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1.2. Ko!llMCp<lCCKOC npaBO KaK Ha)'Ka H KaK yqe6HID1lIHCWfnnHHa 21 me7bHocmu. TeopeTHqecKoe ]HaHMe - no oco50e npe):{cTaBneHlle, KO- Topoe Ao6b1BaeTC}I H8 OCHOBe Hcnonb30B8HH}I H8YI.JHb]X MeTO):{OB II cpeACTB. nonyqeHHb]e H8YK0j{ CBe):{eHllSJ nopoH pe3Ko O11IllI.J8fOTC OT HeHay'lHOrO, rum, KaK rOBopHT, oGbUJ.eHHoro B3rJUl./18 Ha O):{HH II Te me 05beKTbL KOMMepqecKoM)' np8ay npHXO):{HTCH pewaTh MHOiKecTBO HOBblX II BeCbMa CJ1OJ1.."HblX np06J1eM, LlenCTBQBaTh B cra1)'ce Ha)'Kll. TaK, YI.JeHbI- MH-KOMMepllHaJlllCTaMH propa6ornHbl TeOpeTHlJeCKHe npo6rreMblnoro- BOpOB M8pKeTHHra, ToproBoro areHTHpoBaHIDI, C03):{8Hll" II pacnpocT- paHeHIDI peKlJaMbl, nepeLl,a'lH II 06pa6oTlill KOMMep'leCKOH llH<pOPM8l\l1lf II MHorne A}Jyme. PM TaKIIX np06J£M 6YAeT OTMe'JeH B HaCTOHIUeH KHH- reo A BOT B CHCTeMe ropRllHI.JCCKOrO 06pmOBaHIDI KOMMepl.JeCKOe npaBO Bblcryn8eT}')Ke B K8'leCTBe YI.Je6HOH ):{HCl\HJUIllHbJ. Y'le6Hll5l OucrllllLllIlW npedHU3HQWHQ i1m 1je..7eu 06y'leHWI. nOMa- TOBKH CneUHaJlllCTOB K npaKTHI.JeCKOH pa60Te. Y'le6HbJe JI.llCl\HnnHHbI <PoPMIIp}'lOTCH nyreM omopa TeopenII.JeCKHX n0J10)f(eHllH, Bblpa60TaH- HblX COOTBeTCTBylOlllI1MH HaYfuvvlll, a TalOKe nyreM 0606IUeHIDI npaK- TlIl.JeCKOrO onblTa. OHli He C03)J,afOT HOBoro 3HaHlliI, 8 J1llllib 0606l1\8IOT }')Ke llMelOlllI1eCH 3HaHll" B y,ll,06HOM AillI YCBoeHIDI BRlle. npllMepOM MO)f(eT CJJYJi'"1ITb ]11050" YI.Je6HHK HJ1ll noc06lle no 05yqeHllIO (B qaCT- HOCTII, Y4e6HHKH no cTeHorpa4JHll, no 8BTone.ny). MCTOpllil CTaHOBJIeHlliI Ha)'KH )XIl."'CHHCKOro KOMMcp'lCCKOro npaBa qpe3Bbl'l8HHO lllfrepecHa II nO}"lllrenbH8. Haqano CHCTeMaTH'leCK.IIx. llC- CJ1e):{oBaHllH no KOMMepqeCKOM)' npaay 6billO 05YCOOBJ1eHO He05xo):{H- MOCTbfO nOJJ,fOTOBKH YI.Je6HOH JIlITeparypbL OnHHMH ll3 nepBblX pa60T B JTOH o6J1acTH CHum KHllra M. M. Mll- xaiinoBa «ToproBoe npaBo» 1860 r., 8 T8lOKe "pKHe II COlIq»KaTe.nbHb]e «JIeKuHll no ToprOBOM)' npaey)) (1873 r.) n. n. lJ,HTOBllqa II ero me «YI.JC5HHK ToproBoro npaBa» (1891 r.). KaK OTMeqMOCb HCCJ1e):{OBaTe- J1SIMJL llMeHHO n. n. lJ,MTOBll4 Bb]CTpOllJl CHCTeNY OCHOBHblX nOHSlTIIH TeOpllll ToproBoro npaBa. 0503H8'lHJI ee OCHOBHbJe np06neMbJ II HaMe- TIUI TeM caMblM II)'Tb, no KOTOpOM)' CTMO pa3BJ1BaTbC" ll3}'I.JeHlle pYC- CKoro ToproBOro npaBa. Bblp8)KIDI OCHOBHoe pa3JBI4lle Me)f\II)' rpa)f\JJ.8H- CKHM II TOproBblM npaBoM, n. n. lJ,HTOBWI nllCM: «rpa)f()1,aHCKOe npa- BO paThe,r:J;HIDleT H npoTHBOnOCTaBJUIeT J1IO):{eH, ToproBoe npaBo llX co- e)UfID1er II nOlI'lHID1eT. OAHO npaBO - 1/00U8UO)'a.7bHO, AP}'Toe - co- ljlltL7bHo)[. Ilil,m(JflU'In n TpY.!lb1nOTqJ«JBOMyH I3CKttI]HoMy[]paBY. B2-XT. T. I. M., 2005. C. 449. 
22 r naBa I. lIpeJIMeT H CI:ICIeMa Kypca KOMMep'IecKOIU npaBa HJBeCTHl,lii poCClfnCKltii KOMMepU:J.{(IJ[llCT r. cI>. lllepweHeBHq B CRO- eM «Kypce TOprOBoro npaaa) (1888, 1894 IT.) II BhI.l{ep>K8BllleM MHoro- 1.JllCJJeHHble nepel13)Jamm «Y'Ie6HHKe ToprOl30ro npaBa» (1911 r.) ox- BaTH1l 06JJaCTb ToproBoro "paBa B LleJIOM, ClfCTer.mTl13llpoBaJ1 II pacno- I10JKHJJ HaYI.JHb]H MaTepllall no 'leTKO KoopL\lllrnpOBaHHOM)' ruIaH)'. Ta- KID! CllCTeMHOCTb cyntecTBeHHO Cnoco6cmoB8.JI8 pa3BIITI1IO TOpro80ro npasa KaK CaMOCTOJJTellbHoro HanpaRJleHIUI npaBOBoii HaYKH. 3aMeTHblH BKJIaJI: B Teopmo ToproBoro "paBa BHeeJIH «O'lepKl1 TOp- rOBoro npaBa» A. H. KaMlIHKH (1911 r.). 060CHOBb]BIDI caMOCTt»rIeJlb- Hbill:<apmaep Toproooro npaBa, A. H. KaMIIHKa nOK83aJI Ha.rm"me B 06- JlacTli ToprORllll ""CTH1)'TOB II npaBoBhlx HOpM, pernaMeHTItp}'fOlltllX llMeHHO ToproBblH a60poT II COBeplllCHHO He Bcrpe'ffilOllUiXC.II B rpa)K- .LIaHCKOM npaRe; caMoe llHIpOKoe pa3BllTIfe CaMOCTOmeJ1bHOCTH II HHH- l.lH3.TI1Bbl cy6l>eKTOB TOproBJIll, CO'leTIUOI.J..teeC1I C Mf1J8M'1 fl)6ml'lHOrO KOHTpOJU], OTcyrCTB)'JOIUHMH B OCTaJIbHOM l1M)'llIecTBeHHOM 060p:ne; Heo6xo.r:J;l1MOCTb o6ecneI.Jemrn 6blCTpOTbl, yCTOft'illBOC11t II onpe,!:{eJIeH- HOC111 ToproBoro o60pOTa, AOCT!1f"iteNb]X CneIU1B.JIbHb]Mll cnoco6&111 np8BOBoro peryJ1llpOBaHIDI B Ipy,ll,8X HaJBaHHb]X II APyrHX KOMMepUl1anllCTOB oqep'lCH8 ClfCTe- M8 TOproBbIX ,lI,eCTBllH. onpeJJ:eJICHbl nOHTI.ur ToprOBOH LIe5lTenbllOCTlf II ToproBOro npaBa, npOCJlC)](eH npouccc cr8HOBJleHI15I. poccl1iiCKOro TOp- rOBoro np8B8, npOBC)J,CHO yrny6JleHIIOe llccnC)J,OB8HHe TeKCTOB 3aKOIIO- .LI8TeJlbCTB8, TOproBblX 06b1'1aeB II CY.LIe6HOH np8KTIfKlf, npOaJffiJIII311pO- B8HO COOTHorneHHC ToprOBoro II rpa)K):l8HcKOro np8Ba II AP. H8)"1Hble npoll3Be)J,eHWI no PYCCKOMY ToprOBOM)' np8B)1 nopeBOJUO- 1.U10HHOro nepHo.n,aCOCTaBMIfOT ,l]OCfaT()I:IHO o6urnpH)'lO 6116JBIOrpa4>I1JO. P860Th] cOBpeMeHHoro nepllo1I8 yKd3bIBaJOTCjj B TeKCTe KHHrlf, B TOM 1.JllCJIC B cnllCK8X mrrepmypbl K OT.LIeJlhHbIM rnaB8M. 1.3. I1pel\Mef peryJIupoBaIIIUI KOMMep.ecKoro npaBa Ka)KlIaJI Y'le6HaJI JJ:HCQHnnllH8 38HllMaCTC5I CBOHM onpeLlCJICHHb]M npe,1l.MeTOM. Al:H KOMMep1.JeCKO["O npaBa T8KHM npellMeTOM HBJlH- eTCH npaRORoe peryJIllpORalille KOMMep..eCKou. T. e. TOP.-OROH. J1e- RTeJlbHOCHL ToprOBaJI ,lI,e.IITenbHOCTh, llnll, llH31.Je rOBop5l, TOBapHoe o6paI.lteHHC. B C8MOM 06I.I..leM BH.IJ:e npe.u.cnmIUleTc060ii C:OlJ0K}'1l1WCmb deiR.mlJlcU /llO- i>eii no npodelOlCe1iulO 1Il06ap06 OT llJroToBlITelJeH K nurpe6wreJmM. Cp83Y )](e B03HllK8lOT BonpOCbl 0 Ha1.Ja.rrhHOM H KOHC1.JHOM nYUKT8X 
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24 r naBa I. lIpeJIMeT H CI:ICIeMa Kypca KOMMep'IecKOIU npaBa AaHHblH BHJJ, .QeHreJlbHOCTH Tpe6YeT lllHpm<HX llCCJ1e)l,OBaHHii. De3 Bblpa6aTlO1 peKOMeHAaUll II OKa3aHlliI MeTOJ\II'lOCKOIi nOMOlll11 H3ro- TOBlfTeJUiM OHll C8Mll He B COCTOMHllH HaJIa"l],I1Tb ycneUlHb]H C6bfT CBOe- ro TOBapa. I1MeHHO Hep33pa6oTaHHOCTb )'KaJaHHb]X npo6neM, OTcyr- crBMe y npe.LITlpllHlwarerrei1 HaBblKOB TaKO" paGOTb] Be)l,eT K MacCOBblM cmyaUJHIM, Kor):\3 npoU3BOACTBeHHb]e OpraHH38L1JH1 nonpocl)' He 3Ha- lOT, KaKO TOBap 6Y,ll,eT nonb30BaTbCJI cnpOCOM. KOMY H B KaKl1X 1001111- ..eCTB8X OH IIfQ""AreT 6bITb pearnt3OBaH. B pe3}'J1bTaTe B ClpaHe He ncnOJIb- 3}'eTC.II 3H8IJIITeJlbHIDI "mcn npOifiBOACTBeHHblX MOIIUIOCTe'I. He MO)](e'T npOB01UfTbC.IJ KOHBepCllSi 060POHHbIX 3aBO,lIOB. TaKHM 06pa30M, 113) "ellue 11lO6l1fJ1l0.."'O 06pOlqellWl OO.7,1ICJlO HOl/U- HumbCR c deii(f1I611U op.....UHltJUljuii-lJ1.:'Um06llme'leU, peanm}'lOw;HX CQ- 3lJ;8HHhlii TOBap, a He C ,lI,eiiCTBJlH TOproBbIX nOCpe)I,HHKOB. B COCTaB KOMMCPqecKOH JJ,eRTCJIbHOCTH TaIOKC CJJcnycr BKJIfOqaTb a«mbl npu06pememm moeapa nOK)!name:lJLUu. KpynHeHw8S1 rpynna npllo6peTaTe.rrei1 TOBapa - 3TO p03HHLlHble TOproBble OpraHll3aIJ,HH. Ha- PM)' C HllMH nOTpe6llTeJUlMH BblcrynalOT MHJlJlHOHbl pa3JIHQHbIX opra- HH3alll1H. llCnOJlb3yIOWI1X MaTePHaJlb]. 060py.nOBaHHe. llHBeHTapb ,lJ,mI CBOIiX X03aHC1BCHHblX II npennpHHHMaTCJlbCKI1X ueJldi. nO"rpc6llTCIDI- Mll HBJUlIOTCa He TOnbKO npoJl3BOACIBelllib]e, HO T8IOIW MHoroQlfCneH- Hble ynpaBJIeHQeCKI1e. yqe6Hhle, MenlfUI1HCKHe, BOeHHble H liHble opra- Hll3alll1ll. PeryJIHpOBaJllle 3aKynoK MarepUaJlbHblX II TOBapHblX peCypCOB 06- pa3}'eT OrpOMHb] KJIy60K np06JJeM. MaTepl13.JJbHOe II TOBapHoe cH86- )KeHlle CJJ)0KHT yCJlOBlfeM HOpMaJlbHO Aean:JlbHOCTlf moooH opraHH3a- Ul1ll. Ee3 YCTOii<nlBOrO, pllu.fWlHoro CHa6)KeHllH 3KOHOMI1Ka 06pe'leHa H8 HKIlfBHOCTb II ynanOK. 3neCb TalOKe -rpe6ylOTc" HaY'lHo 060- CHOBaHHb]e np8lulJla II peKOMeHnaUlfH. Kor,ll,a Teopll" KOMMep'leCKoro npaBa non BJUtllHlfeM BeKOBO "Ipa- JllIQJfH 3aMbIK8eTCH Ha ,lI,emeJlbHOCTH omOBo-nocpe)J,HH'IeClmX opraHH- 3aUHH, OHa 8BTOMaTHqeCKH llCKJIIO<meT ll3 cBoeii c$epbl BonpOCbl c6b1- TIt npon)'Ku,Hll, a TalOKe M8Tepl1anbHoro II TOBapHoro cHa6)f(eHHR. B pe- 3}'JIbTaTe He nOJl)"lalOT paJpaOOrKH II BHeJIPeHlIH B )KH3Hb np8lUlJla II npHCMbl neaTeJlbHOCrn, OTBe'ffiIOIl.lHC COBpCMeHHbIM 3anpocaM, nOTpe6- HOCTM 061.1.lecTBa. COTHH Tb]CR'I npe,n:npllHIfM8TeJleH lIeiiC1BYJOT 6e3 qeT1\HX YCTaHOBOK II peKOMCH)J,aUHH. I1TaK, B Ka'leCTBe o6H3aTe.rJbHbIX Y'IacTKOB TOpl"OBOI"O o6opoTa J],OJUKHbl npHHHM8TbCH: I) C6bIT H3rOTOBllTen"Mll CBOllX TOBapoB; 2) ,QeHTCJIbHOCTb omOBblX ToproBblX II IfHblX nocpc.LIHH'IccKItX 3BCHb- 
1.4. COJ:ICP>II3HIle Kypca KOMMep'leCKoro npaBa 25 eB; 3) HaKOHel.l, neikTBI1Jl cy6beKTOB no npH06pereHlflo TOBapoB, 05ec- ne'leHlUO ce6ji He06xo.lUIMblMll pecypc3Mll. Bce 3Tlf y'IB.CTI<lf, 3 He O.LlHlf JIlllllb AeifcTBI1Jl onTOBblX ToprOBlteB COCTaBmiIOT COAq»KaHlfe Topro- BOM ,lI,ejiTenbHOCTlf II npe.!I.MeT pery11llpoBaHllji KOMMep'lecKoro npaBa. XapmrrepHO, 'iTO npoL(eCC pcr.llUI'IHOM: njJOJI.3}Klf TOBapOB 06b1'1HO He BKJlfOqaeTCji B npe.!I.MeTperyJIlfpoBaHlfji KOMMepqeCKoro npa- Ba. 31"0 BOBce He CBl1AereJIbCTBye-r 0 HeBHHMaHlfll K rpIDK.!t3H8M. OnTO- BaJJ TOproBJUl1t CHa6JKeHlte no CBOllM UeJIjiM, cO.Llep>KaHllfO II npaBllJIaM C}'lllecTBeHHO OTJ1ll'laIQTCji OT p03HIf'lHblX C.LlenoK. KpoMe Toro, rpIDK- ,QilHe He }(BJISIIOTCfi yqaCTHllKaMll ,lI,ejiTeJTbHOCTlf no npOlIBll"iKeHlffO TO- BapoB Ha pblHKe. OHIt Bb]cryllalOT B Ka'leCTBe nUlpe6UTeIleM TOBapOB, KynJTeHHbIX,lJ,mI nlf'lHbIX H)I)K1I 1.4. Coile]!JKaHlle KYJIca KI!MMep'IeCKOI1 npaBa OCHOBHoe CO.LlepiK8HUe KypC3 KOMMep'leCKoro npaBa COCTaBJIjier npaBOBoe pel)'JIUpOB8Hue ToprOBblX i'leiiCTBHii. COBeprnaeMblX no nOBOlIY 06panteHIDI TOBapoB II llMefOlltltX ueJTbfO ll3BJle'leHlle npll6b1- 11ll. B Tex CJIY'IMX, KorAa TOBapb] llcnonb3YIOTCji HenpelInpllHllM3TeJIb- CKHMll Opr3HlfJaLllljiMlf, llX npllo6pe-reHlle He C03.Llaer npll6blllH. OJI.Ha- KO OHO CJI)')KltT He06xo.LllfMb]M YCJIOBlleM 06eCne'leHlfji )Klf3HC):\eKreJ1b- HOCTlf TaKI1X opraHIIJ8I.tlli1 II nOTOM}' BKJlIO'l8eTC B cepy KOMMep'leC- Koro npaBa. K co5CTBeHHO TOproBblM ,lI,eHCTBlljiM IlpIfMbJKaeT orpOMHoe 'iHCJIO BcnOMOraTellbHbIX II no60'lHbIX ,lI,diCTBltH (;:J;OCTaBKa, XpaHeHHe, npll- BJIeqeHlle 8reHTOB Ii AP.), KOTOpble T810Ke nplfJH8IOTC ToprOBblMll. no- CKOJIbK)' CJT)'"iKaT )'BeJIll'-IeHIiIO ToproBOH npll6b1nll. Ee3 60JTburnHCTBa TaKltX AeHCTBllH ocyrnCCTBJIeHlle ToproBJIli B COBpeMCHHbIX YCJIOBIDIX npoCTO HeB03MO"iKHO, BAe TOprOBJIH 3TH ,lI,eiiCTBIDI yrpa'illBaIOT CEoe 3Ha- ..eHlie. I13Y'leHlle npaBOBOro peryrutpOBaHI1Jl TaKoro po.naAeHCTBlfiJ. co- CTaBJUler BaJKHYIO 'iaCTb .II.HCUlinJIHHbI KOMMep'!ecKoro npaBa. I1MeerCji ewe O.Lllfa COBeprneHHO oc06aJ1 reOpeTII'IeCKaji II npaKTlf- 'lCCKaji 3anaqa KOMMCp'leCKoro "paBa - npaBOBoe cOlleikTBue CTa- UOBJleUlllO POCCUiiCKOI-O l-oBapuol-o pblHKa. OHa CBOCTBeHff8 llMeH- HO pocclliiCKOM)' KOMMep'feCKOM}' npaB)' Ii 06ycnosneHa npoItCIJJeJI.Il1llM B c1paHe ll3MeHeHHeM 3KOHOMll'leCKOrO CTpOji. O'leBI-f.LlHO, '1TO, He CO- 3.D,aB He06xo.LllfMb]e 3BeHbji Pb]HO'lHOM CllCTeMb], He.rrb3ji paCC'JlfTblBaTb ua ycnellIHoe pa:3BHTlle pbIHO'lHbIX OTHOllIeHlfM. 
26 r naBa I. lIpeJIMeT H CI:ICIeMa Kypca KOMMep'IecKOIU npaBa <tJOpMlfpOBaJme crpYKTYPbl H llH4JI:mCTpYKTYPbI TOBapHoro PbIHK8. HaJImKl1B8Hne YCTOll4lIBb]X ToproBO-X03jjCTBeHHb]X CBH3eH llMelOT pe- rn81011.1ee 3Ha<IeHlle J],JUI. npeO)J,OneHlUI HblHewHero 6e.tI.crneHHoro COCTo- HHlUI C1paHb], .U,JUI HOpMaITbHOro pa3BJlTlUI 3KOHOMHKlI. HroBaHHble npo- 6neMbI C Heo6xOlII1MOCTblO AOn)](Hb] BKJ]IO'IaTbCM B npeLJ,Mer HByKH KOM- Mep'leCKoro npaBa II c4>epy perymtpoBaHIUl ToprOBOro 38KOHOJ\aTeJU.- crBa. TaKHM o6pa30M. reOplllJ KOMMep<IeCKoru npaBa npH3BaH8 llJ}"lan II nOJ\rOT8B.1lllBaTb HaY'IHO 060CHOB8HHb]e npe.u.nO>KeHHJI 0 3aKOHOJl8- TeJlbHblX Mepax no COBepweHCTBOBaHlIlQ opraHlBaumt cy6'beKTOB TOp- rOBOro o60poT8, pa3BJlTlIIO CTpyKTypb] II llHpaCTPYKTYpb] TOBaplloro pblHK8. :nOT Ba:1KHbIH }"JaCTOK TOBapHoro o6paweHllJl He MO)KeT aCTa- BaThCH BHe nOIlH 3peHllH KOMMep'leCKoro "paBa, XOT5] OH crOllT ,lI,OCTa- roqHO o50co6JICHHO K OCROBROM)' CO.n:ep-AWHHIO naHRoH llHCLlI1llJ1llHbI. CXO)),HbIM 06paJOM, xonr npouecc P03HllqHOit TOproBJIll Tp81IHUJJ- OHHO He pacCM8"IpI1B8erC.\1 KOMMep1JeCKHM npaBOM, 3ana)),Hbie KOMMep- lUiaJIHCTbI B HaCTOwee speW! 8KTHBHO 3aHIfMaJO'fCjj 3aKOHO,ZIB1'eJIbC1BOM o 3aWI1Te npaB narpe6llTeJ1eH. ()fu,eKTHBH8J1 He06xOAlIMOCTb paCCMOT- peHID! 3T11X BonpOCOB o6ycn0BJ1llBaeTC (-IX norpaHHLlHbIM nOJ1mKeHH- eM C npo6J1eMaTllKOH KOMMeplJeCKOra npaea. BIDKHOCTblOY4eTa npaBno- Tpe6liTeJ1eH He TOJ1bKO Ha Bcex C'Ta)J.IDIX npo.ll.BJDKeHID! TOsapa, HO ,llroKe B npOLlecce ero npolI]B(),llC"JBa. K Hal\110HaJlbHOMY KOMMep<IeCKOM)' npaBY npllMblKaeT MeJI\IQ'Ha- pOHoe KOMMep.,eCKoe "paBO (npaBO Me)K.lJ;YHapo.nHO TOprOBJ1ll), Ha 06DeKTI1BHb]H npOLlecc 4JOpMllpOBaHID! KOropOro 06pawanll BHlfMaHlle eli.\e n n lJ.I1TOBlf4 It A. cI>. cI>eJlOpOB B Ha<m.JIe XX B. B nOCJJeJlHlle JleCjiTiUJerltll B CB.II3ll co 3HaLlIrreI!bHb]M YBe.rrll'leHHeM 06'beMOB HopMa- TItBHoro MaTepllarJa no npaBY Me)KlI)'H8po.nHO ToprOBnll, 06paJOBaHlf- eM HOBora lex mercatoria 3T3 npo6neMa aKTYarJll3lfpoBanacb. B HacTQji- llIeH KHHre no Mepe He06xo)I,llMOCTH }'Ka3blBalOTCji HOpMaTI1BHble aKTbI Me)K)lyHapOJlHoro KOMMep4eCKoro npaBa. 1.5. CoornornellHe co CMeJKHLIMH IOPllJlll'lecKHMH H IIIIbIMH I\HCl\IIWIHHaMH l(mI. npaBlfJIbHoro nOHHMaHlUI npeJlMeTa KOMMep4ecKom npaBa BIDK- HO onpe.ne.rreHlle em COOTHOWeHID! co CMe)](ffb]Mll IOpH.IJ.H<J:eCKHMll (-I IIlllilMll ,lI,lfCiummIHaM.lf. 
1.5. COOIHOIlleHIIe co CMeJKHb[MH 1OpIJ.!Ul'lecKHMH H HHb[MH I\HCWUUlHHaMH E ITpe)l()]:e I!cero - 0 coomHOlueHlIU c npaflOAJ <pa:1KiJaIJCI(U.M. KOM- Mep<IecKoe npaBo npeJ:{CTaBlliIeT co6o CneLlH3.JIbHYlO 06.nacTb 'IaCTHO- ro npaBa. OHO 6epeT 113 CKoro npaBa roTOBblMll MHome nOHSI- TI1.I'I llLleJIb]ellHcnnyrbl, OBlWOH3MeHAA nOCJ1e.IT.Hlle. Cy- ll.{eCTB}'lOl.l{mI B3aHMOCB3b npOJlBJUleTCH B Cy6CllJ],JIapHOM npHMeHeHllH K TOproBbJM OTHOllleHIDIM HOpM rpa)l()]:aHcKoro aKOHO):JarenbCTBa npH OTCyrCTBHll cneU:l1aJ1bHbIX ToprOBb]X 3aKoHoB II 06b]qaeB. BMecTe c TeM TOprOBmi .lI.eJlTeJ1bHOCTb HY)K)J,aeTCJl J],JUI cBoero YC- nelllHoro pa3BIITIUI B oco6Hx npaBlrnax peryI1llpOBaHWI, y'UtTblBaJOll\HX ee OTJlHlfltre1IbHbIii: xapaKrep OT IlM)'ll{OCIBCHHOro o60pma B LleJlOM. BbJ- OOJIHeHlle ilJym.-.nrn B cilJepe TOproRJIH npe;:J;nonaraeT HallUIflIe y cy6beK- TOB oc06blX npaB II BMCCIC C TeM HaJIaraCT Ha HHX CJ6maHHocnl, He CBOH- CTBeHHb]e HHbJM cyfu.eKT3M rpIDK.!i.3HCKOro npaBa. 06HareJIbCTBeHHb]e OTHorneHlUI B ToprOBOM 06opore Ype6ylOT npllMeHeHlUI. OC06blX Aoro- BOpOB, He npeJ:l)'CMOTpeHHb]X rpIDK.1laHCKHM npal!OM JInGo C}'ll{OC"IEeH- HO I!H.D:Oll3MeHeHHblX no cpaBHeHHIO C nOCJIe)J,HliM. no Mepe cBoero oocrynaTeJlbHOrO ,lJ,BIDKeHIDI KOMMep<IeCKOe npaBO I!bIJXl6a'rblBaeT c06CTBeHHbie npllHlIHnbl, npaBOl!b]e KOHcrpYKl\liH, npa- BlIJ]a, COl!eprneHHO He Il3l!CC1Hble rpa)l()]:aHCKOM)' npaB}'. ropa3.IJ:O 60nb- lllee JHa<IeHlle I! KOMMep'leCKOM npaBe, <IeM I! rpa)l()]:aHCKoM. HMeIOT .lI.e- I10l!ble 06bJ<ffi11, llMeH)'eMb]e 3.n.ecb 06hI<IaJlMlf Toprol!Oro 060pOTa. CrpeMJJeHHe OT.ll,CTIbHblX Ha}"lHblX KpyroB K ofu.eJulHemuo KOMMep- <IeCKOrO npaBa C rpIDK.1:l8HCKI1M Be):JeT. C O.LlHOH CTOpoHb], K He06xo.LlH- MOCTH AonyCKaTb B rpIDKJJ.aHCk""OM 3aKOHO.Lw:rellbCTBe I'ItHO>KeCTBO llCKJ11O- <IeHI1H ll3 06ll.{HX nOJIO>KeHllH, C .npyroH- K (x'TIlBJIeHHlO HepellleHHbl- MH BalKHblX BOnpOCOI! H cOJ.n;aHHIO nperurrcTBliH K pa3l!llTIlIO poCCliHC- KOro ToproBoro o60pom. Tenepb 0 coonmOlllellllll KmLuep"ecKozo II nper:)npIlIlU\tame,,1bCKO- zo npaffa. 31ICCb CJ1ClIYcr nOlILlepKHyrb, LITO KOMMCPLIIVl HBJUlCTCJl 011- HHM ll3 BHlIOB npe)1llpllHllM8TeJIbCTBa, O;J.HaJ..""O KOMMep'leCKOe npaBO He llMeeT O"I"HOrneHlUI K npaBY npelInplfHllMarern.cKOMY. KaK H BCHKmI 0lJlacJIb 3KOHOMHKH, TOproBillI B Cyu.leCTBeHHOH CTe- neHli peryI1HpyeTCH YCTaHOBJIeHllJlMH rocy.napCTBeHHoro, allMI1HHCTpa- THBHOro, HaJIOroBOro, yronOBHOro 11 lIpyrHX 0lJlacJIeH ny611H<nIoro npa- Ba. O)J,HaKO nOlI KOMl'llep'leCKHM npaBOM B HaYKe II 3aKOHo.n;aTeJIbCTBe nOHllMaIOTCH, npe)l()]:e Bcero, 'laCTIIOnp3.BOIlliIe HOpMbL 3a py6e>KoM KOM- Mep'leCKllM npaBOM npll3HaeTCH llCKJIlO'IHTeJlbHO CHCTeMa HopM 'laCT- HOro npaBa. Hll KaK O'I]J8CJTh ny6nU<nIOI""O npaBa, HH KaK CMeIIJeHlIe HOpM IIffiCTHoro II ny6JIll'lHOrO xapmcrepa KOMMcp'leCKOe npaBO HC Momo 6bl llMerb HllK8K11X OCHOBaHHH J],lliI caMOCTOHTeJlbHOro cyntecTBOB8HIUI. 
