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CKOll TeOpneH: OTpameHHR. 11AH CpaBHHM nOH5IT,HR aTOMa HAll M<tTCpI1lI.
KOTOpble GbIAn ,lJ,aHbI AYKpCgHCM, C rrOHflTHeM 06 aTOMC' H MaTepi'IH B
COBpCMCHHOH HaYKe.
To me caMOC MbI Ha6AlO,lJ,aeM H B pa3BHTHHMbIllIAeHHR Y Kam.,lJ,Oro
OT,lJ,eAbHoro qCAOBCKa. ECAH MbI cpaBHUM IIpogecc 06pa30BaHHfI nOHHTHH
Ha pa3J\I1'-IHbIX STi:.naX ,lJ,YXOBHOH mli3HU qeAOBeKa, Mbl YBHHM, 'ITO 110-
HRTIIR pe6eHKa HAH rrO,lJ,pOCTKa 5IBA5UOTC5I HaHBHbIMH, nOBepXHOCTIIbIMH.
a y B3pOCAoro 'IeAOBCKa, o6Aa,lJ,aIOIgCrO mH3HeHHl>!M OflbITOM H 3HaHHeM--
OHH rAy6me If! BcpHee OXBaTbIBalOT tteliCl'mfTeAbHocTb.
'«LITO KaCaeTC5I Taro, - ITIillIeT TOBapI:lIg CTaAl'IH, - KaKHM 06pa30;'1
pOLK,lJ,aiOTC5I B II aCT 0 R IJJ e e B p e M H B H<trneu rOAOHe pa3AU'IHbie
npe,lJ,CTaBAeHHfI II MACH, TO MbI ,lJ,O.'\m.HbI 3aMeniTb, qTO 3p,eCI> BKpaTge
nOBTOp5IeTCJ'I TO me, 'ITO npOHCXO,lJ"UT B HCTOplIH rrpHpO,lJ,bI H 06IgeCTBa».
(CTaAHH, CO'I., T. I, CTp. 319).
Kam.,lJ,OMY 113 Hac npHXO,lJ,HTCRH I'eHeTH'IeCKH II AOI'H'IeCKH Ha'lHHaTb
ll3Y'IeHHe, f!03HaIme ,7J,ci-icTBHTeAbHOCTH «C a30B», C ncpBbIX cTyneHeu, C
Ha'IaAbHbIX s.'\eMeHTOB, C npOCTCHllIHX nOHRTUH, OTpam.aIOIgUX npocTeii:-
lime CBH3H, HaH60Aee 06bI'IHbIC H 'IaCTO BCTpe'IalOIgHeCR npeMeTbI H 0'1'--
HOllieHIHI. 11 BOT Ha 8"I'OH HMeHHO Ha<JaAbHOH cTyneHH n03HaHHH orpOM"
Hoe 3Ha'lCUI1e HMelOT OCHOBHbIe 3aKOHbI AOrW!eCKOrO MbIllIAeHHR: Tom.-
,lJ,eCTBa, II f)o'!1HBOp etJ.H R , IHiCKAlOtJCHHoro TpeTbero ill ,lJ,OCTaTQ'IHOrO OCHO-
BaHIHR.
8HreAbC Ha3BaA !popMaAbHYlO AorHKY HH3meH MaTeMaTHKOH AorHIm.
DpaBHAa H 33KOHbI AorHKH ,lJ,OAm.HbI o6eCne'II1Tb npaBllAbHoe HarrpaBAe-
HHe Halliero MbIilIAeHHJ'I ym.e C caMoro HaqaAa n03HaHHfI, H60 K3K crrpa-
Be,lJ,AHBo 3aMeqaeT CTapblH: peBoAlOgHoHep AAAI1AyeB B cBoel"I KHHre
«DpOH,lJ,eHHbIH nYTb» - «To, '11'0 6bIAO c,lJ,eAaHo lIAOXO B caMOM naqaAe.
He BCer,ll,a Y,lJ,aeTCR .HCrrpaBHTb rrOCAe»...
3AKOH TOfK.4ECTBA.
3aKOH Tom.,lJ,eCTBa OTpaJiaeT Onpe,lJ,eAeHHbIC '1CpTbI ,lJ,CHCTBHTeAbHOCTH.
B CaiNWH AeiicTBHTeAbHOCTlI, B OI<:pymalcrgcM Hac npe,lJ,MeTHOM MHpe IlMccr"
CH SAeJMeHT Tom.,lJ,eCTBa H 31'0 RBAReTC5I OCHOBaHHeM 2aKOHa TO.llip,eCTBd.
f1paB,lJ,a, c 60Aee liHfpOKOH TO<JKH 3peIIHIT, B MHpe He CYIgeCTByeT a6co-
.l\lOTHO Tom.p,eCTBCIIHbIX Belgell H 5IBAeHllu. CPUAOCOc:p AeH6HHg, Hanpu-
Mep, rOBopHA, tITO Cpe,lJ,H Bcex l(epeBbeB MHpa HeAb3R HaUTH l\BYX a6co-
AlOTHO CXO<KIiX MCm.,lJ,y c060;;' AHCTbeB. f1pH3HaB3>r, qro B MHpe ,?J;eHCTBJ1-
TeAbHO HeT a6COA!OTHOrO Tom.,lJ,ecTBa, Mbl Bce m.e AOAJiH!>I oTMeTHTb. qT;:>
OTIIOCHTC/tbHOe T02K,lJ,ecTBo HMCCTCR. l\ilbI C lI,}IM CTaJ\KiHBaCMCR nOBCiOl\Y.
XOTJ'I B npHpOl!;C HeT ,1I.BYX a6COAIOTHO TOm.lI,CCTBCHHbIX ,lJ,pyr ,lJ,pyry
AHcTbeB, Mbl Bee mc EnOAHe CB06ol\HO 11 npOCTO YCTaHaBAHBaeM SAeMCHT
TOm.l!;CCTBa :MCJ:Kl\Y pa3AHQHblMH AHCTbRMH Ii rOBopUM, '11'0 «MiCT eCTh
JlHCT».
5

