Author: Мерецков К.А.
Tags: история российского государства военные мемуары
ISBN: 5-250-00225-0
Year: 1988
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J.1IO. H npJ1MeJIbKaJIC.H B CBoeM paHOHe, YQaCTBY.H B pa60QJ1x
cxo,n;Kax, a O,r(Ham bl QYTb-QYTb He 6bIJI apeCTOBaH. CJIyqJ1JIOCb 3TO
TaK. B 1915 ro,r(y O,r(J1H cTY,r(eHT paCCKa3bIBaJI HaM peBOJIIOIJ;J10HHYIO
J1CTOpJ11O MJ1YCCKoro paHOHa, HaqaB C MJ1YCKJ1, COpaTHJ.1Ka CTenaHa
Pa3J1Ha (MJ1YCKY Ka3HJ1JIJ.1 KaK pa3 Ha nJIo a,n;t1, KOTOpa.H CeHqaC
HOCJ.1T ero J.1M.H; cy ecTBYIOT, BnpOqeM, t1 pyrJ.1e 06n.HCHeHJ1.H Ha-
3BaHJ.1.H nJIo a,n;J.1), M KOHQa.H 6appJ.1Ka,n;HbIMH 60.HMJ1 1905 rOAa.
CXO,n;KY npOBaJIJ1JI KaKOH-TO npoBoKaTop, BbI3BaBIlIJ1H nOJIJ1IJ;J1IO.
BMecTe co cTy,n;eHToM MbI y6emaJIt1 npoxOAHbIMJ1 BOpaMJ.1. Xo,n;J.1JIJ1
no oKpaHHaM AO nOJIYHOqJ.1, a nOTOM OH npOBeJI MeH.H Ha KBapTJ.1py
pa60qero MJ1KOBa. TaM 3aHOqeBaJIJ1. YTpOM cTy eHT YllIeJI, a MJ1-
KOB CTaJI 6eceAoBaTb co MHOH. BCKope MbI no pymJ1JIJ.1Cb, J1 .H OQeHb
11
Ha cJtY:HC6e HapoiJy
maJIelO, qTO B rO,n;bI rpam,n;aHCKOH BOHHbI nOTep.HJI ero CJIe,n; Mt1KOB
J1 nOMor MHe nepeHTJ.1 Ha rpaMMocpOHHYIO a6pt1KY, r,n;e caM pa60-
T aJI.
maJIOBaHbe 3.n;eCb 6bIJIO HeBbICOKJ1M. IIpt1BJIeKaJIo Ha 3TOH a6-
pJ1Ke pyroe: OHa BbInOJIH.HJIa BoeHHbIe 3aKa3bI, J1 ee pa60'tJJ.1e no.ny-
qaJIJ1 oCB060m,n;eHJ1e OT npJ13bIBa B apMJ1IO; CqJ1Ta.nOCb, qTO OHt1 Ha-
XO.n;J.1JIJ.1Cb Ha BoeHHOH cJIym6e. Ill.na nepBa.H MJ1pOBa.H BOHHa, a .H
Tor.na 6bIJI yme TaK HaCTpoeH, qTO MHe BOBce He XOTeJIOCb K.naCTb
mJ.1BOT 3a «6aTlOlllKY-Qap.H». O HaKO J.1 3,n;eCb MHe He npJ1111.nOCb
.n;OJIro 3a.n;epmaTbC.H. T.Hme.nbIe YCJIOBJ.1.H Tpy.n;a J1 HJ.13Ka.H ero OnJIaTa
BbI3Ba.nJ1 3a6aCTOBKY. YqaCTHHKOB 3a6aCTOBKJ.1 06e aJIt1 Cy,n;t1Tb no
3aKOHaM BoeHHoro BpeMeHJ1. MHe On.HTb rp03J.1.n apeCT. J.1 CHOBa
nOMor MJ1KOB. H YMalO Tenepb, qTO OH 6bIJI 60.nbIlleBJ1KOM. Bo
BC.HKOM CJIyqae, CB.H3J1 y Hero 6bIJIJ.1 no,n;xo,n;.H He, H60 HanpaBJ1JI OH
MeH.H K JI. fl. KapnOBY.
C KapnOBbIM .H He pa3 BCTpet.Ja.nC.H Bnoc.ne CTBJ.1J1 Haxo,n;.HCb yme
B Cy.n;or,n;e. OH OqeHb XOpOIllO OTHOCHJIC.H KO MHe, Bcer,n;a yqaCTJIt1BO
paCCnpaIllJ1BaJI 0 mJ13HJ1, .naBaJI COBeTbI, n03AHee nepeBo,n;J.1JI C pa60-
TbI Ha pa60TY. 0 ero no,n;nOJIbHoi1 peBo.nIOQHOHHOH ,n;e.HTe.nbHOCTJ1
.H 60.nbIlle ,n;ora,n;bIBaJIC.H, qeM 3Ha.n. ,ZJ;ora,n;bIBaJIC.H rroToMY, t.JTO, Kor-
.n;a mJ1JI B Cy,n;or,n;e, no.nyqaJI OT Hero nopyqeHH.H no,n;bICKJ.1BaTb
BpeMeHHbIe KBapTHpbI ,n;JI.H JIIO eH, KOTopbIe npJ16y,n;YT OT Hero J1
Ha30BYT ce6.H. MM me .H .no.nmeH 6bIJI co06 aTb a peca BO B.na.nJ1-
MJ1pe J1 I1BaHoBo-B03HeceHcKe, Ky,n;a 3TH JIIO,n;J1 MOrJIJ1 6bI noexaTb.
.fl He 3HaJI, C KeM J1 0 qeM OHJ1 CTaHYT TaM rOBOpJ1Tb, HO nOHJ1-
MaJI, qTO 3TO - .HBKJ.1. MHe ,n;OBep.HJIJ1, J1 .H rop,n;J1JIC.H 3TJ1M. BOT
O J.1H J13 a,n;peCOB: «,l(BopHJ.1QKa.H qaCTHOH MymcKoH nporHMHa3J.1J1
II. B. CMJ1pHOBa BO BJIa.nHMJ.1pe». BOT ern;e O.nJ.1H: «I1poXO,ZJ;Ha.H
XHMJ1qeCKOrO 3aBo,n;a 6paTbeB IIaHJ1HbIX B MBaHOBo-B03HeceHCKe,
Ha y.nJ1Qe llIYHcKoro». CaM .H YBJ.1,n;eJI, Mem,n;y npOqJ.1M, 3TY YJlt1QY
BnepBbIe TOJIbKO B 20-e rO bI, Kor,n;a pa60TaJI B IllTa6e MOCKOBCKoro
BoeHHoro oKpyra M .HBJI.HJIC.H q.neHOM I1BaHoBcKoro 06KOMa napTJ1H.
KeM me 6bIJI KapnOB? Tor,n;a - HHmeHep J.1 a,ZJ;MHHJ.1CTpaTOp B
aKQHOHepHOM 06 eCTBe «rapnt1yc», KOTopoe Be aJIO np0J13Bo.n;-
CTBOM J1 C6bITOM KaHJ1cpOJIH. BOT Bce, qTO MHe 6bIJIO H3BeCTHO.
Il03,ZJ;Hee .H Y3HaJI, qTO JI. H. KapnoB - cTapeHIllJ.1H peBOJIIOQJ10Hep-
60.nbIlleBt1K. B 1906-1907 ro.nax OH - ceKpeTapb MocKoBcKoro
KOMJ1TeTa PC,l(PIl. IloJIyqJ.1B TeXHJ1qeCKOe 06pa30BaHJ1e, KapnoB
pa60TaJI KaK HHmeHep-XJ1MJ1K t1 HeMaJIO c.n;eJIaJI JI.H OpraHt13aQJ1J1
KaHJ.1cpOJIbHO-CKJ.1nJ1,ZJ;apHoro ,n;eJIa B POCCt1J.1. IlocJIe OKT.H6p.H OH
PYKOBO.nJ.1JI XJ1MJ1qeCKJ.1M OT.neJIOM BCHX, HaJIamt1BaJJ pa60TY
nepBbIx cOQJ1aJIJ.1CTJ1qeCKHX npe.n;npt1.HTJ111 H HayqHO-t1CCJIe OBa-
TeJlbcKYIO ,ZJ;e.HTeJIbHOCTb. B 1921 ro.n;y JI. H. KapnoB YMep, ero npax
12
Ha nopoze iJ8YX anox
IIOKOJ.1TC.H B MocKBe Ha KpaCHOH nJIO a,n;J1 Y KpeMJIeBCKOH CTeHbI.
MM.H KapnOBa HOC.HT CeHqaC XJ1MJ.1KO-cpapMaQeBTJ1qeCKt1H 3aBO
J.1 CPH3J{K0-XJ1MJ1qeCKJ.1H J1HCTJ.1TYT B MocKBe.
A Tor,n;a, B 1915 ro,n;y, n03HaKOMt1.nC.H .H C JI. H. KapnoBbIM TaK.
HanpaBJI.H.H MeH.H B KOHTOpy 06I.I.J;eCTBa «rapnHYc», MJ1KOB 06n.HC-
HJ1JI: «KaK BOH,n;eIllb, CBepHJ.1 HaJIeBO, 3aH,n;J.1 B oT,n;eJIbHYIO KOMHaTY,
TaM YBJ.1,n;HIllb qe.nOBeKa B neHCHe J.1 C YCJ.1KaMJ.1, a qT06bI He 01llJ1-
6J1TbC.H, cnpOCH, ero .nJ1 30BYT JIeB HKOBJIeBJ1q».
...JI. H. KapnoB, HanpaB.n.H.H MeH.H B Cy or)J;Y, CKa3aJI, qTO .H
,n;OJImeH 06paTJ1TbC.H TaM K rJIaBHOMY J1HmeHepy H no COBMeCTJ1-
Te.nbCTBY ynpaB.n.HIO eMY MeCTHbIM OT,n;e.neHJ1eM TOBapJ1 eCTBa
no XJ1MJ1qeCKOH 06pa60TKe ,n;epeBa HKOBY BeHJ.1aMHHOBJ1qy CHe-
rJ.1peBY.
- TOBapJ.1I.JJ;eCTBO Haxo,n;HTC.H Ha O,n;HOM 6epery peKJ1 Cy,n;or)J;bI,
ropo)J; - Ha PyroM,- rOBOpJ1.n MHe JI. H. KapnoB.- IIpem,n;e qeM
J.1,n;TH K CHerJ.1peBY, norYJI.HH no ropo,n;y, npOBepb, He Ta J1TC.H JIJ1
C3a,n;J.1 «XBOCT».
M BOT .H xomy no YJlJ.1QaM Cy or,n;bI, B TO BpeM.H TJ.1nJ.1'tJHoro ye3Lt-
Horo 3aXOJIYCTb.H B 36 BepcTax OT ry6epHcKoro QeHTpa BJIa J1MJ1pa.
PaCCM aTpJ1BalO BbIBeCKJ1: «IIo,n;aTHa.H J1HCneKI..J;H.H», «rOpO,n;cKa.H yn-
paBa», «BOJ1HCKOe nOBJ.1HHOe npHCYTCTBJ1e», «Ka3HaqeHCTBO»,
«AnTeKa», rOCTJ.1HJ.1Qa «rOJIy6eB C CbIHOBb.HMJ1», «Mara3J1H rOTOBoro
n.naTb.H», «Y e3)J;Hoe nOJIJ.1QeHCKoe ynpaBJIeHJ1e». BbI.nJ1 B ropo.ne
JIbHOnpSl)J;J1JIbH.H J1 TKaI..J;Ka.H MaCTepCKa.H, CTeKOJIbHbIH 3aBO,n;.
Y6e,n;HBIllHCb, 'tJTO Ha MeH.H HJ1KTO He 06paI.JJ;aeT BHJ1MaHt1.H, .H
nepe6paJIc.H Ha ,n;pyroft 6eper peKJ.1, B J1MeHJ1e X panOBJ1I..J;KOro.
MecTHbIH 60raTeH XpanOBJ1QKJ.1H BJIa,n;eJI yro b.HMJ1 J1 ,n;oMaMt1.
MMe.nHcb ,n;ame meJIe3HOAOpomHbIe cTaHI..J;HH XpanOBt1I..J;Ka.H-I J1
XpanOBJ1I..J;Ka.H-II. OT HJ.1X K CKJIa)J;Y 6aKa.neHHbIx TOBapoB Xpano-
BJ1QKoro BeJIJ1 c06cTBeHHbIe no,n;ne3,n;HbIe nYTH. B J1MeHHJ.1 me
Haxo)J;J1JIc.H J1 CKJ.1nJ1,n;apHbIH 3aBo .
B TO BpeM.H .R nOJIaraJI, 'tJTO cY)J;oro,n;CKa.H noe3)J;Ka - JIJ1Illb snJ1-
30):t B MoeH mJ.13HJ1. Ho np06bIJI .H B CYLtor,n;e nO'tJTJ1 TpJ1 ro,n;a, a n03,n;-
Hee HaIlle.n TaM H CBoe JIJ1'tJHoe C'tJaCTbe. HaqaJI me C Toro, qTO no
COBeTY KapnoBa nocTapa.nC.H YCTaHOBJ.1Tb XOpOIllJ1e OTHOIlleHH.H co
CHerJ1peBbIM. HKOB BeHJ1aMJ.1HOBJ1q npJ1H.HJI MeH.H ,n;pymeJII06HO,
nOCTaBJ1JI Ha .nOJImHOCTb cJIecap.H no peMoHTY 060py.noBaHJ.1.H, no-
ce.nJ1.n He,n;a.neKO OT ce6.H. qacTo MbI BMeCTe HOqeBaJIJ1. Tor,n;a Cae-
rJ1peB paccKa3bIBaJI 0 ce6e, 0 TOM, KaK 6bIJIO TPY HO eMY nOJIyqJ1Tb
06pa30BaHJ1e J1 HaHTJ1 pa60TY no cneQJ.1aJIbHOCTJ.1. OH HJ1Kor,n;a He
paCCnpaIllJ1Ba.n MeH.H, nOqeMY 3TO npOCToro pa60qero npJ1cJIaJI K
HeMY BJ1,n;HbIH J1HmeHep «rapnt1yca» J.1 0 qeM JI. H. KapnoB 6ece-
,n;yeT co MHOH, npJ1e3ma.H B Cy,n;or,n;y. Bo06 e CHerJ.1peB ,n;epmaJIC.H
13
Ha cJtY:HC6e 'HapoiJy
OqeHb npOCTO J.1 ,n;eMOKpaTJ1qHO. EMY CaMOMY nOMOr KapnOB, MOmeT
6bITb ame B CJ1JIY CXO,n;HbIX nOJlJ1TJ.1qeCKJ.1X y6em,n;eHJ1H ECJIJ1 3TO
TaK, TO nOH.HTHO, nOqeMY CHerJ1peB He Cqt1TaJi HymHbIM 3a aBaTb
JIJ.1IlIHJ1e BOnpOCbI. Kor.na MHe 6bIJIO He06xo J1MO OTnpaBJ.1TbC.H B
ropo , OH TOTQaC OTnYCKaJI MeH.H A «BMellIa.nC.H» B MOJ1 ,n;eJIa OH
TOJIbKO O,n;J1H pa3, nOCOBeTOBaB MHe B caMOM HaqaJIe no.nyqIlle
n03HaKOMJ1TbCH C np0J13Bo,n;CTBOM ,n;.nH yrrpOqeHMH c06cTBeHHoro
nOJIOmeHJ1.H.
Y1 BOT BCKope .H YBJIeKC.H HOBbIM ,n;e.nOM. B ,n;eTCTBe .H MeQTaJI
CTaTb HapO HbIM yqJ1Te.neM, KaKJ.1MH 6bI.nJ1 B HameH 3eMCKOH IllKOJIe
I1BaH AJIeKcaH,n;pOBJ1q J1 J1pHHa BaCJ1.nbeBHa EMe.nb.HHOBbI. .H HX
OqeHb JII06J1.n. Ho B 18-.neTHeM B03paCTe OT,n;a.nCH ,n;pyroH MeqTe:
6bITb J1HmeHepOM-XJ1MJ.1KOM. Ha MeH.H nOB.nJ.1H.na HOBaH pa60Ta.
B CY HOCTJ.1, np0J.13BO CTBeHHbIH npoQecc 6bI.n TaM Hec.nomHbIM.
B OKpeCTHbIX .necax eJIa.nJ1 no,n;ceQKY, TO eCTb Ha CeKaJI COCHY O
peBeCJ.1Hbl. 113 Ha,n;pe30B BbITeKaJIa mJ1BJ1Qa. Ee C06J1paJIH, oqJ.1 a-
JIM OT npJ1MeCeH, y,n;a.n.HJIH BO,n;y J.1 no.nyqa.nJ1 TaKJ1M nYTeM TepneH-
TJ.1H. TepneHTJ1H HarpeBa.nJ1, nOCJIe qero 06,n;aBaJIH ero napOM.
IIapOBYIO CMeCb OTBO t1J1J.1 no Tpy6e J1 ox.nam aJIJ.1: BHJ13Y c06J.1pa-
.naCb Bo,n;a, BBepxy oce a.n CKJ1nJ1,n;ap. Kor,n;a Bce MaCJIO B TepneH-
TJ1HHOM cocy,n;e YJIeTyqJ1Ba.nOCb, OCTaTOK Tome ox.nam,n;a.nJ.1 J1 nOJIY-
QaJlJ1 rapnJ1Yc, TO eCTb KaHJ.1cpOJIb. KaHJ1cpo.nb 3aTeM npo,n;aBaJIJ1
Ha cypryqHbIe, MbIJIOBapeHHbIe, nJ1Cqe6YMamHbIe J1 .naKOKpaCOQHbIe
npe.n;npJ1.HTJ1.H, a TaKme cpOTorpacpaM H MY3bIKaHTaM. B MOJ.1 06H3aH-
HOCTJ1 BXO,n;J1JIO CJIe J1Tb 3a J1CnpaBHOCTblO annapaTypbI, YCTpaH.HTb
nOBpem,n;eHJ1.H J1 BbInOJIH.HTb CJIeCapHbIe pa60TbI.
Cpe J1 .n1O eH, npHe3maBIllJ.1X Ha 3aBO,n; B c.nyme6HYIO KOMaH-
,n;J1pOBKY, oc06eHHO 3anOMHJ.1JICH MHe B. 11. 36apCKJ1H. KaK-TO CHe-
rJ1peB CKa3aJI, qT06bI H n03HaKOMJ1J1 C npOH3BOACTBOM npJ16bIBIllero
J13 r.naBHOH KOHTOpbI TOBapJ1 eCTBa rocno,n;J1Ha J1HmeHepa. IIpJ1-
e3mJ1H npe,n;CTaBJ1.nC.H, Ha3BaB ce6.H, qTO no OTHOIlleHJ.11O KO MHe,
npOCTOMY pa60qeMY, BbIr .n.H,n;eJl 0 Tor,n;a y,n;J.1BJ1TeJIbHO. CrrpOCHB
3aTeM 0 MoeH cpaMJ1JIJ1J1, OH YJIbI6HYJIC.H H co06 J1.n, qTO CJIbIllIa.n
060 MHe OT JIbBa .HKOBJIeBJ1qa. IIo.nb eHHbIt1, .H nOKa3aJI 36apcKoMY
Bce, qTO Mor. Tor,n;a J.1HmeHep nome.naJI BbI.HCHJ1Tb, r e TpY Hee
Bcero 3anaJ1BaTb OTBepCTJ1.H npJ1 nOBpem,n;eHJ.1J1 annapaTypbI. rOBO-
plO: BOT TaM, B KaHJ1 OJIbHOM annapaTe, r,n;e BJ1C.HT Me HbIe 3MeeBJ1-
KJ1. OH nonpOCJ1JI HayqJ1Tb ero na.HTb HX. IIoJIe3.nJ1 MbI BHYTPb,
paCnOJIOmHJIJ.1Cb, HaqaJI .H 06nHCH.HTb, a OH, OKa3bIBaeTC.H, Bce 3HaeT,
a e e J1 caM ,n;06aBJIHeT. .H Aame paccepAt1JICH: 3aqeM me 6bIJIO
3aJIe3aTb clO a? TYT OH CHOBa YJIbI6HYJICH J.1 CKa3aJI, qTO XOTeJI
nepe):taTb MHe JIJ1qHbIH npt1BeT OT JIbBa .HKOBJIeBJ1qa. .H eJIe YAep-
maJIC.H OT CMexa, qT06bI He 06J1AeTb npJ1e3mero. Ho n03,n;Hee .H Bce
14
Ha nopoze 08YX anox
me nOCMe.RJIC.H, yme BMeCTe co 36apCKJ.1M. O,n;Ham,n;bI B cepe,n;J1He
20-x rO OB CJ.1 e.n .R B npe3J1,n;J.1YMe TopmeCTBeHHoro 3aCe aHJ1.H,
a p.H,n;OM OKa3a.nC.H «rocno,n;J.1H J1HmeHep J13 MOCKBbI». BopJ1c l1.nbJ1Q
cpa3Y Y3Ha.n MeH.H, 06H.HJI, paCI..J;e.n, OBaJi a nOTOM OJIro BCnOMJ1HaJI,
KaK MbI na.H.nJ1 3MeeBJ1KJ.1.
BopJ1c J1JIbJ1q 36apCKJ1H 6bIJI J.13BeCTHbIM cneI..J;J1aJIJ1CTOM eI.I.J;e ,n;o
peBo.nIOU;J1J1. OH pa60Ta.n 6J10XJ1MJ1KOM B MOCKOBCKOM YHJ1BepCJ1Te-
Te, a TaKme J.13yqa.n TeXHo.norJ.11O np0J13Bo,n;CTBa MeTJ1J10BOrO CnJ1pTa
J1 ,n;pyrJ1X npO YKTOB CYXOH neperOHKJ1 ,n;epeBa. KaK pa3 3TJ1 J1CCJIe-
OBaHJ1.R J.1 npJ1BeJIJ1 ero B Cy,n;or,n;y, Ha HallI 3aBo,n;J1K. B 1924 ro y OH
BMeCTe C npocpeccopoM B. II. Bop06beBbIM 6aJIb3aMJ.1pOBa.n TeJIO
B.na J1MJ1pa t1.nbJ1qa JIeHJ1Ha J1 ,n;.n J1TeJIbHOe npeM.R 3aTeM B03r JIaB-
.n.H.n JIa60paTOpJ11O npJ1 MaB30.nee JIeHJ1Ha. OH PYKOBO,n;J1JI nOTOM
pa60ToH MHOrJ1X HayqHO-J1Cc.ne,n;oBaTe.nbCKJ1X J1HCTJ1TYTOB, 6bIJI
.naypeaToM rocy apcTBeHHO:H npeMJ1J1. B Moe:i1. naM.HTJ1 OH coxpa-
HJ1.nC.H KaK qe.nOBeK OT3bIBqJ1BOH YIllJ1 J1 C 60.nbIllJ.1M qYBCTBOM
IOMopa.
B 1916 ro,n;y, BO BpeM.R o,n;Horo J13 CBOJ1X npJ.1e3,n;oB, JI. H. Kap-
nOB co06 J1.n, qTO BCKope MHe npJ1,n;eTC.H nOKJ.1HYTb Cy,n;or,n;y J1 Bep-
HYTbC.R B MocKBY. «HeT JlJ1 y MeH.H B03pameHJ1H?» - cnpocJ1.n OH.
H HJ.1 0 qeM He CnpallIJ1Ba.n J1 aJI CorJIaCJ1e. BCKope no BbI30BY Kap-
IIOBa yexaJl CHerJ1peB, a qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeM.H a,n;MJ1HJ1CTpaIJ;J.1.H
npe,n;npJ1.HTJ1.R co06I.I.J;J1JIa, QTO MHe Ha JIemJ1T no e.naM cJlym6bI
oT6bITb B r.naBHYIO KOHTOPy TOBapJ.1 eCTBa, oTKy,n;a npJ1Ille.n BbI30B.
B MocKBe MeH.R BCTpeTJ1.n CHerJ1peB J.1 YCTpOJ1J1 BpeMeHHO Ha O.nb-
rJ.1HCKJ1H XJ1MJ1qeCKJ1H 3aBoA. BnepBbIe MbI n06ece oBa.nJ1 Tor,n;a
60Jlee OTKpOBeHHo, qeM paHblile. B npJ1cYTcTBJ.1J.1 MJ1ROBa HKOB Be-
HJ1aMJ1HOBJ1Q CKa3aJl, QTO KO MHe npJ.1CMOTpe.nJ1Cb, qTO .H BHYIllalO
,n;oBepJ.1e, J1 nopa MHe aKTJ1BHee eHCTBOBaTb J.1 np.RMO BKJIlOqaTbC.H
B 60Pb6y 3a JIyqIllYIO yqaCTb pa60qero K.nacca. .H OTBeTJ1.n, qTO ro-
TOB. noc.ne 3Toro CHerJ1peB co06I.I.J;J1JI, qTO JI. .H. KapnOB pa60TaeT
cei1qac ,n;J1peKTOpoM BOH lOmcKoro 3aBo a Ha KaMe, B03.ne npJ1CTa-
HJ1 TJ1xJ1e rOpbI, J1 XOqeT, qT06bI .H npJ1exaJI Ty a.
Ho ocym.ecTBJ1Tb nOe3,lJ;KY He y aJIOCb, TaK KaK MeH.H .n;OJlmHbI
6bIJIJ1 B3.HTb Ha BOHHY. Ha pOHTe eJIa llIJIJ1 HeBamHO, HeM1I;bI t1 aB-
CTpJ1J1:U;bl npO,lJ;Bt1Hy.nJ1Cb ,n;aJIeKO Ha BOCTOR, npJ13bIBHa.H MeTJIa
no,n;MeTaJia TbI.nbl Bce 3HeprJ1qHee. BOH lOmCKJ1i1 3aBO,n; He ,n;aBaJI
OTCPoqKJ1 OT npJ13bIBa, J1 MHe npJ11I1JlOCb B03BpaTJ1TbC.H B Cy.nor y.
3HaKOM.HCb yme nac.ne peBOJIIOIJ;J1J1 C 6J1orpacpJ1ei1 JI. fl. KapnOBa,
.R Y3Ha.rr, 1:lTO OH BeJI B TJ1XJ1X ropax 60JlbIllfBJ1CTCKt1H KpymOK.
11 MHe npJ1.RTHO cei1Qac ,n;YMaTb, qTO JIeB flKOBJIeBJ1q, 6bITb MomeT,
BJ1,n;e.n TaM Moe MeCTO.
15
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II 00 'KpaCHbtM {fJ.na20M
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B 60Jt'bme8UCTC'KOU Sl.1LeU'Ke.-
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nep8bte mazu 80e'H'KO.Ma.
rJIaBHbIM nOCTaB J1KOM HOBOCTeH BO BJla,ltJ1MJ1pCKOH ry6epHJ1J1
CQHTaJIaCb ra3eTa «CTapbIH BJIa J1MJ1pe ». OHa CO)lepmaJia CBe,n;e-
HH.R, HeCKOJlbKO OTJlJ1QaBIllJ1eC.H OT 06bIQHbIX, ocpJ1 J1aJlbHbIX. 3TO
06'b.HCH.HJIOCb TeM, QTO ee H3 aTeJIJ1) CB.H3aHHbIe C napTJ1eH Ka,n;eToB,
MOrJlJ1 nOJIyqaTb HOBOCTJ1 Henocpe,n;cTBeHHo J13 IIHTepa J1 MOCKBbl.
OTopBaHHbIe B CBoeM JIeCHOM yrJIY OT pOCCJ1HCKJ1X I..J;eHTpOB J1 He
BCer)la HMe.H B03MomHOCTb n06bIBaTb ,n;ame BO BJla J1MJ1pe, mJ1TeJIH
Cy):(or)lbI C HeTepneHJ.1eM omJ1 aJIJ1 CBemJ1e ra3eTbI. Bcex BOJlHOBa-
JIO, qTO npOHcxo,n;HT B CTOJlHI..J;e. A CY .H no OTPbIBOqHbIM co06I.I.J;e-
HH.RM, HaJ\BJ1raJIHCb rp03HbIe C06bITH.H. fa3eTbI rJIYxo nJ1CaJIH 0
6ecnOp.R)1;KaX J1 BbICTpeJiaX Ha YJIJ1 ax B IIeTporpa,n;e, 06 omJ1,n;ae-
MbIX nepeMeHax. XO HJIJ1 BceB03MomHbIe c.nYXJ1 0 reHepa.nax-
H3MeHHJ1KaX, 0 TOM, QTO I..J;apJ1 a npo aeT POCCJ11O HeMI..J;aM. BOJIb-
woe OmHBJleHHe BbI3BaJIO J.13BeCTJ.1e 06 y6J1HCTBe B KOHI..J;e 1916 ro,n;a
cH6HpcKoro KOHoKpa,n;a r. PacnYTJ.1Ha, nOJIb30BaBIllerOC.H HeorpaHH-
qeHHbIM pacnOJIOmeHHeM QapHI..J;bI H pacnOp.HmaBIllerOC.H B cTpaHe,
KaK B cBoeM BOTQHHe. Oc06eHHo YQaCTJ1J1J1Cb ra3eTHbIe C006I.I.J;eHJ1.H
o BOJlHeHH.HX B KOHI..J;e cpeBpaJI.H 191 7 rO,r(a.
II pJ1e3malOT K HaM Ha 3aBO)1; J13 BJla,n;HMJ1pa ,n;Boe CJIymaI.l\J1x.
CnpaIllJ1BaeM HX, qTO npOJ.1Cxo,n;J1T B ropo,n;e. OHJ1 paCCKa3bIBaIOT,
qTO ry6epHaTOp KpeHTOH ocpJ1 J1aJlbHO 06n.HBJ1JI 0 He06xo J1MOCTJ1
C06J1IO)laTb nOJIHOe cnOKOHCTBJ1e, npeceKaTb BC.HqeCKJ1e CJIYXJ1. OH
3aJIBHJl, qTO, no HMelOIIJ;HMC.H y Hero CBe,n;eHJ1.HM, pa3rOBopbI 0 Ka-
KHX-TO nepeMeHax B rocy,n;apCTBeHHOM CTpoe 6eCnOqBeHHbI. Ho
3TOMY HJ1KTO He BepHT. fopomaHe OmJ1BHJlJ1Cb. MecTHbIe nOJIJ1TJ1Qe-
CKHe ,ne.HTeJIJ1 cyeTSlTC.H, C06J1paIOTC.H rpynnaMH, YCTpaJ1BaIOT
KaKJ1e-TO COBeI.I.J;aHJ1.H. «A KaK TaM pa60qJ1e?» - nOHHTepeCOBaJIC.H
.H OHJ1 nOJKaJlJ1 n.neqaMJ1 (cKopee Bcero, He 3aXOTeJIH OTBeqaTb
qeJlOBeKY, KOTOpbIH caM 6bIJI pa60QJ1M). BnpOqeM, B 3TOM OTHOIlle-
HMH ry6epHcKHH ropo,lt 6bIJI He nOKa3aTeJIeH. HBJI.H.HCb QJ1CTO a.nMJ1-
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Bcero COTHJ1 qeTbIpe.
16
Ha nopoze iJ8YX anox
IIpOIIlJIO e e HeCKOJIbKO ,n;HeH. AKTHBJ13J.1pOBaJIJ1Cb npOJIeTapHH
AJIeKCaH,ZJ;pOBa, KOBpOBa, IlIYJ1, OpeXOBa. B 3TJ1X ropo,n;ax B CaMOM
KOH:Qe eBpaJI.R npOIllJIH ,n;eMOHCTpaI..J;J1H rro,n; KpaCHbIMJ1 JIaraMH.
OqeBJ1,n;:QbI paCCKa3bIBaJIJ1, qTO HJ1KTO no ,n;eMOHCTpaHTaM He CTpe-
JI.HJI, nOJIJ1IJ;H.R 6e3,neHCTBOBaJIa.
3aTeM npJ1Be3JIJ1 HOBbIe ra3eTbI. M3 HJ1X MbI Y3Ha.nJ1, qTO caMO-
,n;epmaBJ1e na.no, HJ1KoJiaH II OTpeKC.R OT npecTo.na J1 B CTo.nJ1I..J;e eI.I.J;e
27 cpeBpaJI.H B03HJ1K KaKOH-TO BpeMeHHbIH KOMJ1TeT KOTOpbIH Tpe-
60BaJI BbInOJIH.HTb ero pacrrOp.HmeHJ1.H, J1, KpoMe Toro, B03HHKJlJ.1
COBeTbI. CJIOBO «COBeTbI» HaM XOpOIllO 6bIJIO 3HaKOMO. E e pa60-
Ta.R B MocKBe, .H C.nbIIllaJI OT CTaplIIJ1X TOBapJ1I.I.J;eH, KaK B 1905 ro y
npOJIeTapJ1J1 J.136paJIJ1 COBeT ynOJIHOMOqeHHbIX.
IIocTynHJIJ.1 HOBbIe neqaTHbIe JIJ1CTKJ1. Ha HJ1X HanHcaHO: «M3-
BeCTH.H B.naJ,\J1MJ1pCKOrO ry6epHcKoro BpeMeHHoro J1Crro.nHJ1Te.nb-
Horo KOMJ1TeTa». TaK qTO me BCe-TaKJ.1 npOJ1CXO,r(J1T? Ha c.ne,n;YIOI.I.J;J1H
me eHb .R OCTaBJ1JI 3aBO,n;, qT06bI nOCMOTpeTb Ha Cy,n;or,n;y. TaM
BOBCIO KJ1neJIJ1 cTpacTH. MaJIeHbKJ1H ye3,n;HbIi1 ropo,n;OK 6YPJIJ1JI.
Xo,n;J1J1J1 JIIO,n;J1 C KpacHbIMM nOB.H3KaMJ1 Ha pYKaBax. Ha ,n;oMax
6bIJIH paCKJIeeHbI .nJ1CTOBKJ1, B KOTOpbIX C006 aJIOCb, qTO BO BJIa,ZJ;J1-
MJ1pe c03,n;aH ropo,n;CKoi1 J1Cno.nHJ1TeJlbHbIH KOMJ1TeT, B3SIBllIHH
B.naCTb B CBOJ1 PYKH, qTO OH Ha3HaqaeT nOJIHOMOqHbIX KOMJ1CCa-
pOB, a HaCeJleHHIO Ha,r(JIemJ1T nO qHH.HTbC.H J.1M. HHme CTO.HJIa
no,n;nJ1Cb npe,n;ce aTeJI.H IIeTpoBa. STOT rocno,n;J.1H 6bI.n J13BeCTeH KaK
Ka,ZJ;eT, OAJ.1H- J13 Tex, KTO J1MeJI paHbllIe OTHOllIeHJ1e K «CTapOMY
BJla,n;J1MHpI..J;Y». IT03,ZJ;Hee, Ha JIJ1CTKaX yme ry6epHcKoro KOMJ1TeTa,
MbI BH,n;eJIH nO nJ1Cb enYTaTa J(YMbl SpHa, npJ1CJlaHHOrO H3 IIeT-
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J.1CQe3JIJ1! CB060J,\a! JIIO,n;J1 XO,ZJ;J1.nJ1 OTKpbITO C KpaCHbIMJ1 cp.naraMJ1.
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3a qTO me 6paTbC.H, ,n;YMaJI .H, C qero HaqHHaTb? ,l(oMa rOBOpJ.1Tb
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,n;eMOKpaTbI J1 B Cy,n;or,n;e. KTO me 3,n;ecb, J1HTepeCHO, ei1:cTByeT?
OKa3aJlOCb, t{TO 3TO 60JIbIlleBJ.1KJ1 CMJ1pHOB, TpocpJ1MOB H OlliMapJ.1H,
a J1M nOMoralOT MeCTHbIe CTeKOJIb J1KH J1 TKaqu. IIpJ1xomy K HJ1M.
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npOJ1CXO)];J1JIO B ropa3,ZJ;O 60JlbIllJ1X MaClIITa6ax B KpynHbIx ropo,n;ax.
17
Ha cJtY:HC6e 'Hapoay
BclO Y QapJ1JIO .nBOeBJIaCTHe. BbIJIO OHO 11 Y HaC. Ulna OTKpbITa.H H
CKpbITa.H nOJlJ1THqeCKa.R 60pb6a. A nO,r(cnY Ho, B rYI..[(e Hapo,n;HbIX
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JIJ1Illb HaqaJIOM. Ho B TaKJ.1X ropo,r(ax, KaK Cy or,n;a, 3TO CTOJIKHOBe-
HJ1e pa60qJ1x J1 6ypmya3J1J.1 npO.HB.n.HJIOCb He CTOJIb 6bICTpO, KaK B
IIJ1Tepe, MocKBe HJIJ1 ,n;ame BJIa,n;HMHpe. IIeTporpa,n;cKJ1e npOJleTa-
pJ1J.1 yme ,n;eMoHCTpJ1pOBaJIJ.1 no,n; JI03YHroM « OJIoi1 MJ1HJ1CTpOB-
KanJ1Ta.nJ1CToB! », Kor,n;a cY,r(oro,r(I..J;bI e e BbIno.nH.HJIJ.1 pacnOp.RmeHJ.1.H
MeCTHoro «KOMJ1TeTa 06I.I.J;eCTBeHHoH 6e30naCHOCTJ1», B KOTOpbIH
BOIll.nJ1 npe,n;cTaBJ1TeJIJ1 cTaporo QJ1HOBHJ1QeCTBa, OTCTaBHbIX ocpJ1:I..J;e-
pOB, cpa6pJ1KaHTOB, .naBOQHJ1KOB J.1 OMOB.na,n;eJIbQeB. qTO KaCaeTC.H
CY,r(oro cKoro COBeTa, TO OH B03HHK JIJ111Ib B Mae 1917 ro a J.1 6bI.n
nepBOHaQa.nbHo no cBoeH no.nJ1TJ1qeCKOH n03J1QJ1J1 3cepoBcKHM. Ta
me KapTHHa Ha6.nIO,n;aJIaCb B ,n;pyrHx ye3,n;HbIx ropo,n;ax ry6epHHH J1
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60JIbIlleBJ1KJ1.
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B ,n;OMe, r,n;e HaqaJla pa60TaTb HaIlla cOQJ.1a.n- eMOKpaTJ1QeCKa.H .HQeH-
Ka. B .HqeHKY BXO,n;J1JIO HeCKo.nbKO TKaQeH, CTeKOJIbI.I.J;HKOB, MaCTepo-
BbIX, O,n;J1H YQJ1Te.nb - TpOcpJ1MOB H O,n;J1H, KameTC.R, cJIyma J1H -
CMJ.1pHOB. IIoTOM OH Ky,n;tl-TO yexa.n. IIapTHHHbIM PYKoBo,n;J.1TeJIeM
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YqaCTHHK peBOJIIOI..J;J1J1 1905 ro a, IIeTp OKa3bIBa.n Ha MeH.H CJ1JIb-
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, O,n;HaKO, XOT.H MbI J.1 CqJ1TaJIJ1 ce6.H 60JIbIlleBJ1KaMJ.1, HqeHKa Hallla
ocpJ1QJ.1a.nbHO He 6bIJIa em.e rrpJ13HaHa. MbI He J1Me.nJ1 CB.H3t1 HJ1 C B.na-
J1MJ1pOM, HJ.1 C MOCKBOH, OqeHb CJ1JIbHO qYBCTBOBaJlH 3TOT OTpbIB.
,n;eHCTBOBaJIJ1, MomHO CKa3aTb, BCJIenylO. Ho BOT BO BTOpOi1 nOJIOBJ1-
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TaM, BJ1,n;J1MO, HJ1QerO He 3HaJIJ1. rr03 Hee HaM paCCKa3aJIJ1, qTO
OprKOMJ1TeT paCCbIJIaJI no ry6epHJ1H npJ1r.naCHTeJIbHbIe nJ.1CbMa.
He nO 03peBa.H 0 HaJIJ1qHJ.1 B Cy or,n;e napTJ.1HHOH .HqeHKH, 3TOT
KOMHTeT He npJ1,n;YMaJI HJ1qerO JIyqrnero, KaK HanpaBJ1Tb npHrJIaIlle-
HMe B MeCTHbIH «KOMJ1TeT 06:r.n;eCTBeHHoi1 6e30naCHOCTJ1», Ha,n;e.RCb,
qTO 3aJ1HTepeCOBaHHbIe JIJ1Qa KaK-HH6y,n;b Y3HalOT 0 KOH<pepeHQJ.1J1.
18
Ha nopole a8YX 3nOX
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6bIJIO Ha KOHcpepeHU;J1J1 npe,n;cTaBJ.1TeJIeH J1 J13 MHOrJ1X ,n;pyrJ.1x
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CbI 6bIJIJ1 0,n;06peHbl. KOHcpepeHIJ;J1.H npJ.1H.H.na TaKme nOCTaHOBJIeHJ1e
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MOHCTpaU;J1J.1, a B ry6KoM noc.na.nH nJ1CbMO C npocb60H npJ.1c.naTb Ha
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pe3Qe - 3a TO, QTO Ha3bIBaeM ce6.H 60.nbrneBJ1KaMJ1, HO HJ1KaK 3TO He
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J1 J1HTeJIJIJ.1reHTOB npoHec.nJ.1 Ha 06I.I.J;erOpO cKOH IllYM.nJ1BOH J1 pa-
,n;OCTHOH ,n;eMoHCTpaU;J1J1 CBOJ.1 oc06bIe n.naKaTbI C JI03YHroM « Bc.H
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npe,n;cTaBJ.1TeJI.HMJ1 «KOMJ1TeTa 06w;ecTBeHHoH 6e30naCHOCTJ.1» J1 3ce-
paMJ1, a BeqepOM HallIa .HqeHKa COCTaBJ1JIa nepBbIH ocpJ1U;J1a.nbHbIH
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yme KaK qJleHa 60.nbIlleBJ1CTCKOH napTI1J1. Y cnex HallIero BbIcTyn-
JIeHJ1H CKa3aJIC.H J1 Ha TOM, qTO npe,n;ce aTeJIeM ye3.nHoro J1Cno.nKOMa
J136paJIJ1 60JIbIlleBJ1Ka fIeTpa OllIMapJ1Ha.
XOqy oc060 CKa3aTb HeCKo.nbKO C.nOB 0 MJ1xaJ1JIe IIeTpOBJ1Qe
19
Ha c./I,YJIC6e uapoiJy
.HHbIllieBe. OH np06bIJI Y HaC He,n;OJIrO, HO CBoeH 3HeprHeH H HenpH-
MHpHMOCTblO K BparaM peBOJIIOQJ.1H npOH3BeJI OqeHb CJ.1JIbHOe Bne-
qaTJIeHHe Ha BCIO HallIY napTJ.1HHYIO .HqeMKY. STOT qeJIOBeK npOllIeJI
.HpKJ1H mH3HeHHbIH nYTb. YpomeHeu: BJIa,n;HMHpcKOH 06JIaCTH, TeK-
CTHJIb HK, OH BCTynHJI B PC,l(PII IOHOllieH e e B 1902 rOAY. YqaCT-
BOBaJI B nepBoi1 PYCCKOi1 peBOJIIOQHH, 3aTeM 3MHrpHpOBaJI, HeCKOJIb-
KO JIeT npOmHJI B CIllA, 6bIJI H TaM aKTHBHbIM yqaCTHHKOM pa60-
qero ,n;BHmeHH.H. IIocJIe n06e,n;bI OKT.H6p.H OH B03rJIaBJI.HJI MOCKOB-
CKHH peBTpH6YHaJI, B 1919 rOAY BO rJIaBe OTp.H,n;a MOCKOBCKJ1X
KOMMYHHCTOB cpamaJIc.H npoTHB BOMCK lO,n;eHJ1qa. B 1920 ro,n;y 6bIJI
KOMHccapoM AHBH3HJ.1 Ha IOmHoM cppoHTe, r,n;e H norH6 B 60.HX npo-
TJ1B BOMCK BpaHreJI.H.
IIocJIe ye3,n;Horo C1>e3,n;a COBeToB B Cy,n;or e pa3BepHYJIaCb ome-
CTOqeHHa.H nOJIHTHqeCKa.H 60pb6a.
Pa60TaTb B KOMHTeTe 6bIJIO OqeHb TPy,n;HO, oc06eHHo JIeTOM
1917 ro,n;a. Te T.HmeJIble YCJIOBH.H, B KOTOpbIX OKa3aJIaCb BC.H napTH.H
60JIbllIeBHKoB nOCJIe I1IOJIbCKHX C06bITHH, KOCHYJIJ1Cb, BepO.HTHO,
Bcex MeCTHblX .HqeeK. IIOMHIO, KaK HeKoTopbIe cTapbIe 3HaKOMble
cnpallIHBaJIJ.1 MeH.H: «A npaBHJIbHO JIJ.1 rOBOp.HT, RHPHJIJI, qTO TbI
60JIbllIeBHK? »
IIpaBJ1JIbHo rOBOp.HT.
C JIeHHHbIM 3ao,n;HO, 3HaqHT?
MMeHHo C HHMI
,l(a H3BeCTHO JIH Te6e, KTO OH eCTb? IllnHoH repMaHcKHH.
MXHHH Qapb nOBeJIeJI qepe3 CBOIO 3eMJIIO nYCTHTb ero B POCCHIO
Hapo,n; cMy aTb.
- Cy a.H 6peXH.H! repMaHH.H BOHHY BeAeT, ry6epHHH HaIllH
3aXBaTbIBaeT. A JIeHHH H 6 OJIbllIeBHKJ1, Ha060poT, XOT.HT BOHHe
KOHeQ nOJIOmHTb. Te6e-To caMOMY BOHHa HpaBHTC.H?
- KOMY 9Ha HpaBHTC.H? BceM onpOTHBeJIa.
- qero me TbI C qymoro rOJIoca noeIllb? Pa36epHcb CHaqaJIa.
Ho y6em,n;aTb TaKHM nYTeM MomHO 6bIJIO TOJIbKO Tex, KTO J1CKaJI
npaB Y. M,n;eHHble me BparH He BCTynaJIJ1 B 6ece,n;y. HalliH JIHCTOBKH
OHH CpbIBaJIH, nOMe eHHH, qT06bI npOBeCTJ1 MHTJ1Hr, He ,n;aBaJIH,
rp03HJIH nepeCqHTaTb HaM KOCTH. OnepeTbC.H Ha npO COI03bI MbI
nOKa Tome He MOrJIJ.1. B nepBOH nOJIOBHHe 1917 ro,n;a B Cy,n;or,n;e 6bIJI
npocpeccHOHaJIbHbIH COlO3 TOJIbKO cJIyma J1x. R 60JIbllIeBHKaM OH
OTHOCHJIC.H C HenpHKpbITOH Bpam,n;e6HOCTblO.
HaM npHxOAHJIOCb OXpaH.HTb 3,n;aHJ1e YKoMa PC,l(PII(6). B 3THX
YCJIOBH.HX caMa mJ.13Hb TOJIKaJIa Ha c03,n;aHHe BoopymeHHbIx npoJIe-
TapcKHx OTp.H,n;OB. Yme B03HJ.1KJIa KpaCHa.R rBap,n;H.H Ha cTaHQJ.1J1
qepYCTH, B MYPOMe, r,n;e KpaCHorBap,n;eHQaMH 6bIJIJ1 He TOJIbKO
pa60t.IJ.1e, HO H COJI,n;aTbI 205-ro nOJIKa, B KYJIe6aKaX, B HaBallIJ.1HO
20
Ha nopoze iJ8YX anox
11 BOT Ha 3aCe,n;aHHH Cy,n;OrO,n;CKOrO YKOMa nOCJIe rop.Rqero 06-
cym,n;eHH.H Bonpoca 0 C03,n;aHHH RpacHoH rBap,n;HH 6bIJIO npJ1H.HTO
peIlleHJ1e OpCJ1pOBaTb OpraHJ13aQHIO KpacHorBap,n;eHcKoro OTp.H,n;a.
Kam.nbIt1: YKOMOBeQ nOJIyqHJI KOHKpeTHoe 3a,n;aHHe. O,n;HH arHTH-
pOBaJIH pa60qHX 3anHCbIBaTbC.H B RpacHYIO rBap,n;HIO, ,n;pyrHe
,n;OCTaBaJIH opymHe. MHe nopyqHJIH HayqHTb KpaCHbIX ,n;06pOBOJIb-
QeB CTpeJI.HTb. A .H H caM He YMeJI. B03bMY, 6bIBaJIO, HaraH H paHO
YTPOM, Kor,n;a yme CBeTaeT, HO JIIO,n;H e e Cn.HT, yi1:,n;y Ha nYCTbIpb
HJIJ1 B JIeCOK H TpeHHpYIOCb, nOCbIJIalO B .nepeBb.H nYJIIO 3a nYJIei1:.
He 3HalO, tJTO ,n;aJIJ1 MOJ.1 ypOKH TOBapH aM, a MHe OHH CHJIbHO
npHro,n;HJIJ1Cb B ro,n;bI rpam,n;aHcKoH BOHHbI.
Ror,n;a OTp.H,n; 6bIJI C OpMHpoBaH, YKOM Ha3HaqHJI MeH.H HaqaJIb-
HHKOM llITa6a cy,n;oro,n;cKot1: RpacHoH rBap,n;HH. B ,n;aJlbHeHIlleM MHe
)];OBeJIOCb npoHTH Ha npOT.HmeHHH qeTBepTH BeKa eme qepe3 .neC.HTb
llITa6HbIx ,n;OJImHOcTeH: HaqaJIbHHKa IllTa6a 6pHra,n;bI, nOMO HHKa
HaqaJIbHHKa J1 HaqaJIbHHKa llITa6a ,n;HBJ13J1H, nOMO HHKa HaqaJIb-
HHKa llITa6a Kopnyca, HaqaJIbHHKa OT,n;eJIa B llITa6e oKpyra, nOMO -
HHKa HaqaJIbHHKa H HaqaJIbHHKa llITa6a oKpyra HaqaJIbHHKa llITa6a
oT,n;eJIbHOH apMHH, nOMOmHHKa HaqaJIbHHKa H HaqaJIbHHKa reHe-
paJIbHOrO llITa6a PRRA. STOT ,n;JIHHHbIH nYTb HaqaJlC.H, KaK BH,n;HO,
B 1917 ro,n;y.
Cpe,n;H YKoMoBQeB .H 6bIJI O,n;HJ1M H3 caMbIX rpaMoTHbIX. IIpaB,n;a,
Kor,n;a.H MaJIbqHKOM BnepBbIe nOCTHraJI B ,n;epeBHe a36YKY, yqaCb 3a
,n;Ba ny a MYKH B 3HMY Y OTCTaBHoro cpeJIb e6eJI.H <PHJIHnna <Pe-
,n;opOBJ1qa 3axapoBa, J.1 3y6pJ1JI QepKoBHOCJIaB.HHCKHe Ha3BaHH.H
6YKB - a3, 6YKH, Be,n;J1, rJIarOJIb,- TOJIKY OT 3Toro 6bIJIO HeMHoro.
Ho nOTOM B 3eMcKoH HaqaJIbHot1: IllKOJIe .H yqJ1JIC.H npJ1JIemHO,
OKOHqHJI ee C OTJIHqJ1eM H nepeqHTaJI BCIO llIKOJIbHYIO 6H6JIHOTeKY,
c03,n;aHHYIO caMHMH yqJ1TeJI.HMJ1 Ha CBOH CKpoMHbIe cpe,n;cTBa. C
oc06eHHoi1 6JIaro,n;apHocTblO BcnOMHHaJI .H MHyccKHe BeqepHHe
KJIaCCbI. I1MH 3aBe,n;OBaJIa IOJIJ1.H IIaBJIoBHa Ha3a pOBa. ,l(epmaJIaCb
OHa Bcer,n;a cyxo J1 CTporo, HO BKJIa,n;bIBaJIa B JII06HMOe eJIO BCIO
,n;YllIY H, Tome He HMe.H HH O,n;HOt1: JIHllIHeH KoneHKH, CYMeJIa XOpOllIO
nOCTaBHTb 3aH.HTH.H. 3a TpJ.1 ro,n;a 06yqeHH.H B 3THX KJIaCCaX MbI
npOllIJIH KYpC, COOTBeTCTBYIO HH nporpaMMe rpynn BTOpOH cTyne-
HH peaJIbHbIX yqJ1JIH , H OCHOBbI HaYK, nOJIOmeHHbIX no nporpaM-
Me npeno,n;aBaTeJIbCKHX yqHJIH . Tenepb Bce 3TO npHrO HJIOCb.
