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CONTENTS
Предисловие ……………………………………………………………….
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About the author…………………….………………………………………….
About the novel …………………………………..……………………..……...
The theme of orphanhood in fiction …………………………………….……...
Unit 1. Chapters 1-3 ……………………………………………………………
Unit 2. Chapters 4, 5 …………………………………………………………...
Unit 3. General Revision …………………………………………….……….
Unit 4. Chapters 6, 7 …………………………………………..………………
Unit 5. Chapters 8-10 …………………………….……………………………
Unit 6. Chapters 11-13 ……………………………………..………………..
Unit 7. General Revision ………………………………………………………
Unit 8. Chapters 14-16 ……………………………………………………...
Unit 9. Chapters 17-19 …………………………….………………………….
Unit 10. Chapters 20-22 …………………………...…………………………...
Unit 11. General Revision ……………………………………………………...
Unit 12. Chapters 23, 24 …………………………..…………………………...
Unit 13. Chapters 25-27 …………………………..…………………………...
Unit 14. Chapters 28-32 …………………………………………..…………...
Unit 15. Joint Project Work ……………………………….…………………...
Unit 16. Open Discussion ……………………………………………………...
Basic Lexicon …………………………………………………………………..
Basic Grammar Reference ……………………………………………………..
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About the author
JUST BREATHING ISN’T LIVING
Eleanor Emily Hodgman Porter (1868 – 1920)
Born a second child to the family of the earliest New England
pilgrims’ descendents, a successful Littleton (New Hampshire)
apothecary and furs dealer Francis Fletcher Hodgman and his wife Lewella, Eleanor
Emily Hodgman grew a frail girl with susceptibility to illnesses and musical
endowments. This brought her to the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston,
with the perspective of becoming a pianist. An unfortunate accident causing wrist
fracture upset her further career in the chosen field so that she had to change
specialization to that of a singer. After marriage to John Lyman Porter, a Vermont
businessman, the family spent some years choosing the place and working in
Chattanooga (Tennessee), New York City and Springfield (Vermont) before finally
settling as permanent residents in Cambridge (Massachusetts). It was there and then
that E.E.H. Porter gave up her musical pursuit in favour of writing short stories for
magazines under the pseudonym Eleanor Stewart.
Though not very soon, she started publishing her first novels (“Cross Currents”
1907, “Turn of the Tide” 1908, “The Story of Marco” 1911). When in 1913 there
appeared a book which made E.E.H. Porter a celebrity in her own country and world
over with the fame that outlived the writer a century, Eleanor (Hodgman) Porter was
already an avowed writer with the two books of her famous trilogy about Billy
(“Miss Billy” 1911, “Miss Billy’s Decision” 1912, followed by “Miss Billy Married”
in 1914). But “Pollyanna”, which stayed on the American best-seller list for two
years, is considered a “Publishing phenomenon”.
It was a tremendous success. By the end of E.E.H. Porter’s life in 1920 the
book had survived forty seven editions. There appeared “Pollyanna’s Clubs”. The
novel was screened by the Walt Disney Productions, starring extremely famous
actors. Later there appeared two more not any less popular remakes. The musical
“Pollyanna” conquered Broadway. The play was staged in numerous theatres.
Manufacturers created a doll, called Pollyanna. Computer technologists produced a
“Pollyanna” computer game.
On readers’ demands E.E.H. Porter wrote a sequel “Pollyanna grows up” and
further on kept publishing at least one novel a year. Out of her fifteen books six were
recognized as best-sellers. “Just David” (1916), “The Road to Understanding” (1917),
“Oh, Money, Money” (1918), “Dawn” (1919), “Mary-Maria” (1920) still enjoy
popularity among reading public.
The interest of the readers was so genuine and the desire to create a longer tale
tracing Pollyanna’s further life so great, that after E. Porter’s death her publishers
engaged other writers to develop the story and untwist the intrigue. Thus there
appeared twelve more “Glad Books” written by H. Smith, E. Borton, M. Chalmers
and V. Moffitt in which Pollyanna got married, found new goals in life, travelled
places and helped people to see the brighter side of life.
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About the novel
A REMEDY FOR DEPRESSION
Published three quarters of a century later than
Ch. Dickens’s “Oliver Twist” and a quarter of a
century later than M. Twain’s “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”, “Pollyanna” though
obviously much simpler than these and some other novels delving into the theme of
an orphaned child, still fits in the line. Although Pollyanna’s fate is not so dramatic as
Oliver’s, and her adventures are not so amusing as Tom’s, her cheerful disposition,
light-heartedness and the ability to always expose the brighter side of things make her
attractive and admirable.
At times naïve, taking things at their face value, in other cases too intrusive and
imposing, Pollyanna is eager and ready to make everyone comfortable (even if at
other people’s expense). She firmly believes in a better future for all people and does
not spare the trouble to find ways out of their deadlocks. However, this “Pollyanna
principle” – to look for the good and keep optimistic no matter what – turns out
ambivalent.
Undoubtedly, positive thinking which Pollyanna’s father taught her is the best
way to cope with unhappy situations. It is not by chance that this strategy serves the
basis for contemporary psychotherapeutic treatment – positive psychotherapy. On the
other hand, the philosophy of blind optimism which means turning a blind eye to
what is harmful and which is ascribed to Pollyanna Whittier, never proves helpful.
The social message addressed to suffering people as well as the readers may be
interpreted in the nowadays very current statement “everything could be worse”.
People suffering tragedies in their lives need not empty words of bad outcomes
denial, but considerate, comforting, and supportive attitude. It seems, positive
thinking implies perceiving things for what they are, thus recognizing both – positive
and negative reality. Its core quality consists in founding internal balance and
harmony with the outer world, which is not an easy matter.
Most obviously, it was the authoress’ intention to reframe people’s perspective
to perceive and assess life in brighter colours that made her novel tremendously
catching. There is no denying the fact that with her sunny personality, openheartedness, sincerity and ingenuousness Pollyanna has become sensationally popular
in E. Porter’s country. There appeared Pollyanna “Glad Clubs” in which people were
taught to practice “the glad game” as a sadness solving tool, and Pollyanna theatres.
Official Pollyanna Glad Days are held annually in June in Littleton, New Hampshire.
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THE THEME OF ORPHANHOOD
IN FICTION
“Every novel is about orphan-hood,
at least in figurative or imaginary sense”
Marthe Robert
People’s concern with abandoned children
reflected in myths and folklore has found its way to
fiction of many diverse cultures. Though the ways of
exposing and assessing this social phenomenon may
differ, which to a great extent depends on traditional world outlooks and certain
societal conventions, obviously, its core and pathos show lots of similarities both in
fairytales and fantasies as well as other literary genres. Abandoned children and
orphans have been an apparent and recurring motif in literature for centuries, which is
traceable with such classical examples as Cinderella, Little Snow-White, Pippi
Longstocking.
The tendency to make an orphan central character, and monitor their ways up
and their lives after is most prominent in all of Ch. Dickens’s novels. It also enjoys
popularity with Ch. Brontë and Th. Hardy, J. Austen and G. Eliot, J. Webster and M.
Twain. Biographers attribute the plausibility of their narrations to life experience,
since many of the mentioned novelists, as well as fairytales’ writers – the Grimm
brothers and H.Ch. Andersen – had to suffer through the despair of being neglected
because of the loss of one or both parents. This, naturally, forced them to navigate
their ways overcoming the unavoidable obstacles and hardships. So they had the
unhappy opportunity to learn them from the inside.
It takes little effort to account for the orphan-hood phenomenon overwhelming
interest in previous centuries since it used to be the fact of life then. Nowadays the
social situation has changed, and so has the problem. Since it has not been extinct
entirely, people are seeking explanations for the mystery of the interest revival, as
orphans continue to appear in fiction. Contemporary writers – J. Aiken, J. Lowery
Nixon, Ph. Pullman, G. McCaughrean still make them central characters mirroring
and hyperbolizing society problems. The late nineties of the previous century
witnessed another outburst of interest for the fate of orphaned children. About twenty
years ago, exactly in 1997 J. K. Rowling exploded the world publishing the first book
of a long sequel featuring Harry Potter “to wake up famous” and … wealthy.
We will probably have to admit it is due to the kind of personality an orphan
character presents. They are abandoned and lonely, enjoying and abusing false
freedoms, very often emotionally insecure. When trying to penetrate into the core of
the problem one may clearly comprehend that the sense of independence these
fictional characters demonstrate, the romanticism of seemingly adventurous lives
they live are by far exceeded by various kinds of deprivation caused by the absence
of parental love and care. Though strong and dignified at first sight, deep in their
hearts they are extremely vulnerable. They have to go through a labyrinth of
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experiences, and life’s threats learning their own often tragic lessons of selfdiscovery and self-reliance.
Nowadays scholars often say that orphan characters in literature mirror the state of
society, particularly reflecting people’s emotional solitude and physical isolation.
Don’t these stories then play a much greater role than that of mere entertainment for
children? Aren’t they a relentless quest for the roots of some social and psychological
problems?
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Unit 1
chapters 1, 2, 3
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Practice pronouncing the following words:
composure, repose, explanation, refuge, remonstrance, sufficient, drapery, gingham,
sympathy, anxiously, opportunity, question, toward
2. Give the English for the following Russian expressions:
убежище, сострадание, портьеры, обладать достаточно сильным характером,
гордиться чем-либо, укрепить самообладание, приготовить радушный прием,
протест (возражение), задавать вопросы обеспокоенно, полосатое (или
клетчатое) платье, преданный слуга, спокойные манеры, быть одиноким (сам по
себе), требовать объяснений, найти возможность, благожелательно принимать
сочувствие, преданный слуга, быть в наилучших отношениях, удостовериться,
обладать достаточно сильным характером, неприятная неожиданность, делать
что-либо в помощь, гордиться чем-либо, исполнять свой долг, сострадание,
искренняя гордость за семью, утюг, непрерывный поток пояснений и вопросов
3. Explain the meaning of the following words and collocations. Use them in
sentences:
composure, remonstrance, aching sympathy, refuge, to perform one’s duty, to be by
oneself, to make sure, to do smth toward smb’s support, to be on the best of terms,
sufficient strength of character, opportunity, unpleasant surprise
4. Translate the following collocations into English:
to pride oneself on doing something, to add to one’s composure, to ask for attention,
remonstrance, an uninterrupted string of comments and questions, to demand
anxiously, to find an opportunity, to perform one’s duty, to be on the best of terms, to
make sure, honest pride in the family, an unpleasant surprise, to have sufficient
strength of character
5. Attribute the following word combinations to characters and situations:
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to perform one’s duty, a loyal servant, aching sympathy, to prepare a welcome for, an
unpleasant surprise, to ask for explanation, repose of manner, to do something toward
somebody’s support, to be by oneself, to make sure, to find an opportunity, to ask for
attention, to welcome somebody’s advice
6.
Make up situations, using three expressions, given below:
to find an opportunity, an unpleasant surprise, to ask for explanation
to pride oneself on, to perform one’s duty, aching sympathy
prepare a welcome for, to make sure, to be on the best of terms,
to add to one’s composure, to demand anxiously, to be by oneself
to do something toward somebody’s support, refuge, to find an opportunity
a loyal servant, to perform one’s duty, to ask for attention
to add to one’s composure, remonstrance, to have sufficient strength of
character
honest pride in the family, to welcome somebody’s sympathy, to find an
opportunity
an uninterrupted string of comments and questions, to ask for explanation to
demand anxiously
an unpleasant surprise, to have a sufficient strength of character, repose of
manner
to be by oneself, to have a sufficient strength of character, to welcome
somebody’s sympathy
to find an opportunity, to do something toward somebody’s support, to
welcome somebody’s sympathy
to welcome somebody’s advice, to make sure, to ask for explanation
to ask for advice, to add to one’s composure, to pride oneself on doing
something
7. Render the following statements in English:
1. Мисс Полли жила одиноко. Казалось, она не испытывала нужды в чьей-либо
компании или в чьем-то совете. Она была сильной женщиной, спокойной и
гордой. 2. Приезд племянницы оказался для нее неприятной неожиданностью.
Но она считала необходимым выполнить свой долг. 3. Поли гордилась тем, что
она решила как-то помочь девочке, оставшейся без родителей. Ее дом должен
был стать убежищем для племянницы. Она намеревалась честно исполнить
свой долг. 4. Нельзя сказать, что девочке был приготовлен хороший прием.
Комната ее была в мансарде под крышей. В ней не было красивой мебели и
штор. И это стало для нее неприятным сюрпризом: ее ожидания тепла и уюта
не оправдались. 5. В доме Мисс Поли всегда был порядок. Она требовала
внимания и повиновения от слуг, которые были ей преданны и выполняли свои
обязанности с усердием. 6. У Поллианны был хороший характер. Она всегда
находила возможность чем-то заняться. Она живо интересовалась всем
происходящим и могла долго играть одна. 7. Поллианна быстро подружилась с
прислугой. Она всегда с удовольствием слушала советы кухарки. А та, в свою
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очередь, старалась облегчить жизнь девочки в не особенно гостеприимном
доме тети Поли. 8. Мисс Поли не особенно нравилось, что в ее доме поселилась
племянница. Девочка задавала много вопросов. Она беспрестанно о чем-то
говорила и вносила хаос в когда-то мирное существование тети Поли. 9. Нэнси
глубоко сострадала девочке. И вскоре между ними установились очень
дружеские отношения. К тому же у Поллианны был очень сильный характер.
10. Нэнси всегда старалась сделать что-нибудь, чтобы помочь Поллианне
приспособиться к жизни в чужом доме. Она искренне сочувствовала девочке. А
та, в свою очередь, благожелательно относилась к ее сочувствию. 11. У
Поллианны была игра – искать во всем хорошее. Это помогало ее укрепить
самообладание даже в очень сложных ситуациях. Поэтому со всеми
окружающими она всегда была в самых лучших отношениях. 12. Поллианна
привыкла жить небогато, поэтому рассказы о доме и состоянии ее тети
пробудили в ней интерес и надежду на лучшее. Она нуждалась в заботе и тепле.
И Нэнси, зная характер Мисс Поли сама постаралась приготовить девочке
теплый прием. 13. Нэнси искренне сострадала Поллианне. Однако ее
бесконечные разговоры и вопросы могли утомить кого угодно. Но Нэнси была
горничной и выполняла все свои обязанности хорошо.
Character study
1. Introduce the characters and account for the impression they produce:
Polly Harrington, Pollyanna Whittier, Nancy, Tom (the gardener), Timothy
Focus on the text
1. Outline the situation: say what is in the centre of the intrigue and describe the
foregoing events, predetermining the present situation
2. Describe the place of the action: its location, nature, accommodations
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Answer the questions:
What made Pollyanna leave her home place and join her aunt Polly?
Did she have to travel a far way?
Who helped the girl to reach the destination?
Who met her at the station?
Why do you think Miss Polly didn’t go to meet her niece herself?
What anticipations did the girl cherish on her way to the new residence?
Was she eager to meet her new relative? How is it made evident?
What did she experience on learning that Nancy was not her aunt?
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9. Was she easy to console? Why?
10.What were Nancy’s feelings toward the girl?
11.How did she express her attitude to the girl’s destiny?
12.Was Pollyanna a cheerful little creature? What helped her to keep her temper
so well-conditioned?
4.
Reproduce the situations:
Miss Polly learns about her niece’s arrival
Nancy is making preparations for the girl’s appearance
Nancy is meeting Pollyanna at the station
5.
Comment on
Miss Polly’s attitude to the situation
The servants’ view of the situation
Pollyanna’s perception of the situation
6. Single out the most important happenings revealed in the second chapter.
Arrange them in a chronological order.
When marking off and wording the events described, it is important to keep in mind
that all the points of the outline should be formulated on a unified structural pattern.
in sentences:
1. Polly Harrington gets a letter, notifying of her niece’s arrival.
2. She considers the situation and admits of her duty towards the girl.
3. Miss Polly orders Nancy to clear the room in the attic.
4. Nancy feels sympathy toward the girl and intends to prepare a warm welcome
for her.
in nominative phrases:
1) Polly Harrington’s irritation at receiving a letter
2) Miss Polly’s decision to do her duty;
3) preparations for meeting the niece
in participial constructions:
1) getting a letter and feeling an unpleasant surprise;
2) recalling bygone grievance;
3) making a decision;
4) giving orders about the house
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7. Give a short summary of the events described in chapters 1, 2, 3.
UNIT 2
chapters 4, 5
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the English for the following Russian expressions:
иметь удовольствие, (боязливо) затаить дыхание, с искренним удивлением, с
очевидным напряжением для собственного тщеславия, смотреть сразу во все
стороны, поразительно захватывающая проблема, сделать замечательное
открытие, слушать сосредоточенно, переживать последствия, научиться быть
пунктуальным, радостно, ликующе скакать, весело пообещать, видеть в чем-то
неприятную проблему, смелые попытки, заявить раздраженно, торжествовать,
отстаивать с энтузиазмом, обнять восторженно / нежно, рассчитывать на
2. Explain the meaning of the following words. Think of examples with these
words: vanity, wonder, consequences, discovery, cheerfully, triumphantly,
affectionate, intently, frank, trouble, attempts
3. Give the missing derivatives and grammatical forms of the words
in table I
Derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word by
adding up affixes – suffixes like in the following examples: time – timely, timeless; or
prefixes: pleasure – displeasure. The resulting outcome is called a derivative.
Grammatical formations are built up with the help of inflections, like in the following
cases: to remember – remembering, remembered.
