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TOnJ1l1BO (HC$Tb, ra3, yrOJIb H T.,lJ..).
npOH3BeneHHbIH 3HeprOHOCHTeJ1b C)KaTbIH B03,lJ.YX, BO,l).KHOH nap
Pa3J1HqHbIX napaMeTpOB KOTeJ1bHbIX YCTaHOBOK H LlPyrnx naporeHepaTopOB; rop}\qaJl
BOLla; aeTHJ1CH; npol1)'KTbI ncpcpa60TKH OpraHHqeCKOrO TOll!IHBa H 6HOMaCCbI H T.n.
BTOpHqHLIe TOnJ1HBIIO-3Hepl.eTHqeCKlie pecypCLI. HaH60JIce qaCTO
BCTpe'IaIOTCJI BTOPHqHbIC T3P B BHLlC TeIDIa pa3J1WlHbIX napaMCTpOB H TOITJ1HBao
HanpHMCp, K B3P B Bn.ne TenJIa OTHOCJIT HarpeTblC OTXO,l).KHe ra3bI TCXH0J10rH'ICCKHX
arpcraTOB; ra3bI B )KHLlKOCrn CHCTCM OXJIa)K.!(CHHJI; OTpa6OTaHHbIH BO,l).KHOH nap;
C6pOCHbIC BO,l).bI; BCHTHJ1JIUHOHHble BbI6poCbI, TCITJ10 KOTOpblX MO>KeT 6bITb nOJlC3HO
HCnOJlb30BaHO. K B3P B Bn.ne TOITJ1HBa OTHOC}\T, HanpHMep, TBep,lJ.bIC OTXO.nbI, )KlI.!(KHC
C6POCbI H ra3006pa3HbIC BbI6poCbI Hc$Tencpcpa6aTbIBalOeH, He$Te,lJ.o6bIBaIOCH,
XHMWleCKOH, eJ1JIIOJI03Ho-6YMa)KHoii:, LlCpeBo06pa6aTblBalOLQcii: 1I lJ;pyrHX OTpaCJICH
npoMbIWJlCHHOCTH, B 'iaCTHOCTH, .nOMeHHbIH ra3, lJ;peBCCHYIO llbL1Ib, 6HOIIIJ1aMbI,
rOpOlJ;CKOH MYCOP H T.n.
IIoJ1e3HaH 3HeprHH. npHMCpbI OnpeLlCJleHIfSI TepMHHa:
a) B OCBCUCHHH - no CBCTOBOMY nOTOKY JlaMn;
6) B ClIJ10BbIX npoeccax:
· lJ;.illI ,lJ.BlIraTeJ1bHbIX npOL\CCCOB - no pa60'IcMY MOMeHTY Ha BaJlY LlBHraTCJIJI;
· LlJ1JI npOL\CCCOB npliMoro B03,lJ.Cii:CTBlI}\ - no pacxOl1Y "HeprH", Hc06xo.L\HMoMY
B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeOpeTHqeCKHM pac'IeToM LlJ1JI 3a.naHHbIX YCJ10BHH;
B) B 3J1CKTpOXHMHqCCKHX H 3J1eKTpo$03HqCCKHX npocccax - no pacxo,lJ.Y 3HcprHH,
Ifc06xoHMOMY B COOTBeTCTBHH C TCOpeTHqCCKHM paCqCTOM, MJI 3a.naHHbIX
YCJlOBHH;
r) B TCpMHqeCKHX npocccax - no TeOpeTHqCCKOMY pacxo,ny 3HcprHH Ha HarpeB,
nJIaBKY, HcnapCHHC MaTepHaJ1a H npOBC,lJ.eHHe 3HL10TepMlIqCCKHX peaKHH;
11) B OTOITJ1CHHH, BeHTHJ1JIHH, KOHLIHHOHHpOBaHHH, rOp}\qCM BO,lJ.OCHa6)KCHHH,
X0J10,lJ.ocHa6)KCHHH - no KOJ1HqCCTBY TenJIa, nOJ1yqcHHOMY n0J1b30BaTeJ1}\MH;
C) B CHCTCMax npe06p330BaHlIJI, xpaHCHlI}\, TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHK TOllJIHBHO-
:mcpreTHqCCKHX pCCypCOB - no KOJ1HqCCTBY pCCypCOB, nOJ1yqacMblx 03 3THX
CHCTCM.
B0306IIOBJ1S1eMLIe TOnJIHBIIO-3HepreTH'leCKHe pecypCLI - OCHOBaHbI Ha
HCIIOJl\,.mB<IHHH B0306HOBJI}\eMbIX HCTOqHHKOB 3HcprHH: COJlHCqHOrO H3J1yqCHHJI,
'JIICpnHI MCTpa, pCK, MOpCH H OKcaHOB, BHYTpCHHcro TCnJ1a 3eMJlH, BO,lJ.bI,
Il(lolJlyxa; .JIICPI'HH eCTCCTBCHHoro l1BlI)KCHHJI BO,lJ.HbIX nOTOKOB 1I CYLQCCTBYIOlIX
1\ IIplIPOJIC '.pa)IHeHTOB TCMncpaTyp; 3HcprHH OT lICn0J1b30BaHHJI BCCX BH,lJ.OB
UIIOM<ICChl. IIOJ1yqaCMOH B Ka'ICCTBe OTXOLIOB paCTCHHeBO,lJ.CTBa 1I
)l{HHlHIIOIlOJIC mOl. HCKYCCTBCHHbIX J1eCOHaCa)K.nCHHH Ii BO.nOpOCJ1cii:; 3HeprHH 01'
YTHJ1HlaUHH OTXO.nOB npOMbIlIIJ1CHHOrO np01l3Bo.nCTBa, TBCp,lJ.bIX 6bITOBbIX
OTXO,lJ.OB H ocaLlKOB CTOqHbIX BO,lJ.; 3HcprHH 01' npJlMOrO C)KHraHmI paCTHTeJIbHOH
6HOMaCCbI, TepMlI'ICCKOH nepcpa60TKH OTXO,lJ.OB JICCHOH H
,lJ.cpcBo06pa6aTbIBalOIIICH npOMbIIIlJ1CHHOCTH (Ha OCHOBC 3aKOHa P<D «06
3Hcproc6cpc)KCHHH» ).
PaltHOHaJIbHOe HCn0J1b30BaHlie T3P.
lICnOJIb30BaHHC T3P" }\BJIJleTC}\ 60Jlce 06HM
«3KOHOMH'lHOC paCX0110BaHHC T3P» H BKJ1lOqaeT:
. Bb160p OnTHMaJIbHOH CTPYKTYPbI :'JHCprOHOCHTCJ1eH, T.e. OIITHMaJIbHoro
KO.OIHqCCTBeHHoro COOTHOllIeHH}\ pa3J1HqHbIX HCn0J1b3yeMbIx BHLlOB
1HeproHOCHTeJleH B YCTaHoBKc, Ha yqacTKe, B uexe Ha npe,lJ.npH}\THH. B perHoHe,
oTpacrIH, X03}\HCTBC, B 3aBHCHMocrn 01' paccMaTpHBacMoro ypOBHJI
1Hcpro6a1laHCa;
. KOMnJIeKCHOe HCnOJIb30BaHlie TOllJ1HBa, B TOM qHCJlC OTXOLIOB TonJIHBa B KaqeCTBC
CbIPb}\ LlJ1S1 npOMbIIIlJICHHOCTH (HanpHMep, HCn0J1b30BaHHC 30JIbI H lIIJ1aKOB B
CTpOHTeJ1bCTBe);
. KOMllJICKCHOC HCn0J1b30BaHHC rn.npopccypCOB pCK H BO)lOCMOB;
. yqeT B03MO)KHOCTH HCnOJIb30BaHlI}\ OpraHHQCCKOro TOITJ1UBa (HanpliMCp, Hc$nI)
B KaQeCTBC UCHHoro CbIPb}\ M}\ npOMbIIIlJ1CHHOCTH;
. KOMITJ1CKCHOC HCCJIC,lJ.OBaHHC 3KcnopTHO-HMnopTHbIX B03MO)KHOCTCH H ,lJ.pyrHX
CTpYKTYPHblX onTHMH3aLIHH.
3KOHOMHH T3P. BCJIHqHHY 3KOHOMHH onpC,lJ.CJ1JIIOT qCpe3 cpaBHHTeJIbHOC
COKpaIl{CHHC paCXO,lJ.a, a HC nOTpC6J1CHH}! T3P. nOH}\THC «nOTpc6J1eHHC» npH
nepeXO,lJ.c 01' OT,lJ.CJIbHOro 3JICMCHTa K YCTaHOBKe, TcxnpOL\eccy, LICXY, npc,nnpllJlTlilO
TCP}\CT onpc,lJ.CJIeHHOCTb H $H3HqCCKHH CMbICJI, n03ToMY B npHH}\TOH
TCpMlIH0J10rHqeCKOH CHCTCMC HCn0J1b30BaHO CJIOBO «pacxoLl»,
KoppccnOHLIllpYIOLQCCC}\ C paCXOlJ;HOH qaCTblO TOnJ1HBHO-3HCpreTHqCCKOrO 6a1laHCa
KOHKpeTHbIMH 3HcpronoTpc6JIJ1lOLQHMlI 06"bCKTaMli (03,lJ.CJ1H}\MH, npoucccaMH,
pa60TaMH H YCJIyraMH).
3TaJIOHHbIe 3Ha'ICHHK paCXO,lJ.a T3P YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCJI B
TCXHHqCCKHX, TCXHOJIOrnqCCKHX, MCTOLlHqCCKHX ,lJ.OK}'McHTax H
ynOJ1HOMOqCHHbIM opraHOM npHMeHHTCJ1bHO K npOBCp}\eMblM
PC3YJIbTaTaM ,lJ.CJlTCJIbHOCTH.
3Hepl.oc6epeiKeHHe. HHTCpCCbl pCaJIH3aHH n0J10)KCHHH <1>c,ncpaJlbHOrO
3aKOHa P<1> «06 3Hcproc6cpc)KeHHlI» TpC6YIOT paCKpbITHK cro npaBOBbIX HOpM
CnCL\Ha1lHCTaM TCXHHqCCKOrO npo$lIJI}\ C yqCTOM BXOiKl1CHH}! B MC)K.!(YHapo.nHoc
nOH}\THC «TCXHHqCCKOC none» B 06JIacTH 3HCpreTHKH H 3Hcproc6cpc)KCHHSI
(cM.TepMHHbI «PauHOHaJIbHOC HCnOJIb30BaHHC T3P», «3KOHOMlI}\ T3P» H
((3KOHOMHoe paCX0110BaHHC T3P».
TonJ1HBHo-3HepreTH'lecKHH 6aJJaHC. TepMHH BbIpa)KaeT nOJlHOC
KOJ1l1qCCTBCHHOC COOTBCTCTBHC (paBcHCTBo) 3a onpCl1eJICHHbIH HHTCpBaJI BpCMCHH
MCX<.nY paCxO,lJ.OM H npHXO,lJ.OM 3HcprHH H TOITJ1l1Ba Bcex Bn.nOB B 3HCpreTHqCCKOM
X03KHCTBC, BKJ1lOqaK (r,lJ.C 31'0 HC06XOlJ;HMO) H3MCHCHHC 3anaCOB T3P.
T0ITJ1HBHD-3HepreTHqCCKHH 6a1laHC }\BJIJleTC}\ CTaTlIqCCKOH xapaKTCpHCTliKOH
,lJ.HHaMHqCCKOH CHCTCMbI 3HCpreTH'lCCKOrO X03S1HCTBa 3a OnpCLlCJICHHbIH HHTCpBaJI
BpCMCHli.
f1pll COCTaBJICHHH TOnJ1HBHO-3HepreTHqCCKOrO 6aJIaHCa Pa3JIHqHbIC Bn.nbI TIP
npliBOLl}\T J( OLIHOMY KOJ1HqCCTBCHHOMY 1I3MCpCHlilO. f1poC,lJ.ypa npHBC,lJ.CHHK K
ClJ;HH006pa3HIO MO)Ke1' npOH3BO,lJ.HTbC}\:
[lomlTl1C «PaL\HOHaJIbHOC
no cpaBHeHI110 C nOH}\THeM
HopMaTHBHbIX,
YTBCp)K.!(aIOTC}\
YCJIOBHKM 1I
10
11
,,",,"

. ,
· no <pH3HqeCKOMY 3KBHBaJICHTY 3HcpmH, 3aKJIlOqCHHOH B T3P, T.e. B
COOTBCTCTBHH C nepBbIM 3aKOHOM repMo.nHHaMHKI1;
· no OTHOCHTCJ1bHOH pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH (3KC3pruH), LC. B COOTBCTCTBliH co
BTOpbIM 3aKOHOM TCpMO,lJ,lIHaMHKH;
· no KOnHqeCTBY nonC3HOH 3HeprHH, KOTOpajj MO)KCT 6bITb n0J1yqeH3 H3
YKa3aHHbIX T3P B TCOpCTHqeCKOM ITJ1aHe .nJIK 3a.naHHbIX YCJIOBI1H.
IIoTepH JHepr'HH. nOTCpH 3HcprHH MO)KHO KJIaCCH<plIUHpOB3Tb CJ1e.nYIOLQI1M
06pa30M:
a) no 06J1aCTli B03HHKHOBCHH}\: npH Ll06bIqC, xpaHCHHH, TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHH,
ncpepa6vfKe,npc06paJoBaHHH,HCn0J1b30BaHHH,YTHJ1113aL\llH;
6) no $03HqCCKOMY npH3HaKY H xapaKTcpy:
· nOTcpH TCIlJIa B OKpaIOLQYIO cpc,z:J.Y C YXOLl}\LQlIMH ra3aMH, TCXH0J10rHqCCKOH
npoLlYKLIHCH, TCXHOJIOrHqeCKHMH OTXO,z:J.aMH, YHocaMH MaTCpllaJIOB,
XHMHqCCKHM H $H3HqCCKHM He.nO)KOrOM, OXJ1a)K,lJ,aIOLQCH BO,z:J.OH H T.n.;
· nOTcpH 3J1CKTp03HCpmH B TpaHc$opMaTopax, LlPOCCCJIJlX, TOKonpoBo,z:J.ax,
3J1cKTpo,z:J.ax, J1HHlIJlX 3J1CKTpOncpc,z:J.aq, 3HcproycTaHoBKax 11 T.n.;
· nOTepH C YTc'IKaMH QCpe3 HenJ10THOCTH;
· m.npaBJIlIqeCKHC - nOTepH Hanopa npll ,lJ,pOCCCJ1l1pOBaHlIH, nOTcpH Ha TpcHHe
npH ,l).BH)KCHHH )Ku.nKOCTH (napa, raJa) no Tpy6onpoBo,z:J.aM C yqCToM MCCTHblX
COnpOTlIBJICHHH nOCJ1C,z:J.HHX;
· MCXaHlIQCCKHC - nOTcpH Ha TpCHHC nO,z:J.BH)KHbIX 'IaCTCH MaWHH H
MexaHH3MOB;
B) no npHqHHaM B03HlIKHOBCHlI}\:
· KOHCTpYKTHBHblX HCL\OCTaTKOB;
· He OnTHMaJIbHO BbI6paHHoro TeXH0J10rHqCCKOrO pe)KHMa pa60TbI;
· HCnpaBHJ1bHOH 3KcnnyaTaL\HH arpcraTOB;
· 6paKa npO,z:J.YKL\lIH H ,lJ,pyrHM npHqHHaM.
3HepmeMKOCTb npOH3BOD.CTBa npon.YKltHH. npaKTHqeCKH npH
npOH3BO,z:J.CTBC J11060ro BI1,z:J.a npO,z:J.YKHH pacXO.nYIOTC}\ T3P. H .nJIJI Ka)K.!(oro H3
BlI.nOB npO,z:J.YKL\HH CyruCCTBYeT COOTBCTCTBYIOLQa}\ 3HcprOCMKOCTb TCXHOJ1oruqeCKliX
npOL\CCCOB HX npOH3BO,z:J.CTBa. Ilpll 3TOM 3HeprOCMKOCTb TeXHOnOrnqCCKHX
npOUCCCOB npoI13BO,z:J.CTBa OLlHHX H TeX )KC Bu.nOB I13,z:J.eJ1HH, BbIllYCKaCMbIX
Pa3J1HqHbIMH npC,z:J.npHKTH}\MH, MO>KeT 6bITb pa3J1H'IHa.
IIoKa3aTeJ1L JKOHOMHqHOCTH JHepronoTpe6J1eHlIH H3n.eJ1HH. nOKa3aTCJ1H
3KOHOMH'IHOCTI1 3HepronoTpc6JICHHK HHLlHBn.nyaJIbHbI LlJ1}\ Pa3J1HqHbIX BHL\OB
H3L1CJ1HH. OHH xapaKTCpH3YIOT COBcplIleHCTBO KOHCTpYKHH ,z:J.aHHDrO Bn.na H3,z:J.CJ1H}\
H KaqeCTBO cro H3rOTOBJICHHK.
B KaqCCTBe nOKa3aTcnCH 3KOHOMHqHOCTli 3HepronoTpc6J1CHH}\, KaK npaBHJIO,
CJIC,z:J.YCT BbI611paTb y,z:J.CJIbHMC nOKa3aTCJ1H.
1.2. HopManmHaH H npaBoBaH 6a3a pecypco- " JHepmc6epc)KetlHH
3$$CKTHBHOCTb pa60'r no pccypco- H JHeproc6epc)KCHHIO B J1l060H CTpalJC
3aBHCHT OT HaJIHqI1}\ HopMaTHBHoH H npaBoBoH 6a3bl. B P<1> TaKaJl 633a C03)1aHR.
BbIllyrueHo p}\L\ 3aKOHOB, 60JIbllIOC qllCJIO fOCToB H HopMaTHBHbIX MaTcpHanoB.
OCHOBHbIC H3 HHX cnCLlYIOLQHC:
I. 3aKOH P<1> «06 3Heproc6cpc)KeHHH» N!! 28-<1>3 OT 03 anpCJ1K 1996r.
2. 3aKoH P<1> «0 CTaHLlapTH3RUHH» N!! 5154-1 OT 10 1I1OH}\ 1996r.
3. 3aKoH P<1> «06 3JICII.,p03HCpreTHKc» N!! 35-<1>3 OT 26 MapTa 2003r.
4. 3aKoH P<1> «0 TCXlmQeCKOM pcrYJIHpOBaHHH» N!l 7184-<1>3 OT 27 ,z:J.cKa6p}\
2002r.
5. rOCT 30166-95. Pccypcoc6Cpe)KCHI1e. OCHOBHbIC nOJlO)KCHHSI. CTaHLIapT
yCTaHaBJ1HBaCT cnb, 3aL\aqH, OmCKTbI, OCHOBHMC npHHUHnbl, TCpMHHbI
KJIaCcH$HKauHIO rpynn Tpc60BaHHH paL\HOHa1lbHOrO Hcnonb30BaHH}\ H 3KOHOMHoro
pacxo,z:J.oBaHHSI MaTCpHaJIbHbIX pecypcoB Ha BCCX CTaLlHJlX )KH3HCHHoro LIHKJIa
BCIl{CCTB, MaTCpHaJIOB, H3.neJ1HH, npo,z:J.YKHH npH npoBcLlcHHH pa60T H OKa33HHIf
YCJIy'r, IOpn.nHqCCKHM H $H3HQCCKHM JIHL\aM.
6. fOCT 30167-95. Pccypcoc6epe)KCHHe. Ilop}\L\oK YCTaHoBncHHJI
nOKa3aTCJIeH pccypcoc6CPC)KCHH}! B LlOK}'MCHTauHH Ha np0,z:J.YKUHIO. CTaHLIapT
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT OCHOBHYIO HOMCHKJIaTypy nOKa3RTCJ1CH, onpc,z:J.CJIJlIOIl{HX
paUHOHaJIbHOC Hcnonb30BaHHC 1I 3KOHOMHOC pacxo,z:J.oBaHIfe MaTCpHaJIbHblX H
3HCprCTHqeCKliX pCCypCOB, a TaK)Ke nOp}\L\oK HX JanHCH B HOpM3TlIBoylO
,z:J.OKYMcHTaUHIO Ha npO,z:J.YKL\HIO.
7. fOCT P 51389-99. 3Heproc6epc)KCHHC. HopMaTHBHo-MCTOLlHqCCKOC
06eCnCqCHHc. OCHoBHble n0J10)KCHIDI. CTaHLIapT YCTaHaBJ1HBaCT OCHOBHbIC nOH}!THK,
npHHL\HnbI, LICJ1H H Cy6'bCKTbI ,z:J.CJlTCJ1bHOCTH B 06JIaCTI1 HopMaTHBHO-MeTO,z:J.HqCCKOI'O
06CCnCqCHlI}\ 3Hcproc6cpe)KeHHK, COCTaB H Ha3Ha'ICHHC oCHoBonoaraIOIl{HX
HopMaTHBHbIX, MeTO,z:J.HQeCKHX ,z:J.OK}'MCHTOB H pacnpocTpaH}\eTCJI Ha ,z:J.CJlTCJIbHOCTb,
cBjJ3aHHYIO C 3<p$CKTlIBHbIM HCnOJ1bJOBaHHCM T3P, Ha 3HcpronOTpc6J1J1IOLQHC
06'bCKTbI (YCTaHoBKH, 060pY,z:J.OBaHHc, npo,z:J.YKL\lIIO npoH3Bo,nCTBCHHO-TCXHHqCCKOI'O
H 6bITOBorO Ha3HaqCHH}\), TeXHOJIOrHqCCKHC npOLlcccbI, pa60Tbl, YCJIyrn.
8. fOCT P 51379-99. 3Hcproc6epC)KCHHC. 3HCpreTHqCCKHH nacnopT
npOMbIllIJleHHoro nOTpc6HTc1IJI ronJIHBHO-3HCpreTHqCCKHX pCCypCOB. OCHoBHbIe
nOJ1O>KCHH}\. THnOBbIc $OpMbI. CTaHLIapT YCTaHaBJIHBaeT OCHOBHbIC TpC60BaHH}\ K
nocTpocHHlO, H3J10)KeHlIlO 1I cO,z:J.cp)KaHHIO 3HCprCTHqeCKOrO nacnopTa
npOMbIlIlJICHHoro nOTpc6HTCJIJI T3P C uenblO onpc,z:J.CJICHH}\ <paKTH'IcCKOro 6aJIaHCa
nOTpc6ncHHK T3P, OL\CHKH nOKa3aTCJICH 3HCpreTHqCCKOH J($CKTHBHOCTH 11
<pOpMHpoBaHHjJ MCpOnplljjTHH no 3Hcproc6cpe)KCHlilO.
9. fOCT P 51541-99. 3Hcproc6cpe)KCHHc. 3HCpreTH'lCCKaJl 3$(CKTHBHOCTb.
COCTaB nOKa3aTCJICH. 061Il1ic nOJ1O>KCHHjJ. fOCT YCTaHaBJIHBaeT OCHOBHbIC BlI.nbI
nOKa3aTCJ1CH 3HcprOOOepe)KCHHK H 3HepreTHqCCKOH 3<p$CKTHBHOCTH, BHOCHMbIX B
HopMaTHBHbIC (TCXHHqCCKHC, MeTO,nH'ICCKHC) ,z:J.OK}'MCHTbI, TCXHHqCCKYIO
(npOCKTHYIO, KOHCTpYKTOpCKYIO, TeXHOJlOrllqCcKYIO, 3KCfIJ1yaTaUHoHHyIO)
,z:J.0KYMcHTaL\HIO Ha 3HepronoTpc6J1KIOLQYIO npo,z:J.YKL\HIO, TCXH0J10rHqCCKHC
npOL\CCCbl, pa60TbI H YCJIyrH.
12
13

II'
il
: 10. rOCT . P 51749-2001 ' "' H 6
0 6 . - . oJ cproc C p C)KeHHC .'"
opY,lJ.oBaHHe 06enpOMbIWJ1CHHoro . ..':1HepronOTpe6J1KlOlUeC
IloKa3aTCJ1H 3HcprCTH'IeCKOH 31>$ npHMeHCHHK. BH.nbl. THnb!. fpynnb1.
YCTaHaBJ1l1BaeT H/J,CHTlI.hHL'H p OBa H CKTHBHOCTH. l1/J,cHTH1>HKaI1}\. CTaH.napT
n 't', HbIe BI1.nbI H nO"B .
o.nrpynnbI OCHOBHoro 3Hc p r o 6 '" H,lJ.bI, THnbI. rpynnbl 11
nopTe J1JIIOLQero 060 p
COOTBCTCTBYIOLQlIX nOKa3aTCJ1CH 3HeprCT _ y,lJ.OBaHHK, HOMCHKJIa-rypy
Ha 3HcpronOTpe6J1J1IOLQee 6 HqeCKOli 3<p<p CKT HBHOCTH If pacrIpoCTpaHJICTCSI
o opy.noBaHHe 06LQC rIpo M
HCn0J1b3ycMoe n p H "06< 1 bIlIlJ1CHHOro npHMeHeHI1J1
,.., D qC, xpaHeHlIli Tn '
TCXH0J10rH'IeCKOM npC06pa30B ' &....aHcnopnlpoBaHHH ncpc,lJ.aqc
11. fOCT P 51750_2; O H I HH a.nI1L\HOHHbIX T3P H B0306HOBJ1;CMbIX T3P ,
. ..':1HCproc6C p C)KCHlfC M .
3HeprocMKocTH npll n p oH3 . CTOLlI1Ka onpc,nCJ1CHHSI
BO/J,CTBC npO,lJ. Y KL\HH
TCXH0J10rHqCCKHX 3HC p rCTHqCC H OKa3aHHH YCJ1yr B
KHX CHCTCMax 06 lU
YCTaHaBJ1HBaeT 06 m HC . HC nOJIO)KCHH}\. CTaU"a p T
 MCTo.n0J10rHqCCKHe .
3HcprocMKocTH npoH3BO,lJ.cTBa npo.nYKHlI n0J10)KCHIDI no onpC,lJ.CJ1CHHI{)
3Heproc6cpc)KCHHJI, 3KOJlOm'ICCKoH 6 e3 11 OKa3aHH}\ YCJlyr, C yqeToM
TC X onaCHOCTH H P acn po
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He CHCTCMbI BKJIlOqa 6
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12. rOCT 27322-87. 3Hepro6aJIaHC n
nOJlO)KCHH}\. CTaHLIapT YCTaHaBJ1HBaCT 6 pOMbImJ1CHHoro npC,lJ.npHSlTIDI. 06LQHC
3HcpI'06aJIaHCOB npOMbIIIIJ1CHHb l 0 LQHC Tpc60BaHHH K pa3pa60TKc H aHaJ1H3 Y
o x npe,lJ.npllUHH CO,lJ.
praHI13aL\HOHHbIC OCHOBbI COCTaBJ1CHliJi H aHaJI ' CP)KI1T MCTO,lJ.HqCCKHC 1I
TOM qHCJIC OCHOBHbIC noun IDa 3HCpreTH'ICCKliX 6aJIaHCOB B
.h nnTHK H 06LQHC no 0 '
HH't'opMaL\I1l1, nOpJl.nOK OpraHH3aHlI pa3 6 J1 )KCHHK, COCTaB nCpBHqHOH
13. rOCT 27727-88 nC'IH H pa OTKH.
BbIllJ1aBKH 'Iyr}'Ha MJI J1HT}\ H HLlYKL\I10HHbIC THrCJ1bHbIC CeTeBOH qaCTOTbI LlJ1S1
14. fOCT 27729-88 ne::MaTHBbI paCXO,lJ.a 3HcpmH.
3HcpmH. . .nyrOBbIC CTaJICITJ1aBHJIbHbIC. HopMaTHBbI paCXO,l\a
15. rOCT 27728-88. neqH HHLlYKHOHHbIC
aJIIOMHHlIH. HopMaTliBbI pacXO,l).a 3HcpmH CeTeBOH qaCTOTbI JIJ1JI nJIaBKH
16. rOCT 27867-88 '" .
6 . JJ1CKTponCqH con p OT
TCpMOO pa60TKH. lIBJ1CHI1H LlJ1S1 HarpCBa H
17. rOCT P 51388-99. 3HCproC6e C>KeHlIC
06 3HCp ro 3lJ>q,CKfHBHOCTH H3.nCJIliH 6 p . HH$OpMHpOBaHHC nOTpc6HTCJ1eH
06LQHe TpC60BaHHK. OH Y CTaHaB J1H bITOBOro H KOMMYHaJIbHOro Ha3HaqeHI1J1
no 6 - BaeT cnoc06bI I1 $ .
Tpc TeJ1ClI 06 3HCpro3$$CKTlIBHOCTH 6bITOB OpMbl HH$OpMlIpOBaHH}\
1I3,lJ.CJIHH H MaTepHaJIOB. bIX npI160pOB, TeITJ10H30J1}\HOHHbIX
18. rOCT P 51565-2000 '"
3 . JHeproc6epC>KCHHC n 6
J1CKTpHqCCKHC, 6bIToBbIe. 3$$CKTHBH . pH Opbl X0J10.nI1JIbHbIe,
onpC/J,CJ1CHI1J1. OH YCTaHaBJ1HBaeT MeT OCTb 3HcpronoTpe6J1eHlIH. MCTO,lJ.bI
3$$eKTHBHOCTH X0J10,n1lJ1bHbIX npH60 O,lJ.bI onpe,lJ.CJ1CHHK KJIaCCOB 3HCpreTHqCCKOH
19. fOCT 27322- 87 "' H 6 pOB 11 cO,lJ.Cp)KaHHe 3THKCTKH 3<P<P CKTI1B HOCT H
. J cpro aJIaHC npo .
n0J10)KCHH}\. OH YCTaHaBJ1HBae-f 06lUH bIlIlJ1CHHOro npC,lJ.npI1}\THK. 06lUHC
3Hcpro6aJIaHCOB npOMbIlIlJ1CHHbIX npc C TpC OBaHHK K pa3pa6oTKc H aHaJIH3 Y
,lJ.npHJlTHH.
20. P}:l 50-374-82. MCTO/J,H'iCCKHC YKa3aHHR no cocTaBY !1 co.ncp)KaHHIO
IIIIOCI1MbIX B cTaH,napTbJ U TeXHHqCCKHe YCJIOBH}\ HopMaTI1BOB pacxOLla Tonmma H
'lIcprnH Ha CLlHHHl\Y npo,nYKUHH (pa6oTbI).
21. P 50-605-89-94. PeKoMCHLlaHI1 no cTaHLlapTI13aL\HH. 3Hcproc6epe)J(cHHc.
IlopR.nOK YCTaHOBJICHI1K nOKa3aTCJIci"i 'mepronOTpc6J1CHHR H 3Hcproc6cpe)J(cHHR B
I\OKYMcHTaUHH Ha npO,lJ.YKL\HIO Ii npOL\CCCbI.
22. P 50-605-100-94. PCKoMcH/J,aL\HH no CTaHLlapTH3aUHH. 3Hcproc6cpc)KCHHe.
( kIlOBHble HanpaBJleHlU1 3Heproc6epe)KCHH)\ B qepHOH MCTaJIJ1ypnm.
rlXH01lorHqCCKHe McponpllKTI1H no CHH)KCHHIO pacxoLla KOTCJIbHO-neqHOrO TonJlHBa.
1.3. OCHoBHbIe nl,)xo)J.bl K HOpMllpoBaHlllO lIoKa:Ja'feJ1eii
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(pemaMCHTHpOBaHHbIX) yCJ10BHKX 3KCnJIyaTaL\HH H3,lJ.CJ1H}\, B KaqCCTBe
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YCJ10BHSI OKpaIOLQCH cpe,lJ.bI H LIP.);
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npOL\eCCOB I1CpC,lJ.aqH, TpaHc$opMall.lUl HJlH npc06pa30BaHH}\ 3HcprHH.
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II HHX HopMaTliBoB pacXO,lJ.a TOllJ1HBa H 3Heprull.
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14
15


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)Kl!.!(KOrO MeTaJ1J1a B 3aBliCHMOCTH 01' CKOpOCTH llJ1aBKH;
. HopMaTHB paCXO,lJ.a KOKca B BarpaHKaX Ha 1 l' 1IHTCHHOro qyrYHa YCTaHaBJlHBaCT
pacxo,lJ. KOKca ,l).J1K Tpcx ypoBHeH TCMnepaTypbl BbmycKa )KH.nKoro qYI.}'Ha npH
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. HopMaTHB pacxo.na 3J1CKTp03HeprHH AmI HHLlYKl{HOHHOH BaKYYMHOM
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paCllJ1aBJ1CHHC H nepcrpCB B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' BMeCTHMOCTH ncqu.
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CO,lJ.ep)KaTb TpC60BaHH}\ K npC,lJ.CJ1aM O3MCHCHlI}\ HOPMlIPYCMbIX 3HaqCHHH
nOKa3aTCnCH 3KOHOMHqHOCTH 3HepronOTpc6JICHH}\ 3a BpeM}\ 3KCnJIyaTaUHH H3,nCJIHii.
PCKOMeH,lJ.y\oTCSI CJ1C,z:J.ylOlIlHC $OpMbI npC,lJ.CTaBJ1CHHK HopMaTHBOB paCXOl{a
TOllJ1l1B8 II 3HcprHH: qHCnOBbIC 3HaqeHHK nOKa3aTCJ1CH 3HepronoTpc6J1eHH}!,
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17

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MCTaJIJ1a 6JIaro,lJ.apx BbICOKOH TCMncpaTypc WJ1aKa ,lJ.OCTaTOqHO 3$<pCKTHBHa.
JJ.yrOBbIC nc'm nOLlpa3,nCJ1J1IOTC}\ Ha nCqH nOCTO}\HHOrO 1I ncpcMcHHoro TOKa. nCqH
ncpeMcHHoro TOKa 3K0J10rH'IeCKH BpC,lJ.HbI (IIlYM, nbIJIb, ra3bI). 3TlIx Hc,nOCTaTKOB
npaKTHqCCKH JIlIWCHbI nCqH nOCTO}\HHOrO TOKa.
paBHOMCpCH no XHMHqCCKOMY cocTa8y, MeTaJIJ1yprnqeCKaK 06pa60TKa MeTaJIJ1a B
HHLlYKL\HOHHbIX ncqax 3aTpy,lJ.HCHa, nOCKOJ1bKY WJ1aK HC 3J1CKTponpoBO,lJ.CH,
HarpCBaCTCX 01' MeTaJIJIa H HMceT 60J1c HH3KYlO TeMncpaTypy. HH.nYKL\HOHHbIC nC'IH
nO,z:J.pa3.neJIJlIOTCX Ha THI'eJ1bHbIC (pHC. 4.5) 1I KaHaJIbHbIC (p"C. 4.6).
2
PHC. 4.5. HYKI\HOHHaR THl"eJ1..HaR lie....:
J .- IIH.!\}'KT0P; 2 - THl"eJIb C paCnJl3BOM
Pue. 4.6. HIIJ{YKl\UOHH8R K8HaJ1hH8H ne....:
J - HH.l\)'KTOP; 2 - KaHaJJ
B THreJIbHbIX neqax BHXpCBbIC TOKU HaBO,lJ.}\TC}\ HCnOCpC,lJ.CTBCHHO B
paccMaTpHBacMoH WHXTe. qCM MCHbWC pa3Mcp 3arp}"JKaCMbIX KYCKOB WHXTbI, TCM
60J1bWe ,lJ.OJ1)j{Ha 6bITb qaCTOTa TOKa, nHTalOLQCrO HHLlYKTOp (Ta6JI. 4.7).
Tu6J1uu 4.7
38BHCHMOCTb KYCKOB8TOCTH OT ..aCTOTLI TOK8 HIIJQ'KTOP8 [46]
MHHHMaJJhHbIH pa3Mep K}'CKOB IIIHXTbI, MM
'laCTOTa TOK3, n.\
CTaJJb ArrIOMHHHH MeAl.
---
50 250 90 75
1000 40 25 23
-
3
3Ta 3aBHCHMOCTb npHBO,lJ.HT K Hc06xOLlHMOCTH HCnOJIb30BaHH}\ nYCKOBoro
CJ1HTKa npH nYCKC X0J10LlHOH ncqll lIJ1H OCTaBJ1CHlilO "60J10Ta". Pa3J1l1qalOT nC'IH
npOMbIWJ1eHHOH qaCTOTbI (50-60 fL\), CpC,lJ.HCH qaCTOTbI (50-450 L\) H
BbICOKO'IaCTOTHbIC (10000-20000 fL\), a TaK)KC neqll C ncpeMcHHoli qaCTOTOli.
B KaHaJIbHbIX ncqax BlIXpCBbIC TOKH HaBO,lJ.JlTCJI B paCfiJ1aBJ1CHHOM MeTaJIJ1C,
HaXO,lJ.JlLQCMCJI B OTKpbITOM HJ1l1 3aKpbITOM KaHanc. nCpc,lJ.aqa TCnJ10TbI H3 KaHana K
paCnpaBJ1}\CMOH WHXTC npoH3Bo,nHTC}\ KOHBeKHcH, BbI3bIBaeMoH
3JICKTpO,lJ.lIHaMlIqeCKHM ncpcMcIllllBaHHeM paCnJIaBa. n03TOMY TCMnepaTypa B
KaHaJIC npliMcpHO Ha 100°C BbIwe TCMncpaTypbI MeTaJ1JIa B BaHHC. OHa
orpaHHQCHa CTOHKOCTblO $YTCpOBKH KaHana H COCTaBJ1XCT 1500-1550 DC. Bo
H36c)KaHHC pa3pbIBa 8TOPllqHOH 06MOTKH lIH,lJ.YKTopa (MCTaJIJ1a) B KaHanbHblX
ncqax BccrLla CCTb "60JIOTO" om.eMoM 0,2-0,5 ca.nKH. qTO CHHJKaCT
npOH3BO,lJ.lITCJIbHOCTb nCqH 1I HC n03BOJ1}\CT npOBO,lJ.HTb qacTYIO CMCHY CnJ1aBa.
"AxHJIJIccoBa nJlTa" KaHaJ1bHbIX nCqCH - caM KaHan, 4>YTcpOBKa KOToporo
1
2
2
PHC. 4.3. llJl8MeHH8R ne....:
J - ropeJIKa: 2 - JICTKa;
3 - AbiMOBaJI Tpy6a
PHC. 4.4, )J.yroB8a De....:
J - 3JIeKTpO.!\bI; 2 - .!\)TH; 3 - paCIIJIaBJIJleMblH MeTaJIJI
npllHHn CHCTBH}\ 1:Ik!2'__Il C . _OCHOBaH Ha 4>opMHpOBaHHH
ncpcMcHHbIM 3JIcKTpoMarHlITHbIM nOJ1CM BHXPCBbIX TOKOB B mllXTC (paCITJ1aBJICHHOM
MeTaJIJIe). 3J1CKTpOMarHHTHbIC ClIJIbI, .neHCT8YIOLQHC Ha paCnJIaBJIeHHbIH MeTaJIJI Ha
CT3,AlIH nepcrpcBa, BbI3bIBalOT cro npHHY,lJ.HTC1IbHYIO KOHBCKlIlO B ncqu. B
PC3Y1lbTaTc MeTaJIJ1, BbI.nCp)KaHHbIH B HHLlYKHOHHOH neqH, HCKJ1IO'IlITC1IbHO
52
53

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,
Ta6nu14a 4.9
nO,z:J.BCp)KCHa lIHTCHCHBHOMY TCPMHqCCKOMY 1I McxaHH'IccKOMY B03,z:J.CHCTBlilO
paCnJ1aBJ1CHHOrO MeTaJ1J1a.
B 3JIeKTponCqax conpOTHBJ1CHHK (plfC. 4.7) TCnJIOTa IIllfXTe ncpc.nae-rC}\ OT
HarpcBaTCJ1bHbIX 3JICMCHTOB H3J1yqeHHeM, J1H60 TCfiJ10npOBOLlHOCTblO 'ICpC3 CTCHKY
rum}\. TaKHM o6pa30M, TCMncpaTypa B nC'IH onpc,neJIJlCTCJI TCMnepaTypoH
HarpcBaTCJ1bHbIX 3J1CMCHTOB (Ta6JI. 4.8).
TeXHHKO-:JKOHOMH'IeCKHe nOK8:J8TeJ1H ILfIBBHJlb"biX lIe'leH
,------ ---- ..------
THfi IU1aBI!JJbHOll fle'lH TefIJIOBOH KIm, o.e. Yrap nempYlOllIllx
nnaBKa neperpeB 3neMeHTOB. %
BarpaHKa: 0,4-0,6
1--' -- - -,-
KOKCOBall 3aKpblToro THna
Bonooxna>KlIaeMall:
- xononHoro nyrbll 0,05- 0,01 Cr-15-30,.N-noI0
- ropll'lero nyrbJl 0.1- 0,2 Cr-IO-20..N-noI5
- C 060ralllemleM !Iyrbll
3-4% KHcnOPOna 0,1-0,2 Cr -15- 30,.N- no 1 0
r a30BaJ! - - 0,1-0,2 Cr-20-40,.N-nol
r:-:---'- -- -------
eTannyprH'IeCKall - - 0,1-0,2 Cr -I 0-15 ..N- .li05
------ ------- ' --..-
HUHOHHa!lTHrenbHaJ! Ni-O
- npOMbIlllJleHHOH 'IaCTQ'ThI 0,5 0,65-0,1
- cpenHen '1aCTOThI 0,6 0,68-0,14 --
HH.LIYKlIHOHHaIl KaHaJlbHall 0,6-0,96 0,6-0,8
OBaJ! 0,8-0,85 0,2 Cr-15-30,.N nolO
Ti-30-60,.N-n05
3neKTpOConpoTHI\.J1eHIDI 0,32-0,63
IlrIaMeHHall 0,2-0,3 Cr-15-30, Ni-O
--
M8TepHWlLI, HCIIOJlb:JyeMble,!\JIR HarpeB8TeJ1LHbIX 3JleMeHTOB
Ta6Jlu14a 4.8
MaTepHaJI XHMH'IecKHH COCTaB T eMfieparypa MaKCHMaJIbHall TeMnepaT}'p3
flJIaBJ1eHHII,oC HarpeBa,oC
HHxpOM X20H80 1390 1100
C1>eppOHHXpOM CTXl5H60 1230 1050
MonH6neH Mo 2620 2000
Bonb«l>paM W 3420 2600
rpa«l>HT C 4200 3000
-._.- --
HecMOTp}\ Ha oTcyrcTBlie npHHy,nHTCJ1bHOH KOHBeKII1H B ')J1cKTponcqax
conpOTHBJ1CHHK, MCTaJIJ1 ,UoCTaTo'mo O,z:J.HOpO.nCH no XHMH'ICCKOMY cOCTaBY H3
OTCyrCTBlI}\ MCCTHoro neperpcBa. no TCXH0J10rl1qCCKHM napaMCTpaM OqeHb 6J1H3KlI
K 3JICKTponCqaM conpOTlIBJICHH}\ ITJ1aMCHHbIC TlIrCJ1bHbIC nCqH (pHC. 4.8).
4.3. KOHTpOJ1b, MeTaJ1JIyprH'leCKaH o6pa6oTKa H 38JIHBKa MCT8JlJIa
Hc06xo,UHMOCTb nOBbIIfIcHH}\ KaqeCTBa OTJIHBOK 3aCTaBJ1}\eT CCTO'IlITb
Tpc60BaHlI}\ K COCTaBY CITJ1aBa, TCMncpaTypHoMY PC)KlIMY nJIaBKH 1I 3aJIlIBKlI.
3<p$CKTHBHbIH KOHTpOJ1b 3THX napaMeTpOB B npoL\CCCC nJ1aBKH OCymCCTBJIJleTCJI B
HaCTOJILQCC BpCMJI MCTo,naMlI, npc,z:J.CTaBJICHHbIMH B Ta6JI. 4.10.
.lI.JIB nOJIyqcHIDI MCTaJIJ1a C 3a.naHHoH CTpYKTYPOH 1I CBoHcTBaMH nOCJIC
3KcnpCCc-aHaJI1I30B npoBo,nHTCH MCT<L"IJIypmqCCKaJl 06pa60TKa - pa$HHHpoBaHlic H
MO,z:J.H<pHuHpoBaHHe.
f1pH pa$I1HHpOBaHHH JIliTCHHbIX CIIJIaBOB pCrnalOTC}\ ,z:J.BC OCHOBHbIe 3a.naqH:
y.naneHHe lf3 paCnJIaBa HC)KCJIaTCJ1bHbIX nplfMcccH 1I .ncra3ai(HK. Tpa.nHIHoHHbIC
cnoc06bI pa$HHHpoBaHWI npc.nycMaTpHBaIOT 06pa60TKY paCITJ1aBa 4>J1IOCaMH,
BaKYYMl1pOBaHlic paCnJIaBa, npo,z:J.YBKY Qepe3 paCITJ1aB ra30B lIJIH ra3006pa30BaHHC
np}\MO B paCnJIaBe nocpC,z:J.CTBOM BBC,z:J.eHH}\ BcnCHliBalOLQlIXCJI BCLQeCTB. HaH60J1ce
COBpCMCHHbIM cnoco6oM pa4>lIHl1pOBaHlI}\ JlBJI}\eTC}\ 4>lIJIbTpoBaHlie 'ICpC3 lIHepTHblc
HJ1H aKTHBHbIC 4>lIJIbTpbI. MaTCpllaJI aKTHBHoro 4>HJ1bTpa COOTBeTCTBYeT
HCnOJIb3ycMbIM $lIJIbTpaM (T.C. npo1l3Bo,z:J.HTC)\ npHHY,z:J.lITCJIbHaK 06pa60TKa Bccro
paCnJ1aBa 4>J1IOCOM) 1I ,z:J.ae-r MaKCliMaJIbH)'lO O'IHCTKY MeTaJIJ1a. <1>lIJ1bTpbI HaHMCHCC
,z:J.OJ1rOBe'IHbI. BbI60p MaTCpHaJIa lIHepTHoro $HJ1bTpa onpe,z:J.CJ1}\CTC}\ B OCHOBHOM
TCMncpaTypoH paCnJIaBa (Ta6J1. 4.11)
2
2
1
1
PRc.4.7 3J1eKTpOlle'lL
COllpOTHBJIeHHH:
1 - HarpeBaTenbHble 3neMeHTbI;
2 - TUTenL C paCIUlaBOM
PHe. 4.8 llJlaMeHHaH THreJILH8H lie'lL:
1 - ropenKa; 2 - THrenb
OCHOBHbIC TeXHlIKO-3KOHOMlI'ICCKHC nOKa3aTeJ1H pa60TbI nJIaBHJIbHbIX nCqCH
npHBc,z:J.cHbI B Ta6J1. 4.9.
54
55

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TQ6_ur{u 4.W
Tpa.nHL\HOHHO MO,lm$HUHpOBaHHe qyr}'Ha MarHlICM npOB01J)lT B KaMcpc-
aIlI'OKJIaBC, nm;TO}\HHO ncpcMClllHBa}\ paCnJIaB B KOBlllC CnCUHaJ1bHbIMH MClllaJIKaMH.
. ) rOT MCTO,lJ. o6ecnCqHBaCT XOpOIIlCC yCBOCHHC lIofO,nH<pHKaTopa, HO Tpc6YeT
nICL\HaJIbHOrO 060pYLlOBaHlI}\, HC rOBOpx Y)Ke 0 BbICOKOH CTOliMOCTH 3KCnJIyaTaL\HH.
('OllpCMCHHbIC cnoc06bI MO,lJ.H4>lIL\HpOBaHHX (Ta6JI. 4.12) n03BOJIJllOT 1I36craTb
IIpMMCHCHlI}\ aBTOKJ1aBOB.
McrOJJ.bl 3KcnpeCC-SH8nH38 MeT8J1J1S [511
KOHTpomfPYCMbIH napaMeTp 060Py.noBaHHc (Mero.n) --------_._-_.-
Hc.nocTaTKH Mero.na
TCMneparypa paClJJlaBa I1H«l>paKpacHLIc napaMeTpLI HeTOqHOCTL H3MepCHlfJI H3-3a
T cpMonapLI norp}')KCHWf .nLIMa, IJJICH H lliJIaKa Ha
nOBepXHOCTH paCIDIaBa,
BLICOKaJl CTOHMOCTb
ClmOInIOCTL qyryHa K OT6e.ny DaCXOAHLIX MaTemlaIlOB
KnHHoBLIe np06Ll 3IIa'IHTeJlbHLIH pa36poc
pC3vnLTaTOB
XHMHqecKHH COCTaB CncKTporpat}>1d BbICOKaJI CTOHMOCTL
f 830aHaIlH3aTOpbI 06opy.noBaHWf. 3HaqHTCnbHldH
AHanH3 KpHBldX pa36poc PC3YJlLTaTOB
"TcMncpaTypa-yca.nKa" npH
AHaIlH3 Ha co.nep)!(aHHC Si OXJIa)I(JJCHHH n p o61d
113MepcHHcTcpM03C
06DaJl1a
AHaIlH3 Ha co.ncp)!(aHHC C H Si AHaIlH3 KpHBLIX OXJIa)I(JJCHIfJI ---j
nP06LI
Tu6nrrl(u 4.12
II pouccc
Cnoco6b1 MOJJ.HcJlHI1HpOB8HHH '1yryH8 MarHHeM
. CYlHOCTL cnoco6a YCBOCHHC MarHHJI. %
"our-over
3aI1HBKa pacIDIaBa nOBcpx Mo,n:a«l>HKaTOpa 20-40 (mfnrrypa)
3aI1HBKa pacIDIaBa nOBcpx Mo,n:HIjJHKaTopa. 30-50 (nHraT)'p)
nOKpLIToro CTaJILHLIM ncp«l>opllpoBaHHLIM
nHCTOM
MO.D:H«l>HKaTop onYCKac-rCJI B KonOKOnL'IHKC 40-60 (nHraT)'p)
Pour-over-npouccc B KOBIlIC C 40-60 (nHraT)'p)
npOMC)!(yrO'lHOH KpLIlliKOH, qCPC3 KOTOPYIO
3aI1HBalOT aCIDIaB
MOJIH«l>HKaTop H3Xo,n:HTCJI B KaMCpC KOBIlIa 60-80 (nHraT)'p)
,n:nJl MOIIH«l>HI1HpOBaHIfJI (KOHBCpTOP
«1>HIlIepa) H npH ropH30HTaJIbHOM
pacnOnO)!(CHHH KOBIlIa HC pearHpyer C
pacIDIaBoM. npH nOBOpOTC KOBIlIa B
BepTHKaIlbHOC nOnO)!(CHHC MOIIH«l>HKaTop
OKa3LlBaerCJI no,n: cnOCM cnnaBa
3aI1HBKa MeraJIJIa 'IepC3 cnCI1HaJILH)'IO 10-90 (nHraryp)
nmcHH qaIII C MO.nH HKaTO OM
MO.D:H«l>HKaTop 3aCblDac-rCJI B HCKOTOp)'lO 90-100 (nHraryp)
KaMCPy B IlIJIaKoynoBIITe.nc nmCHHOH
Mid
no,n:aqa npoBonOKH C Mo.nH«l>HKaTopOM B 40-60 (nHraryp)
nHTeHH 'Ialli BO B CMJI 3aJIHBKH
BBC,n:CHHC nopOIlIK006pa3Horo 50-80 (nHraryp)
MO.D:H HKaTO 8 B non C aCIDIaBa
Sandwich
"I unger
Tundish-covcr
TUOJlUI(Q 4.11
Tip
CBOHCTB8 cJIHJlLTpOB AJJH p8CnJl8BOB
MaTepHaII «l>HJIbTpa Mero,n: CBJl3LIBaHIfJI MaKCHMaJIbH8JI OTHoclfrenLHall
TCMnCPaTVDa. °C IIDO'IHOCTL
fnHH03eM CKJICCHHLIC 1400 HH3KaJl
CnC'ICInILIC 1550 BbIlI81On\aJlCJI
l.{HpKOH CneqeHHLlC 1700 BId.n8101I\allclI '-
Kap6HJ\ KpCMHWf CKJICCHHLIC 1600 XOpOIlI8JI
llIaMOT CnCqeHHLIC )500 .--
HH3K8JI
Flotrct
In-mold
Controlled Quality
Inoculation
T -NOCK
MO.nH<pHpOBaHliC - H3MCHCHHC CTpYKTYPbI MCTaJIJ1a nOCpC,lJ.CTBOM ,lJ.06aBKlI
XHMHqCCKHX BCIl\CCTB. )];JIJI Ha1l60J1cc 3KOHOMHqHOrO BC,lJ.CHHK npoL\ccca YCBOCHHC
MOlI$HKaTopa paCnJIaBOM ,lJ.OJ1)j{HO 6bITb MaKCliMaJIbHbIM. Ta )KC np06J1CMa
pelllaeTCR npH J1CnipOBaHHlI paCll.naBa. npH paccMoTpCHHH 3Toro Bonpoca
Ha1l6oJ1blllHH lIHTepcc npc.ncTaBJIJleT MO,lJ.H4>HL\HpOBaHlie qyrYHa MarHHCM. MarHlIH
lIHTCHClIBHO pcarlipYeT C KHCJ10pO,lJ.OM, KpOMC TOro, ero nJ10THOCTb CyruCCTBCHHO
HH)Ke nJ1OTHOCTH qyr}'Ha, n03ToMY HC1I36c)\{HO BCnJ1bITHC MaffiHK Ha nOBCpXHOCTb.
npOL\CCC MO.nH<plIL\lIpOBaHHK MarHlICM B OTKpbITOM KOBlllC cOnpOBO)K.!(aCTC}\
CHJ1bHbIM ,lJ.bIMOM, B03MO)l(HO paCnJICCKHBaHHc MCTaJIJ1a. npH MO,l:\U4>HL\HpOBaHliH
TeMnepaTypa paCnJIaBa HClI36c)KHO na.naeT, n03ToMY cro Hco6xo,[\lIMO neperpcBaTb.
BC.nCHHC npoL\ccca HCnOCpC,lJ.CTBCHHO B 4>opMe lIJIH B J1HTeHHOH 'IaIllC YCTpaHXeT
3TOT He,lJ.OCTaTOK.
)].JIB JIyqlIlcro YCBOCHlI}\ MarHHX Hc06xo.nllMO nO,lJ.BCprHYTb paCnJ1aB rny6oKoH
,lJ.CcYJ1b4>ypaL\HH, TaK KaK MarHHl!: CB}\3bIBaeTCR CCpOH, B 3THX l\CJIJlX lICn0J1b3ycTCX
npo.nysKa HHepTHbIMli ra3aMH qCPC3 nopHcTYIO npo6KY (Porous-Plug Method).
JJ.JIJI 3aJIHBKlI HCn0J1b3YIOTCJI KOBlllH H pa3JIliBO'IHbIe YCTpoHcTBa ra30Boro
,lJ.aBJ1CHHK (noBbIlIlcHHoro H nOHH)KCHHoro) H MaffiHTO,lJ.HHaMHqeCKHC HaCOCbI
(Ta6J1. 4.13). KOBmll nOLlpa3,lJ.CJIJlIOTCX no cnoc06y pa3J1l1BKH Ha CTonopHbIc,
'IaHHHKOBbIC C neperopO,lJ.KOH H 6e3 HCe, 6apa6aHHblc, C 1111l6cpHbIM 3aTBopoM.
npHHn ,lJ.eHCTBH}\ MarHHTO,lJ.HHaMH'IccKHX HaCOCOB OCHOBaH Ha B3aHMO,lJ.el!:CTBHH
:mCKTpHqCCKOrO TOKa B MeTaJIJ1C, HaBO,lJ.HMOrO HHLlYKTOpOM, H BHcmHero
MarHHTHOrO nOJIJl, qTO npHBO,lJ.HT K B03HHKHOBCHHIO :meKTpoMarHHTHbIX ClIJI, no,lJ.
,lJ.CHCTBlICM KOTOpbIX MCTaJIJ1 TpaHcnopTHpYeTCJI qCpe3 Hacoc. TpaHc4>opMaTOpHbIH
56
57

