Art album of New Zealand flora Pt.1 - Featon E.H.

Author: Featon E.H.

Tags: art flora geography plants art album oceania new zealand flora wild nature new zealand wild nature

Year: 1889

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Text

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THE ART ALBUM

('A;-

OF
t^'

Jlp 2faland Jflora
BY

Mi^&

Mrs. E. H.

FEATON.

willy

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Bock & Cousins, Printers and Publishers. Wellington, N.Z.

^iSl

.^.

®|c |rt lllnun
OF

ZEALAND FLOKA.

NEA¥

Chapter

Class I.— DICOTYLEDONS.
Order I.— EANUNCULACE^E.
Charactkr of the Order.

— Herbs

with alternate or

Flowers iisiiallv liermaph(Clematis excepted).
rodite.
Sepals, 3-G, free, often petaloid, usually deeiduous.
Petals, 5-10 or none, sometimes spuried or deformed, often
with 11 pit or scale towards the base, deeiduous.
iStamens
ractieal leaves

(The Crowfoot Eamily.)

hypogynous, usually Terv numerous; antliers adnale. Carpels
numerous, free on a torus which sometimes elongates. Fruit
of few, or many 1-seeded achenes, or many-seeded follicles
Seeds with fleshy albumen, and a minute embryo. Handbook
of New Zealand Flora, p. 1.

—

;

Description of the Order.-

•;BOUNDING

iu all temperate climates, rarer in tropical.

and other genera have irregular

flowers,

and otherwise

Mauv European

differ

from the

New

Zealand types
such as the cultivated Aconite, Larkspur, Columbine, &c.
The juice of the Ranunculacece is watery, and very acrid. All the species are more or
;

The

leaves are usually parted, and the petioles, or footstalks, generally
dilated at the base, so as to enfold the stem; this is, indeed, so frequently the case,

less poisonous.

that Avlien a plant

found to have

this peculiarity,

combined with numerous stamens

grooving round, and from beneath a little heap of carpels in the centre of the flower,
the student in botany may be certain that the plant belongs to the Hanunculacece.

There

are,

however,

many

plants belonging to the family which have neither cut leaves

THE ABT ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

The order takes its name from the geniis Rannncnlns. All the
which
consist of the following, are also British
New Zealand genera,
(1). Clematis,
herbs
sliruhs
(4). Caltha, herb.
(2). Myosorus, herb; (3). Ranunculus,
climbing
nor dilated

petioles.

—

;

GENUS

CLEMATIS

The Clematis

CLliui.J

—

Gkxeeic Chakacter. Much branclicd, slender, climbing shrubs, with opposite compound leaves, and panicles of
white or creaui-coloured polygamous flowei's
Sepals, 3-8,

or Virgin's Bower.

petaloid, valvate; Stamens, 5-20; Carpels many, 1-ovuled.
Aehenes indeliiscent the styles elongated into long feathered

awns.

;

—
— Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p.

—

Description, etc. A large and widely-diffused genus, of which many foieign
species have blue or purj^le flowers, herbaceous, or erect stems, entire leaves, or minute
The New Zealand species are very variable, passing one into the other;
petals.
their flowers are almost unisexual, the

stamens.

have

;

C. parvljlora alone

growth of these

at the tip, as

most

of the Australian sjiecies

having a very minute one.

The name "Clematis" which
y/r

males having no carpels, and the females few

The anthers have no appendage

signifies

little

vine," alludes to the habit of

species.

rJZ.]
r^

CLEMATIS INDIYISA (Willd.J The Entire-leaved
Chaeacter. — A
Flowers, 1-4
strong, woodv-climber,
rarely lobed.
1.

with

Specific
trunk often

large,

ft.

diameter.

Leaves, 3-foliolate,
coriaceous, glabrous or downy
Leaflets, 1-4 in. long, varyfrom linear-oblong to ovate-cordate, all petioled, entire.
;

Clematis.

in. diameter;
most abundantly
produced; white, sweet-scented. Sepals, 6-8, broad or narrowAnthers obtuse, oblong. Aehenes very downy.
oblong.
Handbook of New Zealand Flora^ p. 2.

—

" PUAWANANGA."—
This handsome
Description, etc., Plate No. 1.— The
bt is abundant in most districts throughout the Islands. It is found more especially
fthe skirts of inland forests, where it climbs the loftiest of trees, and garlands them
!th its chaste flowers

and handsome

foliage.

the largest and choicest

member

On account
family, and gladdens the Spring (month of Octolier) with its presence.
it is at times
floral
to
obtain
its
treasures, which, penimpossible

of its climbing habit,

dant from the highest branches of the stately forest trees, defy all attempts, at the hands
of the coveteous ones below, to possess them.
The flowers are remarkable for their size,
whiteness, and elegance of form.
Many of the European species are exquisitely pure
and produce a long succession, and a great profusion of large, variously-coloured beautiful.

J. ajj:i.a.ju

J.1 V/a

Bock a uuuiiws, s^mmumi

PUAWAiNGA.— Clematis

indivisa.

x«

Plate No.

PIKIARERO.— Clematis

liexasepala.

THE ART ALBUM OF NEW ZEALAND FLORA.

liamlsomc flowers, which, trained to a ti-cllis, or the wall of a conservatory, ^ive an appearance at once eli'ectiAc and attractive. The Clematis can he propagated l)y graftini;-,

The

cuttings, layering, or seed.

flowers

ol"

tlie

European Ch-niatis are hermaphrodite

;

In New Zealand, the
that is, hotli the seed organs are contained in the same flower.
flowers are almost unisexual, or of one sex only, the males having no carpels, and the
"
"
females few stamens. The
Puawananga has heen successfully introduced into many
colonists' gardens,

where

its 2>i'csence,

paying, by

has hecome a handsome and interesting addition, well re-

the trouble necessary in raising.

CLEMATIS HEXASEPALA
—

Specific Chabactkb. Smaller in all parts than C. inand best distinguished bv its smaller, narrow, ovatecordate, often lobulate leaflets, small flowers, and very narrow
anthers.
Leaves glabrous, coriaceous; leaflets I-I2 in. long,
diri'sa,

The Six Sepal Clematis.

(^B.C.J

Peduncles pubescent. Flowers white, 1-2 in. diameter. Sepals
broadly linear, obtuse, downy. Anthers long, linear,
obtuse.
Achenes pilose. Sandhook of Sew Zealand Flora,
0,

—

p. 2.

coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, or lobuLite, rarelv entire.

" PIKIARERO."— This
beautiful climber
Description, etc., Plate No. 2.— The
is common to both the Northern and Middle Islands, but more particularly delights in
the sandy soils of the East Coast of the Northern Island, which might not be inaptly

woods and along the banks of rivers, it is seen to
It blossoms in the Spring, when its mass of beautiful flowers imparts a
perfection.
In some parts it is known as
graceful and picturesque appearance to the laudsca^ie.
designated

its

home, as

there, in the

the "Traveller's Joy," a

name

])robably due to

appearance in early spring, as a
On account of its attractive beautv,

its

harbinorer of bria:hter weather and sunnier skies.
"
has ever been an object of interest to the Maoris, who used it upon
the " Pikiarero
festive occasions as a means of personal adornment
particularly the native maidens,
;

who bedecked

and ornamented themselves with

magniflcent sprays, the
pale, creamy flowers forming a charming contrast to the bronzed skin of the wearers.
their heads

its

Garlands of the graceful Pikiarero,

Gathered

in the early morning
Wreathed around their supple limbs
Symbol of their pure intentions,

And

the clinging of the

;

human

;

heart."

"
"
is well worthy of attenPikiarero
addition to our gardens, the graceful
and few enclosures are without a secluded comer, or a lattice, where it Avould be

As an
tion

;

If the young plants are
a worthy addition, as it is hardy, quick-growing and beautiful.
transplanted in the autumn, there is no difficulty in obtaining a successful growth.

THE ART ALBUM OF

CLEMATIS FCETIDA
C'hakacteb. — A slender climber. Leaves,
3.

Specific

NEW ZEALAND

;

The Foetid Clematis.

{Raoul.)

diameter
fcetid.
Sepals 4-6, linear, filaments slender
anthers shortly linear-oblong. Achenes silky.
Sandbook
of Xev) Zealand Flora, p. 2.

—

;

j-1 in. long, ovate-cordate, usually broad,
Panicle
sub-acute, entire or lobed, coriaceous, gl.abrous belo"'.
Flo^vers small
j-j in.
densely toiuentose, as are the sepals.
foliolale

FLORA.

leaflets

—

;

—

Description, etc. This elegant slender climber is common to both the Northern
and Middle Islands, growing abundantly on the outskirts of woods, where it clothes,
luxurious foliage, the smaller trees and shrubs.
When it is in flower, it presents a very chaste and beautiful appearance.
Similarly to its larger confrere, the C.

with

its

hexasepala, it is iised by the native girls to adorn themselves with upon festive occaIt blossoms in September and October, when it delights the eye of the traveller
sions.

canary-yellow flowers, and dark-green foliage, mantling the thicket and
This humble climber, it is due to state, has been
copse, as a tribute of retunaing spring.
greatly mis-named since it possesses a strong perfume, which is not at all unpleasant,

with

its

rich,

;

and

considered to be

its

chief attraction.

OTHER SPECIES OF CLEMATIS.
C.

A slender

PAKYIFLORA

{A. Cunn.)

or less covered with fulvous pubescence.
The flowers of
this species are cream-coloured, and from \ to 1 in. diam.
It is abvmdant on the skirts
of woods in the Northern Island, and a variety of it is foimd at Nelson.

climber,

COLENSOI

{Rook., F.)

Flowers are small, green, and very sweet-scented. It is found
in various parts of the Northern and Middle Islands.
It is allied to C. hexasepala, from

which

slender climber.

it is easily

by its smaller size and green flowers. Named
most able and indefatigable Ncav Zealand botanists.

distinguished

Colenso, F.L.S., one of our

GENIUS

MYOSURUS
;

Description, etc

Mr.

II.

{Linn:)

Gexekic CniRACTKR.— Small stemless annual herbs, with
linear leaves, and many l-ilowered
scapes Sepals, 5, gibbous
or tubular, or sjuirred at the base. Petals, none in the New

after

The Mousetail.

Zealand species.
Stamens, 5 or more.
Carpels, 1-ovuled.
Achenes small, beaked, sessile, and crowded on the torus, which
HandhooJc
as
Xew
Zealand
Flora, p. 3.
of
elongates
they ripen.

—

—A small genus, native of the temperate

Northern and Southern

TJIJ'!

AJIT

ALBUM OF

A/vll'

ZEALAND FLORA.

Hemisphores. It is a vcrv luinute plant, and is well marked l)_v liaviiii^on a long columnar vccoptacle, so as to produce a curious reseml)lance

its

seeds aiTanged

to a mouse's tail,

lionce its name.

MYOSUllUS ARISTATUS

—

Specific Chahacteb. A herb about 1 in. high Leaves
inch, broad; Flowers, minute, greenish, apetalous.
;

l-20th

Description,

—This minute plant

etc.

{Beiilh.)
I

Tlie

Bearded Mousetail.

Sepals with a spurred base
i-.V in. long, erect.

5 or G.

Fruiting torus,
— Handbookaniens,
of yew Zealand Flora, p.
;

a native of the Northern Island

;

it is

also

indigenous to California and the Andes of Chili, where it grows at an elevation of 11,500
It is not found in Australia, where the Euro})ean sjiecies takes its place.
It is
31. minimus, the best-known
possibly the smallest flowering \Aa.\it in New Zealand.
feet.

more than three

or four inches in height, and bears a fcAv
linear spathulate leaves, and leafless stalks, terminating in a small greenish flower.
It
in
a
corn
or
most
but
is
often
in
overlooked
groAvs
frequently among
chalky
gravelly soil,

European

species, rarely attains

consequence of

its

small

size.

GENUS

EANUNCULUS

{Linn.)

—

Generic Chahacter. Herbs with petioled radical leaves,
and yellow, or while, flowers; Sepals. 3-5, concave; Petals,
5-20, with 1-3 glands, or scales near the base. Achenes

Description,
ones

;

many of its
known all

III.

The Crowfoot.

numerous, small, with short,
one ascending ovule.

hooked
and
— Handbook of A'eworZealand
Flora, p.
.straight,

styles,

—A very large

genus in all temjierate countries, rare in troj)ical
members are acrid and jioisonous. Some of the New Zealand are the
etc.

are very variable, indeed.

The

plants belonging to this genus are
"
Ranunculus," from rana,
generally found in moist places, and hence they are called
"
"
a frog. They take their English name of
CroAvfoot
from the shape of the leaves,
finest

;

The plants
part, deeply cut, so as to resemble the foot of a bird.
Zealand not only inhabit the lowlands, but nestle in the snow rills
of the Northern and Southern mountain ranges, from 5,000 to 0,000 feet above the sea
which

are, for the

of this order in

most

New

There are about twenty species, very variable in character and form, and about
the same number are reckoned to beloui'" to the British Isles.
level.

NEW ZEALAND

THE ABT ALBUM OF

RANUNCULUS LYALLI

{Rook., F.)

—

-1
in. diani.
Sepals, 5, broad, pilose.
Petals, broadly euneate, with an obscure oblong basilar gland.
anthers
Stamens, small, short;
Torus, cylindric,
oblong.
Aclienes, villous, oblique
hairy, lengthening after flowering.
subulate
style ilesuose,
edges compressed, not margined.

;

and crenate

;

seedling leaves not peltate,

Description,

—An

erect,

etc.,

Plate No.

—

;

Handbook of New Zealand Flora,

bracts.

3.— Tlie

;

Peduncles very nu-

bases.
broadly rhomboid, with cuneate
merous, villous, stout, erect, vrith linear-oblong

Mr. Lyall's Ranunculus.

Flowers waxy-white,

Specific C'n\u\crEE. Leaves peltate, on long, stout
limb orbicular, very concave, thick and
petioles, glabrous
veins reticulated
coriaceous, 15 in. diam. simply crenate
cauline, sessile, lobed

FLOllA.

p. 4.

SHEPHERDS' OR MOUNTAIN LILY."

very handsome, coriaceous (leathery) plant, 2 to 4

ft.

high, with a paniculately
to 4 inches in diameter.

The flowers are white, and from 3

branched many-flowered stem.
It is indigenous to the Middle Island, in the vicinity of Milford Sound, and in moist
an elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, and in Otago
places on the Southern Alps, at
It is the noblest species of the Genus, and
at from 1,000 to 4,000 feet on the ranges.
It has been named by the
the largest and handsomest Ranunculus in the Avorld.
possibly

"
shepherds of Otago the Water Lily," on account of its fancied resemblance to that plant.
Tliis queenly plant as seen in its native home, lining the shady banks of mountain
streams, and skirting the rushing cascades that dash imjietuously doAra the steep ravines,
is

very striking.

fastnesses, that

it is

from those who have sought out this Airline gem in its
often found displaying as many as fifty lilossoms at the same time
learn

—

The most graphic descri2:)tion Avould fail to give any adequate
a truly magnificent sight.
idea (says Mr. P. N. Adams, of Christchurch, a very energetic botanical explorer of tlie
snow regions of Canterbury) of the ])uvity and charm of these Al2)ine flowers growing
in vast numbers on the broken ground, amidst rocks and boulders deposited by the floods
Mountain Lily {B. Godleyamis), and interThis
sjjcrsed with the Alpine Marygolds fSoieciosJ, and the little star-like Mont las.
truly beautiful Ranunculus is named in honour of INIr. Lyall, P.L.S., an ardent botanist
of distinction, whose name and work is closely allied Avith the Plora of New Zealand,

and

glaciers, side

side with the yellow

The plant is in cultivation amongst the settlers of the Middle Island, but like all Alpines,
demands peculiar attention requiring in su.mmer the greatest sun-Avarmth jiossible, and
;

in winter the fullest exposure to cold.

This,

and the B. Traversii, are the only knoAvn

Ranunculi with peltate leaves. OAving to the large size of this jilant, it AA'as necessary
to reduce its outlines from the original, a lovely
specimen especially gathered for this
The plate
Avork, from the Alpine region, midway between Christchurch and Hokitika.
conveys to our readers a correct representation of the plant; noAV no longer
'
.

And

waste

its

Born

to blush unseen,

sweetness on the desert

air.

I'l.AT

fVmOHT.
^_^..

THE SHEPHERD'S

LILy,

junculus

_..,.,_

,^ -

-*'--a

Plate No.

•ecK • Couams, Chhom»-uth

COPYf...

THE

KORIKORI— Ranunculus

ingignis.

RANUNCULUS

Specific Cuabactek.
sniallor;

lo n'cs,

and

—

— This

named

liaiidsouK'

after

Mr.

luxuriates.

Trav.-is' l5:nm,KM.lus.

civnalo, willi ili'cpcr iicitclu-M, ami mIi)i I».) iticisimis
the base.
lliuiillKnik af Srw /.rnldnil Fhm.
p, },

Character.

s])(>ci('s

second only

The dowers

—

ft.

liigli

size

and

licaiilv to
i;iillies

//.

and

are cream-coloured and handsome.

indefatii^ahle hotanist.

The Remarkable Ranunculus.

{Hook., F.)

Flowers golden, \\

diani.
Sepals, 5 G, obbtng. woolly at
obcordate, willi 3 glands near tlic base.
Acbenes forming a small lu-ad upon an oblon*? pubescent
turus, villous, tumid, witb a slender, nearly straight style.
Handbook of ^'eiv Zeal find Flora, p. 4.

roV>ust,
Erect,
paiiiuulntdy
fulvous or nifoiis when
4-S
Leaves
in.
broad,
rounded-cordate,
very coriaceous,
dry.
Peduncles very
crenale, arid lobed
petiob*s, (3 in. lon^j.
with
numerous, sfout,
(often opposite) linear-oblong bracts.

brant'lied, villou.s, often

near

—

T. L. Travcrs, F.L.S.,

RANUNCULUS INSIGNIS

PrEciFic

F.)

likewiso a nativ(> oF the Middle Island, where in the moist

ravines of the mountains
It

{Ifook.,

Very similar to R. Liialli, Imf
diam., nml broiicHv twice or tlirico

in.

Dkscuii'TION, etc.
Li/alli,

TRAVEllSir

tlie

;

back.

Petals 5

in.

—

;

"
KORIKORI."— This
Dkscription, etc., Plate No. 4.— The
to the Northern Island, and a portion of the Nelson District.
It

fine plant

native

the largest and
parts, often attaining a height of four feet.
It is found growing in luxuriance on the lofty summits of the Ruahine, Tongaiiro, and
Hikurangi Mountains, and the high mountain ranges of Nelson, between INIount Arthur
is

handsomest Ranunculus in the northern

and iNIount Peel, where it is abundant. At the time it Avas named Imignls, or '* The
remarkable one," it was sujiposed to be the finest and best Ranunculus extant, but since
then others, such as R. Lyalli, B. Traversii, and R. Godleyanm have been discovered, and
share with

the honours for size and beauty.

The Maoris

aaIio

ascend the mountains

during early summer, when it is in bloom, never fail to secure a specimen of this plant to
adorn their hats, in order to shew their proAvess, and as a remembrance of their adventurous journey.

known

Big Buttercup, and is probably the
The subject of our plate Avas obtained in the Nelson
largest buttercup in the world.
As soon as the
district, and shews A'ividly the character of this graiid Ranunculus.
snow disappears the " Korikori " rears up its head, and gladdens the mountain sides
It

to the

settlers

as the

European Rdinoiciilacecc are favourite
garden floAvers, and vary much in colour and form. The Buttercup, ]Monkshood, Larkspur, Columbine, Bachelor's Buttons, and Hellebore are all members of this family.
Avith its

golden cup-like

fioAvers.

The common Buttercup [R.