OCHOBHOH onopOH KpaCHOJ1 rBap,n;HJ1 B Cy,n;or,n;e .HBJI.HJIHCb pa60-
qHe a6pHKH rOJIy6eBa I1 JIeCHbIX J1MeHHH XpanOBHQKoro. C nep-
BbIMJ1 6bIJI XOpOllIO 3HaKOM OllIMapHH, cpe,n;H BTOpbIX HMeJIOCb MHO-
ro TOBapH eH y MeH.H. Oc06eHHO aKTHBHO ,n;eHCTBOBaJIH pa60qHe
a6pJ.1KJ.1. Cpe,n;H HHX paHee Bcero pa3BepHYJIa pa60TY HallIa
.Hqe:i1Ka PC,l(PI1(6). E e B anpeJIe 1917 ro,n;a MbI no,n;H.HJIH J.1X Ha
21
Ha cJtY:HC6e HapoiJy
3a6aCTOBKY, BbIHy,n;HB cpa6pHKaHTa B TeqeHJ1e TpeX qaCOB npHH.HTb
YCJIOBJ1.H CTaqeqHHKOB: pa60QJ.1e nOJIyqHJIJ1 ,n;OIIOJIHJ1TeJIbHO K 3ap-
nJIaTe e,n;HHOBpeMeHHO OKOJIO 15 npoQeHToB J1X ro,n;OBoro 3apa60TKa.
KpenKo nOMOrJIH HaM pa60qJ.1e B HIOHe, Kor,n;a IlIJIH BbI60pbI eny-
TaTOB B ropo,n;CKYIO l1.YMY. HeCMOTp.H Ha He6JIaroqpH.HTHYIO 06CTa-
HOBKY, y,n;aJlOCb npOBeCTH B ,n;enYTaTbI l1.BYX ropo,n;CKJ1X pa60qJ.1x.
Tor,n;a me MbJ nOKa3aJIJ.1, 3a KeM Hl1.YT J1 pa60qHe JIeCHbIX HMeHJ1J1::
OHJ1 nOl1.,n;epmaJIJ1 60JIbIlleBHKoB, BbIcTynJ1BlllJ.1X npOTJ1B 3KCnJIyaTa-
Topa XpanOBHltKOrO, J1 peIllJ1JIJ1 6acToBaTb. Ho CJIyma He OCTaJIJ1Cb
Ha CBOJ1X MeCTax IIocJIe 3Toro MbI catHTHpOBaJIH rpynny pa60qHX,
BMeCTe C HJ1MJ1 BOpBaJIHCb B ye3,n;HbIH HCnOJIKOM J1 nOTpe60BaJIH
«HMHeM peBOJIIOQHJ1» 3aCTaBJ1Tb CJIymaI.I.J;HX nO QJ.1HHTbC.H BOJIe
Tpy,n;.H J1XC.H. J1cnOJIKOM nOCJIaJI B J1MeHH.H MJ1JIJ.1IJ;J11O C YKa3aHJ1eM
npepBaTb BC.HK)rlO pa60TY, nOKa He KOHqJ1TC.H 3a6acToBKa. A Tenepb
pa60qJ1e cocTaE\J1JIH KOCT.HK KpacHOrBapl1.et1:QeB.
IIepeJIoM B HaCTpOeHJ1J1 cy,n;oro,n;cKoro MeI.I.J;aHCTBa HaMeTJ1JIC.H
nOCJIe KOpHJ1JIOBCKOro M.HTema, XOT.H J1 paHbllle nOCTeneHHO HaqHHa-
JIa qYBcTBoBaTbC.R nepeMeHa 06cTaHoBKH. Bel1.b npOKJI.HTa.H H He-
cnpaBe,n;JIJ1Ba.R BOHHa eI.I.J;e npo,n;oJImaJIacb. A KTO Tpe60BaJI ee npe-
Kpa eHJ1.H? BOJIbIlleBJ1KH! KpeCTb.HHe no-npemHeMY CH,n;eJIH 6e3
3eMJIJ.1. KTO XOTeJI OT l1.aTb HM 3eMJIIO? CHoBa 60JIbllIeBJ1KH! 3aBo,n;-
qJ1KJ1 CTapaJIJ1Cb npJ1TeCH.HTb pa60qHX, KaK paHbIlIe. KTO 60poJIc.H
CMeJIee Bcex 3a npaBa npOJIeTapJ1eB? Te me 60JIbIlleBJ1KJ1. Hy, a
Ka eTbI? CY J1e npoxBocTbI, rOBOpJ1JIH B Hapo e, rHYT cTapylO JIJ1-
HJ1IO. 3C3pbI? MHoro 06eI.I.J;aIOT, ,n;a MaJIO ,n;eJIaIOT. MeHbIlleBHKH?
TaKJ1e me 60JITYHbI.
TaK caMa mJ13Hb OTpe3BJI.HJIa JIIO,n;et1:. Te, KTO e e Bqepa He
XOTeJI 3,n;opOBaTbC.H co MHOt1: Ha YJIJ1Qe, cero,n;H.H npHXOl1.HJIJ1 H
CnpaIllJ1BaJIJ1: RJ.1pHJIJI, KaK me ,n;aJIbIlle?» IIocJIe,n;HJ1M y,n;apOM
,n;JI.H TaKHX JIIOl1.ei1 OKa3aJIC.H M.HTem reHepaJIa KOpHJ1JIOBa. Kor,n;a
npOBJ1HQJ1.R Y3HaJIa, QTO rJIaBHOKoMaH,n;YIO J1" ,n;BJ1HYJI QaCTJ1
Ha IIeTporpa,n;, qTo6bI B3.HTb BJIaCTb B CBOH PYKJ1, Kam bIi1 nOH.HJI,
qeM 3TO naXHeT. Cy oro.ncKJ1e KynU;bI J1 3aBo.nqJ1KJ1 CJIymHJIH MO-
JIe6HbI BO 3l1.paBHe 6YHTap.H J1, OCeH.H.R ce6.H KpeCTHbIM 3HaMe-
HJ1eM, 3aMHpaJIH B CJIa,n;KOM omH,n;aHJ1H H3BeCTH.H, qTO MOHapXH.H
BOCCTaHOBJIeHa Ho 60JIbIllJ1HCTBO ropomaH rOBOpJ.1JIO: «KaK me
POCCJ1.H l1.011IJIa ,n;o 3Toro? Be,n;b pecny6JIHKa nOrJ16HeT. HymHo
cnacaTb ee». Ho KTO cnaceT? CaMa mJ13Hb yqJ1JIa: TOJIbKO TOT MO-
meT CnaCTJ1, KTO .HBJI.HeTC.H caMbIM CTOHKJ1M npOTHBHJ1KOM BCe"
3T0i1 6aH bI MOHapXJ1CTOB J1 aBaHTlOpJ1CTOB. J1 JIIO,n;J1 nOCTeneHHO
nOBOpaqJ1BaJIJ1Cb JIHQOM K 60JIbIlleBHKaM.
Korl1.a TeJIerpacp npJ.1HeC H3BeCTHe, qTO KepeHcKHH CMe aeT
ROpHHJIOBa C nOCTa rJIaBHOKOMaHl1.YIO ero, a nOCJIe,n;HH" B CBOIO
22
Ha nopoze iJ8YX anox
Oqepe,n;b ony6JIHKOBaJI B033BaHHe C npH3bIBOM He nOBHHOBaTbC.H
BpeMeHHOMY npaBJ1TeJIbCTBY, B HCnOJIKOMe Cy,n;or bI HaqaJIaCb
CYM.HTJ.1Qa. PaCTep.HBIllJ1eC.H npaBJ1TeJIH npJ.1r JIaCJ1J1J1 Ha CpOqHOe
3ace,n;aHHe Bcex, KTO nOJIb30BaJIC.H B ropo e H3BeCTHOCTblO H aBTO-
pJ1TeTOM. Tenepb yme HeJIb3.H 6bIJIO YCJIbIllIaTb 06bIqHOrO 3cepo-
MeHbllIeBJ1CTCKOro Tpe3BOHa «0 60Pb6e C onaCHOCTblO cnpaBa H
CJIeBa». 3a6bIB Ha BpeM.H BqepalliHee, Te me COrJIamaTeJIH yno-
BaJIJ.1 JIJ111Ib Ha CHJIY Hapo,n;Horo OTnopa M.HTemHHKY. Kor a Haqa-
JIOCb 3ace,n;aHHe, .H nOTpe60BaJI OT J.1MeHJ.1 YKOMa PC PII(6),
QT06bJ Hap.H,n;y C MJ.1JIHUHeft oxpaHa nOp.H.nKa B ropo.ne 6bIJIa B03-
JIOmeHa Ha KpaCHYIO rBap,n;HIO. IIpe,n;JIomeHHe npJ1H.HJIJ1. IIo
YTPO COBeT, not1:,n;.H HaBCTpeqy 6 OJIbIlleBJ.1KaM, yqpe,n;HJI KOHTpOJIb
Ha,n; ye3,n;H0J1 TeJIecpoHHot1: ceTblO. TeM BpeMeHeM KpacHorBap-
eHQbI yme HeCJIJ1 naTpYJIbHYIO cJIym6y Ha YJIJ1Qax, B03JIe cpa6-
pJ1K, MaCTepCKJ1X, Mara3J1HOB, BHHHbIX CKJIa.nOB J1 yqpem.neHHt1:.
IIocJIe npOBaJIa KOpHJ1JIOB J1HbI n03J1QJ1J.1 60JIbllIeBHKoB B
Cy,n;or,n;e ynpOqHJIHCb. Tenepb npe,n;JIOmeHH.fI, BHOCHMbIe OT HMeHJ.1
YKOMa PC,l(PII(6) J.1 llITa6a RpacHot1: rBap,n;HJ1, BbICJIYllIJ1BaJIHCb
Ha 3ace,n;aHJ1.HX ropo,n;CKoro COBeTa co BHJ1MaHJ1eM H, KaK npa-
BHJIO, npHHJ1MaJlJ1Cb. ry6KoM napTJ1J1 HHcpOpMHpOBaJI Hac, qTO
npe,n;CTOHT pa3pa60TaTb MepOnpH.HTJ1.H ,n;JI.H 3HeprJ1qHOrO ocy ecT-
BJIeHH.H peIlleHHt1: VI Cne3,n;a PC,l(PII(6). BamHYIO pOJIb npJ1
3TOM ,n;OJImHbI 6bIJIJ1 cbIrpaTb MeCTHbIe napTKoHcpepeHI..J;J1H. B Ha-
qaJIe CeHT.H6p.H paHOHHa.H KOHcpepeHQH.H COCTO.HJIaCb Bryce, a
ry6epHCKa.H - B cepe.nJ1He MeC.Hua (naM.HTb xpaHHT BOCnOMJ1HaHJ1.H
o Tex C06bITJ1.HX e e no CTapOMY KaJIeH,n;apHOMY CTJ1JIIO) B MBaHOBO-
B03HeceHCKe. 06e OHJ1 peIllHTeJIbHO no,n; epmaJIJ1 JIJ1HJ11O QeH-
TpaJIbHOrO KOMJ1TeTa PC,l(PII(6) :H. npHH.HJIJ1 pe30JIIOQJ1J1 0 npeK-
pa eHJ1J1 npecTynHot1: BOt1:HbI H HeMe,n;JIeHHOM 3aKJIlOqeHHJ1 MJ1pa,
o nepe aqe nOMeI.I.J;J1qbeH 3eMJIH KpeCTb.HHCTBY, 06 YCTaHOBJIe-
HJ1H Ha,n; np0J13Bo,n;CTBOM pa60qero KOHTpOJI.H. YqHTbIBa.H, qTO
H,n;e.R BbI60pOB B Yqpe,n;HTeJIbHOe c06paHHe npOqHO OBJIa,n;eJIa
MaccaMH Ii qTO OHJ1, oc06eHHo KpeCTb.HHe, m,n;YT OT «yqpe,n;J1-
JIKH» Bcex 6JIar, KOH epeHQJ1.H coqJIa nOJIe3HbIM yqaCTBOBaTb
B BbI60pax J.1 rronbITaTbC.H npOBeCTJ1 B 3TO c06paHHe B03MomHO
60JIbIllee qHCJIO CBOHX ,n;enYTaTOB. B CB.H3H C 3THM 60JIbIlleBHCT-
CKHMH KaH,n;H,n;aTaMJ.1 B enYTaTbI OT BJIa J1MHpcKot1: ry6epHJ1J.1
6bIJIJ1 BbI,n;BJ1HYTbI 13 qeJIOBE;K. Cpe,n;H HJ1X - TaKHe BJ1 HbIe JIIO H,
KaK pa60qJ1H ,n;enYTaT IV rocy,n;apcTBeHHOYI ,n;YMbI OT HaIlleH
ry6epHJ1H CPo H. CaMoi1JIOB; XOpOllIO H3BecTHbIH npOJIeTapH.HM
nponaraH,n;J1CT H. C. A6eJIbMaH (n03 Hee norH6 B MocKBe, cpa-
ma.HCb C KOHTppeBOJIIOQHOHHbIMH 3arOBOpI.I.J;HKaMH, J.1 ero HMeHeM
Ha3BaHa YJIHQa B CTOJIJ1 e); cTapbIH qJIeH napTJ1H TOBapJ.1
23
Ha c./I,Y:HC6e 'H.apoiJy
XJ.1MJ.1K (A. C. By6HOB); HaKOHeQ, JII06J.1MeIJ; IllYHCKJ1X J1 B03He-
CeHCKJ1X TKaqeH TOBapJ1I.I.J; ApceHJ1i1 (M. B. cl>pYH3e).
Bce MeHbIlle CTaHOBJ1JIOCb JIIO,n;ei1, BepJ1BIllJ.1X BpeMeHHoMY
npaBJ1TeJIbCTBY. Kor,n;a B cepe,n;J1He OKT.H6p.H BO BJIa,n;J1MJ1pe OT-
KpbIJIC.H ry6epHCKJ1H Cne3,n; COBeToB pa60qJ1x J1 COJI,n;aTCKJ.1X eny-
TaTOB, 60JIbIlleBJ1KJ1 Ha HeM yme .HBHO npe06JIa aJIJ1. IIo nopyqe-
HJ110 MOCKOBCKoro 06JIaCTHOro 61Opo COBeTOB ,n;OKJIa,n; c,n;eJIaJI
60JIbIlleBJ1K 11. H. CTYKOB. IIocJIe rop.HQJ1X npeHJ.1H Cne3,n; npJ1H.HJI
60JIbllIeBJ.1CTCKJ1e pe30JIIOIJ;J.1J1. BpeMeHHoe npaBJ.1TeJIbCTBO 6bIJIO
06n.HBJIeHO npe,n;aTeJIbCKJ1M H aHTJ1Hapo,n;HbIM; e,n;J1HCTBeHHOH
3aKoHHoi1 BJIaCTblO ry6epHCKJ1e COBeTbI npOB03rJIaCJ.1JIJ.1 CBOIO
BJIaCTb.
OKT.H6pbCKa.H peBOJIIOIJ;J1.H, HaqaBllIa.HC.H B IIeTporpa,n;e, J1MeHHO
nOTOMY J.1 6bIJIa peBOJIIOQJ1ei1, a He J130JIJ1pOBaHHbIM BOCCTaHJ1eM
B CTOJIJ.1I..J;e, qTO JIeHJ1HCKa.H napTJ1.H J136paJIa ,n;JI.H ee ocy eCTBJIe-
HJ1.H TaKOH Mo eHT, Kor,n;a MaCCbI 6bIJIJ1 rOTOBbI I1 TJ.1 Ha llITypM
CTaporo MJ1pa, Kor,n;a COBeTbI 6bIJIJ1 yme 60JIbllIeBJ13J.1pOBaHbI.
C06bITJ1.H 1917 ro a BO BJIa J1MJ1pe nOJIHOCTblO no,n;TBepm aIOT
cnpaBe,n;JIJ1BOCTb TaKoro BbIBo,n;a.
QeHTp nOJIJ1TJ1QeCKoi1 J1 a,n;MJ1HJ1CTpaTJ1BHoi1 mJ13HJ1 B Cy,n;or,n;e
OKOHqaTeJIbHO nepeMeCTJ.1JIC.H Tenepb B J1CnOJIKOM COBeToB, IllTa6
KpacHoi1 rBap,n;J1J1 11 KOMJ1TeT PC prr(6). TOJIbKO 3cepOBCKJ1H
napTJ.1HHbIi1 KOMJ1TeT Mor e e KaK-TO COnepHJ1qaTb C HaIllJ1M. IIo-
CJIaHQbI Cy,n;oro,n;cKoro YKoMa 60JIbllleBJ1KOB J1 KpacHorBap,n;eH-
CKoro IllTa6a nepe,n;aBaJIJ1 B Te ,n;HJ1 npoeKTbI peIlleHJ1i1 no JII06bIM
BonpocaM HaIlleMY MOJIO,n;OMY 60JIbllIJ1HCTBY B ropo,n;cKOM COBeTe
J1 HCnOJIKOM nOqTJ1 6e30rOBOpOQHO YTBepm,n;aJI J1X. PacnOp.HmeHJ.1.H
npaBJ1TeJIbCTBeHHoro KOMJ1CCapa MeHbllIeBJ1Ka BpaTeHIllJ.1 KJ1 aJIJ1
B KOp3J1HY. IIoToM no YKa3aHJ11O CTaQeQHOrO Bcery6epHcKoro KO-
MJ1TeTa npeKpaTJ1JIJ1 pa60TY TeKCTJ1JIb J1KJ1 J1x no,n;,n;epmaJIJ1 pa-
60qJ1e ,n;pyrJ1x npo eccJ1i1. cl>a6pJ1KJ1 11: 3aBO bI Ha HeCKOJIbKO
,n;Hei1 3aMepJIJ1. Bce m aJIJ.1 OTKpbITJ1H II BcepOCCJ.1HCKOrO C'be3,n;a
COBeToB. M BOT J.13 IIeTporpa,n;a npJ1111JIO J13BeCTJ1e: BpeMeHHoe
6ypmya3Hoe npaBJ1TeJIbCTBO HJ13JIOmeHO, B CTpaHe YCTaHOBJ1JIaCb
COBeTCKa.H BJIaCTb KaK e,n;J1HCTBeHHO 3aKOHHa.H J1 nOJIHOMOqHa.H!
HeM n03me Cy,n;or,n;a nOJIyql1JIa 113 BJIa,n;J1MJ1pa nepBbIi1 HOMep
6IOJIJleTeH.H TaMOIllHero COBeTa, co,n;epmaBIllJ1M J13JIOmeHJ1e peIlle-
HJ1H Cne3,n;a. A eI.I.J;e Qepe3 ,n;eHb HOBa.H ra3eTa «Bopb6a H TPY.n»
OHeCJIa ,n;o Tpy,n;.H J1XC.H ry6epHJ1J1 TeKCT JIeHJ1HCKJ1X eKpeTOB
o MJ1pe J1 3eMJIe.
Cpa3Y me nOCJIe YCTaHOBJIeHJ1.H COBeTCKOH BJIaCTJ.1 B Cy,n;or e
H 6w Ha3HaqeH npe CeAaTeJIeM BoeHHoro OT,n;eJIa MeCTHoro Co-
BeTa J1 OTBeTCTBeHHbIM no BonpocaM eM06J1JIJ.13aIJ;J1J1 CTapOH
24
Ha nopoze iJ8YX anox
apMJ1H. .nBa QaTJ1JIeTHeMY BOeHKOMY (3TO CJIOBO yme TOr,n;a BO-
IllJIO B 06J1xo,n;) npJ1XO,n;J1JIOCb HeJIerKO. BparJ.1 peBOJIIOQJ.1H nOnbI-
TaJIHCb nepei1TJ1 B KOHTpHacTynJIeHJ1e. M3 COCe,n;HJ1X ye3,n;OB
npJ1XO,n;J1JIH TpeBOmHbIe BeCTJ.1. AHTJ1COBeTCKJ1e 3JIeMeHTbI no,n;-
H.HJIH BOCCTaHJ.1e Ha BbIKCe. KYJIaKJ1 BOCCTaJIJ1 B BYTbIJIJ.1QaX.
BoopymeHHbIe BbIcTynJIeHJ1.f1 npOTJ1B COBeTcKoi1 BJIaCTJ1 np0J13o-
llIJIJ.1 B lOpbeBe-I10JIbCKOM J.1 B CeJIe BeJIbKOBO KOBpOBCKOrO ye3,n;a.
B BOeHHOM OT,n;eJIe npJ1IllJIOCb Ha3HaqJ1Tb KpyrJIOCYTOqHOe ,n;emyp-
CTBO. KpaCHOrBap ei1QbI HOQaMJ1 06XO HJIH YJIHQbI. IIpe,n;ocTo-
pOmHOCTb OKa3aJIaCb He J13JIJ1lIIHeH. HeCKOJIbKO pa3 MbI 3a,n;epmJ1-
BaJlH no,n;03pHTeJIbHbIX JIJ.1Q C opymJ1eM, TO Heno,n;aJIeKY OT J1cnOJI-
KOMa, TO B03JIe BJ1HHbIX CKJIa,n;OB. A 3aTeM KYJIaKJ.1 ceJIa MOIllOK
nOnbITaJIJ1Cb nOBTOpJ.1Tb 6eJIbKOBCKJ1e C06bITH.H, J1 Cy,n;oro,n;cKHH
ye3 CTaJI apeHoi1 BoopymeHHbIx CTOJIKHOBeHJ1i1. BoeHHbIi1 OT,n;eJI
HanpaBJ.1JI npOTJ1B M.HTemHJ1KOB OTp.H KpacHorBap,n;eHQeB, H BparH
6bICTpO c,n;aJIJ1Cb.
MHoro BOJIHeHJ1H BbI3BaJIJ1 B ry6epHJ1J1 BbI60pbI B Yqpe,n;J1-
TeJIbHOe C06paHJ.1e. rJIaBHbIMJ1 cnHCKaMJ1 KaH,n;J1,n;aTOB B ,n;enYTaTbI
CqJ1TaJIHCb ,n;Ba: NQ 3, 3cepOBCKJ1i1, J.1 NQ 6, 60JIbIlleBJ1CTCKJ1i1. ArJ1-
TaQJ1.H IllJIa BOBCIO. KYJIaKJ1, JIaBOqHJ.1KJ1, 6bIBllIJ1e QapCKJ1e c.ny-
ma J1e, ocpJ1QepbI pacnycKaJIJ1 KJIeBeTHJfqeCKJ1e CJIYXJ1. Ho He Te
yme 6bIJIH BpeMeHa. HaIll ye3,n; (59 npoQeHToB rOJIOCoB) BMeCTe C
CY3,D;aJIbCKJ1M, BJIa J1MJ1pCKJ.1M, IlIyi1cKJ1M, J1BaHoBo-B03HeceH-
CKJ1M, KOBpOBCKJ.1M, AJIeKcaH,n;poBCKJ.1M J1 IIoKpoBcKHM nporoJIoco-
BaJlJ1 B OCHOBHOM 3a 60JIblIIeBJ.1KOB, a ye3,n;bI rOpOxOBeIJ;KJ1i1,
lOpbeBCKJ1H 11 B.H3HJ1KOBCKJ1H - 3a 3cepoB. B QeJIOM no ry6ep-
HJ.1J1 60JIbllIeBJ1KH nOJIYQHJIJ1 56 npou;eHToB rOJIOCOB, 3cepbI - 33
npoQeHTa, Ka,n;eTbI - 6 npoQeHToB. OCTaJIbHbIe rOJIoca 6bIJIH
OT,n;aHbI pa3JIJ1qHbIM MeJIKJ1M napTJ1.HM, BKJIlOqa.H MeHbIlleBJ1KOB.
Cpe.nH llIeCTJ1 60JIblIIeBJ1CTCKJ1X QJIeHOB Yqpe,n;J1TeJIbHOrO c06pa-
HJ1.H OT BJIa,n;HMJ1pCKOH ry6epHJ1J1 nOMHIO J1MeHa M. B. <t>pYH3e J1
Hapo,n;Horo KOMJ1CCapa no ,n;eJIaM IOCTJ1QJ1J1 B nepBOM COBeTcKoM
npaBJ1TeJIbCTBe f. 11. OnnoKoBa-JIoMoBa; cpe,n;J1 Tpex 3cepOB-
CKJ1X - JIH,n;epa JIeBbIX COIJ;J1aJIHCTOB-peBOJIJOUJ10HepOB MapJ.11O
CnJ.1pJ1,n;oHOBY. B Xy,n;IllYIO CTOPOHY OTJIJ1QJ1JIaCb caMa ry6epHCKa.H
CTOJIJ1Qa: .HBJI.HBIllJ1HC.H OT,n;eJIbHbIM J136HpaTeJIbHbIM oKpyroM, KY-
neqeCKO-QJ1HOBHJ1qJ1i1 BJIa,n;J.1MJ1p nOCJIaJI B Yqpe,n;J1TeJIbHOe c06-
paHJ.1e Ka,n;eTOB.
fJIaBHOH 3a60ToH BoeHOT eJIa B Te ,n;HJ1 OCTaBaJIaCb KpacHa.fl
rBap,n;H.H. Oc06eHHo aKTJ1BHO BCTynaJia B Hee MOJIo,n;emb. XOpOlliO
nOMOraJi BoeHOT,n;eJIY B ero pa60Te ye3 HbIH COlO3 MOJIo,n;emJ1,
,n;aBaBIllJ1t1: HaM caMbIX C03HaTeJIbHbIX napHeH. OH B03HHK Y Hac
B ry6epHJ1J1 B KOHL\e 191 7 ro,n;a. 113 BJIa J1MJ1pa ry6epHCKJ.1H
25
Ha cJtY:HC6e napody
COlO3 MOJIO,n;emJ1 npJ.1CbIJIaJI HaM mypHaJ1 «BeCTHMK HHTepHaIJ;J10-
HaJIa». COTpy,n;HJ1KJ1 BoeHOT,n;eJIa, ,n;BatJ;u;aTJ1JIeTHJ.1e pe6.HTa, C J.1H-
TepeCOM qJ1TaJIJ1 mypHaJl, a nOTOM Te, KTO norpaMoTHei1, YCTpaJ.1-
BaJIJ1 Ha cpa6pJ1KaX J1 B MaCTepCKJ1X KOJIJIeKTJ1BHbIe "IJ.1TKJ1. no Ma-
TepJ1aJIaM 3Toro mypHaJIa J1 nepe eJIaHHbIM, « npJ1cnOC06JIeHHbIM»
K nOBce,n;HeBHbIM C06bITJ1.HM nbecaM peBOJIIOIJ;J.10HHbIX ,n;paMaTYP-
rOB qJIeHbI cy,n;oro,n;CKoro COlO3a MOJIo,n;emJ1 CTaBMJIH B ropo,n;CKOM
KJIy6e cneKTaKJIJ1. PYKOBO,n;MJI nOCTaHOBKaMJ1 60JlblIIOH JII06J1TeJIb
TeaTpa, aKTJ1BJ1CT-06I.I.J;eCTBeHHJ1K H. A. Yro,n;J1H. Ero caMo,n;e.H-
TeJIbHa.H Tpynna CbIrpaJIa HeMaJIYIO pOJIb B KYJIbTYPHOH mJ13HJ1
ropo,n;a, aKTJ1BHO arJ1TJ1py.H 3a TopmeCTBO ,n;eJIa npOJIeTapJ1aTa.
C 60JIbIllJ1MJ1 OCJIOmHeHM.HMJ1 npOIllJIa B ry6epHJ1J1 ,n;J1CKYCCJ1.H
o BpeCTCKOM MJ1pe. ry6epHCKa.H napTOpraHJ.13aQHSI BeJia C ,n;aB-
HJ1X BpeMeH BCIO CBOIO pa60TY B KOHTaKTe C MOCKOBCKOi1 06JIaCT-
HOH. A B MocKBe HaXOAMJIC.H O,nJ1H J13 u;eHTpoB TOM rpynnbI qJIe-
HOB PC PII(6), KOTophle He COrJIaIllaJIJ1Cb nOtJ;nJ1CaTb C HeM-
IJ;aMJ1 MJ1pHbIi1 ,n;orOBOp, OTKa3bIBaJlJ1Cb 3aKJIlOqJ1Tb 3TOT MJ1p, He-
06XO,lJ;J1Mbli1 Tor,n;a ,n;JI.H Hac, XOT.H J1 «noxa6HbIH», KaK Ha3BaJ1 ero
B. M. JIeHJ1H, J1 HaCTaJ.1BaJIJ.1 Ha «peBOJIIOIJ;J.10HHOH BOHHe». TOJIbKO
nOCJIe VII C1>e3,na napTJ1J1 J.1 IV Cne3.na COBeToB (yme BecHoH
1918 ro,n;a) Bonpoc 6bIJI peIlleH npaBJ1JIbHO J1 OKOHqaTeJIbHO, a
«JIeBbIe» nOJIyqJ1JIJ1 oTnop.
nOBCe,n;HeBHbIe ,n;eJIa, Tpy,n;HOCTJ1 cOQJ1aJIJ1CTJ1qeCKOrO COBeT-
CKoro CTpOJ1TeJIbCTBa Tpe60BaJIJ1 Bce 60JIblIIerO BHJ1MaHJ1.H.
B MapTe y Hac CJIJ1JIJ1Cb COBeTbI pa60qJ.1x J.1 COJI,n;aTCKJ1X enYTa-
TOB C COBeTaMJ1 KpeCTb.HHCKJ1X ,n;enYTaToB. BbIJI 06pa30BaH
ry6epHCKJ1H cOBHapx03, a B Cy,n;or,n;e HaqaJIO pa60TaTb ero OT,n;e-
JIeHJ1e. CTaJIJ1 ocy eCTBJI.HTb 3eMeJIbHYlO pe opMY, J1 ye3,n;HoMY
BoeHHoMY oT,n;eJIY, nOJIyqJ1BIlleMY YKa3aHJ1.H J13 ry6BoeHoT,n;eJIa B
CB.H3J1 C C03,n;aHJ1eM perYJI.HpHOH KpacHoi1 ApMJ1J.1, npJ1IllJIOCb
emeHe,n;eJIbHO nOCbIJIa Tb OTp.H,n;bI B BOJIOCTJ1 ,n;JI.H 06eCneqeHJ1.H no-
p.H,n;Ka npJ1 nepe,n;eJIax 3eMJIJ1. HaKoHeQ B KOHIJ;e anpeJI.H BoeH-
OT eJIbI 6bIJIJ1 ocpJ1IJ;J1aJIbHO npe06pa30BaHbI B BoeHKOMaTbI.
XOqy Ha3BaTb 3,n;eCb HeCKOJIbKJ1X TOBapJ1I.I.J;eH H3 qJ1CJIa Tex,
KTO PYKOBO,n;J1JI Tor a HOBOt1: mJ13HblO B ye3,n;e, KTO npe,n;cTaB-
JI.HJI MOJIO,n;ylO COBeTcKYIO BJIaCTb. IIpe,n;ce,n;aTeJIeM Cy,n;oro,n;cKoro
ye3,n;Horo J1CnOJIHJ1TeJIbHOrO KOMJ1TeTa COBeToB 6bIJI II. B. OlIIMa-
pJ1H. I1MeHHo eMY, nepBoMY PYKoBo,n;J1TeJIIO cy,n;oro,n;CKJ1X 60JIb-
lIIeBJ1KOB nOCJIe <peBpaJIbCKOH peBOJIIOQJ1J1, ,n;oBepJ.1JIJ1 3TOT Bam-
HbIH nOCT. CeKpeTapeM J1CnOJIKOMa 6bIJI r. M. mypaBJIeB. rpJ1ro-
pJ1H, KaK J1 IIeTp, OT JIJ1QaJIC.H 60JIbIllOH 3HeprJ1eH, pa60Tocnoc06-
HOCTblO, npe,n;aHHocTblO ,n;eJIY Tpy,n;.R J1XC.H. rOpO,n;CKOH COBeT B
Cy or,n;e B03rJIaBJI.HJI CPo B. B.HKOB. ROMJ1CCapOM no npOMbIIllJIeH-
26
Ha nopoze iJ6YX anox
HbIM npe,n;npJ1.HTH.HM 6bIJI CPo M. KOCTOMapOB, KOMHccapOM no cPH-
HaHcaM - II. H. BaCHJIbeB, KOMJ1CCapOM no Tpy,n;OBbIM Bonpo-
caM - M. C. TpOcpJ1MOB. R COmaJIeHJ1IO, nOqTt1 HJ1KOrO J.13 HJ1X
HeT yme HbIHe B mJ1BbIX.
B nep8bl,X cpaJICeUUSlX
CTpaaa 8eCe'H,1tJl,Sl.-
Mypo.Mc'KUU .MJtTe3IC.-
noa Ka3a1t'b1O.-
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E iJy 6 a'Kaae.MU1O.
OXo,n;HBIllHe ,n;o Hac J13BeCTJ.1.H 0 6eJIOrBap,n;eHCKHX M.HTemaX
AO anpeJI.H 1918 ro,n;a He 3aTparJ1BaJiH BJIa,n;J1MHp J1HY. A B anpe-
JIe ry6BoeHKoMaT rrpJ1cJIaJI pacnOp.HmeHJ1e 0 no,n;rOTOBKe cneQJ1aJIb-
Horo npOJIeTapCKoro OTp.H,n;a ,n;JI.H 3a J1TbI COBeTcKot1: BJIaCTJ1 C
opymHeM B pYKax. OpymH.H y Hac 6bIJIO MaJIO. QaCTJ1qHO MbI
BOCnOJIHJ1JIH HeXBaTKY peKBJ13J1QJ1.HMH y Bpam,n;e6HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB,
qaCTJ1qHO nOJIyqHJIH opymHe H3 BJIa,n;J1MHpa J1 MOCKBbl. BbIJIO
OHO pa3HOKaJIJ.16epHbIM. He XBaTaJIO naTpoHoB. Ha 06yqeHHe
nepBoH rpynnbI ,n;06POBOJIbQeB-KpacHoapMet1:QeB YIlleJI npJ1MepHO
MeC.HQ. B Mae ee OTnpaBHJIt1 Ha 3ana,n; HeCTJ.1 cJIym6y y ,n;eMapKa-
QHOHHOt1: JIJ1HHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHOH no BpeCTCKOMY MJ1PY. E,n;Ba 3Ta
rpynna ycneJIa yexaTb, KaK ra3eTa «M3BeCTH.H BJIa,n;J1MHpCKOro
ry6epHcKoro COBeTa P.C. J1 K. .» BCJIe,n; 3a CTOJIJ1qHbIMJ1 ra3eTaMJ1
co06 J1JIa 0 6eJIOrBap,n;et1:cKO-QeXOCJIOBaQKOM M.HTeme B IIOBOJImbe,
Ha YpaJIe H B CH6J1pH. HaqaJIaCb CpOqHa.H no,n;rOTOBKa HOBOH
rpynnbI KpaCHoapMet1:QeB.
B HarneM ye3,n;e, ,n;a H B ry6epHHJ1 Bo06 e, OCHOBHa.H Macca
60HQOB-,n;06pOBOJIbQeB COCTO.HJIa J13 pa60qJ1x H 6bIBIllJ1X COJI,n;aT.
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M.HTemeH J1 oxpaHbI nOp.H,n;Ka HX CHJI XBaTaJIO. Ho Kor,n;a HaqaJIaCb
rpam,n;aHCKa.H BOHHa, CTaJIO .HCHO, QTO ,D;JI.H n06e,n;bI Ha,n; BparoM
cTpaHa Hym aeTC.H B 60JIbillOM perYJI.HpHoi1 apMJ.1J1. O HJ1MJ1 ,lt06-
pOBOJIbltaMJ1 COBeTCKa.H BJIaCTb He MOrJIa 060MTHCb.
II paBJ1TeJIbCTBO rrpJ1H.HJIO perneHJ1e 06 06.H3aTeJIbHoi1 BOJ1H-
CKOH nOBJ1HHOCTH. 29 Ma.H BIJ;J1K 06'b.HBHJI npH3bIB, a B J1IOHe
HaqaJIaCb M06HJIJ13aQH.H. BJIa,n;HMt1pCKa.H ry6epHt1.H 6bIJIa BKJIIO-
qeHa elIJ;e BeCHOH B MOCKOBCKJ1i1, a nOTOM B .HpOCJIaBCKJ1H BoeH-
HbIH oKpyr. OpraHJ.13aU;H.H npH3bIBa, c60p OCTaBll1erOC.H OT CTapbIx
27
Ha cJtY:JIC6e 1tapoay
rapHH30HOB BOeHHOrO J1My ecTBa HerO J1HBeHTapH3al.\H.H, CBe-
,n;eHJ1e HOB06paH eB B no,n;pa3,n;eJIeHJ1.H, BoopymeHJ1e, nOJIHTH-
qeCKOe npOCBe eHJ1e J.1 06yqeHJ.1e J1X, no,n;rOTOBKa J1 nOCbIJIKa
,n;OHeCeHJ1J1 0 xo,n;e 3T0i1 pa60TbI qepe3 ry6epHcKHi1 H oKpym-
HOi1 BoeHKOMaTbI B M06J1JIH3a J.10HHbIJ1 OT,n;eJI BcepOCCHHCKoro
rJIaBHOrO IllTa6a - BOT qeM 3aHHMaJIHCb MbI B IOHbCKHe ,n;HH.
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oKpymBoeHKOMbI - 1103ecpoBJ1t.J J.1 JIHBeHl.\eB. 3HeprJ1qHYIO ,ne.fI-
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KO. HbIHe reHepaJI B OTCTaBKe, MHXaJ1JI CTenaHOBJ1q Tome Tor,n;a
HaqJ1Ha.n CBOIO cJIym6y Ha BoeHHOM nonpH e. MbI no,n;,n;epmHBaJIJ1
C HHM nOBce HeBHbIYI KOHTaKT no BceM Bo"npocaM.
HallI BoeHKOMaT CTapaJIC.H B nepBYIO oqepe.nb HanpaBHTb B
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QeB. O,nHaKo COJI,n;aT He XBaTaJIO. II pJ.1IllJIOCb npJ13bIBaTb J1 He
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KHe CbIHKJ1, y6eraJiH B JIeca. OHJ1 OTKanbIBaJIH 3apbITbIe J1MJ1 B
nOTaHHbIe MeCTa BJ1HTOBKJ1, Kapa6HHbI J.1 HaraHbl J1 C03,n;aBaJIJ1
6aH,nbI. BoeHKOMaT YCTpaHBaJI 06JIaBbI, BbICbIJIaJI naTpYJIH. OCO-
6eHHO aKTHBHO J.1 OTBamHO ,n;et1:cTBOBa.nH npH JIJ1KBH,n;aQJ1J1 6aH,n;
KOMaH,n;J1p HaIllero 60eBoro OTp.fI,n;a B. C. Y CneHCKJ1J1 H HaqaJIb-
HJ1K ye3,n;Hot1: MJ1JIHl.\HJ1 B. M. I1cTpaToB.
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MomeT ,n;aTb qeJIOBeKY JIJ.160 CJ.1CTeMaTJ.1qeCKOe BoeHHoe 06pa30Ba-
HJ.1e, JlH60 caMa BOHHa. A yqJ.1JIC.H, r JI.H,A.H npem.ne Bcero Ha ro-
BopKoBa.
K COmaJleHJ.1IO, He,AOJIrO npJ.1IllJIOCb MHe lIIaraTb p.H OM C HO-
BbIM ,n;pyroM. B HaqaJIe CeHT.H6p.H nepellIJlH MbI B HacTynJleHJ.1e.
OcpJ.1I..J;epCKJ.1e 6aTaJlbOHbI OTKpbIJlJ.1 CJ.1J1bHbIH orOHb, .nJlKHHbIMJ1
oqepe,A.HMJ.1 CTPOQJ.1JIJ.1 J.1X nYJIeMeTbI. HeJIerKO 6bIJIO no.nHJ1MaTb
60HQOB B aTaKY. Tor,n;a rOBOpKOB BCTaJi Bnepe,AH OTp.H,n;a B nOJI-
HbIM pOCT, C3a,n;J.1 ce6.f1 nOCTaBJ1JI MeH.H J.1 3HaMeHOCI..J;a Pe6.HTa
32
Ha nopoze iJ8YX an OX
3aneJlJ.1 «BHXpJ.1 BpamJ];e6Hble BelOT HaJJ; HaMJ.1... », J.1 OTp.H):\ pBaHYJI-
C.H Ha Bpara. He npOIllJIH MbI J.1 HeCKOJlbKJ.1X lliarOB, KaK rOBOpKOB
nOKaqHYJlC.H. .H 6poCJ1JIC.H K HeMY. Y Hero J.13 BJ.1CKa COqJ.1JIaCb
KpOBb. He ycneJI .H nOCJlaTb 3a CaHJ1TapaMJ.1, KaK OR CKOHqaJIC.H.
A orOHb Bpara Bce CJ.1J1bHee. qTO ,neJIaTb? OTcTynaTb? 3apbI-
BaTbC.H B 3eMJIIO? M,nTJ.1 .n;aJlbIlle? BOHI..J;bI CMOTp.HT Ha MeH.H, Koe-
KTO yme JI om J.1TC.H. H 3aKpJ.1qaJl J1 n06emaJl K meJIe3HO Opom-
HOH HaCbInJ.1. OrJI.HHYJlC.H - Bce 6erYT 3a MHO", Bpo,n;e 6bI HJ.1KTO
He OTCTaeT. Y HaCbInJ.1 3aJler JIJ.1. IIo.nnoJI3JIJ.1 KO MHe pOTHbIe,
CnpallIJ.1BaIOT: «ToBapJ.1I.I.J; KOMJ.1CCap, OKanbIBaTbC.H J1J1J1 MbI TYT
HeHa,nOJlro?» H OrJI.HHYJIC.H, KaK 6bI no J.1HepQJ.1J1, HO rOBOpKoBa
yme He YBJ.1.n;eJl. Me,nJIJ1Tb B TOT MOMeHT 6bIJIO HeJIb3H. BCIIOM-
HJ1B ypOKJ.1 rOBOpKOBa, nOCTaBJ.1J1 pOTHbIM 3a,n;aqy, 3aTeM CKa3aJI:
«KaK BCTaHY - BOT J.1 CJ1rHaJI. A TaKyeM .n;aJIbllIe!»
OroHb CTJ.1X. TOJIbKO MbI no,nH.HJlJ1Cb, BJ1.n;J.1M, HaBCTpeqy 6e-
rYT 30JIOTOnOrOHHJ1KJ.1 co IllTbIKaMJ1 HanepeBec, pTbI pacKpbITbI,
a KpJ1Ka J.13-3a CTpeJIb6bI He CJIbIlliHO.. CQenJ.1JIJ.1Cb BpYKonallI-
HYIO. H paCCTpeJl.HJI BCIO 060HMY BO BpameCKJ.1X nYJleMeTqJ.1KOB.
IIYJIeMeT 3aMOJlqaJI, a n03a J.1 Hero BCKOqJ.1J1 C BJ.1HTOBKOH B pYKe
COJIJ];aT. YcneeT BbICTpeJlJ1Tb - KOHeQ MHe. IIpbIrHYJI .H qepe3
IQJ.1TOK «MaKCJ1Ma», qT06bI y,napJ.1Tb Bpara PYKO.HTKOi1 MaY3epa B
JIJ1I..J;O, J1 3aQenJ.1J1C.R HorOH. IIa,n;a.H, ycneJI 3aMeTJ.1Tb, KaK TOT
B3MaXHYJI npJ1KJIa,n;OM, J.1 .H nOqYBCTBOBaJI CJ.1J1bHbIH y,nap B 3aTbI-
JlOK. IIoTOM - TYMaH... OqHYJIC.H Ha nOJlKe B CaHJ.1TapHOM BarOHe.
3HaqJ1T, mJ.1B!
Qepe3 ,n;eHb HaBeCTJ.1JIJ.1 MeH.H TOBapJ.1 J.1. IIpHHecJIJ.1 06Ha-
PymeHHoe B KapMaHe peHqa rOBOpKoBa nJ.1CbMO, a,n;peCOBaH-
Hoe B pe,n;aKQJ11O ra3eTbI «M3BeCTJ.1.H». B IIJ.1CbMe OH npJ.13bIBaJI
KpaCHoapMeHQeB 6J.1Tb 6eJIOrBap,n;ei1QeB ,n;o KOHQa. CTpaHJ1qKa
KOHqaJIaCb CJlOBaMJ.1: «,lI;epJ1TeCb 3a COBeTCKYIO BJlaCTb, B HeH
Ballie CnaCeHJ.1e». A eI.IJ;e qepe3 HeCKOJIbKO .nHeH npJ.1lliJla BeCTb,
QTO Ka3aHb oCB060m,n;eHa.
B Cy,n;or.n;e ,nPY3b.H npJ.1exaJIJ.1 Ha meJIe3Ho,nopomHYIO CTaH-
QJ110 BCTpeTJ.1Tb 6bIBIllero BoeHKOMa. ,lI;oKTopa npe,nnJ.1caJlJ.1 MHe
,ltJlJ1TeJlbHbIH OT,nbIX J1 JIeqeHJ.1e. IIoqTJ.1 ,nBa MeC.HQa .H OTJIemJ1-
BaJlC.H npJ1xo,n;J.1JI B ce6.H. IIoHeMHory MOJlO,n;OCTb HaqaJla 6paTb
Bepx. Bce qa e Mor .R npJ.1cYTcTBoBaTb Ha 3ace,n;aHJ.1.HX YKoMa
IIOMoraTb HOBOMY BoeHHoMY KOMJ.1CCapy B ero pa60Te. HaKo-
HeQ nOqYBcTBOBaJl, qTO CHOBa B COCTO.HHJ.1 BoeBaTb.
BCKope nocJle Toro, KaK Cy,n;or.n;a TopmecTBeHHo OTMeTJ.1J1a
nepBYIO ro,n;oBI.I.J;J.1HY BeJlJ1KOrO OKT.H6p.H, .H nOCTaBJ.1J1 nepe,n;
YKOMOM PKII(6) Bonpoc 06 OTKOMaH,nJ.1pOBaHJ1J1 MeH.H B .n;ei1-
CTBYIOI.I.J;YIO a pMJ1IO. Y KOM B3aMeH npe,n;JlomJ.1JI MHe B03r JIaBJ.1Tb
33
.Ra c./I,Y:HC6e napoay
ye3J];HbIH Bce06yq. Cnop 6bIJI nepeHeceH B ry6epHCKYIO J.1HCTaH-
QJ1IO, a TaM pellIJ.1J1J1 eJlo TaK, KaK He omJ1 aJJ HJ1KTO J13 Hac,
J1 HanpaBJ1JIJ1 MeHH B AKa,n;eMJ.11O reHepaJlbHOrO llITa6a J];JI.H
nOJIyqeHJ1.H CJ.1CTeMaTJ1qeCKOrO BoeHHOfO 06pa30BaHJ.1Sl. 06yqeHJ.1e B
HeM ,n;Bam,n;bI npepbIBaJlOCb ,ltJIH MeH.H OTnpaBKOH CJIYllIaTeJlet1
nepBoro J1 BToporo KypCOB Ha pOHT. B nepBbIH pa3 3TO 6bIJlO B
Mae 1919 ro,n;a.
npOTUB de1iUKU1i'lfeB
riJe 9-Sl ap.MUSl? -
BeWe1tCKUe C06bLTUSl.-
,l{U6U3U'IO 8eaeT CTenU1tb.-
Tpya'Hoe oTcTyn./l,e'HUe.-
IIpop'bL8 'Ha IIoeopu'Ho.-
U 3.Me'Ha.-
npo14au, lO:HC'H'bLU cjjpO'HT!
MaHCKJ.1MVI AHHMJ1 1919 ro,n;a, KorAa BOKpyr Bce QBeJIO J.1 3eJle-
HeJIO, .H npJ16bIJI B llITa6 IOmHoro poHTa, KOTOpbIM KOMaHAOBaJI
TorJ];8 B. M. rJ1TTVlC. OTclO.na MHe npe.ncTO.HJIO np06paTbcR B
9-10 apMJ.1IO. H He cJlYQai1Ho ynoTpe6J.1J1 CJIOBO «rrp06paTbC.H».
XOT.H 06 a.H JIJ.1HJ.1.R pOHTa npOXOAJ.1J1a r,n;e-To B03J1e POCTOBa,
400-KJ.1JIOMeTpOBoe npocTpaHcTBo, JIemaBllIee Ha nYTJ1 K HeH OT
BopOHema, nOJIbIXaJlO B Of He: Ha ceBep HacTynaJlJ1 npOpBaBllIJ.1e
pOHT y.napHbIe rpynnJ.1pOBKJ1 6eJIOrBap.neHCKJ.1X apMJ.1H; no.nHJ1Ma-
JlJ.1 MHTemJ.1 YKpaJ.1HCKJ.1e 6aHJ];J.1TCKJ.1e aTaMaHbI 3anaAHee J.1 ceBep-
Hee oH6acca; 6YHTOBaJIJ.1 KYJIaKJ.1 Mem,n;y JIJ.1CKaMJ.1 VI HOBoxonep-
CKOM; HaKOHeQ, B BerneHCKOH BcrrbIXHYJI Ka3aQJ.1H M.HTem. qT06bl
nonaCTb no Ha3HaqeHJ.11O B paHOH Mem,n;y KypTaJIaKOM, MeABe-
,n;J.1Qet1 J.1 JIOBOt1, HallIa rpynna .nOJlmHa 6bIJla np06J.1paTbCSl
npJ.1,n;OHCKJ1MJ.1 CTen.HMJ.1, 06xo,n;.R pa3HbIe aHTJ.1COBeTCKJ1e 6aH,n;bI.
CTOJlb 3arrYTaHHa.H CJ1TyaI..J;J.1.H CJlOmJ1J1aCb 3,n;eCb e e B arrpe-
JIe 1919 ro,n;a. IOmHbIH <ppOHT paHHeti BecHoH npJ.1maJl ,n;eHJ1KJ.1H-
u;eB K MOplO, HO HaHeCTJ.1 rrocJle,n;HJ.1i1, peIllalO J.1H YAap He CMor.
YKpaJ1HCKa.H KpaCHa.H ApMJ1.H 6bIJla 3aH.HTa JIJ.1KBJ.1,n;an;J.1eH nOCJIeJ];-
CTBJ.1H J.1HOCTpaHHOH HHTepBeHQJ.1J1 Ha IOrO-3anaJ];e pecrry6JIJ1KJ.1, a
B Mae ee CJ1JIbI OTBJleKJlO BOCCTaHJ1e aTaMaHa rpJ1rOpbeBa. M3
IJ;eHTpa JIyqllIJ.1e KpaCHoapMeHCKJ1e nOnOJIHeHJ.1.H YllIJlJ.1 Ha BOCToq-
HblH cppOHT. OCHaI.I.J;eHHbIe AHTaHToi1 BOHcKa ,l(eHJ1KJ.1Ha CYMeJlJ.1
OrrpaBJ1TbC.H, CKOJIOTJ1Tb MO HbIH KYJlaK J1 nOArOTOBJ1TbC.H
K HacTynJIeHJ.1IO. K KOHI..J;y anpeJl.H npOTJ1B 100 TblC.Hq 6eJIOfBap-
,n;eHCKJ1X Ca6eJlb J1 IllTblKOB IOmHbIH <ppOHT Mor BbICTaBJ1Tb TOJIbKO
73 TbIC.HqJ1.
34
Ha nopoze iJeyx anox
20-TbIC.HQHa.H 9-.H apMJ1.H, COCTO.HBIlla.H J13 TpeX J.1BJ13 i1, pac-
T.HHYJIaCb Ha 200 KJ1JIOMeTpOB no q:,pOHTY B TbIJlY STOJ1 apMJ1J1,
HaBJ1CllIeH C BOCTOKa Ha,n; POCTOBOM, BcnbIXHYJI, KaK .R yme yno-
M.HHYJI, Ka3aqJ.1H MHTem. BeIlleHCKJ.1e, Ka3aHCKJ1e, MJ.1rYJlJ1HCKJ1e,
eJIaHCKJ1e J1 YCTb-xOnepCKJ.1e CTaHJ1qHJ1KJ.1, cnpoBoQJ.1pOBaHHbIe
BparaMJ1 COBeTcKoH BJlaCTJ.1, B3.HJlJ1Cb 3a opymJ.1e. J1x no,n;,n;epma-
JlJ1 Ka3aKJ1 XYTOPOB HanOJIOBa, ACTaxoBa, IIIYMJ.1JIJ.1Ha, COJlOHKJ1.