28 r naBa I. lIpeJIMeT H CI:ICIeMa Kypca KOMMep'IecKOIU npaBa TIpe.ll.npllHllM8TeJIbCKOe npaBO Ha3bJBaeT ce6" KOMnJIeKCHOP Otpac- J1blO, ocyntecTBlUDOl.l.(,eii npaBOBoe peryJ1llpOB8HHe npe.rmpIll-rn:MaTeJ1b- CKOHJ\exreJlbHOC'TIl HDpMaMlI pa3Jlll'lliblX Otp8Cnei1 npaBa. O,lJ,HaKO npe.ll.- npmillM8TeJ1bCKOe npaBo He BblAeJU]eT II He }"IIITbIBaeT OTnll'l1lli OlJlac- J1eBblX MeTO)J.OB I1J:ftB08O£O perymtpoBaHlUl.. He p3CCMaIpIlB&OTCJI II coo- co6bJ lJ6ecneqeHllj] B38HMOCIUl3H MeJKJI)' p33HocrrpacneBbllllH YCT8HOBJle- """MH, OTHOC}lI.llHMHCH K o6ll.leM)' o6'beKIY. TaKI1M 06P330M, 3TO 60nee ynpOll.\eHHbli1, Orpy6J1eHHbI noromA., oCHOBaHHb]H H8 HrHopHpoBaHllH p33nHIlHll OTp..'iCJleBblX MerOJJ;OB npaBoBoro peryJlllpOBaHll". cnoco60B YCTaHOBJ[eHll B3aHMocornaCOBaHHOCTH 1lte>KJIY perneHHSlMIl no Bonpo- caM npe,!J.I1pllHHMarelIbC'TBa, npHHllMaeMb]MH B p33HbIX OlJlacnx npaBa. no 3TI1M I1pll'lHHaM KOMMep'lCCKOe npaBo nOKa He HaxO.ll.1IT TOI.JeK conpHKOCHOBeHm] c npeMIP"HllMaTeJIbCKHM "paROM. hv..IWf!{J'/ecKoe npa6u 1I AteHeil)/cueHm. MCHC1VKMeHT MO)f(eT 6bITb onpelIeneH KaK ynpaBJIeHqecKa )JeaTeJIbHOCTb 4>HpMbl no BbJpa60TKe lteJIeH Ii nOJ1llTHKH Be)J,eHIDI 6ll3HeCa, npe.ll.nOJIaraIOlltWi KOMf1.JIeKCHbI 8HMm 4>aKTopoB, BJlIDIIOI.I.lHX Ha ero 3<l><t>eKTHBHOCTb. TIpH Bb]pa6oTKe .o:OJlroCpo1.JHblX YCTaHOBOK II oplleHTllpOB no YKpen- neHino n03Hl.\HH Ha pb]HKe. HOBbiX HanpaBJICHHH npOll3BO)J,CTBa II C6bl- Ta KpaHHe BIDKHO npllHllMBTb BO BHllMBHHe TPe60BaHlUI. 3aKOHOD.aTenb- CTBa. B03MmKHOCTll II nopMOK HCnOJIb30BaHlUI. .o:oroBopa II .npyrHx npa- BOBbiX Cpe.il;CTB. 8 POCC"" 3<l>4>eKTHBHOCTb ynpaBneH'leCKHX pellleHll 06bJ'lHO CHIDKaeICH I1Jlll He ,lI,OCTllraerCJI Boo6ll.\e ll3-3a llrHOpHpC)8aHlUI. npaBOBblX aCneKTOB COOTBeTCTByIOI.l(,eU )J,e.IITeJlbHOcTH. KOMMep'leCKOe npaBo oplleHTHpye-r IOpllCTOB ilmpM H8 Henocpe):(- CTBeHHoe }"I3cTHe B nOJl,rOTOBKe ynpaBJIeH'lecKllx perneHll" C llalonb- 30BaHlleM nonO)](eHll, ll3JIaraelllblX B .o:aHHO" KHllre II LlpyrHx TPYLlax KOMMeptIHaJlllCToB. KallllefJ'IECKoe npafw U !IOdlCmUKa. 8 c<l>epe TOproBJUI OCYll.\eCTB- nJiIOTC.IJ pa3Hoo6pa3Hble onepaUHll C TOBapoM, nOLlpa3)J,eJI.lJeMb]e H8 lIBa OCHOBHblX Bll.1la: KOMMep'leCime II TeXHonorH'leCKHe. KOMMep'leCime onepaUHI1 CB.lJ3aHbi co cMeHoH c06CTBeHHllKoB II <lJOPM CTOllMOCTH TO- Bapa (nOTpe6llTenbHWI H MCAOBM). 8 OTJ1ll1.JHe OT HHX TeXHOJIorl1qec- KIte oncpaUHH CB3aHbl C LlBH)](eHHeM TOBapa KaK n01pc61ITCTIbHOH CTO- HMocrn. T8KOBbi nepeMeulelme. C03D}IHIfe 3anacOB. noJJ.OOPTIlPOBKa, pac- npe.u.eneHl1e II np. TexHOJI npou:ecCbI II onepal.\lBl HBJUlfOTC.IJ npeJlMeroM cne- LlHaJlbHOH LlHCLlHIlJlllHbl- J10rHCTllKH. JIofHCTHKa 3aHI1M8eTCJI ll3y'le- HHeM II OllUlM1t3aLlHCH TOaapO):.\BIDKCHlUI. B npou:ecce .o:OBCllelUVI CblpbJl 
1.5. COOIHOIlleHIIe co CMeJKHb[MH 1OpIJ.!Ul'lecKHMH H HHb[MH I\HCWUUlHHaMH 29 II roTOBOM npoJJ)lKlum,lJ,O n01pe6HTeJ1eit 3HaHrui JIOrHCTHKH npenCTaB- lliIlOT COBOK)'f1HOCTb cnoco60B opraHH3aUlill nepeMellIeHJUI TOBapoB, llX XpaHeHl1Jl. II pacnpe;:J;eneHlUI., ynpaBJIeHlUI. MaTepl18.JlbHb]MI1 n<ITOKaMll. BMeCTe C TeM J10rnCTHKa He npeLlYCMa"IpHBaeT }"Iera -.pe60BaIillH 3aKOHOJJ,arelIbCIBa., npllMeHeHlUI T3K1IX npaBUllliIX cpeLlCTB 0praHlli8I.!HIl TOBapHblX onepaLlI1M, KaK ):lorOBOp, llM)'llleCTBeHHa5I OTEeTCTBeHHOCTb ".D.P. n03TOMY nOnOiKeHJUI norI1CUIKI1):lOffiKHhl cornacOBblBaThCH c npa- BOBbiMll YCTaHORITeHH5IMH, 3HaHH5IMH KOMMep<recKOro "paBa JbrrepaTY(la 1. AKrya.nbHb]e npo6neMb] "'OMMep'leCKOro "paBa: C60pHHK CTaTeH 1 llo,ll, pel!. npo4>. E. H. llyrHHCKOro. M., 2002; 2005 (Bbln. 2). 2. AHiJpeeBa fl. B. KOM1IIep'JecKoe npaBO POCCHII: np06neMb] npaooooro peryJlHpOBaHlUI.. M., 2004. 3. Kpy?10fia H /0. KoMMep<JeCKoe "paBO: V'Ie6HHK. M., 1999. 4. (kU/J06(l JJ. B., Ctlllne6a H. M OCHOBb[ KO/IIYIICP'leCKOH ,DemefILHOCTH: V",e6HHKJI.illIB)'30B. M., 1997. 5. 1[UnJ08l1'1 n n OgepK OCHOBHbIX nOIDITHH "IO(XOIIOfO npaBa (no H31I. 1886r.). M,200L 6. lllepUielle8u'I r. r,p V'Ie6HHK'IqJI"OBOI"O npaBa (no 113JL. 1914 r.). M., 1994. 
rJIABA 2 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHOe peryJlUpOBaHHe roproBOH AeJITeJIbHOCrn 2.1. HcroplUl pa3BHTIIJI TOproBOro npaBa ToprOBoe npaBO, era llCTOpIDI YX0,IIRT B my6b TbIC.IILleJIeTId1. BJIac- THb]e yCTaHOBJIeHlUI 0 ToproBIle, npamrna Kyne'leCKOH ):leHTeJIbHOCTH  nO'ITH BO Bcex npaBOBblX naM.\1THHKax JJ.peBHOCTH. l(oCTaT04HO IIOJIH)'l0 pa3pa60TKY BonpOCbl TOproBOro 060pOTa nO- J1y<talOT B pllMCKOM "pase. K. MapKC XapaKTepll30BaJ1 pl1MCKOe 1faCT- Hoe npaBO K8K OTl1ll'-JaIOli.\eeCH <(HenpeB30fuI.eHHo no TOqHOCTI1 pa']pa- GOTKO" Bcex CYll\eCTBeHHblX npaBOBblX OTHOllIeHHH npocrwx TOBapo- BJIa,LleJ1bUeB»I.):Lrrn HopllUIpOBaHlUI TOproBbIX OTHOllIeHnH He 6bUlO Heo6- XO)UiMOCTI1 C03)J,aB3.Tb oco60e ToprOBoe npasQ, nOCKMbK)'. no YfBep:JK- ):{eHHHM HccneroBaTeJleH, ,lI,OJDKHmJ rH6Kocn. H npeMeHllMOCTb CIlCTeIlIbl jus gentium K roproOOM)' GMT)' 06eCne'lllBanaCb cB060J],HO npeTOpc- KO" IOpHClIllKl(Jfeii Promrrlle ToprOBoro "paBa B ero nO,I])HIHHOM 3HaIJeHll" CIDI3..'iHO co CTaHOBJ1eHlleM KamITaJTHCTIltJeCKHX OTHOWeHHH. 8 ,lI,OpeBOJllOltllOHHOH IOpllJlWIeCKOll mrreparype 6bUIO np.niJITO P33- JJll'l8Tb TPll :)Tana B CTaHOBJTeHHU H pa3BIITllll TOprOBOI"O "paBa. 3Ta neplfO,ll,H38l\1ffi CO.ll.ep>KIITCH B crapblX poCCHMCKHX }"Ie6HHK8X. TpY,lI,ax 3ana.n:HoeBponeHcKHX KOMMCpltHaJlllCTOB. )].amw.!! KJIaCClllJmKaltIDI YC- TIlpeJUl H B COBpeMeHHOH JIIrreparype }')Ke He llCnOJ1bJ}'eTC.II, OllHaKO B n03HaBaTeIlbHOM OTHOllleHllH 3T0 npe:JKHee pmrpaHHlfeHHe BeCbMa no- }"IlfTeJlbI-IO. flep8blU l1epllOO 06bJ"lHO llMeHYIOT ImllL'lbRHCKlW. OH 3H8MeHyeT 3a- po)l{,lJ;eHHe eBponeHCKOro ToproBOro npaBa. B Xl-XV BB.I1TaJI11.II6bma O)l;HllM 113 HaH60JIee 3KOHOMHlfeCKH p33BHTbLX perHOHOB, ffiJ.JUlJJa.Cb no- I MapKcK. 3f.eelbC(]). Co"!. T.41. C.31L 
2.1. HCTOpIDI pa.3BHI1V1 roproBOm npaBa 31 cpeLlHllueii B TOproBblX CB3SIX CpeLlJIJeMHOMOpCKHX crpaH. 3m 6blll Hal160nee MOlltHbI Y3eJ1 Ml1pOBO TOprOBJUI. I1MeHHo B I1TIlJTI1I1 nOJJY"lHIl8 pa3Bl1Tl1e CnCl\HaJThHa5I TOproBWIIOpHC- .lI.I1KL1,lliI., C4>oPMllpoBaJIllCb MOpCKl1e 06b]"8H. 8 1494 r. B I1TaJII1ll 6LUm ll3JJ;aHa KHllra flYKI1 na"OJII1 «TpaKTaT 0 C"eTax II 3anI1C$!X», KOTOpWi nonOiKlUJa ffil'laJIO 6yxraJITepCKOMY yqery B TOprOBO II 6aHKOOCKoii cepax. 31"06bum 3H8MeHI1TWI liTaJIbHCKaJJ 6yxra.rrrepll C BOCI1pllH$!- ThlMH BO BceM MHpe npHeM8Mll 11 TepMHHOJIOrHe": }"leT no MeTo.ny 6a- naHca II mp..'DKelme onepal\l1 nyreM J:lBOi1HO 3aOllCH (JJ;e6eT - Kpe- .lI.1IT). Bmopou neplloo - q;paml)'JCh1IU - CBIDbIBaJOT C npeB(1..'illteHHeM cJ>paHI1.HH C XVI B. B o.ITH)' ll3 KpYIIHhIX roproBhIX.nep>KaB. rocYLlapcrBeH- HasI BJIaCTb npO$!BHJJ8 JJ;aJIbHOBH)],HOCTb II nocneJJ;OBareJlbHO OK8'"3blBana nOlq)OBI1TenbCTBO pa3BI1Tl1lO TOproBJIll. npll 3TOM BJI8CTb llCXO)lltna ll3 JI.Byx crpaTerHqeCKI1X L(ene -060rnu.teHlUI K83Hbi II CruJO'-leHH$!, KOH- COJIWIaL(l1ll rocy.napcraa BOnpeIVI cenaparnCTcKHM nedClBlmM eo,U,aJlh- HO 3H8TIL K ':noM}' nepHo.ny OTHOCJlTCJl nepBhle onhiThi Ko)),Hl}JllKalu.m Topro- Boro 3aKOHOJJ;aTenbCTBa. 8 1673 r., C KOToporo MHorl1e }"IeHb]e II Bellyr Ha'IaJTO co6cT8eHHO ToprOl.'IOro npaBa, npHHHMaeTCH ToproBb]H OPLlO- HaHC. 8 1807 r. ll3)),aeTCJl HanOJIeOHOBCKIlH ToproBblH KOLleKC. HccJle- ,lI,OBaTeJII1 OTMe<:JalOT ero oI"pOMHoe BJ1ID1Hl1e H8 .npymc crpaHbl. JlCHOCTb pe.naKl!lfII II OTHOClrreIlbHaJI: nonHOTa ero YCTaHOBJ1eHHH, }"IIITbIB8BlIlHX 06bl'UlH TOproBOro o60poTa. 06ecne<:JHIlH 4>paHU)"3CKO- MY, 8 n031lHee - II repMaHCKOM)' TCflroBblM KOLleKcaM 3H8lfeHHe 06pa3- L(a,ll,JUl TOproBOro 3aKOHo.rr.aTeJIbCTBa EBponhll1.rr.pynlx lfacTeH CBeTa. Tpemuii neplloo llMeHYIOT £P-'laHC"7L\L 3aMeTI1M, 'lTO B XVlII- XIX BB. KpYIIHeifweii TOproBO ,lI,epiKaBOii 6b]JIa BeJJllK06pliT3Hll$!, H3 Hee npllXOlillJIaCh OCHOBHasI.lI.OIDI Ml1pOBOro TOBapoo60pOTa. OnH8KO B CHJl)' oc06eHHoCTeii npaBOBo CllCTeMhl ee BK/JaLl B pa3BHTHe TOproBO- ro npaBa 6loLll He3H8'lllTeJJeH. repMaHCKH nepHo.rr. '<..'ip..'Th.Tepl13}'eTC$! I1pI1H.llTlfeM B 1861 r. 061l.le- repMaHCKOroTOproBoro ynoiKeHI15I. YnoiKeHHe YCTaHOBHJIO o61l.lHe npa- BI1JIa TOBapHOro 06pauIemm H3 TeJ1Plrropl1l1 crp3HbJ. 8 3TOT nepl1O.rr. fep- MaHI15I npe.ncraamma c060" KOHrnOMepaT ll3 nOYTH COTHH pa3p03HeH- HblX KlUIJKeCTB, repuorCTB, cB06olIHb]X ropoLloB. 06Il.lerepM8HCKOeTOp- roBOe YJlOJKeHHe CbIrpaJIO IIOHCTIfHe BhUIaIOJUYlOC$! poJIh B pa3BmTlH TOP- rOBO-X03$!iicTBeHHhlX CB$!3ei1 B CTpaHe, B $OpMllpOBaHHH e.rr.llHoro HCMCUKoro pblHKa. OHO CTaJIO MOllU-lblM llHCTpYMeHTOM KOHCOnllJ],altHH CTpaHbl. 
32 r naBa 2. 3aI«:JHomu'ernoe pery.llllpOBaime .IOIXUBOH lIereJ]bHOCTH r. tb. WepllIeHeBWI 13 CBoeM }"Ie6HJIJre OTMeyaeT mo6olThITHhUl4JaKT, ):IOCIOlrnbrn HallIero BHlfMaHIDI. 8 1896 f.}'IKe 13 elIllImH repMaHlllf 6bUIO npHHTO rpaJK,!J;aHCKOe ynmKeHlle. C ero llJ.D;aHHeM He06xo.D;HMOCTb 13 cyI.J.tecTBOBaHIlli OT,lJ,enbHOro ToproBOro ynOJKeHJUI OCJIa6.rm, nOCKOJlb- K)' MHorHe 06U1erpIDK.!I.3HcKHe nQJJOJKeHHjJ 6bUIll nepeHeCeHb] 13 rpa)!(- ):I8HCKUe ynO>KeHHe. OAHaKO C }"IeroM roro, KaK)'lO orpm.rnylO ponb Top- rOBoe ynO)!(eHlfe 1861 r. CbIJpano 13 npeBp8Il.lemlll CTpaHbJ B Ilempanlf- 30BaHHoe I{ MOlllHoe roCYJJ,apCTBO, B 1897 r. 6bIJ10 ocymeCTBJIeHO ero nepeu3;J..wlle. 31"OT aKT CTan 60nee cOBpeMeHHbIM ll'lerKlfM. Do,lJ, BJUUlHlfeM ycnexa 3aKOHo.u,arenbHblX maroB B repMaHIlli,,lJ,a II C }"IeroM co6cmeHHbIX no-rpe6HOCTeil. B KOHue XIX B. nOYTH 130 Bcex eBpOneHcKI1X II MHornx JJPYf1tx cTpaHax HapNIY C rpaJK,IJ,BHCKHMll 6bIJUi npllllllTbi CaMOCTOJiT('JJbHb]e ToproBb]e KO)1eKCbL TaK, B 1899 f.5InoHIDI npmUIJI8 ToproBb]H KO,lJ,eKC. 110 MHorOM n03al1MCTBOBaB repMaHCKI1 onbiT. ITOYTH Bce 3TH KOJleKCbI npo,lJ,OJD1QUOT ,lJ,eHCTBOBaTb C COOTBer- CTB)'IOUlHMll I13MeHeHIDIMH II nOHblHe. Ilpl-lBe)J.eHHWI nepllOJlH3al\IDI pa3BlITIUI. TOprOBOro npaBa He llMeer npHMoro OTHomeHlliI K HCTOpllH TOprOBJlH B POCCHH. JlBneHlliI PYCCKOH ")KOHOMllyeCKOH H npaBOBOH }]{lf3HH, nplf HanH'lHll p;:J;a o61u1Ix C eBpO- neHcKoit TOprOBJIeH LJepT, npelIOnpe,iJCJUlllllcb BHyrpeHHllMH npoll,ecca- MIl II 3aKoHOMepHOCUIMH.. 31"0 fIbI3bIBaeT He06xOMNOCTb c:aMCJCTOjj'[eJ Horo nCJlCHIDI llCTOpl1ll PYCCKOro ToproBoro npaBa Ha nepHonbi. 8 Ka'lecrne OCHOBHbIX nepllOJlOB pa3BIITIDI pOCCllCKOro roproBOrD npaBa MO}]{HO Ha3BaTh: I) ope61iUii nepl/oiJ - JlO HallleCTBll MOHrOJ1Q- TaTap; 2) CpeOOe6eK06blii nepuoiJ - JlO KOHl.{a XVI B.; 3) paHHeKanu- ma7l/cmu'lCuwu nepuod - JlO pa3pa60TKH CBOJla 3aKOHOB POCCHHC}WH llMilepllli (nepB8H "Iperb XIX B.); 4) KaI1Uma.7UcmU<ieCKUU nepuoiJ, npe- pBaHHb]H nepeBopoToM 1917 r.; 5) coepe.llellilbiu nepllod. PaccMOTpe- HHe oc06eHHocTcH HB3BaHHbIX nepHOJlOB npoBOJlHICB 13 CnCUHaJlbHOH nllrepa"I)'pe. 2.2. OJBpeMelDlbIe Tel\!\eIlI\llll pa3BHTIIJI TOproBOro npaBa PaCCMOTpeHH8H nepHOJlH3aIlIDI llCTOpllH TOproBOro npaBa llMeeT 13 OCHOBHOM n03H8BaTenbHoe 3H8'leHl1e. 8 H8CTOjJlllee Bpef\.UI ropa3Ji.o 60- nee B8)!(HO nOHHMaHHe OCHOBHblX npoIleccoB, npOHCXO)J)llUlIX B c<}Jepe TOBapHoro 06pall\eHIDI, II llX oTpa)!(eHlle B npaBe. 3J1eCb 8KTYaJlbHO cne- ,QylOlll ee . 
2.2. CoapeMeHHble TeH,lleHl\HH pa3BlITB.II Toproooro npaBa 33 Ha npOTJDKeHllH TbIC.II<1eJleTHH TOproBaJl ,lJ,e.llTeJlbHOCTb nOCJle,lJ,OBa- TenbHO pa3BlfBarracb H cOBepWeHCIBOBaJIaCb, HO :no pa3BHTIfe HOClUJO 3BonwlIlfOHHb]H xapaKrep. O):lH8KO B 60-e ro):lbl XX B. B ClllA, a 3aTeM II B 3aJIaJl.HOll EBpone np0ll30lillIO TO, 'ITO Hepe.!J.KO 060CHOBaHHO Ha3b1- BaeTCM TOpltmOIt: peBOJuOltHCii. IhIJeCTHh] Kynb"I)'pHb]e peBOJIIOlUill, Hay'IHO-TeXHlI"lecKHe, llHOpMaL\llOHHb]e -0 HlfX MHoro HanHcaHO. A BOT CBepllllfBrnylOCM TOp1OB}'W peBonWlIlflO Hallilf ynp3.lllIeHl.{bl II 3KO- HOMllCTb] OCTaBllJIll 6e3 BHllMaHll, XOTM no 3Ha"lllMOCTlf OHa 6bJJI8 Hlf- 'lyrb He MeHbwe YKa3aHHb]X. OHa npOO30lillI3 B QliA, ee pe3ynbTaTbI llCnOJIbJOBdJIH TalOKe Llpyrne Pa3BliTb]e CTpaHbJ, K CO)f(aJleHlllO, K)JOMe POCClfll. B <IeM BblpIDKanacb 3Ta peI3OJITOl{Jrn? Bo-nepBblX, 6 peRW..1-1 U mxmo- RHIIO.If .vee.1l/'ieHUl/ 06be.'H06 npoOa;)tC. 3a nOCJIe)1,Hlfe 30 JIeT ofu.eMbl MH- poBOH ToproBJIlf B03pocmt B 5 pa3, O.ll.H08JX:MeHH0 yaeJIWllUJHCb 061.eMbI BHyrpeHHeit TOp1OBJIli. BO-BTOPblX, 6 l13.11eHeHUl/ _leJJloiJoe op2aml30- Ifuu npou36oiJcm8a 1I COLIma TnOffapv6. npomBO.D.CTBO CTaJIO 6a3lipo- BaTbC Ha npe,D;BapJITeJIbHOM ll3)"leHliH nOTpe6HOCTeH B TOBape, npo- rH03lfpOBaHlllf B03MOiKHOCTell ero npo,!J,a)Kl1. B pe3)'JIbTaTe llpOu3BO,n- erno Ha'iaJIO l{eJIliKOM Onpe.ne1UlTlOl JarJPOCflMH nOK)'naTeJICll. I13rOTaB- nllBaeTCM TOnbKO TO II B TaKOM KOJ]llI.JeCTBe, "lTO peanbHO MO)KC'f 6b1Tb npo.n aHO . YKa3aIllibie Mepbl nmBOJIlUJll ycIp<lHIITb K)JlljHCbI nepenpoll3BO):lCT- Ba. PblHO"lHaJ! 3KOHOMlfK8 IIpllo6peJI8 'lepTb] BblCOKO opraHUJOBaHHO- ern, J],llHaMlfI.JHOCTIf. EoneeTOro, Hawe I1JIaHIIpoBaHlIe, KO"I1::pbIM MbI rop- .I])1JUiCb B COBeTCKI1H nepllO.n, K CO)KaJIeHlflO, He Morno 06ecne<nITb CTonb BblCOKoro ypOBHM C6aJUlHClfpOBaHHOCTIf npoll3BOLlCTBa H llUI]JC6rIeHiISI. ,l],OCTaTOI.JHO CKa3aTh., 1fTO, cornacHo CTaTlfCT!1"leCKI1M ,D,aHHb1M., B 1990 I. llJJIHIllHlle 3anaCbI Cb]PbM II MaTepllaJIOB Ha CK.JIa)taX npeJUlPl1Tlfll paB- HJIJlllCb "Ipexro.nOBOM)' otTheMY BHyrpeHHero BaJlOBoro npO;:J;YKTa. ELUe OJ],llH acneKT ToproBoll pCBOJTIOlf - cmpYKmypHWI nepe- cmpouKa cOh/ma u C1/l16:»ceHUR. nOMBllJIllCb MOll(Hb]e nocpeJJ.Hlf"leCKlfe 3BeHb. 3aHllMalOLUlfeCM npo,ll,lJII>KeHlleM TOBapa. Tame 3BeHbji BKJUQ- "lafOT B ce6 rOJIOBH)'IO C6b]TOB}'K> lfPMY II 3aBHclllltyfO OT Hee CeTbl{lf- I1epoB-pacnpocrpaHiITCIIed. Celf'IaC B ClllA C}'lU.C\.-'1'B)ICT 60nee 300 TbIC. omOBblX ilJllPM no C6bny pa3JllfI.JHblX TOBapOB, B tbpr - 100 Tb]C., Iha- I1Hll - 90 TbIC. (B POCCHll - OKOJIO 30 Tb]C.). MHorHe npe}:{npIUlTlf.l1- Il3fOTOBliTeJ1ll nepe}:{aJIll ilJYHKlI,Hli C6blTa CBOllX TOBapOB 3TlIM nOcpe,D;- HH"leCKlfM 3BeHb.l1M, KOTOpb]e B ClUJY cnemi8Jll13aUlfll cnOC06Hb] 60nee JilJ$eKTHBHO BeCTli TOprOB)'lO ,lI,e.l1TeJIbHOCTb. YClUJIDIMlf nocpe.nHliKOB 
34 r JlaBa 2. 3aK0H0mu'enbHoe pery.llllpOBaime .IOIXUBOH lIereJ]bHOCTH ceWlac 06erne'lllBaeTcSI onepaTIfBHOe H paBHOMepHoe npO]:J:BH)KeHHe TO- BapOB BO Bce TO'lKH clpaHh] II 3a py6eJK. TOproBaR peBonJOUHSI npllBena II K JJPYT1IM 3aMe'IaTeJJbHb1M peJ}'Jlb- TaTaM. nO$lIIneHlfe onTOBblX nocpe]:J:HJlKOB B Ka'leCTBe MOlllHOH caMO- croSlTellbHOH Clll1b] n03Bonlll10 C7nHlImb oUKmam 11pOU3f{O(}rmle7eu liao nompeVlIme.:I5LIlIl, KOTOPb]H Aa)Ke Ha 3a(18):{e coxpalliUlcSI,lI,o 1960-x ro- AOB. OmOBb]e nOCpe)],HHKH, HCXO.1I}lllJ u;eJIeH yaenwleHim Co6crneHHO np(IDWUI, o6eCne1.JllI1ll pellialOll.lee BJIlliIHlle HHTepecoB nOlpe6llTeneH H8 pa3BI1THe IIpOI13BOACIBa. OHll AooonHCh Henpepb]BHOrQ COBeprneH- CTBOBaHWI TOBapoB, yny'uueHlliI Ka'lecTBa., paClimpeHlliI aCCOp-TllMeHTa ):I.JHJ y,ll,OB.lleTBOpeHIU] 3anpOCOB nOK)'naTeJJeH. nOlpe6l11eJIb. T. e. Bce Ha- ceneHHe, nOJIY'illl1 HaH60JIbillHi1 Bbll1I'pblllI OT npOllCllIelUlleH ToproBOi1 peBonH)JUill. 8 H8pO,rJ,HOM X()3jIj'ICTIIe CCCP AI1KT3.T npml3BO.lI,H'reIIeH B 6ecnpe- Lle]:J:eHTHhlX tlJOpMaX cymecrooan Bce 70 neT, He llCKopeHeH OH H B CO- BpeMeHHoi1 POCCllH. nOianareTIbHO, qTO eCJIH B HallieH CTpaHe npOlIOJI- )](lliOT OTMe'laTbCM npoeCCI10H8JIbHb]e npa3J:lHIIKI1, B TOM 'IllCne ,lJ,eHb pa6on-JHKa TOproBJIll, TO B ClllA B nepHO)J, npe3iJ.1J,emcma KeHHe.1I.H 6hlJ1 npoB03rnallieH ,lJ,eHb nmpe6me.rnJ. 31"oAeifcTInrreJIbHO Bce06lllHH np83- AHHK, nOCKOIlhK)' nmpe6HTeJIeM MBJIeTC Ka)J(.!l.b]H )](I1TeJIh ClpaHb]. OT 6poMrl1 no ceHaTopa. Cpe)J,H I'KXDfI1tBHhlX ncpcMeH B CTpaHe 0)J,H8 ll3 3HaLlHMbIX - 3T0 II'JJJ,31-me 3aKoHa P<D OT 07.02.92 N223OO-1 <(() 3alllHTe npaB nmpe6n- TeJIeiD) (B peJL «1>eAepaIlbHOrO 3aKOHa OT 09.01.96 N 2-«1>3). OH npe]:J:o- CTaBmJeT npe)K)J,e He6blBaJ1hIe B03MOiKHOCTH 3aI1ll1Tbi npaB II llHTepecoB rpa)J(,!{aH. 31'0 no:mOmIeT LleJIOBeKY HeCKOJIbKO (qJa30myI'b emmy», 3- 4>eKTI1BHee 6opoTbCSI c nOCTO}J}llfbIM}I YHlDKeHlliIMll B c4">epe TOprOBnl1 HYCJTYf". TOproBaR peBOJ1JOUllii e03.lJ:aIla TO, LITO HB3bIBalOT HOBbIM KaLlecmoM )](H3HH JlJOlIeii: Ha 3ana;:J:e. 31"a KaTeropH51 BIOlJO'I8eT B ee6S1 ynY'illIeHHe Ka'leCTBa II crpyKl)'pHOro COCTaBa npo.lJyKTOB, nOlpe6mIeMblX OCROB- HO MaeCO H8CeJ[eHll, a TIUVKe }'BeJ[llqeHlle 06beMa eB060;:I,Horo Bpe- MeRH JlJOlIeU 3a CLleT JlllKBllJ],aUHH lIernmTOB II y6WCTpeHHSI ToproBbIX onepaU,JJ. TOprOBaR peBOJIJOlIllii onnpanaCh H8 MOlllHoe npaBQBOe o6ecneLIe- Hlle, conpoBQ>K;J;anaCh 6ypHb]M pa3BlITlleM TOproBoro npaBa. 31"0 npo- SlBHnOCh, npe)J()J,e Bcero, e WtlO'i1-/0IUU Il1l18HHblX MHOro 1I0CJITHJIem H33a;:J; mop206b/.X KoiJeKCOfI, BO BHeCeHllH B HHX ll3MeHeHHH B COOTBeT- CTBHH C COBpeMeHHhIMll -rpe60BaHWlMH TOproBOro 06opOTa II npHWI- THll HOBblX KO.l1eKC08. TaK, B 1998-2002 IT. BHeceHbI CYlLl;ecTBeHHb]e 
2.2. CoapeMeHHble TeH,lleHl\HH pa3BlITB.II Toproooro npaBa 35 ll3MeHeHHH B PH)]; pa3.l1,enOB repMaHCKOrO ToprOBoro YJlO')KeHll5l. Bo t!lpaHl-lllH B 2000 r. npHIDIT HOBbI ToproBbI KO B3aMeH JleHCTBO- BaBwero C 1807 r. B nOCJTellHlle nOJTBeKa 12 cTpaH npllH5IJ1ll OmeJ1bHble roproBble KOlIeKCbL B Ka..eCTBe BToporo Ba:lI<Horo nOKa3aTeJ151 pa3BlffHSI ToprOBoro npa- Ba H3.L\0 OTMeTHTh 3aKOHO)l8TeJJhHhle Mephl B rOcyJJ:8pC"l"B8X o6lQeii CHCTeMhl npaBa. HanpllMep, B CiliA B 1952 ro.n;y 6bIJT npHHm ErlHHo- 06pa3HbIH TOproBblH KO.l1eKC, no CBoeH cym HBIDUOIJJ).J.HCSl MO.ll,eJ1bHbIM 3aKOHOM. Ha ero OCHOBe B Ka)KJ{OM WTaTe llJ;J;aHb] CBOll ToprOBble KO- ,lI,eKCbL Erumoo6pa3Hb1ii TOprOBb]H KOlIeKC ClllA peryIDIpHo ,lI,onOJ1H51- eTC5I II yrO'-lHeTCJI, "lTO CIDJ):\erenbCTByer 0 ero 3H8'1HMOCTH II 8KTYaJlb- HOCTH. B AHiJIllH H8 py6e>Ke 70- -80-x rO)l;OB I1pllIDITO 19 3aKOHOB TOpro- BOro npaBa. TaKOBb] 3aKOH 0 cnpase.u.mtBoH TOprOBJIe 1973 r., 3aKOH 0 HelI06poCOBeCTHbIX TOproBblX ycnOBH5IX 1977 r., 3aKOH 0 K)'IlJ1e-npo- ,lI,8)Ke 1979 r.,l1Ba 3aKOHa 06 llCKOBOH JlaBHOCTIt 1980 r.. 3aKoH 0 nepe- ,lI,a'le llMYll\eCTBa 1982 r. II LIp. 113,lJ,8H1le Ha3BaHHblX 3aKOHOB B ClllA II AHfnllH 3HaMeH)'eT CJJOM TaK H83bIBaeMOH 06meH CUCIeMbi npasa, I1p"- "leM Heo6paTHMb1H. BMecTo npeLleLleHIHo OHa nOLI BJ1ll5lHlleM n<rrpe6- Hocreii TOproBJDI craHOBJITCSI HopMarnBHo-npeu:elIeHIHOH, npH'-leM ,lI,aJIh- Hefuuee ee pa3BllTI1e MeT no "yrH YBeJ1H'leHlUI. LlOJ1ll 3aKOHO)J,8TeJ1bHO- fO perynllpOBaHWI (craT)'TOB). B8)KHblM HanpaBlleHueM pa3BllTIDI TOproBOro npaBa 5IBIDleTC5I zap- /t10HWGIjU5lliatpI01«.L1b11O."'O mop.VJ60..YJ 3UKOHoOame.'lK11lfIll. 3ToM)' cno- co6cmyeT 3aKJ]101.JeHHe Me)l(.ll,)'HapOJJ.HbIX comarneHHH, a TalOKe H3)1,8.- HHe Me>K1IYHapO,lI,HbiMll opraHmaW1J1Mll 6oJ1bllIOro <mcna aKTOB no P33- nll'lHblM OOnpoc8M TOproBOH JlemeJ1bHOCl11 PM cornaweHHH npmuIT B Ka'leCTBe KOHBeHl\llH OpraHH3aLlHH Ofu,e)lHHCHHblX HaUJ.JH (OOH). ncpBOO'-lepe,ll,Hoc 3H8'iClUfC llMeeT KOH- BeHl\liJi 0 LlorOBopax MC'"AClI)'HapD,lI,HOH KynJIli-npO)Ja>fm (BeHa, 1980 r.). no npaBl1J1aM BeHcKoH KOHBeHLlHll 3aKJUo..alOTC.I1 Bce BHelllHeTOproBble CJ\enKli, ecnll TOJIbKO OHli He OO)l;n8J\alOT nolI ,lI,eitCTBlle JJ;pyrHX corna- rneHliH. oonbilioe "HCJIO comaIlIeJIliH H JJ;pyrHX ;l.OK)'MeHTOB nOJJ:rOTOBneHO KOMliCClliIMH II opraHluaJ..l,lf5lMH OO.ll, 3rnJJ.OH OOH TaKOBbJ, npe)l(1le Bce- ro, JlOKYMeHTblIOHKT KOHtlJepeHiUlli OOH no TOproBne II P33- Blmuo; IOHC1ITPAJl- KOMllCCllli OOH no opaBY MC)K)I;)'H8pO.D.HOH TOprOBJIli. MCJtClJYH8PODllhIe comallICHWI YflHil»U!I1PYIOT nop5l,lJ,0K IlfiiMCHCHWI l\eH II TapHlj)OB, CTaH.1\apTllJaL\I1II H cepTll4lHKal\liH TOBapOB, 38KpellJUl- 
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2.2. CoapeMeHHble TeH,lleHl\HH pwBJITH.II ToproBOlU npaBa 37 TOM EBponeHcKoro ymmepc1rreTa. 3aBeplllH.Jla 112002 r. propa6arKyTpex "l8CIe TIora ,lI,0K)'MeHT8 1 . OH xapmrrepJonyercH IlliIcoKOi1 CTeneHblO yqe- Ta H3.1t6onee BIDKHblX.L\eifCIB)'lOllJ)1X n()J}())KeHK(f Me>KJJyH3potI.Horo II Ha- LlJ.tOHaJlbHoro ToprOlloro npalla. CYllIecTBeHHoll oc06eHHocTblO IIE..L\IT HBJUleTCH OTKa3 OT .L\eraJm:- 3aUHll HOpMaTHBHOro perynHpOIl3HllH 06srnrre.nbcTBeHHbTX OTHOllJeHllll II nepexo,l:\ K perynHpoBaHlllO, npeiK,l:le Bcero Ha OCHOBe ctPopMynllpo- lIaHHhTX 06ll{HX npHHl.[lmOB TOJYOBOif ,lI,e5ITem.HOCTII (.LIo6pocOBeCTHOCTh, B3aHMHoe CO.L\ellCTBHe II lIP.). T8KOH no.L\XO,ll, n03BonHeT npll npHMeHe- I-lliJ.{ nE)JJI npeo,l:\OJTeBaTb pacxOJKJ1emu] HaUHOHaJTbHoro TOproBOro npa- Ba. npHHLlHnbl eBpOnellCKoro .L\orOBopHoro npaBa nOJTyqllJTll 01I06pe- HHe PYKOBOJUIllDIX opraHOIl EBponeitcKOro COlma. OHll HaXO.1J.5lT peaJIH- 3aUHlO II ToproBOll .L\eHTeJTbHOCTH, npaKTHKe 3apy6eJKHbTX cy.L\OB. CXO.L\HOe 3Ha1.JCHllC HMCCT CIIO.L\ npllHUHnOll, npaBHJI II CTaH!J.8PlUB lex mercatoria, COKpall.(eHHO llMeHYeMbill npHHuHn8Mll CEHTP AJI. npHHUHnbl CEHTPAJl B peMKUHH 2003 r. nO)JJ'OTOBJIeHbl rpynnoll BH,lJ;- HbIX yqeHbIX-JOpHCTOB L.(empa Tp8HCH81DIOHaJIbHOro npaBa (c1>Pr)2. OHH H8IDUOTCH TrnareJlbHO pa3pa6OTaHHoif CHCTeMoif npItHLlIIf10B II HOpM TOp- rOBoro npaBa, pacc<UiTaHHbIX H8 IllHpOKOC npHMcHcHHC. ,lJ;oK)'MeHTbI MOJ].HOii TOprOooW na.n8Tb],l1HCIHTyTa YI--Il-U\- PYA II .npynlx 8BTopllTeTHbIX 06Il.(ecTBeHHblX II HaYI.fHblx OPrnHH38UltH B cOBoK)'nHOCII1 06pa3)'lOT TO, 1.JTO H83blB8lOT HOllb]M lex mercatoria. B OTJlll'me OT cpe,IJ.HeBeKOBoll CIJCreMb] K)'Ile'l:eCKHX 06b]'i8CB, HOCllBllIllX COCnOBHb[ll xapaKTep, HOBblll lex mercatoria npe.L\Ha3H81.JeH JI.]IH npHMe- HeHlUI m06b1MI1 YI.f8CTHllK8Mll ToproBoro o6qxrra. Era nOJ]OJKeHlUI 8K- TIIIIHO BHeJ\PSIIOTCH B Halll10HaJlbHoe 3aKOHo.n.aTeJlbCTBO, KOMMep<IOCk")'1O II cYAe6HYlO npaKII1I<)'. COBepIIIeHcTBoBaHlle ToprOlloro npaBa npollc- XO.L\HT no.L\ llX Henocpe,ll,CTBeHHb]M IIJTHHHlleM. Ellie O.L\HH 8CneKT p83BlmUi ToprOBoro npaBa - "JilK1J01JeHlle pei:u- OHa.7bliblX cO'?';1atueHt'u no 6OIlpoca.,U n/lJpc'06.1U. 3.L\ea. Heo6xo.L\HMO Ha- ]BaTh PllMCKHll ,lI,orOBOp 1957 r. 06 yqpe>K.!{eHull EBponeifcKoro 3KOHO- MH'leCKoro coo6weCTBa. ,lJ;OroBop npe.uycMOTpeJI C03D.8HI1e o61l.1ero pbrn- Ka CTp3H-yqaCTHllU, cHSlT1'le KOJIllqecTBeHHE.IX orpaHI11.JeHllll Ha BBO] II BblB03 TOBapOB, OTMeHY T8MmKeHHbiX C60POB CT3HOBJIeHHe o6u..tero pblHKa npOXO.L\llJlO B HeCKOJIbKO 3TanOB. flo.lt" nJ.tcaHl1e B 1991 r. MaaCTpIIxTCKOro ,lI,orOBopa 0 C031I3HllH EBponeHc- 1 BocrnHKBblcllIeroAp&rrpILKHOI"OCy.aa P<t> 2005 N3,N4 2 BHcurnc1qJroooe npaBO. 2004. N2 2. 