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npllHL\Hn HaBC,lJ.CHH}\ TOKa n03BOJIJlCT nCpe,lJ.aBaTb 3HeprlllO B MeTaJIJ1 6e3 nOTepb, TCM
CaMbIM KOMnCHCHpy}\ TCnJIOBbIe nOTCpH H ,lJ.a)KC HarpCBaJi cro.
BbICOKOC Ka'IeCTBO MCTaJIJ1a npH 3aJIHBKC 06CCnCqfIBaCTC}\ 6JIaro,lJ.apJI no.naqc
cro CHlI3Y. nOTepli MCHUIJ1a 1I3-3a yrapa, na.nCHHC TeMncpaTypbI paCnJ1aBa H
3arpJI3HCHHC OKpalOCH Cpe,lJ.bI MO)KHO CBCCTH K MHHHM}'MY, lICn0J1b3Y}\ TCpMO- H
ra30H30J1HpOBaHHbIe 3aJIHBO'IHbIC YCTpOHCTBa.
,lt03HpoBaHHC MeTaJIJ1a 6C3 KOHTpOJIJI npOIf3BOLlllTC}\ MCTOLIOM HcnpcpbIBHOH
pa3J1l1BKH 1I YCTaHOBKOH KOBwa np}\MO Ha <POPMY. MeTo,lJ. HcnpcpblBHOH pa3J1l1BKH
npc.nYCMaTpHBaCT 3an0J1HCHHC MeTaJIJIOM HcnpcpbIBHoro 3aJ1HBO:Horo CTCP)KH}\
JIH60 3aJIHBOqHOH BOpOHKlI (nplf ropmOHTaJIbHO-CTonO'IHOH 4>OpMOBKC).
JJ.03HpOBaHHC MCTaJIJ1a YCTaHOBKOH KOBwa Ha $OPMY B03MO)KHO npll HCn0J130BaHIfH
KOBIllCH C HlI)KHCH pa3J1HBKOH (co CTonopHbIM 3aTBOpOM). Pa3JIliBO'IHbIH CTaKaH
.nOJ1)KCH 6bITb pacnOJIO)KCH npJIMO Ha.n JIHTHIfKOBOH BOpOHKOH. POJIb rpY3a,
npCn}\TCTBYIOLQCro nO,lJ.'beMY BCpXHCH nOJ1y$opMbI, HrpaCT caM KOBIll. B TaKOM
CJ1yqac 3aJIHBKa npCKpaLQaeTC}\ 003 BMCWaTCJIbCTBa H3BHC npH 3an0J1HCHlili n0J10CTH
4>OpMbI paCITJ1aBOM. K HC,lJ.OCTaTKaM 3Toro MCTO,lJ.a CJ1CLlYCT OTHCCTH nOBbIwCHHC
Tpc60BaHliJI K ynJIOTHeHHIO J1HTCHHOH $OpMbI, nOCKOJ1bKY H3-3a 60JIbWOro
rn.npocTaTH'IccKoro ,lJ.aBJICHH}\ MCTaJIJ1a B03MO)KHbI ,nC$CKTbI THna nO,lJ.YTocTli.
Tu6J/II14u 4.13
XapaKTepHCTHKH 3WlHBO'lHbIX YCTPOHCTB
THn yc-rpoHCTBa
nO.naqa
MeT3JJJIa
Pa3J1HBaeMhle CnJlaBLI
T epMQ- H
ra30R30JIJlQHJI
KOBIIJ:
CTonopHblH
C IIIH6epHblM 38TBOpOM
6apa6aHHbIH
qaHHHKOBblH
HOM JlO>KKa)
ra30Boro .naBJIeHlliI:
nOli lIaBJlCHHeM
BaK HhlM
MarHIITo.nHHaMHqeCKHM Hacoc
CHII3Y
CHH3y
cBepxy
CHH3Y
CBe x
CTaJlb
qepHble CflJlaBbl
KpoMe CTaJlH.
JII06ble ClUlaBbl
K OMe CTaJlH
cpe.n HJIJI
BLiCOKaJl
BblCOKaJl
HH3K8JI
HH3K8JI
4.4. CMecenpHrOTOBJ1CHHC H nOllrOTOBKa MaTepn8JIOB
BbI60p 06opY,lJ.OSaHliJI cMcccnpliroTOBHTCJIbHoro OTLlCJ1CHliJi onpc,ncJIJleTcn
npc)K.nc Bccro HCn0J1b3ycMOH CTep)KHCBOH fI $OpMOBOqHOH CMeCbIO. <1>oPMoBO'IHa}\
CMCCb - nopHcTbIH MCTaJIJ1, COCTO}\IIH 1I3 HanOJIHlITeJIJl, CB}\3YIOLQCrO H Pa3J1l1qHbIX
,lJ.06aBOK. BbI60p KOMnOHeHTOB CMCCH OnpeLlCJ1}\CTC}\ cpaBHeHHcM eH Ha HliX H
Ka'ICCTBa nOJ1yqacMblx OTJ1HBOK (qCPC3 nOTepli 01' 6paKa) B YCJ10BlI}\X KOHKpeTHOrO
np01l3BO,lJ.CTBa.
HanOJ1HIfTCJ1b B 4>OPMOBO'IHOH CMCCH }\BJIJlCTCJI OCHOBHblM KOMnOHCHTOM,
C03,lJ.aIOLQHM YCTOHqllBbIH KapKac, CKpCITJ1KCMbIH CBJl3YIOLQlIM. BbI60p MaTepllaJ1a
HanOmIllTCJIJI onpc,lJ.cJIJleTC}\ CJIC,lJ.YIOLQHMH YCJIOBHKMlI:
. TCMncpaTypa nJIaBJ1eHHK (Pa3M}\r'iCHH}\) HanOJIHHTeJIJI ,lJ.OJI)KHa 6bITb BblWC
TCMncpaTypbI 3aJIlIBKH pacnJIasa;
. HanOJ1HHTCJ1b HC ,lJ.OJ1)KeH XHMlIqCCKfI B3aHMO,lJ.CHCTBOBaTb H CMa'mBaTbCJI
paCnJIaBOM; 
. HanOJ1HlITeJ1b HC ,lJ.OJ1)KCH npcTCpnCBaTh aJIJ1oTponH'IccKHX npeBpaweHllll .no
TCMncpaTypbI 3aJI1fBKlI;
. HaIIOJ1HlITCJIb, cro B03MO)KHbIC COC,lJ.IIHCHlI}\ He LlOJ1)KHbI 6bITb JI.nOBlITbI;
. HanOJ1HHTeJIb .nOJ1)KeH 6bITb nmpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeH B npllpo,lJ.C lI,
CJIC,lJ.OBaTCJ1bHO,,lJ.ClUCB.
BCCM 3TlIM YCJ10BlI}\M (lIJIJI J1106b1X JIHTeHHblX CnJ1aBOB) HC OTBC'IaeT Hli O,lJ.HH
MaTCpllaJI. HanpliMCp, mlipOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIH B npHpO,lJ.C 1I TyrOnJIaBKHH KBapL\
Bbl3bIBaeT 3a60JIeBaHHC - CHJ1HK03, B3aHMO,lJ.CHCTBYeT C 3aKHCblO )KCJ1C3a, 06pa3Y}\
COC,lJ.HHCHliJI C TCMncpaTypoH nJIaBJ1CHH}! 1178°C, H npeTepncBaeT aJIJIoTponH'IccKoe
npeBpaLQCHliC (YSCJ1HQCHliC omeMa) npll TeMncpaType 575 0c. npaKTHqCCKli
npllMCHJICMblC B Ka'ICCTBe HanOJIHHTeJ1eH MaTepllaJIbI nO,lJ.6HpaIOTC}\, HCXO,lJ.JI H3
TeMnepaTypbI 3aJIHBKII paCnJIaBa (Ta6J1. 4.14). 113-3a BbICOKOll CTOHMOCTli BCC
MaTepHaJIbI, KpOMC KBapi(CBOrO neCKa, HCnOJIb3YJOTCJI TOJ1bKO .nJIJI 06JIlIi(OBKH
n0J10CTli 4>OPMbI.
BbI60p $paKUHlI HanOJ1HlITeAA onpe,lJ.cJIJleTc}\ TpC60BaHHKMH 3aKa3QllKa 1I
lUcpoxoBaTocTH nOBepxHocTli OTJ1l1BOK 1I CpaBHHTCJ1bHOH onaCHOCTblO Pa3JlHQHbIX
CHII3Y
CHH3
CHH3Y
KpOMe CTaJlH
Jlenme ClUlaBb!
KpoMe CTaJlH
BblCOKaJl
BblCOK8JI
BbICOK8JI
fJ1aBHaK npo6JICMa npll 3aJIHBKC - To'rnoe ,lJ.03HpoBaHHc MCTaJIJ1a. f10 cnoc06y
ce PCWCHHK BCC MCTO,lJ.bI aBToMaTH'IccKOH 3aJIHBKlI nO,lJ.pa3,lJ.CJIJlIOTC}\ Ha
KOHTpOJ1HPYIOLQCC 3a.JIHBO'IHOe YCTpOHCTBO, KOHTpOJIHPYIOLQYIO 4>OPMY 1I
6ecKOHTp0J1bHbIC.
KOHTpOJ1b $OpMbI npOH3BO,lJ.HTC}\ no BCCY 1I no nOJISJ1CHlilO MCTaJIJ1a B BbIllOpC.
npll BCCOBOM ,lJ.03HpoBaHHH lICn0J1b3YIOTC}\ BCCOBbIC TCJIC)KKH. )].JIB TO'IHoro
,lJ.03HpOBaHHK 3TlIM cnoc060M Tpe6YeTcJI KOMnblOTepmai(1UI npOlecca, nOCKOJ1bKY
scc 4>OpMbl 6e3 MCTaJIJ1a 3aBHCHT 01' nJ10THOCTH Ha6l1BKH, COCTasa <pOpMOBO'IHOH
CMCCIi H T.LI. H HC MO)KeT 6bITb TO'IHO onpC,lJ.CJ1eH ,l).J1JI OLIHOH OTJ1HBKH. n03TOMY
ncpc,lJ. Ka)K.noH 3aJIHBKOH Ha.no yCTaHaBJ1HBaTb BCCbI Ha "0". nOJIBJICHHC MeTaJIJ1a B
BbIllOpC $lIKCliPYCTCJI $OT03JICMCHTOM npll OTpa)KeHHH 01' MCTaJIJ1a J1a3CpHOro J1yqa.
I1Cn0J1b30BaHlic JIa3cpa n03BOJIJleT ,lJ.0611TbC}\ BbICOKOH TOqHOCTH .n 03H poBaHHK.
MCHCC COBpeMCHHbIC YCTaHoBKIf TaKoro Tlina HCnOJIb30BaJIH c06cTBeHHoe CBCTOBOC
1I3JIyqeHHe MCTaJIJ1a, qTO TpC60BaJIO HCKJ1lOqllTCJIbHO TO'IHoro n0311L\1I0HHpOBaHH}\
$OpMbI Ha KOHBCHCpC.
KOHTpOJ1b 3aJIliBO'IHOro YCTpoHcTsa np01l3BOMTC}\ no BCCY, 06'beMY, BpcMelfH
3aJIlIBKII. KOHTpOJ1b no BCCy ,lJ.OCTaTO'mo 3$4>cKTIfBeH, HO HMCCT TC )Ke HC,lJ.OCTaTKH,
QTO If KOHTpOJ1b no Becy <pOPM, T.e. Tpe6YeT npeLlBapHTCJ1bHOH YCTaHOBKlI BCCOB Ha
"0". KOHTpOJ1b no o6'beMY npOH3BO,lJ.HTC}\ B CCKTOpHbIX KOBmax 4>HKCai(HeH yrJ1a
nOBopoTa npH Ka)K.!(OH 3aJIHBKC. 31'01' MCTO,lJ. HaHMCHCe 3<p<pCKTHBCH, nOCKOJ1bKY HC
n03BOJIJleT yqCCTb 1I3MCHCHH}\ 06'beMa KOBwa. KOHTpOJ1b no BpCMCHli 3aJIHBKH
OCymCCTBJIJleTCJI B MarHHTO,lJ.HHaMlI'IccKHX .n03aTopax. 31"0 HaH60JIce 3<p4>eKTlIBHbIH
MeTO,lJ. ,n0311pOBaHll}\, HO MarHHTO,lJ.HHaMlI'IccKlie ,lJ.03aTOpbI BeCbMa LloporH, B TOM
'mCJIC 1I B 3KCnJIyaTaL\HH.
58
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Bn.nOB 6paKa. C O.nHOH CTOpOHbI, qCM KpynHcc <ppaKL\HH HanOJ1HlITCJI, TCM BbllllC
6y.n CT ra30npOHHaCMOCTb Ii TCpMOCTOHKOCTb CMCClI, a C LlpyrOH CTOpOHbl -
B03paCTaeT onaCHOCTb MeXaHHqCCKOrO npllrapa.
OpraHHqCCKliC CBJl3YIOIUliC npH BbICOKOTCMncpaTypHOM HarpCBc CMCCH BO
BpCM}! 3aJIHBKlI H KpHCTaJIJ1H3aUliH pa3JIaraIOTCJI Ha ra3bI (OKCn.n 1I .nllOKCn.n
yrJ1cpoa, yrJ1CBO,z:J.OpObI, aMMHaK H T..n.) H KOKCOBbIH OCTaTOK. qCM BbIIIIC BbIXO.n
KOKCOBOro ocmTKa (m6J1. 4.16), TCM COOTBeTCTBCHHO BbIlIIe TepMOCTOHKOCTb CMeCli
1I HlI)Ke ce ra30TBOpHOCTb, TCM MCHbIIIC BepOJITHOCTb LlC<pCKTOB OT1IHBKH, CBJl3aHHbIX
C 3THMlI <paKTOpaMli. CJ1C.nYCT OTMeTlITb, qTO Macca KOKCOBoro OCTaTKa, KaK 1I
CTOHMOCTb CMOJ1, B OCHOBHOM 3aBliCliT 01' co.nep)KaHlIJ! B HliX .noporocTOJ!ll\CrO
<pypHJIOBOro cnHpm.
HeopraHlIqecKlic CBJI3YIOIUliC B npoL\CCCC 3aJIHBKlI H
BbIropalOT, HO qaCTHqHO OITJ1aBJIJI\OTCJI, 'iT0 npHBOLlHT
YXYLlIIlCHHIO BbI6HBaeMocTH. 3Ta np0611cMa HC
MeTaJIJ1o<poc<paTHbIx CBJl3YIOIIlHX, BbI6HBKa KOTOpbIX
paCTBopeHHCM B BOLIC.
Ta6nuqa 4.14
BLl60p MaTepHlLIIa HanOJlHHTeJ1H [45,46]
-
MaTepHaJI HanOJIHHTeJUI TeMnepaTypa PaclliHpeHHe npH Y CJIOBHaJl
IDJaBJIeHHJI, °C 900 °C, % TepMOCToHKOCTb
nuH 1000 °C, C
KBapueBblH necoK 1560 (1178-FeOSi02) 1,56 74
,l{ncTeH- CHllJIHMaHHT 1545 1,05 240
XpOMHTOBbIH nopoUloK 1770 0,5 290
I..{npKOHOBbIH KOHl1empaT 1800 0,25 310
KpHCTaJIJ1H3aL\HH HC
K CYIIICCTBCHHOMY
KacaCTCII T01lbKO
OCYIIICCTBJIJlCTCJI
Ta6nuqa 4.16
fa30npOHHL\aCMOCTb <pOpMbI HJ111 CTCP)KH}\ 3aBliCHT TaK>KC 01' nopHcToCTli
CMCClI, T.C. OT co.ncp)KaHHK CBJ!3YIOll\Cro. HanpliMep, ra30npOHHacMocTb nCCqaHO-
rJIlIHHCTOH CMCCH (6% rJ1HHbl) npHMcpHO B ,z:J.Ba pa3a HlI)KC ra30npOHHL\aCMOCTH
CMCCH C MaCJIJlHbIM (2%) CBJl3YIOIUHM. TaKHM 06Pa30M, qCM MCHbIIIC KOJ1HqCCTBO
CB}\3YIOll\CrO, TCM BbIIIlC ra30npOHHacMocTb.
MCXaHHqCCKHC CBoHcTBa CMCCH onpc.nCJ1}\IOTC}\ Hcn01lb3ycMbIM CBH3YIOll\HM
(Ta6J1.4.15).
CTep)KeHb H 6C30nOqHaK <popMa HC lIMCIOT 3aIUliTHoro nOKpbITH}\,
npcOXpaH}\IOll\CrO HX 01' Pa3pYWCHH}\ (onoKH), n03ToMY OHH .nOJ1)j{HbI 06118L\aTb
60J1cc BbICOKOH npOqHOCTblO, qCM OnOqHaK $opMa.
HCTOpll'iCCKH B KaqCCTBC OCHOBHoro CBJl3YIOll\CrO MaTCpHaJ1a B 1I1ITCHHOM
npoH3BOCTBC HCn0J1b3YeTCJI rJIliHa. 3T0 HaH601lcc .ncIIIeBoc CBJl3YIOll\CC, KpOMC
Toro, rJIliHa HC BbI.nCJIJleT npH HarpcBc BpC.nHbIX BCIUCCTB Ii n03B0J1}\eT 3a cqer
ycaKH qaCTHqHO KOMncHcHpoBaTb TCITJ10BOC pacIlIHpcHliC HanOJ1HlITCJ1}\.
OCHOBHLle xapaKTepHCTHKH CHHTeTH"IeCKHX CMOJI [54]
CMOJla KOKCOBbIII I1pO"lHOCTb Ha pa3pbIB, IlTM, "Iepe3
OCTaTOK, % 4q 24q
lq
Kap6aMJI.!\HaJI 7-12 1,5-2,5 3-4 4-8
Kap6aMJI.!\otlJypaHoBaJI 20-40 2-2,5 6-8 80-10
l1>eHOJIbHaJI 50 1,7-2,2 5-7 7-10
--
l1>eHOJIO<\JypaHOBaJI 50-55 2-2,5 5-6 7-8
Ta6nuqa 4.15
B 1}>0pMOBOqHOH CMCCH HCn0J1b3YIOTCJI Pa3JIlIqHbIC CnCL\HaJIbHbIC .n06aBKH:
. nOBepxHocTHO-aKTHBHbIC BCIUccTBa, nOBbIIIIalOll\HC nOBlI)KHOCTb CMCCH
(KoHTaKT nCTpOBa, JJ.C-PAC 1I J\P.). llpH co.ncp)KaHHlI nOBcpxHoCTHO-aKTHBHbIX
BCIUCCTB 0,2-0,5% 1I HC 601lce 5% BO,z:J.bI CMCCb ncpcxo.nHT B )Kn.nKono.nBlI)KHOC
COCTOJlHHC. )l(H,z:J.Kono.nBH)KHbIC CMecH 3aJIHBalOT B oCHacTKY 6C3
LlOn01lHHTeJIbHOrO ynJ10THCHH}\, '11'0 n03BOJIJleT 3$<peKTHBHO npllMeHJlTb HX H .D;J1J1
H3roTOBJ1CHHJI KpynHbIX OTJ1HBOK CJ10)KHOH KOH<pHrypauuH;
. OTBCp,z:J.lITC1IH MJI caMoTBep.ncIOI1.\HX H XHMHqCCKH TBCp.nCIOll\HX CMCCCH
(HH<pC1IHHOBbIH mJ1aM, <pcppOXpOMOBbIH IIIJ1a}jl, OpTo4>oC$OpHaK KHC1IOTa,
6CH30J1CY1Ib$oKHC1I0Ta H LIP.); i.
. .n06aBKH LlJIJI nOBblIIICHH}\ )KHByqCCTH rOToBoH CMCCH (C.nKHH HaTp, aMHHocnHpTbI
H LIP');
. ynPOqIDIIOll\HC ,z:J.06aBKH (KaMCHHaK COJ1b, $oc<paT HaTpIDI, cO,z:J.a, CHJ1aHbl);
. npoTliBonplirapHblc MafCpHaJIbI (KaMcHHblH H LlPCBCCHbIH yrOJIb, KOKC, Ma3yT 1I
,z:J.p.). llpoTHDonpHrapHbIc .n06aBKH, cropaK, 06eCnCqHBaIOT BOCCTaHOBHTCJIbHYIO
afMOC4>Cpy B <pOpMC;
. ,z:J.06aBKH, nOBbIIIIalOll\lIC TCn1l0npOBOHOCTb CMecH (OKlIC1Ibl )KC1IC3a 1I MapraHua,
MeTaJIJ1HqCCKHC nopoIIIKH, J\P06b). bJIaro.napJl .nCHCTBHIO 3TlIX .n06aBoK, 6bICTpCC
<pOpMHPYeTCJI TBepLlaK KopKa MeTaJIJ1a;
MeXBHH"IeCKHe CBOHCTBa cMeceii (52.53)
CBJ(3)'1Om e e I1pO"lHOCTb cMecn nOCJle CymKH
Ha C)I(aTHe, aTM
KaOJIHHOBaJI H nOJIHMHHepaJIbHaJI rJJHHa 1-2
EeHTOHHTOBaJI rJJHHa 2-3
I1opTJlaJl.!\l1 e MeHT 2-3
JInrHocYJlbcjlaTbI 2-5
)KJI.!\Koe CTeKJIO 8-100
MacJIa ecrecTBeHHble H CHlITeTH"IeCKHe 5-15
MeTaJlJIO<\JoctlJaTbl 20-40
CHlITeTif'leCKHe CMOJIbI 15-50
60
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· 3K0J10rHqCCKliC Ll06aBKH (MOqCBHHa, ncpMaHraHaT K3J1HJI H T.n.) pcarHpYIOT C
BpCJJ:HbIMH BbI,l).CJ1CHHKMlI CMCCH.
TaK)Kc ,z:J.JIJI npc.nOTBpaLQCHHJI npHrapa nOBcpXHOCTb n0J10CTH <pOpMbI MO)KCT
6bITb OKpalllCHa J1l1TeHHOH KpaCKOH, COCTO}\IUCH H3 MCJ1KO,z:J.HcncpcHoro HanOJ1HHTCJ1}\
H CBJl3YIOLQlIX Ao6aBOK.
Tc CBC)KHC MaTCpHaJIbI, KOTOpblC nOCTaBJIJlIOTCJI B J1l1TCHHbIC L\CXH 6C3
npCLlBapllTCJ1bHOH 06pa60TKH, HY)KL\aIOTCJI B no.nrOTOBKC. TcxH01l0rHqCCKaJl CXCMa
nO,z:J.rOTOBKH KBapL\CBOrO nCCKa COCTOliT H3 CJlCLlYIOLQlIX oncpauHH:
. npOCCB;
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nCCOK npOCCHBalOT C L\CJ1blO OT,z:J.cneHlI}\ 01' Hero raJ1bKH, c1IyqaHHo
nonaBIIlHX npH TpaHcnopTlIpOBKC npc.nMCTOB H T.):{. npoCCC npOCCHBaHH}\ HMCCT
KOHTpOJ1bHbIH xapaKTCp (JlqCHKH CHTa 3-5MM).
CymKa CBC)KHX <pOpMOBO'lHbIX MaTCpHaJIOB (neCKa H mHHbI) npOH3Bo.nHTC}\
Ha CYWHJ1bHbIX n1l1lTKaX, B TapeJ1bqaTbIX CymHJ1bHbIX ncqax, B 6apa6aHHbIX
CYWH1IaX, B ncqax KHnJlIIlCrO C1I0Jl. B YCTaHOBKax KHIl}\LQcro CJ10Jl B03MO)KHO
COBMCIQCHHC oncpmWH CYIIIKlI 1I OXJIa)KL\CHH}\ CBe)KHX <P0PMOBOqHbIX
MaTCpHaJIOB. B03MO)KHO lICn0J1b30BaHHC H TCPMHqCCKHX neqCH .npyrHX THnOB.
Pa3MC1IbqCHHC rnHHbI H yrJ1J1 npOH3Bo.nllTCJI B .nBa TraIla: CHaqaJIa rpy60c
(.nP06J1CHHC), 3aTeM TOHKOC (pa3MOJ1). JJ.nJl .np06J1CHHJI CBC)KHX $OpMOBOqHbIX
MaTCpHaJIOB HCn01lb3YIOT BaJIbOBbIC, IQeKOBhIC, M0J10TKOBhIC H KpeCTOBbIC
.nP06H1IKH. JJ.J1J1 pa3M01la npHMCHJlIOT IllapOBbIC H B1I6paL\1I0HHbIC MCJ1bHHbI.
BbI60p 060py.nOBaHliJi .D;J1J1 no.nrOTOBKlI CBC)KHX <P0PMOBOqHbIX MaTepHaJ10B
onpCLlCJ1J1CTCJI lICKJllOqllTCJ1bHO cro np01l3Bo.nHTCJlbHOCTblO, nOCKOJ1bKY y.n C1I bHbIC
3Hcpr03aTpaTbI npliMCpHO paBHbI.
npOL\CCC npHrOTOBJ1CHHJI <pOPMOBOqHOH CMeCH 1I3 npC,z:J.BapllTCJ1bHO
nOLlrOTOBJ1CHHbIX KOMnOHCHTOB (<p0PMOBOqHOrO nCCKa, CBJl3YIOIUcro, Ll06aBOK,
BO.nbI) COCTOHT H3 OnCpaL\HH CMCIllllBaHHK, rOMorCHH3aHlI H pa3pbIXJlCHHJI.
npCLlBapHTCJ1bHO nOLlrOTOBJ1CHHbIC COCTaBJIJlIOIIIHC <pOpMOBOqHOH CMCCH
ncpCMCIIIHBalOTCJI B CMCCHTC1IC. npll ncpCMCIIIHBaHHH CMCCH npOHCXO,z:J.lIT
06B01laKHBaHHC 3epCH HanOJ1HHTC1IJI CBJ(3)'IDIQHM. Pa60qllc opraHbl CMCCHTCJ1J1
HHHL\lIl1PYIOT .nBH)KCHHC Han01lHHTCJ1J1 OTHOCHTCJ1bHO CBJl3YIOIUcro, <POpMHpYJI
TOHKYIO IlJ1eHKy CBJl3YIOIQCrO Ha nOBcpXHOCTH pCH. MO)KHO CKa3aTb, qTO
KaqCCTBO CMCIIlHBaHHJI (paBHOMcpHOC pacnpc.nCJ1CHHC CBJl3YIOIQcrO BOKpyr pCH
HanOJ1HHTe1lJl) HanpJlMYIO 3aBHCHT 01' BJl3KOCTH CBJl3YIOIQCro H MOIUHOCTH
CMCCHTCJ1J1 npH o.nllHaKOBOM BpCMCHH CMCIIlHBaHliJi H o6DeMc 3aMcca (Ta6J1. 4.17).
CymCCTBYIOT C1IC.nYIOIUliC OCHOBHbIC THnbl CMCCHTC1ICH: KaTKOBbIC (HopMaJ1bHbIC
6er}'Hbl, 6Cr}'HbI-BocbMepKa, MJlTHHKOBbIC, KaTKOBbIC CKOpOCTHbIC, KaTKOBbIC C
naJ1bL\CBblM pbIXJIHTC1ICM), 6ccKaTKoBbIC (BHXpCBbIC, "KOHTpaMHKc", pOTOpHbIC),
1I0naCTHbIc, BH6paUHoHHbIC.
liI6nUl(o 4.17
OCHOBHLle THnbl cMeCHTeJleii
Tim CMeClITeJU!
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MaKpopaCnpCLlCJ1eHHH CBJl3YIOLQCrO PblXJlHTCJIJlMH (Ta6J1. 4.18). qCM HHTCHCHBHCC
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CMeCHTCJIJlM nepHOLlHqCCKOrO .nCHCTBIIJI, J10naCTHbIC MorYT 6bITb KaK
nepHo,l).HqCCKOrO, TaK 1I HcnpepblBHoro .nCHCTBHK. KaTKoBbIC H 6ecKaTKoBbIC
CMCCHTC1IH Ha1l601lcc .noporOCTOJlIQHC, Tpe6)'IDT 60J1bIIIHX 3KCITJ1yaTaL\HOHHbIX
3aTpaT, HO H 06CCnC'lHBaIOT JI)"IlIlee KaqCCTBO CMCCH. BIf6paL\OHHbIC CMCClITCJ1H,
HecMoTpJl Ha IlIlipOKOC npliMCHCHHC B CTpOllTCJ1bCTBC. B J1l1TCHHOM npoH3Bo.nCTBC
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(pacnpc.nCJ1CHliC 3epcH Han01lHlITCJ1J! no <ppaKL\H}\M). OCHOBHOC npclIMymccTB_o
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OT KBapL\a MlIHCpaJIOB, paCTpeCKHBaeTCJI 1I3-3a TCPMHqCCKliX HanpJl)KCHHH. qacTHL\bI
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pa3 npcBocxO.nllT 06'bCM 3aJIHBaCMOro MCTaJIJ1a. ECJ1H HC npOBOJlHT pcreHcpaL\HIO
TO pacxo.nbI Ha 3aKynKy CBC)KCro <pOpMOBOqHOro nCCKa, cro TpaHcnOpTHpOBKY'
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npC,lJ.BapHTe1lbHOC ,lJ.p06J1CHHC npllMCHJleTCJI npll $OpMOBKC no CYXOMY
BbI6HTIUI H3 $opM CMCCb npH $OpMOBKC no CbIPOMY paCCbmaeTCJI np
npOXO)K.!(cHHH qCPC3 npYTbJl BbI611BHOH P CIIlu A....
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onaCTHOM 6apa6aHC. fpOXOqCHHC OTpa60TaHHOH CMCCH nOCJ1C OT.nC1ICHHH MeTaJ1J1a
MCeT CJ1bID OT.nCJ1CHHC KYCKOB CTCp)KHCH, J1HTHHKOB H T.,lJ.. H npOH3BO,l).HTCJI qCpe3
KpynHOC CliTO C JI'lCHKaMli 6-12 MM.
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MCXaHHqCCKHH, TPMHqCCKHH H MOKpbIH.
llpOL\CCC MCXaHHqCCKOH pCreHepaHH .nOJ1)KCH COCTOfib H3 OT.nC1ICHHK
lIHCHbIX ITJ1CHOK OT 3epCH Han01lHHTeJIJI H BOCCTaHOBJICHIDI <ppaKUHOHHOrO COCTaBa
nYTeM CCnapaL\HlI. OT.nCJ1CHHC ITJ1eHOK OCYI1.\CCTBJIJleTCJI nocpC.nCTBOM nCpeTHpaHHJI
64
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CMCCH B y,napHO-01"p8)KaTC1IbHbIX
(l)paK1I0HHbIX Llp06HJ1KaX. nbIJ1b 1I3
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llHCBMaTHqCCKaJl pCreHCpaI.{H)\ - :31"0 pa3HOBn.nHOCTb MCXaHlI'iCCKOH. B
IIHCBMOpCrCHCpaTOpaX nJ1eHKlI CBJl3YIOI1.\Cro OT.nCJIJlIOTCJI npH TpeHHH 3CpCH
HanOJ1HHTCJIJI 0 CTeHKlI .npyr .npyra B B03.nYIIIHOM nOTOKC. 06pa3YIOI1.\aJl nblJ1b
YHOCHTCJI nOTOKOM B <pHJ1bTpbI, a HanOJ1HHTeJ1b Oca)K.!(aCTC}\. llpll nHCBMaTHqCCKOH
pcrCHcpaL\HH 3cpHa HanOJ1HlITCJIJI HC nO,lJ.BepraIOTC}\ pa3pYWCHlilO B ,np06HJ1KaX, qTO
BbIrO,lJ.HO OTJ1HqaeT 31'01' npoccc OT C06CTBCHHO MexaHlIqeCKOH pcreHcpaHH.
.lI.nH pcrCHcpaUHH CMCCCH Ha OpraHHqCCKOM CB}\3YIOIIlCM npHMCIDIIOT
. TCPMHqecKYIO pcrCHepaHIO, 3aKJIlOqalOI1.\YIOCJI B BbI)KHraHHH npH TeMnCpaTypc 700-
800 °C BCCX OpraHH'lCCKliX BCLQCCTB, B TOM qllCJ1C nJ1eHOK CBJI3YIOI1.\Cro. nOCK01lbKY
06'beM nepcpa6aTbIBaCMOH CMCCli OqCHb BCJ1l1K, Tpe6YIOTC}\ neqH C OqCHb BbICOKOH
np01l3BOLlHTCJ1bHOCTblO H He60J1bIIlHMH nOTCp}\MH, qTO HaHJIyqIlIHM 06pa30M
npOH3Bo.nllTCJI B npOTliBOTOKC. .lI.nH TepMHqCCKOH pcrCHepaL\lIH MO)KHO
HCn0J1b30BaTb J1106bIC TepMlIqCCKHC nCqH, HO HaH60J1ee np c .nnOqTHTCJ1bHbI
Bpal1.\alOIUHCCJI 6apa6aHHbIC CYIIIHJIa, TapCJ1bqaTbIC MHOrOJIpYCHbIC ncqll, ncqll
C)KlIraHHJI B KHllJIl1.\CM CJ10C.
llpll pcreHcpaL\HH MOKpbIM cnoc060M CMCCb nocTynacT B rn.nPOL\HKJIOHbI C
npOTOqHOH BO.nOH, KOTOpa}\ }'HOCHT MCJ1KYIO nblJ1b 1I nJ1CHKH CBJl3YIOI1.\CrO,
OT.nCJ1eHHbIC npll npCL(BapHTCJ1bHOM pa3MCJ1bqCHlIlI, paCTBOpJleT Bo.nopaCTBopliMbIC
CBH3YIOI1.\HC. 3aTCM npOMbITIUI CMCCb nocTynaeT B MHorOKaMcpHbIC rHLlpaBJ1HqeCKHC
OTTHpoqHbIC MalIlHHbI, H 611aro.napJl paCKJIHHlIBalOLQCMY )laBJICHlilO BO)lbI,
nocTynalOlllcH B KanllJIJIKpHbIC 3a30pbI MC)K.!(y nJ1eHKaMH CBJl3YIOI1.\CrO, OHH
OT,nCJIJlIOTCJI 01' 3epCH HanOJ1HHTCJIJI. Oce.naIOIIlHH B 6acceHHC nCCOK BbIrpc6alOT H
06C3BO)KHBaIOT L\CHTpH<pyrupOBaHlICM HJ1H BaKY}'MHpOBaHlICM, CYWaT B nCqH. qacTo
MOKpbIH cnoc06 pereHcpaUlili JlBJIJleTCJI 3BCHOM CliCTeMbI rn.npaBJ1HqCCKOH BbroHBKH
CTCP)KHCH.
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rJ1HHHCTOH CMCCH co CTep)KHCBOH CMCCblO Ha CHHTeTHqCCKHX CM01laX HCn0J1b3YIOT
TepMOMcxaHlIQCCKYIO HJ1H TcpMonHcBMaruqCCKYIO pcreHcpaUHIO.
llpOceB pcrCHcpaTopa npOH3BOLlHTC)\ Ha 6apa6aHHbIX, nOJ1HrOHaJIbHbIX,
BH6paL\ll.HHbI CHTax. Eapa6aHHblC CliTa npc.nCTaBJ1JIIOT C060H CeTqaTbIH HJ1HHLlP
lInH yceqeHH" KOHYC, a nOJ1HroHaJIbHbIC-MHoroyrOJ1bHYIO npH3MY, BpaIQalOLQYIOCH
BOKpyr CBOCH OCH, HaKJ10HeHHOH nOLI yrJ10M K ropH30HTY ,lJ.JI}\ 06CCnCqCHlI}\
LlBH)KCHH}\ npOCCHBaCMoro MaTCpHaJIa no.n LlCHCTBHCM CHJIbI TJI)KCCTH.
llpOCCHBaeMbIH MaTCpHaJI LlBH)KCTCJI BLl01lb nonOTHa CHTa, n03TOMY KflJI.
npOCCHBaHHJI (COOTHOIIlCHHC MC)K.!(Y MaCCOH qaCTlIL\, npOIIlCLlIIIHX qCPC3 CliTO H
HMCBIIlHX pa3MepbI MCHbIIIC JlqCCK ClITa) HH3KlIH, npOH3Bo.nllTeJ1bHOCTb Tac
HH3KaJl, OC06CHHO 31'0 KaCaCTCJI 6apa6aHHbIX CHT.
B n01lHrOHaJIbHbIX CHTax BCKTOp .nBH)KCHHK qaCTHL{ CMCCH HMCeT 60J1bIIIOH
yr01l OTHOCHTeJ1bHO nOJ1OTHa CHTa. B BH6paUHOHHblX CHTax qaCTHbI .nBH)KYTCJI
nO'iTH ncpnCHLlHKYJ1J1pHO n0J10THY, n03TOMy Kn,L( Ii CKOpOCTb npOCClIBaHHJI OqCHb
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(oc06eHHO.nJIB y.naPHbIX BH6paUHOHHbIX CHT) Ii BbICOKa}\ CTOHMOCTb 06CJ1HBaHlI}\.
3KCnJIyaTaHoHHbIC xapaKTepHCTHKH CHT npllBCLlCHbI B Ta6JI. 4.20.
CBJl3aHHbIM C pa3pywcHHCM <pOPMbI. C ,lJ.pyrOH CTOpOHbI, .ynJIOTHCHliC <pOpMOBOqHOH
CMCCH CHH)KaeT ee ra30npOHHL\aCMOCTb, T.C. cnoco6cTBycT pa3BHTHIO ra30BbIX
.nC<pCKTOB B OTJ1HBKax. KOHCqHO, npH OCTI\TOqHOH npOqHOCTH <pOpMOBOqHOH CMCCli
MO)KHO OTKa3aTbCJI 01' yITJIOTHCHHjJ. B 3TOM c1Iyqac .nJIB npcLlOTBpmucHHJI
MCXaHH'iecKoro npHrapa $opMY Hc06xOLlHMO KpacHTb. OC06CHHOC 3HaqCHHC HMceT
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npcccoBaHlic nnocKoH npeccoBoH K01l0.nKOH. Ero OCHOBHbIC npeHMywccTBa, BbICOKaK
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TOJ1bKO LIJlK Hc60J1blIlliX MOLlC1ICH 6C3 OTbCMHbIX qaCTeH C HC3HaqllTCJ1bHbIMH
ncpcna.naMH BblCOT, HHaqC B03HlIKaeT pa3HOnJIOTHOCTb <pOpM. 3TOT CYWCCTBCHHbIH
Hc.nOCT!rrOK MO)!CeT 6bITb YCTpaHeH npliMcHcHHCM npO<p"J1bHOH npeccoBoH K01l0,ZJ;KH,
'iT0 B,lJ.BOC yBe1l1lqllBaeT CTOHMOCTb MO.nC1IbHOH OCHaCTKH H BPCM}\ npOCTOJI npll ce
CMCHC. ,[{pyrHC MeTO,nbI npccCOBaHH}\ - npeccoBaHHc MHOrOnJI}'H)KCpHOH roJ10BKOH,
ru6KOH .nHa$parMoH, .naBJIeHHCM ra30B - pa3pa60TaHbI HMCHHD-,nJIJI npe,nOTBpaLQCHH}\
pa3HOIIJ1OTHOCTH $OpMbI 6C3 npHMCHCHH}\ npO<pHJ1bHOH npcccoBOH K0J10.nKH.
npliMCHCHHC nCpCqHC1ICHHbIX cnoc060B coxpaHJieT npCHMywccTBa npecCOBaHlI}\ 3a
cqer BbICOKOH CTOHMOCTH $OpMOBOqHOrO 060py.noBaHH}\. .lI.nH npccCOBaHlI}\
Hc06xo,ZJ;HMbI LlOpOroCTOJlIQHC J1l1TbIC onOKH C HanOJ1HHTeJIbHOH paMKoH.
lIpH BCTpJlXHBaHHH peaJIlI3YeTcJI McxaH1I3M LlaBJ1CHlIjJ CJIOeB CMCCli pyr Ha
,ZJ;pyra npH nepHo.nHqCCKH B03HHKalOLQHX YCKOpCHHJlX. BCTp}JXHBaHHcM MO)KHO
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MHTeJ1bHOCTb npoL\ccca ynJ10THCHH}\, nbIJIb, 1Il}'M, B1I6paL\H}\. flnOTHOCTb Ha6HBKH C
yaeJ1HqCHHCM BbICOTbI na.naeT, n03ToMY Hc06xo,ZJ;HMO LlOnOJ1HHTeJ1bHOC ynJ10THCHHC
co CTOpOHbI KOHTpJ1a.na. BCTpJlXHBalOlIlHc <pOpMOBOqHbIC MalIlHHbI 06bIqHO
KOMITJ1CKTYIOTCJI C npeccoBbIMli B CLllIuyIO YCTaHoBKY (BCTp}JXHBaIOIUHc
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nHcBMamqCCKHMH 1I pyqHbIMH TpaM60BKaMH. 113-3a 60J1b1IlHX ,nHHaMHqCCKHX
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CKOpOCTb $OpMOBKH OqCHb BbICOKa. HC.nOCTaTOK nCCKOMeTHOrO ynJ10THCHHH -
3HaqHTCJ1bHbIH ncpepacxo.n <POpMOBOqHOH CMecH. JJ.aBJ1CHHC CMCCH Ha CTCHKH OnOKH
npH yITJIOTHCHliH nCCKOMeTOM HCBeJ1HKO, 'iTO n03BOJIJleT HCn0J1b30BaTb J1CrKHC H
Hc.noporHC CBapHbIC onOKH.
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aHaJIOfH'iHblH nCCKOMCTHOMY. OTJ1HqHC COCTOHT B 60J1bUJCH LlHCKpeTHOCTH npoecca:
<pOpMOBOqHaJi CMCCb .nBH)KeTCJI HC naKeTaMlI, a npaKTHqCCKli CITJ10UJHbIM nOTOKOM,
n03TOMY CKpOCTb <pOpMOBKH BCCbMa BbICOKaJl. Ho, nOCKOJ1bKY HMnYJ1bC,
nepc.naBaCMblH naKeTOM <POpMOBOqHOH CMeCH, 60J1bUJC HMnyJ1bCa .nHCKpeTHbIX 3CpCH,
CTenCHb yITJIOTHCHH}\ npH nCCKOLlYBHOM cnoc06c He60J1blIIaK. l103TOMY OH
npllMCHHCTCJI ,l).JlJI <pOpMOBOqHOH CMCCCH C BbICOKOnpOqHbIM CBJl3YIOlIlllM, J1H60
COBMCCTHO C ,npyrHM cnoc060M yITJIOTHCHHK, HarrpHMCp nCCKo,nYBHO-npeCCOBbIH.
HMCHHO nCCKO.nyBHo-npeCCOBbIH cnoc06 yITJIOTHCHHK <pOpM JlBJIJleTCJI 6a30BbIM }J.M
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llpH yITJIOTHCHHH nCCKOCTpCJ1bHbIM McxaHH3MOM CMCCb B onOKY lIJIli CTCp)KHCBOH
JlLQHK no.naeTCJI LlHCKpCTHbIMH nOpL\HJlMH, KOTOpbIC yITJIOTHJlIOTCH B KOHHqCCKOH
Haca.nKC Mara3HHa. CKOpOCTb .nBH)KCHHJI naKeTOB <pOpMOBOqHOH CMCCH BbICOKa, TaK
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OTJ1HBOK CJ10)KHOH KOH<pHrypaL\HH. BbI)KHraeMbIC MOLlenH nepc.n ynOTpC611CHHCM
OKpaIIlHBaIOT. 31'0T npoccc HC npe.nYCM8'rpHBaCT CBJI3YIOmcro, BMCCTO onOK
npllMCmlOTCJI KOHTCHHepbI. llCCOK B KOHTCHHepax yn91pe6.rrJreTCJI Ha BH6pOCT0J1ax.
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nepe.n 3an0J1HCHHeM onOKH $OpMOBOqHOH CMeCblO H KOHTpJ1a.n nOCJIC 3anOJ1HCHIDI. ,[{mI
npe.nOTBpamCHHJI MCXaHHqCCKOrO rrpurapa BHYTpCHHJIK nOBcpXHOCTb <pOpMbI
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OTcyrCTBHC CBJl3YIOmCro CHH)KaeT TeITJ10rrpOBO,z:J.HOCTb <P0PMbI, 'ITO n03BOMeT
nOJIy'iaTb TOHKOCTCHHbIC OTJ1HBKH. COBpCMCHHbIC TepMoyca.nOqHbIC ITJ1CHKH Moryr
YBe1lHqHBaTb [IJ101Il3J(b rrOBepXHOCTH npH HarpCBe B 6-9 pa3, 'ITO rr03BOJIJlCT nOJIy'iaTb
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nO}J.HyrpCHHKMH [56]. npoH3BO,z:J.HTCJIH 1I3roTaBJ1HBa1OT CTau.napTHbIH Ha60p
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HcnapcHlic _ npoL\ecc ,WIHTeJIbHbIH, n03"ToMY Bccr,z:J.a cro HHTCClI<pHIYIOT nCqHOli
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HCnOJ1b3ycTCJI B OCHOBHOM ,WI}\ 1I3roTOBJ1CHHJI CTpC)KHCH, 060J10qKOBbIX <pOpM 1I B
KaqCCTBC 06mlL\OBOqHoro C1I0}\ B <pOpMC.
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Ba)KHO B YCJ10BlI}\X 1I3MCHqHBOH PbIHOqHOH KOH'bIOKIypbI. B TaKOM c1I}"Iac, HanpHMcp,
npo.nyBKa ra30M MO)KeT ocyruCCTBJI}\TCJI no.n 30HTOM. llpllqCM npH npo}J.YBKe BpCMJI
OTBepCHlI}\ CTep)KHCBOH CMCCH CJ1a60 3aBliCHT 01' pa3Mepa cTpc)Km. TOJ1bKO
OTBcpCHHC no HarpcBaeMoH OCHaCTKC Tpc6YeT cnCL\HaJIbHoro 060pYLloBaHH}\ 
no.nrOTOBKH nJ1aKHpOBaHHoro necKa. 113-3a 3Toro Hc,nOCTaTKa, a TaK)KC BbICOKOH
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IlanpHMcp, B EBponc, r.nc HMCIOTCJI XOpOillHC nCCKlI, nOTpC6JIJ1lOT B 60nbillOM
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4.6. cJ}HHHillIfaH o6pa6oTKa OTJ1HBOK
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JlbIITOJ1HKCMbIC HJIH HeT B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' TCXH01l0rHH 1I3rOTOBJ1CHHJI OTJ1HBOK:
1) BbI6HBKa OTJ1HBOK;
2) BH3YaJIbHbIH KOHTpOJIb;
3) npe.nBapllTCJ1bHa}\ OqHCTKa;
4) OTLlC1ICHHC B03BpaTa;
5) oqHCTKa OT CTCp)KHCH;
6) OqHCTKa OT 3aycCHLtCB, 3aJIHBOK;
1) KOHTp01lb KaqCCTBa;
8) 3a.nCJlKa 6paKa;
9) TepMo06pa60TKa;
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Bbl6HBHbIX paMax lIJIH peilleTKaX H BbmaBJIHBaHHCM nyaHcoHaMH. BbI60p
o60py.noBaHHJI L\JIJI BbI6HBKH OTJ1HBOK 3aBHCHT OT THna npHMcHHeMbIx onOK.
UbI6HBKa <pOpM 6C3 KpCCTOBHH B HH)KHCH onOKC npOH3BOLlHTCJI 06CHMH cnoc06aM
6C3 pacnapoBKH onOK, HO npH BbI6HBKC BbI.naBJ1HBaHHCM Y CTCHOK OCTaeTCJI CJ101l
CMCCH, KOTOpbIH npHxo.nHTCJI LlOnOJ1HlITCJ1bHO y.naJI}\Tb BpyqHyIO. HaJIHqHC
KpCCTOBHH B HH)KHeH onOKC HC .naeT B03MO)KHOCTH BbI6HBaTb <pOpMbI KOMITJ1CKTHO,
n03TOMY Hco6xOLlHMO npc.n;BapllTCJ1bHOC npoBc.ncHliC OnCpaLtHH pacnapoBKH onOK.
BbIDHBKa $OpM BbmaBJIHBaHHCM npCLlnOqTHTCJ1bHCH C TOqKH 3peHH}\ 3K0J10rHlI, T3K
KaK OTCYTCTBYeT nbIJ1b, B1I6paL\H}\, ill}'M, CBOHCTBCHHbIC BH6paLtllOHHOH BbI6HBKC, HO
,l).J1JI BbI.1I:aBJIHBaHHJI npaKTlIqCCKH HCB03MO)KHa nepCHaJI3.lU<a Ha .upyrHC pa3MepbI
onOK. BbI6HBKa 6C30nOqHbIX <pOpM npOH3Bo.nHTCJI BH6paLtHCH 1I1I60 B npoxo,z:J.HbIX
OqHCTHbIX 6apa6aHax O.nHOBpCMCHHO C OT.nCJ1CHHCM J1HTHliKOBOH CHCTCMbl. 
OqHCTKa OTJ1l1BOK 01' OCTaTKOB npHropcBlIlcH CMCCH, OKaJIHHbI H CTep)KHCH
npOH3BO,nHTbCH pa3Ho06pa3HbIMH cnoco6aMH, OCHOBaHHbIMH Ha pH.l1C <P3HqCCKHX H
XHMlIQCCKHX JlBJICHHH. BbI60p cnoc06a OqllCTKH onpe.n;C1I}\eTCH y.napHOH B}\3KOCTblO
CITJ1aBa, pa3MCpOM H CJ10)KHOCTblO KOH<pHrypaLtHli OTJ1HBKH (1"86J1. 4.23). MHrKHc
71
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H3roTOBJ1CHHJI CTCp)KHCH IIBJIJleTCJI TOqHOCTb HX pa3MCpOB. JJ.M CTCp)KHCH,
H3rOTOBJICHHbIX cold-box npOLtCCCOM, TOqHOCTb pa3MCpOB COCTaBJ1J1eT 0,8-1 MMIM.
TOqHOCTb CTep)KHCH, OTBCp)K.!(aeMbIX B ropJlqCH OCHaCTKC hot-box npOLtCCCOM, H3-3a
Kop06J1CHlI}\ npll HarpcBe HH)KC - 1-4 MMIM. 0601l0'lKOBbIC CTCp)KHH ,l).J1JI npn.naHH}\
HM OKOHqaTeJ1bHOH npOqHOCTli .non01lHlITCJ1bHO cnCKaIOTC}\ B nCqH, n03ToMY HX
TOqHOCTb 3HaqHTC1IbHO HH)KC - 2-8 MMIM. 060J10qKOBbIC CTCp)KHH H <pOpMbI
1I3rOTaBJ1HBaIOT 1I3 ITJ1aKHpOBaHHoro nCCKa no HarpeBacMoH OCHaCTKC B OCHOBHOM
Ha 6}'HKCpHbIX <P0PMOBOqHbIX MaWHHax. Hc.nocTaToK 6}'HKepHbIx MaillllH CBJl3aH C
LlHHaMHKoH BbICbmaHHJI <pOpMOBOqHOH CMCCH H3 6}'HKepa Ha MOLlCJ1b. npH OqCHb
6bICTpOM nepeBopoTc 6}'HKepa CMCCb OCTaeTCJI B HCM .no OKOHqaHHK
Onp0KH.nbIBaHH}\, 3aTCM na.naeT BCCH MaCCOH, npHqCM H3 HaH60J1cc my60KHX
Bna.nHH MO,z:J.CJ1H B03L1YX HC ycnCBaeT y.naJIHTCH 1I CMCCb 3aBHcaeT, 06pa3YJl nycToTbI
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MlIHHM}'MY B HanpaBJ1CHHlI .nBlI)KCHH}\ CMCCH. JJ.J1J1 MO.nCJ1CH C1I0)KHOH
KOH<plIrypaLtHH CJlc,z:J.yeT npc.n;nOqCCTb MCMCHHbIH nOBopoT 6}'HKepa H1I1I
HCn01lb30BaHHC CnCLtHaJIbHbIX 6}'HKCpOB C ,z:J.pOCCCJ1bHbIMH 3acJ10HKaMH. O.nHaKo .nJIJI
MO.nC1ICH C rJ1y6oKHMH H )'3KHMH Bn8L\I-IHaMH .na)KC 3TH MepbI HC n03BOJIJllOT
nOJ1yqaTb KaqCCTBCHHbIC 0601l0qKH. TOJ1bKO npliMCHCHHC nCCKo.nYSHbIX MalIlHH
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reOMeTpHqCCKHC pa3MepbJ MHoro MeHbIIIC OqHaCMbIx OTJ1HBOK.
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,z:J.pOGeMeTHOH OqHCTKH COCTOHT B YLlapHoM B03,l\cifcTBHH ,l(P06H Ha TeJ10 OTJ1HBKH
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I1pllMCIDIIOTCJI Pa3J1HqHbIC CXCMbJ )lp06eMeTHOH O'lHCTKH OTJ1l1BOK:
· B KaMcpax lIa KapyceJ1I1X (CPC,z:J.HHC OTJ1HBKH);
· B KaMcpax Ha KOHBcHcpax (CpCLlHHC OTJ1HBKH);
· B pOTopHo-ryceHHqHbIX 6apa6aHax (MCJ1KHC OJ1HBKH).
fICCKOCTpyHHbIH (.nP06CCTpyHHbIH) cnoc06 OqHCTKlI OTnHBOK OCHOBaH Ha
Y,z:J.apHoM B03,z:J.eHcTBHH cTpyn neCKa \IJIH ,z:J.po6H, BbI6paCblBaCMbIX Ha OTnHBKY qCPC3
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n0J10)KCHbI B OCHOBY rn.npaB1IHqCCKOH OqHCTKlI.
Cnoco6LJ O'lHCTKH JIHTI>H (46)
Ta6nuqa 4.23
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1I ITJ10THOCTH.
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MC)K.!(Y 311CKTpOLlaMH H nOBcpxHOCTblO OTJlHBKH.
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1I0BbIIlICHHoro H 1I0HH)KCHHOrO ,l(aBncHHK. CymHOCTb KaBHT3UHH COCTOHT B
HapywcHliH CnJ10IIlHOCTH )Kn.nKOCTH. B 06nacTH nOHH)KCHHOro .naBJICHH}\ 06pa3yIOTC}\
nY3bIpbKlI, KOTOpbJC IIPH CXJ10nbIBaHUH BbI.nCJlJI\OT 60J1bIlIOe KOJ1HqeCTBO 3Hcpnm.
npH 06py6KC 01' OT1IHBKH OTLlCJIJlIOTCJI nHTHliKOBa}\ CHCTCMa H npH6blJ1H,
KOTOpbIC 3aTCM n.nyr B nCpCIIJlaB. TaKHM 06Pa30M, 01' p3unoHaJIbHOrO BC.nCHH}\
06py6KlI 3aBHCHT HC TOJ1bKO 06'bCM ,l(aJIbHCHIIIHX pa60T 110 IIIJIH$OBKe, HO H 06'bCM
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nblJ1blO OKpYJKalOCH CpC.nbl IIPH IllJ1H$OBKC. OCHOBHbIM J1HMHTHpyIOUM
<paKTOpOM IIpli oT.neJ1CHliH B03BpaTa JlBJIJleTCli TOJ1LQHHa cpC3a (Ta6J1. 4.24). .lI.JIB
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Ta6nuqa 4.24
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MCXaHHQCCKHM (wm LlpyrHM <plI3HQCCKHM) CBOHcTBaM, BbI3BaHHOC HapyIIIcHHcM
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74
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IKMKOCTHMH KOTOpbIC npll oXJ1a)K.l\CHlili '3a CqeT yMCHbiliCHliJi BHYTpCHHcro 06'bCMa
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1I0KpbITHC nOBcpXHOCTli OTJ1HBKlI J1IOMHHO<pOpOM, 3aTCM CHJlTHC cro H3J111IIlKOB. B
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craHKa onpc.ncm!eTCJI HCKJllOqHTCJ1bHO 3KOHOMHqecKHMH C006pa)KCHHJlMli.
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CHCTCMC naHKoH HJ111 npHKJlCHBaHHcM. npHnaHBaHHC npllMCH}JCTCJ! LlJIM MCJIKHX
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npO'iHOCTb COCLlHHCHHJI BbIWC, HC Tpe6YCTCJI CnCL\HaJIbHOrO MO.nCJ1bHOrO KJlC}\, a
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nbIDCBH,l).HOrO orHcynopHoro MaTepHaJIa C )Kn.nKliM CBJ(3)'1OHM. B KaqeCTBC
CBK3YJOero npH J1l1TbC no BbIIT1IaBJIJlCMbIM MOLlCJIJlM npllMCWlCTCJI
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npc.u;sapHTC1IbHO paCCqHTaHHbIx Om.CMOB COCTIlBJ1JIWHX B rn.np01lH3epax.
CycncH31110 H3rOTaBJ1HBaIOT B J1106bIX MCXaHlIqCCKHX MClIlaJIKaX HJ1H BP)"iHYJO. JJ.JIJI
npc.noTBpaLQCHH}\ occ.naHH}\ TBCp.nbIX qaCTHQ cycncH3HIO nOCJIe npHrOTOBJ1CHliJi
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npC:l1CTaBJ1CHHbIMH B Ta6J1. 4.27.
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KOMnOHCHTOB B c1I0e H $HKcHpoBaHHoc BpeMJI CYIIIKH B YCTaHOBJICHHOM
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3aJIHBKC. npOL1CCC BCCTCJI B TCPMHqCCKliX ncqax npH TeMncpaTypc 900-1100 °C.
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n01lHCTHp0J1. TcxHoJIorHK BcnCHHBaHHJI n01lHCTHp01la BKJIlOqaCT B ce6J1 ,l).Ba 3Tana.
Ha nepBoM 3Tanc nop006pa30B31'eJIb (nCHTaH HJIli C TeMnepa1'ypoH KHnCHlIJI 36,7 "C,
H30neHTaH C TCMncpaTypoH KHnCHHK 27,9 °C) npH HarpcBc ra3HpycTCJI, yaCJlHqllBa}\
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MO)KCT npoH3BO,z:J.HTbCSI B BaHHax, aBTOKJIaBaX, HH:::aH rpaHYJ1, 3a1'CM MO,nCJIb
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COOTeTCTBHe (paBcHcrno) MC)K.!(y paCXO,lJ.OM TOITJ1l1Ba H 3Heprlflf B 3HeprCTlIqeCKOM
X03}\HCTBC .nJI}\ ,lJ.HHOro MOMeH BpeMeHH. 3HCpreTlIqCCKliH 6anaHc (3E) COCTOHT
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BceB03MO)KHbIX c nplfMcHeHHKx, nOTcpli nplf npc06pa30BaHHlI o.nHoro Bn.na
3Heprlf1l B Llpyroll H npll cc TpaHcnopTlIpoBKe, a TaK)KC 3Heprmo, HaKanJ1HBacMYIO
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n0J10)KCHO 06CJ1C,lJ.OBaHHC ero 3HepreTHqCCKOrO X03HHcTBa, TCXH0J10rH'lCCKHX H
3HepreTlfqeCKHX xapaKTCpHCTliK 060pY,lJ.OBaHH}\. JJ.nH npOCKTHpyeMbIx npe,lJ.npllJlTHM
3E CTpOHTCJI _ Ha OCHOBC TeXH0J10rHqCCKHX H npOeKTHbIX pa3pa60TOK.
3HepreTHqeCKHI! 6anaHC n03BOJIJleT BbI.nCJ1HTb 113 061l\cro pacxo.na 3HcprHlI CC
n01lC3HO O3paCXO,lJ.OBaHHYIO qaCTb H nOTepH no cc COCTaBJIJllOll\HM, TeM caMbIM
BbffiBHTb KflJI. TeXH0J10mqCCKOrO npOl\CCca, arperaTa, ucxa, 3aBOLla.
3HCpreTHqeCKHe 6anaHCbI npOMbImJ1CHHbIX npeLlnpHJlTHH pa3.nCJIJlIOTCJI Ha
eJ1e,QYIOIl\He rpnbI: no Ha3HaqeHlIlO - ONeTHbIC H nJ1aHOBbIC; no Bn.naM
3HcprOHOCHTCJ1CH - 'laCTHbIe (no OT.neJ1bHbIM Bn.naM TOnJ1HBa H 3HcprllH) H CBO,lJ.HbIC;
no o6LCKTaM H3yqeHHJI - 6anaHCbI OT,lJ.eJ1bHbIX Bn.nOB TCXH0J10rHqeCKOrO
060pYLlOBaHHK, L\CXOB H npCLlnpHKTHK B L\CJ10M; no npHHLll1naM COCTaBJ1eHHJI _
aHaJIHTHqeCKHC, ClIHTeTlIqCCKHC, HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIC, OIITHMaJIhHbIC; no npHHL\HnaM
OL\eHKH HCn0J1b30BaHHK TOnJ1HBa H 3HepmH - 3HTponHHHbIC H 3KCCpreTlIqCCKliC.
Om'lemHble 3E OTpa)KalOT 4>aKTHqCCKHe nOKa3aTCJ1l1 np01l3BO,lJ.CTBa H
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HCnOJ1b30BaHliJi. Ha OCHOBC 3THX 3E MO)KHO KOHTpOJ1HpOBaTb '3HepronOTpe611eHHc
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OT'ieTHbIC (<paKTH'iCCKHe) 3E .nCJ1JlTCJI Ha CUHmemU'IeCKUe, nOKa3blBaIOLQHe
pacnpe,lJ.CJ1eHHe nO,l).Bc.neHHbIX H pacnpe,/.\CJ1eHHbIX 3HeproHOCHTeJ1eH BHYTPH
npe,lJ.npHKTHK, H aHGJIumU'IeCKUe. HCXO,l).HbIMH .naHHblMli .nJIB COCTaBJIeHHK
ClIHTerH'iCCKlIX 3E CJIT MaTepHa.JIbI 3KCITJIY8Tall,1I0HHOro npn60pHOro yqCTa H
KOHTpOJIJI, MaTepHaJIbI HCIIbITaHHH, 06cJIC.nOBaHlIH, KOHTpOJ1bHbIX 3aMCpoB H
XpoHOMCTpHpoBaHHK pa6on.I 060pY,lJ.OBaHHK. Pa3pa6OTKY OT'iCTHblX CHHTCTHqCCKlIX 3E
cne,z:J.yeT npOBOnHTb C)Kcro,z:J.HO .nJIB nOJ1yqeHHK Ha.neX<HOH H npe.n CTaB HTeJ1bHOH
HH$opMaL\Hll 0 ,lJ.HHaMHKe ero CTpYKTYPbI H TeHLICHl\HJIX COBCpweHCTBOBaHHK
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80