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J\eHHH OAHoro H Toro me HBAeHHJI 9.l\.eKTpHQeCTBa, HeB03MomHO 6bI'"
)\0 6bI C03a Tb geJ\.YIO HaYKY 06 aJ\eKTpHttecTBe H Ao6HTbCJI Tex Be..\H-
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ECAH 6w 6HOAorH He MorAK YCTaHOBMTb eAHHCTBa HAH To*eCTBa B
,caMhIX, pa3AHQHbIX .np05lBAeHH5IX m»3HH, 6bIAO 6bI HeBOBMomHO C03aTb
HaYKY 6HOJ\orHIO.
8't'o peaJ\.bHoe TomeCTBO,. KOTopoe Mbl YCTaHaBJ\HBaeM B npo:g,ecce
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TomeCTBa.
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CAep,OBaTeJ\.bHO, He OCTalOTC.Sl TOmtteCTBeHHblMH c.aMHM ce6e. OAHaKO, He-
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pH Ha Bee petpopiMbI, IR3MeHeHHH B eKOHOMHKe, nOAHHKe H T. /1,., nOIUi
Ha CM:eHY e,MY He npHxop,IIT p,pyroii CTpOH. H aTa qepTa nOCTOJlHCTBa,
u
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HOBY AOrHtIeCKOrO .3aKOHa Tomp,eCTBa.
OCHOBHoe Tpe60BaHHe 3aKOHa Tomp,eCTBa aTO Tpe60BaHHe TOtIHO-
CTlf Ii onpep,eheHHOCTH MblCAH H peq;lf.
3aKOH TOLKAec'TBa Tpe6yeT, IJTo6bl B xop,e paccymAeHH Ka2KtJ,blH MbIC-
AHMblH npeMeT OCTaBaAC.R T02KeCTBeHHbIM caMOMY ce6e; HAM, HHaqe
rOBOp$I,( OR Tpe6yeT, IIT06bl notJ, Kam/1bIM nOHHT'HeM MbI :MbICJ\.HAK 111MeHUO
o
era npep,MeT co BceH cOBoynHocTblO ero OCHOBHblX npH3HaKOB, 11 He no-
MeHHAH 6w OAHO nOHRTHe pyrHM.
.3aKOH TOmJl,eCTBa 06a3bIBaeT Hac BHHKaTb B CMbICA ynoTpe6AeMbX
u
HaMil nOHHTIlH, YTOqH.HTb MX 11 BKJ\ap'bIBaTb B Kamoe nOHHT'He CTpOr'O
....
onpeJl,eAeHHblH CMbICA MAR cop,epmaHIMe.
CPopMYAa 3aKOHa TOLKt(eCTBa: «A eCTb A» IiAH «A A».
:Dpo<}>. If. VI. l.{eAnaHoB B «Y qe6HHKe J\.orHKH'» CJ\eYlOrgI1M o6pa30M
pa3bHCH.HeT OMbICJ\ STOM «pOpl\tYJ\bI: «A eCTb A», T. e. BCHKMH npe.ltMeT
eCTb 'TO, tITO OH eCTb» (CTp. 56). np!H TaKOM OHTOJ\orHtteCKOM TOAKOBa-
HHH, OAHaKO, HeAh3.s:I OCTaTbC5I, H60 B aTOM cAyqae 3aKOH TomeCTBa
npeBpaIgaeTCH B MeTaIH3HqeCKOe yqCHHe 0 HeH3MeHHOCTH BergeR. Haf<..!
BamHO BblHCHHTb .J\.orHqecKYJO npHpoJJ:Y ::rroro 3aKOHa. Cal\1 YeAnaHoB
)l.aAee YTOQHneT CMbICA q>OPMYJ\.bI «A eCTb A'», IIOHCHHfl:, t.tTO OHa BbIpa
maeT Tpe60BaHHe «QTo6bI B npogecce Hamero MblmAeHHR Rama.sI MbIC.J\.H"
MaH Bel!!b MAli npeJ(CTaBAeHHe MblCAH'MOH BergH, KOTopoe Mbl 0603Haqnt
CIiMBOAUtIeCKH np" nOM0I!!';'Hi A, coxpaHHAO CBoe Tomp.CTBO» (TaM me) 
, Q
MbI Hepep'KO np\HiMeHHC!\l tpOPMYAY 3aKOHa TOPreCTBa B HameH peqH.
MbJ rOBopHM: «Q)aKT OCTaeTC q>aKTOM» HJ\M «BoRHa eCTb BOHHa, x<e-
6

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aeCnpaBei',J\.HBble, oCBo6oHTeJ\bHbIe H rpa6HTeAbCKHe HO EO Bcex BOH-
Hax eCTlj HeQTO o6rgee, TO.iK,eCTBeHHoe. IBcc OHH 06AaJI.alOT HeKOTopbIMH
CYl!!eCTBeHHbIMH npH3HaKaMM He1J-13MeHHO 8M np:HcYIgHMH'.
tHo 9TO TOJ\bKO OHa CTopOHa AeJ\a.. I13BCCTHO, tITO HHKorp'a iM H;I1.KTO
He 3aHHMaeTCH nOAo6HbI.MH YTBepfl'iJl,eHHHMH. KaK «BOHHa eCTb BOHHa» H
T. .. 3aKOH To*eCTBa Tpe6yeT, QTo6bl B npogecceMbIWJ\eHHH, petIH.
cnopa MbI He JJ,onYCKaAH ABYCMbICACHHOCTH ynoTpe6lt.f.leMbIX HaMH nOH!-I'"
TeMM. ECAH, HanpHMep, :KTO-HH6YAb rOBopn 0 BOHHe ynoTpe6HT 8TO nOH}{....
u u u
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ECAH MbI npeHe6peraeM 3aKOHOM TOmA,eCTBa, HalliH paccymeHlf}t H
cnopbl OKa.3bIBalOTCH 6ecnAOAHbIMH. f1petl,nOAOmMM, o6cymJl,alOT AIDAH
Bonpoc: rHHTepeCHblM HAM: HeHHTepeCHbIM RBA.HeTC$I TOT CneKTaKJ\.b, KOTO-

pbIH Mbl BtJepa BHeJ\H, a YCTanOBHTb, \ITO cJ\eJl:yeT nOHHMaTb nott CAO-
aaMH «HHTepeCHbIH cneKTaKAb» 3a6bIBalOT II nOTOMY cnop YTpaqUBaeT
BCHKII:H CMbICJ\.. OAHH B-3 CnOp.RIgHX CAOBO «HHTepeCHbIH» nOH,HM:aeT B
CMbICJ\.e «3aHHl\1aTeAbHbIH», J,J,pyroH B CMbICAe «rAy6oKHH no HAeMHOMY
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HAM, CnOp5lT,; HanpHMep, cnoco6eH AM DeTpOB K J1:pym6e, a t.JTO Ta-
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cAymargero Ii OiHH TOBapHIg rOBopHT. qTO nocTynoK ,aHHoro cAymaIgero
u 
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TOT llocTynoK BAHeTCH npOHBAeHHeM cAyme6HoH Ao6poCOBeCTHOCTH; HO
t.JTO TaRoe £f>opiMaJ\.H3M Ii tITO TaRoe .lt06pOCOBeCTHOCTb OHM: He YTOqH.JI-
lOT, H n09TOMY HeAb3H YCTaHOB'HTb, KTO 83 yqaCTBYlOl!!HX B C110pe t1:aA
npaBHAbHYIO oeHKY nocTynKa cAymaIgero..
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BKJ\abIBaJ{)T OmHfH H TOT me CMbIC.1\. B nOH$lTHe «n09T». OJ.(HH YTBep-
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7