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4. CraHoWleHHe ropffiliOrt> npaBa B Poccmt 41 JIO)!(eHlleM, ll3):\aHHb]M EKaTepllHO II B 1875 r. H npe):\YCMOTpeBllIllM COCnOBHb]H xapaKTep ToprOlmH Ae1ITeIIbHOCTlf, OHO H8 3Ha4HTenbHoe BpeM5I38TOpMO:mJTO pa3BIITlfe OTe4eCTBeHHOH ToproBJIlf. O):\H8KO 6b1JIO II CIpeMJIeHHe B1laCTeif., C y<IeTOt.l ycnelliHoro OnblTa 3ana..a.a II coocIBeH- HblX I1HfepecOB, K pa3BHTIlIO TOprOBJ1ll II npOMb]llLJJeHHOCTlf. 3HeprH4- Hwe Mepw no I1X nooll..lpeHI1IO npOBO)U1nHCb npH ITeTpe BenHKoM, npo- ,lI,OJI)!(aJ[HCb II npH nocne.u;yJOllUlX m..meparopa'l:. C XIX B. IfH'I"eJJOChI npo- MbllillleHHOCTH II TOproBJIH CTaHOIIHICSI. O.IJ.HOif. ll3 r.JJaBHei.:iJ.J. 3aM npa- BIrreITbCTBa. Cpe;:J;lf marOB no pa3BIfTI1IO roproBOro 1aKOHOA8TeJIbCTBa CJle..D.ye-r OTMeTIfTb )'Ka3b1 ITeTpa BeJlllKOro 06 opraHIIDLIUll Jlllll. J3HHIIIaIOIl!HXOI roproBJICH, B oc06oe COCJ]OBllC C COCJ]OBHOH fOJJ"C):\HKl\HCH. B 1755 r. M:Ui.aH TaMOiKeHHbll1 yCTaB, KacaBmlfcH HeroropbIX BOnpocoB MaTepll- 8.JIhHOro ToprOBoro npaBa. Oc06eHHO MHoro TOproBblX "33KOHOB 6lomo npMH.!ITO B nepBoii no- nOBllHe XiX B. B 1832 r. 1t:u:r,aJO'JC$l YCTaB 0 roproBOM cY.ll.OnpOll3BO):l- CTBe II CYAoycrpoCTBe, YCTaB 0 ToproBoii HecoCTOJrreIIbHOCTlf II 0 BeK- cemrx, WII£'HOffCl6UUCCCJl  «hJnC"iffKlL1IU 6y.uaJICHbLllti i)CHbcYLUll». B 1834 r. npHHllMaCTCH llOIIOJKeI-:lIIe 0 K)'fIe<IeCKlIX KHllrax, 8 B 1836 r.- 06 aKUHoHepHblX TOBaplIll.{ecrnax. A. H. KaMJrnKa nHWeT, q"f() B nepaoif. nOJIOBHHe XIX B. «C03H8Hlle HeOOXD.nMMOCTH OC06b1X TOprOBblX 3aKO- HOB pa3,lle.llHJTOClo BCeMM»I. C pa3BIfTI1eM 3aKOHo):\arenbCTBa B POCCllH CTana IJYBCTBOBaTbCH no- Tpe6HOCTb B ero KO.ltll4mKaLIJIH. B 1766 r. YKa30M EKaTepllHb] II 6loma 06pa30BaHa KOMHCCItl,lJ)lH nO)JJ"OTOBKI1 npoeKTa HOBoro 3aKOH0)18TeJlb- Horo YIIO>KeHMH, B KOTOpOM npennOJ1araJIOCb KonHtPMuHpOBaTb II HOp- MbJ roproooro npaBa. KO)U14nU\<:1WIOHHble pa6crrbl 6LUIH 3aKOHQeHW, 0):1- HaKO, nHllIb B 1832 r. II TO He B BH.1le YJIO)!(eHIU], 8 CBOlI8 AenCTBOBaB- IllHX nOCTaHOBJIeHMii. B nepalolX.lJ.BYX 113):\aHItlX CBOlI8 3aKOHOB (1836 II 1842 rr.) TOpl'OBlo]e 3aKOHbi nOMeWeHlo] non H83BaHHeM «Y<ipe"AUIe- HIm II ycraBOB TOproBblX)}. BMeCTe C TeM ymrnurnlole.JaKOHbI cOBepweH- HO OTnU4alQTCJI OT 3aKOHOB rp<DK.!¥lliCKlIX. C O)],Hon CTOPOHb], II OT 3aKO- HOB ny6JTH'lHblX, perynllpyrollIHX TOpfOBbI11 060pOT. HOCH CaMOCTOJITeIlb- Hbln xapaKTep. 8 ll3lI8HHM CBO.rr.a 3aKOHOB 1857 r. roproBwe 3aKOHbI nOll)"lHJlH Ha- 3BaHHe YcraBa TOproBOro. 8 cywecTBeHHO nepepa6OTaHHOM BJI)J;e Yc- TIlBToprOBb]H 6lom ll3):\aH B 1887 r. (3aTeM -B 1903 r.), O):\HOBpeMeH- HO 113 Hero BblJ],eJleH YCTaB CYAonpOll3BO.n.cma ToproBoro. I Ka.IIUHIfLlA./f. O'lepKHTOproBOro npaBa. M..1002. C. 117. 
42 r JlaBa 2. 3aK0H0n.a-renbHoe pery.llllpOBaHHe R"1fJIUBOH lIereJ]bHOCTH eJl caMOCTOJlTeJ1hHOCTH pOCCllllCKOro TOproBOfO npaBa BnepBhle nonyqIUIa 'le"TKoe IllilpIDKeHl.Je B YCT3Be TOprOBOM 1887 r. 11)J;aHHe Yc- TaBa O"Ipa3IUIO 06beKrnBHO cyllJ,eCTBOBaBIllYlO nmpe6HoCTh pOCCHllC- Koro X03f1llCTBa B cneQU3JlhHOM aKOHO.L\aTeJIbHOM perynllpoBaHllH TOp- rOBblX OTHOllleHll. B IOpH.II.llqeCKOll JlllTeparype OTMeqanCfI KparIHe Hll3KHH ypOBeHh YCTaBa ToprOBoro no cpaBHeHlllO C ToprOBblM aKOHO,ll,aTenhCTBOM cI>paHl.1llH II repMaHllH. YCTaB npe)J;CTaBJHlJ1 co60it MeXaHllqeCKOe co- e)J;HHeHlle 3aKOHOB, ll3)J;aHHh]X B pa3Hb]e nepHO)J;bI; npll HaJlll'-JllH 'lac- ThTX nOBTopemfii, 06llnllH HenpllrO)J;HbTX K npHMeHeHHIO CTaTelt B HeM OTcyrCTBOBanH nOJlOiKeHHJl no CaMhIM cynIecTBeHHh]M BonpocaM TOp- rOBOH )J;e1ITeIIhHOCTH. COBepllleHCTBOBaHHe YCT3Ba OcyuJeCTBJUIJ10Ch nyreM nepeCMOTpa OT,lI,eJlhHblX pa3)J;eJ10B llnH HopM. OrCTaBaHHC pa3BHTIDI pOCCHHCKOro ToprOBoro npaBa B .ma1.lJfrenb- HOit CTeneHH nOpOiK,!IanOCh HenplHHaHHeM B Ka'leCTBe I1CTO'lHlIKa npa- Ba ToprOOh]X 06hl'iaeB, KOTophle HrpalOT llCKJIIO'UlTe1lhH)'lO pOJ1h B cne- ltIlRJ1H3aQHH II 4IopMllpOBaHHll 3TOH OTpacJ1H npaBa. 11rn0pllpoBaHlle ToproBoro 06h]'llli] 6blJ10 xapaKTepHO ,ll)lJl Bcero nepHO)1a LleHTpanlla- I..II1ll rocy.n.apCTBCHHOH BJIaCTH XVI-XIX BB. (BIUIOTb JI.O H)J,aIUUl Yc- TaBa roproBoro 1887 r.) II J],JUI. CY.L\e6HOH npaKTHKH. B <:l.HCJ1e npc)<:l.Hx npll1.JHH CJ1a60CTb pOCcHHcKoro ToproBoro "paBa 06ycnOBJIllBarraCb He)J;OCTaTO'lHOH TeOpeTH'leCKOH pa3pa6OTaHHOCTblO MHoniX npo6JIeM. B 3aJIa)J.HOH EBpooe HaY'lHWI. pa3pa60TKa ToproBoro npaBa B Ka'leCTBe OC060H OTpaCJIll npaBoBe)J;eHIDI H8'laJI8Cb}IiKe B XVI BeKe. Ore'leCTBeHHWI. mrreparypa no KOMMep'lecKOMY npaB)' nOflBJUl.eT- CfI B nocne)J;HeH TpeTl1 XIX B., npll'leM no npeuM)'IllCCTB}' yqe6Hm1. ITpn 3TOM HeManylO 'laCTb 3HeprHll Y'leHble TpaTlUIll H8 B3aHMHh]e Cnopb] 0 TOM, IlMeeT nH KOMMep'leCKOe npaBO OCHOBaHIllJ J],JlJl CaMOCTOSITeIlhHO- ro cynIecTBOBaHIllJ, - CTpaHHoe II HenpoJJ)'KTHBHoe 3aH.llTl1e. C..rICJJ.yeT KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, 'ITO npeACTaBIITeJlll IOpll,II,JIqeCKOH HaYKH Hecyr CBOIO .L\OJIIO OTEeJCTBeHHOCTII Ja He6.naronOJI)"'lHOe COCTOfl""e KOMMepqeCKo- ro npaBa POCCllH. 2.5. XaparcrepHC11nla COIlpeMeHllOrO TOproBOro 3aKOHO)(aTe.llbCTBa POCCHH B nepBbJe COBeTCKHe rO.L\b] BCIl1IeCK BHllM8HWI K ToprOBOM)' npaBY 6hUI CBfl3aH C H::mOM. ITo nOCTaHOBJIeHHIQ CHK PC<DCP H8'llllUlll C 
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2.6. 3a!\11<JH KO.llHcp;umuBH pocCHHcKOro ToproJ!(ftJ 3aKOHOl\Ii"fCIIbC1&I 47 TIpOQecc BbJJ];eJ1eHrui ill rpmfCD:aHCKOro npaBa B KaqeCTBe CaMOCTO.ll- renbHo OlpaCJIll npaBa TOproBOro o6yCJIOBJIeH 06beKTI1BHb[MlI 3aKO- HOMepHOCDI.Mll. nepBlliI COCTOllT B He06XOOlLUocmu Ha.7U'lI/5/ ClicmeMbl cnel/UlL7h/ihl.X llOpU. pe2jnllp....llOulllT lWeltllO mO[JXl6hte OnI/IOUIe/iliR. MacclIB TaKJ.1X Cnel\lIWIbHblX HOpM JlBJUl.eTC.ll. 3HaQlITeJ1bHb]M. Be.nllKJ.1 $HJJocoQJ JIPCBHOCTII flrraTOH OTMeqarr,"ITO B roprOBbIX ropo.QaX 'I]Je6YeT- C.II. BlIBoe 60nbwe rpmfCD:aHCKlIx 3aKOHOB, qeM B ropoJIaX. r):\e TOproBJUI. He BeJleTOI. npaBIUJl.HOCTh :}Toro nOJlQ>KeHHSl}')Ke,ll,JI K.arnITaJlHCTIl4ec- KHXQlliOWeHllH noKI1H 3HUlIKJIone,!I,HCT W. MOH- TeCKbe B KHlIre «0 JJYXe 3aKOHOB))]. B COBpeMeHHbIX yCJIOBllX C B03pa- CTaHlleM 06beMOB TOprOBJUt AaHHIDJ 3aKOHOMepHOCTb COXpaHReTCR. C8M8 cneUll$lIKa ToproBoro 3aKOHo.n;aTeJlbCTBa 06YCJIOBJTHBaeTC.II. T'aKIfl>IJI llMMaHeHTI-IbIMH qepTaMlI TOpfOBOIU o6opoTa. KaK BblCOKlliI CKO- pOCTb TOproBbIX onepaUlIH, IfX B03MC3.n;HbIH X8paKTcp. JICrKOCTh JJ,OKa- 3bIBaHIDI, illHpOKoe llCnOJlb30BaHlle Kpe,!!,HTa. K8K OTMe'ffiJl 10. C. raM- 6apoB, caMocrome:n:bHoe pa3BllTHe TOproBoro npaBa npOllCXO,!I,HT nOTO- MY. qTO ToprOBIDI oco6eHHO H)')KAaeTCR B cneUlIWIbHbIX HopMax H yq- pe)/(,[l,eHWl.X, cnoco6CTBYlOllJ,ItX 6bICTpOTe 3aKJUOqeHrui c.n;eJlOK, J1erKOC- TII llX JJ,OK83aTeJlbCTBa H JJP. 2 BTopoe o6beKnlBHoe OCHOBaHlIe 060co6rreHllil KOMMep'JecKoro npa- Ba COCTOllT l5 pa:J.7U'/UII OUHaJ1UKU pm61lnJWI mopc-y;}fKk-y) II zpa:»ciJaHc- KOi'O 3aKOliOihtme"7hcmea. HeMeUKlIH IOpllCT n. WYCTep nlIilleT, qTO «ToprOBoe npaBO Bcer.a.a JJ,eCTBOBanO B Ka<JeCTBe Jut,lJ,epa rpIDK.LIaHCKO- ro npaBa)Y. A. H. KaMllHKa OTMe'laJl, <JTO ToproBoe npaBO <meTO JlBJT.II.- ere.ll. nllOHepOM HOBblX If)I;eH, OHO {<nOCTO.ll.HHO YBeJJll'lllBdeTC1l. HOBbiMlI HOpMaMll, COOTBeTCTB}'IOli.\lIMlI BHOBb B03HllKalOllJItM OTHOllIemtRM B 06nacrn TOprOBOro o6oJJl-""'rJa})4. B HaCTO.ll.LIJ;ee BpeM.II. nl1;:J;lIpylOli.\a.ll. pOJlb KOMMepqeCKoro npaBa YCllJlllJlaCb II 06"MKTlIBHO 6YAeT B03pacran. CaMa HepaBHOMepHocTb pB3BHTlI.II. ToproBoro II rpIDK.LIaHcKoro 3a- KOHOAaTeJJbCfBa B03HlIKaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe 60nee Bb]COKOH AlIHaMJIKlI pa- eTa TOprOBJUt BH)'TpH Itlll}llllecTEeHHOro 060pOTa B UeJJOM. B PblHOqHOH 3KOHOMHKe TOprOBJUI RBIDIeTe Hall60Jlee 8KTHBHO pa:mHBalOLIJ;HMC.II. Bll- ,lI,OM JJ,e.II.TeJJbHOCTH C 6b1crpoH o60pa<JMBaeMOCTblO KanJ.rraJIa. J],ocraTOq- I '1vIInlce""e lll. Ih6paHHb]e nparmeJIel!DJI. M.. 1955. C. 442. 2 FUIlfiapm; 10. C. r npaBO. 06Il\as1'1aCTbl no.ll peA B. A TOMcHHo- sa. M., 2003. C. 42. J I11.relllep n OcHOBb] HeMeUKoro ToproBOro H X03JjCTBeHHOro npaaa. M., 1995. C.24. 4 KaIlUHlfLl A. If. O'lepKH"fUJJIUZ!OIO npaBa. C. 70. 
48 f JlaBa 2. 3aKOHOlI.BTCIIbHoe peryJlupomlJJHe R"1fJI"OBOH lIereJ1bHOCTH HO HanOMHllTb, "iTO 3a nOCJJe)J,HHe 30 neT <:J6ba1bl MllpOIlOH ToprOIlJUi YBeJ1ll'-]HJ1llCb B 5 P83-1H1R3.KOii JJPYro yqacroK IlM)'lllecTBeHHOro 060- pOTa, KpoMe llHl}JopMaTllKH, TaK He BblpOC. IloHHMaHlle }'fffi3aHHblX u6cTI:»rrem.cT Ba)](HO ):\11.11 npaBl1.JIbHorU pe- rnelHUI Bonpoca 0 KOlIl1l}JllKaUl111 TO}TOBOro 3aKOHOJ].aJeJIbCTBa. 113)J,a- BaTh nl1 OT)J,e.JThHbrn TO}TOBb]H KOJ{eKC llnl1 yperynllpOBaTb BonpOCbl TOp- rOBoro npaBa BHyrpll rpaiK,L\aHcKoro KO)J,eKca - :no nllillb Ha nepm.rii B3m5l.1l,ll,eno 3aKOHO)J,aTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH. np06JIeMa, O,!{HaKO, B CJIeJl)'JO- llteM. Pa3HIDIlfHTeHCllBHOCTb p83BllTIU] "Ipe6yeT 60nee IffiCTblX ll3MeHe- Hll HOpM no BonpocaM ToproBJIll, TOr)J,a KaK 06W1f KOHcepBaTH3M rpIDK.LIaHcKoro 3aKOHO II cnOJKHOCTh ero ll3MeHeHll" 3aTpY,iI,- mllOT 3TO. KpoMe TOro, B CllJIY OrpaHll<IeHHOCTH 06"bI;MOB rpIDK,lt8HCKHe KOJJ:eK- CbI HllKOr.D,a He n03BOJUlJIll C Hco6xOlliiMOH nOJIHOTOH O)IHOBpeMCHHO yperyJJllpOBaTb ToprOB)'lO )J,emeJIbHOCTb. B HblHeWHeM rK Pct>, o6t.e- Mbl 06roaTeJIbCTBeHHOH <Iacm KOToporo BTpoe 60JIbllJe, <IeM y rK PC$CP 1964 r., Boo6llte He HaUlJIOCb MeCTa.llJUl yperynHpoBaHIDI )KJIJ- HeHHO l18>KHblX I1I1,D.OIl)IOrollOpoa: omOBOH KynrrH-np0,!J,8)](J1, MapKeTllH- ra, nepe.ll.8"lH II ncpcpa60TKH llHI}Jopt.taLlllH, mrOTOBJICHIDI II pacnpocr- paHeHIDI peKJ18Mbl., ,llHCTpmblOTOpcKl1X o&.JaIeIIbCTR, 3lIeKIpOHHOII TOp- rOIlJIJi II JJP. KO.;J;eKC B JIaHHOM OTHorneHllH 3Ha<IllTeJlbHO OTCTaeT OT yc- nOBHH ,D,emeITbHOCTI1 II cOBpeMeHHb]X JaIlJXNXIB 06ll\CCT1!a II 6Y)J,eT Aep- >KaTb CIpaHY B COC'JO}llillH OTCT8JJOCTI1 C-qJeMneHlIe yperynllpOBaTb ToprOBYIO J{emeJIbHOCTb B paMKax rK P<D nopoiK,L\aeT aHOM8JIbHb]e JlBJIeHIDI. PM BICI,I-lliIX yqeHblX OTMe<ffilOT npOl.\ccc «KOMMepL\lf8JJH3aL\lfH rpaiK,L\aHCKoro 3aKOHOlIaTeJlbCTBID), T. e. Bce 60nbWYlO ero nO.L\<n1HeHHOCTb 33.L\a<ffiM perynHpOBaHIDI ToproBnll. T8KlliI illlHllSl nopO'-lHa, nOCKOJIbKY II peJ}'JIbTaTe He o6ecneqHBaeTCJI HOp- MaJIbHoe perynllpollaHHe HH TOproBb]X, HII co6cTBeHHO rpaiK,L\aHCKI1X OTHOllIeHHH. rpa)](JJ:aHCKOe npaBO, rOBOpsi CJIOBaMH r. 41. llIepweHeBll- <Ia, «nOKa M8JIO 3axBa<IeHO llHTepecaMII TO}TOBoro 060p0Ta». ):{a 3TO, C06CTBeHHO, II He era 3a.L\a<Ia, a Tpe60BaHlle p83I1I1TIUI TOproBoro 3aKO- HO,uaTe.JIbCTBa OrClO.lI8 HacTOHICTIbHIDi Heo6xo.L\I1MOCTb propa6um:H TOproBOro KO- )J,eKca POCCHll. TaKo" war 6Y.lleT COUIBeTCTBOBaTb 06weMllpoBb]M TeH- JIeHL(IDIM p83BI1TIDI3aKOHO.L\aTeJ1bCTBa.1O. C. faMt5apoll nHC8JI, <Iro TOp- l"Oooe np8BO, KaKperym HCKJIlO<lJITeJIoroproBble.neikrBlffi.- I CM.: Fa'll6apo61O. C. fpIDKllBHCKoe npaBO. 06wax 'IaCTb. M., 2003. C. 42. 
2.6. 3a!\11<JH KO.llHcp;umuBH pocCHHcKOro ToproJ!(ftJ 3aKOHOl\Ii"fCIIbC1&I 49 TaKOe npaBO He TOJ]bKO nponOJJiKaeT CBoe caMOCTOJlTeJ1bHOe cymecTBo- BaHlle, HO He nepeCTaeT pa3BlmaTbCM II npafl1BOnOnaraThCM oc06eHHOC- TMMll cBoero 06l>eKTa rpIDfQJ,aHCKOMY npaBY'. 113BeCTHb] cnemfWIllCT no 3apy6e)](H0M)' npaB}' M. 11. KynarnH OTMe'I3eT, 'ITO «coxpaHemle ca- MOCTOJlTeJlbHOCrn ToprOBoro npaBa B nonHOll Mepe OTBe'laeT TeH- ,lI,eHlIlUt COBpeMeHHoro npaBa))'. AlIanH3 COOTIfOWeHlUI TOproBOro II rpIDK.LIaHCKoro 3aKOHOMreITbCT- Ba B Japy6eH<HbIX CTpaH8X CBIerellbCTE}'eT 0 pa3.llllqHbIX cnoco6ax pe- meHllM YKa3aHHoll npo6neMbL B nOJlaBJIMfOli\eM 60nbWllHCTBe CTpaH 3ana)1Hoj:j EBponb], l{eH'rpaJlbHOH II KmrnOH AMepmrn II )J.aJlbHerO BOCTOKa HapMJI)' C rpmKJl3HCKHMH llMeIOTCSJ caMOCTOID"eJ1bHb]e TOpro- Bble KOlIeKcbl.l1Tanll B 1942 r. II Hll,!I,epnaHlIbl B 1992 r. OTKa3aJ]JICb OT paHee llMeBIllHXCM ToproBbTX KOJleKCOB, llHKopnopHpOBaB llX B rpaiK- .QaHCKHe. B .rrpyI1tX cTpaHax orcyrcTBlle TOprOBblX KOlICKCOB 06bl'-lHO B03MeuraerCJl H3D,aH1feM cnetiHaJlbHbTX JaKOHOB. KaK, HanpllMep, B WBeH- lI8pHll - 06Jl3aTeJJbCTBeHHbiM 3aKOHOM, BocnpOll3BO)UlIllllM nepBoHa- ':IanbHblH npOeKT ToproBoro YJIOiKeHIDI. BMeCTe C TeM B p.n;e CTpaH B nOCJle.rume nonBeKa npmtSJTbI OTlICJ]bHb]C ToproBb]e KOJleKCbC ClllA- 1952 r., TypL\IDI -1956 r., Kope.ll.-1962r., LJcxlliI.-1991 r., 3CTO- HIDI - 1995 r. II lIP. <DpaHlIIDI npHWI.Jl8 B 2000 r. HUBb]H ToproBblH KOJleKC. I1x ycnexH y6e.rurre.llbHo nOKa3blBaIOT, HaCKOJJbKO Ba)I(HbiM H b]M MOiKeT 6b1Tb npllUfTHe TOproBOro KOJlCKCa )],lliI Pa3BH- TIDI H3LlHOHanbHoll '}KOHOMHKH II TOprOBJIll. l13yqeHHe poccMiicKoro 3aKOHOlIaTeJ1bCTBa 0 ToproBo lIeMTeJ1bHOC- TH CmLlI,eTellbCTByeT 0 ero HeHopMWIbHOM COCTOSlHllH. Bo MHOroM He 3aKOHI.JeHO «1JOpMHpOBaHlle 3aKOHOAaTeJlbHO OCHOBbI TOBapHoro o6pa- meHIDI. HMelOlllIIecM HOpMaTHBHb]e aKTbl HOCMT pa3p03HeHHbI xapaK- Tep, COAep»GU npOTHBope'lHJl. OrcyrCTB}'lOT e)],JJHaJl HanpaBJIeHHOCTb HopMaTHBHb]X YCTaHOBJIeHllH, '1eTKIDI H 060cHOBaHHIDI CHCTeMa pery- 1IHpOI38HHSI pbIHO'lHbTX OTHOllJeHuH. HeJlOCTaTO'-lHOCTb 3aKOHo.L13:reJIbHOU 6a3b1 BJIC'-IeT MaCCOBoe ll31Ialme BeAOMCTBeHHbTX H pernOHanbHblX 8K- TOB. lliMCHlITb nOA06H}'lO cmymuno MOiKHO nyreM H3J18Hlm ToproBoro KOJleKCa POCCllH. KaKHM OH .n;OJliKeH 6blTb? OI.JeBll,!I,HO, "ITO OH He MO- >KeT npoCTO KOnll)JOBaTb 3aKOHOJlaTeJIbCTBO 3ana)J,HbTX CTpaH. HcxO)UI ll3 KOHKpeTHOll 3KOHOMH"ICCKOH II npaBOBOH cHTyatiHll B CTpaHC Topro- BblH KOJICKC ,lI,OJIiKeH CJI)')I\Iffb 1lJ0pMHpoBaHlllO pOCCllCKoro TOBapHoro I Kv.m.?IIH M Ii I1J6paHJn.1e "JPYllbI. M., 1997. C. 200. 