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'3HeprCTH'iecKHX 06J,CKTOB H npc,lJ.npllKTHK B LleJIOM. AHaJIH3 YKa3aHHbIX 3aBHCliMOCTCH
no OT,lJ.eJIbHbIM npe,l).IIpHKTlf}\M n03BOJIJleT myqaTb COCTOJlHlIC II TCHLleHUHlI pa3BHTHJI
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OnTHMaJIbHbIC nponopl\lIlf npH HCnOJ1b30BaHHH pa3JlH'iHbIX Bn.nOB TorUlHBa 1I 3HeprlfH B
OTpacJICBOM pa3pe3e. COCTaBJIeHHbIC no 3TIfM .naHHbIM OT'iCTHbIC CHHTeTlfqCCKHe 3E
JlBJ1KIOTCJI LloKYMeHTHpoBaHHbIM no,nrnep)K.!(CHlieM TOro, 'iTO Ha paccMaIpHBaeMoc
npC,lJ.npHKTHC nOCTynllJ1o onpe,lJ.CJ1eHHOC KOJ1H'iecTBO T3P H 6blJ10 HM 1I3pacxo,lJ.OBaHO Ha
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n01lyqcHHoH OT YCTaHoBKlf, COCTaBJIJleT ::mepzemu'IecKUe nomepu. OHH
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2. no MCCTY B03HHKHOBCHHJI:
. nOTcpli npll ,lJ.06bIqe;
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. npH npe06pa30BaHHH;
. npH HCn0J1b30BaHHlI.
3. no <PH3HqCCKOMY npH3HaKY 1I xapaKTcpy:
. nOTepH TCITJ1a B oKpalOIU}'lO cpC,lJ.y, C YX0,nKIl\HMlI ra3aMH, TexH01l0rllqeCKOH
npo,QYKL\HeH, TCXH0J10rllqCCKlIMH OTXO,lJ.aMH, }'HOCOM MaTepllaJIOB, XIfMHqecKHM H
MeXaHlIqCCKHM HC,lJ.O)KOroM, OXJlaaIOLQeH BO,lJ.OH 1I T. ,lJ..;
. nOTcpli 3neKTp03HeprHH B TpaHc<p0pMaTOpax, ,lJ.pOCCCJIJlX, mHHonpOBO,lJ.aX,
JIliHIDIX 3J1eKTponepeLlaq, npeo6pa30BaTeJIJlX, 3ncKTponpHcMHHKax 1I T. LI.;
. nOTepH C YTeqKaMH qepC3 HenJ10THOCTH, OT YCyIIIeK H T. n.;
. rn.npaBJIH'lCCKliC nOTepH - nOTcpH Hanopa npH ,lJ.poCCCJ1l1pOBaHHl1, nOTepH Ha
TpCHliC npH .nBH)KeHlIH )KlI,lJ.KOCTlI, napa H ra3a no Tpy6onpoBO,lJ.aM C yqeTOM
K01leH, BeHTHJ1eH H ,QpyrlfX MCCTHblX cOnpOTHBJIeHlIH;
81

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· MCXaHW-lecKIfC nOTcpH - nOTeplf Ha TpeHHc.
4. no npH'-lHHaM B03HHKHOBeHHJI (noTcpH :meprHH, YCTpaHeHlfe KOTOpbIX II
LlaHHbIX YCJ10BIfJlX TCXHH'-leCKH B03MO)KHO H 3KOHOMlfqeCKif L\e1leC006pa3Ho):
· BCJ1CLlCTBlfe KOHCTpYKTlIBHbIX HeLloCTaTKOB;
· B pe3YJ1bTaTe HCnpaBlIJ1bHoro BbI60pa TeXH0J10rH'-lCCKoro pe)KIfMa pa60TbI;
· H3-3a HCnpaBHJlbliOH 3KCn1lyaTaUHH arpcraTa;
· B pe3YJ1bTaTe HH3Koro Ka'leCTBa HCn01lHCHHK peMOHTHbIX pa60T;
· BCJ1eLlCTBHC 6paKa npOLlYKL\lIH.
XapaKTeplleTHKa HCn0J1b30BaHHJI Pa3JIH'IHblX 3HeproHOCHTC1IeH H3
npe,lJ.npHHTHHX ,lJ.OJ1)KHa OTpa)KaTbCJI B CBO,lJ.HOH <PoPMC aHaJIHTJiqeCKoro 3E. npH 3TOM
B KaqeCTBe IfCXO,lJ.HOH BeJ1l1qlfHbI, no.nJIC)!(aIl\eH pacnpe.ne1leHlIIO no CTaTbHM
n0J1C3HOrO HCn0J1b30BaHHJI H nOTepb, nplfHHMaeTCJI <paKTHqCCKOe nOTpe6J1eHHe
,lJ.aHHOrO Bn.na 3HCprHlI, B3}JTOe H3 CIfHTeTHqeCKOrO 6aJIaHca. BeJ1if'IlIHa HeB}\3KII
6aJIaHCa C1IlIT KpHTCpHeM LIJlK oL\eHKIf ,lJ.OCTOBepHOCTIf COCTaBJ1eHHoro
aHaJIlITHqeCKOrO 6aJIaHCa (B HOpMaJIbHbIX YC1I0BHJIX OHa He LlOJ1)KHa npCBbIlIIaTb 2,5%
BeJIIf'IHHbI c}'MMapHoro paCXOLla 3HeproHOClITeJIJl). AHaJIlITlfqecKHH 6aJIaHC MO)KC'I
CJIy)KHTb OCHOBOH LIJlK OL\eHKlI 3HepreTH'ICCKOH 3<p<peKTIfBIIOCTH paccMaTpHBaeMblx
npoL\CCCOB, nOKa3aTCJIJlMH KOTOpoH JlBmlOTCJI ::mepreTH'-lCCKHe KfI,l(.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xapaKTepa 3HCpreTlfqeCKoro npoecca cne,z:J.yeT pa3J1HqaTi.
BH.nbI n0J1C3HOH 3HcprlfH 1I TO eeqCHHe 3HepreTHqCCKOrO nOTOKa, no KOTOpoMy
npOH3BO,lJ.HTCJI ee K01lll'iCCTBeHHa}\ OL\eHKa. nOCKOJIbKY HCT ,lJ.OCTaTOqHO '1eTKOro
OIIpC.QCJ1eHHK nOHJITHK "n01lC3Ha}\ 3HCprHJI", pCKOMCHLlYeTCJI npliHlIMaTb L\illI
pa3J1l1'iHbIX TeXH0J10rlfqCCKHX npoeCCOB YCJIOllllbiC onpC,lJ.eJ1eHHJI nOJIC3HOro
HCnOJ1b30BaHHK 3HCprHlI: B OCBCIl\CHliH - no CBCTOBOMY "OTOry 1IaMIIbI; B CHJlOBbIX 11
,lJ.BHraTeJIbHbIX npol\CCcax npJlMoro LleHCTBHJI - no pacxoy 3Hcpmli, Hc06 xo .n H MO M Y
,l).JI}J npOL\CCca no TCOpeTHqCCKOMY pacqeTy (no pa60TC Ha BaJIY ,lJ.BlIraTcm);
B 3JIeKTpOXHMHqCCKHX H 311eKTpo<pH3l1'iecKHX npol\CCcax - 110 pacXO,z:J.y 3Hepnm,
HC06xO,lJ.lIMOMY ,l).JI}J npOL\CCca B COOTBeTCTBHIf C TeOpemqCCKHM paCqeTOM:
B TCPMHqecKHX npol\CCcax - no TCOpemqCCKOMY paCXO,lJ.Y 3HeprHH Ha HarpCB, nnaBKY.
lICnapeHHe MaTCpllaJIa 1I npOBe,lJ.eHHe 3HL10TepMlI'ieCKHX pcaKUHH; B OTOITJ1eHHH,
BCHTlIJIj(L\HH, KOHML\HOHHpOBaHHH, rOpJlqeM BO,lJ.OCHa6)KeHHH H XJ1a.nocHa6)KCHHlI - no
KOJ1lfqCCTBY TeITJ1a, nOJ1yqcHHoro nOTpC611TCJ1CM; B CpC,lJ.CTBax CBJl311 H ynpaBJIeHHK - no
nO,lJ.BC,lJ.eHHOH 3HeprHIf; B npeo6pa30BaHHH, xpaHeHHH, nepepa60TKe H
TpaHcnOpTHpoBKe TOITJ1HBa 1I :meprHH - no KOJ1HqCCTBY 3HCpropCCypcOB, nOJ1yqaeMbIx
H3 CHCTeM npC06pa30BaHHJI, xpaHCHHK, nepepa60TKH HJ1lI TpaHcnopTa. qaCTb TeITJ10BblX
nOTepb B HCKOTOpbIX CJIyqaKX (B 3anHCHMOCTH OT OpraHH3aL\HH TCXH0J10rlfqCCKOrO
npoccca) MO)KeT paCCMaTpllBaTbC}\ KaK n060qHbIH 3HCprerll'iCCKHH pCcypc, n01lC3HO
HCnOJ1b3yeMbIH LIJlK L\CJ1eH OTOITJ1eHH}J H JWyrux H}?K.n.
OCHOBHOH <pOpMOH IIJ1aHHpOBaHHJI 3HcpronOTpe6J1CHHJI H
3HeproHcn01lb30BaHIDI Ha I.IpeLlnpH}JTlIH JlBJIJlIOTCJI WlGH06ble 3E. Pa3pa60TKa
ITJ1aHOBbIX 6anaHCOB OCyLQCCTBJIJleTC}\ Ha OCHOBC aHaJIH3a OTqeTHbIX 6aJIaHCOB
OTLlCJ1bHbIX IIpOL\CCCOB, L\eXOB H npe.nnpllJlTHJI B L\CJ10M. npll 3TOM BbI}\BJ1J1IOTCJI 1I
OL\CHHBalOTCJI 3HepreTlIqCCKHC nOTcpli H pe3epBbI 3KOHOMHH 3HcpropccypCOB, a
TaK)Ke onpe,lJ.eJIJlI01'CJI MCpOIIpllJlTlIB no pCanH3alIH CKpbITbIX pe3cpBOB 3KOHOMHH
III
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TOnJ1HBa 1I :mcprHH. f1JIaHOBbIe 6aJ1aHCbI, COCTaBJ1eHHble lIa OCHOBe aHaJIHTH'IeCKHX
6aJIaHCOB C yqCTOM TeXHH'ICCKHX MeponpHKTlIH no paL\HOHaJIH3aL\lIH
3HeprOX03J1HCTBa, Ha3bIBalOTCJI HOpJ'1GJ/U306GHHbIMU. HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIe 3E
CTpOJlTC}\ C yqCTOM CJ1CLlYIOLQHX <paKTOpOB: B03MO)KHOCTCH ,lJ.aJIbHeHlllcro
COBeplIleHCTBOBaHHJI 3E arperaTOB H npoeCCOB 3a CqeT COKpaIl\eHHH nOTcpb,
HHTeHCH<pHKaUHlI pC)KHMa pa6OTbI, paUHOHaJIH3aUHH 3HeprOHCn01lb30BaHHK,
BHeLlpeHHJI HOBOH TeXHHKlI H TCXH01l0rllH; J1HKB\rnaL\HH npJlMbIX nOTepb TOITJ1HBa H
3Heprmi Ha Bcex CTa.nHKX npOH3BOLlCTBa, paCnpCLlCJ1CHHH H HCn01lb30BaHlI}\ ::meprHH;
onpe,lJ.eJ1eHHK Ha1l601lce paL\HOHaJIbHbIX HanpaB1IeHHH lICn01lb30BaHHJI n060'lHbIX
3HcpropecypCOB; BbI60pa HaH60J1ec paL\HOHaJIbHbIX 3HeproHocHTCJ1CH .nJIJI LlaHHoro
npeLlnpHHTHK 1I paHOHa cro pa3MeIl\CHliJi. npH COCTaB1IeHlIH HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIX 3E
HCXO,lJ.HT 03 nporpCCClIBHbIX HopMaTliBOB n01le3HOrO nOTpe611eHHH 1I nOTcpb
3HeprllH, COOTBeTCTBYIOLQHX YCJIOBlIJiM np01l3BOLlCTBa. Ha OCHOBe 3THX 6aJIaHCOB
COCTaBJIJlIOTCJI nJIaHbI opraHH3aUlIOHHO-TCXHHqeCKHX McponpllHTHH.
JI.pyrOH <pOpMOH nJ1aHoBoro 3E JlBJ1J1eTCJI onmUMGJ/bHblU 6GJ/GlIc. OCHOBHaK
ero 3a.naqa - onpeLle1leHHC BapliaHTa 3HeprOCHa6)KeHlIJi npC,lJ.npllHTHJI, npll KOTOpOM
ITJ1aH BbIllYCKa npO,z:J.YKUHlI BbIll01lHJleTC}\ C MHHHMaJIbHbIMH 3aTpaTaMH. B OTJ1H'IHe
OT HOpMaJI1I30BaHHbIX 3E, OnTHMaJIbHbIe 6aJIaHCbI yqllTbIBaIOT TCXHHKO-
3KOHOMlIqCCKHe xapaKTepllCTHKH 3HeprOCHa6)KeHHK paHoHa pa3MCIl\eHlIJi
npe,lJ.npHJlTliJi. OCHOBHbIMH nOKa3aTeJ1J1MH LlJ1J1 COCTaBJ1eHIDI OnTHMaJIbHbIX 3E
HBmIOTCJI 3aTpaTbI Ha HCn01lb30BaHHe TOllJIHBa 1I 3HeprHlI B TeXH0J10rH'IeCKHX H
'JHCprerHqCCKHX npoL\cccax npoH3BoLlcTBa. OnTHManblibIc 3E COCTaBJIJlIOTCJI no
HCCKOJ1bKlIM KpHTCpHKM: MHHHM}'MY pacxo,lJ.a TOITJ1HBa, MlIHlIM}'MY c}'MMapHbIx
']aTpaT Ha npo1l3BoLlCTBO npo,lJ.YKL\lIH H T.,lJ..
npHBcLleM MCTO,lJ.bI COCTaBJIeHlIJi 3E LlJIJI Pa3J1HqHbIX yeTaHoBoK, CXOB H
npeLlnpHHTHH. MeTO,lJ.HKY COCTaBJleHHJI 6anaHcoB paccMoTpllM Ha npliMepe 6anaucoB
J1IeKTp03HCprllll (E33).
5.2. MeToJJ:bl COCTaBJ1eHHH pacxoJJ:HoH 'laCTH 3JIeKTpo6aJ1aHCOB
3J1eKTpo6anaHCbI n03BOJIJllOT Cy.nnTb 0 CTeneHH n01le3HOrO lICn01lb30BaHlfJl
')J1CKTp03HcprllH, paCxO,lJ.yeMoH OT,lJ.CJ1bHbIMH arperaTaMH 1I1iX rpynnaMlI, L\exaMH HJIli
npe.nnpllJlTHKMH B L\CJIOM. C 3TOH TOqKH 3peHHK OC06bIH HHTCpCC npC,lJ.CTaBJIJleT LlOJIJI
,)HCprHH, 3aTpa'iliBaeMaK Ha npJlMblC TeXHOJlorlfqecKHe H}?K.nbI. npH COCTaBJIeHHH
pacxo.QHoH 'laCTH E33 3Ta 3Heprl!}J BCer,lJ.a onpe,lJ.cJ1}\eTcJI paCqeTOM, KOTOpbIH MO)KeT
6bITb BbIllOJIHCH ,lJ.ByM}! MeTOLlaMlI: paC'IeTHbIM H 3KcnepHMeHTanbHbIM.
PGC'lemHblU MemoiJ npcLlycMaTpHBaeT onpe,lJ.CJ1eHHe pacxoLla 3HeprllH Ha
TCXH01l0rHqecKlic H}?K.nbI H Bcex BH,lJ.OB nOTcpb no cl>opMYJ1aM, HCn0J1b3YIOLQHM
HopMaTHBHbIc XapaKTepHCTliKH 060py.noBaHHK B KOHKpCTHbIX YCJ10BHKX ero
.)KCnJIyaTaL\HH. 3TOT cnoc06 ,lJ.aeT xopolllHe PC3YJ1bTaTbI npH COCTaBJ1eHHH 3E
arperaToB HenpepblBHoro ,lJ.eHCTBHji 1I11H HMelOIl\lIX npOLlOJI)KHTCJ1bHbIH PC)KHM
pa60TbI (KoMnpcccopOB, B03L1YX0,z:J.yBOK H BCHTHJI}\TOPOB, 311eKTpHqeCKliX nCqeH H
lIarpeB<iTCJIeH, MCJIbHHL\, CMeCHTCJ1eH, IIlHeKOB, TpaHcnopTepoB H T. ,lJ..).
npHMeHHTeJ1bHO K MCXaHHqCCKOMY 060pY,lJ.OBaHHIO npH 3TOM cnoco6e
pacqeTaMli onpeLleJIJlIOT MOIl\HOCTb, 3aTpaqHBacMYIO Ha TexH01l0rllqCCKHH npOL\CCC
83
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H npHBO.nHbIX ,lJ.BlIraTeHHx (MexaHHqeCKlIC, 3J1cKTpHqeCKHC, BCHTHJIJlUlIOHHbIC,
nYCKOBbIC), a TaK)Ke Ha pa60TY BCnOMOraTCJ1bHoro 060pY,lJ.OBaHH}\ H YCTpoHCTB.
3KcnepUMeHmaJIbHbiU Memo() npe,z:J.ycMaTpHBacT npOBe,lJ.eHHe CnCL{Ha1lbHbIX
HCnbITaHHH 060PY,lJ.oBaHliH 1I H3MepeHlIH BCCX Bn.nOB nOTepb, BXO,l).}JIl\HX B
pacxoLlHYIO qacn E33.
npJlMOH paCqCT 3J1eKTp03HeprnH Ha TexH01l0rHqecKHH npoL\ecc BO MHOn!X
cJ1yqaJlx, B qaCTHOCTli .nJ1}\ MeXaHHqeCKOrO 060PYLlOBaHHJI, 3aTpY,lJ.HlITCJ1CH, a
PC3Y1IbTaTbI cro HeTOqHbI, TaK KaK OCHOBaHbI Ha pMe ,lJ.OnYIl\CHHH H npHMcHeHHH
3MnHpHqeCKliX $OPMYJ1 H npH6J111)KeHHbIX 3aBHcliMoCTCH. f103TOMY HaH601lee
L\eJ1eC006pa3HO npH COCTaB1IeHHH E33 npHMeHcHlie CMemaHHoro paC'lemHO-
3KcnepUMeHmaJlbH020 Memo()a. npH HCn0J1b30BaHliH TIoro MeTOLla npllMeHHTCJ1bHO
K MeXaHHqecKoMY 060PYLlOBaHHIO pacxo,lJ. 3HcprHH Ha TCXH0J10rnqeCKHC npOL{eccbI
MO)KCT onpC,lJ.CJIJlTbCJI BbIqHTaHlieM nOTepb 3HcprHH B arpcraTax 1I ceTHX 1I3 3HcprllH,
H3paCXO,lJ.OBaHHOH rrpHBo,[\HbIMH ,lJ.BHraTCJlJlMH (nOCJ1eLlHKJI 3aMepJleTCJI CqCT'iHKOM).
Bcc BliLlbI nOTepb 3HeprHH B arperaTax (nOCTOJlHHbIe, HarpY30qHbIe, nycKoBbIC
H ,lJ.p.), a TaK)Ke B CCTJlX 1I TpaHc<popMaTopax onpe,lJ.eJ1}\IOTCJI paCqeTOM C
HCn0J1b30BaHHeM pe3YJ1bTaTOB H3MepeHlIH nOTepb X01l0CTOrO xO,lJ.a H nycKoBbIX B
arpcraTax H HarpY30qHbIX TOKOB B 311eMeHTax L{eXOBbIx CeTeH.
C1Ie,lJ.YeT OTJ1HqaTb nOTepli B arpcraTax 1I 3J1eKTpHqeCKHX CCTJlX, KOTOpbIC
HeH36e)KHbI npll npe06pa30BaHHH 3HcprHH H 06yc1I0BJIeubI lIX KOHCTpYKTHBHbIMH
LlaHHbIMH, OT ,lJ.onOJ1HHTenbHbIx, BbI3bIBaeMbIX HeCOOTBCTCTBlICM HOMHHaJIbHbIX
MOLQHOCTCH arperaTOB 1IX <paKTH'ICCKOH TCXH0J10rHqCCKOH HarpY3Ke HJ1H
HepaUHOHaJIbHbIM pe)KHMOM 3KCITJ1yaTaUHH. npH COCTaB1IeHHH E33 Hero aHaJI1I3C
yqHTbIBalOTCJI 06e 3TH COCTaBJI}\IOLQHe nOTepb, OLlHaKO OCHOBHbIe B03MO)KHOCTH
3KOHOMliH 3J1eKTp03HeprHH - B COKpaIl\eHHH ,lJ.OnOJ1HHTeJ1bHbIX nOTepb.
EaJIaHCbI OT,lJ.CJ1bHbIX arperaTOB H L\eXOB C1IC,lJ.YCT OTHOClITb K CMCHe H
XapaKTepHbIM pa60qllM cyrKaM. 3J1cKTp06aJIaHCbI OT,lJ.eJlbHbIX arperaTOB
OnpeLlCJ1J1IOTCJI no lIX CpeLlHCH CyrOqHOH npOH3BO,lJ.HTenbHOCTlI, a L\eXOB - no
CyrOqHbIM rpa$HKaM HarpY3KH 3a pa60qHe H BbIXO,lJ.HbIe ,lJ.HH.
KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb, .nJ1}\ OTLleJ1bHbIX arperaTOB 6aJIaHC COCTaBJIJleTC}\ no
MOIl\HOCTH. JJ.nJl ncpeXO,lJ.a K CyrOqHOMY E33 HC06XO,lJ.HMO 3Han <paKTHqecKoe
cpe,[\Hee qllCJ10 qaCOB pa60TbI arperaTa B CyrKH.
CpeHCC BpCMJI pa60TbI arperaTa 3a CMCHY lc.. npll npOCKTHpoBaHliH
,lJ.OCTaTOqHO TOqHO MO)KHO onpeLlCJ1HTb H3 CJ1C.z:J.YlOIl\lIX COOTHomeHlIH:
· LlJIJI 3J1eKTponpHeMHHKOB C nOCTOHHHbIM 3HaqeHlIeM nOTpe6JIJ1eMOH aKTHBHOll
MOLQHOCTH P H 6J1113KHM K HeH3MeHHOMY 3HaQeHlIIO COS cp (HanpllMCp, HaCOCOB,
BeHTlIJ1KTOpOB,HarpeBaTCJICH)
iCM=VCJQCP'
(5.2)
rLlC V CM - CPCLlHJI}\ peaKTHBHaK 3HeprHH 3a CMeHY; Qcp - CpeLlHJI}\ pCaKTHBHaJi
MOIl\HOCTb arperaTa 3a 2-3 q HenpcpblBHOH pa60TbI (06e 3TH BeJ1l1qllHbI
onpe,lJ.CJIJlIOTC)\ no nOKa3aHHJlM CqCTqHKOB peaKTlIBHOH 3HcprHlI).
)].JIB LlaJIbHeHIIIero nepCXOLla OT CMCHHOro E33 K CyrOqHOMY BBO,lJ.}\T
K03$<pHL\lIeHT CMeHHOCTH
kCM=(Wcyr/ W J >1,
(5.3)
r,lJ.e W cyr - CpC,lJ.HccyrOqHOe nOTpC6J1eHlIe aKTHBHOH 3HeprHlI, KBT.q.
3HaqeHlIJi k CM J1C)KaT B npe,lJ.cJIax 01' 1 ,lJ.0 3. 3Ha}\ CTaTblO pacxo.nHoH qaCTli
£33 arperaTa, BbIpa)KalOLQYIO cpC,lJ.HIOIO MOIl\HOCTb nOTepb, nOJ1yqllM
COOTBeTCTBYIOLQHe Cpe,lJ.HecyrOqHbIe nOTepli 3Hepnm:
t. W cyr=MtCMkcM=t. W CMkCM'
(5.4)
PaCXO,lJ.HYIO qaCTb L{eXoBoro E33 onpe,lJ.eJIJlIOT CYMMlipoBaHHcM
COOTBeTCTBYIOLQlIX CTaTeH pacxoLlHoH 'Jacm E33 no OT,lJ.CJ1bHbIM arpcraTaM. TIpH
3TOM HeT He06xo,lJ.HMOCTH ,lJ.eJ1aTb 1I3MepeHHK Ha Ka)K.!(OM OTLlCJIbHOM arperaTc.
CJ1e.nYeT 06'be,lJ.lIHHTb aHaJIOrnqHbIe no THny 1I TCXH0J10rH'JCCKOMY pe)KlIMY
arperaTbI B rpynnbI H BeCTH paCqCTbI Ha OCHOBe H3McpeHHH, BbIn01lHeHHbIX ua
OLIHOM 1I3 HlIX, npllH}\B ero 3a THnHqHbIH LIJ1J1 ,lJ.aHHOH rpynnbI. XapaKTepHbIH arperaT
BbI6HpalOT no PC3Y1IbTaTaM H3yqeHHK TeXH0J10rHqeCKlIX KapT H Ha6J1IO,lJ.eHHH 3a
$aKTHqeCKHM PC)KHMOM pa60TbI MexaHH3MOB rpynnbI.
)].JIB npc.nrrpIDITHH B L\CJIOM peKOMeHlIYeTCJI COCTaBJIKTb ro,lJ.OBbIe 633. )].JIB
ncpexo,lJ.a OT CyrOqHbIX HJ1H CMeHHbIX qaCTHblX 3E K rOLlOBOMY CBO,lJ.HOMY CJ1e,z:J.yeT
yqCCTb pa60T)' L{eXOB, npoH3BOLlCTBCHHbIX H KYJ1bTypHO-6bITOBbIX no,npa3.nCJIeHlIH B
npa3.nHllqHbIC H BbIXO,lJ.HbIe MH. 31"0 ocyruCCTBJUIeTCJI BBe,lJ.CHHCM B pacqCTb!
K03$$lIL\HeHTa kBW< > 1. BCJ1HqllHa cro npH6J1H)KCHHO onpe,lJ.cJIJleTcJI H3 COOTHOmeHHK
,,,.;-;-;7 -" -", lV -,
k. 'H = oW cyr + W cyr + W cyr 5W cyr'
(5.5)
rLle W' cyr' W " cyr' W ", cyr - CpeLlHCC cyrOqHOe nOTpC6J1CHHe aKTlIBHOH 3Hcprllll B
pa60qHH LleHb, cy660T)' (linH npeLlnpa3,lJ.HHqHbIH ,lJ.eHb) H BbIXOLlHOH LleHb
COOTBeTCTBeHHO. npll HenpepbIBHoH pa60Te l4...x < 1,4. B ycnOBlIJlX nJlTn.nHeBHoH
He,lJ.CJ1H k..... = 1,05-1,1.
fO,lJ.OBbIC nOTcpH 3HcprHH MO)KHO paCC'lHTaTb no BbIpa)KeHlIlO
t.W r= t.W CM k CM k....x np'
(5.6)
tCM= Wj P, (5.1)
r,lJ.e We.. - Cpe,lJ.Hee 3a HCCKOJlbKO CyrOK nOTpc611eHlIe aKTHBHOH 3HeprHH B .nHCBHYIO,
HaH60J1ce 3arpeHHYIO CMeHY;
· .nJ1}\ arperaTOB C ncpeMeHHbIM nOTpC6J1eHHeM MOLQHOCTH H 3HaqHTCJ1bHbIMH
H3MeHeHHKMH cos cP B 3aBliCHMOCTli OT HarpY3KH (HanpHMep, aCHHXpoHHbIX
,lJ.BlIraTeJ1eH cTaHKoB)
r.ne 1Ip - qHCJIO pa60'lllX ,[\HeH B ro,z:J.y (npH ll}JTn.nHeBHoH pa60qeH HeLleJ1C np = 250).
ECJlH 3J1eKTponOTpc6J1eHHe 3HMOH 3aMeTHO OTJ1H'laeTCJI OT 1IeTHero, TO .naHHbIe
paeqeTbI CJ1e,z:J.yeT BbInOJlH}\Tb OT,lJ.C1IbHO LIJ1J1 311MHCrO ncpHoLla, co.ncp)l(aLQero n",
CyrOK, H J1CTHliX .nHCH.
CyrOqHbIH H roLlOBOH paCxO,lJ.bI 3HeprHH Ha OCBeLQeHHe onpeLlCJIJlIOTeJI C
yqeTOM reorpa4>HqCCKOH mupOTbI MeCTHOCTH.
84
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5.3. 3JIeKTpo6aJIaHCbl 3JIeKTponpHBOJl:OB
rLle kq, - K03$<pHL\HCHT <pOpMbI rpa<pHKa HarpY3KH; lc... - Cpe,lJ.HHH TOK 3a CMeHY; k"on
- KO::J<P<PHL\HCHT, OTpa)KalOHH LlOnOJIHHTCJ1bHbIC nOTcpH B ,lJ.BHraTeJ1e npH HarpY3KC
(k"on'" 1);
nOCTOHHHbIe DOTepH. nOTepli X0J10CTOro XO,lJ.a Bcero arperaTa, COCTOJIero
H3 npHBO,lJ.HOrO ,lJ.BHraTCJIJI 1I HCn01lHHTe1lbHOrO MexaHH3Ma
(MeTaJIJ1006pa6aTbIBaIOLQero CTaHKa, KOMnpeccopa, BeHTlIJIJlTOpa H T. n.), BKJ1lOqaIOT
B ce6J1 3J1eKTpHqeCKHe nOTcpH B CTaJIH LlBHraTCJlJI I1P en ero 06MoTKax (MC,lJ.H) /1P... o H
MeXaHH'iCCKHe nOTcpH B arperaTc /1P ...ex:
IeM = JW M + F" /(.fi U OOM i J.
K03<P<PHL\IICHT <pOpMbI onpC,lJ.eIIJlCrC)\ 110 BbIpa)KeHlIlO
l_l-JI2d rtlill
k = 13<j> =]!..= [t k=1 ,
q, I 1 /, V' eM "
e" -=-. J I dt LI K 6.t K
t e" /, k=1
rLlC l eM = 12 - 11; I K - Cpe,lJ.HHH TOK 3a OTpC30K BpcMeHlI111 K .
)].nJl paCqeTa kq, no <popMY1le (5.11) He06xo,lJ.HMO npoH3BoLlHTb 1I3MepeHlI}\
TOKa (aMnCpMeTpOM HJ1H TOK01l3Mepl1Te1lbHbIMH K1IeaMH) qepe3 onpe.ne1leHHbIe
npOMe)KyrKH BpeMeHH 1, npHqeM TOqHOCTb paCqCTa 6YLleT TeM BbIIIlC, qeM MeHbllle
3TH npOMe)KyrKH.
npH H3MepeHHH C nOMOLQblO C'1eTqllKOB aKTHBHOH H peaKTHBHOH 3HeprHlI kq,
onpe,lJ.eJ1HeTCJI TaK:
!!JJ'x = I1P CT + I1P "0 + M Mex .
(5.7)
(5.11)
Pa3,lJ.eJ1eHHK nOTcpb B CTaJIH ,QBHraTeJ1J1 H MCXaHlI'1eCKHX B arperaTe npH
COCTaBJ1CHHH E33 06bIqHO He Tpe6YeTcJI, TaK KaK ,lJ.OCTHraeMbIe npll 3TOM
yrOqHeHlI}\ HC OnpaB,lJ.bIBalOT YCJ10)KHCHHjJ paCqeTOB H )'BeJ1HqCHHJI HX
TpY,lJ.OeMKOCTH. nOCKOJ1bKY 06e 3TH COCTaBJ1}\IOlIC ypaBHCHHK (5.7) MaJIO 3aBHCJlT
01' HarpY3KH, HX MO)KHO CqHTaTb nOCTOJlHHbIMH:
MeT + M Mex = M nocT ,
(5.8)
BCJ1e,lJ.CTBHe qero Mx = M nocT + M"o HJ1H
MnocT=Mx-MMo=Mx-3I2xRA.l0-3. (5.9)
nOCTOJlHHbIC nOTepH I1P nOCT (KJ3T) OnpCLlCJ1J1IOT HenOCpC,lJ.CTBeHHbIM
H3MepeHlIeM TOKa Ix H MOHOCTH M x , nOTpc6JIJ1eMbIX B 3TOM pe)KHMe H3 CeTH.
Bxo,l).}Jce B <POPMY1IY (5.9) conpOTHBJ1CHHe R A . npeJl:CTaBJIJleT C060H C}'MMY
aKTHBHoro conpOTHBJ1eHlI}\ CTaTOpa ,lJ.BHraTCJ1J1 npH 75°C, KOTopoe onpe,lJ.eJI}\eTCJI no
CnpaBOqHbIM ,lJ.aHHbIM lIJIH H3MCpJleTCJI, H npHBC,lJ.CHHOl'O aKTHBHOrO conpOTHBJ1eHH}\
pOTOpa:
" 2 "
kq,=..{;; LWaK'I.W aK '
k=l k=1
3aMeTHM, '1TO 3HaMeHaTCJ1b <POPMYJlbI paBeH aKTHBHOH
H3paCXOJl:OBaHHOH 3a CMeHY, T. e.
(5.12)
3HeprnH,
"
LWaK=WaK.e".
k=l
BnOJ1He ,lJ.OCTaTOqHOH C1Ie,lJ.YeT CqllTaTb 3anliCb nOKa3aHHH CqeT'lliKOB O,lJ.HH
pa3 B 'lac, a B TCX CJ1yqaKx, KorLla HCC1Ie,lJ.OBaHHJI 311eKTp06aJIaHCa COBMeLQalOTCJI C
HCC1Ie,lJ.OBaHHKMH 311eKTpHqCCKHX HarpY30K, TO O,lJ.HH pC13 B 30 MHH.
<1>opMYJ1a (5.10) npeLlycMaTpliBaeT lICn01lb30BaHHe B pac'leTax ycpeLlHeHHbIx
Be1l1lqllH k; H I eM , T. e. lIX MaTeMaTHqCCKliX O)KH)!aHliH. 06bIqHO orpaHHqllBalOTCJI
BbIqllC1IeHHeM 3TlIX BCJIlIqHH 3a xapaKTCpHYIO, HaH601lee 3arpcHHYIO CMeHY.
Cpe,lJ.HHe nOTepH 3HeprHH 3a cMeHy - nOCTOJlHHbIe (6. W c".nOCT) H HarpY30qHbIe
( 6. W ) - MO)KHO onpe.nCJ1IiTb, }'MHO)Ka}\ COOTBeTCTBYIOlIe COCTaBJIJIlOLQHe nOTCpb
CM.Har
MOIUHOCTH (5.9) H (5.10) Ha 1:", KOTOpOC HaxO,nHTCJI lIO <popMyne (5.1) HJ1H (5.2).
Paexo,lJ. 3HeprllH Ha TeXH0J10rnqeCKIIH npoccc B TeqCHHe CMeHbI
W = W - I ' w + A w ) . a 3a CyrKH WT.Cyr = WT.CM k eM .
T.CM CM \L.! CN.nOCT il CM.Mar
R JI . = RCT + R'POT, npHqeM R'por = (l,02.10 3 P ooM s)/(n2 2POOM)'
r,lJ.e P 00" - HOMliHaJIbHaK MOIUHOCTb ,lJ.BHraTCJIJI Ha BaJIY; S - CKOJ1b)KeHHe npll
HOMliHaJIbHOH HarpY3Kc, %; n2 - HOMHHaJIhHaJi qaCTOTa BpaIUeHHK, 06/MlIH;
InoM - HOMHHaJIbHbIH TOK jIBHraTeJI}\.
H3MepeHHK np01l3BO,l).}JTCJI Ha OLIHOM arperaTC, npllH}\TOM B KaqCCTBC
THnOBoro LIJlK ,lJ.aHHoH rpynITbI. npH He06xo,lJ.HMOCTH onpe,nCJ1eHH}\ nOCTOJlHHbIX
nOTepb B ,lJ.pyrHX arperaTax rpynnbI nepccqeT BbIIlOJ1HJlIOT no <p o pMYJ1e
M' nOCT.X == W DOCT.T t BI:.I6.x)/ t Bbl6.T'
r,lJ.e I1P nOCT . T - nOTepH B THnOBOM ,lJ.BHraTe1le; 1...6.x, 1...6.T - BpeMJI caMOTOpMO)KCHHJI
HCCJ1e,lJ.yeMoro H THnOBoro arpcraTOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
B KaqeCTBe THnOBoro craHKa CJ1e,lJ.ycT BbI6HpaTb TOT, y KOToporo BpeM}\
caMOTOpMO)KeHHJI 6J111)Ke K cpeLlHeMY apH<pMCTHqeCKOMY BpeMeHH caMOTOpMO)KeHHJI
BCCX CTaHKOB LlaHHOH rpynnbI. H3MepeHml, CBJl3aHHbIC C onpC,lJ.e1leHHeM
nOCTOJlHHbIX nOTcpb B arperaTax, Ha.no npOBOLlHTb npH CKOpOCTJlX, HaH60J1ec
THnHqHbIX ,lJ.JIJI 60J1bmllHCTBa pa60T, BbmOJIH}\eMbIX Ha LlaHHOM CTaHKC.
IIoTepH npH HarpY3Ke. Cpe,lJ.HlIe nOTepH aKTHBHOH MOLQHOCTH B npllBO,lJ.HOM
LlBliraTene B TeqCHHe CMCHbI
COOTHOlIleHHe BCJIlIqHH OT,lJ.CJ1bHbIX CTaTeH paCXO,lJ.HOH qaCTli E33 H HX
conOCTaBJ1eHlIe n03BOJ1JlCT Cy,nHTb 0 COCTOJlHHH MeXaHlIqeCKOH qaCTli arpcraTa,
3arpY3Ke npHBOLlHoro LlBHraTCJIJI H CTaHKa H T. n. TaK, 601lblIllie OTHOCHTCJIbHbIC
nOCTOJlHHbIe nOTcpH CBn.neTCJ1bCTBYIOT 0 n1l0XOM MCXaHHqecKoM COCTOJlHlIH CTaHKa,
MaJIbIe HarpY30qHbIC - 0 HeLlorpY3Ke npHBO,lJ.HOro ,lJ.BlIraTCJIJI.
3neKTpo6aJIaHCbI KOMnpeccopHbIX arpcraTOB COCTaBJ1}\IOTCJI Ha OCHOBe Tex )Ke
npHHUHnOB, qTO 6bIJ1H H3J10)KCHbI 1I npOllJIJ1IOCTpHpOBaHbI BbImc. HeKOTopbIC
87
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(5.10)
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KOMnpeccopoB CHHXPOHHbIX LlBHraTeJ1eH.
5.4. 3JIeKTpo6aJIaHCbl 3JIeKTpOTepMHqeCKHX YCTaHOBOK
3JleKTpH'leCKHe ne'lH conpOTHBJ1eHHH nepHOH'leCKOrO AeHcTBHH.
HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIH 6aJIaHC 3a l.{lIKJI pa60TbI ne'lll MO)KHO COCTaBHTb no BbIpa)KeHHJ{)
W n = W rn + LW,
(5.131
re W m - paCXO,lJ. 3J1eKTp03HeprllH Ha TeXH01l0rHqCCKllH npol.{ecc; L W - c}'MMapHbll.
nOTepli 311eKTp03Hepnm.
BeJ1l1qHHa n01lC3HOH 3HeprHH Ha TeXH01l0rHqeCKHH npol.{ecc
.
W m = LcG<S'M-S'M)' (5.14)
I
r,lJ.e c - Y,lJ.CJ1bHa}\ TCnJ10eMKOCTb MeTaJIJ1a; G - Bec OT)KHraeMOro MeTaJIJIa,
e'M, e" M - TCMncpaTypa MeTaJIJ1a B HaqaJIC H KOHl.{e HarpeBa; K - KOJ1HqeCTBO l.{HKJIOli
TepMo06pa60TKH.
nOTCpH 3J1eKTp03HCprllH COCTO}JT H3 TeITJ10BbIX (Wn.T) H 3J1eKTpH'lCCKHX (Wn.,).
B TCITJ10BbIe nOTepH BXO,l).KT HarpeB caMOH ne'lH (WaK)' TCITJ10nCpe,lJ.aqa 'lCpC3 CTeHKII
nCqH (Wq), TeITJ10BbIe KopOTKHe 3aMblKaHHJI (WT K.,). B neqax COnpOTlIBJIeHHH,
nHTalOLQUXCJI OT CeTH 6C3 TpaHc<popMaUllll, 3J1eKTpH'lCCKHC nOTepli MaJIbI, H lIX MO)KHO
He yqHTbIBaTb. npH nHTaHHH neqeH qepC3 nOHH)KaIOLQHe TpaHc4>opMaTopbI CJIe.nYC1
yqnTbIBaTb nOTcpH B HUX H B ceru OT TpaHC<pOpMaTOpOB ,lJ.0 HarpeBaTCJ1eH:
WnT = t(WaK+ W q + WTK,); (5.15)
1=1
n
W aK = LCi Gi (e'; - e'i) 't;
i=l
(5.16)
Wq = q F p 't,
(5.17)
r,lJ.e m - KOJ1H'iCCTBO L\HKJIOB OT)KJfra; n - qHCJ10 CJ10CB KJIa.nKIf ne'ill; Ci - Y,lJ.CJ1bHaK
TeITJ10CMKOCTb MaTepHaJIa i-ro CJ10Jl; G i - BCC MaTepHaJIa i-ro CJ10Jl; e'i, e" i - HaqaJIbHa}/
H KOHeqHaK Cpe,lJ.HHe TeMIICpaTYPbI i-ro CJ10Jl; q - Y,lJ.eJ1bHbIH TeITJ10BOH nOTOK 'lepC3
CTeHKH; Fp - paCqeTHaK ITJ10LQa.nb CTeHKH; 't - BpeMJI npOXO)K.!(CHHJI TeITJ10BOrO nOTOKa.
y LlCJIbHbIH TCnJ10BOM nOTOK .nJ1}\ ITJ10CKOH CTeHKH onpC,lJ.CJIJlCTCJI no BbIp8)KeHHIO:
_ e 1 - e.
q- 1 n S l'
-+L-'-+-
a.. i=l Ai a. n
r,lJ.e e 1 - TeMnepaTypa BHyrpeHHeH nOBepXHOCTli KJIa.nKH neqll; e. - TeMnepaTypa
oKpalOll\erO ne'lb B03,lJ.yxa; Si - TOJ1Il\HHa enoeB; Ai - K03<p<PHL\HeHT
TeITJ10npoBo.nHOCTH MaTepllaJIOB CJ10eB; a.. - K03$4>HL\lIeHT TeITJ10ncpeLlaqll
KOHBeKUlieH 1I ll3J1yqCHHCM 01' BHYTpCHHeH CTeHKH nCqH; a." - K03$$HL\HeHT
TeITJ10nCpCLlaqH KOHBCKL\HeH H H3JIyqeHHeM OT HapHOH CTCHKlI neqll K
oKpaIOLQeMY B03.nyxy.
(5.18)
88
( .-
BCJIHqHHa nOTepb Ha TCnJ10BbIe KOpOTKHC 3aMbIKaHHJI npllHHMaCTCH paBHoH
50% nOTepb OT TCnJIOnpOBO,lJ.HOCTli qepe3 <PYTepoBKY neqll:
WTK.,=O,5 (WCT+Wc.+Wno") , (5.19)
r,nc WT K.' - nOTepH Ha TeITJ10BbIe KOpoTKHe 3aMbIKaHlIK; WCT , Wc. H Wno" -
JlOTepli QCpe3 CTeHbI, CBO)I H no,lJ. neqH.
TIpllMcp COCTaBJ1CHHJI 6aJIaHCa npHBeLleH B Ta611. 5.1.
Ta6J1ua 5.1
HOpMaJlH30BaHHhlH 3HepreTH'IeCKHH 6aJ1aHC 3JIKTpH'IeCKOH ne'lH
conpOTHBJleHHH nepHOAH'IeCKOI'O AeHcTBHH
llOKaJamf!JIU oa6omN
EJIRHRbl BenRqmrn
N nln HaHMeHoBaHRe H3MepeHIUI
Bee OTIKHraeMoro MeraJUla Kr 30906,00
1 °C 925,00
2 TeMnepaTVPa OTIKRra no 1 MY l\R1my °C 725,00
3 TeMnepaTYPa OTJKRra no 2-MY R1my °C 670,00
4 TeMnepaTvoa noene Il\HKJla °C 450,00
5 TCMnepaTYPa KJIa,nKR HaqaJIbHaJI 15,00
.. BpeMJI HarpeBa q
6 25,00
-- CYMMaDHOC !!peMJI 1-1"0 l\HKJIa q
7 9,25
8 BpeMJI2-ro l\RKJla q 1381611,00 (383,78)
YJIenbHbIHPaCXoJI3neKTP03HeDrHR .!lJK!Kr < KBT. qfT)
9 % 0,98
10 3neKTPHqeeKRH KI1lI % 0,37
11 TeDMRqCCKHU KIIll % 0,36
12 nonHbIu KT1lI
Cmam6u 6aJ/anca %
PacxoJI 3HeprHH MlbK KBT.q
N nln 4244,77 35,79
1 HarpeB MeraJUla 15281,16
26365,43 7323,73 61,75
nOTepR Tel1.JlOBbIe: 2461,15 683,65 5,76
qepe3CBOJI 893,14 248,10 2,09
qepe3 nOJI 3522,64 978,51 8,25
2 Qepe3 CTCHbI 4357,00 1210,28 10,20
aKKYMymll\RJI CBOJIOM 3789,12 1052,53 8,87
aKK)'Mymll\RJI nOJIOM
aKKYMYJlJll\HJI CTeHaMR 7903,91 2195,53 18,51
3438,46 955,13 8,05
TCl1.JlOBbie K.3.
nOTepH 3neKTpRQeeKRe: 1053,49 292,64 2,47
577,07 160,30 l,35
3 B TpaHcopMaTope 132,34 1,12
B KODOTKOU cerH 476,42
HarpeB BcnOMOraTCJlbHOrO 0,0 0,0 0,0
4
06oovJIoBaHIUI 11861,13 100,00
Hmozo: 42700,08

