1I1IBHb[fi opraH POCCI1I1 II npaBOBe.neHl1e. 2000. NQ 2. C. 227-235). 
246 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BO-BTOpbIX, He Bbl3blBaeT COMHem1M, '1TO B 1718-1724 rr. CeHaT BOCnpHHHMaJ'I cyne6Hbie nOJlHOM0411J1 KaK Hec}'IllecmeH- H)'lO, laBe.nOMO BTOpoCTeneHHYlO JlHHMJO cBOef.J KOMneTeHUM". Hat16cJJJee SlpKO lIaHHaH TeHl\eHUHSI npOHBl1JIaCb B ceHTH6pe 1721 r. B CM3" C nOCl)'JUleHHeM t13 IOcnfU-KOJ1JlenIH lleJIa 0 cnopHOM HaCJlel{CTBe rBapJU1H KaJlHTaH8 C. 6. <De.nopoHa. Oro- CJ1aB, YKa30M OT 20 CeHT.II6p.ll 1721 L, JJ;eJIO o6parHo B KOJ1JIenno no npw-ume npocroTbl era pa3perneHHSI, OpaBlITeJ1bcTsylOll.ll1H Cemn npellnl-1Can IOcTl1u-KoJUlenm snpe.nb nQil06HbiX .fie)] He npMCblJ1aTb, <lT06bl H3-3a HHX «(/0 omnptlfJ1et/UU IiY:JlCHblM i:'OC)1dap- Cm8elitiblM de1aM ocmaH08KU He 6bLlO». CamacHo nOHblHe He 660- DJ1BweMYCH B HayYHbl}i a60pOT CeHaTCKOMY yJ(a3Y OT 20 ceHHI6pSl 1721 r. B CeHaT llOnyCKaJTOCb nepe.!l8Ban 113 IOcTI.fu-KoJ1Jlenm ]]HlUb Te cyn:e6Hb]e JIeJ1a. B pa3perneHHH KOTOpblX B03HHKaJlH npHHl.{I1mmJlbHble 3aTpynHeHI15L o6YCJ10BJIeHHb!e HaJU1'lHeM np06eJloB B 3aKOHOllaTeJlbCTBe l . He>KenaHl1e CeH8TopoB 3aHI1MaTbCfI BonpocaMI1 npaKTI1'1e- CKoro CYllonpol13BOllCTBa npocTym1Jlo 11 B ceHHI6pe 1722 r., Kor- na CTaJla 06C}'>K1l8TbCfI B03MO>KHOCTb nepe.na'1H B CeHaT IleJIa no 06BHHeHI1fO o6ep-qJHCKaJla A..fI. HecrepoBa B npeCTYfUleHI1HX npOTHB I1HTepeCOBCJly..K6bl. YKa30M OT 18ceHT5I6p.ll 1722 r. npa- BI1TeJlbCTBYIOWI1(:1 Cemrr pacnop.ll.lJJ1JICH ocyweCTBI1Tb npellBapl1- TeJlbHOe CJlellCTBl1e no lleJlY reHepan-npoKypal)'pe. np.llMOJlI1He(:1- HO nOHCHI1B, 'ITO B CeHare «3a YMIWJ/celiueM i!oc)'iJapcmfJelilibiX de1 K C1eiJoenliU/o mOi!O fJpeM5IIiU lie UMeema>'. CXO.nHbIM 06pa30M, COBceM He3MOJITOilO KOH'1I1Hbl neTpa I. B HHBape 1725 r. ceHa- TOpbl nOnblTanHCb OTKa3aTbCH npon.OJDKaTb cyne6Hoe CJle.nCTBHe no IleJIY 6bIBweTO BOpOHe>KCKOrO BI1Ue-T}'6epHaTopa C. A. Ko- JIb]'IeBa, MOTI1Bl1poBaB ::ITO reM, 'ITO B CeHare «3a OP}'i!lI.MU MIIO- ZUMU Oe JaMU KO OKOH'IaIiUI() fiJeJml He oocmaem RpeUIIIiU>)l. XapaKTepHbl B 3TOM OTHOllIemm 11 npl'lBelleHHb]e M. C. no- MepaHUeBbJM HeMaJlO'-lI1CJleHHble 3n1-13QD.bJ 1722-1724 rr.. Koma ceH8Topbl no.n paJHblMI1 npelIJlOraMI1 YKJIOHWlHCb 3acJ1yrnl1BaTb llOKJlaD.b1 reHepan-peKeTMeHCTepaJ. Bce 3TO CBlflIe1eJibCTByeT 0 TOM, <ITO neTpO BCKJ1H CeH8T BOcnpHHHMWI ce6fl, B nepBYIO o'le-  : *. ::: .ni28H. 1938. n. 16. nO.npo6Hoe 113IIrnKe-- Hl1e ceHaTCKoro )OOJ3a OT 18 ceHTH6pH 1722 r. B nl1Teparype eM.: /1epenHYf- IIUK06 B. 11 04epKI1 reHepaJI-npOK)'lJaT)'Pbl B POCCI1I1 DOeKaTepHHI1HCKOro BpeMeHI1. XapbKoB, 1915. C. 68--69. }floIH!JX1HUl!6MC.YKaJ.c04.C.201-205. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 247 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. pellb, KaK opraH ynpa8JIeHUfl l . npl1 3TOM COBepWeHHO O'-lem'J1lHO. '-no TaKOBOe BOCnpl1}lTl1e MOrJlO CJ10)l(J1.TbC5I TOJIbKO KaK arpIDKe- Hl1e MHoroJleTHeH npaKTI1'-1eCKOH .neHTeJIbHOCTI1 CeHaTa '-ITO 6bl TaM HM 6bUlO, OTnpaBJIeHMeM npaBOCy.nM5I Tor- .naWHM" CeHaT Bce-TaKM 3aHMMaJICH. ()JIarol18pH 06proUOBO co- XpaHI1BWeMYCH YKa3HoMY H npOTOKOJlbHOMY .neJlonpoI13Bo.nCTBY CeHaTa 33 1719-1725 rr.. ceroJI.H.II I1MeeTCH B03MO>KHOCTb CH- CTeMaTI1'-1eCKH peKOHCTpyHposaTb H MacwTa6. 11 ltHHaMI1K)'. H oco6eHHOCTH (collep>KaTeJIbHble 11 npoueccYaJIbHble) cyne6HoH .nemeJ1bHOCTI1 3TOro Bblcruero opraHa BJlacTM POCCI1I1 3a onHCbl- naeMblH nepHOll. BHa'-IaJle I1MeeT CMblCJ1 CKa3aTb HeCKOJ1bKO CJlOB o MacillTa6ax 11 nl1HaMI1Ke. no naHHblM. co6paHHblM aBTopoM HacTOHll1eH pa60Tbl, 3a 1719 r. npaBlUeJlbCTBYIOll111H CeHaT He BblHec HU eOUHOi?O npH- roBopa 11 CYJl,e6HOrO peWeHI1H!. 3a 1720 r. Cem!.T BblHec i}ea npl1roBopa J . A BOT B 1721 r. CeHaT B3ID1CH 3a OTnpaBJIeHl1e npa- BOCYlll151 60JIee aKTI1BHO. Bb[HeC5I eoceMb npHroBopoB H perne- HI1H4. npaBlla, eCJII1 npl1llilTb 60 BHI1MaHl1e. 'lTO Ha npoTH)I(eHI1M 1721 r. npaBl1TeJ1bCTBYJOll1HH CeHaT M311aJl B o6ll1ei1 CJlO)I(HOCTM 509 yJ(a30n 11 MHblX aKrOB. TO .nOJ1H cyne6HblX npl1roBopoB 11 pe- rneHI1H OKa>KeTCH neCbMa He3Ha'-lHTenbHOH. B CXOllHOM C 1721 r. pe>KHMe npo.nOJl>KHJlUCb YHKUHOHH- poBaHHe Cemua leaK opraHa npaBOCYllHSI 11 B 1722 r., B leaKOBOM CeHaTOpbl BblHeCJII1 wecmb npl1rOBopoB s . ilaJlee yY8cTl1e CeHaTa B cynonpol13BOllCTBe noUlJ1O Ha y6bUlb: 3a 1723 r. COCTOJUlOCb I He Bbl3b]BaeT COMHeHtli1. KCTdTIl, 'JTO MMeHHO :no 06cr0meJIbCTBO HBI1J1OCb 06DeKTHBHOH npe.llnOCbUlKoit ro1.ll KOHqmI1KTa. paJrOpeBlllerocH MeJK1IV feHepa.rJ-peKeTIlleHcrepoM B. K. naBIJOBblM 11 cel-ill1UJXlMl1 11 IlpI1- WIBIllHM oc06eHHo OClJIble 4JoPMbi B 1714 r. (prADA, 41. 148. KH. 18!\8. n. 437. 548 06.; KH. 1912. n. 153 06.-254; KH. 1935, n. 130, 13006.-131. 133. 139. 156. 15706.,201-101 06., no",epClH/,f,e8 M c. YIo.a.l. C04. C 119- 218) lCM.: PfADA, 41. 248, KH 1881, 1883, 1884. CTOIfT OrooopllIb. 'JTO K Cyne6HoH lleHTe;:JbHOCTI1 nerpoBcKoro CeHHTa Hlfrop H8CToHlllei1 p<l60Tb[ He OTHec ceHaTCKl1e }'Ka.3b! 0 3aKj)el1J1eHI1I1 npaB COOCT8eHHOCTI1 Ha HeDBI1)!(I1- Moe I1M}'lllOCTBO 3a 6bIBilII1MH WBel1CIGIMI1 nO.D.illlHHb[MIil B npl-lGaJrmKe. nptlHtI,.!aIlWtleCH no 3aKJIIO'-IeHtlj.JM J\KOH tI PelleJIbCkOU KOMl1CCtli1. 'PrADA,4J.148.,KH.1886.J\.1006.-II,15406.-156 4prADA. 41. 148., KH. 1887. n. 106-108. 11206.-113.127-12706.. 144-14506..18106.-183,18606.-18806..351-35106.. 414-415 06. 'PfADA, 41. 248. KH. 1889. n. 141-14106..351,511.559,581-581 06..770. 
248 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Bb[HeCem1e JIIUllb mpex npl1rGBOpoB I . HaKoHeu, Cpelll1 895 YKa- 3011 11 I1Hb]X 8KTOB (He C'H1Ta5I ceKpeTHbIX). I131l3HHb[X CeH8TOM II 1724 f., YHaJ10Cb Bbl5lBI1Tb On5lTb-T8KH wecmb npHroBOpoB l . ECJU'I o6pa111TbC5I K xapaKTep paccMoTpeHHblX lleJI, TO MO)f(HO ymw.eTb, 'iTO 1'13 25 BblHeceHHblX npaBHTeJIbCTBytOl.l1HM CeHaTOM 38 1720-1724 rr. npHfOBopoB 11 peWeHI1H 23 COCT8RI1- ]]11 npl1roBopbl no yr0J10BHbIM AeJTaM 11 Bcefa 060 - perneHI1S1 no fpIDK.!l;aHCKI1M. I CeHT5I6p51 1721 r. CelU!.T pa3peuIIm JJ;eJIO 0 HHCJlellCTBe 605lpHH8 M..R 4epKaccKoro, a 4 lleKCl6pJI TOro .>Ke ro.rra - .fienD 0 HaCJIe.n.CTBe B.DOBbl T. BOJIKOHCKOiP. B CBOIO o'-le- peD-b, 1-13 23 npl1foBOpoB CeHaTa 1720-1724 rr. 22 SlBHJlI1Cb 06- Bt1mneJlbHblMI1 11 01111H - OnpaBD8TeJIbHbIM 4 . no CO.llep:+:aHI1JO yr0J10BHbIX HeJl, pa:J6I1paTeJ1bCTBO no KO- TOpblM OcyIl.{eCTBI..fJ1 CeHaT 38 xapaKTepl1JyeMbl(:1 nepHO.n, 60)]1,- lllHHCTBO - 11 - COCTaBHJlH AeJla no rocyn.apcTBeHHbIM npe- CTyTUleHHSlM. KpoMe roro, Ceffiu paccMoIpeJ1 6OCl?Vb JIeJi no 06BI1HeHIHIM B npecrynneHlHlx npon1B I1HTepeCOB CJ1Y)K6b] 11 mpu neJIa - 06 )iTaMKe nyrn B XOlle 1 peBJ.131111. HaKOHeu, OnJ.1H npJ.1ro- BOp 6LUI BblHeceH npaBltTeJlbCTBYIOWJ.1M CeH3roM 33 HapyrneHl1e 38KOHa OT 19 neKa6pH 1718 r. 06 YKpeJUleHI11111HCTaHUI10HHOCTM B cynonpol13BOllCTBe (3a nOlla'IY 'IeJ106I1THOH J111'IHO neTpY I)s, nOK833TeJibHO, 'ITO He y1(8JlOCb Bb].IIBMTb HI1 OJJ;HOro npl1rOBOpa, Bb]HeCeHOro BO I1CnOJ1HeHl1e OTMe'IeHHOrO I1MeHHOro }'K8]3 OT 7 M8pTa 1721 r. 0 H8npaBJIeHI111 B CeH8T neJi no Ka3HOKp311CTB). lirmronap.ll apXI1BHb[M MaTepl1armM. co BeeH OTlleTJlI1BOCTblO BblcBenulacb TaKaH OC06eHHOCTb cyne6HoH npaKTI1K11 CCHaTa 1720-1724 n.. KaK paCCMOTpeHl1e 11M nO.D.aBJUIIOllieH 'lacTI111eJ1 no nep60U UHcmaHUU. B aneJ111UI10HHOM nopHllKe, npellYCMO- TpeHHOM 11 B 3aKOHe OT 19 nCKa6pH 1718 r., 11 B 3aKOHC <<]],011)1(- HOCTb CeHaTa». BbICrnl1i1 opraH BJIaCTI1 POCCI1I1 paCCMOTpeJ1 38 Onl1CblsacMoe B peM5I TOJ1bKO llBa ynoMHyrblX Bblrne rpIDKllaH- ] PfAJJ.A, <p. 248, KH. 1',116. J1. 18; KH. 1',123, n 14-15. 1-18 06. I1H- TepecHei1Wl1e naHHb[e 0 TeMarnKe I13/IDHHbIX Ce}[aTOM II 1713 r. YJ«]]OD WI- II MOHOIJJd!tIltl1 E. B. AHI1CI1MOBa 1997 r. 254) ,JI. 91; KH. 1934.]1. 4b;M'b8l1n0.0e::4:;'1722 r. no neJl):nhHKa M. Bo.'1KOBa (prAllA, <p. 248, KH. 1889. JI. 521). npl1roBOp or 3 III)QIJH 1711 r. no lleJ1}' A. Atwpeew 11 11. Ka3aKOB3 (PfAaA, <p. 248, KI-L 1889. JI. 352) 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 249 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. CKI1X JIeJIa. nocTynl1BllIl1X 113 IOCTI1Ll-KOOJ1erl1H. TeM caMblM. CJle.1lyeT KOHCTampOBaTb, '1TO CeHaT 1718-1725 rr. n04T11 He 4JYHKUHOHMpOBaJI B Ka'leCTBe cyna '1ernepToro (Bblcrnero) 3BeH8. KaKOBOH CTaTYC eM)' OnpelleJ1W1 38KOHOllaTeJ1b B H8'1aJ1e npOBe- .aeHI1H cy.ae6HOH peopMbl. Ewe OllHOH Bb].IIRJleHHOH oco6eHHOCTbIO c)'Lle6H0(1 npaK- T(1K(1 CeH8T8 1720-1724 rr. SlBI1Jl8Cb He3H8'1I1TeJ1bHOCTb KOJ1l..J- '1eCTBa LleJl, paccM8Tp"BaBWIXC5I no yKa3aHI1IO MOHapxa. KaK HI1 nopa.JI1TeJlbHO, HO 113 25 ceHaTCKHX npHroBopoB H peweHHH -rex J1eT J1l1llIb O)J,ltH npHroBop CeHaT BblHec no n.eJ1)', HanpaMeHHo- M)' B ero npmrmolICTBO neTpOM I. OC06blM HMeHHblM YKa30M OT II MapTa 1721 r. uapb nopY'IWI ceH8TopaM npo113BeCT(1 pa36t1- paTeJ1bCTBO lIeJ1S 6bIBwero cH6HPCKOro ry6epHaTopa M. n. fa- rapHHa. OOOHHJlBllIerOC5I B npeCl)'nJ1eHIrnX npOTJ.m HHTepecoB CJ1Y)K6bl ("dIe Jl1 nnyrna raapUHa HlldAeJ/CUm 6a.M c.nywomb...»I). He 3aTJlHYB C HCnOJ1HeHl1eM BbICO<.JaHllIeH BOOI1 (XOT5I HH 0 Ka- Koii ct>opcHpoBaHHocTH cyn.e6Horo pa36HpaTeJlbCTBa B HMeHHOM YKa3e OT II MapTa He roBOpWlOCb). npaBt1TeJ1bCTBYIOIl.U1M CeH8T }l)Ke 14 MapTa 1721 r. npl1roBOpWl M. n. farapHH8 K cMepTHoH Ka3HI1 2 . A BOT Ha KaKOM OCHOBaHI1I1 B cy.ae6Hoe np0l13BO.1lCTBO Ce- HaTa nOnaJll1 OCTaJlbHhle 24 yroJ10BHb]X 11 rpIDK1laHCKl1x .aena, no KOTOPb]M B 1720-1724 rr. 6bU1I1 BblHeCeHb] npHroBopb] 11 pe- llIeHI1}!. yCTaHOBHTb K H8.CTO}!WeMY BpeMeHI1 He YJlliJlOCb. ECJlI1 }"-IeCTh, OllHaKO, '1TO ct>aKT HanpaBJ1eHI1}1 n.ena MOHapXOM HeH3- MeHHO 4Jt1KCl1poBaJlC5I B CeH8TCKOH lIOK)'MeHraUlm. TO OC-raeTC5I npellnOJlO)({t1Th, '1TO B 1719-1720 n. 6bUl mIlaH KaKoii-TO He COXpaHI1BllII1HC5I (Jl1160 nOHhlHe He 06Hap)l)KeHHh!H) I1MeHHOH YKa3. B KOTOpOM onpelleJ1.11J1C5I Kpyl .3:eJ1. KOTOpb]e npmUrreJ1h- CTBYJOllil1H CeHaT Mor npl1HI1MaTb B CYLle6Hoe npol13BOllCTBO 11 6e3 CaHKW1I1 MOHapxa. OrroJ10CKOM TaKoro yKa3a, B03MO>KHO. }lBMC5I oxapaKTepl130BaHHblH BblllIe ceHaTCKHH YKa3 OT 20 Map-ra 1721 r. 0 nop5lllKe nepeHoca n.e)] H3 IOCTI1u-KoJ1ller(1t1, 8 n.onOJl- HeHt1eM K TaKOM)' )'Ka3Y - 3aKOH OT 7 MapTa 1721 r. 0 paccMo- TpeHI1I1 B Cemrr e n.eJl 0 KaJHOK)Ja.LI.CTBe. I PfAIlA, $ 1451. KH. 13. JI. 52 (ny6J11fKaIl1ll1 3TOro '\PfC"IOMaTHHHO mBeCTHoro DOKYMeHTd eM.: nUCbMa. }'Kd3bI tI :IDMeTKH ne-rpa I. c. 410; 3HK0HlJJJOJfCJ1bHb]C tlKTb[ neTpH I. c. 141). !PfHA. 4J 1329, on I, KH. 17, n. 95-96 06. (nolllU1HHI1K); prAIlA, $.148. KI-L 1887, n. 106-108 (KOnI1H B 3HnucHoH KHl1rC CCHaTCKHX tlKTOB 172lr.). 
250 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ,[(,1U1 nOJ1HOTbl K3pnIHbi Heo6x01U1MO n;06am1Tb, 'lTD. no- MHMO n.e.rrn M. n. raraptlH8, B MaTepl-1aJ18X )Ka3HOro 11 npOTO- KOJIhHOrO neJlOnpOM3BOllCTBa CeHaTa 33 1720-1724 rr. llOBeJ10Ch BCTpeTHTb ynoMHHaHI151 erne 0 mpex cyne6HbIX npoueccax. npo- H3Bo.llHBWt1XCH B TO BpeMfI no nOPY'leHIDIM neTpa I, HO TaK 11 He JaBepweHHblX npH em >KI13HI1. 3m 6bUlH: lleJ10 no 06BHHeHHIO 6bIBwem BOpOHe)l(CKoro BJIIlle-ry6epHaTopa C. A KOJlb]'leBa B npecrynJlemJSlx npOTJ.m HHTepecoB CJ1Y)((()b] (nocrymulo B CeH3T 18 M8}[ 1722 r.).lleJIO no 'leJi06l1THOH MOCKOBCKOro npe.nnpHHH- MaTeJUi 11. BoHHOBa (nocrynl1.l1o 22 SIHBap}[ 1723 r.) Ii ...uawpoc- CUUCKoe de.lo. (nocT)'mUio 18 ceHTH6pH 1724 r.)]. Bnpo'1eM, no I1MeHHoMY yJ(a3Y OT 8 ceHHl6p51 1724 r., nOCJ1ellHee neJIo CeH8ry llOBeJlOCb pa:J6l1paTb COBMeCTHO c BbllllHHM CYllOM 2 . Me)l(AyTeM, KaK JIBCTByeT H3 JIOK}lMeHTaL{l1H CeHaTa 11 Bb]W- Hero cyna, H8 npOT5DKeHI111 1722-1724 rr. neTp I H3npam1J1 B cyne5Hoe np0l13BOlICTBO npaBl1TenbCTBYJOlllero CeHil-ra, HapHllY C BbIWeHil3BaHHb]MI1, ellie, no MeHbwei1 Mepe. 12 yroJ10BHb1X 11 rpi.VK1l3HCIJIX lIen. TaK. 27 anpe.n51 1722 r.. crporo B COOTBeTC'IBHI1 co CT. 4 3aKOHa (,D.OJ1)KHOCTb CeHaTa» B TOJ1bKO <no YTBep)({lleHHOii pe.!l.aKUI1H OT 27 anpeJ1fl 1722 r.. I1MnepaTOp HarJO>KHJI ymepllH- TeJ1bHble Pe30J1IOUI1I1 Ha LlOK./larI reHepaJI-peKeTMeHcrepa, OTOCJ1aB Ha aneJlJlflUHOHHoe paCCMOTpeHl1e CeHaTa weCTb yroJ10BHb1X 11 rpIDK.JJ;aHCKI1XneJ1 J . 24oKT5I6p5l1723 L neTp I paCnOp5l1U1J1C5I ne- penarb 113 Bb]WHero cy.na B np0l13BOllCTBO CeHilm LleJ10 no 06BI1- HeHl110 6blBwero o6ep-npoKypopa r. r. CKOpH5IKOBa-nI1CapeBa B 3J1oynorpefuleHI151X LlOJDKHOCTHbIMI1 nOJIHOMOlJl1SlMH B nepl1011 pa60Tbl B TaHHOM KaHueJ151pI1H. a 15 SlHBap51 1724 r. - LleJ10 no 06Bi1HeHI1IO 6bIBwero MOCKODCKOro BHue-[)'6epH8TOpa B. C. Ep- WOBa BO B3S1T04Hl1'leCTBe 11 aHaJlorl1'-IHO B 3Jloyn01pe6J1eHI1J1X nOJ1)KHOCTHbIMI1 n0J1HOM041151MI1(. ] PfNlA, 41. 148., KH. 1888. n. 311 06.; KH. 1912. 11. 25, KH. 1935. JI.14006. lPfNlA, 41. 9, OTH. I. KH. 51i, n. 466. 06paJOrnlHHoe nyreM 06'bellH- HCHI1H CCHJfd 11 BblWHcro CYlia DJI.II paCCMOTpeHI1H «Md.lJopoccllli1CKOro neJ1<l» cnemlallbHOe cy.ne6Hoe npHcyrCTBl1e (npoc)'ll.IeCTIIOBaBllIee, Bnpo- 'JeM, BeCbMa Henpo.nO]])KI1TeJlbHoe BpeMH) nO,Y'1I1J[O Hal1MeHOBaHl1e «co- 6paJlue FeHeJXLlbH(k!() cyda» (TaM .>Ke. JI. 474). J3aKoHo.naTeJ1bHb[e aKTb] nerpa I. c. 347-349. 4PfHA, 41. 1329. on. I, KH. 18, n. 1406., 51. I-1Hble OTHOCHlllHeCH K 1723-1714 rr. ynoMI1HaHI151 0 HanpaBJ1eHI1I1 nerpoM I B CeHaT yfOJlOBHblX 11 rpa.>K1laHCKI1X ne, CM.. TaM }((e. n. 39-39 06; PfNlA,4J. 248, KH. 1914, JI. 31. 42-42 06. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 251 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. OllH8KO, KaK HI1 YIU1BI.ueJIbHO, HI1K8KI1X CJlellOB cyne6Horo npol13BOllCTBa no oceM JTI1M 12 neJI8M B ceHaTCKOM neJlonpo- I1JoonC'T'Be 1722-1725 rr. Bbl.lIBI1Tb K H8CT05lweMY BpeMeHI1 He ynaJIocb (eCJlI1 He C l ll1TaTb YJana CeHaTa OT 20 SlHBapSJ 1724 r. o npl1eMe 113 BblwHero cyna M8Tepl1aJlOB neJI8 B. C. EpWOBa l ). np05lBI1JlaCbJll1 31leCb 06bIKHOHeHHIDI6JOpOKpanl'leCKa51 HOJlOKI1- "fa. CK83aJ1aCb J111 neperp}')KeHHocTb cemlTopOB aD;MI1Hl1cT)J8nlB- HblMI1 neJI8MI1 - npl1 O'-leBJ1..[{HOM HellOrJlSJ1le «OKa rocynapeBa.., reHep<U1-npok)'lXJp3, HO c]mKT ocraeTcH t:!JaKToM: 12 KaCaBWI-IXCH cy.nonp0l13BOllCTBa BbICO'-l8iiWI-IX pacnop5l)((eHl1ii 1722-1724 rr. OKa3aJlI1Cb npaBllTeJlbCTBYJOlllI1M CeH8TOM npOl-irHOpl-lpoB8Hbl. CTOHT, HaKOHeu. ynOMHH)lTb, 'ITO B 1723-1724 rr. neTp 1 npe.u.yCMOTpeJ1 HanpaBJIeHl-le B CeHaT 'Iacn1 lIeJl. paCCJ1ellOBaB- 1lII-IXC5I «Mai10PCKI1MI1» CJlel1CTBeHHb]MI1 KaHueJ1.11pl-l.llMI1. Comac- HO I1MeHHOMY YK83}' OT 911e1al6p51 1723 r. 0 JlI1KBJ.UlaUl1I-1 «Maj:jop- CKI1X» KaHUeJl5IPI-lj:j nepe.na'le B CeH8T nO.wIe)I((UJ1-I H8X01ll1BWl-leC5I B I-IX npol13B01lCTBe oco60 BM<Hble .neJI8 (<<e:JK:eJ/u ecmb eQ:JK:Hble», KaK C06cTBeHHOp)"-lHO Ha'lepTarJ neT)J I). B nOBTOpHb!H >Ke I1MeHHOH Ylal3 Ha 3TOT Cller, 1-131laHHblH 22 SlHBapSJ 1724 r., I1M- nepaTOp BHec elUe 60Jlee paCnJlbIBlJal}'JO $JPMYJlI1POBKY 0 TOM, 'lTO neJla ynpa31lHHBWI1XC5I KaHUeJlHpl1H CJlellOBaJlO «0ffl0C1amb e Cel/am u 6 KO'leuu. eiJe Komopo.'dY 6blmb npucmOUHo». npl-l- HI1Ma51 BO BHHMaHl-le Bb]Wel-l3J10.>KeHHoe, He npl1XOlllITC5I YllI-IB- JlS!TbC5I TOMY, 'lTO B ceH8TCKOM neJIOnpol-l3BOllCTBe 1724-1725 rr. He YllarJOCb BWlBl1Tb HI-IK8KIIX CJle.nOB OCYlUecrBJIeHIDJ CeHaTOM KaKOrO-J1M60 p83611paTCJlbCrBa no nepe1l8HHbiM 113 «MaHOPCKI1X» KaHUeJlSlpl1H .ne.naM. BeCbMa He3Ha'lI1TeJlbHOe KOJlI1<{eCTBO neJl Cemn paCCMa- TpI-lBaJI B 1722-1724 rr. 11 nOllOKJlMaM reHep<U1-peKeTMdicTepa 3 . nOK83areJIbHO. <{TO, KaK JIBCTsyeT 1-13 apXI-IBHblX MaTepl1arJOB. no lleJJaM. nocTynl1BWI1M 1-13 PeKeTMej:jCTepCKOH KOHTOPb], CeHaT He Bb]HeC 3a OnI1Cb]B8eMb[H nepl1o.n HU 001/020 npl1roBOpa 11 pe- llIeHI151. 3aBepwa51 0603peHI1e ceHaTcKoH cy.ne6HOH np8KTHKH 1719-1724 IT., Heo6xo.nI1MO OTMenrrb, <ITa B p5lJle CJJy"JaeB Ce-   11i: : :. Jl28' 49. 54 (ny6JII1KHUI1I1 naHHblX I1MeH- HbIX YKaJOB CM.: «POJb[CKHTb tillK()enKO. npHDllOJO...» C. 205. «11 no nCJ1HM BceoCTc;' ;oIe<leHHOH CT8Tbe M. C. nOMepaHuena (flollepOllU1!6 M C. YKa3. C04. C. 205-219). 
252 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Har np0l13BOl1l1Jl B Te rollb[ BnOJlHe p<UBepHyroe cyne6Hoe CJiell- CTBHe. CeH8Topbl 11 .n.onpaWI1BaJll1 nOllcynHMblX 1-1: CBHlleTeJIeH (B TOM 1.U1CJ1e H B 3aCTeHKe), H Ha3HaI.Jarm OI.JHble CTaBKM, Ii npH- H"MaII" perneHt1S1 06 H36pamu1 Mephl npece'leHHSI, Ii HarraraJIH apeCTbl Ha HMYweCTBO B o6eCne"leHt1e I1CKa. Cy.rUI no CeHay- CKOMY lleJTonpOH30011crny. B om1Cb1BaeMOe BpeM5I CeHaT y.ueJlJ.iJ1 Hal16oJ\bwee BHHMaHHe CYJJ;eGHoMY CJ1eJJ;CTBHIO no DeJlY 6bIBwero BOpOHe)l(CKoro BJ.'lUe-ry6epHaTopa C. A KOJlbl'-leBa. Hanpl1Mep, H8 3aCe.IJ.aHHI1 13 I1IOWI 1722 r. CeH8T nOCT8- HOBlUl I1CTpe60BaTb OT opraHa npellBapt1TeJlbHoro paCCJlellO- BaHHH - CJ1ellCTBeHHoH KaHUeJlSlpHI1 C. A CanTblKoB8 - pM BeweCTBeHHblX nOKa33.TeJ1bCTB no neJlY. a TalOKe n.onpOCHTb no.11- CYLlI1MOro no 3nH3011Y XrUl1eHt1S1I1M 200 py6J1ei1 Ka3eHHbIX lleHer. 10 aBJ}'CTa 1722 r. CeH<lT nOCTaHOBWI H3MeHHTb C. A KOJlbl4esy Mepy npeCe'-leHHJI C cO;:J;ep)KaJUul no.n CTpaJKei1 npM CJlellcTBeHHoi1 K3HUenJlpl111 H8 llOM811IHHi1 apeCT. 22 8Brycra Toro.>Ke 1722 r. ce- H<ITOPb[ nOCTaHOBl1JlH pa3pellIHTb nO.1lcynl1MoMY 03H8KOMl1TbCJI C BblJlHCKOH no ero nenyl. nOMHMO cyne6Horo C1Ie.nCTBlliI, B 1719-1724 IT. CeHaT ocyLUeCfBJULII B HeCKOJlbKHX Cn}l'laJlX 11 CBoero IXHJ.8 lIOCJIe.n- CTBeHHble npoBepKI1 3aJlBJIeHHi1, COllep)I((lBllIHX 06BHHeHHJI npo- THB BblCllIHX llOJ1.>KHOCTHb]X J1HU (npeHMYllIecTBeHHo B rocynap- CTBeHHblX npecryJlJ1eHI151x). CKIDKeM. B 1722 r. CeH8T npoM3Ben npoBepKY H3BeT<I H3803'-111K3. P5I3aHCKOro np8ryHCKOro nOnK3. r. nOll.JlYUKoro, KOTOpblH 06'b}IBI1.I1, '-ITO 3H8eT «60p06cm60 U U3- MeHY 30 Heli:OItlO{JbUfU nepcDHalfu U3 leHepC1JlUmema U wmon- U o6op-tK/Jllu,epaMU». B p3MK3X npoBepKH rpHropHi1 nOll.JlYUKHii llBa)f{Jlb] llonpallIHBaJlCJI ceH3TopaMH (H3 33Ce.Ll3HHJlX 20 HfOHJI H 9 HfOnJi 1722 r.). B HTore. BblJI.Bl1Hyrble H3BeT'-lHKOM 06BI1HeHM.II He Hallum nO.LlTBep)f(!l,eHHJI. Ha ::tTOM OCHOBaHHH - HeCMOTp51 H8 TO. "lTO B XOlle 1l0npoCOB CT<:uIO O'-leBHllHbIM CYMaCllIeCTBl1e r. nOll.JlYUKOro ('ITO OH 6 YMe no.MeUJalTle..leH») - 26 H05l6p51 1722 r. CeH8T npHroBOpl1.l1 H3B03'-1HKa K HaKaJaHHJO KHyrOM H ] PfAllA, 41. 248, KH. 1888, n. 348-348 06.. 459. 467. nOnp06HOCTH ocywecrnJJeHHoro CeHaToM cylle6Horo CneJl(.TIJHH no lleJ1}' C. A. KOIIbI'Je- sa CM.: Cepoe J],. O. 8opoHe)KcKHe ry6epHcKHe WlMl1HUC1p!ITOpb] B Kj)HMI1- HaJlbHOH tlCTopHI1 POCCI1I1 nepooH Qemcprl1 XVIII B. II 113 I1CTOpl1t1 80- poHe)KCKoro Kj)aH. CG. cnneit EopoHe)l(, 2001 Bbln. 10 C. 51-53. 60-61. Bcew.Ja Mai1I721--JJHrntpb 1715 r. CeHaT nptlHM noneny C. A. KOJib]'JeB3 IBcy.nc6HO-CJle.D.CTBeHH(,IX nOCTaHOBlICHI]i1. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 253 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. nO.>KI13HeHHOH CCblJlKe H8 K8TOpryl. T 8KOBbiM - B OCHOBHb]X '1epTaX - 6blJlO }f'-IaCTl1e npaBI1TeJlbCTB}'lOlUero CeHaTa B yro- JIOBHOM 11 f)XlA<1I.3HCKOM cynonpol13BQfiC'T'Be B 1719-1724 rr. HTaK, MO)l(HO KOHCTIlTHpoBaTb, '1TO H8 np8KTI1Ke B KOHue 171O-x - nepBof1 nOJlOBHHe 1720-x rr. CeH8T BeCbM8 3nl1301U'l- '1eCKI1 Bb]CT)'TIaJI B Ka'leCTRe opraH8 npaBOCYLlI1J1. KO BceMY npo- '1eMY nO'lTI1 He BblJlOJlH.IIJI de jure B03JlO)((eHHb]e H8 Hero HK- UI1I1 CYJIa '1eTBepToro (Bblcwero) 3BeHa. CB.II3aHO 3TO 6bUI0 C TeM, '1TO B OTMe'leHHb[H nepl1011 npaBI1TeJlbCTBYJOlUI1f1 CeHaT OKa3aJ1C5I npl10pl1TeTHO cocpen.OTOl(eH H8 pacCMOTpeHl111 BO- npacOB ailMI1Hl1crpaTIlBHoro xapaKTepa. nOn.06H851 TeH/leHUIDl CJ10)l(HJ[8Cb, pa3)'MeeTCfI. He 113-3a cy6'beKfI1BHblX npl1crpaCTHH TOrnaWHI1X ceH8TOpoB. KaK npellCTaBJlfleTC5I. caMO n0J10)((eHl1e CeHaTIl B rocynap- CTBeHHOM MeXaHI13Me POCCI1I1 nepBof1 '1eTBepTl1 XVIII B. npe.no- npe,lJ;eJll1JlO ero YHKLlI10Hl1pOBaHl1e npe)((J]e Bcero KaK OpraH8 ynpaBJleHI1f1. Bellb I1MeHHO H8 CeH8T nerp 1 3aMKHyJI TeteylUee PYKOBOllCTBO OrpOMHOH (8 nOH81.Ja.rJY erne 11 nJlOXO OTJIa)f(eH- HOH) CI1CTeMOH pe<t>opMl1pOBaHHblX ueH1paJIbHblX 11 MeCTHblX opraHOB BJl8CTH B 3THX YCJ10BI1J1X, 6YllY'111 xpOHH<reCKH nepe- rp)')KeH ailMI1Hl1crpaTHBHblMI1 neJ18MI1, npaBJ.1Te1lbCTBYlOrnJ.1H CeH8T OKa3aJICfI B 1719-1724 rr. 06'beKfI1BHO He B COCTOflHl111 CKOJIbKO-HI16Yllb 8KfHBHO 11 BHI1M8TeJIbHO 3aHI1M8TbCfI elUe 11 OmpaBJleHl1eM npaBOCYlll1J1.  5. 3apo>K,AeHMe cYAeVicKoro Kopnyca POCCMM (1718-1727 rr.) Tenepb He06xODJ.t.Mo OCTaHOBI1TbC5I erne H8 OllHOM acneKTe cyne6HoH pe$JpMbl neTpa I, nOHbIHe He paccM8Tpl1BaBWeMCH B I1CTopI1KO-npaBOBOH J1I1Tepa1)'pe. D.eJlO B TOM, '1TO B CM3H C B03HI1KHOBeHI1eM B 1)' nopy B POCCI1I1 CI1CTeMbl cynOB o6rnef1 IOpI1C)lI1KUI1I1, crpYKT)'p"0 OTneJleHHb]X OT opraHOB ynpaRlleHI1J1, nO.llRilfleTCH OCHOBaHl1e BeeTJII pe'lb 0 3apO)((J]eHI1I1 B POCCI1I1 cy- LleHcKoro Kopnyca. nOCKOJ1bKY B npellllIeCTBYlOllieH npaBOBOH JII1Teparype onpeneJleHH5I 3Toro nOHHTIlH BCTpeTHTb He ynaJIOCb, MO)l(HO npe1lJ[O)l(J.1Tb nOHHMaTb nOlI cynef1cKJ.1M KopnYCOM «pyz iJOJlJiC- HocmlfbIX .qU, OCH06llQlI npotpecCUOHa%HDn 061110HHocmb Iwmo- [PrADA, $. 248, KH. 1888. JI. 363 06., 38906.; KH. 1889. JI. 770. 
254 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I pbiX cocmoum 6 Omnpa6.1eliUU npaffOcyiJufI. CO(nrerCfBeHHO. K "I.HCJly JU1U OTe"l.eCTBeHHOrO cynei1:cKoro Kopnyca nepBoii 'leT- Bepm XVIII B. Heo6xo.1lHMO OTHeCTH: npe3HlleHTOB, Bl1Ue- npe3WleHToB, COBeTHHKOB Ii aceccopoB IOcnm-KoJlJlerHH. npe3HlleHTOB. ln1ue-npe3Ml1.eHTOB Ii aceccopOB HarlnOpHblX ey- DaB. 06ep-JlaH.LlpUXTepOB M aceccopOB npOBHHUMaJlbHblX eynon, a TaJOKe ropo.nOBblX eyne" l{nfl H8'JaJIa 3D;ecb HeJlb3H He OTMenfTb, '-no MMeHHO B xQJJ;e nelJX!BCKMX cyn.e6Hb]X npeOOpaJOB8HI1l1 TepMI-1H «lJUbRb CTdJI HC- nOJlb30BaTbCfI B COBpeMeHHOM 3Ha"JeHIU1. B XVI - H8<ffiJ1e XVIII B. H83BaHHhlt1 TepMHH npHMeHHJlCfI B 6lOpOKp3.TWleCKOM 06t1XOlle HCKJUO'lHTeJ1bHO lIJl5I o603Ha'leHI1H PYKOBO.1lIUeJ1eH npI1Ka30B. Ha- CKOJ1bKO MO)l(HO nOHfiTb, B 3aKOHO.1laTeJTbCTBe nepBOH 1.JeTBepTl.f XVIII B. TepM(1H «cyJI.b5l» 6bUi nnepBb]e J.fcnOJ1bJOBaH B HOBOM 3H8'1eHI1M B CT. 6 nJ. 1-" «KpaTKoro J.f.}()(ipIDKeHIHI "pOueCQB...» 1712 r. M B CT. 2 3aKOH8 OT 19neKa6p51 1718 r. 06 YKpeJUIeHJ.1H J.lHCTaHUHOHHOCTM B cynonpm13S0.1lCme[. npI1Me'l8TeJlbHO, 'lTO H caM neT}) I, H CeHaT H nOCJle 1718 r., C1I)"laJ:IOCb, HCn01lb30BaJIH TepMHH «CYIlbH'} B apXalt<JecKoM CMblCJle -LUlH o6oJHa'1eHHH JUO- 6blX DblCWHX nOJDKHOCTHblX J1HU 2 . nepexo.IDI I< XapaKTepHCTIll<e cyneHCl<oro I<opnyca neTpOB- Cl<oro BpeMeHH, HMeeT CMb]CJl, npe>K.Qe IJcero, OCT3HOBHTbCfl H3 TOM, <ITO. COrJ13CHO «Ta6eJU 0 paHhlV: Bcex IJUH08 BOUHCKUX. cmamCKUX u npudoopHblX» OT 24 JlHlJapJl 1722 r., llOJl)l(HOCTHble JIHU8 pe$:>pMHposaHHblx cyne6Hb]X opraHoB nOJ1}"JHJlI1 OTHOCH- TeJlbHO BblCOl<l1H (lL!lSl rproK1I.3HCKOH CJl)I)K6b1) '1I1HOBHbIH cmryc. TaK, IlomKHOCTb npe:ullleHTa fOCnm-KOJlJlerI1H GblJIa (B '1HCJle npO'lHX KOJlJle)f(CI<HX npeJl1l1eHTOD) nOMeweH3 B IV KJIacc TaGe- RH ° paHrax - 'lTO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO reHepaJI-Maiiopy IJ apMI1H. 13aKOHQillITeJlbCTBO ne1]J8 I. c. 825; 3aKOHOJJ.HJeJIbHble 3KTb] nerpa I. C.378. lCM.. HanptlMep. I1MnepaTCJ))(-KYtO pe3OJltOUHIO OT 9 neK!l6pH 1713 r. Ha ptl:crpe neJ\ Bb]WHero cyna: «Bee Oew MeJlKUe, Komopbie He KtlCWOIT1I¥1 00 CjTJeU "(Mejf(j}Y reM. H3 'JI1CJJa .nomKHOCTHbIX nl1U pe<PoPMHpoBaHHbIX cyne6Hb]X opraHOB non Cy.nOM Bb]WHero cyna COCTOHJ1 Torna enHHCTBeH- HO M. B. )KeJrnfiy)!(CKHii) (Pfl1A, cPo 1329. on. I. KH. 18. n. 3606). Cxon- HblM 06p830M, B ceHaTCKOM )'K33e OT MIDI 1714 r. H83H8'J8BWI1HCH m8Ba MMI1HItCl]JID1tBHOro opraHa - COJlSlHOH KOHTOPb! - 6b[JI no CTap"HKe HalllMCHOrntH "cJmeu.. (PfAll.A, cP 24/;, KH. 1927, JI. 85). C .upyroii: CTOpo- Hb[, llOCTOHHO BHI1MaHlII.II, 'ITO repMIIIH 8CV.nb.ll" B HOBOM 3Ha'ICHI1H WHpoKO I1cn0J1b30RaJl npe.nnp"HmtaTelJb 11 npo)l(eKTep J.1. T. nOCOWKOF1 B TpaKTa- re 1724 r. «KHu.?G 0 CK}vJocmu U fxR1 (flOCOUJKO(J H. T. YKa3. CO']. C. 136. )]/;, 140-144 11 np.). 
fIlaBa 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYlIPB 255 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. j],OJi>KHOCTb npe,UWeHTa HNlBOpHOro cyna OKaJaJIaCb IJ VI KJl8C- ce Ta6e..n:u (LITO 6blJIO TO)t(D.eCTBeHHO apMeucKoMY nOJIKOBHI1KY), nOJi>KHOCTb BHue-npe3lW.eHTa HMBopHoro cyn.a - B VII KJlacce. 06ep-JlaHllPUXTep CTOJIHLlHOro npommUHW1bHoro cyn.a nonan no n.OJI>KHOCTH (BMecre C o6ep-ceJ<peTapeM IOcTHu-KoJIJIerHu) B VIII KJlacc Ta6eJIu 0 paHrax. a aceccop rorepuXTa - B IX-w]. '-ITO KaCaeTC5I nop.llJJ;Ka Ha3HaLleHU5I cyJJ;ew B peopMupO- BaHHble opraHbl npaBocynH5I, TO 3l1eCb. npe)(([le BCero. CJIe.!I.YeT OTMeTHTb. LITO TaKOBOW nop5WOK npH >K113HU ne-rp3 I J1UllIb OT- LlacTH per.naMeHTHpOBaJICH B 3aKOHe. B yrBep)(([leHHOM 8 5IHBap5I 1719 f.. n.OHbIHe HC paccMaTpHBaBllIeMC5I B HCTOpHKo-npaBoBoH JI"Tepal)'pe, D.onOJ1HeHHH K 3aKOHY «B,OJ])KHOCTb CeHaTa» pe- .aaKUI1H 1718 r. 3a npaBHRl1bCTBYJOWHM CeHaToM 3aKpenJ151- JlI1Cb nOJlHOMOLlH5I no onpeJJ;eJ1eHI1IO Ha n;OJI>KHOCTb LlJleHOB npH- CyrCTBI15I KOJUJefl1W (KpoMe npe3lW.eHTa), ceJ<peTapew KQJ1JIefl1W, npe3H1leHTOB HMBOPHb]X CYllOB U o6eP-J18HllpUXTepoB. B CBOIO 04epenb, comaCHO fJl. II feHepaJIbHoro per.naMeHT8 OT 13 <tJeBpa- JlS! 1720 r., K BeneHHIO CeH8Ta 6blJlO OTHeceHO npaBo Ha3HaLlaTb COBeTHHKOB, aceccopoB, CeKpeTapeH H HOTapHYCOB KOJUJerHH, 8 TatoKe npaBO npellCTaBJUlTb BepXOBHOH BJlacTH KaHllHllaTOB H8 nOCThI BHue-npe3I1.!1eHTOB KQJ1JTefl1H. HaKOHeu. B CT. 6 3aKOHa «lJ,OJI>KHOCTb CeHaTa» B peJJ;aKUHH OT 27 anpeJUI 1722 r. K LlUC- JIY JJ;OJDKHOCTHb]X J1UU, H83HaLlaeMbiX CeHaToM, 6bUlU llOnOJlHH- TeJibHO OTHeCeHb] cyne6Hb]e KOMUCCapb] U «cyne6Hble". 8ceccopbl npOBHHUHaJIbH blX KaHUeJlS!pHiF. [POCCI1HCKOe ]aK()H()JI.ffre1]bCTBO x-xx BB. T. 4. C. 57, 59, 61. XapaK- TepHO, 'JTO B CT. 17 Ta6eJ111 CneUl1aJ1bHO orosapl1BaJ1OCb, 'JTO npeJl11IeHT 11 Bl1ue-npeJl1lleHT HMBopHoro cy.na, 06ep-naH.1lplf\Tep, acecrop HMBOpHOro 11 npoDHHUI1W1bHOfO cynoB «He {)'II'Ib '1UHb/». a «paHlU». TO CCTb llOJDKHO- CTH. no ::IToi1 npl1'JIIIHe I1MeHOD3HI1e COOTI!eTCTI!ytOlllHM «p3HroM» He co- "qJaHJLIJOCb 3a 06J1aJ1aBllII1M 11M nl1UOM npl1 01C"I3JII<e HJlI1 nepeMerneHl1111 no c.ny:>K6e (TaM )!(e. C. 65) HeKoTopble nODp06Hocm 06 yr04HeHI111 CTa1)IC8 cy.ne6Hblx nOJ1)!(HOCTeM B XO.1le popa6OTKl1 npoeKTIl Ta6e.n11 0 paHrax eM.. TpoulQUJU C. M. PyCCKI1i1 aOCOJUOTI13M IIIllBOp.llHCTBO... C. 85. 89. 13aKOHQllZR'l]bHb[e aKTbl neTjJa I. c. 291. 2%. 490. CroHT .nof:wnm., 'JTO B CT. 5 116 3aKOHa «OilOJ1AJ-kx.:m CeHaTd" BPenaKUltl1 OT 7 Mapra 1726 r 3a CeHaTOM 6bLrl11 coxpaHeHbl nOJ1HOM0411.11 HaJHa'JaTb Ha DOJ1>KHOCTH JlI1Wb dCCCCOpOEI. cei<p.::TIIpcii 11 HOTIIpityCOll KOJUlCll'lii, npcJI-lD.CH1OB HMBOpHblX CYllOB 11 Cy.ne6HblX KOMHCCajX)B (POCCI1i1CKoe 3aKOHQJJ..ITe./lbCTB X-XX BB. T. 5. C. 151). M 0. AKI1WHH ollll1604HO OTMeTHJI B IIHccepraUl-JOHHOM I1C- CJ1eDOBaHI1I1. 'ITO e3lw.eHTOB, acecCOpoB 11 cel<peTapef.i HallOOpHblX CYDOB, a TalOKe cy.ne6Hblx KOMI1CcapoB B neTpoBCKoe BpeMH Ha3Ha'JaJ1a IOc1lJu- KOJUlCrHH (AxUIIIUH M. 0. CYllc6HIDI pc$JpwI ne1JXll. DHc no C. 187). 
256 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KaK JlBCrsyel 1-13 apXI-1BHblX M<Uepl1aJ10B, B neIJXlBCKOe ElpeM51. OxapaKTepu30B3HHblH nOpMOK H83H84eHI1H PeaJl1130Bbl- BaJlCJi H8 npaKTHKe He Bcerna B nOJIHOM COOTBeTCTBHH C JaKO- HOM. npaBlla, 'lID KacaerC5I npHcyrCTBI1J1 IOcnJU-KOJ1J1enUI. TO era KOMnJJeKTOBaHHe ocyruecTBJlSIJIOCb B 1719-1725 fr. crporo no oxapaKTeplHORaHHOMY D.onOJlHeHMIO K JaKOHY «lloJDKHOCTb CeHara». 33KOHY «lloJDKHOCTb Cemrra» B pe.naKUI-1I1 OT 27 anpe- IUI 1722 f. H reHepaJIbHoMY penJaMeHry. npe3l1lteHfa JOcnu.l- KOJ1Jlerl1l..j OnpelleJI5IJl H3 ltOJJ)KHOCTb MOHapx (Bl-1Ue-npe3l11leHT B 3TH rollhl He H83H8ljaJICJi). a COBeTHt1KOB H aceccopoB KOJI- Ileum - npaBHTeJ1bCTB)IJOlllHH CeHaT. KaHllHllarypbl H8 HOJ1}J(- HOCTH COBeTHHKOB H aceccopon npellCTaBJ1S1J1HCb B CeHaT npe- 311.l1.eHTOM IOcTi1U-KOJIJ1enli1. A BOT B HMBOpHble CYltbl CeHaT Ha3HaLlaJT He TOJlbKO npe- JJ.UJ;eHTOB. HO H BHue-npe3HlleHTOB H)la)Ke aceCCOpoB. no CBelle- HInIM. co6paHHblM 8BTOpOM. B 1719-1725 n. npaBI1TeJIbCTB}'IO- WI1U CeHaT H83HaLlHJI B coc]:>repI1XTb] ceMb npe:)J1aeHTOB, .neCflTb Bt1ue-npe3I1neHTOB t1 66 aceCCOpoB. npH 3TOM, B np5lMOe OTCTY- WleHt1e OT 3aKOHa, KOMnJleKTOBaHt1eM cyne6Hblx npt1CyrCTBt1H HallBOpHblX CYllOB 3aHt1MaJlaCb t1 BepXOBHaH BJlaCTb - npaB.D.a. KOCHYJlOCb 3TO Jlt1Wb cy.nOB MOCKBbl t1 CaHKT-neTep6ypra. K HacrOHllleMY BpeMeHt1 ynanOCb YCTaHOBt1Tb 'JeTbl- pe 3nt130.D.a, Koma B Ont1CblBaeMb]H nept1o)J; cynbJ.1 CaHKT- neTep6yprcKoro 11 MOCKOBCKOCO roc]:>rept1XTOB onpe.neJlHJlt1Cb MOH8pXOM. I1MeHHbIMt1 YKa3aMt1 6b1Jlt1 H83HaLleHbl: nepBblj::j co- CTaB cyne6Horo npt1cyrcTBI1f1 MOCKOBCKOCO Ha.rJ;BopHoro cy)J;a (8 anpeJifi 1719 r.). BHUe-npe3l1neHT OIHKT-neTep6yprcKoco HallBOpHOro cy.na (25 M;l}1 1725 r.). npe3111leHT MOCKOBCKO- ro roc]:>rept1XTa (17 t1IOH5I 1725 r.) t1 Ollt1H t13 aceccopoB (!) On5lTb- TaKt1 MOCKOBCKOro roc]:>rept1xTa (3 I t1IOJlSI 1725 r.)I. npt1 3TOM CeHa.. OOa>KJIbl onpe.QeJlflJl Bt1Ue-npe3l11leHTa B OIHKT-neTep6yprcKI1H HallBOpHblM cyn (I ceHTH6p11 1720 r. Ii 20 t1IOJlSI 1722 r.) t1 O.nt1H pa3 Bt1ue-npe3I11leHTa - B MOCKOB- CKHM (20 t1IOJISI 1722 cp. KpoMe TOro, t1MeHHO npaBHTeJlbCTBYJOlllHH CeH8T Ha3Ha- "i8JI He TOJIbKO 06eP-JIaHllPJ.1XTepOB, HO t1 aceccopoo npoBt1H- liH8JlbHb]X CYllOB. Hap5lLlY c 3Tt1M. B COOTBeTCTBI1t1 C 3aKOHOM, ]PfAlIA, 4J.148. KH.521, JI 69-6906. InpKlIo:lkeHt1ell, NQJ]; KH. 1941. n. Ill; KH. 1945. n. 8: Pfl1A,4J. 1319. on. I. KH. 19.11.88. lpfAUA, 4J.148. KH. 1886,11. 19606.; KH. 1889, n. 454 06. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYlIPB 257 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. CeH8T onpe.neJUUI B JOCfl.1U-KOJUJernlO. HMBOpHb]e U npOBI1H- UH8J]bHble ey.nbl CTapllll-1X KaHUeJUlpCKI1X eJ1Y)l(3ll1J11x - .fibJ'I- KOB[, eeKpeTapett, HOTapMYCOB U aKTyapMYCOB. B CB010 O'-lepellb, JOcTI-1U-KOJlJ1efl151 HaJHaa, Bo-nepBblX, ropOllOBblX cy.neW. a BO-BTOPbIX, MJlMllIl-1X CJI)l)Kallll-1X B co6cTBeHHYJO KaHUeJl5Ipl-11O. HI-1KaKUX Bb160PHbiX 3ace.naTeJleit - HH OT KpeCTb5lH (KaK B WBeuuu). HU OT nBOp5lH (KaK B npU6aJ1T1-1Ke) - B POCCUitCKI-1X cynax nepBoit LleTBepTI1 XVIII B. TaK U He n05lBI1JJOCb. HaKOHeu, Heo6xonlilMO OTMeTHTb. LITO Hili KaKHX-Jm60 epOKOB npe6bIBaHI1JI B nomKHOCTH, HM KaI<J1X-JUl60 KBaJlI1<!JHKaUHOHHblX Tpe60BaHI1ii ll!l51 cy.neH p$pMHpOBaHHblX opraHOB npaBOcynH5I TOrnall1HI1H 3aKOHOnmeJ1b He YCTaHOBI1JI. llocToitHO ynOMI1HaHI151, npaB.LI.a, LITO KBaJlMI1KaUl10HHble Tpe60BaHU5I K cy.nb5lM - Bnp04eM. He BnOJIHe LleTKue - no- nblTaJlUCb C4>oPMYJll1pOBaTb COCTaBI-1TeJlI1 npoeKTa YJlO)l(eHI1JI 1723-1726 rL B 3TOM OTHOWeHUI-1 He06xonuMo OTMeTUTb 33- KOHOnaTeJ1bHb]e npe.rrnOJlO)l(eHI-1f1, BHeCeHHb]e B CT. 1 1-1 3 r1l. 4-it KH. 1 npOeKTa. ComaCHO CT. I (np5lMOJ1I1HeiiHO 03arJIaMeH- HOf.:i <,KaK08bl OO.1J1CHbi 6blmb (.)0w.), Ha cy.nef.:icKHe nOJl)l(}{OCTH npe.LlJ1araJIOCb onpeneJ151Tb 1IHU «60i!060R.JHeHblX, {hJlROfXJ3YMHb/X U IICICJ'Cl/bIX». B CT. 3 - «CyrJb.fl 6 MJOJK'eHbe oo.1J1CeH 6blmb UC- h}v:eH& - C006P83HO 3arJIaBulO. OT cynbl-1 npe.u.nOJIaraJIOCb "I]Je- 60BaTb .nOCKOHaJlbHOrO 3J-lliHI-1f1 neitcTBYJOll.lerO CBona 3aKOHOB ("eJICUm cyObe Y.1OJlCeHbe. 110 KomopoMy cydumb UMeem. mBep- do 3HOmb» F [no .naHHbIM 3BTOpa HacTOHwei1 pa6oTbl, nOCJJe.nHee HaJHa'JeHI1t: nbHKa B pe4x:!PMI1POsaHHb]H opraH npaBOC}'IlH.II I1MenO MecTO B :.1BryCTe 1720 r.. KOrDa KaHuemlpl1CT IOcmU-KOJUlerl1l1 $. C nm1aWHeB 6bLl npol13BeneH B nbJIKH B CaHKT-ncrcp6yprcKHH mULBOpHb]U CYIl (PfNlA. 41 241::. KH. 649. n.41::2). lOc06b]H nOpH.fiOK onpeneJ1eHH.II roponOBbIX cyneH 6b[]] npe.nycMo- T)JeH JIl1IlIb WI.II C11611pl1. ComacHo paCnOpH>KeHl1tO IOcmU-KOJUlerl1l1 OT 274>eBPaJI.ll 1721 r.. B CI16I1PCKOf.i ry6epHI1i1 npaBo Ha3Ha'JeHI1H ropono- Bb]X cy.nei1 nepe.n3Ba110Cb ry&pHaTOpy (PrNlA. 41. 21::2. on. I. KH. 21596. n. 107-107 06.; KOnl1.11 nOK)'MeHra npe.nOCTaBlleHa E. R 6opo.nHHOH) 3prNlA. 41. 342, KH. 33, 'J. I. J1. 51-51 06 Inpl1..O>KeHl1e V]. Co- maCHO npoTOKOJ1bHOi.J JanI1CI1. CTaTbl1 m. 4 6b[]]11 yrBep)l(D,eHbl YnO>KeHHOH KOMl1ccl1ei119 OKTH6p.ll - 27 H0.II6pH 1723 r. COr./RICHOH TOH )I{e 3.1n11CI1, B COCTalllJeHl111 m. 4 npl1HHJ\11 )"JacTHe. COBeTHI1K CI1HOllil apXHMdtillpl.ff faB- pl1l[]] IEi)'>KHHCKI1HI, reHepan-peKeTMeHCTep B K. naBlloB, Bl1ue-npe3lUJeHT KaMep-KOJIJ1efHl1 M. HI1POT. COBeTlil1KH IOcTI1U-KOJUlerl1l1 C. T. KnoKa'JeB  C. Bonblt>. a Tal0Ke acecoop IOcTUU-Ko.J1erHI1 3. KpoMnei.JH (TaM >Ke. n.76). 
258 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I He 6bVU1 nponucaHbl B 3aKOHOllaTeJIbCTBe ne-rpa I (oj OCHO- BaHH}1 HM DJlSI yn.aJleHuSi CYD.bl1 B oTCTaBKY. HM DJUJ npeJq)alUeHWI. era nOJIHOMO'-lHH. ComaCHO apXHBHblM I1CTO'-lHHKaM. OCHOBaHH- eM DJlSI OTCTaBKH Cyn.bl1 B nepBOH lIeTBepTH XVIII B. SlBJHLJ10Cb era COOCTBeHHOe }l(eJ]aHHe, 06ycJloBJ1eHHoe Jm60 llOCUI>KeHUeM HM npeKJIOHHoro B03paCTa. JluGa Hen03MO)l(HOCTbfO McnOJ1HSlTb CJ]}0Ke6Hble o6513aHHocTIil no COCTO.llHMIO :W;opOBbSJ ('lTO AOJDKHO 6bU10 nOllTBep)KJ]3TbCSI «OOxmYPCKUM OCMOmfJOVO - Me.tI.MUHH- CKI1M 33KJ1K)lJeHueM). B MHblX CJ1Y<JIDIx mCT'dBKa no co6cTBeH- HOMY >KeJIaHHIO B neTpoBcKoe BpeMSI He npaKTHKOBaJIaCb: no naBHeH OTel[eCTBeHHof.:i Tpam1mm H3 rocynapcTBeHHoii cJ1}')K6e 'leJ10BeK Ha'i.OIDUJCSI nmKH3HeHHO. YBOJlbHeHHe (Y.u.aJTeHHe B OTCTaBKY) cYlleif HalIBOpHblX 11 npOBMHU(1aJ]bHbIX CYJJ;OB npo113Bo.nHJI CeHaT. no npe1lCTaBJ1eHMIO IOcnm-KOJlJlerl1(1. ropo.nOBblX CYJlew - C3Ma IQcnm-KOJ1J1enl.ll. K npuMepy. ceHarCKI1M YKa30M OT 23 CeHT5I6p51 1723 L 6bUl «30 nOpallU'IHOfO 6o.ile3HbfO>' yBOJleH B OTCTaBKY 011.11H H3 aceccopOB CMOJIeHCKOfO roq,feplXTa, CeHaTCKJ1M >Ke VKa30M OT 23 aBryCTa 1725 L, «30 cmapocmbfO» - Bme-npe:nlJleHT .HpOCJIaBCKoro HM- BOpHOro cyna l . OcHOBaHHSJMI1 llJUi npeJ<p3weHHSJ nOJ1HOMO'-lI1i1 CYDbH B onHCblBaeMbli1 nepHO.Q JlBJUIJ1HCb ]]1160 ero HeCCJOTIJeTCTBHe 33- HI1f\.laeMoi1 n.OJl>KHOCTI1. JlI160 BblHeCeHl1e eMY 06BHHHTeJ1bHO- ro npHroBopa. TaK, no npl1'mHe HeH8JlJ1e>Kalllero HCnOJ1HeHHSJ CJ1}')Ke6HbIX 06513aHHocTeH, I1MeHHblMI1 YK333MI1 OT 24 anpeJI51 1722 f. Ii OT 17 I1IDHJI 1725 L 6hUII1 OTcTpaHeHhl OT n.OJ1)!(HOCTCH Bliue-npe3l11leHThI MocKOBCKOro roq,replixTa, a pacnOp5l>KeHl1eM IOcTHU-KOJ1J1enfH OT 8 fIHBapfi 1722 r. - MYPOMCKliH ropolloBOH cyD,b.ll2. BCJie.QCTB(1e OC}0KileHHSJ Cyn.OM B 1724 I. JI(1WWlCSJ n.OJl>K- Hocnl aceccop MOCKOBCKOro H<\1lBOpHOro cyn.3 M. B. )f(eJ1516)')K- CKI1H. HaKoHeu. .QOCTOHHO BHHM3HH5I, 'ITO B nelJXlBcKoe BpeW! OCTaJIC5I 3aKOHOll.aTeJ1hHO HeyperyJllipoBaHHhlM Bonpoc 0 nOllcYll- HOCTl1 )](1U CYlleHcKoro Kopnyca. Ha npaKTHKe >Ke naHHhIH BO- npac pa3pewaJ!c5I napHaTHBHO. Ha npoTJI>KeHI1I1 1719-1725 n. cyD,b(1 H<\1lnopHblX 11 «HH>KHHX» CYD06 OJ<a3bIBaJ!(1Cb no.Q cyn.OM TO rof!JrepHxTOB , TO IOcnm-KOJ1J1efHH, TO npaJfrenbCTBYIDllI.erO ] PfNlA. 4J. 248. KH. 1918,11. 63; KH. 1945. JI. 148. 2PfNlA, 4J. 248. KH 1888. JI.177 06: 4J.182, on. I, KH.11595.1L 14 06.. PrI1A, 4J. 1319, on. I. KH. 29. n. 88. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYlIPB 259 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. CeH8T3 (l'lJlH era MOCKOBCKOH KOHTOPb]), TO BblllIHera cyna (3a HCKJlJO'-lemleM neJ1 no rocynapCTBeHHb]M npecrynJ1eHmIM, cyn. no KaKOBblM npOl13BOnHJlH MCK./IlOlJMTeJlbHO Ope06pa)l(eHCKHH npHKa311 TaHHaH KaHUeJUlpI1S1 I ) CKa)l(eM, I1HI1UHl1lXmaHHoe <tJI1CKaJlbCKOH CJ1)')K6oit neJ10 no 06HHHeHHlO B 3JloynOTpe6J1eHHH llOJ1>KHOCTHb]MH nOJ1HOMO- LlI1S1MH TaM60BCKoro cynbH 11 C. KOJlo60Ba IOcTHU-KOJlJlenm 25 HJOJI5I 1721 r. npemmCaJl8 paCCMOTpeTb MOCKOBCKOMY H<\,!I;- BOPHOMY cyn.y!. OO-HHOMY OeTp I nocrymm C 06BI1HeHHb]M B npeBblllJeHl1l1nOJDKHOCTHblX nOJIHOMOLll1ti cynbeii BH3HI1KOBCKOti CJl06011bl OnpHHI1HbIM. ComaCHO I1MeHHOMY VK83Y OT 19 H05l6pH 1721 f.. nocYlle6Hoe paCCMOTPeHl1e neJla Onp5lHt1Ha HaIlJIe.:Ka- JlO ocyweCTBt1Tb IOcmU-KOJlJ1erHI1. a cyne6Hoe p336l1paTeJlb- CTBO - CeHary. A BOT neJla no 06BHHeHl1lO BO B3.11TOlfHHLleCTBe KypMb]WCKOro H aJl8TopCKoro ropO.nOBbIX cyneH <D. CeKepHHa 11 MelUepcKoro 6bUlH, ceH8TCKHM YK830M OT 6 HIOHJI 1722 f.. H3- npaBJIeHb] B cyn.e6Hoe npOl13BOllCTBO JOcrHu-KOJlJIeft.m}. B CBOIO Ol(epellb, 06m1HeHHbIH npOK)'parypoH B HeJaKOH- HOM oCB060>K1leHI1I1 t13-nOll CTp3JKIi rpynnbl nOllcynHMblx acec- cop MOCKOBCKoro ro<!Jrepl1XTa T. B. Tap6eeB 6bUl, ceH8TCKI1M YKa30M OT 18 OKTH6p51 1723 r., OTnaH noD. cyn MOCKOBCKOH KOH- TOPb] CeH8T8. OOJlYlfHBwee OCo6blH 06li\eCTBeHHbIH pe30HaHC BblweOTMeLleHHoe lteJlO no 06BHHeHHIO 8ceccopa MOCKOBCKO- ra HMBopHoro cyna M. B. )KeJIJI6Y>KCKOro II nO.1lJlore 38Bema- Hml BllOllbl A OOJlI1BaH080f.:i paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb nepBOHal(aJlbHO IOcTt1U-KOJlJlerl1eH, a II 1723 f. 6b1J1o nepcllaHo B BblllIHI1f.:i cyn (KOTOpbIH 15 JlHBap51 1724 r. npl1rOBOpllil M. B. )KeJISl6)')KCKOrO K TeJ1eCHOMY HaK838Ht11O 11 KOH<!JI1CKaUHI1 t1MywecTBa)4. CXOlt- HblM 06P330M noD. CYlt IOcTHu-KoJlJlerI1H, 8 3aTeM Bb]WHero cYlta nonaJl 06e p-J18Hl1pll....-rep HOliroPO.nCKOro npOBHHUHaJlbHO- I MelKlI,Y npO'JI1M. OKaJaBIlJI1i1CH B 1723 f. B npeo6proKeHcKoM npl1- Ka:Je B IGNeCTBe I1JBCT'lI1Ka. a JaTeM 06sHHHeMoro ropo.nOBOi1 CYllbH Tapbl 11. Bcpell.IDrHH CYMCJI HC TOJIbKO COSCPW(1Tb no6cr I1J-no.n CIp.1AUt. HO 3aTeM 11 UeccIJeJlHO CJqJbITI>C.II (l/oiq1otIcI<.1.IU H. H. AHTl1l)JeoilaJIbHb]H npo- TeCT YPaJIO-C(16I1jJCKI1X K)JeCTb5IH-crapoo6pH.llUeB B XVIII B. HOBOCl16l1pcK, 1974. C. 35-36). !PrNlA. 41. 282. on. I. NQ 2596. n. 14-1406. YnoMIIIHaH(1e 0 neJle  eK eM.: &JZOc.1(}(J(7o."UU M M 06JJaCTHIDI pe(jxJp- :%.124J8..I:..3iI08;18.;KH.Io JI4i; 41. 2!j2. on. I. KH. 21643. JI. 27506.-27706. 
260 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ro eynaM.H. M5IKJ1HUH. o6IJHH5IBWUMC.II B npecryJUJemmx npo- Tf.1B MHTepecOIl CJI}')K6bl l . nonblTKa YCTaHOBt.JTb Clll1HblH nopHllUK nOllcynHrn.."TU JU1U, JaHt.JMaBWHX cyne6Hble IlOJDKHOCTII, 6h1J18 npe.nnpUHHTa On5ITb- TaKI1 II XO.lle pa3pa6oTKU npoeKra YJ10)f(eHt.JH POCCJ.1ikKOro rocy- napcma 1723-1726 rr. ByrBep)f(ileHHYIO YnO)!(eHHOH KOMHCCHdi 40KT5I6p51 1723 L CT. 45 rJ1. 2-(:1 KH. I npoeKTa KOllJ1@l1IcaTOpbl BHeCJIM cJlellylOwee 3aKOHOltaTeJ1bHOe npeD.nOJlo.)((eHMe: «...flpe- 3udeHmoB :JICe, 6ue-npe3UaeHm08 narJ60pHblX cydOB U mo.V)' 110006- HblX cy<Jumb 6 mex qm. KomopoAfY OHU nOd'lUHeHbli>l. DpyrHMH CJ10RaMI-!, IlpCDJJafaJIOCb 3aKpenl1Tb no.nCYllHOCTb Cy.nbH BblllIe- CTmlUleMY cyny. BnpO'[eM, 113-38 HeYTBep)f(ileHUS! npoeKTIl TaKO- BOMY nOpHllKY He Cy"AUleHO 6blJlO npeTBOpHTbCH II .>KH3Hb. OCTaerc5I llo6amub, 'ITQ B Te >Ke rolU>! npeilllpMH(1MaTeJ1b H npo)((eKTep 11. T. flOCQWKOB npe1I.Jlo:>K11JI }'JKOCJO'U1Tb OTBeT- CTBeHHOCTb cyneH .Ja npecrynneHI-1f1 npo"J1.m I1HTepecoB CJ1y)K()bl 1-1 npoTIilB npaBOcy.D.I151. B ynoM}lHyTOM Bblllle XpeCTOM8"f1.1ifHO H3- BeCTHOM TpaKTIne 1724 r. ..}vmra 0 CKY.D.OCUI H 60raTCTBel> I1BaH nOCOlllKOB pacC)')KlIaII, B 'laCTHOCTH, 0 TOM, 'lTO «oU{e [eCAuJ cyilell JI1a1bIX u 6e..1UKUX He K03Humb U 6eJ1UKUMU lUJllJXK/;bt UX He Ulmpa1x;6amb, mo U... npa6iJbI U npa6aeo cyiJa ycm116Umb {j,'i)em lfl>603uo:HC. nonyrHo I1BaH THXOHOBH'-I Bb]CIQl3aJ1CfI H 38 npo- Be.D.eHHe pelllHTeJ1bHof1: LjHCTKI1 cynef1:cKoro Kopnyca: «A llU{e paiJu J'Cml1I/06Jlel/U5l npl160bl npl16ume./leil cyde6HbIX U MI/020 nodem [6ydem K03HeHoJ, 6blmb Y:HCe maK. A 6e3 J'fJOIfJ'. 51 He 'iOIO, ycmOHoeumUCR npoede... U npl18fHfY cyoy ycmOfJUtnUCR, lle cmo, Opy2oe cydeii He naiJem, nOHeJICR y Hac I/O Pycu l/enpaeiJa Betwu 30CmapeJIa,,3. IPfAllA. 4J.148. KH. 1939. n 5, 4J. 285. on. I. KH 5951. N2 104. JI 406. 3m 6b1f1, KCTIUH, TOT CaMblfi I1saH MHKI1HI1H. 0 KoropoM He pm COnpHKa- CaBl1ll1ficH C HI1M 11. T. nOCOWKOB mlC.l.fl, 'fTO «00, MRKUHUH,.uofJu,j rJeH.?U, a OafXJ:.'dOH IfWJIv.VHUlfezoHe t£Hl.,.. (llocrJwKoo H. T. YKa3. C04. C. 191). jJ4f' a' 'J'. 17 Wt=] 'JroMlollMeHHH 11. T. nOCOWKOBa OCTaJll1Cb BHe nOlJH BHI1MaH11.11 A. E. 3aH4eHKo, cne- ;Hfjber:?En":: ci= !/Mn.0198{rC.nf45)ell; C)?K!leHWI 11. T. nocorrn..ow 0 He06xOllI1MOCTH 'JI1CTKH cYllei1tKoro 1\DpIlyCd. TO H8 Hero 06panulI1 BHHMaHHe RA. TOMCI1HOB 11 P. K. fai1H)'T.nI1HOB (To'll- <liHCJ(I B. A. YKa3. C04. C. 205; FaltHy nduHo6 P. K C)7l11 cyllonpolf3OOJlC1BO B IlpelLIlOJI<t:HWlX 11. T. nOCOWKOOa II IkcrHHK POCCl1rlCKOii npdBOooii 8IGUle- MIIII1. 2006. NQ I. C. 4). 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYlIPB 261 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. '-ITO .>KC 3a 11101111 BOIIUUI B nepBbli1 coeT3B cynci1cKoro Kopnyea Poeeuu? ,ilOJl.>KHOCTb npC3UllCHTa JOcr(olU-KOJlJlerm1 B nepBOH '1ernepnl XVII 1 B. laHHMa..rm Tp(ol ljCJlOBCKa. OnHH t13 apX(oITCKTOpOO cync6Hoi1 pCOpMhl nepBb]i1 npe311L1eHl KOJl- 11CrI1(o1 A A MaTBeeB 6b]JI 29 anpeJlfl 1722 r. CMCHeH 6hIBWI1M Ka3aHCKHM ry6epHaTopoM 63-J1eTH(oIM rpa$:>M n. M. AnPaKCt1- HbIM. B CBOIO OljepC11b, COHrnCHO HMeHHOMY YKa3Y OT 10 MaR 1725 r. npe:U1.11cHTOM JOcrHU-KOJV1emH CTaJI npe)KH(oIH COBeTHHK KOJiJIernu 50-11eTHui1 11. n. TOJ1CTOi1, CT3plllUi1 ChlH 3H8MeH(oI- TOro cnOllBU.>KHUKa neTpa 1 n. A T OJlCTOro[. ,ilOJl.>KHOCTb Buue- npe3HlleHTa IOcnm-KOJiJIenm OCTaBaJIaCl> BaKaHTHOH, KaK }')Ke ynoMUHaJ1OCh, C 1721 no 1726 .-011. Ha nOmKHOCTHX COBeTHt1KOB H aceccopoB B lOcrt1u- KOJlJlerlilU B 1718-1724 n., no naHHblM aBTopa, nepe6blBaJlo 22 "IeJ10BCKa, "IeTBepo (013 KOTOpblX (l1Ba COBeTH(oIKa H DBa acecco- pa) SlBJlSIJIHCb I1HOCTpaHuaMH. CJJelIYeT OTMeTHTh, '1TO A A MaT- BeeB ueJ1eHanpaBJIeHHO CTper.uUlcH YKoMJUleKTOBaTb CYDCi1CKI1i1 llJTaT KOJ1J1enm J1(o1UaMH, HMeBwuMu, C 011H0i1 CTOPOHb].DOCTOi1- HYIO pcnyrau(oIlO. a C JJ;pyroi1 - XOTb KaKOi1-TO onblT pa60Tbi B c<1Jepc fOCUIUt1(o1. Bblllep.>KaTb nOll06HYlO J1HHHIO KanpoBOH no- J1HTHKH 61>1.110 BeCbM8 t1 BeCbMa 3aTpynHHTcJlbHO. KaK CnpaBeltJlUBO 3aMeTI1J1 el.l.le M. M. EioroCJIOBCKI1i1, H8 I1CXOlle I71O-x rr. cnpoc Ha CJ1}')K}mhIX J11011ei1 npCBblCHJI npc11- J10.>KeHHC, B pe3YJ1bTaTe ljem (,npIfXOnunocb nyCKaTb B lleJIO CJlY- >KWIblH nepCOHaJI JJ;aneKO He nepBOH H3H'1eCKoi1 CBe:»(CC11t H COMHHTeJlbHoi1 HpaBCTBeHHoi1ljUCTOTbl... B ljl1CJle 3Toro nepco- Halla. OTnyweHHom U3 P83PH.nHOro CTOJ1a B IOCHIl.l-KOJU1erl1lO, 6bl.l1H llpHXJ1ble H 60J1bHhle CTapmrn, J1l1ua. Haxollt1BWl1eC5I nOll CJlellCTBHeM B npccryn1leHt151X no 1lOJl.>KHOCTt1 11. HaKOHeu, KaH- llHllaTbl. KOTDpble OKa3aJ1UCb .xarn (oIllo6pblM(oI 111011bMW>, HO C OllHUM He.IT.OCT8TKOM - He YMelOlllHMH rpaMOTe». HanpuMep, 21 MapTa 1719 r. CCHaT Ha3HaljHJ1 COBeTH(oIKOM IOcTI1U-KOJU1enm 6bIBwem TBepCKom J1aJ-UlpaTIl R 11. KOJIbUOBa-MacaJlbCKOm, KOTOpbll1, KaK BCKope BbIHCHI11IOCb, C 1717 r. COCTO.lUl nOll cy- llOM no BbUI.BHHyrb[M (oICK3J]bCKOi1 CJly)(({)oj:j 06BUHeHHJlM BO IprNlA. cPo 248. KH. 1942. JI. 68; cPo 1451. KH. 13. n. 362. Hosei1rnytO CBo.llJ<y 6110rpa4JHI.JOCI.JfX cseneHl1ii 0 n. M. AnpaKCi1He 11 11 n. TOJICTOM eM.: Cep06.R. O. AnMI1HI1ClJ'UWUI nerpu I. C.1J-14, 74-75. ! Eoi>ocI06CKUU M M O6JJOCTHIDI pc$Jp\Ia nC1])a BeJlHKOro. C. 177. 
262 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I B351TOlJHHLleCTBe, XI1111eHlU1 COCYllapCTBeHHoro I-1MyweCTBa H B YKPblBaTeJlbCTBe nO,D.03peBaeMb]X B y6HHCTBe[. BnpOljeM, CJlyqa.rIOCb, KMpOeaH cJ\}')K6a CeHaTa (YHK- UHH KaKOBOH n.o 1722 r. BbInOJ1HIDI Pa3p5l11HbIH CTO]] CCHaTCKOH KaHueJlHpHI1, a c 1722 r. - repoJlb.LlMdiCTepcKa5I KOHTOpa) cnOXB<\TblBaJ\aCb M OCTaHaBJnmaJI8 Ha3Ha'leHHe COMHrnenbHoro mma. TaK. H8 38cellaHH(1 CeHaTa 15 I1IOHfI 1722 r. repoJII\!J;Mew- crep 11. H. nJleweeB npe,lJ;CT8BI1J] naHHble. 4TO TOJ1bKO LITO onpe- neJleHHblH 8ceccopOM B CMOJIeHCKI1i1 wiPrepl'lXT fl. B. nOJlOH- CKJ1H "MeeT Cy.nHMOCTb (<<6bI.iJ 611)'tJ.IU"IHO/I1 HGKQ3aHUW». B "TOre, CeHaT OTMeHI1JI H83H8ljeHI1e n. B. n0J10HCKOro, onpeneJIl1B H3 em MeCTO B CMOJ1eHCKJ1H HWlBOPHblH CYll r. A WanUioBa l . no npH'-IHHe OCT)JOti HeXBaTKI1 KBaJ1t1I1UHpOBaHHb[X KaLl- paB ueJloe 6lOpOKpanl'-lecKoe cpa)l(eHJ.re pa3BepHYJIOCb B 1718- 1719 rr. BOKpyl onpeneJleHI1f1 B JOcrI1l.l-KOJ1JIenUO OJ1bITHOro CJlenCTBeHHoro pa60THI-1Ka crOJ1bHHKa n. E. BeJ1b51MHHoBa. llrl5l HaLlana, CeH8TCKHM }'K33OM OT 19 Ma51 1718 r. n. E. BeJ1b}IMHHOB 6hlJI, no npeD.CTaBJIeHi-IlO A. A. M8TBeeBa, H83HaLleH B nepBhlH COCTaB COBeTHI.JKOB JOCfI1U-KOJlJlemH. OllH8KO. no HacT05IHHIO 6hIBwero Ha'l8J1hHI.JKa neT])a BeJ1h5lMI.JHOna rII8Bhl CJ1ellCTBeHHoH KaHUeJI.IIpHH nOJ1KOBHHKa 11. H. rlJIeweeBa (8 TalOKe rII8Bhl T 8H- HOH KaHueJ1f1pHH n.A. TOJ1CToro). crOJ1bHHK BMeCTO TOro, LlTO- 6b] H8npaBlfJbCJI B CaHKT-neTep6ypr K HOBOMY MecT)' CJ1y.>K6hl, OCTaJlcn B MOCKBe, npo.nomK35! HCnOJ1H51Tb npe)((HHe 06H3aHHOCTI1 H CneUHaJlhHhle nopy<-ieH"51. nOnblTKM A. A. MaTBeeHa Bh[T])e6o- BaTh n. E. BeJ1MIMHHOBa B CTOJ1HUY ycnexoM He YBeHLlanHCh. D.anee C06hlTHH npl.JWL!11.J HOBhlH 060POT. II SlHBap51 1719 r. reHepan-M8Hop M. H. llMHTpHen- MaMOHOB llo6HJ1CSI OT neT])a I H3.lI.3HHSI YKa3a 06 onpeDeJ1eHHH n. 6. BeJ1hHMHHOBa B CJ1e.D;- CTBeHHYIO KaHueJ1f1pHIO cBOero Be.D;eHI1.11 J . Ho A. A. MaTBeeB H TOrna He OTCTynl1J1c5I OT HaMepeHl1JJ 3an0J1)"-1HTh neTpa BeJ1h5l- MHHona B IOCTI1U-KOJlJlenJIO. B nHchMel1. 11. llMI.JTpl.JeBy-MClMuHOB)' OT 25 Bparl51 1719 r. AI-w.pei:i MaTBeeB nOllLlepKHyn, LITO «Hbllle 6 Kaue2uu IOCmUL(UU 8 C08emHuKax caMWI HOClllOUm Heo6xo()uwafl Hy3KiJO, u... 30 OCKYdeHueM 3tJo6bI<iOUHbIX {KOMnemeHmHblX} J/KJi)eu <iUHUmCfI 8CelJlepl/OIl /fCev iJeJ1QM ocmOH06KQ» Om1CaHHJJ KallpoBblX 6e.n;- Ma f';o/'ti?ln' 1882, JI. 88; EalioKupeeo n. M. CYlle6HIDI pe4x:!p- r: %: i..In2t3. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYlIPB 263 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. CTBJ.1M IOCTl1U-KOJIJlerl1J.1 HIilKaK He T]JOHYJ1H, Bnp04eM. I1saHa D,MHTpl1eBa-MaMOHOBa. H OH OTKa3a.rtC OTnyCTI1Tb n. o. BeJ1b- MHHOBa. He nOMomo J.1 nOCJ1ellOBaBwee 14 MapTa 1719 r. o6pa- rneHJ.1e npe:utlleHTa IOcmU-KOJIJ1enm K caMoMY uapJO. B J.1TOre, A. A. MaTl3eeB OKa3aJ1C BblH)')KlleH CMJ.1pHTbC C norepe" n.JUI KOJ1J1erHJ.1 «3ao6bl'oIaHHoro» K lleJIaM JOCTHUJ.1J.1 CTO.J1bHI1Ka I . KaK 6bl TO HH GbUIO, YCH.JlJ.1J1 A. A. MaTBeesa J.1 ero npe- eMHHKa n. M. AnpaKCHHa ytroMJU1eKTOBaTb lllTaT npJ.1cyrcTBI1JI KOJIJ1erl1(1 CBellYlUHMJ.1 B «cyllHbIX (1 p03blCKHbIX nenax.. LI(1H08- H(1KaMH He OCTaJlHCb 6eCfUJOllHblMI1. no CBelleHJ.1M, c06paHHblM aBTOpOM HaCTOrneH pa60Tb!, H3 22 COBeTHJ.1KOB (1 aceccopoB IOCnfU-KOJ1J1erJ.1(1 neIJXlBCKoro BpeMeH(1, no MeHbweH Mepe, llleCTepo J.1MeJJH Onb!T npeDwecmYJOweM cyne6HoH llemeJlbHO- cm. TaK. nO.J1KOBHJ.1K r. T. EprQllbCK(1H nOJl)"-lH.Jl 16 Ma.ll 1721 r. J-\a3HaLleHJ.re COBeTHJ.1KOM KOJIJIerl1(1 nocJle llBYXJleTHero npe6blBa- H(1.11 B nOmKHOCTI1 aceccopa MOCKOBCKOro H<UlBOpHOro cylla. Onpe,[ICJleHHbIH 8 neKa6p1 1724 r. COBeTHHKOM IOcnm- KOJIJIerJ.1(1 KanJ.1TaH M. K KpeHMublH ycneJ1 HeCKQllbKO }JeT ne- pen 3UIM nopa60TaTb aceccopoM B HIDKHeM BOJ.1HCKOM cyne (1 B CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoM n$rep(1xre. CraBWJ.1H 5 <!>eBPa.JJJI 1719 r. COBeTHHKOM KOJIJIenU1 ypmKeHeu HapBbl CI1rH3MYHD BQII14> ISi- gi..mund Wo1f] COCTO.llJl npe)l(ll;e aceccopOM B J].epmcKoM .1I8Hll- repHue!. HaKoHeu. HeJJb351 He ynoMJlHyrb. LITO A. A. MaTBeeBY YllaJIOCb ll06J.1TbC5I nOCJlellOBaBwero 26 CeHT5I6p51 1720 r. Ha3Ha- LleHID! aceccopoM }Ocnm-KOJIJ1enm COCTaBJ.1TeJm «Kp3ncoro (130- 6pmKeHJ.1SJ npoueCOB...& llHfUJOM(1pOOaHHoro JOpJ.1cra, BblnyCK- Hmo l1eHcKoro YHHBepCHTeTa 3pHCTa Kpct.meHHa, KOTOpOMY' B CKopoM BpeMeHJ.1 C}I)KlleHO 6blJ10 CblrpaTb 3Ha'I(1TeJlbHYIO pOJib B nonroToBKe yroJTOBHo-npoueccyaJIbHoro pa3.1leJJa npoeKTa YJIO- )l(eHH5I POCCJ.1HCKOro roCYllapCTBa 1723-1726 rr. J (no;:qJOGHee 06 :nOM pe'Jb noiUIeT HI1)1{e). '-Iro KaCae'JCfI cYlle6Hb]X npl-1cyrcTBI1H roctJrepJ.1XTOB, TO npH HX 4JopMHpoBaHHH OT'-leTJIHBO npocTynH.JlH nBe TeH/leHU(1J.1. ncpBlliI H3 HHX 3aK.l1JO'ianaCb B TOM. LITO npe3HlleHTaMJ.1 HWlBOp- ::::[I;;HiJ:2..t;KH.18g6,n.173-17306..19606.; KH. 1889.11. 203; KH. 1934.11. 101; btL1l1lWpe6G R. M C)fie6HIDI pe4x:!pMa ne1fp li: KH 1886, n. 229 nepBOe II OTe4eCTBeHH0l1 JlI1TepaT)1Je !1JJ10)l{CHI1C o6cro.llTeJlbCTB 6HorpmlJl1l1 3. KpoMncfiHa CM.: Cep06.o. O. AI1.- MI1Hl1crpaUH5I nC1JX] I. c. 51. 