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He Ha BaH1H, a Ha CBOrI co6CTBeHHbIe MblCAH, CnpaBelI,AHBOCTiH KOTOpbIX
H He .AYMaAH BbI nOAJl.Cp2iN1Ba Tb». (Ba :f a £eAMHCKH:H COqUHeHHH i\.
f1YilIKHUa. CT. 5...n. fOCAMTIH3lI.aT A. 1937. CTpa 237).
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HO, B KaKOl\1 CMbICAC MbI ero ynoTpe6J\HeM; MomeT npoM30HTli nYTaHH!!a.
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1.IT06bI B HeM Hie 6bI.J\..O CMerneHH.H nOHjJTHR H napyrneHHH: 3aKOHa TOiKtJ,eCTBa.
3aKOH T01Ktr,eCTBa, orpamAaeT Hac OT OIllH6oK B xoe paCCY2Kft,eHMH
1M B HaIIIHX BbIBop,ax, nOMoraR Hai!\ol YCTaHOBHTb TOQHOe .3HaQeHHe ynoT-
pe6AHeMbIX HaMIi CAOB II ux nOllHTHH.
T OBap'HIg CTaAHH rOBopMT: «...a BO M36emaHHe nYTaHHbI MbI Jt0A2K-
Hbl 3apaHee YCTaHoBHTb nOH.HTH5I, KOTOpbIMU MbI onepnpyel\i» (H. ,CTaAHH.
COq. T. I I, CTp. 81).
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ro Orrpe)LeAeHHbIH CMbICJl HAM cop,epmaHHe, KOTopoe OAmHO 6bITb co-
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8
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3a OCHOBY 61>1)\ nplIHRT npoeKT 60J\.bIlICBHKOB. K 3TOLVIY npoeKTY MeHlJ'"
meBHKOM MapTOBbIM 6blJ\.a BHeceHa nonpaBKa: OH Tpe60BaA :aaMeHHTh
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If «Bom/{b» rOBopHAM OHB, Ba cOBeplueHHo pa.3AiHl.JHbIX I10H.HT:1l,J!.
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aHHOM cJ\.yqae 6ypya3HbI;!vni eMOKpaTaMH.... Hao6opoT: 6bITb BO:£'K-
]leM - aTO 3HaqMT He TOJ\bKO 6HTbCH B nepeJ(OBblX p.n)J,ax, H 0 Ii P Y K 0..-
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fCTaAHH. COq.) '1-. I I, CTp. 66--(7).
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6biAa npOBaACHa, nOCI{OAbI,y Cbe3l1.Y 6bIAa y6etU1TeAbHo pa3bHcHeHa pa 3'"
HHga MeLKY 9THMH Jl,BYMlI, Ka3aAOCb 6bI, DIJeHb 6AM3KI1MH nOH.HT.H5tMM -
Bomp,b Ii aBaHrap..
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AepmKH, nOAMeHbI nOH.HTHH, npaKTHKOBaBIIIHeC$I MeHbIlIeBHKaMH. «Mbl,
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HaTb 0 «pecny6AMKe» (T. I, CTp. 150).
B CTaTbe «OTneT COMaA-AeMOKpaTY» TOBap"!!! CTaAHH nOKa3bIBaeT,
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-qeCKoe BAeqeHHe». IEOJ\bIlleBHKlf rOBopMJ\.H 0 Heo6xoHMOCTH BHeceHHH
cog.HaJ\HCTHIIeCKoro C03HaH:HH B pa6ot.Jee ]tBHmeHlne.. MeHbllIeBIIKH nbITa-
AHCb onpOBeprHYTb 9TY TOtIKY 3peHHlI 60AbmCBHKOB YTBepmeHHeM) \JTO
COYHaJ\HCTH'tJeCKoe BAeqeHHe caMO c060" pom.ztaeTcn B npOAeTapHaTe, CAe-
9
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3TO TOBap"Ig ,CTal\.HH OTBeqaA: «Y Hac me cnop HAeT He 0 COYHaJ\HCTH-
qeCKOM B.J\.etIeH!M:IH, a 0 CO!:!,Ma.J\.HCTHtJeCKOM C 0 3 H a H H H! '-ITO o61!!ero
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(11. CTallHH, COtI., T. I, CTp. 165).
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pbIe nYTalOTCH B TaKHX }1CHbIX Bonpocax.
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pa3HbIe nOHTHH.
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Tpe6yeT, tJTo6bI Bel!!'H Ha3bIBaAHCb HX HMeHaMJI.
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HO no,lt BHp,OM B e * J\ ,II B 0 C T H, n 0  J\. 0 C .T b no CHMeHaMH y r 0 }I{-
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P 0 .m. HOC T b 10, K P a lK a Bcex B'HJJ:OB n 0 J\ b .3 0 B a H HeM 0 6 C T 0 .SI-
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H B Halle BpeMH HamHM COBeTCKH'M JtHnJ\01\iaTaM H nOAHTMqeCKHM PY-
KOBO.l1:HTeJ\.HM npllXOl1..HTCfI HepeKO pa305AaQaTb nOAo6Hb1e me npMeMbt
6ypmya3Hblx nOJ\/HTHKOB, KOTopble, HanpHMept aHTHCOBeTCKYIO nponaraH....
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TRiM, oco6eHHo B pa3eAe 0 paBHOBHatIHbIX MAli paBH03HaQatgIlX nOH$!-
THHX. npH o6cymeHH:H IMHorHX BonpOCOB npHXOAHTC.H YCTaHaBJ\HBa-rb'
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.
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H03HaQHbI no CBoeMY CMblCAY. 113secTHbI OTHOC.HIJ!HeC.R crolla nocAoB'Hgbt::
10