Many

acris),

were

of the

not a

common

Aveed, Avould

be thought a

beautiful floAver from the golden hue of its glossy petals, and its A^ery handsome leaves.
of
Shakespeai'e, in his Avritings, makes many allusions to the Buttercup, under the name

TEE ART ALBUM OF

Cuckoo Bud

NEW ZEALAND

FLOBA.

and many of the old writers speak of it as Goklcn Cup and
"
King Cup. Gerarde, the Elizabethan herbalist, informs us with great delight, that in
the Globe, Shakespeare's
a field at Southwark, at the back of the theatre by London

Cuckoo

Cuj:),

;

—

Theatre

—he found amongst the glazed and golden cups of
The Buttercup)

with a double flower."

so called

Crowfoot growing there, one

from the

A'ulgar notion that,

when

eaten by cows, it gives a deejier yellow to the butter the fact is that the cow will not
touch it, and that its long stalks may be seen standing in great abundance in pastures,
all the grass of -^lich has been eaten off quite close by cattle.
Buttercups possess a
;

So caustic
poisonous property, which disappears when the flowers are dried in hay.
are the petals that they will sometimes inflame the skin of tender fingers.
Every child
should be caiitioned against eating them indeed it is desiral)le to caution children about
;

tastmg the petals of any flowers or putting into their mouths any leaves except those
known to be harmless. The subject of our Plate No. 4, R. insignis, is well worthy of
It

cultivation.

may

gro\\^l

from

seed, or

Specimens have been
be seen growing, and it has

by transplanting.

sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, Avliere it may
been successfully produced in colonial gardens. *Tt likes a stiff soil, and blooms in the
It is asserted by some that it blossoms again in the autumn.
spring of the year.
'

OT^SIL'^FPPIES OF BANUNCULUS.
4.

Leaves
golden.

entire,

its

stout

PINGUIS

(Hook., F.)

1-3

Pound on

account of

in.
Petals, 5-8.
Achenes, glabrous. EloAvers, f-1 in. diam.
the high lands of the Middle Island.
It is called Pinguis on
;

and fleshy

habit.

NIVICOLA

[Hook.)

Leaves deeply notched, 3-7 lobed. Petals, 10-15. Plowers, many, bright yellow,
1^ in. diam. Northern Island, near the perpetual snow on Mount Egmont. Named
Nivicola, owing to

its

growing in close proximity

to the perpetual snow.

GERANIIPOLIUS

{Rook.)

Leaves 3-5 lobed. Petals, 10-12.
R. nu-icola, but smaller in all its

Plowers few, ^-1^ in. diam., golden. Closely allied
Northern Island, snow rills on the Buahine
parts.

Middle Island, Southern Alps, alt. 2,500
the geranium-like
appearance of its leaves.
range

;

feet.

It derives its specific

name from

Gla1)rous

Lake

ALJirU OF

.lA'V

VVZ/v'

BUCIIANANI

District in large ])atches

FLORA.

(Hook., F.)

Middle Island, Ota^^o
Named in honour oi' Mr. J.

l(>aves lobod, or partite.

;

NEW ZEALAND

Scape, 1-flowerecl, white.

5,000 to 6,000 feet.
Buchanan, F.L.S., l)otanical draftsman and botanist, lately in the service of the
;

alt.

New

Zealand Geological Department.

HAASTII

(Hook., F.)

Flowers many, yellow.
Middle Island, shingle beds on Mount Torlesse, and the Ribbonwood range alt. 4,000
Named after Sir Julius Von Haast, F.R.S., Curator of the Canterbury
to 6,000 feet.
Glabrous,

fleshy

leaves

;

multifid,

cauline involucrate.

;

Museum.
R.

GODLEYANUS

(Rook., F.)

with broad, thick petioles, 2-5 in.
Flowers numerous, cormybose,
blade, 6-7 in. long.
Scapes, stout.
long, and 1 in. broad
Middle
Island
"VYliitcombe
Pass, on the edge of a lagoon
1-1^ in. across deep yellow.
Erect, very stout

;

ft.

high.

Leaves

all radical,

;

Named

honour of Mr. Godley, the pioneer
4,200
Additional Notes, Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 723.

alt.

feet.

settler of

—
Canterbury.

other species, all of which are stated to be smaller, and less remarkable, than those mentioned.
drawilig of the R. pleheius is given in our Plate No. 5,
It is likewise a common
is abundant throughout the Islands.
1.
This
species
fig.

There are

many

Australian plant, and probably also indigenous to South Africa and Europe.

GENUS

CALTHA

(Linn.)

The

IV.

Caltha, or

—

Genebic Chabacteh. Glabrous tufted herbs, with most,
or all of the leaves, riidical, and 1-flowereJ scapes. Kepals, 5 or
more, petaloid, imbricate. Petals, none. Stamens, numerous.

—A small genus, found

Marsh Marigold.

Carpels several, witli
suture.
seeded.

many

ovules in two rows on

along (he inner
—Follicles
MandbooJc of Netv Zealand Flora, p.
splitting

tlie

face,

ventral
several-

!).

temperate and cold regions of both
and from
hemispheres, distinguished from JRanitncnlus by the absence of a green calyx,
is
of
the
Caltha
Hellehorns by the absence of tvibular petals. The flower
yellow, its

Description,

name denoting

etc.

in the

a flower vellow in colour and strons; of smell.

THE ART ALBUM OF

CALTHA NOV.E ZELANDI^

NEW ZEALAND
{Rook., F.)

—

Specific Character. Short, stout, tul'ted, glabrous
perennial, with a thick rootstock, numerous radical leaves,
and short, thick, 1-flowered scape. Leaves spreading blade
ovate-oblong, notched at the apex, deeply cordate, and auricled
at the base, with the obtuse auricles turned up and appressed
;

The

FLORA.

New

Zealand

Caltlia.

to the surface of the leaf.
Petioles, l-ti in,, dilated at the base
into large membranous sheaths.
Flowers, 1-2 in. diam.
Stamens short, very numerous.
Sepals, 5-7, linear siibulate.

Carpels 5-7, broadly ovate, gibbous; style short, hooked.
IJandboolc of New Zealand Flova^ p. 9.

—

Description, etc.— Fig. 2, Plate No. 5.— The "NATIVE CALTHA."— Northern
Middle Island, alpine districts, at an altitude of
Island, top of the Ruahine mountains.

from 4,000

to 6,000 feet.

The

iutroloha of Tasmania and Victoria

The true Marsh Marigold, Cpalustrls,

very closely

a stout herhaceous plant,
with hollow stems, large, glossy, roundish-notched leaves, heart-shaped at the base, and
It is a native of Europe, Western Asia, and North
conspicuous bi'ight yellow flowers.
America, growing in marshy meadows and about the margins of ponds, rivers, and brooks.
allied to this species.

The
The

flowers, if gathered before they expand, are said to

be a good substitute for cajiers.
The Caltha of the Latin

juice of the petals, boiled with alum, stains paper yellow.

2)oets is

considered to be the

common Garden

Si?-it

Marigold.

-«^)»e^r>-

Chapter
Order II.— MAGXOLIACE.E
Chakacter op the Okdee.

— Aronuitic

alternate, exstipulate leaves.
cated in 2. .S, or in manv series
willi

;

shrubs or

II.

ovules attached to the ventral suture.
Stigma sessile and
ternnnal, or decurrent along the suture.
Ripe carpels of free,
sTnall drupes, follicles or berries.
Seeds few testa shining

trees,

and petals imbriverv deciduous. Stamens
.Sop:ils

;

Zealand Flora, p.

Description of the Order.

States,

genera,

— Handbook
;

albumen copious,

Filaments often thick or dilated
Carpels fen", in 1 scries, «ith 2 or more

/OBTAINING many

The Magnolia Family.

{Triljc JVinterece.)

numerous; hrpogvnous.
anthers, adnate.

-ffJivP

this

tlcshj

;

embr_yo small.

;

New

!).

—

order abounds

the

Sonthevn United

the mountainous regions of India, and Eastern Asia
The Magnolia, from Avhich the order receives

are aromatic.

;

its

qualities

name,

^veil-known plant, and was so called to conuuemorate the fame of that
celebrated botanist, Pierre Magnol, Professor of Medicine and Botany at
Montpellier, in the latter part of the seventeenth, and beginning of the
The genus Magnolia consists for the most part of large trees,
eighteenth, century.
with fine foliage, and handsome fragrant flowers. Most of the species have aromatic

which has led
The beauty of the

tonic properties,

to their

employment

in fevers, rheumatism,

and other

foliage and flowers of these trees give them yet greater
complaints.
claims to our regard than their medicinal properties, Avhich, although not slight, are
The noblest of all is, perhaps, M. gmndiflora, a native
excelled by those of other plants.

one hundred feet high, though one
mentioned as indigenous to Northern India, growing to the height of one hundred and

of Nortli Carolina,

fifty feet.

Some

where

forms

a tree sixty to

of the species in cultivation are low-growing shrubs, diifering in the

sha2)e of their leaves

and

jieriod of

flowermg, but

all possess

an exquisite fragrance.

There are a few species and varieties that need the protection of a greenhouse, even
In New Zealand, the order is represented by only one genus,
iu temperate climates.
and D.
Drimys, o-enerally considered by botanists to consist of two species, D. axillaris
colorata, but neither of

them

possess fragrance.

GENUS

DRIMYS
Generic Ciiaeacter.

— Sepals, 2 or

{Fo)'st.)

membranous, com(3 or more in 2

bined into an irregularly lobed cal.vx. Petals,
Filaments thickened upwards
or more series.

;

anther

TheDrimys.
diverging,
p. 10.

carpels few.

— Handhook

New Zealand

Flora,

cells

—A genus consisting of

South America, Australia,
D. Triuferi, a native of Chili and the
Borneo, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.
Straits of Magellan, furnishes the bark known as Winter's Bark, which, both in appearDescription,

etc.

trees, natives of

ance and properties, is much like Canella bark, but of a darker colour internally. It is
a stimulant aromatic tonic, but is seldom used. This bark was first introduced into
England by Captain Winter in 1579, he having accompanied Sir Erancis Drake to

Magellan
piperita

Straits.

In Brazil the bark of the D. granatensis

used against

colic.

a native of Borneo.

DRIMYS AXILLARIS

(Forsf.)

—

Specific Ciheacteh. A small, slender, evergreen tree,
lC-30 ft. high, with black bark, aromatic and ]Hingent in all
its parts.
Leaves 1-6 in. long, clliptieal-ovate, blunt, shortly

scars of fallen leaves, solitary, or few together
Petals unequal, linear.
Stamens 8-10, in
pedicels slender.
several series.
Berries about 3, size of a peppercorn. Seeds,
Handhook of New Zealand Flora, p. 10.
several angled.

or fi'om

;

—

petioled, quite entire, bright green above, glaucous below, pelFlowers small, axillary,
lucid doited, midrib hairy beneath.

Description, etc.— Fig.

The Axil-flowered Drimys.

Plate No.

5.— The

HOROPITO."— This

beautiful

It will be seen
fairly abundant m forests throvighout the Islands.
that though it is classed as one of the Magnolia family, it has l)ut little general resemblance to the handsome plants of that name, which grace our gardens, and regale us with
their fragrance.
Apart from this, however, it has some pretensions of its own with its
little evergreen tree

;

bright shining foliage,

and coal-black branches dotted here and there with clusters of

It is very
orange-coloured berries, almost always growing together in groups of threes.
"
generally knoAvn by the colonists as the Pepper Tree," on account of its highly pungent
properties.

The flowers are

insignificant,

and

of a pale green colour, closely set in

upon

Pirate No. 5

Fig. 2.

BOCK * Cousins. Chrouo-litho

Ranunculus plebeius

Caltha Novae Zelandiae

;

Drimys

axillaris.

the

l)r;uiclics.

and

tonic.

to allay

The

properties which pervade the whole phoit are sedative
the leaves is not uncommonly used by bushmeii and others

luediciiial

decoction

inward pain, and

oi'
is

honoured with the name oT "Maori Painkiller."

known

colontta, and

llie

Soutli

have |)ale ])li)tehcd leaves,
botanically
a
considered
different
this
latter
is
also found in mountain
being generally
species
Th(> trunk is rarely more; than six or eigiit iiiclies in
districts of the Northern Island.
diameter.
The wood, which is pale in colour, is useful for inlaying and small ca])inet work,
the tree

said to

;

and for such

generally in request.

-4^^®
[•/^^S^

77^

Chapter

Order III.— CRUCIFERiE.
Character of thr Order.

— Herbs, usually

with small

Petals 4, free, jilaeed crossSepiils 4, free.
6, (rarely 1, 2 or 4), liypogynous, 2 longer than
2-eelled, with 2 or more ovules.
Capsule 2-

rai'eiuosc flowers.

wise.

Stamens
Ovary

the others.
(rarely 1)

celled, bursting longitudinally

III.

The Cruciform Family.
away from the seed-bearing placentas. Seed, exalbuminous
with the radicle turned up towards the edges (accumbent) or
back of the cotyledons (incumbent). Handbook of Neio Zealand Flora, p. 10.

fall

—

by 2 valves, which

Description of the Order.

LARGE

ovcler

ahounding in

all

temperate climates, especially in Europe and

Asia — most of the New Zealand genera are also British — the properties of

tlie

None of the plants are poisonous,
plants are stimulant, and antiscorbutic.
and many of them are culinary vegetables, such as Cabbage, CaulifloAver,
Turnip, Radish, Cress, Horse-radish,
odour.

etc.

They contain much

sulphiu- and

off a disagr(>al)l('
nitrogen, and, on account of this, Avhen decaying, give
and
Honesty, are
Many garden flowers, such as Wall-flower, Stock, Rocket,

which takes its name from the four petals arranged like a cross,
which regularity of form, marks it as very distinguishable. The New Zealand genera
consists of the following:—!, Nasturtium, floAvers yellow; 2, Barbarea, flowers
white flowers;
yellow; 3, Sisymbrium, white or yellow flowers; 4-, Caedamine,
Avhite
floAvers
7, Notothlaspi,
white flowers;
6, Lepidium, Avhite
5, Braya,
found in

this order,

;

flowers.

THE ART ALBUM OF NEW ZEALAND FLORA.

GENUS

NASTURTIUM
Genekic Character.

— Branching

liorbs

with

(Broicii.)

The Water

Cress.

Seeds in 2 series in eacli valve, minute,
cave, many-seeded.
turgid.
Cotyledons accumbent. Hatidbook of New Zealand
Flora, p. 10.

usually

—

Petals,
Sepals, spreading.
yellow- flowers, and cut leaves.
widi short claws, yellow, somel inies none. Stamens, 6 or fewer.

Pod, sidj-eylindrie, usually curved, valves membranous, con-

Description,

etc.

—A large British

genus of which the Water Cress (JV^.
abundantly naturalized in New Zealand rivers,

a white-flowered species,
genus is said to have derived

muscles of the nose

—nasus

its

name from

tortus, signifying a

NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE
—

A sub-crect glabrous, or pilose,
Si'ECiFic OiiARACTEB.
lierb, with entire or pinnatifid leaves, auricled at
Flowers on slender
base, the lobes sinuate-toothed.

branching
the

the effect

its

officinale)
etc.

The

acridity produces on the

convulsed nose.

fD.C.J

The Marsh

Cress.

Pods
Petals hardly longer than the calyx.
pedicels, small.
turgid, oblong, as long as or shorter than their pedicels,
curved. Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 11.

—

Description, etc.—This herb is not uncommon in moist places, in both the
Northern and Middle Islands. Sir J. D. Hooker says in his notes that he adopted the
YL^Yiie palustve iov this
plant because it is that used in most Continental books, and in
"

Bentham's Australian Flora," but that of terrestre has equal claims to be retained. It is a
very widely-distributed plant in both the Old and New World. A state with almost entire
The common Watercress {N.
leaves, N. semipinnatifiduui (Hook.,) sometimes occurs.
,

indigenous to Britain is a well-known, hardy perennial, and has been
In the rivers of Canterbury and in many other
alnindantly naturalised in New Zealand.
favoural)le localities it has become a j^erfect pest, attaining a size rarely seen in Europe.
officinale),

which

a spring salad the young shoots and leaves of Watercress have been used from time
immemorial. They are stated to have been eaten by the ancients along with lettuces, to

counteract the coldness of the latter by their warm and stimulating properties, and at
the present day they are found upon almost every table, the popular l)elief being, that
when eaten fasting, they possess the property of exciting the appetite, and acting as a
powerful anti-scorbutic. The first attempt in Eurojie to cultivate Watercresscs by artificial

means was made by one Nicholas Meissner

at Erfurt, the capital of

The

Upper Thuringia,

and other circumstances being
favourable for their growth, the experiment proved successful, and the Watercresscs of
Erfurt soon acquired, for their superior quality, that celebrity which they still maintain
most of the cities on the Rhine, as well as the markets of Berlin, 120 miles distant,
In the neighbourhood of London the cultibeing constantly supplied with them.
about the middle of the sixteenth century.

soil

;

ART ALBUM OF

TJTE

vation of Watercrcsses was

NEW ZEALAND

Ahbev

S2)ring\s

localities

Near Eicknianswoi-tli
and various other

water.

in Middlesex,

in Essex,

introduced Ly a ]Mr. Bradbiiiy at Springlioad near

first

Gravesend, and has continued to spread, 2)articularly in

with regard to

FLORA.

Uxbridge
in
extent, which are scarcely
many acres

favourably situated

Hertfordshire, AValtliani

places, there are plantations

sufficient to sup])ly the great

demand

for this

It may not be ina})propriate here to mention that
season.
popular salad herb during the
the plant commonly known in our gardens as the Nasturtium, does not belong to the
It has obtained the name
Crucifers, but properly bears the name of Tropeeolum majiis.
of

Nasturtium on account

cress.

The

New

of its

warm

Zealand Marsh Cress

a quality not unlike that of the common
edible, and was formerly eaten by the natives.

taste,
is

GENUS

BARBAREA

The Herb

{Brown.)

—

Gexeeic CnARACTER. Stout 01- slciider, erect, leafy,
and jnnnate or
glabrous herbs, usually with angled stems,
Petals clawed, yellow.
Sepals sub-eroot.
pinnatifid leaves.
Pods erect, elongate, compressed, 4-gonous, with keeled or

IT.

of St. Barbara, or

Winter

Cress.

Seeds
valves.
straight, coriaceous, many-seeded
cotyledons accumbent. Handbook of
oblong, in one series
New Zealand Flora, p. 11.

costate,

;

—

Description, etc. A common European genus, of which one species was cultivated
The New Zealand species, and also the
in former times in Britain, as a pot-herb.
B. vulgaris,
Australian, are stated to be the same as the British, which is very variable.
a double-flowered garden

A^arietv,

commonlv called

The name, Barharea,

ornamental.

the

Double Yellow Rocket,"

alludes to the plant being vulgarly called the

very

Herb

of St. Barbara."

BARBAREA VULGARIS

Specific Character.
with green
ft. high,

— Erect,

{Linn.)

rather rigid, stout, leafy,
Lower leaves
stems.
lobes obovate-oblong, terminal, ovate and
lyrate, pinnatifid
sinuate.
Upper leaves entire, sinuate, or pinnatifid. Flowers

1-2

furrowed

;

The Common Herb

of St. Barbara.

rather large. Pods stout, 11 in. long, x'y-i '"i- broad, erectothan (heir terete pedicels; valves veined;
patent, broader
Handboolc of A'eto Zealand Flora, p. 11.
style siiort, straight.

—

and was
Description, etc.— This herb is indigenous to the Northern Island,
of Mr. Colenso, the native
formerly used by the Natives as food. Upon the authority
"
name of this plant is Toil." In Britain, B. vnlyaris was held as a herb of some
when the field or brook furnished the only salads, but was banished from the
repute,
table by vegetables of better flavour.

THE ART ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

GENUS

SISYMBRIUM

III.

The Mountain

(Liim.)

—

Cress.

valves concave, many-seeded. Seeds in one
compressed
each cell, 'oblong. Handbook of New Zealand Flora,

Generic Chakectek. Herbs, usually leafy, with slender
stems and small white or yellow flowers. Sepals sub-erect or
Petals clawed. Pods slender, terete or slightly
spreading.

—A

FLORA.

—

;

series in

p. 11.

genus, ahundant in the North Temperate Zone;
The plants are uninteresting, and not easily to l^e distinguished from
rare in the South.
The name, Sisymbrium, is from the Latin, and alludes to "
several allied genera.

Description,

etc.

British

kind of herh," perhaps, watercress.

SISYMBRIUM NOViE ZELANDI^

{Hook., F.)