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Table I
Noun
derivatives
verb
adjective
to breath
adverb
grammatical forms
participle I participle II
pleasure
wonderful
exciting
to suffer
intently
to declare
punctual
to declare
triumphantly
Vanity
promised
cheerfully
consequence
4. Translate the following collocations into Russian:
to listen intently, to look in all directions (at once), to promise cheerfully, to give a
rapturous hug, to learn to be punctual, to exult triumphantly, in frank wonder,
wondrously exciting problem, to count on, to make a wonderful discovery, to
maintain enthusiastically, to have the pleasure of , to draw one’s breath
(tremulously), evident strain of vanity, to see trouble about,
to suffer the
consequences, to declare irritably, to skip gleefully, brave attempts, to give an
affectionate hug
5. Attribute the following collocations to characters and situations:
to look in all directions (at once), to give an affectionate hug, to have the pleasure of,
to learn to be punctual, to make a wonderful discovery, to maintain enthusiastically,
to suffer the consequences, in frank wonder, brave attempts, to count on
6. Make up situations, using expressions, given below:
to promise cheerfully, brave attempts, to have the pleasure of , to see trouble about,
to suffer the consequences, to make a wonderful discovery, to exult triumphantly,
wondrously exciting problem, to count on, to look in all directions
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Focus on the text
1. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the formulas of
agreement and disagreement.
agreement
disagreement
It’s true;
I’m afraid, it’s not so;
I fully agree with (you / the statement / I cannot accept this;
this opinion);
I don't think so;
I’m of the same opinion;
No way (strong);
I think so (too)
I'm afraid I disagree;
Exactly so;
I totally disagree (strong);
What a coincidence (of opinions / ideas) Not necessarily;
As far as I am concerned;
I'd say the opposite (strong);
The way I see it;
No, I'm not so sure about that;
In my opinion;
That’s not the case;
That's just the case
I wouldn’t say so
duality or doubt
On the one hand … on the other ….;
There is something in what you say;
I am not sure about it;
I am in two minds;
It’s nonsense (strong);
This is only partially true.
1. Miss Polly Harrington was an elderly lady with a big family to take care of. 2. She
was on the best of terms with her kin and in-laws. 3. She was stern and demanding
with her domestics. 4. Brought up with three younger children in the family, Nancy
was glad to welcome Pollyanna thinking of the happiness children brought to
relations. 5. Miss Polly shared her mood and asked her to prepare the best room for
her recently orphaned niece. 6. Miss Polly read and reread the letter informing her of
her niece’s arrival, which came as a surprise. 7. Though she liked being by herself,
and preferred quiet, the girl’s appearance might relieve the monotony of her life. 8.
She delegated the task of meeting Pollyanna to her maid Nancy because she wanted
to concentrate on the task of welcoming the girl at home. 9. She was absolutely sure
that it was her duty to help the little girl who had found herself in a predicament. 10.
The old gardener was also glad to see the girl though he couldn’t fancy how Polly
Harrington would cope with the task of child upbringing. 11. He used to know
Pollyanna’s Jennie and he seemed to love her. 12. He also witnessed Miss Polly’s
better days when she was young, pretty and happy.
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3. Answer the questions:
1. How did Miss Polly meet her niece? 2. What were her motives to accept the girl in
her home? Was it out of pity, the kinship feelings or social and moral duty? 3. How
did she treat the girl? Was she right in this approach to treating a child? How can it be
explained? 4. Was Pollyanna enthusiastic about the perspective of residing with her
aunt? What did she exult at in this situation? 5. What hopes did the girl cherish on
entering the house and later climbing the stairs? 6. Why do you think Miss Polly
forbade Pollyanna to speak about her father? 7. Were there things that irritated Miss
Polly about Pollyanna’s behaviour? 8. How did Polly Harrington try to justify her
choice of the worst room in the house for тук niece’s bedroom? 9. Did Pollyanna like
her bedroom? Why so? 10. Who helped Pollyanna to unpack? 11. What attire did the
girl bring with her? Were the dresses new and beautiful? What does this fact show?
12. What consolation did Pollyanna find on a more detailed inspection of the room?
Did it cheer her up in some way? 13. What discovery did she make on looking out of
the window? Did it add up to her consolation? How and why? 14. What decision did
she make on this discovery? 15. What was the general order of serving supper in
Miss Polly’s house? 16. What causes her irritation this time? How can you account
for it? 17. How did she attempt to teach her niece to be punctual? Do you think this
measure was a success? Why? 18. How did Nancy find Pollyanna?
4. Give an outline of the plot development of chapters 4 and 5. Formulate
the points of the plot in complete sentences or nominative phrases.
follow the patterns : A. 1. Polly Harrington gets a letter
2. Nancy prepares a welcome
or
B. 1. Miss Harrington’s surprise at getting a letter
2. Pollyanna’s arrival
5. Compose two right and two wrong statements on the contents of
chapters 4 and 5.
6. Discuss your statements with the classmates.
13
UNIT 3
general revision
Vocabulary revision
1. Give the English for the following Russian collocations:
требовать объяснения, неприятный сюрприз, быть в наилучших отношениях,
выражение протеста, благожелательно принимать совет, исполнять свои
обязанности, удостовериться, непрерывный поток пояснений и вопросов,
сострадание, найти возможность, иметь удовольствие, с искренним
удивлением, смотреть сразу во все стороны, поразительно захватывающая
проблема, сделать замечательное открытие, научиться быть пунктуальным,
видеть в чем-то неприятную проблему, переживать последствия, смелые
попытки, отстаивать с энтузиазмом, рассчитывать на
2. Say in what situation a person may or may not have to:
welcome smb’s advice, perform one’s duty, ask for explanation, listen intently, learn
to be punctual, maintain something enthusiastically, exult triumphantly, make brave
attempts, look in all directions, suffer the consequences
3. Read and translate the sentences with the active vocabulary:
1) Miss Polly did not usually make hurried movements; she specially prided herself
on her repose of manner. 2) Miss Polly took out once more the letter which she had
received two days before from the faraway Western town, and which had been so
unpleasant a surprise to her. 3) There were people who had openly pitied her lonely
life, and who had urged her to have some friend or companion to live with her; but
she had not welcomed either their sympathy or their advice. 4) Miss Polly was glad
that she was a good woman, and that she not only knew her duty, but had sufficient
strength of character to perform it. 5) It was when Timothy was unloading the trunk
that Nancy found an opportunity to mutter her reprimand in his ear. 6) ‘Pollyanna,’
said her aunt sharply, ‘there is one thing that might just as well be understood right
away at once; and that is, I do not care to have you keep talking of your father to me.’
The little girl drew in her breath tremulously. 7) Most eagerly of all her mind turned
to the wondrously exciting problem about to be solved: behind which of all these
fascinating doors was waiting now her room—the dear, beautiful room full of
curtains, rugs, and pictures, that was to be her very own? 8) Pollyanna had made a
wonderful discovery—against this window a huge tree flung great branches. 9) No,
Nancy, you need not call Pollyanna’ Miss Polly added severely, as Nancy made a
move toward the hall door. ‘I told her what time supper was, and now she will have
to suffer the consequences. 10) She may as well begin at once to learn to be punctual.
When she comes down she may have bread and milk in the kitchen.’ 11) “ Well, I
like bread and milk, and I’d like to eat with you, Nancy. I don’t see any trouble about
14
being glad about that,’ Pollyanna declared cheerfully. 12) Quite as a matter of course,
Pollyanna came straight to her aunt’s side and gave her an affectionate hug.
Vocabulary extension: figurative language
ANIMAL IDIOMS
a lame duck
= an unsuccessful person in need of help
dog-tired
= very exhausted
let the cat out of the bag = reveal the secret
every dog has its day
= everyone will get one’s chance
as poor as a church mouse = very poor
take the bull by the horns = to take decisive and direct actions
apply these idioms to appropriate situations from the book
compose short stories implying the sense of these idioms to let
the class guess what idiom is meant
Grammar consolidation:
English tense forms
(to do these tasks turn to Basic Grammar References)
1. Complete the sentences, following the pattern:
Pollyanna is a pretty little girl
Nancy is…
Aunt Polly ……..
Tom is …….
Miss Polly’s house ……
Pollyanna’s room ……….
The garden, surrounding the house ………
Pollyanna’s disposition ………
The view from the window ……
The girl’s expectations …….
Miss Polly’s intentions …….
2. Turn these sentences into the past tense form
15
3. Translate the sentences into English:
1) Мисс Поли была рада, что поселила Полианну в мансарде. 2) Нэнси
объяснила Мисс Поли, что она не нашла Полианну в своей комнате. 3)
Садовник сказал, что девочка убежала в поле. 4) Полианна сказала Нэнси, что
отец научил ее играть в замечательную игру. 5) Она рассказала, как это все
произошло. 6) Полианна была рада, что приехала к тете Поли. 7) Тетя Поли не
сожалела о том, что на ужин девочка поела только хлеб с молоком. 8) Полианна
не расстроилась, что ей пришлось ужинать в кухне. 9) Она сказала тете, что она
всегда любила молоко и хлеб. 10) Мисс поли была очень удивлена, что девочка
пришла ее поблагодарить за скудный ужин.
4. Make up short stories on the following situations:
1)Pollyanna’s arrival; 2) Pollyanna’s expectations; 3) Pollyanna’s disappointment; 4)
Pollyanna’s positive thinking ; 5) Pollyanna’s memories of her family ; 6) Miss
Polly’s irritation on reading the letter; 7) Miss Polly’s household; 8) circumstances in
Nancy’s family; 9) Nancy’s attitude to her job; 10) Nancy’s reaction to Pollyanna’s
suggestion of the Good game.
* Be careful about the grammar patterns you use
Focus on the text
1. Answer the questions:
1. What is Miss Polly’s family name? 2. How old is she? 3. How old she was when
her family split up? 4. What was the reason of this break? 5. In what state did Miss
Polly live? 6. How old was Pollyanna? 7. What was Pollyanna’s mother’s name? 8.
What was Pollyanna’s family name? 9. What was the date of Pollyanna’s arrival? 10.
At what time was the train due? 11. What was the family name of the people who
helped Pollyanna to travel the far way? 12. What was the organization that had taken
care of Pollyanna before she came to Beldingsville? 13. What could Pollyanna see
from her room window? 14. What was Pollyanna’s wonderful discovery? 15. At what
time did they have supper at Miss Harrington’s?
2. Recall the details of:
the Harrington family break
the circumstances that made Nancy look for a job
Timothy and Nancy meeting Pollyanna
Nancy’s refusal to leave the job at Miss Polly’s
the aunt and the niece’s firs meeting
Pollyanna’s first impression of the house
Pollyanna’s consolation
Nancy getting to know the Glad Game
Pollyanna’s learning the Glad Game
supper in the kitchen
16
3. Discuss the following:
the family quarrel over Jennie’s marriage
Miss Polly’s turns of the fate (as told by the gardener)
Miss Polly’s demands for obedience
Pollyanna’s flexibility in adjusting to circumstances
Focus on reading
1. Practice reading the following combinations of words. Observe the
rules of pronunciation.
the nearest tree-branch, at the back of the house, at the top of which, beside the huge
rock, at the moment, in the world, the top of that big rock, out of breath, the path that
ran, through the open field, she was thinking, she was thinking
2. Listen to the recorded text and mark the intonation.
Pollyanna had made a wonderful discovery—against this window a huge tree
flung great branches. To Pollyanna they looked like arms outstretched, inviting her.
Suddenly she laughed aloud. ‘I believe I can do it,’ she chuckled. The next moment
she had climbed nimbly to the window ledge. From there it was an easy matter to step
to the nearest tree-branch. Then, clinging like a monkey, she swung herself from limb
to limb until the lowest branch was reached. The drop to the ground was — even for
Pollyanna, who was used to climbing trees — a little fearsome. She took it, however,
with bated breath, swinging from her strong little arms, and landing on all fours in the
soft grass. Then she picked herself up and looked eagerly about her.
She was at the back of the house. Before her lay a garden in which a bent old
man was working. Beyond the garden a little path through an open field led up a
steep hill, at the top of which a lone pine tree stood on guard beside the huge rock. To
Pollyanna, at the moment, there seemed to be just one place in the world worth being
in — the top of that big rock. With a run and a skilful turn, Pollyanna skipped by the
bent old man, threaded her way between the orderly rows of green growing things,
and — a little out of breath — reached the path that ran through the open field. Then,
determinedly, she began to climb. Already, however, she was thinking what a long,
long way off that rock must be, when back at the window it had looked so near!
Fifteen minutes later the great clock in the hallway of the Harrington
homestead struck six. At precisely the last stroke Nancy sounded the bell for supper.
One, two, three minutes passed. Miss Polly frowned and tapped the floor with
her slipper. A little jerkily she rose to her feet, went into the hall, and looked upstairs, plainly impatient. For a minute she listened intently; then she turned and swept
into the dining room.
3. Read the text out loud.
17
UNIT 4
chapters 6, 7
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Pronounce the following words:
Apologize, irresistible, enthusiasm, vouchsafe, experience, relaxation, precipitation,
porte-cochere, rapturous, triumphant, consequences, wondrously, conglomerate
2. Give the English for the following Russian expressions:
особая награда за заслуги, очевидное нежелание, подталкиваемый
непреодолимой силой, затаить дыхание, извиниться застенчиво, величественно
пересечь комнату, вспышка сильного воодушевления, разнородные предметы,
делать по очереди, удостоить (соизволить), дерзкий, волнующий опыт, чувство
безвольного расслабления, восхитительный разговор, делать что-то бездумно,
веранда для загара над входом в дом, шуба из меха морского котика, давать
приятное ощущение, вздох удовлетворения, с одинаковой опрометчивостью,
3. Explain the meaning of the following expressions:
to catch one’s breath, visible reluctance, conglomerate garments, to take turns, portecochere, with (equal) precipitation, to do something without thinking
4. Translate the following collocations into Russian
to apologize timidly, to do something without thinking, to give a pleasant sensation, a
special reward of merit, with equal precipitation, to be impelled by irresistible force,
to cross the room majestically, to take turns, a sigh of content, sun parlor built over
the porte-cochere, impertinent, visible reluctance, to catch one’s breath, conglomerate
garments, to vouchsafe, the feeling of limp relaxation, an exciting experience,
sealskin coat, a delightful talk
5. Do a substitution drill, filling in the marked position of the collocation:
to give a sigh of content (relief, dissatisfaction, gratitude, understanding,
support, grief, expectation, boredom, joy, disagreement)
to give / produce / arouse a pleasant sensation (strange, unexpected, surprising,
wonderful, boring, tiresome, frightening, calming, intriguing)
to promise cheerfully (enthusiastically, calmly, tiredly, reluctantly, warmly,
eagerly, straightforwardly, clearly, unexpectedly, abruptly, convincingly)
18
to maintain enthusiastically (eagerly, secretly, devotedly, enthusiastically,
clearly, wholeheartedly, persistently, openly, reluctantly, persuasively)
6. Compile a sentence with one of the practiced collocations and expand it
into a situation, giving the reasons of the described state.
Follow the pattern: a surprising sensation- It aroused a surprising sensation. –
It aroused a surprising sensation of inviting tranquility. – The sight behind the
window was pleasing the eye. A carefully groomed garden lay before her. Huge trees
flung great branches. Beyond the garden a little path through an open field led up a
steep hill, at the top of which a lone pine tree stood on guard beside the huge rock. It
aroused a surprising sensation of inviting tranquility.
Focus on grammar
1. Give the three forms of the verbs:
Table 2
Infinitive
Past Simple
Participle I
разразиться,
начать(ся) внезапно
оставлять, покидать
забывать
подниматься
вести машину
ловить
принести
пить
рачать
рисовать
наклониться
трясти
закрывать
спать
2. Give the negative form of the following adjectives:
hopeful - ___________, kind - __________, graceful - __________resistible _______________, tiresome - ___________, interesting - _______________,
approving - __________, tactful - __________, excited - ____________, shameful _____________, proper - ____________, grateful - ______________
3. Supply the missing derivatives and grammatical forms of the words:
19
Table III
Noun
Joy
verb
adjective
adverb
Participle I
Participle II
interesting
to presume
endlessly
delighted
remembering
to concentrate
impertinent
perfectly
horrified
amusement
beautifying
fearful
to think
Dignity
4. Translate the sentences into English:
1.Поллианна любила хлеб с молоком и не видела никакой беды в том, что тетя
оставила ее без нормального ужина. 2. Поллианна научила Нэнси своей игре и с
энтузиазмом доказывала, что это здорово. 3. Нэнси очень сомневалась, что у
нее все получится и просила Полианну не очень то рассчитывать на нее. 4.
Вечером Поллианна зашла пожелать тёте спокойной ночи и нежно обняла ее. 5.
Необходимость читать книги Поллианна встретила с большим энтузиазмом. 6.
Когда тётя Поли велела ей закончить чтение, девочка отложила книгу с явной
неохотой. 7. Они занялись тем, что разбирали разнородный предметы одежды
Поллианны. 8. Женщины из благотворительного общества учили Поллианну
готовить по очереди. 9. Покупка новых вещей оказалась восхитительным
удовольствием для девочки, всегда носившей чужие платья. 10. Мисс Поли
удивляло, что Поллианна принимала то, что она считала наказанием, как
особую награду.