9-i1 apMJ1 Hap.H,n;y C 8-H npJ.1llIJlOCb BbI,n;eJlJ1Tb 3HaqJ1TeJIbHYIO
qaCTb CJ.1J1 Ha no.n;aBJleHJ1e M.HTema B c06cTBeHHoM TbIJlY. IIo,n;-
KpenJleHJ1.H npJ.1cJlaJIJ.1 TaKme ,n;pyrJ.1e cppOHTbI J1 MocKBa. 30-TbI-
CHqHa.R rpynna BOCCTaBllIJ.1X 6bIJIa B3.HTa B KOJIbQO, HO He CJIOM-
JIeHa.
A 6 Ma.H ,l(eHJ1KJ1H nepellIeJl B HacTynJleHJ.1e: «,l(06POBOJIbqe-
CKa.H» apMJ.1.H reHepaJla Mai1-MaeBcKoro ,n;BJ.1HYJlaCb qepe3 ,lI;OH-
6acc Ha YKpaJ.1HY; KaBKa3CKa.H apMJ1.H reHepaJla BpaHreJl.H-
Qepe3 CaJIbCKJ1e CTenJ1 Ha apJ1QbIH; ,lI;oHCKa.H apMJ1.H reHepaJla
CI1 OpJ1Ha HaHeCJla y,n;ap no HallIeH 9-i1 apMJ.1J.1 BYM.H KaBaJIe-
pl1i1CKJ1MJ1 KopnycaMJ1 B CTbIK Mem y 16-H 23-i1 ,n;J1BJ13J1HMJ.1
I1 25 Ma.H npOpBaJla cpPOHT. C,n;eJlaTb STO 6bIJlO He TaK ym Tpy,n;HO,
eCJIJ1 npJ1H.HTb BO BHJ.1MaHJ1e, qTO 15 TbIC.Hq llITbIKOB J1 Ca6eJIb,
no,n;qJ1H.HBllIJ1XC.H K TOMY BpeMeHJ1 KOMaH apMy-9, 6bIJlJ1 pa36po-
caHbI OT eJlbHbIMJ1 rpynnaMJ1 OT CTaHJ.1QbI KOHCTaHTJ.1HOBCKOH o
KaMeHcKoi1. IIpJ.1Ka3 PeBBoeHcoBeTa pecny6J1J1KJ1 0 nepexo.ne
IOmHoro q:,poHTa K 06opoHe 3an03 aJl. BCKope 3-M OHCKOH Ka-
3aqJ.1i1 Kopnyc, nOTeCHJ.1BllIJ1H HallIero coce,n;a cnpaBa, 8-10 apMJ.1IO,
BhIllIeJl B pai10H MJ1J1JIepOBO, rpynna me BOi1cK reHepaJIa CeKpe-
TeBa Qepe3 CTaHJ.1I.J;bI TaIJ;J.1HcKYIO, M J.1J1IOTJ.1HCKYIO, BOKOBCKYIO
pBaJIaCb Ha BbIpyqKY K Ka3aKaM BellIeHcKoi1 J1 7 I1IOHH coe,n;J.1-
HJ1JIaCb C M.HTemHJ1KaMJ.1.
E e no ,n;opore B caMYIO aJlbHIOIO, ,n;ei1cToBaBllIYIO Ha KpaHHeM
JIeBOM q:,JlaHre apMJ.1J.1 14-10 ,n;J1BJ13J11O, Ky a MeH.H Ha3HaqJ1J1J1, H
BCTpeTJ1J1C.H C KOMaH,n;J.1paMJ.1 J1 60i1I..J;aMJ1 HeCKOJIbKJ1X ,n;pyrJ1x
J1BJ13J1i1 J1 n03HaKOMJ1J1C.H C HJ1MJ1. Y 60JlbllIJ.1HCTBa J.13 HJ.1X HaCT-
pOeHJ1e 6bIJlO 60eBbIM, HO Koe-KTO, oc06eHHo J13 23-H ,n;J1BJ13J.1J1,
epmaJlc.H J1Haqe. KaK MHe nOKa3aJlOCb, 3TO 6bIJlO CB.R3aHO C
nepeMe eHJ.1eM 6bIBllIero KOM,n;J1Ba-23 cI>. K. MJ1pOHOBa, KOTOpbIH
B TO BpeM.H r,n;e-TO B03JIe CapaHCKa CKOJlaqJ1BaJi KpaCHbIM Ka-
3aqJ1H Kopnyc J13 nepe6paCbIBaeMbIX Ty,n;a OTp.H,n;OB xonepCKOH
6e,n;HOTbI. CTapbIe TOBapJ1 J1 C HeTepneH}1eM m,n;aJlJ1 npJ16bITJ1.H
MJ1pOHOBa, KOTOpbIi1, no HX CJIOBaM, ,n;OJImeH 6bIJI «HaBeCTJ1 no-
pH,n;OK» Ha ,lI;OHY. B qeM me STOT «nopH,n;OK» 3aKJllOqaJlCH?
KaK .H Y3HaJI, MJ.1pOHOB, no B3r JI.H,n;aM TJ.1nJ1qHbIH cepe,n;H.HK,
HaXO J.1J1CH paHbllIe rro,n; BJIJ1.HHJ1eM 3cepOB J.1 e e He 06peJI
35
Ha c./I,Y:HC6e 'HapoiJy
TBep oro 60JlbllIeBJ.1CTCKOrO MJ.1pOB033peHJ1.H. JIJ1qHO qeCTHbIH, OH
KOJle6aJIc.H, KaK KOJIe6aJIaCb nopo qaCTb Cepe,n;H.HKOB. IIpoB03-
rJIallIeHHbIi1 B MapTe 1919 rOJ];a VIII Cne3,n;OM rrapTJ1J1 KYpC Ha
npOqHbIM COlO3 C cepe.nH.HKOM nOKa JlJ1l1Ib HaqJ1HaJl npeTBo-
p.HTbC.H B mJ13Hb. Kor a OH YKpenJ1TC.H, nepecTaHYT KOJIe6aTbC.H
TaKJ1e, KaK MJ1pOHOB, npeKpaTJ1TCH 60JlTOBH.H 0 «pacKa3aqJ1Ba-
HJ1J1» J1 caM C060H 3aTyxHeT BeIlleHCKJ.1 M.HTem. TaKoe MHeHJ1e
.H YCJlbIIllaJI OT HeKoTopbIX pa60THJ1KOB nOJlJ1TOT,n;eJIa apMJ1J1.
B03MomHo, .nYMaJl .H, HO 3HaqJ1T JIJ.1 3TO, qTO MbI .nOJImHbI m.naTb
Y MOpH noro,n;bI J.1 He JIJ1KBJ1,n;J1pOBaTb 6bICTpee aHTJ.1COBeTCKoe
BOCCTaHJ1e?
rpam,n;aHCKa.H BOHHa npO OJImaJIa aBaTb ypOKJ1 KJlC!CCOBOi1
60pb6M. Ho OHa yqJ.1JIa He TOJIbKO B rrOJlJ1TJ1qeCKOM, a J.1 B qJ1-
CTO BoeHHOM nJlaHe. .H y6e,n;J.1J1c.H B 3TOM, KaK TOJlbKO HaqaJl pa-
60TaTb nOMOI.I(HJ.1KOM HaqaJIbHJ1Ka IlITa6a 14-t1 ):tJ1BJ.13J.1J.1, Heno-
cpe,n;CTBeHHO no,n;qJ.1H.HHCb Haq,n;J.1BY CTenJ1HIO, KOMJ1CCapy Pom-
KOBY J1 HaqIllTa6a KJ.1CeJIeBY.
MCTOpJ1.H 3Toro coe,n;J1HeHJ.1.H BKpaTQe TaKOBa. JIeToM 1918 ro,n;a
6bIJIa C03,n;aHa MOCKOBCKa.H Oc06a.H 6pJ.1ra,n;a J13 pa60qJ1x nOJIKOB
KpacHoM IIpecHJ1 J1 3aMoCKBOpeQb.H. Ee nOCJIaJIJ.1 Ha IOmHbIH
cppOHT, a oceHblO npe06pa30BaJIJ.1 B 14-10 CTpeJlKoBYIO ,n;J.1BJ13J11O.
II pJ.1 3TOM Oc06aH 6pJ1ra,n;a CTaJla Ha3bIBa TbC.H 2-i1, a 1-10 J1 3-10
6pJ1ra bI CKOJIOTJ1JIJ1 J.13 pa3J1J1QHbIX ,n;06pOBOJlb IeCKJ1X OTp.H,n;OB.
B .HHBape 1919 ro,n;a KOMaH,n;OBaHJ.1e ,n;J1BJ13J1eM npJ1H.HJI MOJlO OJ1:
JlaTbIIlI-60JlbIlleBJ1K, 6bIBIllJ1 ocpJ1uep AJleKCaH p KapJIOBJ.1q
CTenJ1Hb (y Hac ero Ha3b1BaJIJ.1 nO-PYCCKJ1: CTenJ.1H). IIo ero
KOMaH OBaHJ1eM coe,n;J1HeHJ1e npOIllJlO 60JIbllIOM 60eBo nYTb. K
MoeMY npJ1e3,n;y CTerrJ1Hb OTHeCC.H C J1HTepecoM. OH ,n;oJlro pac-
CnpallIJ1BaJi MeHH 0 npOllIJIO pa60Te, 06 06yqeHJ1J1 B aKa,n;eMJ1J1
J1 xapaKTepe 3aH.HTJ1 , 0 npocpeccopax, MHOrJ.1e J13 KOTOpbIX
6bIJIJ1 3HaKOMbI eMY no COBMeCTHO cJlym6e B cTapo apMJ.1J1.
HaqaJlbHJ1K me IllTa6a 6e3 BCHKJ1X OKOJlJ1QHOcTet1 CYHYJl MHe Kap-
TY B PYKJ1 J1 CKa3aJl: «Ballia 3a,n;aqa - BeCTJ1 ee, HaHOCJ1Tb nOJIome-
HJ1e BOMCK HallIJ1X J1 npOTJ1BHJ1Ka J1 HeMe,n;JleHHO OTMeqaTb Bce
J13MeHeHJ1.H». Ha 3TOM BBe,n;eHJ1e MeH.H B KYpC eJIa 3aKOHQJ1J10Cb,
J1 B ,n;aJlbHe llIeM H 06 aJIc.R C KJ.1CeJleBbIM CpaBHJ1TeJIbHO M aJIo.
MomHO 6bIJIO no,n;YMaTb, qTO OH 3apaHee nOCTaBJ1JI KpeCT Ha
QeHHOCTJ1 cBe,n;eHJ1H, KOTopbIe .H ,n;06bIBaJI. He npe,n;BJ1,n;eJI JIJ1 OH,
qTO MOJIO,n;Oi1 llITa6Hoi1 pa60THJ1K He 6y,n;eT eMY nOJle3eH?
A Ha MOM B3rJl.H,n;, .H ,n;e CTBJ1TeJIbHO BHaqaJle npJ1HOCJ1JI MaJIO
nOJIb3bl. Y CTaHOBJ1JI .H 3TO B nepBbIe me ,n;HJ1. C06epy CBemJ1e ,n;aH-
Hble, HaHecy Ha RapTY, TeM BpeMeHeM npo ,n;eT HeCKOJIbKO qa-
COB. HaqJ1HalO 3aTeM npOBep.HTb J1HcpopMaQJ1lO, TaR KaK Ha CJIOBO
36
Ha nop02e iJ8YX anox
B TaKOM ,n;eJIe TOme BepJ1Tb HeJlb3.R (Be,n;b OT 3Toro 3aBJ.1CJ1T
CBoeBpeMeHHOCTb 60eBbIX pacnOp.HmeHJ.1H J1 ycnex 60H B QeJIOM).
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47
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48
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53
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BepHYJIC.H B mJ1TOMJ1p. Tenepb 3TO yme 6bIJI TbIJI. CTpeMJ1TeJIb-
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54
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6JIJ13KO. B KOHIJ;e J1IOJI.H B03HJ1K IIoJIbCKJ1H BpeMeHHbIM peBo-
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neXOTY: no,n;CKaKaB K n03J1QJ1.HM Bpara, OqeHb pe,n;KO aTaKOBaJIJ1
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55
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BJ13J1.H nbITaJIaCb .D;e30praHJ130BaTb BOHcKa npOTJ1BHJ1Ka Mem.D;Y
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56
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57
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JIJ1Cb rJIy60KJ1M TbIJIOM. AKa eMJ1.H pa3MeCTJ1JIaCb B EKaTepJ1H-
6ypre (HbIHe CBep,n;JIOBCK) HenO aJIeKY OT 3 aHJ1.H, B KOTOpOM
HaXO J1JIOCb no cTpamei1 ceMeHCTBO POMaHOBbIx. BeJIOrBap-
eMU;bI YCJ1JIeHHO pBaJIJ1Cb CIO,n;a, qT06bI, OCB060,n;J1B HJ1KO-
JIa.H II, c,n;eJIaTb ero 3HaMeHeM KOHTppeBOnlOIJ;J1J1. EKaTepJ1H-
6ypr MbI He CYMeJIJ1 Tor a y,n;epmaTb. IIpaB a, ypanbCKJ1e
pa60qJ1e ycneJIJ1 paCCTpeJI.HTb npe,n;cTaBJ1TeJIeH IJ;apCKOM J1Ha-
CTJ1J1. Ho HallI'£1 llITa6bI. oTcTyna.H, MaTepJ1aJIbHYIO qaCTb aKa.ne-
MJ1J1 C C060H He npJ1XBaTJ1nJ1. Ka pbl me aKa,n;eMJ1J1 6bIJIJ1 3Ba-
KYJ1pOBaHbI B Ka3aHb.
o TOM, qTO CJIYQJ1JIOCb B Ka3aHJ.1, paCCKa3bIBaJI HaM M. M. Ba-
IJ;eTJ.1C, nOCJIe J13MeHbI 3cepa MypaBbeBa B03r JIaBJ.1BllIJ1H JIeTOM
1918 ro a BOCTOqHbIH pOHT, 3aTeM CTaBllIJ1i1 rJIaBHOKOMaH-
,n;YIOI..QJ1M, a Y Hac B aKa eMJ1J1 .HBJI.HBIllJ1MC.H npocpeccopOM.
JIJ1qHbIH COCTaB aKa eMJ1J1 pacnOJIomJ1JIC.H B Ka3aHCKOM KOM-
MepqeCKOM yqJ.1JIJ1l..Qe. BaQeTJ1c nbITaJIC.H CKJIOHJ1Tb 3TJ1X JIIO eM
K cJIym6e B KpaCHOH ApMJ1J1, HO 6e3ycnellIHO. OTKJIJ1KHYJIJ1Cb
Ha peQb KOMaH YlOl..Qero <ppOHTOM JIJ1lUb HeCKOJIbKO qeJIOBeK.
A OCTaJIbHbIe ,n;o* aJIJ1Cb BCTynJIeHJ1.H B ropo 6eJIbIX H BO
rJIaBe C HaqaJIbHJ1KOM aKa,n;eMJ1J1 CTapbIM reHepaJIOM AH OrCKJ1M
YllIJIJ.1 B CTaH Bpara. AH.norCKJ1H B03rJIaBJI.HJI 3aTeM B TOMcKe
KOJIqaKOBcKYIO aKa eMJ1IO, a eI.IJ;e n03me 6emaJi B MaHbqmypJ1lO.
58
Ha nopoze 08YX anox
Mem,n;y TeM COBeT HapO,n;HbIX KOMJ1CCapOB BbI,n;BJ1HYJI
oceHblO 1918 ro,n;a nJiaH C03 aHJ1.H 3-MJ1JIJIJ10HHOH perYJI.HpHOH
apMJ1J1. KTO me ,n;OJImeH 6bIJI 06yqaTb ee, pa60TaTb B IllTa6ax,
KOMaH OBaTb COe J.1HeHJ1.HMI1 J1 QaCT.HMJ1? BoeHHbIx cneQJ1aJIJ1-
CTOB He XBaTaJIO. BOJIbllIOe qJ1CJIO BbICOKoo.napeHHbIX no npJ1-
po,n;e JIIO eH, BbIXO IJ;eB 113 Hapo,n;a, CTaBIllJ1X 6JIeCT .HI..QJ1MJ1 KO-
MaH J1paMJ1, OTKpbIJIa caMa rpam aHCKa.H BOHHa. P.H,n; CTapbIX
cneUJ1aJIJ1CTOB qeCTHO CJIymJ1JIJ1 COBeTCKOH BJIaCTJ1. O,n;HaKO
Ka,n;pOB HymHo 6bIJIO eI.I.J;e 60JIbIlle. BOT Tor,n;a-To IJ;K PKII(6)
J1 COBHapKOM npHH.HJIJ1 peIlleHJ1e OpraHJ130BaTb HOBYIO aKa e-
MJ1IO, BoeHHbIe yqJ1JIHI.I.J;a, KOMaH,n;HbIe KypCbI J1 YKoMnJIeKTOBaTb
J1X B OCHOBHOM yqaCTHJ.1KaMJ1 OKT.H6pbCKOH peBOJIIOIJ;J1J1 J1 rpa-
m aHCKoH BOHHbI.
Hanp.HmeHHoe nOJIOmeHHe Ha <ppoHTax 3aCTaBJ1JIO COKpa-
I..QaTb CpOK 06yqeHJ1.H, J1. ero onpe eJIHJIJ1 B llIeCTb MeC.HI..J;eB.
(llOTOM HeCKOJIbKO pa3 YBeJIJ.1QJ1BaJIJ1). Ho ,n;ame llIeCTb MeC.HI..J;eB
no,n;p.H,n; nOqTJ1 HJ1KTO He CJIYIllaJI JIeKI..J;J1i1. 06bIQHO JIIO J1, npo-
yqHBllIJ1Cb HeKOTopoe BpeM.H, y6bIBaJIJ.1 B eHCTBYIOI.I.J;YIO apMJ1IO,
qT06bI nOTOM B03BpaTJ1TbC.H J1 ,n;oyqJ.1BaTbC.H. TaK CJIyqJ1JIOCb J1
co MHOH. HeKOTopbIM npJ1IllJIOCb KypCJ1pOBaTb TaK no TpJ1-qe-
TbIpe pa3a. qallte Bcero 3J1MOM yqJ1JIJ1Cb, a JIeTOM BOeBaJIJ1,
XOT.R 6bIJIH J1 J1CKJIlOqeHJ1.H. IIocTeneHHoe y,n;JIJ1HeHJ1e CpOKOB
06yqeHJ1.H npJ1Bo,n;J.1JIO K HemeJIaTeJIbHbIM nOCJIe CTBJ1.HM: He-
paIJ;J10HaJIbHoMY pacnpe eJIeHJ11O yqe6HbIX ,n;J1CIJ;J1nJIJ1H H He-
peHTa6eJIbHOH TpaTe BpeMeHJ.1. Ho J1HOrO BbIxo a Tor,n;a He 6bIJIO.
C03,n;aBaJIJ.1 HOBYIO aKa,n;eMJ11O TaK. PeBBoeHCOBeT BbI3BaJI
6bIBllIero reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHTa AHTOHJ1.H KapJIOBJ1qa KJIJ1MOBJ1qa
J13 ropo a K03JIOBa, r e OH 6bIJI ye3,n;HbIM BoeHpYKOM, aJI eMY
B KaqeCTBe ynpaB,n;eJIaMJ1 6y y eH aKa eMJ1J1 6bIBllIero reHe-
paJI-MaMOpa A. A. .HKOBJIeBa J1 Ha3HaqJ1JI KOMJ1CCapaMJ1 CTapbIX
60JIbIlleBJ1KOB 3MJ1JIJ.1.H J1BaHOBJ1qa K03JIOBCKOro J1 BJIa,n;J1MJ1pa
HJ1KoJIaeBJ1qa 3aJIemCKoro. C 3Toro MOMeHTa J1 HaqaJIO cpop-
MJ1pOBaTbC.H B MocKBe BbICIIIee BoeHHo-yqe6HOe 3aBe,n;eHJ.1e 06-
I..QeBOHCKoBoro TJ1na C reHIllTa60BCKJ1M YKJIOHOM. BHaqaJIe aKa-
eMJ1.H pa3MeCTJ1JIaCb B 6bIBIlleM ,n;BOpIJ;e IlIepeMeTeBa Ha B03-
.nBJ1meHKe (ceHqaC - HaqaJIO npocneKTa HMeHJ1 KaJIJ1HJ1Ha), 3a-
H.HTOM ,n;o peBOJIIOIJ;J1J1 OXOTHJ1qbJ1M KJIy60M.
HaQaJIbCTBO aKa,n;eMJ1J1 MeH.HJIOCb. KJIJ1MOBJ1qa B 1919 ro,n;y
CMeHJ1JI KOMaH,n;J1p Kopnyca B cTapoM apMJ1J1, MarJ1CTp MaTeMa-
TJ1qeCKJ1X HaYK, B 1918 ro y nOMOraBIlIJ1H COBeTcKoH BJIaCTJ1
OpraHJ130BbIBaTb oTnop HeMQaM, AH peH EBreHbeBHq CHecapeB.
B 1921 ro y HaQaJIbHHKOM aKa,n;eMHJ1 CTaJI M. H. TyxaqeBCKJ1:£1.
B ro,n;bI rpam,n;aHcKoH BOHHbI OH 6bIJI O HHM J13 BJ1,n;Hei1IllJ1X
59
Ha cJtY:HC6e 'Hapooy
COBeTCKJ1X BOeHHbIX ,n;e.HTeJIeH - KOMaH,n;apM-l J1 KOMaH-
,n;apM-5, KOMaH,n;YIO J1M BOCTOqHbIM, KaBKa3CKJ1M J1 3ana,n;HbIM
pOHTaMJ1, PYKOBO,n;J1TeJIb rpynn BOMCK no no,n;aBJIeHJ11O KPOH-
llITa TCKoro M.HTema J.1 JIJ1KBJ1 aIJ;J1J1 aHTOHOBI.I.J;J.1HbI.
M3 KOMJ1CCapOB KpOMe BbIllIeHa3BaHHbIX B MOIO 6bITHOCTb
CJIYllIaTeJIeM nOMHIO II. H. MaKCJ1MOBCKOro J1 B. ,ZJ;. BJ.1JIeHcKoro-
CJ16J1p.HKOBa. M3 nepBbIX npocpeccopOB HaJlI60JIee CJ1JIbHOe Bne-
qaTJIeHJ1e Ha MeH.R np0J.13BeJIJ.1 AJIeKcaH,n;p AH,n;peeBJ1q CBeQJ.1H
J1 BaCJ1JIJ.1M <Pe opOBJ1q HOBJ1IJ;KJ1M, B npOllIJIOM ocpJ.1I..J;epbI PYC-
CKOM apMJ1J1, nepellIe,n;llIJ1e Ha CTOPOHY COBeTCKOM BJIaCTJ1, 3py-
,n;J1pOBaHHbIe cneIJ;J1aJIJ1CTbI BoeHHoro eJIa, OpJ1rJ1HaJIbHbIe
M bICJIJ1TeJIJ.1, 3aMeqa TeJIbHbIe npeno,n;aBa TeJIJ1. XOpOIllO 3HaJIJII
OHJ1 J1 IlITa6HYIO cJIym6y. 8TO 6bIJIO BamHO B,n;BOMHe, TaK KaK B
1918 ro,n;y COCTaBJIeHJ1e ,n;oKYMeHToB B KpacHoM ApMJ1J1 Koe-KTO
CqJ1TaJI O HO BpeM.H qYTb JIJ.1 He 6ypmya3HbIM nepemJ.1TKOM,
J1 OT 3Toro npe,n;paccy,n;Ka He cpa3Y J.136aBJ1JIJ.1Cb.
ra3eTa «M3BeCTJ1.H» co06I..QJ.1JIa 0 Ha60pe CJIYllIaTeJIeH B aKa-
,n;eMJ1IO. KpOMe Toro, pa30CJIaJIJ1 J13BeI.I.J;eHJ1.H .B MeCTHbIe BoeH-
KOMaTbI. cl>opMaJIbHO Tpe60BaJIOCb 06JIa,n;aTb HeKOTopbIM 06 e-
06pa30BaTeJIbHbIM I..J;eH30M, HO Ha ,n;e-!le 3TO YCJIOBJ.1e He C06JIIO-
,n;aJIOCb. rJIaBHYIO pOJIb npJ.1 nepBOM Ha60pe J1rpaJIO HaJIJ.1qJ1e
peKOMeH,n;aIJ;J1J1 ,n;BYX qJIeHOB PKII(6), c06CTBeHHoro napT-
CTama J1 onbITa BoeHHOM pa60TbI, npeJ1MYI.I.J;eCTBeHHO B Kpac-
HOM A pMJ.1J1. B pe3Y JIbTaTe B aKa,n;eMJ11O nonaJIJ1 JIIO,n;J1 C HeO J1-
HaKOBbIMJ.1 3HaHJ1HMJ1. Koe-KTo J1MeJI BbICllIee 06pa30BaHJ1e,
60JIbllIJ1HCTBO - cpe,n;Hee, a HeKoTopbIe - TOJIbKO HaqaJIbHoe.
ECTecTBeHHo, nOCJIe,n;HJ.1M yqJ1TbC.H 6bIJIO OqeHb TPy,n;HO.
K HaM npocpeccypa OTHOCJ.1JIaCb CHaqaJIa ,n;OBOJIbHO CHJ1CXO-
,n;J1TeJIbHO. B 1918/19 yqe6HOM ro y cYI.I.J;eCTBOBaJIJII TOJIbKO ,n;Be
OIJ;eHKJ1 Ha 3aqeTax: «y,n;oBJIeTBOpJ1TeJIbHo» J1 «Hey,n;oBJIeTBOpJ1-
TeJIbHO», npJ1qeM H He nOMHIO, qT06bI «Hey,nbI» 6bIBaJIJ1 qaCTO.
KaK npaBJ1JIO, Bce nOJIyqaJIJ1 y,n;OBJIeTBOpJ1TeJIbHbIe OIJ;eHKJ1.
M TeM He MeHee OT,n;eJIbHbIe CJIYllIaTeJIJ1 He CMOrJIJ.1 yqJ1TbC.R B
aKa,n;eMJ1J1 J1 6pOCJ1JIJ1 ee. IIpaB,n;a, Kam,n;bIM nOCJIe,n;YIOI.I.J;J.1K Ha-
60p 6bIJI CJ1JIbHee npe,n;bI,n;yI.I.J;ero. POC ypOBeHb no,n;rOTOBKJ1 6y-
,n;y J1X KpaCHbIX ocpJ1IJ;epOB reHllITa6a, pOCJIJ1 Tpe60BaHJ1.H K
HJ1M. A HeKoTopbIe CJIYllIaTeJIJ1 OCTaBJ1JIJ1 aKa,n;eMJ11O TOJIbKO
nOToMY, qTO He BbI,n;epmaJIJ1 XOJIo,n;Horo CKenTJ1QJ13Ma J1 He-
CKOJIbKO J1pOHJ1qeCKOrO OTHOllIeHJ1H K HJ1M CO CTOpOHbI npo ec-
CypbI, a Ta me B03HeHaBJ1 eJIJ1 Me,n;JIeHHO J13mJ1BaBIlIYIOC.R npe-
no,n;aBaTeJIHM CXOJIaCTJ1KY B 06yqeHJ1J1 JIIJlJ1 COqJIJ1, qTO OHJ1
6e3 Toro cYMelOT npJ1HeCTJ1 nOJIb3Y J1CTeKaBllIeM KpOBblO Co-
BeTcKoM POCCJ1H. Cpe,n;J1 nOCJIe HJ1X 6bIJIH J1 HaCTOHI.I.J;J1e caMO-
60
Ha nOp02e oeyx anox
pO KJ1, HanpJ1Mep BaCJ1JIJ1M MBaHOBJ1Q qanaeB, He OKOHqJ1B-
IlIJ1i1 nepBoro Kypca.
MHe IlIeJI B TO BpeM.H 22-M ro,n;. BOJIbIlIJ1HCTBY me CJIYIlIaTe-
JIeM 6bIJIO JIeT no 25-30. MHOrJ1e cJIymJ1JIJ1 em;e B cTapot1 ap-
MJ1J1, B TOM QJ1CJIe ocpJ1IJ;epbI, CqJ1TaBllIJ1e BoeHHoe ,n;eJIO CBoeM
npocpeCCJ1eM Ha BCIO mJ13Hb J1 meJIaBllIJ1e nOJIyqJ1Tb KaK MomHO
60JIee npOqHbIe n03HaHJ1.H. 8TO I10pom,n;aJIO 3HTY3J1a3M B OTHO-
IlIeHJ1J1 K 3aH.HTJ1.HM, B Tex Tpy,n;HbIX YCJIOBJ1.HX COBepllIeHHO He-
06XO,n;J1MbIM. B nOJIJ1TJ1qeCKOM OTHOllIeHJ1J1 CJIYllIaTeJIH 6bIJIJ1
BeCbMa C03HaTeJIbHbIMJ1 JIIO,n;bMJ1. KOMMYHJ1CTOB HaCqJ1TbIBaJIOCb
C caMoro HaqaJIa He MeHee Tpex qeTBepTei1 KOJIJIeKTJ1Ba, a B
,n;aJIbHei1meM J1X qJ1CJIO Bce BpeM.H pOCJIO.
O,n;HaKO .H XOpOllIO nOMHIO, qTO B HameM Ha60pe J1MeJIJ.1Cb
TaKme JIeBbIe 3cepbI H 3cepbI-MaKCMMaJIJ1CTbI, a npJ1MepHO
Kam,n;bIM llIecToM .HBJI.HJIC.H 6eCnapTJ1i1HbIM. IIocTynaTb B aKa,n;eMJ11O
npJ1exaJIo qeJIOBeK 500. IIpJ.1H.HTbI 6bIJIJ1 npH6JIJ13MTeJIbHO Kam-
,n;bIe ,n;Ba J13 n.HTJ1. B cpeBpaJIe 1919 ro a C03,n;aJIH e e O,n;HO
yqe6HOe OT,n;eJIeHJ.1e J.1 Ha6paJIJ.1 ,n;onOJIHJ1TeJIbHO qeJIOBeK nOJI-
TopaCTa. OHM OKOHqMJIJ1 06yqeHJ1e rr03me Hac. B 1919/20 YQe6-
HOM ro,n;y nOp.H,n;oK Ha60pa nOBTOpJ1JIC.H. qeJIOBeK 250 COCTa-
BJ1JIJ1 CTapllIJ1i1 KYpC, 06yqaBllIJ1MC.H C OCeHJ1 ,n;o BeCHbI, a C 3J1MbI
,n;o JIeTa 3aHJ1MaJIC.R MJIa,n;llIJ1M KYpC. B 1920/21 yqe6HOM ro,n;y
KpoMe «cTapllIJ1x» (c onbITOM rpam,n;aHcKoi1 BOMHbI) J1 «MJIa,n;-
IlIJ1X» (He J1MeBllIJ1X onbITa) nOHBJ1JICH TpeTJ1H napaJIJIeJIbHbIM
KYpc. TaKMM 06pa30M, ro,n; OT ro,n;y aKa,n;eMJ.1.H pOCJIa.
COBpeMeHHbIM ocpJ1IJ;ep, 3HaKOMbIH C nOCTaHOBKOM ,n;eJIa B
TenepellIHJ1X BoeHHbIX aKa,n;eMJ1.HX B yqJ1JIM aX, Bp.H,n; JIJ1 cy-
MeeT B nOJIHOM Mepe npe CTaBMTb ce6e, KaK MbI Tor,n;a yqM-
JIJ1Cb. ,lJ;ame caMoe ,n;eTaJIbHOe OnJ1CaHJ1e He nepe,n;aCT Bcex qepT
Tor.nallIHeM yqe6HOM mJ13HJ1 B ee HenOBTOpJ.1MOM J1 CypOBOM
cBoe06pa3J1J1. 8TO KaCaeTC.H, BnpOqeM, He TOJIbKO aKa,n;eMJ.1J1.
Kor,n;a npJ1exaJIJ1 KaH,n;M,n;aTbI B CJIymaTeJIJ.1, a nOTOM OCTaJIJ1Cb
Ha yqe6y yme npOCTO CJIYllIaTeJIJ.1, nOHa,n;06J1JIOCb 06 emJ1TJ1e.
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MbI He pa3 BJ1 eJIH TOJII1bI BepYIO MX, HanpaBJI.HBllIJ1XC.H B xpaM
no npaBOCJIaBHbIM npa3,n;HJ1KaM. 3aMeqaH, KaK OHJ1 cTyqaJIJ1
3y6aMJ1 B MOp03HbIe ,n;HJ1, MbI MallIJ1HaJIbHO OrJIH,n;bIBaJIJ1Cb B
CBOJ1X KOMHaTax, co06pamaH, qTO 6bI TaKoe MomHO 6bIJIO em;e
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61
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aKa,n;eMJ.1QeCKaH TJ1nOrpacpJ1.H H MbI nOJIyqJ.1J1J1 Ha PYKJ1 nporpaM-
MY Kypca M JIJ1TOrpa J1pOBaHHbIe HaCTaBJIeHJ1.H no TaKTHKe,
TonorpacpJ1J1 " BoeHHo-a,n;MJ1HJ1CTpaTJ.1BHOMY ,n;eJlY.
CHaqaJIa H yqJ1JIC.H B aKa,n;eMHH C HO.H6p.H 1918 no MaH
1919 ro,n;a. B TO BpeM.H PYKOBO,n;CTBO aKa):\eMJ.1J1 QaCTeHbKO nOCbI-
JIaJIO JIIO,n;eH B KaHIJ;eJI.HpJ.1J1 pa3HbIX ynpaBJIeHJ.1i1 J1 Be,n;OMCTB
J.1 BCeMJ.1 npaB aMH J1 HenpaB,n;aMJ1 .n06WBaJIO no pyqHWe cpe.n-
CTBa ,n;JIH Be,n;eHJ1H 3aHHTJ.1H: KapaH,n;alllH, IJ;J.1pKYJIJ.1, KapTbI, 6y-
Mary. MaKeTbI J13rOTOBJI.HJIJ.1 B MaCTepCKJ.1X, Hepe,D;KO npJ1 npH-
MOM YQaCTJ1J.1 CJIYlllaTeJIeH, cpe,n;J.1 KOTOpbIX 6bIJIO MHoro 6bIB-
IllJ.1X pa60'4J.1x, MaCTepOB Ha Bce PYKJII. IIJ1caJIJ1 Ha 06epTOqHOH
6YMare, Ha 060.HX HJIJ1 Mem y CTpOqKaMJ1 Ha CTpaHJ1IJ;aX CTapbIX
KHJ1r. B03bMelllb, 6bIBaJIO, TaKYIO 3anJ1Cb. IIepe T060H JIemJ1T
rJ1MHa3J1qeCKa.H xpeCTOMaTJII.H, H TbI QJ1Taernb CTJ1XOTBOpeHJ1e
<PeTa:
62
Ha nopoze iJeyx 3nOX
EJIe eH JIHK TBOt1:, 6JIe eH, eBa!
Cpe.nb ynpyrl1x BOJIH HaneBa
.H JII06J11O TBOM 6JIe HbIM JIHK.
IIo,n; OKHOM, Ha BCeM npOCTOpe,
TOJIbKO MOpe, TOJIbKO B Mope
BOJIH KOqYIO Ht1: pO,n;HHK.
Ha qeTHbIX CTpaHJ.1Qax KHJ.1rJ.1 Mem y neqaTHbIMJ1 CTpOqKaMJ.1
3anJ.1CaHa eKI..J;H.H 0 6J1TBe raHHJ.16a a J1 pJ1MJIHH npJ1 KaHHax.
Ha HeqeTHbIX CTpaHJ1Qax - eKQJ1.H 0 MaTepJ1a bHOM 06ecneqe-
HJ1J1 COBpeMeHHOM ,n;J1BJ13J1J1 B HacTynJIeHJ1J1. HaqaJIbCTBO TOpa-
nJ1 OCb, cppOHTbI Tpe60Ba J1 KOMaH,n;JIIpOB, YQe6HbIM n aH 6bIJI
meCTKJ1M, J1 MbI npoxo,n;J1JIJ1 cpa3Y BOeHHbIe ,n;J1CQJ.1nJIJ1HbI B
06neMe nporpaMMbI IOHKepCKJ.1X yqJ.1JIJ1I.I.J; J1 BbICllIJ1H KYpC BOeH-
HbIX HaYK ,l.t .H C YllIaTe ej;i aKa,n;eMJ1H, npJ.1qeM KaK 6bI HeCKOJIb-
KJ1X: reHepaJIbHOrO llITa6a, 06 eBoj;icKoBOH, apTJ1 epJ.1:i1:cKo:i1:
J1 T. . qeTKoe pa3,n;e eHJ.1e no cneQJ.1a bHOCT.HM 6bIJIO npOBe,n;e-
HO ropa3,n;0 n03 Hee, XOT.H JII BHaqaJIe OT eJIbHbIe rpynnbI CJIY-
IllaTe eH KOMnJIeKTOBaJIJ1Cb C pa3HbIMJ1 BoeHHO-QeJIeBbIMJ1 YCTa-
HOBKaMJ1.
BecHoi1: HaqJ1Ha J.1Cb 3aHHTJ1H B nOJIe, Ha Xo,n;bIHKe. MbI He
OrpaHJ1qJ.1Ba J1Cb aY J.1TOpHbIM pa36opOM cxeM, HapJ1COBaHHbIX
MeJIOM Ha ,n;OCKe. JIeKIJ;J1JII no 06I.I.J;et1 TaKTJ1Ke 3aH.HJlJ1 B nOJIe
qTO-TO OKOJIO ,n;BYX He eJIb. HeCKO bKO He:i1: y,n;eJIJ1JIJ.1 pa3Be,n;Ke
J1 rJIa30MepHOM CneMKe MeCTHOCTJ.1 (,n;JIH HHCTpYMeHTa bHo:i1: He
J.1MeJIOCb noc06J1i1:).
Yme B anpeJIe 1919 ro,n;a 20 qeJIOBeK OT6bIJIO Ha BOCTOqHbIH
<PPOHT. Hac H3BeCTJ1JIJ1 TaKme, qTO B caMoe 6JIJ1mai1:llIee BpeMH
qe OBeK 30 6y,n;eT HanpaBJIeHO Ha IOmHbIM pOHT. ITocbIJIaJIJ.1
B coe,n;J1HeHJ1.H J1 QaCTJ1 (peme - B no pa3 eJIeHJ1H) C OBOJIbHO
BbICOKJ1MH Ha3HaqeHJ1HMJ1, HO, Kor,n;a Te, KTO YQe e , CHOBa
BCTpeTJ1JIJ1Cb oceHblO 1919 ro a, BbIHCHJ.1 OCb, qTO nOqTJ1 HJ.1KTO
He no yqJ.1 Ha MeCTe nOBbIllIeHJ1.H, a 60 blllJ.1HCTBO nOTOM no-
rraJIO Ha 60 ee HJ13KYIO ,nOJImHOCTb JIH60 crrbITa o 6eCKOHeq-
HbIe nepeMeI.I.J;eHHH C O,n;HOi1: o mHOCTJ1 Ha ,n;pyrylO. .H (qJ1Ta-
TeJIb, B03MomHO, 3aMeTJ1JI) rronaJI B p.H,n;bI 6 arOnOJIyqHOrO
MeHbIllJ1HCTBa
THmeJIbIe YCJIOBJ1H yqe6bI J1 pa60TbI 3aKa HJIJ1 KpenKJ1X ,n;y-
XOM. Yme nepBbIVI J1 BTOpOM BbInYCKJ1 ,n;a J1 pH,n; BbICOKOKBa-
JIJ.1 J1QJlIpOBaHHbIx KOMaH.nJ1pOB, npOCJIaBJ1BllIJ1XCH e e B TO
BpeMH. YnOMHHY 0 TaKJ1X J.13BeCTHbIX OeHaqa bHJ.1KaX, KaK IIa-
BeJI ,l(bI6eHKO, MBaH CPe bKO, BacJ.1JIJ.1i1: COKOJIOBCKJ.1i1:, BopJ1c
CPeJIb,n;MaH, MBaH TIOJIeHeB, CeMeH YPJ.1QKJ1J1:, JleOHJ1.n IIeTpoB-
CKJ1i1:. HeMa o TOJIKOBbIX crreQHa J1CTOB BbInycTJ.1 J1 TaK Ha3bI-
63
Ha cJtyx6e HapoiJy
BaeMbIH BOCTOqHbIH OT,n;eJI, yqpem eHHbIM B 1920 ro,n;y. 11M PY-
KOBO,n;HJI JIJ1qHO A. E. CHeCapeB, Bo06I.I.J;e CbIrpaBIllJ1H OrpOMHYIO
pOJIb B pa3BJ1TJ1J1 COBeTCKOrO BOCTOKOBe eHJ.1H, He TOJIbKO BoeH-
Horo, HO H KaK OTpaCJIH J1CTOpJ1qeCKOH HaYKJ.1. IIpaB,n;a, CJIyma-
TeJIeH H3 3Toro OT,n;eJIa .H 3HaJI xyme, TaK KaK OHJ1 nocTynJ1JIJ1
B aKa,n;eMJ.11O Ha Ba ro,n;a n03me MeHR :H. eI.I.J;e BCJIe,n;CTBJ.1e HeKO-
TOpOH J1X 060c06JIeHHOCTJ1: J13yqa.H ,n;onOJIHJ1TeJIbHbIe J1CQJ1-
nJIJ1HbI (cneI..J;J.1aJIbHYIO reorpa J11O CTpaH A3J1J.1 JII BOCTOqHbIe
.H3bIKJ.1). OHJ1 J1MeJIJ1 oc06ylO ceTKY yqe6HbIX" qaCOB, He COBna-
aBIlIYIO C HaIlleH. BOCTOqHHKJ1 OqeHb rop,n;J1JIJ.1Cb cBoei1 npo-
cpeCCJ1eH. O,n;HJ1 J.13 HJ.1X 3aHJ1MaJIJ.1Cb apa6CKJ1M .H3bIKOM, ,n;py-
fJ1e - TypeU;KHM, TpeTbJ.1 - nepCH,n;CKJ1M, qeTBepTbIe - KJ1TaH-
CKJ.1M, nSiTbIe - .HnOHCKJ.1M. P.H,n; BbInYCKHJlIKOB 3Toro OT,n;eJIa
pa60TaJIH B ,n;aJIbHeHIlleM eOBeTCKJ1MJ1 BoeHHbIMJ1 COBeTHJ.1KaMJ1
B KHTae. OHJ.1 6bIJIJ.1 npJ.1rJI3IlleHbI Ty,n;a CYHb .HT-ceHOM.
Bce nocJle,n;YIOI.I.J;J.1e ro,n;HqHbIe 3K3aMeHbI J.1 3aqeTbI «aKa,n;e-
MJlIKOB» 06CTaBJIHJIJ1Cb BeCbMa TopmeCTBeHHO, HO B 1919 J1 1920
ro,n;ax OHJ1 6bIJIJ.1 OqeHb eJIOBJ1TbIMJ1. Oc06eHHo TOpOnJ1JIHCb Bec-
HOH 1920 ro,n;a, Kor,n;a ,n;Ba Kypca QeJIJ1KOM, a eI.I.J;e C HeCKOJIbKJ1MJ.1
npenO,ltaBaTeJIHMJ.1, HanpaBJ1JIJ1 B apMJ1J1 IOmHoro, IOro-3ana.nHoro
cppOHTOB. 3aTo He B 6y,n;HJ1qHoi1 06CTaHOBKe npOllIeJI TopmeCTBeH-
HbIH Beqep no CJIyqalO HaqaJIa pa60TbI aKa,n;eMJ1J.1.
KaK yqe6HOe 3aBe,n;eHJ.1e aKa,n;eMH.fl CTaJIa eHCTBOBaTb C
24 HOH6p.H 1918 ro,n;a, a ocpJ1I..J;J.1aJIbHOe OTKpbITJ.1e ee COCTOHJlOCb
8 ,n;eKa6p.H. Cpe.nJ1 ,n;pyrHx BbIcTynJIeHJ1H MHe oc06eHHo 3anOM-
HJ.1JIaCb KopoTKaH, HO OqeHb TenJIa.H H npOHJ1KHOBeHHaH peqb,
np0J13HeceHHa.H Tor,n;a .HKOBOM MJ.1XaHJIOBJ1qeM CBep,n;JIOBbIM,
KOTOpbIH ',n;aJI HanYTCTBJ.1e 6y,n;y JIIM KpacHbIM KOMaH,n;J.1paM J1
llITa6HbIM pa60THJ1KaM.
qTO .H BbIHec J1I3 aKa,n;eMJ.1J1? OqeHb MHoroe. mJ13Hb MO.H CJIO-
mHJIaCb TaK, qTO H He CYMeJI nOJIyqHTb CJ.1CTeMaTJ1qeCKOrO cpe,n;-
Hero 06pa30BaHJII.H. O,n;HaKO Bce ro,n;bI, HaCKOJIbKO nOMHIO, .H T.HHYJI-
C.H K 3HaHJ1HM, XOTeJI paCllIJ1pHTb CBOH Kpyr030p. B03MO)KHOCTb
npJ.106peCTJ.1 BoeHHoe aKa eMJ.1qeCKOe 06pa30BaHHe np.HMO COOT-
BeTCTBOBaJIa MoeMY meJIaHHIO CTaTb Ka,n;pOBbIM BOeHHOCJIyma J1M,
nOCBHTJ1Tb BCIO mJ13Hb KpaCHOH APMJ1H. M H C ma HOCTblO YX-
BaTJ1JICH 3a c6bIBalOlI.\YIOCH B03MomHOCTb. IIYCTb 3aHHTJ.1H npe-
pbIBaJIJ1Cb, nYCTb 6bIJIJ1 OHJ.1 He OCTaTOqHO OpraHJ130BaHHbIMJ1.
nYCTb He Bcer,na ,naBaJlJ.1 Tor,n;a HaM TO, qTO 60JIee Bcero Tpe60Ba-
JIOCb B YCJIOBJ1HX rpam,n;aHCKOH BOHHbI HJ.1 B KoeM CJIyqae .H He
XOqy He.n;OOQeHHBaTb Il.IKOJIY, npOH,n;eHHYIO MHOH 3HMOH J1 BecHoH
1918, 1919, 1920 J1 1921 ro,n;OB. HanpOTJ.1B, cKamy np.HMO, qTO
yqaCTHJ.1Ka 60eB no,n; Ka3aHblO OT,neJIHJIa OT nOMHallITa.nJ1Ba-14,
64
Ha nopoze a6YX 3nOX
a 3aTeM OT nOMHalIlTaAJ1Ba-4 J.1 6 orpOMHa.H ,n;J1CTaHU;J.1.H. J1Hor,n;a
.fI 3a,n;YMbIBalOcb H 3a,n;alO ce6e Bonpoc: qTO ,n;aJIO MHe 60JIbIlle, npaK-
TJ1Ka CpameHJ1H Ha nOJI.fIX TOM BOMHbI J1JIH aK eMJ1qeCKa.fl TeOpJ.1.H?
111 He Mory OTBeTJ1Tb Ha 3TOT Bonpoc. M TO J.1 ):{pyroe nepenJIeJIOCb
:£1 CJIJ1JIOCb B o e,lt J1H O.
.H BHJ.\eJI, HanpHMep, no Ka3aHblO, KaK MHoro 3HaqJ.1T BbI-
COKHH 60eBOM AYX BOJ.1HOB, J1X C03HaTeJIbHOCTb, J1X npe,n;aH-
HOCTb CBoeMY ,n;eJIY, J1X nOJIJlITJ.1QeCKa.H CTOi1KOCTb. A cnYCT.H
nOJIro,n;a nOCTJ.1raJI B xOJ.\e YQe6HbIX 3aH.HTH:W, CKOJlb BamHO py-
KOBO J.1Tb 3TJlIMJ1 me 60Mu;aMH ,ltOCTaTOQHO KBaJIJ1ct>JII HpOBaHHo,
KaK MHoro 3aBHCJ.1T OT YMeJIOrO KOMaH)];Hpa, J.1 BCnOMJlIHaJI npH
3TOM rOBOpKoBa. IIpOlllJIO e e HeCKOJIbKO MeC.Hu;eB, J1 $I y6e-
,n;J.1JIC.fI, Ha6JIIO,n;a.H 3a A. K. CTenJ.1HeM, QTO TeOpH.H Hepa3pbIBHO
CB.H3aHa C npaKTHKoH, qTO B TpY)];HbIX YCJIOBH.HX Harnero oTcTyn-
JIeHJII.fI Ha lOre B HIOHe 1919 ro)];a MeHee TaJIaHTJIHBbI:W Haq,n;J1B,
qeM CTenJ.1Hb, Mor 6bI nory6J1ITb OqeHb MHoro JIIO,n;eH.
CeMeH MJ.1Xa:WJIOBJ1Q By,lteHHbIM - J1CKJIIOQJ1TeJIbHO o,n;apeH-
HbIH KpacHbIM KOMaH,D;J1p, BbIpOClllHH B orHe CpameHJ.1H rpam-
,D;aHCKOH BOI1HbI,- .HBHJIC.R BO MHorOM HOBaTopOM, PYKOBO,lt.H
KpynHbIMJII KaBaJIepJ1MCKHMJ1 coe,n;HHeHJII.HMH. CnJIOIllb H p.H,D;OM
OH J1 ,l(pyrHe BOeHaqaJIbHHKJ.1 1-H KOHHoH apMHJ.1 OnpOKJ1,ltbIBaJIH
Illa6JIOHHY1O TeOpJ.11O Bep;eHI1.R BOHHbI, HbIB.H3bIBa.H 6eJIbIM HeBbI-
rO,l(HbIe HJlH HenpHBbI'iHbIe AJI.H HHX YCJlOBHH 60H. 3HaqHT JIH
3TO, QTO 3,l(eCb BC.HKa.H BOeHHa.R TeopHSI J1CQe3aJIa H Bce 3aBH-
ceJIo TOJIbKO OT npJ1pO)];HOH CMeTKH? HH'ierO nOJ.\06Horo. Ko-
HeqHO, 6e3 CMeTKH He 06oi1:,n;elllbC.H. Ho pe"lb IIIJIa, no CYTJ1, 0
HenpJ1MeHHMOcTH YCTapeBIllJlIX TeOpeTl1qeCKHX nOJIOmeHHi1., 0
3aMeHe J1X ,npyrHMJII, HOBbIMH. BOT 3TH-TO HOBbIe B3rJI.H):tbl J1 BbI-
pa6aTbIBaJIHCb npaKTMKOH .ne:WCTBHff l-i1 KOHHOM. 1i1 KorJ(a .H
COBMell.\aJI YCJIbIlllaHHoe paHee Ha JleK H.HX C YBJ1,n;eHHbIM Ha
Q:>pOHTe JIeTOM 1920 ro)];a, TO e e pa3 y6em,n;aJIc.H, QTO Be,n;eHJ.1e
BO:i1HbI - 3TO J1 HaYKa H HCKYCCTBO, npHQeM J1CKYCCTBO CJIom-
Hoe, Tpe6YIOI.l\ee He TOJIbKO MaKCHMaJIbHOH OTAaqJ.1 J.1 J.1CIIOJIb-
30BaHH.H npHpO,ltHbIX cnoc06HOCTe:w, HO H cepbe3HbIX 3HaHHM, a
TaKme TBOpqeCKOrO HX npJlIMeHeHJII.H.