264 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HblX cyn.OB B pH.Qe CJiY'-laeB OnpelleJUU1I1Cb maBb] ry6epHCKJ.1X atI- MI1HI1CTpaUI-1H. Ba)f(HeHUU1M 3.lI.eCb CJlellyeT npl13H8Tb CeHaTCKI1H YKa] OT 7 8Br)'CTa 1722 r., COrJl8CHO KOTOpoMY npe3J.WcHT8MH cooTBeTCTBYJOWt1X ro<tJrepHXTOB H83Ha'1aJ1HCb BOpOHe>KCKI.di. Ka- JaHCKHH H Ct16I1PCKI1H (}'6epHaTopbl. a TalOKe HltJKeropollcKHH (oj CMOJ1eHCKUM mme-ry6epHaTOpb[l. nOllo6HaSJ KallpOBaSi CI1lY- aUI1J1 a5C0J1KHHO He COQTBeTCTBOBaJla. paJyr.leeTCSI. l1lBellCKHM 06Pa3U8M, 03Ha'lafl CMblKaHHe - B cl>oPMe cBoero po,lJ;8 JU1'lHOM ymm - opraHOB npaBOCymul C opr8HaMI1 ynpaBJIeHHH. BMeCTe C TeM, KaK OlJeBMHO 113 apXI1BHblX HCTO'-IHHKOB, naHHaJI KanpOBafi Tel-W.CHUlHI OTHfQllb He CTILII8 rocnollCTBYlOwei:l (KaK nOJJara.rJt1 <1>. M. D,MHTPt1eB. M. M. DOroCJ10BCKI1H 11 K ne- TepCOH 2 ). B caMOM .lleJIe. He 3aHHMaJU1 HHKaKHX napa.rrJ1eJ1bHbIX JIOJDKHOCTeH PYKOBO.nI1TeJU1 MOCKOBCKOro (c 1722 r.). CaHKT- neTep6yprcKoro. EHI1CeHcKoro. KYPCKOro M JlPOCJIaBCKOro Ha;:rBOpHbIX cynoB. KpoMe TOro, npl-1 npe3J111;eHI-ax - reHepaJi- ry6epH<ITopaJ.", ry6epH8TOpax 1-1 Blme-ry6epHaTopIDo. HeM3MeHHO 3ace.nan1-1 BCeueJ10 cocpellOTOlJeHHble H8 cyne6HoH pa60re BHue- npe3l1LleHTbl. B 06rneH CJ10)l(}{OCTH. no CBelleHIDIM 8BTopa HaCTOH- weH pa6oTbl. 1-13 23 npe3111leHTOB 1-1 Bl1ue-npe3l1LleHTOB n$repl1X- TOB 1719-1727 rr. 3 COBMernaJTl-1 aLlMI-1HI-1C"JpaTI1BHhle nO)J}KHOCTI1 C cyne6HblMI-1 TOJ1bKO ceMb lJeJ10BeK (30% OT lJMCJ1eHHOCTI-1). BTOpa.ll KaLlpOBa.ll TeHlleHUI-1H. KaCaBWa.llC.II HallBOpHblX Cy.nOB, COCTOIDI8 B WI-1POKOM8cwTa6HoM KOMruJeKTOBaHl-11-1 I'IX cyne6Hbix npMcyTCTBltH 6bIBWl-1MM BOeHHOCJIY)l(arnl-1MK 113 96 YCTIlHOBJIeHHblX K HaCTOHWCMY BpeMeHI-1 JJHU, 38Hl'lMaBWI'IX B 1719-1727 n. cyne6Hble nOmKHOCTI-1 B n$repI-1XTaX 4 , BOHHCKHe 1 PfALJA., $. 248. KH. 1889. n. 52.5-526. CTOHT JaMCTI1Tb, 'JTO cCHaTCKHi1 YKa3 OT 7 lBryCTa 1712 r. OKaJaJlCH HeT04HO I1CTOJIKOBHH L/)K. J1e D.OHHOM. I1CTpaKTOBaB 03Ha'JeHHbIH YK33 BeCbMa paCWHpl1TeJ1bHO (a 3aO.nHO. BepoHT- HO. COBMeCTHB ero C paCCMOTpeHHblM Bblwe I1MeHHblM }fKaJOM OT 4 anpeJlH 1722 r.), L/)K. J1e LlOHH YKa3aJl, 'JTO B onpe.,le 1722 r. ry6epHaTopaM «6bU10 npclln(1CaHO npl1W1Tb till cc6.11 pyKO 6CeMU HWlOOPHb[MI1 cynaMI1 (leDonne J. Op Clt P. 189). 21blUmpue6 (]J M. YK<13. CO'L C. 447; EococlO6Cl(JJU M M. 06J1ilCTHIDI pe4J9pMa neT)Ja BeJ1I1Koro. C 188; Pe/mon C. Op. ell. P.331 3XpoHOJX)JlItO Ha3Ha'JCHIIIH npc31tl1t'HTOB 11 BHllc-npc3l1!lt:HTOB HMBOp- HblX cynoB 3a 1719 - .IIHBapb 1725 rr. CM.: Cep06.lI.. O. Aa.MHHHCTpdIlIUI neTfB 1HbIX nonc'JeTaX He }'4TeHbl DaHHble no PI1>KCKO\1Y ro$re- pI{'\l)'. CBeneHI1H 0 nepcOHaJlbHOM COCTaBe aceccopoB t-::oroporo 3a Onl1Cbl- BlICMb[H ncpHO.n BbHlBI1Tb HC ynlllJOCb. 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 265 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. 3saHJ.UI J.lMeJIJ.I, no MeHbweM Mepe, 45 '1eJ10IJeK (47 %). OCTaJlb- Hble CyllbJ.l peKpyTJ.lpOBaJlJ.lCb, rJlaSHb[M 06Pa30M, J.l3 He3HaT- HblX llIJOp5IH, pa60TIlIJUJHx npe)l(lle IJ rpa:>K1l.8HCKOM ynpaBJIeHHH. HaH6oJ1ee «Mt1J1HTapt130IJaHHbIMH» no cocTalJY npHcyrcTBt1f1. IJ HTore. 5IBIDIt1Cb EHt1Cef1cKHH, HH>KeropollCKt1f1, CMOJleHCKHH H TOGOJ1bCKJ.lf1 HauHopHble CYD.bI, 8 H8J.1MeHee - Ka3aHCKt1f1 J.I CaHKT-neTep6yprcKJ.li1. HeJ1b351 He KOHCTanlpOB8Tb. '1TO aKTI1BHOe npI1BJ1e'-leHt1e OTCTaBHb[X BOeHHOCJIY)l(alUl1X 3,lBellOMO He 06ecne'lt1Ba110 nOllO- 6alOlUHH KBaJlt1(]>HKaUHOHHbIH ypOBeHb CYlleHcKoro nepCOHaJIa. no BepHOM)" laMe<18HHIO M. M. DOrOCJ10BCKOro, «pOJIb nOllro- TOBJIeHHblX IOpHCTOB, H3 KOTOpblX (]>OpMHpOBaJlCH COCTaB lllBell- CKJ.lX CYllOB, B Poccm1 npellHa3Ha<JeHbl 6blJ1t1 t1rpaTb Bce Te >Ke K8nJ.lT8Hbl. M8i10pbl J.I nOD.llOJ1KOBH(1KI1. KOTopble. nOJl)'YJ.lBllIJ.I H8'laJ1bHoe oGpa30BaHJ.le nOll pyKOBOllCTBOM CeJ1bCKOro nOHOM8- pH J.I 3aBepl1.la5l ero B neXOTHblX J.I .nparyHCKJ.lX nOJIKaX, C"lI1TaJUlCb CneUHaJlJ.lCT8MJ.I peWJ.lTeJlbHO no BceM cpaM rocy.napCTBeH- HOro ynpaBJIeHHH»I. LJ,a H caM 3aKOHo.naTeJlb nepBOH "leTBepTH XVIII B. o60cHOBaJI - B CT. 7 rJl. I-H «)(paTKoro H306piDKeHJ.UI npoueCOB...» 1712 r. - Heo6xollHMOCTb Y'laCTHH B BoeHHOM cy- llonpoH3BO.llCTBe aYllHTopoB TeM OOCT05lTeJ1bCTBoM. '1TO CYllbHMH B KpHrcpeXT8X HBJlSlIOTC.II O()muepbl. «om KOI'fIO/JblX OC06/1U60Z0 uc- "-}'CC1ff6a 6 npa6ax mpe606amb He -'MOl/IW, u60 OHU 6peMfi C60e 06Y'le- HueM BOUHCK020 UCf...J'CCm6a, a He IOfJUdulleCKOZO nfJOlJO:JlCiJawmi>!. lIn51 nOJIHOTbl KapTHHbl CTOHT 3aMeTHTb, "lTO OTlleJIbHble cyllbH r<$rcpHXTOB H3 "lt1CJ18 B<JepalllHHX c4muepoB Bce >tee HMeJlH onblT COnpt1KOCHOBeHIDI C npaKTH<JecKoH IOpt1cnpy- lleHUt1ef1. B nepBYIO O'lepeDb, 311eCb CJ1e.ll.YeT Ha3B8Tb 8ceccopa MOCKOBCKoro Han;BopHoro cy.na nOJ1KOBHI1Ka H. H. nJlell.leeBa. B03rJUl.BJlSlBwero c 1715 L no 1719 L ocoGylO CJlellCTBeHHYIO KaHueJlSJpJ.llO, a TaJOKe npe3111leHTa CMOJIeHCKOro r<$repJ.lxTII nOJIKOBHI1Ka A. H. naHHHa, B 1717-1719 rr. - aceccopa CJJell- CTBeHHOH KaHUeJl.\!pHH Be.lleHIDI C. A. CaJJTbIKoBa. Ha3Ha<JeHHbIH >Ke 20 HIOJ1H 1722 r. BHue-npe3HlleHTOM KypCKOfO H8.llBOpHOro cy.na BerepaH ewe KpbIMCKt1X noxo.nOB 64-JleTHt1H OTCTIlBHOH nOllnOJ1KOHHHK H. C. Dal)'pHH ycnen B 1718-1721 rr. nopa6o- TaTb ropo.llOBbl M cYl1bei1 B Mell.lOBcKe'. I Woc/OOCKUU M M. C>6JJOCTH8.11 pepMa napa BeJlI1KOru. C. 191. !3aKOHonaTelJbCTBO neT)J8 I. c. 82.5. JpfAllA, 4>. 248. KH. 1889. n. 454 06.; KH. 8104, JI. 97-97 06 
266 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I OnHaKO H81160Jlee I-1cKyrneHHble 3HaTOKI-1 TOrnaWHera Ja- KOHQD.3'Je1IbCTBa - npe.nC13BHTeJ\H npmill3Horo annapara - OKa- 3aJmCh nOlJTH He BOCTpe6oBaHbl "PH KOMrtJleKTOBaHtU1 cyne6HblX npHcyrcTBltH ro<lJrepHXTOB. ABTOpy llOBeJlOCb YCTaHOBi-1Tb BCero .IlBa CJI}"IM. KOrDa BblXOllUbl 113 npHKa3Hof1 cpeDbl nOOM" B PH.1lbI CYllei1 HMBOPHb]X CYlIOB (cocTaBHB 2% HX 'lHCJTeHHocm). Eb]B- WHI1 06ep-JlaJ-r;ijn..Jxrep MOCKOBCKOro npOBHHllI1aJIbHoro CYM (a AO Taro Ab.llK) 11. n. TonHJIbcKI1i16bUJ 20 mOHfI 1722 r. onpe- neneH aceccopoM MOCKOBCKOro ro<lJrepHXTa, a 6bIBWHH o6ep- JIaHnpHXTep BOpOHe)({CKoro npOBHHUHaJlbHoro cym «(1 8Ha1l0- nl'lHO 6bIBWHH IIbHK) 11. D.. CBeWHt1KOB nOJ1)"UUl 21 ceHTH6pH 1722 r HaJHa<leHHe aceccopoM B BopOHelKCKi1f1 HMBOPHb[jj CYll l . lho KacaeTCH cyneHcKoro COCTaBa «HM>KHHX» CYJIOB. TO B nOJIHOI1 Mepe CHCTeM8TI1'-1eCKHX naHHb]X H8 3TOT C'leT Ha cerQ!J;HSI co6paTb He YJI,aJlOCb. B CB5UI1 C KOMJUleKTOBaHHeM npoBHHUJ.1- aJIbHblX H ropO.nOBbIX cynoB CJle.o.yeT OTMenITb CeHaTCKI-1i1 YKaJ OT 19 MapTa 1719 r., no KOTOPOMY B nO.o.lJt1HeHi-1e IOcnJU-KOJV1erHi-1 nepe.naBarJt1Cb COCTOHBWi-1e no TOro B 111TaTaX ry6ePHCKHX KaH- UeJlflpi-1i1 JlaHLlpl1XTepbl HaJBaHHblf1 ceH3TCKI1i:i YKa3 6bUl no.o.- TBep)((,!leH t1MeHHbIM YKaJOM OT 17 anpeJISJ 1719 r. (no KOTopO- MY fibUiO TaK)I(e npe.anl-1CaHO nepeBeCTI-1 mu-w.paTOB B BelleHl-1e KaMep-KOJlJ1enm)l. COrJlliCHO apXI-1BHblM MCT04HI-1KaM, n04TI-1 oce Jl8HLlpL'\-repbl nOJ1YlJ11Jl1-1 Ha3HalJeHM5I B «HH)f(HMe» CYllb] PHll Jl8J-J.!qJi-1XTepOB, npeBpaTHBWI-1Cb B 06ep-Jl8J-J.!qJI1XTepOB, B03fJl8BHJ1t1 npOBt1HUt1a.rJbHbIC cynbl (<I>. C. MaHYKOB - CaHKT- nerep6yprcKHfP. c. HeCTepOB - CHM6t1pCKHf1, 11. r. fpmo- pben - SlpoCJl8nCKHH) 1..I8CTb J18HllpHXrepoo IOcTHU-KOJlJlefH5I onpe.aeJ1W18 rop OllOBblMM CYllb.llMM (H8npl-1Mep, 11. A Xpl-1nYHo- ' I-1HaBn.t. 3j,O354. C. 684, 693 3CneUI1ltfIbHO 3:ITpOH)'BWI-1i1 BOnpoc 0 fJ1aBe CaHKT-nerep6}lpJCKoro npoBHHW:!arJbHOro CYlla M. M. OOfOCJlOBCKI1i1 nOC'JIIITaJI, 'JTO npcllno- JlaraBWeeC.II B 1711 r. Ha3Ha'JeHl1e Ha :!TOT nOCT (]J. C. MaHYKosa TaK 11 He COCTOilllOCb (Eo.?oc/OOl.KUU M M. 06nOCTIJ'tl] pe4>oPMa neTjJ::I BeJ1I1KO- roo C. 104) B nei1CTBlITellbHOCTH. QJe.nocei1 MaHYKoB 6bUl onpe.ne_eH Ha 1l0JUKHOCTb 06cp-naJillpll>'TCpa CaHKT-nerep6ypJCKoro npOBHHUl1aJlbHO[O cyna CeH!lJCKIIM }'Kd.30M OT 18 3npeJlH 1721 r. (PfALlA 41. 148. KH. 1887. JI. 140). 0 nocrreJIylOweH pa60Te C1Je.uoceH CeMeHOBI14a B CTOJlI1'lHOM npo- BI1HUl1aJ1bHOM cy.ne CBl{1IeJJbCTBYIOT MHOrl1e apXI1BHbie I-1CT04HI1KI1. KaK, Ha- npl1Mep, 3anl1CHaH KHl1ra npl1roBopoB 11 peweHI1H cyna 3a Mali-lleKa6pb 1721 r. (CM.: PfAllA, 41.185. on. I. KH. 1565). 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 267 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. sa B ApxaHfeJ1bcK. r. E. <l>HpcolJa IJ Ycnor, P. H. MeJ1bryHolJa B Bbl60pr). B I1TOre, BO maBe 60J1bWI1HCTBa npOBI1HUl18JIbHbJX cynoB OKa3a.rmCb lJ'IepallIHl1e Jl8HllplUITepbl, nO'-lTH lJCe 113 KOTO- pblX HIJJUIJ1I1Cb IJbIXO.n.uaMI1 113 npl1K83HOii 6fOpOJCpaTHI1. B CIJOfO O'lepe.Ilb, 8ceCCOpCKI1H COCTaB np0tn1HUt1aJ1bHbIX CyooB KOM- nJleKTOBaJlC5I fJl8BHbiM 06paJOM lIBOpSlHaMt1 113 'lI1CJ18 MeCTHb]X nOMellIt1KOB. B OTHOllIeHl111 Kopnyca roPO.IlOBb]X cynel1 HeJ1b351 He OTMe- TI1Tb. 'lTO 3H8'lI1TeJ1bHYIO npoCJ10I1KY IJ HeM (KaK t1 B cyne6HbJX npl1cyrcTBHHX f<$repHXTOB) COCT8M.IIJIH BlJeparnHl1e ol}muepbl. TaK. no n8HHblM (npaB.na. He BnOJ1He penpe3eHT8Tt1BHbIM) fe- HepaJlbHoro CMOTp8 nBOp5lH 1722 r.. H3 26 HBI1BWI1XCH H8 Hero ropO.IlOBbIX cYlieH 17 6bUlH B Hel18BHeM npOllIJ10M BOeHHOCJ1}')K8- lU(1MI1 I . nO)l06HID/ KaapOB85I cHryauHH CJ10:>KHJlaCb HecJlY'-I8I1HO. KaK SlIJCTB}leT 113 H8Ka33 RJ18JlHMt1pCKOMY cynbe <D. B. T smKI1HY OT 28 SlHlJap51 1721 f.. npl1 H83H8'lCHI1I1 H8 nOJ1.>KHOCTb ropo.no- BOro cyllbl1 Jmua, HaXOllHlJllIl1eCfI npe>K1le B .oo"eeoU U i!8apHU- 30HHOU CJJJ':JH:6e,.. t1MeJ111 npel1MYlUeCTBO nepell BblXOD.UaMI1 H3 rpa:>Kll8HCKoii aIlMI1HI1CTp8UHt1 1 . npHMe'-l8TeJ1bHO. 'ITO, no M8TepHarT8M OTMe'leHHoro reHe- paJIbHOro CMOTpa 1722 r., CpellHHI1 B03pacT fopollOBb]X cyneH co- CTaBt1J1 51 ro)l. CaMb]M M0J10)lbIM 113 'lHCJ18 YlJTeHHblX H8 CMOTpe OKa3aJlC5I 32-I1eTHI1I1 6eJ1ropollcKHI1 cynb.ll M8110p C. A KeJlt1H, caMblM nO)[(l1J]blM - 69-J1eTHt111 KapronOJ1bCKI1I1 cylll>51 CTOJ1b- Ht1K B. 6. 3aceUKJ.1ii TaKoB 6b/JI cYlldicKt1i1 Kopnyc PaecHH, C<tJopMHpooaHHblii B xOlle npOBClleHt1H cync6Hoii pe<tJOPMbl nc- Tpa I. OCmeTC5Ill06aBt1Tb. 'ITO. aKTl1'leCKt1 paCnaBWt1Cb B 1727 r. IJ CB.II311 C JlHKBJ..WauHel1 H8.il.BOpHb]X cynOB. OTe'leCTBeHHbll1 cy- nel1CKHI1 Kopnyc OKaJaJlC5I B03pO>K1leH IJ pe3YIIbTaTe cyne6Hol1 pecpopMbJ 1775 r. lfTO.>Ke KaCaeTCSI KBaJIHc1mKaul1oHHbJX Tpe6o- B8HI111 K cyllb51.M, TaK H He Bblpa60TaHHbiX 3aKOHOlillTeJ1eM B KOH- lie I7IO-x - nepBoi1 n0J10BHHe 1720-x fr., TO I1XOTCyrCTBt1e npt1- BeJ10 K TOM)'. '-ITO I1MeHHO B rollbl cYlle6Hoii pecpopMbl neTp8 I 3aPOlll1Jl8Cb TPaIlHliH5I, no KOTopaH HaH6oJlbWHMt1 3HaTOKaMI1 3aKOHo.naTeJlbCTB8 CTaJlH He CYllbt1. a ClJ}'}KalUHe 8nnapaTa cyna. 03Ha'leHHa.ll Tp aLlHUI1S1, nOJ1YlJI1B oco6eHHoe paJBHTl1e IJ nOCJ1eI\- [CM.: PfAJJ.A, $. 286, KH. 32; CnlllCOK BoeHHb[M '111HaM nepBOM nOJlo- IJHHbl XVIII CTOJIeTl1.11 II CeHaTcKHH 8pXHIJ. Cn6. 1895. T. 7. C. 636-811. 1PfADA, $. 248, KH. 8104. 'J. 2.n. 464. 
268 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Hei1 'leTBepTH XVIII - nepooi1 nOJiOB1He XIX B., nopo1lJ1lla TY cmyaUl1l0, Koma peW310wee BJlI151Hl1e H8 OTnpaHJlem1e npaBO- Cyn.I.JH HallanH OKa3bIBaTb cetq:eT8p" H KaHueJlHpHCTbI. TaKOBaJl CH1)'auml, 06pa30BaBwa51 O.DHY B xynuIHx fl3B OTe'leCTBeHHO- ro npanOCYLlHfl nOCJ1eneTpOBCKOro BpeMeHH, 6bUJa npeollOJ1eHa nUWb 6JTaro.n;ap51 cYlle6HOH pecpopMe 1864 r. 1  6. BblBOAbl OOllBO.IDll1TOr BblllieCKa3aHHoMY. CJ1e.nyeT KOHCTaTl1pOBaTb, 'ITO H8 npOT5I}I(eHHI1 1719-1720 rr. B H8weti crpaHe OKa3aJlach BblCTpoeHa H"KOma He cyweCTBOBaBWM npelKLlC 'leThlpeX3BeH- HIDI CHCTeMa CYllOB 06wei1IOpHc.1UfKUI1I1. KOHCTPYKUHH KOTOpOH 6b]JTa HCXonHO onpelleJ1eHa B 3aKOHe OT 19 AeKa6p51 1718 r. 06 YKpenneHHI1 HHCTaHUHOHHOCTI1 B cyJJ;onpm13BQACTBe. nepBble -.pH 3BeH8 3TOI1 CMCTeMbl 06pa30BaJJl.1 CTPYKTypHO OTn;eJleHHble OT opraHOB ynpaBJIeHlHl «HH)KHHe» cynbJ (ropOllOBb]e 11 npOBl1H- WlaJlbHhle). HallBOpHble eyn.hl 11 I{)cTl1U-K0JIJ1erl151. Ha:maHHble cyne6HbIe opraHbI 8KKYMYJII1POBWU1 B CBoeH KOMnereHUl111 KO- JIOCCaJTbHblH 06"beM IOPI1C1U1KUHOHHbIX nOJ1HOMO<U1H. KOTOpblMI1 npe)l(Ile 06J1(UlaJ1I1 ceMb npHKa30B, 8 T8IOKe MeCTHble opraHbI ro- cynapCTBeHHOH R1IaCfM. OnH8KO neJ10 He mpaHH'II1JlOCb CTpyKT)'pHbIM OTneJleHHeM opraHOB npaBOcyIllHI OT Opr8HOB ynpaBJIeHHSL B CBfl3H C C03- IIaHHeM HOBOH cyne6HoH CHCTeMbI, PYKOBO.DCTBY5lCb npHHUHna- MH KaMepaJTH3M8 H HCXOll51 113 CTparerH'-lecKoH YCTaHOBIG1 Ha nocTlx>eHl1e B POCCl-1H «noJII1ueikKoro» rocynapcTBa no WBell- CKOMY 06pa3uy, 3aKOH01l8TeJIb pellIl1JICfI H8 panHKaJTbHYIO Mepy: nOJIHOCTblO JIHllII1Tb MeCTHbIe opraHbI 06111ero ynpaBJIeHJ.UI Bcex ypoBHeH cyne6HbIX <1JYHKllHH. Ope.nnpI1HHTa51 B paMKaX npooe- .neHHH II ry6ePHCKOH pe$opMbl naHH8H Mepa OeTpa I (llIellllIaH Bp83pe3 C MHorOBeKOBOH npaKTHKOH OTe'lecrBeHHoro rocynap- ] Ha «]acl1Jlbe KaHueJ1.11P"(1)> B POCC(1HCKI1X cYlle6Hb]X opraHax nOCJJeJ1- Hei1 'JeTBepTl1 XVIII - nepBoit n0J10BI1Hbi XIX B. o6pdlr.rMl1 BHI1MaHl1e MHOrl1e ny6J1I1UI1CTbll1 )"JeHble aBTopbl. H3 'Jepe.nbl cyJK1leHI1H Ha 3TY TeMY CTOI1T npl1Becrn !ill1U(JIf'ItTIoc MHCH(1C H. B. MypaBbCBa, OTMCTHBWCro B pa60Te 1886 r., 'JTO «CCKPfTapb-neJ1eu... nep.IK.IJI B COOHX pyKaX npe.:KHtOJO Inope<\JOpMeHH)'IO)IOCTI1UHIO (1, npH'Jacb Ja Cnl1HOJO cy.neH, 6b[]] ItJmITH- 'JeCKHM pacnop1!1UfTelJeM cyne6Ho BJ1&:TH (MypoobOO H. B. 0 cyne6- HOH CJJ)l)K6e: 6ece.nbl C KaH1ll11l3Ti1MI1 Ha cYlle6HbIe 1l0Jl>KHOCTI1 II Mypa- BbeB H. B. 113 npolWIo llCJI"ICllbHOcrn. Cn6., 1900. T. I. C. 3]4). 
fIl8Ba 4. Oa-JOBaHLoIe III pa3BI1Tllle CHCTeMbl CYPPB 269 o6I..4ePoca.1Lo1B1718-1727rr. cfBeHHoro CTpOl1TeJIbCTBa) npMleJl8 ewe 1-1 K 4JyHKUMOHallbHOMY mD,eJIeHMIO cyn.e6Hblx opraHoB OT aIlMMHMcTpaTVlBHbJX. 03H8'leHHoe (]>YHKUl-1oHaJlbHoe mn.eJleHl-1e 6bUlO co Bee« onpelleJIeHHOCTbIO 3aKperuJeHo B HHcrpyKUIiM MJII-1 H8Ka3e BO- eBO.D.aM 1-1 B HHCTpYKWII-1 IDII-1 H8Ka3e leMCKHM KOMI-1CCapaM. ymep>KLleHHb]X B .IIHBape 1719 r. COOTBeTCTBYIOWMe nOJIO>KeHMJI HHC1pYKUMi1 BoeBo.n;aM 1-1 3eMCKMM KOMI-1CCapaM 1719 r. (Ka- KOBbJe 6bUlM pa3pa60TaHbJ H8 OCHOBe WBeltCKHX HHCTpYKUHM J18HllCXOIillI-1HraM 1687 r. 1-1 HHCTpyKUI-1I-111HCTpI-1KTHbIM ynpmm- TeJI}/M 1688 r.) 06'beKTHBHO Belm K YKpenJIeHl-11O He3aBI-1CI-1MOCTH pOCCl-1i:icKOro cylta. TeM C8MbIM, 1-13.D.aHl-1e 3aKOHa OT 19 neKa6pH 1718 r. 1-1 HHCTpYKUI-1H 1719 r., B KOTOpblXOKa3aJ10Cb 3aJ<peWle- HO CTPYKTYPHOe 101 <pyHKUHOHaJlbHOe 060co6J1eHl-1e cynOB nep- Bb]X TpeX 3BeHbeB OT opraHOB ynpaBJIeHI-1.11. CJ1e.nycr npM3HaTb nepBb]MI-1 waraMM 3aKOHOltaTeJ1J1 Ha nYfl1 (]>OpMMpOBaHMJI B Ha- rnei1 CTpaHe BeTBI-1 cyne6H0i1 BJl8CTM I . nOKa3aTeJIbHO. 'lTO, HeCM01pH Ha 3a(]>I-1KCl-1pOBaHHoe B 3<\- KOHe OT 19 neKa6pH 1718 r. HaMepeHl-1e 3aKOHOllaTeJIH nolt[O- TOBI-1Tb oc06ble PerJl8MeHTbl, peryJll-1pYlOlllHe nOp5lll0K pa60TbI pe$:>pMl-1pOnaHHblx opraHOB npanOCYllM5I, TaKHe aKTbI He 6bUll-1 I-1Jl1.aHbl. B MTore, HopM8TMBHYlO OCHOny (]>YHKllI-1OHl-1pOBaHI-1J1 HOB05lRJ1eHHbIX cynOB 06ll.lei1 IOpI-1C.n;I-1Kl.lI-1M COCTaBI-1JTI-1 Tl-1nOBof1: HaKaJ ropO.nOBbJM CYllb51M. He nowe.n;waJ1110 Hac HHCTpyKUI-1J1 06ep-Jl8Hllpl1uepy na pa3p03HeHHbJe JaKOHbl 1-1 pacnOp5l)({eHI-1J1 1718-1724 rr., B KOTOpblX JaTparHBaIlMCb Bonpocbl cynoycTpoH- CTBa 1-1 cynonpOJ.13BOncTBa. Ba)l(}{blM nOCJlellCTBHeM 06pa30BaHI-1H B 1717-1719 rr. CI-1CTeMbl cynOB. OTDeJTeHHblX OT allMI-1HI-1CT])aTI-1BHbIX opraHOB, SlBHJTOCb JapoeHl-1e B POCCI-1I-1 CYAef1:cKoro Kopnyca. B COCTaB 3TOro Kopnyca BOllUlM JlMua, 3aHMMaBWI-1e CYAe6HbJe nOJl)({HOCTM B rO)XJltOBbJX, npOBI1HUMaJlbHbJX 1-1 HallBOpHblX cynax 101 B KkTI-1U- KOJlJIemM. npM :nOM neT]) 1 HI-1KaK CneUMaJlbHO He pem8MeH- n:lpoBaJI CTaTYC cyneiJ, B 'l8CTHOCTM, He BBeJi no OTHOllieHl-11O K HI-1M KaKi-1x-JlI160 KBaIll-1c1)HKaul-1oHHbIX Tpe60BaHI-1H. HeCMOTpH H8 Bee 3aTpynHeHMH, B03HI-1KaBWI-1e B 1718- 1721 rr. npl-1 CmD.aHI-1I-1 pe(]>opMl-1pOBaHHblx cyne6Hblx opraHoB I B naHHOM cnyoJae }'MeCTHO BCnOMHlITb Te3HC H. H. E<tPeMlJBOi.i 0 TOM. 'ITO cylle6HIDI petf:loPM8 nerpa I .IIBl11IaCb «H8'JaJIbHbIM 3TanOM» 4x:!PMHposa- HIUI CYlle6Hoi1 CIilCTeMb] KaK «06oco6JJeHHOfo 3neMeHTII B rocYllapcrBeHHOM IIIC'WHHJMC POCCI1H» (EijJpellOea H. H. fCHC311C cYllc6HOH BJH\CT1'I... C. 89). 
270 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I (oco6eHHO B pemoHax), HOIJ<Ull:Ylle6H3f1 CI1CTeMa Ha'laJIa YHK- UHOHl1pOOaTb B nOJlHOM 06"beMe. O.n.HaKO. COlJT}1 Heo6xo.1lI1MblM, no BeeH BepOfiTHOCTH. YKpemlTb CHCTeMY MeCTHblX opraHOB 06rnero ynpaBJ1eHIUI, Oe1p I npellnO'leJl, B KOHue KOHUOB. Bep- HyrbCfi K TpaLII-1UHOHHoti D./UI HaWe" CTpaHbl MOlleJIH «ellJ1Horo X03.11HHa» R pemOHe. ynpaJllHMH H CH5I3H C 3THM B 1722 r. ropo.llO- Bble H npOBHHllI1aJIbHble CYAbL COOTBeTCTBeHHo. CYJJ;OM nepBOro (OCHOBHOro) 3BeH3 BHOBb CTlliU1 J)'6epHcKHe H npOBI1HUMallbHble KaHUeJUlpHH (coxpaHHBWHe. npaBJJ.8, B cyne6HoM OTHOWeHHH nO.D'lHHeHHOCTb HallHOpHblM cynaM 11 IOcn:IU-KOJUlerHt1). HaH6oJlbWt1M oTcl}'JlIIeHHeM Ha npaKTHKe OT Ha'laJI pe- $JpMbl B o6JTacrn cynoycrpoikrna, 3aJIO)({eHHblX B 3aKOHe OT 19.aeKa6p51 1718 r., CJTe.LlyeT npH3HaTh cYlle6HYlO .llefiTeJTbHOCTb HMBOPHb]X CYAOB (oj npaBl1TeJlbcTBYIOll.lerO CeHaTa. BonpeKH 6YKBe 3aKOH8 01 19 neKa6ps1 1718 L, nxjJrepl1XTb] nOYTI1 He cmrHKUI10Hl1pOBaJ111 B Ka'leCTBe CYlIa BropOro 3BeH8, 8 CeH8T - B Ka'leCTBe cy.na 'leTBepToro (Bblclllero) 3BeHa. B lIeMCTBI1TeJlbHO- cnI, KaK YlIaJ10Cb YCTaHOBHTb, 11 Ha)lBOpHble CYlIbl, H CeHaT pac- CMaTpI1BaJ1t1lIeJla rJ1aBHbIM 06pa30M no nepOOM I1HCTaHUI1I1. KaK HBCTB}leT 113 apXHI3HblX MaTepHarlOB, B 1719-1724 IT. CeHaT Boo6we YlIeJlH.II OTnpaMeHMIO npaBOCYlIt1H MHHHMaJlbHOe BHHMaHHe. 6YllYYH neperP}')KeH pellleHHeM lIeJl MMHHHCTpaTI1B- HOro xapaKTepa. Ha nOllo6HYIO TeHlleHUI1IO nOYTH He nOMHSI- 11011 YlJpe)f(.[eHl1e B CTpyKrype npaBHTeJlbCTBYlOlllero CeHaTa B 1722 L PeKeTMeHCTepcKo KOHTOpbl. npt13BaHHOH ocyweCTM}[Tb 1l0cYlle6HYlO npoBepKY noc1)'naBWHX B CeHaT aneJUHIUHOHHblX _06. TaKoBblM 06Pa30M npeTflopIDIOCb fl >KH3Hb TO HanpaMeHHe CYlle6Hoi1 peOpMb] neTpa I. KOTopoe 38KJ1IOYaJlOCb B nOCTpoe- HI1I-1 CI1CTeMbJ CYOOB o6ll.lei1 IOpl1CJJ;I1KUHI1. T enepb Heo6xOllHMO 06paTMTbC5I K pacCMOTpeHHIO Bonpoca 0 npeo6pa30BaHHH B XOlle pe$JpMbl OTe'leCTBeHHblX CnemlaJIH311pOBaHHblX cynOB. 
rnaBa 5. PecfJopMa CIilCTeMbl CneLtlllanlll3111poBaHHbix CY,QOB POCCIIIIII B 1717-1723 IT. npH BceM OO1,eKTHBHO npHopHTeTI-IOM 3HalJemm, KaKoe HMeJlO C03.!laHHe B 1718-1720 rr. CTPYKTYPHO H (]>YHKUHOHaJlbHO OTlleJIeHHblX OT opraHOB ynpaBJIeHHH cynOB 06WeHIOpHCllJ.1KUHH, B KOHue 171O-x - Ha'laJle 1720-x rr. neT]) I yneJlHJI 3H8'UneJlb- Hoe BHHM8HI1e 11 p33BI1TI1IO CI1CTeMb] CneUl1aJ111311pOBaHHbiX cy- nOB Pa3BHTHe 3TOH CI-1CTeMbl OCYl.l.leCTBJlID!OCb 3aKOHO.l¥lTeJleM B llB}'X HanpaBJIeHl1JIX: BO-nepabJx, nyreM peOpraHI13aUHH cneUHa- J1H3l-1pOBaHHbJX cyne6HbiX opraHOB, }l)Ke cyweCTBOBaBWI-1X B no- pecpMeHHblH nepHon, a BO-BTOPblX. nyreM Y'!pe)({fleHI1H HOBblX cynOB nOll06HOH KOMncreHUHH. TaKaH JtHHHH npe06pa30BaHHH B 06JTaCnf cynoyCTpl)i1cTBa B npHHUl1ne He npoTI1BOpe'lWla cTpaTe- rl1'leCKOH YCTaHOBKe H8 sceMepHoe HCnQJ1b30BaHl1e 3apy6e.>KHOro OnbJTI[ KaK }l)Ke roOOpHJIOCb, B WBeUI-1H B H8'lliJ1e XVI II B. cyJJJ;e- CTBOBa.JlO 'leTb]pe pa3HOBI11lHOCTI1 CneW13Jl1-13HpOB3HHbJX cynoB (roponcKHe. BoeHHble, KaMep-KOJIJIefHH H KOMMepU-KOJU1erJ1}I). 4aCTb CeWfaJlH3l1pOBaHHbIX cynoB, C03.118HHbIX HJlH COXP3- HeHHblX B xone cyne6Hoii pe$JpMbl neTpa I, nOJl)"111JI11 B no.ncyn- HOCTb (HCKJlJO'IHTeJlbHYJO HJlH npeHMyweCTBeHHYJO) onpeneJleH- Hble KaTeropHH oe,1: OT JJ;eJl no 06BHHeHI1HM B rocyJJ;apCTBeHHbIX npecl)'JUleHI1HX JJ;O lIeJl no 3eMeJlbHbJM cnopaM nBopSiH. HHaH 'lacTb D.aHHbIX cynoB n0J1YlJHJl3 B noncYJJ;HOCTb (onHTb-T3KH I1C- KJlJOlJl-1TeJlbHYJO HJ]1-1 npeHMywecTBeHHYJO) OnpelleJleHHbJe K3Te- 
272 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I rapMM nUl{: ar CTpoelJblX BoeHHOCJIY>Kallll1X .no KpecTb.llH uep- KOBHblX BOT4WH. COOTEleTCTBeHHO, Te 111m IiHblC KarerOpl1H n.en 11 KaTeropMI1 Jum, 3aKpenJUIBWHeCH 3aKOHom.rreJIeM B nOllCY.n- HOCTH cyIlOB CneUHaJlhHOH IOpHCllHKUHH. HCKJlJOl[aJlHCb 1-13 nOll- CYllHocrn CYOOB 06We51lOpI1C1U1KUHH I . KaKOBhlX}I(e rpaHHU llocmnU1nOJTHOMO'lMSI npeo6paJOBaH- HblX B xo.ne CYJJ;e6H0I1 pepMbl nerpa I cnem1WU13HpOBaHHbIX cy.nOB? HaCKOJ1bKO cOKpanumcb - nacne Bcex 1131»1TMH Karera- pl1i1 IU1U H K3-reropHi1lleJi - KOMneTeHUHSI cyllOB 06wei1 JOp(1C- DJ1KUMH? 0603peHt1e nepeMeH B CHCTeMe cneUI1a.rm311pOBaHHb1X CYIlOl, ocyrnecTBJleHHblX Ha npOTffiKeHl.u1 1717-1723 rr., I1MeeT CMblCJ! Ha'laTb C pacCMOTpeHHJI H3MeHeHHH B opraHI13amm H KOMneTeHUI1H CYllOB no roCYllapcTBeHHblM npeCTyrlJleHMHM. S 1. CYAbl no rocy,qapCTBeHHblM npeCTynIleHMJlM B 1717-1729 IT. HecocTOflBWaJlCfI peopraHM3aLlMA 1724 f. OKOH<ffiTe./lbHO YCTaHoBHBllmiic5I. I< 1696 r. Kpyr Be.neHlliI. npeo6pa:+..-eHCl<oro npt1l<aJa nO'lnt He MeHSIJ!C5I. 3aTeM H8 npoT5I.- >KeHHt1 nOCJJellYIOWeii 'ieTBepm Bel<a. Kal< 51.BCTB}leT t13 1I0HblHe He BBOD;HBwerocSI B HaYlJHb]i1 06opOT 1l0HOWeHI1J1 npe06paJKeH- CKOro npl-1l<a3a CeHary OT 18 CeHT5I6p51 1717 L, B ro.n; Ha'laJla cy.n;e6Hoi1 pe4JoPMbl B KOMneTeHUl11O npl1lCfl3a KaK opraHa npa- Bocynl1J1 BXOJI.l1J11-1 «eeIlUKUf/ OeJiO, I...:vmopble KOCOlOmlJ,O 0 ao IJ,Op- CKOeo eeJIU'leCmeo 3iJpoeuu u 0 ebl.COKo'llOHopuleU lJecmu U 0 6YHme U 0 U3MeHe, cJa 6C51KUM npoeOM cJeo nOJlKO om fleu6-28opiJuu...»2. I1HblMI-1 CJlOnaMH. npe06pa>K.eHCKHH npHKa3 no-npe>KHeMY ocy- weCTBJ1S1J! p336I1paTeJJbCTBo. Bo-nepBbIX. .neJJ no rocy.napCTBeH- HblM npecrynJleHI-1f1M, a BO-BTOPbIX. yroJJOBHbLX 11 rpa;:+;JlaHcKHx lIeJJ, KaCaBWI1XC5I BOeHHOCJJY.>KaWI1X rnaplldicKI1X nOJIKOB. npHMe'l8TeJlbHO, LITO, npl-1cryna51 K npOBelIeHl11O CYlIeOOb[X npeo6pa30B3HHH. neTp I t1CnblTarJ O<J.eBJ.J1I.Hble KOJle6aHlliI. OTHO- Ct1TeJlbHO lIAI1bH d:iweii nOllCYllHOCTH CTpoeBblX rsaplleiiueB. 06 ] BJlI1Tep<l1}pe Kpyf neJ1, ,l13bHTbiX B KOHue 1710-x - H3'1aJ1e 1720-x rr. 113 no.ncyllHOCTI1 cy.ilOR 06111ei1 tOpI1C.nI1KUI1I1. Ue.nOCTHO (xonll1 6e3 Oco6eH- HOi1 D.eTaJlIIIJaUI1I11) OCBeTI1JI eJ1I1HCTBeHHO M. M. Eioroc.oBCKI1H (E&ocI08- cKuMtbA$.i9S.Nr;alr.e:g..lyi6(IDKCH_ CKI1M npl1KaJOM CO.'paHfl.IJaCb 4JYHKUH.II Yl1paBlieHIUI HeKUIUpbIMlIIllBOpUO- IJblMI1 3er.L'mMI1 (13 'JaCTHOCTI1. nOliMocKoBHoi1 Tai1HI1HCMIII IJOJIOCTblO). a TdJOKe HOBOlleBH'JbHM MOHOCTb]peM 11 em BOT'JI1HaMI1. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 273 Poca.1Ii1 B 1717-1723 IT. .1TOM CBl11leTeJibCTB)'eT TOT tPaKT, 'lTO II n. 2 nOllaHHoro uaplO II Ha"laJIe neK86pfl 1717 L nOKJJ<\.!I,a 0 lleJl8X npeo6JIDKeHcKoro M CeMeHoBCKoro nOJiKOB 6bUl nOCTaRJleH BOnpoc, nOlI "lbeit IOpMC- 11I1KUMe 6Yllyr Bnpellb H8XOllMTbC5I conmrrw M 04muepbl fHapllMM (npM"leM OTMe'lRJiOCb, "lTO npe6bJBaHMeM nOlllOpl1CllMKUl1eit npe- c6pIDKeHcKoro npMKa3a fHaplleUbJ «6bWU OoeoJ/Hbi»). B KOHue KOHUOB. ne1p I peWI1JI OCTaBl1Tb BOeHHOCJl)I)KatllI1X-nmplleitueB B nOllcYllHOCTM npe06pa)({eHcKoro npMKa3a, 0 "leM YKa3aJ1 B pe- 3OJ1IOUI1M, HanO)({eHHoit H3 lloKJI3Jl5 neKa6p51 1717 r. 1 llOLJOi1HO ynoMMHaHmJ. 'lIO B yCJlOBMSlX 171O-x n. npe- c6pIDKeHCKI1i1 nPl1Ka3 COXpaHI1JI He TOJ1bKO npe)({HIOIO KOMne- TeHliHIO. HO 11 OCo6bli1 HepapXH<JeCKHi1 cral)'c. JaKJIIO'laBWI1i1cfI B OTMe'leHHOM Bblwe nOll'IHHeHHH HenocpellcmeHHo MOHapxy. BeCbMa nOKa3aTeJ1bHo. 'lTo. KaK YCTaHOBi1J1a H. 6. rOJ1I1Kona. ne- llOMCTBO 113 CeJia npeo6pa;.KeHcKoro ynOpHO OTKa3blBaJlOCb npe- llOCTaBJlflTb K8KYfO-JlH60 I1H<!>opMaUHIO 11 BblllanaTblleJlallIDKe nO 3anpocaM npaBI1TeJlbCTByJOwero CeHaTa. HeyllHBi1TeJ1bHO. ':ITO npeo6pa)({eHCKH npl1Ka3 JJ.8JIeKO He cpa]}' CYMeJI OTJl8lli1Tb 83al1- MOllecrBl1e 11 C peCPopMHpoBaHHblMH OpraHaMI1 npaBOCYllHfI. I1ccTapl1 npl1BblKWI1i:i K OC060MY cral)'CY npHKaJ I1rHOpl1- pOBaJI nOHa<JaJIyCaM)' lOcTHU-KOJ1JTerHIO. 16111011511719 r. KOJUJe- n1fl OKa3a.rraCb BblH)')KlJ.eHa HanpaBHTb uapfO llOKJiaLl C >KaJIo60i1 Ha npMHJIBWl-1e MaGCOBb] xapaKTep caMoynpaBHbJe neileTBMSI npe- o6pIDKeHcKoro npl1lana. 5 CeHT5I6p51 1719 L AA MaTBeeB (y}l(e CllI1HOJII1"lHO) 06paTl1JIcfI K ne1pY I C nOBTOpHbJM nOKJi81l0M Ha 3l)' reMY, BbUlBHHYB npe.n1JO>KeHl1e 1131laTb cneUManbHbl YKa3, B KOTOpOM panpllHI1"lMBaJlaGb 6bl KOMneTeHliJ1}] npe06pCl)({eHCKOro npm<£ua M IOcTI1U-KOJl.l1eml-1 B neJIax., He KaCdBllJI1XC5I COCTaBOB rocynapCTBeHHb lX npeCTyflfleHI-1i1 3 . fEa. 2J.8PHI' oro CbICKa... C. 154-155 3 06.; :hJ<oHQlUITellbHblC 3KTb] n H H ...u) I::'; 'JTGI'KTgbl7= KQJJJlerHH co cooe" CTopoHbl 11131laJIa pacnopH)I(eHl1e, cornaCHO KOTopoMY Ha.JBOpHbIM 11 «HI1)({HI1M" cynaM 3anpeU13JlOCb npl1HI1MaTb K npoI13F!o.lICTF!Y lIeJla no rocYIkljJCTBeHHblM npeCTyJUleHIII.IIM. a nl1U. o61,HBIUlBWIIIX o.CIJOBO H lIeflO"'. npe.unI1CblBaJlOCb, He onpallll1BaH, HanpaBII.llTb B npeo6pIDKeH- CKHi1 nplllKa3 (Eoroc.lO(JCKuil M. M O6nacTI-1lli1 PC4x:!PM3 nCTpa IkI1HKOro. npl1JlO)l(eHIII.II. c. 16). KOHKjJeTHb]e npHMepb[ I1rHOpl1poBaHIII.II npe06pa- )({eHCKI1M npl1NUOM nOJlHOMO'lI1i1 1CIl-,I1U-KOJIJIerI1l1 B 1719-1720 rr. CM.: Da;laKupeeG Jl M. Cync6HaH pe4x:!pMa ncrpa I. c. 273-174. 
274 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I OnHaKO HI-1 B 1719 L. HI1 B 1720 L. HM B 1721 L npe1lJ1a- raBWI-1I1CJ'I A A MaTBeeBblM y...-n He nOJ'lBHIlCJ'I (xonl. B03MmK- HO, 'lTO KalVle-TO YKaJaHIUI Ha :nOT Cl(eT 6hUlH naHbl MOHapXOM pyKOBOllCTBY Opeo6proKeHCKOro npt1Ka3a B YCTHOH <fJopMe). Ho B Ha'lW1e 1722 r. neTP I c06CTBeHHopyqHo JaItHaLII D.IIJ'I naMJ'lTH: «OIlpei)e1umb. IWKUM i1elOJt 6wl1b 6 npe06fX1Jk.£HCKOM npUK03e»I. PeaJUaam1.11 03Ha'leHHoro BblCO'lai1wero 3aMb]CJla He JaT5IHY- JIaCb. Y.>Ke 29 anpeJlS!. 1722 r. neTP I nOnnl1CM 33KOH. B KOTOpOM BnepBble .neTaJlbHO pernaMeHTHpOBaJlC}I Kpyr Be.1leHI1S1 npHKa3a B cyne6HoH cpe. B CT. I " 2 H83BaHHoro 3aKOHa (He pacCM8TpH- BaBillerOCJ'l no CHX nop B I1CTOpHKO-npaBOBOH J1HTepal)'pe) no.11- TBep)l(,.!laJU1Cb KaK Tpaul1UHOHHble nOJIHOMO'lHSI npe06pa>KeH- CKOro npHKaJa no pa36HpaTeJlbCTBY JJ;eJl no rOCYJIa)XTBeHHbIM npecrynJlem1.11M. TaK Ii 8HaJIon1'lHO TP8.!1HllI10HHble nOJIHOMO'lHSI no paCCMOTpeHHIO cYlle6HblXllen. KaC81U1lHXC5I BOeHHOCJlY)l(3111UX fBaplUU'1. Opl-1 3TOM B CT. 2 YKa3a oroBapl-1BaJlOCb, '1TO .ne.na no t'lCKaM CaMt'lX reapneHueB .nOJUKHhl 6hlJ'It'I paCCMaTpt'lBaThCSl TeMH cy.ne6HhlMH OpraHaMI1, no.n IOpl1c.nI1KUl1eH KOTOphlX HaXO.nlU1t'1Ch OTBeT'IHKI1. CamacHo CT. 3 3aKOHa OT 29 anpeJm 1722 r.. K BelleHHIO OpeoGpa)l{eHcKoro npHKa3a 6bUlH .nonOJlHHTeJlbHO OTHeceHbl neJl<t 0 «6e./IUKUX y6ui1cmea H «i!OpoiJCKUX pa3IXm..""., COBepllleH- HblX B MocKBe H CaHKT-Oerep6ypre BO BpeMfi npe6blBaHHfI TaM t'lMnep;rrqm.l. 3aBeplllaJIO CT. 3 KareropH'IecKoe npellnl1CaHl1e Ht'lKaIVL\. neJI I1HOrO xapaKTepa B cyne6Hoe npOH3BO.nCTBO npH- Ka3a 60JIee He npl1HI1M8Tb, '1To6bl «mcw KOHrjJy3UU He 30e.10mb 110,J()JKf!HHOMY pec.i1GMellmy» (TO eCTb He HapywaTb <!JYHKW10HH- pOBaHHe petf:>op"mpOBaHHOI1 cyne6Hol1 CHcTeMbl)3. I-bllliHl-1e 3aKOH8 OT 29 anpeJ1Sl 1722 r., Ka3aJlOCb. He3b]6JIe- MO ynpo"ll1JJo nOJlO)l{eHHe Ope06pa)l{eHcKoro npl1Ka3a B rocy- napCTBeHHoM MexaHH3Me POCCHI1CKOI1 HMnepHH. O.nH8KO BCKope rpfiHYJlI1 C06hITHfi. e.nBa He OKa3aBWl1eCfi DJ]Sl npHKaJa POKOBh[- MH. B H8<ffiJIe 1 723 r.. BnepBhle 3a HCTOpHIO MoryllleCTBeHHoro ] 3aIWHO.1l3TeJJbHbie aKTbl nerpa I. c. 100 1 DaHHIDI JlI1HI1H KOMnCTCHUl111 npeo6p!vt;eHCKOJO npl1KaJa TalOKe .IIB- .Il5IJlOCb DnOJlHC1]XID.I1UI10HHOH. C 1695 no 1711 r. BClpYKJype npl1K33a Y)I(e 4JYHKUI10HI1)JOBaJI oc06b!H nOTeWHb]H HOOp. OTBe'laBWHW ]a nOll,ll.ep)lmHl1e I1):m'!OflOI»WKa Ha Tepplfn:>pUI1 MOCKBbl (fOJJUK06G H 5. nOJllffif'tecKl1e npolleCCbl npl1 ne'ijJe I. c. 17-18). J3aKoHOlIDTCJ1bHb[C 8KTb] nClpa I. c. 154. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 275 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. BellOMCTB8 J113 ceJl8 Ope06pIDlceHcKOro. 06a MHOroJUTHJIIX pyKO- BOllJllTeJUJ ero annapaT8 - DbHKJ1 51. B. Db]J[l.1HCKI1H JII B. H. He- crepoB - nonarm nOlI cy.n no 06Bt1HeH"1O B npecrvn.neHI15lx nponlB "HTCpeCoB CJ1y.:K6bJ " nponlB npaBocynHH. Ewe He np"BJIeKaBWee BHHMaH"fl I1CCJ1ellOBaTeJ1eH .ne.no npeo6pIDKeHCKHX llbflKOB 3aBH3aJ10Cb B nepBblX 'lHCJlax <l:>eBPaJIfl 1723 r. Y>Ke 12 ()JeBpaJIfl 1723 r. neTp I YKa33Jl, 'lTo6bl KaHl{e- JI.IIpCKl1e JII TeXHJII'leCKHe cJlY)l(all.ll1e Opeo6pa>KeHCKOro npmGna 06"bHBHJI" 6b], 'lTO JIIM J113BeCTHO 0 KP"MJIIHaJlbHbJX neJJHt1JJX CBO- JIIX H8lJaJIbHI1KOB (<<KoKue BedalOm (:Ja IilLIJUj... npomU8libie YK030M deAa, o6uiJbI U liapOOHOei!po61eHue u 63HmKU'})], 15 <l:>eBpaJIfl 1723 r. I1MnepaTOp nopY'111JI pm611paTeJIbCTBO neJ1a (,iJbRK08 npeo6pa- 3ICeIiCKUX» BbJWHeMY CYllY (HenocpellCTBeHHO pacCJIellOBaHl1eM Ha3BaHHoro neJ1a 3aHflJ1aCb P03b]CKH85I KOHTopa cy.na)2. B cepe- .nHHe ()JeBpa.rul 51. B. DW1I1HcKoro" B. H. HecrepoBa B3.1U1J11 non crplDKy. B XOlle CJlellCTBH5I 6bUlO BCKpblTO MHO)l(eCTBO 3n"30110B npeCTynHOH neHTeJIbHOCTI1 nbflKOB (oc06eHHo no ()JanbCH()JI1Ka- liHH yrOJIOBHbLX ne.n)J. Bnpo'JeM, 1723 ron oco6eHHbiX nepeMeH B n01l0>KeH"e Be- .nOMCTBa H3 CeJI8 npe06pa>KeHcKoro He npl1Hec. B 3TOM OTHO- WeHl111 nOKaJaTeJ1bHa peaKUHSJ neTpa I Ha .nOKJ1a!! r JTaBHOrO Ma- rHClpaTa, B KOTOpOM co.nep>KaJlOCb. B 'laCTHOCTH. npeD.J10)l(eHHe 113"b5lTb Itl n011cynHocTH Opeo6pIDKeHcKoro npJIIKaJa rop01lCKoe HaCeJ1em1e. KaK Y.>Ke ynOMI-1HaJlOCb Bb]We, 27 ceHfH6pH 1723 r. B KaI.JeCTBe BblCOlJaiiweH pe3OJl1OUHI1 Ha 3TOT nyHKT .nOKJIa.D.a 6bUla npl1Be11eHa KonIDI3aKOHa or 29 anpeJifl 1722 r. 4 npl1Me1.JaTeJlbHO, 'no B TOM >Ke 1723 r. HaX01lI1BW"H- OJ C OC06blMI-1 nOPY'leHl1flMI1 fleTpa I Ha Ypane reHepan- Mai10p B. 11. reHHI1H npe1l.flO)l(HJ] Y'-'pelll1Tb npe1lCTamneJIbCTBO Opeo6paA<:eHcK oro npl-1KaJa B CI-1611pCKOH I)'6ePHI-1H. B nl1CbMe  ciJ.I:T'I.I5t.8 3Jf3% Jl1.ocT.rro<IHO CKdJaTb, 'lTO, comaCHO 1l0HOlllCHI1JO BbllllHcro cvna fIe- TpY I OT 81«lpt11ll1723 r., K TOM)' BpeMeHI1 nocrynWla 11"laIlIi.ll )0Ke 0 47 yroJ10BHblX .neJ1ax, npl1 pa]6I1paTeJ1bCTBe KOTopblX $/ B. WJII1HCKI1H iii R H. Het:repoollOn)CTH.III1 HapyweHI1.11 3aKOHHOCTI1 (PfNlA, 41. 9.0Tll 1. KH. 62. JI. 546). ny6nI1KallHtO COCTaBJ1eHHOM B I72S r. KJXtflHe 41parMeH- TrlpHOi1 BblIll1CKlJ no nCJlY «llbJIKOB npeo6p!DKCHCI>.IIX" (conep>Kdllieii 113- no;+;eH(1e nl1Wb HeCKOJ1bKI1X 3nlll]01l0B 06BI1HeHI1H, BbI1lBHH)'Tb]X npOTI1B R H. Het:repooa) eM : npoTOKO.nbl, ;.K)pHa.bI 11 YKa3bl BePXOBHOro Tai1Horo COBrrJ: a:£oc;/Q2: :!9t21::1i. c. 377-378. 
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f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 277 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. JI.apCTIa 1723-1726 rr.. He BBQ.[I1BWetiCH llO HaC1OHwero BpeMeHI1 B HaY'-IHbIH 060pOT. B 3TOH BCeUe1l0 nOCml.lUeHHOH cylloyCTpol1- CTBY, 06Wl1pHOj..j rnaBe (COCTOflBwei1 B I1TOroBOH penaKUl111 1-1.1 52 CTaTeH-«GpmUK)!I) 0 npe06pa:>KeHCKOM npl1Ka3e ynOMI1- HMOCb ellI1HCTBeHHblJ1 pa3 - B CT. 48, B KOTOPOi1 3a np11H130M npeDJIarMOCb 3aKpenl1Tb 1II1Wb pacCMOTpeHHe I1CKOB Ha BOeH- HOCJ1}')K3WJIIX rsaplleiJcKHx nOJ1KOB (11 TO 3a HCKJlIO'-IeHl1eM BOT- '1HHHblX neJl)]. Oco6eHHO nOianaTeJ1bHO, '1TO 0 npeoOpIDKeHCKOM npl1Ka3e Hl1'1ero He 6b[J]O CK83aHO B YTBep}f(lleHHOj..j Y1I0:>KeHHOH KOMI1C- cl1ef1 40KTH6pH 1723 r. npoCTpaHHot1 CT. 42 (,B KGK06blX ()eAax i!ocyiJape60 Cloeo u iJe 10 30 co6olO CKG3b16amb u Me 0 mOJ'f iJoHO- cumb». B naHHoH maBe - BnOJ1He B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3arOJlOB- KOM - onl1CblBaJlaCb npOl.tellYpa 06'b.llBJIeHI1.11 ('CJ!OBa H neJ1a», paccMOTpeHl1eM AeJl no KOTOpblM BellOMCTBO 113 ceJ1a npe06pa- .>KeHcKoro 3aHHMarJOCb, CTOHT nOBTOpl1Tb, C 1696 r. Ho BO BTO- PO" nOJlOBJIIHe 1723 r. neTp I B3H11CH pa3MbillUlflTb He TOJIbKO 0 UeJleCoo6pa3HOCTH COXpaHeHI1H npeo6pa;KeHCKOro nPI1K..Ua. Ha nOBeCTKe Dlrn Torna BCTa.n BOnpOC 0 CI1CTeMHblX nepeMeHax B YCTpof1cme CYlla nO rocynapCTBeHHblM npeC1)'lUJeHHHM. KaK}')Ke ynOMI1HaJlOCb. no TOi1 caMoH CT. 42 rJ1. 2-H KH. I npKTa Y1I0>KeHI1H. 3a51R11eHl1e no «CJ10BY H neJlY" (KaKOBOe Te- nepb nonyCKaJlOCb HCKJlJOlJI1TeJ1bHO no nepBb]M nB}'M «nyHKTaM» 3aKOHa OT 25 HHBapH 1715 r.) H3l111e.>KaJIO nOliliBaTbJlH60 MOHap- Xi, J1H60 B KaHUeJlSlpl1JO CeHara 1 . HHblMI1 CJlOBaMI1. comacHo BHeceHHOMY B CT. 42 JaKoHOllaTeJ1bHoMY npelln0J10.>KeHI11O. ocy- rneCTBJleHl1e CYllonpoH3BollcTBa no lleJIaM 0 roCYllapcTBeHHblX npOC1)'JUleHl1flX nepen.anaJIOCb B nelleHHe npaBI1TeJlbCT\3YJOwero CeHaTa. BMecTo cneUH<I.IU13J11pOBaHHblx CYAOB, nOIl'lHHeHHb]X He- nocpellCTBeHHO MOHapxy. neJ13. no «ClIOB}' H llellY» npeDJI3.ra.nOCb Bnpellb pa36HpaTb Bb]CllIeMY opraHY rocynapcTBeHHOJ1 BJl3.CTI1. TeM caMblM. 3aBellOMO cl1Tya111BHoe lIH'IHOe y'-IBcTl1e I1MnepaTO- pa B I1HI1Ul1l1pOBaHl1l111 pacCMOTpeHI1H nen no rocynapCTBeHHblM npec1)'ItlleHHHM nOnOllHH!lOCb OpraHI130BaHHbiM Ha nocToHHHOH OCHOBe Y'-lacn1eM B 3TOM npouecce CeHaTOpOB. Y'II1TblBa5I. '1TOOIlHI1M H3cocTaBHTelleiJ maSb] 2-iJ (11. B'IaCT- HOCTJII. CT. 42) KH. I npoeKTa YJlO>KeHHH flBJ.U]C.II '1l1eH YJ10.>KeH- HOiJ KOMI1CCI1I1 neHCTBJIITeJlbHblH TaiJHblJ1 COBeTHHK n. A. TOll- W: *: j:: :: ::: g :-l3lnpl1J1o)KeHI1e VI. 
278 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I croW, B1{QillIBWI-1M B Ty nopy B 6JnDlcahlIee OI<:p}')Kem-le OeTpa I, MO)I(HO C YBepeHHOCTblO npennOJIOiKHTh, '..no nOllo6Hbll1 eapJll3.HT peopraHll3amJH cyna no rocvnapCTBeHHhl}.1 npeCI)'TlIIeHHHM npo- eKTl1pOlillJlCH C )"leTOM romalllHHx YMOHacrpoeHt1f1 33KOH01Iare- 1U1 WTI1 .>ICe Booce no comacosaHl11O C HHM. B 3TOH CBH311 HeJTh3f1 He ynOM.IIHyrb H 0 P03blCKHOH KOHTOpe npH CeHaTe. BeChMa J18KOHM'lHbli1 J.'IMeHHOH YKa3 06 )"lpe)((1lemU1 KOTopait COCTOHJICSI 13 SlHBapJl 1724 r. 1 KaK npe.ncTdRJlJlercR. HMeHHO P03bICKHOH KOHTOpe npellCTomlo B 11MbHeHrneM npl1H}lTb B npOOJB01lCTBO n.ella no rocynapCTBeHHhlM npec1)'l1.IleHHHM, Koropble nOCTYnaJIH 6hl B CeHaT B COOTBeTCTBHH co CT. 42 fn. 2-H KH. I YnO;KeHIUI Poccl1fkKOrO roCYHapcma (nonrorOBKa KOTOpOro B 1724 r. Ha- Xo.LUtllaCb B 3anepWaJOweH CTaLI.I1l1). ECJlI1 >Ke 3ao.nHO BcnOMH(1Tb, 'lIQ 15 .IIHBapsl1724 f. nOCJle- DOBMO M31J.aHHe 3aKOH8 06 ynpa31lHemU-I T aHHoi1 KaHlleJ1S1pHI1 (cUle OllHom cyna no rocynapCTBeHHblM npeclyJUleHI1S1M. pe'lb o KOTOpOM nm11leT 'lyrb HI1)1(e), nel1H 11 KaHueJUlpCKI1M nepco- HaJJ KOTOpoH npellnl1CblBaJlOCb nepellHTb I1MeHHO B CeHHT3, TO KHpTl1Ha HH'laIla npOBelleHI1H HOBOft peoprHHI13awm cyne6Hom ycrpoHCTBa npOflCHI1TCH OKOH'IHTeJTbHcf. YMeCTHO 3aMernTb. 'ITO nOllo6HaH peOpraHI13aUI1H He npOTHBope'JI1JTa B ueJTOM H HaUMO- HaJJbHOMY onbl1)' rocYllapcTBeHHoro CTpmneJTbCTBa. KaK nOKa- 3aJla H. 6. rOJTMKOBa. HH npOT.II)I(eHl11-1 XVI-XVII BB. DcmpCKa5I n)'MH HepellKO p a3611panH ne.na no rocynapcTBeHHblM npeCl)'fUle- 1 0 Henocpe.ncmeHHoM V'I3C1lII1 n.A TOIICTOJO B COCTaB!leHl111 rJ1. 2-" KH. I CBl{l].eTeJlbCTB)'IOT npOroKOJlbHh]e 3anI1CH YJlO)l(eHHoi1 KOMMCCMM 06 ymep)l(J1eHl111 npoeKTOB CTaTeli HaJBaHHOi1 rJ1aBb] (BKlltO'IIDI CT. 42). Co- rJ1acHo nporoKOJlbHoi1 Jam1CI1 OT 4 01ffil6pH 1723 r.. B pa3)ID:>TKe npoeKTa CT. 42. nOMIilMO n.A TOJlCToro. }'4acJDOl3..l.lJI1 COBeTHI1K CI1Ho.aa apXHMaH- npHT nmpl1HJ1 16Y)I(J.IHCKI1MI. feHepari-pcKeTMeHcrep B. K naB!lOB 11 COIJeT- HMK2=Iabrt;: i. 41.342. KH. 33, 'J. I. JI. 12). 3lkpemeffllUK08 B.I1. ).1CTOPH.II TaMHoH KaHUeJ1.11pI1M... C. 121. 48 nmq;myJJe Bonpoc 0 pa3BepHYBilIei1c.II B In4 r. «peopraHIII3aUHI1 nOJ1I1TH'JeCKoro Cb]CKa& JaTpOHYJlI1 E. B. AHIICI1MOBI1 K. f nepeJ1a1l0B (AHUCWW6 E. B. D,b]6a 11 KHyr. C. III; OH JlCe. fIoJ1I1THl.JeCKI1H P03h]CK 11 raHHaH nOJlI1UI1.11. ClIO-III; llepemiJoo K r. YKaJ. CO'J. C 101-103). KaK HI1 YIIHBHTeJlbHO. Bonpoc 0 .naHHOM npeo6paJOBaHI111 COBcprneH- HO o60weJl BHI1MaHl1eM M. O. AKHWIIIH. CneUl1aJ1bHO OCTaHOBI1BW(1HCH B .nHccepTaUHOHHOM IICCJleJ10BaHI1I1 Ha XapaKTepllCTI1Ke OpraHl13aUHIII 11 KOMneTeHUl111 npeo6proKeHcKoro npl1KiUa 11 TaHHoH KaHUeJ1S1pHI1 B nep- 80H 'JeTBepT(1 XVIII B. (CM.; AICUIUUH M 0 Cyne6HaH pertxJp}.!a nerpa I: D,Hc....CIUS-122). 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 279 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. Hi1S1M I . npaRM, B Te BpeMeHa npi1 nYMe He C03lJ.aBllIlOCb Hi1- K8Koro CTpyKT)'pHoro nOllpa3.lleJIeHi1}I. 3aHi1MaBweroC}! .neJ18Mi1 nOll06Horo pon.a. OllH8KO CJ10)({J1BWi1MCSI BO BTOpoH n0J10Bt1He 1723 r. 3a- Mb[CJ18M neTj)a I 0 npoo6paJoBaHt1i1 cy.ua no rocynapCTBeHHblM n(XCTYJlneHJ.1SIM He C)0K.IleHO 6b]J10. B i1Tore. npeTROpHTbcSJ B )((H3Hb. KaK JlBCTBYeT i13 06P33110BO coxpaHHBWemCJI YKa.JHO- ro i1 npOTOKOJ1bHOm neJ10np0i13BOllCTBa npaBHTeJlbCTBYJOwero CeHaTa 3a 1724-1725 rr., P03bICKH<iJl KOHTopa B em CTpYKType TaK i1 He 6Ulla C01!laHa de facto J . He COCTOilllOCb B'IY nopy t1 3a- KPbITHS! (Wli1 peopraHi13allH(1) npe06pa)l(cHcKoro npi1Ka3a 3 . 60J1ee TOro: 21 anpeJ1S! 1724 r. CeH81 nOllTBepllHJ1 - B o<Jepen.HoH pa3 - nO.llcynHOCTb nen no .-cJ10BY i1 lleny» i1MeHHO BelroMCTny i13 ceJIa npeo6pIDKeHcKoro. B nononHeHHe K 3TO- MY. 7 MaS! 1724 L neTp I YKa.J3JI HanpaBI1Tb nena m J1HKBI{IU1- pOBaBwei1cSI Tai1Hoi1 K8HUenS!pi1i1 He B CeHaT (KaK 3TO npe.ay- CMmpI1Ba.nOCb B 3aKOHe OT 15 5mBap}! 1724 r.). a onSlTb-TaKI1 B npeo6pa:>KeHcKHH npi1Ka3 4 . OCTaeTCSI .a06aBt1Tb. "ITO He llOUUlO no npi1mBOpa i1 nO'[TH 3aBepweHHoe CJ1e.acrneHHbIM np0i13- BO.acmOM .aeno npeo6pIDKeHCKHX nbSlKOB. SI. B. 6bUli1HCKOm i1 B. H. HeCTepo Ba 6blJ10 npellnl1CaHO OCBo601li1Tb i13-nOli CT])IDKH I [O<lU"06O H. D. OpraHI13aUH.II no.nI1TI1'JecKoro CblCKa B POCCI1I1... C. 10-24, 29-30. lp03b!CKHYIO KOHTOPY Ilptl CeHaTe OUlI1604HO C'Je.n peaJIbHO cywecrno- BaB!lleH K. f nepenaaoB (fkpe.1lltJo8 K. r. YKa3. C04 C 105-107). K Ta- KOMY BblOO.ny K.f. nepenallOB npl1weJ1. C O1lHOH CTopoHb]. 113-3a HeT04- HOH I1HTepnperaU1111 KOCBeHHb]X yK:JJaHI1H I1CTO'IHI1KOB, a c 1IPYro - no npH'II1He nOJlHoro He3HaKO"'C1Ba C MiiTepl1aJU1MI1 TOfllH!llHero ceHaTCKoro lleJIOnpoltJB()J]ClBa. AHaJlorW]HYIO ollll16KYcosepWIIIJI 11 ilHaJlOrH'!HO He 06- paJJJ.aBWI1HCH K apXI1BHblM MaTepHaJ1aM 11. R BoJ1KOB. KOTOpUi1 nOCBHTWI MI1!j:JI1'JecKoH KOHTope oc06yIO CTIlTblO B CJ1oBape-cnpaB04HI1Ke «focYllap- CTBeHHOCTb POCCI1I1» (BoJKOR Jl B. KOI-fI"Opa po3b[CKHbIX lleJI II focYllap- CTBeHHOCTb POCCI1I1 M. 1999. KH 1. C. 413). J no pe30HHOMY (XOTH 11 He nOllTBep)l(!lHf'1It01I1V HanpHlII)'1O I1CTOlJHI1- KaMI1) npe.nI1OJlO)l(eHl1tO E R AHI1CIIIMOlkl, B 1724 r. neTjJ I HaMepeB.1OC.II peoprdHH.JOBm"b npeo6paA<.eHcKHi1 npHK8:J B P03b[CKHYIO MlHJOpy npl1 MOCKOOCKOi1 KOHTope CeH8Ta (AHUUI.IffJt! E. R DbJ6a H KH}'T. C. I i I; OH J//:€. nOJJI1TI1'JeCKI1i1 po3blCK H Tai1HIDI nOJJI1UI1.11... C. 110). BMecre C TeM. ecnH OCnOMHI1Tb pacclllOTpeHHoe IIb]We JaKOHO.1JaTeJ1bHoe npeLln0J10)l(eHl1e. IIHeceHHoe II CT. 48 rn.l-H KH. I npoeKTa YnO)l(eHI1H. Henb3H I1CK.lJt04IITb iii TOro Bapl1aHTa. '1TO BO BTopoit n0J10BHHe 1713 r. y I1MnepaTOpa B03HIiIKa- nl1 Mb!CJ111 0 TpaHCMaUHI1 npHKaJa B nOCTOHHHO i):JYHKUHOHI1pYlOlllHH lJoeHHO-CYlle6Hb[i1 opraH no p!lJ6l1parenbCTB}f lleJ1 fB!lpilei1uelJ. 4 nOJlHOC C06paHI1e JaKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4494. C. 279. 
280 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I no HMHJIICTI1I1 Y.>Ke cnYCT5I ABa 1IH5I naClle KOH'U1Hb] nepBoro poc- CI1MCKOro I-1Mneparopa - no CT. 2 HMeHHoro YK333 OT 30 Sl.HBap51 1725 r} Oocne 1125 r. npe06pm+::eHcKHH npHK33 erne yenen 11 nepet1MeHOBaTbCSI. B «KaHueJTflpl1fO», 11 nonaCTb B Henocpe.Ll- CTBeHHoe nOll'JMHeH(1e BepXORHOMY TaHHOM)' COl1Y. H nepe- JU1CJ10LlJ.'lpOilaTbC.II H3 HeKOTOpoe BpeM5I 113 nOD.MOCKOBHoro npe- 06pIDKeHcKoro B CaHKT-ne-rep6ypr. On;H3KO, cyMeB YUeJleTb npH COKpalllemU1 rOCYllapcTBeHHoro .mnapaT3 B 1726-1727 fr., Be- nOMCTBO Bee 601lee Tep5l.l10 6blJIoe 3HalleHHe l . B HTOre. 3TOT pe- JIHKT npt1Ka3HOH JOCTI1UHH 6b[Jl ynpa311HeH no t1MeHH0M)' YK33)' OT 4 anpeJifl 1729 r. CornacHo n.aHHOMY YK3Jy Bnpellb neJ13, <l.CO- cmOfl6WUfI 6 lie pew: ()eyx nYHK!lI{J)C9, HaLLITe)({aJ]O HanpaBJISl.Tb H3 paCCMOlpeHHe JlH60 B CeHaT (D.eJl3 MeHbwdi BalKHOCTH). ]]1.0160 B BepxoBHblit TaitHbli1 COBeT 3 . YMeCTHO llo6aBJ.1Tb, '-HO l-1)J;ee neTpa I cocpeD.OTO'IIHb pa3- 6HpaTeJlbCTBO neJl no roCYllapcTBeHHb[M npecTyllJIem1flM B OCO- 60M CTpyKTypHOM nOllpaJlleJleHHI1 npH BblCllleM opraHe rocy- napCTBeHHOH BJlaCTI1 He Cy.:+:1leHO 6bUlO yracHyrb. 31)' l{lJ.eJO BOnJTOTHJl Ha npaKTIlKe neT)) III BMecTO TaK H He Ha<18BllleH q.yHKUHOHHpOBaTb B 1724 r. P03blCKHOH KOHTopbl B CTpyJ<Ty)1e npaBJ.1TeJTbCTBYJOWero CeH8T8 B clJeBpane 1762 r. B03HHKJl8 npo- C}'llleCTBOBaB1ll851 3aTeM nO'lTl1 COpOK JTeT TaHHa5I 3KCnelU'lLlI.15!4. Tenepb CTOI'IT nepeKfI1 K paccMmpeHI1JO Bonpoca 0 Taii- Hoii KaHueJl}lpHH neTpoBcKoro BpeMeHH. Hal160Jlee 113)"-1eHHa51 K HaCT05IlllcM)' BpeMeHH 113 cnemlaJU.J3HpOBaHHblX CYIIOB, OCHO- BaHHblX B 1717-1723 rr., TaHHa51 KaHueJUlpH5I B03HI1KJIa - 6e3 t'l311aHt'lfl oco6oro Y'lpelit'lTeJlbHoro 8KTa - B ():>eBpane 1718 r. KaK 'lpe3Bbl'laitHblii opraH. npH3BaHHbiit ocywecTBI1Tb npellBa- pl1TeJlbHoe cne.D,CTBt'le no JIeJlY uapeBI1'la AneKCe51 ne-rpOBH'la S . B nO.D,06HOM Ka'leCTBe TaiiHa51 KaHUeJl.llpl151 MarIO 'leM OTJTI1- I nO;lHoc C06paHlilC 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4645. C. 411. ! fa'/UKOOU H. 6. OpraHb] nOJll1T114eCKOro Cb[CKa... C. 162-264. JnmliOe c06paHl1e 3aKOHOIJ. T 8. NQ 5397 C. 354 nOJ1)J06HOCTH 06 }'4jJejf(j}eHI1I1 TaHHoH 3KcnellHUHI1 eM.: CUIIOIi- 1/08 B. 11. B03HI1KHOBeHl1e TaHHoH 3KCnelll1UHI1 npH OHare /I Borrpoch] 1te'tON:o':;y 71ablX 0 CT, KOMneTeHUl111 11 BH)'J1JeHHei1 OpraHH.ld.l1lf11 Tai1HoH KaHUC;J5IpHI1 CM. B \lnOMI1HaBilIl:iiCH: nHcceprdUH- OHHOH MOHorpa$m M. R E>a611'1 1003 r. (ba6uY M B focynapcrneHHbIe }'4pejf(j}eHI1H XVIII BeKa. C. 240-143). 0630P npclUlJOCTI!ytOlllew mnepaT)'- pbl, nocBHwcHHOH TaHHoH KaHueJ1.11pl1l1. npl1BI:IICH Bb[WC. 
fnasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 281 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. '1MaCb - H3 '1TO 06panw BHI-1M8HI-1e ewe B. H. BepeTeHHI-1- KOB - OT «MaHOpCKI1X» CJlell.CTBeHHb[X KaHUeJlflpMi1: 1 (0 CI-1CTeMe KOTOpblX, OKOH'laTeJlbHO CJlo)({HBwdk51 Ha HCXOlle 1717 r., pe% nof.W.eT n.anee). OllHaKo B TOM }l(e 1718 r., nocJle 3aBepWeHI-151 nJXIueCca ArIeKceH neTj)OBI-1<m TaHHaH KaHueJl5lpl-1H He TOJlb- KO He 6bUJa ynpa3llHeHa. a, Ha06opOT. 1-13 BpeMeHHoro opraHa npeJI.B8pl-1TeJlbHOro paCCJle1l.0BaHI-1J1 npeBpanlmCb (on.llTb-TaKH B 6e3yKa3HOM nOp5l.nKe) B nOCT05IHHon.eHCTBYIOWHH opraH npaBO- Cyn.M5I nO n.enHM nO «CJlOB}' H neny» (11)11-1 nO «nepBblM nHYM nYH- KTaM» 3aKOHa OT 25 SlHBapH 1715 r.). Y'II-1TblBaH. <jTO HI-1 B 1718 r., HI-1 BnOCJIenCTBHI-1 3aKOHO- llaTeJ1b He npenYCMOTpeJl HI-1KaKOH - HI-1 I-1HCTaHUHOHHOH. HI1 opraHI-13aUHOHHOH CHH31-1 - Me>K.UY TaHHOH KaHUeJISlpl-1eH H npeo6pa..KeHCKJ.1M npI-1Ka30M. CJlenyer KOHCTaTHpOBaTb. 'lTO B 1718 r. B OTe'leCTBeHHOH cYlle6HoH CI-1CTeMe CJlO)f(l-1nC5I pell'laH- llmH J18palU1enI-13M: paccMOTpeHl-1eM nen nO rocynapCTBeHHblM npeCl)'JU1eHl-1nM CTanl-1 3aHI-1MaTbCH 1-1 npe06pa)f(eHCKI1H npmca3, 1-1 TaiiHaH KaHUeJlSlpHSl 1 . ECJm BCnOMHI-1Tb, 'lTO B WBeW1l-1 Ha- '1Ma XVIII B. Bo06rne OTCyrCTBOBaJl OC06blH opraH npaBOcyn.l-1S1 no pa36I-1pa-reJlbCTBY n.eJl no crimina laesae majestatis, TO B03- HI-1KHOBeHl-1e B pocrnHCKOM rocynapCfBeHHOM annapaTe Cpa3Y llB)IX cynOB no rocynapCTBeHHblM npecryJU1eHI-151M SlBJ.1J10Cb BeCb- M8 cyrneCfBeHHblM OTXOltOM OT CTpaTern'leCKOH 11I-1HI-1I-1 Ha Bce- MepHoe 3aI-1MCTBOBaHl-1e WBeltCKOro OnblTa. Ho B 1718 r. B cf!>epe n01lHTM'IeCKOii IOCTMUHH neTPY I 6b1J1o COBceM He llO WBellCKHX 06pa3UOB. KaK H3BeCTHO, 6ynYl1.lHH HMnepaTOp KpaHHe 6oJle3HeHHo BOCnpHHSlJI n.enO ArIeKceSl neTpOBH'la. pacueHHB ero (OT'IaCTH He6e30cHOBaTenbHO) KaK npl-13HaK 060cTpeHHJI BHyrpl-1nOJlI-1TI-1- '1eCKOH CJllryau ml. B no.no6HoH 06cTaHOBKe neTp I. C Oll.HOH [BepemeHHuKo6 B. H HCTOPI'IH TalioH KaHuenj.JpHI1... C. 84-85. B pa3BI1me MHeHI1H R 11. BepeTeHHI1KOlkl, E. R AHI1CIIIMOB BOBCe OTHec Tai1HYtO KaHueJlSlpHtO K 'JI1CJ1Y «MIDiopcKI1X» KaHUeJ1.11pWH - 'JTO npe.nCTaB- 1IHeTCH He06ocHOBaHHbiM (AHUCUJOO E. B. nOJllfiwrecKI1H P03b[CK 11 TaH- HaH P&::'H[OomM nonofil-lOli cmyauHH B HCTOpl111 POCCI1H- CKOH TOCy.napCTBeHHOCTH MO)l(HO C4eCTb pa3Be 'JTO l1MeBWee MeCTO BO BTO- poH '>eTBePTH XX B. napaJlJleJIbHOe paccMOJpeHHe lleJ1 no rocYllapcmeHHb[M nCTyJlJ\eHIII.IIM. KOTopoe ocyllleCTI!JlHJOCb, C OllHOH CTOPOHbl. cy.ne6HblMI1 opraHaMH CCCP 11 rODcr. a c npyroli CTopOHb]. C)'lllOCfBOBaBWI1M C Map- Td 1914 r. no ceHTH6pb 1953 r BHecYlle6Hb[M opraHOM - C)(:o6biM coscma- HI1eM npH OfnY-HKBLl-MfE>-MHLl 
282 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I CTOPOHbl. He MOr nOJIararbC5I HH KapareJ1bHblH nOreHUIlliJI 011HO- ro JlI1111b Ope06pa)KeHcKoro npl-1KaJa. a c n.pyroit - HY)l(flal]C5I B cyne6HoM apraHe no pa36HpareJlbCTBY oca60 Ba:>KHbIX .nen no rocyn.apCTBeHHbIM npeCl)'ruJeHIDIM, KOTOpblf1 HaXOllHJlC5I 6bl B HOBOH CTOJUlue, n06J11130CTI1 or uap5l. TaKOBblM opraHOM. no BceH erX:I5ITHocm. 11 npellCTO.llJlO CTaTb TaHHOH KaHueJUlpMH. OnH8KO. B I1TOre. H8 npaKTI1Ke p<orpaHI1'JeH(1e C}lJIe5HOH KOMnereHUlu1 Me)(([\y Opeo6pIDlceHCKI1M np11Ka30M 11 TaHHoi1 K8Hue.rmpl1eH CJiO.JIUIJIOCb OTHlOllb He no 3H8<j(1MOCnl nell. no- Cl)'naBWI1X B I1X npOH3B0.nCTBO. no D.aHHbIM H. o. r01ll1KOBOH " E. B. AHt1CI1MOBa, pa3rpaHI1'leHHe IOpliC1UlKUI1H Me>K.UY npe- 06pa:>KeHCKI1M npl1Ka30M 11 TaHHoi1 KaHUeJUlpHeH I1MeJlO I1C- KlTJO'lHTeJThHO meppumopuCLibHblU xapaKTep: llt1CJ10W1IXmaBlllasl- CSI C MapTa 1718 r. B CaHKT-neTep6ypre TaHHaSl KaHueJTSlpH.II paCCM8rp(1Ban8 AeJIa no «CJlosy 11 AeJlY", BOJ6}')K1I.3BW(oIeC.II B HOBOj:j CTOJmlle (01 Ha CeBepo-3anaAe, npe06pa)l(eHcKI1j:j np(ol- Ka3 - neJla, B036Y)f([(aBWMeCn B OCTIV!bHbIX <jacT}lX POCC(oI(oII. Me)f([(y TeM. HapJ'lD.Y C COBnaneH(oIeM <!JYHKU(oIi1 no OTnpaB- neHmo npaBOcymrn no rocynapcTBeHHblM npeC1)'TUJeH(oISlM, B OpraH(oI3aU(oI(oI (01 KOMneTeHwm npe06pIDlceHcKoro np(olKa3a (01 Taj:jHoj:j KaHueJTJ'lp(1(1I1MeJI(oICb 11 HeKOTopble p<OJT(oI<j(1.11. nOHblHe LleJTOCTHO He OCBelUaBW(1eC5I B (oICTOp(olKO-npaBOBoj:j JlRrepary- pe. liTO KaCaeTC.II opraHM3aUMOHHoj:j CTOPOHb], TO 3J1eCb cneJryeT (oIMeTb B BJ.1llY. 'ITO Y Taj:jHOj:j KaHlleJl5lpl1(1 (oIMeJlOCb npellcraBI1- TeJTbCTBO B MOCKBe (no MaH 1723 r.), B TO BpeM}! KaK npeo6pa- )l(eHcKHtJ np(olKaJ He pacnOJ1ara.n HI1I\aK(oIMI1 TcppI1TOp(olaJ]bHbIM(oI nOnp33neJIeHI1J'1MI1. Co CTOpOHbl KOMneTeHlll111 pa3JlW'1I1S1 Me)l(l1y Taj:jHoj:j KaHUeJTJ'lpHej:j (01 npeo6pIDlceHCK(oIM np11K330M KaCaJ](oICb (oIX nonOJ1H(oITeJ1bHbIX q.yHKU(oIj:j. npMOp(1TeTHO 3aH(oIMaHCb p336(o1paTeJ1bCTBOM neJ1 no rocy- napcmeHHblM npeCl)'TU1eH(oI.IIM, npe06pIDlceHCKMj:j npmca3 6bJJ1, CTO(oIT nOBTOp(1Tb, erne o6peMeHeH ynpaBJ1eH(oIeM HeKOTOpblM(oI n.BOpLlOBbIMI1 3eMJISlMI1, a TalCKe OTnpaMeHl1eM npaBOCYD.lHI no neJTaM BOeHHOCJT)')KaIl.ll1X-rBapnd:iLleB. B CBOIO Oy.epenb, Taf1HaSl KaHueJTJ'lpl1J'1 (01 nOCJ1e OKOH'laHI1J'1 n.eJTa uapeB(oI<la ArIeKceSl ne- T]Jonw,]a nponomKa.na B OTn.eJ1bHb]X cJlYY.aSlx Bb]CT)'naTb - no YKa3aH(oIJlM nerpa I - B Ka<jeCTBe opraHa npeliBapl1TeJlbHO- fO paCCJ1enOBaH I151, npWcleM He TOJlbKO no n.enaM no «cnosy 11 ] ra'1UF;06a H. D. OpraHbl nOJ1I1TI1'JeCKoro CblCKa . C. 157-258; AHUCU- MOO £ B.lhlOO 11 KHyr. C. 110-111. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 283 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. JJ;eJ1Y». Hanpl1Mep, I1MeHHO TaHHaH KaHUeJ1Hpl151 paCCJle1l0BanB B 1718-1719 rr. MHOr03nI13011HOe «peBeJIbCKOe allMl1paJITei1:cKoe JJ;eJIo» (06 OC}lliecTBJleHHbIX rpynnoM JJ;CI1DMIOCTHbIX JII1U PeBeJIb- CKOM allMl1paJITeikKOH KaHueJ1S1pHI1 npecrynHblx MaXI1HaUI151X C njXIBl18HTOM, npe.llH83Ha<IeHHbIM llJISi cHa6)f{eHI151 EaJlTI1f1cKoro WJTOTa)I. nOCJTe J<\RepWeHI1.11 paCCJle1l0RaHI1JI 06RI1HSleMbie (13 <II-!CJla BQeHHOCJT}')K3lli(1X 6b1Jl(1 npe.naHb] BOeHHOMY cyny, 8011l1H 113 06B(1H5ICMb]X. KOM(1CCap R JIonYXHH - cyny np3BI1TeJTbCTsy- IOwero CeHaTa 1 . HaKoHeu, HeJlb351 He OTMCTHTb 3pl1MO p33JU1<IHYIO I1HTeH- CHBHOCTb pa60Tbi npC06pa)f{eHcKoro npHKa3a 11 TaHHOH KaH- ueJTSlpl1l1. ECJlH B TaHHOH KaHUeJlSlpI1H C 1719 no I1JOJ1b 1726 r. 6bUlO ocyweCTBJleHO pa36HpaTeJTbCTBO 280 neJT. TO B npeo6pa- )f(eHCKOM np(1KaJe 33 1718-1725 rr. - 1988 11eJl}. T8KHM 06- pa30M. cOBeprueHHO O'-lCBJ.UlHO, 'lTO OCHOBHb]M opr3HOM npaBo- CYJJ;H5I nO neJlaM 0 rocynapCTBeHHblX npeCl)'JUICH(151X B HBrueH crpaHe 11 B 1718-1724 rr. OCTaBMcn npw6pIDKeHCKMH npl1KaJ. KaK 6bl TO HI1 6bUlO. ny6JTl1pOBaHl1e COOTBeTCTBYlOllil1X WYHKWIH npe06p3)l(eHcKoro npl1KaJa 11 TaHHoH KaHueJl5lpl111 <IeM naJIbrue, TeM 60J1bWC He COOTBeTCmOI3MO npl1HUl1naM no- CTjXleHI1S1 rocynapCTBeHHoro annapaTa POCCI-!I1. 06W8S1 peopra- HI13aUl1JJ KOToporo Ha OCHOBe npl1HUl1nOB K3MepaJI(13M8 3aBep- UU1JI8Cb B H8<JaJIC 1720-x rr. nOKaJaTeJJbHO. <JTO Ha npOT5I)({eHI1I1 1718-1725 rr. He 6bUlO 11311aHO HI-! Clll1Horo HOpMBTI1BHOrO npaBOBoro m-Ta, B KOropOM 6bl perJIaMeHT(1pOBMI1Cb CTa1)'C 11 nOJlHOMO<II151 TaHHOH KaHUCJT5Ipl1l1. He MeHee nOKaJaTeJlbHO, 'lTO 0 TaHHoH KaHUeJl5Ipl1H OKa3aJlOCb HI1 CJlOBOM He ynOM5IHY- TO B nOCB5Ill1eHHof1 cynOYCTpof1CTBY 06WI1PHOH rJIaBe 2-H KH. I npoeKTa YJ10)f(CHHJJ POCCI1HCKoro rocynapcTBa 1723-1726 rr., yrBep)l(,!J;eHHOH YJ10)({eHHOH KOM(1CCl1eH B CeHT5I6pe-oKf5I6pe 1723 r. 4 - HCCMOTp51 Ha TO, 'lTO BCOCTaB KOM(1CCI1I1 BXO.llHJ16ec- CMeHHb]H rJlaBa KaHueJUlpl111 ccmrrop n. A T OJICTOH. [fIonpo6HOCTI1 «peseJlbCKOro llil\fI1pameHcKoro neJ1a» CM.. npe)!(1le see- m, B Of\fe<JeHHoi1 Bblwe CTaTbe R 11. CaMOH.riOBa 1956 r. (Cll.IftJU.I06 B.1I. o nepBbIx Y3HI1KaX nerponaBJIoBCKoii KpenoCTI1. C. 120-111). Ha3BaHHoe yrOJloBHoc .neJIO nOC1YnWlo B npoHJBOIICTBO TaiiHOH KaHUeJIHpl1111 no yKa- 3aHHlO nC1JJa I OT 8 8nryCT'd 1718 r. (AHUCll.V06 £. B.lhlOO 11 KHyr. C. 110). lPfADA,41. 198, NQ 110,11. 1I0-1II;.I\fQ 119, JI. 264; 41. 248, KH. 1886. JI.154. } f01UI«JtfO H. D. OpraHbl nOJlI1T1i1'JeCKoro CbICKa... C. 258. 4CM.: PfADA,41. 341. KH. 33. 'l. I. n. 8 06.-18, 21 06.-33. 
284 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I no BceMY .1TOMY He npl-1XOlll1TCfI COMHeBaTbC5I, 4TO He TOJlb- KO B 1718 r., Ho. 11 BnOCJ1e.D.CTBI-UI neTp I pacCM8TpHBaJI Tai'IHYIO KaHueJUlplHO KaK 'lpe3Bbl'laiiHbli1 cYlle6HblH opraH. C031J.aHHbIH Ha nepHOll 060CTpeHJ.UI BHyrpHnOJlI1TH'IeCKOii cHryaUHH. TeM caMblM. J1HKBHlUUlJ.UI TaHHoiJ KaHueJUlpHH 6blJ18 JlHWb Bonpo- COM RpeMeHH. H RpeM.II TIO Hacrynl1J10 B 1724 f.. Korlla. J<aK }')Ke roBOpMJIQCb Bb]We. nepBblH POCrui1CKI1I1 J1MnepaTOp B35IJI- C5I npeo6pa30BblBaTb opraHiOamJlO cyna no rocynapcTBeHHblM npecrynJlemmM. CTO(1T nOBTOpHTb, 'ITa 15 JIHEmpH 1724 r. 6bll1 yrBep)((lleH JaKOH 0 3aKpbITI.Jt1 TaiiHoH KaHueJHlplUl c nepe.na'lefi ee Hen B npi.\BKreI1bCTBYJOWt1i1 CeH8T I . npaDlla, Ha npaKTHKe ynpa311HeHHe TaiiHOH KaHueJUlpHH JaUIHYJlOCb, Bee npOH3BOllCTBO. no YKa3aHIDIM MOHapxa H CeHa- Ta, np01l0Jl>KaJlH nocryJlaTb - KOHl Ii B COBceM He3Ha'l(1TeJ\bHOM KOJ1lf'leCTBe - HOBbie AeJIa (K np(1Mepy. B <l.npene 1725 r. 113BeCT- Hoe neJ10 C. BbIMOpKOsa). B MTOre. 28 MIDI 1726 J. EK8.Tepl1He I npl1lllJIOCb I1.1l13H3.Tb nOBTOpHb[i1 3aKOH 06 ynpa:lD.HeHHI1 Tai1Hoi1 KaHuemlpl111 C nepena'lei1 ee nen 11 KaHuen5lpCKoro nepCOHaJla B npeoGpa.:+::eHcKMH npHK<n 2 . TaK 3aKOHlJHJIacb I1CropIDI cocYllle- CTBonaHMfI nnyx opraH08 BJ1aCTI1 C l1JJ.eHTHlJHOii KOMneTeHUHeH B c<f:!epe nOnUTHlJeCKOH: JOCTHUHH.  2. nQACIo1CTeMa BoeHHblX Cy,qOB B 1717-1725 IT. BoeHHo-rpmK,AaHCKlo1e cy,qe6Hble npMcYTcTBIo1J1 \.jTO KaCaeTCJI 3apollHBllIeiicJI erne B 1700-e rr. nOllCHCTeMbl BoeHHblX cynoB (BoeHHo-cyxonyrnblx H BoeHHO-MopCKHX). TO K caMblM 3H8'IHTeJ1bHbIM H3MeHeHHflM B HX OpraHI13aUHH 3a 1717- 1724 rr. CJ]eeT OTHeCHC Bo-nepBb]X. }"-Ipe>K.LleHMe BOeHHOH: U AiwupanTef1:cKoH KOJ1J1erHH; BO-BTOpbIX. C03D.3HUe nepBOro B POCCUM nOCTO.IIHHOra BoeHHo-cyne6Horo OpraH<I. - HmKHero 80- I1HCKoro cyn.a; B- TpeTbHX, OCHOBaHUe B Mecrax nocronHHoi1 nMC- JlOK8.UHI1 BOI1HCKlLX 'laCTeit CMelllaHHblX BoeHHo-rpa.:+::naHCKHX CYlle6HbiX npl1cyTCTBuii. OCHOBaHHble 15 neK8.6p51 1717 r. no 06pa:JUY llIBellCKHX Krigskollegium H AdmiraJitetskoDegium J Bo- eHHa5I H AaMHpanTef1:CKafl KOJlJIefHl1 flBHJII1Cb He TOJlbKO opra- Ham BoeHHor o ynpaBJIeH('I.II. HO U peBH3UOHHo-pewaJOWHMU ] BepemeHJlllf..-OO B. H. I1cTOpH.II T.aitHOit KaHueJI.IIpl1l1... C. 221. 2n0J1Hoe c06paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4891. C. 654. }DCTUlbHee 06 .nOM CM.: Peterson C. Gp. cit. P. 394-405. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 285 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. HHcraHUlHIMH no OTHoweHHIO K KpHrCpeXTaM - TO eCTb cyn.aMH BTOpoW 3BeHa l . BnepBhle nun.06Hhlf! nOpH.nUK 6hUJ ctJOpMWlbHO 3aKpeWIeH B ynoMHHaBWeMC5I BblWe 3aKOHe OT 3 MapTa 1719 r. 2 ComacHo Ha3BaHHOMY 3aKOHY Ha YfBep./KlleHHe BoeHHOH KOJ1J1erHH B 0651- 3aTeJ1hHOM nopR!lKe HanpaBJUUlHCh ymep>K!leHHble KOMaHlG'IO- llU1MH KopnycaMH npHrOBopbl nOJ1KOHbIX H rapHH30HHb]X KpHrc- pexroH, B KOTOpblX Ha3Ha<J:aJIaCb cMepTHa51 Ka3Hb. npH 3TOM, eCJiH cMepllible npHwBopbl B OTHOllleHHH HH)I(HHX <iHHOB H He- crpoeBblx YTBep)l{)laJ1HCh caMOH BoeHHOH KOJlIlemeH, TO CMepT- Hhle npHrOBophl, BhlHeeeHHble c$HucpaM, nOCJIe YTBCp>K!leHH5I KOJIJ1erneH HanpaBJ151J1HCh Ha OKOH<iaTeJ1hHOe ymep.lK1leHHe ua- pH). B CBOIO O<iepe.!1h. no pacnop5DKeHHIO BoeHHOH KOJ1J1erHH OT 24 HIOJ151 1721 r.. HanpaBJJeHHIO Ha yrBep./KlleHHe KOJIJ1erHH craJIH nOlVle>KaTb Bee npHrOBOpbl. Bb]HeCeHHble BoeHHblMH cy- JI.3MH nepHOW 3BeH8 H yrBep./KlleHHb]e BblWeCT05llllHM CTpoeBblM KOM8I-lD.OBaHHeM 4 . COOTBeTCTBeHHO, OTnpaBlleHHeM npaBOcyn.H5I 3aHI1MaJIOCb npt-IC)fTCTBHe KOJ1Jlen",", a non.roToBKOM neJl K CJIYIlI8HHIO - AynH- ropCKoe nOBblTbe KOJIJle)f{CKOH KaHueJl5lpHH. B BoeHHOH KOJl- J1erHH AYllHTopCKoe nOBblTbe 6h]JlO C03.LI.aHO comaCHO IlITa:ry, yrBep.lK1leHHOMY 3 HIOH5I 1719 r. no 3TOMY IlITal}' B COCTaB AYllH- TOpcKOro nOBblTbfl BXOllHIlH reHepan-aynHTOp. reHepan4"CKaJI, n.B8. KaHUeJIflpHCTa H n.Ea KonHHcm 5 . HapfillY C nonwToBKoi1 no- crynaBwHx H3 KpHrcpeXTOB npHroBopOB K paccMOTpeHHIO Bo- eHHOH KOMerHeM, AymrropcKoe nOBblTbe oeyrneeTBJl5IJIO PYKO- Bo.llCTBO aynHTopcKOH c.rIYJK60ft apMHH, a TaJOKe BeJlO cyne6HyJO craTHCTHK)I. o6pa6aTblBa51 H aHaJlH3HpYfl e)f{ero.!lHO nOCl}'nanWHe H3 BOHHCKHX 'l8 CTei1 OT'-leTbl 0 COCT05lBWHXC5I KpHrepexrax. I B I1CTOpl1Ko-npaBCJBOii nl1Tepal)'pe Ha BOnpoce 0 cyne6HoH Kor,me- TeHlll111 E!oeHHoH KOJlJ1erHH neT)JOBCKoro BjJeMeHI1 Hal160J1ee nonp06Ho OCTaHOBI1J1CH M. O. AKI1WI1H (AKUUlUIi M. O. CYlle6HaH pe4x:!pMa ne-rpa I. LlHC. no C. 70-73). 26er.'Ib]e ynOMHHaHI1H 0 JaKOHe OT 3 Mapm 1719 r. B HCTOpIIKO-npasoBOO a::JjJf!ec: n;:ro Ya' caT. 2C. 500: /{ymaooH O. £. lle6e- JnOJlHoe C06paHI1C JaKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 3316. C. 670. 4TaM >Ke. T. 6. NQ 3806. C. 410. 5TaM >Ke. T. S. NQ 3383. C. 712. nepBblM reHepaJI-ay.nI1TOpOM BoeHHOH KOJIJlerHH CTal H33Ha'JeHHbli1II 111OJl.ll 1719 r. f1Je1LOP UeHTapOB (UeHTapo- 811). npOCJIyJKl1BllJI1H B :noi1 1l0Jl>KHOCTH no 1752 r. (Pc)Jeliletl.., M. n. Y"a3. C04. 206-207. 369). 