20
Vocabulary extension: figurative language
FOOD IDIOMS
cast bread upon the waters = act out of good feelings not
expecting any reward
cry over spilt milk
= be unhappy about something
that cannot be undone or returned
the land of milk and honey = an imaginary place where
there is more than enough of everything
apply these idioms to appropriate situations from the book
compose short stories implying the sense of these idioms to let
the class guess what idiom is meant
Focus on the text
1. Worming up. Answer the questions:
1. What were the names of Nancy’s brother and Sisters? 2. Why didn’t Nancy like
her name? 3. What was the usual time for supper in Polly Harrington’s house? 4.
What did Miss Polly remonstrate with Pollyanna about? 5. Why did Pollyanna catch
her breath when talking to Tom? 6. What for did Pollyanna always have to apologize
to her aunt? 7. What was the source Pollyanna’s clothing? 8. Who was the school
principal in Beldingsville? 9. Who taught Pollyanna to cook? 10. What did she learn
to cook? 11. Where did Pollyanna found a suitable place for her first night stay in
Aunt Polly’s house?
2. Attribute the following expressions to the exact situations in which they
are used in the text:
a burst of eager enthusiasm, conglomerate garments, an exciting experience, to do
without thinking, to give a pleasant sensation, special reward of merit
2. Give a précis of chapter VI
A précis is a way of making a summary in which the peculiarities of the summarized
text are retained. The length of a précis may vary, though the common
21
recommendation is that ее should not exceed one-sixth of the original text.
In making a précis it is helpful to always read the text with a pencil in hand, so as
to take notes of the most essential points or underline key sentences. Composing an
outline is a worthy method as well. The next step consists in summarizing each part
of the text on the basis of the outlined points, or the key sentences, just completing
them with another sentence or two. If properly linked, they will make a coherent
précis.
It is important that a précis though concise should embrace the important
information. Do not express your opinion or debate the points.
To make your précis concise and logical
make sure
the important events in the story are mentioned and clearly explained
the logic of relaying them is strictly observed
the body of the précis is complete and coherent
the paragraphs of the précis are adequately linked
the final sentence ties together all that you have summarized
Avoid
giving illustrations, examples, details
supporting or questioning the author’s arguments
interjecting personal opinions
Character study
1. Trace the events described in chapter VII. Arrange them in a sequential
order. State which of them are more important for character drawing of
Pollyanna and Miss Polly.
2. Give your opinion on these two characters’ essential traits of character
Duty as Polly Harrington’s life principle
Naïveté, cheerfulness and unpredictability as Pollyanna’s
distinctive features
22
UNIT 5
chapters 8, 9, 10
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Read the following words:
Leisure, exhausted, vaguely, accordance, privilege, earnest, difference, conciliation,
hospitality, inexplicable, imminent
2. Give the English for the following words and expressions:
испытывать неясное сожаление, попросту говоря, работать ловко, найти время
для удовольствий, свободное время, неожиданная смена темы, абсурдный
(нелепый), иметь секреты, передумать, торопливое примирение, говорить
серьезно, неизбежный риск, абсолютно изнуренный, нести свой крест,
необъяснимая причина, замешательство (смущение, недоумение), выглядеть
одиноким, усесться поудобнее, привести в порядок, быть благодарным, просить
(умолять) разрешения, работать проворно, в соответствии с указаниями, не
делать разницы (не иметь значения),
уладить дела, гостеприимство дома,
холодец, предсказывать (пророчить), искать
3. Give expressions contrary in meaning to those, listed below:
working time, full of energy, to make no difference, to work slowly and lazily, true to
reason, a system of identical items (things), unfriendliness, to stick to one’s decision,
to explain in a complicated way, clear reason
4. Explain the meaning of the following collocations:
to settle into order, in accordance with order, leisure time, preposterous, hospitality of
the place, to change one’s mind, imminent risk, to prophesy, to have a skeleton in
one’s closet, to make the difference, to take one’s cross
7. Give the English for the for the following Russian words and spell the
English counterparts:
предрекать
(предсказывать),
абсурдный
(нелепый),
замешательство
(недоумение), обессиленный (измученный, истощенный), опрометчивость
23
(стремительность), ощущение, опыт (жизненный), смесь (набор разнородных
объектов), непреодолимый (неопровержимый), разница
8. Say in what cases we may assert that a person:
is impertinent / punctual / at imminent risk
has or has had an exciting experience / sufficient strength of character /
suffered the consequences
does one’s duty / something without thinking
works deftly
looks lonesome / wholly exhausted
remonstrates
9. Form the missing derivatives and grammatical forms of the words:
Table IV
noun
change
verb
Adjective
adverb
Participle I
Participle II
to direct
Preposterous
to prophesy
subject
Exhausted
comfortably
conglomeratic
intending
reason
to bewilder
Perfect
sarcastically
8. Write a quiz on vocabulary lists of lessons 1, 2, 4
Character study
1. By now you have met several people who are well introduced by the
authoress. From the description given to them and foregrounding their most
prominent likes and dislikes, their preferences, their hopes and frustrations. What
they idealize and what they hate is shown by way of mentioning the slightest details
bypassing, out of which the personality arises alive and vibrant. By which of the few
words given below you may define their dominant moods and the principles of their
life-style.
24
Match the descriptive word and the character:
character
Polly Harrington
Positive
Chart I
negative
Pollyanna Whittier
Nancy
Mrs. Snow
John Pendleton
adaptable, affectionate, agreeable, amiable, bright, communicative, positive
careful, compassionate, conscientious, considerate, courageous, creative,
decisive, determined, diligent, easygoing, energetic, generous, hardworking, helpful, inventive, optimistic, orderly, persistent, rational,
reserved, sensible, sociable, sympathetic, straightforward, warmhearted
aggressive, arrogant, belligerent, boring, bossy, cantankerous, Negative
conservative, foolish, impatient, inconsistent, indecisive, inflexible,
moody, narrow-minded, naughty, nervous, obstinate, overemotional,
patronizing, pessimistic, possessive, quarrelsome, resentful, rude,
secretive, self-centered, vague
2. In chapter 8 Pollyanna gets acquainted with two new people. She calls her first
acquaintance “the Man”.
describe this person
assess him, say what impression he produced on Pollyanna and what
impression he produces on you
complete character description of John Pendleton, basing it on Nancy’s story
about him in chapter 9
The other acquaintance is Mrs. Snow.
reveal the prehistory of this acquaintance
describe Mrs. Snow the way Nancy saw her
say in what way Nancy’s assessment of Mrs. Snow differs from that of
Pollyanna’s
comment on Mrs. Snow’s attitude to Pollyanna
Focus on the text
1.
Discuss the following :
Pollyanna’s daily schedule as planned by Miss Polly
Pollyanna’s visits to Mrs. Snow
Duty as the most important principle of Polly Harrington’s life
Changes in home arrangements of Polly Harrington’s
25
UNIT 6
chapters 11, 12, 13
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the English for the following collocations:
как само собой разумеющееся, последовательный опрос, абсолютно
неправильно понять, задохнувшись от испуга (смятения), в ошеломляющем
потрясении, под чьим-либо руководством, безутешный (печальный,
несчастный), приятель своего возраста, озарение прекрасной идеей, проводить
кого-либо без колебаний, предстать перед (противостоять кому-либо)
безбоязненно, безапелляционный (категорический, высокомерный) жест,
заставляющий замолчать, изложить существо вопроса кому –либо, найти
(изыскать) деньги, чувство опустошенности, достичь цели, оказаться на
запретной территории, несмотря на разочарование, получить доверие, знать по
опыту, изложить причину, быть в смятении, доставить сообщение, (желанная,
приятная) замена кому-либо / чему либо
2. Read the following words:
Questioning, entirely, dumbfounded, disconsolate, companion, hesitate, amazement,
peremptory, desolation, experience, systemic, disappointment, notwithstanding
3. Give the negative forms of the following words:
positive
understand
systemic
fearful
experienced
developed
Negative
positive
hesitatingly
forbidden
questionable
practical
hopeful
Negative
4. Supply the derivatives and word-forms:
noun
system
Verb
adjective
26
Adverb
amazing
to instruct
Wonderfully
silence
experiential
to substitute
Reasonably
to confront
sense
5. explain the meaning of the following collocations:
under somebody’s instruction, the dawning of a wonderful idea, to pilot smb. into, to
confront smb. fearlessly, to lay the case before smb, to get credit, to find oneself on a
forbidden ground, to raise money, to give reasons for
Vocabulary extension: figurative language
A broken leg? Oh, Mr. Pendleton, how perfectly awful!
The collocation “perfectly awful” is defined as oxymoron. An oxymoron is a figure
of speech that juxtaposes contradictory, logically incompatible words. As many other
literary and rhetorical devices oxymorons are used for a variety of purposes. In this
case it creates a humorous effect.
.
Grammar consolidation
the sequence of tenses
(to do the task turn to the Basic Grammar References)
1. Translate the following sentences into English
1.Однажды Поллианна принесла в дом котенка, которого она нашла на дороге.
2. Она объяснила тете Полли, что пыталась найти его хозяина, но не смогла. 3.
Тогда она решила, что возьмет его себе. 4. Она считала, что тетя Полли будет
только рада, если у них появится маленький котенок. 5. Поллианна и в голову
не приходило, что тетя Поли не захочет, чтобы в доме был котенок, которого
она где-то подобрала. 6. После долгих уговоров Мисс Полли согласилась с тем,
что котенок останется в доме. 7 Поняв это по-своему, через некоторое время
Поллианна принесла щенка. 8. В этот раз Мисс Полли даже не нашла в себе
сил, чтобы сопротивляться. 9. Однако, когда менее, чем через неделю,
Поллианна привела маленького мальчика и попросила тетю взять его к себе,
потому что он нуждался в помощи, Мисс Полли категорически отказалась это
делать. 10. Несмотря на это, Поллианна решила, что она все равно найдет
приют для своего нового знакомого.
27
Focus on the text
1. Reproduce the episodes (reproduction implies a comprehensive rendering of
the story, relaying the content of the text in full with strict accuracy and
exactness, exposing dialogues indirectly)
Pollyanna trying to persuade Jimmy that there is a way out of his predicament
Pollyanna’s preparations for the Ladies Aid meeting
Pollyanna’s attempts to reason with the ladies about helping Jimmy Bean
Pollyanna’s bewilderment at the ladies’ arguments on making the decision
2. Comment on the following happenings: (the commentary should be based on
the assumption that everybody present is acquainted with the development of
the intrigue, that is why you have only to mention the basic issue by way of
introduction and then offer your own perception, approval or disapproval of a
person’s actions and your reasons for the kind of assessment you have)
Pollyanna bringing home a cat and a dog
Pollyanna’s wish to help Jimmy Bean
Aunt Polly rejecting to accept Jimmy and giving him a shelter
Pollyanna’s decision to lay the case of Jimmy Bean before the Ladies’ Aiders
3. Answer the questions:
4.
1. Where did Pollyanna go after she had left the chapel? 2. Why did she go there? 3.
Did she like to walk on her own? 4. What did she call the days when there were no
sewing or cooking lessons? 5. Why did she want the Ladies’s Aiders to have a walk
in Pendleton Hill? 6. What surprised Pollyanna in the dog’s behavior? 7. What
happened to Mr. Pendleton? 8. What did Mr. Pendleton ask Pollyanna to do for him?
9. Was she quick to fulfill the task? 10. What impression did Mr. Pendleton’s house
produce on her? 11. What surprised Mr. Pendleton in Pollyanna’s actions and words?
12. What did Pollyanna think about Mr. Pendleton? 13. How did she explain to him
that in fact he was a good man? 14. How did she try to help him while they were
waiting for the help to come?
Character study
There is a general conception that some characters perform central roles while
the roles of the others are qualified as supporting. So it seems important firstly to
attribute the degree of importance to the participants of the actions relayed in the
novel. This may be drawn from your speculations on point 3 of the general review
part.
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1. Define the central characters. Support your choice using the text facts.
Writers have got quite an arsenal of means to give their characters an all-round
presentation and make them look real. It is widely recognized that at first
introduction a character’s appearance and some traits of disposition are stated
directly, or described. The latter are further moulded through the characters actions,
attitudes, behavior in the occurring situations. This is an indirect way of creating a
character, because in this case the reader is called upon to form one’s own judgment.
Another means of making the picture complete is through the dialogue, since it is
generally accepted that a person’s speech reveals one to the best. There also exist
other ways of making a palpable image. They comprise exposing the person’s
thoughts and ideas (internal speech), other characters’ talks and judgments, the
writer’s digressions, in which the writer expresses a personal opinion of the
character
2. Give presentations of the characters
Aunt Polly
Nancy
Pollyanna
Miss Snow
Mr. Pendleton
Jimmy Bean
This task is meant to be done as project work
Project work is a creative activity of a team chosen at random. From among the
team members choose the coordinator – a person who will be responsible for the
order of work and leading the group discussion. By a corporate effort define the
major points for discussion and arrange them logically. Discuss these points (in
English) thoroughly. Make the plan of your presentation and follow it when exposing
the achieved results.
29
UNIT 7.
general revision
Warming up
Recall the data and answer the questions promptly:
1. Was it spring or summer when the events described in the book were developing?
What were the months? 2. What phrase did Aunt Polly use to repeat when speaking
of Pollyanna? 3. In what part of Beldingsville was Miss Polly’s house located? 4. On
what day did Miss Polly “do her duty” to Mrs. Snow? 5. How old was Mrs. Snow? 6.
How long did she have to stay in bed because of her illness? 7. What was Mrs.
Snow’s daughter’s name? 8. How did Pollyanna manage to attract the Man’s
attention? 9. What was his name? 10. How and why did Pollyanna surprise Mrs.
Snow one day? What dishes did she bring? 11. Why did Miss Polly visit Pollyanna’s
room one day? Was it a planned visit or did it happen by chance? 12. What caused
her decision to move Pollyanna to a better room? 13. Did Miss Polly like pets? 14.
Did Polly Harrington appreciate the idea of taking a strange boy into her home? 15.
What other steps did Pollyanna undertake to settle Jimmy bean’s life problem? 16.
Do you think she will finally find a place for Jimmy? What makes you think so?
Vocabulary extension
1. Read the following words using the appropriate intonation pattern:
5. leisure, vaguely, accordance, privilege, earnest, difference, conciliation,
hospitality, inexplicable , imminent
6. apologize, irresistible, enthusiasm, vouchsafe, experience, relaxation,
precipitation, rapturous, triumphant, consequences, wondrously, conglomerate
7. pleasure, breath, tremulously, vanity, directions, discovery, exciting, punctual,
cheerfully, enthusiastically
8. composure, explanation, unpleasant, remonstrance, sympathy, sufficient,
strength, honest, drapery, questions, anxiously, opportunity
9. dismay, questioning, amazement, disconsolate, unhesitatingly, peremptory,
desolation, notwithstanding, substitution, gasp, forbidden, disappointment
2. Read and translate the following collocations:
as a matter of course, systemic questioning, to misunderstand (smth., smb.) entirely,
with a gasp of dismay, in a dumbfounded amazement, under somebody’s instruction,
disconsolate, a companion of one’s own age, the dawning of a wonderful idea, to
pilot smb. into … unhesitatingly, to overcome smb., to confront smb. fearlessly, with
a peremptory gesture of silence, to lay the case before smb, to raise money, to gain
30
the point, a sense of desolation, to find oneself on a forbidden ground, to get credit, to
know by experience, notwithstanding the disappointment, to give reasons for, to be in
a whirl, to deliver a message, a (welcome) substitution for
4. Give the English for the following Russian words and spell them:
опрос, непонимание, ошеломляющий, потрясение, смятение, безутешный, без
колебаний, безапелляционный, опустошенность, запретный, разочарование,
замена, несмотря на
5. Define the following notions:
systemic, misunderstanding, disconsolate, companion, dawning, unhesitatingly,
peremptorily, desolation, disappointment, substitution, whirl, fearless, experience
Focus on grammar
1. Give the three forms of the irregular verbs:
Table V
The Infinitive
The Past Indefinite
Participle II
чувствовать
разрешать
толкать, протыкать
ломать, бить
вскочить,
забывать
вести машину
расти
поймать
запрещать
подниматься
посылать
брать
падать
учить
прощать
2. Translate the following participial collocations into English:
10.опавшие листья
11.разбитое сердце
12.пойманный взгляд
13.запрещенные действия
14.выросшее дерево
15.забытое обещание
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16.ощутимая симпатия
17.преподанный урок
18.отправленная телеграмма
3. Render the following situation in English using your active vocabulary:
Тетя Полли разрешила Поллианне взять в дом собаку. Но она запретила
принять в дом мальчика, которого привела Поллианна. Это разбило надежду
девочки иметь рядом друга своего возраста. Джимми почувствовал отношение
Мисс. Хэррингтон и вышел из комнаты. Поллианна кинулась за ним. Она
забыла про хорошие манеры, которым ее учила тетя Полли. Она поймала
Джимми у калитки и объяснила ему свой план действий.
На следующий день она изложила ситуации благотворительному обществу.
Она думала, что они помогут Джимми. Но женщины из благотворительного
общества решили, что это мисс Хэррингтон послала девочку. Возможно,
поэтому они решили оказать помощь не тому кто, нуждаясь в ней, был рядом с
ними, а неизвестному ребенку в далекой стране.
Character study
1. Identify the person by the given description
1. She was an angel straight out of Heaven, but the old master and
missus knew her as their oldest daughter. She was twenty when she
married and went away from her parents’ home long years ago.
2. He was a good-natured youth, and a good-looking one, as well.
Short as had been Nancy’s stay at the house, the two were already
good friends.