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Ml1CJ\b t nepeXOH OTH!3BeCTHoro I< ueIH3BeCTHOMYt Ii 6YAeM nOBTopTb
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AonHlH..
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THg», «HKTaTypa eCTb f{,HKTaTypa» Ii T. A.
AeHIH:H BbICMeHBa.J\ eTO npHcTpac11He KaYTCKoro K nYCTOM TaBTOJ\.or'HH
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AeAbHOCTIH, Kamoe caMO no ce6e. Ho nOCAe Toro, KaK MbI YCTaHOBliAU
npH3HaKH AeMOKpaTH:H Ii npH.3aKH HKTaTypbI, Ha/.(o nORTH J:(aAbme. 11
Tora Mb. YBHJtllM, qTO fJ,HKTaTypa 11 p,eMOKpaTHH 6bIBafOT pa3Hble:
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XOT OHa IIi .pJIJJ;HTCH B qJOPMY AeMOKpaTH,H. npOAeTapCKaH me JUIKTaTypa
eCTb nop,aBAeHHe HHqTOmHOro MeHbillHHCTBa 9KCIIAoaTaTopOB 11 BOBJ\.eqe-
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CAeAOBaTe.J\.bHO. OHa nop,AIHHHO HapoAHaH eMoKpaTMH. OCTaBaTbCH Ha
cTyneHM q,Opl\1Y.AbI «A eCTb A», «AeMOKpaTlfH eCTb ft,eMOKpaT:H5I», «p,HK-
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ro cy;tOnpOH3Botr,CTBa, A. H. TOACTOH nOKa3bIBa,eT, QTO CYbll Tor.n:a 33-
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6YKBOH 3aKOHa He BiMieJ\lf mHBblX AIOeMt I'I He LKeAaJ\M BbUICHHTb HCTH'
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pOBCTBO t eCTb BOpOBCTBO, .If llTO nOx.HIgeHHe H3 sanepToro MeCTa, e'CTb
nOXJHl!!eHHe 113 3anepToro MeCTa, a nOXHIgeHMe H3 He.3anepTOro M:eCTa,
eCTb noxHrgeHHe H3 He3anepToro MecTa.... .nOTOM, KorAa OH npe]tllOAO-
iKHA, qTO npiHC$llKHWe yme AOCTaTotJHO npOHHKJ\HCb 9TIHMII IHCTHHaMH, OR
CTaA pa3BHBaTb IJ:pyryIO HCTIUHY 0 TOM, QTO y6HMt;TBOl\A Ha3bIBaeTC.H Ta-
u -
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6bIAa Tome BocnpHHHTa ITptHCllmHblMH', OH pa3'bCH',HJ\ HM TO, llTO eCAH
11

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u u
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3HaHGI'e, HO H TOpM03HT ero. MbI p,OJ\..?KHbI nOHHiMaTb, tJTO npeJ}.eAbl npH"
MeHeHHH 3aKOHa Tomp,eCTBa OrpaHH1.JeHbI.
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npHM:eHeHJ151 KOToporo HeAb3H o6,ecn'eQI1Tb npaBJ1AbHOro AOrHQeCKOrO
MhIlliJ\.eHM5I, HO STOT 3aKOH "MeeT CHAY 1M 3HaqeHHe AHlin KaK HaqaAO,
u
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nOHHT:HH. Ho KaK TOJ\bKO Mbl YTOqH1IIAH nOH.HTHfl, IvlbI AOJ\.mHhI ABHf'aTb
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meHHH. ECA'H me 1\fbI 3acTpRHeM Ha .3aKOHe TomecTBa1 MbI HeH36emHo
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MorYT 6blTb np:HCYIgH npOT1HBOpeQaIgHe npH3HaK\H, B3HTble OJl,HOBpeMCHHO
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:aTOM £}JOPMYllbI BH)J,HO, 1.ITO 3aKOH npoTiHBOpeQII5I .SIB.A.HeTC5I 060pOTHOH
CTOpOHOH 3aKOHa TomeCTBa. OH T;J oTpH!!aTe.1\..bHoll <:popMe nOTBep.m.n:aeT
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nOJ\.b3yel\1C5I :JIM B rrpaKTHKe MbIIIlJ\.eHHSL
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tpYAHpOBaH ApiMCTOTeJ\.eM, KOTOpbIH BbICTynaA npOTHB Tex, KTO BbICKa3bI-
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«HHQerO He MomeT OJJ,HOBpeMeHHO 6bITb III He 6bITb», 'ITO O,ll,HOMY !M TOJV[Y
me npe.n:MeTY He !MorYT 6bITb npHCYI!!i}f npHMO npOTIIBonOAomHble KaqeCT
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HUH HC'r.HHbl» (CTPYBe J.E. 8J\.eMeHTapHaH J\orHKa. c. 8. 1888 r.).
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12

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13

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14

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15

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16

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KYlO 'M COBepmeHHO npaBHAbHYlO rrOCTaHOBKY Bonpoca, 01' IWTOpOH HHKY1a
He YM/I,eWb.
3aKoH HCKAlOLJCHHOrO TpeTbero HrpiJeT orpoMHYIO pOAb B no:ma"
HUH, B paccym.a;cnn:rl, B MbIlliACHHH. OIl Y'HIT Hac CTaBUTb eonpoc
peopOM. Of! 06JI3bIBaeT Hac HE ,lJ,BYX rrpOTlIBOpC'IHBbiX nOAOn,emIH I',
CY<KJI,eHH:1 BbI6paTb HCTHHHoe H OTBepraYTb JlO<I:!we, EC llbJTaHCb fIfH-I':'1H-
pHTb HerrpHl\I!HpHMoe. OH Tpe6yeT peIlIHTCAbHOCT!! 11 CMeAOCTH MbIC.'c1i.
AACKcaHlJ.pYIBaHOBH'I fepgeH rOBopHA, 'ITO Mb! ,lJ,OJUKHbl H'\leTb MymecT
BO CMOTpeTb npaB;!,e B r.'I.a3a Ii BOCDlnaTb B ce6e CMCAOCTb npHHHMaTb
BbIBOl!;bl HaYIm: KaKOBbl 6bI ORH He 6bIAH, T. C. HC l-;OAm}IbI 60>iTbCfI TeX
BbIBO,ltOB, KOTOpbIC npO,lJ,HKTOBaHbI nOCAeAOBaTeAbHOM.AOI',IFleCKOH MbICAbIO,
17