50 r JlaBa 2. 3aKOHOlI.IiTeIIbHoe peryJlupomlJJHe R"1fJI"OBOij lIereJ]bHOCTH phlHKa, C03.LlaHHIO era CTpyxI)'pbl, HaJlaJKHBaHlllO TOproBO-X03ifCTBeH- Hb]X CBIlJelI II HX p33BHTHIO. B HaCTOHwee Bpe1\m nO,!J,fOTOB1JeHo HCCKOJIbKO KOHJ.J;em.\HH II npn- MepHbLX MaKeTOB ToprOBoro KO.LleKCa, KOTopblC llMCIOT 3H8'1llTenbHOC CXO.LlCTBO. B KO.LleKCe HaMe<rn.eTC5I BbI){emITI."I])ll 'laCTI1. B nepBOH npe;:J;- nOJIaraerc51 3aKpcnHTb cneul1l1mK)' yq3CTHHKOB TOproBOro 060pOTa c yqeTOM xapaKTepa BblllonJUJeMblX llMH YHKLlHi1. CneUH8JlbHO):l()J])Kl-lbl 6blTb 3aKpCl1I1CHbi OC06CHHOCTH noctpoCHl15I H nop5l)J.Ka ,llC5ITeJlbHOCTH TaK Ha3blBaeMbiX opraHll3aTopoB TOBapHoro pblHKa: TOBapHb]X 6llpiK, OIITOBbiX 5IpMapOK, onTOBblX npOLJ;OBOnbCTBcHHblX pblHKOB, oprcllflBa- TOpOB KOMMep'leCKIfX ToprOB II J.\P. npe;:J;nOJIaraeTC5I onpe;:J;eJlllTb nop- ):IOK nocrpoeHIDI C6b]TOBblX H HHblX TOBaponpoBO.11.5lI1UiX cereH. O'iCIDI,i{- HO, IJTO pC'Ib lI.LleT 0 pcrynHpoBaHllH OC06CHHOCTe, 06YCJIOBJIeHHb]X yq8CTl1eM nllll B ToproBoM 060pore, a COBCeM He 0 oOBTopeHHll 00110- )!(e}m fK Pd.! 0 BH.1laX IOplI.LlJfqecKlIX J1lll.\.. 80 BTOpoii <Jacm l1MeCTC5I He06xOllHMOCTb yperyJ1HpOOaTb oco6eH- HOCTH 3aKJIIOQCHIDI TOpraBbLX AoroBOpOB. AHamB OOKa3blBaeT, <ITO enD- eo6bl YCTaHOBlICHfl\1 ,llOroBopHblX OTHorneHHH B ToproBoii cepe MHoro p83Hoo6paJHee. HeiKeJlH npe):{)'cMotpeHHIDI f1{ Pd.! 06WID1 cxeM8 «ocpep- Ta-aKuem)). I1I-rrepecbI pa3BllHUJ TOproBJIll "I]Je6YJOT 3aKpemIcHll Ta- KI1X oco6eHHOCTeH. DoJlee nOJlHOrO II QeTKOrO ypcryJUipOBaHIDI tpe6ylOT ToproBble ):10- rOBopbl, npeLJ;YCMO"IpeHHb]e fK P<D HJlI1 OTCyTCTB)'lOl.llHe B HeM. 3To AD- rOBOpbl omOBOH KyruUl-npoJIaiKlI., nocram.'1f, JaKYITh'11 AJl51 rOCYAapcTBeH- HbIX H)'iK1l II J.\P. PelliHTb e Hco6xOllHMOii nOJ1HOTOll3I1t BonpoCbl B paM- Kax rK Pd.! 3aBc.uOMO HCB03MOiKHO. 3.LlCCb JKe AOniKHb] H:linn yperynHpoBaHllC p5lLJ; BaiKHblX BH..QOB AD- rOBopOB. KOTOpb]e Boo6IUe He ynOMHHaIOTC B f1{ Pd.!, XQTII llrpalOT 3Ha- ""M)'lO pOJIb B OpraHll3aJ.J;l1ll pblHO'lHblX OTHornCHll. TaKOBbJ, npe)fQJ:C Bcero, AoroBOpW Ha npOBe;l,emle MapKe11rnroBblX HccJle.uoeamrii, Ha npe- ,llOCTaBJICHI1C II ncpcpa60TKY KOMlI1ep..eCKOH llHOPM8l.\l1ll, H8ll3rOTOB- J1eHlle II pacn}X)CTp3.HCHlle pCKJlaMbI, ,lI,lIctpll6b10TOpCKl1e KOI1I])8KThI II ):IOroBOpbl H8 HCKJllOqllTenbH}'1O nponalK)' TOBapOB. ):IOroBOpbl 06 3neK- "l])OHHOii ToprOBJle II JJPYfI1C. 8 tpeTbeH <mCTH HaMe<meTC5I yperynHpoBaTb OCHOBHble nocJleTop- rOBb]e OTHOrneHll5l, KOTOPb]C Bo06111e He pemaMetmIpylOTc5I 3aKOH0ll1, <ITO C03.naeT cepbe3Hbie 3a-rpy,ll,HeHllSl B X0351CTBeJD-]oii ,lI,C5ITeJlbHOCTI1. Pe'lb lI.LleT 0 nop5l)],l{e npHeMKH TOBapOB no KOJlllqeCTBY, 063KCnepTH3e K8<Jccma, 0 rapBlITHllHOM II cqJBllCHOM 06cJJyJKJfBaHHl1, 0 BOJBp8Te MHO- roo6opO'rnOH Tapbl H 0 J.\PYfI1X BIDKHbJX Bonpocax. 
2.6. 3a!\11<JH KO.llHcp;umuBH pocCHHcKOro Topromro 3aJ(OHOl\Ii"fCIIbC1&I 51 ITOim TpYD.HO CK838'I'b. ynaCTC" nll peMmOBaTb 3TH HJ],eH, II eCflH .na, TO B KaKOU CTeIleHJI. Ih06b1 npOO,!:\OJ1eTb Hb[HeUIHee COCTO}(HHe yna.n.- KB. Ha,rJ,O HMa,rJ,HTb YCTOM'IHBb]e ToprOBO-X03}(HCTBeHHb]e CBH3H Me)KJQ' OTe<leCT8eHHb]MH npOl13BO):{IITeJUIMH II nOK)'f13Ten}(Mll. 3To HeB03MOiK- HO 6e3 pa3pa60TKll TOproBOro KOlIeKca. OnblT pa3BllTblX crpaH y6eiK- Jl:aeT B 3TOM. OrcTaBaHHe POCCIIll KOpeHJITCH B OTcyrCTBHll HOpMaJlbHO J:ff>oraroll.{ero TOBapHoro pbIHKa. a 3TOT pblHOK HeB03MOiKHO C03,!:\aTh 6e3 npaBOBoj:j II llHO nOJI,Llep>KK11 rOCYAapCTBa, 6e3 YCTaHORITeHH}( 'IeTKHX 3aKOHOlIaTeJlbHbIX npaBHIl KOMMep'leCKOM Ae}(TenbHOCTH. JIHrepaTYPa 1. AKtyanbHble npo6neMbi KOMMep'lecKoro npaBa: C60pHHK CTaTeM I no,ll, peD. npo. E. J.1. II}THHCKOrO M., 2002. 2. raI/6up06lO. C rpaJK;J.aHCKoe npaBo. 06Il(IDI 'IacTb. Pa3lIeJllll IIolI pe)),. H C Il]X'lII1CJJOBlJeM B. A. TOMcllHoBa. M.,2003. 3. Ka.I/UNKa A. Jf. O'lepKll TOproBOro npaBa. M., 2002. 4. Hqxecoo H If KOHcneKTHBHbIH KYPc JleKl{Hi1 nOTOproBOM)' H BeKCeJlb- HOM}' npaBY. M., 1896. IIepene<laTKa JOpHll. Hay'JHOi1 6H6J11tOreK11. 2003. S. flempoe If. B. KOMMep'lecroe npaso: Y'Ie6HI1K. C1I6., 2001. 
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6.3. 3alJ..1llTI:l KOHK)'JJeHLlIUI 113 KOHOJJ,:.rre11bCTBa 0 KOHKYI)eHl!lUI. 3m opraHbI f}JaKTHllecKH ycrpaHH.JIIlCb OT pa60TbI no $opMlIpoBaHIIIO KOHK)'peHIHoll cpeJW Ha roBapHblX PblH- KaX. Hap.IJ)' co CneUHaJIbHb]MH 8HTHMOHononbHb]MH opr8HaMH B C03.L\a- HIlli KOHK)'peHTHOll cpe)].b] IlpIUBaHhl)"l8CIBOlJaTb AP)'rne rocY.L\apcrBeH- Hble opraHb] HCnonHllTeIlhHOH BJIaCTH: MHHllCTepCTB8, c.Jl}'>h-6h1, areHT- CTBa, 8 TalOKe OpraHb[ licnonHlrre11bHoM BJIacTH cy6beKTOB <De.nepaIUlJf. tbOPMb] Ii MeTOAbJ llX pa60TbI B }'Ka3aHHOM HalJpaBJ1eHHll nOKa '1eTKO He onpe):leneHbl H He perJJ<ll.teHTllp008Hbl3aKOHOM. 3.L\eCb "lpe6YlOTcj] Ha- }"fHb]e pa3pa60TKH Ii AonOJ1HIITeJ1hHb]e 3aKOHO.L\aTeIlbI-lL]e peWeHllH. JbrrepaTYPa 1. BapmltOfia A. H IIpaBoBoe perynHpOBaHHe KOHK)'peHW111 B PoocHH. M., 2000. 2. Ky-ai?UIIM 11 IIpeJU1pIlHHMaTeJlbCTBoHnpaBo:ol1blT3arr3lIa.M., 1992. 3. JJ) lfKllR E. H r oC)'JI.3fCTIlelJHoe pery1lllpOBaHlre MOHOI1OIIHH H KOHK)'peH- LlIfH B npoMblliDleHHo pa3BIffbIX crpaH8.'t. M., 1992 4. Q.1eUIIUf< 0 M 3anpen:l. npe.nenhI 11 caHKWiH B 8HTHMOH0I1DnbHOM:Ml- KOHOlIaTeJ1bCTBeI/3aKOH. 1995. N!!4. 5. flapaUf}'" C. A. KOHK)'peHTHOC npaBO. M., 2002. 6. /Oi)all08 A. B. KOHK}'PeIWIffi. Teoplffi 11 npaKTHKa. M., 1996. 
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8.4.113I11eHeHHe H pacrqJHreHDellOroBOpOB 149 JIeHWI B 3aKOHH)'1O cllny perneHWI cy.na. 3TO npaBiUlO npe.ncnmruieTC.\1 HeYAa"lHb]M. CYA ce"I8C nllrneH B03MO)((HOCTII, AIDKe KorAa :no He06- XO)UfMO no 06cT0KreJlbCTBaN: AeJIa, yK.:13aTb llHOH CPOK, C KOToporo ,lI,0- rOBOp C"ll1T3.eTCJI ll3MeHeHHb]M HJIH npeKpallleHHblM. TaKoe nonO>KeHlle "BHO He coarnercIByeT narpe6HOCTJlM npaKIlfKH. IT)'HKTOM 4 CT. 453 rK Pc.!> npeAYCMOT)JeHO, 'ITO B clI)"-Iae 113MeHe- HID! HJIH paCTopiKeHIUI AoroBopam06blM cnoc060M CTOPOlIb] He BnpaBe "Ipe60BaTb BOJBpaUleHll Toro, "lTO 6bIDO "CI10nHeHO AO MOMeHTa ll3Me- HeHHJI lUHI pacTopiKeHllJl ,lI,orOBOpa. fio 03Ha"IaeT, "lTO eCJ1ll OAHa ll3 CTopoH nocraBHJIa TOBap, COpT "JIH MapKa KOToporo He YCT)JOllJIll noK)'- IlaTeJI". H no "Ipe601!aHlllO nOKynareJIJI AOfOBop paCTOprHYI", TO OT no- KynaTeJI" HeJIb3 Tpe60BaTb B03Bpara TOBapa B H81}'pe. MO>KHO B3bIC- KaTb JIHllIb nOHCCCHHb]e y61,ma:I. eCJ1ll AeHCTBIm nOK)'f1aTeJlJI 6y.nyr npH- 3HaHbi HenpaBOMepHbIMH. IT03TOM)' B no.n:06HbIX CJI)"IMX He CJlC)JyCT comalllaTbCJI Ha pacropiKeHHe ,lI,OI'OBopa, llHa"le OK83b1BaJOTC.\1 orpaHH- "leHHbiMll B03MO)((HOCTH 38ll\HTbl cc6crneHHbIX llHTepecOB. JIurepaw a 1. AIi0pee6 C. E, GfflUIima H. A., l/JeOomo6a A. If. JJ,OroBOp: 3aKJ1lO'1cmre. JUNeHeHHe. pacTOf»KCHHe. M., 1997 2. AIiOpee6a Jl B. npollIDKa TOBapoB: pyROBOllCTBO no nOlIfOTOBKe K 3aK- JIfO'IeHHlOlIoroBOpOB. M., 1997. 3. E,;o.--'lIJI JI A. 3J1eKIpOHHBJI KOMMCpwrn: Y'Ic6HOe noc0611C. M., 2005 4. p'aUlKo8 A. n Kor.IMep'ICCKIIi1 1I0roBOp OT 3aKJJlO'IeH11JI1I0 1ICII000HCHI1JI. M,1998. S. Ca1leHK08 C. A. PaCTOpJKeHHe 1I0roBopa B IpIDKll3HCKOM o6opore: TeO- pWi H npaKTHKa. M., 1002. 6. .WU08 C. A D,oI"OBOpHIDl pa6cm. CBCplIJJOBCK. 1986. 
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160 [JlaBa 9. AoroBOpbl Ha peanH3aUHlO TOaapoB (m08ap). Donee TOllHOM npe.nCTaB.JUleTc.II. c}JopMymfpoBI<a CT. 237 rK PC<DCP, camaCHO KOTOPO" IIpO.I\3Bel\ 06.113blBaJlCH nepe;:J;aTb nOK)'ll8Te- ruo UI,!Ufl'C11Z60. 3anllCb B 3aKOHe 0 nepe;:J;a<re Bell.lll (TOBapa) Ha npaK- THKe He paccMalpllBaeTC.II. KaK 06H3aHHOCTb nepe):\aTb nllllIb MaTepllaITb- HhIM. npe.rWeT. TOBapoM no .LI0roBOpy KYfIJIH-npO.1J,aJKI1 MO)]{eT 6b]Tb mo- 60e 11M}'lltOCTBO, BKJlI04ID1 LleHHb]e 6YMarH, llHtlJopMaWHO. omeKTbI llH- Te.rr.neKIYaJlbHOH co6crnellliOCTlI II .D.P. ITpe,ltMeTOM AorOBopa nOCTaBKll CT. 506 fK P<tl Ha3b1Bacr m06Upbl. KaK OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee, He Bee TO, 'ITO npll3H8eTC.II. TOBapOM B npaBe rpaJKJJ;aHCKOM, .ll.BJlReTCSI OmeKTOM KOMMep'leCKoro "paBa. ,[{orOBopbl K)'IIIlll-npOiJ,a)KH II nQCTaBJ.."U B OJlHH8KOBOH Mepe Bbmon- mllOT 4JYHKLlI1IO OpraHll3aLtHH aKTOB 06MeHa TOBapa HalIeHbJ1i II ,lI,eHer H8 TOBap. 8 COO"IBeTCTBJut C npllHQllnaMll llOCTpOeHllR fK P<tl o6lltJfe nonmKeHIDI 0 K)'IIJ1e-npO.lJ,fDKe, peryJ1llpYIOIllHC .LIOroBopLI KynJut-npo- JJa:>KH, cocpe,ll.OTOYeHbl B  I m. 30 KO.LIeKca. 06I1U1e nOJIO)Ke""}J 0 K)'f1- J1e-npo.ll.a)!{c npllMeWUOTC.II. TaIOKe K OTHOllieHrulM no nocraBKaM. eCJUi llHoe He npe.uyCMOTpeHO H0prvtar.m 1\""(},lI,eKca 0 ,lI,orOBOpe nOCTaBKH. npH- MeHHTenbHO K ,noroeopy nCCTaBKh cneUlfaJIbHble npaBma, peryJllfpYK>- lll,He OTHorneHIDI no IlOCTaBKaM., ltMelOT npHopmcr HM )'K838HHblMlt 06- lll,HMH nOJIillKeHlUIMll. IlpH aHaJIH3e 3aKpenrreHHblX B 3aKOHe oc06eHHOCTeH,noroBopa no- CTaBKlf npoHBJUleTC" llX Kp3.IIWI" CKYAOCTb ll, 'ITO 60nee cyllIecTBeHHO, llCK)'CCTBeHHbJH xapmrrep OWeCeHlUI. llX llCKJIlO'lIITeJIbHO K AorOBOpy nOCTaBKlf. no CBoe npnpo):{e 3TH «oco6eHHOCTII» ,lI,oroBopa nOCTaBKH HOCHT 06ll.l11" xapaKIqJ AJUI peaml.J8lU10HHblX AOroBOpOB, a Hepe):{KO All" Bcex AorOBOpoe KOMMep'leCKoro npaBa. S Ka'leCTBe oc06eHHOCTll 3aKJIIO'IeHlUI. ,noroBopa nOCTaBKlf OTMe<Ja- eTC" npeLlYCMOTpeHHa" fK P<tl Heo6xoJlHMOCTb ypel)'nHpoBaHHSl pa3- HOUlac"", B03HHKIIH]X Me)K.!l;Y CTopOHaMH OTHOCJITenbHO OTJlenbHblX YC- JlOBlt" ,lI,orOBopa. CroPOHa, nOJl)"-1HBWaJI nO,D,TBep>K;l,eHlle 0 COmaClllt 3aKJIIO'UtTb JlorOBOp, HO Ha llHblX YCJ10Blt"X, ):lOJ])KHa B Te'leHHe 30 JlHe npHHTb Mepbl K comaCOBaHHIO YCJJOBllH JloroBopa, no KOTopblM B03- HHKJIll pa3HornaCliJ]. AaHHoe npaBHJ10 Ha npaKTHKe He co6moJlaeTc", nOCKOJIbKY 3aKOH: a) He npeJI)'CMOTpeJI nOCJ1eJlCTBH Hec06J1lOlIeHH" }'KaJaHHoro Tpe6o- BaHID!; 6) He ypel)'JlllpOBaJI XOT" 6bJ B OCHOBHblX MOMCHTaX npOl.{e,[I,YPY corJJaCOBaHH" paJHomaCltH. KpoMe TOro, B o6CTaHoBKe paJBaJla ,noro- BOpHO-X03""CTBeHHblx CBJl3eH rocy.n.apCTBO 06Jl3aHO COlleHCTBOBaTb llX HaJlmKliBaHlliO. TIo3TOMy"Ipd}oBfume 06 yperyJJltpoB8lDlli paJHornacHH 
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9.S. IIoCTaBKa]lJUl roCYIIBpcTBeHHblX H)')]()l 167 .QOllOCTaBJIeHHOll npo,ll)'Kl.{llH. HeYCTOllKa B3bICKHBaeTC" .n;o f}JaKTH'leC- Koro llcnonHeHllll 06J1'3aTeJ1bcTBa C yqeTOM He.r:\OnOCTaBJIeHHOrO Kom1- 'leCTBa npO;:J;YKUHll B npe}J.bl.1])'ll.leM nepllO.r:\e nOCTc:1BKlI no LlorOBOpy. PaCCMOlpeHlle npaBOBoro perym.JpOBaHHM peamoaL\HOHHb]X .n;oro- BOpOB CBlf..QeTeJIbCTByer 0 3Ha'llrre.JIbHHX npo6enax II ynYll\eHlliIX, ,lI,O- lI}'l.l{eHHhlX npll nO):{IUfOBKe COIJTBI:fCTB}'fOIl\IIX maB rK Pc.!>. np" Hb]- HellIHeM COCTOMHllH 3aKOHO.r:\aTeJIbCTBa 0 .n;orOBopax HeB03MOiKHO ,lI,O- 6llTbCM pa3BI1TH H COBeprneHCTBOBaHllM ToproBO-X03MllCTBeHHbTX CB- 3ell. npll3BaHHbTX CJIYiKHTb OCHOBOll ToaapHoro Pb]HKa. B llHTepecax Bcero 061l1eCTBa 6bTJTO 6bl yperyJlllpoBaTb peaJHnaUHOHHble ,lI,orOBopbl B cneUHaJlbHOM KO.ll.ll4>"UllpoBaHHOM aKTe - ToproBOM KO):{eKCe POC- CIDI. JIurepaTYPa 1. AHdpeeea fl. B. B 3BlllHT}' HOOOXQIlIIMOCTH lIOroBOpa 0ITJ0I!0i.i KyruJJI.npD- ,D,a)f(l{ XoomlCTBO H npaBO. 1999. N2 II. 2. Baxl/ul/ J1. r JJ,oroBop K)'ITJlH-npOllaJKH JI nOCTaBKH TOBapoB fI PI1CK. 1997.N26. 3. Bumpmtualu B. B. .D:OroBOp KyrulU-l1pOJJ,IDIUt Ii ero OT,lI,eJJbHble BHJJ.b1. M., 1999. 4. PQ.1kJJ{(!1llO. B OJCTeMa 1I0roBOpoB B IjImKJI,aHCKOM npaBe PocaIH. M.. 2001. S. llle6!{eI/Kofl. J1. PerylDlpoBaHJre OTIiOIl1eHIIH nOCTaBKI:I: Teopilll H npaK- TllKa. CII6.. 2002. 
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1O.l. CynwOCTh H Blli\bI,lIOrooopHbIX CB3eH 169 COBOKYfTHOCTb OCHOBHblX CB}(3e onpe.n.en}(eT X03HCTBeHHblH npo- I}JlfJlb, CO,ll,qDK3Hlle ,lI,e}(TenhHOCTI1 opr"3l-UnaInlll. HCnQJ1HeHlle TIlKI1X .L\O- rOBOpOB l}JopMllPYeT .L\OXO.!1bl, npelIOnpelIeJmeT p83Mepbl HaJlOroBblX Bblflmn II AP)'rl1e 3aIp8ThI. CrpYKIYP8.L\oroBOPHblX CIDI3eJI pelll3lOll.lIfM 06pa30M BnH}(eT Ha BHYfPeHHee nOCTpOeHlle I}JllPMh], Ha 'lllCJIeHHOCTh nepCOHaJIa, p8cnpeAerretine 0638HHOCTe Me)]{Jl;Y CmpYAHllK8Mll. Pa3- pa60TK8 6ll3HeC-nJI8HOB II npllH.lrrne 6o.m.ImIHCTBa ynp8BJIeH'-IOCKUX pe- rueHHH DomKHbl coo6pmoBb1B8TbC.!I. C npoueccoM llCnOJIHeHlliI OCHOB- HhiX ,lI,OroBOpOB. meJIbHOCTb Bcex I}JYHKUHOHallhHb]X nO.L\p..TI.L\eJIeHll IlJuPMbI TaIOKe ,lI,OJDKH8 nOlI'lHIDITbC}( 33,D,8<re llCnonHeHIDI OCHOBHblX ,lI,O- roBOpOB. STOpOH He MeHee 3H8'lllMbIH acneKT CTp)'KT)'pbl DOroBOpHbIX CB.!I.- 3eH o6pa3yer 06ecne'leHlle B3aIlM03aBHCUMOCTII.lJ,OrOBOpoB no OCHOB- HoM.L\e}(TenbHocTll II Bcex BCnOMOraTeJlbHb]X )J,oroBopoB, cOlIeHCTBYIO- lllHX ocyu.\eCTBJIeHI1JQ nepBb]x. <I>aKnI'lecKll 3TO C031IaHlle «rp03DJ.t» ll3 OCHOBHblX II Tpe6)'JOlliHXC.!I.,IJ,JUI HX HCnOJIHeHH.!I. BCnOMOrnreJIbHbIX II 06- cn)')KHBlliOllIl1X DoroBOpOB. ,lJ,aHHWl33,D,a'l8 cYll\eCTByer BCer,ll,8. K npllMepy, ecJIH I1pOIf3lIO.nCTBeHHmI OpraHlf3aUI1R 3aKJUO'lHJIa C no- K)'II8TeneM ,lI,OroBOp H8 npO.LIIDKy 200 crynheB, TO)J,.JUI llcnOJ1HeHH.!I. 06- 38'TeJIbCTBa OHa LIOJI"iKHa 38KJ1IOF.Jlffb eLQe 15-20 BcnoMor8TeIlbHbiX ,lI,O- rOBopoB. npeiK,lJ,e Bcero, HY)]{ffb] 1I0rOBOpbl co CMe)]{ffllK8MH H8 flPl106- peTeHHe OT HHX JJpeBeCHHbl, 06llBO'lHbIX TK8HeH, Kpene"iKHhlX MaTepHa- nOB, Taphl, ymLKOBKI1, TOB8pHblX HpJIblKOB II AP. He06xo)J.IJMb] ,lI,OroBO- pbl Ha :mepro- Ii TenJIOCHa6"iKeHlle. Tpe6yeTUI 38K;HOqlITb ,lI,OroBop C TpaHcnOpTHOH opr8Hll38UHeH Ha OTIpY3KY B YCTaHOMeHHblH CpOK TO- Bapa CBoeM)' nOKyn8n:JlIO. .lI,JUI1.JeTKOH Opr8Hll3alum noroBopHoH pa- 6OTbll.{eJleCoo6pa3HO COCT8MeHlle no KaJK..QoM)' KpynHoMY II CpeLJ;HeMY ,lI,orOBopy cemeeblX <7J(l(jJUk"'06. CeTeBhle rpaI}JliKH CTpomc}( C nOMOIUbIO KOMnblOTepa IfJIll BPY'lH)'lO. OHll BblrIDl,II,.!l.T B BHlIe npeBoo5pa3HOH cxe- MbJ, KOTOpasJ n03BOJIJJeT COBMecTllll> no KOJIll'leCTBaM, CpOK8M II .DPY- rl1M nap8MeTp8M ycnOBI1R OCHOBHoro II BCfJOMOr8TeJIbHblX 1I0rOBopOB. Ee3 TaKOH BJalfMocorn8COBaHHOCTH, YB}(3KIi Bcex nOKa3aTeJleH HeB03- MO"iKHO 1.JeTKO onpe.n.eJlHTb ycnOBI1JJ BcnOMOr8TeJlbHbiX llorOBOpOB. OC- HOBHOH LlorOBOp He MO"iKeT HOpMaJlbHO BbmOJlHJJTbC.!I. K CO"iKaJIeHllfO, np06JJeMbi C1pYKTYpHOro KOHI}JllrypHpOB8HlliI noro- BOpOB, nOCTpoeHH.!I. CereBb]X rp8llJllKOB norOBOpHb]X CB.!I.3e nO'lTI1 He IlCCJIe.D)'lOTCJJ B fOpHlIWIeCKOH Ha}'Ke II B Teopl1l1 MeHe;:J.iKIIIeHTa. no 3TI1M BonpOC8M HeT Teopen'I'leCKI1X TpYLlOB Ii MeTOAll'-JeCKllX pa3pa60TOK. Mc)!(lly TCM 6e3 npopa60TKH CTp)'Kl)'p norOBOpHblX CB3CH HeJlb3.!1. HOp- MaJIbHO BeCTH LIorOBOpHylO pa6my, ,lI,06I1B8ThC.!I. npll6bVTH. 
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10.2. Bwoop ClJIYKTYPw peaJDI3aIlIIOHHbIX CllJ]JeJI 173 OrrpY3Ka 6YJJ:eT HOCIITb TpaffiHTHhIH xapmcrep II II rex CJI)f'IM.x, Kor- ,lI,a B CoomercmllH C JJ:OroBOpOM no.K)'IlaTeJlb BbLQaeT nOCTaBl.ll111\)' 01- rpy30'lliYlO pa3Hap1I.D.Ky. 8 He)'Kc:13b1BaJOIC11 a,n,peca Henocpe,llCTBeHHhIX no.n)"IaTenei{, KonH"leCTBO, accOpTl1MelIT, CpOKH OTrpY3KH llM TOBapa. OrnpaBKa TOBap8 nony'nneJUl.M corn3CHO onpy3o.'lHo.if pa3HapMKe IIpeLlCTaBJU]eTc0601I HCnOJIHeHIie. npomBeLleHHOe AJU] nOl<ymrreJUL .l@H- HblH nOpH,LIOK CIJe.L\yeT OTnll'ffiTh o.T (.fCno.JlHeHIUI B nonb3)' -rpeTI>11X nm.\. no.n)"IaTeJlll TOBapa He Mo.ryr 3a51BJUlTb CaMOCTOJITellhHhlX Tpe60BaHirii K o.mp..'iBIne.rrIO, COOTBeTCT1eJ-iHO nocnelIHHH He 06M3aH yqllTh]BaTb llX mrrepechl npH llcno.JIHemill ,lI,oroBopa, 3aKJIIO'IeHHo.ro C nOK)'fIaTeneM; 2) cKRai)cK{JJj oncfJ)'3lW npH Heif TOBap ,lI,OCTaBJIMeTCM o.T I13rOTO- BHTeJlH CHaqa.rm Ha CKJIa.L\ no.CpeLlHllKa II )0Ke 3aTeM nepeo111paBruleTCM nOTpe6llTeJllO. TpaH3HTHa5I OTrpY3Ka He,ll,aeT nOTpe6mcmo HllKaKHX BhIl"OLl. Eonet:: TOra, npllXo.LlHTCM nJIaTHTh HaQeHI\)' nOCpe.L\HllKY. XOT TOBap rpYJlITCM B a,n,pec nOTpe6llTeJUI Henocpe.n:C1BeHHo. ll3roTaIlHTeJleM, K TOM)' iKe pa3- Mepbl nocpe.ll,l-lllqecKlfX HaueHo.K B CTpaHe BechJl,ta o.lllymMbl,ll,JJH nol\)'- nareJleif, npeBbIlJlalOTcylllecTBylOlllI1e 3a py6eiKOM. 3m MOI)tBltpYeT no- TpC6llTCJUI. K ncpexo.Qy Ha npMMble CBM3H C I13rOTOBHTeneM. naJIOJIWHIUI 0. nOCTaBK8X npo.;:J;YKl\Hll II TOBapoo npeLlYCM<npllB<UlI1 npaBO no.KynaTeJUI. Ha yCTaHOBJIeHlle npMMhlX JJ:orOllopHblX CIDI.JeH C ll3- roromrreneM II llCKJIIO'IeHHe nocpe;:J;HHKOB. 8 HaCTaMlllee BpeMJI llHTe- pecaM o.6u..lecTBa B l.\eno.M Co.OTBeTCTByeT nHHlUI H8 co.Kpalltetine "lllCna ll3JIHlllHllX noCpe.1J,H(.f<{ecKHx o.praHH3al.ll1ii, nllliIb no.BbllllalOU.\HX llHtlJ- IliII1HlO II JaMe.L\JUUOIl.\l1X ,lI,BHiKeHlle TOBapHblx nOTaKaB. no.3To.MY COOT- BeTCTaylOIlIee npaBa OpraHll3aUHH-no.K)'f18TeJleif cnelIOBaJIo. 6b! BHaBb saKpenllTb B 3aKaHe J]ll60 yCiUllITb H8JIo.rOBOe .L\8BIIetilJe Ha napa3lffif- "leCKHe o.6pa3aBaHllK rIpH CKlliI,L\CKo.M peiKI:IMe nOCTaBQK nu-rerno CJIelIyer BbB/CillITh, KaKHe npeHM}'lUeCTBa.L\aeT eMY yqaCTHe nOCpe.L\HllKa. npeIilltyWeC1OO, npeJK.L\e Bcero, Mo.iKeT COCTOMTh B TOM, "lTO Y naTpe6HTeIDI o.mllJlaeT He- o.6xo.,lI,IlMo.CTb C03)J,aBaTb 3anaCbl COOTBeTCTBylOll.Iero TOBapa. He H}')K- Ho. apeHJJ:OBaTh CKJl8)],CKHe no.MeIlIeHll, YMeHldl.J8lOTCfi pacXOJI.b] Ha xpa- HeHHe. nO. Mepe B03HHKHo.BeHIUI nmpe6Ho.CTH Mo.)I(Ho. o.nepaTHBHo. na- JI)"-I1fTh l-I}')KHo.e KQJJWIecTIIO pecypcaB co CKJJaIrn o.maBO" opraHll38lDm. BmKHO J]llmh TOI.(Ho. 3HaTh, cnoco.6eH J]ll no.cpelIHllK n01JJJ.ep>I\HBaTb no.- CTmHHhlH 3anae DJUI Y.lIOBJIeTBOpeHHH TeKyw;HX 3anpOCOB nmpe6llTe- J]e. Ec.llJl TaKaH rapaHTlill HeT, TO. sanae nplfAeTCH Ca3..D,aBaTb caMo.MY nmpe6mcmo, nplloq:,eTWI pecypcbl Henocpe.u.cweHHO y mroToBHTeJUI. 