BOT MbI npOpBaJIH nOJIbCKHM pOHT no,n; BepAJ1qeBOM. BJIe-
CT.HI.I.J;a.H onepaQH.H, paCC'iJ.1TaHHa.H Ha oAHOBpeMeHHoe nopa:me-
HVIe npOTJ1BHJ1Ka B paMKax KpynHoro TeaTpa BoeHHbIX ,n;e:i1cT-
BJ1i1 cpa3Y Ha pOHTe H B r JIy60KOM TbIJIY
A BOT JIbBoBCKa.H onepaQJ1SI, pa3BepHYBIlla.HCSI Qepe3 KaKHe-
HJ16y,n;b nOJITOpa MeC.HQa: rOpbKa.H HeY,Aaqa, CB.H3aHHaSI C pH)J;OM
cpaKTopOB, cpe,n;J.1 KOTOpbIX onpe)];eJIeHHYIO pOJIb CbIrpaJIH J.1
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65
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pOHT, HacTynaBllIJ1H B TO BpeMH Ha BaplllaBY ,n;eHCTBOBaJI
6e3ynpeqHO? Kor,n;a ero KOMaH,n;YIO J1i1: M. H. TyxaqeBCKJ1H
CTaJI HaqaJIbHJ1KOM HallieH aKa,n;eMJ.1J1, CJIywaTeJlJ.1 He pa3 06-
paI.I.J;aJIJ1Cb K HeMY 3a pa3nHCHeHJ1HMJ.1 0 CJIyqJlIBIlleMC.H M J13 ca-
MJ.1X OTBeTOB MJ.1xaJ.1JIa HJ1KOJIaeBJ1qa Bce MbI BJ1,n;eJIJ1, qTO Ha-
PYllIeHJ1e HeKOTopbIX 3aKOHOB Be,n;eHJ1H BOHHbI (He06xo.AJ1MOCTb
npOqHOH CBH3J1 TbIJIa C cppOHTOM, npaBJ.1JIbHOe J1 HaJIameHHOe
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HJ1Ka, KOHQeHTpaQJ.1.H CJ1JI Ha rJIaBHOM HanpaBJIeHJ1J.1) CKa3aJIOCb
Ha 06I.I.J;ei1: HeY.Aaqe Tor,n;allIHero HacTynJIeHJ1H. M On.HTb H y6em-
.AaJIC.H: PYKOBO,n;CTBO Boi1:cKaMJ1 - 3TO J1CKYCCTBO!
.H He CTaJI 6bI B TO BpeM.H MaJIO-MaJIbCKJ.1 TOJIKOBbIM BoeHa-
qaJIbHJ1KOM, He npOH,n;H Qepe3 rOpHJ.1JIO 60eB B TeqeHJ.1e Tpex
KaMnaHJ1i1 1918-1920 rO OB. Ho nOJIaralO TaKme, qTO J.13 MeHH
He BbIllIJIO 6bI HJ1qerO nYTHoro J.1 B CJIyqae, eCJIH 6bI .H He no-
JIyqJ.1JI .AOCTaTOqHO cepbe3HOH BoeHHO-TeOpeTJ.1qeCKOH no,n;rOTOBKJ1.
Oc06eHHO nOHa,n;06J.1JIaCb OHa n03,n;Hee, B nepJ1o,n; 60eB B MCnaHJ.1J1,
B J1HCKYIO KaMnaHJlIIO JII BeJIJ.1KYIO OTeqeCTBeHHYIO BOHHY.
3,n;eCb On.HTb TeOpJ.1.H J.1 npaKTJ1Ka OKa3aJIJ1Cb Hepa3pbIBHO CB.H3aH-
HbIMJII 06e OHJ1 He CTO.HJIJ1 Ha MeCTe, pa3BJ.1BaJIJ1Cb, llIJIJ1 Bnepe,n;,
J1 CHOBa He pa3 BCnOMJ.1HaJI .f.I ypOKJ.1 npOllIJIOrO, J1HOr a ,n;JIH
Toro, qT06bI np.HMO J1IX J1CnOJIb30BaTb, J.1Hor,n;a - qT06bI JIJ1llIb
OTTOJIKHYTbC.H OT HJ.1X, a Hepe.AKO - qT06bI nocTynJ1Tb yme CO-
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HaM JIeKQJ1J.1 J1 BeJI 3aH.HTJ.1H B aKa eMJ1J.1. CKamy CHaqaJIa 06 06 eM
BneqaTJIeHJ.1J.1 OTHOCJ1TeJIbHO ee npenO.AaBaTeJIeH, KOTopoe coxpa-
HJlIJIOCb B MoeH naMHTJ.1 C Tex nop. IIpeno aBaTeJIJ1 6bIJIJ1 pa3HbIMJ1.
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KOM BbIJIJ1, KOHeqHO, J.1 TaKJ1e, KOTopbIe YMeJIJ1 YCTaHaBJIJ.1BaTb
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BpeMH HaYQHO, n03TOMY J1 nOJIb30BaJIJ.1Cb OHJ1 Bce06I.I.J;J1M YBame-
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anOJIJ1THqHOCTb p.H,n;a npeno,n;aBaTeJIei1:. II peCJIOBYTbIi1: Te3J1C «ap-
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66
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nOJIJ1TJ1KH», Kor,n;a J1 eT rpam,n;aHCKa.H BOHHa? KaK 3TO «BHe no-
JIJ.1TJ1KJ.1», eCJIJ.1 caMa BOHHa eCTb He qTO J1HOe, KaK npOAOJImeHJ1e
nOJIJ1TJ1KJ.1 HHbIMJ.1 Cpe;ZtCTBaMJ.1? Be33y60e, «Ha,n;KJIaCCOBoe» OTHO-
rneHJ1e K BoeHHOMY ,n;eJIY CJIymJ1JIO J.1 MOrJIO CJIymJ.1Tb TOJIbKO
BparaM TPy,n;.HI.I.J;J1XC.H. .H 6bI He CKa3aJI, qTO TaKHe npeno,n;aBaTeJIJ.1
OqeHb 6bICTpO nepeBOCnJ1TbIBaJIJ1Cb. J1x KOHCepBaTJ13M COXpaH.HJI-
C.H ,n;OBOJIbHO AOJIro. HanpJ1Mep, Ha nepBoM ro,n;y 06yqeHJ.1.H JIeK-
UJ1J.1 Ha COQJ1aJlbHO-3KOHOMJ1qeCKHe TeMbI Bo06I.I.J;e He nJIaHJ1pO-
BaJIHCb, CQJ.1TaJIJ.1Cb aKYJIbTaTJ1BHbIMJ1. IIOCeI.I.J;aTb TaKJ1e JIeKIJ;J1J.1
6bIJIO He 06.H3aTeJIbHO. TeM He MeHee J.1X nOCeI.I.J;aJIH Bce C 60JIb-
llIJ1M )K JIaHJ.1eM. Pa3Be MomHO oTOpBaTb' OT nOJIHTJ1KJ.1 JIIO,n;eH, CB.H-
3aHHbIX C HeH BceH cBoeH ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTblO J1 CMbICJIOM caMoro
CYI.I.J;eCTBOBaHJ.1.H?! OT Hac He Tpe60BaJIH Ha nepBOM Kypce c.naqJ1
3aqeTOB no 06rneCTBeHHbIM ,lI;J.1CIJ;J.1nJIHHaM, HO BHHKaJIJ.1 Mbl B HJ1X
rJIy6me J1 OCHOBaTeJIbHee, qeM B JII06y1O OTpaCJIb BoeHHoro eJIa.
Ynop.H,n;OqeHHoi1 CHCTeMbI JIeKIJ;J.1H COI..J;HaJIbHO-3KOHOMJ.1qeCKOrO
IJ;J.1KJIa B TO BpeM.H eI.I.J;e He J.1MeJIOCb. MHoroe 3aBJ1CeJIO 3,n;ecb nonpo-
CTY OT HaKJIOHHOCTeH J.1 ypOBH.H n03HaHJ1H JIeKTOpOB, npJ1rJIallIa-
eMbIX CO CTOpOHbI no J1HHIJ;J.1aTHBe napTJ.1HHOH .JNeHKH. IIocTeneH-
HO, o,n;HaKo, J];eJIo HaJIamJ.1BaJIOCb. B 1919 ro,n;y MbI yme CJIYIllaJIH
KYpC JIeKIJ;HH no MapKCJ.13MY (qJ1TaJI KOMHccap aKa,n;eMHH B. H. 3a-
JIemCKHH) J.1 KYpC JIeKIJ;HH no BHellIHeH nOJIJ.1TJ.1Ke H TaKTJ.1Ke peBo-
JIIOIJ;J.10HHbIX 60eB (QJ.1TaJI' BJ.1J];HbIH J];e.HTeJIb peBOJIIOI..J;J.1J.1 H. M. IIo,ll;-
BOHCKHM).
3aH.HTJ.1.H no 3TJ.1M npe,n;MeTaM HepeJ];Ko OTMeH.HJIJ1Cb, TO H3-3a
3aH.HTOCTJ1 JIeKTOpOB, TO J13-3a BHe3an\HbIX 06I.I.J;J1X BbIXO,n;OB Ha
3arOTOBKY ,n;pOB. CJIYllIaTeJIJ.1, meJIaBIlIJ1e npJ106peCTJ1 CJ.1CTeMaTH-
qeCKJ.1e 3HaHJ1S1, nOceI.I.J;aJIJ1 IIpeqJ.1cTeHcKHe pa60qJ1e KypCbI.
B 1920 ro,n;y K HaM npJ.1Xo,n;J.1JIH TaKme JIeKTOpbI, HanpaBJI.HeMbIe
MK PKll(6). OHJ.1 BbIcTynaJIJ1 C ,n;OKJIa,n;aMJ1 no TeKy eMY MO-
MeHTY J1JIH Ha BamHbIe TeOpeTJ.1qeCKJ.1e TeMbI.
M3 JIeKTOpOB, tIJ1TaBllIJ.1X KypCbI COIJ;J.1aJIbHO-3KOHOMJ.1qeCKOrO
QJ.1KJIa B 1921 ro,ll;y, H 3anOMHJ.1JI HeCKOJIbKJ.1X. IIOJIJ.1T3KOHOMJ.11O
BeJI A. A. Bor,n;aHoB. Bpaq, 3KOHOMJ.1 T, nOJIJ1TJ.1QeCKJ.1M ,n;e.HTeJIb,
B npOIllJIOM 60JIbllIeBJ.1K, OH co BpeMeHJ.1 CTOJIbInJ1HCKOH peaKIJ;J.1J.1
HaqaJI OTXO,ll;J.1Tb OT JIeHHHCKJ1X n03J1IJ;J1i1:. 3a nYTaHJ.1IJ;y B J1JIOCO -
CKJ1X Bonpocax B. 11. JIeHJ1H B CBoeM Tpy.ne «MaTepJ.1aJIJ13M H
3MnJ.1pJ10KpJ.1THIJ;J.13M» no,n;Bepr Bor.n;aHoBa pe3KO:H KpHTJ1Ke. B 20-e
rO bI BOr,ll;aHOB HHTeHCJ.1BHO 3aH.HJIC.H Me,n;J1I..J;J1HCKoi1: ,n;eHTeJIbHO-
CTblO. OH 6bIJI HpeKTopoM MHCTJ1TYTa nepeJIJ1BaHHH KpOBH. A B
aKa,n;eMJ1J.1 Bor.naHoB J.13JIaraJI BKpaTQe co,n;epmaHJ1e c06cTBeHHbIx
pa60T no nOJIHT3KOHOMJ1J1. M3nHCH.HJICH OH ,lI;OBOJIbHO TYMaHHO,
67
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HaChI aH JIeKQJ.1J1 CJIOmHOM TepMJ1HOJIOrJ1ei1, He Bcer a nOHHTHOM
CJIyma TeJIHM.
Kypc J.1CTOpJ1J1 qJ.1TaJI H. M. JIYKJ1H-AHTOHOB. B OCHOBHOM
OH paCCKa3bIBaJI 0 <ppaHIJ;Y3CKOH 6ypmya3HoH peBOJIIOIJ;J1J1 KOH a
XVIII BeKa, OqeHb 06pa3Ho xapaKTepJ13YH ee BJ.1.l(HbIX npe cTa-
BJ1TeJIeH MapaTa, P06ecnbepa J1 ,l(aHToHa. JIYKJ.1H BCTynJ.1JI B 60JIb-
IlleBJ1CTcKYIO napTJ.11O e e B HaqaJIe BeKa J.1 aKTJ1BHO yqaCTBOBaJI
B pa60Te MOCKOBCKOM napTOpraHJ13a J1J.1. O,n;Ham,n;bI OH CJIyqaHHO
Y3HaJI, qTO H pacnpoCTpaHHJI B 1913 rOJ];y 60JIbllIeBJ1CTcKYIO ra3e-
TY «Ham rrYTb», K C03,n;aHJ11O KOTOpOH HJ.1KOJIai1 MJ.1XaHJIOBJ1q
J1MeJI npHMoe OTHOIlleHJ1e. OH ,n;OJIro paCCnpallIJ1BaJI MeH.H 0 MoeM
mJ13HJ1 J1 J.1HTepeCOBaJIC.H, He XOqy JIM H yqJ1TbC.R Ha PYKOBO MMOM
J1M cpaKYJIbTeTe 06 eCTBeHHbIX HaYK B MOCKOBCKOM YHJ1BepCH-
TeTe. Ho H OTKa3aJICH. MeHH BJIeKJIa cJIym6a B PKRA.
CJIYIllaJIJ1 MbI TaKme KypCbI JIeK J1 no KOHCTMTY J1J1 PCcI>CP
J1 BoeHHOH rrCJ1XOJIorJ1J1. IIepBbIH KYpC JIeKIJ;J1H OCBe aJI, rro CYTJ1
eJIa, TeOpJ.1IO rocy,n;apcTBa J1 rrpaBa. BTOpOH 6bIJI JII060nbITeH
nOCTaHoBKoi1 Bonpoca 0 rrCJ1XOJlorJ.1J.1 IllJ.1pOKJ1X Hapo,n;HbIX Macc
BO BpeM.H peBOJIIOIJ;J1J1: J.1 KpynHbIx BOHH. 06a Kypca qJ1TaJI npo-
cpeccop M. A. Pei1cHep. JIeKIJ;J.1J.1 ero 6bIJIJ1 J1HTepeCHbI, HO rro
co,n;epmaHJ.11O CJIOmHbI, MaJIo,n;ocTynHbI.
J1cTOpJ1qeCKJ1H MaTepJ1aJIJ.13M rrpeno,n;aBaJI HaM B. 11. rOpeB.
OT ero JIeK J1H BeHJIO nopoi1 MeHbIlleBJ1CTCKJ.1M ,n;ymKoM, oc06eHHO
Kor,n;a OH J13JIaraJI Bonpoc 0 ,n;J1KTaType npOJIeTapJ1aTa. MbI nOHJ.1-
MaJIJ.1 3TO npJ1 BceH He,n;OCTaTOqHOCTJ1 HallIei1 rro rOTOBKJ.1, J.1 He
CJIyqaMHO. IIoJlomeHJ1e Ha poHTax, npOJIeTapCKoe BJ.1meHJ1e 3a
py6emoM, npaKTJ.1Ka «BoeHHoro KOMMYHJ13Ma», nOBce HeBHa.H
mJ13Hb napTJ.1J1 - BOT t.JTO 3aHJ1MaJIO Hac B nepBYIO Oqepe,n;b.
ECTeCTBeHHO, qTO MbI pearJ1pOBaJIJ1 OqeHb OCTpO Ha Bce, He COBna-
aBIllee C napTJ1HHOH JIJ1HJ1ei1
JIeK J1J.1 no BoeHHbIM ,n;J1CIJ;J.1rrJIJ1HaM C caMoro HaqaJIa 6bIJIJ1
rrOCTaBJIeHbI HeCKOJIbKO JIyqllIe. 3J1Moi1 J1 BecHoM 1919 ro,n;a rrep-
BOMY KYpCY qJ1TaJIJ.1 TaKTJ1KY, llITa6HYIO cJIym6y, J1CTOpJ11O BoeH-
Horo J.1CKYCCTBa, apTJ.1JIJIepJ1lO, J.1HmeHepHoe ,n;eJIO, TorrOrpa J.11O
J.1 BoeHHYIO a.l(MJ.1HJ1CTpaIJ;J1IO. KpoMe Toro, HeKoTopbIe CJIYllIaTeJIJ1
BBJ1 y He,n;ocTaTOqHoi1 06 eM rro,n;rOTOBKJ1 nOce aJIJ.1 e e 06 e-
06pa30BaTeJIbHbIe 3aHHTJ1H. 06neM co06w;aeMbIX HaM 3HaHJ.1H Ha-
paCTaJI C Kam,n;OH He eJIei1, a B Mae COCTO.HJIJ1Cb BbIe3 bI Ha TaK-
TJ.1qeCKJ1e yqeHJ.1H. r JIaBHbIM He,n;OCTaTKOM 3aH.HTJ1H 6bIJIa J1X
OTopBaHHOCTb OT C06bITHM Toro BpeMeHJ1. HaM OqeHb XOTeJIOCb,
qT06bI npeno,n;aBaTeJIJ1 TaKTJ1K J1 BoeHHoro J.1CKyccTBa npJ1Bo,n;J.1JIJ1
npJ1MepbI He CTOJIbKO J13 HCTOpJ1J.1 noxo,n;OB AJIeKcaH,n;pa MaKe.nOH-
CKoro npOTJ1B nepCOB, npJ1HQa EBreHJ1.R CaBoi1cKoro npOTJ1B TypOK
68
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,n;a npeno,n;aBaTeJIJ1), CKOJIbKO J13 J.1CTOpJ1J1 BO:t1H PyccKO-.HnOHCKOH,
nepBoH MJ.1pOBO:t1 rpam,n;aHcKoH.
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THC ,n;o peBOJIIOQJ1J.1 6bIJI nOJIKOBHJ1KOM cTapoi1 apMJ.1J.1, KOCT.HeB-
reHepaJI-MaHopOM. 06a OHJ.1 XOpOllIO 3HaJIJ1 BoeHHoe eJIO, npJ1Me-
pbI npJ.1BO J1JIJ.1 .HpKJ1e J1 JJ;OXO -qJ1BbIe, TeM 60JIee qTO COBceM
He,n;aBHO CaMJ.1 PYKOBO,n;J.1JIJ1 COBeTCKJ1MJ.1 BOMCKaMJ.1, CHaqaJIa Ha
BOCTOqHOM cppOHTe, a nOTOM B MaCllITa6e BceH PCcI>CP. Ha J.1X
JIeKIJ;J.1J1 Xo,n;J1JIJ1 He TOJIbKO CJIYllIaTeJIJ1, HO J.1 npeno,n;aBaTeJIJ.1.
IIocJIe,n;HJ.1e, CJIYIlla.H BbICKa3bIBaHJ.1.H JIeKTOpOB 0 He aBHJ1X C06bI-
TJ1.HX, nOmJ.1MaJIJ1 nJIeqaMJ.1: «IIOMJ1JIy:t1Te, Be b 3TO CJIYQJ1J10Cb
TOJIbKO Bqepa, He Bce CBe,n;eHJ.1.H 0 C06bITJ.1.HX nOKa c06paHbI, K TOMY
me 3,n;paBCTBYIOT J1X yqaCTHJ.1KJ1. A OHJ1 - 3aJ1HTepeCoBaHHbIe JIJ1Qa.
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IIepBbIM, KTO CorJIaCJ1JIC.H J13yqaTb C HaMJ1 onbIT MJ.1pOBOi1 BOi1:-
HbI 1914-1918 ro,n;OB, 6bIJI npocpeccop cTpaTerJ1J1 AJIeKCaH.Ap AH,n;-
peeBJ1q CBeQJ.1H, BTOpbIM - npo eccop J.1CTOp:£1J.1 BoeHHoro J1CKYC-
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1136eraTb Illa6JIOHa, CTpeMJ.1TbC.H K TBOpqeCKoMY J1CnOJIb30BaHJ1IO
BoeHHoro HaCJIe.nJ.1.H.
llpocpeccop CBeqHH, HanpJ.1:Mep, rOBOpJ1JI, nOJIYIllYT.R..nOJIY-
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aHcKoi1: BOHH cwrpaJIo OpraHJ.130BaHHoe B 1920 ro.AY rpynnoH
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BKJIlOqJ1TbC.H B ero pa60TY, TaK KaK yme rOTOBJ.1JIC.H K BbInycKHbIM
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CKJ.1X HOBJ1HKaX B 3apy6emHbIx apMJ1HX'.
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n03J1QJ1IO. PaHbllle HeKOTopbIe :£13 HJ1X 1'peTJ.1pOBaJIJ1 OllbIT rpam-
69
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6bIJIJ.1 nopoH 6eCCJ1JIbHbI nepe,n; BJ1HTOBKOM. B TbIJIaX apMJ1i1: BOC-
CTaBaJIJ1 JIIO,n;H, J1 no,n;aBJIeHJ1e TaKJ1X BOCCTaHJ1H 06YCJIOBJIJ1BaJIOCb
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onpe,n;eJIeHHbIX COll;HaJIbHO-3KOHOMJ1qeCKJ1X J1 nOJIJ1TJ1qeCKJ1X pellIe-
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THe. HeT, OHa COXpaHHJIaCb J1 ,n;ame pa3BJ1JIaCb ,n;aJIbllIe, HO npJ.1
3TOM nOJIyqJ1JIa oc06yIO OKpaCKY, BbI3BaHHYIO B03pOCllIJ1M 3Ha-
qeHJ1eM KJIaCCoBoi1: 60pb6bI. M BOT C Kam,n;bIM ro,n;OM Bce CJ1JIb-
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npe,n;ocTaBJ1JIJ1 Ha HeCKOJIbKO ,n;HeM oTnycK. IIYCTb 6y,n;eT rro-
3BOJIeHO MHe c,n;eJIaTb 3,n;eCb oTcTynJIeHJ1e OT paCCKa3a 06 aKa-
,n;eMJ1J1.
CBOM OTnYCK .H pellIHJI npOBeCTt1 B Cy,n;or,n;e, C TeM qT06bI
meHJ1TbC.H Ha AOqepJ1 Ka,n;pOBoro pa60qerO-MeTaJIJIypra EB,n;OKJ1J1
IIeTpoBHe BeJIOBOM, 3a KOTOpOH yxamJ1Ba.rr yme nRTb JIeT. Me,n;-
JIeHHO nOJI3Y J1e noe3,n;a, 3a,n;bIxaBllIHeC.H Ha no,n;"beMaX, Ka3aJIOCb,
XOTeJIJ1 C"beCTb BeCb KpaTKOBpeMeHHbIM OTnYCK. IIaCCamJ1pbI IllJIJ1
B JIec C TOnOpaMJ1 H nJ1JIaMJ1, KOpMJ1JIJ1 napOB03 ,n;pOBaMJ.1, OH He-
XOT.R pa3rOH.HJIC.H, o,n;HaKO On.HTb JIHIllb ,n;o CJIe,n;YIO eH rOpKJ1.
HaKOHell;-TO .H npJ16bIJI. YTpOM 31 RHBap.H Cy,n;oro CKJ1M J1CnOJIKOM,
CTOJIb XOpOIllO J13BeCTHbIH MHe no npemHeM pa60Te, BpyqJ1JI me-
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KOMnaHHR cTapblx .npY3eM c06paJIaCb oTnpa3,n;HoBaTb HallIY CBa,n;b-
6y y Tor,n;allIHero ceKpeTap.H YKOMa PKII(6), Moero TOBapJ1 a
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BaJIH Ha MeH.H KOCO. ,lJ;eJIO B TOM, 1.J:TO Y HOB06paqHOrO BJ1,n; 6bIJI
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70
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STO 6bIJI nepBbIH MaCCOBbIM BbInYCK aKa)];eMJ.1H. IIepe,n; 3TJ1M MbI
,n;epmaJIJ1 rocy,n;apcTBeHHbIH 3K3aMeH, BbInOJIH.HR TpJ1 3a,n;aHJ1.H.
IIepBoe KaCaJIOCb O,n;HOH J.13 cy ecTBeHHbIx np06JIeM BoeHHoro
J1CKYCCTBa - e,n;J1HCTBa MbICJIJ1 J.1 BOJIJ1 B cTpaTerJ1J1 J.1 TaKTJ1Ke.
Ha ,n;OKJIa BbInycKHJ1KY OTBO,n;HJIOCb 45 MJ.1HYT. Kam,n;a.H JIJ.11I1H.HR
MHHYTa BbI3bIBaJIa CHJ1meHJ1e OIJ;eHKH. YJIOmJ1TbC.H me 6bIJIO He
npOCTO, eCJIJ1 yqeCTb COJIJ1,n;HbIe pa3MepbI 3a,n;aHMR J1 06"beM JIJ1-
CTOB - npJ1JIOmeHJ1H. OTJIHqHa.H OTMeTKa B,n;OXHOBJ1JIa MeH.H nepe,n;
c,n;aqeH CJIe,n;YIOrn;ero 3a,n;aHJ1.H. STa BTopaR TeMa HOCJ1JIa J1CTOpJ.1-
1.J:eCKJ1t1 xapaKTep. MHe OCTaJIJ1Cb Ba CpameHJ1.H: JIIOTl.\eHCKOe
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no,n; caKCOHCKJ1M ropo,n;oM JIIOTIJ;eHOM HanOJIeOH I HaHec nopame-
HJ.1e PyccKo-npyccKoH COI03HJ1qeCKOH apMJ1J1 no,n; KOMaH,n;OBaHJ1eM
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8-9 (20-21) Ma.H 1813 ro,n;a HanOJIeOH CHOBa pa36HJI COI03HJ1-
qecKYIO apMJ1IO. OT MeH.H Tpe60BaJIOCb He TOJIbKO aTb BceCTO-
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Hoe MbIllIJIeHJ1e nOJIKOBo,n;IJ;eB. STOT 3K3aMeH R c,n;aJI Ha «XOpOllIO»,
nOJIyqJ1B 3aMeqaHJ1e OT caMoro npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIR KOMJ1CCHJ1 B. CPo Ho-
BJ1n;KOrO J13-3a Toro, qTO Y MeH.H B OT1.J:eTHOM MaTepJ1aJIe no BJ1He
MallIJ1HJ.1CTKJ.1 6bIJIa ,n;ony eHa OneqaTKa. IIpocpeccop cTporo BbIro-
BapJ1BaJI MHe 3a He6pemHocTb, Hen03BOJIJ1TeJIbHYIO l];JI.H ocpJ1n;epa
reHepaJIbHOrO lliTa6a.
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IJ;J1J1 B MacllITa6e apMJ1J1. B ee OCHOBY 6bIJI nOJIOmeH onbIT 60e-
BbIX ,n;eHCTBJ.1:H B ro,n;bI nepBoH MJ1pOBOM BOHHbI. ):(0 npaKTJ1't1eCKo-
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JIOmeHHO:H MHe TeMbI, ,n;OCTaTOqHO aKTyaJIbHOH, nOJIb3a 6bIJIa,
KOHeqHO, HeMaJIa.H.
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OpraHJ130BaH TOp:iKeCTBeHHbIH Be1.J:ep. IIpa3,n;HH1.J:HbIe no,n;apKJ1 no-
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XaJIHCb no MeCTaM HOBOH CJIym6bI C Ha3HaqeHHeM B KapMaHe
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J.1 meJIaHHR npJ1JIO:iKHTb CBOJ1 3HaHJ1.H Ha nonpJ1I.IJ;e C03,n;aHJ1.H Ka,n;-
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n YT'b Ba3U.Il.e8U1La.
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KOMaH,n;Hpa 6pJ1ra bI. IIpoBe .H MeC.Hn; B OTnYCKe, .H nonaJI 3aTeM
B IIeTporpa , B OT eJIbHYIO yqe6HYlO 6pHra,n;y. Pa60Ta B HeH
CqHTaJIaCb OqeHb BamHOH. TeM He MeHee M. H. TyxaQeBCKJ.1H He
CorJIaCJ1JIC.H C 3TJ.1M Ha3HaqeHJ1eM. OH CKa3aJI, qTO CQHTaeT 60JIee
:QeJIeC006pa3HbIM J1CnOJIb30BaTb 24-JIeTHerO KOM6pHra KaK 6bIB-
lllero KaBaJIepHCTa B KaBaJIepJ.1J.1 J1 nOBe neperOBopM c rJIaBHo-
KOMaH YIO J.1M C. C. KaMeHeBbIM 06 oTnpaBKe MeH.H B 3ana -
HbIH (BeJIOpycCKJ1H) BoeHHbIi:t oKpyr. IIOCKOJIbKY o .HHBapR 1922 ro-
,n;a .H Haxo,n;J1JIC.H B pacnOpRmeHJ1J1 llITa6a PKKA, BbICIllee HaqaJIb-
CTBO He B03pamaJIO, J1 R yexaJI Ha 3ana,n;.
B TO BpeM.H BeJIopyccJ1.H e e He BOIllJIa BMeCTe C PCcI>CP
B O.n;HO COlO3Hoe rocy,n;apCTBO. KaK J13BeCTHO, CCCP 6bIJI C03 aH
B eKa6pe 1922 ro,n;a. O,n;HaKo BoeHHbIH COlO3 Mem,n;y COBeTCKJ.1MJ1
pecny6JIJ1KaMH npe llleCTBOBaJI rocy,n;apcTBeHHoMY. OH 6bIJI no-
pom,n;eH rpam,n;aHcKoH BOi:tHOH, CJIymHJI ,n;eJIY cOBMecTHoH 3aI..QHTbI
COBeTcKoH POCCJ1H, YKpaHHbI, BeJIOpyccHH J1 3aKaBKa3b.H OT J1Mne-
pJ1aJIHCTJ1qeCKOH arpeCCHJ1 J1 .HBHJICR B ,n;aJIbHeHIlleM O,n;HOi1 H3
npe,n;noCbIJIOK J1X 06'be,n;HHeHHR B CCCP. qTO KaCaeTC.H 3ana,n;HoM
rpaHJ1n;bI, TO YKpenJIeHJ1e ee 6bIJIO O,n;HOH H3 HeOTJIOmHbIX 3a,n;aq.
BOT nOqeMY .H On;eHJ1JI CBoe HOBoe Ha3HaqeHHe KaK caMoe 60e-
Boe J1 OqeHb HymHoe.
72
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B BeJIoPycCJ1J1 nepe o MHOIO nOCTaBMJIH 3a aqy CcpOpMJ.1pOBaTb
J1 B03rJIaBJ1Tb IllTa6 KaBaJIepJ1i1:cKoro KopIIyca. 3TO HeJIerKOe eJIO,
eCJIJ1 yqecTb. t{TO IllTa6 ;:J;OJImeH COCTOHTb J13 OnbITHbIX J1 3HalO-
lIIJ1X pa60THJ.1KOB. B TeqeHJ1e ,n;BYX C JIJ.1IllHJ1M MeC.HI..J;eB CPOqHO
ROMIIJIeRTOBaJIHCb Ka pbl, oT6HpaJIaCb MaTepJ1aJIbHa.H qaCTb. Ho
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BOJIbHO 3HaqJ1TeJIhHOe BpeM.H, XOqy CKa3aTb 0 HeM HeCKOJIbKO
CJIOB. OT CBoero 6paTa MBaHa, Tome repo.H rpam aHcKoi1 BOHHbI,
HJ1KOJIaH KaIllJ1pJ1H OTJIHQaJIC.R OTCYTCTBHeM HaKJIOHHOCTJ1 K me-
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CROM BJIaCTJ1, rro.n;THHYTbIH, OpraHJ130BaHHbIi1, B YMqHBbIH PYKo-
BO HTeJIb BOHCK. O,n;HH H3 npe)J;KoB KallIHpHHhIX 6bIJI B XVIII BeKe
YQaCTHJ1ROM KpecTbHHcKOH BOHHbI BO rJIaBe C TIyraqeBhIM. OTen;
HHKoJIaSJ H J1BaHa, XOTb OH J.1 CJIY>KJ.1JI Ka3aqbJ1M aTaMaHOM B
O,n;HOM 113 npJ1ypaJIbCKJ1X CTaHH.Q, CJIbIJI Y BJIaCTeH He6JIarOHa-
.n;emHbIM. B MapTe 1918 ro a 6paTb.R KalIIJ.1pJ.1HbI C03):t;aJIJ1 nep-
BYIO cOBeTcKY1O Ka3aqblO COTHIO Ha IOmHoM Ypane J1 BbICTYIIJ1JIH
npOTJ1B .n;YTOBI..J;eB. JIeToM Toro me ro.n;a OpeH6yprCKJ.1H OTp.H
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,ZJ:MJ1TpJ1eBJ1q npO.HBHJI ce6.H C HaJ1JIYQIllefi CTOpOHbI. IIOH.HTHO, qTO
OH nOJIh30BaJICH Tenepb 60JIbIlIJ1M aBTopHTeToM J1 3aCJIymeHHbIM
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O HaKO COCTO.HHJ.1e TOMCKoi1 KaB)J;J1BH3J1J.1 MeH.H pa30qapOBaJIO.
Oc06eHHo KaTaCTpo<pJ1qeCKJ1M OKa3aJIOCb nOJIOmeHJ1e KOHCKoro
COCTaBa. C npoTepTbIMJ.1 qYTb JIJ1 He ,l];O n03BOHOqHJ1Ka CnHHaMJ1,
CJ1JIbHO xpOMaBIIIJ1e JIOllIa J.1 ro,n;J1JIHCb TOJIbKO H8 y60i1. q T06bI
OHJ1 He na,l);aJIJ1 OT J13HypeHJ1.f.1., J1X B CTOHJIaX npJ.1xo,nJ.1JIOCb J1Hor,n;a
no,n;BeIllJ.1BaTb Ha peMH.HX. C ,n;eTCTBa JII06J.1BIlIJ1H JIOIlla,n;ei1:, .H He
Mor paBHo,n;YUIHO CMOTpeTb Ha HeCqaCTHbIX :>KHBOTHbIX.
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73
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J13 nOJIKOB. ilOJIK 6bIJI npJ.1Be eH B nOp.H,n;OK, HO MbI TYT me ero
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nOCJIe,n;H.H.H qaCTb. A Kor,n;a 3a6paJlH H ee, OT TOMCKOH ,n;J1BJ13J1J1
COXpaHJ1J1C.H JIJ1llIb IlITa6, J1 ,n;J1BI13HIO paccpopMJ1pOBaJIH.
IIocJIe STOH pa60TbI, Ha KOTOpylO YIllJIO ,n;eB.HTb MeC.HIJ;eB, .H
6bIJI oTKoMaH,n;J1pOBaH B MOCKBY, B rJIaBHOe ynpaBJIeHJ1e Ka -
pOB PKKA. A TYT KaK pa3 [(K PKII(6) nOTpe60BaJI OT HapKoM-
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HOH pa60TbI. B 1.J:J1CJlO J1HCneKTopoB, HanpaBJIeHHbIX Ha nOJlro,n;a
,n;JI.H npOBepKJ1 COCTO.HHJ1.H PKM, BKJllOqHJIJ1 MeH.H. XOT.H ,n;JI.H
MeH.H STO 6bIJIO cOBepllIeHHo HOBoe ,n;eJIO, HapKoMBHy,n;eJI KaK
CJIe,n;yeT 3arpY3J1JI MeH.R pa60ToH, BbI,n;eJIJ1B JI.H npOBepKJ.1 cpa3Y
llIeCTb MeCTHbIX ynpaBJIeHI1H MJ1JIJ1IJ;J.1J1 - MYPMaHcKoe, KaH,n;a-
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reJIbCKoe. TaK COCTO.HJIOCb Moe nepBoe 3HaKOMCTBO C paHoHoM,
B KOTOpOM .H n03,n;Hee CJlyml1JI KaK KOMaH,n;YIO J.1:i1 JIeHJ1H-
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CTBeHHOH BOHHbI KaK KOMaH YIO J.1H cppoHTaMJ1 J1 nOCJIe Hee
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pyrOM.
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6JIIO,n;eHJ1.HMJ.1, npHrO J1BllIJ1MJ1C.H BnOCJIe,n;CTBJ1J1. Ha 06paTHOM
nYTJ1 B MOCKBY .H BCTpeTJ1JI HaqaJIbHJ1Ka lllTa6a 15-ro CTpeJIKOBOrO
Kopnyca M. M. OJIbllIaHCKoro. Mbl pa3rOBOpJ1JII1Cb 0 npemHeH
cJIym6e, 0 nOBce,n;HeBHbIX BneqaTJIeHJ1.HX. OH, KaK Bbl.HCHJ1JIOCb,
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IlJTa6Ho:t1: pa60Te, OJIblIlaHCKJ1M npHrJlaCJ1JI MeH.H Ha 3TOT nOCT.
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pa3HbIX 3KOHOMJ1qeCKJ1X H reorpacpHqeCKJ1X YCJIOBJ1.HX.
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HanpaBJIeHHe ,n;aBaJI B. M. IIIanOIllHJ1KoB. Co BpeMeH rpam aH-
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74
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B COIJ;J1aJIJ1CTJ1qeCKOM 06I.I.J;eCTBe. I1cxo,n;H J13 H3BeCTHbIx BbICKa-
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UlaH, HO 3aTO npeBocxo,n;HO 06yqeHHaH, Ka,n;poBa.R apMM.H - BOT
KTO, no HX MHeHJ.1IO, cnoc06eH 6bIJI JIyqllIe Bcero o6eCneqJ.1Tb J1HTe-
peCbJ J.1 6e30nacHocTb CTpaHbI COBeToB B nepexo,n;HbIH K COIJ;l1a-
JIJ.13MY nepHo,n;. ,l(pyrHMM CJIOBaMJ1, H,l];elO «HenOCTOHHHO BOOPy-
meHHbIX Macc» OHJ1 3aMeHHJI11 H,n;eei1 0 nocToHHHOH perYJIHpHOH
apMJ1J.1. He 06XO,n;HJIOCb J1 6e3 B3aJ1MHbIX ynpeKOB. IIepBbIe 6poca-
JIJ,1 BTOpbIM 06BJ1HeHH.H B 3aJ.1MCTBOBaHJ.1J1 CJ.1CTeMbI perYJIHpHOM
apMHJ.1 CTaporo, ,n;opeBOJIIOIJ;J.10HHOrO Tl1na, B nonbITKe J1CnOJIb3o-
BaTb .D;JIH 06ll ecTBa TPY.D;.HI.l\J1XC.H 6ypmya3HbIe MeTo,n;bI BoeHHOM
pa60TbI. BTopbIe B CBOIO o epe,n;b 06BI1H.HJIJ.1 nepBbIx B 3KCnJIya-
TaIJ;J1J1 ,l];JI.H Hym,n; TPY,l];HI.I.J;J.1XCH 6ypmya3HoH TeOpJ1H «BoopymeH-
Horo Hapo,n;a», paHee HalIIe,n;llleH HaH60JIee .HpKOe BOnJIO eHJ.1e
75
Ha c./I,Y:HC6e HapoiJ y
B apMJ.1J1 MJ1JIJ1TapHcTcKOi1 KaM3epOBCKOH repMaHJ1J1 J1 qym oH CO-
BeTCKOMY 06 eCTBY
Ocy eCTBJIeHJ.1e TeX J.1JIJ.1 J1HbIX nJiaHOB apMeHCKOH pe<l>opMbI
3aBJ1CeJIO TaKme OT MaTepJ1aJlbHbIX peCypCOB COBeTCKOrO rocy-
,n;apCTBa. KaK CKOpO MbI BbIl1rpaeM KOHKypeHIJ;HIO C HsnMaHaMJ1
H nOCTaBHM Bce X03.HHCTBO Ha COIJ;l1aJlHCTHQeCKJ1e peJIbCbI? II06e-
J.1T JlH COQHaJlJ13M CHaqa a B ropo,n;e HJIH B ,n;epeBHe J.1 ropo,n;e
o,n;HOBpeMeHHO? JIIO,n;J1 KaKoro 06pa30BaHJ.1.H, K aCCOBoro npoJ.1C-
xom,n;eHJ1.H J.1 COIJ;J1aJIbHOrO nOJIOmeHH.H 6y,n;YT npJ13bIBaTbC.H B
apMJ1IO? Kor,n;a J1 KaK CYMeeT npOMbIIllJIeHHOCTb CCCP 06ec-
neqHTb PKKA BoeHHOH TeXHHKOH? HaKOHeIJ;, B cJlyqae HOBOH
BOHHbI npJ1)J;eTC.H JIJ1 CCCP OpJ1eHTl1pOBaTbC.H B OCHOBHOM Ha
CBOH CJ1J1bI (c yqeTOM B03MomHOH, HO He 06.H3aTeJIbHoi1 MOru:-
HOH no.n.nepmKJ1 co CTOpOHbI 3apy6emHbIX pa60qHX) MJIH B 6JIJ1-
maHllIee BpeM.H Bce me np0J130H.n;eT Ml1pOBa.H npOJleTapCKa.H peBO-
JIIOIJ;H.H?
B 1923 ro.n;y, HeCMOTp.H Ha p.H,n; KpynHbIx peBOJIIO:Q110HHbIX
BbIcTynJleHI1H 3a py6emoM, 6ypmya311.H oT6J1JIa HaTHCK pa60qero
KJIaCCa, a B 1924 ro.ny HaqaJIC.f.I nepl1o,n;, KOTOpbIH n03 Hee nOJIY-
qHJI Ha3BaHwe BpeMeHHoH, QaCTI1QHOH cTa6I1JIJ.13aIJ;J111 KanWTaJIJ13-
Ma. IIocTeneHHo CTaHOBHJIOCb .HCHO, qTO HaM npJ.1,n;eTC.H CTpOI1Tb
COIJ;J1aJlJ13M B O,n;HOi1, OT,n;eJIbHO B3.HTOH, CTpaHe,. He .n;oml1,n;a.HCb
MJ1pOBOtt peBOJIIOIJ;J.1H.
Ern;e B 192.3 rOL\Y nJlaH BoeHHOH pe<l>opMbI 6bIJI npJ1H.HT B 06-
rn;eM BH,n;e, a B ,n;aJIbHeHllIeM 3TOT nJlaH qaCTJ1qHO BH OH3MeH.HJlC.H
J1 COBeprneHCTBOBaJIC.H. IIapTJ.1.H J1 npaBJ1TeJIbCTBO OCTaHOBJ1JIJ1Cb
Ha MbICJII1 0 C03J];aHJ.1J.1 TaKO:H Ka,n;p-oBoM apMHH, B COCTaBe KOTO-
pOH 6y,n;YT 11 perYJl.HpHbIe qaCTH, J1 MJ1JIJ1I..(HOHHO-TeppJ.1TOpHaJIb-
HbIe. IIOCTO.HHHbIMH KaJJ;paMt1 .HB.HTC.H BbIClllHH, CTapllIJ1H, cpe.n;-
HJ1i1 KOMaH,n;HbIH COCTaB, qaCTb MJIa,n;llIero KOMCOCTaBa J1 p.H,n;OBbIX
(cBepXCpOqHJ.1KJ.1, oc06bIe CJIy 6bI). Bee MymQHHbI Tpy,n;oBoro co-
IJ;J1aJIbHOrO npOHcxom,n;eHJ1.H 6y,n;YT npH3bIBaTbC.H ,n;JI.H BoeHHoro
06yqeHJ1.H. O,n;HJ1 J13 HI1X npoH.n;YT qepe3 cJIym6y B pery JI.HpHbIX
qaCT.HX B TeQeHHe pa3HbIx CpOKOB (B 3aBI1CI1MOCTJ1 OT po,n;a BOHCK),
.n;pyrHe - He,n;JIHTeJIbHOe 06YQeHHe B TeppJ1TOpHaJIbHbIX qaCT.HX,
a B ,n;aJIbHei1llIeM, no Mepe Ha,n;o6HocTH, HX CTaHYT npJ.13bIBaTb
Ha KpaTKOCpOQHbIe BOJ.1HCKJ.1e C60PbI. C HeKOTopbIMI1 ,n;onOJIHeHJ.1.H-
MJ1 STa CJ1CTeMa <PYHK:QJ.10HMpOBaJIa y Hac ,no 1939 ro,n;a, Kor,n;a
OCJIOmHHBllla.HC.H Mem,n;YHapo,n;Ha.H 06cTaHoBKa B YCJIOBM.HX npJ.1-
6JIJ1maBllIeMC.H BTOpOM MHpOBOi1 BOHHbI nOTpe6oBaJia npe06JIa,n;a-
HJ.1.H perYJI.HpHbIX qaCTeH, a MO Ha.H npOMbIlllJleHHOCTb cTpaHbI
n06e,n;HBllIero COI..(HaJIJ.13Ma n03BOJII1JIa 06eCneqJ.1Tb TaKYIO apMl110
HOBOH BoeHHOM TexHHKoi1.
76
HaeceziJa 8 PKKA
B OCHOBHOM pe<POPMY ocy ecTBHJIJ1 8 1924-1925 ro,n;ax, XOT.H
OT,n;eJIbHbIe npe06pa30BaHM.H 3aT.HHYJIJ.1Cb ,n;o 1928 ro,n;a. H npM-
Hl1MaJI YQaCTJ1e B pecpopMe, RaK Bce KOMaH,n;J1pbI J.1 KOMJ1CCapbI
PKKA, BbInOJIH.H.H Ha CBoeM nOCTY 06 J1e npe,n;HaqepTaHJ1.H. Kor,n;a
JI Haxo,n;J1JIC.H Ha Henocpe,n;cTBeHHo KOMaH,n;HbIX OJIjKHOCTHX, 3TO
BbIpamaJIOCb B o6yqeHJ1J.1 J1 BOCTIJ1TaHJ.1J1 HOBoro nOnOJIHeHJ1.f.1 no
,[(BYM JlMHH.HM: pery JIHpHO:Vt: no,n;rOTOBKJ1 M MJ1JIHD;HOHHO-TeppJ.1TO-
pMaJIbHoM. Kor,n;a .H BeJI lllTa6HYro pa60TY, 3TO BbIpamaJIOCb B Me-
To,n;ax KOMnJIeKTOBaHJ1.H, pa3Me eHM.H, MaTepJ1aJIbHOrO 06ecneqe-
HJ1.H M opraHM3aIJ;MJ.1 BoeHHo-yqe6HOrO npoD;ecca KOHKpeTHbIx qac-
TeM J1 coe,nJ1HeHMM. BnepBbIe .H 3aH.HJICR 3TOM pa60ToH Ha CeBep-
HaM KaBKa3e B KOHD;e 1923 ro,n;a. KaK pa3 Tor,n;a CneD;HaJIbHaR
KOMJ.1CCJ.1.H IJ;K PKII(6), B03rJIaBJIeHHaH ceKpeTapeM IJ;KK C. 11. ry-
ceBbIM, npJ.111IJIa nOCJIe npOBepKJ1 COCTO.HHM.H PKKA K BbIBO,n;y,
'tJTO B cym;ecTBYIOm;eM BM,n;e RpaCHa.H ApMJ1.H He60ecnoco6Ha. B cpeB-
paJIe 1924 ro.na ITJIeHYM eHTpaJIbHOrO KOMJ1TeTa napTMJ1 npJ1HRJI
pellIeHJ1e 0 He06xo,n;HMOCTJ1 cpOpCl1pOBaTb yme HaqaBwylOC.fJ pe-
cpOPMY, a B MapTe, qT06bI OnepaTJ.1BHO npOBeCTJ1 pellIeHMe B mJ.13Hb,
6bIJI YTBepm,n;eH HOBbIH COCTaB PeBBoeHcoBeTa.
ITepBbIH onbIT CJIym6bI B YCJIOBM.HX BoeHHOM pecpopMbI 6bIJI
npJ.106peTeH 1\IIHOIO B 9-M ,n:OHCKOM CTpeJIKOBOM ,nJ.1BM3J1M. PaHbIlle
H pa60TaJl HaQaJIbHMKOM lllTa6a ,n;J1BJ13J1J1 TOJIbRO BpeMeHHo, a M
TO B ,n;J.1BJ13J1J1 KaBaJIepJ1MCKoi1. ,l(eB.HTMMeC.HQHOe npe6bIBaHJ1e Ha
3TOM ,n;OJImHOCTJ.1 B neXOTe 6bIJIO n03TOMY Qpe3BbIQaHHO nOJIe3-
HbIM, TeM 60JIee QTO ,nOHCKYIO ,n;J.1BJ13J11O ee KOMaH OBaHl1e J1
IlITa6 CTpeMJ1JIJ1Cb npeBpaTJ.1Tb B ,neHCTBJ1TeJIbHO perYJIRpHYIO.
IIpem,n;e C perYJI.HpHbIMM neXOTHbIMJ.1 coe,n;MHeHJ.1RMJ1 .H cpaKTJ1-
1.JeCKJ1 He HMeJI ,n;eJIa. IIo,n; Ka3aHbIO B 1918 ro,n;y TaKMe coe,n;MHeHJ1.H
TOJIbKO em;e cpOpMJ1pOBaJIJ.1Cb, npe,n;cTaBJIR.H co6oi1: KOHrJIOMepaT
pa3JIJ.11.JHbIX OTp.H,n;OB. B 1919 ro y Ha IOmHoM <ppoHTe 14-.R ,lJ;MBJ1-
3J1H, r,n;e .H CJIymJ1JI, Tome He MOrJIa CQl1TaTbCH 06pa3D;OBOH. OHa
6bIJIa OYieHb rpOM03,n;Koi1:, nJIOXO no,n;,n;aBaJIaCb ynpaBJIeHJ110 J1 He
J1MeJIa COBpeMeHHoi1 TeXHJ1KJ.1. <PaKTJ1QeCKJ.1 .H TaM BJ1,n;eJI He,n;OCTa-
T01.JHO OpraHJ130BaHHoe CKOnJIeHJ1e JlIO,n;eH C BJ1HTOBKaMJ1 M opy-
.D;J1HMJ1, B pa3Hot1 CTeneHJ.1 06Y1.JeHHbIX 11 ,n;J1CIJ;J.1nJIJ1HJ.1pOBaHHbIX,
XOTH 11 06JIa,n;aBlllJ.1X BbICOKJ.1M 60eBbIM ,n;YXOM. 11 Kor,n;a nepe,n;
HaMH BCTaJla 3a,n;aqa npeBpaTMTb ,l(OHCKYIO )J;J1BM3MIO B TaK Ha3bI-
BaeMoe onopHoe coe)J;J1HeHHe CeBepo-KaBKa3CKoro BoeHHoro OKPY-
ra, R J1CnOJIb30BaJI TO, 1.JTO BH,n;eJI M qeMY HayqJ1JICH npemAe Bcero
B KOHapMJ.1J1, ,n;J1BJ.13J1J.1 KOTOpOi1 6bIJIJ1 JIYQllle o6yqeHbI, CKOJIO-
'-IeHbI H BoopymeHbl.
HaxOARCb B TOMCKOH J]:J1BJ.13HYt. .H Har JIH)J;HO Y.HCHMJI ce6e, Ka-
KMM coe,n;J1HeHJ.1e He ,n;OJImHO 6bITb. CJIyma B ,l];OHCKOH )J;J1BI13J1J1,
77
Ha cJtY]IC6e 1tapooy
nOH.HJI J1 BnepBbIe B mJ13HH nOnbITaJlC.H nOKa3aTb npaKTHqe-
CKJ1, KaKHM COe,n;J1HeHJ.1e ,n;OJImHO 6bITb. Ho .R ew;e He 06J1a,n;aJI
onbITOM IlITa6HOH pa60TbI B MaCllITa6e BoeHHoro oKpyra J1 He
yqaCTBOBaJl B .n;OCTaTOqHO KpynHbIx OpraHJ13aUJ10HHbIX Mepo-
npH.HTH.HX. B03MomHocTb npHo6peCTJ1 TaKOH onbIT 6bIJla npe o-
CTaBJIeHa JIeTOM 1924 ro a, Kor,n;a MeH.H nepeBeJIH Ha ,n;OJImHOCTb
HaqaJIbHHKa M06HJlJ13aIJ;J10HHOrO OT,n;eJla MocKoBcKoro BoeHHoro
oKpyra.