31'0 6eccTpalliHe MbICAH" <:ITa I'OTOBHOCTb npHHRTb BbIBO,lJ,bI HaY'IROH .1\0-
rH'IeCKOH MbICAH, KaKOBbI 6bI OH<H UH 6bI.I\H, xapaKTepHbI ,lJ,AH Hameti
MapKCHCTCKOll MaTepHaAHCTH'IeCKOH qmAOCOtpHH, B .1'0 BpeMR KaK AorHKa
orrrropTYHHCTOB, AOr\HKa BparOB MapKCH3Ma xapaKTepH3yeTcR CTpeMAeHHeM
YBH'AbHYTb 01' npRMOll: rrOCTaHOBKH Bonpoca, YKAOHHTbCJI OT BbI60pa, 3a-
HJiTb n03Hj!iHlO Memp;) .lI,BYX CTYAbeB, Y.I\a,lJ,UTb AeAO TaK, 'ITo6bI «H BOAKa
ObIAH CbITbi H OBgbI geAbI», rrpUMeHHTb BCRKlHe orOBopKH H T. ,lJ,. HeAa-
pOM J\.eHIIH Ha3bIBaA onnopTYHHCTOB «repORM,H orOBOpO'IeK».
is 1908 ro,lJ,Y Ha IV 061>e,lJ,HHHTeAbHoM C'be3,lJ,e napTHH TOBapmg
CTaAHH, BbIcTynaR npOTHB onnopTYHIICTOB, npOTHB MeHbllIeBHKOB,
rOBopHA, '11'0 HeKOTopble ll3 Hi1X 'UIgYT B pCBOAlOj!IIH C P e ,I!,-
Hell AHHHH. I
TOBapHIg CTaAHH B CBoell pe'IH Ha IV C'be3,lJ,e PCPIl B 1906 r.
rOBOpiH,A: «...B pa3BIITI1H ourgecTBeHHo-nOAH11H'leCKOH mH3HH POCCllH Ha-
MeTHJ\HCb ,lJ,Ba nYTH: nYTb AmepetpopM H rrYTb peBOAlO!1HH... KOAe6aHfW
He,lJ,onYCTllMbI: IH A H peBoAlOgilR H,lJ,eT Ha nO,lJ,'beM. il1l MbI ,lJ,OAmHbI ee ,lJ,D-
BeCTH !,lJ,0 KOHga, H J\ H OHa l1',lJ,eT Ha y6bIAb ill MbI He MomeM, He ,lJ,OAmHbl
cTaBHTb ce6e TaKoH 3a,lJ,a'IH... PY,lJ,eHKo HIgCT Cpe,lJ,Hell: AHHHH, OR XOqeT
CKa3aTb, 'ITO peBoAlOglHH H nO,lJ,bIMaeTCR, H He !IO.ll,blMaCTCH, H CAe,lJ,yeT ee
,'!;OBeCTH ,lJ,0 KOHga, H He CAe,lJ,yeT, H60 no ero MHeHIHlO K TaKOll HMeHHO
nOCTaHOBKe Borrpoca 06R3b1BaeT ,lJ,HaAeKTIHKa! MbI He TaK npe,lJ,CTaBAReM
ce6e MapKCOBY ,lJ,HaAeKTHKY...» (11. CTaAHH. COq., T. I, CTp. 239).
T aKHM o6pa30M ,lJ,HaACKTHKa BOBce He OTMeHRCT npHMeHeHHe B Ha-
,lJ,ACmaIgeM cAyqae tpOPMYAbI «MAH -IHAil».
HeKOTopble AorHKH Ha3blBalOT 3aKOH IJ1CKAlO'IeHHOrO TpeTbero Ha'Ia-
AOM IBCRKoro HCcAe,lJ,oBaHUR. 4eHCTBHTeAbHO, ,lJ,AfI Toro,' 'ITo6bI 'ITO-BH-
6Y,lJ,b 1f!CCAe,lJ,OBaTb, Hap.o CHaqaAa qeTKO IIOCTaB!WI'b Borrpoc, TO'lHO Ctpop-
MYAHpOBaTl:> rrp06ACMY. 11 BOT KOf,lJ,a 1MbI rrbITaeMCR CtpOPMYAHpOBaTb
np06AeMY, MbI BbIHym,lJ,eHbI rrpH6eraTb K 3aKOHY :HCKAlOqeHHOI'O TpeTbero.
HanpiHMep: nO,lJ,BepmeH 'IeAOBeK CJ\.Y'IaHHOCTH HAH He rJO,lJ,BepmeH?: Cno-
c06eH 'IeAOBeK rr03HaTb MHp HAli He c!IOC06eH? 5IBAHeTcH ,lJ,HaAeKT,uQC-
clmB MaTepHaAH3M MOHHCT'H'IeCKOH qmAocOtplieH HAI1 He RBAReTCH 'faKO-
BOH? "Bo Bcex cAyqaHX, KOf,lJ,a Mbl <;TaB1H1M KaKYlO-Hu6Y,lJ,b npo6AeMY ,lJ,MI
pa3pellIeHHH, Mbl BblHym,lJ,eHbI ee CTaBHTb HMeHHO B tpOPMYAHpOBKe 3aKO-
Ha HCKAlO'IeHHOrO TpeTbero.
,O,lJ,HaKO, He CAe,lJ,YCT rrpeYBeAHqHBaTb 3Ha'ICHHe 3aKOHa HCKJ\lO"leHHOro
TpeTbera H ,lJ,YMaTb 6Y,lJ,TO OIl .lI,aeT RAlOq K pa3pellIeHHlO A1060ro Bor:poca
B HayKe. HIli O.zl;HH saROH tpopMaAbHoH J\orHKH He MomeT cAymHTb TaKH\\.I
K.I\lO'IOM ,lJ,MI ,pa:apeilleHH5I CAomHblX HaY'IHbIX BorrpOCOB. 31'0 pa3pCllIeHHe
,lJ,aeTCJI I' Ay60KHM BceCTopOIlIlHM H3Y'leHHCM rrpe,lJ,MeTa, npOIl:HKHOBeHHCM
B ero CYIgHOCTb,. B .3aKOHbI ero pa3BHTHJI H MomeT 6bITb 06eCneQeHO
Aamb npiHMeHeHHCiM ,lJ,IHaAeKTH'IeCKOrO MeTop;a. Ho, KaK Ha'IaAO iHCCAe,lJ,O-
BaHHH, KaK Ha'la.l\bHbIH MOMeHT H3YQeHHR, 3aKOH liCKAlO'IeHHOrO TpeTbero
HMeeTI Onpe,lJ,eAeHHYlO geHHOCTb.
OH Tpe6yeT 01' Hac rrOCAe,lJ,OaaTeAbHOCTH, pellIHTeAbiiOCTH II '1eTKOCTr-J
18