3. She was a slender little girl in the red-checked gingham with
two fat braids of flaxen hair hanging down her back. Beneath the
straw hat, an eager, freckled little face turned to the right and to the
left, plainly searching for some one.
4. He wore a long black coat and a high silk hat — two things that
the ‘just men’ never wore. His face was clean shaven and rather
pale, and his hair, showing below his hat, was somewhat gray. He
walked erect, and rather rapidly, and he was always alone.
5. She was forty and quite alone in the world. For years, now, she
had been sole mistress of the house and of the thousands left her by
her father. There were people who had openly pitied her lonely
life, and who had urged her to have some friend or companion to
live with her; but she had not welcomed either their sympathy or
their advice. She was not lonely, she said. She liked being by
herself. She preferred quiet.
6. Meanwhile the woman, frowning prodigiously, and openly
32
scoffing at the whole procedure, was, in spite of herself, beginning
to tingle with a feeling perilously near to excitement. ‘Humph!’
grunted the woman, eyeing her reflection in the mirror severely.
7. He was an old man. In his dim blue eyes, as he faced the house,
there was the loyal servant’s honest pride in the family he has
served and loved for long years. He told Pollyanna wonderful
things of her mother, that made her very happy indeed.
4. Assess Pollyanna’s instant reaction to the situation in the following cases:
Encounter with Jimmy Bean
Jimmy’s frustration at aunt Polly’s rejection to let him in the family
Focus on the text
1. State which events make the landmarks of the plot development
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Speak about the intrigue development. Say between who and who it evolves.
Describe the setting and the time of the action.
Give a short account of the events of the part under discussion
Say what problems are in the focus of the writer’s attention
Comment on the message of the story and the impact it may have on the
readers
Developing reproductive skills
Learn to retell dialogues
33
Sentences may not merely relay events or describe people and
situations. Often they “perform actions” like invitations (I invite you to a
baby-shower party), suggestions (I suggest that we visit the exhibition),
punishments (I forbid you to watch animations today), warnings (The root
of the expedition is dangerous). When people have a talk it is usually
purposeful. The aim may be to share news, ideas, opinions, as well as to
make the interlocutor or the audience do something or act special way. It
may also imply apology, sorrow, readiness to help and the like.
1. Read the following dialogue and find words matching the actions. Choose
the most suitable from those given below:
to ask / reques; to give details / information, / to offer explanation / to
explain / to argue / to give arguments; to object / to instruct; to wonder / to
inquire / to be puzzled / anxious; to agree / disagree; to account for / to
reason; to promise; to advise; to offer / to suggest
1. Mr. Pendleton! Oh, are you hurt?’
2. ‘Hurt? Oh, no! I’m just taking a siesta in the sunshine,’ snapped the man
irritably. ‘See here, how much do you know? What can you do? Have you got any
sense?’
Pollyanna caught her breath with a little gasp, but—as was her habit—she
answered the questions literally, one by one. 3. ‘Why, Mr. Pendleton, I—I don’t
know so very much, and I can’t do a great many things; but most of the Ladies’
Aiders, except Mrs. Rawson, said I had real good sense. I heard ‘them say so one
day—they didn’t know I heard, though.’ The man smiled grimly. 4. ‘There, there,
child, I beg your pardon, I’m sure; it’s only this confounded leg of mine. Now listen.’
He paused, and with some difficulty reached his hand into his trousers pocket and
brought out a bunch of keys, singling out one between his thumb and forefinger. 5.
‘Straight through the path there, about five minutes’ walk, is my house. This key will
admit you to the side door under the porte-cochere. Do you know what a portecochere is?’
6. ‘Oh, yes, sir. Auntie has one with a sun parlor over it. That’s the roof I slept
on—only I didn’t sleep, you know. They found me.’
7. ‘Eh? Oh! Well, when you get into the house, go straight through the
vestibule and hall to the door at the end. On the big, flat-topped desk in the middle of
the room you’ll find a telephone. Do you know how to use a telephone?’
8. ‘Oh, yes, sir! Why, once when Aunt Polly—
9. ‘Never mind Aunt Polly now,’ cut in the man scowlingly, as he tried to
move himself a little. ‘Hunt up Dr. Thomas Chilton’s number on the card you’ll find
somewhere around there—it ought to be on the hook down at the side, but it probably
won’t be. You know a telephone card, I suppose, when you see one!’
10. ‘Oh, yes, sir! I just love Aunt Polly’s. There’s such a lot of queer names…
34
11. ‘Tell Dr. Chilton that John Pendleton is at the foot of Little Eagle Ledge in
Pendleton Woods with a broken leg, and to come at once with a stretcher and two
men. He’ll know what to do besides that. Tell him to come by the path from
the house.’ ‘
12. A broken leg? Oh, Mr. Pendleton, how perfectly awful!’ shuddered
Pollyanna. ‘But I’m so glad I came! Can’t I do—‘
13. ‘Yes, you can—but evidently you won’t! WILL you go and do what I ask
and stop talking,’ moaned the man, faintly.
2. Consider the dialogue between Polly Harrington and Pollyanna. Find words to
render the actions performed by speech. Render the subject-matter of the dialogue.
It was about a week after the accident in Pendleton Woods that Pollyanna said to
her aunt one morning:
1. ‘Aunt Polly, please would you mind very much if I took Mrs. Snow’s calf’sfoot jelly this week to some one else? I’m sure Mrs. Snow wouldn’t—this once.’
2. ‘Dear me, Pollyanna, what ARE you up to now? Sighed her aunt. ‘You ARE
the most extraordinary child!’
Pollyanna frowned a little anxiously. 3. ‘Aunt Polly, please, what is extraordinary? If
you’re Extraordinary you can’t be ORdinary, can you?’
‘You certainly can not.’
‘Oh, that’s all right, then. I’m glad I’m EXtraordinary,’ sighed Pollyanna, her face
clearing. 4. ‘You see, Mrs. White used to say Mrs. Rawson was a very ordinary
woman—and she disliked Mrs. Rawson something awful. They were always fighting
I mean, WE had more trouble keeping peace between them than we did between any
of the rest of the Aiders,’ corrected Pollyanna.
5. ‘Yes, yes; well, never mind,’ interposed Aunt Polly, a trifle impatiently. ‘You
do run on so, Pollyanna, and no matter what we’re talking about you always bring up
at those Ladies’ Aiders!’
6. ‘Yes’m,’ smiled Pollyanna, cheerfully, ‘I reckon I do, maybe. But you see
they used to bring me up, and—‘
7. ‘That will do, Pollyanna,’ interrupted a cold voice. ‘Now what is it about this
jelly?’
8. ‘Nothing, Aunt Polly, truly, that you would mind, I’m sure. You let me take
jelly to HER, so I thought you would to HIM—this once. You see, broken legs aren’t
like—like lifelong invalids, so his won’t last forever as Mrs. Snow’s does, and she
can have all the rest of the things after just once or twice.’
9. ‘Him’? ‘He’? ‘Broken leg’? What are you talking about, Pollyanna?’
Pollyanna stared; then her face relaxed.
10. ‘Oh, I forgot. I reckon you didn’t know. You see, it happened while you
were gone. It was the very day you went that I found him in the woods, you know;
and I had to unlock his house and telephone for the men and the doctor, and hold his
head, and everything. And of course then I came away and haven’t seen him since.
But when Nancy made the jelly for Mrs. Snow this week I thought how nice it would
35
be if I could take it to him instead of her, just this once. Aunt Polly, may I?’
11. ‘Yes, yes, I suppose so,’ acquiesced Miss Polly, a little wearily. ‘Who did
you say he was?’
12. ‘The Man. I mean, Mr. John Pendleton.’
Miss Polly almost sprang from her chair. ‘JOHN PENDLETON!’
13. ‘Yes. Nancy told me his name. Maybe you know him.’
Miss Polly did not answer this. Instead she asked:
14. ‘Do YOU know him?
Pollyanna nodded. 15. ‘Oh, yes. He always speaks and smiles—now. He’s only
cross OUTSIDE, you know. I’ll go and get the jelly. Nancy had it ‘most fixed when I
came in,’ finished Pollyanna, already halfway across the room.
16. Pollyanna, wait! Miss Polly’s voice was suddenly very stern. I’ve changed
my mind. I would prefer that Mrs. Snow had that jelly to-day—as usual. That is all.
You may go now.’
Pollyanna’s face fell. 17. ‘Oh, but Aunt Polly, HERS will last. She can always
be sick and have things, you know; but his is just a broken leg, and legs don’t last—I
mean, broken ones. He’s had it a whole week now.’
18. ‘Very well, Pollyanna,’ she said at last , still in that queer voice, so unlike
her own; ‘you may you may take the jelly to Mr. Pendleton as your own gift. But
understand: I do not send it. Be very sure that he does not think I do!’
‘Yes’m—no’m—thank you, Aunt Polly,’ exulted Pollyanna.
Focus on the text
Discuss the situations
Say if Pollyanna’s positive disposition influenced her aunt. Give
examples to prove your point of view
Comment on how Pollyanna taught people to play the “Glad Game”
Explain Pollyanna’s motifs and aims in helping people out of
difficulties (from psychological and social standpoints)
Think and say if the life in Beldingsville changed with Pollianna’s
appearance. Support your ideas with examples.
Prove or disprove that in Pollyanna’s naivety there is a lot of good
will and a great desire to make people happy. Give your arguments.
36
UNIT 8
chapters 14, 15, 16
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the English for the following Russian words and expressions:
в ошеломляющем потрясении, под чьим-либо руководством, изыскать деньги,
изложить существо вопроса кому-либо, безапелляционный жест, оказаться в
запретной зоне, получить доверие, несмотря на разочарование, замена, знать по
опыту, доставить сообщение, изложить причину, чувство опустошенности,
предстать перед к-л безбоязненно, охватить, как само собой разумеющееся,
безутешный (печальный, несчастный), достичь цели, абсолютно неправильно
понять, приятель своего возраста, быть в смятении, озарение прекрасной
идеей, задохнувшись от смятения, проводить кого-либо без колебаний,
последовательный опрос
2. Read words and expressions and translate them into Russian:
remorseful memories, at the appointed place, to show keen disappointment, no matter
what, to meet with an accident, to shift impatiently from one foot to the other, a slight
delay, imperturbably, an extensive personal acquaintance, a wonder-working tonic,
overwhelming unquenchable gladness for everything, a sumptuously furnished
(bed)room, till doomsday, to look at smth from a certain standpoint, on account of, to
deny oneself smth, open skepticism, to tell smb. outright that, in absurd fashion, an
odd throb of joy, alight with excitement and surprise, to forget one’s determination,
bedecked, to get the prescription filled, to consider smth for a moment
3. Explain the meaning of the given expressions:
to meet with an accident, imperturbably, wonder-working, overwhelming, till
doomsday, to deny oneself smth, skepticism, absurd fashion, disconsolate, dawning,
to get some (give somebody) credit, to be in a whirl
4. Make up situations, using one of the given expressions:
till doomsday, to deny oneself smth, the dawning of a wonderful idea, to find oneself
on a forbidden ground, to have a skeleton in one’s closet, to change one’s mind
5. Fill in the boxes of the table with adjectival derivatives – positive (+) and
negative ( – ):
37
Table VI
noun
Adjective
+
remorse
gratitude
fear
patience
consolation
comfort
noun
–
adjective
+
–
conciliation
hospitality
explication
success
reward
hope
Vocabulary extension: figurative language
BODY IDIOMS
have one’s hands full = be very busy
keep one’s nose clean = stay out of trouble
lend someone a hand = help someone
pick somebody’s brain = borrow ideas
pull someone’s leg
= play a joke by
saying something that is not true
apply these idioms to appropriate situations from the book
compose short stories implying the sense of these idioms to let
the class guess what idiom is meant
Focus on the text
1. Recall and reproduce the exact situations in which the expressions given
below are used:
38
To render direct speech indirectly make use of
introductory words, stating the kind of action
the interlocutors perform by uttering their
sentences. They may be
- asking for permission
- trying to persuade smb. or explain
smth.
- letting other people do smth.
- inquiring
- arguing
- apologizing
- disagreeing
meet with an accident
wonder-working tonic
till doomsday
to get the prescription filled
2. Chapter XIV may be split into four parts with the following headings:
Pollyanna discussing the appropriateness of the Glad Game
Pollyanna inventing a new way of helping Jimmy Bean
Pollyanna bringing forth the idea of feeding up Mr. Pendleton
Miss Polly consenting to Pollyanna’s appeal
Comment on these situations, paying special attention to
maturation of Pollyanna’s reasoning
Pollyanna’s resourcefulness
Pollyanna’s persuasiveness and her aunt’s intractability
the motivation of Miss Polly’s final approval of Pollyanna’s plan
3. Chapter XV also comprises several episodes. Frame these episodes:
4. Single out and discuss the messages of these episodes:
5. Give a summary of chapter XVI
39
As distinct from a précis (which is a brief rendering of the text, that summarizes its
contents in such a way that gives the producer an opportunity to quickly introduce
the readers or listeners into the situation and acquaint them with a large body of the
story), as well as from an outline (which clearly reveals a logical, sequential,
temporal or hierarchical structure of the text) a summary is the type of short
retelling in which one may give examples, use quotations, draw comparisons and
express opinions.
It is advisable that only the most important points of the text
should be covered so that they make a string of landmarks and details skipped.
A précis differs from an outline in being a logical arrangement of complete and
interconnected statements.
UNIT 9
chapters 17, 18, 19
Vocabulary revision
1. Read words and collocations and translate them into Russian:
remorseful memories, to shift impatiently from one foot to the other, an extensive
personal acquaintance, overwhelming unquenchable gladness for everything, to find
oneself on a forbidden ground, the dawning of a wonderful idea, under somebody’s
instruction, to raise money, in a dumbfounded amazement, with a peremptory gesture
40
of silence, to be in a whirl, to pilot smb. into … unhesitatingly, to get (a bit of / some)
credit, a (welcome) substitution for, a sumptuously furnished (bed)room, with a gasp
of dismay, to overcome smb., a companion of one’s own age, to misunderstand
(smth., smb.) entirely, as a matter of course (fact)
2. Give the English for the following Russian words and word-combinations:
в назначенном месте, не важно (независимо о того), что / как, небольшая
задержка, невозмутимо, до Судного дня, смотреть на что-то с определенной
позиции (точки зрения), по причине, отказывать себе в чем-то, высказать
прямо, в абсурдной манере, выполнять предписание, как само собой
разумеющееся, безутешный (печальный, несчастный), предстать перед
(противостоять кому-либо) безбоязненно, знать по опыту, изложить причину
(мотив, оправдание, основания), несмотря на разочарование, оказаться в
запретной зоне (на запретной территории), чувство опустошенности, изложить
существо вопроса кому –либо, доставить сообщение, украшенный (нарядный),
открытый скептицизм, попасть в аварию (несчастный случай), забыть о своем
твердом намерении, чудодействующее тонизирующее средство, достичь цели
3. Give the English for the words listed below and spell them:
ошеломленный, безутешный, несмотря на, без колебаний, безапелляционный,
опустошенность, опыт, замена, сожалеющий (полный раскаяния), несчастный
случай, невозмутимо, неугасимый, роскошный, скептицизм, волнение,
предписание
4. write a Quiz
Translate the word-combinations into English:
1. как само собой разумеющееся
2. задохнувшись от смятения
3. в ошеломляющем удивлении
4. безутешный
5. предстать перед к-л. безбоязненно
6. безапелляционный жест
7. чувство опустошенности
8. оказаться в запретной зоне
9. знать по опыту
10.несмотря на разочарование
11. воспоминания полные раскаяния
12. небольшая задержка
13. невозмутимо, преспокойно
14. чудодействующее тонизирующее средство
15. по причине
16. отказывать себе в чем-то
17. забыть о своем твердом намерении
18. украшенный, нарядный
41
19. выполнять предписание
20. обдумывать (взвешивать) минуту
5. Give the three forms of the verbs:
Table VI
The Infinitive
The Past Simple
Participle II
оставлять, покидать
забывать
поймать
Пить
рисовать, чертить
трясти
закрыть
разбить
запрещать
терять
прятать
разразиться, взорваться
подняться
расти
вести машину
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the English for the following Russian words and word-combinations:
Прощающий человек, неблагодарное отношение, иногда (редко), утонченный,
нервная раздражительность, трепетный (благоговейный) голос, поглядеть
презрительно, возбужденно настаивать, казаться недоверчивым, непрошенные
(нежеланные) домочадцы, перевести разговор на другой объект, семейный
доктор, быть не в духе (не в ладах с…), обслуживать, предварительные
экзамены, быть хорошо развитым, признаваться, дремать, продвинуться дальше
введения, слабое сомнение, передозировать, раздражаться (роптать) по поводу
правил и предписаний, принести счастье в чью-то жизнь, мерцать
2. Define the notions expressed by the following word combinations:
a family physician, to be out of sorts with, preliminary examinations, to be well
advanced, once in a while, to turn the conversation to another subject, to confess
3. Say in what situations we may assess a person’s reaction or behavior as:
ungrateful, nervous, awestruck, scornful, fretful, incredulous, forgiving, exquisite
42
Vocabulary extension: figurative language
The following collocations – nervous fretfulness, awestruck voice, lonely life,
fascinated eyes – used by the authoress, exemplify enallage.
Enallage [ɪˈnæləɡɪ] (эналага) is a figure of speech, the type of metonymy, consisting
in the transfer of an attribute or an epithet from one word to another through
association by contiguity with the function of emphasizing the described
phenomenon.