286 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I CTOMT 33MeT(1Tb, npamra. 'lTO B nepBoi-i 'IeTBepTl1 XVIII B. npaBa, 06H3aHHOCTH w npOUeCCYaJlbHblH CTIITyC f'eHepan-ay.n.I1TOpa BoeHHOH KOJUJenm TaK H He HalllilH HOpMaTl1BHOro 3aKpertJle- 1-11151 - HH B KaKOM-JlH60 3aKOHe. ceH8TCKOM YKa3e WI" BellOM- CTBeHHOM pacnOpH>KeHHH, HH B PemaMeHTe BoeHHOH KOJUJerHH (KaKOROH. 'lTQ xapaKTepHO, 13006we He 6bUJI13llaH). 3aTo 5 anpeJl.ll 1722 r. BCryJUW B CMJlY nOJJ;rOTOBIJeHHb]H npH aKHJBHOM y'm.en'll'! neTpa I Ii olTh5lBJIeHHblH 06pa3UOBbIM J],JISI OCTaJlbHblX KOJUJen.'IH Perl1<1MeHT AaMHparrJeiicKOi1 KOJUJenU1 (<<Pe2.IlL'del/m 0 ynpa6Je- 1/UU AtJMUp(1JlmeUCm6o U 6epcjJu»). OnH8Ko B 3TOM 06Wl-1pHOM, co- CTOHBllleM 113 LIBYX lJ8CTeii, 68 mas H 717 cTaTeii 3aKOHOlWTeJIh- HOM aKTe OKa3aJ1HCb HH CJ10BOM He ynoM5IHyrbl HH aYlUuopCKasI CJI}')K6a t!mOTa, HH BoeHHO-MopcKHe cy.ue6Hble opraHbl l . 3a6eraH: Bnepe,!J; - B HCTOP(1fO npeo6paJonaH(1H 1717- 1724 IT. B o6nacn'l CYAonpOJ.13Bo.nCTB3 - Heo6xoJI.l1MO Ao6a- BI..JTb, 'ITO BBe)(eHHbIH B 1719 L nopm:rOK YTBep>K1leHH.II BoeHHOH KOJUlCrl1ci1: CMepTHblX npl-1roBopOB. BblHcceHHblX nOJlKOBb]MH H rapHH30HHblMH Kpl-1rCpeXTaMl-1, COXpaH.llJlCSI HenOJIm. ComaCHO BbICOlJaHWe" pe30JUOUI1H OT II HO.li6p.li 1724 r. Ha n. 7 DOKJIMa BoeHHoH KOJlJICrl1i1 OnpelleJI.liJlOCb. 'ITO CMCpTHblC npHmBopbl MJ1al1WHM OHUepaM nO.LIJIC>KaJlH OKOH'-JaTCJlbHOMY ymcp>K1lC- Hmo B BOCHHOH KOJUlCrHH. a Ha ymcp)l(1leHHC MOHapXa CJlCllOBa- 110 HanpaBJUITb CllHHCTBeHHO npHroBopbl. B KOTOPb]X CMCpTHa5I Ka3Hb H83Ha1JanaCb CTapWHM O<])J1UepaM!. B03BparnaHCb K nepeMeHaM B BoeHHOM cynoycrpOI1CTBe, ocyrneCTBJlCHHblX B 1717-1724 rr., CJlc.nycr OTMernTb, 'ITO ncp- BblH $YHKUI10HI-1jX>BaBWI1H Ha nOCTo.sJHHOH OCHOBe PC4>oPMH- POBaHHblH BoeHHO-CYllC6HbIH opraH - HI-1>KJ-IHH BOI-1HCKHH CYll (C031laHHC KOTOpOro B 06weM BHlle npetlYCMaTpHBaJlOCb B CT. I m. 50-H YCTaBa BOHHCKom OT 30 MapTa 1716 r.3) - nO.llBI1JIC.II B HaweH CTpaHC B 1723 r. Y'lpellHTeJ1bHbIM aKTOM 0 em OCHOBaHHH B I-1CTOpHKO-npaBOBoH J1IITepaType npI-1H.!I:TO C'lHTaTb Bb]CO'-l.."lii- ruylO pe30JUOUHlO OT 15 ct>eBpa.ruI 1723 r. Ha n. 2 nOK./Jana BoeH- HO" KOJIJIerHw. HIDKHI-1H BOI-1HCKI1H cyn pacnOJlaraJIc.!I: B MocKBe i1 6blJI CTpYKTYPHO CB.li3aH C MOCKOBCKOH KOHTOjX)i1 BOCHHOi1 KOJIJ1CrHH. maB a KOTOPOO BblCl)'naJI B pOOH npe.llCC.LI.aTeJ1J( cy.aa. ]CM.: nOJIHoe co6Jmtl1e JaKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 3937. C. 525-637. 2TaM.>Ke. T. 7. NQ 4589. C. 361. 33aKoHollaTtJ1bCTOO nerpa I. c. 195. 4n0J1Hoe c06paHHe 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4166. C.14. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 287 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. KaK JlBCTB}'eT H3 apXHBHb]X M<UepHaJlOB, no COCTORHHIO Ha OKTH6pb 1723 r. B annapaTe HIDKHero BOHHCKOro cyna TpynHIIHcb 06ep-aynHTop. nbRK, npOTOKOJlHCT. 'leTblpe nOllKaHueJlJlpHCTa H 28 nHcapej.jl. Cyn paCCMaTpHBaJI neJIa 0 npecryrureHI1.IIX BOeH- HOCJl}')KaWHX, COBepWCHHblX Ha TeppHTopHH MOCKBbl. a TIlJOKe neJIa 0 ne3epTHpax, 3a.aep>KaHHbIX B ropO..!le H OKpeCTHOCT.IIX. no 8BTopHTeTHOMY 3aMC'I8HHIO H. A neryxoBa. HMCHHO HH>KHHH BOHHCKI1H CY..!l SlBMCR npRMb]M npelllueCTBeHHHKOM HblHCWHcro MOCKOBCKOrO rapHH30HHOrO BoeHHoro CYllCl 1 . l.J:TOKacacTC.Ii CaHKT -nerep6ypra, TOTaM. nopacnopIDlceHHIO BoeHHoH KOJUlCrHH OT 4 HO.li6p.li 1724 r., 6bUJa C0311aHa BpeMCH- HaR BOeHHo-cynHa.ll KOMHCCHJI BO maBe C CaHKT -ncTep6yprcKHM KOMCHllaHTOM. B Ka1.JCCTBe aceccopoo B KOMHCCHIO npe..!lnHCbIBa- JlOCb KOMaH1U1pOBaTb rpynny o{lmucpoo H311HCJlOUHpOOaHHbIX B CTOJlHUC BOHHCKI1X 'I8CreH. nOCTO.llHHblH >Ke BoeHHblH CYll 6b]JI OCHOBaH B CaHKT-nerep6ypre l1HWb B 1771 r. J HaKOHCU, HCJlb35'J oooml1 Jq)aTKI1M paccMOTpeHHCM CMe- lll8HHbIC BoeHHO-rpa;K!l3HCKHC cyne6HbIe npHC}'TCTBIDI. KOTO- pblC B03HHKJlH B HaWCH CTpaHC B CBJl3H C npOBelleHHCM B KOHue 171O-x - ncpBOH nOJlOBHHC 1720-x n. MaClllTa6HOH nO..!l8THOH PC4>oPMbI 4 . 3aBepwalOWHM 3TIlnOM Ha3B8HHOH peopMbl JlBH- JlOCb. KaK H3BeCTHO. p33McweHHC BOHHCKI1X 'I8CTeH H8 nocTO- JlHHOH OCHORe (<<HO fle'lHble KBOpmUpbl») B CeJlbCKOH MCCTHOCTH. npH'IeM He B 06oco6JleHHbiX BOeHHb]X ropOllKaX, a Henocpell- CTBeHHO no nepeBHSlM. He HMeBwee 8HaJIOroB B OTe'leCTBeHHoM HCTOpHH TaKOBOe pa3MeweHHc BOHCK, nOBceMeCTHO Ha<ffiBllleeCJI B 1722 r., nOTpe6oBaJlo peJyl1HpOBaHI1.II B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH KaK MC)I(lly MeCTHblMH opraH8MH BoeHHoro H rpa.lKIJ.8HCKoro ynpaB- JlCHIm:. TaK H Me)l(lly H8npaBJICHHblMH Ha «Be'lHb]e KBapTHPb]" BOeHHocny.A<aWHMH H HaCeJlCHHCM. BOT nOlJCMY l1eTOM 1723 r. nClJ> I npHcrynlUJ K Bblpa60T- Ke naKeTa 3aKOHOB H YKa30B. npH3BaHHbiX KOMfJJ]eKCHO pef118- MeHTHpoBaTb B 3aHMOlleMcTBHe pacKBapTHpyeMoH no nepeBHJiM I PfADA, 4J 186. KH 1, JI 347-34706. 1 llermxoo H A. YKa3. C04. C. 79. 3 PoK M n. YKa3. CO'J. C. 202; KvmajJuH 0. E., JIe6ede« B. M, CeMlIi!UH t:. 10. YKa3. C04. T. 1. C. 562. 4 HaH6011ee n0JI)J06HO 06cTO.IITeJlbCTB8 nOllroTOBKHI1 npoBe.neHI1.11 naH- HOi1: p.$opMbl OCBeIUeHbl B DJtccepraUI10HHO MOHOrpaI]:Jl111 E. B AHI1CI1- MOsa 1982 r. (eM.. .A#/UC/l.,.,fOO E. B. nO.1l8THIDI pe4x:!pMa nerp8 I' BBe.neHl1e nOllYllJHoi1 nOD.3TH 8 POCCHI1. 1719-1728 fr. fl.. 191;2) 
288 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I apM"" C MeCTHblM H<l.CeJIem1eM - B MMHHHCTpan1BHOM. 4>11- H<l.HCOBOM. nOJUmei1:cKoM 1-1: cyn.e6HOM ffiHOWeHI-UIX. B "TOre, n0J10}f(eHIDI. KaCaBWHeCH BoeHHoiJ IOCTl1llJ1H, OK33a..rUICh 38- Kpel1JleHhl B no.anHC8HHblX I1MnepaTOpOM 6 HOH6pH 1724 f. 38- KOHax «flJlOKDnr 0 3fope llodJ'lUHOM U npom'leu» Ii «0 iJOAJ/CHO- emu no,1K08HUKQ»I. B CT. 8 pa311eJIa «0 no.1K06HUKe c o(/)Uepbl» ...r1naKaTa» 6bUlO BHeceHO YCTaHORIJeHHe 0 TOM. "lTO 3a5lBJleHHSI o npoTl1BOnpaBHbiX Aef1:CTBI-UIX BoeHHOCJIY".ArnWHX B OTHoweHHH rpa)l(1laHCKI1X lUlU CJlellOBaJlO no.mlBaTb HCKJllO'-IIUeJIbHO K01o.13H- n.OBaHHIO nOJ1Ka. KOropoe, B CBOJO O'lepellh. 06H3bIBaJIOCb «Hud- lIeJ/CGU{Y1O J""pGey 'lUHumM. TeM caMhlM, nOllTBCp}l(lla.naCb 06rnaH no,UcynHocTb HaXOIUllliHXCSI H8 «ne'lHbIX KBapTl1pax» COJJJJ.aT Ii o(}>Huepoo nOJlKOBblM KpHrcpeXTaM. OxapaKrepH30BaHHOe YCl-aHOBJIeHHe 6bUIO napaJIJleJlbHO npOnl1C3HO 11 B CT. II 3aKOHa «0 JJ;OJDKHOCTI1 nOJIKOBHHKa». B TOH }({e CT. II 38.KOHa 3aKOHOllaTeJ1b 1l0n0J1HIfJ"eJ1bHO n05lCHI1J1, "I.TO 3a npeCTyfLIIeHI1}1, COBeprneHHbie B OTHOrneHl111 rp<UK1l.8HCKI1X JII1U, BoeHHOCJ1)1)1<aWl1e HeCJ111 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B COOTBeTCTBItI1 C HOpMaMI1 ApTI1K)'JIa BOI1HCKOro 1714 r. 11 YJ10}f(eHI1S1 1649 r. npl1 3TOM, B OTJIl1'me OT «nJIaKara», B 3aKOHe «O.aOJ1}f(HOCTI1 nOJ1KOBHI1Ka» 3H8"1.I1TeJ1bHoe BHI1MaHl1e 6bUlO y.aeJTeHO Ka3}lCaM. Kor.aa BoeHHocJT}')Kal1l.l1l1 OKa3blBaJlCSI norepneBWI1M. B TaKOBOM CJ1Y 1 me. eCJ111 06BJ.'lHeHl1e BblllBl1raJIOCb npo- TI1B KPeCTb5lHI1H8. TO, COrJI8CHO CT. 12 «1l0J])KHOCTI1». KaK pm 11 06pa3oBblBaJIOCb CMern8HHoe BoeHHO-rp<UK1l.8HCKOe cyne6Hoe npl1cyrcTBl1e: B COCTaB nOJ1KOBOro Kpl1rcpeXTa BKJlJOlJaJ1C5I 3eM- CKI1I1 KOMI1CCap cOOTBeTClByJOll.lero nOJ1KOBoro llI1cTpI1KTa. ECJ111 B cOBeprneHHoM npOTI1B BOeHHOCJlY)I(alUero npecTyl1JleHl111 06- BI1HWlCH nOMeIl.lI1K. TO B COCTaB Kpl1rcpeXTa, HapMY C 3eMCKi1M KOMI1CCapOM, nOnOJ1HI1TeJlbHO BXomU1I1 Ol1l1H lUJl1 HBoe MeCTI-lblX HBOp5lH. B TOM }f(e CJ1Y'ofae. Kor.aa pe'lb lWI8 06 oc060 HI}f(KOM NQ 4  5cjlf7i:DorpJ':1aa1:: KaTIl» 11 ..DCI1D!J-iOI..IH», KaCaBWIr«:R (]:JI1HaHCOlJbIX 11 nOJ1l1ueicKJtx oonpo- COB, CM. B OTMe'[eHHOM MOI-IOJ])a411111 E R AHitCIIIIIOBa 191;2 r. B IICTOpHKO- npaooBOM mrrep:rrype HaJBaHHb]e «flr[ 11 ..lJ.on;trnOCTh HaIII6a1Jee nO.1lpOOHo oxapa,,-Tept130fIaJI M. n. POJeHreHM (AHUCu..U06 £. B. nOliaTHIDI pe4x:!pMa nerpa I. c. 240-243, 248-249. 151-253; PoJ€Jf..eiIM M. n YKa3. CO'I. C. 194-191;). DOCJUHHO Y1llIBIICHI1H. 'ITO D3HHb!C 3aKOH()J};Jfe'lbHb]e aKTb! OKa3aJll1Cb HI1 CJlOOO1 He ynOM.IIH)'Tb[ II 06wl1pHOH rnaBe DI1CcepraUHI1 M. O. AKI1Wl1Ha «PetMa BOeHHOro cY1lO)CTpOIicrna 11 cynonpoll3FKU1CllJa" (CM.: AKuuuuI M 0. CYllc6HIDI peq,opMa ncrpa I: Dl1c. no C. 13-8]). 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 289 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. npecryJUleHI1I1, TO neJ10 no 06BHHeHI1IO nOMeI.l.lHK8. CJ1e.IlOBaJlO HanpallJHlTb II HMHOpHbli1 cyn. B CJ1Y4ae. eCJ111 B npecrynJ1eHI1I1 npoTHB BOeHHOCJT)')K3wero 06I1HHSIJICH ropQ)l(3HHH, TO, no CT. 13 IaKOHa «0 nQrut.HOCTH nOJIKOBHI1K8.». COCT8B CMernaHHOfO lIoeHHo-rpa)l(.ll8HCKOfO cy- ne6Horo npHcyrCTIIHH $:>pMHPOBaJlCH 113 HeCKOJIbKHX o<]>HUepOII nOJIKa 11 nsyx npellCTaBHTeJlei1 «,cJenymam06») OT ropmKaH. Ha- KmreU. CTOIIT OTMeTI1Tb, '1TO, no CT. 17 x3paKrepl13yeMofo 33- KOH3. IOpHCn:HKUH.II KpHfcpeXTa nOJlK3. LlHCJlOUl1pOOaHHOfO H3 «Be'lHblX KB3PTHP3X», 6bUla pacnpocTp3HeHa Ha 3anepiKaHHbIX H3 TepplffOpHI1 nOJ1KOBOfO D.I1Clpl1KTa BOpoB H pa36oHHHKOB H3 '1HCJIa neJepTHpoB. np3Bn.a, comaCHO TOf1 >Ke CT. 17 33KOHa «0 nOJ1>KHOCTH n0J1KOIIHHK3», npHfOnopbl no TaKHM LleJlaM CJle- nOBaJlo OTCbUIaTb Ha ymep.lK1leHl1e B BoeHHYIO KOJlJIefl1lO. A BOT «06bl'lHbIX» BOpoB H pa360i-iHI1KOII, 3anepiKaHHbIX CI1J18MI1 BoeHHOCJ1y)({3WHX nOJlKa, HawTe>KaJIO. no CT. 18 JaKOH3. nepen:3113Tb II «YKQ3Hble .lfOCma. (TO eCTb II cynbl 06wef1 IOpHC- LlI1Kl.ll1H). Bnpo4eM. BBeneHHb]e 3aKOHOM OT 6 HO.ll6pH 1724 r. CMelllaHHble BoeHHO-fp3.1KIJ.8HCKHe CYLle6Hbie npl1cyrCTBHfl npo- cyweCTBOBaJll1 He.llOJ1fO. OnblT C p33Mel.l.leHl1eM nOJ1KOB no ne- peBwIM OK33aJ1Cfl npOllaJIbHblM, H }'}Ke II 1727 r. pOCCHi1CKlliI ap- MH.II BHOBb pa3MeCHIJI3Cb f3pHI130HaMI1 no fOpO,!J;3M. HeJ1b3fl He YOOMHl-I)'Tb, 'ITO II 1723 r. npOH30llUIO HeKOTopoe COKpallleHHe IOpHC,!J;I1KUHI1 lloeHHb]X cynoB. ComaCHO p<lcnop.ll- >KeHHH BoeHHof1 KOJUlen'IH OT 30 HOH6pH 1723 f., l1]-no,!J; nOll- cy.aHOCTH KpHrcpexrOB 6bUTH H31>HTbl lleJIa no 06I1HHeHHflM 110- eHHOCJIYA<aUUIX, YIIOJleHHblX II OTCTIlIIK)'I. OcraeTCfl n06aBHTb, '1TO BOeHHblM cy.aaM 6bUlO YLleJ1eHO CpaBHHTeJ1bHO HeMHOfO BHHM3HIm: B npoeKTe YJ10)({eHl1fl PocCHiicKOfO fOcynapcTBa 1723-1726 fr. HaH60Jlee 06wee 3aKOHOJT,aTeJlbHOe npen:n0J10)({eHl1e, K8.- callweeCH ooeHHblX cynoB, 6bUlO nHeceHO II yrBep./KlleHHytO YJ10- >KeHHOH KOMI1CCl1ei1 30 ceHTH6pH 1723 r. CT. 13 fJ1. 2-i1 KH. I npoeKTa YJ10)({eHIDL CamacHo CT. 13. 03ar.rumneHHOH <,0 6OeH/HJblX, ziJe OHblfI cyiJu",bl6blmb Wte, CTpoeBble BoeHHoCJIy)({3WHe ap- MHI1 H 4mOTa HaXODJ.UII1Cb B HCKJlIOl(I1TeJ1bHOH nOllcy.aHOCH1 BO- eHHblX cynoll. KpOMe TOfO. B 3aKOHOD.aTeJlbHOM npellnOJlO)({eHI1I1, IIHeceHHOM II CT. 20 fJ1. 2-f1 npoeKTa, oc060 OfOBapHBaJlOCb, 'ITO nOli IOpHCD.HKUHIO BoeHHblX Cy.aOB non8.IJaJ111 6efJ1ble COJJllaTbl 11 MaTpOCb], a Ta JOKe 6erJ1ble peKpyTbl!. I no.moe c06paHl1e JaKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4375. C. 166-167. !PfADA, 41. 342, KH. 33. 'J. I.n. 26 06.. 29lnptlJlrut<eHl1e VI. 
290 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I  3. nD.QCCTeMa I.IePKOBHblX CY,QOB B 1721-1723 rr. LlepKoBHafllOpMC.QMKLlHR no lWXOBHOMY pemaMeHty 1721 r. rlepexo)J.H K paccMoTpeHtIlO BOnpoca 0 CYJJJ;eCTBoBaBWI1X B muuei1 crpaHe ewe c XI B. uepKoBHblX cyn.ax.. cpa3y }Ke Heo6- XO.D.HMO oTMeTHTb, 'ITO Hal16oJ1ee 3Ha'lHTeJIbHble nepeMeHhl B I1X YCTpoiicTBe Ja 1717-1723 fr. OKa3aJlHCb CB5I3aHbl C OCHOBam:leM CBHTeHlllerO npamneJlbCTBYlOwero CHHOlla, CTaBUJHM DblClllHM opraHOM uepKOBHOH BJTaCTH POCCH" .no 1918 r. CBrreHwHH CHHO.n 6bUi Y4pe)I(AeH 14 <l:>eIJPaJI.II 1721 r. BMeCTO C03)J;aHHOH 25 JlHBapJl 1721 r.l{}"'I:OBHOH KOJ1J1enll1. KaK IHBeCTHO, Y4pe)l(- neHHe CHHolla - 03H8'laBWee l1HKBltIDlUl-II0 B HaWe" cTpaHe J..IHCTHT)'Ta naTpl1apwecTBa (1-1, TeM CaMb]M, de jure nOll'lHHeHl1e uepKBH caMo.n.epiKaBHoMY rocynapcTBY) - HBI1JIOCb KJlJOtlCBblM 3J1eMemOM uep KoBHoH pe$:JpMbI neTpa (I. ] I1L"TOpHj.J UepMIIJHOH pe4JopMb] nepBoi1 'Jf:"J'BejJI'K XVIII B. - K I1C- CJ1e.nOlJaHHIO KOTopoH BnepBb[e 06paTI1J1CH B 184O-e rr. fO. <1'1. CaMa- pHH - OKa3"UIDCb 113Y']eHa K HaCTO.IIllleMY BpeMeHI1 eJlBa nl1 He Hal160J1ee no.apo6HO 113 Bcex ncrpOBCKI1X npe06paJOBaHI1i1. 1a.ecb, HapHllY c nOHb[- HC coxpuHI1BlllCi1 Ha)"IHYJO UCHHOCTb D.ltCCC)JfaUHOHHOH MOHOJJjUl!mci1 to.<1'I. UMapl1Ha 1844 r., CTOI1T Hd.IBJJb.. B nepll}ftO 04epe.nb. 4J}'H.!lJMCH- TaJlbHb[e Tpyllbl C. f. PyHKeBH'Ia. J])K. KJDkJ"I4mi 11 OCo6eHHO n. R Bep- XOBCKOro (CflMapUH 10. (j). CTe<j:JaH $JBopcKI1H 11 cDeo<j:JaH npoKOnOBI1'1 II CaM'l(JIIH to. <1'1. Co'II1HeHI1H. M., 1880. T. 5; PyHKe8U'I C. F. Y'lpejf(j}eHl1e 11 nepBOH3'JaJlbHoe YC'J1>OHCTBO Cmrreiiwero npaBHTeJJbCTlI}flOwero CHHO- na (1721-1725 rr). cn6.. 1900; BeP'«)(I(KoU n B. Y4pejf(j}eHl1e RHOH KOJ1J1erl1l1 11 1Iyu!BHbli1 penaMeHT K Bonpocy 06 OTHOWeHl111 UepKBI1 11 rocynapCTlkl B PacCl111 I1cCJJe.nosaHl1e B 06JJacTI1 )JVCCKoro uepKoBHoro npaBa. POCTOB H/D... 1916. T. 1-2; Cracraft J. The Church Reform of Peter the Greal. London. 1971) 113 paw nOCJlenHI1X .neCmltJlemH JaCJ1}'"JKI1BaIOT ynoMI1HaHI1.11: J#1tram R. Op. ell. Bd. 1. P. 170-118; AI-IUCU,II06 E. B. Bpe- M.II neTpoBCKHx pe4x:!pM c. 330-351; KIOOHiJpoflo B. M, HtJ8tit.{KOfl T. E., Tum06 H. 10 3aKOHo.naTeJlbCTBO 0 npaROROM n0J10)l(eHI1I1 uepKBH II 3a- KOHQD.aT'eJlbCTIJO ne-rpa I. c. 516-534. HUf{/Ies L Op. C]t. P. 331-356; J]po- 6UHa M. r npaBOBO n0J10JKeHI1e rnccKoi1 npaBOCJ1aBHOH uepKlJ11 B nepl1011 npoBe.neHI1.11 lJept<OBHOH pe$op\!bl nerpa I hfl.IOpI1KO-l1)JaBOOOIi acneKT) ABTOpe4>. nHC. ... KaHD.. tOpl1n. HaYK. I(pacHo.nap. 1005; >KtiHofl B. M. 113 lJepKOBHOH I1CTOpl111 BpeMeH ncrpa BeJ\I1KOro: IIccnenoBdHI1H 11 MaTCpIill- Jib]. M.. 100.t 0 pa3BI1TI1I1 OJ4eCTBeHHOJO ue(»'OOHoro cy1J()yCTpOt'x;ma 11 cy.nonp0I13BQD.CTIJa IJ neplJoi1 'Jereepnt XYlIIIJ eM.: llllumpuee QJ. M YKa3. C04. C 465-474. 8epJ..00a<.oii n. B. YKa3. C04. T. I. C. 537-543; £4;pe- .MOOG H. H. Cynoyc1JJOHcrBO POCCIIII1... C. 68-74, KymwpuH O. E., J/e6e- tJee B. M., Ce.HUlUH F. 10. YKaJ. CO'I. T. 2. C. 464-472. J/aHCKGfI C. B. YKa3. CO'1. C. 16-18. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 291 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. IOPI1CllI1KUl1o.HHb]e nOJlHo.Mo.'-Il151 CI1HOllli 11 ero CTaT)'c KaK o.praHa npaBOcyD.l1S1 6blJII1 nepBOH8'1aJlbHo. 3aJq)efUleHbl B ymep}f(!leHHo.M 25 51HBap51 1721 r. DyxoBHo.M perJlaMeHTe. co.- CTaBJIeHHo.M (KaK y6emneJ1bHo. nOianarJ erne n. B. BepXo.BCKo.H) <1>ea<paHaM npOKano.Bl1'1eM - npl1 aKI11BHo.M Y'-lacTI1I1 uap5l. llo.CTaHHo.yno.MI1HaH(1S1.. 'ITa BCT. 5 116 'I. I-H PerJlaMeHTa 6b]JTI1 BHeceHbl Teo.peT(1'1eCK(1e pacC}')I(.QeHI1S1.. B KaTapb]X JJ;aKa3bIBa- l10Cb npe(1MYll.{eCTBa KaJIJlernaJIbHo.ro o.TnpaBJIeHH5I npaBOcymrn nepell ellMHo.JII1'1HbIM. B CT. 5 pa3BepHyrO 0.6OCHOBbIBaJlC5I o.nT(1- MI1CTH'IeCKHH Te3HC 0. TaM. 'ITa B «KOil.ile2UYMf?» <me o6pemaem- CR Mecmo npucmpocmwo, KOeOpCI1l6y, JlU.TOUMIIOJl!y C'" B CBalO o.'lepellb, B CT. 6 no.ll'lepK(1BarJo.Cb, 'ITa «KO/1J/e2uYM c..oo6oiJlieUWUU oyx e ce6e 'Lweem K npaeocyOUIO», no.CKaJTbK)' «eiJuHOAU'IlIbIU npa- eumelb 2Heeo CU;1I1b/X 6oumcfl». a BOT o.Ka3bIBaTb JJ;aBJIeHHe H8 rpynny cyJJ;eH «lie maKO Jy\J6HO ecmb, RKO lIa eiJuHoco lie 106eKa»l. C06CTBeHHo. Ho.PMb]. B KOTOpblX o.npe.neJISIIIHCbC<Pepa IOpI1C- 11I1KUI1H, a Tal0Ke no.IIo.)f(eHl1e D.yxo.BHo.(1 KOJIJler(111 B C(1CTeMe o.p- faHo.B uepKOBHo.ro npaoocym.JSI. 3aKOHo.llaTeJIb no.MeCTHJI, npe)f(1le BCero, B CT. 5 118-11 'I. 3-(1 DyxaBHo.ro perJl8MCHT8. B CT. 5 pelJb lWI80. no.llCYJJ;Ho.CTM KaJ1I1emH CTap006pmlUeB ("'f1l1CKOJ/UK06'» H epemKaB «<Hoeo.?o HeKoe20 Y'leHUll u306pemamewi'p). B CT. 8 'I. 3-i1 3a DyxaBHo.H KOl1JTerl1ei1 B 0.6weM Bl.J1le 3aKpefUlSlJ1o.Cb no.- Jlo.)f(eHl1e cYJJ;a BTaporo 3BeHa 11 aneJU1.11I.{Ho.HHOH HHCT8HI.{H11 no. OTHo.WeHHIO K o.praHY enapX(1aJlbHo.rO ynpaBJIeHI151 (K «cyay enu- CKona»). B TOif >Ke CT. 8 o.roBapm:JaJ1o.cb. 'ITa ll)'Xo.BHo.if K0JU1erJ.J11 HallJIe)f(8J[o. pacCMaTpHBaTb no. nepBO(1 I1HCTaHUJ.JH, Ba-nepBbIX, JJ;eJT8 no. «o6ui)a,,& (MaTepJ.JarIbHo.MY 11 Mo.PaJIbHo.MY yrnep6y), Ha- HeceHHblM enHCKOno.M JlI.J6a BCeMY KJlHPy UepKI3I.J. 1IH6a BceMY Mo.H8CTbIPIO. a BO-BTapbIX, lleJIa a KaH<tJJ1(1Ja8X Me>K.UY C8M(1MH enapX(1aJ]bHbIMI1 apXMepe5lM(1 «<06uw. ciJeJ/aHHble enuCKony om apyClM'J enucKonai». KpoMe Taro, nOJ1o.)f(eHl1e llyXOBHOH KOJU1erI1H KaK eyna BTOporo 3BeH8 11 aneJU151UJ.Jo.HHo.ifI1HCT8HW1i1 no. o.THo.WeHI1JO K eyn.y o.praHa enapXMMbHo.ro YnpaBJIeHH5I - 6oJ1ee pa3BepHyrO, He':+::eJlH B CT. 8 'I. 3-i1 - 3aKpefUlSIJIOCb B CT. 14 pa311eJI8 «KOKO 3ICe il)"m'Ie JIO,)/(em 6b1mb cue {enucKoncKoe/ noceeHue {enapxuuJ» 'I. 2-i111yXOBHo.fO pemaMeHTa. B Ha3BaHHo.H CTaTbe o.fOBapl1Ba- JlOCb npaBa JlI06blX npellcT8BHTeJleH n.yxaBeHCTBa, He ynORJlerBa- peHHblX BblHec eHHblM enl1CKOno.M npHroBOpoM HJlI1 peWeHl1eM. 13aKOHQD;JJeJIbCTBO ncrpa I. c. 544-545. 
292 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I nonasaTb aneJUUlUI10HHYlO }KaJla6y B KOJUJenno (<<lIepeHocumb rJe.no HG cyd JI.yx06H0i!0 II."(hUeZUYM»). l.(TO XapaKTepHO, B paCCMa- TpIiBaeMYJO CT. 14 6bIJI BHeceH OC06blH 3anpeT enHcKony m<a31>[- BaTb KaKoe-J1H60 D.aBJIeHHe Ha JlHU, nOllaJOll..lHx aneJ1JUlUl10HHble >KaJ106bl. - B ':IaCTHOCTI1, «ne'fOmamb {one'fOmbJ8ambj UAY zpa- 6umb iJoMbl OHbIX»l. B CT. 9 '01. 3-i111yXOBHOro perJl8MeHTa 3aKpeWlJIJIOCb npaBO llYXOBHOH K0J1J1enU1 KaK I-1H(1Ul1l1pOBaTb yrOJiOBHOe npecJle.n;o- B3HHe. TaK Ii Bb]Cl)'n8Tb "CroOM B n.eJlax 0 XI-1WeHHH uepKOB- HOro HMYllleCTB8. Koropl>le npOH3BO.DH1IHCh (KaK MO}f(}{O nOHSlTb no YMOJl'l8HHIO 3aKOHo.llaTeJlSl) B cynax 06rneH IOpHC.DHKUHH. B CT. to TOM >Ke '1. 3-(1 TpaKTOBaJICSI Ka3}lC, Koma n.yxOBHoe J1HUO OKa3blBaJlOCb noC"rpa.aaBWHM OT BblCOKOnOCTaBJIeHHOrO 1l0J1}i(- HOCTHOro JTHua (<<om zocnoiJuHo lIeKoezo CW/1/QZ(»». B 3TQM CJlY- "lae lleJlQ nOJI.Jle>KallO paCCMOl]JeHHIO B IOcTI1U-KOJ1JIerI1H J.U1H B CeH8Te. HO npM 06513areJIbHOM MHq:.opMMpOlJamm D.yXOIJHOH KOMenU1. HaKoHeu. IJ CT. II 1.J. 3-" DyxOIJHOro perJlaMeHTa 3aKo- HO.D.8TeJIb npenycMoTpeJI CJlyqaH, KOrIla IJ03HHKaJOT COMHeHH5I IJ ayreHTH'IHOCTH 3anewaHHH 0 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOM H8CJ1e.nCTBe (<<oy- X06HUbl 3HomHbIX oco6 oe nOK03H.)mCfl 6blmb 6 '/eM CYMHume1b- Hb/f/»). ECJlH TaKOBoe HMeJlO MeCTO. TO .neJlO nocrynano Ha CO- BMeCTHoe pa36HpareJlbCTBO IOCTI1U- M llYXOBHOH KOJIJlernH 2 . OcmeTC5I no6aBMTb. 'ITO B llyXOBHOM perJI3MeHTe npeny- CMaTpHBaJIOCb 1.JeTblpe CJlyq35i, Koma cyny llyXOBHOH KOMerHH (no nepBoH HHCT8HUHH) nOllJle)KaJI rJlaBa opraH8 enapXHarJbHOro ynpaBJ1eHHfI. no CT. 10 H 16 pa:meJla «JIeJla enUCKOn06» 'I. 2-H llyxoBHoro perJI8MeHT8 H no CT. 14 H 15 ynoM5IHyroro pa:w.eJIa «KOIw JlCe /lym'le MWKem 6b1mb cue nocee1/ue». en8pXHaJlbHb]H apxMepeH nonauan no)); cyn; KQJlJlerI1H. Bo-nepBbIX. 3a nOCTIIBJle- HHe B CBflWeHHMKI1 «1/l!)"ff'HO.?O '/e'106eKO», BO-BTOpb]X, 38 Heo6o- CHOBaHHoe HaJlO)KeHMe aHact>eMb]. B- TpeTbI1X, 38 npe.nOCmBJIeHMe $lnbCH<!JHUHpOBaHHbIX cse.neHHH 0 COCT05iHHH .ne)] B enapXI1H. B-1.JeTBepTbIX, enHCKon 6bJJI nOll.cy.neH DyxOBHOH KOMerHH Ja npHTeCHeHHfI nOll.'IHHeHHbJX eM)' JlHU (<<ae Kmo om 1/e20 [enu- CJWIIO/31/0mHO u306uJKeH 6Ydem»)-1. 13aKoHo.naTeJ1bCTBO neTpa I. c. 56U, 579. He06.'\OllItMO OTMeTl1Tb, 'ITO :a;oif;:ugaerKa3aHIilC 3a no.na'JY HCoOOcHO- }tY5r..1 578- 79. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 293 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. Me)(()lY TeM. He npollUlO H nOJ1yropa MeC5IUeB nocne 113- .naHH}! DyXOBHOro per.naMeHTB. KaK fOpHC.nHKUHOHHble nOJIHO- MO'-lH5I PycCKoH npaBOCJIaBHOH UepKBH OJQnaJIHCb YBeJlH'-IeHbI no Kpyry JlHU. ComBCHO 3BKOH)' OT 3 MapTa 1721 r. (H31IaHHOMY B pa3BHrne BbICO'-lBHWHX pe30J1fOW1H OT 14 (]>eBpaJlfI 1721 r. Ha .noKlla.L{e D,yxOBHOi1 KOJ1J1enm). B nOl{cy.nHOCTb CHHOlla Hero MeCTHblX opraHOB 6bll1H nepe.naHbl KpeCTb5lHe H ynpaBHTeJ1H uepKOBHblX BOT'-lHH (mrrpHapWHX, apXl1epei1cKl1x H MOHaCTb]P- CKHX). no BepHOMY 3aMe'l<l.HHfO n. B. BepxoBcKOro. ::no 6bUIO «HeO.lKJ1llaHHOe H O'leHb KpynHoe» paCWHpeHHe cYlle6HoH KOM- neTeHUHH HOB0Y'!pe)(()leHHOfO CB5iTeHwero CHHo.na. no.n fOpHC- llHKUHfO KOTOpOro B OllHO'I8Cbe nepelliJ10 CBblwe nOJ1YMHJLT1HOHa t,1eJ10BeK I . B TOM)f(e Mapre 1721 r. neTp I yrO'lHMJI H 05"beM nOJ1HO- M04Hi1 CHHO.na B OTHoweHHH cy.na HaIl l()'XOBeHCTBOM. Comac- HO 3<1.KOHY m 15 MapTB 1721 r. (H3)IaHHoMY B $:>pMe Bb]CO- '1BHWHX pe30J1IOUHi1: HB .n.OKllall CB5lTei1:wero CHHo.na), IlHua, HMeBWHe nyxOBHblM caH, nO.DJIe)f(aJIH uepKoBHoMY cy.ny no BceM lleJIaM, 3a HCK/lJO'leHHeM rocy.napcTBeHHblx npeCTYl1JleHHH, «Jl6- HbIX 3.JJo()euwlfJ>t- (y6HHCTB H paJ6oe(3). a TatoKe rpIDKIJ.aHCKHX .neIl. CB5I3aHHblX C Y48CTl1eM npe.ncraBHTeIleH l()'XOBeHCTBa B npOMbICJ1ax. Toprax H OTKynax. COOTBeTCTBeHHo. HCKOBble '1e- Jl06I1THb]e Ha IlHU l()'XOBHoro 3BaHH5I HarIJle)f(llJ]O OTHb!He no- .naMTb B CHH01l 1 . B TaKOH 06cTaHoBKe CB5iTeHWHH CHHOll Bb]cl)'mlJl C HHH- UHaTHBoH llaJIbHCHwcro YBeJlH'lCHIDI nOJIHOMOljHH opraHoB uepKoBHoro npanOCYllH5I Bcex YPOBHdi. B n. 3 noK.lla1lB. Ha- npaBJIeHHoro HMnepaTOpy B H05l6pe 1721 r., CHHOll npellJlO)f(HJI nepeBeCTH nOll HCKllI04HTeJlbHYfO fOpHCllHKUHfO uepKOBHb]X RlJa- CTeH KaK l()'XOBeHCTBO, TIlK H Bce HaCeJleHHe uepKOBHb]X 3eMeJ1b. MmHBHpOBlliJOCb 3TO npe1V10)l(eHHe TeM, '1TO .nyxoBeHcTBO H Ha- CeJleHHe uepKOBHb]X 3eMeJIb «yiJ061/el' 6UiJurncJl UMemb noo OdHUM 6edeHueM u oxpaHeHueM CUHooa;,J. ECJlH 6bl 3aKOH01l8TeJ1b npHH5IJI YKa3aHHoe npe.DJIO)f(eHHe Cimo.na. TO pYCCKa51 uepKOBb Moma 6bl B 1721 r. BepHyrbC5I K CTOJ1b WHPOKOMY ofueMY IOpHCllHKUHOHHblX nOJIHOM04HH. Ka- KOBblM OHa o6 JIa1IaJ1a paJBe '1TO no YCTaBY KH5I3.11 BJiaIlHMHpa 0 ;"6:::a: I J: Q jh c. 371. -'TaM )l(C. Ng 3854. C. 456. 
294 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I necJITItHe. Me)l(llY TeM. MHCwru6Hb]e nplHH3aHl151 CBHTeMlliero CJ.1:HOna KaCaTeJlbHO YBeJII1'leHI-U1 UepKOBHO(1 IOP(1CD(1KUI1H 803- HI.JKJ\H OTHlOllh He CJ\)I'-Iaj..jHO. 111leJIO 3.lleCh 6bVlO He TOJIbKO B ycrpeMJ1eHt1S1X TOrnaWHHX CHHOllCKJ.1:X PYKOBOfll.neJlef1 npl16.nH- 311Tb 06'beM BJlacTH CMHOlia K 06'beMY BJl8Crn narpl1apxa - H8 'iTO YKa3aJ1 n. B. BepXOBCKO"1 (XOTSJ HeT COMHeH"". ':ITO B 1721 L HMeJ1a MeCTQ H 3Ta TeHlleHUlHI). E)blCrpO c4>oPM(1p0BaBWHeCSI BellOMCTBeHHble 8M6J.'1UHH Ctmrei1rnero npamneJlbCTB)'lOlUerO CHH01l8 HMeJUI Kyna Gonce Cepbe3Hhle npellnOChlJlKM. HOCI1JlH B 3H8'lI1TeJlbHOii Mepe 061,- eKTI1BHblM xapal<Tep. npellCTaBJHleTCH coaepweHHo 01.JeBHllHbIM, "lTO B CHHOllCKOM HOKJ1Me OT HOH6pSl 172l r. npoC"rynllill1 !lBe rJly6HHHble - 51 B3aHMonepeceKaBlllHeCH - Tpa.Ill1UJ.U1 OTe':le- CTBeHHoro rocynapcTBeHHoro H uepKOBHoro crpOJ1TeJ1bCTBa. OepBa.ll J.13 HHX - TpaaHU(1S! llepKOBHoro crpmneJlb- CTll8. - 3aKJIIO'-I8JIaCb B TOM. '1TO pyCCKM npaBOCJ18BHafi uepKOBb IHlI.peBJIe 06J1MaJi8 3H8'lHTeJ1bHbIMH cyne6Hb[MH nOJ1HOMO'l(1}IMH (COKpawaBIllHMHCfI. npaRlla. MaJlO-nOMaJlY Ha npOTIDKeHH(1 XV- XVII BB.)l. MeHee CTapo.naBHflSI Tpa.lU1UHH rocy.napCTBeHHoro C1]JOI1TeJ1bCTBa COCTOHJ1a B TOM, <ITO opraHH3aUl10HHaH Mo.neJ1b «e.nI1Horo X03H(1Ha» BOJUTOwaJlaCb B HallleH CfpaHe He TOJ1bKO Ha pemOHaJlbHOM YPOBHe (0 'leM }0Ke lll1Ia pe'lb Bblwe). HO H Ha YPOEIHe rex ueHTpaJIbHbJX opraHOB RJlHCTH. KOTopble BeLJ.aJIH TeMH (1J1H (1HbIMH npo4:JeccHOH8JlbHb]MH (1 COUH8JlbHb]MH rpyn- naMH ('lTO nopo}K.ll3Jlo B XVI-XVII BB. OTMe'-leHHYIO <<cy.ne6HYJO 'lepeCn0J10CHUY"). He.nb3H. TaK)f(e He 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe, 'lTO B npHBeneHHOM (]>parMeHTe n. 3 CHHoncKoro .nOKJ1Wla OT HOH.6p51 1721 r. OKa3aJJCH C$JpMYJlHpoBaH oCHOOOnO,"'IaralOllU1H npHH- UHn BellOMCTBeHHoM IOCTHUH(1: «W1emb noiJ OOIfUM ReiJeHueM u OXpQ1/eHueM» HJJH. Bb]PffiKID!Cb nO-COBpeMeHHOMY, «KeM ynpaBJUl- eUlb, Toro H CYJ],IIWM. KaK)f(e Ha .nOKJ1Wl C(1Ho.na OT HOH6pH 1721 r. mpearl1po- Ban 3aKOHO.1J.aTeJ1b? ne1]J I 3aHSIJ1 B 1l8HHOM CJl)"-lae SlBCTBeHHO KOMIlpOMHCCHyJO n03HllHIO. npe1lJlO)l(eHHe 0 pacll1HpeHHH cy- ne6HbiX nOJ1HOM O'IHH CHHOll3 B OTHOllleHHH nyxOBeHCTBa HMne- 1/Jepxo8c1roU n. B. YKa3. C04. T. I. C. 540. 20 3apOjf(j}CHHI1 III nepBOH1.'IWlbHOM pa3BI1THI1 uepKOBHOii: tOpl1C1lHK- UHI1 B Hawei1 CTpaHe B COBpeMeHHOH 1II1Tqxnype Hal160Jlee nonp06Ho CM.. lllan06 R. H. focynapcTBO 11 uepKOBb D.peBHei1 PyCI1 X-XIII fiB. M. 1989 C. 97-123. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 295 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. parop OCT3BI1J] 6e.J OTBem (nOllTBep.nHB. TeM caMblM. CI1J1Y npe)l(- HHX ycmHOBJ1eHHH). A BOT KaCaTeJIbHO HaCeJIeHH5I UepKOIIHblX 3eMeJlb neTp I paccyn.HJ1 HHalle. ComaCHO 38KOHYOT 19 Hml6p51 1721 r. (H3.D.8HHOMY B4Jop- Me IIblco'laf1wHx pe30J11OUHf1 Ha OTMe<leHHblf1110KJ18.!1 CB5ITef1we- fO CHHon:a). KpeCTb.llHe H ynpanHTeJII1 uepKOBHb]X BOT'Jl.1H nOll- Jle)I(aJIM llepKOBHOMY cyllY no BceM Ae.rraM - 38 MCKJ1IO'-IeHMeM «KpUYUHQ//Hbtx deA» (YMbllliJleHHb]X y6Mf1CTB, pa360eB H TaTh6bl C nOJII1'1HbIM)I. no TaKOBblM «KpMMHHaJlHbIM n.eJ13M» B 3aKOHe OT 19 H05l6p51 1721 L oroBapHBaJIaCb non.cyn.HOCTb HaceneHHH llcpKOBHblX 3eMeJ1b IOcTHu-KoJlJlenm H HHblM cyn.aM oGrneH JOpHCn.HKUI1H l . TeM C3MbIM, K KOHUY 1721 r. CHHO.1l nOJ1)f'II1J1 HHKaK He npeJIYCMOTPeHHytO D,yxOBHbIM perJlaMeHTOM npeHMy- rneCTBeHHYIO, HO Bce >Ke He I1CKJ1IO'-IHTeJlbHYIO fOpMC)ll1KUl1fO HaLl HaCeJ1eHl1eM llepKOBHb]X B01"'-lHH. OKOH'I3TeJIbHoe - DJlSI nepBOH 'IeTBepTl1 XVIII II. - pa3- rpaHI1'1eHMe CBeTCKOi1 11 uepKOIIHOH JOpMCn.HKUHH no JqJyry n.eJ1 6b/JI0 YCTaHOMeHO II 38KOHe OT 12 anpeJIfi 1722 r. (H3.1l8HHOM OmITb-TaK£1 II 4JoPMe IIbICO'laHllIHX pe30JIIOUHH Ha ollepellHoH n.0KJ18.!1 CBHTeHllIero CI1HOn.a). ComaCHO n.aHHOM)' 38KOHY K HC- KJ11O'-IHTeJlbHOH nOllcYllHOCTH opraHOB uepKOIIHOfO npaBOcyn.HSI GUJlM OTHeCeHb] n.e.na no 60roXYJlbCmy. epeTH'IecTB}', KOJl.nOB- cmy. npHHaIllIe>KHOCTH K cTapo06p5lJl'leCTB}'. 0 HaCHJlbCTBeHHOM nOCTpH)I(eHHH II MOH3X.H. a Tal0Ke 0 pacrop.>KeH(1H 6paK.l. B CBOIO [npencnmlIHeTUI 04ellHllHb1M. '1TO, He BKJl104l1B B 1OpI1CIlIIKUlilIO uep- KOBHblX BJIaCTeH «KpI1M(1HaJlHble neJl8". ne-rp I noc,eLlOBaJI OTe4eCTBeHHoi1 yr0J10BHo-npoUfccyanbHOH Tpa.nHUH(1 XVI-XVII liB.. no KOTOpoW n01lO6- HbIe neJ1a paccM<fIlJIulaJJ(1Cb - de jure BO BCeCOCJIOBHOM nopHllKe - ry6Hb]- MI1 opraHaM(1 YteCTI101106aBI1Tb, 'JTO (1]bHTHe (13 uepOOBHOH tOP"CLlHKUH(1 lleJI no 06BI1HeHwIM ll}"«JBHb]X nl1u II nywery6cTBe 11 pa360e 6bVlO cneuliI- anbHO nO.1lTBep)!(,lleHO ewe peWeHl1eM CTOrnaBoro co6opa 1550 r. (nonpo6- Hef 06 :nOM eM.: fu{JOlll#liKO A. 10. YKa3. C04. C. 81-83). lnOJlHoe COOpaHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 6. Ng 3854. C. 456. nO-BHllI1MOMY. HeT04HO I1HTepnpeTl1poBaB npl1BeLleHHyJO HOPiY 38KOHa OT 19 HO>l6pH 1721 f., H H E4JpeMOBa 01lJ11604HO yKaJaJJa. 'JTO CI1HO.1l Boo6lUe He no- nY411J1 npaBa CY!lHTb MOHacTbl)JCklf>: KpeCTbHH no yroJlOUHb]M lleJIaM (F4J- pe.M06UH. H CYIIOYCTpoikllJO POCCHI1... C. n). Y.TO KacaCTcH no.nCYliHOCTI1 HaCeJleHlliI uepKOBHblX JeMeJ1b no rocynapcrBeHHblM npeCl)'llIIeHI1HM npe- 06p3)l(eHcKoMY npl1J..<uy 11 Tai1Hoi1 KaHUeJI>lpl1l1, TO TaKOBaH nOD1:y.nHOCTb, nyMlIeTCH. nOllpaJYMeB8Jlacb II 3aKOHe OT 19 HOH6pH 1721 r. no yN:CUI'J8HHtO 3aKOHOllaTeJ\.ll. 
296 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 04epe.nb, K «roemawuy cyi.JJ,. B 1722 r. 3aKOHonarenb OTHeC 143- llpeBJIe paCCMaTpMBaBW(1eC5I B H8111e CTpaHe B uepKOBHbIX cy- nax lle.na 0 npecrYruJeHHSIX, COBepweHHblX Ha ceKCYaJIbHoiJ no'-l- Be (H3HacHJIOBaHl1e, npHHy;+:n.eHt1e K CmKJITeJlbCTBY 4>eOllaJIbHO JaBHCI1Mi>IX .>KeHWHH), HapyweHl1e cynp}I)KeCKOH BepHOCTJ1, KpO- BOCMeweHHe), a TaK)I(e n:eJIa 0 BHe6paLlHb]X .neT.IIX H 0 BCl}'JUJe- Him B 6paK 6e3 COrJlaCIUI poJI.lITel]eit. KpOMe TOro, B 3aKOHe OT 12 anpeJUI 1722 r. CneUl1aJIbHO OroB<lpMBaJlOCb, LITO CBeTCK0M}' cyny n01lJ1e)l(arIH rocy..oapCTBeH- Hhle CJ1)f)K3WMe. nOBHHHble B HenOll'lHHeHHI1 3aKOHHhiM Tpe60- BaHl15lM enapXHaJlbHOrO apXHepe.ll (Te. KTO «lie 6yoym 6 oyxoe- IIblX iJeAox n08UflO60mbCR enucKonav»)[. TaKHM 06pa30M, MO)({HO Bl1llen., <JTO B 3aKOHe OT 12 anpeJUI 1722 r. uepKOBHaH IOpHC- JU'IKUJ.m n01lBepfJlaCb cyweCTBeHHOMY orpaHM'JeHmo (OC06eHHO no KPYry nen). He B03H(1Kaer cOMHeHHM, 'lTO :no eOKpaweHHe o6'beMa LlepKoBHOMlOpl1CllHKUI1H 3aKOHOll3TeJlb ocywecTBI-JJI no o6pa:my WBeUHH, m.e uepKoBb Boo6we He 06Jlli1J.aJl8 HH nOnHO- MO'lHHMH B c<IJepe yronoBHoi1 lOCTHLlHH, HH JOpHcllHKllHei1 no Kpyry JlHU. LITO KacaeTCH HOBOM opraHHJaLlI1H uepKoBHoro cyn.a, TO B OKOH'laTeJlbHOM BI111e OHa 6bUla 3aKperuJeHa B CIilHOllCKOM yJ<a:Je OT 4 eeHT.II6p.ll 1722 r. 06 YKpenJleHHH HHCTIlHUHOHHOCTl1 B uep- KOBHOM eynonpoH3BODC113e2. ComaCHO .flOMY 3aKOHY B Ka'leCTBe uepKOBHOro eyre nepBOro (OCHOBHOro) 3BeHa BblCrynaJlH JlH60 HM30Bbie opraHbl yr1paBJleHHJI LlepKOBHb]MM BOT'-lHHaMM, JlH60 HH- 30Bbie opraHbl o6wero LlepKoBHoro ynpaBJIeHHH. Cyn.OM BToporo 3BeH8 B 3aKOHe OT 4 CelIT5I6pH 1722 r. onpen:eJlW[HCb, Bo-nepBblx, opraHbl enapXl1aJTbHOrO ynpaBJIeHI151, a BO-BTOpblX, nepelllelllllHe B 1721 r. B nOll'lHHeHHe CI1Ho.na UeHTpaJTbHb]e opraHbl UepKOB- HOM RlJ8eTI1 - J],yxOBHb]H H MOH8CTblpCKHM npI1Ka:Jb]J. COOTBeTcTBeHHo, paenpelleneHHe lIen Me)(([\y nepeLlHCJ1eH- HblMH uepKoBHblMH cYlIe6Hb[MH opraH8MH BTOporo 3BeH8 o6y- ] nonHoe cOOpaHl1e 3aKOHOB T b. Ng 3963. C. 651--651. B HCTOpI1KO- npaBOBOH nl1Tepmype Hal160J1ee nonp06HYfO '\."TepItCTIII(Y 3<lKOHa OT 12anpeJ1.111721 r.cM.'/(ymcK/JUff 0. E., JJroeiJetIB. M., CemilUli r 10 YKaJ. CO'J. T. 2. C. 468-470. 2n0J1Hoe COOpaHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 6. Ng 4081. C. 764-767. J3aTpynHI1TeJ1bHo nOHHTb, 'lT0 1l3JI0 OCHOBaHHe (]J. M. LlMI11pHeBY yJCa3JTb.. 'JTO BTOPYtO I1HCTaHUl1tO no OTHOWeHl1tO K HI130BbiM UepKOBHblM cynaM no 3aKOHY OT 4 ceHTfl6p>l 1722 r. 06pa30BaJlH elll1HCTBeHHO «3napXI1- aJlbHblC» 8pMtcpel1l1lvumpue6 rP. M. YKaJ. CO'J. C. 472). 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 297 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. CJlHBJlHBaJIOCb 'Glp3KTepOM n.ellli. I1JIH nOllcyn.HOCTblO OTBeT4HKa. MOHaCTbl)JCKHit np(1K33 (c 18 CeHT.II6pSl 1724 r. KaMep-KoHTopa CHHOllaJIbHOrO npaBJIeH(1S1) paccMaTp(1BaJI neJ1a k-pecTbSlH (1 ynpaB(1TeJiei4: uepKOBHblX BOT'-lHH, lIywBHb[it nPMI<.a3 - 6pa'lHO- ceMdiHb]e neJJa, a TIHOKe n.e)]a. B03HI1KaBWHe no 'leJ!06I1TblO npellcTaBl.JTeJ1eM n.yxOBeHCTBa npyr Ha llPyra l . BnpO'1eM, KaK S1B- CTByeT (13 $}rHllaMeHTaJlbHoro «OnI1CaH(1S1 llOK)'MeHTOB (1 lleJ!, xpaH5IlllHXCSI B apXHBe CB5ITeHruero npaBlrrerrbCTB)'lOruero CI1- HOll.a», Ha npaKTHKe, coo6pa3HO ynoMm-lLtBWej:jC5I Bblllle CTapo- MOCKOBCKOit Tp3,!lHU(1H. (1 opraHb] enapXHaJlbHoro ynpaBJIeHHJI, 11 C(1HO.1l8J1bHble np(1Ka3bl BblCl)'narJl1 TaICKe B p0J111 cyna nepBOM HHCTaHUHM - DJISI .>KJ1TeJ1eit TOi1 MeCTHOCTH. me OH(1 paCnOJ1a- raJIl1Cb. UepKOBHb]M Cyn.OM TpeTbero (Bb]Clllero) 3BeHa B 3aKOHe OT 4 ceHT5I6pH 1722 f. onpeneJ1W1C5I CBHTei1111l1it npaBHTeJ1bCTBYIO- lllHM CI1HOll.. TeM caMblM, B 3aKoHeOT4ceHTH6p5l1722 r. OJana- lJaCb 3a$HKC(1pOBaHa TpeX3BeHHIDI CI1CTef\.1a opraHOB uepKOBHoro npaBOCYllH5I. HeJ1b351 He OTMeT(1Tb TalOKe, 'lTO, B OTlJH'-II1e OT C(1- CTeMbl CYAOB o6111eit IOpHCllHKU(1H, B C(1CTeMe uepKOBHb]X CYAOB K 1722 r. He n05lBI1J1(1Cb opraHbI, $yJ-IKUHOHaJIbHO 11 CTPYKTYPHO OTneJ1eHHble OT opraHOB uepKoBHoro ynpaBJ1eHI1S1. Bnp04eM. B 1723 r 3aKOHO)J,aTeJIb npellnpHHJIJI nOnblTK)' Y4penHTb nOll'l(1HeHHbIj:j CHHOllY OC06bli1 opraH npaBOCY.llI1J1, CTPYKl)'pHO OTneJ1eHHbIH OT OpraHOB uepKOBHOrO ynpaMeHI151. no c06CTBeHHopY'IHO Hanl1CaHHOMY neTpOM 1 YK33}I OT 8 $eB- paJIfi 1723 r., C031l8BaJIaCb HOBaS!. (npaMa, HHKaK He Ha(1MeHO- BaHHIDI) KOJUJerHJI. K KOMneTeHUH(1 KOTOPO" 6bLIIO OTHeceHO paccMOTpeHl1e yroJ10BHb1X 11 rpa)f(ll8HCKI1X DeJ1 n.yxOBeHCma. AneJllHlWIOHHOM I1HCTaHUHeH no OTHOllleHl1lO K naHHOH KOJUJe- rHH onpe.neJlJIJIC5I CB5ITei1111Hj:j CHHO)J,. npH 3TOM OKOH'lareJ1bHO KOMneTeHUH5I HOBOY4pe)l(.lleHHOit KOJ1J1erHH B HMeHHOM YKa3e OT 8 $eBpaJIJI 1723 r. He YCTaHaB- lJl1BaJIaCb, a neKJ1apl1pOBaJJOCb lJl1111b HaMepeH(1e 3aKOHOllareJ1J1 per.llaMeHTHpOBaTb TaKYlO KQMneTeHU(1lO B 6YllyweM «<U KaKUM I P.iJOCpHyryJO llOJ<yMeHTaJlbHYIO xapaKTCplllCTHKY CYlle6Hb]X nOJ1HOMO- 'I1IIi1 no.n'JIIIHCHHblX CHHOllY ueHT]JaJlbHblX opGlHOB uepKoBHoH BJJ,"iCDI (no COCTOHHHIO Ha 4>eBpanb 1727 r.) eM.: «BenOMOCTH 113 CI1HO.na. 113 CeHaTa M HJ IIBYX BOUIiCKYlX KOJIJIerei1 0 I1X KOHrOpdJt. 11 KaKHH B HID lleJJa OTnpaWIH- tOTe.ll" II y.QI.11J,P. 1905. KH. 4. Orn. IV. C. 1-1. 
298 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I iJe.nlLU mym Ie KO.Uf!i!UUJ 6blmb, IJOC06OfJR, onpeiJe.lumb» )1. OllmiKO, KaK MO)I(HO BJ1JleTb 113 «OnHCaHI15I nOK)'MeHTOB (1 nen. xpaw[- ll1HXC B apXHBe CBHTeMlllero OpaBHTeJ1bCTBYlOlliero Ct1Ho.na», 3Ta eBoero pOlla C"HO.D.aJ]bH IOcnJU-KOJUlen1 TaK H He 6bUIa C03.D.8H8 B .aef1cTBI1TeJlbHOCH1 (8 "IeM TPYllHO He 3aMeTHTb CXO.ll- CTBa C }')ICe paccMoTpeHHoj:j MCTopMeH C OCHOBaHHeM B 1724 r. P03bICKH0f1 KOHTOpbl fipM CeH3Te). OcraeTC5I n06aBI1Tb, 'lTD BbillIeo6pHCOBaHHbie HOB31l1111 B 06JI8CU1 uepKoBHoro CYllOYCTpoi1cTBa 11 cynonpOH3HOllCTBa 00- JI)"-IHJlH OT'pa)KeHl1e H B npoeKTe YJlO)l(eHH.II POCCt1MCKOro rocy- napCTBa 1723-1726 fr. BonpocaM IOp"CllHKUHI1 PYCCKOH uepKBI1 OKa1aJlHCb nOCB5IweHbl CT. 2-10 fJ1. 2-(1 KH. I npoeKTa, ymep)I(- neHHble YJTO)KeHHoi1 KOMHccHei1 9 CeHT5I6p51 1723 r. 2 B <ffiCT- HOCTH, B CT. 3 «0 ewe C6flmeuwoeo CUH(x)a» 6blJlO BHeceHO 33- KOHo.n3TeJ1bHoe npetl,nOJlO)l(eHHe. B KOTOI'aM BocnpmnOOJIJ.UU1Cb HOpMbl 3aK0H8 OT 12 anpeJUI 1722 r. 0 pa3rpaHMLleHJIIJII CBeTCKOi1 M uepKoBHoi1 K>PJIICJlJIIKUMi1 3 I1TaK. MO)l(}{O KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, LITO Ha npOnDKeHJIIJII 1721- 1722 rr. - B paMKax npOBeJleHIDI pernaK>rnero 3Tana uepKoBHoii pe<):>oPMbl neTpa 1 - B HarneH crpaHe nOJlBeprJlI1Cb pe<):>oPMI1- pOBaHI1K> KaK OpraHltlawm UepKOBHOro CYlla, TaK 11 uepKOBHoe CYAonpOM3Bo.nCTBO. liTO KaCaeTCSI uepKOBHOro CYJI.OyCTpOi1CTBa. TO 1-l<iI160l1ee 3HaLlJIIMbiM M3MeHeHJlleM 311eCb CJ1e1lYeT npltlHaTb 03Ha'l3.BWee OTMeHY Jl81JU18prneCTBa YlJpe)[{1lemle CmlTei1rnero npaBl'treltbCTBYJOlllero Omo.na. KOTOpblH JaHfIlI B CI1CTeMe op- raHOB uepKoBHoro npanoevnIDI MecTO cyAa TpeTbero (BbIClllero) 3BeH8. npl1 TIOM BO Bcex <mcrSlX MeXaHI13Ma uepKoBHoft BJl8CTI1 COXpaHI1J1OCb Tp3lll1UI10HHOe CT]JYKTYPHae elll1HCTBO allMI1HI1- crpan.1BHbIX 11 CYAe6HbiX apraHOB. I1Hb]MJII CJ10BaMM. o60co6JJeH- Hble OT apraHOB ynpaBJIeHI1JI uepKOBHble cynb] He nO.llBMJ1MCb B POCCJIII1 11 npl1 neTpe I. B o6nacTH uepKoBHoro cynonpOJll3BOnCTBa B ueHTpe BHI1- MaHI1H 1aKOHo.naTeJ\H B 1721-1722 rr. H3XOD.I{J]I1Cb cyne6Hble nOJ1HOMOlJI1H opraHoB uepKoBHoii BJIaCTI1. B OTHOrneHl111 o6'beMa 3THX nOJIHOMO'II1i1 n0311UHH neT]Ja 1 OTJlH<IaJl8Cb ABOHcTBeHHo- CTbK>. C OJlHOi1 CTOPOHbl. C MOMeHTa l13.LlaHI1H D.yxOBHOro perJIa- MeHTa IOpI1CJlHKllHOHHhle nOJ1HOMO'IIDI PycCKoii npaBOCMUJHoit ] 3aKoHo.naTeJ1bHb[e aKTb] nerpa I. c. 115. F: %: j1:: R: J:: f2 06. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa CIiICfeMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 299 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. uepKBH nOCT05IHHO B03pacrnJU1, xar51 H He AOCl11rJlH K 1723 r. TOro ypOBHSI., KOTOPb]M uepKoBb 06narraJl8 B naTpH8pWHH ne- pHOll[ (He roBOp51 )')Ke 0 60J1ee paHHHX BpeMeHax). C npyroti CTopOHbl, comaCHO 3aKOHaM OT 19 H05l6p5l1721 r.11 OT 12 anpe- JlSI. 1722 r., ct»epa uepKoBHoti K>pI1CllHKUHI1 nOllBepmaCb 3Ha<m- TeJlbHOMY COKpaweHI1K> no KPYry nen B CBOK> oyepe.nb, 3Ta HenOCJ1ellOBaTeJlbHOCTb 3aKOHO./W.TeJ1S1. B onpe.neJ1eHHH rpaHHU uepKoBHOn JOpI1C1U'IKUI1H Sl.BI1J13Cb CJ1ell- CTBHeM 3arpYllHeHHn. B03HHKWI1X nO XOllY aaanTaUHl1l1llelUlbHOn MOneJ11-! Polizeistaat K pOCCI1MCKJ..:IM YCJlOBl-UlM. neJlo B TOM. "lTO HaJII1"ll1e Y pvccKOH uepKBH t1CCTapt1 CJ10>KHBWIt.1OCfI 06Wt1pHblX cyne6HblX nOJ1HOMOlII1H HHKaK He COOTBeTCTBOBaJlO npl1HUHnaM KaMeplUll13Ma t1 He I1MeJlO, CTOI1T nOBTOpHTb. lICDKe OTllaJIeHHOrO aHaJlora B WBeKI'IX 06prouax. B I1Tore, B Bonpoce 06 OpraH(1- 33U(1(1 H nOJIHOMO"lHflX uepKOBHblX CYllOI! OeTp I OK83aJ1CfI nepell 06'beKl11BHO HepewaeMoi1: 3<\lla"len - COBMeCTI1Tb lpNU'lUI1H OTe- "leCTBeHHoro I'Ol.ynapCTBeHHoro (1 uepKoBHoro ClpOJ.'lTeJIbCTBa C HOl!eHWI1Mt1 nOCTIDKeHIDIMH 3anaDHOeBpOneHcKoi1 nOJlt1Tt1KO- npaBoBoH MbICJIIi. B nOll06HblX YCJlOBH5IX nepBblH POCCI1HCK(1H I1Mnep8TOp l136plUl B Ka"leCTBe OCHOBHOH JI(1Ht1H CJlellOnaHHe OTe"leCTBeHHoH Tp3llHUlm uepKOBHOro CTpO(1TeJlbCTBa. I1MeHHO B PYCJle 3TOi1: TpaIlHUlm 38 PYCCKOH uepKOBblO (nYCTb 11 de jure nOn ' lt1HeHHOii B 1721 r. CaMO.l1ep)f{aBHOM)' roCYllapCTny) 6bUla coxpaHeHa 3Ha- 'lHTeJ1bH85I JOpHC.l1HKUHfI. HMeHHO B PYCJle 3TOi1 TP3.l1HUH(1 CB5I- Tei1W(1n C(1HO.n npeBpaTHJlC5I B nO<JTH «ell(1Horo X03.11HHa» B OT- HoweHHH HaCeJleHHSI. uepKOBHbIX 3eMeJlb, HMCHHO B PYCJle 3TOi1: lp3.l1HUHI1 B Hawei1 CTpaHe TaK 11 He n05lBHflHCb o60co6.JIeHHb]e OT OpI"aHOB ynpaBJ1eHI151 UepKoBHbie cynbl. Err.HHCTBeHHOH 3Ha- <mTeJlbHOM YCTynKOH 3aKOH0.l1aTeJlSI. I1CXO.l1HO npl10pt1TeTHblM WBe.l1CKHM 06p83uaM CTaJlO npoH3BelleHHoe B 1722 r. cOKparue- HHe uepKoBHoi1 K>PHCllI1KUI1(1 no KPYry lleJ1. I B I1CTopI1Ko-npaBOBOW JlI1Tepal)'pe Ha :otTO 06cr0menbCfBO o5pa- THJI BHI1MaHl1e n. B. BepXOBCIo.OO. a HeliaBHO M. f. lJ.po611Ha (/Jepxoo- CKOiJ n. B. YKa3. CO']. T. I. C. 542-543; J]po6UHG M. J: YIQJ]. C04. C. 19). 
300 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I  4. nD.QC..,cTeMa ManlcTpaTCKI1X CY,QOB B 1721-1727 IT. rl1aBa «0 cyiJax pa)KdaHcl(ux» PemaMeHTa rl1aBHoro MantCTpaTa 1721 .... Tenepb HMeeT CMblCJI nepdiTl1 K BOnpocy 0 npeo6pa3olJa- Hinl B rollb] cyne6Ho pet}:lopMb] OeTpa I TaUIX cneU(1a.rn13I1- pOBaHHblx cyne6HbLX opraHoB, KaK cynbl DJlJI THfJIhlX ropmK8H (<!JYHKUIUI KOTOpblX BblnOJlHSlJUI cywcCTOOBaBllll1e c XVI B.)')Ke ynoMHHanwl1ccH 3eMCKlilC "3Gb!). 31lCCb Hev6XOilltMO OTMCTJ.1Tb. npe>K.!le BCerO,llBa MOMeHTa. C OllHOti CTOpOHbl, 1101106HO Cl-nya- L(MH c pepMHpOBaHl1eM B Ha'laJIe 1 720-x rLllcpKOBHOro cYJJ;a, npe0f)pa3oBaHMc cyna JI,JUI TIlrJIb]X mpO>KaH (nOCarICKI1X JIJ01lei1:) OcyllleCTIDUUlOCb 3aKOHo.uaTeJ1CM He o60co6JJcHHO. a B paMKax MarHCTpaTcKoH pe$:>PMbl 1720-1721 rr. (HJlH II roPOllCKOH pe- $:JPMbl nCTpa I). C npyroH CTOpoHbI, B OTJlH'lI1e OT clfryaUHI1 c UepKOBHbIM CYllOYCTPOf1CTBOM 11 cYllonp0l13BOllCTBOM, lIJIfl 113MCHCHI1H n CI1- CTeMe ropO.!lCKI1X CYllOB WBel\CKJ.1e 06P<l3Ubl KaK p<l3 HMeJJI.'ICb. KaK)')Ke rooopl1JJOCb. n Wnelll1l1 B Ha'laJIe XVIII B. $YHKUMO- Hl1pOB3JJ11 nBe pa3HoBruIHOCTH cynoB DJm ropmIGu-J: TaK H33bl- BaeMb]H «M8Jlb]H cynl> (ki.imnerslri:iU) H C06CTBeHHO «ropO.!lCKOi1 cyll» (radstuvuri:itt). B K3'leCTBe aneJIJIJlUHOHHOj..j I1HCTaHUI1I1 DJHI «MaJlOro» cy1l3 Bblcl)'naJI «ropollCKoj..j" cyll, a B Ka'leCTBe aneJI- JHIUHOHHOH I1HCTaHUHI1 DJl5I «roponcKoro,) - aneJlJl5lUHOHHblH CYll (hovraU)I. 5IBJl5Illwt1ik5l. Heo61(ollJ1MO HanOMHt1Tb, CYlle6HbiM opraHOM o6weH IOpl1Clll1KUI1R H8'laJIO II ropollCKOi1 pe<):>opMbl 6bUl0 nOJIO)KeHO (13J]aHI1- eM 13 t!:>eBpaJISl 1720 L MMeHHoro YKa38. no KOTOPOMY 6pl1ra- DJ1p 10. 10. Tpy6eUKoi1 Ha3H3'1aJICJI «o6ep-npe3UdelimoM lIad Ma- 2ucmpamb/». ComaCHO ")TOMY YKa3Y Y'-Ipe>K1laJlC5I He I1MeBWI1H aHaJIoroB B WneUHI1 KOJlJlerHaJlbHO ycrpoeHHblH UeHTpaJIbHblH opraH BJl8CTH, Bel\aBWI1H T51mblM roponcKIilM HaCeJleHl1eM. KOM- nereHUI1di BO MHOroM HanOMI1HaBUJMH Parywy 1699-1710 rr. 11 Ha3B8HHbIH BCKOpe rJl8BHb]M MamCTpa-rOM. B I1MeHHOM YKa3e OT 13 t!:>eBPaJlSI 1720 J. nepe.n HOBblM nellOML,HOM 6blJIa nOCTaBJIeHa CKDJJb 06pa3HO. CTOJIb M eMKO c<t>oPMpmpOBaHHa51 rleTpOM I jM8'la - <'p03CblnaHHYIO xpa- MUll)!>' POCCI1HCKOrO KYJle'leCTB3 <.naKU c06pamb». I1HblMI1 CJ10BaMI1. rJla BHOMY MarHCTp3l)' HallJIe)[(aJlO BOCCTaHOBHTb I Peterson C.Op.Clt. P.JI8. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 301 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. ToproBo-npOMbllllJleHHblj:j nOTeHU(1aJ] POCCHj:jCK(1X fOpO,!lOB, no.rropBaHHbl(1 MHoroJleTHHMH THroTaM(1 CeBepHoj:j BOj:jHbL lLrm BbmOJlHeHH51 TaKOBOj..j 3aD.8'1.H B HMeHHOM YKa3e OT 13 Bpa.rrH 1720 r. 3aKOHo.rraTeJlb HaneJllUJ rJl8BHblH M8mcTpaT B OTHOllle- HHH nocanCKOfO H8CeJIeHHH He TOJIbKO 8l1MHHHcrpaTI1BHblMH, HO (1 CY.lle6Hb]MH nOJIHOMO'l.(1.11MH (Be.1laTb «6CeX lCyneileclCux 1110- i)eu (}WM>o-)[ B OKOH'l.3TeJibHOM BHlle $yHKUHH H CTal)'C f JIaBHOro Mam- crpaTa (a TIUOKe 06Pa30BaHHb]X BMeCTO 3eMCKHX H36 fOPOllOBb]X MafI1CTpaTOB) 6WIH 3aKpen1leHbl B PefJl8MeHTe fJlaBHoro Maft1- CTpaTa, nOllroTOB}cy KOTopOro (nepBoH8<JaJIbHO - B BHlle I1H- crPYKUt1H o6ep-npe3H1leHl)' «HaIl M8mcrpaTbl») neTP 1 nOPY'IHJl KaMep-COBeTHt1K)' feHpHXY <D t1Ky 1. COCTaBJIeHHblH r. <DHKOM )')Ke K MaIO 1720 f. 3aKoHonpoeKT nOCl)'nWi CHa'l.aJIa H3 JJ;opa- 60TKY K o6ep-ceKpeTaplO CeHaTa A fI. ilt'KHHY. a 3aTeM 6b1J1 OTnpaBJIeH H8 03H3KOMJIeHHe CeH8TOpaM H Kl Kl Tpy6eUKOMY. OrpellaKTl1poBaHHblii - C )"-IeTOM MHeH(1j:j CeHaTopoB H o6ep- npe3l111eHTa fJ18BHOro Mafl1CTpaTa - 3aKOHonpoeKT pacCM8TPt1- Ba.rrCH BCJlell 3a :m1M H8 38Ce1l8HI.JH CeHaTa 16 JJ;eKa6pH 1720 r., npoxollHBweM C Y'18cn1eM neTpa I. nOcJle BHeceHHH nonpanOK H JJ;OnOJIHeHHH HenOCpe,!lCTBeHHO MOHapXOM 3aKoHonpoeKT npo- I nOJ1Hoe COOpaHl1e ]aKOHOB. T. 6. N! 3510. C 131. f-tut6onee lle- TaJ1bHOe I13JlO)KeHl1e 06CTOHTJlbCTB )"Jpe)K1leHHfI fllaBHoro MamcT)JaTa B nl1Teparype eM.: BoiJapc.KUU H. E. Ii] ItCTOpHI1 CO:w.aHIUI fnaRHoro Mam- C1J!<ITd II Bonpocb[ COUHWlbHO-3J<OHOMI1'JecMIU I1CTopl11111 I1CT04HI1KOBC- lleHlII.II nepl101kl <Pe0.naJIl1]Ma B POCCHI1: C6 CTaTeH. M., 1961. C. 108-111. HosetiwylO TjJaKTOBI<}' BOnpoca 0 npaBoBoti JTpl1pone f naBHoro Man:1C1]J<IJa 11 0 ero nOJlO)KCHI1I1 B pc4x:!PMI1POBaHHOM rocynapcTBCHHOM tI[][]apaTC Poc- CIIII1 H<I'Ia.a 1720-x rr. eM.: AHUH/'lffJ8 E B. fOCYllapcTBeHHb]e npeo6pa.]()- B3HI1}J C 135-138. 0 lle>lTJlbHOCTI1 fJIaBHoro ManlCl]Jdfd 1720-x rr. KaK opraHa ynpaBJIeHI1f! eM.: /((n108l1 H. B. YKaJ. CO'[. C. 227-240. no IIICTOpl1111 MantC1]JiITCKoi1 pe<PoPMbI 1710-1711 rr. eM. TI\lOKe: AI'JX18b€6 A. B. 06pa- 30BaHlile MaJHCTp8:fOB 11 nepBb]e rO,Ub] I1X neHTeJIbHOCTH (no Marepl1aJ1aM MocKoBcKow J)&PHHI1): ABTOpe$. llHC. no KaHll. I1CT. Hay!(. M.. 1956; OH JK:e. 06pa:JOBaHl1e MOCKOBCl<Oro Marl1crpaTa II BeCTHI1K MOl Cep. 9 d1CTOPUf!» 1963. Ng 3. C. 64-68- 1 n011P06HOe paccMOTpeHl1e Bonpoca 00 IICJOPI1I1 Bb]pa6OTKI1 nepBO- ro PemaMeHTa fnaBHoro MaIl1C1p1ffil CM.: /kxJapacrJiJ H. E. npoeKT Pe- maMeHTa f.naRHoro MafHCTpaTa 11 era pe.naKUI1I1 (1720 r) II npo6neMbl I1CT04HIiIKOBe.neHI1H. M., 1962. Bb]n. 10. C. 195-207: Ko:w;I6u H. B. YKa3. CO'I. C. 114-120. 061lJY1O xapaKTeJJHCTHI<}' npeLlJlO)KeHIIIW f. Q)HKa 1718- 1720 rr. KaC.rreJ1bHO peopraHI13aUI1I1 roponCKoro ynpaBJIeHI1.11 B POCCI1I1 CM.. Peterson C. Op. cit. P.265-166. 
302 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I weJl CTlUU1CTl1l.JeCKYJO o6pa6OTKv 11. B (1Tore. nOJi)"-l11J] yrBep)l()]e- Hl1e 16JIHBapH 1721 r. 1 BonpocaM ropollCKuro cynOYl.1pOiiCTBa 11 (.:YIlunpOlBHoll- CTBa reHpl1X C1>J.JK nOCBHTI1J1 oco6ylO, many 9 JaKOHonpoeKTa. 1I8KOHI1'IHO 03arnaBJTeHHYJO «0 iJeAax IOCmuuu». B Ha3BaHHOH rJlane r. <}:I(1K npe.!lllO>KIUI. 'lTo6bl cy.nOM nepBoro (ocHoBHoro) 3BeHa JI.JlSI TJlrJ1bIX ropmKaH SlBJUIJIC.II 6bl Man1CTpaT. CynoM BTO- para 3BeHa (H 8neJIJUllU.iOHHoit HHcTaHllHeH DJlSI MSn'lCTpaTIl) feHp(1X <I>I1K Bl1lleJI npOBI1HUl1aJIbHb]j:j eyn, cynOM l"pen£w 3Be- H8 - HaDBOpHblH cyn. l . COBeprneHHo O'lemtllHO, 'JTO n01l06Ha.H cynoycTpOiiCTBeH- HID! KOHCTPYKUHH (npM KOTOPO" BbICl}'naBWHH B pOJ1i'! cne- W1aJ1H3I1pOIJaHHOro CYL18 M8r11CTpaT OKa:JbIBaJlCH npHCTblKOBaH K CHCTeMe CYAOB o6wei1 IOp(1C.DJIKl.lJ.'IH) THJlOJTOB'I'JeCKH BOC- npml3Bo.nHJla oxapaKTepH30BaHHb]H Bbillie WBellCK(1H o6paJell. O.!l;H8KO, HeCMOTpH HB TO, 'lTO ClpaTeni"leCKa.ll JIHHHSI H8 no- C11)(!eHMe B POCCMM Polizeistaat no nOllo6mo WBeUI1M OCTB- Ba.nBCb B 1720 r. ewe Bpolle 6bl He3bI6JleMOH, pacCMOTpeHHble npeDJIO)({eHM5I r. C1>HKa 6blJlH nOJ1HOCTbJO oTBepfHyrbl. B3aMeH KOHCTPYKlU1H reHpHxa <}:It1Ka o6ep-ceKpernpb AHHCHM ll!yKt1H npeDJIO)({HJl HHYJO. '{HCTO BellOMCTBeHHYJO LleTb]peX3ReHHYfO CH- CTeM}l cy1l0B J]J1J1 T5IrJlb]X ropo)({aH: roPOOOBOj:j M8n1CTpaT - M8- rI1CIpaT npOBMHUHarlbHOro rojXlD.B - Man!CTpaT rybepHCKOro rojX)na - I.naBHblU MarHLipaT. H KOHue KOHUOB. B rJI. '} I-'e r.naMeHTa rJ1aBHoro MBnJCTpa- Ta 1721 r. (nOJl}I'JHBwei-i HToroBOe Ha3BaHt1e «0 cyaax 2paJlCdaH- CKUX>}) HaUUla 3aKpeJUleHt1e OPleTJIHBO BOCXonJIBWasJ K npell- JTO)({eHHfO A. fI. WyKI1Ha 111p(!U6f!HHOfl CHCTeMa CTPYKTYPHO He OTlIeJleHHb]X OT opraHOB ropollCKOro caMoynpaBJIeHMSI cyliOB DJIS1 nOCailCKJIX; ro fiOBOf1 Man1CT T-Man! ar n BHHUHaJlb- Horo rOJJQll8 J1813HbUi MBnt crpa T. TO" >Ke rn. ern8MeH- I no nHoe coopaHlile 3aKOHOB. T 6. Ng 3708. C. 291-309. nOCJlellHee no RpeMeHI1 neT<LlbHoe pacCMOTpeHl1e n01lO)I({"HI1H naHHoro PernaMeHJa B JlI1Tep,nype eM.: U1/tram R. Op. at. Bd 1. S. 151-157. !lJoiJopawii H. E npoeKT Per.mJMeHJa fJl<lBHOJO Marl1CrpaJa... C. 199. }nonHoe coopaHl1e 33KOHOB. T. 6. Ng 3708. C 1%. K HacroHllleMY BpeMeHI1 BOTTpoc 06 opraHl13aUHI1 11 4JYHKUHOHltpOBaHI1I1 MamcrpmcKHX cy.uos 1710-x n. n04TH He MJpdHfBaJlCH B I1CTopI1Ko-npa80Boi1 nI1TepaT)'- pe. Kp.rn.."}'10 Xapm..-.qJIICTIIKY HaJrntHHb!X opraHOB npaBOCynl1.11 CM . ILwu- mptt£fJ (/J. M YKaJ. C04 C. 485--487; YeIU{fJ(l-6e6..1'm06 M. A. YKa3. C04. JZOJl.BM' ,,O}l:1O.iiy':' '2.Cf:.61gi4f'fIlll- 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 303 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. Ta 3aKOHQillIT('JIb 6ccnpeue.nCHTHO pacw(1pl1J1 cyne6HYiO KOMnC- TeHUl1lO M8rncTpaTOB, OTHeC.I1 K t1X no.rrcynHOCTJ1 na)l(e neJla no 06BJ.1HeHt1fO nOCaD.CKHX JllOlleti 13 oco60 T.I1}f(I(J.1X npecrynJleHt1- HX (YMblUUleHHbIX y6Hi1cTB8X, p8360.l1X t1 TaTb6e C nOJlt11.JHbIM). CrOlH H8nOMHt1Tb, 'ITO TaKOBble neJ1a HaXOnl1J1t1Cb no 1721 r. B HCKIlf04HTeJ1bHoit nOl{BellOMCTReHHOCTI1 JOcT(1li-KOJlJlennt t1 HHb]X cynOB 06111di fOP(1C1UIKliHH (a B XVI-XVII BB. - B no.n- senoMcTBeHHOCT(1 ry6HbIX opr8HOB). B HTOre. BHe fOP(1C.!l(1KLlHH M8rHCTpaTOB OCTaJIHCb ellHHL,BeHHO neJla nO 06BI1HeH(1fO T}[- mblX ropmK8H B rocyn8pCTBeHHbIX npeCl)'I1.IICHIDlX- XapmcrepHO, 'JTO t1MCHHO 130 BCT)'ItHTCJ1bHOM pa311eJ1e maBbl 9 3aKOHOllaTeJ1b np.l1MO 060CHOBaJI He06xOlll1MOCTb H8- neJleHt1 HOBOBJ1eHHbIX \18rHcTp8TOB CTOJ1b 3H81.JHTeJlbHbIMIil fOPHCllHKU(10HHb]MH nOJIHOM04HMH CTpeMJIeH(1eM 06ecne'JHTb nocaaCKOM)' HaCeJ1eHHfO OTcyrCTBoBaBWYiO K TOM)' BpeMeHH Be- nOMCTBeHHYlO 3allll1ry OT np0H3B0J18 MeCTHOit aD.MHHHCTpaUHR KaK Y1IPY4CHHO KOHCT8rnpOBaJ10Cb B OTMC'JCHHOM paJ1lenc, «xy- nelfKue u pe.fJfL'C"lelilibie fY/J/CJlble J/lOrJU 60 6cex i?OpoiJax 06pemOlOmCR lie 11101CUO 6 KaKOM npU3peHUu, IiO nalle omo eCRKUX 06uiJ, lianaiJKo6 u OmHi!OllfeHUU HeCHOCHblX eoea J/U He 6ce pa30peHbl, om 'lei!O OHblX eeCbMa y.ML1.ilUllOCb. U Y:HCe mo ecmb lie 6e3 eOJiCHOi!O ax:yiJcJpclllfJel/- IiOi?O epeoa»[. CamaCHO TOit JKe m. 9 Pefn8MeHTa npOBHHUHaJlbHble M8- rHCTpaTbl BblcrynaJ1H nO OTHOWCH(1fO K ropOllOBblM M8rl1CTpaTaM B Ka'JCCTBe anCJ1JIUt10HHoti HHCTaHUHH. A BOT DIaBHblM Mart1- CTpaT 6bUJ HMeJ1eH nOJIHOM01.JH5IMt1 He TOJlbKO aneJIJI.I1UJ.10HHoii t1HCTaHUt1t1 (no OTHOIlleHt1fO K npOBJ.1HUHaJ1bHbIM MamCTpaTaM), HO t1 nOJIHOMO'IHSlMH HHCTaHUt1H peBI13J10HHo-pewaJOweH: o6S1- 3aTeJ1bHOM)' ymep>K.LleHmo B rJlaBHOM Mafl1CTpaTe nOlUleJKaJ!H BblHeCeHHbie roPOllOBb]MH H npOBHHUHaJlbHblMH MarHcTpaTaMH CMepTHbie np(1 rOBOpbl. HSKOHeu, He06xOlll1MO oTMeTHTb. 'JTO B I nOJ1Hoe COOpaHlile 3aKOHOB. T. 6. N 3708. C. 296. Me>II.IIY np0411}.1. HeJlb3H He OTMeTl1Tb CQlI.eJ»IGITeJbHOro c>:oJ1C1B3 npHBe.neHHoro 4JparMeH- Ta C 4x:!pMynl1poBKaMI1 npeaM6YJlbi 03HaMeHoBaBwero Ha'JaJ10 I ropollCKOIt pe4x:!PMb[ nerpa I Bb]weynoMflHyroro 3aKOHa OT 30 .IIHBapH 16W r. 00 )"Jpe:>K1leHI1I1 EiYPMI1CTepCKOi1 naJ18Tbll1 peopraHI13aUI1I1 JeMCKI1X 1136. CTO- lilT nOBTOpI1Tb. "ITO B 1699 r. 3aKOHOllaTeJlb MOTHBl1poBaJI He06XM1tMOCTb nepeBOLl8 noca.o:CKoro H8CeJleHWI B nOLlcynHocTb opraHoB ropoLlCl<oro C8- Moynpm3JIeHI1H C"IpeMJIeHl1eM OCs060lUfTb THfJlb]X mp!J}kaH ur ".'IlIKk!UX. K IiUM 6O€fll'IiJc.1aIX U 'IfJU'W3IiblX moiJeCi 06uo U 1iG.ilOl U I/tJ()(){iOfl U 6.11InIKw. (TaM )l(e. TnIcip;;;OOHOB. T. 6. Ng 3708. C. 296. 
304 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HI. 9 PenlaMeHTa r JlliBHOCO MamC"JpaTd peryIll1pOBaJiC5I nopHllOK q.opMWpOB8HHSI. COBMeCTHoro cyne6Horo npHcyrCTBH5I113 'l1IeHOB Marl1CTpara H cynej..j HallBOpHOro cyna, KOTOpOe o6pa30BbIBillJOCb B TOM CJ1)"-Jae, eCJIH CTOpOHaMH B npouecce OK83blBaJlHCb T5IrJ1b[jj ro}XI)({am'IH H JlI1UO. He nO.LlCYliHoe MarJ.fCTpal)'. nOK33aTeJlbHO. 'JTO B JJI. 14 «0 6IIacmU Mall«mpamc.I,:vU'" Pe- rJl<lM:ema fJIaBHOro I'lIaIHC1p<IT3. 1721 L JaKOHo.naTeJIb 1IonO]]H(1- TeJlbHO BHec oc06b]j:j 3anpeT HanpaB!HITb D,eJla no 06m1Hemno no- CaL\CKI1XIllQllei'i (wm neJ18 no I1CKaM H8 HI1X) B npmnoolK,BO KaKHX 6bl TO HI1 6blJIO I1HblX cyne6HblX opr.1HOB., KpOMe MafHcrpaTOB (<<lie Had1eJKUm HU ljXlJlaJaHU(()M)'. HU eoeHHQwy Ha'ta1bHU«Y i!fXlJ/aJaHUHG [lO{XXJI«JHUHaj K' CJOv IK/.1bl6!Imb...t»I. B more. Jaf(JX:JUleHHbljj B PemaMeHTe r JlaBHoro MaJ1tcrpaTa OT 16 Sl.HBap51 1721 r. 06beM aD.MMHHClpamHHb]X H cYAe6Hbix JlQJ1HOM04M(1 MarncrpaTCKOro Be- llOMCTBa OKa3aJ1CR CTQJ1b 3H8'l(1TeJ1eH, '1TO H8 JlQllo)((em'J5[ llaHHOro PermLMeHl"fl COC1lMCSI. CmrreHUIM(1 CI-1Ho.ll B Jl. 3 OxaJIDCfepIt30BaH- HOro Bblwe .D.OK/18Jl.a OT H0.I161'H 1721 r. - .rum 060cHOBaHWI nplfTH- JaHI1j..j Ha yseJIw.JeH"e 06beM3 'IaKOBb(X }f(e co6crBeHHblX nOJIHOMO- ',mj..j B OTHOWeHl111 nyxOBeHCTBa M HaceJ1eHWI uepKoBHblX 3eMeJ1b]. Me)(Q),Y TeM, H 6e3 TOro 06w"pHble fOpHC.D.HKW10HHble nOJ1HOMO'UUI fJ1aSHOrO MarHCTpaTa OKa3aJ1MCb ewe GOJIee YBe- J1H'-IeHbl oceHbfO 1721 r. ComaCHO .D.OHb]He He BBO.D.HBweMYCSI B HaY'-IHblj:j 060pOT " He ny6nI1KoB<:IBweMYCSI 3aKOHY OT 16 OKTIl- 61'51 1721 r., B nO.D.cy.D.HOCTb fIl8BHOro M8f11CT1'aTa " ero MeCT- HblX o1'raHoB nepenaBaJlMCb rpIDKnaHCKMe M yroJIOBHbie neJIa B OTHOWeHI1" B1'eMeHHo np0>Kl1BaBWI1X B PacCMH "HocTpaHHblX npennpl1l-1HM8TeJ1ei1 (<<uH03eMl{06 KyneqKux fllOOeu» )3. nOCJ1enHHj:j 1'a3 K Bonpocy 0 MarHCTpaTCKoj:j fOCTHUMI1 nelp I 06paTl1J1CSI B 1724 L B ymep)l(JleHHoj:j B 1724 L HH- CTPYKUHI1 MarHCTpaTaM 6bUlH BOCnp0l13BelleHbi n0J10}f(eHI1S1 fJI. 9 PefJI3MeHTa fJlliBHOro M8rl1CTpaTa OT 16 SlHB<:IpSl Inl r., KaC8B- Wl1ecSI f\.l8rl1CTpaTCKoro CYlloyc-rpoj:jcTBa H cy.D.Onpo(13BOIlCTBa. CoonreTCTBeHHo. nOJIHOMO'mSi Mafl1CTpaTCKI1X cynoB nepBoro H BTOpOro 3BeHa OJanaJIHCb 3ill]>i1KCMpOBaHbl B CT. 9 Ha3BaHHoi1 HHcrpyKUI1M. a nOp5lJlOK I1HCTaHUHOHHoro npoXO)l(JleHI1S1 .D.eJI B MarHCTpaTCKHX CYllax - B CT. 28 HHCTpyKUI1I1 4 . ] nonHoe c06paHlile 3aKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 3708. C. 300. 2TaM.>Ke.NQ3854.C.456. 3PfAllA, t1J. 148. KH. 905, n. 4191npiLlICDKeHI1e II. NQ 31 4no nHOe c06paHl1e 3aKOH08. T. 7. NQ 4624. C. 390, 394. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 305 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. He06xo.1U1Mo. o.TMeTI1Tb, 'ITO paCCMo.TpeHHble Bblllle Ho.PMbl H3 rJl. 9 i1 14 PerJIaMeHTB fJlBBHo.ro f\.l8.rI1CTpBTa 1721 r. 0. no.'-ITH HCKJIIO'lHTeJ1bHo.t1 nOllcy.uHo.CHI TfJ]bIX ropO}f(aH MarHCTpaTaM OTHlOllb He o.CTaJlHCb MepTBOH 6YKB0t1. KaK SlBCTByeT H3 apXHB- HblX MaTepHaJ1o.B, B lleJIaX C Y'laCTHeM no.CaIlCKHX JlJallei! CYlle6- Hble o.praHb] 06wdi JOpHCllHKUHH B CaMo.M lleJIe carJ1aCaBblBaJll.f )(8)I(..IJ;ae npellnpHHHMaeMo.e CYlle5Ho.-CJle.uCTBeHHoe .uef1:CTBHe c CIOWHM MarHCTpaTOM. Hanpl.fMep, 29 HIOJI 1723 r. .JlpaCJ18BCKHH HaLlBapHblH cyll 06pllTl1J1c5I B .JlpaCJl8BCKI1H M8- rncTpaT C npacb60M HanpaBHTb B DaHHbiM cy.u .llJUI npoBe.ueHHH .uanpocaB H o.'lHbiX CTaBaK TpeX >KMTe.net:i .JlpaCJ1aWUI, Ha KaTa- pblX llaJ1 aMH'lHTeJ1bHble no.KaJaHI1H 06BHHSlBlllHf.:iCH B BapaB- CTBe M. KI1PHJ1o.B. 17 o.KTH6pSl Taro }f(e 1723 r. .JlpacJJaBcKHH ro1JrepMXT 3anpaCHJI y .JlpaCJ1aBCKo.ro f\.l8.rHCTpaTa p33pellleHl1e o.cyllleCTBlHb .uonpac (a TaK}f(e o.ne'laTaTb no.M) no.Ca,D,CKara 'Ie- J1aBeKa EopHcome6cKaH CJ1o.6011bl n. YpollOB3., 3ano..u03peHHo.ra B y'-l8CTI1I1 B npecrynHaH rpynnHpoBKe l . HeJ1bJ5I ralOKe He ynaM51H)'Tb, 'lTO o.xapmcrepl130BaHHble naJIHo.Mo.'-IIDI MarHCTpaTCKHX cy.uaB - B orno.llIeHHI1 KaK THrJ1blX ropa}f(aH, TaK H HHOCTpaHHblX npellnpHHHMaTeJlef.:i - aKa3aJlHCb BOCnpOO3BelleHbi (c HeKaTopbIMl1l1OnOJ1HeHI151MH) B Ka'leCTBe 3<}- KaHa.uaTeJ1bHo.ro npellno.JTo.:>KeHHJI B CT. 20-23 11 37 fJ]. 2-H KH. I npoeKT'd YJ10}f(eHH5I POCCI1HCKOro rDcynapcTBa 1723-1726 rr. 2 TaK, B ymep}f(lleHHaf1: YJ1a}f(eHHo.i1 KaMHCCHeH 30 CeHT5I6p51 1723 r. CT. 22 «B KpUMUH(JJ/HbIX iJeAax ..de K}'f1e'leCKUX U MLlCmepo- 6bIX J/IOOeu ')wmb» npe1lJl8ra.no.Cb paccMaTpI1BaTb .lleJIa no. 06BI1- HeHI1IO T5IrJ1bIX ropo.>KaH B YMbllWleHHblX y6Hf.:iCTBax H paJ600x B MarHCTpaTaX. ECJlH}f(e ropolLOBaH MarHCTpaT o.C}I}f(Ilan ropaJKaHH- Ha K CMepTHo.f1: Ka3HI1 HJlH CCbUlKe Ha KaTapIY, TO. TaKOBOii npl1- roBOp nOD.J1e}f(aJI yrBep)f(lleHHIOJ1I160 B f1laBHOM MarHCTpaTe (n.nJl <<tinU.JlCHUX npa6UHqeU. - TO. eCTb npOOI1HUI1H, He ynaneHHblX OT CaHlcr-neTep6ypra), 111160 B HallBapHblX cyn.ax (llml .chIHUX npa- 6UHl(eu»). B nOCJle.nHeM CJlY'Jae npe1l.il8ranOCb, 'lTo6bl ro4>repHXT yrBep}f(llaJI C()()l']Je"fC'fBlllHH npHraBap B COBMeCTHOM npHcyr- CTE"H C MamCTp aTaM Taro ropolla, B KaTapOM aH pacno.JTara.nc5I). I PfAIJA, t1J. 981. KH. 19. n. 4 06. 73 06. CXOllHblC 06paweHI1H Jlpocnaa- CKOro n:xtJrepID.-ra no noBOny JlI1U ManlC'IJUfCKOii: nOllCYllHOCTH B 1723 r. eM.. TaM :>Ke. n. 6 06-7.16,35.66. 2PfAIJA, $. 341. KH. 33. 'J. I. n. 9 06.. 19-30 Inpl1.flo)l(eHl1e V]. JpfAIJA, $. 342. KH. 33. 'J. I. n. 19-19 06. [npl-l.fJOJKCHlile VI. 