—

Specific Character. Tall, very slender, 1-2 ft. high,
minute stellate pubescence. Leaves
glabrous, or covered with
chiefly radical, spreading, 1-2 in. long, few or many, and
crowded, narrow obovate, or linear oblong, sinuale-pinnatifid
Flower stems very slender, sparingly-branched,
lobes blunt.
;

Description,

—This

etc.

herh

The New Zealand Sisymlmum.

with few, entire or toothed linear leaves. Flowers small,
white.
Petals narrow.
Sepals erect. Pods i-2 in. long, -Jj in.
broad, very narrow, linear, obtuse, glabrous, on slender pedicels
valves convex, 1-ncrved.
Seeds small. Cotyledons obliquely
incumbent. Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 11.

;

—

found in the Middle

Island on the Nelson

mountains, and in the shingle slips of the Wairau Gorge, at an altitude of 4,500 feet.
There are numerous species in Britain, of which the most common are the S. alliaria,
" Sauce
or Garlic Mustard, sometimes called
alone," a tallish hedge-weed with heartshaped leaves, white flowers and erect pods. S. officinale, an erect, hranched plant,

with rough stems and leaves, minute pale yellow flowers, and rough pods, a common
hedge-weed and S. thalianum, a field- weed growing from three to eight inches high, with
ohlong toothed leaves, and slender stems, bearing a few inconspicuous white flowers.
;

GENUS

CARDAMINE

{Linn.)

—

Generic Character. Generally slender or small herbs,
with entire or pinnate leaves, and small white flowers. Sepals
erect or spreading.
Petals clawed or spathidate.
I'od long,
linear,

compressed; valves

Description,

flat,

IV.

The

Bitter Cress.

and curving backwards.
in each cell, flattened.

Hem

Seeds numerous, forming one series
Cotyledons accumbent. Handbook of

—

Zealand Flora, p. 12.

usually separating elaslically,

etc.

—An

common

in England, and in all temthe nerveless valves of the flat narrow pod, which, when

extensive

genus

perate regions, distinguished by
the seeds are ripe, curl with an elastic spring from the base U2)wards, thus scattering
the seed. The j)rettiest of the numerous sjiecies of this genus are British plants, which
are rarely cultivated in gardens, from their great abundance in the open country.
All
the Cardamines are anti-scorbutic, and they are said to be very efiicacious in diseases

TEE ART ATJirM OF NinV ZEALAND FLORA.
The

of the heart.
heart,

and damceo

pinnate;

(2).

derivation of
to suhdue.

name

Cardainiiie

The

New

Zealand species arc:

C. depuessa,

(i). C. FASTIGIATA, leaves

tht>

leaves spathnlate
loiii?, deeply toothed.
;

CARDAMINE HIRSUTA
—A

Specific Chabacter.
very variable, slender branched,
rarely simple, glabrous, or slightly hairy annual, 12 -18 in.
high, ereet or decunihent, sonietinics assuming a jierennial
Leaves pinnate; Leallets
rootstock, especially near the sea.
few, opposite, or alternate, entire or lobed, orbicular oblongovate, or cordate, usually on slender petioles, sometimes re-

(3).

from the Greek words karclia

{Linn.)

lit

(1).

('.

tlie

hirsuta, leaves

stvlosa, leaves sinuate lohed

;

The Hairy Cardaniine.

duced to one.

Flowering branches eomclimes reduced to
Flowers small, white (sometimes
capillary 1-llowered scapes.
1-androus in Kuropc). Pod-« J-l.J iti. long, slcniler, on slender
Seeds
]icdicels, obtuse or jiroduced into acuminate styles.
small, pale
p. 13.

vcllow-i-cd.

—Handbook' of New Zealaud Flora,

"
Description, etc.— Fig. 1, Plate No. 6.— The HAIRY CARDAMINE."— This
herb is abundant throughout the Islands, esjiecially in moist and shady situations.
There are four recognized varieties in New Zealand, differing somcAvhat in habit and
The succulent members of the family form an excellent salad. In Britain
structure.

and elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere this plant is an annual, but, in the more
C. hirstila, is a
equable climate of the Southern Hemisphere, it is usually a perennial.

common

from

Aveed everywhere in England, varying in height

six to eighteen inches,

according to soil and situation. The leaves and flowers of this species form an agreeable
salad.
This species, and, it is said, others, j^roduce young jilants from the leaves. The
Cuckoo Flower, or Lady's Smock, (C. prcttensis,) is a common and very pretty meadow
plant, witli large pale lilac flowers.

Its first

English name

due

blossoming -when
flowers are produced in such
is

to its

the Cuckoo sings, and its second, to, the fact that its
abundance as to give the meadows the appearance of a bleaching ground, covered with
These flowers are associated with pleasant memories
clothes laid on the grass to dry.
of spring,

and join with the

Primrose and Harebell to compose many a rustic
sometimes found wild, which is remarkably proliferous,

CoAvslip,

double variety is
nosegay.
the leaflets where they come in contact Avith the ground producing

new

plants

flowers, as they Avither, sending up a stalked floAver-bud from their centre.
are warmly stomachic, and have the flavour of AAatercress.

;

and the

The

plants

OTHER SPECIES OF CARDAMINE.
2.

A
white.

DEPRESSA.
Leaves croAvded, rosulate. Flowers small,
Found at high altitudes in the Middle Island.

glabrous, or pilose, stemless perennial.

This species has tAvo varieties.

NEW ZEALAND

THE AET ALBUM OF

perennial

Found

AAhite.

2-3

at the

Leaves

feet high.

of Islands,

Bay

STYLOSA.

FLOEA.

3-5

inches long.

Flowers rather small,

and about Auckland.

FASTIGIATA.

glabrous perennial, with a rootstock a span long, tapering, as thick as the
little finger, densely clothed with the recurved bases of the old leaves, a very singiilar
Found in the Middle Island at high
looking plant. Flowers very numerous, white.
altitudes.

GENUS

BEAYA

The Braya,

{Sternberg.)

—

or Pachycladon.

with a short costa, or keeled Septum entire, or open style
Seeds in 1 or 2 series; funicles
very short; Stigma capitate.
cotyledons incumhent. ^Jlandloot of Jfew Zea\"ery short
land Flora, p. 13.

Generic Chabactee. Alpine, densely tufted, perennial
herbs, with long tap roots, rosulate radical leaves, and scapes
Flowers
bearing short few-flowered racemes, or corymbs.
white, pink, or purplish.
Sepals short, equal. Petals obovate.
Stamens C. Pod short, thick, ovate or oblong valves convex.

;

—

Description, etc. An Arctic genus, also foimd, but rarely, in the
Europe, Northern Asia, and North and South America.

BEAYA NOY.E ZELANDI.E
—A

Specific Chakacteh.
very short depressed Alpine
herb, covered with stellate pubescence, root long, tap-shaped,
thick
as
as
the finger, bearing one or several equally tliick,
erect or ascending cylindric branches, covered with scars of
old leaves, and surmounted by a head ot small imbricating
leaves that spread out horizontally.
Leaves ^-\ in. long,
oblong, pinnatifidly lobed, narrowed into ilat thort petioles;

New

The

{Hook., F.)

loftiest

Alps of

Zealand Braya.

those on the scapes with longer petioles, and a minute obovate
blade, which is digitately lobed at the top.
Scapes or peduncles very numerous, rising from the root below the leaves,
shoi'ter than these, and spreading horizontally, 3-5 flowered.
Flowers not seen.
Pod J-! in. long, about half as broad,
laterally compressed
septum incomplete. Seeds 3-5 in each

—Sandboolc of INew Zealand Flora, p. 13.
;

valve, obovoicl.

NEW

"
ZEALAND BRAYA."—
Description, etc.— Fig. 2, Plate No. 6.—The
This remarkable little Alpine plant is found in the debris of schist, on Mount Alta, in
the Wanaka Lake district, in exposed ridges not imder an altitude of 5000 feet, or in the

The progress of flowering and
often surrounded by snow.
seeding is very rapid in this plant, as the heat diiriug the day in sunshine at these high
altitudes is intense, producing a rapid growth
Our plate depicts the plant with flower
crevices of rocks,

and

seed.

The

where

it is

flowers are white,

and are described by Mr. John Buchanan, F.L.S.,

an inch long.
Sepals obovate, obtuse, petals longer than the sepals, upper half
"
"
Transactions
round, tapering below to a narrow point.
Alpine Flora," Vol. XIV.,
New Zealand Institute." It may be noted that for want of information a description of

the flowers of this plant

—

not given in the " Handbook."

THE ART ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

GENUS

LEPIDIUM
—

Description,

—An

and common

of the earth,

sdticum

etc.

The New Zealand

leaves.

toothed;

nnich flattened laterally, (pbtuse, winged urlieeled at tlie baek
Cells 1-secded.
Cotyledons incumbent. Uaiutbook of New
Zealand Flora^ p. 14,

—

common

species

consist of:

—

LEPIDIUM OLERACEUM

(1).

—

;

when

oblong-spathulate, 1-3

bruised.
in.

long,

;

{Forst)

Specific Charactee. Sub-erect, perennial, glabrous,
10-18 in. high Stem, stout, woody, scarred, branched, smelling disagreeably

;

Australian and European annual, with linear

L. sisymbrioides, leaves pinnatifid

(2).

The Lepidium.

extensive genus spread throughout the temperate regions
To this genus the Garden Cress helongs, L.
in England.

also the L. ruderale, a

;

VI.

{Linn.)

Gkneiuc Ciiahactee. Ilerlis sometimes with an almost
woody stem, toothed, or pinnatifid leaves, and white, somePods, broad,
times" unisexual flowers.
Stamens, 4 or 6.

FLORA.

Leaves, obovate-cuneate or
lower serrate, upper more

oleraceum, leaves more or

(3).

less

L. ikcisum, leaves pinnatifid.

The Esculent Lepidium.

Pods
Flowers, numerous, white, small, l-androus.
on slender spreading pedicels, ovate, sub-acute, J in. long, not
Uandbuuk of New Zealand Flora, p. 14.
n'inged on baek.
entire.

—

—This

plant is confined to New Zealand, and is to he found
It is a good antisheltered places on the sea shores throughout the Islands.
growing
as a remedy for the dreaded
scorhutic, and was eagerly sought after hy early voyagers
The Maoris call it " Nan ;" and
affected.
Scurvy, with which the crews w^ere so frequently

Description,

etc.

When hroken or hruised, the
stated that they formerly cultivated it as a pot herl).
The natives of the Society and Sandmch
odour.
plant emits a strong and unpleasant

it is

Islands

make

use of Z. piscidium for catching

fish, it,

common

with several other

of intoxicating them, so that they float
plants, possessing the property
in a helpless,

insensible state,

and are then

easily taken.

upon the surface

L. saticum, the

common

a hardy annual, whose native country is stated to he Persia. This has
been in cultivation in England since 1548. It is very generally cultivated and esteemed

Garden

Cress,

as a plant

most useful for making small

salads.

OTHER SPECIES OF LEPIDIUM.
2.

SISYMBRIOIDES.

span high. Leaves small, linear, pinnatifid.
Eound in the Middle Island on dry, grassy flats and plains.

erect, slender plant, a

small, white.

Flowers

THE AET ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

INCISUM.

LEPIDIUM."—
Tig. 3, Plate No. 6.— The
Flowers
in small axillary
leaves on long petioles, pinnatifid.
prostrate plant, lower
Eonnd in the Northern Island, on the heach at
or terminal, feAV-flowered, racemes.
Description,

"CUT-LEAVED

etc.,

Professor Kirk says that he has never seen a specimen
Mr. Colenso, he further says, is
of tliis plant, which apj)ears to be extremely local.
the only living botanist who has met with it, and the j)lace at which he found it has
are indebted to Mr. Buchanan for the specimen
not proved productive of late years.

Port Nicholson.

Very

rare.

given

ill

our

plate.

GENUS

NOTOTHLASPI
Gknebic Chaeactee.
tliick,

erect.

(Sook., F.)

— Herbs with nmiieroiis spathulate,

Flowers, rather large, vyhitc. Sepals,
Pods, very much flattened Valves winged Cells, very

radical leaves.

;

VII.

The Notothlaspi.

many, seeded. Seeds on very slender tunicles; radicle, incumbent, sometimes very long. Handbook of Neii^ Zealand

—

Flora, p. 14.

—

Description, etc. A genus confined to New Zealand, consisting of the following
(3). N. notabilis {Buch.)
(2). N. australe (Hook., F.)
(1). N. rosulatum
species
:

—

;

NOTOTHLASPI ROSULATUM
—

A very stout, erect, densely leafy
Specific Character
pyramidal fleshy herb. Stem, 0. Leaves, niuncrous, densely
crowded, forming a rosette spathulate-petioled, crcnate when
young, covered with weak, cellular hairs, glabrous when old.
;

;

{Hook., F.)

The Eosette Notothlaspi.

Scape often thicker than the finger

a span high, bearing a
Pods, ^-1 in. long, obovate,
profusion of sweet-scented flowers.
Handbook of Neiv Zealand Flora, p. 13.
etc.
;

—

Description, etc.. Fig. 4, Plate No. 6.—The "ROSETTE NOTOTHLASPI."—
This remarkable little alpine is confined to the Middle Island, and is found on the
shingle beds of the Ribbon Range, Mount Torlesse, Waimakariri Valley, and in other
The leaves are arranged
places on the Alpine ranges, from 3,500 to 6,500 feet altitude.
The flower scape, rising 5 inches
in the form of a rosette, and are from 1-1^ in. long.
or so out of the centre of the plant, is covered with a profusion of creamy-white flowers,
which exhale a rich perfume as of orange blossoms. The general appearance of the plant
is

pyramidal, and altogether presents to the eye and fancy of the botanist a form unique,

be passed unheeded. It is exceedingly prized by collectors, who subject
themselves to much danger and many hair-breadth escapes to secure this much-coveted
The plant being very rare, necessitates both long and hazardous joui'neys,
treasure.

and not

few specimens stimulates the weary climbers
amidst the snows, rain and fogs of the Southern Alps.
until the securing of a

renewed activity

Plate No.

y
Copyright.

FafT-

incisum.
Fig.
o
uH„>Y. Wovx ZEr«DiiE
Fiff. 3.— Lepidiom
ACICULAKIS.
7.-C0L0BA.XTHUS
F.^
F'g„.--^"^."^^.,f
°^f
GtlcUENlA
GRACILENIA.
ri^,.
blt.LLAHlA
6.
ROUGHII.
StELLARIA
6.—
llg.
Fig.
AUSTEALASICA. Fig. 10.— HeCTORELLA C^SPITOSA.
Fig. 9.— ClATTONIA
/^
HIRSOTA.
I.-CaeDAMINE
-,

—

4.—Notothalsfi
Fig.

rosulatu*:

g.-SPEHGULAKU BUBKA

AUSTRALE.

Likewise an Alpine plant; is a small perennial, (leiiscly-turtcd, iuiicli-l)iaiiclie(l,
and glabrous, with short leafy branches, and very numerous white corymbose flowers.
Leaves petiolate, ^-'i^ in. long, s[)athulate, oblong, often
Branches, 1-2 in. long.
It is found only in the Middle
flowers of this species are scentless.
Island, Nelson District, at an altitude of from l.,000 to 5,000 feet.

The

re-curved.

NOTABILIS.

New

species.

alpine agrees in several details with the description of
N. rosuUdum, given above ; that species, however, being described as a pyramidal, fleshy
whereas,
herb, with a scape sometimes thicker than the little finger, and a span high

This remarkable

little

;

a small, circular, densely-leaved plant, Avith the inlloresence forming a
terminal sphere of small white flowers. It has no stem, the leaves being arranged like
a miniature umbrella, surmounted by a small, dense ball of white flowers. This addition

notahills,

to our

New

astic field

Zealand Flora

and indoor

Lake Ohau,

due

Mr.

Buchanan, F.L.S., one

botanists, Avho first discovered

an elevation of 3,000

feet.

it,

of our

most enthusi-

in the year 1881, at the head of

-^I^-.

^jftmm^

rr^'r^^^^
r^^^l

^.r""™""^
fOlLA Pi

JTTTTTTTMTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTJTTTTTTTTTTTTyrTTTTTTT-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTf

-TTTT

!^\lhTfW^

.;M
^

Chapter

Order IV.— VIOLARIE.E.
Chakactke of the Order.
alternate

— Herbs

or shrubs, with
or irregular.

Flowers, regular
stipulate leaves.
imbricate.
5,
Petals, 5, imbricate.

Stamens, 5,
Sepals,
anthers sessile, or on short filaments, often
hyjjogynous;
the
connective
united,
usually expanded upwards, or provided

klAAXX All 111 IXlAjJ

IV.

(The Violet Pamily.)
with an appendage at the bai'k or both.

Ovary with 2-5

parietal placentas, and one style.
Knibrvo axile in llcshv albumen.
Floi-ii, ]:. IC.

Fruit, a capside or berry.
— Handhook
of New Zealand

Description of the Order.

—

[1)ELY

distributed through tropical and temperate regions, tliis ordei'
contains between tAvo and three liundred known species, dispersed over

nearly

\l,

all j^arts of

the globe, and distributed into twenty-one genera,

—

forming four tribes. The New Zealand genera consist of: (1). Viola,
herbs with trailing stems or short woody stocks
(2.) Melicytts,
shrubs with short petioled tootlu^d leaves and (3.) Hymexaxthera,
;

;

woody shrubs with alternate leaves and small axillary flowers.

GENUS

VIOLA
—

Generic Cuaraciee. Herbs with
woody stocks. Leaves alternate,

short,

trailing

{LiiiH.)

stems or

stipulate.
the base.
Petals

jietioled,

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, produced at
unequal, spreading, lowermost often larger, spurred or gibbous

—A

The

Violet.

at the base.

membrane

Anthers

u, I'uuuective. Hal,

produced into a thin
Cap-

the lower often spurred. Style, capitate.
sule, 3-valved, with a parietal placenta on each valve.
book of NeiB Zealand Flora, p. 16.
;

—Uand-

large British and widely diffused genus in all temperate
The British species
of
Avhich several species produce Uvo forms of flowers.
climates,

Description,

etc.

THE ABT ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

growing from the crown of the apparent
r".
and
stemless plant,
odontta, the Sweet Violet, and its varieties and
represented by
tliose with the stems evident, and flowers springing from the axils of the leaves, which
consists of t\AO groiiiis, those with tloAvers

;

on more or less branched stems, the latter group represented by V. canina,
The New Zealand species are (1).
the Dog Violet, and V. tricolor, the Pansy.
V-JHicaidis; (2). V. Lyallii ; and (3). V. Cunninghamii.
are alternate,

VIOLA FILICAULIS
—

Specific Charactee. Vei-r slender, perfectly glabrous.
Leaves alternate,
Stems filiform, prostrate or creeping.
orbicular-cordate, or broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse or acute,
obtusely crenate ; petioles 1-3 in. long stipules lacerate, the
teeth filiform, tipped with a gland peduncles very slender,
;

The Thread Stemmed

{Mool-., F.)

Violet.

tlowered
bmcts subulate, more or less lacerate like the
Flowers very pale blue, j-J in diam.
stipules.
Sepals linearlanceolate, acuminate.
Spur very short. Ifandbook of New
Zealand Flora^ p. 16.
;

;

Descriptiox, etc.— Fig. 1, Plate No. 7.— The "NATIVE VIOLET."— This little
plant is common to both the Northern and Middle Islands as far south as Otago, and
damj) situations, but in some localities it has nearly
It has no fragrance, and cannot, as a plant,
disajipeared, 2)articularly in light soils.
compare with the European sj^ecies for size or appearance, but it claims the distinction
is

abundant in many

member

districts in

worthv of oui* attention and regard.
It has been introduced into many colonial gardens, and is much cherished for its
The species belonging to the order Violariese, and best known, are the
simple beauty.
Violet and the Heartsease, or Pansy.
The Viola odor at a, or common Sweet Violet is a
favourite flower in every garden, and has a delightful fragrance.
It is a native of
of being a

of the family,

Britain, indeed of the

and therefore

whole of Eurojie, and part

of Asia, extending

it is

said even to

China and Japan. It is generally believed that this species is the Violet of the ancients, as
described by Dioscorides, who recommends it for its medicinal virtues, as well as for
beauty and fragrance. There are numerous varieties of this species, of these some
are white, i^ui'ple, and blue and some of aU these are double-floAvering.
The most inits

;

teresting, and those most generally cultivated, are the varieties knoT^Ti as the Neajiolitan
and Russian. The Neapolitan Violet is a pale blue, fragrant, but its chief recommendation consists in its generous nature of flowering during winter. The Sweet

Violets

are

Aariable

the flowers being sometimes blue, while sometimes
white variety is both the earliest and latest in blooming,

colour,

they are white or lilac. The
and is very sweet scented. The
scent,

and

Dog

Violets are i:)erhaps so called from their want of
commodity. The endless varieties of

so relegated to the
dogs, as a worthless

Heartsease or Pansy, are derived from the admixture of the cornfield weed, F. tricolor,
with the alien species F. altiaca, from Tartary, and F.
grandiflora, from Switzerland.