Her rapt eyes were still on the dancing flecks of color from the prism pendants
swaying in the sunlit window. <…> For a moment there was silence. Then a low
voice from the bed said unsteadily: ‘Perhaps; but I’m thinking that the very
finest prism of them all is yourself, Pollyanna.’
“a low voice said” is a (trite) metonymy, a figure of speech that consists of the use
of the name of one object for that of another to which it is related (“trite” means
lacking originality or borrowed, not coined on an immediate impulse.)
“”the very finest prism is yourself” is a metaphor, a figure of speech in which an
implied comparison is made between two unlike things that actually have something
in common.
Grammar consolidation
Types of questions
(to do the tasks turn to the Basic Grammar Reference)
1. Put general questions to the following sentences:
1. Nancy was listening to Pollyanna’s story of Mr. Pendleton’s accident openmouthed. 2. Pollyanna had to unlock Mr. Pendleton’s house and telephone for the
men and the doctor. 3. Pollyanna wanted to take some jelly to Mr. Pendleton instead
of Mrs. Snow. 4. An elderly woman was hanging out clothes in the back yard of Mr.
Pendleton’s house. 5. Pollyanna went to the side door and rang the bell. 6. A familiarlooking small dog bounded up the steps to greet her. 7. The doctor, coming into the
hall at that moment, heard the woman’s words and saw the disappointed look on
Pollyanna’s face. 8. Behind the doctor, a young man (a trained nurse from the nearest
city) gave a disturbed exclamation. 8. In accordance with the doctor’s orders
Pollyanna was being escorted to John Pendleton’s rooms. 9. Pollyanna saw at once
that great changes had taken place. 10. A moment later Pollyanna found herself in a
sumptuously furnished bedroom.
2. Turn the following sentences into disjunctive questions:
1. Pollyanna spent a wonderful half-hour with Mr. Pendleton ……………….? 2. The
box was full of treasures ……………? 3. John Pendleton told her an entertaining
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story about a set of exquisitely carved chessmen from China…………? 4. The visit,
certainly, was a delightful one……………..? 5. Pollyanna was realizing that they
were talking about something besides the wonderful things in the beautiful carved
box…………..? 6. They were talking of herself, of Nancy, of Aunt Polly, and of her
daily life ……………..? 7. John Pendleton wanted Pollyanna to come to see him
more often……………? 8. After supper that evening, Pollyanna told Nancy all about
Mr. John Pendleton’s wonderful carved box, and the still more wonderful things it
contained……………...? 9. As the warm August days passed, Pollyanna went very
frequently to the great house on Pendleton Hill…………? 10. She had twice tried to
tell Mr. Pendleton about the good game ……………….? 11. But neither time had she
got beyond the beginning of what her father had said …………..?
Focus on the text
1. Define the following statements as right or wrong and explain your reasons:
Chart 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
the statement
right (+) wrong (-)
Mr. Pendleton often sent for Pollyanna when he was
bedridden. He seemed to need her, though when she came
he showed neither happiness no gratitude
To improve the situation Pollyanna immediately started to
teach the bedridden man to play the “glad game” at which
he excelled very fast
Mr. Pendleton always welcomed Pollyanna’s stories about
her Aunt Polly thus admitting he liked the lady and the
memories of her were dear to him.
When one day Pollyanna fell ill she came to know that
their family physician was not Dr. Chilton. She also
became aware that Aunt Polly did not welcome any
reference to that man.
There is no denying though that Pollyanna had a very good
influence on Mr. Pendleton. Even when he was out of sorts
with the world she managed to cheer him up and encourage
him to change his pessimistic views.
Pollyanna was a mischievous child. She liked to finger the
antique objects in Mr. Pendleton’s house and once she
broke a wonderful candlestick with crystal pendants.
On one occasion Pollyanna told Mr. Pendleton about her
game. Her inspiration to do so came with the shimmering
lights from the swinging prisms that gave a rainbow hues
in the sun.
Mr. Pendleton was so eager to please Pollyanna that he did
not spare the most precious belongings of his
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2. Develop the following sentences into situations:
For Pollyanna this visit to Mr. Pendleton was certainly a delightful one
After supper that evening, Pollyanna told Nancy all about Mr. John Pendleton’s
wonderful carved box, and the still more wonderful things it contained.
It was after Mr. Pendleton found out Pollyanna was Miss Polly’s niece that he
said he didn’t ever want to see her again.
Most probably Pollyanna reminded Mr. Pendleton of something he wanted to
forget.
3. Complete the sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
As the warm August days passed, Pollyanna…
He talked to her and he showed her many strange and beautiful things…
As for telling him the ‘glad game,’ and trying to get him to play it, Pollyanna ..
She talked to Mr. Pendleton about her aunt…
Aunt Polly seemed particularly bitter against Dr. Chilton….
It was toward the end of August that Pollyanna, making an early morning call
on John Pendleton….
7. Suddenly a new thought came to John Pendleton…
8. The room had become a fairyland …
9. Pollyanna told Mr. Pendleton the story of how she had wanted a doll…
4. Bring all of the sentences you’ve got together and link the sentences with
special connectors (so, as a result of it, in the long run, finally, that is why,
most probably) to make a coherent retelling of chapter XVIII.
5. Answer the following disjunctive questions:
1. Pollyanna was not very busy at school and could still pay much attention to her
friends, couldn’t she? 2. One day Mr. Pendleton proposed that Pollyanna should
move to his house instead of living at Aunt Polly’s, didn’t he? 3. At first Pollyanna
didn’t agree to this proposal, did she? 4.Then she attributed Mr. Pendleton’s desire
to his long cherished love of Aunt Polly, didn’t she? 5.So she was glad they both
would join Mr. Pendleton, wasn’t she? 6. There were few things to discuss about
the proposal, were there? 7. But Mr. Pendleton had no intention to invite Polly
Harrington and make him company in his house, did he? 8. Pollyanna could not
figure out what it all might mean, could she? 9. When D. Chilton came to visit his
patient he could hardly guess what made Mr. Pendleton’s heart beat so wildly,
could he? 10. Mr. Pendleton confessed it was because of Pollyanna, didn’t he?
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UNIT 10
(chapters 20, 21, 22)
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the Russian for the following English words and collocations:
a special request, sudden decision, to get everything settled, to puzzle out, an
ungratified wish, to lose one’s patience, a very dutiful woman, with a clean
conscience, to put one’s fingers on, a faithful dog, inaudible, to brace oneself, to
make the exchange, to touch smb’s heart, in tumult, wagging tongues, the last straw,
conscientious workers, to be acutely aware of, a hypocrite, a bitter denunciation,
plague, listlessly, encouragement, contagious
2. Answer the questions and give your arguments:
1. In what cases a person may lose patience? Is it the result of a reasonable thinking
or rather an emotional reaction? Is it excusable? 2. Whom can we call a dutiful
person? Is this trait of character inborn or may it be developed in a person by way of
upbringing? What happens when it is brought to excess? 3. In what situations a
person may need to brace oneself? Is this an easy action? What should one do to
control one’s attitude to the happenings? 4. What may touch a person’s heart? Is this
notion of a sentimental value? Is it necessarily a positive event or may it also be
negative? If it happens so, what response may there be? 5. When do we say “the last
straw breaks the camel’s back”? Does it mean that the event is too much for a
person’s endurance? Who then is responsible for the situation’s occurrence: a person
oneself, when one bites off more than one can chew, or the circumstances in which a
person happens to find oneself? 6. Do you think people need encouragement? Is
encouragement a better stimulus than reproach? 7. Who, when and why do we call
faithful? Who or what may a person be faithful to? Is faithfulness a virtue, a
necessary quality in friendship and deals, a useless sentiment? 8. Do you think that
wagging (“wagging tongues”) is just annoying or is it a dishonourable conduct?
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Vocabulary extension: figurative language
BODY IDIOMS
have a finger in every pie = interfere in all activities
not lift a finger
= make no efforts
all fingers thumbs
= a clumsy person
hold one’s tongue
= say nothing
tongues are wagging
= spread rumours
on the tip of one’s tongue = have difficulty in
expressing something one knows well
apply these idioms to appropriate situations from the book
compose short stories implying the sense of these idioms to let
the class guess what idiom is meant
Focus on the text
3. Agree or disagree with the statements given below. Supply supporting
arguments.
Introduce your own statements expressing consent or the difference of opinion using
special clichés: I don’t think that…, It doesn’t seem true to affirm that…, I’ve got a
different idea about…, Frankly speaking, I don’t share the opinion that…, the
statement doesn’t seem to reveal the true situation… OR This is really so…, I am
totally on your side…, That’s what it seems to be…, Apparently, this is right…
1. It seems that at her age Pollyanna should have grown out of that childish
naïvety of hers. In some situations the girl is too imposing with her “glad
game” and may annoy people.
2. Anyway, she gradually starts realizing that there are cases in which one cannot
offer a person to find good about absolutely anything.
3. Pollyanna’s curiosity sometimes brought her to awkward situations.
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4. Her mind is undoubtedly analytical, and her wrong guesses about people’s
relations may be ascribes to age-specific understanding and lack of life
experience.
5. There are numerous examples showing that when facing the problem of choice
Pollyanna is unhesitant in her decisions.
6. Irritability and impatience were utterly contrary to Pollyanna’s nature. She
intuitively knew how to find her way with people. That is why many of those
who knew her loved her.
7. Since Pollyanna’s arrival her relations with Aunt Polly haven’t changed to the
better. Miss Harrington remained stern and distant, which made Pollyanna
think of accepting John Pendleton’s proposal.
8. Pollyanna’s desire to help Jimmy was granted. Finally there turned out many
people who wanted to adopt the boy. And John Pendleton felt discouraged on
learning that he was outstipped.
4. Reproduce situations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dr. Chilton giving Pollyanna a lift to the Harrington Estate
John Pendleton’s proposal
Pollyanna’s refusal and a return offer
Pollyanna’s encounter with Paul Ford
5. Comment on the change in Miss Polly and Pollyanna’s relations
6. Discuss the following statement:
“Men and women need encouragement. Their natural resisting powers should be
strengthened not weakened… Instead of always harping on a man’s faults, tell him
of his virtues. <…> Hold up to him his better self, his real self so that he can dare
and do and win out”
UNIT 11
General revision
Vocabulary revision
1. Translate the given words and word combinations into English (to be done
on cards)
48
№1
*требовать объяснения
*смелые попытки
*особая награда за заслуги
*работать ловко проворно
*иметь секреты
*достичь цели
*абсолютно неправильно понять
*до Судного дня
*семейный доктор
* всепоглащающая, неугасимая радость
всему
№2
*требовать внимания
*обнять восторженно
*очевидное нежелание
*найти возможность сделать ч-л *быть
благодарным
*изложить причину
*небольшая задержка
*выполнять предписание *признаваться
*волнующая странная радость
№3
*неприятный сюрприз
*обнять нежно
*волнующий опыт
*говорить серьезно
*торопливое примирение
*знать по опыту
*не важно, что
*в абсурдной манере
*непрошенные домочадцы
*смотреть на что-то с определенной
позиции
№4
*выражение протеста
*рассчитывать на
*подталкиваемый непреодолимой
силой
*не иметь разницы (значения) *искать
*быть в смятении
*открытый скептицизм
*смотреть на что-то с определенной
точки зрения
*раздражаться, роптать по поводу
правил и предписаний
* по причине
№5
*обладать сильным характером
*торжествовать
*проявление сильного воодушевления
to ask for explanation
brave attempts
a special reward of merit
to work deftly
to have a skeleton in one’s closet
to gain the point
to misunderstand entirely
till doomsday
a family physician
overwhelming unquenchable gladness for
everything
to ask for attention
to give a rapturous hug
visible reluctance
to find occasion to do smth.
to be grateful
to give a reason (reasons) for
a slight delay
to get the prescription filled
to confess
an odd throb of joy
an unpleasant surprise
to give an affectionate hug
an exciting experience
to be in earnest
hasty conciliation
to know by experience
no matter what
(in) absurd fashion
unwelcome members of the household
to look at smth from a certain standpoint
remonstrance
to count on
impelled by irresistible force
to make no difference
to look for
to be in a whirl
open skepticism
to look at smth from a certain standpoint
to chafe under the rules and regulations
on account of
to have sufficient strength of character
to exult triumphantly
a burst of eager enthusiasm
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*абсурдный, нелепый
*найти время для удовольствий
*озарение прекрасной идеей
*невозмутимо
*быть не в духе, не в ладах с
*передозировать
* светящееся от волнения и удивления
№6
*исполнять обязанности
*научиться быть пунктуальным
*затаить дыхание
*нести свой крест
*неблагодарное отношение
*предварительные экзамены
*перевести разговор на другую тему
*обвинять к-л
*поглядеть насмешливо, *украшенный,
нарядный
№7
* преданный слуга
*поддерживать с энтузиазмом
*давать приятное ощущение
*в соответствии с указаниями
*оказаться в запретной зоне
*доставить сообщение
*отказывать себе в чем-то
*украшенный, нарядный
*иногда, редко
*выразить глубокое разочарование
№8
*найти возможность
*смотреть во все стороны
*с одинаковой стремительностью
*уладить дела
*предсказывать, пророчить
*как само собой разумеющееся
* высказать прямо
*обдумывать недолго
*легкое сомнение
*принести счастье в чью-то жизнь
№9
*сострадание
*переживать последствия *делать чтото бездумно
*замешательство
*получить доверие
*несмотря на разочарование
*безапелляционный жест
*забыть о твердом намерении *человек,
который прощает *трепетный,
благоговейный голос
№ 10
preposterous
to find time to enjoy things
the dawning of a wonderful idea
imperturbably
to be out of sorts with
to overdose
alight with excitement and surprise
to perform one’s duty
to learn to be punctual
to catch one’s breath
to take one’s cross
an ungrateful treatment
preliminary examinations
to turn the conversation to another subject
to blame smb
to give smb. a scornful glance
bedecked
loyal servant
to maintain enthusiastically
to give a pleasant sensation
in accordance with orders
to find oneself on a forbidden ground
to deliver a message
to deny oneself smth
bedecked
once in a while
to show keen disappointment
to find an opportunity
to look in all directions
with equal precipitation
to settle the things
to prophesy
as a matter of course (fact)
to tell smb. outright
to consider smth for a moment
a faint doubt
to bring happiness into somebody’s life
aching sympathy
to suffer the consequences
to do smth without thinking
bewilderment
to get credit
notwithstanding the disappointment
a peremptory gesture
to forget one’s determination a forgiving
person
an awestruck voice
to pride oneself on smth
50
*гордиться чем-либо
*очевидное напряжение тщеславия
*попросту говоря
*передумать
*чувство опустошенности
*по причине
*выразить глубокое разочарование
*странная волнующая радость
*принести счастье в чью-то жизнь
*возбужденно настаивать
№ 11
*укрепить самообладание
*весело пообещать
*дерзкий
*выглядеть одиноким *гостеприимство
дома
*безутешный
*длительное личное знакомство
*роскошно обставленная комната
*быть хорошо развитым
* поглядеть насмешливо
№ 12
*удостовериться
*с искренним удивлением
*разнородные предметы
*абсолютно изнуренный *неожиданная
смена темы
*под чьим-либо руководством
*приятель своего возраста
*попасть в аварию
*утонченный
*продвинуться дальше введения
№ 13
*быть в наилучших отношениях
*слушать сосредоточенно
*восхитительный разговор
*время отдыха
*необъяснимая причина
*в ошеломляющем потрясении
*в назначенном месте
*чудодействующее тонизирующее
средство
*обслуживать, прислуживать
* нервная раздражительность
№ 14
*приготовить хорошую встречу
*иметь удовольствие
*делать по очереди
*привести в порядок
*неизбежный, неминуемый
*риск последовательный опрос
*охватить
evident strain of vanity
in plain words
to change one’s mind
a sense of desolation
on account of
to show keen disappointment
an odd throb of joy
to bring happiness into somebody’s life
to urge excitedly
to add to one’s composure
to promise cheerfully
impertinent
to look lonesome
the hospitality of the place
disconsolate
an extensive personal acquaintance
a sumptuously furnished room
to be well advanced
to give smb. a scornful glance
to make sure
in frank wonder
conglomerate garments
wholly exhausted
an abrupt change of subject
under somebody’s instruction
a companion of one’s own age
to meet with an accident
exquisite
to get beyond the beginning
to be on the best of terms
to listen intently
a delightful talk
leisure time
inexplicable reason
in a dumbfounded amazement
at the appointed place
a wonder-working tonic
to wait on smb.
nervous fretfulness
to prepare a welcome for to have the
pleasure of
to take turns
to settle into order
imminent risk
systemic questioning
to overcome smb.
remorseful memories
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*воспоминания полные раскаяния
*казаться недоверчивым
* раздражаться, роптать по поводу
правил и предписаний
to look incredulous
to chafe under the rules and regulations
2. Exchange your cards in a clockwise order. Choose four expressions out of
ten given on the card and make up situations to relay one episode from the
novel
3. Exchange your cards again. Choose one expression. Make up a very short
situation so as to make your group-mates guess the expression you have
meant to use.