306 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KpoMe TOro, I-1Th51Tl1e T5InlbiX ropo.>KaH Itl nOllcynHOCTM cy- nOB 06lUei'ilOpI-1C1lI1KUI1I-1 npen.nOJ1araJIOCb 3aKpenHTb B CT. 38 npo- eKTa HHCTpyKlU....' HaIlBOpHOMY cyny OT neKa6p51 1722 r. H B CT. 18 npoeKTa HHCTPYKUHH npOBl1HUt1aJ1bHOMY cyny OT HfOH.sI 1722 r. 1 B npoeKTax Ha3BaHHblX CTaTeH rJIaBHblM o6pa30M BOcnp0I13- BOLlJ.UlHCb nOJlO)!{eHJ.UI m. 9 PemaMeHTa fJ1aRHoro MarHCT)JaTa 1721 r. XapaKTepHo. '-no B CT. 38 HHCTPYKLI.I1I1 HallBOpHOMY cyny npeDJIar<1II0Cb BHeCTI1 OC06b1H 3anpeT HxlJrepl-1XTaM BCrynaTb B nena. nOllCYD.Hb]e M<iJl.fCT"paT<lM «<6npedb ftfaucmpamCKUX iJeA. KOU He KacalOmu,a IOcmuu,-Ka1e2UU, Oml/lOfJb He 8cmynamb»). OCmeTC.sI n06aBI-1Tb, 1.JTO BeK 06J1auaBWHX CTOJ1b lUHpOKI1MH fOpi1C1U1KUt10HHbIMH nOJIHOM0'1I151MI-1 MarHCTpaTCKI1X cynoB OKa- 3aJTC.sI He.1l0JlOr. C!>opCl1pOnaHHO OTCTpOeHHa5I B 1720-1721 rr. o60co6J]eHHHa5I CHCTeMa Man1CTpaTOB no.nBeprJ1aCb JmKBaUHI1 BCKOpe nacne KOH'U1Hbl neTpa I, B paMKax}0Ke YOOMJmyro(:J 00- IlI1TI1KI1 «MMI1Hl1crpan1BHOH3KOHOMI1W'.lLrI5I Ha'lM8, COn13CHO CT. 2 3aKOHa 0 peOpraHI13aUl111 MeCTHoro ynpaHfleHI1J! OT 24 (]:JeB- pa.ri51 1727 r. (TOMY caMoMY, no KOTOpOMY ynpa31lH5lIlI1Cb 11 Hall- BopHbIe cynbl). MarHcrpaTb[ 6bUll1 B cyne6HoM 11 81I.MI1Hl1crpa- THBHOM OTHOrneHI1J1X nOll<JI1HeHbI BoeBOIICKI1M 11 ry6epHCKHM KaHueJUI:pl1J1M. A 18 3BI}'CTa 1727 r. nOCJIellOBaJl I1MeHHo(:J YKa3 06 ynp331lHeHI1I1 f.naBHOro Marl1crpaTIl. Ha 3TOM HOBO.llBJIeHHa.ll BepTI1K<Lllb rOp01l,CKO(:J BJl8CTl-I npeKpaTl1J1a CYl.l.leCTBOB8Hl1e. HTaK, MO)I(HO KOHCT<ll11pOBaTb, 'ITO Ha npOTH>KeHI1I1 1720-1721 rr. - B paMKax npOBelleHI1J[ "mmCTp:lTCKOii pe<t>op- MbI - CIlO)({MBW85IC51 B Harne" CTpaHe cl.l.le B XVI B. CI1CTCMa CneUHaJII13I1P0BaHHbIX CYllOB WIJ1 TIJTJ1bIX ropo>KaH nOllBeprnacb peopraHI13aUI111, a 06"beM nOJIHOMO'II1H 3THX cynOB OKa3aJICJ1 cy- WeCTBeHHO paCWl1peH. CB5I3aHO 3TO 6bUJO C TeM. 'lTO, OC03HaB Heo6xOlll1MOCTb BOCCTaHOBJIeHI1R 3H8<JI1TeJ1bHO OCJIa6J1eHHOrO 33- rollb] CeBepHOH BO(:JHbl .1KOHOMI1'leCKOrO nOTeHUl1aJ18 pOCCI1H- CKI1X ropO.D.OB, neTp I nOnbITaJIC5I pernl1Tb :ny 3Ma'lY. B nep- BYIO OlJepe.D.b, nyreM npellOCTaMeHM5I nocanCKOM)' HaCeneHMJO BellOMCTBeHHoii 3aWHTbI. D.rrR :noro neTp I pacnpoCTpmurn H8 c$epy ynpaMeHI151 ropOllaMI1 TpallI1UI10HHb](:J OTe4eCTBeHHb]H npl1HUI1n «ellI1HO- ro BellOMCTBeHHoro X03.11I1H3» HMeHHO n03TOMY 3aMeHI1BWI1e ] Eoi:oc'106CIWft M M 06JJacTHaH pe4x:!pMa ne-rpa BeJ1I1KOro. npl1J10- JKeHI1H. C. 23-24. 38-39. 2n0J1Hoe c06paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 5017. C. 746, 840. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 307 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. .-tpxal1'lHb]e 11 nO'-lnl 6e3BJ18CTHble 3eMCKMe M36bl opraHbl M8- fl.fcrpaTCKoii MaCTI1 nOJlY'-IWlI1 He TOJlbKO 06UlI1pHbie MMI-I- Hl-lcrpaTI-IBHhle nOJlHOMO'-lI-lH. HO M 6ecnpeue.1leHrnO WMpOKJ..:Ie nOJlHOMO<IH5I cYlle6Hhle. B MTore, B PacCMM B Ha'-laJIe I 720-x rr. CJ10)l(HJlaCh BeChMa llaJIelGUI OT WBellC......ttX 06Pa3UOB TpeX3BeHHaH nO.1lCMCTeMa MarHCTpaTCKMx CYllOR. CTPY"-I}'PHO He OTl1eJleHHbIX OT opraHOB caMoynpaBJleHMH 11 HI-lKaK He CBS!3aHHbIX C CI-lCTeMOH CYllOB 06111eHlOpl-lCD;I-IKLlI1M. !j 5. nO,QCI-ICTeMa nOIlMLlMecTepcKMx CYAOB B 1722-1724 rr. ..13 'lI1CJ18 HeKOJUJerl1arJbHO YCTpoeHHblX ueHTpaJIhHhlX op- raHOH BJl8CTI1. OCHOB8HHbiX B KOHue 171O-x - H8'l8J1e 1720-x rr.. CYlle6HbiMI-I nOJIHOMO'lI-lSlMM OKa3aJ18Cb Ha;:J;eJleHa nOJlI1UMeH- crepCKaS! KaHUeJlHplUl (c 1723 L fmBHaSJ JlOJlI1UMeiiCTepCKaS! KaHUeJlSlPJ.fJI)]. COOTBeTCTBeHHo. nOCJle Y'-lpe)({.1leHI-IH B I1IOJle 1722 r. nO.1llJl1HeHHOH H83BaHHOH KaHUeJISlpl111 MOCKOBCKO no- JlMUMei.fcTepCKOH KaHueJl5lpl1M MO)l(HO fOBOpMTh 0 B03HMKHOBe- HI1I1 oco6oii nOl/CI1CTeMhl nOJlI1UMeHCTepcKI1X CYl/OB. LITO XapaKTepHO. B MOMeHT C03ll8HI1H. B 1718 L JaKOHO- llaTeJ1b He paCCMaTpMBaJI nOJ1I-1UMef1:CTepCKYfO KaHueJlSlpMlO KaK opnm npaBocylll1S!. ComaCHO ymep)l(lleHHOH neTpOM I 25 MaS! IY<[pe)l(lJeHl1e 11 nepBOHa'JaJlbHIDI lleHTeJ1bHOCTh nOJ1I1UMeI1CTepcKOH KaHuen.llpHI1 OCBeweHbI K HaCTOHweMY BpeMeHIII OTHOCI1TeJ1bHO no.npo6- HO - R I1epRYJO04epe.nb, B pa60TaX M 11. CI13HKORa 1970-1990-x ff. (Bw- lXJIQrUU 11. n. C.-neTep6yprcKlliI CTOnll'lHIDI nonlllUHH 11 I]J3lIOHa'laJlbCTBO. 1703-1903: KpaTKI1H l1CTopWJeCKHH 04epK, Cn6., 1903. c. 26-45; CUJU- K06 M 11. 0 Cy.nroHO<JIeD.CTBeHHblX i):JYHKUI1.IIX nOJlI1llMei1CTepcKHx KaH- UeJ1S1PI1H... C. 87--93; Oft JKe. CraHOBJ1eHl1e ueHTjJaI1bHoro 11 CTOJII1'JHOro annapaTa peryn.llpHOH nOJlI1Ul111 POCCI1I1 B nepBOH 'JeTBepTH XVIII B. II fo- Ly.napCTBeHHblii annapar: I1CTOpI1KO-npaBOBble I1(;C:lenOIJ8IiI1H. ClJeP1l1l0IJCK, 1975. C 5-39 (Hay<1HhIe rpYllbl CRepn.nOBCKoro tOpl1.nl1'JeCKoro I1HCTI11)'Ta Bbln. 44); Oft xe. nOJll1ueHCKIDI pe4x:!pMa ne-rpa I II npaBOReLleHl1e 1992. NQ 1 C. 88-96; Oft JICe. nOJll1lleHCKOe JaKOH01l8TeJlbCTBO II 3aKOHODaTelJb- CTIJO nerpa I. c. 606-621. KaueIe60 O. E. YNli. C04. C. 41-46). 01lHHKO H!! xap<1KTqJlfCTIfKe CYlle6Hb]X nOJIHoM0411i1 nOJlI1UMei1CTepcKoM K!lHUeJlH- pl1l1l1 ee MeCTHb]X opraHOB B neTponcKoe BpeMH OCTaHOBI1JICH - 11 TO cpaa- HI1TeJlbHO 6erJlo -enI1HCTBeHHO M H. CI13HKOB B ynoMHHyJOiI aCnl1paHT- CMIH cH'lue 1970 r. (CUJUK06 M. 11. 0 cYlle6Ho-cnencmeHHb]X i):JYHIillI-IIDl nOJlI1UMciicrepcKHX K<1HUCJlHpl1ii... C. 87-88. 91--92). 
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310 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I  6. CYAe6HaA KOMneTeHLUlIJ1 «rpa>K,QaHCK"'X» KonIler....i1 B 1718-1724 rr. npM BeeM TOM. 1.JTO, KaK }l)Ke roBOpJ.UlOCb, Y4pe>K.QeHHble B POOCHI1 B 1717 L KOJIJ]en1aJlbHO YCTpoeHHble UeHTpaJIbHble op- faHbl MaCHi S'lBJ1flJ]HCb, npe)l(.fie ocero, OpraH8MJ.f ynpaBJIeHlHI, nO'-lTM Bce 113 HMX 3anOJIY-IlUU1 B ro.D.hl cyne6Hot1 pe<tJOPMbl ne- Tpa I erne M orpaHt1<1eHHYIO cyne6HYlO KOMneTeHW11O. HapHllY C D.BYMSI. «60UHCKUMU>} KOJlJlen1S1.MH (BoeHHOH M MMJ.f]JaJITefkKoii). o Cy.ue6HbIX nOJIHOMO'-lI1S1.X KOTOpblX }l)Ke fOl30pWlOCb Bblwe. @yHKUI-1I1 cneUMalU13l1pOBaHHblx CYJJ;OB 6bIJUI Toma B03J10)f(eHbl H8 KaMep-KOJIJlen1lo. PeBI13HOH-KOJUJen1lo. Eepr-KOJ1Jlerl1lo, KOMMepU-KOJIJIenHO. a TalOKe H8 OCHOB8HHYJO B 1722 L BOT- 'lI1HHylO KOJ1JlerJ1JO. npH 3TOM He06xOllI1MO OTMeTI1Tb, liTO, B OTJU1<1l1e OT TpeX3BeHHbIX CIiCTeM BoeHHbIX, uepKOBHblX 11 M8- n1CTpaTCKJ1X cynoB, Ha3BaHHble «rpIDK1laHCKHe KOJIJlenU1 HB- JlflJlHCb npeHMywecmeHHO cynaMH nepl3oro 313eH8. HMel3WHMH B Ka'leCTBe 8neJU1J1UHOHHoi1 HHCTaHUHI1 npaBI1TeJ1bCTBYIOWHH CeH8T. OnHoi1 143 npHMe'l8TeJibHb]X CTpaHI1U 8llMHHHCTpaTI1BHOi1 14 cyne6Hoi1 pe<t>oPM nerpa I }!BJ1J]OCb HaneJleHl1e cyne6HblMI1 nOJIHOMOlJHHMH KaMep-KOJIJIenU1 - ():mH8HCOBoro Be.n.OMCTBa, OTBe<JaBwero 3a rocynapcTBeHHbIe noxo.n.bI. lleJlo B TOM, 'lTO cy- ne6H8H <!IYHKUMJI HI1KaK He npe.n.YCM8rpHBaJI8Cb B yrBep)l(JleHHOM II DeKa6pJl 1719 r. PerJ1aMeHTe KaMep-KOJ1J1erHI1. PanHbIM 06- p330M HH'lero no.n.06Horo He npelll1araJIOCb 14 B 'lepHOBbIX pe.naK- LlHJlX H83B8HHoro PerJ18MeHTa l . E)OJ1ee TOro: B CT. II PemaMeHTa npe.n.YCM8rpI1BaJIOCb, 'lTO eCJ111 KaMep-KOJ1Jlerl1J1 BblJlBI1T CBe.n.e- HWI. 0 npecTyn.n.eHHJIX B cct>epe rocynapcTBeHHbIX ():mH8HCOB, TO TaKOBOe neJlo HaLUIe>KaJIO H8npaB.IDITb B BenaBWYIO @HH8HCOBbIM KOHTpOJ1eM PeBH3HOH-KOJ1JlerHJO! o KaMep-KOJlJlerHI1 KaK 06 opraHe npaBocynmI HH CJlO- 80M He ynOMHHaJlOCb 11 B nOCBJlllleHHOH cynOyc1JJOHCTBY Bblwe- OTMe'leHHOH rJ18Be 2-f1: KH. I npoeKTa YJ1O)KeHHJI POCCHi1CKOro rocy.n.apcTBa 1723-1726 n. J HeynHBI1TeJ1bHO n03TOMY, 'lTO cy- .n.e6H8H nenTeJ1bHOCTb KaMep-KOJ1Jlerl1l1 OCTaJI8Cb BHe n0J1}1 3pe- HWI. aBTopOB, c nemtaJlbHO 'i3paKTepI130BaBWI1X KOMnereHLt\1JO [CM.: nOJlHoe cOOpaHl1e JaKOHOB. T. 5. N2 3466. C. 555-569. !TaM.>Ke. C. 766. JCM.: PfAaA, 4>. 342. KH. 33, 'J. I. JI. 8 06.-18, 11 06.-]3. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 311 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. Ha.maHHOH KOJUJen.m B nepBoi1: 'leTBepn1 XVB I B} Me)(Q),Y TeM, cYlle6Hbie nOJlHOMOlJH}I KaMep-KOJUJefHH (XOT.l1 H Becum orpa- HHlJeHHble) Olill33.JJI.1Cb 3aKpeftJleHbi B HHC-rpYKUJ.1H MOCKOBCKO- MY o6ep-nOJlHuMeikTepy OT 9 HJO.JIs:J 1722 r. ComaCHO CT. 36 D.aHHOii HHCTpyKWIJ.f nOJII1UI1H 06H3b1Ba- J]aCb npeceKaTb HapyweHI1.11 06wecTBeHHoro nOpsl.Ll.Ka B MeCTax He38KOHHOH npotl,8)K11 aJlKOroJIbHb]X H8nHTKOB «<6 KOJJ'IeUHbLX U 6 opJ'UX Heucm06biX ih'l1l1X»), HO cyne6Hoe pa36HpaTeJIbCTBO nO 3nH301UlM He3aKOHHOCO H3COTOBJIeHHJ! H npOllIDKl1 CnHpTHOCO npetl,nHCblBaJIOCb ocyrnecTBJUlTb KaMep-KOJUJenm 1 . KpoMe TOro, KaK YllaJIOCb YCTIlHOBIITb no apXHBHblM I1CTOlJHHKaM, Ha npo- TH>KeHHI1 1719-1724 cr. npaBI1TeJIbCTBYIOWHM CeHaT HanpaBHJI B KaMep-KOJIJIeCHIO DJUI paCCMOTpeHHH B CYlle6HoM nopHllKe 60- ce/l1b lleJI no 06BHHeH(1HM P33Jl(1'lHblX JJ;Q1J>KHOCTHbIX J](1U B K33- HOKpa.ncTBe. He3<\KOHHb]X c60pax (1 B351TOYH(1'leCTBe HanpHMep, ceHaTCKHM yKa30M OT 21 OKT5I6p51 1719 r., B KaMep-KOllJleCmO 6bUlO HanpaBJIeHO lleJlO no 3,HIBlleHHIO llOHO- CHTeJI5I T. nonOBa 0 paCXJ..JrneHHI1 Ka3Hbi B Ka3aHCKOH ry6epHHH, a ceHaTCKHM YKa30M OT 7 MapTa 1723 r.  JJ;eJIO no 06fl1.1HeHHlO ynpaB(1TeJIH 11130PUOBOH Mn'U!.HJ1oropcKoH BOJIOCTI1 11. ArTcy<tJbe- Ba BO B3HTKax H «60 U3/lUWHUX, C8epx YK03)'. OeHeJICHblX 3i5ope"Q> c nO)J;Be)J;OMCTBeHHOCO H8CeJIeHI1H J . B CB.II3(1 C 3TI1M He Bbl3bIBaeT [CM.: TPOUII,Kuii C M <J>HHi!HCOBIDI nOJ1l1illKa PyCCKOro aOCOJllOTH3Ma IJ XVIllIJeKe. M. 1966 C. 11-34; CmewetllWlI.A., CcxjJpoHewro K.A. fo- Cy.naPCTIJeHHbrlt C1p0i1 B POCCI1I1... C. 93-94; ARUCiLV08 E. B focy.napcTBeH- HbIe npeo6paJoBaHI1S1 . C. 112-125; 5a'101W1l D. B. <J>HHaHcoBbIi1 annapaT POCCI1I1 B KOHue XVII - nepooH n0J10BI1He XVIII F! (opraHI13aUIIIOHHO- npaBOB0e CI"pOHTeJ1bCTBO): Airrope(j:J. IIHC. . KaHil. IOPH1l. HayK. M.. 1998; J116YcGllOO A. A. 3apojf(j}eHl1e rocy.napCTIJeHHoro KOHTpOJ1.11 B POCCI1I1 BO BTOpOH n0J10BHHe XVII-XVIII BB. (I1CTOpHKo-npaBoBoe I1CCJle.nolklHl1e) II fOCy.uapcTBO 11 npaBO. 1001. NQ 10. C. 89-97. In()J1Hoe C06paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 6 N24047. C. 734. HeCKOJIbKO no:yI,- Hfe npl'!lJelleHHoe YCJaHOBJIeHl1e 6bUlO Bocnpol131Je.neHO B CT. 35 HHCrpYK- 0011 MOCKOBCKOi1 nOJ1I1UMelicrepcKoH KaHuerrnptll1 OT 10 .neKa6pH 1722 r (Ta1 >Ke. N2 4730. C. 806). JPfADA, $ 148, KH 1884. JI. 59 06.; KH 1177.11. 174 HHble ceHaT- CKHe yMUbI 1719-1714 rr. C>:OlJH(1ro COllep)l(flHIDI eM.: TaM )!(e. KH. 1889. n. 150 06.. 2.54-254 06.. KH. 1915. n 16; KH. 1916. n. 706.-8. KH. 1927. n. 41 06.; KH. 1934. n. 16-16 06. HanpaBJIeHI..Je B KaMep-KOJUIerHtO pan.a .lIeJI no 06BI1HeHI1HM BO B3S!T04HI1'JeCTBe OGbHCWI.I1OCb, no BCei1 BepoHTHO- CTH. TeM. 'JTO pe'ib lll!W 0 nOJlY4eHI'!I1 B3SITOK. conpmKeHHbIX C cOBepWeHI1- eM HarJorOBb[X npeC1)l[]J]eHI1i1.. 
312 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I COMHemIi1. 'ITO B Hmane 1720-x rr. KaMep-KOJUJernfi - Mom- Hoe BeJlOMCTBO C pa3BeTBJleHHoiJ Cl1cTeMoi1 Teppl..JTOpMaJlbHblX opraHOB - 06"beKTI1BHO «HanpallUlBaJl8Cb» Ha npeBpaweHt1e B cyn. no 4>HHaHCOBbIM npeCl)'l1JIeHHHM. Ho nof1nl H8 non06HblJJ war neT)) I. B HTore, Bee >Ke He peWI1J1CH. HaCKOJlbKO MO)({HO nOHSITb. 06paTHaJI CJ.flyaUI-1SJ CJTO- >K11J1acb B nepBof1: 'leTBepTH XVIII B. C PeIJl13110H-KOJTIleme". HMeHHo C03,.lJ;aHHYlO no 06pa3uy WBeJlCKoi1 Kammarrevislonen Pem13HOH-KOJlJIenUO TOmaWHl-li'i 3aKOHOllaTeJlb paccMaTpl-JBaJ1 B KalJeCTBe cneU(..JaJ]H3l1pOBaHHoro cyn.a no npecrynJIeHHHM, Ka- camUHMCH rocynapcrneHHblX IlOXOllOB. nOCKOJIbKY PerJ18MeHT PeBI13HOH-KoJUJenul npH >K113HI1 neTpa I TaK 11 He 6blJII13fl8H, OTMe"leHHafi n03I1UI1f1 3aKOHOllaTeJUI HalWla Olpa)f{eHl1e II yno- MSIHYTOH Bb!We CT. II PemaMeHTa KaMep-KOJlJIenU1 pe;:J;aKU(111 1719 L, a TafOKe B CT. 51 reHepanbHoro pemaMeHT8 OT 28 ctJeB- panfl 1720 L, B KOTOpOH rDBOpl1l10Cb, B 'l3CTHOCTI1, 0 TOM, 'ITO Bce iJeAa, KOmopbIe nod'!e;HCam daxodo..v U C'IemoM, Kmo 6 mOM nOcpeUium, mom UMeem cydUM u HDKa3DH 6blmb B Pe6U3UOH- KO.UeCUU,}I. OnHaKO K HaCT05lllieMY BpeMeHM ynanocb Bbl5lBHTh JlHWb caMble He3Ha'IHTeJlbHble ynOMHHaHM5I 06 OTnpaBJleHHH npaBocynHfI PeBH3HOH-K0J1J1enfeH B nepBOH 'IeTBepTl1 XVIII n. TaKOH nOBopOT C06b]TIlH 06"b.llCHIDIC5I, JryMaeTCJI, npl1'II1HaMI1 OpraHI13aUl10HHOrO xapaKTepa. C 011HOH CTOpOHbl. PeB113110H- KOJ1J1erl1J! He pacnOJJarana Teppl'ITOpl1aJJbHblMH nonpa3.IleJ1eHI1Sl- MM, C npyroH - 0611an.ana cpaBHMTeJlbHO HeMHOW'IHCJleHHbIM llJTaTOM CJI}')K3UlHX l . HaKOHeu, no HMeHHOMY YKa3Y OT 12 51H- Bap51 1722 L. Ha3BaHH851 KOJUJerH5I BOBce yrpanuJa CTaT)'C ueH- T])anbHoro opraHa. 6YllY'1H npeo6p33oBaHa B PeuM3MoH-KOHTOPY CeHaTa}. B OTJ1H'IHe OT PeBH3HoH-KoJUJerHH, PeBH3HOH-KOHTopa He JlBJl5lJlliCb OpraHOM npaBocynl1J1. ComaCHO CT. 9 HHCTpyK- UHI1 PeBI13HOH-KOHTOPbl OT 4 neK86I»! 1722 r., B CJ1y4ae eCJlI1 KOHTopa YCTaH8BJ1HBaJl8 3nmOllbl npeCT)'nHOH n.e5lTeJ1bHOCTH B c<t>epe rocynapcTBeHHblX ctJl1H8HCOB, TO neJIo n01LJ]e.:KaJ10 Ha- npaBJIeHHfO B n paBI1TeJlbCTBYlOllil1H CeHaT". OCrneTC5I n06amm, ] 3aKoHOllaRJ1bHb[e aKTb] n I. c. 508. 2TaK, B 1720 r. B PeBH3HOH-KOIlJIerHl1 'JI1CJII1JIOCb 68 CarpYIIHIIIKOB, B TO BpeM.II KaK B IOCTHU-KOIlJIerHlII - 255. a B KaMep-KOIlJIerHlII - 207 (AHUCU- .W6 Sa0=bhCH1':;6." C. 106). 4no nHoe c06paHHe 3aKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 4117. C. 796. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 313 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. '-ITO COCTaBlUeJU1 npoeKTII YJlQ)KeHI151 POCCI1HCKOm mL")'D.apCTBa 1723-1726 rr. npe1lJlO)[{ill'[11 oce.>Ke - BCT. 44 m. 2-H KH. 1 npo- eKTa - npl.J1l.aTb PeBH3110H-KOHTOpe cyne6Hbie nOJIHOMOlJ:1liI no neJl8M 0 XHlueHHH Ka3Hhl l . B 1722 r. nOJIHOMO'l1liI cneUHaJUf3HpOBaHHOro cyna 6hUlH npe.nOCTmmeHhl nepr-KOJlJlenm. no ceH8TcKoM)' YKa3Y OT 24 8B- rycTa 1722 r., B no.ncyJJ;HOCTb nepr-KOJlJlerl1l1 nepenaBaJlHCb .neJ18 06 113roTORJleHl-m l]JaJlbWHBOH MOHeTbI 1 . MOHlBaUHJI HOp- MOTBOpUa 31leCb O'-leBI1JJ;Ha: nOCKOJ1bKY B BelleHl11-1 ynpaRJl5lBWeH ropHoii npOMblUlJleHHOCThlO nepr -KOJ1J\erHH H8XQIDUlHCb B TOM '-IHCJle H neHe)[{Hhle nBOpbl, BnOJ1He JlOrl1l1HblM 6blJlO nOp)"-lHTb 3T0f1 KOJlJlenm H CYlle6Hoe npeCJle1l0BaHI-1e l]JaJlbWI-1BOMOHeT- lII1KOB. nOKaJaTeJlhHO. liTO CXO.nHh]1-1 n0psll10K npe.!lJJaraJIOCb 33- Kpenl-1Tb 11 B npoeKTe YJlo)[{eHHSI POccl1ikKOro rocy.napcTBa 1723-1726 rr. COrJl8CHO 3aKOHOllaTeJlbHOMY npelln0J10)[{eHI1IO, BHeceHHOMY B CT. 24 fJl. 2-H KH. 1 npoeKTa, eCJlI-1 1-13roTOBI1Te- J1ei1 <!JaJlbWHBblXneHer 3an.ep}f(}JBaJlH 13 CaHKT-neTep6ypre I11Uf B MOCKBe. TO I-1X neJla nocrynanH Ha cyne6Hoe paccMOTpeHl-1e J1H60 B l3epr-KOJIJlerl1lO. JUf60 13 ee MOCKOBCKYIO KOHTOPY. ECJlH )((e <!JaJlbWI-1BOMOHeT'-IHKH p8306J1a'I8JTHCb B I-1HblX MecTax, TO I-1X neJIa CJ1e.nOBaJlO HanpaRJlJ[Tb B cy.nbl 06l.l.lei1 IOpl1Clll1KUHI-1 - C 06.113a- TeJlbHblM nOCJle.a,yIOI.l.lHM I-1Hcl>oPMl-1pOBaHl1eM l3epr -KOJ1J1erI-1H 0 BblHeCeHHblX npl-1roBopaX}. Erne O.LlHOf.i poCCI-1i1CKOI1 «I"JY.UK1I.8.HCKOM» KOJlJlefwef.i, no- J1ymBwef1 13 ncpBoH lIeTBcpTH XVIII B. cyne6Hhie nOJ1HOMOllHSI, HBHJlaCb Be.naBWa51 BHelllHef1 TOpCORJlef1 KOMMepU-KOJlJlerH5I. ComaCHO CT. 24 PeTJlaMeHTa KOMMepU-KOJlJ1erl1l1 B pe.naKllHI-1 OT 3 MapTa 1719 r., K nO.LlCY.LlHOCTH KOJlJlerHH 6bUIH OTHeceHbl LleJ1a o TaMo)[{eHHh]X npeCl)'JlJ]eHI-1J[X, COBepweHHblX npH npOBe.LleHI-1H 3KcnOpTHO-I1MnOpTHbIX onepauHi1, 8 comaCHO CT. 25 - Bce LleJl8, KaCaBWl1eC5I BpeMeHHO H8X01ll-1BWHXCH B POCCI-1I1 I1HOCTpaHHblX npellnpl-1HI-1MaTeJleii (<<UHO"JeIlCKUX l/apOOO(J k)'Rl{06'>,)4. KaK}')Ke ynOMI-1HaJ]OCh, no HMeHHOMY YKa3Y OT 16 OKT5I6p51 1721 r., HHO- CTpaHHhie npellJlpl-1HHMaTeJlH 6hUlH nepe.naHhl nO.LllOpl1Cl1I-1KllI-1IO rJlaBHoro Marl1 CTpaTa. IprAlJA,$. 342, KH. 3], 'L I.n. 1306. !nOJ1Hoe c06paHl1e JaKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 4078. C. 761 762. PfAlJA, $. 341. KH. 33, 'J. I. n. 30-30 06.lnpl-Lf1CDKCHl1e VI. 4no.moc c06paHI1e JaKOHOB. T. 5. NQ 3]18. C. 675. 
314 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BCIJOIOO'-lepe.nb, BeT. 16-«Oc)'iJe6Tnl1Mill1Cl'1ilib/XiJe.'iax» Pe- rJIBMeHTa KOMMepU-KOJUlerI1H B peD.aKmU1 OT 31 flHBapSi. 1724 r. ]a KOJ1JlemeH H ee opraHaMH 6bUl OCTaMeH TOJ1bKO cy.u no npe- c1)'TUleHI1HM B 06J1aCTH BHelllHeroproBoro TaMo.:+::eHHoro OMO>Ke- HI-151. CoorneTCTBeHHo, no CT. 16 PerJ1aMeHTa 1724 r.. B Ka'-leCTBe cy.na nepBoro 3BeHa no llaHHOM)' Kpyry .neJT onpelleJIsumCb norpa- HI1'1Hbie TaMO)l(HM, a B Ka<leCTBe cy.na BTOporo 3BeHa - KOMMepLI- KOlJJlerl1S1. (Bb]crynaBWa5I no OTHorneHHIO K TIlMO)l(H5IM KaK aneJI- IUIUHOHHllil HHCTaHmm)]. DL,aeTC5I D.06<1BI1Tb, '1TO. COrJ1aCHO CT. 37 fIt. 2-" KH. I npoeKTII YnO.IKeHI15I POCCHHCKOro rocynapcTBa 1723-1726 rr., BpeMeHHO npo.:Kl1BaBWHX B HaWe" crpaHe "HO- CIpaHHblX npen.npHHHMaTeJ1eii npe1LJJaranOCb CYllHTb no ne.naM 0 TaMO)l(eHHblX npecryfUleHHHX B KOMMepU-KOJ1JIen1H, a no OCTaJlb- HblM JJ;eJ1aM - B ManlCTpaJax no Mecry npe6bIBaHMSl 2 . Oco60 cJleJI,YeT OCTaHOBI-1TbC5I Ha Bonpoce 0 BOT'U1HHOI1 KOJIJlen1H. He I-1MeH D.fuKe OTllaJleHHoro llIBellCKoro npOTOTJII- nB, BOT'JJIIHH8S1. KOJUleCI1JI MMeJ18 3aTO npHMofo OT'e<leCTBeH- HOro npellWeCTBeHHMKa - cywecTBoBBBWHii erne c 1570-x cr. nOMeCTHblii npMKa3. KBK ynoMMHaJloCb Bblwe, comaCHO Bb[- cO'Iai1wei1 pe30JltollHH OT 9 MaR 1718 r. (nOllTBep)l()]eHHoi1 3a- TeM B 3BKOHe OT 1211eKa6pR l718 r.), nOMeCTHb]i1 npl1Ka3 6bLJ1 no.n<lMHeH JOcTI1U-KOJlJlen1l1. COXpaHIilB npM 3TOM Clp}'Kl)'pHYIO o60c06J1eHHocTb J . C clJeBpaJul 1720 r. npMKaJ CTaJI MMeHOB8TbCfI KaHueJJ5IpMei1 BOT'JMHHb]X lIeJl (MJlM BOTlJMHHOM KaHlleJlSlpMei1). B CHH3H co 3H8'lMTeJ1bHblM 06beMOM pa60Tbi 11 cnellMclJl1- KOi1 clJYHKUI1i1 BOT'JMHHOH KaHlleJl5lpMM nCTp I peWI1Jl, B KOHliC KOHliOB. BbIBeCH1 ee H3-nOll ynpaBJ1eHMSI Be.aOMCTBa toCTI111HH H npe06pa30BaTb B caMOCTOHTe1IbHYIO KOJ1J1en1to. KaK S1BCTBY- eT M3 npoTOKOJ1bHoi1 3anHCM. H3 3aCe1l3HI1H CeHaTa l7 .IIHBap5i 1722 r. I1MnepaTOp nOBeJleJ1 <<jlIfUHumb BOmlJUHHYIQ K(Hl!ZWO oc06o om JOcmul4-...»4. J1:ma<lMbHO Bb]pIDKeHHoe yCTHO llliHHoe nO- I nOJ1HOC c06paHHe J.lKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4453. C. 145. Pa3llepHyrb[i1 cono- CTaBI1TeJJbHb]H aHaJll1J nOJlO)l(eHI1H Pema\reHTa KOM"iepu-KOTUlerHI1 pellaK- UHH 1719 r. 11 1714 r. CM.: /(o3JJooa H B. YK<13. CO'[. C. 772. :[HK 1i' :.. 98; 38KOHOl1IDeJIbCTBO ne1p3 I. C.368. 4PfA!JA I}J. 248, KH. 1888, n. 168. nOCJ1eJ1Hee no Bpe"ieHI1 OCBellie- Hille CtO)!(era 06 OCHOa8HI111 11 nepBOHa'Ja.'lbHO OpraHI13aUI111 BOT411HHOi'l KOJ1J1erHI1 B nl1Tepa'J)'pe eM.: AffUCU,IIOff E. B. focynapCTBeHHble npeo6pa30- BaHI.JH... C. 139-140. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 315 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. seJ1eHMe MOHapxa 6bUIO oc]:lOpMJIeHO B Bl1!le MMeHHoro YKa38 y)((e H8 CJle.rrYlO1lll1H neHb, 18 SIHB8p51 In2 r.] KOMneTeHUH5I BOTYHHHOH KOJIJlenIM HM'IeM He OTJIl1'1WIaCb OT Kpyra Be.rreHH5I HH BOTYHHHOf1 K8HueJ151pMM, HM nOMeCTHoro npHKa38. nO.rr06HO npellweCmeHHHKaM, KOJ1JTerHfI JaHHMaJIaCb, C O.rrHOI1 CTOpOHbl, Me>KeB8HMeM, yrBep>K.!leHHeM np8B H8 .nBO- p5lHCK)'1O 3eMeJTbHYlO C06CTBeHHOCTb. KOMnJTeKTOBaJl8 mraHT- CKHI1 nOMeCTHO-BOT'-IHHHbll1 apXHB. 8 C .npyrol1 - ocyrneCTRJIIDI8 npaBocynl1e nO rpa)((ll8HCKHM .neJ1<iM. B03HMKaBWMM nO nOoollY .fiBOp5lHCKOro 3eMJIeB!laneHHfl l . KaK 6blJI0 eMKO cc]:IOpMYJmpCJBa- HO B CT. I npoeKTa PerJl8MeHTa BOTYHHHOH KOJ1JlerHH, npeliCTaB- JleHHoro B CeH8T B flHBape 1723 r. (npaBlla, TaK H He yrBep>K- .neHHoro BnOCJTe.rrCTBHH), «Bom<tUHHan Klhl:rezun uueem eep,(()6HYIO iJllpeKUIO... HaiJ nOMecmHb/MU U 6om<tUHHbiMU U .MeJlCe6b/.MU iJeJ/OMU 60. ece'd POCCUiicKOM NJcyoapcm8e»3. [nOJlHoe co5p<lH}]e 3<lKOHOB. T. I). NQ 3881. C. 481. HeCMOTJJH ffiI ay- TI:HIlNHOCTb I1MeHHoro yKa3<1 OT 18 .IIHB<lpH 1711 r.. onyfurl1KOBaHHoro B nepooM nOJlHOM C06PHHIIII1 3aKOHOB. apeMII OCHOBaHIliI BOT4I1HHO K(}J[- nerl1l1 0603Ha'laJlOCb B IIICTopHKo-npaooooH JlIfTeJXJI)'pe 1860-2000-x n. sapl1aTHBHO' B pHJle BJT(}J[He amuplrrenlb!X poocn npl1BQ1lI1J1I11Cb TaKl1e a.rJbTCpffilll1BHb]e IIHTb[. KaK 18 .IIHBapH 1721. 11 llIDKe 1720. COXpaHe- HHe - lIO HacToHlllero BpeMeHI1 - pa3Ho6oH B llaTHpoBKe Y']pejf(j}eHIliI BOT411HHOH KOJUlerHI1 reM 60Jlee YlIHBlITeJ1bHO, 'ITO OKOH'[aTeJlbHyJO .IIC- HOCTb B :!TOT BOnpoc BHeCJIa 3. B. Kpai1cKal! B CneUHa.rJbHOH CTaTbe 1982 L (Kpoiic.Ia1fI]. B. 0 BpeMeHIiI 06pa30BaHI1.11 BOT411HHOH K(}J[JlerHliI II CoBeT- CKl1e apXI1Bbl. 1982. NQ 2. C. 70). 2 Me)l(!ly npo'lI1M. J3oToIIIHHIDI KOJ]}]enm }'HacJIeJ10BaJla OT nOMecTHOro npHKa3a He TillIbKO KOMneTeHUHtO, HO 11 TpaIlHUHIO ensa He noroJ10BHOH nOLlK)'naeMOCTI1 CJI}0IillWl1X KaK IiIC4epnb]salOwe 05pa3Ho Bb]CKa3aJlCH B 17211 ceHaTOp n. n. WaI}>l1POB 06 OCOOeHHOCTHX pa60Tbl PYKOBOD.CTBa KOJ]}]erHIiI, 'J.OmH iJe nepro fll«lU ['I.JeI/WIl./ nfJUC}'ITlCm8IJH} U 6uce..1WO' cma6b, a OflU iJe fIe"f)06iJ}' OClOlOffl» (PfAlJA. $. 148, KH. 300. J1. 137) 3PemaMeHT BOT4I1HH0i1 KO:Llerl1l1 B npoeKTaX 1723. 1732 iii 1740 ro- lIOB I ny6Jl. H. H. Ap.nawesa II '-IOHllP. 1890. KH. I. C. 15. npI1Me4aTeJ1b- HO. 'JTO B CT. 36 npoeKTa PernaMeHTa 1723 r. 6bLnO BHeceHO 3aKOHODaTelJb- Hoe npeilnOJlO)KeHlile. no KOTOpoMY B CJlYLJae 381]JyllHeHI1H B pa3peweHI1111 cy.ne6Horo .neJlH BOT4111HHIDI KOJ]}]crH.III1MeJla npaDo HanpHMYIO 06pHI1l3TbC.II B npaBlITeJlbCTBYIOWI1H CeHiU (TaM JKe. C. 36). Y'llffb!Ik'lH KpaHHlOtO Jany- TaHHOCTb ror.naWHero nOMeCTHO-BOT'JIiIHHOro JaKOIio.naTeJlbCTBa, HeCJ1())I,,- HO npem.TUBHTb, KaKOi1 HUllJ1blB neJl O)KI1.lUU] fib[ CeH!IT B CJ1Y4ae yrsepjf(j}e- HIUI Pcr.'IaMCHTa B r.tJ(()llOii PCD.3KUI1I1. 
316 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I XapaKTepHO. '1TQ nO 'lJ.1CJieHHOCTJII nepcOH<uJa BOTYJ.1HHaSI KOJ1Jlerm! CTaJl8 O.nHO 113 KpynHeMllIl1X KOJ1JlefJ.1ii neTpOBcKoro BpeMeHt1. B 1723 f. B BOTYHHHOt1 KOJ1Jlenm Tpym1Jlocb 148 KaH- ueJUlpCKI1X CJI)')KalliI1X (B lOcnm-KOJV1enu1 Torm >Ke, CTOJ.1T no- BTOpHTb. pa60TalIo 88 CJI}l)Kawl1x)l. l.JTO KacaeTCH repPi1TOpH- aJlbHb]X nOL{pa3lleJleHMI1. TO BO"P-fl.1HHaH KOJ1JTerl1S1 pacnOJJarana MOCKOBCKMM npe.nCTaBMTeJIbCTBOM - BOTYJ.1HHOI1 KOHTOpoi1. Y"Ipe)l(JleHHoii ellle B 1715 r. B Ka<leCTBe OTAeJ1eHIUI nOMecTHoro npMKaJa. TaKJ.1M 06pa30M, MO)I(HO KOHCmmpeJBaTb, "ITO Ii3 to poc- CHHCKI1X KOJ1Jlert1H, Y"Ipe;+JIeHHhlX C neKa6pSl 1717 r. no SlHBapb 1722 r., cyne6Hble <tJYHKUHH - B TOM HJlH "HOM 06'beMe - 33- nonY-HiJl" cem (He C'IHTasI IOcTHU-KOJUJerHH 11 He y.:JHTb1B851 r JlaBHoro MamCTpa-ra). B CBH3J1 C 3HIM He np(1XOlUITCJI YJIJ1B- IUlTbCfI I13J]aHI1JO CeHaTCKOro YKa3a OT I CeHT5I6p51 1721 r., CQ- maCHO KOTOPOMY KOJUJen-lSiM npellnHCblBaJlOCb BblCTpOIHb H8 Teppl'ITOpm.1 neTep6yprCKoro oCTpora no OC060MY TlOpeMHO- MY nOMeweHHIO (<'KU30pMl!») DJUI o60co6JJeHHoro COllep)({aHlliI. 'IHCJIHBlllI1XCH 3a HHMH KOJIOllHHKOB!. B 06rneM, no 06pa3HOM)' BblpIDKeHHIO E. B. AHHcHMona, ('3OOH KOJIOllHH<fbHX ueneH OCTa- BaJIC5I. KaK H npe>K.!le, B npHKa3Hble BpeMeHa, xapaKTepHOH <fep- TOH KOJlJlen1aT1bHoro 6b1Ta»3. g 7. BbIWHIiI CYA - HecocToflBWIiICfI cYA Bblcwero 3BeHa B pe<l>oPMlilpOoaHHO CYAe6HO CIiICTeMe POCCIilIil (1723-1726 rr.) 113 <IHCJTa I1HblX cneUHaJlH3HpoBaHHblX CYllOB 1717-ln3 IT. 60Jlee nOllpo6Horo paccMoTpeHIUI 3aCJ1}')KHBaeT Bb]WHHH CYll, c03.aaHHe KOTOpofO npellCTaBJIfleTC5I nOCJlellHI1M IJllifOM CYlle6- HOH peopMbl neTpa I. llrm H8'lMa HMeeT CMblCJ1 OTMeTHTb cBOe06pa3He HCTopHorpact>H'IeCKOH cyn.b6bl Ha3B.:1HHOro opra- Ha npaBocymrn. D,eJIO B TOM. 'ITO. 6YHY"IH XOpolllO H3BeCTeH B ] AHUCu._ E. B. fOCYIIaPlTBeHHb]e npeo6paJOIJaHI1f1 . C. 111. !nonHoe c06paHl1e .laKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 3832. C. 433-434 3.4HUCu.'II06 E. B. focynapcrBeHHble npe06paJOBaHIliI... C. 129. 113 I1HblX aBTopoB Ha CO).j)aHeHl1e 6o.nbWI1HCTBOM KOJUIerl1i1 neT)J8 I cyne5- HblX nOJIHoM0411i1 06parwlI1 BHI1MaHl1e 1J.;.K. fle [(OHH III A. H ArieKcaHllJlOB (LeDonne J Op. Clt. P. 183;.4ieKctmdpoo A. 11. YKd3.. CO'J. C. 160-161). 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 317 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. XVIII B. I. Bb]WHM" cyn OKa3aJICR 3aTeM npO'-lHO 3a6bIT nOlJTM H8 nBa CTOJ1eTM5I. BhIWHt1M cyn Ol.iaJICH HI1 CJIUHUM He ynUWlHyr B 'lepe.nc OTMe'leHHhIX iJblwe pa60T KaK no t1CTOpl1t1 OTelJeCTBeHHOrO cyna, TaK H no t1CTOpl1t1 cyne6HhlX npe06paJOBaHt1i1 neTpa I - OT Tpyna T. C. MaJlhn1Ha «Onh1T MCTOpH'IeCKoro MCCJlellOBaHI1S1 t1 onlilCaHM.II CT3PMHHb]X cyne6HbiX MeCT POCCMHCKOro rocynap- CfB8» 1803 L no ct>Y1-L!J;3MeHTaJIbHoro weCTMTOMHMK3 O. E. Kyra- 4JHHa. B. M. 11e6elleHa H r. 10. CeMHrl1Ha «Cyne6HIDI BJl8CTb B POCCI1I1» 2003 L t11l11CCepTaUHOHHoro t1CCJle.nOBaHIHI 11. A. Xpy- CfaJIeiJa 2004 r.lllyMaeTCSI, 'lTO nOll06HaSI CKJVaUIiSi 06"bHCHHMa TeM, '1TO, C 011H0(1 CTOpaHhl. KaK y.:+::e rOBOpt1J1OCh. apXI1B BblW- Hero CYlla crapeJl iJ KpeMJleBCKOM no)((ape 29 MaR 1737 r., a C MyroH - '1TO HM O.1{MH aKT. KaCaBllIMHC.II ::lToro cylla. He nonaJI H8 CTpaHMUb] nepBoro nOJIHoro c06paHMSI JaKOHOB. B MTore. CneUHaJibHble M3b]CKaHMSI 0 Bb]WHeM cylle 6bUlH BnepBb]e npe.n- JTPMlliITb] (npM'IeM H3Ha'laJibHO B38HMOHe3aiJHCHMO) M. B. 138- 611'4 11 aBTOpOM HaCT05Ill.leH pa60Thi TOJlhKO iJO mopaH nOJlOBHHe 1990-x rr. 3 Y<lpelUHeJlhHhlM aKTOM 06 OCHOnaHHt1 BhlwHero cyn.a CJle- .nyeT npM3HaTb C06CTiJeHHOPY'-lHO Hanl1CaHHhlH neTpOM I YKa3 OT 94JeBpaJISI In3 r. 0 q.opMMPOBaHIilM cnem1aJ1bHoro CYlle6Horo npMcyrCTBHfI DJl R paCCMOTpem1Slnena ceHaTopa n. n. Wa4JMPo- I [J,ocrnT04HO CK3.33Th, 'JTO B. H. TaTHweB na;Ke nOl\f01()BItJI oc06ylO CTaTbtO 0 BblWHe"1 CYIle .nMI CBoero TaK 11 He JaBepWeHHoro <>JleKcHKoHa poccl1i1c (Tan1UU(e6 B.11. JkM."lU<OH poccl1flOJlii. IIClqJl.I'ieCKI1i1. rco- []Jm!JH'leCKHH, nOJllfiWlecKHtil1 ti/ITaTHmeB B. H. lli6paHHbie npoI13Be.neHHH 11., 1979. C. 227). A B 1799 r. no Janpocy I1Mnepa1q)CKO- ro Ka6HHeTI!, 6b1J1o cocrnBlieHo noHb]He He BBQ1lHBWeeCH B Hayo]Hb]H 060- pOT «OUiCOIiU£ 0 6N6tuev npu.?WXJrlope IIMJ1l'fiOIIfOI flempe Be.IDJ)V BNIllliew cyJe» (PfAllA. 41. 16. NQ 10. JI. 1-606.). ! EnI1HCTIJCHHb[M IIICK.lJt04eHI1eM 31lCCb MO)I(HO C'U1TdTb ynoMIIHYTYIO CTaTblO M. C nOMepaHUeNl 1916 f., B KOTopoH 8BTop nOCIJHTI1JI He6OJJb- woi1 Pa:JJleJI Bonpocy 0 BJaIllMO.nCtiCTBI1I1 PeKCTMCi1CTCPCKOii. KOHTOpbl Ce- H8Ta C «focynapcTBeHHb[M Bb[WHIIM Cy.nOM» (llovepaHIq!6 M. C YKa3. C04. C. 228-229). KroMe TOro. 6ernb!e yrxJMI1HaHI1.11 0 BblUlHeM cyne eM. B CT3Tbe A. A. BOCTOKOlkl 1888 r.. B MOHOrplK!J1111 E. B. AHI1CI1MOBa 1997 r. 11 B CTaTbe Ll.A. POM8HOBa 1999 r. (BocI1lOl«J8 A A 0 lleJ1ax feHepaJIbHOrO ILlJopa II Onl1CaHl1e 1l0KYMeHTOB 11 6yMaf MAr-Uo. KH 5. Om. 1. C. 10; AHUlU.II06 E. B. focynapcTBeHHb[e npeof.(Ja30B3HIliI... C. 282, 286-287. Po- .MOH06 .a. A. PeQxJpMIlpOBaHl1e CYlionpolUBoILcTsa B POCCI.JI.1 C. 14-15) 30630p JX]60r, nOCBHWCHHblX Bb[UlHeMY CYDY. npHBCJlCH Bblwe. 
318 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Ba J.1 o6ep-npoKypopa CeHaTa r. r. CKOpHSlKOBa-nI-1CapeBa l . He MamlHCb B no.npo6HOCH1 310m pe30HaHcHoro. no COBpeMeHHoii TepMI1HOJIOnm, cy.ne6Horo npouecca. Heo6xOllHMO elU1HCTBeHHO OTMeTHTb, 'ITO BblHeceHHe npl1fOBOpOB nOllcym1MblM COCT05LJlOCb 12-16 <]Jenpa.rul 1723 r. OllHaKo D.3Jlee BMeCTO ynpa3llHeH(1SJ BbmOJlHJ.1HWero CBOIO Jal]a'lY BpeMeHHOro CYlle6Horo npHCyrCTBI1J1 nOCJle.nOBaJla em peopraHI13aLll1Jl B nOCTOJ1HHO neitCTB}'IOUlI1I1 cyne6HbJi1 opraH. Bb]We ynOMI1HMOCb, LITO J.1MeHHOro }'K<lJa Ha 3TOT C<leT Bbl5lBI-1Th K HaCTOSJweMY BpeMeHH He ynanOCb. He HCKJIJO'-IeHO, 'lTO TaKOBOH YKa3 Boo6rne He o6pe.n m.JCbNleHHOH 4>oPMbl. KaK 6bl TO HJ.1 6b1J10, }')Ke 15 <]JespaJul 1723 r. neTp I Hanpam1J1 B npoH3Bo.aCTBO BbIW- Hero CYlla n01l6opJ<y oco60 Ba.IKHbiX yr0J10BHblX .lleJi no 06BHHe- HI1IO BblCOKonOCTaBJIeHHblX 110JDKHOCTHb]X JU1U B npeCT)'JUleHI1JIX npoHm MHTepeCOB CJly)l({)b1 1 . LITO KacaeTCSI MeCTa pa3MellleHI151, TO C MOMeHTa OCHOBaHI-1f! CYA paCnOJl8raJIC5I H8 TIlK Ha3b]BaeMOM feHepaJIbHOM ABOpe B nO.1lMOCKOBHOM ceJle npe06pIDKeHcKoM. 8 B M8pTe 1723 r. 6bUJ nepem'lCJlOUt1poBaH B CaHKT-neTep6ypr, me JaH5IJI nOMerneHt151 B 3t1MHeM ABOpue (<J3u,l1neM OoMe»). XapaKTepHO, <ITO HaJ.1MeHOBaHt1e «Bblumuu ov. YCTaHOBH- 1IOCb npHMeHIHeJlbHO K HOBO)l'Jpe>lUleHHOMY opraH)' npaBOCyllH5I He Cpa3Y. nepBOHa'laJlbHO cYAe6Hoe npwYTCl1me 0603Ha4aJ10 ce6.11 1IH60 no Mecry npe6b1BaHHf!, 1IH60 no Mecry npe6blBaHH5I H no 4HHaM M nOJDKHOCUI.M cyneit (<<npucyiJcmBylOw,ue no Telfl!{XLlI/OM i100pe mcnoiJo cel/Gmopbl. i!e1lefXLIUmem, wmon- U o60p-orjJuu,epbl om i!60pouu»). nepBble CJl)'4at1 ynOrpe6.nCHH5I TepMt1H8 «BblllJHHH eyn» anropy HaCT05lrneH pa60TbI .1l0BeJlOCb ocrpenrrb B an:peconaH- HaM CYDY AOHOllJeHt1H OT 20 <]JenpaJI51 1723 r., a TIUOKe n nHCbMe Ka6MHeT-CeKpe-rap51 A. B. Mar<apoBa neTpy I OT 17 MapTa 1723 r.-' J1MeHHO e MapTa 1723 r. HaMMeHOBaHMe «BblllJHMH eyn» Ha'l8JlO YTBep)((1laTbC.ll B npaBlJre/IbCTBeHHOM neJ10npoM3BOllCTBe 4 . ] PfAllA. 41. 9. OTlI.. I. KH. 58.11. 352-353. ny6I1KMlIlI1.naHHOro}'K33'i eM' nMCbMa. yKiUbll1 JaMeTKY! nerpa I. C. 301-303: 3aKOHO.illlTeJlbHI>Ie aKTpI}A!IA''9Tn. I, KH 58, JI 381 JpfAllA. 41. 9, OTD.. 1. KH 66, JI 833; 41. 248. KH. 300. JI. 278 4B HCc$HUHaJlbHOM o6ltXODC Ha3BaHI1e cyna fibUiO MeHee }'CTOfI'lI1Bb[M. TaK,B. H. TaTI1l11eB B nyxOBHO 1734 r. I1MeHOBaJI BblWHI1i1 CYll. «Bep- X06Hbl.M cJvk>v,. (TomuUifYI B. H. YKa3. CO'I C. 143). A BOT TpYll.HBllJl1HCH B KaHueJUlp1111 EbllllHero cy.na K8HlleJ1.11pI1CT n. A. CMI1PHOB B 1724 r. BeCKO 0003Ha'Jl1J1 CBoe \feCJO pOCiOTbl K8K <.ffflf!JXl.JhHNii BuIlUlUU cYO» (MOCKIIa. AiaOlJb/C KHl1rH XVIII ClU'JerI.I.II. M., 1895. T. 3. C. 377). 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 319 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. B nepBoe BpeM.II nOCJ1e OCHOBaHHSI Bb]llIHHH eyn eoCTO- SUI H3 cyne6Horo nPHcyrCTBH}I (<<co6paHuR») W KaHUeJlflpHH. B lJHCJ10 10 eyneH, Ha3HalJeHHbiX neTpOM I OC06blM YKa30M OT 9 <]JeBpaJIH 1723 r., BOUUlH HeCKOJ1bKO eeHaTOpOB, llIeCTepo reHepaJIOB H o<!muepoB rBap.lUtH. a TalOKe MOCKOBCKI1H BHue- ry6epHaTOP 11..n. BoeHKoR I . KaHueJl.llpl11O Bb]llIHero cyna o6pa- 30BaJIlil CJ1}0Kall.l(1e pacnoJ10)((eHHb]X B MocKBe pa3J]l1lJHb]X opra- HOB RJlacJ"I1. BpeMCHHO H3npaRJIeHHbie B ceJ10 npeo6pIDKeHcKoe. B Mapre 1723 L He6oJIbW35I lJ3eTb npHK0M3Hll(1pOB3HHbJX 6bUJa B03BpaLUeHa Ha npe)j(}{He MeCTB CJ1}0K6bl, a OeTaJIbHble npo.llOJl- >KI1JIH pa60ry B BblWHeM cyne Ha noCTOHHHOH oeHOBe. B <]JenpaJIe-MapTe 1723 r n CT))YKTYpe BbllliHero cyna <$OPMHJ1HCb nBe KOHTOpbl. nepBaH H3 HHX 3apo.llHJ1BCb ewe B caMOM Ha'laJIe npouecca Ha.II n. n. Wac}mpOBb]M 11 f. f. CKOP- H.IIKOBb]M-nHCapeBb]M. 17 SlHBap.ll 1723 L neT)) I paCnop.ll.nHJ1C.II C03JIaTb npH Cnel.{l1MbHOM cyne6HoM npHcyreTBHH BpeMeHHYIO KaHUeJ1.11PHKI BO r.naBe c m3pmm Kanl1T3HBMH 11.11. l)au,teTe- BblM H A. r. lliaMOP.llHHbIM, KOTOpOM nOpyqa.nOCb oeyll.leCTBHTb npe.llBapHTeJ1bHOe CJ1e1lC1Blle nO 3nH3o.IIY 0 X(111.1eHHH n. n. W8- ct>HPOBbIM neHe)((HblX Cpe.llCTB BO Bpef>1H npe6blBaHHH 38 py6e- )((OM B 1716-1717 rr. 2 YcnelliHO paCCJ1e.nOBaBWIDI llaHHbJH 3nl130,II; (ynopHo OT- pliluaBllIHH nOHa'laJIY CBOIO BI1HY neT)) Wact>l1poB HaJJ 14 ct>eB- paJIR 1723 L nPH3HaTeJ1bHb]e nOK.lJaHI1II 0 XI111IeHHH Ka3eHHbJX .neHer) KaHUeJlHpHH J.1. J.1. fu'\:MeTeBa H A. r. WaMOp.llHHa He 6bUla, OHHaKO. pacct>opMl1pOBaHa, a nOJ1yY.l1JIa B npoH3BOHCTBO pan HOBblX neJ1. nOCJ1e)((e nepeMell.leHl'IH BblwHero cy.na B MapTe 1723 r. B CaHKT-neTep6ypr Ha3naHHaH KaHUeJ1Hpi1H OCTaJIaCb B ceJ1e npeo6pmKeHcKoM, npeBpaT(1BWHCb B MOCKOBCKYIO KOHTO- py cyna.}. B CBH 311 C 3TI1M 113MeHI1JICSI H JCPyr Be.n;eHHJI KOHTOPb]: FW: $' 4rl.mo ;58.' 351-351 06. 'npeLL10)KeHl1e 0 peopraHI13aUl1I1 KaHUeJl.llpl111 11. 11 6axMeTeBa iii A. f. ll.Ia\iOPlIIlHa B MOCKOBCJ.::oe nO.Ll.JXl3D.eJJeHl1e Bb]WHero c)iD..a - OCTa- BI1Tb B MocKBe «o(JHO.?O W1U O6}::I: UJ i'BO[JiJuu KmJUfflOH06" - 6b1l10 I13JIO:lkeHO IJ 1l0HOWeHI111 Bb[WHero cyna neT]Jy I OT 8 MapTa 1713 r. (PfAllA, 41. 9. OTIL 1, KH. 61, n. 546 06.). npHMe43TCJ1bHO, 'ITO HH3rnJHI1e «BuIUHJld) cyJa AIocKoecKafI K He nOJl)"]IIIJ]O urnpoKOro panpocrpaHHIliI BlleJIOnpo- 11}BQ[1C'TBe. CaM3 KOHTopa BOCb 1713 r 3B)I4HO I1MeHOBaJla ce6H ,cydo'lf fe- Ht!fXlilliOlO iJt!opa». B n.anbHei1weM WlH 0603Ha'JeHIiI.II naHHoH KOHTOPb[ 'lliwe Bcero I1CnOJlb30BaJlacb I]>opMYJll1poBKa «lJbttuH1li'O cyda IWHnJOfJG'*. 
320 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 1-13 CneW18JlH3I1poBaHHoro CJle1lCTBeHHoro no11Pa3JleJ1emm Bbl- wHero cyna OHa CTaJl8 eeo Teppl'lTOpi'laJ1bHblM npellCTaBl-1TeJlb- CTBOM, npH3BaHHhlM BblnOJlHSlTb nopyYeHI1S1 cyna, CBH3aHHble c 6hIBwetJ CTOJlHud1. BTOpaH KOHTopa BhlwHero CYlla B03HHK./Ia ewe II HfOJ1e 1722 r. KaK CJleLKTHeHHIDI KaHueJlSlpHSI reHepaJI-npoK)'parypbl CeHaTa.. KaHl.{eJ1f1ploUl :,Ha 6bIJIa )f'-Ipe}!(.lJ;eHa J]..IlJl paCCJlellOBaHI1S1 «.aeJIa <l>MCKaJlOB". (KOMJUleKCa yroJIOBHb]X lIell no o6BHHeHI1fIM nOJDKHOCTHblX IlHU 4JHCKaJlbCKOii CJIY}l(6b]). PyKOBOlll1J1M KaHue- JHlpHeii reHepaJI-npoKYpoP n. J.1. .HrY)I(MHCKJ1H H npoKYpop Bo- eHHoH KOJlJlenm E. J1. nawKoB I . B JiHBape 1723 r. paCCJlellOBaBWHeCH KaHUeJl5lpHeH yro- JlOBHble neJ1a (06UU1M 'lHCJlOM 10) 6blJ1tI HCTpe60BaHbi II cellO npeo6pa)({eHCKOe 2 (HecoMHeHHo, lllUI 03HaKOMJleH(1.11 C MX MaTe- pJ.UUlaMM 1I11'1HO ne1]Ja I). a 33TeM, no ynOMSIHyrOMY MMeHHOMY yKa3y OT 15 <]JeBpaJIJ[ 1723 r.. nepellaHb] B npOH3BOllCTBO Bb]llI- Hero cyna. COOTBeTCTBeHHO. Tor.n.a >Ke B CTpyKTYPY eyre BOI1lJl8 " paCCJ1ellOBaBW8H 3Tt1 n.ella 6bIBIllaSI CJle.nCTBeHHaH KaHUeJ]fl- pHfl reHepaJI-npOKYPaTYPbl. KOTOpasl BCKOpe nOJlyY.t1J18 Ha3BaHHe «BbIWI/J/i!O CJ'du IWl/mOpa P03biCKl/af/i>. OCTmmJHCb non. Ha'I8JIOM npOKytXlpa E. 11. nalllKOBa, P03b]CKHaH KOHTopa npeBPaTHJ1aCb a CJ1elICTBeHHoe no.npaJlIeJ1eHl1e BbllliHero CYlIa. l1epapXH'leCKI1I1 cTaT)'c BbilliHero cYlIa C caMoro Ha'laJIa 6b]1I BbICOK. Y>Ke nepaoe J.13 J.13BeCTHbIX K HacroHlUeMY BpeMeHJ.1 06palUeH"ti cyn.a K npaBI1TeJ1bCTBylOllleMY CeHRry - OT 30 JIH- BapH 1723 r. - 03arJI8MeHO KaK «8erJeHu(!>}4 (KaKoBbIM TepMHHOM TomB 0603Ha l laJIoeb o6parneHHe K paBHOCTIll)'CHoMY BblCllleMY opraHY BJlaCT(1). KaK flocmyeT 113 apXI1BHblX H ony6J1HKOBaHHbIX I1CTO'lHI1KOB. I1MeHHO «BelleHJ.1flMW' HB BeeM npoT.II>KeHJ.1J.1 cyrne- 10 Japo1KlleH1111 11 4JYHKlll1oHI1poBaHI111 CJ1e.llCTBeHHOH KaHue,.IIpl1l1 reHcpaJI-npoKypaT)'pbl nQ1IJ>06Hcc CM.: Ea6u'I M B. focYllapcrBcHHb]e }f4pejf(j}eHI1H XVIII Bel(!]. C. 314-316; Cepo6 D. O. npOl<}'lJdJy]Jfl11 I1peJl- 1k1jJlITeJ1bHoe CJ1ellCTBl1e II 3aKOHHOCTb. 1004. NQ 12. C. 444 2PfHA,4J. 1319, OfT. I. KH. 28. JI. 11-128. Jh060nb1THO, 'ITO B lleJ10npol13BOlICTBe cepe.nHHb[ 1720-x n. P03b]CK- HIDI KOHTopa BbiwHero CYlia Hepe.nKO m.ieHOBa.acb «B CIUl3Ke'" c npeLlWe- CTBeHHl1uei1. TaK, 21 .IIHBapH 1714 r. MocKOBCKa.!I KOHTOpa Bb]UD-Iero cy.na aupecoBaJ1a nol-.)'MeHT «8 MHI(eU/{JUIQ  i'FfIe[JlhlO-U?iJmetlDHmtl U ceHepaJO-I/{JOICYPfJ{JO. '1mo HblHe  QUa ""OHJY/O{JO PoA>iU(Han» (PfA- DA, 41 148. KH. 174. JI. 1795). 4PfAllA, 41. 248. KH. 1891.11. 506. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 321 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. CfBOBaHl1fl Bb]WHHi'i cylt CHOCMJlC5I H C CeHaTOM. H co CB5ITei'i- WHM npaBI1TeJlbCTB}lIOUlI1M CMHOllOM. B CBOIO O<lepellb, B ueHTpaJIbHble M MeCTHble opraHbl BJIa- CTM. 8 TaJOKe B KOHTOPb] CeHaT8 BbIWHHi'i cyn HanpaBJI5IJI HC- KJlI04HTeJ\bHO «YKD3b1», McnpaBHO nOJly<Ia.ll B OTBeT «OOHOWeHUf/» (naHHbIM TepMHHOM B XVIII B. HMeHOBaJlHCb nOK)'MeHTbl. no- CblJ1aBWHeCH HIDKCCTOHUlHM opraHOM BJTaCDl B BblwecToHUlHiJ). TaKHM 06Pa30M. HCXOlUl H3 €]>OpMaJlbHOro KpHTepHH, BblWHHH cyn; CJlenyeT HeOCnOpHMO npH3H8Tb Bb]CWHM opraHOM rocyn;3p- CfBeHHoi'i WlaCTH POCCHi'iCKO(1 MMnepHH. B 3TOi'i CB.II3H He npH- XOllHTCH YIlHBJ1HTbCH, 'JTO HHocrpaHHblH Ha6JJIOfl8TeJIb - nOJIb- CKHit nOCJl8HHMK 11. JIe€]>opT - C006111aJI na)l(e (B IlOHeceHMM OT 12 HOfl6pH 1723 r.), lI.TO BblllJHHH cyn «8b1We Ceuama U 6cex KOuei'uii»l. Bnpo4eM, nOllo6Hbli'i CTaTYC BblwHero cyn;a yrBep>K.!laJIC5I Ha npaKTHKe He Bcema fnanKO. BeCbM8 npHMell.aTeJlbHblH B 3TOM OTHOWeHHI-1 6IOpOKpaTI1'JeCKHi'i KOH€]>JlMKT pa3b1rpa.riC5I B 1723 r. B MocKHe. Hall.aJTOCb C TOro, '1TO 16 M85I 1723 r. MOCKOBCKa51 KOHTopa BblwHero CYJJ;3 JanpOCI-1Jla y MOCKOBCKOi'i KOHTOpbl IOcTHU-KOJIJIemH non6oPKY JJ;OK)'MeHTOB no yr0J10BHOM)' lleJIY MOBhl A. rOJIOBHHOH. OJJ;H8KO, npl1lLpaBWHCh K TOMY. lI.TO 38- npOC 6bUI aupeCOBaH IOcTI1U-KOJUlerl1H, B IOcTl1u-KoHTOpe npl-1- HHTb ero OTKa3aJlI-1Cb. nOJIyY.HB JaTeM ltOK)'MeHT C BbmpaBJleHHblMH peKBH3HTa- MH, KOHTopa IOcTHu-KoJUlemH 24 HIOHfl H 5 I-1IOJIfl H8npaBMJla B KOHTOpy Bb]WHero CYJJ;a OTBeTbl B Bl1lLe CIlfXJMe'tWfJUii» (KaKOBb]- MH B TY nopy CHOCMJlMCb npyr C IlPyrOM paBHOCTaT)'CHb]e ueHT- paJIbHble 1-1 MeCTHbie opraHbl BJIaCTH). Toma-To MocKoDcKaH KOHTOpa BblwHero cyna npen.npHHHJIa BCrpe4HblH JJ;eM8pw. 06e npoMeMOpHI-1 IOcTI1U-KOHTope BepHYJlM C "fJJe60BaHMeM, '1To6b1 Bnpellb B KOHTOpy BblwHero cyna «J(kmUl{-K01lei'UU uc KDHmopbi nooa6amb ikmotueHUfiMU. D He npo\te'll0jJU1I.Mu». HeCKOJIbKO paCTepHBWHCb, HO He >KeJI8H YC1)'ItaTb. IOcTHU- KOHTOpa 06paT11Jl8Cb 38 pa3bHCHeHI-1JIMH B IOcTMU-KOJUlerl1lO. HeCMOTp51 Ha y6e.nI-1TeJlbHYIO apryMeHTaUMIO KOHTOPb] (B '1aCT- HOCTH. llOBOll 0 TOM, tITO «KOHmopo JOcmUl{-Ko'leZUU cocmoum f1lOK..'II0 noiJ iJupeKuueJO c60eii KOilei'UU U KDHllempuu CeHaUK020 I D,11IlJ]OM3TH'JeCKHe .nOKYMeHTb[, OTHOCHIUHeCH K IKrop1111 POCCHI1 B XVIII CTOJICTI1I1 II C6. Pl1o. Cn6., 1868. T. 3. C. 365. 
322 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npa6AeHUfi /MOCK08CICOU KOHmOpbi CeHamaJ»I), arReT nplHueJ1 o6eCKYpa)l(Jl[BaIOWI1H. 18 H05l6p51 1723 f. K)cu'\U-KOJUJern51 pac- nOpmU1JJacb, 'lTo6hl B n.a.rIhHeHllleM B MOCKOBCKym KOHTOpy BblwHero cyna «uc KOl/mOpbl Ko/1e2UYM IOcmuuu... nucamb (}o- HOmeHUflMU». a eCJ1H 113 KOHTopbl BbllllHero CYDa «0 ",eM aym YKQ3bl. U OHbIJ/ npUHUMamb u no HUX UalOllllflmb»2. PaBHOnpaBHb111 c BbICllU1MI1 opraHaMI1 BJl8CTI1 I1MnepJ.1J.1 cTaryc Bb]lllHero cyJI.a OKa3aJ1C5I el.l.le pa3 nO)l,TBep)((1leH. B KOMnereHUJllIO Bb]WHerO cyn.a BXOlll1J10 n04n1 HCKJlIO'-IM- TeJlbHO OTnpaBJ1eHHe npaBOCymHI. 113 .nonOJ1HHTeJ1bHbIX cWHK- md-i eyn "MeJl elU1HcTBeHHym - cyne6Ho-HCnOJlHI1TeJlbCKYJO, 11TO npHBOIIHJIO K BpeMeHHOMY nOCTYlUleHHIO Ha 6a.naHC CYlla KOH- <1mcKoBaHHoro Hr.(}'lUeCTBa H lleHe>KHblX CpellCTB OC)')IUJ.eHHbIX. BnpO'-leM. OTBeTCTBeHHoe XpaHeHMe KOH1.IHcKaTa OcyweCTBJlSlJU1 H npyrJlle cyne6Hbie opraHbJ Toro BpeMeHH -)];0 Y'-'pe)(([\eHHSI B 1729 L KaHUeJlSlpl1H KOH<l>HcKauHH. npl1 :nOM Heo6xo.D.I1MO OTMeTI1Tb, 'no Bee cynbl1 Bb]llJ- Hero cyna (a TalOKe PYKoBO.D.HTeJU1 KOHTOp) Hel13MeHHO coxpa- H5IJIi1 napW1JIeJ1bHble CJI)')Ke6Hble 06fl3aHHOCTI1. K npHMepy, cynbfl R B. DPIOC cocr<»rJ1 OllHOBpeMeHHO ceHaTopOM, npe311- neHTOM Eiepr-KOJ]J1eml1 H Ha<laJJbHHKOM KaHUeJ1flpHH fJlaBHOH apn{J]J1epI1H, a cyllb.ll A. <D. Eipe.1I.l1XI1H - KOMaHltHpoM 9-H pOTbi npeo6pIDKeHcKoro n0J1JQl3. KaK co BeeH onpelleJ1eHHOCTblO MO)I(HO 3aKJII04I1Tb 113 ap- XI1BHblX Marepl1a.l10B, B npOH3Bo.nCTBe BbllUHero cyn.a a6c01lJOTHO npcofuJan.aJll1lleJI8 no 06BI1HeHHflM roCyn.apcmeHHblX CJiy)I<aI1llU{ B npeC1)'ruJeHHflX npOTHB i1HTepecoB CJ1y;+::6bl (B351TO'IHH<le- CTRe. Ka3HOKpancme. CJ1}?Ke6HoM n0.1l110re. 3J1oynO"rpe6J1eHl1flX nOJ1)f(HOCTHblMH n0J1HOM04I1flMI1). J1CKJlI04eHl1eM 3.l1eCb flBI1JIOCb paccMoTpeHHe Bb]lUHHM CYllOM BbilUeynoM5IHyroro neJ1a no 06- BHHeHl110 cynbl1 MOCKOBCKOro HarIBOpHOro cyna M. B. )KeJlSI- 6y)f(CKOro B nO.D.1lore 33BellJaHI1.11 B.D.OBbl A. nOJ1HBaHOOOH, a TaK- .>Ke MlalOplX:cuuCK020 de1U», B03HHKllJerO B CB.II311 C nOnblTKOH reTMaHa n. 11. nrury60TKa no611TbC.II paClUl1peHWI aBTOHOMl111 YKpal1Hbl B COCTaBe POCCI1I1. Bnpo4CM. KaK }?Ke rOBOpI1JlOCb, : t.l:tn' ;<:\5i34 9316. CaMa IOcrI1U- KOJ1JlefHH CHOCl1JIaCb C KOHTOpaMIil BblWHefO cy.na npOMeMopHHMI1 (TaM >Ke, p}.2i581380' t t£7. JI. 10. 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 323 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. «M'dlJOpOccHitcKoe neJlo» BbJWHHH cyn pa36HpaJI COBMeCTHO C npam1TelIbCTBymlUHM CeHaTOM I . TOlJHOe KOJll1lJeCTBO nell, HaXOllHHWIL'(CH B npOH.lBOjKTBe BblwHero cyna, BPM JU'I 6yneT Korna-JlH60 YCTaHOBJIeHO - 113- 3a rl16el1H apxHBa cyna. CTOJ1b >Ke HeOnpelleJlHMO B TO'lHOCTI1 H '1I1CJlO JlHU. n06b]BaRWHX nOll cynoM Bb]WHero cyna H nOlI CJ1ellCTBl1eM ero KOHTOp. 5IcHee KapTI1H8 C nOllcynHMbJM(1, B OT- HoweHHH KOTOPb]X BblWHHH cyn BblHec np(1roBOpbC liaCKOJ1bKO ynanocb YCTaHOBHTb <iBTOpy HacTO}[WeH pa6OTb], TaKOBb]X 6bUlO 29 lJeJlOBeK. no npHroBopaM BbllllHero cyna, 01111H noncYllHMblii 6bUl OnpaB1l8H (8. H. TaTHweB]), weCTb lJeJlOBeK Ka3HeHbl, npo- lJl1e OCYAUleHbl K (1HbIM BH1l8M liaKa3aHHH. rJ1y6oKo nOKaJaTelIbHO, lJTO IOpHClll1KUl1fl BbllllHero cyna pacnpOCTpaHflJIaCb B nOJ1HOH Mepe H H8 CB.IIIl.leHHOCJJy>KHTe- J1eH. npl1'1eM He3aB(1CHMO OT I1X calia 11 3aH(1MaeMOH nOJl>KHO- CTH. EriHHcTBeHHml 1I0n0J1HHTeJ1bHaJ1 npoueccyanbHa5I HopMa, KompaH np(1MeWU!8Cb B CJI)"la51X pa36I1paTeJ1bCTBa DeJ1 npoTHB lIJIeHOB CBJ1Tei1wero CI1HO.na. 3aKJ1lOlJaJIaCb B o6sJ3aTeJ1bHOM npl1CVTcrBl111 Ha cyne6HoM CJ1ellCTBtm DB}'X npe.ncTaBlrreneii «{iJenymam06») OT I1X BellOMCTBa - 'ITO 6bJJ10 3aKpenJleHO B Bbl- CO'laHllleH pe30JlIOU(111 OT <]JeBpaJlSI 1723 r. Ha peeCTpe DeJ1 Bb]W- Hero cyna1. TOJ1bKO B 1723 r. 113 'I(1CJ]a BbJCOKOnOCTaRlleHHb]X <-lI}'XOBHbIX nepCOH» nepe.n BblWHI1M cynOM npenCTaJ](1 COBeTHI1K CI1H01l8 apXI1MaJ-UlpHT raBpl1lUl 6Y>KI1HCKI1it H aceccop CI1HO.na Bap1laaM OBCflHHI1KOB. nella nona.I18J111 B npoH3BOllCTBO BbllllHero cyna llBYMfl ny- TJ1MH: JlH60 no YKa3aHHflM BepXOBHoii BJlaCHI, JlH60 no 3aJ1R11e- I J].rJ.II nOl1HOTb] Kapl"HHbl Y"ICClJ{O n06aBlfTb, 'ITO BblUlHI1i1 cyn I1IlXUI B paJ611paTeJlbCTBe «lItWIopOCCIlli1CKOJO llena». no seeH BI1IlI1MOCTH. npesa- nl1pYJOurylO poIIb. 1611eKa6pH 1724 r. ceHaTop n. A. TOIIcroii B3HJ1CH lIIDKe BblrosapHBaTb npH6bIBweMY B CeHaT cy.nbe BblwHero cyna H H. (iax\fe- refly, 'JTO «MbllcetlamOpf4 1f{l,1OjXJCU dew fie fII?OoeV, U IImQ U30HOlO U CI}utadU ma'JKO mo, limo OHU JCydbU BblUiHelo cydaJ 06cHeUAU..» (T'dM .>Ke. 4J 2BpeI::9o.npo6HOCTlt 0 pacCMOTpeHl111 B BbiWHeM cy.ne neJ13 no06BHHeHI1tO B H. TaTl1weBa eM. IOxm A.H. focynapCTBeHHIDIlIe- JlTCJIbHOCTbB H. TaTHUlCBa B 20-x - Ha'HU\e 30-x ro.nOB XVIII B. M.. 1985. C. 127-119. npallilli A. H. IOxr HeTO'lHO Y.llCHI1.IJ CT BbiWHero cYlla. OThteTllB, 'JTO .IDJHHb]H cy.n COCTO.IUI «l1pH CeHaTe» (TaM.»::e. C. 112) 3PfHA.,4J. 1329, on. I. KH. 18. n 706 0 pe<LI1JaUI1I1 naHHoro YCTa- HOBJleHWI Ha npal<THKe eM.. Hanpl1Mep: OnlilCaHl1e llOl<YMeHTOB 11 .nM... Cn6.. 1878. T. 3. Cm. 154-155.436-437. 
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f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 325 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. 3a6era51 Bnepell. YMeCTHO no6aBHTb, '1TO nOllCT)'nb] MMnepa- TOpa K npeBpallleHluo BbllllHero cY.D.a B peB1iI3110HHO-pe1.Iill1OWylO HHCTaHUHIO HOCHJU1 OTHlO.D.b He H30J1HpoBaHHblH xapaKTep. OpH- BelleHHhle BhlCOll8HllJHe YKa3aHHSI 1723 r. OTpa3HJ1H - npH BCeH HX (]>parMeHTapHOCTH - 011HO H3 HanpaBJIeHHH cy.ae6HoH pe- (]>OPMh] OeTpa I B 06JJaCTH cy.aonpoH3BOD:CTBa.l1eJlO B TOM. 'lTO B KOHue 171O-x - H8'laJ1e 1720-x rr. 33KOH01laTeJlb B351J1C5I BOCCya- H8BJIHBaTb He npHMeH5IBwyIOC5I B POCCHH C XVI B. peBI13HOHHO- peUICIlOlllYIO (]>OPMY nepeCMOTpa H yrBep)((1leHM5I cyne6Hb]X pe- weHHH - npaRlIa, JIHWh B yro1l0BHOM npouecce (nollpo6Hee 06 3TOM pelJb noiW.eT HH>Ke). 4TO 6hl TaM HH 6hLJ10. HaCKOJlhKO y.aaJIOCb YCTaHOnHTh, Ha npaKTHKe HU OiJH020 npHroBopa Ha yrBep>K.!leHHe BhlwHero cyna TaK H He nocrynHJlO. 60Jlee Toro: nOCJ1e 1723 r. JIMHMJI H8 npl11laHHe BblwHeMY cy.ay peBM3HOHHo-pewaIOWMx nOJlHO- M04HH He nOJIY'-IHJIa llMhHeHwero p83BHTHJI. B 1724-1725 rr. He nOHBHJlOCh HH HMeHHb]X YKa30B 0 npHCbUlKe H8 yrBep)I(.Qe- HHe BhlwHero cyna npHronopoB no TeM lIJIH HHhlM neJIaM, HH KaKoro-JIH60 HopMaTHBHoro npaBOBoro aKTa, B KOTOpoM 6h13a- KpeJU]JlJIC5I CTal}'C BhlwHero cyna KaK peUH3HOHHo-pewalOweH HHCT8HUHH. KaKOBa 6bum MOTHnaUH5I i3KOHQilllTCIlSl npH cmlJ.aHHH BhlwHero CYlla? HenocpellCTBeHHhlH nonOIl 3lleCb OlleBHlleH. K Ha.IMY (]>enpa.nJl 1723 r. nepe.n OeTpoM I npOCT)'nI.JJJa ueJJa51 naHopaMa KpMMHHMbHblX .ae.llHHH. B COBepWeHHH KOTOPb]X 06- BHHIDIHCb lleC5ITKH npe.ncTaBHTeJleH Bb]Cwero H cpe.nHero 3Be- HbeB rocYllalXTBeHHOro 8nnapaTa. Ha npouecce O. n Wa$Hpotm H r. r. CKOpmIKOB8- OHcapesa OKa3MHCb nCKpblTbl MHorne HapyweHHJI 3aKOHa n lle- SlTeJlhHOCTH CeHaTa, ero KaHUeJlSlpHH H reHepa.n-npoKYpaT)'pbl. B XOlle TOro >Ke npouecca BblCBenUU1Ch J<pHMHHaJlbHble nO.LI.Po6- HOCTI13aMhIKaBweroC5I Ha A. D. MeHWMKOBa «nO'-lenCKorOneJIa». B pe3)lJlbTaTe nO'-lTI1 3aBepweHHOro reHepa.n-nPOKYpaT)'poH K H8'laJ1Y 1723 r. paCCJ1e1l0BaHH.II <<JleJIa (]>HCKa.nOB» 6b]J1H n06b]Th] Bne'l8TJlHIOWHe ll3HHble 0 npeCTYTlHOH lleHTeJIbHOCTI1 .D.OJ1)1(HOCT- HhlX JIHU KaK (]>HCKaJIhCKOH CJI}l)K6bl. TaK H pRIJ.a MeCTHblX H ueH- TpaJIbHblX opraHoB MaCH'I. CTOHT BcnOMHHTb, '1m HMeHHO B 1)' nopy «HenpoeiJbI» OT- KphlJIHCb H B «CB5ITa51 CB5ITbIX» - Ope06pa)f(eHCKOM npHK83e. Toma >Ke MMnepaTopy nocrymuU1 CBelleHH5I 0 B3.11TOYHI1'-JeCTBe 
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f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 327 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. BCeUeJiO cocpe.nOTO"leHHOMY H3 OTnpaRJleHl1H npaBocYLII1.11 -LIO- BeJlOCb TOr.n.a yBeH'l8Tb C060" cyne6HYK! CHCTeMY POCCHI1, 3TO 6bUl 6b[ mar, Onepe.:>KaBWHH B eyne6HoM YCTpOHcrBe lla)l(e WBe- Ut1K! e ee BXOnHBllll1M B cTpyt..."l)'pY rocynapcTBeHHoro cOBeru Justitierevisionen. J(pOMe TOro, B 3TOM cJlY'l8e Bb[lllHHH cyn OKa- 3aJ1C.II 6bl np.llMblM npe.nlllecrHeHH(1KOM BepxOHHoro cy.n.a Poc- CHHCKOH (}>e.nepaLUm (HCTOpHIO KQTOpOro, TeM caMblM, MO>KHO 6bUI0 6bl BeCTI1 He C 1923 r., a C 1723 r.). HI1'lerO ::noro, KaK H3BeCTHO, He npo(130UUlO. 3aKOHo.na- TeJlb He peaJIl130BaJI OT'leTJIHBO H8MeTHBWYlOC.Ii B 1723 r. 06p(1- COBaHHYJO nepCneKTHBY. A nOToMY, TaK 11 OCTaBllll1Cb HHCTaH- Ut10HHO 1130Jl(1poBaHHblM, HI1KaK He CB.li3aHHb[M C OCTaJlbHblMI1 cyne6Hb[MI1 opraH8MI1 HallleH CTpaHbl, BbllllHHH cy.a 6bUl 06pe- "IeH H8 CKOpYIO J\HKBl-maU(1IO. HeCJI)"-laHHo. BbllllHHH cy.a OCTaJI- C.Ii HM CJ10BOM He ynOM.liHyr B nOCB.IIllleHHOH cy.aOycrpOHCTBY nJaBe 2-H KH. I npOeKTa YJ10>KeHH.Ii POCCHHCKOro rocyn.apCTBa 1723-1726 rr.[ CBepTblBaHl1e ne.llTeJlbHOCTH Bb[lllHero ey.n.a H8<J:aJlOCb cpa- 3Y nocJle KOH<J:I1Hbl neT])a I nyreM 3aKpbITH.Ii HaXOilltBllll1XC.Ii B ero npo(13BOllCTBe .aeJi - 6e3 HanpaBJIeHHH HOBb[X 1 . Y)({e no (1MeHHOMY YK3Jy OT 30 HHBap.ll 1725 r. 6blJlH <l>aKTI1'ieCKH npe- KpallleHbl .aeJlO 6bIBlllero ceHaTopa n. n. Wa<l>MpoBa, 8 TaJOKe. CTOHT nOBTopHTb, .aeJlo 1lb.llKOB npe06pa)KeHCKOrO npHKa3a. 3a- 01lHO, no ceHaTCKOMY YKa3y OT 2 4:JeBPaJlH 1725 r., 6bUlH OCBO- 60)l(!leHbi nOli nOllnHCI<)' 0 HeBhle31le 13 113 15 COllep)({aBWI1XC.Ii Ha TOT MOMeHT nOli CTJXUKeH B BbllllHeM eyne nOllCYlll1MblX (1 llOHOCHTeJleH. B TOM )({e 1725 r., OC06b[M yJ<a30M. EKarepl1Ha I 3aKpbUia HaXOlll1BllleeCH B npo(13BOnCTBe cy.aa C 1723 r. .aeJlo nO 06BMHeHHIO A. Ll. MeHwHKOBa B 3aXBaTe 3eMeJlb H8 YKpal1He (<<Jlo<JencKoe lIeJlo»)3. Hap5lJlY C 3THM, B 4:JeBP<UJe 1725 r., sepHO YJlOBHB clfJ)'a- UI1IO. IOCT(1U-KOJ1Jlerl1fl 3anpDCIUIa CeHaT, KaK nOCT)'llaTb C npo- 1l0JI)KaBWI1MH Ha.'\:OIDlTbC.II B ee npOJ.13BO.DeTBe neJiaMl1, npl1roBo- [CM.: PfADA, 4J. 341. KH. 33. 'J. I, n. 8 06.-18.11 06.-33. lTaK, tta'JaIlliJttOl II <1>ell)JaJle 1715 r.. n0J1Y4}II!Wee IICKope OC06b]11 06wccmeHHblH pe30HaHC lIeJIO no 06SHHeHl1tO 06ep-4J11cK<L1a M. A. Ko- cora B JJloynOTpe6J1eHl111 nOJlJKHOCTHb[MI1 nOJIHOMO'II1f!MIII 6blJl0 cpa3Y )Ke. no ceHaTcKoMy YKtUY OT 11 <1>ell)JaJI.II 1715 r.. HanpaBJIeHO CeHaToM B c06- CTBeliHoe np0}l]IIOllCTBO (PfADA, 4J. 148. KH. 1939. n. 143-143 06.). -'PfADA, 4J. 9. OTlI. I. KH. 58-Jl. 621; 4J. 248. KH. 1939. n. 5-8 
328 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Pb] no KOTOPb]M CJlellOBaJiO HanpaBJUlTb H8 yrBep)((lleHl'le B Bbl- WHMH CYll. B OTBeT 2 MapTa 1725 L 6bUl1..J31laH ceHaTCKI1i1 YKa3, comaCHO KOTOPOMY npHroBopbl no TaKOBblM neJ1aM HallJle)l(aJIO npl1CbUlaTb H3 ymep)l(J]eHl1e B npaBJ.HeJIbCTB}'lOWI'IM CeH8T l . De jure ynpa31lHemle Bb]WHero cy.na COCTQjUJOCb no 38- KOHY OT 14 MapTa 1726 r. 2 MeponpHflDUI no JlHKBI11l8UHt1 CYlla He 3anIHYJlHCb. CamaCHO Janl1CH PaCXO.1lHof1 KHHfH BblwHero cyn.a 1726 f.. 3n.eKa6pfl 1726 f. HMVlllCCTBO H apXHB cyn.a 6blJlH nepeBe3eHbi H8 CKJ1aJIl1poBaHl'le Itl 3HMHero nBoplla Ha llPYroi1 6eper HeBbl, B 3.LIaHHe Ha TpoI'lUKOf1 nJlOLUaLll1, flle npe>Kile pro- MelllaJ1aCb KaMep-KOJ1JlerH5I J . TaK npeKpantJI C}'lllecTBOBaHHe Bb]WHHH cyn 4 . 3aBepllIlliI. o603peHHe CneWIaJIH3t1poBaHHbIX eyn.OB, C03- naHHblX B X01le cyne6HoH pe()JopMb] neTpa I, Ocr8crC5I CKa3aTb HeCKOJTbKO CJ10B 06 oc06oM BoeHHo-CYlle6HoM npHcyrCTBHI'I, COCTOflBWCM 1'13 rJIaB 1'1 aceccopOB «Mai1opCKI1X» CJlCllCTBeHHblX KaHUenf[pl'lif. npe)l(J];e Bcero, CTOI'IT 3aMeTI1Tb, 1.JTO Ha3BaHHb]if CYAe6Hh1if opraH AOHb]He Aa)Ke He YOOM(1HaJlC.II B MCTOpHKO- npaBOBoif ImTeparype. J.1cTOp(10rpa4>(1'lecKoe 3a6BeH(1e oc06oro BoeHHO-CYAe6Horo npl'lcyrcTB(1f[ HeYA(1B(1TeJ1bHO: MaJlO Taro, ITO HI'I OB-HOro KacaBlllerOCSI. ero aKTa He nonano Ha CTpaHI'IUbl nep- Bora nOnHOrO co6paHl1fl 3aKoHOB, HO 1'1 apX(1BHb]X lloKYMeHTOB, 1 PfADA, 4J. 148. KH. 1940, .1. 29. !PfHA, 4J. 1319. on I. KH. 18. JI. 59 (ny6JlI1Kalll1tO 3TOro}'KaJa CM.: «P03b[CK<lTb Hmqx:nKO. npaBD.oJO...... C. 208). n0Kd3dre.llbHO. 'JTO Bb]WHHi1 CYlI}')Ke He nomlJl B Cnl1COK BblCWIIIX III ueHTpaJlbHb[X opraHOB BJJaCTI1 Poc- CI1(1. nOMeweHHblH B aBTopKJe11-lOM Tpyne H. K. KHPHJIOB3, KOTOPb]H I1C- n0J1b30BaJI - npl1 XapaKTepHCTHKe rocynapcrBeHHoro annapaTa - CTOHT HanOMHI1Tb, c$HUI1<L%Hble naHHble no COCTOHH(1tO Ha 1726 r. (eM.: Kupu- 1106 If. K YKaJ. CO'J. C. 36-45). JPfADA, t1J. 16. NQ 9. JI. 13 06- 4YnycTl1B 03HaKOMI1TbCH C MaTepl1a.rraMI1 oTMe4eHHoi1 PaCXO.l1HOi1 KHI1- rH 1716 r . M. B. 6l\6H'J npHUlJlil K oW(160'JHoMY Bb]BOllY. 'JTO Ha npaKTI1Ke Bb]WHI1i1 CYli JiPOlI01I lIeHTeJ1bHOCTb 110 /728;!. (006/./'1 M B. Cyn Ha feHepaJIbHOM nBOpe. C. 190) B .neitcmI1TeJ1bHOCTH no 1728 r. npoD.IIWlacb paCCbL-JKQ de-, CYlIa, nocne.nHl1e 113 KOTOPb]X noc1Ynlll..11 B apXI1B CeHara B .IIHBape03Ha'JeHHoro rona. (PfADA, $ 148, KH. 722. I 15). A BOT MOa-..V6- CKOJ/ IWHnlOfXl BblwHero cyna B Cd\IOM neJle $yHKillIOHl1poBaJla, KaK HI1 B 'JeM HH 6b[BaJlO, lIO aBryCT3 1728 r. nOCmJlH(1e lleJ1i1 113 np0l13BOllCTBa KOHTOPb[ 6blJ1111 npl1H.IITbl B CeHaT 23 (1JOj]H 1729 r. (TaM )Ke. KH. 1347. JI.218,222). 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 329 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. B KOTOPb]X OTp33HJIaCb neflTeJIbHOCTb :noro opraH3 np300cymm. COXpaHJ.UlOCb OTHOC(oITeJlbHO HeMHoro l . B03HMKwee He paHee 1718 L oc06oe BoeHHo-cyne6Hoe npHcyrcTB(oIe paCCMaTp(olBarJO no nepooH (oIHCTaHUM(oI yrOJlOBHble nella, paCCJlenOBaBW(oIeCfI TeM(oI -«MaHopcKHMW, KaHUeJlSlplmMM, rllaBb] (01 aceccopbl KOTOpblX 06PaJOBblBarJM em COCTaB. npM BCeM TOM, <ITO no.a06Hb[H npMHUHn ()JOPMMPOBaH(oIfi COCTaBa cy- .aeH 03Ha<mJI <JaCTH<JHoe COe.1lMHeHMe - Ha nepCOHaJlbHOM YPOB- He - opraHa npaBOcym1f1 C opraHOM npenBapmeJ1bHOm pac- CJ1e.aOBaHMH, \10T(oIBaUMfi JaKOHo.a.aTeJlH 3.aeCb npen.craBJIHeTCH O<JeBI1ilHOH: y<J8CTMe B OmpaBJ1eHMM npaBOCYllMfI JlMLl, OcyweCT- BlIHBWHX npenBap(olTeJlbHOe paCCJle.nOBaHHe .neJ1a, HeCOMHeHHO, cnOCOOCTBOBarJO onepaTHBHOCH1 B em pa36I1PaTeJ1bcrne. HaCKOJ1bKO MO.>KHO nOHHTb, CTaUMOHapHOi1 KaHUeJIflpMei1: oco6oe BoeHHo-cyne6Hoe npMcyrCTBt1e He pacnOJIaraJlo. llnfl o1>opMJIeHt1S1 He06xomtMoH nOKYMeHTaUt1H npM paccMoTpeHMH .aeJIa npMBJleKaJlMCb, no-BI1IIHMOMY, KaHUeJmpCKl1e CJlY.>K3111He roH CJ1enCTBeHHoi1: K3HueJ1S1pMM, KOTopaH ocYlllecTBlISlJla pacCJle- .aOBaHMe. B Ka'leCTBe peBH3110HHo-pew8JOwei1 MHCT8HUI'IM no OTHoweHMJO K OC060MY BOeHHo-cYlle6HoMY np(olCyrCTBHIO. KaK )')Ke OTMe'laJIOCb, BblcTynan MOHapx. E;:(HHcT8eHHbIM BblSlRIJeHHblM K H8CTOSIWCMY epeMeHM HopMaTHBHblM npaBoBblM 8KTOM, peJ)'JlMpYIOWHM lleHTeJlbHOCTb oc06om BOeHHo-cyne6Hom npMcyTCTBIISI, SlBJ.1JIC.II 3aKOH OT 8 lleKa6pSl 1718 L ComaCHO 118HHOMY IaKOHY B no.nCYllHOCTb ooeHHo-cyne6Horo npHcyrCTBHH (<<Bepwumb 20CnOaaM mjJUqe- paM... o6uWI» nOnOJlHHTeJlbHO nepe.naBarJMCb lleJ1a 0 npeCTYTIJle- HMSIX npOT(oIB (oIHTepeCOB CJ1)')K6bl. COBepWeHHb]X.aO (oI311aHM5I 3a- KOHa OT 24 neKa6p51 1714 L 06 YCW1eHHM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1 Ja B35iTO<JHH<JeCTBo 1 . [OrpaHI1'JeHHOCTb 11 pa3)J03HeHHOCTbnOI<)'MeHTaJlbHbIX MaTepl1aJ10B, )«1- C8IOI.J.HI1(QJ oco60ro 8OeHHo-cYlle6HoJO npHC)'TCTBH.II, 06'bHCHHeTCH. no Beei1 BepOJITHOCTH, nt6eJ1btO ero lleJIOnpolt3BQJ1C1B1. BMeCTe C apXI1BOM «MaHOp- CKI1X" K£"1HUeJIHpHH, K3KOOOi1 cropeJ1 B TOM)((e KpeMJIeBCKOM nO)l(3pe 19 MIDI 1737 r., 'ITO tI apXHB Bb[WHero cy.na (F030a6o-Folm6ueecKuilA.A. YK<13. C04. C. 23). lPfHA, $ 1319, on I, KH. 27, JI. 97. nOJlH0e lllfTtlpoooHl1e naHHO- ro 3aKOHa - nptl :nOM. 6e3 BCHKHX KOMMeHTapHeB - CM. B MOHorpa- $1111 8.11. EepeTeHHI1KOBa 1910 r. (BepemeHIIUf:06 B. If. I1CTOPI1J1 Tai1HoH KaHUCJ1.11pHl1... C. 71). 