B nOCTaHOBKe BOnpOCa; OH Y4HT Hac CTaBHTh norrpoc pe6pOM, KAa,lJ,eT O-
Heg KOAe6aHHJlM, Tpe6yeT Onpe,lJ,eAeHHOro peIlIeHHfI H rrepexo,lJ,a K BbIBO,lJ,Y
Ii .lI,eHCTBJHIO. B aTOM 3aKAI04aeTOI orpOMHoe npaKTH'leCKoe 3Ha'IeHUe
3aKOHa HCKAI04eHHOI'O TpeTbcro.
3AKOH ,lI,OCT A T04HOrO OCHOBAHI15I.
OCHOBHoe CO,lJ,epmaHHe aToro 3aKOHa MomHO BbIpa3HTb CAe,lJ,YIOIgHMH
CAOBaMH: «,MbI BCe ,lJ,OAmHbI MbIC.I\HTb Ha ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHO:l1 OCHOBaHHH».
I1Ha'Ie I'OBOpJl, Kam,lJ,aJl Hallia MbICAb, Kam,/!,oe cym,lJ,eHHe ,lJ,OAmHO HMeTb
Orrpe,lJ,eAeHHOe, AOrU'IeCKOe OCHOBaHHe. HeAb3f1 4ero-HH6Y,lJ,b YTBepm,lJ,aTb
HAM oTpHgaTb 6e3 ,lJ,OCTaTO'lHbIX K TOMY OCHOBaHHH.
3aKOH ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHOrO OCHOBaHHH Y'IHT Hac )'i:l1eHblO HaXOAH,Tb OCHOBa-
HHR ,lJ,AR CBOHX BbIBO,lJ,OB" YMeHbIO HcrrOAb30BaTb <paKTbI H TeOpTH'IeCKHe
o606IgeHIIR BO BceM I1X 06'beMe, He BbIXBaTblBaR OT,lJ,eAbHbIe <paKTbl H no-
.l\OmeHHJI. 3aKOH ,lJ,OCTaT04Horo OCHOBaHIUI rOBoplIT, 41'0 AI060H BbIBO;J;
.,lI;OAmeH 01' '1erO-TO OTnpaB.I\RTbCR, HAIi orrHpaTbCR Ha KaKYIO-TO HCXO,lJ,-
HYIO HCT,HHY, a He nOBucaTb B J;!03,lJ,yxe. 31'0, TaKHM 06pa30M, eCTb 3aKOH
cor .l\aCHR H Heo6xo,lJ,iHMOH CBR3'11 Mem,lJ,Y HCXO,lJ,HbIM OCHOBaHHeM II BbIBO,lJ,OM
I1)\jH CAe,lJ,CTRHeM..
3aKoH ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHOrO OCHOBaHHR BoopYLKaeT Hac npOT,HB Heo60CHO-
BaHHOCTH H rOAOC.I\OBHOCTH B cym,lJ,eHHJlX. a rO.l\OCAOBHOCTb 'If He060cHo-
BaHHOCTb RB.I\flIOTCR BeAH'IaHllIHMIi BparaMH AOrH'IeCKOrO MblllIAeHHR, Be-
AH'IaHllI'I1MH BparaMH HCTHHbI.
4eAOBeKa, KOTOpbIH He ,lJ,aeT ce6e TpY,lJ,a 060CHOBbIBaTb CBOII MbIC.I\Ii,
CBOH cym,lJ,eHHJI, MbI Ha3bIBaeM 60ATYHOM H nepeCTaeM C4HTaTbCH
C ero C.I\OBaMH. TOT me Kyrreg Bapa601lIeB H3 KOMeAHH OCTpoBcKoro
«fIpaB,lJ,a XOpOllIO, a C'IaCTbe Ayqme» caM 0 ce6e rOBopHT: «Y MeHJI pa3-
rOBop CBo60,lJ,HbIH, TOqHO 41'6 .l\beTCR, 6e3 BCRK'OH 3a,lJ,ep_KKH II npoTHB
Koro yro,lJ,Ho. TaKoe MHe ,lJ,apOBaHHe ,lJ,aHO 01' 60ra pa3roBapliBaTb, 'ITO
Aame BC Y,lJ,HBAJlIOTCH. no pa3roBopy MHe .lI,aBHO Ha.ll,O B ,lJ,YMe rAaCHbH.1
6bITb iH.I\H rOAoBoH; TOAbKO Y MeHR B YMe cym.z;,eHHJI HeT H 41'0 K 'IeMY-
2Toro MHe He ,lJ,aHO. A 06bIKHOBeHHbIH pa3rOBOp, OKpOMfI cypbe3Horo, y
MeHR Bce paBHO, 'ITO 6Hcep»...
B cnope, eCAH pa3pYIII:II,Tb OCHOBaHHe - PYXHYT H Bce BbIBO,lJ,bI, nOCT-
poeHHbIe Ha aT6M oCHoBaHHH, a npoTHBHHK, oTcTaHBaIOIgHH CBOH BbIB01-\
no CAe pa3pymeHHR OCHOBaHHR, ,CTaBHT ce6R B CMelliHoe nO.l\OmeHHe.
HaiH60Aee 'IeTKYIO <POPMYAHPOBKY 3aKOHa ,lJ,OCTaTO'lHOrO OCHOBaHHH
jaA <pHAOCO<p AeH6HHQ. OH rOBOp!{J\, '11'0 HHKOr,lJ,a H HH'lTO He rrpO'HCXO-
,lJ,HT be3 rrp Ii41HH bI HAH, rro KpaHHeH Mepe, 6e3 ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHbIX OCHOBaHHH H
DTCIO,lJ,a C,lJ,eAa.l\ BbIBO,lJ" 'ITO Hallie MbIllI.I\eH'He TaKme He ,lJ,OAmHO npHHH-
r.raTb BbIBO,lJ,OB H YTBepm,'!;eHHH, He :HMelOIgHX OCTaTO'IHbIX AOrH'IeCKPIX
OCHOBaHHH. EC.I\H B ,lJ,eHCTBHTeAbHOCTH DCe HMceT npH4HHY M OCHOBaHI1C,
TO 'H B MbIllIAeHHH TaKme AI060M BblBO,'l; ,'I;oA2KeH 6bITb 060CHOBaH,
,lJ,OKa3aH.
19