174 rnasa IO.C1JlYKlYPBIIoroBoPHblX ,[(JU] n0rpe6Kfeneif npeJlCTIlBJI5lIQT llHTepec J],onOJIHlITeJJLHLle yc- J]yn KOTopLie nOCpe)1HHK cnoco6eH OKaJblBaTb, OC}'I1\eCTBJUUI pa- Gory C TOElapOM. TaKORbl. HaIIp"Mep: I) nO.ll.60pK8 accopTIfMeHTHb]X rpynn TOBapa, T. e., no TepMllH0J10- rHH KOMMepcaHTOB, npeBpal.l{eHlie npOlI3BOJlCTBeHHoro accopTIlMeHTa B TOproBb]M:; cocr8BJIef:ll.ie KOMIIJIeKTOB l.J3)J,enlIH. npoH3BOlIHMb]X pa3- "b]M" llJrOTOBJITe.IllIMll. CaMH npOll3BO)1llTeJlll He B COCT05lHllll OK83b]- BaTb TaKHe YCJ1ym; 2) npeJUlfXJl13BOJ¥;rnel-mM no,ll,IUfOBlGI. MarepHaJlOB, pacKpOIl,ll3rH6, Hape3Ka nO He06xOJJ.IIMblM pa3MepaM camaCHO 3aK83aM nOK)'rnneneH; 3) ynaKOBKa H pacacoBKa TOBap8 B KOllll'lecTBaX, Y.LI06HblX ):IJU] nOJ1b30BaTCTIcit DORa pacctJacoBKa 3H8'iHTeJlI,HOH <{acTH ore4eCTBeHHbIX npo.LIOBOnbCTBeHHblX TOBapOB OC)'Ill€CTBJUleTCH B opramr.JaUIDix p03Hll4- HoM TOprOBJUf B He npllcnoco6JIeHHb]X,lI,JUI. :noro nOMell.\eHlliIX nIf60 y npliJIaBK8 npO;:J;8BLlOM. ::ho B 10- 12 pa3 .LIopo>Ke. 'IeM l}:IacOB8Tb Mexa- HlOIlpOBaHHbIM cnoco60M y Q3IUIOBirreruI 111m Ha CKJIa,IJ,e OITTOBO" opra- HI13alUIll. I1MeeTOI MHO>KeCTBO .npymx yCJIyr, KOTopbIe cnoco6Hbi OKa3blBaTb QIITOBble opraf:ll.i3aJ..lI1H. HepeiIKO TonbKO 'Iepe3 nOCpe,!:\HHKOB, H3 C03):\a- BaeMblX HMH CKJl8)J,ClOIX 3anaCOB, MO)f(HO npllo6peTIITb MaJlb]e KOJ1llye- CTBa llmenun. n0J1Y48Tb 3an'l8CTI1 JJNi CID1TblX C npOH.JBO.n.CIBa MalllHH II o60PYJJ,OBaHrui. ,lJ,JUI H3roTOBHTeJIeif: ocyIl.tCCTBJ-urTh orrpy3Iill MeJIKI1X napmii HnH COXpaID1Tb npOlrJBOAcrBO AeTaJleif: K crapb]M BH.U,3.M -rexHIJ- 'IecKHX U1Aemrii KpaitHe HeBbTrO,!:\HO. 8 TO me BpeM comaCHO CT. 6 3aKo- H8 pcp OT 07.02.92 N!! 2300-1 «0 3all\HTe npaR nOTpe6H'IeJIeit.> H3rOTO- BllTeJ1ll 06M3aHb! B TeqeHl1e 10 JleT nOCJIe CHHTHH TeXHHLJ:eCKID: ll3.ll.eJ1llH C npOll3BoJJ,cTBa npo;:J;oniKRTb BbmycK 3an'lacTe K HHM. ,AaHHYIO npo- 6JIeMY MO)f(HO peUHITb H8 OCHOB8Hllll LloroBopoB C omOBblMll opraHH- 3alUVlMI1 0 xp8HeHHll y HllX 3anac8 38nacHbix LJ:aCTeH K TaKl1M TOBapaM. KOHfcypeHU,Jf 6Y.ll.eT 3acT8BJUITb omOBble opraHll3aWJH 6cpoTbCH 3a MeCTO H8 pblHKe. nOKa B TaKoif: 6opb6e cJla60 llCnOJI(3)'lOTCH B03MOiK- HOCTI1 paCllHIpeHllH BMJJ:OB YCJIyr, npe;:J;OCT8BJIHeMb]X nOTpe6llTenMM. OpraHllJ8QHll omOBOH TOproBJIll I1Cn0J1b3}'JOT CBOll CK.JJ8l1CKHe nnollla- JJ,H Bcero H8I10JIOBHI-I)', OCTaJIbHOe CJlalOT B apeHLlY no.ll. rapa)f(l1 II np., XOTM nnOIll8)1lf MOrITll 6b1 HCn0J1b30BaTbCM llIlH onepaUll C TOBapOM. 10.3. Oco6eHHOCTH OT)\eJIhIlhIX BI\l\OB CBB3eH I1M.eercM HeMaJIO Blf..QOB OIHOIlleHIU-" r.ll.e crpYKTYPaJlorooopHblX CIDI- 3eif: no peaJIH38UHll TOB8pOB OTJIHY8eTCH 3Ha'UiTem.1-IblM cBoeo6pa3HeM. 
10.3. 0c06eJ.rn0cTH OTlIeJlbHblX BIfJl;OB cmoeii 175 TaK, cyulecTBeHHb]MJf oco6eHHOCTJlMH xapaJITepllJye-rCJI CTp}....-ry- pa CBH:Jeu no nOCTaBl.:aM JJ;JlH rOcyJJ;apCTBeHHblX H}'"AV1:. ComaCHO YC- TaHOBJIeHHOMY nopsr..1I\)' opraHllJaW1ll. OnpelIeJmeMbie npaBHTeJlbCTBOM PcD, 8 B pen10H8X - opr8H8Mll llcnonHllTenbHoM BJIaCTH, nOJlY48lOT npaBO BhlCT}'naTb B KaqeCTBe 3aKa34I1KOB. OHll Ha KOHK)'pCHOM OCHOBe npOmBO):l5lT nr60p nOCTaBIl\HKOB COOTBeTCTByJOllUlX pecypcoB. H8oc- HOBaHllH nOnnl1C8HHoro 3aK83'lllKOM Ii nOCTaBIllHKOM rocy,n,apCTBeHHO- ro KOHTpaKTa Me CTOpOH8Mll B03HHKaer 06513aTeJlbCTBO no nOCTaB- K8M ):I.JlJl rOcy,ll,apCTBeHHhlX HY)]{.!I. 3Ta cxer.rn npllMeHJleICJI, Kor,ll,a 38- K83qllK8Mll Bhlcryn8IOT 0P'-'"dHJI.)8.IUUl, C8MH llcnonb3YIOIl\I1e TOBap, H8- npHMep, YHHTapHb]C llJIH Ka3eHHhle npe.lUIpuJlTHJI. 8 TCX CJI)"I85IX, Kor,n,a TOBap 3aKynaCTC5I JJ,JUI npymx mu.!, CT. 531 rK PcD npe.Ll)'CM8TpJlB8er BLIJI.Sqy ]88]q"O"I, 38KJUO'llfBlllHM KOH- Tp8KT, OnppO'lHOH pa.JHSpHLI,KH nocT8Bu-UU':Y. TOBap OTrpyMaeTCJI comaCHO pa3HapH.1I.Ke B Mj1eca nOJlY48TeJIei1, HO CTOHMOCTb TOBap8 on- lIa'llfBaeTCJI JaKa3'l1fKOM. """()1(){XIM)' BbJ,LJ;eJIeHbl cpe,lJ,CTBa llJ COOTBeTCTBY- IOlllero 61O)])Ker8. Hap5I.nY C 3THM CT. 529 rK PcD npeL{)lCMaTpHBaeT GolIee CJIo)KH)'lO- ,lI,B}'XypOBHeBYlO CTp)'K1YPY cBH3e. 8 3aKIlIO'IeHHOM KOHTp8KTe MO>Ker 6loITb YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO nOCTaBI\a 6Y,lI,eT npoH3BO)I,lITbCH He C8MOM)' 3a- K83'lHK)I, 8 onpeLl,eJU1eMOMY 38Ka3'lHKOM nOK)'IIaTeJllO. 8 3TOM CJlY48e 3aK83'iHK BloJ,LJ;8er nCCTaBll\HKY II ooKynaTeJ11O ll3BCllleHI1C 0 npll,,-pcn- neH"" nOK)'n8TClllI K nOCTIlBll(l1l\)'. 8 CllJIY 38KIl104eHHoro KOHTpaKTa II nOJI)"IeHHoro OT 38K83'lllKa li3BellleHHSI 0 nplll<penJIeHllH nOCTaBll.IIfK 06R3aH ]8KnI04HTb C nOKyn8TeJICM.LI.Ol"OBOp ua nOCT8BKY TOBSpOBD.J]H 1"0C)!napCTBeHHblx H}'IK,LI,. 8 YK838HHhlX cnY48.11.x nepBoe 06H38TenbCTBO OOpMJlllCTCH rocy- ,n,apCTBeHHbIM KOHTp8KTOM Me)KJlY 3aK83'lHKOM 11 nOCTaBllIHKOM. STo- poe CJ6JIJaTcJIbCTBO C03.IJ,alOT BbJ,II,aqa 38K83tJHi1.'OM n:merneHIDI 0 npHf<pcn- lIeAHll nOK)'II8TeJIJI K nOCTaB1l{JJKY II 3aKJIIOQeHl1e JJ:orOBop8 Me)f()J)' no- K)'II8TeJleM II nOCTaBllUIKOM. 8 pe3ynbTaTe B03HHK8lOT .LI.Ba pa3Jlll4HblX 06H38TeJlbCTBa, B KOTOPlo]X COBn8.1laer TonloKO nOCTaBlllIlK. npH nOMO- 1l{JJ TIlI\-OO cxeMbl C03)I,aeTC5I peCypCHoe o6ecne4eHI1e COOTBeTC1BYJOweH rocy.o.apCTBeHHoii nporJm.lMbl. 3aKa3'lllK caM onpe.nernJer 60nee npC,!I,IIO'ITl1TeJlbH)'IO cTpYKTYPY):\o- rOBopHblX cB3eM. npll :lTOM OH llCXO.LI.m llJ ueJIeH: coxpaHeHJUI 3a co- 60il KOHTpOJIH 38 pearrbHoii: nOCTaBKoii: Heo6xonHMloIX pecypCOB, BblCry- naeT o5R3aHHOH CTOpoHOH: no OI1J18Te llX CTOHMOCTH. Moryr npllMeIDITbCH 60nee CJlO)KHb]e CTpYKTYPhI CBH3e. TaKoBhI Clfl)'8U;HH, Korn8 KompaKT II OCHOBaHHb]H: H8 HeM ):\orOBOp Ha nOCTaB- 
176 rnasa 10. ClJIYKIYPBIIoroaopHblX CllS['jCH K)' 3aK.JHOqa1OT OAHll opraHIf38I!JUI. a OTrpy3Ka TOl!apOB npoH3BO)l,l1TOI B 8.1lpec A}JYIl1X nllU, He y'ffiCT8yIOIIJ;HX B .n;orOBopHblX OTHorneHIDIX (.f JlllWb 4JaKTHqeCKH llCnOJTbJ}'lOw,I1X TOBapbl B x03jfcTBeHHbIX ueJIJ!x. 8 3T11X CJI)"IMX y)](e He 38Ka3'1:HK, a nOKynanJ1b nO ,lI,OlOBopy IIOCTI:\BKlI ):\JU] rOCYAapcrBeHHhlX H}')KLl Bbl):laeT nOCTaBll{UK)' OTIpy.3O'lH)'lO pa3Ha- pM.!U<)'. TaKHM cnoc060M, K npHMepy, OcyIJJ;eCTBJUleTCM nOCTaBK8 3aKyn- JleHHh]X J1JUI rocynapCTBeHHblX H}')KLl npOLlOBOJIbCTBlfH, Me.LlHlIHHCKO npo.lI)'KLU.Jll11 llHOro "MYweCTBa B BOHCKOBble <men!, qJraHluaIlI1Il MIlC II LlPYrHM cneUllarrbHb[M n0rpe6lfIeJUlM. IlpaBHJJbHOe, YMeJIOe clJOpMlfpOlJaHl'1e CTpYKTYPbl CBJl3e BroKHO):\JUI opraHll38UJfll eIlIe OAHoro Bll,.!I.8 OTHOllleHHH, a llMeHRO nOCTaBOK TOBa- pOB (13 O,!{Horo penIOHa CTp8HbI B JJ.pyroiJ.. MeiKpel"UOHaJlbHble TOpI"O- Bble CBH]" <qJe3BblqaHO 3H8.<IHMbL Omt cnoco6c-rBylOT YJlY'UlIeHHIO cHa5)KeHl1.ll. Hace.rreHlliI, pa3BllTllIO KOHKypeHl.ll1H H8 TOBapHblX pblHKax. OHll 38KperrnHIOT (.{ yrny6nHIOT npOll3BOLlCTBeHH)'IO KoonepaUJ..IIQ M- Jrj perHOHaMH. BeCbM8 8Kl)'aJIbHO..lIIDl POCCHll TO, ":ITO T8KHe CBj/3H co- 3.IJ;alOT uanpocrpeMlITeJIbHbIe CllJIb]. 3KOHOMlflleCKH cKpeIUllllOll.lI1e ro- cY,lI,apcTBo. 8 p")J;e HOpMaTI1BHhlX aKTOB COJlep>KaTCH )'KMamUi 0 He06XOJI.llMO- CHI pa3BllTIUI Me».-penIOHaJlbHbIX cBSJ1ci.i, OJlH8KO Ha .Dene TaKa pa60Ta nOIlTI1 He BelIerCJL KOf,ll,a pYKOBO,lJ,IrreJIh O.n.HOH 06naCTI13aKJl101I1ffi C py- KOBO,lJ,InenCM JlpyroH 06JIaCTH llJIll pecny6nHKlf .n;orOlJOp 0 B3aHMHbIX nOCTaBKaX TOBapoB. :no He BJIe'ler 3a co60 pearrbHoro ocyJJJ;eCTBJIeHllJI nOCTaBOK. nplt"lllHa nOAo6Horo nOnO>KeHI1H COCTOlfT B Hepa3pa6OTaH- HOCTI1 MeXaHH3Ma YCTaHOBJIeHHR MeiKpefltOHaJIbHbIX .n;oroBOpHO-XQ3JJft- CTBeHHbIX CB3eH. 8 H8CTOHl.l.lee BpeMII. npOJfJBOACfBeHHbJe It TOproBbJe opraHH3aUI1JoI B OCHOBHOM nepellIJJJI B IffiCTH)'IO C06CTBeHHOCTb. n03TOMY JI)IH Harra- >KHBaHIDI ToproBblX CB"3eJ.i opraHbl llcnOnHHTeJ1bHOH BJIaCTH pefHoHa npelIBapHTenbHo AOJLKHbl Ha CBOeU TeppwropHH HaHTH nOTeHqlfWlbHbIX npO,lJ,BaLioB. BbI$lCHllTh B03MOiKHb]e otTheMbi npO)J,8>K II np"ell1J]eMb]e ypOBHH LleH, YCJ10BlfThC" 0 cornacltll OTrpy>Kan TOBapb] B AP}'TOH pern- OH. CO cBOe CTO}XJHbJ. aJ1,II.IHHIICTp3LIIUI n01pe6muolllero perlfoHa 06,,33- H8 BbI$lCHlfTb, K8KHe OpraHll3aUlflf >KeJUUOT 3aKynllTb cOOTBeTCTBYlOll.lI1e TOBaph], B KaKlfX KOJ1l1llecT&'iX II no KaKllM npeJlenbHbJM LleHaM. JIllUIb nocne 3TOro MOlYI' 3aKJU0'l8TbC" MelKpemOHaJ1bHble corna- llIeHlf. K cornallleHlfM .DomKHb] np.maraTbCH npOTOKonbJ, COA\ID..l{He CBe.n.eHllJI 0 KOHKpeTHbIX npo,lJ,aBU,a.'I( II nOKynaTeJUlX TOBapOB. 06'beM8X npOlIa>K. nOcne 3TOro AOnJKHO 6bITb OK33aHO COAeHClBlie 3aKJJIO'IeHItIO .DOroBOpOB Me>KJlY npo1t II nOI>.1'JlliTemlMIt, OCYWecTBJleHO He06- 
10.3. Oc06eHHOCTH OTlIeJlbHblX BIf.!J;OB CI!JIJcii 177 XOJ{HMoe CTHM)'nHpOBaHlle, B qaCTHOCTH l1)'TeM npeJ:lOCTaBJleHll Kpe- JUITOB llJIH rnpaHTllll OIIJIaTb] TOBapa. ):{OIDKeH O KOHl- pOJlb 38 pea.nbHblM BblnOJlHeHlleM nOCTaBOK no Me)f()JerHOHaJlbHbIM CO- rnaWeHIDI.M. JIllIllh npll TaKOM nopHJI.Ke craHOBlITC1l B03MO)](HbiM YCTaHOBJIeHlle TOBaponOTOKOB MeiKJ{)' pa3Hb]Mll perHOHaMH. HarrIDKHBaHlle MeJKperll- OHarrhHhTX nOCTaBOK - 3TO COBeprneHHO HOBoe .D.eJTO.D.JlH opraHOS llC- nOJ1HHTenbHOll BJIaCTH. YKa38HHble np06J1eMbl nOKa He pa3pa60TaHbl npaimSOll Ha}'KOll II He yperynHpOBaHb] B 3aKOHOJ{arenhCTse. Pa60Ta IOpHCTB B coapeMeHHblX ycnoBIDI.x Ipe6yeT OBJUJ,lI,eHIDI. HO- BhlMll 3HaHJlSIMll, B "l8CTHOCTH YMeHlteM pa3pa60TKll onTHMarlhHb]X CTpYKTYP JJ.OroBOPHh]X cml3eil. npe,!:{np"HItMaTeJUlM H8 npaKTHKe Bce "lallle npllXOJ],l1TCjl 3aHllMaThCH KOHCTpy"poSUmeM JJ.OroBOPHb]X II H- H8HCOBblX cxeM, nplNeM J{OCTBTO"lHO CJ10)](HblX II pa3BeTBJJeHHb]X. De3 3'1"01'0 HeB03MO)](HO pernaTh cephe3Hble X03HHCTBeHHb]e 3aJ{a"lll. IOpH- ,lI,H'IeCKHe CJ1)')K6bl npmBaHbl OKa3bIBaTh He06xoD.HM)'IO npaBOB)'iO no- MOlllb B YKa3aHHblX Bonpocax. Be.n.etme nQlI.()6Hoij pa60Tbi Ipe6YeT oco6oIl no,llJOTOBlUf. 3.l1.eCb npH- XOJ],llTCH llcnonb30B3Tb CneLlllaJIbHh]ll nOHHTHHHb]H annapaT II npo- rpaMMHbJe cpeJJ.C'fBa. Cyw,ecTB)'iOw;HH npaBOOOH CJlOBaph (CJJ.eJlKH, fOpH- D.H'leCKHe 3KTb], npaBOOTHOllIeHWI H T. n.) ,lJ)UI'noro HenpllfO,lI,eH. Ami pCIlJCHI1H YKa3aHHblX 3a)J,a'l Tpe6yercfl 60JlbllJaji H8}"1HM paGa- TIt. COCTaBJIjiJOlI.l3JI O.u;HO m HanpaBJIeHMH reoprrn KOMMep'leCKoro npasa. JbrrepaTYPa 1. Allopee8a H. B. KOMMep'lecKoe npaBO POCCJIH: IIp06neMb] npaBOBOro perymipOBaHWI. M., 4004 2. BaxHlIH 11 r. IIp:mom.re BonpoCb[ no)],lUfOBKll H JBKJ]lOljeHH 1I0ro80- pOB, o6pa.Jyrouwx lIOro80PH)'lO CHCTeM)' 1/ KOMMep"lecKOe npaBQ. 2002..N!! 14. C.1-7. 3. KoMMep'l.ecKoe (ToproBoe) npaBo: Y'le6HH!I IIolI pell. 10. E. Eynarelt- Koro H B. A. 5I3eBa. M., 2002. 4. Oamooa J] B., Oomooa J1. M OCHOBb[ KOMMejJ'leCKOHlIeTe!lbHocTH: Y'le6HllK,lI,JUI Bj'30B. M., 1997. 
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11.4. YCJlOBIDIOueHeIiClIlJC()(k>paC'leTOB 213 mero ll3 npHHLuma O.D:HHaKoBoro peryJ1llpOOaHIDI OTHollleHllH Me)KJ1)' rpalK,!{aH8MH II ToproBoro 060pOTa. )],mI. npelIOCTaBJIeHHM nO)1,JlHHHOH CBo50llh] 3KOHOMH'lecKO AexreJ1hHOCTH-rpet5yercJ! CaMOCTOHIeJlbHoe 3a- KOHOJ],aTeJlbHoe perynllpOBaHHe ,lI,orOBOpHbIX OTHOllleHHH KOMMepcaH- TOB B ToprOBOM KO,lI,eKce P<D JIHreparypa L AKryaJIbHble npo6.rreMb] KOMMep'JecKOro npaBa: C6opHI1K CTareii M. 2002. 2. Ba'(1iI1H Jf r 06 OCHOBaHHX 4JoPMHpooaHIIJ] ycnomlii ;:J;orOBopa B npeJI- npHHIfMaTenbCKOii ,lI,eMTenbHOCTIf /I X03ii.cTBO H npaBo. 1999..N!! 3. 3. 3creudooE.jJ. .lJ,orOBOpHOe npaBOPOCCIfI1. M., 1998. 4. XO'U()fI C A OpraHH3Blllf H TeXHHKa ):\OI"OBCfJHOu pa60Tbl Ha npe.lJ.llpH- jffHH. Caepl1JlOBCK, 1982. 5. PaJ)! M H.,LI6eflu..V6 Jf. B JJ,OroBopHall. pa60Ta: opraHH3alllffi, TeXHOJ1O- rH.II, ynpaBlJeHHe: Y'Ie6.-npaKT. noco6ne. M., 2005. 
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12.4. KOMMep'lecKOe nOp)"leHwe H BreKllIpOBaHI:Ie 231 AreHT 06h]I.JHO cOBepllIaer ):I.IU] npwHLlwnana 60JlbllIOe 'lWCJ1O pa3Ho- o6p83HblX onepaLlw, BblllonIDUI O.ll,HoBpeMeHHo JJ.eiicrBHH KaK IOpU- J],H'leCKoro, TaK " aKTH"leCKOrO xapaKTepa. Bce 3TH ,lI,eHCTBIUI He perJIaMeIITHpyIOTC1I ,D,efaJIbHO B ,llOrOBope, <!ToGh! He orpaHI1<II1Tb One- paTI1BH)'fO caM()C'I"()HTCJ]hHOCTb arelilli. OnpeJJ.ernII(JIUI nllllIb OCHOBHb]e 06113aHHOCTI1 areHTa II He06xo.ll,HMb]e pe3YJ1bTaTbI pa6OTbl. ArelrrcKlle OTHOllIeHll B ToprOBOM 060pOTe Hepe.llKO HOCSIT IIpO,lI,OJTMlrre.rn.m.rii xa- paKTep II 04>OPMJlJUOTC1I ,D,OJIrocpO"lHhlMH ,llOrOBopaMll. AreHT, nO.ll,06HO nOBepeHHoM)' llnll KOMllcclloHepy, JJ.onJKeH llcnon- IDITb nopY"IeHlle J111<IHO. Bo3.rKrnremJe llCnOJlHeHlUI 06H3arerrbcTBa Ha cy6areHTOB .i'I.onyCKaerC.II nHlIIb C comaCllSi npl1HLlWnaJI8. OH 063aH py- KOBO"IBOBaTbC.II. ,llOrOBOpoM H }'I<83aHH.II.MH npHHLlHna.rm. BaJKHhlM MO- MeHTOM KOMMep"leCKOrO areHlI1}1OBaHH1I JlBlliI.erC1I B03MO)](HOCTh J],lliI areH1"B npH OTC)'TCTBlll1 YK83aHll npl1HllImarra ,lleilcTBOBaTh B COOTBeT- CTBllIJ C 06h]I.JIDIMII ToprOBoro o60poTa. AreHT :\to-MeT JJ.eiiCTBOBaTlo OT CBoero UMeuu UJlll OT llMeUll npllHl{UllaJla. ,lLrui COBepweHlUI )J,eHCTBIIH OT l1MeHI1 npl1HllHnaJIa (:no 60nee pacnpocrpaHeHHajj MO.I\,eJIlo OTHOWeHHH) KpOMC .I\,oroBopa Tpe6y- erc1I )J,OBepeHHOCTb. CTOpOHOH B C)I;enKaX, COBepllIeHHh!X OT liMeHll npl1HllHna.na. npH:maeTe npl1HWfna.n. B 3T!iX CJl}'I.JWlX B pe3YJ1bTaTe )l;eH- CTBUH areHTa MeiKJl.)'IIpO.lI.8BI.lOM II nOK)'fl8rel1eM: yCTIUlaBJlltBalO'lC1l np1l- Mble ,lI,orOBopHble CB1I3H. COOTBe1CTBeHHO, B JJ,orOBope n01I..f]e)l(3Typery- nllpoBaHl11O Bce yCJ10BlUI, He06xo.ll.UMble J],lliI peamJ38.!.UfOHHb]X C..QeJIOK. AreHT He HeeeT pllCKa y6bITKOB no TaKltM c..QeJIK8M, nOCKOJIbKY Bee npaBa I{ 06113aHHoCTH yCTIUlaBJUlBalOTC1I J],lliI npmUUfna.rm. O.nHaKO arefIT 0TBe<meT 3a HeHBJl)Je)](all..lee llcnOJIHeHHe co6cTBelrnblX 06.113aHHOCTeH, cOBeprnaeMblx HenocHHO llM AeilcTBI1: o4>opMJIeHl1e AOKYMeH- TOB, npoBepK)' TOBapa II T. n. B CJ]}"I8C, Kor,na B 8n=H1CI<OM AoroBope npeJJYCMOTpfHbI 06ll..lHe nOJI- HOMOI.JIDJ Ha coBepweHlle C.LI.eJIOK OT llMeHll npllHUl1naJla, nOCJIe.LJ,HIIH B OTHorneHlUIX C 'I"peThIlMI1 J1llUaMll He BnpaBe CCbUIaIbC5/ H8 OTC)'TCTBl1e y areHT8 HaJ]Jle)](8ll!1fX nOJIHOMO<IlIU, eom He ,lI,OKaJKeT, <ITO -.pen.e nl1QO 3HaJlO IIJIll 3aBe.rrOMO JJ,OJI)](HO 6lolJI0 3H8Tb 06 orpaHl1':IeHlIll nOJIHOMO- 'lJfH areHTa. B COOTBeTCTBIiU C C}llI.{ecTBYfOuteu npaKTHKOH orpa""I.Je- HIDI nOJIHOMO<IHH areHTa He MOryr Kac8TbCSI onpe.rreJ1eHIDI KaTeropll nOK)'naTene (npo.rraBU08) TOBapa. ITpll 3aKllIOI.JeHlIll areHTOM lIorOBopa OT CBoero llMeHI{ npllo6peTa- ef npaBa II CT8HOBfITC.II 06.113aHHb]M areHT, XOT.II 6b1 npllHUllnarr II 6bIJI HmBaH B c.rreJ1Ke llJIll J],8)](e BCT)'IIllJI C TpeTbl1M J1HQOM B Hcnocpc.ncrneH- Hble OTHOllIeHlUI no llCllOJlliemuO C)I;enKif. llOCKonbK)' C..QeJlKa COBepwa- 
232 rnaBa 12. IIocpeJIHH'JeCKHe OOIUBOJlbl B ToproBJ1e eTCR 38 C<IeT npHHl.nmana, pOCK HeHcnonHeHllH  TpeTbH- Mll J1lluaMll, KaK II II AorOBopax KQMllCCllH, J1QiKHTCH Ha npllHQlInana. Tpe60BaHll ll3 TaKJpt ,/J,Or0BOpOB K TpeThHM JlllLlaM 3asJBJlSlIOTCH caMllM areHTOM nll60, eCJlH:no npe./tYCMarpeHO AOroBopoM, npUlllUtnaJIOM, Ko- TOpoM)' arenT nepeycrynaer npaBa Tpe60B8mU] no CJlenKe. npaoo UB nOJlY"IeUlle a.-eHTOM 80]Ha"'paeH"H CT8HOBllTCH II 38BllCIJllfOCTb OT pe3YJIbTaTa, K8KOBbiM npl13HaeTCH BblnOJlHeHlle areH- TOM 06HJaHHocreH, npe.nYCMmpeHHhIX ,lJ,Of'OBOpoM. Ec.rrH II ,lJ,OrOBOpe He OnpeJJ:erreH nop5l)J;OK ynn8TbI B03HItlI, TO OHO nO)],JIe)](!IT yrm8- re II -reqemJe 7 ,lI,Re" C MOMenTa npeACTaBneHltll areHTOM OT4era 38 npo- rnelIllu1it nepllOlI llJHI 38 BbInOJIHeHHe Bcero 06"beM8 pa6OT. K OT4ery .D,OJDKHhl 6bITb npllJIO)!(eHbl He06xo.l1.lIMb]e nOKB3aTeJIbCTB8 pacxoAoB. npOll3Be.LIeHHblX areHTOM B CBH3H C llcnonHeUlleM ,lI,QrOOop8. npHHQlI- nan, llMelOll.I.I1 BCrJPIDKeHIliI no OT4eTy areHTa. ,lI,OJDKeH C0061l.1.11Tb 0 HHX 8reHTY II Te'leHHe 30,ll,Hei{ co AHSI no.nyqeHll OT'-leTIl. B npoml!HOM cny- "Iae OT4eT C'iHTaeTCH npmUlTblM npHHUHnaJ10M. PaCXO.D.bI no BblllonHe- HHIO nopyLJeHl-UI B03M areHl)' HeJaBllCHMO OT pe3ynbTIna. ecnH HHoe He npeJJyCMmpeHO AorOBopoM. Or,ll,eJ[bHOro ynOMlIH8HllJI Tpe6yer Top.-OBoe a.-eIITHpOBaHHe, ocy- ll.IeCTBJmeMOe 3a py6eA\OM. Y-rnep>K.D;eHHb]H MeHWYH8pO,lI,HOH TOproBOH na.r1aToH TllOOBOH KOMMep'-leCKl1 areHTCKHH KOHTpaKT (113.[(. 1991 r. N 496) npe.uycMaTpHBaeT, 'ITO TOproBbIH areHT He COBeprnaer ClICJIOK, eCJIll :no CneLlH8JIbHO He oroBopeHo KOHTpaKTOM, a JJlllllb nOlIblCKHBaeT B03MOJKHOm T1Q1<ynaTeJlH. B CliJl}' n. 2 CT. 182 fK pc:!> Rllua, ynOJTHOMO- 1.JeHHbIe Ha IIcT)'nrreHHe B nepe.-oIlOpb] OTHOCI1TeJ1bHO B03MO)J(HbIX B 6y- JJYIlleM ClIeJIOK, He HBJ1HJOTCH npe.lJ:CTaBJrreruJMH. J],omBOp C nOK)'T18Te- JJeM 3aKJTIO'-IaeT caMa opmHlfJalUUl. II llHTepecax KOTOpoH pa60Taer areHT. ToprOBoe areHTI1pOB8Hlle IIpll OTcyrCTBlill OTHorneHllH npe.a;- CTaBI1TeJIbCTBa Hepe.llKO llMCH)'CTCH npocmblM nOLpe(JHlI'leCnl6u.lI. ITpI1- BJle'-leHire a.-eHTOB aKTIlBI13llpYeT npo,ll,8JKI1, n03BOJTHeT If36e-AQiTb MHO- f'03BeHHOCTH. TOp.-OBblX .[(OrooopoB, lIe)),er K CHIDI<eHlllO TpaHCaKl\HOH- HblXl13):lep>I>.-eK. AreHT oCyi.lI;eCTBJUleT lIeHTeJIbHOCTb Ha onpe)),eJIeHHOif TepplfTopUll. OH LIOJTJKeH o6ecne'-llITb opram.J3aI.tIHO npOLIaJK II COOTBeTCTIUlH C 06- Il.lHMll yCJ10BIDIMH LIo.-oBopa K)'TUI"-nJXIJJ.IDlVf, nepe.a;aHHo'-o eMY f}Hp- MO. AreHT II npllHLlHnan MOryr 1I0'-OBaPHBaTbCM 06 06"beMe npoLIroK Ha Ka)f(LJ;b]H '-0)),. OlIHaKO HeBbmOJ1HeHlfe comaCOBaHHoro MHHHM}'Ma npoLIroKHe paccMaTpliBaeTCM KaK HapyrneHDe co CTCpOHbl areHTa. A.-eHT HHf}opMHpyer npHHLumana 0 KOH"blOHKTYPe pbIHKa, COCTOHHllH KOHK)'- peHl.tHH Ha CBoe TeppllTOpllH. 