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f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 331 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. f J1y6o.KO no.K33aTeJ1bHo., 1.J:TD A..H. HecTepDB o.pramnalli1- o.HHo. HI-1K8K He CB5I3b]BaJJ npoeKTI1pyeMble J.1CKaJ1bCKMe cynb] C J.1CKaJlbCKOi-i CJI}l)K60i-i - "lTO CBMeTeJlbCTBOBaJJo. 06 o.C03HaHI-11-1 M Heo.6xonHMOCTH OTneJ1eHSI o.praHo.B npaBocynHSI o.T o.praHOB Ha!l.30pa  yroJ1o.BHo.ro npeCJ1enDBaHSI. KaK 6bl TO. H 6blJ1o., DaHHblH npoeKT He HameJ1 no.lI.Llep)({K y CeHaTOpOB. B OTBeT H8 o.3H81.J:eHHo.e no.Ho.weHHe A..H. HeCTepOIJ8 Cemn o.rpaH- 1.J:HJlC.II 164:!eBpaJJSI 1721 r. H3MHeM YK333, B KOTOpoM IOCTu- KOJU]er npe.nncblBanocb Ha3Ha1.J:I-1Tb o.llHo.ro 3 'lJIeHo.B npl-1- CyrCTBH5I «K rjJUCKWlCKUM tJeAUM»[. OcmeTC5I llo6aBHTb, "lTD H8 npaKTHKe CCTeMa pc<t>opm- pOBaHHblX cneUHan3HpOBaHHbIX cyno.B Ha<JaJIa B no.J1Ho.H Mepe YHKUHo.HPOBaTb K 1722 r. YHKaJJbHo.H np3Mo.H, n03IJO- J1S1K>llldi Co.CTaBIffb ueJ1o.CTHoe npe.nCT3BJIeHl'le 0. pa6DTe 3TDH CI'ICTeMb], .llRlUIK>TC51 o.THo.CJllll(1eC5I K o.nHCblBaeMo.MY BpeMeHH pacno.p5l.nI'lTeJ1bHble 8KTbi CeHaTii 1'1 JOcTI'I!..t-KDJUJerHI'I 0. p8C- npelleJ1eHHI'I neJI no. nOllcynHaCTI'I Me)l(JlY cynaMI-1 06111eH K>pI'lC- llHKUHH H cnemlaJll13(1paBaHHblMH cynaMI1. Hanpl1Mep, allHH 113 TaKHX aKTo.B - ceHaTCKI1H )'Ka3 OT 6 HlOJISI 1722 r. - 6bUl113.DaH B o.TBeT H8 KOJIJ1eKTI1BHYK> HCKo.BYfO «eJ106I1THYIO 'IYBalll Kyp- MbllllcKo.ro ye31la AnaTo.PCKo.H npoBHHUI'II1. CamaCHo. 118HHo.MY YKa3Y nella no. 06BI'IHeHHIO Bo. B351- T04HH1.J:eCTBe 6b1Bwero KypMblwcKaro JJaH)J,JXITa 1)000XaBCKo.rD H nallb5l1.J:ero 3arl'l6HHesa, a TdlOKe neJIa no. 06BHHeHI'lIO KDMI'IC- capa r. CnelilHeBa B HeYKa3HblX c60pax H8npaBJISIJIHCb H8 cy- ne6Hae paCCMOTpeHt1e B K8Mep-KOJUJer1O. ,UeJ1a no. 06Bt1HeHt1lO IJO 1J351TO'lHH<reCTIJe aJl8To.pcKo.ro 11 KYPMbllllCKOro rop01l0BblX cyneH cJ>. CeKepHHa t1 MewepcKoro. 8 paBHa neJ1o. no. 06Bt1- HeHt1K> 4>t1CKaJla C. BalllymH8 B 3J1o.ynuTpe6J1eHl'll'lno.JI)({Ho.CT- HbIMt1 naJ1Ho.Mo.lJl151MH HanpaBJ1J1J1t1Cb B IOcrnU-Ko.JUJerHK>, neJIa no. 06BHHeHHK> nOCall.CKo.ro lJeJ1o.BeKa A. CBe<IHt1Ko.Ba B BblMo.ra- TeJlbCTBe - B fJ1aBHb1H Marl1crpaT (c no.CJlellYlOlUI1M t1HPMt1- po.BaHl'leM 0.60. Bcex Bb]HeCeHHb]X npl'lroBo.paX CeH8Ta)l. W: *: j1::::: i9,JI.2f5006.lnpHJIo)l(eHl1e III. NQ I). CeHaT- CKHe )'K<13bl 11 pacnopH)I(eHHe JOcrHll-KOJUJerHtI 1712-1714 rr. CXO.nHOro COnep:>KaHI151 eM. TaM >Ke. n 154-15406.; TaM >Ke. KH 1936, n. 11-11. Ta1 >Ke, 4J. 281. on. I. KH. 11643. JI. 163-164 06. InpHJIOIKeHl1e III, NQ 1 1131. 
332 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I  8. BbIBO.Qbl nO.D;BO.LI.SI HTQe BbIWeCKa3aHHOMY. CJTe){yeT KOHCTaTJ.t- poBaTb, 'lTO B xo.n;e cye6Hoj::j peopMbl neTpa I 6bLJ10 pe- OpraHI130BaHO 11 BnepBb]e yqpe)KJleHO B 06l1..lei1 CJiO}f(HOCTI1 13 CneUl'la.ru13HpoBaHHblx cyne6Hb]X op.-aHOB. 113 'lI'lCJlf! CneUl'l- aJ1t13HpoBaHHhIX cynoB, net1cTBOBaBllIIiX B POCCHH .nO 1717 f., B Kone cyn.e6HblX npeo6pa30BaHHM coxpaHl-1J1HCb (XOTH 51 n011- BepnllHCh pa:moo6pa3HblM 113MeHeHIffiM); npe06pa)f{eHCKHH npHKa3, nOMeCTHhlH npHKa3 (CTaBWHH BOT"lHHHOH KOJTJlern- eM), BOeHHbie cYAb] (KpHrcpexTbl), llepKOBHble CYllb], a TaK)I(e cynbl DJ]f[ HIJJ]b]X ropo>K3H (nOC<I;J;CKHX JllOnei'i). 1-13 cnemlaJlI'I- ]HpoBaHHb]X cynOB H8 npoU[}KeHI'IH 1717-1723 n. 6b1JU1 OCHO- BaHbl: KaMep-KOJ1JlenUl, PeBH31-10H-K0JU1erH5I, Eepr-KOJ1JIerHH, KOMMepu-KoJ\J\enHI. nOJU1UMCHCTepcKaSi KaHueJUIpHSI TaHHaSi KaHueJUlpHH, BhlllIHH" cyn H oco6oe BoeHHo-cyn.e6Hoe npH- cyrCTBHe, COCTOHBlllee 113 maB 11 aceccopOB «MaHopCKHXI> CJlell- CTBeHHb]X KaHLleJl.llpI1H. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 113 no.ncYllHOCTI1 OTe'leCTBeHHbIX CYllOB 06weH IOPHC1U1KUHI'I K 1724 r. OKa3<L11I'1Cb I'I3"b51Tbl - BCeue- 110 IUlH no 60JlbWeH 'laCTI'I - BOCeMb Kareropl'lH yfOJlOBHb[X H rpa)((fl8HCJJL'I( neJl (neJIa no rocynapCTBeHHblM, HHaHcoBblM, TaMO.:KeHHbIM. npOTI1BOLlepKOBHblM npecT)'ruJeHH5IM, npecIYruJe- HIDIM npOTHB HHTepeCOB CJI}0K6bl, no $uIbwHBoMoHeTHWleCTBY, no HapyweHHIO 06wecTBeHHoro nOp5lnKa B roponax. lleJia no 3eMeJlbHbIM cnopaM llBOp.llH). napaJIJleJlbHO C 3TI1M, 1'13 nonCYll- HOCTH cynoB 06weH IOpHC.!lI1KLlI'II'I K KOHUY npaBJIeHHfI neTpa I 6bUlH BblBelleHb] - nOJIHOCTblO IUlI'I npel'lMywecTBeHHo - "IeTbI- pe 3H8'lI-'lTeJlbHble KaTeropHH 1II'IU (CTpOeBble BOeHHOCJl)l)KaWl1e, nyxoneHcTBo, KpeCTb5lHe UepKOBHblX BO"J'lJHH, TflfJlble ropo.JKa- He), a 3a011HO npeMeHHO npO.:KHnaBWHe B POCCHH HHOCTpaHHble npe.nnpHHHMaTeJlI1 H npe11CTaBHTeJlH cpe11Hero H Bblcwero 3Be- HbeB fOCY.Ll8pCTBeHHoro annapaTa. B CHCTeMe CneUHaJlH3I1pOBaHHb]X CYJWB, CJlO.:KHBWeHC5I B 1717-1723 n., caMoe 3aMeTHOe MeCTO 3aH5IJlI'I nOllCHCTeMb] BO- eHHb]X, uepKOBHb]X 1'1 M8fl1cTpaTCKI1X cynoB. Hal'l60Jlee.:Ke HOBa- TOpcKYIMH MepaMH, ocywecTBJleHHblMH romawHHM 38KOH011aTe- JIeM B 06J1acnt pet)JopMHponaHHSI CnemlaJIH3Hpon8HHblx cynon, CJ1e.11YeT npH3HaTb PMHpOBaHHe BeIJfHK<LIIH 0611WlaBwHx 6ec- npeuelleHTHO lllHpoKJ1MH IOpHCnl1KUHOHHblMH nOJ1HOMO'lHflMH 
f nasa 5. PeqJopMa clilcreMbl Cne41i1aJllil31i1poOOHHbiX CYAOB 333 POCCIiIIiI B 1717-1723 IT. M8rl1CTpaTCKHX eyn06, 8 TalOKe Y"'pe)!(Qem1e nOJJY"'..lBwero CTa- T)'C Bblcwero OpraH8 BJl8CTI1 BblwHerO eyn.a. nOCTpOem1e B XOlle cyne6HoM pe$opMbl CTOJJb pa.meTBJlCH- HOM CHCTeMbl CnemffiJlH3HpoBaHHblX cynoB 03H8'1aJ10 cephe3- HOe OTC1)'ftJJeHHe 3aKOHon.aTeJJH OT HCX011HbIX CTpaTerWleCKHX YCTaHOBOK K8K Ha nOMI'IHl'lpo68HMe 6 npe06paJOB8HHoi1 cyne6- HOi1 CHCTeMe POCCI'II'I cynOB 06wei1 IOpMC1lMKt.lMI'I (<<IOcmu- KO'le2UYM - 6C51KOU cya 60 6bCex OeJfi»), TaK 1'1 Ha BceMepHoe HCnOJJb306aHHe 1lI6ellCMIX 06p83uoB. no C}'lllecTny, 6 H8rnei1 CTpaHe B pe3YJ1bTare npOBe11eHHJI cyne6Hoii pe$opMhI 1717- 1723 ff. npoH30IllIIO BOCCT8H0BJ1eHHe (xonl H B penYUHpo- BaHHOM Bl1lle) cnofkTBeHHoi1 nope$opMeHHblM npeMeHaM TOM caMoii -«cYlle6HOH 1.J:epeCn0J10CHUbll>, KOTopylO H3H81.J:aJ!bHO cTpe- MHJlC.II npeo.nOJJeTb neTp I. H AeJ10 31leCb 6bUlO He B He.nOCT8TKe nOJ1HTW-IecKoi1 60JJI'I nepBom POCcMi1cKom I'IMnepaTopa. EYllY<JH, K8K Y)I(e fOBOpHJIOCb, nOCJJe1l0saTeJ1bHbIM np8fM8- TI1KOM, neyp I He Mor CO npeMeHeM He YHCHHTb He.a.OCTaT01.J:HYIO COBMeCn:lMOCTb llIBellCKMX 06pa3UOB C POCCHj..jCKMMH YCJlOBHHMH H TPallHUHHMH, 8 nOTOM)' He MOf He OC03H8Tb Heo6x011HMOCTb KOppeKTHpoBKH KYPca allMHHHC1paTHBHoi1 H CYIle6HOH pe$opM. 11 eCJIH nOH8'laJ1Y, B Mae 1718 f. uapb neTp AJJeKcee6H<J BKJ1IO- '-JHJI nOMecTHbli1 npHK33 6 CTjJ}'KTYPY IOcTl1u-KoJJJ1efl1H, 6 TOM >Ke Mae 1718 r. He npe.nYCMOTpeJJ HI'IKaKHX CYIle6HbiX nOJJHOMO- 'mi1 lIJIH nOJiI'lUMei1crepcKoi1 KaHUeJJHpl'lH, a 6 HHBape 1721 r., no llyxOBHOMY pef.naMeH1)', pe3KO COKpaTHJI cYIle6Hble nOJJHO- MO<J1:IfI uepKBM, TO Y)I(e 6 HOHlJpe 1721 r. HMnepaTOp neTp BeJ1H- KI1i1 6epHYIl nOlI uepK06HYIO IOpHCllI1KUl11O KpeCTMIH CHHOllanb- HblX BOT'JI'IH, B JIHBape 1722 r. y<Jpelll1.ll BOT'-lMHHyJO KOJlJlerl'llO, 8 B HHBape 1723 f. OCHOBan He HMeBllIHj..j H OTn.aneHHbIX llJBellCKHX 8HaJlOroB BhlllIHHfi CYA. 11 n01106HO TOMY, KaK B 1722 f. B nO- CTpoeHHH MeCTHblX opeaHOB BJ1acHI 3aKOH0ll8TeJJb nepHYJ1CH K 1paLlMUI'IOHHOH: OTe'-JecrneHHoi1 MOlleJIH -«eLlMHOfO X03s:11'1Hal> (H CYIlbl1, H <UJ;MI'IHI'ICT)JaTopa) B pefl10He, 6 1721 r. OH BO MHorOM sepHYIICs:I K He MeHee Tpa,lJ;MUI'IOHHOi1 MOlleJlI'I TaKOOOfO >Ke «e)lH- HOro X03}!HHa» B BellOMCTBe. fny6oKo cBoe06p83HoM crp8HHueH B HCTOpHH pC()JopMH- pOB8HHH B 1717-1723 cr. CHCTeMhl OTe'1eCTBeHHbIX cnCUHaJ!H- 3HpoBaHHblX CYllOB HBI1JIOCb 3aTHHYBweeCH H8 ceMb J1eT cocyure- CTBonaHHe npe06p8)f{eHCKOfo npHKaJa H T8HHOM K8HueJlHpHH, I'IMeBWHX H.IleHTM'lHYIO KOMneTeHUHIO B 06JJaCTI1 CYila no focy- 
334 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I n.apCTBeHHbIM npeCTYTUJeHI1J1M. PellU'IIJ, B (1TOre. npeOllOJleTb OT- Me'leHHYIO cHryaUl1tO, 3aKOHO.aaTeJlb Ha'ffiJI B 1724 r. peOpraHI1- JaWIlO cym no roCyn.aPCTBeHHhIM npecTyJllleHt1S1M. H8MepeBaJiCh, no BceM OlJeBWlHOCH'I, BCeueJlO nepeD.aTb pa3611paTeJlbCTBO n.en no rocyn.apCTBeHHblM npeCTYfUleHI1J1M npaBI1TeJlbCTBytOll1eMY CeHaTy. 3Ta peopraHI13aW1.11 TaK 11 He 6Lma, OllHaKO, ocywecT- BJleHa Ha npaKTHKe B CB.II3(1 C KOH'lI1HOH nepBOro HMnepaTopa TaKOBb]M 06pa:mM npeTBOpl1JlOCb B )((113Hb TO HanpaBJIeHl1e cyn.e6HOii pe$opMb] nerpa I. KOTOpoe 3aK/llOlJaJlOCb B nocTpoe- HI1I1 CI1CTeMbl CneWlaJlH3t1pOBaHHblX eynoB. Tenepb He06xo.IDf- MO 06pamTbCSI K paccMoTpemno BonpocoB 0 npeo6pa30BaHIDIX, ocyJ1lecTBJleHHblX B xone pe$opMbl B o6J1acrn CYllonpoH3Boll- cTBa. a TalOKe 0 CI1CTeMarn3aUI1I1 Torn.a npoueCcyaJTbHoro 33- KOHoaTeJ]bCTBa. 
rJ1aBa 6. npe06pa30BaHIotJl B cYAonpolot3Bo,QcTBe lot CIotCTeMan13aLl.IotJl npOI.,leCcyal1bHoro 3aKOHO,QaTel1bCTBa POCCIotIot B 1717-1723 IT. Ll.rUl H8<ffiJIa CTOHT nepei-inl K o603pemuo 113MeHeHHi-i. ocy- meCTBJ1eHHblX B 1717-1723 rr. B 06JJaCTH cyn.OnpOH3BOllCTBil. KaK H3BeCTHO. KpynHeHwHM aKTOM npOUeCcyaJTbHOrO npaBa, H3- n.aHHbIM B nepHOll CYlle6HOH pe<t>oPMbl neTpa I. SlBJllJlCSI 3aKOH OT 5 HO.ll6pSl 1723 r. «0 rjJop'Ue cyiJa». npHHHMaSI so BHHM8HHe. '-HO 3aKOH «0 4>opMe cy.na» }0Ke He pa3 non.po6HO xapaKTepH30BaJlCSI B HcropHKo-npaBOBOH nHTepaType (OC06eHHO paJsepHyro - B n.HccepraUHOHHbIX HCCJlellOBaHI.JSIX I.J CTaTb5IX n. A. POMaHOSa I.J 11. A. XpYCTaJIeBa)[, t1311araTb era COllep)f(aHt1e B paMKax HacTO- SlmeH pa60Tbl Sl BCTBeHHO He HMeeT CMbICJla. Heo6xOllt1MO OTMe- [CbpoVflmllllK08li H. 04epK I1CTOpl.J11 cyna... C. 172-175; 'Ie..'b1q)6- 6eiMnoe MA. YKa3. C01.J. C. 713-714; Wa1mtm R. Op. cit. P. 308-310; Pe- ter-ion C. Op. c]t P. 345-352; l{UCmHIW60 H. npoueccyanbHoe JaKOt-lOl1a- TeJ1bCTBO. C. 818-821; PoMGIfOf! D.. A. Pe4!OpMI1poBaHI1e cy.nonpoH300nCTBa B POCCI1I1... C. )3-27; ()I{JIC(!. Pc4xJpMd rocy.napcrm:HHoroannapara POCCI1I1... Lll1c.... C. 9(}-111; K.,..I'fINlfjJuHOE., fk6uJeeB.M,CcVJ£!tlHF.IO.YKa3. C01.J. T. 2. C. 146-150; XpJ'CI1It21ffJ fl.A. TaK 6bUIa JlI1 npoueocyaJlbHa5I pe- $:JpMa nerpa )9 c. 84-85: ()I{ JIC(! CYDel'iHo-npaBOBble pe4x:!PMbl nerpa I... Lll1c. ... C. 158-214. AKUUIUH MO. Cync6Hm pc4x:!pMa Jlc1pa I: Lll1c. ... C. 105-111. CroJff 3aMeTJffb, 'ITO B XIX - Ha'JaJle XXI B. JaKOH m 5 HOH6p.ll 1723 r. MHOIOK)JaIl1O IIJ.lIaBaJTC.II (TOJ1bKO B COBeTCKoe BpeMH 'JeTb]pejf(j}bl). HalI6anee aBTopHTeTHOii B'JecKoM OTHOWeHl111 JlIL1JleTCH ny6J1l1- Ka1ll1.ll. nonroroBJIeHHIDI no P}'KOnl1CHmlY nO.1lJ1I1HHI1KY JaKOHa H. A. Boc- KJ>CceHCKIIM (3aKoHOnaJ1bHb]C tlKTb[ nC1]XlI. c. 399-4(4). 
336 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I TI'lTb JlI1111b TO., 'no. HI1KaK(1X CKOJIbKO-HH6Y.D.b 3Ha'U1Mb]X HOHaUI1" B OTe>leCTBeHHoe cy.aonp0113BOll.CTBO l13!laHi1eM 3aKOH8 «04>opMe cyna» He BHOCI1JIOCb. He MeH5IJ\C5I HI1 Tl1n npouecca, HI1 era IU111. (no ynoMtm3Bwei:icfI KJl3CCH<]>I1IGUlI1t1 A. B. O.UfpHOBa). HOBOBBeneHt1J1MI1. 3ill]>I1KCHpOOaHHbIMH B 3aKOHe OT 5 Ha- JJ61's:! 1723 r., MO>KHO C'leCTb TonbKO CJlenYIOWI1e: Bo-nepBbIX. 38- KpeJlJleHl1e B CT. 5 3aKOH8 npaiJa OTBeT411Ka 03HaKOMI1TbC.ll AO Ha'lflJl8 cynOWBOpeHI151 C COl{ep>KaHl1eM (1CKOBOii 'leJl06HTHOii (.111U1 c60pa .QOKa3crreJ1bCTB K CBoeMY OnpaBJlaHI..no). a BO-BTOpbIX, yrBep)((lleHl1e B CT. 3 11 4 nop}I.QKa pa36HpaTeJlbCTBa Hen8 CTpO- fa no. nYHlcraM HCKOBOH lJeJ[06HTHOW. CMblCJ! 113.D.aHI15! 3aKO- H8 «0 4JopMe cyn.a» JaKJ]JOl[aJlOI. .nyMaeTCH, He B TOM. <!TOGb! npl1HUHnl1aJ1bHO 06HOBHTb CYllonp0l1300llCTBO, a TOM, <ITOGbl CI1CTeMaTl13l1pOmITb - C }"-IeTOM Japy6e>KHbIX 06pa3UOB (1 Ka- MepaJIl1CTCKI1X npI1HU(1JlOB - y.>Ke 113BeCTHb]e OTelJeCTBeHHOMY npaBY npoueccyanbHble HOpMbL nO::HOMY ocyweCTBJIeHHa51 CI1- CTeMaTI131l1_UU1 6b1J1a On-UO.1lb He MexaHl-.J'leCKOH, 11 HeCJl}"{8HHO, 'lTO no Hac nollUlO 'leTblpe pen.aKU1U1 npOeKTa 3aKOHa 1 . B 3aKOHe OT 5 H05l6p51 1723 r. OKaJaJlHCb neTaJlH3HpOBa- Hbl - no.Ll O<JeBI{1J.HbIM liIBe.LlCKHM BJlH5IHHeM 3 - pa3JII1'IHble npOuellYPbl nO.LlroToBKH H npOBe.LleHH5I cyne6Horo pa36HpaTeJlb- CTBa: OT BBe.n;eHI151 e.LlHHO(1 4>OPMb] (no TeM CaMb]M nYHKTaM), no KOIDpOH HallJIe)I(3)Jo COCTaBJl5lTb HCKOsylO 'leJ106I1THYJO, no yKaJaHI1f1 B 065131tJeJIbHOM nOp5l1lKe CCbUlaTbC5I Ha KOHKpeTHble 3aKOHO.1l8TeJlbHble aKTbl npl1 nOCTaHOMeHt-Il1 np"roBOpa (I.JTO, KCTaTH, He 6yny ' m CneUHaJIbHO pemaMeHTl1pOBaHO, npt-lMeH5I- ROCb Jill npaJ<TH Ke 11 B npellWeCTB)'IOUmft nepI10.Ll 4 ). ] 3aKoH01laTbHb[e aKTb] ncrpa I. c. 400-401. CroHT 33MeTI1Ib. 'JTO Be.neHl1e lIeJla no nYHKTaM 06BHHeH(1.11 npaKTI1KOBaJlOCb 1I0 1713 r. B OTe- 'JeCTBeHHOM BoeHHOM cy.nonpoHJOOIICTBe. 06 3TOM ynoMHHaJloCb B CT 3 rJl. 6-i1: 'J. I 11 B CT. 5 rn. 1-i1 'J. 3 «KpaTKOro I1JOi5pa)KeHI1 npoueCOB..... 1712 r.. a TIllOKe B CT. 1 ynOM.IIHyroro pacnOpH>KeHI1.11 BoeHHOi1 KOJIJ1efHl1 OT 2411K\!lH 1721 r. 06 ynY4WCHI.JI1 paOOrb] BOCHHblX CYlIOB (nOJlH0e C06p;.]HI1C ]aKolC::ao1abI:In=lt390 I. C. 830. 840) 3KaK y6e.nI1TeJ1bHO nOKa3aJl K. nerepcoH, npl1 pa3pa6oTKe JaKOHa OT 5 HOH6p.ll 1723 r. B Ka'leCTBe IIICT04HlllKa llJl.JpOKO npl1DJ1eK.l.fJC.II wBCllCKHi1 npoueccydJIbHb[Ii yCTdB 1695 r. IRiinegcngs.stadga 16951 (Peterson C. Op. dt. P. 347-349). 4CM.. Hanpl1Mep. l"OCTaRl1eHHYIO B MapTe 1721 r. nO.1lroToBI1TeJ1bHYtO Bblnl.JCKY K nOCTaHOBlleHIllJO npHroBOpa no .neJ1Y M. n. f...rdpl1Ha (Pfl.1A. 41. 1329. on. I, KH. 17, n. 87-93 06.). 
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348 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I H8 - C oG.II3aTeJ1bHb1M yKa3aHHeM BbI5lBJIeHHb]X pemBJIIOHHO- pewalOwei1 I1HCTaHUHei1 HellO'-ieTOB (<<lJmo K f1ymlfeuy mOleOo6U- HUIO HaiJAe:JK:Umb nanO'IHumhi'). ComacHo TOMY >Ke pacnop5DKeHI"UO. cynbH HMBOpHom cyM OG.II3blBaJlJ.fCb paccM8TpI-lBaTb nocTynaBwl1e 113 «HIDKHIt.'C'> cy.aOB npHfOBOpb] B C)({aTble CpoUI (-«6e3f)ln..JO.JI(Ho»). B CBOIO 04epe.nb, 3a npl-1BelleHHe axJJBeTCTB)'IOWHX npl1r0BOpOB B I1CnOJ1HeHJ.fe 6e3 yrRep)l()]eHl151 B Bb]WeCT05lWei1 I-1HCTaHUlU1 Be1l0MCHJeHHblH HOpMOTBopeLl npe,!J;YCMOTpeJI B pacnop5DKeHI1(1 QT 5 "1011.11 1721 r. DJUI cYJJ;ei1 ropO.nOBbIX H npom1HUl-JaJlbHbIX cynOB - BJIYxe CT. 71 Cyne6HI1Ka 1550 r. - yr0J10BHYfO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. npaB.Lla. B OTJlW-IHe OT CY1le6HHKa 1550 f.. B pacnopsDKeHHH QT 5 "101151 1721 L CaHKl{I1JI 3a HapyweHHe peBI13(10HHo-pernalOlllero no- p5JllKa CYllonpOI13BOllCTBa 6bUJa YCTaHOBJTeHa XOUI H YCTpaW8fO- waR. HO MeHee OnpelleJIeHHa5l: «.]nJ/JICKOe IICme30HU(!». He npolliJ1o 11 nOJlyrona nOCJ1e H3llaHIDI paCnOpH)I(eHl151 OT 5 I1JOJlH 1721 r., KaK JU1HI1H Ha BHellpeHl1e peBI13110HHO- pewaJowei1 CTa.LlHI1 B yroJ10BHOe CYllonpol13BOllCTBO B cy.uax 06- llleiJ IOpl1Clll1KUHI1 HalliJ1a 3aKpenJ1eHl1e Ha ypoBHe 33KOHOllaTe- mi. npmn0lliJ10 3TO, 6JJaro.uapH I1JIlaHl11O 3aKOHa OT to HOH6pH 1721 r. 0 nOpJI.1lKe ymep)f(!leHH}! npl1roBopoB «HI'I:>KHI1X» cyllOB, B KOTOphlX Ha3HaI1Ch CMCpTHM Ka3Hh I1JlI1 CChUlKa Ha KaTopry, 11 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1 3a oco60 T5I}I(J(l1e npecrynJ1eHI151 I . B 3TOM o60iiD.eHHoM BHI'IM8Hl'leM npe.rrweCTBylOllll1X aBTopoB pa3BepHY- TOM 3aKOHOllaTeJ1hHOM aKTe (B KOTOpOM OKa3aJ111Ch COnpH.:Ke- Hhl yr0J10BHO-npaBOBb]e 1'1 yroJloBHo-npou;eccyaJIhHb]e HOPMb]) no 6cmbwei1 48CTI1 npellyCM<npl'lB3Jll'ICb Te )/(e pem13110HHO- pew81OWI'Ie npoue.nypb]. KOTophle Gh]J11'1 YCT8HORJleHbi pacnopH- )/(eHHeM IOcTHU-KOJIJlerl1H OT 5 HIOJ1H 1721 r. B Ka1.JeCTBe 1l0n0J1HeHI1Si B 3aKOHe OT to HOSi6p51 1721 r. npellnl1ChIB3JlOCh, Bo-nepBhlx, npl1RJleKaTh K )"-JaCn11O B ymep.:+;:- lleHHH HNlBOpHblMH cYllaMH COOTI3eTCTByfOl1..lI'IX npHroBopoB maB ry6epI1CKI1X 81lMI'IHI'ICTp8UI1i1 (ecJ11'1 ro4Jrepl'IXT pa3MeW<UlCJ'I B ry6epI1CKOM ropo.ne), a BQ-BTOPb]X. HCnOJ1HSiTb yrBep>K.JJ;eHHble npl1rOOOphl B Tex MecTax. rlle TaKOBhle 6hV1I1 BhlHeceHhl. Kpo- Me TOro. B paccMaTpI1BaeMOM 33KOHe neT)) I OTKpOBeHHO MOTH- BHpoBaJI Heo6x01ll1MOCTb npHMeHeHI'I.II peB1'I31'10HHO-pe1ll8f01l.lI-1X npouellYP HaJTI1'II1eM COMHeHI1i1 B KOMneTeHTHOCTI1 CYllei1 «HI1)/(- ] nonHoe c06paHlile 3aKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 3847. C. 451-453 
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366 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I U i!eHepana-npOKJ'fJOPll fla6.1G H8GI/08U'4G Hi?YWUHCK020 iJa f1eii6- 28apdUU KanUmOHG Ecopa H8GH06U'ia flaWK080,,1. Ha npOTIDKeHt1H BTDpOj..j n000B"Hb! 1722 r. CJlelll"TBeHH3H KaHueJUlpH5I reHepaJI-npOKYpa1)'pbl npOnOJDKaJl8 3aHHMaTbC5I <<J!eJTOM HCKaJlOB». o6DeM pa60TbI no KOTOpoM)' Ha1.{aJ[ peJKO YBeJll1'umanC51 nacne TOro, KaK 31 8BI)'CTa 1722 r. pewI-lBwI-lii J]eSITeJIbHO paCKlliITbC5I C. <1>. OOJU.lOB noJI.M OGWHPHYIO, B 70 (!) nYHKTOB nOBI1HHYIO. 9 H05l6pH 1722 r. neCbM8 cOnep)((aTeJlbHYIO nOBHHHYIO nOllM 11 mana CKaJ1bCKO CJlY.>K6bl A SI. HeLiepoB (o6BHHeHHe KOTOPOMY 6bLllO npellb5lBJIeHO KaK pa3 H8 OCHOBa- Him nOBHHHof1 CaBBb! OonUOBa). B MTore, K SlHBapJO 1723 r. ne.slTeJlbHOCTb cJlenCTBeHHoii KaHueJlflpHH reHepaJI-npOJ(ypa1YPbI llOCTJ.1fJT8 TaKora paJMaxa, 1.JTO neT]) I OKa3aJ1CfI nepell O'leBI1Ll- HblM Bb16opOM: Jm60 BHeCTI1 nonpaSK(1 B 3aKOHOJUTeJ1bCTBO, OKOH<l8TeJIbHO Ha;:J;eJTI1B reHepaJI-npOl<YPaTYPY CJle;J;CTBeHHbIMI1 nOJlHOMOlJl1.11MI1 ('lTO, 01lHaKO, nponmope'll1Jlo B3rJIJUJ.3M nepBO- ro POCCI1I1CKOro m.mepaTOpa Ha npOKyparyPY K3K Ha opraH HaIl- 3Opa), 111160 nepe.naTb ewe He 3aeeprneHHoe «lleJlO 4>HCKaJIOB» 11 BbUleJleHHbie 113 Hero B oco6oe np0l13Bo.ncTBo lleJIa B I1Hoii CJ1e.1lCTBeHHblj:j opraH ('ITO rp03HJTO 3aMell1ll1Tb, 8 TO l1.Qe30pra- HI130B8Tb COOTBeTCTBYIOWHe paCCJ1e.1l0BaHIrn). B KOHue KOHUOB. I1MnepaTOp npl1HHJI KOMnpoMI1CCHOe pe- rneHl1e. KaK 6blJTO CK338HO Bblrne, B <!>eBpane 1723 r. CJle.llCTBeH- HIDI KaHueJ1s:Jpl1s:J reHepaJI-npOJ(ypa1)'pbl 6blJ18 npeo6p83oBaHa B P03blCKHYIO KOHTOPY BblwHero cY1{a. Or CJ1e1lCTBeHHOH K3HUe- JT.IIpl1H reHepaJI-npOl(YPaTYPbl P03blCKHa5I KOHTOpa YHaCJle;J;OBaJIa 11 HaXOlll1BlUHeC.II B np0I13B01lCTBe neJIa. H KaHuemlpcKI1X CJlY>Ka- WI1X (BO f11aBe C KaHUeJlHpHCTOM H. H. BeHIOKoBbIM). H pyKOBO- DJneJT.II - npOKYpopa E. H. narnKoBa. CTOHT nOBTOpHTb TalOKe, 'lTO B 1{eJTOnpOI13B01lCTBe cepe1U1Hbl 1720-x fr. P03blCKHa.ll KOH- Topa HepellKO 0603Ha'laJlaCb «B CB.II3Ke» C npellweCTBeHHI1Uej:j; «KaHlQ' UIplLR ceHepaw-lIeumeHallma U &Hepana-npol.'}popa, '1mo lib/He BbllllHRCO cyi}a KaHmopa Po3blCKl/. ] CM.. Hanpl1Mep. pacnopH>KeHl1e crJel1CTIJCHHOf! KaHlIeJ1.11pl1H reHepaJI- npo";ypaTypbl OT 26 ceHTH6pH 1722 r.. clJIPfCOBaHHOe JlpocJIaBCmi npo- BI1HUl1aJ1bHOH KaHUCJI.IIPHI.J: PfAllA, I}J. 248, KH. 274. JI. 1408. M. B. 6a611'J. He o6Jxrn.lB BHI1MaHI1H Ha CBH.!lt:I"CJlbCTBH IIICT04HI1KOB 0 BXOjf(j}eHHI.J CJIell- CTBeHHOi1 KaHUeJlHpl111 n. J.1. JlI)')KHHCKOro 11 E. 11. naWKOBa B C1JIYKTVPY reHepaJI-npoKYJXITYPbl, HeT04HO yJ<c13aJ1a. 'JTO DaHHaH KaHUeJIJlpl1.11 l}JyHK- Ul10Hl1jJOB<Lla «npl1 CeHaTe» (5a6u'I M B. focy.napCTBeHHble Y'!pe)l(lJeHI1J1 XVIII nl:Ka. C. 325). 
fnasa6. BcYAonI1J8Q[ICTBeI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 367 llbHOro 3al'Dl-Q:l8TeJlbCTBa R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. I1MeHHo P03b]CKHIDl KOHTopa BbiwHero cyna nOllBeJ1a K KOHUY paccnen.OHaHl1e KaK MHoro3nl130nHoro «nella <!>I1CKaJlOB>Jo. TaK 11 I3bUleJ1eHHoro 113 Hero BbIWeOTMe'leHHoro nena no OOOI1He- HI1IO cynbl1 MOCKOOCKOro HaLlBOpHOro cym M. B. )l(e.nH6)')KCKOrO B nO.1l.llore 3aBewaHHfI. B OKTfl6pe 1723 r. H83BaHHble lleJ1a - C nOLlrOTOBJIeHHbIM(1 P03b]CKH0I1 KOHTOpOI1 06BJ.1H(1TeJ1bHb]MI1 3a- KJTlO'JeHI1HM(1 - 6bUll1 HanpaBJ1eHbl B Bb]WHI1I1 cyn, KOTOPb]11 B flHBape 1724 r. npl1ro130pWl ceMepb]X noncym1MbiX K pa3JJl.1'-1- HblM MepaM llliKa3aHI1JI. 113 neJ1, KOTOpb[e P03blCKHIDI KOHropa He ycneJ1a nOBeCTI1 no cyna, HeOO.XQfiI.tMO Ha3BaTb ynoMI-1HaBwee- CfI neJ10 nbflKOB neHcKoro npl-1Ka38 R B. 6bUll-1HCKOro 11 B. H. HeCTepoBa, KOTOpoe KOHTopa paCCJ1enOBaJla B 1723-1724 rr. .nH....""BJWallItfl P03blCKH0l1 KOHTOpbl np0l130l1Ul8, no ocel1 sePOHT- Hocm. B 1726 r. B CB.II3(1 C ynpaHeHHeM BbIlliHero cyna. 3aBepwa.ll paCCM01]JeHl1e opraHOB npell.B3pHTeJlbHOro pac- CJlenOBaHHfI, n05lB(1BWI1XCH 13 Xone cyne6Hoj:j pe4>oPMbi neTpa I, ocmeTCH CKa38Tb HeCKOllbKO CJlOB 0 npl11l8Hl11-1 CJlenL'TBeHHb]X nOJ1HOMOlJI-1M KaMep-KOJUleml1 11 KaMepl1pCKMM KOHropaM. liTO KaCaeTC5I KaMep-KOJV1en1l1. TO emmCTBeHHblM 8KTOM 0 Halle.ne- Hi1l1 ee TaKOBblMI1 nOJlHOMO'II151MI-1, I1Jl1.aHHblM B nepBOH <,eTBepTH XVIII B., HBHJlCH CeHaTCKMH YKa3 OT 30 anpeJ1H 1722 r. ComaCHO Ha3BaHHOM)' )'KaJ}' (npI1HHTOM)' B OTBeT Ha nOHOWeHl-1e rnaBHO- ro Mamcrparn), KaMep-KOJIJ1erJ.111 n(:ellOCTaBMlJlOCb npaBO «'iU- Humb c.qeOOeaHue» no neJIaM 0 XHweHl-111 K83Hbl, COBepWeHHOM C Y'-UlCTHeM nOJ1)f{HOCTHbIX }1(1U ropO,!J;CKOro caMoynpaBJIeHI1J1. npl1 3TOM, B KaKOi1 cyne6Hbll1 opraH Ha.u..ne)l(8J]O nepeJ18BaTb paCCJ1e- )];OBaHHble KaMep-KOJV1erl1ej:j neJIa, B YK83e OT 30 anpeJ1}1 1722 r. He OroHaPI1BaJlOCb] (CKopee ocero, 3l1eCb, no YMOJ1<mHHIO HOpMO- TBOpua, nOLlp83}'MeBaJlHCb MamcrpaTCKl1e C}')];bl). )(pOMe TOro, 13 1720-1724 rr. npaBI1TeJlbcTBYlOllIHH CeHaT H8npaBI1J1 B nocyne6Hoe np0(13BOnCTBO KaMep-KOJ1J1erI-1H, no MeHbWel1 Mepe, flJ/mb ne1l, CBH3aHHblX C cOBepWeHl1eM npecry- JlJIeHl-1tt B <!>HHaHcoBOH c<})epe. K npl-1Mepy. CeHaTCKJ.1M YKa30M OT 12 HIOJ1H 1721 r. KaMep-KOJIJIenm 6blJ10 npe,!J;nHcaHO ocy- weCTBI-1Tb paCCJlellOBaHHe nena 0 XHweHHH Ka3Hbl H 06 yrpare <l>HHaHcoBoH llOKYMeHTaUHH 3a 1716 r. B HOBropoLle. no 3anep- rneHl111 pacCJlenOBaHH}I )];eJlO HalUIe>KaJIO nepeJ18Tb Ha cyne6Hoe paccM01]JeHl1e B IOcTHU-KOJUlerl1lO. A ceH8TCKHM YK830M OT 7 ceHTH6pH 172 4 r. KaMep-KOJIJIerl1l-1 nopY'-lliJlOCb paCCJ1enOBaTb [nOJlHoe c06paHI1e 3aKOHOB. T. 6. NQ 3991. C. 670--671. 
368 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I .aeno no 06B1.1HeHI1IO BO B3.11TKa'\: H HeyKa.JHb]X c60pax Ka33H- CKoro ry6epHaTOpa A. O. CaJlTblKOBa (cyne6Hoe paCCM01]JeHl1e :noro .neJla npe.nnOJIaranOCb 3aTeM npOBeCTt1 B CeHare)l. Harr.eJleHHe CJlellCTBeHHbIMt1 nOJIHOMOlJHflMH TeppHTOpHaJIb- HbIX opraHOB KaMep-KOJIJ1erHH - KaMepl1pcKl1X KOHTOp - fibUlO 015[38HO C (1H(1UMaTHBQI1 caMoi1 KOJUJenm. B llOHOWeHI1(1 KaMep- KOJJJTenn1 CeHal)'OT 31 JlHsapH 1721 r. KOHCTampOBaJlaCb He31t- KTHBHOCTb pa36Hp3TeJ1bCTBa nen no Ka3HOKpMCTBY H (1HbIM npeCT)'JUleH(1}IM B OfuJacTI1 mcy.napcTBeHHblX llOXOllOB, KOTOpb]e np0l13BOlll1JlHCh Torna IOcHm- 11 PeBJ.13HOH-K0JIJ1efl1S1MI-1 (KaK OTMeljarJOCb B IlOHoweHHl1, B Ha3BaHHbIX KOJIJIerl15IX ('30 JWIfOJ/(£- Hue,11 iJe1 e peweHUU !eblHeceHUU npulO8O{J06j 'lUHUml{O npO()OlJK.:e- Hue, HO "lmo CllompR, U OPY2ue enaiJolOm 6 mOKue :He n02pelueHUR, u om moco iJeHe.)I(HOU KQ3He ympama»). B CBs:l3H C 3THM KaMep- KQJJJlenm npelVlO)l(I1JI3 npenOCTaBI1Tb npaBO ocyweCTRII.IITb npe,!J;- Bapl'ITeJIbHoe CJ1e11CTBJlle no JI,aHHOMY KPYry 11M KflMepHpcKJIIM KOHTopaM, C nocne11yiOlllMM HanpaBJ1eHJlleM paCCJie110BaHHb]X 11en Ha cyne6Hoe paCCMOTpeHt1e B IOcnm- H B PeBJII3HOH-KOJ1JlerMt1 2 . 03HB'1eHHaH t1HHUMBTHBa Km.1ep-KOJ1JlerMt1 BCTpenmB nOJlHYfO nO.D,Ilep)({J<y B CeHaTe. Y>Ke 26 MaH 1721 r. 6bUJ t1311aH nOHblHe He BB01ll1Blllt1ficSI B HaY'lHblf1 060POT ceHaTcKHfi yJ<aJ, B KOropOM 3a KaMepHpcK(1MH KOHTopaMH - B Ka'JeCTBe no- nOJIH(1TeJIbHOfi JlHHH(1 KOMneTeHl.{lm - 3aKpeJU1HJIHCb (npas..u.a, BpeMeHHo. «00 YKQ3)'») CJ1e11CTBeHHble nOJIHOMO'-((1H no lleJl3.M 0 npecryn1leHt1S1X B o6JlaCTIi rocy11apCTBeHHblx noxo.noB. no OKOH- <ffiH(1t1 paCCJie.nOBaHHSI TaKOBblC nella HaJ1Jle.JKaIJO HanpaBJlSlTb B PeBH3(10H-KOJ1JlerHf0 3 . 3aBepwaSl paCCM01]JCH(1e Bonpoca 06 opfaH3.X npe,!J;Ba- P(1TeJlbHOfO paCCJleIlOBaH(1.11. nO.llB(1BWHXCSI B HallIef1 CTpaHe B 1717-1723 fr., HMeeT CMblCJI KOCHyrbCSI ewe HeCKOJlbK(1X MOMeH- TOB. Bo-nepBblx, CTOHT 06paTI1Tb BH(1MaH(1e. '1TO nO'lTI1 Bee ::IT11 OpraHb[ - «Ma(1opcKMe» CJJe.IT.CTBeHHble KaHUeMlp(1(1, CJle11CTBeH- HaSl KaHUeJISlpl1S1 reHepaJI-npoKVP8TYPbl (1 P03blCKHlliI KOHTOpa BblwHero cyna - SlMKJlt1Cb opraHaM(1, cne/{ua1U3upo6GIIIIWIU Ha ocywecTMeH(111 CJJe.ncTBeHHoi1 neSlTeJlbHOCTH. KaK SlBCTByeT 113 ] PfADA 41. 248.. KH. 1887. n. 135 06.-236; KH. 1931. .t. 36. I1Hb!e ceHd1CKlte )OODhI 1720-1714 rr. 0 HanpaBlleHI1H B KaMep-KoJ]J]efHlO DJlH pacclIe.nosaHI1H KOHKpeTHblX lIeJI CM.: TaM }((e. KH. 1915, n. 16; KH. 1927, n. 4p, g3i4£'KI:'81It: 286-280 06 JpfAllA, 41. 248. KH. 811, JI.189 [npIJI=Hllle IV. NQ 3]. 
fnasa6. BcYAonI1J8Q[ICTBeI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 369 llbHOro 3al'Dl-Q:l8TeJlbCTBa R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. apXJIIBHb]X MaTepl1IDlOB, ellJIIHCTBeHHOH 1l0n0J1HI-1TeJlbHoi1 HK- llI1eH, KOTOpOO 06.l!an.anH «MaHopcKJlle» KaHUeJI5IpHH, 6blJI8 YHK- llI151 OTBeTCTBeHHoro xpaHeHH5I HM)'weCTBa. KOHcKoBaHHoro no paCCJ1ellOBaHHbIM HM .neJIaM. K npHMepy, HMeHHoii )'Ka3 OT 3 HfOJI5I 1718 r. 0 nO)({aJlOBaHHH KOHHCKOBaHHOrO ne-rep6ypr- CKOro .nOMa M. H. BOJ1KOHCKOro M. H. Eio6pHweBy-nYWKHHY OK33aJ1C.II HanpaRlieH llIUI HCnQIIHeHH.II B CJ1eJJ;CTBeHHYIO KaHLleJU!- pHIO r. H. KoweJ1esa l . BO-BTOPb]X, Heo6xOllHMO HMeTb B BJIIllY, LITO nepeLlHCJ1eH- Hble CJ1e.fiCTBeHHble KaHueJ1flpHH H P03blCKHmi KOHropa SlRII5IJlHCb opraHaMH epeMeHHblMU (I1Jm, no TepMHHOJlOfHH M. B. Ea6HLI, <'KOMHCCHSlMH»l), nOCKOJlbK)' COJ1I.3BaJlHCb OHH 1lI1fl paCCJ1eJJ;OBa- HHSI CTporo I1KCl1pOBaHHoro Kpyra .neJl. B TIOM CBHJH HeH3- 6e)({HO BOJHHKaeT Bonpoc: LleM )l(e OTJlHLlaJlHCb CJle.nCTBeHHb]e KaHLleJlSlpHH H P03blCKHIDI KOHropa OT }l)Ke ynoMHH8BWHXC.II CBOHX npellweCTBeHHHKOB - KOMHCCHH KOHua XVI-XVII BB., Koropb]e Y'l]Je)l(1Ulf[HCb EOHpcKOH JJ;YMOH DJl.I1 JJ;Ocy.n.e6Horo pa3- 611paTeJlbCTBa KOHKpeTHblX yrOJlOBHblX .ne.n? C OllHOH CropOHbl, B OTJ1H'1He OT TaKOBblX KOMHCCHM no- pe<!JOpMeHHoro nepHO.D.8 (HeCKOJlbKO nOll06HblX KOMHCCHH opraHHJOBblBaJlOCb. KCTaTJII. H B neTPOBcKoe BpeMSI - nOCTa- TOLIHO BCnOMHHTb KOMHCCHIO no)]; pyKOBO.nCTBOM A. K. neTPoB3.- COJIOBO, KOTOpa.ll paCCJleJJ;OBaJl8 neJ10 0 TapCKOM BOCCTaHHH 1722 r.), Bb]WeOxapaKTepH30BaHHb]e CJ1e11.CTBeHHb[e KaHUeJl5lpHH H P03bICKHa51 KOHTopa nOJl}"-laJIH B npOH3BQD.CTBO He e11HHHLJ- Hble neJIa. 8 ,lOfJ6opKu .neJl. C npyroii CropOHbl, <'MaHOpCKHC» KaHueJlSlpHH CJ10)({}])JHCb - Ha'lHHaH C 1717 r. - B ueJlOCTHyJO cucmeMY, CKpelUleHHYJO K TOM)' )l(e C03n8HHeM B 1718 r. oco60ro BOeHHo-cy.ne6Horo npHcyrCTBI1J1, COCTOHBwero H3 maB H acec- COpOB :;ITJIIX KaHUeJl5lpHH. B nepcneKTHBe Bee :;ITO Momo npHBe- cm K npeBpaweHHIO CJ1e11CTBeHHb]X KaHUeJ1J1pHH H POJblCKHOH KOHTOpbl B flocmOJ/HHO .n.eHCTBylOllll1e opraHbL n01106Ha51 nepcneKTHBa 6bll1a, nYMaeTC5I, TeM 60Jlee Bep05lT- HOH, LITO B Ha'1W1e 1720-x rr. MHeHHe a HeOOxOIDIMocrn 06paJo- B3.Tb CT8.LUfIO npellB3.pHTeJ1bHoro paCCJlenOB3.HHSI B OTe'leCTBeHHOM yrOJlOBHOM cy.nonpQl.13BOllCTBe CT<IJlO MaJIO-nOMaJIY YKperuUlTbCH B C03HaHHH He TOJlbKO 3aKOHQL1aTeJI.II, HO H OTHOCHTeJlbHO WHpO- rHg?:auol1HXH;; «KOMI1CCI1I'1 neTjJOBCKoro BpeMe- HI'! CM.: 5a6u'I M. B. fOCy.napcrOCHHbIC )"JPCjf(j}CHI'!.II XVIIIIJCKa C. 18-22. 
370 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Koro Kpyra BbICOKOnOCTaBJIeHHb]X .nOJDKHOCTI-I.bIX JlHU. 001l06Hb]e YMOHacTpoeHHn B cpe.ae reHepa.rnrrem H Bb]Cllle 61OpOlqXTfl1I1 oc06eHHo SlpKO np05lBI1JU1Cb KaK B BblWei13J10)l(eHHoti HCTOpHH o HaJ1e.nemm B 1721-1722 IT. CJ1ellCTBeHHbIMH nOJIHOMOl[HHMH KaMep-KOJIJTefHH Ii ee TeppHTopHallbHblX opraHOB, TaK Ii B 60Jlee <l8CTHOM 3JU130.Lle 0 npellnpl1H.llTOM reHepaJI-MaHOpoM B. JII. r eH- HHHblM B 1723 r. yr0J10BHOM npeCJ1e.n;OBaHHH CYlle6Horo KOMHC- capa YKJ)'CCKOro lU'ICIJnIKTa B. <]). T OMI1JIOBa H 3eMcKoro KOMHC- cClpa KaMeHcKoro m1c'lpI-1KTa <]). <1>. <beqHUloro l . D,e.no B TOM, <ITO HanpaBJIeHHbli1. KaK }l)Ke roBOp11J10Cb, B 1722 r. Ha YpaJI C OC06blMt1 nopyqeH1SIMH neTpa I B. JII. reHHt1H nOnblTaJlCH Me>K11Y "HOro npece'(h npecrynHYJO neHTeJIbHOCTb npellCTamrreJ1eH HH30BOfO 3BeHa \.1eCTHot1 WlMHHHCTpaurm. B 'laCTHocnl, nOJlY'U1B CBe.n;eHI..fJ1 (npM'IeM KaK OT no.naBllll1X (1C- KOBble <jeno6HTHble KpeCTb5IH, TaK H OT Teppl-Hop(1aJ]bHoro op- r3H8 I-1CKaJlbCKOM CJ1y)((f)bI) 0 MHOroo6pa3Hb]X KpI-1MI-1HMbHblX neflHl-1JlX KOMI-1CCapOH B. <]). TOMIDIOBa 1-1 <]). <]). <])eIDI0Ha. BI-1- 1ll-1M reHHI-1H, He te.11JlI-1B, OCHOBaJI CJ1e.nCTIleHHYIO KaHueJ1flpl-1lO 60 maBe C Maf1opoM T06oJJbCKOro nOJ1Ka JII. 6pI-1KraY3eHOM. ComaCHO paCnOpH>KeHt11O B. JII. reHHI-1Ha OT 12 I1IOJlfI 1723 r., HOraHH} 6pHKraY3eHY - COBMeCTHO C O.ll.HI-1M-nB}'MfI CTpoeBb]MI-1 o{lmuepaMI-1 - Ha;:JJIe)((MO B KpaT4aMWI-1M CpOK ocy- weCTBJ.1Tb npe,IJ,BapHTeJlbHOe CJ1e;J;CTBl-1e (<<u3Credotramb... HOUCKO- pee») no neJ18M B. <]). TOMIDIOBa 1-1 <]). <]). <])eI1JIOBa. PaCCJ1e- nOBaHHbie nena npellnOJIaranOCb 3aTeM nepe1J.aTb H8 cyne6Hoe paCCMOTpeHHe B OpC06proKeHCKHH npI-1Ka3]. He Bbl3blBaeT co- MHeHI-1f1, <no, 6yny<m OCBellOMJleH 0 $:>PMaX OpraHt13aUt1H npell- Bapt1TeJlbHOro CJle.llCTBt1fl, KOTOpb]e nOJlY'IHJ11-1 pa3BHTHe B ro.1lbl CY.1le6HOM pet)JOPMbl neTpa I. BrumM reHHHH C03.llaJI B 1723 r. YPaJlbCKI1M 8HaJ10r «MaMOpcKoM» KaHueJ1Rpl-1l-1. OnH<iKO, HeCMOTp51 Ha TO. <lTO B KOHue I71O-x - H8<1aJ1e 1720-x rr. MeR 0 Heo6xonl-1MOCTH Bb['l1leHeHI-151 CTMI1I-1 npellBa- plITeJ1bHOro paCCJ1ellOBaHI-151 B OTe<leCTBeHHOM cynonpoH3BonCTBe «Bt1TaJla 6 B031lyxe», OKOH l laTeJ1bHoro 3aKpelUleHI-151 H33B3.HH0l1 Clwum B 3aKOH0ll8TeJ1bCTBe Torna He npOH301W10. EnI-1HCTBeH- HblM I-1CKJllO<leH HeM 3lleCb TaK 1-1 OCTaJlC.II HaKa3 «MaMopcKI-1M» 11 <D: g duJ11l.Acf3a:I"KJj naH5KI1X I1 lJf: HbIX BIIacTei1... C. 112-116. P&UH . A. 0 txlJrpaHI1'JeH)]}] tOptlCJlI1KUHi1 rpIDKnaHCKHX 1-1 ropHblX BIIaCTCI-1... .113. 
fnaB86.BCYAonI1J8Q[ICTBeI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 371 llbHOro 3al'Dl-Q:l8TeJlbCTB8 R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. CJlenCTBeHHb]M IGIHl.leJ151pl1S1M OT 911eKa6pH 1717 r. KpoMe Tom, HI1KaKI1X 3aKOHOnaTeJ1bHb]X npelln0J10)l(eHI1I1 HH 0 CTaIlHH npell- Bapl1TeJ1bHoro paCCJ1enOBaHl-'ISI, HI1 06 opraHaX paCCJlenOBaHI1J1 He 6bUJO BHeceHO HI1 B CYllOYCTjXlI1CrneHHblH, HI1 B yroJ10BHO- nlXlUeccYaJIbHb]11 paJlleJ1bl npoeKTa YJlO)((eHI1.11 POCCt1I1CKOm ro- cYllapCTIa 1723-1726 rr. 4TO 6bl TaM HH 6bUJO, HO B KOHue 171O-x - Ha'iane 1720-x n. CI1CTeMa opraHoB npellnapmeJ1bHOrO paCCJIellOBaHI1.R B HawcH CT'paHe BCe-TaKH CJlO)((HJ1aCb. TeM caMblM, MO.:KHO C yaepeHHoCTblO 3aKJIlO l ll1Tb, '1TO I1MeHHO B XOlle npOBelleHI1J1 cy- .ae6Hol1 pe<!x>pMbl 1717-1723 n. nlXl1130llLllO 3apOJKiJeHue Cf/eiJ- CmBeHHOi!O atmapGma Poccuu (nOHt1MaH nOll CJ1ellCrneHHbiM an- napaTOM, BCJ1ell 3a A. r. MaMoHToBbIM. <'Kpyr rocyn.apcTBeHHblx opraHoB 11110Jl.JKHOCTHbIX JlI1U. ocyweCTBJUlIOWHX paCCJIellOBaHt1e npeCT)'ruIeHI1H»[). nOJ1ee Tom: B CBeTe BblWenpHBelleHHblX D.aH- Hb]X HeJ1b3f1 He 06paTI1Tb BHHMaHl1e Ha TO 06cr0me.rrbCTBO, '-HO npl1 npOBe1leHHI1 cyne6Hb]X npeo6paJOBaHI1I1 neTpa I BOJHI1KJ1I1 TaJOKe pa3JIH'1Hble MOO£'J/U Opi!GHU3Gl{UU CJ1enCrneHHoro annapaTa. Bonpoc 0 TaKOBblX MOlleJ151X - npaBlla. npHMeHt1TeJ1bHO rJI3BHbIM 06PaJOM K ooBeTcKoMY H nOCTCOBeTCKOMY nepHo- .aaM - MHorOKpaTHO 3a-.panlBaJlCfI B JlI1Teparype BTOPOI1 nooo- B(1Hb] XX - Ha'laJla XXI B. (BbICKaJbIBaBWHeC5I no 3TOMY no- BOny MHeHI151 6b1Jm B paJHOe BpeMSI o606111eHbl r. <]). rOpcKJ.1M 11 10. B. D.epl1ll1eBhIM 1 ). B HTore, eCJ1H CYMMl1pOBaTb TO"lKt1 3pe- HI1J1 npellweCTBYlOllIt1X anTopOB, TO CTIlHOBHTCfI B03MO)((HbIM roBOpt1Tb 0 '1eThlpeX MOlleJ151X OpraHl13aUJ.1t1 OTelfeCTBeHHoro CJleLlCTReHHoro annapaTa: I) BHenellOMCTReHHb]11 CJ1ellCTBeHHbll1 annapaT (I1J1H BHeBe.nOMCTBeHHaJI Mo.neJ1b); 2) CJ1ellCTBeHHb]11 an- napaT B cTpYJ<1YPe MMI1HI1CTpaTl1BHblX opraHOB (anMt1Ht1CTpa- mBHa51 MOLleJIb); 3) CJlellCTBeHHbl11 annapaT B CTpYKType opra- HOB npOK)'PaTYpbl (npOKYPopcKaH MOlleJIb); 4) CJ1e.ncrneHHbIH annapaT npl1 CYllax (cyne6HaH Mo.lleJ1b). CooTBeTcTBeHHo, eCJII1 «HWlO.>KI1Tb» nepe'II1CJ1eHHble OpraHl13aUi10HHble MOLleJIl1 Ha KOHCTPYKUi11O OTel.JeCTBeHHoro CJ1enCTBeHHoro annapaTa KOHua 17tO-x - Ha<JaJIa 1720-x n., TO 6yneTolleBI11lHO,I.JTO npl1 npoBe- [Ma,1I0Hm()(J A. r. YKa3. C04. C. 7. 1 rOpCKUU r. (/J. Hay'-lHb]e OCHOBbl opraHI13aUHI1 11 .ne.llTeJJbHOCTH CJ1eJl- CTBeHHOro annapara B CCCP EopoHe)!(. 1970 C. II; J/.epuUJefJ 10 B. npo- 6ne"ibl opraHI13aUI1I1 nocYlle6Horo npol13BOllCTBa no ynK P4>; MOHOrp. OMcK.l003. C. 131-232. 
372 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I neHl-II1 cyne6Ho pecpopMbl 1717-1723 rr. B H<iwe CTpaHe OKa- 3aJIHCb peaJIH30BaHbl H8 npaKH1Ke Bee "leTblpe 3TH MonellH. B caMOM lleJIe, BHD.HTCSI HeCOMHeHHhIM, <ITO nOll<IHHeHHble HanpHMYIO BepXOBHOf1 BJIaCTH <'MaHopCKHe» CJlellCTBeHHble KaH- ueJUlpHH SlBHJlHCb BOJUIOlueHt1eM BHenellOMCTBeHHOJ1 MOneJU1, a CTOJIb HeLlOJIfO npocyweCTHOBaRUla.ll CJ1eLlCTBeHHa.ll KaHueJTSlpH.II reHepaJI-npo,,"ypaTypb] - npOKYPOPCKof1 MOneJ1I1. P03blCKHa5I KOHTopa BbllliHero cyn8 SlBHJl8 c060" nepBblH B (1CTOPIU1 OTe'le- CTBeHHoro rocyn.apCTBa H npaBCI npHMep BOJUIOlUeHl1Jl cyne6- HOM Mo.neJU1 opraHt13amm CJlenCTBeHHoro annapaTa. HaKOHeu, Han:e.neHt1e CJle.1lCTBeHHblMH nOJlHOMOLJHHMH KaMep-KOJUlenm Ii KaMepHpcKJ.1'I. KOHTOp MO:>KHO co Bceii OnpelleJleHHOCTbfO TpaK- TOBaTb KaK peaJIH3aUl1l0 aLlMHHHCTPaTHBHOH MOlleJIH nOCTpoe- HtlS! CJ1e.n;CTBeHHoro annapara. Pe310MHPYSI BbIWeH3JlO)((eHHoe, MO)l(HO KOHCTIlTI1pon8Tb, 'lTO B XOne npOBelleHH.\! cYlle6HOH pecpopMb] 1717-1723 rr. 6bUlO BnepBble - de jure H de facto - ocYllleCTBJIeHO HbUleJIeHHe CTa- .rum npe.LlBapHTeJIbHoro pacCJIenOBaHHSI B OTe'leCTBeHHOM yro- 110BHOM cy.noniX'H3BoncTBe. OpH 3TOM. BbUleJIeHHe o3Ha11eHHoH CTMI1H npoH30llillO Tor.na t<paTKOl3peMeHHo H parMeHTapHO, JaTiX'HYB 11HWb orpaHHLJeHHblj..j t<pyr neJl. CIDBaHo 3TO 6bUlO C TeM, 11TO 3aKOHOnaTeJIb Bbl<meHlUl CTaLlHIO npellBapHTeJIbHoro paCCJlenOBaHHSI, HCXO.IDl BOBce He t13 KOHuenUHH cYlle6Hof.! pe- CPOPMbl H He H3 WBellCKHX 06pa3UOB (KaKOBble B ll8HHOM CJIy'-We OTcyrCTBOBaJU1). a pyKOBO.nCTBY.llCb Y3KonparMaTI1'leCKHM CTpeM- JIeHHeM nOBb]CHTb 34xDeKTHBHOCTb nponmo.nef1:cTBHJI JI;OJI>K- HOCTHOf1: npecrynHOCTI1. OepBb[MH pOCCHHCKHMH CneUJ1aJlH3HpOnaHHbIMH OpraHaMH npellBapHTeJIbHOro paCCJlenOBaHH.II CTaJlH <'MaiJopcKHe» KaHUeJlSI- pHH, CHCTeMa KOTOpblX OKOH'laTeJIbHO c4>oPMHpOBaJlaCb B .neKa- 6pe 1717 r. B npoH3BOllCTBO Ha3BaHHbiX KaHUeJIJlpt1H nOCTynH- JIH rmmHblM 06Pa30M HH(1U(1HpOBaHHb]e CKaJlhCKOH CJI)')K6oi1 J]eJIa no 06BHHeHmo nomKHOCTHblX JI(1U (npeHMyweCTBeHHO Bbl- COKOnOCT..-lBJleHHblx) B npeCTYllJIeH(1S1X nponlS (1HTepeCoB CJIY}l(- 6b!. HopMaTHHHoi1 OCHOBOi1 6oJlbw(1HCTBa TOrll8WHHX opraHoB paCCJlenOBaHt1.11 SlBI1JIC.II Hal\33 <'Maj..jOPCKHM» KaHueJlSlpH}lM OT 9neKa6p.\! 1717 r., B KOTOpOM OKa3aJ10Cb BnepBble 3at<peJUIeHO OTlleJleH(1e npellBapHTeJIbHOrO CJIe1lCTB(1J1 OT cYJ]e6Horo OpH BceH HeniX'llOJDKI1TeJIbHOCTI1 YHKUHOHHpOBaHI151 C03ll8HHblX B XOlle cYlle6HOj..j pe4>oPMbl OeTpa 1 cnelliJaJUJ311- 
fnasa6. BcYAonI1J8Q[ICTBeI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 373 llbHOro 3al'Dl-Q:l8TeJlbCTB8 R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. pOBaHHblX opraHOB paCCJ1ellOBaHI-UI (ynpa3IT.HeHHe KOTOPb]X npol13olJlJlo H8 npOTsDKemul 1723-1726 rr.) I1X cywecTBOBaHl1e 03Ha'laJIO 3ap())KlleHHe CJ1ellCTBeHHoro annapaTa POCCHH. nOJ1ee TOro: B 1717-1723 n. B03HHKI111 cpa3Y'leTblpe 0lTaHI13aUHOH- Hble MOlleJ1H OTe'JeCTBeHHoro CJ1ellCTBeHHoro annaparu. COOT- BeTcnJeHHO. HCXOL{JI 113 KJTaCCHHKauHH MOLleJIei1 yr0J10RHOro npOl.lecca. npeAJIO>KeHHoi1 A. B. CM(1PHOBbIM, MO)({HO JaKJTIO- '1HTb, '1TO OCYll.{eCTRJleHHoe B XOlle cyn;e6Hoi1 PeWoPMbl neTpa 1 Bbl'lJleHeHHe (XOT}I parMeHTapHoe 11 KPClTKOBpeMeHHoe) CTMI1H npellBapl1TeJ1bHoro paCCJlenOBaHlH1. 3HaMeHOBaJlO Ha'laJIO nepe- XOLla OT HHKBI1311Ul10HHOro BI11l8 yr0J10BHOro npouecca po3b1CK- HOro nma K ciedc.meeHI/O/IfY BHllyl  3. CDIo1CKanbCKaJI cIly)f{fia POCCIo1M B 1717-1729 rr. 3aKoH OT 29 anpeml1725 r. CIO doroHHoanu """'" 3aneprnaH paccMoTpeHHe Bonpoca 06 oCYll.{eCTBJleHHblX B XOLle cyne6HoH pe$JpMbI neTpa I I13MeHeHIUIX B OfuJacTH cyno- npoH38011CTBa, OCTaeTCS! CKa3aTb HeCKOJ1bKO CJ10B 0 TOM, 'no >Ke npoHcxOLlHJ10 B TY nopy C HCKaJlbCKOH CJ1}')K60i1: POCCHI1. 3.n.eCb, npe>K1Ie Bcero. Heo6xollHMO OTMeT(1Tb, '1TO H8'laJ10 npOBe.LleHI1R cyne6Hoi1 PeWoPMbl 03HaMeHOBaJlOCb 113MeHeHHeM nOllBe.nOM- CTBeHHOCTH HCK3JlbCKOi1: CJ1Y)K6bL nocne CeMI1 JleT npe6b1Ba- HllSI non BeneHHeM npaBHTeJ1bCTBYlOwero CeHaTa, COrJIacHo HMeHHoMY YKa3Y OT 22 n.cKa6pH 1718 r., I1CKaJ1bI 6wlI1 ncpe- ll8Hbl B HenocpeLlcTBeHHoe nOll'IHHeHHe IOcrnU-KOJUIen1l1 2 MOTl1BaUHR 3aKOHOllaTeJ1S! B ll8HHOM cJ1y'-We npeLlCTaMR- eTCH RCHOf.!. nOCKOJ1bK}l pe1.lopMl-lpOBaBW(1MCH opraHaM npa- BOcynl151 npellCT05lJ10 «YH8CJ1ellOBaTb» OT TepHBW(1X cyne6Hb]e nOJIHOM041151 I..JJ1I1 ynpa311HflBWIt.'I(Cs! MeCTHblX 11 UeHTpanbHb]X Opf'aHOB BJIaCTH (a TalOKe OT OCTaBaBweroc.l1 6e3 PacnpaBHoi1: 10 I1pI1JHaKax CJleJJ.CTBeHHOro Bl1lla po3b[CKHOro npouecca eM.: C'rlUP- /f06 A. B. Mone.nI1 yrOJloBHoro npollet:ca. C. 110-111.  nOJlHblti TeKCT I1MeHHoro}'Kc13a OT 12 neKa6pH 1718 r. BbIHBlITb K Ha- CTOHIllCMY BpeMeH(1 HC YllaJIOCb. CQI1ep)l(3Hl1e lIdHHOJO}'K.I3a B03MOJKHO p.::- KOHcrpyltpowTh no ynoMI1HaHmo 0 HeM B 1l0HOWeH(1(1 IOcTI1U-KOJIJIerl1(1 ne1pY I OT 5 ceHTH6pH 1719 r. (3aKOHOJ1,IJeJ]bHb]e 8KTbi nelpa I. c. 381). B npe.nweCTJ1IrreparypeI])aKTnep.::xona4>l1CKal1bCKoI1CJ1y.>K6bIBnoll- 'lI1HeHl1e IOcTI1U-KOJIJ1erl1l1 B 06weM BI1.ne on.renUJa eIlI1HCTBeHHO.n. M. 6a- naKI1p.::na (lXwtiKupeoo fl. M Cy.nC6HIDI Ma nC1JJa I. c. 160). 
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fnaB86.BCYAonI1J8Q[ICT8eI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 375 llbHOro 3al'£Jl-Q:l8TeJlbCTB8 R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. Bo JIICnOllHeHl1e JIIMeHHoro yJ(a.Ja or 14 SIHBap51 1719 r.. 16 JlHllap51 1719 r. npamae.nbcTIlYIOWI-1" CeHaT H311aJI YKa3 0 nepella'le II IOcTI-1U-KOJlJlenllO HaXOIDIIIWILXCJI II ero KaHuell5l- pMH IIcex neJI, KacaBWII'OCJI HCKaJlbCKOi1 CJI}')K6bl l . npJIIMe<ta- TeJlbHO, 'lTO II e>KeHelleJ1bHOM pacnopflllKe 3alffiTllft npHcyrcTlIl-1H IOcmU-KOJ1J1erHJII. ymep)l(lJeHHOM CeHaTOM 15 anpeJ1J1 1719 r., OKaJaJlOCb npe.nYCMOTpeHO DBa DH5I (IITOpHJIIK 1-1 n5lTHI-1Ua), Kor- na npl-1CYfCTBHe 06.113b]BaJ]OCb 3aHJllMaTbC5I paccMOTpeHHeM Dell no I-1CKaJlbCKI-1M DOHOllleHJII5IM 1 . '-ITO >Ke DO I-1HI-1Ul-1l-1pOBaHHb]X <!JHCKaJIaMJII nen, H3XODIIIIWIIXCJl II npOO3BOllCTBe MeCTHbiX op- raHOII M3CTI-1, TO nopMOK nepella'lM Ha3BaHHbIX neJ1 II HMIIOp- Hble 1-1 rOp01l0llbie cynbl 6bUl perJ1aMeHTHpOBaH II pacnOp5l.:+::eHHM IOcTI-1U-KOJ1J1erHH OT 16 H05l6p51 1719 r. 1 Me)((l{y TeM, nepexoLl yr0J10BHbIX neJ1 no <!JHCKaJlbCKHM nOHOWeHJII5IM B nOllcynHocTb HOBOYlJpe)l(lJeHHblX cynoll o6111eft 1OpMClIJ.'IKUl-11-1 MaJlO 1-13MeHI1Jl cJIIT)'aUJllIO C onepan'IBHOCTblO I-1X pa36J11paTeJ1bCTBa. KaK ropecmo CeTOBaJI 06ep4HCKaJI A. SL He- crepoll II nOHOllieHI-1H IOCnlU-KOJIJIerHI-1 or 9 I-11OH5I 1720 r., «lib/lie U lIadeopHblX CYOO8 cydbU npWleJK.'HOlO paiJeHuH U pewelillfi no q;uCKOJIbHbl./I1 doHoca.., u 06AU'leIiUJ/M He <tUII1im. 110 mOl'...1O om- ICltl0bt8tllOm iJeHb omo iJHfI U nocmyntllOm K q;UCKOJIaM C HenpURm- IIblMU 6b1Z060pbl, <tmo oe y IIUX onpu'lb {KJXJtIe/ q;ucKa.1bCKUX OeJi ecmb iJeAtl...»4. npaBlla. 06pHCOBaHHa5I Ar1eKceeM HeCTepOBblM CI1l)'ClUI1H CllO':+::l1JIaCb rJlaBHb]M 06paJOM lIollce He 1-13-3a HellO- 6pOCOBeCTHocn:l cyneH. HeT cOMHeHMH, 'lTO KopeHb 03Ha'leHHO" np06J1eMbl 3aK/l1OlJa.rJC5I II MHOM. C03.D.aHHble II 1719-1720 rr. nepBble ore<}CCTBeHHbJe cynbJ 06weft IOpHCLlHKUHJ.l 6bUlH 06l>eKmU6HO Hecnoco5Hbl cnpanHTbC5I c paJ6MpaTeJ1bCTBOM 3Ha'lJIITeJ1bHoro MaCCJ.llla nepellaHHblX II J.lX np0Jll3I1011CTIIQ 1-1 BHOllb B03HJ.lKaBWHX AM no ltOHOWeHJ.lJlM 1-1- CKaJlOB. K npJIIMepy, B BopOHe':+::CKOM rD4JrepJ.lXTe (no COCT05IHI-1IO H8 ct>ellpaJIb 1723 r.) 3aBepllleHHb]X npOJll311011CTIIOM «q;UCKWlllblX I prALlA, cp.148. KH. 1882, n. 12. 10 MapTI! 1719 r. B fOcTI1U-KOJLerl1tO 113 CeH3Ta nOCl)'mU10 137 .nM (B 'J11CJ1e KOTOpblX, nOMI1MO I1HI1UI1I1(X)- BaHHblX cpHCKdJI IMIII yrOJloBHblX lien, Ha1(Qlll.IJJOCb 11 HeKOTOpoe KOnl1'JeCTBO lIeJI 0 n(oNHOM COCTIIBe c.rrv..dibi). PeeClJl .fl"J.(){ nen CM.: TaM JKe. KH. 657. JI.30-4306. . 1 n()J1Hoe co6paHl1e 3aKOHOB. T. 5. N2 3352. C. 693. 3T3M JKe. N2 3453. C. 754-755. 4TaM JKC. T. 6. N2 3602. C. 208. 
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fnasa6. BcYAonI1J8Q[ICTBeI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 377 llbHOro 3al'£Jl-Q:l8TeJlbCTBa R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. CYD.OB, n01V1e)KMH H8npaRJleHHlO HMeHHO B 3TH CYDbI I . llaHHblit CeHaTCKl1it yKa3 OTHIOD.b He OCTaJlCSI. MepTBOit 6YKHoit. TaK, B HIOJle 1724 r. B npoM3BOD.CTBe rJlaBHoro MamcTpaTa lIt1CJUlJIOCb )l)Ke 31 t1Ht1UlmpOBaHHoe <!JMCKaJJ8Mt1 lleJlO (TaK I1JIM HHa'le Ka- caBweecH nOCalICKi1X JllOlIeiU, 8 B npOH3BOllCTBe MOCKOBCKoro Mafl1CTpaTa - 32 TaKHX llena 2 . nOCJle1l0BaBI1l85I B 1722 r. yrpaTa CYAaMH 06uteiJ1OPI1C1I11K- UI1I1 nOJlYlJeHHOrO TpeMH ro1l8MI1 paHee MOHOnOJibHOrO npaBa H8 pa36HpaTeJlbCTBO «$I1CK3JIHbIXlleJl» npe.nB03BeCnlJlO TaJOKe BblBe- .neHHe HCKaJJbCKOi1 CJI)l)K6bl H3-n01l Be.neHHH IOcTi1U-KOJIJIeri1t1. COllTH (BepOHTHO, nOll BJU'lSl.HHeM KaK lloHoweHMH A. R He- CTepOBa, TaK M «lleJI8 t1CKaJlOB»), liTO opraHt138Ut10HHOe coe- D.HHeHHe HCKaJJbCKOf1 cnyJK6bl c IOcTi1U-KoJIJlerHeit ce6H He onpaB.llaJlo. neT)J I peWHJI BepHyrb CJJy}K6e BelloMcTBeHHYIO caMOCTOJITenbHOCTb. 30 JlHBap.ll 1723 r. 6bUi H31I8H D.OHbIHe He paccMaTpHBaBwHitCH B "lHTeparype I1MeHHO(:J YKa3 0 BBe.neHHH D,OJUKHOCTH reHepaJl-HCKaJl8}, liTO 03HallaJ]0 BbIXQD. <!JJ.1CK3JIb- CKOH CJI)l)K6bll13 no.nllt1HeHHH IOcTMU-KOJUJeri1t1 4 . I nOJ1Hoe c06paHI1e J8KOHOB. T. 6. N24039. C. 724. 2PfAllA, $. 386, OTi. I, N21, JI. 14306.-148,168-175. 'prAllA, $. 148., KH. 1891, n. 5. H8 JX}ILUK)CTh reHepall-$tcKana 11 4JeBpaJIj.J 1713 r. nerp I onpe.neJ\WI 6oeBOro orJmuepa nOJIKOBHI1- Ka A. A. Mj.JKI1HHHa ()JYM)OOJlI1Bwero B TOT MOMeHT nepenl1CblO nODaTHblX llYW II A30RCJ.:oii ry6epl1l1l1). B CIUJ311 C IIReueHl1eM llOJDKHOCTH reHepaJI- $HCKaJla 06ep-4mCKaJI CTaJI. COOTBeTCTBeHHO, 6mopbLII nl1UOM B l1epap- XI1I1 4:lICKanbCKOti CJlYlK6b1. Ha nOCT 06ep-l]Jl1cKaJla (BMe...1O NHHeHHoro B SlHllape 1724 r. A. JJ HeCTepoBa) CeHaT Ha3Ha'Jl1JI 4 I1tOH.II 1724 r. $11- CKaJl8 M.A. Kocoro (3aKOHQIDITeJlbHbIe 8KTb[ nerpa I. c. 258; prAllA, $.148., KH. 1927. JI. 93). 4 H co6xruu.IMO JaMeTlfTb. 'JTO B IlCIOpIllKo-npalJOBlJH JIIueparype HeQ!l- HOKpaTHO BblCKa3hlBaJlOCb MHeHl1e. 'lT0 C 1722 r.I]JI1CKaJlbCKillI cnyA1Ja H8- XOlll1JlOCb B n01l'!I1HeHIIII1 Y HOBO)"lpejf(j}eHHOM reHepaJI-JIpOKypaTypbl (fle- IIf{J06tKUil C A. YKa3. C04. C. 175; BepemUiHl/KOfJ B. H. 01.JepKI1 I1CTopl111 reHepaJI-npoK}-pm)'phl POCCI1I1... C. 17; AHnWlJC06 r. H. C]JHCKaJll1TeT npH nerpe I c. 79; CmelUf!flw J/ A. C]JI1CKaJlbl H npol-.ypopbl C. 56; KG:JGH- ljefJ C. M HCTopHH uapcxoii npOl<yparypbL C. 14; CUJUK06 M H. C]JHCKaJlbl 11 npof<YlJHfYP3. C. 129;AKUUlUH M. 0. Cy.ne6HIDI pe4JopM8 f1erpa I' Lll1c. ... C. 114). B neitcTlJl1TeJ1bHOCTI1, KaK .IIBCTByeT 113 CT. 4 11 7 JaKOHa «"o'OJ1)1(- HOCTh nHcpaJIa-npoKypop<I" (B peJlaKUHHX OT 27 .IIHBapH 11 OT 27 anpeJll] 1721 r.) 1'1 113 apXl1lJHblX Marepl1aJ101J. 1CJ.Mbl 6bUlI'I bt. HO HI1- KaK He nO.fisenoMCTBeHHbl reHepaJI-npot.."YJXfJYpe (11O.npo6Hee 06 :nOM eM.: CejXJ611.o. npoKYJJiITYPol nC1])a I. c. 61. 197-199). 
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fnasa6. BcYAonI1J8O,[\CT8eI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 393 llbHOro 3al'£Jl-Q:l8TeJlbCTBa R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. lUylO CBonKY n.8HHbIX 0 YHKUHOHMpoB8H11H YJ10>KeHHOH KOMMC- CI1M 1720-1727 rr. npMBeJIa B n.I1CCepTaUMOHHOH MOHOfJX\<1JHM 2003 r. M. B. Eoow!. B CBOIO Oyepenb. n. A POM8HOB nOCB5IHIJ! 8HaJU13Y npoeKTa YJTOIKeHHfI PoccHiicKoro rocynapcrea OC06b1H  1 maBbI 2 BbllUeoTMe'IeHHoH n.HccepTaulU1 2001 r. (B KOTOpoM, npann.a. cocpenOTO'l11Jl BH(1MaH(1e rmmHblM 06paJOM H8 paCCMO- TpeHM(1 npenMCJ10BHfI K npoeKry YJlOIKeHM5I)'. '-Im KaCaeTC5I OpraHH3al.{l1H YJlO>KeHHOH KOMMCCMH 1720- 1727 rr., TO 31leCb CJlenye-r. npe)l(1Je ocero. orMeTI1Tb HeCTa6HJ1b- HOCTb ee COCTaBa. l.J.rJeHbI KOM(1CCHH YBOJ1bHSIJlHCb C roc:yn.ap- CTBeHHOH CJI}')K6bl. YMHpanH, nepeBOnl1JlHCb Ha 1l0JI.:KHOCTH BHe CTOJIHUbI. CKaIKeM. H3 "lHCJ1a JTHU, Ha3Ha'1eHHbIX 8 aBI}'CTIl 1720 r., AA KY3bMHH-KapaBaeB CKOH'IaJIC5I oceHblO 1720 f.. r. EpeBepH - KaK}')Ke ynOMHHaJIOCb. 3 MIOJ1f1 1721 r.. a M. H(1- pOT B cl>eBpaJIe 1725 f. BbllUeJ1 B oTcTaBKy2. Co CBoeH CTO}XJHbl npaBI1TeJ1bCTBYlOlllHii CeHaT. C1]JCM5ICb He n.onycTMTb 3aMe1IJleHM}I B nOllroToBKe HOBora YlIOIKeH(1f1. Bpe- M5I OT BpeMeHM nonOJIH.llIl KOMHCCHIO HOBblMH 4JleHaMH. KaK flBCTB)'eT 113 MaTepl1aJ10B ceHaTcKoro n.eJIOnpoI13BOllCTBa. B 1721- 1723 n. B YJTOIKeHHYIO KOMHCCHIO 6blllH n.onOJlH(1TeJIbHO onpe- n.eJleHbI weCTb 1I11U 3 . CB5ITeiJWHH CI1HOn B COCTaBe KOMMCC(1H B 1722-1724 rr. npe1lCTaBJISIJI apxhM3J-1.!{pm raBpHI1JI [EY)({(1HCKI1f1). I Ea6u'I M. B. focYllapcTBcHHb!C Y'lpCjf(j}CHI1H XVIII BeK.'1. C. 130-133. 270-174; PaWGH08/l..A. Peq,opMa rocYllapcTBHHoro anJl..J POCCHl1m lIMc.me. 70-78. 16alCiKupe8G Jl M CYIle6HaH pet1>opMa nerpa I. c. 174-175, Ea- 6u'I M B. fOCYDaPCTBeHHble Y'!pe)l(1]eHI1.11 XVIII BeKa. C. 446 J B OTMeoleHHblH nepHO.n ceHaTCKI1MI1 VKlIJaMI1 6bUll1 Ha.JHa'leHbl. 21 anpeJ1.11I721 r.aceccopCaHKT-nerep6yprcKoroHNlBOpHorocYllal-1. n. TOJI- CTOIi. 8 I1tOH.II 1721 r acecoop MOCKOBCKOro HMBopHoro cyna M B >Ke- .KC0:Z:be6ral1H hD ::enaH.HH lli CI"W 0OlJn(apNJ,5 ;.}Qlll  '87. P::' 1889. JI. 25306., 590; KH. 1915. JI. 69; KH. 1916, I. 39). Y'*lC11te B pa6are YJlOJKeHHoi1 MJ\IU'!(;CI1I1 reHepaJI-peKeTMeHntpa E. K. T1aIJJlOIJa CneUHaJlb- HO OCBeTHJ\ M. C. nOMepaHueB B OTMe4eHHOH CTaTbe 1916 r. (Ilouepcm- l(e8 M. C. YKa3. C04. e. 244-246). 06111HH CIlHCOK 'lJIeHOB YnOJKeHHOH KOMI1CCI1I1 1720-1727 n. eM B npJ.UJOJKeHI1I1 1 K llHCcepraUl111 A. C. 3a- MypyeBa (3cmWJ'm A. C. npoeKT YnOJKeHI'!H POCCI1i1CKOro rOCynapCTBam C. 354-356). C'lenye'T 3a\IeTIITb, 'JTO A. e. 3aMypyeB He OThtellffi CpeilH 'lJIeHOB KOMI1CCHI1 ceHaTopa n A. TOJICTOJO, a TalOKe Ourn604HO HaI1MeHO- BaJI JlaHJJ.PHuqJ.1 4>. C. MaHyM>B;i «(;y.nbei1 (?) nerp6ypr(;KOH I)'6epHCmP KaHUCJ1.11pHI1» (TaM )!(. C. 355). 
394 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KpoMe TOW. B 1722-1724 rr. B pa60re YJ]o}l(eHHo KOMHCCI1I1 npl1HI1MaJl }"-Iacrue aceccop IOcruU-KOJIJlefI1H 3. KpoMneim, co- CTBBHTeJlb «KpaTKoro H306pa:>Kemrn npouecoB...» 1712 f. He06xolUlMO nOlllJepKH)'Tb. 'lTD <meHb] YJlO)({eHHOH KO- MHCCHH 1720-1727 rr. OTHlO.llb He OCn060»:LIanHCb OT HCnOJl- HeHI1S1 06H38HHocTei1 no OCHOBHOMY Mecry CJI}0K6bl, TaK 'lTO J1X y-JaCT(1e B Jace.naHIHIX JUlJleKO He BcerJJ;a GblJlO peryJUlpHblM. TaK. eCJ111 reHepan-peKeTMei1cTep B. K. naBJIOB B CeHT.II6pe-AeKa6pe 1723 r. npHcyrcTBOBaJI Ha 3ace.uaHI15IX KOMI1CCI1I1 25 pa3, TO 3a Beeb 1724 r. - 1111llIb II pa3 1 . KaHUeJHlpHH YJlo.:+::eHHoH KOMHCCHt1 H3HaljaJlbHO COCTOH- 118 113 10 KommCTOB H KaHUeJlHpHCTOB. OTKOM8HllHpoBaHHblX 113 IOcmU-KOJTJlen.fH. a TaJOKe nepenO.1l'lHKa. B 1722 r. KaHUeJlH- pmo KOMI1CCI1I1 B03fJ1aBJ.U] onblTHbli1 np(1KaJHoi1 lleJIeu o6ep- ceKpe-rapb IOcTI1U-KOJ1J1enll1 A. C. CBep4KoB, KOTOpblH CbIJ1XIJI, no MHeHl110 pHlla <tBTOpoB. secbMa 3Ha'UUeJ1bHYIO poJ1b IJ IJbl- pa60TKe npoeKT8 YJIO)KeHI1S1 1723-1726 rr. 1 3a OcyWCCTBJICHI1C nepeBO.D.OB HHOH3hl'lHhIX HOpMaTHBHhlX HCTO'lHHKOB OTBelJaJI ce- KpeTaph 11. n. BeceJ1oBcKHii. BhlXOlleu t13 KOJVlerHt1 HHocrpaH- HhlX .n:eJ1, Ha3Ha'leHHhlf1 B KaHUeJIHpHIO YJ10IKeHHof1 KOMHCCt1H ceHaTCKHM }'KaJOM OT 19 alJryCTa 1720 r. 3 ne-rp I y.n:eJ1HJ1 no.nroTOBKe npoeKTa HOIJOro YJIO>KeHI1H HeMaJlO IJHHMaHt1JL HanplilMep, 16 Maprd 1721 r. ltapb YKa3aJ] IJHCcrn IJ npoeKT HOpMbl 113 3aKOHOllliTeJ1bHb[X 8KTOB I7IO-x rr. 06 ycllJIeHI-:U1 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTM 33 B3S1.TO'IHH'lCCTBO H Ka3HOKpa.n.- CTB0 4 . Bo HCnOJ1HeHHC 3TOro BhlCO'l3HWerO nOBCJ1eHHH CeH3T H311arJ 21 anpeJ1H 1721 r. YKa3. B KOTOpoM YJ10IKeHHoi1 KOMt1C- CHH npe1lnHChlDaJlOCb COCTaBt1Tb oco6ylO many, nOCBHweHHYIO 1J35ITOlJHH'JCCTB} 11 Ka.3HOKpallCTB}l5. HCKOTOPoe IJpeMJI cnYCTSI.,  'lJ:::::::  A' :;u 2aBa B POCCI1I1 . C. 9; 3a"'YP} e6 A. C. npoeKTYnQ}KCHtI.II POCCl1itcKom rocy.napcrBa... C. 192; Ea6uIf M B. fOCy.napcr[JHHble Y'lpejf(j}HI.JH XVIII BeKa. C. 133, 271-272. M. B. 1)36114 D8)I(e Ha3BaIJ3 ABpam\11. Csep4KOsa .BOJJ\IOJKHO, OCHOBHb[M COCTaBHTeJIeM» npoeKTII HOBOro YJIOJKeHI1H (TaM >Ke. C. 271). 0 Kapbepe A. C. Csep<[KOBa eM.: CepoIJ p. 0 MMI1HI1CTPaul.J.II neTPa I. c. 69 3J'II<OHOlIDTJ1bHb[C 3KTbl n I. c. 86. PfNJ.A, 41. 9, om. I, KH. 58, JI. 61- prNlA,4:J.248,KH.1887,J1.I4006.-141. BCODTJ!('TCTlIIIIIC MI1 tlMeHHblM 11 CeHaTCKi1M yKa.JaMI1. KOMIKOUI pa.:f'I<i.iornn 11 BHOC.I1a B KH. 3 r1poeKJa COCTOHBwyJO 113 14 CTIITeli fJ1aBY «0 lKXOfJeHf.'IfUU I1C.1'UlU¥!1fWI IWJHbI U npom'lei'O IW«JUvaTl6a (naM.>I«:. 41.341, KH. 33, 'J. 3, JI. 211-213. 216). 