4. Give expressions synonymous to the following:
*to reach one’s aim
*to be by oneself
*to do smth by obligation
*to see no way
*to be very friendly
Chart 3
*against one’s wish
*impertinent
*pleasant conversation
*random inquiry
*to bring to order
5. Express in one word:
Chart 4
*richly decorated
*persistent in achieving something
*engulfing and keeping under the spell
*performing/creating a miracle
*questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions
*remaining calm, even in disturbing or dangerous situations
*feeling very guilty and sorry about having done wrong
*wildly unreasonable, illogical, and inappropriate
*the feeling of sadness or displeasure caused by the nonfulfillment
of one's hopes or expectations
* something that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally,
typically resulting in damage or injury
6. Supply the missing derivatives and grammatical forms:
Table VIII
noun
satisfaction
verb
adjective
adverb
believe
suspiciously
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Participle I
Participle II
exhausted
breathless
overwhelming
visible
attraction
comfortably
expect
considering
triumph
Focus on the text
1. Enumerate the plot building events
Remember that all the points should be written in one style (Either in complete
sentences, or in nominative phrases. For example:
1. Pollyanna’s appearance in Beldingsville
2. Pollyanna’s adaptation to the new environment
or
1. Coming to the Harrington Estate
2. Getting acquainted with the neighborhood
or
1. Polly Harrington takes care of the orphaned niece
2. Pollyanna is enchanted with the surroundings
2. Develop the formulated points into a more detailed outline
The unwinding of the main points of the text will lead to creating its outline. An
outline presents a picture of the main ideas and the subsidiary ideas of a text or a
topic. It shows the order of the various events, the relative importance of each, and
the relationship between the various parts.
There exist several ways to arrange different parts of text outlining. It may be a
chronological arrangement or a spatial arrangement. The most common order in
outlines is to go from the general to the specific.
When writing an outline bear in mind
to concentrate on the basic themes
to be straightforward
53
to eliminate irrelevant information
to choose concise words to trigger the concept
Please, follow the pattern and use the given example :
1. Pollyanna’s appearance in Beldingsville
1.1. The delivery of the letter
1.2. Preparations for the girl’s arrival
1.3. The journey to the station
1.4. Pollyanna’s expectations and the reality
An outline is a good way to organize thoughts.
2.____________________
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4
3.____________________
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Joint project work
Join in pairs. Choose the event marking the turning point in plot development
The development of the story relayed by E.H. Porter is very even and calm. Yet as in
every literary work, as well as in true life there are culminations, which expose the
most important happenings, that are apt to change the established order of things.
Explain why you consider it significant.
3. Comment on the following statements:
Instead of always harping on a man’s faults, tell him of his virtues
The influence of a beautiful, helpful, hopeful character is contagiou
54
UNIT 12
chapters 23, 24
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the English for the following Russian words and word-combinations:
по чьей-то просьбе, улыбнуться печально, весьма слабое оправдание,
неестественный (вынужденный), несомненно лестный акцент, незначительные
последствия (результат), чужие тревоги, прийти в сознание, безрезультатная
попытка, под благословенным воздействием, бесцельно, заразное заболевание,
бесполезное занятие, рассуждать здраво, причинять беспокойство, закрыться
как устрица (замкнуться в себе), ненамеренный (непроизвольный), на
безопасном расстоянии, быть отчужденно спокойным (хладнокровным),
сделать кого-либо своим наследником
2. Fill in the blank boxes with the necessary word-derivatives:
Table IX
noun
verb
adjective
personal
adverb
Participle I
Participle II
flattering
apologize
emphasis
nmistakable
recover
sadly
constrained
influence
Safe
trouble
3. When do we say that:
a person has made an ineffectual attempt, somebody is making an unmistakable
flattering attempt, words sound as a pretty poor apology, the happenings are of slight
consequence, a person is doing something in an aimless fashion, the whole affair is a
wild-goose chasing, a person shuts up like an oyster, somebody is making trouble?
4. Make up situations using the following expressions:
55
Under the blessed influence, to talk plain horse sense, to be impersonally cool, at
somebody’s request, at a safe distance, other people’s troubles, to be of slight
consequence, to be impersonally cool
5. Explain the psychological aspect of the following states:
troublemaking, wild-goose chasing, doing things in aimless fashion, shutting like an
oyster, getting under somebody’s influence, being constrained
Vocabulary extension: Learning word-mapping
*a word map is a combinability scheme which represents words and
expressions arranged around a central key word
*A semantic map shows the relationships among a set of connected
concepts and ideas. It is a graphical "map" of how one views a particular topic. The
ideas most central to a concept are displayed closest to the main topic and details
and linkages are formed to display the depth, breadth, and interconnectedness within
the concept.
Map pattern for the word “cool”
follow the given example and make combinability maps of the words
ENTHUSIASM, ENCOURAGEMENT, PATIENCE, HAPPINESS,
RULE, ORDER supplying verbs and adjectives that may collocate with
these nouns:
56
Focus on the text
1. Recall and reproduce the exact situations in which the following
expressions are used:
2.
pretty poor apology
to be of slight consequence
under the blessed influence
in an aimless fashion
to shut like an oyster
Comment on the following statement:
Don’t let other people’s troubles worry your head
3. Answer the questions:
1. Pollyanna often asked people very personal questions. Could they be attributed to a
mere childish innocence or to the lack of a proper upbringing? 2. Why do you think
people don’t get annoyed at her questioning? Is it because they make allowances for
her age oк because the girl has brought a breath of new current into their lives? 3.
What suppositions can be made as to the car accident and its consequences? Was the
girl’s state just the result of a shock, concussion or do you think the injuries were
hard and needed a serious treatment? 4. How can you account for Pollyanna’s own
attitude to the situation and her state? Was it the outcome of a customary “glad game”
a brave attempt to console herself, or the cherished hopes of a quick recovery? 5.
How did the accident change Miss Polly’s mode of life and thinking?
4. Discuss the following aspects of Mr. Pendleton’s decision to make
Pollyanna his heiress (team work):
Mr. Pendleton’s motifs and interest
Pollyanna’s gains and losses
Miss Polly’s inward state change and a drastic outlook revision
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UNIT 13
chapters 25, 26, 27
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Read the words after the teacher
request, special, patience, conscience, faithful, truthful, confusion, conscientious,
denunciation, plague, acutely, confusion, verdict, question, gesture, despair, control,
experience, extraordinary, embarrass
2. Give the English for the following Russian words:
решительность
неизбежный
явное удивление
дни ожидания
достоинство
правдивость
смятение
приговор
бесчисленные
подражание
отчаянный
неординарный
оплакивать
правдивость
провозглашать
самообладание
смущающий
возможность
очевидный
несмотря на
3. explain the meaning of the following words and expressions:
dignity, unavoidable, imitation, innumerable, perturbation, verdict, to be out of the
question, an extraordinary opportunity, to bemoan, to lose self-control, to give all the
world for
4. Give synonyms for the following expressions:
postponement that cannot be evaded
58
copying somebody / something very close to the original
obvious astonishment
to be ruled out
a person one feels compassion for
notwithstanding
to fall out of self-possession
an exceptional chance
to say directly
to puzzle somebody with inquiries
to make somebody display initiative
5.
say whether (if):
there is anything worth giving the whole world for
it is easy to lose self-control in a difficult situation
it is easy to regain self-control in all situations
extraordinary opportunities occur often
you are able to stir people to action
6. Give the three forms of the verbs:
Table X
Infinitive
Past Simple
Participle II
выбирать
ломать
падать
прощать
трясти
толкать,
заталкивать
показать
Расти
предвидеть
обижать,
причинять боль
бросать
терять
дарить, поразить
7. Render the passage given below in English:
Make use of the following expressions: to fall silent / quiet – замолкать, to get tired
– уставать, to grow irritated / impatient – становиться раздраженным, to strike
one (it strikes me that…) – приходить в голову, to go weak – слабеть, to get better
– выздоравливать (становиться лучше), keep to bed – оставаться в постели,
59
shake head – покачать головой, turn desperate – отчаяться, to grow suspicious –
заподозрить (начать подозревать)
Дни шли, а Поллианне не становилось лучше. Она по-прежнему оставалась в
постели. Правда, она не отчаивалась, полагая, что скоро выздоровеет и сможет
пойти в школу. Тогда мисс Полли пришла идея пригласить для консультации
другого врача. Когда она начала этот разговор, Поллианна подумала, что тетя
Полли имеет в виду доктора Чилтона. Но она ошиблась. Казалось, что даже
упоминание имени доктора Чилтона причиняло боль мисс Хэррингтон. Она
становилась раздражительной и молчаливой. И в этот раз она лишь покачала
головой.
Vocabulary extension: figurative language
COLOUR IDIOMS
feel blue
= to be very sad
out of the blue = unexpectedly
a black day
= an unhappy day
in a black mood = depressed
white lie
= a lie to protect another person’s feelings
wave a white flag = to surrender
apply these idioms to appropriate situations from the book
match the idioms with definitions
1
2
3
4
5
every cloud has a silver lining
golden opportunity
in the pink of health
silver-tongued
see the world through rosecoloured glasses
6 roll out the red carpet
A
B
C
D
E
in excellent physical condition
speaking very convincingly an
occasion to improve the situation
give a big welcome
pleasant side-effects of an unpleasant
situation
F see only good things
think of the possible ways to improve the situation, use these
idioms when formulating them
60
Grammar Consolidation
Types of Questions
1. Put disjunctive questions to the following sentences:
1. Miss Polly did not rise to meet her niece,……………..? 2. The barrels haven’t had
many clothes for little girls in them lately,……………? 3. Miss Polly did not care to
listen to Pollyanna’ stories about her father, ……………..? 4. Miss Polly told
Timothy to take Pollyanna’s bags to the attic room, ……………? 5. Miss Polly was
glad, that she had put the child in the attic room,…………………..? 6. She thought it
good that the girl’s room was plain and sensible,……………….? 7. Nancy found
Pollyanna in her room a few minutes later, ……………….? 8. The girl was crying,
………………? 9. They unpacked the bags, ……………? 10. There were few
dresses in the bag …………………? 11. They were pitifully unattractive,
……………...? 12. Pollyanna and Nancy will soon make friends ……………? 13.
The gardener will tell Nancy Miss Polly’s story,………..? 14. Pollyanna will frighten
everyone, walking on the roof of at night, …………….? 15. Nobody had expected
Pollyanna to make friends with Mr. Pendleton, ………………?
Types of Predicates
2. Translate the following sentences:
1. Когда Мисс Поли получила письмо, она была удивлена. 2. Она знала, что у
нее есть племянница. 3. Она предполагала, что девочке одиннадцать лет. 4. Но
она не ожидала, что девочка будет с ней жить. 5. Нэнси встретила Поллианну
на вокзале. 6. Девочка была светловолосая. 7. На ней было простенькое
платьице в клеточку. 8. Вообще Поллианна очень общительная. 9. Она
открытая и добросердечная девочка. 10. Она любит гулять, знакомиться с
людьми. 11. Она всегда готова всем помочь. 12. Однажды она принесла в дом
котенка. 13. Потом привела в дом мальчика. 14. Она думала, что тетя Поли
разрешит Джимми жить с ними. 15. Поллианна решила обратиться в
благотворительное общество, когда тетя Поли отказалась оставить Джимми в
доме.
3. Find and underline the predicate in the sentences.
1. Miss Polly was quite alone in the world. 2. She knew her duty. 3. And she had
sufficient strength of character to perform it. 4. Miss Jenny was an angel. 5. Tom was
a loyal servant. 6. He was taking care of the garden. 7. He was proud of his work. 8.
He told Nancy Miss Polly’s love story. 10. On the way to Miss Polly’s house
Pollyanna had kept an uninterrupted stream of comments and questions. 11. She
asked questions about her aunt, her house and the city. 12. Miss Polly lived in a
lovely big and rich house. 13. Pollyanna was glad she would stay with Miss Polly. 14.
Miss Polly was reading a book when Pollyanna entered the room. 15. Pollyanna had
fairly flown across the room and flung herself into he aunt’s lap.
61
Task 3. State the type of the predicate (simple or compound nominal) and the
tense form of the verb (notional or auxiliary) in each sentence above.
Character study
Three doctors are involved in the plot development: Dr. Chilton, Dr. Warren and Dr.
Mead. Comment on:
reasons that bring them to the scene
the ways and situations in which they are introduced
relations with people they come into contact with
the impression they produce
Focus on the text
1. Answer the questions:
1) Why did Miss Polly decide to invite another specialist for a consultation on
Pollyanna’s case?
2) Who of the doctors did Pollyanna rely on?
3) Why was the new doctor’s visit delayed?
4) Was Dr. Mead’s supposition of Pollyanna’s recovery very optimistic?
5) What was Dr. Mead’s verdict?
6) How did Pollyanna learn it?
7) What was her first reaction to this news?
8) Had she been more hopeful in planning her future life before she learned it?
9) What was most distressing for Pollyanna in this situation?
10) Did the news of Dr. Mead’s diagnosis spread fast?
11) What was the citizens’ reaction to this news?
12) What surprised Miss Polly in the citizens’ behavior and attitude to her niece?
13) How did Polly Harrington try to make her niece’s life pleasanter?
14) Did the medicine prescribed by Dr. Mead give the expected results?
2. Recall and reproduce the exact situations in which the following
expressions are used:
with a touch of stern decision, days of waiting, with her usual truthfulness, in spite
of perturbation, to be out of the question, an extraordinary opportunity, poor little
lamb, to proclaim the goodness of everyday experience, to stir somebody to
action, to lose self-control, give all the world for
3. comment on the following statements:
It’s easy to tell people how to be glad but it is not the same thing when you are
in an identical situation yourself.
Only a woman’s hand and heart or a child’s presence could make a home.
62
Writing an essay
An essay is a piece of writing that analyses and evaluates the given issue.
Fundamentally, an essay is designed to get a student’s academic opinion on a
certain theme or problem.
Structurally an essay usually falls into five parts (paragraphs), each having a
particular aim.
In the Introductory Paragraph the theme of the essay is introduced and the basic
statement of opinion is worded.
The First Supporting Paragraph is aimed at giving initial remarks which prove the
rightness of approach and the standpoint from which the theme is viewed and
revealed.
The Second Supporting Paragraph supplies examples and illustrations.
In the Third Supporting Paragraph it would be right to view the pros and cons of the
accepted approach.
Logically, the Final Paragraph should offer an argumentative conclusion.
The key structure components of an essay
Write a three hundred word essay on the following topic:
“Is proclaiming the gladness of everyday experience reasonable and helpful in
creating a positive outlook?”
63
UNIT 14
chapters 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
Vocabulary acquisition
1. Give the English for the following Russian words and expressions:
наводить справки, разъяснять что-либо, нервозная разговорчивость, при
условии, необычайная беседа, по разговорам, заходить (в гости), плохо
скрываемое упорство, предпринимать длительные оздоровительные прогулки,
явное огорчение, с неожиданной горечью, получить развод, приводящие в
замешательство визиты, напрягать нервы, делать прогресс, начинать, быть
бесспорным, обеспечивать, предписанное лечение, провести обследование,
забыть о гордости, иметь серьезное значение, поддерживать контакты, быть
обреченным на, рискнуть (затеять, начать)
2. Explain the following phenomena:
nervous volubility, ill-concealed determination, long walks for health, disconcerting
visits, making headway, making examination, swallowing one’s pride, keeping in
touch, sounding matter-of-fact
3. Give situations in which people may:
make inquiries, conceal determination, take walks for health, expose obvious distress,
get a divorce, strain nerves, make examination, swallow pride
4. Give synonyms for the following words and expressions:
to want tо know and try to find out =
to explain =
in condition that =
to visit =
evident upset / grief =
to progress =
64
to sound indisputable =
to be very important =
to be unavoidable / inevitable =
to abase oneself / to turn humble =
5. Give antonyms for the following words and expressions:
to keep secret / to keep under one’s hat / to conceal a commonplace conversation to exposed unwillingness hidden satisfaction to get married –
to feel calm and comfortable –
to sound disputable –
to degrade –
to be of no value –
to stay dignified –
6. Supply the missing derivatives:
Table XI
Verb
noun
progress
adjective
adverb
Participle I
Participle П
inquire
distressful
Prescribed
Confusing
pride
specially
Lose
Evaluated
poorly
Focus on the text
1. Write an outline of the events described in this part of the book:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
65
More if any
2. Give a précis of the text under consideration
3. Recall and reproduce the exact situations in which the following
expressions are used:
remarkable discourse, ill-concealed surprise, take long walks, get a divorce, make
headway, be matter-of-fact
Discussing the issues
When people face a problem to solve or have to make a decision, they often
experience embarrassment and find it difficult to organize thoughts because 1)
emotional reactions to a situation may dominate, 2) there is some uncertainty as to
how to approach a problem and what to start with, 3) the goals are numerous and the
information to keep in mind is voluminous which causes confusion. To help
overcome these difficulties a British scientist Edward de Bono invented a method
which he described in his book “Six Thinking Hats”. The hats are of different
colours, each hat (each colour) performs a special role, and is responsible for a
special approach and hence a special way of thinking.
* The White Hat sets a person exposing the known facts only.
* The Red Hat governs emotions. In this case people are apt to make guesses relying
on their intuition and share emotions.
* The Yellow Hat determines only positive thinking, which means one has to view all
the advantages of the discussed matter.
* The Black Hat switches on critical thinking thus bringing forth all the drawbacks
and disadvantages of the issue.
* The Green Hat imparts one creative thinking. This is where new (sometimes crazy)
ideas are born and shared.
* The Blue Hat governs the whole process, starting it (setting goals and ways to
achieve them) and bringing it to a logical conclusion (probably giving assessment
recommendations).