B MocKBY .H npJ16bIJI B J.1IOJle t1 npe.ncTaBHJIC.H HaqaJIbHJ1KY
IllTa6a oKpyra A. M. IIepeMbIToBY. OTKpoBeHHo rOBOp.H, .H HeCKOJlb-
KO onaCaJIC.H HOBOi1 pa60TbI. Be,n;b M06J1JIJ13aIJ;J10HHbIH OT,n;eJI Be,n;aJl
TaKJ1MH BonpOCaMJ.1, KaK nepeBo,n; BoopymeHHbIx CJ1JI MJ1pHOrO
BpeMeHJ1 Ha BoeHHoe nOJlOmeHJ1e, YKoMnJleKTOBaHJ.1e Ka,n;poB JIHq-
HbIM H KOHCKJ1M COCTaBOM, OpMJ.1pOBaHJ.1e HOBbIX qaCTeH H BoeH-
HbIX yqpem eHHH, 06eCneQeHJ1e BOi1CK BoopymeHJ1eM, CHap.Hme-
HJ1eM, 06MYH,n;J.1pOBaHJ1eM J1 06030M. Bce 3TO - BamHble np06J1e-
MbI, O HaKO 3HaQJ1TeJIbHa.H qaCTb pa60TbI ocy eCTBJI.HJIaCb B
06 eM BJ1,n;e, Ha 6YMare. A o 3Toro .H 3aHJ1MaJIC.H Henocpe,n;cTBeH-
HbIM OpMJ.1pOBaHJ.1eM J1 06yqeHJ1eM BOtiCK. .f.I nOHJ1MaJI, qTO, eCJIJ1
XOqy CTaTb BcecTopoHHe pa3BHTbIM M no rOTOBJIeHHbIM KOMaH,n;J1-
pOM, OJImeH npOHTJ1 H Qepe3 no 06HYIO pa60TY. Ho KaK OHa noi1-
,n;eT? MeH.H pa,n;OBaJlO, npaB a, qTO KOMaH,n;OBaJl oKpyroM K. E. Bo-
pOIlIHJIOB. 3TO BHYlllaJlo Ha,n;em,n;y, qTO mJ1BbIM eJIOM MbI 06.H-
3aTeJIbHO 6y,n;eM 3aHHMaTbC.H.
BHaqaJIe MOH OnaCeHJ1.H KaK 6y.n;TO C6bIBaJIHcb. .H He Mor no-
H.HTb, XOpOlll JlJ1 HallI M06J1J1113aQHOHHbIH nJlaH J1JIH nJIOx? qT06bI
BbI.HCHJ1Tb, qero CTOJ.1T Kam,n;bIH OKYMeHT, KaKJ1e JIIO,n;11 CTO.HT
3a HJ1M, qeMY J1 KaK OHJ1 6y,n;YT yqHTbC.H, qTO CTaHYT ,n;eJIaTb
nocJle npJ13bIBa, JI.H 3Toro HymHo n06bIBaTb B BOJ1HCKJ1X qaCT.HX,
nOCMOTpeTb Ha oKpyr B ero peaJIbHOM BOnJlOw;eHHH H Ha BoeH-
KOMaTbI, HaKOHeIJ;, npOCTO nOCJ1,n;eTb J1 nO YMaTb Ha,n; J1,n;eHMJ1,
JlemaBlllJ1MJ1 B OCHOBe HOBOH pa60TbI. Ho ,n;JlH 3Toro He06xo J.1MO
OTopBaTbCH OT nJ1CbMeHHoro CTOJla. A H He Mor 3Toro c,n;eJIaTb.
MeH.R 3aXJleCTHYJl nOTOK 6YMar. Mow npe,n;llIecTBeHHJ1K TaK no-
CTpOHJI pa60TY, QTO COTPy,n;HI1K OT,n;eJIa nOHeBOJIe CTaHOBHJIC.H 6lOpo-
KpaTOM. .H ycneBa.n .nJ1llIb no,n;nJ1CbIBaTb BCHKJ.1e peecTpbI, OTHo-
llIeHJ.1H, J1HCTPYK:QJ.1J1. npJ1JIOmeHMH 11 HanpaBJIHTb J1X ,n;aJIbllIe.
PeIllHJI .H Tor,n;a nOCOBeTOBaTbCH C coce OM, HaQaJIbHJ1KOM opra-
HH3a:QHOHHoro OT,n;eJIa H. K. fop6aToBbIM.
- HJ1KOJIaH KOHcTaHTHHOBJ.1Q,- rOBoplO,- BbI CJIymMJII1 eru;e
B cTapoH apMMH. B nepBYIO MJ1pOBYIO BOHHY HBJIHJIJ1Cb HaQaJIb-
HHKOM Mo6J1JIH3a:QMoHHoro OT,n;eJIa Halliero me oKpyra. Henocpe -
CTBeHHblX nO qHHeHHbIX 6bI.n0 y Bac ,n;Ba nOMOll HJ1Ka J1 ,n;Ba
78
Ha8ceziJa 6 PKKA
nJ1cap.H Bo BC.HKOM c.nyqae, TaK MHe paccKa3bIBaJIJ1. A Kor,n;a
HaqaJIaCb BOHHa, MBO OTMQ6J1JIJ.130BaJIC.H XOpOlliO. E,n;11HcTBeHHoe
He,n;opa3YMeHt1e, kOTopoe CJlYQJ1JIOCb Tor a,- CJIOMaJIC.H KJIlOq OT
lllKacpa C M06J1JIJ13aQJ10HHbIMJ1 ,n;OKYMeHTaMJ1. JI.H JIJ1KBJ1JJ;a J1J1
nOJIOMKJ1 cJlecaplO nOHaJJ;06J1JIOCb 10 MJ1HYT, a nOTOM Bce llIJIO
6e3 nepe60eB. TaK 3TO J1J1J1 HeT?
rOp6aToB CMeeTC.H.
- TaK.
- A Tenepb qTO npoJ1Cxo,n;J1T? B TOM me OT,n;eJIe annapaT BMec-
TO qeTbIpex B .n;eB.HHOCTO QeJIOBeK...
- ,l{a Y MeH.H B OT eJIe e e COpOK qeJIOBeK,- 06aB.n.HeT
rOp6aTOB.
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3,n;aTb M06J1JIJ13aIJ;J10HHbIH nJIaH. MbICJIJ.1MO JIJ1 3TO? MbI YTOHeM
B 6YMamHOM Mope. OCTaBJ1Tb 6bI qeJIOBeK ,n;BaJ];IJ;aTb, OCTaJIbHbIX
nepeBeCTJ.1 Ha pyrJ1e ,n;o.nmHOCTJ1, nepenJ1CKY Mem.n;y KOMHaTaMJ1
BHYTpJ1 OT,n;eJIOB COBceM JIJ1KBJ1,n;l1pOBaTb, BHellIHlO1O nepenWCKY
CBeCTJ1 O MJ1HJ.1MYMa, a nOTOM pa3pa6aTbIBaTb KOHKpeTHbIM
nJIaH.
- HenJIoxo 6bI,- rOBOpJ1T rOp6aTOB,- a TOJIbKO MeH.H MO-
rYT He nOCJIYllIaTb, CKamYT, qTO .H cTapylO JIJ1HJ11O fHY. Ho eCJIU
BbI, KJ.1pJ1JIJI AcpaHaCbeBJ1Q, BHeceTe no,n;06Hoe npe,n;.rromeHJ1e, .H
Bac peIlIJ1TeJlbHO no epmy.
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qaJIbHJ.1K llITa6a no,n;YMaJI, nOJJ;YMaJI J.1 OTBeqaeT: « BepHoe npe,n;-
JIOmeHJ1e! IIoJ1: eMTe K KOMaH,n;YIOru:eMY».
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,no KOHQa. KJlJ1MeHT E peMOBJ1q nOCMOTpeJI Ha MeH.H, YCMeXHYJIC.H
J1 CnpaIIIJ1BaeT IIepeMbIToBa:
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npe JIafaeT.
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BaCJ1JIbeBJ.1QeM.
CeJI BOpOIIIJ1JIOB B aBTOM06J.1JIb J.1 yexaJI K M. B. <PPYH3e.
qaca qepe3 nOJlTOpa BepHYJIC.H, BbI3BaJl Hac 060J1X J.1 co06ru;J1.n,
qTO HapKOMBoeHMOp J.1 qJIeHPeBBoeHcoBeTa (npe.n;ce.n;aTeJIeM PBC
<l>pYH3e CTaJI n03me) 0,n;06pJ1JI npe,n;JIOmeHJ1e, nOCOBeTOBaJl CJIJ1Tb
M06J1JIJ13a J10HHbIi1. J1 OpraH:vI3aIJ;J10HHbIM OT,n;e.nbI Boe,n;J.1HO, Ha-
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6aToBa - 3aMeCTJ1TeJIeM. III TaTbI COKpaTJ1Tb CO 120 QeJIOBeK
AO 60.
79
Ha cJtYJIC6e 1iapooy
Ec.nJ1 ):(eJIO noi1:,n;eT,- CKa3aJI KJIJ1MeHT E<}JpeMOBHq,- a H3-
JIJ1111KJ1 BHOBb o6HapymaTcH, MomHO COKpa aTb ,n;a.nbllIe, nOKa
He ,n;oi1.n;eM .no Tpe6yeMoro MJ1HJ1MYMa. JJ:ei1cTByi1Te, TOBapJ1 J1.
CTaJIJ.1 MbI ei1cTBoBaTb. HJ1qero, nOJIyqaeTC.H. IIOHBJ1JIOCb Bpe-
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80
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,n;YIO eM C. C. KaMeHeBe, OH B aJIbHeHIlleM CTaJI HaqaJIbHJ1KOM
aKap;eMJ1J1 (nocJIe M. H. TyxaqeBCKOro J1 A. M. reKKepa) :H. nOCTO-
.HHHO BKJIlOqaJI B aKa eMJ1qeCKJ1e JIeKQJ1J1 CBe,n;eHJ1.H 0 nOBce,n;HeB-
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I1aBeJI ITaBJIOBJ1q oc06eHHo J1HTepeCOBaJIC.H OpraHJ13aIJ;J10HHbIMJ1
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82
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II. ll. JIe6e,n;eB Hepe,n;KO npJ1BO,n;J.1JI npJ.1MepbI J13 CBOerO onbITa
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KOTOpbIH CTaJI nOCJIe):(HJ1M B mJ13HJ1 BbIAalOI.I.J;erOC.H COBeTCKoro
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3aTeM BMeCTe C HJ1M Ha lOr. IIepBoe 60eBoe Kpern;eHJ.1e yme B pH ax
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KaMbIIlIJ1He, HaXO,l1;J1JIJ1Cb npe,l1;CTaBJ1TeJIJ1 BbIcIlIet1 BoeHHOH
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J1cnOJIHJ1TeJlbHOrO KOMJ1TeTa COI03a. COBepllIeHHo J.1CKJlIOQJ.1TeJIb-
HYIO no 06neMY pa60TY BbInOJIHJ1JI OH, .HBJI.HHCb B TeqeHJ1e BOCbMJ1
JIeT, C 1931 ro,n;a, ceKpeTapeM KOMJ1TeTa 060pOHbJ npJ1 COBeTe
HapO,ltHbIX KOMJ1CCapOB CCCP. 3TO 6bIJI ero rrOCJIe):(HJ1i1 rocy-
.n;apcTBeHHbIM nOCT.
COBMecTHaH cJIym6a C reOprJ1eM ,l(MJ1TpJ1eBJ1qeM, COBnaB-
Illa.H no BpeMeHJ.1 C pa3rapoM J1 3aBepllIalOI.I.J;J1M 3TanOM BoeHHoH
pe opMbI, .HBJ.1JIaCb BamHbIM nepJ1o,n;oM J.1 B MoeH mJ13HJ.1. CTO-
JIJ1qHbIi1 BoeHHbIH oKpyr - 3TO TaKoe MeCTO, KOTopoe caMO no
ce6e MomeT HayqJ1Tb MHoroMY Kam.noro BOeHHOCJIymaI.IJ;ero.
Ho onbIT pa60TbI OKameTC.R B.n;BoHHe 60Jlee QeHHbIM, Kor,n;a TbI
npJ106peTaellIb era He TOJIbKO CBOJ1M CTpeMJIeHHeM K ,n;aJIbHeH-
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CJ1JIOIO 06CTO.HTeJIbCTB, OKa3aBmJ.1Cb Ha 3TOM MeCTe, a e e J1 no-
TOMY, qTO TBOi1 HaqaJIbHJ.1K YMeJIO PYKOBO,nJ1T BBepeHHbIMJ1 eMY
BOHCKaMJ1 J1 nepe,n;aeT no.n;qHHeHHbIM Bce CBOJ1 3HaHJ1.H. M, or JI.H-
,D:bIBa.HCb CeHqaC Ha3a , .R C 6JIaro,n;apHOCTblO BCnOMJ1HalO ypOKH
CTapllIero TOBapJ1 a, KpaCHoro KOMaH J1pa Ba3J1JIeBJ1Qa.
88
Ha8ceziJa e PKKA
Ha YlleHUSl,X, 'Ka'K 8 6010
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npuKa3 U n01Ca3.-
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npa'KTUKa 'H.a1LiJu8a.-
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C OceHJ1 1928 To.zt;a B MOCKOBCKOM BoeHHOM oKpyre Bo06 e,
B ero IllTa6e B QaCTHOCTJ1, o603Ha'tJHJIHCb HeKoTopbIe nepeMeHbI.
OHH 6bIJlJ1 BbI3BaHbI, nOMJ1MO Bcero npoqero, ew;e H TeM, qTO BOH-
CKaMJ1 MBO HaqaJI KOMaH):(OBaTb J1epOHJ1M TIeTpOBJ1q Y60peBJ1q-
ry6apeBJ1q. STOT qeJIOBeK CbIrpa.n B MoeH mJ13HH orpOMHYIO pOJIb.
.H npopa60TaJI BMeCTe C HJ.1M OKOJIO n.HTJ.1 JIeT, J1 rO):(bI 3TJ1 - u;eJIbIH
HOBbIt1 nepJ.10,l1. B MoeH cJIym6e. He cKamy, qTO TOJIbKO .R O,l1.J1H Ha-
XO,l1.J1JIC.H no.n era BJIJ.1.HHJ1eM. Bce, C eJIaHHOe Y60peBHQeM: BOC-
ilJ1TaHHbIe, BbIpa eHHbIe J.1 o6yqeHHbIe J1M KOMaH):(J1pbI pa3HbIx
paHrOB; ero MeTo,n;bI pa60TbI; Bce, 'tJTO OH AaJI HallIet1 apMJ1J1,- B
cOBoKynHOCTJ1 He MomeT 6bITb oxapaKTepJ.130BaHO J1Haqe, KaK
OpJ1rJ1HaJIbHa.H KpaCHaH BoeHHaSl IllKOJla, TIJIO]J;OTBopHaH J1 noy-
'tJJ1TeJIbHa.H. Kor.na MbI n03HaKOMHJIJ1Cb, MHe llIeJI yme TpJ1AIJ;aTb
BTOpOH ro . .H 3aHJ.1MaJl ):(OBOJIbHO BbICOKYIO BoeHHYIO ):(OJImHOCTb
J1 Mor CqJ1TaTbC.R CJIOmJ1BIlIHMCH qeJIOBeKOM. 11 Bce me HM O,l1.HH
BOeHaQaJIbHJ1K paHbIIle Cna, nomaJIyi1, J1 n03me) He ,l1.aJI MHe
TaK MHoro, KaK J1epOHJ1M lleTpOBJ1Q. Ero J1HTepeCHoe J1 60ra-
Toe TBOpqeCKOe HaCJIe)J;J1e, He OCTaTOQHO, K COmaJIeHJ.1IO, 113yqeHHOe
y Hac cneI..J;J.1aJlJ.1CTaMIi, 3aCJIymJ.1BaeT caMoro npJ1CTaJIbHOrO BHJ1-
MaHJ1.H. II03TOMY .H paccKamy He TOJIbKO 0 HallieH COBMeCTHOH
cJIym6e, HO J1 a Tex ero J1,n;eHX, KOTopbIe HaXO J1JIJ1 B HeH BOIlJIO-
rn;eHJ1e, a Il03,n;Hee J1CnO]J;BOJIb OKa3aJIH BeCbMa cyr.u;eCTBeHHoe
BJIJ1.HHJ1e Ha pa3BJ1TJ1e Bcet'! KpacHot1 APMJ1J1.
B cepe.nJ1He HOH6pH 1928 ro,n;a .fI C rpynnoi1 ocpJ1IJ;epOB llITa-
6a MOCKoBcKoro BoeHHoro oKpyra BOWeJI B Ka6J1HeT J1. II. Y60-
peBJ.1qa. HaBCTpeqy HaM IllarHYJI CTpOHHbIi1, nO,l1.THHYTbIi1 KOMaH-
,n;YIO J1M. C nepBoro B3r JIH)J;a OH nOKa3aJICH CTpOrJ1M, )J;ame cep-
,n;J.1TbIM. KaK 6Y)J;TO qeM-TO He)J;OBOJIbHbIM BbIcnymaB MOH panopT
J.1 CYXOBaTO C HaMJ1 n03)J;opOBaBllIJ1Cb, OH CKa3aJI:
- H 03HaKOMJ.1JICH C BallIJ1MJ.1 JIJ1qHbIMJ1 ,l1.eJIaMJ1. Tenepb XOqy
nOCMOTpeTb, KaK BbI nO)J;rOTOBJIeHbI K pellIeHJ.11O npaKTJ1qeCKJ1X
3a.n;aq. J{JI.H 3Toro cei1Qac npOBe,neM 3aH.HTJ.1e. C 3a.n;aHJ1eM 3Ha-
KOMbI Bce?
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qac 14.05. Bce ,n;oKYMeHTbI c,n;aTb B 14.50.
11. II. Y60peBJ1Q, CTaB KOMaH,n;YIOI.I.I;J1M MOCKOBCKJ1M BoeH-
HbIM oKpyroM, nOqTJ1 ,n;Boe CYTOK 3HaKOMJ1JIC.H C ,n;OJImHOCTHbIMJ1
JIJ1I..J;aMJ1 ynpaBJIeHJ1.H oKpyra, HO MeH.H, BpeMeHHo HCnOJIH.HBIllerO
B TO BpeM.H 06.H3aHHOCTJ1 HaqaJIbHJ1Ka J1 KOMJ1CCapa lllTa6a oKpyra,
nOKa He BbI3bIBaJI. 3TO ,n;o HeKoTopoi1: CTeneHJ1 BOJIHOBaJIO MeH.H.
TeM 60JIee qTO paHee MHe He npJ1XO J1JIOCb BCTpeqaTbC.H C Y60pe-
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,n;J1BJ13J1J1». Ha BpeM.H 3aH.HTJ1.H .H Ha3HaqaJIC.H KOMaH J1pOM ,D;J1-
BJ13J1J1, a ocpJ1I..J;epbI lllTa6a oKpyra, Haxo,n;J1BlllJ1eC.H B MoeM no -
qJ1HeHJ1J1,- KOMaH,n;J1paMJ1 nOJIKOB J1JIJ1 ,n;OJImHOCTHbIMJ1 JIJ1I..J;aMH
IlITa6a ,n;J1BJ13J1J1. TOJIbKO pOJIb HaqaJIbHJ1Ka apTJ1JIJIepJ1J1 ,n;J1BJ13J1J1
J1CnOJIH.HJI HaqaJIbHJ1K apTJ1JIJIepJ1J1 oKpyra. BpeM.H HaqaJIa 3aH.H-
TJ1i1: - 14.00; MeCTO - Ka6J1HeT KOMaH,n;YIOI.I.I;ero oKpyroM.
Heqero J1 rOBOpJ1Tb, qTO MbI npJ1JIomJ1JIJ1 Bce YCJ1JIJ1.H K TOMY,
qT06bI B CpOK CnpaBJ1TbC.H C nOCTaBJIeHHoi1 3a,n;aqeH J1 KaqeCTBeH-
HO oTpa60TaTb oKYMeHTw. eJIa.H pa360p 3aH.HTJ1.H, Y60peBJ1Q
,n;eTaJIbHO npOaHaJIJ13J1pOBaJi Kam,n;oe pellIeHJ1e J1 BHJ1MaTeJIbHO
pacCMOTpeJI Kam,n;bIH ,n;oKYMeHT. B 3aKJIlOqeHJ1e OH Bblpa3J1JI
y,n;oBJIeTBOpeHJ1e HallIei1: pa60Toi1: J1 ,n;aJI c,n;epmaHHYIO, HO XOPOIlIYIO
OI..J;eHKY. Oc06eHHo ero nopa,n;oBaJIa 6bIcTpoTa J1CnOJIHeHJ1.H.
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ocpJ1I..J;epbI HeMeI..J;Koro reHepaJIbHOrO IlITa6a. Ha 3aH.HTJ1.HX Y KOTO-
pbIX MHe He,n;aBHO npJ111IJIOCb npJ1cYTcTBoBaTb. .H Ha,n;eIOCb, qTO
MbI C BaMJ.1 cpa60TaeMC.R J1 qTO BbI npo,n;eJIaeTe 60JIbllIYlO pa60TY
B nOBbIllIeHJ1J1 60eBoi1: no,n;rOTOBKJ1 BOHCK. ,l(JI.H oKpyra 3TO, noma-
JIyi1:, caMoe BamHoe. Mem,n;y npOqJ1M,- npo,n;oJImaJI Y60peBJ1q,-
MHe MOCKOBCKJ1:t1 BoeHHbIH oKpyr nOqTJ1 He3HaKOM. Mo.H cJIym6a
npoxo,n;J1JIa B OCHOBHOM Ha OKpaJ1HaX pecny6JIJ1KJ1. TeppJ1TOpJ11O
oKpyra .H 3HalO nJIOxo. STOT MOH np06eJI .H npOIlIY nOMOqb MHe
BOCnOJIHJ1Tb B 6JIJ1mai1:Illee BpeM.H.
3aTeM Y60peBJ1q 3a):\aJI HaM HeCKOJIbKO BonpOCOB. OH J1H-
TepeCOBaJIC.H nOCTaHoBKoi1: KOMaH J1pCKoi1: yqe6bI J1 mJ13HblO BOi1:CK,
OT,n;bIXOM KOMaH J1pOB, TPy,n;HOCT.HMJ1, BCTpeqaBIlIJ1MJ1C.H B pa60Te,
J1 MHOrJ1MJ1 ,n;pyrJ1MJ1 np06JIeMaMJ1. MbI pa3rOBOpJ1JIJ1Cb. 0 J1-
IJ;J1aJIbHa.H BCTpeqa nepeIllJIa B HenpJ1Hym.n;eHHYIO 6ece,n;y. Ha,n;o
6bIJIO BJ1,n;eTb, C KaKJ1M BHJ1MaHJ1eM CJIYllIaJI OH HallIJ1 paCCKa3bI.
90
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He OCTaJIOCb J1 CJIe,n;a. 11. II. Y60peBJ1q OKa3aJIC.H OqeHb J1HTepeC-
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pOlliO rOBOpJ1Tb, HO J1 XOpOllIO CJIYllIaTb. He B ero npJ1BbIqKe 6bIJIO
nepe6J1BaTb rOBOpJ1BllIerO 11 JIJ1llib B CJIyqae KpaHHei1: He06xo-
,n;J1MOCTJ1, Kor,n;a qeJIOBeK OTKJIOH.HJIC.H B CTOPOHY OT Bonpoca,
J1epOHJ1M IIeTpoBJ1q BemJIJ1BO J1 YMeJIO, BCTaBJI.H.H O,n;Ho-,n;Ba CJIOBa,
HanpaBJI.HJI 6ece)J;Y B HymHoe PYCJIO.
TaK np0J130IllJIO Moe 3HaKOMCTBO C 3TJ1M BJ1,n;HbIM BoeHa-
qaJIbHJ1KOM, nOJIOmJ1BllIee HaqaJIO HallIei1: ,n;JIJ1TeJIbHOH COBMeCT-
HOi1: cJIym6e B MOCKOBCKOM, a 3aTeM J1 B BeJIOpyccKOM BoeH-
HbIX oKpyrax. C npJ1Xo,n;oM HOBoro KOMaH YIOIII;ero .H no CBoeMY
CJIyme6HoMY nOJIOmeHJ11O OKa3aJIC.H ero 6JIJ1mai1:llIJ1M nOMOIII;-
HJ1KOM. QT06bI XOpOllIO nOHJ1MaTb CBoero HaqaJIbHJ1Ka, .H pellIJ1JI
nepeqJ1TaTb ero CTaTbJ1 H BbIcTynJIeHJ1.H, ony6JIJ1KOBaHHbIe B
ra3eTax J1 mypHaJIax.
OKa3aJIOCb, qTO OH eIII;e B 1921 ro,n;y, KOMaH,n;y.H 5-i1: apMJ1eH B
CJ16J1pJ1, neqaTaJIC.H B OpraHJ130BaHHoM J1M me BoeHHO-nOJIJ1TJ1qe-
CKOM mypHaJIe «KpaCHa.H ApMJ1.H Ha BOCToKe». B O,n;HOi1: J13 cTaTei1:
OH npJ13bIBaJI KOMaH.D;HbIH J1 nOJIJ1TJ1qeCKJ1H COCTaB paCllIJ1p.HTb
CBOH Kpyr030p CJ1CTeMaTJ1QeCKJ1M J13yqeHJ1eM npJ1HI..J;J1nJ1aJIbHbIX
OCHOB TaKTJ1KJ1 J1 CTpaTerJ1J1, rOTOBHTbC.H K Be,n;eHJ11O 6y,n;yIII;et1
BOHHbl C npOTJ1BHJ1KOM, KOTOpbIi1: HeJ136emHO OKameTC.H CJ1JIbHee
J1 OpraHJ130BaHHee BOHCK lO,n;eHJ1qa, ,l(eHJ1KJ1Ha, KOJIqaKa J1 IIJ1JI-
cy.nCKoro. KJIaCCOBOMY BOCnJ1TaHJ11O OH OTBO,n;J1JI nepBOCTeneHHYIO
pOJIb. TOJIbKO ,n;eHCTBJ1TeJIbHa.H, C03HaTeJIbHa.H 3aJ1HTepeCOBaH-
HOCTb Macc B Boi1:He, rOBOpJ1JI 11. II. Y60peBJ1q Ha Cne3,n;e KOMaH,n;-
Horo J1 nOJIJ1TJ1qeCKOrO COCTaBa BOi1:CK CJ16J1pJ1, TOJIbKO npe,n;aH-
HOCTb J1,n;e.HM MomeT ,n;BJ1raTb B COBpeMeHHOM 6010 Boi1:cKa Ha n06e-
ll.Y. II03ToMY Ha,n;o no,n;H.HTb KJIaCCOBOe C03HaHJ1e ,n;o .HCHOrO nOHJ1-
MaHJ1.H J1,n;ei1: BOi1:HbI, qT06bI OHO BOlliJIO B nJIOTb Ii KpOBb Kam,n;oro.
J1HTepecHbI TaKme ero B3rJI.H,n;bI Ha nepeBoopymeHJ1e CTpeJIKO-
BbIX qaCTeH Ii no,n;rOTOBKY HaqaJIbCTBYIOIII;ero COCTaBa apMJ1J1.
BbIcTyna.H B «BoeHHOM BeCTHJ1Ke» no Bonpocy 0 peOpraHJ13aI..J;J1J1
Halliei1: neXOTbI, OH B 1924 ro,n;y paTOBaJI 3a oCHaIII;eHJ1e ee JIer-
KJ1M aBTOMaTJ1qeCKJ.1M opymJ1eM: «CTaHKoBbIe nYJIeMeTbI B Hec-
KO.rrbKO pa3 ,n;opome JIerKJ1X J1JIJ1 aBTOMaTOB. IIpJ1 HacTynaTeJIb-
HbIX ,n;ei1:cTBJ1.HX npeJ1Myru;ecTBa HeCKOJIbKJ1X JIerKJ1X ny.rreMeToB
Ha CTaHKOBbIMIi OqeBJ1,n;HbI, n03TOMY HallIa 3a,n;aqa - rJIaBHOe
BHJ1MaHJ1e HanpaBJ1Tb B CTOPOHY KOJIJ1qeCTBeHHoro pa3BJ1TJ1.H JIer-
Koro aBTOMaTJ.1qeCKOrO opymJ1.H».
Bce, qTO MHe y,n;aJIOCb Tor,n;a rrpOqeCTb J13 ,n;pyrJ1x neqaTHbIX
BbIcTyrrJIeHJ1i1 Y60peBJ1Qa, y6e,n;J1JIo MeH.H, qTO J1epOHJ1M IIeTpo-
91
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BoeHHO-TeOpeTJ1qeCKJ1e pa60TbI Y60peBJ1qa .HBJI.HJII1Cb I..J;eHHbIMJ1
nOC06J1.HMJ1 ,n;JI.H KOMaH,n;Horo' H HaqaJIbCTBYIOI.I.J;erO COCTaBa BceM
KpacHoi1: APMJ1J1.
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MJ1pOBaJIC.H? MepOHJ1M IIeTpoBJ1q Y60peBJ1q, 6y yqJ1 CTapllIe MeH.H
Bcero Ha nOJIro,n;a, ycneJI npOMTJ1 J1CKJIlOqJ1TeJIbHbIi1: no HaCbIw;eH-
HOCTJ.1 C06bITJ1.HMJ1 60eBOH nYTb. CbIH JIJ1TOBCKOro KpeCTb.HHJ1Ha,
OH 17-JIeTHJ1M IOHolllei1 BCTynJ1JI B peBOJIIOQJ10HHbIH KpymoK,
qepe3 ,n;Ba ro,n;a 6bIJ] ocym eH IJ;apCKJ1M Cy,n;OM 3a nOJIJ1TJ1QeCKYIO
arJ1TaI..J;J1IO, ew;e Qepe3 ro,n; OKOHqJ.1JI KypCbI npJ1 KOHCTaHTJ1HOBCKOM
apTJ1JIJIepJ1HCKOM yqJ1JIJ1I.I.J;e, CTaJI Ha 3ana,n;HOM cppOHTe KOMaH,n;J1-
pOM 6aTapeJ1 J1 cpamaJIc.H B i916 ro,n;y Ha BJ1cJIe, HeMaHe H B
Beccapa6J1J1.
B MapTe 1917 ro a no nopyqJ1K Y60peBJ1q, ,n;06pOBOJIbHbIYJ
JIeKTOp COJI,n;aTCKoro YHJ1BepCJ1TeTa, BCTynJ1JI B p.H bI PC,l(PII(6).
3aTeM OH KOMaH,n;OBaJI p OTO i1:, a nOCJIe BeJIJ1KOrO OKT.H6p.H-
peBOJIIOI..J;J.10HHbIM pa60qe-KpeCTb.HHCKJ1M nOJIKOM, cpamaJIc.H C
repMaHCKJ1MJ1 oKKynaHTaMJ1. B cpeBpaJIe 1918 ro,n;a, paHeHHbIM
B 6010, nonaJI B nJIeH J1 6bIJI IIocameH HeMn;aMJ1 B BoeHHYIO
TIOPbMY. BemaB J13 nJIeHa, 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH Ha CeBepHbIH cppOHT,
r,n;e OTJIJ1qJ1JIC.H, rrOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO KOMaH Y.H 6aTapeei1:, nOJIKOM,
6pJ1ra,n;0i1: J1 ,n;J1BJ13J1eu. OceHblO 1918 ro a ero Harpa,n;J.1JIJ1 op eHoM
RpacHoro 3HaMeHJ1.
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yme B OJImHOCTJ1 KOMaH,n;apMa-14, r,n;e OH PYKOBO J1T O,n;HOH J13
BaJKHeHllIJ1X onepan;J.1H no pa3rpoMY ,n;eHJ1KJ1HI..J;eB. 3aTeM OH KOMaH-
,n;yeT 9, 13, 5-H apMJ1.HMJ1, Hapo HO-peBOJIIOIJ;J10HHoi1: apMJ1ei1
,l(aJIbHeBOCTOqHoi1: pecny6JIJ1KJ1, HBJI.HeTC.H IlOMOI.I.J;HJ1KOM KOMaH-
,n;YIOI.I.J;ero BOHCKaMJ.1 YKpaHHbI J1 KpbIMa, TaM60BcKOH ry6ep
HJ1J1, KOMaH,n;YIO J1M Boi1:cKaMJ1 MJ1HCKOH ry6epHJ1J1, BoeHHbIM
MJ1HJ.1CTpOM .n;BP.
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nOqeTHbIM 30JIOTbIM opymJ1eM. B 1922 ro y Y1epOHJ1M IIeTpo-
BJ1q 6bIJI J136paH qJIeHOM :QMK CCCP H OCTaBaJlC.H J1M ,n;o oHQa
cBoeH mJ13HJ.1. B KOHQe 1923 ro a OH CTaJI nOMOI.I.J;HJ1KOM KOMaH-
,n;YIO ero 3ana HbIM cppOHTOM, C JIeTa 1924 ro,n;a COCTO.HJI ,n;JI.H
oc060 BamHbIX nopyqeHJ1H rrpJ1 PeBBoeHcoBeTe, a B HO.H6pe 1924 ro-
a HanpaBJ1JIC.H Ha YKpaJ1HY, r e J1CnOJIH.HJI OJImHOCTJ1 3aMeCTJ,1-
TeJI.H KOMaH,n;YIO ero, HaqaJIbHJ1Ka J1 KOMJ1CCapa llITa6a YKpaIfJH-
CKoro BoeHHoro oKpyra. C <t>eBpaJI.H 1925 no HO.H6pb 1927 ro a OH
KOMaH OBaJI Boi1cKaMM CeBepo-KaBKa3cKpro BoeHHoro oKpyra,
92
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.HBJISISICb C 1926 ro,n;a qJIeHOM IIocTo.HHHoro BoeHHoro COBern;aHJ.1.H
npJ1 PBCP. HaKOHeI..J;, B 1927-1928 ro,n;ax Y60peBJ1q yqJ1JICSI B
BbIcllIet1 BoeHHot1 aKa1J;eMJ1J1 repMaHcKoro reHepaJIbHOrO IllTa6a.
l1epoHJ1M IIeTpoBJ1q aKTJ1BHO rrpoBo,n;J1JI B mJ13Hb pelIIeHJ1.H
napTJ1J1 J1 npaBJ1TeJIbCTBa. Ero CTaTbJ1 J1 J.1CCJIe,n;OBaHJ1SI 0 no,n;-
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KHJ1raMJ1 J1 6pOllilOpaMJ1. TaKOB 6bIJI BOeHaqaJIbHJ1K, C KOTOpbIM
MbI BCTpeTJ1JIJ1Cb B HO.H6pbCKJ1e ,n;HJ1 1928 ro,n;a.
IIpaKTJ1qecRJ1 ,n;eSITeJIbHOCTb M. II. Y6opeBJ1t.J:a B MOCKOB-
CROM BoeHHOM oKpyre npOTeKaJIa B nepJ1o,n;, Kor,n;a HalllM Bo-
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BaJIJ1. B Xa6apoBcK, r e HaXOAJ.1JIC.H IllTa6 OK,l(BA, rpynny JIJ1Q.
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113
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,n;eJIO C He3HaKOMOM npem.n;e CTOpOHbI.
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nepeB.H3KaMJ1 y «paHeHbIX» He 06HapymJ1BaJIOCb paH; «pYCCKJ1e
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qaCT.HM. 3TO J1CKJIlOqaJIO BapHaHTbI, npe,n;no.naraBllIJ1e cepbe3HYlO
neperpynnJ1pOBKY CJ1JI, H npJ.1Bo)J;J1JIO K pelIleHI1IO, paCCQJ1TaHHoMY
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,n;epmaHHbIx nOqTH BCeMJ.1 TaHKaMH J1 aBJ1aQJ1ei1, C nocJIe YIOI.I.J;J.1M
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Bpl1yary C BOCTOKa. 3aTeM y apHa.H rpynna pe3Ko MeH.HJIa HanpaB-
JIeHJ1e HacTyrrJIeHJ1.H J1 OTpe3aJIa A BJ13J1J1 «JIJ1TTOpHO» nYTJ1 ee
OTxo,n;a npJ1 o,n;HoBpeMeHHoM CI(OBbIBalOIl..{eH aTaKe C !Ora B)J;OJIb
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19 MapTa HaqaJIOCb KOHTpHacTyn.rreHJ1e. 20 MapTa pecny5JIH-
KaHIJ;bI npeCJIe,n;oBaJIJ1 oTcTynaBllIero npOTJ1BHJ1Ka, a K 21-MY rrpaK-
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,n;J1JIa Ha OT)J;bIX, HaCeJIeHJ1e Ha BceM nYTJ1 ee CJIe}J;OBaHH.H BO-
cTopmeHHo BCTpeQaJIO n06e,n;J1TeJIei1:. B BOJ1HCKJ.1e QaCTJ.1 npJ16bIJIH
pa60qJ1e ,n;eJIeraI..J;J.1J.1 3 CTOJIHI.J;bl, nepe,n;aBIIIJ1e 6paTCKJ1H npt1BeT
Tpy,n;.R J1XC.H J1 rro,n;apKJ.1.
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}J;J.1Ba 11 PH)]; KOMaH J1pOB 6pl1ra.n; 6bIJIH CMe eHbI C rrOCTOB, a J1Ta.nb-
HHCKa.R nponaraH a nepelll.rra K Kpl1KaM J1 Tpe60BaHJ1.HM «OTO-
MCTJ1Tb», «pea6J.1JI:MTJ.1pOBaTb ce6.H» J1 T. n. O HaKO Ha npOT.HmeHJ.111
BeCHbI 1937 ro,n;a HJ1KaKt1X pelllJ1TeJIbHbIX .n;ei1cTBJ1i1 rrpenrrpJ.1HHTO
I1MJ1 3)];eCb He 6bIJIO. Bce e e CKa3bIBaJIOCb T.HmeJIOe rrOpameHJ.1€
no rBa,n;aJIaXapoi1:. CaMoe CJIOBO «rBa aJIaXapa» CTaJIO Hapl1Qa-
TeJIbHbIM 11 TaK me BOlllJIO B J1CTOpJ.1lO, KaK B CBoe BpeM.H BOllIJII1 B
J.1CTOpl1lO ce.rreHI1H A.n;va M KanopeTTo, r,n;e B 1896 ro.n;y 11 B ro.n;bI
nepBoi1 MJ1pOBOH BOHHbI 6bIJIl1 pa3611TbI J.1TaJIbHHCKJ.1e BOHCKa.
157
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pOBaTbC.H Ha YJIJ1I.1ax t1 B pecTopaHax C J1TaJIbHHCKJ1MJ1 o<pJ1o;epaMJ1.
cl>paHKJ1CTCKa.H neqaTb, CHaqaJIa MHoro nJ1CaBrna.H 0 MapOKKaHI.1aX,
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6ao J1 CaHTaH,n;epa Y pecny6JIJ1KaHo;eB CTO.HJIJ.1 60JIee CJIa6ble 6pJ1ra-
,n;bI. Yna,n;KoM I1TaJIb.HHCKOrO BJlJ1.HHJ1.H He npeMJ1Hy.nJ1 BOCnOJIb-
30BaTbC.H HeMIJ;bI. KaK BbI.HCHHJIOCb BnOCJIe CTBJ1:H., B caMbIH pa3rap
J1TaJIb.HHCKOrO oTcTynJIeHJ1.H, 20 MapTa, ct>paHKo no,n;nJ1caJi C no-
CJIaHIJ;eM rJ1TJIepa ceKpeTHbIH npOTOKOJI 0 paClIlJ1peHJ1J1 repMaH-
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J1 K BJIaCTH npHlllJIO HOBoe npaBJ.1TeJIbCTBO BO rJIaBe C XyaHoM
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qTO rOBOpJ1JIJ1 HaM JIJ1,n;epbI KOMnapTJ1J.1 J1cnaHJ1H. Y JIbI6Ka IIa-
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no COBMeCTHOM pa60Te... IIepe OTne3,n;OM J13 BaJIeHCJ1H B Harny
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KOB. A nOTOM J1CnaHCKJ1e 6epera 3aBOJIOKJIO TYMaHHoH ,nbIMKOH, H
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BbICOKO OIJ;eHeHa COBeTcKHM npaBJ1TeJIbCTBoM: 3a 060POHY Ma,n;-
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Hee BTOpbIM op,n;eHoM KpacHoro 3HaMeHJ1 (nepBbIH nOJlY1..fHJI 3a
60J.1 no)]; Ka3aHblO B 1918 ro,L(Y), a 3a yqaCTJ1e B pa3rpoMe J1TaJIb.HH-
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COCTaBHBlllJ1e B MoeH mJ13HJ1 OC06bIH 3Tan. HJ1Kor,n;a paHbIlIe He 3a-
HJ1MaJI .H TaKHX OTBeTCTBeHHbIX CJIyme6HbIX nOCTOB, KaK Te, t:J:TO ,n;o-
BepJ1JIJ1 MHe nOCJIe npJ1e3,n;a H3 I1cnaHJ1J1: pa60Ta B reHepaJIbHOM
llITa6e H Ha BbICIlleH ,n;OJImHOCTJ1 B BoeHHbIX oKpyrax; yqaCTJ1e B
MepOnpH.HTH.HX, CB.R3aHHbIX C YKpenJleHJ1eM COBeTCKOH ceBepo-
3ana,n;HOH rpaHHQbI B 1939-1940 ro.n;ax J1 C ynpOqeHHeM MOI.I.J;J1
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pOH MJ1pOBOH BOHHbI J1 B nepBbIH ee nepJ1o,n;; pa60Ta B Hap-
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nyca BCTyn.HT B CTpOi1 BeCHOM 1942 ro,n;a. MbICJIb iKYKoBa 06
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paMoHax Kl1eBcKoro oc060ro BoeHHoro oKpyra J.1 HaqaJI no,n;T.fIr11BaTb
BOMcRa BToporo 3IlleJIOHa. B MOCKBY nocTyrrJ1JIO C006I..U;eHl1e 06
3TOM. IIepe BJ.1meHJ.1e coe,n;J.1HeHJ.1H J13 BToporo 3WeJIOHa 6bIJIO pa3-
perneHo, HO no YKa3aHJt11O reHIIITa6a BOHcKaM KOBO npt11I1JlOCb
OCTaBJ1Tb rrpe,n;rrOJIbe t1 OTOHTJ.1 Ha3a.n; ,1];0 paccMOTpeHJ.1.H CXO,n;HOi1
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198
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B KJ1eBCKOM OC060M BoeHHOM oKpyre pa3BepHYTb cppOHTOBoe
ynpaBJIeHJ1e IOro-3ana.n;Horo <ppOHTa. ,lI;JI.H paaBepTbIBaHJ1.H TaKoro
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HbI J.1 B KOHI..J;e ee CTaBllIero HaqaJIbHJ1KOM reHlIlTa6a. K 3ana.ZJ;HbIM
rpaHHIJ;aM nepe6paCbIBaJII1Cb n.HTb apMJ1:i1:: 16, 19, 20, 21 H 22-.H.
113 KOMaH.n;YIOI.I.J;J1X 3TJ.1X apMJ1M HaH60JIee OTJIl1qJ1JIC nOTOM KOMaH-
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CPOqHO cpOpMJ.1pOBaJIOCb n.HTb MeXKopnYCOB. 06 a.H HarrpaBJIeH-
HOCTb pa60TbJ 6biJIa TaKo:i1:: He ,n;eJIaTb Henocpe.nCTBeHHO B npJ1rpa-
HJ1qHOi1: 30He HJ.1qerO, QTO MOrJIO 6bI cnpOBO J1pOBaTb <t>alIlJ1CTOB
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CTJ.1 CTpaHbI, HO He no.n;,n;alOI..U;J1ec.H yqeTY co CTOpOHbI HeMeD;KO:W
pa3Be,n;KJ1. B 3TOM p;yxe HapKOMaT 060POHbI J1H TPYKTJ1pOBaJICH
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llIYIO rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH nOJIJ1TJ1Ke B D;eJIOM, npOBo,n;J1JI J1 caM Ha p-
KOMaT.
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BO,n;CTBO y6em,n;eHO, qTO JleTOM 1941 ro,n;a Y.ZJ;acTC.H J136emaTb Boi1:HbI
J1, 3HaQJ1T, BbIJ.1rpaTb BpeMH XOT.H 6bI ,n;o cJIe,n;YIOI..U;e:w BecHbI? MHe
06 3TOM Tor.na HJ.1QerO He rOBOpJ.1JIJ1. O.nHaKO 113 CBOJ1X Ha6JIIO,n;eHJ1H
.H BbIHec JIJ1QHOe BneQaTJIeHJ.1e, qTO HaIlle PYKOBO,n;CTBO KOJIe6aJIOCb.
C O,n;HOi1: CTOpOHbI, OHO nOJIyqaJIO TpeBO:>KHYIO J1HcpopMaD;J1.1O. C p;py-
rOM CTOpOHbI, BJ1,n;eJIO, qTO CCCP K oTnopy arpeccJ1J1 eI..U;e He BnOJIHe
rOTOB. ECJIH 3a nOCJIep;HJ1e ,n;Ba ro,n;a QJ1CJIeHHOCTb HallIJ1X Boopy-
meHHbIX CJ1JI B03pOCJIa B ,n;Ba C nOJIOBJ1Hoi1 pa3a, TO 60eBoi1: TeXHJ1KJ1
6bIJIO He.ZJ;ocTaTOqHo. K TOMY me OHa QaCTJ1qHO YCTapeJIa. Bce MbI
CTpeMJ.1JIJ1Cb nOBJIJ1.HTb H.a Xo,n; C06bITJ1H, nepeJIOMJ1Tb ero B HaIllY
rrOJIb3Y J1 OTT.HHYTb KOHcpJIJ1KT. Ho nOJIOmeHJ1e CJIO:>KJ.1JIOCb TaKoe,
QTO .lt06J1TbC.H 3Toro He y.naJIOCb.
CJIe,n;yeT CKa3aTb J1 0 ,n;pyrOM. IIOCKOJIbKY B caMOM HaQaJIe BOM-
HbI AHrJIJ.1.H M CIIIA CTaJIJ1 HallI11MJ1 COI03HUKaMJ1 no aHTUrI1TJIepOB-
CKOH KOaJIJ.1IJ;I1J1, 60JIbIll11HCTBO JlJ1I..J;, KpJ1TUqeCKJ1 paccym alOI.I.J;J1x
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199
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qpe3BbIqaHHO CJIOmHoH. B TO BpeM.H He cy ecTBOBaJIO YBepeHHD-
CTJ1, qTO He B03HJ1KHeT aHTJ1COBeTCKOJ1 KOaJIJ1:QJ1J1 KanJ1TaJIJ.1CTJ1qe-
CKJ1X ,n;epmaB B COCTaBe, CKameM, fepMaHJ1J1, HnOHJ1J1, AHrJIJ1J1
J1 CIlIA. fJ.1T JIep OTKa3aJIC.H B 1940 ro,n;y OT BbIca,n;KJ1 apMJ.1J.1 B AHr-
JIJ1J1. IIoqeMY? CJ1JI He XBaTJ1JIO? PellIJ1JI pa3,n;eJIaTbC.H C HeH non03-
me? MJIJ1, MomeT, BeJIJ1Cb TaMHbIe neperOBopbI 0 e,n;J1HOM aHTJ1CO-
BeTCKOM cppOHTe? BbIJIO 6bI npecTynHbIM JIerKOMbICJIJ1eM He B3Be-
llIJ1BaTb Bcex B03MomHbIX BapJ1aHTOB. Be,n;b OT npaBJ1JIbHOrO BbI60-
pa nOJIJ1TJ1KJ1: 3aBJ1CeJIO 6JIaronoJIyqJ1e CCCP. f,n;e B03HJ1KHYT CPPOH-
TbI? f,n;e cocpe,n;OTOqJ1BaTb CJ1JIbI? TOJIbKO Y 3ana,n;HOH rpaHJ.1I..J;bI?
J1JIJ1 B03MomHa BOHHa J1 Ha IOmHOH rpaHJ1I..J;e? A KaKOBO 6y,n;eT no-
JIOmeHJ1e Ha ,ZI;aJIbHeM BocToKe? 3TO MHoro06pa3J.1e nYTeM B03Mom-
HbIX eHCTBJ1H npJ1 OTCYTCTBJ1J1 TBep,n;oH rapaHTJ1J1, qTO B ,n;aHHOM
cJIyqae y,n;acTC.H cpa3Y Ha ynaTb CaMbIJ1 npaBJ1JIbHbIH nYTb, ,n;onOJI-
HJ1TeJIbHO OCJIOmH.HJIO 06cTaHoBKY.
MbI nocTynaJIJ1 J.1CXO,n;.H J.13 YKa3aHJ1H IJ:K 8K11(6) J1 CRK CCCP.
feHepaJIbHbIH llITa6 BecHoH 1941 ro a pa3pa60TaJI nJIaH 060POHbI
rocy,n;apcTBeHHoM rpaHJ.1L(bI Ha ro,n;. IIJIaH onpe,n;eJI.HJI npoBe,n;eHJ1e
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BOHHbI. 11pe,n;ycMaTpJ1BaJIocb J1MeTb 170 ,n;J1BJ13J1H J1 CBbIllIe nOJIO-
BJ1HbI HaJIJ1qHbIX TaHKOB, CaMOJIeTOB J1 Opy,n;J1H JI.H 060POHbI 3ana,n;-
HOH rpaHJ1:QbI. B Mae H J1IOHe B oKpyrax J.1 BOHCKOBbIX llITa6ax npo-
BO,n;J1JIJ1Cb 60JIbllIJ1e M06J1JIJ13a:QJ10HHbIe MepOnpJ1.HTJ1.H. TaK, B Haqa-
JIe J1IOH.H CBbIllIe 750 TbIC.H'tJ qeJIOBeK npJ1nJ1CHOrO COCTaBa 6bIJIJ1
BbI3BaHbI B BOJ.1HCKJ.1e qaCTJ.1, a OKOJIO 40 TbIC.Hq HanpaBJIeHbI B
YKpenpaHOHbI. Co BTOpOH nOJIOBJ1HbI Ma.H HeKoTopbIe ,n;J.1BJ13J.1J.1
J1 Kopnyca npJ1rpaHJ.1qHbIX BoeHHbIX oKpyroB neperpynnJ1pOBaJIJ1Cb
6JIJ1me K rpaHJ1I..J;e. B STOT me nepJ1o,n; HaqaJIOCb BbI,n;BJ1meHJ.1e BOMCK
J13 BHYTpeHHJ1X oKpyroB B nOrpaHJ1qHbIe. 11pJ1HJ1MaJIJ.1Cb, aJIee,
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nYHKTOB.
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CYTKJ1. HymHo 6bIJIO n06bIcTpee onOBeCTJ1Tb BOHcKa J1 BbIBeCTJ.1 J.1X
J.13-no,n; y,n;apa, nepe6a3J.1pOBaTb aBJ1a:QJ.11O Ha 3anaCHbIe aapo,n;poMbI,
3aH.HTb BOHCKaMJ.1 nepBoro SllIeJIOHa py6emJ.1, BbIrO):!HbIe ):!JI.H oTpa-
meHJ1.H arpeccopa, HaqaTb BbIBO,n; B COOTBeTC BYIOI.I.J;J1e pai10HbI BTa-
pbIX SllIeJIOHOB J.1 pe3epBoB, a TaKme BbIBeCTJ.1 B HaMeqeHHbIe pai1o-
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200
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TJ1Ba 0 npJ1Be,n;eHJ1J1 BOMCK B 60eBYlO rOTOBHOCTb. IloKa ,n;J1peKTJ1Ba
nJ1CaJIaCb B MocKBe J1 OTnpaBJI.HJIaCb B BOMcKa, npOllIJIO MHoro
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HbIe, T.HmeJIbIe YCJIOBJ.1.H J1 B KOHeqHOM CqeTe .HB11JIOCb O,n;HOH J13
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216
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CTaBKJ.1. OHa 6bIJIa nepeJ1MeHOBaHa B 7 -10 OT.n;eJIbHYIO apMJ.11O C
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ra.n;Ha.H rpynna erepeH «JI». B KOHQe CeHT.H6pR BpameCKJ1e KJIe J.1
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BpeM.H BparJ1 CTaJIJ1 C Xo.n;y OpCJ1pOBaTb CBJ1pb. OHJ1 CYMeJIJ1 3TO
c.n;eJIaTb Ha HallIeM npaBOM JIaHre, r,n;e 060pOHJ1TeJIbHa.H JIJ1HJ.1.H
e e He 6bIJIa rOTOBa, J.1 3aXBaTJ1JIJ1 nJIaQ apM B pai10He OT BYJIaeB-
CKOi1 ,n;o IIo.n;nopOmb.H. 3aTeM HaqaJIJ1Cb KpOBOnpOJIJ1THbIe 60J.1,
npo.nOJImaBIllJ.1eC.H TpJ.1 He.n;eJIt1. 3a 3TO BpeM.H npOTJ1BHJ1KY y.naJIOCb
npo.n;BJ1HYTbC.H Bcero JIJ.1Illb Ha 8-15 KJ1JIOMeTpoB. IIocJIe 3Toro
pOHT 3,n;eCb OKOHqaTeJIbHO cTa6J1JIJ13J1pOBaJIC.H H OCTaBaJIC.H Ha
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qTO J.1MeHHO BOJ.1HaM KapeJIbCKOrO pOHTa, KOTOpbIMJ.1 MHe ,n;o-
BeJIOCb n03AHee KOMaH.n;OBaTb, npJ1.n;eTC.R. rHaTb J1HHOB Ha3a.n K
rocy apcTBeHHoti rpaHJ1IJ;e CCCP KaK pa3 C 3Toro py6ema B HIOHe
1944 ro a.