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396 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npeDJIO)l(l1Tb H8 paccMOTpeHl1e CeHaTii crpyKryPY 3aKoHonpoeK- Ta. COCTO.l1BWYIO 113 mpex KHHr: KHI1f'a nepBIDI O 3eMCKOM, KHt1ra BTOpaJ'l «0 KPUMUHU1HbIX tJe.nax». KHl1ra TpeTb.l1 <.0 tJe.nax 2pa:}ff:()QHcKux».llaHHa.l1 crpYKIYpa HOBOra YJ10)f(eHt1S1 6blJl8 OllO- 6peH8 npaBJ.UeJ1bCTBytOllU1M CeHaTOM 9 flHnapfl 1723 r. KaK MO}f(HO BHl{eTb 113 oxapaKTepH30BaHHoH CTpyKl)pbl. KHl1ry I 33- KOHonpoeKTa KOJ]J14JI1KaTOpbl npenn0J1araJU1 nOCB.I1THTb pema- MeHTaUl1l1 cynoycrpoMCTIJa 11 cYJ];onpomooltCTI33. OnMaKO B mone 1723 L KOMI1CCI151 nP111lUl8 K BblBony 0 He- 06X0.DJ1MOCTI1113MeHHTb KOMn03t1WUO npoeKTa YnO)/(eHIDI. pa3- neJum era Ha 1151mb KHl1f. 1-13 :JIHX nslTI.J KHt1f nepmul - «0 cy- iJe6Ha1f IlpOl{l!Ce. - IlOJDKHa fibUla COllep)f(aTb npoueCCYaJlbHbIe H cynoycrpof1cTBeHHble HOPMbl. HaKOHeu. H8 3aCellaHt1H 5 aBryCTa 1723 L YJTO)l(eHH811 KOMI1CCIHI onpeJJ;eJuma pa3lleJUHb JaKOHO- npoeKT H8 llBe 'l8CTIil 11 wecmf:, KHI1r. CamacHo KOllM4JI1KaLlI10HHOMY npellnOJiO)KeHl1IO OT 5 aB- rycTa 1723 r., COCTOJlBillaSl. 1-13 llBYX KHl-1f nepBaH 'laCTb npoeK- 'fa Yno)l(eHJ.UI I3ceLleJ\O nOCI351WaJlaCb cynoycrpottcTBY, a TaK)({e rpa)(QlaHCKOM)' 11 yrOJlOI3HOM)' cynonpol13BOllCTBY: KHl1fa nepBaSl «0 npOlJ,ece. mo ecmb mR:JK'iie UAU iJeAe (yoe6Ho...., U 0 AUl{ax, K 'HmJJleJ«XJlqll., KHHfa BTOp351 «0 npou,ece 6 .?OC\-VJopcm6eH- lib/X, jXJ3b1CKHblX U nbimO'lHblX iJenox»I. KaK y6elll1TeJlbHO nOKa- 3aJI K. neTeJXOH, npl1 pa31leJ1eHI1I1 3aKOHonpoeKTa H8 KHl1r11 YIlO)l(eHH85I KOMHCCHJl 1720-1727 fr. I1Cn0J1b30BaJIa B KaCTBe o6pa3ua KOMn03J.1llJ.1JO COCTOJ!BWero 1-13 meCTJ.1 KHl-1r naTCKO- ro YnO)l(eHI151 16B3 r. npl1 3TOM, no MHeHI1JO K. nCTepcOHa, B crpyI-..""JYPC pOCCl1flcKOfO 3aKoHonpoeKTa OKa3aJ10Cb 60Jlee no- CJ1e.1l0mrreJ1bHO, He>KeJll1 B .1laTCKOM o6paJue, npoBelleHO paJrpa- HI1'leHHe HOpM Ha npoueCCYaJlbHble, rp<DKllaHCKo-npaBoBble 11 yr0J10BHO-npaBoBble 2 . Me)(([lY TeM, HeCMOTp.ll Ha see BHI1MaHl-1e, YllemIBweec5I pa- Gore KO.1li1(j:>I1KaUI-10HHoit KOMI1CCI1I1 H nelpOM I, H CeHaTOM, nOllroToBKa HOBOro YnO)l(eHI151 3aT5IHy.nach. no :nOM npl-1'1.I1He, KaK }l)Ke roBOpl1JlOCh, 13 H05l6pe 1723 r. I1MnepaTOp YKa3arJ, He llO:»GI1l8SICh 3aB epwemUI paiOThl HWl YIlO)l(eHl-1eM, 06HapOl1013aTh I 3aMypyee A. C. npoeKT YJlmKCHI1H PocCl1i1cKoro rocYllapcTBa... C. 201. ! PeIerson C. Anvandmngen av dansk och svensk ratl... S. 388-389. YMeCTHO 3aMeTI1Tb, 'JTO B D.aTCKOM Y1I0>KeHI1I1 1683 r rrpoueccyaJIbHble HOpMbI OKa3aJ111Cb paccpe.uOTO'JeHbl B HeCKOjJbKI1X maw"( KHl1rH I ..0 npase 11 ncpcOHax npaBlI" (<<On Retten og Retrens "I (Ibid. S. 401-402). 
fnasa6. BcYAonI1J8Q[ICTBeI1C11creMan1Ja4I1H 397 llbHOro 3al'£Jl-Q:l8TeJlbCTBa R:Jca,.,I1B 1717-1723Jr. 3aKOH «0 4JopMe CYlla». a B 4JeBpaJIe 1724 r. - c$OpMI1Tb B Ka'leCTBe OTlleJ]bHOfO 3aKOHa.rr.aTeJ]bHOfO aKTa «3K.CI1JlI1KaUlHO» a rocy.rr.apCTBeHHblX npecrynJ]emUix. Ha 11 K MaMeHTY KOH'lI1HbI nepBoro pocCl1ikKOro I1MnepaTOpa npoeKT YJ1a}l(ellliSi TaK H He naCTymrn K HeMY Ha ymep.IK.!I.eHHe. naCJTellHee 3ace.rr.aHl1e YJla)({eHHalil KaMI1CCl111 COCTOHJTaCb 20 aKTH6p51 1724 r. Ll.aJlbHei1wIDI a6pa6aTKa 3aKOHanpoeKTa seJ1aCb I1CKJlIO'IHTeJibHa CJ1Y.>KaWHMH KaHueJ1Hpl1H BO maRe C A. C CseP'lKOBbIM. npaBlla, BCKope nOCJ1e norpe6eHI1JI neTpa I CeHaT nanblTanC5I B0306HaBHTb pa6ol)' YJ1a}l(eHHaj..j KOMHCCHH. 10 4JeBpanSi 1725 r. 6hUl H3JlaH ceHaTCKHH YKa3, B KOropoM KOHcTanI]X)BaJIOCh, <ITO BCJlellCTBl1e Toro. <ITO B KOMI1CCI1I1 K TOM)' MOMeHTY aCTaJlaCh JlHWh llBa ':IJleHa (C BOJ1b4J 11 B. H. 30TOB), B nallroToBKe HaBoro YJla)f(eHI1J1 a6p3.JOBanacb «ocmOH06KO». Jl.;JJI npe01l0J1eHHJI TaKOBoi1 cHryal.{lm Ceffin Ha3Ha'll1J1 B YJ10- .>KeHHYIO KOMHCCHIO HOBora peKeTMei1cTepa C A. KOJ1hl'leBa. 8 TalOKe npellnHCart BoeHHoi1. KOMefl1H H r J18BHOMY M8f11crpa1)' npe1lCT8BHTb DJl51 BKJIIOl(eHWI B COCTaB KOMI1CCI1I1 KaWUrnaryphl J1HU, «I(mo I( ileAY cnoco6I-ible»l. Ha npaKTHKe naHHblH YKa3, Oll- HaKO. He BOnJ1aTHJ1C5I. KaK 6bl TO HI1 6blJ10. 10 ceHTH6p51 1726 r. A. C CBepl(- KOB - aT I1MeHI1 de facta }l)Ke He <lJYHKUl1aHHpoBaBwei1 YJ10- .>KeHHoi1 KOMHCCHI1 - npe.nCTaBHJ1 3aBepweHHbli1, H8KOHeu. npoeKT HOBOro YJlo.}I(eHHJI Ha 06cY.>KDeHl1e CeHaTa. B OKOH'l8- TeJlhHOi1 pen;ll<l.llUi npOCKT COCTOM 113 "lemblpex KHl1f, 120 fJ1aB H 2113 CTaTeH (<<opmUl<.}:'lOlJ& )2. BnaJ1He B COOTBCTCTBHH C KOMna- 3HUHeH, yrnep.lK.!l.eHHOH KOMI1CCl1ei1 5 aBl}'CTa 1723 f., B nepBblX .aBYX KHHfax HTOfOOOi1 penaKUI1H 3aKOHOnpOeKTa CO.aep.>KaJlHCh 3aKOHO,!l8TeJ1hH ble npe.u.nOJTO)f(eHI1JI, B KOTOpblX peryJlHpoBaJll1Ch [prAllA> 41. 248. KH. 1939. n. 131-131 06. YMeCTHO 0Th1elM1b, 'JTO 11. B. BOJIKOB 01ll11604HO BblCN\3aIICSI B CnpaB04Hot1 CTaTbe 1999 r., 'JTO. comacHo ceHaTCKOMY yKa3Y OT 10 <PeBPaJI.II 1725 r., B COCTIlB Yno- )l(CHHOH KOMI1CCI1I1 1720-1727 n. 6blJ10 npc.nnl1CaHO BKJU0411Tb «Bbl60p- HbIX (?) npe.nCTIlffim''X'H nYXOBeHCTBa. llBopHHCTsa 11 K)TIe<leCTBW> (/10.11- Koe Jl. B. KOMI1CCIIII1 no COCTIlRllem'110 HOBOro Yl0)l(eHI1H. C. 271). 1 n)'fuJl1KaUl1tO nepe'1H.II KHl1r 11 OCHOBHb[X maB npoeKTIl YJIO)!(eHI1.11 1723-1726 rr. (no yrsepjf(j}CHHOH YnO)l(CHHOH KOMI1CCHCi1I1"f{)JOOOit 'Jcp- HOOOH pen.dKllU11) CM. B nptIJIO)l(eHl111 K OIMe4eHHOH CT'dTbe A. f. MaHbKO- sa 1971 r., a ny6J1!1KaUI1JO nOJ1Horo nepe<lHH KHl1r 11 rnaB - B npI1JlO)!(eHI1(1 3 K .nl1ccepraUI1(1 A. C. 3a\fYlJ).esa (MaHbK08 A r. npoeKT YlOJKeHI1S1 Poc- CI1i1CKOro rocy.naPCTBa... C. 164-166; 3all)py£'e A. C. npoeKT YJIO)!(eHI1.11 POCCHi1CKOro rocynapcrBa... C. 360-366). 
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402 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I CTBa, OKa.JllIll1Cb BHeCeHbl B KHIUY nepB)'1O 38KoHonpoeKTa, a KaC8BlIIl1eCH yr0J10BHoro cy.nonpol13BO.1lCTBa - B KHI1ry BTOpytO. CoornerCTBeHHO, COCTaRfleHHM fJ18BHbIM o6pa30M 3. KpOM- neHHOM KHHra 2 npOeKTa Y]Jo)KeHH 1723-1726 rr. SlBI1J1acb nepBblM OnblTOM nOlifOTOBIG'I poccHf1cKoro 06Wef]JIDKllaHCKOrO yro1lOBHo-npoueCcyaJIbHoro Ko.neKC8. HeCMOTpI1 H8 TO. <lTO KO- JU1(j:>I1KaTOpbl BbmOJIHI1JU1 nOCTaBJIeHHYIO 38KOHo.naTeJleM JaLIa- 'lY, JlOJlHOCTblO 38BepWeHHbli1 npoeKT Y110>KeHI1J1 1723-1726 rr. TaK H He nOJIY411J1 YfBep)l()]eHl151 - 113-3(1 nOCJ1enOBaBwei1 nOCJ1e 1725 r. CMeHbl nOJJl.1H1KO-npaBoBblX Opl1eHTHpoB. Ha 3TOM "MeeT CMblCJI 38BepWI1Th 0603peHl1e 113MeHCHHH B opraHi13aUHt'1 cyna 11 npoueCcyaJlbHOM 3aKOHo.n.8Tel1bCTBe POC- ClUJ, COBOK}'nHOCTb KOTopblX 06pmOBaJl8 cYlle6HYlO pE$opM)' neTpa L OcTaeTC5I paCCMOTpeTb. KaK(1M o6pa30M ocyweCTBJ1eH- Hble B 1717-1723 rr. nepeMeHbl B 06JJacHI cynoYCT]Joi1CTBa (01 cy- nonpol13110nCTBa nOJIY411J1(o1 pa3B(oIT(oIe II nOCJIenYlOllleH (oICTOp(ol(ol OTe4eCTBeHHoro rocy.napcTBa (01 npaBa. 
rnaBa 7. CYA<!6Ha pe<l>opMa neTpa I Ii HeKoTopble Bonpocbl MCTOpMM rOCYA3pcTBa Jot npaBa PaccMM BTOPOM ...eTBepnl XVIII-XX BB. 0603peHt1e CYllb6bl HOi>aUt1H. BOJUIOlueHHblX U XOlle npo- BelleH(1S! cy.ne6Hoi1 pE$oPMbl neTpa I, "MeeT CMblCJl Ha'laTb C nepeMeH II 06J18CTI1 cynoYCTpoi1cTBa. KaK}')Ke roBOp(1J10Cb. maB- Hei1wei1 HOB3U(1ei1 B 3TOi1 06naCTIil flBI1JIOCb C031laHI1e B 1717- 1719 rr. CI1CTeMbl cJ:>yHKUI10HMbHO 11 C"rpYKrypHO OTneJJeHHblX OT opraHOB ynpaMeHIHI cynoB o6weii IOpHCllHKWU1. B CBOIO 01.Jepellb, B pe3YJ1bTaTe KOHTppecj:JOpMaTopcKHX MCponpt1S1THH 1722-1727 IT. CHCTeM8 03H8'JeHHbLX cy1l0B nOllBepm8Cb JlHK- BHJlaUI1H. HecMoTpI1 Ha TO, 'fIG B xOlle CJleJrylOll.ldi no BpeMeHH cy- JJ;eGHoi1 peopMbl EKaTepl1Hbl II OK<l3aJIOCb nOBTOpHo (XOT5I 11 He OKOH'laTeJlbHO) ocyweCTBJleHO OTneJieHl1e CYlle6HblX opraHOB OT MMI-1HI1CTpaTI1BHbIX. BOCC03D.BHt1fl CI1CTeMbl cynoB o6wei1. IOpt1C1U1KUt111 TOfna He npol130llUlO. KaK co BCe" O'-lemtllHOCTblO HBcTByeT H3 CT. 105-116, 164-20B, 306-377, 395-403 o6pa30- naBwero HopMan1BHYfO OCHOBY pE$OPMbl 33KOHa «YlfpeJlCiJellue i:JAII ynpa6.Jellufl2y6epHuu» OT 7 HOs:l6ps:l 1775 r.. IKe OCHonaHHble B TOT MOMeHT opraHbl npaBocynl1s:1 - OT CQCJ10BHbIX cynOB AO ry6epHCKJIIX naJIar yro1l0BHOro 11 IpIDK,LJ;aHcKoro cyna - npe.u- CTaIDUUlI1 co6o CneUl1aJII1311poBaHHbie CyD.bl, nOD.cynHocTb KO- 
404 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I TOpblX 6b1JUi OrpaHl-1'1CH8 JII160 no Kpyry 111m. JII.'I60 no Kpyry Delli. He npl1HeJl<l K BOCl.'TaHOBJICHI1JO CI1CTeMbl CYllOB o6wei:i IOpHC.1lHKUI1t1 Ii cyne6HaJI KOHTppe<t>oP18 1796 r. Opl1 BceM TOM, 'iTO, KaK H3BeCTHO, camacHo J)'6ePHCKI1M WTaTaM OT 31 .aeKa6pfl 1796 r., 3Ha<lrneJ1bHaR <laCTb COCJlOBHblX opraHOB npaBOCYllM.II 6bUT8 ynpa3)J;HeH3. B IOpHC1U1Kl{MOHHbIX n0J1HOM04J.UIX OCTaBWHX- CJ1 cyne6Hbix oprdHOB see >Ke COXpaHHJU'ICb orpam1'1eHIUI HJlI1 no KPYry IlI1U, IUUI no KPYry ne)]. HaKoHeu. HI-1K3KHX cynOB o6wei1 IOpHClI.HKUl111 He 6b/JIO C03D.8HO B nepOOM nOJloBt.JHe XIX B. 1 B i1TOre, CHCTeMa cynoB o6wcii IOpI1C.DJ1Klll1l1 OKaJaJIaCb no- BTOpHO BbICTpoeHa B PaCCM" TOJ1bKO B pe3YJlbTaTe npOBeneHIDI. CYlle6HOH pe$JPMbl 1864 r. (CHCTeMY 31)' 06Pa30BaJll1 OKp)')KHble CYJI.bI. cYAe6Hble mmaTM 11 npamHeJlbCTBYIOWJ.'I(1 CeHaT). 6YllY- "l11 JlI1KBwmpOBaH8 B COOTBeTCTBJ.1I1 CO CT. IneKpeTa 0 cyne NQ I OT 24 H05I6p.ll 1917 r.J, CI1CTeMa CYAOB 06Il.lei1IOPMCJJ;I1KUI1I1 6b1JIa B03pO)(([(e}ffi B HaWel1 CTpaHe B TpeTI1ii. pa3 B XOlle cyn.e6Hoii. pe- $:JPMbl 1922 r. (HapollHble cynbl. J)'6epHCKJ1e cynbl. BepxoBHblH cyn PCC1>CP). C 3T0t1 nopbl cynbl o6lllet1 IOpHCllHKllHH B POCCHH 60Jlee He ynpa311HHJlHCb. S 1. PeBM3MoHHo-pewalOllIMM nOps:l,qCIK)'TBep>K,AeHMJI M nepecMOTpa cy,qe6Hblx peweHMM B yro.noBHoM npoLl.ecce POCCMM BTOpOi'! '4eTBepnl XVIII- cepe,qMHbl XX B. lho KaCaeTC5I HOBaUI1t1, ocYlliecTRlleHHbIx B 1717-1723 rr. B o6JJacTH CYllonpOO3BOllCTBa. TO 311eCb Heo6xoJJ;HMO. npe>K.!le Dce- roo CKa3aTb HeC KOJlbKO CJ10B 0 llaJIbHel1WeM pa3BJ.1TMM H8 OTe'le- I 3aKoHctrurrenbCTBO EKm'l'pllHbl II. T. I. C. 396-398. 404-410, 435-445, 455-457 npH!\te'JZreIIbHO, 1fT0 oonpoc 0 C031l8Hl1l1l"TPYk"'JYPHO OTDeJleHHbIX OT opraHoB ynpaRl1eHI1.11 BCeOOCJIOBHbIX cyne6Hbix opraHoB (JJB..'1I!BWII'OC'SI 6bI cynaMI1 061111:11 Jq)I-ICllIIKUHI1) Cnl:UHWlbHO o6cv"AI.MJICH B tlJcBparre 1769 r. B XQUe pa60TbI YnQ)KeHHoH KOMltcCll11 1767-1774 rr. OLlHaKo HJleH 06 )"Jpe;+;- lleHl111 TaKOBb[X cynOB 6blJla TOrlkl OTseprnyrn 113-3a ormceHHH yrueMIIITb I1HTepOCU DBOp>lHCTfIa (QI(::_o 0 A. K I1CTOpl111 cYDe6HoH nOJII1TI1KI1 «JlpocBCWCHHOro a6co!1to"1lfJN!{» B POCCIIIIII II Bonpocb[ !1CTOp11ll npasa 11 npm>eJBoi1 nOJIHTI1KH B ::IKC[]J[yaraTOpcKOM rocynapcrne: CG. Ha)"lH. lJIy.nOB. M., 1989. C. 86-87; ON.»ce. «]aKOHHIDI MOHapxIDI. EKaTepHHb[ BropcXt n)X)l;BCIUeHHbli1 afx."OIJIOTH3M B POCCI1I1. M.. 1993. C. 152-153)  ;"'f9fj.':fQDCHCTBO POCCI1I1... C. 153-185. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 405 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. cfBeHHoi1 nOljBe peBl13110HHo-perualOruero nopHllKa nepeCMOTpa H ymep.JK1lemUi cy.ae6Hblx perueHHi1. CroJlb ruHpOKO BHe.apeH- Hbli-1 B pOCCt1iiCKHii yroJlOBHblH npouecc B nepBoH nOJlOBHHe 1720-x fr. naHHblii nOp5l1l0K OTHlOllb He npeceKC5I C KOH'JHHoH neTpa I. Y.>ICe 8 OKT5I6p51 1726 r. 6blJl t13.1laH 3aKOH, comacHo KOTOPOMY npHrooopbl. B KOTOpblX Ha3Ha"laJIacb CMepTHa5I Ka3Hb lUIH JlHllIeHHe npaB COCT05lHH.II «<t1oJ/umu</eCK(lfI CMepmb»-). nOLl- Jle)I(aJIH YfBep.JK1leHHIO B BepXOBHOM T ai1HoM COBeTe[. nOCKOJIbKY npaKTH"leCK,UI peaJIH3aUHJI Ha3BaHHoro 3aKO- Ha, no BceH Bep05lTHOCTt1, Bbl3BaJla 3Ha"lt1Te1lbHble 3aTpy.aHeHHSI, CeHaT H3.1larJ to MapTa 1727 r. pa3"b5lCHSIIOWHii YKa3 0 TOM, 'ITO .aeHcTBt1e 3aKOHa OT 8 OKT5I6p51 1726 r. pacnpOCTpaHSleTC5I J1t1rub Ha npt1roBOpbl. BblHeceHHble cy.ae6HbIMt1 OpraHaMH CaHKT- neTep6ypra. OKOH"laTeJlbHa51 .IICHOCTb B Bonpoc 0 npHMeHeHHH peB(13HOHHO-perualOll.lero nop5l.nKa nepeCMOTpa H YTBep>K.Qe- HHSI cYlle6Hblx perueHHi1 6blJ18 BHeceHa C ItlllaHHeM 3aKOHa OT 31.aeKa6pH 1727 r. ComaCHO Ha3BaHHOMY 3aKOHY npl-1roBopbl no oco60 T5I)I(J(HM npec1)'ruIeHt151M, BblHeceHHble ueHTparJbHbl- MH opfaHaMt1 BJlaCTH (KOJIJlerH5IMH H KaHUeJJSlPHSlMI-1). llOJDKHbl 6bUll-1 yrnep>K.QaTbC5I CeHaTOM, a Te .>ICe npHroBopbl, BblHeceHHble MeCTHblMH cYlle6HblMH opraHaMH. llOJJ>KHbl 6blJ1H yrBep.JK1laTbC5I ry6epHCKHMH KaHueJISlpHSlMH (ry6epHaTOpaMH «c m06apblu»p. KpoMe TOro, npaBo maBbl ry6epHCKOi1 8llMHHI-1CTpaLlHH yrnep.JK1lau npl-1roBopbl K CMepTHoi1 Ka3HH H K JlHllIeHHIO npaB COCTOSlHH}1 6blJ10 3aKpeJlJleHO B CT. 9 HaKaJa ry6epmnopaM 1728 r. 4 Bnp0l(eM. npaBO yrnep)((1l8Tb npHroBopbl K CMcpTHoii Ka3HH H K J1HWeHHfO npall COCT05lHH5I COX]X\H5IJIOCb 3a ry6epHa- TopaMH CpaBHHTeJIbHO HellOJIfO. 6YDY'1H OTMeHeHO ceHaTCKHM YKa30M OT 7 Ma5I 1744 r.. corJlaCHO KOTOpoMY yrllep)((1leHHe Ta- KOBblX npHrOBopoB BCeUeJJO nepe1I.8l1aJ10Cb CeHa1)'. HH 0 KaKOM [nOJlHoe c06paHI1e 3aKOHOB. T. 7. NQ 4964. C. 700. lTaM>Ke. C. 754. 3TaM JKe. NQ 5118. C. 912. Halt60JJee nOllP06HOe paccMorpeHl1e 3aKO- HOB OT 8 OKTH6pH 1726 r. 11 OT 31 lleKa6pH 1717 r. B ItCTOpI1Ko-npaROBOi1 nl1Teparype CM.: fPu..,unflOB A. H. I1crOpHj.J CeHaTa B npallJ]eHH BepXOUHO- roTai1Horo CoBeTIlI1 Ka6I1HeTIl.lj. I. C. 114-116. 4 nOJlHoe c06paHHe JaKOHOB. T. 8. NQ 5333. C. 97. npl1Mepbl npaKTH<[e- CKOH peaJIl13aUl111 naHHoro npasa J)1)epHaTOpaMl1 eM.: fombl? 10. B. HCTO- pl1.11 06.mICTHoro ynpaBJIeHIDI B POCCI1I1 OT nerpa I .no EKaTepHHbl II. M., 1913. T. I. C.401. 5 nOJlHoe c06paHHe 3aKOHOB. T. II. NQ 8944. C. 768. 
406 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npaBe ry6epHaTOpa yrBep)((1laTb K8.K(1e-J11160 npHrOBOpbl HM CJIO- sa He rOBOpH.JlOCb M B HacTaBJIem1W ry6epH8TOpaM OT 21 anpeJHI. 1764 r.l O'leHb CKopO. OllHaKO, ry6epH8TOpbl SHOSb nOJ1)"llUJI..J npaBo yrBep)({,!l8Tb npHmnopbl K cMepl"Hof1 Ka3HH H K JlHWeHHIO npas COCT05lH(1SJ. a peBI13MOHHO-peW8IOWHI1 nopl11l0K nepecMoTp3 H yrBep)({,!leHHSI C)'JJ;e6HbIX perneHHit llOCTl1f, HeCOMHeHHO, BbIC- rueH T04KI-1 pa3BHTlUI 38 BCIO HCTOpHIO O"re'leCTBeHHoro yroJlOB- HOro cynonp0l13BOllCTBa. npOOJOllUlO 3TO B CB5I3H C J.'I3Jlam1eM }')Ke ynoMHHaBweroc5I JaKOHa OT 7 H05l6p51 1775 r. «Y'lpe)l(lleHHe DJI.II. ynpaBJ1eHH5I ry6epHHH». HeCJI)l'!aHHo. I1MeHHO B 3aKOHe OT 7 H05l6p51 1775 r. nmlBHJlCH caM TepM(1H «peeu]uf/», a B CT. 108 llaHHoro JaKOHa 6bUJO llaHO nepnoe (XOUi H BeCbM8 pacJUlblB'Ia- Toe) onpe.neJ1eHHe peBItl(10HHO-pelliafOllldi CTMI'IM yroJ10BHOro npouecca: «PeeU3UlI }WN06t1bIX iJeA till <,tmo UHoe ecmb KGK npu- /Je:HCHoe paXMOmpeHue, npOU38eaeHO flU oem 110pHdOttHO U cxoiJ- cm«eHHO c 3QKOHllMU»1. PaeeMOTpeHt.J1O B peBH3HOHHO-pellI81OllleM nop5l.nKe, CO- rJlacHo 3aKOHY OT 7 HOH6p51 1775 r.. nOlUle.:KaJlt.J, npeJKlle Bcero, Te npt.JroBopbl. B KOTOpblX Ha3HalJarIHCb JJt.J60 CMepTHa51 Ka3Hb, JlH60 Jlt.JllIeHt.Je npaB COCT05lHH.II (<<omHflmue JlCU3HU Wlu'1ecmu»). npH 3TOM 3aKOHOJJ;aTeJ1b B 1775 r. 3Ha'lHTeJlbHO YCJ10)((HHJ1 npoue.nypy yrBep)((JleHH.II TaKOBblX npHrOBOpOB: B COOTBeTCfBI1H co CT. 86 H 111-113 laKOHa OT 7 H05l6pH 1775 L npHfoBopbl K CMepTHOi1 Ka3HH HJ1H K J1HllIeHHIO npas COCTOSIHWI 1I0mKHbi 6b1JIH paCCMa- TpI1BaTbC5! B pcBH3HoHHO-pellIalOllIeM nOp5!JJ;Ke He OllHOKpaTHO. 8 TjloeKpaTHO. BH8'1Me eOOTBeTCTSylOlllHH npHroBop yrsep)((Jl8J[c.sJ B ry6ePHCKOM COCJ10BHOM eyne, JaTeM B ry6epHCKOH nMaTe yro- JlOBHOro cyna H. HaKOHeu. reHepan-ry6epHaTOPOM 1 (e.nHHCTBeH- Hbli1 aH<UlOf. KOTOpbli1l\to.>KHO H8Pnt: nO)];06Hoi1 n:excryneH<l8Toi1 npouenype B npe.nwecTB}'lOlUeM npoueccYarJbHOM 38KOHOnaTeJ1b- CTBe - 3TO BblwepaeCMOTpeHHbli1 nopJUloK yrBep)((JleHH5I npl1- IC1.: 3aKOHOliaTenbCTBO EKaTepHHbl II. T. I. C. 338-343. lTaMx<e C.396. 3TaM )((. C. 393. 397. BblJblBaeT He.uoYMeHllle, OT'Iero CTOJIb no.up06Ho pernaMeHTI1p0BaHHb!i1 B 3HKOHe OT 7 HOH6p.ll 1775 r. nop.llJlOK ymepjf(j}e- HH.II cMePTHblx npHrooopoB coseprneHHo o6owen BHI1MaHl1eM C. B. )!(Hnb- UOB. CneUI1aJ1bHO paCCiOTpeBWI1j.j BOnpoc 06 I1CTopl111 CMejJTHOH Ka3HI1 B nepl1o.n npaBJ1eHI1.11 EKaTepl1HbI II (eM.: )Nubl(Off C. B. C1epTHafi l(aJHb B IICJOPIII1 POCCI1I11. M., 2002. C. 165-173). 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l peqx,pMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 407 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. rolJOpolJ lJoeHHblX cyn.OIJ, YCT3HolJJleHHbli1 IJ pacnopfDKem1J.'1 Bo- eHHO KOJlJlenm OT 24 J.'I1OJUI 1721 r.). On.HOlJpeMeHHo 3aKOHon.aTeJlb cywecrneHHu pacruJ.'lpHJl J.'I c<tJepy npHMeHeHJ.UI pelJH3J.'10HHO-perna1Olllero nOp5lllKa nepe- CMOT)Ja cyn.e6Hblx perneHHi1. CamacHo CT. 180.322 J.'I366 JaKOHa OT 7 HOs:l6pH 1775 r. Ha yrRep>KLleHHe naJlaTbl yr0J10BHOro CYlla CJ1e.nOBaJIO HanpalJJlSlTb Boo6rne Bee npHroBopbl, BblHeceHHble COCJJOBHblMH Cyn.aMJ.'I ry6epHCKOro ypOBHSI (BepXHHM 3eMCKHM Cyn.OM, ry6epHCKI1M f\.lBmCT)JaTOM J.'I BepxHei1 pacnpaBoi1)[. MOTHBaUH}[ 3aKOHonzre.rtSl, CTOJIb llJJ.'lpOKO 3aKpemmwe- fO B 1775 r. peBH3J.'10HHO-pernalOlllHj..j nOp5lll0K nepeCMOT)Ja H ymep>KLleHJ.UI cYlle6Hblx perneHHj..j B POCCHj..jCKOM yroJ10BHOM npouecce. npeliCTaBJISleTCSI 0geBlt!l.HOk nOn.06HO I1BaHY III J.'I neTpy I. paHee BHen.p5lBWHM peBJ.'I3HOHHo-pewalOrnylO CTa.D;J.'I1O B cyn.onpOH3BOllCTBO, EKaTepJ.'lHa II J.'ICnblTblBaJ]3 Hen.OBep(1e K KOMneTeHTHOCTH J.'I n.o6pocoBecTHocTI1 J1J.'1U. OTnpaIJJl5lBWJ.'IX npaBocyn.l1e. B JlJ.'lCbMe K f1). BOJlbTepy OT 20 ceHTn6pJI 1777 r. HMnepaTpHua OTKpoBeHHo n05lCHHJIa, 'lTO 3HKcHpoBaHHbli1 B 3aKOHe OT 7 H05l6p51 1775 r. TpeJaJanHblj..j nopMOK yrBep>KLleHJ.U1 npHronopoB K cMeprnoi1 K33HH H K J1HWeHHIO npan COCTOSlHJ.UI eCTb «lIoWlyltwafi U3 npou.eiJyp KPUVUHOJIbHbJX U 60Aee 6Cex 110- iJeJICHQ5I... 6e3 Item J/UIIIIQ5I 6e3onOCHCJCmb YOl.la 6bl 6blmb 60 6j1Q- emu cmpacmeii.. 1Ie6€J/Cfff1'lB€l. 1IefKllbHbIX i'.IIynoemeu Au60 i?OpRIIUX i!WI. OCTaeTCH no6aBHTb. 'lTO nOCJ1ellHee B XVIII B. paCilll1pe- HHe Cc]>ePbl npHMCHCHHSJ peBH3J.'10HHO-pernalOlllero nop5l.nKa nepeCMOTpa H yrBep>KLleHH5I cyne6Hb[X perneHHH nOCJJellOBaJlO B 1785 r. CamacHo CT. 13 lKaJIonaHHoH rpaMOTbl nBopHHCTBY OT 24 anpeJ1S1 1785 r.. eCJm n.BOp5lH(1HY BbIHOCHJJC5I npHrOBop K cMepTHoi1 Ka:JHH. K JmWeHHIO npaB COCTOJIHHSI HJ1H K J1H- rneHHIO nBOpHHCTBa, TO TaKOBOH npHroBop nOllJ1e)(ffiJ] yrBep)((- neHHIO BH8'laJle B CeHaTe. a 3aTeM MOHapXOM J . HToroBoe }({e 13aKOHo.naTeJlbCTBO EKaTepHHbl II. T. I C. 4\)6. 437, 443. B I1CTopHKO- npaooBOi1 nlilTeparype 6ernble ynoMI1HaHI1H 0 3aKperuJeHI1I1 B 3<1KOHe OT 7 HOH6pH 1775 I peBl13110HHo-pewatOLUefi CTaIll1l1 yronOBHOro npouecca CM.: El/Jpel06a H. H. CYllOYCrpoHCTBO POCCHI1... C. 119-120. 122, 126. 130; '1UC/lJJ/K06 O. H. npoueccY!L'JbHoe 3aKOHQl1iITtJlbCTBO II 3aK0tt0naretJbCTBO E:b1. o. ,3uKoHHaH MOHapXI1S1» EKaTepHHbI 13T0- pofj:li;bCTBO EKaTpI1Hb[ II. T. 2. C. 33. 
408 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I JaKpenJlem1e peBM3110HHO-pernalOWera nOp5l.nKa nepeCMOTpa 11 yrnep)({fleHIHI CYJJ;e6HbIX pellleHMM B OTe<leCTBeHHOM yrOJlOBHOM npouecce COCTOHJIOCh B CBone 38KOHOB POCCHHCKOM HMnepH" 1832 f. KaK H3BeCTHO, KHt1ra BTopa51 15-ro TOMB Ha3BaHHoro CBOlla «0 CYDonpOH3BOllCTBe no npeC1)'JUleHt151M» 5IBIDIaCb. no cyweCTBY. nepHblM POCC(1HCKHM 061l1erpa)l(,.!!aHCKHM yroJlOBHO- npoueccyanbHblM Ko.neKCOM B CBOlle 3aKOHOB 1832 r. pemaMeHTaWU'1 xapaKTepH3yeMoro nOpRQKa 6bUU1 oceueno nOClUllueHbl maBb[ 2-5 pa:l1leJia 5 KH. 2-i1 TOMB 15 (CT. 1082-1132)1. KpoMe TOro, nOp5lDOK HanpaBJIeHJ.UI. Ha yrnep)l(LleHt.Je npMroBopoo, BblHeceHHhlX eynoM nepBoro 3BeHa (<<eYlloM nepnoH creneHH". no Bhlpa)f(eHHIO TornalllHero 3aKOHO- naTeJUI), 3aKpenJTHJlCH B rn. I TOro >Ke 5-ro pa3.Llena (CT. 1074 H 1079-1081)". KaK (oj B XVIII B.. peBM](10HHO-peWalOll(eMY nepe- CMOTPY nOJI.Jle)((3JU1 np(1fOBOPbl. B K3<1eCTBe CaHKLU'll1 no KOTO- pbl!'.! H83Ha'lMaCb CMepTHa5I Ka3Hb. m'llUeHl1e npaB COCT05lHH5I I1JlH Hal...13lllme KHyrOM (comaCHO $)pMYJ1HpOBKe M3 CT. 1074 npl1roBOphl, «KOH nOllBepralOT nOllcYD.I1Moro JlHllIeHHJO >KM3HI1, 'leCTH, llo6poro I1MeHJ1 I1JlI1 TOproBOH Ka3HH»3). COrJlacHo CBOllY 3aKOHOB 1832 r. YCTaHaBJII1BaJlach llBYX- Cl)'fteH'IaTa51 npouellYpa yrnep)f(lleHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOWHX npl1- rOlJopOB. B Ka'leCTBe peBJ.13HOHHO-peWalOwej:j I1HCTaHUHI1 BblCI)'naJIl1 mUJaThl yroJ10BHOro cyna. ry6epffiHopbl H npaBH- TeJibCTBYlOlllI1M CeH8T. Me)f(lly TeM. 6y..oY'-lM CTOJIb llIHpOKO 11 neTaJ1bHO 3aKperuJeH B KH. 2-« TOMa 15 CBona 3aKOHOB 1832 r., peBH3HoHHo-pewaJOlllI1M nop5l1l0K nepecMoTpa H yrBep)f(lleHIDI. cyne6Hhlx peweHHH OKa3aJ1CH nO l lTI1 nOJlHOCTbIO YCTpaHeH 113 OTe'leCTBeHHoro yroJ10BHOrO npouecca B CBH3H C H3naHHeM Cy- ne6Hhlx ycnlBoB 1864 I.. B KOTOphlX TaKOIJOM nop.II1l0K He npe1l- YCMaTpHBaJlC5I. nOCJ1e cy..oe6HOM pe<PoPMhl 1864 r. peBItlHOHHo-pellIaJOwaH CTa.D.HH COXpaHI1Jl8Cb - M TO B orpaHM'IeHHOM M8C1l1Ta6e -JIMWb B 06J1acTH Boe HHo-yrOJlOBHOrO cynonpOH3BQfiCTBa. B npOllOJl- ICM.: Coon JaKOHOB yrOJloBHblK Cn6.. 1831 c. 321-336. YMeCTHo JaMeTI1Tb, 'JTO B CT. 1083 OKd3allOCb nOCJlOBHO Bocnpol13BelleHO onpe.neJ1e- Hl1e «pcBHJI1W> 113 CT. 108 JaKOH8 OT 7 HOH6p.ll 1775 r. (TaM .>Ke. C. 321). Hal16o..rJee pa3BepHyrytO xapaKTepHC1J1KY peSI1JI10HHo-pernaKmrei1 CTallHI1 cYllonpol1Joo.ncTBa no CBOllY JaKOHOB B I1CTOpHKO-npaBOBOii nlITeparype eM l{e.J/bf,j06-6e6J'fflO(J M A. YKa3 C04 C. 742-743. 791-793. lCB01l 3aKOHOB VfOJlOBHblX. C. 318, 320. }TaM.>Ke. C. Jut 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 409 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. >KeHMe Tpa.aMUM(1, I1llYllleH C neTpoBCKoro BpeMem1, comac- HO BoeHHo-cYlle6HoMY yCTaBy 1867 r., np(1roBOp (He3aBI1CMMO OT COllep)l(aHMJ'I). BhlHeceHHblii nOJIKOBblM CYllOM, nO.11Jle>KaJI yrBep}l(!leH(1fO CTpoeBb!M KOMalw.oBaH(1eM B JU'lUe KOMaHlll.Jpa nOJIKa I . HapRLIY C 3TI.JM. peB(13MOHHo-pewafOW3J'1 CTall(1J1110nOJl- H(1TeJ1bHO BROlll1JlaCb B BoeHHo-yroJlORHOe CYDonpQl.13ROllCTBO B nOCJIellHeH TPeTl1 XIX - Ha'lane XX B. JlI160 lIJlJl paCCMOTpe- HI1S1 OTDeJlbHblX KaTeropl1M DeJl, 1m60 lIJlJl BpeMeHHblx BoeHHO- cYlle6Hbix OpniHOB. K npMMepy. B 3<1KOHe OT 19 aBryCTa 1906 f- 06 Y'-Ipe)l(.llemm BOeHHO-nOJleBbIX Cyn.OB 6bl1l0 oroBOpeHo, '1TO BhlHeceHHble n.aHHbIMM cynaMM CMepTHble npHroBOpbl l101l>KHbl HanpaRITJlTbCH H8 yrBep}l(!leHl1e KOMaH11..VlOweMY BoeHHblM OKPy- rOM!. Co6blTI.JJI I1CX01{a 1917 f., JI(1KBruIal.{l1J1 cYDe6H0(1 CMCTeMbl uapcKoM POCCM(1 MMeJlI1 O.nH(1M 113 nOCJIeDCTBI.JH I1C'Ie3HOBeH(1e peB(13MOHHo-perualOlUeH CTMMM 113 BoeHHo-yrOJiOBHOrO cyDO- npOM3BOllCTBa. Om-rnKo np0llU10 COBCeM HeMHoro BpeMeHJ..l. H pem:l3110HHo-perualOllil.Jj..j nopHlloK nepecMoTpa cYlle6HbIX pe- rueHHj..j Ha'IM, KaK npe1{CTaBJUleTCJ'I, ewe pa3 B03po)(Ql8TbCJI Ha OTe'leCTI3eHHOH nO'lBe. ComacHO CT. 36 H 37 nOJlO>KeHI1SI 0 peOOJlfOU(10HHbIX BO- eHHblX Tpl16YHaJl8X OT 20 HOH6pH 1919 f.. 0 Bcex BblHeceHHblX CMepTHblX npMroBopax peBOJIIOU(10HHble BoeHHble TPM6YHaJlbi llOJ1>KHbl 6bll1(1 He3aMelUlI1TeJ1bHO CTaBMTh B (13BeCTHOCTb 01lHO- BpeMeHHo PeBOJIIOUMOHHblii BOeHHblH TpM6YHaJI PecnYMI1K11 11 Bee TO }f(e CTpOCBoe KOMaHllOBaHMe - B JlHue Tenepb)')Ke peBo- JlIOUHOHHOro BoeHHoro COBeTa apMHI1, (]>pOHTa lUJM Pecny611H- KH. npH 3TOM peweHHe 06 OCTaRITeHI1M B CI111e 1111H 0 npHocrn- HOBJIeH(1(1 CMepTHoro npl1rOBOpa DOJT>KHO GbUTO npl1HI1MaTbCH PeBBoeHTpH6YHaJlOM Pecny6J1I1KI1 H COOTBeTCTB)'lOlllI1M peBBO- eHCOBeTOM B Te'leHl1e 48 '1acoB. B CJlY'l8e npHOCTaHOBJleHMJ'I np(1roBOpa lIeJ10 nOlUle)jffi- 110 H8npaRITeHI1fO H8 HOBoe paCCMOTpeHHe B BblruecT05lWl1H BOeHHo-cyn.e6HbIH Opr<lH 3 . 3m 06513aTe1lbHOe HH(]>OpMHpoBaHHe H BblWeCT05lllierO cyn.e6Horo opr8Ha, 11 crpoenoro KOMaHLlOBa- HHJI 0 RblHeceHHOM cMepl"HoM npHroBope K8K paJ H SIBJlSIJ10 co- GOM. A)'MacrC5I . MOn.I1(]>I1l.{(1pOB8HH)'1O peB(1]110HHo-perualOllJ,YlO 1l1emv.:we H A. YKa3. C04. C. 114-125. 142. ! JKu..iN400 C. B. YKa3. co'!. C. 205-206. 3CY PC<l>CP. 1919. NQ 58. CT. 549. 
410 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npouellYpy. MOlll1HKam1J1 3aKJUOljarIaCb B llaHHOM CJlY'llie B TOM, 'lTO peWeHJlle 06 yrBep)f(llemU1 np(1fOBOpa np(1HHMBJ1OCb ynpaBOMo'-leHHblM opraHoM «no )'MOJI'Iamno», nyreM HeBbIHeCe- HI1J1 pellleHHJI 0 npI10CTaH0BJ1emU1 npHroBOpa. B CBOJO ol[epellb, «npHOCTaHOBJ1eHHe» npHroBopa 03Ha1JaJlO H8 lleJIe Heymep)l(lle- HHe (WI" .DalKe. T]JaKl)'.II WMpe. oTMeHY) LlaHHoro npJ.1TOBopa. He npOllUlO 11 nOJ1}TOlla. KaK CXO.nHbli1 nopJl.nOK OKa3aJlC.II npellYCMOTpeH H DJUI HOBoyYpe)f(1]eHHbiX noeHHo-TpaHcnopTHblx cyno8. ComaCHO CT. 15 H 16 nonO)f(eHlHl 0 peooJUOUI10HHbiX 80- eHHhlX }l(eJle3HODOpmKHhIX Tpl16YHaJIaX OT 18 M8pTa 1920 f., 0 CMepTHblX npt1ronopax, BblHeceHHblX JiBJlSlBWHMHC5I CYIIOM ncpno- m 3BeHa TpH6YHaJl8Mt.J >KeJle3Hb1X nopor. Ha11J]e)KilllO HeMe.D.JIeHHO CTaBHTb B H3BeCTHOCTb napaJUleJlbHO KOMHccapOB 3Ti1X Dopor Ii rJTaBHbl11 peBOJlIOLlMOHHbl11 ooeHHblM )!(t'neJHOllOpO)l(Hbl(1 TpI16y- HaJJ np" HapKoM8Te nyrei1 cooGll.leH(1.11. ECJUI }l(e CMepTHblM np(1- rooop BblHOCHJlC5I rI1aBHbiM peBOJUOU(10HHbIM BOeHHblM >KeJIe3- HOD.opoJKHbIM Tlm6yHaJlOM. TO 0 TaKOOOM npl1fooope CJ1enOBaJ[O (13BemaTb onHOBpeMeHHO HapKOMa nyreii coo6weHJ.UI (1 Tpl16)'HaJ1 PeBBOeHCOBeTa Pecll)'6J1(1KH (6blBW(1i1 PeBOJlJOUHOHHbli1 BoeHHbli1 TpI.J6yJ-1aJ1 Pecny6.nI1KI.J). KaK H D C(1CTeMe BOeHHbIX TjJI'I6YHaJlOB. B CJly<rne np(10CTaHOMeHml (TO eCTb HeyrBep)({1leHI15I) np(1TOBO- pa neJlo HanpaMSIJIOCb Ha HOBoe paCCMOTpeHHe B BblWeCT05lWHH cyne6Hbli1 opraH (CJ<a)({eM. (13 Tp(16YHaJla nOJX)n1 - B rJlaBHbli1 peBOJlJOUHOHHbl51 BOeHHbl51 )f(eJ[e3HOllOpO)((Hbl51 TP(16yJ-1aJ1)l. npH npOBeneH(1H cYlle6Hoi1 pe<tJoPMbl 1922 r. peBH3110HHO- pewaJOIl.lHi1 nopMOK nepeCMOTpa (1 yrBCp>K1leHI151 cYlle6Hbix pe- WeH(1i1 He nOJlY'llUJ 3aKpeJlJ1eHH5I B YTOJ10BHOM npouecce. H(1 B n0J10)f(eHHH 0 cynOYCTjXl51CTBe POJ>CP OT II HOH6pH 1922 r., H(1 B YroJloBHo-npoueccYaJIbHOM KOlleKce POJ>CP pellaKuH51 1922 (1 1923 rr. HH CJ10BOM He ynoMHHaJIOCb H(1 0 Heo6xollH- MOCTH HHpMHpOEl:rrb KaCaTeJIbHO KaKHX-I1H60 BblHeceHHblX npHfOBOpOB BbIWeCT05lWH51 cYlle6HbliJ opraH, HH 0 B03MO)!(HO- cni «npHOCTaHOBJIeH(1H» (HeyrBep)({1leH(151) npHTOBopa. A BOT B o6JJacTH BoeHHO-YTOJ10BHOTO CYllonpOO3BOllcrna peBH3HOHHO- pewaJOWHe npoue.n.ypbl COXpaHlUJHCb (1 nOCJle CYlle6Hoi1 pe<t>op- Mbl 1922 f. COfJIaCHO CT. 36 H 37 n0J10>KeH(1.11 0 BoeHHblX TPH6YHaJlax H BoeHHoiJ npo"--yp<rrype OT 20 aBJ)'cm 1926 r. 0 BblHeceHHOM CMepTHOM np(1 TOBOpe BoeHHbliJ Tpl16YHaJI Ot»l3bIBaJlCH (npH'IeM, ICY PCcDCP. 1920. NQ 11. Cr. 112. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 411 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IEITBepr14 XVlII-XXBB. KaK oco60 OfOBapl-1BMOCb B CT. 36. «He3aBI1CI-1MO OT H3JlI1'-UUI 111111 OTCyTCTBI1JI KaccaU110HHoi1 )l(aJ106bl 111111 npaTeCTI\») He- MelUleHHO 1-13BeCnrIh no TeJIerpay napaJVleJIhHO npellcellaTeJIH BoeHHOH KOJIJlenm BepxoBHoro CYlla CCCP 1-1 cruprnero no- MOWHHKa npot<ypopa BepXOBHOro CYlla no BoeHHoi1 KOJUTenm. KpoMe TOro, B MeCTHOCTs:lX. 061>s:lBJleHHhIX Ha BoeHHOM nooo- )((eHI1I-1. 0 CMepTHOM npl-1roBGpe CJ1ellOBaJ10 TaEOKe npOI1HOP- MHpOBaTb peBBOeHCOBeT COOTBeTCTBYlOlUero ypOBH5I. Opl-1roBOp npl1BOlIl11ICH B I1CnOJIHeHl1e. eCJlI1 B Te4eHI1e 72 4acOB OT 03H8- 4eHHhJX 1l00)1(}{OCTHhlX JIHU 11 opraHOB He nocrynaJIo pacnop5l- )((eHJ.UI 06 ero npI-10CTaHOBJIeHI-1H[. KaK npellCTaBJIJleTC5I, llaJ1bHei1rnee pa3BI-1TI-1e peBI-13110HHO- pernaJOUU1i1 nopffilOJ< nepecMOT]Ja H yrBep)((lleHJ.UI cYlle6HhJX perneHI-1H nOJJYljl-1JT B COBeTCKOM BoeHHo-yroJTOBHOM npouecce B nepl1O BeJTI-1Koi1 0re4eCTBeHHoi1 B011Hb!. Y)((e II caMbl11 JJ;eHb H:l4aJla BOHHbl. 22 I1JOHH 1941 r., 6bUI I13J]aH yKft3 Ope3I11lI1Y- Ma BepxoBHoro CoBeTa CCCP 06 yrsep)l(LleHl11-1 Oooo)j(eHl-1fl 0 BOeHHblX Tlm6YHaJl8X B MeCTHOCT5IX. 06MJBJleHHhJx Ha BoeHHOM nOJTo)j(eHJ1l-1, 1-1 B paHoH8x BoeHHblX JJ;eiicTBHH. 00 CT. 15 H83BaH- HOro OOJTOIKeHHfI npaBO yrsep)((lleHJ.UI BhlHeCeHHbJX TpH6YHaJla- MH CMePTHblX npl-1roBopOB BHOBb npellOCTaBJISlJIOCh CT))oeBOMY KOMaHllOB8HI1JO B JTl1ue KOMaHllYIOUlI1X apMI151MI-1. poHTaMH. BO- eHHblMI1 OKpyrdMI-1, $10TaMI-1 11 $JOTI1JTH5IMH. a TaEOKe B J1l1ue BOeHHblX COBeTOB cocrmercmyJOlLll1X YPooHei1. Henb351 He OTMe- Tl-1Th, npaBlla, 'ITO 3aKOHOnaTe1lb I-1CnOJIh30BaJ1 B CT. 15 OOllo)((e- HI-1J1 He 60JTee nonxOJUllUHH no CMhlCJ1Y TepMI-1H <<yTBep)({flCHl-1e InpHroBopal», 8 flBJl5IBWI1HC5I, Bep05lTHO, 60ree npl-1Bbl'IHblM Tep- MHH «npHOCTaHOl3JTeHl-1e». B CJlY'lae npl-1OCTaHOBJIeHHfI (a de facto HeyrBep>lUleHH.II) CMepl"Horo npHroBopa CTpoeBOe KOMaHliOBaHl-1e 06f13blBaJ10Cb I1HOp\1HpOBaTb no Tellerpay npellcellaTeJTJI Bo- eHHoi1 KOJTJlerHI-1 BepxoBHoro C)ln.a CCCP 11 rJIafiHoro BoeHHOro npOKypOpa KpacHoi1 apMHH (111111 rJTaBHoro npm<ypopa BoeHHO- MOpCKOro $IoTa) «lUI.II )J;aJ1bHeHwero HanpaBJIeHI1.11 )J;eJla». Hap5l11Y C 3TI1M, B CT. 16 0000IKeHI-151 OT 22 I1IOH.II 1941 L, no C)lllleCTB}', BOCnp0l13BOlll1Jll1Cb OX<ipaKTepl130BaHHble BbllUe npoueCCYaJlhHhle HOPMhl, 3aKpenneHHhle B CT. 36 11 37 OOJIo)((e- HI151 0 BoeHHblX T])I16yJ-1arJax 11 BoeHHoH npoKYJXIIYPe OT 20 aBf)'- CTa 1926 L ComacHo 03Ha<)eHHoi1 CT. 16 nOJIOIKeHI151 1941 r. 0 KIDKLlOM CMepT HOM npl1ronope BoeHHbli1 Tpl16YHarJ 06J13blBaJlC5I [C3 CCCP. 1917. NQ 12. CT. 128. 
412 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I H3Bel.J.lliTb no Tenerpa4Jy OllHOBpeMeHHO npe.nce1l8TeJlSl BOeHHO" KOMerl1" BepxoBHoro eyre CCCP M fnaHHoro BOeHHoro npOKY- papa I1JIH fnaBHoro npQ}cypopa BoeHHO-MOpCKOfO $IOTa. npH- roeop npHBOllHJlCSI B HCnOJlHeHHe B CJI)I'-Iae HenOJlYljeHH5I OT YKa- JaHHblX nOJDKHOCTHblX JlHU B Te<JeHHe 72 'lacOB paCnOpSl>KeHIUI o ero np(10CTaH0RJ1eH(1H I . BCK0pe nOCJTe :noro, yKft30M npe- JlUUtyM8 BepxoBHoro CoBeTa CCCP OT 13 HIQJ1JJ 1941 L. npaBO yrBep)({fleHMSI (311eCb HCn0J1b30BaJlC5I y)((e I-1MeHHO 3TOT TepMHH) BblHeceHHblX TPH6YH<lIl8MH cMepl"Hblx npHrooopoB 6bUJO npellO- CTaMeHO TalOKe KOM8Hnt1paM KopnycoB 1 . D.a.nbHef1weepacllIHpeHHec(]>ephl npHMeHeHHSI pem13HOHHO- pernalOlllero nOpRllKa npomollilJo B CB5I3t.J C H3.DaHHeM YJana npe- 3JW.HYMa BepxoBHoro ConeTa CCCP OT 19 anpeJISi 1943 r. «0 Me- pax HaKaJaH(1.11 llITSI HeMeLlKo-allIHcTcKHX 3JlO1leeB. B(1HOBHbIX B y6(1tcTBax H (1CHl3aHIHIX COBeTCKOrO J1XOKlIaHCKOrO H8CeJ1eHIrn 11 nneHHblX KJxlcHoapMei1ueB. DJUilUnI10HOB. I13MeHHI-1KOB P01U'IHbl 1-13 <mCn8 COBeTCKI1X rpa;K1I.3H 11 DiUI I1X nOCOOOI-1KOB». B COOT- BeTCTBI1I1 CO CT. 3 D.aHHOrD YKa3a lLfUi paccMo-rpeHI151 }'Ka3aHHO- rD B 3arnaBHH JCPyra Hen npH HI1BI13I15IX nef1CTBYlOllieH apMHH yqpe>KLI.aJTHCb noeHHO-nOJ1eBble cynbJ. ComacHo CT. 4 YKa3a OT 19 anpen.ll 1943 r. npl1rDBOpbl BOeHHO-nOJ1enoro CYHOB - npl1'feM He3am1CHMO aT CO.I:lf1))K3HIUI - nO)JJIe)KaflH ymep)({fleHI1IO (3D.eCb BHOBb I1CnOnb30B3JlCSl :HOT -repMI-1H) KOMaHllMpaMI-1 nI-1BI13I-1:P. HeCKOnbKO n03nHee, yK.l3OM Ope31{1]M}'MB BePXOBHOro CO- BeTa CCCP OT 2 8BTYCTa 1943 r., 8H8J10rW-IHble BoeHHO-nOJ1eBble CYHbl (c TaKOBblM}I(e nopMKOM ymep)({fleHI-1H npHrDnopoB) 6bUlH C03H8Hbl npH Ka B3JlepI1HCKI1X, TaHKOnblX 11 MeXaHI-13I1p0B8HHblX I l1croPH.II JaKOHOllRJCJlbCTBa CCCP III PC<DCP no yronoBHOMY npo- ueccy 11 OpraHI1JaUHI-1 cyna 1-1 npo...."YJXJfYPbI. 1917-1954 rr.: C6. nOKYMeH- TOBI no.npe.n C.A fOJ1)'HCKOro. M, 1"955. C. 583. Hal160J1ee no.npo6HyJO xapaKTepl1cTI1KY n0J10)l(eHI1H 0 BoeHHblX TPIt6yHana1l. OT 12 I1tOHH 1941 r. B I1CTOpI1KO-npaBOBOI1 JlI1Tepal)'pe eM.: COBeTCKoe npaoo B nepl10Ll BeJ1H- KOM Ore4CCTBeHHOM OOHHb[ I noo pell. 11. T. fOl1.11KOBa. M., 1941; 1..j.2. C. 173-174 2nemyx08 H.A. YK£13. C04. C. 218. YMeCTHO JaMeTlITb, <lTO npoue.nypa YTBep)l(,lleHI1.11 BblHeceHHoro TPI16YHaJlOM CMePTHOrO npl1roBOpa KOMaHll,YtO- 1lI11M apMI-1CH B 1943 r. no.rr.po6Ho 1-1 XYllO)l(CCTBCHHO Bblpa3lnt:JJbHO onl1- caHa K. M. CI1MOHOBblM B JaKJIJ04I1TeJ1bH0i1 'ffiCTH TPHJ\Orl1l11 .)N.lBble 11 Mep111b1e" (CUMOI/Of/ K. M. >KHBb[e 11 MepTBble: POMaH BTpexKHl-1rax. KHI1- ra  1:.8. :;cax Q>eMl11(bl. OOHHa 1941-1945 IT. B Ma- TCpllaJIdX cnc.nCTIJcHHo-cy.nc6HblX .nC;]. M., 2006. C. 646. 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 413 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. Kopnycax[. TaK, B COllbl BeJU1Koi1 Ore'leCTBeHHoi1 BOi1Hbl BHOBb nOJlY'iliJI rul-1pOKoe paCnpocrpaHeHl-1e peBJII31-10HHo-peruaIOWI1i1: nOp5l110K nepeCMOTpa 11 yrBep)[{1leHI-151 cyne6Hblx perueHI-1i:i, Bnep- Bble BBelleHHblH B poCCI-1HCKOe BoeHHO-YCOJlOBHoe cynonp0l-13- BOlICTBO neTpOM I B rolIbl CeBepHoH BOi1Hbl. Me>KllY TeM, Ha3BaHHble yK83bl npe3H1lltyMa BepxoBHo- co COBeTa CCCP 1943 Co JlBI-1J1I-1Cb, KaK npetlCTawmeTCJI. no- CJiellHI-1MM B MCTOpMI-1 OTe4eCTBeHHom mcynapCTBa 1-1 npaBa 3aKOH01l8TeJIbHbIMM ak..lt.II-1. B KOTOpblX npe.nYCM<iTpI-1BaJlOCb I-1C- n01lb30BaHl-1e pelJl..:I3110HHo-pewalOlUI1x npouellYP B yrOJlOBHOM npouecce. C yrpaTOH Cl1Jlbl nOJlO)l(eHHeM 0 BoeHHblX TpI-16YHa- J1ax OT 221-11OH5I 1941 Co (BCJlellCTBl-1e HJIlaHI-1J1 YKa30B npe31-1- nl1,yMa BepxooHoco COBem CCCP OT 21 CeHTOOp51 1945 r. H OT 4MIOJI.II 1946 r. 06 OTMeHe BoeHHOro nOJlO)l(eHIrn B p.llJJ;e MeCT- HocTei1 CCCp2) 1-1 C ynpaJ.llHeHl-1eM B 1945 Co BoeHHo-nOlleBblX CyJJ;OB npeKpaTI1JIBCb 1-1 npaKTM'leCKaH pea.nI-13aUJll5! peBI131-10HHO- pewawllleM CTaDJ11-1 B COBeTCKOM YCOJlOBHOM npouecce. OllHaKo de jure peBI131-10HHo-pewaJOwH" nopffiloK nepe- cMoTpa cyne6HbIX peWeHH" COXpaHH!lC5I H nOCJ1e Be.nMKO" Ore'lecmeHHoH BOf1Hbl - nOKa neHCTBOBaJlO nOJlO)l(eHHe 0 BOeHHblX TpH6YHaJlax H BoeHHoi1 npOKYPalype 1926 r. YTPam- JlO )l(e CI1JIY Ha3BaHHoe nOJlO)l(eHl-1e. KaK 1-13BeCTHO. B CB5I31-1 C l1.111aHl-1eM nOJlO)l(eHIrn 0 BoeHHblX TpI-16YH<uJax OT 25 neKa6pJl 1958 r. B CHOW O'-1epeJJ;b, B nOJlO)l(eHMI-1 0 BoeHHblX Tpl-16YHaJIaX 1958 r. )')Ke HH CJiOBOM He ynoMHHaJlOCb HH 060ful.3aTeJlbHOM YBellOMJIeHHH 0 BblHcceHHblX TpH6YHaJIaMM cMepTHblx npMmBo- pax HblweCTOHlliJIIX cyne6Hblx opraHoB, HM 0 npaBe c-rpoeBoro KOMaHllOnaHHJI npHOCTaHaBJIMBaTb HJlM yrBep>K.LI.aTb yK83aHHble npJllmBOpbl 3 . TaK Ha I-1CXOlle 1958 r. 3apoJJ;HBWa5lC5I BO BpeMe- Ha HBaHa III peB1-13MOHHo-perua101l.{aJI CTa;:J;I1J1 OKOH4aTeJlbHO (14 MO)l(HO C YBepeHHOCTblO npeJJ;nOJlO)l(MTb. 4TO 6ecnoBOpoTHO) I-1C- 4e3J18 113 OTe4eCTBeHHOCO yrOJlOBHoro cynonp0l-13HOllCTBa. [3flfllUHIWI B. E. YK£13. C04 C. 624 Ha CerQJ1HH .neHTeJlbHOCTb COBeT- CKI1X BoeHHO-nOJleBhIX CynoB OCBeTl1JI e.nI1HCTBeHHO B. E. 3B.11rl1HueB B pa31leJ1e «HeM3BeCTHble BOeHHO-nOJleBble Cy.nbl» OTMe4eHHofi MOHOrpa<1>HM 2006 r. (TaM .lKe. C. 623-631). lC60pHI1K JaKOHOB CCCp 11 }'Ka30B npc-JI1llHYMa Bep'IDBHOrO COBm CCCP 1945-1946 rr. M. 1947. C. 179-180. 3CM.: 3aKOHb! CCCP 11 nlll"TaHOBJIeHI1S1 BepXOBHOro COBera CCCP npl1HSlTbl Ha BTOpOIt CeCCl111 BepxoBHoro COBeTa CCCP n.llTOrO C03bIBa (22-25 llcKa6p.ll 1958 r.). M.. 1959. C 81;-94. 
414 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I  2. CIle.QCTseHHbIM annapaT POCCIIIIII BO BTOPOH "eTBepnl XVIII-XX BB. Tenepb awu..JTC.II YMeCTHblM OCTaHOBI1TbC5I H8 Bonpoce 0 n.aIlbHeiiwei1 CYD.b6e 3apOD.I1BweroC5I B xOJJ;e npoBe1(eHlul cyn;e6- Hoii pe4JoPMbl 1717-1723 rr. CJlellCTBeHHoro .mnapara PoccJ.1.J.1.. 31leCb Heo6xOIDIMO OTMeTHTb. npeXIle BCero. TO 06cTo5lTeJ1bCTBO, 'ITO nOCJle JlHKBlW.8mm B 1723-1726 fr. «MaHOpCKI1X& CJlell- CTBeHHblX KaHUeJlflpHH H POJblCKHOH KOHTOpbl BbllllHero CYlla nOCT05lHHO lleHCTBYlOwHi1 CneUHaJlH311pOBaHHblH CJle.llCTBeHHb[j:j aJmapaT npeKpaTl1J1 cyweCTBOBaHJ.1e III OTCyrCTBOBaJI B rocynap- CTBeHHOM MeXaHItlMe H8weH CTpaHbl H8 npOT5I>KeHI1(1 OTHOCJ.1.- TeJlbHO DJUneJlbHoro BpeMeHI1: co BTapOH nOJIOBHHbl 1720-x rr. no Ha'laJI8 1800-x rr. HaCKOJ1bKO MO)l(HO nOHJlTb 113 aHarnna JaKOHo.aaTeJlbCTBa H CBelleHHM, npHB01UIMhlX B JlHTeparype, 80 BTopof1 'leTBepTIII XVIII - Ha<laJle XIX B. pacCJIellOBaHHeM npe- Cl)'ftJTeHHH 3aHHMaJlCH Wl1pOKHH Kpyr HeCneUI1aJ1H3HPOBaHHblX H8 3TOH lIeHTeJlbHOCTIil CYlle6Hblx H allMI1HI1ClpaTI1BHblX opraHOB (HCKJlI04eHHeM SlBH.J]HCb J1I1Wb BpeMeHHbie CJ1CllCTIJeHHble KO- MHCCHI1, 0 KOTOpblX pe'lb nofuIeT nanee). npl1 ::ITOM n.eSlTeJlb- HOCTb opraHoB BJl8Crn nOCJIenerpOBcKoro BpeMeHH B Ka4eCTBe opraHoB paCCJlelLOBamm lLOHblHe ueJlOCTHO He OCBeLLlaJlaCb. Bo BTopoii '1eTBepl11 XVIII - Ha'laJIe XIX B. paCCJlelLOBaHHe yroJlOBHblX lleJI - KaK H B 1l0pe<!>opMeHHble BpeMeHa - ocyweCT- BJlSlJlH J1H60 cneUi'laJli'l3I1pOBaHHbre CYlle6Hbie opraHbl (a i'lMeHHO @yHKLlHoHHpoBaBllIHe B 1730-x - nepBoH nOJlOBHHe 1760-x rr. KaHl.leJlSlpl1Sl TaHHblX po3blCKHbiX n.eJl H CblCKHOH npl1Ka3 I ), Im60 paCnOJl.1nlBllIHe C 1722-1727 rr. no 1775 r. cyne6Hbl- Mi'I nOJIHOMO'-lI1JIMi'I perl10HaJlbHble H MeCTHbre opraHbr 06lllero ynpaBJIeHHSI ( ry6epHcKHe H BoeBOlLCKHe KaHUeJlHpHH l ). KpoMe 1 J.13 pa60T 06 }IKd3<'IHHblX cyne6HbiX opraHax eM., B nepBYtO 04epe.l1.b: &pemewm1W8 B. H J.13 I'JCTOpHI1 Tai1Hoi1 KaHue.rIHPUI1. 1731-1762 rr.: O'-lCpKH. Xtpbl<OB.. 1911 ITO .>KC:: ]<][]I1CKI1 l-b.mcp.rropcKoro XapbKOBCKOfO YI-II1Bepcl1Tera. 1910. NQ 4. C. 1-120); Ce6cf1HbiU H. £ YCTpoHCTBO. COCTaB 11 .neJ10npoI1300llCTBO Cb[CKHOro npl1KaJa II OnI1CaHl1ellOK)'MeHTOB 11 6YMar MAMIO. Cn6.. 1871. KH. 2; FOJIy(je6 A.A CbICKHOi1 npHKa3. 1730-1763 II TaM .>KC. M.. 181;4. KH. 4. C. 1-135. !4'lyHKUI10HI1p0BHHl1e ry6epHCIillX 11 npoBHHUHWlbHb[X KaHUC:JI.IIpHi1 B Ka'JeCTBe opraHoB npaBocy.nl1.11 B 1727-1775 rr. HmtOOlIt't' n01lp06Ho OCBeTHJI 10. R fOTbe B oco6oJ.i maBe «O\'iJlaCTHble Y4pe)llJleHI1H KaK opraH cYll3" OTMe4eHHOH MOHOrpa(tJl1I1 1913 r (Fomb(! 10 B. J.1CTOPH.II o6JiacTHo- ro ynpaBJ1CHI1H... T. I. C. 31;7-422). 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 415 JOCy,iJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 'lEITBepr14 XVlII-XXBB. rom, paCCJle110BaHJ.1.eM npeCT)'JUleHJ.1.i1 no Ha'l8JIa 1780-x rr. Ja- HI1M8JlI1Cb r.naBHa}l nOJ1I1UMei1CTepcKM KaHUeJl5Ipl1S1. J.1. n011L1I1- HeHHble eii TeppJ.1.TOpJ.1.8JIbHble opraHbl 06meii nOJ1J.1.UHJ.1. - no- J1HuMeilcTepcKHe KaHUeJ1HpJ.1.J.1. I . Heo6xOllJiMO nOn'lepKHyrb, 'lTO B npoueccya.nbHoi1 neHTeJTbHOCTH Bcex nepeLlJ.1.CJ1eHHbIX opraHOB npeJI.HapHTeJTbHOe paCCJ1e110BaHHe KaK CTa.rnrn He OTneJTSUlOCb OT cyne5Horo pmHpaTeJlbCTBa. '-ITO Kacae-rc5I 060c06JTeHHOm nocyne6Hom npOH3B011CTBa no yroJIOBHblM ne.naM, TO TaKoBoe np0I13B011CTBO BO BTOpOi1 LleTBepTJ.1. XVIII - HaLlaJ1e XIX B. ocywecTBJlSUlH: Bo-nepBbl)', BblweynoMHHyrble BpeMcHHble CJ1ellCTBeHHble KOMHCCJ.1.J.1., C03- naBaBWHeCH lIJUI paCCJ1ellOBaHJ.1.H KOHKpeTHblx neJT (rJ1aBHbIM 06P330M no OOOJ.1.HeHIDIM nOJT>KHOCTHbIX J1J.1.U MeCTHblX J.1. pe- rHOHaJlbHblX opraHOB BJTaCHi)l, a BO-BTOPbIX, OCHOBaHHble no 3aKOHY OT 7 H05l6pH 1775 r. ye3.1lHbie opraHbl 06mero ynpaB- J1eHI1H - HH.>KHHe 3eMCKI1e CYllhL HapHllY C 3TI1.M, HaLlHHa51 C I no I1CTOpHI1 06utei1 nOntlUl111 POCCI1I1 BTOpoi1 nOJ\OBHHb[ 1720-x - 1760-x rr. eM., npe)l(lle seero, Cepl1JOCTaTeH M. III. C'1t3ltKOBa 1969-1980 n. (CiBUK06 M 11 I13MeHeHtle peryn.llpHb[X nOJlI1ueHCKI1X opraHoB B POCCI1t1 B 1725-1731 rr. (no MaTepl1aJ1aM JaKoHOD.aTenbCTBa) II C60PHtlK aCnl1paHT- CKHX pa6OT. COCPDJIODCK. 1969. Bbln. 9. C. 2]1-241; Off JICe. UCH1paJ1bHbli1 11 CTOJItI'JHb[H nOJlI1uei1cKJ.Ji1 annapaT POCCtll1 B 1731-1740 rr. II ApMI1H tI nOJ1t1UHH B annapaTe 3KcnnyaTaTopcKHX rocynapcTB (ItCTOplt'JeCKl1e O<lep- KI1). CBepDJIOBCK, 1973. C. 70-91. Off JKe nOJ1I1TI1'JecKHH peMlM 11 no- JII1UH.II B POCCI1I1 B 40-e-60-e rr. XVIII B. II npasoBb[e l1D.el1 11 rocynap- CTBeHHb[e )f4pejf(j}eHI1H (tlCTOpHKO-JOpI1JIl.1'ieC1U1C I1CCJ1ellOBaHI1H): MC)KBy3. c6. Hay'lH. TPYlJOB CBePDJIOBCK, 1980. C. 41-57). 1 funJOnapH 113b!CKaHI1HM TpeX nOKOJ1eHtlH poCCtlfiCKI1X IIICTopI1KOB, op- raHI1Jalll1S1 11 DeHTeJ1bHOCTb Bpe}.1eHHbIX CJ1e.llCTBeHHbIX KO\lI1CCI1H BTOjJOH 'ICTBCPTI1 XVIII - Ha'iarm XIX B. OKaJafIDCb IJ3V'ICHa K I-illcrOJIlliCMY BpcMC- Htl CpaBHI1TeJ1bHO no.npo6HO, a npHMeHl1n:nbHO K CI16HPH - TaK tI ooace CIilCTeM<fJH'lecKI1. nO:mXii reMe CM.: Tomb!! 10. B. CrrelICTBeHHb[e KOMtlCCI1t1 no 3.I1oynOTpe6JleHI1HM 06J1acrHbIX B..,acrdl B XVIII BeKe II C60PHI1K CTa- reH. nOCBHWeHHb!X B. O. Knt04eBCKOMy M.. 1909 C 103-152; Parjm€H- KOJI. C. CnencweHHble KOMIICCtll1 B 016l1pH B 30-60-x rollax XVIII B. II OcBOeHl1e CIt611)J11 B :JJJO\.)' <Pe0.naJIIl3Ma (XVII-XIX BB). HOBOCH611pcK, 1968. C. 136-164 ITO }l(e: ParfiueHKoJl. C. npo6JleMbl IIICTopl111 ynpaBIJe- HtI.IIl1 KYnbT)'pbl CI1611PH XVIII-XIX BB: 1136paHHoe. HOBOCl16l1pcK, 1006. C. 62-111); .4XUUIUH M O. Poccl1i1cKJ.lfi a6comOTH3M tI ynpaBJIcHI1C CI1- 611pH... C. 122-249, 289-300. KpoMe TOro. OCHOBaHHbli1 Ha Onl1CaHtll1 ap- XI1BHbIX cpoH.nOB n04TI1 IIC'IepIlbIBatOIllHH nepe'leHb CrrelICTBeHHb[X KOMHC- CI1H BTOpoH nOJIOBHHbl 1720-1780-x n (c KlXfl'KI1MI1 CBelleHI1S1MI1 06 I1X <!JYHKUHOHI1POBaHI1I1) eM.: UeHT)JanbHblH rocy.napCTBeHHblH apxlIB DpeBHI1X aKTOB CCCP. T. 2. C. 264-21;9. 
416 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I 1780-x fr.. nocyne6Hoe np0l13BOllCTOO OCYll.{eCTBJlRJJl.1. ynpaBbl 6JIaro'-lJ.1.HI1JI, Y'-Ipe>KLIeHHble BMeCTO nOJlJ.1.UMeCTepcKMX KaHue- JHlpHi1, COrJl8CHO 33KOHY OT 8 anpeJul. 1782 r. 4Ycma6 6/1020'1U- HUH U//u nOJlUlI,eUCf{UU'}, B OTJIH'"me OT OpraHOB 06ll1eH nOJlHUHH 1720-1770-x n., ynpaBbl 6JIar04J.1.HI1S1 He 06Jl811aJH1 npaBOM cy.ua no yr0J10RHb1M JIeJ18M (coxpam'lB. comaCHO CT. 70 38KOH8 QT 8 anpeJ1JI 1782 r.. npaBo paCCf\.IaTpI1B8Tb JJl.1.Wb rpa>KLI8HCKl1e I-1CKI1 CTOI1MOCTblO no 20 py6J1eW). nOJiHOMO'-lJ.U1 xc ynpaBbl 6mUO'-lJ.1.HIHI 11 nOll- 'lHHeHHhIX eM .nOJDKHOCTHbIX JIHU o6rneii n01lHUHH no .nocy- ne6HoMY HCCJIenOBamlfO yr0J10BHhIX nCJI HaWJll.1 pa3BepHYToe 3aKpenJleHHe B CT. 38. 61. 100-105 11 160 YCTaBa 6JIaro<IHHt1S1 1782 r. 2 npe)l([\e 'JeM nepeXOllJ1Tb K xapaKTepl1CTI1.Ke p<UBHTI1J1 OTe- "leCTBeHHoro CJ1e;J;CTBeHHoro 8Jmapara B 1800-1980-e fr., He- 06xQflHMO C)(eJIaTb HCTOpl1orpa114ecKoe mcrynJ1emle DeJ10 B TOM. 'UO, He B npl-1Mep cl1Tyaul-11-1 C 1-13bICKaHI1S1MI-1 no I-1CTO- pHH opraHOB paCCJle.nOBaHH5I BTOpoii4eTBepn1 XVIII - H8'larta XIX B., CJ1e.nCTBeHHblii annapaT POCCHI-1 XIX-XX BB. OKa3a.rJC5I HCCJ1ellOnaH Ha cero.nH5IWHI-1i1 lleHb OTHOCHTeJ1bHO no.n.po6Ho, XOTJI 1-1 Hepai3HOMepHO. H81-16oJ1ee I-13Y'-leHHoi1 K HaCTORll1eM)' speMeHI-1 CJ1ellye-r npl-13H8n peopMY CJ1ellCTBeHHoro annapara 1860 L, 06cTOSITeJ1bCTS1M KOTOpOi1 OKa3aJ1I-1Cb nOCBRweHbl lIRa llHccepraUl10HHbiX I-1CCJ1eJ10BaHI-1}[ 1-1 'lepen.a cnrrei1}. 13axa-JOJJ.aTeJ1hCTBU EKaTepHHbl II. T. I. C. 569 2TtiM >Ke. C. 561. 567. 573-574, 581. 06wytO xarm-"TejJItCllfKY oprdHI1- JaUI1I1 11 "OMneTeHUI1I1 ropo.ncKoli 11 CeJIhCKOH nOJlI1Ul111 eKaTepHHI1HCKOro BpCMCHI1 eM.. CUJUKOO M l1. nOJlI1UH.II II TaM >KC. C. 498-528. } CU!10IfUIltl 10. B. PeqJopMil CoeD.CTBeHHOro tlnnapaTa I'! npe.i1B.:lplllt'nb- HOro paCCJ1ellOIk1HI1H B POCCI1H 1860-1864 rr. (MexaHHJM paJpa60TKHIII pe- aJll13aUI1I1 XlKOHOlJaTeJ1hCTBa)' ABTopeQJ. DI1C. no KaHn tOPl1ll. HayK. Cn6., 1994; MOJ'of("JI/IIJOfl A. r. Pe<j)opMa npe.nsapnrelbHoro CJ1e.1lCTBI1.11 00 BTOpoH nOJlOBHHe XIX BCIG[ B POCCIIII'! (IilCTOpI1KO-npaooBOe IICCJJeJ]OBdHl'!e). An- TOpeQJ. nHC. no K<1Hll tOpl1I!. Hay!<. M.. 1996. HJ cnlTew Ha .naHHYJO reM}' CTOI1T 0T\te"J1fTh: KnpomKux M 1"., COpOKUHG 10. B. PeqJop\t.J. crrenCTBeHHO- ro tinnapaTa POCCI1I1 B 1860-1864 rr. II COBeTCKoe rocynapcTBO 11 npaBO. 1991. NQ 10. C. 122-129. .UOMOI/moeA. r. POCCHH 1860 r.: Y'Jpejf(j}eHl'!ecy- lle6HblX cJleJ!OBaTeJJeH (COUHaJlbHO-nOJ1I11TH'JcCKJ.:Ie I'! l1Jlei1Hble npc.nnocbUl- KH) II fOCy.naPCTBO 11 npaBO. 1996. NQ 3. C. 142-150; TlOpUH A. r. Pe<j)opMa npe.nsapl1TeJlbHoro paCCJ1e.llosaHH.II 1860 r. 11 ee 3Hti'JeHl1e n".11 D.aJlbHeHWe- ro npe06pa30BaHI1.11 rocy.napcTBeHHO-npaooooH 11 cYlle6HoH CI1CTeMb! Poc- CI1I1 II HcmpHH rocynapCTEd 11 npasa. 2007. NQ 9. C. 23-24. 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l peqx,pMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 417 JOCy,iJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 B"IOp"J1 'leIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. nO'-lu:I CTOJIb >Ke YH1laMeHTMbHo npOs:lCHeHa I1CTOpl1f1 opraHoB npellBapl1TeJ1bHOrO pacCJ1el{08aHI1f1 COBeTcKo POCCI1I1 3a 1917-1920-e rr.[ HeMMo BHI1MaHI1f1 y-ieHble aBTopbl yneJ1l1- JlH TaK>Ke paJBI1THK> CJle.1{CTBeHHbIX opraHOB Hawe CTpaHbl B XIX - HaLlane XX B. 2 KpoMe TOro, B pflD.e pa60T nOCJ1elLHero ne- C5ITl1JIeTHfI, nOCBJ(lleHHblX COBpeMeHHblM np06J1eMaM yroJ10BHO- npolleCCYaJlbHOrO JaKOHOllaTeJ1bCTBa, aBTopbl OCBeTI1J1H (XOTs:I 11 6erJlo) JlH60 B QeJlOM I1CTOpHK> CJle.ACTHeHHOro annapaTa POCCI1I1 I POlUHC/(UU M 10. COBeTCKoe npe.nBapl1TeJlbHoe CIJelICTBlle II Co- Ul1aJ1I1CTI1'JeCKaH 3aI<OHHOCTb. 1957. NQ 10. C. 16---33;  B. B. K BOnpocy 0 COIDaHI1I1 opraHOB pacC1JenOlmHI1H npeCT)'l1JIeHI1i1: Ha Ypa.le (1917-1911 rr.) II C60PHI1K Cnl1paHTCKHX paGOT no BonpoCM rocynap- crsa III npaBa CaepDJIOBCK. 1963. C. 97-105; mUMC1IKJ(JC1JJU B. B. OpraHbl npe.nBapI1TeJlbHOrO CJ1e.1lCTBI1.11 B nepBbIe ronb[ Co8eTcmi BJlaCTI1 (l917- 1910 rr.) II npaooBeDtHl1e. 1967. NQ 4 C. 14-31; MuxaiM06 B.A. Cnen- L7BeHHble oprdHbl B nepHO.n nOD.r01OBKH. npl1HHT1'I5I11 nei1cTBI1f1 YK PCeDeP 1922 r. II CT..HOBJlCHl1e 11 pa:JBlfJ1ie COBCTCKOro YfOJlOBHOro TIKOHQIID- reJlbCTBa: MaTep. Me)l(B}'3. H3Y'I. KOHl]>. BQllrorpa.n. 1973. C. 124-137; Jlo- MOil B. C OpraHbl npe.nsapl1TeJJbHoro CJleJJ.CTBH.II COBeTCKOro rocynapcrna B ncpBOH nOJlOBHHC 10-x ronOB. BQllrorpan. 1994; CUOopooo £ B. OpraHI1- 3aUI1H npeLlBapHTeJlbHoro CnCIICTBI1H B oprdHax YfOJIOBHOH IOCTI1UHI1 COBeT- CKOro rocy.napCTlk1 (1917-1941 rr.) (I1CTopHKo-npaBOBOe I1CCJleJlOIk1Hl1e): ABTopecp. nHC. ... IGUill. IOpl1.!l. HaYK. M.. 2002; OIl'iiHUK 11 J1. OpraHbl JOCTHUHI1 COBeTCKOli POCCI1I1 B 1917-1936 rr. HBaHOBO, 2003 C. 149-166; Ilo.IIOfl H. B. HopMaTl1RHO-tOpIf,lllNfCKl1e OCHOBbl OpraHI13aUHI1 11 .neHTeJlb- Hacm opraHOB npenlk1jJlITeJ1bHoro CJJeJ]CTIjIJ.l! COIrJCKOit POCCI1I1 B nepHO.n rpIDKllaHCKoH BOHHbl (cepeIlHHa 1918 r. -1910 r.): ABTopecp. nl1c. ... KaHlI. tOpl11L Ha}'K POCTOR HID, 2005 26p030/1b 6. fl. Cne.nCTBeHHasJ 'JaCTb II Cyne6Hbie YCTaBbll0 HOH6p51 1864 T. Ja IDITb.DeCHT neT nr. 1914. T. 1. C. 65-114. OH JK:e 04epKH no CJ1enCTlJeHHoi1 'i3CTI1. HCTOpI1H. npaKTI1Ka. nr. 1916. c. 3-69; l11u.1KlH06- c"-uU B. B. Cyne6HblH CJle1\OBaTeJ1b II nope<tJopMeHHoi1 POCCI1I1 II npaBo- BeneHl1e. 1973. NQ 3. C. 111-115; leDonne J. Cnmina1lnvestJ,ganons Be- fore the Great RefomtS II Russian Hlslory. 1974. Vol. I N 1. P. 101-118; Tapoc06 A. B. BJaI1Mo.nei1CTBHe cYllc6HblX L:ie.nOBaTenei111 nOJlI1111111 B xo.ne Cy.nC6HOH pe4x:!PMbl BTopoi1 nOJlOBHHbl XIX B. II tOpI1CT-np:lBOBell. 2001- NQ 1. C. 79-83; POU<UlW 10. POOb CYlle6Horo CJle1\OBaTeJJ.II B YJOJIOBHOM npo- ueCCi nopeBOJItOlll10HHOH POCCI1I1 II Poccm\cKaJI JOCTI1UI4H. 2002. NQ 11 C. 64-65; Ma..\f0Jff006 A. r. PacCJ\enOBaHl1e npeCT)'IlJIeHI1i1 B pOCCI1i1cKOM cy.nonpoI13BonCTBC... C. 14-37. 
418 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I H8 npOnDKeHJ.1.11 1860-1990-x IT", 111160 HCTOPI1IO OmeJlbHblX 'laCTe" I1JU1. MQrreJleH 3TOro annapaTa 1 . B03po}f(lleHHe OTe"leCTSeHHoro cneUHaJII1..u1pOH<IHHoro CJle.1lCTBeHHoro annapaTa B nOCJleneTpoBcKoe BpeMSl. Ha'1aJ10Cb, KaK npeDcTaBJIfleTcfI. C HJLlaHJ.UI t1MeHHoro YKaJa OT 29 aBry- eTa 1808 r. CamacHo HaJRaHHOMY YKa3}I B CaHKT-neTep6ypre Y"Ipe}f(llaJ!I1Cb CleOcm6eHHbie npucm08bl (B KOJlI1'JeCTBe, npanna, seem 'JeTblpeX llITaTHblX e.lIJ.1HJ.1.l.l) - jJ;OJDKHOCTHble Jll1ua, B 06H- 3aHHOCrn KOTOpblX B"{OllltJIO I1CKJUOljJ.1.TeJibHO npol13BOllCTBO yro- JIOBHblX paCCJle1l0BaHHiP. BBe.neHHe nOJl)KHOCTH cne.nCTBeHHOro npHcrmm 03H8'laJIO TaJ.VKe BOCCTaHOBJleHHe aIlMHHHCTpanlBHOii MOlleJiH nocrpoemul CJlellCTBeHHoro annaparu, nOCKOJ1bJ<y 03Ha- "IeHHble npt'lCTIlBbl COCTOHJTH B WTaTe rOpO.1lCKoi1 nOJlHUJ.U1, nOll- I.U1.HeHHoi1. KaK J.1.3SeCTHO. C 1802 r. MJ.1.HJ.1.CTepcTsy BHyrpeHHI1X tIe]] (8 1810-1819 rr. - M(1H(1CTepCTBY nOJU1UI1J.1.). rlpl1 3TOM HHKaKJIIX CneUJ.lliJlHcmpOBaHHblx Clle.IlCTBeHHbIX nOllpa3.neJIeHHH - HH B UeHTpaJIbHOM annapaTe MBlI" HH B era TeppHTOpHaJlbHblX opraHax - nOHa'laJIY He C03llaHarJOCb. nep- Boe TaKoe nOllPa31lelleHHe - CJlellCTBeHHoe omelleHHe BTopora lIenapTaMeHTa CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoH ynpaBbl 6JJaro l lHHJ.UI - 6blJlO OCHOBaHO comacHo nOnO)l(eHHfO 0 nopJWI-.""C np0l13BO.LlCTBa lIell HCnOJlHHTeJlbHblX OT 1 anpeJlSJ 1838 r. HeDcnopHMo 3H8'lHMbIM C06blTI1eM B HCTOpJIII1 npellBapJII- TeJJbHOro CllellCTBI151 B HaweH cTpaHe - co. CTDpOHbl ero HOp- MaTI'lBHOra peryJlHpoBaHHSI - CTMO H3.naHHe CHOlla 3aKDHOB 1832 r. ComaCHO nOJlO}f(eHHSlM, nOMellleHHblM B BblllleynoMSlHY- 1)'10 'laCTb BTOpYIO T. 15 CBolla 3aKDHOB, IlocYIle6Hoe CJleIlCTBHe 6blJlO pa311eJleHO Ha llBe CTallHH: CJlellCTBHe npe.rmapHTeJlbHOe I BaCUllbe6 O. J/ CmHOBJ1eHHe 11 pd31J1trne Ofe'J.ecmeHHoH KOHUenUl111 npe.nsapl1TeJ1bHOro CIJeJ1CTBIJ.II: ABTopecp. ll11C. IGUill. tOpwI. HaYK. M.. 1998 C. 9-16, &poHUH C :3, &pOHUH 3. H npoueccyaJIbHoe n0J10)l(eHI1e opraHOB npe.nsapmClJbHOrO paccJJel1OBaHI1.11 POCCHI1' MOHOrp. 6apHayn, 2001. C. 8-28. /1.epulUee 10. B. YKd3.. CO'J. C. 206-224; JkJpVCN!60 B. r. CJ1enolk1TeJ1b B YfOJ10BHOM cy.nonpoH3BOllCTBe. M , 2007. C. 17-35. 2/"oepu108 E H. Cne!lCTBeHHbIW annapar opraHoB BHyrpeHHI1X neJ1 II Ore4eCTBeHHbie JanI1CKI1. 2003. NQ 1. C. 406-417; Cepoe /1.. 0., Aeep'leH- KO A. K. BHCBClI.OIIIC'IDeHHb[H CJ1e!lCTBeHHb[i1 annapaT Pocc'UJ: JaMblCJlbl tI peaJIbHOCTb II)KYPHaJI POCCHi1cKOro npaBa 2005. NQ 10. C. 122-117; =:cJi:=;HOnr Nf6. : I1CTopH.II 11 3 Ma.tIOffl1f06 A. r PacCJIellosaHtle npa..'1)'JneHl1ti B pOCCI1i1cKOM cyno- npoH3IJOllCTDC... C. 16. 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 419 JOCy,iJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 B"IOp"J1 'leIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. (K3KoBoe HeCKOJ1bKO n03LlHee CTMO I1MeHOBan,cs:l «llo3HaHl-1eM») 1-1 qx:,pMaJlbHoe (BnOCJlellCTBI-1I-1 - «npeDBapHTeJlbHoe»). rlop.l1- llOK ocyrnecTBJlemrn npeDBapl-1TeJlbHOro CJ1ellCTBI-1S1 pemaMeHTi-1- poBMC.I1 B pa31leJIe 2 'Jacm 2 T. 15 <,0 npellBapi-1TeJlbHOM CJ1ell- CTBHH» (CT. 791-881), nOp.l1DOK ocyweCTBJleHHSI $)pMarIbHOrO CJ1eOCTBH5I - B pa31leJIe 3 Toif >Ke 'J8CHI «0 $)pMaJlbHOM CJ1ell- CTBI1H» (CT. 882-1006)[ OllHa.KO BnepBble n;eTI\J]bHO 3aKpenHB B CBo.ne 3aKOHOB 1832 r. npoueCCYaJlbHYIO CTOPOHY n;e5ITeJ1bHOCTI1 CJ1ellCTBeHHOrO annapaTa POCCI-1I1, JaKOHOll..'lreIlb He BHec KakJte-JlH60 H3MeHeHHH B ero OpraHi-13allHIO. OCHOBOnOJIaralOlUee n0J10.:KeHHe Ha :nOT C<leT 6bLJ10 BHeceHO B CT. 767 <I. 2 T. 15 CBO.IIa 3aKOHOB. B Ha3BaH- HOi1 craTbe CKOJ1b eMKo, CTOJ1b H HC'JepnblBalOwe rOBOpHJ10Cb: «rlP0I13BO.n;CTBO CJlellCTBHH 11 oce Mepbl. K OHOMY OTHOCHlUHeCJI, npl1Haarre>KaT n0J1I111HH»!. B (-!Tore, 3a HCKJlI04eHHeM HeMHoro- LlI1CJ1CHHbJX CJ1CllCTBeHHbIX npHcTaBoB B CTOJiHLlHblX H HeKOTOpbJX ry6epHCKHX ropo.aax (na Yljpe)({1leHHbJX B 1848 r. CJlellCTBeHHblX npHCTaBOB no KOHOKpMCTBY) paCCJlc.n;oB8HHCM npec-ryJUlCHi-1i1 npOllClfDKl.UlH 3aHi-1MaTbC5I rJIaBHblM 06pmoM HeCneWIaJIH3HpO- BaHHble 1l0JDKHOCTHbie JIl-1lra: CTaHOl3bre H <lacTHbre npHCTaBbl, 3eMCKi-1e HcnpaBHHKH, ropOllHHLli-1e H J.1X nOMOWHHKH. CHT)'aUI1J1 K8PllI1HaJ1bHO 113MeHHJlaCb B CB5I311 C npoBe.lle- Hl1eM OTMeLleHHoif pe$)pMbl CJ1ellCTBeHHoro annap3Ta 1860 r. B XOlle pe$)pMbJ B 44 ry6epHH5JX 6bUIH BBelleHbl 993 1l0Ji.:KHOCrn cy.ne6Hbrx CJ1ellOBaTeJleif, BKJlI04eHHbiX B llITaTbl ye3nHblX Cy.nOB 3 . rlpl-1 BceM TOM, 'JTO HOB05lMeHHbie CJlCllOBaTeJ11-1 OCTIUli-1Cb B op- raHi-13aUi-10HHoi1 3aBI1CHMOCTH OT pemOHaJ1bHblX opraHOB o6rne- ro ynpaBJIeHHSI (Ha3Ha"ffiJIHCb MHHI-1CTpOM fOCTl1UI-1H no npeD- CTaBJleHHIO ry6epHaTOpa, ry6epHaTopOM }l(e pacnpelleJ1.11J1I1Cb 11 nepeMernanHCb no YljaCTK3M). pe$JpMa 1860 r. 03HaLlana peWI1- TeJ1bHbJH nOBopoT K BOCC03llaHHIO CYllc6H0i1 MOlleJ1H nOCTpOeHI1f1 ICBO.n 3<1KOHOB )'JOlOBHbIX. C. 146-300. B IIICTOpI1KO-npaOOBOH n(o]TC- parype n0JljJ06Hee 06 3TOM CM.: KoWaee A. B. C1e.ncTBI1e (0] nOJ1l1ueHCKoe llOJHaHl1e no CB01l) IaKOHOB Poccl1wcKOIi I1MnepHI1 II npaOOBeJleH(o]e. 1988. NQ I. C. 90-96; roprolWllKUHO n. B. HCTopI1Ko-npaooBOi1 8HaJll13 CI1- CTeMaTH3<1UI1(o] YfOJlOBHo-npoueccy.lllbHoro JaKOl-JOJllUC.1lbCTBa POCCI1WCKOH I1Mnep(o](o] ncpooH nOJ\OBHHb[ XIX nCK<1. D,I1C ... K!lH!l. JOPI11l. HaYK. EKa- Tep(O]H6ypr, 2006. C. 88-105 1M.: PfEi. 2007. 3JJeKTpOHHb!H pecypc 113 4>oH!lOB p()(:CI1WCKOH rocy.napCTBeHHOH 6116J1110TeKI1I lCOOll 3aKOHOB yronOBHb[X. C. 139. 3 EpaJQ,1b 6. JL ()qCPKH no CJJCI!CT13eHHOH 'Jacm... C. 25. 