THE ART ALHUM

Tli(> >'i()l('t lias

O/'

A/;

ZKALAMi

r/jihW.

ever Ihhmi willi poets a ravoiiritc flower, and a

dames perrmiied

their

filled

l)atlis

witli

fragrance, and

its

siil)i('c1

of poesy.

abundant presence

its

Iioiiiaii

ancient

The great Napoleon accepted

the air with overpowering incense.

regal banquets
as the emblem of his Imperial dynasty, and when he, who thought to rule the world,
was banished to Elba, " To return in Spring," was the meaning it conveyed to his

The name

adherents.

King

of Argos,

Violets as the

of Viola

who was transformed

first

from

said to be derived

Bunches

food she took.

cow by

into a

lo, the

Jupiter, and

of ^'ioh^ts,

daughter of Machus,
fabled to have eaten

away when fresh, in the
flower.
The blossoms must

laid

pockets or sleeves of dresses, impart a delicious odour of the
be quite dry, and should be removed when they become scentless. It is said that
Josephine's boiuloir at Mahnaison is impregnated to this day with the odour of Violets,

owing

to the quantities of that flower
"

with which the room was kept constantly

But sweeter than

Or Cvtherea's

tlie lids

breath."

— Winters Tale.

OTHER SPECIES OF
2.

A plant

sup]ilied.

of .Juno's eves.

VIOLA.

LYALLII.

entirely similar to V. filicavlis, in

most

respects, but the stipules

and bracts

are generally more green and always entire, usually obtuse, and the flowers are smaller.
It is found in various places in both tbe Northern and Middle Island.

CUNNINGHAMII.

mucli branched, often thickening into a
Leaves tufted on the top of the root or stem, or on very short
short woody stock.
branches from it. Peduncles slender. Flowers ^ - 1 inches in diameter, and pale blue,
plant very variable in

scentless.

Very common

size,

stem

sliort,

from the middle of the Northern Island, southalso found in the Middle Island and in Tasmania.

in moist places

wards, ascending to 5,000 feet.

GENUS

MELICYTUS

{ForsL)

Gknbbal CHAEACTEB.-Shrubs. with short petioled, toothed,
minute stipuled leaves.
Flowers axillary, fascicled, small,
Sepals 5. Petals 5.
regidar, almost unisexual or polj^gamons.
Anthers 5, free; connectiie
short, spathulate, spreading.

Description,

etc.

—This

genus

II.

The Honey

Trees.

produced into a membrane, and furnished

confined to

belongs to the equal-i)etaled division of the order.

at the
Berry, with

\rith a scale

back.
Stvle 3-6-fld, or with a discoid stigma.
a few or "many angled seeds, on 3-6 placentas.
New Zealand Flora, p. IT.

— Handbook- of

New
The

Zealand, Norfolk Island, and
genus consists of four species
:

THE ABT ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLOBA.

macrophyllus ; (3.) Jf. lauceolatus ; (4!) If. micranthns,
and
trees, with long, smooth, serrated, short-stalked leaves,
one or more bracts.
little l)undles of small fragrant flowers on the branches, having
The flowers are usually of separate sexes, and borne on distinct plants they are said to

mmiflorus ; (2.) M.
small
large woody shrubs or
(1.) if.

;

means

literally
contain abundant supplies of honey. The name
of
the
in
flowers
the
nectar
of
abundant
plants.
receptacles," due to the secretion

of the genus

MELICYTUS RAMIPLORUS

(Forsf.)

—

;

times obscureh-

;

slender

petioles

;

stipules

The Elowering-branched Melicytus.

Flowers small, in fascicles on the branches
peduncles slender
i-J in. long, with 2 minute bracts. Flowers minute g in. diam.
Calyx lobes spreading, green. Anthers obtuse stigma almost

Specific Chakacter. A glabrous, white-barlied small
trunk often angular,
or large slirub, 20-30 feet high
Leaves alternate, 4-5 in. long, oblongbranches brittle.
lanceolate, accuminate, serrate with small obtuse teeth, sometree,

Honey

— Eandbook
;

sessile,

Berry small, i

Ij-lobed.

in.

diam.

New

Zealand Flora, p. 17.

deciduous.

Description, etc.— Fig. 2., Plate No. 7— The"Hinahina," or "Mahoe."— This shrub,
The wood is soft,
or small tree is abundant throughout the Islands, in lowland districts.
of a white colour and u.seless for constructive purposes, though occasionally it is used

sometimes attains a height of
Horses and cattle
in diameter.
thirty feet, but the trunk rarely exceeds two feet
harm
to themselves.
are greedily fond of the pale green foliage, and eat it without
for temporary fencing

The

tree

produces

;

and

enormous

burnt as firewood.

numbers

The

flowers

tree

greenish-yellow

con-

hue,

of nectar
spicuous by their mass they are fragrant and afford an abundant supply
The flowers are polygamous, both male and female, growing on the same tree. When
;

the " Hina-hina," or " Mahoe," as the tree is called l)y the natives in some districts, is in
fruit with
berry, it is much frequented by the small native birds, who feed upon the

which

densely covered. The berries are about the size of a pea, a bright violet
In flavour they are slightly
colour in the light, but appear nearly black
the shade.
sweet but not very palatable. The tree has been planted in shrubberies with success,
it

by nurserymen for sale, it being deemed worthy of propagation. Young
trees transplanted from the woods take kindly to new homes, provided that they
have good shelter. The Hina-hina is not known to possess any medicinal -sirtues the
and

raised

;

berries are innocvious,

and are eaten by the natives.

OTHER SPECIES OF MELICYTUS.
2.

A large

MACROPHYLLUS

{A. Ciinn.)

glabrous bush 4-7 feet high, with a pale brown bark, and leaves rather
The
smaller, but more coriaceous, (leathery) and broader than those of M. ramiflorus.

Plate No.

Book * Cousins. Chbomo-i.'

VIOLA FILICAULIS.— Native

Violet.

MELICYTUS RAMIFLORUS— Hinahina.

Flower of Hinahina.

ART AI.IUM OF

TIU'l

.V/vII'

ZEALAND FLORA.

flowers arc twice as large as those of J/, rduiijlorns, and

the

l)raiiclu's

;

they are

y(>ll()wisli

llicir

lowci-

Iiaiiy-

parts, tlie lips of

2'.t

rasciclcs of
liirii-

(5,

petals having a

purple tinge. The berries are ^ of an inch in dianieti'r. As fai- as is known, this plant
is confined to the northern part of the Northern
Island, and is easily distinguislied from
J/. 7-(imiJl(jrm

and

its

coarser habit, broader and

leatliery leaves,

and larger flowers

berries.

LANCEOLATUS

{Hook., F.)

slender shrub, or small tree, 10-12 feet high, Avith brittle branches and dark-brown

The

bark.

together.

leaves

are

The berry

from 1-7 inches long.
The flowers are small, two or three
of an ineli in diameter.
It is fdiiiid on the West
oblong, and
,V

Coast of the Northern Island.

4..

MICEANTHUS

{Uook., F.)

small rigid shrub, with tortuous branches, co\-ered with grey or brown bark.
The leaves are small and scattered, \-\ an inch long. The flowers are unisexual, very

minute, and grow on the axils of the branches. The berry is as small as a mustard seed.
The shrub is foimd on the East Coast and in the interior of the Northern Island, and in
It
the northern part of the Middle Island.
ajipearance from any of the preceding species.

GENUS

HYMENANTHERA
Geneeic Chaeacteh.— Woody

slinibs, \Yith alternale or

entire

Description,

etc.

—A small genus,

united in

and

The Hymenanthera.

produced into a membrane, and furnished witli a scale
the back. Style short, with a 2-Iobed stigma.
Berry small
with 2 or few globose seeds on 2 placentas. Handbook of yew
Zealand Flora, p. IS.
nective,
at

—

native also of Norfolk Island, Tasmania, and

the species are very variable in foliage. The genus is named
the god of marriage, in consequence of the anthers being connate, or

South Eastern Australia

from Hymen,

a plant of very ditt'erent habit

III.

{Brotoi.)

or toothed, minutely stipuled leaves, with
small axillary, solitary, fascicled, sometimes unisexual (lowers.
Anthers, sessile, connate, conPetals, 5,' short.
Sepals, 5.

fascicled,

j)airs.

;

TEE ART ALBUM OF

HYMENANTHERA CRASSTFOLTA
Specific Chakaoteb. — A small shrub, 2-4 feet high,

rigid,

out straight shoots.
Leaves, very variable,
Branchlets, pubescent. Bark, white.
thickly coriaceous, common form linear-spathulate, 2-3 inches
long, ijut on young shoots often larger, broader, sinuate or
and in older, shorter, obtuse, veined, when dry.
toothed
Petioles, short. Stipules very minute and deciduous. Flowers
stout, tortuous branches, rarely sending

;

NEW ZEALAND
fSoo/.:, F.J

FLORA.

The Thick-leaved Hvmenanthera.

Pedicels short,
very small, solitary or few together, axillary.
stout, curved, with one concave appressed bract.
Sepals, orAnthers
bicular, erose or ciliolate.
Petals, linear-oblong.
recurved, connate into a membranous lobed tube, the lobes
ciliolate.
in.
Handbook
Berries i
diameter, blue-purple.
of
Jfew Zealand Flora, p. IS.

—

Description, etc. This small maritime slii-ul) is found in certain localities in the
Northern Island, hut is not common, the only 2^1'ices rejiorted being in the northern
portion of the Auckland provmcial district, and again in the Wellington district at Cape
In the Middle Island it is known only at Nelson. Tlie berries, which are large
Palliser.
in propoi'tion to the size of the shrub, are succulent, but not edible.
In growth, it is of
a tortuoiis habit, rarely sending out straight shoots, and has white bark.
common to a portion of Australia.

The genus

sX'^ »3^

'^'

'^^?i^

"^® SSciS^

Chapter

Order V.— PITTOSPOllEaE.

—

Characteu of the Order. Slinibsortrees with alternate
or wliorlt'd oxstipulate evergreen leaves, and regular tlowers.
Petals long, witli ereet claws and spreadSepals 5, imbricate.
ing limbs, imbricate. Stamens 5, free, hypogynous, erect, with
oblong or sagittate anthers. Ovary 1 or 2, rarely 3-5 celled

The

Pitcliy Seed Family.

Ovules many,
(often imperfectly) with a short or long style.
])lacentas attached to the septa.
Capsule usually bursting by
woody \alves, wliich bear the placentas on tlie middle. Seeds
with a minute embryo
Zealand Flora, p. 18.

Description of the Order.

HIS

bard albiunen.

— Handbook

New

—

found chiefly in Australia. It is
the isles of
represented only by Fittosporum in India and its islands
is
In
America it
unknown.
the Pacific, and on the continent of Africa.
order,

which

a small one,

;

New

genus only, divided into more than
The name of the order is due to the pitcliy, or glutinous

Zealand

consists of one

twelve species.
matter which euA'elopes the ovules, or seeds.

GENUS

Generic

PITTOSPORUM. fLiiiiiJ The
coriaceous.
Chahacter. — Flowers often
polygamous.

Filaments subulate.
Petals usually recurved.
Ovary perfectly, or imperfectly 2-5 celled. Capsule woody or

Sepals

free.

hook of

Pittosporum.
Seeds immersed in a transparent gluten.
Flora, p. IS.

— Hand-

New Zealand

—

Description, etc. In New Zealand this genus embraces the following species,
besides a few others which have been added of late years
(1.) P. tenvifolium
:

—

;

THE ABT ALBUM OF NEW ZEALAND FLORA.

(2.)

CoLENSOi;

OBCORDATUM;

(7.)

EU6ENI0IDES

(10.) p.

patulum; (4.) P. reflexum (5.) P. RiGiDnr (G.) P.
p. CRASSIFOLIUM
FASCICULATUM
(9.) P. ITMBELLATUM
(8.)
Of tliese, the
(12.) P. PIMELEOIDES.
(11.) P. CORNIFOLIUM
p.

(3.)

;

with flowers solitary or two together, axillary the
remainder have likewise alternate leaves, excepting the last two, which have their loaves
six

first

Avhorled

liave

;

alternate leaves,

;

the flowers of these latter are either fascicled, corymhose, or panicled.

PITTOSPORUM TENUIFOLIUM

{Banks

—

A bush or small tree, 2U-40 ft.
Specific Charactee.
with slender trunk
younf; shoots and leaves often
or ellipticpubescent. Leaves 1-2 in. long, broadly oblong
obovate, obtuse, aeiite or aecuminate, quite entire, undulate,
rather membranous, glabrous or pubeseent on the mid-rib.
Flowers axillary, solitary, on curved pubPetiole short.
escent peduncles as long or longer than the calyx, variable in
high,

Sol.)

The Thin-leaved Pittosporum.

size i~j in. long.
Sepals very variable in form and shape,
from broadly-ovate to linear-oblong, silky or glabrous. Petals
dark purple. Ovary pubescent. Capsule size of a small nut,

;

—Fig

^'-

broadly-obovoid, downy when young,
usually 3-valved.
glabrous and rugose when old. Handbook- of Xew Zeafand
Flora, p. 19.

—

Plate No. 8. This small evergreen tree, known hy the
"
"
native names of
Kowhiwhi," or Maiipariki," ahounds on the eastern coasts of both

Description,

etc.

It does not attain

Islands.

the thickness of

its

trunk.

any great height, and seldom exceeds from 10-12 inches in
It is found in almost any little clump of hush, and presents

a very pleasing and neat appearance.
light character, otherwise

name

it is

The wood

valueless.

Even

white, and adapted for turnery of a

as firewood

it is

despised,

and bears the

Water Wood," so little is it calculated l)v its
combustive properties to enliven the domestic hearth. As a garden hedge, it forms one
As an addition to a shrubbery it is pretty
of the best, and is very ornamental.

all too susrsrestive

and

attractive.

Young

"Bucket

plants

may

be purchased from nurserymen, in

other Pittosporads, or they can be easily transplanted from their native

common
homes

with

in the

abundant in Australia, and supplies of seedlings
are, in each planting season, introduced into New Zealand for sale as garden shrubs,
and are much prized. There is no reason whatever that our own native plants should

bush.

The genus Tiltosporiim

not be as

much esteemed and

purposes, and quite as
flowers are solitary,

they are equally as suitable for garden
The Kowhiwhi blossoms in early summer, the

cultivated

ornamental.

;

and of a brownish- crimson colour.

The

cajjsule, or seed pod, is

about the size of a small nut, and contains the seeds, which are immersed in hard

albumen.

When

ripe,

the

woody capsule bursts open and

discloses the seed.

riiATB nu. n.

BOCK • COU»l"». CHB01IO-1.ITH0.

.— Pittosporuni

tenuifolium.

KARO.— Pitlosporom

Crassifolium,

ART

Till-:

ALIIIWr

OF NKU' ZEALANH

FITTOSPORUM COLENSOI

Mr. Colonso's Pittosporum.

{U<jok-., F.)

—

ri.OliA.

glabrous and the searious brnets at tlie base of the ]H>duiiclcs
are very pcrsintent. The fruit is also smaller and rounder.

A siimll treovi'i-v closely allied lo
Si'KCiFic Chahactku.
but the leaves are
P. feiiiiifoluim, if not a variety of i(
and not undulated; the
larger, more acute, coriaceous,
both of which are always
peduncles shorter than the sepals,

—

;

Handbook of

A'ero

Zealand Flora,

I'.l.

—

Description, etc. Tlii.s species is common only to tlio Novflicrn Lslaiul, and is
found on the East coast and in the interior. It is closely allied to P. tcimifollum,

and

leaves
is

more especially as,
P. tenuifoliam. As in tlie rest

in consequence, difficult to identify

is,

ai'c

almost as undulate as

;

some specimens, the
wood

of the genus, the

of little value.
3.

PITTOSPORUM PATULUM

{Hook., F.)

—

Branches stout,
Specific
Chakacter.
glabrous:
Leaves patent, or recurved, 1-lj in.
brancldets puberulous.
in. broad, very narrow, linear-oblong, narrowed at the
long,
base, obtuse, crcnate-serratc, very coriaceous and shining.
:'

The Spreading Pittosporum.

Fruit globose, or broader than long, woody, S in. diameter,
compressed, on a short, stout, axillary peduncle. Handbook
of New Zealand Flora, p. Ifl.

—

Descriptiox, etc. This is an Alpine species, and grows on tlie Wairau Mountains
It is a most distinct-looking species,
in the Nelson district, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
hut does not appear to be
4.

much known.

PITTOSPORUM REELEXUM

(P. Cunii.)

—

Specific Character. A small slender much branched
ft. high, with almost filiform silky pubescent twigs.
Leaves numerous, patent, recurved, very slender linear
lanceolate, acuminate, nu^mbranous, quite entire \-\k in- lo'^gj

shrub, 2-3

The Recurved-leaved Pittosporum.

broad. Flowers not seen. Peduncles solitary, terminal,
short curved, jjilose, 1-2 flowered. Ovary hirsute.
Capsule
valves with
ovoid, acuminate, 1 in. long, compressed, 2-valved,
Flora,
Zealand
Xeir
p. 20.
the tips recurved. Handbook of
i in.

—

Description, etc. This small and slender species is indigenous to the Auckland
It is
in thickets.
district, north of the Bay of Islands, and is mostly to be found
considered valueless.

OTHER SPECIES OF FFTTOSFORUM.
5.

RIGIDUM

A rigid, much-branched

shrub

(Hook., F.)
;

The Rigid Pittosporum.

branches tortuous, Avoody, stout, spreading.

Leaves

Flowers axillary, solitary. Petals, dingy purple, nearly as
Waikare Lake, and on the
long as the leaves. Found in the Northern Island near the
Ruahine Mountains likewise in the Middle Island, on the Nelson Mountains.
small, shining,

in.

long.

;

OBCORDATUM

shrub or small

pale, leaves small,

{Baoul.)

with divaricating, rather slender branches. Bark
rounded or obcordate, sinuate.
long, remote or 2 or 3 together,

tree, glabrous,

in.

The Heart-shape leaved Pittosporum.
^

creuate or quite entire, suddenly contracted into a very short petiole, rather coriaceous ;
nerves obscure. Plowers \ in. long, solitary or tAvo together, on short jiuberulous
slender 25etals narrow-linear OA'ary pubescent.
Fruit
peduncles, white sepals Aery
in
Middle
Island
in
found
the
near
in
is
Akaroa
unknoAAU. This species
shady AA'Oods,
;

;

the CanterburA^ district, and

;

the only white-floAvered

FASCICULATUM

si)ecies.

The Fascicled Pittosporum.

{Hook., F.)

In-auchiug shrub AAith glabrous leai^es and branches, and inflorescence tomentose.

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, acute, quite entire, pale beneath petioles
^ in. long. Flowers densely fascicled, axillary and terminal. Sepals oA'ate lanceolate.
;

Petals linear-oblong, deep purple, ^ in. long.
Capsule on a curved pedicel, h-'i in. long,
2-3-A'alved.
Found
in the Northern Island at Lake Taupo,
of
P.
like that
tenuifolium,

Middle Island at Chalky Bay, and in the Otago district, but not common, This
species is closely allied to P. tenuifoViam ; but the flowers are densely fascicled, and the
in the

leaA^es are

rather longer, and

like those of

P. Colensoi.

PITTOSPORUM CRASSIFOLIUM {Banks
Specific Chahactee.

—A

shrub, or small tree branches
twigs, leaves below, petioles and inflorescence densely
Leaves alternate,
clothed with a thick white tonientum.
erect

on the coast

— Fig.

Plate No.

The Thick-leaved Pittosporum.
;

—

narrow-obovate, or oblong-obtuse, quite entire, 2-3 in. long, very
Inflorescence terminal, usually
coriaceous, margins reeiuwed.
a peduncled, simple umbel, sometimes reduced to a fascicle,

etc.