4YIOlgHe. T aRHM 06pa30M, gCfIb AOf'II'ICCKIIX oCiloBaHbl1 BCCrlJ,a KOHC'lHa,
'Tor,lJ,a KaK gcrrb IIPH'IHH H CAt::lJ.CTElIi-i - GCCKOHC'lHa.
OCHOBaIfHe ,lJ,J\"H BbIBOAa, pellICHHfI, cyail\elIlOI lJ,OALKHO 6bITb AOrHt!C-
CKIIM, HO OHO He ,lJ,OAmHO 6bITb rrCIIXOAOrIJ'ICCj(l[M. 3'1'0 3Iia'IHT;\ '11'0 np!l-
HI'nlaelOC Ha:\!H pCIIIeHlJC HAll BbIHO/1, Ill' /J,OAiJWbI 6bITb rrpO,lJ,HKTOBaHbI
rropbIBOM, YBAC'lCHlIe:\I, qYBCTBOM JlpnCrpaCTIIH !lMJ HerrpIU!3HH "H 1', Jf,.
(,i'KeAaI-lHe HC ,lJ,OAmHO 6bITb OTj!OM MhICAH" rAaCHT CTapoe l!3pe'leHHC,
3aKOH ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHOrO OCHOBaH:IU! ,lJ,aCT !laM B03MOil,HOCTb JI3 BceH CO-
BOKynHOC'c,JI rrpU'l!1H BbI6paTb rAaBllOe. pCmi\loIgce, OT6poCHB 'IaCTHOe If
BTopOCTeneHHoe.!1pI1BC,lJ,eM ,lJ,AH npHMcpa TaKOI' HCTopH<reCKHH aHel<"l,OT,
KOPOAb, B'heXi\BIIIHH B KpenOCTb, rpo';HO cnpOCHA KaHOHHpa:
nO'lCMY He caAIOTOBaAH rrpH MoeM B'be3Ae?
Ha :no 6bIAO 14 rrpH'lHH! - OTBeTI1A l\aHOHHp.
KaKJIe? - CnpOCI1A I\OpOAb.
TIepBa5!: He 6bIAO nopoxy.
40BOAbHO! -- rrpepBaA KOpOAb KaHOH!lpa,
TaKIIM 06pa30M, AAfI 060CHGBaHHH BblBo/J,a HeT HYLK,7J,!JI IIjHIBO,J,Ii T'J
B C e OCHOBi\HIIH, ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHO YKasaTb Hi\ I' Ai\BHOe, OCHOB!lOe, pemaIOIgee.
KOTopoe, 06bI'IIIO U HBAfleTCH ,lJ,OCTaTO'IH':>IM. BOT I10lICMY 'IeTBepThIH 3a",
I{(}!1 .\Of!lK:JMbI Ha3bIBaeM 3aKOHOM ,lJ, 0 C l' a l' 0 'I H 0 r 0 OCHOBaHHR.
rIa 6bIBaIOT AU OCHOBamHI He,lJ,OCTaTO'lHbIe? MbI O'leHb '13CTO BCTpC-
'le,eMU! C cytK,lJ,eHIUiMH, C BbIBO,lJ,aMI1, KOTOpbIC UMeJ;CTH3BeCTHbIC OCHOBa-
HE}!, HO ,lJ,aAeKO HC,lJ,OCTaTO'IHbIe, 'lTo6bI 9TH BblBOAhl npH3HaTb 6eccnop-
HOM HCTHHOH.
ECAHI MbI rOBopHM Harrp!lMep, '11'0: «CAOBJ 0 nOAKY HropeBe> }lB-
AHCTCH ECAHKHM npoH3Be,lJ,eHIIeM PyccI\Oro 9noca», TO B i=>TO:vI CYiKAeHHH
OCHOB<:\HHeM HBAHeTOI MhICI,b, 'ITO 9rroc 9To--npomme;;:eHI1C, 110ECCTBVIO--
Igee 0 60j\bIll!!X C06b1TH}lX S. ilHI31!li IrapO/J,a; BCAHKH:\l MhI Ha3blBaeJ\! Ta-
Koe npOH3Be,IJ.eHHe, KOTopoe CO,lJ,epmHT Bb!CO!<YJO !l1I.CIO, CIIOCOGHYIO lICfH"
i1<HTb BeKa H BiJ,OXHOBA5!Tb Ha rrOltB'!11'!I, rrOTi';",IY 'I 1'0 Til BhlCOf(i1! 1l11.'-':!
HaIll,\a Borr.l',O[gcHHe B npeJ\paCHOfl (j)OPMC, COOTnCTCTnYIOI!!.ei; C01Cp?I;;!'
HHiO. B «CAOBe 0 rrOAKY I1ropcBe" HC7I Gap!.:)!>! :n l'I\J!IICTBO II Cuo(jo;l,Y
PYCCKOH: 3eMAH HallIAa BOIIAorgeHIIe B B'cAIl<fi1I1bIX, TI1m1'Jc'a!x O(jp:h\:C,
rrpeKpaCIIO Bh!paLKaIOlflHX OCIIOBHYIO li/l,W npN;":JJ\C l1 CII!IH. BOT rrO<fC;'I:J
Hi\!lIe, YTBepJKAeHHe qTO «CAOBO 0 nOAI<Y YIropeBe» eCTb BcAHKoe npOH3-
Bel,el-lHe PYCCKoro 91'I0Ca, flBAHeTCH 060CII0!1i1HllbIM CYLK/I,tHHCM,
Ho CCAIl KTO-!II-I6YAb CTi:HCT, HanpliMCp. YTnepm,lJ,ilTh, LITO XY,lJ,Oil,HH1';
CepOB - !1MrrpeCCIIOHHCT n, KaK Ha OCHOni\!lll.', COIUAeTCfl Ha ero KapT!!"
flhl - «4,eBYllII<a C nepCI1KaMH» JI «,l(.eBYIlIKa, OCUCII!CIiHa5! COAHlICM», NIh!
BrrpaBe 6y iJ,eYl oTBeprHYTb ::no YTBCpm/lCm!c, l(aK Hio6oCJ-IOBaHHoe. K TO
3HaeT HCTopmo PYCCKOlf :/KHHOrrHClI, TOT CI\iW;CT, 'ITO CCblAKa Ha anI KilP-
THHhI ITBMleTCfI HC,'I,OC'TilTO'HIOH ,lJ,AIT nO/J,06Horo BbIBO;J,a. XOT5I B 3T:;rX
KapTHHax HMOJKHO OTMeTHTb HeKOTC'phIe JJMrrpCCCHOHHCTCKHe MOMeHTbI,
OJ(HaKO, CUI.H Mol B03bMCM TBOp'lCCTBO CepOBa B eAOM, J\!b! ,lJ,OJUKHbl
npHHTH K BbIBO.2l.Y. 'ITO CepOB B mHBOnJ10!1 peaJlHCT, a He HMrrpeCCHOHHCT.
21