12.5. ,lI,pyrne Blli\bI nOCpe.II.HH'IecKllX 1I0roBOpoB 233 MeHT 06"3aH y6e,lJ.l(IbC1l11 nJIaTeA<eCnOC06HoCTH nOK)'naTeIDI, %11 3aKa3b1 OH nepellaer npHlll..{l1narry. AreHT llMeer npaBo H3 BO:marpIDK- .lI,eIDIe 3a Bce IIpOJ],8)KI1 TOBapOll, cOllepllleHHb]e npHHL\lmanOM II npelIe- nax AellCTBIU] KOHlpaKTa H3 06ycnOBJleHHOH reppJIT"Opuu, a no 3aKOHO- mne.rrbCTB)' EBPOneltCKOfO cm03a - AIDKe II Te'-leHHe 6 MecmJ.eB no OKOH- 'l3HIlli KOH1paKTa. KOH1]JaKT MO')f(eT 6bITb paCTOprH)'T no nHCbMeHHO- MY 3MBJleHHIO m060H ll3 crOpOH K "lHCny areHTCKHX OTHOCIITC.!J Aorollop TpaHCIlOpTHO :::IKcneAULllBl. OJUIaKO ycnyrH no :::ITOMY AorOIlOpy OKa3b1l1aIOTC.!J He no nOBOlIY peaTIll- 3aUHll TOliapa, 8 II CB.!J3H C npOl.leCCOM nepel103lill. IT03TOMY IDlHHb]H ,lI,O- rOBOp HeJIb3.!J OTHeCTH K ToprOBo-nOCpe,QHH<IeCKHM. OH BXOJI.IIT B rpyn- ny ,lI,orOBOpOB, cOAeiicmYiOUlHX TOproBJ1C, H ,lI,On')f(eH paCCMal'pHB8ThC.!J BMeCTe C HHMH. 12.5. )J,pyrne BIW>I nocpel\llll'lecKHX 1I0roBOpoB ToprollM npaKTHKa )'IKe AaBHO npHBeJl8 K nOHBJJeHlllO AoroBOpOll, B KUIOphIX 0633TeJlbCTBO K)'rum-npOlIIDKlI ,lI,ononH.!JeTCH )'CJIOBHSlI'rIU 06 HCKTlIO<Illl.eJlbHOM xapaKTepe OTHorneHHH CTOpOH. TaK, nOKynaTenb npHHllMaeT lIa ce6.!J 063aH1iOCTh npH06peTaTh onpelIeJIeHHble TOBapbl TonbKO Y CBaero npD.i1.<iBQ8 II He npl106peraTb TaKHe TOBapb] OT APymx npOJJ;aBUOB. B CBOIO O<IepeJJ;b npOJJ;aBeLl 06.!J3}'eTC.!J He npOJJ;aBaTb COOT- BeTCTBYiOlll.lle TOBapbl B JJ;aHHOM pemOHe lIpyrHM nOK)'rnrreJIHM. ITolI06Hbie LIorOBopbl H81160JIee WHpOKO llcnonbJYlOTC BO BHew- HeTOproBO npaKTHKe H nOJI.Y'I"JI" Ha3BaHlle Jl.ltCTpU61.IOTOpCKUX KOH- Tp8KTOB. l1x npHMeHeHlle perynllpyeTC.!J TllIIOBblM DJ1C1p116blOTOpcIGIM KOHTpaKTOM, nOLIrOTOBJIeHHblM MeiKJl.)'HapOLIHOH ToprOBOH nanaTOH (H3.lI. 1991 r. N 518). 38KJIiO'lM TaKOH AoroBop, opraHI13al.J,IDl-.lI,I1CYpH- 6biOTOp npHHHMaeT H3 ce6.!J 06JDaTeJlbClOO nOKynKI1 TOBapa llHOC1paH- HOH f}Jl1pMbl B Ka<IeCTBe ee .IlOHOTIO'lbH020 wmopmepa. CTOpOH8, 3aK- JliO<IaiOlUM KOlITpaKT C lUiCYpll6bIOTOpOM, HMeH)'eTCSI. npOJJ;aBI..IOM IUJI1 rpaHTOpoM. AI1CYpll6blUTOp AeHl.'TByer KaK f}JaKTHLJCCKIlH, H He Wpl1Jll1LJccKMii nocpelIHllK. OH npl106peraeT II peaTlluyer TOBap OT CBoero HMeHl1, 3a CBOM er no caMocromerrbHo 3aK.lUOtffieMb]M norOBopaM. 3TI1M ,lJ.I1CT- pH6blOTOp OTJ1ll'-laerc.!J OT KOMHCCOOHepa, nOBepeHHoro lUlll areHTa. O,ll,- HaKO OH O)J.HOBpeMeHHO CK»nyCTCjj OKa3blBaTb  ycrrym no c6w- TY TOBapa, <ITO lIenaeT .lI.aHHb]e OTHoweHWI nocpelIHll<IeCIGIMll. 
234 rnaBa 12. IIocpeJIHH'JeCKHe OOIUBOJlbl B ToproBJ1e B AI1CTpH6blOTOpcKIfX KOHT)JaKTaX YCTaHaBJIl.UiaeTC.IJ MJ.tHHMaJIbHOe KQnllqeCTBO TOBapoB, KOTOpOe J]J]CTpIroblOTOp 3aK)'naer y npoJlaBua H8 rOll llRH llHOH nepHO,l:\. TaKa» 3aLJ:aHHOCTb 061.eMOB np0):J,a)K B8)KHa lIJlJl II.JIaHllpOBaHlUI np0113110.D,CTBa II OTrpy30K. BMecTe C TeM Heo6xo.IT.HMb]M yCJ1QBlleM ,lI,orOBopa SlBJUJeTC.IJ cornaCOB8Hlle ,lI,ononmlTeJIbHbl'{ nOCTa- BOK TOHapa no 1aKa3a!II AHCTpH6bloTOpa. JJ:IICT)JI'26lJ()'I'"CfJ no.nyqaeT npH6blJlb HeTOJIhKO 38 C'leTpa3HIU..lb] MeJK- JJY ueHOH npllo6peTeHlliI. H LteHOH nponroK TOB8pa. B norOBopax npe- Jl)'CMa"IJmBaerc TalOKe CKHJ],Ka C LleHb] II nonb3}' AHCTpH6blOTOpa 38 ra- paHTIIJXiBaHHb] C6WT TOBapa. ITpe;:J;YCM81pllB8.lOTCH Mepb] n00ll.\PemUi JVU] J3.l1CTpll6blOTopa 38 npeBIDIJeHlle MllHllMaJlbHoro ypOBH IIpOJIIDK. TIocKOnbK)' AHCTpll6LlOTOp BLlcrynaeT I\IOHOnOJlbHblM HMnOpH'- pOM, llHOCTpaHHb] npo;:J;aBeU o6.IJ3yerc.IJ He IIpO)],8B8:fb CBOll TOBapbl J],JllI c6bfra H3 AaHHOH TeppJ.lTOpl1HApyfHM TOproBliaM. 1rHM C<YUJ,aI()rDI npe- llM)'lllecTB3lIJl JI.llCTplf6b1OTOpa, 06nerqaJQTC.IJ BQJMOJKHOCTII pea.runa- Ium no.nyqaeMoro TOBapa. ,lJ,lfC1pmbIOTOp npH3B8H cnoc06CTB08aTh YBe.rIH'JeHHIO np0)I3)K TOBapoB. Ou 06.IJ3YeTC.IJ npllJI8raTb Bee YCllJIllJl.lJ)Ul npo)],BIf""ArelUiJl TOBa- pa B COLIDI C nO>Ke.JIaHrulMH npo.LIaBua H 3all\1IIl\aTb ero llHTepe- Cbl. ,lI,JUI 3TOro B KOHlpaJ<Te rrpe.u,yCMalJ)J{BaeTCH, q'f() JlHCTpll6blOTOp oOO:JaH opraHll30B8Th C6bITOBYlO CeTb TOBapOB. B 3THX l\e.IUIX OH MO- >KeT 381UJ1O'laTb cy6.LIHclpH6bloTopcKHe H HHblC JlOroBOpbl, HanpHMep, TOproBOro areHTIfpOBaHlliI. ,[lIIclpll6blOTOp ,lI,OniKeH 1lli4JopMllpOBaTb nOCTaBll\IlKB 0 CBoeH ,lI,e.!ITeJTbHOCTlI, KOHbIClHKTJ]Je pblHKa II COCT05lHlllI KOHKypeHlU1ll B npe.LIeJ18X oroBopeHHoH TeppHTOpHll H .LIP. OKa3aHlle T8KHX ycnyr HOCHT 06513aTe.JIbHb] xap8l\tep Hap3.lme C OCHOBHOH one- paUlIeH nOKynKlI TOB8pa. 3T1I YCToii'lllBble occ6eHHOCTH B'38IfMOOTHO- llIeHHii .LI81OT OCHOBaHII5I Jl.IT OTHeCeH1I5I JllIClpll6b1OTO(JCIillX KOH1paK- TOB K 06513BTe1IbcTBaM nocpe1lHJNCCKoro xapaKR.--pa. CTOpOHbl MOryr YCJTOBIHbC 0 npoBe,ll,eHllH cOBMeCTHoH peKJTaMbl TOBapOB, y'-I8CTJfII B orrrOBblX "PM8pK8X. BbiCTaBKa.'L npe3eHTal\lUIX.. Pac- XO){b] Ha 3TH L1enll p8cnpe;:J;e.JI5IIOTC5I comallleHlleM CTOpOH. OJlHaKO B COOTBeTCTBHll C npaKTlIKOH o6paJLlblll3lIeJTHii ,lJ,JUI5IpM8pOK H BbiCTaBOK npeJ:lOCTaBJI5llOTC5I rpaHTopoM, nOCKonbK)' ,lI,8HH85I ,lI,e.!ITeJlbHOCTh ocym,e- CTBJUleTCH B era Hll'I'e()eC8X. B KOHlpaKTe ):loniKHbl onpe,ll,erurn,cH ycnoBlUI, CB5I3aHHb]e C peaTIll- 38UlIeH TOB8p8: 0 rapal-rflIHOM o6cnyACIIB8HlIlI. peMome, COJlI8H1IH 06- MeHHoro tlJOH.LIa, nocnenpO.LIaiKHOM cepBlIce. ITpH HaITllYlIll yCJ10B1I5I 0 rapaHTHHHOM oOC-.rry»GIBaHHll nOJDKHO npe.LIYCM8lpHB8TbCH C03)J,8Hlle y JlHcrpmblOTopa 3anaca KOMJUJeKl)'IOIl.I.lIX 'lacTe, KOTOpb]e npe.LIOCTIlB- 
12.5. ,lI,pyrne Blli\bI nOCpe.II.HH'IecKllX 1I0roBOpoB 235 mnOTC npo.LIa13l1oM 6ecnnaTHo. Pacxo.LIbl H8 rapaHTHiiHOe o6c11}"KHl3a- HHe no yCJ10l3lUlM KompaKT3. MOryr 13b1'11IT8TbCH .LIHCTpM6b10JOpOM ll3 CTOliMOCTH nOJIyqaeMblx TOl3apOI3. Bo I3HyrpeHHeM 06opore ,lJ.I1CTpll6b1OTOpCIUlM KOIrIJXUffilM COOTBeT- CTB}'fOT .LIOrOI3OphI 06 UCKJUO"lUTeJILHOU np0.LI8:IKe TOB8pa. 3aKJlIQ4aH TaKlfe .LIorol3opbJ, mITOBbJe H po:nrn4Hb]e ToprOl3b]e OpraHl13aUlill CTa- HOI3HTCH p8CnpocTJ:tiHHTeJlHMU TOBapOB, npllo6peTaeMblX llMH OT ll3ro- TOBHTeJ1eH llJIli roJIOBHblX C6blTOBbiX IJJllpM. Dpli Bb]pa60TKe cOJlep>Ka- HIDI TaKI1X .LIOrOBOpOB CTOpOHbI 3aHMCTB}'1OT npWO.LIHb]e.Ll1IH BHyrpeH- Hero 060pOTa nOJIC»KeIDUI TllnoBoro .LIHCTpI"I6b10TOpCKOro KOH'Ip3.k""I3. a TaK)Ke Y'lI1TbIB8IQT uMefOIUHHCH onbIT COOTBeTC'1BYlOll!llx OTHOllIeHllk YCJIOBHe 06 llCKJU04liTCJ1bHOM xapaKIepe OTHOIlICHllH CTOpOH He- pe.LIKO IIpe.LIYCMmpIfBaeTCH He TonbKO B ,lI,OrOBOpax KYIUJll-npoJ],8)KJl, HO TalOKe II B nocpe.LIHH'leCKHX .LIoroB0p8"- TaK, B03MO>KHOCTb yCTaHOBne- HIU] YCJ10BI{H 06 llCKIlfO'IlITenbHOCTH OTHOllJelm 3aKpeIUJeHa CT. 990 I{ 1005 rK pc:!> lIJUI.LIOrOl30pOB KOMliCCllli II areHTl1pOBaHliH. PaccMo1peHlle np06JIeMan1KH ToproBoro nocpeJJ.HWleCTBa CBJ1.[\e- TeJlbCTBYeTO HeY.LIOBneTBOpllTenbHOH3aKOHO)J,3'Ie11hHOH pemaMeHT8llHH MHornx B03HHKalOIUliX 3.L1eCb BonpoCOI3. Ee3 'leTKOH np8l30BOH OCHOBbI HeB03MO>KHO YJI)"IWllTb opraHI138Ul1IO TOB8pHoro 06pallleHI1H. HMeHHo nmTOM}' HeOOX.OAlIM Toprollb]H KO.LIeKC POCClfh, npl13I18HHb] yperymf- pOllaTb II KOMnJIeKCe 11 H8 Gonce KaLlecrncHHoM ypoliHe YKB38HHble 118)1(- Hble BH,LI;bI OTHOllleHliH. JbrrepaTYPa 1. fpml\.lJ.3HCKOe H TOproBOe npaBO 38p}'6e>KHbIx CTpaH: V'Ie6Hoe noco6He.. M,2004. 2. 3amHJoo E. II. J],oroBopbl nOCpe.II.HU'IecKln YCJlyr. M., 1997. 3. KpN.WII C CTOpoHbl BlIOroBOpe nopyqeHIUI II XroHOCmo JI npaao. 1999. .N28. 4. IlpaBoBOe peryrnpOBaHl1e BHeIllHe.'IKOHOllDlqecKOii lIeTe.nbHocnll IIO,ll, pe)],. A. C. KOMapOBa. M.,20OI. S. PRiRIK()(I C 10. AreHTcKHe comaweHIDI BO BHelllHe"}KOHQMH'IecKHX CB- 3J1x.M.,1992. 6. CYXGH06 E. A. AreHTCKHH ,lI,OroBOp fI BecTHHK HAC P<l>. 1999..N2 I. 
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14.4. 0me1crneJrn0cn, "lpaHcnoprHblX OpraHH3al1HH 281 3a on03.naHlfe nOj:{a'lll TpaHcnopTHblX cpeLJ:CTB K nYHfay norpY3K1i (Bblrp}'3KH) c nepeBCYJqllKa MO>KeT 6bITb B3b]CKaH YCT8HOBJ1eHHb]H llnpruj:!, ecmf apeJ\.UI no):{a'lll 6bUIO cornacoBaHo C KJIlleHTOM B ,lI,OrOBOpe llI1ll OT.L\enbHOM rpa$llKe. Cepbe3Hb]e -.pY.D.HOCTH CC1JJJ,3IOT J],JUI. KJIlleHTOB ycnrnOBneHHbJH Ha "I]JaHcnopTe OpMan1l30BaHHhlii nop»):lOK npe):lb.llBJIeHllj] npeTeH3llll H CneLlltaJIbHble npeTeH3HOHHb]e cpOKll. C06mO.LIeHHe npereH3I1OHHoro nop.!J)]:Ka yperylIllpOBaHlm cnopa SlBJIerCH 06sr3arern.HbIM YCJlOBHeM AIl}! npe):lMIRileHIUI llCK3 K nepeB03'lHK)'. flpemeli1Ul/ no nOEony HeCQXpaHHOCTIt rpy3a 3aBJTSl101'(;H rpy3ono- n)"-JaTeJIeM. a npH nOOHOH yrpaTe -TalOKe rpy300TnpaBHTeneM. ITpaBo Ha npeJIbj]BJTeHHe npereIDl1ll MOJKeT 6bITb nepeD.8Ho rpY30noJ1)"'laTeJleM fpy3<JOTIlp<unrremo H, Hao6opoT, B 3aBHCllMOCTH OT Toro, KeM In HIfX nOHcceH yrucp6 OT HecoxpaHHOCTH rpY3a, a TalOKe crpaxoBIlIHK)'. 8101- nnaTHBweM)' CTpaXOBoe B03MeWeHlle 3a rpy3. K npereH3HH npnnarnl<JICSI OPllrIiHaJIblllJlllllliJl)le>KcJ.U!e Hb]e KOfD1ll 06OCHOBblBalOl.l.{HX ee JJ:OK)'MeHTOB: TpaHcnOpTHIDI H8KJI8.JlHlliJ (K0- HocaMeHT) rum rpy30Blli1 KBHr<1Hl.l11Jt. KOMMep"leCKI1H aKT MH JKaJ106a H8 OTKa3 B ero COCTaBTIeHI1H. nplUJarafOTC.II TafOKC C'ieT-i}JaKTYPa npo- .lI.aBUa, Y,lI,OCTOBepHIOI.llHH CTOHMOCTb rpy3a, II paeqer npeTeH3llll. IlpereH3ru1 3W1BJUlerCH ctporo onpeJJ:eJ1eHHoMY opraHY Ha >KeJ1e3- Hoii ,lI,opore npereH3ru1 no nOBO));y HecoxpaHHoCTH rpy3a rum 6arIDKa 3W1BJU1.erCH 4>I1JlI18.JIY .LIopom no MecTY Ha3H8"1eHlUI rpy3a. Ha aBTOMO- 6lfJ]bHOM TpaHcnopTe npll nonHO yrpaTe rpy3a npereml1H 3W1BJUleTCH tpaHcnop"THO opraHll3auHH, npmulBwei1 rpy3 K nepeB03Ke, npH He;J;O- CTaIJe llJIll nOBpeiK,LIeHHll rpy3a - oprnHIf38UllH, Bbl.1laBlIIei1 rpYJ. Ha B03.L1)'llIHOM II BOlIHOM tpaHcnopTe npereH3lU1 3W1BJU1.erCH tpaHcnopT- HOH opraHlt3al\JI1t nYHKTa Ha3HaqeHHH rpy3a. YCTaHOBJIeHbl npeCeKarenbHble npe-reH3HOHHb]e CpOKH. npeTeH3HII 3W1BJIJIIOTCH KJIlleHTaMIt K opraH8M tpaHcnOlrra B IIpeJ1eJ18X 6 MeCHLleB C MOMeHTa B03HIIKHOBeHlUI npaBa -.pe6oBaHHH. a 06 yruIare rrrrpa<}:!oB- B Te"leHHe 45 ,lI,HeH. OrBer Ha nperemmo .lI.OmKeH 6bITb .LIaH 3amrrenlO B TeqeHHe 30 .LIHei1 (CT. 797 rK P<!». npH OTKa:Je B YJ10BJIeTBOpeHllH npeTemltlt Will HenOCl)'nneHlllt OTBe-ra Ha Hee B TeqeHlle 30 .lI.HeH MO- >KeY 6bITb 3aHBJIeH llCK. CpOK HCKOBOH ,lI,8BHOCTH COCTaBJIHeT 1 ro)); H llCLlHCJUleTCjj co J1IDI nOJI)"ieHrui OTBera Ha npereH3JUO llJIIt C TOH J1aTbI, KOr,ll,a OTBeT J10mKeH 6bITb nonY'-ICH. TaKasI npliBH3Ka CpOKOB ItCKOBOii .lJ,aBHOCTi1 K npereH.moHHblM cpoKaM Tpe6yer OT KJllleHTOB oco6oii BHH- MaTeJIbHOCTH. 
282 rnaBa 14. PeryJlHpoBaHHe nepeB030K Ipy.JOB JlHrepaTY]Ja L BllmpRHCKlIiI B. B. JJ,OroBOp nepeBmKlt. M.. 2001. 2. &aap06 B. A. TpaHcnopTHoe npaBo: Y'Ie6Hoe noc06l1e. M.. 191J9. 3. KoMMep'lecKoe npaBO: Y<se6Hoe noco6ne W1 BY30B I nOli pell. npo4J. M. M. Pacconoro. M., 2001. 4. flempo6 If. B. KOMIlJeP'fOCKOe npaBO: Y'Ie6HI1K. C1I6., 2001. S. Xmono6 K OCHOBHOH 3BKOH »re.ne3HblX ,lI,opor Pocam /I 3aKoH. 2000. .N!!9. 
rJIABA 15 OpraHH3all,HOHHbIe AOroBOpbI B roproBOM 060pOTe 15.1. CYDfHOCTb opr3IIII33IIIIOHllbIX noroBopoB Dpll KJIaCCll$llKaQHll lIorOBopOB KOMMepT.{eCKOro npaBa B KaqeCTBe OC060H rpynnbJ AOJDKHh] BbIJ{e.JUIThCj( oprauH3aU:UOHHLle Jl:O'-OBOpLi. OHll npeJ:lCTaBrnllOT C060" CaMOCTQJITelIbHb]H THn AOroBOpOB KOMMep- "IeCKoro (H rpa)f(J1aHCKoro) npaBa, BKllroq8lOWJrn B ce6 UeJIbrn pD; pa3- Hoo6pa3HblX BJ.UlOB TaKHX ,lI,orOBOpOB. Ha3BaHHble lIOrOBOPb] Tpe6yfOT OT,lI,eJ[bHOro paCCM01peHllJI B CllJIY CBoe pacnpocrpaHeHHOCTH II BblCO- KOM 3Ha'UtMOCTH. OnpeLleJIeHHe cyu.\HOCTH OpraHH3al{JfOHHbTX ,lI,orOBopOB npelICTaB- IDler IOBecTH)'1O CJ10)](HOCTb. eno B TOM, IJTO opraHll3aUllOHHb]e noro- BOpbl MOryr Cny;KI1Tb BcnOMOraTeJ1bHOH 'l8CTblO «OCHOBHbI) "MYWe- CTBeHHblX JlorOBOpoa, XOTH opraHH3altllOHHh]e BonpOCbI BblXO.n;lT B HUX H8 nepBoe MecTO. HapHLlY C 3THM opraHI13al(UOHHble AorOBOpb] MOlYI' 6bITb 060co6JIeHbi OT ""'l)'I.lI.ecTBeHHb]X. BbmOJ1H'I CaMOCTOJITenbHb]e $yHJ..."ltHII B opraHH3aUllJ.t B38lfMOOTHOllleHllH cy6beKTOB ToproBOH ):IeH- renbHOCTH. BnepBble H8 Heo6xollJIMOCTh BbU(elJeHH'I opraHlI3aQlIOl-lHbIX HeHMY- lllecmeHHhlX OTHOllIeHHM H peryJ1llpylOlIlllX HX opraHH33l{JfOHHblX ,lI,O- rOBopoB o6paTl1JI BHHMaHlle O. A. KpacaBqI1KOB I . OH TaIOKe npe):\JlO- >Klln BbUIeJTllTb ,lI,orOBopbl, B I<OTOpblX Ha nepBb]H nJl8H BbIXO)JHT opra- Hll3al\HOHHOe Haqarro. B3rllil.lU>] 0. A. KpocaBqHKOBa BCTpE'Illllll KaK nO)J,L\ep)l(]()', TaK II pe3- I<lle B03pa}f(eHHH. OCHOBHblM I<OHTp.D,OBOlIOM 6bUJO TO, qTO B CT. 2 rK PCOCP (H B CT. 2 rK P<!» opraHllJal{JfOHHb]e OTHOllJeHllH He Ha3BaHbI B <nIcne o6beKroB perynllpooaHIUI rpIDK.LIaHCKoro npaBa. B Hell rOBO- 1 CM.: Kpac:mNUI«J6 0. A. rpaJl(.[U>HCKHe opraHHJ8I.lHOHHO-rrpaBOBble OTHOllle- HID! . COBeTCKoe rOCYllapcTBO H rrpaBo. 1966. N2 10. C. 50-57. 
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15.1. CywHOCThopraHlfJ'UlHOHHbIXI\OI"OBqJOB 285 OpraHH3aL(JIOHHOe cOJlep:)I(3Hlle II HanpaBJleHHOCTb pacCMaTpHl!8e- MblX LlorOBopoB He HBJl.lllQTCH C3MOllenbIO, 3 op"eHTIip0BaHb] Ha nocne- JJYIOwne llM)'WocrneHHble OTHOllleHI1.11 CTOpOH, CBH3aHbi C HJfMll. TaKHM 06pa30M, Opn1H1l3aUOOHHb]e ,lI,OrOBOpb] p3CC<J1fI3Hb] H3 nOCJIelI)'IOIlIH Y'IeT llX COLlepJKaHH.II, 3 HepeLlKO - Ha ,lI,eTaJllGal\lllO Ii KOHKpeTH3allUIO llX ycnOBHH B OTJlenbHblX llM)'llIecrneHHb]X ,lI,OrOBopax. MO)!(HO npe):lJlOJKIITb cnelI)'IOl.llee onpe;:J;eJleHlle. Opra11ll3811UOII- UblD .1IOrOBOp -:no COrJI8rneUUe 00 ynOpHJJ.O'leHHH B38HMOCBHJ8H- HOH .IIeHTe.lbHOCTU JIBlX " fio.lee JlUQ., OllpeJIe.IHlOrnee npOIle.Q'P)' B03HllKHOBeUHH " oOl.l{Ue yCJIOBHH "CIIOJIHeUllH KOUKpeTHblX "1\1)'- weCTBeHHblX 00H]3TeJJbCTB B 1I0CJJej],)'lOlI{eM, " (UJJU) Mep8X, U8- np8BJ1eHHbiX H8 nOBblrneHue 3c1141eKIHBHocTu :nOD LleHTeJlbHOCTIL OTcIOJla npOllCTeIGleT p.ll;:J; OTnll'lllTeJlbHb]X 'lepT opraHn.Jal{l10HHblX .l10mBOpOD. nOCKOJIbK)' opr3Hll3aUnOHHble .l10rOBOpbl HanpaBJIeHbI npe- lIM)'Il.{ecTBeHHO Ha per.JIaMeHTIillllIO 6y.l1)'llUIx IlM)'Il.{ecTBeI-IHbI't OTHOllle- HHD CTOpOH, OHI1, KaK npaBJ.UJo, HOCJlm OU.12VCpo<iHbIU lUll 6ecc.PO'-lHblU xapmrmep. J1llllIb B yCTaHOBJIeHHblX 3aKOHOM CJl)"IWIX OHll 38KJl1O'lalOT- CJl ua ro.11H'lHblHJ.UJll HHOH KpaTKHH CpCJI(' Opr3HI133QHOHHble .l10rOBOpbl ynop.ll.l10'lHBalOT Hb]e OT- HOllleHHJl cy61.eKTOB. HO Ha ypOBHe He eJlHHll'lHOrO 06maTenbcTBa, a onpe.n.errermoH llX cOBOK)'nHoCTH. 31'0 03Ha'laeT, qTO opraHlI3aLllIOHHb]H .l10rOBop npe.rrycMaTpHBaeT o6wHe -rpe60BaHIDI K 3aKJllOQeHlllO Ii licnon- HeHHlO ocero MHO)!(eCTBa OT.l{eJlbHbIX o6Jr3arerrbc-m B npe;:J;eJlax ero ,lI,e- CTBHJl. )1aHH85I $yHKUUH opraHI138l{1fOHHblX .l{orOBopoB onpe,n:eJlHeTCJl KaK $opMllpooaHHe II CTa6H.Jl113aUIDI.l10JIrocpo'lHbIX OTHOllleHllH Y'l8C- THllKOB .l10rOBopa. OpraHnJa.llIlOHHb]e ,lI,OrOBOpbl MOryr JlBJUlThC.II npeMocbillKOH 38K- nlO'IeHllJl ero yqaCTHllKaMH nr06blX BHJ10B HM)'llIeCTBeHHblX ,lI,OroBOpoB. TaK, yqaCTHllKH KOHTpaKTHOrO 06'be.11I1HCHIDI B .l{aJIbHCJ.1lller., cnoco6Hbi 3aKJUOqaTh MeJKI1)' c06o« caMble p83J1H'IHbleJloroBopb], BmeK810wue 113 B38I1MOCBJl3aHHoro xapmrrepa 1tX .l1eHTeJlbHOCTH. Hap.ll.l1Y C 3THM opra- HIHallHOHHble ,lI,orOBOpbl MOryr CII}'Mflb OCHOBaHlleM 3a]UnoqeHllJl II llCnOJlHeHJ.DI LloroBopoo onpe,n:eJleHHOrO BHJ1a. HanpHMep, TpaHCUopT- Hble OpraHll38l\llOHHble .l{OroBopb] onpe,n:eJl1OT OT.l1eJ1hHb]e YCJlOBH BbI- nOJ1HeHlliI. .l10roBOpOB Ha nepeBo3Ky KOHKpeTHblx napTHM rpy30B. 1-13 Ha3B3HHb]X CPYHKlIH OpraHllJ8LlHOHHoro ,lI,oroBopa npOHCTeKa- eT Bneq8111eHlle era 06c.nymrnalOwero xapaKTepa, BcuOMOraTeJlbHOH pomt no OTHOllleHiIlO K ]aKJIIO'IaeMbiM OT.l{eJlbHblM HHbIM JlO- rOBopaM. TaKoH B3fJUUI 6Y.l1eT UeTO'lHbIM. OpraHH3aUHoHHbie .l10rOBO- Pb] 3H8'il1Mb] C8MH nO ce6e, llMelOT co6crneuuyIo I1eHHOCTb, COCTOJUUYIO 