Sol.)

or a single flower
bracts broadly ovate, ciliate, imbricate.
Flowers nearly J in. long. Sepals linear-oblong, with white
tomentum.
Petals narrow, deep purple.
Capside very
variable in size, nearly globose, 2^-lobed and valved, downy.

;

Description,

S,-

Handloolc of

]S'ew

Zealand Flora, p. 20.

—The " KARO." —This

si^ecies is

common

throughout the Northern Island, and attains a height of from thirty to
with a trunk from one to two feet in diameter. The wood is Avhite and comjiact,
line

forty feet,
but worthless for all purposes Avhere durability is I'equired. It is used in turnery, and is
difficult of combustion.
The foliage is of a dark green, but the young leaves are lighter
in colour, and covered at the back with a thick Avhite cottony coat, Avhich adds much to

the beauty of the tree, and forms a varied and beautiful background to the very pretty
umbelled crimson flowers, Avhich mingle with it. This tree has been introduced sucgardens, and affords a most interesting and excellent addition to
the plantation around the homestead.
In common Avith some of the other Pittosporads,
"
it is knoAvn to the settlers as one of the "
trees; which are probably so
Tur2)entine
cessfully into

called

many

on account

a peculiar odour,

of the gluten, in AAhicli the seeds in the capsule are immersed, omitting

when

expressed.

The bark

of this species

black.

Plate No.

'4^

Bock a Cousins. Chromo-litho.

TARATA.

—
Pittospopum Eugenioides.

THE ART ALIU'M OF \ H \V ZEALAND
I'lTTOSPOIlUM

Si'ECiiic

I'liARACTEK. — A

UMBELLATUM
small

live,

20-:iO

ft,,

{Banks

FLOIIA.

'PIh-

Sol.)

I'mbcUod Pittospomm.

Peduncles slender, 1 inlong in terminal umbels, or corymbs.
an inch.
long, sonu>time» only
SepaU ovatc-laneeolalc.
Petals linearublong, obtuse.
Ovary pubescent.
Capsule
rounded l-lolied, size of a hazel nut, 2-valved, valves woody,
gramdated on the surface. lliiiidhook of Neir Zealand Flora,

liigli,

^laln'ous, except the under sides and petioles of
the young leaves, peduncles, and eiilyees, which are covered
with silky fulvous hairs; branches whorled. Ijeaves alternate,

ovcrywhcro

—

in. lon;^, obovate, or binceolafecoriaceous, briglit green, "1
oblong, olilusc or acute, unite entire, narrowed into petioles
Flowers tuuuerous, rather large, nearly \ in.
J-V in. long.
'.\

,,.

—

Desckiptiox, etc. This beautiful species is indig'enous to the Nortliern Island
To the natives
only, and is eommon about tlie Bay oi" Islands and ueiy'hboui-hood.
living in that locality
it is

an evergreen, and

known

worthy

feet,

and

PITTOSPORUM EUGENIOIDES
Ciiaeactkh. —

Like other members

oi"

of a place in our gardens and licdgerows.

generally, a height of from 20-30

10.

as the " Karo."

small branching tree, 20-30

its

genus,

It attains,

very ornamental.

{A. Cumi.)

The Eugenia-like Pittosporum.

high, everywhere quite glabrous, except the inflorescence, and
at times the youngest leaves, which may have a few scattered
branches often whorled. Leaves 2-4' in. long;
silky hairs
usually elliptical, acute, narrowed into long petioles, rarely
broader and obovate, quite entire, undidated or crisped, rather

fragrant, diiecions (more or less), males with large anthers and
longer filanu'uts, collected in branched, many-llowered corynd)s,
with diverging, slender peduncles and pedicels
braeteolcs
setaceous.
Sejials very variable, ovate, acuminate, glabrous.
Petals narrow ami s])reading. recurved. C'a])sules numerous,
Ifatulhook
small, i in. long, ovoid, acute, glabrous, 2-'J-yalved.

coriaceous with numerous fine veins.

of yeiv Zealand Flora, p. 21.

Specific

.A.

ft.

;

Flowers i-i

in.

—

diameter,

" TARATA."—This
Desckiptiox, etc.— Plate No. 9.—The
elegant tree is loiind
on the East coast of both Islands, as far south as Otago. It attains a height of from
twenty to thii'ty feet, and has a stem from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. It
is

known

to the settlers in

pact, and has
its

some parts

a rich, dark-green foliage.

Lemon Wood."

"When

bloom

profuse masses of pale golden flowers,

In growtli

in
is

it is

very com-

November and Deceml)er,
very ])retty. The flowers

displaying
possess a sAveet and deliciously-honied fragrance, which imparts an agreeable perfume
to the surrounding atmos2)here.
Erom an artistic point of Aiew, the happy combination
of lio'ht and shade is exceedingly strikini?.
This tree has a crreat attraction for bees,

who

reap an abundant harvest from the large quantity of liont^v secreted in its flowers
To these visits, the plant being (more or less) dioecious, or some bearing both male and
female flowers on the same tree, the fertilisation of the seed is due. The wood is Avhite
;

purposes where
Our
It is adapted for turnery purposes, and light furniture use.
durability is desired.
filaments
plate represents the male flowers, the anthers of which are larger, and the

and compact, but very

difficult

of combustion,

and worthless for

all

"
"
Tarata
several species the
(P. eugeiiioides),
and the "Karo" (P. crassifoUuni), are, perhaps, the most shoA\y plants. The subject
and in our shrubberies, or home
of our notice is well worthy of horticultural care

longer, tlian those of the female.

Of the

;

paddocks, would form an ornate and beautiful
cattle, and it is in no Avay j^ernicious.

tree.

The

foliage

eagerly eaten by

11.

NEW ZEALAND

THE AET ALBUM OF

PITTOSPORUM CORNIPOLIUM
—

glabrous, coriaceous.

terminal 1-2 flowered peduncles, dingy red, J in. long. Peduncles pilose, of the males J-l in female \-\ in. long.
Petals as narrow with slender
Sepals very narrow, sidmlate.
;

in. long,
Capsule
tips.
brcadly obovate, or obcordate, comvalves yellow inside, coriaceous.
Seeds large.
pressed
Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 21.

etc.,

10.— The

Plate No.

—

;

Flowers polygamous, on very slender

Description,

The Cornel-leaved Pittosporum.

(A. Cunn.)

Specific Character. A small slender shrub, 2—1 ft.
high, with forked or whorled branches, everywliere glabrous,
except the young shoots and inflorescence, which jiresent a
few long silky hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. long, whorled, obovate,
entire and
or elliptic-lanceolate,
shortly petioled, quite

FLORA.

PIRIPIRI."— This

remarkahle and

in-

peculiar to the eastern and southern coasts of the Northern Island,
where it is common; always, or nearly so, growing epiphytically on trunks of forest
It is not at all unusual to find this plant growing out of the centre of a clump of
trees.
"
Astelia; which again, in its turn, clings to the stalwart trunk of a lofty
Pukatea,"
or
denizen.
The
other
forest
flowers
Nocce
are
rather
Zelaitdke),
insig{Atherosperma
teresting jilant

dingy crimson colour

nificant, of a

in structure.

The

hut possess a fragrance. The capsule, or seed pod,
;
seeds are blackish purple, and lie embedded in a thick

very smgular
when open, forms two valves, or flaps, of a
yelloAV gluten within the capsule, which,
bright orange colour, producing a very showy effect. As soon as the gluten dries the
the seeds become detached, and fall. Our plate jiourtrays accurately the various stages

which reaches comjjletion

of the seed receptacles during the ripening process,

month

in the

of July.

OTHER SFECIES OF PITTOSPORUM.
12. P.

PIMELEOIDES

A
long,

very slender, branched shrub, 3-5
1 -i in. wide, rather membranous.

Leaves spreading, Avhorled, 1 in.
Flowers small, terminal, solitary or few;

ft.

peduncles, 1-flowered, very slender, ^-1 in.
Capsule small, quite like that of P. rejlexum.
Island,

and

found on dry

hills at

13.

Bay

Leaves scattered, 2-5

;

10-12

Petals very

long.

This shrub

slender,

yellow -red.

indigenous to the Northern

of Islands.

ft.

in.

{Rook., F.)

high

;

young shoots and

leaves

silky-

long, flat, quite entire, glabrous ; shining green
Found near
obtuse.
Petals linear, dark purple.
Sej)als long,
Tongariro, and is in cultivation in Wellington {Buchanan').

above, paler below.

Mount

high.

BUCHANANI

rambling, branched shrub

pubescent.

the

{B. Cumi.)

.,.>S|^

>e|5^

Plate No.

10.

Bock « Cousins, Chromo-litho

COPYRIQHT.

PIRIPIRI.

—

Pittospopum

cornifolium.

Chapter

Order VI.— CAEYOPHYLLE.E.

The Carnation and Cliickwccd

—

Character of the Obdeh. Herbs with opposite, quite
entire or niiinitelj' serrulate leaves.
Flowers heriiiiiplirodite.
Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate, imbricate. Petals 4- or 5, or 0,
Stamens, 4, 5, 8, or 10 inserted
liypogynous or perigjnous.
with the petals, sometimes seated on, or between the lobes of
an annular

disk.

Ovary

1 -celled,

bearing

many

VI.

Faniilv.

ovules on a free central or basal placenta.
Styles 2-5, free or
connate, stigniatose at the apex or inner face.
Capsule manyseeded, splitting into as nianj, or twice as many, valves as
Seeds with farinaceous albumen, and a usually curved
styles.
terete embryo.

— llandbuok of Sew Zealand Flora,

j).

32.

(rarely few)

Description of the Order.
3Ks-

-Fs9

VERY

few
large order, abounding in temperate and cold climates
members
of
are
order
it
in
of
habit.
The
this
foreign
shrubby
plants
inhabit mountains, hedges, rocks, and Avaste places.
Humboldt says that

the Cloveworts (the Chickweed Family) constitute ^V of the flowering
plants of France, -^V of those of Germany, ^y of those of Lapland and ^-^
of those of

the

princijile called

qualities.

The order has no very marked properties. Some say that
sapouine, which is found in some of the jdants, lias poisonous

North America.

There are three sub-orders

—

(1.)

Silene.e, the

Pink

tribe,

Avith

united

sepals ojiposite the stamens, when the latter are of the same number; (2.) ALSiNEiE,
the Chickweed tribe, AAith separate sepals, bearing the same relation to the stamens
as in SiLENE^
the Carpetweed tribe, in which the petals are
(3.) Molluginete,
;

Avhen of the same nnniber.
AA'anting, and the stamens are alternate with the sepals
but the
Pinks
and Carnations
There are some showy flowers in the order, such as
The CloA'e Pink, Blanthns caryophyllus, is the origin
greater number are mere Aveeds.
of all the cultivated varieties of Carnations knoAAai as Picotees, Bizarres and Flakes.
;

The common Chickweed,

{Stella ria media)

fodder for sheep, arc other examples.

The

one hundred species.
order

Genus
thiis

;

—plants
Tribe

represented by
GypsophUa. Tribe

There are

aljorit

arreiisis),

sixty genera,

of this order are usually insipid.

used as

and one thousand

New

Zealand the

1, Silene.15, sepals connate into a tubular calyx
Genus 2, Stellaria ; 3, ColobanAxsine.e, sepals free

;

There are several Caryo phylleous weeds introduced into

Spergula ria.

aud Spurrey, {Spergula

New

Zealand, especially from Europe the principal of which are Polycarpon tetraphijlhini,
Cerastium, a genus of very common,
a small tufted annual, with minute green flowers
;

;

and Spergula
erect or straggling, hairy weeds, with white flowers
bearing whorls of linear leaves, and cymes of white flowers.
;

GENUS

GYPSOPHILA

G-BNEHIC
(or perennial) herbs,
with small paniculate flowers. Calyx more or less eampanulate,
with
a narrow claw, and
Petals
5,
5-fid, usually 5-nerve(l.
Stamens 10, at the base of a
entire or emarginate blade.

an annual

The Gypsophila.

(Liin/.)

Chakactee. — Annual

arreiisis,

small torus. Orary, niany-OTuled. Styles 2. Capsules ovoid
or globose, 4-5-Talved.
Seeds laterally attached.
Randbook
of New Zealand Flora, p. 32.

—

Description, etc. A large South European genus of annual or perennial evergreen
herbaceous plants, belonging to the Alsiueous division of the order. The species, Avhich
and small white or pink floAvcrs,
are numerous, have leaves like those of the Pink
;

which are usually disposed in diffused panicles. They inhabit various parts of Europe
and Asia, growing mostly in rocky or stony places, especially in a limestone soil. Some
It is represented
of them are occasionally cultivated as border plants, and on rockeries.
and this is indigenous to New Zealand.
in the Southern Hemisphere by only one species
;

The name
of

of this

genus

due

to its plants delighting to

grow in

a soil

composed largely

gypsum.
1.

GYPSOPHILA TUBULOSA
—

A small, much dichotomouslyglandular-pubescent annual, 4-5 in. high; stems
Leaves subulate, hardly acute, rigid.
slender, terete, erect.
Peduncles slender, axillary; 1-flowercd, i-l in. long, diverging
in fruit.
Flowers, small ^ in. long. Calyx, tubular-campSpecific Character.

branched,

The Tubular Gypsophila.

{Boiss.)

Petals narrow, linear,
anulate, with 5 green ribs, 5-toothed.
refuse or bifid, longer than the calyx.
Capsule, 5-valved at
the tip, exserted. Seeds transversely rugose, with deep imHandbook of New Zealand Mora, p. 33.
pressions.

—

Description, etc. This herb is common to both Islands, in many places, and is
fovmd growing from sea level up to a height of 4,000 feet. It is not uncommon in
South Australia. It is believed to be an importation Avas originally described from
;

Asia Minor, and is found noAvhere but in that country, Australia, and New Zealand.
Later observations are tending to prove, owing to the rapid increase of the plants in
various parts of

New

Zealand, that

it is

an introduction.

ART ALUfM OF

Tin-J

XFW XKALAM)

GENUS

STELLARIA
—

Description,

etc.

11.

Star- worts.

'V\\c

{Li,,,,.)

Genkkic ClUUACTKK. Ercct, or (U'cumbfnt. lierbs,
annuiil (or jjeroiiiiial) witli Hat or acerose leaves, and axillary
or fascieled white llowers. Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5,
bidd ur U. Stamens 10 or fewer, hjpogynous, or seated on an

FLoUA.

annidar

di^k.
ovules lew or many. C'aptulc K'oboM!
Styles 3
oblong, or ovoid, splitting into :i billd orij valves. Seede often
murieatc. llamlbuok iif New Zealaiid Flora, ji. 'JS.
;

—

—A

very large genus in the temperate and cold regions of hotli
Several species are indigenous to (Jreat Britain.
SleUai-id

hemispheres generally.
"
Greater Sticlnvort,"— callcxl also "Satin Slower " and "Adder's M(>at,"
holostea, the
is one of the early British hedge flowers, with
long, straggling, (juadrangiilar, stems;
narroAV, grass-like leaves, and large, panicled, lustrous white flowers, w ith dee[)ly-cloven

—

Stcllai'ia

petals.

hairs

Common

media the

ChickAveed,

on one side of the stem, changing

sufficiently

marked, by a

line

ol'

the opposite side, whenever it readies a
represented in New Zealand by the following:
(1.) S.
(2.) S. elatinoides, a niinnte, creeping or ascending
to

The genus is
pair of leaves.
PARVIFLORA, a creeping herb ;
herb; (3.) S. becipiexs, a decumbent herb;

—

EoitiHii, an erect herb;

(i.)

(5.)

GRACiLENTA, an crect, rigid herb.

STELLARIA PARVIELORA

{Bonis

—

Specific CnAEACTER. A very slender pale-green tlaceid
herb with prostrate, wiry, ereeping stems and branehes, a span
long, and npwards, wholly glabrous, exeept a few hairs on the
in. long, nearly orbicular, acute, rarely
Leaves jpetioles.
Peduncles
cordate at the base, longer than the petioles.
axillary, sliorter than the leaves, 1-2 flowered, 2 bracteolate

Islands

;

not

etc.

—This

uncommon

Banks and Solander, on

species is
in woods,

their first visit

The Small-llowered

Sol.)

Stellaria.

about the middle.

Flowers minute, ,V in. diameter. Sepals 5.
or 5, shorter than the petals.
Stamens 5 or 10.
Capsule as long or longer than the sepals, (i-vnlved to the
middle.
Seeds about 8, pale brown, dee]ily pitted and
Haiidhuuk of A'dc Zealand Flora, jt. 23.
reticulated.
Petals

—

Description,

S,-

common

to both the Northern and Middle
and was originally found by the botanists
to New- Zealand.
In the Nelson district, it

ascends the mountains to a height of 5,000

feet.

It is allitxl

tlie

Tasmanian

in.

long, erect or

.S".

flaccida.

OTHER SPECIES OF STELLABIA.
2.

ELATINOIDES

very small, glabrous, tufted,

{Hook., F.)

pale-green herb.

Stems, ^-1

^^^ flowers yo "i- fbam.
It is indigenous to the Northern Island only, and has been found on grassy banks of
the East Coast, HaAvke Bay, and a part of the Lake District.
creeping, very slender or rather stout.

L(\aves thj- i "i- lo"g'

DECIPIEXS

{Hook., F.)

A
\-\

herb.
Leaves,
glabrous, laxly-tufted, weak, decumbent, pale-greeu, branching
narrowed
into
a broad, somewhat ciliate petiole.
in. long, ovate or obovate, acuminate,

Peduncles, axillary, 1-3-flowered, 2 bracteolate in the middle, shorter or longer than the
It is found in the islands forming the Lord Auckland Group, and in Cam25l)ell
leaves.
Island.

closely allied to the S.

media

of Europe,

which

naturalized abundantly

New

in some
Zealand, but differing in the axillai-y, 1-flowered peduncles, and
Also allied to the Tasmanian S. flaccida,
absence of a pubescent line on the branches.
parts of

but the flowers are
tt.

Fig. 5, Plate

much

smaller.

EOUGHII [Soolf., F.) Captain Rough's Stellaria.
No. 6. —A short, much-branched succulent, erect or straggling,

green

Leaves, \-%
long, fleshy, linear, acuminate, 1-nerved.
Alpine herb, 2-4 in. high.
It is a very
in.
Elowers large, ^-f
diam., terminal, solitary, on short stout peduncles.
its
large green flowers, quite unlike any
singular species, and easily recognised by
in.

indigenous to the Middle Island, being found on the mountains^
Named by Sir J. D. Hooker,
in shinijle beds, at an altitude of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet.
in honour of Captain Rough, one of our early and diligent botanists.
It

other in habit.

GRACILENTA

Fig. 6, Plate No.

—A

{Hook., F.)

The Slender

wiry, rigid, loosely-tufted

Stellaria.

mountain

species, with scabrid

Leaves, \ in. long, glabrous, shining ;
high, and very long peduncles.
a
the margins revolute to the midrib, leaving
deep furrow between them. Peduncles
Flower \ in. diameter.
axillary in the upper leaves, solitary, 1-flowered, 1-4 in. long.

stems 2-4

in.

Sepals linear, oblong,

obtuse, with

Seeds, 8-10, yellow-broAA-n.
altitude of 4,500 feet.
rigid,

Found

It is a

wiry habit, narrow leaves,

white, very broad, scarious margins.
Petals, 5.
on the mountains of the Middle Island up to an

very peculiar species, and

and very long,

<JENUS

COLOBANTHUS.
Generic

Chaeactee.

— Usiiallr

densely tufled, rigid

with subulate, opposite leaves, and solitary green
flowers on short or long terminal scapes or peduncles.
Sepals
4 or 5, coriaceous, erect. PetalsO. Staraens4or5, perigynoiis,
green

lierbs,

—

is at once
recognized
slender
erect,
peduncles.

its

III.

{Bartl.)

The Colobanthus.

alternate with the sepals.
Styles, -t or 5, opposite the sepals.
Handbook of New Zealand
Cajjsule OToid, many-seeded.
Flora, p. M.

—

Description, etc. A remarkable genus of little rigid, tufted herbs, gla])rous, and
often fleshy, with narrow (or short) and imbricate leaves, and solitary green flowers.