T aKHM 06pa30M,
Be CKa3aTb, 'ITQ
CHOHHCTOM.
B )\I060M CYLKiJ,eHHiH MbI ,lJ,OAmHbI BCeI',lJ,a 3a,lJ,YMbIBaTbCR Ha,lJ, TeM, ,lJ,O-
CTaTO'lHO AM 060CHOBaH BbIBO,lJ" KOTOpbll; '.,lbI ,lJ,CAaeM.
Mbl 'laCTO 3a6bIfsaeM npUBO,lJ,UTb 0CHQBaHUe ,lJ,AR CBOI1X cymAeHHH:
HA'I1 rrpl1BOI\HM He,lJ,OCTaTO'lHbIe OCHOBuHHR. HarrpHMep, npu peKoMeHAagl1!I
i3 napTHIO B I,a'leCTBe OCHOBaHHR peKOMeH,lJ,aj!:HH O,lJ,HamAbI 6b!AO YKa3aHO:
C<MbI mHBeM' B O,lJ,HOM ,lJ,OMe». B ,lJ,PyroM CAY'Iae peKOMeH,lJ,YIOIgHH rrHllICT:
".3HaIO TOBapmga C ,lJ,e'cTBa»,..
B Ka'leCTBe me cym,lJ,eHHH, He HMeIOIgHX HHKaKoro OCHOBaHHfI, HAil
HMeIOIgHX COBepllIeHHO AomHoe OCHOBaHHe, MomHO npHBeCTH BbICKa3bIBa.
HUR I'a,lJ,aAOK. BOT 3alliHCb Toro, 'ITO rOBopHAa O,lJ,H&m,lJ,bI ra,lJ,aAKa. «fIOAY'
'IHllIb CAYX 0 cBoell ,lJ,OpOmKe. Ka3eHHbIll ,lJ,oMj H XAorrOTbI 'lepe3 'IepBoHo,-
rOKopoAR. He'IaRHHbIH pa3roBop C 6y6H:>BOH,lJ,aMOH. LITO ,lJ,YllIHT?CAe-
1bI. LITO OCTaeTCR? Pa3rOBOpbI. LITO ycrroKOHT? CBH,lJ,aHHe. fIPH 'IeM
OCTaHellIbCJI? fIpH nHKOBOM HHTepece». flCHO, 'ITO HH O,lJ,HO H3 9THX
<::YLK,lJ,eHHH H BCR B geAoM 60ATOBHJI ra,lJ,aAKH He HMeeT HHKaKoro OCHOBa-
HHR. ,DblBaIOT CAY'IaU, rrpaB,lJ,a, Kor,lJ,a ra,lJ,aAK<I c06HpaIOT npe,lJ,BapHTeAbHO
CBe,lJ,eHHJI 0 Tex AHgax, KOTOpbIM OHH ra,lJ,aIOT, H TOr,lJ,a HX «cymlJ,eHHH"
MOI'YT 'I1MeTb HeKOTopbIe OCHOBaHHfI. O,lJ,HaKO, I'a,lJ,aAKIH CCbIAaIOTCJ'I BCenl,a
Ha KapTbI, YTBepLK,lJ,afl, 'ITO OHH HM OTKpbIBaIOT npaB,lJ,Y. 81'0 YTBepLK,lJ,e-
HHe npOTIIBOpe'IHT 3aKOHaM AorHKH. CAe,lJ,OBaTeAbHo, rrpopHgaHHfI raiJ,aA-
KH AHmeHbI BCflKoro OCHOBaHiIIJ'I H He COOTBeTCTBYIOT ,lJ,eHCTB11TeAbHOCTH.
3aKOH ,lJ,ocTaTO'IHOrO OCHOBaHHR nOKa3bIBaeT HaM, 'ITO MbICAb, BbICKa-
3aHHaR ,lJ,eKAapaTiHBHO, 6e3,lJ,OKa3aTeAbHO, H30AHpOBaHHaR 01' ,1J;PyrHx MbIC-
AeH. 6eCrrAOiJ,HO rrOBHcaeT B B03,lJ,yxe. OHa He HMeeT OCHOBaHHR, H rro1'O-'
MY AI111IeHa ,lJ,eHCTBeHHOH CI1AbI. fIO,lJ,06HO TOMY, KaK HBAeHlIe HAH rrpe/-
MeT  ,lJ,eHCTBHTeAbHOCTH He MomeT CYIgecTBoBaTb, eCAl:! ero H30AHpOBaTh
01' Bcex ,lJ,PyrHx rrpe,lJ,MCTOB, TaK .H MbICAb, AUIIIeHHafl OCHOBaHH9., OKa3('[-
naeTOI 6ecrrAOiJ,HOH, 6eccu;.bHOH.
BCRKafl MblCAb ,lJ,AH Toro, 'IT06bl 6bITb rr[JH3HaHHOH sa HCTHHY H CTaTh'
,lJ,eHCTBeHHOH, ,lJ,OALKHa rrOAY'IHTb ,lJ,OCTaTO'lHOe 060CHOBaHHe. ,lI,AfI :nolf
l!eAII HeT Hco6XO,lJ,HMOCTH rrpHBO,lJ,HTb Bce MbICAH H (paKTbl, KOTopble :vro..
ry1' cAyamTb C60CHOBaHHeM B bIB 0,lJ, a , CACl\yeT npHBeCTilI )\IIIIIb ,lJ,OCTaTO<I"'
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