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ceJIa B03HeceHbe, OHa orHeM CBoeM apTJ1JIJIepJ1J1 HaHOCJ1JIa y.n;apbI
217
Ha c./I,Y:HC6e 'ltapoay
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CKa.H BoeHHaH <pJIOTJ1JIJ1.H. OHa He TOJIbKO 06eCneqHBaJIa cpJIaHrJ1
23-H apMJ1J1 JIeHJ1HrpaJJ;CKoro cppOHTa J1 7-H OT,n;eJIbHoi1 apMJ1J1, HO J.1
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no CYllIe nonaCTb 6bIJIO yme HeJIb3.H. BOJIbllIJ1HCTBO Cy,n;OB CPJIOTH-
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y.naJIOCb C03.naTb npOQHYIO 6J10KaJJ;y BOKpyr ropoJJ;a. He y,n;aJIOCb
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KJ1MJ1 qaCT.HMH, 6bIJIa 06eCKpOBJIeHa J1 J13MOTaHa B CpameHJ1J1. BOT
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COe J1HeHJ1.H npJ.1MeHHJIJ1 ero BTOpJ1QHO Ha npaKTJ1Ke OqeHb CKOpO,
Kor a B TOM me ro y 6bIJIH nepe6pomeHbI no,n; TJ.1XBHH. MHOrJ1e
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218
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CTbIKOB Mem,n;y coe,n;J1HeHJ1.HMJ1 J1 J1X <pJIaHrOB. Mem,n;y TeM Bpar
nOt.JTJ1 HJ1Kor)J;a He JIe3 B JI060BYIO aTaKY, a, KaK npaBJ1JIO, npJ1MeH.HJI
06XO)J;HbIe MaHeBpbI J1 npOBO)J;J1JI onepaU;J1J1 Ha oKpymeHJ1e. 3TO 06-
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poraM J1 H36eraJIJ1 JIeCOB. HaKoHeu;, mJ13Hb nOKa3aJIa, t.JTO npJ1 060-
pOHe Ha IllJ1pOKOM cppoHTe C 0)J;H0311IeJIOHHbIM nOCTpOeHJ1eM BOHCK
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co06pa3Ho pacrrOJIaraTb HeCKOJIbKO 6JIJ1me K nepe,n;HeMY KpalO, qeM
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no HenpepbIBHblMJ1 y,n;apaMJ1 BpameCKOH aBJ1aU;J1J.1. Kor,n;a llIJII03bI
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30BaTb, OHemCKJ1e 03epHbIe J1 peqHble cy,n;a npOCTO nepe,n;aBaJIJ1
rpY3bI llIeKcHJ1HCKOMY napOXO)J;CTBY Qepe3 BbITerpy, oTKy,n;a OHJ1
nona)J;aJI B CJ1CTeMY 6acceHHa BOJIrJ1. B T.HmeJIeMllIJ1X J.1 onaCHbIX
YCJIOBJ1.HX eHCTBOBaJIJ1 BO,n;HJ1KJ1 Ha JIa,n;ore. J1x 60M6J1JIJ1 Bpame-
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BbITIOJIH.HH CBOi1 rpam)J;aHCKJ1H )J;OJIr.
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HHBlllJ1X CJIOmHei111Il1e 3a,n;aHI1.H meJIe3HOp;OpomHI1KOB J1 aBTOTpaH-
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219
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HJ1IJ;a repOJ1qeCKOM J1CTOpJ1J1 3aru;J1TbI JIeHJ1HrpaAa. 06 060poHe JIe-
HJ1Hrpa a J1 mJ13HJ1 JIeHJ1Hrpa I..J;eB B YCJIOBJ1.HX 6JIOKaAbI nJ1CaJIOCb
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CKI1M rpynnaM apMJ.1H «CeBep), « eHTp». «lOr» npOTJ.1BOCTO.HJIJ.1 y
Hac yme He TOJIbKO cppOHTbI, HO J.1 HanpaBJIeHI1.f1 KaK OC06bIE'
06ne,n;J.1HeHJ.1.H, a Ha npJ.1MOpCKJ.1X HanpaBJIeHJ1.HX - e e J.1 BoeHHO-
MOpCKJ.1e <pJIOTbI. rJ.1TJIepOBIJ;bI pBaJIJ1Cb K JIeHJ1Hrpa y J1 BeJIOMY
MOpIO, CTpeMJ.1JIHCb np05J.1TbC.H K MocKBe, pa3BepHYJIJ.1 onepaU;J.1J1
Ha YKpaJ1He. Hallie BepxoBHoe KOMaH,n;OBaHJ1e cocpe-noTOQJ1BaJIO
BO:MCKa Ha ceBepO-3ana-ne, 3ana e H EOrO-3ana e. TaKJ.1M 06pa30M,
HacTynaTeJIbHbIM 3aMbICJIaM 3aXBaTQl1KOB B KaKOH-TO Mepe KOHTp-
COOTBeTCTBOBaJIJ.1 HalllJ.1 060pOHJ.1TeJIbHble nJIaHbI.
O HaKo OJIro TaK npO OJImaTbCH He MOrJIO. Bo-nepBbIX,
MbI OJImHbI 6bIJIJ.1 He TOJIbKO 060POH.HTbC.H, HO J1 HacTynaTb.
BO-BTOpbIX, qT06bJ HacTynaTb, Ha,n;o 6bIJIO He TOJIbKO npOTJ.1Bo-
nOCTaBJI.HTb HeMIJ;aM HeKoe no,l:t06l1e J.1X 06 ero cppoHTa B Qe-
JIOM Roca OJImHa Ha:MTJ1 Ha KaMeHb! He npJ.1MeHHTbC.H K Bpary,
a HaB.H3bIBaTb eMY TO, QTO J1MeHHO HaM BbIrO HO. B-TpeTbJ1X,
MbI ,n;OJImHbI 6bIJIJ.1 YQJ.1TbC.H Y mJ.13HJ1. CKOpO CTaJIO .HCHO. QTO
pa3YMHee, y 06Hee J.1 IJ;eJIeC006pa3Hee J.1MeTb HaM B KaQeCTBe
BbICllIJ1X OnepaTJ1BHbIX 06ne J.1HeHJ1:M 60JIbilie cppOHTOB. MeHblllJ.1e
no npOT.HmeHHOCTI1, qeM HanpaBJIeHJ1.H, OHvt n03BOJI.HJIJ.1 ynpaBJI.HTb
BO:MCKaMJ1 60JIee rJ16KO. HaKOHeu;, npJ.1 TaKOH OpraHJ13au;J.1J.1 Hey-
aQJ1 KaKorO-TO O Horo <ppOHTa MOrJIJ1 6bITb KOMneHCJ.1pOBaHbI
241
Ha c./I,Y:HC6e 'HapoiJy
ycneXaMJ1 pyroro. MMeJIC.H TaKme p.H pyrJ1X co06pameHMH, Ha-
CTO.HTeJIbHO MKTOBaBIlIJ1X He06xo,n;MMOCTb 111l1pe J1CnOJIb30BaTb
cppOHTbI, XOT.H o 1942 ro,n;a y Hac OCTaBaJIMCb J.1 HanpaBJIeHJ1.H.
<PpOHTbl C03 aBaJIMCb no Mepe He06xo,n;MMOCTJ1. TaK nO.HBMJIC.H
J1 BOJIXOBCKMH <pPOHT. OH nOJIyqJ1JI CBoe Ha3BaHJ1e OT peRM BOJI-
XOB, KOTOpa.H C KOH a 1941 ro a ,n;o HaqaJIa 1944-ro .HBJIHJIaCb
OCHOBHbIM BO,n;HbIM py6emoM, pa3,n;eJI.HBllIJ1M Ha 3TOM yqaCTKe
HeMeQKJ1e 11 COBeTCKJ1e BOHcKa. I10qTJ1 Bce ynoMHHYToe BbIllIe
BpeM.H .H KOMaH OBaJI 3TJ.1M <ppOHTOM (c He60JIbllIJ1M nepepbIBoM):
3a Ba C JIJ1llIHJ1M ro,n;a <ppOHT ocy ecTBMJI pH onepa J1H. Ero
60eBbIe ,n;eJIa 0611IJ1pHbl 11 MHororpaHHbI. BbIJIM y Hac J1 ycnexM,
M Hey aqJ1, J1 CHOBa ycneXJ1. J1CTOpJ1.H e e He pa3 CKameT 0 HMX
CBoe CJIOBO. .H me nOCTapalOCb paCCKa3aTb CHaqaJIa 0 CTaHOBJIeHJ.1J1
3Toro <ppOHTa, a 3aTeM 06 OCHOBHbIX ero 60eBbIx eJIax.
BOJIXOBCKJ1H <ppOHT 6wn C03 aH B xo,n;e pa3BI1TM.H KOHTpHa-
cTynJIeHM.H HallIl1X BOHCK no TJ1XBJ1HOM. 10 ,n;eKa6p.H 1941 ro a,
Ror,n;a BOHcKa 4, 52 11 54-H apMMH npeCJIe OBaJIM oTcTynaBlllero
npoTMBHMKa, MeH.H J1 HaqaJIbHJ1Ka lllTa6a 4-H apMJ1M r. JJ;. CTeJIb-
Maxa HeOmJ1 aHHO BbI3BaJI11 B CTaBKY. Ha BTOpOH eHb BeqepOM
3aMeCTMTeJIb HaqaJIbHJ1Ka reHllITa6a A. M. BacJ.1JIeBcKJ1:W Co06 J1JI
HaM, qTO MbI BbI3BaHbI B CB.H3J1 C 06pa30BaHJ1eM HOBoro, BOJIXOB-
CKoro cppoHTa.
12 eKa6p.H Hac npJ1rJIaCMJIM B CTaBKY. I1pJ1CYTCTBOBaJIJ1
M. B. CTaJIJ1H, B. M. IIIanOlllHJ1KOB, KOMaH,n;oBaHMe JIeHMHrpa -
CKoro <ppOHTa (M. C. X0311H 11 A. A. m aHoB), KOMaH YIO I1H
26-H apMl1e:w (B KOH e eKa6p.H OHa 6bIJIa nepeJ1MeHOBaHa BO
2-10 y,n;apHYIO apMMIO) reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHT r. r. COKOJIOB, KOMaH-
,n;YIOI.IJ;J1H 59-H apMJ1eH reHepaJI-MaHOp 11. B. raJIaHMH. Bce CTO.HJIJ1
y CTOJIa, Ha ROTOpOM JIemaJIa KapTa 06cTaHoBK11 Ha CeBepo-3a-
na HOM HanpaBJIeHJ1M. ,l(oKJIa bIBaJ] BopJ1c MJ1XaHJIOBJ1Q IIIanollJ-
HJ1KOB. OH CKa3aJl, QTO B eJI.HX 06De I1HeHJ1.H apMMH, eHcTBYIO-
MX K BOCTOKY OT peKJ1 BOJIXOB, CTaBKa BepxoBHoro rJIaBHO-
KOMaH OBaHJ1.H npJ1H.HJIa pellIeHl1e 06pa30BaTb BO.JIXOBCKJ1H <PPOHT.
rJIaBHbIe 3a aqJ1 cppoHTa COCTO.HJIM B TOM, QT06bI B nepBoe BpeMH
co eHCTBOBaTb CPbIBY HacTynJIeHI1.H npOTJ1BHI1Ka Ha JIeHJ.1Hrpa ,
a 3aTeM COBMeCTHO C JIeHJ1Hrpa,n;CKJ1M <ppOHTOM pa3rpOMJ1Tb ei1-
CTBOBaBllIYIO 3 eCb rpynnMpOBKY HeMlteB M OCB060.nJ1Tb JIeHJ1H-
rpa,n; OT 6JIOKa,n;bI. KOMaH YIO I1M BOHCKaMJ.1 3Toro <ppOHTa Ha3Ha-
qaJIC.H H, HaqaJIbHMKOM lllTa6a - reHepaJI r. ,l(. CTeJIbMaX, qJIeHOM
BoeHHoro COBeTa <ppOHTa - apMei1cKMH KOMI1CCap l-ro paHra
A. M. 3anopomeQ. BbIJI OrJIallIeH COCTaB cppOHTa J1 Ha3BaHbI pa3-
rpaHJ.1QJ1TeJIbHble JIJ1HJ1J1. Bo <ppOHT BKJIIOQaJII1Cb 4, 52, 59 J1 2-.H
y,n;apHa.H apMI1J1. Ha 4-10 11 52-10 apMJ1J1 B03JIaraJIOCb npeCJIe,n;o-
242
BoJtxoec'KUU pOnT
BaHJ1e oTcTynaBlllerO npOTMBHHKa. 59-H J1 2-.R y apHaH apMYIYI nORa
Haxo.nJ1JIItICb B paHOHax cpOpMHpOBaHItIH. ITpaBbIM cp.rraHr cppOHTa
npOXO.l{J1JI ceBepHee KMpl111IeH, JIeBbIH ynMpaJICH B 03epo J1JIbMeHb.
HaIllJ1M coce,n;OM cnpaBa 6bIJIa 54-.H apMJ1.H JIeHJ1Hrpa.l{CKOrO
<ppOHTa, a JIeBbIM - 11-.H apMM.H CeBepo-3ana.n;Horo <ppOHTa.
CJIe yeT CKa3aTb, qTO yme Tor,n;a .H nOCTaBHJI Bonpoc 0 BKJIlOqe-
HVIVI 54-i1 apMItIJ1 B COCTaB BOJIXOBCKOro cppoHTa, 1160 OHa .n;et!.:.
CTBOBaJIa 60K 0 60K C HaMJ1, a OT JIeHMHrpa.n;cKoro cppOHTa Ha-
xo,n;J1JIaCb B oTpbIBe. O.n;HaKO KOMaH.l{OBaHHe JIeHJ1Hrpa,n;cKoro
cppoHTa BOCnpOTYlBHJIOCb. qTO H3 Toro, QTO 54-.H apMH.H) B03pa-
ma.nH M. C. X03J1H J1 A. A. iK,n;aHoB, pacnOJIOmeHa 3a BHellIHHM
KO.nbI..J;OM HeMeU;KMx BOMCK, 6JIOKI1pOBaBlllMx JIeHYIHrpa,n;? HaHOC.H
y apbI no Bpary C TbIJIa, rOBOpMJIM OHYI, Boi1:cKa 3TOH apMJ1J1
oKamYT HaJ160JIblllYIO nOMolll;b JIeHMHrpa,n;QaM B npopbIBe 6JIOKa.n;bI.
H nbITaJIC.H B03pamaTb. IIepe,n; BOJIXOBCKJ1M <ppOHTOM CTaBI1TC.H
3a,n;aqa npopbIBa 6JIOKa,n;bI ropo,n;a JIeHJ1Ha. 3HaQHT. KOMY 6bI
3Ta apMJ1.H HYI nO qJ1H.HJIacb. OHa 6y,Z:{eT .nei1cTBoBaTb B O,n;HOM Ha-
npaBJIeHJ1J1. A C OnepaTJ1BHOH TOQKM 3peHJ1.H OTpbIB ee OT BOJI-
XOBCKoro <ppoHTa 3aTpy.n;HI1T n.rraHMpoBaHHe y apoB no Bpary
M 60eBoe B3aI1Mo,n;eHCTBJ1e BOHCK. Ho CTaBKa no.n;,n;epma.na M. C. Xo-
3J1Ha: eCJIJ1 JI.H JIeHJ1Hrpa.l{a 3TO JIyqllle, nYCTb 6y.n;eT TaK. O.n;HaKo
npOlllJIO nOJIro,n;a, M CTaBKa BHeCJIa nonpaBKY B rpaHMIJ;bI CPPOH-
TOB, nepe,n;aB HaM He TOJIbKO 54-10. HO J1 06pa30BaHHYlO B HHBape
1942 ro,n;a 8-10 apMJ1IO, Haxo.n;J.1BllIYIOC.H IOmHee JIa,n;omcKoro 03e-
pa. IIocJIe 3Toro BOJIXOBCKI1H <ppOHT npOT.HHYJIC.H Ha 250 KHJIO-
MeTpoB, nepeMaJIbIBa.H 6pocaeMbie Ha JIeHMHrpa rJ1TJIepOBCKJ1e
BOMCKa M He ,n;aBa.fI J1M COe J1HJ1TbC.H C cpMHJIHH,n;CKItIMJ.1 BOHCKa-
MM, 3aCTp.HBIlIJ1MM ceBepHee peKM CBJ1ph
XOTH peKa BOJIXOB rrOQTI1 Bce BpeMH OCTaBaJIaCb rJIaBHOH
pa3rpaHJ1QJ.1TeJIbHOH nOJIOCOH Mem,n;y HaMJ1 III HeM aMJ.1, BOJIXOB-
CKJ1H cppOHT He 6bIJI naCCJ1BHbIM. Hanp.HmeHHble 60eBbIe .n;ei1cTBl1.H
BeJIJ1Cb Kpyr JIbIH ro,n;. OHM He npeKpaI.IJ;aJIYlCb HVI B ,n;Hl1 BeceHHero
rrOJIOBo,n;b.H, HJ1 BO BpeM.R OCeHHI1X .n;om,n;et1. YnopHbIe 6011 3a OT.n;eJIb-
HbIe nJIaQ,n;apMbI, rpYHTOBbIe ,n;OpOfYl, meJIe3Ho.n;opomHbIe HaCbInJ1
11 6pO,n;bI, Hace.neHHbIe nYHKTbI 11 rocno,n;CTBYIOI.IJ;He Ha.n; 60JIOTaMJ1
BbICOTbI CMeH.HJIMCb 3,n;eCb KpynHbIMI1 onepaQJ1.fIMJ.1 C npJ1BJIeQe-
Hl1eM YCJ1JIJ1M p.R.n;a ,n;pyrMx <pPOHTOB.
Ha ynoMHHYTOM BbIllie COBeI.U.aHI1M B CTaBKe 12 ,n;eKa6pH
1941 ro.n;a, rOBOp.H 0 3a aqaX BOJIXOBCKOro cppoHTa, B. M. llIa-
nOIlIHJ1KOB OTMeTMJI, qTO 3TOMY cppOHTY 6y eT npJ1Ha.n;JIemaTb pe-
llIalOw.a.H pOJIb B JII1KBJ1 aU;l1J1 6JIOKa.n;bI JIeHMHrpa,n;a 11 pa3rpoMe
fJIaBHbIX BpameCKJ.1X CJ1JI rpynrrbI apMJ.1M «CeBep» BOMcKa cppoHTa
,n;OJImHbI 6bIJIJ1 OT.{J1CTJ1Tb OT npOTJ1BHI1Ka BCIO TeppMTopMIO BOC-
243
Ha cJtY:HC6e 1tapoiJy
TOqHee peKJ1 BOJIXOB, C Xo,n;y cpOpCHpOBaTb ee J.1 pa3rpOMHTb rHT-
.nepOBCKJ1e ,n;J1BM311J1, 060pOH.HBlllJ1eC.H no 3ana.n;HOMY 6epery. 3aTeM
B xo,n;e HacTyn.neHMR B CeBepo-3ana,n;HOM HanpaBJIeHHJ1 J1M COB-
MeCTHO C BOHCKaMJ1 JIeHJ1Hrpa CKoro cppOHTa npe CTO.HJIO OKPy-
jKJ.1Tb H YHJ1QTOmI1Tb npOTMBHJ1Ka, ,n;e:t1cTBoBaBllIero no,n; JIeHJ1H-
rpaAOM. O HOBpeMeHHO qaCTJ1 CJ1JI <ppOHTa {52-i1: apMMH} npeAnM-
CbIBa.nOCb pa3rpOMJ1Tb HOBropo.nCKYIO rpynnJ1pOBKY npOTJ1BHJ1Ka
J.1 OCB06o,n;J1Tb HOBropo,n;. Ha COBe aHMJ1 B CTaBKe 6bIJIJ1 cor.na-
COBaHbI Ha3HaqeHI1.H ,n;OJImHOCTHbIX JIJ1I..J; B lllTa6e cppOHTa. llocJIe
Henpo,n;OJImJ1TeJIbHOrO 06cym eHMB peIllMJIJ.1 Ha3HaQMTb KOMaH,n;ap-
MOM-4 reHepaJI-MaHOpa II. A. J1BaHoBa, a KOMaHAapMOM-7 Ha
CBHpM - CHOBa reHepaJI-JIeHTeHaHTa <Po ,no fOpeJIeHKO.
JIeHJ1Hrpa,n;CKJ1H <ppOHT nOJIYQJ1JI 3a,n;aqy aKTJ1BHbIMM AeHCT-
BJ1.HMJ1 Boi1CK 54-H apMJ1J1 BO B3aJ1Mo,n;eHCTBJ1J1 C 4-H apMMeM
Harnero <ppOHTa oKpymJ1Tb J1 YHJ1qTOmJ1Tb npOTJ1BHJ1Ka, BbI,n;BJ1-
HYBllIerOC.H K JIaAomCKOMY 03epy J1 6JIOKJ1pOBaBllIero JIeHMH-
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CTapoH PYCCbI M 80 B3aJ1Mo,n;eHCTBJ1J1 C BOHCKaMM BOJIXOBCKOro
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ropo,n;a H JIyrJ1.
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cTynJIeHH.H BOMCK BOJIXOBCKOro <ppOHTa J1 54-:t1 apMMI1 JIeHJ.1Hrpa,n;-
CKoro cppOHTa B MO Hoe HacTynJIeHJ1e, B xo e KOToporo HaMeqaJIC.H
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MorJIM JIJ1 Boi1:cKa BOJIxoBcKoro cppOHTa CnpaBJ1TbCR C 3a-
AaqeH npeO OJIeTb BOJIXOBCKMH BO,n;HbIH py6em?
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KOTOpOH paHee KOMaH}J;OBaJIo 06e OHM B pe3YJIbTaTe T.HmeJIbIX
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BaHJ1.H Bpara J1 CBoeBpeMeHHoro npeo.n;OJIeHJ.1.H BOJIxoBa Tpe60Ba-
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244
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6bITb Ha cppOHT 22-25 ,n;eKa6pH. HaM C006 JtlJIM TaKme, qTO,
KaK TOJIbKO BOHcKa cppoHTa neperrpaB.RTCH qepe3 peKY BOJIXOB,
B era COCTaB J13 pe3epBa 6y,n;eT BBe.n;eHa e e o,n;Ha 06 eBO:MCKOBaH
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60eBoH pa60TbI JIeTqMKOB Ha CeBepo-3ana e. OH YMeJIO J1CnOJIb-
30BaJI -nJIJ.1HHbIe 3J1MHMe HOqM JJ;JI.H JJ;eHcTBMM HOqHbIX 60M6ap,n;l1-
pOBI.U;MKOB, a B JIeTHl1e 6eJIbIe HOqJ1 opraH1130BaJI 60e.BbIe BbIJIeTbI
IllTypMOBI1KOB. Cpe,n;J1 CnJIOlllHbIX 60JIOT M rJIy60KJ1X CHerOB ero
nO,l];QJ1HeHHbIe XOpOlllO HayqMJII1Cb HaJIamHBaTb a3po,n;poMHoe xo-
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aBJ1a60M6 Tome MaJIO. I1 Bce me aBHaIJ;HH BOJIXOBqaH HenJIOXO
nOMOraJIa Ha3eMHbIM BO:MCKaM rpOMHTb Bpara. 11 B 3TOM HeMaJIaH
3aCJIyra ee HaqaJIbHMKa. I1. II. iKypaBJIeB CJIymJ1JI Ha BOJIXOBCKOM
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245
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aKTHBHO yqaCTBOBaJIa B ,n;eHCTBJ1HX no npopbIBY JIeHMHrpa,n;CKOH
6JIOKa,n;bl.
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cppOHTe ,n;o KOHu.a ero cy ecTBOBaHJ1.H. B03rJIaBJI.HBllIerO TbIJI
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HepHbIX BO:t1CK reHepaJI-Ma:t1opa C. A. qeKJ1Ha CMeHJ1JIJ1 no MoeMY
HaCTOHHJ11O pyrJ1e JIMQa, 0 KOTOpbIX .R paccKamy HJ1me.
Ha BOJIXOBCKOM cppOHTe, B ero JIecax J1 60JIOTaX, OqeHb 60JIb-
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meHepOB J1 TbIJIOBJ1KOB B03JIaraJIJ1Cb J1CKJIlOqJ1TeJIbHO BamHbIe 05.H-
3aHHOCTJ1. OHJ.1 CTapaJIJ1Cb ,n;06pOCOBeCTHO BbInOJIH.HTb J1X, HO Bce
me B KOHI..J;e 1941-ro t1 Ha npOT.HmeHJ1J1 1942 ro,n;a, oc06eHHo ero
nepBoH nOJIOBMHbI, C TpaHcnopToM, .n;opomHbIM X03.HHCTBOM t1 cHa6-
meHJ1eM eJIO 06CTO.HJIO y Hac t13 PYK SOH nJIOxo.
TI03.n;HO BeqepOM 1 7 .n;eKa6p.H MbI nOJIyqJ1JIJ1 OnepaTJ1BHYIO
,n;J1peKTJ1BY CTaBKJ1, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH BOHCKa cppoHTa OJImHbI
6bIJIJ1 HaHOCJ1Tb rJIaBHbIH y ap B QeHTpe. B HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 Ha
rpY3J1HO, CJ1BepcKYIO, BOJIOCOBO, rJIy60Ko 06xo .H JIeHJ1Hrpa,n;
C IOra. ,l(JI.H BblnOJIHeHJ1H 3TOH 3a,n;aQJ.1 npe,n;Ha3HaqaJIJ1Cb 59-.H
J1 2-.R y,n;apHa.R apMJ1J1. llpaBo<pJIaHroBoi1 4-H apMJ1J1 npe CTO.HJIO
HacTynaTb B 06 eM HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 Ha Kt1pJ1llIJ1, TOCHO J1 BO B3aJ1-
Mo,n;eHCTBJ1J1 c 54-H apMJ1eH JIeHJ1Hrpa,n;cKoro cppoHTa oKpymJ1Tb
J1 YHJ1QTOmJ1Tb npOTJ1BHJ1Ka, BbI BJ1HYBIllerocH ceBepHee MrJ1
K JIa omcKoMY 03epy. JIeBocpJIaHrOBaH 52-.R apMJ1H nOJIYQJ1JIa
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06eCneqJ1BaTb npO BJ1meHJ1e BOJIXOBCKOro cppoHTa Ha ceBepo-
3ana,n;.
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JIeHJ1.H C 3HTY3J1a3MOM npJ1H.HJIC.H 3a pa60TY, QT06bI HaJ1JIyqIIIJ1M
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paro K TOMY BpeMeHJ1 3HaqJ1TeJIbHO CHJ13J1JIC.R, TaK KaK He XBa-
TaJIO CJ1JI. MbI me B TO T.HmeJIOe ,n;JI.H CTpaHbI BpeM.H KaTerOpJ1-
qeCKJ1 Tpe60BaTb nOnOJIHeHJ1H He MOrJIJ1.
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p.H OHJ1 aTaKOBaJIJ1 npOTJ1BHJ1Ka C QeJIblO BbIMTJ1 B TbIJI ero MrJ1HCKOM
rpynnJ1pOBKe, HO cYMeJIJ1 npO BJ1HYTbC.R He3HaQJ1TeJIbHO, nOCJIe
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246
BO.fl.X08CKUU ifJP01tT
Halllero <ppOHTa, co CBOMMM HenOCpe CTBeHHbIMJ1 COCe HMJ1, o,n;HaKO
HaM 3Ta apMM.H He nO}J;qMH.RJIaCb.
Ho BOT nepe,n;OBbIe qaCTJ1 4-:t1 apMJ1J1, a HeMHoro n03me J1 52-11
no,n;ornJIJ1 K peKe BOJIXOB. B nOCJIe,n;YIOI.I.J;Me ,n;HJ1 OHJ1 3aXBaTJ1JIJ1
ceBepHee rpY3J1HO J1 B paHOHe YCTbH peKI1 TMro,n;a TpJ1 He60JIblllMX
nJIaQ,n;apMa, KOTopbIe J13-3a MaJIbIX pa3MepOB 11 OTKpbITOfO xapaK-
Tepa MeCTHOCTJ1 He MOrJIM CJIymJ1Tb MeCTOM ,n;JIH HaKanJIMBaHMH
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lllJ1peHJ1H 3TJ1X nJIaQ,n;apMOB He OCTJ1faJIJ1 lI;eJIM. B CBOIO Oqepe,n;b
npOTJ1BHJ1KY Ha BOCTOqHOM 6epery peKJ1 BOJIXOB y,n;aJIOCb y,n;ep-
maTb 3a c060i1 ,n;Ba 3HaqJ1TeJIbHbIX TaKTJ1qeCKJ1X nJIaQ,n;apMa:
y KJ1pJ1IlleH J1 rpY3J1HO.
B 3TOH 06cTaHoBKe XOTeJIOCb npJ10CTaHOBJ.1Tb HacTynJIeHMe
4-i1. J1 52-11 apMJ1t1, npJ1BeCTJ1 J1X B nOp.R,n;oK, nOnOJIHJ1Tb JIIOJJ;bMM,
BoopymeHJ1eM J1 C nO.AXO OM 59-H J1 2-H y apHo:t1 apMJ1H CHOBa
aTaKOBaTb npOTMBHJ1Ka. O HaKo, cTpeMHcb KaK MomHO 6bIcTpee
npopBaTb 6JIOKa,n;y JIeHHHrpa,n;a, nOJIOmeHJ1e KOToporo 6bIJIO J1CK-
JIlOqMTeJIbHO T.HmeJIbIM, CTaBKa CqMTaJIa, qTO HacTynJIeHJ1e BOHCK
BOJIXOBCKOro <ppoHTa JJ;OJImHO pa3BMBaTbC.H 6e3 onepaTMBHo:t1 nay-
3bI. OT Hac Heo,n;HOKpaTHO Tpe60BaJIJ1 YCKOpJ1Tb no rOTOBKY K Ha-
cTynJIeHJ110 BCeMJ1 CJ1JIaMJ1 J1 KaK MomHO CKopee npeo,n;OJIeTb
py6em peKJ1 BOJIXOB. 3TO Tpe60BaHJ1e HaJ160JIee .HCHO 6bIJIO BbIpa-
meHO B )IJ1peKTJ1Be CTaBKJ1 KOMaH,n;YIOI.I.J;eMY BOJIXOBCKJ1M cppOHTOM
OT 24 ,n;eKa6p.R 1941 ro,n;a. He ,nOBOJIbCTBY.HCb ,n;J1peKTJ1BHbIMJ1 YKa-
3aHJ1.HMJ1, CTaBKa B KOHlI;e ,n;eKa6p.H HanpaBJ1JIa Ha BOJIXOBCKMI1
<ppOHT CBoero npe CTaBJ1TeJI.R JI. 3. MexJIJ1ca, KOTOpbIH emeqaCHO
no,n;rOHHJI Hac.
,l(eKa6pb 6bIJJ Ha J1cxo,n;e, a cocpe,n;OTOqeHJ.1e BOHCK 59-i1. 11 2-H
y apHoM apMJ.1H 3aT.RfJ1BaJIOCb. K 25 ,n;eKa6p.H, no nJiaHY reHepaJIb-
Horo lllTa6a, OJImHbI 6bIJIM cocpe,n;oTOqMTbC.H nepBbIe 3llIeJIOHbI
3TMX apMJ1H, a npM6bIJIa TOJIbKO o,n;Ha ,n;J1BJ13M.R. Mem y TeM aTaKM
4-H J1 52-H apMMH CTaHOBMJIMCb Bce cJIa6ee J1 cJIa6ee. B nepBbIx
qMCJIaX HHBapH CTaJIO OqeBJ1.nHbIM, qTO Ha cocpe,noTOqeHMe pe3epB-
HbIX apMMH nOTpe6yeTC.H eI.I.J;e HeCKOJIbKO ,n;HeH. .H I1cnbITbIBaJI B
TO BpeM.H BO.RKOe qYBCTBO: pa,n;OCTb B CBH3M C npe,n;CTOH J1M H3-
cTynJIeHMeM J1 TpeBory OT Toro, qTO He06ecneqeHHOe HacTynJIeHJ1e
COpBeTC.H, a 3TO 06epHeTC.R T.HmeJIbIMJ.1 nOCJIe CTBMHMJ1. no Moeu
npocb6e CpOK nepexo,n;a B HacTynJIeHMe BceMM CMJIaMM <ppoHTa 6bIJI
nepeHeceH Ha 7 .HHBap.R 1942 ro a. 3TO 06JIerqaJIo cocpe OTOqeHJ1e,
HO npopbIB C xo,n;y Tenepb OTna}J;aJI, TaK KaK npoTMBHMK OCHOBaTeJIb-
HO 3aKpenJ-1JIC.R 3a peKo:t1 M Ha nJIaQ,n;apMax M OpraHJ130BaJi CJ1CTeMY
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mecKYIO 060POHY.
247
Ha c./I,Y:HC6e napoiJy
Bce nOHJ1MaJIJ1 BamHOCTb npe,n;CTO.HBlllerO HacTynJIeHJ1.H M eJIa-
JIJ1 BCe B03MOmHOe, qT06bI KaK MOmHO JIyqllIe nO,n;rOTOBI1TbC.H K
HeMY. OcpJ1I..J;epbI lllTa6a <ppOHTa 6bIJIJ1 HanpaBJIeHbI B BOHCKa. O,n;HJ1
TIpJ1HI1MaJIJ1 npJ16bJBaeMbIe COe J1HeHJ1.H 11 BbIBO,n;I1JIJ1 J1X B pat10HbI
cOCpe OTOqeHJ1.H, pyrJ1e 06eCneqJ1BaJIl1 060pY OBaHJ1e J1CXO HbIX
n0311QI1t1, TpeTbJ1 3aHJ1MaJII1Cb HaKanJII1BaHJ1eM MaTepJ1aJIbHO-Tex-
HJ1QeCKI1X cpe,n;CTB. TeM He MeHee K Ha3HaqeHHOMY CPOKY <ppOHT
He 6bIJI rOTOB K HacTynJIeHJ1IO. IIpJ1qI1HOH .HBJ.1JIaCb On.HTb-TaKJi1
3a epmKa cocpe,n;OTOqeHJ1.H BOHCK. B 59-H apMJ1J1 npl16bIJIJ1 K CPOKY
11 ycneJIJ1 pa3BepHYTbC.H TO bKO nHTb ,n;J1BJ13I1H, a TpJ1 ,n;I1BI1311J1
Haxo,n;J1JIJ.1Cb B nY'fJ1. Bo 2-H y,n;apHoi1 apMJ1J1 J1CXO HOe nOJIOmeHI1e
3aH.HJII1 HeMHOfJ1M 60JIbllle nOJIOBJ1HbI coe I1HeHJ1H. OCTaJIbHbIe
COe J1HeHJ1.H, apMei1cKa.H apTJ1JIJIepl1.H, aBTOTpaHcnopT J1 HeKOTopble
qaCTJ1 CJIe OBaJII1 no e I1HCTBeHHoi1 meJIe3Hoi1 opore. He npJ16bIJIa
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ApTJi1JIJIepJ1.H 59-t1 apMJ1J1 He J1MeJIa caMoro He06xo,n;J1MOrO - onTI1-
QeCKI1X npJ160pOB, cpeJJ;CTB CBH311, a B HeKOTopbIX 6aTape.HX OT-
CYTCTBOBaJIJ1 ame OPY J1HHbIe nepe.[tKJ1. Pa3bICKaTb 3111eJIOHbI C
He,n;OCTalOIIJ;eH TeXHJ1KOH He y,n;aJIOCb: OHJ1 npO,lJ;OJImaJIJ1 J1,n;TJ1 no
npemHI1M a pecaM ,n;J1CJIOKaI..J;J1J1 apMJ1H. MbI 3a6J1JIJ1 TpeBory.
B CTaBKY nOJIeTeJIJ1 TeJIerpaMMbI C npocb60H pa306paTbC.H B C03,n;aB-
meMC.H nOJIOmeHJ1J1 J1 npJ1HHTb He05xo J1MbIe MepbI. HalllJ1 npocb6bI
He OCTaJIJ1Cb 6e3 BHJ1MaHJ1.H. Ha <ppOHT npJ15bIJI HaqaJIbHJ1K ap-
TJ1JIJIepJ.1J1 KpacHoi1 ApMJ1J1 H. H. BOpOHOB. He ,n;aB eMY npHHTJ1 B
ce6.H nOCJIe YTOMJ1TeJIbHOH ,n;oporJ1, MbI Ha6pocJ1JIJ1Cb Ha Hero C
BonpOCaMJ1: r,n;e nepe,n;KJ1, r e npJ160pbI, r,n;e CB.H3b?
-- He Bce cpa3Y,- OTBeTI1JI HJ1KOJIaH HJ1KOJIaeBJ1q.- IIonpo-
IlIY BHaqaJIe 03HaKOMJ1Tb MeH.H C COCTaBOM apTJ1JIJIepJ.1J1 J1 YTOqHJ1Tb,
r e qero He XBaTaeT 113 BoopymeHJ1H J1 TeXHJ1KJ1.
MbI BBeJIJ.1 ero B KYpC eJIa.
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pJ1HCKI1X qaCTeW MorYT nOJIYQJ1Tb He,nOCTalOI.I.1J1e cpe CTBa CB.H3J1
J1 apTJ1JIJIepJ1HCKJ1e npJ160pbI Ha CTaHI..J;J.111 By,n;orOI.I.J;b. q TO KaCaeTC.H
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apTI1JIJIepJ1J1. Bble3maH, OH npJi1XBaTJi1JJ C C060H HeCKOJIbKO BarOHOB
C TeJIe<poHHbIMJ.1 annapaTaMJ1, nOJIeBbIM Ka6eJIeM, apTJ1JIJIepI1H-
CKJ1MJ1 npJ160paMJ.1. H. H. BOpOHOB np06bIJI Ha cppoHTe HeCKOJIbKO
HeH. OH n03HaKOMJ1JIC.H C YCJIOBJ1.HMJ1 Be,lJ;eHJ1.H 60eBbIx ,n;ei1cT-
BI1H, B QaCTHOCTJ1 C J1CnOJIb30BaHJ1eM apTJ1JIJIepI1J1 B JIecJ1cTo-60-
JIOTJ1CTOH MeCTHOCTJ1, nOMor QaCTJ1qHO 06eCneqJ.1Tb apTJ.1JIJIepJ11O
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248
BOJtX08CKUU ifJPOHT
06Y1TbC.H 05eCneqeHJ1H <ppOHTa BCeM He06xo J1MbIM, CHap.H,n;OB HaM
Bce BpeM.R He XBaTaJIO.
He MeHee BamHoi1 npJ1QJ1Hoi1, npen.HTCTBOBaBlliei1 cBoeBpe-
MeHHOMY HaQaJIY HacTyn.neHJ1.H, .HBJ1JIOCb TO, qTO K Haqa.ny .HHBap.H
1942 ro,n;a cppOHT, no CYlIJ;eCTBY, He J.1MeJI CBoero TbIJIa. 3a TaKOM
KOpOTKJ1H CpOK CYI.I.J;eCTBOBaHJ1.H <ppOHTOBoro 06'be J1HeHJ1H MbI
cpV13J1QeCKYI He MOrJIH c06paTb B HymHblx pai10Hax TbIJIOBbIe QaCTJ.1
Ii yqpem eHJ1H, opraHV130BaTb nYTH no,n;B03a 11 HaKOI1J1Tb MaTe-
pJ1aJIbHbIe cpe,n;CTBa. Bce cHa6meHJ1e BOMCR ocYW;eCTBJIHJIOCb Ha-
np.HMYro: QeHTp - apMJ1.H, MJ1HY.H cppOHTOBoe 3BeHO. ,I(JI.H 4-H 11
52-11 apMJ1M 3TO 6bIJlO ,n;ame XOpOlllO, HO AJI.H BHOBb npJ16bIBaB-
lllV1X - nJIOxo. J1x nO BJ1mHbIe 3anaCbI HaXO,l];J1JIJ1Cb er.u;e B nYTH,
a cppOHT nORa HJ1qeM nOMOqb 11M He Mor.
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V1MeJlH, nOMHJ1TC.R, He 60JIee O HOi1 QeTBepTJ1 60eKOMnJIeKTa J1
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CHa6meHJ1e BOMCK cppoHTa OCTaBaJIOCb HeY OBJIeTBOpJ1TeJIbHbIM
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249
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263
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264
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265
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272
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274
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paCCbInaJIJ1Cb B pa3HbIX HanpaBJIeHJ1HX. BoeHHbIM COBeT apM J1
J1 HaqaJIbHJ1K CB.H3J1 reHepaJI AcpaHaCbeB, KOTOpbIM BnOCJIe,n;CTBJ1J1
11 paCCKa3aJI HaM BClO 3TY J1CTOpJ1lO, nOBepHYJIJ.1 B ceBepHOM Han-
paBJIeHJ1J1, HO JII TaM OKa3aJIMCb HeMQbI. Tor a 6bIJIO npJ1H.HTO
peIlleHJ1e OTOMTJ1 B TbIJI npOTJ1BHJ1Ka, a 3aTeM, npo.nBJtfHYBllIJ1Cb
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285
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pa3bIcKaTb reHepaJIa BJIaCOBa J1 ero cnYTHJ1KoB. TOBapJ1IIJ. Ca3aHoB
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BOKpyr I10,[{,n;y6b.H Ha MHoro KJ1JIOMeTpoB. BJIacoBa Hl1r,n;e He 6bIJIO.
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rn;eHJ1e, qTO BJIacoB B ,n;epeBHe IIHTHJ1IJ;a rrepellIeJI K rJ1TJIepOBQaM.
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cnOKOMHO oml1,n;a.H nOHBJIeHJ1.H HeMQeB. Kor,n;a I1X COJI,n;aTbI BOllIJIJ1 B
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COB OKa3aJICH npe,n;aTeJIeM? OTBeT, MHe KameTCH, MomeT 6bITb
aH TOJIbKO O I1H. BJIaCOB 6bIJI 6eCnpJ1HUJ111HbIM Kapbep11CTOM.
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B KOMMYHJ1CTl1qeCKOM napTJ1J1 - He 60JIee qeM ,n;opomKa K BbICOKJ1M
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a B HaqaJIe I1lOHB 6bIJIa B3.HTa B KOJIbQO. ,l(aJIbHet111IaH cY b6a ee
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MHOrJ1X ,n;pyrl1x peHeraToB, KOTopbIe 6bIJIJ1 J13BeCTHbI B I1CTOpJ1J1.
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He113MeHHble qYBCTBa COBeTCKoro rpam,n;aHI1Ha, BOI1Ha J1 COJI,n;aTa
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286
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aTbC.H B HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 Y3KOKOJIeMKJ1. IIpe,n;noJIara.H, qTO TaM 06pa-
30BaJIC.H npopbIB, nOJIKOBH K PoroB nOCnellI JI Ty,n;a. 11 ,n;eHcTB -
TeJIbHO, Bce, ,n;B raBII.IJ1eC.H B HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 Y3KOKOJIeHKJ1, BbIIlIJIJ1
J13 oKpymeH .H, XOT.H nOTepJ1 OT MJ1HOMeTHoro J1 nYJIeMeTHOro OrH.H
B IJ;eJIOM 6bIJIJ1 60JIbIlIJ1e.
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rpa,n;oM. OHJ1 COpBaJIJ1 HacTynJIeHJ1e rpynnbI apMt1M «CeBep», 3aCTa-
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J1M 3HaqJ1TeJIbHble nOTepJ1. BOJIee 15 J1BJ13J1M, B TOM qJ1CJIe O.nHY
MOTOpJ130BaHHYIO 11 O HY TaHKOBYIO, OTT.HHYJI11 Ha ce6.H BOMCKa
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287
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CTOPOHY IllJI J1cceJIb6ypra.
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JIeHHOe npOTJ1BHJ1KOM, pa3 eJI.HJIO BOHCKa BOJIXOBCKOro J1 JIeHJ1H-
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y,n;apa, J1 BOMCKa ,n;BYX cppOHTOB coe,n;J1H.HTC.H. Ho 3TO TOJIbKO Ka3a-
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y.n;epmaTb B CBOJ1X pYKax rpY3J1HCKJ1H cpOpT. CIO a 6ecnpeCTaHHO
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qT06bI B.n;OJI6J1Tb 3aXBaTQJ1KaM, qb.H STO 3eMJI.H.
B CBOIO Oqepe,Ab HaM eI.I.J;e 3J1MOM 1941 ro,n;a y arrocb 3aXBaTJ1Tb
Ha JIeBOM 6epery BOJIxoBa, Mem,n;y YCTb.HMJ.1 OCKYJ1 H TJ1ro,n;bI, nJIaQ-
,n;apM, Tpe60BaBllIJ1M nOCTO.HHHOrO BHJ.1MaHJ1.H. JIJ1HJ1.H cppoHTa T.H-
HYJIaCb 3 eCb qepe3 nOKpbITbIe 6ypeJIOMOM 60JIOTa J1 no OCTpoBKaM,
BbIr JI.H.n;eBIllJ1M KaK nJIaByqJ1e pOI.I.J;J1. rrepe BJ1JKeHJ1e TYT 6bIJIO
B03MOJKHO TOJIbKO no HaCTJ1JIaM ,l(om,n;JIJ1BbIMJ.1 HOQaMH, cfH6aHcb
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305
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6bIJIO n06e,n;J1Tb. BKOJIOTJ1B B 60JIOTO CBaJ1, 60HltbI KpenJ1JIJ1 K HJ1M
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npJ16bIJI npe CTaBJ1TeJIb CTaBKJ1 K. E. BOpOIllJ1JIOB. .H conpOBOm aJI
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B pacnOJIOmeHJ1e npOTJ.1BHJ1Ka. B pyr no,n;HHJIaCb CTpeJIb6a. BbI-
CKaKJ1BaeM J13 3eMJI.HHKH. B qeM eJlo? OKa3aJIOCb, qTO BpameCKJ1H
,n;ecaHT aBTOMaTqJ.1KOB npJ1 no,n;,n;epmKe caMOXO OK npOpBaJIC.R J.1
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OTBeqa.H 3a 6e30naCHOCTb npe,n;CTaBJ1TeJIH CTaBKJ1, .H He Mor
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314
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nOTOM no,n;ocneBllIa.H neXOTa 3aBepllIJ.1JIa pa3rpOM npopBaBIlIeHC.H
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BeCTb.
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BaHJ1J1 J.1 JIeqeHJ1J1 paHeHbIX, YCTpaHeHJ1e He,n;OCTaTKOB J1 OKa3aHJ1e
nOMO J1 BpaqaM. EB OKJ1.H IIeTpoBHa HaXOA JIaCb Ha cppOHTe,
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* * *
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B KOpJ1 Ope ceBepHee CJ1H.HBJ1Ha HaqaJIJ1 CTpOJ1Tb meJIe3HYlO ,n;opory
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a 3aTt::M cppOHTbI BbI,n;eJIHJIJ.1 Ha coopymeHHe ,n;oporJ.1 p.H,n; BOHHCKJ1X
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15
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CaMJ1 cHa6meHJ1.H BOHCK. OH 3a6OTJ1JIC.H TaKme 06 y,n;oBJIeTBOpeHJ1J1
HymA rpamAaHCKoro HaCeJIeHJ1.H BO <ppOHTOBOH J1 npJ1cppoHTOBOH
30He.
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HOCTb HalllJ1X J1HTeH aHTOB B oCB060m eHHbIx OT oKKynaHToB
paHoHax OqeHb cJIa60 OCBem;aJIaCb B neqaTJ1. CJIe OBaJIO 6bI ,n;eJIaTb
3TO 3HaqJ1TeJIbHO IllJ1pe. Be,n;b nOCJIe J13rHaHJ1.H oKKynaHToB B
onYCTOllleHHoi1 BparOM 30He rrpJ1Xo,n;J1JIOCb CTaBJ1Tb Ha ,n;OBOJIbCTBJ1e
,n;eC.HTKJ1 J1 COTHH TbICHq JIIOAei1. 3Ta TeMa 3aCJIymJ1BaeT cneIJ;J1aJIb-
Horo OCBem;eHJ1.H. ,l(a J1 He TOJIbKO 3Ta. B03bMeM napTJ13aH JIeHJ.1H-
rpa,n;cKoH 06JIaCTJ1. OHJ1 OKa3bIBaJIJ1 BOHcKaM HaIllero cppoHTa
cy ecTBeHHYIO nOMOI.l!b.
B HaqaJIe 1943 rOAa, KorAa HaIllJ1 ABa <ppOHTa HaqaJIJ1 60J1 B
HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 Ha Mry, B JIeHJ1Hrpa CKOH 06JIaCTJ1 ,n;eHCTBOBaJIH
yme MHOrJ1e TbIC.HqJ1 napTJ13aH. BOJIbllla.H qaCTb J1X HaXOAJ1JIaCb
B COCTaBe qeTbIpex 6pJ.1ra,n; J1 eI.I.J;e o,n;Horo nOJIKa. OHJ1 no,n;AepmJ1-
BaJIJ1 nOCTO.HHHbIt1 KOHTaKT C MempaHOHHbIMJ1 napTIJ;eHTpaMJ1, B
CBOIO Oqepe,n;b J.1MeBIllJ1MJ1 CB.H3b C JIeHJ1Hrpa CKJ1M 06KOMOM
BKII(6). 3Ta paccpe,n;OTOqeHHa.H napTJ13aHCKaH apMJ1.R B TbIJIY Bpara
npe,n;CTaBJI.HJIa C060H cepbe3HYlO CJ1JIY. OceHblO 1943 ro,n;a oKKynaH-
TbI pelllJ1JIJ1 nOrOJIOBHO 3BaKYJ1pOBaTb HaCeJIeHJ1e 3aXBaqeHHbIX
J1MJ.1 paHoHoB JIeHJ1HrpaJJ;cKoH 06JIaCTJ1, o,n;HaKO napTJ13aHbI He
TOJIbKO COpBaJIJ1 J1X rHYCHbIH 3aMbICeJI, HO J1 CYMeJIJ1 CepJ1eH CorJIa-
COBaHHbIX YAapOB eI.I.J;e ,n;o npJ1xo,n;a HaIllJ.1X perYJI.HpHblX qaCTei1
BocCTaHOBJ.1Tb BO MHOrJ1X MeCTax COBeTCKYIO BJIaCTb.