THE ART ALBUM OF NEW ZEALAND FLOE A.

It is a southern

gonus

;

found only in Australia,

America, and the Antarctic regions.

New

Zealand, the Andes of South

It consists of ten species, five of which are indiare found in hilly, or alpine districts, and some

genous to New
have a remarkahly moss-like appearance.

Most

Zealand.

them

COLOBANTHUS QUITENSIS

Chabacter.

Specific

much -branched,

tufted

—A

small,

green herb,

glabrous,

1-2

in.

The Quito Colohanthus.

Scapes longer or shorter than the leaves, usually
Flowers 4-nierous, 5 in. long. Sepals ovale, bhml,
HainUiook of New Zealand Flora,
rarely acicular at the tip.
quite entire.

perennial,

higli.

(Barfl.)

Leaves

very short.

ehiellv radical i-| in, long, subulate, acute, but not acicular
on the back.
(or rarely so) at the tips, concave above, convex

p. 24.

—

Description, etc. This herh is found on the mountains of Nelson, and in the
clefts of rocks on the Kowai River, at an altitude of 1,500 feet.
Except in the rather
Dr.
Hooker
that
he
can
no
find
distinction
hetween
this and the
smaller leaves.
says

South American variety, which is found along the Andes from Mexico
and also in Amsterdam Island in the South Indian Ocean.

Cape Horn,

OTHEB SPECIES OF COLOBANTHUS.
2.

BILLARDTERI

{Feii::l.)

small, quite glahrous, often tufted, alpine herh, with small leaves like C. quitensis,
hut with acicular tips. Peduncles often 2 in. long. Elowers 18 41 in. long, green,

It is common throughout the Islands in alpine and hilly districts,
usually 5-merous.
and is ahundant in Victoria and Tasmania.

SUBULATUS

{Hook., F.)

A small, moss-like,

densely-csespitose, perfectly glahrous, plant, with su.hulate, rigid,
Flowers hidden amongst the leaves.
shining leaves, forming tufts ahout 1 in. high.

indigenous to the Middle Island, in the Lake District, Smclair
and the Awatere Valley. It is likewise found in the Alps of Victoria, and

Sepals, 4 or

Range

ahundant Iv in Antarctic America.

ACICULARIS

Fig. 7, Plate No.

The NeetUe-pointed Leaved Colohanthus.

—A small, moss-like, densely-caespitose, shining,

tufts

alpine plant, forming
Found in dry,
Sepals, 5.

abundant.

{Soak., F.)

1-2

in.

high.

rocky places

Flowers

—Wairau

sessile, shorter

Gorge and

rigid, glahrous,

than the leaves.

Otago Lake District;

THE ART ALBUM OF NEW ZEALAND FLORA.

MUSCOIDES

5 .C.

A perfectly

(Sook., F.)

glabrous, moss-like, densely-tufted, bright-green plant

;

soft,

and rather

Plowers minute, sunk amongst the leaves.
flaccid in texture, forming large patches.
Found in the Lord Auckland Group, and Campbell Island, on rocks near the sea.

GENUS

SPERGULARIA.
CnARACTEE.

Generic

—

Spreading

{Pets.)

dichotoinously-

branolied, perennial herbs, ivith linear leaves, scarious stipules,
and white or rose-coloured peduneled flowers.
Sepals 5,
spreading. Petals 5, obtuse, or 0. Stamens 5 or 10, hypogy-

Description,
over

etc.

—This

temperate and

many

warm

The genus consists of small weedy
setaceous, or more or less cylindrical, fleshy

SPEEGULARIA RUBRA
—

7V-I in.

long,

Ovary subglobose.

compressed, often
Flora, p. 25.

Capsule 3-valvcd. Seeds
—Handbook
New Zealand
of

Styles 3.

winged.

herbs, with opj)osite or fasciculate-whorled,
leaves, and lilac or pink flowers.

(Pers.) var. Marina.

Specific Character. A rather succulent, excessivelybranched, prostrate or sub-erect annual herb, with perennial
Stems and
root, more or less pubescent, with viscid down.
branches terete, 1 in. to a span long. Leaves linear, |-1 in.
Flowers numerous, axillary and terminal,
long, quite entire.

on long slender pechmcles,

The Sand Spurrey.

nous.

a small Britis h genus, of which species are scattere
parts of the globe, especially near the sea, and in waste

places.

IV.

The Pink-flowered Spergularia.

Flowers very variable in size, i-i in. long. Sepals
Petals shorter tlian
green, with a white membranous border.
the sepals, sessile, often very pale. Stamens 5. Seeds with a

or reflexed.

broad membranous wing.

— Handbook of yew

Zealand Flora,

p. 26.

which are often patent,

—

This herb is common on the sea shore in
Pig. 8, Plate No. 6.
It is also found under various forms in all temperate
places throughovit the Islands.

Description,

and many

etc..

The

weed, Spevgula arvensis, or Corn Spurrey, which
very common in Britain. According to Don, the botanist,
this plant is grown on the Continent of
Europe to serve as jiasture for cattle, as it imparts
a fine flavour to mutton, and enriches the milk of cows.
Another ally, ^S*. piUfera, has,
is

tropical localities.

field

closely allied to this herb, is

been grown in English gardens as a substitute for grass on lawns. Its
of a pleasant green colour, and delicate texture; it soon establishes itself, and
foliage
the
recommendation of retaining its verdure in the dryest and hottest seasons.
possesses
The latter advantage it owes to the fact that it belongs to a class of plants which evaporate their moisture slowly, whilst its long fibrous roots descend to a sufiicient
dejith to
be little affected by drought. The New Zealand species, S. rubra, is a very handsome
of late years,
is

with large pink or white flowers, and linear leaves. It delights in the sandy
shores and waste places of the coast line throughout both Islands.

little plant,

TTTTTTTrTTTT'TTtT1TTTTT rTTTTTTTTTIITrilTT rrrt-TTTTrTTTTTTTTT»TTTTTM>f' «TTTT-TTTTTT^

Chapter

VII.

Order VII.— POUTULACE^E.
CuAEACTEE OF THE Ordee.

—

Herbs, usually glabrous,
succulent, with opposite (rarely alternate) exstipulate
and
leaves,
(rarely stipulate)
hermaphrodite flowers. Sepals
2 or 3 imbricate. Petals 4 or 5, free or connate to the base,
hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens 5 or fewer, often adnate
to the base of the petals.
Ovary 1-celled. Style more or
often

!._^A%.

The Purslane Family,

deeply 2-3-fid, the arms stigmatose on the inner face.
Ovules several or many, in the base of the cell. Capsule
membranous, with as many valves as styles, and one or many
less

seeds.

and

Seeds witli a crustaceous

terete

curved embryo.

albumen,
— Handbook offarinaceous
Ifew Zealand Flora,
testa,

p. 26.

Description of the Order.
in yarious parts of the World
chiefly, howeyer, in South America,
at the Cape of Good Hope.
The jilants always inhahit dry places,

[OUND
and

;

and haye a great affinity to Cafyophylle(e. The New Zealand genera
are
stamens 5 (2),
(1), Cdaytonia, leayes opjiosite or in pairs
leayes
MoNTiA,
opposite, stamens 3-5 opposite the petals
(3), Hectorleayes
stamens
with
alternate
the petals.
ELLA,
5,
densely imbricate,
"
The name of the Order signifies to carry milk," from some of the jilants in it haying
milky juice.
:

—

;

GENUS

CLAYTONIA
Geneeic Chaeactke.

— Herbs

{Linn.)

with opposite alternate,

or fasciculate leaves, and racemose or solitary flowers. Sepals
Petals 5, united at the very base, or free.
2, herbaceous.

—

The

Stamens
ovuled.

Claytonia.

to, and opposite to the petals, Ovary manyHandbook of
Capsule 3-valved, 3 or more seeded.

adnate

New Zealand Flora p.

27.

Description, etc. A large North American genus, of which the only representatiye found in the Eastern Hemisphere, is C. australasica, described below.
The genus

THE ART ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

was named in liononr of Dr. John Clayton, a botanist of repute, who collected the plants
Several species have been introduced into
for the "Flora Virginica" of Gronovius.
British gardens from North America, and are plants of very elegant growth.

CLAYTONIA AUSTKALASICA

{Sook., F.)

—

Character. A glabrous, slender, creeping,
succulent tender herb, extremely variable in size.
Leaves solitary or in distant pairs, narrow-linear, or linearnervespathulate, J-2 in. long, quite entire, pale green, obtuse,
Specific

less, tlie

The Australian

petioles dilating into

Claytonia.

membranous

stipules at tlie base.

Scapes axillary, solitary, l-flowered, erect, usually shorter than
the leaves. Flowers pure white, very variable in size, i-| in.
diameter. llandhooJc of yew Zealand FJora^ p. 27.

ratlier

—

Description, etc., Kg. 9, Plate No. 6. This beautiful little slender herb is indigenous to the Middle Island it is found in boggy jilaces, and ascends the Southern
;

the plant, the flowers may
be considered large and handsome. Of the order, this genus is the only one which
contains ornamental perennial plants.
Many of these are in cultivation in Britain,
Aljis to a height of 5,000 feet.

j^roijortion to the size of

having been introduced from North America in the year 1768.

GENUS

MONTIA
Character.

—

Stamens usually 3 or 5, opposite the petals, and adnate to them.
Ovary and capsule as in Cfat/fonia, but only 1-3 seeded.
RandhooJc of New Zealand Flora., p. 27.

—

simple, usually tufted,

Descriptiox,

The Montia.

{Linn)

A small annual, branched or
glabrous herb, with opposite rather
fleshy, spathulate leaves, and small white, axillary, peduncled
flowers.
Petals 5, connate at the base.
Sepals 2, (rarely 3.)
Generic

II.

—A British

genus found in many parts of the North and South
"
"Water Chickweed," is a common minute aquatic,
fonfana, or

etc.

temperate zone. M.
growing on the banks of streams, and has, like

many

other aquatic plants, a wide geo-

graphical range.
1.

]\IONTIA

FONTANA

(Zhm.)

The Water Chickweed,

—

SPECiric Character. A glabrous, slender, branching,
weak, bright green marsh or water plant, very variable in size.
Stems 1-12 in. high. Leaves i-1 in. long, from elliptical-ovate

Description,

etc.

—This minute aquatic

alpine jiarts of the Northern and the Middle

Water

Blink.

Flowers about
Zealand Flora, p. 27.

linear-lanceolate, sub-acute, quite entire.

s in.

broad.

—Handbook of

JS'ew

common

in watery places throughout the
it is
Islands, and in Campbell Island
;

found in Tasmania, Kerguelen Land, and throughout temijerate North and South
America, and Europe.
also

TUJJ

ART ALJJUM OF

Aii' IC

(iKNUS

HECTOllELLA
OkNKKIC C'HARArTHB.lilose-likc iiliint.

stem, eoriiieeoua,

'I'hc

{Uook. F.)

HectoivUa.

alternate with the ])elals

anthers

llie
tlie

viincd,

leaves, white.

linear-obloiif;,

;

lilumcnis

2-eelled.

narrowed into an erect

lis

long as the petnln

;

Ovary ovoid, nicinbranous,
style;

1-3, linear,

stigmas

Ovules 4-5, erect from the
base of the till, amphilru|ions, fiinicle, slender.
Fruit unknown.
lliimlljuulc iif Xfw Zialaml Flora, p. 27.

Sepals 2, short, coiieiwe, truncate,
eontinuous with the very short, hroad. Hat |iedieel. I'i'tiils 5,
united at the very base, erect, veined, obtuse, thiekencil below
the tip. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the coralla.

uppermost

slllitU (li'llSflv lllfli'd, ^;Illlirc)U9,

Leaves most, deiiselv iinbrirated nil rmiiicl
Flowers almost sessile, iinioiifjist
entire.

ZKALANll FLUKA.

thii-lienccl.

papillose inlernally.

—A

remarkable genus, allied to no other, but approacliing in
The genus is nanunl in compliment tfj Sir James
habit to Lyallia of Kerguelen Land.
whose
adventurous
Hector, P.G.S., during
expedition to (he Otago Alps it \vas disDesckiption,

etc.

covered.

HECTORELLA C(ESPITOSA

Specific Chabacter. — Stems 1-l.V

in.

{Rook., F.)

high, most densely

and with the leaves on them nearly as thick as (lie
Leaves excessively numerous and clo.scly imbricate,
finger.
spreading, broadly triangular-ovate, iin long, much dilated
tufted,

The Tufted

Hectorclla.

and juemluiinons Itelow the middle, coriaceous above, with
thiekened marginsand keel, ^cins ret icidateil. Flowers several,
from amongst the le;tvcs al llie ti])S of the stems, nearly i in.
Handbook of Xeiv Zealand Flora, p. 'J7.
long, white.

—

Description, etc., Eig. 10, Plate No. G. This beautiful and curious alpine is found
abundantly on Mount Alta, in the Middle Island, where it may be seen in patches on
steep,

rocky places at an altitude of 5,000

feet.

was

first

discovered

l)y Sir

James

Hector, P.G.S., in 1862, during his visit to the Otago Alps, in pursuit of alpine i)lants,
marked feature in this truly beautiful plant is
and in the cause of science generally.

the arrangement of the flowers, which are pure A\hite, in circles at the ends of the
" Patch
Plants," liaving
branches many of these class of plants, which are known as
;

only one terminal flower on each branch.
happily given

life to

the subject, and clearly

(&:

^^^=»

Tlic artist, in depicting this alpine
shews this distinctive feature.

gem, has

Chapter
Order VIII.—ELATINE^E.

The Water Peppers,

—

Character op the Order, Small water plants, rarely
shrubs, mostly prostrate, with usually opposite stipulate leaves.
Flowers small or minute, heniaphrodite, regular. Sepals 2-5,
Petals 2-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate.
free, imbricate.
Disk 0. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many,
liypogynous, free.

Orary

free,

2-5 celled

;

VIII.

capitate

;

or Water-worts.

Ovules numerous in the angles of the

septicidal, the valves falling

cells.

Capsule

away and leaving the seeds

at-

tached to a central column. Seeds straight or curved, with
Hatidbouk of New Zealand
terete embryo and no albumen.

—

Flora, p. 28.

Styles 2-5, stigmas

Description of the Order.

STRIBUTED

generally over

world, though a small order.
name of " Water

tlie

the plants possess acridity, hence theii' English
There are six known genera and twenty-four species.
of Elatiiie.
represented hy only one genus, that

GENUS

ELATINE

{Lhui.)

—

Generic Character. Aquatic, creeping, glabrous, small
soliherbs, with pellucid dotted leaves, and minute, axillary,
Ovary globose.
Sepals membranous, obtuse
tary flowers.
membranous, the septa either disappearing, or per;

New

Some

Peppers."
Zealand is

The Water-worts.
sistent

on the axis. Seeds oblong or cylindrical, longitudinally
and transversely wrinkled. Handbook of Sew Zea-

striated

—

land Flora, p. 28.

Capsule

Description,

etc.

—A genus of dwarf annual aquatics, vdth rootmg pipe-like stems,

Water-worts, both of imusual
U. hexandra is a minute plant scarcely an inch high, which groAvs on the
occurence.
sometimes extending under the water,
margins of lakes, where it forms a moss-like mat,
and in dry seasons, when it is left by the receding water, assuming a crimson hue. The

and opposite

leaves.

There are two British

species, called

TEE ABT ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

which are minute and flesh-coloured, grow in the axils of the opjiosite leaA'es.
U. hrjdropiper, the Water Pepper, scarcely difl'ers from the preceding, except that the
flowers are octandrous.
They might be so^mi with advantage on the shelving banks of
artificial water, to conceal the unsightliness of mud.
flowers,

ELATINE AMERICANA {Arnott.)
Chakactek. —A minute, glabrous, prostrate,
minute,

sessile, 3-merous.
Calyx persistent.
the septa disappearing. Seeds slightly cuiTed.
New Zealand Flora, p. 2S.

Specific
matted aquatic.

Steni ratlier succulent, creeping, sometimes
Leaves small, ^-\ in. long,
elongated, and 1-8 in. long.
Flowers
obovate-oblong, obtuse, quite entire, shortly petioled.

Description,

etc.

—This minute aquatic

The American Water-wort.

j^robably

common

with
—Capsule
Handbook of

in bogs in the Northern

found in Tasmania, Australia, the Eijis, and North and South America.
Equally with the European species, it would be found of use in clothing the margins of
artificial water to hide unsightly approaches.
Island.

also

oi^^ei^o

.^U
tltJ4w^
f|

Chapter IX.

Order IX.— HYPERICINE^.
Character of the Order. — Herbs,
opiiosite, simpk', quite entire or

lucid-dotted
dite.

Sepals

Disk

shrubs or trees, with

ghmdular-toothed, often pelFlowers regular, herniapho-

e\stipulate leaves.
Petals
5, imbricate.

hypogvnous, imbricate.

Stamens

delplious, fdaments

indefinite, hypogynous, free or polyafiliform.
Ovarv 3-5 celled, or 1-ccUed with

St John's Worts.

indexed margins to the carpels. Styles as many as carpels,
filiform, free or connate, stigmas terminal; Ovuh's numerous,
in 2 series in the axis of the cells, or on the inlleied edges of
the carpels.
Fruit usually capsular. Seeds cxalbuniinou:<.
Handbook of Sew Zealand Flora, p. 2S.

—

Descriptiox of the Order.-

>XTENSIYELY

distributed

throughout

tho

workl.

genera, and nearly three hundred species in the order.
are purgative, others tonic and astringent, and some
resin similar to

There are uiueteen

Some

of the plants

species yield a

gum

The name Hupericum is as old as the time
and meaning are uncertain. Some derive

gamboge.
Dioscorides, but its origin
from the Greek word hiiper, under, and

of
it

an image and suppose
it to signify that the
upper part of the flower represents a figure. Others state that
hyper signifies through, and that the name alludes to the jiellucid dots in the leaves,
eikoic,

;

through which, when held to the light, images may be seen.
The French name of the plant, Millepertuis, " a thousand pores," is eA-idently derived
from the same source. The English name, "St. John's Wort," is taken from the
country people formerly being in the habit of gathermg this plant on St. John's Day,

which form small

to use

lenses,

to jirotect themselves

from the influence and attacks

of evil spirits.

GENUS

HYPERICUM
all free,

—

The

{Linu.)
Stamens

Sepals and petals 5.
or connetted into bundles.

Generic Characteb.
very numerous,

Ovary

St.

John's Herb.

or 3-5 celled.

not winged, with a
— Handbook of Sew Seeds
Zealand Flora, p. 28.

Capsule

straight embryo.

seitticidal.

Description, etc.— Au extensive genus of herbaceous, or shrubby plants givmg the
name to the order. The best known example is H. cahjcinum, a somcAvhat shrubby
European plant one to two feet high, with large almost evergreen leaves, curiously
.

The flowers are very large, terminal and solitary.
II.
sprinkled with pellucid dots.
a
on
made
distinct
of
authors
accoimt
some
its
like
(iiidroscemum, (by
genus
berry
capsules)

is,

in the "West of

height of one and a-half feet.
herb with subcordate leaves
Avith

common

England, a

New

The
;

hedge, or woodland plant, growing to the
Zealand species are H. gbamixeum, an erect
:

and H. japonicum, a

smaller

procumbent,

])lant,

oblong or obovate leaves.

HYPERICUM GRAMINEUM

{Forst.)

Specific Characiek.— An erect or ascending, rather
wiry, quite glabrous, perennial-rooted herb, branching from
the root, w ith l-angled branches 6-12 inches high, slender and
Leaves small, i-1 in. long, sessile, cordate,
sparingly leafy.
oblong, ol)tuse, quite entire, black dotted, margins usually
revolute.
Flowers subsolitarv or in 3-cliotomous terminal

Description,

and

much

etc.

—This

.species is

The Grass

or Field

Hypericum.

i-;^ in. across, on rather stout, erect, rigid peduncles.
Sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute, black dotted, quite
entire.
Petals longer than the calyx, golden-yellow,
curling
inwards as they wither, f'tamens nearly free. Capsule ovoid,
acute, longer or shorter than the sepals.
Handlook of New

cymes,

—

Zealand Flora, p.

common

also frequent in temperate Australia,

29.

in grassy places throughout

New Zealand,

New

Caledonia, aiid the hilly country of
were formerly applied to fresh wounds,
which they were supposed to heal hence the plant was called in French Toutesaine
The i)ellucid dots, and black glands
corrupted into Tutsan, its common English name.
is

India.