,AyrOBble 3J1eKTponeqH. CYMMapHoc K01lll'iCCTBO 311eKTp03HeprllH, KOTOPYIO
nOTpc6J1J1eT LlyrOBaK CTaJIeITJ1aBHJIbHaK nc'lb (,D,Cn) B ncpHoLl paCITJ1aBJ1eHIDI,
W n = W TII - W'K3- W,+ L6.W Tn + L6.W n . 3 , (5.20)
r.n c \V, _ n01lC3HaK 3HeprHK, lIyrua}\ Ha HarpeB H paCITJ1aBJIeHHC MeTaJIJ1a, lliJIaKa, a
TaK)KC Tn 1ICrHpYIOIUHX 311CMeHTOB 1I BcnOMoraTeJIbHbIX .n06aBoK; W 310 - 3HCprn}\
89


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3HCprHH, BBO,lJ.HMOH B nCqb T0ITJ1HBHO-KHCJ10pOLlHbIMH rOpe1lKaMH;
LL\Wn,T' LL\W n ., - C}'MMbI Ten1l0BbIX H 3J1CKTpHqeCKHX HOTCpb.
"
W Tn = LGi (cli (8 ni - 8 Hi ) + qi -t- C2i (8.i - 8 Hi ))
i=l
(5.21)
r,lJ.e II: - K01lHQCCTBO KOMnOHeHTOB lUHXTbl; G i - Macea KOMHOHCHTOB WHXTbl, Kr;
8..., 8n;, 8. i - TeMncpaTypa KOMnOHeHTOB WHXTbI - HaqaJIbHaK, ITJ1aBJ1eHH}\, BbmYCKa
COOTBeTCTBeHHO; CIi, C2i - Y,lJ.eJIhHaK TeITJ10eMKOCTb KOMnOHeHTOB lUHXTbI ,lJ.0 H Hoene
TeMnepaTypbI 11J1aBnCHHJI COOTBCTCTBCHHO; q; - CKpbITaK TCIUIOTa nJ1aBJICHH}\
KOMOOHCHTOB mliXTbI.
B TeITJ10BbIe nOTcpH BXO,lJ.}\T nOTepli 01' TeITJ10npOBO,lJ.HOCTH qepC3 <pyrepOBKY
(.1W<!» , Ha H311)"1CHHe <1Cpe3 pa60qce OKHO B nepHOLl paCnJ1aBJ1Cml}\ (fiW,nn),
C ra3aMH (.1W,), C OXJla)K.!(aIOLQeH BO,lJ.OH (.1W.), Ha HarpCB $yrepOBKH neQH (.1W..).
3J1eKTpH'leCKHC nOTcpli COCTO}\T H3 nOTepb B TpaHc<popMaTOpc (.1 W T ),
B "KOpOTKOH CCTH" (0. W. c ), B 311CKTpOl\aX (.1 W,).
TenJ10BbIC nOTepll:
· TeITJ10npOBO,lJ.HOCTblO qepe3 <pyrCpOBKY
o.W<!>= o.W c .+ .1W CT + .1W llH , (5.22)
r,lJ.C 0. We., 0. Wen .1 W llH - fIoTepH 3HcprHH qepe3 CBO,n, CTeHKlI H LlHHll}C
COOTBeTCTBeHHO;
.1W c .=qH1: (5.23)
(H - BbICOTa HJIlIHL\pHqecKOH cTeHKH); .1W w o.W"" OHpe,lJ.CJIJlIOTCJI no <popMYJ1e (5.17);
. Ha H3J1)"1cHHe
4 4
o.W H ", = C np '" F 2 «8Jl00) - (801100) ) 1: ,
(5.24)
r,ne C np - npHBe,ncHHbIH K03<p<PlIL\HeHT JI)"IeHcnycKaHHJI; '" - K03<pQ>HHeHT
.nHa<pparMlipoBaHml; F 2 - ITJ10ll\a.nb OKHa; 8 M - TeMncpaTypa MeTaJlJ1a;
8 0 - TeMnepaTypa oKpalOll\eH Cpe,lJ.bI;
. C ["a3aMH
fiW,= C r G, (8 sr - ( 0 )-r , (5.25)
r,lJ.e C r - cpeLlHJIJI YLleJIbHaK TenJ10CMKOCTb B03L1yxa; G, - Macca npOXOMll\erO 'lcpe3
nCqb B03,lJ.yxa; 8.r - TeMncpaTypa ra3a, BbIXOLlHLQero 1I3 neqH;
. C OXJlIDKllalOWCH BOLIOH
o.W.= 1,16 q. c.(8 z -8 1 )-r , (5.26)
r,lJ.e q. - pacxoLl BO,lJ.bI; C. - Y,lJ.CJIbHaK TeITJ10eMKOCTb BO,lJ.bI; 8 2 H 8 1 - TeMncpaTypa
BO,lJ.bI Ha BXOl\e H BbIXO,lJ.e.
311eKTpllqeCKHe nOTepH:
. B TpaHc<popMaTope
.1 W T = Mx -r + M. 3 k 2 n -r ,
(5.27)
rLle .1Px H M.. 3 - nOTcpH MOll\HOCTH npH X0J10CTOM XO,lJ.e H KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHHH
COOTBeTCTBeHHO; k,T - K03<p<pHuueHT 3arpyJKH [lCqHOro TpaHc<popMaTopa;
90

. B "KOpOTKOH CeTH"
o.W.. e = (llA R.. eA + J\R..eB+ J 2 e R ..edT:;
(5.28)
. B 311CKTpOl\ax
o.W o = (l2A R'A + J2B R'B + ,2 e R,d-r , (5.29)
'" ABC- R R R e - cOnpOTHBJ1eHHH
r,nc lA, 'B, Ie - TOKli B 3J1CKTp0l\aX 'i'a3 , , , ,A, ,B, ,
3J1CKTpO,lJ.OB <pa3 A, B. C.
fipHMep COCTaBJICHHK 6anaHca npHBc,lJ.CH B Ta6J1. 5.2.
Tatinul(u 5.2
HOpMaJIH30BaHHblH 3Hep.-eTH'IeCKHii 6aJI8HC ,QyroBoH ne'lH eMKOCTblO 5 "I'
-----.--.-----
-' llOKaJameJlU vatiom", ne'lu --
N El1HIIHUbl BeJIHqHHa
HaHMeHOBaHHe H3MeoeHIUI
rrln 9540,00
KI"
1 Bee KOMnOlleHTOB MeTaJIlIa 4206,00
qyrYR nepeAeJIbHblH Kr
Kr 4919,00
CTallbHbJe orXO,QbJ 415,00
Kr
B03BpaT 4,00
q
2 BoeMJI11JlaBKH . "C 20,00 .
3 TeMneoaTVDa nOCTYI1HBDJerO MeTaJlJIa .C 1520,00
4 TeMne pa-ryp a BbJn :J&r HHOI"O MeTaJlJIa % 87,39
5 31IeKTt>RqeCKRH KllIl % 54.24
6 T epMHqeCKRH Kllll % 47,40
7 nOJ1HbIH KIl)J, KBT.qfT 550,90
8 Y,QeJIbllbJH pacxo,Q 31IeKTP03HeJJ(1{R T/q 2,38
9 ntJQR3BOARTeJIbHOCTh neqH "C 1000,00
10 TeMnenaTYt>a KJla)lKR
Cmam"u ti/JJ/anca %
lloRxo,Q 3Hepnm MJlJK KBT.q
I-h 31Ie KTP H'leCKOH CeTH 18920,17 5255.60 91,711
1 1710,07 475,02 8,289
2 I-h OKHCJ1eHHJI 3JIeKTPOllOB 5730,62 100,00
Hmolo: 20630,24
Pacxo,Q 3ReprRH MlliK KBT.q %
TeXHOJIorRqeeKRH npouecc 9778,63 2716.29 47,399
1 1018.46 17 ,772
llorepH Te11Jl0BbJe: 3666,44 3,646
752,20 206,94
qepe3 CBO,Q 315,84 87,73 1,531
qepe3 nOA 1293,74 359,37 6,271
2 qepe3 CTeHbJ 76,86 21,35 0,373
qepe3 OKIIO 0,0 0,0 0,0
C nOBepXHOCTR MeTaJlJla 255,80 71,06 1,240
c yxoJ!.jlInRMR ra3aMH 972,00 270,00 4,712
C pac!lJ1aBJ1eHHbIM llIJIaKOM
AJcKYMymull1J1 KJlIIJI.KOH 4582,99 1273,05 22,215
3 1630,18 452,83 7,902
IlOTepR 3J1eKTPRQeeKHe: 211,39 58.72 1,025
4 B 1J1aHCOpM8Tope 1288,57 357,94 6,246
B KOpOTKOH CeTR 130,22 36,17 0,631
B 3J1eKTPOllax
Hmolo: 20630,24 5730,62 100,000
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HOpMaJII130BaHHoro 6aJIaHCa M}\ 3THX nCqeH HMCeT Bn.n
W n = W Tn - W'1<3- W J + LL\W nT + Wn."
(5.30)
r,z:J.c W 3 - TelL'10Ba}\ 3HeprH}\ 3YMn$a (paCITJ1aBJJeHHoro MeTaJIJ1a, OCTalOllieroC)\ B
BaHHe).
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(W Tn ) BbIqHCJIJlCTCJI no <popMYJ1e (5.21).
B 3J1CKTpH'lCCKHe nOTepH (LL\ W m ) BXOMT nOTeplI
. B neqHOM TpaHc<popMaTope b.WT (onpe,z:J.CJ1HKJTcj\ no Bblpa)KeHHIO (5.27);
. B MarHHTonpoBo,z:J.e
b.W M = In k ll Fn h n Ye Me Tn.
r,z:J.c m - qHCJlO naKCTOB MarnliTOnpOBOLla; k ll - K03<P<PHL\lIeHT ,z:J.On01lHlITe1lbHbIX
nOTepb, 06YCJ10BJIeHHbIH HeOLlHOpOLlHOCTblO nOJI)\ H ,z:J.e$CKTaMH H3roTOBJICHHH
MarHlITOnpOBO,z:J.a; Fn - CeqeHHe naKeTa; h n - BbICOTa naKCTa; Ye - nJ1OTHOCTb
311eKTpOTeXHlIqeCKOH CTaJIH; Me - YLlCJ1bHble 3J1CKTpH'leCKlie nOTepH B CTaJIH; Tn
- BpCMJI pa60TbI neqH;
. B lIHL1YKTope
b.W u = 12u Ru Tn'
r,z:J.e lu - TOK B HHLlYKTOpe; Ru - aKTHBHOC COnpOTHBJICHI1C I1HL1YKTopa;
. B KOHLIeHCaTOpHbIX YCTaHOBKaX HcroqHHKa nHTaHHj\ IIC<iH
b.W.= Q.6 tgB Tn,
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n 2
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r,z:J.e IT,flj H R j - TOK H aKTlIBHOe COnpOTHBJ1eHHe COOTBeTCTBY!OII!erO yqacTKa
TOKOnpOBO,z:J.a; n - 'lllCJIO yqacTKoB TOKOnpOBO.na.
npHMep 3Hepr06anaHCa npHBe,z:J.eH B Ta6J1. 5.3.
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92

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HOpMILJIHJOBBHHblH JHepreT --
llOKIl3ameJI,! oa6omN ne'lU -----
E.I\HHHQbI BCJlHqHHB
N HaHMeHoBaHHe H3McpCHHJI
nln Kr 20000,00
I Bee KOMIIOHCHTOB MCTaJJJJa Kr 8000,00
B03BPBT Kf 12000,00
CTIL'ILHbIC OTXO.l\bI - ----" KJ: 5000,00 __
2 BCC3YMrId>a ..---- ----- 3,00
q
3 BpeMR IlJIaBKH .C 550,QO_
4 Te  a n OCT}'llll BIIlCro MeTanna .C 1465,00 __
5 T eMIIepaTVPB BbInv1're1IHoro MCTaJJJJa % 78,74
6 3neKTPH'JCCKHR K !:J,[( % 85,12
7 TepMHqeeKHR K II,IJ, % .___ 67,02 .._'_
8 nOJlHbIR KI1,lJ, KBT"qfT 436,59
YlI.eJJLHbIR pacxo.ll JneKT!JO:mepnm --
9 .C 1365,00
to HaqanLffiUl TCMncpaTypa l1>yr-_. -- 6'-.6."'---___
npOH3BO.llHTeJJbHOCTb nCqH T/q
II Cmamlou 61lJ1anca .--
- %
I nDIDlO.ll JHeprillI  KBT.q --
31434,64 8731,84 100,00
l 1113 JJleKTPHqCCKOH CeTH -
31434,64 8731,84 100,00
Hmozo:
 '"HCDDlH 5852,19 67,02
21067,88
1 T CXHOOODlqCQWIlH IIDOUCCC 2221,94 617,20 7,07
nOTepH TCJUlOBLIC: 37,08 10,30 0.12
qCPC3CBOJl 87,54 24,32 0,28
2 qepC3 no.ll 1724,17 478,94 5.48
QepC3 CTCH'bI 373,14 103,65 1,19 --
J{JJIV'!CHHCM 870,72 241,87 2,77
3 AKKYMYJIJlUHJI KJlMKOH 6684,12 1856,70 21,26
nOTepH JJleKTPHqCCKIIC: 5670,91 1575,25 18,04
B HH.1\)'KTOpC 627,87 174,41 2,00
4 B KOH.nCHCaTOpax 139,84 38.84 0,44
B MarHKTonpOBOJJ.C 245,52 68,20 0,78
B roaHc!boDMaTOPc 590,00 163,89 1,88
5 neperpCB 3YMndJa 31434,64 8731,84 100,00
Hmozo: 0,04
I C OXJJ3)!{)1alOI1\CH BOJJ.OH 11,30 3,14
II.iJ83MeHHbIe ne'lH. YpaBHCHHe HOpMaJIlI30BaHHoro 6anaHca Ll1IJI
ITJ1a3MeHHbIX neqeH HMeeT Bn.n "" A
W n = W rn - W O . 3D + LL\W n . T + L.,PW n .3,
rIDI OT OKHCneHIDl 3neKTP0,l.l,OB: W O . 311 = C 3JI G 311 ,
r,ne W O . 3D - 3Hep OB' G _ BeC cropaeMblX 3JIeKTpo,z:J.OB.
mC C3!I - Ten1l0Co.nep)KaHHC MarcpHana 3J1:KTpO,z:J.H H':ornqHbI nOTepJlM B ,z:J.yrOBbIX
TeITJIOBble nOTepH B nJ1a3MeHHOH neq .
neqax. 3J1eKTpHqeCKHC nOTepH BKJIIO'iaIOT CJIe,z:J.y!oLQHC BH.n bI nOTCpb.
. B BbICOKOBOJIbTHOM Ka6eJ1e (b.WI);
. B nOHH)KaIOII!eM TpaHc4>opMaTOpe (b.W2);
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· B C60PHblX IlIHHaX (f). W 6 );
· B cenf c60pHbIe UHfHbI - ypaBHHTeJ1bHbIH peaKTOp (f).w.,);
· B ypaBHHTCJ1bHOM pcaKTope (f).W g );
· B ce:ru ypaBHHTeJ1bHbIH peaKTOp - CrJ1a)KHBaIOLQHH LlpOCCeJ1b (f).W 9 );
· B CrJIa)[(I1BaIOLQeM ,lJ.pocceJ1e (f).W w );
· B CeTli CrJ1a)KHBaIOIIlHH ,lJ.pOCCeJ1b - C60pHble IlIHHbI neqH ( f).W ) .
II ,
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· B CCTli nJ1a3MOTpOHa (f).W\J).
CCTli ITJ183MOTpoHa; m - qllCJ10 yqacTKoB C60PHbIX IIlHH; Ii - TOK B OTLlCJ1bHbIX yqaCTKax
C60PHbIX IIlI1H; R i - cOnpOHfBJIeHHe OT,lJ.eJ1bHbIX )"faCTKOB C60PHbIX IIlHH.
B Ta6J1. 5.4 npl1Be,lJ.eH HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIH 6aJIaHC nJ1a3MCHHoH neql1.
Ta6J111l(a 5.4
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CTaTbH 6aJIaHCa BeJ\UqHHa W
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IIpuxol\ 'meKTpmHepruu H3 :meKTpUqeCKOH cerH 439,2 100
Or OKHCneUUJI 3neKTpOll.OB - -
Ifmolo "P"XOiJ: 439,2 100
Pacxol\ 'meKTpuqecKoii :mepruu Ha 296,08 67,41
paCl1JlaBJIeHUe u neperpeB Meranna 57,71 13,14
Tel1JlOBbIe nOTepH 64,49 14,68
3neKTpUqecKHe nOTepH: 12,37 2.82
B BbIcoKoBonbTHoii ceru u TpaHctjJopMaTope 12,29 2,8
BbmpJlMHTeJ\JIX H c60pHblx IIlUHaX 12,60 2,77
ypaBHlITenLHOM pealITope 7,40 1,69
Jlj>Occene 1,19 0,27
KaTOl\HOH KOpOTKOH ceru ]8,63 4,24
aHOl\HOH KOpOTKOH cerH 20,91 4,76
Ifmozo pacxoiJ: 439,2 100
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TCXH0J10rl1qCCKHX YCTaHOBOK L\CXOBbIe 6anaHCbI L\CJ1CC006pa3HO COCTaBJIKTb KaK B
H<p<pepeHL\lIaJIbHOH, TaK M B CTpYKTYPHOH $OpMC. KpOMe TOro, Tpe6YeTcJI
yqHTbIBaTb 6anaHC peaKTHBHOH 3HeprllH, nOCKOJ1bKY npMXO,lJ.HaJi qaCTb 4>OpMHPYeTC}\
qaCTl1qHO KOMneHCHpYIOIllHMI1 YCTpoikTBaMlI, YCTaHOBnCHHbIMH B OT.neJIbHbIX
uexax, H CHHXpOHHbIMH .nBliraTCJIJlMH, pa60TalOLQHMH C onCpe)KalOIllHM TOKOM.
B paCXOLlHOH qaCTH L\eXOBOro E33 ,lJ.OJ1)j{HbI 6bITb yqTeHbI CTaTbH,
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paL\HOHaJIbHoro pacnpe,lJ.CJ1eHlIJi H HaH60J1cc 3<p$eKTIIBHoro HX HCn01lb30BaHHJI.
HOpMHpoBaHHIO nOJIC)kaT Bce paCXOll.bl TOnJIHBa, TenJIOBOH H
)JIeKTpH'IeCKOH :meprHH Ha OCHOBHbIC H BcnOMoraTenbHbIC npoH3BoLlcTBeHHo-
3KCnJ1yaTaL\HOHHbIe HbI (oTOITJ1eHlle, BeHTHJl}\L\HIO, OCBeIllCHHe, BO,lJ.oCHa6)KeHHe
H p.), BKJIIO'faJi nOTepH B CeT}\X, HC3aBHCHMO 01' 06'beMa nOlpe6J1CHHK H
HCTO'iHHKOB 3HcprOCHa6)KCHHK.
3HaqeHlle pacxoa 3HcprHH Ha npOll3Bo.nCTBO e,lJ.lIHHbI npoLIYKUliH npHH}\TO
Ha3bIBaTb YeJIbHbiM pacxooM 3HeprHH. lipH 3TOM IIJ1aHOBaK BC1IH'lUHa pacxoLla
Ha3bIBaeTCJI HOpMOH pacxoa, a cl>aKTHqeCKliH pacxo,lJ. 3J1eKTp03HeprHH Ha e,lJ.HHHY
np0.LI.YKHH - YeJIbllblM paCXOll.OM.
nO,lJ. YLleJ1bHOH HOpMOH paCXO,lJ.a nOHHMaCTCJI HC npOH3B01lbHO npHH}\Ta}\
BCJ1H'lllHa pacxo.na, a 06'beKTlIBHO Heo6xo,lJ.lIMbIH pacxo,n TOnJIlIBa, TeITJ10BOH H
3J1eKTpH'lCCKOH 3HeprllH Ha npOU3BOLlCTBO eLlHHHlJ,bI npoLlYKUHH llJ1U 06'beMa
pa60TbI npH ,naHHbIX YC1I0BHJlX npOH3BO,QCTBa, 06YCJ10BJIeHHoro OpraHll3aHeH 1I
TCXH01l0rHeH npoL\ccca np01l3BOLlCTBa; TeXHllqCCKHM COCTOJlHlieM H PC)KHMOM
pa60TbI npOH3Bo.nCTBeHHoro 060pY,QoBaHHK.
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3KOHOMHqCCKOrO paC'leTa 1I JlBJIJlCTC}\ MaKCHMaJIbHO LlonYCTliMOH BCJIHqHHOH
paCXO,lJ.a TOn1lHBa, Ten1l0BOH H 311eKTpllqeCKOH :mcprliH ,l).J1JI npOli3BOLlCTBa CLlHHllL\bI
npO,lJ.yKL\Hll YCTaHOBJIeHHoro KaqCCTBa.
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. pa3pa6aTbIBaTbCJl Ha Bcex ypOBHJlX npOO3BO,lJ.CTBa no HOMeHKJIaTypc npo.nYKLlUH
H BliLlOB pa60T Ha e,lJ.HHOH MCTOLlHqeCKOH OCHOBC;
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TeXHH'iCCKOrO nporpecca npOli3BO,lJ.CTBa, ,lJ.OCTHrHyrbIx HaH60J1cc 3KOHOMHqHbIX
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MCTaJIJ1006pa6aTbIBaIOLQHe CTaHKH, npcccbI H 1'.11.); L\Cxa; npOH3BO,lJ.CTBa;
npeLlnpHJlTHK B L\eJ10M.
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$lIKCHpOBauHOH.
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HOpMHpOBaHHJI 1I YCTaHaBJ111Bae-rJi lICXO,lJ.JI H3 opraHH3aUHH H TeXH0J10rHH
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YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCJI .nJ1}\ Bcex 311CKTponpHeMHlIKOB exoB . (CTaHKH, npeCCbI,
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npO.nYKL\HlI (pa60Tbl). paCXOLl 1-18 nOA)lCp)KaHHe TeXH0J10rHqeCKHX all'craTOB B
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c06nlO,lJ.eHlIeM Tpe60BaHHH no KaqeCTBY CbIpbJl H MaTepHaJ10B, 6paKOM npO,lJ.YKL\HH,
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. nCpBlIqHM TeXHHqCCKaK 1I TCXH01l0rHqeCKM LlOKYMCHTaH}\;
. TCXH01l0rllqCCKHC pCrJ1aMCHTbI H IiHCTPYKHH, 3KcncpliMCHTaJIbHO npOBepCHHbIe
3HCpr06aJIaHCbI 1I HopMaTHBHbIC xapaKTepliCTHKH 3HCpreTlIqCCKOrO Ii
TcxH01l0rllqCCKOrO 060pYAOBaHHK, CbIPb}\, naenopTHbIC .naHHblC 060py.nOBaHlI}\,
HopMaTHBHbIC nOKa3aTCJ1H, xapaKTCpH3yIOlUliC HaH60J1cc pauliOHaJIbHbIC H
3$$CKTHBHblC YC1I0BHK npOH3Bo.nCTBa (K03$<pHlICHT HCn01lb30BaHliH MOlUHOCTH,
HopMaTHBbI paCXOAa 3HcprOHOClITe1lCH B npOH3BOLlCTBC, HopMaTHBbI nOTcpb
3HcprliH npll nepc,naqc 1I npC06pa30BaHliH 1I LlpyrHC nOKa3aTe1l1l);
. .naHHbIC 06 06'bCMaX H CTpYKTypc npOH3BOAcTBa npo.n)'KL\HIf (pa60TbI);
. .naHHbIC 0 nJ1aHOBbIX H $aKTlIqCCKHX YJICJ1bHbIX paCXOJIax 3Hcprllll 3a
npowc,lJ.IIlHC rOAbI. a TaK)KC aKTbI npOBcpOK HCn01lb30BaHHH CC B npOH3BOACTBC;
. ,lJ.aHHbIc ncpc.nOBoro OIIbITa OTeQCCTBCHHblX H 3apy6c)KHbIX npCLlnpmrrHH,
BbmYCKalOIlUiX aHaJIoruqHyIO np0.LI.YKHIO, no 3KOHOMHOMY 1I paHOHaJIbHOMY
lICn01lb30BaHHIO 3Hcprllll 1I .nOCTHrHyTbIM YAC1IbHblM pacxo.naM;
. ITJ1aH opraHH3aL\llOHHO-TCXHlIqCCKHX McponpHUHH no 3KOHOMliH TOIIJIliBa H
3HcprHH.
6.4. MeTonbl pa3pa6oTKH HOpM pacxona
OCHOBHbIM MeTOLlOM pa3pa60TKH HOpM pacxo,lJ.a TOnJlHBa, TenJlOBOH 1I
311CKTpHqCCKOH 3HeprHlI }\BJI}\eTCJI paCqeTHO-aHaJIHTH'lCCKHH. KpoMC TOro,
npllMCHJlIOTCJI OnbITHbIH H paCqeTHO-CTaTlfCTlJqCCKHH MeTO,lJ.bI.
)].JIB onpCLlCJ1CHlI}\ rpynliOBbIX HOpM pacxoLla 3J1CKTpllqCCKOH 3HCpruH
npllMCHJlIOTCJI B OCHOBHOM paCqCTHO-aHaJIHTHqCCKHH 1I paCqCTHO-CTaTliCTHqCCKHH
MeTO,lJ.bl.
PacIJernO-aH8JIHTH'leCKHH MeTO,lJ. npcAycMaTpHBaeT onpc.ne.rrcHHC HOpM
pacxoLla TOITJ1HBa, TeITJ10BOH H 311CKTpllqCCKOH 3HeprHH paCqeTHbIM nyTeM no
eTaTb}\M paexo.na Ha oeHOBC nporpeCCHBHbIX nOKa3aTC1ICH lICn0J1b30BaHHJI 3THX
pCCypCOB B npOH3Bo.nCTBC.
100
101
-

! f l'
h
'"iil!
Ii
I 'i-
i'
' I ',
, I
:1
i
II
"
:'1 1 ' I
, "I
i
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I,
,
Ii'
'Ii
i
Ii
!,
q
f
,
" i
I'
I,!
1:1
I
:,I / 'IJ'.
1',
, " 1 '1
i, :1:
"! I '
rl!.
,
I
B 06II1CM BHLlC MeTOLlllKa pacqeTa YAC1IbHbIX HOpM pacxo,z:J.a
paC'leTHO-aHaJIliTlIqCCKOM MeTOLlC HOpMHpOBaHHJI C1ICLlyIOIIIM:
1) onpCLlCJ1}\CTC}\ 06II1Cnp0H3BOl{CTBCHHaJi CXOBa}\ HopMa
T:3P npn
IJ
Ley,Uj IIj + Eoen." + l1E"
e - j=l
y.n,.l(.H
(6.1)
II".n
rLlC eYIJ..T; TCXH0J10rllqCCKaK HopMa paCXOLla i-M 3HcpronpHCMHHKOM
TeXH01l0rHqCCKOro npOL\ccca; n; 01laHOBbrn BbInYCK npOLlYKIIHlI i-M
3HcpronpllCMHHKOM; II...u - ITJ1aHOBbIH BbmYCK BCCH npo.nYKUHlI UCXOM;
E.cn.u. - paCXOl{ 3HcprHlI Ha BcnOMOraTCJ1bHbIC HY)KAbI ucxa; I'1Eu. - nOTcpH 3Hcprml B
CXOBbIX CeTHX H npe06pa30BaTCJ1}\X; 11 - qHC1I0 TeXH01l0rHqCCKliX nOTOKOB.
2) onpc.nCJIJleTC}\ 06II1CnpOH3BOl{CTBCHHa}\ 3aBOACKa}\ HopMa
N
Le yn n,j n," + E",,"., -I- M,
e = i=l
y.n.3.H
(6.2)
n,,,
rAC e y 1J..lU - 06II1CnpOH3BO.nCTBCHHbIC L\CXOBbIC HOpMbI; N - qHCJIO UCXOB Ha 3aBOAC;
n 3 .n.- OJIaHOBbIH BbmycK npo,z:J.YKHH 3aBo.nOM (npcLlnpHJITHcM); E.cn.u. - pacxo.n T3P
Ha BcnOMOraTCJ1bHbIC HbI 3aBo.na; M3 - nOTepll :mcprHH B 3aBOLlCKHX CeTHX H
TpaHc$opMaTopax.
6.5. HopMHpoBaHHe QeXOBblX pacxo)J.oB 3JIelnpo3HepJ:HH
06II1CCXOBOH paCXOA 3HcprHH onpCAeJ1}\eTOI no BbIpa)KeHHIO
W u = W T + W np ,
(6.3)
rLle W T - TeXH0J10rHqCCKaK HopMa pacxo.na 3J1cKTpo3HcpmH; W I1.P - BCC .npymc
paCXO,z:J.bl 311cKTp03Hepmll B CXC (nO)l"bCMHO-TpaHCnOpTHbIC H npOqHC
BcnOMOraTCJ1bHbIC MCXaHH3MbI cxa, BCHTHJlKl\HJI, OCBCIIICHHC, narcpll B CeTJIX H T.n.).
B COBpCMCHHbIX 1IHTCHHbIX H TCPMHqCCKHX ucxax, 060PYLloBaHHbIx L\yrOBbIMlI,
lIHL1YKL\HOHHbIMH nCqaMli H nCqaMH conpOTHBJ1CHHSI, LlO 70% 3J1cKTp03HcprHH,
nonyqaeMoii CXOM H3 3J1CKTpHqCCKOH CCTlI, nOTpe6JIJ1lOT 3TH 311CKTpOTCPMHqCCKHC
YCTaHOBKH, AO 20% - 3J1CKTpOnpHcMHHKH, 06CJ1HBaIOIIIHc TcxH01l0rllqCCKHM
npoccc, 1I AO 20% 3J1cKTp03HeprHH pacxo,z:J.YeTCH Ha BCHTHJIJIHIO 1I OCBCIIICHHC.
TaKHM 06pa30M, OCHOBHbIM 3TaOOM HOpMHpOBaHH}\ 3J1cKTponoTpc6J1CHlI}\ no
1IHTCiiHbIM 1I TCPMHqCCKliM UCxaM HBJIJlCTC}\ nocTpocHliC HOpMaJIH30BaHHbIx
3J1cKTp06aJIaHCOB .nJlJl rpynnbI 3J1cKTpoTepMlIqCCKHX YCTaHoBoK C .n06aBJICHHCM
, pacxo.noB 311CKTp03HcprHlI Ha BCIIOMOraTCJ1bHbIC HbI: OCBCIIICHHC, BCHTHJIJIHIO
1I nOTcpli B CeT}\X.
IIpli HOpMlIpoBaHHlI pacxoAoB 311CKTp03HcpmH Ha MCC}\ HJ1H ro.n CJ1CAYCT
yqllTbIBaTb HC TOJ1bKO TeXHlIqCCKH HCH36C)KHbIC nOTcpH, HO 1I pacxo.nbI
3J1CKTp03HcprHH Ha pa30rpCB H 0YCK 311CKTpOTepMlIqCCKliX YCTaHoBoK noc1Ic
TCKYIII"X peMOHTOB H X01l0JIHbIX npocTocB, Ha no.n.ncp)KaHliC TeXH01l0rHqCCKHX
arpcraToB B rOpHqCM pC3CpBC H nOTcpll, CBH3aHHbIC C 3aITJ1aHlipOBaHHbIMli
102

MC)KOnCpaHOHHbIMH npOCTO}\MlI. T CXH01l0rHqCCKaK
311CKTp03HcprllH B 3TOM cJIyqac 3anHCblBaeTC}\ B BHLlC
k,
W T = LW, n, + W"x + l¥.,p'
;=1
HopMa
pacxOAa
(6.3)
rAc W n " -- pacxoLl 311CKTpo:mcpnm Ha nycK nCqCH noc1Ic pCMOHTOB 1I X01l0j,HbIX
npocToeB; W np - pacxol{ 3J1CKTp03HCprHlI B ncplioLl 3anJ1aHHpOBaHHbIx rOpJlqHX
npocTOcB, a TaK)KC CBJl3aHHbIX C n1laHHpycMblMH npoqmJ1aKTHqCCKlIMH peMoHTaMH;
co; -- YAC1IbHbIH pacxoA 3J1CKrp03HcprHH Ha i-M TCXH01l0rHqCCKOM nOTOKC; k, - qHC1I0
TeXH01l0rHqCCKHX nOTOKOB; II; - npo1l3BoLlHTC1IbHOCTb i-ro TCXH01l0rHqCCKOrO
nOTOKa.
Pacxo.nbI 311CKTp03HcprHH Ha nycKli H npocToH onpCACJIJlIOTC}\ no BbIpa)KCHH}\M
(6.4)
W"x = Wpkp + Wook.o + W"ok"o;
k,
W ="I'1P (
np  lip I "PI J
i=1
(6.5)
rAC W p , Woo, W MO - pacxoLl aKTHBHOH 3HcprllH, I1J\YU\HH Ha CLlHHHqHbIH BbmycK
MeTaJIJ1a ncqll COOTBeTCTBCHHO nocne peMOHTa, BOCKpCCHOro H MC)KOnCpaHOHHoro
npOCTOCB; kp, k. o , k MO - K01l1lqCCTBO nYCKOB nCqH 3a n1laHHpYCMbIH ncpHO.n
COOTBCTCTBCHHO noc1Ic peMOHTa, BOCKpCCHoro 1I MC)KOnCpaHoHHoro npOCTOCB;
I1P . - nOTe p H aKTlIBHOH MOIIlHOCTH B pC)KlIMe npOCTOH i-ro TeXH0J10rHqCCKOrO
up'
nOTOKa; (..p; - BPCM)\ MC)KITJ1aHOBOro npOCTOH i-ro TeXH01l0rHqCCKoro nOTOKa.
liccJ1c,noBaHHJI [37-39] nOKa3bIBalOT, 'iT0 ,l).JIK 1IHTCHHbIX CXOB YCTaHoBlITb
OLIHY Haocpc.n 3a.naHHyIO HOpMY pacxoAa 311cKTp03HeprllH HCB03MO)KHO. 31'0 CBJl3aHO
C TeM, qTO B npocccc npOO3BOACTBa npOHcxoJIHT H3MCHCHHC BbInYCKa npoAYKUliH H
pMa .npyrHX TeXH01l0rHqCCKHX $aKTOpOB H H3MCHJleTC}\ KaK n01lHOC, TaK H YACJ1bHOC
3JICKTpOnoTpe6J1CHHc. KaK BH.nHO 1I3 pHC. 3.2, B YC1I0BHJIX pbIHKa MorYT Ha6JIIOAaTbC}\
601lblIlHC K01lc6aHHK MCCHqHOro nOTpe611cHHK 311CKTp03HeprHH, n03TOMY ,l).JIK
1IHTCHHblX CXOB lIHTepBaJI HOpMHpoBaHHK C1ICAYeT npHHHMaTb paBHbIM OLIHOMY
MCC}\L\Y.
npll H3MCHCHHlI BbmYCKa npOLlYKIIHlI ,l).JIK e1lCH HOpMHpOBaHlI}\
UCJICC006pa3HO lICn0J1b30BaTb HopMaTHBHbIC XapaKTeplicTliKH
3HcpronoTpe6J1KIOIIUfX arpcraToB. nOA HopMaTlIBHoH xapaKTcpHcTHKOH nOHHMaeTCH
3aBHCHMOCTb YAC1IbHOro pacxoAa 311CKTp03HCprHH OT 3arpY3KH
(npoH3Bo.nllTCJIbHOCTlI) 060PYAoBaHHK H .npyrllX $aKTOpOB npll HOpMaJIbHbIX
YCJ10BHJlX cro 3KCnJIyaTalIH.
B COOTBeTCTBHlI C rOCT P 51749-2001 [40] HOpMaTllBHbIC xapaKTCpHCTlIKlI
AOJ1)j{HbI 3a.naBaTbCJI B nacnopTax HJllI rOCTax Ha 3Hcproc6cpcraIOIIIcc
06opy.noBaHHc.
TaKlic HOpMaTHBHbIC xapaKTepHCTHKH HMCIOTCH, HanpHMep, .nnH
HHLlYKUlIOHHbIX nCqCH [33, 34].
I. nCqH HHAYK1I0HHbIC TlIreJ1bHbIC 50 r ,l).JIK BbInnaBKlI qyr}'Ha ,l).J1JI J1HTbH
(rOCT 27727-88) [33] B KBrq Ha TOHHY )Kn.nKoro MeTaJ1JIa npll TpeX YPOBH}\X
TeMncpaTypbI BbmycKa qyr}'Ha npH CKOpOCTH n1laBKlI (i) OT 0,7 AO 10,5 T/q;
1) npH TeMncpaTypc BbInycKa MeTaJ1JIa 1450"C
103
.

rl!II'
I
I
, '
, i
1
, I
I
II 2.
,
J'
I I
I
w = 485 22 + 229,81 _ 79,37 .
Yll ' i ;2'
2) npn TCMLIcpaTYpc BblIIycKa MeTaJIJIa 1500°C
W =5121+3. 10 ,87 _ 69,76 .
)' ' - .'J'
I ,.
3) npH TeMnepaTYpc BbmycKa MeTaJIJIa 1550°C
W = 530 08 + 2432 _ _ 86,94
)'a , i j2
nCqH HHLlYKUHOHHbIC 50 r .nJI}\ ITJ1aBKH aJIIOMHHH}\ (fOCT 27728-88) [34]
1) THrCJ1bHbIC nCqH npH CKOpOCTH ITJ1aBKU (I) 01' O,16.n0 6,01'/'1
O)y. =- 640i - 0,065;
2) KaHaJIbHblC nCqH npH CKOpOCTH ITJ1aBKH (i) 01' 0,3 ,z:J.0 6, 5 T/q
0),. = 449i - 0,229 .
)].JIB ApyrHX THnOB nCqCH HMCIOTCH HopMaTHBHbIC YLlCJ1bHbIC paCXOLlbI TOJ1bKO
.nJI}\ HOMHHaJIbHOH npoH3BOAHTCJIbHOCTli (Ta6J1. 6.1 - 6.3)
Ii
: I
III
!II
I
, I
Ta(hua 6.1
YJJ;e.IIbHbIC HOpMbl pacxoJJ;a :JJlcKTpo:mcprHH I\a paCnJlaBJICHHC MCTaJlJla
(He.IIerHpOBaHHall CTaJlb) WIll JJ;yroBblx nC'Icii [32]
EMKOCTb ncqll, T O)y. . KBT.qfT EMKOCTb ncqll, T W y .. Kl3T.qfT
1,0 525 35 415 i
2,5 465 45 413
3.0 458 50 410 I
5,0 446 60 -
408
6,0 443 ----
75 404
10,0 435 90 402
12,0 430 100 400
15,0 428 120 -
398
20,0 425 150 396
25,0 420 200 392 I
30,0 418 I
' . 1 1.
I,
, I
I II
III
!I I
!
"I
TaP Jlu 14 0 6.2
YJJ;e.IIbHbIC HOpMbI pacxoJJ;8 3JICKTpo:mcprHH THrCJIbHblX nC'Icii cOnpOTHBJlCHHH
JJ;JIH nJIaBKH aJIlOMHHHH [35]
EMKOCTL ncqll, T I O)y. ' Klh.qfT EMKOCTL ncqll, T -,
illy. ' Klh.qfT
0,05 470 0,25 385
0,1 440 0.8 370
0,2 400 I
-
104
ri;.
T aPJlUlfo 6.3
YJJ;e.IIbHbIC HOpMbl pacxoJJ;a 3JICKTp03HCprHH BaHHblX 3JIcKTponc'Icii conpOTHBJlCHHH
WIll BbmCp*KH aJIlOMHHHH [35]
. --
Tun ncqll HOMIIHaJILHaJi CMKOCTL. T O)y. (HC 6oJIce) KBr'UT
-
I 150
KaqalOaJlcJI BaHHaJI 2 130
3JIeKTponeqL 3 no
5 100
HenoJ\BIDKHaJi BaHHaJi 10 no
3JICKTPOnCqL 30 100
HopMaTHBHbIC xapaKTCpHCTHKH B LlCHCTByIOLQHX L\cxax MO)KHO nOJ1yqHTb
nYTeM pacqeTa 60J1b1IlOrO K01lHqCCTBa 3HCpreTlIqCCKliX 6aJIaHCOB
311CKTpOTepMlIqCCKHX YCTaHOBOK npH H3MCH}JIOlUHXCH YC1I0BHKX npOH3BOACTBa.
3HCpreTHqCCKHH 6aJIaHC nOKa3bIBaeT CTpYKTYPY paCXOAa 3J1CKTpo:mcprHH 1I
oTpa)KaeT B3aHMOCB}\3H MC)K.!(Y nepBHqHbIMH nOKa3aTeJIJlMH H napaMCTpaMH
npoccca, O,l).HaKO OH BccrAa COOTBeTCTBYeT CTporo onpCLlCJ1CHHbIM 3HaqCHH}\M 3TlIX
nOKa3aTCJICH. HopMaTHBHbIC xapaKTCpHCTlIKlI n03BOJIJllOT YCTpaHlITb 3TOT
HCLlOCTaTOK H .nalOT B03MO)KHOCTb npoH3BOAHTb KOppCKTlIpoBKY HOpM paCXOLla
311eKTp03HcprHH npH ITJ1aHlIpYCMbIX 1I3MCHCHlI}\X TCXH01l0rHqCCKHX $aKTOpOB, He
npH6craK K nOBTopHOMY nocTpocHlilO 3HCprCTlIqecKHx 6aJIaHcOB.
TaK KaK pacqeT 3HCpreTHqCCKliX 6aJIaHCOB 3J1CKTpOTCPMHqCCKHX YCTaHOBOK
BCCbMa Tpy,nOCMOK, TO Hc06xo.nHMO HCn01lb30BaTb n3BM.
HopMamBHbIC xapaKTCpllCTHKlI pJlLla 06CJ1CLlOBaHHbIX nCqCH (pHC. 6.1 - 6.5)
6blJ1U nocTpocHbI Ha OCHOBC $OPMYJ1 rJI. 5.
<DO'
oJn..
eM1673X
e.-1838K
SSG
SOO
4SO
400
3S0
300
1.6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2.4 2.6 2.t n. T'"
PHC. 6.1. ]aBHCHMOCTb yJJ;e.IIbHOrO paCXOJJ;8 3JIcKTpo3HeprHH OT npOH3BOJJ;HTe.IIbHOCTH
nyroBoii DC'IH npH p83JIH"IHbIX 3Ha'leHHHX TeMnepaTypbI 38rpy*aeMoii WHXTbI:
0- ne% ,lJ,Cn - 12; 6 - ne% ,lJ,Cn - 6
105
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;
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1\1\
1'(
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,j
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1- d
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I [
1,'[ ,
i I'
'\j !
\1 1 Ii,

ro,
KBTol{
T
800
8w=20 °c
8.=1500°C
8.."=1420°C
750
700
650
600
550
1,5
5,5
n,T/..
2
3,5
4
4,5
5
PHC. 6.2. 3aBHcHMoCTb YJleJlbHOrO pacxoJla 3J1cKTpo:meprHH
OT npOH3BOJlHTCJlbHOCTH HHJ1YKHOHHbIX THreJlbHblX ne"leii:
1 - LFD-50; 2 - LFD-25; 3 - GSA-5
ro,
"Br...
T
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
8 10 12
6)
24
26 28 n, T/..
14
18
20 22
16
PHC. 6.3. 3aBHcHMoCTb YJleJlbHOrO pacxoJl,a 3J1eKTp03Hepr.HH
OT 3arpY3KH ne"lH cOnpOTHBJleHRH THna 1130 npH pIl3JlH"IHblX BeJlH"IHHaX
TeMnepaTypbl tflynpoBKR B Ha"laJIe OTIKHra:
a - 'I)'I"YH Bt{ 50-2; 6 - 'IyryH K1J: 35-10
106
ro,
KBr..
T
I1, T1..
280
:m
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
ro,
1<BT"'!
T
90
6)
70
50
30
10
to 12 14 16
B)
18
20
22 I1, T/'I
PRC. 6.4. 3aBHcHMoCTb YJlCJlLHOrO pacxoJl,a 3J1eKTp03HeprRIt OT npOH3BOJl,HTCJlbHOCTH
Jl,yroBoii ne"H )J,':IM-IO "PH Jl,y"JleKC-npoecce JUIH pa3JIH"IHbIX TeMnepaTyp neperpeBa:
a _ 06eccepeHHblH qyryH; 6 - 6eJIbl" (KOBKHH) qyryH: 6 - cepblH 'IyryH
107
....J

J II' ! ro,
!' 'I 
i I,:' 540
:1/]
510
'I
Ii 480
;
450
! I 420
390
5 6 7
I
III
Iii
I '
i 
" I;!
/1,1
,
r.
j

,-
eo. = 1400 °c
eo = 1565 °c
r,lJ.C lIc - KOnHqCCTBO pa60qHX AHCH B MCCJll\C; W.. cyr - CyTOqHOC nOTpe6J1CHHC
3J1CKTp03Hcpnm BCHTHJIJll\HeH, KBT:
t
W = ,P ..
. cyr "HI HOlollcyr.t
I
3L1CCb k lli - K03$<pHUHCHT HCn0J1b30BaHIDI MOlUHOCTH BCHTlIJIJlL\HOHHbIX YCTaHoBoK;
P HOM ' - HOMliHaJIbHa}\ MOLQHOCTb ;-H BCHTHJ1}\[(HOHHOH YCTaHoBKlI; 11. - KOnHqCCTBO
BCHTHJIJlUHOHHbIX YCTaHoBOK B [(CXC; t Cyri - BPCM)\ pa60TbI BCHTHJ1JIL\HOHHOH
YCTaHOBKH B TeqCHHC CyTOK.
(6.10)
6.6. IIpHMeHeHHe perpeccHoHHoro aHaJlH33 ,lJ.JlH HOpMHpOB3HHH p3CXOOB
3JIeKTpo3HeprHH JIHTeHHblX ueXOB
OnpCLleJ1CHliC 06lUCL\CXOBbIX HOpM pacxo.na no aHaJIlITHqCCKHM BbIpa)KCHHJlM,
npCLlCTaBJ1CHHbIM B n. 6.5, HMCCT 60J1bWHC CJ10)KHOCTH. 0611CrqHTh 3TY 3a.naqy
MO)KHO HCn01lb30BaB HopMaTHBHbIC xapaKTCpHCTHKH [(CXOB. HopMaTHBHaK
xapaKTepHCTHKa [(Cxa - 31"0 3aBHCHMOeTh nOJ1HOro pacxoAa 3HepropccypcOB HJ1l1
YAC1IbHbIX pacxoLloB 3HepropecypcOB OT np01l3Bo,nHTC1IbHOCTli L\cxa. PaccMoTpHM
nocTpocHHC HopMaTHBHbIX xapaKTCpllCTHK npHMCHlITC1IbHO K J1l1TeHHbIM l\CXaM.
KaK nOKa3aHO B n.2.1, J1l1TeHHbIc ucxa HMCIOT O.nllH lIJ1H HeeKOJ1bKO
TeXH0J10rllQeCKHX nOTOKOB. npH nCpBOHaqaJIbHOM BbI60pe $OpMbI ypaBHcHHK CB}\3H
a6C0J1IOTHOrO paexoAa 3J1CKTp03Hcpnm C 06'beMOM BblnycKa npoAYKUHlI npHMCHJlCM
CJ1C,lJ.YIOlUHC npe.nnoCbIJlKH:
1).nJIB ITJ1aBlIJIbHbIX arpcraTOB 3aTpaTbI 3HcprHH J1l1HCHHO 3aBHC}\T OT MaCCbI,
YLlC1IbHOH TCITJ10CMKOCTH 1I TeMncpaTypbI ncpcrpcBa MCTa.JIJ1a;
2) BCC OCHOBHbIC Bn.nbI npoqcro TeXH0J10mqCCKOrO 060PY,lJ.OBaHliJi 1IHTeHHoro
L\Cxa TO)KC HMCIOT J1HHCHHYIO 3HCpremqCcKYIO xapaKTCpHcTliKY npll 1I3MCHCHHH
npOH3BO,lJ.HTC1IbHOCTH.
MHO)KCCTBO J1l1HCHHbIX xapaKTCpHCTHK LlalOT B CYMMC TIlK)KC JIHHCHHYIO
3aBHCliMOCTb. nO:noMY .nJIB BCCro J1lfTeHHoro L\exa B KaqeCTBC $OpMbI ypaBHCHliJI
CBJl3H MC)K.!(Y pacxooM 3J1CKTp03HCpf'HH H 06'bCMOM BbmycKa npoLlYKUHH no
pa3J1H'iHbIM TCXH01l0rHqeCKHM nOTOKaM MO)KHO npHHJlTb 1IHHeHuYIO MO.nC1Ib
1
W u = Ao + LAjn} +£, (6.11)
}I
rAC n j - 06'bCM BbInycKa npoAYKUliH no j-MY TCXH01l0rHqCCKOMY nOToKY;
Ao, Aj - K03$$lIl\HCHTbl, CTaTHCTHqCCKHC OUCHKH napaMeTpOB ypaBHeHlIJi CBJl3H;
€ - BC1IHqHHa, xapaKTCp1l3YIOlUaJl OTKJIOHCHliC $aKTHqCCKOrO paCXO,lJ.3 OT
paCC'1HTaHHOro no ypaBHCHHIO perpcccHH.
OTHOCHTCJlbHO BC1I1IqHHbI € LlCJIaIOTC}\ CJICAYIOlUliC npcLln0J10)KCHH}J: OHa
JlBJIJleTCJI BCJ1HqHHOH cnyqaHHoH; MaTeMaTlIqCCKOC O)KlIAaHliC paBHO HYJ1IO;
,lJ.HCnCpCIDI nOCTOJlHHa; nOCJ1C,lJ.OBaTCJ1bHbIC 3HaqCHHK HC 3aBHC}\T L\Pyr OT ,npyra.
HaH60ncc pacnpOCTpaHCHHbIM MeTO,nOM nOJ1yqcHlI}\ Ol\CHOK Ao, Aj }\BJIJleTCJI
MeTOA HaHMcHbmnx KBa.npaTOB.
YpaBHeHHC perpeCCHli YJ\CJ1bHbIX paCXOJ\OB 3J1CKTpllqCCKOH 3HeprHll HMeeT Bn.n
8
9
10
n. T/
PRC. 6.5. 3aBHCHMOCTb yneJIbHoro paCXona 3J1CKTpOJHCprHH OT npOH3BOnHTeJlbHOCTH
nyrOBoii DC'IH )J,CII-40 DpH p33JIH'IHbIX BCJlH'IHHaX e 1arpY:IKacMoii WHXTbl
HOpMHpOBaHHe p3CX0l1a 3J1eKTp03HeprHH Ha OCBeweHHe l\eXOB.
MCCJlqHbIC paCXOJlbI Ha OCBCLQCHHC (KBT.q) onpCLlCJIJlIOTCJI no BbIpa)KCHlilO
W oc .= W oc .. p + WOCB.II+ W OC '. M = 1,IW oc .. p + W OC .. M , (6.6)
r.nc WO<:B.p - pacXOLl311CKTp03cprllH Ha OCBCLQCHliC B pa60qce BpCMJI; W oc .." - paCXO,lJ.
3J1eKTp03HeprHH Ha aBapHHHoc H J\C)KYPHOC OCBCLQCHHC; W O<:B.M - paCXOLl
311CKTp03HcprllH Ha MCCTHOC OCBCLQCHlIC.
COCTaBJlJllOlUHC BbIp8)KeHIDI (6.6) onpeLlCJI}\IOTC}\ KaK
W ocop =( PYCTi)kJ.., (6.7)
rLlC P yc-n - YCTaHOBJ1eHHa)\ MOLQHOCTb ;-ro CBeTlIJIbHllKa; 11 - qHCJ10 CBeTHJ1bHHKOB B
UCXc; T.. - BpCM}\ pa60TbI CBeTHJ1bHHKOB B TCqeHHc MCCJIL\a; lee - K03<P<PlIL\HCHT cnpoca;
W OC ' M = ( PYCTNi) kHT MM , (6.8)
rLlC P yeT.Mi - YCTaHOBJICHHa}\ MOlUHOCTb ;-ro CBCTHJlbHHKa MCCTHoro OCBClUCHHK'
11 - '!HCJ10 CBeTlIJ1bHHKOB MCCTHoro OCBCLQCHHK; k H - K03$$HLIlICHT lICn0J1b30BaHlI
CBeTHJ1bHHKOB; T.... - BPCM}\ pa60TbI CBeTlIJIbHHKOB MCCTHOro OCBClUCHIDI B TeqCHHC
MCCJll\a.
HopMHpoB3HHe paCXO,lJ.8 3J1eKTp03HeprHH 08 BeHTHJJBQHIO. MCCJlqHbIC
paCXO,lJ.bI Ha BCHTHJ1JIL\HIO onpe,lJ.eJIJlIOTCJI no BbIpa)KCHHIO
W...= W.,cyrfIc, (6.9)
108
109