BOJIXOBCKJ1H cppOHT nOJIyqa.n OT napTJ13aH BeCbMa IJ;eHHbIe
CBe,n;eHJ1.H 0 npOTHBHJ1Ke. Oc06eHHO B03paCTaJIa pOJIb napTJ13aH
B ,n;HM npOBeAeHJ1.R pOHTOM KpynHbIx onepaIJ;J1H. BbIBO J.13 CTpO.R
318
BOAX08CKUU p01tT
meJle3HbIX ,n;opor, OpraHJ.13a1.\J1.H KpYIlleHJ1H BOJ1HCKJ1X 3IIleJIOHOB,
HaJIeTbI Ha a3po pOMbI - Bce 3TJ1 YAapbI napTJ13aH no Bpary 6bIJIJ1
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qJ1BaJIJ1Cb BamHbIe C06bITJ1.H. HaM 6bIJlO, BnpOqeM, He TaK-TO npOCTO
COrJIaCOBbIBaTb C KOMaH,n;J1paMJ1 napTJ13aHCKJ1X OTp.H,n;OB COBMeCT-
HbIe AeHCTBJ1.H. OCHOBHa.H TPYAHOCTb 3aKJIIOqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO He
Bcer.na 6bIJIa C napTJ13aHaMJ1 perYJI.HpHa.H CB.H3b. O HaKO KOOp,n;J1-
Ha1.\J1.H ,n;eHCTBJ1H napTJ13aH J1 HalllJ1X BOMCK OCYI.I.J;eCTBJI.HJIaCb He-
nJIOxo. M 3a 3TO MbI 6JIarOAapHbI npem,n;e Bcero qJIeHY BoeHHoro
COBeTa T. 4>. IIITbIKOBY. OH JIyqllle ,n;PyrJ1X YMeJI YCTaHaBJIJ1BaTb
KOHTaKT C HapOAHbIMJ1 MCTJ1TeJI.HMJ1. PaHblile TepeHTJ1H 4>OMJ1q
pa60TaJi ceKpeTapeM JIeHJ1Hrpa,n;CKoro 06KOMa napTJ1J1. B 06JIaCTJ.1
XOpOIllO 3HaJIJ1 ero, J1 OH 3HaJI MHOrJ.1X. 3TO eMY OqeHb nOMOraJIO.
BoeHHbIH COBeT <ppOHTa nOAAepmJ1BaJI CB.H3b C napTJ.13aHaMJ1
J1 no paAJ10, J.1 qepe3 CB.H3HbIX, nepeCbIJIaJI HM cne J1aJlbHbIe ra3eTbI,
B TOM qJ.1CJIe neqaTaBllIYIOCH B TbIJIY BOJIxoBcKoro poHTa, Ha
CTaH1.\J1J1 XBOHHa.H, ra3eTY «JIeHJ1Hrpa,ncKHH napTJ13aH».
qJIeHaM BoeHHoro COBeTa A. M. 3anopom1.\Y, JI. 3. MexJIJ1cy,
T. CP. IIITbIKOBY npJ1XOAJ1JIOCb 3aHJ1MaTbCH MHOrJ1MJ1 BonpOCaMJ1,
60JIbllle Bcero BOnpOCaMJ.1 nOJIJ.1Tl1qecKoro BOCnJ1TaHJ1.H B BOHCKax.
.H He 6YAY nOAP06Ho paccKa3bIBaTb 06 J1X ,n;e.HTeJIbHOCTJ1, nOCKOJIbKY
3TO, Ha MOH B3rJI.H.D;, Cne1.\J1aJIbHa.H TeMa. MHe XOqeTC.H CKa3aTb
JIJ1111b HecKOJIbKO CJIOB 0 nOJIJ1TJ1KO-BOCnJ1TaTeJIbHOH pa60Te cpe,n;Jt1
BOJ1HOB HepyccKoH Ha1.\J10HaJIbHOCTJ1, KOTOpbIX B qaCT.HX poHTa
HaCqJ1TbIBaJIOCb HeMaJIO. IIpoTJ1B rJ1TJIepOBCKJ1X 3aXBaTQJ1KOB
BMeCTe C PYCCKJ1MJ1 MymecTBeHHO CpamaJIHCb J1 Ka3aXJ1, J1 Y36eKJ1,
J1 KJ1prJ13bI, J1 TaTapbI, J.1 a3ep6aH,D;maHltbI, J1 npe.nCTaBJ1TeJIJ1 ,n;PyrJ1X
Ha1.\J10HaJIbHOcTeH. KamAoe no,n;pa3 eJIeHJ1e npeACTaBJI.HJIO C060H
APymHYIO 60eBYIO ceMblO. Ho MHorHe BOJ1HbI OqeHb cJIa60 3HaJIJ1
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BoeHHoro COBeTa TaKJ1X 60H1.\OB BHYTpJ.1 no,n;pa3AeJIeHJ1H 06ne,n;J1HJ1-
JIJ.1 B rpynnbI ao rJIaBe C o<pJ.1 epaMJ1, 3HalOI.I.J;HMJ1 cooTBeTcTBYIO J1e
3TJ1M rpynnaM H3bIKJ.1. ArHTa1.\J10HHo-nponaraH J1CTCKa.H pa60Ta
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pe3YJlbTaTbI.
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KoppecnoH,n;eHToB ra3eTbI «<I>poHTOBa.H npaa,n;a» (ra3eTa HallIero
<ppoHTa), nJ.1CaBlllHX 0 paTHoM Tpy,n;e BOHHOB HepyccKoH Ha J1o-
HaJIbHOCTJ1, HaH60Jlee aKTJ1BHbIM 6bIJI 60eBoH o J11.\ep Y36eK KanH-
TaH M. XaJ1ToB.
o raaeTe «cI>poHTOBa.H npaBAa» CJIeAyeT CKa3aTb oc060. B QeJIOM
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319
Ha cAY:HC6e 'napooy
J1X Ha pa3rpOM Bpara. O HaKO B ee e.HTeJIbHOCTJ1 J.1MeJIJ.1Cb He
TOJIbKO ycnexH, HO H npOMaXH. O cpeBpaJI.H 1943 ro a pe aKTopoM
ra3eTbI 6bIJI K. II. IIaBJIoB. 3aTeM ero CMeHJ1JI B. TI. IIaBJIoB.
3a6aBHo, qTO HeKoTopbIe qJ1TaTeJIJ1 He cpa3Y pa306paJIJ1Cb B 3TOM;
J.13 MOCKBbI n03BOHHJIJ.1 HaqaJIbHHKY I10JIJ.1TynpaBJIeHJ1.H cppOHTa
reHepaJl-MaHOPY K. cPo KaJIaIIIHHKOBY J1 cnpOCJ.1JIH: HeymeJIH
pe aKTOp O TaKOH CTeneHH npHBbIK K OneqaTKaM, qTO He 3aMe-
qaeT ajKe HCKameHHH ero c06CTBeHHbIX J.1HHQHaJIOB?
IIpHMepHo qepe3 Mec.HQ HaqaJIbHHK rJIaBHOrO nOJIJ.1THQeCKOrO
ynpaBJIeHH.H KpacHoH ApMHH reHeparr-JIeHTeHaHT A. C. ep6aKoB
npOBO J1JI COBeI.I.J;aHHe no Bonpocy 0 pa60Te <pPOHTOBbIX ra3eT.
B CBoeM BbIcTynJIeHHJ1 OR OTMeTJ.1JI pH He OCTaTKOB «cPpOHTOBOH
npaB bI». TaK, ra3eTa B BOHCKa nocTynaJia nopoH Ha n.HTbIU eHb
nOCJIe BbInycKa, a B rrepHo npopbIBa JIeHHHrpa cKoH 6JIOKa bI
He rrOMeI.I.J;aJla MaTepHarrOB 0 HacTynaTeJIbHbIX 60.HX. BoeHHoMY co-
BeTY (T. 4>. IIlTbIKOB) H nOJIJ1TynpaBJIeHJ11O (K. cP. KaJIallIHJ.1KoB)
cppoHTa npe JIOmeHO 6bIJIO BnJIOTHYIO 3aH.HTbCH cBoeH ra3eTOHr
MepbI npHH.HJIH HeMe JIeHHO, J1 BCKope «CPpoHTOBa.R npaB a»
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J1 «JIeHHHrpa cKoH npaBnoH». Pe aK J.1H HaqaJIJ1 06MeHJ.1BaTbC.H
J1H<popMaQHeH H TeMaTJ.1qeCKHMJ.1 nOJIOCaMH.
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CKHH, AJIeKCaH p QaKoBCKJ.1H, BCeBOJIO Pom ecTBeHcKHH, IIaBeJi
llIy6J1H, AJIeKCaHnp rJ1TOBJ.1Q, AHaTOJIJ.1H QJ1BHJIJ.1XHH. CTHXOTBOpe-
HJ.1.H n03TOB, nOCB.H eHHble cpameHH.HM B HOBrOpO CKJ1X 60JIOTaX,
y M.acHoro Bopa, no CHH.HBHHOM, rreqaTaJIHCb B BJ.1 e OTneJIbHbIX
JIJ1CTOBOK J1 pacnpOCTpaH.HJIHCb B BOHCKax nOJIHTOT eJIaMJ1 apMHH.
BOJIbIIIYIO pOJIb B YJIyqIIIeHHJ1 pa6OTbI, cpp.OHTOBOH ra3eTbl CbI-
rpaJi HOBbIH ee pe aKTop nO nOJIKOBHHK B. II. IIaBJIoB. BOpHC lIoTa-
nOBHq B CBoe BpeM.H 6bIJI cppe3epOB HKOM Ha 3aBo,n;e «KpaCHbIH
nYTJ1JIOBeQ» H npOIIIeJ1 OTJIHqHyro IIIKOJIY KOMCOMOJIbCKOH pa60TbI.
IIoTOM OH OKOHqHJI HHCTHTYT mypHaJlHCTJ.1KH. H rr03HaKOMJ.1JIC.H
C HHM eI.I.J;e B 1939 ro y, Kor a OH pe aKTJ.1pOBaJI ra3eTY «QacoBoH
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XOBCKoro <ppoHTa, B. II. IIaBJIoB 6bIJI pe aKTopoM ra3eTbI KapeJIb-
CKoro cppoHTa, a 3aTeM l-ro ,na.nbHeBOCTOQHOrO, TO eCTb AO KOH a
BOHHbI MbI 6bIJIH C HHM BMecTe.
B HIOJle 1943 ro.na rJIaBHOe nOJIJ1THQeCKOe ynpaBJIeHHe KpacHoH
ApMHH rrpOBO HJIO BcecolO3Hoe COBe aHHe pe aKTopoB <pPOHTo-,
BbIX H apMeHCKJ1X ra3eT. Ha 3TOM COBeI.I.J;aHHJ1 ra3eTa BOJIXOBCKOro
cppoHTa OTMeqaJIaCb B nOJIOmJ1TeJIbHOM CBeTe. Pe aKTop B. ll. IIaB-
JlOB BbIcTynaJ1 C AOKJIa)J;OM.
320
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H3 cppOHTOB, ocB060m aBIlIHX IIpH6aJITHKY. JII060nbITHO, qTO ee
HOBbIM pe.naKTopOM On.HTb CTaJl K. II. IIaBJIoB.
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HbIX ra3eT npHXO HJIOCb pa60TaTb B TpYAHbIX YCJIOBH.HX. .f.I HepeAKO
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Ha KpalO JIeCHOH nOJI.HHbI. lIHllIy a.H MallIHHKa CTOHT Ha .H J.1Ke, a
MaI11HHHCTKa Ha KOJIeH.HX. BepHYBIlIHHC.H C nepe):{Hero Kpa.H COTPy.n-
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B CTopOHe nepe Ha60pHOH KaCCOH co IlIpHcpTOM, nOCTaBJIeHHOH
Ha K03JIbI, pa60TalOT MOJIO bIe pe6.HTa, rOTOB.H Ha60p Oqepe,n;Horo
HOMepa. P.H OM C HHMH TOpqHT BOTKHYTa.H B 3eMJIIO naJIKa C O-
eqKOH, Ha KOTOpOH HanHcaHO «Pe.naK H.H». BCKope eIT(e naXHY-
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MbI CTaparrHCb 06JIerqHTb YCJIOBH.H pa60TbI ra3eTqHKaM, QT06bI
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JIeHH.H HaI11H BOHcKa Hym,n;aIOTC.H B OCTaTOqHO nO BJ1mHOM H
MOI.I.J;HOM OpY HH conpoBom.n;eHH.H. K HaqaJIY BTOpOH 3HMHeH KaM-
naHHH yme J.1MeJIC.H nOJIOmHTeJIbHbIH onbIT HCnOJIb30BaHH.H 3Kcne-
pHMeHTaJlbHbIX caMOXO OK H 6bIJIO npHH.HTO pellIeHHe 0 MaccoBoH
HX npoBepKe. A B KOHQe .HHBap.H 1943 ro a BOJIXOBCKHH <ppOHT
O,n;HJ1M H3 nepBbIx npHMeHHJI B IlIHpOKJ1X MacllITa6ax HOBoe 0pY-
mHe: ABa nOJIKa caMOXO HbIX OPY):{HH ycnelllHo co eHCTBOBarrJ1
rreXOTe H TaHKaM npH aTaKax Ha TPy,n;Ho ocTynHbIe BpamecKHe
n03J.1QHJ1 co CJIOmHbIM npo<pHJIeM.
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MO Toro, qTO OHa HMeJIa caMOCTO.HTeJIbHOe 3HaQeHJ.1e, 06eCneQHBa.H
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MeQKJ.1e BOHCKa C PyrHx cppOHTOB. 3TO 6bIJIO qpe3BbIqaHHO cy ecT-
BeHHbIM 06cTo.HTeJIbcTBoM B CB.H3J.1 C TeM, qTO CTaBKa HaMeTHJIa
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IIepBbIe TpJ.1 cppOHTa OJImHbI 6bIJIH Qepe3 OpeJI J1 Bp.HHCK BbIHTH
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npOTHBHHKa. Ycrrex rr03BOJI.HJ1 n.HTOMY cppOHTY, CeBepo-3anaAHO-
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321
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322
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347
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348
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349
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BOHHbI, BbI KOMaHAOBaJIJ.1 apMHeH Ha BbI60prcKoM HarrpaBJIeHJ1J1 H
rrpOpbIBaJIH JIJ.1HJ11O MaHHepreHMa. Ha3HaqaTb me Ha KapeJlbCKHH
cppOHT Pyroro qeJlOBeKa, COBceM He 3HalO ero oco6eHHOCTeH 3To-
ro TeaTpa BoeHHbIX .n;eHCTBHH H He "MelO ero onbITa Be eHJ.1.H 60-
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JleC006pa3HO, TaR KaK 3TO CB.H3aHO C 3aTSImKOH opraHH3 HH pa3-
rpOMa Bpara. BCSIKOMY ,n;PyrOMY KOMaH.n;YIO eMY rrpHlIIJIOCb 6bI
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352
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CKJ1M cppOHTOM 3a,ttaqy: 3a JIeTHe-OCeHHIOIO KaMnaHJ110 1944 ro,n;a
OCB060,AHTb KapeJiHIO J1 OqJ.1CTHTb OT HeMeQKo-<paIlIJ1CTCKHX BOMCK
ITeTcaMcKYIO (ITeqeHrcKYIO) 06J1aCTb B xo,n;e J.IlJ1pOKJ1X HacTyna-
TeJIbHbIX ,tteMcTBHH. TaK KaK KapeJIbCKHM cppOHT ,ttJIHTeJIbHOe Bpe-
M.H CTOSL1I B 060poHe H B CBSI3J1 C 3TJ1M ero BOHcKa H KOMaH,ttMpbI He
HMeJIH onbITa KpynHbIx HacTynaTeJlbHbIX onepan;HH, TO Hap.H)];Y co
CMeHOH KOMaH,n;OBaHJ1SI CTaBKa pelliJ1J1a nepe6pOCJ1Tb B KapeJlJ110
e e Ii ynpaBJIeHJ1e BOJIXOBCKJ1M cppOHTOM. IIpJ1XO,A HOBbIX H
onblTHblX CJ1JI ,n;OJImeH 6bIJI aKTJ1BH3HpOBaTb 60eBbIe ,n;e:t1cTBJ1SI.
KOMaH,n;YIO eMY me Ha,AJIemaJIO KaK MomHO CKopee pa306paTbCSI B
06cTaHoBKe, H3yqJ1Tb HacTynaTeJlbHbIe B03MOmHOCTJ1 cppOHTa J1 K
KOHn;y cpeBpaJI.H npe,ttCTaBHTb CBOJ1 co06pameHJ1.H no pa3rpOMY He-
Men;KO-cpHHCKHX BOMCK.
TaKOBa 6blJIa QJ1CTO BOeHHa.H CTopOHa eJIa. Ho He OHa SIBJISI-
JIaCb, nomaJIy:t1, caMOH CJIOmHo:t1. Tenepb Ha aBaHCIJ;eHY BbIxo,n;J1J1a
«60JlbIIIaSI nOJIJ1THKa», nOCKOJlbKY peQb ,n;OJImHa 6bIJla J.1.ATH 0
cl>J1HJISIHAJ1J1 KaK COlO3HHKe repMaHHJ1. ECTeCTBeHHO, npJ1 3TOM
BCnJIbIBaJI J1 BeCb KOMnJleKC BonpOCOB, CBSI3aHHbIX C C06bITHSIMJ1
e e 1940 ro a. eJIo OCJIOmH.JIJIOCb TaKme TeM, qTO, KaK J13BeCTHO,
B 1940 rOAY cl>HHJI.RH)];J1H nOMOraJIJ1 J1 Te, KTO B 1944 ro)];y HBJI.HJICSI
HaIIIJ1M COI03HJ1KOM. Y HJ1X K cl>HHJISIHJ];J1J1 I1MeJlaCb CBO.H n03HIJ;HSI,
J];aJIeKO He COBna,naBIlla.H K TOMY me C J1X n03J1IJ;J1eH OTHOCJ1TeJIbHO
repMaHHIi. COBeTCKoe npaBHTeJlbCTBO He MOrJlO He Y't.JJ1TbIBaTb
3Toro. KpOMe Toro, HymHo 6bIJlO YMaTb H 0 nOCJIeBOeHHOM YCTPOH-
CTBe MJ1pa. A nOCKOJlbKY COBeTCKJ1H COlO3 XOTeJI HMeTb Ha ceBepo-
3ana,n;e ,ApymecTBeHHoro coce,n;a, C KOTOpbIM ycneIllHo pa3BJ1BaJIHCb
6bI nOJle3HbIe KOHTaKTbI, Hallie npaBJ1TeJlbCTBO He ynYCKaJIO 113 BH-
,n;y J1 3TO 06CTOSITeJIbCTBO. HaKOHeI..J;, CJIe,n;OBaJIO nOMHHTb, QTO 3a
Py6emaMJ1 4>HHJISIH,n;J1J1 JIemaJia BCSI CKaH,n;J1HaBH.H. ITpaKTJ1QeCKH
CKaH,AJ.1HaBCKJ1e CTpaHbI CY HJIH 0 Harneu BHernHe:t1 nOJIJ1TJ.1Ke J1 co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO J1CXO,n;HJIH 113 3Toro npJ.1 onpe.neJIeHJ1J.1 c06CTBeHHOH
JIHHJ1H no OTHOrneHJ11O K CCCP B nepBYIO Oqepe,n;b Ha OCHOBaHJ1H
Toro, KaK pa3BJ1BaJIHCb B3aHMOOTHOIlleHJ1SI CCCP H cI>J1HJI.HHAJ1J1.
a, TaHHepOBCKO-MaHHepreMMOBCKa.H cI>HHJISIH,n;HH 6bIJIa BoeHHbIM
BparOM. OT 3Toro HJ1KYAa HeJIb3H 6bIJIO YUTJ1. Ho 3THM Bonpoc He
J1CQepnbIBaJiCSI. BbIJI e e <pHHCKJ1H HapO)];; 6bIJla ,n;e:t1cTBoBaBrna.H
B nO nOJIbe KOMMYHJ.1CTJ1QeCKa.H napTJ.1.H cl>HHJlSIH)];J1H; 6bIJIJ1 <pJ1H-
CKJ1e napTJ13aHbI - JIeCOrBap,n;eUIJ;bI repoSI aHTH all1J1CTCKOro Co-
npOTHBJIeHJ1SI Bei1KKo lleIOCTJ1, BOeBaBIIIJ1e B J1HJI.HH,n;CKOM TbIJIY
c <paWJ1CTaMJ1, Hero nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIJ1, repOJ1QeCKH cpamaBIllHeC.H
npOTJ1B HeMeIJ;KJ1X BOHCK. BOT nOt.JeMY KamJ];oe BoeHHoe pellIeHJ1e
353
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np06JIeMbI Tpe60BaJIO T aTeJlbHbIM 06pa30M yqJ1TbIBaTb BCe J13.TI0-
meHHbIe BbIllie 06CTO.HTeJIbCTBa, :H. B TeqeHl1e BCerO BpeMeHJ1 KOMaH-
OBaHJ1.H KapeJIbCKJ1M pOHTOM H 6eCnpeCTaHHO 3TO qYBCTBOBa.TI.
B CTaBKe MeHH I1H OpMHpOBaJIJ1, qTO pa3rpOM HeMeQKO-cpa-
llIJ1CTCKJ1X BOi1:CK no)]; JIeHJ.1Hrpa)];OM J1 HOBropo,n;OM pe3KO OTpa3J1.TI-
CH Ha HaCTpOeHJ1J1 J1HJlHH,n;CKoro npaBJ1TeJIbCTBa. OHO 3anpOCJ1.n0
COBeTCKJ1H COlO3 06 YC.nOBJ1HX, Ha KOTOpbIX <PJ1HJlHH,n;J1H MOrJIa 6bI
BbIHTJ1 J13 BOHHbI, J1 eMY 6bIJIa co06 eHa TOqKa 3peHJ1H COBeTcKoro
npaBJ1TeJlbCTBa. OCHOBHbIMJ1 Tpe60BaHHHMJ.1 HBJlH.nJ1Cb: pa3pbIB
OTHOllIeHJ1H C repMaHJ1eH; J1HTepHJ1pOBaHJ.1e HaXO J1BllIJ1XC.H Ha
TeppJ1TOpJ1J1 cl>J1H.nHH J1J1 HeMe KJ.1X BOMCK; OTBO cpHH.TIHH)];CKJ1X
BOMCK K rpaHJ1I..J;aM 1940 ro,n;a. q T06bI cKopee 3aKOHqJ1Tb BOHHY J1
YMeHbllIJ.1Tb qJ1C.no mepTB, npaBJ1Te.nbcTBo CCCP BbIpa3HJIO ro-
TOBHOCTb nOMTJ1 HaBCTpeqy cI>J1HJI.RH,n;J1J1 J1 BeCTJ.1 C HeM neperOBO-
pbI. B CBH3J1 C 3TJ1M MHe 6bI.n0 YKa3aHO, qTO npJ1 n.naHJ1pOBaHJ1J1
onepa J1M oc060e BHJ1MaHJ1e c.ne yeT y,n;eJIHTb ceBepHOMY yqaCTKY
<ppOHTa, r e CTOH.nJ1 HeMe KJ1e BOHCRa.
3aKOHqJ1B ,n;eJIa B reHepa.nbHOM llITa6e, H OT6bIJI B Be.nOMopCK,
r)];e Haxo,n;J.1.nCH Tor a llITa6 KapeJIbCKOrO pOHTa qepe3 HeCKOJlb-
KO HeYI Ty,n;a me npJ16bIJIO ynpaBJleHJ1e BO.TIXOBCKOro pOHTa. Ha
ero OCHOBe 6bI.n0 CcpOpMJ.1pOBaHO ynpaBJIeHJ1e KapeJlbCKOrO pOH-
Ta, KOTopoe B KOH e <t>eBpa.TIH yme npJ1CTynHJIO K pa60Te. XapaK-
Tep 3TOYI pa60TbI Tenepb cy ecTBeHHO MeHHJlCH, J160 cppOHT OT
060pOHbI ,n;OJImeH 6bIJI nepeMTJ1 K HacTyn.neHJ1IO. HOBbIe 3a aqJ1
JIOmJ1.nJ1Cb J1 Ha llITa6 pOHTa. HaqaJIbHJ1KOM IllTa6a 6bIJI onHTb
HOBbIM qeJlOBeK - reHepaJI B. A. IIJ1rapeBJ1Q. Bo06 e HJ1 O,n;J1H J13
HaQaJIbHJ1KOB llITa60B He CJIymJ1JI 60JlbllIe ro a HJ1 B OT,n;e.TIbHbIX
apMJ1HX, HJ1 Ha pOHTax, KOTOpbIMH H KOMaH OBaJl. To nepeBe,n;YT
Ha ,n;pyrylO )];OJImHOCTb, TO H caM CTaB.n1O Bonpoc 0 3aMeHe. BepOHT-
HO, .neJIO 3aKJIIOqaJIOCb He TOJIbKO B 06neKTJ1BHOM, HO J.1 B Cy6neK-
THBHOM MOMeHTe: H rOTOB ,n;OnYCTJ1Tb, qTO llITa6J1CTaM c.nymHTb
CO MHOi1 6bI.TI0 He.nerKO. Be)];b .H OJIrO pa60TaJI B llITa6ax. ll03TOMY
J1X cne J1cpJ1KY 3HaJI J1 Tpe60Ba.n MHororo. KOHeqHO, He c06J1pa.nCH
CHJ1maTb Tpe60BaHHM J1 B Kape.nJ1J1.
KapeJIbCKJ1H pOHT B03HJ1K B nepBbIM nepJ1o,n; BOHHbI. Ha ero
BOMcKa 6bI.na B03J10meHa 3a,n;aqa He ,n;onYCTJ1Tb npO)];BJ1meHJ1H Bpa-
ra B rJIy6b HallIeM TeppJ1TOpJ1J1, 06eCneqJ1Tb ceBepHbIi1: CTpaTerH"tIe-
CKJ1H cpJIaHr Bcero COBeTCKo-repMaHCKoro cppOHTa J1 HallIJ.1 TaMOlll-
HJ1e meJIe3HO)];OpOmHbIe J1 MOpCKJ1e KOMMYHJ1Ka J1J1. C 3TOi1: 3a,n;a-
"tIei1: pOHT CnpaBJ1JICH. BoeBbIe ,n;eHCTBJ1.H HaqaJIJ1Cb 3)];eCb nOqTJ1
O)];HOBpeMeHHO C HacTynJIeHJ1eM HeMe Ko-<pallIJ1CTCKJ1X BOMCK Ha
JIeHJ1HrpaA, MocKay J1 KJ1eB. rJ1TJIepOBCKoe KOMaH,n;oaaHJ1e 6pOCJ1-
.TIO CIOJ];a qaCTJ1 ropHbIx erepeH, npOrne)];IlIJ1X cne J,1aJIbHYIO no)];-
354
KapeAbCKUU pOHT
rOTOBKY K e"CTBJ1.HM B XOJIMJ.1CTo-JIeCHCTOH MeCTHOCTJ1 H HMeB-
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CeBepHOH HOpBerJ1H. «repOJ1 HapBJ1Ka 11 KpJ1Ta» YCTpeMJ.1JIJ1Cb
B,n;OJIb HeMHoro-qJ1CJIeHHbIX ,nopor Ha MypMaHCK, qepe3 KOTOpbIH
no,n;,ttepmJ1BaJIaCb MOpCKa.H CBSI3b CCCP C BHellIHJ1M MJ1pOM J1 r,ne
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JIJ1Cb TaKme K KaHAaJIaKllIe, KeCTeHbre J1 YXTe, K KJ1pOBCKOH me-
JIe3HOH Aopore, K npJ1pO,ttHbIM 60raTCTBaM KOJIbCKOrO nOJIYOCTPo-
Ba H KapeJIJ1J1.
3aru;J1THJ1KJ1 COBeTCKoro 3anOJI.Hpb.H M KapeJIJ1J1 BCTpeTHJlJ1
Bpara pellIJ1TeJIbHbIM COnpOTJ1BJIeHJ1eM J1 KOHTpy,n;apaMH. IIpaB,n;a,
HCnOJIb3Y.H CBoe npeBocxo,nCTBO B CJ1JIax J1 TeXHJ1Ke, npOTJ1BHJ1KY
y aJIOCb nOTeCHHTb HalliH -qaCTJ1 J1 BbIHTJ1 B 3anOJI.Hpbe K peKe 3a-
naAHa.H JIJ1IJ;a, a IOmHee 3aXBaTJ1Tb AJlaKypTTH J1 KecTeHbry, OB-
JIa,neTb IIerrp03aBo,ttcKoM H npO,ttBHHYTbC.H o peKJ1 CBJ1p . Ho Ha
3TOM ero ycneXJ1 3aKOH-qHJIJ1Cb. HJ1 omeCTo-qeHHbIe aTaKJ1, HJ1 qa-
CTbIe B03,nYllIHbIe 60M6ap,nJ1pOBKJ1 - HJ1qTO' He CMOrJIO CJIOMJ1Tb
CTOHKOCTJ1 COBeTCKJ1X BOJ1HOB. K AeKa6plO 1941 ro a Bpar 6bIJI BbI-
Hym eH nOBceMeCTHO npeKpaTJ1Tb CJ1CTeMaTJ1-qeCKJ1e aTaKJ1, He
,n;OH .H HH O MypMaHCKa, HJ1 ,n;o OCHOBHOH -qaCTJ1 KJ1pOBCKOH me-
JIe3HOH ,noporJ1. BOHcKa KapeJlbCKOrO cppOHTa nepellIJIJ1 K cTa6J1JIb-
HOH 060pOHe.
IIo-qTJ.1 TpJ1 ro.na OHH Y,ltepmJ1BaJlJ1 3aHSITbIe Py6emJ1, KOTopbIe
npOTSIHYJIHCb 60JIee qeM Ha TbIC.Hqy KJ1JIOMeTpOB - OT XOJIO,nHbIX
BOA BapeHIJ;eBa MOp.H ,n;o JIa,n;omCKoro 03epa. HJ1 O,nHH cppOHT B
1944 ro,tty He liMeJI TaKOH 60JIbllIO:H npOTSImeHHOCTH. JIJ1HJ1.H Ka-
peJlbCKOrO cppOHTa T.HHYJlaCb no TYH,n;pe J1 ,ttJ1KJ1M CKaJIaM 3ano-
JI.Hp b.H , 3aTeM cnYCKaJIaCb K lOry no MHOrOQJ1CJIeHHbIM peKaM, 03e-
paM, JIeCaM H 60JIOTaM KapeJlHJ1, nepexBaTbIBa.H OCHOBHbIe ,nopom-
HbIe HanpaBJIeHH.H, BbIBo,nSI J1e K MypMaHCKY, BeJIOMY MOplO H
KJ1pOBCKOH meJIe3HOH opore. Bpar He 3HaJI nOKOSI HJ1 B naCMYP-
HbIe, cepbIe HJ1 KopOTKoro ceBepHoro JIeTa, HH B JIIOTYIO cTymy
JIHHHOH nOJI.HpHOH 3J1MbI: HalliH BOHCKa, CTOHKO 060POHSISICb, ca-
MJ1 Heo,nHOKpaTHO HaHOCJ1JIM y,napbI no HeMeIJ;KJ1M n03J1IJ;J1.HM.
COBeTCKJ1e BOJ1HbI COBepllIaJIJ1 Aep3KJ1e HaJIeTbI B TbIJI, XO,nJ1JIH
B rJIy60KYlO pa3Be,nKY, npOBO J1JIJ1 MeCTHbIe onepaIJ;J1J1 no YJIyqrne-
HJ110 JIJ1HJ1J1 cppOHTa. Kopa6JIJ1 CeBepHoro BoeHHO-MopCKoro <pJIO-
Ta TOIIJ1JIJ.1 BpameCKJ1e cy,n;a J1 B OTKpbITOM Mope J.1 Ha 6a3ax, 06ec-
neqJ1BaJIJ1 BamHeHllIYIO BO,n;HYIO MarJ1CTpaJIb, CB.H3bIBalOI.I.J;YIO
CCCP C AHrJIJ1eH J1 CiliA. B TeqeHJ1e Bcex 3TJ1X JIeT MypMaHCKJ1H
nopT npJ1HHMaJI 60eBbIe Kopa6JIJ1 J1 TpaHcnopTbI, a no KJ1pOBCKOH
meJIe3HOH .n;opore OT MypMaHcKa 11.0 BeJIOMOpCKa HJ1 Ha O,n;J1H 11.eHh
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355
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CMOTpeTb XOT.R 6bI Ha O,n;HO HeMe Koe KJla.n;6 IU;e 19-ro ropHOCTpeJl-
KOBoro Kopnyca B lIeTcaMo: ,n;eC.RTb TbICSIq KpeCTOB, no Kam bIM
KpeCTOM - no HeCKOJIbKY nOrJ.161I1J1X, a Ha,n; BceM 3TJ.1M 6e3MOJIB-
HbIM «6epe30BbIM JIeCOM» BbICJ.1TC.R KOJIOCCaJIbHbIM meJIe3HbIH
KpeCT Ha rpaHJ1THOM nOCTaMeHTe.
B xo.n;e 060pOHJ.1TeJIbHbIX 60eB OTTaq BaJIOCb BOJ1HCKOe MaCTep-
CTBO HallIJ1X BOJ1HOB, COBeplIleHCTBOBaJIaCb TeXHJ1Ka 060POHbI,
CKJIa.n;bIBaJI Cb cpOpMbI OpraHJ13aIJ;J1J1 BOHCK. K HaqaJlY 1944 ro.n;a
BOHcKa, 060pOH.HBIlIJ1eC.R Ha .n;opomHbIx HanpaBJIeHJ1.RX, 6bIJII1
06ne,n;J1HeHbI B apMJ1J1.
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JlaCb TaKoH. Ha MypMaHcKoM HanpaBJIeH J1 eHCTBOBaJla 14-.R ap-
MJ1.R, Ha KaH.n;aJIaKlllCKOM - 19-5I, Ha YXTJ1HCKOM - 26-.H, Ha Me,n;-
BemberopcKoM - 32-.R, no peKe CBJ1pb CTO.RJIa 7-SI apMJ1.H. lI03J1-
J1J1 apMJ1H nepexBaTbIBaJIJ1 B OCHOBHOM ,n;oporJ1 11 npJ1JIeralOIU;J1e
K HJ1M nOJIOCbI MeCTHOCTI1, y.n;06HbIe JISI ,n;BJ1meHJ1.R BOi1CK JIJ1 Ma-
HeBpJ1pOBaHJ1.R. A Mem y HJ1MJ1 npoJIeraJIJ1 06Il1J1pHble 6e3mJ13-
HeHHbIe npocTpaHcTBa, nOKpbITbIe .n;I1KJ1MJ1 CKaJIaMJ1, .neBCTBeH-
HbIMJ1 JIeCaMJ.1 H TOnKHMJ1 60JIOTaMI1. Qepe3 3TJ1 «HJ1qeHHbIe» 3eM-
JIJ1 pa3Be,n;bIBaTeJIbHbIe no.n;pa3 eJleHJ1.R npOHJ1KaJIJ1 B TbIJI, Hana-
,n;aJIJ1 Ha BpameCKl1e KOMMYHHKa J1J1, lllTa6bI J1 Y3JIbI CBSI3J1, B3pbI-
BarrJ1 CKJla,n;bI J1 C06HpaJIH J1HcpopMa J1IO. Ha ceBepHoM yqaCTKe
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Kopnyc J1 OT eJIbHbIe J.1HJI.HH,lJ;CKJ1e qaCTJ1, OTJIJ1qHO BoopymeHHbIe
J1 3aKaJIeHHble B 60HX. Ho 3aTO VI Hallia 26-.R apMI1.R 6bIJIa XOpOIliO
YKOMnJIeKTOBaHHOH J.1 HaJ160JIee MHOrOql1CJIeHHOH J13 BCeX apMJ1H
cppOHTa, npJ1qeM B Hee BXO,n;J1JIa OT eJIbHa.R JIbImHaH 6pl1ra.n;a,
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311MbI.
3.n;eCb eru;e B aBrycTe 1941 ro,n;a pa3bIrpaJIMCb OmeCTOqeH-
HbIe 60J.1. 3aXBaTJ1B KecTeHbry, HeMeQKo- alllJ1CTCKl1e BOHcKa
no.n;OIllJIJ1 qYTb JII1 He BnJIOTHYIO K KJ1pOBCKOH meJIe3HOH O-
pore, Be,lJ;IlleH Ha MypMaHCK. Haxo.n.HCb nOqTJ1 y QeJIJ.1. OHM,
He maJIeH CJ1JI J1 He CqJ1TaHCb C nOTepHMJ1, npe.n;npJ1HJ1MaJIJ1 O,n;HY
aTaKY 3a PyrOH. 3aTeM HeMI..J;eB no,n; epmaJia J1HJIHH CKaH
6pl1ra a «CeBep». Ho J1 3TO He npJ.1HeCJIO ycnexa. Tor a rJ1T-
JIepOBCKoe KOMaH OBaHJ1e nepe6pocJ1J10 clO,n;a 3HaqJ1TeJIbHbIe
CJ1JIbI aBJ1aQJ.1J1. qT06bI MOru;HbIMJ1 60M6ap.n;l1pOBKaMJ1 CJIOMJ1Tb
CTOi1KOCTb 3aru;J1THI1KOB CTaHIJ;J111 JIoYXJ1, o.n;HaKO Bce 6bIJIO
HanpacHo. K OCeHJ1 1941 ro a HeMIJ;bI 11 J1HHbI nepellIJIVI K 060-
pOHe.
Kor,n;a .H npl1exaJI B JIoYXJ1, MHe paCCKa3aJIJ.1 06 O,n;HOM JIIO-
60nbITHoM 3nJ130.n;e. B HaqaJIe 1942 ro,n;a BO BpeMH HaJIeTa Bpa-
meCKOH aBJ1aQJ1J1 6bIJI C6J1T HeMeIJ;KJ1i1 60M6ap.n;J1pOBI.I.J;J1K, a JIeT-
ql1K, BbI6poCJ1BllIJ1HCH Ha napaIllIOTe, B3HT B nJIeH. Ha .n;onpoce
OH pa3B.H3HO 3aHBJ1JI (Tor,n;a eru;e HeMe KJ1e nJIeHHbIe BeJIJ1 ce6.H
HarJIO J1 BbI3bIBalO e), qTO eMY, Mem.n;y npOql1M, ,n;OBeJIOCb B
cBoei1 mJ13HJ1 60M6J1Tb TpJ1 «JI», J1rpaBIIIJ1e BamHYIO pOJIb BO
BTOpOH MJ1pOBOH BOHHe: JIoHAoH, JIeHJ1Hrpa J,1 JIoYXJ1. 3TOT
cJIyqai1 no-cBoeMY J1JIJIIOCTpl1pyeT TO 3HaqeHJ1e, KOTopoe npl1Aa-
BaJIO cpallIJ1CTCKOe KOMaH OBaHJ1e CTaH J1J1 JIOYXJ1, 11 Te MbICJIJ.1,
KOTopbIe B 3TOH CBH3J1 BHYllIaJIl1Cb eHCTBOBaBllIJ.1M 3,n;eCb He-
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JIIOTbIe MOp03bI J1 BeTpbI, OT OXHYBIllJ1e B 6JIJ1mHeM TbIJIY no,npa3-
.n;e.neHJ1H 60 po ,lJ;BJ1raJII1Cb B CTOPOHY nepe.n;Hero KpaH, J1 TO TaM,
TO TYT 3BeHeJIa COJI,n;aTCKa.R neCH.R:
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357
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,n;OBaJI elO OqeHb ynOpHbIH J1 HaCTOMQJ1BbIM B 06opoHe J1 B HacTyn-
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KaH,n;a.naKIl1CKOM HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 npOTJ1B 36-ro HeMe Koro apMeM-
CKoro Kopnyca, npJ1KpbIBaSI KOJlbCKJ1M nOJIyocTPOB J.1 no xo,n;bI
K Be.noMY MOplO. B Hee BXO J1JIJ1 B OCHOBHOM KaK pa3 Te MBM3J1J1 J1
QaCTJ1, KOTopbIe B 1941 ro y nperpa J1JIJ1 3 eCb nYTb HeMe KO-
cpaIl1J.1CTCKJ1M 3aXBaTqJ1KaM J1 ycne.nJ1 Ha6paTbcSI onbITa 60eBblx
,n;eHCTBJ1i1 B 3anOJISIpbe. Ha 3TJ1 BOMCKa Tome MomHO 6bIJIO nOJIO-
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6eperaM KOB 03epa. CeBepHee opora YXO J1JIa K anaTJ1TOBbIM
pa3pa60TKaM. TaM, 3a IIOJISIpHbIM KpyroM, B XM6J1HCKJ1X ropax,
BbICJ1JIJ1Cb HOBOCTpOHKH, B03Be eHHble ynopHblM TPY OM COBeT-
CKJ1X naTpJ10TOB - pa60qMX, TeXHJ1KOB, yqeHbIx. Ha CKJIOHaX
npe,n;rOpJ1H TeCHI1JIJ1Cb eJIJ1, meJlTe.nH ceBepHbIe 6epe3bI. IIpJ1-
qy,n;JlJ1BO H3rJ16aeTCSI meJle3HaH opora. TYT PYKOi1 no,n;aTb ,n;o
PY HJ1KOB KYKJ1CBYMqOppa. CepeeT HecpeJIJ1H YpTJ1Ta. 3eJIeHbIM
6.necKoM OTJIJ1BaeT IOKcnop. BeralOT BarOHeTKJ1. A Kor a B He6e
B03HJ1KaeT npepbIBJ1CTbIi1 ry.n HeMe KJ1X CaMOJleTOB, Bce 3 eCb
3aMJ1paeT, QT06bI BCKope onSITb npJ1HTJ1 B BJ1meHJ1e. ,l(ame B
TSImeJIei1IllHe JI.H cTpaHbI J];HM He 3aTMxaeT pa60Ta. IIoJI.HM He06-
XO,n;J1MbI y,n;06peHJ1.H; XJ1MJ1qeCKJ1M npe npJ1.HTJ1SIM HymeH cpOCcpOp
JI.H BTOpJ1qHOrO np0J13BO CTBa; CaMOJIeTHbIe 3aBo bI Tpe6YlOT
HecpeJIJ1HOBOrO aJIIOMMHM.H H HepmaBelOI.I.J;J1X COCTaBOB ,n;JIH nOKpbI-
TJ1SI MeTaJIJIJ1QeCKJ1X qaCTeH. A cei1Qac K 3TOMY 60raTcTBY T.RHYTC.H
JIanbI repMaHCKJ1X MOHOnOJlJ1i1, KOTopbIe m YT Ii He MorYT om-
,n;aTbC.H, Kor,na me HaKOHel..{ cpaIllJ1CTCKHe QaCTJ1 npOJlOmaT J1M
nYTb Ha COBeTCKJ1i1 CeBep.
J13 26-H apMJ1J1 MbI noeXaJIJ1 B 14-10 apMJ1IO, B MypMaHcK.
B 3TOM ropo e MHe npMxo,n;J1JIOCb 6bIBaTb J1 paHbIl1e. EI.I.J;e B 1940 ro-
J];Y, Kor,n;a .H KOMaH OBaJI JIeHJ1Hrpa CKHM BoeHHbIM oKpyroM,
MbI C A. A. m.naHoBbIM H HaqaJlbHHKOM J1HmeHepHbIx BOHCK
oKpyra A. ct>. XpeHoBbIM cne J1aJIbHO e3,n;J1JIJ1 B MypMaHcK ,n;.nSI
H3yqeHJ1.H MeCTHbIX YCJIOBJ1i1 B03MomHoro TeaTpa BoeHHbIX e:t1-
CTBJ1i1, oc06eHHo nOJIyocTpoBa PbI6aqberO, KOTOpbIH nOCeTJ1J1J1
BMeCTe C MOp.HKaMJ1. 3TO nOKpbIToe TYHJ.tPOi1 nJIaTO, Ha 300 MeT-
pOB B3 bIMalO eeC.H Ha,n; ypoBHeM MOp.H, KPYTO cnYCKaeTC.H K
MOPCKOMY 6epery, r e, corpeBaeMbIH OTBeTBJleHJ1eM rO.nbcpC'TpJ1-
Ma, .nemJ1T npOnaXIllJ1M ce.nb,n;blO Ii MOMBOH BamHbIi1 B CTpaTerJ1-
qecKOM OTHOIlleHJ.1J1 nOCeJIOK QbIn-HaBOJIOK. MHe oc06eHHO 6bIJlO
npJ1SITHO BCTpeTJ1Tb B 14-i1 apMJ1J1 CBoero cTaporo 3HaKOMoro,
358
KapeJt'bCKUU pO'HT
ee KOMaH,n;YIOI.I.J;erO B. 11. ep6aKOBa. fl 3HaJI ero KaK cnoc06-
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BoeHHOM oKpyre. qYBCTBO TaKTa 11 BbI,n;epmKH He nOKJ1,n;aJIO ero
ame B caMbIe Hanp.HmeHHbIe MJ1HYTbI, a nOCJIe,n;HJ1X 6bIJIO Y Hero
HeMaJIO. Ero apMJ1SI COCTOSIJIa Bcero J13 BYX CTpeJIKOBbIX J1-
BJ13J1H, MOpCKOH CTpeJIKOBOH J1 OTAeJIbHOH JIbImHOH 6pJ1raA.
Mx CpaBHJ1TeJIbHa.H MaJIOqJ1CJIeHHOCTb KOMneHCJ1pOBaJIaCb BbICO-
KHM 60eBbIM ,n;YXOM. MMeHHo OHJ1 B AeKa6pe 1941 rOAa HaHeCJIJ1
HeBOCnOJlHJ1MbIi1 ypOH erep.HM HeMeQKoro 19-ro ropHOCTpeJIKOBOrO
Kopnyca B ,nOJIJ1He peKJ1 3ana,nHa.H JIJ1Qa, KOTOpylO CaMJ1 HeM UbI
np03BaJIJ1 «AOJIJ1HOH CMepTJ1».
C 14-H apMJ1eH B3aJ1Mo,n;eHCTBOBaJI CeBepHbIH BoeHHO-MOp-
CKOH JIOT (KOMaHAYIO J1H - 3HeprMqHblH H peIllJ1TeJIbHbIH
aAMJ1paJI A. r. rOJIOBKO, BcerAa Ha peAKOCTb qYTKO OTHOCJ1B-
IllJ1HC.H K Hym aM cppOHTa). cl>JIOT OCYIUeCTBJI.HJI TaKme OnepaTJ1B-
HbIe H cHa6meHqeCKJ1e nepeB03KJ1 AJISI apMJ1J1. B 1941 ro,n;y Hec-
KOJIbKO OTpSI,n;OB MOpSIKOB npJ1H.HJIO yqaCTJ1e B 60.HX Ha cYllIe.
BnocJIe,n;cTBJ1J.1 3TJ1 OTp.H,n;bI 06'be,n;J1HJ1JIJ1Cb B MOpCKJ1e CTpeJI-
KOBbIe 6pJ1ra,n;bI. MOp.HKJ1 He rn:a,n;J1JIJ1 ce6.H B 60.Hx, J1 K 1944 ro,n;y,
Kor.z:ta MaJIO KTO yueJIeJI J13 nepBOHaqaJIbHOrO COCTaBa 6pJ1ra.n;,
OHJ1 6bIJIJ1 B OCHOBHOM YKOMnJIeKTOBaHbI MapllIeBbIMJ1 no,n;pa3-
AeJIeHMSIMJ1 neXOTbI, XOT.H no-npemHeMY Ha3bIBarrJ1Cb MOpCKJ1MJ1.
Hamei1 BCTpe eH B TOT pa3 AeJlo He OrpaHJ1QJ1JIOCb. B xo,n;e
nOArOTOBKJ1 onepaQJ1H MHe HeOAHOKpaTHO npJ1xo,n;J1JIOCb BCTpe-
qaTbCSI 3aTeM C ApCeHJ1eM rpJ1rOpbeBJ1qeM rOJIOBKO, 6bIBaTb y
MOp.HKOB J1 npJ1rJIallIaTb J1X K ce6e. O,n;HamAbI B HaqaJIe anpeJISI
1944 rOAa MeHSI npJ1rJlaCJ1JIH oCMoTpeTb npH6bIBIlIJ1i1 Ha CeBep
JIJ1HKOp, npJ1CJIaHHbIH aHrJlJ.1qaHaMJ1. rOJlOBKO CeTOBaJI, qTO Ha
npJ1KpbITJ1e Kopa6J1SI npJ1XOAJ1TC.H TpaTJ1Tb MHoro CaMOJIeTOB, a
BbIXO.n JIJ1HKOPy B Mope 6bIJI 3anpeIUeH. M BOT BO BpeM.H OCMOTpa
JII1HKOpa KTO-TO 113 npJ.1CYTCTBYIOI:qJ.1X CKa3aJI: «iKaJIb, qTO TaKa.H
rpOMa a CTOJ1T cpe J1 MOp.H J1 He npJ.1HOCHT HJ1KaKOH nOJIb3W,
a CKOJIbKO 6bI BbIIlIJIO TaHKOB J13 ero 6pOHH!» 3TO BbICKa3bIBaHJ1e
6bIJIO He CJIyqaHHbIM. Cpe J1 MOp.HKOB ,n;aBHO IllJIJ1 cnopbI 0 TOM,
KaKJ1e HaM HymHbI Kopa6JIJ1 J1 KaKJ1M CTaHeT B AaJlbHeHllIeM
BoeHHO-MopCKOH cpJIOT. M3BecTHo, qTO nOCJIe BOHHbI Bce AepmaBbI
MJ1pa, BJIa,n;eBIlIJ1e paHee JIJ1HKOpaMH APyrJ1MJ1 KpynHbIMJ1 Ha,n;-
BO HbIMJ1 Kopa6JI.HMM, HaqaJIH nepeCMaTpJ1BaTb COCTaB CBOJ1X
cpJlOTOB B CBSI3J1 C J13MeHeHJ1eM xapaKTepa cOBpeMeHHoro opy-
mJ1.H J1 COOTBeTCTBeHHO 60eBbIx onepaQJ1H. He XOqy BMellIJ1BaTbC.H
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IJ;eM Kopa6JIeM, SI Bce me nOAYMaJI, qTO TpJ.1 COTHJ1 TaHKOB 6bIJIJ1
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359
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JIOBOH KOHTaKT. Kor a B03HHKaJla He06xo J1MOCTb, MbI OXOTHO
nOMOraJlJ1 pyr pyry. HJ1 MOp.HKJ1 HaM, HJ1 MbI J1M HJ1 B qeM
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TJ1Tb CHap.H OB, .H 6e3 npOMe JIeHJ1.H OT aJI pacnOp.HmeHJ1e KOMaH-
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J1 TOTQaC nO eJIJ1TbC.H C JIOTOM. TaKJ1e OTHOIlleHJ1.H He TOJIbKO
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B03BpaTJ1BIllJ1Cb B BeJIOMOpCK, .H BCTpeTJ1JIC.R C KOMaH YIO J1M
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C KOMaH YIO J1M me 7-i1: apMJ1ei1: reHepaJI-JIei1:TeHaHToM A. H. Kpy-
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KOJIbKO paHbIll e, B BOJIor e, Ky a OH npJ16bIJI C OKJIa OM, Kor a
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3J1i1: Y MeH.H CJIOmJ1JIOCb CJIe YIO ee npe CTaBJIeHJ1e 0 poHTe,
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360
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paI..J;J1J1, Ha qTO YIIIJIJ1 BeCHa J1 qaCTb JIeTa 1944 ro a. BOHcKa
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COBeTCKOM KapeJIHJ1, HeJIb3.H 060HTJ1 J1M.H KOMaH.nJ1pa 1-ro TaHKO-
Boro 6aTaJIbOHa 7-H rBap,n;eHCKOH TaHKoBoM 6pJ1ra bJ B. B. IIJIaTJ1-
QbIHa. Ero XOpOllIO 3HarrJ1 B BOHCKax. 16-JIeTHJ1M IOHoIlleH BJIa J1-
MJ1p CYMeJI HaCTO.HTb, qT06bI ero npJ.1H.HJIJ1 paHbllIe, qeM nOJIOmeHO,
B TaHKOBoe yqHJIJ1I.I.J;e. OH cpamaJICH e e C 6eJIocpJ1HHaMJ1 B 1939-
1940 ro.nax J1 Tor.na me CTaJI KpacH03HaMeH eM. C nepBbIx .nHei1
BeJIJ1KoH OTeqeCTBeHHoH BOMHbI BJIa J1MJ1p BaCJ1JIbeBJ1q Haxo,n;J1JI-
C.H B eHcTBYIOI.I.J;eJ1: apMJ1J1, KOMaH Y.H TaHKOBbIM B3BO OM, pOTOM
J1 6aTaJIbOHOM, a Kor a He 6bIJIO TaHKOB - pa3Be,n;pOTOM J1 pyrJ1MJ1
CTpeJIKOBbIMJ1 no,n;pa3 eJIeHJ.1.HMJ1. Oc06eHHO OTJIJ1qHJIC.H OH B 60.HX
no,n; HOBropo.nOM. By yqJ1 yme B KapeJIJ1w, 8 J1IOJI.H 1944 ro.na
IIJIaTJ1QbIH BeJI TaHKoBbIH 6aTaJIbOH B HacTynJIeHJ1e. HaTKHYJIJ1Cb
Ha KOM6J1HJ1pOBaHHoe MJ1HHOe nOJIe. CanepHbIe no pa3,n;eJIeHJ1.H
rJ16JIJ1 O HO 3a ,n;pyrJ1M, a eJIO Tpe6oBaJIO npO BJ1meHJ1.H. Tor a
KOM6aT caM nOIIleJI Bnepe,n;, a 3a HJ1M Me JIeHHO nOJI3 rOJIOBHOH
TaHK. Pa3J];aJIC.H B3pbIB, IIJIaTJ1QbIHa paHJ1JIO B rOJIOBY. OH nOqTJ1
nOJIHOCTblO nOTep.HJI 3peHJ1e, HO My:meCTBO He OCTaBJ1JIO ero.