This design is meant to help bring order to the process of thinking and evade
confusion.
4. The point to discuss is the “good game”
The mode of work:
1.
2.
3.
4.
split into two groups
choose a mediator
“try on” the hats in an established order and put down your judgments
formulate the conclusion
66
*** use the cited quotations as tips for the possible foci (focuses)
1) Pollyanna? The little girl who was so frickin’ positive about
everything, she drove everyone crazy?
2) What if her attitude toward life was actually the most practical and
productive approach?
3) There are people who never see an opportunity without a problem.
Contrast them with the eternal optimist, Pollyanna, who never sees a
problem without an opportunity.
4) a Pollyanna type is an incredibly hopeful person, the incurable
optimist
5) These days, “Pollyanna” is often used pejoratively, referring to
somebody whose optimism reflects naivete, ignorance or stubborn
refusal to face the facts of a situation.
6) What's wrong with being a Pollyanna? Absolutely nothing, according
to the experts who say a positive mental attitude can benefit everyone
as we age – physically and emotionally.
67
UNIT 15
Joint project work and presentations
1. The Theme of an Orphan-child
in
Mark Twain “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn”
Jean Webster “Daddy-long-legs”
Charlotte Bronte “Jane Eyre”
Charles Dickens “Oliver Twist”
Jane Porter “Pollyanna”
Joanne Rowling the Harry Potter fantasy novels
2. The World Picture through Pollyanna’s Eyes
People
Relations
Situations
68
3.
4.
Dreams and desires
The Glad Game as means of
adapting to life
evading the reality of life
creating another reality
making the reality
Positive thinking
UNIT 16
Open Discussion
THE ALPHABET OF HAPPINESS
Pollyanna may have been a very naïve girl, but her father was obviously a very wise
man. He taught her to survive in a rigid and severe world. As if able to foresee the
hardships his dearest girl would have to overcome he encouraged her to find the
bright side of things no matter what. We can’t but consent that quite often the girl
used to bring it to the extreme. But this only highlights the desire of a person, any
person, to feel happy. People may advocate various standards and requirements of
happiness. It depends on a great many things, happenings and situations.
1. Look through the given “alphabet of happiness” and fill in the empty boxes.
69
The Alphabet of Happiness
A - accept
B - break away
C - create
D - decide
E - explore
F - forgive
G - grow
H - hope
I – ignore
J - journey
K - know
L - love
M - manage
N - notice
O - open
P - play
Q - question
R - refuse
S - share
T - try
U - use
V - value
W - work
X – x-ray
Y - yield
z-zoom
Accept others for who they are and for the choices they have made even if
have difficulties understanding their beliefs, motives and actions
Break away from everything that stands in the way of what you hope to
accomplish with your life
Explore and experiment. The world has much to offer, and you have much to
give. And every time you try something new, you will learn more about
yourself.
Leave the childhood monsters behind. They can no longer hurt you or stand in
your way
Hope for the best and never forget that anything is possible as long as you
remain dedicated to the task
Journey to new worlds, new possibilities, by remaining open-minded. Try to
learn something new every day.
Know that no matter how bad things seem, they’ll always get better. The
warmth of spring always follows the harshest winter
Let love fill your heart instead of hate. When hate is in your heart there’s
room for nothing else. When love is in your heart, there’s room for endless
happiness
Never forget to have fun along the way. Success means nothing without
happiness.
Ask many questions, because you are here to learn
Try anyway, even if your dreams seem impossible to realize. You’ll be
amazed by what you can accomplish.
Use your gifts to the best ability. Talent that is wasted has no value. Talent
that is used will bring unexpected rewards.
Work hard every day to be the best person you can be, but never feel guilty if
you fall short of your goals. Every sunrise offers a second chance.
Look deep inside the hearts of those around you and you’ll see the goodness
and beauty within.
Zoom to a happy place when bad memories or sorrow rears its ugly head. Let
nothing interfere with your goals. Focus on your abilities, your dreams, and a
brighter tomorrow.
2. Explain your choice of demands and your idea of happiness.
3. Compare the results you’ve got with those of your friends and discuss them.
4. Choose other key words (A – assemble, E – expect, F – forget, I – intend, R –
remember, etc.) and disclose the idea behind the words.
70
5. Compare and comment on what you have got with what is offered by the
man who has compiled it with the desire to share it and thus perhaps help
people to better understand themselves
The Alphabet of Happiness
A - accept
Accept others for who they are and for the choices they have made even if
have difficulties understanding their beliefs, motives and actions
B - break away
Break away from everything that stands in the way of what you hope to
accomplish with your life
C - create
Create a family of friends whom you can share your hopes, dreams, and
happiness with.
D - decide
Decide that you will be successful and happy come what may, and good
things will find you. The roadblocks are only minor obstacles along the way.
E - explore
Explore and experiment. The world has much to offer, and you have much to
give. And every time you try something new, you will learn more about
yourself.
F - forgive
Forgive and forget. Grudges only weigh you down and inspire unhappiness
and grief. Soar above it, and remember that everyone makes mistakes.
G - grow
Leave the childhood monsters behind. They can no longer hurt you or stand in
your way
H - hope
Hope for the best and never forget that anything is possible as long as you
remain dedicated to the task
I – ignore
Ignore the negative voice inside your head.
J - journey
Journey to new worlds, new possibilities, by remaining open-minded. Try to
learn something new every day.
think of what one should ignore to be happy
K - know
Know that no matter how bad things seem, they’ll always get better. The
warmth of spring always follows the harshest winter
L - love
Let love fill your heart instead of hate. When hate is in your heart there’s
room for nothing else. When love is in your heart, there’s room for endless
happiness
M - manage
Manage your time and your expenses wisely, and you’ll suffer less stress and
worry. Then you’ll be able to focus on the important things in life.
N - notice
Notice the poor, helpless, weak or suffering. Offer your assistance, kindness
and understanding
O - open
Open your eyes and take in all the beauty around you.
P - play
Never forget to have fun along the way. Success means nothing without
happiness.
Q - question
Ask many questions, because you are here to learn
R - refuse
Refuse to let worry and stress rule your life. Remember that things always
have a way of working out in the end
S - share
Share your talent, skills, knowledge and time with others. Eveything that you
invest in others will return to you many times over.
T - try
Try anyway, even if your dreams seem impossible to realize. You’ll be
amazed by what you can accomplish.
U - use
Use your gifts to the best ability. Talent that is wasted has no value. Talent
that is used will bring unexpected rewards.
V - value
Value the friends and family members who have supported and encouraged
you, and be there with them as well
71
W - work
X – x-ray
Y - yield
z-zoom
Work hard every day to be the best person you can be, but never feel guilty if
you fall short of your goals. Every sunrise offers a second chance.
Look deep inside the hearts of those around you and you’ll see the goodness
and beauty within.
Yield to commitment. If you stay on track and remain dedicated, you’ll find
success at the end of the road.
Zoom to a happy place when bad memories or sorrow rears its ugly head. Let
nothing interfere with your goals. Focus on your abilities, your dreams, and a
brighter tomorrow.
[URL: http://academictips.org/blogs/the-alphabet-of-happiness/]
72
BASIC LEXICON
Vocabulary list 1
(chapters 1, 2, 3)
1. to pride oneself on smth / doing smth – гордиться чем-либо
2. to add to one’s composure – укрепить самообладание
3. the repose of manner – спокойные манеры
4. to ask for explanation – требовать объяснения
5. to ask for attention – требовать внимания
6. to do smth toward smb’s support – делать что-либо в помощь
7. to prepare a welcome for – приготовить хорошую встречу
8. an unpleasant surprise – неприятный сюрприз (неожиданность)
9. to be on the best of terms – быть в наилучших отношениях
10.remonstrance – выражение протеста, возражение
10.to welcome smb’s sympathy / advice – благожелательно принимать
сочувствие / совет
11. to be by oneself – одинокий, сам по себе
12.to have sufficient strength of character – обладать достаточно сильным
характером
13. to perform one’s duty – исполнять свои обязанности
14. to make sure - удостовериться
15. honest pride in the family - искренняя гордость семьи
16. loyal servant – преданный слуга
17. drapery curtains – портьеры
18. gingham dress – полосатое или клетчатое платье
19. an uninterrupted string of comments and questions – непрерывный поток
пояснений и вопросов
20. aching sympathy – сострадание
21. to demand anxiously – задавать вопросы обеспокоенно
22. there is no pleasing her – ей не угодить
23. take my word for it – поверь моему слову
24. to find an opportunity – найти возможность
25. refuge – убежище, укрытие, спасение
Vocabulary list 2
(chapters 4, 5)
to have the pleasure of – иметь удовольствие
to draw one’s breath (tremulously) – (боязливо) затаить дыхание
in frank wonder – с искренним удивлением
evident strain of vanity – с очевидным напряжением для собственного
тщеславия
5. to look in all directions (at once) – смотреть сразу во все стороны
1.
2.
3.
4.
73
6. wondrously exciting problem – поразительно захватывающая проблема
7. to make a wonderful discovery – сделать замечательное открытие
8. to listen intently – слушать сосредоточенно
9. to suffer the consequences – переживать последствия
10. to learn to be punctual – научиться быть пунктуальным
11. to skip gleefully – радостно, ликующе скакать
12. to promise cheerfully – весело пообещать
13. to see trouble about – быть обеспокоенным чем-либо
14. brave attempts – смелые попытки
15. to declare irritably – заявить раздраженно
16. to exult triumphantly – торжествовать
17. to maintain enthusiastically – отстаивать поддерживать с энтузиазмом
18. to give a rapturous hug – обнять восторженно
19. to give an affectionate hug – обнять нежно
20. to count on – рассчитывать на
Vocabulary list 3
(chapters 6, 7)
to be impelled by irresistible force – подталкиваемый непреодолимой силой
to catch one’s breath – затаить дыхание
to apologize timidly – извиниться застенчиво
to cross the room majestically – величественно пересечь комнату
a burst of eager enthusiasm – вспышка (проявление) сильного
воодушевления
6. visible reluctance – очевидное нежелание (отвращение)
7. conglomerate garments – разнородные предметы
8. to take turns – делать по очереди
9. to vouchsafe – удостоить, соизволить
10. impertinent – дерзкий, нахальный, наглый
11. an exciting experience – возбуждающий, волнующий опыт
12. a delightful talk – восхитительный разговор
13. the feeling of limp relaxation – чувство безвольного расслабления
(облегчения)
14. to do something without thinking – делать что-то бездумно
15. sun parlor built over the port-cochere – солярий (веранда для загара),
построенный над входом
16. sealskin coat – шуба из морского котика (очень дорогой мех)
17.t o give a pleasant sensation – давать приятное ощущение
18. a sigh of content – вздох удовлетворения
19. with equal precipitation – с одинаковой стремительностью
(опрометчивостью)
20. a special reward of merit – особая награда за заслуги
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Vocabulary list 4
(chapters 8,9,10)
1. to settle into order – привести в порядок
2. leisure time – время отдыха
3. to find occasion to do something – найти возможность (случай) сделать чтолибо
4. wholly exhausted – абсолютно изнуренный
5. to be vaguely sorry for smb. – испытывать неясное сожеление
6. to look lonesome – выглядеть одиноким
7. in accordance with orders – в соответствии с указаниями
8. in plain words – попросту говоря / простыми словами
9. at the prospect of meeting – в надежде увидеться
10. to make no difference (to make the difference / what’s the difference)
не иметь значения (иметь значение / какая разница)
11. to beg the privilege – просить (умолять) разрешения
12. an abrupt change of subject – неожиданная смена темы (разговора)
13. to seat oneself comfortably – усесться поудобнее
14. to work deftly – работать ловко. проворно
15. to find time to enjoy things – найти время для удовольствий
16. hasty conciliation – торопливое примирение
17. bewilderment – замешательство, смущение, недоумение
18. to settle the things – уладить дела
19. preposterous – абсурдный, нелепый
20. to have a skeleton in one’s closet – иметь секреты
21. to take one’s cross – нести свой крест
22. calf’-foot jelly – холодец
23. to be in earnest – говорить серьезно
24. to look for - искать
25.the hospitality of the place – гостеприимство дома
26.to prophesy – предсказывать, пророчить
27. to change one’s mind - передумать
28. inexplicable reason – необъяснимая причина
29. imminent risk – неизбежный, неминуемый риск
30. to be grateful – быть благодарным
Vocabulary list 5
(chapters 11, 12, 13)
1. as a matter of course (fact) – как само собой разумеющееся
2. systemic questioning – последовательный опрос
3. to misunderstand (smth., smb.) entirely – абсолютно неправильно понять
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4. with a gasp of dismay – задохнувшись от испуга (смятения)
5. in a dumbfounded amazement – в ошеломляющем потрясении (удивлении)
6. under somebody’s instruction – под чьим-либо руководством
7. disconsolate – безутешный, печальный, несчастный
8. a companion of one’s own age – приятель своего возраста
9. the dawning of a wonderful idea – озарение прекрасной идеей
10. to pilot smb. into … unhesitatingly – проводить кого-либо без колебаний
11. to overcome smb. – охватить
12. to confront smb. fearlessly – предстать перед (противостоять кому-либо)
безбоязненно
13. with a peremptory gesture of silence – безапелляционный (категорический,
высокомерный) жест, заставляющий замолчать
14. to lay the case before smb – изложить существо вопроса кому -либо
15. to raise money – найти (изыскать) деньги
16. to gain the point – достичь цели
17. a sense of desolation – чувство опустошенности
18. to find oneself on a forbidden ground – оказаться в запретной зоне (на
запретной территории)
19. to get (a bit of / some) credit – получить доверие (хорошую репутацию)
20. to know by experience – знать по опыту
21. notwithstanding the disappointment – несмотря на разочарование
22. to give a reason (reasons) for – изложить причину (мотив, оправдание,
основания)
23. to be in a whirl (her thoughts in a whirl) – быть в смятении (в водовороте)
24. to deliver a message – доставить сообщение
25. a (welcome) substitution for (желанная, приятная) замена кому-либо / чему
либо
Vocabulary list 6
(chapters 14, 15, 16)
remorseful memories – воспоминания полные раскаяния
at the appointed place – в назначенном месте
to show keen disappointment – выразить (показать) глубокое разочарование
no matter what – не важно (независимо о того), что / как
to meet with an accident – попасть в аварию (несчастный случай)
to shift impatiently from one foot to the other – нетерпеливо переминаться
с ноги на ногу
7. a slight delay – небольшая задержка
8. imperturbably – невозмутимо, преспокойно
9. an extensive personal acquaintance – длительное (близкое) личное
знакомство
10. a wonder-working tonic – чудодействующее тонизирующее средство
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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11. overwhelming unquenchable gladness for everything – всепоглащающая,
неугасимая радость всему
12.a sumptuously furnished (bed)room – роскошно (богато, превосходно)
обставленная (меблированная) комната
13. till doomsday – до Судного дня
14. to look at smth from a certain standpoint – смотреть на что-то с
определенной позиции (точки зрения)
15. on account of – по причине
16. to deny oneself smth – отказывать себе в чем-то
17. open skepticism – открытый скептицизм
18. to tell smb. outright that – высказать прямо
19. (in) absurd fashion – в абсурдной манере
20. an odd throb of joy – странная волнующая радость
21. (face) alight with excitement and surprise – (лицо) светящееся от волнения
и удивления
22. to forget one’s determination – забыть о своем твердом намерении
23.bedecked – украшенный, нарядный
24. to get the prescription filled – выполнять предписание
25. to consider smth for a moment – обдумывать (взвешивать) минуту
Vocabulary list 7
(chapters 17, 18, 19)
a forgiving person – человек, который прощает
an ungrateful treatment – неблагодарное отношение
once in a while – иногда, редко
exquisite – утонченный
nervous fretfulness – нервная раздражительность
in an awestruck voice – трепетный, благоговейный голос
to give smb. a scornful glance – поглядеть презрительно, (насмешливо,
пренебрежительно)
8. to urge excitedly – возбужденно настаивать, советовать
9. to look incredulous – казаться недоверчивым, скептическим
10. unwelcome members of the household – непрошенные (нежеланные)
домочадцы
11. to turn the conversation to another subject – повернуть разговор на другой
объект
12. a family physician – семейный доктор
13. to be out of sorts with – быть не в духе, не в ладах с
14. to blame smb – обвинять к-л
15. to shimmer - мерцать
16. to wait on smb. – обслуживать, прислуживать
17. preliminary examinations – предварительные экзамены
18. to be well advanced – быть хорошо развитым
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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19. to confess - признаваться
20. to doze - дремать
21. to get beyond the beginning – продвинуться дальше введения (начала)
22. a faint doubt – слабое сомнение
23. to overdose - передозировать
24. to chafe under the rules and regulations – раздражаться, роптать по поводу
правил и предписаний
25. to bring happiness into somebody’s life – принести счастье в чью-то жизнь
Vocabulary list 8
(chapters 20, 21, 22)
1. a special request – особая просьба (требование)
2. sudden decision – неожиданное решение
3. to get everything settled – урегулировать (уладить) всё
4. to puzzle out – найти решение, разобраться, разгадать
5. an ungratified wish – неудовлетворенное желание
6. to lose one’s patience – потерять терпение
7. a very dutiful woman – исполнительная (обязательная) женщина
8. with a clean conscience – с чистой совестью
9. to put one’s fingers on – точно указать (на) что-либо
10.a faithful dog – преданный пес
11. inaudible – неслышный, невнятный
12. to brace oneself – собраться с духом, сконцентрироваться
13. to make the exchange – произвести обмен
14. to touch smb’s heart – тронуть чье-то сердце
15. in tumult – в суматохе
16. wagging tongues – болтливые языки (сплетники)
17. the last straw (breaks the camel’s back) – последняя капл
18. conscientious workers – добросовестные работники
19. to be acutely aware of – остро осознавать
20. a hypocrite – лицемер, ханжа
21. a bitter denunciation – суровое обвинение (осуждение)
22. plague – напасть, наказание, бедствие
23. listlessly – равнодушно, без интереса
24. encouragement – одобрение, поощрение
25. contagious – контагиозный (заразный, инфекционный)
Vocabulary list 9
(chapters 23, 24)
1. at somebody’s request - по чьей-то просьбе
2. to smile sadly – улыбнуться печально
3. a pretty poor apology – весьма слабое оправдание
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4. constrained – неестественный, вынужденный
5. an unmistakable flattering emphasis – несомненно лестный акцент
6. other people’s troubles – чужие тревоги
7. at a safe distance – на безопасном расстоянии
8. to be of slight consequence – незначительные последствия (результат)
9. to recover consciousness – прийти в сознание
10. an ineffectual attempt – безрезультатная попытка
11. under the blessed influence – под благословенным воздействием
12. in an aimless fashion - бесцельно
13. a catching disease – заразное заболевание
14. a wild-goose chasing – бесполезное занятие
15. to talk plain horse sense – рассуждать здраво
16. to make trouble – причинять беспокойство
17. to shut up like an oyster – закрыться как устрица, замкнуться в себе
18. involuntary – ненамеренный, непроизвольный
19. to be impersonally cool – быть отчужденно спокойным (хладнокровным)
20. to make somebody one’s heir – сделать кого-либо своим наследником
Vocabulary list 10
(chapters 25, 26, 27)
1. the visit of a specialist – посещение специалиста
2. with a touch of stern decision – с оттенком твердой решительности
3. let somebody be the judge – позволить кому-либо судить (решать)
самостоятельно
4. an unavoidable delay – неизбежная задержка
5. a good imitation – хорошей подражание
6. dignity – достоинство
7. days of waiting – дни ожидания
8. return innumerable answers – отправлять бесчисленные ответы
9. in evident surprise – s явным удивлением
10. with usual truthfulness – с обычной правдивостью
11. confusion – смятение, неразбериха
12. in spite of perturbation – несмотря на смятение
13. a despairing glance – отчаянный взгляд
14. verdict – приговор
15. to be out of the question – совершенно исключено, не может быть и речи
16. an extraordinary opportunity – исключительная возможность
17. poor little lamb – бедняжка
18. not to take long – не занять много времени
19. to be stirred – быть взволнованным, возбужденным
20. to proclaim the gladness of everyday experience – провозглашать радость
каждодневного бытия
21. to bemoan – оплакивать
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22. to stir somebody to action – побудить к действию
23. to lose self-control – потерять самообладание
24. a gesture of despair – жест отчаяния
25. to ask embarrassing question – задавать смущающие вопросы
26. to give all the world for – отдать весь мир за
Vocabulary list 11
(chapters 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)
to inquire for – наводить справки, спрашивать, задавать вопросы
to account for – объяснять, разъяснять что-либо
with nervous volubility – нервозная разговорчивость
under the circumstances – в обстоятельствах, при условии
a remarkable discourse – необычайная беседа
by reputation – по разговорам (создавшейся репутации
to call on/upon somebody – заходить (в гости, попроведать)
ill-concealed determination – плохо скрываемая решительность (упорство)
to take long walks for health – предпринимать длительные
оздоровительные прогулки
10. obvious distress – явное огорчение
11. with sudden bitterness – с неожиданной горечью
12. to get a divorce – получить развод
13. disconcerting visits – приводящие в замешательство визиты
14. to strain one’s nerves – напрягать нервы
15. to make headway – делать прогресс
16. to get started - начинать
17. to be / sound matter-of fact – быть бесспорным, неопровержимым
18. to procure – обеспечивать, предоставлять
19. the prescribed treatment – предписанное лечение
20. to make examination – провести обследование
21. to swallow one’s pride – забыть о гордости (проглотить)
22. to have real significance – иметь серьезное значение
23. to keep in touch with – поддерживать контакты (отношения)
24. to be doomed to smth/doing smth – быть обреченным на
25 to venture smth/doing smth – рискнуть, затеять, начать
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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BASIC GRAMMAR REFERENCE
1. СТРУКТУРА ПРОСТОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
В английском предложении прямой порядок слов. Это значит, что в
первой позиции всегда стоит подлежащее, во второй – сказуемое, в третьей –
дополнение:
I
II
III
Pollyanna
liked
bread and milk
Дополнение может быть выражено существительным, местоимением,
словосочетанием и придаточным предложением. Дополнение может быть
прямым и косвенным.