' f " , ',i
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J:J
(J)ya = Bo - Bin, (6.12)
r,z:J.c B o , Bl - K03$<p lI L\HCHTbI, CTaTHCTHqCCKHC 0UCHKlI napaMcTpOB ypaBHCHHJI CBJI'nL
MCXOLlHbIMH ,z:J.aHHbIMH .nJIB n01lyqcHHH 3HaqCHHH: Ao, Aj, Bo, BI B ypaBHCHHJlX
(6.11), (6.12) CJ1aT 50 - 100 3HaqCHHH MeCJlqHbIX paCXOJl,OB 3J1CKTp03HCprHu H
BbIIIycKa npo.nYKUHH 1IHTCHHOro ucxa.
B Ta611. 6.4 npHBeLlCHbI pCrpCCCHOHHbIC ypaBHCHHJI a6C0J1IOTHbIX H YJl,CJ1bHbIX
paCXOLlOB 3J1CKTp03HcprHH M)\ 35 1I1ITCHHbIX CXOB, TCXH0J10rHqCCKHC CXCMhI
KOTOpbIX Jl,aHbI B Ta6J1. 2.3.
3HepreTH'IeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH J1HTeHHbIX l{eXOB
Ta6,1U1l 6.4
N fpaHHlIbl H3MeHeHHJI BeJIHqHHbl 3HeprH cKHe- --l
lIexa IT. T xapaKTepHCTHKH J
YP3, KBT.qJT
1 2 3 W u = 1338,7  5,53IT "i
1 156-238 1 480(H0200
(J.}.,.' 20186,8 39,337IT I
2 4200-5500 1220-922 W u = 2689.2 + 0.479IJ
{Ova - 1599,7 O,11611
3 2624-3840 4730-3080 W u = 7890,4 + 0, 12311
tO vn 6258,9 O,79lI1
4 1056-1440 6230-5020 W u = 910,1 + 4,654IT
{Ovn .- 5873, I 0,39411
5 3610-4440 6604 W. =1292,0 + O,232IT
{O." 874,7 O,079IT
6 1590-2300 1130-722 W u = 1023,6 + O,337IT
.--- <OVa = 1419,9-0.28411
7 12317-17848 572-357 W u = 5464,8 + O,I06IT
(J.}." 833,1 O,024IT
8 3510-5500 500-373 W u = 1026,3 + 0,203IT
(J.}.,., 658,8 0,050IT
9 3381-4128 1270-1033 W u = 1783,3 + 0.66811
{O,," 1624,2 0,12811
10 1540-1957 1770-1360 W u = 824,9 + 1,075IT
{O,," = 2025,5 - O,27311
11 2710-3700 1230-903 W. = 2537,1 + 0,273IT
{O,,- 1855,3 0,?454IT
12 1107-1213 1955-1743 W u = 1023,0 + 0,964IT
{O" 2746,1 0,77611
13 3398-3953 185-162 W u = 176,1 + 0,12611
{o.. 221,2 0,01311
14 235-584 10400-4680 W u = 2014,6 + 1,833IT
OJ.. 11877,6 12,13IT
15 234-272 2440-2000 W u = 43,0 + 2,05IT
OJ.. 2378,9 O,627I1
16 1529-1953 3710-3190 W u = 386,7 + 32lI1
{O". 3630,5 O,II3IT
IIO
.
OKOII'laIlUe ma6J1. 6.4
I 2 3 4
312-219 W u = 513.3 + O,132II
17 336860 (0" = 391,5 - O, 032II ___
--' W u -1056,2+ 1,142II
18 4440-5028 1490-1290 (0.,.'- 1606,7 - O,05lI1
1310-1040 W u = 625,9 + 0,765II
19 1510-1910 {O,,'- 1522,3 -0,227II
2560-1860 W u 263,6 + 2,lOOIT
20 1107-1344 (0..'- 2537,8 - O,I8In
2520-1960 W u - 9758,6 + 1,082IT
21 7320-9115 (0.. .- 3467,5 - 0, 145IT
4437-6330 1300-905 W u = 3688,6 + 0,382IT
22 (0,,'- 1764,8 - 0,l29IT
3480-1750 W u 4718,2 + O,578IT
23 1492-3600 (OV" - 4181.3 - 0,660IT
2910-2270 W u 1679,8+1,I72IT
24 1739-2293 (0" - 3401,9 - 0,392IT
1340-880 W u 2491,8 + 0.538IT
25 3886-5410 (0,,'- 1607,1 - 0, II 4IT
854-609 W u 6585,6 + 0,138IT
26 9268-12451 {o,,'- 1353,3 - O,056IT
--. W u -276,9+ 1,833IT
27 410-551 2730-2060 (0,,= 2971,6 -I,163II
- W u - 622,5 + O,457IT
28 597.-933 1730-1080 (0.," - 2209,9 - 1,226II
9738-14898 3970-2840 W u = 24958,3 + 1,13IT
29 {O,,".-5319,1-0,73IT
769-390 W u 829 + 0,05IT
30 II 75-2000 OJ" - 1199,8 - 0,337I1
4866-3013 W u - 308,3 + 2,489IT
31 171-244 (0" - 5548,7 - 7,508IT
W u - 1357,9 + 1,079IT
32 3734--4109 1476-1370 (Oya = 1772,3 - 0,088II
1160-836 W u 575,3 + 0,58IT
33 1460-2000 {Ova = 1290,8 - O,217II
- . W u = 1925,6 + 0,166IT
34 9199-12915 403-292 {O,," - 518,7 - O,0l6IT
-, W u = 1330,2 + 0,952II
35 1070-2410 1780-1360 (0,," - 2180,2 - 0,283IT
6.7. HopMHpoBaHHe paCXOJl,OB TenJlOBOH 3HepJ:HH
fOLlOBaK HopMa 06LQCL\CXOBOro paCXOJl,a TCnJIOBOH 3HeprHH onpc,z:J.cJ1)\eTC}\ no
BbIpa)KCHHIO, rKaJI,
"
Qu = L Qir + QocD,r '
.=1
(6.13)
r,z:J.c Qir - rOLlOBaH HopMa pacxoLla Ten1l0BOH 3HcprllH Ha TCXH01l0rHqCcKY\O
YCTaHoBKY, fKaJI; QBcn.r - rOJl,OBIDl HopMa pacxOJl,a TeITJ10BOH 3HCprHH Ha
III

'I'I!
II ill
I, ,
r i '
, II
II
i' j II
,
I:
I
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II
I ' I '
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,-
BcnOMOraTC1IbHbIC HLlbl I.tcxa, fKaJI; n - qHCJ10 TCXH01l0rltqCCKHX YCTaHOBoK,
nOTpc6J1J1lOlUHX TCnJIOByIO 3HcprHIO.
K BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIM HaM OTHOC}\TC}\ pacxoLlbI TCITJ10BOH 3HcprHH Ha
OTOnJICHHC Qo.r, ropJl'lce BOLlOCHa6)KCHliC Q,...r, npHTOqHyIO BCHTHJIJlUHIO Q..r H
TenJ10BbIC 3aBCCbI Qru.
fOAOBaK HopMa pacxoLla TenJIOBOH 3HcprHH Ha TCXH0J10rHqCCKyIO YCTaHoBKY
onpCACJIJleTCH no BbIpa)KCHHIO
TCn1l0TbI HH$HJ1bTpaI.tllCH H3-3a nOCTYITJ1CHliH X01l0LlHOrO B03Ayxa B nOMCLQeHHC
qCpe3 HCnJ10THOCTlf HapHbIx orpa)KL\alOlIUIX KOHCTpYKI.tHH (oKHa, LlBCpH H T. .n.),
KBT; QBH - BHyTpCHHlIC TCnJIOnoCTyruIcHHJI; n - qHC1I0 Bn.nOB orpa)KL\alOlUHX
KOHCTpYKI.tHH; k - qHC1I0 Bn.nOB HCTOqHHKOB lIH$HJ1bTpaUHIt; h - K03$<p H L\HCHT,
yqllTbIBalOlUHH .nonOJ1HHTeJ1bHOC Tcn1l0noTpc6J1CHHC CHCTeMbI OTOITJ1eHHH,
CB}\3aHHOC C LlHCKpeTHOCTblO HOMHHaJIbHOrO TenJIOBoro nOTOKa HOMCHKJIaTypHoro
p}\.!(a OTOnHTeJIbHbIX npH60poB, C HX LlOn01lHHTCJ1bHbIMH TCnJIOnOTepJlMH qCpe3
3ap a .nHaTopHbIC yqacTKH orpa)KL\CHHH, TCnJ10nOTCpJlMli Tpy6onpoBoAoB,
npoxo,l).}JLQlIX qCpe3 HCOTanJIHBaeMbIC nOMCLQCHHK (= 1,13).
BHyTpeHHHc TCnJIOlIocTynJ1CHH}\ B TCqCHHC qaca (KBT) onpc,lJ.CJ1J1IOTCJ'I no
BbIpa)KCHHIO
Q.r =QY1J.i n ."
(6.14)
rLlC qY1J, j - YACJIbHbIH pacxo,lJ. TenJIOBOH 3HCprim i-H TeXH0J10rWICCKoH YCTaHoBKoH,
fKanlcLI.np; Dr qHCJ10 C,lJ.HHHI.t npo,l{yKUHH, BbmYCKaCMOC AaHHOH
TeXH01l0rnqCCKOH YCTaHOBKOH B rOA.
Pacxo TeDJIa Ha OTOnJIeHHe. PaCqeTHO-HOpMarnBHbIH paCXOA Ha OTOnJ1CHHC
MO)KHO onpCACJIHTb no OLIHOMY 1I3 ABYX MCTOLlOB:
1) no y.nC1IbHbIM OTOnllTeJ1bHbIM xapaKTCpHCTHKaM Ha 1 M 3 06"bCMa licxa
(3L\8HHK);
2) no TeITJ10BOMY 6aJIaHcy l(cxa (3L1aHHJI).
Pac'lem no yOe.Jlbl/blM omOnUmeJIbl/blM xapaKmepUCmUKaltt npo1l3BOMTC}\
CJ1C,lJ.yIOlUHMlI BbIP8)KCHHKMH:
Q.H= q.H A .10. 3 ,
r.nc qBH - BCJ1HqHHa BHyTpCHHHX TCn1l0BbI,nC1ICHHH Ha 1
npHHHMacMaH no pacqeTY, HO HC MCHCC 10 BT/M 2 ; A
3,lJ.aHHK, M 2 .
CpeLlHCqaCOBbIc nOTcpH Ten1l0TbI (KBT) qepe3 orpa)KL\alOlUHe KOHCTp}'kUliH
Q; , onpCACJ1J1IOTCH no BbIpa)KCHHIO
Ai (e 8. - e:" XI + L  }n
Q:: ; ==
(6.19)
M 2 ITJ10lUaLlH n01la, BT/M 2 ,
- OTaITJ1HBaCMaJI fIJ10lUaAb
(6.20)
QHor = 86,4 QT no,
Q _ Q eB. -e: p
Oot - omsx e pac"!. '
aM - eM
R
rLle Ai - paC'IerHaK n1l0lUa.nb orpa)KL\alOLQeH KHCTp}'KUHlI, M 2 ; R j - conpOTHB1ICHliC
TeITJ10ncpeLlaqC orpa)KL\alOlUCH KOHCTp}'KUHlI, M 2 .oC/BT; 13 - .n06asOqHbIC nOTcpH
TeITJ10TbI (B LlOJIJlX 01' OCHOBHbIX nOTepb); n - K03<p$lIUHCHT, npllHlIMaCMbIH B
3aBHCHMOCTH 01' n0J10)KCHHK HapHOH IlOBepXHOCTH orpa)K,l).alOLQlIX KOHCTp}'KL\lIH
no OTHOIllCHlilO K HapHOMY B03.nyxy (Ta6J1. 6.8), OTH. c,n.
(6.15)
(6.16)
Qomax = ex VHqO(e BH - eH), (6.17)
rLlc QH 0 r - paCqeTHO-HOpMaTHBHoe rO,lJ.OBOC nOTpe6J1CHHC TCIillOBOH 3HcprnH, KJl.»c;
Qo - cpeL\HCqaCOBOC nOTpe611CHHC TeITJ10BOH 3HeprllH, Br; Qo max - MaKCHMaJIbHOC
nOTpC6J1eHlIC Ten1l0BOH 3HeprHlI, BT; no - npo,aOJI)KHTeJ1bHOCTb oTOnHTCJ1bHOrO
nCpHO,lJ.a B CYTKax (Ta6J1. 4.20); e BH - Cpe,lJ.H}JH TCMncpaTypa BHYTPeHHero B03L1yxa,
°C (e BH = 16°C); e":- CpeAHJIK TCMnepaTypa HapHoro B03,lJ.yxa IlcpHoLla co
cpeL\HCCYTOqHOH TeMnepaTypoH MCHblliC 8 °C (Ta611. 6.5); e:;"" - paCqeTHaJi 311MIDIH
TeMncpaTypa HapHoro B03.nyxa, °C (Ta611. 6.5); V H - HapHbIH cTpOHTeJ1bHbIH
06"bCM l(cxa (3,lJ.aHH}\), ; ex - nOnpaBO'IHbIH K03<p4>HL\HCHT, KOTOpbIH BBO.nHTCR,
CeJ1H e H OTJ1HqaeTCH 01' -30°C, (Ta611.6.6); qo - YACJ1bHa}\ OTOnllTCJIbHa}\
xapaKTepHCTliKa 3L18HHH npll e H = -30°C (Ta6J1.6.7).
Pac'lem no menl1060MY 6W1al/cy. PaCqeTHbIH qaCOBOH paCXOLl TCnJIOBOll
3HeprHH (KBT) Ha OTOITJ1CHlie L\exa (3,lJ.aHIDI) onpCLlCJIJlCTCJI no BbIpa)KCHHIO
Qh =(Q'Pi + tQH.' -QB. )h'
Ta6JluI(a 6.5
3Ha'leHHH e...... , n.. e'" JJ.J1H p33J1H'IHbIX KJIHMaTH'IeCKHX 30H
. 8
Ha3BaHHe ""'" q> Ha3BaHHe I"''' ...
e. no e. e. no e..
HaceneHHoro n)'HKTa HaceneHHoro n)'HKTa
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
J\neKcaoBcKoe -43 252 -9,9 MocKBa -26 213 -3,6
J\neKcaH.!1pOBCK- -27 238 -6,2 MypMaHcK -27 281 -3,3
CaXaJIHHCKHH
blpb -40 307 -11,3 MypOM -29 212 -4,4
Ap3aMaC -31 211 -4,9 HaJIb'lHK -18 170 -0,4
ApMaBHp -19 159 0,5 HHJKHHH HOBropO.n -30 218 -4,7
ApxaHrenbCK -3] 365 -7 HIDKHHH TarHJI -36 228 -6,6
Acrpaxam. -23 172 -1,6 HOBropolI -27 220 -2,6
l>apHayn -39 2]9 -8,3 HOBOpocCHHCK -13 134 4,4
1>enropo.n -23 ]96 -2,2 HOBOCH6HpCK -39 227 -9,]
1>enoropcK -37 2]9 -]2,6 OMCK -37 220 -9,5
1>narOBellteHCK -34 2]2 -11,5 Open -26 207 -3,3
I>paTCK -43 245 -10,3 OpeH6ypr -31 201 -8,1
(6.18)
r,lJ.c Qh - nOTpc6J1CHHC TeITJ10BOH 3HcprllH 3L1aHHCM B TeqCHliC qaca, KBT;
QTp i - norepll TeflJ10TbI TCITJ10ncpc.naqCH (-rpaHcMHCcHOHHbIC) qepC3 orpa)KL\alOlUHC
1C0HCTpYKUHH 3L1aHHH (CTCHbI, OKHa, nOJ1. KpbIlIla 1I T. LI.), KBT; QHH$ j - nOTepli
112
113

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IT
1
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n;
OKOIl'latllle ma6.. 6.5
lo6nufl6.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6pHHCK -26 206 -2,6 lIcH3a -29 206 -5,1
BHJIIOiicK -25 260 -18,8 lICpMb -35 226 -6,4
BJla,l\HBOCToK -24 211 -4.7 lIerpo3aBO,l\CK -29 242 -3,3
r--------
BJlB.l\HMHp -28 217 -4,4 lIerponaBJ10BCK- -20 259 -2,1
KaM'IaTCKHH
BOJ1rorpa,l\ -25 182 -3,4 lICKOB -26 212 -2
BOJ1orJIa -31 228 -4,8 PocToB-Ha-,lJ.oHY -22 175 -1,1
--
BOpOHC)f( -26 199 -3,4 PH3aHL -27 212 -4.2
BLIKca -29 210 -4,4 CaMapa -30 206 -6,1
BHTKa (KHpOB) -33 231 -5,8 CaHKT-lIercp6ypr -26 219 -2,2
r p03HbIH -18 164 0,4 CapaHcK -30 210 _ -4,9 
-- 1--=--'-------..--- --- --
HBaHoBo -29 217 -4,4 CapaToB -27 198 -5
--
I1JKCBCK -34 223 -6 CBCPJIJlOBCK -35 237 -6,4
HpK)'TCK -37 241 -8,9 CMOJlCHCK -26 210 -2,7
HOIIIKap-OJ1a -34 220 -6,1 eo'lH -3 90 6,4
KaJaHL -32 218 -5,7 CTaBponOJ1L -19 169 0,3
KaJIHHHHrpB.l\ -18 195 0,6 CLIKTbIBKap -36 244 -6,1
KaJIyra -27 214 -3,5 TaM60B -28 202 -4,2
KaMbIIIIHH -26 189 -4,5 TBCpL -29 219 -3,7
KCMcpOBO -39 232 -8,8 TOMCK -40 234 -8,8
KHHcIIIMa -31 219 -4,5 Tyna -27 207 -3,8
KOMCOMOJ1LCK- -35 221 -11,2 TIOMCHb -37 220 -7,5
Ha-AMVPc
KoerpoMa -31 224 -4,5 YJ1aH-YJI3 -37 235 -10,6
KpaCHoJIap -19 125 1,5 Y J1LHHOBCK -31 213 -5,7
KpacHOHpcK -39 239 -7,8 Y peHroH -46 284 -13
KypraH -37 217 -8,7 YilJa -35 214 -6,6
KypCK -26 198 -3 YXTa -31 258 -4,4
KJ,I3L[JI -48 226 -16,6 Xa6apoBcK -31 205 -10,1
JIHnK -27 199 .3,9 XaHTLI-MaHCHHcK -41 248 -8,2
Mara,l\aH -29 278 -9,6 qe60KcapLI -32 217 -5,4
MarHHToropcK -34 218 -7,9 4CJ1H6HHCK -34 218 -7,3
MaHKon -19 154 1,7 qHTa -38 238 -12,4
Maxa'lKaJIa -14 151 2,6 .sIK)'TCK -55 254 -21,2
MHHYCHHCK -40 226 -9,5 .sIpoCJ1aBJ1L -31 222 -1,5
MOH'ICropCK -30 274 -4,7
YAeJIbHbIe TelIJlOBble xapalITepHCTHKH npOMbIWJleHHbIX 3naHHH
06'LeM YJICJ1bHLICTCIUlOBLIC XapaKTcpHcTHKH, BT/(M 3 .K)
HaHMCHOBaHHC 3,11aHHH [KKan/(M 3 .'I' 0 C)]
3JIaHHH V, TLIC. M 3 JI]IJI OTOImCHHJI qo lIJIH BCHTHJIHUHH q.
1 2 3 4
QyrYHOJ1HTCHHLlC ncxa 10-15 0,35 - 0,29 1,28 - 1,16
(0,30 -0,25) (1,10 - 1,(0)
50-100 0,29 - 0,26 1.16 - 1.04
(0,25 - 0,22) (1,00 - 0,90)
100-150 0,26 - 0,21 1,05 - 0,93
(0,22 - 0,18) (0,90 - 0,80)
MCJIHOJ1HTeHHLIc ncxa 5-10 0,46-0,41 2,91 - 2,33
(0,40 - 0,35) (2,50 - 2,(0)
-iO-20 0,41 - 0,29 2,33 - 1,74
(0,35 - 0,25) (2,00 - 1,50)
20-30 0,29 - 0,23 1,74 - 1.40
(0,25 - 0,20) 0,50 - 1,20)
TcpMH'ICCKHC ncxa JIO 10 0,46 - 0,35 1,51 - 1.49
(0,40 - 0,30) (1,30 - 1,20)
10-30 0,35 - 0,29 1,40 - 1,16
(0,30 - 0,25) (1,20 - 1,(0)
30-75 0,29 - 0,23 1,16 - 0,70
(0,25 - 0,20) 0,00 - 0,60)
KY3HC'IHLIC lIcxa JIO 10 0,46 - 0,35 0,81 - 0,70
(0,40 - 0,30) (0,70 - 0,60)
10-50 0,35 - 0,29 0,70 - 0,58
(0,30 - 0,25) (0,60 - 0,50)
50-100 0,29 - 0,18 0,58 - 0,35
(0,25 - 0,15) (0,50 - 0,30)
McxaHOC6op0'lHLIC, 5-10 0,64 - 0,52 0,46 - 0,29
MCXaHH'ICCKHC (0,55 - 0,45) (0,40 - 0,25)
H CJ1CCapHbIC OTJIeJICHHJI 10-15 0,52 - 0,46 0,29 0,18
HHerpYMCHTaJILHbIX lICXOB (0,45 - 0,40> (0,25 - 0,15)
50-100 0,46 - 0,44 0,18 - 0,14
(0,40 - 0,38) (0,15 - 0,12)
100-200 0,44 - 0,41 0,14 - 0,09
(0.38 - 0,35) (0,12 - 0,08)
-- --- JIO 5 0,70 - 0,64 0,70 - 0,58
,lJ.cpcBo06JIeJIo'lHLIC lIcxa (0,60 - 0,55) (0,60 - 0,50)
5-10 0,64 - 0,52 0,58 - 0,52
(0,55 - 0,45) (0,50 - 0,45)
10-50 0,52 - 0,46 0,52 - 0,46
(0,45 - 0,40) (0,45 - 0,40)
U,cxa MeraJIJ1H'ICCKHX 50-100 0,44 - 0,41 0,62 - 0,52
KOHCTp}'KlI HH (0,38 - 0,35) (0,53 - 0,45)
100-150 0,41 - 0,35 0,52 - 0,41
(0,35 - 0,30) (0,45 - 0,35)
TfI6nuQ 6.6
3Ha'leHHH nOnpaBO'IHoro KO'ttfl41H1IHeHTa
er:'1, °C 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55
a 2,05 1,67 1,45 1,29 1,17 1,08 1,00 0,95 0.9 0,85 0,80 0,8
114
115
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I 2 3 4
l\exa nOlCpLITHH .nO 2 0,77 - 0,70 5,80 - 4,63
(ranLBaHH'lecKHx H .np.) (0,66 - 0,60) (5,00 - 4,00)
2-5 0,70 - 0,64 4,65 - 3,49
(0,60 - 0,55) (4,00 - 3,00)
5-10 0,64 - 0,52 3,49 - 2,33
PeMOIITHLie Qexa (0,55 - 0,45) ( 3,00 - 2,00)
5-10 0,70 - 0,58 0,23 - 0,18
(0,60 - 0,50) (0,20 - 0,15)
10-20 0,58 - 0,52 0,18 - 0,12
(0,50 - 0,45) (0,15 - 0,10)
I1apoB03Hoe .neno .noS 0,81 - 0,76 0.46 - 0,35
(0,70 - 0,65) (0,40 - 0,30)
5-10 0,76 - 0,70 0,35 - 0,29
(0,65 - 0.60) (0,30 - 0,25)
Kon:JlLHble Qexa 100-250 0,29(0,25) 0,70(0,60)
KOTeJIbHLIe (OTOnHTeJILHLIe 2-5 0,12(0,10) 0,35 - 0,58
H napoBLIe) 10,30 - 0,50)
5-10 0,12(0,10) 0,35 - 0,58
(0,30 - 0,50)
10-20 0,09(0,08) 0.23 - 0,46
M3CTepcKHe (0,20 - 0,40)
5-10 0,58(0,50) 0.58(0,50)
10-15 0,46(0,40) 0,35(0,30)
15-20 0,41(0,35) 0.2910,25)
20-30 0,35(0,30) 0,23(0,20)
HacocHhIe .nO 0.5 1.22(1,05)
0,5-1 1,16(l,00)
1-2 0,70(0,60)
2-3 0,58(0,50)
KOMnpeccopHLle. .nO 0,5 0,81(0,70)
r33oreuep<rropHLIe 0,5-1 0.81 - 0,70
(0,70 - 0,60)
1-2 0,70 - 0,52
(0,60 - 0,45)
2-5 0,52 - 0,46
(0,45 - 0,40)
5-10 0,46 - 0,41
(0,40 - 0,35)
5-10 0.1210,10) 2,09(1,80)
PereHepaIlHJI M3CeJl 2-3 0,87 - 0.70 0,70 - 0,58
(0,75 - 0,601 (0,60 - 0,50)
CKJ13JIhI XHMHKaTOB, .no 1 0.99 - 0,87 -
KpacoK H T.n. (0.85 - 0,75)
1-2 0,87 - 0,76 -
(0,75 - 0,65)
2-5 0,76 - 0.68 0.70 - 0.52
(0,65 - 0,58) (0,60 - 0,45)
116
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OKOII'IaHUe ma6R. 6.7
1 2 3 4
ELiTOBLIe H 0,5-1 0.70 - 0,52 -
an M H HH CTp3THBHO- 10,60 - 0,45)
BcnOMOraTeJILHLIe 1-2 0,52 - 0,46 -
nOMeIIleHHJI (0,45 - 0,40)
2-5 0,46 - 0,38 0,16 - 0,14
(0,40 - 0,33) (0,14 - 0,12)
5-10 0,38 - 0,35 0,14 - 0,13
(0,33 - 0,30) (0,12 - O,Il)
10-20 0,35 - 0,29 0,13 - 0,12
(0,30 - 0,25) (0,11 - 0,10)
TQ6Jlua 6.8
KO:J4J4JHI.IHeHT JVIH orpaalOlI.IHX KOHCTPYKI.IHH
OrpaJKJIalOIIlHe KOHCTp}'KQHH n
I HapYJKHbIe CTeHbI H nOKpLITHJI, nepeKpLITHJI 'lep.n3'IHLIe (c KpOBJIeH H3 1,0
IIIT)"IHLIX M3TepH31IOB) H H3JI np0e3.n3MH, nepeKpLITHJI H3JI XOJIO.nHLIMH
003 orpaJKJI31OI/lIiX CTeHOK nO.nnOJILJIMH B CeBepHOH CTpOlITeJIbHo-
KJ1HMaTH'leCKOH30He
2 I1epeKpLITlUI Han XOllOlIHLIMH nOlIB3JIaMH, C006IIl3IOIIlHMHCII C 0.9
HapYJKHLIM B03JIYXOM, nepeKpbITHJI 'IepJIa'IHbIe (c KpOBlIeH m
PYJIOHHLIX MaTepHaJIOB), nepeKpLITHJI HaJI XOJIOJIHLIMH C
orp3JKJIalOIIlHMH CTeHKaMH nOJInOJILJlMH H XOllOJIHLIMH 3TaJKaMH B
ceBepHoH CTpOHTe,1LHo-KJ1HMaTH'IecKoH 30He
3 I1epeKpLITIUI HaJI HeOTaIUlHBaeMbIMH nOJIB31IaMH co CBeTOBLIMH 0,75
npoeMaMH B CTeHax
4 I1epeKpLITHJI H3JI HeOTaIUlHBaeMLIMH no.nBaJIaMH 6<:3 CBeTOBLIX 0,6
npoeMoB B CTt:Hax, pacnOJIOJKeHHLIX BLIIIIe ypOBHJI 3eMJIH
5 I1epeKpbITHJI HaJI HeOTaIUlHBaeMLIMH TeXHH'IeCKHMH nOJInOllLJlMH, 0,4
pacnOJIOJKeHHhIMH HHJKe ypOBHJI 3eMJIH
ConpoTHBJ1CHliC TCnJIOncpc,naqc Orpa)j{L\alOlUCH KOHCTPYKL\HH R, KpOMC
3an0J1HCHHH CBCTOBbIX npocMoB H n01l0B Ha rp}'HTe, OnpCLlCJ1JIIOT no BbIpa)KCHlilO
(M 2 .oCIBT)
Ri = 1/aB. + R. + lja,
(6.21)
rAC a.,.. .- K03$$HUliCHT Ten1l00TAaQll BHYTPCHHCH nOBcpxHOCTli orpa)j{L\alOlU HX
KOHCTpYKL\HH, BT/M 2 .oC, npHHlIMaeMbIH no Ta6J1. 6.9; R. - TepMHqCCKOC
eonpoTlIBJICHliC orpa)KAalOLQCH KOHCTpYKUHlI, M 2 .oC/BT; a.. - K03$$HL\HCHT
TCITJ100TLlaqH ,l).J1JI 3HMHlIX yeJIOBliH HapHoH nOBcpxHOCTli orpa)K,l).alOlU eH
KOHCTPYKl\lIli (BT/M 2 . 0 C), npHHlIMaeMbIH no Ta6J1. 6.10.
117

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Ta6Jluf(a 6.9
Ta6Jluf(a 6.11
TepMH'IecKoe conpOTHBJIeHHe 3aMKHYTblx B03J1.YWHbIX npOCJIOeK R..n' (M 1 . °C)/BT
K031J!IJ!HI.\HeHT nnJlOOTJl.a'lH
BHyrpeHHRR nOBepXHOCTb orpaJl(JJalOll(IIX KOHCTp}'KI1I1H a BH , l
BT/(M 2 . 0 C) I
-- -.
1 CTeH, nOJIOB, rmlJlKHX nOTOJIKOB, nOTO,1KOB C BblcT)'naIOll(IIMII 8,7 I
I
pe6paMII upll OTHomeH1I1I BblCOTbI II pe6ep K paccToRHIlIO a I
MeJK,!JY rpaHRMII ooceJJHIIX pe6ep hi a  0,3 I
. 
2 IlOTOJIKOB C BblcTynalOll(HMH pe6paMH upll OTHomeHHH hi a 2: 0.3 7.6
-
--
I1pOCJIOID<a
f-----
T OJIII1HHa rOpll30llTaJILHaR npH nOTOKe Tellila rOpH30llTaJIbHaR upH nOTOKe
B03J!YllIHOH CHH3Y BBepx H BepTHKaJIbHaJI TeWIa cBepxy BHH3
npocnoHKH,M npH TeMfIepaType B03JJyxa B npocnoHKe
nOJIOJiCHTe.JIbHOH OTpHl1aTe.JIbHOH nOnOJiCHTe.JIbHOH OTplll1aTenbHoH
1 2 3 4 5
0,01 0,13 0,15 0,14 0,15
0,02 0,14 0,15 0,15 0,19
0,03 0,14 0,16 0,16 0,21
0,05 0,14 0,17 0,17 0,22
..-- -- 0,15 0,18 0,18 0,23
0,1
0.15 0,15 0,18 0,19 0,24
0,2-0,3 0,15 0,19 0,19 0,24
Ta6J\uf(a 6.10
K031J!IJ!HuHeHT TeDJIOOTJ1a'lH J.\JIH 3HMHHX YCJlOBHH
Hap}'JiCHaR nOBepxuOCTL OrpaJKJIalOII1HX KOHCTp}'KI1UH au, BT/(M! . 0C) I
I
1 I101<PblTlIJI Hap}'JiCHblx creH, nepeKpbITUJI HaJJ npoe3J!aMH H 23,0 1
XOnOJ1HbIMH 6e3 orpaJiC,[\alOlI1l1X creHoK nOJ1nOnbJIMH B ceBepHoii I
CTpOHTe,1bHD-KJIHMaTHqeCKOii 30He
2 I1epeKpblTIIJI H3,!\ XOJlOJ.\HblMH nOJ1BaJIaMH, co06ll.\aIOII1IIMllcJI C 17,0
Hap}'JiCHblM B03J!YXOM, nepeKpblTIIJI HaJJ XOJIOJ1HbIMII C
orpaJiCJJaIOlI1l1MII creHKaMII nO.IInOnbJIMII II XOnOJ1HbIMH 3TaJiCaMII B I
ceBepHoii CTpOHTenbHO-KJIIIMaTIIQeCKOii 30He
3 I1epeKpblTIIJI Qep.IIaQHbIe II HaJJ HeOTallillIBaeMbIMII nOJ1BaJIaMII co 12.0
CBCTOBbIMII npoeMaMII B creHax
4 I1epeKpblTHJI H3,!\ HeOTallilllBaeMbIMII nOJJBaJIaMII 6e3 CBCTOBbIX 6,0
npoeMoB B creHax, pacnOnOJiCeHHbIX BbllI1e ypoBHJI JeMJIlI, II H3,!\
HeOTallilllBaeMblMII TeXHIIQeCKIIMII nOJ1IJOJlbJlMH,
pacnonOJiCeHHblMII HIlJiCe ypOBHR 3eMJlII
Ta6.nuf(a 6.12
COnpOTHBJleHHe TenJlOnepeJ.\a'lH R.: CBe1'OBblX npoeMoB (OKOH, 68JlKOHHbIX J1.Bepeii, 4Jo Ha peii)
3anOJIHeHHe CBCTOBoro npoeMa R.:, (. °C)/BT
1 }J,BoHHoe ocreKJIeHlle B .IIepeBJlHHLIX cnapeHHblx nepellilCTax 0,4
2 }J,BOHHoe OCTeKJIeHlle B JJepeBJlHHblX p33JJe.JIbHbIX nepellileTax 0,44
3 }J,BoiiHoe OCTeKJIeHlle B MCTaJIJIlIQeCKHX p33J!e.JIbHblX nepelmCTax 0,34
4 6J10KH creKJIJIHHbie nycrOTe.JIbie p33MepaMII 194 x 194 x 98 MM upH 0,31
WHj)HHe llIBOB 6 MM (6<:3 nepellilCTa)
5 6nOKII creKJIJIHHble nYCTOTe.JIble p33MepaMH 224 x 224 x 98 MM npH 0,33
1lI11DHHe WBOD 6 MM (6<:3 nepellileTa)
6 I1po4JHJIbHOe creKJIO Kop06QaTom CeQeHHJI (6eJ nepellilCTa) 0,31
7 OpraHll'lecKoe CTeKJIO J!BOHHOC JJJlJI 3CHHTHbiX 4JoHapeii 0,36
8 OpraHll'leCKOe creKJlO 1pOiiHOe JJJlJI 3eHHTHbiX 4JoHapeii 0,52
9 TpOHHoe ocreKJIeHHe B p33JJenbHD-CnapeHHblx nepellilCTax 0,55
10 OJJHoKaMepHblH creKJIOnaKCT 113 CTeKJIa B JJepeBJIHHbIX nepellilCTax:
06bIQHbIX 0,38
C TBepJl.blM ceneKTIIBHblM nOKpbITlleM 0,51
C MJlrKIIM CeneKTIIBHblM nOKpbITlleM 0,56
11 OJJHOKaMepHblH CTeKJIOnaKCT 113 creKJIa B MCTaJIJIlIQeCKIIX
nepenJiCTax:
06bl'lHblx 0,34
C TBepJlbIM Ce.JIeKTHBHblM nOKpbITlleM 0,43
C MJlrKlIM ceneKTIIBHblM nOKpblTHeM 0,47
12 06bl'lHoe CTeKJIO II OJlHOKaMepHbIH CTeKJIOnaKCT B pa3JJe.JIbHblX
nepellileTax:
06bl'lHblx 0,56
C TBepJJblM ceJIeKTHBHbIM nOKpbITHeM 0,65
-. C MJlrKHM CeneKTHBHbIM nOKpbITHeM 0,72
TepMlIqCCKOC conpOTlIBJ1CHHC orpa)K.n31OI.QCH KOHCTpYKUliH R K (Mz.oC/BT):
. ,l).JIJI OAHOPOLlHOH KOHCTpYKL\HH OnpCACJIJIeTCJI no BbIpa)KCHHIO
R K = O/A , (6.22)
rLlC 0 - T01lLQHHa CJ10JI, M; A paCqCTHbIH K03<p<pHL\HCHT TCITJ10npOBOLlHOCTH
MaTepHana CJ10JI (BT/M' 0c) [54];
. ,l).JIJI KOHCTpYKU"H C nOCJIC,z:J.OBaTeJIbHO pacn0J10)KCHHbIMH O,z:J.HOpo,z:J.HbIMli CJ10JlMH -
no <poPMYJ1C
R K = Rl + R 2 +...+ Rn + R.n, (6.23)
rAC Rio Rz, ..., Rn - TepMHqCCKHC cOnpOTHBJ1CHHK OTLlCJ1bHhIX CJ10CB orpa)K,l).alOlUcH
KOHCTPYKL\lIH (M z . °CIBT), onpc,nCJIJlCMbIC no $OPMY1IC (6.22); R..n - TepMlIqCCKOC
cOnpOTHBJICHHC 33MKHYTOH B03,z:J.yrnHOH npOCJ10HKH, npHHlIMaeMoe no Ta6J1. 6.11;
. ,l).JIJI HCOAHOPOAHOH orpa)K,l).alOLQCH KOHCTpYKIHlI onpCLlCJIJleTCJI B COOTBeTCTBHlI C
CHHn 11-3-79 "CTpOllTCJIbH3J1 TCn1l0TeXHHK3".
ConpOTlIBJ1CHHC TCITJ10ncpc,aaqc 3an01lHCHHH CBeTOBbIX npOCMOB
,npllHlIMaeTCJI no Ta6J1. 6.12.
118
119

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· .nJIK HcyrenJIeHHbIX nonOB 1I eTCH, pacn0J10)KCHHbIX HH)KC ypoBHJI 3CMJ111, C
K03$$ lI UU C HTOM TeITJ1ollpoBOMOCTI1 A  1,03 BT/(. 0c) no 30HaM IIIHpliHOH 2 M
(PliC. 6.6), napaJIJICJ1bHbIM HapM CTeHaM, Rc (. °CIBT) npllHHMaeTC}\ paBHbIM:
2, 1 - .nJIK I 3OHbI, 4, 3 - ,l).J1JI II 30HbI, 8, 6 - ,l).J1JI ill 30HbI, 14. 2 - ,l).J1JI IV 30Hbl.
f:;JY
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t;o .,i:;4"; ::--"iTh.r' -:,::"'::::::: =""= : :;'.,, ,
PHC. 6.6. Pac'JeTHMe 30HM
· ,l).J1JI YTcnJICHHbIX n0J10B 1I CTCH, pacn0J10)KCHHbIX HlI)KC YPOBH}\ 3CMJ1H, C
K03$$lIL\HCHTOM TeITJ10npOBo.nHOCTli An < 1,03 BT/(M 2 . DC) YTcnJIJllOmcro CJ10}\
TOJ1LQlIHOH 0 (M), Rn (M 2 . °C/BT) OnpCLleJ1}\eTCJI no BbIpa)KCHlilO
Rn=Rc+O/An;
· L{.JJJI n0J10B Ha J1arax Rn HaXOLlllTC}\ no $opMYJ1e
Rn = 1,18 (R c + 0 IAn).
(6.24)
(6.25)
J(06aeO'lHble nomepu melUlombl  qCpe3 orpax<.naIOLQHC KOHCTpYKL\HH
npHHlIMaIOTC}\ B Ll0Jl}\X OT OCHOBHbIX nOTcpb:
· B nOMCLQeHHKX J11060ro Ha3HaqCHIfJI qCPC3 HapHbIc BepTlIKaJIbHbIC H
HaKJIOHHbIe (BCprHKaJIbHa)\ npocKulUl) CTeHbI, LlBCpli H OKHa, 06paLQCHHbIC Ha
CCBCp, BOeTOK, CCBCpO-BOCTOK 1I CCBcpO-3anaLl B pa3Mepc 0,1, Ha IOrO-BOCTOK Ii
3ana.n - B pa3MCpC 0,05, B yrJ10BbIX nOMCLQCHHKX - LlOnOJ1HlITCnbHO no 0,05;
· B 06LQCCTBeHHbIx, a.nMlIHHCTpaTHBHo-6bITOBbIX 1I npOll3BOLlCTBCHHbIX nOMeLQCHHKX
'Iepe3,z:J.BC Hapyx<HbIe CTeHbI 1I 601lcc - 0,15, CCJIH OMO H3 orpa)K.!(CHHH 06paillcHo
Ha cCBep, BOCTOK H cCBepo-3ana)l, 1I 0,1 - B .npyrHX cJ1yqaJIX;
· B nOMCLQeHHJlX, pa3pa6aTblBaeMbIx .nJIB runoBoro npOCKTlIpOBaHHK, qCPC3 CTCHbI,
LlBepH H OKHa, 06pamCHHbIC Ha nlO6y\o H3 CTOpOH CBeTa, B pa3MCpC 0,08 npli
OMOH HapHoH CTCHC 1I 0,13 - .nJIB yrnoBbIx nOMCmeHlIH (KpOMe )K1I1IbIX), a B
)KHJIbIX nOMCmCHH}\X - 0,13;
· 'ICpC3 Heo60rpcBacMbIc nOJ1bl nepBoro 3Ta)Ka Ha.n X01l0LlHbIMli nOLln01lbJlMlI
3L1aHliH B MCCTHOCTJlX C paCqeTHOR TCMncpaTypoH HapHoro B03,z:J.yxa MHHYC
40°C 1I HH)KC - B pa3MCpC 0,05;
· 'ICpe3 HapHbIc LlBepH, HC 060PyoBaHHbIc B03L1YWHbIMli lIJIH B03L1YWHO-
TCITJ10BbIMli 3aBccaMH, npH BbICOTe 3,z:J.aHHg H (M) 01' cpeLlHcH nJ1aHlIpoBOqHOH
OTMeTKH 3eMJ111 LlO Bcpxa KapH1I3a, QCHTpa BbITg)KHbIX OTBCpCTliH 4>oHap}\ lIJIli
YCTbg lIIaXTbI B pa3Mepe:
0,2 H - ,l).J1JI TpOHHbIX LlBcpeH C ,Z:\BYMJI TaM6ypaMH MCx<.ny HHMH;
120
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0,'1.7 H - AJ1K ,nBOHHbIX LlBepcH C TaM6ypaMli MC)K.!(Y HHMlI;
0,34 H - AJ1K ,Z:\BOHHbIX LlBepCH 6C3 TaM6ypa;
0,22 H - AJ1K oLlllHapHbIx LlBcpeH;
. qCPC3 HapHbIc BopoTa, HC 060pYLloBaHHbIc B03.z:J.YIIIHbIMli HJIli B03L1YWHO-
TCITJ10BbIMli 3aBecaMlI, - B pa3MCpe 3 npll OTCYTCTBliC TaM6ypa 1I B pa3MCpC 1 npH
HaJIHqHH TaM6ypa Y BOpOT.
PacxoLl TenJIOTbI Q::::i (BT) Ha HarpeBaHlic lIH$HJIbTpy\om erOc }\ B03a
CJICLlYeT OnpeLlCJIJlTb no BbIpa)KCHlilO
<r:i = 0,28 LGi c {e.. - e:)k, (6.26)
rLle Gnnel> i - paCXOLlllH$HJIbTpy\oIIICroc}\ B03a qCPC3 orpa)K.!(alOm lie KOHCTpYKUU ll
nOMCLQCHHJI, Kr/q; c - YLleJ1bHaK TenJ10CMKOCTb B03a, paBHaK 1 K)].)K/(Kr. DC);
k - K03$$lIL\l1CHT yqeTa BJIHKHlIJi BCTpeqHoro TCITJ10BOro nOTOKa B KOHCTpYKL\HKX,
paBHbIH 0,7 LIJlK CTbIKOB naHCJlCH CTeH H OKOH C TpOHHbIMH nepeITJ1eT8MlI, 0,8 - AJ1K
OKOH H 6aJIKOHHbIX LlBepcH C pa3.nCJ1bHbIMH nCpenJIeTaMH H 1,0 - .nJIB oLlllHapHbIx
OKOH, OKOH Ii 6aJIKOHHbIX LlBCpCH co cnapcHHbIMli nCpCITJ1eTaMli H OTKpbITbIX
npOCMOB.
PacxoLl lIH$HJIbTpy\omcrOc}\ B03a B nOMCmeHlIH Gnucl>i (Kr/q) qCpe3
HeITJ1OTHOCTH HapHbIx orpa)K.!(CHliH C1ICLlYeT onpeLleJIJlTb no BbIpa)KCHlilO
G . = '" O,216/).p.67 + '" A G ( /).pi ) 0.67 + 3456'" A;/).p.5 ,
HH4>. L... y L... °22 n A  L...
.& HH '-¥"t
(6.27)
mC Al _ nJIOma.nb CBeTOBbIX npocMoB (OKOH, ,nBCpCH, <poHapCH); A 2 - ITJ10ma,z:J.b
orpa)K.!(alOlL\HX KOHCTpYKL\lIH (CTCH, KpbIlIlll); A3 - ITJ10LQaLlb LQCJ1CH, HCITJ10THOCTeH H
npocMoB B HapHbIx orpa)K.!(CHlIgX; L1pi, L1p 1 - paCqeTHaK pa3HOCTb MC)K.!(
,Z:\aBJICHIfJIMli HapHOH 1I BHYTPCHHeH nOBepXHOCTCH orpa)K.!(alOLQlIX KOHCTpYKQHH
COOTBeTCTBCHHO HR paCqCTHOM 3Ta)KC 1I Ha ypOBHe n01la nepBoro 3Ta)Ka, lla;
G n - HopMaTlIBHaJi B03.nyxonpOHlIL\aCMOCTb orpa)K.!(alOmll\ KOHCTpYKL\lIH (Kr/M 2 .q)
(Ta6J1. 6.13); RUHeI> - conpOTlIBJ1eHlIC B03.nyxonpOHHL\aHlIlO, M . q'fIalKr.
TllonUlfll 6.13
HopMaTHBHaa BO:J]Q'xonpoHHnaeMoCTb orpaalOlI(HX KOHCTPYKn HH
Orpa)K)\alOmlie KOHCTp}'Kn lIlI G., KI'/M . "
HapYJKHble CTeHbl, nepeKpbITl\Jl H nOKpbITl\Jl )[{HJ!bIX H 06meCTBeHHblx 0,5
:J,IlaHIiH H BcnOMoraTenbHbIX 3,1laHHH H nOMemeHHH npOMbIInneHHbIx
:J,IlaHIiH
HapYJKHbIe CTeHbI, nepeKpbITl\Jl H nOKpbITl\Jl npoH3BOJlCTBeHHbIx :J,IlaHIiH 1,0
CTblKH Me>K)1Y naHeJUlMIi Hap)'>KHbIx CTeH )[{HJ!bIX :J,IlaHIIH 0,5
BXOJlHbIe JlBepH B KBapTllpbI 1,5
OKlIa II 6aJIKOHlIbIe JlllePIi )[{HllbIX 06mecTBeHHbIx II 6bITOBblX 31IaHliH B
nepennerax: 5,0
nnaCTM3CCOBblX HllH aJIIDMIIHHeBbIX
,l.\eoeBJlHlIbIX 6,0
121
....

 I/' l
I, . .!I
I :!
I,
II
I '
" I
I 'I
I
,Iii
, I
! )
i : I
I
I,
!: I
I I
I' l l
, !,'
! ,I
, \ I
!
, I
J,
PaCqeTHaK pa3HOCTb MC)K.ny LlaBJ1CHH}\MH HapHOH
nOBCpXHOCTCH Ka)K.nOH Orpa)K.!(aIOIUCH KOHCTpYKL\HlI !¥Ji (na)
BbIpa)KCHIIIO
H BHYTpCHHCH
onpCLlCJ1J1eTC}\ no
!¥Ji= (H - hi) (¥i - ¥p) + 0,5 Pi t? (c e . - C e . p ) k l - Pint, (6.28)
y = . 3463 (6.29 )
273 + e '
rLlC hi - paCqeTHaK BbICOTa OT ypOBH}J 3CM1I1I ,Il,0 BCpxa Orpa)K.!(aIOIUCH KOHCTPYKL\lIlI,
M; H - BbICOTa 3L1aHl!}\, M; ¥i 1I ¥P - YLlC1IbHbIH BCC HapHOrO 1I BHYTpCHHCrO
BOmr a , onpCLlCJIJleTCJI no <POPMYJ1C (6.29); Pi - nJ10THOCTb HapHoro B03,I1,yxa,
Kr/M ; V - CKOpOCTb BCTpa, wc; C o . n 1I c o . p - a3pO,Il,HHaMlIqCCKIIC K03<P<PHL\lICHTbI ,Il,J]}\
HaBCTpcHHoH 1I nOLlBCTpcHHOH nOBcpxHocTeH orpa)K.!(CHliJi 3L1aHHJI, npllHHMacMbIc
no CHlin 11-35-76 "HOpMbI npoCKTHpOBaHHJI. KOTCJ1bHbIC YCTaHoBKH";
k I - K03<P$lIL\HCHT yqern lI3MCHCHHK CKOpocTHoro LlaBJ1CHHK BCTpa B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT BbICOTbI 3L1aHHJI; Pint - YCJ10BHO nOCTOJlHHOC LlaBJ1CHliC B03L1yxa B maHlIH, na;
e - TCMnCpaTypa HapHoro 1I BHYTpCHHCrO B03L1yxa, dc.
PaCqeTHbIH roLlOBOH pacxOLl TCnJ10BOH 3HCpfliH Ha OTOn1lCHliC maHlI}\
OnpCLlCJ1JlTCJI no BbIpa)KCHHIO
Q,= Qh no,
(6.30)
rLlC no - npoLlOJ1)KlITeJ1bHOCTb OTOnllTCJIbHOro nepHOLla, q (CM. Ta6JI. 6.5).
HH)KC npllBcLlcH npliMcp paCqeTa pacxoLloB TCnJ1a no TCnJ10BoMY 6aJIaHcy .!(J1JI
OLlHoro 1I3 L\CXOB aBTOM06l1JIbHOrO 3aBO,Il,a.
PacxoJJ; TeUJ1a Ha rOpRqee BOJJ;OCHa63\eHHe.. PaCqeTHO-HOpMaTHBHoc rOLlOBOC
(hH.. 1I cpCMCqaCOBOe nOTpc01lCHliC TCITJ10BOH 3HcprHH Ha ropJlqcc BOLlOCHa6)KCHliC
onpc,II,cJIJleTCJI no BbIpa)KCHHJlM
Q,Bt = 86,4Q,."nO + 86,4Q,,,(n.. - nJ, K.lJ.)K; (6.31)
. _l,2m(a+6X 55 - e ..,)
Q,n 24.3,6 c"', BT; (6.32)
Q ' -n 55-e m p.
,.. - LRT 55 _ e 1-', BT, (6.33)
,..
r,Il,C Q,.." - CpCMlIH qaCOBOH nOTOK TCITJ1a Ha ropJlqCC BOLlOCHa6)KCHliC B CpCLlHlIC
CYTKlI (3a HCLlCJ1IO) B OTOllHTCJ1bHbIH ncpllo,Il,; Q,." - TO )KC 3a nCpHO,lJ. co
CpCLlHCCYTOqHOH TeMncpaTypOH HapHoro B03L1Yxa 60J1cC 8 °C (HcOTonHTCJ1bHbIH
ncpHo.n); m - qllCJ10 qCJIOBCK, HaXO,lJ.}\lL\HxCJI B 3L1aHlIlI; 6 - HopMa paCXO,lJ.a BOLlbI B
CYTKH Ha ropJlqCC BOLlOCHa6)KCHlIC, nOTpc6J1J1CMOH B 06IUCCTBeHHblX 3.naHH}\X Ha
O,Il,HOrO qCJ10BCKa (6 = 11 n B CMCHY Ha OLlHoro pa60TaIOIUcro);
no - npoLlOJ1)KHTCJIbHOCTb OTOllHTCJIbHOrO ncpHOLla B CYTKax, COOTBeTCTBYIOLQaK
nCpHO,lJ.Y co cpeLlHeH CYTOqHOH TCMncpaTypOH HapHoro B03L1yxa 8 °C 1I HlI)KC
(no Ta6n. 6.5); nr.. - pae'IeTHoe qllCJ10 CYTOK B roLlY pa60TbI CliCTeMbl ropJlqcro
BOLlOCHa6)KCHlI}\; ex.. 3 - TCMncpaTypa X01l0LlHOH BOLlbI 311MOU (ex.. 3 = 5°C),
ex... - TeMncpaTypa X0J10LlHOH BO.nbI 1IeTOM (ex... = 15°C).
122

PaCXOLl TenJIa Ha npHTOqHYIO BeHTHJIRltHIO. PaCqeTHO-HOpMaTlIBHOC
rOLloBOc Q;'" CpC,II,HCqaCOBOC Q'T 1I MaKCliMaJIbHoe Q'IDa' nOTpc611CHHC TCnJ10BOH
3HcprHH Ha npHTOqHyIO BCHTHnJlL\HIO OnpCLlCJIJleTCJI no BbIP8)KCHH}\M:
Q:." = 3,6zQs ynO' K,[()I(,
(6.34)
e ecp
Q - Q .. " BT
aT - BmtlX e -8' ,
.. .
(6.35)
Q -V q( e -e ) BT
Bmex - "B BH If' ,
(6.36)
fLlC Z - YCPCLlHCHHOC 30. OTOnHTeJ1bHbIH nCpHOLl qHC1I0 qaCOB pa60TbI ClICTCMbI
BCHTHJIJll\HH 06IUCCTBeHHbIX 3,I1,aHliH B TCqCHHC CYTOK (npH OTCYTCTBliC LlaHHbIX
npllHHMaeTCJI paBHbIM 16 q); 110 - npOLlOJ1)KlITeJ1bHOCTb OTOnHTCJ1bHOrO llcpHOLla B
CYTKax, COOTBeTCTByIOIUaK ncpliOLlY co CpCLlHCH CYTOqHOH TCMncpaTypOH
HapHoro B03L1yxa 8 °c 1I HlI)KC (Ta6J1. 6.5); q. - YLlCJ1bHaK BCHTHJIJI1I0HHaJi
xapaKTCpHCTliKa npll en = -30°C (no Ta611. 6.7).
6.8. HOpMHpoBaHHe pacxoLloB TOnJIHBa
B J1HTCHHbIX L\cxax nOTpC6JIJ1lOT TOnJ1l1BO BarpaHKH 1I nJ1aMCHHbIe ncqll.
f OLIOBOH pacxoLl TOnJIHBa Ha nCqb lIJIli BarpaHKY OnpCLlCJIJleTCJI no YLlCJ1bHOMY
pacxoLlY lIJIli Ha OCHOBaHHlI TeITJ10BOrO 6aJIaHca.
f OLIOBOH pacxoLl TOMHBa no YLlCJ1bHOMY pacxo.ny OnpCLlCJ1J1eTC}\ no
BbIpa)KCHlIlO, Kry .T,
By., = by.n" (6.37)
rLlc b y 11. - YLlCJ1bHbIH pacxo,Il, TOnJ1HBa, Kry.Th; n, - roLlOBOH BbmYCK np0,lJ.YKuHH, T.
3HaqCHH}\ b y 11. LlOJ1)KHbI LlaBaTbC}\ B nacnoprnx 060pYLloBaHliJi.
ECJ1H HeT LlaHHbIX no YLlCJ1bHbIM pacxoLlaM, pacxoIJ: TOITJ1HBa OnpCLlCJIJleTCJI no
BbIP8)KCHHJlM:
. .!(J1JI TBcpLloro TOITJ1HBa, T,
B =103
TC llnQ '
. .!(J1JI ra3006pa3HOrO TOITJ1HBa, M J ,
By., = Q Q . P ,
11.. .
rLlC Q. - n0J1C3HOC TefIJ10, KKaJI; 11. - KnJJ. ncqll; Q: - H1I31IlaK TeITJ10Ta cropaHHK
TOnJIlIBa, KKan/Kr, KKan/M J (MJI.)K/Kr, MJI.)K/M J ).
fI01lC3HOC TCnJIO.!(J1Jl nCqH onpe,Il,cJIJleTc)\ no BbIp8)KeHlIlO, KKaJI (MJI.)K),
Qn=G M ,cJe 2 -e l )10 3 , (6.40)
rLlC G;", - Macca paCnJIaBJI}\CMOrO HJ1l1 HarpcBacMoro MeTaJIJ1a 3a rOll, T;
C M - YLlCJ1bHaK TCITJ10CMKOCTb MeTaJI1Ia, KKan/Kr'oC; e 1 , e 2 - HaqaJIbHaK 1I KOHC'IHaK
TCMncpaTypa MeTaJI1Ia, °C.
(6.38)
(6.39)
123