The

leaves of

some

of the British species

—

;

in all the species contain

an essential

oil.

HYPERICUM JAPONICUM
—

Specific Chabacter. A much smaller plant than
H. !iramineum, with prostrate branches, broader, flat leaves,
smaller, often sessile Howers, having broader, more obtuse

{Thiinb.)

The Japan Hypericum.

sepals, and shorter, rounder capsules.
Zealand Flora, p. 29.

— Handlook

of Neto

—

Description, etc. Abundant in most gi'assy places throughout New Zealand. It
is also found in
many parts of temperate and sub-tropical Asia. .1 very similar and
perhaps identical plant inhabits the West coasts of temperate North and South America.
Intermediate forms, says Dr. Hooker, are found in New Zealand, Australia, and India,
in all of

which countries both occur

of one variable sj^ecies.

;

and he suspects that they are the extreme forms

_,(5^
FTTTTT TTTYT'

^<--^
ri.yTmjLLrTTTTTTTTTT

'^^'

<?i^j

<^^{9>>o

Chapter X.
Order X.— MALVACEAE.
CiiAEACTKE OF THE Order.

— Ilevbs,

slirubs or

trees,

The MalloAv Family,
reniforni, 1-eclled.

with (iisuallv) tough fibrous inner bark, alternate stipulate,
Flowers usually hermaphrodite,
leaves, and stellate hairs.

torus.

regular and large. Calyx, 5-Iobed, lobes ralvate. Petals
hypogvnous, usually connate at the base, adnate to the staminal
Disk 0. or a small torus.
tube, imbrieate.
Stamens very
numerous, their filaments united into a tube. Anthers often

p. 29.

.">,

m.any-ovuled

Ovary of 1 or more, free or eonnate, 1 or
whorled round, and adnate with the

carpels,

Styles as many as carpels, eonnate below, fdiform
above.
Fruit of one or more indehiscent or 2-valvcd cocci,
or capsular. Seeds, often hairy.
Albumen, lilth- or none.
Cotvledons large, folded. Jlnndhook- of Xeie Zealand Flora

—

Description of the Order.

—

HIS

large order is abundant in the Tro[)ics and temperate zones, to whieli
the Mallow, Lavatera, Hollyhock, Cotton, and many other well-known

New

There are nearly fifty
genera in the order, and upwards of one thousand species all of whieli
are mucilaginous, demulcent, and fibre-yielding.
Aff/uca officbwris
cultivated

Zealand garden

jilants belong.

;

(Marsh Mallow) yields mucilage Gossijpium furnishes various kinds of
This genus is one of the most important in the whole vegetable kingdom to it
;

cotton.

;

are indebted for the valuable and well-known article, Cotton, which occupi(>s such a
prominent place in the manufacturing industry of nearly all civilised countries, and

employment
commerce consists
gives

to so large a jiortion of the British mercantile marine.

of the hairs attached to the seeds of the plant

;

The Cotton of
obtained more

from Gossi/pi/an herbaaeiim, G. barbadeuse, G. arboreum and G. pcriii-irtinin/.
Cotton jilants are cultivated in the United States of Amei'ica, the East and "West Indit's,
especially

the Brazils, Egypt, and the South Sea Islands.
The use of Cotton dates from pre-historic
It is frequently mentioned in ancient writings before the Christian era.
Pliny
ages.

THE ABT ALBUM OF

mentions that

in "

grew

NEW ZEALANB

FLORA.

side of Arabia, where robes were made
was brought into Spain by the Mahomedan
HibiscKS cannabriuus
spread through Europe.

Upper Egypt on the

of Cotton for the Egyptian priests."
conquerors of that country, and so

and Taradiim elatium gives " Cul)a bast." Midoa moschata, the
its name from the peculiar musky odour given off
by all parts
in
in
a
confined
warm
when
of the plant
situation, particularly
kept
dry weather but
The plant is a
this odour is seldom ])owerfvil enough to be smelt in the oj^en air.
it is found
along hedges, roadsides, and
perennial, and has large rose-coloured floAvers
supplies Indian hemj),
Musk Mallow, derives

;

borders of fields in Britain.

31. rotniidifolia

an annual, with tough downy stems lying

along the ground, roundish lobed leaves, and small pale-blue floAvers it is common in
waste places in most parts of Europe, including Britain, and in Western Asia. In
Egypt, especially upon the banks of the Nile, it is extensively cultivated, and used by
;

the natives as a pot-herb.

sylvestris,

the

or " Ilaiice" of the

common Mallow,

employed medicinally on account of its highly mucilaginous properties, a
decoction of it being used outwardly as an application to bruises, and internally in
It is in great repute amongst herb doctors, and rustic i)ractitioners genedysentery.
French,

France, where its dried flowers are largely used in the preparation
Tisfo/e," held to be a cure for headaches, feverish colds, and many

rally, particularly in

of a drink called

other complaints

;

its

leaves are also used for

making

poultices.

a biennial, having

somewhat hairy stems, roundish long-stalked leaves, and reddish-pur2)le flowers.
The order receives its name from the mucilaginous properties of the 2)lants contained in
it.
There are many very handsome species in cultivation in British gardens. The
erect,

—

represented in New Zealand by the following genera
(1.) Plagianthus,
or
shrubs
small trees with very tough inner bark, and uni-sexual or bi-sexual flowers ;
order

(2.)

HoHEUiA, small

trees with pellucid dotted foliage,

and hermaphrodite flowers

;

(3.)

Hibiscus, erect herbs, with often lobed leaves, and hermaphrodite flowers.

GENUS

PLAGIANTHUS
Gkneeic Charactek.— Shrubs or small

trees,

(Forst.)

with very

Flowers uni- or bi-sexual. Bracts 0, or
toiigh inner bark.
small, and distant from the oalj-x.
Calvx 5-toothed or 5-fid.
Staniinal tube divided above into many short, or long filaments.
Ovarv of 1 free, or many more or less united, 1-ovuled carpels.

Description,

One
is

etc.

The Plagianthus.

Styles filiform or club-shaped, combined below, stigmatiferous
towards the apex along the inner face. Fruit of 1 indehiscent or
irregularly bursting earjiel, or of many whorled round an axis.

Seed pendulous.

—A small genus confined

— Handbook of Xen- Zealand Flora,

to Australia,

Tasmania and

New

j>.

3U.

Zealand.

a tall tree, and the others are large shrubs, or small trees.
P. sidoides
species
one of several plants with fibrous bark, which, in Tasmania and New South Wales,
is

TEE ART ALBUM OF NJiW ZEALAND

hear tlKMiativc

inline of

a nuu'li-bvanelied slinil)

The New Zealand

KiiiTajoiii;'."
;

P. HKTULINT.'S, a lofty tree, or

Vl.nllA

species arc

slrajiU'Iiiii;-

—

Imsli

;

I',

and

a iticATls,

1*.

i.v\i,i,ii,

a small tree.

PLAGIANTHUS DIVARICATUS

{Forst.)

SrEciFii' CiiAHACTiui.
A rigid, fjiiiliroiis, imuli-liniiiclii'il
shrub, willi sli'iidt'r, s]ii'eailing, loufjli Imiiiclu's, siimll fa.'icitlid
k'lives, ami minute white llowers, succeeded hv small f;U>liose

etc.,

Fig

{jlahroiis.

PLAGIANTHUS." —This

No.

I'late

Hrancli-s|.ivadin- Pla-iantliiis.

near thc> liase. I'alvx heiiiis|iherii-al,
concave, ohlonn, small. Slaniinal Inhc willi
tv 10
large sessile anthers.
Cupsulos size of ii ])ep|iereorn,
globose, rarelv didvmous, oblique, downy, bursting irregularly.
- Hnnilhimk
of Xeir Xcalniiil F/orn, p. 30.
minvilelv

Leaves 1 J in. long, nan-ow linear, or subcapsules.
Flowers in axillarycuueate, obtuse, quite entire, 1-uerved.
or
1-llowcred ]ieduiick>s, shorter than the leaves,
fascicles

Description,

The

11.

bracleolalc
I'clals

— "Till-:

HRANCII-SI'KEADING

hardy-looking shruh is ahuiulaiit in salt marshes, and aloiithe hanks of tidal estuaries throughout the Islands, as far south as Canterhnry.
It
is very compact in growth, and Forms dense masses
its slender, tough
hranches
;

spreading and interlacing so as to I'orm an impenetrahlc sciuh. It alVords most exc(>llent slielter, and should he useful to arrest the jjrogress of sand dunes from sj)reading
over adjacent country. The capsules, or seed receptacles, ai-e white, al)(Mit the size of a
peppercorn, and arrive at maturity during the latter end of January, or heginning of

Fehruaiy, Avhen the l)ushes
average height of the plant

the most part, densely covered w ith them. The
ahout four feet; its flowers are inconspicuous, hut Ihey

are, for
is

possess a fragrance.

PLAGIANTHUS BETULINUS

{A.

—

Citnii.)

The Birch-like Plagianthus.

Chah.\cter- A lofty tree attaining 10-70 ft.;
bush with variable leaves. Leaves

tiowered, stellate-tonu'ntose. Flowers snuill, \ in. broad, »hite,
on slender ebraeteolate pedicels. Calyx eanipanulate. Petals

youDg plants {-\ in. long, ovate-rounded, variously crenate
and lobed, in full growth 1-2 in. long, ovate orovate-hmceolate,

Staininal tube
linear-oblong, luirrower in the nuile llowers.
long, slender, exserted in the male, bearing many shortlyanthers.
1.
Carpel
C'apside small, ovoid, accumipedieelled
Hnndbuuk of Xew
nate, sjilitting down one side, 1-seeded.
30.
ZealaiKl Flora, p.

Specific

when young,

a straggling

acuminate, rounded, or cuneate at the base, coarsely crenateserrate, or obtusely doubly serrate, membranous, covered on
both surfaces with small stellate hairs, and retieidate venation
petiole slender. Panicles terminal, much-branched, very niany;

—

Description, etc. This species, when a tree, often attains a height of iifty feet,
Avith a trunk from 1-2^ ft. in diameter; hut it is more often found as a straggling hush.
It is ahimdant in forests in most districts throughout the Islands, reaching as far .south
as Otago, Avhere
fihrous, inner

it is

generally

hark which

known

possesses.

" Rihhon
Tree," on account of the tough,
This species is very graceful in a^jpearance, more

as the

On this
closely resemhling the European Birch than any other tree in the Colony.
account, it has obtained its name of Betitlhius. The wood is white, compact, fissile,
hut not durable. It has been used for shingles, but is not to be recommended. In

THE ABT ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

The inner hark of the young hranches
extensively used as firewood.
and has heen used hy the Maoris for cordage, and twine for
yields the toughest fibre,
"
The tree is known hy the native name of "Houi," or Whau-whi," and
nets.
some

districts, it is

fishing

of FhiU'ipodeudron recj'mm, in honour of Louis
hotanically once bore the nomenclature
described by Poiteau, the French botanical draughtsman, in
Phillii^e, King of France,

whose work, " Annales des Sciences Natiirelles" there appears a drawing. This species
blossoms in December, and bears a great number of small, white, sweet-scented flowers,
containing honey.

PLAGIANTHUS LYALLII

{Hook., F.)

—A

small branching tree, 20-30
Specific Character.
and leaves
high, with the young br.anches, inflorescence,
below, covered with wliite stellate down. Leaves 2-4 in. long,
ovate-cordate, acuminate, deeply doubly crenate, glabrous
Flowers large, Jin. broad, wliite,
above; petioles J— Ij in.
or fascicled, ebractaxillary; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary
Calyx broadly cameolate," about as long as the petioles.
ft.

panulate.

Mr. LatiU's Plagianthus.
Petals obliquely obovate-cuneate, obscurely notched

Staminal tube short, with many
long filiform filaments. Ovary about 10-celled, style slender,
divided into as many filiform branches, stigmatose on tlie inner
Fruit a depressed sphere, breaking
surface towards the apex.
up into 10 compressed reniform membranous carpels. Seed

on one side towards the apes.

uiucli compressed.

—Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 30.

Description, etc.. Fig. 2, Plate No. 11.— "THE HOHERE."— This very handsome
tree is found in the mountainous districts of the Middle Island, from Nelson to Milford
Sir
Sound, fringing the Fagus forests on the western slopes of the dividing ranges.
Julius Von Haast states that it is deciduous at and above 3,000 feet, but is evergreen
below that level. In Autumn, its naked branches and yellow foliage give a peculiar

colour to the landscape, at the higher elevation.
Owing to the flowering habit of
the ti'ee, and its fruit being a dejjressed sphere, hanging on a long peduncle or stalk,
The wood is white,
it is commonly known by the settlers as the "Wild Cherry."

but possesses no durability. It was formerly in demand for fencing purjjoses and
it is only used as firewood.
shingles, but experience has proved its unsuitability
This tree is veiy beautiful when seen in its native habitat.
It blossoms in the
;

February and March, when it is laden \\\\\\ masses of delicate white flowers,
each flower lieing three-quarters of an inch across, and forms a conspicu.ous and charming adjunct to the mountain scenery. It is scarcely possible to conceive any sight more
picturesque and pleasing, than the dark background of a mountain ravine enlivened by

months

a fringe of the beautiful Hohere, in full blossom, following the windings of a mountain
stream.
On account of the fibrous nature of its inner bark, it is poj)ularly known in
the Middle Island as one of the
Solieria popiilnea, and
in

its

honour of Mr. Lyall, a

"Ribbon Wood"

varieties, in the

New

"Lace Bark"

Northern Island.

Zealand botanist of repute.

trees,

It bears its specific

the

name

Platk No.

11.

Bock • Cousins. Chroho-litho.

Fig.1.-PLAGIANTHUS DIVARICATUS.

Fig.

2.-PLAGIANTHUS

LYALLII.

Fig. 3.

HIBISCUS TRIONUM.

Plate No.

——

.— Hoheria
-i

populnea.
i

12.

(IKNU^^

IIOlIEllIA {J.
Oknkuic

Charactkr. —

Siiinll

Ircea,

willi

Cinni.)

I'xci'ssivi'lv

sliaped tube

and 5

etc.

—
species

of only tAVO

several varieties.

—This genus
Holicr'ui

They

l.,lirn;i.

I'elals linear-ublung, obtuse, oblique.

Descuii'TION,

ijadelpluis. Ovary ."j-eelled ; nl vies o, filiform. dticniBK
eapitatc.
Carpels unknown in (//. Siiiclairii), laterullv iiuilc
Hat, round a eeiilral axi>, from wliieli Ibey fall a«a_v « ben ri|K-,
indeiii^eeiil
ere-h'd at tlie baek wilb a lnend>ranous win;;.
Secil pendulous.
UttttdbvokoJ' Sew Zraltind Floi-n, p. :(1.

variablp,

teetli.

The

Stamens

alternate,

poUucid-ilottcti i'oliiigc, and
Peduncles
I'ust'ii-K'tl iixillarv, wliitt*, iKTiiiaplirodito llowcr.s.
liraets U.
C'alvx with a lirnad cupjointed in llie middle,
]u'luili'(l,

II.

coiiHued exclusively to

and H.

popitliica

Sinc/ci/'il

New

;

Zealand.

consists

the I'onncr oT wiiieh

lias

are small trees, bearing white Howers, and are reuiarkai)le for

and the mucilaginous ])ro{)erties whicli they possess.
taken from the native name of " Hohere," given to this

the fibrous nature of their bark,

The generic name,
genus, in

common

Ilohcria,

Avith l^Ui giant hua be(i(liniis

and F. Lydllii,

all

(d'

which j)artake

similarity of character.

HOHERIA POPULNEA

{A. Ciinn.)

Chahactee. — A

The Poplar-like

lloheria.

s i"- diamt'ter.
produced, snow-white, glabrous or hoary,
Carpels produced Imckwards and upwards into awing. Handhook of Sew Zealand Flora, p. 31.

tree 10-30 ft. high, branches
Specific
Leaves glabrous, excessively variable in size, shape and
toothing, 2-5 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, generally sharply
or coarsely double-toothed or serrate. Flowers abundantly

—

hoary.

"
HOUI," or " WHAU-WIII."— This
Description, etc.— Plate No. 12.— The
of from ten to twenty feet,
graceful and truly handsome flowering tree attains a height

and grows abundantly in lioth Islands. It produces great quantities ot snow-white
flowers, and is seen to best advantage during the months of March and Api-il, when it is
a mass of lovely blossoms.
Owing to the chaste appearance of its flowers, it has not
some the " New. Zealand Orange Blossom." It luxuriates in
inaptly been termed l)y
low and sheltered situations. The wood is of no special economic service, but is used
The inner bark is peculiar, and consists of
extensively in some districts as firewood.

upon layer of laced fibre, similar to network in appearance. Pi-om this peculiarity
it is called by the settlers the "Thousand Jacket," "Lace-bark," or "Ribbon-wood."
It is not improbable that the Maoris in their carved work may have taken some ideas of
this natural
design from this beautiful and interesting tracei-y. The idea of utilising
network has been accepted by persons of ingenuity in the Nelson District, where it is
layer

most abundant, and many pretty

little

ornamental

articles

have been jjroduced from

it.

favourite use to wdiicli it has been put is that of bonnet construction, aiul it is asserted
"
"
very beautithat at one time Lace-bark bonnets were quite fashionable hi Nelson.
in
188.J, and
of the work was exhibited in the Wellington Exhibition
ful

specimen

attracted considerable attention.

prepared

it is

worked up

The bark

into tAvine

said to afford a

demulcent drink

and cordage by the natives

;

when

for domestic use.

"
was employed by the Maoris for fabrication into the tapa cloth worn
"
"
by their chiefs. The Houi has several varieties, the most common ones being var.
A. vulgaris, with ovate leaves, possessing large sharp teeth var. B. Icniceolata, leaves

olden times

;

linear or oblong-lanceolate, toothed or serrate ; var. C. mir/ifstifolia, leaves small, linear
and var. D. crat(eg'ifoJla, the handsomest of
oblong, spinulose-toothed, flowers small;

them, leaves ovate, vaiiously lobed, and toothed. All of these have fibrous bark, and
white flowers. Our plate is remarkable for its fidelity, and jiortrays vividly the appearance of this beautiful Soheria.

2.
Specific

HOHERIA SINCLAIRII

Character.

— Larger

all

its

parts than

Island

;

and, as

etc.

—This beautifid

little

said of

petioles.

much

resembles

Plagianfhu^ Li/allii, but the

leaves are not cordate, more serrate, the peduncles jointed in
the middle, stigmas capitate and carpels 5. Sandbook of
Neto Zealand Flora, p. 31.

pipidiiea, and readily distinguislied from it by its
broadly ovate, acute, obtusely serrate, coriaceous, glabrous
The peduncles are usually binafe, and shorter than the
leaves.

Description,

Dr. Sinclair's Hoheria.

{Hook., F.)

—

be indigenous only to the Northern
by Dr. Hooker in his remarks, it is, without doubt,
tree

said to

The specimen which the Editor of the " Handbook " received for classiwas amongst some Auckland plants sent, without localities, by Dr. Sinclair.

rather scarce.
fication

possibly be found in other districts in the Northern island, but no definite
information has been received on the subject. As it much resembles Plagianflins
It

may

Li/aUti,

follows that

honour of the

late

must be a very handsome

Dr.

Sinclair,

R.N.,

F.L.S.,

the

tree.

This species

contributor,

formerly

named

Colonial

Secretary, an enthusiastic botanist, and a man of high and varied attainments, who
was unfortunately droA\ned in the Rangitata River, whilst on a botanical exploration
of the Southern Alps, in company with Sir Julius, Von Haast.

GENUS

HIBISCUS

{Lniii.)

GrEXEHic Character— Usually erect herbs, with often
lobed leaves and handsome hermaphrodite flowers. Bracts
numerous (or few) below the calyx, free or connate. Calyx
5-fid or 5-toothcd.
Petals usually cuneate, oblique, soon
Staminal tube long, 5-toothed at the mouth, below
withering.

DESCRiPTioy,
characterised

etc.

their

ends of the branches.
in temperate regions

and

New

Zealand.

—A

;

III.