420 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I opraHOB npenBaplHeJ1bHoro paCCJ1enOBaH(1fL OKOH'JaTeJ1bHOe q.opMWpOOamle .naHHO MOlleJU1. npOO30llI1IO B Harne" CTpaHe c yrBep)({fleHHeM Cyne6HbLX YCTaBOB OT 20 H05l6p51 1864 f. CorJ1aCHO CT. 78 H 212 Y'Jpe>K1leHH5I cy.ne6Hblx YCTaHOBJIe- HI1f1 CJ1enOBaTeJ1I1 3aJ<peJUl5lJlHCb B wnrrax HOBOo6pa30BaHHbIX OKP}')KHbIX cynOB. HaJHaLla51Cb H8 nOJl>KHOCTb HepxoRHoi! BJla- CTbK>. no CT. 249 YCTaBa yroJTOBHOro cYJJ;onpm13BO;:J;CTBa cy- ne6HOMY CJlenOBaTeJUO np"mailJle>KllilO HCKJI)Q4J.1.TeJ1bHoe npaBO OcyllleCTIDIeHIUI npe.nBaplUeJlbHOro paCCJlellOB<lHIHI «npH conei1- CTBHi1 nOJmm1H H npH HafunOneHHI1 npoKYPOpOB»I. CTOIiT .no- 6aBt1Tb. liTO B Te >Ke 1860-e rr. aHarJon1'1.HO no cyne6Hoii MO.1leJIH JapO.LUU1C5I TalOKe HHcnnyr BoeHHblX CJ1e.1l0BaTeJleii. Coo6pa3Ho n0J10>KeHt151M BoeHHO-CYlle6Horo YCTaaa 1867 r., DoeHHbre CJ1e- 1I0BaTe.rn.1. COCTO.llJlI1 npl1 BoeHHO-OKp)')KHbIX cYJUx 2 . Pa3B(1THe CJlellCTBeHHoro annapara llLIlO B nopecjJopMeH- Hble ro)J;bl, npe)({1le BCero, B H8npaBJleHJ.1.I1 m1<t$epeHU(18UI1I1 CJle.D.L7BeHHbIX )J;OJl)f(HOCTeit. I1cxo.lJJl 113 "l"pe60BaHl-1it nplKTllKll, 240KTJ'l6pJ'l 1867 r. 6bUll1 y.Ipe)K11eHbl BpeMeHHble )J;OJDKHOCH-I CJle- nOBan:JleH no oco60 Ba)l(]-[biM neJIaM npl1 CaHKT -rleTep6yprcKoM 11 MOCKOBCKOM OKP}')KHblX cynax (TaKlle CJJellOBaTeJll1 nOJJy'IMH 003- MO:>KHOCTb neikTOOBaTb H8 BCei1 Tepprrop"11 cyne6Horo OKPyra, He Oll'aHI1L1I1Ba51Cb CJleJJ;CTBeHHbIM YlJ8CTKOM). C Ma5I 1870 r. B llIT8Tax OKP}')KHbIX cynoB nO.llBWlI1Cb CJlellOBaTeJlI1 no BIDKHeHUU1M nenaM. HaKoHeu, I HO.ll6p}[ 1875 r. ynowlHyrble CTOJU1.LlHble CJlenOBaTeJlI1 no oco60 BIDKHb!M n.emr.1 nOJlYlJWlH nOCTO.llHHbl cr.nyc}. o B03pocrneii p0J111 BblcTpoeHHoro no cyne6Hoi:i MOlleJlH nopeq.opMeHHoro CJlellCTBeHHOro annapaTa eMKO H 06Pa3HO Bbl- CKa3aJ1C.II npOKYJXIP MOCKODCKOH cyne6HoH nMaTb! H. B. My- paBbeB. B pa60Te 1886 r. H. B. MYP8BbeB OTMeTJ.1JT, LITO «CJTellO- B8TeJTb KJUI.[I;eT cl>YJ-UJ;8MeHT. H8 KOTOpOM CTOpOHbl, 06BI-1HeHHe 11 3aWHTa, B03BOlUlT CTeHbL. CJlellOBaTeJTb B 3H8'JHTeJlbHOH CTene- HI1 nep>KI1T B CBOHX pyKax cynb6y yrOJlOBHOH HCD1.Hbl>">4. BMeCTe C TeM, B nOCJ1ellHeii TpeTl1 XIX B. npoHBl1JIaCb H xpeCTOMaTHHHO H3BeC1'Ha51 npaBHTeJlbC1'BeHH8H JIHHJ.UI Ha 01'- Cl)WleHl1e OT 6 a3I1CHbIX npHHUimOB Cyne6HbIX YCTaBOB 1864 r. IPOCC(1i1CKoe3aKOH(}JIlIRllbCTBO X-XXBB. T. 8. C. 40. 54.145. IflemJ"XLJ8H.A. YKa3.c04.CI17. } Epajo'b 6. JL O<lepKH no CJ1eJlCTBeHHoi1L1aCTH... C 53-54, 56. Bno- CJ1e.1lCTIII1I1 CJ1e.1l0BaTeJlI1 no oc06o IillI<HblM .neJ1aM 6bL1111 BKJ1tO'JeHbl B llITa- TbI =r::'J;a1. 0 cYlle6HoH CJ1)')K&. C 327. 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 421 JOCy,iJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 B"IOp"J1 'leIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. OpHMeHiHeJIbHO K CJ1enCTBeHHOMY .mnapaT)' 3Ta JU1.HIUI H<1.lllJIa BblplliKeHl1.e B HapyweHHI1. npHHUHna HeCf\.leW!eMOCTH cyne6Hblx CJ1enOBaTeJ1eH (HaCryn8Bweii nOCJle OTMelJeHHOrO Ha3HalJeHlUl I1X BepxoBHoH BJlacTbIO). Oo.n.pblBanacb HeCMeH5IeMOCTb TeM, 'ITO C H8'1aIIa 1870-x rr. MI1.HI1.CTepCTBO fOCTI1UHI1. nO'lTI1 He HanpaB- JlMO Ha BblC04aHwee ymep}l(!{eHHe KaHJU1.!l8rypbl JlI1U, Ofl)1elle-- JleHHblX Ha AOJ1)((HOCTH CJ1e;J;OBaTeJ1eH B I1.Tore, no COCT05lHHIO Ha 1898 r., 113 1487 CJleJIOBaTeJleM POCCI1.HCKOM HMnepl111. HeCMe- WleMblMIil SlBJlWlI1.Cb TOJIbKO 154 (10,3 %)1. OOJI06HaS1 Cl1ryaUI151 rny60Ko npOTliBOpelJl1Jl8 3aKpel1.lleH- HOH CYJIe6HblMH YCTaBaMH 1864 r. MOJIeJIl1 nOCTpoeHI151 CJ1ell- CTBeHHoro annapa-ra. B caMOM IleJ1e, He ymep)f{)leHHblH Bep- XODHOH BJlaCTblO CJleJIOBaTeJ1b <!:>oPMaJlbHO C<{I1TaJlC5I BpeMeHHO KOMaH)ll1poBaHHbIM K HcnOJ1HeHI1.IO IlOJJ>KHOCTH MHHHCTpOM fOCTI1UHH. T eM caMblM, CJleJICrneHHblH anrnpar OTpblBaJIC.II OT cYIle6HbiX opraHOB, OKa3bIB35I.Cb OpI<lHH3aUHOHHO 3HalJHTeJ1bHO 6J1I1.)I(e K I1.CnOJlHI1.TeJIbHOH BJlacTJ.1.. Ha'JaBllII1Cb C YlJpe)l([(eHI1J! nOllBellOMcrneHHblX MBll CJlellCTBeHHblX npHCTaBOB, XIX BeK 3a- Beprnl1JlCH nepeBOllOM OCHOBHO« 'IaCTli cYIle6HbiX CJ1ellOBaTeJ1eH D HenocpellcmeHHoe nOlllJHHeHl1e MHHI1CTepCTBY fOCTHUHI1. BeCbMa nOKa3aTeflbHO TalOKe, <{TO B propa60TaHHoH Ko- MHcCHeM H. B. MypaBbeBa K 1899 r. HOBOM pe.naKUHI1. Cyn.e6- HblX YCTaBOB npe)1,J1aranOCb BOBce ynPaJ1:(HI1Tb JJ;OJ1)((HOCTb cy- ne6Horo CJlenOBaTeJIJI (lJTO 03HalJarJO 6b! JlHKBJ.1.1I.8UHIO B POCCI1.I1. Cnem1aJlH3I1pOBaHHOro CJlellCTBeHHoro annapaTa KaK T8KOBOro). ComaCHO 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bHbIM npelln0J10)((eHH5IM, BHeceHHblM R CT. 5 11 29 nOllfOTOBJIeHHoro KOMHccl1e« npoeKTa YCTaBa yro- JlODHOrO cyJJ;OnpoH3BOJICTBa. ocyweCTBJ1eHHe npellBapHTeJlbHOrO pacCJleJIOBaHJ.UI B03JlaranOCb H8 YlJ8CTKOBblX CYlleH, 8 no Ha11.60- Jlee CJ10)((HbIM ll eJ18M - Ha cyJJ;eM OKp)')KHbIX CYJJ;OB 2 . OpH 3TOM, 16pwv.lb 6. J/. 04epKI1 no CJJe.l1LIBeHHOit 'JaCTl1 . C. 59. B OI1UH- aJ1bHOM I06I1Jlej.jHOM 04epKe 1901 r.. no.nroTOB..eHHOM K IOO-nen1tO MI1- HtlCTpcrBa IOCTI1UI1I1. 06pHCOBUHW!H TCHUHUH.II o6bsJcJrn.rJ..lCb TC:M, 'JTO «npH BBe.neHI1I1 B neliCTBlte Cyne6Hblx YCTaBOB... Ha nOJDKHOCTb cYlle6HOro C1JeJ10B:ITe1J.ll HepenKO nonaJIaJll1 JlI1lk1, He y.nOBlieTBOjJ.llBllll1e HeOOXOD.ItMblM LUIs:! 3TOro rpe60BaHI1s:!M» (MI1HI1CTepCTBO IOCTHUI1I1 Ja CTO neT. C. 150). BOT TOJlbKO HcnOHHTHO. OT'-Icro TaKHe COMHI1TCJIbHble nlilua HtlKaK He Bbl- .IIBJl5\JltlCb B nepHOll 0611106.113aTe}]bHOJO npe6blBaHIDI B pw.ax KaHllIUlilTOB Ha cy.ne6Hble nOJ1)1(HOCTI1... 1 HewbU1IulIl1 M B. CyDe6HaH KOH'rppe<t>opMa tI KO\fI1CCI1.11 H B. My- paBheBa II AK1Ya.bHble npofuJeMbI ItcrOpl1Ko-npaooooii HaYKI1: MeIKBY3. HaY'!. c6. CaB. 19S8. BblIl. 3. C. 81. 
422 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HeCMOlJIfi H8 TO, LITO HOBM peJIaKUHfi Cyne6HblX YCTaBOB TaK " He o6peJl8 CMY JaKOH8, HeKoropble npaKTI1'JeCKlile wan-l K ynpa31lHeHHIO CneW1aJlH3HpOBaHHoro CJle.ncrneHHoro annapaTa H8 Hcxone XIX B. 6bIJU1 Bee >Ke npe.nnpHH5ITbI. B 1896 r. nOCJ1ellOBaJIa JU1KBJ.W.auml 110JDKHOCTeH CYlle6- HblX CJlellOBaTeJTeH H8 OKpaHHax J.1.MneplU1 - B ApxaHreJlbcKOi1 H LJepHoMopCKOj:j ry6epH(1.11X, CJ.1.6(1pl1. B CTenHblx 06Jl8CT.IIX H T ypKeCTIlHCKOM Kpae. Ha YK(l3aHHbIX TepplHopmlx npo113BO.n;- CTBO npeDB<lpl1TeJ1bHOrO CJlenCTBIUI 6bUlO nepeJIaHO Ml1pOBblM CY.fibHM I . BnpQlleM, n.a.rIhille 3TOro .ne1lo He nollUlO, H OCHOBHOH KOpnyC cyne6HblX CJlellOBaTe.nei1 npOl101DKlVl paGary. fpHHYBwee B 1917 r. KpyrneHHe MOHapXMlJeCKOH rocyn.ap- CTBeHHOCnf nOHa1.JaJlY HHKaK He OTpa311J10Cb H8 nOJTO>KeHt1H CJle)J;C"fBeHHoro annapara. J](1KBI1..IJJ1poBaB OrneJTbHblj:j Kopnyc >K3HJJ.apMOB, llenapTa\1eHT nOJunU1l1 H HeKoTopble npYfi1e npa- BOOXpaHI1TeJlbHble CTPYKTYpbl, BpeMeHHoe npaBI1TeJ1bCTBO He TpOHyJ10. O.1lH8KO. HI1 npe)l(HlO1O cy.ne6HYIO CI1CTeMY B UeJ10M, HI1 cy.ne6HblX 11 ooeHHblX CJle.noBaTeJ\eii B <ffiCTHOCTH. DOJ1ee TOro: B aBrycre 1917 r., HeCMOTpfl Ha Bee GOJ1ee 06ocrpflBwYlOcfI no- 1Il1Tl1'lecJ<y1O o6CTaHoBJ<y. MI1HI1CTp fOCTHUl111 A. C. 3apy.nHbl}1 BOWeJ1 B npaBI1TeJ1bCTHO C npeJI.JJO>KeHl1eM paCWI1]JI1Tb WTaTbl cy.ne6HblX CJ1e.1l0BaTeJ1e}1 npJII neTpOrpa;:T;CKO}1 cy.ne6H0}1 nana- Te 11 MOCKOBCKOM OICpY)I{HOM cyne (COOTBeTCTBeHHo Ha 21 11 19 WTaTHblX elulHlmV B 1II1reparype He npl1Bo.nI1JJOCb cBe.nemdt. 6bUlO 1111 pea.rll1- 3OBaHO naHHoe npelUJO)l{eHl1e A. C. 3apynHoro. B 1I1060M CJI)f'Iae, O'JeHb CKOpo BOnpoc 0 IllTaTHOH '1I1CJ1eHHOCTI1 cyne6Hblx CJle.no- BaTeJ1e}1 yrpaTJIIJ1 BCJlJ<y1O aKTYaJlbHOCTb. B cTpaHe COBepllli1J1acb OKTfl6pbCKa5I peBOJ1l0UI-m. nepBbl}1 }l(e 1131t8HHbl}1 6oJ1bweBJllcrcKIilM npalJl.1TeJ1bCTBOM 3aKOHOnaTeJ1bHbIM 8KT. KaCaBWI1MCfI IOCTJIIUI1I1, - ynoMflHyrbl}1 netqJeT «Ocyne» N2 1 OT 24 HOJI6p51 1917 r. - 113MeHWI OpraHI1- 3aWHO npenBapl1TeJ\bHOro CJ1e.nCTBI1S1 caMblM p8.1U1KaJlbHbIM 06- pa30M. ComacH o CT. 3 Ha3BaHHoro neKpeT8 <4'IHCTJllTyr cy.ne6Hblx I Epmo'b 6. J/. O'JepKI1 no CJJe.1lCTBeHHoi1 'JaCTI1... C. 62. npl1Me4a- RJ1bHble CBe.nCHI1H 0 CJleJ!CTBeHHOH lleHTCJ1bHOCTH Ml1poBblX cyne H8 JO)I(- HOH OKpaI1He CH611Pl1 B KOHue XIX - Ha'OOle XX B CM.' BaclOlluHa T. A. npaBOC)'nHe B XaK£1CI1I1: XIX BeK II npaBOC)'lll1e B XaKaCI1I1: >KYPHaJI cy.nOB 06wef.i tOpl1Clll1KUI1I1. 2()06 NQ 1. C. 35-36 ! 36R,>uHlje6 A. 1".., Opll06 10. I".. B 3J[o."y nOTpHceHIII 11 pe4xJPM: poc- CI1i1cJa.1C npoKypopbl. 1906-1917. M., 1996. C. 311-312. 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 423 JOCy,iJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 B"IOp"J1 'leIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. CJ1ellOBareJ1eH» 6e.roroBOpO'-lHO nI1KBrumpOBMC5I. no TOM >Ke CT. 3 OCYlUeCTBJleHl1e paCCJ1ellOBaHI1H npecrynJ1eHI1H BpeMeHHO BQ3J1BraJlOCh HB 1136I1paBWI1XC5I Teppl1TOpl1aJlhHhlMI1 COreraf.m «MeCTHhlX CYIleH»I. npl1 BCeM TOM, '-ITO B p5l1le CJ1Y'-/aeB HOBhle BJlacTI1 nbrraJll1Cb Ha nepRblX nopax - OT4aCTI1 nonpeKI1 6YKBe lleKpeTa OT 24 HO- 5I6p.ll 1917 r. - COXpaHl1Tb npe>KHI1H CJ1ellCTBeHHbIH 8nnap8T2, MaTI1CTpaJIbHOM CTaJI8 nl1HI151 Ha C03)1,aHl1e HOBblX CneLll1aJll13l1pO- BaHHblX opraHOB CJlellCTEISI. Y>Ke no CT. 8 Bce TOro >Ke neKpeTa OT 24 H05l6pH 1917 T. 4JlIDI npol13BOllCTBa npelIBapl1TeJ1hHOrO CJlell- CTBI151» no IleJ18M 0 KOHTppeBOJIIOLlI1I1, ca60Ta;Ke 11 MapOlIepCTBe }l'lpe)f(flaJ]I1Cb oco6ble CJlenCTBeHHble KOMI1CCI1I1. COCT05lBWI1e npl1 roPOllCKI1X 11 l}'6epHCKI1X COBern" pa60911X, COJUlaTCKI1X 11 KpeCTb5lHCKI1X lIenyraTOB. HeKOTopoe BpeMSI CnyCHI. 19neKa6pSl 1917 r. HapKOMaT IOCTI1Ll11I1 1131laJI HHCTpYKUI1IO peB0J1IOLlI10H- HblM TpI16YHaJIaM. ComaCHO n. «e» CT. 3 HHCTPYKUI1I1. npl1 TpI1- 6YHaJJax - BHaJIOfJ.1.4HO «1Lf]}J np0l13BOllCTBa npelIBapl1TeJ1bHOrO pacCJIellOBaHIDI» - 06pa30BhlBaJIl1Ch CJlellCTBeHHble KOMI1CCI111113 rneCTI1 4eJ10BeK, Ha3HaBllJI1XC5I MeCTHblMI1 COBeTaMI1. TaKl1M 06p830M, C caMoro Ha'IMa <):>opMl1ponaHI1S1 coaeT- CKOro rocynapcTBeHHOrO annapaTa OKa3aJIl1Cb BOCnpol13aelleHbi ICY PCOCP. 1917. NQ 4. Cr. 50. npl1Ne'JaTe1]bHO, 'JTO, HeCMOT]JH Ha OTpl1l!i1HI1C «6ypJt...1'dJHOro yronoBHO-npCIl..\l'.CqfdllbHoro npasa. TOrnallJHee 6oJJbweBI1CTCKOC PYKOBO.nCTIJO He I1CnbITaJlO. HaCKC\libKO I1.JBeCTHO, KC\lie- 6aHI1H no BOnpocy 0 CU'\))3HeHI1I1 npenB!IPllreJlbHOro CJ1eD.CTBHH KaK 4KJp- Mbl paCCJ1e.nOBaHI1H. B 'JaCTHOCTI1, B .IIHBape 1918 r. 3at.IOCI1ITelJb HapKOMa IOCTHUI1I1 n 1-1. C'I)"lKa OTMeTI1JI Me)!(lly I1Horo: «Mbl yrrpa3D.HI1JII1 CTa- pylO CJiellCTBetlHYIO BJ1aCTb. Ho CHMDe npelUllipHrenbHDe CJiellCTBl1e Mbl OCTaBHJ1I1. Mbl TO:JbKO npl16nl1Jl1JI11 ero K HiIpOll)'..." (WIT. no: WWWJi()(f- C1\UU B. B. OpraHbl npeilBapl1TeJ1bHOro CJ1e.nCTBI1H... C. 27). 1 TaK, B MocKBe F! SlHBape 1918 r. 6oJJbl.l.JeJlltl-ICKasi KOMI1CCI1.11 noopra- HI13aUI1I1 cyne6Horo lIeJ1!! OI1UHWlbHO npc.llJlo)l(J.lJJij BCeMY K0pJJycy cyne6- HbIX CJiellomlTcJlei1 npClIlO/DlUtTb pa6OTy. B XQ!lC Ha'JaBWI1XCH neperoBopoB MOCKOBCKl1e CIJeOOB:ITeJlI1 nOCTaB11JI11 YC::JOBl1eM BOCCTaHOBlleHl1e B cl1JIe Cyllc6HbIX YCTaBOB 1864 r.. a TalOKe B0306HOBJIeHl1e lleflTeJlbHOCTH cOOWlt'\ cy.ne6Hblx MeeT... B OTReT KOMI1CCIUI TRepoo 3i1.11F!l1JIa. 'JTO «Tenepb neH- CTIJYIOT He yCTaBbl 1864 roill!. a nepBbli1 n.eKj)tT COBeTCKOH BIIaCTH 0 cyn.e. 11 OpraHl13aUHeH cyn.e6Horo neJla 6y.neT pyKOBOllIfib MOCKOBCKI1H COBeT». Ha 3TOM neperOBopbl J:mepIllIUlI1Cb. Crien.OBaTeJ111 noroJlOBHO UfKa33J1I1Cb OT COT]JynHI1'JeCTBa C OpraHaMI1 COIIcrCKOO B1IaCTIt (KYPCKUU p. H. 1-13 n.eH- renbHocrn MOCKOBCKOro KOMllCCdpl1aTa no CYliOOHO'ItY BellOMCTBY II he- He.neJlbHI1K COBeTCwM IOCTHUVlI1. 1922. NQ 44-45. C. 4). JCY PCOCP. 1917. NQ 11. Cr. 170. 
424 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I cyne6HIDI 1-1 MMI1HI1C1]JaTI1BHaH MOlleJlI1 nOC1pOeHI1H OprdHOB npellBapl1TeJlbHOro paCCJIenOBaHH}J. I1MeHHo 3TI1llBe MOll.eJll1 no- JI)"UlJIH pa3Bt1Tl1e B nepBoe nOCJlepeBOJ1lOUHOHHoe n.eCHTHJleTHe. YTO J<aCaeTCSI C1IenCTBeHHoro annaparn "PH cyne6HblX opraHax. TO B paMKax 3T0f1 MOlleJlI1 Ha npOHI}I(eHHI1 1918-1920 fr. 6bUTI1 )"Jpe>K.IleHbl: I) CJ1e1lCTBeHHa5I KOMI1CCI1JI np" PeBOJlJOuHoHHOM "J])H5)'HaJle np(1 BUI1K (cr. 4 neKpeTa «0 PeBOJnOUl10HHOM "J])H6YHaJle "PH BLll1K» OT 29 MIDI 1918 r.); 2) CJlenOBaTeJU1- llOKJlliJl'U1KI1 IIp" peB1]J1-16YHaJl8X (CT. 9 n0J10.>KeHlU[ 0 peBOJIlOm1- OHHblX TpH6YHaJIax OT 18 MapTa 1920 r.); 3) HapollHhle CJ1ellOllaTe- JIM "PH ry6epHcKoM COBeTe HapO.llHblX cynet1 (CT. 30 OOJlO;KeHlUI o HapOllHOM cy.ne POt)Cp OT 21 HOH6pH 1920 r.)I. HapRLIY C 3TI1M, CJTellOBaTeJ1H nom.mJlHCb H npH o6pa3o- BamUI1XCH B 1918 r. peBOJllOQI10HHbiX BOeHHb!X TpH6YHaJlax. npoueccyaJIbHble nOJ1HOMO'-JI1H. npasa (1 06H3aHHOCTIil BOCCO- :yraHHbIX BoeHHblX CJle1l0BaTeJlef1 6b1JU1 neTaJIbHO 3aKpeJUleHbi B yrHep)K.fieHHblX PeBBoeHcOBeTOM Pecny6l1l1KI1 I1HCTpyKUl111 BO- eHHblM CJle.n.OBaTeJHIM peBOJUOW1OHHbiX BoeHHblX TPH6YHaJlOB OT 1 (]>eBpa.ri51 1919 r., a TaK)({e B oco60M nOJlO)({eHHI1 0 BOeHHblX CJ1e.n.OBaTeJIfIX OT 30 ceHTH6pH 1919 r. 2 B OTlIH':IHe OT uapCKI1X BpeMeH. cJ1e.n.CTBeHHbIH annapaT B CTpyI<lype I1cnOJ1HI1TeJ1bHOH Macm nOJl)f'-l11Jl B COBeTCKOH Poc- CI1I1 1918-1919 rr. pa3B(1THe He B CTeHax npeeMH(1Ka MBj],- HapKOMaTa BHyrpeHHI1X neJ1, a B opraHax HOBOHBJleHHOH Bce- poCCI1HCK0i11.J.pe3Bbl':l3MHOM KOMHCCI1H. B Ha'laJle 1918 r. .nomK- HOCTH CJlC.nOBaTCJICH n05lBHJlI1Cb B onepaTHBHblX nO.1lpa311eJleHH5IX ueHTpaJIbHoro annaparn BYK. 22 H05l6p51 1918 r. 6bUl 061'830- BaH ellHHblH CJlellCTBeHHblH OT.neJl B4K. npocyweCTBonanwHi1, npas.aa. ]](1Wb.nO MapTa 1919 r. YTO }l(e KacaeTCH TeppI1TOp(1aJ]bHbL\ OpraHOB BYK, TO no CT. I3 I1HcTpyKUH(1 OT.nenOB ':Ipe3Bbl1.J.aHHbIX KOM(1CC(1H OT dBf)'CTd 1918 r. CJle.LI.CTBeHHble nOllOTneJ1bl (oHI1}1(e CJle.D.CTBeHHble KOMe- om) 06pa30Bb1BaJIMCb ]]1160 npM Ka)({1l0M OTHeJle ry6epHCKOiiI1JlH ye311HoH 4K, ]]1160 npH COOTBeTCTB)')OlUeM opraHe B UeJIOM. He- CKOJ1bKO JlO3.1lHee, comaCHO llO.1KDKeHHHM I1HCTpyKW'l11 ':Ipe3Bbl- ':Iai1HbIM KOMI1CCHHM Ha MeCTax OT I .neKa6pH 1918 r., B Ka)({1l()i1 ley PODCP. 1918. NQ 41. Cr. 520; 1910. NQ 12-23. Cr. 115; NQ 83. Cr. 107. lnemJ"XLJ8 H.A. YKa3. CO'I. C. 179; I1cTOptl.ll JaKOHQI1ID"e.1lbC1Ba CCCP 11 PODCP no YJOJIOIJHOMY npoueccy... C. 104. 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 425 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. ry6epHcKo '-IK ro.w.aBallCs:I 1Op111l11'leCK(1 omen. Ha 3aBeJI}r1011..(e- ro KOTOporo B03JIafaJ\OCb «pyKOBQD.CTBO BceM cne.D.CTBeHHbIM ne- JlOM KOMt.JCCt.Jt.J». no yrsep)l(!leHHOMY Toma }f(e lllTIlI)' ry6epHcKoH '-IK, B COCTaB IOpl11lH'lecKoro ome.na RWlJjtJJO llleCTb CJleJlOBaTe- JleH (B 1919 r. 3TI1 OTneJ1bl CTaJlH HMeHOBaTbC CJ1e.11CTBeHHbIMI1). HaKoHeu, II aBrycTa 1921 r. 6bUJa opraHI1JOBaHa CJ1ell- CmeHHa5I 'illCTb npl1 npe311.nHYMe B'-IK, a TaJOKe npl1HS!TO oco- 60e n0J10)({eHHe 0 Hek ComaCHO nOJiO)({eHI1JO OCHOBHblMIil ctJyHKUH}lMIil CJ1ellCTBeHHO 'illCTI1 }[BJUIJ1I1Cb 06111ee PYKOBOllCTBO CJ1ellCTBeHHoH llemeJ1bHOCTblO opraHoB B'-IK 11 CJ1ellCTBt.Je no ne- JlaM no 06Bt.JHeHI1HM <1eKHCTOB. WTaT CJ1ellCTBeHHoi1 <ffiCTI1 6bUl YCTaHOBJIeH B 40 "JeJlOneK I . C I1CnOJ1Hi1TeJ1bHOH BJlacTblO B nepl1011 rpa)l(.!laHCKO DOHbl OKaJaJTCH TeCHO CBH3aH 11 BOeHHO-cJle.ncTBeHHbl annapa-r. Co- maCHO CT. I OTMe4eHHoro Bbillie n0J10)l(eHI1S! 0 BoeHHblX CJle1l0- saTeJ1f1X OT 30 ceHHI6pH 1919 r. BoeHHble CJle1l0BaTeJll1 COCTOH./I11 He TOJIbKO npl1 BOeHHblX Tpl16YHaJIaX, HO 11 npH OKPY)l(HblX 11 ry6ePHCKMX BoeHHblX KOMHccapt.JaTax. B COOTBeTCTBt.Jt.J }f(e C npt.J- Ka30M PBCP OT 31 neKa6p 1919 r. B ry6epHCKMX BOeHHblX KO- MHCCapI-UITax OpraHI130BaJlHCb CJle.11CTBeHHo-cyne6Hble 'lacTI1, a B WTa6ax BoeHHblX OKPYroB - CJle.11CfBeHHo-cyne6Hble OTneJ1bI 2 . B 1920 r. C06CTBeHHblM CJlellCTBeHHblM annapa-rOM 0638- BeJ1CS! Hapo.nHbl KOMI1CCapHaT JOCTl1ll11H. ComaCHO CT. 30 no- JlO)l(eHIUIO HapO.nHoM L"}'lle PC«PCP OT 21 OKT5I6p51 1920 r. BBO- nl1Jll1Cb nOJ1)J(HOCTH CJ1ellOBaTeneH no BmKHeHllIHM neJ1aM npl1 Ornenax IOCTI1UI1t.J ry6ePHCKMX t.JcnOJlKOMOB, a TaJOKe CJlellOBaTe- JlI1 no oco60 Ba)I(HbIM ne.naM npt.J HapKOMe JOCTI1UHH. Coo6pa3Ho 3TOMY, YCTaHOBJIeHHa5I nOCTaHOBJIeHl1eM HKIO OT 26 H05l6p51 1920 r. HOBa5I CTpYKl)'pa HapKOMaTa BKJlI04aJ1a, B 'laCTHOCTI1, OrneJl cyllOnpOI13BOllCTBa (B KOMneTeHUHI1 KOTOporo Me:>l\llY I1HOrO JaKpeJUlS!JlaCb «opraHI1JaUI1f1 n . opraHOB CJlellCTBI151») 11 CJ1ellCTBeHHbIH omen}. 111y6HHKa. BljK-Kr6. 1917-1960: Cnp<llJo4HI1KI nOli pell. P f. nl1- XOH. M., 1997. C 164, 170, 172, 174-175; J1y6.11HKa: OpraHbI BljK-Kf6 1917-1991' CnpaB04HI1K I COCT. A. H. KOI(YPI1H, H. R neTpOB. M..l003 c. 17.13. CTOI1T 0JMeTmb TalOKt. 'JTO 3 I1tOHH 1919 r TpeTbH Bctpoccl1i1- CKaH KOHHW1H 'JptJllbl'Jai1HblX KOMHCCI1i1 npl1HHJIa pa3BepHVTQI: no- nO;i(fMH':I::HKpcT ;;0J1;3_ ueccy C. 104; /(pNJOfl J1 (]J., OOCmphitalli A. J1 P03bICK. 1l03Hamre. CJ1e.n- CTBl1e' Y'Je6. nocoGl1e. 11., 1984. C. 155. }CY PODCP. 1910. NQ 83. CT. 407. NQ 90. CT. 465. 
426 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I KaK HI1 CTpeMHJlI1Cb UapCK(1e M(1HI1CTPbIIOCTI-1WU1 mnaJllHb CJle.nOBaTeJ1e OT cyne6HblX OpfaHOB, HO no npJIMOfO BKfIJO<J.emUI CJle.nCTBeHHbIX llOJDKHOCTeH B annapaT MI1HHCTepCTBa OHI1 BCe- TaKH He IlOIlYMaJlHCb... !..jTO }l(e .no CTOJIb .>KHBOTpenernyrnero B KOHue XIX - H8<JaJle XX B. nonpoca 0 HeCMeHHeMocrn CJ1ellOBa- TeJTdi, TO B nOCJlepeROJlIOU(10HHble rO.L\.b1 OH He nOllH(1MaJ]C.II BO- oce. I-bPMHO Pa3):(P3)((8BWa5I uapei1 CJle)J;OBaTeJlbCKa5I HeCMeHJle- MOCTb erne MeHee YCTpal1BaJ13 6oJlbweBI1CTcKoe pyKOBOllCTBO. nOCJle 3aBepweHmi rpIDl<11aHCKOH BoiiHbl CJlenCTBeHHblH annapaT COBeTCKOH POCCHI1 O)((J..WallI1 3H8 1 l11TeJIbHble nepeMeHbL LLn51 HalJaJ1a, opraHbl npeD.Bapl1TeJlhHOro pacCJIe.nOBaHHSI no.n- BepfJIHCb npeo6pa30BaHHIO B XOlle npOBelleHH5I cYlle6HoH pe<tJOPMbl 1922 r. npe>K!lC BCero, CTOHT OTMeTHTb, "ITO ewe B xo){e no.nrOTOBKI1 pepMbl 38 cocpe.nOTOlfeHl1e CJTeLICTBeHHoro 8JmapaTa B cyne6HbIX opraHaX co BCeH onpe,QeneHHocThlO BbICKa- 3a.rU1Cb AeJIeraTbl IV BcepOCCI1HCKOro cne:w.a neJUeJ1eH COBeTCKOH 1OCTI1U1U1, npoxOlUlBwero C 26 no 30 }IHBapH 1922 f.1. COOTBeT- CTBeHHO, B nepooM Yr0J10BHO-npoueccyanhHoM Ko.n.eKce PCefiCP, yrBep)l(lleHHOM nOCraHOBJ1eHl1eM cecoJl1 BCepOCCHf1CKOro ueHT]J3JIhHOrO HCnOJ1HHTeJ1hHoro KOMHTeTa OT 25 MIDI 1922 r., K 'iHCJ1Y CJ1ellCTBeHHhlX nomKHocTeH - B n. 5 CT. 23 - 6hlJ1H OTHeCeHbl: Hapo.nHble CJ1enOBaTeJlI1 npl1 COBeTax HapOllHblX cyneH 11 peBO.rUOUI10HHbIX TpI16YHarlax, BoeHHble CJlellOBaTeJ111. 11 CJ1ellOBaTeJIl1 no BaJKHeHWI1M neJ1aM npl1 HapKOMaTe IOCTHUI1.H. HeCKOJlhKO no:w.Hee - B CBH3H C pe<tJOpMHpoBaHHeM cyne6Horo yC"rpoilcTBa - nOC1pOeHI1e CJTellCTBeHHoro annapaTa 6hlJTO H3MeHeHO. ComaCHO CT. 32 H 33 nOJTO)f(eHHH 0 CYllO- YCTpOHCTBe PODCP OT II H05l6p.ll 1922 f. YCTaHaBllI1BaJJaCh CJ1e- nYIOll.lllil opraHl13aUHH CJ1e.ACTBeHHOro annapara: I) }I"IaCTKOBble HapollHhle CJlellOBaTeJ111. npH HapOllHblX cynax; 2) cTapwl1e CJ1e- nOBaTeJlI1. npl1 ry6epHCKI1X cynax; 3) CJ1enOBaTeJlH no BaJKHeH- lllHM ne1laM npH BepxoBHoM cyne PCefiCP 11. 4) CJ1enOBaTeJIl1. no Ba)I(}{eHWI1M neJIaM npl1 HapKOMaTe IOCTI1U11H3. D.aHHaH KOHcrpyKI.l}IH HallUJa OKOH<faTeJIhHOe JaKpefUleHHe B n. 5 CT. 23 YrOJlOHHO-nJXIUecCYaJIhHoro KoneKca PC<DCP B pel1aKUI1I1, yrsep)l(lleHHOH nOCTaHOBlleHHeM BUI1K OT 15 <l>eB- I fTo.M08 B. C. YKaJ. C04. C. 80. CY PODCP. 1912. NQ 20-11. Cr.130. 3cy PODCP 1922. NQ 69. Cr. 902. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 427 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IEITBepr14 XVlII-XXBB. pllll51 1923 r B Ha3BaHHoit CTIlTbe B nepelJeHb CJlellCTBeHHblX .fiOJDKHOCTeH ill nOJlO.>KeHt!51 0 cynoYCTpOOCTBe PC<!>CP 1922 r. 6bLllH .fiOnOJ1HHTeJlbHO BHeceHhl CJ1e.nOB<.1Tem.J BoeHHhlX 11 BoeHHO- TpaHcnOpTHhlX TpII6}'HllilOB I . TaKI.JM CJ6pa1Ofl.t, B pe3YJThTaTe cy- ne6HOH pe<tJq:>Mbl 1922 r. nIX)I.J30lliJ10 cyJ.l[ecmeHHoe yJ<peJUleHl1e cyne6HoH MOLleJTI1 nOCTjX)eHI.JSI CJ1ellCTfJeHHoro annapaTa. K 3TOMY CTO(1T HanOMHHTb. 'lTO 6 BpaJ]J[ 1922 r. nJXI1130- lliJ10 ynpa:l1lHeHl1e BcepOCCI1HCKOH 'lpe3Bbl'ffi.HHoit KOMI1CCI1I1 C ee CJle.!lCTBeHHbIM(1 n011Pa311eJTeHmlM(1l. OCHOBaHHOe.>Ke BMeCTO B'-IK rocynapCTBeHHOe nOJ1HTH'lecKoe ynpallJleHl1e npl1 HKBLl PC<!>CP 6hUJO OTHeceHO B ynK pe.naKllI1I1 1923 r. K OpraHaM n03HaHI1f1. B03HI1KWa5I nOHa'laJIY B crpYKlYpe rocynapCTBeHHoro no- J111T11'-1eCKoro ynpaBJTeH(1.11 CJleJlCTBeHHa51 'lliCTb np(1 npe3ruII1}'Me 6bUJa, npl1Ka30M no my OT 22 aBJYcra 1922 r., peopraHl130Ba- Ha B IOpruI(1'lecK(1H omen. BKIUO'-laBW(1H. npaBlla. CJieJlCTBeH- Hoe OTJleJ1eHl1e J . OD.H8KO Y.>Ke BCKope, comaCHO npl1Ka3y my OT 28 BpaI1J[ 1924 r.. IOpl.Jlm<1ecK£1H omen nOJlBeprC5I J1(1KBII1l3- 0011 4 . BnOCJle.n.cTBIII1, HaCKOJ1bKO y.na.nOCb BbI5lCHI1Tb. o6oc06J1eH- HblX CJ1ellCTBeHHblX nOllIXnlleJTeHI1M HI1 B uei-rrpllllbHOM annapaTe. HI1 B TeppHTop(1aJ1bHbiX opraHax omy He C03.1laRaJlOCb. TaK(1M 06p830M. K 1924 r. nOCJ1e.llH(1M OCKOJTKOM elUe He- naBHO nOM(1HI1JX1BaBWeH arIMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHOH MO.lleJ1(1 nocTpoe- H(1J[ CJie.llCTBeHHoro annapaTa OCTarIl1Cb CJ1e.llOBaTeJ1(1 no Bll)K- HeHllIl1M .ne.naM npl1 HapKOMfJTe IOCTI1UH(1. ComaCHO CT. 10 nOJ1Q)KCHIDI 0 HapO.llHOM KOMI-1CCapl-1aTe IOCTI1UHH Pc<DCP OT 1 BpaI1f11923 r., B HapKOMaTe c<1>opMl1pOBaJlaCbCJ1ellCTBeHHa51 1.JaCTb. CTpYKTYPHO BOllle.llWa51 B COCTaB 4-ro nO.llOTneJ1a IV Or- neJIa (nJXIKYparypbl)s. 06p830BaHl1e COJ03a CCP nepBOHa'laJlbHO HI1K3K He QT- pa3HJ1OCb Ha YCTpOjlcTBe CJ1e.llCTBeHHoro annapaTa. B npI1H5I- TblJi. UI1K CC CP 31 OKT5I6p51 1924 r. nepBblx OCHoBax cy.llO- ICY PO]JCP. 1913. NQ 7. CT. W6. lCY PO]JCP. 1912 NQ 16. CT. 160 J J1y6.11HKa. opraHbl BLJK-Kf6. 1917-1991. C.16, 36. 434-435. YMeCT- HO JaMCTI1Tb, <eTO. COJnacHo n. 14 Ha3saHHoro npHKaJa. K nQllCJJellCJlJeH- HOCTI1 CJJeJ]C11leHHOm OT.QeJleHIII.II 6bLIJI1 OTHCCCHb[ IIICK.lJt04IfTCJ1bHO neJ1a no 06BI1HeHI1HM COTpy.nHI1KOB BeD.OMCTBa, «npecl)'IlJIeHI1H KOItX CBHJaHbl C pa60TOB B fny» (TaM >Ke. C 435). J1y6.11HKa. opraHbl B'-IK-Kf6. 1917-1991. C. 467. CY PODCP. 1913. NQ 10. CT. 110. 
428 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I YCTpOHCTBa COI03a CCP 11 COlO3HbiX pecny6J1I-1K «opraHl13aUlHI cyn.e6HO-CJ1ellCTBeHHbIX opraHOB» 6btna OTHeceHa - no CT. 15 - K pecny6JUlKaHCKOMY BelleHHIO I . '-ITO KacaeTCSI OCTaMeHHblX B COlO3HOM BelleHl111 opraHOB BOeHHQH JOCTHUHI1, TO, comacHo CT. 5 n0J10)({eHHH 0 BoeHHblX TPH6YHflJlax 11 BoeHHOH nlX'KYpa- lYpe OT 20 3BI)'CTa 1926 r., BoeHHble CJ1ellOBaTeJlI1 npOllOJl>KWTI1 COCT05lTb npl-1 ooeHHblX "lpJ15YH3Jlax 2 . YTBep)I(J]eHHOe -.peTbeH ceCC(1ei1 BUI1K XII C03b18a 19 HO- f16pn 1926 r. HOBoe OOJIO)l(em1e 0 cynoycTp.:JHcTBe PCcj)CP co- xpaHlIJIO B HenpHKocHoBeHHOCTI1 opraHl.J3amno CJle.nCTBeHHOro annapaTa o6pa3ua 1922-1923 rr. 3 O<leHb CKOpO, O.1lH8KO, 60306- JTanaJll1 "Hhle TeHlleHUHI1. 11 KOCH)'JTI1Cb OHI1 KaK npoueCCYaJIb- HOM, TaK 11 opraHI13aUHOHHOH CTOpOH OTe>-JeCTBeHHoro npellBa- pl.fTeJ1bHoro CJleJlCTBI1.11. C 0.1I;HO" CTOJXIHbl, KaK He pa] OTMe'laJIOCb B lUITeparype, HB I1CXOlle 1910-x n. np0l130llUlO cj:IaKTI1'leCKOe CTl1paHl1e rpaHI1 «Me)l(J1y n03HaHI1eM 11 CJlenCTBl1eM, Me)l(J1y p03blCKOM 11 lOCTI1UI1- ej..j Ha npellBapt.JTeJlbHOM paCCJ1enOBaHI1I1". B 3TOM OTHOWeHl111 rJly6oKo nOKa3areJlbHO. <ITO B pa3pa6oraHHoM I1HCTIf1yroM co- BeTcKoro CTpol1TeJlbCTBa 11 npaBa npoeKTe ynK PODCP, OllO- 6peHHoM KOJlJ1emeH HapKOMaTa fOCTI1Ul111 12 aBT}'CTa 1931 r., Boo61l.le OTCyrCTBOBaJlO neJleHl1e npelIBapl1TeJlbHOro paCCJlellOBa- HI1f1 Ha l103HaHlile 11 npellBapl1TeJlbHOe CJ1ellCTBl1e. BMeCTO 3Toro B CT. 8-21 npoeKTa npellyCMalpl1BMa.Cb enl1HM CT3llI151 «npell- Bapl1TeJlbHOrO pacCJlenOBaHI1}[,,5 C npyroj..j CTOPOHb[. B YCJlOBH.I!X cBepTblBaHl1f1 HO- BOH 3KOHOMI1<ICCKOj..j nOJlI1TI1Kl1, BceMepHoro yJ(penJleHI151 aIlMI1HI1CTpan1BHO-KOMaHllHoH CI1CTeMbl ynpaBJTeHI1f1 Boclpe6o- BaHHoi1 OKaJaJlaCb MOlleJlb noc1pOeHI1f1 CJ1ellCTBeHHoro annapa- Ta, KpaTKoBpeMeHHO pearrl130BaHHM B Harnei1 cTpaHe B n.aneKOM 1722 rollY. Al1JIeropl1'leCKI1 BblpiUKa.llCb, Ha nyrl1 cyne6HbIX CJle- nOBareJlei1 BCTaJl 3 npoKYPaTYpa. I C3 CCCP. 1924. NQ 13. CT. 49. lC3 CCCP. 1926. NQ 57. CT. 413 JCY PODCP 1916. NQ 85. CT. 624 4 CIIUPH06 A. B. 3Bwuowrn I1CTOpl1'JCCKOH 4JopNu COBeTCKOro VIOIIOBI-Io- ro npcuecca 11 npenBdpHlC.lbHOC CJle.nCTBHe II COBe1CKoe rocy.napcioo 11 npa- 80. 1990. NQ 12. C. 60; Cep.?eoo A. E. Oco6eHHOCTH ll1poBaHI1.11 opraHOB D031-!aHI1S1 B POCCI1I1 II J.1CTOPI1.11 rocynapcTsa 11 npaBa. 2002. NQ 5. C. 44 Ci.: npoeKT YrOJlOBHo-npoueccyaJlbHOrO KOlleKca PODCP II Co- BeTCKaH JOCHlUI1.11. 1931. NQ 24. C. 4-5 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 429 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. Bonpoc 0 nepe.na'le CJlellCTBeHHoro 8nn8paTa OT CYllOB n}X)KYPa1Ype BnepBble H8'lWI 06C)')K1l3TbCH Ha c1JJ3H1-JUax IOpl-1- IIH'leCKOii nepI-10111-1KJ..1 1-1 Ha BellOMCTBeHHhlX COBernaHI-151X erne B 1923-1924 rr" B "J8CfHOCTH, Ha COCT05lBllJeMCSI B 1924 r. V CDe3l1e DeSITeJlef! COBeTcKof! IOCTHUHI-1 3a TaKOB}'tO nepel1a'lY BbICKaJaJTC5I TOmallJHI1i1 npo,,"ypop YroJlOBHo-cYlle6Hot! KOJlJle- rHI1 BepxoBHoro CYlla POJ>CP A.fI. BbIWI1HCKI-1i1. 01lHaKO B TOT MOMeHT pyt<OBOllCTBO HapKoMara JOCTI1UI-1I1 CO'-UIO ueJlecoo6pa3- HblM <:o.xpaHI-1Tb CYlle6HYIO MOlleJIb OpraHI13aUI111 CJlellCTBeHHoro annapaTIl. npl-1Me'laTeJlhHO, "JTO n}X)TI-1BHI-1KOM nepexo.rra CJle.nOBaTe- Jlef1 B nO.1l'!HHeHHe npOKYpal}'phl BbIC1)'m1J1 TOmaWHI-1i1 npellce- llaTeJlb BepXOBHoroCYlla PCcj)CP n. 11. C1)"-IKa. BCTaTbe 1928 r. neTp C1)"-IKa npellOCTeperaJI, 'lTO TaKoBoi1 nepexo.1l «YCI-1J1I-1T O.nHOCTO}X)HHe 06BI-1HI-1TeJ1bHYlO TeHJJ;eHUI-1JO npellBapl1TeJlbHoro CJle.nCTBH5I». B TOi1 .>Ke CTaTbe npellce.I:{aTeJlb BepxoBHoro cy.na PCC1>CP nOll'lepKHyJ1, 'lTO «opraHI13aUI10HHO-artMI-1HI-1C1JJ3TI1BHoe nOll'lI1HeHH£ CJle.1l0BaTeJlH 06BHHHTeJlJO n}X)THBOpelfI-1T HaWeMY I-1HCTHTYI'Y npOKYpal}'phl»!. KaK 6bl TO HI-1 6hVTO, }'.>Ke B 1927 r. - B nOp5l.nKe 3Kcnepl-1- MeHTa - nOll'lHHeHl-1e CJle.1l0BaTeJlef! opraHaM npOKYpal}'pbl 6hlJlO DCyweCTBJleHO B MOCKOBCKOi1 ry6epHI1I1. COlfTH 3KCnepl1MeHT ycnellIHblM, KOJIJIefl-1H HapKOMaTa IOCTI1UI-1I1 12 anpeJiH 1928 r. nOCTaHOBHJl8 «nepe.naTb CJle.ncTBeHHblt! annapaT B nOJlHoe pac- nOpIDKeHl1e npoKyp(1)'pbl no PCC1>Cp"J. HeCKOJ1bKO n03.11Hee, 3 ceHT5I6p51 1928 r. D.aHHOe nOCTaHOBJiCHHC HapKoM8Ta nOJlYlfI-1- JlO 3aKpeJUleHHe B nOCTaHOBJieHHI-1 BUI1K 1-1 CHK PC<1>CP «06 1-13MeHeHI-11-1 nOJlO)l(eHHH 0 CYDoycrpof!cTBe PCC1>Cp,,4. He 3a6bUllil 1-1 0 BoeHHhlX CJle.1l0BaTeJlHX. ComaCHO CT. 4 nOCTaHOBJIeHI1H UI1K (1 CHK CCCP OT 30 .IIHBap51 1929 r. BO- eHHble CJle1l0Ba TeJJI-1 aHaJlOrWlHO nepellum B nOll'lI-1HeHl1e opra- [JJo/woo B. C. YK<13. C04. C. 12cr-121. K CBe.neHI1HM, npl1BeneHHblM B MOHorpa(tml1 B C. J10MOB3. CTOI1T n063BI1Tb, 'JTO npeD.JlO)l(eHl1e «113'bHTb cneLlOTlleJIbl 113 BeLleHI1H CYIIOB» 6WIO BbICK33aHO B 1923 r. Tal0Ke B CTa- TbC 0. KapKJII1Ha (KL/pK.lUH O. nopa nonyJ\I8Tb CqJbC3HO 06 ynY4llJeHI111 11 cyne6HOJO annapara II E)I(eHe.ueJ1bHIIIK COBeTCKOIi IOCTHUHI1. 1923. NQ 27. C. 6a fll1. TeJI1Cb[ 0 pe4JoPMe ynK II PeBQIJtOW1H npaBa. 1918. NQ L C. 112-123. 3 floCTaHOBJ1eHI1.11 KOJUIer1111 HKJO II E)I(eHeneJlbHI1K Qmen:KOI1IOCTH- UI1I1. 1918. NQ 16. C. 749 4CY PODCp. 1918. NQ 117. CT. 733. 
430 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HaM BoeHHoit Jl}X)KYP<I1)'Pbl l . npOTfIJ-IYBlUIDIC5I C 1860 r. I1CTO- pml pOCCI-JlicKI1x cyne6Hblx CJle1l.0BaTeJ1e 3aKOH'l1Vl8Cb. KaK II CB5I3H C 3T11M OnTI1MI1CTI1'leCKJ.1 KOHCTanl}X)BaJI 8lnOp CTaTbH II Be.1l0MCrneHHOM l.J1naHI1H, ('II I1CTOpl11O pa3Bt.JTIlSlI1Hcllnyra co- BeTCKI1X CJ1ellOBaTeJleH ImHcblBacrC.sl HOBM CTpaHl1ua. crpaHHua Ha'laBLUerOC51 nO.1l"beMalil pOCTa»l. OCTaneS! Ao5aBHTb, '1TQ B KOHue 1920-x IT. OTe'leCTBeH- H85I npoKYParypa ell.le He I-1MeJUI. Be.aOMCTBeHHOH CaMOCT05lTeJlb- HOCTI1. KaK I13BeCTI-lO, 6ynY'-J11 BCCC031UUi8 II HaWe" CTp3He II 1922 r., npoKYJY.UYPa IIOI1l.ll8 Tor.na II COCTaB HapKOMBTa JOCTII- WIH, o6pa30BaB II era CTp,.....-rype }0Ke ynOMI1HaBWHHCSI IV omen (peopraHI130BaHHbl(1 27 aBf)'CTa 1928 r. B YnpaBJIeHHe nJXIKY- pa-ryPb]3). l(poMe TOro - no n01l06111O uapcKoH POCCHI1 - no- Ha'm)]y 6bUII1 COBMell(eHbl JJ;O)UKHOCTI1 nJXIKYPopa Pecny6JU1KI1 (1 HapKOMa IOCTI1UI-1I1 (c anpe.rm 1928 r. nJXIKYpop PC<DCPCTIIJI JaMeCTI1TeJ1eM HapKoMa) B cl1JIY H83B8HHblX o6croJl'reJIbCTB, nepeli.rr.n B nO.D.'lI-1He- Hl.Je npm(yparvpbl, CJlellCTBeHHblj..j annapaT coxpaHlUJ 06wylO nOllBe.D.OMCTBeHHOCTb HapKOMaT)' IOCTI1UHI.J. CIfT)'aIlIISI npI1HUH- m18J1bHO He H3MeHlUJ8Cb H C Y'lpe}l()]eHHeM 17.aeKaGpH 1933 r. n}XIKypaTypbl CCCP: B nO.D.'-IHHeHl1e n}XI"-1'POpa C0f03a nOnaJlH TOJ1bKO BoeHHble CJlellOBaTeJ11.J .aa rpynna CJ1ellOBaTeJlef1: no BIDf(- Hef1:wHM lleJl8M. OKOH'l8TeJlbHOe pa3Me.JKeBaHlile n}XIKYPaTYpbl 11 BellOMCTB3. IOCTI1UI1I1 np0l130llUlO 1II1Wb B 1936 L, B CIUl311 C 06- pa30BaHHeM COlO3HOro H8pKoM8Ta IOCTI1UHI1. ComaCHO CT. 2 nOCTaHOBJIeHHH UI1K 11 CHK CCCP OT 20 I1IOHH 1936 r. <,opraHbl npOKYpmypbl 11 CJlellCTBI1S1& OTlleJIH- JTI1Cb OT HapKOMaTOB IOCTI1UI1I1 COlO3HblX 11 8BTOHOMHblX pecny- 6JJI1K 11 nepeXOllHJTI1 B I1CKJlIO'-II1TeJlbHoe nOll'lI1HeHl1e n}XIKYPO- py CCCP'. COOTBeTCTBeHHo. no nOCTaHOBJIeHl11O CHK CCCP OT 5 HOH6pH 19 36 r. «0 ClJ>YKT)'pe n}XIKYPaTYPbl COlO3a CCP». lC3 CCCP. 1929 NQ 13. CT. 106. 1 MRr:ttUK06 C nepBb!e nOCHOKeHI1H II hl:HeJleJ\bHI1K COBeTCKOi1 IOCTI1UHI1. 1918. NQ ll. C. 767 1,:13 'J11CJ\3 cOBpeMeliHblx aBTopoB nepen.a- 'lY CJleJlCTBeHHOJO 8mllipaTa OT CYllOB npoK)-paTVpe Hal160JJee KPlfTl1'lecKI1 OUCHI1JI A B. CMl1pHOB. OTMeTHBilIl1i1 B MOHOrplK!JHI1 2000 J.. QTO Ha3BaH- Hoe c06bITHe 03Ha'laJIO «rH6e,b B COBeTCKOM yroJIOBHOM npouecce npell- BapIITI:J1bHOro CJ1enCTBlffib (C"'Uplf06 A. B. Mo.neJ111 yrOJlOBHoro npouecca. C. 194). JCY POpCP 1918. NQ 114. CT. 710. 4C3 CCCP. 1936. NQ 40. CT. 33IL 
fnasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 431 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. B npOKYPa1Ype CCCP 6bUi o6pa30BaH CJ1ellCTBeHHbl OTlleJI l . TaK B HaweH c1JJ8He OKOH'mTeJlbHO CJ10)((J1JI8Cb npOl<ypopCKa}1 Mo.neJ1b OpraHI13aUHI1 CJ1e.nCTBeHHoro annapaTa. B 1930-e rf. n.aJlbHelilllee pa3B1ffile nOJl)l'-ll1JIa 11 MMI1HI1- crpaTI1BHa5I MOlleJIb nocrpoeHlUI CJle.nCTBeHHoro 8nnapaTa. B KOH- ue 1930-x fr. CJlellCTReHHbie nOLlpnu.eJ1eHI1.11 6blJ111 Y"Ipe)l(IleHbl B opraHax roc6e30nacHOCTIil 11 MI1J1I1L1I1I1, nOllBe.nOMCTBeHHblX Toma emmoMY HapKOM8l)' - OCHOBaHHOMY 10 I1I01m 1934 r. HKBLl CCCP. npl1Ka30M HKBLl CCCP OT 2211e1Gl6pH 1938 f. 6bU18 06- pa30BaHa C.rre.nCTBeHH8}1 'mCTb HapKOMaTa, KOTop8J{ B ceHTH6pe 1939 r. no.nBepm8Cb pa3.DCJlCHI1JO Ha CJ1e.nCTBeHHble 'lacrn r 118BHO- ro ynpaMeHI1H rocynapCTBeHHoH 6e30naCHOCTH H f11aBHoro 3KO- HOMI1'lecKoro ynpaBJICHHH. HCCKOJlbKO paHee, 5 aBl)'CTa 1939 f., CJ1C;:J;CTBeHHa5I 'laCTb 6bUla Y"Ipe)l()J;eH8 H B fmmHOM TlOpeMHOM ynpaBJIeHI1H HKBll CCCP1. K}X)Me Taro. B COOTBeTCTBI1H C npH- Ka30M HapKoMa BHyipeHHHX;:J;eJl OT 27 8BJ)'CTd 1939 r., npeLlYCM8- Tpl1Ba118Cb OpraHI13aWUI CJlellCmeHHblX fpynn B OTlle.nax 6XCC 11 yr0J10BHOrO }X)3bICKa Teppl1TOpHaJlbHhIX ynpaBJIeHI1M HapKoMarn BI-fYIPCHHI1XlleJ1). B xOLle nOCJle;:J;OBaBWI1X B 1941-1953 rr. npeo6pa30BaHHM HKBLl-HKfEi-MfEi-MBLll1x CJ1CllCT8eHHbIC no.npa3.DeJlCHI1JI Hel13MCHHO COXpaHHJlI1Cb. 6ynY'-l11 nonOJlHCHbl Y"Ipe)I(IICHHO 2 I-1JOJ1H 1941 r. CnCltCTBeHHo 'lliCTblO no oc06o B8)((HbIM llenaM (ynp<l3.DHeHa B 1954 r.). H8pmly C 3TI1M, B Ha'l8Jle 1940-x IT. CJJe.nCTHeHHblM omen nmIBI-1JIC5I 11 B fJI8BHOM ynpaBJ1eHI1I1 pa60 1 Ie-KpCCTb5lHCKOM MI1JII1L11111 HKBll. nOCJle OCHOBaHIDI 13 MapTa 1954 r. KOMIiTeTa rocy.napCTBeHHOH 6e30naCHOCTH npH IC3 CCCP. 1936. NQ 59 CT. 450. YMeCTHO .n06a1JHTb, 'ITO. cornacHo Cl. I 1lOC13H0000eHI1.11 n'II11. BepxoBHom COBeTa CCCP OT 7 anpe- nH 1956 r. «0 C'IJJYI'.""J)'JJe ueHTpallbHoro annapara npoKYJHfVPbl CCCP». II n CCCP 6bLO npen}'CM01'peHO Cne.u.crneHHoe ynpaBJIeHl1e (Be.nO\lQCTl1 OC CCCP 1956.  8. CT. 18b) lJ1y6HHKa. OprdHb! BlJ.K-KfE. 1917-1991. C 69.70.599. HacKOJIb- KO YllaJIOCb \t:TaHOBIlTb no onyfuJl1KosaHHblM I1CTO'IHI1KaM. Ha OI]JI1UHaJlb- HOM Y(X>BHe Bonpoc 0 HOO&i:Q1lI1MOCTH C03D.aHIII.II B ueHlpaJIbHOM annapare HKBLt o6oc06neHHoro DeD.CTBeHHoro OTlleJJa 6b1J1 Bnepllble nOCTaBJIeH B CneUHaJlbHOM nl1CbMe HajJKOMd H. 11. hOIJa 11. B. CraJlI1HY OT anpeJl}! 1937 r. (TaM JKe. C. 582-583). OpraHbl 11 BOHCKa MBLt PacCHI1: Kj)aTKHI1 I1CTOpl1'leCKHH. 04epK. M.. 19%. C.260. 
432 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I COBeTe MI1HI1CTpOB CCCP B era C1PYKTYpe TaJOKe 06pa30lJarJOCb CJle1lCTBeHHoe ynpaBJleHl1e l . YMeCTHO OTMeTI1Tb. '-no co6cTBeHHbIM CJ1ellCTBeHHbIM an- nap<rrOM pacnOJTaraJIO 11 Y'lpej!QleHHoe B anpeJIe 1943 r. fnaBHoe ynpaBJIeHHe KOHTppa3BellKH «CMepru» HapKOMaTa 060POHbL ComaCHO CT. I paM. \" nOJlO>Kemm 0 fn8BHOM ynpaBJIeHl111 KOHT]Jpa3BellKI1 HaPOllHOro KOMI1CCapl1aTa o60}X)Hbl (<<CMepWI» (1 era opraHax H8 Mecrax OT 21 anpeJISI 1943 r. B ClJ>YKrype ca- Mora fJl8BHOro ynpaBJIeHHJI KOHTppa3Bel1.KlI 06pa30BblBaJlC5I CJle1I.CTBeHHblH (WeCTOH) OTD.eJl. C()()'J'Be'J'CT'HHO, B cTPyKType YnpaBJIeHI1S1 KOHTppaJBe1lKI1 pOHTa 6bL11 TalOKe npellycM01]JeH CJ1e.1lCTBeHHbIH (qemepn.IH) OTD.eJ1, a BCTPYKJype OrlleJia KOHTp- pa3BeDJ(H apMI-UI - CJle1lCTBeHHOe OT.neJleHl1e. TaKHM 06pa3OM, H8'lHHaH C KOHU8 1920-x rr., B Halliei:i ClpaHe yrBeplUUJl.1Cb we MOlleJlI1 nOCTpoeHHH opraHOB npell- Bap(1TeJlbHOro pacCJle.nOBaHI1S1 - JlIX'KYPopCKa51 11 aIJ;MI1HI1- CTpaTHBH8H. npH 3TOM He06xODl1MO OTMeTHTb, '1TO C03.D.8HHe MHOfOlJl1CfleHHblX CflellCTBeHHbix no.npa31lefleHI1ft: B opraHax HKBll-HKrE-Mr6-MBll (paBHO KaK 11 B opfaHax rYKP «CMepllI») HIilKaK He perJ1aMeHTI1}X)BlliIOCb Ha JaKOHOllaTeJlb- HOM yponHe, a OIj>opMJlSUlOCb HCKJlIOYIITellbHO nellOMCTBeHHblMIil pacnopIDKeHH5IMH. B :nOM CB5I311 He npHxo.nI1TC5I YIlHBJl5ITbC5I, 'ITO B «OlTeneJ1bHOM» 1957 L I13BeCTHblft: n}X)ueccyaJIl1Cf 'lJIeH- KoppecnOHlleHT AH CCCP M. C. CrporoB(1'1 peWWlC.II np5lMO 3a5lBHTb. 'ITO «CJlellOBaTeJ111 MWlI1UHI1 5IBJl5IIOTC5I He3aKOHHbIM (1HCTI1T)'TOM»3. ToeIla >Ke. B 1957 L, MHoroJleTHee napaJIJleJ1bHoe 1J1y6.11HKa. BLJ:K-Kf6. 1917-1960. C. 16. 18. 34, 73, 81. B paMKax cOKpaweHI1H '1(1CJ1eHHOCTI1 annapara opraHoB roc6e30nacHOCTH - BO I1C- nOJ1HeHl1e nOCTaHOMeHI1S1 npe:nWHYMa UK KnCC 11 Corera MI1HI1CT)JOB CCCP OT 5 4>eBpa.i1.11 1960 r. - De.1lCT8eHHoe ynpaMeHl1e KfEi 6b1J1o npe- O&JtoooaHO B OtencrI'lfHHbli1 O"IAeJ\ (TaM JKe. C. 83). 1 J1y6.11HKa: opraHbl Bl.IK -KfEi 1917-1991 C. 625; CMeprn: IJCTOI)II'Je- CKHe 04epKH 11 apXI1BHbie .nOJ.."}'Mt'HTbl. l-e 113D. M.. 2005. C. 70-71. } Cmp0iXJ8U'1 M C. 0 Il03HaHI111 11 npenBapl1TeJ1bHOM cnenCTlJlm 11 0 «tllHHOM CnellCTlJeHHOM annapaTe» II COUHWlI1L"TII'lttKaH .JaKOHHOCTb. 1957. NQ 5. C. 11. l.ITO !o.OCdfTCH CJlellOBaTendi opraHOB roc61:".JOnacHoCTH, TO o6hIJBHTb I1X «He3aKOHHbIM (1HCTmyrOM» 6b1JJO HCMbICJ1I1MO 11 B 1957 r. nO:HOMY bHO I])yHKllI10Hl1poBaH}!}I CJ1enCTBeHHbJX nonpaJ./IeJ1eHI1j:j KfEi M. C. CT)JOroUH'J BblCK.:13a/I.CJI KaK 0 1l0nyCTI1MOM I1CKJlIO'JeHI1I1 113 06um-o npaBl1.IJa (TdM JKe. C. 25). 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 433 JOCy,IJ,EfJCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. ctJyHKUI10HI1pOBaHlile TpeX CJlellCTlleHHblX ann8paTOB - B npo- lC)'pRl)'pe, roc6e30naCHOCTH 11 M(1J1I1UI1I1 - nopo.nI1J10 npHMe'ill- TeJlbHYIO lU1CK)lCCl1iO. Bce Ha"JaJlOCb C Toro, 'JTO II XOlle pa60Tbi weCTOH cec- CHI1 BCPXOBHorO COBeTa CCCP IV C03bIBa - Ha JaCellaHHI1 9 BpaJlfI 1957 r. - 3CTOHCKI1Hllenynrr 3. K. nyc:m IIbICTY- nl1Jl c npelUlO)((eHl1eM ynop5l110<mTb n.eflTeJ1bHOCTb CJlellCTBeH- HblX opraHOB. no MHeHl110 n.enyra-ra. pa31leJ1eH(1e CJ1ellCTBI1J1 Me)((.!l.y n}X)K)lpaTyf1 H MHJ1HUHeH yrpaTHJ10 CMblCJI, H nOTOMY ueJ1eC006pa3HO COCpellOTO"Jl1Tb paCCJ1ellOBaHHe yroJ10BHb1X n.eJ1 «B 01lHOM ellHHOM CJ1ellCTBeHHOM opr8He»1 (0 Heo6xOlll1MOCTH ynp83llHHTb CJlenOBaTeJ1eH roc6e30nacHOCH1 pe"ib, ecrecTBeH- HO, He 38XOllJ.fJ1a). npaKTI1lJeCKH 01lHOBpeMeHHO B BpaJlbCKOM HOMepe .>KypHaJIa «COBeTCKoe roCY1l8PCTBO (1 npallo» 3a 1957 r. 6bUla. 0ny6J1I1KOBaH8 CTaTb51 Torn.aWHero H8'JaJJbHI1Ka rJ18BHO- ro ynpaRJ1eH(1.11 MI1J1I1UI1I1 MBLl CCCP M. B. EaPCYKOBa, II KO- TO}X)f1 aDTOp CXOliHO BbICKa3aJ1C5I 38 C03.LI.aHHe 06"be1l11HeHHoro CJ1ellCTBeHHoro annapaTa (npelUlO)((HB, npaBll8, BKJllOlJHTb em B crpYKTYPY MBLl)2. CTpaHHblM 06PaJOM CI1HXpOH(13I1pOIl8HHble Bb1cryJUleHI1fI 3CTOHCKOro nenynrra 11 H8'illJ1bHI1Ka r JJaBHoro ynpaRJ1eHI1fI M(1- J1I1UI1I1 BCKOnblxl-\YJ1(1 IOpl1.lIl1'1eCK)l1O 06WOCTBeHHOCTb. Ha npo- T5I)((eHI1I1 nOJ1Yron.a Ha CTpaHHuax IOPI1llH l ICCKOf1 nepl101lHKH 11 ra3CTbl «113BeCTI151» n05lBJ.fJ1HCb BoceMb CTaTeH 11 nepellOIlHua, nOCB5IweHHble n}X)6J1eMe opraHH3aUHI1 npellBapHTeJ1bHoro CJ1en- CTBH5I. EJrHHO.ayWHO COrJlaCHIIWHCb C Te3HCOM 0 He06XQlI.HMOCTH 06pe30B8HIDI ellHHom CJ1e.nCTBeHHOro opraHa, 8BTOpbl CTaTeM pa30llUll1Cb 110 MHeHH5IX KaC8TeJ1bHO ero Be1l0MCTlleHHOH np(1- HaJ]JIe)((HOCTH. f)0J1bWa51 'JacTb aBTO}X)H (OCHOBHOjf Tpl16YHOjf l1J1S1 KOTO- pblX CTaJI >KYPHaJJ «COUHaJIHCTH l ICCKa51 3aKOHHOCTb») BbICTynH- JlI1 38 cocpellOTO'leHl1e npellBapl1TeJ1bHOro CJ1ellCTBH51 B opraHaX 13ace.namm BepXOBHOro COBeTd CCCP 'ieTBCPTOro C03blsa. WeerdH cea:II.II: CTeHorplK!JH'leclOIi1 OT'leT. M., 1957. C. 472. 1 EopqYW6 M B. 3a D.aJlbHeiiwee COBepWeHCTBOBaHl1e opraHltlllllil1 [I lleHTbHOCTH COBeTCKOH MWlI1UH[I II COBeTCKOe rocYillIpcTIJO 11 npaBO. 1957. NQ 1. C. 41. 
434 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I npoKyparypbl l . CYllbl1 BepxoBHoro cyna POI)CP C B. Eopo- llJ.fH 11 A. SI. fpYH npellJlO>KWUf - B llyxe 1920-x rr. - cocpe- nOTO<JJ.fTb CJlenCTBeHHblH annapaT B OpraH8X MHHHCTepCrna IOCTI1UJ.fH. HaKOHeU. 11. D,. OepJIOB H M. 10. ParI1HCKI1l1 nPH- eeJ](1 AOBOLlbl KaK B nOJlh3}' nepena'lJ.f CJ1eLlOB8TeJ1eii B CHCTeMY MHHfOCTa. TaK H B CHCTeMY MBlF. XapaKTepHO, <lTO OTMe'leH- Hble 8BTOpbl TaK H He BbllllJ111 B CBOI1X pacC}')KlleHHJlX 38 paMKI1 cywecTBoBaBlllHX Ha TOT nepHOll Mo.aeJleit nOCTpoeHHH CJlell- CTBeHHoro 8nnapaTa A BOT cpellH OTKJUIKOB Ha .fiHCK)'CCHlO. nocTynl1BlllHx B pe- naKUHIO}f,.1'Pf!ana "COBeTCKoe rocynapcTBo H npaBO», MeJIbKHyno 60Jree Opl1r11HaJ\bHoe npelVlO)f(eHHe. npenCTaBJIeHHblf.j penaKUH- eii KaK «3aMecTJ.rreJlb yPaHcnopTHoro npOKYlX'pa KaJlHHHHCKOH >KeJ1e3HOii .noporn TOB. fOJ1HUlHJ.fKOB» BbICKa3aJTCsr 38 C03llaHlile -«caMOCTO.llTeJIbHOro opraHa no paCCJ1e.nOBaHHIO seex yrQllOBHblX lIenl>. KpoMe mro, BeCbMa JlpHMe'laTeJIbHOe 3HOHJ.fMHOe MHeHJ.fe 060CHOBaHJ.fJ.f CAeiJcmee1/1/020 ynpae"eHUf/lIpU Bep}(f)(Jl/Ov C06eme CCCP MJ.fMOXOllOM n01l.BePfJIOCh KpJ.fTJ.fKe B CTaThe <D. EeplUl- 'IeBcKoro 11 0. 11. l{I1CT5IKOBa J . I fOJlRK06I1. T. 0 C.nI1HOM CJJCllC113CHHOM annapaTe H $YHKillIJlX MI1- HHCTepCTlJa JOCTI1UHI1 II CoIJI:TCJ<d.II IOCTI1UI1H. 1957. Ng 7. C. 8-11; Mu- mpIl'Il!6 C. 0 eDHHOM CJleJlCTBeHHOM annap:rre II ).13BeCTHH. 1957.2 HIOJI.II; CmpoiXJ6U'I M C. YKaJ C04 C.25, /iepiJuw6cKuiif/J.,IJur.t7JRK06 0.11 Ope- OpraHI1JauHI1 npe.nBapI1TellbHOrO CJ1ellCTBI1H II CoUl1aJ1l1C11I'JecI<IDI 33I<OH- HOCTb. 1957. Ng 7. C. 21-25; On03HilHHIII H npe.llBapI1TI:J1bHOM CJlCllCTBI11111 TaM)I(e. 1957. Ng 8. C. 1-5; 3b1Kool1.,AoepKueol1,l1oQHoo M Ol103HaHI1I1 11 npe.nBapmeJ1bHOM coencmHl1llTaM )l(e. 1957 Ng 9. C. 10-14. CM. TaK- )l(e MaTe)JHaJlb! COBelllaHl11! no BOnpocaM yfOJlOBHo-npoueccyaJIbHOro Ja- KOHQIDIlCllbCTBa npl1 PCJlliKUHI1 «CoUl1aJ1I1CTH'JCCKOH31[KOHHOCTH» (TaM )l(e. v m lCK}'CCHl1 .165; 80- . C. 18 19. C04. C. 89-98. flep;l06 11. P.., Pa- aJI/CKUU M. JO. Hi!3p1:BWHC Bonpocb[ n03HaHI1H 11 npe.nB.lptlTC./lbHOJO CJlCll- CTBI1.11 II COBeTCKoe rocy.napCTBO 11 npaBO 1957 Ng 4. C. 115-121. npH- Me'laTellbHO, '..!TO. HaCKOJ1bKO YllaJIOCb YCTIlHOBI1Tb. B CJleJ1yJOWHIOI pa3 l1DeH o nepe.na4e npe.nB.apI1TeJ1bHOrO CJ1eDCTBHI! B MI1HI1CTepCTBO IOCTHUHI1 6bUla ny6l1l1'JHo 03ByoieHa - (1 TO He B KaTcroplll'JeCKOH 4>oPMe - nllllllb B 1991 r. Ha I lkepoccHHcKOM CDe31le cYllei1 (QJedoP06 H. B. fnaBHoe - BOnpoc 0 snaCTI1 II COBeTCKallIOCTHUH.II 1991. Ng 23-24. C. 4) JK BOnpocy 0 pe4Jopie npe.nB.apI1TeJ1bHoro CJlellCTBI1.11 II COBeT- CKoe rocynapcrBO 11 npaBo. 1957. Ng 8. C. 127; EepiJu<frecIWU cp.. IJuCmf/- "00 O. 11. YK.'13. C04. C. 23. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 435 JOCy,IJ,EpCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. AHarJmWlHo. HeraTIfBHo. 0. no.n06HOM JaMbICJ1e BbICKa3M- C5I TOmB J.f M. C CrporOBH'L PaCCMaTpJ.fBa5I IIlIblllleOTMe'leHHoft: CTaTbe 1957 r. pa31lJ.f'lHhle Bapl1aHThl BelloMCTlleHHo.t1 «npHB5I3.....» CJ1ellCTlleHHhlX OpraHo.II, }"leHhlH 3MOUl10HaJlhHo. OTMen1Jl: «Bellb He C01LlaBaTb >Ke MJ.fHJ.fCTepcTIIO npellBapHTeJ1bHOrO CJJellCTBIDI!»1 KaK 6bl TO HH 6bUJO. nYCTb J.f npeHM)'ll.{eCTReHHo. II HeranmHOM KOHTeKCTe. pe4b :)awJla 06 }I'-Ipe)l(J]eHHH B HallleiJ CTpaHe - Bnep- Bble co BpeMeH «MaHo.pcKI1X» KaHUeJ1f1pHft: neTpa 1 - Be;J;OM- CTBeHHO C8Mo.CT05lTeJ1bHOrO CJ1ellCTBeHHo.ro Bnnapam 1 . Me)((lI.Y TeM, CTOJIh BKTHIIHo. pa3BepHYBllleec5I Ha crpaHJ.fuax ne'!aTH 06Cy>t<lleHJ.fe npo6J1eM OpraHI13aUHJ.f npenBapJ.fTeJlhHo.rO CJ1enCTBHH yracJlo CTOJ1b >Ke BHe3anHo., KaK H Ha t lBJ1o.Cb. Pa3yMe- eTCH, nOllo6HBH ..I.HCKYCCJ.ffl He Mo.ma II03HJ.fKHyrb CIlOHTaHHO (KaK HaHBHO no.J1araTb. 'lTO nenyraT 3. K. nyc::m H KOMJ.fCCap MHJlJ.fUHH M. B. 6apcyKoB MomJ.f no. co6CTBeHHoiJ HHHUHaTH- Be o.3B}I'-IHTb MblCJ1b 0. e.llHHo.M cnenCTBeHHo.M opraHe). CYillI nO. BCeMY. II yCJlOBH}lX npOBOnI1BWeHC}I liTe rollbl M8CWm6Ho.ft: all- MHHHCrpaTHBHo.H peopMbl J.f HB'l8BUJeH pa3BOpa'lHBaTbC5I pe- 4>oPMhl CYlle6HOH II KaIOlX-TO IIblCOIOlX Ka6HHeTaX II CaMo.M neJ1e HatlMa Bbl3penaTb Hlle51 0 coelIHHeHJ.fJ.f CJ1elICTBeHHhIX annapaTon nI:x}Jcyparypbl (oj MED.. KTO nepCOHaJlbHO B pyKOBOlIcTBe CTpaHbl B351J1CfI «npon;B(1- raTb» 31)' HllelO, YCTaHOB(1Tb CeH'laC Bp5l.n 1111 B03MO>KHO. Heco- Jl.1HeHHO llpyroe: n01l1lep>KKI1 B npe3HllHYMe UK llaHH85I (1H(1- Ul1aTHBa, B KOHue KOHUOB. He no.J1}"ll1JlB. J.f lIonpoc 6hIJI CH.IIT C no.BeCTIOI mUi. B J.fTOre, II xone npOBCllCH(1H cYlIe6HoH peopMhl 1956-1964 rr. 6hUlH de jure 3:lKpeJUJeHbl niX'KYpopcKa5I J.f allMH- H(1CTpaTHBH85I Mo.lIeJ1J.f OpraHJ.f3aUJ.fJ.f CJ1encrneHHoro annapara. Co.maCHo. CT. 28 OCHOB yrOJlo.BHoro CYIlOnp0(13BOlICTBa C0I03a CCP 11 COlO3HbiX pecny6J1J.fK o.T 25 lleKa6p51 1958 L. ocyweCTBJleH(1e npelIBap(1TeJ1bHOrO CJ1ellCTB(1f1 B03JJ8rMo.Cb H8 cneno.llaTeJleft: npoKyp.."l"I)pbl, a no. CneUI1MbHo.H KaTeropJ.fJ.f .ne1l - HB cne1l 0BaTeJ1eH KOMHTeTa rocyn.apcTlleHHo.t1 6e30nac-  .&'r:';::;)T' I ;;IO OTMeTlffb. 'JTO BnepBble II C08eT- CKOM npaBOBCllCHI1I1 H!ICtO 0 COWlHI1I1 IIHeBCllOMC'IDeHHOJO C1ICllC1Bl'HHOro opraHa IIbICKd3aJl II 1930 J. (IInpo4eM. COBeprneHHO 113000I1poBaHHO) YKpa- HHCKHH npoueccyanl1CT. npO<\Jeccop XapbKOBCKOro tOpH.nH'IeCKoro 11H- CTltl)'Ta M M. fPOD,JI1HCKI1i1 (CmpeVOfU'UU B. A CYWHOCTb 11 }"JacTHI1KH JTpe.nBapI1TenbHOrO CJ1e.nCTBI451 II C08eTCKOM yrojJoBHoM npollecce' AflTope. llHC. no 1l0KT. IOPI11l. HayK. T6I1J1I1CIII. 1967. C. 25). 
436 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HOCTI1 I . CnellCTBeHHblM annapaT B OpraHaX BHyrpeHHI-1X nen He npellYCM8IpJ.fBaJlC51. KaK B CB311 C 3TI1M - H3 06CYJK1leHHH npoeKTa OCHOB yrOJlOBHOrO CYllonp0l-13BOllcrna Ha 3acellaHHH BepxoBHoro Conen CCCP 25 neKa6pH 1958 r. - BbICKa3aJlC5I reHepaJ1bHbl}1 npOl<ypop CCCP P. A. PylleHKo, «ocBo6o>KIleHHe MMJlHUHH OT He CBoikmeHHOM eM YHKUJ.fJ.f npeD.BapHTenbHoro CJ1e;:J;CTBHSI. KOTOPYIO OHa cei1'laC @aKTI"NeCKJ.f BbIJlOJ1H5IeT. no- 3BOJilH ei'i HanpaBI1Tb CBOJ.f YCHlJl.1f1 Ha npe.nynpe>KIleHHe npe- C1)'JUlem1H. npJ.fHJITl1e He06xOlll1MbiX onepanmHo-po3blCKHblX Mep DJUi pacKpblnUI npeCI)ITUleHI1I111 po3blCKa npecrynHI-1KOB H Be.1lem1e 1l03HaHH5I...»2. HeCKOJlbKO n03.1lHee 8HaJlOD1'1Hble HOpMbl nOJlY'[HJ[H 3aKpe- nJTeHHe H B yr0J10BHo-npQUeccyaJIbHblX KOlieKcax COf03HbIX pec- ny6JUfK. TaK. comaCHO n. 7 CT. 34 YrOJTOBHO-npolleccYaJlbHoro Ko.neKca POPCP 1960 r., B nepe'leHb CJTellCTBeHHb!X AOJDKHO- erei1 OKa3aJIHCb BKJUOlJeHbl TOJ1bKO CJlenOBaTeJ1H npoKyparypbl H CJ1enOBaTeJIH opcaHOB rocy.napCTHeHHoiJ 6e30nacHocn1. B CHOIO O'-lepellb, COrJlaCHO CT. 125 llaHHoro KoneKca, Ha CJ1enOBaTeJIei:i npoKyparypbI B03JI8ranOCb «npellBapHTeJ1bHOe CJ1elICTBHe no yro- JlOBHbIM lleJIaM», 8 H8 CJ1elIOBaTe.neH KrE - «no neJ1aM 0 npe- CT)'TIJ1eH(1S1x. npellycMOTPeHHblX CTaTbHM(1 64-70, 72, 73 H 79» YK PODep 1960 r. J e :HOro BpeMeH(1 06"beM neJ1. paCCJ1enyeMblx CJ1enCTBeHHbl- MH nonpa3lteJ1eHH5IM(1 opraHOB npOicyparypbl, CTaJ1 B03paCTaTb. TaK, eCJ1H B 1960 r. B PCc:I>CP CJlelIOBaTemlMH npOicyparypbI 6bUlO OKOH'-IeHO npoH3BOlICTBOM 184405 yr0J10BHbIX lleJI, TO B 1961 r. - 244 280, a B 1962 r. - y.:+::e 256 123 4 . Ho y.:+::e O<JeHb CKOpO 6bUJ CneJ18H liIar Ha3aJl; comaCHO YKa3Y npe:nUlHYMa Bep- XOBHoro COBeTa CCCP OT 6 anpeJ1S1 1963 r. <!JYHKL(HSI npellBa- pHTeJ1bHOro paCCJlenOBaHHSI 6bUla npellOCTaBJIeHa opraHaM BHyr- peHH(1X neJ1 (mulli - MI1HI1CrepCTBa oxpaHbl 06llleCTBeHHoro nopmuca)5. B CBJBI.J C .:JT(1M reHepWlbHa51 npOK}ptl'Typ8 ecep 06H3bl- Ba.naCb nepeillITb OCHOBHYIO '1aCTb WTaTHoH '1I1CJ1eHHOCTH CJ1e- nOBaTeJ1et! B M HHHcrepcTBO oxpaHbl oo6wecTBeHHoro nopHll- I IkooMOCTIt BC CCCP. 1959. NQ I. CT. 12. 23acenlitUm BepxoBHoro CoBeTd CCCP nHTOro C03blBa. BropM cec- CI1H: CTeHorpa<\II1<lecKHH OT'IeT M.. 1959. C. 520-511. JYrOJloBHo-npoua.:cyanbHblf.i KOneKC PC<!X:P. M. 1960. C. 21, 66. :=.:C C:O9 i6. Cr. 181. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l peqx,pMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 437 JOCy,IJ,EpCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. Ka l . KpoMe Tom. C cepelll1Hbl 1 960-x rr. HH'lliJIO npOOCX01U1Tb HeYKJlOHHOe YBeJlJ.f1.J:emle Jq)yra DeJ1, nOll.CJIell.CTBeHHblX OpraH8M BHYTpeHHJ.fX lI.eJI (liTO npOJ.fcxomrno 3a Cl(eT COKparneHJ.f51 Kpy- ra lI.eJl, nOll.CJIell.CTBeHHbIX npoKyparypep. B t1TOre, 1.J:J.fCJlO neJl, paCCJIe1l.0BaBWJ.fXC5I" CJle1l.0BaTeJl5I"Mt1 MOOn-MBlI.. HapaCTaJIO rOll OT ro.LIa; 1964 r. - 256 815 neJT, 1974 r. - 457 173 DeJla, 1989 r. - 976 123 ne.rra 3 . COOTBeTCTBeHHo. B 1990 r. CJTeLlOBaTe- JlflMt1 MBlI. 6blJlO paccnelIOBaHO CBblllIe 90 % yrQlloBHblX lIeJl. a CJlelIOBaTeJUIMJ.f npm,yplnypbl - 9,1 % .neJ1 4 . npJ.f 3TOM. eCJlJ.f B nepBbIe rollbl cvw.ecTBOBaHI151 CJlelI- crBeHHbIX nOllpa31leJ1eHI1" B opraHax MOOn-MBlI. OHt1 nOll- mHSIJIt1Cb HenocpelICTBeHHO BblllIeCTOfiI.i.ll'lM CJIellCTBeHHblM 01"- .neJ1aM 11 ynpaBJTeHI1f1M (a He pyKOBOllI1TeJ151"M COOTBeTCTBylOlUe- ro paiiOHHoro I1JTJ.f o6J1acTHoro opraHa BHyrpeHHI1X DeJ1), TO C 1968 r. CJ1elICTBeHHble nOlIpa.J1leJ1eHJ.f51 6bU1J.f BKJlIQ<JeHbl B CoeTaB MeCTHblX opraHoB BHyrpeHHI1X .neJ1 Ha npasax O.nHOi1 J.f3 C1Iy".Ai:6 J.f nOll1.J:J.fHeHbl H81.J:aJIbHJ.fKm..1 3TJ.fX opraHoB. CrlO)KI1Jl8Cb CJ.f1)'a- UIDI CKOJlb a6cYPllHa5l", CTOJlb 11 npfiMO npOTHBope4alJ.la51 CTaT}'CY CJ1elIOBaTeJl51 B yroJlOBHOM npouecce. B caMOM neJIe, KaK JIt1UO npoueCCYaJIbHO He3aI3HCJ.fMOe J.f CaMOCTrnrreJ1bHOe cne1l0BaTeJ1b 6bU1 ynpaBOMO'-leH llaBaTb 06.113aTeJTbHble llJIfi J.fCnOJlHeHHfI OT- lleJ1bHble nop}l'-leHJ.fJl opraHY .n03HaHI1JI - C 1968 f. nOJ1}I'-IaITOCb, 1.J:TO CBoeMY c06cTBeHHoMY Ha1.J:aJIbHJ.fK)'s. B nOlIo6HbiX ycnOBH5IX He nJ}J.fX01ll.ffbC5I y.nJ.fBJTJITbC5I, 'lTO B nocne1lHeii T'peTl1 XX BeM B Hallie" crpaHe o6pe.rra aKTYaJIbHOCTb BHeBe1l0MCTBeHHasI. MOlleJ1b opraHI13aUHH CJTe.IICTBeHHOro annapam. .D.J.fCK)'CCt1J1 0 npt1HUHnaX nOCTpoeHt151" CJlellCTBeHHoro an- napaTa B0306HOBIDI8Cb - XOT5I H B HecpaBHeHHO 60JIee CKpOM- HblX MacWTa6ax. He)({eJlH 1.J:eM B 1957 r. - BO BTopO" nOJTOBHHe 1960-x rr. C o.nHoii CTOPOHbl. B 3TOT nepJ.fOll HKTHBJ.13J.fpOBaJIJ.fCb CTOpOHHJ.fKH nepe.na1.J:J.f npelIBapJ.fTeJ1bHOrO CJlelICTBH5I BCeueJ10 B opraHbl BHYTpeHHJ.fX lI.eJI. C .npyroi1 - B MOHorpa(]:mJ.f 1966 r. J.f B llHCCepTaUHt1 1967 r. pOCCHMCKI1M npoueCCYaJIHCT B. A. Crpe- MOBCKHM He TO JTbKO BnepBbIe 060CHOBaII OnTHMaJTbHOCTb BHeBe- I hJJICefJ1fUK{J6 a.A. OJe,llCTBeHHbIH KOMI1TeT npl1 npo"m c. 123 !COOIIKY .naHHblX Ha :!TOT C4 CM.: J/apUH A. M. 3aMe-rKH 0 npensapl1- TtJibHOM CJJeJ1C1IIIUJ B Poccm1 /I focynapcrBO 11 npaoo. 1993. NQ 3. C. 74 3 rlXlpUlOO E. R. Y](:n. COli C. 412.  KOHueJUlI1S1 cYDe6Hof{ pec1>oPMbl B POCCI1f{CKOIl 4'enepaul1l1. C. 83.  J/apUH AM, Cotiu"uu B. M. KaKHM 6blTb CIJe1lC11leIiHOMY armapa- 1)' II CoBCTCKoe rocYll3pcToo J.f npaoo. 1991. NQ I. C. 32. 
438 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I nOMCTBeHHoi1 MOneJ1!-1 nocTpOeHI1f1 CJlellCTBeHHoro annapaTa, HO J..I BbLll.BI1HyJlD.eTaJlbHO npopa6OT3HHOe npe.D.JlO)f(eHl1e 0 C03D.aHI-1H CJedcm6f!HHOi!O KaWUmema npu Cooeme MUI/UCmp06 CCCP. no MbICJU1 B. A. CrpeMoBcKoro. CJIe.n.CTBeHHble no.apa31le- JleHJ.UJ MBll (6 TO BpeMfi - MOOn). npOKYJJalYPbl 1-1 (!) Kr6 nO.Lllle)l(aJ!H JTHKRl1.L\aU(1H. B3aMeH 3Toro 06paJoRblBaJlC.II ynOMfI- H)'Tbl" Cne.acrBeHHbll1 KOMl.ffeT c Tepp(1TopJ.1aJ1bHbIM(1 OpraHaMJ.f H3 ypoBHe COlO3HbiX pecnV6JUfK. KpaeB, o6nacTeii. a TaJOKe ropo- nOB H paiiOHOB. no BHYTPeHHeii C"rpYKrype KOMHTeT 1-1 era op- raHb] npellnOJIara.rtoch pa:me1]I1Th H3 OTDeJlbl, CneUl-1aJ1l13l1pOBaB- WHeCH no KaTeropmlM pacCJIcnyeMblX yro.nOBHblX .ae.n. nonYTHO (opHeHTHpYflCb, no Bcet! OlJeBI1llHOCTJ.1, H3 OOhlT uapCKI-1X BpeMeH, HO npHMO 06 3TOM He ynoMI-1HasJ) B. A. CrpeMOBCKI-1H npe.LLJ10./KWI BBeT" "HCYI.nyr KaH1UUlaTOB H3 nO)UKHOCTb cne.nOBareJlSl. MaClUTa6Hble 33MblCJlbi B. A. ClpeMOBcKoro He HHllUIH, Bnpo'-leM, 3p(1MOra OTKJlJ.fKa HJ.f B }I'-IeHOM Ml-1pe. HI-1 B PYKOBO)J;- CTBe CTpClHbL XapaKTepHO nPJ.i 3TOM, 'lTO, comacHo npOBe)J;eH- HblM B 1969 r. onpocaM CJle.nCTBeHHblX pa60THI-1KOB npOKYpary- pbl 1-1 MB.D.. 3a OpraHI-13aUHlO Be.nOMCTBeHHO caMOCTmrreJlbHoro Cne.nCTBeHHoro KOMHTeTtl BblCKaJaJlOCb COOTDeTCTBeHHO 48 H 45,9 % H3 HHX 1 . Ha}l'-lHo apryMeHTJ.1pOBaHHa.ll R A CTpeMOBCKI-1M QaHHafi Mo.neJlb CTaJIa BnepBble nepexo.nI1Tb 1-13 TeOpeTI1'leCKOM B npaKTl1- 'leCKYlO JUlOCKOCTb B 1977 r. Torna, no CBlUleTeJlbCTBy C. 11. ry- ceBa. 6bLll pa3pa6OTClH npoeKT nOJ1Q)KeHi-1f1 0 JocyiJapcm6eHHOM KOMumeme CCCP no CAeacm6UIO. Cyn.b6a npoeKTa Ha3BaHHoro n0J10IKeHHfI CJlOIKWI8Cb. BnpO'1eM. He JI}"-llllHM 06pa30M. nOJlY- 'lHBlllHM BHa"laJIe nO.ll.llepIKJ<y B npe:nu:mYMe BepxoBHoro CODeTa CCCP llaHHblM 3aKOHonpOeKT BnOCJIe)J;CTBJ.U1 6bLll OTKJ10HeH 6e3 paccMOTpeHI-1f1 Ha ceccHH J . Bonpoc 0 C031laHHJ.f BHeBe.noMcTBeHHoro Cne.ncTBeHHOro KOMHTeTa o603Ha4HJ]cSI. Ha nOBeCTKe .fiHfI 1-1 B Ha'laJIe 1 980-x rr. nOCT PYKOBO.DI.JTeJ1f1 KOMI.JTeTa npe.lLl10)l(J.1JlH 3aHflTb B. 11. Te- pe611J10BY. B TY nopy - MHHHCTpy JOCTHUJ.1i-1 CCCP. Ha n.aH- Hoe npe.lLl10)l(e HHe B.I1. Tepe6HJ10B TBeTI1JI OTKa30M, CO<JTfI, I CmpeM06CKUU B. A. Y'JaCTHI1KH Ilpe.llBapll1aJbHOJO CJleD.CTBH.II B CQ- BeTCKOM yrQJJOBHOM npouecce. POCTOB H/D. 1966. C. 57-72; Oil JlCe. C}'Il..(- HOCTb III )"JaCTHI1KH npe.nsapmeJlbHoro CflencrnH.II... C. 2}--26. 2rnpa>uiif.QJ YKa3.C04 C.66 3 HCTHH3... H TO;']),KO I1CTHHa! n.llTb 6eCeJl 0 cy.ne6Ho-npaBOBlJi1 pelt>op- Me. M.. 1990. C. 175. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l peqx,pMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 439 JOCy,IJ,EpCTBa 11 rpa>a PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. 4TO Y KOMI-1TeTii «6Yllyr 6oraTIl51 BblBeCKa H O'-JeHb CKpOMHble B03MOJKHOCTH»I. CblrpalIO 11H pOJ1b OTpHuaTeJIbHOe Jl.1HeHHe MH- HHcrpa JOCTHUHH. HJ1H CKa3aJ1HCb erne Kalrne-TO 4JaKTOPbl. HU 3aMblCeJ1 06 Y'-'pe%ll.eHHH B COI03e CCP He3aBHcHMoro CJ1en- CTBeHHoro opraHa He 6bUJ B O'lepe.LlHOH pa3 peaJ1H30BaH. Oc06ylO aKT)'aJ1bHOCTb Hlle51 BHeBe.LlOMCTBeHHoro CJle.LlCTBeH- HOro annapaTa o6pe.na B fO.nbl «nepeCT)X)HKH». O.nHHM 1013 nepBblX Ha 3Ty TeMY klfOBOpHJI Tor.naWHHH npellce.naTeJlb BepXOBHoro cy.na l)aWKl1pcKOH ACCP W. K. BaxHTOB. B CTan,e 1988 r. OH l1pe.lLl10)Killl- XOT5I. H B nepcneKTHBe - o6pa3oBaTb C,eiJcm6eH- HblU KOMumem CCCP, nO.1l0TlJeTHblH BepxoBHoMY COBeTY. nOJanaTeJlbHo. <ITO B KOHue 1980-x rr. B nOJ1bJy C03.1laHHH BHeBe.LlOMCmeHHoro CJ1e.LJ.CTBeHHOfO opraHa BbICKa3aJ1OCb 72,2 % onpOllleHHblX COrpYllHHKOB CJlen;CTBeHHbIX nOl1Pa.JJJ:eJleHHH MB.IJ. H npOKyparypbl r. Y4Jbl H 71,7 vc. - r. ()r..1cKa J . B XO.Lle npOBelleH- HOro B 1989 r. pe.naKuHeH H3.1laTeJlbCTBa «I0PI1Iu.14eCKa51. nJ.rrepa- rypa» BBTOpHTeTHOro «Jq)yrJIoro croJ\a» BHaJl0fl14HO 3a }l'q)e)K- .neHHe Be.llOMCTBeHHO He3aBHCHMOro Cne.llCTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa BbICT)'TIKJlH T8KIle BHllHble y<leHble H npaKTlI'JeCKHe pa60THHKH, KaK C. 11. ryceB. A. n rYJl5l.eB. B. r HOBl-1KOB. T. r Moprna- KOBa 4 . ComaCHO Jl. 7 pe30JllOUHH XIX BcecOlO3HOH napTHHHoH KOH4>epeHuHH OT 1 I1IOJlfl 1988 r. «0 npaBoBoH pe$:>pMe» npel1- JlBraJIOCb BblBeCTI1 CJle.nCTI3eHHble nonpa1lle.neHHJI H3 nO.ll4HHe- HHJI pecny6JIHKaHCKI1M 101 MeCTHblM opraHaM BHyrpeHHl1x neJI H C03.ll3Tb HB HX OCHOJe ueHrpaJ1H30BaHHbIH CJ1e.llCTBCHHbIH anna- paT, HO BXO.llHBWHH Bce >Ke B crpyI-.."TYPY MBlI.. npOBO.1lJ.:lBWHH- CfI B CDfl3J.:1 C 3TJ.:IM D 1987-1988 rr. 3KcnepHMeHT. B XO.Lle KO- Toporo CJle.1lCTlJeHHble JlOl1pa311eJ1eHH5I neHCTBOBaJlH B yCJlOBH5IX CJlY)Ke6HOH H npoueccYaJIbHOH CHMOCT05lTeJlbHOCTH. nO.1lTBep.nHJI .14>cpeKTl1BHOCTb TaKoro peweHHJf>. [Tepe6woe B. H. CYlle6Ho-npaooBa.ll pc:4x:!PMH II 3aKoHHOCTb. 1996. NQ 3. C. 41 1 Baxumoo 111 K. MeCTo CJ1enCTBeHHoro annapaTd B CI1CTeMe rocYDap- CTBeHHb!X opraHOB II COBeTCKoe roCY.u.apcTBO 11 npaBO. 1988. NQ 1. C. 77 :=. n3:tfs:ml: 8iKa3. C04. C. 231. sPeJOmouHIII XIX 13cecol(J]fJOH napTHHHoH KOH4>epeHrn1111 KOMMYHI1- CTIf'JeCKOI-j napTl111 COBeTCKOro COI03a. npl1HJlTbl 1111O...II 1988 r. M., 1988. C. 46. 611epume6 10 B. YKa3. C04. C. 233. 