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rJIaBa 7
OCHOBHbIE HAnp ABJIEHIfg CHII)KEHIfg PACXOJ(OB
3HEPrOPECYPCOB B JIHTEHHbIX IJ:EXAX
7.1. OCHoBHLle nO.ll.XO.ll.bI
KaK nOKa3aHO B [39], OCHOBHbIMli HanpaBJICHliRMIi CHlI)KCHlI}\ pacxoLloB
3HCpropecypCOB B J1HTCHHbIX L\Cxax JlBJ1RIOTCJI:
. BHCLlPCHliC opraHH3aL\1I0HHO-TeXHlIqCCKHX MCpOnpH}\THH;
. nOBbIIIlCHHC CTenCHli ynlJlll3aL{lIli BTOpll'lHbIX 3HCprCTHqeCKliX pCCypCOB (B3P);
. 3aMCHa H MO,lJ,epH1I3aL\llH YCTapcBlliHx TCXH0J10rHH: 1I o60PY.l10BaHlI}\;
. COBCplIlCHcTBoBaHlic LlCH:eTBYIOIUliX TCXH0J10rllqecKHx npOL\CCCOB;
. BbI60p Ha1l60J1cc 3KOHOMlIqHbIX 3HcproHocHTcncH.
OpraHIi3aL\1I0HHO-TCXHlIqecKHC Mcponpll}\TH}\ JlBJ1J1IOTC}\ MaJ103aTpaTHbIMlI,
HO MorYT LlaTb 3KOHOMlilO TIP 01' 10 LlO 20 %. K 3TOH rpynnc MCpOnpHJlTHH
OTHOCJlTCJI:
. COCTaB1ICHliC 1I cTporoc BbIITOJ1HCHliC PC)KHMHbIX KapT Ha BCC BlI,z:J.bI BbIITycKaeMoH
npO,lJ,YKL\HlI;
. nOBbIlliCHHC 3arpY3KlI TCXHOnOrHqecKoro 060PYLloBaHm;
. CBOCBpCMCHHaJi npo$1I11aKTllKa 1I pCMOHT TCXH0J10rllqCCKOrO 060pYLloBaHHJI;
. nOBbIIIlCHliC CTenCHH aBTOMaTH3aL{HH TeXH0J10rll'.CCKHX npOL{CCCOB;
. pa3pa60TKa HayqHo-o60cHoBaHHbIx HOpM pacxoLla T3P Ha BbIITycKacMYIO
npo,z:J.YKL{HIO;
. OCHaLQCHHC BCCX ClICTCM 3HcprOCHa6)KCHHJI aBToMaT1I3HpoBaHHbIMH CHCTeMaMH
yqeTa pacxoLloB T3P;
. BHCLlPCHHC CHCTeM MOHHTOpllHra paCX0.l10B T3P.
H3 ncpCqllCnCHHbIx opraHH3aL\HOHHO-TCXHlIqCCKHX MCpOnpllJlTHH
HaH60J1bIIlYIO 3KOHOMlilO T3P LlaCT nOBbImCHHC 3arpY3KlI 060pYLloBaHHJI. KaK
nOKa3aHO B r1laBC 1 3arpY3Ka MHorliX 1IHTeHHbIX L\CXOB HaXOLlllTCJI Ha ypOBHC
30 - 50 %. .n.OBCLlCHliC 3arpY3KlI ,lJ,0 npOCKTHbIX BCJ1HqHH n03B0J1HT 3KOHOMHTb
,lJ,0 30-50 % T3P.
ABToMaT1I3aL{lIJi TCXH01l0rllqCCKliX npOL\CCCOB n03BOJIJleT 3KOHOMHTb LlO
"
10 - 15 % T3P [12].
fIOBbIlliCHliC CTcnCHli YT"J1H3aL\ll B3P n03BOnJleT 3KOHOMlITb LlO 10 %
T3P [12].
B Ta6n. 7.1 npHBcLlcHa B03MO)KHaK 3KOHOMm TOITJ1l1Ba B J1l1TCH:HbIX ucxax.
124
,
J -________. .
Ta611uqa 7.1
Bo3Moxmoe CHHJKeHHe pacxona TOWlHBa B J1HTeiiHbIX uexax
Bo3MOJKHaH
3Heproc6eperalOIUlle MeponplUlTlUI 3KOHOMIUI TOI1JlllBa
060raIUeHHe J\yrbH KHCJJOpOJIOM npll I1JIaBKe 'IyrYHa B BarpaHKax
llpllMeHeun:e peKynepaTllBHbIx PaJIllaUllOHHblX TeI1Jloo6MeHHllKoB
;l\JJH H Ba H JIO 500-550.C
}J,OJKHraHlle urXOJIjlIUllX raJOB B Barpamcax C J\BYXpJIJIHbIM
cnOJJOJKeHHeM M
llpe.!IBapHTeJJbHbIH nOJIorpeB IUHXTbl B 33rpY30'IHbIX 6a,nbHX 3a
C'IeT TeWIOTbI urXOJIjlIUllX raJOB
3aMeHa CYIUecTByK>IUllX BarpaHoK llH.!IyKUllOHHbIMll neqaMll
.lIftH I1JIaBKll '1 yryu a
llepeBOJI OTnllBOK C nHTbH B 3eMJIlO Ha nlITbe B KOKHJIb
BHeJIpeHlle Bll6paTopoB .lIftH CIUITHH HanpHJKeHllH B urnllBKax
Opraun:3aulUI yqaCTKOB 6pllKeTHpoBaHIDl CTp}'JKKll
BHeJlpeHlle KOMI1JIeKCOB BarpaHoK C Mexaun:3aUlleH Ha6opa,
B3BeIUHBaHIUI II 3 3Kll IUllXTbl
I-broTOBJJeHlle urnllBOK 113
MOJ\H llun: BaHlleM B Me
I-bruroBJJeHHe KpynHora6apHTHbIX CTepJKHeH (MaCCOH JIO 120 Kr)
B Ha BIleMoii OCHaCTKe
BHe.!IpeHlle 06opY.!IoBaHIUI .IJ,J1Jl ll3rOTOBJIeHIDl rOpID'IllX 6pllKeTO B
ll3 urXO.!IOB mrreHHoro KOKca
BblCOKonpO'iHOrO
'IyrYHa
KOKC - 4--5 %
KOKC-8 10%
KOKC-.!I0 30 %
KOKC - 10-15 %
240 Kr yr/T urnllBOK
4 Kr yr/T urnllBoK
KOKC 12 15 %
HMlI B 1IlITeHHbIX L\cxax
KaK Bn.nHO H3 Ta611. 3.2 HaH60nec 3J1CKTpOCMK
}\BJIJlIOTCJI nJ1aBlIJIbHbIC yqaCTKH 1I yqacTKH TepMoo6pa6OTKH OTnll80K.
HCCJICLlOBaHlic 3aTpaT Ha 3HcproHOCHTCJIli J1l1TCHHbIX L\eXOB nOKa3bIBaeT:
. OnpeLlCJ1J1IOIL\HMlI BO BCCX L\Cxax JlBJIJlIOTCJI 3aTpaTbI Ha 3J1eKTp03HcprHIO, B
3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.l1a nJ1aBlIJIbHbIX arpcraToB OHli HaXOL\KTCJI B npcLlc1Iax OT 50
LlO 70%;
. 3aTpaTbI Ha TCnJI03HcprlllO - 3 - 10%;
. 3aTpaTbI Ha npllpo,z:J.HbIH: ra3 - 3 - 9%;
. 3aTpaTbI Ha C)KaTbIH B03.nyx - 9 - 19%;
. 3aTpaTbI Ha BO.n.y H BOLlOOTBCLlCHHC - 8 - 20%.
Ha pliC. 7.1 npHBeLlcHa cTpYKTypa 3aTpaT
L\CXOB 1I3 Ta6n. 3.2.
Ha 3HcprOHOCHTeJ1H J1HTCH:HbIX
125
.....

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64.0'
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8% Tenno"JHepntJl
7'k BOliolIOTproncHHc
B RnoHHH Y .n.n IDyn HaXO.nnC}\ B npC.lI.CJ1aX 01' 320 .lI.O 360 KBrqfT, a B
cTpaHax EBpocolO3a OT 350 LlO 420 KErqfT [31]. BbICOKHC YLlcnbHbIc pacxoLlbI Ha
OTeqecTBcHHblX JJ.fI 06"bJlCH}JIOTCJI 60J1blUliM CpOKOM HX 3KCn1lyaTaL\HlI (20 - 30 1IeT)
MaJIbIMH MOIL\HOCTJlMH nCqHbIX TpaHc$opMaTopoB, YCTapCBlliHMH TeXH0J10rH}JMH H
T.LI. il03TOMY 60J1blUOH HHTCpCC npeLlCTaBJ1}\CT aHaJI1I3 $aKTOpOB, n03BOJIJlIOLQHX
,z:J.OBeCTH IDyn )J.n LlO ypOBHJI BC,z:J.yLQHX cTpaH.
AHaJlH3 BOnpOCOB 3KOHOMHH 3J1CKTp03HCprHH B )J.fI Ha1l6oJ1cc OnTlIMaJlbHO
npoBo.nHTb Ha OCHOBaHHH IiX 3HCpreTliqCCKHX 6aJ1aHCOB (3E). fIpH pa60Te .n.n C
TOnJIHBOKHC1I0pOLlHbIMli rOpC1IKaMH (TKO, HO 6C3 YTlIJIH3aL\UH TCllJ1a OTXOLlJlIUHX
ra30B Ii OXJ1a)K.!(aIOIleH BOLlbI 3E ,z:J.J1J1 nOJ1HOrO L\lIKJ1a nJ1aBKH HMCeT BH.n [17]:
W x + W w + W. + Wn<r = W n + fj,W Jn +fj,Wn.T:t W a .., (7.1)
rLlC W x - 3J1eKTp03HCpmJl, nOTpc6JIJ1CMaK .n.fI 1I3 3HCproClICTCMbI; W w - 3HCprHJI,
BHOCliMaH B nCqb C IIlHXTOH H np0.ll.YBoqHbIMH ra3aMlI; W. - XHMHqCCKaJl 3HeprH}J
3K30- H 3HL10TepMHqCCKHX pCaKL\HH OKHC1ICHH)\, BOCCTaHOBJ1CHliJi H
lIlJ1aKoo6pa30BaHH}J; Wn<r - 3Hcprml, BHOCHMaK B nCqb TKf; W n - 3HCpnfJl
CJ1HBaeMoro MeTaJIJ1a 1I lIIJ1aKa (nOJIC3HbIH pacxoLl 3HcprHH); fj, WJn - nOTepH
3J1eKTpUqCCKOH 3Hcpmll B .an; fj, W n . T - nOTepli TeITJ10BOH 3HepmH B .n.f1;
W a .. - H3MCHCHliC 3HTaJlbnHlI (HarpCBa) $YTCpOBKH .n.fT (nJIIOC - npll HarpCBC,
MlIHYC - npll OCTbIBaHlIH).
B 1IeBOH qaCTH BbIpa)KCHliJi (7.1) HaH60JIblliCH JlBJ1}\eTCJI BeJ1HqllHa W x,
KOTOpaJi B 3aBliCHMOCTH OT oc06eHHOCTCH TeXH0J10rHqCCKOrO npOL\CCca MO)KeT
H3MCH}\TbCJI B 1Il1ipOKHX npC.lI.CJ1ax. B nCpCnJIaBHbIX npOL\CCcax OHa MO)KeT
np1l6J111)KaTbC}\ K 100%. B npoueccax C lICnOJIb30BaHlICM npCLlBapHTeJ1bHO
nOLlorpeTOH MeTaJIJ101Il1iXTbI, TKr 1I 60J1blIlliX KOJ1HqecTB KHCJ10pOLla WJn MO)KeT
CHlI)KaTbeJi LlO 60% 06IUcro npliXOLla 3HcprHH 3a l\HKJI.
BCJIHqHHa W w npaKTHqeCKH UCJ1HKOM onpe.ll.CJ1J1eTCJI 3HTaJlbnHeH
3arpaCMbIX B nCqb IIlHXTOBbIX MaTCpllaJIOB. npll nOLlorpeBC 1Il1iXTbI .no
TCMncpaTypbI 450 - 550°C 3HaqCHlie W w COCTaBJ1J1eT 10 - 12% [17]. JJ.JIJI JJ.f1,
pa60TalOIUHX 6C3 nOLlorpeBa lUHXTbI, BeJ1l1qHHOH W w MO)KHO npeHc6peqb. JJ.J1J1
OnpCLlCJ1CHH}\ W x Hc06xOLlHMO npCLlBapHTCJ1bHO COCTaBHTb MaTepllaJIbHbIH 6aJ1aHC, C
nOMOIUblO KOToporo YCTaHaBJ1l1BaIOT COCTaB H KOJ1l1qeCTBO HCXOLlHbIX MaTCpllaJIOB H
npOLlYKTOB nJ1aBKH. B COBpCMCHHbIX .n.fI, pa60TalOLQHX C rrpliMCHeHHeM KHCJIOpOLla
1I TKf, W. MO)KeT LlOCTHraTb 30 - 35%, n03TOMY 3$$CKTlIBHOC Hcnonb30BaHHC W.
BO MHorOM OnpCLlCJIJleT 3HCpreTHqCCKYIO 3$<peKTlIBHOCTb .n.n, OC06CHHO KpynHbIX,
L\JlJI KOTOpbIX xapaKTCpHO B03paCTaHHC LlOJ1H W" B 06IUeM npliXOLlC Ten1la.
B ypaBHcHHlI (7.1) npliXOLl TeITJ1a OT OKlIC1ICHHK rpa$lITHpOBaHHbIX
MaTepHaJIOB HC BbILlC1IeH B OTLlC1IbHYIO CTaTblO, nod>J1bKY 3Ta BCJIH'lHHa COCTaBJIJleT
HC 601lec 5% OT 06IUCro paCXOLla H cc L\CJICC006pa3HO BKJllOqHTb B W..
fIpHXOLl TCITJ1a W T.r 3aBliCliT O"I MOIUHOCTH 1I ,z:J.J1HTC1IbHOCTli pa60TbI TKf 1I
MO)KeT LlOCTliraTb 3HaqeHHH, conOCTaBlIMblX C W x.
113MCHCHHC 3HTaJIbnllH $YTCpOBKlI W a .. lIrpaeT p01lb TOJ1bKO ,z:J.J1}\ nCqeH C
lIflllTcnbHbIMH npOCTOJlMH (pCMOHTbI, BbIXOLlHbIe H T..lI..). JI.nJl .n.TI, pa60TalOLQlIX
HCnpCpbIBHO, W a .. MO)KHO npcHc6peqb.
11 f,tBoJ,J,OOTaeJJ,cuHe
9r.r npHpoJlHWH TR3
0.48% KHCJlopo.Q
l3% CIK3Tb.H 8OU)'X
1% AUC'THl1CH
a)
6)
3.4.(YK TennoHcpTH"-
6.80(kB o lionOTpe6JleHHC
6, IS'K BoJJOOTBC,IICHHe
5.69 rIpHPOAHWH ra1
0,1 J% KHcnClpO.Lt
68.41%
13,08% CJKan"H BOOllYX
O.72 Aile-rune"
6)
2)
PHc.7.1. CrpYK"fYpa 3aTpaT Ha 3HeproHOCHTe.JIH J1HTeHHbIX ueXOB H3 Ta6J1. 3.2:
a-l1exN21: 6-l1exN22: e-l1exN23; 2-l1exN24
Ha nJ1aBlIJIbHbIX yqaCTKax Ha1l60J1cc KpynHbIMH 3HcpronpHCMHHKaMli }\BJI}\!OTCJI:
,z:J.yroBbIC H lIHL1YKL\IiOHHbIC neqli, a TaK)KC BarpaHKH C ropJlqHM H X0J10LlHbIM LlYTbCM.
Ha yqacTKax TepMoo6pa6arKH HaH601lcc KpyrrHbIMIi 3HcpronplleMHMKaMli JlBJl}\!OTCJI:
3J1CKTpllqCeKHC ncqll COnpOTHBJICHH}J H ITJ1aMCHHbIC ncqll.
PaccMOTpliM MeTOLlbI 3KOHOMlili TIP B 3THx 3HcpronpHcMHlIKax.
7.2. 3KOHOMHH 3JIeKTp03HeprHH B J1ymBblx neqax
JI.yroBbIC nCqH (JJ.TI) JlBJ1J1!OTCJI HaH60J1cc KpynHbIMli 3J1CKTpOnpHeMHHKaMI1
B J1HTCHHbIX uexax. Ha MeTaJIJ1yprllqecKlix npc.nnpllJlTlIJlX MOIUHOCTb .n.TI
LlocTHraeT 100 MB.A, a Ha MalllllHocTpOHTCJJbHbIX npCLlnpllJlTHJlX - 30 MB.A.
Ha1l60J1bmeC pacnpocTpaHeHlIc lIMCIOT .n.TI ncpcMeHHOro TOKa. OHH
IIpHMCHJlIOTC}\ LlJlJI lIJ1aBKIi CTaJICH Pa3J1HqHbIX cop-raMcHTOB H 'lyrYHa.
PC3YJ1bTaTbI 3HcproaY,z:J.HTOB JI.fl, npliBeLlcHHbIC B pa60Tax [12, 38],
nOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO B P<1> YLle1lbHbIC pacxo.nbI 3JICKTp03Hcprllll B JJ.f1 HaXOLIJITCJI B
rrpc.lI.eJIax 01' 600 LlO 900 KET.q Ha TOHHY paCnnaBJIJlCMOro MeTaJIJIa. MeHblllllc
3HaqeHWI XapaKTepHbI L\JlJI JI.fl 60J1b1IlOH CMKOCTH, a 60nbmHc lIflJl JJ.ll MaJIOH
MOIUHOCTH.
126
127

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il0J1C3HOC TCnJ10 W n OnpCLlCJlJleTeJI KOHCqHOH TCMncpaTypOH MeTaJIJ1a H8
BbmYCKC 1I3 ncqll H YLlC1IbHbIM KOJ1l1qCeTBOM ill1laKa Ha 1 T CTaJllI. B '38BIiCIiMOCTH
OT 3THX $aKTOpoB W n K0J1c6J1CTC}\ B npcLlCJIaX 400 - 500 KI3T.qfT H COCTaBJIKeT 55 - 65%
OT 06IUcro paexoLla 3HcprHlI.
311CKTpllqCCKliC nOTcpH t:J. W,n 3aBIiC}\T 01' KOHCTpYKL\HH BTOPllqHOro
TOKonpoBoLla, napaMcTpoB 3J1CKTpllqCCKOrO pC)KHMa H cTa61111bHOCTli ropCHlI}\
3J1CKTP"qCCKlX Llyr. 3HaQCHliJi 3TlIX nOTcpb COCTaBJ1J1IOT 6 - 13% W,n.
TcmloBbIc nOTcpli Ha COBpCMCHHbIX JI.n t:J.Wn,T ,Il,OCTliraIOT 30 - 35%, OHH
CKJIaLlbIBalOTCJI 1I3 nOTcpb qCPC3 $YTCpOBKY t:J. WeI>' C OXJ1a)K.!(aIOIUcH BO,Il,OH t:J. W 0,
C YXOLlJlIUHMlI ra3aMli t:J. W" 1I3J1yqCHlICM 1I KOHBCKL\lICH t:J. W onn OTKpbITbIM
pa60qllM npocTpaHcTBoM (npll OTBCLICHHOM CBOLlC) H qCPC3 OTKpbITOC OKHO.
OLlHlIM H3 Ba)KHCHillHX $aKTopOB, B1I1IJllOIUHX Ha CHH)KCHHC (Oyn JI.n,
JlBJ1J1CTCJI COKpaIUCHliC ,z:J.J1HTCJ1bHOCTH LlHKJIa "flaBKH t n . n H BpeMCHH Haxox<.nCHH)\
.n:fI nOLI TOKOM t T . BpCMJI LlHKJ1a nJ1aBKH B JI.TI OnpCLlCJ1}\eTC}\ no BbIpa)KeHHIO:
t n . n = t p + tOK + tPel> + :Et OH + t oM . n ,
(7.2)
rLlC t p - ,z:J.J1HTeJ1bHOCTb paCITJ1aBJ1CHHJI MeTaJIJ1a; tOK - ,z:J.J1l1TCJ1bHOCTb OKlICJ1CHliJi
MeTaJIJ1a; tpel> - ,Il,JIHTCnbHOCTb pa<pHHHpOBaHliR 1I ncpcrpCBa MCTaJIa LlO TeMncpaTypbI
BbmYCKa; too - ,Il,JIHTCnbHOCTli BHYTpHITJ1aBOQHbIX naY3 (3aMeHa 3J1CKTpOLlOB, nOBopOT
BaHHbI, nOLlBaJIKa illHXTbI H T.LI.); t oM . n - LlJ1HTCJ1bHOCTb MC)KnJ1aBOqHOH naY3bI.
MC)KITJ1aBOqHaK naY3a COCTOHT H3 TpCX oncpaUlIH: BbmYCKa )Kn.nKoro
MeTaJIJ1a, 3anpaBKlI ncqll 1I 3arpY3KlI illHXTbI.
BpCM}\ Haxox<.nCHH}! nCqH nOLI TOKOM onpC,II,CJIJleTC}\ no BbIpa)KCHHIO
t T = t p + tOft. + tpel>,
(7.3)
B Ta6J1. 7.2 npliBeLlcHbI ,z:J.J1HTCJIbHOCTli Pa3J1HqHbIX ncplioLloB ITJ1aBKH LlJ1J1
JI.Cn-l00.
B BbIpa)KCHlili (7.2) onpC,II,CJIJlIOIUliM JlBJIJleTeJI t p , KOTOpOC COCTaBJIJleT OT 0,5
LlO 0,7 OT t T . Bo BpCMH paCITJ1aBJ1CHliJi JI.fI nOTpe6J1}\eT OT 50 LlO 70%
3J1CKTpo3HcprHH, n03ToMY CHH)KCHliC t p }\BJIJleTCJI Ba)KHeHIIlHM $aKTOpOM
3HCproc6cpc)KCHliJi.
OCTaHOBlIMC}\ Ha OCHOBHbIX McponpHKTHKx no CHlI)KCHlilO YLlcnbHbIx
pacxoLloB 311CKTpo3HCprHH B JI.fI B J1HTCHHbIX L\cxax [12].
128
"'":::I
. ,------:--... A
Tll6JlUlfll 7.2
XapaKTepHCTHKa OCHOBHMX OnepaQHH l1JIaBKH cpe,!{HeJJerHpoBallHoii CT3J1H
B .n;CIl- 100 C TpaHccIIopMaTopoM MOIQHOCTblO 50 MB'A
N ,LI,rIHTCJlbHOCTb, BBO.lIHMaJI MOIl1HOCTb,
nln CT3.L\HH ruJaBKH MHH % MaKCHMaJlbHOii
1 OqHCTKa BaHHbI 3-5 0
2 3anpaBKa 5 -10 0
3 3aBaJlKa 5-10 0
4 PacruJaBJICHHC 50-60 100
5 OKHCJlCHHC 10 - 20 0 70
6 CKaqHBaHHC IllJ1aKa 10 0
7 HaBC.lICHHC 6cJloro IllJ1aKa 20 20 50
8 Pa41HHHpOBaHHc H JlCrHpOBaHHc 10 20 40
9 .n;oBO.lIKa no TCMneparypc, XHMCOCTaBY 5 10 - 20
H cBoiiCTBaM
10 CJlHB MCTaJlJJa 5 0
".
IIOBblmeHue 3arpY3KH JI.n. Ha pHC. 7.2 npHBcLleHa 3aBliCliMOCTb 1I3MeHCHHJI
(Ovn OT npo1l3Bo.nHTCJ1bHOCTH J1HTCHHOrO L\Cxa C ,Il,yrOBbIMH nCqaMlI, pa60TalOLQHMH B
PC)KlIMC paCITJ1aBflcHHK.
1500
1400
 1300
;..
 1200
<f 1100
 1000
Co
-' I
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I............... ---j
i
-........... I
-----.... I
-- I
-- --1
r--- 100.
f.-. - r--I
'S 900
:;;
x
-" 800
0::;
.,
 700
600
500
o
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000 4500
n, T/Mac
500
PHc.7.2. 3aBHcHMOCTb Y,!{eJJbHoro pacxo,!{a 3HeprHH OT BbmYCKa 'JyryH8
113 pliC. 7.2 Bn.nHO. qTO npll CHH)KCHlili np01l3BOLlHTeJIbHOCTli (3arpY3KlI) (Oyn
pC3KO B03paCTaeT. 31"0 o6'bJlcH)!eTC}\ TeM, 'iT0 TCITJ10BbIe nOTepll, HC 3aBlICJlIUliC OT
np01l3BO,Il,HTeJIbHOCTH, pacnpe,neJ1}JlOTCJI Ha MeHbWCC KOJ1HqecTBO MeTaJIJ1a. KaK
nOKa3aHO BbImc, 3arpY3Ka MHOrHX J1l1TeHHbIX L\CXOB CH1I3HJ1aCb .no 30 - 50%, n03ToMY
nOBbIlliCHHe 3arp}'3KH .n.n LlO npOCKTHbIX 3HaqeHlIH n03BOJIHT B 1,5 - 2 pa3a CH1I3HTb
UK YLleJIbHbIe pacxo,z:J.bI 3J1cKTpo3HcprHH.
129
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IIoBblmeHHe Y.lI.eJJbHOii MOII{HOCTH neqHblX TpaHcclJopMaTopoB SYll.nn
npuxo,n:}\IUeHCJI Ha 1 T CMKOCTH JJ.n.
TIo BCJ1l1qllHC YLlCJ1bHOH MOLQHOeTH JJ.n ,n:eJIJlTC}\ Ha TPH KJIacca [12]:
1) CBCpXMOIUHbIC (SYJI > 700 KB'A1T);
2) MOIUHbIe (SYJI = 400 - 700 KB.A1T);
3) CpCLlHCH MOLQHOCTH (SYJI = 200 _. 400 KB'A1T).
npliMCHCHliC CBCpXMOIUHbIX nCqeH n03BOJIJleT CHH3HTb BpCMJI tv 1I
COOTBeTeTBCHHO m Yll (Ta611. 7.3) [12].
TIl6JlU'111 7.3
3aBHcHMOCTL BpeMeHH DnaBJIeHHH H YlIeJlLHIdX pacxolIoB :lJleKTpo:JHeprHH
OT YlIeJlLHOii MOIUHOCTH lIJIH .n;cn eMKOCTLIO !OO T
SYll' KB.NT Pncp, MBT t nn , MHH (Oyn, KBr'flT
400 26,0 !O8 455
500 32,5 83 433
600 39,0 67 417
700 45,5 57 407
750 48,8 53 403
800 52,0 49 400
900 58,5 43 394
1000 65,0 -
39 390
H3 Ta6J1. 7.3 Bn.nHO, 'iT0 C ysCJ1I1'ICHHCM SyJI neqHbIX TpaHc$opMaTopoB OT 400
LlO 750 KB'A1T tJlll cOKpaLQaeTcJI npliMCpHO B.nBOC, a m Yll Ha 11 %. JI.aJIbHCHIllCe
B03pacTaHlic SYJI LID 1000 KB.A1T ,n:aCT 3Ha'lllTeJ1bHO MCHbIUliH 3<p<pCKT: tJlll
)'McHblIlaCTC}\ Ha 28%, a m Yll Ha 3%. n03TOMY WI}\ Ka)K.!(oH JI.Cn B 3aBHCliMoeTli OT
YCJ10BlIH 3KCnJIyaTa1I1i CJIc,z:J.yeT BbI611paTb OnTHMaJIbHYIO MOIUHOeTb nCqHbIX
TpaHc$opMaTopoB, npcBbIIIlCHliC KOTOpOH HeL\cJ1cco06pa3HC KaK no
TeXH0J10rHqCCKHM, TaK H 3KOHOMlIqCCKliM co06pa)KCHHKM.
B Ta611. 7.4 npuBcLlcHbI HOpMbl YLlCJIbHOro pacxoLla 3J1eKTp03HcprHlI Ha
paCITJ1aBJ1CHHC LIJlJI CBCpXMOIUHbIX JI.TI, BbmycKacMbIx B P<1> [12]. 31"0 neqll 6C3
BOLlOOXJIa)K.!(aCMbIX CTCH H CBo,n:a, nOLlorpCBa CKpaIIa, HCn0J1b30BaHlI}\ KHCJ10pOLla.
Ta6nu'111 7.4
HopMaTHBLI YlIeJlLHOro pacxolla :JJleKTpo3HeprHH cBepxMolUHIdX .n;n
HOMHHanbHWI HopMa (Oyn, HOMHHaJIbHWI eMKOCTb HOpM3 (Oyn,
eMKOCTb L1.ll, T KBT.qfT L1.ll,T KBrqfT
1 2 3 4
1,0 525 35,0 415
2,5 465 45,0 413
3,0 458 50,0 410
5,0 446 60,0 408
6,0 443 75,0 404
10,0 435 90,0 402
12,0 430 100,0 400
130
.
. ,_____.AI
OKOlI'lQlIUe ma6A. 7.4
1 2 3 4
15,0 428 120,0 398
20,0 425 150,0 396 .
25,0 420 200,0 392
t---. 30,0 418
npelIBapHTeJJbHblH nO.ll.OrpeB 3arpYIKaeMoH B .nIl MeTaJJJJOmHXTbl. TIpH
nOLlorpcBC 3arpacMoH B JI.fI MeTaJlJ10WlIXTbI OTXO,n:JlLQlIMH H3 Hee ra3aMH
YSCJ1HqHBaeTCJI COCTaBJ1}\IOIUaH W w B ypaBHeHHH (7.1) H COOTBeTCTBCHHO
CHlI)KaIOTC}\ y,z:J.CJ1bHbIC pacxoLlbl 311cKTp03Heprllll. Ha pliC. 6.1 npllBcLleHbI
3aBHCliMOCTli m Yll OT npoH3BOLlHTCJ1bHOCTli npll Pa3J1HqHbIX BCJIlIqHHaX TeMncpaTypbI
HarpeBa IIlHXTbI. 
B pa3HbIX HCToqHHKaX LlaIOTC}\ pa3J1l1qHbIe PCKOMCH.naUlili no OIITliMaJIbHOli
TCMnepaTypc HarpcBa illllXTbI. TaK, B pa60Tc [17] npc,z:J.J1araeTCJI HarpcBaTb 1Il1iXTY
LlO 1200°C. BbmOJ1HCHHbIC B 5InoHlililICCJ1c,n:oBaHliJi [26] nOKa3aJIlI, qTO <PH311qecKoe
Teno, HaKaITJ1HBaCMOC illUXTOH, yse1lHqllBaeTCJI npOnOpL\HOHaJIbHO TCMncpaTypc cro
nOLlorpcBa (pliC. 7.3).
120
&0

cfi
-40
[
10
c'i!
-40
3Heprns...
OI[Jfc:nelfHOt1) _
-80
JOO
400 soo 600 .
Te>4nepa'1)'P& IIQJIi)fpoIIII JIOMI, .C
700
PHC. 7.3. llolIorpeB JIOMa OTXOlIHIUHMH ra3aMH - HaKOnJIeHHe TenJIS H OKHCJIeHIR MeTaJIJIa
OLlHaKO C pOCTOM TCMncpaTypbI illHXTbI YSCJ1HqllBaeTCJI cc OKHCJ1CHliC H
nOBbImaeTCJI pacxoLl 3HcprHlI, 3aTpaqHBaCMOH Ha nocncLlYIOLQCC BOCCTaHOBJICHlie
)KCJ1C3a. ABTOpbI YTBcpJK,ll;alOT, qTO HaH60ncc paL\HOHaJIbHbIM C yqCTOM C}'MapHOro
3$$CKTa 3KOHOMHlI 3Hepr03aTpaT HBJIJleTe}\ HarpcB 1Il1iXTbI ,z:J.0 400 - 500 C. npll
3TOM y,n:CJ1bHbIC pacxo,z:J.hl311CKTp03HcprHH CHH)KaIOTCJI Ha 60 - 70 KBT.q/T.
131

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Bcc YCTaHOBKH npCLJ;BapHTCJ1bHOro HarpeBa LlCJIJlTC}\ Ha LlBC rpynnbI. K ncpBOH
rpynnc OTHOeJlTeJI aBTOHOMHbIC YCTaHOBKlI LJ;m HarpCBa MCTaJ1J10IlJI.fXTbI rOpeJIKaMI1,
OTX0rolLQHMH 01' M ra3aMli. HarpcB rrpOH3BOLlHTC}\ B 3aIpY30qHbIX Kop3HHax. Ko
BTOpOH rpynnc OTHOCJlTC}\ nCqHbIC arpcraTbI, COBMCLQCHHbIC C nOLlorpCBaTeJIJlMH
I1IHXTbl (I1IaXTHblC )],II). BTOpaJI rpynna IIpCL\BapHTCJIbHOrO HarpCBa .a;aCT
HaH60J1bIlICC CHH)KCHHC mYJI, HO }\BJ1J1eTCJI LJ;OpOrOH 1I CC I..{C1ICC006P,I3HO rrpHMCHHTb
,l).JI}J .An 60J1bIlIOH CMKOeTH.
HHTeHCHtJlHKallHH npOlteCCOB unaRKH TOUJIHBOKHCnOpOJlHbIMH
rOpeJIKaMH. fIpHMCHCHliC TKr ,l).JI}J HarpCBa MCTaJIJIOIlIHXTbI JlBJ1}\eTC}\ OLJ;HHM H3
HaH60JIcc ncpcnCKTHBHbIX cnoc060B, n03BOJ1}\\OIUHX 3HaqHTCJ1bHO CH1I3HTb YLlCJ1bHbIe
paCXOLJ;bI3J1CKTp03HcpmH H 06I1IHC 3HepremqecKHc 3aTpaTbI Ha ITJ1aBKY [17].
CTaHLIapTHoc KOJ1HqCeTBO YCTaHaBJIHBaCMbIx B "X0J10LlHbIX 30Hax" JJ.fI TKf --
Tpll. MOLQHOCTb TKf orrpCLJ;CJIJleTCJI CMKOCTblO JJ.n. HopMaJIbHOC COOTHOIlICHHC
06"beMOB KHCJ10pOLla H ra3a, no.naBaCMbIX B TKr, 2:1! HO MO)KCT 6bITb 1I 60J1bIlIC.
KOJIlIqCeTBO C)KHraCMOro ra3a 1I KHC1I0pOLJ;a 3aBUCHT OT 06"bCMa ncqll, K01lHqCCTBa
3 3
no.nBaJIOK I1IlIXTbI. CTaH.napTHOC nOTpc611CHliC Ha 1 l' CTaJIli 6 M ra3a H 12 M
KHcnopo,z:J.a [17].
3a CqeT npllMeHCHlI}\ TKf YLJ;CJIbHbIC paCxoLJ;bI 311CKTp03HcprllH B JJ.n
CHlI)KaIOTC}\ Ha 60 - 100 KBT'qfT [17].
npll HCn0J1b30BaHlili TKr LJ;OCTliraeTCJI:
· YSCJ1l1qCHHC K01l1lqCCTBa TCrrJ1a, BBOLlHMoro B nCqb;
. nOBbIIIlCHliC TCMncpaTypbI B "X0J10LJ;HbIX TOqKaX";
. 3KOHOMHJI 3J1CKTp03HcprHlI;
· cOKpaLQcHHe BpcMeHH OT BbmycKa LlO BbmYCKa, qTO npHBOIJ:HT K nOBblIlICHlilO
npo1l3BOLlHTCJ1bHOCTH ncqll;
· }'MCHblllcHHe pacxoLla 3JICKTpOLlOB (Ha 0,4 Kr/T) B CB}\3H co CHlI)KCHHeM
npo.noIDKHTCJ1bHOCTli pa60TbI nOLJ; TOKOM;
· }'MCHbIIlCHHC pacxoLJ;a orHcynopoB (Ha 0,5 Kr/T) B CB}\3H C cOKpaIUcHlIcM
npOLlOJ1)KHTC1IbHOCTH ITJ1aBKH.
HH)KCKL\HOHHbIC TCXH0J10rHlI - 3TO nOLlaqa B paCnnaBJ1CHlfblH MeTaJIJ1
KHCJ10pOLJ;a H yrJ1CpoLla. HH)KCKUHOHHa}\ TCXH0J10rH}\ H 060Py,aOB3HHC LlnJl cc
ocyruCCTBJ1CHHJI 06CCnCqllBaIOT:
. O,[{HOBpcMcHHoe 3<p$CKTlIBHOC H rH6Koc HCnOJIb30BaHHC 3J1CKTp03HeprHH H
TOnJIHBa;
. MaKCHMaJIbHOe HCn0J1b30BaHHC ra3006pa3HOrO KHCJIOpOLla npH C)KHraHHH
rrpHpO,Il,HbIX T3P L\J1}\ npcLlBapHTeJIbHOrO nOLlorpCBa, rro,z:J.pC3KH, ITJ1aBJICHH}\
I1IlIXTbI, .nO)KHraHHK 06pa3YIOIUCHC}\ omclI yrncpoLla CO, 6bICTpOro OKHCJ1CHHJI
BbInJ1aBJ1J1CMOrO MCTaJIJ1a;
. <pOpMHpoBaHHc YCTOHqHBbIX BcnCHeHHbIX I1IJ1aKOB C nOMOIUblO MHOrOL\CJ1CBOH
<PYPMbI ,z:J.J1}\ 3<p$CKTHBHOH ncpc,II,aqu 3HcprHH paCnJ1aBJIJlCMoMY MeTaJIJ1Y H cro
ncpcMcIIIHBaHlIlO, qTO n03B0J1J1eT CH1I3HTb pacxoLl 3J1CKTp03Hepnill H YCKOPHTb
rrpoL\ccc OKlICJ1CHlIJI; _
. BbICOKYIO 3$<pCKTHBHOCTb Ll06aBoK yrJ1cpOLla H ra3a npH YHUKaJIbHOli CliCTeMC
lIH)KCKL\HH;
. H1I3KOC COLlCp)KaHliC a30Ta B eTaJIH H 06pa30BaHliC OKCH.nOB a30Ta npH 3aKpbITbIX
,Il,yrax.
a
XOLI XHMHqecKHX pcaKuHH B CTaJIenJ1aBlIJ1bHOH BaHHC ynpaB1IJlCTC}\ nYTcM
U3MeHCHIDI TeMncpaTypbI, KOHucHTpaQlIH 3J1CMCHTOB, KlICJ10pOLla, XHMHqecKoro
COCTaBa I1IJ1aKa 1I COOTHOIlICHHK Macc I1I1IaKa H MeTaJIJ1a. MeTaJIJ1 Tpc6yeMoro
XHMHqCCKOrO COCTaBa C nOMOLQblO KHCJIopOLla MO)KHO n01lyqHTb 3a 601lcc KOpOTKOC
BPCM}\. BBOLI yrOJ1bHOro nopoIlIKa (yrncpo.na) nOBbIlIIaCT BbIXOLl rO,Il,HOrO MeTaJIJ1a 3a
CqeT CHH)KeHHJI cO,Il,Cp)KaHH}\ Pea B IIlJIaKC, 06pa3yeT nY3bIpH CO, QTO }\BJIJleTCJI
OCHOBOH <pOpMlIpOBaHHJI BCnCHCHHoro 1Il1laKa. 06"bCM lIlJ1aKa YSCJ1l1qHBaeTeJI, O_H
3aKpbIBaeT 30HY rOpCHliJi ,nyr, pa60Ta KOTOpbIX CTaHOBlITCJI cTa6UJ1bHOll,
Y1IyqIlIaeTe}\ TCnJIOnCpCLlaQa Ha rpaHlIL\C IIIJ1aK - MeTaJIJ1, CHH)KaeTC}\ I1IYM
pa60TalOIUcH nCqH.
KOJ1l1qCeTBO BLlysacMbIx B nCqb KlIC1I0pOLla H yrJ1CpOLla 3aBliCHT 01'
HaqaJIbHoro H Tpc6ycMoro (KOHCqHOro) COLlCp)KaHH}\ yrJ1epOLla B CTaJIH. BLlysaHlic
npo1l3BOLlHTCJI MaHHnYJ1}\TOpOM qCpe3 LlBC pacxoLlycMbIe $ypMbI. MaHlInYJ1}\TOp
lICnOJIb3YeTCJI rrpll n1laBJ1eHHH, HarpeBc, npO,Il,ysKc, BcnCHHBaHHH IIIJIaKa. B TCQCHliC
ncpHoLla nJ1aB1ICHHJI KHCJ10pO,Il, BLlysaeTCJI C nOHH)KCHHbIM pacxoLloM (B npeLlcax
1200 M 3 /q), BO BpCMJI HarpcBa K1I1I OKHCJ1CHH}\ pacxoLl nOBbIlIlaeTC}\ ,Il,0 1500 M Iq.
YroJ1bHbIH nopoIlIoK BLJ;ysaeTC}\ B lIlJ1aK qCpe3 $ypMY MaHlInYJ1J1TOpa B TO BpeMJI,
KorLla Heo6xOLlllMO $opMHpOBaTb BcnCHCHHbIH I1IJIaK. fIo,z:J.aqa yrJICpOl{a H3MCH}JeTC}\
01' 20 ,[{O 30 Kr/MHH, HOpMaJIbHbIH YL\CJlbHbIH pacxoLl 5 KrIT.
CTenCHb BcnCHeHHOCTH lIlJ1aKa MCIDIeTC}\ B 3aBliCHMOCTli OT cro COCTaBa. EC1I1I
BcnCHCHHOCTb I1IJ1aKa ,Il,OCTaTOqHa, TO Llyra MeX<.D.Y 3JICKTpOLlaMH 1I I1IlIXTOH 6Y,II,CT
nOJ1HOCTblO 3aKpbITa IIIJ1aKOM. 31"0 cTa6H1IH3HPYeT ropeHlIc ,Il,yrH 1I 3HaQHTCJ1bHO
CHH)KaeT I1I}'M nCqH.
npHMeHeHHe BHeneqHOH o6pa6oTKH CTaJJH. OLlHlIM H3 MeTOLlOB
3$<pCKTlIBHOro COKpaLQCHHJI (",n M JlBJI}\eTCJI BHeneqHaK o6pa6OTKa CTaJIli B
arpcraTax KOBlll-nC'ib (AKfI). B 3THX arpcraTax np01l3BO,Il,HTC)\ HarpCB 1I
fOpCJIKH Ha1l60J1cc 3<p$CKTlIBHO pa60TalOT B HaqaJIC nJ1aBJICHUJI, KorLla nJ1aMJI
oKpaeT OTHOCHTCJ1bHO X0J10LlHbIH cKpan. B npoueccc nJ1aB1IeHlIJi KilJI. ropeJlOK
CHlI)KaeTC}\, TaK KaK IIlHXTa onYCKaeTCJI H nJ1aMJI C HCH KOHTaKTHpYeT Bce MCHbIlIC H
MCHbIlIC. n03TOMY Ha npaKTlIKC npllH}\Ta npOLlOJI)KHTCJIbHOCTb HCnOJlb30BaHlI}\
rope1l0K B TCqCHliC 50% BpCMCHli nJ1aBJ1CHliJi (B HaqaJIC nJ1aBJ1CHH}\).
3$$eKTHBHOCTb pa60TbI ropCJ10K 3aBliCHT OT n1l0THOCTH UlHXTbI B ncqll,
KOTopaK LlOJ1)KHa 6bITb HC MCHCC 1 T/M 3 , H nJ10IUa.nH nOBepxHOCTH mHXTbl B
LllIana30HC 9 - 11 M 2 IT. rOpCJ1KH onycKalOTC}\ B enCl..{lIaJIbHO pa3pa6OTaHHbIc
BOLlooxna)K.!(aeMble MCMbIC naHeJ1H B CTCHax rrC'IlI, KOTopbIe n03BomlOT J1erKO
1I3MCHJlTb yron HaKJIOHa ropeJ10K. Kor,z:J.a KHCJ10pOLl 1I ra3 OTKJIlOqaeTCJI, C)KaTbIH
B03.nyx aBTOMaTlIqCCKH npo.n.ysaeT conno.
npHMCHCHHC HH3I:CKltHOHHbIX TCXH0J10rHH. OLlHHM 1I3 BapHaHToB
nOBbIIIICHH}\ npOH3BO,Il,HTCJIbHOCTli M 1I lIX 3$$CKTHBHOCTH }\BJIJleTeJI BHCLlpCHHC
HH)KCKI..{1I0HHbIX TCXH01l0rllH.
132
133
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KOppCKTHpOBKa TCMnepaTypbI CTanH, paCnnaB1ICHHC IIlJIaKo06pa3YIOLQHX
MaTepllaJIOB 1I HaBC,II,CHHe pa<pHHlIPYIOIL\HX WJIaKOB 3a.naHHoro coeTaBa,
J1CrHpOBaHHC, paCKHCJICHHC H LlCCYJ1b<pypaUHJI CTaJIH, MO,Il,II<pHL\lIpOBaHHc
HCMeTaJIJ1HqCCKHX BKJllOqCHHH H KOppCKTHpOBKa XHMHqCCKOro coeTaBa. KfIJJ. AKI1
LlOCTHraeT 80%. I1x npllMcHcHHC n03BOJIJlCT Ha 25 - 30% eOKpaTHTb LlJ1HTCJIbHOCTb
L\HKJla nJ1aBKII, YMCHblIlHTb pacxoLl 3JICKTp03HcprHH Ha 20%, BLIBOC YSCJ1liqHTb
npoH3BOLlliTCJIbHOCTb [17].
CHH)KeHHC TCnJIOBbIX nOTepb. TCnJ10BbIC nOTcpli orrpc.n;CJ1J1tOTCJI no
BbIpa)KCHIiIO [16]
paCXO,Il,YCMoro Ha H3MCHCHliC 3HTaJIbnliH, TO CCTb Ha H3MCHCHHC W. KK , MO)KHO HaHTli
1I3 ypaBHCHHJI TennOBOro 6aJIaHCa nYTcM conOCTaBJICHlUI 1l0BePXHOCTHbIX
nJ10THOCTCH COOTBCTCTBYIOIL\HX TCnJ10BbIX nOTOKOB qj:
qpe3 = qnaiJ. + qKOH - qOTp - qco6;
(7.6)
rLlC qn>JJ, - nJ10THOCTb na,Il,alOIUCro nOTOKa H311yqCHHJI 3J1CKTpHqeCKHX J{yr,
3anblJ1CHHbIX ra30B, KYCKOB HarpemH MeTaJ1J10IIlHXTbI, )KHLlKOH BaHHbI H yqacTKolI
$YTCPOBKlI, BKJIlOqaK HX BOLlooxnaJKLlaCMbIc 3J1CMCHTbI; qKOH - nJ10THOCTb TCnJ10BOrO
nOTOKa KOHBCKUHH 01' OMbIBalOIUHX <PYTCpOBKY ra30B; qOT!) - ITJ1OTHOCTb nOTOKa
H3nyqcHH}\, OTp8)KCHHOrO OT nOBcpxHOCTH $yrePOBKlI, K03<P<PHL\IiCHT 1I3J1yqCHH}\
KOTOpOH MCHblllC CLlHHHUbI; qco6 - ITJ10THOCTb rrOTOKa C06CTBcHHoro H3JIyqCHlI}\
$YTCpOBKH npll TCMncpaTypc 8 2 .
ECJIli (qnaiJ. + qKOH) > (qco6 + qoTP)' TO nOTOK qPe3 HanpaBJICH BuyTpb <PYTepOBKII,
KOTOpaJi aKKYMYJ1HPYeT TCITJ10. fIpH 3TOM 8 2 H TeMncpaTypa BHYTpeHHHX CJ10CB
<PYTCPOBKH, a CJ1CLlOBaTcnbHo, 1I WaK' B03paCTaIOT. ITpH (qnaiJ. + q.OH) < (qco6 + qOTP)
nOTOK qpe3 HanpaBnCH OT $YTCpOBKIi, KOTopaK OT,II,aeT TCITJ10 B pa60qcc
npOCTpaHCTBO. TCMncpaTypa $YTCpOBKH H WaK> npll 3TOM CHH)KaIOTCJI.
Ha pliC. 7.4 npIlBC,II,CHbI 3aBliCHMOCTH (Oyn OT npOH3BO,Il,HTCJIbHOCTH npll
Pa3JIlIqHOH TeMncpaTYpc $YTCpOBKH ,8; _
CHH)KCHHJI narcpb qepC3 $yf6KY MO)KHO ,Il,OCTlIqb: YSCJ1l1qCHlICM CTOHKOCTli
1I YJ1yqIIlCHHCM KaqCCTBa <PYTCpOBKH; OKpaCKOH HapHbIX nOBcpXHOCTCH KO)Kyxa
ncqll aJIlOMlIHlICBOH KpaCKOH, CHlI)KCHHCM npoeTOCB ncqll.
CTOHKOCTb $YTCpOBKH MO)KeT 6bITb nOBbIlIleHa 3a CqeT:
. npliMCHCHHK BbICOKOKaqecTBcHHbIX <PYTCPOBOqHbIX MaTepllaJIOB;
. BbI60pa H nOLlCp)KaHHJI OITTliMaJIbHOH BbICOTbI CBO,z:J.a Ha.n ypOBHCM MCTaJIJ1a B
rrcpHOLl pa$lIHHpOBaHH)\;
. }'MCHbIIlCHHJI npOLl01l)KHTCJ1bHOCTli pa$HHHpOBaHHJI;
. OCyruCCTBJICHHJI CKOpOCTHbIX pCMOHTOB TCnJ101i30J1}\L\HlI CTCH (npliMCHCHHC
KpynH06J1oqHOH <pyrePOBKH).
fIpHMCHCHHC 3THX MCpOnpHKTHH nOBbIlIlaeT cmHKOCTb $YTepOBKH nCqH B 1,5 -
3 pa3a H }'MCHbIlIaeT TCITJ10BbIC nOTcpH Ha 10 - 15%. MoiuHoCTb TCITJ10BbIX nOTCpl> B
3aBHClIMOCTlI OT CMKOCTH nCqH H -COCTOJIHHK $YTCpOBKH npllBc.ncHa B Ta6J1. 7.5 [17].
nOTCpli C HapHbIx nOBcpxHoCTeH nCqH MO)KHO npllH}\Tb B npOL\CHTaX OT 06IUHX
TenJ10BbIX nOTcpb: ncqll ,Il,0 5 l' - 40%; ncqll CBbIIIIC 5 T - 49%.
I1W rrr = I1W, + I1W H3n + I1Wq, + I1W.,
(7.4)
rLlC 11 W, - nOTcpH TCnJIa C OTXO,Il,JlIUHMlI ra3aMH; 11 W"3JI - nOTcpH TCITJ1a Ha
1I3nyqcHlIc; I1Woj, - nOTepH TCIIJ1a qCPC3 <PYTCpOBKY; I1W. - nOTepH TCnJ1a c
oxna)K,II,8IOIUCH BO,Il,OH.
B :JHepzemU'IeCKOM 6wlance All (7.1) nomepu meWla C omxo()RuMU
ZIl3IlMU 11 W, COCTaBJIJlIOT B CpCLlHCM 15 - 17%. KpOMC TOro, YAaJICHliC H OqHCTKa
ra30B Tpe6)'1OT LlOnOJIHHTCJIbHbIX 3HCprCTlI'iecKHx 3aTpaT, YBCJIHqliBalOLQHX pacxoA
3J1CKTp03HcpmH Ha BbInJIaBKY CTanli Ha 10 - 20%. Ha YSCJ1HqCHHC OTXO,Il,JlLQHX
ra30B B1IHJlIOT HCITJ10THOeTH B MCCTax npHJICraHHJI LlBCpKlI pa60qcro OKHa K apKC, B
COC,II,lIHCHlili cBOLla C KO)KYXOM, B MCCTax IIpOXOLla 3J1CKTpoLlOB B CBOLIC. C03.naHliC
HaLlc)KHbIX ynJ10THCHliH B 3THX MceTax n03B0J1}\eT 3KOHOMHTb 01' 7 LlO 8,5 KBT'qfT
3J1CKTp03HCpmll Ha OLIHOH JI.fI.
HaH60J1bIlIHH 3$$CKT 3KOHOMHH LlaeT IICn0J1b30BaHliC OTXO,n}\IUIiX ra30B LlJI}\
IIO,Il,orpcBa 3arpacMoH B IICql> 1Il1iXTbI lIJ1H BbIpa60nm IIapa.
llomepu na U3.1lY'lenue I1W H1JJ MO)KHO OlIpCLleJIHTb no BbIpa)KCHHIO, KBT.q
[16],
I1W = ca [( 8, ) 4 _ ( 8, ) 4 J FT, ..
"'" 100 100 800 '
(7.5)
rLlC C = 4,95 K03<p$HI.\lICHT JIyqcHcnycKaHHJI $YTepOBKH, Kan/(M"I);
a - K03<p$HL\HCHT Ma$parMlipoBaHHJI, 3aBlICJlLQHH OT COOTHOIlICHHJI pa3MCpOB OKOH
H TOJ1IUHHbI CTCHbI; 8 1 - TCMncpaTypa oKpalOIUcro IICqb B03L1yxa, K;
8 2 - TCMlIcpaTypa B ncqll, K; F - ITJ10IUa.nb OTKpbITOrO OKHa (LlBCPl\bJ), M 2 ;
T I - np0,z:J.OJl)KHTCJ1bHOCTb OTKpbITHK OKRa, q.
3HaqHTCJ1bHOC BJ1HKHlIC Ha 11 W H3JI OKa3blBalOT IIpOCTOli nCqH C OTKpbITblM
pa60qHM npOCTpaHCTBOM. KaK IIOKa3aHO B [17], Ka)K.!(aK MHHYTa npoCTOJI JI.fI C
OTKpl>ITbIM npocTpaHCTBoM CBH3aHa C LlOnOJ1HI1Te1lbHbIMli pacxoLloM 3J1CKTp03HCprllll
B npc,II,cJlax 1,5 - 3,0 KBT.qfT.
llomepu '1epe:J rpymepo6KY 11 W....
TCITJ10BaK pa60Ta $YTCpOBKH OKa3bIBaeT ClIJIbHOC BJIH}\HHC Ha YC1I0BH}\
TCITJ1006MCHa B pa60qCM npOCTpaHCTBC H pacxoLl 3J1CKTp03HcpmH. nOBCpXHOCTHYIO
IIJIOTHOCTb PC3Y1IbTlIpYIOIUcro TCITJ10BOrO IIOTOKa qpe3, IIpOXOLlJlIUCrO qCPC3
BHYTpCHHlO1O TCIIJ10BOClIpllHHMaIOLQYIO nOBCpxHoCTb $YTCpOBKlI JJ.II H
TaMu..a 7.5
MOJl\HOCTI, TenJlOBMX 1I0TCpL B M
MOII\HOCTb TellJlOBLlX nOTepb, KBT
EMKOCTb neqH, T HOBID! 41YTepoBKIl H3HOUleHHaJi 4>YTepoBKa
- 350
2 250
3 350 400
5 375 500
------- 625
10 425
-----
134
135