286 rnasa 15. OpraHBJaIlHOHHble 1I0roBopbl B TqJIUBO'\I o6opme B ,lI,OCTIaaeMOM 1m. HX OCHOBe nOBblllJeHllH opraHIOOBaHHOCTII B3aHMO- CIHIJaHHOH .L\e<rrelIbHOCTIl cy6DeKTOB, 'ITO .L\aer Henocpe.ii;CTBeHHblH )Ko- HOMH\leCKHH3iWJeKT. BMecre C'reM, nOCKOJlbK)' opramrmWIOHHblH ,lI,0- rOBOp He npellYCMa:qmBaeT .L\OCTIDKeHlle KOHKpe'THOro HM)'lllecTBeHHo- ro peJ}'nbTaTa, OH OCTaerCR no CBoeM npHpO.L\e opraHllJaUHOHHblM KpaMHe BaiKHO llCnOnMOBaHIle TaKOH $yHKLlI.Jll opraHll3aUHOHHbIX ,lI,orOBopoB, KaK cm.n;aHHe yenoB"" II npeJJ;nOCbIJTOK,lI,JIR nocne.n;OB<lTenb- Horo COBeprneHCTBOBaHIDI BJaH\'IIOOTHOllleHllH CTopOH. 3.D:eCb CJle.1lYeT BbJ.L\eJlRTh ABa acneKTa: 1) IJeTKoe onpe.JJ.eJleHHe YCJIOBuii II nopslJUGi Ae- crBHM, nO,ll,JIe>KaI.1lILX y.,ery npH 3aKJUOIJeHHll II llcnonHeHHH OT.L\eJ1bHhIX HMYll\OCIHeHHhlX .L\orOBOpoa; 2) BKJHOqeHHe B LlOroBopb] o63aHHocreii., npe.nycMaTpHBaIOlLtl1X MepbI no Henocpe.1J,CTBeHHoM)' cOBeprneHCTBoBa- HlllO B3al1MOCBR3aHHOH AeRTenbHOCTH. TaKoBo, HanpliMep, BKJIIOI.JeHlle B oprnHIfJaLU10HHbJe TpaHcnopTHble .1J,OroBopb] ycnoBIi 0 paCLlll1peHllIi 4>POHTOB oAHOBpeMeHHOH nOlp)"3KH H Bbltp)"3KH, 060PYAOB3HIIH (.fX .L\O- nOllmrreJ1bHblMH t.rexaHJJ3MaMH)]JUI YCKopemU( norpY30<JHO-paJrpY30<J- HblX pa60T II LIP. B nO.L\o6H.blx cnyLJaRX opraHll3aUI10HHblH .L\OroBOp H3- IJllHaeT BKJIIOIJ8Tb B ce6R OTnellbHble )lIeMeHTbl HM)'llieCTBeHHoro noro- Bopa, onH3KO 06ll\asi L(eJlb - HanpaBJIeHHOCTb H8 y.nyqllJeHlle opraHH- 38UHH B3IDIMOCB3aHHoH JJemenbHOCTH -OCTaeTCR HeI13MeHHoH. MeiK- JJY TeM CYll\HOCTb .1J,OrOBOpa onpe.D:eJUlerCR OCHOBHOH QeJJblO, 8 He COnyrcTBYIOIIlI1MH yCJIOBHRMH. CneLllf(lmKo opraHll38UI10HHblX JJOroBOpoB HBJllIeTCR TO, \lTO npe- JIYCM8TpllB8eMhle HMll opraH1fi8l.\.UOHHh]e, npOH3BO,lI,CTl3eHHhle, TeXHO- J10m\lecKHe YCOBeprneHCTBOB8HIDI ocylLteCTBmlIOTCR 3a C'leT O)lHOH ll3 crOpOH. 3arp8ThI H8 YKa3aHHhIe LlenH He KOMneHCllpYIOTCH LlPyroH CTO- poHOH, He pat.-npe):I{'.IUIKJICH Me YI.J8CIHJ1KaMI1. OD,HaKO UOIJ())](Jrre.JIb-- HbT pe3}'JlhTaT npOlHHbIX ynyqllJeHHH HCIlO!If,3)feTCH OLIHoopeMeH- HO 060HMH Y<JaCTHHKaMll ,lI,OrQBopa. 15.2. OcHOBHbIe HHI\LI Oprauu3aHHOHHbIX 1\0fOBOpoB B Ka\leCTBe CaMOC'TOJITeJIbHoro JJ0rOBOpHOro THna opr8HH3aLlHOH- HbleJJorooopbl COCTaBJUIIOT 6oraTOe MHO"AreC1BO OTJJerrbHhIX BJUIOB. Cpe- JJIi HIiX MOiKHO BbJ.[I;eJIllTb: I) OoeoeopN 0 B3Gl1..l1O('il1/3l111110U OeRme7bHocmll no CHll6:JH:eIlU10 pe- CJ/X'a1-/u U c6blmy m06ap08. Ha3BaHHhIe norOBopbI npellYCMaTpHBaIOT paJnWlHb]e <lJ0PMh] COTpY,lI,HII<JeC'ffi8 npOl.{3BO,lI,C1BeHHbTX 1111H onTOBbIX TOproBhlX OpnUill38L\.K.ii)]JUI 06ecnC'leH11Jl YCTOH'lHBOro c6WTa TOBapoB, 
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288 rnasa 15. OpraHH3iIIlHOHHble 1I0roBopbl B TqJ"1'\I o6opme AOroBopb! 06 opraHH3awrn nepeB030K n03BOIDllOT cropooaM pernaTb llD1poKI1H Kpyr BonpocoB llX B3allMoafHoweHHH B Cflji311 C nepeB03Ka- Mll rpy30B. OHll OnpeLJ;eJUilOT 061lJ,11e yCJIOBlUI BblllonHeHlUI OTLJ;eJIbHblX AorOBopOB nepeB03Kll. B CaMI1X OTAeJlbHblX ,lI,oroBOpax 3T11 BonpOCb] He MOryr nOJl)"fllTb perneHirn B CllJIY KpaTKOCpO'-lHOro X8pmrrepa T8KHXAo- rOBO}X'B. HMeHHO n03TOM}' He06XOJl.llMbI A J:\OIUBOpI>I opra- Hll38l\110HHOro COAepiKB.HI1K B AoroBope 06 opraHll3aUl1ll nepeB030K rpY30B MOryr n011HO H Ae- TaJIbHO OnpeJ:le.rurI'bOl n0J10iKeHlliI, e.ll.llHb]e JI,JUI -.paHcnOpTHOH ,lI,ejiTenb- HOCTH CTOpOH. TaK, B)JoroBope comacoBblB8lOTCji IInlHUlll8JIbHble H MaK- CllM8JIbHb]e oGbeMbI rpY30B, eMblX K nepeB03Ke eJKeMecfi"l- HO (no,a:eKa,JJ.Ho, e-1KecyI'O<IHO), onpe,ll,e.rUllOTCji YC110Bllji 0 Mecre nepelIa- "Ill H nplleMa BaroHoB, nopji):1Ke norpY3Kll (Bblrpy3KH) rpY30B, Bax H KOnJl"lecTOC r.teX8Hll3MOB, llCn0J1b3yeMblX npIi nOrpy30<fHo-pa3f'py3O':I- HblX pa60Tax II .D.P. Moryr 6b]Tb npe.zlyCMO'I'pCHb! YC110BHJJ, OTpIDKafO- I.I..lIie cneuIic}Jl1lL1eCKIie oco6eHHoCTI1 nepeB03KIi onpeneJIeHHblX BOB rpY30B II nO,!J,JIeJK8IlJ,11e)"le1)' npIi KIDI\.1J.OH KOHI<peTHOH OTnpaBKe TaKIIX rpy30B; 4) opraHmaUHOHHb]H X8paKTep HOCjiT i'Jo2oeopbl, 3QK.UO'laeMble Wl'.J{ci'Jy opzaHIl3l1lIU5UIlI pll3'lll'lHblX BU006 mpaHCI10pma 0606ecne'le- HUU nepeooWK ZPY308. TaKOBbl Y3JIOBbie comallleHlliI OprnHll3aLIllii >Ke- lle3Ho)J.opoiKHoro II BO)UfOro -.paHCIIopT8, AOroBOPb] H8 Llempanll30B8H- Hb]M: 3aB03 H BbIB03 rpy30B aE!T01'p3HcnOpTHb]Mll opr8HI138Lll1jiMll H8 CTaHLlHH (nopTbl, IIpllCTaHH, 83ponopTbl) H.D.P. npelIMeTOM T8KIIX ,lI,oro- BOpOB JJBmllOTCji BJalfMOUIHOIlIeHlUI Me)]Q:{)' p83JIl1'lliblMH "Ip8HCnOJ)THbl- Mll opraHmaUI1HMH no nOBOJl)' nepeB03KlI rpy30B. C)'UlecTBYeT HeMano ApyrHX Opr8Hll3aUHOHHblX AOroBOpOB, KOTO- pb]e MOryr llcn011b30BaTbC,!J,JI cOAeHCTBHji TOproBOM)' o6opcny. 15.3. Oco6eHHOC11I OTJ\eJlbHLIX opratIII33I\IIO J\orOBopOB DoJ1ee nO.D.P06HOrO paCCMOTpeHlliI Tpe6yIOT )JBa BHJJ,8 opraHIi38l\H- OHHblX AOroBOpOB, HMelOllJ,I1X Henocpe,!:\CTBeHHoe OTHOllleHMe K np8Bo- 130M)' peryJIllpoBaHlllO ToprOBora o60pOTa. nepBwi1- ITO COIJlarnCUHH 0 Mcel UOH8JlbHblX nocnlBK8X 'lo- BapOB, 3aKJIIO'l8eMb]e Me>K1lY opraHaMll HCnOJ1HHTenbHOH BJl8.CTll poc- CllHCKIiX pemOHOB. Ilpe;:J;MeTOM TaKl1X cornaweHHH JlBJllIerCH onpe,!:\e- 
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16.2. BHl\bIOTBe1CTBeHHOCTII 297 Ka<J:eCTBO TOBapa. CneUilliITbHaJI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Henpe.n:CTaBJJeHlle IIp)J].3Bl.{OM TaKorO .il;OK)'MeHT8 3aKOHOM He YCT8HOBneHa. OlIHaKO CTO- pOHbl MOryr npe.zlyCMOTpeTb B llorOBope HeyCTOfn<y ll11ll urrpa4> 3a He- nepeLl,8'1y.l/,OK)'MeHT8. rK P<f> 3aKpenn.lleT llJllpOKHe B03MOJKHOCTI1 CyUbeKTOB no JJ.orOBOp- HOM)' peryJlllpOBaHHIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. CTOPOHb] BnpaBe yCT8H8B- I1llBaTb B .l/,orOBOpe OleU:l1aJIbH)'JO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a uapyweHlle KaK llMnepaTllBHblX, TaK II ,llI:ICn03I.JTllBHbIX nOJI<»KeHllH3aKOHa. Gmi MOryr CBOllM cornarneHlleM YBeJlll'lllBaTb pa3Mepbl QTBeTCTBeHHOCTll no cpaB- HeHlllO C npeJJ.yCM01peHHb]Mll 3aKOHOM. OrpaHll'leHHe :noro npaBa yc- TaHOBJIeHO JIllllIb )]JI.II OT.l/,eJIbHbr{ Bll.1l0B 06.113aTeJlbCTB. B qaCTHOCTll B O'IHOIJJellliH urnercrneHHOCTll no .l/,OroBOpy nepeBOJKH. no YCMOTpCHHfO CTOpOH onpe;:J;eJI.IIeTC.II COO1HOWeHHe HeYCTOHKH II y6b1TKOB (CT. 394 rK P<f». eCllll 3TO COOTHorneHlle He YCT8HOBJIeHO 3aKOHOM. Cy6heKIaM npe- ,lI,OCTaBJIeHa B03MOJKHOCTb }'MeHbUIaTb B ,lI,orOBOpe p.ll):l OCHOBHblX Bll- ,lI,OB OTBeTCTBeHHOCTli, YCTaHOBJIeHHblX 3aKOHOM, B qaCTHOCTH y6bITKOB, npOLleHTOB 3a uapyweHlle ,lI,eHe>KHbL'< 06.113aTeJlbCTB. BMeCTe C TeM He .l/,onycKaeTC.II ll3MeHeHlle npaBllJI 06 O'IBeCTBeHHOCTH npe,r:J;npI.JHHMaTe- JIei1 3a Ka'leCTBO n01pe6lUeJlbCKHX TOBapOB" ycnyr. 16.2. BI\!\bI lITBercmeHHOCTH B KOMMep<J:eCKOM (ll rpaJK,!J;8HCKOM) npaBe MOiKHO BbJ.[l;e.rI1iTb "Ie..hI- pe OCHOBHblX BIt)UI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. B Ka<J:eCTBe 1Jep60ZO 6uoa OTBeTL'TBeHHOCTll ,lI,0JDKHa 6b1Tb H83Baua oosnaHHOCTb JJ.O:1JKHHKa B03MeCTIITb y6b1TKH. npll'lllHeHHble Hapy- rneHueM. B03Mell.{eHlle y6bITKOB CI1}'JKIIT 061l{eH MepOH QTBeI'CTBeHHo- CTll, npllMeu.lleMOH3a mo6ble uapyweHll. eCJIll B 3aKOHe "JIll B ,lI,orOBO- pe He npe.n.YCMOTpeHO ll3'bJITI1H. Y6bITKH CKJIa,lI,bJBaIQfCSlll3 Tpex COCTIlBJUlIOI1lHX. KOTOpble }'Ka3aHbl BCT.15rKP<f>.3TO: - paCXO.!J.b], KOTOpb]e nllLlO npOll3BeJlO HJIll .lI.OJIJKHO 6Y.ll.eT npOll3- BeCTll J],JUI BOCCIaHOBlleHID1 uapYllleHHoro npaBa. J],aHHoe npaBMO KOp- peCnOH)J,llpYeT C n. 7.4.3 npllHllllnoB YHHJI.PY A, COrJmCHO KOTOpoM)' KOMneHCaLlllll nO..Q.JIC)](HT yll.{ep6, BKJlIO'iWl6yJJ.Yll.lIlH. YCTaHOBJIeHHb]H C pa3YMHoH cTeneubfO ,lI,OCTOBepHOCTH. BMeCTe C TeM YJ<33aHHa.ll 4>opMY- JIHpOBKa rK HeTO'lHa, nOCKOJIbK)' B03MerneHl.JfO nO..Q.JICJKaT paCXO.LJ;bl, no- HeCeHHb]e He TOJIbKO JlIl.ll BOCCTaHOBJIeHll.ll uapyweHHoro npaBa, HO H HHble paCXO)J,bI. 06ycnoBlleHHh]e uapYllJel-UfeM. TaKOBbl, uanpllM(p, c)'M- 
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310 rJlaBa 17. IIpHeMKa TOBapoB If  HX ((3'JecTaa THeM npe.ll.CT8BIneJVI nepee03<1HKa. TO nop"JJ:OK npHeMKI1 L(eJlllKOM 00- pe.ll.eillleTCJI Tp8HcnOpTHb]M aKOHO.LIaTe.rrbCTBOM. Ecnll rpy3 Bw.a,aerCH C Y1..JaCTlleM nepeB03'lllKa, lill)J)Ie:oofT nOMHHTb o He06XOJI.llMOCTH CQCTaBJIemUI KOMMep'leCKoro 8KTa (Ha 8BTOM06llJlb- HOM -rpaHcnopre - IIpOCT8BJIeHIDI JamlCll B TOBapHO-TPaHcnOpTHO Ha- KJIa.1lHOH) J1)UI YAOCTOBepeHIDI. HecoxpaHHOCTH rpy38. COOOlO1I8Tb nop5l- ):lOll 06iKanOBaHlUl OTKa3a B COCT8BJIeHl1ll TaKora 8KTa. ITpHeMKa TOBapa, Henocpe.ztCTBeHHO nepeJI.aBaeMoro npoA8BllOM 00- K)'rnrreJlIO 111160 no.nyqaeMoro OT opraH8 -rpaHcnOpTa 6e3 )'48CTMJI npe;:J;- CTaBHTeJUJ nepeBo:wltKa, ocyweCTBJUlcrC51 B OllltHaKOBOM pe)KJ.{Me, no 0611\"M npaBllllaM. IT)'HKT 2 CT. 513 rK P<t> YCT8HaBJTHBacr. nu nOK)'naT;1I. 06H38" npOBepUH. KOJlUIJeCTBO " Ka"leCTBO TosapOB B nopSliJ:..-:e " B cpOlm, YCT8HOB."1eHHble npa80BblMH 8KT8MH, JIOI"OBOpOM H OfiblqaSlMll n.e- JlOBoro ooopoTa. 061lJ,11e npaBoBble aKTbl 0 npl1eMKe cyweCTBYJOT B Bll,lJ;e AOK)'MeH- TOB, 4JaKTI1'ieCKH yrpaUIBWllX CHJ1Y. nOJIO)KeHIDI 0 nOCTaBKaX npo,!{yK- LlHll II TOBapoo 1988 r. npe.nycM8TpllIl8lOT(n. 38, 45; 31, 38), <ITO nop5l- .D:OK npHcMKli no KOJUi<iCCTBY H Ka<ieC'fBY peryJIltpyeTCfl llHCTpYKl.I,illI- Mll, YIBepJK.LleHHb]Mlf roc8p6llTpIDKeM CCCP. HMelOTC5I ABe He OTMe- HeHHb]e llHcrpYKLtlili 6blBlliero rOcap6llTpa)Ka CCCP. 3m I1HCTpYKJJ.lliI o nop5I.D.Ke npHeMKH npO.D.)'KIU1H npolf3BOACTBeHHO-TeXHlf<IecKOro Ha3H8- 'IeHll51 II TOBapOB H8pOAHoro nmpe6neHll51 no KOJIll<IeCTBY 1965 I. N IT-6 II HHC1}JYIUUI5I 0 nOp5lAKe nplleMKH npo.Ll}'Kl!llH npolJ3BO):ICTBeH- HO-TeXHlf<IeCKOrO Ha3H8<IemUi II TOB8poB mpoLJ,Horo nOTpe6JIeHlUI no Ka<IeCTBY 1966 r. N IT-7 ():IaJIee -HHCTpyIU1ItSI 0 nplleMKe no KOJlll4e- CTB)' II I1HcrpYKIJ;115I 0 nplfeMKe no Ka<IeCTBY). H83BaHHb]e ItHCT)J}'Kl!IIIt y)!{e Ha MOMeHT llX npllHSlTIIH 6blJllt Kpaii- He HeCOBepWeHHb], H)'JK.LlaJIllCb B KopeHHOH nepepa6oTKe. 83aMeH llM B 1991 r. 6LUm no.n,rOTOBJ1eHb] xoponme npOeKTb] HOBbTX llHCTpYKUMii. OAH8KO C pacna,LlOM ITCP OHll He 6blJlH npllH5ITbL MeJK.LlY TeM npo- 6J1eM8 npaBOBOro peryJIllpOBaHIt51 nopAKa npHeMKH 0CTaeTC5I II Tpe5y- eT CBoero perneHH5I. HHCTp)'KUllIt 0 nop5l,LJ,Ke npHeMKIt npol{OJl)K8lOT npHMCIDITbC5I, HO y)!{e He B Ka<IecTBe 05513aTeJlbHbTX npaBOBbTX 8KTOB. CTOPOHb] BnpaBe npe.nyCMOTpeTb B AoroBOpe, <iTO npllCMK8 TOBapa 6Y.D:eT npOH3BODlfTb- C5I comaCHO llHCTpyI<LIJDlM rOcap5llTpa)!{a CCCP KaK tlJaKYJIbTaTIiBHO npllMeIDIeMb]M HOpM8M. ,[{a)l{e eCJllf TaKOe YCJlOBlfe He BKJ1lO<IeHO II .D:O- rOBOp, HO nonyqaTeJlb npoBeJl npHeMKY B OOOTBe'ICTI3ItH c H83B8HllliIMli 
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2. COJI,e}J)KafllR'lIHCUHnnHHbl 341 6. YCTaHOMeHlle II ,lI,01OBOpe npH perympHblX onpY3Kax TOMpOIl YCJ10BIDI 0 pacqeTaX B nopH)J,Ke nepllO.ll.HqeCKHX nJIaTe)l(ei1, onpe)),eJJe- HHe CpOKOB nepe<lHCneHllH II pa3MepOB nJIaTe)l(eii. npeLIIapllTeJIbHbJe H aBaHCOBbie JUJaTe)l(l1, 06ecne<leHHe mrrepecoB nOK)'naTeJIeH npH llX npH- MeHeHI1H. TeMa 19. IIocpemlH'lecKHe ,lI,OroBOpLi D ToproBJIe I. 06ll.laR xapmaepllCTHK8 nocpe,QHll'JeCKHX ,D,OrOBOpOB B ToprOB- J1e. npe)),MeT norOBopOB - JJ,ei1CTBIDI nocpe)),Hl1qeCKI1X opraHl13awdi no npll06pcreHHfO II ITpO,lI,IDf;e TOBapOB Jm60 npOl1BmKeHHIO TOBapOB B HH- TepeCa.'I: ,lI,pyrl1X yqaCTHHKOB ToprOBOro 060p0rn. TllnOBaR npHHaJl)JeJK- Hocn nocpe,QHH'leCKHX ,lI,orOBOpOB K l1oroBopaM Ha BQJMe3,QHoe OK33a- HHe yCJ1yr. Blf)J.bI ToproBo-nocpe,QHll'leCKHX ,lI,01OBOpOB. 2. ,lJ.oroBop KOMMep'leCKOH KOMHCCHll. Oco6eHHocTI1 CO.ll.ep1KaHIDI ,lI,OrOBopa KOMI1CCl1H B KOMMep'leCKOH c$epe: 3aKJIIO'leHHe JJ,orOBopa Ha CpOK 1111I1 6e3 onpelIeneHlliI. CpOK8 ):leCTBlliI., C YK33aHlleM ruTH 6e3 YKa- 3aHIDI Teppmoplll1 llCnOJIHeHIDI. C ycnOBlteM OTHOCJ.ITenbHO accopTl1MeH- 1'8 TOBapoB II ,lI,pyrl1e. Onpe)),eJleHlle nopH)),Ka OTCTYf1JIeHl151 KOMI1CCllO- Hepa OT YKaJ8HUH KOMHTeHTa. Pa3JJWIUS] CO):lep-Affi.Hll51 ,lI,OrOBopa B 3aBH- CHMOCTI1 OT Toro, nepel1aeTC5I ruTH HeT TOBap KOMHccHOHepy. OrBeT- CTBeHHOCTb KOMI1CCI10Hepa 3a Hel1cnonHeHlle 06aTeJlbCTBa "IpeTbl1MI1 J1Hl.{aMH. YCTaHOBJIeHHe nOCJle.n:cTBHH HeHCnOnHeHI151 KOMllcclloHepoM 06maTeJIbCTBa no npo)),a)l(e TOBapa. BbmllaTa Bmll8IpIDf\.J:\eHIDI II B03- Mel.lleHHe 3aTpaT KOMHCCHOHepa 3. ,lJ.oroBop nopyqeHH5I. Oco6eHHocTI1 KOMMepqeCKoro nopyqeHH5I II npeJJ.CTI:lBlneJJbcTBa. Onpe;:J;eJJeHlle B ):lOrOBOpe co):\ep>KaHIDI nOpyqe- HI1H II nopMKa 4>llKCItpOBaHtUI nocJI101l.lI1X YKa3aHJtH ):lOBepI1TeJUI.. ne- pel1a'l3 nOBepeHHblM llCl10JIHeHIDI ):lOBepllTeJIIO. BblllJJaTa B03Harpmll".Lle- HIDI II B03Mel.lleHHe 3aIpaT nOBepeHHoro. 4. AreHTCKl1e .n:oroBopw, HX npnMeHeHlle B TOproBoM npennpmill- MaTeJIbCTBe. ):{ei.JcTBIDI areHTa OT llMeHH npllHlumana H OT CBoero llMe- HH. Oco6eHHoCTI1 ,lI,OrOBopa ToprOBoro areJfl1IfJOBaHllR. CO.ll.ep>KaHlle ,lI,eHCTBHH TOprOBOro areHTa no op.-aHl13al1llH npo.ll.IDK TOBapa. nOpl10K Bbln.rrarbl B03H3rpa>KJI.eHlUI aremy. 5. TpaHCnOpTHaJl3KCne.L\l1L1illL Oc06eHHOCJJ1 o4JopMJIeHllil ):lOrOBOp- HblX OTHOllleHHH B 3aBHCllMOCTH OT IIH./Ul opraHll3altl1H, OKa3blBafOli\ei1 3KCne)J,HltHOHHble ycrrynL 4JYHKltHH 3KCI1e.ll.HTOpa no COBepweHHIO JJ,ei1- CTBHH IOpUJ1WUXKOro xapaKTepa: 3aKJHO'leHHe l10roBopOB nepeBo3KH OT llMeHH npHHlI.HnaJIa, o4>opMJIeHlle ,QOKYMeHIOB no OmpaBJIeHHfO II npH- 
342 KOMMejJ'JecKoe npaBO POCCHH HJlTJ.JlO fJJY30B II ,lI,pyrl1e. BblnOJJlUIeMble 3KcnelUfTOpOM .D,JHI npHHwma- na aKTH'leCKl1e ,[Iei1cTBIUI no npOBepKe COCTOfllill.ll rp)'3a, HaHecemllO -rpaHcnDpTHoi1 MapKHpOBKl1, opraHll3aLI.Hll 3aB03a II BbIB03a fJJY3a H8 CTaHl.\IUI (B nOpTbl), }'Be;J;OMneHHIQ KJIHeHTa 06 OTnpaBneHHblX H npH- 6bIBWllX rpy3ax. Oc06eHHocTlf OTBeTCTBeHHOCTlf ")KCnelIllLlHOHHbJX OpraHllJ8l1llll 3a HeHCnOJ1HeHlle o5}13<ITeJ1hCTB. 6. oroBopbl 06 HCKJ]IO'-IllTe.rrbHO npo)ta)](e TOBapoB II ,lI,HCIpll6b1o- TOpcKHe KOHTpaKTbI. cI>aKTH'-IecKH xapaKTep nOCpeLlHll'-IeCTBa no T8KIIM JloroBopaM. 06f13aHHOCTb nOK)'naTeJul (.AlICTpOObIOTopa) npHo5pecTlf y npO,D;aBlla onpe,ll,eneHHOe KOJIWleCTBO TOBapoB. 06.113aHHOCTb npollaBua BblnOJIH.IITb 3<U1BKll nOK)'fI8TeJUI (.II.llcTpH5bIOTopa) Ha IlIJOWDK,Y AOnOJI- HIfTeJJbHbIX KOJ1H'IeCTB TOBapa. YCJTOBIUI 06 06H3aHHOCTIt ll3eHll no- KynaTeJIeM (J1HCTpOObJOTOpOM) cnpoca Ha TOBap, npoBe)1,eHll peKJIaM- HblX KaMI18HHH, }"I8CTilli B onTOBbiX flpMapKaX H BbICTaBKaX. OKa3aHllC npojJ,8BUOM opraHll3aW{OHHoi{ II TeXHH'IeCKOii I}OMOWH nOKynaTeJIlO (.IJ,HCTpH6bfOTOPY). TeMa 20. )].orOBOpbI, CO,ll,eHCToyIOUUte TOprtmJIe I. 06ru:a.ll LleneBa npe,ll,Ha3HaLleHHOCTb KaK OCHOBaHHe KJ18CCll4>ll- Kaw.Jll AorOBopOB, co,ll,eiicTBYJOll!IlX ToproBJIe. Pa3BHrne BHJlOBAoroBO- pOB ,lI,aHHOii rpynnhl B COBpeMeHHhlH nepHon. KOHKpeTHbie BHlIbl Aoro- BOpOB, co.n;ei1CTBYJOI.ltHX TOprOBJIe. 2. JJ,oroBop H8 npoBe.neHHe M8pKeTHHrOBbiX HCCJIe.n;oBaHHii. 3HaLle- HHe 1I0roBopa JJ)UI 06eCneqeHIDI C6aJIaHClipOBaHHOCTH Me)lQly IIpOH3BO,lI,- CTBOM II nmpe6neHlleM, oplleHTlipoBaHlliI npOH3BO.!J.IfIeI1eH TOBapoB H8 YAOBJ]eTBOpCHlle peaJIbHblX 3anpocoB nOK)IIUITCJICH. Onpe.ll.eJleHlle )],0- rOBopa. npe;:J;MeT ,lI,oroBopa. COCTaBJIeHHe 3a..u.aHlliI Ha npoBeLleHlle llC- CJIe.n;OBaHlliI II nporpaMMbl pa6OT. Heo6xo.n;HMble ycnoBIUI )],oroBopa. Pe3YJIhTaT llCCJIelIOBaHlliI - BbIBO.LIbi H peKOMeH.L\aUllH MapKeTOnOra, ll3JIO)KeHHble B OT'-IeTe 0 npOBe.LIeHllH llCCJIe.LIOBaHlliI. OcofieHHocTll on- pe.LIeneHIUI. OTBeTC1l3eIlliOCTH HCIlOJIHHTeruL 3. ,[{OroBOp H8 C03J{aHIle peKllaMHoH npoAYKQHH. T pe60BaHIUI. <De- ,lI,epaJIbHoro 3aKOHa «0 peK.ITaMe». nOlIJle)Kall!lle Y4e-ry npH 3aKJIJO'-IeHHH H llcnonHeHHH AoroBopa. OAo6peHlIC peKJI3.MO)],are.lJeM (3aKa:l<lHKoM) 3C- KH3a, npoena, CUeHapH peKllaMHoro ponllKa II T. n. Onpe,ll,eJIeHHe npeA- MeTa ,l:\orOBopa, LleHbl, CpOKOB HcnonHellli.ll 06.113aTenbCTBa. Oco6eHHO- CTH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH CTOpOH B cJIY"lae HapYWeHll 8BTOPCKHX II CMeJI(- HhlX npaB TpeThIIX RllLl. 