T.HmeJI060JIbHOH qeJIOBeK, OH CJIymJ1JI eI.I.J;e TpJ1 ro a B apMJ1J1,
nOTOM ,n;eM06J1JIJ130BaJIC.H. B 35 JIeT repo:ti COBeTcKoro COlO3a
IIJIaTJ1QbIH OKOHqJ1JI 10-" KJIaCC IllKOJIbI pa60qei1 MOJIo,n;emJ1, nOTOM
IOpJ1 J1qeCKJ1H cpaKY JIbTeT YHJ1BepCJ1TeTa J.1 ycneIllHo pa60TaJI a,n;-
BOKaTOM.
IIpJ13HaIOCb, qTO K 7-H rBap eMcKoM TaHKoBoH 6pJ1ra e .H 6bIJI
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TaHKJ1CTbl. Ha MOM B3rJI.H,n;, J1M npocTo Be3JIO Ha repOHCKJ1X KOMaH-
J.1pOB. CHaqaJIa KOM6pJ1rOM 6bIJI fepOH COBeTCKoro COlO3a TOBa-
pJ1 KonQOB. B KOHQe 1942 ro a ero Ha3HaqJ1JIJ1 KOMaH,n;upoM
TaHKOBoro Kopnyca Ii HanpaBJ1JIJ1 no,n; XapbKoB. HOBbIM KOM6pH-
rOM CTaJI B. M. llIHeM,n;ep, npOBe,n;IllJ1H CBOIO qaCTb OT BOJIXOBa
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374
K ap ell, 'bC'KU U ifJp O'H T
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KapeJIJ1J1. Bce 3TO 6bIJIJ1 HCKJIlOqJ1TeJIbHO 60eBbIe O J1u;epbI.
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qaCOB HeYMOJIJ1MO BJ1raJIaCb B O)J;HOM HanpaBJIeHJ1J1, J.1 cpaIllJ1CTaM
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no MeCTaM 60eB, TOJIbKO Tenepb yme B 06paTHoM HanpaB.ne-
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375
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JIeHJ.1H, 06paI.I.J;eHHbIX B CTOPOHY CCCP. A CeHqaC nepe MOJ1MJ.1
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cBoeMY xapaKTepy ,n;OJIfOBpeMeHHa.H 060poHa. qT06bI C03 aTb 6e3
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J1MeJIOCb. Bce TpJ1 fo a C HaqaJIa BO:HHbI ee apMJ.1.H CTpOJ1JIa 3.neCb
060pOHJ1TeJIbHbIe nOJIOCbI C meJIe306eTOHHbIMJ1 coopymeHJ1S1MJ1.
HeCOMHeHHO, nOCTpOHKa ocy eCTBJI.RJIaCb C HH03eMHOH nOMO blO
(B OCHOBHOM, KOHeqHO, HeMeQKoi1). J13yqaSl 06opoHY cPJ1HHOB, .H CTa-
paJICsi nOH.RTb, Ha qTO OHJ1 MOfJIJ1 paCCqJ1TbIBaTb. CBOJ.1X BOMCR JiM
He XBaTaJIO. He J1MeJIOCb Y HJ1X J.1 OCTaTOqHOrO KOJIJ.1qecTBa
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maJIJ.1 YMeJIbIM paccpe)J;oTOqeHJ1eM J.1 npJ1MeHeHJ1eM K MeCTHOCTJ1,
BbICOKJ1M KaqeCTBOM coopymeHJ1H. CpaBHJ.1Ba.R 3TY 060pOHJ.1TeJIb-
HYIO nOJIocy C JIJ1HJ1eH MaHHepretiMa, H npJ1IlleJi K BbIBO,n;y, qTO
OHJ1 6bIJIJ1 paBHbI no MOI.I.J;H, HO CBJ.1pCKa.R nOJIoca OKa3a.naCb
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BaJIJ1 onbIT, npJ.106peTeHHbIJ1 HMJ.1 B BO:HHe 1939-1940 ro,n;OB. M BCe-
376
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HeHaBJ1CTb MOrJIa BJ.1raTb TeMJ.1, KTO BB.H3aJIClI B TaKYIO aBaHTlOpy,
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BalO J.1 npOT.HrJ1BalO crreIJ;J1aJIbHbIti ,n;OKYMeHT, rJ];e.H 3HaqYCb B J1HOM
3BaHJ.1J.1 H C J1HOti cpaMJ1JIJ.1ei1. IIpJ.1Be,n;y TaKo:i1 npl1Mep. CJ1J];J1M MbI
nOCJIe npOBepKJ1 rOTOBHOCTJ1 BOMCK B O,n;HOM J13 qaCTei1 J1 ymJ1HaeM.
KOMaH,n;J1p nOJIKa HJ.1 0 qeM He no,n;03peBaeT. Ho ero cynpyra J.1 e e
HeCKOJIbKO meH J1H, CepBJ1pOBaBIllJ1e CTOJI, Bce BpeM.H nOfJI.HJ];bI-
BalOT Ha Hac. BepO.HTHO, Koe-KTO J13 HJ1X nOMHJ1JI MeH.H B JIJ1IJ;O no
,l10BOeHHo:i1 cJIym6e Ha ,l(aJIbHeM BOCTOKe. rJI.Hmy, meHa KOMnOJIKa
qTO-TO rOBOpJ1T eMY. IIocJIe yml1Ha OH 06pa aeTC.H K MoeMY
a,n;1>IOTaHTY: «iKeHa CMeeTCH Ha,n;o MHOi1, YBep.HeT, qTO .H CJ1,n;eJI He
C reHepaJIOM MaKCJ1MOBbIM, a C MapIllaJIOM MepeIJ;KOBbIM».
TIpJ1IllJIOCb pa31>.HCHHTb KOMaH.n;J1py, qTO 06J1maTbC.H CMeIllHO, qTO
eMY BnOJIHe OBepHIOT J1 qTO, Kor.n;a npJ.1.neT BpeM.H, TaMHY
paCKpOIOT, a nOKa CJIe,n;yeT COXpaH.HTb HeB03MYTJ1MbI:i1 BJ1f];.
BOT e e Ba CJIyqa.H. IIocJIe cOBe aHJ1.H, KOTopoe H npOBeJI
14 anpeJIH B IllTa6e IIpJ1MopcKoi1 rpynnbI BOi1CK J1 Ha KOTOpOM
BnepBbIe npeJ];cTaBJ1JIC.H BceM KaK MaKCJ1MOB, O J1H J.13 ocpJ1IJ;epOB
no,n;OIlleJi KO MHe J1 cnpocJ1JI: «He CJIbIllIaJIJ1, rOBOp.HT, npJ1exaJI K
HaM MaprnaJI MepeIJ;KOB?» HeT, rOBOplO, He CJIbIllIaJI J.1 He BI1,n;eJI
ero Bo06 e HJ1Kor,n;a.
A BO BpeM.H Moei1 BCTpeqJ1 B Xa6apoBcKe C M. A. IIypKaeBbIM
STOT CTapbIH COCJIymI1BeI..J;, OTJIJ1qHO 3HaBllIJ1H, KeM H 6bIJI, YBJ1 eB
Ha MHe norOHbI reHepan-nOJIKOBHJ.1Ka J1 nOKa3aB Ha HJ1X, COqYBCT-
BeHHO cnpOCJ1JI: «KJ1pJ1JIJI AcpaHaCbeBJ1Q, qTO CJIYQJ1JIOCb?» .fl
YCMeXHYJIC.H, OTBeTJ1B, qTO Bce, ,n;ecKaTb, 6bIBaeT Ha CBeTe, H
paCKpbIJI y,n;OCTOBepeHJ1e 3a nO nJ1CblO BepXOBHoro rJIaBHOKOMaH-
.n;YIO ero. 113 .nOKYMeHTa BbITeKaJIO, qTO nepe.n IIYPKaeBbIM CTOJ.1T
MaKCJ1MOB. TYT reHepaJI, KOHeqHO, ,n;ora,n;aJIC.H 0 npOJ1cxo,n;.H eM
J1 nOTOM yme HJ.1 0 qeM He CnpallIJ1BaJI, TeM 60JIee qTO BCKope
BCTpeTJ1JICH C KOMaH YIO J1M 3a6ai1KaJIbCKJ1M cppOHTOM reHepaJI-
nOJIKOBHI1KOM MOp030BbIM (MaprnaJIOM P. .fl. MaJIJ1HOBCKJ1M), Ha-
QanbHJ1KOM IllTa6a Toro me cppOHTa reHepaJI-nOJIKOBHJ1KOM 30-
JIOTOBbIM (reHepaJIOM apMJ1J1 M. B. 3axapOBbIM) J1, HaKOHeQ, C
3aMeCTJ1TeJIeM HapKoMa 060POHbI reHepaJI-nOJIKOBHJ1KOM Ba-
CJ1JIbeBbIM (MapllIaJIOM A. M. BaCJ1JIeBCKJ.1M). "IlTO KaCaeTC.H .HnOH-
QeB, TO OHJ.1 Y3HaJIJ1 0 p.H e HOBbIX BOJ1HCKJ.1X Ha3HaqeHJ.1i1 y Hac, HO
TaK H He pa3ra,n;aJIJ1 (0 qeM CBJ1 eTeJIbCTBOBaJIJ1 Ha onpocax J1X
reHepaJIbI), KaKJ1e JIJ1Qa CKpbIBaJIJ1Cb no,n; qymJ.1MJ1 cpaMJ1JIJ1.HMJ1.
HecKoJIbKO CJIOB 0 HaqaJIe aTOM J1CTOpJ1J1, Kor,n;a H nepe.n;
oT6bITJ1eM B IIpJ1Mopbe 6eCe,l10BaJI C J1. B. CTaJIJ.1HbIM, nOJIYQa.H OT
Hero nOCJIe,n;HJ1e J.1HCTPYKQJ1J1. OH nOCOBeTOBaJI MHe Ha3BaTbC.H Ha
BpeM.H B QeJI.HX MaCKJ.1pOBKJ1 reHepanOM apMI1J.1. Ho .H npe.n;noqeJI
404
1-u ,l{a.n.'b1teeOCTO'll1tbtU rppO'nT
CTaTb feHepaJI-nOJIKOBHJ1KOM, CKa3aB B llIYTKY, ({TO TaKOfO 3BaHJ1.H
H e e He HOCJ1JI, XOqeTC.H nonp060BaTb. IIceB,n;oHJ1M MaKCJ1MOB 6bIJI
B3HT nOTOMY, qTO B TIpJ1MOpbe ,n;ei1cTBJ1TeJIbHO 6bIJI reHepaJi MaKCJ1-
MOB, KOTOpbIH KOMaH OBaJI O,z:\HOi1 M3 apMJ1M. H paCCQJ1TbIBaJI, qTO
HnOHIJ;bI pellIaT, 6YATO J1MeHHO 0 ero nepee3 ax C MeCTa Ha MeCTO
J.1 ero pacnOpHmeHJ1.HX J1 eT peqb, J1 He CTaHYT OCTpO pearJ1pOBaTb
Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOI.I.J.J1e ,n;OHeCeHJ1.H CBOJ1X JIa3YTqJ1KOB, B HaJIJ1qJ1J1
KOTOpbIX MbI He COMHeBaJIJ1Cb. 11 B caMOM l-];eJIe, nJIeHHbIe HnOHCKJ.1e
reHepaJIbI J1HTepeCOBaJIJ.1Cb BO BpeMH ,l];OnpOCOB, TOT JIJ1 3TO 3Ha-
KOMbIi1 J1M reHepaJI MaKCJ1MOB KOMaHl-];yeT BOHCKaMJ1 I-to ,[(aJIb-
HeBOCTOqHOrO <ppoHTa.
113yqeHJ11O npOTJ.1BHJ1Ka MbI Y,z:\eJIJ1JIJ1 60JIbillOe BHJ1MaHJI1e. KaK
J13BeCTHO, HaM npOT11BOCTOHJIa KBaHTYHCKa.H apMJ1H. qTO C060H
OHa npe,n;CTaBJI.HJIa? B 1898 ro y POCCJ1H apeH,D;OBaJIa Y KJ1TaH
KBaHTYHcK11i1 nOJIyocTPOB (TY OKOHeqHOCTb JIHO YHcKoro nOJIY-
OCTpOBa, Ha KOTOpOt1: HaXO.lJ;J1JIJ.1Cb ropo,n;a TIopT-ApTYP J1 ,l(aJIbHJ1i1).
B 1905 ro,n;y .HnOHJ1H no I10pTCMYTCKOMY MJ1Py nepeH.HJIa npaBo
apeH)J;bI. CpOK ee J1CTeK B 1923 ro,n;y, HO HnOHJ1H OTKa3aJIaCb Bep-
HYTb KBaHTYHcKYIO 06JIaCTb KJ1TaIO, a B 1931 rOAY 3aXBaT11JIa BeCb
)J:YH6311 (KaK Ha3bIBalOT MaHbqmypJ1IO KJ1Tai1QbI). Ha3BaHJ1e
KBaHTYHcKot1: apMJ1J1 pacnpOCTpaHJ1JIOCb Tenepb npaKT11qecKJ1 Ha
Bce HnOHCKJ1e BOHcKa B MaHbqmypJ1J1.
K aBrycTY 1945 ro,n;a B COCTaBe KBaHTYHcK011 apMJ1J1, BKJIIO-
qaH BOJ1HCKJ.1e qaCTJ1 MaHbqmoy-ro, KHH3H ,n;e BaHa J1 MeJIKJ1e rpyn-
nJ1pOBKJ1, V1MeJlOCb: 24 neXOTHbIe ,l);J1BJ1311J1, 9 OTAeJIbHbIX CMellIaH-
HbIX 6pJ1ra,n;, 1 6pJ.1ra,n;a cneQHa3HaqeHJ1.H (cMepTHJ1KJ1), 2 TaHKOBbIe
6pJ1ra,n;bI 11 1 B03,n;YlllHa.H apMJ1.H, KOTopbIe HaCQJ.1TbIBaJIJ1 B 06I.I.\e:i1
CJIOmHOCTJ1 CBbIllIe 1 MJIH qeJIOBeK, 6640 OPy,n;J1H I1 MJ1HOMeTOB,
1215 TaHKOB, 1907 60eBbIx CaMOJIeTOB. B TeqeHJ.1e MHOfJ1X JIeT
apMJ1H Haxo,n;J1JIaCb B COCTOHHJ1J1 nOJIHOH 60eBoH rOTOBHOCTJ1. OHa
cneQJ1aJIbHO npe,n;Ha3HaqaJIaCb ,l];JIH BOt1HbI npOTJ.1B COBeTCKoro
COI03a. Ee nOCTO.HHHO nOnOJIHHJIJ1 HOBbIMJ1 nOJIKaMJ1 J.1 ,l);J1BJ1311.HMJ1.
3HaqJ1TeJIbHbIe KOHTJ1HreHTbI p.H OBOfO J1 ocpJ.1QepCKoro COCTaBa
nOOqepe,n;HO HanpaBJI.HJIJ1Cb B pai10H IOmHbIX MopeH ,n;JI.H npJ106pe-
TeHJ.1H 60eBOfO onbITa B CpameHJ1HX C aHfJlO-aMepJ1KaHCKJ1MJ1 BOt1-
CKaMJ1. KBaHTYHCKaH apMJ.1H 06JIa aJIa npJ1cnOC06JIeHHOM K Ta-
MOIllHei1 MeCTHOCTJ1 60eBoi1 TeXHJ1KOH, 60JIbIllJ1MJ1 3anaCaMJ1 60e-
npJ1naCOB J.1 npO OBOJIbCTBJ1H J1 MOfJIa cpamaTbCH ,n;JIJ.1TeJIbHOe
BpeM.H ,n;ame npJ1 HapYllIeHHbIX MOpCKJ1X KOMMYHJ1KaQJ1.HX, CBH3bI-
BalOI.I.\J1X MaHbqmypJ110 C HnOHJ.1eH. COJI)J;aTbI 6bIJIJ1 XOpOlllO 06YQe-
HbI. J1x BOCnJ1TaJIJ1 B ,n;yxe MJ1JIJ1TapJ13Ma, nOJIHOrO nOBJ1HOBeHJ.1H,
Kpat1H ero cpaHaTJ.13M a.
Cepbe3Hoe BHJ1MaHHe Y)J;eJI.HJIOCb .HllOHCKJ1M KOMaH,n;OBaHJ1eM
405
Ha cJtY:HC6e HapoiJy
CTpOJ1TeJIbCTBY YKpenJIeHJ1H B npJ1rpaHJ.1qHbIX paHOHaX .no 1943
ro,n;a YKpenJIeHHbIe paHoHbI npe Ha3HaqaJIJ1Cb rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
)J;JI.H pa3BepTbIBaHJ1.H HacTynaTeJIbHOH rpynnJ1pOBKJ1, BBJ1,n;y qero
OHJ.1 CTpOJ1JIJ1Cb Henocpe cTBeHHo B03JIe rpaHJ1IJ; J.1 I1MeJIJ1 He-
60JIbllIYIO rJIy6J1HY. 3TO nOJIHOCTblO OTBeqaJIO arpecCJ1BHbIM HaMe-
peHJ1.HM .HnOHCKOro J1MnepJ1aJIJ13Ma no OTHOllIeHJ.11O K CCCP. Ho C
J13MeHeHJ1eM 06cTaHOBKJ.1 Ha cOBeTcKo-repMaHcKoM cppoHTe, KorJ];a B
TOKJ10 nOH.HJIJ1, qTO npJ1,n;eTC.H, B03MomHO, J.1 060POH.HTbC.H, .HnOH-
CKoe KOMaH OBaHJ1e, He OTKa3bIBa.HCb OT J1 eJ1 HacTyn.rreHJ1.H Ha
HaIIlY TeppMTOpJ1lO, C 1943 ro a CTaJIO Bce me 3llleJIOHJ1pOBaTb
YKpenpat10HbI BrJIy6b.
HaH60JIbllIee pa3BJ1TJ.1e CTpOJ1TeJIbHbIe pa60TbI nOJIyqJ1JIJ1 B
BOCTOqHOH MaHbqmypJ1J1, rJ];e Ha rpaHJ1Qe C eOBeTCKJ1M I1pJ.1-
MopbeM J.1MeJIOeb ceMb YKpenpaHoHoB Bee OHJ1 6bIJIJ.1 060py 0-
BaHbI a pTJ1JIJIepJ1i1cKJ1MJ1 J1 ny JIeMeTHbIMJ1 ,n;OTaMJ1 J.1 .l];30TaMJ1,
no.n3eMHbIMJ1 xo.n;aMJ1 C006I.IJ;eHJ1i1, J.1MeJIJ1 ceTb Ha6JIIO aTeJIb-
HbIX J1 KOMaH)J;HbIX nYHKTOB e y6emJ1 aMJ1, 6bIJIJ1 nocTpoeHbI C
yqeTOM CJIOmHOrO peJIbecpa MeCTHOCTH 11 ee CJ1JIbHO nepeCeqeH-
Horo xapaKTepa, CBe,n;eHbI B Y3JIbI COnpOTJ1BJIeHJ1.H, 060py,n;oBaHbI
npOTJ1BOTaHKOBbIMJ1 J1 npOTJ1BOneXOTHbIMJ1 3arpam,n;eHJ1.HMI1 J1
npen.HTCTBJ1.HMJ.1, meJIe306eTOHHbIMJ.1 apTJ1JIJIepJ1HCKJ1MJ1 J1 nYJIe-
MeTHbIMJ1 rHe3)J;aMJ1 C MeTpoBoi1 3a J1THoi1 TOJI ei1 J1 aM6pa3ypa-
MM. B 06 eM J1 n;eJIOM, eCJIJ1 rOBOpJ1Tb 0 IIpJ1Mopbe, r,n;e npeJ];CTO.HJIO
BoeBaTb, MHe «nOBe3JIO»: B03bMJ1Te HeKOTopbIe YKpenJIeHJ1.H JIJ1HJ1J1
MaHHeprei1Ma, )J;06aBbTe K HJ1M KapeJIbCKJ1e JIeca (TOJIbKO norYI.IJ;e),
6e3,n;opombe 3anOJI.Hpb.H, 60JIOTa HOBropo.n;CKOH 06JIaCTJ1 J1 Bo-
CTOqHbI£1 KJIJ1MaT, J1 BbI nOJIyqJ1Te pai10H K 3ana,n;y OT 03epa XaHKa,
B KapTY KOToporo B TO BpeM.H .H emeqaCHO BCMaTpJ1BaJIC.H. Bnpo-
qeM, npJ1 Ha3HaqeHJ1J1 MoeM Ha HOBYIO ,lJ;OJImHOCTb CbIrpaJIO, nO-BJ1-
J1MOMY, pOJIb He TOJIbKO Moe 3HaKOMCTBO C YCJIOBJ1.HMJ1 Harnero
eeBepO-3ana a, KaK CKa3aJIH MHe B CTaBKe, HO J1 TO 06CTO.HTeJIbCTBO,
qTO .H paHee yme CJIymJ.1JI Ha ,l(aJIbHeM BOCTOKe.
Ho BepHeMC.H K KBaHTYHCKOH apMJ111. C03,n;aHHbIe elO npJ1-
rpaHJ.1qHble YKpenJIeHJ1.H C MHOrO.HpYCHbIM pacnOJIOmeHJ1eM orHe-
BbIX TOqeK, C pa3BJ1TOH ceTblO nO 3eMHoro X03.Hi1cTBa, C MHOrOqJ1C-
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neXOTHbIMJ1 3arpam,n;eHJ1.HMJ.1, C .HpKO BbIpameHHOH CJ1CTeMoi1
KpyroBoH 060POHbI c,n;eJIaJIJ1 nOCJIe,n;HIOIO BeCbMa MOI.I.J;HOi1. 3TO
Tpe60BaJIO JI.H ee npopbIBa npJ1MeHeHJ1.H 3HaqJ1TeJIbHOrO KOJIJ1-
qeCTBa Cpe,lJ;CTB pa3pyrneHJ1.H. YKpenpaHOHbI npJ1KpbIBaJIJ1 HaJ.16o-
JIee BamHbIe onepaIJ;J10HHbIe HanpaBJIeHJ1.H. 060i1TJ1 J1X KpynHbIMJ1
CJ1JIaMJ1 He npe.n:CTaBJI.HJIOCb B03MomHbIM. 3HaQJ.1T, ,l);JI.H Toro qT06bI
BOMCKa MOrJIJ1 pa3BJ1BaTb yJ];ap B rJIy6b MaHbqmypJ.1l1, Heo6xo,lJ;J1MO
406
1-u ,l{aA'b'HeeOCT01L'HbtU rftP01tT
6bIJIO B nepBYIO OqepeJ];b YHJ.1QTOmJ1Tb 3TJ1 YKpenpai10HbI BMeCTe
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BJ1JI11 J];JI.H 060pOHbI BCe nOrpaHJ1qHbIe HaCeJIeHHbIe nYHKTbI. CTpOe-
HJ1.H J1MeJIJ1 aM6pa3YPbI .nJI.H Be eHJ1H OrHH. MHorl1e M3 a,llMJ1HJ.1CTpa-
TJ.1BHbIX J1 mJ1JlbIX coopymeHJ.1H .HBJIHJIJ1Cb cBoe06pa3HbIMJ1 Kpe-
n OCT .HM 11.
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JJ;eMCTBJ1i1, .H nOCTapaJICH 06'be3,n;J.1Tb KaK MomHO 60JIbllIe qaCTeH,
y,n;eJIJ1B oc060e BHJ.1MaHJ1e JII1HJ1J1 rpaHJ1 bI. PH MeCT H nOMHJ1JI
e e no cBoei1 ,n;OBoeHHOH cJIym6e B 3TOM paMoHe. He 3HaBllIJ1e MeH.H
KOMaH,n;J.1pbI coe,n;J1HeHJ1i1 C yJ];J1BJIeHJ1eM CJIYllIaJII1, KaK HeJ13Be-
CTHbIM J.1M reHepaJI-nOJIKOBHl1K MaKCJ1MOB rOBOpJ1JI 1lI0cpepy, r,n;e
MomHO JIyqllIe J1 6bIcTpee npoexaTb. B I..J;eJIOM ocpJ1u;epCKJ.1H COCTaB
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CnpOCJ1T qJ1TaTeJIb. Pa3Be HallIJ1 JJ;aJIbHeBOCTOqHJ.1KJ1 He 3HaJIJ1 Bce
3TJ.1 ro,n;bI, qTO J1M npJ.1f];eTC.H BoeBaTb C .HnOHCKJ.1MJ1 arpeCCOpaMJ1?
KOHeqHO, 3HaJIJ1. Ho KorAa HallIJ1 rJIaBHbIe CJ.1JIbI 6bIJIJ1 CKOBaHbI
60Pb60i1 Ha COBeTCKo-repMaHCKOM cppOHTe, aJIbHeBOCTOqHl1KJ1
MOrJIJ1 paCCqJ1TbIBaTb, B CJIyqae BCTynJIeHJ1.H HnOHJ1J1 B BOi1HY, B
OCHOBHOM Ha 060POHY. He TO 6bIJIO Tenepb. M MbI J13yqaJIJ1 npOTJ1B-
HJ1Ka KaK 6bI C J1HOH TOqKJ1 3peHJ1H, MbICJIeHHO npo ynbIBaH ero
CJ.1JIY yme KaK 060pOH.HIO eHCH CTOpOHbI. Mem y npOqJ1M, 3TO
J1MeeT J1 rpOMa,n;Hoe MopanbHoe 3HaqeHJ1e.
B 3TOM CBH3J.1 .H He pa3 3af];aBaJIC.H BonpOCOM 0 TOM, KaKoi1
,n;OJImHa 6bITb MOpaJIbHa.H no,n;rOTOBKa apMJ.1J1 B MJ1pHOe BpeMH.
J13BecTHO, qTO MHOrJ1e HallIJ1 nJ1CaTeJIJ1, MyqJ1TeJIbHO rrepemJ1Ba.H
Hey.naqJ1 COBeTCKJ1X BOHCK B 1941--1942 ro ax, B OqeHb pe3KoM
cpopMe BbIpamaJIJ1 CBoe HeJ];OBOJIbCTBO HeBepHo nOCTaBJIeHHOM
y Hac nponaraH,n;OH B ,n;OBoeHHbIe rOf];bI, Kor,n;a nOCTO.HHHO YTBep-
mf];aJIOCb, qTO MbI 6y,n;eM BoeBaTb TOJIbKO Ha qymoi1 TeppJ1TOpJ1J1
J1 TOJIbKO MaJIOM KpOBblO. qTO J1 rOBOpJ1Tb, K 060pOHe MbI 6bIJIJ1 rOTO-
BbI He,n;OCTaTOqHO. Ho TaK JIJ1 ym nJIOXO, qTO B HallIJ1X BOJ1HaX
BOCnJ1TbIBaJICH HacTynaTeJIbHbIH ,n;yx? A eCJIJ1 6bI CJIyqJ1JIOCb TaK,
qTO, B3pa eHHbIe B YCJIOBJ.1.HX 060pOHJ.1TeJIbHbIX KOHQenn;J1i1, HallIJ1
KOMaH J1pbI J1 COJIf];aTbI He CMOrJIJ1 6bI nOTOM KaK CJIep;yeT
HacTynaTb? MHe CKamYT: BOHHa HayqJ1JIa 6bI. Ho Bef];b J.1 060po-
H.HTbC.H Tome BOMHa HaYQJ1JIa. HCHO, qTO npJ1 no,n;roToBKe peqb
,n;OJImHa J1,n;TJ.1 0 COqeTaHJ1J1 Bcex cpOpM 60eBbIx .nei1cTBJ1i1, rrpJ1qeM
HacTynJIeHJ1e HJ1KaK He MomeT 6bITb npef];aHO 3a6BeHJ1IO. Ha060pOT,
eMY .nOJImeH npJ1Ha,n;JIemaTb npJ10pI1TeT.
CKa3bIBaeTC.H 3TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO J.1 eI.I.J;e Koe B qeM. TaR, CJ1JIbI
Bpara 3HaTb HymHo. O,n;HaRo BbI Hl1Kor,n;a He OJJ;epmJ1Te n06e,n;bI,
407
Ha cJtY3IC6e uapoiJy
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MemYTKJ.1, He 3anOJIHeHHbIe cpOpTJ1cpJ.1Kal.{J10HHbIMH coopyme-
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IIepe,n; HaMJ1 CJ1,n;eJI 6pJ1TOrOJIOBbI:W qeJIOBeK C yrplOMbIM B3rJI.H OM.
BopoT ero py6aWKJ1 6bIJI paccTerHYT, KaK 6y,n;TO eMY 6bIJIO TPy,n;HO
,n;bIlliaTb. BpOBJ1 BpeMeHaMJ1 Henp0J13BOJIbHO epran:J1Cb. 06p103f-
Illee JIJ1IJ;O BbIpamaJIO YCTaJIOCTb. He 0 TaKOM J1cxo.n;e C06bITJ1H
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424
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BpeM.H. XaTa CorJIaCJ1JIC.R co BceMH YKa3aHJ1.HMH COBeTCKOrO KOMaH-
-n;OBaHH.H. OH 06n.HCHJ1JI, qTO npJ.1Ra3 IIITa6a KBaHTYHCRoi1 apMHH
o KanJ1TYJI.HQHH He y-n;aJIOCb J];OBeCTH J];O .HnOHCKHX BOMCR CBOe-
BpeMeHHO, BB Y Toro qTO B nepBbIe me J];HH COBeTCKOrO HacTyn-
JIeHH.H 6bIJIa npepBaHa CB.H3b C COe)];J1HeHJ1.HMJ1 H .HnOHCKa.H apMHSI
nOTep.HJIa cpa3Y me ynpaBneHJ1e. IIpJ1IIIJIOCb OnOBel.I.\a'rb CaMOJIe-
TaMJ1.
MapIllan A. M. BaCJ1JIeBCKJ1M 3a.HBHJI XaTa, tITO .HnOHCKHe BOM-
CKa ,n;OJImHbI c-n;aBaTbC.H OpraHJ130BaHHO H BMecTe co CBOHMH oQ>H-
IJ;epaMH 11 'LITO B nepBbIe HJ1 3a60Ta 0 nJ1TaHHH nJleHHbIX con,n;aT
JIOmHTC.H Ha HnOHCKHX ocpHIJ;epOB.
BbI ,n;OJImHbI, rOBOpJ.1JI A. M. BacJ1JIeBCKHM, nepeXO)];J.1Tb R HaM
CO CBOJ1MJ1 KYXH.HMH J1 3anacaMH npo,n;OBOJIbCTBH.H. .HnoHcKHe re-
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06Xo,n;HMbIMH ,n;JI.H ce6SI Be aMJ1. HaM HeKor-n;a 6YJ];eT nocne, a
3TO 6y,n;eT H Hey,n;06HO, pa3bICKJ.1BaTb J1X JIJ.1'L1HbIe BeIl.(H, KOTopbIe
MorYT nOHa,n;06J1TbC.H. A .H rapaHTJ1pylO xopoIllee OTHOIlleHHe co
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,n;o BCTynJIeHJ1.H KpaCHOM ApMJ.1J.1 B pa3JIJ.1'L1HbIe ropo,n;a OCTaBHTb
y .HnOHCKJ1X COJI aT opymJ1e, nOCKOJIbKY «HaCeJIeHJ1e TaM HeHa-
,n;emHoe». MbI J1 CaMJ1 nOTOM y6e,n;J1JIJ.1Cb, KaK HaCeJIeHHe KHTa.H
J1 KopeJ1 HeHaBJ1,n;eJIO .fIrrOHCKJ1X oKKynaHToB, BJIaCTb KOTOpbIX
epmaJIaCb J1CKJllOqJ1TeJIbHO Ha IllTbIKax. 3aTo OTHOllIeHJ1e MecT-
HbIX mJ1TeJIei1: K COBeTCKJ1M BOJ.1HaM 6bIJIO rrp.HMO npOTJ1BOnOJIOm-
HbIM. J1 KHTaJ1:QbI, J1 MaHbqmypbI, H Kopei1QbI BCTpeqarrH HaIIIHX
BOJ1HOB C Heno,n;,n;eJIbHOH pa,n;ocTblO J1 BbIpamarrH rop.H'LIee cTpeM-
JIeHJ1e OKa3aTb XOTb KaKOe-HJ16y,n;b co,n;ei1cTBHe.
A. M. BaCJ1JIeBCKJ1H nOCJIaJI C XaTa KOMaH-n;YIOIl.(eMY KBaH-
TYHCKOH apMJ.1eH reHepaJlY .HMa a cJIe,n;YIO J1M YJIbTJ1MaTYM:
«rJIaBHOKoMaH,n;YIOI.I.J;eMY KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ1eH reHepaJIY .HMa-
,n;a. Ha'LIaJIbHJ1K IllTa6a KBaHTYHcROH apMJ1H reHepaJI-JIe:HTeHaHT
XaTa nOJIYQJ1JI 19.8.1945 ro,n;a OT MeH.H CJIe,n;YIOI.I.J;He YKa3aHJ.1.H 0
nOp.HJ];Ke KanJ1TYJI.HQH:H. KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ1J.1 J1 ee pa30pymeHH.H.
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HbIM, 6bICTpO ,n;OBeCTJ1 )];0 CBe eHJ1.H BOHCK npJ1Ka3 0 HeMe,n;JIeHHOM
425
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npeKpaI.I.J;eHJ1H 60eBbIX ,n;eMCTBI1M J1 npeKpaTJ1Tb 60eBbIe ,n;eMCTBJ1.H
He n03 Hee 12 qaCOB -n;H.H 20.8.45 ro,n;a.
2. HeMe-n;JIeHHo npeKpaTJ1Tb BC.HRJ1e neperpynnJ1pOBKJ.1 BOHCK
KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ1H. Bce rrepe,n;BJ1meHJ1.H, He06xo,n;J1MbIe ,n;JI.H 06e-
CneqeHJ.1.H BbInOJIHeHJ1.H YCJIOBJ1i1: RanJ1TYJIHQI1J1, np0J13Bo,n;J1Tb Ram-
,n;bIH pa3 no MoeMY YRa3aHJ1IO.
3. ,l(aTb ROMaH,n;YIOI.I.J;eMY 1-M cppOHTOM 11 ROMaH,n;YIO J1M 3-H,
5-H J1 34-i1 apMJ1.HMJ1 CJIe,n;YIOW;J1e YRa3aHJ.1.H:
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Ha MeCTax qepe CBOJ1X ,n;eJIeraTOB, BbICJIaB J1X B rrYHRTbI BCTpeqJ1:
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KOMaH,n;YlOl.QeMY 34-H apMJ1eH npJ16bITb K YTPY 22.8.45 ro,n;a B
HHbQ3J1; B) ROMaH,n;YIOw;eMY 1-M <ppOHTOM 3a nOJIyqeHJ1eM YKa3a-
HJ.1:i1 no BbInOJIHeHJ11O YCJIOBJ1H KanJ1TYJIHQJ1J1 npJ16bITb B 20.00
20.8.45 ro.na B HJ1Hrymy; r) npe.nrrJ.1CaTb coe.nJ1HeHJ1.RM :H. qaCT HM
c,n;aTb opymJ1e B pa:i1oHax: BOJIJ1, My,n;aHbQ3.HH, HJ1HrYll.Ia, BaH-
QJ1H, ,ZJ;)'Hbxya, .HHbQ3H, KaHHe:i1, CeHCJ1H, Xap6J1H, rJ1pJ1H;
,n;) npe,n;cTaBJ1Tb B llITa6 rJIaBKOMa COBeTCKJ1X BO:i1CR Ha ,l(aJIbHeM
BocToKe K YTPY 22.8.45 r o-n; a:
1) nOJIHbIM rrepeqeHb Bcex coe.nJ1HeHJ1H H qaCTeH KBaHTYH-
CROH apMJ1J1;
2) nepeqeHb TbIJIOBbIX qaCTeH J1 yqpem-n;eHJ1H, CRJIa,n;OB J1 co-
,n;epmaBIllJ1XC.R B HJ.1X 3anaCOB;
3) Bce MepOnpJ1.HTJ1.H no BbInOJIHeHJ.11O YCJIOBJ.1H KanJ1TYJI.HQJ1J1
BOMCKaM KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ.1J1 OCYI.I.J;eCTBJI.HTb qepe3 KOMaH,n;OBa-
HJ1e J1 IllTa6bI apMJ1H. II03ToMY Ha rrepJ1o,n; C 20 no 25 aBrycTa
BC.H ceTb CB.H3J1 ll.ITa6a KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ1J1 co ll.ITa6aMJ1 apMJ.1H
OCTaeTC.H nOJIHOCTblO B pacrrOp.HmeHJ1e rJIaBHOKoMaH,n;YIOI.I.J;erO
KBaHTYHcROH apMHeH.
4. OTBeTCTBeHHocTb 3a nJ1TaHJ.1e CaHJ1TapHOe COCTO.HHJ1e
CBOJ1X BOHCK B rrepJ1o RanJ1TYJI.HI.J;J.1J1 J1 B nOCJIe-n;YIOI.I.J;eM HeCeT
rJIaBHOe KOMaH,n;OBaHJ1e KBaHTYHcROH apMJ1J1. n03TOMY Bo:i1cKa
OJImHbI HMeTb CBOJ1 KYXHJ1 J1 06eCneqJ.1BaTbC.H no cyw;ecTBYIOI.I.J;J1M
HopMaM nHTaHJ1eM 3a CqeT 3arraCOH npoJJ;oBOJIbCTBJ1.H KBaHTYH-
CROH apMJ1H».
BOJIbll.IOH J1HTepeC npe,n;cTaBJI.HJIJ1 nOKa3aHJ1.H nJIeHHbIX .HnOH-
CKJ1X reHepaJIOB. OHJ1 CBJ1,n;eTeJIbCTBOBaJIJ.1 06 arpecCJ1BHbIX rrJIaHaX
.HnOHJ1J1 B OTHOIlleHJ1J1 COBeTCRoro COI03a. HanpJ.1Mep, ROMaH-
AYIOW;J1H 1-M cppOHTOM reHepaJI KJ1Ta C3J1TI1 J.1 HaqaJIbHJ1K onepa-
TJ1BHOrO OT,n;eJIa ll.ITa6a l-ro cppoHTa nOJJ;nOJIKOBHJ1K CJ16a Ha ,n;on-
poce 20 aBrycTa nOKa3aJIJ1: qI1CJIeHHOCTb BOHCR l-ro MaHbqmyp-
426
1-11 ,l{aJt'b'HeeOCT01L'HbtU ifJPO'HT
CKoro <ppOHTa (B COCTaBe 3-H J1 5-H apMJ1M) COCTaBJI.fIJia 175 TbIC.Hq
qeJIOBeK, B TOM qJ1CJIe B 3-M apMJ1H - 75 TbIC.Hq, B 5-H apMJ1J1-
80 TbIC.fIq, pe3epB - 20 TbIC.Hq.
COrJIaCHO OnepaTJ1BHoMY nJiaHY, YTBepm,n;eHHoMY B 1943 ro,n;y,
npe,n;nOJIararrOCb CJIe-n;YIO ee pa3BepTbIBaHJ1e .HnOHCRJ1X BOHCR:
a) Ha Py6eme XYTOY, XYJIJ1Hb paCIIOJIOmJ1Tb IlleCTb rreXOTHbIX
,n;J1BJ13J1i1 JI.fI eMCTBJ1H B BOCTOqHOM HanpaBJIeHJ1J1 C QeJIblO ne-
pepe3aTb meJIe3HYlO )];opory BOpOIlIJ1JIOB -- Xa6apoBcK J1 3aH.HTb
MMaH J1 JIec03aBo,n;cK. ,l(aJIbHeMIllee ,n;BJ1meHJ1e: -n;BYM.H nexOT-
HbIMJ1 ,n;J1BH3H.HMH - B ceBepHoM HanpaBJIeHJ1J1, Ha ry6apeBo, 06ec-
neqJ.1Ba.fI npJ1 3TOM OCHOBHYIO rpynnJ.1pOBKY C ceBepa, J1 qeTbIpb-
M.H )];J1BJ13J1.HMH - Ha lOr, B HanpaBJIeHHJ1 Ha CnaccK J.1 nocJIe-n;ylO-
I.I.J;HM coe,n;J1HeHHeM J1X C OCHOBHOH rpynnJ1pOBKOH BOHCR, ,n;eHcT-
BYIOI.I.J;eM Ha ropoJ]; BOpOIllJ1JIOB; 6) HaH60JIee CJ1JIbHa.H rpynnHpoBKa
B COCTaBe 15 neXOTHbIX H ,n;BYX TaHKOBbIX ,n;J1BJ13J1M pa3BepTbI-
BaJIaCb Ha Py6eme MJ1IllaHb, ,l(YHHJ1H. OCHoBHbIe CJ1JIbI ee cocpe-
J];OTOQJ1BaJIJ1Cb B paMoHe IIorpaHJ1qHoH JI.H eMCTBJ1H B HanpaB-
JIeHJ1J1 Ha MaH30BKY J1 OBJIa,n;eHJ1.H ropo,n;oM BOpOIlIJ1JIOB c ceBepa;
B) BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIH yJ];ap Ha BOpOIlIJ1JIOBCROM HanpaBJIeHJ1J1
,n;OJImeH 6bIJI HaHOCJ.1TbC.H n.HTblO IIeXOTHbIMH J];HBJ.13J1.HMJ1 113 pai1o-
Ha MYJ];aHbQ3.HH: TpeM.H J];HBJ.13H.HMJ.1 - Ha Pa3J];OJIbHOe ,n;JI.H OBJIa-
,n;eHH.H ropOJ];OM BOpOIllJ1JIOB C EOra J.1 BYM.H ,n;J1BJ13H.HMJ1 - Ha
Bapa6am C BbIXO,n;OM Ha 3ana-n;HbIH 6eper 3aJIJ1Ba AMypCRJ1M, ne-
pepe3a.fI npJ1 3TOM ,n;opory H3 Pa3,n;OJIbHOrO B KpaCKJ1HO H OTpe-
3a.H TeM caMbIM KpaCKJ1HC YIO rpyrrnHpOBKY COBeTCKJ1X BOMCR C
nOCJIeJ];YIO HM ee YHJ1qTOmeHJ1eM
OCHOBHa.H rpynnJ1pOBKa nOCJIe 3aH.HTJ.1.H ropo a BOpOIllJ1JIOBa
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HanpaBJIeHJ1J1, Ha BJIa,n;J1BocTOK, c nOCJIe,n;YIOI.I.J;HM ero 3aH.HTJ1eM
J1 BbIXO-n;OM Ha IOmHoe n06epembe IIpJ1MopcKoro Rpa.H, OBJIa-n;eBa.H
paHOHOM lliROTOBO, CyqaH, MbIC IIOBOpOTHbIM; r) B 1943 ro.ny
B CB.H3J1 C Hey,n;aqaMJ1 .HnOHCKOVI apMJ1J1 B 30He !OmHbIx MopeM
.HnOHCKOe ROMaH,n;OBaHJ1e HaqaJIO nepe6pacbIBaTb qaCTb CBOJ1X
CJ1JI J13 MaHbQmypJ1J1 B paHoHbI aKTJ1BHbIX ,n;eHCTBJ.1M. 3aTeM J13-3a
npH6JIJ1meHJ1.H HallIJ1X COI03HJ1KOB K MeTpOnOJIJ.1J1 B 1944 ro,n;y
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Henocpe-n;cTBeHHo B .HnOHJ1J1, OpraHJ13Y.H ee Ha 6a3e cTapbIx ,n;J1BJ1-
3J1H 20-TbIC.HQHOrO COCTaBa J1 nepe<popMJ1pOBaHJ1.H J1X B ,n;J1BH3J.1J1
10-TbIC.HQHOrO COCTaBa. MaHbQmypJ1.H Ha 3TOM 3Tane .HBJI.HJIaCb JI.H
.HnOHJ1J1 rJIy60KJ1M TbIJIOM, r.ne J1 rrpoJ1cxoJ];J1JIO cpOpMJ1pOBaHJ1e
HOBbIX 'taCTei1 J1 coe,n;J1HeHJ1VI.
B CB.H3J1 C 3TJ.1M OnepaTJ1BHbIe nJIaHbI .HnOHCROro KOMaH-n;OBa-
HJ.1.H B MaHbQmypJ1J1 pe3Ko J13MeHJ1JIJ1Cb. OnepaTJ.1BHbIH nJIaH
427
Ha cJtY:HC6e H.apooy
1-ro cppOHTa KBaHTYHCKOH apMJ1J1 C KOHQa 1944 ro,n;a npJ106peJi
yme MHOH xapaKTep. HnoHcKoe KOMaH,n;OBaHJ1e HaqaJIO Ha BC.HKJ1M
CJIyqaH rJIy60Ko 311IeJIOHJ1pOBaTb 060POHY.
Bc.H 060poHa COCTO.fIJIa J.13 Tpex nOJIOc. IIepBa.H nOJIoca rrpoxo-
,n;J1JIa B npJ.1rpaHJ1QHOH 30He. OHa .HBJI.HJIaCb nOJIOCOH npJ1KpbITJ1.H
J.1, HeCMOTpH Ha -n;OCTaTOQHOe KOJIJ.1qecTBO 6eTOHJ1pOBaHHbIX J1 ,n;e-
peBO-3eMJI.HHbIX orHeBbIX TOqeK, 06eCneQJ1BaJIaCb CpaBHJ.1TeJIbHO
CJIa6bIMJ1 CJ.1JIaMJ.1. IIOrpaHJ1QHbIe rapHJ130HbI, paHee 3aHJ1MaBIlIJ1e
YKpenpaHOHbI, 6bIJIJ1 nepe<popMJ1pOBaHbI J1 BKJIlOqeHbI B COCTaB
neXOTHbIX J1BJ13J1i1. BTopa.H nOJIOca (rJIaBHbIH Py6em 060pOHbI)
nocnelliHO rOTOBJ1JIaCb Mem,n;y peKaMJ1 MYJIJ1HX3 J1 My,n;aHbQ3.HH,
a Ha lOre OHa IIIJIa no peKe TYMbIHbQ3.HH (TYMeHb-YJIa). CIO-n;a
6bIJIa OTBe eHa 60JIbIlIa.H qaCTb neXOTHbIX J];J1BJ13Ht1, npJ1qeM JI.H
npJ1KpbITJ1.H OCHOBHbIX HanpaBJIeHJ1H nOrpaHJ1qHOM nOJIOCbI OCTa-
BJ1JIJ1 no O,n;HOMY neXOTHOMY nOJIKY. TpeTb.H nOJIOca (TbIJIOBOH
060pOHJ.1TeJIbHbIH py6em) CTpOJ1JIaCb Ha yqaCTKe OT 03epa Q3HHb-
60xy O flHbQ3J1 J1 peKJ1 TYMbIHbQ3HH. OCHOBHOH J1 TbIJIOBOi1 060-
pOHJ1TeJIbHbIe py6emJ.1 HOCJ1JIJ1 nOJIeBOH xapaKTep.
JII060nbITHbI nOKa3aHJ1.R J.1 ,n;pyrJ1X BbICllIJ1X .HnOHCKJ1X qHHOB.
22 arYCTa .fI J];onpallIJ1BaJI 3aMeCTJ1TeJI.H HaQaJIbHJ.1Ka lllTa6a KBaH-
TYHCKOM apMJ1J1 reHepaJI-MaMOpa MaQYMypa TOMoKaQY. OH co06-
J1JI 0 ce6e cJIe,n;YlOl.Qee: 45 JIeT; cJIymJ1JI B .HnOHCKOH apMJ1J1
24 ro,n;a. OKOHqJ1JI ocpJ1QepcKYIO IllKOJIY J.1 BoeHHYIO aKa.neMJ11O
B TOKJ10. C 1941 ro,n;a no 1943 ro-n; .HBJI.HJIC.H HaqaJIbHJ1KOM J1H Op-
MaQJ10HHOrO OT,n;e.rreHJ1.H B ynpaBJIeHJ1J1 pa3Be-n;KJ1 reHepaJIbHOrO
llITa6a .HnOHCKOH apMJ1J1. C aBrYCTa 1943 ro,n;a 6bIJI HaQaJIbHJ1KOM
1-ro OT,n;eJIa IllTa6a KBaHTYHcKOJ1: apMJ1J1. C MapTa 1945 ro,n;a CJIY-
mJ1JI 3aMeCTJ1TeJIeM HaQaJIbHJ1Ka llITa6a KBaHTYHcKoi1: apMJ1J1. qJ1H
reHepaJI-Mai1opa nOJIYQHJI B MapTe 1945 ro,n;a. Ha ,n;orrpoce OH no-
Ka3aJI TaKme, qTO KOMaH,n;OBaHHe KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ1J1 3HaJIO 06
YBeJIJ.1qeHJ1J.1 C MapTa 1945 ro,n;a KOJIJ1qeCTBa CJ1JI KpacHoH ApMJ1H
Ha rpaHHQe C MaHbQmypJ1eH. Ho CpOKOB B03MomHoro BCTynJIe-
HJ1.H COBeTcKoro COlO3a B BOMHY npOTJ1B flnOHJ1J1 OHO He 3Hano,
XOT.R CqJ1TaJIO 3TO BnOJIHe BepO.HTHbIM. qTO KaCaeTC.H KOHKpeTHOH
-n;aTbI 8 aBrycTa, TO JI.H KBaHTYHCKoro KOMaH,n;OBaHJ.1.f1 06n.HBJIeHJ1e
BOHHbI COBeTCKJ.1M COlO30M J.1MeHHO Tor,n;a J1 HaQaJIO BOeHHbIX
,n;eHCTBJ1H KpaCHOH ApMJ1eH C 9 aBrYCTa OKa3aJIOCb HeOmJ1-n;aH-
HOCTblO. 9 aBrycTa B IIITa6 KBaHTYHcKOH apMJ1J1 rrocTynJ.1JI npJ1Ka3
J1MrrepaTopa, KOTOpbIM nOTpe6oBaJI BeCTJ1 ynopHYIO 060POHY B
paHoHax, 3aHJ1MaeMbIX .HnOHCKJ1MJ1 BOHCKaMJ1, J1 rOTOBJ1Tb BoeH-
HbIe onepaQJ1J1 60JIbllIOrO MacllITa6a.
BTopoH npJ.1Ka3 6bIJI rrOJIyqeH 10 aBrycTa. OH co epmaJI YKa-
3aHJ1.fI ,n;ei1cTBoBaTb COrJIaCHO npe-n;BapJ1TeJIbHoMY nJIaHY 06I.I.J;J1X
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