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· YMHO)KaK nonyqCHHOc 3HaqCHHC Ha BpCMJI P a60TbI nCqH B I"O " Y no .
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n03BOJIJlCT YMCHblliHTb TcnllOBbIC nOTcpH 'lepC3 CTCHbI H no ncql1 Ha 3 - 5% 11
CHH)KCHliC YCJIbHbIX pacxoLloB 3J1CKTp03HCprHH Ha 1 - 2 KBT q/T.
llomepu metl.Jla C oXJla:HCoalOU{eit 6000it.
fIoTepli TCnJIa C OXJ1a)K.naIOIlI,CH BOOH MO)KHO onpCLlCJ1HTb no BbIpa)KCHlilO
[16], KBrq,
t.w = Q.(8 2 -8 1 )
. 860 '
rc Q. K01lHqCl:TBO BOLlbl, nOLlaBacMoc LlJ1}\ OXJ1a)KeHHK
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3<p$CKTHBHbIM CpCCTBOM CHH)KCHHJI Ll W. JlBJ1KeTC}\ npliMCHCHHC TeITJ10BbIX
HaeOCOB, KYLla noaeTCJI OXJ1a)KL\aIOLQaK Boa, OHa OTLlaeT CBOIO TCITJ10BYIO 3HcprHIO
pyrOMY TeITJ10HOCHTCJIIO (roP}\qCH BOLIC LIJlJI H L\cxa) 1I HanpaBJIKeTC}\ CHOBa B JJ.n.
CHHmCHHC 3JIeKTpH'leCKHX nOTepb. OCHOBHbIC 3J1CMCHTbI, BJ1l1}\IOIlI,l1e Ha
3J1CKTpHqCCKHC nOTcpll, nCqHOH TpaHc<popMaTOp 1I BTOPllqHbIH TOKOnpOBO,A.
BCJ1l1qHHbI nOTcpb 3aBHC}\T OT CHlIbI TOKa In H KOHCTpYKTHBHbIX napaMCTpOB
BTOPHqHOro TOKonpOBoa. YqaCTKaMli BTOPllqHOro TOKonpOBOLla JI.Cn JlBJIJlIOTCJI
TpaHc$opMaTOp C BbIBoaMH, IIlHHHbIH naKeT, rH6KHC Ka6cJ1H, nO,ABH)KHbIC
6alliMaKH, TOKOBCLI}'mHC Tpy601Il1lHbI 3J1ClClpOCp)KaTClICH, 3J1CKTpOLlCp)KaTenH,
qaCTb rpa$HTHpOBaHHbIX 311CKTpOOB 01' BcpxHero ypOBIDI 3nCKTpOLlep)KaTe1lCH LlO
pa60qCH nOBcpXHOCTli CBoa H KOHTaKTHbIC COCLlHHCHlI}\ MC)KL\Y nCpCqHCJ1CHHblMli
3J1CMCHTaMH. Pa3MCpbI yqaeTKoB BTOpHqHOrO TOKOllpOBoa 3aBHC}\T 01' B3allMHoro
pacn0J10)KCHH" JI.Cn 1I Tpauc$opMaTOpa, KOHCTpYKUliH McxaHH3MOB nOBopOTa
CBO,Aa H HaKJ10Ha nCqH, a TaK)KC OT LllIaMCTpa KO)Kyxa nCqH. JJ.J1JI }'McHbmcHHK
nOTepb 311eKTpo3Hcpnm Hc06xolIMO lIMeTb MHHlIMaJIbHYIO WIlIHY yqacTKoB
BTOpH'iHOrO TOKonpoBoLla 1I paL\HOHaJIbHYIO ITJ10LQaLlb nOnepe'lHOrO CCqeHIDI cro
3J1CMCHTOB npll LlonyeTHMoH ITJ10THOCTH TOKa B 3J1CMCHTax BTopH'lHorO
TOKonpoBoLla:
. MC,z:J.HbIC lUHHbI npH nJIoLQ8L\H CeqCHHK naKeTa Ha $a3Y o 5000 MM 2 - 1,5 - 2 A1MM 2 ,
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KOTOpbIH cooTBeTcmYeT MaKcHMYMY TOKa yrH. 3TOMY )!CC TOKY COOTBeTeTBYeT
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CJ1c.nYeT nOMep)KlIBaTb Imax np.
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06bIqHO pa3MCmalOT B HH)!CHce qaCTH nC'!H, HCnOJIb30BaHliC KpynHora6apHTHor
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pa6OToH yr, CHlI)KeHHCM MOW:HOCTH .nyr PJ1' y.nJ1HHeHlICM nepHo.na nJ1aBJICHliJi H
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Tpy6KlI. TaKo" MeTO.n n03BOJIJleT cOKpaTlITb ffiYJ1 01' 3,0 .no 5 KBT.q Ha 1 M
KlICJ10pOna [17]. '
Ha npenpH}\TlIJlX .HnoHHH pacxo KHCJ10po,na B JJ.I1 ,lJ.OCTHraeT 35 M [26], B
POCClili npCnpllJlTHK lICn0J1b3YIOT pacxo.n HC 60JIbllIC 20 - 35 M 3 KHJ10po,na [26]. _
B J1HTCHHbIX ucxax, npOll3Bo'!(}\LQlIX OTnllBKH H3 pOBOH yrncpo.nHcTOH
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7.6. IIoBblUleHHe 3c1IclIeK"fHBHoCTH HCnOJIb30BaHHH TOnJIHBa
B nJIaMCHHblX ne'lax
PHC. 7.12. nOTpe6JIeHHe KOHe'lHOO 3HeprHH pa3JIH'IHLlMH BalpaHKaMH
"PH BblfiJIaBKe OAHOO TOHHbl '1yrYHa
Krlr
800 1
800
700
700
800
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
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J:;I Ma3yr
I!IIKOKC
ra3
B J1lfTCHHbIX Qcxax IIlJipOKO npliMCHHeTC}\ npHpo.n;HblH ra3 1I .lIpyrllC BH.lIbI
TOIIJIliBa .nJ1}\ Pa3JIlIqHbIX reXHOJlOrHqCCKHX npOQeCCOB. TCMllcpafypa .n;bIMOBbIX
ra30B .nOCTliraeT 1600°C. TaK, BbIIIJlaBKa qyr}'Ha B BarpaHKax 1I .n;yroBbIX nCIJax
npOXO.lIHT IIpli TCMIIcpaTypc 60J1CC 1500°C. HarpCB MeTaJIJ1a non KOBKY H
IIlTaMnOBKY -. npH 1200°C. TcpMHqecKa}\ H XHMHKO-TepMHqCCKa}\ 06pa60TKa
1I3,lJ.CJllIH (3aKaJIKa, OT)KlIr, QeMCHTaQH}J H T.n.) - npll 700 - 900°C; cYIIIKa
MaTCpllaJIOB 1I LlCTaJICH - npll 100 - 300°C.
06CJIC.lIOBaHliC raJo- H TCIIJIOHCn0J1b3yIOLQHX yCTaHoBoK nOKa3bIBaeT, 'lID OK0J10
20 % npllpo.nHoro ra3a, 25 % 3J1cKTp03HcprHH, a TaK)Kc 60J1blIloC KOJ1HIJeCTBO napa H
rOpJlqCH BO,lJ.bI HCnOJ1b3yIOTC}\ ,l).JIJI OCYIIICCTBJICHHH HH3KOTeMIIcpaTypHbIx IIpOQeceOB.
B BbICOKO- 1I cpe,nHeTeMncpaTypHbIx npoucccax C npO,lJ.YKTaMI'I cropaHHH
TCpJlIOT 50 - 60 % TCIIJIOTbI C)KHraeMOro ra3a HHOr.lIa 80 %. TaKliM 06Pa30M, nOTepH
TCIIJ10Tbl C YXOLl}\LQlIMH ra3aMH }\BJIJlIOTCJI OCHOBHbIMli nOTcpHMH npaKTHqCCKH JIJIJI
BCCX BlI.lIOB nCqCH.
C yqeTOM IIOTCpb TCnJIOTbI B oKpalOLQyIO cpc.ny, a lIHor.na H BCJlC,nCTBHC
HCnOJlHOTbI cropaHHK ra3a, Kf1JI. illllpOKO pacnpocTpaHcHHbIX KaMepHbIx
HarpcBaTCJIbHbIX nCqCH B 60J1bLUlIHCTBC cJlyqacB HC npCBbIlIlaeT 20 %. KII,J:(
HCKOTOpbIX nCqCH COCTaBJ1}\eT Bccro J1HlIIb 5 %.
JJ.CHCTBCHHbIM nyrcM nOBbIliICHHK 3$<pCKTlIBHOCTH HCnOJ1b30BaHlIlI TOITJ1l1Ba
}\BJIJlCTC}\ eHH)KCHHC TCMncpaTypbI YX0.!(}\LQlIX ra30B. I1cnOJ1b30BaHHc TCnJIOTbl
npO,lJ.}'KToB CrOpaHlI}\, OTBO,lJ.lIMbIX 01' nCqCH, B PCKYIIcpaTopax, Bo.noHarpcBaTeJIJlX,
B03.nyxoHarpCBaTeJIJlX 1I .npyrHX TcnJIo06MCHHbIX annapaTax n03BOJIJlCT
cymCCTBeHHO IIOBhICMTb 3<f14>CKTHBHOCTb HCIIOJlb30BaHHK TOIIJ1l1Ba.
B JllITCHHbIX QCxax 60JIblIIOC pacnpoeTpaHcHlie HMCIOT ra30BbIC neqll, HX
KilJJ. HC npcBbImaeT 20 %. QT06bI nOBbICHTb KM ra30BbIX nCqCH, Hco6xo.nHMO
CHH3HTh TeMIIcpaTypy YXOLlKUIlIX ra30B, KOTOpaK .n;OCTHraCT 1500°C. I1eII0J1b30BaTb
TCIIJ10TY OTXO.!(}\IQHX ra30B MO)KHO B BbILUCnepCqHCJ1CHHbIX TcnJ1006MCHHbIX
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PHC. 7.13. 3MHCCHB C02 "PH BLlWlaBKe OAHOO TOHHLI 'l}'rYHa
B BRrpaHKaI pa3JIH'IHLlX KOHCTpyKltHii
113 pliC. 7.12 1I 7.13 MO)KHO c.n;CJ1aTb CJ1CLlYIOIQHC BbIBO,nbI:
1) npHMcHcHliC KHCJIOPO.na npH X0J10.lIHOM .n;yrbc n03B0J1}\eT
nOTpc6J1CHHe 3Hcpmll Ha 20 - 25%;
154
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annapaTax. OHaKO YBCJ1UqCHHC XBOCTOBbIX nOBCpXHOCTCM HarpCBa TpC6yCT
3HaqHTCJ1bHOrO pacxoa MeTaJIJ1a. B pa60Tc [12] npcLlnaraCTC}\ KOMnJ1CKCHOC
cTyncHqaTOC HCn01lb30BaHHC TCITJ10TbI npoYKTOB cropaHH}\ ra3006pa3HOrO TOnJIHBa
CHaqaJIa B BhIcoKoreMncpaTypHbIX, 3aTCM B CpCLlHC- H H1I3KoTeMIIcpaTypHblx
arperaTax.
C yqeTOM B03MO)KHbIX I1oTpc6HTCJICH TcnnOBbIX BTOP"qHbIX 3HCpreTHqCCKliX
pCeypCOB (B3P) B pa60Tc [12] npC,l).JIO)KCHbI CJ1C.ny!olUliC CXCMbI KOMnJICKcHoro-
3HcprOTCXH0J10rnqCCKOrO HCn0J1b30BaHH}\ TCnJ10TbI npo.nYKTOB crOpaHHJI
npllpo.nHoro ra3a.
Ha pliC. 7 .17 npllBecHa ABYXCTynCH'laTaK CXCMa KOMnJ1CKcHOro
HCn0J1b30BaHHJI re11JI0TbI B mfTCHHOM ucxe. fa3 C)imraCTC}\ B TepMH'JecKoH neqH 1,
3aTCM npoLlyKTbI crOpaHHJI HaIlpaBJ1J1IOTCJI B CYIIIlIJ1KY 2, r,lIC OCyLQCCTBJI}\CTC}\ cyIIIKa
H3L1CJ1HH I1pll TCMncpaTypc 160°C. KI1,I{ yCTaHOBKlI 85 % [l2}.
1. HCn0J1b30BaHlic TcnJ10TbI npoyKTOB cropaHll}\ B arperaTc - HCTOqHHKC
3TlIX B3P (HarpCB ra3a H B03.nyxa B ropCJ1KaX; HarpeB H3.l\CJ1HH H MaTepllaJIOB,
nOCTynalOLQHX B nC'lb). 3Ta CXCMa Ha3BaHa 3aMKHyroH (pHC. 7.14).
-r

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Termoo6MeHHHK 
llE'Ib
PRC. 7.17. .llByxcryIlCH'IaTaH cxeMa KOMnJ1CKCHOro HCn0J1b30BaHHH TcnJ10TLI:
1 _ ne'll>; 2 - CYU1HJ1Ka: -' - ra30XO,!!bl; 4 - JIbIMOCOC; 5 - ,!IbIMOBWI -rpy6a
PHC. 7.14. 3aMKHyTIUI cxeMa HCn0J1b10BaHHB B3P
Ha pHC. 7.18 npllBc.ncHa TpexCTyncHqaTaJi CXCMa KOMnJ1CKCHOro
M.Cn0J1b30BaHH}\ TenJ10TbI B 1I1ITCHHOM L\cxe. npllpOHbIll ra3 C)KHraeTCJI B
TeXH0J10rHqCCKOH I1CqH 1. OrBO.l\HMble 1'13 Hce ra3bI I'I:MCIOT TCMncpaTypy OKono
8000C H lICn01lb3y!oTC}\ nocnCOBaTCnbHO CHaqana B TcpMopaLlHaHoHHoH
CYIIlHJ1bHOH KaMcpc 2, a 3aTCM B ncqH HH3KOro OTnYCKa 3. K03$<p H L\HeHT
HCn0J1b30BaHliK TOnJ1l1Ba YCTaHoBKH OK0J10 82% [12].
2. I1cnoJ1b30BaHHc npooB CropauHJI
HCCKOJ1bKHX TCXHOJIOrnqCCKliX arpcraTax C
nOTCHUllaJIOM (PHC. 7.15).
B KaqCCTBC TCnJIOHOCHTCJ1}\ B
Pa3J1l1qHbIM reMllepaTypHbIM
JH2
IT
PHc.7.15. CxcMa KOMnJ1CKCHOro crynCH'IaTOrO HCnOJlb30BaHHH B3P B arpcraTax
C pIl3JlH'IHbIM TCMncpa-rypHLlM nOTCHIIHaJlOM:
1 - HCTO'IHHK TermOBLIX B3P C BbicoKOTeMnepa-rypHLIM BblXOJ\OM npOJ\}'KTOB CrOpaHHJI:
2, .n, N - TeXH0J10rHQecKoe 06opy,!!oBaHHe CpeJIHerO H HH3Koro TeMnepaTypHoro ypOBHJI
(neqH OTnycKa, CyIIIHJIKH H T. n.)
3. I1Cn0J1b30BaHlic TenJ10TbI npoYKToB CropauHJI ,l).JI}\ HcnpoH3Bo.nCTBCHHbIX H
6bITOBbIX "y)KL\ (OTOITJ1CHHC, BeHTHJ1}\QHK, roP}\qCC BO.l\OCHa6)KCHHC,
KOHLIHQHoHHpoBaHHc B03a) (pHC. 7.16).
IlE'Ib
Tennoo6McHHHIC
Tennoo6MeHHHK
I
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PRC. 7.18. TpcxcrylleH'IaTaH CXCMa KOMIIJlCKCHOro HcnOJlb30BaHHH TcnJIOTbl:
1 _ TeXHoJlOrHQeCKWI neQb: 2 - TepMopa,!IHaI1HOHHWI cylllHJILHaJl KaMepa;
3 _ ne% HH3Koro OTnYCKa; 4 - ra30XO,!!LI; 5 - ,!!LIMOCOC; 6 - J\biMOBaJl -rpy6a
PHC. 7.16. CxcMa KOMIIJlCKCHoro HCIIOJlb30BaHHH B3P W1H HCTCXHOJIOrH'ICCKHX HY*JI
157
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c*aTbIM B03AyxOM
Krc/CM 2 ; y - nJ10THOCTb B03,z:J.yxa (y =: 1,293 Kr/CM 3 npll O"C 1I 760 MM pT. CT.);
V - pa60qllH 06'bCM, M 3 /C.
Ha pliC. 7.19 npHBc.ncHa CTPYKTypHaK CXCMa CliCTeMbI cHa6)KCHHJI C)KaTblM
B03.nYXOM. C)KaTliC B03yxa - HC3$<pCKTHBHhIH C 3HCpreTlIqCCKOH TOqKlI 3PCHli}\
npoccc, TaK KaK cro KI1.lJ: HaXOLlHTC}\ B npc,lIcJ1ax 10%.
B YCTaHOBKaX C)KaTOrO B03.l\yxa np"McHjJIOTC}\ cncLlyIOIl{HC KOMnpeccophI:
cHTp06c)KHbIC, OCCBbIC, nopIlIHCBbIC, BHHTOBbIC.
MOLQHOCTb nopIIIHCBbIX KOMnpeccopOB:
FPM = FHHiI/TlM;
F HHiI =FHo..(I+CHHiI); (7.19)
P HO " =1,639p.cVhAu k  1 ( E k;l -1)'
r.ne CHHiI - K03<p$HHCHT nOTcpb lIHL1HKaTOpHoH MOIl{HOCTli LlJI}\ B03.l\yxa; p.c ;-
.l\aBJ1eHlIC B03.l\yxa Ha BXO.nC B CTynCHb, KrclcM ;
V h - MliHYTHbIH pa60qHH 06'bCM, M 3 /MlIH; E - CTenCHb C)KaTHJI.
Pa60qHH 06'bCM, CTcnCHb C)KaTillI H K03<P<PHIHCHT Au onpe.neJIJlIOTCJI TaK:
D-@
8
v" = fhn,
E = P.ar./ Po;; ,
Au =1-a(e 1/k -1), (7.21)
r.l\c f - pa60qa}\ nJ1OIl{a.nb nOpllIH}J, M 2 ; h - XO,lI nOplIlH}\, M; n - qaCTOTa BpaIl{cHH}\
KOMnpcccopa, 06/MlIH; a - OTHOCHTeJIbHOC 3HaqCHlie McpTBoro npocTpaHCTBa;
k - nOKa3aTeJ1h aMa6aTbI C)KHMacMoro B03.l\yxa (k = 1,4); PHarH - ,z:J.aBJ1CHHe B03.nyxa
2
Ha BbIXO.nC KOMnpcccopa, KrC/CM .
(7.20)
PHC. 7.19. CTPYKTYPHaH cxeMa CHCTeMbl CJK3TOI"O B03,lIyxa:
1 - BxonHLle B03,lIYllIHLIe «pHJILTpLl: 2 - KOMnpeccopLl; 3 - OXJIa,lIlITeJIL; 4 - B.Hl;rOOTJIeJIHTeJIL;
5 - B03,lIyxoc6opHHK; 6 - B03,lIyxoocynUITeJIL: 7 - pacnpeJIemrreJILHaJi cerL nOnaQH CJK3TOro
B03,lIyxa; 8 - HHCTp}'MeHT (06opYJIoB3HHe)
MOIl{HOCTb cHTp06c)KHbIX 1I OCCBblX KOMnpeccopoB (KBT) onpe.l\cJ1}\eTC}\ no
Bblpa)KCHliIO
_ Goj>cp(e H -8o;;)+QT
FPM - k ,
O,24T1..
(7.16)
KaK Bn.nHO H3 BbIpa)KCHliH (7.16) - (7.21), CHlI3l1Tb 3aTpaTbI 3J1CKTp03HcprHH B
YCTaHOBKaX C)KaTOrO B03.l\yxa B03MO)KHO 3a CqeT:
. CHlI)KCHH}\ HOMHHaJIbHOrO pa60qcro .niiBJIeHHJI KOMnpcccopa 1:1 B CeTli C)KaTOrO
B 03 .nyxa;
. nOHH)KCHHK reMncpaTypbI B03.l\yxa, BcaCbIBaeMoro KOMnpcccopaMlI;
. OTKJllOqCHHK J1HIIlHHX KOMnpeccopoB npH CHH)KCHliH pacxo.noB C)KaTOrO B03,z:J.yXa;
. BHC.l\pCHHJI B nopIIIHcBbIX KOMnpcccopax npJlMOTOqHbIX KJlanaHO;
. }'MCHbIIICHHJI .nJ1HHbI MarllCTpaJIbHOH 1I pacnpc.nCJ1l1TeJ1bHOH CeTH no,naqll
C)KaTOrO B03.nyxa;
. HCn01lb30BaHliJi 3<P<pcKTa pC30HaHcHoro Ha.n.nysa noplllHeBbIx KOMnpcccopOB;
. no.norpcBa e)KaTOrO B03.l\yxa ncpe.l\ nHCBMOnpI:lCMHHKaMH;
. 3aMeHbI KOMnpcccopOB C-rapbIX KOHCTpYKQHH Ha HOBblC C 60J1CC BbICOKliM KI1.lJ:;
. CliCTeMaTlIqCCKOrO KOHTpOJ1}\ 3a yre'lKaMH C)!(aToro B03,lIyxa;
. OTKJllOqeHHK OT,z:J.CJIhHbIX yqacTKoB HJ1l1 BCCH CeTH C)KaTOrO B03.nyxa B Hcpa60'lcc
BpeM}J;
. 3aMCHbI nHcBMollHCTp}'McHTa Ha 3ncKTpoHHcTPYMCHT.
fIOTpc6neHlIc C)KaToro B03,lIyxa C .l\aBJICHHeM BbIIIIC Hc06xo.nJfMOrO npHBo.l\HT
K HenpoH3Bo.nHTCJ1bHOMY pacxo.ny 3J1CKTp03HCprHH. nOHH)KCHHC .naBJ1CHH}\ y
nOTpc611TCJ1eH C)KaTOrO B03.l\yxa MO)KeT 6bITb OCYLQCCTBJ1CHO C nOMOlllblO
pC.l\YKTopa, HH)KCKTOpa, ,z:J.pocCCJ1l1pOBaHHeM 1I perynllpoBaHlIcM ,z:J.aBJICHHK.
159
r.l\C k - K03$$HUHeHT, yqHTblBalOLQlIH nOTcpH TCITJ1a B oKpY)KalOIl{yIO cpc,z:J.y
(k = 1,01-1,02 LIJlK KpynHbIx OeCBbIX KOMnpcccopOB, k = 1,08 - 1,1 LIJlK Hc60J1bmllX
QCHTpo6c)KHbIX MaIIIHH); Gtj> - <paKTlIqCCKliH pacxo.l\ B03.l\YXa, npoxo.nJlIQcro qepC3
KOMnpcccop, C yqeTOM YTC'lCK, Kr/c; c p - TefIJ10CMKOCTb B03.nyxa npll nOCTOJlHHOM
.naBJ1CHHH 1I Pa3J1HqHbIX 3HaqCHH}\X TCMncpaTypbI; 8 H - TeMnepaTypa B03.nyxa B
HanopHoM naTpy6Kc KOMnpeccopa, °C; 8.c - TCMncpaTypa B03.l\yxa Ha BCOCC
KOMnpeccopa, °C; QT - KOnHqCCTBO TCnJ1a, OT.naHHOro OXJ1a)K.!(aIOIQCH BO,z:J.C (npH
HaJIlIqHlI oxna)K.!(CHHJI KOMnpcccopa); TI.. - KflJI. KOMnpeccopa.
PaCXO.l\ B03.nyxa H KOJIlIqCCTBO TeITJ1a, OTLlaHHOC OXJ1a)K.!(aIOLQeH BO.nC,
paCCqHThlBaIOTCJI no CJlC.l\y!oIQHM 4>opMYJlaM:
G = Y v 293 P ;
oj> 273 + 8
.
(7.17)
QT = G. c. (e: -eJ,
(7.18)
r,z:J.c G. - pacXO,lI OXJ18)K.!(aIOIQCH BO.nbI, /c; c. - TenJ10CMKOCTb BO,lIbI;
e'., e". - TCMncpafypa oxna)K.!(aIOIQCll BO.nbl .no H nOCJ1C X0J10,nUJ1bHlIKa;
e. - TeMnepaTypa B03.nyxa; P - a6C0J1IOTHOe .l\aBJICHlie B03.nyxa B MCCTe 3aMcpa,
158

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HaH60J1ce 31!><peKTHBHO npliMCHCHMe peryJ1}\TOpOB .naBJ1eHH}\. fIOTCpH 3Heprllll
(KBT.q/r) npll HCn0J1b30BaHlili C)KaTOrO B03.nyxa npH .naBJ1eHHH BbIllie HOMlIHaJ1bHOrO
onpe.neJ1J1lOTC}[ KaK
BHeLlpeHlIe aBTOMaTlIqeCKHX perYJ1RTOpOB KOMnpcccopOB ,nJ1K 06eCnCqCHH}\
nOCTO}[HHOrO LlaB1IeHHK Y nHeBMonplleMHHKOB ,naeT 3KOHOMHIO 3J1eKTp03HcprHlI 01'
15 LlO 30% B 3aBliCHMOCTH OT pC)KlIMa nOTpe611eHHK.
Y cTpaHeHHe B1I6paL\HlI B03L1yxonpoBoL{OB 1I nY1IbCaL\HH B HHX B03L1yxa nYTeM
YCTaHoBKH pCCHBepa Ha BBOLlax B J1MTCHHbIC, KY3HeqHO-npeccoBbIC M ,npyrHC L\CXH C
pe3Ko nY1IbCHpyIOIL{MM nOTpe6J1eHlIeM C)KaTOrO B03L1yxa MO)KeT LlaTb LlO 20% 1I
60J1ee 3KOHOMlili 311CKTp03HeprHH.
fIOBCc.nHcBHa}\ 60pb6a C YTeqKaMli C)KaTOrO B03.nyxa nYTeM
ClICTCMaTMqeCKOrO KOHTpOJIJI 3a COCTO}[HMeM ceTH H 060py.noBaHH}\ (li YCTpaHCHH)\
,nc<p CKTOB ), YCTaHoBKH caM03anllpaIOIL{lIXC}\ KJIanaHOB, nliCTOJ1eTOB, IIlTYU e pOB,
3a)KHMOB n03B01l1lT CHH3MTb HenpoH3Bo.nMTC1IbHbIe nOTepli C)KaTOrO B03,nyxa Ha 10-
20% 1I 6oJ1ee. CHH)KeHlI}[ nOTepb B03,nyxa 1I HepaL\MOHaJIbHbIX nOTcpb LlaBJIeHH}\
MO)KHO ,n0611TbC}\ TaK)Ke 3a CqeT:
. OTKJIlOqCHlI}\ L\eXOB 1I yqacTKoB B Hepa60qce BpeM}\;
. pa3.nCJ1eHH}\ nHTaIOIL{lIX B03,nYXOLlysOB L\J1}\ nOTpe6HTeJIeH BbICOKoro 1I HH3Koro
.naB1ICHlI}\, a TaK)Ke ,nJIJI nOTpe6HTCJICH C HepaBHoMepHbIM 1I nepeMeHHbIM
pC)KlIMaMH pa60TbI;
. B OT,neJ1bHbIX cJ1yqaJlx ,npOCCCJ1HpOBaHlI}[ B03,nyxa Y nOTpC6U:TeJICH H1I3Koro
,naB1ICHlI}\ npll oroope H3 CCTli BbICOKoro ,naB1IeHH}\.
E01lblIlyIO 3KOHOMlilO 311cKTp03Heprnli MO)KHO n01lyqHTb 611aro,nap}\
npaBlIJ1bHoMY BbI60pa qHCJla 1I MOIL{HOCTli KOMnpeccopoB, OC06CHHO 31'0 KaCaeTCJI
KpynHbIX KOMnpcccopOB npll HX pa60TC Ha OLlHO- 1I ,z:J.BycMeHHbIx npe,z:J.npHKTlIJlX, TaK
KaK OHli lIMCIOT OrpaHlIqCHlie no qllC1IY B03MO)KHbIX nycKoB. 31'0 npHBo,nHT K TOMY,
qTO KOMnpeccopbI pa60TalOT HcnpcpbIBHO C qaCTlIqHbIM CHlI)KeHlICM HarpY3KH npll
,z:J.poCCe1l1lpOBaHlIlI Ha BcaCbIBaHHlI B Hepa60qcc BpeM}[. 31"0 npliBoLlHT K nOTep}\M
3J1CKrp03HcprnH,n0 60 -70%.
Ha KpynHbIX npc,z:J.I1pllJlTHKX c1Ie,nYeT lIL1TlI Ha ,neL\CHTpaJIH30BaHHbIc ClICTCMbI
cHa6)KeHH}\ nOTpC6HTCJ1eH C)KaTbIM B03,nyxOM, qTO n03B01l1lT 3HaqllTeJIbHO ClIlI311Tb
MOIL{HOCTH KOMnpeccopoB 1I nOTepH B MarHcTpaJIbHbIX CeTJlX.
)].JIB pcry1lllpoBaHH}\ nOLlaqll c1Ic,nYeT npllMeH}JTb napaJIJ1CJIbHO pa60TalOIL{HC
KOMnpcccopHbIe arpcraTbI lIJIli qaCTOTHOC pcrY1lHpoBaHlie qaCTOTbI BpaLQeHHR
KOMIIpCCCOpOB.
L\W = (AI - AJ60l11pr
367200r)c1"], 11,,11.. 1"], '
r.ne 3AJ, A 2 - pa60Ta C)KaTlI)\ 1 M 3 npll nOBbIlliCHHOM 1I HOMHHaJ1bHOM .naBJJeHHH
JJ.)K/M; fI - npOll3BOLlMTCJ1bHOCTb KOMnpeccopa M 3 /MlIH" t - B p e 6'
KOMnpeccopa B ro '. '  p r M}J pa OTbI
LI, q, 11.. 11e, 113, 11" - KflJI. HHLlHKaTopHOH qaCTH, 3J1CKTpHqeCKOii
CeTH, .:meKTpOLlBliraTCJIJI, nCpeLlaqH; 11M - KnJI. MexaHH3Ma, nOTpe6J1KIOIL{ero
C)KaTblli B03.nyx.
Hco6xo.nllMO 1I36eraTb ypOBHeii .naBJ1eHlI}\ BbIllie 5 6ap. TIoHlI)KeHHe LlaBJ1eHHR
Ha 1 6ap LlaeT 3KOHOMHIO 3Heprllll B 5 - 10%.
OnbIT 3KCrIJIyaTaHlI nOKa3blBaeT, qTO npll YCTaHoBKc np}[MOTOqHbIX
KJIanaHOB BMeCTO KOJ1bL\eBbIX (nJJaCTlIHqaTbIx) y,nCJ1bHbIH pacxoLl 3JleKTp03HCprHlI
Ha BbIpa60TKY C)KaTOrO B03.nyxa CHlI)KaeTCJI B cpe,z:J.HeM Ha 13 - 15% npll
o,z:J.HoBpeMeHHoM YSCJ1l1qeHlIli no.na'iH KOMnpeccopoB Ha 10%.
O.nHlIM 1I3 3<p$CKTHBHbIX cnoc060B 3KOHOMHlI 311eKTp03Heprllll npH
HCn01lb30BaHlili C)KaTOrO B03.lI)'Xa }[BJIJleTC}\ TeITJ10H30JJ}\L\lI}\ B03.nyxonp oBo .n a
n03BOJJ}\IOIL{a}\ no,naTb nOTpC611TCJIIO C)KaTbIH B03,nyx C nOBbImcHHoH TeMnepaTypOH:
TIpli 3TOM }'MeHbmaCTC}\ pacxo.n B03.nyxa 1I, C1Ie,nOBaTeJ1bHO. nOTepH
3J1eKTp03HcprllH. 3KOHOMH}\ 311eKTp03Hcpmll 3a CqeT TCITJ101l30J1}\L\HlI COCTaBJIJleT
L\ W = O,22I1L\8w t
y pr.
3.necb L\ - pa3HOCTb TCMepaTyp ,no YCTpoikTBa TeITJ101l301l}\L\lIli B03,nyxonpoBo,na
1I nOCJIC, (OYll - y.nCJ1bHbIll pacxo.n 311eKTp03HeprllH Ha BbIpa60TKY 1 M 3 C)KaTOrO
B03,nyxa, KBT.q/M 3 .
fIpllMeHcHHe KOMnpcccopoB HOBbIX KOHCTpYKL\lIU C 60J1CC BbICOKliM Kfl)],
B3aMeH YCTapeBllIlix .naeT 3KOHOMlilO 311CKTp03HCprnli
L\W = (PI - Pz) t p r lO- 3 ,
(PI H Pz - MOIL{HOCTIf 3J1CKTpO.nBliraTCJ1CH CTapOrO 1I HOBOro KOMnpCCCOpa, KBT).
fIpaBlIJ1bHbIH BbI60p MeCTa 3a60pa B03.nyxa 1I npOKJIa.nKH BCaCbIBalOIL{cro
B03,z:J.YX OBO .n a (B TCHlI, Ha CeBepHOH CTOpOHC 3.naHH)\, B OT.nCJ1bHOCTli 01' L\CXOB 1I CTCH
C 60JIblIlliMli TenJIOBbIMli BbI,nCJICHlIJiMlI) CHlI)KaeT pacxo,n 3J1CKTp03Heprllll Ha
BbIpa60TKY C)KaToro B03.nyxa Ha 1 % Ha Ka)K.!(bIe 2,5°C nOHlI)KCHlI}\ TCMnepaTypbI
BcaCblBaeMoro B03,nyxa.
HCnOJIb30BaHlie 3<p$CKTa pC30HaHcHoro Ha.n.n}'Ba L\lfJ1HH.nPOB noplIlHcBbIX
KOMllpeCCOpoB nYTcM 06CCneqCHHK paHOHaJIbHO" MlIHbI BcaCbIBalOIL{cro
B03.nyxoBo,na 1IJ111 BKJIlOqCHlI}\ B B03,nYXOBO.n pC30HaTopa onpe,nCJICHHoro om,cMa
cOKpaLQaeT y.n eJ1b HbIU pacxo.n 3J1CKTp03Hcprnli npliMcpHO Ha 3 - 5% npll
O,nHOBpeMCHHOM nOBbIIIlCHHIf np01l3BO,z:J.HTCJ1bHOCTH .no 5 - 8%.
7.8. 3KOHOMHH 3HeprHH B HaCOCHblX YCTaHoBKax
B 3aBliCHMOCTli 01' Ha3HaqCHlI}\ 1I po,na nCpCKaqllBaeMOH )KlILlKOCTH HaCOCHbIC
YCTaHoBKlI nOLlPa3,L1CJI}\IOTCJI Ha Bo,nonpoBo,z:J.HbIC, KaHaJI1I3aL\HOHHbIC,
MCJ1HOpaTlIBHbIC, TCnJIo<p"KaL\HOHHbIe, Hc<pTcnepCKaqllBalOIL{HC 1I ,np.
Ha cOBpcMeHHblx HaCOCHbIX YCTaHOBKaX Ha60JIbillCe pacnpocTpaHcHlic
n01lyqllJ111 J10naCTHbIC HaCOCbI: L\eHTp06e)KHbIC 1I OCCBbIC. QCHTp06e)KHbIC HaCOCbI
perY1lHpYJOTC}\ 1I3MCHCHlieM qaCTOTbI BpaIL{eHlI}\ pa60qllx K01lCC lIJ1H H3MeHCHlICM
CTeneHlI OTKpbITlI}\ 3a.nBH)KKH (3aTBopa) Ha HanopHOU 1I1IHlIli. npllKpbIBaK lIJIH
OTKpbIBaK 3aTBOp, 1I3MeH}[IOT KpYT"3HY xapaKTepliCTliKH G-H Tpy6onpOBo,na (pliC.
7.20), KOTOpa}\ 3aBliCHT 01' ero m,z:J.paBJ1HqeCKOrO COnpOTHBJICHH}\. npllKpbIBa}\
3aTBop, YSCJIlIqllBalOT KpYT"3HY XapaKTeplicTlIKH, npll 3TOM pa60qaK TOqKa Hacoca
161
160

' , . 'I
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I
I
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[I
r
i
'd
I
AI nepCMemaeTc}\ B n01l0)KeHlIe A 2 nOLlaqa eH
pa3BlIBaeMbIH HacoCOM, B03paCTaeT',n0 3Haqe:}\ ;;uaeTc}\ LlO 3HaqeHH}\ G 2 , Hanop,
3aTBopOM CHH)KaCTC}\ LlO 3HaqeHH}\ H' 2, a Hanop Ha Tpy6onpOBo.ne 3a
y 2 3a CqeT nOTepb Hanopa MI n B 3aTBope.
BC1I1IqHBa}\ CTcneHb OTKpbrrHJI 3aTBO a
xapaKTepllCTHKlI Tpy6onpOBo.na. 3TOT cnoco6 P , }'MeHblUalOT KpYT"3HY
MaJI03KOHOMlIqHbIM TaK KaK Ha n perYJ1l1pOBaHlIJI CqHTaCTC}\
, p co .n01leHlfe .nonOJJHlITCJ1bHO
COnpOTI1BJ1eHIf}\ B 3aTBopc Tpc6VJ() ro rH)lpaBJIHQCCKOrO
n J wTC}\ .non01lHHTeJ1bHblC 3aTpaTbI 3Heprllll
pll 113MeHCHHlI qaCTOTbI BpaLQeHHK H .
xapaKTepliCTlIKlI G-H Y acoca H3MeH}\CTC}\ n01l0)KeHHe
Hacoca. MeHblIla}\ qaCTory BpaLQ H
xapaKTeplicTliKY BH1I3 napaJIJ1C1IbHO caMOH cc6 fI C lI}\, nepeMemalOT
ncpCMCma}\Cb no xa aKTe lICTliK e. pll 3TOM pa60qa}\ TOqKa,
CJ1c.nOBaTCJ1bHO no rra:a YM p e Tpy6onpoBoLla, 3aHliMaCT n01l0)KCHlie A '2>
,,.... eHblIlaCTC}\ TaK )Ke KaK 1I
pa3BlIBaeMbIH HaCOCOM. ' Hanop B CeTH If Hanop,
MOmHocTb 311eKTpo,nBliraTeJ1J1 Hacoca (KBT) on p eneJ1J1 c n 0
'" "" n n BbIpa)KeHlIlO
p = kn"G.(Hc + Mlft
H 367200rJ.TI, (7.22)
r,nc 3 "'an - K03<P<PlIL\HeHT 3aIIaCa (npll G H < 100 M 3 /q k - 1 2 1 3.
100 Iq "'an = 1,1-1,5); He _ CTaTlIqeCKHH Jan - ,-" npH G H >
HarneTaHH}\ ) M . A U Hanop (CYMMa BblCOT BcaCbIBaHH)\ 1I
, BO.n.CT., un -, nOTepH HanOpa B Tp y6
11H - KflJJ. HaCOCa' 11 _ KnIT onpOBoLlax, M BO.n.CT.;
G ' 311 3 '","" 311eKTpo,nBliraTCJIJI; y - nJ10THOCTb )KlI.!(Kocrn Kr/M 3 .
H - nOLlaqa Hacoca, M Iq. ' ,
_ 0,00272 (H c + MI)
ffiy -
(7.23)
11" Tj,
KaK BH)lHO 1I3 BbIpa)!(CHlI}\ (7.23) H pHC. 7.20, 3KOHOMliH 311CKTpo:mcpmll B
HaCOCHblX YCTaHoBKax MO)KHO n0611TbC}\:
. npaB1I1IbHbIM BbI60pOM xapaKTepllCTHK HaCOCHoro arpcro.Ta (G H , H);
. nOBbIllIeHI1CM KfIJI. HaCOCOB 11 npllBo,nHbIX ,}1IeKTpo,nBHraTCJ1eH;
. nOBbImCHlieM 3arpY3KlI HaCOCOB 11 cOBepllIeHcTBoBaHlieM perYJ1HpOBaHliJI lIX
pa60TbI;
. YMeHblIleHI1CM conpOTlIBJICHH}\ Tpy60npoBo,noB;
. cOKpameHHeM pacxo,na 1I nOTepb BO,nb!.
HCC1IeLlOBaHHe HaCOCHbIX CTaHL\lIH nOKa3blBaeT, qTO B pJlLle C1IyqaeB
Ha6111O,naeTC}\ HeCOOTBeTCTBlie nacnopTHbIX xapaKTepliCTliK HaCOCOB (G H , H)
<paKTlIqeCKliM xapaKTepliCTliKaM ClICTCM Bo,nocHa6)KCHlI}\.
npll pa60Te HacocHoH YCTaHoBKH C no,naqeH MCHbllIe paCqeTHOH B03HlIKaeT
HeCOOTBCTCTBI1C Me)K.!(Y HanopoM, pa3BlIBaeMbIM HacOCOM, 11 HanopoM. Tpe6yeMblM
,nJIJI no,naql1 Toro lIJIH HHoro KOJ1l1qCCTBa )Kn.nKOCTH (1'. e. npcBbIIIlCHliC Hanopa
Hacoca). H3 pliC. 7.20 Bn.nHO, qTO npll }'MeHbmcHlili no,naqll, Tpe6ycMbIH ,l).JI}\ CeTlI,
Hanop YMcHbmaeTC}\, a pa3BlIBaeMbIH HaCOCOM Hanop ysc1IHqllBaCTC}[. Pa3HOCTb
3HaqeHlIH 3TlIX HanopoB
MI" =HH-H c ' (7.24)
Ih rpa<plIKa coBMecTHoH pa60TbI Hacoca H Tpy60npoBo,na (CM. pliC. 7.20)
Bn.nHO, qTO 3HaqCHlie Ml n TeM 601lblIle, qeM KpyqC xapaKTCpllCTHKlI Hacoca 1I
Tpy6onpoBo,na H qeM MeHbme <paKTlIqeCKaK no,naqa Hacoca no cpaBHeHlIlO C
paCqCTHoH.
fo,noBbIe nOTepli 311eKTp03Hcpmll 3a CqeT nOBbIllIeHH}\ Hanopa COCTaBJlT,
KBT'q,
H
1
w = k...nGHMlny T
3672OO1lHTj'Jl r'
r,nc Tr -. ro,nOBoe BpeMJI pa60TbI Hacoca C npcBbIlIleHlIcM Hanopa Ha Ml n
(7.25)
ECJ1l1 Hacoc pa60TaeT C ncpeMeHHbIM HanopoM 1I ,naBJ1eHlIeM, TO
W = kJallY r.G MI T (7.26)
367200r)H Tj'Jl i=1 HI nl n'
r.nc G HI - Hanop Ha i-M lIHTepBaJIC BpeMeHlI; MIni - npCBbIIIlCHliC Hanopa Ha i-M
HHTCpBaJIC BpeMeHlI; T ri - ro,nOBaK npo,n0JI)j{HTe1lbHOCTb i-ro lIHTCpBaJIa; n - qHCJIO
lIHTCpBaJIOB 1I3MeHeHlI}\ HanopOB.
G 2 G I G
1 PHC. 7.20. PcrynHpOB8HHC pC1KHMS PS60TblI(CHTpo6c1KHOm HSCOCS.
- xapaKTepHCTHKa G-H Hacoca npH HOMHHaJIbHOH 'I .
)'MeHbIlleHHoH '1aCTOTe BpaIQeHHJI: 3 _ xapaKTepHCTHK:_e Bp y6 alIeHHJI; 2 - TO )Ke IIpH
OTKpbITHH 3aTBOpa' 4 _ TO )Ke Tp OIIpOBO.l\a npH nOJJHOM
. npH YMCHbIlleHHH CTeneHH OTKpblTHJI 3aTBOpa
BbIP:::,H::T;.n 3J1CKTp03HcprnH B HaCOCHblX YCTaHOBKax onpe,nCJIJleTCJI no
PeryJ1HpOBaHHe pa60Tbi HaCOCOB. B npaKTlIKC HC03MCHHbIX (nOCTOJIHHbIX)
pe)KlIMOB Bo.nOCHa6)KCHlI}\ HC 6bIBaeT. HaCOCbI pa60TalOT B nepCMeHHOM PC)KlIMC B
3aBHcliMoCTli OT PC)KHMOB nOTpe611CHliJi BO,nbI (p"C. 7.21). n03TOMY npaBliJIbHOe
H3MCHI<HlIC PC)KlIMOB pa60TbI HaCOCOB, TO CCTb pa1I0HaJIbHOe pcrY1IHpOBaHlIc,
06CCneqHBaeT 3HaqHTe1lbHy!o 3KOHOMlIlO 3J1eKTp03Heprllll. PerYJ1HpOBaHlic pe)KlIMa
162
163

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pa60TbI HaCOCOB MO)KeT OCYLQeCTBJ1}\TbCJI HanOpHOH 1IJ111 npHCMHOH 3a.nBlI)KKOH;
1I3MCHeHlIeM qllC1Ia napanJ1CJIbHO pa60TaIOLQHX HaCOCOB; 113MeHeHlIeM qaCTOTbI
BpaLQeHHK 3J1eKTpo,nBliraTeJIJl.
BbIpa60TKOH KOMaHLIHoro CI1I'HaJIa Ha no,nKJllOqCHliC pC3cpBHoro Hacoca 1I
npl1MCHeHlI}\ aBTOMaTI13aL\lIH ynpaBJICHliJi OT ACYTn.
1>00)
8«X)
l00J
c.ooo
5(0)
4<XX)
300)
2OCO
J<'
1<00 ,
fOLlOBOH 3KOHOMlIqCCKI1H 3<p<peKT npll npliMeHeHlIli qaCTOTHoro
pcrYHlIpOBaHlI}\ CKJIa.nbIBaeTC}! 1I3 Tpex COCTaBJIJlIOIUlIX:
1) 3<P<PCKTa OT CHH)KeHlIJi nOTcpb 3J1eKTp03HCprllH 3a CqeT nOBblmeHI1}\ KilJI.
HaCOCHbIX arperaToB;
2) 3<p<peKTa 01' CHH)KeHI1}\ pacxo,noB BO.nbI 3a CqeT cTa6HJ1113aL\lIli .naBJIeHIDI B
ClICTCMax no,naqH 1I pacnpe,neJ1eHlI}\ BO.nbI;
3) 3<P<PCKTa 01' yseJ1HqCHlI}\ cpoKa CJ1)')K6bI 1I MC)KPCMOHTHbIX nepllo,noB
311CKTpO- H McxaHo060py.noBaHIDI, 3aTpaT Ha npll06peTCHlIe, MOHTa)K 1I
06CJ1)')KlIBaHlie 3anopHoH apMaTypbI.
MOLQHOCTb npC06pa30BaTCJ1J1 qaCTOTbI onpe.ncJIJleTc}\ no Bblpa)KeHHIO
Pn. = (l,I-I,2)P H .
3J1eKTp03Heprllll npll
  k
' <
.... :.:J
" j ,
. :;::-
-. .:.
I 2 345 6 7 8 9 rn u u u w  ffi n  w m n n n D
'JacM
(7.27)
BHe,npeHlIH npC06pa30BaTCJ1}\
PHc.7.21. CYTO'IHblii oTnycK BO,ll.bI co 2-1'0 nO,ll.l,eM8 BO,ll.OnpOBO,lI.HOii CTaH"HH
fO.nOBaK 3KOHOMH}\
onpe.ncJIJleTc}\ KaK
AHaJIlI3 3THX cnoc060B perY1I1IpOBaHI1}\ nOKa3blBaeT cJ1e,ny\oLQce:
· npll pcrY1I1IpOBaHliH 3a.nBlI)KKOH C YMeHbmeHlIeM pacxo,na BO.!(bI KnJI. Hacoca
}'McHbmaCTC}\, a 3HaqCHI1}\ Hanopa pacTyr. CJ1e,noBaTeJ1bHO, C YMeHbmeHlIcM
pacxo.na BO,nbI y,nC1IbHbIH pacxo,n 311eKTpo3HcprHlI 6bICTpO B03paCTaeT;
· npll perY1IHpOBaHHlI 1I3MeHeHHeM qllC1Ia napaJIJ1eJ1bHO pa60TalOIUlIX HaCOCOB
KII,lJ; ,z:J.BlIraTeJIJI 1I Hacoca OCTalOTCJI HeH3MeHHbIMH. Hanop 1I3-3a }'MCHbIllCHlI}\
pacxoLla 1I nOTepb B CeTJlX CHH)KaeTC}\, qTO npHBO,nHT K CHlI)KeHlIlO y,neJ1bHbIX
paCXOL{OB 3J1CKTp03HeprHlI;
· npll pcrY1lHpoBaHlili 1I3MeHCHlieM qaCTOTbI BpaIUCHH}\ Hacoca KII,lJ; Hacoca H
311cKTpO.nBHraTCJI}\ C }'MeHblllcHlICM pacxo.na npaKTHqCCKli HC CHH)KaeTC}\, HO
CTaHOBHTC}\ MeHbmc Hanop. fI03TOMY CHH)KaIOTC}\ y,nCJ1bHbIC pacxo.nbI
3J1cKTpo3Heprllll.
A w - HBJ,IX -HHe06 G T
Ll ['" £.... Ht n'
36711H11.. ;l
r,ne H.",x - Hanop Ha Bblxo.ne Hacoca, M BO.n.CT.; Htteo6 - Hanop, nOMCp)KHBaCMbIii B
MarllcTpaJIlI, 3a 3a.nBlI)KKOH, M BO,n.CT.
(7.28)
qaeToTHoe pcrY1lHpoBaHlie OCyruCCTBJIJleTC}\ C nOMOIUblO npe06pa30BaTC1IeH
qaCTOTbI. OHO n03B01l}\eT:
· aBTOMaTHqCCKli nOMep)KHBaTb Hco6xo,z:J.lIMOC ,naBJ1eHlIe BO,nbI npll 1I3MeHCHlili
06"beMa BO,z:J.onoTpc611eHHK;
· B 2 - 3 pa3a YSCJ1l1qHTb CpOK CJ1)')K6bI 3J1eKTpo,z:J.BHraTCJIeii 1I HaCOCOB 3a CqeT
lICKJIlOqeHH}\ ncperpY30K npll nOTpC6J1eHlIli BO.nbI, a TaK)KC npll YMCHbmCHlili
HanpJl)j{CHHK B CCTH;
· YSCJ1HqllTb CpOK CJI)')K6bI Tpy60npoBo.noB 3a CqeT OTCYTCTBlI}\ 1I36bITOqHOrO
,z:J.aBJ1CHHK;
· COKpaTHTb pacxo.n BO.!(bI 3a CqeT YMCHbmCHH}\ nOTepb np" 1I36bITOqHOM
.naBJ1CHliH (B ClICTCMax Bo.nocHa6)KCHliJI Ka)j{.!(aK J1l11IlHJIK aTMocl!>epa BbI3bIBaeT 3a
CqeT 60JIbWHX yreqCK ,non01lHlITeJ1bHO 7 - 9% nOTcpb BO,z:J.bI);
· cOKpaTllTb Tpy,n038TpaTbI Ha 3KCnJIyaTaUHIO CliCTeM Bo.nocHa6}f(CHH}\ 3a CqeT
6ecnepc60HHOH pa60TbI HaeOCOB, a TaK)KC aBTOMaTlIqCCKOrO OTKJllOqeHH}\ C
IIoBLlmeHHe KII)], HaCOCOB. 3aMeHa YCTapeBmllx HaCOCOB Ha HOBbIC C 601lcc
BbICOKliM KilJI. n03BOJIJleT nOJ1yqllTb 3KOHOMliIO 311eKTp03HCprllll
6.W =0,00272 H 1 GJr' (7.29)
r 11311 11H.R - 11 H ,.
YMeHl.meHHe conpOTHBJ1eHHH -rpy6onpoBo)lOB. npllqllHbI nOBbIIIlCHHbIX
y.nCJIbHbIX pacxo,noB 3J1eKTp03HeprllH Ha no.naqy BO,nbI - HenpaBHJ1bHa}\
KOH<p"rypaL\HJI Tpy6onpoBo,na, KorLla nOTOK lICnbIThIBaeT pe3Kl1C nOBopoTbI,
3acopeHHocTb BcaCbIBalOIUlIX YCTpOHCTB 1I LIp. YCTpaHeHHe nHX npHqllH npllBo,z:J.HT
K }'MeHbmeHlIlO conpOTlIBJ1CHlI}\ Tpy60npoBo,noB 1I CHH)KCHlilO pacxo.n a
3J1CKTp03Heprllll.
fIOTCpli Hanopa B Tpy6onpoBo.nc Ha npJlMOM yqacTKc
6.H = 0, 083 'A. LG 2 / d 5 , (7.30)
,nJIJI MCCTHbIX conpOTHBJIeHHH
Ml =0,083jG2jd 4 , (7.31)
rLlC A - K03<P<PlIWieHT TpeHIDI BO,nbl 0 CTCHKH Tpy6 (A = 0,02-0,03); L - MHHa
yqacTKa Tpy6onpoBo,na, M; G - ,nCHCTBHTCJ1bHbIH pacxo,n, M 3 /C; d - ,z:J.HaMCTp
Tpy6onp oBo .n a , M; f - K03<P<P1IL\lICHT MCCTHoro conpOTlIBJ1CHH}\: ,z:J.JIJI :m.nBH)KeK
f= 0,5, ,z:J.JIJl3aKpyr1leHHOrO Ha 90° K01lCHaf= O,3,,z:J.JIJI 06paTHoro KJIanaHaf= 5,0.
YTCqKH BO,nbI qepe3 HenJIOTHOCTli cOe,z:J.HHeHlIH Tpy60npOBOLlOB 1I apMaTypbl
BC,nyr K np}\MbIM nOTep}\M 3J1CKTp03Hcprllll. 3HaqeHH}\ 3THX nOTepb onpc.nCJIJlIOTCJI
CJ1C,ny\oIUHMH cnoc06aMlI:
164
165