The Hibiscus.
which the filaments are inserted. Ovary 5-celled, with 5
spreading styles and terminal stigmas; cells 2-ovuled. CapSeeds glabrous, or woolly.
book of Neti^ Zealand Flora, p. 31.

sule 5-valved, loculicidal.

— Hand-

containing many handsome plants,
show\'
borne
flowers,
large
singly upon stalks towards the
The majority of the species are tropical, but a few are fomid
and one, H. trionum, occurs in the South of Eurojie, Australia,

Most

A-ery large tropical genus,

of the sjiecies are shrubby, but a

few form moderately high

All possess the iniicila<^iiious properties eonimon to the order, and several arc
II. coniKibitiiix has a
eaten as pot-hei-bs, while their inner bark yields more or less fibre.
trees.

prickly stem six or eight feet high, and deeply-parted leaves soincwiiat resembling lliose
The flowers are pale yellow, with a dark purple blotch at the b(jtl(jm of
of the Hemp.

each petal. This species is a native of the East Indies, where it is cultivated on account
The fibre, like that of other malvaeeous plants, bears
of the fibre contained in its stem.
'"

Indian llcmp."
more resemblance to jute than to hemp, though it is sometimes c.illi'd
is
of
of
British
a
native
ornament
a. rosa sinensis, a well-known
India, China,
hothouses,
and other parts of Asia. It is a tree of twenty or thirty feet high, and has very variable

—double,

dark purple, yellow, white, or variegated, according to the
These fioAvers contain a quantity of astringent juice, and when
particular variety.
bruised, rapidly turn black or deep purjile.
They are used by the Chinese ladies for
flowers

single, red,

dyeing their hair and eyebrows, and in Java foi- blacking shoes, whence the plant is
sometimes called the "Shoe-black Plant." This species is in cultivation in New South
Wales, growing freely in almost any kind of soil. The plant, Ave are told, is t!:ere
for
frequently cultivated for the fiow^n-s; these, when dry, are used as a substitute
The flowers contain a large proportion of mucilaginous juice, Avhich
boot blacking.
ordinary blackuig, giving a varnish-like gloss, and having tin- advan-

perfectly replaces
Pour or five floAvers, Avith the anthers
tage, that it can be applied in a fcAV moments.
and pollen removed, are required for each boot, and a polishing brush may be applied
afterAvards, if desired.

si/riaciis is

produced in great profusion in the
frutex, from the reseml)lance of
word " Sibiscns" is

a hardy deciduous shrub, Avith large shoAvy

Autumn

said to feed

on some of the

H. TRiONUM, a very elegant

species.
little

New

HIBISCUS TRIONUM
Chaeactee. — A hispid annual, often branched,

Specific
stem almost woody below, erect or with spreading branches,
1-2 ft. high. Leaves jietioled, cordate, palniately 3-5-lobed.
Lobes linear, often serrate or sinuate, the middle one longest.

etc..

Fig.

commonly

called Allltwa

to be derived

Zealand

from

Ibis, a stork, Avhieh

represented by only one species

annual.

Description,

to those of the Althaea rosea {Rollyhock).

its fioAvers

supposed by some

The

months.

floAV(>rs

(Linn.)

The Native Hibiscus.

Bracts numerous, setaceous. Flowers ^-1 in. diam., yellow,
with a purple eye. Calyx membranous, hispid, veined. Stamens tew or many. Seeds dark-brown, wrinkled, glabrous.
Zealand Flora, p. 32.
Capsule hispid.— ^nnrfiooA- of New

11.— The "HIBISCUS TlilONUM."—This
common in the
indigenous to both Islands., It is most

Plate No.

very beautiful tender annual, is
extreme northern parts of the Northern Island, Avhere

has been collected by [Mr. J.
East Coast, by
Buchanan, F.L.S. It has likewise been recognised at Pouawa, on the
Archdeacon W. L. Williams, and at South Wanganui, near CollingAvood, by Mr. Lyall,
it

TEE ART ALBUM OF

r.L.S.

It Avas at

to liaA'e

been

one time

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

by Mr. Allan Cunningham, the Australian botanist,
Zealand; but Mi*. Colenso, F.L.S., whose long and

svipjjosed,

New

introduced into

large botanical experience in the Colony stands unquestioned, affirms that the plant is
At the preseiit time, it is exceedingly rare, and only to be met
certainly indigenous.
Avith in

few and

retired places.

The inroads

and

of civilisation, with its attendant improve-

have practically annihilated one of the
cattle, may
by
This species is likewise
prettiest and most ornate specimens of NeAV Zealand plants.
indigenous to Australia, where it is much prized, and kept under cultivation as a garden
flower.
It is propagated Ijy seed, as are all the single-flowered varieties, which come
up true to their respective colours. The New Zealand plant has pale primrose- coloured
meiifs, assisted

fire

l)e

flowers, with a purple patch at the

said to

bottom of each

lobe, a purjile staminal tube,

and

It is stated in some districts, that the flowers are devoid of
orange-coloured anthers.
Our
the purple colouring.
jilate repi'esenting "The New Zealand Hibiscus," is taken

from a plant

raised in the vicinity of

endeavours to perpetuate the

memory

Pouawa, East Coast

;

and we trust that our

of so lieautiful a pliant will be acceptable to our

S2)ecific name of Trioniim, accorded this species, is someAvhat vague, but it
"
allusion to the Constellation
bear
Triones," the seven stars of the Greater
may possibly
Bear ; but the reason is not altogetlier clear, nor the connection apparent.

readers.

The

51 ^>j5w

wyw ffymffOff tt^ f^^ fp^

ll&<.'^-vpfeH4''^4<^^'I<^^^

'•

.!.

X ].l^>l2,4,:^^i
l,4,:,i,24,CQ
.

Chapter XI.
Order XI.

—TILIACE.E

(including Elonocarpece).

—

Charactek of the Ordee. Trees or slirubs (rarely
herbs), with often tough bark, alternate or o))posite, often
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely
stipulate leaves.
uni-sexual. Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate, usually valvate.
Torus generally
Petals 4 or 5, free, entire, lobed, or cut.
conspicuous. Stamens usually numerous, free, inserted on
the torus; filanuMits filiform; anthers 2-celled, often opening

by terminal pores; ovary sessile on the torus, 2 Ill-celled

Lime

;

style simple, usually divided at the

apex into as many divisions
as cells
ovules few or many, attached to the axis of the cells.
Fruit very variable. Seeds generally with fleshy albumen, and
Uandhuuk of Sew Zealand Flora,
broad, Hat, thin cotyledons.
;

—

:j2.

Description of the Order.

VERY

The Lime Tree Family,

—

large tropical and sulj-tropical order of plants, to w liicli the English
Tree (Tllla) belongs, together with the Indian .Tute {Corchonts), valued

The

numerous, especially within tlie tropics, and
some are natives of the temperate regions both of the Northern and Soutliern

for

its

fibre.

species are

Hemispheres, but none extend into the Arctic Circle, or ascend to great
mountain elevations. The genera, divided into about forty in number, have
been distributed into two su])-orders, or independent orders, Tiliece and Elecocorpecv,
'=

upon characters which have
into seven

tribes, viz.

failed in so

— Broicnlowiea;, many

instances, that they have been re-arranged

Greioiece, TiliecB, Apeibea', Prockle(S, Sloaniece,

The Common Lime,

and Elceocarpece.

or Linden, T. eiiropfca, the type ol' the order, is
It often attains a height of from sixty to
frequently planted as an ornamental tree.
a hundred and twenty feet. It is met with generally throughout Europe, except in

One

indigenous to Great
Britain but the large-leaved variety, which is commonly planted in New Zealand, is a
native of the south of Europe. Various parts of the tree are applied to useful purposes.
the extreme North.
;

variety of

it,

the small-leaved Lime,

THE ABT ALBUM OF

NEW ZEALAND

FLORA.

but close-grained wood is used by carvers and turners, and by musical
instrument makers, for sounding boards. The tough inner bark, called Sasf, is the
material of wliich the Russian mats vised by gardeners and upholsterers are made and

The white,

soft,

;

the Uussiau peasants make shoes, ropes, nets, and other articles of it. The sap yields
sugar, and the flowers an abundance of honey, of which the bees are exceedingly fond.

The order

New

l>ranching tree,
(3.)

Zealand

represented by three genera, viz.

—

(1.)

Entelea, a small

(2.) Aristotelia, shrul)s or trees, leaves opposite;
trees generally hard-wooded, leaves alternate.

leaves alternate;

Elceocarpus,

GENUS

ENTELEA

The Entelea.

{Browu.)

—

A small, branching, light-wooded
covered with stellate down, having large, alternate,
5-7-nerved, cordate, toothed, stipulate leaves, and umbellate
cymes of white flowers. Sepals, 4 or 5, free. Petals, 4 or 5,
undulate. Stamens very numerous, free, on a low torus, with
Geneeic Chahacter.

filaments, and versatile anthers.
style simple, stigmatiferous at tlie toothed
filiform

tree,

Ovary 4-6-oelled
cells, many-

;

apex;

ovuled.
Capsule globose, echinate, with long rigid bristles,
4^6-valved, locidicidal. Handbook of Sew Zealand Flora,
p. 32.

—

Description, etc. This genus is peculiar to New Zealand, and is represented by a
single species, Entelea arborescei/s, which is most nearly allied to Spannannia, a genus
of Abysinnian and South American shrubs or trees, with heart-shaped, toothed, or lolied

and terminal cymes of white flowers. The genus Sparmannia derives its name
from Dr. A. Sparmann, a Swedish botanist, Avho accompanied Ca})taiu Cook in his second
voyage round the world, and introduced into cultivation the well-known S'. africanus,
which is commonly met with in green-houses in Britain.
leaves,

ENTELEA AEBORESCENS
Character.

Specific

— Leaves

4-8

in.

(Broicn.)

on long

long,

diam., drooping.
Sepals aecuminate; ovary hispid. Capsule
the size of a hazel nut spines nearly an inch long. Seeds in
two rows. Albumen oily. Handbook of Neto Zealand Flora,

petioles, oblique, often lobed irregularly and acutely, doubly
or trebly crenate, or serrate
Flowers
stipules persistent.
white, abundant, in erect cymes, bracteate at the axils, J-1 in.

;

Description,

beautiful small tree

common.
deserted
flowers

Its

—

p.Z2.

13.—The

peculiar to the

chiefly

clearings.
\\\t\\

Plate No.

etc.,

The Arborescent Entelea.

"WHAU,"

or "

Northern Island of

HAUAMA."— This

New

Zealand, but

very
not

met with on the

outskirts

attractive,

bright-green foliage, and handsome white

large,

lowland

forests,

and fringing

most unappreciative traveller, and
rare and exquisite.
The tree is small,

yelloAv eye, arrest the attention of the

marks the

forest scenery with a beauty that is
ever
scarcely
exceeding ten or twelve feet in height, and is admirably suited to become
a magnificent addition to our
gardens and shrubberies. The Avoody branches are used

by the Maoris

employed by

as floats for their fishing nets, and in the construction of small rafts
them in laying out their crayfish pots. Owing to the extreme lightness

WHAUr

ciiLtii^a arboresctjiiii.

and buoyancy

of the Avood, the tree

kiiouii

to the Colonists as

llio

"Cork Tree."

The
gi-ccdily eaten by cattle, and ])ossesses highly nut ril ions jji^ojierties.
Eiitelea blossoms in the month of iS'ovember, Avheii both seed capsides and flouers
Tlio foliage

The cai)sule, being armed with rigid
an inch long, presents (juite a formidable appearance, and makes
handling appear rntlun- hazardous. The cut blossoms are diflicult to preserve? fresh, even
for a few hours, as the thick mucilaginous sap exudes rapidly from the dismembered
be fomid on the tree at the same time.

may

bristles or spikes, nearly

part, so that it fairly bleeds to death.

The only method by which

has been found

possible to preserve the blossom, even for a short time, is to insert the stem, as soon as
cut, into a potato perforated to receive it; thus, the flow of sap is arrested, and the life

The plant

branch thereby prolonged.

of the

removed from, the
must be aft'orded

shelter of its biish
it

very delicate when young, and \\\\rn
When introduced into gai'dens, jjrotection

home.

against frost, or

its

foliage will

sufl'er,

and

Avill

j)rol)al)ly

die.

plants can be obtained from the nurserymen in the noi-thern principal towns

Young

;

are admii'ers of a handsome shrub, we Avould say, l)y all means
"
Whau " into your gardens, the beautiful Begonia-locdving leaf of whic-h
introduce the
In some districts, this tree is known
is, as our plate portrays, a pleasure to the eye.

and

to those

as the

who

Whau," and

in others

it is

called the

"Hauama."

GENUS

ARISTOTELIA

II.

(L'SerUier.)

—

Generic Charactee. Shrubs or trees, witli opposite or
sub-opposite, cxsfipulate loaves. Flowei's usually uni-sexual.
Petals, l or 5, lobed
Sepals, 4 or 5, valvate or sub-imbricate.
or erenate, rarely entire, sometimes minute. Stamens, 4 or 5,
or numerous, inserted on the glandular torus filaments short;

The AristoteUa.

with short terminal slits; ovary 2-4-eelled; style
cells 2-ovuled.
subulate, entire
Berry 2-4-(ellcd, few, or
many-seeded. Seeds often fleshy on the outside of the hard
anthers

;

testa.

— Handbook of Sew Zealand Flora, p.

33.

;

—

Description, etc. A small genus comprising two .\.ustralian species, two Tasmanian, one Chilian, and three New Zealand. The flowers are small and white, or rosy,
the berries roundish, varying in colour
from pink to black, and in size from that of a small pea to a cherry. The wood of J.
bark formniacqui, a native of Chili, is used for making musical instruments, its tough

arranged in axillary

ina:

the

The

striniys.

Chilians,

which

fascicles, or in

racemes

;

berries are acid but edible,

ami a wine

given as a specific in malignant fever.

made from them bv

the

employed by Dombey
The genus is named in honour
It Avas

in Chili during the plague of 1782, Avitb general success.
The three New Zealand species
of the Greek Philosopher.

are:— (1.) A. racemosa,

a handsome tree with large leaves, and many-flowered racemes ; (2.) A. Colensoi, a
small rigid shrub, Avith small
smaller tree than the former, but very similar ; (3.)

leaves

and few

flowers.

NEW ZEALAND

THE ART ALBUM OF

ARISTOTELIA RACEMOSA {Rook.,
6-20
Specific Character. — A small handsome

F.)

with blackish bark and pubescent twigs. Leaves on
long petioles, membranous, pubescent, variable iu form, 3-5 in.
deeply,
long, ovate-cordate or oblong-laneeolate, acuminate
irregularly and acutely serrate often red or purple beneath.
liigli,

;

Kacemes

panicled,

axillary,

Description,

many-flowered

etc.,

;

peduncles and

Plate No. 14.

The Racemose-flowered

Zealand Flora, p.

—The

Aristotelia.

Flowers dicecious, small, the males largest,
pedicels slender.
i-i in. diam., nodding. Petals 4, 3-lobed, rosy, ot the female
flower very small. Stamens numerous, yellow, minutely hairy ;
anthers larger than the filaments
ovai'v usually 4-celled.
Berrv, size of a pea, eaten by the natives. Handbook of New

ft.

tree,

FLORA.

—

33.

"MAKO-MAKO."— This

very handsome,

quick-growing small tree is common to both the Northern and Middle Islands. It rarely
exceeds twenty feet in height, and does not attain great dimensions. The bark is
One of the principal features
blackish, and the twigs are covered Avith short soft hairs.

which are a rich green on top and crimson below,
and have somewhat the appeai'ance of shot silk. As seen from underneath they are
The grace of
semi-transparent, which in the sunlight produces a most charming effect.
of
colour is a delightful spectacle.
When in blossom the
the foliage and its varied hues
of beauty in this tree

2)i"ofuse

its leaves,

display of dainty pink flowers, add
"

rest awhile

much

to its beauty.

beneath the Mako's shade,

And

feast the eye with vistas draped in sheen
'Midst leafy visions green with crimson laid,

And

glints of sunlight, struggling in between
rich delight
where tempting berries sway.

;

And rays prismatic softly intertwine
Softening down the purer light of day.
Into shadows delicate and fine."

The Mako-]Mako

;

fully in blossom in the early part of October, the

male

trees,

which

—
picture the female

display the largest and most numerous flowers, present a charming
trees are not nearly so handsome.
They grow usually on the edges, or in the more open
The flowers haA'e not any perceptible fragrance, and produce no llone3^
parts of the bush.
In some districts the tree is known as the " Wine-berry," and wine has been prepared

from

its

abundant and juicy

and dark crimson in colour

;

decided partiality for them.
purpose of making veneers.

fruit.

The

berries are about the size of a garden currant,

they are eaten

The wood

by the Maoris, and the native birds evince a
white, very light, and is in request for the

abundant, or even common throughout
the colony, its genei'al airy and beautiful character, should claim for it a j)lfice in our
It is fairly hardy, and young plants can be ol^tained from
gardens or shrubberies.
nurserymen, or from the bush at the foot of the parent tree. The plant improves under

Though the

tree

and becomes a very pleasing addition around the homestead. The foliage is
Our plate is a representation of the male tree in
cattle, and is not injurious.

cultivation,

eaten

l)y

rich profusion of l)lossom.

Plate No.

14.

Bock * Cousins, Cmbomo-litho

HAKOMAKO.— Aristotelia

racemosa,

AllTSTOTELTA COLENSOT {Ilaok., F.) Mr.
email fruit, which
t'liAUACTKH. —
in incst respects,

.Si'KCiFic
A'l'iv siniiliir,
to A. I'acetnosn, but difFeriiig in the imieli narrower, jierfeetly
glabrous leiivcs, wbieli are ovate-biiu'euliite, luirrowetl into a

long aeuminato point, deeply

Description,

irregularly

serrate;

common

to the

handsome

much

—

3'A.

Tt is
in

smaller leaves and smaller fruit.

as the foregoing.

no bigger than u pe|i|»crcorn. The tiecdw
liavc seen no lluuer^.
/fnmllioot of

Northern Island, and

mostly as gvoMing in the woods of the Wairarapa Valley.
it is
districts, but its ])resence has not been indicated,
racemosa, but has

arc an in A. racrnidiiri.
Sew /Zealand Flora, jj.

and the

—This small tree

etc.-

Colonso's Aristotdia.

The able compiler

of liie

prohahly

known

other

.ippearance similar to A.

cons(Miuently not so
Ifandbook" not having seen
It

—

the plant in tlow-er,
only, evidently, having had a fruiting specimen to diagnose,
we are unable to speak as to the size or colour of its flowers. The species is called after
Mr. Colenso, P.L.S., as a further tribute to his extensive researches in New Zealand

__^_

botany.
3.

AEISTOTELIA FRUTICOSA

Specific Chakactek.

— A small, rigid, erect or decumbent

woody tortuous branches, and erect or spreading
downy shoots, with red brown bark. T.eayes yery rariable, on
shorti downy or gl.abrous petioles, coriaceous, ^-l in. long,
shrub, w^ith

oyate-obo\ate, or linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, crenate-toothed,
Flowers minute, nsuiilly solitary and axillary,

serrate or lobed.

{Hook., F.)

The Shrubby

Aristotelia.

Petals, i, very
rarely racemose; jieduncles usually short.
short, or as long as the calyx, entire or lobed, pink, shorter in
short
anthers
filaments
the female. Stamens, 1-6;
downy;
oyary 2-1-eclled. Uerry, globose, small, 4 G-seeded. Seed
a
lliin
Iltiiidcoyercd
with
with a bony, rugged testa,
pulp
look- of Xew Zealand Flora, p. 33.
;

—

Description, etc. This species is common in mountainous districts throughout the
It is
Islands, at an altitude of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, and varies greatly in character.
"
that he made four varieties, but they
stated by Sir J. D. Hooker, in the "Handbook,"
seem to be only states, determined by age and exposure, rather than hereditary races."
Messrs. Hector and Buchanan appear to regard this species as a form of J. racemosa.
As in A. racemosa, the flow^ers are polygamous, but much smaller and more sparingly
of fragrance and honey.
produced, and are destitute, like the other species,
name is due to the plant being of a shrubby character.

Its specific

&ib^^b 4

bin:

StPl^\970

|i|i!i!!i!|ii!|!i!liiiilii!iliilB^