Прямое дополнение обозначает объект, на который направлено (или с
которым совершается) действие, и занимает позицию после переходного
глагола: I have ordered screens. Pollyanna was hanging the dresses in the closet and
stacking the books on the table.
Косвенное дополнение обозначает объект, участвующий в действии,
совершаемом с объектом, обозначенным прямым дополнением. Это всегда
второе дополнение в предложении. Позиционно косвенное дополнение может
предшествовать прямому дополнению или следовать за ним: Miss Polly gave
Pollyanna a book to read. Формальным показателем косвенного дополнения
является стоящий перед ним предлог: Miss Polly went to the book-case, took out a
small booklet and gave the booklet to her niece.
Определение может быть простым и распространенным.
Простое нераспространенное определение стоит в препозиции к
определяемому слову:Outside there was a wide world of fairy-like beauty, fresh,
sweet air that would feel so good to hot cheeks and hands. .
Расширенное определение, выражаемое инфинитивным и причастными
оборотами
или придаточным предложением, стоит в постпозиции к
определяемому слову: Her mother suddenly widowed was left with three younger
children besides Nancy. Nancy saw her – the slender little girl in red-checked
gingham with two fat braids of flaxen hair hanging down her back.
Обстоятельство имеет большую степень свободы в предложении и
может занимать начальную, серединную и финальную позиции:
The telegram announcing that Pollyanna would arrive in Beldingsville the next day
at four o’clock came. Fifteen minutes later the great clock in the hallway of the
Harrington homestead struck six.
2. ТИПЫ СКАЗУЕМОГО В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Сказуемое может быть простым и составным.
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Простое сказуемое – это сказуемое, выражаемое полнозначным глаголом:
Nancy met Pollyanna at the station.
Составное сказуемое может быть составным именным и составным
глагольным.
Составное именное сказуемое образуется глаголом-связкой и
существительным, прилагательным, причастием или числительным: Pollyanna
was Miss Polly's niece. She was naïve. Miss Polly was unmarried.
Составное глагольное сказуемое образуется двумя глаголами. Первый
глагол в этой структуре может быть фазовым (to begin, to start, to wind up),
модальным (can, may, might etc.), или передавать значение желания, намерения
принятия решения и т.д. (wish, want, decide, intend, etc.): Pollyanna began crying.
Pollyanna could not understand many things about Miss Polly’s order of life. Nancy
wanted to prepare a good welcome for Pollyanna. Aunt Polly decided to place
Pollyanna in the attic room.
Второй глагол передает основное значение действия или процесса: Somebody is
on the roof of the sun parlor. He must have climbed up the rose-trellis or
somewhere, and of course he can get right into the house through the east window in
the attic.
3. ФОРМЫ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ТЕМПОРАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
Система грамматических категорий, передающих темпоральные
значения в английском языке включает категорию времени (SIMPLE TENSES),
категорию вида, или аспекта (PROGRESSIVE FORMS) и категорию временной
соотнесенности, или таксис (PERFECTIVE FORMS).
SIMPLE TENSES выражают действие как факт и включают три простые
временные формы:
SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
Past
Present
Future
VERB + ED
VERB + S (3d prs. sng.)
WILL + VERB
Эти формы характерны для всех типов сказуемого. В простом глагольном
сказуемом изменению подвергается полнозначный глагол.
She liked her game. She likes her game
Everyone will like this game
В составном именном сказуемом изменению подвергается глагол-связка.
Miss Polly was stern. She is on her own.
She will be kinder soon
В составном глагольном – глагол, стоящий перед основным полнозначным
глаголом:
Pollyanna decided to explore the neighborhood.
Pollyanna wants to please her aunt.
Miss Polly will want to teach Pollyanna many things
PROGRESSIVE FORMS (ASPECT), передаюn значение длительности
действия:
PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)
Past
Present
Future
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WAS/WERE + P I
BE + PARTICIPLE I
AM/IS/ARE + P I
WILL BE + P I
Pollyanna was exploring the neighborhood.
Nancy is preparing a welcome for Pollyanna.
Pollyanna will be helping Nancy about the kitchen
Сложные формы категории временной соотнесенности (ТАКСИС),
передают значение предшествования одного действия (события) другому:
PERFECT
Past
Present
Future
HAVE + PARTICIPLE II
HAD + P II
HAVE/HAS + P II
WILL HAVE + P II
Before she came to aunt Polly Pollyanna had lived with her father
We meet Miss Polly when she is reading a letter which she has just received
Nancy will have prepared the room by the evening
В ответах на поставленный вопрос следует (как правило) использовать
временную форму глагола вопросительного предложения:
Was Nancy a loyal servant? – Yes, she was.
Did Pollyanna expect a warm welcome? – Yes, she did.
Will the girl be happy with her aunt? – No, she won’t
4. СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
Сложная система видовременных форм глагола в английском языке требует
согласованного их употребления в сложных предложения и в
последовательности простых предложений.
В соответствии с системой языковых значений, формы категории
временной соотнесенности (The Perfect Forms)
всегда выражают
предшествование: Present Perfect выражает предшествование настоящему
моменту (или моменту речи): In the first chapters of the book the readers see
Pollyanna, who has just come to her aunt’s. Past Perfect выражает
предшествование прошедшему событию или действию или моменту в
прошлом: Before she came to Beldingsville, Pollyanna had lived with her father in
a far-away town. Future Perfect выражает предшествование какому-либо
действию или моменту в будущем: By the end of summer Pollyanna will have
won the hearts of the neighbors
!! В случае простого перечисления событий или действий используются
формы Present / Past / Future Simple: Nancy met Pollyanna at the station, brought
her home and introduced her to aunt Polly.
Для выражения действия, которое представляется как будущее по
83
отношению к прошедшему в английском языке используется форма Future-inthe Past, которая образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола would /
should (редко) и инфинитива (простого, длительного или перфектного)
смыслового глагола: Aunt Polly said that Pollyanna would practice reading and
would learn to sew and cook.
!! Правило не действует в придаточных предложениях образа действия,
причины и следствия, в придаточных определительных, а также в том случае,
если придаточное дополнительное отражает общеизвестный факт.
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени действие в будущем
передается формами настоящего: If Pollyanna is late for supper again, she will be
punished.
!! Придаточные условия и времени необходимо отличать от придаточных
дополнительных, которые присоединяются к главному предложению союзами
if и when: I cannot say if Pollyanna will finally get accustomed to her life with aunt
Polly and when it will happen.
4.1. Таблицы согласования времен
Таблица 1
грамматическая
форма
модель
образование
примеры
сказуемое в главном предложении в настоящем времени
I (you / we / they) say / promise / remember / know
he (she) says / promises / remembers / knows
действие в придаточном по отношению к действию в главном предложении
непосредственно
относится к
относится к будущему
обозначенному прошлому
предшествует ему
Present Perfect
Past Simple
Future Simple
I (you / we / they)
have + PII
he (she) has + PII
have (has) forgotten / seen
Он говорит, что оставил
ключ дома
He says (that) he has left the
key at home
V+ed
will + Inf
travelled / forgot / brought
Он говорит, что давно
оставил ключ на крючке
He says (that) he left the key
on the peg long ago
will come / meet / stay
Он говорит, что оставит
ключ на крючке
He says (that) he will leave
the key on the peg
действия в главном и придаточном предложениях одновременны
глагол в придаточном может стоять в
Present Simple
Present Progressive (Continuous)
Мы считаем, что он обманывает нас (всегда) Мы считаем, что он обманывает нас (сейчас)
We think he cheats on us
We think (that) he is cheating on us
Таблица 2
сказуемое в главном предложении в прошедшем времени
He said / promised / explained / was (sure / sorry / afraid)
действие в придаточном по отношению к действию в главном
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предложении
предшествует ему
грамматическая
Past Perfect
форма
модель
had + PII
образование
had planned / intended / forgotten /
brought
Он объяснил, что оставил книгу
примеры
дома
He explained (that) he had left the
book at home.
относится к будущему
Future in the Past
would + Inf
would take / invite / remember / close
Он обещал, что принесет ее в
следующий раз
He promised (that) he would bring
the book next time.
действие в главном и придаточном относятся к прошлому
глагол в придаточном может стоять в
Past Simple
Past Progressive
Все знали, что Питер репетирует новую роль
Все знали. Что Питер репетирует новую
(факт)
роль (в данный момент)
Everybody knew (that) Peter rehearsed the new
Everybody knew (that) Peter was rehearsing
part
the hew part.
5. ТИПЫ ВОПРОСОВ
Разделительный вопрос также ставится ко всему предложению и
требует ответа «да» или «нет». Он образуется на основе исходного
повествовательного предложения последовательным выполнением
следующих действий:
1) заменой подлежащего соотносимым с ним местоимением и постановкой его
в позицию в конце предложения перед вопросительным знаком:
The doctor gave a sudden exclamation.
The doctor gave a sudden exclamation, …..... he?
2) определением вспомогательного глагола временной формы сказуемого и
постановкой его после запятой, отделяющей исходное предложение от
собственно вопросительной части:
The doctor gave a sudden exclamation, did …he?
3) если исходное предложение утвердительное, вспомогательный (связочный,
модальный) глагол должен стоять в отрицательной форме:
The doctor gave a sudden exclamation, didn’t he?
4) наоборот: если исходное предложение отрицательное, вспомогательный
(связочный, модальный) глагол должен стоять без отрицания:
Pollyanna could not see her friends often, could she?
There isn’t any more to-day that – that Aunt Polly didn’t send, is there?
!!! Если в предложении есть неопределенные местоимения little и few,
отрицательные местоимения no, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, наречия never,
rarely, seldom, hardly, barely, глагол в вопросительной части должен быть в
утвердительной форме:
Aunt Polly seldom talked to her niece, did she?
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!!! Если подлежащее выражено местоимениями everyone, someone, anyone, no
one, somebody, someone, anybody, в вопросительной части они заменяются
местоимением they:
Nobody told Pollyanna anything about Mr. Pendleton, did they?
!!! В предложениях, стоящих в повелительном наклонении и выражающих
приглашение, в вопросительной части используется вспомогательный глагол
shall:
Let’s play the glad game, shall we?
!!! В предложениях, стоящих в повелительном наклонении с просьбой
разрешить что-либо, в вопросительной части используется вспомогательный
глагол will:
Let him stay with us, will you?
Общий вопрос – это вопрос ко всему предложению, требующий ответа
«да» или «нет». Он образуется постановкой глагола-связки, вспомогательного
или модального глагола, в позицию перед подлежащим. Например:
1. Preliminary examinations showed that Pollyanna was a well advanced girl.
Did preliminary examinations show that Pollyanna was a well advanced girl?
Yes, it did.
2. Mr. Pendleton was such a funny man.
Was Mr. Pendleton
a funny man?
Yes, he was.
3. Pollyanna could not give her friends much time when school began.
Could Pollyanna
give her friends much time when school began?
No, she could not.
Альтернативный вопрос
Альтернативный вопрос строится по модели общего вопроса расширением
одного из компонентов предложения и требует полного ответа:
1. Was Pollyanna a frequent visitor in the great house on Pendleton Hill or at
Mrs. Snow’s?
Pollyanna was a frequent visitor to the great house on Pendleton Hill
Вопросы к главным членам предложения
Вопрос к подлежащему образуется постановкой вопросительного
местоимения в позицию перед подлежащим. Например:
1. Pollyanna entered school in September.
Who
entered school in September?
2. Pollyanna was very much of a surprise to school.
Who
was
a surprise to school?
3. The dreary room had become a fairyland.
What
had become a fairyland?
Вопрос к сказуемому образуется при помощи вопросительного
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местоимения what в позиции перед вспомогательным глаголом. В
позиции глагола-сказуемого ставится глагол-заместитель do:
1. What did Pollyanna do?
She hooked the pendants to a little string and fixed them across the window.
Вопросы к второстепенным членам предложения (специальный
вопрос)
Вопросы к дополнению, определению и обстоятельству образуются
постановкой вопросительного местоимения (what, who, when, where, why, how
long, how far, how much/many, what time, what colour) в позицию перед
вспомогательным/связочным глаголом:
1. Where did Pollyanna go on Sunday afternoon?
Pollyanna went to Mr. Pendleton.
2. Who did Mr. Pendleton ask to help him?
He asked Nora, the nurse.
3. What did Nora bring into the room?
She brought a big candle-stick.
4. Where did she bring the candle-stick from?
She brought it from the mantel in the drawing-room.
Альтернативный вопрос
Альтернативный вопрос строится по модели специального вопроса
расширением одного из компонентов предложения и требует полного
ответа:
1. Where did Pollyanna go оn Sunday mornings, to church or to Sunday school?
Sunday mornings Pollyanna usually attended both church and Sunday school.
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