440 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I B anpeJIe 1989 r. I Cne3J1 H8pO.nHbIX nenyraToB CCCP 8KueHTHpOBaJI BHJ.fJI.18HJ.fe H8 C03D.8HJ.fe C8MOCTOKreJIbHOro, He nOllBeplKeHHoro BellOMCTBeHHblM H MeCTHb[M BJlH5ImUIM CJlell- CTBeHHoro annapaTa. ComaCHO CT. 5 nOCTaHOBJIeHH5I BepXOB- HOro COBern CCCP N!! 1438-) OT 18 anpeJUI 1990 I.. KOMHTe"JY BepXOI3Horo COBeTa CCCP no BonpocaM npanonopSIJJ;Ka H 6opb- 6bl c npecrynHOCTblO. KOJI.nrrery BepxOIJHoro CooeTa CCCP no 3aKOHOn8TeJIbCTB}' H COBery MHHHCTpOB CCCP 6bUJO nOP}l'-leHO BHeCrn npeDJ10)l(eHlUI 0 C03J1<IHHH «C0103Hora CJ1enCTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa»I. KOMmeTOM no BonpoC8M npaBOnOp}[.1lKa J..I 60pb6bl c npecrvl1HOCTbJO cooTBeTcTBYJOI1..lHH 3aKOHOnpOeKT 6bUl no.n- roTOBJleH}l)Ke K Ha'1any 1991 r. 2 BecbM8 nOKa3aTeJ1bHO. 'iTO O.1lHHM 113 CTOpoHHHKOB C03- JIaHHfI BHeBe)J;OMCTBeHHoro CJle;:J;CTBeHHoro aJmapam SlBWlCfI B l}' nopy He KTO !-JHOH. KaK r eHepanbHblii npoKYpop CCCP H. C. Tpy6HH. BbICl)'na51 B $eBpane 1991 r. H8 COBeWaHHJ.f pa- 6oTHHKOB npm,yparyPbl. H. C. Tpy6J.fH co Beeii onpen.eJ1eHHO- CTbIO BbICKa3aJJ.C5I. KaK 3a mUCBHJJ.aWIlO B opraHaX npOKYparypbl CJ1ellCTBeHHbIX nonpa:meJIeHHft, TaK J.f 3a C03ll.aHJ.fe BHeBellOM- CTBeHHoro CJlellCTBeHHoro KOMHTeTa J . HlleJi 0 C031laHJ.fJ.f He3aBHCHMoro opraHa npenBapHTeJlb- Horo paCCJ1C.!lOBaHJ.fSl Hallum OTKJlJ.fK J.f Ha pecny6JTJ.fKaHCKOM ypOBHe. K CeHT5I6pIO 1990 r. Me)((BellOMCTBeHHoi1 pa604di rpyn- nOM Cnelll1a.rJl.1CTOB B COCTaBe p5lD.a J.f3BeCTHbIX Y4eHblx H npaK- THlJeCKI-1X pa60THHKOB 6blJl pa3pa6oTIIH naKeT 3aKOHonpOeKTOB: «0 CnellcTBeHHOM KOMHTCTe PCcDCP», «0 CTaT)'CC CJlenOBaTe- IHI», (,0 BHeceHHH H3MeHeHH}1 H n.onOJ1HeHH}1 B ynK PCc:I>CP>\ «06 omeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HeYB<I>KeHJ.fe K CJ1enOBaTeJliO J.f Bocnpe- nSlTCTBOBaHJ.fe ero n.e5lTeJ1bHOCTH». B 3THX 110KYMeHTax con.ep- >KaJIJ.fCb paClJeTbl J.f n05lCHeHMJI. a TaJOKe pa3pa60TKa MeXaHJ.f3Ma I]JopMl1pOOaHHSI BHeBellOMCTBeHHOro. elll1HOrO H nOllOT'JCTHOro HenocpenCTBeHHO BepXOBHOMY COBery POtlCP B Ka'JeCTBe KOH- CTHT)'UHOHHOro opraHa CnellCTBeHHOrO KOMHTeTa 4 . I BeooMOC111 EC CCCP. 1990. NQ 17. CT. 278. 1 llapUH A. M., C06Ut/I<UU B. M YK83. C04. C. 38. J TfJ}WH H. C. npoJo.."ftXITYPII 1l0JUKH3 JaHI1M3TbCH CBOI1M neJJOM II Co- llHaJllIICTl1'leCKlliI 3<1KOHHOCTb. 1991. NQ 3. C. 8. 14. 4 BOIWiJUHU II M. 0 l.-rnnce CJ1enOBaTeJl.ll H 4>YHKllH5IX yr0J10BHoro npo- uecca II nmu:teOIT JlfT K!I$e.npe yr0J10UHoro npouecca YpftOA.: MaTep. Mejf(j}. Ha)"JHo-npaKTH'I. KOH4>. EIalTepI1H6ypr. 2005. "'l. I. C. 152-153. 
f nasa 7. CYAe6Has:l pe4xJpMa neipa 1111 HeKOTOpble BalJOCbI"CTOpl.1l4 441 JOCy,IJ,EpCTBa 11 rpwa PocCl1I4 BICIp"J1 '-IeIBepf14 XVlII-XXBB. B n.eKa6pe 1990 L II C"be3D HapollHblx llenyraToB PC(f)CP nop}"-ll1JJ BepxoBHoMY ComTY POtlCP Ha'ffiTb paGory no 4Jop- M"pOBaH"1O caMOCTOHTeJlhHhlX opraHoB npellBapHTeJlhHOrO cJle.n- CTBlUI. KaK O.nHO H3 oGH3aTeJlhHhlX " BillKHeHruHX HanpaBJIeHHH pe<!>opMHpoBaHlU1 CHCTeMhl npaBOOxpamrreJlhHhlX opraHOB Ha- ruei1 CTpaHhl C03.naHHe «ellHHoro CJle.nCTReHHoro annapaT8» 6blJlO lleTaJlbHO 060CHOBaHO H B KOHl_IenUHH cYlle6Ho51 pe4JoPMbl B P01)CP, YTBep)l(l[eHHoi1, KaK y)((e ynOMHHaJlOCb, nOCTaHOBJIe- HHeM BepxoBHoro COBen p(:t1)CP NQ 1801-1 OT 24oKHI6pJI 1991 LIB HTOre. o.nHaKo, K MOMeHry pacnan.a CCCP H HalJaJlY npoBe.neHH5I cyne6HoH pe4JoPMbl 1990-x rr. KaKHx-JlH60 npaK- H1<leCKlIX ruaroB no peopraHH3aUHH CJ1e.nCTBeHHOrO 8nn8paTa npe.llnpl1HHTO He 6hlJIO.  3. BblBbl nO.nOO.nH I1mf BblllieCKa3aHHoMY. cJle.nyeT KOHcTlIrnpo- BaTh, lJTO H8H60J\ee nepCneKTI1BHhlMH HOBaUHSlMH, ocyrnecT- RfleHHhlMH B XOlle CYLIe6HOH peopMhl neTpa I, OKa3arJHCh Y'lpe)((JleHHe CHCTeMhI CYLIOB o6wei1 topHC.1lI1KLU1H. B03pO)l(l[eHHe peBl13HOHHo-pe1lI8tornero nOpH.1lKa nepecMOTpa H yrBep)l(l[eHHH cYLIe6HbiX pellIeHHi1. 8 TaK)((e C03.naHHe cneL(HaJlH3HpOBaHHb1X opraHOB npe.llBapHTeJlbHOrO paCCJlellOBaHH5I. HeCMOTp.ll Ha no- CJ1ellOB8Bwee nOCJle CYileGHoi1 pe4JoPMbl 1864 r. pe3Koe cOKpa- rneHHe C4>ePhl npHMeHeHHH H JlHKBl1lI.aUHlO B 1917-1918 rr., peBI13HOHHO-peru8101.lllliI CTauIDI Bce >Ke COXpaHI1JJ8Ch B OTelJe- CTBeHHOM yrOJlOBHOM CYilonpOH3Boncrne de jure LIO 1958 L A BOT B03HHKllIaH H3 nocnelliHO C031laHHbIX H HellOJIro npocyrueCTBO- BaBllIHX ropOllOBblX, npOBHHUHaJlbHblX H HaL[BOpHbIX CYLIOB CH- CTeMa cyn.OB 06we51 IOpHCllHKUHH o6p33yeT cero.nHsr OCHOBH051 cerMem cYLIe6H051 CHCTeMbl POCCHj1cK051 <benepalUU1. '-ITO )Ke KacaeTcn CJle.nCTBeHHOro annapaT8, TO, 6yn.Y4H OCHUBaH neTpOM 1 no.n RflHHHHeM Y3KonpafMaTHlJeCKHX coo6- pa)((eHHi1 H «H8 nepH4JepHH» cYLIe6HoH peopMhII717-1723 rr., OH nOJly<IHJI BeChM8 3Ha<II1TeJlhHOe pa3B1ITlie H8 OTe<reCTBeHHoH nO'lBe BO BTOPOH nOJlOBHHe XIX - Ha4"ane XXI B. OLIH8KO npH BCex npeo6p33oBaHHHx 1 860-x-2oo0-x rr. POCCH51CKHH CJleD.- CTBeHHbl51 annapaT HeH3MeHHO CTpOHllC5I B COOTBeI"CTBIU1 C op- I KoHuellLll1H cyne6HoH pe$OpMbl B POCCHfiCKOIt C1Je.aepaUI1H. C. 63- 67. 
442 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I raHJ.f3aUJ.10HHbIMH MOlleJHIMH, Bee 113 KOTOpblX B03HHKJUf ell.le B KOHue 171O-x - H8'la.rJ.e 1720-x fl. 11 my60Ko CI1MnTOMaTl1'-IHO, liTO CTOJIh aK1)'aJlhHM HhlHe HlleH 0 C03.DaHIH1 BHeBellOMCTBeH- HOro opraH8 npemwpHTeJIbHoro paCCJlellOBaHHH 03H8lJaeT B lleH- CTBHTeJ1bHOCTI1 B03BpaweHI1e K MO.LleJII1. nepBblH 11 nocJlellHHi1 p<o peaJUf30BaHHoi1 Ha oTelfecrneHHoi1 nOlfBe B nepBoi1 'leTBeprn XVIII B. B BJ.f,D;e «MaHopcKI1X» CJleJJ;CTBeHHbIX KaHueJlJlp(1H. 
3aKI1lO'-feHllle Ee3 MaIIoro TPH CTOJ1eTHfI OTDeJlflJOT Hac OT co6brrnH CY- .ae6HOH pe$:>pMbl neTj)a I - nepBoro POCcHHcKoro OnblTa CH- CTeMHblX npeo6pa30BaHHH B 06J1aCTI1 Cy.aOYCTPOHCTBa H cy.ao- npOH3BOJJ;CTBa. BCJ1e)]; 3a 3THM nepBblM onblTOM B ",HueH crpaHe 6bUIO ocyrneCTRJleHO erne nflTb cYlle6Hbix pe(lmpM (c'-lHTaJ1 nOHbl- He He OCMblCJUlBWylOC}I HCTOpHKaMH npaBa cy.ae6HYIO pel]JopMY 1990-x - H8'-laJIa 2000-x rr.). KaKHe.>Ke oco6eHHOCTH cy.ae6Hoi.J. pe4JopMhl Oerpa I OCTaJlHCh YHHKaJlbHhIMH, a KaKHe - OKaJa- JlHCb BocnpOH3BeJJ;eHbl B cyne6Hblx npe06pa30BaHHHX BTOpOH '-leTBe})TH XVIII - Ha'laJla XXI B.? Ope)(([le Bcero, Heo6xOllJ1MO OThlenffb. '-lTO CYJIe6H85I pe- I]JopMa 1717-1723 fL He 6bUJa OC03HaHa B Ka4eCTBe TaKOBOH 3aKOHOJI3TeJleM. 0 pel]JopMHpoBaHIU1 CYlla KaK 06 OC060H JIHHHH rocyn.apCTBeHHhiX npeo6pa30B3HI.fH HI.f CJlOBa He 6b1J10 CKa3aHO HI.f B O.DHOM n.oK)'MeHTe. HCXOllHBlUeM OT Oerpa I HJlH OT Koro- TO H3 JlHU H3 ero OKp}')KeHHfI. CBfl3aHO 31"0 6bUJO C TeM, 'ITO nOJ1HTI1KO-npaBOBYIO OCHOBY WlMHHHcrpaTHBHblX H CYJIe6HblX npe06p330BaHI.fH. ocyweCTRJleHHblX B POCCI.fI.f BO BTOPOH n0J10- BHHe 171O-x - Ha4ane 1720-x fL, 06PaJOBaJlH Bblpa60T3HHble eBponeHCKHMI.f npaBoBeJJ;aMH XVI I B. KOHuenUI1J1 «nOJ1I1UeH- CKOro" rocyn.apcTBa (Polizeistaat) H KOHUenUHJI KaMepallH3M8. B H83BaHHhlX KOHuenUl1}1X YCrpOHCTBY cyne6HoH CHCTeMhl He 6bUlO yneJIeHo CneWlaJlhHOrO BHHMaHHfI. B HHX - n.mKe OT- n.aneHHO - He CTaBWlCfI Bonpoc 0 pa3neJ1eHHH BJ1acTeH. TeM caMblM, He npHXOJ1lffCfI COMHeBanCfI, '-lTO Ha cy6"beKTHBHOM 
444 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I ypoBHe OeTp I npOB01U1JI cyne6HYlO pecl>oPMY B pycne pec]:lOPMbl aD.MI1HHCTpaH1BHOii, B paMKax. o6wero nepeYCTpoi1CTBa rocy.nap- CTBeHHoro annapa-ra. D.aHHaH OC06eHHOCTb cyne6Hof1 pe<tJopMbI 1717-1723 fr. JlBHJlaCb OTHio.Llb He YHHKaJlbHOf1. AHarrofHqHO HeOC03H8HHoi1 B Ka<leCTBe pe<tx>PMbl OCTaJlaCb cy.ne6Ha5I pe<tx>pMa 1956-1964 fr. I, OCYlll;eCTBJlSlBI11a5IC.II B paMKaX nQJ1I..JHI<leCKOI1 1U1HIU1 H8 YKpe- JUJeHl1e «COUI18JUICHI1..JeCKoih> ::IaKOHHOCTI1 11 1II1HI1I1 H8 pacwl1- peHHe npaB COlO3HbiX pecny6JlHK. A cyne6H851 pe<tJopM8 1775 r. He TOJIbKO He BOCnpHHHMaJlaCb B TaKOBOM Ka'leCTBe B nepHO.n npOBeneHH5I, HO H HOpM8T1.JBHO peryJ1HpoBaJIaCb H ocyrnecTBlliI- JlaCb B e.mmCTBe c pe<tJqJMot1 81lMt1HI1CTpaTHBHOH. nOCKOJlbJ<y xapaKTep cyne6Hbix npeo6paJOBaHHH 1717- 1723 IT. OCTMCR HeOC03HaHHblM JaKOHo.naTeJleM, B TO BpeMS! He 6blJl8 paJpa6OT8H8 KOHQenmm cyne6H0l1 peopMbI. I1CXOJI.Hbll1 JaMblCeJl neTpa I K8CaTeJ1bHO COllep.>KaHHSI cyne6HOH pec]:lOPMbl B03MO)l(HO CerO.1lH51 peKOHCTpyHpoBaTb no e.1ll1HCTBeHHOH c]:Ipa- 3e, co6CTBeHHOPY'.JHO BHeceHHof! uapeM B npe.1IBapHTeJlbHYJO pocnHCb KOJUJerHH 1717 r.: «JOcmuu.-""(HecuJw - 6CllKOU cyi! 60 eocex iJel(!»2. 113 :onOH c]:IOPMYJ1HPOI3KH O'leI3I1llHO, tITO 13 1717 r. JaKOHOllaTeJlb HaMepeBaJlC5I coaTb CTPYKTYpHO o60co6J1eHHYJO ell.l1HYJO cyne6HYlO CI1CTeMY C JOcTI1U-KOJUJerl1eH B Ka<leCTBe CYJra BblcllIero 3BeHa. BeCbMa CXOJl.l-iIDI Cl1ryawHI C KOHuenUJ.'leti cyne6HoH pe- c]:IOpMbl nOBTOpl1J1acb B HCrop1111 OTe<leCTBeHHoro rocyn.apCTBa 11 npaBa cnyCTSI <lyrb 6oJ1ee nByxcor lIer. KaK npe.ncraRfl.5lerc.5l, KOHuenryaJIbHoe 3Ha'leHHC - nOll06Ho BblllIenpHBe.1leHHOH c]:Ipa- 3e nerpa I - HMeJ1a n0J10)KHBllIaSi Ha'1aJ10 nOllroToBKe cyne6- HOti pe<tx>PMbl 1922 r. c]:Ipa3a 8.11. J1eHI1Ha OT 1 AeKa6pSl 1921 r.: «CYJI.b1 YCI1J1HTM J . LlTO)l(e KaCaerC.ll pa3BepHyrblX KOHuem{I1H cy- ne6HbiX npeo6pa30BaHI1H, TO B POCCI1I1 raKOBble 6bUll1 COCTaBJ1e- Hbl 11 06HapO.1l0BaHbi J]HllIb B xOlle nO.1lroroBKM CYAe6HoH pe<tJop- Mbl 1864 r. H cyne6HoH peopMb[ 1990-x - H8<1aJ1a 2000-x rr. Erne OllHOH OC06eHHOCTbJO cYAe6HoH peopMbl 1717- 1723 fr. CTaJlO IlIHpO'Iaf1wee HCn0J1b30BaHl1e 3ap}6e.:-KHoro OnblTa. 3ro 6bUlO 06ycnORfleHO reM, <lTO B cepellHHe 171O-x IT. I nO.npo6Hee 06 3TOM eM.: CepOfJ fl. O. 3a6bITIDI CTp3HI1U8 I1CTOpl111 ro- CY:H=b;b;:KT' ri I. C. 118. } JIeHuH B. H. nOJlHoe co6paHl1e CO'JI1HCHI1H. T. 44. C. 161. 
3aKIlKJ-IeHI1e 445 OeTp I npl1HWI CTpaTerl1'1eCKoe pellIeHl1e oCyuJ.eCnmTb MMI1HI1- CTpamBHble 11 cy.ne6Hble npeo6paJOBaHI1JI no 06pa:ury CTpaHbl, rocy.napCTBeHHOe YCTpOt1CTBO 11 3aKOHOllaTeJ1bCTBO KOTOpot1 B HaH60JlbWeH Mepe COOTBeTCTBOBaJll1 6b1 Meany (,nOJ1l1ueHCKO- ro» rocYD.8pCTI3a. TaKOBblM BOWlOweHl1eM Polizeistaat K 1717 r. OeTp I C'IeJ[ WBelicKoe KOpOJ1eBCTRO. 00 3T0(1 npl1'1l1He llIBell- CKaJI MOlleJ1b CYlloycTpOHCTBa cTaJla 06PaJUOM JUlJI peOpraHl13a- UI1I1 pacCHj:jCKOro cyna. B CBOJO 04epellb, WBenCKoe 3aKOHOlla- TeJJbCT80 (8 'I<tCTHOCTI1, yroJ108HO-npoueCCYaJIbHoe) nOCJ1Y}l(I1JIO &DKHeHllII1M I1CTO'lHI1KOM npl1 8blpa60TKe npoeKTa YnO}l(eHI1.!1 POCCHHCKOro rocynapCTBa 1723-1726 rr., KOTOpoMY npe.ncTO.!IJIO 06pa30BaTb HOPMaTHBHYIO OCHOBY (]>YHKUHoHl1poBaHHJI peop- MHposaHHoro no KaMepaJIl1CTCKHM npl1HUl1naM rocynapCTBeH- HOro annapaTa PacCl111 CTOJ1b np.!lMOJIHHeHHoonpe.neJ1eHHa5I ycraHOBKa3aKOHOnaTeJl.ll 1710-x rr. Ha BCeMepHoe 3aI1MCTBOBaHl1e I1HOCTpaHHOro npaBOooro OnblTa - na ewe 11 OnblTa arneJ1bHOI1 CTpaHbl - »)I(C He nOBToj)H- nOCb 6oJJ.ee B I1cropHI1 0Te4eCTBeHHoro cyne6Horo peCf'MI1poBa- HH.!I. I1cnOJ1h30BaHl1e 33py6e>KHblX 06paJuOB npl1 nOMOTOBKe cy- .ne6Hblx pe$opM 1775 r. 11 1864 r. BlWJITOI 6oJJ.ee orpaHH'leHHblM 11 K TOM)' }l(e He 3aMKHYTbIM Ha e1lHHCTBeHHylO CTpaHY. Cy.ne6Hb!e }l(e pect>oPMbl 1922 r. 11 1956-1964 rr. npoBOlI.l1Jll1Cb H BOoce 6e3 CKOJIbKO-HI16y.nb 3aMernoro 3aP)I6eJKHoro IDlH.IIHH.!I. Opae.na. MeJl 0 TOM, 'ITO npH npOBelleHHH cy.ne6Hb!X npeo6- prooBaHI1j:j He06XOllI1MO BCeueJ10 3aI1MCTBOBaTb onblT I1HOI1 CTpa- Hbl, BHOBb o6pena 8KT)'aJlbHOCTb B PacCHI1 B Ha'lane 1990-x rr B TO BpeM.!I, no CBl11leTeJ1bCTBY B. M. J1e6eneBa, «OllHH npeWJa- raJIl1 aMepl1KaHCJ<ylO MOneJ1b, npyme CKJlOHJlJ1HCb K HeMeUKOI1 MoneJ]11 cYlle6HOH CI1CTeMbl»l. OnH8KO Ha HCXone XX B. non06- Hble YMOH8CTpoeHIffi He HallIJ1H nOMep:>KKI1 y 3aKOHOnaTeJlJl. B npeMSepl111 cyne6HoH peopMbl Oerpa I 8 HallieH CTpa- He He 6bUlO C03.D.aHO KaKJ1x-J]M60 rocy.napCTBeHHblx CTPYKTYP. cneUJ.ffi.llbHO OTBe'laBWI1X ]a no.nroTOBKY HopMaTHBHoH OCHO- Bb! npeo6paJOBaHMH - H8noll06Me (]>YHKUHOHHpoBaBWeH B 1862-1865 rr. KOMMCCMM JUlJI COCTaIDleHMJI JaKOHOn0J10:>KeHMI1 o npe06pa30BaHI111 cyne6HoH 'I8CTM npl1 rOcynapcTReHHoH KaH- lleJl.llpMI1 rocynapcTBeHHoro COBeTa PacCI1(1CKOI1 HMnepl111 rum I lle6eiJeo B. M. CTaHOBJleHl1e cYDe6Hol1 BJIaCTII 11 cy.ne6Hol1 CIilCTeMbl POCCHI1: np06J1CMbl, nOCTIDKCHI1H. ncpcneKTHDbl II Cync6HIDI pc4x:!pMa: nUJ1l, npl10pl1TCTbl. nepcnCKTI.JBbI: MaTp. KOH<p. M.. 1997. C. 9. 
446 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I (]>YHKUI-10Hl-1poBaBwero B 1990-1993 rr. nOllKOMlITeTa no cyn;e6- HO" pec]:lOpMe KOMI1TeTa no 3aKOHo.mITeJlbCTBy BepxoBHoro Co- BeTa PC<DCP/P<D. BMecre c reM, Heo6xomlMO OTMeTl1Tb. 'ITO B 1718 r. B npaBl1TeJlbCTBeHHOH cpelle CJlO::+J.lJ1aCb He6oJJ.bwafl rpynna JUfU. YrJIy6J1eHHo 80BJIe'leHHb1X B npouecc nOllrOTOBKI1 HMeHHO cy.ne6Hblx npeo6paJOHaHI1I1. B COCTaB 3T0i1 rpynnbl BXO- mum PYKOWLUITenl1 IOcn1U-KoJUJen.n", A. A. MameeB (1 r epM8H EpeBepH, a TIlJOKe OCHOOHOI1 KOHcyIlbTaHT neTpa I no llIBellCKI1M 06pa3WM KClMep-COneTHI1K reHpl1X <bMK KpoMe TOro, HeJIb3f1 He ynm.UIHyrb, >jIO B xone cyn.e6HOH pec]:lOPMbl 1717-1723 fr. 6hUlH npellnpHlliITbl 3Ha'1HTeJlbHble YCI1.JIHH no KOlli1(]>HKamm npoueCcyaJlbHOrO 3aKOHO.1lareJlbCTBa. TaKoBaH K0.Lm(]>HKaUtUI ocyweCTBJlflJlaCb (BHa1.JaJle IOcTHu- KOJlJIerl1eH. a 3aTeM YJlO)({eHHOH KOMMcCMei1 1720-1727 rr.) He o60c06JleHHo, a B paMKaX n01lroTOBKH elU1HOro KOJ]JuJ:nm(1po- BaHHoro 3KTa - rom caMoro npoeKTa YIlO)l(eHI1S1 POCCI1j:jcKom rocyn.apCTHa 1723-1726 rr. np(1Me'laTeJibHo. 'lTO B Ha3BaHHOM npoeKTe YIlO)l(eHI1H BnepBble B I1CTOpl111 OTe'leCTBeHHoro npasa 6bUl crpyt...l}'PHO BbweJ1eH YWJ10BHO-npouecCYaJlbHbIH pa31leJ1. o6pa:JoBaBwl1i1 KHl1ry BTopylO n}X)eKTa (,0 nfJOl{ece 6 KplLtfUlillA- IiblX UI1U p03bICKHblX, nbimO'IliblX de1tlX». OcHOBHblM COCTaBHTeJ1eM DaHHOro pa31leJ1a SlBllilCSI <meH YIlO)l(eHHOH KOMt1CCt1t1 aceccop IOcrnU-KOJUIenm 3PHCT KpoMneHH. Oco6eHHOCTbfO cYlle6Hof1 pe<\x>pMbl neyPa I CJJe.L1.YeT npl1- 3HaTb BeCbM3 Kpa'TI<He CPOKH BOnJIOll.leHI1S1 B )f(113Hb npeo6pa- 3QBaH(1j:j B 06J18CTH cynOYCTPOHCTB3. CT3Bllme cyn3M(1 nepBblx nsyx 3BeHbeB B HOBOYlJpe)f(JleHHoi1 CI1CTeMe cynOB 06wei1 IOp(1C- DJJKU(111 H3.D.BOpHble, npoBI1HUl1aJIbHble H ropo11oBble cynbl 6blJll1 nOBceMeCTHO OCHOBaHbl Ha npOnl)l(eHI1H 1719-1720 rr. non06- Hble C)f(aTbIe CpoKH peopraHluamm cyne6Horo YCTpoHcTBa 1'011- HSIT cy.ae6HYIO pec]:lopMY 1717-1723 rr. C cYlle6HblMH pe<\x>pMa- MH 1775 r. H 1922 r. If OTIlI1'la1OT OT cy.ae6HoH pec]:loPMbl 1864 r. (np(1 npoBeneHm1 KOTOpoi1 ocyweCTBJ1eH(1e npe06p330BaHI1H B cynOycTJX>HCTBe p3CTHHYJlOCb H8 35 IleT). A BOT CO CTOpoHbl npe06pa30BaHI1H B 06J1aCTI1 cynonpo- t13BOnCTBa cyne6HYlO peopMY neTpa I npILXODJJTC}I npH3HaTb He3aBepweHHof1. LlaHHYIO oco6eHHocTb pec]:loPMbl 06YCJ10BlUlO TO 06crOHrellbCTBO. <JTO B KOHue I7IO-x - nepBoi1 n0J10BHHe 1720-x fr. He fibUla B HaLI.!le)l(all.lej:j Mepe C<\x>pMHponaHa HOp- M8TIIBHIDI OCHOBa (]>YHKU(10H(1poBaHI1J1 npe06pa30BaHHoi1 cy- 
3aKIlKJ-IeHI1e 447 ne6Hoj:j CHCTeMbL B 1717-1723 rr. He 6bIJUI p<upa6OTaHbl HJlH >Ke He nOJlYlJl1JIH yTBep>K1l.eHHn HOpM8TI1BHble npaBOBble 8KTbl. B KOTOpblX CneW'iaJlbHO peryllHpoBaJlHCb CT3TVC, opraHH3aUHSI H KOMneTeHUI1S1 cynoB o6rnef1 IOpHC.D.I1KUHH. HH B ro.D.b! cyne6Hof1 pe<\x>pMbl, HH BnOCJIenCTBHH TaK H He 6bU1H H3ll8Hbl HH Pema- MeHT IOcrnU-KOJlJlenm. HH HHCTpyKUHH H8.!lBOpHbIM, npOBl-1H- UI13J]bHbIM H ropo.D.OBblM cynaM. He MeHee ne"laJIbHafi cmyaUl-m CJlO)l(l.Ul8Cb B KOHue 171O-x - nepBoj:j nOJlOBHHe 1720-x rr. C KOllH(]>HKaUl1ei1 OTe"le- CTBeHHoro npoUeccyaJ1bHoro 3aKOHO.D.aTeJlbCTBa. DeJIo B TOM, "JTG npoeKT YJTQ)KeHHSI POCCHf1CKOro rocynapcTBa 1723-1726 n. cocTaruUIJ!CSI BO HCnOJIHeHHe nOCTaBJIeHHOH 3aKOHO.1l8TeJleM erne B 1718 r. 3a.aa"JH ocyJ.l(ecTBJfJb CHHTe3 POCCHj:jCKOf1 H wnencKoj:j CHCTeM 3aKOHO.D.aTeJIbCTBa. Me>KIlY reM, HeCMOlpSi Ha HHTeHCHB- HOCTb pa60Tbi OpraHH30BaHHOH B 1720 r. YJ10:>KeHHOH KOMHC- CI1H, npoeKT YJ10:>KeHHfI POCCHj:jCKOro rocynapcTBa He 6bU1 3a- eepweH K MOMeHTy KOH'lHHbl nerpa I. A B 1726 r.. Koma nOJIHOCTblO o<tJopMJIeHHblH 3aKOHonpo- eKT noCTyItI11I, HaKOHeu, Ha 06cy.:+:1leHHe CeHaTa, CTparerWleCKafi YCTaHOnKa Ha nOCT)JOeHHe B POCCHH Polizeistaat no wnenCKOMY 06pa3UY yrpaTl11Ia BCfiKYlO aKTYaJIbHOCTb. no ::nOH npH"JHHe rpaH- nl103HbIH. COCTOSIBllmH H3 'leTblpex KHHr H 2113 cruTeH npoeKT Y1l0>KeHHfi POCCHf1CKOro rocynapCTBa 1723-1726 rr. C ero BHY- WHTeJlbHblM npoueCcyaJIbHblM paJ.IleJIOM OCTaJ1CSI 6e3 paCCMO- TpeHIffi H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO. He nOJI)"IJ.U1 yTBep>K1l.eHIffi. B HTore, HopMaTI1BHYIO OCHOSY (]>YHKUHOHHpoBaHH.II CYJle6Hoi1 cHcTeMbl, pe<tJopMHpOBaHHoi1 B 1717-1723 n., o6pa30BaJlH pa3po3HeHHo H3.IlaHHbie HopMaTHBHble npaaoable aKTbl (apone nmoooro Ha- Ka3a roponoBblM cynb5IM 1719 r.), B KOTOpblX peryJTHpoBaJlHCb OTneJIbHble oonpOCbl cynoYCJpOHCTBa H cynonpoH3BOllCTBa. non06HasI CHTyaUI1S1 CJlO:>KHJIaCb n HCTOpHH POCCHf1CKOro c:yn:e6HofO pe(]>opMHpoHaHHSI BTOPOH 'IeTBepTI1 XVIII - Ha"JaJla XXI B. ellHHCTBeHHblH p33 - B XOlle no.nrDTOBKH H npoBelle- HHSI cyne6HoH pe<tJoPMbl 1775 r. B 1774 r., B caMOM npeDJI,Be- pHH pe<\x>pMbl EKaTepHHa II nopYlJI11I8 HeMeuKoMY npaBoBen.y 4>. lJeMepy COCTaBHTb f/JopMJ' "J!U..VUHUQbHOi!O npol{OCC{]'1o. IJY.D.)"IH nO.D.fOTOBJleH B TOM >Ke 17741.. npoeKT 4>. IJcMepa «Criminal- ss-Ordnung>} (n TornaWHeM PYCCKOM nepeBone <,Ycmae Yi'O- /I06H020 (yoonpou3eoikmea'» nOJI)"IHJI npeDnapl1TeJIbHOe ollo6pe- HHe HMnepaTpHUbl, HO 3aTeM TaK 11 He o6peJi CI1JIbi 3aKOHa. 
448 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I HeCKOJ1bKO nOJDHee EKaTepl1H3 II o6'h5IBI1JIa, 'lTO 33 1-13l18- Hl1eM nOCJlY)f(J1Brnero HOpM8UJBHOiJ: OCHOBO" pe$OpMbl 1775 r. JaKOHa OT 7 HOH6pH 1775 r. «Y'Ipe:J#CdeHuR dJlR ynpaBleHUR 2y- 6epHUU» D.OJDKHO nOCJ1ellOBaTh pec]:lOpMl1pOBaHt1e <'nopJ/iJKo npo- u3600cm6a t!Zai06l10z0 cyoa». Ho 11 3TO HaMepeHl.Je 3aKOHO.LI.aTeJl5I OCTaJ1OCh HepeaJU130BaHHbIM I . B pe3YJ1bTaTe HopMaTI1BHYIO DCHO- BY YHKLlI10HI.JI)()BaHJ.U[ cyne6Hoi1 CI.JCTeMbl, npeoGp33oB3HH0I1 B 1775 L, 06Pa30B3JI He60Jlbwoi1 MaCCI-1B npolleccYaJIbHblX HOpM, paCCpellOHYleHHO BHeceHHblX B nOClmlUeHHble OTlleJlbHblM cy- n.e6Hh1M opraH8M rJIaBbl 10, 14-15, 20, 20-24 H 26 3aKOHa OT 7 H05l6p51 1775 r.ll{TO)l(e KaCaeTCSI cyn.b6bl npOeKTa YJTO;KeHlUl POCCI1f1cKoro rocynapcTBa 1723-1726 rr., TO ee B03MO)f(HO cpaB- HlITh JUfWb C }l'-laCTblO COCToHBwero 113 T))eX KHt1f 11 4,5 TbICH'J"l1 CT3Te}:i npoeKTa HOBOH pellaKU(111 CYJIe6HbiX YCTaBoB. KOTOpbl11 6blJl pa3pa6OTaH KOMl1ccl-1ei1 H. B. MypaBbeBa K 1899 r.. a 3a- TeM «noXOp()HeH» B focynapCTBeHHoM cOBeTe J . fJIaBHelUlIl1M HOHOBBe.D.eHl1eM, oCYllleCTBJleHHblM B xO.D.e cY.D.e6HOH pe$:>PMbl OeT})a I B 06J1aCTI1 CY.D.oYCTpOHCTBa, Heco- MHeHHO. flBI1JlOCb nOCTpoeHJ.fC HHKorna He cyruecmOBaBwef.j B PacCHH CHCTeMbl cynOB 061l1ei1 lOpHClIHKUHI1. 4eTblpeXJBeHHafi KOHCTPYKW1flllaHHoi1 CI1CTeMbl 6blJIa I1CXOlIHO onpelIeJleHa B 3a- KOHe OT 1911eKa6pfl 1718 r. 06 YKpenJleH1111 I1HCTaHUHOHHOCTI1 B CYAonpQl..J3BOlICTBe. OepBble TPH 3BeHa CI1CTeMbl CYAOB 06wei1 lOpl1Clll1KUI1H 06PaJOBMI1 CTPYKTYPHO OTlleJieHHble OT opraHoB ynpaBJleHHfl «HH)I(}me". Cy.D.bl (ropolloBble 11 npoHHHUHaJlbHhle), HaJIBOpHbie cynhl (r<$rcplUcI'bI) 11 IOcTJ.lU-KoJ1J1erl1Jl. Ha3BaH- Hble cyne6Hbie opraHbl aKf....yMyJTl1pOBaJll1 B cBoei1 KOMneTeHUl111 BeCbMa 3Ha'UfTeJ1bHbli1 06DeM JOpI1C.D.HKUHOHHbIX nOJIHOMO'II1i1, KOTOpblMI1 B AopeopMeHHbli1 nepHO.D. o6JIa.[1;aJlI1 ceMb npl1Ka- 3OB, a TalOKe perl10HaJlbHble 11 MeCTHble opraHbl rocynapCTBeH- Hoii BJJaCTH. I1MeHHo B CBmH C YlJpe.JK.D.eHl1eM cynoB 06llleH IOpI1C.D.I1K- UHH, PYKOBO.D.CTBYflCb npHHUHfJaMH KaMepaJIH3Ma H HCXOM H3 YCTaHOBKI1 Ha nocTpoeHHe B POCCHH <,noJ1l1uef.kKoro" rocynap- CTBa, 3aKOHO.D.aT eJlb peWI1JlCfl Ha pa.uI1KaJlbHYIO Mepy: nOJ1HOCTblO I Ove..Jb'IeIiIW O. A. c3aK0HHa.II MOH t(JXIDI" E'.K1rrepIIHb[ Bmpoii. C. 288- 189. 23aKOH01IaTeJ1bCTBO EKaTeJlI1Hhl II. T. I. C. 399-400, 404-410. 427- 419. 435--445. 455-457. 3nonpo6Hee 06 3TOM eM.: HewwnUJfO M B. Cy.a B POCCI1H. C. 191- 194. 
3aKIlKJ-IeHI1e 449 lUlllIl1Tb MeCTHble opraHbl o6lllem ynpaBJIeHI1S1 Bcex YPOBHei'i cy- .ne6Hb1X (]>YHKUl-1iL D,aHH8n Mepa neTPa I - llIe.1lJIIaSl Bpa3pe3 C MHomBeKoBoH npaKTJ.1KoH OTe'leCTBeHHOW rocynapcTBeHHom CTpol-1TeJIbCTBa - 6blJla HopMaHlBHO 3aJ(peJUIeHa B J.1HCTPYKUHI1 1-1J111 HaKa3e BoeBonaM 11 B J.1HCTPYKUI-1I1 1-1J111 H8Ka3e JeMCKHM KOMHccapaM, ymep>K.aeHHblX B .IIHR8pe 1719 r. HeCJI)"-IaHHO, H83B8HHble J.1HCTPYKUI1I1 6bUTI1 COCT8BJ1e- Hbl H8 OCHOBe llIBellCKHX J.1HCTpyKUHI-1 ffiHlICXOBllI1HraM [Iand- shovding] 1687 r. 11 J.1HCTpyKUHI1 n.HCTpI1KTHbIM ynpaBI1TeJlSlM [haradsfogde] 1688 r. Coo-rrercrBylOlliHe nOJlO)/(eHI1}1 pOCCI1j..j- CKHX J.1HCTPYKUHf1 1719 r. 06YCJlOBI-1J111 (]>YHKUHOHarJbHoe ome- JleHl1e 81lMI1HI1CTpaTHBHbiX opraHOB OT cy.ne6Hblx (xonl 1-1 TOJlbKO H8 perl-10HarIbHOM 11 MeCTHOM YPOBHSlX), <no, B CBOIO O'lepe1lb, BeJlO K YKpeJUleHHIO He3aBI1CI1MOCTH cy.na. T8KHM 06pa30M. 113- naHl1e 3aKOH8 OT 19lteK86p51 1718 r. 11 J.1HCTpyKl..lI1i'i BoeBo.naM 11 3eMCKI1M KOMI-1CCapaM 1719 r., B KOropblX OKa3arIOCb 3aKpeJUleHO CTpyKTYPHoe 11 (]>YHKUI-10HaJ1bHOe 06oco6J1eHl-1e opraHOB npaBO- cyHiHI OT opraHoB ynpaBJIeHI1H, B03MO>KHO npl13H8Tb nepBblMI1 WaraMI-1 3aKOHOllareJiSl Ha nym (]>opMl1pOlaHI1S1 B HallIef1 CTpaHe BeTBH cy.ne6Hof1 BJlacHi. Ba)/(HbIM nOCJlellCTBl1eM 06paJOBaHI1S1 B 1717-1719 rr. CI1CTeMbl CyltOB, OTlteJleHHblX OT 81lMI1HI1CTPaTI1BHbIX opraHOB. .IIBHJlOCb 3apo>K.aeHl1e B POCCI1I-1 npo(]>eCCl-10HaJlbHOrO cy.nei'icKoro Kopnyca. B COCTOO 3TOro Kopnyca BOUl.III1 ,moo, 3aHI-1MaBWl-1e cyn.e6Hble .nOJl)KHOCTI1 B mponOBblX, npoBHHUl1aJ1bHblX 11 HM- BOpHblX cy.nax 11 B IOcTJ.lU-KOJUlerHI-1. npl1 3TOM 3aKOHo.aaTeJ1b HI1KaK He pemaMeHmpOBarJ B KOHue 171O-x - nepBof1 nOJlOBI1He I 720-x rr. cnrryc cy.nefi, B 'I8CTHOCTI-1, He YCTaHOBI-1J1 D.JlSl HI1X KaKHe-JlI160 KBarJl1(]>HKaUHOHHble T))e60BaHI1.11. HeCMOTP5I H8 Bee 3aTpyn.HeHI1S1, B03HI1KaBWI1e H8 npaK- TI1Ke npl1 C03118HI111 cynoB o6wefilOpl1CllHKUHI1, B 1721 r. HOBa51 cy.ne6HIDI CHCTeM8 H8'1aJIa (]>YHKUI10HI1POflaTb B nOJIHOM 06ce- Me. OD.H8KO }0Ke O'leHb CKOpo 3aKOHo.naTeJlb npHH.IIJI pellIeHl1e '18CTH'IHO OTKa3aTbC5I B 06J18CTH cyn.OYCTpoi'iCTBa OT WBellCKI1X 06pa3UOB. D,aHHoe peweHl1e CJlO)((l1J]OCb y neTpa I, H8CKOJlbKO MO)l(HO nOHJlTb, BCJlellCTBl-1e OnaCeHI1j..j, 'lTO peOpraHl130BaHH8H Ha llIBencKJ1ii MaHep CI1CTeMa perl-10HarIbHbIX 11 MeCTHblX opra- HOB 06111ero ynpaBJIeHI1S1 OKaJarJ8Cb CJll1llJKOM OCJla6J1eHHoii. B351B KYPC Ha YKpenJleHl1e MeCTHblX WlMI1HI1CTpaTI18HbiX opraHOB, JaKOHo.aaTeJlb npell.llpHHSIJI llIar(1 no BOCCTaHOBJIeHl11O 
450 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I TJJ<UlI1UI10HHOiJ DJUl HaweiJ CTpaHbl MOlleJil1 elll1HCTBa BmiCTI1 Ha MeCTHOM ypOflHe (MOll.eJII1 «e1lI1HOrO X03HI1Ha» HB Teppl-1TOpHH). o )l(eJl8TeJIhHOCTH B03Bp3rneHlUl K nOll06HoH MOlleJIH B TY napy Hal160Jlee eMKO BbICKa3aJ1CH reHepaJI-MaHOp RH. reHHHH B nHCI>Me B t1MnepaTOpCKt1H Ka6HHeTOT I <!>eBPaJ[}I 1724 r.: «l{m06 /e ZyOePHUUj... 6bU/6bi odUH b1Q6HeUWUU KaJ..taH()up... a He mOle KaK menepb, IJmo 6CJ1KOU 6o/llJlo;i"l. B Ka'leCTBe )({e nepBoro rnara H8 nym YKpenneHI-UI MeCTHblX opraHOB ynpaBJIeHHSI 3aKOH0ll8TeJlb OcyllleCTBI1J] B 1722 r. TaKYIO cyne6Ho-KoHTppeopMaTopcKYJO Mep)', KaK ynpa:lllHeHHe ropollOBbLX H npommUi-1aJ"]hHhIX cy.nOB. COOTBeTCTBeHHo. cynoM nepBoro (OCHOBHOro) 3BeH8 CTaJU1 1)'- 6epHcKHe H npoBHHUHarJhHble KaHUeJl5Ipl1H (coxpammwHe, npaBll8, B CYlle6HoM OTHOllleHHH nOll"lHHeHHOCTb HWlBopHl>lM CYAaM 11 IOcnm-Ko]lJlenm). CXO.nHbIM OOpaJoM. B OTcrynneHHe OT llIBellcKoi1 MOlleJlI1 Cy.ne6HOW YCTpOHCTBa, B KOTOpoH llOMI1Hl1pylOwee nOJIO)l(eHl1e JaHI1MaJiI1 Cyllbl o6weH IOpl1C1lI1KUI1I1. B 1717-1723 rr. 3aKO- H01l8TeJIb yneJIl1JI 3Ha'lI1TeJIbHOe BHHMaHHe pa3BHTI11O CI1CTeMbl cneUl1arJI13HpOBaHHbiX cynoB. B XOlle npoBeneHI1H cyne6HoH pe- c]:IoPMbl OeTpa I 6bUlO peOpraHI130BaHO 11 BnepBble Y'lpe}l(1J.eHO 13 cneUHarJI1311pOBaHHbiX cyne6HbiX opraHOB, HI1KaK He CB5I3aH- HblX C CI1CTeMOH cynOB 06wei1 IOpl1C1lI1Kl{I111. P5I1l cynoB cne- Ul..JaJlbHOi1 IOpl1Clll1KUI1H - BoeHHble, uepKOBHble, MarHcTpar- CKl1e, TaMO)l(eHHble, nOJII1UMei1cTepcKl1e - 06pa30BMI1 oco6ble 1lB}'x-TpeX3BeHHble nOnCHCTeMbl. Cynbl Ha3HaHHbIX nonCHCTeM HBJUlJII1Cb BCnOMCTBeHHblMI1 cyne6HblMI1 opraH8MI1, CTPYKTYPHO enHHblMH C opraHaMH ynpaBJIeHH5I 11 c8MoynpaBJIeHI151 (38 HC- KlTIO'leHl1eM BoeHHblX cynoB nepBoro 3BeHa). B I1Tore, 113 nOllcynHOCTI1 OTeyeCTBeHHblX cynoB 06wei1 IOpl1Cltl1KUI1H K 1724 r. OKaJaJIl1Cb H31>51Tbl - BCeueJlO I1JII1 no 6oJIbwei1 'lacrl1 - BoceMb K<uerOpl1i1 yroJIOBHblX 11 rpiUKlIaHcKHX neJl (ltena no rocynapcTBeHHblM. (]>I1HaHCOBbIM, TaMO)KeHHbIM, npOTHBouepKOBHblM npecT)'nJIeHI1HM, npecT)'ruJeHHHM npOTI1B HHTepecoB CJI}0K6bl, no (]>MbWI1BOMOHeTHI1<JecTBY, no Hapywe- HI1IO 06weCTBeHHoro nOp5l1lKa B ropoltax, neJIa no 3eMeJIbHbiM cnopaM nnopHH). OapaJIJIenbHO C 3THM, H3 nOltcynHoCTH cynOB 06wei-i IOpHCnl1Kmm K KOHUY npaR/leHHH OeTp8 I 6blJIH Bbl- BeneHbl - nOJlHOCTblO 11JIt1 npet1MywecrBeHHo - <JeTblpe 3Ha- 'lt1TeJlbHble Kar eropHH JTt1U (cTpoeBble BoeHHOCJI}')Kall1l1e, nyxo- I PfNlA, 1):1. 9, orn. 2. KH. 66, JI. 677. 
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452 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I nyeT npl1.JH3Th CB.II3aHHbiM C O'-lem1llHb1M HenOBepl1eM neTpa I K npo4JeccHOHaJIbHOfi nOMOT0BJ1eHHOCTl-1 eyne" Cy.nOB nepBO- ro 3BeHa. PacWHpeHHoe BOcco:maHt1e Ha3BaHHOii CTaDJ.JH HMeJIO ueJlbfO CHH3HTb BepOHTHOCTb cyne6Hblx ollm6oK XOTH 6b! npH BblHeceHHH npHrOBOjXm K CMepTHOH Ka3HH H CCbVTKe Ha Ka- TOpry. no 3TOi1: npH'-II1He. peB(13110HHO-peWaIOWHMI1 nOJ1HOMO- '-IIffiMI1 OK333JJl.1Cb B 1717-1723 rr. HaneJleHbl CYAbl BToporo HJm >Ke Tpen,ero 3BeHa: rocprepHxTbl, rJl3BHbl(1 rwafl1CTpaT, rmmHa5I nOJU1UMeficrepCKa51 KaHUeJUIplUl, BoeHH351 KOJlilenUi. OQ}[MeHi-1e B OTe'-leCTBeHHOM yroJlOBHOM cy.nonpOl13BO.DCTBe CTIUlHH npellBapt1TeJlbHoro paCCJlellOBaHHH 6bUlO, fJl3BHbiM o6pa- 30M, o6YCJIOBJIeHO YCWlHBWHMCH B cepellHHe 171O-x rr. yJKonpar- ManI"lecKt1M c-rpeMJIeHl1eM neT})a I C03.llaTb MeXaHt13M 3t1xPeK- HIBHOro npoTI1B01lei::jcTBIffi JJ;OJDKHOCTHOH npecrynHOCTI1. B CB.II311 C ::rHIM, BbIl{J]eHeH(1e naHHOI1 CT31UU1 SlBI1JIOCb parMeHTIlpHblM 11 KparKOBpeMeHHbIM, 6ynYl{l1 3aKpeJUJeHO B enl1HCTBeHHOM 3aKOHO- naTeJIbHOM aKTe - Ha....ne «M8i10pCKI1M» CJlenCTBeHHblM KaHUe- JUlpl1S1M OT 9.neKa6pSl l717 L OooaKO, npHHI1MaSI BO BHHMaHl1e, 'lTO B KOHue 171O-x - Ha'laJIe 1720-x rr. opraHbl npellBapmeJIb- HOro paCCJlellOnaHHfI Ha<laJlH nce-TaKl1 CKJlaIlblBaTbCSI B CHCTeMY. MO)l(HO C onpe.n;eJ1eHHOCTblO yrBep)l(,!l8Tb. 'lTO B XOlle npoBelleHHfI cyne6Hol1 p$pMbl neTpa 1 np0l1.30UlJTO 3apo)l(,!J;eHl1e CJ1C.llCTBeH- HOCO annapaTa POCCI1I1. DOJlee Toro: B Onl1CblsaeMbl11 nepl1011 OK.,'lJaJlI1Cb BOJUJOll..leHbl Ha npaKTI1Ke Bce 'leTblpe BblIlemleMble B cOBpeMeHHoH npaBoBOfi 1ll1Tepmype MOlleJIl1 nOCTpoeHH}1 CJlell- CTBeHHoro annapam: BHeBellOMCTBeHHaSI MOlleJ1b (<<Mat1opCKI1e,} CJ1ellCTBeHHble KaHUeJISlPI1I1), cyne6HlliI MOlleJIb (P03bICKHaSI KOH- Topa BblwHero cyna). npOK)lpopCKaSI MOlleJIb (CJIellCTBeHHaSl KaH- ueJ1f1pl1.11 J"eHepaJl-npOK)'paTypbl) 11 aLl.MMHI1CTpan1BHaSI MOlleJIb (KaMep-K01lJIeCM.II 11 ee -reppHTOpl1aJ1bHble OpcaHbl). CynoycTpol1cTBeHHble 11 cynonpol1.JBOllCTBeHHble HOBOBBe- neHI1S1, OCYllleCTBJleHHble II XOlle cyne6Hoi-i pe<\x>pMbl nerpa I, 0.JtJ.1.1J.illla pa3J1I1'lHaSl cy.nb6a. HaH60nee 3aMeTHblH CJlen cyne6- HIDI pec]:lopMa 1717-1723 CL OCTaBl1JIa, 6e3YCJIOBHO, B I1CTOpl111 OTe4eCTBeHHoro cynoYCTpoi-icTlla. Ha4alll.I1a.Sl 4JoPMl1pollaTbC}f II 1719 r. CHCTeMa Cy.nOB o6weH JOpI1C.nHKUHH, npocywecTBoBaB 3aTeM MeHee neCSlTWlernSl, OKa3aJ1aCb B03pO)l(1leHa B XOlle cyne6- HOM pe<\x>pMbl 1864 r. DynY4H nOBTOpHO ynp3311HeHbl B 1917 r. H BOCCTaHOBJIeHbl B pe3YJ1bTaTe cyne6Hol1 petPopMbl 1922 L. CYllbl 06wel1 lOp(1C- 
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454 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I BHeBenOMCTBeHH851 MOlleJib nOCTpOeHI1J1 CJle.IlCTBeHHoro aJmapa- 'fa. KaKOB851 IIOn.n:OTl1.I1aCb II liMe HellOJlro 4JyHKUt.JOHl1poBaBWMX «MaitopcKJ..:IX» CJle.n.CTBeHHbIX KaHUeJUlpl1H. 6Y1I.Y'111 3aTeM npol[HO 3a6bITa Gonce <leM H3 DBa CTOJIeTI151, WJ.e51 C031l8HlUl II H8ruet1 CTpaHe BHeBe.110MCTBeHHoro CJlellCTBeH- HOro annapam RHOBb o6peJ1a aKl)'aJlbHOCTb II xOlle npoBe1leHI1.11 cYJle5Hoj:j pe4JopMbl 1956-1964 rr.. craB npellMeTOM llll1poKOj:j lll1CKyCCl111 II 1957 r. Ha HOBblM ypoBeHb o6cY)((lleHI1e Bonpoca 06 Y'-Ipe)((llemm II POCCI1I1 BHeBellOMCTBeHHOm CJlenCTBeHHoro annapaTa BbIXOnHJIO 3aTeM II 1989-1993 rr. 11 II 2002 L. Koma lleJ10 llOlllilO no BHeCeHI151 B BblCllll1e opraHhl 3aKoHo.n.aTeJlhHOH BJl8CTH naKeTOB CllU1X 3aKoHonpoeKTOR He 6Y1I.Y'II1, O.llHaKO, nepeBe.lleH H8 np:ml>KeHI1I11990-x - Ha- "laJIa 2000-x rr. II npaKTI1'-1eCK)'K) nJIOCKOCTb. Bonpoc 0 BHeBe1l0M- crBeHHoM CJIe.n;CTBeHHOM annapa-re OTHlQQb He CH5IT C nOBeCf)m nHSI 11 CeCQItH5I. B omCTHOCTI1, I131raHl1e <benepanbHom 3aK0H8 P<tJ N2 87-(J)3OT 5 I1IGHS! 2007 r. «0 BHecem111113MeHeHI111 B YrOJlOBHO- npoueccyaIjhHhlH KoneKC POCC1ikKoji <bellepamm 11 <benepaJIb- HhIH JaKOH "0 npoK)'pal)'pe POCCt1HCKOH <bellepaul1l1"»)1 B03MO)({- HO TPaKTOBaTh KaK umf Ha nym C03naHl15I BHeBelloMCTBeHHoH Ct1CTeMhi opraHOB npenBapJITeIJbHOm pacClleJlOBaHI1fI. TaK 'iTO «Ma.HOPCKI1M» CJlenCTBeHHblM KaHueJmpHSlM ellle 6yneT. no BceH OlJeml1lHOCTI1, C}I)K11eHO o6pecm npeeMHI1Ka B XXI B. Bnpo'-leM, >KaHp I1CTOpI1KO-npaBoBom I1CCJlenOBaHl15I He OCo6eHHO paCn0Jl8- raeT K BblCI<a3hlBaHI1IG C)')KlI.eHI1H npOfHOCTI1'-1.eCKOm TOJIKa. no 03H8l.JeHHOH npwmHe aBTOp He CKJIOHeH B.DaBaTbC5I H8 3THX CTPaHt1uaX B D.aJ1bHeHWl1e pa3MhlUlJ1eHl15I 0 BepmrrHblX ny- T5IX pa3IUITH5I cyne6HoH 11 npaBooxpaHmeJlbHOH Ct1CTeMbl Poc- nll-l. BHllIITCSI. OllH8KO, Heocnopl-lMblM. '-ITO KaKHe 6bl O'-lepTaHI1.11 He npl106peJlo B XXI BeKe :w;aHl1e poCCHHCKOH cyne6HoH MaCTI1, KpaeYfOJ]bHhlMI1 KaMHSlMI1 B em OCHOBaHI1I1 BOBeK OCTaHyrC5I HO- BOBBeneHl1fI B 06.naCTl1 cyn.e6Hom yCTpOMCTaa. ocyrnecrBJIeHHhie B XOlle npoBeneHIDI nepBOH OTel.JeCTBeHHOH cyne6HOii pe4>op- Mhl - cyne6HOH pe<t>oPMhl neTpa I. Ha 4Jacaue >Ke :Hom 3.1l3Ht151 C nOJlHhlM OCHOBaHt1eM MO>KHO HallepTaTb 8Kl)'aJIhHble Ha Bce npe- MeHa CJlOBa 1-13 3aK0H8. nOLlnl1CaHHOm I-IMnepaTopOM nerpOM I B CTOJlb naJIeKHH OT Hac neHb 5 BPaJI5I 1722 m.n.a: <<Jl.a6bl Ka.JKili\t}' eo eCeM cpO 6bl11 1lpl16i!OHoii U 6ecnpoihl.JlCUffleJIHOii»2. I POCCI1MCKIDI raJeTa. 2007. 8 I1tOH.II. 23aKOHOlIDTI:J1bHbll: HKTbl ncrpa I. c. 342. 
npl.mO>KeHliIs:I I npoeKTbl peopra""JaIJJDI c)'.QoYCTpoiiCTBa POCCI1" U )"Ipt)KD.etlUH OTIle.rJLHbIX c)'Ile6HblX opraHOB (1718-1720 n.) Nd 3aruteKa f. <I>HKa or 3 OKTSlOpH 1718 J'. o HOBOM nopSID,Ke cyne6Horo )crpoiicrBa l BCenOJJ.ll3HHeHWHe JaMe'IaHI1.11 06 YC1]JoeHHI1 WBe.nCKI1X BepXHI1X H HH>KHI1X JeMCKI1X CYIIOB I. B KIDKlIOi1 J)l6epHI1H cYllleCTByer CTO!1bKO HH)((HID: 3eMCKHX Cy.nOB (Unler-Landsgerichl). CKOJIbKO B HeM .nHCTpI1KTOB. H TIlK KaK J<peCTbH- He B lllBeUHI1 - CBooo.nHble JlIO.nI1, llBOpHHHH He MO)l(eT caM HaKa3bl- KlTb KpCCTbHHI1Ha. HO no BCj.JKOMY. n.a;+;C Me!1KOMY llcny cooe pcweH(1e llOJJ>KeH BblHOCI1Tb HI1>KHI1H 3eMCKMM CYn. a KjJeCTbflHI1H MmKeT aneJ1- JIl1poB3Tb K BepXHeMY 3eMCKOMY cyn.y (OJer-Landsgenchl) npOBMHUI1I1. nOCKOJIb)()' B PacCI1M llBOpHHI1H MO)!(eT H3Ka3b1B3Tb KpeCThSlH, pac- nOp.llJKlliICb I1X TeJlOM III I1MyweCTBOM no cooeMY YCMmpeHI1IO, 11 caM .IIBJI.IIeTCH cym,eH B cooeM cyne, TO npe.nCTIlBJIHeTCH. 'JTO 311eCb HeT He- 06XOllHMocm B HI1>KHI1X JeMCKI1X cynax, a 6bUlO 6bl llOCTaT04HO OllHOro 3eMcKoro cy.na (Landsdencht) WUI J<aA{!l0li. npoBI1HUI1H. KOTOpblM 6bl COCTOH.. (13 O.nHOro JIaHllpl1xTepa, 4 (1nl1 6 aceccopoB 113 06plLloBaHHblx llBOpHH npOBMHUl111 BMCcre C QDHI1M cCKpeTapCM 1lJ\(1 HOTIlpMYCOM. o.n- Hrn.! 3J<Tyapl1eM (11W1I1 3 nl1CapHMI1. 3THM cynoM MOrnl1 6bl pelUaTbCH see lleJ13 B npOBMHUI1M, Kj)eCTbflHe )((e nOllnana.rm 6b! nOlI Hero TO!1bKO 3a y6mkmo. KOrDa OHI1 nODJJe>Ka.rm 6bl nbJTKaM WlM CMeprHOM Ka3HI1. MWlble ropo.na, He MMelOWHe MarI1CTpaTOB.  HaxOJ1HJ]I1Cb 6bl no.n I nOllCTp04HblI1: nepeBQ1l H. A. KmlliKHHa. 
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480 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I LlaHHJ1011 M. A. 232 Jkm<IeHKO r: B 104 .!le'lfuiJoea H. fP. 78.87-88,91 D.epuwe(J 10. B. 371.418. 439 D.umJ/muH If. If. 81 JLVlImpuee <D. M. 9. 1:1. 33, 45. 63, 76, 78.97. 104-105. 167,164.190,196 D.M1]Jl1eB-MaMoHoB 11 11. 56,72. 155,262-163. 354-355. 361-363, 365 D.OJ1roPYKOB B. B. 73, 126. 153, 160. 354 D,OJ1ropyKOB B 11. 165 D,OJ1ropyKOB f. <D. IW D.OJ1ropyKOB M. B. 140 LlOJ1ropyKOBR <D. 166 Ll,oM3U1HeB<D.C 257 fJp06uHG M. r. 190, 199 mpoo 10. A. 172.174.187,141 EKaTepllH3 I NeKceeBHa 143.158. KoeelUl/ K.11.. 9.17,33.45,76 160. 236, 140. 284 Kn3GKOe A. If. 220 EKaTepm-m II AJ1eKceeBHa 16, 19, 36. KaJOHl,fee C M. 108, 110,377 108, 115, 114.403-407,416,447-448 Ka311McpoB I1saH 111 EHUH r. n. 91 l<LLlCl'f()fJ H. B. 59, 67 EnurjJaH06 n. n. 130 K£UHbiHb B E. 171-174,385 EproJlLCKIIH f. T. 163 KaMblHI1H A. f 385-386 :'o:B.. n25J2J4 o4Jl B. 109. Ecun06 r. B. 153 111-113 Erjm.W06 C B. 34. 153 Knf/x'Hmy.J E. 6. 30 Er/Jpe:.t060 H. H. 10-11.33.35-36. KeJlIDIC.A. 267 97.132,178.180.117,117.269.190, KHplUJOB J1. K. 6fJ,l11, 195.404.407 113-114. 126-2n, 318 KUC1J/dlHO fl. r. 1OJ-I04. 108-109,179 KHWI1HCKHH EMOKHM 116 fPHfOPbe8 IL f. 166 FpUWUHG H. C. 77 FporJ3UHCKUU M. M. 435 fP0l1l1H fyro 145. 149. 161. 181 fpYH A. II 434 FYp8u<f r. 161 7:;: n: :t. 7'i 3 . 166 Fycee C 11. 438-439 b'IQ!HKO K. (/J. 339 rlOi1.ceH feHpl1X 111-113,165 &'IaW6I(e6OE.fP.69 Nmy<HH M. H. 230 M.B. 155,254. 158-159, 322. 367 )KU806 B. M. 190 )/(lL'JbIjO(J C. B. 406. 409 )KYKOIJ EOCeBI1H 223 1aU'IeHKO A. E 144. 160 1aM}p"\'W A. C 138.37, 39u- 394, 3%-399 htsrrnl1Hll H 11 JaceUKHii H.E. 267 1axapoo A. B. 98 JaUlje6 A. 11. 77 JaPYllHbIH A C. 421 16R<?uHL{ee A. T 17, 421 16Hi'uHl{ee B. E. 412-413 3HaMCHWl1KOB fJJlllcci1 217 30TOB B. H. 240, 393. 397 l)'muc H. H. 111 3b16H E. n 391 J1B1[H III BlICl1JlbCBI1.'J 340-341. 351,407.413,453 J1BaH IV BaCl1JlbeBI1'J 36.351 J1BaHOBAKHM 151 11B1[HOB B. 11. 171 J1eaH06 n. J1. 18, 68, 145 J1euHoJl. J1 88 ItJ.'llUJUKB. C 76 IluxK.11/{XJ6 J1. J1 7. Us 
YK83aTeJlbl1MeH 481 KneaHap060 B. M. 190 J/e /10HH /1.)1(. - eM. LeDonne J. KrIoKa...eB C. T. 257.361 Jle6elleB B M. 10.34.63,95. KHfI:Jblwe C E. 76 97.105.130.132.178.285.187. KofilUKoe A. C 8. 10 190, 196. 301. 335. 337, 378, 415 KodoH C B. 146 J/eecMeHm J/. H. 174 Ko)J(£fJlfUJ<.08 O. A. 384.418.437 JleH6HI1U fOT\))pl1D 161 KO:JuHl\eea P. If. 71 JleHI1H B J1 12. 19.444 MBlQ6{] H. B. 60, 168,301,314 JlCOHTbCB fplllropl1i1 156 KoJJlOOCl(llH C. M. 209 Jle<1xJpT J10raHH 311.314 KoIiJoee A. B. 419 Jlo.nbl>KeHCKI1H n. E. 231 KOJIOOOBJI. C. 259 JJOVOfJ B. C 417.426.429 KO;Jbl'ICB C. A. 155,146,150,252. JCJl JJO'1fQ6 H. B. 417 KoJlbUOB-MacaJIbCKHH fl. 11. 261 J/OHCKOf/ C B. 10.34,43,95, KOMopoecKliu B. C 13 105, 135. 190 KoIWIlJ6 H. A. 38-39. 104-105, JlOll}'XltH .HKOB 183 109.378 JJ)'HeffJB. B. 8 KOHCraHTJ1HOB J1B.'IH 465 JJynnoe C. n. 181 Kopa1efl r. H. 384 fu80R A. fl. 237 /(opomKlIX M. [" 415 JlJ06epac AHaHl1ac 166. 168. Kocoii M A 327.377.383 171.193 KOWf:I1eB f. 11. 56,71,355.357, 3ffi. 369 Kotuelfflll O. £. 15,38,69,115, MOKCWfO(J n. B. 83,85, 115 231-232.307 MO.:Ib,?UH T. C 8-9.317 /(paiir:KOf/ 3. B. 315 MQ'tIOHmae A. r. 351.371. I{petuwwJ. M. K 263 416-418  B. B. 417 MaHyKOB 11>. C. 237,166,391. I\pu'Ie6cKliU r. r. 9 393 kpoMneiiH 3pocr 133-134.139, MOHb/{UlfA. r: 62.78,86.126. 142.140, 257. 163. 394. 398. 402. 416 148.392, 397  If. fP. 415,434 MaJ\apoB A. B. 164.236. 3US. /(pJKpcKJJm /1.)1(. - CM. CroCloft G. 364 KPlOKOBJ1BaH 217 Mal'1leeBA.A. 181-186. KY.>ffl!/,jOOA. B. 344 188-193,195.199,214-215, KyJbMI1H-KapasaeB A. A. 391.393 210, 23{}-131. 446. 457 K.VJXIKlIH A. B. 89 MaTJOIlJKHH M. A. 56. 72, 159. KypaKI1H Ii. H. 94 330 Kyp6aTOB A. A. 90.99-101, 125, ft,kfl)weecKliU A. H 46 159.360, 387 MeHwlIIKOB A. D.. 104, 117. 130, K.vp:1l!HlIH 3. 6. 145 153-154, 325. 317 KypCKl1it D.. H. 19.413 Me.rJbfYHOB P. H. 267 Kymat/JuH O. E. 10.34,63.95,97. MetJ(f!pRICOe 10. B. 51 g: : 13: . 185. 187. 190. 196. ;=.J fb.  K)'TYJOB T K. 13, 324 MujXHf1)8 E. H. 36 MIIIXLIIUI I cDc.nOPOBI1"l 91 J/apuHA. M. 437,440 Muxail..1ooB.A.417 JIomKlIH B. H. 10-21.51. 137-138, Muxoii1Q6 M. M 9 352, 392 MaIWl1lO8 B. B. 83 
482 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I flempYXUH If. Jl 14-15. 18 fletllJ"XOOH.A.39.130.132, 2E5, 187, 345, 409, 410, 414 flucapuc06ll JI. C/J. 36, 89. 104, 109,141.143 H1l1m{JIfOll{l H B. 109-110 nJJeu.reeB Il H. 126.262.265, HoJ/CWf06 B. n 31, 43-44. 337 354, 393 HapbIWKI..JH A. J1 223 n061l0HOCUeB K. n 17,65 HaYMoB <D. B. 140.278,337.391 n01U1YUKI1H fpl1ropHH 151 I/erqJaco6 F. A. 167-168, 177 nOKfX./6C1'uu H. H. 33,43.78, HeVbI11Ullfll M. B. 16.411,448 81.94. 100-101. 122.219.259 HeCTepoBA.R 117-118.154.157. flo-leH06l1.. B. 136 246,324.330-331,366.374-377.458 nOJll11J3HORa AK)'nl1Ha 155.159. HecTepoB B. H 1:15-176.179, 367 312 HecrePOB C. 266 fla.jue6Km06 M A. III Hupor Mamye 163,181,157,393 nOJIoHcKHii D,. B. 261 f';U1.{KWl T. £ 19,62.97.146. 151, =UKJ)'fJ.' .59321 IIoeoviiepzcKUU H. H. 88,91-91 nalll!fXlIil./pJ M C 243,146- Ho..lbiJe A. 3. 111 147,251.317, 393-394 nonuoB c. <D. 361,364-366 flopm1l.OflB.n. 64 nOCOWKOB 11. T 17.254.160 387-388 noreMKHH 11. c. 108 flpeo6paJlCfflCKUu A. A. 62, 91 npOKonoBH'J <DeOifJaH 161-161, 291 flpoamll A. E. 161 flyl.wm P. 172 nye3n 3. K. 433. 435 fla6..leIiKoH. H. 117,144-145 ny4lfHllO]J<):JCaMt03JTb 145, naBJ10B B K. 240.143, 147. 157. 268. 161, 176. 182 393-394 nYWKHH A. c. 91 flotJ.l06-Cu,/b60I/OWU H. n. 387 naHHH A. H. 165 flaym08 A. /1. 109-110 flawuH C. A. 10, 178-179 nMWKOB E. H. 310, 365-366 flOlll'f06O T. If. 341 flepe.,1l1iJoe K r. 34. 278-Tl9 fleplO6 11. /1. 14.434 flemepcoll K. - CM. Peterson C. neT)J III ClJeOOPOBH'J 280 neTp()Ij-COJIOBO A. K. 369 flempofJClwil C A. 28, 85. 108, 110. 113, 116, 118,143, 145, 330, 377 MOHC BI1..I1M 157-159 4(l,1JCl6bet1A. B. 301 MypaBheBH. B 17.108., 110,113- 114. 118.168.410-421.448 M.IIKI1HI1H A A. 377.379-]80.383 J\.1gKIIHIIH M. IL 160 060J1eHCI<IIIH M. M. 314 06pIOTMH flaH1]:J11J\ 212 06yxoB 11. T. 361 OBC.IIHHI1KOB BapnaaM 313 OroPoOHUK06 B. H. 117 OU!iJHUK H. H. 417 OMe.lb'leHKO O. A 10, 110. 392, 394-395,404,407.448 Op.10elO. r. 17.421 P02UHCKUU M 10. 417.474 PadoIettKO B. H. 13-14 Pa€e M. 146-145 POqveHKO JI. C. 415 POXIe6CKUU B. A. 9 p)l(eBCI<IIIH A. T. 103 p)l(eBCKHH H. T. 39,157.160 PeduH J],. A. 40.44. 104-105. 176,370 Pm1cKIIIH-KopcaKOB R H. 102-103, 154 PO<06 B. A. 343 
YK83aTeJlbl1MeH 483 P03eHi'eUM M. n. 28.39. III, 130. CnepaHcKHH M. M. 51-55. 136 135-136.185,187-188.352-353 GK!pClIfCKuiI C. H. 54 Po.uaH0811.. A. 34,41-43,51,95, GneUleHKo JI A. 32.69. 108- 133.166-167,203.317,335.337,393 109,117,110-211.311,354. Po.uaUlKUH n. c. 386 377 Po.uaUl08 P. A. 21 CmpeU()6(7CuiI B. A. 435. POMOllaHOBCKI1i1 11. <D. 276 437-438 PouHa 10. 417 CrpeUIHcB T. H. 150 PyneHKo P. A. 436 Cmpo..YJ6Wf M. C. 432.434-435 PyHKe6U'I C. r 190 C1)"JKa n 11 413. 419 n"UH 11.. n. 76 Cyt110ptlUH r. M 135 CyrHrHH 11. J1. 361.364 Cbipo.Uf/mHUK06 6. H. 19. 60---{il, 76, 144, 148. 179,208 CblCoe6B. 11.. 15,37 CQ6UqKUU B. M. 437,440 CaJITblKOII A. n ]68 CaJITblKOII C A. 155, 165. 355 Ca'IWfJUH 10. (/J. 190 CallOii..W6 B. H. 31.280,283 CBCP'IKOB A. C 337, 394. 3m CBe'IHI1KOB AHDjJeii 331 TapaK.lHOII 8. H. 132 CBeIIIHHKoB 1f.,1t 137,166 Tap6eeB J1. D.. 330 Ceo08 n. B. 89.91 Tap6eeB T. 8. 259 CCKCHllIJPItJ flKlllBl1r 146 TaTI1WeB B. H. 317-318,323 CeKeplfil fDe.uop 159, 331 Te.rJeU"eB If. D.. 230 CeIleflCKUU M H. 152.158-159 Tepe6HJIOB 8. H. 438-439 CelleH06 B. M 14 TeMl1pHJeB ArpaHaCI1H 314 Celluam r. 10. 10.34,63.95.97. TepUHi' A. O. - eM. Tertng A. 105. 130, 131, 178,185,187,190,196, TUMoUluHa JI. A. 76 :;u;.3}/js.. 44, 108-109. ::: 70 1fi o 143.307,309.350.377.415-416 TollCTOli 11. n. 261.393 O/WKUH JI. C. 10-11.178-179 TOJ1croii n. A. 153.240. CI1MOHOB K. M. 411 261 261.178.283.313.393 CK06eeB T. C 151 TOMWlOB B. <D. 370 CKOpH51KOB-nl1capeB f. f. 58,68. TO.UCUH06 B. A. 144.161,160 154.160.250.317-318, 325  If. n. 237,166 CKYPI1XIIIH n. K. 159 TOPOOOB TI1XOH 463 Cw6o<Js/HIOK H. n. 10.36 TpoeKYPOD 11. Ii 137 CUUpH06A. B. 115.336-]37.339, TPOU/iKUU C. M. 167.141.155. 373.418,430 311 C-,upH06 H. A 103, 168,351 Tpou.uHa K E. 9.27. 33. 63. 76 = .11. 9l 53 , 355 R:KH :? O 300-301 CUb/Kaill,/l/ A. C. 8. 14.14. 36.44. TpycoBa AKCI1HbH 156 76.85,97. 131.337. 340  11>. 8. 204.267 COJIODbCB 11. A. 115, 360, 393 COJIOBbelJ<D. A. 154 COMOB neTp 157 COfXJI<.lIHCl 10. B. 416 COf/JpoHetiKoKA.32.62.31I,354 YK(XIIIHUCB E. 11. 213 YopnuwH P.- eM. WOf1man R. YponOB neT)) 305 YCmp1IA06H. r. 153 
484 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I Q)ecj:)I1J10B.. 370 4II1K feHpl1x 7.39. 110. 161-166. 169-171.176.181.186-188.190, 193.1%-199.101,205.107,216. 301-301,385.390,446.455 C1JuAUIfOH06 E. A. 339 C1JuAunrw6 A H. 29. 43. 54. 108, 113. 143, 145. 374, 391. 407 G>Mpcoo f. E. 167 t:PoiiHUl{KUU 11. R. 83. ]39 C1JvKOIJ A. n. 149 XfamyJoI H. A 131, 137 Xp-''CmOJIe6 Jl A. 40. 41-45. 73. 95. 131.178,166.317,335.337 A. P. - CM. CederbergA. UeHTapoB (]Je.nop 285 Ya..u1f/Jl.A 117 lfuCOBHIIIKOBa EBllOKIII.II 156 lJ.e6blwoB 11. C 116, 354 Ye,'/bl{06-5e6..I'1IJ06 M. A. 30.31-33, 43.82.86. 132. 178-179, 186-188. 190.217,145.302.335.337.350. 384. 408 1.J:epKaCCKr1H A. M. 113 1.J:epKaccKHH M SI. 148 lJepHblweB r. n 157.330 'lenr6epfmw6 A. M. 104 YucmHK06 O. H. 19.31.34.43.95. 131-133,325.351,407.434 lllaMop.nHH A. r. 319 lllapblflKlIH.fl. M. 166 llIarn.1JOBr.A 237.162 Wmfmp()IJ n n. 58.68. 154, 157, 160.315,318-319.325.317 JJJe6afI()(JA. (j). 53-54 WCpCMeTCB 6. n. 99. 130 f".(j).87.391 llletma/WfJ C. E. 109. 380 lIIeiW.aKoB A M. 140 lllUMOH06CKUU B. B. 417.413 lilupl/eeB. H. 89.119 ll1opox06Jl. n. 386 lllanoe R. H. 294 lllYKr1H A. SI. 301-302.356 lOcynoB r. D.. 355 IOxm A. H. 313 IOwK06 C. B. 352 JlI)')KI1HCKHH n. M. 320. 304- 365 Jl3hlKOB R r. 72 JlW6C1wu B. B. 149 Brevcrn Hermann - CM. EpeBepH fepMaH Brewm G. 182.115 Bushkovitch P. 104.117,153 Butfer W E. 148-149 CeclerlJeQ: A. 163-165. 181 Cracraft!. 161.290 Davle B. 91 Fick Heinrich - eM. cI>l1K fCHPI1X Gmshu G. 14. 16 Go,goneG.16 HUf.!,hesL. 47,290 Kll!lmola A. M. 85 Liick A. 136 LeDonne J. 44. 46-47, 122. 264,316.417 Peter.iOll C. 46. 41'1. 73. 132- 133, 144. 146, 163-169. 111. 177. 184-186. 190. 191. 195. 106-207.117,220.164,184. 300-301.335-336, 338. 349, 390,392.395-396. 399 Petschauer P. 162 SoIotnlJI1 P 10 TeringA 175-176 TorkeH.J 89 U1ttram R. 47, 95. 103, 105. 108-110.117.117. 161. 164- 165,290.301 Wortman R. 44,46-47. 132, 147,335 
CY.QE6HMI PEOOPMA nETPA I 485 IkaOMOCTH BC PODCP BellOMOCTH BC CCCP &lOIliOCTH CH,IJ, CCCP JKMHn MrY OnHcaHlle ;JIJKVMI'HfQB II 6yMar J\lAI\ilO IIaMSlTHIIKII PYCCKOro ''I'''' npaBOBe.aelBfe no..Hoe c06palBfe r;; PrBlIA PfHA Poccuictwe 3aKOHOLlll- Te.llhCTBO x-xx BR. Cfi. PUO C3 CCCP CY POI>CP qmw,p cnl1COK COKPAL4EHI1 BCllOMOeTl1 BCpXOBHOfO COUeTa PCOCP BeLlOMOeTH BepxoBHoro COBeTa CCCP BeLlOMOeTH CDe3.aa HajXID.HblX nenyraroB 11 BepxoBHoro COBeTa CCCP )((ypHWI MI1HI1CTepCTBa H!:IjXlD.HOro npo- CBCllleHI1.11 MOCKOBCKm1 rocynapcTBeHHbl11 YHI1BepCH- TeT m..1. M. B. JIm1OHOCOBa Onl1caHl1e llm..-yr..teHTOB 11 6YMar. xpaHH- 111I1XCH B MOCKOUCKOM apXI1Be MIIIHI1CTCp- CTsa JOCTI1UHI1 naM.IITHI1KI1 PYCCKoro npaBa / nOD. peD.. c. B. lOwJ.;.ooa. JI. B. lJepenHI1Ha, K. A Co- :11:0, ;c;1-c6b:lneHl1k npaBOBeLleHl1e H om9 di68jO.PflOKOH POCCIlli1CKI1i1 rOCYllapcTBeHHblj:j apXHB.npeB- HI1X aKTOB (r. MOCKBa) POCCI1i1CKI1j:j roCYllapCTBeHHblj:j BoeHHO- I1CTOpl1'JeCKIUt apXHB (r. MOCKBa) POCCIlli1CKI1i1 rogrD.apCTBCHHblj:j IIICTOpl1"le- CKIlli1 apxI-IU (r. CdHKT-nCTep6ypr) POCCI1HCKOe 3aKOHOLIaTeJlbCTBO x-xx Be- i98'-r9f/1iE9D.. 0. M. lJI1CHIKOBa. M.. C60pHIilK Mr.mcpaTopcKoro PyCCKOro I1CTO- pH'leCKOro 06111eCTBa Co6paHlile JaKOHOB 11 pacnOp.ll>KeHI1H Pa60- '-Ie-KpecrbHHcKOro npaBI1TeJ1bCTBa CCCP ,rel1 HHOO Fi::T PCctJCP lJTeHlliI B Mr.mepaTOpCKOM 06urecTBe HCTO- pHI1 11 npeBHocrei1 POCCI1i1CKI1X npl1 MMne- pmopCKOM MOCKOBCKOM YHIIIBCpCI1TCTe 
486 CY.QEE.HAA PEOOPMA nETPA I SUMMARY The Judicial Refonn of Peter the C.reat Dmitry Serov cial frui:, 1jiilfoUt et& which took place between 1717 and 1713. The main 4part ofthe mono- graph is devoted [0 the characteristics of changes in the judicial system and the law of procedwe In Russia, winch were Implemented In the pre- reform period between 1696 md 1716 and also dunng the reform itself It is demonstrated In the monograph that the precondition for the reform was the cnsis In the pre-refonn justice system. while the political and legal bases ofthe main reform were the concepts of the <<pollee state" and of camcm1lsm. Rcvlewed In this study IS the history of search undertaken :Whucit :e°foeieRUaa:oh:ieUat to reconstruct the concept of the judicial reform and the process of de- veloping In 1718 a new Swedish systcm-bused model ohhe court system. Ba!oClI on a wide r.llIge of an:hiva1 SOUrtts. Issues of org.mization, !o1atus and powers of the first common law courts are reviewed, as well as issues of law apphcal:ion procedures III the common law courts and liquidation of these courts between 1721 and 1727. The issue of normative regula- tion of seJXImtion of Judicial from admimSl:nJtlve authonties IS analyzed in detail. This study contains a comprehensive review of tile development of special JurisdIction courts in the reform period. The subsystems of departmental courts are reviewed In det<ul. i.e. milital)' courts, derical courts. town courts and police courts. Seen in thc context of analysIS of changes cond1cted in the domain of legal proceedings, establishment of a revision-decision procedure of review and approval of judicial decisions is shown and the begmning of development of the preliminal)' invesuga- :;?hshn 1ISao;Jdrid. j:I1 refonn are reviewed in detail. The innovative character of tile monograph is reflected In the overall review of systemIzation conducted in the Rus- sIan proceduralleglslauon in the first quarter of XVIII centul)' and in the amilyst<; of the 'iteps taken towards mCOipOmtlon and codification of this p :car,:e3IgZi:d io :li2t ;hin;: mn to become a nonnative base for the functiomng of the refonned Russian Judicm1 ..ystem. 
CY.QE6HMI PEOOPMA nETPA I 487 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Gerichlsnform unter Peter dem Gropen Dmitrij Serow Diese MOIqrolphie ist da Ergebms elller komplexen. IIlterdl'illpll- niiren Umersuchung der ersten russischen Justizreform - GenchtsrefonTI. die unter Peterdem . 717 und 1713, statt- fand. Der Hauptteil bei der Ge- nchtsvena"sung und III Russland sowohl hrend der Refonn vorgenommen wurden. In der Monographie wird dargestellt. dass die Krise der damahgen JustlZ eine Vorau.....eI:zung fur die Reform war und die rechtspo]ltlschen Baslskonzeple der Reform der Pohzei'itaat und der K.unemhsmus Wllren In der Moncgmphle wird dIe Geschich- te der Suche bei westeuropiiischen Modellen daQ!Cstelit. die Peter der Grope fUr die Durchruhrung seiner Genchtsrefoffil brauchte. Zum erslen Mal wurde elll Versuch unternommen, das Konzept der Gerichtsreform zu rekonstruleren. Der Prozess der Entwicklung des neuen Geric11tssy- sIems im Jahre 1718. das auf dem scbwedischen Modell basiel1e. wird 1m Emzelnen dargestellt. Minds zahlreicher Arch.vmater.hen werden die verschledenen Fra,gen liber die Orgamsation. den Status und die Be- fugmsse der ersten russlschen Gerichte der AlIgememjuri"dlktlOn, Ihre Rechtstatigken und schlieplich deren Absc in den Jahren 1711 bis 1727 beleuchtet. Die Fra,ge fiber die nonnative Regulierung der GewaJ- tenteilung bel den Gerichts- und Verwaltun,gsorganen ist tief analysieJt. Die Entwicklung der Sondergenchte wii]uend der RefonTIzeit wird a1l- "eltig dargestellt Ausfuhrhch werden die Suhiysteme der Amtsgerichte belfachtet. d.h. Wehrdiensr.gerichte. kirchliche Genchte, Stadtgerich- te und PoJizelmelstergenchte. 1m Kontext der Analyse der Reform im Genchtsvenahren. werden dIe Herstellung der revIslonsentscl1eldenden Drdnung und auch der Anfang der BJldung der vorlaufigen Untersuchung in Strafprozessen in Russland, dargestellt. Die Entstehu der Unter- suchungsbehorden in den Jahren der GerichtsrefonTI in Ru,,<;(and wird 1m Einze1nen betrachtet. Zum ersten Mil Wlrd in dleser Mono,graphie die Systermtlsierung russischer proze<MeChtlicher Gesetzgebung im er- 'iten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts ganzheithch beleuc11tet. Auch werden die Inkorporanon und die Kodifikation dleser Gesetzgebung analyslert. Besondere Aufmerksamkelt wird der Geschichte der Abfa..stlng des Ent- wurfs des Gesetzbuches Ruslands (Ulozhenije) in Zeitraum zwischen 1723 und 1726 gewldmet. Dieses Gesetzbuch ..ollte zur normativen Basis der Funktion des reformierten Gerich}"items Russlands werden. 
OrIlASnEHIo1E BseneHl1e. .7  I. Cyne6HaJI ped>oPMa: nOHJlTl1e. npennOCbll1Kl1, lleJ1b nposeneHI1H. . II  2. 0 -repMIIIHOIJOml1lUl.11 o603Ha'leHIUI HopMmMBHblX npaBOBblX. cyne6Hblx III paCnOp.ll.l1l1TeJ1bHbIX aKTOB nepBOM 'IeTBePTH XVIII B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 fnasa I JIIrrep<rrypa I1I1CT04HI1K!1 . . . 27  I. l1.JY'-IeHllle cYlle6HoM pe4x:!PMbl nelpa I B XIX - Ha<laJIe XXIB. . ..............17  2. lli)"leHHOCTb C}Ile6HoH pe<fJopMbl ne-rpa I no COCTOHHIllIO Ha2008 ron. ..47  3. 0630P ony6J1I1KOBaHHbIX 11 apXI1BHblX I1CTO'1HI1KOB no I1CTOPI1I1 cyne6HOI1 pe<boPjbl neTPa I . . . . . . . . . 52  4. BbiBOllb!. . . 73 fnasa 1. CYlle6Hafl CI1CTeMa PacCl111 II npenpe4x:!pMeHHbIfI nepl1011 (1696-1716 rrJ . . . . 75  I. CynO}CI]XlHcTBo 11 cynonpol13BOIICTBO POCCHI1 B XVII B . . . 7S  2. Kpl1311CHbIe .llBlleHI1H B c4>ePe npaBOCynl1.11 B Pocnm XYII B.. ..87  3. CyLlO)CJpOOcmo 11 cynonpol131JOllCTOO POCCHI1 B 1696-1710 fJ. Parywa MIK oprdH npaBOCYIlHH . . 1)4-  4. CynoYC1JJOHCTBO 11 cynonpol1JB0.UCTBO PoccHIl B 1711-1716 IT. Y1.Jpejf(j}eHllle 4JHCKaJlbCKOH CJly.>K6bl. 3aKoHbi 1713-1715 n. 06 oco6oM nopHnKe cynonpol13BOllCTsa no lIenaM 0 npecrynJleHI1HX npOTHB I1HTepecoB CJ1}I)KObl 107  5. npeo6paJOBaHI1H B BoeHHOM cYDoycrpoilcTBe 11 cynonpol1380nCTBe POCCI-1I1 B 1696-1116 rr. KpHrcpeXTbl 11 aynlfTDpCKaH CJI)')K6a. . 130  6. CI1CTeMaTH3aUHH npoueCcyaJIbHOro 3atroHOJJ:IIeJlbCTsa POCCHI1 B 1696-1716 rr. . 136  7. BbiBOllbL . . . . . . . . . .. 140 
OmaB1let-ll.1e fnasa 3 nOllfOToBKa cYlleGHoH pe<fJopMbl ne-rpa I . .143  I nOJlI1THKo-npaBOBble BJfJ1J1.1]bl nerpa I. KOHuenlll1S1 Pohzelstaal.. . .144  2. nC1p I KaK cyne6Hbli111eHTCJlb. HopMaTI1DHOC perynl1poBaHlile )"JaCTHH MOHapxa B CYllonpol1JBOJ1C111t' B nepBOM'leTBeprH XVIII B. . . . . . . .150  3. nOI1CK I1HOCTpaHHblx 06paJuoB lUIH cyJre6Holi pe(jxJpMbI. feHpl1x4>I1Kl1eroMHCcl1S1....... ..161  4. Cyne6HaH cllcrer-m WBeillJl1 - o6pa:Jeu D.lliI cyne6HoH pe(jxJpMbl nerpa I. . . .169  5. KOHuenUHH cYlleGHoH pe4:IOPMbl ne-rpa I: onbn peKOHCTJJYKlH'Il1 . . . .176  6. XpoHOJIOrl1'JecKl1e rpaHI111bI cYlle6Hol1 pe4JopMbi ne-rpa I . .178  7. Bbrpa60Tl<H HOBOI1 MOlreJlI1 cYlle6Horo }ICI]XI11CTBa. n01lfOTOBKa 3aKOHa OT 1911eKatipH 1718 r 06 YKpe[]j]eHI1I1I1HCTaHUHOHHOCTH B CYllonpol:lJBOJ1C1Be . .180 8. EbIBOllbl.. . 196 fnasa 4. OcHOrntHl1e 11 pa3BI1Tl1e CI1CTeMbl CYIIOB o6111ei1 tOpllClUIKllVlI1 POCCIIII1B 1718-1727 rr. . ......... .200  I. 4JoPMHpoBaHI1e Hq)\faTM1IHOI1 OCHOBbI 4JYHK11I10H'lpooaHIm CI1CTeMbI cy.nOB o6111eH tOpHCllI1KUHI1 B 1718-1713 rr. HopManmHoe 3aKpeTl}]eHe OT.neneHI1H C}Ile6Hb!X opnu-Io!l OT aLlMI1HI1C1'paTIUJHblX .. . .10U  2. nOC1pOeHI1e 11 4JYHKUI10HI1pOBaHl1e CI1CTeMbl cynoB 06lliCH KJUlCllltKUl111 B 1718-1721 rr. tOcrI1U-KOIlIJerH.II. HaD.BOpHble 11 «HruKHl1e" cynbl . . .108  3. KOIaTOpCKl1e Meponpl1HTHH 1721-1717 IT. B 06JJaCTH cYllO}'C1pOIiCTBa. CYlle6Hbie KOMI1Ceapbl . . . .233  4. npaBHTCJlbCTBylOllil1H CCHaT KaK opraH npmocyllHH B 1717-1725 rr. PeKeTMeHCTepcKaH KOI-fIqJil. . . .141  5. 3apojf(j}eHl1e cy.neMCKOro Kopnyea POCCI1I1 (1718-1727rr.). ..253 6 BblBO.nbl.. ......268 
OrnaBlleHl1e fnasa 5 PeMa CI1CTeMbl cneUHaJlI13I1P0BaHHblX cynOB POCCI1I1 B 1717-1713 rr... .271  I. Cyllbl no rocy.aapcrneHHbiM npeclyllJ1eHWlM B 1717-1729 IT. HecOCTOHBWIDIC.II peopraHI13aUH.\I 1714 r. . . . . .172  2. n01lclilCTeMa BOeHHblX cynoB B 1717-1725 rr. BoeHHO-J]JIDKnaHCKHe C)Ile6Hble nJJIK."YICfBIUI . .284  3. nonclilCTeMa uepKOBHblX CYIIOB B 1721-1723 rr. UepKoBHIDI tOpl1CnHKUHH no lI,yxOBHOMY pernaMemy 1721 r. .190  4. n01lCIilCTeMa MarMClpiITCKI1X cynOB B 1721-1727 rr. f nasa ..0 cYilllX rp.vti1IdHCKJ.I>:» Pem!leHTd fn!lBHoro ManJC1JHfd 1721 r. .............. .300  5. nO.LlCCTeMa nOJlI1UMeCTpcKI1X cy.aoB B 1722-1714 rr 307  6. CynefutaR KOMneTeHUHH 'J']J<'\AIJ:IaHCKHX<> KOJlJ]erl1i1 BI7I7-1714n.. .................310  7. BblWHI1W cyn - HeCOCTO.IIBWlllfiCH cyn BblCwero JBeHa B pe4x:!PMI1POBaHHOH cyne6HoH CIilCTeMe POCCHI1 (17H-I726 IT.) . .316  8. BbiBOllb!................................... .332 fnasa 6. npeo6pa:JosaHI1.11 B cynonpol13BQ1lCTBe 11 CHCTeMaTH3aUHH npoueccya.ribHoro JaKOHOJmTeJlbCTsa POCCHI1 B 1717-1713 rr. 335  I. PeBH3HOHHo-pewaIOWI1H nopHnOK yrlJepjf(j}eHI1H 11 nepecM01]Ja cyneGHb!X peweHI1H R yrolIORHOM npouecce POCCI1I1 KOHua XV - nepBmi nOJlOBI1Hbl XV] B l1eroOOCC03l1aHl1eB 1719-1721 rr. ........ .338  2. 4'opMI1poBaHI1e CTallHI1 npenBapl1TeJ1bHOro paCCJle.llOBaHI1H B yrnnOBHOM nplJUecce POCCHI1 B 1717-1713 rr HaKa3 «Mai1opcKHM<> CJ1eJICTBeHHbIM KaHUeJl.llpHHM OT 9 nCKa6pH 1717 r. 3apojf(j}eHllle OTe'IeCTBeHHoro CJlenCTBeHHoroannapaTa.. .... .351  3. (JJHCKaJlbCKllH CJl)')K6a POCCI1I1 B 1717-1729 IT. 3aKoH OT 29 anpeJl.ll 1725 r. «0 J1I)1DKHOCTIt reHepam- 4JHCKa.w>.. . .373  4. CI1CTe'-taTlBdllilH npouea.YdJIbHOro JaKOHOLl!lTeJlbCTBa POCCI1I1 B 1717-1713 rr. npoeKT YnO)l(eHI1H POCCI1HCKoro rOCYllapcTBa 1713-1726 IT. . . . 384  5. BbiBOllb! .....................................400 
OmaB1let-ll.1e fnasa 7 CyneGHIDI)Je()Jop\ta ne-rpa 111 HeKoTopble BOnpoCbl I1CTOpl111 rocynapcrBa 11 npasa POCCI1I1 mupoJi 'leTBePTIil XVIII-XX BB. . . .403  I. PeBHJI.tOHHo-pernatOllll1i1 nopHlloK yrBepjf(j}eHI1H 11 nepeCMOTpa cync6HblX pCWeHI1i1 B Vro.!lOBHOM npollet:ce Poccm1 BTOpoH 'JeTBepTH XVIII - Cepelll1libl XX B. . .404  2. ClJencrneliHblH annapaT POCCl111 BO BTopoii 'JeTseprn XVIII-XX BB. . .414 3.EbIBOllbl.. ..441 3aK.IJtO'JeHl1e .' . .443 nptIJlOJKeHI1H.. . .455 I. npoeKTbI peopraHmaUl111 CYDOYCTpOHCTBa POCCHI1 11 )"JpeAilleHI1j.J OTlleJlbHblX cyneGHblX opraHOIJ (l7UH720 rr.). . . . . .455 II. 3aKoHbl 11 YKa3b1 06 OTKpblT11111 III KOMnereHUl111 pe4x:!PMIllPOsaHHbIX opniHoB npaBOCynl1.11 (1719-1721 rr.) .' . .461 III.YJ.aJb!11 pacnopWKeHI1H 0 pacnpeneJleHl111 yrOJlolJHblX DeJI M61ill)' cynaMIil 06111eH IOpItC.IDIKUlllIII 11 cneUlilaJIl1311posaHHblMI1 CyDaMI1 (1722-1724 rr.). . . . . .463 IV. 3aKoHbl. YKaJbl III pac::nHIUI no BOnpocaM yroJlOBHOro Cynonpol13B01lCTlk1 (l717-1721 n.). . . 467 V. npoeKT YJIOA<eHI1.11 PoccwHcKoro rocynapcTlIa 172J-1726 rr.IH3B..e4eHl1el .470 . .478 . 485 .486 ......... .487 YK<UdTeJlbI1MeH.. Cnl1COK COKPaWeHI1H . . Summary.. Zusammenfussung... 
AMItlTPIII OIleroBlIIlj CepoB CY,I:1E6HAR PEOPMA nETPA I Io1croplllKo-npaBOBoe IIICOBaHlile MKJJ. «3epuano-M» JhlUeH311.11 NQ 003601 OT 20 HO.ll6pH 2000 r. TCJ1'/4JaKC: (495) 689-75-]6. (495) 689-72-45. e-mail: laton@mail ru n01J.nI1CaHO B ne'JaTb 09 012(X)9. 4'opMaT 60x90/16. YCJ1 nN 11. 30.5. TI1pa;t<700 3K3. 3aKnNQ Orne4a1aHO C rOTOBblX nHan0311THIJOIJ B nnn «Tl1rlOrpa4Jl1S1 «HAYKA,> 121099. MocKBa. llly6I1HcKI1i1 nep.. 6