2. COJI,e}J)KafllR'lIHCUHnnHHbl 343 4. J],oroBop H8 pacnpocrpaHeHl1e peKflaMbl. nOpM):{OK onpe;:J;eJJeHIDI npelIMeTa ):{orOBopa nyreM YCTaHOBJICHI1M co.n.eplKaHHM ):{eHCTBMH peK- J18MopacnpoCTpaHlITe.rm. cnoc06a JfX BbmOJIHeHllSi II oUbeMa yc.rryr. Oco- 6eHHOCTlf Onpe,ll,eJleHHM npeJ:!MeT3 ):{oroBopa B 3aBHCllMOCTIf OT BH,lIa peK- n8MbL YC1IOBlUI ):{oroBopa OTHOCHTeJJbHO ):{OBeJ],eHlUl peKJJa.MHO HmiJOp- MaUlfll ):{o «aKTIfBHhlX nOJIb30BaTeJleiDl. J],oroBop H8 pa3Mell\eHlle peK- llaMbl. COlIep>KaHlle ):\orOBopa H8 npooelIeHlle peKJIaMHOH KaMnaHHll. Oco6eHHocTIf OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIf peKIlaMopacnpoc"IpaHllTellil. 5. JJ,oroBopbl H8 npe,QoCTaBJ1eHHe KOMMep'leCKO llHf}JOpMallHH H ee nepepa60TK)'. OrJ1llLlHTeJIbHble npll3HaKIf llH4qJMauHll KaK 06'beKTa IIMylltecTBeHHbTX OTHOWeHllii. npe)],MeT ):\orOBopa: Co.n.epJKaHlfe (xapaK- Tep) HHf}JoPMaUlfll II LleJlb ee llcnOJIb30BaHllM. Onpe;:J;eJleHHe B ,lI,orOBOpe YCJ10BHH 0 nonHOTe llHf}JOpMalllfH, perynMpHocTIf II OnepaTI1BHOCTIf ee npelIOCTaBJ1eHlliI, CTeneHH ):\oCToBepHocTH. JJ,oroBopbl 06 aHWIll3e llH- f}JopMarnill II co.."TaBJIeHHH Ha 3TOH OCHOBe nporH03oB Ii peKOMeH.Il3IDDt: ,lI,JJM 3aKB3'lllKa. KOHf}Jlf)J,eHlUIaJIbHblH xapaKTep ):\oroBopoB. 6. J],oroBop xpaHeHllM. Oc06eHHoc'ni nopM)J,Ka 3aKJTf04eHIffi ,lI,OrOBO- pOB XpaHeHlliI II onpe):{eJJeHHe HX co.n.eplKaHWI B KOMMepqeCKOH c4>epe. CTOpOHbl.DoroBopa. XpaHeHHe Ha ToaapHblX CKJla)J,aX. XpaHeHHe npH- 6blBlIIllX fJJY30B T)JaHcnopTHblMH opraHH3aL\lIMMll. COeJ!J.iHeHHe xpaHe- HHM C 06fl3aHHocuMH onTOBblX opraHH3allH no COBeprneHHfO TOBap- HblX onepaUHi1: COCTaBJIeHlle aCCDpTHMeHTHblx HaGopoB, OCBeiKeHlle 3anaCOB TOBapa, OTrpY3Ka no )lK833HllfO nOKJ1aiKe.naTellil H npyme. Or- BeTCTBeHHOe xpaHeHHe TOBapOB: npaBOBoe peryJIHpOBaHlle, COlIepiKa- HHe npaB II 063aHHOCTeii CTOpOH. 7. KOMMepqeCK<llI iPpaHllIH3a (KoHueCCmI). BH,lIbI ,lI,oroBopa KOMMep- 'lecKO KOHQeCCIiH. CTOpOHbI ,D,OrOBOpB.. J1Hl.\eHjHOIlliOe C0IJI8111eHHe KaK 'laCTb ,lI,OrOBopa. YCJJoBHe 0 nepe.n.a'le nOJIb30BaTeJJlO 6ll3HeC-CHCTeMbl (onepaUHoHHoH cHcTeMbl) H 06}"1cHHe cO"IpynHHKoB nonb30BaTellil ee npHMeHeHHlO. KOH1pOJIb npaBoo6J18)J,aTellil3a c06nlOlleHHeM nOJIb30Ba- TeJIeM T)Je60BaHMH 6ll3HeC-CHCTeMbI. nOpM):{Of( OKB3aHWI nOJIb30BaTeJJlO TeXHIi'leCKOrO, KOHcYJIbTaLlHOHHoro II llHoro CO.IleHCTBmI. Ilmna no .DO- rOBopy KOMMepqeCKOH f}JpaHllIllJbI (KOHLlecCllH). TeMa 21. Oprauu:JaUHOHllhl .lJ.OroBOpLI B roproBJIe I. CYlllHOCTb II onpe):{eJJeHHe opraHll3aUHOHHblX ):\orOBopoB. npe.Il- MeT OpraHH3aLtHOHHbTX ):\orOBopOB - yperyJIHpOOaHHe cy6'beI\"TIIMH 06- lltHX BonpOCOB COBepllJeHCTBOBaHllM B3aHMoCBM3aHHO ,lI,ewIeiIbHOCTH. Ponb opraHH3allHOHHb1X,lI,oroBOpOI! B C03JJ;aHHll YCJ10Bll" H npe.a:nocbI- 
344 KOMMejJ'JecKoe npaBO POCCHH 1101\ JJ)UI nOBbllUeHllH ynopM):{O<1eHHOCHI 3aKJIIO'IeHlUI II llCnOJIHeHIDI llllliblX ,lI,OroBOpOB. ITpaBOBoe perymipOBaHl-le opraHIf3aIUIOH- HblX J:lOroBDpOB. 2. OrJJWIlrreJIbHble qepTbl OpraHU'33lIIIOHHblX,lI,01OBOpOB: JlOJIrucpoq- HbJH WIll 6eCCpOI.JHblH xapaKTep, OJCyTC1Elle B03Me3)I,HOCTI1, HCnOJIb30- BaRIle 06eHMll CTopOHaMll nOllOOKHTeJIbHblX pe3}'nbTaTOB ynY'HlIeHll}( B3alfMOCIDI3aHHOH AeJlTel1bHOCTI1 II .lq). 3. BJUlhI opraHlnal1ll0HHblX J:lOI'OBOpOB. JJ,OroBOpbJ 0 B3aHMOCBJl3aH- Hoil ,lI,enenbHOCTI1 no cHa6>KeHlllO pecypcaMH H c6b1ry TOBapOB. )],oro- BOpbl 06 o6pa30B8HHll KompaKTHblX oG'be)J,JJHeHHH. JJ,oroBopbl 06 opra- HI.J3aUliH nepeB030K. ):Wyrne opraHllJaI..{HOHHble ,lI,orOBopbL 4. BtUlOBbIeoco6emlocm comawemrn apraHOB HcnOJIHHTeJIbHOi1 BJIa- CTH 0 MeJKPerHOH8.JIbHl,IX nOCTaBKax TOBapOB. ITpe)],MeT comallIeHH- onpe.IJ:CJJCHHe KOHKpeTHblX nOCTaBIllHKOB II nOKynaTCJlei1 II 06IllHX ye- 110B"H lIorOBOpOB nOCTaBKJI Me>I\.!IY HllMH. Crp)'KTYpa OGJl3aTe.lJbCTBeH- HblX OTHOllIeHll no MelKpernOlIaJIbHblM nOCTaBKaM TOBapoB. CO.lI.q))}(a- HHe e<xnBeTCTBYIOll(JfX lIoroBopoB. 5. BMOBblC ocoGellliOCTI1 cornallIeHll opraHuB llLTIUJIHllTeJIbHoH BJIaCTH II MeCTHoro caMoynpaBJIeHrui C npO(i3BO,nCTBelllihIMH H Topro- BblMI1 OpraHHJalUUlMH no BOnpocaM X03HHCTBeHHOH AeHTeJIbHOCTH. POJIb TaKl1X comaweHHH B BbVlBJIeHHH TeppllTOpHaJIbHblX pecypcOB.D.JIH pa3- BHTIUI. :)KOHOMllKl1 perHom II peweHHH COLlIIaJIbHblX 3a..r:ta<I. Co):{epiKa- Hlle COrnaweHll, 3aKJUO<IaeMblX C opraHH38l\I1HMH-ll3rOTOmrrerrRMll II ToprOBblMll opr8Hll3aUIDlMH. TeMa 22. OrBen:meHHOCTL 33 H3pymeHHe roproBbIX .nOroBOpoB I. BIUlbI H xapaKTep OTBeI'CTBeHHOCTH 3a HapyrneHHe 06H3aTenbCTB. npHMeWieMOH B ToprOBOM 060pOTe. JaKOH H AorOBOp K8K OCHOBaHllH yCTaHOB.IleHHH (llCTO<IHllKH) OIEe'fC"IEeHHOCTI1. <tJYHKUllll OTEeTCTBeHHo- CHI B COBpeMeHHblX YCJlOBHHX. JaBllCllMOCTb :)4>eKTHBHOCTH OT8eT- CTBeHHOCTI1 OT n011HOTbI pearrmaUHll npHCYlUHX ei14>YHKUll. 2. npaBOMOI.JllH CTopOH no YCTIlHoa.neHHIO B AoroBope H ll3MeHeHHIO npe.llYCMoTpeHHblX 3aKOHOM Mep OTBeTCTBeHHOCnI. YCTaHOBJlemJe B llo- rOBope Mep OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HeHcn011HeHlle o6H3aHHOCTeH. npe;:J;Yc- MOTpeHHblX 3aKOHOM. ComaweHJLII 0 B03MeweHllH y6bITKOB B 3apaHee onpe.l1eneHHOM (TBep.l10M) pa3Me:pC. YBenllI.JeHHH ll11ll YMeHbllJeHllH yc- TaHoa.neHHoro 3aKOHOM pB3Mepa HeycTOJIKH II npou;eHTOB nO,D,eHe>KHbIM 
2. COJI,e}J)KafllR'lIHCUHnJ]HHbl 345 Oful.J8'IeJIbCTB8M. Onpe;:J;eJJeHlfe B AOrOBOpe COOTHOllleHllR Me)fQJ)' Heyc- TOllKO II B03MellleHHeM y6bITKOB OT H8pylIJeHllR. 3. KpllTepl1ll Bbl60pa BH.IJ,a OIBeTCTIJeHHOCTlf 3a H8pyweHlUI 06"3a- TenbCTB B ToprOBOM 06opoTe. Cnoc06bl OJITI1MaJIbHoro onpe.LIenelill" B AO.-ooopax pa3Mepa Ii nOp"LIK8 Ha'lllCJIeHllR Heycro.iiKM (urrpa4>a, neHIf). 4. YCJlOBH" OCB06o)K):{eHll OT QTEeTCTBeHHOCTI1 3a ,lI,Oll)'llJ;eHHoe Ha- pyweHlie 06S13aTeJJbcTBa. nOHSlTlfe Henpeo;:J;onllMoi1 ClfJIbL YKa3aHlle B ,lI,OrOBOpe KOHKpeTHblX 06crOJrrenbcTB. paCCMaTpHBaeMblX B Ka'leCTBe HenpeO.LIOJIllMOll ClfJIbl. APyrne npeJ:l)'CIIIOTpeHHble 3aKOHOM OCHOBaHHSI ,lI,JIJi nOJlHoro "JIH 'l8C11f'fHoro OCB060-A(.!I,eHHSI ,lI,On)f(HIiKa OT OTBeTCTBeH- HOCTI1. Pa.meJI IV. IIOCIIeTOproBbIe UfHOmeHHB TeMa 23. IIpueMKa TOsapoB no KOJDI'Iecmy H KalJecmy. cneprH3a KalJecma I. npoBepKa coxpaHHOCTH TOBapa IIpll nOJJY'IeHll" OT TpaHCJIop1.- HblX opraHll3aUHH. KOMMepqeCKHe 8KTbI, nOpSl):{OK llX COCTaBJIeHllJl, 06- >KWJOBaHHe OTKaJa B BbT,Ua'le alITa. YJJ:QCTOBepeHHe HecoxpaHHOCTH rpy3a npH nepeB03Ke aBTOM06HJ]bHbIM'Ip8HCnoproM. nop"LIOK npOBe):{eHHSI 3K- CJIepTH3bI JIJISI onpeneJIeHHSI npw-mH HecoxpaHHOCTH rpY3a II pa3Mepa ywep6a. B03HHKwero npll TpaHcnOpTHpoBKe. 2. Tpe6oBalUUl3aKoHa OTHOCllTeJIbHO nopSl,!J.Ka IIpneMKH TOBapOB B OTHOllleHHSlX no K)'TIJIe-npomDKC. HopMaTHBHbIe aKTbI. peryJlllPYfOw,He nop"LIOK npHeMKH TOBapoB no KOJ1lNeCTBY Ii KaLJeCTBY. OnpelIeneHlle B ,lI,OrDBopax nop)J;Ka H oc06eHHocreH nplieMKH OT,lI,eJIbHbIX BHJJ,OB TOBa- pOB. 3. nopSl):{OK COCTaBJIeHrui aKTOB 0 HelIOCTa'le II HeHa,nne)l(aIlIeM Ka- 'lecTBe TOBapoB. JWynfe ):\oK)'MeHTbI, COCTaBJUIeMble IIOK)'I13"JeIIeM B nOlI- TBepiK.lleHlle pe3ynbTaToB npHeMKH. J],oKYMeHTaJIbHOe OOpMJleHlle pe- 3ynbTaToB C.LIa'lll-npHeMKlf npH nepe;:J;a'le TOBapa npo):{aBuoM JIOKyrra- Te11IO. 4. 3KCnepTl13a Ka'leCTBa TOBapoB. )/LJpe)K):{eHllSl, ynpaBOMO'leHHble H8 npOBe.LIeHlle 3KCnepTlf3bL OfuKaJIoBaHlle pe3ynbTaToB 3KCnepllf]bI. nOpSl,!:¥JK H83HaQeHllSi H npOBelIeHIiH nOBTopHOii 3KcnepTH3bl. 5. Oco6eHHoCTlf nplleMKll HMnopTHblx II 3KcnOpTHblx TOBapoB H O<JIOpMlleHH" aKTOB 06 llX He.LIOCTa'le llJIH HeHaJlJle)l(all\eM K8'leCTBe. On- pe,QeJleHlle B KompaKTe Ha 3KcnopT TOBapa OJIT8HII3<llIIIU. ynpasOMO- 
346 KOMMejJ'JecKoe npaBO POCCHH ':IeHRD" npOBO.D;HTb npOBepKY KOJIHlfeCTBa II Ka':leCTBeHHoro cocromuUl TOBapa, a TaJOKe nop)J;Kao4JopMJIeHJUI npllCMHbIX nOK)'MelITOB. COCTaB- I1eHlle llHcneKWIoHHblX C'leTOB 0 npOBepKe I{ npH6bITHit l(cnOpTHblX rpY30B. TeM3 24. B038paT H nOBTopHOe Hcn0JIb30BaHlle TaphI I. nparoBOe perynHpoBaHlle B03BpaTa II IIOBTOpHOro llCOOJlb30B8- HWI Tapblll3-nO.D: TOBapOB. BlIJJ:bl, KOJIWieCTBO nO)J)1e)KaLl\e B0311paTY Tapbl. CpOKll B03BpaTa. YCTaHOBJJeUlle B .D,OrOBOpax nOpm:IKa II cpOKOB B03BpaTa Tapw. 2. Onpe.neneulle nop)J;Ka B03BpaTa 'fapM B CJIY'-!aID:: ompaBKH TOBa- pa n0JIY"l8TeJUlM, He COCTOSIWHM B lIorOBopHbIX OTHOllleHHJlX c nOCTaB- IIJ;HKOM. CepTH4>lfImrn: Ha B03l3paT T8pb1. 3. Bo3BpaT npbl-06oPY,ll,OBaHHJJ, cpe)J;cT8 naKeTl1pOBamUI II Cnel\lI- anbHblX nplicnoco6JleHI1H, nony'leHHblX OT "IpaHcnOpTHblX II llHblX opra- Hll3al\lIH .D,JHI oGecneqeHWI. coxpaHHocTll TOBapa "I'" nepeBo3Ke. 4. OrnererneHHOCTb 38 HeCBOeBpeMeHHbIH B03BpaTTapbl ll3-no)], TO- Bapa, Tapbl-06oPYAOB8H1ffi, Cpe,!lCTB naKeTHpOBaHllJl II cneWUlJlbHblX nplicnoco6JleHHH .D,JHI nepeB03KH. TeMa 25. IIpereH31D1 H peKJIaMaIJ;HH I. 3aKOHo.naTeJIbCTBO 0 npereH3HOHHOM nOpJl)J;Ke yperynllpoB8HlUI cnopoB. BlUIfOLIeHlle B AorOBOp YCJ10BHJI 0 npe-reH3HOHHOM yperynllpo- BaHllH cnopoB. 2. nOpJl)J;OK II CpOKH npe.D:b5lBJJeHll nperemnij lpeKJIaM8UHH) B TOp- rOBblX OTHOIlIeHHJlX. CHHe npeTeH3l1ll. ):{OK)'MeHTarIbHOe o50cHo- BaHHe npe-reH3HOHHoro Tpe60BaHHJI. nOp)J;OK II CpOKH Aa<Ill OTBe-ra Ha npe-reH3HIO. CornaweHlle 0 6eccnopHoM cnHC3Hlfll cyMM nO npll3HaH- HbJM npereH3W1M. 3. Oco6eHHOCTH npe)J;'bJlBJIeHlliI nperemJlH, BbITeKaIOIllHX ll3 nepe- B03Kll rpY30B. Bll.L\bl TpaHcnop1'Hl>IX opraHll3aUH". KOTOpblM MOryr 3a- JlBIDlTbCJI npereH3ll" no nOBony yrpaTbI, He.nOCTa<Ill ruIll nOp<Ill rpY3a. ):{oKYMel-ITbl, 06OCHoBbiBaKlUUie npeTeH3HlO. nop5lll0K II cpOKH npe.n;'bJlB- neHHJI H paCCMOTpeHIffi npereH3"". BbITeK8lOIllHX ll3 nepeB03K" rpy30B. 4. Onpe;:J;eJIeHlle BO BHelliHeToprOBblx KompaKT8X nOpJl)J;Ka II cpo- KOB npe)J;'bJlBJIeHl.lJi H paccMo"I'pf:HlUI npereH31IH. YcnoBlUI 0 BblCbUlKe peKJ1aMaUHOHHbIX aKTOB 0 He.nOCTa<Ie rum HemUJ,ne:JKallIeM KaqeCTBe llMnOpTHOro TOBapa. 
3. PeIIoMeJf.!I)'CMUC TeMbl K}IJJCOBIdX H lIHnnOMHblX paOOT 347 TeMa 26. fOCY,QapcTBeHHbIH KOHTpoJIb 33 co6.moJJ.eHHeM 1Ip3BH.II roproBoil J],eHTeJIbHOCTH I. rOCYAapCTBeHHoe perynHpOlmllleroproBOM AemeJlbHOC"IH. [1pHH- LlHnbl, nopJJ;OK II npeJJ;eJlbl BMeW8TeJlbCTBa KOHTponllpyIOllI}IX opraHOB B AeJITeJIbHOCTb y48CTHllKOB roproBOro 06opoTa. 2. MllHllcTepcTBo 3KOHOMH'IeCKoro pa3B1ITHH II ToprOBJIll P!.t>, ero reppHTopnaJIbHble opraHbL MeToJJ;H'leCKHe II KOmpOJIbHWe $YHKUllH MllH3KoHOMpa3B1ITHH P!.t> II ero TeppllTOpllaJIbHblX opraHOB. 3. OpraHw rOCHHcneKLlHH no ToprOBJIe, Ka'leCTBY TOBapOB II 3all{lI- Te npaB nmpe61'ITeJleH. <!I}'HKUJIH rOCl.{HCneKUJIH, ee reppJITOpHaJlbHblX ynpaB.lleHMii no KOHTpomo 3a ,lI,ewreJIbHOCTbIO Y'l.aCTHHKOB ToproBoro o6opOTa 4. AJ:lMIDHfCTp8TIIBHIDI OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb opraHll3aUHH II JlOJIJKHOC- THbIX JIHL( 3a H8pyweHlle 06$13aTeJlbHbiX npaBHJI B c4Jepc ToproBoro 060- pOTa. OpraHbl, ynpaBOMO'leHHble npltMeHTb Mepbl 8l!MllHItCTpaTHBHOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTll. nopMOK II cpOKH npllMeHeHrui YKa3aHHblX Mep OT- BeTCTBeHHOCTH. 5. 3awHTa opraHlf.Jal.U1i1 Ii npennpmrn:M8TeJle OT HenpaBoMepHblX ,lI,ei1CTBHH KOHTponllpYlOlJ..lI{X opraHoB. 3. PeKOMel\llYeMbIe TeMbI KY)ICOBbIX H I\IIIUIOMHbIX pa60r I. OcHOBaHll$l Q"rpacneBoro 060c06neHllH KOMMep'leCKoro npaBa. 2. TOproBoe II rp8)I\L{8HCKDe JaKOHO.QaTe1IbCTBO; coornoWeHlte II B3a- llMOB)UI$lHlle. 3. ToproBoe 38KOHOnaTeJIbCTBO POCCHlt Ii JlpynfX crpaH, llCTOpIDI pa:reJITH$I (cp8lU-IIITeJIbm.re llCCJIelIOBaHllJl). 4. HCHOpM8TllBHbIC npaBoBhlc cpencTBa: nOH$lTHC, BH)lbI. 5. 06bl'l8t! ToproBoro 060POTa, llX $llKCHpoB8Hlle H npllMeHeHHe. 6. 3auuna npaB nOTpe6meJIei1 B ToproBoM o6opOTe. 7. npHffilHnbl eBponei1cKoro JlOrOBopHoro npaBa. 8.[1pI1Hl.U1IlhlMKOMMq)qecKlIXJlOroBOpoB YHJ1,[{PYA. 9. l1HKOTEPMC 2000: OCHOBHble nOJIOJKeHrui. 10. npeJJ;MeT II MeTOl! perymlpoBaHlUI KOMMep'IeCKOrU npaBa II. BI1)J.hI OpraHH38I.IIrn - Y'IacTHlIKOB ToproBoro 06opOTa. 
348 KOMMejJ'JecKoe npaBO POCCHH 12. OCHOBaHll Bbmopa opraHJ.{3aLllloHHo-npaBoBo 4JopMbl TOpm- BOH Opl1Uill'3alU1li 13. KOHTpaKTHble o61.e.IJ:HHeHJ.UI B ToproBJIe. 14. Y'lacrue HeKoMMep4eCKI1X opraHinauliH B roproBoM 060pOTe. IS. ToproBo-npOMblllLJJeHHble narran!: npaBQBOe nOJIOJKeHlle, rpYH- KlIIUL 16. YIJaCHle ""OCTpaHHblX IIllU B ToprOBOM 060pOTe. 17. YqaCTHe opraHoB llCnOJIHllTeJIbHOH BJI8CTll II MecTHOro CaMO- ynpaBJIeHIUI B pa3BIITHll roproBblx cBjl3e. 18. Cy6DeKTbI-oprtllilBaropbl TOproBOro 06opoTa: omOBble npo""o- BonhCTBeHHble pblHKll, TOBapHhle 6Hp"AClI, omOEbie SlpMaPKH II AV. 19. TOBapHhIH 3HaK, 3HaK 06c.n)nKHBaHIDI., HallMCHOBaJille Mecra "PO- llCXO)]{Jl;eHlliI TOBapa. 20. npaBoBble npo6neMbI pa3B1fi1tjj TOliapHoro pblHKa. 21. I1H<ppaCTJJYKTYPa TOBapHOro pblHKa: nOJffiTHe, coLlep»mHHe (npa- BOBbie aCneKTbl). 22. nomlnle TOBapa, KJI8CCll<pllKalllUl BH.LlOB TOBapOl. 23. TOBapopacnopSl.lIJITeJIbHhle .D;OI<YMeHTbI. 24. npaBoBoe perymfpoBaHlle KOHK}'peHl_IJHI H8 TOBapHblX pblHKax. 25. .AeJIOIm penyrauwSl KOMMep'leCKOH opraHll3awm: rpOpMHpoBa- HHe,38I.1J,IfTa. 26. 06ccnCI.JCHHe KOMMep'leCKOH TaHHbI B ToproBoM 06C{JOTe. 27. K1IacclflfKalllUl. ,lI,OrOBOpOB roproBoro npaBa. 28. AoroBoI'bl onTOBOH KynJIlf-nI'OJ1a)K1{ I{ nOCTaBKlI: CI'aBHllTenb- HblHaHaJllf3. 29. Cnoc06bI3aKJIIO'IeHHJ( J10roBopoB B ToprOBOM o6opOTe. 30. 3JIeKIpoHHaH LlI1«AX)BlliI nO.L\nllCb. 31. 3aKJIIOQeHlfe II llcnOJlHeHlle ):JorOBopOB c llcnOJIb30BaHI{eM :meK- Tp0HHblX cpc.n:CTB (,meKTpoHHWI TOprOBJVI). 32. AOJIroCI'O'lHbJe J10J'OBopbl: oco6eHHOCTIf 3aKJIIO'leHI{J( I{ unpe):Je- J1eHHe CO.L\ep>KaHIUI.. 33. OpraHllJaUlfOHHble ,lI,orOBopbl B KOMMepQeCKOH cq,epe. 34. PeryJJlfpOBaHlle 38K)'nOK TOBaI'OB ,1I,JUI rOCYlIaI'CTBeHHblX H)')I<.lL. 35. OpraHlfJaLlIHI MnlOHaJJbHblX roprOBbix CB3eit (npaBooble aCneKTbl). 36. CrpYKTYPa ,lI,OrOBOI'HbIX cBH3ei1 B ToprOBJIe. 37. PeryJUlpoBaHl{e nepexo,ll,8 npaBa co6cweHHOCTH II pHCKOB B TOp- rOBbIX ):JorOBopax. 38. Hcnonb30BaHl{e ):JoroBopa ,1I,JUI Y,lI,OBJIeTBopeHIDI accopTIiMeHT- HblX JaIIpOCOB nOi<yT1an:Jleii. 
3. PeIIoMeI-fJI)'CMUC TeMbl K}IJJCOBIdX II lIHnnOMHblX paOOT 349 39. npaBOBbie aCneKTbl YJ1YLJlIIeHWlKaLJeCTBa TOBapa. 40. Cepnl(lmKalllUl. TOBapcm: l..{eJ1ll, nOpM,LIOK npoHlUI. Ii ):loK)'MeH- TaJlbHOe ol}JopMJIeHlle 41. YcnOBlul 0 cpOKax B ToprOBblx ,lI,orOBopax. 42. MapKHpOBK8 TOBapoB, MapKHpoBKa Tapbl. 43. Cnoco6bl onpe):\eJIeHlHl l..{eHbl npOJlaBaeMoro TOBapa. 44. Onpe;:J;eJIeHlle B .n;oroBopax tlJOPMbI II nOpM):\Ka pacqeroB. 45. Oco6eHHocTlI paC'leTOB BO BHelllHeToproBbTX OTHOllJeHllMX. 46. ,lJ,oroBop MeHbI (6apTepa) B ToprOBOM 060pOTe. 47. ,lJ,oroBop KOMMepqeCKOH KOMIICCllll (KOHCllT1-I81lfll). 48. ,lJ,oroBop H8 npOBe.n;eHlle MapKeTlIHrOBblX llCCJ1eJlOBaHllH. 49. ,lJ,oroBop Ha npe.u.OCT8BJ1eHlIe KOMMepLJeCKOH llHl}JopMaulIlI. 50. ,lJ,oroBop Ha OKa3aHlle peKJ1aMHbIX YCJTYf 51. KOMMcpLJeCKOe npeACTaBllTeJIbCTBO. 52. AreHTCKlIe .n;Or0Bopbl B TOprOBOM 060pOTe. 53. J],Hcrpll6bIOTOpCKHH .n;Or0BOp. 54. ,lJ,oroBop Ha (1CKJ1lOLJllTeJ1bH)'lO npo.u.a)f()' TOBapa. 55. ,lJ,oroBop tlJpaH<ffiitmHra «{I\OMMepqecl(Q KOHLlecclllm). 56.1.1empa.rrH30BaHHM .n;OCTaBKa TOBapOB aBTorpaHcnopToM. 57. npaBOEIble Cnoco6bl o6eCneqeHIUI. COXpaHHOCTI1 TOBapa npll ne- peB03Ke. 58. XpaHeHlle (OTBeTCIBeHHoe XpaHeHlle) TOBapoB. 59. ,lJ,oroBop CTpaxoBaHlliI. coxpaHHOCTI1 TOBapoB. 60. ,lJ,oroBop CTp8XOB8HllM KOMMep'leCKI1X pllCKOB. 61. Oco6eHHOCTl1 o6eCneqeHIUI. llCnOJ1HeHlliI. TOprDBbLX ,lI,OroBopoB. 62. ,lJ,oroBop TpaHCnOpTHOH 3KcneJlI1L\lfIl. 63. npHMeHeHlle Mep OnepaTI1BHOrO 8CYJJI,eiicTBIUI. B TOproBblX OT- HOllIeHIISiX. 64. Cnoc06bl 06eCneLJeHWI llcnonHeHliM ToprOBblx 06sl3arem,cTB. 65. Orrerc-meHHOCTb 3a HapYllIeHIISi 063aTeJ1bCTB B ToproBJ1e. 66. OCHOBaHllM II ycnOBlfjj npllMeHeHIISi Mep OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIt. 67. YCJ10B(1S1 .D:OrOBOpOB 06 orpaH(1LJeHll(1 (1 llCKJ1lO'IeHl1ll OTBeT- CTBeHHOCTlI. 68. OpraHll3al..{W! pOO0TbI no B03MemeH(11O y6bITKOB. 69. npllcnoco6J1eHlle .D:orOBopa K IUMeHeHllM YCJIOBllH ,lI,e.llTeJ1bHO- CTH. 70. OCHoBaHHSI (1 nop.u.OK 113MeHeHHSI II ,lI,OCpOLJHOrO paCTop)KeHWI .n;oroBopoB. 71. npHeMKa TOBapoB no KOJ1llLJeCTBY II KaLJeCTBY. 
350 KOMMejJ'JecKoe npaBO POCCHH 72. nOpMOK nplleMKI1 llMnOpTHblX TOBapoB 73. Perym-qX)BaHlle :)Kcnepn-l3bJ KaqeCTBa II MeCTa npOllCXO)]{Jl;eHJUI TOBapa. 74. np06J1eMbI npllMeHemUI llHOClpaHHoro 3aKOHa II KOJ1]llI'JIIOHHbIX HOpM BO BHeUIHeTOprOBblx OTHOrneH}tl!X 75. rOCY.napcTEeHHoe perymlpOBaHlie 3KCnopm II IIMIlOpT3 TOBapOEl, Mepbl perynllpoBaHlUI 76. TaMffiKeHHoe OOpMJ1eHlle BB03a II BblBOJa TOBapOB. 77. AU.lluIHliCTpaTHBillUI II yrOJIOBH3.!1 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Hapywe- HIf B c$epe TOproBJIH. 78.1OpllJ],lI4eCKIDI CII}')K6a KOMMep'leCKOii opraHll3aUHll. 
OfJIaBJIeHHe YKil3aTenb COKpallleHHM. .... 7 BBe,ll,eHHe .. 13 r na B a I. IIpellMeTH CHCTeM3 rypca KOMMep'IecKoro npaBa .. . 17 L IIoIDITHe KOMI'lIepUHH H KOMMep'leCKoro npaBa . .. 17 2. KOMMep'lttKOe npaBo KaK HaYKB H KaK )"ie6HM.]J.IICI.UillJIJ1H8. .. 19 3. IIpel1MeT peryIlHpoBaHH KOMMepqeomro npaBa .' . .. .. . " 22 4. COlHe rypca KOlIIMcp'leCKoro npaBa . .. 25 5. CooTHoweHHe co CMCJKHblMH IOpIIJlII'ICCKllllDI HHHblMlillHCllImmmaMH . ......... ..26 JImepmypa . .. 29 r naB a 2. 3aK0H0J\are.m,Hoe peryJlHp08aHHe TOproooH lIeTe!lbHOCTH ... 30 1. HCTOpWi pa3BKI1VI TOproBoro npaBa . .. 30 2. COBpeMeHHble TeH,1leHWtIl pB3BHTlliI ToproBOro npaBa . . . . . .. 32 3. IIp:6neArn1O'aJIH3I11a'laCTHOrOnpaB3 ...................... ..38 4. CUHOBJIetille ToproBoro npaBa B POCCliH . .. 40 5. XapmaepllCTItK8 COBper.teHHoro roptOBOrO 3BKOHOllaTeJJ.bCTBa POCCHH.............................................. .. 42 6. 3a..u.a'lH KODIlcj:MKauHH pocclliiCKOro TGprOBOJ\) 3aKOH0,llill'CJThClB3 . ..46 JIHTepa1)'pB ................... ......... ..51 r naB a 3. Cy6LeKn.I KOMMep«<=CKOH JleHrellbHOCTIf . .. 52 L IIOHJ'lTHe )"UICTHHKOB ToproBoHlIeTe!lbHOCTH .. 52 2. BHllbl cy6beKroB KOMMep'!ecKoro npaaa . . . . . .. 54 3. OpraHH3aTopblTOBapHoropbIHKa .. ............ .......57 4. OmOBble TOproBbie H nOCpel1HH'IecKHe opraHH3aUHH ............ 61 5.0CHOBIDllIJIBhJ6opaBI1.QOBOpraHI0BQHif ...................... 65 JIHTeparypa ........................ ..69 r naB a 4. 06'bCKTbI TOproBOro npaBa . .. 70 L IIoilliTHeo61,eKTOBTOprDBOronpaBa ......................... 70 
10 0m>mneH., 2. BH)lb1 06beKTOB ToproBOro npaBa . 3. KJJaCCH$JKallWI TOBapoB ....... 4. IIpaBOBOH pcA<l1ll1 TOBapoB . S. Cn0c06bl o60co6.rreHH TOBapoB . JIHTeparypa ................... ............... f naB a 5. fJ>opMllpOBaJlHe crpyKrypbl Ii HHlPpaCTpYKTYPbl TOBapHoropblHKa ...... .............. ..72 .... ..77 ....... 79 .......83 ..8S .. 86 I. IIOHJ'lTHeTOBaplloro pblHKa Ii erocrpy""fYPbI . .. 86 2. llyn'! pa3BlIDm CTpyKTypbl pblHKa .. 88 3. OC06eHHOCTH pa3BHTH cy6beKroo - OpramnaropoB pblHKa .' .. 95 4. <I>opMHpoBaHHe HHtj>pacrpyKTypbl pWHKa . . 100  . 1m r naB a 6. KOHKYPcHUnH B KOMMcp'lCCKOH lIeHCnbHOCTH . .. 103 1. IIOHJ'lTHe Ii COUHanbHO-)"-oJ-IOIllH'leCIGUI ponb KOHK}'PCHUIDI . 103 2. Crroco6bl C03;:J;aHIi KOHK)'peHTHOH Cpellbl ..' 105 3.3aulirraKOHK)'peHuHn ........................ ..... 110 1IKrepmypa . 113 r na Ba 7. J],OroBOPbl, perymtpylOllllleroproBMii 06OPOT . 114 I.Cyu\HocTblloroBopa .......... .... ......... 2. OrnH'IHTeJlbHWe 'Iepn.i KOMMep'lecKIU 1l0roBOpOB 3. K.rTacCJ$1KaUH KOMMep'lecKJl',: llOrooopoB .' .... 4.CocralIm.reoG3aTeJlbCTBa . J],nepmypa . f naB a 8. 3aK!lKNeHlIe, H3MeHCHHe H pacrop)](eHHe TOprOBblXlIoroBOpOB ............................... I. npaBOBoe peryJlHpoBaHHe 3BK!lI01.JeHH J],{JroBopoB . 2. Cnoco6w J3KJ1I01.JeHHH TOpfOWX 1I0£Uoopoo ...... 3. JaK!l101.JeHlie lIoroBOpoB B cem IIHrepHeT . 4. HJMeHeHHe H pacTop)](eHHe i1:O£Uoopoo ..... 1IKrepmypa ......................... fllaBa 9. JJ,OroBOpblHapea.n(13allIIIOTOBapoB ......... .. 114 . 117 . 119 .. 121 __..... 124 .... 125 125 I30 I39 143 149 . ISO I. OmOBIDI TOpmBIIJI H o6ecneqeHIIe HlITepecoB noTpe6JrreJJeii: ..... ISO 2. .lJ,OroBOp orrroBOH Kyrrnn-npollIDKll .......................... IS3 3. Kynn-1IpO.IlIDK3 H nOCTaBKd . . 157 4.J],OroBOP KOHTfJBIffiIllIflIceJlbCKOXOHCTBeHHOH npoD:)'KlDlH ..... 162 
OmaJilleHHe II 5. nOCTaBKa )]JlJI rocy,ll3.pCTBeHHblX H)'JKIl . 164 JIHTepa1)'pa ......................... .167 fnaBa 10.CrpyKTYpa,ll,oroBopHblXcB3eif . .168 1.C')'U!HOCTbHBH)lbI,lI,oroBopHblxcB3eif . . 168 2. BblGOp CTpYKTYpbl peaJImaUHOHHbIX cmneii: 171 3. Oco6eHHOCTH OTlleJIbHblX BI1110B cB3eif . 174 JIHTepa1)'pa ............................. .177 rnaBa II.Bbipa6oTKaycnommmprowxlIoroBOpoB .. 178 1. nOPMOK OllpelleneHWI ycnoBH ,lI,oro&..1pOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178 2. npe;!,JIteT lIoroBopa, accopnlMeHT. CpOKH H nopllOK 01Tpy3KH " . 181 3. Onpel1eJleHHe Ka'leCTBa TOBapoB ...... . 192 4. YcnoBWI 0 ueHe H cnoco6e pacqemII . . 102 JImepa-rypa .............. .213 f na B a 12. noCpellHH'IeCKHellOroeopbI B ToproBJ1e . 214 L ToproBoe nocpellHH'IeCTBO H npe1lCTdBKreJIbC1OO . 214 2. nJ'ilB{)B{)e peryffifpoB3HHe nocpe;:I)-Ilf'JeCTBa H npellCTaBJfre1lbCTBa . . 216 3. JJ,OroBOp KOMMep'!ecKoif KOMHCCHH .............. . 218 4. KOllllllep<leCKOe nop)"leJlHe H areHTHpOB<IJU:le . . . 226 5. JJ,pyme BKD.bI nOCpe)I.HH'IttKUX ,lI,OroaopOB . . 233 JI.............. .235 fnaBa 13. JJ,Orooopbl. COlIeHcTBYlOlllue ToproBJIe . .236 I. BH)lb1 1I0roBOpOB, CO;:J;CMCTBYIOIllHX TOproBJIe . 2. J],orooopbI: H3 npoBe)J;eHlle MapKeTHHroBblX HCCJle)J;OBaHH 3. .lJ,OroBOpbl Ha pacnpocTpaHe1DIe peKJIaMbl" Ha nepellil'l)' Irni»opNaU HH . 4. JJ.orooopw "paHeHIDI TOBapoB. JJ,OroBOpbl CTpiIXOBaHIUI 5. JJ,OroBop KOMMep'!ecKoif 4JpaHWH3b1 6. JJ,oroBop "lp3HCnopniOO 3Kcne;:J;HUHH. . . JIHTeparypa ........................ " .236 .......237 .242 251 .257 .... .... ......262 .265 r II a B a 14. Pery1ll1pOB3Hlle nepeB030K rpy30B " .266 I. OrrpeJIeJTeHHeycnOBlrnnepeB03Kll .............. .266 2. CorJJaCOBallJ{e o61,eMoBIi opraHIfiaUIlli nepeB030K . . 268 3. JJ,orooop ncpcBOJKH tpy]OB . . 273 4. OrBeTCTBeHHOCTb "lpaHcnopTHblX opICllilDaUHH ................ 280 
EOpHC HBaHOBII'I nYfHHCKHM KOMMep.eCKOe npaBO POCClDl (((3epu.ano» JlHueH3HJ1 N2 004730 OT 29 MJPIa 2001 r. nO'UIHCaHO B nC'JaTl> 29 0&2008 l1IopMaT 60 X 90/16. ne<taTl> *eTHaH EyMara l*ertIdJI. rapHinypa {(Tartt«:». YCJI. ne'!. JI. 22,0. THpIDK 3000 31G. 3aKa3N2