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pacxo.nyeMbIx Ha HarpeB ,no TeMncpaTypbI nJIaBJleHlIJi 660°C, H3 385 MJI.)j{,
pacxo,nyeMbIx lIJI}\ paCn1laBJ1eHHK, 1I 98 MJI.)j{ Ha nOBbIlIICHlie TeMncpaTypbI 01' 660
110 750°C [13].
<1>aKTHqeCKlie 3Hcpr03aTpaTbI n01lyqalOTC}\ 601lbille 1I3-3a Hell,neaJIbHOrO
TeXH0J10rllqeCKOrO KflJI. n1laB1I1IbHbIX YCTpOHCTB. B cJ1yqae nCqeH, pa60TalOWlix Ha
TOITJ1l1Be, Hc06xo,nllMO yqHTblBaTb, qTO He BC}\ np01l3Bc,neHHa}\ TCnJ10Ta ncpe.naCTC}\
MeTaJIJ1Y, qTO CHH)j{aCT TenJJOTeXHlIqCCKHH KnJI.. CTCHKa neqll HC MO)j{eT 6bITb
TCIl1l0HenpOHlIL\aeMOH, B CB}\3H C 3TlIM B03HHKalOT ,nonOJIHlITCJ1bHbIC nOTepll,
np1l6aBJI}\eMbIe K nOTep}[M C OTBe,neHHbIMli ra3aMli H npll 3arpY3KC MaTepHaJIa.
KpOMe Toro, B MeHblIIlIX MaCIIlTa6ax B03HlIKalOT nOTcpn Ha OXlIa)K.!(eHlIe, nOTepli
TCnJ10TbI C nJ1aMeHeM, nOTcpli OT H3J1yqeHlI}\, BJ1l1J1IOWlie Ha KflJI. neqH. C yqeTOM
Bcex 3THX nOTepb n01lyqaeTC}\ 06WlIH TellJIOTCXHHqeCKHU KflJI. YCTaHOBKlI.
flnaBlIJ1bHbIC ncqll C 3J1eKTpOHarpCBOM lIMCIOT 3HaqllTC1IbHO 601lcc BbICOKliH
TCXH0J10rllqeCKHH KfI)]" qeM arperaTbI, pa60TalOLQlIC Ha TonJlllBe. HH,nYKHOHHbIH
MCTO,n 06CCnCqllBaeT BbI.nCJ1eHlIe TCnJIOTbl Hcnocpe.nCTBeHHO B MeTaJIJIe 6e3
TeITJ10nepelIaqH 1I3J1yqcHlieM HJ1H KOHBeKL\lICH, COnpOBO)K.!(aeMOH nOTepJlMli.
Pa3}'MCeTC}[, npll cpaBHeHlIli Pa3JIlIqHbIX MeTOLlOB nJIaBKH Hco6xo,z:J.HMO
yqHTblBaTb HC T01lbKO KOHCqHyIO 3HeprlllO, K KOTOpOH OTHOC}[TC}\ BbIlIICHa3BaHHbIe
norepll, HO 1I Tpe6yeMyIO nepBlIqHyIO 3HeprnlO. PaCXOlIbl Ha BbIpa60TKY
3JJeKTp03Heprllll H3-3a ,nonOJ1HlITe1lbHO yqHTbIBaeMoro KnJI. 311CKTpOCTaHL\HlI
OKa3bIBaIOTCJI 3HaqllTe1lbHO 60J1bmC, qCM pacxo,nbI Ha Bblpa60TKY lICKOnaCMbIX
rOplOqllX MaTepllaJIOB.
CyrueCTBeHHoe BJIH}\HlIe Ha nOTpc611eHlIe 3HeprllH npH Ka)K.!(OM MCTO,nC
. ITJ1aBKlI OKa3blBaeT yrap MeTaJIJ1a. YrapOM Ha3bIBalOT nOTcpH lipH nJ1aBKe,
B03HlIKalOLQlIC H3-3a OKlIC1IeHH}\ MeTaJIJIa, B ,naHHOM CJ1yqac aJIIOMHHlI}\. OH
onpe.ncJIJleTC}\ B npol\eHTaX, T.e. B OTHOlIICHHH K KOJ1l1qCCTBY paCITJ1aBa. npOL\CCC
OKHC1ICHH}\ npOTeKaCT npeHMyruCCTBCHHO Ha nOBepXHOCTH paCITJ1aBa, TaK KaK
TOJJbKO 3.nCCb MeTaJIJI MO)j{eT conpliKaCaTbC}\ C 60J1blIlliMli KOJ1l1qeCTBaMH KHCJ10po,na
B03lyxa. B03HlIKalOIUliH npll 3TOM OKCn.n aJIIOMHHH}\ }[BJIJleTCJI COCTaBHOH qaCTblO
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX C"beMOB, lIJ1H LlPOCCOB.
BCJ1HqHHa yrapa B 3HaQllTCJ1bHOH Mepc 3aBliCliT OT npllMeHJleMOrO Tlina ncqll,
BH.na 1I CBOHCTB BblllJ1aBJ1J1eMOrO aJIIOMlIHH}\, a TaK)Ke 01' HaJIlIqH}\ B HeM npliMcceH.
fIpli BbI60pe neqll onpe,ncJIJleTC}\ OTHOlIleHlIe n1l0LQa.nH nOBcpXHOCTli paCllJIaBa K cro
ofu.eMY. Ha BCJ1HqHHY yrapa BJIHKeT TaK)j{C Bn.n HarpCBa. npll np}\MOH no.naqe
llJIaMeHlI Ha paCnJIaB nOTpH 01' yrapa CTaHOBKTC}\ 601lblIIC, qeM npH HCnp}[MOM
HarpCBe. BCJIlIqllHa yrapa 3o.BHCHT TaK)j{e 01' TeMncpaTypbl, ,!).JIHTCJ1bHOCTli 1I
'xapaKTepa npOTCKo.HHK HarpCBa, llpO,n01l)j{HTCJlbHOCTH B03,nCHCTBlI}\ H xapaKTcpa
aTMoc«l>epbI neqll, a TaK)Ke 01' TOro, BC.nCTC}\ 1I1I npOL\CCC B BaKyyMC HJ111 npll
nOHH)j{CHHOM .naBJ1eHl1l1.
170
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CpaBHeHlIe Pa3J1l1qHbIX MeTO,nOB nJ1aBKH MO)KeT 6bITb ,nOCTaTOqHO
cO,nep)KaTeJ1bHbIM, T01lbKO CCJ1l1 COrJ1aCOBaHbI BCe YC1I0BH}\. B nepBYIO OqepC,nb
3arpYJKaeMbIH MaTCpllaJI ,nOJ1)KeH 6bITb O,z:J.iiHaKOBOrO KaqeCTBa 1I <pOpMbl. B
npOTlIBHOM CJ1yqac, HanpHMep, nOTepH 01' yrapa n01lyqalOTCJI COBeplIleHHO
Pa3J1l1qHbIMM.
npH paCqeTC Hco6xo.nllMOii KOHeqHOH 3HeprHlI yqllTbIBaeTC}! KaK
nOTpC611eHlIe KOHeqHOH 3Heprnll nCqblO npH paCnJ1aBJIeHlIli 1I nepcrpeBC, TaK 1I
KOMnCHCaL\HK yrapa qepC3 yqeT nOTpc611CHH}\ KOHCqHOH 3HeprHlI ,l).J1K np01l3Bo,nCTBa
COOTBeTCTBYIOLQcro K01lHqeCTBa nepBlIqHOrO aJIIOMlIHHJI.
PaCqCT nOTpc6J1CHH}\ nepBlIqHOH 3Heprllll np01l3Bo.nllTC}\ CYMMHpOBaHlieM
,z:J.BYX 3HaqCHliH. KOHeqHa}\ 3HeprHK, 3aTpaqeHHaJi C06CTBCHHO Ha paCITJ1aBJ1CHlIC, C
nOMOblO COOTBeTCTBYIOHX K03<P<PlIL\lIeHTOB, npeCTaBJICHHbIX B [13],
nepCCqHThlBaCTCJ{ B ncpBlIqHYIO. Pacxo,n 3Hcprnll Ha KOMneHCaL\1II0 yrapa
BblqHCJIJleTCJI no npllBe,neHHOH MeTO,l).HKC, KaK Ha np01l3Bo,nCTBO COOTBCTCTBYIOcro
KOJ1iiqCCTBa nepBlIqHOrO aJ1IOMlIHH}\.
PacqeT 3MlICClili yr1lCKlICJ10ro ra3a npll KOMneHcaHlI yrapa aHaJIOrllqeH
pacqCTY nOTpe6J1eHlI}\ 3Hcpmll. KOJIlIqCCTBO yrJ1CKHC1I0rO ra3a, BbI.nCJI}\IOCrOC}\
npH BbIpa60TKC 1I npe06pa30BaHHlI 3HeprllH, BblqllCJ1J1CTCJI no 3HaqCHIDIM,
npHBc,neHHbIM B [13].
fIOCKOJ1bKY H y,neJ1bHOe nOTpe6J1CHHe 3HeprnH, 1I 06J1aCTb npHMeHCHIDI
HCCJ1e,z:J.yeMbIx nJ1aBlIJ1bHbIX YCTaHOBOK 3aBliCliT 01' HX CMKOCTlI, neqH MO)KHO
pa3.nCJ1HTb Ha TpH rpyrInbI:
. MaJIble TlIre1lbHbIe ne<{lI CMKOCTblO OK01l0 250 Kr;
· cpcMHe nOLlOBbIe H THreJ1bHbIC ncqll CMKOCTblO 01' 2,5 ,no 3 1';
. 60J1bUlllC ncqll CMKOCTblO 01' 35 .no 55 T.
):{mI Toro, qT06bI Bbl}\CHIITb B03MO>KHbIC TCHLleHl\HH, yrap B cpaBHlITeJ1bHbIX
BbIqllCJ1eHHKX paccMaTpHBaJIC}\ KaK BCJIlIqllHa, H3MCHJlIOa}\CJ! B HCKOTOpbIX
npcenax. TaKHM 06Pa30M, )laHHbIe nOTpC6J1CHH}\ 3Heprllll npll1l3BcCTHbIX YCJ10BH}\X
MOlyr 1I3MeH}\TbC}\ B onpe.nCJ1eHHbIX npeL\eJ1ax, 'iT0 3aBliCHT OT napaMCTpoB neqll,
3arpYJKacMoro MaTCpHaJIa 1I COCTOJlHHK ncqll. TaKliM 06pa30M, B UCJ10M nOJ1yqaeTc}\
HCKOTOpbIH pa36poc 3HaqeHHH KOHeqHOH 1I nepBlIqHOH 3HeprnH H 06pa30BaHHK CO 2 -
MaJJble ne'lH. )].JIB conOCTaBJ1CHlI}\ 6bIJ111 BbI6paHbI qeTbIpC TlIreJ1bHbIX nCqH:
. ra30BaJi TlIreJ1bHa}\ neqb;
. Ma3yrHa}\ TiirCJ1bHa}\ nCqb;
. HHLlYKL\HOHHa}\ TlIrCJ1bHa}\ neqb nOBbIIIlCHHOH qaeTOTbI (150 fl..\);
. pe311CTHBHaJi TlIrCJ1bHaJi neqb.
Bcc ncqll 06J1a.nalOT np1l611H311TeJ1bHO OL\HHaKOBoH eMKOCTblO, Tor,na KaK
np01l3BO.nHTCJ1bHOCTb neqH C pe311CTHBHbIM HarpcBoM HeCK01lbKO HH)Ke. 3T1I
ITJ1aBHJ1bHbIC arpcraTbI npe,nHa3HaqCHbI B ncpBYIO OQepC.nb )lJIJI TOro, qT06bI
MC,l).JICHHO, C H1I3KHM ypOBHeM yrapa, paCnJIaBJIJlTb 1IJ111 nOMep)l(l!BaTb MeTaJIJ1 B
rOpJlqCM COCTOJIHHlI.
nCqH C 311CKTpIl<{CCKHM HarpeBOM nOTpc6J1}\IOT KOHeqHOH 3HcprHlI Ha 50%
MCHbIIIC, <{CM YCTaHOBKH C ITJ1aMeHHblM HarpeBOM (pHC. 8.1).
KBNT
2400
2200
2000
1600
1600
1400
1200
1000
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3Ha'ieHMSI
MaKCMManbHble
3Ha'ieHMSI
;
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PHe. 8.1. Cp8BHeHHe nOTpe6J1eHHH KOHe'lHOB 3HeprHH npH BLlDJl8BKe
OAHOB TOHHLI 8J1IOMHHHH B M8J1b1X ne'l8X
3T1I .naHHbIC nOJ1yqeHbI B pC3Y1lbTaTC HCCJ1c,nOBaHHK KaK npOL\CCca nJ1aBKH,
TaK 1I KOMnCHCal..\I1H yrapa. Y CTaHOBKa C pC3l1CTlIBHbIM HarpeBOM npH
He3HaqHTCJIbHOM pa36poce 3HaqeHHH 06eCnCqllBaeT HaHMeHblllec nOTpe6J1CHHC
KOHCqHOH 3HeprHlI. fIOTpe6J1eHlIC 3Heprllll TlIre1lbHOH nCqblO nOBblmCHHOH qaCTOTbI
TaJOKe HCBCJ1l1KO H npll OqeHb MaJIOM yrapc K0J1e611eTCJ! J1l1l1Ib B MHHlIMaJIbHhlX
npe,neJ1ax. HanpOTlIB, cyrueCTBeHHO 60J1bWlIH pacxo,n KOHCqHOH 3Heprllll C
60J1blIlliMli K01le6aHHJlMH 1I 3HaqHTe1lbHbIM yrapoM lIMCIOT THreJ1bHble ncqll,
pa60TaIOUllIc Ko.K Ha ra3e, TaK 1I Ha Ma3yre.
HHLI)'KI..\HOHHaK' neqb lIMCeT HaH60J1b1IlCe 3HaqCHlfe lloTpe6J1CHH}\ nCpBHqHOH
3HeprHH no cpaBHcHlilO C LlpyrllMli neqaMli (p"C. 8.2). fIeqll C pe311CTlIBHbIM
HarpeBoM xapaKTep1l3YIOTC}\ MlIHlIMaJIbHbIM nOTpe611cHlieM nCpBlIqHOH 3HeprHH,
lIMelOLQlIM npliMcpHO TOT )KC nOpJlL\OK, 'iTO 1I MHHlIMaJIbHOC nOTpe6J1CHHC 3HcprHH
ITJ1aMCHHbIMH TlIreJ1bHbIMli nCqaMli. HanpoTHB, MaKCliMaJIbHbIC 3HaqCHliJi
nOKa3bIBalOT, qTO npeHMyrueCTBa 3J1CKTp"qCCKHX neqeii, npe)K.!(C Bccro neqCH C
pC311CTlIBHbIM HarpCBOM, 001lCC cyecTBCHHbI npll 3arp}\3HCHHOM MaTepllaJIC. TaK
KaK B 3TOM CJ1yqac nOTpc6J1CHliC 3HcprllH ITJ1aMCHHbIX neqCH onpc,z:J.cJIJleTC}\
60J1bmOH BCJ1HqllHOH yrapa. TeM HC MCHCC, npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHO-TCXHlIqCCKiiX
,nOCTOHHCTB lIHL1YKL\1I0HHOH TlIreJ1bHOH ncqll He,nOCTaTOqHO, qro6bI ,nOCTlIqb
J1yqIIIcro llCpBlIqHOrO 3HepreTlIqCCKOro 6aJIaHCa, qCM y 06bIqHbIX nCqeH.
172
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PHC. 8.2. Cp8BHeHHe nOTpe6J1eHHH nepBH'IHOii 3HepmH npH BblnJl8BKe
OAHOii TOHHbI 8JIIOMHHHH B M8JIbiX ne'l8X
PHC. 8.3. Cp8BHeHHe ofipa30B8HHH CO 2 npH BLlUJl8BKe
OAHoii TOHHbI 8J1IOMHHHH B M8J1b1X ne'l8X
ECJ1H nCqb, pa6OTalOIUa)\ Ha Ma3YTC, .nO HaCTO}\LQero MOMCHTa lIMCJ1a J1l1IlIb
HCCK01lbKO Xy.nlIllie nOKa3aTe1l1l, qeM ra30BaK, TO 3Ta KapTliHa H3MeIDIeTCJI npll
pacCMOTpCHliH BbI.nCJIeHHH CO 2 , no KOTOpbIM TnreJ1bHaK nCqb, pa60TalOIUa}\ Ha
Ma3YTe, lIMCCT HaHxy.nlIlce MaKCliMaJIbHOC 3HaqCHlie (pHC. 8.3). XOT}\ MlIHHMaJIbHbIC
3HaqeHIDI 3MlICClili 3aHliMalOT BTOpOC MCCTO nOCJ1e tfHL\YKL\HOHHOH neqll, HX
BeJ1HqHHa 3HaqHTeJIbHO 60J1bIlIC, qCM Y ra30BOH. no 3TOMY nOKa3aTeJ11O MO)KHO
6billO 6bI npc,z:J.nOqCCTb ne'lb C ra30BbIM HarpeBOM, 06IUlie 3HaqCHIDI 3MHCCliH ,nJIJI
KOTOpOH K0J1c6J1IOTC}\ Ha 60J1ee H1I3KOM ypOBHC. 3HaqeHlI}\ 3MlICClili ra30B
THreJIbHOH ncqll C pe311CTlIBHbIM HarpCBOM B 30He MlIHHMYMa HaXO,l).}JTCJI HCMHoro
HH)Ke 3HaqeHlIH 3MlICCHI1 ncqll C ra30BblM HarpeBOM. npll 06IUCM paCCMOTpeHlIH
OHli }\BJIJlIOTC}\ OnTliMaJIbHblMlI, TaK KaK OCTaIOTC}\ Ha H1I3KOM ypOBHC H B 30HC
MaKClIMYMa, a yrap He OKa3bIBaeT CHJ1bHOrO BJIIDIHHJI.
TaKHM 06pa30M, npH paeCMOTpeHlIli B l.\CJIOM BbIJlBJ1J1IOTC}\ npclIMYIUcCTBa
ITJ1aMCHHbIX neqeH, B oc06eHHOCTH nCqeH C ra30BbIM HarpeBOM, nepCL\
lIHL1YKUlIOHHbIMlI, nOCK01lbKY lIX nOTpc6HOCTb B 3HeprllH 1I BbI.neJICHliC ra30B HlI)KC.
O,z:J.HaKO 3TO cnpaBC,!).JIHBO TOJ1bKO npll HC3HaqHTCJIbHOM yrape, ,!).JIJI qero Hc06xo,z:J.lIM
XOpOIIlHH PC)KHM pa60TJ.! ropCJ10K 1I XOpOIlIuH TCMnepaTypHbIH PC)KlIM, a TaK)KC
QHCTbIH 3arpaCMbIH MaTCpHaJI.
174
XOT}\ IfHLIYKl.\HOHHa}\ nCqb Tpc6YeT MeHblllcro KOJ1HqCCTBa KOHeqHOH 3Hcprllll
11 06J1a.naeT 60J1b1IlOH npOO3Bo,nI1TCJ1bHOCTblO, OHa lIMCeT nOBbIlIleHHbIC pacxo,n
nCpBlIqHOH 3HeprHI1 H BbIL\C1IeHlIe CO 2 . Ho nOCKOJ1bKY lIHL1)'Kl.\HOHHa}\ nCqb MO)KeT
pa60TaTb B OnTliMaJIbHOM PC)KlIMC 6C3 Bpe,nHOrO BJIH}\HH}\ Ha YCJ10BlI}\ TpYLla, a
TaK)Ke .nonycKaeT B03MO)KHOCTb aBTOMaTH3aL\HlI ynpaBJ1eHlI}\ npo1l3Bo.neTBCHHbIM
npOL\CCCOM, ce npliMcHcHlie npll OnpeLleJ1eHHbIX YC1I0BlI}\X MO)KeT OKa3aTbCJI 60J1CC
npc,nnOqTlITCJ1bHbIM. Ha 31'0 YKa3bIBaeT TaK)KC onpCneJ1CHHe TeXHl1qCCKOH
3$$CKTHBHOCTli B KOHnc maBbI.
fIpli 06LQCM 0630pC n)"ilIllic PC3YJ1bTaTbI nOKa3blBaeT TlIreJ1bHaK IICqb C
pe311CTlIBHbIM HarpcBoM. OHa lIMeeT HaHMCHblIlHC 3HaqeHlI}\ KOHeqHOH 3Heprllll
(oKono 720 KBT.q Ha TOHHY aJIIOMlIHH}\), nCpBlIqHOH 3Heprllll 1I BbI,nCJ1eHH}! CO 2 ,
KpOMe TOro, OHa 0611a.naeT MHOrOqHCJ1eHHbIMH npeHMyrueCTBaMH 311eKTpllqCCKOrO
HarpCBa, C Ha3BaHHbIMli npH paCCMOTpeHlIli HHLlYKL\lfOHHOH neqll. O,nHaKO
CJ1CLlYeT yqCCTb, '1TO Lln}\ npOMbIlIIJ1CHHOro npHMCHeHlI}\ I1MelOT 3HaqeHHC TaK)KC
BpeM}\ pa30rpeBa H, COOTBeTCTBCHHO, npo1l3Bo,nHTCJlbHOCTb, KOTOpbIC MOryr 6bITb
xe npH lICn0J1b30BaHliH ncqll C pe3HCTlIBHbIM HarpCBOM.
IIC'lH cpCL\Hcii CMKOCTH. llpll cpaBHCHHlI ITJ1aBHJ1bHbIX neqeH cpe,nHcii
CMKOCTli conOCTaBJl}\IOTCJI Tpll no,nOBbIe ncqll 1I o.nHa HH.n)'KL\1I0HHa}\ TlIrCJ1bHa}\
neqb:
. ra30Ba}\ nO,z:J.OBa}\ neqb;
. HHLlYK[{HOHHa}\ THreJ1bHa}\ nCqb IIpOMbIIIlJ1eHHOii qaCTOTbI (50 fu);
. Ma3YTHaK no,nOBa}\ neqb;
. pC3HCTHBHa}\ no.nOBa}\ nCqb.
175

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no,nOBbIX nCqeH. PC311CTHBHa}\ neqb lIMeeT B.nBoe MeHbmyIO npOO3BOLlHTeJ1bHOCTb,
qCM ITJ1aMeHHble.
HallMeHblllee nOTpe6J1eHlIe KOHCqHOH 3Hcprllll HMCIOT 3J1eKTpl1qeCKlie ne'lll, y
KOTOpbrx OHO 60J1CC qeM Ha 50% HH)Ke, qCM Y ncqeii, pa6oTalOmlfx Ha ra3C If Ma3yre.
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BbICOKOH TCXHHqCCKOH 3$<pCKTHBHOCTblO npH ,z:J.onycTliMoH pCHTa6cJ1bHOCTli.
TcxHHqccKa}\ 3$$CKTHBHOCTb BbIWC 0,8 paCL\CHHBaeTCJI KaK OqCHb XOpOIUa}\,
0,7 - 0,8 - XOpOlIlaJl, HH)KC 0,6 - HCY,z:J.OBJICTBOpHTeJIbHa}\.
JJ.aHHbIH MeTOA OC06CHHO 3$$CKTHBCH, Kor,z:J.a HC BCC KpHTCpHH MO)KHO
OUCHHTb C 3KOHOMHqCCKOH 1I I!>HHaHcoBoH TOqCK 3peHHJI, HanpHMcp,
TeXHOnOrHqCCKaK rH6KocTb, aBTOMaTH3HpycMOCTb, KaqCCTBO npOLlYKUHH, YCJ10BlI}\
TpY,z:J.a H T.LI.
B Ta6J1. 8.1 - 8.3 npHBCAcHbI npHMcpbl cpaBHcHHK TCXH0J10rHqCCKOU
3$<pCKTlIBHOCTli nJ1aBHJ1bHbIX nCqCH. KaK Bn.nHO H3 3TlIX Ta6JIHI, HHLlYKL\HOHHbIC
3J1eKTpHqecKHc ncqll OTBCqalOT Tpc60BaHHKM COBpeMcHHoro npOH3Bo,z:J.cTBa co
3HaqCHHKMH 0,78 H 0,79, a TeXHHqCCKaJl 3$$CKTlIBHOCTb nJ1aMCHHbIX neqCH
HCY,z:J.OBJ1CTBOpllTeJIbHa}\, XOTJI OHH H 06J1a.naIOT MaJIbIMH 3HCprCTHqCCKHMH
3aTpaTaMli.
YMCHbUleHHC :tHcpr03aTpaT npH :tJlCKTpOHarpeBC
no cpaBHCHHIO C DJIaMCHHblM HarpCBOM
MeHbWHC
nOTepM npM
Tp3HcnopTHpOB-
Ke M xpanCHHH
3HeproHOClITemi
npoBe..ltCHIiC
3HCproeMXHX
npoueCCOB B
nepHO.l1
MHHHM8JJLHOii
]arp)'3kK
:me OCliCTCM
OrcYTCTBHe
nOTepl> H3
JIOJI)"ICHIIe
npoMC)Kyro1f-
Horo 3Hepro-
HOCHTCruI (napa,
BOALI. B03.lJ; a)
OrKillOlfcHHe
3HeproeMKoro
3TO B nepllOIl
CC')OHHLIX
MaKCHM)'MOB
PHC. 8.21. 3HepreTII"leCKHe 1I0CTOHHCTBa 3J1eKTpoHarpeBa B COnOCTaBJleHHH
C DJIaMeHHblM HarpeBoM
196
197
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I
ji
.J
I I'
';j j
,
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;. I
JI
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I I!;
II
"
I
Tao'1uua 8./
CpaBHeHHe TeXHH'leCKOH 31j11j1CKTHBHOCTH p83JIH'lHLlX MeTOnOB HJl8BKH 8J1IOMHHHH'
OKOIl'lal/Ue ma6n. 8.2
1 2 3 4 5
4 MaJlali 3aHHMaeMali nnoaJ\b 1 3 4
5 HH3KaII nlrrpc6HocTb B 2 3 4
TCXHOnOrHqCCKOM 06cJlY>KHBaHHH
6 XOPOWIDI aBTOMaTH3HPYCMOCTb 2 3 4
7 BbiCOKIDI rH6KocTb 1 3 4
8 Xopowall B03MO>KHOCTb HHTcrpaQHH 1 3 4
9 PaBHoMcpHOC TCMHepaTypHoe 2 3 4
pacrrpCJ\CJlCHHC
10 BbicoKali 6c30nacHoCTb 2 4 4
3KCIL1yaTaQHH
11 BbIcoKaJl VJ\eJIbHaJi MOHOCTb 2 4 4
12 J)bICTJ}bIH HarpeB 2 4 4
13 lleperpeB pacnnaBa 1 4
14 HavrnepO>KHBaHHe pacnnaBa 4 2 4
15 OrcyrCTBHe J\bIMa H nbIJIH 1 4 4
16 OrcvrCTBHe IIIYMa 1 3 4
17 OrcyrCTBHe nOTePb Tenna 2 3 4
18 XOPolIIee HCnOJIb30BaHHe CblPbJl 2 3 4
19 OrcyrCTBHe OTXOJ\OB 2 3 4
CYMMa 6aJ1J10B 35 59 76
3«j><tJeKTHBHOCTb cpaBHHBaeMbix 0.46 0,78 1.00
BapHalITOB
N2 IIIn KpHTepHH OQeHKH ra30BaJi lIeqb MH./IYKUIiOHHa5I l1.rICaJlbHhIh
lIeqb BaPHaHT
1 MaJlbIC HHBCCTHQ;OHHbIC 3aTJ}aTbi 3 2 4
2 MaJlbIC 3HCprerH'JeCKHC 3aTJ}aTbi 3 1 4
3 HH3KaJl nurpc6HOCn. B 2 3 4
06cJlY>KHBaIOCM ncPCOHaJle
4 MaJlaJi 3aHHMaCMaJi nnoaJ\b 3 4 4
5 HH3KaH nurpe6HOCTb B 2 3 4
TeXHOJlorliqeCKOM 06cJlY>KHBaHHIi
6 XOPolIIaJl aBTOMaTH3HpYCMOCn. 2 3 4
7 BbicoKaJl rH6KOCTI. 2 3 4
8 XOpOlIIaJlB03MO>KH 2 4
HlITerp3QHH 4
9 PaBHoMepHoeTeMlIepaTypHoe 2 4 4
pacnpeJ\eJleHHe
10 BbicoKaJl 6e30nacHoCTb 2
3KcnnyaT3QHH 4 4
II BblCOKali YJ\eJlbHaJI MOHOCTb 2 4 4
12 I)bICTPbIH HaroeB 2 4 4
13 OrcyrCTBHe J\bIMa H IIbIJJH 2 4 4
14 OTCYTCTBHe IlIYM3 2 3 4
15 OrcVTCTBHC nOTepb TelIJIOTbi 2 3 4
16 XopollIee HCnOJIb30BaHHe CblpbJl 2 3 4
,l.(OIIYCTHMOCTb 60JIbllIOrO
17 KOJlHqCCTB3 npHMeceH B 4 1 4
3arpyJKaeMOM MaTepHaJle
18 OrCyrCTBHe OTXOJ\OB 2 4 4
CYMMa 63JIJIOB 41 57 72
3«j>«j>eKTHBHOCTb cpaBHHBaeMbix 0,57 0,79 1,00
BaPHaHTOB
Ta6nulfa 8.3
CpaBHeHHe TexHH....ecKOH 31j1Ij1e...-rHBHOCTH p83JlH'lHbIX cnoco6oB HJIaBKH MenH H ee CHJJ8BOB
N2 KpHTepHH OQeHKH r a30BaJI ne'lb MH./IYKUHOHHaJI l11\eaJIbHbIH BapHaHT
IIIn THreJIbHaJI ne'lb
1 2 3 4 5
1 MaJlble HHBeCTHlHOHHbIe 3aTJ}aTbI 3 1 4
2 MaJlbIe 3HeprerH'lecKHe 3aTPllTbi 3 3 4
3 HH3K3J1 nurpe6HoCTb B 2 4 4
06cnVJKHBaIOeM nepCOHaJle
4 MaJlIDI 3aHHMaeMali !IJ101U3,1lb 2 4 4
5 HH3KaJl nurpe6HOCTb B 2 3 4
TeXHOJIOrHqecKoM 06cJIY>KHBaHHH
6 XopollIaJl aBTOMaTH3HpyeMOCTb 2 4 4
7 BblCOKaJI rH6KocTb 2 3 4
8 XopomaJi B03MOJKHOCTh HHTcrpaQHH 2 3 4
9 PaBHoMepHoeTeMneparypHoe 2 3 4
paclIpeJ\encHHe
10 BblcoKaJl 6e30naCHOCTb 2 4 4
3KcnnyaTaQHH
11 BblcoKali YJ\eJIbHaJi MOIIlHOCTb 2 4 4
12 I)bICTPbIH H3rpeB 2 4 4
13 OrCYfCTBHe J\l>IMa H I1bIJIH 1 3
14 OrcVTCTBHe IIIYMa 1 3 4
IS OrcvrCTBHe nOTepb TClIJIa 2 3 4
,[(aHHbIC KPHTepliH AOJ1)KHbI orrpe,z:J.CJ1HTbCJI no nacnop1"HbIM ,z:J.aHHbIM
060py.nOBaHHK, KOTOpbIC LlOJl)KHbI BbI,z:J.aBaTbC)\ 3aBo,z:J.aMlI-1I3rOTOBHTCJIJlMH
060pYAOBaHH}\. OUbIT rrpHMcHcHWl TCXHHqCCKOH oeHKH no DVI 2225 nOKa3bmaCT,
qTO, XOTJI C Pa3J1HqHbIX TOqCK 3peHHK OTAeJ1bHbIC nOKa3aTeJ1H OCHHBaIOTC}\ no-
pa3HOMY, npH CYMMHpoBaHHH 6aJIJ10B PC3YJ1bTHpyIOIUaK TCXHlIqCCKaJl
3$$eKTHBHOCn, OCTaCTCH IIOQTH HCH3MCHHOll.
Ta6nulfa 8.2
Cp8BHeHHe TeXHH'leCKOH 31j11j1CKTHBHOCTH p83JlH....HLlX cnoco60B HJJ8BKH ....yryH8
N2 KpHTepHH OQeHKH KoKCOBaJI MH./IYKlIHoHHaJi
nllI BaJl)3HKa THreJIbHaJi ne'lb I1.rr.CaJlLHbIH BapH3lIT
1 2 3 4 5
1 MaJlLIC HHBCCTHQHOHIILIC 3aTJ}3Tbl 2 3 4
2 MaJlLIC 3HCprerH'lecKHc 3aTJ}aTbi 3 1 4
3 HH3KaJI nurpe6H B 2 3 4
06CJIyJKHBaIOlUcM ncpcOHaJIC
198
199

OKOH'IGIil/e ma6.Q. 8.3
06'bCM
1 2 3 4 5
16 XODOWCC HcnonL30BaHHC CblDbJl 3 3 4
17 OrCY'fCTBHC OTXOLIOB 1 4 4
CVMMa 6annOB 35 53 68
34J4JCKTHBHOCTL cpaBHHBacMblx 0,51 0.78 1.00
BapHaHTOB
BII)!
CTO.n 3KcncpTHoH TCXHlICCKOii OCHKH HC .naCT CTOHMOCTHOM OCHKH
BbI6HpacMoro nJIaBHJIbHOrO 060pYLlOBaHHJI, n03TOMY OKOHqaTCJIbHOC pCIIlCHHC 0
BbJ60pc Toro I1JIH HHoro CJIC.nYCT npHHHMaTb C yqCTOM CC6CCTOHMOCTli nJIaBKH
MeTaJIJ10B.
06J13aTCJIbHblMli YCJIOBlIKMH npH conOCTaBJICHHH BapHaHToB BbI6HpacMoro
ITJ1aBlIJIbHOrO o60pY.L\oBaHHK .L\OJI)KHbI 6bITb:
· o,z:J.HHaKoBbIH XHMlIqCCKHH COCTaB BbInJIaBJIJlCMOrO MeTaJIJIa;
. O.L\HHaKOBaK npoH3BOLlHTeJIbHOCTb;
. ,L\OCTynHOCTb B pcrHOHC BbI611paCMbIX 3HcproHocHTeJICH;
. o.nHHaKOBOC BJIH}JHHC Ha 3KOJIOrHIO.
YLIeJlbHbli! pacxoLI
BcnOMoraTcnbHblX
MaTcpHanoB
pa
CTOHMOCTb:
nC'lcii;
llIHXTbi :
3HcprOHocHTcnci!;
BcnOMoraTcnbHblX
MaTepHanOB;
LIononHHTcnLHoro
nOLIorpcBa;
BcnoMoraTcnLHoH
3HcprHH
3arpaTbl Ha 4JOH.!I
onnan,1 rpYLIa
3arpaTbl Ha
3KonorHIO
8.4. MeTOLlHKa 4»HHaHcoBo-3KOHOMH'leCKoro Bbloopa
UJ1aBHJ1bHorO oOoPyoBaHHH
cTpYKTYpa
PIIC. 8.21. UCXOJ.\HbIC J.\aHHble MH paC'feTa ce6ecroHMOCTH "JlaBKH MeT8JIJlOB
Y.neJIbHbIC KanHTaJIbHbIC 3aTpaTbI onpc,ncmlOTCJI no BbIpa)KCHHIO
K
Ky.LI =n' (8.3)
r
3 :::: r KYJI + C,
(8.1)
r,nc K - KanHTaJIbHbIC BJIO)KCHHK (HHBecTHL\HlI) no BapHaHTaM, py6.; n r - ro,nOBa}\
np01l3BO.L\HTCJIbHOCTb llCqCH, T.
A6cOJIlOTHbIC KanHTaJIbHbIe BJIO)KCHHK onpe,nCJIJllOTCJI no BbIpa)KeHHJlM
K = K06 + KJJl' (8.4)
Ko6:::: Un + K11' + KM + Kn.H' (8.5)
r.nc Un - UCHa neqH H KOMITJ1eKTYIOlIlllX, py6.; K11' - 3aTpaTbI Ha TpaHcnopTHpOBKY
neqH.L\O nOTpC6HTCJIJI, py6.; KM - 3aTpaTbI Ha MOHTa)K nCqH, py6.; K n . H - 3aTpaTbI Ha
nYCKOHaJIa.nOqHbIC pa6OTbI, py6.; K'JI - nJIaTa 3a ITJ10LQaLlb, r,ne pa3MClUaeTCJI nCqb,
py6.; Ko6 - 3aTpaTbI Ha 060pY.L\OBaHHC, py6.
Ce6ecToHMOCTb BbInJIaBKlI 1 l' qyr}'Ha onpe.ncJIJleTcJI no BbJpa)KCHlilO
C :::: C M + C.. M . + C,.o + C,.. + C a + C p . o + C,.n + C"", (8.6)
r.nc C M .- CTOliMOCTb CblpbJl, py6.; C.. M - CTOHMOCTb BCnOMOraTeJIbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB
(rnaMoT, <PYTcpOBKa, 3JICKTpO.nbI, npHca.nKH), py6.; c..o - CTOliMOCTb 3HeproHOCIITCJICH
OCHOBHbIX, py6.; C,.. CTOHMOCTb BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX 3HcproHOCHTCJICH
(LlonOJIHlITCJIbHbIH nOLlorpcB, BcnOMOraTCJIbHa)\ 3HCpmJl, KHCJIOPOLl), py6.;
C a - aMOpTI13aUllOHHble OTqHCJICHHJI, py6.; C p . o - 33TpaTbI Ha pCMOHT H 06CJIHBaHHe,
py6.; C,.n - 3aTpaTbI Ha 3apa6oTHYIO nJIaTY, py6.; C"" - nnaTa 33 KpCLlHT, py6.
Bcc paCqCTbI CJIC.L\YCT BCCTH B y.nCJIbHbIX eLlHHHl\aX (Ha TOHHY ro.nHoro JIHTb}\).
Ha pOCo 8.21 npHBe.ncHbI HCxo.nHbIe ,naHHbIC, Hc06xo.L\HMbIC .nJIJI paCqCTOB no
Ka)K.!(OMY BapHaHry. Y.nCJIbHbIC npHBe.nCHHbIC 3aTpaTbI no BapHaHTaM onpc.nCJIJlIOTCJI
no BbIpa)KCHHIO
r,ne r - pCaJIbHa}\ npoCHTHaJi CTaBKa, O.C.; KYJI - y.nCJIbHblC KanHTaJIbHbIC 3aTpaTbI,
py6. r. I 1'; C - CC6eCTOHMOCTb BblITJ1aBKH 1 T qyr}'Ha, py6. I T.
PCaJIbHaK npOL\CHTHa}\ CTaBKa onpC.nCJI}\CTCSI no BbIpa)KCHHIO
E -6
r --!L-
- 1+6 '
(8.2)
r.L\C Eft - HOMHHaJIbHa}\ npocHTHaK CTaBKa, KOTOpaK npHHHMaeTC}\ B pa3MCpC CTaBKH
pc<pHHaHcHpOBaHlI}\ UE P<1>; 6 - Cpe.nHHH ypOBCHb HHl!>nJlL\HH.
201
200

AMOpnf3alHOHHbIe OTqHCJ1CHHJI onpC,L\CJIJlIOTC}\ no BbIpa)KCHHIO
C = K06 P .
a "I'
Ta611Ul(a 8.4
(8.7)
KpHTroHH KKI1rn ,lJ,ruCQHTI1 0IHTI1 rKI1
OC'H06Hwe xapaKmepucmUKU npOl(ecca
pe>KHM pa60Tbl HeIIDePLIBHLIH nePHOLIH'leCKHe nevHoLIH'leCKHH HenpePblBHblH
TellJJOnroeLIa'la KOKclraJIMeTaJlJI paLlltal(HJI HH.!IVKl(HJI raJIMeTaJIJI
npeLIBapHTeJILHblH He Tpe6YeTCII He Tpe6yercll He Tpe6YeTCII He Tpe6YeTCII
rrO.llorpeB
'lyrVH B 'lVll\KaX He me6VeTCII He TPe6YeTCII He TDe6VeTCII He me6YeTCII
BLILIa'la MeTIlJlJla HenpePLIBHall nevHolIH'leCKaJl nevHoLIH'leCKHe HenpePLIBHaJi
KHCJIblH (KHCJIblH) KHCJlblH KHCJIblH
rrpHMeHeHIIe \llJJaKa (OCHOBHOH) OCHOBHOH ( OCHOBHOH)
rrepeMeUIHBaHHe TepMO- TepMO- HH.I1YKTHBHO- TepMO-
paCmIaBa rnaBHTal\HOHHOe rpaBHTaWIOHHOe roaBHTal(HOHHOe rnaBHTal\HOHHOe
Y.I10 BJIeTB opn- BLICOKaJI Y.I10BJIeTBOpH-
rn6KOCTL BblCOKaJI
Te.%HaJI TeJILHaJi
MemaJlJlypZU'leCKUe xapaKmepucmUKU
CYJILmVOH3al\HII KOKC - - -
.lIeCVJILmvnal(ID1 OCHOBHOH \llJJaK He TPe6VeTCII OCHOBHOH IIIJIaK
nOTepH HeyrJIepO>KHBa.. 4 1 10
vrJIevo.lla, % BlUlHe
nOTepH 5 3 0 20
KpeMHillI, %
nOTepH 5 2 2 15
MapraHl\a, %
nOJIHble 2 5 I I
nOTepH, %
nOBTOplleMOCTh xOPoUlaJi XOOOUlall XOPOUlall XOPOUlaJI
HcnoJ/r."Jo6aHue "JHepzuu
3HeprOHOCHTeJIL IUlaBHJ1LHblH KOKC 3JIeKTD03Hep-rHJI 3JIeKTn03HeD-rHJI ra3
Kr/T 105,15 - -
KBT.qfT - 548 528 -
M'/T - - - 70
YOt!J/r.HNii pacxoo 6cnOMozameJlr.HNX MllmepuaJ/o6
maMOT, Kr/T - - - 8
oBKa, Kr/T 5 II 2 3
3JIeKTD0.I1L1, KJ"/T - 4,5 - -
nPHCa.I\KH, niT 33 20 - 15
0 20 M 3 /T 10 - -
BO)1JlHOe OXIla>K.I1eHHe He06xoLIHMO He06xo.I1HMo He06xo.I1HMo He06xo.llHMo
TeXHOJlOrHqeCKHeXapaKTepHCTHKH
r.nc p. - K03<p<pHlHeHT aMOpTlI3alHOHHbIX OTqHCJICHHH (roDl nJIaBHnbHbIX nCqCH
P.=O,066).
[haTa 3a KpC.nHT onpe,nCJIJlCTCJI no BbIpa)KeHHIO
C. p = Ky p. p ,
P"" = E H = 0,18.
3aTpaTbI Ha 3apa60THYIO nJIaTY
(8.8)
N
12zL S Mj
C - I R
3n - n PIj>OT'
,
(8.9)
r,z:J.c Z - qHCJ10 CMeH pa60TbI ncqH B CYTKH; N - qllCJIO 06CJIY)KHBaIOLQCrO nCpCOHaJIa;
S.._i - MCCJlqHaK 3apITJ1aTa o,nHoro pa60qero; f3cJxrr - K03$$HL\HeHT HaqHCJICHHH Ha
<1>OT f3I,356.
3aTpaTbI Ha pCMOHT H 06CJIHBaHHC onpC,L\CJIJlIOTCJI no BbIpa)Kc'HHIO
n
LN p ;3pi
C - I
p_n--n-'
,
(8.10)
r,nc N pi - KOJIHqeCTBO pCMOHTOB i-ro BO,na B ro.n; n - KOJIHqCCTBO Bn.nOB pCMOHTOB;
3 pi - 3aTpaTbI Ha OllHH pCMOHT i-ro Bn.na.
PaCCMOTpHM npHMepbI <pHHaHCOBO-3KOHOMHqeCKOrO BbI60pa nJIaBHJIbHoro
060Py.nOBaHHJI.
IIpHMcp 1. BbI6paTb nJIaBHJIbHOC 060PY,L\OBaHHe .nllil JIliTCHHOro lcxa
nOJIyqcHHJI ceporo 'iyr}'Ha B KOJIH'iCCTBC 60 000 l' B ro,n.
B KaqeCTBC ITJ1aBHJIbHbIX YCTaHOBOK MO)KHO BbI6paTb CJICLI)'lOLQHC:
· MOHonpouecc: KOKCOBaK KOJInaKOBaJi nCqb C ropJlqHM ,nYTbCM (KKnf}J,);
· ,z:J.ynJICKC-npouccc: ,z:J.yroBaJi nCqb llepeMCHHoro TOKa - .nBC cpe,z:J.HeqaCTOTHbIe
HHLlYKUHOHHbIC mreJIbHbIC nCqH (JJ.n I CqHm);
· MOHOIIPUCCC: LlBC CpCllHCqaCTOTHbIC HHLlYKUHOHHbIC THrCJIbHbIC nCtlH,
BKJIlOqCHHbIC no CXCMC ,nBOHHOro nHTaHHJI (CqJ{TIT);
. MOHOIIPOUCCC: ra30Ba}\ KonnaKOBaK nCqb (rKn).
npH pacqeTc npHHHMaJIHCb:
. HOMHHaJIbHa}\ npOUCHTHaK CTaBKa EH = 0,18;
. ypoBeHb HH<pJIJlII,lIH B = 0,12 (12 %);
. CTOHMOCTb 3JICKTp03HepmH 1,5 py6.1 KBT"q;
. CTOHMOCTb raJa 0,79 py6.1 M3;
. CTOliMOCTb KOKca 2800 py6. I 1';
. BbIXO,n rO,z:J.Horo MeTaJIJ1a 70 %, B03BpaTHbIc OTXOLlbI 30 %.
B Ta6JI. 8.4 npHBc,neHbI TCXHOJIOrnqCCKHC xapaKTCpHCTHKlI cpaBHHBacMbIx
BapHaHToB.
202
203
I
l

.
KDHTeDlfH KKllrJJ. I lliIICllllTll CQI1Tll r rKll
KanUmIJ//IIH",e 3umpam'"
I{HBeCTHHH, TbIC. Dv6. 77500 93000 51150 51615
CT3BK3 KPeJIIIT3, % 16 16 16 16
33Tp3ThI H3 IUIOIQ3J.!b, 775 775 775
TbIC. Dv6. 775
-.---
KanumanllH",e :lUmpamlll, py6./m (6"''''a6JIRe.JHOO Memll.l/J/a)
IUI3T3 33 KPelIHT 206,67 -
248 136,4 137.64
33maTbI H3 IUIOIQ3J.!b 12,92 12,92 12,92 ---...!b. 9 2 --
Hmoo: 219,59 260,92 149,32 150,56
CmoUMocmll MemllJl/la (XOJlO()HIlJI 3apY3Ka), py6./m
33roYJK3eMblH MeTaJJ.IJ 2836,5 2790 2356 .
4231,5
nQTeDH MeT3J1n3, % 2,00 5,00 1,00 1,00
IIOTeDH MeT3JL'l3 56,73 139,5 23,56 41,85
'lHCTI>IH IIJ)OJIVKT, % 70,00 70,00 70,00 70,00
Hmoo: 2030,5 2046 1658,S 2991,5
3KcflJlyamaquoHH",e pac.xo()III, py6./m
3HeoroHOCHTCJlb 294,42 822 792 55,3
JIOnOnHHTe.%HblH nOlIoroeB 0 23,87 0 0
IIpHC3J.!KH 22,94 13,95 0 11,47
Oz 38,75 0 0 Q,---
BcnoMor3TerrbH3H3rHH 19,22 15,19 15,19 19,22
cbvreDOBK3 44,64 42,47 7,75 71.3 __
06cnVJKHB3HHe 15,5 18,6 10,54 10,85
3JIeKTOOJIbi 0 96,1 0 0
3MOpTH33UHoHHbie 85,25 102,3 56,27
O'NHCneHHJI 56,78
IUI3T3 33 KPeJIHT 206,67 248 136,4 137,64
peMOfIT o6oPYlIOB3HHJI 25,83 31 1?,05 17,21
Hmozo: 753,22 1413,48 1035,2 379,77
06cnYJN:u6alOU{uu nepcoNWI
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IUIaBllilwnHK 4,65 4,65 4,65 4,65
3arnV3'1HK 7,75 3,72 2,48 7,75
MaCTep 3,41 3,41 3,41 3,41
Hmoo: 15,81 11,78 10,54 15,81
llOJlH",e 3ampam'" 6 py6./m
I 2853,24 I 3527,2 2754,15 I 3437,06
Ta6J1uqa 8.5
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3KcncpTHoro aHaJIH3a.
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ro,nHoro MCTaJIJ1a 51,5 %).
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. BarpaHKa C ClICTCMOii ra300qllCTKH - 4,5 MJIH py6.;
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. .nyrOBa}\ nc'"lb nOCTOHHHOI'O TOKa .n.nnT - 12 - 14 MJlH py6.;
. HH.nYKL\HOHHaK THrC1IbHa}\ nCqb LFD - 12 - 6,7 MJIH py6.
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C1.JHTfI 3TO CBJl3aHO C HaJIH'"IHeM B HX COCTaBe YCTpOifCTB y,naJIeHH}\ ITbIJ1H,
204
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205
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BapHaHT I Bapmuff 2 BapHaHT 3 BapHa'!f
I.{cHa, CTOH- CTOH- CTOH- CTOH-
HanMcHoBaHHc TbIC. Macca. MOCTL. Macca, MOCTb, Macca, MOCTb, Macca, MOCTb,
py61T TIT TbJC. TIT TbJC. TIT TMC. TIT TMC.
py6iT tJv6.IT py6./T py6.IT
B03BpaT 2,2 0,5274 1,16 0,75211 1.6546 1,0219 2,248 0,88452 1,946
l{YrYH nCDCJ1eJI. 3,13 0,4966 1,155 - - 0,51645 1,6164 - -
l{yryH 4 - - 1,1276 4,51
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OrXO.l1bJ CTaJIbHbIC 0,65 055882 0,363 - - 0,57369 0,3729 1,00853 0,65554
«I>epPOCIDIHQHH 9 0,06885 0,6196 0,02582 0,2324 0,05921 0,533 0,05172 0,4655
«I>eppoMapraHcQ 13,93 0,01855 0,2584 0,00727 0,1013 0,02105 0,293 0,00942 0,13122
«I>epPOXPOM 21,2 0,00084 0,0178 - - 0.00066 0,014 - -
Yrap, % 6% 0,214 6% 0,39 6,3% 0,32 4,8% 0,1535
BhIXOII rOIIHoro 57% 49,5% 45,6% 51,5%
flHTbJ!
Hmozo: 2,1593 3,41 2,46 1,726
PaCqeT CTOHMOCTH MaTepllaJlOB
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3HcproHOCHTeJIh: 0,964 1,0933
KOKC 0,9157 1,048
:mc HC ruJI 0,0482 0,04514
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3JIC 0,16 0,0341
Hmozo: 1,8224 2,004
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1,642
1,592
0,0497
0,2127
0,21
0,215
0,016
2,2957
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-- 2 3 4 5
I 0,32 0,15
0,214 0,39
nOTcpH ML'TaJLla 57% 49,5% 45,6% 51,S %
qHCTMH I1IJOIIY1<T, %
Hmozo: 2,1593 3,41 2,46 1,726
3KCnJljltlmal(I/onnwe O"CXOON mNe. PW./m 1.642 0,271
0,964 1,0933
;lHeproHOC HTC!lb 0,2974 0,4259 0,2127 0,4
ilpHC3JjKH 0,15
dJ7epoBKa 0,198 0,22 0,21
- 0,203 0,231 0,215 0,161
06c!lV)KHBaHHc 0,0341 0,016 -
3flCKTpO.l1bl 0,16
Hmozo: 1.8224 2,004 2,2957 0,982
06CJ11f6alOlUuit neDConll/l I -
I
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cTapmoo _MaCTep __. 4 3 2 4
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BarpaHml!K 9 -
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2 7 5
llIHxTOBmHK'-  -
5 6 3 -
lIillaKOBmHK 17 7 31
6
ruIaBIDIhll1HK 7 I 3 -
;arpY3qI!K 6 3ampamN nil 06CJlyu6alOU4u;, neDconll/l mNe. ov6.1m
(1)OH.r133pa6oTHOH ruIaTbl 373 388: g; 320
Hmozo: 0,25 0,26 , 0.236
llonnNe :lUmoumN mNe. py6.1m I 3,5725
Hmozo: I 4,4641 I 5,9328 I 5,5815
BapHaHT 4
0,271
0,271
0,4
0,15
0,161
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. HaHMCHbWHC 3aTpaTbI HMeCT BapHaHT C HHLlYKL\HOHHOn nCqblO; \
. YTBep)K.!(eHHe aBTopoB pa60ThI [8] 0 TOM, 'iTO ,lJ.ynJIeKC npOL\eCCbI BarpaHKa C
,lJ.pyrHMH neqaMH JIBJIJlCTC)\ nepCneKTHBHblM HanpaBJleHHCM AJI}\ HTCHHbIX UC:B
He nOATBep)K)laeTcJI, no,nTBCp)K.!(aeTCB paHcc c.l1CJIaHHbIH BbIBO,lJ., 0
nepClleKTHBHOe HallpaBJICHHC MOLlCpHH3aL\HH JIliTCHHbIX lexoB - 3TO ncpexoLl Ha
lIHL1YKHOHHbJC nCqH.
B Ta6J1. 8.8 npHBe,neH pacqeT CC6ecTOHMocTH nJIaBKH no BapliaHTaM.
0,982
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I
48,1
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0,2977
0,3308
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4,8%
207

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L.IJ'J

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